{"id": "pubmed23n0020_0", "title": "[1st case of eosinophilic meningitis in Reunion, probably due to Angiostrongylus].", "content": "Report of the case of a six-year-old child who presented a meningitis with 40 % eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid and which spontaneously regressed. These clinical data and the serologic (positive test for many nematod antigens) and epidemiological findings (presence of Angiostrongylus larvae in terrestrial gasteropod) lead to the conclusion that we were in presence of the first case of eosinophil meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis reported in the island of la R\u00e9union.", "contents": "[1st case of eosinophilic meningitis in Reunion, probably due to Angiostrongylus]. Report of the case of a six-year-old child who presented a meningitis with 40 % eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid and which spontaneously regressed. These clinical data and the serologic (positive test for many nematod antigens) and epidemiological findings (presence of Angiostrongylus larvae in terrestrial gasteropod) lead to the conclusion that we were in presence of the first case of eosinophil meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis reported in the island of la R\u00e9union.", "PMID": 579615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1", "title": "[Epidemiological study of onchocercosis in 5 villages of the valley of the Sanaga (Cameroon)].", "content": "The study carried out in five villages in the Sanaga Valley of Cameroon was concerned with the prevalence of the disease, the level of infection and an evaluation of the effect of the parasites on the health of the people. Entomological data were also collected. The study was concerned with the onchocerciasis found in the forest area where the disease is hyperendemic. The males are infected moreoften than the females. Among the adults the skin and lymphatic lesions are extremly important. It was found that as the visual acuity diminishes with age, from age forty many for the people are blind. The villages most affected are those situated near the Sanaga rapids where there is a concentration of the breeding sites of the vectors.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of onchocercosis in 5 villages of the valley of the Sanaga (Cameroon)]. The study carried out in five villages in the Sanaga Valley of Cameroon was concerned with the prevalence of the disease, the level of infection and an evaluation of the effect of the parasites on the health of the people. Entomological data were also collected. The study was concerned with the onchocerciasis found in the forest area where the disease is hyperendemic. The males are infected moreoften than the females. Among the adults the skin and lymphatic lesions are extremly important. It was found that as the visual acuity diminishes with age, from age forty many for the people are blind. The villages most affected are those situated near the Sanaga rapids where there is a concentration of the breeding sites of the vectors.", "PMID": 579619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2", "title": "Activity of 10-chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-7H-indolo [2,3-c]-quinolin-6(5H)-one hydrochloride against experimental tumors in mice and rats.", "content": "10-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-7H-indolo [2,3-c]-quinolin-6(5H)-one hydrochloride (CIQ) was shown to exert significant antitumor activity against the Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 180 transplantable tumors in mice by the intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) routes and when incorporated into diet. A solid tumor induced in BALB/c mice by the subcutaneous (sc) implantation of nonproducer murine sarcoma virus-transformed BALB/3T3 cells was also inhibited by CIQ after ip or po treatment but there was no effect against leukemia L1210 ascites or a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma. When tested in rats, CIQ significantly reduced the growth of Flexner-Jobling carcinoma, Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma when administered by the ip or po routes. Pretreatment, but not posttreatment, with CIQ slightly inhibited the humoral antibody response of mice to sheep red blood cells. CIQ therefore differs from immunosuppressive agents such as imuran, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, or 6-mercaptopurine which affect the antibody response of mice to sheep erythrocytes when administered after immunization.", "contents": "Activity of 10-chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-7H-indolo [2,3-c]-quinolin-6(5H)-one hydrochloride against experimental tumors in mice and rats. 10-Chloro-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-7H-indolo [2,3-c]-quinolin-6(5H)-one hydrochloride (CIQ) was shown to exert significant antitumor activity against the Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 180 transplantable tumors in mice by the intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) routes and when incorporated into diet. A solid tumor induced in BALB/c mice by the subcutaneous (sc) implantation of nonproducer murine sarcoma virus-transformed BALB/3T3 cells was also inhibited by CIQ after ip or po treatment but there was no effect against leukemia L1210 ascites or a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma. When tested in rats, CIQ significantly reduced the growth of Flexner-Jobling carcinoma, Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma when administered by the ip or po routes. Pretreatment, but not posttreatment, with CIQ slightly inhibited the humoral antibody response of mice to sheep red blood cells. CIQ therefore differs from immunosuppressive agents such as imuran, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, or 6-mercaptopurine which affect the antibody response of mice to sheep erythrocytes when administered after immunization.", "PMID": 579626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3", "title": "A flat capillary tube system for assessment of sperm movement in cervical mucus.", "content": "A new flat capillary tube system has been developed for studies of sperm movement in cervical mucus. The system is easy to use, employs readily obtainable components, and is amenable to small sample sizes characteristic of human cervical mucus. The system possesses good optical resolution and is suitable for visual assessment of sperm migration as well as more detailed studies of the movement characteristics of individual spermatozoa. The system subjects the mucus to a well-defined and controllable rate of shear deformation. Preliminary experiments have suggested that the swimmming speed of human sperm does not differ in flat capillary tubes of 200-micrometer and 400-micrometer depth.", "contents": "A flat capillary tube system for assessment of sperm movement in cervical mucus. A new flat capillary tube system has been developed for studies of sperm movement in cervical mucus. The system is easy to use, employs readily obtainable components, and is amenable to small sample sizes characteristic of human cervical mucus. The system possesses good optical resolution and is suitable for visual assessment of sperm migration as well as more detailed studies of the movement characteristics of individual spermatozoa. The system subjects the mucus to a well-defined and controllable rate of shear deformation. Preliminary experiments have suggested that the swimmming speed of human sperm does not differ in flat capillary tubes of 200-micrometer and 400-micrometer depth.", "PMID": 579628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4", "title": "Molecular basis of familial and acquired phagocytosis deficiency involving the tetrapeptide, thr-lys-pro-arg, tuftsin.", "content": "The biological activity and metabolism of the phagocytosis stimulating tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) tuftsin, are discussed. Its effect is shown to be highly specific. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of the blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte. A unique familial deficiency of the tetrapeptide is described. In such patients, moderate to severe infections occur at high frequency. These are most pronounced in children. Biochemical and symptomatic evidence can readily be obtained in one or more children. At least one parent of either sex shows clinical signs or laboratory evidence of defective phagocytosis. Another type of deficiency results from removal of the spleen or from loss of specific function due to leukemic infiltration or embolism.", "contents": "Molecular basis of familial and acquired phagocytosis deficiency involving the tetrapeptide, thr-lys-pro-arg, tuftsin. The biological activity and metabolism of the phagocytosis stimulating tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) tuftsin, are discussed. Its effect is shown to be highly specific. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of the blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte. A unique familial deficiency of the tetrapeptide is described. In such patients, moderate to severe infections occur at high frequency. These are most pronounced in children. Biochemical and symptomatic evidence can readily be obtained in one or more children. At least one parent of either sex shows clinical signs or laboratory evidence of defective phagocytosis. Another type of deficiency results from removal of the spleen or from loss of specific function due to leukemic infiltration or embolism.", "PMID": 579629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma in lymph nodes: histological study of lesions from 16 cases in Malawi.", "content": "Biopsy of lymph nodes containing Kaposi's sarcoma from 16 patients showed that the tumour is identical in appearance with that of Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin, regardless of the age of the patient or the mode of presentation. Spread of tumour along sinusoids throughout the lymph node was seen only in the cases of two children with generalised lymphadenopathy, but discrete deposits were present both in lymph nodes regional to skin lesions and in lymph nodes from patients who had presented with primary lymphadenopathy. The reaction of the remainder of incompletely involved nodes was variable. No transition was seen between Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma in lymph nodes: histological study of lesions from 16 cases in Malawi. Biopsy of lymph nodes containing Kaposi's sarcoma from 16 patients showed that the tumour is identical in appearance with that of Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin, regardless of the age of the patient or the mode of presentation. Spread of tumour along sinusoids throughout the lymph node was seen only in the cases of two children with generalised lymphadenopathy, but discrete deposits were present both in lymph nodes regional to skin lesions and in lymph nodes from patients who had presented with primary lymphadenopathy. The reaction of the remainder of incompletely involved nodes was variable. No transition was seen between Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 579631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6", "title": "Gm phenotypes in autoimmune thyroid disease.", "content": "The Gm phenotype Gm f,b or Gm f,n,b was found in all forty patients with Graves' disease studied, contrasted with thirty-five out of forty controls and twenty out of thirty-one patients with thyroiditis. The difference between the two groups with autoimmune thyroid disease was significant. These results suggest that thyroid stimulating antibodies may be allotypically restricted.", "contents": "Gm phenotypes in autoimmune thyroid disease. The Gm phenotype Gm f,b or Gm f,n,b was found in all forty patients with Graves' disease studied, contrasted with thirty-five out of forty controls and twenty out of thirty-one patients with thyroiditis. The difference between the two groups with autoimmune thyroid disease was significant. These results suggest that thyroid stimulating antibodies may be allotypically restricted.", "PMID": 579632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7", "title": "Influence of diet on growth in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-eight-day old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed, either ad libitum or in restricted amounts, isoenergetic diets containing 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, or 50% lactalbumin protein and 5%, 11.9%, or 21.1% fat for 8 weeks and were then killed. Weekly food consumption and body weight, terminal weight, body water and lipid, and liver weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid were measured. The growth rate increased progressively with each increase in the level of dietary protein up to 25% protein and then declined. Growth was also accelerated by a high fat diet but was retarded by restriction of energy intake. Total body lipid correlated directly with the level of fat in the diet. Multiple regression analysis of the type: Y = beta0 + beta1X1 + beta2X2 + B3X3 + B4X4 where Y = rate of weight gain X1 = dietary protein level, X2  = protein efficiency ratio, X3 = appetite factor, and X4 = energy/protein ratio, showed that the maximum rate of weight gain of 58.8 g/week occurred when the diet contained 23% protein. Growth rate declined when the diet contained a higher protein level.", "contents": "Influence of diet on growth in the rat. Twenty-eight-day old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed, either ad libitum or in restricted amounts, isoenergetic diets containing 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, or 50% lactalbumin protein and 5%, 11.9%, or 21.1% fat for 8 weeks and were then killed. Weekly food consumption and body weight, terminal weight, body water and lipid, and liver weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid were measured. The growth rate increased progressively with each increase in the level of dietary protein up to 25% protein and then declined. Growth was also accelerated by a high fat diet but was retarded by restriction of energy intake. Total body lipid correlated directly with the level of fat in the diet. Multiple regression analysis of the type: Y = beta0 + beta1X1 + beta2X2 + B3X3 + B4X4 where Y = rate of weight gain X1 = dietary protein level, X2  = protein efficiency ratio, X3 = appetite factor, and X4 = energy/protein ratio, showed that the maximum rate of weight gain of 58.8 g/week occurred when the diet contained 23% protein. Growth rate declined when the diet contained a higher protein level.", "PMID": 579634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8", "title": "Unchanged incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in survivors of hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that decreased mortality from severe HMD will result in increased morbidity from BPD, chest films of 30-day survivors of severe HMD were reviewed for evidence of Northway's Stage IV BPD. During July, 1970 to June, 1971, 20 survivors of severe HMD were identified; one case of Stage IV BPD was found in this group. During July 1974-June 1975, 80 survivors of severe HMD were identified; five infants had BPD. In spite of more survivors of severe HMD, no increase in the incidence of BPD could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Unchanged incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in survivors of hyaline membrane disease. To test the hypothesis that decreased mortality from severe HMD will result in increased morbidity from BPD, chest films of 30-day survivors of severe HMD were reviewed for evidence of Northway's Stage IV BPD. During July, 1970 to June, 1971, 20 survivors of severe HMD were identified; one case of Stage IV BPD was found in this group. During July 1974-June 1975, 80 survivors of severe HMD were identified; five infants had BPD. In spite of more survivors of severe HMD, no increase in the incidence of BPD could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 579635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9", "title": "Bioavailability of acetazolamide tablets.", "content": "Plasma acetazolamide levels were measured by an enzymatic assay following single 250-mg oral tablet doses to 20 healthy volunteers; five different lots of acetazolamide tablets from a single manufacturer were used in a balanced incomplete block design. From the measured plasma levels, estimates of the bioavailability parameters (area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, time to peak plasma concentration, and peak plasm concentration) were obtained by least-squares digital computer fitting. No significant differences among the tablets were observed (alpha = 0.05) for the analysis of variance of the area under the curve or time to peak parameters. Two tablets, however, provided statistically higher peak plasma concentrations than the other three. Thus, lot-to-lot bioinequivalence of acetazolamide tablets was observed. Some in vitro tests employed showed general trends for correlation with the in vivo data. However, considerable refinement of these technique appears necessary for in vitro prediction of the observed lot-to-lot bioinequivalence.", "contents": "Bioavailability of acetazolamide tablets. Plasma acetazolamide levels were measured by an enzymatic assay following single 250-mg oral tablet doses to 20 healthy volunteers; five different lots of acetazolamide tablets from a single manufacturer were used in a balanced incomplete block design. From the measured plasma levels, estimates of the bioavailability parameters (area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, time to peak plasma concentration, and peak plasm concentration) were obtained by least-squares digital computer fitting. No significant differences among the tablets were observed (alpha = 0.05) for the analysis of variance of the area under the curve or time to peak parameters. Two tablets, however, provided statistically higher peak plasma concentrations than the other three. Thus, lot-to-lot bioinequivalence of acetazolamide tablets was observed. Some in vitro tests employed showed general trends for correlation with the in vivo data. However, considerable refinement of these technique appears necessary for in vitro prediction of the observed lot-to-lot bioinequivalence.", "PMID": 579636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10", "title": "Incidence of thyroid disorders in Connecticut.", "content": "A prospective study involving 1,544 patients who had annual physical examinations during a one-year period was conducted to determine the incidence of htyroid abnormalities in a practice of general internal medicine. A total of 5.8% abnormalities were found including nodular disease, thyroiditis, Graves' disease, hypothyroidism, simple goiter, and iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. No thyroid cancer was detected.", "contents": "Incidence of thyroid disorders in Connecticut. A prospective study involving 1,544 patients who had annual physical examinations during a one-year period was conducted to determine the incidence of htyroid abnormalities in a practice of general internal medicine. A total of 5.8% abnormalities were found including nodular disease, thyroiditis, Graves' disease, hypothyroidism, simple goiter, and iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. No thyroid cancer was detected.", "PMID": 579637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_11", "title": "[The so-called shock lung, a disease of lung parenchyma (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the pathogenesis of the so-called shock lung is different, from the clinical point of view the syndrome is uniform. Regarding the morphology microcirculation, vascular permeability and surfactant of the lung in shock lung are discussed. The course of the alterations in lung parenchyma is uniform, independent of the different pathogenesis in a single case. Pathology and disturbtion of lung function are conform. The relation of the so-called shock lung to other diseases of lung parenchyma is discussed and finally a definition of the so-called shock-lung recommended.", "contents": "[The so-called shock lung, a disease of lung parenchyma (author's transl)]. Although the pathogenesis of the so-called shock lung is different, from the clinical point of view the syndrome is uniform. Regarding the morphology microcirculation, vascular permeability and surfactant of the lung in shock lung are discussed. The course of the alterations in lung parenchyma is uniform, independent of the different pathogenesis in a single case. Pathology and disturbtion of lung function are conform. The relation of the so-called shock lung to other diseases of lung parenchyma is discussed and finally a definition of the so-called shock-lung recommended.", "PMID": 579642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_12", "title": "Prolapse of the umbilical cord: a study of 69 cases.", "content": "Prolapse of the umbilical cord occurred 69 times in 30112 deliveries. The incidence was higher in abnormal presentations, particularly in compound presentation (11.1%), and in breech presentation (2.9%), especially when these occurred in association with prematurity. Twenty-five (36.2%) of the 69 infants died; 21 of these were dead at the time of diagnosis of cord prolapse, two died in the neonatal period of respiratory distress syndrome, and two died from complications of breech extraction. Reduction in perinatal mortality will be possible only if early diagnosis of cord prolapse can be made by means of vaginal examination or fetal heart monitoring, and the birth trauma associated with difficult vaginal delivery prevented.", "contents": "Prolapse of the umbilical cord: a study of 69 cases. Prolapse of the umbilical cord occurred 69 times in 30112 deliveries. The incidence was higher in abnormal presentations, particularly in compound presentation (11.1%), and in breech presentation (2.9%), especially when these occurred in association with prematurity. Twenty-five (36.2%) of the 69 infants died; 21 of these were dead at the time of diagnosis of cord prolapse, two died in the neonatal period of respiratory distress syndrome, and two died from complications of breech extraction. Reduction in perinatal mortality will be possible only if early diagnosis of cord prolapse can be made by means of vaginal examination or fetal heart monitoring, and the birth trauma associated with difficult vaginal delivery prevented.", "PMID": 579644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_13", "title": "A new antidepressant butriptyline: plasma levels and clinical response.", "content": "Ten patients who suffered from a primary depressive illness were treated with a new antidepressant drug butriptyline (150 mg/day). Six of the patients showed marked clinical improvement, as judged by depression rating scores, at the end of 22 days of treatment. No simple relationship was found between clinical response and plasma butriptyline concentration. Butriptyline is an effective antidepressant agent, well tolerated and with few side effects.", "contents": "A new antidepressant butriptyline: plasma levels and clinical response. Ten patients who suffered from a primary depressive illness were treated with a new antidepressant drug butriptyline (150 mg/day). Six of the patients showed marked clinical improvement, as judged by depression rating scores, at the end of 22 days of treatment. No simple relationship was found between clinical response and plasma butriptyline concentration. Butriptyline is an effective antidepressant agent, well tolerated and with few side effects.", "PMID": 579645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_14", "title": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma: considerations on a recently observed case].", "content": "Supervening immunoblastic sarcoma in a patient with congenital immune deficiency is described. The literature suggests that this sarcoma may be a hyperimmune form similar to the GVHR described by Frizzera and the question whether or not angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy had previously occurred in the present case is discussed. The part played by the spleen and the effect of splenectomy on the progression of the disease are also examined.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic sarcoma: considerations on a recently observed case]. Supervening immunoblastic sarcoma in a patient with congenital immune deficiency is described. The literature suggests that this sarcoma may be a hyperimmune form similar to the GVHR described by Frizzera and the question whether or not angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy had previously occurred in the present case is discussed. The part played by the spleen and the effect of splenectomy on the progression of the disease are also examined.", "PMID": 579652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_15", "title": "[Local therapy of metastatic pleural effusions with zusammenfassung proteolytic enzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1970 to 1976, 268 patients with pleural effusions underwent local therapy with the polyenzyme preparation Wobemugos; 235 patients were evaluable regarding the effectiveness of this therapy. In 115 of the cases, the primary tumour was carcinoma of the bronchus, in 86, carcinoma of the breast, in 9, mesothelioma and carcinoma of the ovary each, and in 16, other malignancies. There was a total remission of pleural effusions in 42% of the cases, a partial one in 41%, and no effect in 17%. In spite of the relatively large number of patients, some difficulties in interpreting the present results still remain and will be discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[Local therapy of metastatic pleural effusions with zusammenfassung proteolytic enzymes (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1976, 268 patients with pleural effusions underwent local therapy with the polyenzyme preparation Wobemugos; 235 patients were evaluable regarding the effectiveness of this therapy. In 115 of the cases, the primary tumour was carcinoma of the bronchus, in 86, carcinoma of the breast, in 9, mesothelioma and carcinoma of the ovary each, and in 16, other malignancies. There was a total remission of pleural effusions in 42% of the cases, a partial one in 41%, and no effect in 17%. In spite of the relatively large number of patients, some difficulties in interpreting the present results still remain and will be discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 579653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_16", "title": "[Clinical experiences with Holoxan in small cell carcinoma of the bronchus (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical experiences obtained until now in the treatment of 47 patients with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus with Holoxan are reported. Special emphasis is laid to the results of a prospective randomized study; two groups of patients, one of them undergoing Holoxan therapy, the other receiving symptomatic treatment, have been investigated in respect of relationship between tumour remission, quality of life and survival time.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with Holoxan in small cell carcinoma of the bronchus (author's transl)]. Clinical experiences obtained until now in the treatment of 47 patients with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus with Holoxan are reported. Special emphasis is laid to the results of a prospective randomized study; two groups of patients, one of them undergoing Holoxan therapy, the other receiving symptomatic treatment, have been investigated in respect of relationship between tumour remission, quality of life and survival time.", "PMID": 579654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_17", "title": "[Progress in the surgical treatment of cervix carcinoma].", "content": "The radioisotope radical operation may cause an improvement of results in carcinoma of the cervix stage I b, II, and IV. The increased yield of lymph nodes enables a more reliable prognosis in advanced cases. Recurrent tumors at the pelvic wall may be detected earlier by isotope nephrography.", "contents": "[Progress in the surgical treatment of cervix carcinoma]. The radioisotope radical operation may cause an improvement of results in carcinoma of the cervix stage I b, II, and IV. The increased yield of lymph nodes enables a more reliable prognosis in advanced cases. Recurrent tumors at the pelvic wall may be detected earlier by isotope nephrography.", "PMID": 579655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_18", "title": "Nonhyperoxic retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) has most often been observed in preterm infants exposed to high ambient oxygen concentrations. This case report describes an infant near term who was never exposed to supplemental oxygen but in whom stage 4 RLF developed. The etiologic role of exchange transfusion is discussed.", "contents": "Nonhyperoxic retrolental fibroplasia. Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) has most often been observed in preterm infants exposed to high ambient oxygen concentrations. This case report describes an infant near term who was never exposed to supplemental oxygen but in whom stage 4 RLF developed. The etiologic role of exchange transfusion is discussed.", "PMID": 579658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_19", "title": "[Changes in the acetylcholine concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity in the thyroid gland tissues and in serum cholinesterase activity in goiter].", "content": "A study was made of acetylcholine concentration and of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the thyroid gland tissue, as well as of the serum cholinesterase activity in the toxic goiter. This disease was accompanied by an elevation of the acetylcholine concentration and a fall of the eacetylcholinesterase activity. As to serum cholinesterase--it changed but little in this disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the acetylcholine concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity in the thyroid gland tissues and in serum cholinesterase activity in goiter]. A study was made of acetylcholine concentration and of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the thyroid gland tissue, as well as of the serum cholinesterase activity in the toxic goiter. This disease was accompanied by an elevation of the acetylcholine concentration and a fall of the eacetylcholinesterase activity. As to serum cholinesterase--it changed but little in this disease.", "PMID": 579659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_20", "title": "[Blood serum magnesium content and its excretion by the kidneys in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "A study was made of magnesium content in the blood serum and the urine of 62 patients with thyrotoxicosis before and after the parenteral administration of magnesium sulfate (load dose). Blood serum magnesium content was diminished; as to its renal excretion--it failed to differ from that in the control group. The mentioned disturbances in magnesium content were more pronounced in patients with thyrotoxicosis for a long time.", "contents": "[Blood serum magnesium content and its excretion by the kidneys in thyrotoxicosis]. A study was made of magnesium content in the blood serum and the urine of 62 patients with thyrotoxicosis before and after the parenteral administration of magnesium sulfate (load dose). Blood serum magnesium content was diminished; as to its renal excretion--it failed to differ from that in the control group. The mentioned disturbances in magnesium content were more pronounced in patients with thyrotoxicosis for a long time.", "PMID": 579660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_21", "title": "[A method to measure the mean thickness and non-uniformity of non-uniform thin film by alpha-ray thickness gauge (author's transl)].", "content": "The alpha-ray thickness gauge is used to measure non-destructively the thicknesses of thin films, and up to the present day, a thin film with uniform thickness is only taken up as the object of alpha-ray thickness gauge. When the thickness is determined from the displacement between the absorption curves in the presence and absence of thin film, the absorption curve must be displaced in parallel. When many uniform particles were dispersed as sample, the shape of the absorption curve was calculated as the sum of many absorption curves corresponding to the thin films with different thicknesses. By the comparison of the calculated and measured absorption curves, the number of particles, or the mean superficial density can be determined. This means the extension of thickness measurement from uniform to non-uniform films. Furthermore, these particle models being applied to non-uniform thin film, the possibility of measuring the mean thickness and non-uniformity was discussed. As the result, if the maximum difference of the thickness was more than 0.2 mg/cm2, the non-uniformity was considered to distinguish by the usual equipment. In this paper, an alpha-ray thickness gauge using the absorption curve method was treated, but one can apply this easily to an alpha-ray thickness gauge using alpha-ray energy spectra before and after the penetration of thin film.", "contents": "[A method to measure the mean thickness and non-uniformity of non-uniform thin film by alpha-ray thickness gauge (author's transl)]. The alpha-ray thickness gauge is used to measure non-destructively the thicknesses of thin films, and up to the present day, a thin film with uniform thickness is only taken up as the object of alpha-ray thickness gauge. When the thickness is determined from the displacement between the absorption curves in the presence and absence of thin film, the absorption curve must be displaced in parallel. When many uniform particles were dispersed as sample, the shape of the absorption curve was calculated as the sum of many absorption curves corresponding to the thin films with different thicknesses. By the comparison of the calculated and measured absorption curves, the number of particles, or the mean superficial density can be determined. This means the extension of thickness measurement from uniform to non-uniform films. Furthermore, these particle models being applied to non-uniform thin film, the possibility of measuring the mean thickness and non-uniformity was discussed. As the result, if the maximum difference of the thickness was more than 0.2 mg/cm2, the non-uniformity was considered to distinguish by the usual equipment. In this paper, an alpha-ray thickness gauge using the absorption curve method was treated, but one can apply this easily to an alpha-ray thickness gauge using alpha-ray energy spectra before and after the penetration of thin film.", "PMID": 579664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_22", "title": "[Mean thickness measurement of distributed fine particles by using alpha-ray absorption curves (author's transl)].", "content": "The mean superficial density of fine particles, such as polystyrene latex particles or ion exchange resin particles, dispersed on a thin supporting film was measured by means of the thickness gauge which used the absorption curves of alpha-rays. The measured absorption curves coincided with the ones calculated from the particle diameter, density, number of particles per unit area and equivalent film thickness to an absorption gas of 1 mmHg. On the other hand, when the particle diameter exceeded a certain limit, the measured mean superficial density which was derived from the pressure displacement of absorption curve considerably differed from the true mean superficial density. This limit can be calculated from the shape of absorption curve, which depends on the alpha-ray spectrum emitted from the source. In the case of the 241Am source used in this study, the limit was about 450 microgram/cm2 for polystyrene latex particles. The mean superficial density of a sample can easily be obtained by measuring the pressure displacement of absorption curve when the maximum thickness difference is below the limit. However, when the maximum thickness difference exceeds the limit, it is necessary to estimate the whole shape of absorption curves.", "contents": "[Mean thickness measurement of distributed fine particles by using alpha-ray absorption curves (author's transl)]. The mean superficial density of fine particles, such as polystyrene latex particles or ion exchange resin particles, dispersed on a thin supporting film was measured by means of the thickness gauge which used the absorption curves of alpha-rays. The measured absorption curves coincided with the ones calculated from the particle diameter, density, number of particles per unit area and equivalent film thickness to an absorption gas of 1 mmHg. On the other hand, when the particle diameter exceeded a certain limit, the measured mean superficial density which was derived from the pressure displacement of absorption curve considerably differed from the true mean superficial density. This limit can be calculated from the shape of absorption curve, which depends on the alpha-ray spectrum emitted from the source. In the case of the 241Am source used in this study, the limit was about 450 microgram/cm2 for polystyrene latex particles. The mean superficial density of a sample can easily be obtained by measuring the pressure displacement of absorption curve when the maximum thickness difference is below the limit. However, when the maximum thickness difference exceeds the limit, it is necessary to estimate the whole shape of absorption curves.", "PMID": 579665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_23", "title": "[Determination of the thyroglobulin content in malignant and benign thyroid gland tumors as well as in thyrotoxic strumas using an immunological method].", "content": "A decreased content of the organospecific antigen (thyroglobulin) was found in the tissues of 70% of thyroid gland cancers and in about 50% of thyroid benign tumours and thyrotoxic goiters studied. These data testify to the fact that the antigenic simplification is not an obligatory and specific process for the malignant transformation of thyroid tissue. Among the neoplasms with decreased thyroglobulin content there were found tumours built up both of \"A\" and \"C\" cellular types, thus indicating the dual nature of the antigenic simplification of the thyroid tumours.", "contents": "[Determination of the thyroglobulin content in malignant and benign thyroid gland tumors as well as in thyrotoxic strumas using an immunological method]. A decreased content of the organospecific antigen (thyroglobulin) was found in the tissues of 70% of thyroid gland cancers and in about 50% of thyroid benign tumours and thyrotoxic goiters studied. These data testify to the fact that the antigenic simplification is not an obligatory and specific process for the malignant transformation of thyroid tissue. Among the neoplasms with decreased thyroglobulin content there were found tumours built up both of \"A\" and \"C\" cellular types, thus indicating the dual nature of the antigenic simplification of the thyroid tumours.", "PMID": 579661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_24", "title": "[Analysis of errors of radiation relay--errors of relay controller using the radiation scaler (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation relay using the radiation scaler acts at the time when the output of the scaler comes to a set value. By this action, the stop valve in infusing line (or exhausting line) is closed and the increment (or decrement) of liquid level of tank is stopped. Same as radiation relay using CR rate meter, switching time of the relay of this system varies statistically due to the statistical property of radioactivity. In this paper, the probability density function of the switching time is calculated on the assumption that the pulse train is the Poisson process. Then, the relation between the switching time and the uncertainty in the stop level is examined under a constant incremental (or decremental) velocity of liquid level. Using these results, the minimum intensity of radiation which is necessary to obtain a given accuracy is calculated and the optimum scaling time is given to minimize the uncertainty corresponding to various velocity of liquid level.", "contents": "[Analysis of errors of radiation relay--errors of relay controller using the radiation scaler (author's transl)]. Radiation relay using the radiation scaler acts at the time when the output of the scaler comes to a set value. By this action, the stop valve in infusing line (or exhausting line) is closed and the increment (or decrement) of liquid level of tank is stopped. Same as radiation relay using CR rate meter, switching time of the relay of this system varies statistically due to the statistical property of radioactivity. In this paper, the probability density function of the switching time is calculated on the assumption that the pulse train is the Poisson process. Then, the relation between the switching time and the uncertainty in the stop level is examined under a constant incremental (or decremental) velocity of liquid level. Using these results, the minimum intensity of radiation which is necessary to obtain a given accuracy is calculated and the optimum scaling time is given to minimize the uncertainty corresponding to various velocity of liquid level.", "PMID": 579666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_25", "title": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes--on excretion and distribution of tritium-labelled 2,4-dinitrotoluene (3H-2,4-DNT) in the rat.", "content": "In order to investigate the excretion and distribution of 2,4-DNT in the rat, 3H-2,4-DNT was synthesized by nitration reaction of 3H-toluene. About 21.3 per cent of the single orally administered radioactivity was excreted in the 1st day-faeces. The amounts of radioactivity in the 2nd day- and 3rd day-faeces were to be about 4.1 and 1.1 per cent, respectively. About 13.5 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in the 1st day-urine, but after the 2nd day the excretion of radioactivity was to be trace. In all, about 46 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in the faeces and urine during the 7 days. Seven days after administration relatively high levels of radioactivity were retained in adipose tissue, skin, and liver, however, the amounts of remaining radioactivity were to be only 1.5, 0.6 and 0.4 per cent, respectively. The amounts of radioactivity of the other organs were to be trace.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes--on excretion and distribution of tritium-labelled 2,4-dinitrotoluene (3H-2,4-DNT) in the rat. In order to investigate the excretion and distribution of 2,4-DNT in the rat, 3H-2,4-DNT was synthesized by nitration reaction of 3H-toluene. About 21.3 per cent of the single orally administered radioactivity was excreted in the 1st day-faeces. The amounts of radioactivity in the 2nd day- and 3rd day-faeces were to be about 4.1 and 1.1 per cent, respectively. About 13.5 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in the 1st day-urine, but after the 2nd day the excretion of radioactivity was to be trace. In all, about 46 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in the faeces and urine during the 7 days. Seven days after administration relatively high levels of radioactivity were retained in adipose tissue, skin, and liver, however, the amounts of remaining radioactivity were to be only 1.5, 0.6 and 0.4 per cent, respectively. The amounts of radioactivity of the other organs were to be trace.", "PMID": 579667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_26", "title": "[In vivo behavior of 111In-DTPA in rat and mouse after intra-ventricular administration (author's transl)].", "content": "In vivo behavior of 111In-DTPA in rat and mouse after intra-ventricular administration was studied. Thus, 50 muCi and 35 muCi of 111In-DTPA was injected intra-ventricularly to rat and mouse respectively. At specific time intervals, the animals were sacrificed, then distribution in organs was determined by radioactivity counting and autoradiographic method. Urinary and fecal excretion were separately collected and excretion rates were estimated. Metabolites in urine of rat were examined with chromatography. A part of 111In-DTPA injected intra-ventricularly to the animals migrated to subarachnoid space, then radioactivity in cerebrospinal fluid effused into blood with about 1 hr initial half-life. Blood clearance was also rapid, about 1 hr after administration the blood level reached maximum and then decreased showing an initial half-life of about 1 hr. The predominant excretion route in rat was urinary and about 90% and 5% of administered dose were excreted within 48 hr through urine and feces respectively. Judging from the Rf-value of radioactivity peak on chromatograms, 111In-DTPA seems to be excreted without suffering any metabolic change. Concerning to the behavior of 111In-DTPA in male and female rat, no difference was observed, and the distribution pattern of 111In-DTPA in mouse was similar to that of rat.", "contents": "[In vivo behavior of 111In-DTPA in rat and mouse after intra-ventricular administration (author's transl)]. In vivo behavior of 111In-DTPA in rat and mouse after intra-ventricular administration was studied. Thus, 50 muCi and 35 muCi of 111In-DTPA was injected intra-ventricularly to rat and mouse respectively. At specific time intervals, the animals were sacrificed, then distribution in organs was determined by radioactivity counting and autoradiographic method. Urinary and fecal excretion were separately collected and excretion rates were estimated. Metabolites in urine of rat were examined with chromatography. A part of 111In-DTPA injected intra-ventricularly to the animals migrated to subarachnoid space, then radioactivity in cerebrospinal fluid effused into blood with about 1 hr initial half-life. Blood clearance was also rapid, about 1 hr after administration the blood level reached maximum and then decreased showing an initial half-life of about 1 hr. The predominant excretion route in rat was urinary and about 90% and 5% of administered dose were excreted within 48 hr through urine and feces respectively. Judging from the Rf-value of radioactivity peak on chromatograms, 111In-DTPA seems to be excreted without suffering any metabolic change. Concerning to the behavior of 111In-DTPA in male and female rat, no difference was observed, and the distribution pattern of 111In-DTPA in mouse was similar to that of rat.", "PMID": 579668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_27", "title": "[Studies on computer analysis of multi-frame renal images--multiple regional renograms and functional images (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of making the multiple regional renograms and simple functional images are described. Thirty-six EDTA (or DTPA) images has been transferred from a gamma camera to a small computer with the magnetic tape. Thirteen regional renograms from a kidney have been made by using the single pixel ROIs from these images, a continuous 13 pixels horizontal and/or vertical of the matrix are selected, in distinction from right and left kidney. Two functional images have been made by the multi-frame images as a peak arrival time and it's peak counts. Small change of the radioisotopic transportation in the kidney could be observed by the method, and change of the urodynamics could be extracted by two functional images. It will be actualize quantitative diagnosis to the renal function disorders.", "contents": "[Studies on computer analysis of multi-frame renal images--multiple regional renograms and functional images (author's transl)]. A method of making the multiple regional renograms and simple functional images are described. Thirty-six EDTA (or DTPA) images has been transferred from a gamma camera to a small computer with the magnetic tape. Thirteen regional renograms from a kidney have been made by using the single pixel ROIs from these images, a continuous 13 pixels horizontal and/or vertical of the matrix are selected, in distinction from right and left kidney. Two functional images have been made by the multi-frame images as a peak arrival time and it's peak counts. Small change of the radioisotopic transportation in the kidney could be observed by the method, and change of the urodynamics could be extracted by two functional images. It will be actualize quantitative diagnosis to the renal function disorders.", "PMID": 579669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_28", "title": "Effects of the removal of the regional lymph nodes on the survival of mice bearing B16 melanoma or EAkR lymphosarcoma.", "content": "This work presents data concerning the effect of tumor excision accompanied or not by the removal of the regional lymph node (RLN) on the survival time of mice bearing the EAkR lymphosarcoma or the B16 melanoma. The operations were performed at various times to study this effect in relation to tumor size. Early tumorectomy, on day 6 for the EAkR lymphosarcoma, on day 10 for the B16 melanoma, significantly prolonged the survival time. The additional removal of the RLN abolished this beneficial effect. In the case of the EAkR lymphosarcoma. a beneficial effect on the survival time was, in contrast, observed after total excision of the tumor accompanied by RLN removal performed on day 8. The two surgical procedures were ineffective in increasing the survival time when they were applied after the 8th day for the EAkR lymphosarcoma and after the 10th day for the B16 melanoma. These results suggest that the preservation of the RLN may be favorable for the host, at least at an early stage of the tumor growth.", "contents": "Effects of the removal of the regional lymph nodes on the survival of mice bearing B16 melanoma or EAkR lymphosarcoma. This work presents data concerning the effect of tumor excision accompanied or not by the removal of the regional lymph node (RLN) on the survival time of mice bearing the EAkR lymphosarcoma or the B16 melanoma. The operations were performed at various times to study this effect in relation to tumor size. Early tumorectomy, on day 6 for the EAkR lymphosarcoma, on day 10 for the B16 melanoma, significantly prolonged the survival time. The additional removal of the RLN abolished this beneficial effect. In the case of the EAkR lymphosarcoma. a beneficial effect on the survival time was, in contrast, observed after total excision of the tumor accompanied by RLN removal performed on day 8. The two surgical procedures were ineffective in increasing the survival time when they were applied after the 8th day for the EAkR lymphosarcoma and after the 10th day for the B16 melanoma. These results suggest that the preservation of the RLN may be favorable for the host, at least at an early stage of the tumor growth.", "PMID": 579675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_29", "title": "Treatment of murine EAkR lymphosarcoma by surgery combined with systemic or local active BCG immunotherapy applied repeatedly.", "content": "A combined treatment modality imcorporating surgery plus BCG immunotherapy was administered to (C57Bl/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice grafted with EAkR lymphosarcoma. A single preoperative local or postoperative systemic BCG administration cured 20-30% of the animals, but did not prolong the survival time of these groups. Repeated s.c. injections of BCG resulted in a significant increase in survival time compared to the group submitted to surgery alone. In contrast, multiple i.v. injections of BCG before and after surgery were no more effective than surgery alone and were less effective than a single postsurgical i.v. injection in producing cures. We have concluded that for local BCG therapy, multiple injections before and after surgery are more effective than a single injection. However, for systemic therapy, multiple injections are less effective than a single injection applied postoperatively.", "contents": "Treatment of murine EAkR lymphosarcoma by surgery combined with systemic or local active BCG immunotherapy applied repeatedly. A combined treatment modality imcorporating surgery plus BCG immunotherapy was administered to (C57Bl/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice grafted with EAkR lymphosarcoma. A single preoperative local or postoperative systemic BCG administration cured 20-30% of the animals, but did not prolong the survival time of these groups. Repeated s.c. injections of BCG resulted in a significant increase in survival time compared to the group submitted to surgery alone. In contrast, multiple i.v. injections of BCG before and after surgery were no more effective than surgery alone and were less effective than a single postsurgical i.v. injection in producing cures. We have concluded that for local BCG therapy, multiple injections before and after surgery are more effective than a single injection. However, for systemic therapy, multiple injections are less effective than a single injection applied postoperatively.", "PMID": 579676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_30", "title": "Disseminated tuberculosis, bone marrow necrosis and lymphoma: a case report.", "content": "Tuberculosis often complicates lymphoma, and bone marrow necrosis has been described in disseminated tuberculosis. However, the association of lymphoma, disseminated tuberculosis and bone marrow necrosis is rare. We report a patient with this triple association. After a 3-week influenza-like illness the patient was admitted to hospital semicomatose with pancytopenia and hyponatraemia. During routine examination a bone marrow trephine biopsy revealed diffuse lymphomatous infiltration with scattered necrotic foci. On Ziehl-Neelsen staining these foci exhibited numerous acid-fast bacilli. The patient subsequently died and at autopsy was found to have widely disseminated non-reactive tuberculosis.", "contents": "Disseminated tuberculosis, bone marrow necrosis and lymphoma: a case report. Tuberculosis often complicates lymphoma, and bone marrow necrosis has been described in disseminated tuberculosis. However, the association of lymphoma, disseminated tuberculosis and bone marrow necrosis is rare. We report a patient with this triple association. After a 3-week influenza-like illness the patient was admitted to hospital semicomatose with pancytopenia and hyponatraemia. During routine examination a bone marrow trephine biopsy revealed diffuse lymphomatous infiltration with scattered necrotic foci. On Ziehl-Neelsen staining these foci exhibited numerous acid-fast bacilli. The patient subsequently died and at autopsy was found to have widely disseminated non-reactive tuberculosis.", "PMID": 579679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_31", "title": "Malondialdehyde production by platelets during secondary aggregation.", "content": "A method is described for increasing the sensitivity of the thiobarbiturate assay for malondialdehyde by concentrating the coloured reaction product. The basal level of malondialdehyde-like material in plasma was found to be about 0.03 micrometer. Platelets synthesized malondialdehyde when stimulated by collagen or thrombin and also during the second phase of aggregation induced by ADP or adrenaline.", "contents": "Malondialdehyde production by platelets during secondary aggregation. A method is described for increasing the sensitivity of the thiobarbiturate assay for malondialdehyde by concentrating the coloured reaction product. The basal level of malondialdehyde-like material in plasma was found to be about 0.03 micrometer. Platelets synthesized malondialdehyde when stimulated by collagen or thrombin and also during the second phase of aggregation induced by ADP or adrenaline.", "PMID": 579680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_32", "title": "Depletion of platelet amine storage granules by the antithrombotic agent, suloctidil.", "content": "Suloctidil, a compound with antithrombotic properties in animal models, causes depletion of human platelet serotonin stores during 1-5 hr incubation with platelet-rich plasma in vitro. This effect is not attended by leakage of cytoplasmic nucleotides or by alterations in cyclic AMP metabolism, malondialdehyde production or energy balance. 5HT uptake was also inhibited but uptake of adenine was not. 5HT released by suloctidil appeared in the supernatant as oxidation products, though the amine also accumulated when re-uptake was blocked by imipramine.", "contents": "Depletion of platelet amine storage granules by the antithrombotic agent, suloctidil. Suloctidil, a compound with antithrombotic properties in animal models, causes depletion of human platelet serotonin stores during 1-5 hr incubation with platelet-rich plasma in vitro. This effect is not attended by leakage of cytoplasmic nucleotides or by alterations in cyclic AMP metabolism, malondialdehyde production or energy balance. 5HT uptake was also inhibited but uptake of adenine was not. 5HT released by suloctidil appeared in the supernatant as oxidation products, though the amine also accumulated when re-uptake was blocked by imipramine.", "PMID": 579681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_33", "title": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide--thromboxane synthesis and dense granule secretion as positive feedback loops in the propagation of platelet responses during \"the basic platelet reaction\".", "content": "Platelets respond to a great variety of stimuli by a sequential display of shape change, aggregation, prostaglandin/thromboxane synthesis--dense granule secretion and alpha-granule secretion. It is suggested that these responses are independent of each other, and caused by an increase in the concentration of a second messenger, liberated to the cytoplasm through the interaction between an extracellular agonist and the platelet membrane. The extent of the propagation of responses is determined by the strength of the stimulus. Stimuli can be subdivided into 1) original, applied stimuli and 2) platelet-produced stimuli (substances secreted from dense granules, prostaglandins and thromboxanes); these stimuli may act synergistically. In this way the platelet has two apparently independent means of potentiating their response to external stimuli which act as two separate positive feedback loops.", "contents": "Prostaglandin endoperoxide--thromboxane synthesis and dense granule secretion as positive feedback loops in the propagation of platelet responses during \"the basic platelet reaction\". Platelets respond to a great variety of stimuli by a sequential display of shape change, aggregation, prostaglandin/thromboxane synthesis--dense granule secretion and alpha-granule secretion. It is suggested that these responses are independent of each other, and caused by an increase in the concentration of a second messenger, liberated to the cytoplasm through the interaction between an extracellular agonist and the platelet membrane. The extent of the propagation of responses is determined by the strength of the stimulus. Stimuli can be subdivided into 1) original, applied stimuli and 2) platelet-produced stimuli (substances secreted from dense granules, prostaglandins and thromboxanes); these stimuli may act synergistically. In this way the platelet has two apparently independent means of potentiating their response to external stimuli which act as two separate positive feedback loops.", "PMID": 579682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_34", "title": "Effects of sodium azide on platelet function.", "content": "Sodium azide in low concentrations (0.1-10 micrometer) was found to have inhibitory effects on human platelet function. Primary aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin and the ionophore A 23187 was decreased. To evaluate the effect of azide apart from secondary processes, the platelets were treated with indomethacin to prevent prostaglandin/thromboxane synthesis for all inducers; in addition, effects of secreted ADP, in the case of thrombin and A 23187, was prevented by the presence of creatine phosphate plus creatine phosphokinase ADP, epinephrine and A 23187, but not thrombin-induced primary aggregates, dispersed immediately upon addition of azide. Azide powerfully inhibited dense granule secretion induced by collagen, ADP and epinephrine as measured both by 14C-serotonin secretion and as judged by secondary aggregation. Shape change induced by ADP, thrombin or A 23187 was not affected. Azide had no effect on energy metabolism. Since the aggregation experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin, and malondialdehyde formation from arachidonic acid was not affected by azide, it seemed unlikely that the inhibition by azide of platelet function was related to inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. It is concluded that azide exerts its effects directly on the common pathway for platelet responses.", "contents": "Effects of sodium azide on platelet function. Sodium azide in low concentrations (0.1-10 micrometer) was found to have inhibitory effects on human platelet function. Primary aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin and the ionophore A 23187 was decreased. To evaluate the effect of azide apart from secondary processes, the platelets were treated with indomethacin to prevent prostaglandin/thromboxane synthesis for all inducers; in addition, effects of secreted ADP, in the case of thrombin and A 23187, was prevented by the presence of creatine phosphate plus creatine phosphokinase ADP, epinephrine and A 23187, but not thrombin-induced primary aggregates, dispersed immediately upon addition of azide. Azide powerfully inhibited dense granule secretion induced by collagen, ADP and epinephrine as measured both by 14C-serotonin secretion and as judged by secondary aggregation. Shape change induced by ADP, thrombin or A 23187 was not affected. Azide had no effect on energy metabolism. Since the aggregation experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin, and malondialdehyde formation from arachidonic acid was not affected by azide, it seemed unlikely that the inhibition by azide of platelet function was related to inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. It is concluded that azide exerts its effects directly on the common pathway for platelet responses.", "PMID": 579683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_35", "title": "The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytosis.", "content": "Some patients with thrombocytosis due to myeloproliferative diseases or other etiologies experience thromboembolic complications and others may bleed excessively. It seems unlikely that elevations in platelet count per se are a direct cause either of thrombosis or of hemorrhage. In an effort to ascertain whether variations in platelet function might determine whether an individual patient experiences thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications we have evaluated platelet function in 22 patients with thrombocytosis due to a variety of etiologies. The results of platelet counts, bleeding time determinations, and studies of platelet aggregation were similar in patients with thrombosis, in patients with bleeding and in patients with neither complication. Therefore, detailed studies of platelet coagulant activities were carried out in 8 patients. The results of platelet coagulant activity assays were normal in all 3 patients with thrombocytosis and neither thrombotic nor bleeding complications and an additional 3 patients with myeloproliferative diseases, normal platelet counts and no thrombohemorrhagic complications. In 2 patients with thrombotic complications significant elevation of platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early phases of intrinsic coagulation were observed whereas in 2 patients with severe hemorrhagic complications deficiencies of either contact forming activity or collagen-induced coagulant activities were evident. This preliminary study suggests the possibility that variations in platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early stages of intrinsic coagulation may determine whether patients with thrombocytosis will experience bleeding or thrombotic complications.", "contents": "The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytosis. Some patients with thrombocytosis due to myeloproliferative diseases or other etiologies experience thromboembolic complications and others may bleed excessively. It seems unlikely that elevations in platelet count per se are a direct cause either of thrombosis or of hemorrhage. In an effort to ascertain whether variations in platelet function might determine whether an individual patient experiences thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications we have evaluated platelet function in 22 patients with thrombocytosis due to a variety of etiologies. The results of platelet counts, bleeding time determinations, and studies of platelet aggregation were similar in patients with thrombosis, in patients with bleeding and in patients with neither complication. Therefore, detailed studies of platelet coagulant activities were carried out in 8 patients. The results of platelet coagulant activity assays were normal in all 3 patients with thrombocytosis and neither thrombotic nor bleeding complications and an additional 3 patients with myeloproliferative diseases, normal platelet counts and no thrombohemorrhagic complications. In 2 patients with thrombotic complications significant elevation of platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early phases of intrinsic coagulation were observed whereas in 2 patients with severe hemorrhagic complications deficiencies of either contact forming activity or collagen-induced coagulant activities were evident. This preliminary study suggests the possibility that variations in platelet coagulant activities concerned with the early stages of intrinsic coagulation may determine whether patients with thrombocytosis will experience bleeding or thrombotic complications.", "PMID": 579686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_36", "title": "Cold-insoluble globulin (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein.", "content": "The history of the discovery and characterization of the cold-insoluble globulin of plasma (CIg) is reviewed. Subsequent growth of knowledge relating to its structure and function in plasma, in tissues, and on cell surfaces is examined.", "contents": "Cold-insoluble globulin (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein. The history of the discovery and characterization of the cold-insoluble globulin of plasma (CIg) is reviewed. Subsequent growth of knowledge relating to its structure and function in plasma, in tissues, and on cell surfaces is examined.", "PMID": 579687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_37", "title": "Factors influencing leukocyte adherence in microvessels.", "content": "In vivo studies of the microcirculation of an untraumatized and unanesthetized animal preparation has shown that leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium is an extremely rare occurrence. Induction of leukocyte adherence can be produced in a variety of ways including direct trauma to the vessels, remote tissue injury via laser irradiation, and denuding the epithelium overlying the observed vessels. The role of blood flow and local hemodynamics on the leukocyte adherence process is quite complex and still not fully understood. From the results reported it may be concluded that blood flow stasis will not produce leukocyte adherence but will augment pre-existing adherence. Studies using 2 quantitative measures of adherence, leukocyte flux and leukocyte velocity have shown these parameters to be affected differently by local hemodynamics. Initial adherence appears to be critically dependent on the magnitude of the blood shear stress at the vessel wall as evidenced by the lack of observable leukocyte flux above some threshold value. Subsequent behavior of the leukocytes as characterized by their average rolling velocity shows no apparent relationship to shear stress but, for low velocities, may be related to the linear blood velocity.", "contents": "Factors influencing leukocyte adherence in microvessels. In vivo studies of the microcirculation of an untraumatized and unanesthetized animal preparation has shown that leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium is an extremely rare occurrence. Induction of leukocyte adherence can be produced in a variety of ways including direct trauma to the vessels, remote tissue injury via laser irradiation, and denuding the epithelium overlying the observed vessels. The role of blood flow and local hemodynamics on the leukocyte adherence process is quite complex and still not fully understood. From the results reported it may be concluded that blood flow stasis will not produce leukocyte adherence but will augment pre-existing adherence. Studies using 2 quantitative measures of adherence, leukocyte flux and leukocyte velocity have shown these parameters to be affected differently by local hemodynamics. Initial adherence appears to be critically dependent on the magnitude of the blood shear stress at the vessel wall as evidenced by the lack of observable leukocyte flux above some threshold value. Subsequent behavior of the leukocytes as characterized by their average rolling velocity shows no apparent relationship to shear stress but, for low velocities, may be related to the linear blood velocity.", "PMID": 579689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_38", "title": "Reduction of coagulation factor XIII concentration in patients with myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and other thromboembolic disorders.", "content": "Coagulation factor XIII and plasma fibrinogen chromatographic assays have been performed serially in patients suffering from acute myocardial and cerebral infarction, and in others with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings were compared with 2 groups of \"controls\"; normal clinically-well subjects and hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction who exhibited minimal, stable, or improving neurological deficits. Substantial depression of factor XIII concentrations developed in the 3 patient groups, together with concomitant significant increases in the proportion and concentration of plasma high molecular weight fibrin(ogen) complexes (HMWFC). An inverse correlation (p less than 0.05) between coagulation factor XIII concentration and percentage of HMWFC was demonstrated in the early stages of the illness. These findings suggest that depression of coagulation factor XIII concentration in these states, is secondary to extravascular or intravascular coagulation and may reflect its degree.", "contents": "Reduction of coagulation factor XIII concentration in patients with myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and other thromboembolic disorders. Coagulation factor XIII and plasma fibrinogen chromatographic assays have been performed serially in patients suffering from acute myocardial and cerebral infarction, and in others with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings were compared with 2 groups of \"controls\"; normal clinically-well subjects and hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction who exhibited minimal, stable, or improving neurological deficits. Substantial depression of factor XIII concentrations developed in the 3 patient groups, together with concomitant significant increases in the proportion and concentration of plasma high molecular weight fibrin(ogen) complexes (HMWFC). An inverse correlation (p less than 0.05) between coagulation factor XIII concentration and percentage of HMWFC was demonstrated in the early stages of the illness. These findings suggest that depression of coagulation factor XIII concentration in these states, is secondary to extravascular or intravascular coagulation and may reflect its degree.", "PMID": 579691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_39", "title": "Spurious prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory data of 8 patients (4 males and 4 females) with circulating anticoagulant were presented. Based on prolonged APTT, failure to correct the APTT with 50% normal plasma and abnormal tissue thromboplastin inhibition test, the inhibitor was identified as \"middle stage\"--or the \"lupus anticoagulant\". Thrombokinetics showed the maximal rate of change in optical density (VmaxdeltaOD) of plasma, resulting from clot formation to be significantly less in the plasma of patients with the inhibitor than in normal plasma. This was not completely corrected by mixing the patients' plasma with 50% normal plasma.", "contents": "Spurious prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. The clinical and laboratory data of 8 patients (4 males and 4 females) with circulating anticoagulant were presented. Based on prolonged APTT, failure to correct the APTT with 50% normal plasma and abnormal tissue thromboplastin inhibition test, the inhibitor was identified as \"middle stage\"--or the \"lupus anticoagulant\". Thrombokinetics showed the maximal rate of change in optical density (VmaxdeltaOD) of plasma, resulting from clot formation to be significantly less in the plasma of patients with the inhibitor than in normal plasma. This was not completely corrected by mixing the patients' plasma with 50% normal plasma.", "PMID": 579695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_40", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in status epilepticus.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is here reported as a complication of status epilepticus. Other features of this case were rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, myoglobinuria and renal failure.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in status epilepticus. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is here reported as a complication of status epilepticus. Other features of this case were rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, myoglobinuria and renal failure.", "PMID": 579696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_41", "title": "Human platelet storage organelles. A review.", "content": "Platelets contain numerous electron-dense subcellular organelles which have been referred to in the literature by various names such as alpha-granules, electron-dense and very electron-dense granules, lysosomes, dense bodies, etc. Most of the organelles are secretory granules, since induction of secretion by appropriate stimuli causes degranulation of platelets and the appearance of the granule contents in the extracellular medium. Among the substances that are known to be stored and secreted by platelets are: serotonin, ATP, ADP, calcium, pyrophosphate, acid hydrolases, fibrinogen, vascular permeability factor, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and growth factor. The recent literature concerning the localization of the secreted substances within specific platelet organelles is reviewed here. Results from electron microscopy and microprobe analysis, selective secretion experiments, subcellular fractionation studies and studies on platelets from patients with storage pool deficiency indicate that there are as many as four types of storage organelles in human platelets.", "contents": "Human platelet storage organelles. A review. Platelets contain numerous electron-dense subcellular organelles which have been referred to in the literature by various names such as alpha-granules, electron-dense and very electron-dense granules, lysosomes, dense bodies, etc. Most of the organelles are secretory granules, since induction of secretion by appropriate stimuli causes degranulation of platelets and the appearance of the granule contents in the extracellular medium. Among the substances that are known to be stored and secreted by platelets are: serotonin, ATP, ADP, calcium, pyrophosphate, acid hydrolases, fibrinogen, vascular permeability factor, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and growth factor. The recent literature concerning the localization of the secreted substances within specific platelet organelles is reviewed here. Results from electron microscopy and microprobe analysis, selective secretion experiments, subcellular fractionation studies and studies on platelets from patients with storage pool deficiency indicate that there are as many as four types of storage organelles in human platelets.", "PMID": 579698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_42", "title": "Thrombin-stimulated myosin phosphorylation in intact platelets and its possible involvement secretion.", "content": "A 20,000 dalton polypeptide, which is phosphorylated in intact platelets pre-incubated with 32P-PO4, has been identified as a platelet myosin light chain. Stimulation of intact platelets with thrombin produced a 5-fold increase in the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into the light chain. Myosin phosphorylation preceeded acid hydrolase secretion and occurred concomitantly with adenine nucleotide secretion. These results are suggestive of participation of contractile mechanisms in platelet secretion.", "contents": "Thrombin-stimulated myosin phosphorylation in intact platelets and its possible involvement secretion. A 20,000 dalton polypeptide, which is phosphorylated in intact platelets pre-incubated with 32P-PO4, has been identified as a platelet myosin light chain. Stimulation of intact platelets with thrombin produced a 5-fold increase in the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into the light chain. Myosin phosphorylation preceeded acid hydrolase secretion and occurred concomitantly with adenine nucleotide secretion. These results are suggestive of participation of contractile mechanisms in platelet secretion.", "PMID": 579699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_43", "title": "Measurement of nucleotide pools in platelets using high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "We have devised an improved high pressure liquid chromatographic technique whereby serotonin, nucleosides, cyclic nucleotides, namely cAMP and cGMP, and 5'mono-, 5'di-, and 5'tri-nucleotides can be analyzed. The cyclic nucleotides have been measured in picomolar quantities. All nucleotides can be quantitated in a single step separation in 75 min using a 0.0015 M phosphoric acids vs. 1M pH 4.8 ammonium phosphate gradient. 5/10 ml of platelet-rich plasma furnishes an adequate sample for complete analysis. Nucleotide levels in platelets from 16 normal donors expressed in 10(11) platelets are as follows: cAMP, 6.32 (4.15) nanomoles and AMP, 0.32 (0.14); ADP, 2.48 (0.67); ATP 3.78 (0.68); GDP 0.38 (0.07) and GTP, 0.45 (0.07) micromoles. ADP and ATP values are lower than those previously published. However, the total nucleotide level approaches published values. Upon aggregation with thrombin, approximately 50% of ADP and 40% ATP is releaseed. Release is complete by 2 min. Thrombin is the most potent releasing agent with collagen and ADP occupying an intermediate role and epinephrine being the least effective. Upon aggregation cyclic AMP levels diminish along the other nucleotides. Patients with asthma showed depression of ADP, ATP, GDP and GTP levels.", "contents": "Measurement of nucleotide pools in platelets using high pressure liquid chromatography. We have devised an improved high pressure liquid chromatographic technique whereby serotonin, nucleosides, cyclic nucleotides, namely cAMP and cGMP, and 5'mono-, 5'di-, and 5'tri-nucleotides can be analyzed. The cyclic nucleotides have been measured in picomolar quantities. All nucleotides can be quantitated in a single step separation in 75 min using a 0.0015 M phosphoric acids vs. 1M pH 4.8 ammonium phosphate gradient. 5/10 ml of platelet-rich plasma furnishes an adequate sample for complete analysis. Nucleotide levels in platelets from 16 normal donors expressed in 10(11) platelets are as follows: cAMP, 6.32 (4.15) nanomoles and AMP, 0.32 (0.14); ADP, 2.48 (0.67); ATP 3.78 (0.68); GDP 0.38 (0.07) and GTP, 0.45 (0.07) micromoles. ADP and ATP values are lower than those previously published. However, the total nucleotide level approaches published values. Upon aggregation with thrombin, approximately 50% of ADP and 40% ATP is releaseed. Release is complete by 2 min. Thrombin is the most potent releasing agent with collagen and ADP occupying an intermediate role and epinephrine being the least effective. Upon aggregation cyclic AMP levels diminish along the other nucleotides. Patients with asthma showed depression of ADP, ATP, GDP and GTP levels.", "PMID": 579700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_44", "title": "[Electron microscopic and morphometric study of the cellular composition of several forms of goiter in man].", "content": "According to the ultrastructural patterns four varieties of follicular cells are recognized in the cell population of the human goiter. The parenchyma of different goiters is composed of the same cell types and varieties. Goiters differ in percentages of these cells. The ultrastructure of the main cell form is correlated with the functional activity of the goiter. The \"map\" of cell composition of some forms of goiter is given, which may be used for a more exact diagnosis of the goiter, especially in the cases of discrepancy between the light microscopical morphological data and clinical picture of the desease.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and morphometric study of the cellular composition of several forms of goiter in man]. According to the ultrastructural patterns four varieties of follicular cells are recognized in the cell population of the human goiter. The parenchyma of different goiters is composed of the same cell types and varieties. Goiters differ in percentages of these cells. The ultrastructure of the main cell form is correlated with the functional activity of the goiter. The \"map\" of cell composition of some forms of goiter is given, which may be used for a more exact diagnosis of the goiter, especially in the cases of discrepancy between the light microscopical morphological data and clinical picture of the desease.", "PMID": 579702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_45", "title": "[Scanning the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord following endolumbar and cisternal administration of colloid solutions of radioisotopes].", "content": "The patency of the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord was studied by means of radioisotopes in 82 patients, among whom 18 had tumors of the spinal cord, 22 had herniation of the intervertebral disk, 18 had complicated fractures of the spine, and 11 had inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord and its meninges. Colloidal solutions of 198Au, 111In, and 131I were used for endolumbar and cisternal infusion. Scanning of the vertebral canal provides for the diagnosis of the level, degree, and extent of its compression caused by various vertebro-medullary pathologic conditions. The method is sparing, minimum doses of isotopes are used, and no complications are produced.", "contents": "[Scanning the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord following endolumbar and cisternal administration of colloid solutions of radioisotopes]. The patency of the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord was studied by means of radioisotopes in 82 patients, among whom 18 had tumors of the spinal cord, 22 had herniation of the intervertebral disk, 18 had complicated fractures of the spine, and 11 had inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord and its meninges. Colloidal solutions of 198Au, 111In, and 131I were used for endolumbar and cisternal infusion. Scanning of the vertebral canal provides for the diagnosis of the level, degree, and extent of its compression caused by various vertebro-medullary pathologic conditions. The method is sparing, minimum doses of isotopes are used, and no complications are produced.", "PMID": 579704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_46", "title": "The kinetics of imipramine-N-oxide in rats.", "content": "Rats were given imipramine-N-oxide as single intramuscular injection and then as repeated oral doses. Imipramine-N-oxide and the metabolites imipramine and desipramine were analysed in the blood cells, plasma and brain tissue. The concentration of imipramine-N-oxide increased simultaneously in the brain and blood, reaching a peak 45 minutes after a single dose. Imipramine was the quantitatively predominant metabolite in the blood cells and brain, while desipramine reached a higher concentration than imipramine in the plasma. Samples taken at different times after oral doses during continuous treatment showed fairly constant concentrations of imipramine-N-oxide and desipramine in the brain, whereas the concentration of imipramine was more fluctuating.", "contents": "The kinetics of imipramine-N-oxide in rats. Rats were given imipramine-N-oxide as single intramuscular injection and then as repeated oral doses. Imipramine-N-oxide and the metabolites imipramine and desipramine were analysed in the blood cells, plasma and brain tissue. The concentration of imipramine-N-oxide increased simultaneously in the brain and blood, reaching a peak 45 minutes after a single dose. Imipramine was the quantitatively predominant metabolite in the blood cells and brain, while desipramine reached a higher concentration than imipramine in the plasma. Samples taken at different times after oral doses during continuous treatment showed fairly constant concentrations of imipramine-N-oxide and desipramine in the brain, whereas the concentration of imipramine was more fluctuating.", "PMID": 579713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_47", "title": "Inhibition by neuroleptics of uptake of 3H-GABA into rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Neuroleptics from various chemical groups and some amino acids were examined for GABA uptake-inhibiting properties in rat brain synaptosomes. The phenothiazine and thioxanthene neuroleptics inhibited GABA uptake by 50% in the concentration range of 10-30 micron. No difference in potency was found between the cis and the trans isomers of the thioxanthenes. Clozapine and particularly sulpiride were weak inhibitors of the GABA uptake process, whereas some of the butyrophenones examined exhibited rather potent effect. Secific GABA uptake inhibitors (nipecotic acid and guvacine) were as active as the most potent butyrophenones. As no significant correlation was obtained between GABA uptake-inhibiting effect of the neuroleptics and their clinical or pharmacological effects it is concluded that the influence on GABA uptake is not an important aspect of the neuroleptic action.", "contents": "Inhibition by neuroleptics of uptake of 3H-GABA into rat brain synaptosomes. Neuroleptics from various chemical groups and some amino acids were examined for GABA uptake-inhibiting properties in rat brain synaptosomes. The phenothiazine and thioxanthene neuroleptics inhibited GABA uptake by 50% in the concentration range of 10-30 micron. No difference in potency was found between the cis and the trans isomers of the thioxanthenes. Clozapine and particularly sulpiride were weak inhibitors of the GABA uptake process, whereas some of the butyrophenones examined exhibited rather potent effect. Secific GABA uptake inhibitors (nipecotic acid and guvacine) were as active as the most potent butyrophenones. As no significant correlation was obtained between GABA uptake-inhibiting effect of the neuroleptics and their clinical or pharmacological effects it is concluded that the influence on GABA uptake is not an important aspect of the neuroleptic action.", "PMID": 579714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_48", "title": "Effect of methotrexate on folate binding to a folate binding protein in cow's milk.", "content": "Folate in cow's milk was strongly bound to a minor whey protein. Methotrexate inhibited the folate binding in a log dosis dependent manner, but was a rather weak inhibitor. The binding mechanism of folate changed from a cooperative to a non-cooperative type in the presence of methotrexate. This model system could be used in investigations on human body fluids and tissues.", "contents": "Effect of methotrexate on folate binding to a folate binding protein in cow's milk. Folate in cow's milk was strongly bound to a minor whey protein. Methotrexate inhibited the folate binding in a log dosis dependent manner, but was a rather weak inhibitor. The binding mechanism of folate changed from a cooperative to a non-cooperative type in the presence of methotrexate. This model system could be used in investigations on human body fluids and tissues.", "PMID": 579715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_49", "title": "The mass in the neck.", "content": "A cervical mass should be approached in a systematic manner with a full knowledge of the possible etiologies and their consequences. The approach taken with a child differs markedly from that taken with an adult. Cervical masses in children are likely to be congenital or inflammatory. In adults, neoplastic masses are most common; most of these are metastatic. Indirect laryngoscopy, important in the search for the primary lesion, should be performed on all patients.", "contents": "The mass in the neck. A cervical mass should be approached in a systematic manner with a full knowledge of the possible etiologies and their consequences. The approach taken with a child differs markedly from that taken with an adult. Cervical masses in children are likely to be congenital or inflammatory. In adults, neoplastic masses are most common; most of these are metastatic. Indirect laryngoscopy, important in the search for the primary lesion, should be performed on all patients.", "PMID": 579716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_50", "title": "The relationship of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) in primary thyroid failure.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in sera of 100 patients with primary thyroid failure were measured by radioimmunoassay. Effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) was also measured in 69 of these sera. TSH was elevated in all, with a mean of 76.7 +/- 55 micromicron/ml (range 11 to 140 micromicron/ml, and was used to confirm the diagnosis. Mean T4 and T3 levels in the group were 1.8 +/- 1.5 microgram/100 ml (range less than 0.2 to 7.0 microgram/100 u.) and 76.7 +/- 76 ng/100 ml (range less than 10 to 600 ng/100 ml), respectively. Mean ETR was 0.81 +/- 0.05. A moderate inverse relationship was observed between TSH and T4 (r = 0.73), in contrast to TSH and T3 and TSH and ETR, which showed comparatively poor relationships (r = 0.41 and 0.43). This observation, in addition to the finding that 17 patients had subnormal T4 but normal or elevated T3, suggests that normal T3 levels alone may not be sufficient to maintain euthyroidism. In contrast, there were only three clinically hypothyroid patients who had elevated TSH, normal T4, but subnormal T3 levels. This study indicates that T4 and T3 may function together to maintain euthyroidism, and that in addition to serum TSH, T4 determination has more diagnostic value than serum T3 or ETR in these patients.", "contents": "The relationship of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) in primary thyroid failure. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in sera of 100 patients with primary thyroid failure were measured by radioimmunoassay. Effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) was also measured in 69 of these sera. TSH was elevated in all, with a mean of 76.7 +/- 55 micromicron/ml (range 11 to 140 micromicron/ml, and was used to confirm the diagnosis. Mean T4 and T3 levels in the group were 1.8 +/- 1.5 microgram/100 ml (range less than 0.2 to 7.0 microgram/100 u.) and 76.7 +/- 76 ng/100 ml (range less than 10 to 600 ng/100 ml), respectively. Mean ETR was 0.81 +/- 0.05. A moderate inverse relationship was observed between TSH and T4 (r = 0.73), in contrast to TSH and T3 and TSH and ETR, which showed comparatively poor relationships (r = 0.41 and 0.43). This observation, in addition to the finding that 17 patients had subnormal T4 but normal or elevated T3, suggests that normal T3 levels alone may not be sufficient to maintain euthyroidism. In contrast, there were only three clinically hypothyroid patients who had elevated TSH, normal T4, but subnormal T3 levels. This study indicates that T4 and T3 may function together to maintain euthyroidism, and that in addition to serum TSH, T4 determination has more diagnostic value than serum T3 or ETR in these patients.", "PMID": 579717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_51", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from raw milk.", "content": "Four enrichment procedures were used for examining 131 raw milk samples for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Forty-two isolations were obtained from 19 pooled- (31.1 percent positive) and 10 individual-producer samples (14.3 percent positive). Enrichment by Butterfields phosphate buffer incubated at 4 degrees C for 14 days and then inoculation of modified Rappaport broth incubated at 23 degrees C for 5 days produced the greatest number of isolations. The majority of isolates were biotype 1, and many were atypical from clinical isolates in being rhamnose positive (47.6 percent), citrate positive (16.7 percent), and lactose positive (26.2 percent). Thirteen isolates were serotypable, belonging to seven different O serotypes, with O:5 occurring most frequently.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from raw milk. Four enrichment procedures were used for examining 131 raw milk samples for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Forty-two isolations were obtained from 19 pooled- (31.1 percent positive) and 10 individual-producer samples (14.3 percent positive). Enrichment by Butterfields phosphate buffer incubated at 4 degrees C for 14 days and then inoculation of modified Rappaport broth incubated at 23 degrees C for 5 days produced the greatest number of isolations. The majority of isolates were biotype 1, and many were atypical from clinical isolates in being rhamnose positive (47.6 percent), citrate positive (16.7 percent), and lactose positive (26.2 percent). Thirteen isolates were serotypable, belonging to seven different O serotypes, with O:5 occurring most frequently.", "PMID": 579721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_52", "title": "Persistent meningeal inflammation associated with intrathecal gentamicin.", "content": "A 30-year-old woman was treated with intraventricular gentamicin for Klebsiella meningitis. Cultures became sterile, but meningeal inflammation, associated with high central spinal fluid gentamicin levels, persisted until gentamicin was discontinued.", "contents": "Persistent meningeal inflammation associated with intrathecal gentamicin. A 30-year-old woman was treated with intraventricular gentamicin for Klebsiella meningitis. Cultures became sterile, but meningeal inflammation, associated with high central spinal fluid gentamicin levels, persisted until gentamicin was discontinued.", "PMID": 579718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_53", "title": "Control of fertility outcome in artificially inseminated gilts and old sows. 1: Electric stimulation of estrous sows. Its effect on insemination results.", "content": "Fifty gilts and 33 old sows which exhibited oestrous after bio-engineering treatment were electrically stimulated during insemination, using an A.C. mains-connected unit. The average voltages applied were 3.7 volt for gilts and between 2.5 and 2.8 volt for the old sows. The current was applied rectally, and the responsiveness differed individually. The treated animals then were compared to unstimulated controls, and the achievement in terms of born piglets was 1.18 more for gilts and 1.20 more for the old sows. Those better results were attributed to electric acceleration of sperm transport.", "contents": "Control of fertility outcome in artificially inseminated gilts and old sows. 1: Electric stimulation of estrous sows. Its effect on insemination results. Fifty gilts and 33 old sows which exhibited oestrous after bio-engineering treatment were electrically stimulated during insemination, using an A.C. mains-connected unit. The average voltages applied were 3.7 volt for gilts and between 2.5 and 2.8 volt for the old sows. The current was applied rectally, and the responsiveness differed individually. The treated animals then were compared to unstimulated controls, and the achievement in terms of born piglets was 1.18 more for gilts and 1.20 more for the old sows. Those better results were attributed to electric acceleration of sperm transport.", "PMID": 579722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_54", "title": "Leukapheresis and granulocyte transfusion.", "content": "Granulocytes for transfusion can now be obtained from normal donors by one of four techniques that involve either centrifugation or reversible adhesion of granulocytes to nylon fibers. The leukapheresis process appears to be safe for donors and standards for the selection and care of donors are being formulated. It appears desirable to transfuse granulocytes that are compatible in a leukoagglutination crossmatching, however, better methods for histocompatibility testing must be developed. Granulocyte transfusions clearly are of benefit to patients with Gram-negative sepsis and granulocyte counts of less than 500/cu mm for at least ten days. They may be valuable for granulocytopenic patients with other severe infections; however, there is no indication that granulocyte transfusions are indicated prophylactically or for febrile granulocytopenic patients without evidence of infection.", "contents": "Leukapheresis and granulocyte transfusion. Granulocytes for transfusion can now be obtained from normal donors by one of four techniques that involve either centrifugation or reversible adhesion of granulocytes to nylon fibers. The leukapheresis process appears to be safe for donors and standards for the selection and care of donors are being formulated. It appears desirable to transfuse granulocytes that are compatible in a leukoagglutination crossmatching, however, better methods for histocompatibility testing must be developed. Granulocyte transfusions clearly are of benefit to patients with Gram-negative sepsis and granulocyte counts of less than 500/cu mm for at least ten days. They may be valuable for granulocytopenic patients with other severe infections; however, there is no indication that granulocyte transfusions are indicated prophylactically or for febrile granulocytopenic patients without evidence of infection.", "PMID": 579963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_55", "title": "Effect of auto-oxidation products from cholesterol on aortic smooth muscle cells: an in vitro study.", "content": "Purified cholesterol is quite unstable when stored in air at room temperature. Products of cholesterol auto-oxidation were concentrated from several lots of USP-grade cholesterol by recrystallizing cholesterol from the methanol extract, retaining the mother liquor, and evaporating the residuum to dryness under vacuum. By application of thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, major, individual, oxidation compounds were identified and quantitated. Biological activities of these oxidation compounds were studied by using cultured rabbits' aortic smooth muscle cells. The concentrate of the auto-oxidation products of cholesterol showed remarkable in vitro cytotoxic effects, whereas purified cholesterol at the same concentration produced no toxic effects. The concentrate was further separated into six thin-layer chromatographical fractions. The results showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol were probably responsible for the biological toxicity of the concentrate", "contents": "Effect of auto-oxidation products from cholesterol on aortic smooth muscle cells: an in vitro study. Purified cholesterol is quite unstable when stored in air at room temperature. Products of cholesterol auto-oxidation were concentrated from several lots of USP-grade cholesterol by recrystallizing cholesterol from the methanol extract, retaining the mother liquor, and evaporating the residuum to dryness under vacuum. By application of thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, major, individual, oxidation compounds were identified and quantitated. Biological activities of these oxidation compounds were studied by using cultured rabbits' aortic smooth muscle cells. The concentrate of the auto-oxidation products of cholesterol showed remarkable in vitro cytotoxic effects, whereas purified cholesterol at the same concentration produced no toxic effects. The concentrate was further separated into six thin-layer chromatographical fractions. The results showed that 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol were probably responsible for the biological toxicity of the concentrate", "PMID": 579964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_56", "title": "Aneurysms of the septum primum in adults.", "content": "Sixteen aneurysms of the septum primum were found at autopsy among 1,578 adults. Most occurred in individuals in their fifth or sixth decade. All aneurysms were asymptomatic and none were diagnosed before death. Fourteen bulged into the right ventricle. The aneurysm may develop in patients with a raised intra-atrial pressure but most seemed associated with normal intra-atrial pressures. A particular morphology of the fossa ovalis region may predispose the septum to aneurysm formation. Echocardiographic and angiographic features of the aneurysm need definition to distinguish them from those caused by other lesions.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the septum primum in adults. Sixteen aneurysms of the septum primum were found at autopsy among 1,578 adults. Most occurred in individuals in their fifth or sixth decade. All aneurysms were asymptomatic and none were diagnosed before death. Fourteen bulged into the right ventricle. The aneurysm may develop in patients with a raised intra-atrial pressure but most seemed associated with normal intra-atrial pressures. A particular morphology of the fossa ovalis region may predispose the septum to aneurysm formation. Echocardiographic and angiographic features of the aneurysm need definition to distinguish them from those caused by other lesions.", "PMID": 579965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_57", "title": "The origin of lipofuscin and possible consequences to the myocardium.", "content": "Examination by light and electron microscopy of human myocardium from necropsies and biopsy specimens has revealed evidence that mitochondria can be transformed into granules of lipofuscin. This pigment has been shown to arise from peroxidative destruction of polyunsaturated lipid membranes. A high rate of lipofuscin formation is indicated by the occurrence of brown atrophy of the heart in relatively young persons who died of conditions that were associated with inanition. Such lipofuscin formation suggests the importance of dietary antioxidants in preventing peroxidative damage to mitochondria. A by-product of lipid peroxidation, malonaldehyde, can react with nuclear DNA, blocking template activity. Nuclear damage of this kind could reduce the capacity for protein synthesis and limit mitochondrial and contractile protein replacement. Such a limitation would contribute to heart failure during stress. Peroxidative damage to the myocardium is cumulative and irreversible.", "contents": "The origin of lipofuscin and possible consequences to the myocardium. Examination by light and electron microscopy of human myocardium from necropsies and biopsy specimens has revealed evidence that mitochondria can be transformed into granules of lipofuscin. This pigment has been shown to arise from peroxidative destruction of polyunsaturated lipid membranes. A high rate of lipofuscin formation is indicated by the occurrence of brown atrophy of the heart in relatively young persons who died of conditions that were associated with inanition. Such lipofuscin formation suggests the importance of dietary antioxidants in preventing peroxidative damage to mitochondria. A by-product of lipid peroxidation, malonaldehyde, can react with nuclear DNA, blocking template activity. Nuclear damage of this kind could reduce the capacity for protein synthesis and limit mitochondrial and contractile protein replacement. Such a limitation would contribute to heart failure during stress. Peroxidative damage to the myocardium is cumulative and irreversible.", "PMID": 579966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_58", "title": "Lipomatous infiltrates of the heart.", "content": "Fatty masses of the heart usually arise in the interatrial septum and are uncommon. The autopsy files from LAC-USC Medical Center contain 15 such cases from 1952 through 1972. Although these masses are yellow and attain a large size, most are considered to represent lipomatous infiltrations rather than true lipomas since they usually lack encapsulation and do contain cardiac muscle in varying amounts. The lesion is most often associated with obesity. Surprisingly, even the large masses produce few clinical symptoms and none was suspected clinically, each being an incidental finding at necropsy. However, these masses do infiltrate the conduction system and can cause arrhythmias and sudden death. Echocardiography or other noninvasive techniques may bring attention to a lipomatous mass that may or may not be asymptomatic. This can result in a clinical dilemma in differential diagnosis and treatment since myxomas, rhabdomyomas, and sarcomas also arise in the interatrial septum.", "contents": "Lipomatous infiltrates of the heart. Fatty masses of the heart usually arise in the interatrial septum and are uncommon. The autopsy files from LAC-USC Medical Center contain 15 such cases from 1952 through 1972. Although these masses are yellow and attain a large size, most are considered to represent lipomatous infiltrations rather than true lipomas since they usually lack encapsulation and do contain cardiac muscle in varying amounts. The lesion is most often associated with obesity. Surprisingly, even the large masses produce few clinical symptoms and none was suspected clinically, each being an incidental finding at necropsy. However, these masses do infiltrate the conduction system and can cause arrhythmias and sudden death. Echocardiography or other noninvasive techniques may bring attention to a lipomatous mass that may or may not be asymptomatic. This can result in a clinical dilemma in differential diagnosis and treatment since myxomas, rhabdomyomas, and sarcomas also arise in the interatrial septum.", "PMID": 579967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_59", "title": "Plasma erythropoietin levels in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "The anemia of chronic renal disease has been attributed primarily to a decrease in erythropoietin (EP) production. Results of this study show that measurable levels of plasma EP can be demonstrated in a majority of patients with end-stage renal failure who are undergoing long-term hemodialysis. These levels were not related to the type of renal disease, nor were they greatly affected by androgenic therapy or by nephrectomy. Although EP elevations in such patients were somewhat less than in nonuremic patients with comparable anemia, the presence of measurable EP levels suggests that impaired end-organ response may play a role in the anemia of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Plasma erythropoietin levels in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The anemia of chronic renal disease has been attributed primarily to a decrease in erythropoietin (EP) production. Results of this study show that measurable levels of plasma EP can be demonstrated in a majority of patients with end-stage renal failure who are undergoing long-term hemodialysis. These levels were not related to the type of renal disease, nor were they greatly affected by androgenic therapy or by nephrectomy. Although EP elevations in such patients were somewhat less than in nonuremic patients with comparable anemia, the presence of measurable EP levels suggests that impaired end-organ response may play a role in the anemia of chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 579968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_60", "title": "Sternberg-Reed-like cells in a pleural effusion secondary to pulmonary emboli with infarction: a cytological observation.", "content": "Cells resembling Sternberg-Reed cells were observed in a pleural effusion that was caused by pulmonary embolus with infarction. Although Hodgkin's disease was suggested on the basis of abnormal pleural fluid cytological preparations, the subsequent evaluation and clinical course did not support that diagnosis. We conclude that first, the cytological diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease should only be made when Sternberg-Reed-like cells are seen in association with a compatible clinical and cytological picture, and second, the cytological diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease or other malignancy should be made with caution in cases in which pulmonary infarction is present.", "contents": "Sternberg-Reed-like cells in a pleural effusion secondary to pulmonary emboli with infarction: a cytological observation. Cells resembling Sternberg-Reed cells were observed in a pleural effusion that was caused by pulmonary embolus with infarction. Although Hodgkin's disease was suggested on the basis of abnormal pleural fluid cytological preparations, the subsequent evaluation and clinical course did not support that diagnosis. We conclude that first, the cytological diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease should only be made when Sternberg-Reed-like cells are seen in association with a compatible clinical and cytological picture, and second, the cytological diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease or other malignancy should be made with caution in cases in which pulmonary infarction is present.", "PMID": 579969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_61", "title": "[Lipids of plasmamembranes and of mitochondria in rat liver after intoxication with paraoxon (author's transl)].", "content": "0.426 mg/kg Paraoxon was applicated to female Sprague-Dawley rats. 4, 10 and 24 h after poisoning, cholesterol, glyceride and phospholipid content was measured in liver plasma membranes and mitochondria. After 4 h, cholesterol content of plasma membranes was significantly lower. Phospholipid content of plasma membranes was significantly higher than control values at all times of investigation, contents of neutral lipids and glycerides were also higher, but not significantly. In mitochondria, no significant difference of cholesterol content could be detected. Glyceride content was lower after 4 and 10 h, but phospholipid content higher at all experimental times. Differences found in cholesterol and phospholipid content of plasma membranes are discussed also in view of higher serum GOT, GPT and CPK activities known from other investigations. The differences in cholesterol and phospholipid content, their degree and their timing, which agrees with the timing of enzyme leakage, suggest that lipid composition of the plasma membrane may be one of the parameters which determine membrane permeability after organophosphate poisoning.", "contents": "[Lipids of plasmamembranes and of mitochondria in rat liver after intoxication with paraoxon (author's transl)]. 0.426 mg/kg Paraoxon was applicated to female Sprague-Dawley rats. 4, 10 and 24 h after poisoning, cholesterol, glyceride and phospholipid content was measured in liver plasma membranes and mitochondria. After 4 h, cholesterol content of plasma membranes was significantly lower. Phospholipid content of plasma membranes was significantly higher than control values at all times of investigation, contents of neutral lipids and glycerides were also higher, but not significantly. In mitochondria, no significant difference of cholesterol content could be detected. Glyceride content was lower after 4 and 10 h, but phospholipid content higher at all experimental times. Differences found in cholesterol and phospholipid content of plasma membranes are discussed also in view of higher serum GOT, GPT and CPK activities known from other investigations. The differences in cholesterol and phospholipid content, their degree and their timing, which agrees with the timing of enzyme leakage, suggest that lipid composition of the plasma membrane may be one of the parameters which determine membrane permeability after organophosphate poisoning.", "PMID": 579971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_62", "title": "[Studies on the embryotoxicity of monolinuron and buturon in NMRI-mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute LD50 in virginal NMRI-Mice was found to be 2528 mg/kg for monolinuron and 1791 mg/kg for buturon. Pregnant female mice of the NMRI strain were administered orally 25--1000 mg monolinuron/kg (I) and 100-400 mg buturon/kg (II) on days 6--15 of gestation and, during defined phases of fetal development (days 10--13 after conception), 500 mg I/kg and 350 mg II/kg. Following administration of 10 doses, an increase of postimplantative losses and clear retardation of development in the upper dose range from 100 mg I/kg and 300 mg II/kg as well as a dose-dependent increase of the rate of cleft palates could be observed. High doses of both substances given from day 6--15 of pregnancy produced minor numbers of wavy and fused ribs as well as hypoplasia of the upper jaw after application of monolinuron and exenteria and exencephaly after buturon. Administration of monolinuron between days 10 and 13 of gestation resulted a minor and that of buturon a clear increase of the number of cleft palates. To evaluate postnatal development 200 and 500 mg I/kg, and 200 and 300 mg II/kg were administered orally on days 6--15 of gestation. In the higher doses, both substances produced an increased mortality among the offspring up to 3 weeks after birth, and a clear increase of the rate of cleft palates.", "contents": "[Studies on the embryotoxicity of monolinuron and buturon in NMRI-mice (author's transl)]. The acute LD50 in virginal NMRI-Mice was found to be 2528 mg/kg for monolinuron and 1791 mg/kg for buturon. Pregnant female mice of the NMRI strain were administered orally 25--1000 mg monolinuron/kg (I) and 100-400 mg buturon/kg (II) on days 6--15 of gestation and, during defined phases of fetal development (days 10--13 after conception), 500 mg I/kg and 350 mg II/kg. Following administration of 10 doses, an increase of postimplantative losses and clear retardation of development in the upper dose range from 100 mg I/kg and 300 mg II/kg as well as a dose-dependent increase of the rate of cleft palates could be observed. High doses of both substances given from day 6--15 of pregnancy produced minor numbers of wavy and fused ribs as well as hypoplasia of the upper jaw after application of monolinuron and exenteria and exencephaly after buturon. Administration of monolinuron between days 10 and 13 of gestation resulted a minor and that of buturon a clear increase of the number of cleft palates. To evaluate postnatal development 200 and 500 mg I/kg, and 200 and 300 mg II/kg were administered orally on days 6--15 of gestation. In the higher doses, both substances produced an increased mortality among the offspring up to 3 weeks after birth, and a clear increase of the rate of cleft palates.", "PMID": 579972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_63", "title": "On nickel contents in urine and hair in a case of exposure to nickel carbonyl.", "content": "In an accidental case of exposure to nickel carbonyl with a few persons weak symptoms of illness were observed. Rapid and simple methods of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied for the determination of nickel in urinary samples and in sections of bundled hairs. The measurements showed in some cases remarkable increased Ni values well above normal levels. The data obtained will be amply discussed and can be used in part for a rough estimation of the biological half life of inhaled Ni.", "contents": "On nickel contents in urine and hair in a case of exposure to nickel carbonyl. In an accidental case of exposure to nickel carbonyl with a few persons weak symptoms of illness were observed. Rapid and simple methods of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied for the determination of nickel in urinary samples and in sections of bundled hairs. The measurements showed in some cases remarkable increased Ni values well above normal levels. The data obtained will be amply discussed and can be used in part for a rough estimation of the biological half life of inhaled Ni.", "PMID": 579973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_64", "title": "Radioimmunological screening and gas chromatographic identification of diazepam in blood and serum.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the determination of diazepam in human blood and serum is presented. Diazepam is separated from the bulk of the biological material by adsorption at Amberlite XAD-2 and subsequent desorption with ethyl acetate. The extract thus obtained can be used directly for the determination od diazepam by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. For the combined radioimmunological and gas chromatographic determination 0.5 ml of blood or serum are necessary, the lower detection limit being approx. 5 ng/ml for both of these procedures. A good reliability of the radioimmunoassay is established with respect to precision, accuracy and specificity. The quantitative results obtained by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography correspond well with each other. The radioimmunological procedure enables the screening of more than 200 samples for diazepam by one technician within two working days.", "contents": "Radioimmunological screening and gas chromatographic identification of diazepam in blood and serum. A radioimmunoassay for the determination of diazepam in human blood and serum is presented. Diazepam is separated from the bulk of the biological material by adsorption at Amberlite XAD-2 and subsequent desorption with ethyl acetate. The extract thus obtained can be used directly for the determination od diazepam by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. For the combined radioimmunological and gas chromatographic determination 0.5 ml of blood or serum are necessary, the lower detection limit being approx. 5 ng/ml for both of these procedures. A good reliability of the radioimmunoassay is established with respect to precision, accuracy and specificity. The quantitative results obtained by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography correspond well with each other. The radioimmunological procedure enables the screening of more than 200 samples for diazepam by one technician within two working days.", "PMID": 579974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_65", "title": "Metabolic activations of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Structure-activity relationships.", "content": "Considerable evidence now points to 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes as ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic forms of benzo(a)-pyrene. Quantum mechanical calculations have been performed to assess the possible general role of diol epoxides in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The calculations enable a prediction of relative reactivity (ease of carbonium ion formation) for diol epoxides derived from a single PAH and also for diol epoxides from different PAHs. The calculated reactivity has so far been found to provide a good estimate of diol epoxide mutagenicity. Results of the metabolic activation of benzo(a)anthracene dihydrodiol derivatives and of the mutagenicity of benzo(a)anthracene diol epoxides are reported. Limitations inherent in predictions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity using a model based upon the calculated reactivity of a potential metabolite are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic activations of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Structure-activity relationships. Considerable evidence now points to 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes as ultimate mutagenic and carcinogenic forms of benzo(a)-pyrene. Quantum mechanical calculations have been performed to assess the possible general role of diol epoxides in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The calculations enable a prediction of relative reactivity (ease of carbonium ion formation) for diol epoxides derived from a single PAH and also for diol epoxides from different PAHs. The calculated reactivity has so far been found to provide a good estimate of diol epoxide mutagenicity. Results of the metabolic activation of benzo(a)anthracene dihydrodiol derivatives and of the mutagenicity of benzo(a)anthracene diol epoxides are reported. Limitations inherent in predictions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity using a model based upon the calculated reactivity of a potential metabolite are discussed.", "PMID": 579975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_66", "title": "Structural modifications in contraceptive steroids altering their metabolism and toxicity.", "content": "Norethisterone and, to a lesser extent, d-norgestrel are metabolically activated by rat liver microsomal enzymes to intermediates which are capable of irreversibly binding to proteins. This microsomal activation in vitro depends on presence of NADPH and is inhibited by glutathione. Irreversible binding of metabolites of progesterone, nortestosterone acetate and cyproterone acetate is very low, compared to that of norethisterone metabolites. Phenol as a reference compound shows quantitatively a similar binding behaviour as norethisterone. Norethisterone-4beta,5beta-epoxide, a microsomal metabolite of norethisterone, binds non-enzymatically to albumin, at a rate of 380 pmol/mg albumin per hour (at 37 degrees). The corresponding rate for norgestrel-4beta,5beta-epoxide, 42 pmol/mg albumin per hour, indicates a considerably lower reactivity of norgestrel-epoxide. The non-SH-proteins concanavalin A and bovine gamma-globulin do not react with either norethisterone-epoxide or norgestrel-epoxide. Also, DNA and RNA show no binding reaction. Thus, the requirements for irreversible protein binding of the 19-nortestosterone progestagens norethisterone and norgestrel are similar to those found for oestrogens which, when activated by rat liver microsomes, only bind to proteins with SH-groups, not to DNA or RNA.", "contents": "Structural modifications in contraceptive steroids altering their metabolism and toxicity. Norethisterone and, to a lesser extent, d-norgestrel are metabolically activated by rat liver microsomal enzymes to intermediates which are capable of irreversibly binding to proteins. This microsomal activation in vitro depends on presence of NADPH and is inhibited by glutathione. Irreversible binding of metabolites of progesterone, nortestosterone acetate and cyproterone acetate is very low, compared to that of norethisterone metabolites. Phenol as a reference compound shows quantitatively a similar binding behaviour as norethisterone. Norethisterone-4beta,5beta-epoxide, a microsomal metabolite of norethisterone, binds non-enzymatically to albumin, at a rate of 380 pmol/mg albumin per hour (at 37 degrees). The corresponding rate for norgestrel-4beta,5beta-epoxide, 42 pmol/mg albumin per hour, indicates a considerably lower reactivity of norgestrel-epoxide. The non-SH-proteins concanavalin A and bovine gamma-globulin do not react with either norethisterone-epoxide or norgestrel-epoxide. Also, DNA and RNA show no binding reaction. Thus, the requirements for irreversible protein binding of the 19-nortestosterone progestagens norethisterone and norgestrel are similar to those found for oestrogens which, when activated by rat liver microsomes, only bind to proteins with SH-groups, not to DNA or RNA.", "PMID": 579976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_67", "title": "Metabolic activation of diethylstilbestrol and aminostilbene-derivatives.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol and trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene are metabolically activated and several of their metabolites are able to react with cellular macromolecules. Some of the problems are discussed which are encountered in linking a particular metabolite with the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of these compounds.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of diethylstilbestrol and aminostilbene-derivatives. Diethylstilbestrol and trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene are metabolically activated and several of their metabolites are able to react with cellular macromolecules. Some of the problems are discussed which are encountered in linking a particular metabolite with the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of these compounds.", "PMID": 579979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_68", "title": "The significance of covalent binding of catechols to proteins in vivo.", "content": "When rats were dosed with 14 microgram/kg 3H-isoproterenol, 3H-radioactivity was measurable in the liver until 48 h. This amount was not different in livers of animals which have been pretreated with diethyl maleate. After exhaustive extraction, a significant amount of 3H-radioactivity from isoproterenol could be detected in the proteins of total liver (homogenate), of cytosol and of microsomes. In the cytosol fraction of diethyl maleate pretreated animals twice the amount of isoproterenol-radioactivity was found in the extracted proteins compared to controls. In the microsomal fraction there was no difference between diethyl maleate pretreated and control animals in the amount of radioactivity incorporated into proteins. In all fractions the radioactivity measurable in the extracted proteins declined with a half life time of about 24 h. The in vivo results on covalent binding of isoproterenol are compared to the irreversible protein binding of ethinyloestradiol in vivo. Quantitatively, these in vivo data are compared to the results on irreversible protein binding obtained during incubations of isoproterenol or ethinyloestradiol with rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "The significance of covalent binding of catechols to proteins in vivo. When rats were dosed with 14 microgram/kg 3H-isoproterenol, 3H-radioactivity was measurable in the liver until 48 h. This amount was not different in livers of animals which have been pretreated with diethyl maleate. After exhaustive extraction, a significant amount of 3H-radioactivity from isoproterenol could be detected in the proteins of total liver (homogenate), of cytosol and of microsomes. In the cytosol fraction of diethyl maleate pretreated animals twice the amount of isoproterenol-radioactivity was found in the extracted proteins compared to controls. In the microsomal fraction there was no difference between diethyl maleate pretreated and control animals in the amount of radioactivity incorporated into proteins. In all fractions the radioactivity measurable in the extracted proteins declined with a half life time of about 24 h. The in vivo results on covalent binding of isoproterenol are compared to the irreversible protein binding of ethinyloestradiol in vivo. Quantitatively, these in vivo data are compared to the results on irreversible protein binding obtained during incubations of isoproterenol or ethinyloestradiol with rat liver microsomes.", "PMID": 579980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_69", "title": "Multiple forms of cytochrome P450 in the microsomal monooxygenase system.", "content": "The microsomal monooxygenase system is characterized by its broad substrate specificity which includes endogenous substrates as well as lipophilic drugs and chemicals. From in vitro investigations it was known that the relative reactivities and the pattern of products varied greatly with species, sex, age, diet or pretreatment with drugs of the animal. The suggestion that this was possibly due to a variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes rather than a single monooxygenase was recently confirmed by the isolation of several cytochrome P450 species with different although overlapping substrate specificities. In view of the consequences of a genetic and environment-dependent pattern on monooxygenases for drug metabolism and drug-mediated toxicity the methods of a quantitative assessment of the various forms are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple forms of cytochrome P450 in the microsomal monooxygenase system. The microsomal monooxygenase system is characterized by its broad substrate specificity which includes endogenous substrates as well as lipophilic drugs and chemicals. From in vitro investigations it was known that the relative reactivities and the pattern of products varied greatly with species, sex, age, diet or pretreatment with drugs of the animal. The suggestion that this was possibly due to a variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes rather than a single monooxygenase was recently confirmed by the isolation of several cytochrome P450 species with different although overlapping substrate specificities. In view of the consequences of a genetic and environment-dependent pattern on monooxygenases for drug metabolism and drug-mediated toxicity the methods of a quantitative assessment of the various forms are discussed.", "PMID": 579981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_70", "title": "Metabolic activation of chlorinated ethylenes: dependence of mutagenic effect on electrophilic reactivity of the metabolically formed epoxides.", "content": "In chlorinated ethylenes, the chlorine substitution exerts, by its electron withdrawal effect, a stabilization of the molecule which increases with the number auf chlorine residues. All chlorinated ethylenes are metabolically transformed, in a first step reaction, to epoxides which may rearrange to aldehydes or acyl chlorides, respectively, undergo hydrolysis to diols, conjugate with glutathione, or react, by alkylation, with cellular macromolecules. The electrophilicity of the epoxides is high with those having an unsymmetric chlorine substitution, and comparatively low with the others bearing symmetric chlorine residues. According to in vitro mutagenicity testing in a modified Ames system, the following rule on structure/activity-relationship has been worked out: mutagenic potential is bound to unsymmetric substitution and high chemical reactivity (as with vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and trichloroethylene), symmetric substitution results in lower chemical reactivity and non-mutagenicity. So far, the rule is substantiated by positive carcinogenic effects in animal experiments with vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and trichloroethylene.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of chlorinated ethylenes: dependence of mutagenic effect on electrophilic reactivity of the metabolically formed epoxides. In chlorinated ethylenes, the chlorine substitution exerts, by its electron withdrawal effect, a stabilization of the molecule which increases with the number auf chlorine residues. All chlorinated ethylenes are metabolically transformed, in a first step reaction, to epoxides which may rearrange to aldehydes or acyl chlorides, respectively, undergo hydrolysis to diols, conjugate with glutathione, or react, by alkylation, with cellular macromolecules. The electrophilicity of the epoxides is high with those having an unsymmetric chlorine substitution, and comparatively low with the others bearing symmetric chlorine residues. According to in vitro mutagenicity testing in a modified Ames system, the following rule on structure/activity-relationship has been worked out: mutagenic potential is bound to unsymmetric substitution and high chemical reactivity (as with vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and trichloroethylene), symmetric substitution results in lower chemical reactivity and non-mutagenicity. So far, the rule is substantiated by positive carcinogenic effects in animal experiments with vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and trichloroethylene.", "PMID": 579983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_71", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia: a new analysis of risk factors based on recent cases.", "content": "Over an 18-month period, four severe and eight mild cases of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) were diagnosed. All infants had gestational age less than 34 weeks. While the  percentage of infants with RLF increased with decreasing gestational age, the severity of RLF was not related to birth weight or gestational age. These RLF infants were compared with premature infants having normal fundi. The arterial blood gas values in the first week of life were similar for the two groups. However, during the subsequent weeks of oxygen therapy, the infants who developed severe RLF had a significantly greater number of hours of capillary oxygen tension at undesirable levels (Pcap O2 greater than 50 mm Hg) than the mild RLF or control infants. These results suggest that infants may be at greatest risk of severe retinal damage from oxygen relatively late in the course of their oxygen therapy.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia: a new analysis of risk factors based on recent cases. Over an 18-month period, four severe and eight mild cases of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) were diagnosed. All infants had gestational age less than 34 weeks. While the  percentage of infants with RLF increased with decreasing gestational age, the severity of RLF was not related to birth weight or gestational age. These RLF infants were compared with premature infants having normal fundi. The arterial blood gas values in the first week of life were similar for the two groups. However, during the subsequent weeks of oxygen therapy, the infants who developed severe RLF had a significantly greater number of hours of capillary oxygen tension at undesirable levels (Pcap O2 greater than 50 mm Hg) than the mild RLF or control infants. These results suggest that infants may be at greatest risk of severe retinal damage from oxygen relatively late in the course of their oxygen therapy.", "PMID": 579984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_72", "title": "[Animal experiments on particulars of the time factor in the development and solving of pulmonary atelectasis caused by foreign body (author's transl)].", "content": "In literature are only older publications about the temporal beginning of the acute atelectasis after obstructive foreign body occlusion of the bronchial system which are operated at the open thorax. For this reason experiments on animals were made to find out the earliest beginning of an atelectasis by a simple bronchial occlusion as an imitation of a natural process of a foreign body aspiration. The alterations in each single phase of development showed regularly based on serial radiographies and by the autopsy macroscopic and microscopic that about 2 or 3 h after aspiration of an obstructive foreign body it will be reckoned with a complete atelectasis. Only now correlate the clinical result, the X-ray and the pathological-anatomical alterations. The histological picture of the complete atelectasis follows the macroscopic result only in longer temporal distance. Atelectasis occuring before the mentioned moment cannot be explained by an absorption of air from the alveolar tissue, but they depend on foreign body independent reflexes (= reflex contraction atelectasis). In other series of experiments the retroplasia of an atelectasis showed no regularity after the release of the bronchial occlusion, as the time of development, but it is possible to say that it takes more time of retroplasia the longer the atelectasis lasts. Dependent on that the respiratory exchange was jerky into the atelectatic lung after a resting period without prefering any lobes of lungs where localised atelectatic foci remain a longer time.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on particulars of the time factor in the development and solving of pulmonary atelectasis caused by foreign body (author's transl)]. In literature are only older publications about the temporal beginning of the acute atelectasis after obstructive foreign body occlusion of the bronchial system which are operated at the open thorax. For this reason experiments on animals were made to find out the earliest beginning of an atelectasis by a simple bronchial occlusion as an imitation of a natural process of a foreign body aspiration. The alterations in each single phase of development showed regularly based on serial radiographies and by the autopsy macroscopic and microscopic that about 2 or 3 h after aspiration of an obstructive foreign body it will be reckoned with a complete atelectasis. Only now correlate the clinical result, the X-ray and the pathological-anatomical alterations. The histological picture of the complete atelectasis follows the macroscopic result only in longer temporal distance. Atelectasis occuring before the mentioned moment cannot be explained by an absorption of air from the alveolar tissue, but they depend on foreign body independent reflexes (= reflex contraction atelectasis). In other series of experiments the retroplasia of an atelectasis showed no regularity after the release of the bronchial occlusion, as the time of development, but it is possible to say that it takes more time of retroplasia the longer the atelectasis lasts. Dependent on that the respiratory exchange was jerky into the atelectatic lung after a resting period without prefering any lobes of lungs where localised atelectatic foci remain a longer time.", "PMID": 579986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_73", "title": "Deafness in an old English sheepdog. A case report.", "content": "The histopathological features of the inner ears in a case of deafness in an old English sheepdog reveal a cochleo-saccular (Scheibe) type of degeneration. However, also the hair cells in the vestibular part of the labyrinth were reduced in number though there appeared no clinical signs or symptoms of vestibular dysfunction. The present case is the so far only known old English sheepdog with a hearing loss reported in Sweden.", "contents": "Deafness in an old English sheepdog. A case report. The histopathological features of the inner ears in a case of deafness in an old English sheepdog reveal a cochleo-saccular (Scheibe) type of degeneration. However, also the hair cells in the vestibular part of the labyrinth were reduced in number though there appeared no clinical signs or symptoms of vestibular dysfunction. The present case is the so far only known old English sheepdog with a hearing loss reported in Sweden.", "PMID": 579985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_74", "title": "Experiences with the tracheoesophageal shunt method for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "content": "The tracheoesophageal (T-E) shunt technique reported by Komorn et al. (1973) was used for vocal rehabilitation in 8 laryngectomized patients including one case of hypopharyngeal cancer. It was proved that this technique was a simple one-stage procedure with a low incidence of complication. Four out of 7 patients, excluding one patient who died of another disease, acquired excellent speech without symptomatic aspiration. Two patients developed fairly good speech. One shunt was closed by aspiration. The shunt constructed by a flap measuring 2 x 4 cm, opened 1 cm below the distal end of the trachea, showed good results. The T-E shunt speech exceeds esophageal speech in duration and intelligibility.", "contents": "Experiences with the tracheoesophageal shunt method for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. The tracheoesophageal (T-E) shunt technique reported by Komorn et al. (1973) was used for vocal rehabilitation in 8 laryngectomized patients including one case of hypopharyngeal cancer. It was proved that this technique was a simple one-stage procedure with a low incidence of complication. Four out of 7 patients, excluding one patient who died of another disease, acquired excellent speech without symptomatic aspiration. Two patients developed fairly good speech. One shunt was closed by aspiration. The shunt constructed by a flap measuring 2 x 4 cm, opened 1 cm below the distal end of the trachea, showed good results. The T-E shunt speech exceeds esophageal speech in duration and intelligibility.", "PMID": 579987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_75", "title": "Bioplast fibrin implants in nasoseptal perforation.", "content": "This study includes 9 cases of nasoseptal perforation following submucous septectomy. Sheets from Bioplast fibrin, an absorbable biomaterial, were implanted to prevent thepersistence of perforations. Postoperative mucosal growth on both implant surfaces ensured closure in 6 of the 9 cases. The method has the advantage of simplicity and it is commendable in the case of smaller defects when the mucosa is not markedly atrophic.", "contents": "Bioplast fibrin implants in nasoseptal perforation. This study includes 9 cases of nasoseptal perforation following submucous septectomy. Sheets from Bioplast fibrin, an absorbable biomaterial, were implanted to prevent thepersistence of perforations. Postoperative mucosal growth on both implant surfaces ensured closure in 6 of the 9 cases. The method has the advantage of simplicity and it is commendable in the case of smaller defects when the mucosa is not markedly atrophic.", "PMID": 579988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_76", "title": "[The proof of age differences of slow acoustically evoked potentials of adults by a multivariate statistical analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Many authors consider the nature of the slow acoustically evoked potentials to be partly a specific one. Therefore the AEP-time behavior probably contains more information about the functional state of the acoustical channel than it is got by the usual measurement of only 3 values (N1P2-amplitude, 2 latencies). A test of this hypothesis is possible with a multivariate mathematical procedure, which involves the whole AEP-time behavior. We are using the multivariate variance- and discriminant analysis. For the application of this statistical method random samples of patients with certain otologic diseases are needed. To avoid mistakes in grouping these samples some preliminary investigations had been necessary: This paper reports the results of multivariate investigations concerning age differences of the AEP in normal hearing adults. By means of the multivariate variance analysis the AEP of 3 age groups were examined (group 1: 15--34 years, group 2: 35--44 years, group 3: 45--60 years). At 1000 Hz as well as at 400 Hz significant differences between the group averages were found, which were not detectable by the usual N1P2-amplitude measurement. Furthermore with the discriminant analysis it is possible to perform a relatively reliable differentiation between the individual AEP of the age groups 1 and 3.", "contents": "[The proof of age differences of slow acoustically evoked potentials of adults by a multivariate statistical analysis (author's transl)]. Many authors consider the nature of the slow acoustically evoked potentials to be partly a specific one. Therefore the AEP-time behavior probably contains more information about the functional state of the acoustical channel than it is got by the usual measurement of only 3 values (N1P2-amplitude, 2 latencies). A test of this hypothesis is possible with a multivariate mathematical procedure, which involves the whole AEP-time behavior. We are using the multivariate variance- and discriminant analysis. For the application of this statistical method random samples of patients with certain otologic diseases are needed. To avoid mistakes in grouping these samples some preliminary investigations had been necessary: This paper reports the results of multivariate investigations concerning age differences of the AEP in normal hearing adults. By means of the multivariate variance analysis the AEP of 3 age groups were examined (group 1: 15--34 years, group 2: 35--44 years, group 3: 45--60 years). At 1000 Hz as well as at 400 Hz significant differences between the group averages were found, which were not detectable by the usual N1P2-amplitude measurement. Furthermore with the discriminant analysis it is possible to perform a relatively reliable differentiation between the individual AEP of the age groups 1 and 3.", "PMID": 579989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_77", "title": "[Reaction time and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophysiological work has elaborated that subjects having positive recruitment exhibit shorter response latencies than non-recruiting subjects do. Correspondingly we have investigated in this paper, if subjectively measured reaction times also decrease in case of recruiting subjects. Our measurements have shown that the averaged reaction time (at 4 kHz) of recruiting subjects is significantly (p = 0.05) shorter than the value of a non-recruiting group. Because of the interindividual scattering of the results, however, measuring of reaction time ist not suitable to distinguish subjects with loudness recruitment from those having no recruitment. Comparison of reaction time and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiogram as recruitment test shows B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing to be more reliable. Finally the number of oscillations (N) per octave in B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing is discussed as a function of oscillation width (W). A general mathematical representation of this correlation is given by N = a.Wb. Constants a and b, depending on attenuation rate (2.5 dB/s) and frequency change rate (1 oct./min), are evaluated by statistical and graphical methods (a = 36.08, b = -0.71).", "contents": "[Reaction time and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry (author's transl)]. Electrophysiological work has elaborated that subjects having positive recruitment exhibit shorter response latencies than non-recruiting subjects do. Correspondingly we have investigated in this paper, if subjectively measured reaction times also decrease in case of recruiting subjects. Our measurements have shown that the averaged reaction time (at 4 kHz) of recruiting subjects is significantly (p = 0.05) shorter than the value of a non-recruiting group. Because of the interindividual scattering of the results, however, measuring of reaction time ist not suitable to distinguish subjects with loudness recruitment from those having no recruitment. Comparison of reaction time and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiogram as recruitment test shows B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing to be more reliable. Finally the number of oscillations (N) per octave in B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracing is discussed as a function of oscillation width (W). A general mathematical representation of this correlation is given by N = a.Wb. Constants a and b, depending on attenuation rate (2.5 dB/s) and frequency change rate (1 oct./min), are evaluated by statistical and graphical methods (a = 36.08, b = -0.71).", "PMID": 579990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_78", "title": "[Investigations on not cell-bound lipids in the pathologic maxillary sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "Lipids can be found sporadically in the maxillary sinus especially in connection with chronic sinusitis. Thus, the occurence of cholesterol is known for decades. Nevertheless most of the lipids in the excretions of maxillary sinus are unknown or less investigated still today. It may be that there is a lack of simple analytical methods. The intention of this paper is to demonstrate early results with TLC-separation and determination of lipids in the maxillary sinus excretions during sinusitis. The samples were collected from patients of the HNO-Klinik W\u00fcrzburg in connection with a therapeutic rinsing of the sinus. The effluent was concentrated and then separated into three fractions by ultracentrifugation: 1. The sediment, consisting of cells and some other undefined organic material. 2. A supernatant clear solution, containing inorganic material, proteins, amino-acids, lipids... 3. Sporadically a very thin layer on the surface of the clear solution. Since fraction 3, which contains lipids too, could not be found each time, our attention was directed on the lipids of the clear solution, where most of these substances are attached to proteins. As well as in the sediment we found in the clear solution cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and very seldom cholesterol-esters. The concentration of cholesterol is nearly the same as that of free fatty acids. The frequency of occurrence of lipids is considerable which prevents us until now to correlate the lipid-content to some features of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.", "contents": "[Investigations on not cell-bound lipids in the pathologic maxillary sinus (author's transl)]. Lipids can be found sporadically in the maxillary sinus especially in connection with chronic sinusitis. Thus, the occurence of cholesterol is known for decades. Nevertheless most of the lipids in the excretions of maxillary sinus are unknown or less investigated still today. It may be that there is a lack of simple analytical methods. The intention of this paper is to demonstrate early results with TLC-separation and determination of lipids in the maxillary sinus excretions during sinusitis. The samples were collected from patients of the HNO-Klinik W\u00fcrzburg in connection with a therapeutic rinsing of the sinus. The effluent was concentrated and then separated into three fractions by ultracentrifugation: 1. The sediment, consisting of cells and some other undefined organic material. 2. A supernatant clear solution, containing inorganic material, proteins, amino-acids, lipids... 3. Sporadically a very thin layer on the surface of the clear solution. Since fraction 3, which contains lipids too, could not be found each time, our attention was directed on the lipids of the clear solution, where most of these substances are attached to proteins. As well as in the sediment we found in the clear solution cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and very seldom cholesterol-esters. The concentration of cholesterol is nearly the same as that of free fatty acids. The frequency of occurrence of lipids is considerable which prevents us until now to correlate the lipid-content to some features of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.", "PMID": 579991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_79", "title": "[Gentamycin in distributive balance between serum, perilymph and liquor in guinea-pig after dosage in therapeutical range (author's transl)].", "content": "Dosage of gentamycin in therapeutical range just as in higher doses results in a distributive balance between serum, perilymph and liquor under the condition of steady serum levels. After high doses the perilymph levels compared to the serum levels are relatively lower than after less doses. The distributive balance is reached after about 7 h in doses, which lead to concentrations of the serum levels of the supposed ototoxic critical range. Afterwards the concentration in the inner ear doesn't increase. In steady state, the concentration in serum is always higher than in perilymph, whereas the perilymph concentration is always higher than the one in liquor.", "contents": "[Gentamycin in distributive balance between serum, perilymph and liquor in guinea-pig after dosage in therapeutical range (author's transl)]. Dosage of gentamycin in therapeutical range just as in higher doses results in a distributive balance between serum, perilymph and liquor under the condition of steady serum levels. After high doses the perilymph levels compared to the serum levels are relatively lower than after less doses. The distributive balance is reached after about 7 h in doses, which lead to concentrations of the serum levels of the supposed ototoxic critical range. Afterwards the concentration in the inner ear doesn't increase. In steady state, the concentration in serum is always higher than in perilymph, whereas the perilymph concentration is always higher than the one in liquor.", "PMID": 579992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_80", "title": "Interaction of light with the organ of Corti. I. Light guide effects in cochlear hair cells.", "content": "A cochlear postmortem preparation has been developed which allows for hydromechanical studies of the transilluminated organ of Corti. It was found that cochlear hair cells act as optical waveguides. This poperty of hair cells is important for optical cochlear investigations. It may be used in the study of the motion of single hair cells.", "contents": "Interaction of light with the organ of Corti. I. Light guide effects in cochlear hair cells. A cochlear postmortem preparation has been developed which allows for hydromechanical studies of the transilluminated organ of Corti. It was found that cochlear hair cells act as optical waveguides. This poperty of hair cells is important for optical cochlear investigations. It may be used in the study of the motion of single hair cells.", "PMID": 579993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_81", "title": "[\"On-line artefact rejection\" at electric response audiometry (ERA). Use of an active, analog delay line as buffer in combination with a recognition of disturbing signals (author's transl)].", "content": "Some brief theoretical considerations about an artefact rejection basing upon the valuation of amplitudes are followed by a report on a new development of an \"on-line artefact rejection\" which uses an active analog delay line as buffer combined with a recognition of disturbing signals and can easily operate together with simple averagers. The advantages are shown and discussed by means of examples, but also the mistakes which can arise by too great limitations of the signal's level. Technical details are described briefly.", "contents": "[\"On-line artefact rejection\" at electric response audiometry (ERA). Use of an active, analog delay line as buffer in combination with a recognition of disturbing signals (author's transl)]. Some brief theoretical considerations about an artefact rejection basing upon the valuation of amplitudes are followed by a report on a new development of an \"on-line artefact rejection\" which uses an active analog delay line as buffer combined with a recognition of disturbing signals and can easily operate together with simple averagers. The advantages are shown and discussed by means of examples, but also the mistakes which can arise by too great limitations of the signal's level. Technical details are described briefly.", "PMID": 579994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_82", "title": "Regulating the \"size of mesh\" in drug screening from statistical point of view demonstrated by a 2-step procedure of in vivo testing of antiviral compounds.", "content": "The present paper indicates how to regulate the \"size of mesh\" in drug screening by sample size and/or by modification of the statistical procedure used. Such a regulation is demonstrated on a 2-step procedure of in vivo testing of antiviral compounds as an example, by changing the rules of decision with the parameter R0. From the computed probabilities of discarding substances with defined effectivities, curves have been drawn which allow to read off immediately sample sizes and R0-values for a desired \"size of mesh\".", "contents": "Regulating the \"size of mesh\" in drug screening from statistical point of view demonstrated by a 2-step procedure of in vivo testing of antiviral compounds. The present paper indicates how to regulate the \"size of mesh\" in drug screening by sample size and/or by modification of the statistical procedure used. Such a regulation is demonstrated on a 2-step procedure of in vivo testing of antiviral compounds as an example, by changing the rules of decision with the parameter R0. From the computed probabilities of discarding substances with defined effectivities, curves have been drawn which allow to read off immediately sample sizes and R0-values for a desired \"size of mesh\".", "PMID": 579996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_83", "title": "Reactions of hydroxybenzofurans. VI. Syntheses of benzofuran chalcones, hydrazones and pyrazolines of potential biological activity.", "content": "Condensation of 5-acetyl-6-methoxy- (I) and 6-acetyl-5-methoxy-2,3-diphenylbenzofuran (II) with aromatic aldehydes gave the chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f, respectively. Reaction of the chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f with hydrazine hydrate-acetic acid mixture yielded the corresponding N-acetyl pyrazolines Va--f and VIa--f. The chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f reacted with phenylhydrazine in ethanol to yield the corresponding phenylhydrazones VIIa--f and VIIIa--f. The latter hydrazones cyclize easily with boiling glacial acetic acid to the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives (IXa--f and Xa--f). The antibacterial activity of the chalcones and pyrazolines was investigated.", "contents": "Reactions of hydroxybenzofurans. VI. Syntheses of benzofuran chalcones, hydrazones and pyrazolines of potential biological activity. Condensation of 5-acetyl-6-methoxy- (I) and 6-acetyl-5-methoxy-2,3-diphenylbenzofuran (II) with aromatic aldehydes gave the chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f, respectively. Reaction of the chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f with hydrazine hydrate-acetic acid mixture yielded the corresponding N-acetyl pyrazolines Va--f and VIa--f. The chalcones IIIa--f and IVa--f reacted with phenylhydrazine in ethanol to yield the corresponding phenylhydrazones VIIa--f and VIIIa--f. The latter hydrazones cyclize easily with boiling glacial acetic acid to the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives (IXa--f and Xa--f). The antibacterial activity of the chalcones and pyrazolines was investigated.", "PMID": 579997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_84", "title": "Anti-nociceptive substances from the roots of Angelica acutiloba.", "content": "Anti-nociceptive constituents of the Chinese crude drug Toki (the roots of Angelica acutiloba var. acutiloba Kitagawa) were investigated by means of chemical fractionation and bioassay. Seven active compounds that inhibit AcOH-induced writhing in mice have been isolated from Toki for the first time and identified as falcarinol, falcarindiol, falcarinolone (polyacetylenes), choline, scopoletin, umbelliferone and vanillic acid. Among these, the three polyacetylenes were found to be most active in the writhing test. Falcarindiol and choline also showed anti-nociceptive activities in the retrograde injection test of bradykinin into a carotid artery on rats.", "contents": "Anti-nociceptive substances from the roots of Angelica acutiloba. Anti-nociceptive constituents of the Chinese crude drug Toki (the roots of Angelica acutiloba var. acutiloba Kitagawa) were investigated by means of chemical fractionation and bioassay. Seven active compounds that inhibit AcOH-induced writhing in mice have been isolated from Toki for the first time and identified as falcarinol, falcarindiol, falcarinolone (polyacetylenes), choline, scopoletin, umbelliferone and vanillic acid. Among these, the three polyacetylenes were found to be most active in the writhing test. Falcarindiol and choline also showed anti-nociceptive activities in the retrograde injection test of bradykinin into a carotid artery on rats.", "PMID": 579998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_85", "title": "The influence of D-penicillamine on cell proliferation. I. Quantitative investigations during an acute exudative inflammation in a model granuloma.", "content": "The influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) administration on a defined acute exudative inflammation in a model granuloma was investigated in a short-term experiment. The results indicate that DPA administration influences the metabolism of collagen but does not influence the proliferation behaviour of the fibroblasts. A significant increase in the number of fibroblasts can be explained in terms of an interaction of the loss of the soluble collagen with the number of fibroblasts necessary to maintain the total collagen level constant.", "contents": "The influence of D-penicillamine on cell proliferation. I. Quantitative investigations during an acute exudative inflammation in a model granuloma. The influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) administration on a defined acute exudative inflammation in a model granuloma was investigated in a short-term experiment. The results indicate that DPA administration influences the metabolism of collagen but does not influence the proliferation behaviour of the fibroblasts. A significant increase in the number of fibroblasts can be explained in terms of an interaction of the loss of the soluble collagen with the number of fibroblasts necessary to maintain the total collagen level constant.", "PMID": 579999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_86", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of caffeine in various forms.", "content": "We have investigated the influence of various procedures which alter the solubility of caffeine on its physiological effects. Pretreatment of caffeine prior to injection by a) addition of sodium salicylate or sodium benzoate, b) increase in temperature or c) preliminary dissolution in hydrochloric acid, did not change the cardiovascular effects when injected i.v. at equivalent doses in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Addition of chlorogenic acid, a molecule found in coffee and other plants and reported to modify, by complexation, the physiological effects of caffeine, had no significant effect on the depressor responses to caffeine but did diminish caffeine-induced tachycardia at high doses of caffeine (10 and 30 mg/kg i.v.).", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of caffeine in various forms. We have investigated the influence of various procedures which alter the solubility of caffeine on its physiological effects. Pretreatment of caffeine prior to injection by a) addition of sodium salicylate or sodium benzoate, b) increase in temperature or c) preliminary dissolution in hydrochloric acid, did not change the cardiovascular effects when injected i.v. at equivalent doses in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Addition of chlorogenic acid, a molecule found in coffee and other plants and reported to modify, by complexation, the physiological effects of caffeine, had no significant effect on the depressor responses to caffeine but did diminish caffeine-induced tachycardia at high doses of caffeine (10 and 30 mg/kg i.v.).", "PMID": 580002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_87", "title": "[Influence of high intravenous doses of D-penicillamine on toxic actions of cardiac glycosides in the guinea pig. Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous infusions of arrhythmogenic and lethal doses of ouabain and digoxin in anesthetized guinea pigs were not influenced by pretreatment with 1 g/kg D-penicillamine. The respective doses of proscillaridin and digitoxin, however, were significantly decreased by D-penicillamine. As could be demonstrated with proscillaridin this effect of D-penicillamine was dose-dependent between 0.25 and 1.0 g/kg. Obviously the strong plasma-protein binding of D-penicillamine leads to a displacement from binding sites of such cardiac glycosides which are also strongly bound to plasma proteins and thus reduces toxic doses of cardiac glycosides. Because of the extremely different doses of D-penicillamine in the animal experiments compared to those used therapeutically in man the present findings are irrelevant for clinical practice.", "contents": "[Influence of high intravenous doses of D-penicillamine on toxic actions of cardiac glycosides in the guinea pig. Short communication (author's transl)]. Intravenous infusions of arrhythmogenic and lethal doses of ouabain and digoxin in anesthetized guinea pigs were not influenced by pretreatment with 1 g/kg D-penicillamine. The respective doses of proscillaridin and digitoxin, however, were significantly decreased by D-penicillamine. As could be demonstrated with proscillaridin this effect of D-penicillamine was dose-dependent between 0.25 and 1.0 g/kg. Obviously the strong plasma-protein binding of D-penicillamine leads to a displacement from binding sites of such cardiac glycosides which are also strongly bound to plasma proteins and thus reduces toxic doses of cardiac glycosides. Because of the extremely different doses of D-penicillamine in the animal experiments compared to those used therapeutically in man the present findings are irrelevant for clinical practice.", "PMID": 580003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_88", "title": "Study of the repercussions on blood of acute experimental inflammation in rats. I. Systemic effects induced by generalised inflammation with dextran.", "content": "Systemic effects resulting from dextran induced general inflammation in rats were studied. The phlogogenic agent was i.p. or i.v. injected. Dextran led to an increase in hematocrit values and erythrocyte counts. A decrease in blood total proteins, fibrinogen and sedimentation rate was observed, too. ADP mediated platelet aggregation was also decreased.", "contents": "Study of the repercussions on blood of acute experimental inflammation in rats. I. Systemic effects induced by generalised inflammation with dextran. Systemic effects resulting from dextran induced general inflammation in rats were studied. The phlogogenic agent was i.p. or i.v. injected. Dextran led to an increase in hematocrit values and erythrocyte counts. A decrease in blood total proteins, fibrinogen and sedimentation rate was observed, too. ADP mediated platelet aggregation was also decreased.", "PMID": 580006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_89", "title": "Pharmacology of halopredone acetate, a new topical antiinflammatory steroid.", "content": "The topical antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) has been compared with those of other steroids in a few bioassays in animals. At variance with the reference compounds, halopredone acetate, which exhibited variable potency according to the assay used never displayed substantial systemic effects when locally applied. Even after subcutaneous administration this new steroid did not interfere with adrenal function, carbohydrate and protein metabolism or sodium and potassium excretion. On the basis of the results reported, halopredone acetate may be considered a steroid with potentially high topical antiinflammatory activity and good tolerability.", "contents": "Pharmacology of halopredone acetate, a new topical antiinflammatory steroid. The topical antiinflammatory activity of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (halopredone acetate; Topicon) has been compared with those of other steroids in a few bioassays in animals. At variance with the reference compounds, halopredone acetate, which exhibited variable potency according to the assay used never displayed substantial systemic effects when locally applied. Even after subcutaneous administration this new steroid did not interfere with adrenal function, carbohydrate and protein metabolism or sodium and potassium excretion. On the basis of the results reported, halopredone acetate may be considered a steroid with potentially high topical antiinflammatory activity and good tolerability.", "PMID": 580007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_90", "title": "Toxicological studies on halopredone acetate.", "content": "A toxicological study of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-dien-3,20-dione(halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new topical antiinflammatory steroid, administered a laboratory animals, was carried out in order to evaluate the safety of this compound. Halopredone acetate compared favorably with either hydrocortisone acetate or potent synthetic corticoids in acute and subacute toxicity studies in mice and rats. This compound did not induce gastric ulcers in rats after repeated administration and did not have any teratogenic effect in rats and rabbits. Also, repeated daily application for 4 months to the skins of mice from two different strains was well-tolerated.", "contents": "Toxicological studies on halopredone acetate. A toxicological study of 17,21-bis(acetyloxy)-2-bromo-6beta,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxypregna-1,4-dien-3,20-dione(halopredone acetate; Topicon), a new topical antiinflammatory steroid, administered a laboratory animals, was carried out in order to evaluate the safety of this compound. Halopredone acetate compared favorably with either hydrocortisone acetate or potent synthetic corticoids in acute and subacute toxicity studies in mice and rats. This compound did not induce gastric ulcers in rats after repeated administration and did not have any teratogenic effect in rats and rabbits. Also, repeated daily application for 4 months to the skins of mice from two different strains was well-tolerated.", "PMID": 580008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_91", "title": "[On structure-activity relationships of N'methyl-N'-beta-chloroethyl-benzaldehyde hydrazones (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibition of uridine and thymidine in Ehrlich ascites cells is a basic property of the methylhydrazone structure and is reinforced by introducing a beta-chloroethyl group. This was shown by variation of the substituents at the N'-nitrogen atom of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethyl-benzaldehyde hydrazone. Probably this action is due to an ethylenimmonium intermediate. This is derived from the observation that substituents which increase the nucleophilic property of the N'-nitrogen atom show a greater inhibitory effect in vitro. The therapeutic effect, however, is not enhanced when tested on the solid Ehrlich ascites tumor of mice. A better therapeutic effect resulted from introduction of chlorine atoms in positions 3 and 4 of the ring which inhbiits as well a probable metabolic hydroxylation of the ring.", "contents": "[On structure-activity relationships of N'methyl-N'-beta-chloroethyl-benzaldehyde hydrazones (author's transl)]. The inhibition of uridine and thymidine in Ehrlich ascites cells is a basic property of the methylhydrazone structure and is reinforced by introducing a beta-chloroethyl group. This was shown by variation of the substituents at the N'-nitrogen atom of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chloroethyl-benzaldehyde hydrazone. Probably this action is due to an ethylenimmonium intermediate. This is derived from the observation that substituents which increase the nucleophilic property of the N'-nitrogen atom show a greater inhibitory effect in vitro. The therapeutic effect, however, is not enhanced when tested on the solid Ehrlich ascites tumor of mice. A better therapeutic effect resulted from introduction of chlorine atoms in positions 3 and 4 of the ring which inhbiits as well a probable metabolic hydroxylation of the ring.", "PMID": 580010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_92", "title": "Effects of hepatotoxic agents on hepatic microsomal metabolism of estrogens in the rat.", "content": "Different kinds of experimental liver damage in rats are evaluated as to associated changes in breakdown of natural estrogens. Acute or chronic treatment of rats with ethanol does not influence aromatic hydroxylation of estradiol, as indicated by liver microsomal replacement of tritium from 2,4,6,7-3H-estradiol. More severe liver damage by CCl4 or thioacetamide, which lowers hepatic cytochrome P-450, causes impairment of estrogen degradation: CCl4 dosage leads to a marked decrease in aromatic hydroxylation of estradiol. Whereas thioacetamide in a chronic application schedule has been previously reported to a decrease microsomal aromatic estrogen hydroxylation, a single dose of 300 mg/kg thioacetamide in rats causes increased microsomal formation of estrone from estradiol, which is regarded to be a better (i.e., more lipophilic) substrate for the microsomal estrogen 2-hydroxylase than is estradiol. The data show that hepatotoxic agents may act differentially on hepatic metabolism of endogenous steroids.", "contents": "Effects of hepatotoxic agents on hepatic microsomal metabolism of estrogens in the rat. Different kinds of experimental liver damage in rats are evaluated as to associated changes in breakdown of natural estrogens. Acute or chronic treatment of rats with ethanol does not influence aromatic hydroxylation of estradiol, as indicated by liver microsomal replacement of tritium from 2,4,6,7-3H-estradiol. More severe liver damage by CCl4 or thioacetamide, which lowers hepatic cytochrome P-450, causes impairment of estrogen degradation: CCl4 dosage leads to a marked decrease in aromatic hydroxylation of estradiol. Whereas thioacetamide in a chronic application schedule has been previously reported to a decrease microsomal aromatic estrogen hydroxylation, a single dose of 300 mg/kg thioacetamide in rats causes increased microsomal formation of estrone from estradiol, which is regarded to be a better (i.e., more lipophilic) substrate for the microsomal estrogen 2-hydroxylase than is estradiol. The data show that hepatotoxic agents may act differentially on hepatic metabolism of endogenous steroids.", "PMID": 580011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_93", "title": "[Contribution to the pharmacology of a novel neuroleptic drug: flupenthixol (author's transl)].", "content": "Flupenthixol, which is chemically closely related to clopenthixol and fluphenamine, has the following properties: it reduces spontaneous motor activity, disturbs the behaviour, potentiates hexobarbital and chloral sleep, lowers central temperature and protects from death due to amphetamine; it is cataleptigenous and antagonizes apomorphic vomiting; it has marked adrenolytic and antihistaminic properties; its analgesic action is noteworthy. Flupenthixol presents the pharmacological profile of a neuroleptic drug.", "contents": "[Contribution to the pharmacology of a novel neuroleptic drug: flupenthixol (author's transl)]. Flupenthixol, which is chemically closely related to clopenthixol and fluphenamine, has the following properties: it reduces spontaneous motor activity, disturbs the behaviour, potentiates hexobarbital and chloral sleep, lowers central temperature and protects from death due to amphetamine; it is cataleptigenous and antagonizes apomorphic vomiting; it has marked adrenolytic and antihistaminic properties; its analgesic action is noteworthy. Flupenthixol presents the pharmacological profile of a neuroleptic drug.", "PMID": 580012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_94", "title": "[Development of new antiepileptics. II. Anticonvulsant effect of hydantoin derivatives].", "content": "From a series of N-substituted hydantoin derivatives, 1-phenyl-3-(o-chloro-p-sulfonamide-phenyl)-hydantoin was found to exhibit the best anticonvulsant activity against electroshock seizures. This substance showed also a weak activity against pentylenetetrazole seizures, as well as minor analgesic and sedative effects. The toxic effects are negligible; the lethal dose in mice was higher than 5000 mg/kg p.o. The other tested hydantoin derivatives showed much weaker anticonvulsant activities.", "contents": "[Development of new antiepileptics. II. Anticonvulsant effect of hydantoin derivatives]. From a series of N-substituted hydantoin derivatives, 1-phenyl-3-(o-chloro-p-sulfonamide-phenyl)-hydantoin was found to exhibit the best anticonvulsant activity against electroshock seizures. This substance showed also a weak activity against pentylenetetrazole seizures, as well as minor analgesic and sedative effects. The toxic effects are negligible; the lethal dose in mice was higher than 5000 mg/kg p.o. The other tested hydantoin derivatives showed much weaker anticonvulsant activities.", "PMID": 580013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_95", "title": "Spectrophotometric assay of nicotinic acid in blood. Assessment of its daily profile in humans.", "content": "A sensitive, simple, and specific spectrophotometric method is developed for estimating nicotinic acid in blood. The method depends upon reducing nicotinic acid by Zn/HCl to piperidine-3-carboxylic acid. The latter is complexed with CS2 and ammoniacal CuSO4 to form the yellow Cu-dithiocarbamate complex. The color is measured at 445 nm, obeys Beer's law (20--900 microgram/ml), and remains stable for more than 4 h. Efficiency of recoveries from standards and blood samples was tested and proved satisfactory at different levels of concentrations. The method shows good recovery (99.66%) and reasonable standard deviation (+/- 0.29%) in comparison with the cyanogen bromide method (98.3% and +/- 0.73%, respectively). The results obtained show a natural gradual decline in blood nicotinic acid level during the course of the day.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric assay of nicotinic acid in blood. Assessment of its daily profile in humans. A sensitive, simple, and specific spectrophotometric method is developed for estimating nicotinic acid in blood. The method depends upon reducing nicotinic acid by Zn/HCl to piperidine-3-carboxylic acid. The latter is complexed with CS2 and ammoniacal CuSO4 to form the yellow Cu-dithiocarbamate complex. The color is measured at 445 nm, obeys Beer's law (20--900 microgram/ml), and remains stable for more than 4 h. Efficiency of recoveries from standards and blood samples was tested and proved satisfactory at different levels of concentrations. The method shows good recovery (99.66%) and reasonable standard deviation (+/- 0.29%) in comparison with the cyanogen bromide method (98.3% and +/- 0.73%, respectively). The results obtained show a natural gradual decline in blood nicotinic acid level during the course of the day.", "PMID": 580015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_96", "title": "The binding of isoxazolyl penicillins to human serum proteins.", "content": "The binding of oxacillin, cloxacillin and flucloxacillin to human serum proteins was investigated with ultrafiltration methods and under the conditions of steady-state gel filtration and frontal analysis. In the different experiments very much lower rates of protein binding were found than had been expected according to the data in the literature. Partly the isoxazolyl penicillins are bound to the ultrafiltration membranes. The sources of error are discussed.", "contents": "The binding of isoxazolyl penicillins to human serum proteins. The binding of oxacillin, cloxacillin and flucloxacillin to human serum proteins was investigated with ultrafiltration methods and under the conditions of steady-state gel filtration and frontal analysis. In the different experiments very much lower rates of protein binding were found than had been expected according to the data in the literature. Partly the isoxazolyl penicillins are bound to the ultrafiltration membranes. The sources of error are discussed.", "PMID": 580016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_97", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VI. Investigation of the influence of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) on cartilaginous tissue regeneration.", "content": "Dressing of artificially formed losses of the cartilaginous tissue with the preparation containing ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) caused acceleration of regenerating processes in the lesioned cartilage. EEP inserted into the joint is well tolerated.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VI. Investigation of the influence of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) on cartilaginous tissue regeneration. Dressing of artificially formed losses of the cartilaginous tissue with the preparation containing ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) caused acceleration of regenerating processes in the lesioned cartilage. EEP inserted into the joint is well tolerated.", "PMID": 580017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_98", "title": "Chromosomal patterns of children born after induction of ovulation with bromocriptine.", "content": "We investigated a possible influence of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (bromocriptine, CB 154) on the human foetus. The chromosome patterns of the children born to mothers treated with bromocriptine before conception and in early pregnancy were examined. In 19 children no numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies which might be ascribed to the use of bromocriptine could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Chromosomal patterns of children born after induction of ovulation with bromocriptine. We investigated a possible influence of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (bromocriptine, CB 154) on the human foetus. The chromosome patterns of the children born to mothers treated with bromocriptine before conception and in early pregnancy were examined. In 19 children no numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies which might be ascribed to the use of bromocriptine could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 580019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_99", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of five cephalosporins in healthy male volunteers.", "content": "This paper deals with data on the pharmacokinetics of cephazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephaloridine and cephradine after i.m. injection of a single dose of 0.5 g in healthy male volunteers. Peak serum concentrations occurred 45 min after the administration and were 31.52 microgram/ml for cephazolin, 17.32 microgram/ml for cephaloridine, 13.98 microgram/ml for cephapirin, 9.51 microgram/ml for cephradine and 8.60 microgram/ml for cephalothin. The average half-lives were found to be 2.07, 1.80, 0.98, 1.24 and 0.97 h, respectively. The percentage of protein binding was found to be 82 for cephazolin, 59 for cephalothin, 51 for cephapirin, 31 for cephaloridine and only 10 for cephradine, half an hour after drug administration. The total urine recovery of the above cephalosporins, within 24 h, was 91.9% for cephradine, 81.9% for cephaloridine, 73.3% for cephazolin, 69.5% for cephapirin and 51.2% for cephalothin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of five cephalosporins in healthy male volunteers. This paper deals with data on the pharmacokinetics of cephazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephaloridine and cephradine after i.m. injection of a single dose of 0.5 g in healthy male volunteers. Peak serum concentrations occurred 45 min after the administration and were 31.52 microgram/ml for cephazolin, 17.32 microgram/ml for cephaloridine, 13.98 microgram/ml for cephapirin, 9.51 microgram/ml for cephradine and 8.60 microgram/ml for cephalothin. The average half-lives were found to be 2.07, 1.80, 0.98, 1.24 and 0.97 h, respectively. The percentage of protein binding was found to be 82 for cephazolin, 59 for cephalothin, 51 for cephapirin, 31 for cephaloridine and only 10 for cephradine, half an hour after drug administration. The total urine recovery of the above cephalosporins, within 24 h, was 91.9% for cephradine, 81.9% for cephaloridine, 73.3% for cephazolin, 69.5% for cephapirin and 51.2% for cephalothin.", "PMID": 580023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_100", "title": "[Maltose as a substrate for inducing osmotic diuresis (author's transl)].", "content": "10 healthy men received an i.v. infusion of maltose at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg/h over a period of 1 h. No clinical side effects were observed. Total protein and albumin showed a significant drop. The glucose level remained constant. The concentration of maltose rose up to 495 +/- 77 mg/100 ml. The osmo-diuretic action of the solution was proven by a renal excretion of 289 +/- 57 ml water/h, 14.6 g maltose/h and 3.9 g glucose/h. The total carbohydrate elimination was 61.8 +/- 9.1 g/8 h, (44.5 +/- 13.5 maltose and 15.7 [+8.1--21,2] glucose). The specific action of maltose is an induction of glucosuria without hyperglycemia.", "contents": "[Maltose as a substrate for inducing osmotic diuresis (author's transl)]. 10 healthy men received an i.v. infusion of maltose at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg/h over a period of 1 h. No clinical side effects were observed. Total protein and albumin showed a significant drop. The glucose level remained constant. The concentration of maltose rose up to 495 +/- 77 mg/100 ml. The osmo-diuretic action of the solution was proven by a renal excretion of 289 +/- 57 ml water/h, 14.6 g maltose/h and 3.9 g glucose/h. The total carbohydrate elimination was 61.8 +/- 9.1 g/8 h, (44.5 +/- 13.5 maltose and 15.7 [+8.1--21,2] glucose). The specific action of maltose is an induction of glucosuria without hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 580025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_101", "title": "[Synthesis of Butyl 6alpha-Fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (Fluocortin Butylester) (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the metabolites of fluocortolone (1) there was found the alpha-keto acid 4a. This acid, as well as the esters 4b--4k were synthesized and the butyl ester 4c was chosen for local anti-inflammatory therapy.", "contents": "[Synthesis of Butyl 6alpha-Fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (Fluocortin Butylester) (author's transl)]. Among the metabolites of fluocortolone (1) there was found the alpha-keto acid 4a. This acid, as well as the esters 4b--4k were synthesized and the butyl ester 4c was chosen for local anti-inflammatory therapy.", "PMID": 580026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_102", "title": "[Structure elucidation of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester) (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of butyl-6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) was elucidated by the spectrometric methods UV, IR, NMR and MS.", "contents": "[Structure elucidation of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester) (author's transl)]. The structure of butyl-6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) was elucidated by the spectrometric methods UV, IR, NMR and MS.", "PMID": 580027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_103", "title": "[On an improved device for measuring skin tearing strength. Technical description and experimental results obtained from rat skin following therapy with topical corticoids (author's transl)].", "content": "Technical details of an improved method for measuring tensile behaviour of normal and treated rat skin are described. The apparatus has been developed specifically for skin specimens so that the extending force and the adequate strain rate until rupture are designed especially for this purpose. Skin is to be mounted in the jaws of the instrument in horizontal position. Preliminary biological data have been worked out.", "contents": "[On an improved device for measuring skin tearing strength. Technical description and experimental results obtained from rat skin following therapy with topical corticoids (author's transl)]. Technical details of an improved method for measuring tensile behaviour of normal and treated rat skin are described. The apparatus has been developed specifically for skin specimens so that the extending force and the adequate strain rate until rupture are designed especially for this purpose. Skin is to be mounted in the jaws of the instrument in horizontal position. Preliminary biological data have been worked out.", "PMID": 580029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_104", "title": "[Dermal and systemic side effects of fluocortin butylester. Comparative skin tearing experiments with active principles from commercial preparations].", "content": "Different concentrations of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester FCB, Vaspit) and of clobetasone-17-butyrate, clobetasole-17-propionate and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate have been administered topically in order to investigate dermal and systemic side effects. It could be shown that FCB exhibits by far the least side effects. A specially devised apparatus covering the site of substance application, guaranteed an exclusive dermal absorption. Side effects, therefore, cannot be ascribed to oral ingestion of the drugs.", "contents": "[Dermal and systemic side effects of fluocortin butylester. Comparative skin tearing experiments with active principles from commercial preparations]. Different concentrations of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester FCB, Vaspit) and of clobetasone-17-butyrate, clobetasole-17-propionate and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate have been administered topically in order to investigate dermal and systemic side effects. It could be shown that FCB exhibits by far the least side effects. A specially devised apparatus covering the site of substance application, guaranteed an exclusive dermal absorption. Side effects, therefore, cannot be ascribed to oral ingestion of the drugs.", "PMID": 580030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_105", "title": "[Metabolism of fluocortin butylester in the skin of guinea pigs and man (author's transl)].", "content": "The biotransformation of 3H labelled butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit, FCB) was examined in vivo in the intact and pre-damaged skin of guinea pigs and in vitro in excised skin from guinea pig and humans. The active ingredient was applied as 0.75% W/O-emulsion. At the end of the period of exposure the substance remaining on the skin was recovered with the aid of cotton wads or Tesa adhesive tape and the spectrum of metabolites in the skin and the rinsing fluid determined by thin-layer chromatography. FCB is only slowly degraded in the skin of guinea pigs and humans to produce its main metabolites 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadiene-21-acid and its derivative by decarboxylation 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-androstadiene-17beta-carboxylic acid. 4 h after application 80--85% unaltered active principle was still identifiable in the intac skin and approximately 70% in the damaged skin of the guinea pig. In the human skin the amount was approximately 90% 7 h after application. The amount of active ingredient in the perfusion medium was about 65% while the amount of steroid acids was about 25%. Despite the extremely low rate of absorption the slow ester hydrolysis of FCB in human skin results in a persistent, high level of active ingredient in the skin.", "contents": "[Metabolism of fluocortin butylester in the skin of guinea pigs and man (author's transl)]. The biotransformation of 3H labelled butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit, FCB) was examined in vivo in the intact and pre-damaged skin of guinea pigs and in vitro in excised skin from guinea pig and humans. The active ingredient was applied as 0.75% W/O-emulsion. At the end of the period of exposure the substance remaining on the skin was recovered with the aid of cotton wads or Tesa adhesive tape and the spectrum of metabolites in the skin and the rinsing fluid determined by thin-layer chromatography. FCB is only slowly degraded in the skin of guinea pigs and humans to produce its main metabolites 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadiene-21-acid and its derivative by decarboxylation 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-androstadiene-17beta-carboxylic acid. 4 h after application 80--85% unaltered active principle was still identifiable in the intac skin and approximately 70% in the damaged skin of the guinea pig. In the human skin the amount was approximately 90% 7 h after application. The amount of active ingredient in the perfusion medium was about 65% while the amount of steroid acids was about 25%. Despite the extremely low rate of absorption the slow ester hydrolysis of FCB in human skin results in a persistent, high level of active ingredient in the skin.", "PMID": 580033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_106", "title": "[Effect of fluocortin butylester (0.75%) as an ointment in the pyrexal erythema test on human skin (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiinflammatory efficacy of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) as a 0,75% ointment was tested in comparison with 1% hydrocortisone acetate ointment in the model of the pyrexal erythema. Fluocortin butylester appeared to be significantly superior to hydrocortisone acetate.", "contents": "[Effect of fluocortin butylester (0.75%) as an ointment in the pyrexal erythema test on human skin (author's transl)]. The antiinflammatory efficacy of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) as a 0,75% ointment was tested in comparison with 1% hydrocortisone acetate ointment in the model of the pyrexal erythema. Fluocortin butylester appeared to be significantly superior to hydrocortisone acetate.", "PMID": 580035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_107", "title": "[The effect of fluocortin butylester on adrenal function in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The systemic corticoid effects of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-regnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) in the form of 0.75% fluocortin butylester cream were tested under conditions which permit maximum absorption of the active principle. Over 8 days 40 g cream daily were applied to the entire body surface of 6 subjects and the trunk, thighs and upper arms covered with polythene foil. The plasma cortisol levels, elimination of free cortisol in the 24-h urine and eosinophilic leucocytes were compared intraindividually with the values before and three days after treatment. In addition 6 further subjects were treated with 0.1% hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream, a preparation considered to have little systemic action. Fluocortin butylester showed no systemic corticoid effects. Cortisol secretion and eosinophilic leucocytes remained unaffected. In contrast the inhibiting effect of hydrocortisone-17-butyrate was evident in all parameters, especially in the morning plasma cortisol values. Under treatment with hydrocortisone-17-butyrate these dropped from 361 to 11 nmol/l. Under occlusion treatment with fluocortin butyl they remained constant (357 before, 320 nmol/l after treatment). The relevance of the method of examination is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of fluocortin butylester on adrenal function in man (author's transl)]. The systemic corticoid effects of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-regnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) in the form of 0.75% fluocortin butylester cream were tested under conditions which permit maximum absorption of the active principle. Over 8 days 40 g cream daily were applied to the entire body surface of 6 subjects and the trunk, thighs and upper arms covered with polythene foil. The plasma cortisol levels, elimination of free cortisol in the 24-h urine and eosinophilic leucocytes were compared intraindividually with the values before and three days after treatment. In addition 6 further subjects were treated with 0.1% hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream, a preparation considered to have little systemic action. Fluocortin butylester showed no systemic corticoid effects. Cortisol secretion and eosinophilic leucocytes remained unaffected. In contrast the inhibiting effect of hydrocortisone-17-butyrate was evident in all parameters, especially in the morning plasma cortisol values. Under treatment with hydrocortisone-17-butyrate these dropped from 361 to 11 nmol/l. Under occlusion treatment with fluocortin butyl they remained constant (357 before, 320 nmol/l after treatment). The relevance of the method of examination is discussed.", "PMID": 580036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_108", "title": "[Studies on phototoxic and photoallergic effects of cream, ointment and fatty ointment of fluocortin butylester (author's transl)].", "content": "The phototoxic action of ointment and fatty ointment of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) was examined by means of the epicutaneous test with subsequent UV-irradiation (Kromeyer lamp with Schott filter DG 18) in 20 patients with skin disorders. Photoallergic effects of fluocotrin butylester cream, ointment and fatty ointment were tested in a modified Draize test in which 198 subjects with normal skin participated. The subjects were sensitized in 10 epicutaneous tests conducted at intervals of 24 h and followed by irradiation (1500 W xenon lamp) with 2 MED. Treatment and irradiation were then repeated after a 2-week interval. This proceding permitted additional statements an phototoxicity of the administered preparations. No positive reactions occurred in either of the tests so that phototoxic effects can be excluded and a photoallergic potential is improbable.", "contents": "[Studies on phototoxic and photoallergic effects of cream, ointment and fatty ointment of fluocortin butylester (author's transl)]. The phototoxic action of ointment and fatty ointment of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) was examined by means of the epicutaneous test with subsequent UV-irradiation (Kromeyer lamp with Schott filter DG 18) in 20 patients with skin disorders. Photoallergic effects of fluocotrin butylester cream, ointment and fatty ointment were tested in a modified Draize test in which 198 subjects with normal skin participated. The subjects were sensitized in 10 epicutaneous tests conducted at intervals of 24 h and followed by irradiation (1500 W xenon lamp) with 2 MED. Treatment and irradiation were then repeated after a 2-week interval. This proceding permitted additional statements an phototoxicity of the administered preparations. No positive reactions occurred in either of the tests so that phototoxic effects can be excluded and a photoallergic potential is improbable.", "PMID": 580037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_109", "title": "Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.", "contents": "Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.", "PMID": 580038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_110", "title": "Quantum chemical studies on clonidine and related derivatives.", "content": "The ground state geometry of the protonated form of clonidine was established by CNDO/2 (complete neglect of differential overlap) calculations. For the interplanar angle of this molecule we found a value of about 40 degrees. The interplanar angles of a number of clonidine related derivatives, both bases and protonated forms, were calculated on the basis of the results obtained for clonidine by taking into account the bond lengths and van der Waals radii of the substituents present at the ortho positions of the phenyl ring. The preferred conformations of the free bases and protonated forms were used as inputs for the semi-empirical PPP-MO (Pariser, Parr and Pople molecular orbital) calculation procedure in order to obtain several quantum chemical parameters. Excellent correlations resulted in relating some of the calculated parameters with the experimentally determined pK'a of the molecules. The results show the ability of MO-calculations to predict the basicity in this series of congeneric molecules and furthermore support the reliability of the calculation procedure in providing the quantum chemical parameters reported in this paper.", "contents": "Quantum chemical studies on clonidine and related derivatives. The ground state geometry of the protonated form of clonidine was established by CNDO/2 (complete neglect of differential overlap) calculations. For the interplanar angle of this molecule we found a value of about 40 degrees. The interplanar angles of a number of clonidine related derivatives, both bases and protonated forms, were calculated on the basis of the results obtained for clonidine by taking into account the bond lengths and van der Waals radii of the substituents present at the ortho positions of the phenyl ring. The preferred conformations of the free bases and protonated forms were used as inputs for the semi-empirical PPP-MO (Pariser, Parr and Pople molecular orbital) calculation procedure in order to obtain several quantum chemical parameters. Excellent correlations resulted in relating some of the calculated parameters with the experimentally determined pK'a of the molecules. The results show the ability of MO-calculations to predict the basicity in this series of congeneric molecules and furthermore support the reliability of the calculation procedure in providing the quantum chemical parameters reported in this paper.", "PMID": 580039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_111", "title": "On the cholinesterase inhibiting properties of two pyrrolidine derivatives.", "content": "The influence of cis-2-phenyl-1-pyrrolidino-cyclohexane (RX 67 668) and of cis-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-pyrrolidino-cyclohexane methobromide (RX 72 601) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was investigated in vitro by means of a photometric assay technique with respect to their mechanism and constants of inhibition. The two compounds cause reversible inhibition of both AChE and ChE, the (I)50 and Ki for RX 67 668 being 2.5 x 10(-5) M and 4 x 10(-6) M (AChE), resp., and 2.0 x 10(-5) M and 8 x 10(-7) M (ChE), resp.; and for RX 72 601 7.9 x 10(-8) M and 3 x 10(-9) M (AChE), resp., and 3.2 x 10(-7) M and 1 x 10(-8) M (ChE), resp. The kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action disclosed a purely competitive mechanism. The inhibition of the two esterases is assumed to be induced by the formation of a readily dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complex due to the binding of the positively charged pyrrolidine moiety of the two substances to the anionic subsite of the active center, thus impairing the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.", "contents": "On the cholinesterase inhibiting properties of two pyrrolidine derivatives. The influence of cis-2-phenyl-1-pyrrolidino-cyclohexane (RX 67 668) and of cis-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-pyrrolidino-cyclohexane methobromide (RX 72 601) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was investigated in vitro by means of a photometric assay technique with respect to their mechanism and constants of inhibition. The two compounds cause reversible inhibition of both AChE and ChE, the (I)50 and Ki for RX 67 668 being 2.5 x 10(-5) M and 4 x 10(-6) M (AChE), resp., and 2.0 x 10(-5) M and 8 x 10(-7) M (ChE), resp.; and for RX 72 601 7.9 x 10(-8) M and 3 x 10(-9) M (AChE), resp., and 3.2 x 10(-7) M and 1 x 10(-8) M (ChE), resp. The kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action disclosed a purely competitive mechanism. The inhibition of the two esterases is assumed to be induced by the formation of a readily dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complex due to the binding of the positively charged pyrrolidine moiety of the two substances to the anionic subsite of the active center, thus impairing the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex.", "PMID": 580040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_112", "title": "The influence of D-penicillamine on cell proliferation. II. Quantitative investigations during a chronic proliferative inflammation in a model granuloma.", "content": "The influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) on a defined chronic proliferative inflammation in a model granuloma was tested in a long-term experiment. A change in collagen metabolism was detected during the three weeks of DPA administration, whereas the proliferation of the fibroblast population remained unaffected.", "contents": "The influence of D-penicillamine on cell proliferation. II. Quantitative investigations during a chronic proliferative inflammation in a model granuloma. The influence of D-penicillamine (DPA) on a defined chronic proliferative inflammation in a model granuloma was tested in a long-term experiment. A change in collagen metabolism was detected during the three weeks of DPA administration, whereas the proliferation of the fibroblast population remained unaffected.", "PMID": 580041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_113", "title": "Study of the repercussions on blood of acute experimental inflammation in rats. II. Blood changes in the course of carrageenin induced inflammation.", "content": "Repercussions on blood of inflammation induced by carrageenin injection in the four paws of rats were studied. Two stages were observed. 4 h after carrageenin injection, a high fall in leucocyte count and a small decrease in blood total proteins and blood fibrinogen were registered. ADP mediated platelet aggregation and sedimentation rate were not modified. 24 h after carrageenin injection, sedimentation rate and blood fibrinogen were increased; some platelet hyperaggregation with ADP was also observed.", "contents": "Study of the repercussions on blood of acute experimental inflammation in rats. II. Blood changes in the course of carrageenin induced inflammation. Repercussions on blood of inflammation induced by carrageenin injection in the four paws of rats were studied. Two stages were observed. 4 h after carrageenin injection, a high fall in leucocyte count and a small decrease in blood total proteins and blood fibrinogen were registered. ADP mediated platelet aggregation and sedimentation rate were not modified. 24 h after carrageenin injection, sedimentation rate and blood fibrinogen were increased; some platelet hyperaggregation with ADP was also observed.", "PMID": 580042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_114", "title": "Influence of central pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine on the hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "content": "Intracisternal (i.ci.) pretreatment of rabbits with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) (3 times 0.5 mg/kg) reduced the norepinephrine content of the brainstem significantly by 52% but did not diminish the hypotensive and bradycardiac action of 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline (clonidine; Catapresan; Catapres) (doses 10, 30 and 100 microgram/kg i.v. and 1 microgram/kg i.ci.) in anaesthetized animals. Pretreatment with 6-OH-DA did not abolish the enhancement by clonidine (100 microgram/kg i.v.) of reflex bradycardia elicited by angiotensin 0.2 microgram/kg i.v. The conclusion is drawn that clonidine acts directly on central alpha-adrenergic receptors independent of storage and synthesis of endogenous catacholamines in the central adrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Influence of central pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine on the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Intracisternal (i.ci.) pretreatment of rabbits with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) (3 times 0.5 mg/kg) reduced the norepinephrine content of the brainstem significantly by 52% but did not diminish the hypotensive and bradycardiac action of 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline (clonidine; Catapresan; Catapres) (doses 10, 30 and 100 microgram/kg i.v. and 1 microgram/kg i.ci.) in anaesthetized animals. Pretreatment with 6-OH-DA did not abolish the enhancement by clonidine (100 microgram/kg i.v.) of reflex bradycardia elicited by angiotensin 0.2 microgram/kg i.v. The conclusion is drawn that clonidine acts directly on central alpha-adrenergic receptors independent of storage and synthesis of endogenous catacholamines in the central adrenergic neurons.", "PMID": 580043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_115", "title": "The pharmacology of N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954) a new tremorogenic agent.", "content": "The tremorogenic properties of a series of benzylimidoylurea derivatives are described. The most potent member, N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954), produces a reproducible, dose-dependent rest tremor in the mouse with oral doses of 5-100 mg/kg which is also seen in other species (rat, cat, dog, rabbit). The tremor is of constant frequency, rapid onset and short duration. It is not accompanied by akinesia, muscle ridigity, antinociceptive activity, parasympathomimetic effects or marked hypothermia and in these respects differs from tremor produced by oxotremorine. Pretreatment with a microsomal enzyme inhibitor had no effect on the tremor. An LD50 of 165 mg/kg p.o. was calculated in the mouse. After repeated administration both acute and chronic tolerance developed to the tremorogenic effects of LON-954. Evidence for a central site of action is presented, since the tremor could be reproduced following injection of small quantities (50-100 microgram) into the cerebral ventricles of the mouse. Furthermore, the use of spinal, decorticate and and decerebrate rats indicated that although tremor is not of cortical origin, it arises in an area rostral to the inferior colliculi. The mechanism underlying the tremor appears to involve dopaminergic pathways, since the action of LON-954 was antagonised by L-dopa and apomorphine and potentiated by pimozide. Atropine and carbachol were without effect. It is suggested that LON-954 could be used as an alternative to oxotremorine for the detection of anti-Parkinson drugs, particularly those exerting their effects through dopaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "The pharmacology of N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954) a new tremorogenic agent. The tremorogenic properties of a series of benzylimidoylurea derivatives are described. The most potent member, N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON-954), produces a reproducible, dose-dependent rest tremor in the mouse with oral doses of 5-100 mg/kg which is also seen in other species (rat, cat, dog, rabbit). The tremor is of constant frequency, rapid onset and short duration. It is not accompanied by akinesia, muscle ridigity, antinociceptive activity, parasympathomimetic effects or marked hypothermia and in these respects differs from tremor produced by oxotremorine. Pretreatment with a microsomal enzyme inhibitor had no effect on the tremor. An LD50 of 165 mg/kg p.o. was calculated in the mouse. After repeated administration both acute and chronic tolerance developed to the tremorogenic effects of LON-954. Evidence for a central site of action is presented, since the tremor could be reproduced following injection of small quantities (50-100 microgram) into the cerebral ventricles of the mouse. Furthermore, the use of spinal, decorticate and and decerebrate rats indicated that although tremor is not of cortical origin, it arises in an area rostral to the inferior colliculi. The mechanism underlying the tremor appears to involve dopaminergic pathways, since the action of LON-954 was antagonised by L-dopa and apomorphine and potentiated by pimozide. Atropine and carbachol were without effect. It is suggested that LON-954 could be used as an alternative to oxotremorine for the detection of anti-Parkinson drugs, particularly those exerting their effects through dopaminergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 580044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_116", "title": "[Drug influence on the acute thrombophlebitic edema (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of benzopyrones on edema formation in acute thrombophlebitis was investigated in dogs. Thrombophlebitis was produced by the ligation of the femoral vein and the injection of turpentine oil. The benzopyrones delayed edema formation and sped its regression. Protein concentration in lymph and tissue fluid of the edematous extremity was not significantly higher than in the same fluids of the intact limb, and no significant differences were observed in lymphatic and tissue fluid protein concentrations between the treated and untreated animals. It is concluded that the benzopyrones have their main effect on edema in acute thrombophlebitis by causing proteolysis and enhancing the removal of protein from the tissue fluid.", "contents": "[Drug influence on the acute thrombophlebitic edema (author's transl)]. The effect of benzopyrones on edema formation in acute thrombophlebitis was investigated in dogs. Thrombophlebitis was produced by the ligation of the femoral vein and the injection of turpentine oil. The benzopyrones delayed edema formation and sped its regression. Protein concentration in lymph and tissue fluid of the edematous extremity was not significantly higher than in the same fluids of the intact limb, and no significant differences were observed in lymphatic and tissue fluid protein concentrations between the treated and untreated animals. It is concluded that the benzopyrones have their main effect on edema in acute thrombophlebitis by causing proteolysis and enhancing the removal of protein from the tissue fluid.", "PMID": 580045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_117", "title": "[Development of new antiepileptic agents. III. Anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)-imidazolidinone-5 (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)imidazolidinone-5 were tested for anticonvulsant properties against electroshock and pentylenetetrazole seizures. They were also screened for analgesic, sedative and toxic effects. The substances that had the best anticonvulsant activities were those with halogen substitution in the ortho position of the 1-phenylring of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)-3-phenylimidazolidinone-5. Additional substitutions on the basic structure (imidazolidinone-5) or on the 3-phenylring diminished the anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsants are less toxic than diphenylhydantoin. Some of the substances exhibited feeble analgesic and sedative properties.", "contents": "[Development of new antiepileptic agents. III. Anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)-imidazolidinone-5 (author's transl)]. A series of derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)imidazolidinone-5 were tested for anticonvulsant properties against electroshock and pentylenetetrazole seizures. They were also screened for analgesic, sedative and toxic effects. The substances that had the best anticonvulsant activities were those with halogen substitution in the ortho position of the 1-phenylring of 1-(p-sulfamoylphenyl)-3-phenylimidazolidinone-5. Additional substitutions on the basic structure (imidazolidinone-5) or on the 3-phenylring diminished the anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsants are less toxic than diphenylhydantoin. Some of the substances exhibited feeble analgesic and sedative properties.", "PMID": 580046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_118", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VII. Investigation of immunogenic properties of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP).", "content": "Under experimental conditions parenteral administration of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) solutions to rabbits induced no synthesis of antibodies as investigated by means of ring precipitation, double diffusion gel precipitation and complement fixation test.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VII. Investigation of immunogenic properties of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Under experimental conditions parenteral administration of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) solutions to rabbits induced no synthesis of antibodies as investigated by means of ring precipitation, double diffusion gel precipitation and complement fixation test.", "PMID": 580047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_119", "title": "Absorption and excretion of 3H-raubasine in human subjects and dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic behavior of (3,5,6-3H)-raubasine (RAU) was investigated in human subjects after oral administration and in dogs after both intravenous and oral administration. By the oral route RAU peak plasma levels appeared in human subjects after 1 h and in dogs after 2 h. Three-day cumulative urinary excretion was 22% by i.v. route and 13% by oral route in dogs, being 29% in human subjects after oral administration. Three-day cumulative faecal excretion in dogs was 51% by i.v. route and 57% by oral route whilst it was 24% in humans. From a comparison between the urinary excretion values observed after i.v. and oral administration, a RAU intestinal absorption of 59% may be obtained.", "contents": "Absorption and excretion of 3H-raubasine in human subjects and dogs. The pharmacokinetic behavior of (3,5,6-3H)-raubasine (RAU) was investigated in human subjects after oral administration and in dogs after both intravenous and oral administration. By the oral route RAU peak plasma levels appeared in human subjects after 1 h and in dogs after 2 h. Three-day cumulative urinary excretion was 22% by i.v. route and 13% by oral route in dogs, being 29% in human subjects after oral administration. Three-day cumulative faecal excretion in dogs was 51% by i.v. route and 57% by oral route whilst it was 24% in humans. From a comparison between the urinary excretion values observed after i.v. and oral administration, a RAU intestinal absorption of 59% may be obtained.", "PMID": 580048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_120", "title": "[Isolation and structure determination of the metabolites of 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine--a xantinol derivative--from rat urine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the urine of rats the following metabolites of the xantinol derivative 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine were found: 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-morpholine and 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholin-5-one. These compounds represent about 13.7% of the p.o. applied 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholine. Their structure has been elucidated by IR-, PMR- and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "[Isolation and structure determination of the metabolites of 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine--a xantinol derivative--from rat urine (author's transl)]. In the urine of rats the following metabolites of the xantinol derivative 2-(1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl)-4-methyl-morpholine were found: 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-morpholine and 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholin-5-one. These compounds represent about 13.7% of the p.o. applied 2-[1,3-dimethyl-xanthinyl-(7)-methyl]-4-methyl-morpholine. Their structure has been elucidated by IR-, PMR- and mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 580049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_121", "title": "Properties of the one-compartmental model with nonlinear elimination.", "content": "The nonlinear pharmacokinetics applicable to renal excretion is investigated. General solutions are found and simulated concentration-time curves show the effect of various parameters. Equilibrium may or may not exist. An example shows that the additive property of linear pharmacokinetics is no longer valid in the nonlinear case.", "contents": "Properties of the one-compartmental model with nonlinear elimination. The nonlinear pharmacokinetics applicable to renal excretion is investigated. General solutions are found and simulated concentration-time curves show the effect of various parameters. Equilibrium may or may not exist. An example shows that the additive property of linear pharmacokinetics is no longer valid in the nonlinear case.", "PMID": 580052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_122", "title": "[Iteration program for determining pharmacokinetic constants with a digital computer (author's transl)].", "content": "An iteration program is reported by which it will be possible to determine the constants k1 and y0 by the graphical constants tmax and k2. The program is designed for the desk-calculator HP 97. It makes a relatively exact determination of k1 and of y0 possible. By using these constants in the function of Bateman, the latter may be better defined than it would be possible by k1 determined from graphs. Furthermore application of this program saves drawing blood samples within the period of t0--tmax.", "contents": "[Iteration program for determining pharmacokinetic constants with a digital computer (author's transl)]. An iteration program is reported by which it will be possible to determine the constants k1 and y0 by the graphical constants tmax and k2. The program is designed for the desk-calculator HP 97. It makes a relatively exact determination of k1 and of y0 possible. By using these constants in the function of Bateman, the latter may be better defined than it would be possible by k1 determined from graphs. Furthermore application of this program saves drawing blood samples within the period of t0--tmax.", "PMID": 580053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_123", "title": "[Comparative study on the saluretic activity of etacrynic acid and BAY g 2821 in patients with cardiac decompensation (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomised double-blind comparative study 40 mg 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (BAY g 2821), a novel diuretic agent, were tested against 50 mg etacrynic acid in patients with cardiac decompensation. BAY g 2821 has a rapid onset of action which slowly decreases until 12 h after administration. Within a period between the second and the fourth hour after administration, the efficacy of BAY g 2821 is superior to that of etacrynic acid. The difference is statistically significant. The total elimination of BAY g 2821 is markedly more pronounced than that of etacrynic acid throughout the 5-day treatment course. Neither subjective nor objective side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the saluretic activity of etacrynic acid and BAY g 2821 in patients with cardiac decompensation (author's transl)]. In a randomised double-blind comparative study 40 mg 3-amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methyl-benzyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (BAY g 2821), a novel diuretic agent, were tested against 50 mg etacrynic acid in patients with cardiac decompensation. BAY g 2821 has a rapid onset of action which slowly decreases until 12 h after administration. Within a period between the second and the fourth hour after administration, the efficacy of BAY g 2821 is superior to that of etacrynic acid. The difference is statistically significant. The total elimination of BAY g 2821 is markedly more pronounced than that of etacrynic acid throughout the 5-day treatment course. Neither subjective nor objective side effects were observed.", "PMID": 580055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_124", "title": "[Azapropazone plasma levels under simultaneous treatment with an antacid or laxative].", "content": "Azapropazone is a non-steroid antirheumatic drug, commonly used in long-term treatment of inflammatory and non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Since antacids and laxatives are often taken simultaneously the present study was concerned with the influence of a concomitant treatment with medium doses of dihydroxy-aluminium sodium carbonate, magnesium aluminum silicate, bisacodyl and anthraquinone cathartics on steady-state plasma levels of azapropazone when azapropazone was given as an oral dose 3 times daily to 15 patients. Azapropazone plasma levels were determined 5 h after azapropazone administration by a direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method. Azapropazone plasma levels during simultaneous treatment with antacids were 70.3 +/- 14.1 microgram/ml in comparison to 75.4 +/- 16.5 microgram/ml after azapropazone alone (p = 0.10). After the administration of the laxatives a mean plasma concentration of 68.2 +/- 10.1 microgram/ml was obtained, without laxative the average plasma level of azapropazone accounted for 65.1 +/- 8.1 microgram/ml (p greater than 0.05). There were virtually no effects of simultaneous treatment on azapropazone plasma levels. The results suggest that azapropazone can be given together with antacids and laxatives since there is no significant interaction.", "contents": "[Azapropazone plasma levels under simultaneous treatment with an antacid or laxative]. Azapropazone is a non-steroid antirheumatic drug, commonly used in long-term treatment of inflammatory and non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Since antacids and laxatives are often taken simultaneously the present study was concerned with the influence of a concomitant treatment with medium doses of dihydroxy-aluminium sodium carbonate, magnesium aluminum silicate, bisacodyl and anthraquinone cathartics on steady-state plasma levels of azapropazone when azapropazone was given as an oral dose 3 times daily to 15 patients. Azapropazone plasma levels were determined 5 h after azapropazone administration by a direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method. Azapropazone plasma levels during simultaneous treatment with antacids were 70.3 +/- 14.1 microgram/ml in comparison to 75.4 +/- 16.5 microgram/ml after azapropazone alone (p = 0.10). After the administration of the laxatives a mean plasma concentration of 68.2 +/- 10.1 microgram/ml was obtained, without laxative the average plasma level of azapropazone accounted for 65.1 +/- 8.1 microgram/ml (p greater than 0.05). There were virtually no effects of simultaneous treatment on azapropazone plasma levels. The results suggest that azapropazone can be given together with antacids and laxatives since there is no significant interaction.", "PMID": 580058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_125", "title": "[The influence of thiaminedisulfide monoorotate on the human memory (author's transl)].", "content": "Thiaminedisulfide monoorotate, which is easily soluble in water under neutral to weakly acidic reaction was studied for its possible positive influence on the human memory. The results indicate a significant improvement.", "contents": "[The influence of thiaminedisulfide monoorotate on the human memory (author's transl)]. Thiaminedisulfide monoorotate, which is easily soluble in water under neutral to weakly acidic reaction was studied for its possible positive influence on the human memory. The results indicate a significant improvement.", "PMID": 580059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_126", "title": "Calorimetric, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR studies on the interaction of some phenothiazine derivatives with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine model membranes.", "content": "1. The dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/water system was employed to study the interaction of phenothiazines with model membranes. In particular the effects of the drugs upon the lipid phase transition were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy. The studied phenothiazines have peripheral (diethazine) or central (chlorpromazine) properties. 2. Both drugs were observed to lower the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The molar activity of chlorpromazine is somewhat higher than of diethazine. At low concentrations the drugs affect the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine pretransition endotherm. 3. In the 13C NMR spectra of the drug-containing samples the signal of the trimethylammonium group of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is broadened, whereas a narrowing of the signal of the fatty-acid chain methylene groups is observed. Further, addition of the phenothiazines causes higher values of the effective chemical shift anisotropy of the 31P in the phosphate group, in comparison to the pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine sample. 4. The results obtained by three different techniques indicate a higher fluidity in the fatty-acid chain region and a mobility reduction of the polar headgroup of the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine molecules in the presence of the phenothiazines. These phenomena can be well accounted for by a model for the incorporation of the phenothiazines in the dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline bilayer, in which the dialkylaminoalkyl chains are located near the polar headgroups and the ring system does not penetrate far beyond the glycerol backbone into the hydrocarbon phase.", "contents": "Calorimetric, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR studies on the interaction of some phenothiazine derivatives with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine model membranes. 1. The dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/water system was employed to study the interaction of phenothiazines with model membranes. In particular the effects of the drugs upon the lipid phase transition were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy. The studied phenothiazines have peripheral (diethazine) or central (chlorpromazine) properties. 2. Both drugs were observed to lower the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The molar activity of chlorpromazine is somewhat higher than of diethazine. At low concentrations the drugs affect the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine pretransition endotherm. 3. In the 13C NMR spectra of the drug-containing samples the signal of the trimethylammonium group of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is broadened, whereas a narrowing of the signal of the fatty-acid chain methylene groups is observed. Further, addition of the phenothiazines causes higher values of the effective chemical shift anisotropy of the 31P in the phosphate group, in comparison to the pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine sample. 4. The results obtained by three different techniques indicate a higher fluidity in the fatty-acid chain region and a mobility reduction of the polar headgroup of the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine molecules in the presence of the phenothiazines. These phenomena can be well accounted for by a model for the incorporation of the phenothiazines in the dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline bilayer, in which the dialkylaminoalkyl chains are located near the polar headgroups and the ring system does not penetrate far beyond the glycerol backbone into the hydrocarbon phase.", "PMID": 580062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_127", "title": "Effect of irradiation on the erythrocyte membranes of homozygous Gunn rat sucklings.", "content": "Erythrocyte membranes were isolated from irradiated Gunn's strain of jaundiced rat sucklings, and photodynamic action of bilirubin in vivo was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The effectiveness of irradiation was verified in terms of decrease of plasma bilirubin concentrations and cerebellar bilirubin contents, and also by recovery from the cellbellar hypoplasia, a characteristic feature of the homozygotes (j/j). The cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins by photodynamic action of bilirubin was demonstrated in vitro in rat erythrocytes as reported for human erythrocytes by Girotti (Biochemistry 14: 3377, 1975). The phenomenon, however, was not observed in vivo. Instead, a protein band with a mol. wt. of 32,000 was increased by the irradiation both in the homozygous (j/j) and heterozygous (j/+) Gunn rats.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on the erythrocyte membranes of homozygous Gunn rat sucklings. Erythrocyte membranes were isolated from irradiated Gunn's strain of jaundiced rat sucklings, and photodynamic action of bilirubin in vivo was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The effectiveness of irradiation was verified in terms of decrease of plasma bilirubin concentrations and cerebellar bilirubin contents, and also by recovery from the cellbellar hypoplasia, a characteristic feature of the homozygotes (j/j). The cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins by photodynamic action of bilirubin was demonstrated in vitro in rat erythrocytes as reported for human erythrocytes by Girotti (Biochemistry 14: 3377, 1975). The phenomenon, however, was not observed in vivo. Instead, a protein band with a mol. wt. of 32,000 was increased by the irradiation both in the homozygous (j/j) and heterozygous (j/+) Gunn rats.", "PMID": 580064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_128", "title": "Integration of modern data in W.H.O. categorisation of lymphosarcomas. Its value for prognosis prediction and therapeutic adaptation to prognosis.", "content": "The categorisation of lymphosarcomas with immune markers has enriched the prognostic value of W.H.O. classification. The prolymphocytic (centrofollicular B type and the null lymphoblastic subtype have a good prognosis while the (T or B) immunoblastic type and the T-lymphoblastic subtype have a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Integration of modern data in W.H.O. categorisation of lymphosarcomas. Its value for prognosis prediction and therapeutic adaptation to prognosis. The categorisation of lymphosarcomas with immune markers has enriched the prognostic value of W.H.O. classification. The prolymphocytic (centrofollicular B type and the null lymphoblastic subtype have a good prognosis while the (T or B) immunoblastic type and the T-lymphoblastic subtype have a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 580065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_129", "title": "[State of pulmonary surfactant in different species of animals].", "content": "The authors have shown that pulmonary surfactand activity in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits and dogs was within the normal limits with the fluctation of the air vesicle stability coefficient of from 0.84 to 0.93. Differences revealed in the surface active substance in different animal species depend on the frequency, expression and the nature of spontaneous pulmonary pathology. The data obtained can be used as the initial ones to study the surface pulmonary activity system under various experimentally-induced conditions of the pulmonary tissue.", "contents": "[State of pulmonary surfactant in different species of animals]. The authors have shown that pulmonary surfactand activity in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits and dogs was within the normal limits with the fluctation of the air vesicle stability coefficient of from 0.84 to 0.93. Differences revealed in the surface active substance in different animal species depend on the frequency, expression and the nature of spontaneous pulmonary pathology. The data obtained can be used as the initial ones to study the surface pulmonary activity system under various experimentally-induced conditions of the pulmonary tissue.", "PMID": 580066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_130", "title": "How suitable are available pharmaceuticals for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? (2) Conditions presenting as sores or tumours.", "content": "The pharmaceutical industry is not supplying the penicillin preparations that are required for the treatment of syphilis. For those in whom penicillin hypersensitivity is suspected there is a need for a safe injectable alternative that is effective if given once daily or, preferably, at two- or three-day intervals. Existing treatments for chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale are described, but even collectively there are few cases and treatments for other sexually transmitted diseases merit priority. Treatments for scabies and pediculosis pubis, although not perfect, are reasonable. There is a need for better local treatment for condylomata acuminata and systemic immunological methods, including those that increase cell-mediated immunity, deserve attention. The same is true for molluscum contagiosum. There is an urgent need for an effective, safe treatment of herpes genitalis that is able to eradicate the virus from the host. If it is proved that the herpes virus is responsible for carcinoma of the cervix this could then be the most serious sexually transmitted disease as in many countries such carcinomas are responsible for approximate seven times more deaths in women than is syphilis in men and women together. The limitations of prophylactic methods in preventing all possibility of infection with one or more of the sexually transmitted diseases are discussed.", "contents": "How suitable are available pharmaceuticals for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? (2) Conditions presenting as sores or tumours. The pharmaceutical industry is not supplying the penicillin preparations that are required for the treatment of syphilis. For those in whom penicillin hypersensitivity is suspected there is a need for a safe injectable alternative that is effective if given once daily or, preferably, at two- or three-day intervals. Existing treatments for chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale are described, but even collectively there are few cases and treatments for other sexually transmitted diseases merit priority. Treatments for scabies and pediculosis pubis, although not perfect, are reasonable. There is a need for better local treatment for condylomata acuminata and systemic immunological methods, including those that increase cell-mediated immunity, deserve attention. The same is true for molluscum contagiosum. There is an urgent need for an effective, safe treatment of herpes genitalis that is able to eradicate the virus from the host. If it is proved that the herpes virus is responsible for carcinoma of the cervix this could then be the most serious sexually transmitted disease as in many countries such carcinomas are responsible for approximate seven times more deaths in women than is syphilis in men and women together. The limitations of prophylactic methods in preventing all possibility of infection with one or more of the sexually transmitted diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 580068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_131", "title": "Hepatitis-B surface antigen and antibody in Black and White patients with venereal diseases.", "content": "The prevalence of both the hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its specific antibody (anti-HBs) was significantly greater in the sera of White patients suffering from sexually transmitted diseases than that in White blood donors. However, Black patients with venereal diseases did not show an increased prevalence of either HBsAg or anti-HBs. These findings support the view that heterosexual transmission of the hepatitis-B virus is less likely to occur in populations in whom this infection is largely acquired before the age of sexual maturity.", "contents": "Hepatitis-B surface antigen and antibody in Black and White patients with venereal diseases. The prevalence of both the hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its specific antibody (anti-HBs) was significantly greater in the sera of White patients suffering from sexually transmitted diseases than that in White blood donors. However, Black patients with venereal diseases did not show an increased prevalence of either HBsAg or anti-HBs. These findings support the view that heterosexual transmission of the hepatitis-B virus is less likely to occur in populations in whom this infection is largely acquired before the age of sexual maturity.", "PMID": 580069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_132", "title": "Combination versus successive single agent chemotherapy in lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma were randomly assigned to treatment with the combination cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or the same agents used successively in maximal doses (C-V-P). Complete remissions occurred in 68% with CVP and 48% with C-V-P. For patients with nodular lymphoma, the complete remission rate was 81% with CVP and 46% with C-V-P. In patients with diffuse lymphoma a complete remission rate of 50% was obtained with both regimens. The median duration of response was longer for patients who obtained complete remission with CVP (37+ months) than for those entering remission with C-V-P (25+ months). More patients treated with CVP still survive. Current results suggest that CVP is a better induction regime than C-V-P in patients with nodular lymphoma. However, in patients with diffuse lympoocytic lymphoma, neither regimen results in more than 50% complete remissions or significant numbers of prolonged responses. More effective therapy is needed.", "contents": "Combination versus successive single agent chemotherapy in lymphocytic lymphoma. Fifty-three patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma were randomly assigned to treatment with the combination cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or the same agents used successively in maximal doses (C-V-P). Complete remissions occurred in 68% with CVP and 48% with C-V-P. For patients with nodular lymphoma, the complete remission rate was 81% with CVP and 46% with C-V-P. In patients with diffuse lymphoma a complete remission rate of 50% was obtained with both regimens. The median duration of response was longer for patients who obtained complete remission with CVP (37+ months) than for those entering remission with C-V-P (25+ months). More patients treated with CVP still survive. Current results suggest that CVP is a better induction regime than C-V-P in patients with nodular lymphoma. However, in patients with diffuse lympoocytic lymphoma, neither regimen results in more than 50% complete remissions or significant numbers of prolonged responses. More effective therapy is needed.", "PMID": 580070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_133", "title": "The lymph node in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Lymph nodes were examined from 41 cases of typical chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Degree of immaturity was graded as absent to minimal (Grade I), moderate (Grade II) and marked (Grade III). A moderate degree of immaturity was found in the lymph node in 14 of 41 cases even though the cells seen on the initial bone marrow and peripheral blood smears obtained from these patients were essentially all mature. The morphology of these nodes could be confused with poorly differentiated lymphocytic or mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphoma in terms of the degree of immaturity present. A marked degree of immaturity present. A marked degree of immaturity was found in 5 cases; the morphology of these cases resembled histiocytic lymphoma. In the remaining 22 cases immaturity was essentially absent. The morphology of these cases was similar to that of diffuse well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Our studies suggest that a moderate degree of immaturity in the lymph node of patients with CLL does not indicate that these patients will have a marked shortening of their survival.", "contents": "The lymph node in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Lymph nodes were examined from 41 cases of typical chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Degree of immaturity was graded as absent to minimal (Grade I), moderate (Grade II) and marked (Grade III). A moderate degree of immaturity was found in the lymph node in 14 of 41 cases even though the cells seen on the initial bone marrow and peripheral blood smears obtained from these patients were essentially all mature. The morphology of these nodes could be confused with poorly differentiated lymphocytic or mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic lymphoma in terms of the degree of immaturity present. A marked degree of immaturity present. A marked degree of immaturity was found in 5 cases; the morphology of these cases resembled histiocytic lymphoma. In the remaining 22 cases immaturity was essentially absent. The morphology of these cases was similar to that of diffuse well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Our studies suggest that a moderate degree of immaturity in the lymph node of patients with CLL does not indicate that these patients will have a marked shortening of their survival.", "PMID": 580071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_134", "title": "The diagnosis of hypersensitivity to ingested foods. Reliability of skin prick testing and the radioallergosorbent test with different materials.", "content": "The diagnostic reliability in food allergy of skin prick tests (SPT) and the radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) was investigated in paediatric patients with respiratory and skin allergies. SPT and RAST were found to be reliable for the diagnosis of allergy to codfish, peas, nuts, peanuts and egg white. Positive SPT and RAST to cereals were common, but were most often without clinical significance or were correlated with respiratory allergy to the inhalation of flour dust. SPT and RAST were only partly reliable with regard to allergy to cow's milk, and were mostly reliable when used together and showing corresponding results. Experimental allergosorbents for RAST with soy beans and white beans were not reliable. The study shows the need to improve the diagnostic materials and to establish the diagnostic reliability of the material and tests used for each food item in question.", "contents": "The diagnosis of hypersensitivity to ingested foods. Reliability of skin prick testing and the radioallergosorbent test with different materials. The diagnostic reliability in food allergy of skin prick tests (SPT) and the radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) was investigated in paediatric patients with respiratory and skin allergies. SPT and RAST were found to be reliable for the diagnosis of allergy to codfish, peas, nuts, peanuts and egg white. Positive SPT and RAST to cereals were common, but were most often without clinical significance or were correlated with respiratory allergy to the inhalation of flour dust. SPT and RAST were only partly reliable with regard to allergy to cow's milk, and were mostly reliable when used together and showing corresponding results. Experimental allergosorbents for RAST with soy beans and white beans were not reliable. The study shows the need to improve the diagnostic materials and to establish the diagnostic reliability of the material and tests used for each food item in question.", "PMID": 580076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_135", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their spouses--evidence for a transmissible agent.", "content": "Serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) were detected in twenty-seven out of fifty-three (51%) patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in twenty-three out of their fifty-three (43%) unaffected spouses. The prevalence of LCA in both groups was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) compared to that in age- and sex-matched controls (11%) or in control spouses (6%). Concordant expression of LCA occurred in sixteen out of the fifty-three (30%) patient-spouse pairs compared to only one out of the fifty-three (2%) control-spouse pairs (P less than 0.001). In contrast to the LCA results, heterophile antibody titres were similarly distributed in all four study groups. It is suggested that LCA may represent markers of infectious agents in IBD and that their occurrence in unaffected close contacts of patients may indicate transmission of such agents to these subjects.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their spouses--evidence for a transmissible agent. Serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) were detected in twenty-seven out of fifty-three (51%) patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in twenty-three out of their fifty-three (43%) unaffected spouses. The prevalence of LCA in both groups was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) compared to that in age- and sex-matched controls (11%) or in control spouses (6%). Concordant expression of LCA occurred in sixteen out of the fifty-three (30%) patient-spouse pairs compared to only one out of the fifty-three (2%) control-spouse pairs (P less than 0.001). In contrast to the LCA results, heterophile antibody titres were similarly distributed in all four study groups. It is suggested that LCA may represent markers of infectious agents in IBD and that their occurrence in unaffected close contacts of patients may indicate transmission of such agents to these subjects.", "PMID": 580077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_136", "title": "Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland.", "content": "Since 1970, more than 4,500 patients have been patch tested at the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit in Glasgow. The results of 1,312 patients patch tested to the 20 test substances as described by the ICDRG (Fregert et al. 1969) are presented. The data on frequency of the most common allergens observed are presented. The most common allergens observed are nickel, chromium, cobalt, neomycin, colophony, wool alcohols, balsam of Peru and rubber. The less common allergens are benzocaine, parabens, formaldehyde and turpentine.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland. Since 1970, more than 4,500 patients have been patch tested at the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit in Glasgow. The results of 1,312 patients patch tested to the 20 test substances as described by the ICDRG (Fregert et al. 1969) are presented. The data on frequency of the most common allergens observed are presented. The most common allergens observed are nickel, chromium, cobalt, neomycin, colophony, wool alcohols, balsam of Peru and rubber. The less common allergens are benzocaine, parabens, formaldehyde and turpentine.", "PMID": 580079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_137", "title": "[Cytological studies of sputum and bronchial secretions (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytological diagnosis was achieved in 89 of 206 (43.2%) malignant lung tumours verified histologically. The quality of cytological material, number of examinations, tumour size and differentiation, as well as careful handling of the material and experience of the cytologist, all influenced the rate of false-negative results. Cytological examination of sputum and bronchial secretions gave a higher rate of detecting malignant lung tumours than histological examination of material obtained by bronchoscopy.", "contents": "[Cytological studies of sputum and bronchial secretions (author's transl)]. Cytological diagnosis was achieved in 89 of 206 (43.2%) malignant lung tumours verified histologically. The quality of cytological material, number of examinations, tumour size and differentiation, as well as careful handling of the material and experience of the cytologist, all influenced the rate of false-negative results. Cytological examination of sputum and bronchial secretions gave a higher rate of detecting malignant lung tumours than histological examination of material obtained by bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 580082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_138", "title": "A fluorescence approach of the determination of translational diffusion coefficients of lipids in phospholipid monolayer at the air-water interface.", "content": "In the present work, it is shown that the photobleaching technique as well as experimentation based on fluorescence recovery after bleaching can be extended to monolayers spread at the air-water interface. A mathematical model is derived which allows the determination of translational diffusion coefficients of species diffusing in such a system. Using 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid (anthroylstearate) as a fluorescent probe, dispersed either in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol in various conditions of subphase ionic composition and surface pressure of the monolayer, including phase transition domains, we are led to the following conclusions: 1. Anthroylstearate molecules seem to aggregate in 'microdomains' where their fluorescence properties remain unchanged regardless of the compression states of the host monolayer. 2. In any case, a break in the diffusion constants appears on compressing films of both dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. In particular, this break coincides with the liquid expanded to gel phase transition of these lipids when it occurs. 3. Diffusion of anthroylstearate in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol depends strongly on the subphase ionic strength and on the nature of cations: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+.", "contents": "A fluorescence approach of the determination of translational diffusion coefficients of lipids in phospholipid monolayer at the air-water interface. In the present work, it is shown that the photobleaching technique as well as experimentation based on fluorescence recovery after bleaching can be extended to monolayers spread at the air-water interface. A mathematical model is derived which allows the determination of translational diffusion coefficients of species diffusing in such a system. Using 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid (anthroylstearate) as a fluorescent probe, dispersed either in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine or in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol in various conditions of subphase ionic composition and surface pressure of the monolayer, including phase transition domains, we are led to the following conclusions: 1. Anthroylstearate molecules seem to aggregate in 'microdomains' where their fluorescence properties remain unchanged regardless of the compression states of the host monolayer. 2. In any case, a break in the diffusion constants appears on compressing films of both dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. In particular, this break coincides with the liquid expanded to gel phase transition of these lipids when it occurs. 3. Diffusion of anthroylstearate in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol depends strongly on the subphase ionic strength and on the nature of cations: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+.", "PMID": 580084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_139", "title": "Contraceptive efficacy determination by postcoital testing.", "content": "A new vaginal contraceptive method that offers the ease of use with none of the potentially harmful physiologic effects of hormonal contraception was subjected to direct in vivo tests of its efficacy in immobilizing spermatozoa and preventing their entry into the cervical canal. The new contraceptive, a small avoid only 2.8 cm long and 1.4 cm wide, is easily inserted into the vagina without the need for special applicators. It offers protection through the delivery of a highly effective spermicide by the effervescent formation of foam that disperses over the uterine opening. In the trials, no motile spermatozoa could be found in any samples obtained from the vagina, the os externum, or the cervical canal immediately after intercouse protected with the new agent. In no case were any sperm, even immotile sperm, observed in the cervical canal. By contrast, examination of 30 samples obtained immediately after coitus protected with another contraceptive agent (used as a control) revealed motile spermatozao in the cervical canal in nine cases, and propulsive motility was seen on five occasions. The new contraceptive proved highly effective in preventing conception.", "contents": "Contraceptive efficacy determination by postcoital testing. A new vaginal contraceptive method that offers the ease of use with none of the potentially harmful physiologic effects of hormonal contraception was subjected to direct in vivo tests of its efficacy in immobilizing spermatozoa and preventing their entry into the cervical canal. The new contraceptive, a small avoid only 2.8 cm long and 1.4 cm wide, is easily inserted into the vagina without the need for special applicators. It offers protection through the delivery of a highly effective spermicide by the effervescent formation of foam that disperses over the uterine opening. In the trials, no motile spermatozoa could be found in any samples obtained from the vagina, the os externum, or the cervical canal immediately after intercouse protected with the new agent. In no case were any sperm, even immotile sperm, observed in the cervical canal. By contrast, examination of 30 samples obtained immediately after coitus protected with another contraceptive agent (used as a control) revealed motile spermatozao in the cervical canal in nine cases, and propulsive motility was seen on five occasions. The new contraceptive proved highly effective in preventing conception.", "PMID": 580086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_140", "title": "[Long term follow-up after thyroidectomy].", "content": "Surgically treated Graves' patients should be submitted to long-term follow-up in order to detect early hypothyroidism, as well as relapses of hyperthyroidism which are not exceptional. The aim of the prolonged care after thyroidectomy for non toxic goiter is to detect a recurrence of the goiter and to control the prophylactic administration of thyroid hormones which should be prescribed in most cases. The follow-up after surgery for thyroid carcinoma depends on the histology of the tumor and on the type of postsurgical treatment.", "contents": "[Long term follow-up after thyroidectomy]. Surgically treated Graves' patients should be submitted to long-term follow-up in order to detect early hypothyroidism, as well as relapses of hyperthyroidism which are not exceptional. The aim of the prolonged care after thyroidectomy for non toxic goiter is to detect a recurrence of the goiter and to control the prophylactic administration of thyroid hormones which should be prescribed in most cases. The follow-up after surgery for thyroid carcinoma depends on the histology of the tumor and on the type of postsurgical treatment.", "PMID": 580089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_141", "title": "Role of autonomic nervous system controlling surface tension in fetal rabbit lungs.", "content": "After the maternal abdomen was opened under methoxyflurane anesthesia, fetal rabbits of 27.5 days gestation were given injections through the intact uterine wall of saline, pilocarpine, isoxsuprine, muscarine, phenylephrine, atropine, phenoxybenzamine, or propranolo, alone or in appropriate combinations. Fetal rabbits were delivered by hysterotomy and killed without breathing 2.5 h later. Static pressure-volume curves with air showed improved retention on deflation in fetal rabbits that had injections of pilocarpine, or isoxsuprine, but not of muscarine or phenylephrine. The effect of pilocarpine on the pressure-volume curve was blocked by atropine, phenoxybenzamine, and propranolol, and the effect of isoxsuprine was blocked by propranolol but not phenoxybenzamine. The data suggest that pilocarpine produces secretion of surfactant into lung air spaces by exciting the sympathetic nervous system, a known function of pilocarpine, rather than the parasympathetic nervous system. This may result in stimulation of the same beta-adrenergic receptors affected by isoxsuprine which is also thought to stimulate surfactant secretion.", "contents": "Role of autonomic nervous system controlling surface tension in fetal rabbit lungs. After the maternal abdomen was opened under methoxyflurane anesthesia, fetal rabbits of 27.5 days gestation were given injections through the intact uterine wall of saline, pilocarpine, isoxsuprine, muscarine, phenylephrine, atropine, phenoxybenzamine, or propranolo, alone or in appropriate combinations. Fetal rabbits were delivered by hysterotomy and killed without breathing 2.5 h later. Static pressure-volume curves with air showed improved retention on deflation in fetal rabbits that had injections of pilocarpine, or isoxsuprine, but not of muscarine or phenylephrine. The effect of pilocarpine on the pressure-volume curve was blocked by atropine, phenoxybenzamine, and propranolol, and the effect of isoxsuprine was blocked by propranolol but not phenoxybenzamine. The data suggest that pilocarpine produces secretion of surfactant into lung air spaces by exciting the sympathetic nervous system, a known function of pilocarpine, rather than the parasympathetic nervous system. This may result in stimulation of the same beta-adrenergic receptors affected by isoxsuprine which is also thought to stimulate surfactant secretion.", "PMID": 580090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_142", "title": "Pes anserinus transposition for chronic anteromedial rotational instability of the knee.", "content": "Forty-eight men and three women were reviewed an average of thirty-one months after pes anserinus transposition for chronic anteromedial rotational instability of the knee. Their ages ranged from eighteen to forty-two years (average twenty-five years). All but four of the injuries occurred during sport. The interval between injury and operation averaged thirty months. During this time twenty-three patients had had other operations of which eighteen were for excision of menisci. A further sixteen patients required excision of one or both menisci at the time of pes anserinus transposition. After operation large haematomata had to be expressed from four wounds. One patient had a pulmonary embolism All made a complete recovery. Worthwhile improvement of stability during activity was found in forty-two of the fifty-one knees. Pre-existing degeneration of articular cartilage associated with severe instability of long duration was the main cause of failure. Good motivation was important for success. Four grades of disability are described according to the severity of symptoms. It was found that a successful operation gave approximately one grade of improvement on this scale. Arthroscopy is recommended to identify torn menisci and degenerative changes before pes anserinus transposition is undertaken. An important advantage of this operation is its simplicity. When more elaborate ligamentous reconstructions are necessary for severe instability, pes anserinus transposition can be usefully added to complete the repair.", "contents": "Pes anserinus transposition for chronic anteromedial rotational instability of the knee. Forty-eight men and three women were reviewed an average of thirty-one months after pes anserinus transposition for chronic anteromedial rotational instability of the knee. Their ages ranged from eighteen to forty-two years (average twenty-five years). All but four of the injuries occurred during sport. The interval between injury and operation averaged thirty months. During this time twenty-three patients had had other operations of which eighteen were for excision of menisci. A further sixteen patients required excision of one or both menisci at the time of pes anserinus transposition. After operation large haematomata had to be expressed from four wounds. One patient had a pulmonary embolism All made a complete recovery. Worthwhile improvement of stability during activity was found in forty-two of the fifty-one knees. Pre-existing degeneration of articular cartilage associated with severe instability of long duration was the main cause of failure. Good motivation was important for success. Four grades of disability are described according to the severity of symptoms. It was found that a successful operation gave approximately one grade of improvement on this scale. Arthroscopy is recommended to identify torn menisci and degenerative changes before pes anserinus transposition is undertaken. An important advantage of this operation is its simplicity. When more elaborate ligamentous reconstructions are necessary for severe instability, pes anserinus transposition can be usefully added to complete the repair.", "PMID": 580092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_143", "title": "Infant feeding practices in East Harlem.", "content": "Infant feeding practices among low-income infants in East Harlem were surveyed prior to undertaking a nutrition education program. Data were obtained from 24-hr. recalls on 153 infants seen in a well-baby clinic. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, ascorbic acid, iron, and sodium showed wide variations among infants of similar ages. Nutrient intakes were similar for black and Puerto Rican infants, although some ethnic differences were observed in the types of milk and solid foods consumed. Black infants received formula for a longer period, while Puerto Rican infants were transferred to whole cow's milk at a younger age. In contrast black infants were introduced to table foods earlier.", "contents": "Infant feeding practices in East Harlem. Infant feeding practices among low-income infants in East Harlem were surveyed prior to undertaking a nutrition education program. Data were obtained from 24-hr. recalls on 153 infants seen in a well-baby clinic. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, ascorbic acid, iron, and sodium showed wide variations among infants of similar ages. Nutrient intakes were similar for black and Puerto Rican infants, although some ethnic differences were observed in the types of milk and solid foods consumed. Black infants received formula for a longer period, while Puerto Rican infants were transferred to whole cow's milk at a younger age. In contrast black infants were introduced to table foods earlier.", "PMID": 580093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_144", "title": "Early physiologic and biochemical effects of thoracic X-irradiation on the pulmonary surfactant system.", "content": "A study of surfactant physiology and biochemistry was undertaken in mice who received varying doses of X-irradiation to the thorax. During the first 12 weeks after X-irradiation, the period which precedes radiation pneumonitis, there is an increase in the amount of DPC in both the lung and the alveolar surface lining layer. This increase begins about 7 days after irradiation, returns to control levels by 12 weeks, and coincides with a fall in the total number of AM's. Over-all synthesis of DPC in the lung and its transport to the alveolar surface, as determined by incorporation of 3H from glycerol and 14C from palmitate into PC in vivo, remained unchanged from control levels. These results may be explained in part by proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes following X-irradiation and by decreased removal of surfactant from the alveolar surface, possibly as a result of the depletion of the AM population. No changes in mechanical properties of the lung or in situ E tis or E surf occurred at this stage, nor were changes detected in the surface properties of the alveolar lavage fluid.", "contents": "Early physiologic and biochemical effects of thoracic X-irradiation on the pulmonary surfactant system. A study of surfactant physiology and biochemistry was undertaken in mice who received varying doses of X-irradiation to the thorax. During the first 12 weeks after X-irradiation, the period which precedes radiation pneumonitis, there is an increase in the amount of DPC in both the lung and the alveolar surface lining layer. This increase begins about 7 days after irradiation, returns to control levels by 12 weeks, and coincides with a fall in the total number of AM's. Over-all synthesis of DPC in the lung and its transport to the alveolar surface, as determined by incorporation of 3H from glycerol and 14C from palmitate into PC in vivo, remained unchanged from control levels. These results may be explained in part by proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes following X-irradiation and by decreased removal of surfactant from the alveolar surface, possibly as a result of the depletion of the AM population. No changes in mechanical properties of the lung or in situ E tis or E surf occurred at this stage, nor were changes detected in the surface properties of the alveolar lavage fluid.", "PMID": 580095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_145", "title": "The minimum cottonseed protein required for nitrogen balance in women.", "content": "This study was designed to assess minimum amount of nitrogen from deglanded (LCP) and glandless (GSF) cottonseed protein required to maintain nitrogen balance in young adult women. Fourteen women aged 19 to 25 were divided into two groups, one group was fed LCP and the other GSF in a purified formula diet for the entire study. The protein level constituted approximately 15% of the total energy intake initially. After reaching and maintaining equilibrium, the protein level for each subject was decreased until that lowest level was found that would maintain the individual in nitrogen balance. Nitrogen status was calculated using the formula: Nitrogen Status = N Intake--N Output (Urinary + Fecal + other Obligatory Loss). Regression data for each subject was used to define nitrogen intake required to maintain equilibrium. The nitrogen intakes showed similar results for the two forms of cottonseed with a mean value of 0.106 g N per kg body weight to maintain equilibrium. The quality of cottonseed protein was between reported values in men for soybean and wheat protein.", "contents": "The minimum cottonseed protein required for nitrogen balance in women. This study was designed to assess minimum amount of nitrogen from deglanded (LCP) and glandless (GSF) cottonseed protein required to maintain nitrogen balance in young adult women. Fourteen women aged 19 to 25 were divided into two groups, one group was fed LCP and the other GSF in a purified formula diet for the entire study. The protein level constituted approximately 15% of the total energy intake initially. After reaching and maintaining equilibrium, the protein level for each subject was decreased until that lowest level was found that would maintain the individual in nitrogen balance. Nitrogen status was calculated using the formula: Nitrogen Status = N Intake--N Output (Urinary + Fecal + other Obligatory Loss). Regression data for each subject was used to define nitrogen intake required to maintain equilibrium. The nitrogen intakes showed similar results for the two forms of cottonseed with a mean value of 0.106 g N per kg body weight to maintain equilibrium. The quality of cottonseed protein was between reported values in men for soybean and wheat protein.", "PMID": 580097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_146", "title": "[The effect of intravenous prostaglandin F 2 alpha on the motility of the gastrointestinal tracts after major abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "TThe effect of prostaglandin F 2 alpha was studied clinically and electromyographically on the motility of the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and transverse colon in 20 patients by giving 2 hours intravenous drip infusion at 0.3 approximately 0.5 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours after major abdominal surgery. Folling results were obtained. 1. The motility of stomach and colon was least active than any other site of alimentary tract during 48 hours after surgery. This seems to be one of the most important causes of so called postoperative ileus. 2. Recovery from reflex inhibition of motility of the alimentary tract after surgery was seen in duodenum at first, and then in jejunum and ileum in order. It was proved that intravenous drip infusion of PGF 2 alpha at 0.3 approximately 0.5 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours had produced the increase of electrical activity in any site of gastrointestinal tract and subsequently brought about increasing of propulsive movement. The effect of PGF 2 alpha is proportional to its concentration. 4. tit was concluded that PGF 2 alpha could be administered most effectively by intravvenous drip infusion at 0.5 microgram/kg/min 3 times daily for 3 days after surgery for the satisfactory recovery from the postoperative ileus, and no appreciable side effect was observed.", "contents": "[The effect of intravenous prostaglandin F 2 alpha on the motility of the gastrointestinal tracts after major abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. TThe effect of prostaglandin F 2 alpha was studied clinically and electromyographically on the motility of the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and transverse colon in 20 patients by giving 2 hours intravenous drip infusion at 0.3 approximately 0.5 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours after major abdominal surgery. Folling results were obtained. 1. The motility of stomach and colon was least active than any other site of alimentary tract during 48 hours after surgery. This seems to be one of the most important causes of so called postoperative ileus. 2. Recovery from reflex inhibition of motility of the alimentary tract after surgery was seen in duodenum at first, and then in jejunum and ileum in order. It was proved that intravenous drip infusion of PGF 2 alpha at 0.3 approximately 0.5 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours had produced the increase of electrical activity in any site of gastrointestinal tract and subsequently brought about increasing of propulsive movement. The effect of PGF 2 alpha is proportional to its concentration. 4. tit was concluded that PGF 2 alpha could be administered most effectively by intravvenous drip infusion at 0.5 microgram/kg/min 3 times daily for 3 days after surgery for the satisfactory recovery from the postoperative ileus, and no appreciable side effect was observed.", "PMID": 580100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_147", "title": "Rationalisation and modification of a germ-free isolator design.", "content": "A modified design of polyvinyl chloride isolator, suitable for small laboratory animals utilises room space more effectively than previous models and is particularly useful where accommodation is restricted. The standard attachments and ancillary equipment used with other flexible isolators are compatible with the modified isolator.", "contents": "Rationalisation and modification of a germ-free isolator design. A modified design of polyvinyl chloride isolator, suitable for small laboratory animals utilises room space more effectively than previous models and is particularly useful where accommodation is restricted. The standard attachments and ancillary equipment used with other flexible isolators are compatible with the modified isolator.", "PMID": 580102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_148", "title": "[Identification of thyroglobulin-binding cells in the blood of Hashimoto patients (author's transl)].", "content": "We developed a new method for demonstration and enumeration of antigen-binding cells, the principle and application of this method is demonstrated using peripheral blood lymphoid cells from Hashimoto patients, non-Hashimoto, non Graves' disease goiter patients and in patients without thyroid disease. A significantly higher number of thyroglobulin-binding cells was observed in the peripheral blood of Hashimoto patients as compared to members of the two other groups. The results of the FICA-tests were compared to conventional serological data of the individual patients.", "contents": "[Identification of thyroglobulin-binding cells in the blood of Hashimoto patients (author's transl)]. We developed a new method for demonstration and enumeration of antigen-binding cells, the principle and application of this method is demonstrated using peripheral blood lymphoid cells from Hashimoto patients, non-Hashimoto, non Graves' disease goiter patients and in patients without thyroid disease. A significantly higher number of thyroglobulin-binding cells was observed in the peripheral blood of Hashimoto patients as compared to members of the two other groups. The results of the FICA-tests were compared to conventional serological data of the individual patients.", "PMID": 580103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_149", "title": "[Hydrocortisone for the treatment of cerebral vasopasm--(1) experiments in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of hydrocortisone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm was investigated using dogs by measuring changes in cerebral arterial diameter in angiograms as well as in other parameters such as blood pressure, intracranial pressure and CBF. The intrathecal (50-300 mg) or intravenous (100 mg/kg) injection of hydrocortisone resulted in a marked dilatation of cerebral arteries both in control animals and vasospastic animals after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The intrathecal injection caused a temporary rise in blood pressure immediately following the injection. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was increased progressively. On the other hand, the intravenous injection resulted in a fall in blood pressure and a transient rise in cerebrospinal fluid pressure. CBF showed a tendency to increase both with intrathecal and intravenous injection. With intravenous injection a high CSF level of cortisol was found 1 and 2 hours after the injection and it was correlated to the degree of cerebral arterial dilatation, indicating that a significant amount of hydrocortisone could penetrate into the CSF and dilate the intracranial vessels by its direct pharmacological action.", "contents": "[Hydrocortisone for the treatment of cerebral vasopasm--(1) experiments in dogs (author's transl)]. The usefulness of hydrocortisone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm was investigated using dogs by measuring changes in cerebral arterial diameter in angiograms as well as in other parameters such as blood pressure, intracranial pressure and CBF. The intrathecal (50-300 mg) or intravenous (100 mg/kg) injection of hydrocortisone resulted in a marked dilatation of cerebral arteries both in control animals and vasospastic animals after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The intrathecal injection caused a temporary rise in blood pressure immediately following the injection. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was increased progressively. On the other hand, the intravenous injection resulted in a fall in blood pressure and a transient rise in cerebrospinal fluid pressure. CBF showed a tendency to increase both with intrathecal and intravenous injection. With intravenous injection a high CSF level of cortisol was found 1 and 2 hours after the injection and it was correlated to the degree of cerebral arterial dilatation, indicating that a significant amount of hydrocortisone could penetrate into the CSF and dilate the intracranial vessels by its direct pharmacological action.", "PMID": 580108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_150", "title": "[A case of malignant lymphoma (lymphosarcomatous type) of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "A relatively rare case of malignant lymphoma of the brain was reported. A 64-year-old male was admitted to our hospital, October 2, 1976, complaining of right hemiparesis and expressive aphasia. Neurological and radiological examinations revealed a huge space-occupying lesion in the left frontoparietal region. An external decompressive surgery and biopsy were performed. The excised specimens was diagnosed as malignant lymphoma (lymphosarcoma type) histologically. Radiation (5000 rad of 60Co) and chemotherapy with anticancer drugs were carried out after the operation. The patient, however, died at seven months after the onset. On necropsy the tumor was infiltrated extensively in the left frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, but extended not to the thalamus, basal ganglia and ventricular system. This case was suggested primary malignant lymphoma of the brain, according to the physical and radiological examinations of the whole body, although the autopsy was performed only about the brain. The nomenclature, clinicopathological and immunological problems of malignant lymphomas of the nervous system were also discussed, reviewing the previously reported cases.", "contents": "[A case of malignant lymphoma (lymphosarcomatous type) of the brain (author's transl)]. A relatively rare case of malignant lymphoma of the brain was reported. A 64-year-old male was admitted to our hospital, October 2, 1976, complaining of right hemiparesis and expressive aphasia. Neurological and radiological examinations revealed a huge space-occupying lesion in the left frontoparietal region. An external decompressive surgery and biopsy were performed. The excised specimens was diagnosed as malignant lymphoma (lymphosarcoma type) histologically. Radiation (5000 rad of 60Co) and chemotherapy with anticancer drugs were carried out after the operation. The patient, however, died at seven months after the onset. On necropsy the tumor was infiltrated extensively in the left frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, but extended not to the thalamus, basal ganglia and ventricular system. This case was suggested primary malignant lymphoma of the brain, according to the physical and radiological examinations of the whole body, although the autopsy was performed only about the brain. The nomenclature, clinicopathological and immunological problems of malignant lymphomas of the nervous system were also discussed, reviewing the previously reported cases.", "PMID": 580109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_151", "title": "Isolation and characterization of proteins associated with the lung surfactant system.", "content": "Rabbit lung washings and purified lung surfactant were delipidated without precipitation or loss of protein. This enabled effective study of the proteins by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The lung washings contained secretory immunoglobulin A and several serum proteins. The protein composition of purified lung surfactant was the same as the unfractionated lung washings confirming our previous study which indicated that there is no specific protein associated with surfactant phospholipids obtained by alveolar lavage with isotonic saline.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of proteins associated with the lung surfactant system. Rabbit lung washings and purified lung surfactant were delipidated without precipitation or loss of protein. This enabled effective study of the proteins by electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. The lung washings contained secretory immunoglobulin A and several serum proteins. The protein composition of purified lung surfactant was the same as the unfractionated lung washings confirming our previous study which indicated that there is no specific protein associated with surfactant phospholipids obtained by alveolar lavage with isotonic saline.", "PMID": 580112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_152", "title": "The role of alveolar recruitment and de-recruitment in pressure-volume hysteresis in lungs.", "content": "Gil and Weibel (1972) have demonstrated the importance of alveolar recruitment at relatively low inflating pressures, which has also been noted by Klingele and Staub (1970). These findings are incorporated into a model of alveolar mechanics which presents a possible solution to the questions concerning the classical theory of PV hysteresis which are raised by the mercury filled lung and the Tween 20 rinsed lung experiments. A mathematical model was used to test the hypotheses and curves consistent with the experimental data are generated by a small computer. It is concluded that according to the model, the classical theory of PV hysteresis is valid under normal physiologic conditions but alveolar recruitment and de-recruitment become important factors in alveolar mechanics under conditions of alveolar instability.", "contents": "The role of alveolar recruitment and de-recruitment in pressure-volume hysteresis in lungs. Gil and Weibel (1972) have demonstrated the importance of alveolar recruitment at relatively low inflating pressures, which has also been noted by Klingele and Staub (1970). These findings are incorporated into a model of alveolar mechanics which presents a possible solution to the questions concerning the classical theory of PV hysteresis which are raised by the mercury filled lung and the Tween 20 rinsed lung experiments. A mathematical model was used to test the hypotheses and curves consistent with the experimental data are generated by a small computer. It is concluded that according to the model, the classical theory of PV hysteresis is valid under normal physiologic conditions but alveolar recruitment and de-recruitment become important factors in alveolar mechanics under conditions of alveolar instability.", "PMID": 580121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_153", "title": "Studies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The kinetics of 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes.", "content": "1. 9 Studies of lymphocyte transport are reported in which the 51Cr labelling technique of Hersey (1971) was employed on 8 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 1 with lymphosarcoma. 2. A new approach to the analysis of the data was formulated employing the principles of impulse analysis. This allowed the quantitation of cell transport between various locations making the minimum number of assumptions. It was also possible to take account of the principal defect of this label, its tendency to elute from live cells. 3. In spite of marked lymphocytosis, numbers of cells moving between those tissues whose lymphocytes exchange relatively slowly and the bloodstream was found to be normal. The blood and lymph nodes may therefore accumulate lymphocytes in response to a transport defect which hinders the progress of these cells from one pool to another. 4. The finding that CLL lymphocytes fluxes are normal in certain locations casts doubt on the hypothesis that lymphocyte proliferation is uncontrolled in this disease. An alternative possibility is that cell proliferation is regulated so as to maintain these fluxes within the normal range.", "contents": "Studies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The kinetics of 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes. 1. 9 Studies of lymphocyte transport are reported in which the 51Cr labelling technique of Hersey (1971) was employed on 8 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 1 with lymphosarcoma. 2. A new approach to the analysis of the data was formulated employing the principles of impulse analysis. This allowed the quantitation of cell transport between various locations making the minimum number of assumptions. It was also possible to take account of the principal defect of this label, its tendency to elute from live cells. 3. In spite of marked lymphocytosis, numbers of cells moving between those tissues whose lymphocytes exchange relatively slowly and the bloodstream was found to be normal. The blood and lymph nodes may therefore accumulate lymphocytes in response to a transport defect which hinders the progress of these cells from one pool to another. 4. The finding that CLL lymphocytes fluxes are normal in certain locations casts doubt on the hypothesis that lymphocyte proliferation is uncontrolled in this disease. An alternative possibility is that cell proliferation is regulated so as to maintain these fluxes within the normal range.", "PMID": 580123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_154", "title": "Filter columns for preparation of leukocyte-poor blood for transfusion.", "content": "Filter columns (Imugard filters) packed with cotton wool prepared from Gossypium barbadense cotton removed 95--100% of leukocytes from packed red cell suspensions. Recovery of red cells was about 95%. The efficacy was similar for ACD and heparinized blood. Blood was filtered below 10 degrees C within 30 min under pressures of less than 0.2 kg/cm2. The shape and functions of the red cells were not altered by filtration. No pyrogenic or toxic substances, and little particulate matter were eluted from the filters.", "contents": "Filter columns for preparation of leukocyte-poor blood for transfusion. Filter columns (Imugard filters) packed with cotton wool prepared from Gossypium barbadense cotton removed 95--100% of leukocytes from packed red cell suspensions. Recovery of red cells was about 95%. The efficacy was similar for ACD and heparinized blood. Blood was filtered below 10 degrees C within 30 min under pressures of less than 0.2 kg/cm2. The shape and functions of the red cells were not altered by filtration. No pyrogenic or toxic substances, and little particulate matter were eluted from the filters.", "PMID": 580125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_155", "title": "[The palmitic/stearic acid ratio (P/S) in amniotic fluid for the determination of fetal lung maturity. The advantages of a simplified analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The assessment of fetal lung maturity in amniotic fluid is of undisputed usefulness but still not available to all centers caring for high risk pregnancies. This is mainly due to laboratory problems. In search of a rapid and reliable method which can also be used for analysis of mailed specimens, we found the determination of the P/S ratio by gas-liquid chromatography very useful. The detailed procedure of a simplified P/S determination is presented. This method can be introduced with reasonable effort by any larger hospital. Smaller departments can send amniotic fluid specimens to an external laboratory. P/S ratios proved stable during an incubation of amniotic fluid at room temperature for two days.", "contents": "[The palmitic/stearic acid ratio (P/S) in amniotic fluid for the determination of fetal lung maturity. The advantages of a simplified analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The assessment of fetal lung maturity in amniotic fluid is of undisputed usefulness but still not available to all centers caring for high risk pregnancies. This is mainly due to laboratory problems. In search of a rapid and reliable method which can also be used for analysis of mailed specimens, we found the determination of the P/S ratio by gas-liquid chromatography very useful. The detailed procedure of a simplified P/S determination is presented. This method can be introduced with reasonable effort by any larger hospital. Smaller departments can send amniotic fluid specimens to an external laboratory. P/S ratios proved stable during an incubation of amniotic fluid at room temperature for two days.", "PMID": 580126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_156", "title": "[Clinical experience with the chemotherapy of gynecologic cancer].", "content": "The report is given about the experiences with chemotherapy of gynecological cancer. The best results were achieved with the long time prolonged therapy of the ovarian cancer. Very good results were registered by the stages III. and IV. of cervix uteri cancer and by all recurrencies of the stages I. and II. of cervical carcinoma. By all cases of advanced corpus uteri cancer and its recurrencies was used systematically chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with the chemotherapy of gynecologic cancer]. The report is given about the experiences with chemotherapy of gynecological cancer. The best results were achieved with the long time prolonged therapy of the ovarian cancer. Very good results were registered by the stages III. and IV. of cervix uteri cancer and by all recurrencies of the stages I. and II. of cervical carcinoma. By all cases of advanced corpus uteri cancer and its recurrencies was used systematically chemotherapy.", "PMID": 580128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_157", "title": "Cord serum prolactin in relation to the time of the day, the sex of the neonate and the birth weight.", "content": "Serum prolactin was measured in 581 blood samples collected immediately after birth from 563 single new-born and from 9 pairs of twins. Cord serum prolactin is high at birth: the mean level is some 5 times higher than in adults. There is no sex difference in cord serum prolactin concentration in the neonate. Mean serum prolactin is significantly higher at 1.00 and 2.00 a.m. Thus a circadian periodicity in serum prolactin concentration seems to appear already during foetal life well before the organization of sleep rhythm. Cord serum prolactin increases with birth weight ranging from 1500 g to 3500 g. Thus, the control of levels of circulating prolactin changes during foetal life resulting in a progressive increase starting from mid-pregnancy. Mean cord serum prolactin at birth is lower in twins than in single new-borns. There is no significant difference in serum prolactin between the first and the second twin.", "contents": "Cord serum prolactin in relation to the time of the day, the sex of the neonate and the birth weight. Serum prolactin was measured in 581 blood samples collected immediately after birth from 563 single new-born and from 9 pairs of twins. Cord serum prolactin is high at birth: the mean level is some 5 times higher than in adults. There is no sex difference in cord serum prolactin concentration in the neonate. Mean serum prolactin is significantly higher at 1.00 and 2.00 a.m. Thus a circadian periodicity in serum prolactin concentration seems to appear already during foetal life well before the organization of sleep rhythm. Cord serum prolactin increases with birth weight ranging from 1500 g to 3500 g. Thus, the control of levels of circulating prolactin changes during foetal life resulting in a progressive increase starting from mid-pregnancy. Mean cord serum prolactin at birth is lower in twins than in single new-borns. There is no significant difference in serum prolactin between the first and the second twin.", "PMID": 580129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_158", "title": "Determination of luteinizing hormone in bovine blood by radioligand receptor assay and comparison with radioimmunological evaluation.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioligand receptor assay (RRA) using rat testis homogenate as the receptor source is described for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in bovine blood. Interfering and non-specific substances in blood were removed by means of ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50. Criteria of validation such as recovery of added LH to plasma or serum, reproducibility, and specificity gave good results. Inhibition curves obtained with bovine plasma and serum were parallel to those obtained with the bovine standard preparation. The range of the dose-response curve was between 0.5-20 ng of bovine LH. The pattern of LH concentrations in purified serum samples under different physiological conditions such as during the oestrus cycle and after administration of GnRH showed a very close correlation whether measured by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) or receptor assay. Values of RRA-LH were consistently higher than those of RIA-LH. Thus the lower the RIA-LH levels, the more pronounced were the discrepancies between results of both assay systems. The mean ratio of RRA-LH/RIA-LH for basal levels (less than 1 ng RIA-LH/ml plasma) was 17.8 as compared to a mean ratio for higher peak values (more than 20 ng RIA-LH/ml plasma) of only 1.2.", "contents": "Determination of luteinizing hormone in bovine blood by radioligand receptor assay and comparison with radioimmunological evaluation. A sensitive and specific radioligand receptor assay (RRA) using rat testis homogenate as the receptor source is described for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in bovine blood. Interfering and non-specific substances in blood were removed by means of ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-50. Criteria of validation such as recovery of added LH to plasma or serum, reproducibility, and specificity gave good results. Inhibition curves obtained with bovine plasma and serum were parallel to those obtained with the bovine standard preparation. The range of the dose-response curve was between 0.5-20 ng of bovine LH. The pattern of LH concentrations in purified serum samples under different physiological conditions such as during the oestrus cycle and after administration of GnRH showed a very close correlation whether measured by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) or receptor assay. Values of RRA-LH were consistently higher than those of RIA-LH. Thus the lower the RIA-LH levels, the more pronounced were the discrepancies between results of both assay systems. The mean ratio of RRA-LH/RIA-LH for basal levels (less than 1 ng RIA-LH/ml plasma) was 17.8 as compared to a mean ratio for higher peak values (more than 20 ng RIA-LH/ml plasma) of only 1.2.", "PMID": 580130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_159", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) on small reusable sephadex columns.", "content": "A simple radioimmunoassay for serum reverse triiodothyronine on small reusable Sephadex G 25 fine columns has been developed. The assay was unaffected by serum volumes of up to 100 microliter. The recovery of reverse T3 added to serum was in the mean 98.3 +/- SEM 3.2% and the coefficient of variation within and between assay determinations 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively. The detection limit was 2.2 pg reverse T3/column. Serum reverse T3 in 58 euthyroid controls was in mean 48 +/- SD 9 ng/100 ml, and was positively correlated to age (P less than 0.001). No overlap was found between the control group, and the hypo- and hyperthyroid group respectively. Three patients with T3-toxicosis had a normal serum rT3.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) on small reusable sephadex columns. A simple radioimmunoassay for serum reverse triiodothyronine on small reusable Sephadex G 25 fine columns has been developed. The assay was unaffected by serum volumes of up to 100 microliter. The recovery of reverse T3 added to serum was in the mean 98.3 +/- SEM 3.2% and the coefficient of variation within and between assay determinations 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively. The detection limit was 2.2 pg reverse T3/column. Serum reverse T3 in 58 euthyroid controls was in mean 48 +/- SD 9 ng/100 ml, and was positively correlated to age (P less than 0.001). No overlap was found between the control group, and the hypo- and hyperthyroid group respectively. Three patients with T3-toxicosis had a normal serum rT3.", "PMID": 580133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_160", "title": "Iodoamino acid composition of poorly iodinated human thyroglobulin fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation.", "content": "The distribution of iodotyrosines and iodothyroinines has been studied in poorly iodinated 19 S thyroglobulins isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from five human thyroid tissue. The 19 S thyroglobulins have been fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation and 34.5% rubidium chloride gradient. The distribution of iodoamino acids depends on the total iodine content of each fraction. The variations in MIT) and DIT residues with increasing levels of iodination are not identical, the elevation of DIT residues being higher than that of MIT. The number of T4 residues increases quite rapidly after 5 atoms of iodine while T3 increases slightly and slowly. It is shown here that, even after fractionation of poorly iodinated thyroglobulin, the synthesis of thyroid hormones is observed at a level of iodine content as low as 1.4 and 1.8 atoms per molecule of thyroglobulin. This shows that the thyroglobulin fractions obtained by isopycnic centrifugation are still heterogeneous, although less than the initial non-fractionated thyroglobulin. In order to explain our data, it must be admitted that a large proportion of thyroglobulin molecules are not iodinated.", "contents": "Iodoamino acid composition of poorly iodinated human thyroglobulin fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation. The distribution of iodotyrosines and iodothyroinines has been studied in poorly iodinated 19 S thyroglobulins isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from five human thyroid tissue. The 19 S thyroglobulins have been fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation and 34.5% rubidium chloride gradient. The distribution of iodoamino acids depends on the total iodine content of each fraction. The variations in MIT) and DIT residues with increasing levels of iodination are not identical, the elevation of DIT residues being higher than that of MIT. The number of T4 residues increases quite rapidly after 5 atoms of iodine while T3 increases slightly and slowly. It is shown here that, even after fractionation of poorly iodinated thyroglobulin, the synthesis of thyroid hormones is observed at a level of iodine content as low as 1.4 and 1.8 atoms per molecule of thyroglobulin. This shows that the thyroglobulin fractions obtained by isopycnic centrifugation are still heterogeneous, although less than the initial non-fractionated thyroglobulin. In order to explain our data, it must be admitted that a large proportion of thyroglobulin molecules are not iodinated.", "PMID": 580134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_161", "title": "The relationship between circulating free and bound insulin, insulin antibodies, insulin dosage and diabetic control in insulin treated diabetics.", "content": "Free and bound insulin concentrations, blood glucose and anti-insulin antibody binding characteristics have been determined in 100 insulin treated diabetics; medium serum free insulin was 11 mU/l when fasting and rose to 30 mU/l after the mid-day meal. Significant correlation between blood glucose and serum free (but not bound) insulin was found. No relationship between insulin antibodies and daily insulin dose or diabetic control were found, nor a relationship between free insulin and antibody characteristics.", "contents": "The relationship between circulating free and bound insulin, insulin antibodies, insulin dosage and diabetic control in insulin treated diabetics. Free and bound insulin concentrations, blood glucose and anti-insulin antibody binding characteristics have been determined in 100 insulin treated diabetics; medium serum free insulin was 11 mU/l when fasting and rose to 30 mU/l after the mid-day meal. Significant correlation between blood glucose and serum free (but not bound) insulin was found. No relationship between insulin antibodies and daily insulin dose or diabetic control were found, nor a relationship between free insulin and antibody characteristics.", "PMID": 580135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_162", "title": "Inhibition of angiotensin III action by DES-ASP1-,ILEU8-angiotensin II in man.", "content": "In 5 normal men intravenous infusion of 600 ng/kg/min of des-asp1-ileu8-angiotensin II (AIIIA) inhibited a rise in blood pressure as well as increase in plasma aldosterone caused by an intravenous infusion of 20 or 100 ng/kg/min of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III, AIII). This result and our previous study on simultaneous infusions of 600 ng/kg/min of AIIIA and 20 ng/kg/min of angiotensin II (AII) in the same 5 normal men demonstrate that this dose of AIIIA antagonizes AIII and AII on the adrenal cortex as well as peripheral arterioles and that AIIIA has the same degree of inhibitory effect on the aldosterone-stimulating action of AIII and on that of AII in man.", "contents": "Inhibition of angiotensin III action by DES-ASP1-,ILEU8-angiotensin II in man. In 5 normal men intravenous infusion of 600 ng/kg/min of des-asp1-ileu8-angiotensin II (AIIIA) inhibited a rise in blood pressure as well as increase in plasma aldosterone caused by an intravenous infusion of 20 or 100 ng/kg/min of des-asp1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III, AIII). This result and our previous study on simultaneous infusions of 600 ng/kg/min of AIIIA and 20 ng/kg/min of angiotensin II (AII) in the same 5 normal men demonstrate that this dose of AIIIA antagonizes AIII and AII on the adrenal cortex as well as peripheral arterioles and that AIIIA has the same degree of inhibitory effect on the aldosterone-stimulating action of AIII and on that of AII in man.", "PMID": 580136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_163", "title": "The effects of arginine vasotocin on pregnant Mare's serum-induced ovulation in the immature female rat.", "content": "Arginine vasotocin (AVT) treatment (1 microgram/injection) every two hours beginning at 06.00 h on the morning preceding expected ovulation significantly inhibited ovulation in 29-day-old immature female rats treated 2 days earlier with 30 IU of PMS. Pre-ovulatory plasma surges and pituitary decreases in LH, FSH and prolactin as measured by radioimmunoassay were not eliminated by AVT treatment. However, there appeared to be an early rise in plasma FSH in these rats and the maximum plasma LH value attained during the surge period in PMS-treated rats was elevated by AVT treatment. Arginine vasotocin significantly inhibited the increase in ovarian weight which occurs in PMS-treated rats on the day preceding ovulation and uterine weights were consistently depressed in AVT-treated rats. The results of this study indicate that AVT likely inhibits PMS-induced ovulation at the level of the ovary, although the possibility cannot be ruled out that inhibition resulted from the advancement of the plasma FSH rise. These data and other studies investigating the effects of AVT on reproduction indicate that AVT is possibly capable of acting at more than one level of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis.", "contents": "The effects of arginine vasotocin on pregnant Mare's serum-induced ovulation in the immature female rat. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) treatment (1 microgram/injection) every two hours beginning at 06.00 h on the morning preceding expected ovulation significantly inhibited ovulation in 29-day-old immature female rats treated 2 days earlier with 30 IU of PMS. Pre-ovulatory plasma surges and pituitary decreases in LH, FSH and prolactin as measured by radioimmunoassay were not eliminated by AVT treatment. However, there appeared to be an early rise in plasma FSH in these rats and the maximum plasma LH value attained during the surge period in PMS-treated rats was elevated by AVT treatment. Arginine vasotocin significantly inhibited the increase in ovarian weight which occurs in PMS-treated rats on the day preceding ovulation and uterine weights were consistently depressed in AVT-treated rats. The results of this study indicate that AVT likely inhibits PMS-induced ovulation at the level of the ovary, although the possibility cannot be ruled out that inhibition resulted from the advancement of the plasma FSH rise. These data and other studies investigating the effects of AVT on reproduction indicate that AVT is possibly capable of acting at more than one level of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis.", "PMID": 580137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_164", "title": "Suggestion of abnormal testicular steroidogenesis in some oligospermic men.", "content": "Androgen biosynthesis in the testis may be analyzed in some detail by means of techniques of in vitro incubation of small testicular biopsy specimens with suitable radiolabelled precursors. Sixty-six tissue specimens from 33 patients who underwent bilateral testicular biopsies because of infertility were incubated in vitro with [3H]pregnenolone in order to investigate the possibility of abnormalities in their steroid biosynthetic activity. As a normal control, testicular tissue obtained by testicular biopsy from a young normal volunteer was used. The distribution of metabolites in the incubates of testes from 8 infertile men differed greatly from the remaining 25 patients and the normal control. The major steroids formed from pregnenolone by the testes of those 8 men were 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 20alpha-dihydropregnenolone and and 20alpha-dihydro-17-hydroxypregnenolone. Very small amounts of delta4-3 oxo products (progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone) were formed suggesting a deficiency of 3beta-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase activity in the testes of these 8 men, possibly related to the derangement of their spermatogenic function.", "contents": "Suggestion of abnormal testicular steroidogenesis in some oligospermic men. Androgen biosynthesis in the testis may be analyzed in some detail by means of techniques of in vitro incubation of small testicular biopsy specimens with suitable radiolabelled precursors. Sixty-six tissue specimens from 33 patients who underwent bilateral testicular biopsies because of infertility were incubated in vitro with [3H]pregnenolone in order to investigate the possibility of abnormalities in their steroid biosynthetic activity. As a normal control, testicular tissue obtained by testicular biopsy from a young normal volunteer was used. The distribution of metabolites in the incubates of testes from 8 infertile men differed greatly from the remaining 25 patients and the normal control. The major steroids formed from pregnenolone by the testes of those 8 men were 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 20alpha-dihydropregnenolone and and 20alpha-dihydro-17-hydroxypregnenolone. Very small amounts of delta4-3 oxo products (progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone) were formed suggesting a deficiency of 3beta-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase activity in the testes of these 8 men, possibly related to the derangement of their spermatogenic function.", "PMID": 580138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_165", "title": "The effect of local testicular irradiation on testicular histology and plasma hormone levels in the male rat.", "content": "Adult male rats were subjected to local testicular irradiation, plasma hormone levels and testicular histology being quantified at intervals up to 52 days thereafter. LH and FSH increased coincidently with spermatid but not with spermatocyte or spermatogonia depletion. Testosterone levels seemed to decrease but this effect was not significant. Oestradiol levels showed no significant changes. From the correlations between the various parameters it was concluded that the lack of inhibin was the main cause of the increase in both LH and FSH and that spermatids provide the signal for production of this non-steroidal inhibitor. The site of inhibin production was not definitively established but the results would be consistent with production of inhibin by the Sertoli cells in association with spermatids.", "contents": "The effect of local testicular irradiation on testicular histology and plasma hormone levels in the male rat. Adult male rats were subjected to local testicular irradiation, plasma hormone levels and testicular histology being quantified at intervals up to 52 days thereafter. LH and FSH increased coincidently with spermatid but not with spermatocyte or spermatogonia depletion. Testosterone levels seemed to decrease but this effect was not significant. Oestradiol levels showed no significant changes. From the correlations between the various parameters it was concluded that the lack of inhibin was the main cause of the increase in both LH and FSH and that spermatids provide the signal for production of this non-steroidal inhibitor. The site of inhibin production was not definitively established but the results would be consistent with production of inhibin by the Sertoli cells in association with spermatids.", "PMID": 580139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_166", "title": "Kininase inhibition by glucagon.", "content": "In vitro glucagon (1-100 microgram/ml) has been shown to inhibit the degradation of bradykinin by kininases present in kidney microsomes and erythrocytes. Glucagon was less active on kininases present in plasma and was inactive on purified pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. In conscious dogs the intravenous infusion of glucagon (10 microgram/min) increased urine flow (160%) and urine kinin excretion (130%) and decreased urine kallikrein excretion (14%). It is suggested that in vivo inhibition of kininases might contribute to the biological effects of glucagon.", "contents": "Kininase inhibition by glucagon. In vitro glucagon (1-100 microgram/ml) has been shown to inhibit the degradation of bradykinin by kininases present in kidney microsomes and erythrocytes. Glucagon was less active on kininases present in plasma and was inactive on purified pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. In conscious dogs the intravenous infusion of glucagon (10 microgram/min) increased urine flow (160%) and urine kinin excretion (130%) and decreased urine kallikrein excretion (14%). It is suggested that in vivo inhibition of kininases might contribute to the biological effects of glucagon.", "PMID": 580144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_167", "title": "Unusual heterozygotes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.", "content": "Three otherwise healthy relatives of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and salt-wasting presented with clinical and/or biochemical findings, which exceeded those usually seen in heterozygotes: Two females (1 mother and 1 prepubertal sister of a patient with CAH) had marked hypertrichosis and hirsutism and excreted pregnanetriolone in their urine. The mother had increased basal plasma 17alpha-OH-progesterone (296 ng/100 ml), which increased to 7170 ng/100 ml after ACTH as in homozygotes of CAH. One adult male (brother of a patient with CAH) was clinically normal, but also excreted pregnanetriolone and had a high plasma 17alpha-OH-progesterone (1905 ng/100 ml), which increased further to 6352 ng/100 ml after ACTH. It is concluded that these subjects represent unusually marked heterozygotes of CAH rather than mild homozygotes. In females, this condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic hirsutism, in males, it will pass unnoticed, unless relatives of patients with CAH are systematically tested.", "contents": "Unusual heterozygotes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Three otherwise healthy relatives of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and salt-wasting presented with clinical and/or biochemical findings, which exceeded those usually seen in heterozygotes: Two females (1 mother and 1 prepubertal sister of a patient with CAH) had marked hypertrichosis and hirsutism and excreted pregnanetriolone in their urine. The mother had increased basal plasma 17alpha-OH-progesterone (296 ng/100 ml), which increased to 7170 ng/100 ml after ACTH as in homozygotes of CAH. One adult male (brother of a patient with CAH) was clinically normal, but also excreted pregnanetriolone and had a high plasma 17alpha-OH-progesterone (1905 ng/100 ml), which increased further to 6352 ng/100 ml after ACTH. It is concluded that these subjects represent unusually marked heterozygotes of CAH rather than mild homozygotes. In females, this condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic hirsutism, in males, it will pass unnoticed, unless relatives of patients with CAH are systematically tested.", "PMID": 580145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_168", "title": "Evidence for extratumoural storage of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma patients.", "content": "Following the removal of a pheochromocytoma in three female patients the daily excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites was still considerably elevated for about one week. The excretion rates declined during this period with half-lives of 1.8 to 10.9 days for catecholamines and 2.1 to 4.7 days for metanephrines, vanilmandelic acid, and vanilglycol. The cumulative urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites following surgical removal of the tumour was nearly as high as the catecholamine content of the pheochromocytomas. This large amount of catecholamines must have been located outside the tumour, most probably within the sympathetic nerve, where it is subject to release following physiological stimuli. Furthermore, this fact may provide an explanation for hypertensive crises in pheochromocytoma patients.", "contents": "Evidence for extratumoural storage of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma patients. Following the removal of a pheochromocytoma in three female patients the daily excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites was still considerably elevated for about one week. The excretion rates declined during this period with half-lives of 1.8 to 10.9 days for catecholamines and 2.1 to 4.7 days for metanephrines, vanilmandelic acid, and vanilglycol. The cumulative urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites following surgical removal of the tumour was nearly as high as the catecholamine content of the pheochromocytomas. This large amount of catecholamines must have been located outside the tumour, most probably within the sympathetic nerve, where it is subject to release following physiological stimuli. Furthermore, this fact may provide an explanation for hypertensive crises in pheochromocytoma patients.", "PMID": 580147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_169", "title": "The metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by tissues from the human uterus and foeto-placental unit.", "content": "The biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 was studied in cell-free homogenates of tissues from the uterus and foeto-placental unit using specific in vitro methods. The results show that the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 is greater in endometrial tissue from the secretory phase (53.07 +/- 39.05; ng/100 mg wet tissue/h) than from the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. Furthermore, endometrial tissue forms more of this compound than myometrium (P less than 0.005). During early pregnancy, synthesis is decreased (25.10 +/- 16.62); at term, myometrium produces more prostaglandin E2 than decidua. During labour, however, decidual tissue accumulates more of this compound (52.73 +/- 18.04) than either myometrium (34.71 +/- 13.19) or cord (28.63 +/- 11.71). The catabolic enzymes are most active in the placenta and chorion, followed by the cord, myometrium, decidua and amnion, but the differences have only a slight effect on the amounts of prostaglandin E2 which remain at the end of the incubation. The results suggest a high turnover of prostaglandin E2 in the decidua, myometrium and cord.", "contents": "The metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by tissues from the human uterus and foeto-placental unit. The biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 was studied in cell-free homogenates of tissues from the uterus and foeto-placental unit using specific in vitro methods. The results show that the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 is greater in endometrial tissue from the secretory phase (53.07 +/- 39.05; ng/100 mg wet tissue/h) than from the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. Furthermore, endometrial tissue forms more of this compound than myometrium (P less than 0.005). During early pregnancy, synthesis is decreased (25.10 +/- 16.62); at term, myometrium produces more prostaglandin E2 than decidua. During labour, however, decidual tissue accumulates more of this compound (52.73 +/- 18.04) than either myometrium (34.71 +/- 13.19) or cord (28.63 +/- 11.71). The catabolic enzymes are most active in the placenta and chorion, followed by the cord, myometrium, decidua and amnion, but the differences have only a slight effect on the amounts of prostaglandin E2 which remain at the end of the incubation. The results suggest a high turnover of prostaglandin E2 in the decidua, myometrium and cord.", "PMID": 580150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_170", "title": "Serum-testosterone during oral administration of testosterone in hypogonadal men and transsexual women.", "content": "Testosterone tablets of crystal size 2-5 micrometer were administered orally for 10 dags to 3 human subjects with low endogenous serum testosterone (se-T) levels. Fifty mg testosterone increased se-T slightly, while one daily dose of 200 mg maintained the se-T level within normal range for men for more than 12h. No cumulative effect was seen. Seven further subjects with low androgen production ingested 100 or 200 mg testosterone of crystal size 125-400 micrometer. Blood samples were taken frequently during the 24 h period following administration of the testosterone and se-T levels determined. Testosterone levels in serum increased in 6 patients and was maintained within the normal male range for 5-7 h. In one subject a slight but significant increase in se-T was observed although the level did not reach the normal male range. Although it has been shown that it is possible to use orally administered testosterone to maintain se-T levels in the normal male range, the convenience to the patient must be balanced against the cost and possible side effects of the large doses required.", "contents": "Serum-testosterone during oral administration of testosterone in hypogonadal men and transsexual women. Testosterone tablets of crystal size 2-5 micrometer were administered orally for 10 dags to 3 human subjects with low endogenous serum testosterone (se-T) levels. Fifty mg testosterone increased se-T slightly, while one daily dose of 200 mg maintained the se-T level within normal range for men for more than 12h. No cumulative effect was seen. Seven further subjects with low androgen production ingested 100 or 200 mg testosterone of crystal size 125-400 micrometer. Blood samples were taken frequently during the 24 h period following administration of the testosterone and se-T levels determined. Testosterone levels in serum increased in 6 patients and was maintained within the normal male range for 5-7 h. In one subject a slight but significant increase in se-T was observed although the level did not reach the normal male range. Although it has been shown that it is possible to use orally administered testosterone to maintain se-T levels in the normal male range, the convenience to the patient must be balanced against the cost and possible side effects of the large doses required.", "PMID": 580151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_171", "title": "Inhibition of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase by and antiandrogenicity of allenic 3-keto-5,10-secosteroids.", "content": "(4R)-5,10-seco-19-norpregna-4,5-diene-3,10,20-trione(II), A 3-keto-5,10-secosteroid which is an irreversible inhibitor of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase was tested for its possible antiandrogenicity in the hamster flank organ test. The organs of female animals topically treated with 4 microgram of testosterone propionate (TP) for 4 weeks enlarged in size and showed pigmentation resembling adult males. When compound II was applied concomitantly with TP, androgenic stimulation was completely blocked and the flank organs remained small like those of female animals. These results suggest that compound II may be a useful anti-androgen when applied topically. It may well act mainly by inhibition of the formation of 5alphs-reduced metabolites was markedly inhibited.", "contents": "Inhibition of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase by and antiandrogenicity of allenic 3-keto-5,10-secosteroids. (4R)-5,10-seco-19-norpregna-4,5-diene-3,10,20-trione(II), A 3-keto-5,10-secosteroid which is an irreversible inhibitor of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase was tested for its possible antiandrogenicity in the hamster flank organ test. The organs of female animals topically treated with 4 microgram of testosterone propionate (TP) for 4 weeks enlarged in size and showed pigmentation resembling adult males. When compound II was applied concomitantly with TP, androgenic stimulation was completely blocked and the flank organs remained small like those of female animals. These results suggest that compound II may be a useful anti-androgen when applied topically. It may well act mainly by inhibition of the formation of 5alphs-reduced metabolites was markedly inhibited.", "PMID": 580152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_172", "title": "Reversibility of the effects of cyclophosphamide on collagen: biochemical studies on skin and granulation tissue and determination of thermal stability of tail tendons of rats.", "content": "Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Treatment with cyclophosphamide in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days caused an increase in acid soluble OH-proline and a decrease in alpha/beta ratio of acid soluble collagen of granulation tissue. Forty-two days of continuous cyclophosphamide treatment caused a decrease in dry weight, in free OH-proline, and in salt soluble OH-proline in granulation tissue. These findings are in accordance with previous observations of a decreased collagen synthesis and an inhibited collagen degradation in granulation tissue after cyclophosphamide treatment. In skin, the only change after cyclophosphamide was a decrease in total content of OH-proline and an increase in alpha/beta ratio of acid soluble collagen after 42 days of treatment. No effect of the subcutaneous sponge implantation was observed on the collagen variables in the skin. In comparison with unstarved controls, a reduction in dry weight and in free OH-proline in granulation tissue, as well as an increase in salt soluble OH-proline in the skin were observed 28 days after a 14-day treatment with cyclophosphamide. These observations indicate a sustained effect of cyclophosphamide on collagen 28 days after cessation of treatment. In addition the thermal stability of rat tail tendons was decreased 28 days after withdrawal of cyclophosphamide to the same extent as after starvation for 42 days and after 42 days of continuous cyclophosphamide treatment. It is concluded that the cyclophosphamide-induced collagen alterations, which may be of importance in the anti-inflammatory action of cyclophosphamide, are only in part reversible, 28 days after cessation of 14 days of cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Reversibility of the effects of cyclophosphamide on collagen: biochemical studies on skin and granulation tissue and determination of thermal stability of tail tendons of rats. Granulation tissue was produced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Treatment with cyclophosphamide in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days caused an increase in acid soluble OH-proline and a decrease in alpha/beta ratio of acid soluble collagen of granulation tissue. Forty-two days of continuous cyclophosphamide treatment caused a decrease in dry weight, in free OH-proline, and in salt soluble OH-proline in granulation tissue. These findings are in accordance with previous observations of a decreased collagen synthesis and an inhibited collagen degradation in granulation tissue after cyclophosphamide treatment. In skin, the only change after cyclophosphamide was a decrease in total content of OH-proline and an increase in alpha/beta ratio of acid soluble collagen after 42 days of treatment. No effect of the subcutaneous sponge implantation was observed on the collagen variables in the skin. In comparison with unstarved controls, a reduction in dry weight and in free OH-proline in granulation tissue, as well as an increase in salt soluble OH-proline in the skin were observed 28 days after a 14-day treatment with cyclophosphamide. These observations indicate a sustained effect of cyclophosphamide on collagen 28 days after cessation of treatment. In addition the thermal stability of rat tail tendons was decreased 28 days after withdrawal of cyclophosphamide to the same extent as after starvation for 42 days and after 42 days of continuous cyclophosphamide treatment. It is concluded that the cyclophosphamide-induced collagen alterations, which may be of importance in the anti-inflammatory action of cyclophosphamide, are only in part reversible, 28 days after cessation of 14 days of cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 580153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_173", "title": "Glucose and cation transport in rat jejunum, ileum and colon in vivo: control experiments, and effect of cationic surfactant.", "content": "Osmotically balanced solutions of glucose (0.5-300 mM) and sodium chloride, containing cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide, 0.8-4.1 mM), were instilled into the jejunum, ileum and colon of anaesthetized rats. Net transport of glucose, sodium and potassium was studied by their disappearance from, or accumulation into the intestinal lumen during 15 min incubation. Cetrimide caused the following shifts in normal jejunal and ileal glucose absorption: At low luminal glucose levels, absorption was strongly depressed and may be converted to net secretion. At intermediate levels, inhibition was less pronounced, and at high luminal glucose levels absorption was enhanced. Similar changes were seen in the colon. Furthermore, cetrimide caused a three-fold change in the regression lines relating net sodium fluxes to the initial sodium concentration: The lines became steeper, the correlation was improved and the sodium concentration value corresponding to zero net transport was elevated. Net potassium secretion was increased. These changes are all consistent with the view that surfactants cause an increase in passive permeability. Quantitatively, the effect of cetrimide increased with localization in the order colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum. Benzalkonium chloride (0.5-1.7 mM) was tested in the ileum only, and caused quite similar effects.", "contents": "Glucose and cation transport in rat jejunum, ileum and colon in vivo: control experiments, and effect of cationic surfactant. Osmotically balanced solutions of glucose (0.5-300 mM) and sodium chloride, containing cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide, 0.8-4.1 mM), were instilled into the jejunum, ileum and colon of anaesthetized rats. Net transport of glucose, sodium and potassium was studied by their disappearance from, or accumulation into the intestinal lumen during 15 min incubation. Cetrimide caused the following shifts in normal jejunal and ileal glucose absorption: At low luminal glucose levels, absorption was strongly depressed and may be converted to net secretion. At intermediate levels, inhibition was less pronounced, and at high luminal glucose levels absorption was enhanced. Similar changes were seen in the colon. Furthermore, cetrimide caused a three-fold change in the regression lines relating net sodium fluxes to the initial sodium concentration: The lines became steeper, the correlation was improved and the sodium concentration value corresponding to zero net transport was elevated. Net potassium secretion was increased. These changes are all consistent with the view that surfactants cause an increase in passive permeability. Quantitatively, the effect of cetrimide increased with localization in the order colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum. Benzalkonium chloride (0.5-1.7 mM) was tested in the ileum only, and caused quite similar effects.", "PMID": 580154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_174", "title": "Lithium effect on temperature rhythm in psychiatric patients.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of oral temperature was studied in 55 lithium treated patients, 51 other psychiatric patients, and 58 healthy subjects. The lithium treated patients had a higher temperature than the normal controls during the 24-hour period and their temperature maximum was shifted towards an earlier time. When the lithium intake was postponed for 12 hours, temperature temporarily decreased to control values, but returned to the higher level after the lithium dose. The temperature results are discussed in relation to lithium induced changes in electrolyte metabolism.", "contents": "Lithium effect on temperature rhythm in psychiatric patients. The diurnal rhythm of oral temperature was studied in 55 lithium treated patients, 51 other psychiatric patients, and 58 healthy subjects. The lithium treated patients had a higher temperature than the normal controls during the 24-hour period and their temperature maximum was shifted towards an earlier time. When the lithium intake was postponed for 12 hours, temperature temporarily decreased to control values, but returned to the higher level after the lithium dose. The temperature results are discussed in relation to lithium induced changes in electrolyte metabolism.", "PMID": 580155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_175", "title": "Excretion of methyl mercury in rat bile: the effect of diethylmaleate, cyclohexene oxide and acrylamide.", "content": "Diethylmaleate, cyclohexene oxide and acrylamide administered intraperitoneally to rats, have been shown markedly to inhibit biliary excretion of methyl mercury. Simultaneously the sulphhydryl and sulphide content of the bile decreases. These results probably reflect the conjugation of acrylamide, diethylmaleate and cyclohexene oxide to glutathione in the liver, thereby blocking the biliary excretion of methyl mercury. A high concentration of liver glutathione seems to be a prerequisite for the normal translocation of methyl mercury from liver to bile. These results indicate that methyl mercury is transported from liver to bile as a glutathione complex.", "contents": "Excretion of methyl mercury in rat bile: the effect of diethylmaleate, cyclohexene oxide and acrylamide. Diethylmaleate, cyclohexene oxide and acrylamide administered intraperitoneally to rats, have been shown markedly to inhibit biliary excretion of methyl mercury. Simultaneously the sulphhydryl and sulphide content of the bile decreases. These results probably reflect the conjugation of acrylamide, diethylmaleate and cyclohexene oxide to glutathione in the liver, thereby blocking the biliary excretion of methyl mercury. A high concentration of liver glutathione seems to be a prerequisite for the normal translocation of methyl mercury from liver to bile. These results indicate that methyl mercury is transported from liver to bile as a glutathione complex.", "PMID": 580156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_176", "title": "Whole blood chromium level and chromium excretion in the rat after zinc chromate inhalation.", "content": "Studies on absorption and excretion of chromium in the rat exposed to known atmospheric concentrations of zinc chromate in an inhalation chamber and the influence of diurnal variations in physical activity have been carried out. Chromium analyses were performed on samples of blood, urine and faeces using a method for determining chromium in small samples of biological material based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc chromate is absorbed quickly during exposure and excreted mainly via urine. An accumulation of chromium in blood was observed, followed by a slow elimination. It is suggested that chromium from zinc chromate enters the blood in the hexavalent state.", "contents": "Whole blood chromium level and chromium excretion in the rat after zinc chromate inhalation. Studies on absorption and excretion of chromium in the rat exposed to known atmospheric concentrations of zinc chromate in an inhalation chamber and the influence of diurnal variations in physical activity have been carried out. Chromium analyses were performed on samples of blood, urine and faeces using a method for determining chromium in small samples of biological material based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc chromate is absorbed quickly during exposure and excreted mainly via urine. An accumulation of chromium in blood was observed, followed by a slow elimination. It is suggested that chromium from zinc chromate enters the blood in the hexavalent state.", "PMID": 580157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_177", "title": "Studies on the duration of local anaesthesia: a possible mechanism for the prolonging effect of dextran on the duration of infiltration anaesthesia.", "content": "The mechanism of the prolonged effect of dextran on the duration of local anaesthesia has been studied. Using radio-active mepivacaine it was found that dextran prolonged the duration of infiltration anaesthesia in guinea-pigs by delaying the absorption of the local anaesthetic agent. Experiments in vitro indicate that molecular complexes between the local anaesthetic and dextran may be formed and it is assumed that the delayed absorption might be due to the formation of such molecular complexes. This hypothesis was strengthened by experiments in which dental infiltration anaesthesias were performed in healthy volunteers.", "contents": "Studies on the duration of local anaesthesia: a possible mechanism for the prolonging effect of dextran on the duration of infiltration anaesthesia. The mechanism of the prolonged effect of dextran on the duration of local anaesthesia has been studied. Using radio-active mepivacaine it was found that dextran prolonged the duration of infiltration anaesthesia in guinea-pigs by delaying the absorption of the local anaesthetic agent. Experiments in vitro indicate that molecular complexes between the local anaesthetic and dextran may be formed and it is assumed that the delayed absorption might be due to the formation of such molecular complexes. This hypothesis was strengthened by experiments in which dental infiltration anaesthesias were performed in healthy volunteers.", "PMID": 580159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_178", "title": "Dextran-induced lowering of prekallikrein proactivator and prekallikrein in rat plasma.", "content": "The intravenous injection into rats of dextran (average MW 70,000) 10 mg/100 g caused marked hypotension after a delay of about 5 minutes. Blood samples collected by cardiac puncture at this time were tested for the amounts of prekallikrein activator (PKA) and kallikrein after acetone- and then kaolin activation of the plasminogen-free plasma. PKA was assayed by measuring the initial rate of release of benzoyl arginine esterase (BAEe) activity in a preparation of partially purified human prekallikrein, and kallikrein was assayed by measuring the BAEe esterase activity. Significant reductions of both parameters were registered, and the amount of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) present in the plasma was also reduced. Pretreatment of the rats with epsilon-aminocaproic acid intraperitoneally (200-300 mg/100 g) abolished the dextran-caused decreases in the plasma levels of the above mentioned factors, and reduced the fall in blood pressure. The addition of purified human HMWK to the plasma before the acetone activation procedure was started, increased the yield of PKA activity in the final enzyme preparation. When PKA was assayed after kaolin activation of plasma at 0 degrees using the method developed by Laake & Venner\u00f8d (1973a & b) for the determination of PKA (activated factor XII) in human plasma, no differences were registered between plasma from rats treated with dextran and plasma obtained from control rats. It is suggested that the low PKA activity of the acetone activated enzyme preparation from plasma of rats treated with dextran was due to the loss of HMWK or a fraction of HMWK.", "contents": "Dextran-induced lowering of prekallikrein proactivator and prekallikrein in rat plasma. The intravenous injection into rats of dextran (average MW 70,000) 10 mg/100 g caused marked hypotension after a delay of about 5 minutes. Blood samples collected by cardiac puncture at this time were tested for the amounts of prekallikrein activator (PKA) and kallikrein after acetone- and then kaolin activation of the plasminogen-free plasma. PKA was assayed by measuring the initial rate of release of benzoyl arginine esterase (BAEe) activity in a preparation of partially purified human prekallikrein, and kallikrein was assayed by measuring the BAEe esterase activity. Significant reductions of both parameters were registered, and the amount of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) present in the plasma was also reduced. Pretreatment of the rats with epsilon-aminocaproic acid intraperitoneally (200-300 mg/100 g) abolished the dextran-caused decreases in the plasma levels of the above mentioned factors, and reduced the fall in blood pressure. The addition of purified human HMWK to the plasma before the acetone activation procedure was started, increased the yield of PKA activity in the final enzyme preparation. When PKA was assayed after kaolin activation of plasma at 0 degrees using the method developed by Laake & Venner\u00f8d (1973a & b) for the determination of PKA (activated factor XII) in human plasma, no differences were registered between plasma from rats treated with dextran and plasma obtained from control rats. It is suggested that the low PKA activity of the acetone activated enzyme preparation from plasma of rats treated with dextran was due to the loss of HMWK or a fraction of HMWK.", "PMID": 580160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_179", "title": "Lactose malabsorption among adult Indians of the Great Basin and American Southwest.", "content": "The prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and the pattern of milk use were studied among 109 Indians from various tribes of the American Great Basin and Southwest. Included were 100 persons who reported being full-blooded Indians as well as three with Mexican admixture and 6 with some European ancestry. Lactose malabsorption was found in 92% of the full-blooded Indians but in only 50% Indians who acknowledged European admixture. These results agree with those of studies of native Americans done elsewhere which show very high prevalences of such lactose malabsorption among adults reported as fullblooded and lower prevalences among individuals with admitted European ancestors. The suggestion made is that in pre-Colombian times, before interbreeding with Europeans began on any scale, such lactose malabsorption may have been nearly universal among native American adults. Most of the Indians studied consumed abundant milk since childhood but were nevertheless predominantly malabsorbers as adults. This argues against the induction hypothesis advanced by some to explain the striking ethnic differences that occur around the world in primary adult lactose malabsorption.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption among adult Indians of the Great Basin and American Southwest. The prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and the pattern of milk use were studied among 109 Indians from various tribes of the American Great Basin and Southwest. Included were 100 persons who reported being full-blooded Indians as well as three with Mexican admixture and 6 with some European ancestry. Lactose malabsorption was found in 92% of the full-blooded Indians but in only 50% Indians who acknowledged European admixture. These results agree with those of studies of native Americans done elsewhere which show very high prevalences of such lactose malabsorption among adults reported as fullblooded and lower prevalences among individuals with admitted European ancestors. The suggestion made is that in pre-Colombian times, before interbreeding with Europeans began on any scale, such lactose malabsorption may have been nearly universal among native American adults. Most of the Indians studied consumed abundant milk since childhood but were nevertheless predominantly malabsorbers as adults. This argues against the induction hypothesis advanced by some to explain the striking ethnic differences that occur around the world in primary adult lactose malabsorption.", "PMID": 580162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_180", "title": "The incidence of urolithiasis in peptic ulcer patients.", "content": "Two hundred patients suffering from peptic ulcer have been examined for urinary stones. Two hundred healthy controls have been similary studied. In 14 patients from the first group (7%) urinary calculi were found, whereas the percentage in the second group was only 1%. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.01) (x2 distribution test). The increased incidence of peptic ulcer was attributed to the consumption of calcium in combination with easily absorbable alkalis (sodium bicarbonate). These findings must be considered in therapy for peptic ulcer diathesis.", "contents": "The incidence of urolithiasis in peptic ulcer patients. Two hundred patients suffering from peptic ulcer have been examined for urinary stones. Two hundred healthy controls have been similary studied. In 14 patients from the first group (7%) urinary calculi were found, whereas the percentage in the second group was only 1%. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.01) (x2 distribution test). The increased incidence of peptic ulcer was attributed to the consumption of calcium in combination with easily absorbable alkalis (sodium bicarbonate). These findings must be considered in therapy for peptic ulcer diathesis.", "PMID": 580163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_181", "title": "Gastric carcinoma 16 years after gastric lymphoma irradiation.", "content": "A case of gastric carcinoma, occurring 16 years after irradiation for gastric lymphoma, is presented. Factors which may have contributed to gastric carcinogenesis in this patient are discussed.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma 16 years after gastric lymphoma irradiation. A case of gastric carcinoma, occurring 16 years after irradiation for gastric lymphoma, is presented. Factors which may have contributed to gastric carcinogenesis in this patient are discussed.", "PMID": 580164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_182", "title": "Ultrasonic evidence of inflammatory thickening and fluid collection within the retrobulbar fascia: the T sign.", "content": "A case of nonfebrile and nonpyogenic but inflammatory exophthalmos in a 60-year-old woman is presented in illustration of a diagnostic enigma which has previously eluded physical and roentgen examination. With painful limitation of rotation, a less than satisfactory diagnosis of tenonitis or, less commonly, orbital pseudotumor usually has been made. The convenient assistance of contact (nonimmersion) B-scan ultrasound gives objective evidence of fluid within Tenon's space and communicating into the vaginal spaces beneath the optic nerve sheath appearing as homogeneous and echolucent areas. Concurrently there is thickening of the posterior bulbar complex and muscle sheaths evidenced by increased echo density. A definitive finding as the echolucent \"T sign\" lends substantial and specific basis for clinical management. Rapid improvement in exophthalmos, rotations, and discomfort following oral steroids (without antibiotics) further supports the etiologic concept of both noninfectious and nonendocrine ophthalmopathy. The T sign is suggested as a specific finding, rather than an artifact, differentiating this exophthalmos from neoplastic invasion or thyroidopathy.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evidence of inflammatory thickening and fluid collection within the retrobulbar fascia: the T sign. A case of nonfebrile and nonpyogenic but inflammatory exophthalmos in a 60-year-old woman is presented in illustration of a diagnostic enigma which has previously eluded physical and roentgen examination. With painful limitation of rotation, a less than satisfactory diagnosis of tenonitis or, less commonly, orbital pseudotumor usually has been made. The convenient assistance of contact (nonimmersion) B-scan ultrasound gives objective evidence of fluid within Tenon's space and communicating into the vaginal spaces beneath the optic nerve sheath appearing as homogeneous and echolucent areas. Concurrently there is thickening of the posterior bulbar complex and muscle sheaths evidenced by increased echo density. A definitive finding as the echolucent \"T sign\" lends substantial and specific basis for clinical management. Rapid improvement in exophthalmos, rotations, and discomfort following oral steroids (without antibiotics) further supports the etiologic concept of both noninfectious and nonendocrine ophthalmopathy. The T sign is suggested as a specific finding, rather than an artifact, differentiating this exophthalmos from neoplastic invasion or thyroidopathy.", "PMID": 580171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_183", "title": "The practice of infant feeding among Asian immigrants.", "content": "Nutritional problems are very common in infants and young children of Asian immigrants; most arise as a result of inadequate weaning. An Asian infant should be weaned onto a diet which takes into consideration his parents' religious and cultural customs which affect diets.", "contents": "The practice of infant feeding among Asian immigrants. Nutritional problems are very common in infants and young children of Asian immigrants; most arise as a result of inadequate weaning. An Asian infant should be weaned onto a diet which takes into consideration his parents' religious and cultural customs which affect diets.", "PMID": 580173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_184", "title": "Concurrence of Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "Early histological changes in the thyroid gland were examined in 30 patients with juvenile thyrotoxicosis, by means of needle biopsy. Based on the degree of lymphocytic infiltration and degenerative changes in follicular epithelium, results were classified into four groups. A: hyperplastic changes without cellular infiltration (6 patients, 20%); B: hyperplastic changes with areas of focal thyroiditis less than 30% of specimen (10 patients, 33%); C: those with 30 to 60% areas ot thyroiditis (10 patients, 33%); D: almost diffuse thyroiditis (4 patients, 13%). Moderate to severe lymphocytic thyroiditis was frequently present in the early stage of hyperplastic thyroid glands. The clinical significance of the 4 histological groups was evaluated. Neither clinical signs nor routine laboratory tests could differentiate these groups except group D, in which thyrotoxic signs were mild and transient. However, serum antithyroid antibodies tended to increase in accordance with severity of thyroiditis. The rate of remission was high in groups C and D, whereas relapse was frequent in group A. These results suggest that Grave's disease and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are closely related in the early stage of thyrotoxicosis in children, and that the clinical course may be considerably altered by the degree of associated thyroiditis.", "contents": "Concurrence of Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Early histological changes in the thyroid gland were examined in 30 patients with juvenile thyrotoxicosis, by means of needle biopsy. Based on the degree of lymphocytic infiltration and degenerative changes in follicular epithelium, results were classified into four groups. A: hyperplastic changes without cellular infiltration (6 patients, 20%); B: hyperplastic changes with areas of focal thyroiditis less than 30% of specimen (10 patients, 33%); C: those with 30 to 60% areas ot thyroiditis (10 patients, 33%); D: almost diffuse thyroiditis (4 patients, 13%). Moderate to severe lymphocytic thyroiditis was frequently present in the early stage of hyperplastic thyroid glands. The clinical significance of the 4 histological groups was evaluated. Neither clinical signs nor routine laboratory tests could differentiate these groups except group D, in which thyrotoxic signs were mild and transient. However, serum antithyroid antibodies tended to increase in accordance with severity of thyroiditis. The rate of remission was high in groups C and D, whereas relapse was frequent in group A. These results suggest that Grave's disease and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are closely related in the early stage of thyrotoxicosis in children, and that the clinical course may be considerably altered by the degree of associated thyroiditis.", "PMID": 580172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_185", "title": "Relationship between tubal function, craniofacial morphology and disorder of deglutition.", "content": "26 children without hearing impairment have been examined by otolaryngologists and orthodontists. According to the tubal function test in a pressure chamber they were classifed into a group with good and poor tubal function. The E.N.T. examination was unconclusive for a possible relationship between rhinological findings, mode of breathing, sinusitis, size of tonsils, nasal airway resistance and tubal function. Adenoids proved to be a mechanical impairment for active tubal function as stated by many authors. The cephalometric analysis of lateral head films combined with a static and dynamic-functional evaluation of tongue posture revealed significant differences between children with good and poor tubal function. Subjects with a vertical craniofacial growth pattern seem to be predisposed for poor tubal function. Analysing static tongue posture in children with poor tubal function the tongue lies more retracted in a backward position. The back of the tongue is flattened in relation to the palatal arch. In children with good tubal function there is a much closer contact between the back of tongue and the hard palate. Subjects with poor tubal function have an increased incidence of abnormal deglutition combined with tongue-thrust, teeth-apart swallowing, lack of sealing off the anterior oral cavity and contraction of the circumoral musculature. In children with good tubal function one can find the somatic type of swallowing that means no contractions of the circumoral muscles, no tongue-thrust during deglutition but contact of the molars and contraction of the masseter muscle.", "contents": "Relationship between tubal function, craniofacial morphology and disorder of deglutition. 26 children without hearing impairment have been examined by otolaryngologists and orthodontists. According to the tubal function test in a pressure chamber they were classifed into a group with good and poor tubal function. The E.N.T. examination was unconclusive for a possible relationship between rhinological findings, mode of breathing, sinusitis, size of tonsils, nasal airway resistance and tubal function. Adenoids proved to be a mechanical impairment for active tubal function as stated by many authors. The cephalometric analysis of lateral head films combined with a static and dynamic-functional evaluation of tongue posture revealed significant differences between children with good and poor tubal function. Subjects with a vertical craniofacial growth pattern seem to be predisposed for poor tubal function. Analysing static tongue posture in children with poor tubal function the tongue lies more retracted in a backward position. The back of the tongue is flattened in relation to the palatal arch. In children with good tubal function there is a much closer contact between the back of tongue and the hard palate. Subjects with poor tubal function have an increased incidence of abnormal deglutition combined with tongue-thrust, teeth-apart swallowing, lack of sealing off the anterior oral cavity and contraction of the circumoral musculature. In children with good tubal function one can find the somatic type of swallowing that means no contractions of the circumoral muscles, no tongue-thrust during deglutition but contact of the molars and contraction of the masseter muscle.", "PMID": 580174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_186", "title": "[Functional morphology of stria vascularis after treatment with ethacrynic acid or atoxyl (author's transl)].", "content": "Surface alterations of the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane were studied in guinea pigs following intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of ethacrynic acid or atoxyl. DC-potential was measured in the same animals during intoxication. In addition we studied changements in potassium concentration (perilymph, endolymph) of the atoxyl-treated animals.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of stria vascularis after treatment with ethacrynic acid or atoxyl (author's transl)]. Surface alterations of the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane were studied in guinea pigs following intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of ethacrynic acid or atoxyl. DC-potential was measured in the same animals during intoxication. In addition we studied changements in potassium concentration (perilymph, endolymph) of the atoxyl-treated animals.", "PMID": 580175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_187", "title": "Basic study of nasal provocative test. Second report: assessment method on provocative reaction.", "content": "Because no simple and precise method is available to test intensity of the reaction resulted from a nasal provocative test in diagnosis of nasal allergy, comparisons were made among the conventional test methods of rhinoscopy (RS), rhinomanometry (RM) and the carbon powder elimination test (CET) devised by the authors. The rhinoscopy shows high positive rates and has advantages being free from any special equipment, prolonged time or the patients' cooperation, but also had disadvantages such as requirement of skill of examiner and problems in objectivity. The carbon powder elimination test is a preferable method in that it is not only equipped with the advantages of the rhinoscopy but also makes up for its disadvantages, but a disadvantage of CET is requirement of longer time than RS. Rhinomanometry had lower positive rates and requires a special equipment, prolonged time and the skillful patients' cooperation. The disadvantage is that its impracticableness in many patients--26% impracticableness even in adult patients, but the method is fully objective. From these findings the value of Carbon Powder Elimination Test in judging provoked reactions is recognized.", "contents": "Basic study of nasal provocative test. Second report: assessment method on provocative reaction. Because no simple and precise method is available to test intensity of the reaction resulted from a nasal provocative test in diagnosis of nasal allergy, comparisons were made among the conventional test methods of rhinoscopy (RS), rhinomanometry (RM) and the carbon powder elimination test (CET) devised by the authors. The rhinoscopy shows high positive rates and has advantages being free from any special equipment, prolonged time or the patients' cooperation, but also had disadvantages such as requirement of skill of examiner and problems in objectivity. The carbon powder elimination test is a preferable method in that it is not only equipped with the advantages of the rhinoscopy but also makes up for its disadvantages, but a disadvantage of CET is requirement of longer time than RS. Rhinomanometry had lower positive rates and requires a special equipment, prolonged time and the skillful patients' cooperation. The disadvantage is that its impracticableness in many patients--26% impracticableness even in adult patients, but the method is fully objective. From these findings the value of Carbon Powder Elimination Test in judging provoked reactions is recognized.", "PMID": 580177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_188", "title": "[The objectivation of auditory and optical imaginations in the electroencephalogramm (author's transl)].", "content": "This study describes two new DC-potentials, which are related to auditory or optical imagination. The \"auditory imagination potential\" (AIP) is a negative DC-shift on the vertex lasting during the whole period of an auditory imagination. During an optical imagination there is a similar negative DC-shift in the ocipital region only. These \"imagination potentials\" can be already recognized in the \"raw-EEG\" by means of a special experimental technique. The magnitude of amplitudes correlates with the degree of concentration of the subject. In the case of intense imaginations potentials with amplitudes up to 20 muV and a duration of some seconds are recorded. The comparison between the vertex and the occipital lead permits the examination of the alternate occurence of auditory and optical conscious processes. The \"imagination potentials\" (AIP and OIP) are not related to any external stimulation or motor reaction and represent modality-specific EEG-correlates of cognitive, conscious processes (memory and imagination). Their significance for the \"objective audiometry\" is discussed.", "contents": "[The objectivation of auditory and optical imaginations in the electroencephalogramm (author's transl)]. This study describes two new DC-potentials, which are related to auditory or optical imagination. The \"auditory imagination potential\" (AIP) is a negative DC-shift on the vertex lasting during the whole period of an auditory imagination. During an optical imagination there is a similar negative DC-shift in the ocipital region only. These \"imagination potentials\" can be already recognized in the \"raw-EEG\" by means of a special experimental technique. The magnitude of amplitudes correlates with the degree of concentration of the subject. In the case of intense imaginations potentials with amplitudes up to 20 muV and a duration of some seconds are recorded. The comparison between the vertex and the occipital lead permits the examination of the alternate occurence of auditory and optical conscious processes. The \"imagination potentials\" (AIP and OIP) are not related to any external stimulation or motor reaction and represent modality-specific EEG-correlates of cognitive, conscious processes (memory and imagination). Their significance for the \"objective audiometry\" is discussed.", "PMID": 580178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_189", "title": "[Earstructures in one case of anencephalie (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the majority of cases under observation the following anomalies could be found: extended, separated or manifold developed crura of the stapes, reduction in the circular windings of the cochlea down to 1 1/2 with a normal development of Corti's organum, reduction of the nerve structures of the nervus cochlearis to a munimum and an open facial canal.", "contents": "[Earstructures in one case of anencephalie (author's transl)]. According to the majority of cases under observation the following anomalies could be found: extended, separated or manifold developed crura of the stapes, reduction in the circular windings of the cochlea down to 1 1/2 with a normal development of Corti's organum, reduction of the nerve structures of the nervus cochlearis to a munimum and an open facial canal.", "PMID": 580179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_190", "title": "Preliminary report on the effects of hyperoxia on cochlear potential in chinchilla.", "content": "Anesthestized chinchilla with round window electrodes were placed in a Plexiglas chamber. When they inhaled 100% oxygen at 1 atm, two types of neural effects were observed: 1. fast and reversible AP depression in response to brief exposure to 100% O2; and 2. a slowly developed chronic depression of AP and latency shift due to multiple hyperoxic exposures. The severity of the latter is a function of the dosage of the O2 inhaled, i.e., the concentration of oxygen and the length of time of exposure. For the type-1 effect, carbon dioxide deprivation is felt to be the immediate cause while the type-2 effect is mainly due to O2 toxicity developed at the intracellular level by high O2 concentration. The possible role of superoxide in the auditory O2 toxicity was discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the effects of hyperoxia on cochlear potential in chinchilla. Anesthestized chinchilla with round window electrodes were placed in a Plexiglas chamber. When they inhaled 100% oxygen at 1 atm, two types of neural effects were observed: 1. fast and reversible AP depression in response to brief exposure to 100% O2; and 2. a slowly developed chronic depression of AP and latency shift due to multiple hyperoxic exposures. The severity of the latter is a function of the dosage of the O2 inhaled, i.e., the concentration of oxygen and the length of time of exposure. For the type-1 effect, carbon dioxide deprivation is felt to be the immediate cause while the type-2 effect is mainly due to O2 toxicity developed at the intracellular level by high O2 concentration. The possible role of superoxide in the auditory O2 toxicity was discussed.", "PMID": 580181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_191", "title": "[Activity of parotid isoamylases in the ethionine-treated rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the effects of ethionine (an antagonist of the essential amino acid, methionine) on the enzyme synthesis in the rat-parotid gland, rats were fed methionine-deficient diet and treated with DL-ethionine for 4 and 10 days. Compared with the controls, not only the synthesis but also the secretion of parotid isoamylases was impaired by ethionine. Acinar isoamylase activities dropped initially but increased distinctly after 10 days of ethionine treatment, possibly due to intra- as well as extracellular impairment of acinar protein secretion. After another 10 days during which no ethionine was given, the described changes were no longer observed.", "contents": "[Activity of parotid isoamylases in the ethionine-treated rat (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the effects of ethionine (an antagonist of the essential amino acid, methionine) on the enzyme synthesis in the rat-parotid gland, rats were fed methionine-deficient diet and treated with DL-ethionine for 4 and 10 days. Compared with the controls, not only the synthesis but also the secretion of parotid isoamylases was impaired by ethionine. Acinar isoamylase activities dropped initially but increased distinctly after 10 days of ethionine treatment, possibly due to intra- as well as extracellular impairment of acinar protein secretion. After another 10 days during which no ethionine was given, the described changes were no longer observed.", "PMID": 580182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_192", "title": "[Pendular test and ENG in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "25 rabbits are investigated by the pendular test. By an angular acceleration of 90 degrees/s2 the averaged values of the nystagmic parameters are: the amplitude 12 mm, the frequency 8 beats in a half periode, the angle velocity of the slow component 50--60 mm/s and the threshold for the pendular test 2--5 degrees/s2 and the rotationstest 1 degree/s2. There is no vestibular habituation and no fatigue. Always the nystagmic reaction is clear and reproducible.", "contents": "[Pendular test and ENG in rabbits (author's transl)]. 25 rabbits are investigated by the pendular test. By an angular acceleration of 90 degrees/s2 the averaged values of the nystagmic parameters are: the amplitude 12 mm, the frequency 8 beats in a half periode, the angle velocity of the slow component 50--60 mm/s and the threshold for the pendular test 2--5 degrees/s2 and the rotationstest 1 degree/s2. There is no vestibular habituation and no fatigue. Always the nystagmic reaction is clear and reproducible.", "PMID": 580183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_193", "title": "Salivary gland scintigraphy. Diagnostic verification of parotid saliva flow through the maxillary sinus and nose.", "content": "The diagnostic value of salivary gland scintigraphy in patients without access to the salivary gland duct orfice is exemplified and discussed. The necessity for careful dental examination and treatment in patients with an oroantral fistula is emphasised.", "contents": "Salivary gland scintigraphy. Diagnostic verification of parotid saliva flow through the maxillary sinus and nose. The diagnostic value of salivary gland scintigraphy in patients without access to the salivary gland duct orfice is exemplified and discussed. The necessity for careful dental examination and treatment in patients with an oroantral fistula is emphasised.", "PMID": 580184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_194", "title": "[The so-called chronic hyperplastic pharyngitis in childhood. A histological screening (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of chronic pharyngitis is well defined but insufficiently clarified as to its morphological nature. In our study of 12 children with chronic pharyngitis who underwent adeno-tonsillectomies small pieces of tissue of the posterior wall of the pharynx were microscopically examined. In most instances inflammatory infiltrations were absent. Present was a variably developed hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissues. In the more pronounced hyperplasias there was a lymphoepithelial disintegration that could account for the clinical manifestations and that perhaps could also be considered as a disposing factor for a bona fide pharyngitis. The micromorphological changes were divided into 4 stages.", "contents": "[The so-called chronic hyperplastic pharyngitis in childhood. A histological screening (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of chronic pharyngitis is well defined but insufficiently clarified as to its morphological nature. In our study of 12 children with chronic pharyngitis who underwent adeno-tonsillectomies small pieces of tissue of the posterior wall of the pharynx were microscopically examined. In most instances inflammatory infiltrations were absent. Present was a variably developed hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissues. In the more pronounced hyperplasias there was a lymphoepithelial disintegration that could account for the clinical manifestations and that perhaps could also be considered as a disposing factor for a bona fide pharyngitis. The micromorphological changes were divided into 4 stages.", "PMID": 580186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_195", "title": "[Effect of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chlorethylbenzaldehyde hydrazone on aerobic glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites cells].", "content": "N'-Methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylhydrazones are potent inducers of aerobic glycolysis of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (E.A.) cells without influencing directly the respiration which is reduced only after glycolysis is at its maximum. This induction of glycolysis is not influenced by simultaneous blocking of respiration by potassium cyanide. A primary attack on the cell membrane leading to an increased glucose influx is discussed because of the in vitro inhibition of these beta-chloroethylhydrazones of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidoreductase.", "contents": "[Effect of N'-methyl-N'-beta-chlorethylbenzaldehyde hydrazone on aerobic glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites cells]. N'-Methyl-N'-beta-chloroethylhydrazones are potent inducers of aerobic glycolysis of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (E.A.) cells without influencing directly the respiration which is reduced only after glycolysis is at its maximum. This induction of glycolysis is not influenced by simultaneous blocking of respiration by potassium cyanide. A primary attack on the cell membrane leading to an increased glucose influx is discussed because of the in vitro inhibition of these beta-chloroethylhydrazones of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidoreductase.", "PMID": 580190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_196", "title": "Inhibition of cholinesterase by epinephrine and norepinephrine.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase were found to be inhibited by each other's substrate. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by low concentration of epinephrine or norepinephrine was found to follow first-order reaction kinetics. The constants characterising this inhibition, the bimolecular rate ka (51.8 M-1 min-1 for epinephrine and 15.9 M-1 min-1 for norepinephrine) and the enzyme inhibitor dissociation constant (8.52 mM for epinephrine and 12.2 mM norepinephrine) were determined. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by epinephrine was found to be of the mixed type while its inhibition by norepinephrine was of the competitive type.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholinesterase by epinephrine and norepinephrine. Acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase were found to be inhibited by each other's substrate. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by low concentration of epinephrine or norepinephrine was found to follow first-order reaction kinetics. The constants characterising this inhibition, the bimolecular rate ka (51.8 M-1 min-1 for epinephrine and 15.9 M-1 min-1 for norepinephrine) and the enzyme inhibitor dissociation constant (8.52 mM for epinephrine and 12.2 mM norepinephrine) were determined. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by epinephrine was found to be of the mixed type while its inhibition by norepinephrine was of the competitive type.", "PMID": 580191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_197", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VIII. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on the regeneration of bone tissue.", "content": "Artificially induced bone tissue losses after the application of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) showed an accelerated rate of ossification. The osteogenetic process was just about half as long as in the control group.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. VIII. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on the regeneration of bone tissue. Artificially induced bone tissue losses after the application of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) showed an accelerated rate of ossification. The osteogenetic process was just about half as long as in the control group.", "PMID": 580194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_198", "title": "[Xanthinol nicotinate and wound healing].", "content": "In an experimental study the local effect of i.v. applied xantinol-nicotinate (Complamin) on healing skin incisions in rats was studied. In conclusion, there was a higher ultimate tensile strength of wounds treated by the agent, based on the increased synthesis of collagen fibres. This statement was proved by the alteration of free hydroxyproline in serum. Histologically, there was an intensive vascularization of the wound healing area. Concerning the elastic behaviour we found a more rigid regenerative tissue in the early phases of healing on account of the enhanced thickness of the wound area.", "contents": "[Xanthinol nicotinate and wound healing]. In an experimental study the local effect of i.v. applied xantinol-nicotinate (Complamin) on healing skin incisions in rats was studied. In conclusion, there was a higher ultimate tensile strength of wounds treated by the agent, based on the increased synthesis of collagen fibres. This statement was proved by the alteration of free hydroxyproline in serum. Histologically, there was an intensive vascularization of the wound healing area. Concerning the elastic behaviour we found a more rigid regenerative tissue in the early phases of healing on account of the enhanced thickness of the wound area.", "PMID": 580195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_199", "title": "Major pharmacological effects of 6-methoxytetrahydro-beta-carboline, a drug elevating the tissue 5-hydroxytryptamine level.", "content": "Major pharmacological effects of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-methoxytryptoline, 6-MeOTHBC) are described. It seemed to have a weak effect of its own on 5-HT-receptors. It is concluded that most of the effects, like the increase of rectal temperature after peripheral administration and decrease and then increase after intrahypothalamic application as well as the antagonism of the group toxicity of amphetamine without effect on norepinephrine toxicity or barbiturate sleeping time, can result from the increase of tissue 5-HT-concentration and/or inhibition of 5-HT-uptake.", "contents": "Major pharmacological effects of 6-methoxytetrahydro-beta-carboline, a drug elevating the tissue 5-hydroxytryptamine level. Major pharmacological effects of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-methoxytryptoline, 6-MeOTHBC) are described. It seemed to have a weak effect of its own on 5-HT-receptors. It is concluded that most of the effects, like the increase of rectal temperature after peripheral administration and decrease and then increase after intrahypothalamic application as well as the antagonism of the group toxicity of amphetamine without effect on norepinephrine toxicity or barbiturate sleeping time, can result from the increase of tissue 5-HT-concentration and/or inhibition of 5-HT-uptake.", "PMID": 580196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_200", "title": "Inhibition of bile salt excretion and bile flow by spasmolytic drugs. An additional therapeutic effect in the treatment of biliary colics?", "content": "The influence of the spasmolytic drugs hyoscin-N-butylbromide (HBB, Buscopan) and Extractum opii (E. opii) on bile flow, bile salt and bilirubin excretion is investigated in the cholecystectomized, unanaesthetized pig and compared with the results after acute, quantitative interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) by biliary drainage. The results demonstrate that HBB and E. opii induce a significant decrease in bile flow and bile salt excretion. A further analysis suggests that this effect is due to an inhibition of intestinal motility and transit time, followed by a delay of the EHC of bile salts with a decrease in biliary bile salt excretion and bile salt dependent bile flow. The results point out a second mechanism that might be responsible for the effectiveness of spasmolytic drugs in the treatment of biliary colics: the lowering of intraluminal pressure by inhibition of bile salt dependent bile flow.", "contents": "Inhibition of bile salt excretion and bile flow by spasmolytic drugs. An additional therapeutic effect in the treatment of biliary colics? The influence of the spasmolytic drugs hyoscin-N-butylbromide (HBB, Buscopan) and Extractum opii (E. opii) on bile flow, bile salt and bilirubin excretion is investigated in the cholecystectomized, unanaesthetized pig and compared with the results after acute, quantitative interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) by biliary drainage. The results demonstrate that HBB and E. opii induce a significant decrease in bile flow and bile salt excretion. A further analysis suggests that this effect is due to an inhibition of intestinal motility and transit time, followed by a delay of the EHC of bile salts with a decrease in biliary bile salt excretion and bile salt dependent bile flow. The results point out a second mechanism that might be responsible for the effectiveness of spasmolytic drugs in the treatment of biliary colics: the lowering of intraluminal pressure by inhibition of bile salt dependent bile flow.", "PMID": 580197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_201", "title": "Experiments on the influence of an aromatic retinoid on the chemical carcinogenesis in rats by butyl-butanol-nitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "In male Sprague-Dawley rats it was tested whether the induction of carcinomas of the bladder by butyl-butanol-nitrosamine (BBN) and the induction of carcinomas of the colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) could be influenced by an aromatic retinoid ethyl-allyl-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (RO 10-9359). Neither an inhibitory nor an enhancing effect of the retinoid on carcinogenesis was observed.", "contents": "Experiments on the influence of an aromatic retinoid on the chemical carcinogenesis in rats by butyl-butanol-nitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In male Sprague-Dawley rats it was tested whether the induction of carcinomas of the bladder by butyl-butanol-nitrosamine (BBN) and the induction of carcinomas of the colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) could be influenced by an aromatic retinoid ethyl-allyl-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (RO 10-9359). Neither an inhibitory nor an enhancing effect of the retinoid on carcinogenesis was observed.", "PMID": 580198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_202", "title": "[Increase in rat liver synthesis of fatty acids and glycerol phospholipids following parenteral application of silybin-dihemisuccinate].", "content": "1. 1 h after i.p. injection of 150.6 mg/kg silybin-dihemisuccinate the synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids was studied. 2. Measured as 3H incorporation after i.v. injection of 3H2O the synthesis of fatty acids was enhanced by silybin. Incorporation of [1-14C]-acetic acid in fatty acids of the postmitochondrial supernatant of liver homogenates was not influenced by silybin. The enhanced synthesis of fatty acids seems to be caused by an enhanced concentration of citrate, which was paralleled by a lowered pyruvate concentration and pyruvate-dehydrogenase activity. 3. In liver homogenates of silybin-treated animals the acylation of [U-14C]-glycerol-3-phosphate was increased as a measure of glycerolipid synthesis.", "contents": "[Increase in rat liver synthesis of fatty acids and glycerol phospholipids following parenteral application of silybin-dihemisuccinate]. 1. 1 h after i.p. injection of 150.6 mg/kg silybin-dihemisuccinate the synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids was studied. 2. Measured as 3H incorporation after i.v. injection of 3H2O the synthesis of fatty acids was enhanced by silybin. Incorporation of [1-14C]-acetic acid in fatty acids of the postmitochondrial supernatant of liver homogenates was not influenced by silybin. The enhanced synthesis of fatty acids seems to be caused by an enhanced concentration of citrate, which was paralleled by a lowered pyruvate concentration and pyruvate-dehydrogenase activity. 3. In liver homogenates of silybin-treated animals the acylation of [U-14C]-glycerol-3-phosphate was increased as a measure of glycerolipid synthesis.", "PMID": 580199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_203", "title": "The role of the anterior pituitary gland in progestagen-induced proliferative mammary gland changes in the beagle.", "content": "Widespread use of the Beagle dog for long-term toxicity studies of hormonal contraceptives including progestagens-only, have resulted in proliferative mammary gland changes. The \"tumorigenic potency\" of progestagens in the dog has been related to an interaction between progestagens and prolactin (PRL) or growth hormone (GH) secretion. We therefore investigated the effect of a hydroxy-progesterone type progestagen (cyproterone acetate, CPA) and a nortestosterone type progestagen (norethisterone oenanthate) on serum PRL and GH concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of CPA on the GH and PRL producing cells of the anterior pituitary was examined immunoenzyme-cytochemically. Regardless of the structural type of the progestagens tested and the presence of mammary gland enlargement, serum PRL and GH levels were not clearly enhanced. Similarly, the immunoenzyme-cytochemical investigations of the anterior pituitary gland after treatment with CPA showed the PRL cells to be unaffected. In contrast, the GH producing cells exhibited obvious morphological signs of increased secretory activity even before related changes in serum GH concentrations became detectable.", "contents": "The role of the anterior pituitary gland in progestagen-induced proliferative mammary gland changes in the beagle. Widespread use of the Beagle dog for long-term toxicity studies of hormonal contraceptives including progestagens-only, have resulted in proliferative mammary gland changes. The \"tumorigenic potency\" of progestagens in the dog has been related to an interaction between progestagens and prolactin (PRL) or growth hormone (GH) secretion. We therefore investigated the effect of a hydroxy-progesterone type progestagen (cyproterone acetate, CPA) and a nortestosterone type progestagen (norethisterone oenanthate) on serum PRL and GH concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of CPA on the GH and PRL producing cells of the anterior pituitary was examined immunoenzyme-cytochemically. Regardless of the structural type of the progestagens tested and the presence of mammary gland enlargement, serum PRL and GH levels were not clearly enhanced. Similarly, the immunoenzyme-cytochemical investigations of the anterior pituitary gland after treatment with CPA showed the PRL cells to be unaffected. In contrast, the GH producing cells exhibited obvious morphological signs of increased secretory activity even before related changes in serum GH concentrations became detectable.", "PMID": 580200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_204", "title": "Zipeprol metabolism in man and in the animal.", "content": "The urinary metabolism of 1-(2-methoxy-2-phenyl)-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-3-phenyl)-propyl-piperazine dihydrochloride (zipeprol) was studied in man, the dog and the rat. Zipeprol metabolites seemed comparable in man and rat. The principal metabolites isolated from urine were identified by TLC, GLC, IR and mass spectrometry. Zipeprol is partially eliminated untransformed from the body, is mainly metabolised by N-dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation and methylation.", "contents": "Zipeprol metabolism in man and in the animal. The urinary metabolism of 1-(2-methoxy-2-phenyl)-ethyl-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-3-phenyl)-propyl-piperazine dihydrochloride (zipeprol) was studied in man, the dog and the rat. Zipeprol metabolites seemed comparable in man and rat. The principal metabolites isolated from urine were identified by TLC, GLC, IR and mass spectrometry. Zipeprol is partially eliminated untransformed from the body, is mainly metabolised by N-dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation and methylation.", "PMID": 580201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_205", "title": "[Isolation and pharmacodynamic activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone from Nardostachys jatamansi DC].", "content": "The known sesquiterpene valeranone (= Yatamanson) was isolated from the subterranian parts of Nardostachys yatamansi (DC). It was pharmacologically investigated in animal experiments of sedative, tranquilizing and antihypertensive properties. In some experiments, typical for tranquilizers, certain activities could be demonstrated such as the prolongation of barbiturate hypnosis, the impairment of rotarod performance, an anticonvulsive activity on electric shock and potentiation of the body-temperature lowering activity of reserpine. In three other pharmacological models an anti-ulcer action was detected. In general the activity of valeranone was lower than those of the standard substances used. As regards the hypotensive property only a weak activity was demonstrated. In toxicological studies on rats and mice an oral LD50 of greater than 3160 mg/kg was found, which suggests the possibility of a therapeutically useful dose ratio.", "contents": "[Isolation and pharmacodynamic activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone from Nardostachys jatamansi DC]. The known sesquiterpene valeranone (= Yatamanson) was isolated from the subterranian parts of Nardostachys yatamansi (DC). It was pharmacologically investigated in animal experiments of sedative, tranquilizing and antihypertensive properties. In some experiments, typical for tranquilizers, certain activities could be demonstrated such as the prolongation of barbiturate hypnosis, the impairment of rotarod performance, an anticonvulsive activity on electric shock and potentiation of the body-temperature lowering activity of reserpine. In three other pharmacological models an anti-ulcer action was detected. In general the activity of valeranone was lower than those of the standard substances used. As regards the hypotensive property only a weak activity was demonstrated. In toxicological studies on rats and mice an oral LD50 of greater than 3160 mg/kg was found, which suggests the possibility of a therapeutically useful dose ratio.", "PMID": 580202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_206", "title": "[Antibiotic concentration in postoperative wound fluid during short-term prevention with cephalosporins].", "content": "Antibiotic concentrations were measured in wound fluid from Redon-drains and in serum during short-time prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery. 1. Chephaloridine and cephazolin concentrations in wound fluid rose to therapeutic levels. 3 h after i.v. application of 1 g concentrations in wound fluid and in serum were nearly identical. 6 and 12 h after application the concentrations in wound fluid were significantly higher than those in the serum. 2. At the end of the 12-h interval of administration the mean concentrations of both antibiotics as well in wound fluid as in serum remained at therapeutic levels. 3. For reasons of their good diffusion into the wounds both cephaloridine and cefazolin should be appropriate for short-time prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery.", "contents": "[Antibiotic concentration in postoperative wound fluid during short-term prevention with cephalosporins]. Antibiotic concentrations were measured in wound fluid from Redon-drains and in serum during short-time prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery. 1. Chephaloridine and cephazolin concentrations in wound fluid rose to therapeutic levels. 3 h after i.v. application of 1 g concentrations in wound fluid and in serum were nearly identical. 6 and 12 h after application the concentrations in wound fluid were significantly higher than those in the serum. 2. At the end of the 12-h interval of administration the mean concentrations of both antibiotics as well in wound fluid as in serum remained at therapeutic levels. 3. For reasons of their good diffusion into the wounds both cephaloridine and cefazolin should be appropriate for short-time prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery.", "PMID": 580203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_207", "title": "Serum prolactin levels after a single and subchronic oral administration of chlorpromazine and sulpiride. A cross-over study in healthy volunteers.", "content": "The effect of a single antianxiety dose of chlorpromazine (100 mg) and sulpiride (200 mg) on serum prolactin and gonadotrophins was studied in 6 healthy women in a cross-over study. Another 10 healthy students, 5 women and 5 men, ingested cross-over sulpiride 50 mg t.i.d. for 2 weeks and chlorpromazine 10 mg t.i.d. for 1 week followed by 20 mg t.i.d. for the second week, and serum prolactin levels were measured on the 7th and 14th day after the beginning of the treatment. In acute study sulpiride caused a fivefold increase in serum prolactin at 1 h. Chlorpromazine induced a slower and smaller increase. Prolactin concentrations remained raised for at least 6 h. The initial raised prolactin concentration induced by sulpiride was associated with antidiuresis. The only change in gonadotrophins was the decrease of serum LH caused by chlorpromazine at 3 h. Subchronic administration of sulpiride (50 mg t.i.d.) caused in both sexes a significantly (P less than 0.05 to 0.01) greater increase of prolactin than did chlorpromazine (10 or 20 mg t.i.d.). It is concluded that in doses useful in the treatment of neurotic patients sulpiride causes a greater increase in serum prolactin levels than does chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels after a single and subchronic oral administration of chlorpromazine and sulpiride. A cross-over study in healthy volunteers. The effect of a single antianxiety dose of chlorpromazine (100 mg) and sulpiride (200 mg) on serum prolactin and gonadotrophins was studied in 6 healthy women in a cross-over study. Another 10 healthy students, 5 women and 5 men, ingested cross-over sulpiride 50 mg t.i.d. for 2 weeks and chlorpromazine 10 mg t.i.d. for 1 week followed by 20 mg t.i.d. for the second week, and serum prolactin levels were measured on the 7th and 14th day after the beginning of the treatment. In acute study sulpiride caused a fivefold increase in serum prolactin at 1 h. Chlorpromazine induced a slower and smaller increase. Prolactin concentrations remained raised for at least 6 h. The initial raised prolactin concentration induced by sulpiride was associated with antidiuresis. The only change in gonadotrophins was the decrease of serum LH caused by chlorpromazine at 3 h. Subchronic administration of sulpiride (50 mg t.i.d.) caused in both sexes a significantly (P less than 0.05 to 0.01) greater increase of prolactin than did chlorpromazine (10 or 20 mg t.i.d.). It is concluded that in doses useful in the treatment of neurotic patients sulpiride causes a greater increase in serum prolactin levels than does chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 580204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_208", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of multilayer vincamine dragees. Study of normal subjects].", "content": "The study deals with the bioavailability of a newly developed vincamine multi-layer dragee (Pervincamin forte retard) which showed an extremely continuous release of the active principle in vitro. Furthermore the correlation between half-life and age of the volunteers was to be established. The investigations were performed on six volunteers. After GC analysis of the vincamine-serum concentration the following pharmacokinetic profile could be established: The substance appears in the streaming blood with an invasion half-life of 53 min. The maximum is reached after 3 h. After oral application of 16 mg the concentration will amount to 36 ng/ml. The apparent elimination half-life caused by the sustained release from of the multi-layer dragee was 9.13 h. 24 h after application there was still a mean serum concentration of 5.74 ng/ml to be detected. Between age of the subjects and serum half-life is a marked linear correlation.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of multilayer vincamine dragees. Study of normal subjects]. The study deals with the bioavailability of a newly developed vincamine multi-layer dragee (Pervincamin forte retard) which showed an extremely continuous release of the active principle in vitro. Furthermore the correlation between half-life and age of the volunteers was to be established. The investigations were performed on six volunteers. After GC analysis of the vincamine-serum concentration the following pharmacokinetic profile could be established: The substance appears in the streaming blood with an invasion half-life of 53 min. The maximum is reached after 3 h. After oral application of 16 mg the concentration will amount to 36 ng/ml. The apparent elimination half-life caused by the sustained release from of the multi-layer dragee was 9.13 h. 24 h after application there was still a mean serum concentration of 5.74 ng/ml to be detected. Between age of the subjects and serum half-life is a marked linear correlation.", "PMID": 580205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_209", "title": "[Tissue levels in human tonsils (tonsillae palatinae) following administration of different antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, lincomycin)].", "content": "For determination of tissue levels of different antibiotics in human tonsils penicillin G, ampicillin or lincomycin is given i.v. to patients before tonsillectomy. The concentration of the individual substances is determined in tonsils and serum by agar diffusion method. The results are compared by diagrams of tissue and serum levels and statistically assessed. For therapeutic evaluation the absolute tissue levels at tonsillectomy are compared to the values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most frequent germs in the stomato-maxillo-facial region. According to these results recommendations for antibiotic therapy of inflammatory processes of buccal cavity are given.", "contents": "[Tissue levels in human tonsils (tonsillae palatinae) following administration of different antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, lincomycin)]. For determination of tissue levels of different antibiotics in human tonsils penicillin G, ampicillin or lincomycin is given i.v. to patients before tonsillectomy. The concentration of the individual substances is determined in tonsils and serum by agar diffusion method. The results are compared by diagrams of tissue and serum levels and statistically assessed. For therapeutic evaluation the absolute tissue levels at tonsillectomy are compared to the values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most frequent germs in the stomato-maxillo-facial region. According to these results recommendations for antibiotic therapy of inflammatory processes of buccal cavity are given.", "PMID": 580206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_210", "title": "[Studies on chemical structure and analgetic activity of phenyl substituted aminomethylcyclohexanoles (author's transl)].", "content": "Phenyl substituted aminomethylcycloalkanole derivatives were synthetized and tested for analgetic activity. Substances with a high ratio between acute toxicity and analgetic efficacy were selected for further investigations. Structure-activity relationships of this group were evaluated and compared with those of morphine and morphine-like 4-phenylpiperidino derivatives. The basic structural requirement for the new compounds is a cycloalkane ring with a phenyl group and a dimethylaminomethyl residue in ortho-position. The analgetic activity is improved if the aromatic ring is substituted with an oxygen containing group in meta-position. In contrast to classical narcotic analgesics the analgetic efficacy is not lost in derivatives bearing a hydrogen substituent at the central carbon atom.", "contents": "[Studies on chemical structure and analgetic activity of phenyl substituted aminomethylcyclohexanoles (author's transl)]. Phenyl substituted aminomethylcycloalkanole derivatives were synthetized and tested for analgetic activity. Substances with a high ratio between acute toxicity and analgetic efficacy were selected for further investigations. Structure-activity relationships of this group were evaluated and compared with those of morphine and morphine-like 4-phenylpiperidino derivatives. The basic structural requirement for the new compounds is a cycloalkane ring with a phenyl group and a dimethylaminomethyl residue in ortho-position. The analgetic activity is improved if the aromatic ring is substituted with an oxygen containing group in meta-position. In contrast to classical narcotic analgesics the analgetic efficacy is not lost in derivatives bearing a hydrogen substituent at the central carbon atom.", "PMID": 580207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_211", "title": "[On separation of isomeres, structural elucidation and pharmacological characterization of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (author's transl)].", "content": "1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (L 201) was split into the cis- and trans-isomers and the conformations of the two isomers were determined by 13C-NMR-spectroscopy. Molecule models showed that both conformeres were similar to the geometrical structure of morphine. The adaptation of the morphine structure was better with the more active trans-isomer than with the cis-isomer. Tramadol, the trans-isomer, was separated into its optical antipodes. When tested for analgesia in the electro-stimulation test with mice, all compounds showed analgetic activity. The trans-isomer was more active than the cis-isomer and the (+)-form of the trans-isomer was more active than the (--)-form. Given by s.c. route, the (+)-transisomer E 382 was 1/3 as active as morphine. However, the Straub-tail reaction and the withdrawal jumping tests yielded more favourable results with L 201 and tramadol than with E 382.", "contents": "[On separation of isomeres, structural elucidation and pharmacological characterization of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (author's transl)]. 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (L 201) was split into the cis- and trans-isomers and the conformations of the two isomers were determined by 13C-NMR-spectroscopy. Molecule models showed that both conformeres were similar to the geometrical structure of morphine. The adaptation of the morphine structure was better with the more active trans-isomer than with the cis-isomer. Tramadol, the trans-isomer, was separated into its optical antipodes. When tested for analgesia in the electro-stimulation test with mice, all compounds showed analgetic activity. The trans-isomer was more active than the cis-isomer and the (+)-form of the trans-isomer was more active than the (--)-form. Given by s.c. route, the (+)-transisomer E 382 was 1/3 as active as morphine. However, the Straub-tail reaction and the withdrawal jumping tests yielded more favourable results with L 201 and tramadol than with E 382.", "PMID": 580208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_212", "title": "[Quantitative pupillometric determination of sensitivity to pain (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Pain-induced pupillary dilatation was investigated by means of a method which compensates for the pupillary light reflex. Electric pain stimuli of varied intensity were applied to the forearm. Pure tone (T), pure pain (S) and combined tone-pain (TS) stimuli were used in stochastic or periodic succession. 2. The amplitude of pupillary dilatation increased in the order T, S, TS, In these experiments the sum of the T and S reactions is lower than the TS reaction, in contrast to summation patterns in other nervous structures. The amplitudes of pupillary dilatation and the intervals between stimuli and maximal dilatation increased linearly with increasing stimulus intensity. The latency period, however, is not systematically influenced by the intensity of the stimuli. Adaptation is delayed by stochastic application of the stimuli.", "contents": "[Quantitative pupillometric determination of sensitivity to pain (author's transl)]. 1. Pain-induced pupillary dilatation was investigated by means of a method which compensates for the pupillary light reflex. Electric pain stimuli of varied intensity were applied to the forearm. Pure tone (T), pure pain (S) and combined tone-pain (TS) stimuli were used in stochastic or periodic succession. 2. The amplitude of pupillary dilatation increased in the order T, S, TS, In these experiments the sum of the T and S reactions is lower than the TS reaction, in contrast to summation patterns in other nervous structures. The amplitudes of pupillary dilatation and the intervals between stimuli and maximal dilatation increased linearly with increasing stimulus intensity. The latency period, however, is not systematically influenced by the intensity of the stimuli. Adaptation is delayed by stochastic application of the stimuli.", "PMID": 580211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_213", "title": "[Algo-pupillometric investigation of the analgesic effect of tramadol (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The analgesic efficacy of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) (75 and 100 mg) was investigated in 22 young, healthy volunteers by means of an algo-pupillometric method. 2. Tramadal itself causes a slight miosis which becomes statistically significant only 3 h after administration. 3. In the algo-pupillogram the effect of tramadol is shown to be biphasic during the first 80 min. Thereafter the pupillary reaction steadily decreases, reaching a minimum after about 3.5--4 h in both dosages. 4. At the time of maximum effect the pupillary reaction of subjects given 75 or 150 mg tramadol is calculated to be equal to that of untreated individuals to whom only 60% or 10%, respectively, of the stimulus intensity has been applied.", "contents": "[Algo-pupillometric investigation of the analgesic effect of tramadol (author's transl)]. 1. The analgesic efficacy of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) (75 and 100 mg) was investigated in 22 young, healthy volunteers by means of an algo-pupillometric method. 2. Tramadal itself causes a slight miosis which becomes statistically significant only 3 h after administration. 3. In the algo-pupillogram the effect of tramadol is shown to be biphasic during the first 80 min. Thereafter the pupillary reaction steadily decreases, reaching a minimum after about 3.5--4 h in both dosages. 4. At the time of maximum effect the pupillary reaction of subjects given 75 or 150 mg tramadol is calculated to be equal to that of untreated individuals to whom only 60% or 10%, respectively, of the stimulus intensity has been applied.", "PMID": 580212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_214", "title": "[The effect of tramadol on psychic and psychomotor performance in man (author's transl)].", "content": "1. 1-(m-Methylphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminoethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) (75 mg) did not affect the physical working capacity as measured by means of bicycle ergometer in healthy volunteers. 2. Tramadol also had no effect on psychomotor performance in the eye-hand coordination test.", "contents": "[The effect of tramadol on psychic and psychomotor performance in man (author's transl)]. 1. 1-(m-Methylphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminoethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) (75 mg) did not affect the physical working capacity as measured by means of bicycle ergometer in healthy volunteers. 2. Tramadol also had no effect on psychomotor performance in the eye-hand coordination test.", "PMID": 580213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_215", "title": "[The effect of tramadol and other analgesics on the pain threshold in human dental pulp (author's transl)].", "content": "In 60 young, healthy volunteers the analgesic efficacy of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), dextropropoxyphene and a commercial drug mixture (acetylsalicylic acid 200 mg; phenacetin 200 mg; codeine phosphor. 10 mg; caffeine anhydr. 50 mg; phenobarbital 25 mg) was investigated by determining the pain threshold in dental pulp. All three drugs increased the pain threshold considerably but there was no difference in the analgesic effect of the three drugs.", "contents": "[The effect of tramadol and other analgesics on the pain threshold in human dental pulp (author's transl)]. In 60 young, healthy volunteers the analgesic efficacy of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), dextropropoxyphene and a commercial drug mixture (acetylsalicylic acid 200 mg; phenacetin 200 mg; codeine phosphor. 10 mg; caffeine anhydr. 50 mg; phenobarbital 25 mg) was investigated by determining the pain threshold in dental pulp. All three drugs increased the pain threshold considerably but there was no difference in the analgesic effect of the three drugs.", "PMID": 580214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_216", "title": "[The effect of tramadol, a new analgesic, on respiration and cardiovascular function (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The effect of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), a new i.v. administered analgesic, on respiration and cardiovascular function was investigated in 15 patients in a clinic of general surgery. 2. Blood gas analysis revealed that tramadol, unlike morphine-like analgesics, does not depress respiration. 3. The drug did not affect blood pressure, and the observed slight increase in heart rate was transient and statistically not significant.", "contents": "[The effect of tramadol, a new analgesic, on respiration and cardiovascular function (author's transl)]. 1. The effect of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), a new i.v. administered analgesic, on respiration and cardiovascular function was investigated in 15 patients in a clinic of general surgery. 2. Blood gas analysis revealed that tramadol, unlike morphine-like analgesics, does not depress respiration. 3. The drug did not affect blood pressure, and the observed slight increase in heart rate was transient and statistically not significant.", "PMID": 580215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_217", "title": "[The effect of tramadol on the EEG and the electronystagmogram (author's transl)].", "content": "1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) in oral doses of 150 mg/kg caused no essential changes in the EEG pattern in man. Only the alpha-rhythm of the occipital leads was more synchronized and the amplitude somewhat higher. beta-Waves increased slightly, but the delta-waves were not significantly changed. Tramadol induced no measurable alterations in the electronystagmographic recordings of quick voluntary eye movements or follow-up to-and-fro eye movements. In the optokinetic and postrotatory nystagmus, however, there was a moderate decrease in the total amplitude and maximal angular velocity of the slow nystagmic stage. The results of EEG and electronystagmographic investigations indicate that tramadol has a moderate relaxant (central depressant) effect.", "contents": "[The effect of tramadol on the EEG and the electronystagmogram (author's transl)]. 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) in oral doses of 150 mg/kg caused no essential changes in the EEG pattern in man. Only the alpha-rhythm of the occipital leads was more synchronized and the amplitude somewhat higher. beta-Waves increased slightly, but the delta-waves were not significantly changed. Tramadol induced no measurable alterations in the electronystagmographic recordings of quick voluntary eye movements or follow-up to-and-fro eye movements. In the optokinetic and postrotatory nystagmus, however, there was a moderate decrease in the total amplitude and maximal angular velocity of the slow nystagmic stage. The results of EEG and electronystagmographic investigations indicate that tramadol has a moderate relaxant (central depressant) effect.", "PMID": 580216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_218", "title": "[Examination of psychic effects of a new analgesic agent of the cyclohexanols series. A contribution to a possible psychic dependence potential of tramadol (author's transl)].", "content": "A double-blind trial was performed with 30 male students of the University of D\u00fcsseldorf. The volunteers were divided at random into two groups containing 15 subjects each. One group received 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), and the other placebo. The latter served as the controls. On three occasions at regular intervals in the course of one week the volunteers were questioned on the basis of Janke and Debus's \"Eigenschaftsw\u00f6rterliste\" (EWL) (attribution word list). The interviews were carried out 1 h after the injection (1 ampoule 100 mg i.m.). The results in the sense of any euphoretic or dysphoretic effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Examination of psychic effects of a new analgesic agent of the cyclohexanols series. A contribution to a possible psychic dependence potential of tramadol (author's transl)]. A double-blind trial was performed with 30 male students of the University of D\u00fcsseldorf. The volunteers were divided at random into two groups containing 15 subjects each. One group received 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal), and the other placebo. The latter served as the controls. On three occasions at regular intervals in the course of one week the volunteers were questioned on the basis of Janke and Debus's \"Eigenschaftsw\u00f6rterliste\" (EWL) (attribution word list). The interviews were carried out 1 h after the injection (1 ampoule 100 mg i.m.). The results in the sense of any euphoretic or dysphoretic effects are discussed.", "PMID": 580217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_219", "title": "[The \"paired cards\" system. A practical and generally applicable procedure for the clinical trial of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "A system is described which is suitable for the simulataneous double-blind study of several drugs effective in the same field of indication (e.g. analgesics). The procedure uses sequential analysis and therefore requires only limited materials, costs and personnel. It produces significant results with a minimum of patients.", "contents": "[The \"paired cards\" system. A practical and generally applicable procedure for the clinical trial of drugs (author's transl)]. A system is described which is suitable for the simulataneous double-blind study of several drugs effective in the same field of indication (e.g. analgesics). The procedure uses sequential analysis and therefore requires only limited materials, costs and personnel. It produces significant results with a minimum of patients.", "PMID": 580218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_220", "title": "From etiology and pathogenesis to therapy of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The Author describes the histopathologic picture of the Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Allergic Encephalitis and discusses some etiopathogenetic hypotheses elaborating on the immunogenetic and immunopathological aspects. The therapeutical problem is analyzed in all its various facets: cortisone derivatives, immunosuppressive products and reabilitation therapy aiming simultaneously at motion reeducation and at individual and group psycotherapy.", "contents": "From etiology and pathogenesis to therapy of multiple sclerosis. The Author describes the histopathologic picture of the Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Allergic Encephalitis and discusses some etiopathogenetic hypotheses elaborating on the immunogenetic and immunopathological aspects. The therapeutical problem is analyzed in all its various facets: cortisone derivatives, immunosuppressive products and reabilitation therapy aiming simultaneously at motion reeducation and at individual and group psycotherapy.", "PMID": 580220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_221", "title": "Vitamin D status of Asian infants.", "content": "Vitamin D intakes of infants aged 6 and 18 months from the Asian community in Southhall, Middlesex, were studied to assess the effectiveness of food fortification as a means of preventing vitamin D deficiency. Infants aged 6 months generally had similar diets to white children of the same age and had reasonable vitamin D intakes owing to consumption of fortified dried milks and cereals, reinforced by health visitors and baby clinics. Children aged 18 months, however, ate largely Asian diets and had much lower vitamin D intakes than the 6-month-old group with a corresponding increase in symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. Hence new measures for preventing vitamin D deficiency should probably be aimed at children aged over 1 year. The results of this survey suggest that fortifying chapati flour would be the most effective method of doing this.", "contents": "Vitamin D status of Asian infants. Vitamin D intakes of infants aged 6 and 18 months from the Asian community in Southhall, Middlesex, were studied to assess the effectiveness of food fortification as a means of preventing vitamin D deficiency. Infants aged 6 months generally had similar diets to white children of the same age and had reasonable vitamin D intakes owing to consumption of fortified dried milks and cereals, reinforced by health visitors and baby clinics. Children aged 18 months, however, ate largely Asian diets and had much lower vitamin D intakes than the 6-month-old group with a corresponding increase in symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. Hence new measures for preventing vitamin D deficiency should probably be aimed at children aged over 1 year. The results of this survey suggest that fortifying chapati flour would be the most effective method of doing this.", "PMID": 580223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_222", "title": "[Furosemide in newborns infants with idiopathic respiratory insufficiency syndrome].", "content": "Due to the interstitial pulmonary edema present in neonates with idiopatic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), it was believed furosemide would be useful in its treatment. In newborns with this syndrome, the effect of said diuretic was studied in blood gases, oxygen alveoloarterial difference and right to left short circuit. Twenty-two infants with similar clinical and laboratory characteristics were included in the study. Out of them, 11 were given furosemide (1 mg/kg/single dosis) and the remaining cases were controls. No difference was shown between both groups in PaO2 and PaCO2 and therefore, the alveoloarterial difference of oxygen nor the right to left short circuit during 60 minutes that the study lasted were either affected even if the infants who were given furosemide showed a significantly greater urinary flow. Due to the above results, the use of furosemide is not recommended for children with IRDS to eliminate an interstitial edema.", "contents": "[Furosemide in newborns infants with idiopathic respiratory insufficiency syndrome]. Due to the interstitial pulmonary edema present in neonates with idiopatic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), it was believed furosemide would be useful in its treatment. In newborns with this syndrome, the effect of said diuretic was studied in blood gases, oxygen alveoloarterial difference and right to left short circuit. Twenty-two infants with similar clinical and laboratory characteristics were included in the study. Out of them, 11 were given furosemide (1 mg/kg/single dosis) and the remaining cases were controls. No difference was shown between both groups in PaO2 and PaCO2 and therefore, the alveoloarterial difference of oxygen nor the right to left short circuit during 60 minutes that the study lasted were either affected even if the infants who were given furosemide showed a significantly greater urinary flow. Due to the above results, the use of furosemide is not recommended for children with IRDS to eliminate an interstitial edema.", "PMID": 580219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_223", "title": "Clinical and antimicrobial effects of haloprogin cream in diaper dermatitis.", "content": "Haloprogin cream was applied four times a day for one week over the diaper area of eight infants affected by diaper dermatitis. All patients experienced complete clearing. Candida albicans was isolated from seven patients prior to treatment but failed to grow in cultures obtained after completion of the treatment.", "contents": "Clinical and antimicrobial effects of haloprogin cream in diaper dermatitis. Haloprogin cream was applied four times a day for one week over the diaper area of eight infants affected by diaper dermatitis. All patients experienced complete clearing. Candida albicans was isolated from seven patients prior to treatment but failed to grow in cultures obtained after completion of the treatment.", "PMID": 580233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_224", "title": "[Lymphokine production in the cell-mediated immune response (author's transl)].", "content": "In response to tuberculin, lymphocytes derived from BCG-sensitized guinea pigs elaborated soluble materials capable of inducing some reactions in vitro which correlated with the cell-mediated immune response in vivo. The lymphokine activity of these soluble materials was demonstrated by the following biological effects: macrophage migration inhibition, macrophage aggregation, cytotoxicity to HeLa cells and skin reaction.", "contents": "[Lymphokine production in the cell-mediated immune response (author's transl)]. In response to tuberculin, lymphocytes derived from BCG-sensitized guinea pigs elaborated soluble materials capable of inducing some reactions in vitro which correlated with the cell-mediated immune response in vivo. The lymphokine activity of these soluble materials was demonstrated by the following biological effects: macrophage migration inhibition, macrophage aggregation, cytotoxicity to HeLa cells and skin reaction.", "PMID": 580234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_225", "title": "[Development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the lung of Achatina fulica (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-four Achatina fulica from Pai-sha of the Pescardores Islands, where no Angiostrogylus cantonensis has been found in A. fulica(4), were inoculated with the first stage larvae of A cantonensis. One snail was killed every day after 24 days following inoculation. The lung of each snail was separated and examined for larvae under microscope. The same lung was then digested with pepsin. The larvae recovered after pepsin digestion were examined for more detailed morphology. This study confirmed that the first stage larvae of A. cantonensis passed through the respiratory pore to the lung of A. fulica and developed into infectious form (3rd stage larvae) in the lung. The second and third stage larvae were found in the lung on the 7th and 17th day respectively after inoculation. Worm capsules were found in the lung on the 12th day after inoculation and the size of capsule was in proportion to the duration of the infection.", "contents": "[Development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the lung of Achatina fulica (author's transl)]. Twenty-four Achatina fulica from Pai-sha of the Pescardores Islands, where no Angiostrogylus cantonensis has been found in A. fulica(4), were inoculated with the first stage larvae of A cantonensis. One snail was killed every day after 24 days following inoculation. The lung of each snail was separated and examined for larvae under microscope. The same lung was then digested with pepsin. The larvae recovered after pepsin digestion were examined for more detailed morphology. This study confirmed that the first stage larvae of A. cantonensis passed through the respiratory pore to the lung of A. fulica and developed into infectious form (3rd stage larvae) in the lung. The second and third stage larvae were found in the lung on the 7th and 17th day respectively after inoculation. Worm capsules were found in the lung on the 12th day after inoculation and the size of capsule was in proportion to the duration of the infection.", "PMID": 580235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_226", "title": "External structures of all larval instars of five common Culex species in Taiwan.", "content": "The external structures of all larval instars of 5 different species of Culex were studied for the first time in Taiwan. Pictorial keys are provided for use to distinguish each species at any instar; one key is to larval instars of 5 common Culex species in Taiwan and the second, key to species of 5 common Culex species in Taiwan.", "contents": "External structures of all larval instars of five common Culex species in Taiwan. The external structures of all larval instars of 5 different species of Culex were studied for the first time in Taiwan. Pictorial keys are provided for use to distinguish each species at any instar; one key is to larval instars of 5 common Culex species in Taiwan and the second, key to species of 5 common Culex species in Taiwan.", "PMID": 580236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_227", "title": "Effect of 1,5-dicaffeylquinic acid (cynarine) on cholesterol levels in serum and liver of acute ethanol-treated rats.", "content": "The effect of 1,5-dicaffeylquinic acid (Cynarine) on total cholesterol levels in serum and liver of acute ethanol-treated rats was studied. Male Wister rats were administered ethyl alcohol, 6 g/kg per day by gavage over three days. In rats treated with ethanol alone, the serum and hepatic cholesterol showed a significant rise of 44 and 75%, respectively. In rats receiving ethanol and Cynarine simultaneously, a distinct reduction of the serum and hepatic cholesterol levels was observed.", "contents": "Effect of 1,5-dicaffeylquinic acid (cynarine) on cholesterol levels in serum and liver of acute ethanol-treated rats. The effect of 1,5-dicaffeylquinic acid (Cynarine) on total cholesterol levels in serum and liver of acute ethanol-treated rats was studied. Male Wister rats were administered ethyl alcohol, 6 g/kg per day by gavage over three days. In rats treated with ethanol alone, the serum and hepatic cholesterol showed a significant rise of 44 and 75%, respectively. In rats receiving ethanol and Cynarine simultaneously, a distinct reduction of the serum and hepatic cholesterol levels was observed.", "PMID": 580239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_228", "title": "[Bilateral malignant lymphoblastic lymphoma of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary bilateral malignant lymphoma of the breast was diagnosed in these women. All were of the lymphoblastic type of high malignancy. Two patients were pregnant and all died of generalised malignant lymphoma. Survival time between initial or early manifestation in the breast and death was two to four months.", "contents": "[Bilateral malignant lymphoblastic lymphoma of the female breast (author's transl)]. Primary bilateral malignant lymphoma of the breast was diagnosed in these women. All were of the lymphoblastic type of high malignancy. Two patients were pregnant and all died of generalised malignant lymphoma. Survival time between initial or early manifestation in the breast and death was two to four months.", "PMID": 580240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_229", "title": "Horner's syndrome in the horse: experimental induction and a case report.", "content": "The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature difference were sometimes difficult to discern. Clinically the recognition of HS is important in the localization of lesions, and when accompanied by nasal haemorrhage is highly suggestive of guttural pouch mycosis.", "contents": "Horner's syndrome in the horse: experimental induction and a case report. The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature difference were sometimes difficult to discern. Clinically the recognition of HS is important in the localization of lesions, and when accompanied by nasal haemorrhage is highly suggestive of guttural pouch mycosis.", "PMID": 580241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_230", "title": "[An autoclavable stainless steel isolator for small scale gnotobiotic experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "A lightweight stainless steel autoclavable pentagon isolator was designed for experiments using gnotobiotic mice. The chamber, 400 x 450 x 350 mm, has an entry port 200 mm in diameter at the back and a window at the ceiling. The globes and two filters were equipped at the front and each side, respectively. An inner stainless steel cap of the entry lock was sealed by a seamless silicone band. It was possible to ventilate this isolator by either free-flow or blower operation. After autoclaving the isolators 10 to 16 times for a year, none of them was repaired. Five mice can be kept in this isolator for about 1 month without supply of diet, water and wood shaving after the first setting.", "contents": "[An autoclavable stainless steel isolator for small scale gnotobiotic experiments (author's transl)]. A lightweight stainless steel autoclavable pentagon isolator was designed for experiments using gnotobiotic mice. The chamber, 400 x 450 x 350 mm, has an entry port 200 mm in diameter at the back and a window at the ceiling. The globes and two filters were equipped at the front and each side, respectively. An inner stainless steel cap of the entry lock was sealed by a seamless silicone band. It was possible to ventilate this isolator by either free-flow or blower operation. After autoclaving the isolators 10 to 16 times for a year, none of them was repaired. Five mice can be kept in this isolator for about 1 month without supply of diet, water and wood shaving after the first setting.", "PMID": 580242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_231", "title": "Differential maternal retrieval of jaundiced versus non-jaundiced Gunn rat pups.", "content": "Gunn rat dams were tested for differential retrieval of their jaundiced versus non-jaundiced offspring in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, in which testing took place every day from Day 1 to Day 8 postpartum, non-jaundiced pups were retrieved significantly faster than jaundiced pups. In Experiment 2, in which testing took place every other day from Day 1 to Day 15 and the pups were weighed each test day, the order of retrieval of the 4 gender/genotype (jaundiced vs non-jaundiced) classifications as found in the 1st experiment was replicated and the non-jaundiced pups tended to be retrieved faster. Heavier pups were retrieved significantly faster than lighter pups, indicating that weight or size may be a cue to differential retrieval.", "contents": "Differential maternal retrieval of jaundiced versus non-jaundiced Gunn rat pups. Gunn rat dams were tested for differential retrieval of their jaundiced versus non-jaundiced offspring in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, in which testing took place every day from Day 1 to Day 8 postpartum, non-jaundiced pups were retrieved significantly faster than jaundiced pups. In Experiment 2, in which testing took place every other day from Day 1 to Day 15 and the pups were weighed each test day, the order of retrieval of the 4 gender/genotype (jaundiced vs non-jaundiced) classifications as found in the 1st experiment was replicated and the non-jaundiced pups tended to be retrieved faster. Heavier pups were retrieved significantly faster than lighter pups, indicating that weight or size may be a cue to differential retrieval.", "PMID": 580243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_232", "title": "K cell activity of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes: association with lymphocytes bearing receptors for human C3b.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and of normal individuals were depleted of EAC3b- or EAC3d-rosette-forming cells (RFC), respectively and assayed for K-cell activity in a system measuring antibody-dependent-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). K-cell activity was found to be associated with a cell population bearing receptors for C3b.", "contents": "K cell activity of normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes: association with lymphocytes bearing receptors for human C3b. Blood lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and of normal individuals were depleted of EAC3b- or EAC3d-rosette-forming cells (RFC), respectively and assayed for K-cell activity in a system measuring antibody-dependent-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). K-cell activity was found to be associated with a cell population bearing receptors for C3b.", "PMID": 580249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_233", "title": "Immunological evaluation of 15 children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "In the present study, 15 children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been immunologically evaluated by the following parameters on peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes: phytohemagglutinin responsiveness (PHA-r); non-immune rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (RF-L) as T-cell marker; presence of surface immunoglobulins (sIg-L) as B-cell marker; serum immunoglobulins levels (IgA, IgM, IgG). Our patients (pts) have been divided in two groups: the first one includes 10 children without PB involvement; the second one includes 5 pts with bone-marrow and PB invasion. From our data it appears that: 1) the majority of pts of the first group presented normal values of membrane markers; PHA-r was impaired in 4/8 pts; 2) in pts with PB invasion absolute number of B and \"null\" cells was always abnormal and PHA-r altered; 3) in the second group of pts, a \"null\" cell origin can be suggested by the high percentage and absolute number of cells without surface markers. In our opinion, the high incidence of \"null\" cells represents the most relevant question: whether they are cells deprived of specific markers, or endowed with markers not identifiable by our current techniques, remains to be established.", "contents": "Immunological evaluation of 15 children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In the present study, 15 children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been immunologically evaluated by the following parameters on peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes: phytohemagglutinin responsiveness (PHA-r); non-immune rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (RF-L) as T-cell marker; presence of surface immunoglobulins (sIg-L) as B-cell marker; serum immunoglobulins levels (IgA, IgM, IgG). Our patients (pts) have been divided in two groups: the first one includes 10 children without PB involvement; the second one includes 5 pts with bone-marrow and PB invasion. From our data it appears that: 1) the majority of pts of the first group presented normal values of membrane markers; PHA-r was impaired in 4/8 pts; 2) in pts with PB invasion absolute number of B and \"null\" cells was always abnormal and PHA-r altered; 3) in the second group of pts, a \"null\" cell origin can be suggested by the high percentage and absolute number of cells without surface markers. In our opinion, the high incidence of \"null\" cells represents the most relevant question: whether they are cells deprived of specific markers, or endowed with markers not identifiable by our current techniques, remains to be established.", "PMID": 580250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_234", "title": "The significance of chromosomal findings for the differentiation between lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies have been performed from four Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, one cell line obtained after successful xenotransplantation of a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line into athymic nude mice, and from ten lymphoblastoid cell lines (three derived from umbilical cord blood cells, one from acute myelogenous leukemia and six from Hodgkin's disease specimens). Our findings indicate the non-neoplastic nature of lymphoblastoid cell lines in spite of their high proliferative activity in vitro and their aneuploidy after long-term cultivation. In contrast, cell lines of Burkitt's lymphoma origin apparently are truly malignant lymphoma cells, characterized by aneuploidy and by the presence of a 14q+-marker chromosome even in the EBV-negative cell lines. The 14q+-marker chromosome, observed in Burkitt's lymphoma as well as in other malignant lymphomas, seems to be related to neoplasia, independent on the presence of EBV. The significance of the aneuploidy for the differentiation between lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines is discussed.", "contents": "The significance of chromosomal findings for the differentiation between lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Cytogenetic studies have been performed from four Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, one cell line obtained after successful xenotransplantation of a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line into athymic nude mice, and from ten lymphoblastoid cell lines (three derived from umbilical cord blood cells, one from acute myelogenous leukemia and six from Hodgkin's disease specimens). Our findings indicate the non-neoplastic nature of lymphoblastoid cell lines in spite of their high proliferative activity in vitro and their aneuploidy after long-term cultivation. In contrast, cell lines of Burkitt's lymphoma origin apparently are truly malignant lymphoma cells, characterized by aneuploidy and by the presence of a 14q+-marker chromosome even in the EBV-negative cell lines. The 14q+-marker chromosome, observed in Burkitt's lymphoma as well as in other malignant lymphomas, seems to be related to neoplasia, independent on the presence of EBV. The significance of the aneuploidy for the differentiation between lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines is discussed.", "PMID": 580253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_235", "title": "Internal knee lesions and medial discoid meniscus.", "content": "The authors stress the great importance of stability in the normal functioning of the knee and its resistance to injury. They describe a case of multiple internal lesions involving the anterior cruciate ligament, the medial collateral ligament and the lateral meniscus sustained in a knee already affected by a discoid medial meniscus. These lesions were caused by a relatively slight injury and the knee for some time over reacted to the slightest stress. Operation revealed the existance of a discoid medial meniscus and in the view of the authors this was the cause both of the knee's instability and previous episodes as well as the final severe traumatic syndrome revealed at operation. Discoid medial meniscus is extremely rare. Smillie's classification into three groups and the various pathogenetic hypotheses are discussed. The authors analyse the relation between knee instability and meniscal malformation and conclude that discoid medial meniscus plays a primary role in rendering the joint highly vulnerable.", "contents": "Internal knee lesions and medial discoid meniscus. The authors stress the great importance of stability in the normal functioning of the knee and its resistance to injury. They describe a case of multiple internal lesions involving the anterior cruciate ligament, the medial collateral ligament and the lateral meniscus sustained in a knee already affected by a discoid medial meniscus. These lesions were caused by a relatively slight injury and the knee for some time over reacted to the slightest stress. Operation revealed the existance of a discoid medial meniscus and in the view of the authors this was the cause both of the knee's instability and previous episodes as well as the final severe traumatic syndrome revealed at operation. Discoid medial meniscus is extremely rare. Smillie's classification into three groups and the various pathogenetic hypotheses are discussed. The authors analyse the relation between knee instability and meniscal malformation and conclude that discoid medial meniscus plays a primary role in rendering the joint highly vulnerable.", "PMID": 580258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_236", "title": "Psychological factors involved in request for elective abortion.", "content": "In order to understand the increasing numbers of women who are requesting a repeat elective abortion, 13 First Abortion and 13 Repeat Abortion patients were interviewed. There were no significant differences between the two groups. It was found that the failure of contraception was not because the women did not have access to adequate contraception. There was evidence of underlying psychological conflicts, sometimes in one and even both sexual partners. In 9 of the 26 patients there was material clearly suggesting that the women had an underlying conflictual wish to become pregnant. The data also suggests that many of the male partners had a strong wish to father a child. All of these situations suggest the need for adequate counselling.", "contents": "Psychological factors involved in request for elective abortion. In order to understand the increasing numbers of women who are requesting a repeat elective abortion, 13 First Abortion and 13 Repeat Abortion patients were interviewed. There were no significant differences between the two groups. It was found that the failure of contraception was not because the women did not have access to adequate contraception. There was evidence of underlying psychological conflicts, sometimes in one and even both sexual partners. In 9 of the 26 patients there was material clearly suggesting that the women had an underlying conflictual wish to become pregnant. The data also suggests that many of the male partners had a strong wish to father a child. All of these situations suggest the need for adequate counselling.", "PMID": 580259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_237", "title": "Tardive dyskinesia: characterization and prevalence in a statewide system.", "content": "The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in a state-wide mental hospital system was assessed using a new quantitative rating scale and related to demographic, medication, and medical history variables. Twenty-six percent of patients had definite signs of tardive dyskinesia, about 12% moderately severe dyskinesia, and 40% exhibited at least some minimal symptoms. Tardive dyskinesia significantly increased with age, and females had a slightly but significantly greater prevalence rate than males. There was no difference in dyskinesia prevalence between patients on or off neuroleptics at time of rating, but patients on multiple neuroleptic drugs had higher prevalence of moderately severe dyskinesia.", "contents": "Tardive dyskinesia: characterization and prevalence in a statewide system. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in a state-wide mental hospital system was assessed using a new quantitative rating scale and related to demographic, medication, and medical history variables. Twenty-six percent of patients had definite signs of tardive dyskinesia, about 12% moderately severe dyskinesia, and 40% exhibited at least some minimal symptoms. Tardive dyskinesia significantly increased with age, and females had a slightly but significantly greater prevalence rate than males. There was no difference in dyskinesia prevalence between patients on or off neuroleptics at time of rating, but patients on multiple neuroleptic drugs had higher prevalence of moderately severe dyskinesia.", "PMID": 580260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_238", "title": "Affective disorder in adolescence: issues in misdiagnosis.", "content": "This case report describes a young adolescent female with bipolar manic-depressive illness, (MDI), whose behavioral symptomatology was originally attributed to non-affective forms of psychopathology. We review her entire clinical course to date and elucidate several factors that may account for diagnostic error.", "contents": "Affective disorder in adolescence: issues in misdiagnosis. This case report describes a young adolescent female with bipolar manic-depressive illness, (MDI), whose behavioral symptomatology was originally attributed to non-affective forms of psychopathology. We review her entire clinical course to date and elucidate several factors that may account for diagnostic error.", "PMID": 580261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_239", "title": "Neuromyopathy in malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "A 31-year old male developed malignant hyperthermia (MH) during the initial minutes of Halothane induction. CPK rose to 6120 U/ml and decreased to normal levels as the patient became afebrile over a 10 day period of cooling measures and metabolic management. Muscle weakness, predominantly proximal and depressed deep tendon reflexes were found upon examination during convalescence. Muscle biopsy showed neurogenic changes characterized by fiber type grouping and targetoid fibers. CPK was elevated in one of the patient's children. This case supports the view of underlying hereditary neuromyopathy in MH.", "contents": "Neuromyopathy in malignant hyperthermia. A 31-year old male developed malignant hyperthermia (MH) during the initial minutes of Halothane induction. CPK rose to 6120 U/ml and decreased to normal levels as the patient became afebrile over a 10 day period of cooling measures and metabolic management. Muscle weakness, predominantly proximal and depressed deep tendon reflexes were found upon examination during convalescence. Muscle biopsy showed neurogenic changes characterized by fiber type grouping and targetoid fibers. CPK was elevated in one of the patient's children. This case supports the view of underlying hereditary neuromyopathy in MH.", "PMID": 580262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_240", "title": "Propoxyphene and Phencyclidine (PCP) use in adolescents.", "content": "Trained interviewers utilized a structured research instrument to analyze drug use patterns, personal and familial psychiatric problems, and social backgrounds of a consecutive series of 355 adolescent referred by courts to alcohol counselling and education centers in King County. Within this sample, 4% of the subjects used propoxyphene alone, 16% reported use of phencyclidine (PCP) alone, and 6% reported abuse of both substances. The data consistently reveals that the use of one of these more unusual substances is likely to occur in people with more antisocial, drug, and alcohol problems. Use of both drugs was associated with the most pervasive antisocial history, with over one-third of these subjects fulfilling strict criteria for the antisocial personality. The treatment and prognostic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Propoxyphene and Phencyclidine (PCP) use in adolescents. Trained interviewers utilized a structured research instrument to analyze drug use patterns, personal and familial psychiatric problems, and social backgrounds of a consecutive series of 355 adolescent referred by courts to alcohol counselling and education centers in King County. Within this sample, 4% of the subjects used propoxyphene alone, 16% reported use of phencyclidine (PCP) alone, and 6% reported abuse of both substances. The data consistently reveals that the use of one of these more unusual substances is likely to occur in people with more antisocial, drug, and alcohol problems. Use of both drugs was associated with the most pervasive antisocial history, with over one-third of these subjects fulfilling strict criteria for the antisocial personality. The treatment and prognostic implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 580263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_241", "title": "Pathophysiologic mechanisms of hydrocephalus.", "content": "Hydrocephalus is caused by a disequilibrium of forces at the ventricular-cerebral interface and may be progressive either due to a continued disequilibrium of forces or due to continued progressive periventricular ischemic injury. Treatment is indicated in all patients with progressive neurological deficit associated with progressive ventricular enlargement. Whenever possible, treatment should be directed toward the cause of the hydrocephalus (e.g., removal of tumors obstructing CSF flow) or the specifically abnormal force vector (e.g., shunting for increased intraventricular pulse waves due to an ectatic basilar artery). When it is not possible to treat the cause or the specifically abnormal force vector, treatment should be guided by the basic mechanisms--reduction of the intraventricular force (Fo), augmentation of the inward brain force (Fi), and improvement of nutrition and oxygenation of ischemic periventricular tissue.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic mechanisms of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is caused by a disequilibrium of forces at the ventricular-cerebral interface and may be progressive either due to a continued disequilibrium of forces or due to continued progressive periventricular ischemic injury. Treatment is indicated in all patients with progressive neurological deficit associated with progressive ventricular enlargement. Whenever possible, treatment should be directed toward the cause of the hydrocephalus (e.g., removal of tumors obstructing CSF flow) or the specifically abnormal force vector (e.g., shunting for increased intraventricular pulse waves due to an ectatic basilar artery). When it is not possible to treat the cause or the specifically abnormal force vector, treatment should be guided by the basic mechanisms--reduction of the intraventricular force (Fo), augmentation of the inward brain force (Fi), and improvement of nutrition and oxygenation of ischemic periventricular tissue.", "PMID": 580264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_242", "title": "Hoffman's syndrome: a peculiar case.", "content": "The Authors describe the case of a 50-yr-old woman with painful muscular cramps and high muscular enzymes level secondary to adult-onset myxedema, and where no histological and ultrastructural muscle alterations could be detected, probably owing to the early observation of the patient.", "contents": "Hoffman's syndrome: a peculiar case. The Authors describe the case of a 50-yr-old woman with painful muscular cramps and high muscular enzymes level secondary to adult-onset myxedema, and where no histological and ultrastructural muscle alterations could be detected, probably owing to the early observation of the patient.", "PMID": 580265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_243", "title": "Rampant dental caries in the treatment of depression.", "content": "Dental Caries are an uncommon, but significant side effect of the tricyclic antidepressants and other anticholinergic psychoactive drugs. The authors trace the etiological aspects of this syndrome including the effects of depression and antidepressant medication on salivary properties. A typical clinical presentation of the syndrome is described and the side effect profiles of the various tricyclic antidepressants are compared. With this clinical background guidelines for the management of dry mouth are presented, emphasizing the importance of technical skill, safety and continuity of care.", "contents": "Rampant dental caries in the treatment of depression. Dental Caries are an uncommon, but significant side effect of the tricyclic antidepressants and other anticholinergic psychoactive drugs. The authors trace the etiological aspects of this syndrome including the effects of depression and antidepressant medication on salivary properties. A typical clinical presentation of the syndrome is described and the side effect profiles of the various tricyclic antidepressants are compared. With this clinical background guidelines for the management of dry mouth are presented, emphasizing the importance of technical skill, safety and continuity of care.", "PMID": 580266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_244", "title": "Hemiatrophy of the tongue: a rare complication of the hemiplegic migraine.", "content": "A rare case of a patient with complicated migraine is presented. The patient had hemiatrophy of the tongue as a residual of a migraine episode. This cleared after several months. The paper goes on to trace the history of complicated migraine and the rather unusual complication of hemiatrophy of the tongue.", "contents": "Hemiatrophy of the tongue: a rare complication of the hemiplegic migraine. A rare case of a patient with complicated migraine is presented. The patient had hemiatrophy of the tongue as a residual of a migraine episode. This cleared after several months. The paper goes on to trace the history of complicated migraine and the rather unusual complication of hemiatrophy of the tongue.", "PMID": 580267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_245", "title": "Pilot study of d-penicillamine, vitamins and minerals in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A pilot study of the effect of D-penicillamine in multiple sclerosis (MS) was undertaken because of D-penicillamine's activity against RNA neurotropic viruses, because it is effective against the auto-immune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and because both viruses and autoimmunity have been implicated in multiple sclerosis. We have treated 16 patients with advanced MS, nine on full doses (2-2.25 grams/day) and seven whose treatment was permanently stopped for reasons other than adverse reactions. There has been some improvement in most of those whose treatment was not withdrawn, and no change or deterioration in those not continued on the therapeutic regimen. Despite use of a high dosage regimen, such as has evoked intolerable side effects in a high percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we have experienced few side effects in a total of 48 patients suffering from diseases with auto-immune components, a finding we speculate is due to replacement of nutrients inactivated or removed by D-penicillamine, and to supplementation with selected nutrients.", "contents": "Pilot study of d-penicillamine, vitamins and minerals in multiple sclerosis. A pilot study of the effect of D-penicillamine in multiple sclerosis (MS) was undertaken because of D-penicillamine's activity against RNA neurotropic viruses, because it is effective against the auto-immune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and because both viruses and autoimmunity have been implicated in multiple sclerosis. We have treated 16 patients with advanced MS, nine on full doses (2-2.25 grams/day) and seven whose treatment was permanently stopped for reasons other than adverse reactions. There has been some improvement in most of those whose treatment was not withdrawn, and no change or deterioration in those not continued on the therapeutic regimen. Despite use of a high dosage regimen, such as has evoked intolerable side effects in a high percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we have experienced few side effects in a total of 48 patients suffering from diseases with auto-immune components, a finding we speculate is due to replacement of nutrients inactivated or removed by D-penicillamine, and to supplementation with selected nutrients.", "PMID": 580268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_246", "title": "Psychiatry on death row.", "content": "The authors present the personal experiences of an attending physician in a Death Row in Ceylon (Sri-Lanka). Aspects of the execution scenario are presented and discussed with its implications for the protagonists: the condemned, witnesses, standers-by, authorities and society-at large.", "contents": "Psychiatry on death row. The authors present the personal experiences of an attending physician in a Death Row in Ceylon (Sri-Lanka). Aspects of the execution scenario are presented and discussed with its implications for the protagonists: the condemned, witnesses, standers-by, authorities and society-at large.", "PMID": 580270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_247", "title": "Drug monitoring at an Australia depot phenothiazine clinic.", "content": "Three aspects of treatment with injectable neuroleptics, are presented. An individualized approach to the dosage of Fluphenazine decanoate must be practiced in conjunction with, and taking into account the time spent in treatment and the sex and age variables reported. Our flexible approach to the interval between injections, indicated a large group could be maintained at intervals of 5 to 8 weeks. Complex and challenging problems can be found with antiparkinsonian drugs; 30% of nearly 400 outpatients still require these drugs.", "contents": "Drug monitoring at an Australia depot phenothiazine clinic. Three aspects of treatment with injectable neuroleptics, are presented. An individualized approach to the dosage of Fluphenazine decanoate must be practiced in conjunction with, and taking into account the time spent in treatment and the sex and age variables reported. Our flexible approach to the interval between injections, indicated a large group could be maintained at intervals of 5 to 8 weeks. Complex and challenging problems can be found with antiparkinsonian drugs; 30% of nearly 400 outpatients still require these drugs.", "PMID": 580271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_248", "title": "The role of physical restraint in the treatment of psychiatric illness.", "content": "Although physical restraint is a widely used and possibly hazardous form of treatment, few guidelines for its use appear in the recent psychiatric literature. An approach is described in which physical restraint is considered to be a specific therapeutic technique with definable indications, \"dosages\", contra-indications, and side effects. A method of initiating and terminating this treatment modality is presented and the indications for its use are discussed. These include the presence of violent behavior during a psychotic illness; the presence of agitation or confusion when the use of antipsychotic medication is limited by physical illness; the presence of severe psychotic symptoms in conjunction with severely regressed, socially aversive behavior; the need to reduce excessive external stimuli; and the request for restraint by the patient. Possible side effects and contra-indications are also discussed and criteria for evaluating the duration and effectiveness of the treatment are proposed.", "contents": "The role of physical restraint in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Although physical restraint is a widely used and possibly hazardous form of treatment, few guidelines for its use appear in the recent psychiatric literature. An approach is described in which physical restraint is considered to be a specific therapeutic technique with definable indications, \"dosages\", contra-indications, and side effects. A method of initiating and terminating this treatment modality is presented and the indications for its use are discussed. These include the presence of violent behavior during a psychotic illness; the presence of agitation or confusion when the use of antipsychotic medication is limited by physical illness; the presence of severe psychotic symptoms in conjunction with severely regressed, socially aversive behavior; the need to reduce excessive external stimuli; and the request for restraint by the patient. Possible side effects and contra-indications are also discussed and criteria for evaluating the duration and effectiveness of the treatment are proposed.", "PMID": 580272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_249", "title": "Cancer pathomimicry: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of alleged and feigned cancer are presented. The diagnostic and management problems presented are discussed through a review of the literature of feigned illness. This ranges across a spectrum from benign use of feigned or alleged symptoms, malingering, conversion reactions and hysterical manifestations to the severe and flamboyant clinical presentation of the Munchausen Syndrome. The cases presented mainly fit the criterion for malingering (conscious prevarication and simulation), although some elements of the Munchausen dynamics were present in two of the three. Also noteworthy was the fact that the \"cancers\" were presented to administration and lay people as an initial communication. The psychiatric consultation was with the lay people initially and the events of each episode were reconstructed through multiple sources of information including clinical interviews in two of the cases.", "contents": "Cancer pathomimicry: a report of three cases. Three cases of alleged and feigned cancer are presented. The diagnostic and management problems presented are discussed through a review of the literature of feigned illness. This ranges across a spectrum from benign use of feigned or alleged symptoms, malingering, conversion reactions and hysterical manifestations to the severe and flamboyant clinical presentation of the Munchausen Syndrome. The cases presented mainly fit the criterion for malingering (conscious prevarication and simulation), although some elements of the Munchausen dynamics were present in two of the three. Also noteworthy was the fact that the \"cancers\" were presented to administration and lay people as an initial communication. The psychiatric consultation was with the lay people initially and the events of each episode were reconstructed through multiple sources of information including clinical interviews in two of the cases.", "PMID": 580273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_250", "title": "Hypothyroidism and psychosis: a case illustration of the diagnostic dilemma in psychiatry.", "content": "A case of a forty-eight year old woman with myxedema and acute psychosis is reported to illustrate the difficulties of diagnosis in psychiatry. A specific focus is placed on the problem of differentiating organic from functional illness. Several guidelines are offered to aid the clinician with the problem of diagnosis.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism and psychosis: a case illustration of the diagnostic dilemma in psychiatry. A case of a forty-eight year old woman with myxedema and acute psychosis is reported to illustrate the difficulties of diagnosis in psychiatry. A specific focus is placed on the problem of differentiating organic from functional illness. Several guidelines are offered to aid the clinician with the problem of diagnosis.", "PMID": 580274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_251", "title": "Negative treatment responses in psychiatry.", "content": "Powerful disagreements about the helping relationship are often expressed by clinical worsening of the patient and by defensive reactions of the doctor. Typical presenting patterns are the patient who wants \"more\" from his doctor, or who feels the doctor expects \"too much\" of him. Resolution of these relationship issues depends on empathic understanding and clarification of the patient's feelings plus small, symbolic, nonverbal gratifications of the patient's felt needs. After resolution of the relationship impasse, specific therapies are more likely to be effective.", "contents": "Negative treatment responses in psychiatry. Powerful disagreements about the helping relationship are often expressed by clinical worsening of the patient and by defensive reactions of the doctor. Typical presenting patterns are the patient who wants \"more\" from his doctor, or who feels the doctor expects \"too much\" of him. Resolution of these relationship issues depends on empathic understanding and clarification of the patient's feelings plus small, symbolic, nonverbal gratifications of the patient's felt needs. After resolution of the relationship impasse, specific therapies are more likely to be effective.", "PMID": 580276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_252", "title": "Peroneal palsy in depression.", "content": "In the psychiatric patient cross leg palsy can be a subtle but significant problem. The patient, rendered inactive by a depressive illness, who has lost weight, whose activities include much sitting, or who has a disease that may predispose to a neuropathy, should be observed closely for this preventable and treatable problem.", "contents": "Peroneal palsy in depression. In the psychiatric patient cross leg palsy can be a subtle but significant problem. The patient, rendered inactive by a depressive illness, who has lost weight, whose activities include much sitting, or who has a disease that may predispose to a neuropathy, should be observed closely for this preventable and treatable problem.", "PMID": 580277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_253", "title": "Management of disturbed patients: an alternative to the use of mechanical restraints.", "content": "This article briefly outlines some of the causes for violence and describes step by step guidelines to the management of disturbed behaviour in psychiatric patients including how the episode of violence can be dealt with by using a well planned approach, the effective use of medication in the management of acute crises and the actual physical handling of the patient. Recommendations are made regarding the need for the proper education of staff of all disciplines about the causes, prevention and management of such behaviour. The need for a well planned hospital wide policy as well as a treatment plan for each patient which contains contingencies for the management of those who are potentially violent is discussed with emphasis on the need for a thorough discussion following such episodes. The dangers and abuses of mechanical restraints are outlined.", "contents": "Management of disturbed patients: an alternative to the use of mechanical restraints. This article briefly outlines some of the causes for violence and describes step by step guidelines to the management of disturbed behaviour in psychiatric patients including how the episode of violence can be dealt with by using a well planned approach, the effective use of medication in the management of acute crises and the actual physical handling of the patient. Recommendations are made regarding the need for the proper education of staff of all disciplines about the causes, prevention and management of such behaviour. The need for a well planned hospital wide policy as well as a treatment plan for each patient which contains contingencies for the management of those who are potentially violent is discussed with emphasis on the need for a thorough discussion following such episodes. The dangers and abuses of mechanical restraints are outlined.", "PMID": 580278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_254", "title": "Neuropsychological test performance as a function of the duration of MS-related symptomatology.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with definite diagnoses of multiple sclerosis received an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The MS patients were grouped in triads, and the members of each triad were matched on the basis of their sex, age at time of experiencing their first MS-related symptom, and education. One member of each triad was assigned to each of three experimental groups on the basis of the number of years they had complained of MS-related symptoms (i.e., one to five, six to ten, or greater than ten years). Data analyses yielded a limited number of significant findings. Differences on measures of verbal intelligence and reading skills were suggested as more probably reflecting a tendency for the \"older\" MS patients to have had more formal education, than being a true consequence of the disease process. Only a measure of simple tactile perception skills significantly delineated the experimental groups in a manner consistent with clinical observation of MS deterioration.", "contents": "Neuropsychological test performance as a function of the duration of MS-related symptomatology. Thirty-six patients with definite diagnoses of multiple sclerosis received an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The MS patients were grouped in triads, and the members of each triad were matched on the basis of their sex, age at time of experiencing their first MS-related symptom, and education. One member of each triad was assigned to each of three experimental groups on the basis of the number of years they had complained of MS-related symptoms (i.e., one to five, six to ten, or greater than ten years). Data analyses yielded a limited number of significant findings. Differences on measures of verbal intelligence and reading skills were suggested as more probably reflecting a tendency for the \"older\" MS patients to have had more formal education, than being a true consequence of the disease process. Only a measure of simple tactile perception skills significantly delineated the experimental groups in a manner consistent with clinical observation of MS deterioration.", "PMID": 580279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_255", "title": "Folic acid, mental function, and dietary habits.", "content": "The combination of biochemical theory, case studies, and patient population surveys suggests that the water soluble vitamin, folic acid, is relevant to mental functions. Several studies demonstrate a clinical correlation between folate deficiency and psychiatric hospitalization. The role of dietary deficiency to these observations has needed further examination. After reviewing the serum folate values of 269 psychiatric hospital admissions, the incidence of serum folates below 5.9 ng./ml. was found to be greater than a control group. A dietary rating for all admissions revealed a high frequency of deficiency in all patients with no greater prevalence among the low folate group. These observations agree that psychiatric patients are more likely to have low serum folate values, and suggest that poor diet does not explain the increased likelihood.", "contents": "Folic acid, mental function, and dietary habits. The combination of biochemical theory, case studies, and patient population surveys suggests that the water soluble vitamin, folic acid, is relevant to mental functions. Several studies demonstrate a clinical correlation between folate deficiency and psychiatric hospitalization. The role of dietary deficiency to these observations has needed further examination. After reviewing the serum folate values of 269 psychiatric hospital admissions, the incidence of serum folates below 5.9 ng./ml. was found to be greater than a control group. A dietary rating for all admissions revealed a high frequency of deficiency in all patients with no greater prevalence among the low folate group. These observations agree that psychiatric patients are more likely to have low serum folate values, and suggest that poor diet does not explain the increased likelihood.", "PMID": 580280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_256", "title": "Sexual involvement with patients.", "content": "Three cases of sexual activity between patients and staff members were presented and determinants and consequences of this type of acting out behavior were discussed. Patients sexual behavior was in part motivated by a need to avoid feelings of loneliness and anxiety and a consequence of the sexual behavior was the recurrence of symptoms and behaviors noted upon admission. The staff members were noted to become more self preoccupied and less involved with both staff and patients following the sexual behavior. The role of the ward psychiatrist in preventing such patient staff interactions includes his taking responsibility for educational and supervisory needs of the staff, his being involved in the creation and maintenance of the ward's moral code and his awareness of group and organizational factors that may impede open staff communications.", "contents": "Sexual involvement with patients. Three cases of sexual activity between patients and staff members were presented and determinants and consequences of this type of acting out behavior were discussed. Patients sexual behavior was in part motivated by a need to avoid feelings of loneliness and anxiety and a consequence of the sexual behavior was the recurrence of symptoms and behaviors noted upon admission. The staff members were noted to become more self preoccupied and less involved with both staff and patients following the sexual behavior. The role of the ward psychiatrist in preventing such patient staff interactions includes his taking responsibility for educational and supervisory needs of the staff, his being involved in the creation and maintenance of the ward's moral code and his awareness of group and organizational factors that may impede open staff communications.", "PMID": 580281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_257", "title": "The family history of mental illness and welfare dependence.", "content": "During the year 1975 clinical interviews are obtained on all patients referred to the East Providence Community Mental Health Clinic for diagnosis and treatment. Data was obtained as to the presence or absence of a family history of similar mental illness. A hypothesis was tested that those patients with a family history of mental illness similar to that of the patient, were more likely to be welfare dependent. Correlations between patients with a positive family history of either schizophrenia or depression and welfare dependence were highly significant within social class 5 (unskilled laborers). However, these same correlations were negative within social class 4 (working class). The positive correlations suggest the possibility that the major mental illnesses are important factors in the need for welfare.", "contents": "The family history of mental illness and welfare dependence. During the year 1975 clinical interviews are obtained on all patients referred to the East Providence Community Mental Health Clinic for diagnosis and treatment. Data was obtained as to the presence or absence of a family history of similar mental illness. A hypothesis was tested that those patients with a family history of mental illness similar to that of the patient, were more likely to be welfare dependent. Correlations between patients with a positive family history of either schizophrenia or depression and welfare dependence were highly significant within social class 5 (unskilled laborers). However, these same correlations were negative within social class 4 (working class). The positive correlations suggest the possibility that the major mental illnesses are important factors in the need for welfare.", "PMID": 580282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_258", "title": "The patient-therapist relationship in crisis intervention.", "content": "A crisis situation, because it engenders feelings of helplessness, promotes regression in the patient and thus makes the patient susceptible to the rapid formation of an intense positive relationship between himself and the therapist. While this type of patient-therapist relationship is useful for the treatment, it requires constant monitoring on the part of the therapist lest dependency and regression be furthered. Cases are presented which illustrate some of the problems that may be encountered as a result of the patient's feelings about the therapist, and techniques for avoiding these problems are discussed.", "contents": "The patient-therapist relationship in crisis intervention. A crisis situation, because it engenders feelings of helplessness, promotes regression in the patient and thus makes the patient susceptible to the rapid formation of an intense positive relationship between himself and the therapist. While this type of patient-therapist relationship is useful for the treatment, it requires constant monitoring on the part of the therapist lest dependency and regression be furthered. Cases are presented which illustrate some of the problems that may be encountered as a result of the patient's feelings about the therapist, and techniques for avoiding these problems are discussed.", "PMID": 580283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_259", "title": "Hypothalamic atrophy.", "content": "A patient, who has been followed for thirteen years, developed the first symptoms of progressive hypothalamic atrophy at the age of 39. The diagnosis was confirmed by pneumoencephalography five years after onset. Hypothalamic dysfunction was manifested clinically by loss of libido, impotence, obesity, polydypsia, somnolence, and rage attacks. Assessment of endocrinologic function demonstrated low serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH, a diabetic glucose tolerance curve, decreased basal and hypoglycemic stimulated levels of HGH, and progressively increasing levels of serum prolactin. Repeated pneumoencephalography revealed an initial, and then progressive, enlargement of the third ventricle which was later associated with generalized, but proportionately less severe, atrophy of the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. Analysis of the physiologic and endocrinologic mechanisms underlying these abnormalities suggests diffuse hypothalamic damage, especially in the ventromedial area. The decreased somnolence and increased libido and potency which accompanied therapy with levodopa suggest damage to dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways. Slowly progressive hypothalamic atrophy, confirmed by pneumoencephalography, but without specific etiology, has not been reported previously. This article describes such a patient followed over thirteen years, and the efficacy of therapy with levodopa in ameliorating certain aspects of his disease.", "contents": "Hypothalamic atrophy. A patient, who has been followed for thirteen years, developed the first symptoms of progressive hypothalamic atrophy at the age of 39. The diagnosis was confirmed by pneumoencephalography five years after onset. Hypothalamic dysfunction was manifested clinically by loss of libido, impotence, obesity, polydypsia, somnolence, and rage attacks. Assessment of endocrinologic function demonstrated low serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH, a diabetic glucose tolerance curve, decreased basal and hypoglycemic stimulated levels of HGH, and progressively increasing levels of serum prolactin. Repeated pneumoencephalography revealed an initial, and then progressive, enlargement of the third ventricle which was later associated with generalized, but proportionately less severe, atrophy of the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. Analysis of the physiologic and endocrinologic mechanisms underlying these abnormalities suggests diffuse hypothalamic damage, especially in the ventromedial area. The decreased somnolence and increased libido and potency which accompanied therapy with levodopa suggest damage to dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways. Slowly progressive hypothalamic atrophy, confirmed by pneumoencephalography, but without specific etiology, has not been reported previously. This article describes such a patient followed over thirteen years, and the efficacy of therapy with levodopa in ameliorating certain aspects of his disease.", "PMID": 580284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_260", "title": "A long term comparative trial of penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic outpatients.", "content": "Penfluridol, a diphenylbutylpiperidene derivative, is a new long acting neuroleptic, administered orally, once weekly. It is marketed in several European countries and has been used successfully in the treatment of various acute psychoses, for severely ill chronic schizophrenic patients, and as maintenance therapy for chronic schizophrenic patients. The present study was designed to compare, in a double-blind fashion, the efficacy of penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate in the maintenance therapy of schizophrenic outpatients.", "contents": "A long term comparative trial of penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic outpatients. Penfluridol, a diphenylbutylpiperidene derivative, is a new long acting neuroleptic, administered orally, once weekly. It is marketed in several European countries and has been used successfully in the treatment of various acute psychoses, for severely ill chronic schizophrenic patients, and as maintenance therapy for chronic schizophrenic patients. The present study was designed to compare, in a double-blind fashion, the efficacy of penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate in the maintenance therapy of schizophrenic outpatients.", "PMID": 580285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_261", "title": "Isolation and properties of thyroglobulin-related 4S protein in the soluble fraction of thyroid tissue.", "content": "A 4S protein which is thyroglobulin-related and which is immunologically distinguished from unusually iodinated albumin-like proteins or impaired substances of thyroglobulin synthesis, was found in the thyroid-soluble fraction even in the normal gland, though in minute amounts. In the present study, purification and characterization of the substance has been carried out using human and hog thyroid glands. This protein contains some of the immunospecific determinants of thyroglobulin, although the amino acid composition of the protein differs from that of thyroglobulin. The 4S protein has a molecular weight of about 58,500 as determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method. Interestingly, the present 4S protein is eluted just in front of, or together with, thyroglobulin by gradient elution chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column, and it is precipitated with thyroglobulin at 1.9 M ammonium sulfate. Therefore, it was concluded that a molecular-sieving process is necessary for the purification of thyroglobulin, in addition to a complex procedure which consists of ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of thyroglobulin-related 4S protein in the soluble fraction of thyroid tissue. A 4S protein which is thyroglobulin-related and which is immunologically distinguished from unusually iodinated albumin-like proteins or impaired substances of thyroglobulin synthesis, was found in the thyroid-soluble fraction even in the normal gland, though in minute amounts. In the present study, purification and characterization of the substance has been carried out using human and hog thyroid glands. This protein contains some of the immunospecific determinants of thyroglobulin, although the amino acid composition of the protein differs from that of thyroglobulin. The 4S protein has a molecular weight of about 58,500 as determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method. Interestingly, the present 4S protein is eluted just in front of, or together with, thyroglobulin by gradient elution chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column, and it is precipitated with thyroglobulin at 1.9 M ammonium sulfate. Therefore, it was concluded that a molecular-sieving process is necessary for the purification of thyroglobulin, in addition to a complex procedure which consists of ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography.", "PMID": 580286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_262", "title": "Nutritional status of lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist monks.", "content": "The nutritional status of members of a lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist community was studied. Body weights and heights were normal. An analysis of four weeks' menus showed that, for the most part, sufficient nutrients were provided. A 24-hr. dietary recall revealed that a number of the subjects had low intakes of some nutrients, particularly the B-vitamins and calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Improvement in the nutritional intakes and resulting nutritional status of the men must rely on an availability of accurate educational materials and each individual's determination to gain the knowledge needed to make a wiser selection of food.", "contents": "Nutritional status of lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist monks. The nutritional status of members of a lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist community was studied. Body weights and heights were normal. An analysis of four weeks' menus showed that, for the most part, sufficient nutrients were provided. A 24-hr. dietary recall revealed that a number of the subjects had low intakes of some nutrients, particularly the B-vitamins and calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Improvement in the nutritional intakes and resulting nutritional status of the men must rely on an availability of accurate educational materials and each individual's determination to gain the knowledge needed to make a wiser selection of food.", "PMID": 580287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_263", "title": "Mineral content of dairy products. I. Milk and milk products.", "content": "Sixteen kinds of dairy products were analyzed for five major minerals and four trace minerals. Commercial samples of fluid milk, cream, concentrated milks, cultured products, butter, and frozen desserts were also analyzed for fat, solids, protein, and minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption, and phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. Flameless atomic absorption was used to determine iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. The data generally agreed with most recently published values. However, for the trace minerals, the data differed widely in some instances. Manufacturing practices and added ingredients produced considerable variations in mineral content of market samples. These variations, however, could be limited by selection of products, so that they would not preclude the use of dairy products in diets in which mineral composition must be controlled. The coefficients of variation, which indicate the variability that can be expected for each product, generally were high for sherbet and ice milk and low for low-fat milk and skim milk.", "contents": "Mineral content of dairy products. I. Milk and milk products. Sixteen kinds of dairy products were analyzed for five major minerals and four trace minerals. Commercial samples of fluid milk, cream, concentrated milks, cultured products, butter, and frozen desserts were also analyzed for fat, solids, protein, and minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption, and phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. Flameless atomic absorption was used to determine iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. The data generally agreed with most recently published values. However, for the trace minerals, the data differed widely in some instances. Manufacturing practices and added ingredients produced considerable variations in mineral content of market samples. These variations, however, could be limited by selection of products, so that they would not preclude the use of dairy products in diets in which mineral composition must be controlled. The coefficients of variation, which indicate the variability that can be expected for each product, generally were high for sherbet and ice milk and low for low-fat milk and skim milk.", "PMID": 580288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_264", "title": "Enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses infected by peripheral and intrathecal routes.", "content": "Forty-five horses were infected peripherally or intrathecally with enzootic or epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Low titers of virus appeared in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after peripheral inoculation of enzootic or epizootic VEE virus strains. Intrathecal infection with either epizootic or enzootic VEE virus produced higher titers of virus in CSF than did peripheral infection. In contrast to peripheral infections with enzootic strains, intrathecal infections with these strains caused death. The animals that died had widespread histopathologic changes and large amounts of virus in brain tissue. The attenuated VEE virus vaccine strain, TC-83, also multiplied in the brain of horses inoculated intrathecally but caused no clinical disease and little histopathologic damage.", "contents": "Enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses infected by peripheral and intrathecal routes. Forty-five horses were infected peripherally or intrathecally with enzootic or epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Low titers of virus appeared in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after peripheral inoculation of enzootic or epizootic VEE virus strains. Intrathecal infection with either epizootic or enzootic VEE virus produced higher titers of virus in CSF than did peripheral infection. In contrast to peripheral infections with enzootic strains, intrathecal infections with these strains caused death. The animals that died had widespread histopathologic changes and large amounts of virus in brain tissue. The attenuated VEE virus vaccine strain, TC-83, also multiplied in the brain of horses inoculated intrathecally but caused no clinical disease and little histopathologic damage.", "PMID": 580289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_265", "title": "Surgical results of orbital decompression for malignant exophthalmos.", "content": "In summary, we have presented the epidemiology, pathology, clinical classes, diagnostic techniques and surgical techniques employed, and the results in 220 patients who have undergone transantral orbital decompression for malignant exophthalmos. Reduction of proptosis up to 12 mm has been obtained. In 80 per cent of the patients the eyes were balanced within 1 mm. Complications have been minimal. We feel that this procedure has proven its efficacy in the treatment of malignant exophthalmos. In most cases it enables the preservation or improvement of vision and arrests the progressive extraocular muscle imbalance. The importance of close cooperation between otolaryngologist, endocrinologist and ophthalmologist cannot be overemphasized in the management of this disorder.", "contents": "Surgical results of orbital decompression for malignant exophthalmos. In summary, we have presented the epidemiology, pathology, clinical classes, diagnostic techniques and surgical techniques employed, and the results in 220 patients who have undergone transantral orbital decompression for malignant exophthalmos. Reduction of proptosis up to 12 mm has been obtained. In 80 per cent of the patients the eyes were balanced within 1 mm. Complications have been minimal. We feel that this procedure has proven its efficacy in the treatment of malignant exophthalmos. In most cases it enables the preservation or improvement of vision and arrests the progressive extraocular muscle imbalance. The importance of close cooperation between otolaryngologist, endocrinologist and ophthalmologist cannot be overemphasized in the management of this disorder.", "PMID": 580292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_266", "title": "Measurement of metabolites in single preimplantation embryos; a new means to study metabolic control in early embryos.", "content": "Methods are described for preparing and analyzing single preimplantation mouse embryos for a variety of metabolites and cofactors (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ATP, AMP, Pi, citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate). Oil-well and enzymatic cycling techniques are combined to provide the sensitivity needed to measure the amounts present (10(-12) to 1o(-15) moles). After experimental treatment, embryos are collected on glass slides and freeze-dried. They can then be stored indefinitely under vacuum at -25 degrees C without deterioration. With these procedures, the embryos were collected at successive stages of development and subjected to starvation and refeeding with glucose, pyruvate or both. The results confirm the existence of a block at early stages at the P-fructokinase step. This may be due to inhibition by the very high citrate levels present. The data suggest that glycolysis is turned on late in preimplantation development by the rise in fructose-6-P, a deinhibitor of P-fructokinase. In the citrate cycle, no step between citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate is rate-limiting, but a step between alpha-ketaglutarate and malate appears to impede the flux at early embryonic stages.", "contents": "Measurement of metabolites in single preimplantation embryos; a new means to study metabolic control in early embryos. Methods are described for preparing and analyzing single preimplantation mouse embryos for a variety of metabolites and cofactors (glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ATP, AMP, Pi, citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate). Oil-well and enzymatic cycling techniques are combined to provide the sensitivity needed to measure the amounts present (10(-12) to 1o(-15) moles). After experimental treatment, embryos are collected on glass slides and freeze-dried. They can then be stored indefinitely under vacuum at -25 degrees C without deterioration. With these procedures, the embryos were collected at successive stages of development and subjected to starvation and refeeding with glucose, pyruvate or both. The results confirm the existence of a block at early stages at the P-fructokinase step. This may be due to inhibition by the very high citrate levels present. The data suggest that glycolysis is turned on late in preimplantation development by the rise in fructose-6-P, a deinhibitor of P-fructokinase. In the citrate cycle, no step between citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate is rate-limiting, but a step between alpha-ketaglutarate and malate appears to impede the flux at early embryonic stages.", "PMID": 580293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_267", "title": "Transient steatorrhea following episodes of mild diarrhea in early infancy.", "content": "Fecal fat excretion was studied after a mild episode of diarrhea in eight infants for whom adequate control data were available. Mean age of onset of diarrhea was 28 days. Duration of the episode, defined as the number of days until the infant was again feeding and libitum, averaged 5.1 days. Balance studies were carried out 3 to 13 days later. Mean fecal fat excretion rose from a prediarrhea value of 2.9 +/- 1.4 gm/day to 8.7 +/- 3.1 gm/day following diarrhea (P less than 0.001). Restudy of five infants one month later showed persistent steatorrhea in one. Mild transient steatorrhea may follow mild diarrhea in infancy and should be considered in infants who are slow to gain weight subsequent to an episode of diarrhea.", "contents": "Transient steatorrhea following episodes of mild diarrhea in early infancy. Fecal fat excretion was studied after a mild episode of diarrhea in eight infants for whom adequate control data were available. Mean age of onset of diarrhea was 28 days. Duration of the episode, defined as the number of days until the infant was again feeding and libitum, averaged 5.1 days. Balance studies were carried out 3 to 13 days later. Mean fecal fat excretion rose from a prediarrhea value of 2.9 +/- 1.4 gm/day to 8.7 +/- 3.1 gm/day following diarrhea (P less than 0.001). Restudy of five infants one month later showed persistent steatorrhea in one. Mild transient steatorrhea may follow mild diarrhea in infancy and should be considered in infants who are slow to gain weight subsequent to an episode of diarrhea.", "PMID": 580295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_268", "title": "Complete heart block with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Thyrotoxicosis developed in a patient while receiving thyroid hormone therapy for clinical hypothyroidism. The development of second-degree heart block of Mobitz type 1 variety was followed by third- and then first-degree heart block. We conclude that the varying degrees of heart block were secondary to hyperthyroxinemia caused by Graves' disease and exogenous thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Complete heart block with hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis developed in a patient while receiving thyroid hormone therapy for clinical hypothyroidism. The development of second-degree heart block of Mobitz type 1 variety was followed by third- and then first-degree heart block. We conclude that the varying degrees of heart block were secondary to hyperthyroxinemia caused by Graves' disease and exogenous thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 580298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_269", "title": "[Nasal and pharyngeal mucous membrane in workers of artistic weaving plants].", "content": "68 persons employed at the production of fabrics from wool and flax, have been subjected to otolaryngological examinations. Chronic atrophic catarrh of mucous membrane of nose and pharynx was found in all 8 persons employed in tapestry weaving mill and in 44 among 60 employees of a weaving mill operated manually. Atrophic changes occurred most frequently both in the nose and the pharynx, less frequently only in the nose, and the least frequently only in the pharynx. Chronic atrophic catarrh of upper respiratory tract mucous membrane was found to be more frequent among those with the length of employment above 5 years than those with shorter employment, though this difference was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between the occurrence of chronic catarrh of upper respiratory tract and hearing damage.", "contents": "[Nasal and pharyngeal mucous membrane in workers of artistic weaving plants]. 68 persons employed at the production of fabrics from wool and flax, have been subjected to otolaryngological examinations. Chronic atrophic catarrh of mucous membrane of nose and pharynx was found in all 8 persons employed in tapestry weaving mill and in 44 among 60 employees of a weaving mill operated manually. Atrophic changes occurred most frequently both in the nose and the pharynx, less frequently only in the nose, and the least frequently only in the pharynx. Chronic atrophic catarrh of upper respiratory tract mucous membrane was found to be more frequent among those with the length of employment above 5 years than those with shorter employment, though this difference was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between the occurrence of chronic catarrh of upper respiratory tract and hearing damage.", "PMID": 580304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_270", "title": "Correlation of sequential changes in serum thyroglobulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in patients with Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "Serum thyroglobulin (Tg), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured in sera from selected patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and with subacute thyroiditis. In agreement with previous reports, the concentration of serum Tg was elevated in untreated hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, being 132 +/- 124 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) as opposed to 11 +/- 6.4 ng/ml in normal subjects. During treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs with or without iodide, reductions in thyroid hormone concentrations were not associated with a change in serum Tg. On the other hand, marked elevations in serum Tg to concentrations as high as 7000 ng/ml were observed within 24-48 hr after subtotal thyroidectomy or 131I treatment of patients with Graves' disease. These abrupt 10-50-fold increases in serum Tg were not associated with changes in serum T3 and T4. As previously demonstrated, patients with subacute thyroiditis may have elevated serum Tg concentrations that are not associated with elevations in serum T3 and T4. Serum Tg may remain elevated long after clinical and other biochemical mainfestations of this disease have disappeared. These data suggest that the disruption in thyroid function in patients with subacute thyroiditis may persist in a subclinical form for longer periods than previously suspected. Serum Tg appears to be a sensitive indicator of acute thyroidal damage due to surgical, radiation, or inflammatory trauma. The absence of parallel changes in serum Tg, T3, and T4 indicates that release of these thyroidal components can occur by different mechanisms and that nonthyroid tissues cannot efficiently generate T3 and T4 from circulating Tg. Accordingly, local or systemic stimulation of thyroidal Tg hydrolysis may be involved in the generation of hyperthyroidism sometimes seen in patients with subacute thyroiditis.", "contents": "Correlation of sequential changes in serum thyroglobulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in patients with Graves' disease and subacute thyroiditis. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured in sera from selected patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and with subacute thyroiditis. In agreement with previous reports, the concentration of serum Tg was elevated in untreated hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, being 132 +/- 124 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) as opposed to 11 +/- 6.4 ng/ml in normal subjects. During treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs with or without iodide, reductions in thyroid hormone concentrations were not associated with a change in serum Tg. On the other hand, marked elevations in serum Tg to concentrations as high as 7000 ng/ml were observed within 24-48 hr after subtotal thyroidectomy or 131I treatment of patients with Graves' disease. These abrupt 10-50-fold increases in serum Tg were not associated with changes in serum T3 and T4. As previously demonstrated, patients with subacute thyroiditis may have elevated serum Tg concentrations that are not associated with elevations in serum T3 and T4. Serum Tg may remain elevated long after clinical and other biochemical mainfestations of this disease have disappeared. These data suggest that the disruption in thyroid function in patients with subacute thyroiditis may persist in a subclinical form for longer periods than previously suspected. Serum Tg appears to be a sensitive indicator of acute thyroidal damage due to surgical, radiation, or inflammatory trauma. The absence of parallel changes in serum Tg, T3, and T4 indicates that release of these thyroidal components can occur by different mechanisms and that nonthyroid tissues cannot efficiently generate T3 and T4 from circulating Tg. Accordingly, local or systemic stimulation of thyroidal Tg hydrolysis may be involved in the generation of hyperthyroidism sometimes seen in patients with subacute thyroiditis.", "PMID": 580305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_271", "title": "[Surface properties of cerebrospinal fluid cells following intrathecal methotrexate treatment].", "content": "Authors first in the literature described the surface profile of lymphocytes, plasma cells, phagocytes and malignant lymphoblasts of the liquor after intrathecal Methorexat therapy (i.thec.MTX). After prolonged treatment with MTX the mentioned cells were examined by SEM. The surface of the plasma cells and storage cells was found to be normal. Various stages of the phagocytosis could be observed. On the other hand the majority of lymphoblasts of leukaemic origin after the first administration of i.thec.MTX revealed damaged cell surfaces.", "contents": "[Surface properties of cerebrospinal fluid cells following intrathecal methotrexate treatment]. Authors first in the literature described the surface profile of lymphocytes, plasma cells, phagocytes and malignant lymphoblasts of the liquor after intrathecal Methorexat therapy (i.thec.MTX). After prolonged treatment with MTX the mentioned cells were examined by SEM. The surface of the plasma cells and storage cells was found to be normal. Various stages of the phagocytosis could be observed. On the other hand the majority of lymphoblasts of leukaemic origin after the first administration of i.thec.MTX revealed damaged cell surfaces.", "PMID": 580307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_272", "title": "Neurovisceral storage disorder simulating Niemann-Pick disease. A new form of oligosaccharidosis?", "content": "Two sisters are described with demonstrable splenomegaly already from infancy and, after the age of 2--4 years, signs of slowly progressive encephalophy, vacuolated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and peculiar foam cells in the bone marrow aspirates. The died at 7 3/4 and 6 1/2 years. Widely  spread in the brain, the nerve cell bodies were found to show extensive ballooning. It was most striking in the brain stem and spinal cord, while cerebellar structures were remarkably well preserved. The cytoplasm of the ballooned nerve cells was filled with finely granular storage material stainable as a readily soluble glycolipid. The spleen, liver and intestinal wall contained numerous foamy PAS-positive macrophages. Chemical assays showed a ten-fold increase of lactosylceramide and a modest one of minor gangliosides brain cortex. No accumulation sphingomyelin could be revealed, and the sphingomyelinase activity was found to be normal. The ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity of leucocytes was reduced to 20--25% of normal, which indicated a disturbance of the glycosaminoglycan metabolism. The tissue content of glycosaminoglycans was, however, normal, but an accumulation of lactose was demonstrated in the spleen. It is postulated that the primary enzymic defect is a disturbance of a lysosomal beta-galactosidase with a substrate specificity for lactose and other oligosaccharides with a terminal beta-galactosidic linkage.", "contents": "Neurovisceral storage disorder simulating Niemann-Pick disease. A new form of oligosaccharidosis? Two sisters are described with demonstrable splenomegaly already from infancy and, after the age of 2--4 years, signs of slowly progressive encephalophy, vacuolated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and peculiar foam cells in the bone marrow aspirates. The died at 7 3/4 and 6 1/2 years. Widely  spread in the brain, the nerve cell bodies were found to show extensive ballooning. It was most striking in the brain stem and spinal cord, while cerebellar structures were remarkably well preserved. The cytoplasm of the ballooned nerve cells was filled with finely granular storage material stainable as a readily soluble glycolipid. The spleen, liver and intestinal wall contained numerous foamy PAS-positive macrophages. Chemical assays showed a ten-fold increase of lactosylceramide and a modest one of minor gangliosides brain cortex. No accumulation sphingomyelin could be revealed, and the sphingomyelinase activity was found to be normal. The ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity of leucocytes was reduced to 20--25% of normal, which indicated a disturbance of the glycosaminoglycan metabolism. The tissue content of glycosaminoglycans was, however, normal, but an accumulation of lactose was demonstrated in the spleen. It is postulated that the primary enzymic defect is a disturbance of a lysosomal beta-galactosidase with a substrate specificity for lactose and other oligosaccharides with a terminal beta-galactosidic linkage.", "PMID": 580308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_273", "title": "[Acquired aphasia with electroencephalographic manifestation in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper presents the case of a 5 year old boy with the syndrome of gradually developing aphasia, primarily receptive, associated with electroencephalographic abnormalities and behavioral problems. The aphasia developed over a period of 1 1/2 years and was primarily concerned with receptive language. At its peak there was a complete loss of language which coincided with almost continuous spike-wave discharges in EEG as did behavioral problems (hyperactivity and aggressiveness). No seizures occured. With anticonvulsive medication the abnormal EEG-activity diappeared within a 3 week period. Language improvement only began slowly 2 months later. Complete restitution of language was attained 1 year after the total loss of language. As the language improved, the behavior normalized. Various specialist were engaged in the diagnosis of the case and their procedures are described. The cause of this syndrome remains unknown. Similar cases (often with convulsive disorder) reported in literature are discussed and presented in a table.", "contents": "[Acquired aphasia with electroencephalographic manifestation in children (author's transl)]. The paper presents the case of a 5 year old boy with the syndrome of gradually developing aphasia, primarily receptive, associated with electroencephalographic abnormalities and behavioral problems. The aphasia developed over a period of 1 1/2 years and was primarily concerned with receptive language. At its peak there was a complete loss of language which coincided with almost continuous spike-wave discharges in EEG as did behavioral problems (hyperactivity and aggressiveness). No seizures occured. With anticonvulsive medication the abnormal EEG-activity diappeared within a 3 week period. Language improvement only began slowly 2 months later. Complete restitution of language was attained 1 year after the total loss of language. As the language improved, the behavior normalized. Various specialist were engaged in the diagnosis of the case and their procedures are described. The cause of this syndrome remains unknown. Similar cases (often with convulsive disorder) reported in literature are discussed and presented in a table.", "PMID": 580309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_274", "title": "Physical properties and biochemistry of lung surfactant following vagotomy.", "content": "Surface tension and the biochemical composition of lung washings were studied in rats 24 h after bilateral cervical vagotomy. A significant decrease in body weight, rate of breathing, stability and hysteresis shape indexes and hysteresis loop areas were noted. The gamma max, gamma min, gamma stat, indexes of compressibility, the number of cells and the protein content of washings were significantly increased. There were only minor changes in the absolute amount of phospholipids but their relative rate was significantly lower. Interstitial lung edema and early bronchopneumonia were confirmed histologically.", "contents": "Physical properties and biochemistry of lung surfactant following vagotomy. Surface tension and the biochemical composition of lung washings were studied in rats 24 h after bilateral cervical vagotomy. A significant decrease in body weight, rate of breathing, stability and hysteresis shape indexes and hysteresis loop areas were noted. The gamma max, gamma min, gamma stat, indexes of compressibility, the number of cells and the protein content of washings were significantly increased. There were only minor changes in the absolute amount of phospholipids but their relative rate was significantly lower. Interstitial lung edema and early bronchopneumonia were confirmed histologically.", "PMID": 580313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_275", "title": "Effect of transfer factor and zoster immunoglobulin in patients with varicella-zoster infection and malignancy.", "content": "Immunotherapy was given to 13 patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases complicated by varicella-zoster (VZ) infection. Five patients received transfer factor (TF) only, 6 received TF and zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG), and 2 received ZIG only. ZIG did not seem to alter the course of the infection. Cessation of vesicle formation and initiation of crust formation took place within 1 day after the first injection of TF in 5 patients with a localized zoster. In 4 patients suffering from an early dissemination of VZ infection, cessation of vesicle formation took place within 1 day (1 patient), 2 days (1 patient), 3 days (1 patient) or 4 days (1 patient) after the first injection of TF. An increase in serum interferon was observed in 4 of 9 patients who received TF, while no increase in serum interferon was observed in the control groups. Administration of a high-titer ZIG preparation did not seem to depress the humoral antibody response when combined with TF therapy. Therapy with TF in combination with ZIG seemed to have a beneficial effect in patients with malignancy when administered early in the acute VZ infection.", "contents": "Effect of transfer factor and zoster immunoglobulin in patients with varicella-zoster infection and malignancy. Immunotherapy was given to 13 patients suffering from lymphoproliferative diseases complicated by varicella-zoster (VZ) infection. Five patients received transfer factor (TF) only, 6 received TF and zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG), and 2 received ZIG only. ZIG did not seem to alter the course of the infection. Cessation of vesicle formation and initiation of crust formation took place within 1 day after the first injection of TF in 5 patients with a localized zoster. In 4 patients suffering from an early dissemination of VZ infection, cessation of vesicle formation took place within 1 day (1 patient), 2 days (1 patient), 3 days (1 patient) or 4 days (1 patient) after the first injection of TF. An increase in serum interferon was observed in 4 of 9 patients who received TF, while no increase in serum interferon was observed in the control groups. Administration of a high-titer ZIG preparation did not seem to depress the humoral antibody response when combined with TF therapy. Therapy with TF in combination with ZIG seemed to have a beneficial effect in patients with malignancy when administered early in the acute VZ infection.", "PMID": 580314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_276", "title": "Contact angle and surface tension in studies of lung surfactant.", "content": "The contact angle (theta) was determined in combination with surface tension measured in a Langmuiur-Willhelmy surface tension balance. Correction of the surface tension by the contact angle factor (1/cos theta) was tried on the monolayer curve of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and total lipid extracts from the bovine lung surfactant material (TLE). The contact angle was observed with an optical apparatus called a Contangulometer and pictures taken discontinuously, and was determined by drawing tangents at the peak of a junction between the water mensicus and a glass plate. The contact angle was about 15 degrees, and had a narrow range of variation until the surface tension became very low, less than 5 dynes/cm, and then the contact angle jumped to almost 90 degrees both in DPPC and in TLE. It is concluded that the directly recorded surface tension curve underestimates the value by about 3-4% and that when the surface tension becomes very low, less than 5 dynes/cm, the value is no longer valid because the contact angle becomes nearly 90 degrees.", "contents": "Contact angle and surface tension in studies of lung surfactant. The contact angle (theta) was determined in combination with surface tension measured in a Langmuiur-Willhelmy surface tension balance. Correction of the surface tension by the contact angle factor (1/cos theta) was tried on the monolayer curve of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and total lipid extracts from the bovine lung surfactant material (TLE). The contact angle was observed with an optical apparatus called a Contangulometer and pictures taken discontinuously, and was determined by drawing tangents at the peak of a junction between the water mensicus and a glass plate. The contact angle was about 15 degrees, and had a narrow range of variation until the surface tension became very low, less than 5 dynes/cm, and then the contact angle jumped to almost 90 degrees both in DPPC and in TLE. It is concluded that the directly recorded surface tension curve underestimates the value by about 3-4% and that when the surface tension becomes very low, less than 5 dynes/cm, the value is no longer valid because the contact angle becomes nearly 90 degrees.", "PMID": 580317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_277", "title": "[Surgery of patients with toxic goiter].", "content": "Some peculiarities of the toxic goiter found in patients in the republic of Afghanistan are considered. The results of surgical treatment of 68 cases are set forth. The advantage of beta-blockators over the antithyroid drugs for the preoperative management of these cases is shown.", "contents": "[Surgery of patients with toxic goiter]. Some peculiarities of the toxic goiter found in patients in the republic of Afghanistan are considered. The results of surgical treatment of 68 cases are set forth. The advantage of beta-blockators over the antithyroid drugs for the preoperative management of these cases is shown.", "PMID": 580318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_278", "title": "[Lymphocytic infiltrations in normal and pathological thyroid glands (so-called focal lymphocytic thyroiditis) (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 1004 goitres removed surgically before (1959) and after (1970, 1975) the introduction of the iodine prophylaxis reveals an impressive increase in lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland parenchyma. So-called focal lymphocytic thyroiditis is closely associated with the functional state of the organ. Furthermore, there is an increase in focal thyroiditis, especially in younger persons, after the introduction of iodine prophylaxis. Autoantibodies or clinical signs of inflammation were not found in these cases. Focal lymphocytic thyroiditis is seen as the expression of a regulatory function of the immunological system over the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Lymphocytic infiltrations in normal and pathological thyroid glands (so-called focal lymphocytic thyroiditis) (author's transl)]. A series of 1004 goitres removed surgically before (1959) and after (1970, 1975) the introduction of the iodine prophylaxis reveals an impressive increase in lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland parenchyma. So-called focal lymphocytic thyroiditis is closely associated with the functional state of the organ. Furthermore, there is an increase in focal thyroiditis, especially in younger persons, after the introduction of iodine prophylaxis. Autoantibodies or clinical signs of inflammation were not found in these cases. Focal lymphocytic thyroiditis is seen as the expression of a regulatory function of the immunological system over the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 580320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_279", "title": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of food hypersensitivity].", "content": "Foodstuff allergens may cause, either ingested, inhaled, locally or systemically, a varied pathology related particularily to the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tract. Due to the bewildering multitude of symptoms and the lack of reliable methodology for the detection of the allergens, no diagnosis is reached frequently. None of the available test methods (not even new in vitro tests such as RAST) can replace a thorough medical history. Between 1970 and 1975, we have ascertained 63 cases of foodstuff allergy in our clinic in Z\u00fcrich. Many of them presented as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and Quinckeedema. Celery, potatoes, milk, egg-white, cheese and cereals were most frequently encountered as allergens. The only wholly effective therapeutic procedure consists in eliminating the allergenfrom food, a measure whose practical realization may prove to be quite difficult. Some results with oral hyposensibilisation are presented.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of food hypersensitivity]. Foodstuff allergens may cause, either ingested, inhaled, locally or systemically, a varied pathology related particularily to the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tract. Due to the bewildering multitude of symptoms and the lack of reliable methodology for the detection of the allergens, no diagnosis is reached frequently. None of the available test methods (not even new in vitro tests such as RAST) can replace a thorough medical history. Between 1970 and 1975, we have ascertained 63 cases of foodstuff allergy in our clinic in Z\u00fcrich. Many of them presented as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and Quinckeedema. Celery, potatoes, milk, egg-white, cheese and cereals were most frequently encountered as allergens. The only wholly effective therapeutic procedure consists in eliminating the allergenfrom food, a measure whose practical realization may prove to be quite difficult. Some results with oral hyposensibilisation are presented.", "PMID": 580321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_280", "title": "[Investigation of the relationship of the mucilaginous substances of linseed to genotype and source (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The content of mucilaginous substances, respectively the capacity to swell is primarily a characteristic specific for the variety. 2. Ecologically very different growth locations also have a marked influence, so that appreciable quality differences depending on origin mayorise. 3. From the positive correlation between sedimentation value and alcohol soluble fraction of protein it can be concluded that the swelling capability is not only influenced by the soluble pentosans but also by the protein composition.", "contents": "[Investigation of the relationship of the mucilaginous substances of linseed to genotype and source (author's transl)]. 1. The content of mucilaginous substances, respectively the capacity to swell is primarily a characteristic specific for the variety. 2. Ecologically very different growth locations also have a marked influence, so that appreciable quality differences depending on origin mayorise. 3. From the positive correlation between sedimentation value and alcohol soluble fraction of protein it can be concluded that the swelling capability is not only influenced by the soluble pentosans but also by the protein composition.", "PMID": 580325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_281", "title": "Simplified fluorimetric methods for determination of vitamin B6 in food materials.", "content": "A simple fluorimetric method for the determination of vitamin B6 in food materials is proposed, enabling total vitamin B6 to be determined after the chromatographic removal of interfering substances on Dowex 50 WX 8 columns. Pyridoxol, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are transferred into the highly fluorescent lactone of 4-pyridoxic acid. The method is specific and agrees well with the microbilogical assay. Three or four determinations can be performed in eight hours.", "contents": "Simplified fluorimetric methods for determination of vitamin B6 in food materials. A simple fluorimetric method for the determination of vitamin B6 in food materials is proposed, enabling total vitamin B6 to be determined after the chromatographic removal of interfering substances on Dowex 50 WX 8 columns. Pyridoxol, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are transferred into the highly fluorescent lactone of 4-pyridoxic acid. The method is specific and agrees well with the microbilogical assay. Three or four determinations can be performed in eight hours.", "PMID": 580326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_282", "title": "The accuracy of clinical applanation tonometry.", "content": "The differences between two careful applanation tonometries performed by one and by two observers, respectively, were compared. Two measurements by one observer differed by 2 mmHg or more in 8% of the pairs of measurements and by 3 mmHg or more in 2% of the pairs. One tonometry each by two observers differed by 2 mmHg or more 40% of the pairs of measurement and by 3 mmHg or more in 17% of the pairs. There was no dependence on the intraocular pressure. Possible reasons for the increase in variance are discussed.", "contents": "The accuracy of clinical applanation tonometry. The differences between two careful applanation tonometries performed by one and by two observers, respectively, were compared. Two measurements by one observer differed by 2 mmHg or more in 8% of the pairs of measurements and by 3 mmHg or more in 2% of the pairs. One tonometry each by two observers differed by 2 mmHg or more 40% of the pairs of measurement and by 3 mmHg or more in 17% of the pairs. There was no dependence on the intraocular pressure. Possible reasons for the increase in variance are discussed.", "PMID": 580328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_283", "title": "Corneal thickness. II. Environmental and genetic factors.", "content": "In a material of 839 Greenland Eskimos with no corneal abnormalities, the variations of central corneal thickness (CT) were analysed from a genetic point of view. Environmental factors were suggested by a town-village difference in mean CT level (excess in town), by a higher CT level in families with an indoor occupation, and by a nearly significant husband-wife CT correlation. Using an age-sex-location-independent CT deviation score (CTDS) the family variations were studied in 86 families with two parents and one to seven children, and in 187 sibships with two to seven sibs. The first degree relationships showed a fairly high level of resemblance, which seems to indicate a major genetic influence on CT, with heritability estimates about 0.6--0.7. In men an association was found between CT and Caucasian admixture, which also suggested genetic factors. However, both findings call for reservation because of the socioeconomic environmental influence.", "contents": "Corneal thickness. II. Environmental and genetic factors. In a material of 839 Greenland Eskimos with no corneal abnormalities, the variations of central corneal thickness (CT) were analysed from a genetic point of view. Environmental factors were suggested by a town-village difference in mean CT level (excess in town), by a higher CT level in families with an indoor occupation, and by a nearly significant husband-wife CT correlation. Using an age-sex-location-independent CT deviation score (CTDS) the family variations were studied in 86 families with two parents and one to seven children, and in 187 sibships with two to seven sibs. The first degree relationships showed a fairly high level of resemblance, which seems to indicate a major genetic influence on CT, with heritability estimates about 0.6--0.7. In men an association was found between CT and Caucasian admixture, which also suggested genetic factors. However, both findings call for reservation because of the socioeconomic environmental influence.", "PMID": 580329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_284", "title": "Cloxacillin distribution in the rabbit eye after intravenous injection.", "content": "Distribution of isotopically labelled and intravenously injected cloxacillin was studied in rabbit eye. The antibiotic concentration determined by liquid scintillation counting proved to be a reliable measure of the total antibiotic concentration when controlled by microbiological assay. In the rabbit eye after an intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of cloxacillin sodium, longlasting antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic against penicillinase producing staphylococci was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures and in the cornea. The antibiotic present in the iris and ciliary body, and in the retina and choroid preparations, proved to be partly intravascular, whereas it penetrated better into the extravascular tissue compartment of the sclera and limbal area. Cloxacillin failed to achieve a therapeutic antibiotic concentration in the vitreous body and in the lens. Administration of probenecid had an enhancing effect on ocular cloxacillin concentration allowing improved drug diffusion into the eye by means of an elevated plasma concentration. No specific ocular effect of probenecid was noticed. Therapeutic concentration of cloxacillin in the aqueous humour, otherwise barely achieved, was more satisfactorily obtained with a previous injection of probenecid.", "contents": "Cloxacillin distribution in the rabbit eye after intravenous injection. Distribution of isotopically labelled and intravenously injected cloxacillin was studied in rabbit eye. The antibiotic concentration determined by liquid scintillation counting proved to be a reliable measure of the total antibiotic concentration when controlled by microbiological assay. In the rabbit eye after an intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of cloxacillin sodium, longlasting antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic against penicillinase producing staphylococci was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures and in the cornea. The antibiotic present in the iris and ciliary body, and in the retina and choroid preparations, proved to be partly intravascular, whereas it penetrated better into the extravascular tissue compartment of the sclera and limbal area. Cloxacillin failed to achieve a therapeutic antibiotic concentration in the vitreous body and in the lens. Administration of probenecid had an enhancing effect on ocular cloxacillin concentration allowing improved drug diffusion into the eye by means of an elevated plasma concentration. No specific ocular effect of probenecid was noticed. Therapeutic concentration of cloxacillin in the aqueous humour, otherwise barely achieved, was more satisfactorily obtained with a previous injection of probenecid.", "PMID": 580330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_285", "title": "A note on the pseudo-exfoliation fibrils.", "content": "Both transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that typical fibrils are the dominant feature of the pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material. The purpose of this work has been to examine whether the TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical, and to determine to which extent the morphology of the PE material is changed during the preparation for SEM, especially by the drying procedure. Specimens from lenses with PE, which had beforehand been prepared for and examined by SEM, were embedded, sectioned and examined by TEM. The results indicate that, as far as it can be seen by this method, the changes induced in the PE material by the drying procedure are not substanial. The TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical.", "contents": "A note on the pseudo-exfoliation fibrils. Both transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that typical fibrils are the dominant feature of the pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material. The purpose of this work has been to examine whether the TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical, and to determine to which extent the morphology of the PE material is changed during the preparation for SEM, especially by the drying procedure. Specimens from lenses with PE, which had beforehand been prepared for and examined by SEM, were embedded, sectioned and examined by TEM. The results indicate that, as far as it can be seen by this method, the changes induced in the PE material by the drying procedure are not substanial. The TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical.", "PMID": 580331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_286", "title": "The ciliary body and the suspension of the lens in rabbits. A scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "The ciliary body in rabbits is dominated by the ciliary processes, which number about 165. Most of them are straight, regularly spaced and uniformly shaped, and they have an even surface when seen at low magnification. They are separated by deep valleys with almost vertical sides. Anteriorly, the ciliary processes end abruptly, and about every second process leads into an iridial process which run radially along the posterior surface of the iris. At higher magnification, the individual cells can be seen to be demarcated by furrows, with a pattern which is specific for the different parts of the surfaces studied. The lens is suspended in innumerable zonular fibers, forming a rather thick mat. They attach in one continuous belt at the anterior end of the ciliary processes, and directly on the lens equator. The anatomy of this part the rabbit eye differs in many respects from that found in primates.", "contents": "The ciliary body and the suspension of the lens in rabbits. A scanning electron microscopy study. The ciliary body in rabbits is dominated by the ciliary processes, which number about 165. Most of them are straight, regularly spaced and uniformly shaped, and they have an even surface when seen at low magnification. They are separated by deep valleys with almost vertical sides. Anteriorly, the ciliary processes end abruptly, and about every second process leads into an iridial process which run radially along the posterior surface of the iris. At higher magnification, the individual cells can be seen to be demarcated by furrows, with a pattern which is specific for the different parts of the surfaces studied. The lens is suspended in innumerable zonular fibers, forming a rather thick mat. They attach in one continuous belt at the anterior end of the ciliary processes, and directly on the lens equator. The anatomy of this part the rabbit eye differs in many respects from that found in primates.", "PMID": 580332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_287", "title": "Experience with trepanotrabeculectomy.", "content": "The authors analysed the effect of 100 trepanotrabeculectomy operations performed in primary (79 cases), in congenital (16 cases) and in secondary (5 cases) types of glaucoma. The operation itself could normalize the intraocular pressure in 87% of the cases, in 8% the intraocular pressure was normalized by miotics after the operation. In 3% of the cases the pressure could not be controlled even by the additional application of miotics and in 2% of the cases the operation produced a hypotony. The intraoperative and postoperative complications were temporary and without definitive sequels. As the blebs were present in 76% of cases, the authors concluded that the drainage took place under the scleral and conjunctival flap. In the smaller group, the blebs were absent but the intraocular tension was normalized. In these cases it is supposed that Schlemm's canal represents the main route of drainage. According to the authors' experience, trapanotrabeculectomy represents an operation which is easy to perform, which can not cause severe operative or postoperative complications and which can achieve normalization of the intraocular pressure, either by itself or with miotics, in a high percentage of cases.", "contents": "Experience with trepanotrabeculectomy. The authors analysed the effect of 100 trepanotrabeculectomy operations performed in primary (79 cases), in congenital (16 cases) and in secondary (5 cases) types of glaucoma. The operation itself could normalize the intraocular pressure in 87% of the cases, in 8% the intraocular pressure was normalized by miotics after the operation. In 3% of the cases the pressure could not be controlled even by the additional application of miotics and in 2% of the cases the operation produced a hypotony. The intraoperative and postoperative complications were temporary and without definitive sequels. As the blebs were present in 76% of cases, the authors concluded that the drainage took place under the scleral and conjunctival flap. In the smaller group, the blebs were absent but the intraocular tension was normalized. In these cases it is supposed that Schlemm's canal represents the main route of drainage. According to the authors' experience, trapanotrabeculectomy represents an operation which is easy to perform, which can not cause severe operative or postoperative complications and which can achieve normalization of the intraocular pressure, either by itself or with miotics, in a high percentage of cases.", "PMID": 580334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_288", "title": "Effect of paracentesis on ocular cloxacillin concentration.", "content": "The effect of anterior chamber puncture on cloxacillin concentration in the rabbit eye after intravenous injection was studied using a radioactive tracer method. The enhancement in drug concentration caused by paracentesis was most immediate and significant in the iris-ciliary body preparation. It was soon followed by high cloxacillin concentration in the aqueous humour, which contributed to elevated cloxacillin levels in the cornea, lens and anterior vitreous body, when compared to normal material. Contrary to normal eyes, cloxacillin concentration in the cornea of the punctured eyes was higher than in the limbal area. The morphological changes occurring after paracentesis are discussed. The breakdown of the hydrodynamic equilibrium in the eye, suggested as the only change after paracentesis by Raviola (1974), cannot merely explain the cloxacillin concentration changes measured in the punctured eye.", "contents": "Effect of paracentesis on ocular cloxacillin concentration. The effect of anterior chamber puncture on cloxacillin concentration in the rabbit eye after intravenous injection was studied using a radioactive tracer method. The enhancement in drug concentration caused by paracentesis was most immediate and significant in the iris-ciliary body preparation. It was soon followed by high cloxacillin concentration in the aqueous humour, which contributed to elevated cloxacillin levels in the cornea, lens and anterior vitreous body, when compared to normal material. Contrary to normal eyes, cloxacillin concentration in the cornea of the punctured eyes was higher than in the limbal area. The morphological changes occurring after paracentesis are discussed. The breakdown of the hydrodynamic equilibrium in the eye, suggested as the only change after paracentesis by Raviola (1974), cannot merely explain the cloxacillin concentration changes measured in the punctured eye.", "PMID": 580335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_289", "title": "The effect of 5-iodo-2'deoxyuridine (IDU) and dexamethasone on corneal wound healing in the rabbit.", "content": "Using lamellar keratectomy as a model, the effect of 5-iodo-2' deoxyuridine (IDU) and dexamethasone on epithelial regeneration and stromal wound healing in rabbits was studied. Under IDU medication, there was a dose-dependent delay in both epithelial and stromal regeneration of the cornea. This negative effect of IDU was considerably intensified by additional doses of dexamethasone. When IDU was used alone, regeneration in the wound was delayed by five days in comparison to the control eyes. When dexamethasone was added, the delay was prolonged to about 10 days. The results are discussed and compared with the available literature.", "contents": "The effect of 5-iodo-2'deoxyuridine (IDU) and dexamethasone on corneal wound healing in the rabbit. Using lamellar keratectomy as a model, the effect of 5-iodo-2' deoxyuridine (IDU) and dexamethasone on epithelial regeneration and stromal wound healing in rabbits was studied. Under IDU medication, there was a dose-dependent delay in both epithelial and stromal regeneration of the cornea. This negative effect of IDU was considerably intensified by additional doses of dexamethasone. When IDU was used alone, regeneration in the wound was delayed by five days in comparison to the control eyes. When dexamethasone was added, the delay was prolonged to about 10 days. The results are discussed and compared with the available literature.", "PMID": 580336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_290", "title": "Accuracy of evoked potential refractometry using bar gratings.", "content": "We recorded cortical potentials evoked by phase-alternating square-wave gratings. Significant effects of varying the refractive power of the eye are obtained only at 5 cycles/degree (cy/deg) and above. The extrapolation to zero amplitude of the evoked response as a function of spatial frequency predicts the psychophysical visual acuity even for the myopic eye. As the sensitivity of meridional refraction using sufficiently fine bar gratings is better than 0.5 D it provides a suitable means for the measurement of astigmatism.", "contents": "Accuracy of evoked potential refractometry using bar gratings. We recorded cortical potentials evoked by phase-alternating square-wave gratings. Significant effects of varying the refractive power of the eye are obtained only at 5 cycles/degree (cy/deg) and above. The extrapolation to zero amplitude of the evoked response as a function of spatial frequency predicts the psychophysical visual acuity even for the myopic eye. As the sensitivity of meridional refraction using sufficiently fine bar gratings is better than 0.5 D it provides a suitable means for the measurement of astigmatism.", "PMID": 580337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_291", "title": "Conjunctival bleeding in Osler's disease with associated platelet dysfunction. A case report.", "content": "A patient with Osler's disease (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia) was admitted to hospital because of obstinate, profuse conjuctival bleeding occurring without any known preceding rrauma. Extensive examination of the haemostatic mechanism revealed an impaired platelet function reflected in defective platelet aggregation by ADP, collagen adrenalin and defective clot retraction. This platelet dysfunction, whose association with conjunctival telangiectasia was hitherto unknown, impaired the patient's already deficient primary haemostasis following the vascular anomaly and apparently contributed to the severity of the bleeding which could only be checked surgically. The findings seem to warrant investigation of the platelet function in patients with Osler's disease. In the event of platelet dysfunction drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), indomethacin, dextrans as well as transfusions with bank blood are contraindicated.", "contents": "Conjunctival bleeding in Osler's disease with associated platelet dysfunction. A case report. A patient with Osler's disease (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia) was admitted to hospital because of obstinate, profuse conjuctival bleeding occurring without any known preceding rrauma. Extensive examination of the haemostatic mechanism revealed an impaired platelet function reflected in defective platelet aggregation by ADP, collagen adrenalin and defective clot retraction. This platelet dysfunction, whose association with conjunctival telangiectasia was hitherto unknown, impaired the patient's already deficient primary haemostasis following the vascular anomaly and apparently contributed to the severity of the bleeding which could only be checked surgically. The findings seem to warrant investigation of the platelet function in patients with Osler's disease. In the event of platelet dysfunction drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), indomethacin, dextrans as well as transfusions with bank blood are contraindicated.", "PMID": 580338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_292", "title": "Tissue culture of the retinal pigment epithelial cells.", "content": "Pure culture of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the chick embryo was carried out and the morphological characteristics of each developmental stage were observed under light microscope and transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Immature cells had a few, short processes on the apical surface and a few melanin granules in the cytoplasm. However, mature cells had two types of processes on the apical surface, one being narrow and the other wide. Many melanin granules were diffusely dispersed in the cytoplasm and the cells were joined by a junctional complex near the apical portion. Beneath the cultured cells, basement membrane and collagen fibrils were evident and were apparently produced by the culture RPE cells. The structure of the cultured cells in the well-differentiated stage appeared to be the same as that of living cells.", "contents": "Tissue culture of the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pure culture of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the chick embryo was carried out and the morphological characteristics of each developmental stage were observed under light microscope and transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Immature cells had a few, short processes on the apical surface and a few melanin granules in the cytoplasm. However, mature cells had two types of processes on the apical surface, one being narrow and the other wide. Many melanin granules were diffusely dispersed in the cytoplasm and the cells were joined by a junctional complex near the apical portion. Beneath the cultured cells, basement membrane and collagen fibrils were evident and were apparently produced by the culture RPE cells. The structure of the cultured cells in the well-differentiated stage appeared to be the same as that of living cells.", "PMID": 580339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_293", "title": "Necrotizing myopathy as a remote effect of gastric cancer accompanied with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "An autopsy case of a 74-year-old male who had shown clinically hypothyroidism due to chronic atrophic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and pathologically necrotizing myopathy as a remote effect of gastric cancer was reported. Morphological features of this necrotizing myopathy was those of carcinomatous myopathy rather than those of hypothyroid or diabetic myopathy. As for the pathogenesis of the necrotizing myopathy (as a Group IV of polymyositis of Walton and Adams), the malignancy might have played an important role as a trigger of the secondary immunological abnormality upon a pre-existing longstranding immune disorder of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Pseudomembranous colitis, which was thought to be related to antibiotics. (Lincomycin), was also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Necrotizing myopathy as a remote effect of gastric cancer accompanied with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. An autopsy case of a 74-year-old male who had shown clinically hypothyroidism due to chronic atrophic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and pathologically necrotizing myopathy as a remote effect of gastric cancer was reported. Morphological features of this necrotizing myopathy was those of carcinomatous myopathy rather than those of hypothyroid or diabetic myopathy. As for the pathogenesis of the necrotizing myopathy (as a Group IV of polymyositis of Walton and Adams), the malignancy might have played an important role as a trigger of the secondary immunological abnormality upon a pre-existing longstranding immune disorder of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Pseudomembranous colitis, which was thought to be related to antibiotics. (Lincomycin), was also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 580341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_294", "title": "Determination of the vacant amount of high-affinity bilirubin binding site on serum albumin.", "content": "A principle for determination of the vacant amount of the high-affinity bilirubin binding site on serum albumin in the newborn is proposed: A small amount of monoacetyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (MADDS) is added to the serum sample and the equilibrium of binding of this substance is assessed by measuring the rate of dialysis into another volume of the same serum. It is shown that MADDS is bound selectively to the specific bilirubin site. Results obtained after addition of varying amounts of five drugs and of oleate are compared with those found by the peroxidase method. Good agreement is found although certain deviations are encountered, as expected in the case of allosteric affects. Free bilirubin concentrations can be calculated from the results.", "contents": "Determination of the vacant amount of high-affinity bilirubin binding site on serum albumin. A principle for determination of the vacant amount of the high-affinity bilirubin binding site on serum albumin in the newborn is proposed: A small amount of monoacetyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (MADDS) is added to the serum sample and the equilibrium of binding of this substance is assessed by measuring the rate of dialysis into another volume of the same serum. It is shown that MADDS is bound selectively to the specific bilirubin site. Results obtained after addition of varying amounts of five drugs and of oleate are compared with those found by the peroxidase method. Good agreement is found although certain deviations are encountered, as expected in the case of allosteric affects. Free bilirubin concentrations can be calculated from the results.", "PMID": 580342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_295", "title": "Mammary tumour inhibition and subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and of its molecular components chlorambucil and prednisolone.", "content": "Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of pregnisolone, retarded growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumours in rats and reduced the number of tumours. A combination of chlorambucil and prednisolone (C + P) in the same proportion as in prednimustine, had similar effects, 8 and 26 mg per kg of the C + P combination being equipotnet to 16 and 64 mg per kg of prednimustine, respectively. The mortality figures suggested that prednimustine was considerably less toxic than equipotent doses of C + P. This toxicity difference was confirmed in a parallel investigation of the subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and C + P. This study showed that the mortality, reduction of lymphocytes and platelets, and bone marrow depression was much lower after pregnimustine than after equimolar amounts of the C + P combination. The results suggest that the low toxicity of prednimustine makes this drug a better cytostatic agent than the C + P combination treatment.", "contents": "Mammary tumour inhibition and subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and of its molecular components chlorambucil and prednisolone. Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of pregnisolone, retarded growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumours in rats and reduced the number of tumours. A combination of chlorambucil and prednisolone (C + P) in the same proportion as in prednimustine, had similar effects, 8 and 26 mg per kg of the C + P combination being equipotnet to 16 and 64 mg per kg of prednimustine, respectively. The mortality figures suggested that prednimustine was considerably less toxic than equipotent doses of C + P. This toxicity difference was confirmed in a parallel investigation of the subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and C + P. This study showed that the mortality, reduction of lymphocytes and platelets, and bone marrow depression was much lower after pregnimustine than after equimolar amounts of the C + P combination. The results suggest that the low toxicity of prednimustine makes this drug a better cytostatic agent than the C + P combination treatment.", "PMID": 580343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_296", "title": "Time course of the effect of insulin on bovine mesenteric artery.", "content": "The time course for the effect of insulin on the bovine mesenteric artery, a medium sized artery with a high content of smooth muscle, was studied. The arteries were preincubated for varying times (0--180 min.) with and without insulin. The magnitude of the insulin effect, subsequently assayed on the accumulation of glucose carbon and the distribution of 3-0-methylglucose, was found to increase with the time of prior exposure to insulin, approaching a maximum after about 120 min. Insulin exposure also augmented its effect on the incorporation of leucine-14C into protein in a similar way. Preincubation without insulin had no appreciable influence on the magnitude of the insulin effect, indicating that the sensitivity to the hormone did not change with time. The threshold concentration for the effect of insulin on glucose-14C accumulation was 0.01 U/ml without preincubation and 0.001 U/ml after prior exposure to the hormone for 180 min. An action on protein synthesis may be involved in the increase in the magnitude of the insulin effect caused by prior exposure to insulin since no increase was found after inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin.", "contents": "Time course of the effect of insulin on bovine mesenteric artery. The time course for the effect of insulin on the bovine mesenteric artery, a medium sized artery with a high content of smooth muscle, was studied. The arteries were preincubated for varying times (0--180 min.) with and without insulin. The magnitude of the insulin effect, subsequently assayed on the accumulation of glucose carbon and the distribution of 3-0-methylglucose, was found to increase with the time of prior exposure to insulin, approaching a maximum after about 120 min. Insulin exposure also augmented its effect on the incorporation of leucine-14C into protein in a similar way. Preincubation without insulin had no appreciable influence on the magnitude of the insulin effect, indicating that the sensitivity to the hormone did not change with time. The threshold concentration for the effect of insulin on glucose-14C accumulation was 0.01 U/ml without preincubation and 0.001 U/ml after prior exposure to the hormone for 180 min. An action on protein synthesis may be involved in the increase in the magnitude of the insulin effect caused by prior exposure to insulin since no increase was found after inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin.", "PMID": 580344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_297", "title": "Cardio-respiratory toxicity of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in conscious rabbits.", "content": "The toxic effects of alpha-d-propoxyphene (P) and its primary metabolite alpha-d-norpropoxyphene (NP) were compared to intravenous infusions (100 min.) of equimolar doses of P and NP (80 micronmol/kg equivalent to 30 mg/kg P HCl) in conscious rabbits. During P infusion severe respiratory depression and convulsions were seen in all animals, and six of the nine animals died. During NP infusion, however, only minimal respiratory depression was seen and all the animals survived. Considerable prolongation of the QRS complex and cardiac arrhythmias like intermittent A-V block and ventricular extrasystoles were seen in the ECG during both P and NP infusion, while the arterial blood pressure was unchanged. In P injection experiments (6 mg/kg P HCl), ECG changes preceded reduction in respiratory rate and during NP infusion only minor changes were seen in arterial blood gases, demonstrating that the ECG changes produced by P and NP are independent of respiratory depression. The ECG changes were found to be similar to those reported in quinidine intoxication. The QRS prolongation was markedly correlated with plasma concentrations during and after P and NP infusion. The results of the present investigation favour the hypothesis that the contribution of NP to the toxicity of oral P overdosage in man is ascribed to its cardiotoxic action whereas P is responsible for the CNS toxicity (respiratory depression and convulsions) as well as cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory toxicity of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in conscious rabbits. The toxic effects of alpha-d-propoxyphene (P) and its primary metabolite alpha-d-norpropoxyphene (NP) were compared to intravenous infusions (100 min.) of equimolar doses of P and NP (80 micronmol/kg equivalent to 30 mg/kg P HCl) in conscious rabbits. During P infusion severe respiratory depression and convulsions were seen in all animals, and six of the nine animals died. During NP infusion, however, only minimal respiratory depression was seen and all the animals survived. Considerable prolongation of the QRS complex and cardiac arrhythmias like intermittent A-V block and ventricular extrasystoles were seen in the ECG during both P and NP infusion, while the arterial blood pressure was unchanged. In P injection experiments (6 mg/kg P HCl), ECG changes preceded reduction in respiratory rate and during NP infusion only minor changes were seen in arterial blood gases, demonstrating that the ECG changes produced by P and NP are independent of respiratory depression. The ECG changes were found to be similar to those reported in quinidine intoxication. The QRS prolongation was markedly correlated with plasma concentrations during and after P and NP infusion. The results of the present investigation favour the hypothesis that the contribution of NP to the toxicity of oral P overdosage in man is ascribed to its cardiotoxic action whereas P is responsible for the CNS toxicity (respiratory depression and convulsions) as well as cardiotoxicity.", "PMID": 580345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_298", "title": "In vivo inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rabbit kidney by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "To define dose- and time-response properties for in vivo inhibition of renal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, aspirin, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and d-naproxen were injected intravenously in different doses to unanaesthetized rabbits. After 30 min. the animals were killed and the post mortem accumulation of PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the renal medulla was determined by mass fragmentography. In control animals, the accumulated levels of PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the medulla were 9.2+/-2.2 (S.D.) and 1.5+/-0.6 microgram/g, respectively. Dose-dependent inhibition was demonstrated with all the drugs. The ED95 was for aspirin 15 mg/kg, for diclofenac sodium 1.5 mg/kg, for indomethacin 1.5 mg/kg and for d-naproxen 5 mg/kg. The duration of inhibition was studied by radioimmunoassay in anaesthetized rabbits by following the urinary excretion of PGF2alpha and PGE2 after an intravenous injection of solvent or test drug in doses twice the ED95. For three hours following aspirin, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and d-naproxen, the decreases in urinary excretion of PGF2alpha ranged from 64 to 88, 87 to 95, 64 to 90 and from 40 to 77 per cent of the control, respectively, and the decreases in PGE2 excretion were of similar magnitude. Together these results indicate that diclofenac sodium might be used as a long-lasting and potent alternative to indomethacin and aspirin in experimental studies on the renal PG system in vivo.", "contents": "In vivo inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rabbit kidney by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. To define dose- and time-response properties for in vivo inhibition of renal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, aspirin, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and d-naproxen were injected intravenously in different doses to unanaesthetized rabbits. After 30 min. the animals were killed and the post mortem accumulation of PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the renal medulla was determined by mass fragmentography. In control animals, the accumulated levels of PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the medulla were 9.2+/-2.2 (S.D.) and 1.5+/-0.6 microgram/g, respectively. Dose-dependent inhibition was demonstrated with all the drugs. The ED95 was for aspirin 15 mg/kg, for diclofenac sodium 1.5 mg/kg, for indomethacin 1.5 mg/kg and for d-naproxen 5 mg/kg. The duration of inhibition was studied by radioimmunoassay in anaesthetized rabbits by following the urinary excretion of PGF2alpha and PGE2 after an intravenous injection of solvent or test drug in doses twice the ED95. For three hours following aspirin, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and d-naproxen, the decreases in urinary excretion of PGF2alpha ranged from 64 to 88, 87 to 95, 64 to 90 and from 40 to 77 per cent of the control, respectively, and the decreases in PGE2 excretion were of similar magnitude. Together these results indicate that diclofenac sodium might be used as a long-lasting and potent alternative to indomethacin and aspirin in experimental studies on the renal PG system in vivo.", "PMID": 580346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_299", "title": "Some properties of Ca-binding microsomal subfractions isolated from rabbit colon muscle.", "content": "From a homogenate of rabbit colon smooth muscle a microsomal fraction was isolated, which was divided into subfractions by centrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The Ca-binding properties of the subfractions were investigated under different conditions. In the presence of 0.35 mM ATP the Ca binding of the fractions amounted to 4--8 nmol/mg protein. The 35% fraction bound more Ca per mg protein than the 35--45% fraction. The Ca accumulation was comparatively higher both in the presence of 5 mM ATP and in the presence of 5 mM oxalate. The two fractions showed about the same sensitivity for oxalate. This substance stimulated the Ca uptake at 5 mM but not at lower concentrations. The amount and the rate of Ca binding were more dependent on variations in the exogenous ATP concentration in the 35% fraction than was the case for the 35--45% fraction. The Ca binding was completely inhibited by salyrgan when the microsomal fractions were pretreated with this agent. Sodium azide did not influence the Ca-binding capacity of the fractions. It is suggested that the microsomal subfractions of the rabbit colon muscle represent physiologically important parts of the Ca sequestering system of the muscle, since Ca binding takes place at Ca- and ATP-concentrations which are believed to be present in the myoplasm.", "contents": "Some properties of Ca-binding microsomal subfractions isolated from rabbit colon muscle. From a homogenate of rabbit colon smooth muscle a microsomal fraction was isolated, which was divided into subfractions by centrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The Ca-binding properties of the subfractions were investigated under different conditions. In the presence of 0.35 mM ATP the Ca binding of the fractions amounted to 4--8 nmol/mg protein. The 35% fraction bound more Ca per mg protein than the 35--45% fraction. The Ca accumulation was comparatively higher both in the presence of 5 mM ATP and in the presence of 5 mM oxalate. The two fractions showed about the same sensitivity for oxalate. This substance stimulated the Ca uptake at 5 mM but not at lower concentrations. The amount and the rate of Ca binding were more dependent on variations in the exogenous ATP concentration in the 35% fraction than was the case for the 35--45% fraction. The Ca binding was completely inhibited by salyrgan when the microsomal fractions were pretreated with this agent. Sodium azide did not influence the Ca-binding capacity of the fractions. It is suggested that the microsomal subfractions of the rabbit colon muscle represent physiologically important parts of the Ca sequestering system of the muscle, since Ca binding takes place at Ca- and ATP-concentrations which are believed to be present in the myoplasm.", "PMID": 580347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_300", "title": "A pharmacokinetic evaluation of free and DNA-complexed adriamycin: a preliminary study in children with malignant disease.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin given as free and in DNA-complexed form was compared in six children with malignant disease. The two types of adriamycin were given to the same child at 3--4-week intervals, thereby excluding genetic variations when comparing the results. Plasma and urine were collected during and after the drug infusion, and the drug concentrations were measured by means of a sensitive fluorimetric procedure. The study shows that one obtains: 1. a much higher plasma concentration of adriamycin when it is given in the complexed form. 2. a lower urine excretion of adriamycin and fluorescent metabolites when adriamycin is administered as the DNA-complex.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic evaluation of free and DNA-complexed adriamycin: a preliminary study in children with malignant disease. The pharmacokinetics of adriamycin given as free and in DNA-complexed form was compared in six children with malignant disease. The two types of adriamycin were given to the same child at 3--4-week intervals, thereby excluding genetic variations when comparing the results. Plasma and urine were collected during and after the drug infusion, and the drug concentrations were measured by means of a sensitive fluorimetric procedure. The study shows that one obtains: 1. a much higher plasma concentration of adriamycin when it is given in the complexed form. 2. a lower urine excretion of adriamycin and fluorescent metabolites when adriamycin is administered as the DNA-complex.", "PMID": 580348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_301", "title": "Effects of different cyclophosphamide treatment schedules on collagen and collagenolytic activity in granulation tissue.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally into rats in doses of 6 or 10 mg/kg/day. The controls had daily intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline. After 14 days of treatment, granulation tissue was produced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. The treatment with cyclophosphamide and physiological saline was continued in different sequences for a further one or two 14-day periods. The rats were killed 14 or 28 days after the sponge implantation. Cyclophosphamide caused a decrease in body weight, in the number of leucocytes, in granuloma dry weight and in the granuloma content of free OH-proline while the water percentage increased. Ten mg/kg/day of cyclophosphamide had a more pronounced effect than 6 mg/kg/day. The results are consistent with an inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on granuloma formation and on the degradation of collagen. Accordingly, measurements of collagenolytic activity in granulation tissue after culture in vitro suggested an inhibition of collagenolysis after cyclophosphamide treatment. No effect of pretreatment was observed, and the effect of cyclophosphamide was independent of whether cyclophosphamide was given during the early or late phase of granulation tissue production.", "contents": "Effects of different cyclophosphamide treatment schedules on collagen and collagenolytic activity in granulation tissue. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally into rats in doses of 6 or 10 mg/kg/day. The controls had daily intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline. After 14 days of treatment, granulation tissue was produced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. The treatment with cyclophosphamide and physiological saline was continued in different sequences for a further one or two 14-day periods. The rats were killed 14 or 28 days after the sponge implantation. Cyclophosphamide caused a decrease in body weight, in the number of leucocytes, in granuloma dry weight and in the granuloma content of free OH-proline while the water percentage increased. Ten mg/kg/day of cyclophosphamide had a more pronounced effect than 6 mg/kg/day. The results are consistent with an inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on granuloma formation and on the degradation of collagen. Accordingly, measurements of collagenolytic activity in granulation tissue after culture in vitro suggested an inhibition of collagenolysis after cyclophosphamide treatment. No effect of pretreatment was observed, and the effect of cyclophosphamide was independent of whether cyclophosphamide was given during the early or late phase of granulation tissue production.", "PMID": 580349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_302", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ten elderly patients.", "content": "The two-compartment pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ten hospitalized elderly patients with apparently normal renal, hepatic and cardiopulmonary functions was investigated after intravenous administration of the drug. Nine patients suffered from slight hemiparesis and one from Parkinson's disease. Biological theophylline half-lives of 5.4--9.0 hours and plasma clearence values of 28--42 ml kg-1hr-1 were found. The apparent volumes of distribution during the beta-phase, Vdbeta, were 0.33--0.43 1 kg-1. It is concluded that a therapeutic concentration of about 10 microgram theophylline per ml serum could be established in the investigated group of elderly patients following an intravenous initial loading dose of 3.7 mg theophylline per kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.35 mg per kg body weight per hour. In the therapeutic use of theophylline monitoring of the serum theophylline concentration is generally advised because of the elsewhere reported variability in the biological half-life of the compound.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ten elderly patients. The two-compartment pharmacokinetics of theophylline in ten hospitalized elderly patients with apparently normal renal, hepatic and cardiopulmonary functions was investigated after intravenous administration of the drug. Nine patients suffered from slight hemiparesis and one from Parkinson's disease. Biological theophylline half-lives of 5.4--9.0 hours and plasma clearence values of 28--42 ml kg-1hr-1 were found. The apparent volumes of distribution during the beta-phase, Vdbeta, were 0.33--0.43 1 kg-1. It is concluded that a therapeutic concentration of about 10 microgram theophylline per ml serum could be established in the investigated group of elderly patients following an intravenous initial loading dose of 3.7 mg theophylline per kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.35 mg per kg body weight per hour. In the therapeutic use of theophylline monitoring of the serum theophylline concentration is generally advised because of the elsewhere reported variability in the biological half-life of the compound.", "PMID": 580350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_303", "title": "Ability of 6 grams of nitrogen from a combination of rice, wheat, and milk to meet protein requirements of young men for 4 weeks.", "content": "Young men consumed a diet that provided 6.0 g of nitrogen, of which rice, wheat, and milk supplied 33, 38, and 29%, respectively, for 28 days following adjustment. This diet contained amounts of essential amino acids that were at least twice the minimal required amounts reported for men. Mean nitrogen balances in four successive 7-day periods were 0.27 +/- 0.13, 0.25 +/- 0.08, 0.10 +/- 0.07 and 0.24 +/- 0.12 g; and the mean for 28 days was 0.22 +/- 0.05 g. Nitrogen retention did not differ significantly between periods. All men who weighed between 65 and 72 kg retained small amounts of nitrogen but one who weighed 78 kg was in slightly negative balance. The mean balances as reported do not provide an allowance for integumental and other losses. The daily protein intake from these sources, equivalent to 0.5 g/kg of body weight, was a critical level slightly lower than the amount appropriate for long-term maintenance of young men weighing 70 kg.", "contents": "Ability of 6 grams of nitrogen from a combination of rice, wheat, and milk to meet protein requirements of young men for 4 weeks. Young men consumed a diet that provided 6.0 g of nitrogen, of which rice, wheat, and milk supplied 33, 38, and 29%, respectively, for 28 days following adjustment. This diet contained amounts of essential amino acids that were at least twice the minimal required amounts reported for men. Mean nitrogen balances in four successive 7-day periods were 0.27 +/- 0.13, 0.25 +/- 0.08, 0.10 +/- 0.07 and 0.24 +/- 0.12 g; and the mean for 28 days was 0.22 +/- 0.05 g. Nitrogen retention did not differ significantly between periods. All men who weighed between 65 and 72 kg retained small amounts of nitrogen but one who weighed 78 kg was in slightly negative balance. The mean balances as reported do not provide an allowance for integumental and other losses. The daily protein intake from these sources, equivalent to 0.5 g/kg of body weight, was a critical level slightly lower than the amount appropriate for long-term maintenance of young men weighing 70 kg.", "PMID": 580351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_304", "title": "Surgery for lid retraction.", "content": "Various methods of surgical correction of lid retraction are discussed. Retraction secondary to overcorrected ptosis surgery is more amenable to correction by various stretching techniques, incising of the levator or recession of the lid elevators. Endocrine lid retraction poses a more difficult problem. Because of the many facets to the problem, a multidisciplined team approach is advised with surgery planned in a stepwise fashion to suit the many interrelated ocular problems of each individual patient.", "contents": "Surgery for lid retraction. Various methods of surgical correction of lid retraction are discussed. Retraction secondary to overcorrected ptosis surgery is more amenable to correction by various stretching techniques, incising of the levator or recession of the lid elevators. Endocrine lid retraction poses a more difficult problem. Because of the many facets to the problem, a multidisciplined team approach is advised with surgery planned in a stepwise fashion to suit the many interrelated ocular problems of each individual patient.", "PMID": 580354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_305", "title": "HLA antigens in autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in 85 unrelated Japanese patients with Graves' disease and 56 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with the use of the microcytotoxicity test. HLA-Bw35 was found in 36.4% of 85 patients with Graves' disease compared with 13.3% of 150 normal control subjects. This difference in antigen frequency is significant at the level of P less than .0005. The association with HLA-Bw35 in Japanese patients with Graves' diseases is different from that with HLA-B8 in white patients. In patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, HLA-Bw35 was also increased (28.5% of 56 patients) but not at a level of statistical significance (P less than .05).", "contents": "HLA antigens in autoimmune thyroid diseases. HLA antigens were determined in 85 unrelated Japanese patients with Graves' disease and 56 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with the use of the microcytotoxicity test. HLA-Bw35 was found in 36.4% of 85 patients with Graves' disease compared with 13.3% of 150 normal control subjects. This difference in antigen frequency is significant at the level of P less than .0005. The association with HLA-Bw35 in Japanese patients with Graves' diseases is different from that with HLA-B8 in white patients. In patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, HLA-Bw35 was also increased (28.5% of 56 patients) but not at a level of statistical significance (P less than .05).", "PMID": 580355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_306", "title": "[Lightmicroscopical and histochemical studies on the chorionic plate of the mature human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The chorionic plate of the normal mature human placenta was studied by light-microscopy and enzyme-histochemistry. Thereby the following findings were obtained in the various layers: The enzyme content of the amniotic epithelium refers to a secretory activity. The question with regard to a resorbant activity remains unclarified. The cells of the amnion mesoderm chiefly show the enzymes of the intermediary metabolism. The intermediate layer consists of mesothelium cells which furthermore have also phagocytotic activity. The chorionic plate mesoderm consists of several layers with connective tissue cells of diverse stage of differentiation. In the early embryonic phase they differentiate amnionward from the primary cytotrophoblast layer and still get cellular supply from residual primary cytotrophoblastic cells up to the date of birth. The enzymes of the primary cytotrophoblast cells refer accordingly with a strong activity of G6PDH to proliferation and differentiation. One part of the X-cells embedded in the Langhans fibrinoid stria descends from this primary cytotrophoblast layer; but in part they differentiate also from the Langhans cells of the placental villi surrounded by the fibrinoid stria. According to their different descent, these cells show a varying content of enzymes. The bordering of the chorionic plate to the intervillous space is represented by a rudimentary, syncytotrophoblast layer.", "contents": "[Lightmicroscopical and histochemical studies on the chorionic plate of the mature human placenta (author's transl)]. The chorionic plate of the normal mature human placenta was studied by light-microscopy and enzyme-histochemistry. Thereby the following findings were obtained in the various layers: The enzyme content of the amniotic epithelium refers to a secretory activity. The question with regard to a resorbant activity remains unclarified. The cells of the amnion mesoderm chiefly show the enzymes of the intermediary metabolism. The intermediate layer consists of mesothelium cells which furthermore have also phagocytotic activity. The chorionic plate mesoderm consists of several layers with connective tissue cells of diverse stage of differentiation. In the early embryonic phase they differentiate amnionward from the primary cytotrophoblast layer and still get cellular supply from residual primary cytotrophoblastic cells up to the date of birth. The enzymes of the primary cytotrophoblast cells refer accordingly with a strong activity of G6PDH to proliferation and differentiation. One part of the X-cells embedded in the Langhans fibrinoid stria descends from this primary cytotrophoblast layer; but in part they differentiate also from the Langhans cells of the placental villi surrounded by the fibrinoid stria. According to their different descent, these cells show a varying content of enzymes. The bordering of the chorionic plate to the intervillous space is represented by a rudimentary, syncytotrophoblast layer.", "PMID": 580357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_307", "title": "[Short-term tocolysis of prostaglandin induced uterine contractions comparison between fenoterol and diazoxide (author's transl)].", "content": "Uterine contractions were stimulated with a mean dose of 1500 microgram PG in seven pregnant patients between the 14th and 22nd week of pregnancy. The same patients received 300 mg Diazoxide and 20 or 30 microgram Fenoterol alternately in order to tocolize these uterine contractions. After injection of 20 microgram Fenoterol the mean contraction interval lasted for 3.4 min, whereas after 300 mg Diazoxide a mean interval of 48 min was achieved. Side effects after Fenoterol were more marked.", "contents": "[Short-term tocolysis of prostaglandin induced uterine contractions comparison between fenoterol and diazoxide (author's transl)]. Uterine contractions were stimulated with a mean dose of 1500 microgram PG in seven pregnant patients between the 14th and 22nd week of pregnancy. The same patients received 300 mg Diazoxide and 20 or 30 microgram Fenoterol alternately in order to tocolize these uterine contractions. After injection of 20 microgram Fenoterol the mean contraction interval lasted for 3.4 min, whereas after 300 mg Diazoxide a mean interval of 48 min was achieved. Side effects after Fenoterol were more marked.", "PMID": 580359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_308", "title": "Pathologic changes of endocrine cells in chronic atrophic gastritis. An ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens.", "content": "In the course of an ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens that were obtained from patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, peculiar pathological changes of endocrine cells were observed and correlated with functional and hormonal data on the patients. An increased number of G (gastrin) cells was found in hypergastrinemic patients. These cells could be divided into a \"light\" (probably hyperfunctioning) and a \"dark\" (probably exhausted) type. The light type of cell was prominent regardless of the concomitant gastrin blood levels. The G cells found within the fundic region were always localized within the areas of pyloric metaplasia. Focal micronodular proliferation of antral enterochromaffin cells (EC) was often seen. A proliferation of the closed type of endocrine cells of the fundic mucosa was observed only in patients with elevated gastrin concentrations. In the present study, these cells were identified as enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL). No substantial changes were found in the D and D1 cells. The endocrine cells seen in metaplastic intestinal epithelium exhibited ultrastruct characteristics of at least three different types of intestinal endocrine cells (EC, L, and S cells).", "contents": "Pathologic changes of endocrine cells in chronic atrophic gastritis. An ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens. In the course of an ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens that were obtained from patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, peculiar pathological changes of endocrine cells were observed and correlated with functional and hormonal data on the patients. An increased number of G (gastrin) cells was found in hypergastrinemic patients. These cells could be divided into a \"light\" (probably hyperfunctioning) and a \"dark\" (probably exhausted) type. The light type of cell was prominent regardless of the concomitant gastrin blood levels. The G cells found within the fundic region were always localized within the areas of pyloric metaplasia. Focal micronodular proliferation of antral enterochromaffin cells (EC) was often seen. A proliferation of the closed type of endocrine cells of the fundic mucosa was observed only in patients with elevated gastrin concentrations. In the present study, these cells were identified as enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL). No substantial changes were found in the D and D1 cells. The endocrine cells seen in metaplastic intestinal epithelium exhibited ultrastruct characteristics of at least three different types of intestinal endocrine cells (EC, L, and S cells).", "PMID": 580360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_309", "title": "Malakoplakia of the stomach. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of malakoplakia of the stomach associated with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon was studied by light and electron microscopy. The gross appearance consisted of a slightly elevated plaque with umbilication of the covering mucosa. Histologically, the lesion was composed of submucosal proliferation of histiocytes with the typical cytoplasmic inclusions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions had a dense central calcified body and concentric alternating rings. Twenty-four cases of gastrointestinal malakoplakia from the literature, including two cases of gastric malakoplakia, were reviewed.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of the stomach. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of malakoplakia of the stomach associated with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon was studied by light and electron microscopy. The gross appearance consisted of a slightly elevated plaque with umbilication of the covering mucosa. Histologically, the lesion was composed of submucosal proliferation of histiocytes with the typical cytoplasmic inclusions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions had a dense central calcified body and concentric alternating rings. Twenty-four cases of gastrointestinal malakoplakia from the literature, including two cases of gastric malakoplakia, were reviewed.", "PMID": 580361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_310", "title": "The glycosaminoglycans of the human colon in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans from normal colonic mucosa and colons with a variety of inflammatory diseases, as well as benign and malignant neoplasms were analyzed. Normal colonic mucosa contains predominantly chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate. Increases in the levels of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate, as well as substantial increases in the amount of total glycosaminoglycans were characteristic of invasive colonic adenocarcinoma. Lesser elevations in the amount of total glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate were present in neonatal colonic mucosa, villous adenoma, ulcerative colitis, and mucosa adjacent to carcinoma. The degree of elevation was proportional to the dysplastic potential. Since dysplastic lesions have scant connective tissue, the epithelial component of colonic neoplasms may contribute to these neoplasm-related alterations in glycosaminoglycan composition.", "contents": "The glycosaminoglycans of the human colon in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. The glycosaminoglycans from normal colonic mucosa and colons with a variety of inflammatory diseases, as well as benign and malignant neoplasms were analyzed. Normal colonic mucosa contains predominantly chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate. Increases in the levels of hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate, as well as substantial increases in the amount of total glycosaminoglycans were characteristic of invasive colonic adenocarcinoma. Lesser elevations in the amount of total glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate were present in neonatal colonic mucosa, villous adenoma, ulcerative colitis, and mucosa adjacent to carcinoma. The degree of elevation was proportional to the dysplastic potential. Since dysplastic lesions have scant connective tissue, the epithelial component of colonic neoplasms may contribute to these neoplasm-related alterations in glycosaminoglycan composition.", "PMID": 580362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_311", "title": "Alterations of rat liver subsequent to heat overload.", "content": "Since pathological changes in the liver are among the consistent findings in humans subsequent to heatstroke, specimens were taken from the liver in rats during a study to assess the rat as a model for human heatstroke. Tissues from four groups of rats were processed for light and electron microscopy. The groups consisted of control rats, rats run to exhaustion at 5 C, rats exhausted at 26 C, and rats restrained at 41.5 C until their rectal temperatures reached 42.3 C. Exhaustive exercise at 5 C produced neither fatalities nor pathological changes in the livers. Exhaustive exercise at 26 C and restraint at 41.5 C were fatal for most rats. Histological and/or ultrastructural changes, which included centrilobular necrosis, vacuolization and diminution of hepatocellular microvilli, and loss of sinusoidal endothelium, were observed in livers from rats that were run to exhaustion at 26 C and from those rats restrained at 41.5 C. This work supports the validity of the rat model, since human heatstroke results in similar hepatic changes.", "contents": "Alterations of rat liver subsequent to heat overload. Since pathological changes in the liver are among the consistent findings in humans subsequent to heatstroke, specimens were taken from the liver in rats during a study to assess the rat as a model for human heatstroke. Tissues from four groups of rats were processed for light and electron microscopy. The groups consisted of control rats, rats run to exhaustion at 5 C, rats exhausted at 26 C, and rats restrained at 41.5 C until their rectal temperatures reached 42.3 C. Exhaustive exercise at 5 C produced neither fatalities nor pathological changes in the livers. Exhaustive exercise at 26 C and restraint at 41.5 C were fatal for most rats. Histological and/or ultrastructural changes, which included centrilobular necrosis, vacuolization and diminution of hepatocellular microvilli, and loss of sinusoidal endothelium, were observed in livers from rats that were run to exhaustion at 26 C and from those rats restrained at 41.5 C. This work supports the validity of the rat model, since human heatstroke results in similar hepatic changes.", "PMID": 580363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_312", "title": "Epidural injection of local anesthetic and steroids for relief of pain secondary to herpes zoster.", "content": "We treated 12 cases of cutaneous herpes zoster (HZ) with epidural bupivacaine and methylprednisolone acetate. Treatment was effective for HZ of less than seven weeks' duration. The course of HZ of greater than three months' duration (postherpetic neuralgia) was not improved. The administration of epidural bupivacaine plus methylprednisolone acetate was no more effective than when bupivacaine alone was used. Epidural injection of bupivacaine with or without methylprednisolone acetate is the treatment of choice for the pain of cutaneous HZ.", "contents": "Epidural injection of local anesthetic and steroids for relief of pain secondary to herpes zoster. We treated 12 cases of cutaneous herpes zoster (HZ) with epidural bupivacaine and methylprednisolone acetate. Treatment was effective for HZ of less than seven weeks' duration. The course of HZ of greater than three months' duration (postherpetic neuralgia) was not improved. The administration of epidural bupivacaine plus methylprednisolone acetate was no more effective than when bupivacaine alone was used. Epidural injection of bupivacaine with or without methylprednisolone acetate is the treatment of choice for the pain of cutaneous HZ.", "PMID": 580364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_313", "title": "Mutagenicity studies with praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug, in mammalian systems.", "content": "Praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug with antischistosomal and anticestodal properties, was tested in comparison with a placebo control and a 'positive control' with cyclophosphamide in mammalian test system in vivo for potential mutagenic effects. The test systems used and the tested doses of Praziquantel were: (1) Dominant lethal test on male NMRI mice, 12 mating periods of 4 days each, 1 X 1200 mg/kg BW by mouth; (2) Dominant lethal test on female NMRI mice, treatment during pre-estrus, 1 X 1200 mg/kg BW by mouth; (3) Micronucleus test on male and female NMRI mice, two doses with a 24-h interval and preparation of the femoral marrow 6 h after the second dose, 2 X 300 mg/kg and 2 X 600 mg/kg BW by mouth; (4) Spermatogonial test on the Chinese hamster, two doses with a 24-h interval and preparation of the spermatogonia 48 h after the second dose, 2 X 600 mg/kg BW by mouth. The 1200 mg/kg BW dose corresponded to approximately 1/2 of the LD50 after oral application in the mouse and about 40 times the therapeutic dose (1 X 30 mg/kg BW). The cyclophosphamide doses in the test systems were 1 X 200 mg/kg or 2 X 200 mg/kg BW by mouth. No indication was found of any mutagenic potency of Praziquantel. This agrees with the results of point-mutation tests done by other authors.", "contents": "Mutagenicity studies with praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug, in mammalian systems. Praziquantel, a new anthelmintic drug with antischistosomal and anticestodal properties, was tested in comparison with a placebo control and a 'positive control' with cyclophosphamide in mammalian test system in vivo for potential mutagenic effects. The test systems used and the tested doses of Praziquantel were: (1) Dominant lethal test on male NMRI mice, 12 mating periods of 4 days each, 1 X 1200 mg/kg BW by mouth; (2) Dominant lethal test on female NMRI mice, treatment during pre-estrus, 1 X 1200 mg/kg BW by mouth; (3) Micronucleus test on male and female NMRI mice, two doses with a 24-h interval and preparation of the femoral marrow 6 h after the second dose, 2 X 300 mg/kg and 2 X 600 mg/kg BW by mouth; (4) Spermatogonial test on the Chinese hamster, two doses with a 24-h interval and preparation of the spermatogonia 48 h after the second dose, 2 X 600 mg/kg BW by mouth. The 1200 mg/kg BW dose corresponded to approximately 1/2 of the LD50 after oral application in the mouse and about 40 times the therapeutic dose (1 X 30 mg/kg BW). The cyclophosphamide doses in the test systems were 1 X 200 mg/kg or 2 X 200 mg/kg BW by mouth. No indication was found of any mutagenic potency of Praziquantel. This agrees with the results of point-mutation tests done by other authors.", "PMID": 580366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_314", "title": "[Medicolegal aspects of poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "8679 post mortem dissections have been performed in the Institute during the rescent 25 years; 563 of them have been cases of poisoning (=6.5% of totality). They were grouped for the years 1950--1965 and 1966--1975. Suicidal poisoning showed an increasing, poisoning in children a decreasing tendency during the last 25 years. Suicides were mainly performed with hypnotics. Carbon monoxide poisoning dominated in the group of accidental poisoning.", "contents": "[Medicolegal aspects of poisoning (author's transl)]. 8679 post mortem dissections have been performed in the Institute during the rescent 25 years; 563 of them have been cases of poisoning (=6.5% of totality). They were grouped for the years 1950--1965 and 1966--1975. Suicidal poisoning showed an increasing, poisoning in children a decreasing tendency during the last 25 years. Suicides were mainly performed with hypnotics. Carbon monoxide poisoning dominated in the group of accidental poisoning.", "PMID": 580367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_315", "title": "Isolation of drugs from blood by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2.", "content": "An investigation was carried out on the isolation of 28 drugs from blood by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2. The following substances were added to postmortem blood specimens at concentrations generally of 1--10 microgram/ml: barbital, heptabarbital, hexobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenylbutazone, monocrotophos, amidopyrine, carbromal, diazepam, meprobamate, methaqualone, nitrazepam, phenazetin, chlorpromazine, dibenzepin, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, mescaline, methadone, morphine, pentazocine, pethidine, tilidine, triflupromazine, verapamil, N-propylajmalinium bitartrate. The samples were purified by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and simple solvent extraction and subsequently quantitated by gas chromatography. By systematic variation of the conditions for adsorption of the drugs and desorption from the resin, revoveries of more than 80% after XAD-2 column chromatography could be achieved for most drugs. Thereby it was demonstrated, that in cases of fatal poisoning or emergencies this procedure is a valuable tool for forensic and clinical toxicologists who have to find out the toxic agent by chemical analysis of the blood.", "contents": "Isolation of drugs from blood by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2. An investigation was carried out on the isolation of 28 drugs from blood by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2. The following substances were added to postmortem blood specimens at concentrations generally of 1--10 microgram/ml: barbital, heptabarbital, hexobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenylbutazone, monocrotophos, amidopyrine, carbromal, diazepam, meprobamate, methaqualone, nitrazepam, phenazetin, chlorpromazine, dibenzepin, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, mescaline, methadone, morphine, pentazocine, pethidine, tilidine, triflupromazine, verapamil, N-propylajmalinium bitartrate. The samples were purified by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and simple solvent extraction and subsequently quantitated by gas chromatography. By systematic variation of the conditions for adsorption of the drugs and desorption from the resin, revoveries of more than 80% after XAD-2 column chromatography could be achieved for most drugs. Thereby it was demonstrated, that in cases of fatal poisoning or emergencies this procedure is a valuable tool for forensic and clinical toxicologists who have to find out the toxic agent by chemical analysis of the blood.", "PMID": 580368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_316", "title": "The influence of unithiol and spironolactone on the biliary excretion of 203Hg in rat.", "content": "Rats with cannulated bile ducts were intravenously given 203HgCl2 in the dose of 120 microgram of Hg2+ per rat. Intramuscular administration of Unithiol (sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanosulphonate) 4 and 7 h after 203Hg injection markedly increased both biliary and urinary excretion of 203Hg. In rats with Spironolactone (17-Hydroxy-7alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, gamma-lactone, acetate) pretreatment the effect of Unithiol on the biliary excretion of 203Hg was enhanced. Urinary excretion of mercury was lowest in comparison with Unithiol treated group.", "contents": "The influence of unithiol and spironolactone on the biliary excretion of 203Hg in rat. Rats with cannulated bile ducts were intravenously given 203HgCl2 in the dose of 120 microgram of Hg2+ per rat. Intramuscular administration of Unithiol (sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanosulphonate) 4 and 7 h after 203Hg injection markedly increased both biliary and urinary excretion of 203Hg. In rats with Spironolactone (17-Hydroxy-7alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, gamma-lactone, acetate) pretreatment the effect of Unithiol on the biliary excretion of 203Hg was enhanced. Urinary excretion of mercury was lowest in comparison with Unithiol treated group.", "PMID": 580369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_317", "title": "A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the determination of drugs in clinical toxicology.", "content": "A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative measurement of various drugs in human plasma and other body fluids has been developed. The extraction procedure is done within 5 min, and gas-chromatographic measurement carried out on 2 diverse columns with detection by flame ionisation detectors. The detection sensitivity of most drugs is high enough to determine their plasma levels in suicidally or accidentally poisoned patients. As shown for 6 different drugs, the limit of detection, the reproducibility and the accuracy are sufficient even for analysis of therapeutical plasma concentrations.", "contents": "A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the determination of drugs in clinical toxicology. A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative measurement of various drugs in human plasma and other body fluids has been developed. The extraction procedure is done within 5 min, and gas-chromatographic measurement carried out on 2 diverse columns with detection by flame ionisation detectors. The detection sensitivity of most drugs is high enough to determine their plasma levels in suicidally or accidentally poisoned patients. As shown for 6 different drugs, the limit of detection, the reproducibility and the accuracy are sufficient even for analysis of therapeutical plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 580370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_318", "title": "Distribution and excretion of the mercury chelating agent sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in the rat.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1,3 14C-propane-1-sulfonate as dependent on time has been studied in the rat. The highest concentration is found in the kidneys, the lowest in the brain. The excretion is very rapid (T1/2 = 19 min) and follows a monoexponential curve during the first hour after administration. This holds for plasma and most of the organs too. The apparent distribution volume of the radioactivity is equivalent to the volume of the extracellular water. After oral administration, 30-40% is absorbed from the gut. The results lead to the conclusion that a fraction of the drug is weakly bound to plasma- and membrane-proteins. They are discussed with respect to the treatment of heavy metal poisoning.", "contents": "Distribution and excretion of the mercury chelating agent sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in the rat. The distribution and excretion of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1,3 14C-propane-1-sulfonate as dependent on time has been studied in the rat. The highest concentration is found in the kidneys, the lowest in the brain. The excretion is very rapid (T1/2 = 19 min) and follows a monoexponential curve during the first hour after administration. This holds for plasma and most of the organs too. The apparent distribution volume of the radioactivity is equivalent to the volume of the extracellular water. After oral administration, 30-40% is absorbed from the gut. The results lead to the conclusion that a fraction of the drug is weakly bound to plasma- and membrane-proteins. They are discussed with respect to the treatment of heavy metal poisoning.", "PMID": 580372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_319", "title": "[Critical comments on a case history \"a death case involving tilidine\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The author looks critically at the description of a suicide case involving a barbiturate dose that could not be determined exactly and doses of hydroxyzine and tilidine. Drugs with a short and a medium short duration of action obviously had the greatest effect. There was no description of an investigation of the gastric contents. The concentration of barbiturates in the blood alone was sufficient to cause death. The deceased also took hydroxyzine, and then finally 750 mg tilidine in capsule form. Tilidine's action is relatively slow in onset. The author discusses tilidine's possible contribution to the cause of death and comes to a different conclusion from the authors of the case report, especially as regards the key words \"Tilidine--Intoxication\". The authors of the case report ought to have called it \"A Death Case Involving Barbiturates, Hydroxyzine and Tilidine\" rather than giving is such a suggestive title as \"A Death Case Involving Tildine\". This would have been a more accurate representation of the facts and would have assisted the reader to grasp the complex toxicological situation more clearly.", "contents": "[Critical comments on a case history \"a death case involving tilidine\" (author's transl)]. The author looks critically at the description of a suicide case involving a barbiturate dose that could not be determined exactly and doses of hydroxyzine and tilidine. Drugs with a short and a medium short duration of action obviously had the greatest effect. There was no description of an investigation of the gastric contents. The concentration of barbiturates in the blood alone was sufficient to cause death. The deceased also took hydroxyzine, and then finally 750 mg tilidine in capsule form. Tilidine's action is relatively slow in onset. The author discusses tilidine's possible contribution to the cause of death and comes to a different conclusion from the authors of the case report, especially as regards the key words \"Tilidine--Intoxication\". The authors of the case report ought to have called it \"A Death Case Involving Barbiturates, Hydroxyzine and Tilidine\" rather than giving is such a suggestive title as \"A Death Case Involving Tildine\". This would have been a more accurate representation of the facts and would have assisted the reader to grasp the complex toxicological situation more clearly.", "PMID": 580373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_320", "title": "Methemoglobin formation and binding to blood constituents as indicators for the formation, availability and reactivity of activated metabolites derived from trans-4-aminostilbene and related aromatic amines.", "content": "trans-4-Aminostilbene derivatives exhibit higher acute and chronic toxicity than 4-aminobibenzyl derivatives. Yet, trans-4-aminostilbene produced less methemoglobin in female Wistar rats than 4-aminobibenzyl. This cannot be explained by differences in N-oxidation since trans-4-nitrosostilbene was also less efficient than 4-nitrosobibenzyl. The fate of intravenously injected, highly and specifically 3H-labeled trans-4-aminostilbene, cis-4-aminostilbene, 4-aminobibenzyl, trans-4-nitrosostilbene and 4-nitrosobibenzyl was investigated. The results indicate that trans-4-aminostilbene and 4-aminobibenzyl are N-oxidized to a similar extent and primary activation products of trans-4-aminostilbene appear even faster in the blood. However, intermediates originating during methemoglobin formation are more reactive and covalently bind to hemoglobin 2--3 times as much with trans-stilbene as compared to bibenzyl derivatives. As a consequence the availability of these intermediates in the cyclic process and thus methemoglobin formation is reduced. Therefore, binding to hemoglobin rather than levels of methemoglobin appears to be an indicator for the availability and reactivity of some activated aromatic amine metabolites.", "contents": "Methemoglobin formation and binding to blood constituents as indicators for the formation, availability and reactivity of activated metabolites derived from trans-4-aminostilbene and related aromatic amines. trans-4-Aminostilbene derivatives exhibit higher acute and chronic toxicity than 4-aminobibenzyl derivatives. Yet, trans-4-aminostilbene produced less methemoglobin in female Wistar rats than 4-aminobibenzyl. This cannot be explained by differences in N-oxidation since trans-4-nitrosostilbene was also less efficient than 4-nitrosobibenzyl. The fate of intravenously injected, highly and specifically 3H-labeled trans-4-aminostilbene, cis-4-aminostilbene, 4-aminobibenzyl, trans-4-nitrosostilbene and 4-nitrosobibenzyl was investigated. The results indicate that trans-4-aminostilbene and 4-aminobibenzyl are N-oxidized to a similar extent and primary activation products of trans-4-aminostilbene appear even faster in the blood. However, intermediates originating during methemoglobin formation are more reactive and covalently bind to hemoglobin 2--3 times as much with trans-stilbene as compared to bibenzyl derivatives. As a consequence the availability of these intermediates in the cyclic process and thus methemoglobin formation is reduced. Therefore, binding to hemoglobin rather than levels of methemoglobin appears to be an indicator for the availability and reactivity of some activated aromatic amine metabolites.", "PMID": 580374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_321", "title": "Metabolism of pentachlorophenol in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Pentachlorophenol has earlier been shown to be metabolized in mammals to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone. The metabolite possesses pronounced inhibitory activity on bacterial beta-glucuronidase but not on beta-glucuronidase from liver. Indirect evidence for the occurrence of both pentachlorophenol and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone as conjugates with glucuronic acid in the urine from pentachlorophenol-treated rats is now presented. Bovine liver beta-glucuronidase has been utlizied to split the conjugates present. The in vivo metabolism of pentachlorophenol has also been studied in rats treated with phenobarbital and beta-diethylaminoethylidiphenyl propylacetate (SKF 525-A). In vitro metabolism has been studied using liver microsomes from rats pretreated with pehnobarbital. Quantitative analysis of the compounds occurring in extracts of urine or extracts from the microsomal incubates was performed by means of mass fragmentography. Pretreatment with phenobarbital increased the metabolism of pentachlorophenol to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone both in vivo and in vitro. SKF 525-A, however, inhibited the metabolism in vitro but enhanced the metabolism in vivo when given less frequently than every 6th h. Dechlorination of pentachlorophenol is mediated by microsomal enzymes that can be induced by phenobarbital. SKF 525-A does not inhibit the dechlorination in vivo but does so in vitro.", "contents": "Metabolism of pentachlorophenol in vivo and in vitro. Pentachlorophenol has earlier been shown to be metabolized in mammals to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone. The metabolite possesses pronounced inhibitory activity on bacterial beta-glucuronidase but not on beta-glucuronidase from liver. Indirect evidence for the occurrence of both pentachlorophenol and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone as conjugates with glucuronic acid in the urine from pentachlorophenol-treated rats is now presented. Bovine liver beta-glucuronidase has been utlizied to split the conjugates present. The in vivo metabolism of pentachlorophenol has also been studied in rats treated with phenobarbital and beta-diethylaminoethylidiphenyl propylacetate (SKF 525-A). In vitro metabolism has been studied using liver microsomes from rats pretreated with pehnobarbital. Quantitative analysis of the compounds occurring in extracts of urine or extracts from the microsomal incubates was performed by means of mass fragmentography. Pretreatment with phenobarbital increased the metabolism of pentachlorophenol to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone both in vivo and in vitro. SKF 525-A, however, inhibited the metabolism in vitro but enhanced the metabolism in vivo when given less frequently than every 6th h. Dechlorination of pentachlorophenol is mediated by microsomal enzymes that can be induced by phenobarbital. SKF 525-A does not inhibit the dechlorination in vivo but does so in vitro.", "PMID": 580375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_322", "title": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the in vivo and in vitro dechlorination of pentachlorophenol.", "content": "The metabolism of pentachlorophenol has been studied in the rat after pretreatments with phenobarbital, 3-methyl cholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In addition to the previously identified metabolite, tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, trichloro-p-hydroquinone has been identified in urine as a metabolite. The formation of the latter represents a type dechlorination different from that of the formation of tetrachlorohydroquinone. The inducing agents, 3-methylcholanthrene and TCDD have similar effects on the dechlorination and increase the formation of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone more pronounced than does phenobarbital. In contrast to phenobarbital they also increase the formation of trichloro-p-hydroquinone and the total elimination of pentachlorophenol and its metabolites. The in vivo findings are supported by in vitro studies with microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital or TCDD. Use of the inhibitor beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenyl propylacetate (SKF 525-A) in vitro showed a more pronounced inhibition on microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats than on microsomes from untreated or TCDD-treated rats. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used for the identification and quantification of pentachlorophenol and its metabolites.", "contents": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the in vivo and in vitro dechlorination of pentachlorophenol. The metabolism of pentachlorophenol has been studied in the rat after pretreatments with phenobarbital, 3-methyl cholanthrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In addition to the previously identified metabolite, tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, trichloro-p-hydroquinone has been identified in urine as a metabolite. The formation of the latter represents a type dechlorination different from that of the formation of tetrachlorohydroquinone. The inducing agents, 3-methylcholanthrene and TCDD have similar effects on the dechlorination and increase the formation of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone more pronounced than does phenobarbital. In contrast to phenobarbital they also increase the formation of trichloro-p-hydroquinone and the total elimination of pentachlorophenol and its metabolites. The in vivo findings are supported by in vitro studies with microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital or TCDD. Use of the inhibitor beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenyl propylacetate (SKF 525-A) in vitro showed a more pronounced inhibition on microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats than on microsomes from untreated or TCDD-treated rats. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used for the identification and quantification of pentachlorophenol and its metabolites.", "PMID": 580376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_323", "title": "Metabolism of tetrachlorophenols in the rat.", "content": "The three isomers of tetrachlorophenol were administrated intraperitoneally to rats and the urinary excretion products studied. Tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone was identified as a major metabolite of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, constituting about 35% of the dose given. Trichloro-p-hydroquinone was identified as a minor metabolite of both 2,3,4,5- and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol was eliminated within 24 h, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol within 48 h while only 60% of the given dose of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol could be recovered within 72 h. The acute toxicity of the tetrachlorophenols and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone was studied in mice upon oral and intraperitoneal administration. 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (LD50p.o. 109 mg . kg-1) was the most toxic compound followed by 2,3,4,6- and 2,3.4,5-tetrachlorophenol (LD50p.o. 131 and 400 mg . kg-1, respectively). Tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone proved to have low oral toxicity (LD50p.o. 500 mg . kg-1) but was more toxic than the tetrachlorophenols when administered intraperitoneally. The oral LD50 for pentachlorophenol, under identical experimental conditions was found to be 74 mg . kg-1.", "contents": "Metabolism of tetrachlorophenols in the rat. The three isomers of tetrachlorophenol were administrated intraperitoneally to rats and the urinary excretion products studied. Tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone was identified as a major metabolite of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, constituting about 35% of the dose given. Trichloro-p-hydroquinone was identified as a minor metabolite of both 2,3,4,5- and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol was eliminated within 24 h, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol within 48 h while only 60% of the given dose of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol could be recovered within 72 h. The acute toxicity of the tetrachlorophenols and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone was studied in mice upon oral and intraperitoneal administration. 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (LD50p.o. 109 mg . kg-1) was the most toxic compound followed by 2,3,4,6- and 2,3.4,5-tetrachlorophenol (LD50p.o. 131 and 400 mg . kg-1, respectively). Tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone proved to have low oral toxicity (LD50p.o. 500 mg . kg-1) but was more toxic than the tetrachlorophenols when administered intraperitoneally. The oral LD50 for pentachlorophenol, under identical experimental conditions was found to be 74 mg . kg-1.", "PMID": 580377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_324", "title": "Rapid temperature-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of certain lipids in developing linseed and soya-bean cotyledons.", "content": "A change in ambient temperature caused marked alterations, over a 24h period, in the proportions of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids in 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2-diacyglycerols during the development of soya-bean and linseed cotyledons. The molar proportion of oleate increased when the temperature was increased whereas that of linoleate or linolenate, depending on the species, increased when the temperature was lowered. Concomitant changes in the composition of 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerols were small.", "contents": "Rapid temperature-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of certain lipids in developing linseed and soya-bean cotyledons. A change in ambient temperature caused marked alterations, over a 24h period, in the proportions of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids in 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2-diacyglycerols during the development of soya-bean and linseed cotyledons. The molar proportion of oleate increased when the temperature was increased whereas that of linoleate or linolenate, depending on the species, increased when the temperature was lowered. Concomitant changes in the composition of 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerols were small.", "PMID": 580380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_325", "title": "Labelling of glycerolipids in the cotyledons of developing oilseeds by [1-14C] acetate and [2-3H] glycerol.", "content": "1. 3-sn-Phosphatidylcholine was identified as the major lipid in cotyledons from the developing seeds of soya bean, linseed and safflower when tissue was steamed before lipid extraction. The proportion of oleate in this lipid decreased markedly and that of the polyunsaturated C(18) fatty acids increased when detached developing cotyledons were incubated for up to 3h. Similar but less pronounced changes occurred in diacylglycerol, which had a fatty acid composition resembling that of the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine from cotyledons of the same species. 2. [1-(14)C]Acetate supplied to detached cotyledons was incorporated into the acyl moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Initially label was predominantly in oleate, but subsequently entered at accelerating rates the linoleoyl moieties of the above lipids in soya-bean and safflower cotyledons and the linoleoyl and linolenyl moieties of these lipids in linseed cotyledons. In pulse-chase experiments label was rapidly lost from the oleate of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated in the linoleoyl and linolenoyl moieties of this phospholipid and of the di- and tri-acylglycerols. 3. [2-(3)H]Glycerol was incorporated into the glycerol moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and di- and tri-acylglycerols of developing linseed and soya-bean cotyledons. The label entered the phospholipid and diacylglycerol at rates essentially linear with time from the moment the substrate was supplied, and entered the triacylglycerol at an accelerating rate. With linseed cotyledons the labelled glycerol was incorporated initially mainly into species of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol that contained oleate, but accumulated with time in more highly unsaturated species. In pulse-chase experiments with linseed cotyledons, label was lost from both 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol, preferentially from the dioleoyl species, and accumulated in triacylglycerol, mainly in species containing two molecules of linolenate. 4. The results suggest a rapid turnover of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine during triacylglycerol accumulation in developing oilseeds, and are consistent with the operation of a biosynthetic route whereby oleate initially esterified to the phospholipid is first desaturated, then polyunsaturated fatty acids transferred to triacylglycerol, via diacylglycerol. The possible role of oleoyl phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for oleate desaturation is discussed.", "contents": "Labelling of glycerolipids in the cotyledons of developing oilseeds by [1-14C] acetate and [2-3H] glycerol. 1. 3-sn-Phosphatidylcholine was identified as the major lipid in cotyledons from the developing seeds of soya bean, linseed and safflower when tissue was steamed before lipid extraction. The proportion of oleate in this lipid decreased markedly and that of the polyunsaturated C(18) fatty acids increased when detached developing cotyledons were incubated for up to 3h. Similar but less pronounced changes occurred in diacylglycerol, which had a fatty acid composition resembling that of the 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine from cotyledons of the same species. 2. [1-(14)C]Acetate supplied to detached cotyledons was incorporated into the acyl moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Initially label was predominantly in oleate, but subsequently entered at accelerating rates the linoleoyl moieties of the above lipids in soya-bean and safflower cotyledons and the linoleoyl and linolenyl moieties of these lipids in linseed cotyledons. In pulse-chase experiments label was rapidly lost from the oleate of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and accumulated in the linoleoyl and linolenoyl moieties of this phospholipid and of the di- and tri-acylglycerols. 3. [2-(3)H]Glycerol was incorporated into the glycerol moieties of mainly 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and di- and tri-acylglycerols of developing linseed and soya-bean cotyledons. The label entered the phospholipid and diacylglycerol at rates essentially linear with time from the moment the substrate was supplied, and entered the triacylglycerol at an accelerating rate. With linseed cotyledons the labelled glycerol was incorporated initially mainly into species of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol that contained oleate, but accumulated with time in more highly unsaturated species. In pulse-chase experiments with linseed cotyledons, label was lost from both 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol, preferentially from the dioleoyl species, and accumulated in triacylglycerol, mainly in species containing two molecules of linolenate. 4. The results suggest a rapid turnover of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine during triacylglycerol accumulation in developing oilseeds, and are consistent with the operation of a biosynthetic route whereby oleate initially esterified to the phospholipid is first desaturated, then polyunsaturated fatty acids transferred to triacylglycerol, via diacylglycerol. The possible role of oleoyl phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for oleate desaturation is discussed.", "PMID": 580379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_326", "title": "[Isolation and structural definition of a new sennoside from Cassia senna L. (author's transl)].", "content": "The optical isomer of sennoside A--called sennoside A1--postulated by Stoll already in 1950--was isolated from senna pods. Structure identification was carried out by TLC, HPLC, UV, CD and MS.", "contents": "[Isolation and structural definition of a new sennoside from Cassia senna L. (author's transl)]. The optical isomer of sennoside A--called sennoside A1--postulated by Stoll already in 1950--was isolated from senna pods. Structure identification was carried out by TLC, HPLC, UV, CD and MS.", "PMID": 580382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_327", "title": "[Determination of antimicrobial activity of a combination of acidamfenicol, clotrimazole and dexamethasone in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the antieczematic Bay f 4797 was studied. This combination drug contains the three active components acidamfenicol, clotrimazole and dexamethasone (prospective trade name: Baycuten). Various bacterial and fungal species of importance in dermatology served as test organisms. All the bacterial strains examined were found to be moderately susceptible to acidamfenicol; clotrimazole showed good inhibitory values agaisnt all the fungal species and the gram-positive bacterial strains. Additionally it was checked whether a synergistic or antagonistic interaction occurs with respect to the antimicrobial activity. An interference which could lead to impairment of the therapeutic activity was not observed.", "contents": "[Determination of antimicrobial activity of a combination of acidamfenicol, clotrimazole and dexamethasone in vitro (author's transl)]. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the antieczematic Bay f 4797 was studied. This combination drug contains the three active components acidamfenicol, clotrimazole and dexamethasone (prospective trade name: Baycuten). Various bacterial and fungal species of importance in dermatology served as test organisms. All the bacterial strains examined were found to be moderately susceptible to acidamfenicol; clotrimazole showed good inhibitory values agaisnt all the fungal species and the gram-positive bacterial strains. Additionally it was checked whether a synergistic or antagonistic interaction occurs with respect to the antimicrobial activity. An interference which could lead to impairment of the therapeutic activity was not observed.", "PMID": 580383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_328", "title": "[Antimycotic drugs. 5th Communication: carbocyclically and heterocyclically substituted trifluoromethylpyrimidines (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the role that methoxy and methylthio groups play in antimycotic drugs, 2-methoxy- and 2-methylthio-trifluoromethylpyrimidines (3a-h) have been developed by condensation of O-methylisourea (1a) or S-methylisothiourea (1b), respectively, with beta-diketones (2a-d). Opposed to this course, the reaction of 1b with 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-6-(2-thienyl)-4,6-hexanedione (4) fails to lead to ring closure but rather yields 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-3-(2-methyl-1-thioureido)-1-(2-thienyl)-1-hexen-1,3-diol (5).", "contents": "[Antimycotic drugs. 5th Communication: carbocyclically and heterocyclically substituted trifluoromethylpyrimidines (author's transl)]. In view of the role that methoxy and methylthio groups play in antimycotic drugs, 2-methoxy- and 2-methylthio-trifluoromethylpyrimidines (3a-h) have been developed by condensation of O-methylisourea (1a) or S-methylisothiourea (1b), respectively, with beta-diketones (2a-d). Opposed to this course, the reaction of 1b with 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-6-(2-thienyl)-4,6-hexanedione (4) fails to lead to ring closure but rather yields 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-3-(2-methyl-1-thioureido)-1-(2-thienyl)-1-hexen-1,3-diol (5).", "PMID": 580384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_329", "title": "[The influence of some carbamazepin metabolites on Nielsen's quantitative determination. 5th communication: on chemistry and analytics of dibenzazepine derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "H. R. Nielsen and H. Remmer described a quantitative method for the estimation of carbamazepin serum levels. The specificity of this method was examined with the result that besides carbamazepin also its metabolites react under the authors' conditions.", "contents": "[The influence of some carbamazepin metabolites on Nielsen's quantitative determination. 5th communication: on chemistry and analytics of dibenzazepine derivatives (author's transl)]. H. R. Nielsen and H. Remmer described a quantitative method for the estimation of carbamazepin serum levels. The specificity of this method was examined with the result that besides carbamazepin also its metabolites react under the authors' conditions.", "PMID": 580385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_330", "title": "Indirect atomic absorption analysis of ethambutol.", "content": "In the presence of cupric ions and sodium hydroxide, ethambutol forms a chelate compound which can be extracted with ethyl-methyl ketone. The amount of ethambutol-copper complex was determined by measuring the copper by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) in the ethylmethyl ketone extract. When this method was applied to pharmaceutical samples satisfactory results were obtained. The method is accurate for routine analyses and very simple to be carried out.", "contents": "Indirect atomic absorption analysis of ethambutol. In the presence of cupric ions and sodium hydroxide, ethambutol forms a chelate compound which can be extracted with ethyl-methyl ketone. The amount of ethambutol-copper complex was determined by measuring the copper by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) in the ethylmethyl ketone extract. When this method was applied to pharmaceutical samples satisfactory results were obtained. The method is accurate for routine analyses and very simple to be carried out.", "PMID": 580386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_331", "title": "N-Acetylcysteine and mucociliary activity in mammalian airways.", "content": "The effect of N-acetylcysteine on mucus trasnport velocity (MV), ciliary beat frequency (CBF), mucus production (MP), mucus lysis and on the micro-morphology of the secretory cells was studied in mammalian airways. The results showed that: 1. MV increased in healthy rats and rabbits, as well as in bronchitic rats, after concentrations as low as 10(-14) g/ml. Depression of MV occurred first at 10(-6) and 10(-5) g/ml  in healthy and bronchitic animals, respectively. 2. CBF was stimulated at concentrations between 10(-12) and 10(-10) g/ml and decreased at concentrations above 10(-8) g/ml. 3. MP increased by approximately 100% over control values. 4. Lysis of stagnant mucus was evident first at a concentration of 10(-11) g/ml after 15 min incubation. 5. TEM confirmed the increased activity of the mucus secreting cells and showed that no pathological changes occurred within the cell following incubation at 10(-7) g/ml for up to 150 min. The importance of these findings on the overall mucociliary function is discussed.", "contents": "N-Acetylcysteine and mucociliary activity in mammalian airways. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on mucus trasnport velocity (MV), ciliary beat frequency (CBF), mucus production (MP), mucus lysis and on the micro-morphology of the secretory cells was studied in mammalian airways. The results showed that: 1. MV increased in healthy rats and rabbits, as well as in bronchitic rats, after concentrations as low as 10(-14) g/ml. Depression of MV occurred first at 10(-6) and 10(-5) g/ml  in healthy and bronchitic animals, respectively. 2. CBF was stimulated at concentrations between 10(-12) and 10(-10) g/ml and decreased at concentrations above 10(-8) g/ml. 3. MP increased by approximately 100% over control values. 4. Lysis of stagnant mucus was evident first at a concentration of 10(-11) g/ml after 15 min incubation. 5. TEM confirmed the increased activity of the mucus secreting cells and showed that no pathological changes occurred within the cell following incubation at 10(-7) g/ml for up to 150 min. The importance of these findings on the overall mucociliary function is discussed.", "PMID": 580387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_332", "title": "[Metabolic degradation of clonidine (author's transl)].", "content": "From the urine of dogs treated with 14C-clonidine (Catapres) 6 radioactive substances were isolated and their chemical structures identified. The presence of unchanged clonidine, p-hydroxy-clonidine, and dichlorophenylguanidine was confirmed and three new metabolites were detected: 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-guanidine; 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-imino-a1-imidazolidine-4-one; 2-[2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-imino]-imidazolidine-4-one. The splitting of the imidazolidine ring and the hydroxylation of the phenyl ring are the two principal routes of metabolism. A comparison of the metabolic patterns in the urines of dog, rat, and man showed that the 6 identified compounds were eliminated by all three specieis, the relative amounts, hoever, were different. Man eliminated clonidine mainly in the unchanged form; the dog metabolized the compound most readily of the 3 species investigated.", "contents": "[Metabolic degradation of clonidine (author's transl)]. From the urine of dogs treated with 14C-clonidine (Catapres) 6 radioactive substances were isolated and their chemical structures identified. The presence of unchanged clonidine, p-hydroxy-clonidine, and dichlorophenylguanidine was confirmed and three new metabolites were detected: 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-guanidine; 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-imino-a1-imidazolidine-4-one; 2-[2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-imino]-imidazolidine-4-one. The splitting of the imidazolidine ring and the hydroxylation of the phenyl ring are the two principal routes of metabolism. A comparison of the metabolic patterns in the urines of dog, rat, and man showed that the 6 identified compounds were eliminated by all three specieis, the relative amounts, hoever, were different. Man eliminated clonidine mainly in the unchanged form; the dog metabolized the compound most readily of the 3 species investigated.", "PMID": 580388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_333", "title": "Influence of 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride on cardio-inhibitory vagal fibres.", "content": "Neural activity of cardio-inhibitory vagal fibres was recorded in anaesthetized cats. The discharges increased when the blood pressure rose after injection of an alpha-adrenergic substance such a norepinephrine or 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (St 91). After transection of the afferent baroreceptor nerves neither norepinephrine nor St 91 influenced neural activity. These findings show that the increase in neural activity is of reflex origin. An influence of St 91 on central parasympathetic structures could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Influence of 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride on cardio-inhibitory vagal fibres. Neural activity of cardio-inhibitory vagal fibres was recorded in anaesthetized cats. The discharges increased when the blood pressure rose after injection of an alpha-adrenergic substance such a norepinephrine or 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (St 91). After transection of the afferent baroreceptor nerves neither norepinephrine nor St 91 influenced neural activity. These findings show that the increase in neural activity is of reflex origin. An influence of St 91 on central parasympathetic structures could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 580389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_334", "title": "[Amikacin and kanamycin. Comparative experimental studies on nephrotoxicity].", "content": "The nephrotoxicity of amikacin and kanamycin was investigated in 110 female albino Wistar rats. The drugs were administered i.m. in different dosages (2.5; 5; 10; 20; 100 and 500 mg/kg/day; dosage interval: 12 h) over a period of 5 days. The excretion of tubular cells and urinary enzymes (MDH, LDH and GOT) was assessed before, during and after administration of the antibioitcs. In addition, the concentration of serum urea was analysed and the kidneys were investigated histologically. These investigations show that both the aminoglycosides are tubulotoxic, in higher dosages glomerulotoxic, too. The toxic threshold doses were found to be within the range of human therapeutic dosages: amikacin: 10 mg/kg/day, kanamycin: 5 mg/kg/day.", "contents": "[Amikacin and kanamycin. Comparative experimental studies on nephrotoxicity]. The nephrotoxicity of amikacin and kanamycin was investigated in 110 female albino Wistar rats. The drugs were administered i.m. in different dosages (2.5; 5; 10; 20; 100 and 500 mg/kg/day; dosage interval: 12 h) over a period of 5 days. The excretion of tubular cells and urinary enzymes (MDH, LDH and GOT) was assessed before, during and after administration of the antibioitcs. In addition, the concentration of serum urea was analysed and the kidneys were investigated histologically. These investigations show that both the aminoglycosides are tubulotoxic, in higher dosages glomerulotoxic, too. The toxic threshold doses were found to be within the range of human therapeutic dosages: amikacin: 10 mg/kg/day, kanamycin: 5 mg/kg/day.", "PMID": 580391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_335", "title": "Derivatives of methyl vinyl sulfone. Distribution and elimination of methyl (2,2-diphenyl)-vinyl sulfone labelled with 14carbon in mice.", "content": "The investigation of methyl (2,2-diphenyl)-vinyl sulfone (14C-MDVS) administered i.p. in mice shows that this product appears rapidly in the general circularoty system. The blood concentration of MDVS reaches a maximum 1 h after injection. Part of the MDVS is bound to the plasma proteins. Infrared spectrometry analysis of radioactive products eliminated by the urine confirms that the product is not split, but also reveals the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the metabolic conversion products.", "contents": "Derivatives of methyl vinyl sulfone. Distribution and elimination of methyl (2,2-diphenyl)-vinyl sulfone labelled with 14carbon in mice. The investigation of methyl (2,2-diphenyl)-vinyl sulfone (14C-MDVS) administered i.p. in mice shows that this product appears rapidly in the general circularoty system. The blood concentration of MDVS reaches a maximum 1 h after injection. Part of the MDVS is bound to the plasma proteins. Infrared spectrometry analysis of radioactive products eliminated by the urine confirms that the product is not split, but also reveals the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the metabolic conversion products.", "PMID": 580392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_336", "title": "Positive inotropic and blood pressure lowering activity of a diterpene derivative isolated from Coleus forskohli: Forskolin.", "content": "Forskolin is a diterpene derivative isolated from the Indian plant Coleus forskohli. Forskolin has positive inotropic action on the isolated guinea pig heart, on the isolated left atrium of the guinea pig heart and on the dog and cat heart in situ. It increases the heart rate. The positive inotropic effect on the increase of heart rate are not blocked by beta-blockers. On reserpinized dogs the actions on the heart could also be seen. With high doses the action potential of the guinea pig papillary muscle is shortened. The positive inotropic effect could be differentiated from the effects of theophylline, cardiac glycosides and veratrine. Forskolin lowers the blood pressure in dogs and cats and also in spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Positive inotropic and blood pressure lowering activity of a diterpene derivative isolated from Coleus forskohli: Forskolin. Forskolin is a diterpene derivative isolated from the Indian plant Coleus forskohli. Forskolin has positive inotropic action on the isolated guinea pig heart, on the isolated left atrium of the guinea pig heart and on the dog and cat heart in situ. It increases the heart rate. The positive inotropic effect on the increase of heart rate are not blocked by beta-blockers. On reserpinized dogs the actions on the heart could also be seen. With high doses the action potential of the guinea pig papillary muscle is shortened. The positive inotropic effect could be differentiated from the effects of theophylline, cardiac glycosides and veratrine. Forskolin lowers the blood pressure in dogs and cats and also in spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 580393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_337", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. IX. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on dental pulp regeneration.", "content": "The use of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on injured dental pulp results in the stimulation of regenerative processes. A reduction of disorders of the circulatory system is observed, inflammatory and degenerative processes are also reduced.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. IX. Experimental observation on the influence of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on dental pulp regeneration. The use of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on injured dental pulp results in the stimulation of regenerative processes. A reduction of disorders of the circulatory system is observed, inflammatory and degenerative processes are also reduced.", "PMID": 580394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_338", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. X. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP).", "content": "A study consisting of an examination of the acute toxicity of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) in mice, its effect on spontaneous movement in mice and rats, its analgesic properties and its influence on body temperature in mice was conducted. Also examined was the activity of EEP on animals under the influence of narcotics and spontaneous movement under the influence of amphetamine, its effects on blood pressure and respiration in rats. The results of these examinations indicate that EEP injected i.p. has a weak general effect on the experimental animals.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. X. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). A study consisting of an examination of the acute toxicity of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) in mice, its effect on spontaneous movement in mice and rats, its analgesic properties and its influence on body temperature in mice was conducted. Also examined was the activity of EEP on animals under the influence of narcotics and spontaneous movement under the influence of amphetamine, its effects on blood pressure and respiration in rats. The results of these examinations indicate that EEP injected i.p. has a weak general effect on the experimental animals.", "PMID": 580395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_339", "title": "[Determination of enzyme kinetic parameters and differentiation between various mechanisms by means of a non-linear least squares method].", "content": "The effect produced by an inhibitor on an enzyme is characterized by the underlying mechanism and the molar inhibition coefficients Ki and Ki', respectively. The commonly used graphical estimation methods according to Lineweaver-Burk, Dixon and Cornish-Bowden do not always yield a differentiation between various possible mechanisms. According to our experience, a non-linear least-squares procedure allows a unique identification of the mechanism even in cases that are not at all, or not uniquely, solvable by graphical methods. The major advantages of this procedures and the used FORTRAN program are: 1. Fitting of the model equation itself-and not of a reciprocal conditional form-simultaneously to all measurements; 2. confidence limits for the parameter estimates; 3. residual plots to judge the goodness of fit; 4. parallel calculations and comparison of various mechanisms using the same set of data; 5. addition of further mechanisms as FORTRAN-subroutines.", "contents": "[Determination of enzyme kinetic parameters and differentiation between various mechanisms by means of a non-linear least squares method]. The effect produced by an inhibitor on an enzyme is characterized by the underlying mechanism and the molar inhibition coefficients Ki and Ki', respectively. The commonly used graphical estimation methods according to Lineweaver-Burk, Dixon and Cornish-Bowden do not always yield a differentiation between various possible mechanisms. According to our experience, a non-linear least-squares procedure allows a unique identification of the mechanism even in cases that are not at all, or not uniquely, solvable by graphical methods. The major advantages of this procedures and the used FORTRAN program are: 1. Fitting of the model equation itself-and not of a reciprocal conditional form-simultaneously to all measurements; 2. confidence limits for the parameter estimates; 3. residual plots to judge the goodness of fit; 4. parallel calculations and comparison of various mechanisms using the same set of data; 5. addition of further mechanisms as FORTRAN-subroutines.", "PMID": 580396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_340", "title": "Stimulatory effect of histone on glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Glutathione reductase of hemolyzates, as well as intact erythrocytes from normal individuals can be activated by the addition of human leukocyte nuclear histones and histone subfractions f1 and f3. Intact erythrocytes incubated with histone show also in their hemolyzates a high glutathione reductase activity as compared with such not treated with histone cells. The degree of stimulation of glutathione reductase by histones is comparable to that caused by flavin adenosine diphosphate (FAD). Histones  and FAD show a competitive stimulatory effect on glutathione reductase activity. ATP shows an inhibitory effect on glutathione reductase activity, which can be reversed by addition of histone.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of histone on glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes. Glutathione reductase of hemolyzates, as well as intact erythrocytes from normal individuals can be activated by the addition of human leukocyte nuclear histones and histone subfractions f1 and f3. Intact erythrocytes incubated with histone show also in their hemolyzates a high glutathione reductase activity as compared with such not treated with histone cells. The degree of stimulation of glutathione reductase by histones is comparable to that caused by flavin adenosine diphosphate (FAD). Histones  and FAD show a competitive stimulatory effect on glutathione reductase activity. ATP shows an inhibitory effect on glutathione reductase activity, which can be reversed by addition of histone.", "PMID": 580397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_341", "title": "[Blood level values of rectally applied theophylline and its derivative proxyphylline and diprophylline in aqueous enema (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of theophylline and two of its oxypropylic derivatives were determined in repetitive blood samples after instillation of a mixture of the three substances by means of an aqueous enema. From the time course of serum levels a rapid onset of bronchodilation and rather a long-lasting bronchodilatory effect of about 8 h may be expected. Side effects are rare. The pharmacological characteristics of the three compounds are discussed.", "contents": "[Blood level values of rectally applied theophylline and its derivative proxyphylline and diprophylline in aqueous enema (author's transl)]. Serum levels of theophylline and two of its oxypropylic derivatives were determined in repetitive blood samples after instillation of a mixture of the three substances by means of an aqueous enema. From the time course of serum levels a rapid onset of bronchodilation and rather a long-lasting bronchodilatory effect of about 8 h may be expected. Side effects are rare. The pharmacological characteristics of the three compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 580400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_342", "title": "[On the metabolism of antipyrine (phenazone) in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolism of antipyrine (phenazone) was studied by means of C14-antipyrine labelled at C-3. Besides the metabolites already known two conjugates were isolated and characterized by their mass spectra. The occurrence of 2-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one and 3,4-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-pyrazolidin-5-one could not be confirmed, although 95% of the radioactivity administered was recovered.", "contents": "[On the metabolism of antipyrine (phenazone) in man (author's transl)]. The metabolism of antipyrine (phenazone) was studied by means of C14-antipyrine labelled at C-3. Besides the metabolites already known two conjugates were isolated and characterized by their mass spectra. The occurrence of 2-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one and 3,4-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-pyrazolidin-5-one could not be confirmed, although 95% of the radioactivity administered was recovered.", "PMID": 580401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_343", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on fluoro-alpha-acetyl-digoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies with a new cardiac glycoside 3H-fluoro-alpha-acetyldigoxin were carried out in humans. The absorption of the drug is 91%. The half-life of tritium label in plasma was 25 h i.v. and 35 h p.o. 73% of the administered radioactivity were excreted after i.v. and 52% after oral administration within 84 h. More than 60% of the radioactivity in the urine could be extracted with chloroform. This fraction corresponded mainly to 3H-fluorodigoxin in the thin-layger chromatogram. Protein binding was 27% using therapeutic concentrations.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on fluoro-alpha-acetyl-digoxin (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetic studies with a new cardiac glycoside 3H-fluoro-alpha-acetyldigoxin were carried out in humans. The absorption of the drug is 91%. The half-life of tritium label in plasma was 25 h i.v. and 35 h p.o. 73% of the administered radioactivity were excreted after i.v. and 52% after oral administration within 84 h. More than 60% of the radioactivity in the urine could be extracted with chloroform. This fraction corresponded mainly to 3H-fluorodigoxin in the thin-layger chromatogram. Protein binding was 27% using therapeutic concentrations.", "PMID": 580403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_344", "title": "Arrest patterns of circulating lymphosarcoma cells in tumour-bearing mice as modified by previously injected cell suspensions.", "content": "The effects were determined of an initial i.v. injection of 0.2 ml suspensions of 125IUdR-labelled lymphosarcoma cells on the early arrest patterns of a second injection of cancer cells into tumour-bearing mice. The results indicate that interactions between the first injection and the host markedly affected the arrest pattern of the second dose in the lungs, but not the livers, of tumour-bearing animals. These observations are explained on the basis of the injected fluid volumes, which are considerable in mice, in relation to their total blood volumes of approximately 2 ml.", "contents": "Arrest patterns of circulating lymphosarcoma cells in tumour-bearing mice as modified by previously injected cell suspensions. The effects were determined of an initial i.v. injection of 0.2 ml suspensions of 125IUdR-labelled lymphosarcoma cells on the early arrest patterns of a second injection of cancer cells into tumour-bearing mice. The results indicate that interactions between the first injection and the host markedly affected the arrest pattern of the second dose in the lungs, but not the livers, of tumour-bearing animals. These observations are explained on the basis of the injected fluid volumes, which are considerable in mice, in relation to their total blood volumes of approximately 2 ml.", "PMID": 580404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_345", "title": "Biological effects of chrysolite after SO2 sorption. iii. effects on the biochemical components of alveolar washing.", "content": "The short-term effects of chrysotile asbestos before and after SO2 sorption are studied in the rabbit after intratracheal injection of low doses of these pollutants. Chrysotile, as well as SO2-chrysotile, induces an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid content of lung surfactant, which is similar to that observed in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, and an increase in the protein level of pulmonary washings which may be explained by an increase of the permeability of the blood-air barrier. These soluble proteins can interact with the surfacant and thus decrease its tensio-active properites.", "contents": "Biological effects of chrysolite after SO2 sorption. iii. effects on the biochemical components of alveolar washing. The short-term effects of chrysotile asbestos before and after SO2 sorption are studied in the rabbit after intratracheal injection of low doses of these pollutants. Chrysotile, as well as SO2-chrysotile, induces an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid content of lung surfactant, which is similar to that observed in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, and an increase in the protein level of pulmonary washings which may be explained by an increase of the permeability of the blood-air barrier. These soluble proteins can interact with the surfacant and thus decrease its tensio-active properites.", "PMID": 580405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_346", "title": "Early results of closed partial menisectomy.", "content": "Thirty patients underwent partial meniscectomy through two puncture incisions by a closed technique under arthroscopic control. \"Bucket-handle\" fragments were removed from 17 knees, and flaps or tags from the remainder. The mean stay in hospital after operation was 1.3 days and the mean time for return to working fitness was 10.5 days. There were no serious complications. Further study of the long-term results of this technique is needed.", "contents": "Early results of closed partial menisectomy. Thirty patients underwent partial meniscectomy through two puncture incisions by a closed technique under arthroscopic control. \"Bucket-handle\" fragments were removed from 17 knees, and flaps or tags from the remainder. The mean stay in hospital after operation was 1.3 days and the mean time for return to working fitness was 10.5 days. There were no serious complications. Further study of the long-term results of this technique is needed.", "PMID": 580410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_347", "title": "Facilities and diagnostic criteria in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales.", "content": "A study was conducted to collect information from consultants about the facilities and diagnostic criteria used in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in England and Wales. Most of the information was obtained by personal interview with a response rate of 92%. Half the clinics were open for 10 hours or less a week, the mean length of time for all clinics was 14 1/2 hours a week. Eighty per cent of clinics had a full or part-time contact-tracing service. All the clinics had microscopical and serological services and almost all (99%) had cultural facilities. The policy concerning the most efficient use of these facilities is discussed.", "contents": "Facilities and diagnostic criteria in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. A study was conducted to collect information from consultants about the facilities and diagnostic criteria used in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in England and Wales. Most of the information was obtained by personal interview with a response rate of 92%. Half the clinics were open for 10 hours or less a week, the mean length of time for all clinics was 14 1/2 hours a week. Eighty per cent of clinics had a full or part-time contact-tracing service. All the clinics had microscopical and serological services and almost all (99%) had cultural facilities. The policy concerning the most efficient use of these facilities is discussed.", "PMID": 580411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_348", "title": "Default patterns of patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "The influence of gender, propaganda, and treatment methods was studied in relation to default behaviour of patients with sexually transmitted diseases. The overall default rate of men and women was similar, but a larger proportion of men defaulted after the initial visit, while the biggest fall-out in women was after the second attendance at the clinic. The institution of a propaganda campaign was followed by a reduction in defaulting. The statistical significance of this is open to question, however: moreover the observed improvement in default rate was not maintained once the propaganda had been relaxed. Men treated for non-gonococcal urethritis by a regimen which included one injection a week for three weeks showed a highly significantly lower default rate compared with those who received tablets alone.", "contents": "Default patterns of patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. The influence of gender, propaganda, and treatment methods was studied in relation to default behaviour of patients with sexually transmitted diseases. The overall default rate of men and women was similar, but a larger proportion of men defaulted after the initial visit, while the biggest fall-out in women was after the second attendance at the clinic. The institution of a propaganda campaign was followed by a reduction in defaulting. The statistical significance of this is open to question, however: moreover the observed improvement in default rate was not maintained once the propaganda had been relaxed. Men treated for non-gonococcal urethritis by a regimen which included one injection a week for three weeks showed a highly significantly lower default rate compared with those who received tablets alone.", "PMID": 580413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_349", "title": "Oncostatic effects of Alangium vitiense extracts (ICIG-EORTC 1131, 1186 and 1207) on lymphoid murine tumors.", "content": "A total alkaloid and two purified alkaloid extracts of Alangium vitiense were found to be oncostatic for L1210 leukemia; the total alkaloid exerted a noticeable activity, and the purified extracts exerted a borderline activity. These two purified extracts are noticeably oncostatic for two other lymphoid neoplasias in mice, P388 leukemia and Gardner lymphosarcoma. These compounds are not active on Warner myelomonocytic leukemia WEH13 or on B16 melanoma.", "contents": "Oncostatic effects of Alangium vitiense extracts (ICIG-EORTC 1131, 1186 and 1207) on lymphoid murine tumors. A total alkaloid and two purified alkaloid extracts of Alangium vitiense were found to be oncostatic for L1210 leukemia; the total alkaloid exerted a noticeable activity, and the purified extracts exerted a borderline activity. These two purified extracts are noticeably oncostatic for two other lymphoid neoplasias in mice, P388 leukemia and Gardner lymphosarcoma. These compounds are not active on Warner myelomonocytic leukemia WEH13 or on B16 melanoma.", "PMID": 580415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_350", "title": "Plasma insulin disappearance curve after intravenous insulin injection in human hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The disappearance curves of plasma insulin after intravenous injection of unlabelled pork insulin was studied in nine young female hyperthyroid subjects with Graves' disease and eleven young female normal subjects, who served as controls. Comparison of the curves by analysis of variance did not reveal statistical differences between them (F obtained = 2.8, F F 0.05 = 4.41), implying that there was no significant differences in the transference of injected insulin from plasma to the extra-vascular space between hyper- and euthyroid subjects. The results may suggest that the metabolism of insulin is not appreciably affected in hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Plasma insulin disappearance curve after intravenous insulin injection in human hyperthyroidism. The disappearance curves of plasma insulin after intravenous injection of unlabelled pork insulin was studied in nine young female hyperthyroid subjects with Graves' disease and eleven young female normal subjects, who served as controls. Comparison of the curves by analysis of variance did not reveal statistical differences between them (F obtained = 2.8, F F 0.05 = 4.41), implying that there was no significant differences in the transference of injected insulin from plasma to the extra-vascular space between hyper- and euthyroid subjects. The results may suggest that the metabolism of insulin is not appreciably affected in hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 580416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_351", "title": "Chemical determination of iodinated compounds in human thyroid.", "content": "As a tool with which to detect iodinated compounds in human thyroid specimens, we have reevaluated a nonincineration technique which has so far been employed in the determination of thyroxine-iodine in peripheral blood. The catalytic action of iodoamino acids in the Ce-As reaction was enhanced by a small amount of Cl2. On the contrary, a large amount of Cl2 inhibited the reaction unexpectedly. Among iodide, iodotyrosine and iodothyronine, iodide was the most effective catalyst in the Ce-As reaction and iodothyronine was the least effective one. Protein seemed to inhibit this reaction of thyroglobulin. But the result of iodine content in thyroglobulin by this technique agreed well with that by incineration when measured 127I was corrected by percent activity of dializable part of the total activity of 131I-thyroglobulin with the same protein concentration, after the NaClO treatment. The results of human thyroid specimens were as follows: the thyroglobulin content of five normal subjects was 8.0 +/- 1.5% of wet thyroid weight. That of Hashimoto's disease was significantly decreased which seemed compatible with the decrease in iodine content of thyroglobulin, whereas thyroglobulin content of Graves disease treated with 1-methyl, 2-mercaptoimidazole followed by a large dose of iodide was well preserved in spite of a lower degree of iodination of thyroglobulin. As for the distribution of iodoamino acids-iodine in normal thyroid, T4 was 20.5 +/- 0.7%. This technique ultimately looks promising as a tool with which to study intrathyroidal iodine metabolism in human.", "contents": "Chemical determination of iodinated compounds in human thyroid. As a tool with which to detect iodinated compounds in human thyroid specimens, we have reevaluated a nonincineration technique which has so far been employed in the determination of thyroxine-iodine in peripheral blood. The catalytic action of iodoamino acids in the Ce-As reaction was enhanced by a small amount of Cl2. On the contrary, a large amount of Cl2 inhibited the reaction unexpectedly. Among iodide, iodotyrosine and iodothyronine, iodide was the most effective catalyst in the Ce-As reaction and iodothyronine was the least effective one. Protein seemed to inhibit this reaction of thyroglobulin. But the result of iodine content in thyroglobulin by this technique agreed well with that by incineration when measured 127I was corrected by percent activity of dializable part of the total activity of 131I-thyroglobulin with the same protein concentration, after the NaClO treatment. The results of human thyroid specimens were as follows: the thyroglobulin content of five normal subjects was 8.0 +/- 1.5% of wet thyroid weight. That of Hashimoto's disease was significantly decreased which seemed compatible with the decrease in iodine content of thyroglobulin, whereas thyroglobulin content of Graves disease treated with 1-methyl, 2-mercaptoimidazole followed by a large dose of iodide was well preserved in spite of a lower degree of iodination of thyroglobulin. As for the distribution of iodoamino acids-iodine in normal thyroid, T4 was 20.5 +/- 0.7%. This technique ultimately looks promising as a tool with which to study intrathyroidal iodine metabolism in human.", "PMID": 580417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_352", "title": "Effect of pulsed low-power ultrasound on growing tissues. II. Malignant tissues.", "content": "Pulsed ultrasound at 2.25 MHz was delivered by a transducer having an average power output of 1.5 mW to a transplantable mouse lymphosarcoma for 5 min. The transplantability of the tumor was reduced. No change in mitotic index as a result of insonation was noted.", "contents": "Effect of pulsed low-power ultrasound on growing tissues. II. Malignant tissues. Pulsed ultrasound at 2.25 MHz was delivered by a transducer having an average power output of 1.5 mW to a transplantable mouse lymphosarcoma for 5 min. The transplantability of the tumor was reduced. No change in mitotic index as a result of insonation was noted.", "PMID": 580420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_353", "title": "Bile flow and biliary excretion rate of some organic anions in phenobarbital-pretreated rats.", "content": "Bile flow and the biliary excretion of indocyanine green, bromcresol green, eosine, bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), amaranth and iodoxamic acid were investigated in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats (75 mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days). The bile flow was increased by phenobarbital from an average of 50.6 to 77.7 microliter/kg/min. Depending on the dose, the biliary excretion rate of bromcresol green was increased by 48-496% and that of eosine by 30-149%. After phenobarbital pretreatment the excretion of BSP-GSH was also enhanced by 34-52%, that of amaranth by 37-53% and that of iodoxamic acid by 40-56%. However, the biliary excretion of indocyanine green remained unchanged. There was no parallelism between the increase in bile flow and biliary excretion of the drugs.", "contents": "Bile flow and biliary excretion rate of some organic anions in phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Bile flow and the biliary excretion of indocyanine green, bromcresol green, eosine, bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH), amaranth and iodoxamic acid were investigated in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats (75 mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days). The bile flow was increased by phenobarbital from an average of 50.6 to 77.7 microliter/kg/min. Depending on the dose, the biliary excretion rate of bromcresol green was increased by 48-496% and that of eosine by 30-149%. After phenobarbital pretreatment the excretion of BSP-GSH was also enhanced by 34-52%, that of amaranth by 37-53% and that of iodoxamic acid by 40-56%. However, the biliary excretion of indocyanine green remained unchanged. There was no parallelism between the increase in bile flow and biliary excretion of the drugs.", "PMID": 580423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_354", "title": "Characterization of temperature-sensitive, fertilization-defective mutants of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of three Caenorhabditis elegans temperature-sensitive mutants that are defective at fertilization are described. All three are alleles of the gene fer-1. At the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees, mutant hermaphrodites make sperm and oocytes in normal numbers. No oocytes are fertilized, although they pass through the spermatheca and uterus normally. The oocytes can be fertilized by sperm transferred by wild-type males, indicating that the mutant defect is in the sperm. The temperature-sensitive period for the mutants coincides with spermatogenesis. Sperm made by mutants at 25 degrees cannot be distinguished from wild-type sperm by light microscopy. The sperm do contact oocytes in mutant hermaphrodites, but do not fertilize. Mutant sperm appear to be nonmotile. Mutant males are also steril when grown at 25 degrees. They trnasfer normal numbers of sperm to hermaphrodites at mating, but these sperm fail to migrate to the spermatheca and are infertile. The phenotype of these mutants is consistent with a primary defect in sperm motility, but the cause of this defect is not known.", "contents": "Characterization of temperature-sensitive, fertilization-defective mutants of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. The isolation and characterization of three Caenorhabditis elegans temperature-sensitive mutants that are defective at fertilization are described. All three are alleles of the gene fer-1. At the restrictive temperature of 25 degrees, mutant hermaphrodites make sperm and oocytes in normal numbers. No oocytes are fertilized, although they pass through the spermatheca and uterus normally. The oocytes can be fertilized by sperm transferred by wild-type males, indicating that the mutant defect is in the sperm. The temperature-sensitive period for the mutants coincides with spermatogenesis. Sperm made by mutants at 25 degrees cannot be distinguished from wild-type sperm by light microscopy. The sperm do contact oocytes in mutant hermaphrodites, but do not fertilize. Mutant sperm appear to be nonmotile. Mutant males are also steril when grown at 25 degrees. They trnasfer normal numbers of sperm to hermaphrodites at mating, but these sperm fail to migrate to the spermatheca and are infertile. The phenotype of these mutants is consistent with a primary defect in sperm motility, but the cause of this defect is not known.", "PMID": 580424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_355", "title": "A natural heterohaemagglutinin in Xenopus laevis serum.", "content": "In most adult Xenopus laevis the serum contains a 'natural' factor capable of lysing the erythrocytes from a wide variety of amniote species. The factor has no effect on the erythrocytes of another amphibian, Ambystoma mexicanum, nor will serum from one animal lyse red cells from another Xenopus individual. No lysing factor was present in the serum of larval (tadpole) Xenopus. Heating of Xenopus serum to 56 degrees for 30 min, absorption of the serum with zymosan or inulin, or removal of calcium and magnesium ions results in loss of lytic activity, although haemagglutinating activity remains, suggesting that the factor can fix complement. The factor elutes from a gel chromatography column in the 19S peak, and is inactivated by thiol reduction and subsequent alkylation. These findings, coupled with immunoabsorption studies suggest that the haemagglutinin is an immunoglobulin of the IgM class. The significance of this suggestion is discussed in the light of previous reports of 'natural' heterohaemagglutinins in other species.", "contents": "A natural heterohaemagglutinin in Xenopus laevis serum. In most adult Xenopus laevis the serum contains a 'natural' factor capable of lysing the erythrocytes from a wide variety of amniote species. The factor has no effect on the erythrocytes of another amphibian, Ambystoma mexicanum, nor will serum from one animal lyse red cells from another Xenopus individual. No lysing factor was present in the serum of larval (tadpole) Xenopus. Heating of Xenopus serum to 56 degrees for 30 min, absorption of the serum with zymosan or inulin, or removal of calcium and magnesium ions results in loss of lytic activity, although haemagglutinating activity remains, suggesting that the factor can fix complement. The factor elutes from a gel chromatography column in the 19S peak, and is inactivated by thiol reduction and subsequent alkylation. These findings, coupled with immunoabsorption studies suggest that the haemagglutinin is an immunoglobulin of the IgM class. The significance of this suggestion is discussed in the light of previous reports of 'natural' heterohaemagglutinins in other species.", "PMID": 580428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_356", "title": "Ultrastructure of rabbit semilunar cartilages.", "content": "A light and transmission electron microscopical study of 6 to 8 months old rabbit semilunar cartilages has shown that the cells in this tissue resemble chondrocytes more than fibroblasts. The prominent organelles in these cells were rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. An unusual finding was the occurrence of filamentous material in Golgi sacs and vesicles, and collagen fibrils within smooth membrane-bound tubular structures, apparently within the cells. Collagen fibrils forming fibres, fibre bundles and lamellae constituted the major component of the menisci. Protein-polysaccharide particles and associated fine filaments were found in the interfibrillary matrix and in the sparse territorial matrix adjacent to the chondrocytes. Numerous immature elastic fibrils, and rare mature elastic fibres with an electorn-lucent amorphous core, were also found in the general matrix amongst the collagen fibrils.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rabbit semilunar cartilages. A light and transmission electron microscopical study of 6 to 8 months old rabbit semilunar cartilages has shown that the cells in this tissue resemble chondrocytes more than fibroblasts. The prominent organelles in these cells were rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. An unusual finding was the occurrence of filamentous material in Golgi sacs and vesicles, and collagen fibrils within smooth membrane-bound tubular structures, apparently within the cells. Collagen fibrils forming fibres, fibre bundles and lamellae constituted the major component of the menisci. Protein-polysaccharide particles and associated fine filaments were found in the interfibrillary matrix and in the sparse territorial matrix adjacent to the chondrocytes. Numerous immature elastic fibrils, and rare mature elastic fibres with an electorn-lucent amorphous core, were also found in the general matrix amongst the collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 580431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_357", "title": "Urinary tract infection in young women, with special reference to Staphylococcus saprophyticus.", "content": "Acute urinary tract infections in young women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases were caused by the same bacteria, in the same proportions, as those that caused infections in women students. Staphylococcus saprophyticus biotype 3 (formerly called Micrococcus subgroup 3) was the commonest organism after coliform bacilli and caused about 30% of the infections. It was uncommon in women over 25 years of age and rarely caused asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Most infections, irrespective of the causative organism, started soon after sexual intercourse, but neither the staphylococci nor the other organisms were associated with promiscuity, as judged by numbers of sexual partners or the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. There was no evidence that the staphylococci were sexually transmitted. The reasons for the virulence of Staph. saprophyticus and its predilection for the urinary tract of young women remain unknown.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in young women, with special reference to Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Acute urinary tract infections in young women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases were caused by the same bacteria, in the same proportions, as those that caused infections in women students. Staphylococcus saprophyticus biotype 3 (formerly called Micrococcus subgroup 3) was the commonest organism after coliform bacilli and caused about 30% of the infections. It was uncommon in women over 25 years of age and rarely caused asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Most infections, irrespective of the causative organism, started soon after sexual intercourse, but neither the staphylococci nor the other organisms were associated with promiscuity, as judged by numbers of sexual partners or the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. There was no evidence that the staphylococci were sexually transmitted. The reasons for the virulence of Staph. saprophyticus and its predilection for the urinary tract of young women remain unknown.", "PMID": 580432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_358", "title": "Experimental forms of infection and serological analysis of the antigenic structure of Rickettsia canada.", "content": "Experimental forms of Rickettsia canada infection were characterized and serological analysis of the antigenic structure of R. canada was carried out. According to its pathogenicity for experimental animals, R. canada can be characterized as a poorly virulent species of rickettsiae, similar to R. prowazekii (for guinea pigs). The complement-fixing, haemagglutinating and agglutinating antigens of R. canada are fairly similar to those of the typhus group rickettsiae. The region of antigenic activity common to or identical in R. canada and the typhus group rickettsiae, is larger in R. canada than in the typhus group rickettsiae. R. canada has common antigens with Proteus OX19. R. canada has active toxic substances similar to those of R. prowazekii which, however, are detectable only with sera of Brill's disease convalescents. The position of R. canada in the taxonomy of rickettsiae is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental forms of infection and serological analysis of the antigenic structure of Rickettsia canada. Experimental forms of Rickettsia canada infection were characterized and serological analysis of the antigenic structure of R. canada was carried out. According to its pathogenicity for experimental animals, R. canada can be characterized as a poorly virulent species of rickettsiae, similar to R. prowazekii (for guinea pigs). The complement-fixing, haemagglutinating and agglutinating antigens of R. canada are fairly similar to those of the typhus group rickettsiae. The region of antigenic activity common to or identical in R. canada and the typhus group rickettsiae, is larger in R. canada than in the typhus group rickettsiae. R. canada has common antigens with Proteus OX19. R. canada has active toxic substances similar to those of R. prowazekii which, however, are detectable only with sera of Brill's disease convalescents. The position of R. canada in the taxonomy of rickettsiae is discussed.", "PMID": 580434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_359", "title": "Spectrum of complications in the use of intrathecal fluorescein.", "content": "The authors describe a case in which 0.5 cc of 5% fluorescein diluted in 10 cc of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was injected at the L4-5 level for evaluation of nasal CSF leakage. Within minutes, tone increased in lower extremities accompanied by knee and ankle clonus and subjective numbness up to the waist. Non-preserved saline irrigation of the lumbar CSF was administered until it became clear, and the patient's head was elevated to retard the developing symptomatology. Although a transient temperature elevation was observed with negative CSF cultures, all signs and symptoms cleared within 48 hours. In a survey of the members of the Americal Association of Neurological Surgeons regarding frequency of use and complications stemming from intrathecal fluorescein, the response rate was 58.3% (1111) of the 1907 members, of which 6.8% (76) had used intrathecal fluorescein, and among those, 25% (19 of the 76) had observed complications involving lower extremity weakness, numbness, generalized seizure activity, opisthotonos, and cranial nerve deficit. No complications were permanent. The authors recommend caution if intrathecal fluorescein must be used. Means should be available to clear the CSF of the agent and elevate the head if complications arise.", "contents": "Spectrum of complications in the use of intrathecal fluorescein. The authors describe a case in which 0.5 cc of 5% fluorescein diluted in 10 cc of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was injected at the L4-5 level for evaluation of nasal CSF leakage. Within minutes, tone increased in lower extremities accompanied by knee and ankle clonus and subjective numbness up to the waist. Non-preserved saline irrigation of the lumbar CSF was administered until it became clear, and the patient's head was elevated to retard the developing symptomatology. Although a transient temperature elevation was observed with negative CSF cultures, all signs and symptoms cleared within 48 hours. In a survey of the members of the Americal Association of Neurological Surgeons regarding frequency of use and complications stemming from intrathecal fluorescein, the response rate was 58.3% (1111) of the 1907 members, of which 6.8% (76) had used intrathecal fluorescein, and among those, 25% (19 of the 76) had observed complications involving lower extremity weakness, numbness, generalized seizure activity, opisthotonos, and cranial nerve deficit. No complications were permanent. The authors recommend caution if intrathecal fluorescein must be used. Means should be available to clear the CSF of the agent and elevate the head if complications arise.", "PMID": 580435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_360", "title": "Demonstration of Ga-67 localization in human placenta.", "content": "Gallium-67 uptake was noted in the mid-pelvic uterine area of a 19-week-pregnant female. Lateral and oblique Ga-67 scans revealed an anterior location of radioactivity that correlated with the position of the placenta as determined by ultrasonic technique.", "contents": "Demonstration of Ga-67 localization in human placenta. Gallium-67 uptake was noted in the mid-pelvic uterine area of a 19-week-pregnant female. Lateral and oblique Ga-67 scans revealed an anterior location of radioactivity that correlated with the position of the placenta as determined by ultrasonic technique.", "PMID": 580436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_361", "title": "Equilibrium penetration of monolayers IV: dipalmitoyllecithin-centrimonium bromide system.", "content": "Equilibrium surface pressure-area isotherms of dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers were measured on substrates containing various concentrations of the surfactant, cetrimonium (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) bromide. From these isotherms, the saturation adsorptions of surfactant for various surface lecithin concentrations were calculated. Plotting of these adsorptions against the inverse of the area per lecithin molecule, as required for the \"accessible area\" theory, revealed two linear segments, corresponding to penetrating at high and at low monolayer areas. At both high and low areas, the adsorption into the accessible areas of the surface was similar to adsorption at a monolayer-free surface. The effective cross-sectional area of the monolayer molecule in the low area region was equal to the collapse area; in the high area region, it was equal to an area corresponding to the co-area, as calculated from the Amagat equation. The change in cross-sectional area corresponded to the transition in the monolayer from a liquid condensed state to a liquid expanded state.", "contents": "Equilibrium penetration of monolayers IV: dipalmitoyllecithin-centrimonium bromide system. Equilibrium surface pressure-area isotherms of dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers were measured on substrates containing various concentrations of the surfactant, cetrimonium (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) bromide. From these isotherms, the saturation adsorptions of surfactant for various surface lecithin concentrations were calculated. Plotting of these adsorptions against the inverse of the area per lecithin molecule, as required for the \"accessible area\" theory, revealed two linear segments, corresponding to penetrating at high and at low monolayer areas. At both high and low areas, the adsorption into the accessible areas of the surface was similar to adsorption at a monolayer-free surface. The effective cross-sectional area of the monolayer molecule in the low area region was equal to the collapse area; in the high area region, it was equal to an area corresponding to the co-area, as calculated from the Amagat equation. The change in cross-sectional area corresponded to the transition in the monolayer from a liquid condensed state to a liquid expanded state.", "PMID": 580439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_362", "title": "The effect of zinc ions on fertilization of mouse ova in vitro.", "content": "The fertilization rate of mouse gametes in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium was 60%. The rate fell to 0% when 250 micron-ZnCl2 was added, but MgCl2, CaCl2, MnCl2, FeCl2, and CuCl2 (each at 250 micron) had no effect. The inhibitory effect of Zn2+ was not evident if the spermatozoa or eggs were preincubated with Zn2+ or if previously capacitated spermatozoa were used. The Zn2+ is thought to act by interference with capacitation.", "contents": "The effect of zinc ions on fertilization of mouse ova in vitro. The fertilization rate of mouse gametes in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium was 60%. The rate fell to 0% when 250 micron-ZnCl2 was added, but MgCl2, CaCl2, MnCl2, FeCl2, and CuCl2 (each at 250 micron) had no effect. The inhibitory effect of Zn2+ was not evident if the spermatozoa or eggs were preincubated with Zn2+ or if previously capacitated spermatozoa were used. The Zn2+ is thought to act by interference with capacitation.", "PMID": 580440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_363", "title": "Comparison of the antitumor activity and toxicity of 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-methylpyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine.", "content": "The effects of two new compounds, 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DAMP) and 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine (DAEP), on the growth of Walker carcinoma 256 were studied. In Sprague-Dawley rats, both compounds inhibited the growth of the Walker tumor, which is naturally resistant to methotrexate. Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma, which is extremely sensitive to methotrexate, was not inhibited by DAMP. In contrast, 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP) inhibited the growth of the Murphy-Sturm and Walker tumors. The toxicity of DAMP and DAEP was charaxterized by convulsions followed by death; DDMP did not show such toxicity at median lethal doses. DAEP and DAMP reversibly reduced the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peripheral blood of rats, and DAMP also decreased the lymphocytes and platelets; DDMP markedly reduced all these cellular elements. Consistently, bone marrow was also markedly depressed by DDMP.", "contents": "Comparison of the antitumor activity and toxicity of 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-methylpyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine. The effects of two new compounds, 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DAMP) and 2,4-diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine (DAEP), on the growth of Walker carcinoma 256 were studied. In Sprague-Dawley rats, both compounds inhibited the growth of the Walker tumor, which is naturally resistant to methotrexate. Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma, which is extremely sensitive to methotrexate, was not inhibited by DAMP. In contrast, 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP) inhibited the growth of the Murphy-Sturm and Walker tumors. The toxicity of DAMP and DAEP was charaxterized by convulsions followed by death; DDMP did not show such toxicity at median lethal doses. DAEP and DAMP reversibly reduced the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peripheral blood of rats, and DAMP also decreased the lymphocytes and platelets; DDMP markedly reduced all these cellular elements. Consistently, bone marrow was also markedly depressed by DDMP.", "PMID": 580441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_364", "title": "Development of intestinal host defense mechanisms and the passive protective role of human milk.", "content": "In this review of development of host defense mechanisms of the gastrointestinal tract, I have attempted to develop the concept of a mucosal barrier to the uptake of intestinal antigens and microorganisms. Alterations in development of immunologic defense and non-immunologic defenses results in an increased vulnerability for clinical disease in the newborn (premature) infant. The passive role of human milk in promoting intestinal maturation and protecting the newborn gut from pathologic penetration of macromolecules is discussed. It was predicted that many, as yet undiscovered factors, will be reported in future years to further underscore the importance of human milk in perinatal host defense. Immediate and delayed disease states resulting from an altered defense were considered.", "contents": "Development of intestinal host defense mechanisms and the passive protective role of human milk. In this review of development of host defense mechanisms of the gastrointestinal tract, I have attempted to develop the concept of a mucosal barrier to the uptake of intestinal antigens and microorganisms. Alterations in development of immunologic defense and non-immunologic defenses results in an increased vulnerability for clinical disease in the newborn (premature) infant. The passive role of human milk in promoting intestinal maturation and protecting the newborn gut from pathologic penetration of macromolecules is discussed. It was predicted that many, as yet undiscovered factors, will be reported in future years to further underscore the importance of human milk in perinatal host defense. Immediate and delayed disease states resulting from an altered defense were considered.", "PMID": 580445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_365", "title": "Distribution and pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in localized chemotherapy of solid Gardner's lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics and organe distribution of Methotrexate (MTX) in Gardner lymphosarcoma bearing C3H mice was investigated following two ways of drug administration: 1. intraperitoneal injection, 2. intratumoral implantation of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate gel with sorbed Methotrexate (localized chemotherapy). The highest level of MTX in blood appeared 2 hours after intrperitoneal injection but 7 hr after localized intratumorous application. Following intraperitoneal application the drug level in tumor reached its maximum two hours after injection; after 7 hr the drug could not be detected any longer. The localized chemotherapy led to six times higher concentration of the drug in the tumors as compared with the intraperitoneal application. This high level persisted for 17 hr and decreased moderately for 48 hr. MTX was accumulated in liver after both modes of administration with a half life 6.1 hr after intraperitoneal injection and 12.4 hr after the localized chemotherpay, respectively.", "contents": "Distribution and pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in localized chemotherapy of solid Gardner's lymphosarcoma. Pharmacokinetics and organe distribution of Methotrexate (MTX) in Gardner lymphosarcoma bearing C3H mice was investigated following two ways of drug administration: 1. intraperitoneal injection, 2. intratumoral implantation of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate gel with sorbed Methotrexate (localized chemotherapy). The highest level of MTX in blood appeared 2 hours after intrperitoneal injection but 7 hr after localized intratumorous application. Following intraperitoneal application the drug level in tumor reached its maximum two hours after injection; after 7 hr the drug could not be detected any longer. The localized chemotherapy led to six times higher concentration of the drug in the tumors as compared with the intraperitoneal application. This high level persisted for 17 hr and decreased moderately for 48 hr. MTX was accumulated in liver after both modes of administration with a half life 6.1 hr after intraperitoneal injection and 12.4 hr after the localized chemotherpay, respectively.", "PMID": 580447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_366", "title": "Relationship between lymphocyte emigration and vascular endothelium in chronic inflammation.", "content": "Small blood vessels within areas of chronic inflammation which contain large numbers of lymphocytes develop unusually thick walls. Combined histological and electron microscope study shows that the thickening is due to hypertrophy of endothelial cells which come to resemble the endothelium of post-capillary venules in lymphoid tissue. Vessels of this type have been found in experimental granulomas induced by injection of Freund's adjuvant or killed tubercle bacilli and in human biopsy material from cases of rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's disease of the thyroid. Comparison with the developing Peyer's patch in young rats shows that the unusual vessels in granulomas are very similar in endothelial cell size, pattern of distribution, extent of lymphocyte migration and degree of carbon leakage to post-capillary venules of the immature Peyer's patch. Study of the time at which lymphocytes appear in large numbers within the granuloma or developing Peyer's patch and the time at which thickened vessels are first seen suggest tha the endothelial changes are a consequence and not a cause of lymphocyte emigration. The stimulus to endothelial hyperthrophy appears to be massive sustained migration of lymphocytes, but the functional significance of this change in vascular structure is not clear.", "contents": "Relationship between lymphocyte emigration and vascular endothelium in chronic inflammation. Small blood vessels within areas of chronic inflammation which contain large numbers of lymphocytes develop unusually thick walls. Combined histological and electron microscope study shows that the thickening is due to hypertrophy of endothelial cells which come to resemble the endothelium of post-capillary venules in lymphoid tissue. Vessels of this type have been found in experimental granulomas induced by injection of Freund's adjuvant or killed tubercle bacilli and in human biopsy material from cases of rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's disease of the thyroid. Comparison with the developing Peyer's patch in young rats shows that the unusual vessels in granulomas are very similar in endothelial cell size, pattern of distribution, extent of lymphocyte migration and degree of carbon leakage to post-capillary venules of the immature Peyer's patch. Study of the time at which lymphocytes appear in large numbers within the granuloma or developing Peyer's patch and the time at which thickened vessels are first seen suggest tha the endothelial changes are a consequence and not a cause of lymphocyte emigration. The stimulus to endothelial hyperthrophy appears to be massive sustained migration of lymphocytes, but the functional significance of this change in vascular structure is not clear.", "PMID": 580448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_367", "title": "The right paratracheal stripe in children.", "content": "The width of the right paratracheal stripe (RPS) has been established in normal adults but not in normal children. The thymus and great vessels are relatively larger in children than in adults and could obscure or widen the RPS. We found that obscuration does occur and, therefore, the RPS is less often measurable in children than in adults. Widening by the thymus and great vessels, however, does not occur. The width of the RPS in normal children, 0.5 to 3.0 mm, is slightly less than in adults. From this study of normal children and our subsequent experience with pediatric patients, we conclude that in a child an RPS 4 mm or wider is reliable evidence of disease affecting the trachea, mediastinum, or pleura.", "contents": "The right paratracheal stripe in children. The width of the right paratracheal stripe (RPS) has been established in normal adults but not in normal children. The thymus and great vessels are relatively larger in children than in adults and could obscure or widen the RPS. We found that obscuration does occur and, therefore, the RPS is less often measurable in children than in adults. Widening by the thymus and great vessels, however, does not occur. The width of the RPS in normal children, 0.5 to 3.0 mm, is slightly less than in adults. From this study of normal children and our subsequent experience with pediatric patients, we conclude that in a child an RPS 4 mm or wider is reliable evidence of disease affecting the trachea, mediastinum, or pleura.", "PMID": 580449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_368", "title": "Effects of asphyxia on renal function in the newborn piglet.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of acute alterations in renal function following the production of hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis in newborn piglets 6-96 hr of age. After completion of the surgical procedure piglets were allowed to recover from the effects of anesthesia. When respiratory dead space was increased arterial oxygen tension decreased whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension and hydrogen ion concentration increased. There was little change in glomerular filtration rate. Total renal blood flow decreased and renal vascular resistance increased significantly (504 +/- 78 mm Hg/liter/mm/m2 to 1422 +/- 504). There was no change in distribution of intrarenal blood flow. Sodium excretion and urinary flow rate demonstrated significant parallel increases following the increase in dead space. Plasma renin concentration increased from 67 to 110 ng/ml.", "contents": "Effects of asphyxia on renal function in the newborn piglet. This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of acute alterations in renal function following the production of hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis in newborn piglets 6-96 hr of age. After completion of the surgical procedure piglets were allowed to recover from the effects of anesthesia. When respiratory dead space was increased arterial oxygen tension decreased whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension and hydrogen ion concentration increased. There was little change in glomerular filtration rate. Total renal blood flow decreased and renal vascular resistance increased significantly (504 +/- 78 mm Hg/liter/mm/m2 to 1422 +/- 504). There was no change in distribution of intrarenal blood flow. Sodium excretion and urinary flow rate demonstrated significant parallel increases following the increase in dead space. Plasma renin concentration increased from 67 to 110 ng/ml.", "PMID": 580450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_369", "title": "Pediatrics manpower requirements.", "content": "Assessment and projection of manpower requirements are difficult and compelx undertakings for which no single methodology has proven to be entirely satisfactory. A frequently used approach to estimation of manpower requirements is the number of physicians needed per population. A numerical approach alone is inadequate for it fails to take into account the types and quality of services to be delivered. There are many factors which affect manpower estimates, several of which are not quantifiable. Factors unique to pediatrics which must be considered include the changing nature of health needs of the population in the age range from 0 to 21 years; the changes in the practice of pediatrics; the increasing emphasis on the importance of preventive health care and health maintenance; and the impact of scientific advances on the demand for services. A most important variable is the national level of cohort fertility. Fluctuations in this rate significantly affect the numbers of children and adolescents requiring care. It is concluded that there will not be an excess of pediatricians in 1980 and 1990. Indeed, it is questionable whether the health needs of the pediatric population can be adequately met in those years.", "contents": "Pediatrics manpower requirements. Assessment and projection of manpower requirements are difficult and compelx undertakings for which no single methodology has proven to be entirely satisfactory. A frequently used approach to estimation of manpower requirements is the number of physicians needed per population. A numerical approach alone is inadequate for it fails to take into account the types and quality of services to be delivered. There are many factors which affect manpower estimates, several of which are not quantifiable. Factors unique to pediatrics which must be considered include the changing nature of health needs of the population in the age range from 0 to 21 years; the changes in the practice of pediatrics; the increasing emphasis on the importance of preventive health care and health maintenance; and the impact of scientific advances on the demand for services. A most important variable is the national level of cohort fertility. Fluctuations in this rate significantly affect the numbers of children and adolescents requiring care. It is concluded that there will not be an excess of pediatricians in 1980 and 1990. Indeed, it is questionable whether the health needs of the pediatric population can be adequately met in those years.", "PMID": 580451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_370", "title": "[Sisomicine in the lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Concentration after intramuscular or intrathecal injection. Study in 14 subjects-therapeutic implications (author's transl)].", "content": "Following intramuscular injection sisomicine, in common with other aminosides, shows poor intrathecal diffusion (less than 10% of serum levels) even during the initial phase of purulent meningitis. Following the intraspinal or intraventricular injection of 0.5 mg/kg, high levels are obtained which persist up to 48th hour. This dose is very well tolerated and no accumulation phenomena were demonstrated after repeated injections. In cases of meningitis due to organisms resistant to diffusible antibiotics, sisomicine sulphate may be used by lumbar intraspinal or sometimes intraventricular injection in severe forms, in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg every 48 hours (or even 24 hours). In combination with systemic treatment. The duration of treatment cannot be precisely defined.", "contents": "[Sisomicine in the lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Concentration after intramuscular or intrathecal injection. Study in 14 subjects-therapeutic implications (author's transl)]. Following intramuscular injection sisomicine, in common with other aminosides, shows poor intrathecal diffusion (less than 10% of serum levels) even during the initial phase of purulent meningitis. Following the intraspinal or intraventricular injection of 0.5 mg/kg, high levels are obtained which persist up to 48th hour. This dose is very well tolerated and no accumulation phenomena were demonstrated after repeated injections. In cases of meningitis due to organisms resistant to diffusible antibiotics, sisomicine sulphate may be used by lumbar intraspinal or sometimes intraventricular injection in severe forms, in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg every 48 hours (or even 24 hours). In combination with systemic treatment. The duration of treatment cannot be precisely defined.", "PMID": 580452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_371", "title": "[Immunoblastic lymphosarcomas. Clinicopathological aspects and course. Retrospective analysis of a series of 50 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunoblastosarcoma (IB) was preceeded by another pathological state in almost one third of patients. The clinical picture was often very typical, with large inflammatory node involvement. In one third of cases, the initial site of the tumor was not nodal, but in Waldeyer's ring or a non-lymphoid organ. Analysis of topographic extension indicates a weak propensity to dissemination. The tissues which are the more frequent site of secondary invasion were the lung parenchyma and the subcutaneous tissue. The course was rapid, almost always fatal. Only a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy would seem capable of eradicating the tumour. On the basis of all these characteristics, the IB has a special place alongside other non-Hodgkin lymphomas and they may be individualised histologically. These cases are in general in agreement with the little data published in the literature.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic lymphosarcomas. Clinicopathological aspects and course. Retrospective analysis of a series of 50 patients (author's transl)]. The immunoblastosarcoma (IB) was preceeded by another pathological state in almost one third of patients. The clinical picture was often very typical, with large inflammatory node involvement. In one third of cases, the initial site of the tumor was not nodal, but in Waldeyer's ring or a non-lymphoid organ. Analysis of topographic extension indicates a weak propensity to dissemination. The tissues which are the more frequent site of secondary invasion were the lung parenchyma and the subcutaneous tissue. The course was rapid, almost always fatal. Only a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy would seem capable of eradicating the tumour. On the basis of all these characteristics, the IB has a special place alongside other non-Hodgkin lymphomas and they may be individualised histologically. These cases are in general in agreement with the little data published in the literature.", "PMID": 580453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_372", "title": "[Cervical myelography using metrizamide via a lateral approach at C1-C2 (author's transl)].", "content": "Metrizamide is a new hydrosoluble contrast medium of an entirely original conception which for first time makes it possible to explore the whole cord and its spaces. The technique of latero-cervical puncture between C1 and C2 was used in 45 cases of cervical cord compression, cervico-brachial neuralgia or brachial plexus paralysis. This technique of myelography has proved to be simple and reliable. It has a number of advantages: it is far more rapid, less painful and offers good visualisation of the nerve roots as compared with air myelography; unlike myelography with iodine-based oils, it is not necessary to remove the contrast medium after the examination since Metrizamide is spontaneously resorbable. Tolerance in general is remarkably good.", "contents": "[Cervical myelography using metrizamide via a lateral approach at C1-C2 (author's transl)]. Metrizamide is a new hydrosoluble contrast medium of an entirely original conception which for first time makes it possible to explore the whole cord and its spaces. The technique of latero-cervical puncture between C1 and C2 was used in 45 cases of cervical cord compression, cervico-brachial neuralgia or brachial plexus paralysis. This technique of myelography has proved to be simple and reliable. It has a number of advantages: it is far more rapid, less painful and offers good visualisation of the nerve roots as compared with air myelography; unlike myelography with iodine-based oils, it is not necessary to remove the contrast medium after the examination since Metrizamide is spontaneously resorbable. Tolerance in general is remarkably good.", "PMID": 580454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_373", "title": "Techniques for locating, filing, and retrieving scientific information.", "content": "Guidelines for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting a search of scientific literature are presented. Initial leads can be gained by contacting a local expert or consulting a textbook. An impression of advances being made in a particular field can be gained efficiently by scanning weekly issues of Current Contents, containing the tables of contents of most scientific journals. Recent review articles on most topics can usually be found listed in the Index Medicus. With at least one significant reference dealing with a specific topic of interest, the Science Citation Index may be used to identify articles published during a particular indexing period which cited the article as a reference. Practical guidelines are also presented for establishing a simple but comprehensive personal system for filing and retrieving on demand reprints, pamphlets, and notes.", "contents": "Techniques for locating, filing, and retrieving scientific information. Guidelines for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of conducting a search of scientific literature are presented. Initial leads can be gained by contacting a local expert or consulting a textbook. An impression of advances being made in a particular field can be gained efficiently by scanning weekly issues of Current Contents, containing the tables of contents of most scientific journals. Recent review articles on most topics can usually be found listed in the Index Medicus. With at least one significant reference dealing with a specific topic of interest, the Science Citation Index may be used to identify articles published during a particular indexing period which cited the article as a reference. Practical guidelines are also presented for establishing a simple but comprehensive personal system for filing and retrieving on demand reprints, pamphlets, and notes.", "PMID": 580456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_374", "title": "Pulmonary processes of mature-appearing lymphocytes: pseudolymphoma, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis.", "content": "Patients with pseudolymphoma, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were studied. Diagnoses were confirmed by recently developed immunochemical staining techniques. Radiographic findings in pseudolymphoma were different from those in well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and clinical findings in lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were different from those in the other two types of lesions. The interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis had two patterns: basilar with an alveolar component and diffuse with associated honeycombing. Pseudolymphoma and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis are being polyclonal inflammatory processes without malignant potential. Well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, a monoclonal neoplasm, often has an indolent course.", "contents": "Pulmonary processes of mature-appearing lymphocytes: pseudolymphoma, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Patients with pseudolymphoma, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were studied. Diagnoses were confirmed by recently developed immunochemical staining techniques. Radiographic findings in pseudolymphoma were different from those in well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and clinical findings in lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis were different from those in the other two types of lesions. The interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis had two patterns: basilar with an alveolar component and diffuse with associated honeycombing. Pseudolymphoma and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis are being polyclonal inflammatory processes without malignant potential. Well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, a monoclonal neoplasm, often has an indolent course.", "PMID": 580457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_375", "title": "[Transperitoneal anterior approach to the neoplastic kidney].", "content": "The authors present 51 cases of malignant renal tumours approached by the transperitoneal anterior route. The authors preferred a bilateral subcostal incision sectioning the insertions of both abdominals, that was prolonged in the para-rectal region on the right or on the left, according to case, into the vicinity of the femural arcade. In this group of 51 cases 8 explorations of the inferior cava were performed and in one case total resection of the abdominal cava was carried out. In 4 of the patients nephrectomy was associated with splenectomy (2 cases), with colecystectomy and with right duodeno-hemicolectomy (one case each).", "contents": "[Transperitoneal anterior approach to the neoplastic kidney]. The authors present 51 cases of malignant renal tumours approached by the transperitoneal anterior route. The authors preferred a bilateral subcostal incision sectioning the insertions of both abdominals, that was prolonged in the para-rectal region on the right or on the left, according to case, into the vicinity of the femural arcade. In this group of 51 cases 8 explorations of the inferior cava were performed and in one case total resection of the abdominal cava was carried out. In 4 of the patients nephrectomy was associated with splenectomy (2 cases), with colecystectomy and with right duodeno-hemicolectomy (one case each).", "PMID": 580458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_376", "title": "[Treatment of supramalleolar open fractures by means of centro-medullary osteosynthesis of the fibula].", "content": "The study is concerned with 11 cases of open supra-malleolar fractures involving both bones. The tibial fracture was of the comminutive type, with a large number of small fragments allowing an exteriorization of the proximal end or telescoping of the ends with consecutive loss of the axis. Due to a difficult synthesis of the tibial bone synthesis of the peroneum with a thick rod or with a brooch was performed, recovering the length of the lever and allowing to de-telescope the tibial focus, to recover the normal length and a corresponding axis. Since in all the treated cases consolidation was achieved over a duration of 5 months, the advantage is stressed, of the procedure which, solving indirectly the fracture, protects the tibial focus, already poorly irrigated and susceptible to pseudarthrosis in thi;s type of location.", "contents": "[Treatment of supramalleolar open fractures by means of centro-medullary osteosynthesis of the fibula]. The study is concerned with 11 cases of open supra-malleolar fractures involving both bones. The tibial fracture was of the comminutive type, with a large number of small fragments allowing an exteriorization of the proximal end or telescoping of the ends with consecutive loss of the axis. Due to a difficult synthesis of the tibial bone synthesis of the peroneum with a thick rod or with a brooch was performed, recovering the length of the lever and allowing to de-telescope the tibial focus, to recover the normal length and a corresponding axis. Since in all the treated cases consolidation was achieved over a duration of 5 months, the advantage is stressed, of the procedure which, solving indirectly the fracture, protects the tibial focus, already poorly irrigated and susceptible to pseudarthrosis in thi;s type of location.", "PMID": 580461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_377", "title": "[Value of manometry in establishing the developmental stage of portal hypertension and the effectiveness of therapeutic portacaval shunt].", "content": "A total of 105 patients have been studied, operated for portal hypertension, that underwent porto-manometric investigations by various methods, before and during surgery. The study was aimed at establishing indications that can be provided by portal manometry on the evolutive stage of portal hypertension. Correlations have been established between ascitic decompensation, the frequency of superior digestive hemorrhages and the portal pressure. The efficiency of the post-systemic derivation was evaluated manometrically, depending on the type of the anastomosis. Conclusions are presented, on the particular value of the manometric investigation for the correct choice of the porto-caval shunt.", "contents": "[Value of manometry in establishing the developmental stage of portal hypertension and the effectiveness of therapeutic portacaval shunt]. A total of 105 patients have been studied, operated for portal hypertension, that underwent porto-manometric investigations by various methods, before and during surgery. The study was aimed at establishing indications that can be provided by portal manometry on the evolutive stage of portal hypertension. Correlations have been established between ascitic decompensation, the frequency of superior digestive hemorrhages and the portal pressure. The efficiency of the post-systemic derivation was evaluated manometrically, depending on the type of the anastomosis. Conclusions are presented, on the particular value of the manometric investigation for the correct choice of the porto-caval shunt.", "PMID": 580462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_378", "title": "[The flexible metallic intramedullary nail (Mechanical model and theoretical analysis)].", "content": "An ideal mechanical model is proposed for the system which includes the fractured femur and the flexible rod. Developing through calculus the consequences of hypotheses which define the model, the rigidity and the resistance of the system are evaluated. The theoretical considerations and the numerical results of the analysis indicate the superiority of the non-parallel assembly of the rods in the case of high diaphysary fractures.", "contents": "[The flexible metallic intramedullary nail (Mechanical model and theoretical analysis)]. An ideal mechanical model is proposed for the system which includes the fractured femur and the flexible rod. Developing through calculus the consequences of hypotheses which define the model, the rigidity and the resistance of the system are evaluated. The theoretical considerations and the numerical results of the analysis indicate the superiority of the non-parallel assembly of the rods in the case of high diaphysary fractures.", "PMID": 580463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_379", "title": "[Current problems in the treatment of thoracic hydatid cysts].", "content": "The authors present the experience of the Clinic for Thoracic Surgery of Bucharest, based on a total of 1206 cases of patients operated for hydatic cysts. An original classification is presented, of human hydatidosis, the indications of surgical treatment are stressed, namely the evacuation of the hydatic membrane with the peri-cystic tissue, even in cases of evacuated and suppuratec cysts--the authors objecting to the pulmonary resection in cases of hydatic cysts. The authors have performed simultaneous bilateral interventions, associated or not with phrenotomy, in bilateral and hepatic localizations. In the paper is also presented a new procedure (introduced by Prof. C. Coman) for the total extirpation of the hydatic membrane, a simple procedure which practically prevents effraction of the cyst. On the other hand the results confirm the efficiency of the procedure, very good results being obtained in 98,8% of the cases.", "contents": "[Current problems in the treatment of thoracic hydatid cysts]. The authors present the experience of the Clinic for Thoracic Surgery of Bucharest, based on a total of 1206 cases of patients operated for hydatic cysts. An original classification is presented, of human hydatidosis, the indications of surgical treatment are stressed, namely the evacuation of the hydatic membrane with the peri-cystic tissue, even in cases of evacuated and suppuratec cysts--the authors objecting to the pulmonary resection in cases of hydatic cysts. The authors have performed simultaneous bilateral interventions, associated or not with phrenotomy, in bilateral and hepatic localizations. In the paper is also presented a new procedure (introduced by Prof. C. Coman) for the total extirpation of the hydatic membrane, a simple procedure which practically prevents effraction of the cyst. On the other hand the results confirm the efficiency of the procedure, very good results being obtained in 98,8% of the cases.", "PMID": 580460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_380", "title": "[Evaluation of therapeutic measures in toxicoseptic states].", "content": "Based on observations made in 112 cases of toxico-septic conditions that had developed in surgical and obstetrical conjunctures, the authors propose a unified codification of the major therapeutical means (etiologic therapy, general, non-specific and specific therapy, adapted for functions and organs). The removal, or surgical draining of the septic focus is the most efficient therapy of toxicoseptic conditions of surgical or obstetrical origin. Compared to this method all the other therapeutical methods are secondary or adjuvant. The authors have acquired a vast experience in the use of a device for peritoneal washing-draining in cases with toxico-septic syndrome of surgical and obstetrical origin. General, non-specific therapeutic measures for quantitative and qualitative maintenance of the internal environment of the organism are achieved with relatively large amounts of non-colloidal crystalloid isotonic solutions, administered over the entire duration of the toxico-septic condition. The importance of the specific therapy is stressed, adapted for functions and organs, stressing amost particularly the therapeutical measures in which the authors have acquired extensive experience.", "contents": "[Evaluation of therapeutic measures in toxicoseptic states]. Based on observations made in 112 cases of toxico-septic conditions that had developed in surgical and obstetrical conjunctures, the authors propose a unified codification of the major therapeutical means (etiologic therapy, general, non-specific and specific therapy, adapted for functions and organs). The removal, or surgical draining of the septic focus is the most efficient therapy of toxicoseptic conditions of surgical or obstetrical origin. Compared to this method all the other therapeutical methods are secondary or adjuvant. The authors have acquired a vast experience in the use of a device for peritoneal washing-draining in cases with toxico-septic syndrome of surgical and obstetrical origin. General, non-specific therapeutic measures for quantitative and qualitative maintenance of the internal environment of the organism are achieved with relatively large amounts of non-colloidal crystalloid isotonic solutions, administered over the entire duration of the toxico-septic condition. The importance of the specific therapy is stressed, adapted for functions and organs, stressing amost particularly the therapeutical measures in which the authors have acquired extensive experience.", "PMID": 580466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_381", "title": "[Postoperative intestinal infarction].", "content": "A total of 39 cases are analized, of post-operative intestinal infarction, that occured exclusively in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The clinical signs appeared early in most of the cases (85,4% in the first 72 hours; 48,4% in the first 24 hours) and the manifestations were typical in 42,4% and non-significant in 35% of the cases. Since none of the cases benefited from a successful therapy the authors suggest that stress should be laid on prophylactic measures (correct re-equillibration).", "contents": "[Postoperative intestinal infarction]. A total of 39 cases are analized, of post-operative intestinal infarction, that occured exclusively in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The clinical signs appeared early in most of the cases (85,4% in the first 72 hours; 48,4% in the first 24 hours) and the manifestations were typical in 42,4% and non-significant in 35% of the cases. Since none of the cases benefited from a successful therapy the authors suggest that stress should be laid on prophylactic measures (correct re-equillibration).", "PMID": 580467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_382", "title": "[A new experimental procedure of intraamniotic application of substances in multiparous experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to proof the distribution and metabolizing of various substances experimental operation models in animals were developed. The placental transfer was examined in guinea pigs and rabbits; while metabolism was studied in the G\u00f6ttinger miniature pig. The presented model enables us to examine the following compartments: maternal organism, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus.", "contents": "[A new experimental procedure of intraamniotic application of substances in multiparous experimental animals (author's transl)]. In order to proof the distribution and metabolizing of various substances experimental operation models in animals were developed. The placental transfer was examined in guinea pigs and rabbits; while metabolism was studied in the G\u00f6ttinger miniature pig. The presented model enables us to examine the following compartments: maternal organism, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus.", "PMID": 580480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_383", "title": "The relationship of fatty acid composition and surface activity of lung extracts.", "content": "Male weanling rats were fed fat-free diets supplemented with 4% (w/w) safflower oil (control) or 4% tripalmitin (essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient) for 14 weeks. Whereas the amount of lecithin in lung lavage material remained unchanged, lung lavage lecithin from EFA-deficient rats contained significantly less palmitic acid (61.4 +/- 2.0% vs. 77.4 +/- 5.8%, P less than 0.01) than that from controls. Surface tension vs. area hysteresis loops were obtained for total lipid extracts (TLE) of lung lavage fluid, intra- and extra-cellular lipoprotein fractions (IBI and IBE) and lipid extracts of those lipoprotein fractions (LBI and LBE). A significant increase in minimal surface tension (gammamin) was found for all samples obtained from EFA-deficient rats as compared to controls. Refeeding of diets containing safflower oil for 7-14 days reversed these changes. Air pressure-volume curves on degassed, excised lungs indicated that greater pressure is required to maintain a given lung volume in EFA-deficient rats. These results support the hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of pulmonary surfactant lecithins is a major determinant of the surface activity of lung extracts.", "contents": "The relationship of fatty acid composition and surface activity of lung extracts. Male weanling rats were fed fat-free diets supplemented with 4% (w/w) safflower oil (control) or 4% tripalmitin (essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient) for 14 weeks. Whereas the amount of lecithin in lung lavage material remained unchanged, lung lavage lecithin from EFA-deficient rats contained significantly less palmitic acid (61.4 +/- 2.0% vs. 77.4 +/- 5.8%, P less than 0.01) than that from controls. Surface tension vs. area hysteresis loops were obtained for total lipid extracts (TLE) of lung lavage fluid, intra- and extra-cellular lipoprotein fractions (IBI and IBE) and lipid extracts of those lipoprotein fractions (LBI and LBE). A significant increase in minimal surface tension (gammamin) was found for all samples obtained from EFA-deficient rats as compared to controls. Refeeding of diets containing safflower oil for 7-14 days reversed these changes. Air pressure-volume curves on degassed, excised lungs indicated that greater pressure is required to maintain a given lung volume in EFA-deficient rats. These results support the hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of pulmonary surfactant lecithins is a major determinant of the surface activity of lung extracts.", "PMID": 580481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_384", "title": "A model for the study of the physical behaviour of the lung-surfactant film in vitro.", "content": "A model of the alveolar air-fluid boundary was developed for a future study of the influence of several gases and gas mixtures on the surfactant film of the lung. Since the surface behaviour of the film material changed after denaturation, we had to use it in its native state. It was collected as foam during lung lavage and applied upon a hypophase of concentrated lavage fluid. This combination showed a constant physical behaviour during repeated compression and expansion of its surface. After the excess of applied material had left the surface there was hardly any change of gammamin and gammamax or of the shape of the area versus surface-tension curve (A-gamma curve) during several hours. Mean values of gammamin and gammamax were 5.5 +/- 2.0 and 55.0 +/- 2.0 dyne/cm respectively. The mean value of the hysteresis area was 847 +/- 82 dyne cm. Its shape was similar in all experiments. The stability of this model makes it useful for the intended investigations, but also seems to offer useful data for calculations in relation to the actual behaviour of lung alveolar surfactant in vivo.", "contents": "A model for the study of the physical behaviour of the lung-surfactant film in vitro. A model of the alveolar air-fluid boundary was developed for a future study of the influence of several gases and gas mixtures on the surfactant film of the lung. Since the surface behaviour of the film material changed after denaturation, we had to use it in its native state. It was collected as foam during lung lavage and applied upon a hypophase of concentrated lavage fluid. This combination showed a constant physical behaviour during repeated compression and expansion of its surface. After the excess of applied material had left the surface there was hardly any change of gammamin and gammamax or of the shape of the area versus surface-tension curve (A-gamma curve) during several hours. Mean values of gammamin and gammamax were 5.5 +/- 2.0 and 55.0 +/- 2.0 dyne/cm respectively. The mean value of the hysteresis area was 847 +/- 82 dyne cm. Its shape was similar in all experiments. The stability of this model makes it useful for the intended investigations, but also seems to offer useful data for calculations in relation to the actual behaviour of lung alveolar surfactant in vivo.", "PMID": 580482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_385", "title": "[Mycotic aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to a case of mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery caused by bacterial endocarditis with streptococcus feacalis combined with reversible neurologic complications. On account of improvement in the treatment a careful radiological examination is very important with exact account of the size and localisation of the aneurysm. Our patient was successfully treated with aneurysmectomia and reconstruction of the vessel by transplantation of a vein.", "contents": "[Mycotic aneurysm of superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)]. Reference is made to a case of mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery caused by bacterial endocarditis with streptococcus feacalis combined with reversible neurologic complications. On account of improvement in the treatment a careful radiological examination is very important with exact account of the size and localisation of the aneurysm. Our patient was successfully treated with aneurysmectomia and reconstruction of the vessel by transplantation of a vein.", "PMID": 580484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_386", "title": "[Clinical use of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology].", "content": "The use of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology is reviewed in the light of present knowledge. The important uses, induction of abortion and induction of labor at term, are discussed. The different forms of prostaglandin and the side effects are briefly described.", "contents": "[Clinical use of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology]. The use of prostaglandins in obstetrics and gynecology is reviewed in the light of present knowledge. The important uses, induction of abortion and induction of labor at term, are discussed. The different forms of prostaglandin and the side effects are briefly described.", "PMID": 580485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_387", "title": "Enhancement of fibrinolysis in rabbits exposed to low and moderate levels of carbon monoxide inhibited by epsilon amino caproic acid.", "content": "The first (control) group of rabbits breathed ambient air whereas the second was exposed to low level carbon monoxide (CO, 50 ppm by volume) for 24 hr continuously for 8 weeks. The third group was exposed to 300 ppm CO for 4 weeks. The fourth group was exposed to 300 ppm CO for the same period of time as the third group but in addition they were also given epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) orally, and the results compared to Group III. Per cent oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), per cent hemoglobin (Hb) and per cent carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) were monitored in all groups. Tests of fibrinolysis were monitored and showed acceleration of the whole blood clot lysis and euglobulin lysis times (ELT). A fibrin plate test confirmed the increased lysis and serum fibrin and/or fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were elevated in the CO exposed animals. No changes were observed in the same tests in the rabbits exposed to ambient air. The fourth group of animals receiving EACA showed inhibition of lysis and decrease in serum FDP. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin assays in all groups showed no change. Microscopic examination of the large vessels in these test groups showed endothelial damage which indicates a possible source for a plasminogen activator release, or lead to action of Hageman factor and activated plasma plasminogen proactivator.", "contents": "Enhancement of fibrinolysis in rabbits exposed to low and moderate levels of carbon monoxide inhibited by epsilon amino caproic acid. The first (control) group of rabbits breathed ambient air whereas the second was exposed to low level carbon monoxide (CO, 50 ppm by volume) for 24 hr continuously for 8 weeks. The third group was exposed to 300 ppm CO for 4 weeks. The fourth group was exposed to 300 ppm CO for the same period of time as the third group but in addition they were also given epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) orally, and the results compared to Group III. Per cent oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), per cent hemoglobin (Hb) and per cent carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) were monitored in all groups. Tests of fibrinolysis were monitored and showed acceleration of the whole blood clot lysis and euglobulin lysis times (ELT). A fibrin plate test confirmed the increased lysis and serum fibrin and/or fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were elevated in the CO exposed animals. No changes were observed in the same tests in the rabbits exposed to ambient air. The fourth group of animals receiving EACA showed inhibition of lysis and decrease in serum FDP. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin assays in all groups showed no change. Microscopic examination of the large vessels in these test groups showed endothelial damage which indicates a possible source for a plasminogen activator release, or lead to action of Hageman factor and activated plasma plasminogen proactivator.", "PMID": 580486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_388", "title": "A rapid turbidimetric determination of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP).", "content": "A rapid and simple turbidimetric determination of fibrinogen degradation products is described. This method is based on the increase of the turbidity due to the formation of precipitating antigen-antibody complexes after addition of rabbit antihuman fibrinogen antiserum to human serum. The increase in turbidity correlates very well with results obtained with the haemagglutination inhibition technique and has the advantage of a more objective quantitation. The reproducibility appears to be quite good. The turbidimetric method is independent of the colour of serum samples.", "contents": "A rapid turbidimetric determination of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). A rapid and simple turbidimetric determination of fibrinogen degradation products is described. This method is based on the increase of the turbidity due to the formation of precipitating antigen-antibody complexes after addition of rabbit antihuman fibrinogen antiserum to human serum. The increase in turbidity correlates very well with results obtained with the haemagglutination inhibition technique and has the advantage of a more objective quantitation. The reproducibility appears to be quite good. The turbidimetric method is independent of the colour of serum samples.", "PMID": 580487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_389", "title": "Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases.", "content": "The medical records of 118 cases who met laboratory criteria of DIC were studied. The most frequent etiologies were: Generalized infection (39.8%), trauma (16.9%), malignancy (6.8%) and surgical cases (6.8%). The main clinical manifestations which appeared to be related solely to DIC were (in a decreasing order of frequency): Bleeding (64.4%), renal dysfunction (24.6%), liver dysfunction (18.6%), respiratory dysfunction (16.1%), shock (14.4%), thromboembolic phenonmena (6.8%) and central nervous system involvement (1.7%). In 26 patients none of these manifestations were observed. In patients with infection, liver and renal dysfunction were frequent and respiratory dysfunction rare, whereas in trauma cases, liver and renal dysfunctions were rare and respiratory dysfunction frequent. This variability indicates that the clinical manifestations are affected not only by the process of intravascular coagulation but also by the underlying clinical disorders. The most impaired coagulation tests were prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count and thrombin time. The degree of abnormality of these coagulation tests was found to be related to the extensiveness of organ involvement. The mortality (overall 54.7%) increased independently with age, with the number of clinical manifestations and with the degree of abnormality of the above-mentioned four most impaired coagulation tests. In addition, older patients were more likely to have an increased number of clinical manifestations and more impaired coagulation tests. Mortality was similar in the various etiologies except for trauma patients in whom it was lower (30%).", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases. The medical records of 118 cases who met laboratory criteria of DIC were studied. The most frequent etiologies were: Generalized infection (39.8%), trauma (16.9%), malignancy (6.8%) and surgical cases (6.8%). The main clinical manifestations which appeared to be related solely to DIC were (in a decreasing order of frequency): Bleeding (64.4%), renal dysfunction (24.6%), liver dysfunction (18.6%), respiratory dysfunction (16.1%), shock (14.4%), thromboembolic phenonmena (6.8%) and central nervous system involvement (1.7%). In 26 patients none of these manifestations were observed. In patients with infection, liver and renal dysfunction were frequent and respiratory dysfunction rare, whereas in trauma cases, liver and renal dysfunctions were rare and respiratory dysfunction frequent. This variability indicates that the clinical manifestations are affected not only by the process of intravascular coagulation but also by the underlying clinical disorders. The most impaired coagulation tests were prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count and thrombin time. The degree of abnormality of these coagulation tests was found to be related to the extensiveness of organ involvement. The mortality (overall 54.7%) increased independently with age, with the number of clinical manifestations and with the degree of abnormality of the above-mentioned four most impaired coagulation tests. In addition, older patients were more likely to have an increased number of clinical manifestations and more impaired coagulation tests. Mortality was similar in the various etiologies except for trauma patients in whom it was lower (30%).", "PMID": 580488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_390", "title": "Contribution of platelets to the cardiovascular effects of ADP in the rat.", "content": "The contribution of platelets to the cardiovascular effects of ADP was investigated in rats in different experimental conditions. Following rapid i.v. bolus injections of ADP (from 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg b.w.) only a dose-related fall in blood pressure could be detected. Increasing the dose of ADP (up to 1 mg/kg b.w.), platelet fall and changes in cardiac rhythm (bradycardia, A. V. blocks and ectopic beats) became evident. All these phenomena were rapidly reversed. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound (SH 869) or thrombocytopenia induced by Busulfan or antiplatelet antiserum did not significantly protect the animals from the cardiovascular effects of ADP. The fall in blood pressure, however, was reduced. Adenosine, at aquimolar concentrations, caused ECG changes similar to those induced by ADP with no platelet aggregation and a less pronounced blood pressure fall. These results suggest that most of the cardiovascular modifications induced by rapid injection of ADP are largely independent of platelets. Platelets appeared to play a more important role when ADP was given for a longer period of time. A slow i.v. infusion of ADP (6 mg/kg b.w. for 10 min) was accompanied by platelet fall, cardiovascular collapse and ECG alterations typical of myocardial ischaemia. All these effects persisted throughout the ADP infusion but disappeared soon after its termination. They were almost completely inhibited in rats given SH 869 or made thrombocytopenic. In conclusion, platelets seem to contribute to the cardiovascular effects of ADP only in certain experimental conditions. In others, the nucleotide's effects seen more important.", "contents": "Contribution of platelets to the cardiovascular effects of ADP in the rat. The contribution of platelets to the cardiovascular effects of ADP was investigated in rats in different experimental conditions. Following rapid i.v. bolus injections of ADP (from 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg b.w.) only a dose-related fall in blood pressure could be detected. Increasing the dose of ADP (up to 1 mg/kg b.w.), platelet fall and changes in cardiac rhythm (bradycardia, A. V. blocks and ectopic beats) became evident. All these phenomena were rapidly reversed. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound (SH 869) or thrombocytopenia induced by Busulfan or antiplatelet antiserum did not significantly protect the animals from the cardiovascular effects of ADP. The fall in blood pressure, however, was reduced. Adenosine, at aquimolar concentrations, caused ECG changes similar to those induced by ADP with no platelet aggregation and a less pronounced blood pressure fall. These results suggest that most of the cardiovascular modifications induced by rapid injection of ADP are largely independent of platelets. Platelets appeared to play a more important role when ADP was given for a longer period of time. A slow i.v. infusion of ADP (6 mg/kg b.w. for 10 min) was accompanied by platelet fall, cardiovascular collapse and ECG alterations typical of myocardial ischaemia. All these effects persisted throughout the ADP infusion but disappeared soon after its termination. They were almost completely inhibited in rats given SH 869 or made thrombocytopenic. In conclusion, platelets seem to contribute to the cardiovascular effects of ADP only in certain experimental conditions. In others, the nucleotide's effects seen more important.", "PMID": 580489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_391", "title": "Evaluation of platelet tests for measurement of cell integrity.", "content": "Various tests were evaluated for their capacity to differentiate between platelet suspensions with different degrees of cell damage. Those suspensions were prepared by simultaneous isolation of platelets from the same platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using the following procedures: 1. centrifugation at 4 degrees C with EDTA 2. gel filtration in Tangen's buffer 3. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode's soltuion 4. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode followed by dehydration against polyethylene glycol 20,000 and 5. albumin density gradient centrifugation. In these suspensions and in the original PRP the following parameters were studied: 1. morphology; 2. aggregability upon ADP addition; 3. platelet factor 3 availability; 4. uptake of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine; 5. metabolism of 3H-adenine and adenylate energy charge; 6. endogenous total ATP, ADP and serotonin and 7. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Quantitation of pseudopod formation in the light or electron microscope and log dose response studies for ADP-induced aggregation proved to be the most sensitive and reproducible of the tests studied. Additional information could be obtained from measurement of the 3H-label in the ATP and hypoxanthine-inosine fractions and calculation of the adenylate energy charge. Determination of platelet factor 3 availability or uptake studies of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine were less suitable for discriminating between cell suspensions. Data for total ATP and serotonin concentrations and LDH activity differed between the cell suspensions but instead of detecting various degrees of cell damage they reflected alterations in platelet population caused by the isolation procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of platelet tests for measurement of cell integrity. Various tests were evaluated for their capacity to differentiate between platelet suspensions with different degrees of cell damage. Those suspensions were prepared by simultaneous isolation of platelets from the same platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using the following procedures: 1. centrifugation at 4 degrees C with EDTA 2. gel filtration in Tangen's buffer 3. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode's soltuion 4. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode followed by dehydration against polyethylene glycol 20,000 and 5. albumin density gradient centrifugation. In these suspensions and in the original PRP the following parameters were studied: 1. morphology; 2. aggregability upon ADP addition; 3. platelet factor 3 availability; 4. uptake of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine; 5. metabolism of 3H-adenine and adenylate energy charge; 6. endogenous total ATP, ADP and serotonin and 7. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Quantitation of pseudopod formation in the light or electron microscope and log dose response studies for ADP-induced aggregation proved to be the most sensitive and reproducible of the tests studied. Additional information could be obtained from measurement of the 3H-label in the ATP and hypoxanthine-inosine fractions and calculation of the adenylate energy charge. Determination of platelet factor 3 availability or uptake studies of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine were less suitable for discriminating between cell suspensions. Data for total ATP and serotonin concentrations and LDH activity differed between the cell suspensions but instead of detecting various degrees of cell damage they reflected alterations in platelet population caused by the isolation procedures.", "PMID": 580490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_392", "title": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet retention.", "content": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet retention investigated. In the in vitro study, KC-6141 inhibited ADP-induced aggregation by 27% at 5 X 10(-4)M, being more active than dipyridamole but much less than adenosine. Inhibition of arachidonic acid- and collagen-induced aggregation by KC-6141 was more effective than that of ADP-induced one and its ED50 was 2.1 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5)M, respectively. KC-6141 was 10 and 4 times more potent than aspirin in arachiodonic acid- and collagen-induced aggregation, respectively. The dose-response curve of KC-6141 was parallel to that of aspirin, suggesting it is an aspirin-like compound. In the platelet retenion study, a method for determining platelet retintion in rats was devised so that platelet retention can be measured with a volume of blood as small as possible. By use of the method, effects of KC-6141, aspirin and dipyridamole were compared. When deministered intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg, KC-6141 indicated 54.8% inhibition of platelet retention, whereas aspirin and dipyridamole showed only 23.5 and 5.2% inhibition, respectively. On the oral administration at 200 mg/kg KC-6141 inhibited by 60.8% and its ED50 was 125 mg/kg. The activity lasted over 32 hr. The above results demonstrated that KC-6141 is a compound with more potent action on the platelet aggregation, as well as on the platelet retention than aspirin and dipyridamole-a known antithrombotic drug.", "contents": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet retention. Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet retention investigated. In the in vitro study, KC-6141 inhibited ADP-induced aggregation by 27% at 5 X 10(-4)M, being more active than dipyridamole but much less than adenosine. Inhibition of arachidonic acid- and collagen-induced aggregation by KC-6141 was more effective than that of ADP-induced one and its ED50 was 2.1 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5)M, respectively. KC-6141 was 10 and 4 times more potent than aspirin in arachiodonic acid- and collagen-induced aggregation, respectively. The dose-response curve of KC-6141 was parallel to that of aspirin, suggesting it is an aspirin-like compound. In the platelet retenion study, a method for determining platelet retintion in rats was devised so that platelet retention can be measured with a volume of blood as small as possible. By use of the method, effects of KC-6141, aspirin and dipyridamole were compared. When deministered intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg, KC-6141 indicated 54.8% inhibition of platelet retention, whereas aspirin and dipyridamole showed only 23.5 and 5.2% inhibition, respectively. On the oral administration at 200 mg/kg KC-6141 inhibited by 60.8% and its ED50 was 125 mg/kg. The activity lasted over 32 hr. The above results demonstrated that KC-6141 is a compound with more potent action on the platelet aggregation, as well as on the platelet retention than aspirin and dipyridamole-a known antithrombotic drug.", "PMID": 580491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_393", "title": "Immunochemical detection of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) on platelet plasma membranes.", "content": "Platelet plasma membranes were found to possess the disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl (1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine which was measured by gas chromatography after release by alkaline borohyride treatment and desialylation. Immunological evidence using the specific lectins from Arachis hypogoea and Agaricus bisporus and an anti-T serum confirmed the presence of this disaccharide, the immunodominant group of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen). This receptor was only found after prior neuraminidase treatment indicating that it is normally a cryptic antigen, i.e. masked by sialic acid in the native membrane. Evidence for a second receptor with terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was obtained using the lectin from Helix pomatia. The binding of myxovirus and the lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) and Canavalia ensiformis (Con A) to platelet membrane was also demonstrated. The implication of the T-antigen in elimination of the platelets and its role in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Immunochemical detection of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) on platelet plasma membranes. Platelet plasma membranes were found to possess the disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl (1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine which was measured by gas chromatography after release by alkaline borohyride treatment and desialylation. Immunological evidence using the specific lectins from Arachis hypogoea and Agaricus bisporus and an anti-T serum confirmed the presence of this disaccharide, the immunodominant group of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen). This receptor was only found after prior neuraminidase treatment indicating that it is normally a cryptic antigen, i.e. masked by sialic acid in the native membrane. Evidence for a second receptor with terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was obtained using the lectin from Helix pomatia. The binding of myxovirus and the lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) and Canavalia ensiformis (Con A) to platelet membrane was also demonstrated. The implication of the T-antigen in elimination of the platelets and its role in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 580492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_394", "title": "On the preparation of bovine alpha-thrombin.", "content": "An improved method for the preparation of bovine alpha-thrombin is described. The procedure involves that activation of partially purified prothrombin with tissue thromboplastin followed by chromatography on Sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis and has a specific activity toward fibrinogen of 2.200-2,700 N.I.H. U/mg. Its stability on storage in liquid media is dependent on both ionic strength and temperature. Increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature result in optimal stability. The denaturation of alpha-thrombin by guanidine hydrochloride was found to be a partially reversible process with the renatured species possessing properties similar to \"aged\" thrombin. In addition, the catalytic properties of alpha-thrombin covalently attached to agarose gel beads were also examined. The activity of the immobilized enzyme toward fibrinogen was affected to a much greater extent than was the hydrolysis of low molecular weight, synthetic substrates.", "contents": "On the preparation of bovine alpha-thrombin. An improved method for the preparation of bovine alpha-thrombin is described. The procedure involves that activation of partially purified prothrombin with tissue thromboplastin followed by chromatography on Sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis and has a specific activity toward fibrinogen of 2.200-2,700 N.I.H. U/mg. Its stability on storage in liquid media is dependent on both ionic strength and temperature. Increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature result in optimal stability. The denaturation of alpha-thrombin by guanidine hydrochloride was found to be a partially reversible process with the renatured species possessing properties similar to \"aged\" thrombin. In addition, the catalytic properties of alpha-thrombin covalently attached to agarose gel beads were also examined. The activity of the immobilized enzyme toward fibrinogen was affected to a much greater extent than was the hydrolysis of low molecular weight, synthetic substrates.", "PMID": 580493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_395", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the tissue thromboplastin after intravenous injection in rabbits.", "content": "Attempts were made to demonstrate ultrastructural changes of the tissue thromboplastin after intravenous injection, as a model experiment on the pulmonary microthrombi formation induced by the tissue thromboplastin circulating from venous return. Concentrically arranged membrane structures of the injected thromboplastin disappeared in extremely short time after the injection of the thromboplastin in rabbits. The long sheet membrane of the injected thromboplastin was frequently seen as adhered to the vascular endothelium or to the surface of blood corpuscles. Furthermore, fibrin fibres were formed in contact with the long sheet membrane of the thromboplastin. Membrane structures were not found anywhere in the control rabbits.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the tissue thromboplastin after intravenous injection in rabbits. Attempts were made to demonstrate ultrastructural changes of the tissue thromboplastin after intravenous injection, as a model experiment on the pulmonary microthrombi formation induced by the tissue thromboplastin circulating from venous return. Concentrically arranged membrane structures of the injected thromboplastin disappeared in extremely short time after the injection of the thromboplastin in rabbits. The long sheet membrane of the injected thromboplastin was frequently seen as adhered to the vascular endothelium or to the surface of blood corpuscles. Furthermore, fibrin fibres were formed in contact with the long sheet membrane of the thromboplastin. Membrane structures were not found anywhere in the control rabbits.", "PMID": 580494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_396", "title": "Factor XI (PTA) deficiency in an English-American kindred.", "content": "2 sisters of English-American descent had a mild bleeding syndrome due to marked deficiency (less than 1% activity) of factor XI. This defect was transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. Although factor XI deficiency was previously thought to occur largely, if not exclusively in Jews, extensive review of geneologic records and analysis of family names failed to disclose Jewish ancestry. These findings, together with the existence of several definite and presumed consanguineous English-American ancestors, the fact that family members had resided in a restricted geographic area for many generations, and analysis of English and Jewish immigration patterns lead to the conclusion that this defect is not likely to be of Jewish derivation. Should this mutation have occurred in the distant past it is conceivable that the gene pool for this defect is substantial, particularly in certain areas in New England.", "contents": "Factor XI (PTA) deficiency in an English-American kindred. 2 sisters of English-American descent had a mild bleeding syndrome due to marked deficiency (less than 1% activity) of factor XI. This defect was transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. Although factor XI deficiency was previously thought to occur largely, if not exclusively in Jews, extensive review of geneologic records and analysis of family names failed to disclose Jewish ancestry. These findings, together with the existence of several definite and presumed consanguineous English-American ancestors, the fact that family members had resided in a restricted geographic area for many generations, and analysis of English and Jewish immigration patterns lead to the conclusion that this defect is not likely to be of Jewish derivation. Should this mutation have occurred in the distant past it is conceivable that the gene pool for this defect is substantial, particularly in certain areas in New England.", "PMID": 580496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_397", "title": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "50 patients from a group of 130 patients with transient ischaemic attacks or cerebral infarction were found to demonstrate in vitro spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) while 80 normal subjects tested never showed this phenomenon. The following additional findings point towards a possible platelet abnormality: 1. Platelets from 10 patients with SPA when isolated and resuspended in normal plasma still demonstrated SPA while isolated normal platelets resuspended in patient's plasma did not. 2. Platelets demonstrating SPA showed an increased aggregation tendency upon incubation with ADP while normal platelets developed the expected refractory state. SPA was found to be dependant upon the presence of divalent cations and could further be inhibited by phentolamine and adenosine. Aspirin effectively abolished SPA in 50 patients and relieved the clinical symptoms of patients with recurrent complaints of transient blindness and paraesthesia.", "contents": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation in cerebrovascular disease. 50 patients from a group of 130 patients with transient ischaemic attacks or cerebral infarction were found to demonstrate in vitro spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) while 80 normal subjects tested never showed this phenomenon. The following additional findings point towards a possible platelet abnormality: 1. Platelets from 10 patients with SPA when isolated and resuspended in normal plasma still demonstrated SPA while isolated normal platelets resuspended in patient's plasma did not. 2. Platelets demonstrating SPA showed an increased aggregation tendency upon incubation with ADP while normal platelets developed the expected refractory state. SPA was found to be dependant upon the presence of divalent cations and could further be inhibited by phentolamine and adenosine. Aspirin effectively abolished SPA in 50 patients and relieved the clinical symptoms of patients with recurrent complaints of transient blindness and paraesthesia.", "PMID": 580497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_398", "title": "Catabolism of fibrinogen in pregnant rabbits before and after delivery.", "content": "16 non-pregnant female and 19 pregnant rabbits were injected with purified rabbit 125I-fibrinogen in order to study the catabolism of fibrinogen before and after delivery. The half-life time (T 1/2) of the clottable 125I-radioactivity in pregnant rabbits during the last third of gestation was 27.3 +/- 5.3 hr in comparison to 54.4 +/- 3.7 hr in non-pregnant rabbits. After delivery, T 1/2 returned to normal values of 47.9 +/- 10.9 hr. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of the clotabble 125I-radioactivity was 67.1% X d-1 +/- 8.6 before and 41.6% X d-1 after delivery whereas FCR in non-pregnant rabbits amounted to 44.7% X d-1 +/- 4.8. These figures demonstrate a pronounced increase in fibrinogen catabolism during the last third of gestation in pregnant rabbits and a normalization immediately after delivery. Although in pregnant rabbits the elimination of fibrinogen from the circulating blood was pronouncedly increased, the plasma fibrinogen concentration did not change. Only after delivery did the fibrinogen concentration increase when the fibrinogen catabolism had already normalized.", "contents": "Catabolism of fibrinogen in pregnant rabbits before and after delivery. 16 non-pregnant female and 19 pregnant rabbits were injected with purified rabbit 125I-fibrinogen in order to study the catabolism of fibrinogen before and after delivery. The half-life time (T 1/2) of the clottable 125I-radioactivity in pregnant rabbits during the last third of gestation was 27.3 +/- 5.3 hr in comparison to 54.4 +/- 3.7 hr in non-pregnant rabbits. After delivery, T 1/2 returned to normal values of 47.9 +/- 10.9 hr. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of the clotabble 125I-radioactivity was 67.1% X d-1 +/- 8.6 before and 41.6% X d-1 after delivery whereas FCR in non-pregnant rabbits amounted to 44.7% X d-1 +/- 4.8. These figures demonstrate a pronounced increase in fibrinogen catabolism during the last third of gestation in pregnant rabbits and a normalization immediately after delivery. Although in pregnant rabbits the elimination of fibrinogen from the circulating blood was pronouncedly increased, the plasma fibrinogen concentration did not change. Only after delivery did the fibrinogen concentration increase when the fibrinogen catabolism had already normalized.", "PMID": 580504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_399", "title": "Studies of fibrinogen metabolism in healthy and hypertensive female subjects with the use of autologous I-125-fibrinogen.", "content": "10 healthy female subjects and 15 female patients with essential hypertension were studied with respect to fibrinogen metabolism in a steady state. Autologous I-125-labeled fibrinogen (I-125-fibrinogen) was used as a tracer. Comparison of the results showed that plasma volume, t1/2 of plasma I-125-fibrinogen and fractional catabolic rate (j3p) of plasma fibrinogen (x) were not appreciably different in both groups of subjects, but plasma fibrinogen concentration, x and catabolic flux of x (j3px) (synthesis rate) were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas extravascular fibrinogen (y) and fractional transcapillary transferrate (j1) of x were significantly decreased in the patients. Further analyses of the data in both groups showed that there were significant correlations between diastolic blood pressure (P) and j1 with a regression equation of 41 = e-0.0285P, between x and j1 with a regression equation of x = 226e-0.939j 1 and between y and j1 with a regression equation of y = 12.6e0.624j 1. These results indicate that the observed decrease of j1 triggered the transition from normal to pathological steady state and is responsible for the altered metabolism and distribution of fibrinogen in hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Studies of fibrinogen metabolism in healthy and hypertensive female subjects with the use of autologous I-125-fibrinogen. 10 healthy female subjects and 15 female patients with essential hypertension were studied with respect to fibrinogen metabolism in a steady state. Autologous I-125-labeled fibrinogen (I-125-fibrinogen) was used as a tracer. Comparison of the results showed that plasma volume, t1/2 of plasma I-125-fibrinogen and fractional catabolic rate (j3p) of plasma fibrinogen (x) were not appreciably different in both groups of subjects, but plasma fibrinogen concentration, x and catabolic flux of x (j3px) (synthesis rate) were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas extravascular fibrinogen (y) and fractional transcapillary transferrate (j1) of x were significantly decreased in the patients. Further analyses of the data in both groups showed that there were significant correlations between diastolic blood pressure (P) and j1 with a regression equation of 41 = e-0.0285P, between x and j1 with a regression equation of x = 226e-0.939j 1 and between y and j1 with a regression equation of y = 12.6e0.624j 1. These results indicate that the observed decrease of j1 triggered the transition from normal to pathological steady state and is responsible for the altered metabolism and distribution of fibrinogen in hypertensive subjects.", "PMID": 580505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_400", "title": "Effect of orthostatic changes on urokinase excretion.", "content": "The effects of orthostatic changes on the excretion of urokinase were studied in healthy normal volunteers. Urokinase excretion rose (average +69%) significantly (p less than .005) while urine volume fell (average-59%) significantly (p less than .001) after the subjects had been standing. There was no difference between men and women nor was there an apparent diurnal variation in urokinase excretion of recumbent subjects. A relationship between urokinase excretion and sympathetic nervous system activity is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of orthostatic changes on urokinase excretion. The effects of orthostatic changes on the excretion of urokinase were studied in healthy normal volunteers. Urokinase excretion rose (average +69%) significantly (p less than .005) while urine volume fell (average-59%) significantly (p less than .001) after the subjects had been standing. There was no difference between men and women nor was there an apparent diurnal variation in urokinase excretion of recumbent subjects. A relationship between urokinase excretion and sympathetic nervous system activity is suggested.", "PMID": 580506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_401", "title": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141), an anti-aggregating compound, on experimental thrombosis in rats.", "content": "In ordder to evaluate 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) as a possible antithrombotic compound, a simple and reproducible method for experimental thrombosis in rats was devised. A silken thread was inserted in the extracorporeal shunt between the carotid artery and the jugular vein. 15 min after the circulation of blood, wet weight of thrombus which developed on the thread was measured to determine the degree and rate of thrombus formation. Equalization of average body weight of rats for each group provided good reproducibility. Microscopic examination demonstrated that the thrombus was primarily composed of platelets. By use of the technique, the activities of KC-6141 and two known inhbitors, aspirin and dipyridamole, were determined. Of the three compounds, KC-6141 was the most potent inhibitor for the thrombosis. Its ED50 was 60 mg/kg when given orally and the compound was activite for about 40 hr. Aspirin was about twice as less active than KC-6141 and dipyridamole showed no effect on the thrombosis. The ranking order of potency against the experimental thrombosis for the three compounds was the same as that for inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro and platelet retention in rats, as reported previously by us. Therefore the method seems to be associated with platelet aggregation and retention. The above result suggests that KC-6141 is of value as antithrombotic drug in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141), an anti-aggregating compound, on experimental thrombosis in rats. In ordder to evaluate 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) as a possible antithrombotic compound, a simple and reproducible method for experimental thrombosis in rats was devised. A silken thread was inserted in the extracorporeal shunt between the carotid artery and the jugular vein. 15 min after the circulation of blood, wet weight of thrombus which developed on the thread was measured to determine the degree and rate of thrombus formation. Equalization of average body weight of rats for each group provided good reproducibility. Microscopic examination demonstrated that the thrombus was primarily composed of platelets. By use of the technique, the activities of KC-6141 and two known inhbitors, aspirin and dipyridamole, were determined. Of the three compounds, KC-6141 was the most potent inhibitor for the thrombosis. Its ED50 was 60 mg/kg when given orally and the compound was activite for about 40 hr. Aspirin was about twice as less active than KC-6141 and dipyridamole showed no effect on the thrombosis. The ranking order of potency against the experimental thrombosis for the three compounds was the same as that for inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro and platelet retention in rats, as reported previously by us. Therefore the method seems to be associated with platelet aggregation and retention. The above result suggests that KC-6141 is of value as antithrombotic drug in vivo.", "PMID": 580507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_402", "title": "Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in haemorrhagic stroke.", "content": "Studies of 11 patients with haemorrhagic stroke revealed no significant change in kaolin cephalin clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, PF 3 availability, platelet count and factor V and VIII during the first week. Plasma fibrinogen was significantly increased while factors VII + X were decreased (borderline significance). Prolongation of plasma recalcification time and decrease in heparin tolerance reached borderline significance. There was moderate, but significant, increase in serum antithrombin activity and plasma (euglobulin fraction) fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in haemorrhagic stroke. Studies of 11 patients with haemorrhagic stroke revealed no significant change in kaolin cephalin clotting time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, PF 3 availability, platelet count and factor V and VIII during the first week. Plasma fibrinogen was significantly increased while factors VII + X were decreased (borderline significance). Prolongation of plasma recalcification time and decrease in heparin tolerance reached borderline significance. There was moderate, but significant, increase in serum antithrombin activity and plasma (euglobulin fraction) fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 580508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_403", "title": "The value of phenformin and ethyloestrenol in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing surgery.", "content": "The effect of phenformin and ethyloestrenol on the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis was studied in 314 surgical patients in a double-blind randomised trial. Although the laboratory tests suggested that the regime produced an increase in activators of the fibrinolytic system, the drugs used did not lower the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis. Possible explanations of this paradox are advanced.", "contents": "The value of phenformin and ethyloestrenol in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing surgery. The effect of phenformin and ethyloestrenol on the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis was studied in 314 surgical patients in a double-blind randomised trial. Although the laboratory tests suggested that the regime produced an increase in activators of the fibrinolytic system, the drugs used did not lower the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis. Possible explanations of this paradox are advanced.", "PMID": 580509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_404", "title": "Purification of a fibrinolysis inhibitor in serum from post-traumatic patients.", "content": "A fibrinolysis inhibitor was purified in serum from post-traumatic patients by the use of flat bed electrofocusing of serum desalted by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on a column of matrix-linked plasminogen. Disc gel electrophoresis yielded one protein band. The inhibitor protein was also found in normal serum, but in a lower concentration.", "contents": "Purification of a fibrinolysis inhibitor in serum from post-traumatic patients. A fibrinolysis inhibitor was purified in serum from post-traumatic patients by the use of flat bed electrofocusing of serum desalted by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on a column of matrix-linked plasminogen. Disc gel electrophoresis yielded one protein band. The inhibitor protein was also found in normal serum, but in a lower concentration.", "PMID": 580510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_405", "title": "An epidemic of venereal infection in thoroughbreds.", "content": "The clinical pattern, bacteriological investigation and subsequent treatment of a serious outbreak of venereal disease in stud farms on both sides of the Irish Sea is described. The consistency with which Bacillus proteus was isolated from infected mares and stallions was remarkable. Prompt treatment with ampicillin, to which the organism was sensitive in vitro, eradicated the disease. No local treatment was applied.", "contents": "An epidemic of venereal infection in thoroughbreds. The clinical pattern, bacteriological investigation and subsequent treatment of a serious outbreak of venereal disease in stud farms on both sides of the Irish Sea is described. The consistency with which Bacillus proteus was isolated from infected mares and stallions was remarkable. Prompt treatment with ampicillin, to which the organism was sensitive in vitro, eradicated the disease. No local treatment was applied.", "PMID": 580514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_406", "title": "[Microflora in milk powder and baby food in powder form (author's transl)].", "content": "After a discussion of the microbiological standards for milk powder and powdered baby food in various countries, the results of the microbiological analyses of some 1500 samples of these foodstuffs were presented. It emerged that the microflora of these products consists mainly of lactobacteria (they are not demonstrable with all culture methods), micrococci and bacilli: the latter are those with the greatest importance with respect to food hygiene. In addition to these Clostridia and moulds are also found in the samples; very occasionally enterobacteria are also found. No pathogenic germs were detected. With respect to the proposals for standards it was found that the latest Hungarian standards proposals are acceptable provided that the methods of analysis (culturing after Polonyi) are retained also for the proposals discussed.", "contents": "[Microflora in milk powder and baby food in powder form (author's transl)]. After a discussion of the microbiological standards for milk powder and powdered baby food in various countries, the results of the microbiological analyses of some 1500 samples of these foodstuffs were presented. It emerged that the microflora of these products consists mainly of lactobacteria (they are not demonstrable with all culture methods), micrococci and bacilli: the latter are those with the greatest importance with respect to food hygiene. In addition to these Clostridia and moulds are also found in the samples; very occasionally enterobacteria are also found. No pathogenic germs were detected. With respect to the proposals for standards it was found that the latest Hungarian standards proposals are acceptable provided that the methods of analysis (culturing after Polonyi) are retained also for the proposals discussed.", "PMID": 580516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_407", "title": "Pyridoxine treatment of galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndromes.", "content": "The effect of pyridoxine (B6) on galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea, and the galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome was studied in 22 patients. No consistent change in serum prolactin concentration and no resumption of ovulation were seen during 3 months B6 therapy. Inappropriate lactation ceased in 3 of 10 patients with galactorrhoea alone, and menses were restored in 2 of 9 patients with the galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome while on B6 therapy. Our results suggest that B6 is not generally effective in  the treatment of galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndromes.", "contents": "Pyridoxine treatment of galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndromes. The effect of pyridoxine (B6) on galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea, and the galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome was studied in 22 patients. No consistent change in serum prolactin concentration and no resumption of ovulation were seen during 3 months B6 therapy. Inappropriate lactation ceased in 3 of 10 patients with galactorrhoea alone, and menses were restored in 2 of 9 patients with the galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome while on B6 therapy. Our results suggest that B6 is not generally effective in  the treatment of galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndromes.", "PMID": 580517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_408", "title": "Cerebral hemorrhage from a mycotic aneurysm developing during appropriate antibiotic therapy.", "content": "A patient with bacterial endocarditis had headaches, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and normal cerebral angiograms. Fifteen days later, while on appropriate antibiotic therapy, he developed an intracerebral hematoma due to a mycotic aneurysm. Mycotic aneurysm is an infrequent but serious complication of bacterial endocarditis. An aneurysm should be considered whenever a patient with bacterial endocarditis has neurologic symptoms even when the patient is receiving antibiotics.", "contents": "Cerebral hemorrhage from a mycotic aneurysm developing during appropriate antibiotic therapy. A patient with bacterial endocarditis had headaches, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and normal cerebral angiograms. Fifteen days later, while on appropriate antibiotic therapy, he developed an intracerebral hematoma due to a mycotic aneurysm. Mycotic aneurysm is an infrequent but serious complication of bacterial endocarditis. An aneurysm should be considered whenever a patient with bacterial endocarditis has neurologic symptoms even when the patient is receiving antibiotics.", "PMID": 580512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_409", "title": "Thyroid hormone formation in ectopic thyroid gland. A case study.", "content": "Several steps of thyroid hormogenesis were studied on a subhyoid ectopic thyroid tissue in a case of compensated hypothyroidism with simultaneous sublingual and subhyoid ectopic thyroid. The patient, a 19-year-old girl, had normal values for serum T4, T3U and T3, and an elevated serum TSH level. The thyroidal 131I uptake was elevated both at 3 h and 24 h after oral 131I intake. No significant discharge of radioiodine was observed after perchlorate load. On the thyroid biopsy specimen, peroxidase activity was shown to be normal by both assays of guaiacol oxidizing and iodinating activity. Thyroglobulin was 19S and was normally iodinated in vitro with peroxidase. Iodine content of thyroglobulin was within the normal range. The mean percentage distribution of 131I administered 7 days prior to the biopsy showed no significant difference from the normal pattern. From these studies, no specific defects in thyroid hormogenesis could be detected in this case. It is suggested that abnormalities in thyroid function in this case are mainly due to insufficient functioning mass in the ectopic thyroid.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone formation in ectopic thyroid gland. A case study. Several steps of thyroid hormogenesis were studied on a subhyoid ectopic thyroid tissue in a case of compensated hypothyroidism with simultaneous sublingual and subhyoid ectopic thyroid. The patient, a 19-year-old girl, had normal values for serum T4, T3U and T3, and an elevated serum TSH level. The thyroidal 131I uptake was elevated both at 3 h and 24 h after oral 131I intake. No significant discharge of radioiodine was observed after perchlorate load. On the thyroid biopsy specimen, peroxidase activity was shown to be normal by both assays of guaiacol oxidizing and iodinating activity. Thyroglobulin was 19S and was normally iodinated in vitro with peroxidase. Iodine content of thyroglobulin was within the normal range. The mean percentage distribution of 131I administered 7 days prior to the biopsy showed no significant difference from the normal pattern. From these studies, no specific defects in thyroid hormogenesis could be detected in this case. It is suggested that abnormalities in thyroid function in this case are mainly due to insufficient functioning mass in the ectopic thyroid.", "PMID": 580519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_410", "title": "Effect of antithyroid treatment on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism. I: Chemical quantities in serum and urine.", "content": "The effect of antithyroid treatment on the disturbed calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism was studied in 16 patients. Elevated serum concentrations and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were almost normalized 4 weeks after the start of medical treatment. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was decreased in the hyperthyroid state and became normal after medical treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated throughout the study with an increase to a maximum peak after 8 weeks of antithyroid treatment. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was initially markedly increased and fell rapidly during therapy. The observed changes suggest decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation with deposition of bone mineral after antithyroid treatment. Alterations in the serum albumin concentration during the investigation period influenced the total serum calcium concentration. Using albumin adjusted serum calcium values no hypocalcaemia was found during medical treatment or after a subsequent subtotal thyroidectomy.", "contents": "Effect of antithyroid treatment on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism. I: Chemical quantities in serum and urine. The effect of antithyroid treatment on the disturbed calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism was studied in 16 patients. Elevated serum concentrations and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were almost normalized 4 weeks after the start of medical treatment. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was decreased in the hyperthyroid state and became normal after medical treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated throughout the study with an increase to a maximum peak after 8 weeks of antithyroid treatment. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was initially markedly increased and fell rapidly during therapy. The observed changes suggest decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation with deposition of bone mineral after antithyroid treatment. Alterations in the serum albumin concentration during the investigation period influenced the total serum calcium concentration. Using albumin adjusted serum calcium values no hypocalcaemia was found during medical treatment or after a subsequent subtotal thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 580520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_411", "title": "Effect of antithyroid treatment on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism. II: Bone histomorphometry.", "content": "Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed after tetracycline double-labelling in 22 hyperthyroid patients before and after medical antithyroid treatment for an average period of 4 months. The initially increased cortical porosity was normalized during treatment whereas the amount of trabecular bone was unchanged. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone decreased but was still elevated. The osteocytic osteolysis remained slightly increased. In trabecular bone, however, the bone turn-over decreased to a subnormal level following treatment and the surfaces were inactive in bone resorption and bone formation. An increase was observed in the amount, extent and width of osteoid seams due to an increase in the lifespan of bone forming sites and a prolongation of the maturity period of osteoid. The observed increased deposition of cortical bone after antithyroid treatment may explain the positive calcium balance in this period.", "contents": "Effect of antithyroid treatment on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in hyperthyroidism. II: Bone histomorphometry. Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies was performed after tetracycline double-labelling in 22 hyperthyroid patients before and after medical antithyroid treatment for an average period of 4 months. The initially increased cortical porosity was normalized during treatment whereas the amount of trabecular bone was unchanged. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone decreased but was still elevated. The osteocytic osteolysis remained slightly increased. In trabecular bone, however, the bone turn-over decreased to a subnormal level following treatment and the surfaces were inactive in bone resorption and bone formation. An increase was observed in the amount, extent and width of osteoid seams due to an increase in the lifespan of bone forming sites and a prolongation of the maturity period of osteoid. The observed increased deposition of cortical bone after antithyroid treatment may explain the positive calcium balance in this period.", "PMID": 580521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_412", "title": "Adrenal hypertrophy produced by 17alpha-esterified glucocorticoids in rat foetus.", "content": "Glucocorticoids were injected sc into rat foetuses through the uterine wall on day 19 of intrauterine development; two days later the foetuses were removed and their adrenal glands were weighed. Some betamethasone derivatives produced marked adrenal hypertrophy in the foetuses. Structural characteristics of the effective compounds were 17alpha-esterification and 16beta-methylation. 9alpha-Halogenation and 21-esterification of glucocorticoids were not essential for producing the hypertrophy. Propionic acid at the C-17 position was more effective than valeric and acetic acids in producing the hypertrophy. The effect of betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate was dose-responsive and prevented by simultaneous administration of betamethasone 21-disodium phosphate. Results obtained with decapitated or encephalectomized foetuses suggested that the hypertrophy produced was not due to a direct action of the glucocorticoids on the adrenal gland, but mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary system.", "contents": "Adrenal hypertrophy produced by 17alpha-esterified glucocorticoids in rat foetus. Glucocorticoids were injected sc into rat foetuses through the uterine wall on day 19 of intrauterine development; two days later the foetuses were removed and their adrenal glands were weighed. Some betamethasone derivatives produced marked adrenal hypertrophy in the foetuses. Structural characteristics of the effective compounds were 17alpha-esterification and 16beta-methylation. 9alpha-Halogenation and 21-esterification of glucocorticoids were not essential for producing the hypertrophy. Propionic acid at the C-17 position was more effective than valeric and acetic acids in producing the hypertrophy. The effect of betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate was dose-responsive and prevented by simultaneous administration of betamethasone 21-disodium phosphate. Results obtained with decapitated or encephalectomized foetuses suggested that the hypertrophy produced was not due to a direct action of the glucocorticoids on the adrenal gland, but mediated by the hypothalamo-pituitary system.", "PMID": 580525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_413", "title": "The time course change after castration in short-loop negative feedback control of LH by HCG in women.", "content": "The time course of change in the suppressive effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or LH-beta following castration was studied by a specific LH-beta radioimmunoassay. At 14-50 days after castration 8 women were given 10 000 IU of HCG in a single intramuscular injection (group 1), 5 women were given 2000 IU of HCG in the same way (group 2), and 5 were injected with saline as controls (group 5). In addition, 5 women 6-15 months (group 3) and 7 women 3-8 years (group 4) after castration were given 10 000 IU of HCG. The serum concentrations of HCG in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 reached peak levels of 209.4, 44.1, 210.6 and 238.6 uU/ml, respectively, 4 h after the HCG injection. The serum LH concentration in group 1 was reduced significantly (P less than 0.01) by HCG administration, but the reductions in the LH levels in groups 2, 3 and 4 after HCG injection were not significantly different from that of the controls. These findings suggest that the threshold of the short-loop negative feedback control of LH in women changes with time after castration.", "contents": "The time course change after castration in short-loop negative feedback control of LH by HCG in women. The time course of change in the suppressive effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or LH-beta following castration was studied by a specific LH-beta radioimmunoassay. At 14-50 days after castration 8 women were given 10 000 IU of HCG in a single intramuscular injection (group 1), 5 women were given 2000 IU of HCG in the same way (group 2), and 5 were injected with saline as controls (group 5). In addition, 5 women 6-15 months (group 3) and 7 women 3-8 years (group 4) after castration were given 10 000 IU of HCG. The serum concentrations of HCG in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 reached peak levels of 209.4, 44.1, 210.6 and 238.6 uU/ml, respectively, 4 h after the HCG injection. The serum LH concentration in group 1 was reduced significantly (P less than 0.01) by HCG administration, but the reductions in the LH levels in groups 2, 3 and 4 after HCG injection were not significantly different from that of the controls. These findings suggest that the threshold of the short-loop negative feedback control of LH in women changes with time after castration.", "PMID": 580527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_414", "title": "Primary intracranial HCG-producing germinoma in a boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "A primary intracranial HCG-producing tumour was studied in an 8 year old boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The case provided a unique opportunity to study the sequential changes in serum and urinary androgens and HCG as measured by radioreceptor assay for HCG and by radioimmunoassay for HCG using antisera raised against the hormone specific for the beta subunit of HCG. Plasma concentrations of HCG, measured by the radioreceptor assay, closely correlated with the biologic activity of his tumour, as measured by serum testosterone concentration. This case demonstrates that precocious puberty in any child, including one with a known androgen disorder such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, warrants through investigation.", "contents": "Primary intracranial HCG-producing germinoma in a boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A primary intracranial HCG-producing tumour was studied in an 8 year old boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The case provided a unique opportunity to study the sequential changes in serum and urinary androgens and HCG as measured by radioreceptor assay for HCG and by radioimmunoassay for HCG using antisera raised against the hormone specific for the beta subunit of HCG. Plasma concentrations of HCG, measured by the radioreceptor assay, closely correlated with the biologic activity of his tumour, as measured by serum testosterone concentration. This case demonstrates that precocious puberty in any child, including one with a known androgen disorder such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, warrants through investigation.", "PMID": 580528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_415", "title": "Effects of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure of the zona fasciculata of the young rat adrenal.", "content": "The ultrasturctural changes induced in the cells of the young rat adrenal zona fasciculata by cycloheximide are studied. Thirty minutes after administration of doses producing inhibition of protein synthesis (1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg body weight) there was a significant increase in the relative volume of the nucleolus, as shown by stereologic methods, which was accompanied by extensive perinucleolar chromatin caps. In the cytoplasm, membranous whorls were observed in several organelles and the background cytoplasm, but the volume fractions of the organelles were not significantly altered. Nucleolar changes were interpreted as suggesting that the inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis may be accompanied by an enhanced formation of nucleolar proteins.", "contents": "Effects of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure of the zona fasciculata of the young rat adrenal. The ultrasturctural changes induced in the cells of the young rat adrenal zona fasciculata by cycloheximide are studied. Thirty minutes after administration of doses producing inhibition of protein synthesis (1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg body weight) there was a significant increase in the relative volume of the nucleolus, as shown by stereologic methods, which was accompanied by extensive perinucleolar chromatin caps. In the cytoplasm, membranous whorls were observed in several organelles and the background cytoplasm, but the volume fractions of the organelles were not significantly altered. Nucleolar changes were interpreted as suggesting that the inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis may be accompanied by an enhanced formation of nucleolar proteins.", "PMID": 580529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_416", "title": "Use of HPLC to determine the effect of 17 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-methylandrost-5-en-3-one (RMI 12,936) on production of progesterone by rat ovarian homogenate.", "content": "A new high presure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of progesterone in the presence of other delta 43-ketosteroids is described. Using this method it is shown that the rate of production of progesterone from pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione by rat ovarioan homogenate is initally rapid but falls to zero within 10 min. Experiments indicate that the inhibition is due to the progesterone formed. Inclusion of RMI 12,936 with the pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione substrate results in a lower final level of progesterone and continuous production of 7 alpha-methyltestosterone. The reduction in the levels of progesterone in presence of RMI 12,936 corresponds closely to the reduction in plasma progesterone in vivo folowing administration of RMI 12,936 described previously.", "contents": "Use of HPLC to determine the effect of 17 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-methylandrost-5-en-3-one (RMI 12,936) on production of progesterone by rat ovarian homogenate. A new high presure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of progesterone in the presence of other delta 43-ketosteroids is described. Using this method it is shown that the rate of production of progesterone from pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione by rat ovarioan homogenate is initally rapid but falls to zero within 10 min. Experiments indicate that the inhibition is due to the progesterone formed. Inclusion of RMI 12,936 with the pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione substrate results in a lower final level of progesterone and continuous production of 7 alpha-methyltestosterone. The reduction in the levels of progesterone in presence of RMI 12,936 corresponds closely to the reduction in plasma progesterone in vivo folowing administration of RMI 12,936 described previously.", "PMID": 580530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_417", "title": "Detection of chorionic gonadotrophin like activity in infertile cycles with a short luteal phase.", "content": "Three of 24 infertile women with a short luteal phase transiently showed chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) like immunoreactivity in serum as measured by the HCG-beta subunit radioimmunoassay. The plasma progesterone concentration was elevated above the lower normal postovulatory level in 2 of these women who also had elevated basal body temperature at the time HCG was detected. Positive HCG reaction coincided with the pre-ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in one patient, but in 2 other cases the LH concentration was low suggesting absence of LH interference. Our results suggest that some infertile women may conceive during their cycles with a short luteal phase and maintain pregnancy until HCG becomes detectable.", "contents": "Detection of chorionic gonadotrophin like activity in infertile cycles with a short luteal phase. Three of 24 infertile women with a short luteal phase transiently showed chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) like immunoreactivity in serum as measured by the HCG-beta subunit radioimmunoassay. The plasma progesterone concentration was elevated above the lower normal postovulatory level in 2 of these women who also had elevated basal body temperature at the time HCG was detected. Positive HCG reaction coincided with the pre-ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in one patient, but in 2 other cases the LH concentration was low suggesting absence of LH interference. Our results suggest that some infertile women may conceive during their cycles with a short luteal phase and maintain pregnancy until HCG becomes detectable.", "PMID": 580531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_418", "title": "HCS-HCG regulation in cultured placenta.", "content": "Tissue culture has been used to study the action of different substrates on the secretion of HCG and HCS in human placental explants. The following compounds have been studied: prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, adrenaline and noradrenaline, oestriol and progesterone, glucose concentration. The investigators first measured the normal secretion of three term placentas and 2 months placentas. The activity of the compounds tested is expressed in per cent of the normal values. The investigators have checked that the cultivated cells were always viable by measuring the oxygen consumption during all the experiments. PG E2 and F2alpha are without action on term placentas. Adrenaline and noradrenaline reduce significantly the secretion HCS by full term placentas and have no action on HCG secretion. Oestriol always stimulates HCS secretion by full term placentas and 2 months old placentas, whereas progesterone stimulates young placentas and inhibits full term placentas. Both steroids have no action on HCG secretion. Glucose is essential for HCS secretion by placentas but high values of glucose in the medium signficantly reduce the HCS secretion by full term placentas.", "contents": "HCS-HCG regulation in cultured placenta. Tissue culture has been used to study the action of different substrates on the secretion of HCG and HCS in human placental explants. The following compounds have been studied: prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, adrenaline and noradrenaline, oestriol and progesterone, glucose concentration. The investigators first measured the normal secretion of three term placentas and 2 months placentas. The activity of the compounds tested is expressed in per cent of the normal values. The investigators have checked that the cultivated cells were always viable by measuring the oxygen consumption during all the experiments. PG E2 and F2alpha are without action on term placentas. Adrenaline and noradrenaline reduce significantly the secretion HCS by full term placentas and have no action on HCG secretion. Oestriol always stimulates HCS secretion by full term placentas and 2 months old placentas, whereas progesterone stimulates young placentas and inhibits full term placentas. Both steroids have no action on HCG secretion. Glucose is essential for HCS secretion by placentas but high values of glucose in the medium signficantly reduce the HCS secretion by full term placentas.", "PMID": 580532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_419", "title": "Hypothalmic-pituitary adrenal responsiveness to dexamethasone-insulin tolerance test in acromegalic patients before and during treatment with bromocriptine.", "content": "Insulin tolerance tests were carried out in 10 acromegalic patients after 1 mg dexamethasone had been given the previous evening (DEX-ITT). Nine patients showed a rise in plasma 11-OHCS and four patients showed a rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels. These responses were unaltered after treatment with bromocriptine 10 mg daily for two months. Basal plasma GH levels fell in 6 of the patients and the mean plasma GH levels of the 10 patients during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) fell from 63.2 +/- 25.5 ng/ml before treatment to 53.0 +/- 27.1 ng/ml (mean +/- sem; p less than 0.05). These data fail to confirm a previous report of abnormal hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal suppressibility during a DEX-ITT in acromegalic patients. They also indicate that bromcriptine does not alter the responses of plasma 11-OHCS and plasma GH to the DEX-ITT despite lowering plasma GH levels.", "contents": "Hypothalmic-pituitary adrenal responsiveness to dexamethasone-insulin tolerance test in acromegalic patients before and during treatment with bromocriptine. Insulin tolerance tests were carried out in 10 acromegalic patients after 1 mg dexamethasone had been given the previous evening (DEX-ITT). Nine patients showed a rise in plasma 11-OHCS and four patients showed a rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels. These responses were unaltered after treatment with bromocriptine 10 mg daily for two months. Basal plasma GH levels fell in 6 of the patients and the mean plasma GH levels of the 10 patients during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) fell from 63.2 +/- 25.5 ng/ml before treatment to 53.0 +/- 27.1 ng/ml (mean +/- sem; p less than 0.05). These data fail to confirm a previous report of abnormal hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal suppressibility during a DEX-ITT in acromegalic patients. They also indicate that bromcriptine does not alter the responses of plasma 11-OHCS and plasma GH to the DEX-ITT despite lowering plasma GH levels.", "PMID": 580533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_420", "title": "Fat cell size and lipid content of subcutaneous tissue in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.", "content": "Fat cell size and lipid composition of subcutaneous tissue from 3 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been measured before and after treatment with either pimozide, fenfluramine or hypophysectomy. The fat cell volume before treatment ranged between 9.8 x 10(4) and 17.7 x 10(4) micron 3, compared to 9.0 x 10(4) and 85.3 x 10(4) micron 3 in 15 controls. The amount of lipids was only 1/10 to 1/50 of normal, triglycerides being the most heavily reduced lipid component. Neither the fat cell size nor the lipid content were affected by treatment with hypophysectomy, pimozide or fenfluramine.", "contents": "Fat cell size and lipid content of subcutaneous tissue in congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Fat cell size and lipid composition of subcutaneous tissue from 3 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been measured before and after treatment with either pimozide, fenfluramine or hypophysectomy. The fat cell volume before treatment ranged between 9.8 x 10(4) and 17.7 x 10(4) micron 3, compared to 9.0 x 10(4) and 85.3 x 10(4) micron 3 in 15 controls. The amount of lipids was only 1/10 to 1/50 of normal, triglycerides being the most heavily reduced lipid component. Neither the fat cell size nor the lipid content were affected by treatment with hypophysectomy, pimozide or fenfluramine.", "PMID": 580534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_421", "title": "Histamine stimulates prolactin release in norman men.", "content": "Histamine stimulates prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) release in the experimental animal. In order to evaluate the possible effect of histamine on these hormones in man, in our study, 9 normal volunteers underwent an intravenous histamine infusion (200 microgram in 15 min). Five of them also underwent an intravenous histidine infusion (200 microgram). Histamine induced a significant PRL release in 7 subjects, the maximum level reached being 36.2 +/- 12.09 ng/ml, while GH levels were not affected. Histidine was ineffective on both PRL and GH levels. It is known that histamine, administered peripherally, does not cross the blood brain barrier. This fact suggests that, in man, histamine stimulates PRL release by acting directly on the pituitary. In addition, since stressful situations may elicit both PRL and GH release, the fact that the latter was not affected by histamine, suggests that a mere stress-effect is not responsible for the PRL release observed in our subjects.", "contents": "Histamine stimulates prolactin release in norman men. Histamine stimulates prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) release in the experimental animal. In order to evaluate the possible effect of histamine on these hormones in man, in our study, 9 normal volunteers underwent an intravenous histamine infusion (200 microgram in 15 min). Five of them also underwent an intravenous histidine infusion (200 microgram). Histamine induced a significant PRL release in 7 subjects, the maximum level reached being 36.2 +/- 12.09 ng/ml, while GH levels were not affected. Histidine was ineffective on both PRL and GH levels. It is known that histamine, administered peripherally, does not cross the blood brain barrier. This fact suggests that, in man, histamine stimulates PRL release by acting directly on the pituitary. In addition, since stressful situations may elicit both PRL and GH release, the fact that the latter was not affected by histamine, suggests that a mere stress-effect is not responsible for the PRL release observed in our subjects.", "PMID": 580536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_422", "title": "Re-examination of human calcitonin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Evaluations of human immunoreactive calcitonin (IRCT) assay have been extensively reviewed. Labelled hormone was re-purified on carboxymethyl-cellulose in order to isolate a fraction containing mainly monoiodinated calcitonin, which was found to be very stable. Two antisera with different immunochemical characteristics were used for incubation studies, one of which was incubated with unextracted and extracted plasma samples. The sensitivity of the assays was 60 pg/ml plasma. However, marked differences were observed in the results obtained by the three methods depending on the importance of the inhibitory effect of plasma on the binding of the tracer to antibodies. However, the absolute plasma IRCT level could not be related to the presence of calcitonin M, except in one case. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the origin and the significance of the immunoreactive material which was detected in normal plasma by one antiserum.", "contents": "Re-examination of human calcitonin radioimmunoassay. Evaluations of human immunoreactive calcitonin (IRCT) assay have been extensively reviewed. Labelled hormone was re-purified on carboxymethyl-cellulose in order to isolate a fraction containing mainly monoiodinated calcitonin, which was found to be very stable. Two antisera with different immunochemical characteristics were used for incubation studies, one of which was incubated with unextracted and extracted plasma samples. The sensitivity of the assays was 60 pg/ml plasma. However, marked differences were observed in the results obtained by the three methods depending on the importance of the inhibitory effect of plasma on the binding of the tracer to antibodies. However, the absolute plasma IRCT level could not be related to the presence of calcitonin M, except in one case. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the origin and the significance of the immunoreactive material which was detected in normal plasma by one antiserum.", "PMID": 580538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_423", "title": "Thyroxine: studies concerning its intrinsic physiological activity.", "content": "The importance of the monodeiodination of T4 to T3 in the physiological action of T4 was explored by assessing the role of T4 in maintaining prophylthiouracil (PTU)-treated rats during exposure to 4 degrees C. (PTU inhibits both thyroid hormone biosynthesis and T4 to T3 conversion in peripheral tissues.) Firstly, the effects of cold exposure on the metabolism of T4 in control and PTU-treated rats equilibrated with [125I]T4 (2 microgram/100 g b. w./day) were determined. PTU was administered in the food (2 mg/g food). In control rats, no significant changes in T4 metabolism occurred during 3 days at 4 degrees C. Urinary 125I was greatly decreased in PTU-treated rats. Exposure of these rats to cold resulted in some increase but values were still 50% below normal. Secondly, four groups of rats were exposed to cold: control; PTU-treated; T4-treated; PTU + T4-treated. Control and T4-treated rats survived. PTU-treated rats died unless T4 was administered. Radioimmunoassay of T4 and T3 indicated significant concentrations of T3 in sera of rats from all but the PTU + T4 group. These results suggest that T4 permits survival in the cold-exposed PTU-treated rat without being converted to T3 and thus they support the concept that T4 has intrinsic biological activity.", "contents": "Thyroxine: studies concerning its intrinsic physiological activity. The importance of the monodeiodination of T4 to T3 in the physiological action of T4 was explored by assessing the role of T4 in maintaining prophylthiouracil (PTU)-treated rats during exposure to 4 degrees C. (PTU inhibits both thyroid hormone biosynthesis and T4 to T3 conversion in peripheral tissues.) Firstly, the effects of cold exposure on the metabolism of T4 in control and PTU-treated rats equilibrated with [125I]T4 (2 microgram/100 g b. w./day) were determined. PTU was administered in the food (2 mg/g food). In control rats, no significant changes in T4 metabolism occurred during 3 days at 4 degrees C. Urinary 125I was greatly decreased in PTU-treated rats. Exposure of these rats to cold resulted in some increase but values were still 50% below normal. Secondly, four groups of rats were exposed to cold: control; PTU-treated; T4-treated; PTU + T4-treated. Control and T4-treated rats survived. PTU-treated rats died unless T4 was administered. Radioimmunoassay of T4 and T3 indicated significant concentrations of T3 in sera of rats from all but the PTU + T4 group. These results suggest that T4 permits survival in the cold-exposed PTU-treated rat without being converted to T3 and thus they support the concept that T4 has intrinsic biological activity.", "PMID": 580539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_424", "title": "Mammary gland prolactin receptor and pituitary prolactin secretion in lactating mice with different lactational performance.", "content": "SHN female mice, a high mammary tumour strain, are superior to SLN, a low mammary tumour strain, in lactational performance. Mammary gland prolactin receptor and pituitary prolactin secretion during lactation were compared between these strains. The binding activity, the number of receptor sites per mg tissue and the association constant were measured by the in vitro incubation of mammary gland slices with 125I-labelled bovine prolactin, and the pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin were assayed by homologous radioimmunoassay. There was only a slight difference between strains in any of the parameters for prolactin receptor and for prolactin secretion on either day 4 or day 9 of the first lactation. Almost all the correlation coefficients between each parameter for prolactin receptor and the pituitary or plasma level of prolactin were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that any parameter for prolactin examined in this study is not always directly indicative of lactational performance and further show that the individual variation in the pituitary prolactin secretion during lactation is not so great as to alter the prolactin receptor.", "contents": "Mammary gland prolactin receptor and pituitary prolactin secretion in lactating mice with different lactational performance. SHN female mice, a high mammary tumour strain, are superior to SLN, a low mammary tumour strain, in lactational performance. Mammary gland prolactin receptor and pituitary prolactin secretion during lactation were compared between these strains. The binding activity, the number of receptor sites per mg tissue and the association constant were measured by the in vitro incubation of mammary gland slices with 125I-labelled bovine prolactin, and the pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin were assayed by homologous radioimmunoassay. There was only a slight difference between strains in any of the parameters for prolactin receptor and for prolactin secretion on either day 4 or day 9 of the first lactation. Almost all the correlation coefficients between each parameter for prolactin receptor and the pituitary or plasma level of prolactin were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that any parameter for prolactin examined in this study is not always directly indicative of lactational performance and further show that the individual variation in the pituitary prolactin secretion during lactation is not so great as to alter the prolactin receptor.", "PMID": 580540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_425", "title": "Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed selection patterns of essential amino acids at a constant nitrogen intake.", "content": "Six patterns of essential amino acids were devised to represent different sources or combinations of protein based on a daily intake of 6.0 g of nitrogen from these sources. In each diet, cereals furnished 70% and a specially designed amino acid mixture 30% of the total nitrogen. Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed amino acids equivalent to combinations of rice and soy or egg and potato did not differ from the pattern of egg, and these patterns were superior to a combination of rice and wheat; egg also was superior to corn plus beans and wheat plus milk. Relative amounts and proportions of essential amino acids could be modified without depressing nitrogen retention until one amino acid became limiting or the pattern became imbalanced. Therefore, more than one pattern of amino acids should be recognized as useful for adult human subjects; both minimal and total amounts of essential amino acids need to be considered.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed selection patterns of essential amino acids at a constant nitrogen intake. Six patterns of essential amino acids were devised to represent different sources or combinations of protein based on a daily intake of 6.0 g of nitrogen from these sources. In each diet, cereals furnished 70% and a specially designed amino acid mixture 30% of the total nitrogen. Nitrogen retention of young men who consumed amino acids equivalent to combinations of rice and soy or egg and potato did not differ from the pattern of egg, and these patterns were superior to a combination of rice and wheat; egg also was superior to corn plus beans and wheat plus milk. Relative amounts and proportions of essential amino acids could be modified without depressing nitrogen retention until one amino acid became limiting or the pattern became imbalanced. Therefore, more than one pattern of amino acids should be recognized as useful for adult human subjects; both minimal and total amounts of essential amino acids need to be considered.", "PMID": 580544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_426", "title": "Poor predictability of lactose malabsorption from clinical symptoms for Chilean populations.", "content": "Clinical symptoms and lactose malabsorption may occur in persons intolerant to lactose. To predict malabsorption from symptoms and age, the authors used simple regression, multiple regression, and discrimant analysis on data from 436 Chileans. All individual r2 values from simple regression were less than 0.05. For the best stepwise multiple regression program,  R2 was only 0.09, indicating that 91% of the variability in malabsorption was \"unexplained\" by the five best predictor variables. Because of so much unexplained variability, the authors could detect (using multiple regression) only 56 of 90 (62%) malabsorbers and only 14 of 38 (37%) absorbers. In conclusion, for their Chilean populations the authors poorly predicted malabsorption from symptoms.", "contents": "Poor predictability of lactose malabsorption from clinical symptoms for Chilean populations. Clinical symptoms and lactose malabsorption may occur in persons intolerant to lactose. To predict malabsorption from symptoms and age, the authors used simple regression, multiple regression, and discrimant analysis on data from 436 Chileans. All individual r2 values from simple regression were less than 0.05. For the best stepwise multiple regression program,  R2 was only 0.09, indicating that 91% of the variability in malabsorption was \"unexplained\" by the five best predictor variables. Because of so much unexplained variability, the authors could detect (using multiple regression) only 56 of 90 (62%) malabsorbers and only 14 of 38 (37%) absorbers. In conclusion, for their Chilean populations the authors poorly predicted malabsorption from symptoms.", "PMID": 580545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_427", "title": "Oversimplification of diet: coronary heart disease relationships and exaggerated diet recommendations.", "content": "The data relating diet to coronary heart disease, when critically examined, clearly show that there is a normal spectrum of blood serum values, and that normal persons do not develop pathological levels upon the ingestion of eggs and other cholesterol-containing the ingestion of large amounts of cholesterol-containing foods. Average data obtained from mixed populations of normal and pathological blood lipid values should not be used to advise the normal majority of that population. The harmful effects of such policy are outlined. The data demonstrating the concept that the risk of coronary heart disease is a function of serum lipids at any level is no longer valid are reviewed. The data of the National Cooperative Pooling Project of the American Heart Association are used to show that up to 250 mg/dl there is no relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and risk.", "contents": "Oversimplification of diet: coronary heart disease relationships and exaggerated diet recommendations. The data relating diet to coronary heart disease, when critically examined, clearly show that there is a normal spectrum of blood serum values, and that normal persons do not develop pathological levels upon the ingestion of eggs and other cholesterol-containing the ingestion of large amounts of cholesterol-containing foods. Average data obtained from mixed populations of normal and pathological blood lipid values should not be used to advise the normal majority of that population. The harmful effects of such policy are outlined. The data demonstrating the concept that the risk of coronary heart disease is a function of serum lipids at any level is no longer valid are reviewed. The data of the National Cooperative Pooling Project of the American Heart Association are used to show that up to 250 mg/dl there is no relationship between serum cholesterol concentration and risk.", "PMID": 580546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_428", "title": "Thyroid cancer: diagnosis and management based on a review of 142 cases.", "content": "Review of 142 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed and treated in a community hospital from 1958 through 1972 suggests that total thyroidectomy and radical neck dissection are unwarranted in the treatment of papillary carcinoma. Radioactive iodine scanning and needle biopsy are also shown to be unreliable indexes of malignancy. An operation approach to the management of specific thyroid cancers is presented.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer: diagnosis and management based on a review of 142 cases. Review of 142 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed and treated in a community hospital from 1958 through 1972 suggests that total thyroidectomy and radical neck dissection are unwarranted in the treatment of papillary carcinoma. Radioactive iodine scanning and needle biopsy are also shown to be unreliable indexes of malignancy. An operation approach to the management of specific thyroid cancers is presented.", "PMID": 580547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_429", "title": "[Production and antitumor properties of carminazone].", "content": "Karminazon (13-benzoylhydrazon) was prepared by condensation of karminomycin with benzoylhydrazine. In its intravenous use in the treatment of mice with lymphosarcoma L10-1 karminazon was less toxic and had lower antitumor activity than karminomycin. Karminazon had a lower selective antitumor activity with respect to lymphosarcoma than karminomycin.", "contents": "[Production and antitumor properties of carminazone]. Karminazon (13-benzoylhydrazon) was prepared by condensation of karminomycin with benzoylhydrazine. In its intravenous use in the treatment of mice with lymphosarcoma L10-1 karminazon was less toxic and had lower antitumor activity than karminomycin. Karminazon had a lower selective antitumor activity with respect to lymphosarcoma than karminomycin.", "PMID": 580550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_430", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta following coronary revascularization.", "content": "A large mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta that appeared two years, three months after triple coronary revascularization is described. Hypothermia and total circulatory arrest were used in excising the aneurysm, and sterilization of the mediastinum was achieved with systemic and local antibiotic therapy. Follow-up at eight months showed a satisfactory postoperative course and no recurrence of mediastinal infection.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta following coronary revascularization. A large mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta that appeared two years, three months after triple coronary revascularization is described. Hypothermia and total circulatory arrest were used in excising the aneurysm, and sterilization of the mediastinum was achieved with systemic and local antibiotic therapy. Follow-up at eight months showed a satisfactory postoperative course and no recurrence of mediastinal infection.", "PMID": 580552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_431", "title": "Graves' hyperthyroidism. Spontaneous occurrence after autoimmune hypothyroidism with persistent infiltrative ophthalmopathy.", "content": "The clinical course of a 39-year-old woman who exhibited uncommon features of autoimmune thyroid disease was followed. The patient's thyroid status changed from hypothyroid to hyperthyroid spontaneously. She also had severe infiltrative ophthalmopathy when she was hypothyroid. The unusual sequence of her condition raises some speculation about the pathogenesis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy. The study also indicates that treatment of hypothyroidism may occasionally not be lifelong.", "contents": "Graves' hyperthyroidism. Spontaneous occurrence after autoimmune hypothyroidism with persistent infiltrative ophthalmopathy. The clinical course of a 39-year-old woman who exhibited uncommon features of autoimmune thyroid disease was followed. The patient's thyroid status changed from hypothyroid to hyperthyroid spontaneously. She also had severe infiltrative ophthalmopathy when she was hypothyroid. The unusual sequence of her condition raises some speculation about the pathogenesis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy. The study also indicates that treatment of hypothyroidism may occasionally not be lifelong.", "PMID": 580553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_432", "title": "T4-thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A 41-year-old man had thyrotoxicosis, diffuse goiter, exophthalmos, high titer of antithyroglobulin antibodies but undetectable long-acting thyroid stimulator. Initially, he had both elevated serum thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) levels, but normal serum triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels and 24-hour radioactive iodine uptake. Observations prior to radioactive iodine therapy uptake. Observations prior to radioactive iodine therapy showed a persistently normal T3 level in spite of development of atrial fibrillation. Iodine excess was not present, nor were any drugs or systemic illnesses that cause preferential monodeiodination of T4 to rT3 instead of T3. The data support the concept that (1) thyroxine is not just a prohormone for triiodothyronine but is metabolically active itself; (2) Graves' disease can be a cause of T4-thyrotoxicosis. We conclude that a normal serum T3 level does not rule out thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "T4-thyrotoxicosis. A 41-year-old man had thyrotoxicosis, diffuse goiter, exophthalmos, high titer of antithyroglobulin antibodies but undetectable long-acting thyroid stimulator. Initially, he had both elevated serum thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) levels, but normal serum triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels and 24-hour radioactive iodine uptake. Observations prior to radioactive iodine therapy uptake. Observations prior to radioactive iodine therapy showed a persistently normal T3 level in spite of development of atrial fibrillation. Iodine excess was not present, nor were any drugs or systemic illnesses that cause preferential monodeiodination of T4 to rT3 instead of T3. The data support the concept that (1) thyroxine is not just a prohormone for triiodothyronine but is metabolically active itself; (2) Graves' disease can be a cause of T4-thyrotoxicosis. We conclude that a normal serum T3 level does not rule out thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 580554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_433", "title": "Incidence of malignant neoplasms of all types of patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "The incidence of malignancy among patients with Graves' disease who were residents of one Minnesota county was examined in 342 patients between 1935 and 1967. During 4,736 person-years of observation, 32 malignancies were diagnosed; 24 cases were expected and the difference is not significant. Four cases of breast carcinoma were found vs five expected. Other tumor sites were cervix (five), uterus (two), rectosigmoid colon (three), stomach (two), larynx (two), and lung (two). There were three cases of leukemia, and in nine other sites one cancer each was recorded. There was a slightly higher than expected incidence of malignancy in patients who had received 131I therapy; this finding requires further study in a larger patient population. Among patients who received thyroid hormone, the observed incidence of breast cancer was not significantly different from the expected incidence in our population.", "contents": "Incidence of malignant neoplasms of all types of patients with Graves' disease. The incidence of malignancy among patients with Graves' disease who were residents of one Minnesota county was examined in 342 patients between 1935 and 1967. During 4,736 person-years of observation, 32 malignancies were diagnosed; 24 cases were expected and the difference is not significant. Four cases of breast carcinoma were found vs five expected. Other tumor sites were cervix (five), uterus (two), rectosigmoid colon (three), stomach (two), larynx (two), and lung (two). There were three cases of leukemia, and in nine other sites one cancer each was recorded. There was a slightly higher than expected incidence of malignancy in patients who had received 131I therapy; this finding requires further study in a larger patient population. Among patients who received thyroid hormone, the observed incidence of breast cancer was not significantly different from the expected incidence in our population.", "PMID": 580555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_434", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of fatty acids in vitro on Ehrlich exudative carcinoma cells and normal exudative cells (leukocytes).", "content": "A mixture of pure fatty acids isolated hydrolytically from linseed oil in the form of water-soluble salts with ethanolamine were examined for cytotoxicity for Ehrlich carcinoma and normal exudative cells. Cytotoxicity of the mixture was similar to that of salts of oleic and linolenic acids. On the other hand, the mixture of fatty acids and oleic acids was more toxic for normal exudative cells than linolenic acid.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of fatty acids in vitro on Ehrlich exudative carcinoma cells and normal exudative cells (leukocytes). A mixture of pure fatty acids isolated hydrolytically from linseed oil in the form of water-soluble salts with ethanolamine were examined for cytotoxicity for Ehrlich carcinoma and normal exudative cells. Cytotoxicity of the mixture was similar to that of salts of oleic and linolenic acids. On the other hand, the mixture of fatty acids and oleic acids was more toxic for normal exudative cells than linolenic acid.", "PMID": 580556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_435", "title": "Mammary and other tumors as a response to radiation and multiple stresses.", "content": "Parabiosis of paired NEDH rats and subsequent irradiation of one produced multiple stresses, particularly altered hormonal milieu. Benign mammary tumors developed in 8.6% of the control pairs, 12.7% of the shielded partners, and 19.7% of the irradiated rats. Mammary cancers developed in 5% of control pairs, 14.2% of the shielded partners, and 11.9% of the irradiated rats. With increased amounts of prolactin, the rate was 50% in shielded partner, 10% in the irradiated rats. Mesenchymal sarcoma develop at the anastomosis in parabiont rats. Their incidence rate in single controls is 3.1%, in parabiont control pairs 12.5%, in pairs with one partner irradiated 16.6%, and with both irradiated 23.1%. The incidence rate in other parts was increased threefold over controls in the irradiated partners. Radiation appears to be the dominant factor in both mammary and anastomotic tumors.", "contents": "Mammary and other tumors as a response to radiation and multiple stresses. Parabiosis of paired NEDH rats and subsequent irradiation of one produced multiple stresses, particularly altered hormonal milieu. Benign mammary tumors developed in 8.6% of the control pairs, 12.7% of the shielded partners, and 19.7% of the irradiated rats. Mammary cancers developed in 5% of control pairs, 14.2% of the shielded partners, and 11.9% of the irradiated rats. With increased amounts of prolactin, the rate was 50% in shielded partner, 10% in the irradiated rats. Mesenchymal sarcoma develop at the anastomosis in parabiont rats. Their incidence rate in single controls is 3.1%, in parabiont control pairs 12.5%, in pairs with one partner irradiated 16.6%, and with both irradiated 23.1%. The incidence rate in other parts was increased threefold over controls in the irradiated partners. Radiation appears to be the dominant factor in both mammary and anastomotic tumors.", "PMID": 580557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_436", "title": "Acinous cell carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Adenocarcinomas of the larynx are an unusual type of lesion that arise in the minor salivary glands. An acinous cell carcinoma that arose in a supraglottic minor salivary gland closely resembled an oncocytic adenocarcinoma on light microscopy; but on electron microscopy, the neoplasm clearly was serous in origin. Contrary to the behavior of most acinous cell carcinomas, but similar to the majority of laryngeal adenocarcinomas, the neoplasm herein discussed was extremely aggressive and developed widespread metastases, which led to the patient's death.", "contents": "Acinous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Adenocarcinomas of the larynx are an unusual type of lesion that arise in the minor salivary glands. An acinous cell carcinoma that arose in a supraglottic minor salivary gland closely resembled an oncocytic adenocarcinoma on light microscopy; but on electron microscopy, the neoplasm clearly was serous in origin. Contrary to the behavior of most acinous cell carcinomas, but similar to the majority of laryngeal adenocarcinomas, the neoplasm herein discussed was extremely aggressive and developed widespread metastases, which led to the patient's death.", "PMID": 580558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_437", "title": "Parathyroid adenoma in submucosa of esophagus.", "content": "We recently excised and examined a parathyroid adenoma that was located in the submucosa of the esophagus. It was discovered when an elevated calcium level was found on a screening chemistry profile. Subsequently, the patient was found to have renal stones. At operation two other small parathyroid glands were identified. A fourth one was not found. Following removal of the adenoma, the patient's calcium level returned to normal and has remained normal for several months.", "contents": "Parathyroid adenoma in submucosa of esophagus. We recently excised and examined a parathyroid adenoma that was located in the submucosa of the esophagus. It was discovered when an elevated calcium level was found on a screening chemistry profile. Subsequently, the patient was found to have renal stones. At operation two other small parathyroid glands were identified. A fourth one was not found. Following removal of the adenoma, the patient's calcium level returned to normal and has remained normal for several months.", "PMID": 580560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_438", "title": "Hirschsprung's disease: an appraisal of histochemically demonstrated acetylcholinesterase activity in suction rectal biopsy specimens as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "Suction rectal biopsy specimens, from a series of 168 infants and children with constipation and other gastrointestinal problems, were stained with a sensitive acetylcholinesterase method, and the results were compared with routine histology, radiology, anorectal manometry, and the final diagnosis. In all cases of Hirschsprung's disease, there was an increase in numbers and sizes of cholinergic nerves in the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. No false-positive or false-negative results were found. The test was found to be more reliable and consistent than other methods available.", "contents": "Hirschsprung's disease: an appraisal of histochemically demonstrated acetylcholinesterase activity in suction rectal biopsy specimens as an aid to diagnosis. Suction rectal biopsy specimens, from a series of 168 infants and children with constipation and other gastrointestinal problems, were stained with a sensitive acetylcholinesterase method, and the results were compared with routine histology, radiology, anorectal manometry, and the final diagnosis. In all cases of Hirschsprung's disease, there was an increase in numbers and sizes of cholinergic nerves in the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. No false-positive or false-negative results were found. The test was found to be more reliable and consistent than other methods available.", "PMID": 580561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_439", "title": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung revealed a persistence of type 2 pneumocytes lining the alveolar and gland-like spaces. The larger cystic areas were lined by normal bronchiolar-type epithelium and were surrounded by a few smooth muscle cells. The interstitium contained undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. No cartilage or bronchial glands were present. These features suggest that this lesion is developmental in nature, with a failure of maturation resulting from an insult occurring early in embryonic life, prior to the onset of cartilaginous differentiation within the lungs.", "contents": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Ultrastructural study of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung revealed a persistence of type 2 pneumocytes lining the alveolar and gland-like spaces. The larger cystic areas were lined by normal bronchiolar-type epithelium and were surrounded by a few smooth muscle cells. The interstitium contained undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. No cartilage or bronchial glands were present. These features suggest that this lesion is developmental in nature, with a failure of maturation resulting from an insult occurring early in embryonic life, prior to the onset of cartilaginous differentiation within the lungs.", "PMID": 580562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_440", "title": "Condition of rat testes after prolonged ethanol consumption.", "content": "Rats were maintained 16 weeks on a well-balanced, semisynthetic, solid diet supplemented with ethanol, which comprised 35% of total calories. A control group was pair-fed the same basic diet with sucrose replacing ethanol isocalorically. On light microscopy, the ethanol-fed rats showed appreciable fatty changes in the liver, while the controls did not. There were no differences in testicular morphology between ethanol-fed and control rats, both of which appeared to be normal. The present findings support the view that ethanol is directly toxic to the liver, but under the present experimental conditions, not directly toxic to the testes.", "contents": "Condition of rat testes after prolonged ethanol consumption. Rats were maintained 16 weeks on a well-balanced, semisynthetic, solid diet supplemented with ethanol, which comprised 35% of total calories. A control group was pair-fed the same basic diet with sucrose replacing ethanol isocalorically. On light microscopy, the ethanol-fed rats showed appreciable fatty changes in the liver, while the controls did not. There were no differences in testicular morphology between ethanol-fed and control rats, both of which appeared to be normal. The present findings support the view that ethanol is directly toxic to the liver, but under the present experimental conditions, not directly toxic to the testes.", "PMID": 580563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_441", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium in calcifying tendinitis.", "content": "To determine the site of mineralization in calcifying tendinitis, we studied the ultrastructure of tendon fragments that were obtained during surgical interventions on ten patients with that condition. We found that calcification was occurring extracellularly and essentially in areas where the tendon had undergone cartilaginous transformation. Calcific crystals were present in matrix-vesicle-like structures that were seen either singly among collagen fibers or in aggregates. When they were in aggregates, the calcifying vesicles tended to fuse with each other. Thus, the process of mineralization in calcifying tendinitis resembled those calcifying conditions that have already been described in man and animals, both normal and pathological, in which the apatite crystals are initially localized in matrix vesicles.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of calcium in calcifying tendinitis. To determine the site of mineralization in calcifying tendinitis, we studied the ultrastructure of tendon fragments that were obtained during surgical interventions on ten patients with that condition. We found that calcification was occurring extracellularly and essentially in areas where the tendon had undergone cartilaginous transformation. Calcific crystals were present in matrix-vesicle-like structures that were seen either singly among collagen fibers or in aggregates. When they were in aggregates, the calcifying vesicles tended to fuse with each other. Thus, the process of mineralization in calcifying tendinitis resembled those calcifying conditions that have already been described in man and animals, both normal and pathological, in which the apatite crystals are initially localized in matrix vesicles.", "PMID": 580564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_442", "title": "[Relationship between the pathomorphological characteristics of the lungs and surfactant properties in some forms of chronic pneumonia].", "content": "The minimum surface tension (STmin) and the content of total lipids (TL) and phospholipids (PL) in a surfactant obtained by differential centrifugation of extracts from 56 fragments of lungs resected from 48 patients with segmentary suppurations and bronchiectasia were correlated with the results of morphological and histochemical studies. The controls consisted of 5 lungs from the subjects dying of accidental causes. Areas of interstitial pneumosclerosis, atelectasis and carnification were found to have a high STmin and to contain less than 1 mg of PL per 1 g of the lung tissue, whereas foci of emphysema had a lower STmin and a higher content of PL. These parameters are inversely related. Possible causes of the change of the surfactant condition in chronic pneumonia and practical importance of its examination in resected lungs for a diverse evaluation of the pathological process and the effectiveness of preoperational therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between the pathomorphological characteristics of the lungs and surfactant properties in some forms of chronic pneumonia]. The minimum surface tension (STmin) and the content of total lipids (TL) and phospholipids (PL) in a surfactant obtained by differential centrifugation of extracts from 56 fragments of lungs resected from 48 patients with segmentary suppurations and bronchiectasia were correlated with the results of morphological and histochemical studies. The controls consisted of 5 lungs from the subjects dying of accidental causes. Areas of interstitial pneumosclerosis, atelectasis and carnification were found to have a high STmin and to contain less than 1 mg of PL per 1 g of the lung tissue, whereas foci of emphysema had a lower STmin and a higher content of PL. These parameters are inversely related. Possible causes of the change of the surfactant condition in chronic pneumonia and practical importance of its examination in resected lungs for a diverse evaluation of the pathological process and the effectiveness of preoperational therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 580566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_443", "title": "Reexamination of the acoustic method in measurement of Eustachian tube function.", "content": "In order to assess the reliability of the acoustic method in examination of Eustachian tube function, 30 subjects with normal, obstructive or patent tubes were examined twice, by the acoustic method, and by the aerodynamic method which we have developed. The reliability of the aerodynamic method has been confirmed by repeated clinical examinations. 60% of the results of the acoustic method were found to disagree with both the results of the aerodynamic method and the clinical findings of the tested ears. One cause of this disagreement was shown to be the influence of motion accompanying deglutition upon the sound transmission.", "contents": "Reexamination of the acoustic method in measurement of Eustachian tube function. In order to assess the reliability of the acoustic method in examination of Eustachian tube function, 30 subjects with normal, obstructive or patent tubes were examined twice, by the acoustic method, and by the aerodynamic method which we have developed. The reliability of the aerodynamic method has been confirmed by repeated clinical examinations. 60% of the results of the acoustic method were found to disagree with both the results of the aerodynamic method and the clinical findings of the tested ears. One cause of this disagreement was shown to be the influence of motion accompanying deglutition upon the sound transmission.", "PMID": 580567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_444", "title": "Organ culture of the postnatal mouse Crista ampullaris. Part I.", "content": "The 2 day post partum mouse Crista ampullaris was cultured \"in vitro\" for 7 days. The differentiation into secretory and sensory areas was preserved. The ultrastructure of the dark cells of the secretory region was well maintained. The hair cell morphologically was considerably changed though the hair cells themselves survived 7 days in culture.", "contents": "Organ culture of the postnatal mouse Crista ampullaris. Part I. The 2 day post partum mouse Crista ampullaris was cultured \"in vitro\" for 7 days. The differentiation into secretory and sensory areas was preserved. The ultrastructure of the dark cells of the secretory region was well maintained. The hair cell morphologically was considerably changed though the hair cells themselves survived 7 days in culture.", "PMID": 580570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_445", "title": "[Tympanoplasty with human dura mater preserved in cialit (author's transl)].", "content": "In 26 cases allogenetic human dura mater, conserved in CialitTM 1:5000, was used to close perforations of the eardrum instead of commonly used autogenetic fascia of the temporal muscle. In preceding animal studies, it had been found that \"Cialit dura\" acts as guideline and stimulates the development of new host connective tissue. In 25 human ear drums the perforations healed up without any problems. The healing process took times of up to 8 weeks. Only in one case a new perforation was found. The moderate flexibility of \"Cialit dura\" proved as a special advantage during the surgery procedure. Human dura is easily to acquire and its conservation is simple and cheep. Therefore it can serve as a grafting material for tympanoplasty available at any time and in any size. For very large transplants and a lack of postoperative treatment the prolonged healing period could be of some disadvantage. For normal sized transplants, however, there seems not to be a difference in healing time between the commonly used fascia and the \"Cialit dura\".", "contents": "[Tympanoplasty with human dura mater preserved in cialit (author's transl)]. In 26 cases allogenetic human dura mater, conserved in CialitTM 1:5000, was used to close perforations of the eardrum instead of commonly used autogenetic fascia of the temporal muscle. In preceding animal studies, it had been found that \"Cialit dura\" acts as guideline and stimulates the development of new host connective tissue. In 25 human ear drums the perforations healed up without any problems. The healing process took times of up to 8 weeks. Only in one case a new perforation was found. The moderate flexibility of \"Cialit dura\" proved as a special advantage during the surgery procedure. Human dura is easily to acquire and its conservation is simple and cheep. Therefore it can serve as a grafting material for tympanoplasty available at any time and in any size. For very large transplants and a lack of postoperative treatment the prolonged healing period could be of some disadvantage. For normal sized transplants, however, there seems not to be a difference in healing time between the commonly used fascia and the \"Cialit dura\".", "PMID": 580571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_446", "title": "A new one-stage surgical technique for postlaryngectomy speech.", "content": "A new one-stage surgical technique for the postlaryngectomy speech applied to the 17 patients and its results are described herein. The essential part of this technique consists of the construction of a tracheo-esophageal shunt using only the remainder of the trachea obtained at the time of laryngectomy to reestablish an air communication between the trachea and the gullet. Fourteen patients of the 17 patients thus operated upon developed conversational abilities equivalent to the normal subject, except that they use a finger during the speech for the occlusion of the tracheal opening. This technique can be applied to almost all candidates for total laryngectomy with or without neck dissection. The initial speech was developed in 25 days after operation in average. The inflow of the salivas and/or fluids into trachea is not problematic in these patients. It has been well known that an air communication reestablished between the natural air way and the gullet could reproduce a vocal function after total laryngectomy [5]. Despite very few surgical techniques for this purpose have been described and applied clinically, although a tremendous effort has been made for the complete removal of the malignancy and the avoidance of recurrence up to the present [1--4, 6]. A new surgical method for achieving a tracheo-esophageal shunt for the postoperative vocal function is described herein.", "contents": "A new one-stage surgical technique for postlaryngectomy speech. A new one-stage surgical technique for the postlaryngectomy speech applied to the 17 patients and its results are described herein. The essential part of this technique consists of the construction of a tracheo-esophageal shunt using only the remainder of the trachea obtained at the time of laryngectomy to reestablish an air communication between the trachea and the gullet. Fourteen patients of the 17 patients thus operated upon developed conversational abilities equivalent to the normal subject, except that they use a finger during the speech for the occlusion of the tracheal opening. This technique can be applied to almost all candidates for total laryngectomy with or without neck dissection. The initial speech was developed in 25 days after operation in average. The inflow of the salivas and/or fluids into trachea is not problematic in these patients. It has been well known that an air communication reestablished between the natural air way and the gullet could reproduce a vocal function after total laryngectomy [5]. Despite very few surgical techniques for this purpose have been described and applied clinically, although a tremendous effort has been made for the complete removal of the malignancy and the avoidance of recurrence up to the present [1--4, 6]. A new surgical method for achieving a tracheo-esophageal shunt for the postoperative vocal function is described herein.", "PMID": 580572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_447", "title": "[Narrow nystagmus writing and hypoxemia of the central vestibular system (author's transl)].", "content": "To explain the origin of the narrow nystagmus writing (petite \u00e9criture), selected patients with hypoxemia were examined using the pendular rotating test and ENG. Bloodgas analysis was used to determine pO2 reduction. The decreased oxygen saturation was corresponding to the decreased amplitude of nystagmus. In a second experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia (8% O2 + 92% N2, controlled with bloodgas analysis). A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease in nystagmusamplitude through the influence of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Narrow nystagmus writing and hypoxemia of the central vestibular system (author's transl)]. To explain the origin of the narrow nystagmus writing (petite \u00e9criture), selected patients with hypoxemia were examined using the pendular rotating test and ENG. Bloodgas analysis was used to determine pO2 reduction. The decreased oxygen saturation was corresponding to the decreased amplitude of nystagmus. In a second experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia (8% O2 + 92% N2, controlled with bloodgas analysis). A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease in nystagmusamplitude through the influence of hypoxia.", "PMID": 580573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_448", "title": "Ear morphology in Treacher Collins', Apert's, and Crouzon's syndromes.", "content": "Size, proportions, level, inclination and shape of the ears were assessed by anthrompometric methods in eight patients with Treacher Collins' syndrome, eleven with Apert's, and 25 with Crouzon's syndrome. The ears were most severely damaged in Treacher Collins' syndrome, in which they were microtic or disproportionally long; many were low-set and with great inclination. All patients with Apert's syndrome had low-set ears and a tendency to disproportion, with widening and small inclination of the longitudinal axis. The ears were least affected in Crouzon's syndrome; in two-thirds of the patients there were mild growth variations leading to disproportion in width (wide ears), or low-set ears, or both.", "contents": "Ear morphology in Treacher Collins', Apert's, and Crouzon's syndromes. Size, proportions, level, inclination and shape of the ears were assessed by anthrompometric methods in eight patients with Treacher Collins' syndrome, eleven with Apert's, and 25 with Crouzon's syndrome. The ears were most severely damaged in Treacher Collins' syndrome, in which they were microtic or disproportionally long; many were low-set and with great inclination. All patients with Apert's syndrome had low-set ears and a tendency to disproportion, with widening and small inclination of the longitudinal axis. The ears were least affected in Crouzon's syndrome; in two-thirds of the patients there were mild growth variations leading to disproportion in width (wide ears), or low-set ears, or both.", "PMID": 580574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_449", "title": "Vertical location of the ear, assessed by the Leiber test, in healthy North American Caucasians 6--19 years of age.", "content": "A method of assessing the level of the ears, slightly modified from that devised by Leiber (1972), and the instrument developed for the measurements, are described. In a study of 1312 healthy North American Caucasians of both sexes aged 6--19 years, dystopic ears were found in 15 (1.2%). The ears were low-set in 13 (5 bilateral and 8 unilateral), in more males (8) than females (5), and were high-set in 2 (bilateral in a girl and unilateral in a boy). The level of normally located ears changed with age, from low-normal location in early school age to middle-normal in young adulthood. Almost 10% of \"normally\" located ears were situated asymmetrically, but these asymmetries could not be detected visually.", "contents": "Vertical location of the ear, assessed by the Leiber test, in healthy North American Caucasians 6--19 years of age. A method of assessing the level of the ears, slightly modified from that devised by Leiber (1972), and the instrument developed for the measurements, are described. In a study of 1312 healthy North American Caucasians of both sexes aged 6--19 years, dystopic ears were found in 15 (1.2%). The ears were low-set in 13 (5 bilateral and 8 unilateral), in more males (8) than females (5), and were high-set in 2 (bilateral in a girl and unilateral in a boy). The level of normally located ears changed with age, from low-normal location in early school age to middle-normal in young adulthood. Almost 10% of \"normally\" located ears were situated asymmetrically, but these asymmetries could not be detected visually.", "PMID": 580576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_450", "title": "[Meproscillarin, a new semisynthetic cardiac glycoside/chemistry and physical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "14-Hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin) is a new semisynthetic glycoside for the therapy of cardiac insufficiency. The preparation from proscillaridin and the chemical and physical properties are described.", "contents": "[Meproscillarin, a new semisynthetic cardiac glycoside/chemistry and physical properties (author's transl)]. 14-Hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin) is a new semisynthetic glycoside for the therapy of cardiac insufficiency. The preparation from proscillaridin and the chemical and physical properties are described.", "PMID": 580577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_451", "title": "[Labelling meproscillarin with tritium at the C-19 position (author's transl)].", "content": "Labelling of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) by introduction of dueterium and tritium at the metabolically stable C-19 position is described.", "contents": "[Labelling meproscillarin with tritium at the C-19 position (author's transl)]. Labelling of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) by introduction of dueterium and tritium at the metabolically stable C-19 position is described.", "PMID": 580581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_452", "title": "[Studies on the disposition of meproscillarin in rat and dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The disposition of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) formed by methylation of proscillaridin was tested in rats and dogs. Meproscillarin is better absorbed than proscillaridin. The drug is primarily eliminated via the bile. After oral administration 6% of the dose were excreted with urine by the rat and 3% by the dog. The main metabolite in the bile was shown to be a glucuronide of meproscillarin.", "contents": "[Studies on the disposition of meproscillarin in rat and dog (author's transl)]. The disposition of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) formed by methylation of proscillaridin was tested in rats and dogs. Meproscillarin is better absorbed than proscillaridin. The drug is primarily eliminated via the bile. After oral administration 6% of the dose were excreted with urine by the rat and 3% by the dog. The main metabolite in the bile was shown to be a glucuronide of meproscillarin.", "PMID": 580582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_453", "title": "[On the development of an oral preparation of meproscillarin (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical methods of determination, investigations of stability and the behaviour of the substance in artificial gastric and intestinal fluids are the bases for the formulation of an oral preparation of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift). The problems of developing a stable form, the maintenance of uniform content and the bioavailability are discussed.", "contents": "[On the development of an oral preparation of meproscillarin (author's transl)]. Analytical methods of determination, investigations of stability and the behaviour of the substance in artificial gastric and intestinal fluids are the bases for the formulation of an oral preparation of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift). The problems of developing a stable form, the maintenance of uniform content and the bioavailability are discussed.", "PMID": 580583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_454", "title": "[Metabolism of meproscillarin in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations on the metabolism of 14-Hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) were performed in 5 healthy test persons as well as in 4 patients with biliary fistula, applying a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of 3H-meproscillarin. The elimination half-life of total plasma radioactivity was about 51 h in the test persons, and 18 and 30 h in the patients whose bile was drawn off via a T-drain. The test persons excreted about 20% of total radioactivity renally and about 56% with the faeces. The patients excreted between 29% and 89% of the radioactive dose applied with the bile, the major part being eliminated already after 24 h. Up to 3% was excreted with the faeces. Renal excretion varied between 6% and 22%. Total radioactivity in plasma, bile, urine and faeces was separated into chloroform-soluble and chloroform-insoluble fractions, which were further differentiated by thin-layer chromatography. Whereas in plasma, bile and urine mainly chloroform-insoluble metabolites of meproscillarin were present, the chloroform-soluble fraction in the faeces represented the major portion, also containing primarily meproscillarin. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolism of meproscillarin in man (author's transl)]. The investigations on the metabolism of 14-Hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) were performed in 5 healthy test persons as well as in 4 patients with biliary fistula, applying a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of 3H-meproscillarin. The elimination half-life of total plasma radioactivity was about 51 h in the test persons, and 18 and 30 h in the patients whose bile was drawn off via a T-drain. The test persons excreted about 20% of total radioactivity renally and about 56% with the faeces. The patients excreted between 29% and 89% of the radioactive dose applied with the bile, the major part being eliminated already after 24 h. Up to 3% was excreted with the faeces. Renal excretion varied between 6% and 22%. Total radioactivity in plasma, bile, urine and faeces was separated into chloroform-soluble and chloroform-insoluble fractions, which were further differentiated by thin-layer chromatography. Whereas in plasma, bile and urine mainly chloroform-insoluble metabolites of meproscillarin were present, the chloroform-soluble fraction in the faeces represented the major portion, also containing primarily meproscillarin. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 580585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_455", "title": "[Effect of meproscillarin on left ventricular hemodynamics (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease we investigated the influence of the glycoside 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) on left ventricular performance with invasive methods. After a single i.v. bolus injection a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with an increase of the maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dtmax) and left ventricular pressure (LVP) was observed. These changes were not accompanied by significant alterations of the heart rate during an observation period of 60 min.", "contents": "[Effect of meproscillarin on left ventricular hemodynamics (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease we investigated the influence of the glycoside 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) on left ventricular performance with invasive methods. After a single i.v. bolus injection a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with an increase of the maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dtmax) and left ventricular pressure (LVP) was observed. These changes were not accompanied by significant alterations of the heart rate during an observation period of 60 min.", "PMID": 580587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_456", "title": "[Preliminary hemodynamic studies on the activity of meproscillarin (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with arterial hypertension and left heart failure the hemodynamic effect of 14-hydroxy-3-beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (Ky 18, meproscillarin, Clift) was compared with placebo in a double-blind study. 15 min after oral administration of meproscillarin there was an increase of cardiac output and stroke volume by up to 25%. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and left ventricular filling pressure remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Preliminary hemodynamic studies on the activity of meproscillarin (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with arterial hypertension and left heart failure the hemodynamic effect of 14-hydroxy-3-beta-[4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (Ky 18, meproscillarin, Clift) was compared with placebo in a double-blind study. 15 min after oral administration of meproscillarin there was an increase of cardiac output and stroke volume by up to 25%. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and left ventricular filling pressure remained unchanged.", "PMID": 580588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_457", "title": "[The influence of meproscillarin on human left ventricular function (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography in 11 cardiac patients before and after treatment with 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift). This drug was given during 7 days in a dose of 4 X 0.25 mg/d. During a placebo period of 7 days the LV function parameters percent systolic shortening of the transverse LV diameter and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening did not change significantly but increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after meproscillarine. Heart rate and end-diastolic LV diameter remained unchanged throughout the study. It is concluded that peroral meproscillarin induced a true increase of LV inotropic state.", "contents": "[The influence of meproscillarin on human left ventricular function (author's transl)]. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography in 11 cardiac patients before and after treatment with 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift). This drug was given during 7 days in a dose of 4 X 0.25 mg/d. During a placebo period of 7 days the LV function parameters percent systolic shortening of the transverse LV diameter and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening did not change significantly but increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after meproscillarine. Heart rate and end-diastolic LV diameter remained unchanged throughout the study. It is concluded that peroral meproscillarin induced a true increase of LV inotropic state.", "PMID": 580589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_458", "title": "[Clinical study of meproscillarin rates of inactivation and persistence, bioavailability and maintenance dose].", "content": "With a rate of inactivation of about 40% and a bioavailability of about 70% corresponding approximately to that of digoxin 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) is--according to our results--a new therapeutic possibility for cardiac decompensated patients, especially in the presence of renal failure. The number of side effects was low. Occasionally diarrhoea occurred which, however, only in a few cases required treatment or discontinuance of therapy.", "contents": "[Clinical study of meproscillarin rates of inactivation and persistence, bioavailability and maintenance dose]. With a rate of inactivation of about 40% and a bioavailability of about 70% corresponding approximately to that of digoxin 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) is--according to our results--a new therapeutic possibility for cardiac decompensated patients, especially in the presence of renal failure. The number of side effects was low. Occasionally diarrhoea occurred which, however, only in a few cases required treatment or discontinuance of therapy.", "PMID": 580590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_459", "title": "[On the possible meproscillarin accumulation in patients with impaired renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "26 patients with impaired renal function and 7 healthy subjects received an oral dose of 0.5 mg 14-Hydroxy-3-beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) per day for 2 weeks. Plasma levels of meproscillarin were measured during and after this period by means of the 86Rb-erythrocyte method. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups. The results are consistent with extrarenal elimination of the substance. Contrary to digoxin, e.g., dose reduction is unnecessary in chronic renal failure. Mild gastrointestinal symtpoms were the only side effects seen in 6 patients.", "contents": "[On the possible meproscillarin accumulation in patients with impaired renal function (author's transl)]. 26 patients with impaired renal function and 7 healthy subjects received an oral dose of 0.5 mg 14-Hydroxy-3-beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) per day for 2 weeks. Plasma levels of meproscillarin were measured during and after this period by means of the 86Rb-erythrocyte method. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups. The results are consistent with extrarenal elimination of the substance. Contrary to digoxin, e.g., dose reduction is unnecessary in chronic renal failure. Mild gastrointestinal symtpoms were the only side effects seen in 6 patients.", "PMID": 580591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_460", "title": "[Elimination rate of meproscillarin following repeated application in patients with reduced renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "It was to be investigated whether the elimination rate of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) is influenced by the renal function after discontinuance of long-term application. A group of 9 patients with renal insufficiency of varying extent associated with heart failure received 0.75 mg of meproscillarin per day over a period of 14 days. The plasma levels of the glycoside were measured by means of the 86rubidium erythrocyte assay up to 60 h after the last dose. After discontinuance of the glycoside the mean plasma half-life was 45.8 (S.-X = 6 h), a value corresponding to the results obtained in healthy test persons (49.3 h). Thus it could be demonstrated that the rapid elimination rate (and thereby the rate of inactivation) of meproscillarin is not influenced by renal function even after discontinuance of long-term application.", "contents": "[Elimination rate of meproscillarin following repeated application in patients with reduced renal function (author's transl)]. It was to be investigated whether the elimination rate of 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) is influenced by the renal function after discontinuance of long-term application. A group of 9 patients with renal insufficiency of varying extent associated with heart failure received 0.75 mg of meproscillarin per day over a period of 14 days. The plasma levels of the glycoside were measured by means of the 86rubidium erythrocyte assay up to 60 h after the last dose. After discontinuance of the glycoside the mean plasma half-life was 45.8 (S.-X = 6 h), a value corresponding to the results obtained in healthy test persons (49.3 h). Thus it could be demonstrated that the rapid elimination rate (and thereby the rate of inactivation) of meproscillarin is not influenced by renal function even after discontinuance of long-term application.", "PMID": 580592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_461", "title": "[Elimination of meproscillarin by hemoperfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from toxic concentrations of the new scilla glycoside 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) 5 in vitro hemoperfusions with the hemoperfusion system Haemocol are described. The test showed that meproscillarin may be rapidly eliminated from the blood by adsorption to activated charcoal (hemoperfusion). The text provides basic information for possible intoxications.", "contents": "[Elimination of meproscillarin by hemoperfusion (author's transl)]. Starting from toxic concentrations of the new scilla glycoside 14-hydroxy-3beta-[(4-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-oxy]-14beta-bufa-4,20,22-trienolide (meproscillarin, Clift) 5 in vitro hemoperfusions with the hemoperfusion system Haemocol are described. The test showed that meproscillarin may be rapidly eliminated from the blood by adsorption to activated charcoal (hemoperfusion). The text provides basic information for possible intoxications.", "PMID": 580593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_462", "title": "Effect of maternal dexamethasone therapy on the levels of oestrogens, progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.", "content": "Ten women were given dexamethasone intramuscularly in order to accelerate fetal lung maturation. Amniotic fluid and maternal serum were assayed for oestrone, oestradiol-17beta, oestriol, progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin by specific radioimmunoassays before and after the treatment. No hormonal changes were observed in amniotic fluid. The serum levels of oestrogens 2 to 5 days after treatment were not significantly different from those before treatment, indicating that the previously reported suppression of oestrogen production by glucocorticoids disappears rapidly after treatment stops.", "contents": "Effect of maternal dexamethasone therapy on the levels of oestrogens, progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin in amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Ten women were given dexamethasone intramuscularly in order to accelerate fetal lung maturation. Amniotic fluid and maternal serum were assayed for oestrone, oestradiol-17beta, oestriol, progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin by specific radioimmunoassays before and after the treatment. No hormonal changes were observed in amniotic fluid. The serum levels of oestrogens 2 to 5 days after treatment were not significantly different from those before treatment, indicating that the previously reported suppression of oestrogen production by glucocorticoids disappears rapidly after treatment stops.", "PMID": 580594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_463", "title": "The effects of the thermal prephase transition and salts on the coagulation and flocculation of phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles.", "content": "Absorbance measurements of sonicated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles reveal two aggregation processes: flocculation and coagulation. Flocculation is only observed for samples in monovalent cationic salt solutions or in salt-free suspensions. This process is abolished in the presence of di- or trivalent cations. It is also found to be strongly temperature dependent, occurring only below the thermal prephase transition of the lipid. Dispersal of the flocculates is rapid but they re-form at a rate dictated by the hysteresis in the prephase transition. In contrast, coagulation is slow. The extent of coagulation does not seem to be strongly dependent on the temperature, the nature of the electrolyte or its concentration. The relation of the coagulated state to vesicle-vesicle fusion is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The effects of the thermal prephase transition and salts on the coagulation and flocculation of phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles. Absorbance measurements of sonicated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles reveal two aggregation processes: flocculation and coagulation. Flocculation is only observed for samples in monovalent cationic salt solutions or in salt-free suspensions. This process is abolished in the presence of di- or trivalent cations. It is also found to be strongly temperature dependent, occurring only below the thermal prephase transition of the lipid. Dispersal of the flocculates is rapid but they re-form at a rate dictated by the hysteresis in the prephase transition. In contrast, coagulation is slow. The extent of coagulation does not seem to be strongly dependent on the temperature, the nature of the electrolyte or its concentration. The relation of the coagulated state to vesicle-vesicle fusion is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 580595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_464", "title": "Survival of nodular versus diffuse pattern lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma.", "content": "Response and survival were analyzed in 97 patients with NLPD (Nodular Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated Lymphoma) and 77 with DLPD (Diffuse Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated) treated by intensive versus moderate chemotherapy regimens. The complete and overall response rate in NLPD of 47% and 81% was significantly superior to 25% and 59% obtained in DLPD. The estimated two year survival of 83% in NLPD was also significantly superior to 47% two year survivorship of DLPD (p less than .001). The chemotherapy responsiveness had a significantly favorable effect on DLPD survivorship with two year survivals of 84% for CR, 58% for PR and 17% for PD. In NLPD the effect of chemotherapy responsiveness on survival was less striking (CR 91%, PR 85%,  and PD 72% surviving two years). The data, in our opinion, confirm the rationale for the use of aggressive multiple agent chemotherapy regimens in DLPD where achievement of compelte response appears to be the single most important factor in improving survivorship. On the other hand NLPD, with excellent survival rates which appear to be only partially dependent on chemotherapy responsiveness might serve as an ideal model for moderate intensity or single agent chemotherapy trials.", "contents": "Survival of nodular versus diffuse pattern lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma. Response and survival were analyzed in 97 patients with NLPD (Nodular Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated Lymphoma) and 77 with DLPD (Diffuse Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated) treated by intensive versus moderate chemotherapy regimens. The complete and overall response rate in NLPD of 47% and 81% was significantly superior to 25% and 59% obtained in DLPD. The estimated two year survival of 83% in NLPD was also significantly superior to 47% two year survivorship of DLPD (p less than .001). The chemotherapy responsiveness had a significantly favorable effect on DLPD survivorship with two year survivals of 84% for CR, 58% for PR and 17% for PD. In NLPD the effect of chemotherapy responsiveness on survival was less striking (CR 91%, PR 85%,  and PD 72% surviving two years). The data, in our opinion, confirm the rationale for the use of aggressive multiple agent chemotherapy regimens in DLPD where achievement of compelte response appears to be the single most important factor in improving survivorship. On the other hand NLPD, with excellent survival rates which appear to be only partially dependent on chemotherapy responsiveness might serve as an ideal model for moderate intensity or single agent chemotherapy trials.", "PMID": 580597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_465", "title": "Chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) versus radiotherapy (total body irradiation) for stage III-IV poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Seventy-two patients with stage III-IV malignant lymphoma of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic (PDL) type were randomly assigned to initial chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or to radiotherapy with total body irradiation (TBI). The response and survival rates were similar for CVP and TBI in patients with nodular PDL, with 66% and 67%, respectively, surviving at 7 years. Induction treatment with TBI yielded better response and early survival than CVP for patients with diffuse PDL but a survival advantage did not exist at 5 years, the survival rate being 28% and 25%, respectively.  TBI was more easily tolerated than CVP as initial therapy, 19 (51%) of the 37 CVP patients had a complication which required hospitalization during the first six cycles as contrasted to only one of 35 patients receiving TBI who required hospitalization. Most chemotherapy complications were infectious in nature, secondary to relatively severe granulocytopenia, and one patient died from Candida sepsis following the first cycle of CVP. Late complications consisted of two TBI patients who developed a myeloproliferative disorder and two CVP patients who experienced persistent disabling neurotoxic reactions. Durable remissions were not achieved with significant frequency using either form of treatment, indicating a need to evaluate new therapeutic approaches for the management of PDL lymphoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) versus radiotherapy (total body irradiation) for stage III-IV poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Seventy-two patients with stage III-IV malignant lymphoma of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic (PDL) type were randomly assigned to initial chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) or to radiotherapy with total body irradiation (TBI). The response and survival rates were similar for CVP and TBI in patients with nodular PDL, with 66% and 67%, respectively, surviving at 7 years. Induction treatment with TBI yielded better response and early survival than CVP for patients with diffuse PDL but a survival advantage did not exist at 5 years, the survival rate being 28% and 25%, respectively.  TBI was more easily tolerated than CVP as initial therapy, 19 (51%) of the 37 CVP patients had a complication which required hospitalization during the first six cycles as contrasted to only one of 35 patients receiving TBI who required hospitalization. Most chemotherapy complications were infectious in nature, secondary to relatively severe granulocytopenia, and one patient died from Candida sepsis following the first cycle of CVP. Late complications consisted of two TBI patients who developed a myeloproliferative disorder and two CVP patients who experienced persistent disabling neurotoxic reactions. Durable remissions were not achieved with significant frequency using either form of treatment, indicating a need to evaluate new therapeutic approaches for the management of PDL lymphoma.", "PMID": 580598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_466", "title": "Cutaneous tuberculosis and malignancy.", "content": "This is a report of three cases of associated tuberculous and neoplastic processes. The first is a case of lymphosarcoma complicated by cutaneous tuberculosis. The remaining two are cases of cutaneous tuberculosis complicated by squamouse cell carcinoma. Due to clinical similarity, the diagnosis of the secondary process in these cases was evoked by its failure to respond to treatment of the primary disease.", "contents": "Cutaneous tuberculosis and malignancy. This is a report of three cases of associated tuberculous and neoplastic processes. The first is a case of lymphosarcoma complicated by cutaneous tuberculosis. The remaining two are cases of cutaneous tuberculosis complicated by squamouse cell carcinoma. Due to clinical similarity, the diagnosis of the secondary process in these cases was evoked by its failure to respond to treatment of the primary disease.", "PMID": 580602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_467", "title": "Metabolic effects of some antibilharzial drugs. Studies on the inhibitory action of \"bilharcid\" on succinate oxidation in normal rat liver.", "content": "THE INHIBITION of succinate oxidation by Piperazine diantimonyl tartarate (Bilharcid) could be in part attributed to accumulation of oxaloacetate. This is discussed with reference to the effect of ATP, glutamate and cysteine on the reversal of the inhibitory action, of the drug on succinate oxidation.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of some antibilharzial drugs. Studies on the inhibitory action of \"bilharcid\" on succinate oxidation in normal rat liver. THE INHIBITION of succinate oxidation by Piperazine diantimonyl tartarate (Bilharcid) could be in part attributed to accumulation of oxaloacetate. This is discussed with reference to the effect of ATP, glutamate and cysteine on the reversal of the inhibitory action, of the drug on succinate oxidation.", "PMID": 580604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_468", "title": "Amniotic fluid proteins and lipids in normal and high-risk pregnancies and their relation to foetal outcome.", "content": "Amniotic fluid total lipids (T.L.), lipid phosphorus (L.Ph.), phospholipids (Ph.L.), total cholesterol (T.Ch.), total proteins (T.P.) and inorganic phosphorus (I.Ph) were determined in a number of high risk pregnancies and compared to parallel data obtained for full term normal pregnancies. Amniotic fluid T.L., L.Ph., Ph.L. and T.Ch. were significantly decreased in diabetic and toxaemic cases. The decrement in L.Ph. and Ph.L. was more pronounced in diabetic and toxaemic mothers who delivered either still-births or neonates suffering from RDS or in cases of intrapartum death. The L.Ph. and Ph.L. were increased in case of toxaemic mothers who delivered living neonates with no RDS. In spite of the increase in T.Ch. in the same cases; the ratio of T.Ch to T.L. was constant except in cases with prolonged intrauterine foetal death where it was increased.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid proteins and lipids in normal and high-risk pregnancies and their relation to foetal outcome. Amniotic fluid total lipids (T.L.), lipid phosphorus (L.Ph.), phospholipids (Ph.L.), total cholesterol (T.Ch.), total proteins (T.P.) and inorganic phosphorus (I.Ph) were determined in a number of high risk pregnancies and compared to parallel data obtained for full term normal pregnancies. Amniotic fluid T.L., L.Ph., Ph.L. and T.Ch. were significantly decreased in diabetic and toxaemic cases. The decrement in L.Ph. and Ph.L. was more pronounced in diabetic and toxaemic mothers who delivered either still-births or neonates suffering from RDS or in cases of intrapartum death. The L.Ph. and Ph.L. were increased in case of toxaemic mothers who delivered living neonates with no RDS. In spite of the increase in T.Ch. in the same cases; the ratio of T.Ch to T.L. was constant except in cases with prolonged intrauterine foetal death where it was increased.", "PMID": 580607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_469", "title": "Molecular arrangement of cervical mucus: a reevaluation based on laser light-scattering spectroscopy.", "content": "Evidence obtained from laser light-scattering spectroscopy suggests that the molecular arrangement of cow estrous cervical mucus is an ensemble of entangled random-coiled macromolecules rather than a cross-linked macromolecular network, the model heretofore widely accepted. This new model can account for the following phenomena: (1) The viscoelastic properties of the estrous mucus and human mid-cycle cervical mucus are the result of the way in which the glycoproteins are entangled. Variations of these properties during the reproductive cycle may simply be due to changes in the water content of the cervical mucus. (2) Penetration of spermatozoa in mucus may be entirely mechanical without involving any kind of enzymatic lysis of cross-links (this is supported by changes in the pattern of spermatozoa flagellation during sperm penetration of cervical mucus as shown in motion picture films). (3) The orientation of spermatozoa in the cervical muscus need not be due to the presence of 'channels' between micelles but simply to an artifact, the stretching or flow of the mucus, which orients the entangled macromolecules and thus facilitates the penetration of spermatozoa in an axis parallel to them.", "contents": "Molecular arrangement of cervical mucus: a reevaluation based on laser light-scattering spectroscopy. Evidence obtained from laser light-scattering spectroscopy suggests that the molecular arrangement of cow estrous cervical mucus is an ensemble of entangled random-coiled macromolecules rather than a cross-linked macromolecular network, the model heretofore widely accepted. This new model can account for the following phenomena: (1) The viscoelastic properties of the estrous mucus and human mid-cycle cervical mucus are the result of the way in which the glycoproteins are entangled. Variations of these properties during the reproductive cycle may simply be due to changes in the water content of the cervical mucus. (2) Penetration of spermatozoa in mucus may be entirely mechanical without involving any kind of enzymatic lysis of cross-links (this is supported by changes in the pattern of spermatozoa flagellation during sperm penetration of cervical mucus as shown in motion picture films). (3) The orientation of spermatozoa in the cervical muscus need not be due to the presence of 'channels' between micelles but simply to an artifact, the stretching or flow of the mucus, which orients the entangled macromolecules and thus facilitates the penetration of spermatozoa in an axis parallel to them.", "PMID": 580608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_470", "title": "Attempted induction of granulosa cell tumor in Balb-C mice by gonadotropin administration.", "content": "An attempt of granulosa cell tumor (GCT) induction by prolonged administration of exogenous pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to young, mature, and middle-aged Balb-C mice resulted mainly in stromal luteal cell proliferation. 48.9% of young mice, 64.5% of mature mice and 65% of middle-aged mice developed luteal cell proliferation. This effect seemed to be dependent on duration of treatment, mainly in young mice. Young mice injected for less than 6 months developed significantly less luteal cell proliferation than those injected for more than 6 months. Only 1 GCT was found. This study seems to support the contention that besides gonadotropin stimulation, other factors may be involved in GCT development. A large number of PMSG-injected mice developed generalized lymphosarcoma, the mechanism of which remains unknown.", "contents": "Attempted induction of granulosa cell tumor in Balb-C mice by gonadotropin administration. An attempt of granulosa cell tumor (GCT) induction by prolonged administration of exogenous pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to young, mature, and middle-aged Balb-C mice resulted mainly in stromal luteal cell proliferation. 48.9% of young mice, 64.5% of mature mice and 65% of middle-aged mice developed luteal cell proliferation. This effect seemed to be dependent on duration of treatment, mainly in young mice. Young mice injected for less than 6 months developed significantly less luteal cell proliferation than those injected for more than 6 months. Only 1 GCT was found. This study seems to support the contention that besides gonadotropin stimulation, other factors may be involved in GCT development. A large number of PMSG-injected mice developed generalized lymphosarcoma, the mechanism of which remains unknown.", "PMID": 580609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_471", "title": "Organizational leaders grapple with nutrition education issues.", "content": "The leaders of four food service organizations met recently in Chicago to exchange information about nutrition education. Highlights of that conference are described herein, including a presentation on the AHA's Center for Health Promotion.", "contents": "Organizational leaders grapple with nutrition education issues. The leaders of four food service organizations met recently in Chicago to exchange information about nutrition education. Highlights of that conference are described herein, including a presentation on the AHA's Center for Health Promotion.", "PMID": 580610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_472", "title": "[The Netherton syndrome with alopecia and prolinuria].", "content": "A six month old boy under observation for over two years developed an ichthyosiform erythroderma with alopecia, which was diagnosed as Netherton syndrome. Histologic examination of the hair roots showed trichorrhexis invaginata (bamboo hair), trichorrhexis invaginata torta and pili torti. Prolinuria was detected. Local therapy with corticosteroids was without any effect. These symptoms can be attributed to aminoaciduria (prolinuria).", "contents": "[The Netherton syndrome with alopecia and prolinuria]. A six month old boy under observation for over two years developed an ichthyosiform erythroderma with alopecia, which was diagnosed as Netherton syndrome. Histologic examination of the hair roots showed trichorrhexis invaginata (bamboo hair), trichorrhexis invaginata torta and pili torti. Prolinuria was detected. Local therapy with corticosteroids was without any effect. These symptoms can be attributed to aminoaciduria (prolinuria).", "PMID": 580611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_473", "title": "Milk drinking by the elderly of three races.", "content": "The three objectives of this study were to determine: (a) If milk was acceptable for multi-racial groups of elderly people, some of whom had previously been described as lactose intolerant, (b) the frequency of milk rejection attributed to symptoms of lactose intolerance, and (c) the importance of offering different types of milk. The study was carried out on 347 elderly citizens participating in the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly in Harris County, Texas. Eighty-five per cent of the Mexican-Americans, 93.5 per cent of the blacks, and 94 per cent of the Anglos surveyed reported drinking the milk served with their meal. Only 6.6 per cent of the Mexican-Americans, 1.4 per cent of the blacks, and 2.5 per cent of the Anglos did not consume the milk because of symptoms that might be related to low levels of intestinal lactase. It was concluded that milk could and should be served to multi-racial groups of elderly people. Offering a choice of milk type appeared to be important for acceptance. Twenty-two per cent of the blacks, 4 per cent of the Mexican-Americans, and 16 per cent of the Anglos always preferred buttermilk.", "contents": "Milk drinking by the elderly of three races. The three objectives of this study were to determine: (a) If milk was acceptable for multi-racial groups of elderly people, some of whom had previously been described as lactose intolerant, (b) the frequency of milk rejection attributed to symptoms of lactose intolerance, and (c) the importance of offering different types of milk. The study was carried out on 347 elderly citizens participating in the Title VII Nutrition Program for the Elderly in Harris County, Texas. Eighty-five per cent of the Mexican-Americans, 93.5 per cent of the blacks, and 94 per cent of the Anglos surveyed reported drinking the milk served with their meal. Only 6.6 per cent of the Mexican-Americans, 1.4 per cent of the blacks, and 2.5 per cent of the Anglos did not consume the milk because of symptoms that might be related to low levels of intestinal lactase. It was concluded that milk could and should be served to multi-racial groups of elderly people. Offering a choice of milk type appeared to be important for acceptance. Twenty-two per cent of the blacks, 4 per cent of the Mexican-Americans, and 16 per cent of the Anglos always preferred buttermilk.", "PMID": 580615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_474", "title": "Temporal and spatial patterns of the synthesis of tissue-specific polypeptides in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "Mouse embryos at different morphological stages in the transition from morula to blastocyst were analysed for the qualitative pattern of their polypeptide synthesis. The first appearance of the individual species of polypeptides specific to trophectoderm or ICM occurred progressively over this developmental period. Populations of inside cells recovered from morulae and early blastocysts synthesized those polypeptides previously shown to be characteristic of ICMs at 31/2 days, but not those characteristic of trophectoderm.", "contents": "Temporal and spatial patterns of the synthesis of tissue-specific polypeptides in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Mouse embryos at different morphological stages in the transition from morula to blastocyst were analysed for the qualitative pattern of their polypeptide synthesis. The first appearance of the individual species of polypeptides specific to trophectoderm or ICM occurred progressively over this developmental period. Populations of inside cells recovered from morulae and early blastocysts synthesized those polypeptides previously shown to be characteristic of ICMs at 31/2 days, but not those characteristic of trophectoderm.", "PMID": 580617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_475", "title": "Spinal cord necrosis after intrathecal injection of methylene blue.", "content": "A 59 year old man had 6 ml of unbuffered methylene blue injected into the lumbar theca in an attempt to localise the source of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. After injection of the dye he became shocked, and within the next few days he developed a mild paraparesis which subsequently progressed to a total paraplegia. The distribution of the spinal cord damage found at necropsy, eight and a half years after injection of the dye, is described and its relationship to the clinical picture discussed.", "contents": "Spinal cord necrosis after intrathecal injection of methylene blue. A 59 year old man had 6 ml of unbuffered methylene blue injected into the lumbar theca in an attempt to localise the source of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. After injection of the dye he became shocked, and within the next few days he developed a mild paraparesis which subsequently progressed to a total paraplegia. The distribution of the spinal cord damage found at necropsy, eight and a half years after injection of the dye, is described and its relationship to the clinical picture discussed.", "PMID": 580618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_476", "title": "Prospective randomized comparison of propylthiouracil.", "content": "Forty-nine patients with Graves' disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received propylthiouracil, 150 mg every eight hours, and the other group received propylthiouracil, 450 mg as a single daily dose. All patients' conditions were evaluated clinically anc chemically at two-week intervals. The response to the divided dosage schedule was prompt and predictable, and by ten weeks all but one patient had achieved remission. The group that received the single daily dose regimen responded less favorably, and at ten weeks ten patients had failed to achieve remission (P less than .001). However, when these patients' regimens were switched to the every-eight-hour schedule, all but one patient became euthyroid in an additional four weeks.", "contents": "Prospective randomized comparison of propylthiouracil. Forty-nine patients with Graves' disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received propylthiouracil, 150 mg every eight hours, and the other group received propylthiouracil, 450 mg as a single daily dose. All patients' conditions were evaluated clinically anc chemically at two-week intervals. The response to the divided dosage schedule was prompt and predictable, and by ten weeks all but one patient had achieved remission. The group that received the single daily dose regimen responded less favorably, and at ten weeks ten patients had failed to achieve remission (P less than .001). However, when these patients' regimens were switched to the every-eight-hour schedule, all but one patient became euthyroid in an additional four weeks.", "PMID": 580623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_477", "title": "Transient hyperthyroidism in patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis.", "content": "We have studied seven episodes of transient hyperthyroidism in three men and one woman, aged 19 to 38 years. No patient had fever or neck tenderness. All had palpable thyroid glands. Elevated serum thyroxine values persisted for 1 to 3 months. Thyroid131I uptake at 6 and 24 hours was low (1 to 3%). Erythrocyte sedimentation rates were normal or only slightly increased. Needle biopsy in four patients and a thyroidectomy specimen in one patient, all taken during the hyperthyroid phase, showed lymphocyte infiltration and extensive follicular disruption without oxyphilia. There was no evidence of granulomatous thyroiditis. Thyroglobulin antibodies were normal in all. In three patients, transient hypothyroidism followed the hyperthyroid episode. In two patients, the condition was recurrent. The findings are compatible with transient unregulated discharge of thyroid follicle content in some patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Recognition permits avoidance of unnecessary treatment with surgery, radioiodine, or antithyroid drugs.", "contents": "Transient hyperthyroidism in patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis. We have studied seven episodes of transient hyperthyroidism in three men and one woman, aged 19 to 38 years. No patient had fever or neck tenderness. All had palpable thyroid glands. Elevated serum thyroxine values persisted for 1 to 3 months. Thyroid131I uptake at 6 and 24 hours was low (1 to 3%). Erythrocyte sedimentation rates were normal or only slightly increased. Needle biopsy in four patients and a thyroidectomy specimen in one patient, all taken during the hyperthyroid phase, showed lymphocyte infiltration and extensive follicular disruption without oxyphilia. There was no evidence of granulomatous thyroiditis. Thyroglobulin antibodies were normal in all. In three patients, transient hypothyroidism followed the hyperthyroid episode. In two patients, the condition was recurrent. The findings are compatible with transient unregulated discharge of thyroid follicle content in some patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Recognition permits avoidance of unnecessary treatment with surgery, radioiodine, or antithyroid drugs.", "PMID": 580628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_478", "title": "[Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the stomach, concerning a 15 year old boy, is described. The problematic of such cases is discussed in the light of the respective literature together with the own observation. Diagnostic, therapy and course of the case are reported on. It is emphasized that benign pseudolymphoma of the stomach must be considered in the differential diagnosis. The necessity of an optimal cooperation between internal gastroenterology, roentgenology and pathology in such cases is stressed. It is pointed out that the quality of the preoperative diagnosis mainly depends on endoscopy and histology.", "contents": "[Lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. A case of primary lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the stomach, concerning a 15 year old boy, is described. The problematic of such cases is discussed in the light of the respective literature together with the own observation. Diagnostic, therapy and course of the case are reported on. It is emphasized that benign pseudolymphoma of the stomach must be considered in the differential diagnosis. The necessity of an optimal cooperation between internal gastroenterology, roentgenology and pathology in such cases is stressed. It is pointed out that the quality of the preoperative diagnosis mainly depends on endoscopy and histology.", "PMID": 580631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_479", "title": "[Enniatin B synthesis by a Fusarium sambucinum Fuck culture].", "content": "Three fungal strains belonging to the genus Fusarium Lk. ex. Fr. (F. sambucinum Fuck. 52377, F. avenaceum (Fr. Sacc.) 52311, F. gibbosum App. et. Wr. emend Bilai 52021) whcih form 800-1200 mg of enniatin B per litre during submerged cultivation have been selected. The morphology of F. sambucinum 52377 in the course of growth and production of enniatin B on the selected medium is described. The maximum accumulation of the product is found at the stationary growth phase. The active accumulation of fatty inclusions during this period suggests the participation of metabolism of fatty acids in the biosynthesis of enniatin B.", "contents": "[Enniatin B synthesis by a Fusarium sambucinum Fuck culture]. Three fungal strains belonging to the genus Fusarium Lk. ex. Fr. (F. sambucinum Fuck. 52377, F. avenaceum (Fr. Sacc.) 52311, F. gibbosum App. et. Wr. emend Bilai 52021) whcih form 800-1200 mg of enniatin B per litre during submerged cultivation have been selected. The morphology of F. sambucinum 52377 in the course of growth and production of enniatin B on the selected medium is described. The maximum accumulation of the product is found at the stationary growth phase. The active accumulation of fatty inclusions during this period suggests the participation of metabolism of fatty acids in the biosynthesis of enniatin B.", "PMID": 580630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_480", "title": "Current status of intrathecal chemotherapy for human meningeal neoplasms.", "content": "Progress in clinical intrathecal chemotherapy has been slow, and a number of new problems have been encountered. The most significant recent developments include the: 1) success of adjunctive intrathecal chemotherapy in the prevention of meningeal leukemia; 2) recognition and characterization of a necrotizing leukoencephalopathic reaction associated with intrathecal methotrexate therapy; 3) demonstration of the efficacy of intraventricular chemotherapy via an Ommaya reservoir; 4) delineation of the clinical pharmacology of intralumbar and intraventricular methotrexate; and 5) identification of an urgent need for new drugs and techniques for intrathecal administration.", "contents": "Current status of intrathecal chemotherapy for human meningeal neoplasms. Progress in clinical intrathecal chemotherapy has been slow, and a number of new problems have been encountered. The most significant recent developments include the: 1) success of adjunctive intrathecal chemotherapy in the prevention of meningeal leukemia; 2) recognition and characterization of a necrotizing leukoencephalopathic reaction associated with intrathecal methotrexate therapy; 3) demonstration of the efficacy of intraventricular chemotherapy via an Ommaya reservoir; 4) delineation of the clinical pharmacology of intralumbar and intraventricular methotrexate; and 5) identification of an urgent need for new drugs and techniques for intrathecal administration.", "PMID": 580638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_481", "title": "[Pulmonary ultrastructural changes in dogs following experimental hemorrhagic shock (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the ultrastructure of the lung in dogs following experimental hemorrhagic shock. They found intra-alveolar edema, red cells in the alveolar sac, disappearance of the substance of the lamellated osmiophilic bodies and cellular degeneration. Correlation among these alterations and increase of capillary permeability as well as consumption of surfactant secretion were established.", "contents": "[Pulmonary ultrastructural changes in dogs following experimental hemorrhagic shock (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the ultrastructure of the lung in dogs following experimental hemorrhagic shock. They found intra-alveolar edema, red cells in the alveolar sac, disappearance of the substance of the lamellated osmiophilic bodies and cellular degeneration. Correlation among these alterations and increase of capillary permeability as well as consumption of surfactant secretion were established.", "PMID": 580645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_482", "title": "[So-called biliary lithiasis after vagotomy].", "content": "Reconsidering the problem of biliary lithiasis in the patient operated for gastroduodenal ulcers, and carrying out an analysis of 1 200 vagotomized patients, biliary lithiasis was noted in 11 of them. The authors make a review of the pathologic physiology of this association. The fact is stressed that biliary lithiasis following vagotomy is more likely a case of biliary lithiasis that has not been known to exist before surgery and that was not recognized during the surgical intervention. A larger statistical analysis could demonstrate that the incidence overlaps the general frequency of biliary lithiasis in a randomly investigated population.", "contents": "[So-called biliary lithiasis after vagotomy]. Reconsidering the problem of biliary lithiasis in the patient operated for gastroduodenal ulcers, and carrying out an analysis of 1 200 vagotomized patients, biliary lithiasis was noted in 11 of them. The authors make a review of the pathologic physiology of this association. The fact is stressed that biliary lithiasis following vagotomy is more likely a case of biliary lithiasis that has not been known to exist before surgery and that was not recognized during the surgical intervention. A larger statistical analysis could demonstrate that the incidence overlaps the general frequency of biliary lithiasis in a randomly investigated population.", "PMID": 580648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_483", "title": "[Anatomoclinical aspects of portal thrombosis].", "content": "The author presents 65 cases of portal thromboses, of which 18 were isolated, 34 associated with liver cirrhosis and 13 occured after surgery for porto-caval anasthomosis. Spontaneous thromboses were of the troncular type in 61,5% of the cases, extensive in 32,7% and radicular in 5,8%. In the group of isolated forms those of the extensive type were predominant (50%), while in those associated with cirrhosis, troncular thromboses were more frequent (73,5%). In 7 cases termino-lateral antro-porto-caval thrombectomy was performed with immediately favourable results in 3 cases, of which one was maintained in time as an extra-hepatic block.", "contents": "[Anatomoclinical aspects of portal thrombosis]. The author presents 65 cases of portal thromboses, of which 18 were isolated, 34 associated with liver cirrhosis and 13 occured after surgery for porto-caval anasthomosis. Spontaneous thromboses were of the troncular type in 61,5% of the cases, extensive in 32,7% and radicular in 5,8%. In the group of isolated forms those of the extensive type were predominant (50%), while in those associated with cirrhosis, troncular thromboses were more frequent (73,5%). In 7 cases termino-lateral antro-porto-caval thrombectomy was performed with immediately favourable results in 3 cases, of which one was maintained in time as an extra-hepatic block.", "PMID": 580649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_484", "title": "[The computed tomography of the malignant thoracic space-occupying process under special consideration of radiotherapeutic points of view (author's transl)].", "content": "The data of 70 patients with a malignant thoracic space-occupying process were compared in order to find out the differences between computed tomography and conventional X-ray diagnosis (thorax radiography, hilum tomography), the radiotherapeutic aspects of these methods being taken under special consideration. Computed tomography is excellently suited for the establishment of therapeutic schemes because it is the only technique producing individual cross-sectional views of the thorax which are in correct scale and have a high resolving power. Contrary to thorax radiography and hilum shadow, the computed tomography offers some additional diagnostic information in several special fields.", "contents": "[The computed tomography of the malignant thoracic space-occupying process under special consideration of radiotherapeutic points of view (author's transl)]. The data of 70 patients with a malignant thoracic space-occupying process were compared in order to find out the differences between computed tomography and conventional X-ray diagnosis (thorax radiography, hilum tomography), the radiotherapeutic aspects of these methods being taken under special consideration. Computed tomography is excellently suited for the establishment of therapeutic schemes because it is the only technique producing individual cross-sectional views of the thorax which are in correct scale and have a high resolving power. Contrary to thorax radiography and hilum shadow, the computed tomography offers some additional diagnostic information in several special fields.", "PMID": 580658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_485", "title": "[Anatomoclinical correlations in postoperative acute thyrotoxic crisis].", "content": "Analysis of 26 cases with thyreotoxic crisis following surgery on an anatomo-clinical basis shows an extensive lesional polymorphism in the stroma and the parenchyma of the thyroid gland, indicating the absence of morphologic remission after preoperative preparation. Prolonged preoperative treatment, following evident clinical improvement, may avoid the development of postoperative crisis.", "contents": "[Anatomoclinical correlations in postoperative acute thyrotoxic crisis]. Analysis of 26 cases with thyreotoxic crisis following surgery on an anatomo-clinical basis shows an extensive lesional polymorphism in the stroma and the parenchyma of the thyroid gland, indicating the absence of morphologic remission after preoperative preparation. Prolonged preoperative treatment, following evident clinical improvement, may avoid the development of postoperative crisis.", "PMID": 580655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_486", "title": "[Transcecal intubation of the small intestine].", "content": "The experience with trans-cecal intubation of the small intestine in 19 patients is presented. In author's opinion trans-cecal intubation has an advantage over other methods of enterostomy.", "contents": "[Transcecal intubation of the small intestine]. The experience with trans-cecal intubation of the small intestine in 19 patients is presented. In author's opinion trans-cecal intubation has an advantage over other methods of enterostomy.", "PMID": 580661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_487", "title": "[Polyps; rectocolic polyposis. Etiopathogenic and anatomoclinical data. Results].", "content": "The authors statistic concerns 370 interventions for adenomatous polyps and rectocolic polyposis (105 segmental exereses, 32 total or sub-total rectocolectomies, 233 direct, endo-anal or laparocolotomy electroresections). The necessity is stressed of the early detection of isolated, or of multiple polyps, or of potentially malignant polyposis, either genetically inherited or acquired, and on their radical extirpation from the beginning, an attitude that improved late oncologic prognosis (98% survivals after 5 years).", "contents": "[Polyps; rectocolic polyposis. Etiopathogenic and anatomoclinical data. Results]. The authors statistic concerns 370 interventions for adenomatous polyps and rectocolic polyposis (105 segmental exereses, 32 total or sub-total rectocolectomies, 233 direct, endo-anal or laparocolotomy electroresections). The necessity is stressed of the early detection of isolated, or of multiple polyps, or of potentially malignant polyposis, either genetically inherited or acquired, and on their radical extirpation from the beginning, an attitude that improved late oncologic prognosis (98% survivals after 5 years).", "PMID": 580656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_488", "title": "[Supression of angiotensin II-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum by alveolar surfactants (author's transl)].", "content": "The guinea pig alveolar surfactant reduces the contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum, induced by Angiotensin II. It is tentatively proposed, that the surfactant system suppresses the reactivity of lung blood vessels towards contacting stimuli.", "contents": "[Supression of angiotensin II-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum by alveolar surfactants (author's transl)]. The guinea pig alveolar surfactant reduces the contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum, induced by Angiotensin II. It is tentatively proposed, that the surfactant system suppresses the reactivity of lung blood vessels towards contacting stimuli.", "PMID": 580665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_489", "title": "Treatment of methyl mercury poisoning in mice with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and other complexing thiols.", "content": "Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid was more effective than N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine and monomercaptosuccinic acid in mobilizing mercury from mice after the injection of methyl mercuric chloride. Dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment started 4 days after the mercury injection and given for 8 days at a dose of 1 mmol SH/kg per day removed more than 2/3 of the mercury in the brain, while acetylpenicillamine and mercaptosuccinate correspondingly removed less than 1/2 of the brain deposits. Neither treatment with 2,3-dimercaptorropano-1-sulphonate nor with a new thiolated resin, mercaptostarch, mobilized significant amounts of mercury from the brain. Since the toxicity of dimercaptosuccinate seems to be almost as low as that of D-penicillamine this dithiol may provide a potentially useful agent in clinical poisoning due to methyl mercury.", "contents": "Treatment of methyl mercury poisoning in mice with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and other complexing thiols. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid was more effective than N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine and monomercaptosuccinic acid in mobilizing mercury from mice after the injection of methyl mercuric chloride. Dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment started 4 days after the mercury injection and given for 8 days at a dose of 1 mmol SH/kg per day removed more than 2/3 of the mercury in the brain, while acetylpenicillamine and mercaptosuccinate correspondingly removed less than 1/2 of the brain deposits. Neither treatment with 2,3-dimercaptorropano-1-sulphonate nor with a new thiolated resin, mercaptostarch, mobilized significant amounts of mercury from the brain. Since the toxicity of dimercaptosuccinate seems to be almost as low as that of D-penicillamine this dithiol may provide a potentially useful agent in clinical poisoning due to methyl mercury.", "PMID": 580671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_490", "title": "Lithium neurotoxicity. I. The concentration of lithium in dopaminergic systems of rat brain determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "Severe neurotoxicity has been reported in patients receiving combinations of lithium and butyrophenones and halogenated phenothiazines and the suggestion has been made that lithium is preferentially concentrated in dopamine systems in brain. Conventional flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry does not allow analysis of sufficiently small samples of brain tissue to allow accurate association with specific transmitter systems, although previous reports have suggested that lithium is concentrated in the striatum. A method has been developed using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry to allow accurate measurement of lithium concentrations in 10--100 ng fresh weight of brain tissue. Using this technique in experiments where rats were fed lithium over a period of three weeks, we could not confirm a direct association of lithium with an area predominetly served by dopamine transmitters.", "contents": "Lithium neurotoxicity. I. The concentration of lithium in dopaminergic systems of rat brain determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Severe neurotoxicity has been reported in patients receiving combinations of lithium and butyrophenones and halogenated phenothiazines and the suggestion has been made that lithium is preferentially concentrated in dopamine systems in brain. Conventional flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry does not allow analysis of sufficiently small samples of brain tissue to allow accurate association with specific transmitter systems, although previous reports have suggested that lithium is concentrated in the striatum. A method has been developed using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry to allow accurate measurement of lithium concentrations in 10--100 ng fresh weight of brain tissue. Using this technique in experiments where rats were fed lithium over a period of three weeks, we could not confirm a direct association of lithium with an area predominetly served by dopamine transmitters.", "PMID": 580672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_491", "title": "[Substantiation studies for a method of enriching sour milk products with essential fatty acids].", "content": "Comparative investigations were conducted to produce arguments in favour of technology employed in preparing special acidified dairy products with an elevated proportion of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids for baby and dietetic nutrition. These investigations included a study into oxidative changes occurring in the vegetable oil during preparation of acidified milk by following two technological patterns that provide for introduction of the vegetable oil into the milk prior to its souring and into sour milk.", "contents": "[Substantiation studies for a method of enriching sour milk products with essential fatty acids]. Comparative investigations were conducted to produce arguments in favour of technology employed in preparing special acidified dairy products with an elevated proportion of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids for baby and dietetic nutrition. These investigations included a study into oxidative changes occurring in the vegetable oil during preparation of acidified milk by following two technological patterns that provide for introduction of the vegetable oil into the milk prior to its souring and into sour milk.", "PMID": 580662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_492", "title": "Measurement of plasma and erythrocyte chlorpromazine and N-monodesmethylchlorpromazine levels by gas chromatography with a nitrogen sensitive detector.", "content": "A new gas chromatographic method, employing a nitrogenphorphorus sensitive detector, for the measurement of chlorpromazine and N-monodesmethylchlorpromazine is described. The application of the method to the measurement of the drugs in clinical plasma and erythrocyte samples is demonstrated. It was found that the chlorpromazine concentration in the erythrocytes is positively and linearly correlated with the drug level in the plasma. However, a 4-fold inter-individual variation in the erythrocyte/plasma concentration ratios was evident. The concentration of the metabolite in the erythrocytes was found to be up to 27% of that of the parent compound. Chlorpromazine was unstable in palsma but stable in erythrocytes during a week's storage in the dark at -20 degrees. The possible clinical implications of our findings are discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma and erythrocyte chlorpromazine and N-monodesmethylchlorpromazine levels by gas chromatography with a nitrogen sensitive detector. A new gas chromatographic method, employing a nitrogenphorphorus sensitive detector, for the measurement of chlorpromazine and N-monodesmethylchlorpromazine is described. The application of the method to the measurement of the drugs in clinical plasma and erythrocyte samples is demonstrated. It was found that the chlorpromazine concentration in the erythrocytes is positively and linearly correlated with the drug level in the plasma. However, a 4-fold inter-individual variation in the erythrocyte/plasma concentration ratios was evident. The concentration of the metabolite in the erythrocytes was found to be up to 27% of that of the parent compound. Chlorpromazine was unstable in palsma but stable in erythrocytes during a week's storage in the dark at -20 degrees. The possible clinical implications of our findings are discussed.", "PMID": 580673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_493", "title": "Glutathione turnover in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "Isolated hepathocytes lost about half their content of GSH when treated in vitro with 90 nmol of diethylmaleate per 10(6) cells. Within one hour GSH started to accumulate in the cells, and the rate of accumulation was taken as a measure of the GSH synthesis rate. The rate was affected by additions of amino acids and horse serum to the incubation medium. The methionine and cysteine uptake rates were much lower than the rate of GSH synthesis and not affected by variations in the GSH synthesis rate. The methionine and cysteine uptake rates were not affected by horse serum. It is concluded that even though exogenous sulphur-containing amino acids facilitate GSH synthesis, the hepatic cysteine pool is to a large extent replenished by endogenous amino acids derived from protein degradation. In particular, this is the case when the turnover rate of the cysteine pool is increased by drug metabolism.", "contents": "Glutathione turnover in isolated hepatocytes. Isolated hepathocytes lost about half their content of GSH when treated in vitro with 90 nmol of diethylmaleate per 10(6) cells. Within one hour GSH started to accumulate in the cells, and the rate of accumulation was taken as a measure of the GSH synthesis rate. The rate was affected by additions of amino acids and horse serum to the incubation medium. The methionine and cysteine uptake rates were much lower than the rate of GSH synthesis and not affected by variations in the GSH synthesis rate. The methionine and cysteine uptake rates were not affected by horse serum. It is concluded that even though exogenous sulphur-containing amino acids facilitate GSH synthesis, the hepatic cysteine pool is to a large extent replenished by endogenous amino acids derived from protein degradation. In particular, this is the case when the turnover rate of the cysteine pool is increased by drug metabolism.", "PMID": 580674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_494", "title": "Serum levels and electrophysiological effects of N-acetlyprocainamide as compared with procainamide in the dog heart in situ.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of procainamide and its major metabolite N-acetylprocainamide were tested and compared on the heart of the anaesthetized dog by means of His bundle electrography and programmed electrical stimulation. Both drugs exerted a negative chromotropic effect. They also increased intra-atrial and intraventricular conduction times; procainamide was, however, the more potent of the two drugs. In contrast to procainamide, N-caetylprocainamide did not increase His-Purkinje and atrioventricular nodal conduction times, and at the lowest dose employed, atrioventricular nodal conduction times were decreased during atrial pacing. Both drugs increased the functional and effective refractory period of the right atrium and ventricle. N-acetylprocainamide increased the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node, but to a lesser extent than procainamide.", "contents": "Serum levels and electrophysiological effects of N-acetlyprocainamide as compared with procainamide in the dog heart in situ. The electrophysiological effects of procainamide and its major metabolite N-acetylprocainamide were tested and compared on the heart of the anaesthetized dog by means of His bundle electrography and programmed electrical stimulation. Both drugs exerted a negative chromotropic effect. They also increased intra-atrial and intraventricular conduction times; procainamide was, however, the more potent of the two drugs. In contrast to procainamide, N-caetylprocainamide did not increase His-Purkinje and atrioventricular nodal conduction times, and at the lowest dose employed, atrioventricular nodal conduction times were decreased during atrial pacing. Both drugs increased the functional and effective refractory period of the right atrium and ventricle. N-acetylprocainamide increased the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node, but to a lesser extent than procainamide.", "PMID": 580675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_495", "title": "Simultaneous and specific determination of proxyphylline, theophylline and other xanthine derivatives in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A HPLC-method for rapid, simultaneous and specific determination of proxyphylline, theophylline, glyphylline, theobromine, caffeine and 3-methylxanthine using 8-chlorotheophylline as internal standard is presented. Using 20 microliter deproteinised serum samples for injection, the the detection limits for theophylline and proxyphylline are about 0.040 and 0.055 microgram per ml serum or plasma, respectively, and the corresponding sensitivities are about 0.033 and 0.048 microgram compound for 0.0044 absorbance units at 280 nm. In duplicate analyses the coefficient of variation is less than 3%. A number of frequently used drugs did not interfere in the analyses of serum samples from patients under treatment or in experiments with drug additions to serum samples.", "contents": "Simultaneous and specific determination of proxyphylline, theophylline and other xanthine derivatives in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography. A HPLC-method for rapid, simultaneous and specific determination of proxyphylline, theophylline, glyphylline, theobromine, caffeine and 3-methylxanthine using 8-chlorotheophylline as internal standard is presented. Using 20 microliter deproteinised serum samples for injection, the the detection limits for theophylline and proxyphylline are about 0.040 and 0.055 microgram per ml serum or plasma, respectively, and the corresponding sensitivities are about 0.033 and 0.048 microgram compound for 0.0044 absorbance units at 280 nm. In duplicate analyses the coefficient of variation is less than 3%. A number of frequently used drugs did not interfere in the analyses of serum samples from patients under treatment or in experiments with drug additions to serum samples.", "PMID": 580676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_496", "title": "Myocardial pharmacokinetics of lithium in vitro.", "content": "The myocardial pharmacokinetics of ionised lithium were investigated in isolated, intact rabbit hearts, which were retrogradely perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing lithium in a concentration of 5 mM. The rate of myocardial accumulation of lithium as a function of time was indirectly followed at constant coronary flow by means of determination of the lithium content of fractional samples of the coronary output of perfusate collected during the lithium perfusion period. The disposition rate of lithium from the myocardium was similarly determined with respect to the time lapse after the perfusion had been switched over to a lithium-free liquid. The accumulation and disposition processes were found to fit bi-exponential functions, as an expression of the myocardium behaving as a two-compartment system obeying apparently first order, linear kinetics with respect to ionised lithium. A pronounced decrease of the uncomposite elimination rate constants k10 and especially k21 was observed after continuous perfusion with 5 mM lithium perfusion liquid for about 30 min. During this perfusion period at steady state, an absolute increase of myocardial lithium accumulation obviously took place. A possible correlation of these findings to the cardiac effects of lithium is discussed.", "contents": "Myocardial pharmacokinetics of lithium in vitro. The myocardial pharmacokinetics of ionised lithium were investigated in isolated, intact rabbit hearts, which were retrogradely perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing lithium in a concentration of 5 mM. The rate of myocardial accumulation of lithium as a function of time was indirectly followed at constant coronary flow by means of determination of the lithium content of fractional samples of the coronary output of perfusate collected during the lithium perfusion period. The disposition rate of lithium from the myocardium was similarly determined with respect to the time lapse after the perfusion had been switched over to a lithium-free liquid. The accumulation and disposition processes were found to fit bi-exponential functions, as an expression of the myocardium behaving as a two-compartment system obeying apparently first order, linear kinetics with respect to ionised lithium. A pronounced decrease of the uncomposite elimination rate constants k10 and especially k21 was observed after continuous perfusion with 5 mM lithium perfusion liquid for about 30 min. During this perfusion period at steady state, an absolute increase of myocardial lithium accumulation obviously took place. A possible correlation of these findings to the cardiac effects of lithium is discussed.", "PMID": 580677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_497", "title": "Ascorbic acid metabolism and the clinical factors which affect tissue saturation with ascorbic acid.", "content": "The factors which give rise to tissue desaturation of ascorbic acid are classified and discussed. Nutritional deprivation, normal physiological factors and metabolic factors, and pathophysiological factors may all give rise to acute and continuing ascorbic acid tissue desaturation while the factors continue to operate. Nutritional desaturation can easily be rectified by providing supplementary Vitamin C in adequate dosage. The other factors can only be rectified when the causative mechanism is arrested. Iatrogenic desaturation may be produced by aspirin and several other drugs. While causative factors excluding that of nutrition are operating, it is very difficult if not impossible to restore normal tissue values of ascorbic acid. In consequence side effects which arise from supplementary Vitamin C administration do not arise in these circumstances. The supplementary Vitamin C administration is defined as compensatory administration of Vitamin C. In healthy individuals administration of supplementary Vitamin C can be defined as (large doses). Such large doses may give rise to side effects. The mechanism by which ascorbic acid is involved in the inflammatory response is discussed.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid metabolism and the clinical factors which affect tissue saturation with ascorbic acid. The factors which give rise to tissue desaturation of ascorbic acid are classified and discussed. Nutritional deprivation, normal physiological factors and metabolic factors, and pathophysiological factors may all give rise to acute and continuing ascorbic acid tissue desaturation while the factors continue to operate. Nutritional desaturation can easily be rectified by providing supplementary Vitamin C in adequate dosage. The other factors can only be rectified when the causative mechanism is arrested. Iatrogenic desaturation may be produced by aspirin and several other drugs. While causative factors excluding that of nutrition are operating, it is very difficult if not impossible to restore normal tissue values of ascorbic acid. In consequence side effects which arise from supplementary Vitamin C administration do not arise in these circumstances. The supplementary Vitamin C administration is defined as compensatory administration of Vitamin C. In healthy individuals administration of supplementary Vitamin C can be defined as (large doses). Such large doses may give rise to side effects. The mechanism by which ascorbic acid is involved in the inflammatory response is discussed.", "PMID": 580687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_498", "title": "Interaction of erythorbic acid with ascorbic acid catabolism.", "content": "There exist altogether four stereoisomers of ascorbic acid. Erythorbic acid (D-isoascorbic acid) differs in the spatial configuration at carbon 5 and has less than 5 per cent of biological vitamin C activity. In guinea pigs, depending on an exogenous supply of ascorbic acid, a possible interaction of erythorbic acid with absorption, transport through the cell membranes at the tissue level, or with catabolism of ascorbic acid has been investigated. After oral administration, results suggest no difference in absorption of these two compounds from the intestine, whereas uptake by the tissues was approximately four to one in favour of ascorbic acid. Feeding experiments with erythorbic acid indicate the availability of ascorbic acid being diminished by 40-60% when administered together with erythorbic acid. Kinetic data on the catabolism of ascorbic acid showed a significant reduction in half-life (50% of the dose excreted) of the vitamin caused by administration of erythorbic acid. The results suggest the oxidative destruction of ascorbic acid in the liver being significantly accelerated. Thus, ingestion of erythorbic acid interacts with newly introduced ascorbic acid by enforcing the breakdown of ascorbic acid. Implications of these findings for the metabolism, availability and nutritional status of ascorbic acid in humans will be discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of erythorbic acid with ascorbic acid catabolism. There exist altogether four stereoisomers of ascorbic acid. Erythorbic acid (D-isoascorbic acid) differs in the spatial configuration at carbon 5 and has less than 5 per cent of biological vitamin C activity. In guinea pigs, depending on an exogenous supply of ascorbic acid, a possible interaction of erythorbic acid with absorption, transport through the cell membranes at the tissue level, or with catabolism of ascorbic acid has been investigated. After oral administration, results suggest no difference in absorption of these two compounds from the intestine, whereas uptake by the tissues was approximately four to one in favour of ascorbic acid. Feeding experiments with erythorbic acid indicate the availability of ascorbic acid being diminished by 40-60% when administered together with erythorbic acid. Kinetic data on the catabolism of ascorbic acid showed a significant reduction in half-life (50% of the dose excreted) of the vitamin caused by administration of erythorbic acid. The results suggest the oxidative destruction of ascorbic acid in the liver being significantly accelerated. Thus, ingestion of erythorbic acid interacts with newly introduced ascorbic acid by enforcing the breakdown of ascorbic acid. Implications of these findings for the metabolism, availability and nutritional status of ascorbic acid in humans will be discussed.", "PMID": 580693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_499", "title": "Ocular neovascularization. The Krill memorial lecture.", "content": "The various vascular systems of the eye can undergo new vessel formation. In this presentation, I discuss new vessel growth in the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve head. No single factor can explain all cases of ocular neovascularization; instead there are multiple factors which can affect the various susceptible vessels. Among the known vasculognic factors are: inflammation and its products, a hypoxic retina diffusable factor, the \"tumor angiogenic factor,\" and possibly an aging factor. The different ocular beds possess differing sensitivity to the various vasculogenic stimuli; the iris and choroid being most sensitive and the retina and ciliary body least sensitive to such stimuli. Retinal neovascularization requires both a biochemical factor and a diseased retinal vascular bed for its induction. Ocular neovascularization is a dynamic process which requires a persisting stimulus or else the new vessels tend to regress. The normal eye seems to possess at least two antivasculogenic agents.", "contents": "Ocular neovascularization. The Krill memorial lecture. The various vascular systems of the eye can undergo new vessel formation. In this presentation, I discuss new vessel growth in the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve head. No single factor can explain all cases of ocular neovascularization; instead there are multiple factors which can affect the various susceptible vessels. Among the known vasculognic factors are: inflammation and its products, a hypoxic retina diffusable factor, the \"tumor angiogenic factor,\" and possibly an aging factor. The different ocular beds possess differing sensitivity to the various vasculogenic stimuli; the iris and choroid being most sensitive and the retina and ciliary body least sensitive to such stimuli. Retinal neovascularization requires both a biochemical factor and a diseased retinal vascular bed for its induction. Ocular neovascularization is a dynamic process which requires a persisting stimulus or else the new vessels tend to regress. The normal eye seems to possess at least two antivasculogenic agents.", "PMID": 580695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_500", "title": "Acute toxicity of penicillic acid and rubratoxin B in dogs.", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneally administered penicillic acid, a mycotoxin produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, on female dogs of mixed breeding was determined by serum tests, by observation of clinical signs and survival times, and by evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions. Combination studies employing penicillic acid and a second mycotoxin, rubratoxin B, also were undertaken. Post mortem examination disclosed hemorrhaging of the serosal surfaces of the abdomen of dogs receiving penicillic acid. The most significant histologic change observed in penicillic-acid-treated dogs was congestion and dilatation of hepatic sinusoids. Extensive hepatic changes of the liver were noted only in the dog receiving 20 mg/kg penicillic acid. There was no evidence of parenchymal necrosis in any of the liver samples examined from animals given penicillic acid. A predominently peripheral lobular depletion of glycogen in parenchymal cytoplasm also was seen in liver sections from animals exposed to penicillic acid. Although slight decreases in lactic dehydrogenase were observed, no trends were detected in the several blood enzymes and serum constituents examined that could be specifically related to penicillic acid intoxification. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and survival time varied in relation to duration of exposure and total dose of rubratoxin B administered. The lesions in animals injected with 1.0 mg/kg rubratoxin B consisted of mild hepatic necrosis and degenerative changes in renal tubular epithelium. An additive effect due to the combined administration of penicillic acid and rubratoxin B was observed only by an elevation in serum sodium and chlorine levels.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of penicillic acid and rubratoxin B in dogs. The effect of intraperitoneally administered penicillic acid, a mycotoxin produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, on female dogs of mixed breeding was determined by serum tests, by observation of clinical signs and survival times, and by evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions. Combination studies employing penicillic acid and a second mycotoxin, rubratoxin B, also were undertaken. Post mortem examination disclosed hemorrhaging of the serosal surfaces of the abdomen of dogs receiving penicillic acid. The most significant histologic change observed in penicillic-acid-treated dogs was congestion and dilatation of hepatic sinusoids. Extensive hepatic changes of the liver were noted only in the dog receiving 20 mg/kg penicillic acid. There was no evidence of parenchymal necrosis in any of the liver samples examined from animals given penicillic acid. A predominently peripheral lobular depletion of glycogen in parenchymal cytoplasm also was seen in liver sections from animals exposed to penicillic acid. Although slight decreases in lactic dehydrogenase were observed, no trends were detected in the several blood enzymes and serum constituents examined that could be specifically related to penicillic acid intoxification. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and survival time varied in relation to duration of exposure and total dose of rubratoxin B administered. The lesions in animals injected with 1.0 mg/kg rubratoxin B consisted of mild hepatic necrosis and degenerative changes in renal tubular epithelium. An additive effect due to the combined administration of penicillic acid and rubratoxin B was observed only by an elevation in serum sodium and chlorine levels.", "PMID": 580698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_501", "title": "Efficacy of seven anthelmintics against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus.", "content": "In an experimental patent infection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in golden hamsters the efficacy of seven anthelmintics was tested; bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, tetramisole, tetrachlorethylene, phenylene 1,4-diisothiocyanate, thiabendazole, parbendazole and mebendazole were studied. Mebendazole was the most effective, with parbendazole, phenylene 1,4-diisothiocyanate, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate also satisfactory. Tetrachlorethylene and tetramisole were the least effective in our screen.", "contents": "Efficacy of seven anthelmintics against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. In an experimental patent infection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in golden hamsters the efficacy of seven anthelmintics was tested; bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, tetramisole, tetrachlorethylene, phenylene 1,4-diisothiocyanate, thiabendazole, parbendazole and mebendazole were studied. Mebendazole was the most effective, with parbendazole, phenylene 1,4-diisothiocyanate, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate also satisfactory. Tetrachlorethylene and tetramisole were the least effective in our screen.", "PMID": 580701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_502", "title": "[Fetal lung maturity in differen abnormal pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of pathological situations to fetal lung maturation during the last 9 weeks of pregnancy was studied. Lung maturity was determined by four different methods, analyzing the concentration of surfactant in amniotic fluid L/S ratio was measured planimetrically and densitometrically, foam test and surface tension of the liquor amnii were used on this purpose. 89 normal pregnancies for obtaining normal values served as a basis for comparison with pathological events. A general retardation of fetal lung maturity showed 26 patients with rhesus isoimmunization so as 26 patients with diabetes classes A, B and C (White). In three pregnancies complicated by diabetes class D a remarkable acceleration of fetal lung maturity was obvious. 30 patients with placental insufficiency sui generis presented a very inhomogenous development of the fetal lung, whereas in 35 patients with EPH-gestosis a minute acceleration between 33th and 37th week of gestation was found. A good correlation between all of the used methods for measuring the concentration of surfactant was noted. Best reliability in correct prediction of lung maturity showed the method of measuring the surface-tension of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Fetal lung maturity in differen abnormal pregnancies (author's transl)]. The influence of pathological situations to fetal lung maturation during the last 9 weeks of pregnancy was studied. Lung maturity was determined by four different methods, analyzing the concentration of surfactant in amniotic fluid L/S ratio was measured planimetrically and densitometrically, foam test and surface tension of the liquor amnii were used on this purpose. 89 normal pregnancies for obtaining normal values served as a basis for comparison with pathological events. A general retardation of fetal lung maturity showed 26 patients with rhesus isoimmunization so as 26 patients with diabetes classes A, B and C (White). In three pregnancies complicated by diabetes class D a remarkable acceleration of fetal lung maturity was obvious. 30 patients with placental insufficiency sui generis presented a very inhomogenous development of the fetal lung, whereas in 35 patients with EPH-gestosis a minute acceleration between 33th and 37th week of gestation was found. A good correlation between all of the used methods for measuring the concentration of surfactant was noted. Best reliability in correct prediction of lung maturity showed the method of measuring the surface-tension of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 580702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_503", "title": "[Measurements of spontaneous pressure changes in the arterial vessels and in the tissue of bovine ovaries perfused in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "12 bovine ovaries were perfused in a closed circuit system using a semisynthetic hemoglobinfree perfusate. The pressure in the ovarian tissue and the arterial pressure were recorded simultaneously. Arterial and tissue pressure changes were noticed in bovine ovaries, as have been described in other species. It could be shown that pressure in the vascular system and the arterial pressure may vary independently. It appears as if spontaneous pressure changes in the in vitro perfused ovary are more pronounced in frequency and amplitude during the phase of follicle maturation.", "contents": "[Measurements of spontaneous pressure changes in the arterial vessels and in the tissue of bovine ovaries perfused in vitro (author's transl)]. 12 bovine ovaries were perfused in a closed circuit system using a semisynthetic hemoglobinfree perfusate. The pressure in the ovarian tissue and the arterial pressure were recorded simultaneously. Arterial and tissue pressure changes were noticed in bovine ovaries, as have been described in other species. It could be shown that pressure in the vascular system and the arterial pressure may vary independently. It appears as if spontaneous pressure changes in the in vitro perfused ovary are more pronounced in frequency and amplitude during the phase of follicle maturation.", "PMID": 580703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_504", "title": "[Chorioangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Considering our own data and after reviewing the literature the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In 0.41% of all births the incidence of a chorioangioma is to be expected. 2. Small chorioangiomas are much more frequent than large ones. In most cases, they occur solitary, only sometimes multiple. 3. Most of the chorioangiomas are located centrally in placental tissue or at the fetal side in relation to the chorion. 4. A classification of five histological types can be made: Type I: Endotheliomatous chorioangioma; Type II: Capillary chorioangioma; Type III: Cavernous chorioangioma; Type IV: Fibrosing chorioangioma; Type V: Fibroma. 5. There is no significant relationship to the mother's age. The incidence is higher in primipari. The rates of gestones as well as the rates of prematurity and still birth increased with these tumors. 6. Hydramnion as well as fetal complications are entailed with large or multiple tumors.", "contents": "[Chorioangioma (author's transl)]. Considering our own data and after reviewing the literature the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In 0.41% of all births the incidence of a chorioangioma is to be expected. 2. Small chorioangiomas are much more frequent than large ones. In most cases, they occur solitary, only sometimes multiple. 3. Most of the chorioangiomas are located centrally in placental tissue or at the fetal side in relation to the chorion. 4. A classification of five histological types can be made: Type I: Endotheliomatous chorioangioma; Type II: Capillary chorioangioma; Type III: Cavernous chorioangioma; Type IV: Fibrosing chorioangioma; Type V: Fibroma. 5. There is no significant relationship to the mother's age. The incidence is higher in primipari. The rates of gestones as well as the rates of prematurity and still birth increased with these tumors. 6. Hydramnion as well as fetal complications are entailed with large or multiple tumors.", "PMID": 580704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_505", "title": "[Is there a possibility of paraplacental oxygenation of fetal blood? First results of an investigation with fluorocarbon (author's transl)].", "content": "By checking the cardiotropic effect on fetal rabbits we tried to find out weather there is a possibility of paraplacental oxygenation of fetal blood. Amniotic caves of nine fetal rabbits of 28th or 29th day of gestation are perfused with Perfluorobutyltetrahydrofuran (FX 80, 3 M Comp., St. Paul, Minn., USA) continuously. This was done by double blind investigation. The fetal heart rate is written by Hewlett-Packard-cardiotocograph. Therefore we use modificated EEG-electrodes. 48 h before we cut the spinal cord of the pregnant animals just for analgesie. So we exclude the influence of analgesics or narcotics. After complete interruption of uterine blood supply you can find an initial reduction of fetal heart rate. Using fluorocarbon we notice an increasing or stabilisation of fetal heart rate of all rabbit fetus. In comparison with control animals the difference is high significant. The cardial survival rate of four fetal rabbits treated with fluorocarbon is prolonged up to 50 min. During this time all \"fluorocarbon fetus\" never died earlier than the control animals. Lots of new questions are provoked by our results. One has to find an answer.", "contents": "[Is there a possibility of paraplacental oxygenation of fetal blood? First results of an investigation with fluorocarbon (author's transl)]. By checking the cardiotropic effect on fetal rabbits we tried to find out weather there is a possibility of paraplacental oxygenation of fetal blood. Amniotic caves of nine fetal rabbits of 28th or 29th day of gestation are perfused with Perfluorobutyltetrahydrofuran (FX 80, 3 M Comp., St. Paul, Minn., USA) continuously. This was done by double blind investigation. The fetal heart rate is written by Hewlett-Packard-cardiotocograph. Therefore we use modificated EEG-electrodes. 48 h before we cut the spinal cord of the pregnant animals just for analgesie. So we exclude the influence of analgesics or narcotics. After complete interruption of uterine blood supply you can find an initial reduction of fetal heart rate. Using fluorocarbon we notice an increasing or stabilisation of fetal heart rate of all rabbit fetus. In comparison with control animals the difference is high significant. The cardial survival rate of four fetal rabbits treated with fluorocarbon is prolonged up to 50 min. During this time all \"fluorocarbon fetus\" never died earlier than the control animals. Lots of new questions are provoked by our results. One has to find an answer.", "PMID": 580705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_506", "title": "[The effect of sexual steroids on the isometric contraction of the isolated rat diaphragm (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of estradiolbenzoate, hydroprogesteroncapronate and pregnancy on the mechanical reaction of the directly and indirectly stimulated nerve-diaphragm preparation has been the subject of this investigation. Rats were ovario-ectomized and the hormone preparations were injected subcutaneously. After a lapse of 9 days the test preparation was made. 1. Estrogen and the estrogen-gestagen combination have a similar effect on the isometric contraction of the transversely striated muscle. The times of rising and relaxation were prolonged after indirect and direct stimulation. The contraction amplitude had not altered compared to the control group. 2. Gestagens and the hormone situation of pregnancy entail, independent of the kind of stimulation, a decrease of the tension progress and the speed of the tension increase. The gestagen-treated animals underwent a shortened contraction process. These findings enable us to comment on the different efficiencies of women during various cycle phases and during pregnancy.", "contents": "[The effect of sexual steroids on the isometric contraction of the isolated rat diaphragm (author's transl)]. The influence of estradiolbenzoate, hydroprogesteroncapronate and pregnancy on the mechanical reaction of the directly and indirectly stimulated nerve-diaphragm preparation has been the subject of this investigation. Rats were ovario-ectomized and the hormone preparations were injected subcutaneously. After a lapse of 9 days the test preparation was made. 1. Estrogen and the estrogen-gestagen combination have a similar effect on the isometric contraction of the transversely striated muscle. The times of rising and relaxation were prolonged after indirect and direct stimulation. The contraction amplitude had not altered compared to the control group. 2. Gestagens and the hormone situation of pregnancy entail, independent of the kind of stimulation, a decrease of the tension progress and the speed of the tension increase. The gestagen-treated animals underwent a shortened contraction process. These findings enable us to comment on the different efficiencies of women during various cycle phases and during pregnancy.", "PMID": 580706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_507", "title": "Intrauterine development, feto-placental function and pregnancy outcome after induction of ovulation with bromoergocryptine.", "content": "18 pregnancies occurred after treatment with bromoergocryptine in 17 patients who wished to conceive, but who suffered from anovulation of varying aetiology. The course of 15 pregnancies was uneventful. Three pregnancies ended in abortion. Nine of the 17 women had hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Furthermore, one woman had normoprolactinemic post-pill amenorrhea, another normoprolactinemic anovulatory oligomenorrhea and a third normoprolactinemic anovulatory regular menstruations. With the exception of one woman, all had galactorrhea. The courses of pregnancy were monitored by frequent ultrasound measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter, maternal urinary estriol excretion and radioimmunological measurements of plasma estrone, estradiol, unconjugated and immunoreactive estriol, progesterone, and HPL. All data were within the normal ranges and all babies were healthy at birth and had no teratogenic defects. The data prove the great value of bromoergocryptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic anovulation, sometimes even in the treatment of normoprolactinemic anovulation. Moreover, the results indicate no adverse effect on either the course or the outcome of pregnancy.", "contents": "Intrauterine development, feto-placental function and pregnancy outcome after induction of ovulation with bromoergocryptine. 18 pregnancies occurred after treatment with bromoergocryptine in 17 patients who wished to conceive, but who suffered from anovulation of varying aetiology. The course of 15 pregnancies was uneventful. Three pregnancies ended in abortion. Nine of the 17 women had hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Furthermore, one woman had normoprolactinemic post-pill amenorrhea, another normoprolactinemic anovulatory oligomenorrhea and a third normoprolactinemic anovulatory regular menstruations. With the exception of one woman, all had galactorrhea. The courses of pregnancy were monitored by frequent ultrasound measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter, maternal urinary estriol excretion and radioimmunological measurements of plasma estrone, estradiol, unconjugated and immunoreactive estriol, progesterone, and HPL. All data were within the normal ranges and all babies were healthy at birth and had no teratogenic defects. The data prove the great value of bromoergocryptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic anovulation, sometimes even in the treatment of normoprolactinemic anovulation. Moreover, the results indicate no adverse effect on either the course or the outcome of pregnancy.", "PMID": 580707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_508", "title": "Peritoneal foreign body granulomas to keratin in uterine adenocanthoma.", "content": "Four cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia (so-called adenocanthoma) of the uterus were associated with granulomatous inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum. The inflammation was the result of a foreign-body response to keratin that desquamated from the surface of the tumor and was carried to the peritoneal cavity through the lumen of the Fallopian tubes. The absence of viable neoplastic cells and favorable follow-up examinations in these patients indicate that the presence of peritoneal keratin granulomas in association with endometrial adenoacanthoma should not be regarded as an indicator of metastatic spread.", "contents": "Peritoneal foreign body granulomas to keratin in uterine adenocanthoma. Four cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia (so-called adenocanthoma) of the uterus were associated with granulomatous inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum. The inflammation was the result of a foreign-body response to keratin that desquamated from the surface of the tumor and was carried to the peritoneal cavity through the lumen of the Fallopian tubes. The absence of viable neoplastic cells and favorable follow-up examinations in these patients indicate that the presence of peritoneal keratin granulomas in association with endometrial adenoacanthoma should not be regarded as an indicator of metastatic spread.", "PMID": 580709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_509", "title": "Transient pseudoleukocytosis caused by cryocrystalglobulinemia.", "content": "A patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and cryoglobulinemia was found to have pseudoleukocytosis when a leukocyte count was performed on an electronic particle counter. This apparent increase in the leukocyte count was found to be caused by spontaneous crystallization of the cryoglobulin. Further studies showed that this phenomenon was transient. Disappearance of the spontaneous crystal formation without a change in the level of cryoglobulin suggests the possibility of an interaction between the cryoglobulin and a plasma component. Factors affecting spontaneous crystallization of cryoglobulins and the laboratory as well as the clinical implications of pseudoleukocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Transient pseudoleukocytosis caused by cryocrystalglobulinemia. A patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and cryoglobulinemia was found to have pseudoleukocytosis when a leukocyte count was performed on an electronic particle counter. This apparent increase in the leukocyte count was found to be caused by spontaneous crystallization of the cryoglobulin. Further studies showed that this phenomenon was transient. Disappearance of the spontaneous crystal formation without a change in the level of cryoglobulin suggests the possibility of an interaction between the cryoglobulin and a plasma component. Factors affecting spontaneous crystallization of cryoglobulins and the laboratory as well as the clinical implications of pseudoleukocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 580708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_510", "title": "Angiomyxoma of umbilical cord.", "content": "A rare angiomyxoma of umbilica cord occurred in a male infant. The presence of such a tumor with its vascular component arising from a hypoplastic umbilical artery supports the hypothesis that the lesions arose through improper placental vascularization.", "contents": "Angiomyxoma of umbilical cord. A rare angiomyxoma of umbilica cord occurred in a male infant. The presence of such a tumor with its vascular component arising from a hypoplastic umbilical artery supports the hypothesis that the lesions arose through improper placental vascularization.", "PMID": 580710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_511", "title": "Benign and malignant struma ovarii.", "content": "Three cases of struma ovarii are reported, two of which were benign, and one which was malignant. Immunoperoxidase studies confirmed that the tumors secreted triiodothyronine and thyroxine, but no carcinoembryonic antigen nor alpha-fetoprotein. In the case of the malignant struma ovarii, the patient's thyroid was histologically normal, and thus the possibility of a metastasis to the ovary from a primary thyroid carcinoma was excluded.", "contents": "Benign and malignant struma ovarii. Three cases of struma ovarii are reported, two of which were benign, and one which was malignant. Immunoperoxidase studies confirmed that the tumors secreted triiodothyronine and thyroxine, but no carcinoembryonic antigen nor alpha-fetoprotein. In the case of the malignant struma ovarii, the patient's thyroid was histologically normal, and thus the possibility of a metastasis to the ovary from a primary thyroid carcinoma was excluded.", "PMID": 580711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_512", "title": "A sarcoma of myofibroblasts: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "A low-grade spindle cell sarcoma was shown by electron microscopy to be composed of myofibroblasts. It is suggested that the occurrence of myofibroblasts in spindle cell sarcomas might be of prognostic significance and that a systematic study to elucidate this point would be a valuable exercise.", "contents": "A sarcoma of myofibroblasts: an ultrastructural study. A low-grade spindle cell sarcoma was shown by electron microscopy to be composed of myofibroblasts. It is suggested that the occurrence of myofibroblasts in spindle cell sarcomas might be of prognostic significance and that a systematic study to elucidate this point would be a valuable exercise.", "PMID": 580712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_513", "title": "Unusual variant of lipid-rich mammary carcinoma.", "content": "A variant of lipid-secreting mammary carcinoma shared many of the features of previously reported lipid-rich breast tumors, ultrastructurally as well as clinically and by light microscopy. In addition, electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a dual-cell population where the more aggressive cell, which resembled an altered myoepithelial cell, was responsible for the lipid production. The tumor also demonstrated some similarity to medullary carcinoma and may represent a variant of this type of mammary tumor.", "contents": "Unusual variant of lipid-rich mammary carcinoma. A variant of lipid-secreting mammary carcinoma shared many of the features of previously reported lipid-rich breast tumors, ultrastructurally as well as clinically and by light microscopy. In addition, electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a dual-cell population where the more aggressive cell, which resembled an altered myoepithelial cell, was responsible for the lipid production. The tumor also demonstrated some similarity to medullary carcinoma and may represent a variant of this type of mammary tumor.", "PMID": 580713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_514", "title": "Nemaline myopathy.", "content": "Nemaline myopathy occurred sporadically in a 59-year-old woman. She had slowly progressive weakness. A muscle biopsy specimen showed nemaline rods, increased variation in fiber size, apparent loss of Type IIb fiber differentiation, and a \"moth-eaten\" pattern of the intermyofibrillar network. At least 44 cases of this disorder have been reported. Clinically, they showed several different modes of onset, patterns of muscle group involvement, and rates of progression. There was a suggestion of familial involvement in at least half. In addition to the presence of nemaline rods, pathological abnormalities of muscle biopsy specimens were quite variable. Results of recent biochemical studies have shown abnormal myosin in a patient with rod myopathy. A hypothesis is proposed that relates the diverse clinical and histological features of this disease to a hereditary molecular abnormality of myosin synthesis.", "contents": "Nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathy occurred sporadically in a 59-year-old woman. She had slowly progressive weakness. A muscle biopsy specimen showed nemaline rods, increased variation in fiber size, apparent loss of Type IIb fiber differentiation, and a \"moth-eaten\" pattern of the intermyofibrillar network. At least 44 cases of this disorder have been reported. Clinically, they showed several different modes of onset, patterns of muscle group involvement, and rates of progression. There was a suggestion of familial involvement in at least half. In addition to the presence of nemaline rods, pathological abnormalities of muscle biopsy specimens were quite variable. Results of recent biochemical studies have shown abnormal myosin in a patient with rod myopathy. A hypothesis is proposed that relates the diverse clinical and histological features of this disease to a hereditary molecular abnormality of myosin synthesis.", "PMID": 580714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_515", "title": "Gallbladder with ectopic gastric mucosa: ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings of two patients with ectopic gastric mucosa within the gallbladder are studied and compared with the findings recorded in the literature. A contrast between incidental and symptomatic ectopia was noted in these cases. Morphologically bountiful parietal cells were noted in our symptomatic case, while sparse parietal cells were found in our incidental case.", "contents": "Gallbladder with ectopic gastric mucosa: ultrastructural analysis. The clinical and pathological findings of two patients with ectopic gastric mucosa within the gallbladder are studied and compared with the findings recorded in the literature. A contrast between incidental and symptomatic ectopia was noted in these cases. Morphologically bountiful parietal cells were noted in our symptomatic case, while sparse parietal cells were found in our incidental case.", "PMID": 580715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_516", "title": "Late complications of prosthetic heart valves.", "content": "Iatrogenic lesions induced during prosthesis insertion are likely to be encountered by a pathologist examining a patient who died of late complications of heart-valve prosthesis. The lesions are classified as those that may occur in any patient who has had a heart-valve prosthesis inserted, including the iatrogenic type and those that are uniquely associated with a particular prosthesis because of its structure or design.", "contents": "Late complications of prosthetic heart valves. Iatrogenic lesions induced during prosthesis insertion are likely to be encountered by a pathologist examining a patient who died of late complications of heart-valve prosthesis. The lesions are classified as those that may occur in any patient who has had a heart-valve prosthesis inserted, including the iatrogenic type and those that are uniquely associated with a particular prosthesis because of its structure or design.", "PMID": 580718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_517", "title": "Subvalvular left ventricular false aneurysm complicating mitral valve replacement.", "content": "Surgical replacement of the mitral valve by a prosthetic valve may lead to localized disruption of atrioventricular continuity resulting from direct surgical trauma or from delayed rupture of the weakened annulus. Such disruption leads to subepicardial hematoma formation that may remain localized if pericardial adhesions are present. Of two patients who suffered this complication, the first died of rupture of the epicardial hematoma. The hemorrhage in the second patient was contained by pericardial adhesions and had organized, thus resulting in a subannular left ventricular false aneurysm. The aneurysm was found incidentally at autopsy after the patient died of cerebral embolism from prosthetic valve thrombi.", "contents": "Subvalvular left ventricular false aneurysm complicating mitral valve replacement. Surgical replacement of the mitral valve by a prosthetic valve may lead to localized disruption of atrioventricular continuity resulting from direct surgical trauma or from delayed rupture of the weakened annulus. Such disruption leads to subepicardial hematoma formation that may remain localized if pericardial adhesions are present. Of two patients who suffered this complication, the first died of rupture of the epicardial hematoma. The hemorrhage in the second patient was contained by pericardial adhesions and had organized, thus resulting in a subannular left ventricular false aneurysm. The aneurysm was found incidentally at autopsy after the patient died of cerebral embolism from prosthetic valve thrombi.", "PMID": 580719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_518", "title": "Morphological effects of moderate diet and clofibrate on swine atherosclerosis.", "content": "Early proliferative coronary atherosclerosis was produced in swine by feeding them a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 17 months, at which time one group of animals was killed (reference group), while the remainder was transferred for 12 months to a moderate diet that resulted in serum cholesterol levels of about 190 mg/100 ml. The moderate diet only did not decrease the size of coronary lesions, but prevented their progression. The addition of clofibrate therapy caused regression that involved a significant decrease in size, gross sudanophilia, and extent of calcification and the disappearance of foam-cell lesions. Resultant serum cholesterol levels appear to be more important than the amount of dietary cholesterol in the progression, prevention, and regression of swine coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Morphological effects of moderate diet and clofibrate on swine atherosclerosis. Early proliferative coronary atherosclerosis was produced in swine by feeding them a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 17 months, at which time one group of animals was killed (reference group), while the remainder was transferred for 12 months to a moderate diet that resulted in serum cholesterol levels of about 190 mg/100 ml. The moderate diet only did not decrease the size of coronary lesions, but prevented their progression. The addition of clofibrate therapy caused regression that involved a significant decrease in size, gross sudanophilia, and extent of calcification and the disappearance of foam-cell lesions. Resultant serum cholesterol levels appear to be more important than the amount of dietary cholesterol in the progression, prevention, and regression of swine coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 580720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_519", "title": "Biochemical effects of moderate diet and clofibrate on swine atherosclerosis.", "content": "Aortic atherosclerotic lesions were induced in swine by feeding them an atherogenic diet for 17 months. The effect of a moderate diet (up to 8 gm of cholesterol per day), with or without added clofibrate therapy, for the subsequent 12 months was assessed by biochemical analysis of carefully dissected lesions and adjacent nonlesion areas. The moderate diet alone prevented \"progression,\" except for accumulation of free cholesterol and enhancement of total protein and collagen synthesis, and caused regression of DNA concentration to nonlesion levels. The addition of clofibrate therapy enhanced regression, with significant decreases in DNA and esterified cholesterol concentrations and in the rate of DNA synthesis. Extrapolation of these results to man suggests that a \"sensible\" level of dietary lipid may be prophylactic against further progression, while addition of an effective hypolipemic drug may be therapeutically useful.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of moderate diet and clofibrate on swine atherosclerosis. Aortic atherosclerotic lesions were induced in swine by feeding them an atherogenic diet for 17 months. The effect of a moderate diet (up to 8 gm of cholesterol per day), with or without added clofibrate therapy, for the subsequent 12 months was assessed by biochemical analysis of carefully dissected lesions and adjacent nonlesion areas. The moderate diet alone prevented \"progression,\" except for accumulation of free cholesterol and enhancement of total protein and collagen synthesis, and caused regression of DNA concentration to nonlesion levels. The addition of clofibrate therapy enhanced regression, with significant decreases in DNA and esterified cholesterol concentrations and in the rate of DNA synthesis. Extrapolation of these results to man suggests that a \"sensible\" level of dietary lipid may be prophylactic against further progression, while addition of an effective hypolipemic drug may be therapeutically useful.", "PMID": 580721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_520", "title": "Cardiovascular manifestations of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Autopsies were performed in three cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) to evaluate the cardiovascular changes. The endocardial lesion characterized by intimal fibroelastotic thickening and disorganization, fragmentation, and calcification of elastic fibers in the deeper endocardial layers is unique histologically. Severe atherosclerosis was present in all cases and resembled that encountered routinely. Fragmentation and degeneration of the elastic laminae of muscular arteries was followed by vascular calcification that could not be distinguished morphologically from M\u00f6nckeberg's arteriosclerosis. All three cases showed striking initimal fibroelastotic thickening, particularly in intrarenal arteries, resembling that seen in hypertension, although only one of the subjects was hypertensive. It would appear that the metabolic defect in PXE predisposes to the premature onset and accelerated development of commonly encountered vascular aging processes, and that the endocardial lesion is the only specific cardiovascular manifestation of the disease.", "contents": "Cardiovascular manifestations of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Autopsies were performed in three cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) to evaluate the cardiovascular changes. The endocardial lesion characterized by intimal fibroelastotic thickening and disorganization, fragmentation, and calcification of elastic fibers in the deeper endocardial layers is unique histologically. Severe atherosclerosis was present in all cases and resembled that encountered routinely. Fragmentation and degeneration of the elastic laminae of muscular arteries was followed by vascular calcification that could not be distinguished morphologically from M\u00f6nckeberg's arteriosclerosis. All three cases showed striking initimal fibroelastotic thickening, particularly in intrarenal arteries, resembling that seen in hypertension, although only one of the subjects was hypertensive. It would appear that the metabolic defect in PXE predisposes to the premature onset and accelerated development of commonly encountered vascular aging processes, and that the endocardial lesion is the only specific cardiovascular manifestation of the disease.", "PMID": 580722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_521", "title": "Resolution and repair of elastic tissue calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of a skin lesion from a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum were obtained at the beginning and end of a 1 1/2-year period of clinically documented regression of the lesion. Light microscopic studies of these specimens showed that, during the period of regression, there was a decrease in the number of abnormal calcified elastic fibers in the dermis. Electron microscopic findings were interpreted as indicating breakdown and removal of mineralized elastic fibers at the beginning and formation of new elastic fibers at the end of the regression period. Cytoplasmic processes of active fibroblasts were intimately associated with fibers undergoing dissolution. The case thus represents a clinically and morphologically documented example of resolution and repair of elastic tissue calcification.", "contents": "Resolution and repair of elastic tissue calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Biopsy specimens of a skin lesion from a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum were obtained at the beginning and end of a 1 1/2-year period of clinically documented regression of the lesion. Light microscopic studies of these specimens showed that, during the period of regression, there was a decrease in the number of abnormal calcified elastic fibers in the dermis. Electron microscopic findings were interpreted as indicating breakdown and removal of mineralized elastic fibers at the beginning and formation of new elastic fibers at the end of the regression period. Cytoplasmic processes of active fibroblasts were intimately associated with fibers undergoing dissolution. The case thus represents a clinically and morphologically documented example of resolution and repair of elastic tissue calcification.", "PMID": 580723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_522", "title": "Foamy myocardial transformation of infancy: 'lipid' or 'histiocytoid' myocardiopathy.", "content": "Two cases of a distinctive infantile myocardiopathy were studied by light and electron microscopy. They represent the 15th and 16th reported examples of this condition, and include the first associated with morphologically classical endocardial fibroelastosis. The condition is characterized by the presence of clusters of foamy or granular cells scattered throughout the myocardium. Ultrastructural studies indicate (1) that lipid storage is not a feature of the condition, and (2) that the abnormal fibers are characterized by a reduced number of fibrils and an increased number of mitochondria. It is proposed that the lesion should be called \"foamy myocardial transformation of infancy,\" and it is speculated that the condition is an acquired metabolic disorder, perhaps occurring in patients abnormally predisposed to such an acquisition.", "contents": "Foamy myocardial transformation of infancy: 'lipid' or 'histiocytoid' myocardiopathy. Two cases of a distinctive infantile myocardiopathy were studied by light and electron microscopy. They represent the 15th and 16th reported examples of this condition, and include the first associated with morphologically classical endocardial fibroelastosis. The condition is characterized by the presence of clusters of foamy or granular cells scattered throughout the myocardium. Ultrastructural studies indicate (1) that lipid storage is not a feature of the condition, and (2) that the abnormal fibers are characterized by a reduced number of fibrils and an increased number of mitochondria. It is proposed that the lesion should be called \"foamy myocardial transformation of infancy,\" and it is speculated that the condition is an acquired metabolic disorder, perhaps occurring in patients abnormally predisposed to such an acquisition.", "PMID": 580724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_523", "title": "Experimental myositis ossificans: cartilage and bone formation in muscle in response to a diffusible bone matrix-derived morphogen.", "content": "Bone matrix gelatin, prepared by chemical extraction of soluble noncollagenous proteins, was half digested with a chromatographically purified collagenase. The residue was placed on one side and autologous muscle on the other side of cellulose acetate membranes in diffusion chambers and tissue cultures. In this avascular system, the muscle septa connective tissue proliferated and differentiated into cartilage. Muscle tissue cultured in media conditioned with matrix residues and then transferred into a vascularized muscle pouch differentiated into cartilage and bone. These observations form the basis for a working hypothesis that myositis ossificans is a response of new populations of proliferating intramuscular connective tissue cells to a bone matrix-derived diffusible molecule.", "contents": "Experimental myositis ossificans: cartilage and bone formation in muscle in response to a diffusible bone matrix-derived morphogen. Bone matrix gelatin, prepared by chemical extraction of soluble noncollagenous proteins, was half digested with a chromatographically purified collagenase. The residue was placed on one side and autologous muscle on the other side of cellulose acetate membranes in diffusion chambers and tissue cultures. In this avascular system, the muscle septa connective tissue proliferated and differentiated into cartilage. Muscle tissue cultured in media conditioned with matrix residues and then transferred into a vascularized muscle pouch differentiated into cartilage and bone. These observations form the basis for a working hypothesis that myositis ossificans is a response of new populations of proliferating intramuscular connective tissue cells to a bone matrix-derived diffusible molecule.", "PMID": 580725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_524", "title": "Congophilic angiopathy and cerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "All the cases of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage that were autopsied between 1965 and 1976 at at Kuakini Hospital, Hawaii, were analyzed to determine the frequency of coexistent cerebral congophilic angiopathy. Seven of 75 cases (9.3%) were confirmed to have deposition of amyloid in the intracerebral vessels by means of polarized light microscopy and electron microscopy. The cerebral congophilic angiopathy was found to have predilection for aged patients and women (ratio of 6:1). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, systemic amyloidosis, and paraproteinemia did not appear to be associated with this change. There is, however, a strong correlation between classic as well as compact senile plaques and this vascular lesion.", "contents": "Congophilic angiopathy and cerebral hemorrhage. All the cases of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage that were autopsied between 1965 and 1976 at at Kuakini Hospital, Hawaii, were analyzed to determine the frequency of coexistent cerebral congophilic angiopathy. Seven of 75 cases (9.3%) were confirmed to have deposition of amyloid in the intracerebral vessels by means of polarized light microscopy and electron microscopy. The cerebral congophilic angiopathy was found to have predilection for aged patients and women (ratio of 6:1). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, systemic amyloidosis, and paraproteinemia did not appear to be associated with this change. There is, however, a strong correlation between classic as well as compact senile plaques and this vascular lesion.", "PMID": 580726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_525", "title": "Pathology of the adrenal gland in refractory low-renin hypertension.", "content": "The adrenal glands of 13 patients with low-renin hypertension that was refractory to medical treatment were examined. Eight patients underwent total adrenalectomies and five underwent subtotal adrenalectomies. All of these patients had grossly visible adrenocortical changes. Ten patients had gross cortical nodules, and ten showed nonnodular cortical hyperplasia; seven had both. All ten patients with gross nodules had microscopic nodules as well. Of the 13 patients with low-renin hypertension, 12 (92%) had substantially lower blood pressure postoperatively without medication. During a follow-up period ranging from 14 to 38 months, three patients were normotensive without medication, nine patients had lowered blood pressures without medication and were easily maintained normotensive on antihypertensive medication, and one patient had no significant reduction in blood pressure postoperatively and no improvement in blood pressure control with antihypertensive drugs.", "contents": "Pathology of the adrenal gland in refractory low-renin hypertension. The adrenal glands of 13 patients with low-renin hypertension that was refractory to medical treatment were examined. Eight patients underwent total adrenalectomies and five underwent subtotal adrenalectomies. All of these patients had grossly visible adrenocortical changes. Ten patients had gross cortical nodules, and ten showed nonnodular cortical hyperplasia; seven had both. All ten patients with gross nodules had microscopic nodules as well. Of the 13 patients with low-renin hypertension, 12 (92%) had substantially lower blood pressure postoperatively without medication. During a follow-up period ranging from 14 to 38 months, three patients were normotensive without medication, nine patients had lowered blood pressures without medication and were easily maintained normotensive on antihypertensive medication, and one patient had no significant reduction in blood pressure postoperatively and no improvement in blood pressure control with antihypertensive drugs.", "PMID": 580727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_526", "title": "Methylmercury chloride induces learning deficits in prenatally treated rats.", "content": "Methylmercury chloride (MMC) was given to pregnant rats on the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th day after conception in doses of 0.05 and 2.0 mg/kg/day. The female offspring of these animals were tested 90 days after birth for learning ability using operant conditioning procedures. The rats were kept at 90% of their normal body weight and trained in a lever-box to press a bar in order to obtain a food pellet. Significant differences in the acquisition speed became apparent when the ratio of bar presses to reward was increased in a classical contingency of differential reinforcement of high rates even at MMC-doses of 4 X 0.05 mg/kg. These differences were not found in the general motility level nor in motor coordination.", "contents": "Methylmercury chloride induces learning deficits in prenatally treated rats. Methylmercury chloride (MMC) was given to pregnant rats on the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th day after conception in doses of 0.05 and 2.0 mg/kg/day. The female offspring of these animals were tested 90 days after birth for learning ability using operant conditioning procedures. The rats were kept at 90% of their normal body weight and trained in a lever-box to press a bar in order to obtain a food pellet. Significant differences in the acquisition speed became apparent when the ratio of bar presses to reward was increased in a classical contingency of differential reinforcement of high rates even at MMC-doses of 4 X 0.05 mg/kg. These differences were not found in the general motility level nor in motor coordination.", "PMID": 580731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_527", "title": "The index line as a new aid in clinical and forensic toxicology.", "content": "On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, we investigated the use of electronic data processing for clinical toxicological purposes. Initially, sufficient funds were available for a comprehensive approach to the problem and programs covering the following areas were established: 1. A casuistic data program; 2. an identification program for wild fruits; 3. a program for the identification of tablets by their shapes. Due to a subsequent lack of funds, it was necessary to develop a partial solution: this solution is what we call the Index Line. The Index Line--limited data on poisonings--should enable the user to receive information by telex from the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, i.e., information on \"who has what, where\". As a first step the continuous Index Line registration of all cases of poisoning recorded at the poison control centers in Munich, Freiburg, Hamburg, and N\u00fcrnberg as well as at the State Institute for Food, Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry in Berlin was founded in 1975. To participate in the program, complete instructions are necessary.", "contents": "The index line as a new aid in clinical and forensic toxicology. On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, we investigated the use of electronic data processing for clinical toxicological purposes. Initially, sufficient funds were available for a comprehensive approach to the problem and programs covering the following areas were established: 1. A casuistic data program; 2. an identification program for wild fruits; 3. a program for the identification of tablets by their shapes. Due to a subsequent lack of funds, it was necessary to develop a partial solution: this solution is what we call the Index Line. The Index Line--limited data on poisonings--should enable the user to receive information by telex from the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, i.e., information on \"who has what, where\". As a first step the continuous Index Line registration of all cases of poisoning recorded at the poison control centers in Munich, Freiburg, Hamburg, and N\u00fcrnberg as well as at the State Institute for Food, Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry in Berlin was founded in 1975. To participate in the program, complete instructions are necessary.", "PMID": 580733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_528", "title": "Bile acid conjugation in the chimpanzee: effective sulfation of lithocholic acid.", "content": "To characterize the hepatic biotransformation in the chimpanzee of the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (chenic) and its major bacterial metabolite lithocholic acid (lithocholic) a mixture of trace amounts of 14C-lithocholic and 3H-chenic was injected intravenously into two animals with a bile fistula; the chemical form of radioactivity appearing in bile was inferred using thin layer chromatography. About 80% of chenic, and 70% of lithocholic was recovered in 90 min. Chenic was completely conjugated in bile, appearing predominantly as chenyltaurine (52%) and chenylglycine (37%). An unidentified conjugate (about 11%) was also found. Lithocholic was excreted completely as taurine and glycine conjugates, but the majority (63%) of conjugates was sulfated. Sulfation increased progressively with time, and lithocholylglycine was sulfated more than lithocholyltaurine. We conclude that the chimpanzee is similar to man in that the secondary bile acid lithocholic is efficiently sulfated. The chimpanzee thus differs from the baboon and rhesus monkey which sulfate lithocholic poorly. However, the chimpanzee differs from man and is similar to the baboon and rhesus monkey in showing preferential conjugation of bile acids with taurine. The results imply that hepatotoxicity caused by chenic, which is well documented in the rhesus monkey and baboon and has been related to defective lithocholic sulfation, should not occur in the chimpanzee.", "contents": "Bile acid conjugation in the chimpanzee: effective sulfation of lithocholic acid. To characterize the hepatic biotransformation in the chimpanzee of the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (chenic) and its major bacterial metabolite lithocholic acid (lithocholic) a mixture of trace amounts of 14C-lithocholic and 3H-chenic was injected intravenously into two animals with a bile fistula; the chemical form of radioactivity appearing in bile was inferred using thin layer chromatography. About 80% of chenic, and 70% of lithocholic was recovered in 90 min. Chenic was completely conjugated in bile, appearing predominantly as chenyltaurine (52%) and chenylglycine (37%). An unidentified conjugate (about 11%) was also found. Lithocholic was excreted completely as taurine and glycine conjugates, but the majority (63%) of conjugates was sulfated. Sulfation increased progressively with time, and lithocholylglycine was sulfated more than lithocholyltaurine. We conclude that the chimpanzee is similar to man in that the secondary bile acid lithocholic is efficiently sulfated. The chimpanzee thus differs from the baboon and rhesus monkey which sulfate lithocholic poorly. However, the chimpanzee differs from man and is similar to the baboon and rhesus monkey in showing preferential conjugation of bile acids with taurine. The results imply that hepatotoxicity caused by chenic, which is well documented in the rhesus monkey and baboon and has been related to defective lithocholic sulfation, should not occur in the chimpanzee.", "PMID": 580732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_529", "title": "Effect of selenium on the organ distribution and binding of bismuth in rat tissues.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of bismuth, both single and multiple, resulted in deposition of this metal mainly in the kidneys which contained over 50% of the 'accessible pool' of bismuth. In the kidneys bismuth was bound mainly by the soluble fraction in which it was complexed with a protein of molecular weight of about 7000. Multiple administration of bismuth increased the level of this protein. Selenite administration brought about an increase in the 'accessible pool' of bismuth, probably due to a drop in excretion, and also changes in the organ distribution of this metal. The retention in the kidneys was diminished while those in the liver and in other tissues were augmented. These changes were accompanied by a change in the chemical form of bismuth present in the kidneys manifested by the total disappearance of the protein complex of molecular weight of 7000. The increased synthesis of this protein due to bismuth administration was not abolished completely.", "contents": "Effect of selenium on the organ distribution and binding of bismuth in rat tissues. Subcutaneous administration of bismuth, both single and multiple, resulted in deposition of this metal mainly in the kidneys which contained over 50% of the 'accessible pool' of bismuth. In the kidneys bismuth was bound mainly by the soluble fraction in which it was complexed with a protein of molecular weight of about 7000. Multiple administration of bismuth increased the level of this protein. Selenite administration brought about an increase in the 'accessible pool' of bismuth, probably due to a drop in excretion, and also changes in the organ distribution of this metal. The retention in the kidneys was diminished while those in the liver and in other tissues were augmented. These changes were accompanied by a change in the chemical form of bismuth present in the kidneys manifested by the total disappearance of the protein complex of molecular weight of 7000. The increased synthesis of this protein due to bismuth administration was not abolished completely.", "PMID": 580734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_530", "title": "Selective cytotoxic actions of aspirin on parietal cells: a principal factor in the early stages of aspirin-induced gastric damage.", "content": "Electronmicroscopic observations are reported on the effects of orally administered aspirin on the rat gastric mucosa to establish the cytotoxic events that occur during the early stages of the development of gastric damage induced by this drug. The results show that aspirin, apart from damaging superficial mucous cells, causes selective damage to the acid-secreting parietal cells located deep in the fundic mucosa. It is suggested that the selective accumulation of salicylates in the parietal cells may account for the specific cytotoxic actions of aspirin on these cells.", "contents": "Selective cytotoxic actions of aspirin on parietal cells: a principal factor in the early stages of aspirin-induced gastric damage. Electronmicroscopic observations are reported on the effects of orally administered aspirin on the rat gastric mucosa to establish the cytotoxic events that occur during the early stages of the development of gastric damage induced by this drug. The results show that aspirin, apart from damaging superficial mucous cells, causes selective damage to the acid-secreting parietal cells located deep in the fundic mucosa. It is suggested that the selective accumulation of salicylates in the parietal cells may account for the specific cytotoxic actions of aspirin on these cells.", "PMID": 580735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_531", "title": "The diagnosis of organophosphorus fatal intoxication by the AChE activity in CSF.", "content": "A preliminary test for the diagnosis of intoxications with organophosphorous pesticides in fatal cases is described, based on the fact that these compounds inhibit AChE activity. For this purpose we measured AChE activity in CSF in 30 samples from fresh bodies autopsied after traffic accidents and in six after poisoning with organophosphorous insecticides. In order to exclude any other effect on the postmortem inactivation of the enzyme e.g. putrefaction we determined the AChE activity under different conditions. Thus we confirmed that in the reference samples, regardless the conditions, the activity of the enzyme was detectable at least 48 h after death, while in cases of poisoning the detection of AChE was inevitable early after death.", "contents": "The diagnosis of organophosphorus fatal intoxication by the AChE activity in CSF. A preliminary test for the diagnosis of intoxications with organophosphorous pesticides in fatal cases is described, based on the fact that these compounds inhibit AChE activity. For this purpose we measured AChE activity in CSF in 30 samples from fresh bodies autopsied after traffic accidents and in six after poisoning with organophosphorous insecticides. In order to exclude any other effect on the postmortem inactivation of the enzyme e.g. putrefaction we determined the AChE activity under different conditions. Thus we confirmed that in the reference samples, regardless the conditions, the activity of the enzyme was detectable at least 48 h after death, while in cases of poisoning the detection of AChE was inevitable early after death.", "PMID": 580736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_532", "title": "[The vessels of the inner ear (author's transl)].", "content": "The inner ear as an example of a highly specialized sensory organ also possesses a highly specialized vascularisation. This represents an impressive example for a reasonable adaption of the terminal blood vessels to a specific function of the organ fulfilling more than only the nutrition. In this paper the microvascular bed of the cochlea is examined using both the injection method of the vessels and the biomicroscopic observation in vivo. The combination of these technics supported by histologic and stereoscan microscopic examinations has made it possible to give an account of the functional  morphology of the inner ear vessels. As a detailed structural analysis of the vessels morphology with the help of dyes that fill the whole of the vessels space  (i.e. Berlin blue) is not possible, perfusion experiments with silver nitrate were performed on the inner ear. After the perfusion the vessels are cleaned again, the silver however imbibes the intercellular reticular substances and after exposure produces a continous and sharp framework of the endothelium and--when present--muscular cells, thus showing the angioarchitectural contours. There is a very clear division of the cochlear vessels in a three dimensional space: The arterial and venous vessels are vividly separated from one another, forming two systems of microvascular units in the lateral wall and the spiral lamina. Each unit begins with special blood vessel convoluts in the modiolus, consisting of loops of arterioles. They are weakly muscularized whereas no muscle structures are seen elsewhere in the other parts of the inner ear vessels. There are no a.-v. anastomoses or sphinkters at all. The function of the vessel loops in the modiolus is to flatten the pulse wave as well as to regulate the blood flow in the microvascular bed by vasomotion. This was proved by statistical examinations of 1200 measurements of the widths of the vessels at several points of the cochlea in a blind study with and without vasoactive drugs. The terminology of the vessels is not standardized. The nomenclature in this paper has regard to the classification of the vessels, the course and the topographic localisation. Silver staining reveals changes in the form of the endothelium cells from the arterial towards the venous end. While the arteries show a long stretched spinle or lancet like form they change over blunt, oval, triangular or rhomboid forms into polygonal cells with spiked border lines at the venules. All experiments together give an account that the blood supply of the inner ear is in close correlation with the blood supply of the brain and too possesses autoregulative mechanisms, which must be localized in the convoluts at the beginning of every microvascular unit of the cochlear vessels.", "contents": "[The vessels of the inner ear (author's transl)]. The inner ear as an example of a highly specialized sensory organ also possesses a highly specialized vascularisation. This represents an impressive example for a reasonable adaption of the terminal blood vessels to a specific function of the organ fulfilling more than only the nutrition. In this paper the microvascular bed of the cochlea is examined using both the injection method of the vessels and the biomicroscopic observation in vivo. The combination of these technics supported by histologic and stereoscan microscopic examinations has made it possible to give an account of the functional  morphology of the inner ear vessels. As a detailed structural analysis of the vessels morphology with the help of dyes that fill the whole of the vessels space  (i.e. Berlin blue) is not possible, perfusion experiments with silver nitrate were performed on the inner ear. After the perfusion the vessels are cleaned again, the silver however imbibes the intercellular reticular substances and after exposure produces a continous and sharp framework of the endothelium and--when present--muscular cells, thus showing the angioarchitectural contours. There is a very clear division of the cochlear vessels in a three dimensional space: The arterial and venous vessels are vividly separated from one another, forming two systems of microvascular units in the lateral wall and the spiral lamina. Each unit begins with special blood vessel convoluts in the modiolus, consisting of loops of arterioles. They are weakly muscularized whereas no muscle structures are seen elsewhere in the other parts of the inner ear vessels. There are no a.-v. anastomoses or sphinkters at all. The function of the vessel loops in the modiolus is to flatten the pulse wave as well as to regulate the blood flow in the microvascular bed by vasomotion. This was proved by statistical examinations of 1200 measurements of the widths of the vessels at several points of the cochlea in a blind study with and without vasoactive drugs. The terminology of the vessels is not standardized. The nomenclature in this paper has regard to the classification of the vessels, the course and the topographic localisation. Silver staining reveals changes in the form of the endothelium cells from the arterial towards the venous end. While the arteries show a long stretched spinle or lancet like form they change over blunt, oval, triangular or rhomboid forms into polygonal cells with spiked border lines at the venules. All experiments together give an account that the blood supply of the inner ear is in close correlation with the blood supply of the brain and too possesses autoregulative mechanisms, which must be localized in the convoluts at the beginning of every microvascular unit of the cochlear vessels.", "PMID": 580738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_533", "title": "[Anatomy, variations and malformations of the vessels of the head and neck region (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short review of developmental data concerning the head and neck arteries, the normal conditions, variations and malformations of single arteries are described. Special attention is paied to the skeletotopic and topographic relations of the arteries. In every bigger vessel its length, position, origin and branches are described, and in most cases are also demonstrated by diagrams and tables. As the aortic arch may also reach the neck region, its variation and malformations as well as the variations of its branches are mentioned. The variations and the malformations of the inominate artery, of the common carotid artery, as well as of the external and internal carotid arteries are described. The practical importance of these variations is stressed. Upon description of variations and malformations anatomical, surgical und roentgenological findings described in literature, as well as personal experiences are considered. Special attention has been paied to the variations of the circulus arteriosus Willisi, to the persistence of the presegmental arteries and to the possibility of formation of a by-pass in occlusion or aplasia of cerebral arteries. The position of the subclavian artery, its variations and the variations of its branches are described. After a short embryological introduction, the variations of the venous system and its anastomoses are described. At the end, the main variations of the big lymphatic vessels in the neck are mentioned.", "contents": "[Anatomy, variations and malformations of the vessels of the head and neck region (author's transl)]. After a short review of developmental data concerning the head and neck arteries, the normal conditions, variations and malformations of single arteries are described. Special attention is paied to the skeletotopic and topographic relations of the arteries. In every bigger vessel its length, position, origin and branches are described, and in most cases are also demonstrated by diagrams and tables. As the aortic arch may also reach the neck region, its variation and malformations as well as the variations of its branches are mentioned. The variations and the malformations of the inominate artery, of the common carotid artery, as well as of the external and internal carotid arteries are described. The practical importance of these variations is stressed. Upon description of variations and malformations anatomical, surgical und roentgenological findings described in literature, as well as personal experiences are considered. Special attention has been paied to the variations of the circulus arteriosus Willisi, to the persistence of the presegmental arteries and to the possibility of formation of a by-pass in occlusion or aplasia of cerebral arteries. The position of the subclavian artery, its variations and the variations of its branches are described. After a short embryological introduction, the variations of the venous system and its anastomoses are described. At the end, the main variations of the big lymphatic vessels in the neck are mentioned.", "PMID": 580737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_534", "title": "[Surgery of neck vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "The progress in vascular surgery offers to the otolaryngologist a remarkable increase of his surgical activities. This is especially true in the field of tumor surgery in the region of the carotid arteries and the jugular vein (e.g. removement of carotid body-tumor, lymphnode deposits by neckdissection etc.). Both the ligature of the internal as the common carotid arteries should be--when ever possible--avoided. The method of choice is an arterial reconstruction (by direct vascular suture or an autogenous venous graft respectively a Dacronprosthesis). In the presence of wound infection or damaged soft tissue by radiation any vascular repair is contraindicated except of an extra-anatomic bypass-procedure. Every otolaryngologist engaged with great neck surgery should be familiar with the basic principles of vascular surgery and should keep a set of vascular instruments available. Some neck interventions, dealing with the great vessels, are best performed in teamwork of laryngologist and vascular surgeon.", "contents": "[Surgery of neck vessels (author's transl)]. The progress in vascular surgery offers to the otolaryngologist a remarkable increase of his surgical activities. This is especially true in the field of tumor surgery in the region of the carotid arteries and the jugular vein (e.g. removement of carotid body-tumor, lymphnode deposits by neckdissection etc.). Both the ligature of the internal as the common carotid arteries should be--when ever possible--avoided. The method of choice is an arterial reconstruction (by direct vascular suture or an autogenous venous graft respectively a Dacronprosthesis). In the presence of wound infection or damaged soft tissue by radiation any vascular repair is contraindicated except of an extra-anatomic bypass-procedure. Every otolaryngologist engaged with great neck surgery should be familiar with the basic principles of vascular surgery and should keep a set of vascular instruments available. Some neck interventions, dealing with the great vessels, are best performed in teamwork of laryngologist and vascular surgeon.", "PMID": 580739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_535", "title": "The growth kinetics of synovial fibroblastic cells from inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies.", "content": "The growth kinetics of subcultured human synovial fibroblasts from 16 patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies were studied in antibiotic free media. The experimental design allowed a clear distinction between the growth rates and final saturation densities achieved. The effects of refeeding and of the serum concentration were evaluated for each line. Inflammatory lines achieved significantly higher final saturation densities and growth rates than noninflammatory lines for most protocols, but the differences between rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid groups were less marked. Inflammaroty fibroblasts demonstrated a greater independence to nutritional and growth stimulatory factors in their microenvironment than noninflammatory fibroblasts.", "contents": "The growth kinetics of synovial fibroblastic cells from inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies. The growth kinetics of subcultured human synovial fibroblasts from 16 patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies were studied in antibiotic free media. The experimental design allowed a clear distinction between the growth rates and final saturation densities achieved. The effects of refeeding and of the serum concentration were evaluated for each line. Inflammatory lines achieved significantly higher final saturation densities and growth rates than noninflammatory lines for most protocols, but the differences between rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid groups were less marked. Inflammaroty fibroblasts demonstrated a greater independence to nutritional and growth stimulatory factors in their microenvironment than noninflammatory fibroblasts.", "PMID": 580742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_536", "title": "[Angiography of face and skull base (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomic and technical conditions of the angiography of the face and the skull base are described. The significance of the catheter technique for selective demonstration of branches of the external carotid artery is stressed. The communications between the internal and the external carotid artery are discussed as well as the angiographic problems of arteriovenous fistulae and of hypervascular tumors. The selective angiography of the internal and the external carotid artery is an important tool of neuroradiology. By exact anatomic correlation of individual vessels and pathologic processes of the face and the skull base it is of interest also for oto-rhino-laryngology. Because of pain associated with the injection of contrast material general anaesthesia is deriable for the angiography of the external carotid artery.", "contents": "[Angiography of face and skull base (author's transl)]. The anatomic and technical conditions of the angiography of the face and the skull base are described. The significance of the catheter technique for selective demonstration of branches of the external carotid artery is stressed. The communications between the internal and the external carotid artery are discussed as well as the angiographic problems of arteriovenous fistulae and of hypervascular tumors. The selective angiography of the internal and the external carotid artery is an important tool of neuroradiology. By exact anatomic correlation of individual vessels and pathologic processes of the face and the skull base it is of interest also for oto-rhino-laryngology. Because of pain associated with the injection of contrast material general anaesthesia is deriable for the angiography of the external carotid artery.", "PMID": 580741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_537", "title": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. VII. 2- and 4-Alkoxy derivatives of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (author's transl)].", "content": "19 derivatives, 10 a--t, of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (1a) with alkoxy-, hydroxy-, and methylmercapto substituents in 4- and/or 2-position were synthesized with the aim of studying the influence of these substituents on antimalarial activity and toxicity of 1a. The alkoxy derivatives of 1a are highly active against P. vinckei (mouse). The 2- and 4-hydroxy derivatives, 10 l and 10 m, are inactive.", "contents": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. VII. 2- and 4-Alkoxy derivatives of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (author's transl)]. 19 derivatives, 10 a--t, of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (1a) with alkoxy-, hydroxy-, and methylmercapto substituents in 4- and/or 2-position were synthesized with the aim of studying the influence of these substituents on antimalarial activity and toxicity of 1a. The alkoxy derivatives of 1a are highly active against P. vinckei (mouse). The 2- and 4-hydroxy derivatives, 10 l and 10 m, are inactive.", "PMID": 580743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_538", "title": "Uridine enhances the chemotherapeutic action of the 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-thenylidene-glucoside (VM 26)-cyclophosphamide combination on i.m. implanted Ehrlich carcinoma.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic effectiveness of the simultaneously used combination of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-thenylidene-glucoside (VM 26) and cyclophosphamide was significantly enhanced by uridine in i.m. implanted Ehrlich carcinoma without increasing toxicity when uridine was applied sequentially at an interval of 20 h.", "contents": "Uridine enhances the chemotherapeutic action of the 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-thenylidene-glucoside (VM 26)-cyclophosphamide combination on i.m. implanted Ehrlich carcinoma. The chemotherapeutic effectiveness of the simultaneously used combination of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-thenylidene-glucoside (VM 26) and cyclophosphamide was significantly enhanced by uridine in i.m. implanted Ehrlich carcinoma without increasing toxicity when uridine was applied sequentially at an interval of 20 h.", "PMID": 580745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_539", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies of the antiarrhythmic drugs ajmaline and N-propylajmaline bitartrate in dogs.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive fluorometric method for the determination of ajmaline and N-propylajmaline (NPA) was used to follow serum concentrations after an i.v. administration of ajmaline, after an oral administration of ajmaline, and an oral dose of NPA bitartrate (NPAB) in beagle dogs. Ajmaline was eliminated from serum with an apparent half-life of approximately 1 h and NPA with one of approximately 4 h. 1 h after i.v. and oral administration of 50 mg of ajmaline the serum levels were of the same order of magnitude. The bioavailability of oral ajmaline, calculated from the area under the serum concentration/time curves, was about 90%. The peak serum concentrations of ajmaline and NPA after a single oral dose of 50 mg of ajmaline and NPAB were about 1.4 microgram/ml and 0.6 microgram/ml, respectively, the latter calculated as its bitartrate, with about the same peak time: 1 h.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies of the antiarrhythmic drugs ajmaline and N-propylajmaline bitartrate in dogs. A rapid, sensitive fluorometric method for the determination of ajmaline and N-propylajmaline (NPA) was used to follow serum concentrations after an i.v. administration of ajmaline, after an oral administration of ajmaline, and an oral dose of NPA bitartrate (NPAB) in beagle dogs. Ajmaline was eliminated from serum with an apparent half-life of approximately 1 h and NPA with one of approximately 4 h. 1 h after i.v. and oral administration of 50 mg of ajmaline the serum levels were of the same order of magnitude. The bioavailability of oral ajmaline, calculated from the area under the serum concentration/time curves, was about 90%. The peak serum concentrations of ajmaline and NPA after a single oral dose of 50 mg of ajmaline and NPAB were about 1.4 microgram/ml and 0.6 microgram/ml, respectively, the latter calculated as its bitartrate, with about the same peak time: 1 h.", "PMID": 580746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_540", "title": "Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401) on hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral hemodynamics.", "content": "The effects of d-3-acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyll-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem hydrochloride; CRD-401) on the hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral arteries were investigated in dogs. The results obtained were as follows: 1. At an i.v. dose of 100 microgram/kg, CRD-401 lowered the mean aortic blood pressure (-5%). It also decreased the diastolic aortic blood pressure (-11%) but did not affect the systolic aortic blood pressure. 2. The mean aortic blood pressure decreased after injection of CRD-401, but the blood flows in the hepatic, superior mesneteric and femoral arteries increased to 33%, 31% and 17%, respectively, more than did the control values and the vascular resistances of these arteries decreased by 25%, 27% and 17%, respectively. The present study obviously demonstrates that CRD-401 has vasodilating action on the hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral arteries.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride (CRD-401) on hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral hemodynamics. The effects of d-3-acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyll-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem hydrochloride; CRD-401) on the hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral arteries were investigated in dogs. The results obtained were as follows: 1. At an i.v. dose of 100 microgram/kg, CRD-401 lowered the mean aortic blood pressure (-5%). It also decreased the diastolic aortic blood pressure (-11%) but did not affect the systolic aortic blood pressure. 2. The mean aortic blood pressure decreased after injection of CRD-401, but the blood flows in the hepatic, superior mesneteric and femoral arteries increased to 33%, 31% and 17%, respectively, more than did the control values and the vascular resistances of these arteries decreased by 25%, 27% and 17%, respectively. The present study obviously demonstrates that CRD-401 has vasodilating action on the hepatic, superior mesenteric and femoral arteries.", "PMID": 580747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_541", "title": "[Haemorrhage and haemostasis in face, visceral cranium, neck and middle ear region (author's transl)].", "content": "Head and neck surgery is accompanied by more or less heavy tendency to bleed. Spontaneous bleeding will occur, because of general and local peculiarities depending on the vascularisation of this region. The general part of the paper deals with normal haemostasis and the diagnosis of haemorrhagic diathesis. This part also shows simple surgical measures in order to stop bleeding. The special section of the paper explains bleeding problems by case history. Here mainly complications are shown exceedingly imporant to the ENT Doctor, because of their more common frequency i.e. nose-bleeding, adenotonsillextomy as well as alarming haemorrhage from great vessels of the neck (arrosion bleeding of the carotid artery, lesion due to accidents and following necksurgery).", "contents": "[Haemorrhage and haemostasis in face, visceral cranium, neck and middle ear region (author's transl)]. Head and neck surgery is accompanied by more or less heavy tendency to bleed. Spontaneous bleeding will occur, because of general and local peculiarities depending on the vascularisation of this region. The general part of the paper deals with normal haemostasis and the diagnosis of haemorrhagic diathesis. This part also shows simple surgical measures in order to stop bleeding. The special section of the paper explains bleeding problems by case history. Here mainly complications are shown exceedingly imporant to the ENT Doctor, because of their more common frequency i.e. nose-bleeding, adenotonsillextomy as well as alarming haemorrhage from great vessels of the neck (arrosion bleeding of the carotid artery, lesion due to accidents and following necksurgery).", "PMID": 580740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_542", "title": "Effects of diltiazem Hydrochloride (CRD-401) on renal hemodynamics of dogs.", "content": "The effect of d-3-acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5H)one hydrochloride (ditiazem hydrochloride, CRD-401) on renal hemodynamics was investigated in 18 mongrel adult dogs, and the following results were obtained. 1. Renal blood flow (RBF) was significantly increased following i.v. injection of 100 microgram/kg of CRD-401, in spite of decreased ao-tic blood pressure. Moreover the same dose of the drug elicited greater increase in RBF while the renal arteries were perfused at a constant pressure in order to prevent the decrease in systemic blood pressure from affecting RBF. These results suggest that CRD-401 has a vasodilatory action on the renal arteries. 2. The increasing rate of RBF and decreasing rate of renal vascular resistance (RVR) after injection of the drug into the renal artery at the dose level of 3 microgram/kg were found to diminish by pretreatment with hexamethonium (C6) before CRD-401. The vasodilating effect of CRD-401 on the renal arteries was therefore assumed to be more prominent in a state of renal arterial constriction. 3. RBF and RVR were increased and decreased, respectively, in proportion to the doses of CRD-401 ranging from 3 to 100 microgram/kg, the vasodilating action of CRD-401 on the renal arteries increased dose-dependently.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem Hydrochloride (CRD-401) on renal hemodynamics of dogs. The effect of d-3-acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4(5H)one hydrochloride (ditiazem hydrochloride, CRD-401) on renal hemodynamics was investigated in 18 mongrel adult dogs, and the following results were obtained. 1. Renal blood flow (RBF) was significantly increased following i.v. injection of 100 microgram/kg of CRD-401, in spite of decreased ao-tic blood pressure. Moreover the same dose of the drug elicited greater increase in RBF while the renal arteries were perfused at a constant pressure in order to prevent the decrease in systemic blood pressure from affecting RBF. These results suggest that CRD-401 has a vasodilatory action on the renal arteries. 2. The increasing rate of RBF and decreasing rate of renal vascular resistance (RVR) after injection of the drug into the renal artery at the dose level of 3 microgram/kg were found to diminish by pretreatment with hexamethonium (C6) before CRD-401. The vasodilating effect of CRD-401 on the renal arteries was therefore assumed to be more prominent in a state of renal arterial constriction. 3. RBF and RVR were increased and decreased, respectively, in proportion to the doses of CRD-401 ranging from 3 to 100 microgram/kg, the vasodilating action of CRD-401 on the renal arteries increased dose-dependently.", "PMID": 580748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_543", "title": "Improvement of perfusion flow in the isolated rat liver under the influence of streptase. Autohistoradiographic aspects of 125I-labelled fibrinogen deposition.", "content": "The dynamics of the fibrinoplastic process were studied in rat isolated liver, perfused in normothermia with a synthetical medium. For the autohistoradiographical study, 125I-labelled fibrinogen was added to the perfusing medium. The historadiograms obtained suggest that the main link in the rise of trans-hepatic vascular resistance is thickening of the fibrin muff of the sinusoids. Consequent reduction of the capillary permeability determines favourable conditions for stasis and massive precipitation of fibrinogen under the form of fibrin thrombi into the intrahepatic vessels. Streptase addition to the perfusion medium prevents the intervention of these mechanisms during the studied period.", "contents": "Improvement of perfusion flow in the isolated rat liver under the influence of streptase. Autohistoradiographic aspects of 125I-labelled fibrinogen deposition. The dynamics of the fibrinoplastic process were studied in rat isolated liver, perfused in normothermia with a synthetical medium. For the autohistoradiographical study, 125I-labelled fibrinogen was added to the perfusing medium. The historadiograms obtained suggest that the main link in the rise of trans-hepatic vascular resistance is thickening of the fibrin muff of the sinusoids. Consequent reduction of the capillary permeability determines favourable conditions for stasis and massive precipitation of fibrinogen under the form of fibrin thrombi into the intrahepatic vessels. Streptase addition to the perfusion medium prevents the intervention of these mechanisms during the studied period.", "PMID": 580749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_544", "title": "Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of oxepinac.", "content": "The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) was investigated in several animal species. The LD50 value was lower in rats than in rabbits, mice and dogs. The major cause of death was perforative ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract. Long-term study in rats revealed that oxepinac produced no hematological, blood chemical and pathological changes except for minor anemia and fatal ulcer formation occurring predominantly in females. Oxepinac proved to be less toxic than indometacin in chronic toxicity in rats.", "contents": "Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of oxepinac. The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) was investigated in several animal species. The LD50 value was lower in rats than in rabbits, mice and dogs. The major cause of death was perforative ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract. Long-term study in rats revealed that oxepinac produced no hematological, blood chemical and pathological changes except for minor anemia and fatal ulcer formation occurring predominantly in females. Oxepinac proved to be less toxic than indometacin in chronic toxicity in rats.", "PMID": 580754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_545", "title": "Teratogenicity study of oxepinac in mice and rabbits.", "content": "Teratogenic effects of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) were examined in mice and rabbits. Oxepinac was orally given to pregnant animals during the organogenesis period at 3, 30 and 90 mg/kg/day for mice, and at 3, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for rabbits. It can be concluded that oxepinac has no teratogenic effect on fetuses in mice and rabbits. In addition, the medication of oxepinac to pregnant mice does not adversely affect the postnatal development of their pups.", "contents": "Teratogenicity study of oxepinac in mice and rabbits. Teratogenic effects of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-3-acetic acid (oxepinac) were examined in mice and rabbits. Oxepinac was orally given to pregnant animals during the organogenesis period at 3, 30 and 90 mg/kg/day for mice, and at 3, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for rabbits. It can be concluded that oxepinac has no teratogenic effect on fetuses in mice and rabbits. In addition, the medication of oxepinac to pregnant mice does not adversely affect the postnatal development of their pups.", "PMID": 580755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_546", "title": "[In vitro tests for the reduction of high norepinephrine, barbiturate and bromide concentrations in blood by hemofiltration (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro tests have shown that a treatment of blood according to the principle of hemofiltration is suitable both for the normalisation of excessive norepinephrine plasma level, e.g. following severe burns, and also for the elimination of toxic quantities of barbiturate and bromide resulting from poisoning by sedatives.", "contents": "[In vitro tests for the reduction of high norepinephrine, barbiturate and bromide concentrations in blood by hemofiltration (author's transl)]. In vitro tests have shown that a treatment of blood according to the principle of hemofiltration is suitable both for the normalisation of excessive norepinephrine plasma level, e.g. following severe burns, and also for the elimination of toxic quantities of barbiturate and bromide resulting from poisoning by sedatives.", "PMID": 580757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_547", "title": "[A multiple iteration program for determining global pharmacokinetic constants on a digital computer (author's transl)].", "content": "A program for determining pharmacokinetic constants on the basis of multiple iterations is described. After obtaining values for tmax, cmax and kel by means of graphs, the program calculates all important constants as well as the Bateman function between 0 and 24 h, adapted to the problem. Due to its simple handling the program is very reliable for the daily work of the kineticist.", "contents": "[A multiple iteration program for determining global pharmacokinetic constants on a digital computer (author's transl)]. A program for determining pharmacokinetic constants on the basis of multiple iterations is described. After obtaining values for tmax, cmax and kel by means of graphs, the program calculates all important constants as well as the Bateman function between 0 and 24 h, adapted to the problem. Due to its simple handling the program is very reliable for the daily work of the kineticist.", "PMID": 580758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_548", "title": "The immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Azathioprine and its active metabolites can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (after i.v. injection). At a single dose of azathioprine maximum immunosuppressive activity occurs in the serum after 1 h and in the cerebrospinal fluid after about 4 h. Maximum immunosuppressive activity in human cerebrospinal fluid is about 12.5% of the equivalent serum level. A certain amount of time is needed for azathioprine and its metabolites to reach the cerebrospinal fluid where they remain for some time before passing into the serum, from where they are broken down. The findings are clinically important for the treatment of inflammatory nervous diseases, for example, multiple sclerosis, which are assumed to be of immunopathological origin.", "contents": "The immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Azathioprine and its active metabolites can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (after i.v. injection). At a single dose of azathioprine maximum immunosuppressive activity occurs in the serum after 1 h and in the cerebrospinal fluid after about 4 h. Maximum immunosuppressive activity in human cerebrospinal fluid is about 12.5% of the equivalent serum level. A certain amount of time is needed for azathioprine and its metabolites to reach the cerebrospinal fluid where they remain for some time before passing into the serum, from where they are broken down. The findings are clinically important for the treatment of inflammatory nervous diseases, for example, multiple sclerosis, which are assumed to be of immunopathological origin.", "PMID": 580759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_549", "title": "The renal elimination of rifampicin as a function of the oral dose. A convenient way to assess relative bioavailability.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of rifampicin in urine is described and its specificity and precision are discussed. It is shown that the mean cumulative urinary elimination of rifampicin is reproducible when the same dose is administered twice in two different experiments to the same group of volunteers. The percentage of the amount eliminated increases with increasing dose. The renal elimination of apparent rifampicin can be used as a parameter for assessment of relative bioavailability of rifampicin from oral dosage forms of the same nominal strength if an appropriate number of volunteers is involved in the test.", "contents": "The renal elimination of rifampicin as a function of the oral dose. A convenient way to assess relative bioavailability. A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of rifampicin in urine is described and its specificity and precision are discussed. It is shown that the mean cumulative urinary elimination of rifampicin is reproducible when the same dose is administered twice in two different experiments to the same group of volunteers. The percentage of the amount eliminated increases with increasing dose. The renal elimination of apparent rifampicin can be used as a parameter for assessment of relative bioavailability of rifampicin from oral dosage forms of the same nominal strength if an appropriate number of volunteers is involved in the test.", "PMID": 580761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_550", "title": "Different tumours induced by benzo(a)pyrene and its 7,8-dihydrodiol injected into adult mouse salivary gland.", "content": "A comparison has been made between the carcinogenic activities of benzo(a)pyrene and the proposed proximate carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol, in the adult C57BL mouse submandibular salivary gland. In preliminary studies using a range of doses, the dihydrodiol was slightly less active than the parent hydrocarbon in this system. There was a difference in the type of tumour induced by the 2 compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene induced tumours of the salivary glands at the site of injection, whereas the dihydrodiol induced malignant lymphosarcomas, particularly of the thymus, which were often metastatic to other orgnas. Possible reasons for the different sites of action of the 2 compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Different tumours induced by benzo(a)pyrene and its 7,8-dihydrodiol injected into adult mouse salivary gland. A comparison has been made between the carcinogenic activities of benzo(a)pyrene and the proposed proximate carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol, in the adult C57BL mouse submandibular salivary gland. In preliminary studies using a range of doses, the dihydrodiol was slightly less active than the parent hydrocarbon in this system. There was a difference in the type of tumour induced by the 2 compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene induced tumours of the salivary glands at the site of injection, whereas the dihydrodiol induced malignant lymphosarcomas, particularly of the thymus, which were often metastatic to other orgnas. Possible reasons for the different sites of action of the 2 compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 580763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_551", "title": "Studies on the anomalous thermotropic behavior of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixtures.", "content": "Examination of the thermotropic behavior of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixtures by high-sensitivity scanning calorimetry has revealed that the phospholipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition consists of two components. One, a relatively sharp transition centered at 39.6-40.7 degrees C, exhibits a transition enthalpy change which decreases linearly with increasing cholesterol content, approaching zero at a cholesterol content of about 25 mol %. The other, a broad, lower intensity transition centered at approximately 41.5 degrees C for cholesterol concentrations of 20 mol %, displays an enthalpy change which is maximal at about 20-25 mol % cholesterol and which decreases as the cholesterol content decreases to zero or increases above 25 mol %. The origin of these two transitions is discussed in terms of a separation of these lipid mixtures into cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor domains.", "contents": "Studies on the anomalous thermotropic behavior of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixtures. Examination of the thermotropic behavior of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixtures by high-sensitivity scanning calorimetry has revealed that the phospholipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition consists of two components. One, a relatively sharp transition centered at 39.6-40.7 degrees C, exhibits a transition enthalpy change which decreases linearly with increasing cholesterol content, approaching zero at a cholesterol content of about 25 mol %. The other, a broad, lower intensity transition centered at approximately 41.5 degrees C for cholesterol concentrations of 20 mol %, displays an enthalpy change which is maximal at about 20-25 mol % cholesterol and which decreases as the cholesterol content decreases to zero or increases above 25 mol %. The origin of these two transitions is discussed in terms of a separation of these lipid mixtures into cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor domains.", "PMID": 580764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_552", "title": "Lateral diffusion of the phospholipid molecule in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. An investigation using nuclear spin--lattice relaxation in the rotating frame.", "content": "Measurements of the proton NMR spin--lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T 1rho) have permitted the explicit determination of the lateral diffusion coefficient of phospholipid molecules in the lamellar mesophase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at temperatures above the phase-transition temperature. The experimentally observed temperature and frequency dependence of T 1rho for the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine protons suggest that intermolecular dipole--dipole relaxation contributions are important. Proton T 1rho experiments involving dilution with deuterated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine support the premise that intermolecular dipolar interactions are significant and, concomitantly, that lateral diffusion is the motion modulating that interaction. The lateral diffusion coefficient is determined directly from the dependence of the rotating frame spin--lattice relaxation rate (1/T 1rho) on the strength of the applied radiofrequency field in the spin-locking experiment. A series of experiments with varying concentrations of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the lamellar mesophase indicates that the lateral diffusion coefficient varies as a function of phospholipid concentration.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion of the phospholipid molecule in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. An investigation using nuclear spin--lattice relaxation in the rotating frame. Measurements of the proton NMR spin--lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T 1rho) have permitted the explicit determination of the lateral diffusion coefficient of phospholipid molecules in the lamellar mesophase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at temperatures above the phase-transition temperature. The experimentally observed temperature and frequency dependence of T 1rho for the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine protons suggest that intermolecular dipole--dipole relaxation contributions are important. Proton T 1rho experiments involving dilution with deuterated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine support the premise that intermolecular dipolar interactions are significant and, concomitantly, that lateral diffusion is the motion modulating that interaction. The lateral diffusion coefficient is determined directly from the dependence of the rotating frame spin--lattice relaxation rate (1/T 1rho) on the strength of the applied radiofrequency field in the spin-locking experiment. A series of experiments with varying concentrations of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the lamellar mesophase indicates that the lateral diffusion coefficient varies as a function of phospholipid concentration.", "PMID": 580765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_553", "title": "Influence of membrane lipids on the photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Purple membrane fragments from Halobacterium halobium were reconstituted with the native lipids replaced by dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and by egg lecithin. In parallel studies the temperature dependence of bacteriorhodopsin phototransient lifetime and absorption dichroism and of in situ lipid microviscosity were determined; the former two by, respectively, conventional and polarization flash photometry, and the latter by observation of emission depolarization of an embedded fluorescent dye, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Discontinuities in lipid microviscosity profiles in native and egg lecithin purple membrane were reflected in both the photochemical cycle frequency and bacteriorhodopsin chromophore rotational mobility. The influence exerted by membrane-lipid viscosity appears to be a secondary effect, and points to the bacteriorhodopsin chromophoric group being situated in the protein interior.", "contents": "Influence of membrane lipids on the photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Purple membrane fragments from Halobacterium halobium were reconstituted with the native lipids replaced by dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and by egg lecithin. In parallel studies the temperature dependence of bacteriorhodopsin phototransient lifetime and absorption dichroism and of in situ lipid microviscosity were determined; the former two by, respectively, conventional and polarization flash photometry, and the latter by observation of emission depolarization of an embedded fluorescent dye, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Discontinuities in lipid microviscosity profiles in native and egg lecithin purple membrane were reflected in both the photochemical cycle frequency and bacteriorhodopsin chromophore rotational mobility. The influence exerted by membrane-lipid viscosity appears to be a secondary effect, and points to the bacteriorhodopsin chromophoric group being situated in the protein interior.", "PMID": 580766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_554", "title": "Multiple phase equilibria in binary mixtures of phospholipids.", "content": "Approximate phse diagrams describing lateral phase separations are given for binary mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, distearoyl phosphatidycholine, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. These diagrams are based in part on freeze-fracture electron microscopic data. These phase diagrams represent an improvement over previous studies in that both solid phses (Pbeta' and Lbeta') of the phosphatidylcholines are included. Further consideration is given to the problem of binary mixtures in which there are two Pbeta' phases that do not form a continuous range of solid solutions.", "contents": "Multiple phase equilibria in binary mixtures of phospholipids. Approximate phse diagrams describing lateral phase separations are given for binary mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, distearoyl phosphatidycholine, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. These diagrams are based in part on freeze-fracture electron microscopic data. These phase diagrams represent an improvement over previous studies in that both solid phses (Pbeta' and Lbeta') of the phosphatidylcholines are included. Further consideration is given to the problem of binary mixtures in which there are two Pbeta' phases that do not form a continuous range of solid solutions.", "PMID": 580767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_555", "title": "Deuterated phospholipids as nonperturbing components for Raman studies of biomembranes.", "content": "The deuterated phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-phosphatidylcholine is shown by Raman spectroscopic measurements to be useful for obtaining information concerning phospholipid conformation in complex phospholipid and lipidprotein mixtures. The Raman bands of the deuterated phospholipid are assigned, and the sensitivity of these vibrational modes to conformational changes in the bilayer is demonstrated. Deuteration of the alkyl chains reveals the CH vibrations of the head group. A change in these bands is observed at the melting temperature and is assigned to alteration of the glycerol backbone conformation upon melting.", "contents": "Deuterated phospholipids as nonperturbing components for Raman studies of biomembranes. The deuterated phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-phosphatidylcholine is shown by Raman spectroscopic measurements to be useful for obtaining information concerning phospholipid conformation in complex phospholipid and lipidprotein mixtures. The Raman bands of the deuterated phospholipid are assigned, and the sensitivity of these vibrational modes to conformational changes in the bilayer is demonstrated. Deuteration of the alkyl chains reveals the CH vibrations of the head group. A change in these bands is observed at the melting temperature and is assigned to alteration of the glycerol backbone conformation upon melting.", "PMID": 580768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_556", "title": "Multifocal pontine lesions in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and CNS radiotherapy.", "content": "Multifocal pontine lesions were found at postmortem examination in four patients with various types of malignancy. The patients had undergone extensive evaluation and treatment with multiple chemotherapy regimens as well as radiotherapy to the central nervous system. The histologic character and striking anatomic distribution of the pontine lesions are described and their possible pathogenesis discussed.", "contents": "Multifocal pontine lesions in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and CNS radiotherapy. Multifocal pontine lesions were found at postmortem examination in four patients with various types of malignancy. The patients had undergone extensive evaluation and treatment with multiple chemotherapy regimens as well as radiotherapy to the central nervous system. The histologic character and striking anatomic distribution of the pontine lesions are described and their possible pathogenesis discussed.", "PMID": 580771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_557", "title": "[Behavior of blood amylase and plasma deoxyribonuclease I in dogs subjected to intra-operative cholangiography with the use of B 10610].", "content": "An experimental study was conducted on the use of a new iodate-molecule, B 10610, synthesized in the Bracco research Laboratory, for intra-operative cholangiographic diagnostics. For the purpose of evaluating the possible rise and the extent of any pancreatic damage in animals subjected to intra-operative radiological exploration of the biliary ducts with the use of the said substance, the blood levels of amylase and plasmatic 1st deoxyribonuclease were assayed after various time intervals, such tests being particularly specific in the humoral diagnostics of both acute and chronic pancreatic diseases. On the basis of the tests made, it is concluded that the introduction of this new dye does not cause irreversible lesions of the pancreas, but only purely functional and transient alterations.", "contents": "[Behavior of blood amylase and plasma deoxyribonuclease I in dogs subjected to intra-operative cholangiography with the use of B 10610]. An experimental study was conducted on the use of a new iodate-molecule, B 10610, synthesized in the Bracco research Laboratory, for intra-operative cholangiographic diagnostics. For the purpose of evaluating the possible rise and the extent of any pancreatic damage in animals subjected to intra-operative radiological exploration of the biliary ducts with the use of the said substance, the blood levels of amylase and plasmatic 1st deoxyribonuclease were assayed after various time intervals, such tests being particularly specific in the humoral diagnostics of both acute and chronic pancreatic diseases. On the basis of the tests made, it is concluded that the introduction of this new dye does not cause irreversible lesions of the pancreas, but only purely functional and transient alterations.", "PMID": 580774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_558", "title": "Disappearing abdominal mass: a case report.", "content": "The remarkable parallel of the clinical course and scintiscans of an abdominal lymphoma in a 52-year-old man are reported.", "contents": "Disappearing abdominal mass: a case report. The remarkable parallel of the clinical course and scintiscans of an abdominal lymphoma in a 52-year-old man are reported.", "PMID": 580776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_559", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease.", "content": "Of all the endocrinopathies that may have cutaneous findings, thyroid disease is probably the one most likely to be seen by the practicing physician since the skin readily reflects the functional capacity of the thyroid gland. Cutaneous findings may be the only clue to otherwise silent thyroid disease. Skin changes may precede other clinical and laboratory evidence of thyroid malfunction by months or years. Thus, the skin not only aids in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction, but also helps the physician select those high-risk patients in whom thyroid abnormalities may later develop.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease. Of all the endocrinopathies that may have cutaneous findings, thyroid disease is probably the one most likely to be seen by the practicing physician since the skin readily reflects the functional capacity of the thyroid gland. Cutaneous findings may be the only clue to otherwise silent thyroid disease. Skin changes may precede other clinical and laboratory evidence of thyroid malfunction by months or years. Thus, the skin not only aids in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction, but also helps the physician select those high-risk patients in whom thyroid abnormalities may later develop.", "PMID": 580778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_560", "title": "Regional task force aligns health groups against rising costs.", "content": "The hospitals, health care associations, HSA, and Blue Cross of Northwest Ohio have formed a task force through which they have conducted successful joint cost containment projects. Some of these projects include a voluntary \"cap\" on price increases, promotion of hospital cost containment committees, sharing of cost containment ideas for inhospital implementation, educating the public about its role in health care cost control, and communicating with political and business leaders about cost control.", "contents": "Regional task force aligns health groups against rising costs. The hospitals, health care associations, HSA, and Blue Cross of Northwest Ohio have formed a task force through which they have conducted successful joint cost containment projects. Some of these projects include a voluntary \"cap\" on price increases, promotion of hospital cost containment committees, sharing of cost containment ideas for inhospital implementation, educating the public about its role in health care cost control, and communicating with political and business leaders about cost control.", "PMID": 580779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_561", "title": "The first fully designated HSAs begin a long, exacting job.", "content": "Four of the first fully designated Health Systems Agencies (HSAs), located in Buffalo, NY. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and Rochester, NY, are tackling a variety of health care delivery problems with a wide range of possible solutions. Relationships with providers, the nature of the areas involved, political considerations, and history are all playing a part in shaping the identities of these new agencies.", "contents": "The first fully designated HSAs begin a long, exacting job. Four of the first fully designated Health Systems Agencies (HSAs), located in Buffalo, NY. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and Rochester, NY, are tackling a variety of health care delivery problems with a wide range of possible solutions. Relationships with providers, the nature of the areas involved, political considerations, and history are all playing a part in shaping the identities of these new agencies.", "PMID": 580780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_562", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of the mycotoxins, rubratoxins A and B, and its application to the analysis of urine and plasma for rubratoxin B.", "content": "The rubratoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Penicillium rubrum and P. purpurogenum on food and feedstuffs. Rubratoxin B is hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Rubratoxins A and B were resolved as sharp peaks in the order A-B by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography on a small-particle (10 micrometer) column in 3 min by an acetonitrile-water-ethyl acetate elution solvent (11:9.9:3), with detection by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm. The relationship between peak height and quantity injected was linear over a range of 0.25-5 microgram for rubratoxin A and 0.05-5 microgram for rubratoxin B. Retention time and peak height and peak area were highly reproducible for both toxins. Detection was very sensitive, allowing detection of 3-5 ng rubratoxin B, and 15-20 ng rubratoxin A. Quantitative recovery of rubratoxin B from spiked urine samples was obtained over a range of 5-40 microgram/ml, with maximum recovery from urine samples adjusted to pH 2 before extraction. Good recovery of rubratoxin B was also obtained from spiked plasma samples subjected to treatment with 3 N hydrochloric acid followed by extraction with ethyl acetate.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of the mycotoxins, rubratoxins A and B, and its application to the analysis of urine and plasma for rubratoxin B. The rubratoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Penicillium rubrum and P. purpurogenum on food and feedstuffs. Rubratoxin B is hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Rubratoxins A and B were resolved as sharp peaks in the order A-B by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography on a small-particle (10 micrometer) column in 3 min by an acetonitrile-water-ethyl acetate elution solvent (11:9.9:3), with detection by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm. The relationship between peak height and quantity injected was linear over a range of 0.25-5 microgram for rubratoxin A and 0.05-5 microgram for rubratoxin B. Retention time and peak height and peak area were highly reproducible for both toxins. Detection was very sensitive, allowing detection of 3-5 ng rubratoxin B, and 15-20 ng rubratoxin A. Quantitative recovery of rubratoxin B from spiked urine samples was obtained over a range of 5-40 microgram/ml, with maximum recovery from urine samples adjusted to pH 2 before extraction. Good recovery of rubratoxin B was also obtained from spiked plasma samples subjected to treatment with 3 N hydrochloric acid followed by extraction with ethyl acetate.", "PMID": 580783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_563", "title": "Isolation of nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae in a colorimetric assay for cholera toxin using the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma cell line.", "content": "A mouse lymphosarcoma (S49) cell line that is growth-inhibited by agents that elevate intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate was used in a sensitive and convenient colorimetric assay for cholera toxin. S49 cells suspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10(-5)--10(-6) M RO 20-1724, an analogue of 4-(3,4-demethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were growth-inhibited by subnanogram concentrations of cholera toxin. Effects of toxin were detected by the absence of a yellow pH change (phenol red indicator) which normally accompanies the production of acid metabolites by lymphoma cells. An assay using S49 cells grown in microtiter plates, which is capable of detecting 10 pg of cholera toxin or 0.01 units of cholera antitoxin, was used in screening for nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae strain 569B. The properties of two mutants of the Tox--phenotype, which lacked biologically and immunologically detectable toxin products, are described.", "contents": "Isolation of nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae in a colorimetric assay for cholera toxin using the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma cell line. A mouse lymphosarcoma (S49) cell line that is growth-inhibited by agents that elevate intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate was used in a sensitive and convenient colorimetric assay for cholera toxin. S49 cells suspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10(-5)--10(-6) M RO 20-1724, an analogue of 4-(3,4-demethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were growth-inhibited by subnanogram concentrations of cholera toxin. Effects of toxin were detected by the absence of a yellow pH change (phenol red indicator) which normally accompanies the production of acid metabolites by lymphoma cells. An assay using S49 cells grown in microtiter plates, which is capable of detecting 10 pg of cholera toxin or 0.01 units of cholera antitoxin, was used in screening for nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae strain 569B. The properties of two mutants of the Tox--phenotype, which lacked biologically and immunologically detectable toxin products, are described.", "PMID": 580785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_564", "title": "Pulmonary surface-active materials in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "Beige mice express the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Large inclusions, identified as abnormal lysosomes, are found in many cells. The inclusions in type II alveolar epithelial cells are enlarged lamellar bodies and they are associated with an increase in total lung surface-active material and phospholipid. Comparison of recovery of phospholipid in surface-active materials from beige and black (normal) mice indicates that in the beige mice there is an increase in total phospholipid and disaturated phosphatidylcholines in whole lung and in surface-active materials in residual lung after lavage. Hosphatidycholine and phosphatidylglycerol are increased as percentages of total lung phospholipid. Calculated alveolar surface coverage of surface-active materials isolated from residual beige lungs is greater than three times that of normal lungs. Surface-active materials recovered from beige mice are qualitatively similar in phospholipid composition and in surface activity to materials recovered from normal mice. The quantity of surface-active material phospholipid recovered in the lavage of beige mouse lungs was normal. The basis for the abnormal accumulation of lamellar body lipids is not known.", "contents": "Pulmonary surface-active materials in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Beige mice express the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Large inclusions, identified as abnormal lysosomes, are found in many cells. The inclusions in type II alveolar epithelial cells are enlarged lamellar bodies and they are associated with an increase in total lung surface-active material and phospholipid. Comparison of recovery of phospholipid in surface-active materials from beige and black (normal) mice indicates that in the beige mice there is an increase in total phospholipid and disaturated phosphatidylcholines in whole lung and in surface-active materials in residual lung after lavage. Hosphatidycholine and phosphatidylglycerol are increased as percentages of total lung phospholipid. Calculated alveolar surface coverage of surface-active materials isolated from residual beige lungs is greater than three times that of normal lungs. Surface-active materials recovered from beige mice are qualitatively similar in phospholipid composition and in surface activity to materials recovered from normal mice. The quantity of surface-active material phospholipid recovered in the lavage of beige mouse lungs was normal. The basis for the abnormal accumulation of lamellar body lipids is not known.", "PMID": 580786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_565", "title": "Complications following intraspinal injections of steroids. Report of two cases.", "content": "Intrapinal steroids have been recommended for the treatment of sciatica and various other conditions. The procedure is controversial; moreover, evidence suggests that the steroid hormones can be delivered to the site of inflammation more easily by systemic administration. Serious complications that have arisen from the procedure are reviewed. The courses of two women who received intraspinal steroids for the treatment of sciatica and who developed severe meningitis as a consequence are reported. It is suggested that the value of intraspinal steroids in the treatment of disc-related sciatica is unproven and if they are used, one must be alert to the complications.", "contents": "Complications following intraspinal injections of steroids. Report of two cases. Intrapinal steroids have been recommended for the treatment of sciatica and various other conditions. The procedure is controversial; moreover, evidence suggests that the steroid hormones can be delivered to the site of inflammation more easily by systemic administration. Serious complications that have arisen from the procedure are reviewed. The courses of two women who received intraspinal steroids for the treatment of sciatica and who developed severe meningitis as a consequence are reported. It is suggested that the value of intraspinal steroids in the treatment of disc-related sciatica is unproven and if they are used, one must be alert to the complications.", "PMID": 580787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_566", "title": "Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin. Case report.", "content": "A young man who had a long history of sinusitis developed subarachnoid hemorrhage and died. Autopsy showed a mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin at the junction of the right posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries. Four of five reported cases of fungal aneurysm were due to Aspergillus infection.", "contents": "Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin. Case report. A young man who had a long history of sinusitis developed subarachnoid hemorrhage and died. Autopsy showed a mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin at the junction of the right posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries. Four of five reported cases of fungal aneurysm were due to Aspergillus infection.", "PMID": 580788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_567", "title": "Sulfisoxazole-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Immunologic mechanism as cause.", "content": "During treatment of brucellosis with sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and streptomycin sulfate, severe thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a young farmer. Verification for an immune mechanism was provided by clinical challenge with a small dose of sulfisoxazole that caused recurrence of thrombocytopenia and by serologic laboratory test results that detected a serum factor causing platelet agglutination requiring the presence of sulfisoxazole. The original antigenic stimulation was considered to come from drinking cows' milk contaminated with sulfonamide drugs. Cross-reactivity with some other sulfonamide drugs was demonstrated.", "contents": "Sulfisoxazole-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Immunologic mechanism as cause. During treatment of brucellosis with sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and streptomycin sulfate, severe thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a young farmer. Verification for an immune mechanism was provided by clinical challenge with a small dose of sulfisoxazole that caused recurrence of thrombocytopenia and by serologic laboratory test results that detected a serum factor causing platelet agglutination requiring the presence of sulfisoxazole. The original antigenic stimulation was considered to come from drinking cows' milk contaminated with sulfonamide drugs. Cross-reactivity with some other sulfonamide drugs was demonstrated.", "PMID": 580789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_568", "title": "Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "(1) Neurologic complications remain a significant problem in bacterial endocarditis. Of 218 patients with endocarditis, 84 (39%) had a neurologic complication and 58% of these 84 patients died. In contrast, the mortality rate was only 20% among those endocarditis patients without neurologic complications. (2) Of the neurologic complications, cerebral embolism is the most frequent and important. An embolic stroke occurred in 37 (17%) of our patients, with 30 of these patients dying. Emboli are important not only in terms of the direct morbidity and mortality they cause via cerebral infarction, but also because of their role in the causation of mycotic aneurysms, brain abscesses, and abnormal CSF formulae. (3) Cerebral emboli are particularly common in patients with mitral valve infection, and in patients with infection due to virulent organisms, particularly S. aureus and enteric gram-negative bacilli. (4) Mycotic aneurysms occur more frequently in the course of acute endocarditis rather than late in the course of subacute disease. Management of angiographically demonstrated mycotic aneurysms is dependent upon the presence or absence of hemorrhage, the anatomic location of the aneurysm, and the clinical course of the patient. Healing of mycotic aneurysms can occur during the course of effective antimicrobial therapy, thus obviating the need for neurosurgical intervention in all such patients. (5) Macroscopic brain abscess is a rare complication of bacterial endocarditis. Miliary microscopic abscesses are more common than larger abscesses, particularly in patients with acute disease and miliary infection in other organs of the body. (6) Focal seizures occur most commonly in endocarditis patients with acute embolic disease; generalized seizures are of diverse etiologies, with metabolic factors being most important. Penicillin neurotoxicity should be considered in patients with impaired renal function who are receiving high dose penicillin. (7) With the exception of hemorrhagic complications, lumbar puncture results tend to reflect the nature of the infecting organism rather than the nature of the neurologic complication. Endocarditis due to virulent organisms such as S. aureus is usually associated with a purulent CSF formula while nonvirulent organisms, such as viridans streptococci, susually have aseptic or normal CSF formulae.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. (1) Neurologic complications remain a significant problem in bacterial endocarditis. Of 218 patients with endocarditis, 84 (39%) had a neurologic complication and 58% of these 84 patients died. In contrast, the mortality rate was only 20% among those endocarditis patients without neurologic complications. (2) Of the neurologic complications, cerebral embolism is the most frequent and important. An embolic stroke occurred in 37 (17%) of our patients, with 30 of these patients dying. Emboli are important not only in terms of the direct morbidity and mortality they cause via cerebral infarction, but also because of their role in the causation of mycotic aneurysms, brain abscesses, and abnormal CSF formulae. (3) Cerebral emboli are particularly common in patients with mitral valve infection, and in patients with infection due to virulent organisms, particularly S. aureus and enteric gram-negative bacilli. (4) Mycotic aneurysms occur more frequently in the course of acute endocarditis rather than late in the course of subacute disease. Management of angiographically demonstrated mycotic aneurysms is dependent upon the presence or absence of hemorrhage, the anatomic location of the aneurysm, and the clinical course of the patient. Healing of mycotic aneurysms can occur during the course of effective antimicrobial therapy, thus obviating the need for neurosurgical intervention in all such patients. (5) Macroscopic brain abscess is a rare complication of bacterial endocarditis. Miliary microscopic abscesses are more common than larger abscesses, particularly in patients with acute disease and miliary infection in other organs of the body. (6) Focal seizures occur most commonly in endocarditis patients with acute embolic disease; generalized seizures are of diverse etiologies, with metabolic factors being most important. Penicillin neurotoxicity should be considered in patients with impaired renal function who are receiving high dose penicillin. (7) With the exception of hemorrhagic complications, lumbar puncture results tend to reflect the nature of the infecting organism rather than the nature of the neurologic complication. Endocarditis due to virulent organisms such as S. aureus is usually associated with a purulent CSF formula while nonvirulent organisms, such as viridans streptococci, susually have aseptic or normal CSF formulae.", "PMID": 580794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_569", "title": "Computed tomography in syringomyelia and the associated Arnold-Chiari type I malformation.", "content": "A total of 20 patients with an Arnold-Chiari Type I malformation, i.e. without skeletal abnormality and associated with a syringomyelic syndrome, were studied using the EMI Whole Body Scanner CT5000. Two groups were considered: (i) a retrospective series of 12 patients without intrathecal water soluble contrast media and (ii) a prospective series of eight patients after the introduction of intrathecal Metrizamide. In the first group tonsillar herniation could not be conclusively identified on CT and cord visualisation was possible in only two cases. In the second group, tonsillar herniation and cord expansion were consistently demonstrated. Cord cavitation has also been detected. In both groups it was possible to assess the size and position of the ventricular system. The results of this study indicate that evaluation of the upper cervical cord cerebellar tonsillar herniation, may be achieved, but only following opacification of the CSF. The precise extent of cerebellar tonsillar herniation may be difficult to evaluate. The reasons for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in syringomyelia and the associated Arnold-Chiari type I malformation. A total of 20 patients with an Arnold-Chiari Type I malformation, i.e. without skeletal abnormality and associated with a syringomyelic syndrome, were studied using the EMI Whole Body Scanner CT5000. Two groups were considered: (i) a retrospective series of 12 patients without intrathecal water soluble contrast media and (ii) a prospective series of eight patients after the introduction of intrathecal Metrizamide. In the first group tonsillar herniation could not be conclusively identified on CT and cord visualisation was possible in only two cases. In the second group, tonsillar herniation and cord expansion were consistently demonstrated. Cord cavitation has also been detected. In both groups it was possible to assess the size and position of the ventricular system. The results of this study indicate that evaluation of the upper cervical cord cerebellar tonsillar herniation, may be achieved, but only following opacification of the CSF. The precise extent of cerebellar tonsillar herniation may be difficult to evaluate. The reasons for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 580796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_570", "title": "Diabetes and Graves disease complicating pregnancy.", "content": "We report here six pregnancies in 5 women with juvenile diabetes and Graves disease. The diabetes was managed in a standard fashion. The Graves disease was managed with propylthiouracil when required. The course of neither the diabetes nor Graves disease was different than expected. When established guidelines for therapy are followed the two have no interaction with one another. One infant was mildly hypothyroid. None developed neonatal Graves disease. Four of the infants had hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Diabetes and Graves disease complicating pregnancy. We report here six pregnancies in 5 women with juvenile diabetes and Graves disease. The diabetes was managed in a standard fashion. The Graves disease was managed with propylthiouracil when required. The course of neither the diabetes nor Graves disease was different than expected. When established guidelines for therapy are followed the two have no interaction with one another. One infant was mildly hypothyroid. None developed neonatal Graves disease. Four of the infants had hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 580797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_571", "title": "[Clinical conditions and prognosis of retinal detachment in retolental fibroplasia].", "content": "In this report two groups of infants with retrolental fibroplasia and retinal detachment are described according to the Tasman classification. In our case report the retinal detachment developed in a 9-year-old girl. The following diagnosis was given when the retina was in the process of detaching: cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia (Owens II-III) with excessive myopia. After episcleral buckling procedure (polyviol, Custodis method) the retina reattached. Follow-up examinations are important because when prompt diagnosis of retinal detachment is made, the involved eye can often be salvaged by surgery.", "contents": "[Clinical conditions and prognosis of retinal detachment in retolental fibroplasia]. In this report two groups of infants with retrolental fibroplasia and retinal detachment are described according to the Tasman classification. In our case report the retinal detachment developed in a 9-year-old girl. The following diagnosis was given when the retina was in the process of detaching: cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia (Owens II-III) with excessive myopia. After episcleral buckling procedure (polyviol, Custodis method) the retina reattached. Follow-up examinations are important because when prompt diagnosis of retinal detachment is made, the involved eye can often be salvaged by surgery.", "PMID": 580798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_572", "title": "Altered metabolism of phospholipids in the lung of rats with peritonitis.", "content": "Pulmonary alterations after shock and sepsis, described clinically as shock lung or adult respiratory distress syndrome, are of great importance in intensive care. Pathogenetically an alteration of the surfactant system of the lung is often discussed. Since phospholipids are constituents of lung surfactants, phospholipid metabolism is investigated in experimental peritonitis in rats in our laboratory. 15 hours after inducing a peritonitis, the lung incorporates more oleic acid than that in animals of the reference group. 33 hours after inducing peritonitis, the capacity of the lung to incorporate choline and fatty acids is markedly reduced, histologically the lungs represent morphological equivalents of the so-called shock lung at this time. Therefore we conclude, that an alteration of phospholipid metabolism with a diminished and/or altered synthesis of lung surfactant plays, at least in part, an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress in sepsis and peritonitis.", "contents": "Altered metabolism of phospholipids in the lung of rats with peritonitis. Pulmonary alterations after shock and sepsis, described clinically as shock lung or adult respiratory distress syndrome, are of great importance in intensive care. Pathogenetically an alteration of the surfactant system of the lung is often discussed. Since phospholipids are constituents of lung surfactants, phospholipid metabolism is investigated in experimental peritonitis in rats in our laboratory. 15 hours after inducing a peritonitis, the lung incorporates more oleic acid than that in animals of the reference group. 33 hours after inducing peritonitis, the capacity of the lung to incorporate choline and fatty acids is markedly reduced, histologically the lungs represent morphological equivalents of the so-called shock lung at this time. Therefore we conclude, that an alteration of phospholipid metabolism with a diminished and/or altered synthesis of lung surfactant plays, at least in part, an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress in sepsis and peritonitis.", "PMID": 580812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_573", "title": "Effect of serum albumin on dynamic force-area curve of dipalmitoyl lecithin.", "content": "In line with previous findings at 25 degrees C, solutions of serum albumin in the subphase stabilized the surface activity of DPL spread films at 25 degrees C as well as 37 degrees C. In contrast, films adsorbed from mixtures of DPL and albumin exhibitied a marked inhibitory action of the albumin on DPL activity. The inhibitory effect increased with the relative protein concentration but, with albumin/DPL ratios smaller than 2, the DPL activity was regained gradually with cycling. With larger albumin/DPE negative effect of albumin was counteracted by higher temperatures (37 degrees C vs 25 degress C) and modest cholesterol concentrations; with greater cholesterol concentrations the known inhibitory effect of cholesterol prevailed. The inhibitory effect of albumin was potentiated by humidity; saturation of the atmosphere with water vapor at 37 degrees C abolished the DPL character of DPL-RSA mixtures and prevented its return (zero surface tension) upon reversal of the atmosphere from saturated water vapor to dry air. The data are important in the interpretation of the surface activity of pulmonary washings and other pulmonary extracts.", "contents": "Effect of serum albumin on dynamic force-area curve of dipalmitoyl lecithin. In line with previous findings at 25 degrees C, solutions of serum albumin in the subphase stabilized the surface activity of DPL spread films at 25 degrees C as well as 37 degrees C. In contrast, films adsorbed from mixtures of DPL and albumin exhibitied a marked inhibitory action of the albumin on DPL activity. The inhibitory effect increased with the relative protein concentration but, with albumin/DPL ratios smaller than 2, the DPL activity was regained gradually with cycling. With larger albumin/DPE negative effect of albumin was counteracted by higher temperatures (37 degrees C vs 25 degress C) and modest cholesterol concentrations; with greater cholesterol concentrations the known inhibitory effect of cholesterol prevailed. The inhibitory effect of albumin was potentiated by humidity; saturation of the atmosphere with water vapor at 37 degrees C abolished the DPL character of DPL-RSA mixtures and prevented its return (zero surface tension) upon reversal of the atmosphere from saturated water vapor to dry air. The data are important in the interpretation of the surface activity of pulmonary washings and other pulmonary extracts.", "PMID": 580813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_574", "title": "Fallopian tube isthmic mucus and ovum transport.", "content": "The oviduct isthmus is capable of transporting spermatozoa and ova in opposite directions. A column of tenacious mucus that occupies the lumen of the rabbit oviduct isthmus during estrus may permit sperm transport. After ovulation the mucus disappears, with subsequent efforescence of cilia, which probably assist transport of ova to the uterus.", "contents": "Fallopian tube isthmic mucus and ovum transport. The oviduct isthmus is capable of transporting spermatozoa and ova in opposite directions. A column of tenacious mucus that occupies the lumen of the rabbit oviduct isthmus during estrus may permit sperm transport. After ovulation the mucus disappears, with subsequent efforescence of cilia, which probably assist transport of ova to the uterus.", "PMID": 580814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_575", "title": "Metabolism of lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol in surfactant fraction of the lung.", "content": "The metabolisms of lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol in the surfactant and residual fractions of rat lung were compared using the in vitro system where tissue slices and radioactive precursors such as [14C]palmitic acid, [14C]palmitoyl lysolecithin and [14C]stearoly lysolecithin were inculbated. The incorporation of precursors into the residual lecithin proceeded linearly during the incubation time, while the time curve on the incorporation into the surfactant lecithin exhibited a lag period before the incorporation increased significantly. A similar tendency was also observed in the incorporation into phosphatidylglycerol. These findings suggested a precursor-product relationship between the corresponding lipids in both the fractions. The turnover time of lecithin was approx. 340-370 min and that of phosphatidylglycerol was 118 min in the intracellular surfactant fraction. The turnover rates of lecithin and phosphatidlyglycerol were approx. 0.6 and 2 nmoles/g of wet tissue, respectively. The transfer of lecithin from the residual fraction to the surfactant fraction was hardly influenced by the difference of fatty acid moiety at the 2-position of 1-palmitoly-lysolecithin. However, the turnover time of 1-palmitoyl lecithin (360 min) was distinctly shorter than that of 1-stearoly species (730 min). The turnover time of the saturated lecithin was also shown to be 328 min. On the other hand, polyenoic species showed the shorter turnover time; 182 min for the tetraenoic species.", "contents": "Metabolism of lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol in surfactant fraction of the lung. The metabolisms of lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol in the surfactant and residual fractions of rat lung were compared using the in vitro system where tissue slices and radioactive precursors such as [14C]palmitic acid, [14C]palmitoyl lysolecithin and [14C]stearoly lysolecithin were inculbated. The incorporation of precursors into the residual lecithin proceeded linearly during the incubation time, while the time curve on the incorporation into the surfactant lecithin exhibited a lag period before the incorporation increased significantly. A similar tendency was also observed in the incorporation into phosphatidylglycerol. These findings suggested a precursor-product relationship between the corresponding lipids in both the fractions. The turnover time of lecithin was approx. 340-370 min and that of phosphatidylglycerol was 118 min in the intracellular surfactant fraction. The turnover rates of lecithin and phosphatidlyglycerol were approx. 0.6 and 2 nmoles/g of wet tissue, respectively. The transfer of lecithin from the residual fraction to the surfactant fraction was hardly influenced by the difference of fatty acid moiety at the 2-position of 1-palmitoly-lysolecithin. However, the turnover time of 1-palmitoyl lecithin (360 min) was distinctly shorter than that of 1-stearoly species (730 min). The turnover time of the saturated lecithin was also shown to be 328 min. On the other hand, polyenoic species showed the shorter turnover time; 182 min for the tetraenoic species.", "PMID": 580817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_576", "title": "[Change in the antiradical activity of surfactant lipids during the development of nonspecific inflammatory processes in rabbit bronchopulmonary tissue].", "content": "Content of total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol was estimated in surface-active fraction isolated from rabbit lungs. The surface activity and antiradical properties were decreased in the fraction simultaneously with a decrease in phospholipid contents in the course of development of inflammatory process in bronchopulmonary tissue. These data suggested that the antiradical activity, which is essential for protection of the surface-active fraction against free radical peroxidation, was mainly due to the phospholipid component.", "contents": "[Change in the antiradical activity of surfactant lipids during the development of nonspecific inflammatory processes in rabbit bronchopulmonary tissue]. Content of total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol was estimated in surface-active fraction isolated from rabbit lungs. The surface activity and antiradical properties were decreased in the fraction simultaneously with a decrease in phospholipid contents in the course of development of inflammatory process in bronchopulmonary tissue. These data suggested that the antiradical activity, which is essential for protection of the surface-active fraction against free radical peroxidation, was mainly due to the phospholipid component.", "PMID": 580818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_577", "title": "[Our experience of the Vest-Margulis test in the differential diagnosis of mechanical and paralytic ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate the Vest-Margulis test in the differential diagnosis between mechanical and paralytic ileus a retrospective study was undertaken on 51 such tests performed before and after operation. Transit of gastrografin (Sodium amidotrizoate) through the caecum 4 hours after ingestion was controlled through roentgenograms. The diagnostic value of a positive test in pure paralytic ileus can be confirmed. Indeed 23 positive cases proved to have paralytic rather than mechanical ileus. On the contrary a negative test has no diagnostic value. Twenty-eight patients in which the contrast medium had not reached the caecum within 4 hours had either form of intestinal obstruction. The attention is drawn on the interesting therapeutic action of gastrografin in patients with a paralytic ileus and the simplicity of the investigation.", "contents": "[Our experience of the Vest-Margulis test in the differential diagnosis of mechanical and paralytic ileus (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate the Vest-Margulis test in the differential diagnosis between mechanical and paralytic ileus a retrospective study was undertaken on 51 such tests performed before and after operation. Transit of gastrografin (Sodium amidotrizoate) through the caecum 4 hours after ingestion was controlled through roentgenograms. The diagnostic value of a positive test in pure paralytic ileus can be confirmed. Indeed 23 positive cases proved to have paralytic rather than mechanical ileus. On the contrary a negative test has no diagnostic value. Twenty-eight patients in which the contrast medium had not reached the caecum within 4 hours had either form of intestinal obstruction. The attention is drawn on the interesting therapeutic action of gastrografin in patients with a paralytic ileus and the simplicity of the investigation.", "PMID": 580824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_578", "title": "Correlative study of radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay of serum growth hormone in children. II: Primary, genetic and intra-uterine growth retardation.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) was measured by radioreceptorassay (RRA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the sera of 24 children with idiopathic primary growth retardation (PGR), 15 with genetic short stature (GSS) and 11 with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and compared to results obtained in normal children. The average RRA/RIA ratio was close to normal in PGR (1.02 +/- 0.05) and in IUGR (1.06 +/- 0.07), and slightly though not significantly lower in GSS (0.86 +/- 0.06). Some variability in RRA/RIA ratio was found in individual patients of each group, and some sera gave a non-parallel displacement of the tracer when compared to the standard curve. But no genetic difference of RRA-assayable GH was found between the three groups studied and normal children.", "contents": "Correlative study of radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay of serum growth hormone in children. II: Primary, genetic and intra-uterine growth retardation. Growth hormone (GH) was measured by radioreceptorassay (RRA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the sera of 24 children with idiopathic primary growth retardation (PGR), 15 with genetic short stature (GSS) and 11 with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and compared to results obtained in normal children. The average RRA/RIA ratio was close to normal in PGR (1.02 +/- 0.05) and in IUGR (1.06 +/- 0.07), and slightly though not significantly lower in GSS (0.86 +/- 0.06). Some variability in RRA/RIA ratio was found in individual patients of each group, and some sera gave a non-parallel displacement of the tracer when compared to the standard curve. But no genetic difference of RRA-assayable GH was found between the three groups studied and normal children.", "PMID": 580825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_579", "title": "Serum gonadotrophins in rats after catration or heat treatment of the testes.", "content": "In rats spermatogenesis was disturbed by heat treatment of the testes. This resulted in increases of both LH and FSH. The increased gonadotrophin levels could be suppressed with testosterone. For suppression of FSH to levels of control animals more testosterone was needed than for LH. The increase of gonadotrophins after castration could be suppressed with testosterone released evenly from silastic capsules. For this suppression low serum levels of testosterone relative to testosterone levels in intact control animals were sufficient. This may indicate that testosterone episodically secreted has a lesser suppressive action on gonadotrophin secretion than a constant presence of this hormone. The suppressive action of testosterone on serum gonadotrophin levels after castration was potentiated by 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione, a steroid which inhibits strongly the enzymatic transformation of testosterone into oestradiol.", "contents": "Serum gonadotrophins in rats after catration or heat treatment of the testes. In rats spermatogenesis was disturbed by heat treatment of the testes. This resulted in increases of both LH and FSH. The increased gonadotrophin levels could be suppressed with testosterone. For suppression of FSH to levels of control animals more testosterone was needed than for LH. The increase of gonadotrophins after castration could be suppressed with testosterone released evenly from silastic capsules. For this suppression low serum levels of testosterone relative to testosterone levels in intact control animals were sufficient. This may indicate that testosterone episodically secreted has a lesser suppressive action on gonadotrophin secretion than a constant presence of this hormone. The suppressive action of testosterone on serum gonadotrophin levels after castration was potentiated by 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione, a steroid which inhibits strongly the enzymatic transformation of testosterone into oestradiol.", "PMID": 580827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_580", "title": "Increased vasopressin excretion in patients with hypothyroidism.", "content": "Twenty-four h urinary vasopressin excretion was measured by bioassay in 15 patients with untreated hypothyroidism and compared with plasma sodium concentration. Four patients had raised excretion of an antidiuretic substance and in 3 of these patients excretion was reduced after thyroid replacement therapy. The criteria applied supported the view that the antidiuretic substance was arginine vasopressin. Plasma sodium concentration was normal in all these 4 patients. A further 4 patients had hyponatraemia without raised arginine vasopressin excretion. The results suggest that: (1) excess arginine vasopressin secretion is not the cause of the hyponatraemia of hypothyroidism and (2) an increased secretion of arginine vasopressin does occur in some cases of normonatraemic hypothyroidism, the cause requiring further elucidation.", "contents": "Increased vasopressin excretion in patients with hypothyroidism. Twenty-four h urinary vasopressin excretion was measured by bioassay in 15 patients with untreated hypothyroidism and compared with plasma sodium concentration. Four patients had raised excretion of an antidiuretic substance and in 3 of these patients excretion was reduced after thyroid replacement therapy. The criteria applied supported the view that the antidiuretic substance was arginine vasopressin. Plasma sodium concentration was normal in all these 4 patients. A further 4 patients had hyponatraemia without raised arginine vasopressin excretion. The results suggest that: (1) excess arginine vasopressin secretion is not the cause of the hyponatraemia of hypothyroidism and (2) an increased secretion of arginine vasopressin does occur in some cases of normonatraemic hypothyroidism, the cause requiring further elucidation.", "PMID": 580829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_581", "title": "The stability of standards for radioimmunoassay of human TSH: research standard A and the international reference preparation initially 68/38.", "content": "The stability of the International Reference Preparation of human TSH for immunoassay (previously distributed in ampoules coded 68/38) and of Research Standard A for HTSH has been examined by radioimmunoassay of accelerated degradation samples (stored as the dry ampouled preparations). Potency estimates on degradation samples suggest a high order of stability of immunopotency recognisable by two antisera (MRC 72/356 and Hunter 3A). For the International Reference Preparation the loss of immunopotency during storage at -20 degrees C is predicted to have been 0.56% per year.", "contents": "The stability of standards for radioimmunoassay of human TSH: research standard A and the international reference preparation initially 68/38. The stability of the International Reference Preparation of human TSH for immunoassay (previously distributed in ampoules coded 68/38) and of Research Standard A for HTSH has been examined by radioimmunoassay of accelerated degradation samples (stored as the dry ampouled preparations). Potency estimates on degradation samples suggest a high order of stability of immunopotency recognisable by two antisera (MRC 72/356 and Hunter 3A). For the International Reference Preparation the loss of immunopotency during storage at -20 degrees C is predicted to have been 0.56% per year.", "PMID": 580830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_582", "title": "The relative distribution of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triiodothyronine in various fractions of thyroglobulin.", "content": "Thyroglobulin fractions rich and poor in new thyroglobulin were separated by means of DEAE-cellulose chromatography of dog thyroid extracts and by zonal ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient of guinea pig thyroid extract incubated at low temperature. The distrubtion of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triidothyronine in hydrolysates of the different fractions was estimated by radioimmunoassays. Following DEAE-cellulose chromatography there was a small but statistically significant increase in T4/T3 ratio in thyroglobulin fractions eluted at high ionic strength--that is fractions relatively rich in stable iodine but poor in fresh thyroglobulin. There was no differences in the T4/rT3 ratios between the different fractions. The ratios between iodothyronines were almost identical in the various thyroglobulin fractions following zonal ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient of cold treated guinea pig thyroid extract. These findings lend no support to the possibility that a relatively high content of triiodothyronines in freshly synthesized thyroglobulin modulates the thyroid secretion towards a preferential secretion of triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triidothyronine at the expense of the secretion of thyroxine.", "contents": "The relative distribution of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triiodothyronine in various fractions of thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin fractions rich and poor in new thyroglobulin were separated by means of DEAE-cellulose chromatography of dog thyroid extracts and by zonal ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient of guinea pig thyroid extract incubated at low temperature. The distrubtion of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triidothyronine in hydrolysates of the different fractions was estimated by radioimmunoassays. Following DEAE-cellulose chromatography there was a small but statistically significant increase in T4/T3 ratio in thyroglobulin fractions eluted at high ionic strength--that is fractions relatively rich in stable iodine but poor in fresh thyroglobulin. There was no differences in the T4/rT3 ratios between the different fractions. The ratios between iodothyronines were almost identical in the various thyroglobulin fractions following zonal ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient of cold treated guinea pig thyroid extract. These findings lend no support to the possibility that a relatively high content of triiodothyronines in freshly synthesized thyroglobulin modulates the thyroid secretion towards a preferential secretion of triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-(reverse)-triidothyronine at the expense of the secretion of thyroxine.", "PMID": 580831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_583", "title": "HLA antigens in a family with maturity-onset type diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In a family with maturity-onset type of diabetes mellitus inherited as a dominant, autosomal trait (MODY), the HLA genotypes were compared with the glucose tolerance and the plasma insulin response to oral glucose. In the members with impaired glucose tolerance, the plasma insulin response was of the insulino-tardic type, while those with normal or borderline glucose tolerance had a normal plasma insulin response. HLA tissue typing for A, B, C and D series antigens carried out in 19 of the members showed no association between specific HLA antigens and imparied glucose tolerance. Moreover, when analysing the segregation of the disease and the HLA characters, several recombinants between MODY and HLA would have to be postulated if the gene(s) for this form of diabetes mellitus should be closely linked to the HLA locus.", "contents": "HLA antigens in a family with maturity-onset type diabetes mellitus. In a family with maturity-onset type of diabetes mellitus inherited as a dominant, autosomal trait (MODY), the HLA genotypes were compared with the glucose tolerance and the plasma insulin response to oral glucose. In the members with impaired glucose tolerance, the plasma insulin response was of the insulino-tardic type, while those with normal or borderline glucose tolerance had a normal plasma insulin response. HLA tissue typing for A, B, C and D series antigens carried out in 19 of the members showed no association between specific HLA antigens and imparied glucose tolerance. Moreover, when analysing the segregation of the disease and the HLA characters, several recombinants between MODY and HLA would have to be postulated if the gene(s) for this form of diabetes mellitus should be closely linked to the HLA locus.", "PMID": 580833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_584", "title": "Participation of antral somatostatin in the local regulation of gastrin release.", "content": "In anaesthetized pigs gastrin release was stimulated by irrigation of the antrum with bicarbonate and by instillation of a meat extract. The concentration of gastrin and somatostatin was measured by radioimmunoassay both in the antral and peripheral venous blood. The increase in gastrin was coupled to a significant decrease in somatostatin immunoreactivity as measured in the antral venous blood both during instillation of alkali and meat extract. In peripheral blood, the differences were much less evident and not statistically significant. It is speculated that the decrease in release of antral somatostatin during alkalinization and instillation of meat extract is the primary event which is followed by a diminished inhibition of gastrin liberation. Thus, the present data support the hypothesis that antral somatostatin participates in the local regulation of gastrin release.", "contents": "Participation of antral somatostatin in the local regulation of gastrin release. In anaesthetized pigs gastrin release was stimulated by irrigation of the antrum with bicarbonate and by instillation of a meat extract. The concentration of gastrin and somatostatin was measured by radioimmunoassay both in the antral and peripheral venous blood. The increase in gastrin was coupled to a significant decrease in somatostatin immunoreactivity as measured in the antral venous blood both during instillation of alkali and meat extract. In peripheral blood, the differences were much less evident and not statistically significant. It is speculated that the decrease in release of antral somatostatin during alkalinization and instillation of meat extract is the primary event which is followed by a diminished inhibition of gastrin liberation. Thus, the present data support the hypothesis that antral somatostatin participates in the local regulation of gastrin release.", "PMID": 580834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_585", "title": "Adrenal cysts: hormonal contents and functional evaluation.", "content": "Cortisol, corticosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine have been identified for the first time in two adrenal cysts removed from patients without endocrine dysfunction. Total concentrations of corticosteroids and catecholamines in both capsule and fluid of these cysts were higher than in plasma of normal subjects but lower than in human adrenal tissue. The cysts contained preformed cholesterol in concentrations similar to normal adrenal parenchyma. Contrary to adrenal tissue, however, homogenates of cyst components failed to utilize [4-14C] cholesterol for steroid formation. The data presented suggest that hormones in adrenal cysts probably arise by passive diffusion from the surrounding gland and that the endocrine status of patients bearing adrenal cysts is determined by the adjacent non-cystic tissue.", "contents": "Adrenal cysts: hormonal contents and functional evaluation. Cortisol, corticosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine have been identified for the first time in two adrenal cysts removed from patients without endocrine dysfunction. Total concentrations of corticosteroids and catecholamines in both capsule and fluid of these cysts were higher than in plasma of normal subjects but lower than in human adrenal tissue. The cysts contained preformed cholesterol in concentrations similar to normal adrenal parenchyma. Contrary to adrenal tissue, however, homogenates of cyst components failed to utilize [4-14C] cholesterol for steroid formation. The data presented suggest that hormones in adrenal cysts probably arise by passive diffusion from the surrounding gland and that the endocrine status of patients bearing adrenal cysts is determined by the adjacent non-cystic tissue.", "PMID": 580835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_586", "title": "Follicle growth in the immature rat ovary.", "content": "In ovaries of immature rats the following parameters were estimated from autoradiographs prepared after pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine: 1) The time it takes follicles to grow from one stage of development to another. This could be derived from the total number of granulosa cells in these stages and from their doubling times. The doubling time of granulosa cells was determined from their labelling index and the duration of their DNA-synthesis phase. 2) The number of follicles present in the ovary at different ages. 3) The number of follicles, which start on their development at different ages. It was found, that more follicles start to grow in 8 and 16 days old rats (2.0/h) than in 28 days old ones (1.0/h). Moreover, the follicles grow somewhat faster earlier in life than later. The development from a follicle with one layer of granulosa cells to one with several layers and antrum formation takes about 15 days in the first half of the period of immaturity while it takes about 17 days as the animal approaches maturity.", "contents": "Follicle growth in the immature rat ovary. In ovaries of immature rats the following parameters were estimated from autoradiographs prepared after pulse labelling with tritiated thymidine: 1) The time it takes follicles to grow from one stage of development to another. This could be derived from the total number of granulosa cells in these stages and from their doubling times. The doubling time of granulosa cells was determined from their labelling index and the duration of their DNA-synthesis phase. 2) The number of follicles present in the ovary at different ages. 3) The number of follicles, which start on their development at different ages. It was found, that more follicles start to grow in 8 and 16 days old rats (2.0/h) than in 28 days old ones (1.0/h). Moreover, the follicles grow somewhat faster earlier in life than later. The development from a follicle with one layer of granulosa cells to one with several layers and antrum formation takes about 15 days in the first half of the period of immaturity while it takes about 17 days as the animal approaches maturity.", "PMID": 580836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_587", "title": "The effects of LH, adrenaline and noradrenaline on testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "The acute effects of a 20 min constant rate intra-arterial infusion of LH and catecholamines on testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations were examined in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats. Ovine LH (2.5 microgram/min) elicited a 6-fold increase in testosterone concentration and a significant decrease of testicular vascular resistance. Noradrenaline and adrenaline (0.4 microgram/min) caused significant depressions in the plasma testosterone levels. The catecholamines induced no absolute changes in testicular blood flow but noradrenaline caused an increase in testicular vascular resistance. It was concluded that the catecholamine induced reductions in testosterone concentrations were not due to a vascular effect on the testis.", "contents": "The effects of LH, adrenaline and noradrenaline on testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations in anaesthetized rats. The acute effects of a 20 min constant rate intra-arterial infusion of LH and catecholamines on testicular blood flow and plasma testosterone concentrations were examined in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats. Ovine LH (2.5 microgram/min) elicited a 6-fold increase in testosterone concentration and a significant decrease of testicular vascular resistance. Noradrenaline and adrenaline (0.4 microgram/min) caused significant depressions in the plasma testosterone levels. The catecholamines induced no absolute changes in testicular blood flow but noradrenaline caused an increase in testicular vascular resistance. It was concluded that the catecholamine induced reductions in testosterone concentrations were not due to a vascular effect on the testis.", "PMID": 580837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_588", "title": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in hypophosphataemic osteomalacia presenting in adults.", "content": "The effects of exogenous 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in two adults with late-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia were studied. In the presence of elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 1,25OH)2D3 improved intestinal 47Ca absorption and increased urinary calcium, phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion. Hypophosphataemia, parathyroid hormone and bone mineralization were not significantly affected. The rise of the 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D concentrations was dose dependent. The results indicate htat the impared renal phosphate conservation--the primary defect in this disorder--is not corrected by exogneous 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in hypophosphataemic osteomalacia presenting in adults. The effects of exogenous 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in two adults with late-onset hypophosphataemic osteomalacia were studied. In the presence of elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 1,25OH)2D3 improved intestinal 47Ca absorption and increased urinary calcium, phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion. Hypophosphataemia, parathyroid hormone and bone mineralization were not significantly affected. The rise of the 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D concentrations was dose dependent. The results indicate htat the impared renal phosphate conservation--the primary defect in this disorder--is not corrected by exogneous 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 580838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_589", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia. Cases seen at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1956-1974.", "content": "In the period 1956-1974, 31 new cases of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) were diagnosed at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. All were alive in 1974. 90% weighed less than 1500 g at birth and the gestational age of less than 30 weeks at birth was present in 85%. All patients had required supplementary oxygen during the first weeks of life. 84% of the eyes had visual acuity of finger counting 1 m or less and when classified according to the corrected visual acuity in the better eye, 71% of the patients were practically blind according to the classification by Rintelen. 81% of the eyes showed one of the cicatricial stages of RLF, III to V, and 45% showed the grade V of the disease. 11% of the eyes showed corneal opacities, 44% a flat or absent anterior chamber, 11% had intraocular pressure of greater than or equal to 30 mmHg and 21% showed lenticular opacities. When the period of the observation was surveyed, it was found that during the latter half of the observation period, twice as many new cases of RLF were born. At a rough estimate it was calculated that in 1956-1974 at least 50 new cases of RLF developed in Finland.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia. Cases seen at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital 1956-1974. In the period 1956-1974, 31 new cases of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) were diagnosed at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. All were alive in 1974. 90% weighed less than 1500 g at birth and the gestational age of less than 30 weeks at birth was present in 85%. All patients had required supplementary oxygen during the first weeks of life. 84% of the eyes had visual acuity of finger counting 1 m or less and when classified according to the corrected visual acuity in the better eye, 71% of the patients were practically blind according to the classification by Rintelen. 81% of the eyes showed one of the cicatricial stages of RLF, III to V, and 45% showed the grade V of the disease. 11% of the eyes showed corneal opacities, 44% a flat or absent anterior chamber, 11% had intraocular pressure of greater than or equal to 30 mmHg and 21% showed lenticular opacities. When the period of the observation was surveyed, it was found that during the latter half of the observation period, twice as many new cases of RLF were born. At a rough estimate it was calculated that in 1956-1974 at least 50 new cases of RLF developed in Finland.", "PMID": 580839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_590", "title": "Ocular hypertension. II. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor test for early detection of glaucoma.", "content": "The intraocular pressure before and three h after oral administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was measured in one normotensive, one hypertensive as well as two glaucoma groups. The ratio between the outflow pressure after and before this treatment was estimated. The percentage outflow pressure was found to be about 50% in the normotensive group and in the two glaucoma groups, but in the hypertensive group 68%. This carbonic anhydrase inhibitor test (CAI-test) seems to give additional information which can improve the possibility of differentiating between high normative pressure and early glaucoma prior to glaucomatous lesions.", "contents": "Ocular hypertension. II. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor test for early detection of glaucoma. The intraocular pressure before and three h after oral administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was measured in one normotensive, one hypertensive as well as two glaucoma groups. The ratio between the outflow pressure after and before this treatment was estimated. The percentage outflow pressure was found to be about 50% in the normotensive group and in the two glaucoma groups, but in the hypertensive group 68%. This carbonic anhydrase inhibitor test (CAI-test) seems to give additional information which can improve the possibility of differentiating between high normative pressure and early glaucoma prior to glaucomatous lesions.", "PMID": 580840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_591", "title": "A study on the postulated transoptic regulation of the intraocular pressure.", "content": "The possibility that fibers regulating the intraocular pressure originate in the hypothalamus and course in the optic nerve, has been investigated in albino rabbits with different techniques. By means of horseradish perixodase tracing-technique, oculohypothalamic but no hypothalamoocular connections were observed. The water-loading effect on the intraocular pressure was studied after unilateral optic nerve transection. The transection was performed in three experimental groups in the following way: Intracranial transection of one optic nerve, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve and sham operation on the other side, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve without sham operation on the other side. In contrast to previous reports, we found no significant side difference in intraocular pressure after water-loading in any of these groups.", "contents": "A study on the postulated transoptic regulation of the intraocular pressure. The possibility that fibers regulating the intraocular pressure originate in the hypothalamus and course in the optic nerve, has been investigated in albino rabbits with different techniques. By means of horseradish perixodase tracing-technique, oculohypothalamic but no hypothalamoocular connections were observed. The water-loading effect on the intraocular pressure was studied after unilateral optic nerve transection. The transection was performed in three experimental groups in the following way: Intracranial transection of one optic nerve, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve and sham operation on the other side, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve without sham operation on the other side. In contrast to previous reports, we found no significant side difference in intraocular pressure after water-loading in any of these groups.", "PMID": 580841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_592", "title": "On the interfibrillar matrix of the pseudo-exfoliation material.", "content": "Lenses with pseudo-exfoliation (PE) were suspended in a 10% solution of ferritin. In order to retain ferritin at the surface of the PE material during the preparation for the subsequent transmission electron microscopy, some of the lenses were coated with a thin layer of gelatin before the application of the ferritin solution. It was found that ferritin particles to a certain extent penetrated into the PE material. But the concentration of ferritin was much higher in the gelatin coating than in the PE material. The concentration changed stepwise at the interface between the gelatin and the PE material. The ferritin particles in the PE material were mainly found adjacent to the PE fibrils, and there was a certain tendency towards a linear arrangement of the particles. In some specimens, in which thin filaments were found in the interfibrillar space, the ferritin was found mainly along these filaments. The results are interpreted in light of earlier works in which other tracers have been applied. The marked lower concentration of ferritin in the PE material than in the gelatin coating, and the stepwise fall in concentration at the interface between the two materials, seem to confirm the presence of an interfibrillar matrix of the PE material.", "contents": "On the interfibrillar matrix of the pseudo-exfoliation material. Lenses with pseudo-exfoliation (PE) were suspended in a 10% solution of ferritin. In order to retain ferritin at the surface of the PE material during the preparation for the subsequent transmission electron microscopy, some of the lenses were coated with a thin layer of gelatin before the application of the ferritin solution. It was found that ferritin particles to a certain extent penetrated into the PE material. But the concentration of ferritin was much higher in the gelatin coating than in the PE material. The concentration changed stepwise at the interface between the gelatin and the PE material. The ferritin particles in the PE material were mainly found adjacent to the PE fibrils, and there was a certain tendency towards a linear arrangement of the particles. In some specimens, in which thin filaments were found in the interfibrillar space, the ferritin was found mainly along these filaments. The results are interpreted in light of earlier works in which other tracers have been applied. The marked lower concentration of ferritin in the PE material than in the gelatin coating, and the stepwise fall in concentration at the interface between the two materials, seem to confirm the presence of an interfibrillar matrix of the PE material.", "PMID": 580842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_593", "title": "Calibration of the Goldmann perimeter and accessories used in specific quantitative perimetry.", "content": "With known radiometric data of the components of the projection perimeter and its accessories it is possible to perform spectral sensitivity measurements which are essential for the performance of quantitative colour perimetry. The authors describes modifications made the Goldmann perimeter for the performance of such measurements. The calibration data of the perimeter and accessories are given. A good fit between the CIE scotopic spectral sensitivity curve (V' lambda) and our experimental results for a dark adapted eye serves as a control of the calibration.", "contents": "Calibration of the Goldmann perimeter and accessories used in specific quantitative perimetry. With known radiometric data of the components of the projection perimeter and its accessories it is possible to perform spectral sensitivity measurements which are essential for the performance of quantitative colour perimetry. The authors describes modifications made the Goldmann perimeter for the performance of such measurements. The calibration data of the perimeter and accessories are given. A good fit between the CIE scotopic spectral sensitivity curve (V' lambda) and our experimental results for a dark adapted eye serves as a control of the calibration.", "PMID": 580843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_594", "title": "Pituitary adenoma and visual function. The prognostic value of clinical, ophthalmological and neuroradiologic findings in 51 patients subjected to operation.", "content": "The series studied included 51 patients subjected to operation for pituitary adenoma. The visual status was analysed both pre- and postoperatively. The pre- and postoperative parameters were compared with clinical information, ophthalmological and neuroradiological findings with a view to an evaluation of their prognostic value. In 36 patients with chromophobe adenoma, visual field defects were present in 92% before the operation; visual function improved in 62% and returned to normal in 24%. Among 15 patients with eosinophil or mixed adenoma, only two (13%) had visual field defects pre-operatively. In those patients where operation was followed by a distinct visual improvement, the pre-operative ophthalmological findings were as follows: visual acuity greater than 6/24, normal optic discs, visual field defects up to two quadrants, and pneumoencephalographic findings suggestive of only a small suprasellar tumour.", "contents": "Pituitary adenoma and visual function. The prognostic value of clinical, ophthalmological and neuroradiologic findings in 51 patients subjected to operation. The series studied included 51 patients subjected to operation for pituitary adenoma. The visual status was analysed both pre- and postoperatively. The pre- and postoperative parameters were compared with clinical information, ophthalmological and neuroradiological findings with a view to an evaluation of their prognostic value. In 36 patients with chromophobe adenoma, visual field defects were present in 92% before the operation; visual function improved in 62% and returned to normal in 24%. Among 15 patients with eosinophil or mixed adenoma, only two (13%) had visual field defects pre-operatively. In those patients where operation was followed by a distinct visual improvement, the pre-operative ophthalmological findings were as follows: visual acuity greater than 6/24, normal optic discs, visual field defects up to two quadrants, and pneumoencephalographic findings suggestive of only a small suprasellar tumour.", "PMID": 580844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_595", "title": "Effect of tranexamic acid on choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Four cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have been treated with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (Cyklocapron). One patient treated for six months showed no progression in tumor growth. Three eyes have been enucleated, and the histological examination revealed that the tumours were surrounded by fibrin. No side-effects of the treatment were observed.", "contents": "Effect of tranexamic acid on choroidal melanoma. Four cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have been treated with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (Cyklocapron). One patient treated for six months showed no progression in tumor growth. Three eyes have been enucleated, and the histological examination revealed that the tumours were surrounded by fibrin. No side-effects of the treatment were observed.", "PMID": 580845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_596", "title": "Photic release of radioactivity from rabbit retina preloaded with [3H]GABA.", "content": "The in vitro release of radioactivity by light from rabbit retina was studied after intravitreal injection of [3H]GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). The site of uptake of [3H]GABA into the retina after intravitreal injection was checked by autoradiography and was localized at 2 h after the injection mainly in glia but at 4 h in amacrine cells and some ganglion cells. If the retina loaded with [3H]GABA was stimulated by light flashes the efflux of radioactivity increased significantly. Chromatographic analysis of the superfusate demonstrated that [3H]GABA was released by light stimulation. However, the efflux was not elicited by constant light, and was abolished in a medium containing 20 mM Mg++ and 0.2 mM++. When the metabolism of GABA was inhibited by amino-oxyacetic acid, light flashes no longer increased the efflux of radioactivity significantly. No light-evoked release of radioactivity could be demonstrated from glia. Pentobarbitone inhibited the spontaneous efflux and prior anaesthetization with pentobarbitone abolished the light-evoked release. These results support the view that GABA is a retinal neurotransmitter in the rabbit.", "contents": "Photic release of radioactivity from rabbit retina preloaded with [3H]GABA. The in vitro release of radioactivity by light from rabbit retina was studied after intravitreal injection of [3H]GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). The site of uptake of [3H]GABA into the retina after intravitreal injection was checked by autoradiography and was localized at 2 h after the injection mainly in glia but at 4 h in amacrine cells and some ganglion cells. If the retina loaded with [3H]GABA was stimulated by light flashes the efflux of radioactivity increased significantly. Chromatographic analysis of the superfusate demonstrated that [3H]GABA was released by light stimulation. However, the efflux was not elicited by constant light, and was abolished in a medium containing 20 mM Mg++ and 0.2 mM++. When the metabolism of GABA was inhibited by amino-oxyacetic acid, light flashes no longer increased the efflux of radioactivity significantly. No light-evoked release of radioactivity could be demonstrated from glia. Pentobarbitone inhibited the spontaneous efflux and prior anaesthetization with pentobarbitone abolished the light-evoked release. These results support the view that GABA is a retinal neurotransmitter in the rabbit.", "PMID": 580846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_597", "title": "Accumulation of 8-methoxypsoralen in the rat retina.", "content": "The distribution of 3H-8-methoxypsoralen (3H-8-MOP) has been examined by autoradiography in albino and pigmented rat eyes. Very high concentrations were seen in the pigmented layer of the retina, ciliary body and iris in pigmented rats. Cornea concentrations in both rat strains were about twice that of blood, and lower concentrations were seen in the lens.", "contents": "Accumulation of 8-methoxypsoralen in the rat retina. The distribution of 3H-8-methoxypsoralen (3H-8-MOP) has been examined by autoradiography in albino and pigmented rat eyes. Very high concentrations were seen in the pigmented layer of the retina, ciliary body and iris in pigmented rats. Cornea concentrations in both rat strains were about twice that of blood, and lower concentrations were seen in the lens.", "PMID": 580847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_598", "title": "Functional evaluation in Harada's disease. A case report.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman suffering from Harada's disease was carefully evaluated during a three year follow-up study. In the acute stage of the disease the electroretinographic changes were found to parallel the clinical course. The functional parameters indicate that the retinal involvement is localized in the layers which generate the electroretinogram. Some attempts to explain the discrepancy between the decreased positive amplitude of the electroretinogram and the normal sensory threshold findings give credence to the concept that such paradoxical behaviour can be explained by the focalized nature of the retinal involvement.", "contents": "Functional evaluation in Harada's disease. A case report. A 21-year-old woman suffering from Harada's disease was carefully evaluated during a three year follow-up study. In the acute stage of the disease the electroretinographic changes were found to parallel the clinical course. The functional parameters indicate that the retinal involvement is localized in the layers which generate the electroretinogram. Some attempts to explain the discrepancy between the decreased positive amplitude of the electroretinogram and the normal sensory threshold findings give credence to the concept that such paradoxical behaviour can be explained by the focalized nature of the retinal involvement.", "PMID": 580848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_599", "title": "Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal haemorrhage. A case report.", "content": "Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal haemorrhages was first described in 1958. In the present article, a case of recurring retinal haemorrhages combined with retinal arteriolar tortuosity is reported. The medical examination and laboratory tests did not reveal pathology except for a slightly increased bleeding time. There were no similar cases in the family. The cause of the haemorrhages is still unknown.", "contents": "Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal haemorrhage. A case report. Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal haemorrhages was first described in 1958. In the present article, a case of recurring retinal haemorrhages combined with retinal arteriolar tortuosity is reported. The medical examination and laboratory tests did not reveal pathology except for a slightly increased bleeding time. There were no similar cases in the family. The cause of the haemorrhages is still unknown.", "PMID": 580849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_600", "title": "Nutrition and social correlates in iron deficiency anemia.", "content": "This study was designed to ascertain some nutrition and nutrition related social factors in the environment of the child with anemia. In this study, it was found that the child with iron deficiency anemia consumed less iron per kilogram per day, drank more milk, was less likely to have been given supplemental iron, was introduced to strained foods at an older age, and had a greater number of siblings. The mother was more likely to be separated or divorced, view the child as having more feeding problems and be an inappropriate weight for age, have somewhat different expectations of his ability to perform certain tasks, and be, in general, less satisfied with the child. The family group spent less per capita on food and cared for the child in the home more of the time. A better understanding of these factors, important in the development of iron deficiency anemia, may eventually lead to amelioration of the problem.", "contents": "Nutrition and social correlates in iron deficiency anemia. This study was designed to ascertain some nutrition and nutrition related social factors in the environment of the child with anemia. In this study, it was found that the child with iron deficiency anemia consumed less iron per kilogram per day, drank more milk, was less likely to have been given supplemental iron, was introduced to strained foods at an older age, and had a greater number of siblings. The mother was more likely to be separated or divorced, view the child as having more feeding problems and be an inappropriate weight for age, have somewhat different expectations of his ability to perform certain tasks, and be, in general, less satisfied with the child. The family group spent less per capita on food and cared for the child in the home more of the time. A better understanding of these factors, important in the development of iron deficiency anemia, may eventually lead to amelioration of the problem.", "PMID": 580855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_601", "title": "[Anaesthesia problems in massive transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "It is essential for adequate anaesthesia during massive transfusion to avoid further shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left by hyperventilating the patient, by not rewarming the cold blood and by an overenthusiastic correction of an eventually arising metabolic acidosis. The occurrence of coagulation disorders during massive transfusion has been overestimated in the past and is a poor basis for \"blind\" substitution. The additional use of blood microfilters and caustious attitude towards the use of crystalloid solutions e.g. Ringer lactate, are indispensable measures for counteracting impending pulmonary insufficiency. The avoidance of surfactant irritating inhalation anesthetics such as halothane or methoxyflurane seems advisable. In this context the use of adequate PEEP plays an important role. Circulatory stability is guaranteed by using ketamine or fentanyl for general anaesthesia and analgesia, and by the use of pancuronium for relaxation.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia problems in massive transfusion (author's transl)]. It is essential for adequate anaesthesia during massive transfusion to avoid further shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left by hyperventilating the patient, by not rewarming the cold blood and by an overenthusiastic correction of an eventually arising metabolic acidosis. The occurrence of coagulation disorders during massive transfusion has been overestimated in the past and is a poor basis for \"blind\" substitution. The additional use of blood microfilters and caustious attitude towards the use of crystalloid solutions e.g. Ringer lactate, are indispensable measures for counteracting impending pulmonary insufficiency. The avoidance of surfactant irritating inhalation anesthetics such as halothane or methoxyflurane seems advisable. In this context the use of adequate PEEP plays an important role. Circulatory stability is guaranteed by using ketamine or fentanyl for general anaesthesia and analgesia, and by the use of pancuronium for relaxation.", "PMID": 580860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_602", "title": "Experimental evaluation of reexpansion pulmonary edema.", "content": "Reexpansion pulmonary edema following pneumothorax is clinically uncommon but occasionally life threatening. This study documents the functional and anatomical abnormalities that occur when a collapsed lung is reexpanded. Right pneumothorax was created through open tube thoracostomy in 30 goats. The animals were divided into six groups by duration of pneumothorax (24, 48, or 72 hours) and technique of reexpansion (waterseal vs 10 cm H2O suction). Arterial blood gases and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDO2) were analyzed before pneumothorax and after reexpansion. Each lung was reexpanded for 2 hours, chest roentgenograms were obtained, and both lungs were removed. The left lung served as the control. Both lungs were checked for surfactant activity and pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWY). Light and electron microscopy were also performed. Anatomical and functional changes were present in the reexpanded lung after relief of pneumothorax. Both increased time of collapse and suction reexpansion tended to correlate with increased PEWV, decreased surfactant and arterial PO2, and increased A-aDO2.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of reexpansion pulmonary edema. Reexpansion pulmonary edema following pneumothorax is clinically uncommon but occasionally life threatening. This study documents the functional and anatomical abnormalities that occur when a collapsed lung is reexpanded. Right pneumothorax was created through open tube thoracostomy in 30 goats. The animals were divided into six groups by duration of pneumothorax (24, 48, or 72 hours) and technique of reexpansion (waterseal vs 10 cm H2O suction). Arterial blood gases and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDO2) were analyzed before pneumothorax and after reexpansion. Each lung was reexpanded for 2 hours, chest roentgenograms were obtained, and both lungs were removed. The left lung served as the control. Both lungs were checked for surfactant activity and pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWY). Light and electron microscopy were also performed. Anatomical and functional changes were present in the reexpanded lung after relief of pneumothorax. Both increased time of collapse and suction reexpansion tended to correlate with increased PEWV, decreased surfactant and arterial PO2, and increased A-aDO2.", "PMID": 580862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_603", "title": "Effects of guanadrel on patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Eleven patients with Graves' disease were treated with guanadrel sulfate and observed for changes in neuromuscular and cardiovascular manifestations. No notable changes in pulse rate or muscle strength were detected in either these patients during a three-day pretreatment period or in five control patients with Graves' disease receiving placebo for six days. Thyroid hormone levels were not altered by seven days of guanadrel sulfate therapy (5 to 20 mg orally every six hours), and no adverse side effects were encountered. Mean supine resting pulse fell from 102 +/- 6 (mean +/- SEM) to 90 +/- 3 beats per minute (P less than .02). The patients' proximal and distal muscle strengths were initially decreased, when compared with healthy subjects, and improved substantially with guanadrel therapy. We conclude that guanadrel sulfate may be useful in the symptomatic management of patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Effects of guanadrel on patients with thyrotoxicosis. Eleven patients with Graves' disease were treated with guanadrel sulfate and observed for changes in neuromuscular and cardiovascular manifestations. No notable changes in pulse rate or muscle strength were detected in either these patients during a three-day pretreatment period or in five control patients with Graves' disease receiving placebo for six days. Thyroid hormone levels were not altered by seven days of guanadrel sulfate therapy (5 to 20 mg orally every six hours), and no adverse side effects were encountered. Mean supine resting pulse fell from 102 +/- 6 (mean +/- SEM) to 90 +/- 3 beats per minute (P less than .02). The patients' proximal and distal muscle strengths were initially decreased, when compared with healthy subjects, and improved substantially with guanadrel therapy. We conclude that guanadrel sulfate may be useful in the symptomatic management of patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 580863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_604", "title": "Past and present hazards of working with infectious agents.", "content": "Over 4,000 cases of laboratory-associated infection have been recorded. Some of the agents involved often in the past have been less frequently the cause of such infection in recent years, and some agents are more likely to infect those working with them than others. Pipetting, the use of a needle and syringe, and spills have been most frequently involved in accidents resulting in infection, but in the majority of cases no recognized accident occurred. In these instances, infectious aerosols, produced in various ways, are probably the most frequent causes of laboratory-associated infection. The introduction of protective devices and emphasis on safe procedures seem to be reducing the risk of accidental infection. Although work with tumor viruses and recombinant DNA research may not be as hazardous as was originally feared, continued caution and surveillance is advised.", "contents": "Past and present hazards of working with infectious agents. Over 4,000 cases of laboratory-associated infection have been recorded. Some of the agents involved often in the past have been less frequently the cause of such infection in recent years, and some agents are more likely to infect those working with them than others. Pipetting, the use of a needle and syringe, and spills have been most frequently involved in accidents resulting in infection, but in the majority of cases no recognized accident occurred. In these instances, infectious aerosols, produced in various ways, are probably the most frequent causes of laboratory-associated infection. The introduction of protective devices and emphasis on safe procedures seem to be reducing the risk of accidental infection. Although work with tumor viruses and recombinant DNA research may not be as hazardous as was originally feared, continued caution and surveillance is advised.", "PMID": 580864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_605", "title": "Legionnaires' disease. Pathological and historical aspects of a 'new' disease.", "content": "Autopsy tissues and protocols from 26 epidemiologically defined fatal cases of Legionnaires' disease occurring during the 1976 Philadelphia outbreak were reviewed. Consistent pathologic features were limited to the lung, where an acute pneumonia characterized by intra-alveolar exudation of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin was observed. An etiologic agent common to most of the victims of Legionnaires' disease was identified within the pneumonic process by application of the Dieterle silver impregnation stain. In some cases, other pulmonary histologic findings were noted, chiefly acute diffuse alveolar damage. However, the importance of acute diffuse alveolar damage is not understood.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease. Pathological and historical aspects of a 'new' disease. Autopsy tissues and protocols from 26 epidemiologically defined fatal cases of Legionnaires' disease occurring during the 1976 Philadelphia outbreak were reviewed. Consistent pathologic features were limited to the lung, where an acute pneumonia characterized by intra-alveolar exudation of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin was observed. An etiologic agent common to most of the victims of Legionnaires' disease was identified within the pneumonic process by application of the Dieterle silver impregnation stain. In some cases, other pulmonary histologic findings were noted, chiefly acute diffuse alveolar damage. However, the importance of acute diffuse alveolar damage is not understood.", "PMID": 580865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_606", "title": "The pathology of Legionnaires' disease. Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 outbreak in Vermont.", "content": "Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 Vermont outbreak of Legionnaires' disease have been analyzed. Serious underlying diseases were present in all patients. The only consistent lesions were in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia was present in all cases and was confluent in most. No lobe of the lung was preferentially involved and consolidation was usually bilateral. Abscesses were evident macroscopically in only two cases. Microscopically, there was an extensive alveolar infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Lysis of the inflammatory cells was frequently present and was associated with an increased number of bacteria. Coagulative necrosis of lung was present in a few cases, and the possibility of a bacterial toxin must be considered. Bacteria were well stained by the Dieterle stain and appeared Gram-negative in tissue imprints from the unfixed lung.", "contents": "The pathology of Legionnaires' disease. Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 outbreak in Vermont. Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 Vermont outbreak of Legionnaires' disease have been analyzed. Serious underlying diseases were present in all patients. The only consistent lesions were in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia was present in all cases and was confluent in most. No lobe of the lung was preferentially involved and consolidation was usually bilateral. Abscesses were evident macroscopically in only two cases. Microscopically, there was an extensive alveolar infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Lysis of the inflammatory cells was frequently present and was associated with an increased number of bacteria. Coagulative necrosis of lung was present in a few cases, and the possibility of a bacterial toxin must be considered. Bacteria were well stained by the Dieterle stain and appeared Gram-negative in tissue imprints from the unfixed lung.", "PMID": 580866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_607", "title": "Differentiation between Prototheca and morphologically similar green algae in tissue.", "content": "Evidence that algae are pathogens was provided by the results of electron microscopic studies of tissues from five cattle and sheep suspected of having green algal infections. Chloroplasts were demonstrated in the algae in each case. Prototheca organisms, considered by some to be achloric mutants of green algae, are causative agents of disease in man and animals and may appear morphologically similar to green algae in tissue. However, electron microscopy showed that chloroplasts were absent in these organisms. Light microscopy revealed not only similarities in size, shape, and mode of reproduction, but also a striking difference between the Prototheca organisms and green algae. Unlike Prototheca, the green algae contained abundant cytoplasmic starch granules that were strongly positive by several staining procedures; these granules, which were PAS-negative following diastase digestion, provide a means of differentiating green algae from Prototheca cells in tissue.", "contents": "Differentiation between Prototheca and morphologically similar green algae in tissue. Evidence that algae are pathogens was provided by the results of electron microscopic studies of tissues from five cattle and sheep suspected of having green algal infections. Chloroplasts were demonstrated in the algae in each case. Prototheca organisms, considered by some to be achloric mutants of green algae, are causative agents of disease in man and animals and may appear morphologically similar to green algae in tissue. However, electron microscopy showed that chloroplasts were absent in these organisms. Light microscopy revealed not only similarities in size, shape, and mode of reproduction, but also a striking difference between the Prototheca organisms and green algae. Unlike Prototheca, the green algae contained abundant cytoplasmic starch granules that were strongly positive by several staining procedures; these granules, which were PAS-negative following diastase digestion, provide a means of differentiating green algae from Prototheca cells in tissue.", "PMID": 580867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_608", "title": "Myocardial involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), an acute febrile exanthematous illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks, is endemic in the southern Atlantic states. This report is based on the clinical and pathological findings of myocardial involvement in 16 children who died with severe RMSF. All 16 children had myocardial lesions to some degree, but it was not believed that these could be evaluated in terms of cardiac function and death in the face of the usual peripheral vascular collapse caused by the widespread vascular lesions throughout the body.", "contents": "Myocardial involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), an acute febrile exanthematous illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks, is endemic in the southern Atlantic states. This report is based on the clinical and pathological findings of myocardial involvement in 16 children who died with severe RMSF. All 16 children had myocardial lesions to some degree, but it was not believed that these could be evaluated in terms of cardiac function and death in the face of the usual peripheral vascular collapse caused by the widespread vascular lesions throughout the body.", "PMID": 580868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_609", "title": "Human lingual tuberculosis. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "According to morphological criteria, the predominant cells from human oral tuberculosis granulomas are classified as monocytes, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells. The morphology of each cell type is related to its speculated function. It is theorized that macrophages and epithelioid cells represent an in vivo line of differentiation from undifferentiated monocytes and that giant cells form from a coalescence or syncytium of macrophages. The role of these phagocytic cells and other participating inflammatory cells in granulomatous inflammation is discussed.", "contents": "Human lingual tuberculosis. An ultrastructural study. According to morphological criteria, the predominant cells from human oral tuberculosis granulomas are classified as monocytes, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells. The morphology of each cell type is related to its speculated function. It is theorized that macrophages and epithelioid cells represent an in vivo line of differentiation from undifferentiated monocytes and that giant cells form from a coalescence or syncytium of macrophages. The role of these phagocytic cells and other participating inflammatory cells in granulomatous inflammation is discussed.", "PMID": 580869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_610", "title": "Fatal measles (rubeola) pneumonia in adults.", "content": "Fatal measles (rubeola) pneumonia, confirmed by viral culture and electron microscopy, occurred in a previously healthy 19-year-old man. Autopsy disclosed measles pneumonia but no recognizable disease that would predispose to such an infection. However, the prolonged course of the measles infection and very low levels of serum antibodies to measles indicate that an immune deficient state existed. Nearly all other adults dying of measles pneumonia have had impairment of the immune system, typically due to a lymphatic or hematologic malignant neoplasm treated with chemotherapy. An immunodeficient state may be a precondition for death from measles pneumonia in adults. Enlargement of air spaces with fibrosis in the anterior portions of both lungs is suspected to be due to tissue necrosis and high mechanical ventilatory pressures.", "contents": "Fatal measles (rubeola) pneumonia in adults. Fatal measles (rubeola) pneumonia, confirmed by viral culture and electron microscopy, occurred in a previously healthy 19-year-old man. Autopsy disclosed measles pneumonia but no recognizable disease that would predispose to such an infection. However, the prolonged course of the measles infection and very low levels of serum antibodies to measles indicate that an immune deficient state existed. Nearly all other adults dying of measles pneumonia have had impairment of the immune system, typically due to a lymphatic or hematologic malignant neoplasm treated with chemotherapy. An immunodeficient state may be a precondition for death from measles pneumonia in adults. Enlargement of air spaces with fibrosis in the anterior portions of both lungs is suspected to be due to tissue necrosis and high mechanical ventilatory pressures.", "PMID": 580870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_611", "title": "Epidemic of toxic hepatitis in India of possible mycotoxic origin.", "content": "An epidemic of liver disease, characterized by onset with high fever, rapidly progressive jaundice, and ascites occurred in a rural area of India. Several hundred people were affected and mortality was high. The epidemic was heralded by the appearance of similar features in the village dogs. Liver biopsy specimens from eight cases and autopsy material from one human case and two dogs were studied. Characteristic features were centrizonal scarring, hepatic venous occlusion, ductular proliferation and cholestasis, focal syncytial giant-cell tr-nsformation of hepatocytes, and pericellular fibrosis. Toxic quantities of aflatoxin B1 were found in samples of corn, the staple food grain of the people, that was obtained from the domestic food stores. The etiology of the disease could not be unequivocally established, but aflatoxins, perhaps in combination with other factors, may have been the cause.", "contents": "Epidemic of toxic hepatitis in India of possible mycotoxic origin. An epidemic of liver disease, characterized by onset with high fever, rapidly progressive jaundice, and ascites occurred in a rural area of India. Several hundred people were affected and mortality was high. The epidemic was heralded by the appearance of similar features in the village dogs. Liver biopsy specimens from eight cases and autopsy material from one human case and two dogs were studied. Characteristic features were centrizonal scarring, hepatic venous occlusion, ductular proliferation and cholestasis, focal syncytial giant-cell tr-nsformation of hepatocytes, and pericellular fibrosis. Toxic quantities of aflatoxin B1 were found in samples of corn, the staple food grain of the people, that was obtained from the domestic food stores. The etiology of the disease could not be unequivocally established, but aflatoxins, perhaps in combination with other factors, may have been the cause.", "PMID": 580871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_612", "title": "Secretion and adenylate cyclase in thyroid nodules.", "content": "Thyrotropin (TSH)- and sodium fluoride (NaF)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was measured in ten cases of \"cold\" thyroid nodules and compared with perinodular tissue. Findings were correlated with the ultrastructure of the nodular and perinodular tissue. Comparisons of the results of assay studies revealed an increase of basal and NaF- and TSH-stimulated AC activity in cold lesions. There was no dissociation of NaF- and TSH-sensitive AC. Ultrastructural findings disclosed a lack of correlation between elevated AC activity and the expected organelle profile indicative of stimulation. Since organelle modulations that are associated with increased protein synthesis were not observed in the face of increased AC activity, an unknown intracellular defect may exist in the expression of the AC-cyclic AMP (adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate) system in cold thyroid nodules.", "contents": "Secretion and adenylate cyclase in thyroid nodules. Thyrotropin (TSH)- and sodium fluoride (NaF)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was measured in ten cases of \"cold\" thyroid nodules and compared with perinodular tissue. Findings were correlated with the ultrastructure of the nodular and perinodular tissue. Comparisons of the results of assay studies revealed an increase of basal and NaF- and TSH-stimulated AC activity in cold lesions. There was no dissociation of NaF- and TSH-sensitive AC. Ultrastructural findings disclosed a lack of correlation between elevated AC activity and the expected organelle profile indicative of stimulation. Since organelle modulations that are associated with increased protein synthesis were not observed in the face of increased AC activity, an unknown intracellular defect may exist in the expression of the AC-cyclic AMP (adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate) system in cold thyroid nodules.", "PMID": 580872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_613", "title": "Alcoholism and alcoholic liver injury: new diagnostic and prognostic tests.", "content": "Recently developed tests that measure levels of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (AANB) and serum glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) may improve screening for early detection of heavy drinking and liver injury, respectively. With these tests, a \"three-level\" approach to the problem is now possible: (1) detection of heavy drinking on the basis of a biochemical marker (such as AANB); (2) detection of liver injury (necrosis and inflammation) on the basis of serum liver tests (such as GDH); and (3) detection of alcoholics in whom cirrhosis is prone to develop by the screening of liver biopsy specimens for precirrhotic lesions (such as pericentral sclerosis).", "contents": "Alcoholism and alcoholic liver injury: new diagnostic and prognostic tests. Recently developed tests that measure levels of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (AANB) and serum glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) may improve screening for early detection of heavy drinking and liver injury, respectively. With these tests, a \"three-level\" approach to the problem is now possible: (1) detection of heavy drinking on the basis of a biochemical marker (such as AANB); (2) detection of liver injury (necrosis and inflammation) on the basis of serum liver tests (such as GDH); and (3) detection of alcoholics in whom cirrhosis is prone to develop by the screening of liver biopsy specimens for precirrhotic lesions (such as pericentral sclerosis).", "PMID": 580876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_614", "title": "Noncirrhotic nodulation of the liver.", "content": "Nodular hyperplasia of the liver is characterized by small, uniformly distributed nodules that are delineated by marginal condensations of reticulin. There is no cholestasis and the liver is of normal size and shape. The cause is unknown, but it is not a precursor of cirrhosis, is not preneoplastic, and is not associated with contraceptive use. It is easily distinguished from adenoma, hamartoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and partial nodular transformation, all of which are focal lesions. Disorder in the terminology that now exists will be minimized by suggesting a new term only when a specific cause is identified or a morphologic feature is distinct.", "contents": "Noncirrhotic nodulation of the liver. Nodular hyperplasia of the liver is characterized by small, uniformly distributed nodules that are delineated by marginal condensations of reticulin. There is no cholestasis and the liver is of normal size and shape. The cause is unknown, but it is not a precursor of cirrhosis, is not preneoplastic, and is not associated with contraceptive use. It is easily distinguished from adenoma, hamartoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and partial nodular transformation, all of which are focal lesions. Disorder in the terminology that now exists will be minimized by suggesting a new term only when a specific cause is identified or a morphologic feature is distinct.", "PMID": 580877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_615", "title": "Reduced ratio of portal tracts to paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "The syndrome of \"paucity\" of intrahepatic bile ducts is characterized by a reduction of the ratio of interlobular bile ducts to portal areas. The present unidirectional study of liver biopsy specimens in cases of so-called intrahepatic biliary atresia, controlled essentially by age-matched autopsy control, showed that there is also a reduced number of portal areas in the livers of these subjects. This fact suggests an injury to the vascular anlage associated with biliary injury.", "contents": "Reduced ratio of portal tracts to paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts. The syndrome of \"paucity\" of intrahepatic bile ducts is characterized by a reduction of the ratio of interlobular bile ducts to portal areas. The present unidirectional study of liver biopsy specimens in cases of so-called intrahepatic biliary atresia, controlled essentially by age-matched autopsy control, showed that there is also a reduced number of portal areas in the livers of these subjects. This fact suggests an injury to the vascular anlage associated with biliary injury.", "PMID": 580878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_616", "title": "Mucosa of the Heister valve in cholelithiasis: transmission and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic studies were performed on 24 gallbladders with thin walls, without inflammation, extirpated by cholecystectomy because of gallstones and on five, free from biliary diseases, obtained by autopsies. Examination of gallbladders and epithelium covering the valvula spiralis (Heister) of the ductus cysticus showed the surface structure of the epithelium covering the Heister valve to be mulberry-like and characteristically pleated, similar to the epithelial lining of the gallbladder. In cases of cholelithiasis, several denuded areas were detectable on the valves. The epithelial lining of the gallbladder was intact. As a new observation, we describe the appearance of worm-like processes on the lateral surface of detached epithelial cells, seen during the course of scanning electron microscopic study. These probably correspond to interdigitating cell junctions observed by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Mucosa of the Heister valve in cholelithiasis: transmission and scanning electron microscopic study. Light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic studies were performed on 24 gallbladders with thin walls, without inflammation, extirpated by cholecystectomy because of gallstones and on five, free from biliary diseases, obtained by autopsies. Examination of gallbladders and epithelium covering the valvula spiralis (Heister) of the ductus cysticus showed the surface structure of the epithelium covering the Heister valve to be mulberry-like and characteristically pleated, similar to the epithelial lining of the gallbladder. In cases of cholelithiasis, several denuded areas were detectable on the valves. The epithelial lining of the gallbladder was intact. As a new observation, we describe the appearance of worm-like processes on the lateral surface of detached epithelial cells, seen during the course of scanning electron microscopic study. These probably correspond to interdigitating cell junctions observed by transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 580879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_617", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis with calcification of the myocardium.", "content": "A case of endomyocardial fibrosis with intramyocardial calcification was characterized by symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy resembling constrictive pericarditis. Pathological findings were typical of those found in classical Davies' disease, originally encountered and described in Uganda.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis with calcification of the myocardium. A case of endomyocardial fibrosis with intramyocardial calcification was characterized by symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy resembling constrictive pericarditis. Pathological findings were typical of those found in classical Davies' disease, originally encountered and described in Uganda.", "PMID": 580880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_618", "title": "Glomerular lesions in congenital endocardial fibroelastosis: clinical manifestations and ultrastructural studies in two patients.", "content": "Two children with congenital fibroelastosis and recurrent episodes of heart failure had overt proteinuria and hematuria; one also had a reversible nephrotic syndrome. Urinary manifestations persisted during periods of cardiac compensation. Renal biopsies revealed mesangial hyperplasia by light microscopy, identical ultrastructural lesions in the glomerular basement membrane, and deposits of fibrin in one of the biopsy specimens studied by immunofluorscence. These changes detected by electron microscopy may result in an increase in glomerular permeability independent of the renal hemodynamic disturbances associated with cardiac insufficiency. The progression of the lesions appears to be slow, although urinary manifestations may simulate an intercurrent glomerulonephritis. Pulmonary hypertension and renal venous stasis with glomerular intravascular coagulation were discussed as possible pathogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in congenital endocardial fibroelastosis: clinical manifestations and ultrastructural studies in two patients. Two children with congenital fibroelastosis and recurrent episodes of heart failure had overt proteinuria and hematuria; one also had a reversible nephrotic syndrome. Urinary manifestations persisted during periods of cardiac compensation. Renal biopsies revealed mesangial hyperplasia by light microscopy, identical ultrastructural lesions in the glomerular basement membrane, and deposits of fibrin in one of the biopsy specimens studied by immunofluorscence. These changes detected by electron microscopy may result in an increase in glomerular permeability independent of the renal hemodynamic disturbances associated with cardiac insufficiency. The progression of the lesions appears to be slow, although urinary manifestations may simulate an intercurrent glomerulonephritis. Pulmonary hypertension and renal venous stasis with glomerular intravascular coagulation were discussed as possible pathogenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 580881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_619", "title": "Triventricular heart with three atrioventricular valves in a conjoined twin.", "content": "An infant, who was conjoined to a partially formed twin, died from congenital cardiac disease which could not be diagnosed accurately by catheterization and cineangiography. Pathologic examination showed a triventricular heart with three atrioventricular valves. One great vessel system was present, and the aorta was transposed. The findings in this infant suggest that the incorporation of cardiac anlage from an incompletely or abortively formed fetus may explain the presence of supernumerary structures in complex congenital cardiac malformations.", "contents": "Triventricular heart with three atrioventricular valves in a conjoined twin. An infant, who was conjoined to a partially formed twin, died from congenital cardiac disease which could not be diagnosed accurately by catheterization and cineangiography. Pathologic examination showed a triventricular heart with three atrioventricular valves. One great vessel system was present, and the aorta was transposed. The findings in this infant suggest that the incorporation of cardiac anlage from an incompletely or abortively formed fetus may explain the presence of supernumerary structures in complex congenital cardiac malformations.", "PMID": 580882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_620", "title": "Cardiac index and incidence of heart failure cells.", "content": "Inverse correlations were established between the percentage of iron-laden macrophages (heart-failure cells), found in the sputum of patients with various types of heart ailment, and cardiac index. Less than 2% iron-laden macrophages were seen when cardiac index was in the region of 3 liter/min/sq mm of body surface area (BSA). This fraction increased to approximately 75% when the cardiac index attained 1 liter/min/sq mm of BSA. Since there was noticeable heterogeneity of data when the cardiac index was below 3 liters/min/sq mm of BSA and above 1 liter/min/sq mm of BSA, it was concluded that a second factor was probably at play: this was the degree of activity of the reticuloendothelial system of the subjects concerned.", "contents": "Cardiac index and incidence of heart failure cells. Inverse correlations were established between the percentage of iron-laden macrophages (heart-failure cells), found in the sputum of patients with various types of heart ailment, and cardiac index. Less than 2% iron-laden macrophages were seen when cardiac index was in the region of 3 liter/min/sq mm of body surface area (BSA). This fraction increased to approximately 75% when the cardiac index attained 1 liter/min/sq mm of BSA. Since there was noticeable heterogeneity of data when the cardiac index was below 3 liters/min/sq mm of BSA and above 1 liter/min/sq mm of BSA, it was concluded that a second factor was probably at play: this was the degree of activity of the reticuloendothelial system of the subjects concerned.", "PMID": 580883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_621", "title": "Sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children: relationship of histology and prognosis in 40 cases.", "content": "Histological grading of teratomas is a useful method for evaluating patient prognosis. Although this has been repeatedly shown with ovarian teratomas, those of the sacrococcygeal area have not been scrutinized to a comparable extent. We believe that histologic grade and clinical behavior correlate closely in congenital sacrococcygeal teratomas. Correlation with clinical staging is less clear. There are some taxonomical and conceptual problems posed by the congenital nature of these tumors. The worst prognosis is dictated by the presence of yolk sac tumor areas, which was seen in seven of 40 teratomas examined. Although a neuroectodermal component is common, and was here proved to have metastasizing capacity, its inherent tendency may be toward spontaneous self-limiting differentiation. Vitelline differentiation, however, seems to imply irreversible progression and a uniformly bad prognosis.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal teratomas in infants and children: relationship of histology and prognosis in 40 cases. Histological grading of teratomas is a useful method for evaluating patient prognosis. Although this has been repeatedly shown with ovarian teratomas, those of the sacrococcygeal area have not been scrutinized to a comparable extent. We believe that histologic grade and clinical behavior correlate closely in congenital sacrococcygeal teratomas. Correlation with clinical staging is less clear. There are some taxonomical and conceptual problems posed by the congenital nature of these tumors. The worst prognosis is dictated by the presence of yolk sac tumor areas, which was seen in seven of 40 teratomas examined. Although a neuroectodermal component is common, and was here proved to have metastasizing capacity, its inherent tendency may be toward spontaneous self-limiting differentiation. Vitelline differentiation, however, seems to imply irreversible progression and a uniformly bad prognosis.", "PMID": 580884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_622", "title": "Annulate lamellae in human malignant tumors: report of three cases.", "content": "During the course of applying electron microscopy to diagnostic surgical pathological specimens, three malignant tumors (malignant melanoma, fibrous mesothelioma, lymphoblastic lymphoma) were found to contain annulate lamellae, distinctive intracytoplasmic organelles composed of membrane stacks interrupted by constrictions or pores. In one case both annuli and lamellae were present, a combination rarely described in human tissue and in animal models. In this material, the annuli of the annulate lamellae were structurally similar to nuclear pores. It is postulated that the abundant fibrils are probably related to the unusual configuration of the annulate lamellae. A morphologic relationship of the annulate lamellae to both the endoplasmic reticulum (cases 1 and 2) and the nuclear membrane (case 3) supports the theory that annulate lamellae may be related to both of these structures.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in human malignant tumors: report of three cases. During the course of applying electron microscopy to diagnostic surgical pathological specimens, three malignant tumors (malignant melanoma, fibrous mesothelioma, lymphoblastic lymphoma) were found to contain annulate lamellae, distinctive intracytoplasmic organelles composed of membrane stacks interrupted by constrictions or pores. In one case both annuli and lamellae were present, a combination rarely described in human tissue and in animal models. In this material, the annuli of the annulate lamellae were structurally similar to nuclear pores. It is postulated that the abundant fibrils are probably related to the unusual configuration of the annulate lamellae. A morphologic relationship of the annulate lamellae to both the endoplasmic reticulum (cases 1 and 2) and the nuclear membrane (case 3) supports the theory that annulate lamellae may be related to both of these structures.", "PMID": 580885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_623", "title": "The nephrotic syndrome in massive obesity: a study by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.", "content": "The morphologic features observed in the renal biopsy specimens from three patients with massive obesity complicated by the nephrotic syndrome are described. In the two patients with active disease, the majority of the glomeruli showed focal to extensive fibrin deposition both within and adjacent to capillary loops, associated with adhesions to Bowman's capsule, with a variable endocapillary proliferative response. In the patient with inactive disease, the majority of the glomeruli appeared normal. However, fibrin-like material, similar to that seen in the active phase, was infrequently found ultrastructurally in the subendothelial portion of the capillary loops. Subendothelial vacuolated material was also observed. Although intravascular coagulation was suggested in this disorder, only minor coagulation abnormalities were discovered. In two of the patients, the massive proteinuria has resolved with weight reduction.", "contents": "The nephrotic syndrome in massive obesity: a study by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The morphologic features observed in the renal biopsy specimens from three patients with massive obesity complicated by the nephrotic syndrome are described. In the two patients with active disease, the majority of the glomeruli showed focal to extensive fibrin deposition both within and adjacent to capillary loops, associated with adhesions to Bowman's capsule, with a variable endocapillary proliferative response. In the patient with inactive disease, the majority of the glomeruli appeared normal. However, fibrin-like material, similar to that seen in the active phase, was infrequently found ultrastructurally in the subendothelial portion of the capillary loops. Subendothelial vacuolated material was also observed. Although intravascular coagulation was suggested in this disorder, only minor coagulation abnormalities were discovered. In two of the patients, the massive proteinuria has resolved with weight reduction.", "PMID": 580886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_624", "title": "Miconazole therapy for fungal meningitis.", "content": "Eight patients with fungal meningitis (5 with the coccidioidal type, 2 with cryptococcal, and 1 with histoplasmosis) were treated with intravenous (IV) and intrathecal (IT) miconazole after previous therapy with amphotericin B proved unsuccessful. Miconazole was well tolerated with both IV and IT administration. The CSF concentration of miconazole one hour after an IV infusion of 800 mg was 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/ml. When 20 mg of miconazole was administered intrathecally via lumbar injection in patients with coccidioidal meningitis, 6.5, 2.4, 0.77, and 0.24 microgram/ml, respectively, was found in the CSF at the cisternal level at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Miconazole is apparently an effective fungistatic drug of low toxicity and is a potentially useful agent in the treatment of systemic mycoses and fungal meningitis, in particular.", "contents": "Miconazole therapy for fungal meningitis. Eight patients with fungal meningitis (5 with the coccidioidal type, 2 with cryptococcal, and 1 with histoplasmosis) were treated with intravenous (IV) and intrathecal (IT) miconazole after previous therapy with amphotericin B proved unsuccessful. Miconazole was well tolerated with both IV and IT administration. The CSF concentration of miconazole one hour after an IV infusion of 800 mg was 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/ml. When 20 mg of miconazole was administered intrathecally via lumbar injection in patients with coccidioidal meningitis, 6.5, 2.4, 0.77, and 0.24 microgram/ml, respectively, was found in the CSF at the cisternal level at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Miconazole is apparently an effective fungistatic drug of low toxicity and is a potentially useful agent in the treatment of systemic mycoses and fungal meningitis, in particular.", "PMID": 580889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_625", "title": "Undifferentiated lymphosarcoma of the orbit resembling Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy was admitted with an orbital apex syndrome that histologically was proven to be an undifferentiated lymphosarcoma. He subsequently developed systemic multifocal extranodal involvement and died eight months later. Clinical findings were consistent with those seen in Burkitt's lymphoma. Some, but not all, of the cytologic findings were characteristic of Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "Undifferentiated lymphosarcoma of the orbit resembling Burkitt's lymphoma. A 3-year-old boy was admitted with an orbital apex syndrome that histologically was proven to be an undifferentiated lymphosarcoma. He subsequently developed systemic multifocal extranodal involvement and died eight months later. Clinical findings were consistent with those seen in Burkitt's lymphoma. Some, but not all, of the cytologic findings were characteristic of Burkitt's lymphoma.", "PMID": 580890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_626", "title": "Isolation and structural characterization of alkali-labile oligosaccharides from bovine milk-fat-globule membrane.", "content": "Treatment of sialoglycopeptides derived from bovine milk-fat-globule membrane with alkaline borohydride released a reduced oligosaccharide fraction from which a tetrasaccharide and two trisaccharides were isolated. Periodate-oxidation studies coupled with methylation analysis and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry established their structures as: N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol, N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-D-glactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol and beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[N-acteylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and structural characterization of alkali-labile oligosaccharides from bovine milk-fat-globule membrane. Treatment of sialoglycopeptides derived from bovine milk-fat-globule membrane with alkaline borohydride released a reduced oligosaccharide fraction from which a tetrasaccharide and two trisaccharides were isolated. Periodate-oxidation studies coupled with methylation analysis and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry established their structures as: N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol, N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 3)-D-glactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol and beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[N-acteylneuraminyl-(2 leads to 6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol respectively.", "PMID": 580891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_627", "title": "Evidence for stereospecific phospholipid-cholesterol interaction in lipid bilayers.", "content": "The CH2 proton NMR linewidths of sn-3 and sn-1 dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine respond differently to the addition of cholesterol to the lipid vesicles. This result points to a stereospecific phospholipid-cholesterol interaction in the \"hydrogen belt\" region.", "contents": "Evidence for stereospecific phospholipid-cholesterol interaction in lipid bilayers. The CH2 proton NMR linewidths of sn-3 and sn-1 dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine respond differently to the addition of cholesterol to the lipid vesicles. This result points to a stereospecific phospholipid-cholesterol interaction in the \"hydrogen belt\" region.", "PMID": 580893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_628", "title": "The displacement of albumin bound bilirubin by free fatty acids in vivo.", "content": "Variations in bilirubinaemia in response to alterations of the free fatty acid level was studied in conscious and unstressed Gunn rats. When only one molecule of bilirubin is bound to albumin (without bilirubin overload), no displacement of bilirubin is observed, even if the protein binds as much as 6 molecules of free fatty acids. After overloading with exogenous unconjugated bilirubin, the second site of fixation of bilirubin on albumin is partly occupied; in this situation, a displacement is observed, but only when more than 3.5 molecules of free fatty acids are simultaneously bound to the protein. In vivo, free fatty acids do not spontaneously reach such levels as those responsable for the observed displacement of bilirubin. In the ranges of bilirubin and free fatty acids concentrations likely to be encountered clinically, free fatty acids might not represent an effective agent of displacement for bilirubin, as it is commonly thought.", "contents": "The displacement of albumin bound bilirubin by free fatty acids in vivo. Variations in bilirubinaemia in response to alterations of the free fatty acid level was studied in conscious and unstressed Gunn rats. When only one molecule of bilirubin is bound to albumin (without bilirubin overload), no displacement of bilirubin is observed, even if the protein binds as much as 6 molecules of free fatty acids. After overloading with exogenous unconjugated bilirubin, the second site of fixation of bilirubin on albumin is partly occupied; in this situation, a displacement is observed, but only when more than 3.5 molecules of free fatty acids are simultaneously bound to the protein. In vivo, free fatty acids do not spontaneously reach such levels as those responsable for the observed displacement of bilirubin. In the ranges of bilirubin and free fatty acids concentrations likely to be encountered clinically, free fatty acids might not represent an effective agent of displacement for bilirubin, as it is commonly thought.", "PMID": 580895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_629", "title": "Problems of venereal infections in Latin America and the Caribbean and means of fighting them.", "content": "Rather than providing a comprehensive overview of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) picture in the Americas, this presentation contrasts the STD problem in Latin America and the Caribbean with the situation in both less developed and more developed regions of the world. It also points out three areas of opportunity for improving preventive and curative STD services, specifically: (1) more effective utilization of social security institutions in Latin America, (2) incorporation of STD services into primary health care programs, and (3) development of pilot projects in the smaller Caribbean territories. It is noted, in addition, that the more developed countries of the region are showing increased interest in sexually transmitted diseases. Among other things, the recruitment of a PAHO epidemiologist in venereal diseases on Jamaica--to assist in the development of a national STD program--opens up a new area for PAHO technical assistance which, if successful, may be extended elsewhere.", "contents": "Problems of venereal infections in Latin America and the Caribbean and means of fighting them. Rather than providing a comprehensive overview of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) picture in the Americas, this presentation contrasts the STD problem in Latin America and the Caribbean with the situation in both less developed and more developed regions of the world. It also points out three areas of opportunity for improving preventive and curative STD services, specifically: (1) more effective utilization of social security institutions in Latin America, (2) incorporation of STD services into primary health care programs, and (3) development of pilot projects in the smaller Caribbean territories. It is noted, in addition, that the more developed countries of the region are showing increased interest in sexually transmitted diseases. Among other things, the recruitment of a PAHO epidemiologist in venereal diseases on Jamaica--to assist in the development of a national STD program--opens up a new area for PAHO technical assistance which, if successful, may be extended elsewhere.", "PMID": 580896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_630", "title": "Common mistakes in infant feeding: survey from London borough.", "content": "A survey of infant-feeding practices among 265 mothers of 12-week-old infants in a London borough showed that only 18 gave breast milk alone, 236 giving bottle feeds, and 197 solids. Serious mistakes in feed preparation were common, and only 51 mothers followed manufacturers' instructions exactly. Most mothers (239) had attended a well-baby clinic, but clinic staff gave conflicting advice on infant feeding. Health workers must pay greater attention to educating mothers on the details of infant feeding if the risks of hypernatraemia and obesity are to be reduced.", "contents": "Common mistakes in infant feeding: survey from London borough. A survey of infant-feeding practices among 265 mothers of 12-week-old infants in a London borough showed that only 18 gave breast milk alone, 236 giving bottle feeds, and 197 solids. Serious mistakes in feed preparation were common, and only 51 mothers followed manufacturers' instructions exactly. Most mothers (239) had attended a well-baby clinic, but clinic staff gave conflicting advice on infant feeding. Health workers must pay greater attention to educating mothers on the details of infant feeding if the risks of hypernatraemia and obesity are to be reduced.", "PMID": 580899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_631", "title": "Kinetics of hydrolysis of dispersions of saturated phosphatidylcholines by Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2.", "content": "Dispersions of lamellar phase dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DDPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in 0.01 M CaCl2 were subjected to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from Crotalus atrox venom. The reaction was followed continuously by titrating the released fatty acids. For hydrolysis of gel phase phosphatides, the steady-state initial velocities were hyperbolic functions of bulk lipid concentrations. At the 'pre-transition' temperature (34 degrees C for DPPC, 15 degrees C for DMPC), there was a large increase in the Michaelis parameter Vmax but no change in the parameter Km. A model was devised to account for these observations, in which the enzyme desorbs from the lipid surface after hydrolysis. The desorption rate constant is postulated to increase above the pretransition temperature. For hydrolysis of liquid crystalline phosphatides, the reaction consisted of a short initial burst of hydrolysis, a long 'lag' period of very slow reaction, followed by a dramatic increase in the reaction rate. Addition of 10 mol% lysolecithin or fatty acid abolished the 'lag' period. It was postulated that the enzyme adsorbs irreversibly to the surface of the liquid crystalline phase. Reaction products are postulated to stimulate desorption of enzyme from the surface. Thus, temperature-dependent changes in the rate of hydrolysis of dispersed phosphatidylcholines are attributed to changes in the rate of desorption of the enzyme from the lipid surface.", "contents": "Kinetics of hydrolysis of dispersions of saturated phosphatidylcholines by Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2. Dispersions of lamellar phase dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DDPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in 0.01 M CaCl2 were subjected to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from Crotalus atrox venom. The reaction was followed continuously by titrating the released fatty acids. For hydrolysis of gel phase phosphatides, the steady-state initial velocities were hyperbolic functions of bulk lipid concentrations. At the 'pre-transition' temperature (34 degrees C for DPPC, 15 degrees C for DMPC), there was a large increase in the Michaelis parameter Vmax but no change in the parameter Km. A model was devised to account for these observations, in which the enzyme desorbs from the lipid surface after hydrolysis. The desorption rate constant is postulated to increase above the pretransition temperature. For hydrolysis of liquid crystalline phosphatides, the reaction consisted of a short initial burst of hydrolysis, a long 'lag' period of very slow reaction, followed by a dramatic increase in the reaction rate. Addition of 10 mol% lysolecithin or fatty acid abolished the 'lag' period. It was postulated that the enzyme adsorbs irreversibly to the surface of the liquid crystalline phase. Reaction products are postulated to stimulate desorption of enzyme from the surface. Thus, temperature-dependent changes in the rate of hydrolysis of dispersed phosphatidylcholines are attributed to changes in the rate of desorption of the enzyme from the lipid surface.", "PMID": 580900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_632", "title": "Resistance to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine in murine tumor cells.", "content": "Two lines of the 6C3HED (Gardner lymphosarcoma), 6C3HED-LeP and 6C3HED-ADL, were studied. The former is exquisitely sensitive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and the latter is resistant. Cytological examinations and strain specificity tests indicated that they are both 6C3HED. DNA synthesis in the sensitive line was found to be more sensitive to ara-A in whole-cell incubations than it was in the resistant line. In cell-free extracts, the DNA synthesis of the sensitive line showed greater inhibition by 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate. Lower ability to form 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate or to allow access to the intracellular space was eliminated as an explanation for the resistance. Cells from an ara-A-resistant human leukemia were tested, and the DNA synthesis of the cells, in either whole cells or cell-free extract, was unaffected by ara-A or 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate, respectively. This suggests that resistance has emerged by reason of change in the DNA polymerase(s) and that the finding may be important in the clinical use of ara-A.", "contents": "Resistance to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine in murine tumor cells. Two lines of the 6C3HED (Gardner lymphosarcoma), 6C3HED-LeP and 6C3HED-ADL, were studied. The former is exquisitely sensitive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and the latter is resistant. Cytological examinations and strain specificity tests indicated that they are both 6C3HED. DNA synthesis in the sensitive line was found to be more sensitive to ara-A in whole-cell incubations than it was in the resistant line. In cell-free extracts, the DNA synthesis of the sensitive line showed greater inhibition by 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate. Lower ability to form 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate or to allow access to the intracellular space was eliminated as an explanation for the resistance. Cells from an ara-A-resistant human leukemia were tested, and the DNA synthesis of the cells, in either whole cells or cell-free extract, was unaffected by ara-A or 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate, respectively. This suggests that resistance has emerged by reason of change in the DNA polymerase(s) and that the finding may be important in the clinical use of ara-A.", "PMID": 580902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_633", "title": "[Presence of free amebae of the Limax type in waters of the urban center of Rennes and of Liffre. II].", "content": "We confirm the results of our preliminary study in the Rennes district (France) (January to April 1974): free-living Limax amoebae are found in all the examined waters samples (56 per 62) except for the ones directly originated from underground waters and a difference upon the moment of the year appears as for the encountered species. We have not found Naegleria species. Some of these amoebae show a satisfactory growth at high temperature and on different nutritional media, but none are able to grows in liquid axenic media.", "contents": "[Presence of free amebae of the Limax type in waters of the urban center of Rennes and of Liffre. II]. We confirm the results of our preliminary study in the Rennes district (France) (January to April 1974): free-living Limax amoebae are found in all the examined waters samples (56 per 62) except for the ones directly originated from underground waters and a difference upon the moment of the year appears as for the encountered species. We have not found Naegleria species. Some of these amoebae show a satisfactory growth at high temperature and on different nutritional media, but none are able to grows in liquid axenic media.", "PMID": 580904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_634", "title": "[A new focus of urinary bilharziasis in Algeria].", "content": "In 1976, 161 new cases of urinary bilharziasis were discovered in El Harrach, which until then had been free of the disease. The authors point out the dangers of the disease spreading in view of the presence of Bulinus in Algeria outside the normal foci of bilharziasis.", "contents": "[A new focus of urinary bilharziasis in Algeria]. In 1976, 161 new cases of urinary bilharziasis were discovered in El Harrach, which until then had been free of the disease. The authors point out the dangers of the disease spreading in view of the presence of Bulinus in Algeria outside the normal foci of bilharziasis.", "PMID": 580906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_635", "title": "[Epidemiological study of intestinal helminthiasis in the island of Tortuga (Haiti). I. Prevalence of trichocephalosis, ascaridiasis and necatoriasis studied from elimination of eggs in the stools].", "content": "An epidemiological survey is conducted by spot-checks over about 10% of the population of Tortuga Island in order to estimate the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in that region of the Republic of Ha\u00efti, by researching the presence of eggs in faeces. Population sample is representative of the whole of the island's population excepting the 0-4 years old group whose faeces are difficult to obtain. Faeces are examined through the Kato method, a very simple, quick and remarkably accurate procedure. Trichuriasis and ascariasis, which are transmitted in the area around the house, affect mainly children, but also adults. Women seem to be more often infested than men by Ascaris lumbricoides. Necatoriasis, the farmer's disease, hits primarily young men and elderly women who spend most time in the fields. It is observed in inland villages where people are engaged in agricultural production, with a higher incidence if they are located in a not so sloping zone.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of intestinal helminthiasis in the island of Tortuga (Haiti). I. Prevalence of trichocephalosis, ascaridiasis and necatoriasis studied from elimination of eggs in the stools]. An epidemiological survey is conducted by spot-checks over about 10% of the population of Tortuga Island in order to estimate the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in that region of the Republic of Ha\u00efti, by researching the presence of eggs in faeces. Population sample is representative of the whole of the island's population excepting the 0-4 years old group whose faeces are difficult to obtain. Faeces are examined through the Kato method, a very simple, quick and remarkably accurate procedure. Trichuriasis and ascariasis, which are transmitted in the area around the house, affect mainly children, but also adults. Women seem to be more often infested than men by Ascaris lumbricoides. Necatoriasis, the farmer's disease, hits primarily young men and elderly women who spend most time in the fields. It is observed in inland villages where people are engaged in agricultural production, with a higher incidence if they are located in a not so sloping zone.", "PMID": 580907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_636", "title": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, 1956. Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases.", "content": "A respiratory complication was recorded for 62 of the 485 cases of variola minor occurring in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, Brazil, 1956. The respiratory complication preceded onset of the classical variola minor in 2 cases; lasted only the pre-eruptive phase in 38 cases; lasted only the eruptive phase in 9 cases; lasted both the pre-eruptive phases in 1 case and had an unrecorded relationship to the clinical course in 12 cases. Six of the 17 household contacts with a respiratory syndrome contemporaneous with variola in the household had previously suffered from variola.", "contents": "Variola minor in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, 1956. Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases. A respiratory complication was recorded for 62 of the 485 cases of variola minor occurring in Bragan\u00e7a Paulista County, Brazil, 1956. The respiratory complication preceded onset of the classical variola minor in 2 cases; lasted only the pre-eruptive phase in 38 cases; lasted only the eruptive phase in 9 cases; lasted both the pre-eruptive phases in 1 case and had an unrecorded relationship to the clinical course in 12 cases. Six of the 17 household contacts with a respiratory syndrome contemporaneous with variola in the household had previously suffered from variola.", "PMID": 580911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_637", "title": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 7. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Grande Kabylie focus].", "content": "The authors present the results of a survey on visceral leishmaniasis in the Grande Kabylie region (Algeria). With a 2.6 human cases per 100,000 annual prevalence, and a 11.4 per cent incidence of canine leishmaniasis, the Grande Kabylie appears to be the most important focus of visceral leishmaniasis in North Africa. The endemicity ecological factors are discussed and a control program is proposed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 7. Visceral leishmaniasis in the Grande Kabylie focus]. The authors present the results of a survey on visceral leishmaniasis in the Grande Kabylie region (Algeria). With a 2.6 human cases per 100,000 annual prevalence, and a 11.4 per cent incidence of canine leishmaniasis, the Grande Kabylie appears to be the most important focus of visceral leishmaniasis in North Africa. The endemicity ecological factors are discussed and a control program is proposed.", "PMID": 580909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_638", "title": "[Epidemiological study of intestinal helminthiasis in the island of Tortuga (Haiti). II. Evaluation of the parasite count by means of the Kato method].", "content": "Results of the numbering of T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides et N. americanus eggs found in the stool, taken from a representative sample of the population of Tortuga island, shows the importance of parasital load borne by people attacked by the parasites. Those who produce the greatest number of eggs for a gram of faeces are young children. For adults, the evolution of the parasital load follow that of the prevalence, for each Nematodes, with an increase of the average number of eggs of A. lumbricoides per gram of faeces for adults aged 30 to 44, and of the average number of N. amercanus per gram of faeces for adults aged 45 to 59. Moreover women adults show a higher number of parasites than men. Farmers from villages within the interior of the island who are more often attacked than those from the coast, also bear a parasital load which is twice as high. Victims less than 5 years old and more than 30, particularly women, whose faeces are richest in eggs, seem to present the greatest danger for the transmission of ascaridiosis and necatorosis in Toruga Island.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of intestinal helminthiasis in the island of Tortuga (Haiti). II. Evaluation of the parasite count by means of the Kato method]. Results of the numbering of T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides et N. americanus eggs found in the stool, taken from a representative sample of the population of Tortuga island, shows the importance of parasital load borne by people attacked by the parasites. Those who produce the greatest number of eggs for a gram of faeces are young children. For adults, the evolution of the parasital load follow that of the prevalence, for each Nematodes, with an increase of the average number of eggs of A. lumbricoides per gram of faeces for adults aged 30 to 44, and of the average number of N. amercanus per gram of faeces for adults aged 45 to 59. Moreover women adults show a higher number of parasites than men. Farmers from villages within the interior of the island who are more often attacked than those from the coast, also bear a parasital load which is twice as high. Victims less than 5 years old and more than 30, particularly women, whose faeces are richest in eggs, seem to present the greatest danger for the transmission of ascaridiosis and necatorosis in Toruga Island.", "PMID": 580908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_639", "title": "[Presence in France of a selvatic Xenopsylla: X. cunicularis Smit, 1957 (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae), a parasite of wild rabbits].", "content": "The authors point out, for the first time in France, a selvatic Xenopsylla: X. cunicularis Smit, 1957, parasite on the European rabbit, well-known in Morocco and Spain until today. The paleogeographical, ecological, and epidemiological interest of this parasite is laid stress on. The other fleas linked to the European rabbit are evoked, and the acclimatization of Euphoplopsyllus glacialis affinis (Baker, 1904), in France and Italy, introduced with its host Sylvilagus? floridanus is related.", "contents": "[Presence in France of a selvatic Xenopsylla: X. cunicularis Smit, 1957 (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae), a parasite of wild rabbits]. The authors point out, for the first time in France, a selvatic Xenopsylla: X. cunicularis Smit, 1957, parasite on the European rabbit, well-known in Morocco and Spain until today. The paleogeographical, ecological, and epidemiological interest of this parasite is laid stress on. The other fleas linked to the European rabbit are evoked, and the acclimatization of Euphoplopsyllus glacialis affinis (Baker, 1904), in France and Italy, introduced with its host Sylvilagus? floridanus is related.", "PMID": 580913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_640", "title": "[Culicidae of the French Territory of Afars and Issas. 2. The genus Culex].", "content": "During an entomological survey conducted in French Territory of Afars and Issas from November 1973 to June 1975, seven Culex species were collected: C. sitiens, C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. univittatus, C. simpsoni, C. laticinctus, C. pipiens fatigans, C. tenagius, to which we must add two other doubtfully identified species (C. ethiopicus and C. decens), and one unidentified species.", "contents": "[Culicidae of the French Territory of Afars and Issas. 2. The genus Culex]. During an entomological survey conducted in French Territory of Afars and Issas from November 1973 to June 1975, seven Culex species were collected: C. sitiens, C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. univittatus, C. simpsoni, C. laticinctus, C. pipiens fatigans, C. tenagius, to which we must add two other doubtfully identified species (C. ethiopicus and C. decens), and one unidentified species.", "PMID": 580915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_641", "title": "Malaria and anemia of pregnancy in an African savanna zone. Epidemiological, hematological, biological and immunological study of 2 villages of the Bamako region, Republic of Mali.", "content": "An haematological, biological, parasitological and immunological study about anaemia of pregnancy was carried out in two rural village of Mali Republic, where P. flaciparum malaria is hyper-endemic. The 25 pregnant women found in the villages were compared with 23 controls. One could observe that anaemia more often normochromic and regenerative usually appears during the second trimestre of pregnancy. Only a few cases with haemaglobin levels below 8 g. % are hypochromic. Serum transferrin levels were slightly higher among pregnant. None among 31 bone marrows examined showed megaloblastic changes. Haptoglobin levels below 10 mg. % were observed in 3/4 of the pregnant women versus 1/4 in controls. Like some others, this study confirms the primary responsability of malaria haemolysis in the aetiology of anaemia of pregnancy and the interest of systematic chemoprophylaxis, at least from the third month of pregnancy. Vitamin and iron therapy is to consider therafter in hyper-endemic areas of P. falciparum malaria when nutritional problems are not predominant.", "contents": "Malaria and anemia of pregnancy in an African savanna zone. Epidemiological, hematological, biological and immunological study of 2 villages of the Bamako region, Republic of Mali. An haematological, biological, parasitological and immunological study about anaemia of pregnancy was carried out in two rural village of Mali Republic, where P. flaciparum malaria is hyper-endemic. The 25 pregnant women found in the villages were compared with 23 controls. One could observe that anaemia more often normochromic and regenerative usually appears during the second trimestre of pregnancy. Only a few cases with haemaglobin levels below 8 g. % are hypochromic. Serum transferrin levels were slightly higher among pregnant. None among 31 bone marrows examined showed megaloblastic changes. Haptoglobin levels below 10 mg. % were observed in 3/4 of the pregnant women versus 1/4 in controls. Like some others, this study confirms the primary responsability of malaria haemolysis in the aetiology of anaemia of pregnancy and the interest of systematic chemoprophylaxis, at least from the third month of pregnancy. Vitamin and iron therapy is to consider therafter in hyper-endemic areas of P. falciparum malaria when nutritional problems are not predominant.", "PMID": 580910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_642", "title": "[Multiple echinococcosis. Therapeutic trials of fluoromebendazole].", "content": "The authors describe 3 cases of hydatic cysts (two diffuse echinococcosis and one surgical dissemination) which have been treated by fluoromebendazole for several months. The drugs has been well tolerated. Results seem encouraging, although the little amount of cases does not allow any definite conclusions. More works should help knowing more about the effects of this broad-spectrum anti-helminthic drug, which has, else where, proved itself very efficient against experimental echinococcosis of mice.", "contents": "[Multiple echinococcosis. Therapeutic trials of fluoromebendazole]. The authors describe 3 cases of hydatic cysts (two diffuse echinococcosis and one surgical dissemination) which have been treated by fluoromebendazole for several months. The drugs has been well tolerated. Results seem encouraging, although the little amount of cases does not allow any definite conclusions. More works should help knowing more about the effects of this broad-spectrum anti-helminthic drug, which has, else where, proved itself very efficient against experimental echinococcosis of mice.", "PMID": 580917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_643", "title": "[Culicidae of the French Territory of Afars and Issas. I. The genus Anopheles].", "content": "During an entomological survey conducted in French Territory of Afars and Issas from November 1973 to June 1975, eight Anopheles species were collected: A. rhodesiensis, A. azaniae, A. dthali, A. macmahoni, A. gambiae, A. turkhudi, A. salbaii and A. pharoensis. One can note particularly the presence of A. gambiae which does not seem to be observed in the Territory since the beginning of the century.", "contents": "[Culicidae of the French Territory of Afars and Issas. I. The genus Anopheles]. During an entomological survey conducted in French Territory of Afars and Issas from November 1973 to June 1975, eight Anopheles species were collected: A. rhodesiensis, A. azaniae, A. dthali, A. macmahoni, A. gambiae, A. turkhudi, A. salbaii and A. pharoensis. One can note particularly the presence of A. gambiae which does not seem to be observed in the Territory since the beginning of the century.", "PMID": 580914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_644", "title": "[Ischemic cardiopathies in Africans in Djibouti. Study of 431 cases in 5 years].", "content": "Ischemic cardiopathies in Eastern Africans at Djibouti  are frequent: 2.9 % of the in patients and 73 % of the cardiac diseases. Male prevalence is marked. Coronary insufficiency is most often demonstrated by the usual symptomatology. Three groups of electrocardiopathic manifestations have been individualised: ischemia proving angor (288 cases), anginose syndromes revealing a myocardic infarct (81 cases), acute myocardic infarcts (62 cases). The patients come for the most part from Djibouti and belong to any social class. The part played by a food mainly constituted of complex glucids, refined sugar and lipids is pointed out. Arterial hypertension, diabetes, essential hypercholesterolemia and tobacco intoxication are the most frequent risk factors. This coronary pathology is closer the one met with in the Near East than ischemic cardiopathies observed in tropical Africa which begin to emerge.", "contents": "[Ischemic cardiopathies in Africans in Djibouti. Study of 431 cases in 5 years]. Ischemic cardiopathies in Eastern Africans at Djibouti  are frequent: 2.9 % of the in patients and 73 % of the cardiac diseases. Male prevalence is marked. Coronary insufficiency is most often demonstrated by the usual symptomatology. Three groups of electrocardiopathic manifestations have been individualised: ischemia proving angor (288 cases), anginose syndromes revealing a myocardic infarct (81 cases), acute myocardic infarcts (62 cases). The patients come for the most part from Djibouti and belong to any social class. The part played by a food mainly constituted of complex glucids, refined sugar and lipids is pointed out. Arterial hypertension, diabetes, essential hypercholesterolemia and tobacco intoxication are the most frequent risk factors. This coronary pathology is closer the one met with in the Near East than ischemic cardiopathies observed in tropical Africa which begin to emerge.", "PMID": 580920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_645", "title": "[Cellular immunity in 18 cirrhotic African carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)].", "content": "The cell mediated immunity has been studied by 3 different tests on a population including 32 african patients with cirrhosis; amongst those, 18 were HBs Ag carriers and 14 were Hbs Ag-. In those 2 groups, the intradermal tuberculin test and the DNCB cutaneous test showed a striking imminutary deficiency in half cases. The lymphoblastic transformation induced by PHA gave less striking results.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in 18 cirrhotic African carriers of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)]. The cell mediated immunity has been studied by 3 different tests on a population including 32 african patients with cirrhosis; amongst those, 18 were HBs Ag carriers and 14 were Hbs Ag-. In those 2 groups, the intradermal tuberculin test and the DNCB cutaneous test showed a striking imminutary deficiency in half cases. The lymphoblastic transformation induced by PHA gave less striking results.", "PMID": 580921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_646", "title": "Malignant lymphomas and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathological review in the light of the Kiel classification for malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The paper reports a re-evaluation--based on the Kiel classification for non-Hodgkin lymphomas--of a group of cases initially diagnosed as undifferentiated small cell carcinomas or primary lymphomas of the thyroid. Twelve such cases were found among the 155 cases of primary malignant tumours of the thyroid recorded at the Institut Jules Bordet between 1955 and 1975. The review of the clinical charts and the histology showed that all the cases were in fact malignant lymphomas fitting easily into one of the groups described in the Kiel classification. These findings support the growing opinion that undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid does not exist as a distinctive clinicopathological entity. Furthermore, the Kiel classification proved to be an excellent prognostic indicator, since all the cases classified as highly malignant were indeed fatal, whereas the surviving cases--three of which had shown tumoral extension beyond the thyroid capsule--fell into the group of low malignancy. Lastly, this study acknowledges the frequently observed association of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid with stigmata of Hashimoto's disease, and thus supports the concept that the continuous antigenic stimulation observed in the latter could trigger the development of a malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Malignant lymphomas and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathological review in the light of the Kiel classification for malignant lymphomas. The paper reports a re-evaluation--based on the Kiel classification for non-Hodgkin lymphomas--of a group of cases initially diagnosed as undifferentiated small cell carcinomas or primary lymphomas of the thyroid. Twelve such cases were found among the 155 cases of primary malignant tumours of the thyroid recorded at the Institut Jules Bordet between 1955 and 1975. The review of the clinical charts and the histology showed that all the cases were in fact malignant lymphomas fitting easily into one of the groups described in the Kiel classification. These findings support the growing opinion that undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid does not exist as a distinctive clinicopathological entity. Furthermore, the Kiel classification proved to be an excellent prognostic indicator, since all the cases classified as highly malignant were indeed fatal, whereas the surviving cases--three of which had shown tumoral extension beyond the thyroid capsule--fell into the group of low malignancy. Lastly, this study acknowledges the frequently observed association of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid with stigmata of Hashimoto's disease, and thus supports the concept that the continuous antigenic stimulation observed in the latter could trigger the development of a malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 580930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_647", "title": "Initial tumor cell arrest in animals of defined coagulative status.", "content": "Experiments were made to evaluate the potential role played by thrombogenic factors on the hematogenous arrest of circulating tumor cells in mice with demonstrable coagulopathies associated with the presence of a primary tumor, by administration of \"therapeutic\" doses of anticoagulants. The effects of warfarin, aspirin and heparin administration on the early arrest patterns of 125IdUrd-labelled TA3 carcinoma and Gardner lymphosarcoma cells injected intravenously into tumor-bearing mice were examined. Several hematologic parameters of carcinoma- and lymphosarcoma-bearing animals were measured prior to anticoagulation experiments and the results indicated that mice had coagulopathies similar to those found in cancer patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, i.e., thrombocytopenia and elevated fibrinogen levels. Despite the presence of coagulation abnormalities and effective anticoagulation in recipient animals, all three agents were without effect on localization patterns of both tumor types. It was concluded that the proposed involvement of thrombogenesis in metastasis was probably not due to any role played by those clotting factors inhibited by aspirin, warfarin and heparin in early intravascular tumor cell arrest.", "contents": "Initial tumor cell arrest in animals of defined coagulative status. Experiments were made to evaluate the potential role played by thrombogenic factors on the hematogenous arrest of circulating tumor cells in mice with demonstrable coagulopathies associated with the presence of a primary tumor, by administration of \"therapeutic\" doses of anticoagulants. The effects of warfarin, aspirin and heparin administration on the early arrest patterns of 125IdUrd-labelled TA3 carcinoma and Gardner lymphosarcoma cells injected intravenously into tumor-bearing mice were examined. Several hematologic parameters of carcinoma- and lymphosarcoma-bearing animals were measured prior to anticoagulation experiments and the results indicated that mice had coagulopathies similar to those found in cancer patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, i.e., thrombocytopenia and elevated fibrinogen levels. Despite the presence of coagulation abnormalities and effective anticoagulation in recipient animals, all three agents were without effect on localization patterns of both tumor types. It was concluded that the proposed involvement of thrombogenesis in metastasis was probably not due to any role played by those clotting factors inhibited by aspirin, warfarin and heparin in early intravascular tumor cell arrest.", "PMID": 580932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_648", "title": "[Some new fleas of Chile (Siphonaptera) parasites of Ctenomys (Rod., Octodontidae)].", "content": "The authors examined 355 fleas of 9 species from Chili. These were collected from 7 species or subspecies of Ctenomys (Rod., Octodontidae). Tiamastus callens and Polygenis platensis cisandinus are new for this country; Tetrapsyllus maulinus sp. n., Plocopsylla fuegina sp. n. and Plocopsylla reigi sp. n. are described in this work.", "contents": "[Some new fleas of Chile (Siphonaptera) parasites of Ctenomys (Rod., Octodontidae)]. The authors examined 355 fleas of 9 species from Chili. These were collected from 7 species or subspecies of Ctenomys (Rod., Octodontidae). Tiamastus callens and Polygenis platensis cisandinus are new for this country; Tetrapsyllus maulinus sp. n., Plocopsylla fuegina sp. n. and Plocopsylla reigi sp. n. are described in this work.", "PMID": 580922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_649", "title": "Tricyclic aryl-substituted anticoccidial azauracils.", "content": "Syntheses of tricyclic aryl-substituted 6-azauracils are described. These compounds showed anticoccidial activity when tested against Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix. Compound activity was correlated with the chemical shift of the azauracil ring proton. No correlation existed between activity and compound lipophilicity. One of the compounds, 2-(11-oxo-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-3yl)-as-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (23), was tested extensively against E. tenella and E. brunetti both in vivo and in vitro. Compound 23 controlled mortality due to E. tenella at 62 ppm, and it afforded protection as measured by weight gain at 31 ppm. Compound 23 afforded little protection against E. brunetti. In vitro experiments with 23 showed that it exerted a coccidiostatic effect.", "contents": "Tricyclic aryl-substituted anticoccidial azauracils. Syntheses of tricyclic aryl-substituted 6-azauracils are described. These compounds showed anticoccidial activity when tested against Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix. Compound activity was correlated with the chemical shift of the azauracil ring proton. No correlation existed between activity and compound lipophilicity. One of the compounds, 2-(11-oxo-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-3yl)-as-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (23), was tested extensively against E. tenella and E. brunetti both in vivo and in vitro. Compound 23 controlled mortality due to E. tenella at 62 ppm, and it afforded protection as measured by weight gain at 31 ppm. Compound 23 afforded little protection against E. brunetti. In vitro experiments with 23 showed that it exerted a coccidiostatic effect.", "PMID": 580939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_650", "title": "The science of infant nutrition and the art of infant feeding.", "content": "Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.", "contents": "The science of infant nutrition and the art of infant feeding. Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.", "PMID": 580940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_651", "title": "Primary lymphoma of lung.", "content": "Five cases of primary lymphocytic lymphoma of the lung are described. One patient died 14 years after diagnosis, with spread of the tumour to the opposite lung. The remaining four patients were alive and well 18 months to 25 years after diagnosis. The pathological features of these five cases are described and the nature, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis are considered in relation to experience in the literature. The tumor is rare. It is important because of its good prognosis and diagnostic difficulty.", "contents": "Primary lymphoma of lung. Five cases of primary lymphocytic lymphoma of the lung are described. One patient died 14 years after diagnosis, with spread of the tumour to the opposite lung. The remaining four patients were alive and well 18 months to 25 years after diagnosis. The pathological features of these five cases are described and the nature, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis are considered in relation to experience in the literature. The tumor is rare. It is important because of its good prognosis and diagnostic difficulty.", "PMID": 580948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_652", "title": "Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "content": "Between Jan 1, 1966, and June 30, 1974, 179 children, birth through 16 years of age with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, underwent scleralbuckling procedures at Wills Eye Hospital. The detachments were associated most frequently with trauma (44%), myopia (15%), aphakia (10%), and retinopathy of prematurity (8%). Successful reattachment was achieved in 80% of the cases. Vision of 20/100 or better was present in 22% preoperatively and 58% postoperatively.", "contents": "Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Between Jan 1, 1966, and June 30, 1974, 179 children, birth through 16 years of age with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, underwent scleralbuckling procedures at Wills Eye Hospital. The detachments were associated most frequently with trauma (44%), myopia (15%), aphakia (10%), and retinopathy of prematurity (8%). Successful reattachment was achieved in 80% of the cases. Vision of 20/100 or better was present in 22% preoperatively and 58% postoperatively.", "PMID": 580955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_653", "title": "A new approach to the problem of retinal neovascularization.", "content": "Tumor cells introduced into the rabbit vitreous produced a form of retinal neovascularization, but only when the tumor cells were in direct contact with the vascularized retina. This contrasted with the production of neovascularization at a distance of several millimeters in other angiogenesis models. An extract of adult rabbit vitreous was found to inhibit the growth of limbal neovascularization induced by tumors implanted in the rabbit corneal stroma. The experimental model of retrolental fibroplasia provides a bioassay to investigate further the apparent inhibitory substances in the vitreous.", "contents": "A new approach to the problem of retinal neovascularization. Tumor cells introduced into the rabbit vitreous produced a form of retinal neovascularization, but only when the tumor cells were in direct contact with the vascularized retina. This contrasted with the production of neovascularization at a distance of several millimeters in other angiogenesis models. An extract of adult rabbit vitreous was found to inhibit the growth of limbal neovascularization induced by tumors implanted in the rabbit corneal stroma. The experimental model of retrolental fibroplasia provides a bioassay to investigate further the apparent inhibitory substances in the vitreous.", "PMID": 580956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_654", "title": "Local anesthetic effect of intrathecal normal saline.", "content": "The effects of intrathecally administered normal saline have been studied in patients undergoing graduated spinal anesthesia. The injection of 5 or 10 ml volumes resulted in segmental hypesthesia to pin-scratch and cold stimuli extending from the lower thoracic to the sacral dermatomes. There was also partial sympathetic block evidenced by a diminished psychogalvanic skin reflex. The sites and possible mechanisms of action of saline are discussed; its use as placebo in graduated spinal anesthesia is questioned. It is concluded that normal saline acts as a weak local anesthetic when injected intrathecally.", "contents": "Local anesthetic effect of intrathecal normal saline. The effects of intrathecally administered normal saline have been studied in patients undergoing graduated spinal anesthesia. The injection of 5 or 10 ml volumes resulted in segmental hypesthesia to pin-scratch and cold stimuli extending from the lower thoracic to the sacral dermatomes. There was also partial sympathetic block evidenced by a diminished psychogalvanic skin reflex. The sites and possible mechanisms of action of saline are discussed; its use as placebo in graduated spinal anesthesia is questioned. It is concluded that normal saline acts as a weak local anesthetic when injected intrathecally.", "PMID": 580957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_655", "title": "Surfactant lecithin fatty acid composition and its relationship to the infantile respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "In order to evaluate the role of surfactant lecithin composition in the development of the infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) we have examined lecithin fatty acid composition from gastric aspirates obtained at the time of delivery from 14 full term healthy infants, 9 control premature infants without respiratory distress, and 16 premature infants who developed IRDS. The latter had significantly reduced concentrations of palmitic acid (48.4 +/- 1.8% vs. 65.3 +/- 1.5% in fullterm and 59.5 +/- 0.8% in control premature infants, P less than 0.001). None of the infants in whom palmitic acid was more than 60% of total lecithin fatty acids developed IRDS, whereas 10 of 11 infants with values below 50% did develop this complication. Lecithin from gastric aspirate was shown to be similar in fatty acid composition to lecithins from tracheal washings and amniotic fluid. Palmitic acid concentrations in lecithins of serial tracheal washings paralleled the clinical course of eight infants with IRDS.", "contents": "Surfactant lecithin fatty acid composition and its relationship to the infantile respiratory distress syndrome. In order to evaluate the role of surfactant lecithin composition in the development of the infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) we have examined lecithin fatty acid composition from gastric aspirates obtained at the time of delivery from 14 full term healthy infants, 9 control premature infants without respiratory distress, and 16 premature infants who developed IRDS. The latter had significantly reduced concentrations of palmitic acid (48.4 +/- 1.8% vs. 65.3 +/- 1.5% in fullterm and 59.5 +/- 0.8% in control premature infants, P less than 0.001). None of the infants in whom palmitic acid was more than 60% of total lecithin fatty acids developed IRDS, whereas 10 of 11 infants with values below 50% did develop this complication. Lecithin from gastric aspirate was shown to be similar in fatty acid composition to lecithins from tracheal washings and amniotic fluid. Palmitic acid concentrations in lecithins of serial tracheal washings paralleled the clinical course of eight infants with IRDS.", "PMID": 580959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_656", "title": "[Development of ixodid ticks in the northern limits of their geographic range in Amur Province].", "content": "In the northern part of the Amur district the life cycle of I. persulcatus and H. concinna lasts three, four and five years while that of D. silvarum--one year. The distribution of I. persulcatus and H. concinna further to the north is limited by an unsufficient heat for the development of eggs while for D. silvarum heat is not enough to complete its life cycle within a year.", "contents": "[Development of ixodid ticks in the northern limits of their geographic range in Amur Province]. In the northern part of the Amur district the life cycle of I. persulcatus and H. concinna lasts three, four and five years while that of D. silvarum--one year. The distribution of I. persulcatus and H. concinna further to the north is limited by an unsufficient heat for the development of eggs while for D. silvarum heat is not enough to complete its life cycle within a year.", "PMID": 580958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_657", "title": "[Importance of thyroid diseases in internal medical hospital].", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 2627 and prospective analysis of 289 inpatients (mean age: 57 years) of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Berne, disclosed euthyroid goiter in 33.9%. 65% of the patients had urinary iodine excretion below 100 microgram per gram creatinine. Thus, iodination of salt (raised to 10 mg potassium iodide per kg in 1962) is still inadequate. 1.4% of the inpatients had hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 0.5% of the inpatients, which is about three times less than in comparable prospective English studies. The finding raises the possibility that cases of hypothyroidism have been frequently missed. Antibodies against thyroglobulin and/or microsomal antigen were present in 8.5% of 105 goiter patients and 4.0% of 124 patients without goiter. This is a definitely lower incidence than has been reported in comparable English populations and confirms reports from other Alpine endemic goiter areas. Among the 2916 patients of the entire study only 3 cases (0.1%) of clear-cut chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis were found.", "contents": "[Importance of thyroid diseases in internal medical hospital]. Retrospective analysis of 2627 and prospective analysis of 289 inpatients (mean age: 57 years) of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Berne, disclosed euthyroid goiter in 33.9%. 65% of the patients had urinary iodine excretion below 100 microgram per gram creatinine. Thus, iodination of salt (raised to 10 mg potassium iodide per kg in 1962) is still inadequate. 1.4% of the inpatients had hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 0.5% of the inpatients, which is about three times less than in comparable prospective English studies. The finding raises the possibility that cases of hypothyroidism have been frequently missed. Antibodies against thyroglobulin and/or microsomal antigen were present in 8.5% of 105 goiter patients and 4.0% of 124 patients without goiter. This is a definitely lower incidence than has been reported in comparable English populations and confirms reports from other Alpine endemic goiter areas. Among the 2916 patients of the entire study only 3 cases (0.1%) of clear-cut chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis were found.", "PMID": 580974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_658", "title": "[Unrecognized hyperthyroidism in hospital patients. Analysis of clinical symptoms compared to aged euthyroid goiter patients].", "content": "During a 14-month period hyperthyroidism has been diagnosed in 39 of 2916 inpatients of a general medical service. Graves' disease was present in only 8 cases. 21 patients had solitary autonomous nodules or multiple autonomous nodules (toxic multinodular goiter). In 10 patients the type of hyperthyroidism could not be established. The referring practitioner suspected hyperthyroidism in all 8 patients with Graves' disease, but in only 5 of the 31 remaining cases. The relative rarity of Graves' disease in inpatients reflects the fact that this form of hyperthyroidism is easily recognized by the practitioner and treated on an out-patient basis. Graves' disease patients and those with autonomous solitary or multiple nodules were of comparable age and had an identical serum free-thyroxin. Thus, neither higher age nor lower thyroxin is responsible for the atypical clinical presentation of autonomous nodules. A comparison with age- and sex-matched carriers of euthyroid goiters identified weight loss, resting pulse rate over 90 and auricular fibrillation as reliable clinical features. A thyroid function test is therefore indicated in every patient with a goiter and one of the three above clinical findings.", "contents": "[Unrecognized hyperthyroidism in hospital patients. Analysis of clinical symptoms compared to aged euthyroid goiter patients]. During a 14-month period hyperthyroidism has been diagnosed in 39 of 2916 inpatients of a general medical service. Graves' disease was present in only 8 cases. 21 patients had solitary autonomous nodules or multiple autonomous nodules (toxic multinodular goiter). In 10 patients the type of hyperthyroidism could not be established. The referring practitioner suspected hyperthyroidism in all 8 patients with Graves' disease, but in only 5 of the 31 remaining cases. The relative rarity of Graves' disease in inpatients reflects the fact that this form of hyperthyroidism is easily recognized by the practitioner and treated on an out-patient basis. Graves' disease patients and those with autonomous solitary or multiple nodules were of comparable age and had an identical serum free-thyroxin. Thus, neither higher age nor lower thyroxin is responsible for the atypical clinical presentation of autonomous nodules. A comparison with age- and sex-matched carriers of euthyroid goiters identified weight loss, resting pulse rate over 90 and auricular fibrillation as reliable clinical features. A thyroid function test is therefore indicated in every patient with a goiter and one of the three above clinical findings.", "PMID": 580975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_659", "title": "Platelet function in hyperbetalipoproteinemia.", "content": "Individuals with familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia are at increased risk of premature atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Although there is controversy whether platelet survival is shortened or normal in this disease, several in vitro tests of platelet function are abnormal including a decreased threshold concentration for stimulation of aggregation by ADP, epinephrine and collagen and increased release of nucleotides to the same agents. These functional changes are accompanied by an increase of cholesterol to phospholipid ratio in the platelet membrane and in low density lipoprotein in individuals with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. Clofibrate and halofenate reverse some of the abnormalities in vitro and the former drug, when administered for 6 weeks to patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia decreases platelet sensitivity to ADP and epinephrine. The platelet hypersensitivity to aggregating agents can be reproduced in vitro by increasing the cholesterol to phospholipid rather in normal platelets. These artificially hypersensitive platelets can be returned to normal by halofenate in vitro. Incorporation of cholesterol into platelet membranes increases the basal level of the membrane associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. However, the enzyme no longer responds to stimulation by prostaglandin E1, and this is associated with relative resistance of the platelet to inhibition by this pharmacologic agent. These functional alterations produced by cholesterol enrichment of platelet membranes occur is parallel with an increase in platelet membrane microviscosity suggesting that the more rigid membrane can alter the behavior of membrane associated enzymes and receptors. A correlation appears to exist between the ability of certain drugs to induce phase separation in model membranes and the potency in inhibitory platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Platelet function in hyperbetalipoproteinemia. Individuals with familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia are at increased risk of premature atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Although there is controversy whether platelet survival is shortened or normal in this disease, several in vitro tests of platelet function are abnormal including a decreased threshold concentration for stimulation of aggregation by ADP, epinephrine and collagen and increased release of nucleotides to the same agents. These functional changes are accompanied by an increase of cholesterol to phospholipid ratio in the platelet membrane and in low density lipoprotein in individuals with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. Clofibrate and halofenate reverse some of the abnormalities in vitro and the former drug, when administered for 6 weeks to patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia decreases platelet sensitivity to ADP and epinephrine. The platelet hypersensitivity to aggregating agents can be reproduced in vitro by increasing the cholesterol to phospholipid rather in normal platelets. These artificially hypersensitive platelets can be returned to normal by halofenate in vitro. Incorporation of cholesterol into platelet membranes increases the basal level of the membrane associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. However, the enzyme no longer responds to stimulation by prostaglandin E1, and this is associated with relative resistance of the platelet to inhibition by this pharmacologic agent. These functional alterations produced by cholesterol enrichment of platelet membranes occur is parallel with an increase in platelet membrane microviscosity suggesting that the more rigid membrane can alter the behavior of membrane associated enzymes and receptors. A correlation appears to exist between the ability of certain drugs to induce phase separation in model membranes and the potency in inhibitory platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 580982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_660", "title": "Platelet aggregation in rats in relation to hyperuricaemia induced by dietary single-cell protein and to protein deficiency.", "content": "A major limitation to single-cell protein (SCP) as a human food is its high nucleic acid content, the purine moiety of which is metabolised to uric acid. Rats given a Fusarium mould as a source of SCP in diets containing oxonate, a uricase inhibitor, showed elevated plasma and kidney uric acid concentrations after 21 d, which were related to the level of dietary mould. ADP-induced and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was greater in the hyperuricaemic rats than in controls and a progressive increase in aggregation with increasing levels of dietary mould was observed. Furthermore a time-lag, exceeding the life-span of rat platelets, was observed between the development of hyperuricaemia and the increase in aggregation. A similar time-lag was observed between the lowering of the hyperuricaemia and the reduction of platelet aggregation when oxonate was removed from the diet. If human platelets react to uric acid in the same manner as rat platelets this might explain the link that has been suggested between hyperuricaemia and ischaemic heart disease. In that event diets high in nucleic acids might be contra-indicated in people at risk from ischaemic heart disease. In rats given a low protein diet (50 g casein/kg) for 21 d ADP-induced and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and whole blood platelet count were reduced compared with control animals receiving 200 g casein/kg diet but not in rats given 90 or 130 g casein/kg diet. A study of the time course on this effect indicated that the reduction both in aggregation tendency and in whole blood platelet count occurred after 4 d of feeding the low protein diet. These values were further reduced with time.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in rats in relation to hyperuricaemia induced by dietary single-cell protein and to protein deficiency. A major limitation to single-cell protein (SCP) as a human food is its high nucleic acid content, the purine moiety of which is metabolised to uric acid. Rats given a Fusarium mould as a source of SCP in diets containing oxonate, a uricase inhibitor, showed elevated plasma and kidney uric acid concentrations after 21 d, which were related to the level of dietary mould. ADP-induced and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was greater in the hyperuricaemic rats than in controls and a progressive increase in aggregation with increasing levels of dietary mould was observed. Furthermore a time-lag, exceeding the life-span of rat platelets, was observed between the development of hyperuricaemia and the increase in aggregation. A similar time-lag was observed between the lowering of the hyperuricaemia and the reduction of platelet aggregation when oxonate was removed from the diet. If human platelets react to uric acid in the same manner as rat platelets this might explain the link that has been suggested between hyperuricaemia and ischaemic heart disease. In that event diets high in nucleic acids might be contra-indicated in people at risk from ischaemic heart disease. In rats given a low protein diet (50 g casein/kg) for 21 d ADP-induced and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and whole blood platelet count were reduced compared with control animals receiving 200 g casein/kg diet but not in rats given 90 or 130 g casein/kg diet. A study of the time course on this effect indicated that the reduction both in aggregation tendency and in whole blood platelet count occurred after 4 d of feeding the low protein diet. These values were further reduced with time.", "PMID": 580986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_661", "title": "Platelet metal levels in normal subjects determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "A method has been developed for the estimation of iron, copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium in human platelets using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fe and Cu are either absent or present in very low concentration approaching the limit of detection: Zn, Ca and Mg are readily detectable. EDTA is preferable to ACD(A) or heparin as the anticoagulant for collection in that the platelet yield is reliable: however, slightly low results for Ca and Mg are obtained. Corrections for residual plasma and contaminating red cells are essential. Plasma and platelet metal levels in 33 normal subjects are reported together with the findings in four studies undertaken on platelets obtained from subjects with polycythemia vera.", "contents": "Platelet metal levels in normal subjects determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A method has been developed for the estimation of iron, copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium in human platelets using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fe and Cu are either absent or present in very low concentration approaching the limit of detection: Zn, Ca and Mg are readily detectable. EDTA is preferable to ACD(A) or heparin as the anticoagulant for collection in that the platelet yield is reliable: however, slightly low results for Ca and Mg are obtained. Corrections for residual plasma and contaminating red cells are essential. Plasma and platelet metal levels in 33 normal subjects are reported together with the findings in four studies undertaken on platelets obtained from subjects with polycythemia vera.", "PMID": 580987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_662", "title": "Relationships of adenine nucleotide metabolism to platelet-collagen adhesion.", "content": "Adhesion of platelets to collagen fibrils in a stirred system was inhibited by preincubation of platelets with combinations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and oligomycin or antimycin. The inhibition of adhesion was associated with a decrease in metabolic ATP to 6% of control levels. Without metabolic inhibitors, platelets adherent to collagen fibrils were found to have catabolized approximately 57% of their metabolic ATP, and converted a major part of this to IMP. Storage pool ATP and ADP contents were also diminished in the adherent platelets. Pretreatment with imipramine resulted in 76% inhibition of the release reaction, but only 5% inhibition of adhesion. Imipramine-treated platelets that were adherent to collagen showed significant depletion of metabolic ATP, but markedly diminished conversion of ATP to IMP as compared to control adherent platelets. Inhibition of deamination of platelet AMP by coformycin or erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) did not inhibit adhesion, although platelets adherent to collagen after treatment with these agents showed depletion of metabolic ATP. These studies suggest that adhesion is an energy dependent process, occurring independently of release, and not associated with conversion of ATP to IMP. The energy dependent portions of the adhesion process are probably disc to sphere transformation and pseudopod formation, the ATP threhold requirement is relatively low, and the ATP utilized can probably be regenerated during the adhesion process via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Relationships of adenine nucleotide metabolism to platelet-collagen adhesion. Adhesion of platelets to collagen fibrils in a stirred system was inhibited by preincubation of platelets with combinations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and oligomycin or antimycin. The inhibition of adhesion was associated with a decrease in metabolic ATP to 6% of control levels. Without metabolic inhibitors, platelets adherent to collagen fibrils were found to have catabolized approximately 57% of their metabolic ATP, and converted a major part of this to IMP. Storage pool ATP and ADP contents were also diminished in the adherent platelets. Pretreatment with imipramine resulted in 76% inhibition of the release reaction, but only 5% inhibition of adhesion. Imipramine-treated platelets that were adherent to collagen showed significant depletion of metabolic ATP, but markedly diminished conversion of ATP to IMP as compared to control adherent platelets. Inhibition of deamination of platelet AMP by coformycin or erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) did not inhibit adhesion, although platelets adherent to collagen after treatment with these agents showed depletion of metabolic ATP. These studies suggest that adhesion is an energy dependent process, occurring independently of release, and not associated with conversion of ATP to IMP. The energy dependent portions of the adhesion process are probably disc to sphere transformation and pseudopod formation, the ATP threhold requirement is relatively low, and the ATP utilized can probably be regenerated during the adhesion process via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 580988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_663", "title": "'Spontaneous' platelet aggregation: its characteristics and relation to aggregation by other agents.", "content": "Platelet aggregation results of 117 patients were analysed. All had documented evidence of stroke, recurrent transient ischemic attacks and other neurologic symptoms, and all were hospitalized in the same Rehabilitation Center. Attention was specifically directed to the 'spontaneous' platelet aggregation (SPA) phenomenon, in terms of its characteristics and relationship to platelet count and aggregation induced by 3 physiologic agents. About 50% of the samples showed SPA but not all of them were hyperaggregable by other aggregating agents. A great deal of variation was found in the aggregation time, slope and extent of SPA. These variations do not always appear to relate to platelet count, or the responsiveness of platelets to other aggregating agents.", "contents": "'Spontaneous' platelet aggregation: its characteristics and relation to aggregation by other agents. Platelet aggregation results of 117 patients were analysed. All had documented evidence of stroke, recurrent transient ischemic attacks and other neurologic symptoms, and all were hospitalized in the same Rehabilitation Center. Attention was specifically directed to the 'spontaneous' platelet aggregation (SPA) phenomenon, in terms of its characteristics and relationship to platelet count and aggregation induced by 3 physiologic agents. About 50% of the samples showed SPA but not all of them were hyperaggregable by other aggregating agents. A great deal of variation was found in the aggregation time, slope and extent of SPA. These variations do not always appear to relate to platelet count, or the responsiveness of platelets to other aggregating agents.", "PMID": 580989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_664", "title": "Specific inhibition of platelet agglutination and aggregation by aromatic amidino compounds.", "content": "A series of aromatic amidino compounds were investigated for their inhibitory effect on platelet agglutination and platelet aggregation. Agglutination of fresh or fixed platelets was produced by bovine plasma or by human plasma in combination with ristocetin, while aggregation of fresh platelets was induced by ADP, thrombin or collagen. Highly effective inhibitors were found for both types of platelet clumping, but there was no parralelism between the inhibitory activities in the two test system. 5-(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-2-(4-hydroxybenzene)benzimidazole suppressed agglutination exclusively. Pentamidine, on the other hand, strongly blocked the aggregation reaction, but did not interfere with agglutination, even at high concentrations. Compounds which inhibited aggregation also prevented the liberation of serotonin from the platelets.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of platelet agglutination and aggregation by aromatic amidino compounds. A series of aromatic amidino compounds were investigated for their inhibitory effect on platelet agglutination and platelet aggregation. Agglutination of fresh or fixed platelets was produced by bovine plasma or by human plasma in combination with ristocetin, while aggregation of fresh platelets was induced by ADP, thrombin or collagen. Highly effective inhibitors were found for both types of platelet clumping, but there was no parralelism between the inhibitory activities in the two test system. 5-(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-2-(4-hydroxybenzene)benzimidazole suppressed agglutination exclusively. Pentamidine, on the other hand, strongly blocked the aggregation reaction, but did not interfere with agglutination, even at high concentrations. Compounds which inhibited aggregation also prevented the liberation of serotonin from the platelets.", "PMID": 580990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_665", "title": "Immobilization of plasminogen activator, urokinase, on nylon.", "content": "Urokinase (UK), a fibrinolytic enzyme activator purified from human material was immobilized on nylon using different procedures. One was a modified method of immobilization of antigen or antibody initially carried out by Edelman and others in 1971 (Procedure I). The other was our newly devised method (Procedure II) (Sugitachi et al. 1976). Major specificities of the immobilized UK are as follows: 1. The UK revealed properties of a plasminogen activator and the optimum pH of the immobilized UK was between 7.2 and 7.4, these values being in good parallel with that of soluble UK. The immobilized UK maintained a stable fibrinolytic activity after long-term preservation and heat-treatment. 2. As the fibrinolytic activity of immobilized UK was found to be inhibited by the antiplasmin in human plasma, an antiplasmin inhibitor was immobilized on the nylon together with the UK. The antiplasmin activity was to some extent prevented using this procedure. 3. Nylon tubes immobilized with UK and antiplasmin inhibitor were used for thrombotic coagulation studies carried out according to the method of Chandler. Thrombus formation time (TFT) of UK-immobilized tubes was 30 min, while that of the non-treated tubes was no longer than 10 min.", "contents": "Immobilization of plasminogen activator, urokinase, on nylon. Urokinase (UK), a fibrinolytic enzyme activator purified from human material was immobilized on nylon using different procedures. One was a modified method of immobilization of antigen or antibody initially carried out by Edelman and others in 1971 (Procedure I). The other was our newly devised method (Procedure II) (Sugitachi et al. 1976). Major specificities of the immobilized UK are as follows: 1. The UK revealed properties of a plasminogen activator and the optimum pH of the immobilized UK was between 7.2 and 7.4, these values being in good parallel with that of soluble UK. The immobilized UK maintained a stable fibrinolytic activity after long-term preservation and heat-treatment. 2. As the fibrinolytic activity of immobilized UK was found to be inhibited by the antiplasmin in human plasma, an antiplasmin inhibitor was immobilized on the nylon together with the UK. The antiplasmin activity was to some extent prevented using this procedure. 3. Nylon tubes immobilized with UK and antiplasmin inhibitor were used for thrombotic coagulation studies carried out according to the method of Chandler. Thrombus formation time (TFT) of UK-immobilized tubes was 30 min, while that of the non-treated tubes was no longer than 10 min.", "PMID": 580991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_666", "title": "The effect of plasma fibrinogen levels on measures of fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "It has been claimed that lysis time methods may be inappropriate as measures of fibrinolytic activity on the grounds that they are largely determined by plasma fibrinogen levels. The dilute blood clot lysis time (DBCLT) has therefore been measured in 103 subjects; fibrinolytic activity (expressed as 100/DBCLT) has been compared with the fibrin plate area (FPA) lysed by the euglobulin fraction, the latter method being, of course, virtually independent of plasma fibrinogen. Plasma fibrinogen levels have also been measured; they ranged from 167 to 416 mg%. Results have been analysed by the technique of multiple regression. The incorporation of plasma fibrinogen levels in the regression equation relating 100/DBCLT to FPA does not result in a significant increase in the proportion of the variance in 100/DBCLT that can be explained. It is concluded that there is no evidence that DBCLT is influenced by plasma fibrinogen levels within the physiological range.", "contents": "The effect of plasma fibrinogen levels on measures of fibrinolytic activity. It has been claimed that lysis time methods may be inappropriate as measures of fibrinolytic activity on the grounds that they are largely determined by plasma fibrinogen levels. The dilute blood clot lysis time (DBCLT) has therefore been measured in 103 subjects; fibrinolytic activity (expressed as 100/DBCLT) has been compared with the fibrin plate area (FPA) lysed by the euglobulin fraction, the latter method being, of course, virtually independent of plasma fibrinogen. Plasma fibrinogen levels have also been measured; they ranged from 167 to 416 mg%. Results have been analysed by the technique of multiple regression. The incorporation of plasma fibrinogen levels in the regression equation relating 100/DBCLT to FPA does not result in a significant increase in the proportion of the variance in 100/DBCLT that can be explained. It is concluded that there is no evidence that DBCLT is influenced by plasma fibrinogen levels within the physiological range.", "PMID": 580992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_667", "title": "Automation of two-stage factor VIII assay.", "content": "Two automated methods for two-stage factor VIII assays have been compared with one another, and evaluated in practice. The Depex method records the clotting time when an electric circuit is completed by the formation of a fibrin thread across a hook-type electrode; the Electra method is based on an optical density technique of clot detection. The two methods gave comparable results for measured levels of factor VIII when haemophilic or \"normal\" plasmas were assayed. Results from the two methods in practice also suggest that both are valid at low and \"normal\" factor VIII levels. The Electra method is also probably suitable for assays of concentrates; however, the Depex method appears to give falsely high values in these circumstances, and experimental findings suggest that the reason may be that increased viscosity due to the high fibrinogen levels in factor VIII concentrates causes premature closure of the circuit between the two ends of the Depex electrode. The main advantage of the Depex method is that, provided 3 or 4 machines are available, a given number of assays can be completed more quickly than on Electra. The main advantages of Electra are that it is probably subject to less laboratory error than Depex, and that it is suitable for assaying concentrates as well as haemophilic and \"normal\" plasmas.", "contents": "Automation of two-stage factor VIII assay. Two automated methods for two-stage factor VIII assays have been compared with one another, and evaluated in practice. The Depex method records the clotting time when an electric circuit is completed by the formation of a fibrin thread across a hook-type electrode; the Electra method is based on an optical density technique of clot detection. The two methods gave comparable results for measured levels of factor VIII when haemophilic or \"normal\" plasmas were assayed. Results from the two methods in practice also suggest that both are valid at low and \"normal\" factor VIII levels. The Electra method is also probably suitable for assays of concentrates; however, the Depex method appears to give falsely high values in these circumstances, and experimental findings suggest that the reason may be that increased viscosity due to the high fibrinogen levels in factor VIII concentrates causes premature closure of the circuit between the two ends of the Depex electrode. The main advantage of the Depex method is that, provided 3 or 4 machines are available, a given number of assays can be completed more quickly than on Electra. The main advantages of Electra are that it is probably subject to less laboratory error than Depex, and that it is suitable for assaying concentrates as well as haemophilic and \"normal\" plasmas.", "PMID": 580993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_668", "title": "Quantitation of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A convenient, accurate and reproducible high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide in plasma is described. The method involves the determination of total ether extractable radioactivity, and a chromatographic separation to determin the relative quantities of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide. The method is useful over a wide range of ratios of the two compounds, and has a coeffcient of variation of approximately 5%.", "contents": "Quantitation of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography. A convenient, accurate and reproducible high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide in plasma is described. The method involves the determination of total ether extractable radioactivity, and a chromatographic separation to determin the relative quantities of radio-labelled vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 epoxide. The method is useful over a wide range of ratios of the two compounds, and has a coeffcient of variation of approximately 5%.", "PMID": 580994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_669", "title": "The hemostatic mechanism after open-heart surgery. III. Correlation between the appearance of an abnormal protein demonstrated by gel electrophoresis and of an inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation system (PEC).", "content": "A prospective study in 13 patients undergoing open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation revealed a marked decrease of the mean one-stage prothrombin time activity from 88% to 54% (p less than 0.005) but lesser decreases of factors I, II, V, VII and X. This apparent discrepancy was due to the appearance of an inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation system, termed PEC (Protein after Extracorporeal Circulation). The mean plasma PEC level rose from 0.05 U/ml pre-surgery to 0.65 U/ml post-surgery (p less than 0.0005), and was accompanied by the appearance of additional proteins as evidenced by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma fractions (p less than 0.0005). The observed increases of PEC, appearance of abnormal protein bands and concomitant increases of LDH and SGOT suggest that the release of an inhibitor of the coagulation system (similar or identical to PIVKA) may be due to hypoxic liver damage during extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "The hemostatic mechanism after open-heart surgery. III. Correlation between the appearance of an abnormal protein demonstrated by gel electrophoresis and of an inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation system (PEC). A prospective study in 13 patients undergoing open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation revealed a marked decrease of the mean one-stage prothrombin time activity from 88% to 54% (p less than 0.005) but lesser decreases of factors I, II, V, VII and X. This apparent discrepancy was due to the appearance of an inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation system, termed PEC (Protein after Extracorporeal Circulation). The mean plasma PEC level rose from 0.05 U/ml pre-surgery to 0.65 U/ml post-surgery (p less than 0.0005), and was accompanied by the appearance of additional proteins as evidenced by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma fractions (p less than 0.0005). The observed increases of PEC, appearance of abnormal protein bands and concomitant increases of LDH and SGOT suggest that the release of an inhibitor of the coagulation system (similar or identical to PIVKA) may be due to hypoxic liver damage during extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 580995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_670", "title": "Thrombelastography during and after elective abdominal surgery.", "content": "Thrombelastography has been performed on recalcified whole blood from 50 patients before, during and after elective abdominal surgery. The characteristic changes of the thrombelastographic indices r, k and mA are described. During operation r and k shortened, but no change in mA was observed. This response was in part associated with an increase in factor VIII activity. Following operation, while r time was somewhat shortened, much more marked changes in k and mA were evident. Increasing fibrinogen concentration was the dominant factor in determining the post-operative changes in the thrombelastograph.", "contents": "Thrombelastography during and after elective abdominal surgery. Thrombelastography has been performed on recalcified whole blood from 50 patients before, during and after elective abdominal surgery. The characteristic changes of the thrombelastographic indices r, k and mA are described. During operation r and k shortened, but no change in mA was observed. This response was in part associated with an increase in factor VIII activity. Following operation, while r time was somewhat shortened, much more marked changes in k and mA were evident. Increasing fibrinogen concentration was the dominant factor in determining the post-operative changes in the thrombelastograph.", "PMID": 580996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_671", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured endothelial cells stimulated by serum, thrombin and serotonin.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of polyamines, can be demonstrated in cultured, bovine, aortic endothelial cells (EC). Serum, serotonin and thrombin produce a rise in ODC activity. The serotonin-induced ODC activity is significantly blocked by imipramine (10(-5) M) or Lilly 110140 (10(-6) M). Preincubation of EC with these blockers together almost completely depresses the 5-HT-stimulated ODC activity. These observations suggest a manner by which platelets may maintain EC structural and metabolic soundness.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured endothelial cells stimulated by serum, thrombin and serotonin. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of polyamines, can be demonstrated in cultured, bovine, aortic endothelial cells (EC). Serum, serotonin and thrombin produce a rise in ODC activity. The serotonin-induced ODC activity is significantly blocked by imipramine (10(-5) M) or Lilly 110140 (10(-6) M). Preincubation of EC with these blockers together almost completely depresses the 5-HT-stimulated ODC activity. These observations suggest a manner by which platelets may maintain EC structural and metabolic soundness.", "PMID": 580997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_672", "title": "[Reconstruction of the aorta in mycotic aortic aneurysm--report of two cases of salmonella infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with infected aortic aneurysm underwent surgical treatment. When using autologous tissue in place of the infected aorta a recurrent aneurysm was observed four months later. Extraanatomical bypass of the infected area with prosthetic material and consecutive removal of all infected tissue seems to be the only successful management. This is confirmed by another patient who was treated successfully in this way. Prolonged antibiotic therapy after resection of infected aneurysms seems to be mandatory.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the aorta in mycotic aortic aneurysm--report of two cases of salmonella infection (author's transl)]. Two patients with infected aortic aneurysm underwent surgical treatment. When using autologous tissue in place of the infected aorta a recurrent aneurysm was observed four months later. Extraanatomical bypass of the infected area with prosthetic material and consecutive removal of all infected tissue seems to be the only successful management. This is confirmed by another patient who was treated successfully in this way. Prolonged antibiotic therapy after resection of infected aneurysms seems to be mandatory.", "PMID": 581009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_673", "title": "[Isolated neoplastic foci in the central nervous system in generalized non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. A prospective pathomorphological study (author's transl)].", "content": "A comprehensive post-mortem investigation of the central nervous system (CNS) in 103 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas was performed. Neoplastic foci were revealed in the CNS in 21 cases. Five of them were visible at gross examination. Strong evidence exists that the incidence of the CNS-involvement is correlated with the lymphoma-type. Our cases were classified according to the Kiel-classification (Lennert 1975). The findings suggest that CNS-infiltrations are rather common in lymphoblastomas and immunocytomas whereas they seldom occur in plasmocytomas.", "contents": "[Isolated neoplastic foci in the central nervous system in generalized non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. A prospective pathomorphological study (author's transl)]. A comprehensive post-mortem investigation of the central nervous system (CNS) in 103 patients with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphomas was performed. Neoplastic foci were revealed in the CNS in 21 cases. Five of them were visible at gross examination. Strong evidence exists that the incidence of the CNS-involvement is correlated with the lymphoma-type. Our cases were classified according to the Kiel-classification (Lennert 1975). The findings suggest that CNS-infiltrations are rather common in lymphoblastomas and immunocytomas whereas they seldom occur in plasmocytomas.", "PMID": 581014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_674", "title": "Circadian and circannual rhythms in plasma hormones and other variables of five healthy young human males.", "content": "Every other month (plasma) and every month (urine) circadian rhythms were documented during the course of 14 months. Annual changes were validated in the 24 h mean of: plasma FSH (annual crest time: February), LH (March), thyroxine (September), cortisol (February), renin activity (April), testosterone (October), urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (March), aldosterone (March), potassium (May) as well as sexual activity (September) [self-recorded daily]. Plasma prolactin did not show an annual variation. In addition, annual changes in the circadian acrophase (crest time location in the 24 h scale) occurred for some of the documented variables: plasma thyroxine, cortisol, renin activity, testosterone, urinary aldosterone and potassium.", "contents": "Circadian and circannual rhythms in plasma hormones and other variables of five healthy young human males. Every other month (plasma) and every month (urine) circadian rhythms were documented during the course of 14 months. Annual changes were validated in the 24 h mean of: plasma FSH (annual crest time: February), LH (March), thyroxine (September), cortisol (February), renin activity (April), testosterone (October), urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (March), aldosterone (March), potassium (May) as well as sexual activity (September) [self-recorded daily]. Plasma prolactin did not show an annual variation. In addition, annual changes in the circadian acrophase (crest time location in the 24 h scale) occurred for some of the documented variables: plasma thyroxine, cortisol, renin activity, testosterone, urinary aldosterone and potassium.", "PMID": 581015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_675", "title": "Effects of two analgesic opiates (methadone and pentazocine) on the serum prolactin levels in breast cancer.", "content": "In 18 female patients affected by advanced breast cancer, the serum prolactin (PRL) levels have been determined under basal conditions and after the administration of analgesic opiates such as methadone and pentazocine. A significant increase of prolactin serum values was found after the use of both drugs. This finding is considered to be of clinical importance.", "contents": "Effects of two analgesic opiates (methadone and pentazocine) on the serum prolactin levels in breast cancer. In 18 female patients affected by advanced breast cancer, the serum prolactin (PRL) levels have been determined under basal conditions and after the administration of analgesic opiates such as methadone and pentazocine. A significant increase of prolactin serum values was found after the use of both drugs. This finding is considered to be of clinical importance.", "PMID": 581016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_676", "title": "Radioimmunoassay study of neurophysins in human plasma.", "content": "Using a homologous system we have developed a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of one of the human neurophysins in unextracted human plasma. This neurophysin is specifically secreted in response to oestrogen and has therefore been referred to as human oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (h-OeSN). The plasma concentration was 0.57 +/- 0.17 ng/ml (SD) in females and 0.88 +/- 0.76 ng/ml (SD) in males. This difference is not significant. In women on oral contraceptives, plasma h-OeSN was 2.0 +/- 1.1 ng/ml. During pregnancy h-OeSN increased progressively to 3.7 +/- 2.9 ng/ml at the end of the first trimester, and 5.2 +/- 2.8 ng/ml at term. Plasma h-OeSN concentrations increased rapidly and markedly in men treated with ethinyl-oestradiol. We have also demonstrated the presence of h-OeSN in amniotic and cerebrospinal fluids. A second human neurophysin, which is stimulated by nicotine but not by oestrogen, was also measured. This neurophysin was monitored by a heterologous system using antiserum raised against bovine neurophysin II (b-NII), and b-NII as the standard and tracer.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay study of neurophysins in human plasma. Using a homologous system we have developed a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of one of the human neurophysins in unextracted human plasma. This neurophysin is specifically secreted in response to oestrogen and has therefore been referred to as human oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (h-OeSN). The plasma concentration was 0.57 +/- 0.17 ng/ml (SD) in females and 0.88 +/- 0.76 ng/ml (SD) in males. This difference is not significant. In women on oral contraceptives, plasma h-OeSN was 2.0 +/- 1.1 ng/ml. During pregnancy h-OeSN increased progressively to 3.7 +/- 2.9 ng/ml at the end of the first trimester, and 5.2 +/- 2.8 ng/ml at term. Plasma h-OeSN concentrations increased rapidly and markedly in men treated with ethinyl-oestradiol. We have also demonstrated the presence of h-OeSN in amniotic and cerebrospinal fluids. A second human neurophysin, which is stimulated by nicotine but not by oestrogen, was also measured. This neurophysin was monitored by a heterologous system using antiserum raised against bovine neurophysin II (b-NII), and b-NII as the standard and tracer.", "PMID": 581017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_677", "title": "The relationship of radioimmunoassay to bioassay: in vitro studies with synthetic lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution inactivated by heat.", "content": "The relationship of radioimmunoassay to pressor assay and antidiuretic assay was investigated in a simple in vitro system of synthetic lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution inactivated by heating at 100 degrees C for 9, 18, 27, 36, 54 and 72 h. An apparent dissociation between radioimmunoassay and bioassay was demonstrated, with biological activity being lost more rapidly than immunological activity. The half-times were 32 h for radioimmunoassay, 23 h for antidiuretic assay and 22 h for pressor assay. However, ion-exchange chromatography showed immunological heterogeneity but biological homogeneity of the lysine vasopressin used, and indicated that the presence of impurities in the vasopressin might to some extent explain the discrepancy between assay results. Synthetic arginine vasopressin and arginine vasopressin of pituitary origin showed a similar immunological heterogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography.", "contents": "The relationship of radioimmunoassay to bioassay: in vitro studies with synthetic lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution inactivated by heat. The relationship of radioimmunoassay to pressor assay and antidiuretic assay was investigated in a simple in vitro system of synthetic lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution inactivated by heating at 100 degrees C for 9, 18, 27, 36, 54 and 72 h. An apparent dissociation between radioimmunoassay and bioassay was demonstrated, with biological activity being lost more rapidly than immunological activity. The half-times were 32 h for radioimmunoassay, 23 h for antidiuretic assay and 22 h for pressor assay. However, ion-exchange chromatography showed immunological heterogeneity but biological homogeneity of the lysine vasopressin used, and indicated that the presence of impurities in the vasopressin might to some extent explain the discrepancy between assay results. Synthetic arginine vasopressin and arginine vasopressin of pituitary origin showed a similar immunological heterogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 581018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_678", "title": "Serum levels of TSH, T3, rT3, T4 and T3-resin uptake in surgical trauma.", "content": "Changes in thyroid hormone metabolism induced by surgical trauma were studied by determination of TSH, T3, rT3, T4 and T3-resin uptake before, during and after mastectomy in 20 women and cholecystectomy in 10 women. Pronounced and reciprocal changes, explained by altered peripheral T4 metabolism were found concerning T3 and rT3. The decreased T3 and increased rT3-levels approached or exceeded the limits of the reference range on the first post-operative day. A significant increase in T3-resin uptake and a decrease in serum T4 were already observed during surgery and probably was caused by a decreased protein binding capacity. An increased concentration of TSH in the serum during surgery was followed by a significant post-operative decrease, possibly due to a suppressive effect of endogenous cortisol. No obvious difference in absolute values or the pattern of change was found between the mastectomy and cholecystectomy groups, although a somewhat more pronounced and retarded alteration in rT3 was found after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Serum levels of TSH, T3, rT3, T4 and T3-resin uptake in surgical trauma. Changes in thyroid hormone metabolism induced by surgical trauma were studied by determination of TSH, T3, rT3, T4 and T3-resin uptake before, during and after mastectomy in 20 women and cholecystectomy in 10 women. Pronounced and reciprocal changes, explained by altered peripheral T4 metabolism were found concerning T3 and rT3. The decreased T3 and increased rT3-levels approached or exceeded the limits of the reference range on the first post-operative day. A significant increase in T3-resin uptake and a decrease in serum T4 were already observed during surgery and probably was caused by a decreased protein binding capacity. An increased concentration of TSH in the serum during surgery was followed by a significant post-operative decrease, possibly due to a suppressive effect of endogenous cortisol. No obvious difference in absolute values or the pattern of change was found between the mastectomy and cholecystectomy groups, although a somewhat more pronounced and retarded alteration in rT3 was found after cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 581019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_679", "title": "Pituitary-thyroid responses to surgical stress.", "content": "The effect of surgery on pituitary-thyroid function was studied in 12 euthyroid patients. There was a sharp early increase in total thyroxine level, causing displacement of triiodothyronine from thyroid hormone binding proteins resulting in the elevation of the biologically more potent free triiodothyronine fraction. The serum triiodothyronine concentration fell rapidly during and after the operation, with a concomitant rise in reverse triiodothyronine level. Increased prolactin levels were found during and after surgery. With no post-operative complication, recovery of normal pituitary-thyroid function occurred after 4 to 7 days of convalescence.", "contents": "Pituitary-thyroid responses to surgical stress. The effect of surgery on pituitary-thyroid function was studied in 12 euthyroid patients. There was a sharp early increase in total thyroxine level, causing displacement of triiodothyronine from thyroid hormone binding proteins resulting in the elevation of the biologically more potent free triiodothyronine fraction. The serum triiodothyronine concentration fell rapidly during and after the operation, with a concomitant rise in reverse triiodothyronine level. Increased prolactin levels were found during and after surgery. With no post-operative complication, recovery of normal pituitary-thyroid function occurred after 4 to 7 days of convalescence.", "PMID": 581020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_680", "title": "Endocrine effects of lithium: II. 'Primary' hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Ninety-six manic-depressive patients were studied during long-term lithium treatment. Highly significant elevations were observed respecting the levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (P less than 0.001) as well as the protein-corrected levels of serum calcium (P less than 0.001) and serum magnesium (P less than 0.001), thus indicating a state of 'primary' hyperparathyroidism. The patients as a group had normophosphataemia and normophosphatasia supporting the impression of a rather mild state of biochemical hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of lithium: II. 'Primary' hyperparathyroidism. Ninety-six manic-depressive patients were studied during long-term lithium treatment. Highly significant elevations were observed respecting the levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (P less than 0.001) as well as the protein-corrected levels of serum calcium (P less than 0.001) and serum magnesium (P less than 0.001), thus indicating a state of 'primary' hyperparathyroidism. The patients as a group had normophosphataemia and normophosphatasia supporting the impression of a rather mild state of biochemical hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 581022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_681", "title": "The effect of oophorectomy on plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels in the rat.", "content": "Plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels have been measured in oophorectomized and sham-operated rats by means of radioimmunoassay. The mean oestrone level in the oophorectomized animals was approximately two-thirds of that in the intact animals while the androstendione levels were about half of those in the intact rats. A direct relationship was observed between the plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels in the control animals and to a lesser extent in the oophorectomized animals. The results indicate that approximately 50% of circulating androstenedione and 30% of circulating oestrone originate in the ovaries in the female adult rat.", "contents": "The effect of oophorectomy on plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels in the rat. Plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels have been measured in oophorectomized and sham-operated rats by means of radioimmunoassay. The mean oestrone level in the oophorectomized animals was approximately two-thirds of that in the intact animals while the androstendione levels were about half of those in the intact rats. A direct relationship was observed between the plasma oestrone and androstenedione levels in the control animals and to a lesser extent in the oophorectomized animals. The results indicate that approximately 50% of circulating androstenedione and 30% of circulating oestrone originate in the ovaries in the female adult rat.", "PMID": 581023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_682", "title": "Luteotrophic activity of ectopically developing rat blastocysts.", "content": "The production of a luteotrophic hormone by ectopically transplanted rat blastocysts was demonstrated by transfer of blastocysts to the kidneys of cyclic and pseudopregnant mice and isogeneic rats. Pseudopregnancy was induced in nearly all cyclic mice bearing trophoblastic outgrowths but not in cyclic rats. In both mice and rats prolongation of pseudopregnancy was observed following ectopic transplantation of rat blastocysts at the time of normal egg implantation. It is concluded that ectopically developing rat trophoblastic tissue produces a luteotrophic hormone.", "contents": "Luteotrophic activity of ectopically developing rat blastocysts. The production of a luteotrophic hormone by ectopically transplanted rat blastocysts was demonstrated by transfer of blastocysts to the kidneys of cyclic and pseudopregnant mice and isogeneic rats. Pseudopregnancy was induced in nearly all cyclic mice bearing trophoblastic outgrowths but not in cyclic rats. In both mice and rats prolongation of pseudopregnancy was observed following ectopic transplantation of rat blastocysts at the time of normal egg implantation. It is concluded that ectopically developing rat trophoblastic tissue produces a luteotrophic hormone.", "PMID": 581025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_683", "title": "Endocrine effects of lithium. III. Hypermagnesaemia and activation of the renin-aldosterone system.", "content": "Hypermagnesaemia is a well-known but as yet unexplained concomitant of lithium treatment. Prior suggestions implicating a role for aldosterone in magnesium homoeostasis prompted this study of plasma renin, plasma aldosterone and serum magnesium in 17 maniodepressive patients on long-term lithium treatment. In addition to hypermagnesaemia (P less than 0.001), this group of patients had raised plasma levels of aldosterone (P less than 0.001) and increased plasma renin concentration (P less than 0.05). Serum magnesium was positively correlated to plasma aldosterone (r = 0.58, P less than 0.02). The relation between activation of the renin-aldosterone system and the presence of hypermagnesaemia during chronic lithium treatment could conceivably be mediated through a lithium-induced hypovolaemic state.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of lithium. III. Hypermagnesaemia and activation of the renin-aldosterone system. Hypermagnesaemia is a well-known but as yet unexplained concomitant of lithium treatment. Prior suggestions implicating a role for aldosterone in magnesium homoeostasis prompted this study of plasma renin, plasma aldosterone and serum magnesium in 17 maniodepressive patients on long-term lithium treatment. In addition to hypermagnesaemia (P less than 0.001), this group of patients had raised plasma levels of aldosterone (P less than 0.001) and increased plasma renin concentration (P less than 0.05). Serum magnesium was positively correlated to plasma aldosterone (r = 0.58, P less than 0.02). The relation between activation of the renin-aldosterone system and the presence of hypermagnesaemia during chronic lithium treatment could conceivably be mediated through a lithium-induced hypovolaemic state.", "PMID": 581026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_684", "title": "Effect of (+)-amphetamine on the retention of 3H-catecholamines in slices of normal and reserpinized rat brain and heart.", "content": "The effect of reserpine on the inhibition by (+)-amphetamine and cocaine of the accumulation of 3H-dopamine (DA) in striatal slices and 3H-noradrenaline (NA) in slices of cerebral occipital cortex and heart atrium of rats and the release of 3H-amines from these tissues were examined. Reserpine (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was injected 18 hours before the experiments. It was found that reserpine markedly enhanced the in vitro potency of amphetamine in the striatum and heart but only slightly in the cortex. After administration in vivo (+)-amphetamine was about 10 time more potent in reducing the amine accumulation in the cortex as in the striatum. Reserpine enhanced the effect in both regions. The inhibitory potency of cocaine in vitro was unchanged by reserpine in the striatum but was reduced in the cortex and heart. Reserpine did not change the inhibitory potency of desipramine in the cortex and heart. The release of the 3H-amines by (+)-amphetamine was enhanced by reserpine in the striatum and heart but the small release produced in the cortex was not increased. The release produced by cocaine was similarly enhanced by reserpine but cocaine was much less active than (+)-amphetamine. The results indicate that (+)-amphetamine and cocaine inhibit the amine accumulation by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of (+)-amphetamine on the retention of 3H-catecholamines in slices of normal and reserpinized rat brain and heart. The effect of reserpine on the inhibition by (+)-amphetamine and cocaine of the accumulation of 3H-dopamine (DA) in striatal slices and 3H-noradrenaline (NA) in slices of cerebral occipital cortex and heart atrium of rats and the release of 3H-amines from these tissues were examined. Reserpine (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was injected 18 hours before the experiments. It was found that reserpine markedly enhanced the in vitro potency of amphetamine in the striatum and heart but only slightly in the cortex. After administration in vivo (+)-amphetamine was about 10 time more potent in reducing the amine accumulation in the cortex as in the striatum. Reserpine enhanced the effect in both regions. The inhibitory potency of cocaine in vitro was unchanged by reserpine in the striatum but was reduced in the cortex and heart. Reserpine did not change the inhibitory potency of desipramine in the cortex and heart. The release of the 3H-amines by (+)-amphetamine was enhanced by reserpine in the striatum and heart but the small release produced in the cortex was not increased. The release produced by cocaine was similarly enhanced by reserpine but cocaine was much less active than (+)-amphetamine. The results indicate that (+)-amphetamine and cocaine inhibit the amine accumulation by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 581027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_685", "title": "Formation of asbestos bodies under the influence of parenteral iron overload.", "content": "The effect of parenteral administration of iron (dextran) on the number of asbestos fibers in the lungs, formation of asbestos bodies and the development of interstitial fibrosis was studied in guinea pigs exposed intratracheally to anthophyllite dust. The treatment did not accelerate, either qualitatively or quantitatively, the formation of asbestos bodies or retard the development of interstitial fibrosis. The number of naked asbestos fibers was also similar in anthophyllite-inoculated animals to those similarly inoculated, but having had, additionally, a previous saturation with iron.", "contents": "Formation of asbestos bodies under the influence of parenteral iron overload. The effect of parenteral administration of iron (dextran) on the number of asbestos fibers in the lungs, formation of asbestos bodies and the development of interstitial fibrosis was studied in guinea pigs exposed intratracheally to anthophyllite dust. The treatment did not accelerate, either qualitatively or quantitatively, the formation of asbestos bodies or retard the development of interstitial fibrosis. The number of naked asbestos fibers was also similar in anthophyllite-inoculated animals to those similarly inoculated, but having had, additionally, a previous saturation with iron.", "PMID": 581028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_686", "title": "Unaltered metabolism of phenytoin in thyroid disorders.", "content": "The metabolism of phenytoin was studied in 9 hyperthyroid and 7 hypothyroid patients before and after treatment with either antithyroid drugs or 1-thyroxine. No difference in the half-life, volume of distribution and metabolic clearance rate was found between untreated hyper- and hypothyroid subjects. Furthermore, normalisation of thyroid function test did not change the kinetic parameters of phenytoin. The results indicate that the well-known correlation between thyroid function and antipyrine kinetics cannot be extrapolated uncritically to other drugs. It is concluded that no general rules are valid in the kinetics among different drugs in thyroid pathological conditions. Each drug must be evaluated by itself in different pathological conditions.", "contents": "Unaltered metabolism of phenytoin in thyroid disorders. The metabolism of phenytoin was studied in 9 hyperthyroid and 7 hypothyroid patients before and after treatment with either antithyroid drugs or 1-thyroxine. No difference in the half-life, volume of distribution and metabolic clearance rate was found between untreated hyper- and hypothyroid subjects. Furthermore, normalisation of thyroid function test did not change the kinetic parameters of phenytoin. The results indicate that the well-known correlation between thyroid function and antipyrine kinetics cannot be extrapolated uncritically to other drugs. It is concluded that no general rules are valid in the kinetics among different drugs in thyroid pathological conditions. Each drug must be evaluated by itself in different pathological conditions.", "PMID": 581029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_687", "title": "n-Butoxyacetic acid, a urinary metabolite from inhaled n-butoxyethanol (Butylcellosolve).", "content": "Male albino rats were exposed to butylcellosolve (n-butoxyethanol). Collected urine was found to contain a characteristic metabolite, identified as n-butoxyacetic acid by mass spectrometry. The identity of the compound was confirmed by synthesis.", "contents": "n-Butoxyacetic acid, a urinary metabolite from inhaled n-butoxyethanol (Butylcellosolve). Male albino rats were exposed to butylcellosolve (n-butoxyethanol). Collected urine was found to contain a characteristic metabolite, identified as n-butoxyacetic acid by mass spectrometry. The identity of the compound was confirmed by synthesis.", "PMID": 581030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_688", "title": "A comparative study of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in rabbits, pigs and humans after intramuscular injection of local damaging drugs.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity has been determined before and after intramuscular injection of lidocaine, diazepam or saline in humans and lidocaine, diazepam, digoxin and saline in pigs and rabbits. Two ml volum of each of the drugs was given to humans as well as to the experimental animals. No changes in CPK activity were found after saline in humans or rabbits but a minor increase was demonstrated in pigs. A marked increase of CPK activity was demonstrated after lidocaine or diazepam in humans and after lidocaine, diazepam or digoxin in pigs and rabbits. Post mortem examination of the injection sites in the animals revealed extensive muscle tissue necrosis after lidocaine, diazepam and digoxin. No damage of the tissue was found after saline. CPK activity was also determined in rabbits receiving 2 ml of dilutions of diazepam in saline. The injection sites were examined post mortem. The CPK activity was increased in animals receiving 1:2 and 1:8 dilutions while a 1:20 dilution did not give rise to changes in the enzyme activity. The necrotic area diminished when diazepam was diluted and no pathological changes were found at the injection sites after the 1:20 dilution. Measuring the CPK activity in rabbits after an intramuscular injection seems to be a sensitive method for the determination of local toxicity.", "contents": "A comparative study of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in rabbits, pigs and humans after intramuscular injection of local damaging drugs. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity has been determined before and after intramuscular injection of lidocaine, diazepam or saline in humans and lidocaine, diazepam, digoxin and saline in pigs and rabbits. Two ml volum of each of the drugs was given to humans as well as to the experimental animals. No changes in CPK activity were found after saline in humans or rabbits but a minor increase was demonstrated in pigs. A marked increase of CPK activity was demonstrated after lidocaine or diazepam in humans and after lidocaine, diazepam or digoxin in pigs and rabbits. Post mortem examination of the injection sites in the animals revealed extensive muscle tissue necrosis after lidocaine, diazepam and digoxin. No damage of the tissue was found after saline. CPK activity was also determined in rabbits receiving 2 ml of dilutions of diazepam in saline. The injection sites were examined post mortem. The CPK activity was increased in animals receiving 1:2 and 1:8 dilutions while a 1:20 dilution did not give rise to changes in the enzyme activity. The necrotic area diminished when diazepam was diluted and no pathological changes were found at the injection sites after the 1:20 dilution. Measuring the CPK activity in rabbits after an intramuscular injection seems to be a sensitive method for the determination of local toxicity.", "PMID": 581031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_689", "title": "Pharmacological studies on the molluscicidal activity of phorate on Pila globosa (Gastropoda).", "content": "Amongst heart, rectum and radula protractor muscles of Pila globosa, the heart showed a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic response while the rectum and radula protractor showed a positive tonotropic response to exogenously applied acetycholine (ACh). The anti-cholinesterase pesticide phorate substantially increased the response to ACh; at high doses it could also evoke cholinomimetic response from the heart. The anti-cholinesterase property of phorate gradually increased with an increase in its contact period to the tissue. The extent of alteration in ACh response caused by prior treatment with low and high doses of phorate were very similar, indicating that the efficacy of phorate is by and large time-dependent rather than dose-dependent. The effect of phorate remained irreversible even after prolonged washing. The mode of action of phorate has been discussed in the light of the above findings.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on the molluscicidal activity of phorate on Pila globosa (Gastropoda). Amongst heart, rectum and radula protractor muscles of Pila globosa, the heart showed a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic response while the rectum and radula protractor showed a positive tonotropic response to exogenously applied acetycholine (ACh). The anti-cholinesterase pesticide phorate substantially increased the response to ACh; at high doses it could also evoke cholinomimetic response from the heart. The anti-cholinesterase property of phorate gradually increased with an increase in its contact period to the tissue. The extent of alteration in ACh response caused by prior treatment with low and high doses of phorate were very similar, indicating that the efficacy of phorate is by and large time-dependent rather than dose-dependent. The effect of phorate remained irreversible even after prolonged washing. The mode of action of phorate has been discussed in the light of the above findings.", "PMID": 581032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_690", "title": "Influence of citalopram and chlorimipramine on uptake of 5-HT by isolated perfused guinea pig lungs.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation and perfusion in vitro of isolated guinea pig lungs, 5-HT is rapidly taken up from a perfusing solution by the organ (about 70% uptake). In the concentration range 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M citalopram concentration dependently inhibited the uptake of 5-HT by the lung preparation. Chlorimipramine inhibited the uptake of 5-HT only by 40--50%, and the inhibition was not concentration dependent. The method used seems to be a reliable model for studying the uptake of 5-HT.", "contents": "Influence of citalopram and chlorimipramine on uptake of 5-HT by isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. A method is described for the preparation and perfusion in vitro of isolated guinea pig lungs, 5-HT is rapidly taken up from a perfusing solution by the organ (about 70% uptake). In the concentration range 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M citalopram concentration dependently inhibited the uptake of 5-HT by the lung preparation. Chlorimipramine inhibited the uptake of 5-HT only by 40--50%, and the inhibition was not concentration dependent. The method used seems to be a reliable model for studying the uptake of 5-HT.", "PMID": 581033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_691", "title": "Experimental anti-arrhythmic properties of melperone, a neuroleptic butyrophenone.", "content": "The neuroleptic butyrophenone, melperone, has been compared with antiarrhythmics, neuroleptics, alpha-blockers and beta-blockers in various experimental arrhythmias. Melperone 0.01--1 mg/kg intravenously antagonized ouabain-induced arrhythmias in conscious rabbits to the same degree as propranolol 2 mg/kg and quinidine 10 mg/kg intravenously probably mainly via s CNS depressive effect. It was found to be considerably weaker than propranolol 2 mg/kg, when anaesthetized guinea pigs were used. Melperone 0.1--10 mg/kg was inactive against aconitine-induced arrhythmias. Melperone 1--5 mg/kg antagonized adrenaline-induced arrhythmias in halothane-sensitized guinea pigs like phentolamine 1--5 mg/kg intravenously and was more potent than chlorpromazine, propranolol and quinidine. This study and an electrophysiological study suggest that melperone might be a type III anti-arrhythmic drug, which at the same time depresses CNS and reduces afterload.", "contents": "Experimental anti-arrhythmic properties of melperone, a neuroleptic butyrophenone. The neuroleptic butyrophenone, melperone, has been compared with antiarrhythmics, neuroleptics, alpha-blockers and beta-blockers in various experimental arrhythmias. Melperone 0.01--1 mg/kg intravenously antagonized ouabain-induced arrhythmias in conscious rabbits to the same degree as propranolol 2 mg/kg and quinidine 10 mg/kg intravenously probably mainly via s CNS depressive effect. It was found to be considerably weaker than propranolol 2 mg/kg, when anaesthetized guinea pigs were used. Melperone 0.1--10 mg/kg was inactive against aconitine-induced arrhythmias. Melperone 1--5 mg/kg antagonized adrenaline-induced arrhythmias in halothane-sensitized guinea pigs like phentolamine 1--5 mg/kg intravenously and was more potent than chlorpromazine, propranolol and quinidine. This study and an electrophysiological study suggest that melperone might be a type III anti-arrhythmic drug, which at the same time depresses CNS and reduces afterload.", "PMID": 581034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_692", "title": "Terbutaline preventing permeability effects of histamine in the lung.", "content": "In unanaesthetized guinea-pigs the effect of terbutaline on histamine-induced increase in lung weight was studied. Terbutaline 0.1 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg was given subcutaneously 5 min. before exposure during 60 min. to a histamine aerosol. Terbutaline markedly prevented the histamine-induced increase in lung weight. This effect is discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of mediator-induced increase in vascular permeability.", "contents": "Terbutaline preventing permeability effects of histamine in the lung. In unanaesthetized guinea-pigs the effect of terbutaline on histamine-induced increase in lung weight was studied. Terbutaline 0.1 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg was given subcutaneously 5 min. before exposure during 60 min. to a histamine aerosol. Terbutaline markedly prevented the histamine-induced increase in lung weight. This effect is discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of mediator-induced increase in vascular permeability.", "PMID": 581035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_693", "title": "Cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: diagnosis and management.", "content": "The incidence of cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms has relatively increased since antibiotic therapy has become available. The causative organism is the salmonella group in about 50 per cent of cases. This diagnosis should be strongly entertained in patients with fever of unknown origin, vague abdominal pain, and progressive appearance of a pulsatile abdominal mass. Aortography may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Some postoperative graft infections may be due to unrecognized cryptic mycotic infection of the aorta and not from external contamination, as previously supposed. Construction of an axillofemoral bypass graft through clean tissue is advised for the successful treatment of the grossly infected infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Three surviving patients with cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms are added to the sixteen surviving patients already reported in the literature.", "contents": "Cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms: diagnosis and management. The incidence of cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms has relatively increased since antibiotic therapy has become available. The causative organism is the salmonella group in about 50 per cent of cases. This diagnosis should be strongly entertained in patients with fever of unknown origin, vague abdominal pain, and progressive appearance of a pulsatile abdominal mass. Aortography may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Some postoperative graft infections may be due to unrecognized cryptic mycotic infection of the aorta and not from external contamination, as previously supposed. Construction of an axillofemoral bypass graft through clean tissue is advised for the successful treatment of the grossly infected infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Three surviving patients with cryptic mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms are added to the sixteen surviving patients already reported in the literature.", "PMID": 581039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_694", "title": "[Effect of organic acids on the biosynthesis of macrotetralide antibiotics by an Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides strain].", "content": "The biosynthesis of macrotetrolides by Actinomyces chrysomalus var. carotenoides was stimulated by acetic, succinic, propionic, oxalic, malic, tartaric, citric, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric and fumaric acids. Incorporation of 14C-acetate into the molecule of the antibiotic and the data on dependence of the stimulating effect upon the quantitative ratio and time of the organic acid addition were indicative of the role of acetic, succinic and propionic acids as precursors of macrotetrolides. The other organic acids increased the biosynthesis of macrotetolides when added to the culture within wide time ranges of the culture development and prolonged the period of the mycelium productive state.", "contents": "[Effect of organic acids on the biosynthesis of macrotetralide antibiotics by an Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides strain]. The biosynthesis of macrotetrolides by Actinomyces chrysomalus var. carotenoides was stimulated by acetic, succinic, propionic, oxalic, malic, tartaric, citric, pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric and fumaric acids. Incorporation of 14C-acetate into the molecule of the antibiotic and the data on dependence of the stimulating effect upon the quantitative ratio and time of the organic acid addition were indicative of the role of acetic, succinic and propionic acids as precursors of macrotetrolides. The other organic acids increased the biosynthesis of macrotetolides when added to the culture within wide time ranges of the culture development and prolonged the period of the mycelium productive state.", "PMID": 581049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_695", "title": "[Effect of diuretics (diacarb and lasix) on the experimental antitumor activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic, olivomycin].", "content": "Diacarb or lasix in combination with olivomycin increased the antibiotic antiblastomic activity and toxicity when used for the course treatment of mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma LIO-I. The chemotherapeutic indices of such combinations did not differ from those of olivomycin used alone. Diacarb decreased excretion of olivomycin with the urine in healthy mice, while lasix increased it.", "contents": "[Effect of diuretics (diacarb and lasix) on the experimental antitumor activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic, olivomycin]. Diacarb or lasix in combination with olivomycin increased the antibiotic antiblastomic activity and toxicity when used for the course treatment of mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma LIO-I. The chemotherapeutic indices of such combinations did not differ from those of olivomycin used alone. Diacarb decreased excretion of olivomycin with the urine in healthy mice, while lasix increased it.", "PMID": 581050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_696", "title": "Placental secretion of oestrogens and protein hormones.", "content": "In order to trace the passage of steroids and proteins from the placenta to the maternal peripheral blood, samples of retroplacental blood, uterine vein blood and peripheral blood were taken from women undergoing Caesarean section at term. The concentration of unconjugated oestriol, total oestriol, human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein was measured. The oestrogen concentration in the uterine vein was higher than the peripheral blood, the placental lactogen was slightly higher and the pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein was the same in the uterine vein and the peripheral veins. In keeping with this, the retroplacental blood had a high concentration of oestrogen, moderately raised placental lactogen and a low pregnancy specific glycoprotein concentration. It is concluded that there is a rapid secretion of oestriol from placenta to the mother; a slower secretion of placental lactogen and no clear evidence of a flow of pregnancy specific glycoprotein from the placenta.", "contents": "Placental secretion of oestrogens and protein hormones. In order to trace the passage of steroids and proteins from the placenta to the maternal peripheral blood, samples of retroplacental blood, uterine vein blood and peripheral blood were taken from women undergoing Caesarean section at term. The concentration of unconjugated oestriol, total oestriol, human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein was measured. The oestrogen concentration in the uterine vein was higher than the peripheral blood, the placental lactogen was slightly higher and the pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein was the same in the uterine vein and the peripheral veins. In keeping with this, the retroplacental blood had a high concentration of oestrogen, moderately raised placental lactogen and a low pregnancy specific glycoprotein concentration. It is concluded that there is a rapid secretion of oestriol from placenta to the mother; a slower secretion of placental lactogen and no clear evidence of a flow of pregnancy specific glycoprotein from the placenta.", "PMID": 581051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_697", "title": "Studies on platelet function during different modes of administration of PgF2alpha in obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "Platelet function has been studied during intravenous, intraamniotic, and extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2alpha) for termination of missed abortion and missed labor, for therapeutic abortion, and for induction of term labor. The controls received oxytocin i.v. (missed labor and term labor). Our investigations have shown that there was a normalization of the increased spontaneous platelet aggregation and a significant reduction of ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in the groups given PgF2alpha i.v. The desaggregation in these groups was increased. The other groups given PgF2alpha showed no significant changes in platelet function. Inducing labor by oxytocin we found a tendency to increased platelet aggregation and decreased desaggregation. The clinical importance of these findings and the consequences for hemostasis are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on platelet function during different modes of administration of PgF2alpha in obstetrics and gynecology. Platelet function has been studied during intravenous, intraamniotic, and extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PgF2alpha) for termination of missed abortion and missed labor, for therapeutic abortion, and for induction of term labor. The controls received oxytocin i.v. (missed labor and term labor). Our investigations have shown that there was a normalization of the increased spontaneous platelet aggregation and a significant reduction of ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in the groups given PgF2alpha i.v. The desaggregation in these groups was increased. The other groups given PgF2alpha showed no significant changes in platelet function. Inducing labor by oxytocin we found a tendency to increased platelet aggregation and decreased desaggregation. The clinical importance of these findings and the consequences for hemostasis are discussed.", "PMID": 581052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_698", "title": "[Adenocarcinoma in situ in a focus of ovarian endometriosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 48 year old woman had a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy because of uterus myomatosus. Histologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed in one of the ovaries an adenocarcinoma in situ that had unequivocally developed within a focus of endometriosis. In addition, atypical epithelium was found in a small circumscribed area in one of the many islets of endometriosis in the myometrium.", "contents": "[Adenocarcinoma in situ in a focus of ovarian endometriosis (author's transl)]. A 48 year old woman had a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy because of uterus myomatosus. Histologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed in one of the ovaries an adenocarcinoma in situ that had unequivocally developed within a focus of endometriosis. In addition, atypical epithelium was found in a small circumscribed area in one of the many islets of endometriosis in the myometrium.", "PMID": 581053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_699", "title": "[On the localisation of the adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "The position and the extent of 42 adenocarcinomas in situ were determined in representative sections of 27 cone specimens. At the same time all foci of a coincidental atypical squamous epithelium were registered. It was found that the glandular cancer arises rather in the canal than at the ectocervix. The topography of an additional pathological squamous epithelium follows the rules described for cases with malignant squamous epithelium only.", "contents": "[On the localisation of the adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri (author's transl)]. The position and the extent of 42 adenocarcinomas in situ were determined in representative sections of 27 cone specimens. At the same time all foci of a coincidental atypical squamous epithelium were registered. It was found that the glandular cancer arises rather in the canal than at the ectocervix. The topography of an additional pathological squamous epithelium follows the rules described for cases with malignant squamous epithelium only.", "PMID": 581054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_700", "title": "[The influence of endogenous hormones on the oestrogen and progesterone receptor determination in tissue of mammary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were determined in 48 primary tumors of invasive mammary carcinoma. 86% showed a positive oestrogen receptor binding, 53% were progesterone receptor positive. The binding capacity for oestradiol was 5-211 pmoles/g tissue protein, for progestin (R 5020) 7-146 pmoles. The question of the investigation was whether the content of determined receptors depends on endogenous oestradiol and progesterone concentrations. A clear dependence did not exist between the hormone level in the plasma, collected just before the excision of the tumor, and the amount of identifiable receptors in the tumor. On the contrary, in considering the quantities of endogenous hormones in the tissues, based on the plasma content of the tissue and the plasma hormone level, a correlation could be found. The content of identifiable receptors decreased with increasing amounts of endogenous hormones in the cytosol. It is postulated that rather the amount of endogenous hormones in the tissue than the plasma hormone level characterizes the degree of saturation of existing receptors by endogenous hormones. Apparently, the determined receptor concentrations at endogenous hormone values under 2 pmoles/g tissue protein reflect rather the true receptor content, whereas at higher values too low or false negative results should be reckoned with.", "contents": "[The influence of endogenous hormones on the oestrogen and progesterone receptor determination in tissue of mammary carcinoma (author's transl)]. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were determined in 48 primary tumors of invasive mammary carcinoma. 86% showed a positive oestrogen receptor binding, 53% were progesterone receptor positive. The binding capacity for oestradiol was 5-211 pmoles/g tissue protein, for progestin (R 5020) 7-146 pmoles. The question of the investigation was whether the content of determined receptors depends on endogenous oestradiol and progesterone concentrations. A clear dependence did not exist between the hormone level in the plasma, collected just before the excision of the tumor, and the amount of identifiable receptors in the tumor. On the contrary, in considering the quantities of endogenous hormones in the tissues, based on the plasma content of the tissue and the plasma hormone level, a correlation could be found. The content of identifiable receptors decreased with increasing amounts of endogenous hormones in the cytosol. It is postulated that rather the amount of endogenous hormones in the tissue than the plasma hormone level characterizes the degree of saturation of existing receptors by endogenous hormones. Apparently, the determined receptor concentrations at endogenous hormone values under 2 pmoles/g tissue protein reflect rather the true receptor content, whereas at higher values too low or false negative results should be reckoned with.", "PMID": 581055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_701", "title": "Whole-body retention of mercury and selenium and histopathological and morphological studies of kidneys and liver of rats exposed repeatedly to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite.", "content": "Distribution and retention of mercury and selenium was studied in rats exposed repeatedly to HgCl2 injections (0.5 mg Hg/kg to the tail vein every other day) and intragastrically to Na2SeO3 (0.5 mg Se/kg every day), applying combined and separate administration of these metals for 2 weeks. Whole-body retention of mercury in the presence of selenium was augmented by 20% and that of selenium in the presence of mercury by 4% with respect to the administered dose. Combined administration of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite brought about damage to the epithelial cells of renal proximal convolutions and formation of protein casts in their lumen. These changes had the same pattern as those induced by administration of mercuric chloride alone, but the intensity was lower. Submicroscopic studies revealed that repeated combined administration of sodium selenite and mercuric chloride did not completely abolish the mercury-induced mitochondrial swelling and contributed to chromatin destruction in the hepatocyte nuclei.", "contents": "Whole-body retention of mercury and selenium and histopathological and morphological studies of kidneys and liver of rats exposed repeatedly to mercuric chloride and sodium selenite. Distribution and retention of mercury and selenium was studied in rats exposed repeatedly to HgCl2 injections (0.5 mg Hg/kg to the tail vein every other day) and intragastrically to Na2SeO3 (0.5 mg Se/kg every day), applying combined and separate administration of these metals for 2 weeks. Whole-body retention of mercury in the presence of selenium was augmented by 20% and that of selenium in the presence of mercury by 4% with respect to the administered dose. Combined administration of mercuric chloride and sodium selenite brought about damage to the epithelial cells of renal proximal convolutions and formation of protein casts in their lumen. These changes had the same pattern as those induced by administration of mercuric chloride alone, but the intensity was lower. Submicroscopic studies revealed that repeated combined administration of sodium selenite and mercuric chloride did not completely abolish the mercury-induced mitochondrial swelling and contributed to chromatin destruction in the hepatocyte nuclei.", "PMID": 581057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_702", "title": "[Chromosome studies on trichloroethylene workers (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of lymphocyte cultures, chromosome studies were carried out on 28 degreasers under different trichloroethylene load. Nine of these cases showed pathological rates of hypodiploid cells, but otherwise normal caryotypes; one case had a caryotype 47,XY,+mar (small metacentric extrachromosome). In these nine cases the trichloroethylene load, but not the exposure periods on the working place were significantly higher than in the control group.", "contents": "[Chromosome studies on trichloroethylene workers (author's transl)]. On the basis of lymphocyte cultures, chromosome studies were carried out on 28 degreasers under different trichloroethylene load. Nine of these cases showed pathological rates of hypodiploid cells, but otherwise normal caryotypes; one case had a caryotype 47,XY,+mar (small metacentric extrachromosome). In these nine cases the trichloroethylene load, but not the exposure periods on the working place were significantly higher than in the control group.", "PMID": 581058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_703", "title": "Effect of NO2 and SO2 inhalation on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in rat lung.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were continuously exposed to NO2 (14.4 ppm), SO2 (46.5 ppm) and to a mixture of both gases and their effect on lung microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity was determined. The pre-exposed animals were administered methylcholanthrene (MC) to investigate the exposure effect on enzyme inducibility and pattern of B(a)P metabolites. NO2 significantly increased AHH activity but no marked change was noted with SO2. Induction of AHH by MC was markedly inhibited by SO2, only slightly by mixture of NO2-SO2 but not with NO2 alone.", "contents": "Effect of NO2 and SO2 inhalation on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in rat lung. Male Wistar rats were continuously exposed to NO2 (14.4 ppm), SO2 (46.5 ppm) and to a mixture of both gases and their effect on lung microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity was determined. The pre-exposed animals were administered methylcholanthrene (MC) to investigate the exposure effect on enzyme inducibility and pattern of B(a)P metabolites. NO2 significantly increased AHH activity but no marked change was noted with SO2. Induction of AHH by MC was markedly inhibited by SO2, only slightly by mixture of NO2-SO2 but not with NO2 alone.", "PMID": 581059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_704", "title": "High-sensitivity scanning calorimetric study of mixtures of cholesterol with dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholines.", "content": "A highly sensitive and stable scanning microcalorimeter is employed in a reinvestigation of the effect of cholesterol on multilamellar suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Below 20 mol % cholesterol the DPPC mixtures give heat-capacity curves each of which can be resolved into a narrow and a broad peak, suggesting the coexistence of two immiscible solid phases; above 20 mol % only the broad peak is observed and this disappears at about 50 mol %. The DMPC mixtures show a more complicated behavior; from about 13.5 to 20 mol % cholesterol the observed curves appear to be the sum of three component peaks. As with the DPPC mixtures, only a single broad peak is observed above 20 mol % cholesterol, and this broad peak becomes undetectable above about 50 mol %. These results are discussed.", "contents": "High-sensitivity scanning calorimetric study of mixtures of cholesterol with dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholines. A highly sensitive and stable scanning microcalorimeter is employed in a reinvestigation of the effect of cholesterol on multilamellar suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Below 20 mol % cholesterol the DPPC mixtures give heat-capacity curves each of which can be resolved into a narrow and a broad peak, suggesting the coexistence of two immiscible solid phases; above 20 mol % only the broad peak is observed and this disappears at about 50 mol %. The DMPC mixtures show a more complicated behavior; from about 13.5 to 20 mol % cholesterol the observed curves appear to be the sum of three component peaks. As with the DPPC mixtures, only a single broad peak is observed above 20 mol % cholesterol, and this broad peak becomes undetectable above about 50 mol %. These results are discussed.", "PMID": 581060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_705", "title": "[Effect of oxygen and hypergravitation on alveolar surfactant].", "content": "The effect of prolonged exposure (up to 66 hours) to pure oxygen breathing and to short (5-minute) oxygen breathing combined with acceleration (+5Gz) on the surface tension and surface potential of the alveolar washout of the albino rat lungs was determined. Both experimental conditions produced atelectasis and a decrease of the surfactant surface activity. Possible mechanisms of shifts of the surfactant activity under hyperoxia only, and hyperoxia with accelerations are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of oxygen and hypergravitation on alveolar surfactant]. The effect of prolonged exposure (up to 66 hours) to pure oxygen breathing and to short (5-minute) oxygen breathing combined with acceleration (+5Gz) on the surface tension and surface potential of the alveolar washout of the albino rat lungs was determined. Both experimental conditions produced atelectasis and a decrease of the surfactant surface activity. Possible mechanisms of shifts of the surfactant activity under hyperoxia only, and hyperoxia with accelerations are discussed.", "PMID": 581062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_706", "title": "The value of a psychiatric service within the venereal disease clinic.", "content": "A significant proportion of attenders at venereal diseases clinics can be regarded as potential psychiatric patients. However, there have been few reports on the value of readily available psychiatric advice at such clinics. The findings during a three-month period when a psychiatrist attended a venereal disease clinic are described. Twenty-two patients were referred for psychiatric assessment. Of the 20 who kept their appointment, 18 were diagnosed as mentally ill or as having a personality disorder. Of these two were already under psychiatric care, but 11 had never previously sought psychiatric assistance. The major sources of common venereological and psychiatric concern appeared to be among the promiscuous and the hypochondriacal patients. The former consisted of persons with personality disorders who were thought unlikely to respond to psychiatric treatment; but some of the latter improved after treatment with pimozide. Some patients defaulted and not all who persevered were helped. Nevertheless the results of a questionnnaire showed that the staff considered there was an important place for a psychiatrist within their clinic.", "contents": "The value of a psychiatric service within the venereal disease clinic. A significant proportion of attenders at venereal diseases clinics can be regarded as potential psychiatric patients. However, there have been few reports on the value of readily available psychiatric advice at such clinics. The findings during a three-month period when a psychiatrist attended a venereal disease clinic are described. Twenty-two patients were referred for psychiatric assessment. Of the 20 who kept their appointment, 18 were diagnosed as mentally ill or as having a personality disorder. Of these two were already under psychiatric care, but 11 had never previously sought psychiatric assistance. The major sources of common venereological and psychiatric concern appeared to be among the promiscuous and the hypochondriacal patients. The former consisted of persons with personality disorders who were thought unlikely to respond to psychiatric treatment; but some of the latter improved after treatment with pimozide. Some patients defaulted and not all who persevered were helped. Nevertheless the results of a questionnnaire showed that the staff considered there was an important place for a psychiatrist within their clinic.", "PMID": 581066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_707", "title": "Venereal disease education in West Virginia, USA.", "content": "A venereal disease educational programme entitled Venereal Disease Education in West Virginia was constructed. It consisted of a preliminary test to assess the level of general knowledge of venereal diseases, a value survey list, a lecture illustrated by colour slides, and a final test. The programme was presented to 3210 students in Northcentral West Virginia who ranged in age from 12 to 20 years (7th to 12th grade). The mean score in the preliminary test was 7.97 (53%) correct answers out of 15, and the mean score for the final test was 11.55 (77%) correct answers out of 15. The ability of students to retain the information given to them was measured by testing the same class of 53 students one year later. These students obtained a mean score of 11.41 (76%) correct answers out of 15 in the later test which demonstrates that the students had retained much of the information.", "contents": "Venereal disease education in West Virginia, USA. A venereal disease educational programme entitled Venereal Disease Education in West Virginia was constructed. It consisted of a preliminary test to assess the level of general knowledge of venereal diseases, a value survey list, a lecture illustrated by colour slides, and a final test. The programme was presented to 3210 students in Northcentral West Virginia who ranged in age from 12 to 20 years (7th to 12th grade). The mean score in the preliminary test was 7.97 (53%) correct answers out of 15, and the mean score for the final test was 11.55 (77%) correct answers out of 15. The ability of students to retain the information given to them was measured by testing the same class of 53 students one year later. These students obtained a mean score of 11.41 (76%) correct answers out of 15 in the later test which demonstrates that the students had retained much of the information.", "PMID": 581067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_708", "title": "Urinary tract infection in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "A study of the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in 430 women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and its relationship to sexual activity is presented. UTI, usually asymptomatic, was found to be slightly more common in women attending the clinic than in the general population, its prevalence being 4.9%. UTI was more commonly found in patients who gave a history of recent sexual intercourse, which suggests that recent coitus was a factor in the development of significant bacteriuria. The likelihood of finding significant bacteriuria was not related to the number of sexual partners in the previous year. Trichomoniasis was more common in the small group of patients with UTI than in other women. The most common causative organism of UTI was Escherichia coli, and the isolates were usually sensitive to ampicillin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, and nitrofurantoin.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. A study of the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in 430 women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and its relationship to sexual activity is presented. UTI, usually asymptomatic, was found to be slightly more common in women attending the clinic than in the general population, its prevalence being 4.9%. UTI was more commonly found in patients who gave a history of recent sexual intercourse, which suggests that recent coitus was a factor in the development of significant bacteriuria. The likelihood of finding significant bacteriuria was not related to the number of sexual partners in the previous year. Trichomoniasis was more common in the small group of patients with UTI than in other women. The most common causative organism of UTI was Escherichia coli, and the isolates were usually sensitive to ampicillin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, and nitrofurantoin.", "PMID": 581068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_709", "title": "[Endogenous cortisol levels after intrathecal injection of triamicinolone acetonide in patients with neurological disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A single dose of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide was injected intrathecally in 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and 20 with other neurological diseases. In 15 of them the endogenous cortisol level was determined on three successive days and their cerebrospinal fluid examined before the triamcinolone injection was given. Cortisol levels were then measured serially for another 15 days after the injection. Contrary to the response after intramuscular injection, the endogenous secretion of cortisol was not significantly depressed after intrathecal administration. The latter is, therefore, suggested in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system and its integuments, and for acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[Endogenous cortisol levels after intrathecal injection of triamicinolone acetonide in patients with neurological disease (author's transl)]. A single dose of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide was injected intrathecally in 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and 20 with other neurological diseases. In 15 of them the endogenous cortisol level was determined on three successive days and their cerebrospinal fluid examined before the triamcinolone injection was given. Cortisol levels were then measured serially for another 15 days after the injection. Contrary to the response after intramuscular injection, the endogenous secretion of cortisol was not significantly depressed after intrathecal administration. The latter is, therefore, suggested in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system and its integuments, and for acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 581070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_710", "title": "Oxygen tension of the vaginal surface during sexual stimulation in the human.", "content": "An oxygen electrode was maintained by suction on the vaginal wall in seven women. The basal value of pO2 was 9.3 mm Hg +/- 10.7 (mean +/- standard deviation) before clitoral self-stimulation was initiated. When stimulation took place the oxygen tension rose and peaked immediately after orgasm to 39.5 +/- 14.1 mm Hg. It then declined and fell to 20.1 +/- 13.8 mm Hg 10 minutes after the peak value. The changes correlate closely with changes in vaginal blood  flow. The increased oxygen tension may be one of the factors that enhance of even initiate the motility of spermatozoa when deposited intravaginally.", "contents": "Oxygen tension of the vaginal surface during sexual stimulation in the human. An oxygen electrode was maintained by suction on the vaginal wall in seven women. The basal value of pO2 was 9.3 mm Hg +/- 10.7 (mean +/- standard deviation) before clitoral self-stimulation was initiated. When stimulation took place the oxygen tension rose and peaked immediately after orgasm to 39.5 +/- 14.1 mm Hg. It then declined and fell to 20.1 +/- 13.8 mm Hg 10 minutes after the peak value. The changes correlate closely with changes in vaginal blood  flow. The increased oxygen tension may be one of the factors that enhance of even initiate the motility of spermatozoa when deposited intravaginally.", "PMID": 581075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_711", "title": "Acute pulmonary toxicity of a commercial fluorocarbon--lipid aerosol.", "content": "The death of an adolescent after deliberate inhalation of the domestic fluorocarbon--lipid spray, PAM, triggered an investigation of the effects of this product on mammalian lung. Some of its constituents are known to destroy the lung-surfactant system, but death from its inhalation by earlier victims was usually attributed to the fluorocarbon's cardiac arrhythmogenic properties. In the present study, we applied methods and experimental models not previously used to study the effects of this aerosol material on the lung surfactant. We found morphological and functional acute disintegration of normal alveolar surfactant, leading to extensive alveolar collapse, with sustained and elevated surface tensions in vitro.  This could result in fatal hypoxaemia at inspired concentrations of fluorocarbons insufficient to cause cardiac arrhythmias, and may explain at least partly the large number of deaths associated with inhalation of such product.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary toxicity of a commercial fluorocarbon--lipid aerosol. The death of an adolescent after deliberate inhalation of the domestic fluorocarbon--lipid spray, PAM, triggered an investigation of the effects of this product on mammalian lung. Some of its constituents are known to destroy the lung-surfactant system, but death from its inhalation by earlier victims was usually attributed to the fluorocarbon's cardiac arrhythmogenic properties. In the present study, we applied methods and experimental models not previously used to study the effects of this aerosol material on the lung surfactant. We found morphological and functional acute disintegration of normal alveolar surfactant, leading to extensive alveolar collapse, with sustained and elevated surface tensions in vitro.  This could result in fatal hypoxaemia at inspired concentrations of fluorocarbons insufficient to cause cardiac arrhythmias, and may explain at least partly the large number of deaths associated with inhalation of such product.", "PMID": 581077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_712", "title": "Lipid composition of sputum from patients with asthma and patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Lipids from the sputum of patients with asthma and with cystic fibrosis were isolated and characterized. In both cases, lipids constituted approximately 30% of the dry material. Phosphatidlycholine was the most abundant lipid, Significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were present. Hexosyl ceramides, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were present as minor lipid components. Apperciable quantities of neutral lipids were present, of which triglycerides and cholesterol were the main constituents. Phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylgycerol were highly saturated. Large amounts of phosphatidylcholine containing mostly palmitic acid, particularly in the asthmatic sputum, suggest htat this highly saturated. Large amounts of phosphatidylcholine containing mostly palmitic acid, particularly in the asthmatic sputum, suggests that this highly saturated phospholipid is synthesized in the upper airways for reasons other than its beneficial surface-active properties in the alveoli.", "contents": "Lipid composition of sputum from patients with asthma and patients with cystic fibrosis. Lipids from the sputum of patients with asthma and with cystic fibrosis were isolated and characterized. In both cases, lipids constituted approximately 30% of the dry material. Phosphatidlycholine was the most abundant lipid, Significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were present. Hexosyl ceramides, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were present as minor lipid components. Apperciable quantities of neutral lipids were present, of which triglycerides and cholesterol were the main constituents. Phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylgycerol were highly saturated. Large amounts of phosphatidylcholine containing mostly palmitic acid, particularly in the asthmatic sputum, suggest htat this highly saturated. Large amounts of phosphatidylcholine containing mostly palmitic acid, particularly in the asthmatic sputum, suggests that this highly saturated phospholipid is synthesized in the upper airways for reasons other than its beneficial surface-active properties in the alveoli.", "PMID": 581080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_713", "title": "The mechanics of the knee and prosthesis design.", "content": "The mechanisms controlling and limiting movement and serving to transmit load between the femur and the tibia are discussed. Having accounted for the transmission of all components of force and couple across the joint and noted the load-bearing role of the menisci, some principles which might guide the design of knee prostheses are deduced. It is shown that current designs transgress some of these principles. An experimental prosthesis is then described, which incorporates analogues of the natural menisci. The possible practical application of this novel principle has been studied in cadaveric human joints and in living patients.", "contents": "The mechanics of the knee and prosthesis design. The mechanisms controlling and limiting movement and serving to transmit load between the femur and the tibia are discussed. Having accounted for the transmission of all components of force and couple across the joint and noted the load-bearing role of the menisci, some principles which might guide the design of knee prostheses are deduced. It is shown that current designs transgress some of these principles. An experimental prosthesis is then described, which incorporates analogues of the natural menisci. The possible practical application of this novel principle has been studied in cadaveric human joints and in living patients.", "PMID": 581081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_714", "title": "Effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin levels and red blood cell survival in congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats.", "content": "Although phototherapy with blue fluorescent light effectively lowered the serum bilirubin concentration in congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats, no effect on red blood cell surivival as determined by chromium-51 labeling of homologous red blood cells and carboxyhemoglobin concentration was observed. Furthermore, attempts to demonstrate metabolic stress to the red blood cells failed to show increased glucose consumption. No oxidant damage to red cells as reflected by methemoglobin production and Heinz body formation was observed. Thus the anticipated hemolysis secondary to oxidant damage to red blood cells from phototherapy was not found.", "contents": "Effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin levels and red blood cell survival in congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats. Although phototherapy with blue fluorescent light effectively lowered the serum bilirubin concentration in congenitally jaundiced Gunn rats, no effect on red blood cell surivival as determined by chromium-51 labeling of homologous red blood cells and carboxyhemoglobin concentration was observed. Furthermore, attempts to demonstrate metabolic stress to the red blood cells failed to show increased glucose consumption. No oxidant damage to red cells as reflected by methemoglobin production and Heinz body formation was observed. Thus the anticipated hemolysis secondary to oxidant damage to red blood cells from phototherapy was not found.", "PMID": 581083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_715", "title": "[Ammonium-selective disc-electrode with the carrier-antibiotic nonactin. A method for the continuous enzymatic, electrochemical determination of urea, I (author's transl)].", "content": "An ammonium-selective disc-electrode is described; the membrane consists of a polyvinylchloride-matrix with an active phase of nonactin in tris (2-ethylhexyl)phosphate and diphenyl ether as the ion-selective plastic. One side of the membrane is in contact with the solution to be measured and the other with the front surface of a platinum wire, which is enclosed in acrylic glass. This arrangement results in a very low drift potential.", "contents": "[Ammonium-selective disc-electrode with the carrier-antibiotic nonactin. A method for the continuous enzymatic, electrochemical determination of urea, I (author's transl)]. An ammonium-selective disc-electrode is described; the membrane consists of a polyvinylchloride-matrix with an active phase of nonactin in tris (2-ethylhexyl)phosphate and diphenyl ether as the ion-selective plastic. One side of the membrane is in contact with the solution to be measured and the other with the front surface of a platinum wire, which is enclosed in acrylic glass. This arrangement results in a very low drift potential.", "PMID": 581084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_716", "title": "[A NH(+4)-selective-enzymatic flow-through system. A method for the continuous enzymatic, electrochemical determination of urea, II (author's transl)].", "content": "A flow-through system for the measurement of urea concentrations is described, using soluble urease and consecutive determination of liberated ammonium ions by a selective disc-electrode. The active component of the electrode membrane was the carrier-antibiotic nonactin which was incorporated in a polyvinylchloride matrix.", "contents": "[A NH(+4)-selective-enzymatic flow-through system. A method for the continuous enzymatic, electrochemical determination of urea, II (author's transl)]. A flow-through system for the measurement of urea concentrations is described, using soluble urease and consecutive determination of liberated ammonium ions by a selective disc-electrode. The active component of the electrode membrane was the carrier-antibiotic nonactin which was incorporated in a polyvinylchloride matrix.", "PMID": 581085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_717", "title": "Retrograde movement of digesta in the duodenum of the chick: extent, frequency, and nutritional implications.", "content": "Movement of digesta from the duodenum to the gizzard of chicks was assessed by injection of 99mTc-diethyl-triamino-pentaacetic acid via an indwelling cannula in the hepatic bile duct. The change in location of isotope with time was followed with a Gamma Camera. About 40% of the injected isotope refluxed to the gizzard within 2 minutes of injection. Clearance of the isotope from the gizzard had a T1/2 of some 20 minutes. Some possible implications of retrograde movement of digesta were examined. Cholesterol, bile salts and pancreatic enzymes were found in the gizzard at 10% to 20% of duodenal concentrations. The proteolysis and lipolysis in the gizzard and duodenum were determined in chicks fed a duet containing 91Y as a non-absorbed reference substance. Thirty percent of the feed triglycerides were found hydrolysed in the gizzard as compared to 50% to 60% in the duodenum. Proteins were 30% to 50% trichloroacetic acid soluble in the gizzard reaching almost 70% in the duodenum. A small net secretion of both fatty acids and protein was observed in the gizzard, probably due to reflux of endogenous secretions from the duodenum. The nutritional significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Retrograde movement of digesta in the duodenum of the chick: extent, frequency, and nutritional implications. Movement of digesta from the duodenum to the gizzard of chicks was assessed by injection of 99mTc-diethyl-triamino-pentaacetic acid via an indwelling cannula in the hepatic bile duct. The change in location of isotope with time was followed with a Gamma Camera. About 40% of the injected isotope refluxed to the gizzard within 2 minutes of injection. Clearance of the isotope from the gizzard had a T1/2 of some 20 minutes. Some possible implications of retrograde movement of digesta were examined. Cholesterol, bile salts and pancreatic enzymes were found in the gizzard at 10% to 20% of duodenal concentrations. The proteolysis and lipolysis in the gizzard and duodenum were determined in chicks fed a duet containing 91Y as a non-absorbed reference substance. Thirty percent of the feed triglycerides were found hydrolysed in the gizzard as compared to 50% to 60% in the duodenum. Proteins were 30% to 50% trichloroacetic acid soluble in the gizzard reaching almost 70% in the duodenum. A small net secretion of both fatty acids and protein was observed in the gizzard, probably due to reflux of endogenous secretions from the duodenum. The nutritional significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 581087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_718", "title": "Gastric shake test and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in new born infants.", "content": "Gastric shake test and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios were measured in newborn infants with respiratory difficulties, and in low birth weight infants in the immediate neonatal period. Both tests were useful in distinguishing infants with idioathic respiratory distress syndrome from those with respiratory difficulty due to other causes. However, in six infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, the pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio indicated mature lungs, and in three of these, the gastric shake test showed the presence of surfactant. Five of these six infants had been delivered by emergency lower segment caesarean section because of maternal complications, which might account for the discrepancy between the laboratory results and the clinical condition of the patient.", "contents": "Gastric shake test and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in new born infants. Gastric shake test and pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios were measured in newborn infants with respiratory difficulties, and in low birth weight infants in the immediate neonatal period. Both tests were useful in distinguishing infants with idioathic respiratory distress syndrome from those with respiratory difficulty due to other causes. However, in six infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, the pharyngeal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio indicated mature lungs, and in three of these, the gastric shake test showed the presence of surfactant. Five of these six infants had been delivered by emergency lower segment caesarean section because of maternal complications, which might account for the discrepancy between the laboratory results and the clinical condition of the patient.", "PMID": 581089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_719", "title": "[Energy and nutrient supply during childhood. II. Protein supply (author's transl)].", "content": "The protein supply of 2--14 year old children in their families is reported. The food intake was measured with the precise weighing method. The protein intake amounts to 38 +/- 7 g/day (2.3 g/kg/day) for the 2--3 year old boys, 69 +/- 10 g/day (1.8 g/kg/day) for the 12--14 year old boys. The protein intake of girls, absolute and per kg bodyweight, averages 10% less. Protein constitutes 11--12% of the energy supply, 2/3 originating from animal foodstuffs, 1/3 from vegetable foodstuffs. Milk and dairy products have a proportion of 34--41%, meat and meat products of 20%. The protein distribution among the different meals is shown. After 25 days almost all the children reach their mean value for their individual protein intake with a standard error of +/- 5%. In each age group 54--59% of the children differ in their mean protein intake from each other. The protein supply recommended for a certain age group should not be obligatory for the individual child. The protein supply of the various age groups and of the individual child is discussed.", "contents": "[Energy and nutrient supply during childhood. II. Protein supply (author's transl)]. The protein supply of 2--14 year old children in their families is reported. The food intake was measured with the precise weighing method. The protein intake amounts to 38 +/- 7 g/day (2.3 g/kg/day) for the 2--3 year old boys, 69 +/- 10 g/day (1.8 g/kg/day) for the 12--14 year old boys. The protein intake of girls, absolute and per kg bodyweight, averages 10% less. Protein constitutes 11--12% of the energy supply, 2/3 originating from animal foodstuffs, 1/3 from vegetable foodstuffs. Milk and dairy products have a proportion of 34--41%, meat and meat products of 20%. The protein distribution among the different meals is shown. After 25 days almost all the children reach their mean value for their individual protein intake with a standard error of +/- 5%. In each age group 54--59% of the children differ in their mean protein intake from each other. The protein supply recommended for a certain age group should not be obligatory for the individual child. The protein supply of the various age groups and of the individual child is discussed.", "PMID": 581090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_720", "title": "Effects of asphyxia on cardiac output and organ blood flow in the newborn piglet.", "content": "Experiments were performed on newborn piglets 6--96 hr of age. When the respiratory dead space was increased arterial pO2 decreased and pCO2 increased. During this time cardiac output was unchanged (Fig. 1), while heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increased (Figs. 2 and 3). After 90 min of asphyxia blood flow to the stomach and small and large intestines decreased. Changes in blood flow were associated with dilatation of segments of the small and large intestine with scattered areas of hemorrhage. Pathologic examination revealed scattered areas of mucosal necrosis (Fig. 6).", "contents": "Effects of asphyxia on cardiac output and organ blood flow in the newborn piglet. Experiments were performed on newborn piglets 6--96 hr of age. When the respiratory dead space was increased arterial pO2 decreased and pCO2 increased. During this time cardiac output was unchanged (Fig. 1), while heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increased (Figs. 2 and 3). After 90 min of asphyxia blood flow to the stomach and small and large intestines decreased. Changes in blood flow were associated with dilatation of segments of the small and large intestine with scattered areas of hemorrhage. Pathologic examination revealed scattered areas of mucosal necrosis (Fig. 6).", "PMID": 581093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_721", "title": "Effects of tracheal instillation of natural surfactant in premature lambs. I. Clinical and autopsy findings.", "content": "Ten pairs of twin lambs 118--122 days of gestation were given either natural surfactant or diluent endotracheally before the first breath. By using the premature twin lamb model, we have been able to show that instillation of natural surfactant produced 100% survival for the duration of the study period (2 hr); stable blood gases on room air; lungs that became increasingly compliant while on the respirator; generally well aerated lungs at autopsy; good lung pressure-volume relationships; normal lung surface tension measurements; and histologic evidence of good alveolar expansion with large amounts of free intraluminal phospholipid, no epithelial damage, and no hyaline membranes. It is concluded that tracheal instillation of natural surfactant into the premature lamb protects the lungs from developing many features characteristic of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of tracheal instillation of natural surfactant in premature lambs. I. Clinical and autopsy findings. Ten pairs of twin lambs 118--122 days of gestation were given either natural surfactant or diluent endotracheally before the first breath. By using the premature twin lamb model, we have been able to show that instillation of natural surfactant produced 100% survival for the duration of the study period (2 hr); stable blood gases on room air; lungs that became increasingly compliant while on the respirator; generally well aerated lungs at autopsy; good lung pressure-volume relationships; normal lung surface tension measurements; and histologic evidence of good alveolar expansion with large amounts of free intraluminal phospholipid, no epithelial damage, and no hyaline membranes. It is concluded that tracheal instillation of natural surfactant into the premature lamb protects the lungs from developing many features characteristic of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 581094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_722", "title": "[Vertebrate hormones influence on the reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata and on Schistosoma mansoni infection (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of fifteen vertebrate hormones on the B. glabrata reproduction and on S. mansoni infection have been studied. Hecogenine and pregnadienolone significantly increased the snail's number of eggs; testosterone, diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerianate decreased their number of eggs and the mesterolone and progesterone produced a slight decrease in the number of eggs. Crude hecogenine, pregnenolone, prednisone, estradiol, cholic acid, diosgenin, estrone and pregnadione have not shown any significant alteration on the snail reproduction. None of these hormones presented any influence upon the S. mansoni cycle in B. glabrata. Molluscicidal, oocidal and cercarcidal activities have been observed with diethylstilbestrol in concentrations below 10 ppm.", "contents": "[Vertebrate hormones influence on the reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata and on Schistosoma mansoni infection (author's transl)]. The influence of fifteen vertebrate hormones on the B. glabrata reproduction and on S. mansoni infection have been studied. Hecogenine and pregnadienolone significantly increased the snail's number of eggs; testosterone, diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerianate decreased their number of eggs and the mesterolone and progesterone produced a slight decrease in the number of eggs. Crude hecogenine, pregnenolone, prednisone, estradiol, cholic acid, diosgenin, estrone and pregnadione have not shown any significant alteration on the snail reproduction. None of these hormones presented any influence upon the S. mansoni cycle in B. glabrata. Molluscicidal, oocidal and cercarcidal activities have been observed with diethylstilbestrol in concentrations below 10 ppm.", "PMID": 581097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_723", "title": "Jaundice phototherapy: micro flow-cell photometry reveals rapid biliary response of Gunn rats to light.", "content": "Hepatic pigment clearance in rats can be followed continuously with photometric detectors designed for high-pressure liquid chromatography. This method showed that light has a fast effect on bilirubin metabolism in homozygous Gunn rats, even at low doses and intensities. This is consistent with geometric isomerization of bilirubin IXalpha as a primary step in phototherapy.", "contents": "Jaundice phototherapy: micro flow-cell photometry reveals rapid biliary response of Gunn rats to light. Hepatic pigment clearance in rats can be followed continuously with photometric detectors designed for high-pressure liquid chromatography. This method showed that light has a fast effect on bilirubin metabolism in homozygous Gunn rats, even at low doses and intensities. This is consistent with geometric isomerization of bilirubin IXalpha as a primary step in phototherapy.", "PMID": 581101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_724", "title": "Struma lymphomatosa and carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "In patients with struma lymphomatosa treated by feeding thyroid, the indicence of lymphomas is low, and the prognosis of the patients is relatively good. The risk of thyroidectomy on all patients with uncomplicated struma lymphomatosa would greatly outweigh the benefits of preventing carcinoma. The association between struma lymphomatosa and carcinoma of thyroid does not appear to be causal. When patients are fed thyroid, there is little or no tendency for struma lymphomatosa to progress to clinically detectable carcinoma of the thyroid. The association of struma and papillary carcinoma comes from the observation of lymphocytic infiltration of the tissues surrounding papillary carcinomas of the thyroid, the result either of a lymphocytic reaction to the carcinoma or to radiation rather than that the carcinoma arose as a result of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Observation of 373 patients with struma lymphomatosa diagnosed by needle biopsy and treated by feeding thyroid failed to reveal a single instance of carconoma of the thyroid in 3,000 patient years of observation. In patients with uncomplicated struma lymphomatosa, the possibility of malignant tumor does not provide an indication either for open biopsy or for thyroidectomy.", "contents": "Struma lymphomatosa and carcinoma of the thyroid. In patients with struma lymphomatosa treated by feeding thyroid, the indicence of lymphomas is low, and the prognosis of the patients is relatively good. The risk of thyroidectomy on all patients with uncomplicated struma lymphomatosa would greatly outweigh the benefits of preventing carcinoma. The association between struma lymphomatosa and carcinoma of thyroid does not appear to be causal. When patients are fed thyroid, there is little or no tendency for struma lymphomatosa to progress to clinically detectable carcinoma of the thyroid. The association of struma and papillary carcinoma comes from the observation of lymphocytic infiltration of the tissues surrounding papillary carcinomas of the thyroid, the result either of a lymphocytic reaction to the carcinoma or to radiation rather than that the carcinoma arose as a result of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Observation of 373 patients with struma lymphomatosa diagnosed by needle biopsy and treated by feeding thyroid failed to reveal a single instance of carconoma of the thyroid in 3,000 patient years of observation. In patients with uncomplicated struma lymphomatosa, the possibility of malignant tumor does not provide an indication either for open biopsy or for thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 581102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_725", "title": "[Study of the functional reserves of the parathyroid glands in diffuse toxic goiter and hypothyroidism].", "content": "The author studied functional reserves of the parathyroid glands in patients with diffuse toxic goiter with thyrotoxicosis and in euthyroidism, and also at various periods after subtotal resection of the thyroid gland, in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, and with postoperative hypothyroidism. Functional reserves of the parathyroid glands proved to decrease in 15 to 54 patients with toxic goiter and in 6 of 16 patients with hypothyroidism. Surgical intervention on the thyroid gland usually led to functional parathyroid insufficiency which compensated later. Calciemia (below 8.5 mg%) 4 hours after the beginning of the test pointed to the parathyroid gland insufficiency the intensity of which could be more accurately determined by checking calcium level 12 and 24 hours after the beginning of the test.", "contents": "[Study of the functional reserves of the parathyroid glands in diffuse toxic goiter and hypothyroidism]. The author studied functional reserves of the parathyroid glands in patients with diffuse toxic goiter with thyrotoxicosis and in euthyroidism, and also at various periods after subtotal resection of the thyroid gland, in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, and with postoperative hypothyroidism. Functional reserves of the parathyroid glands proved to decrease in 15 to 54 patients with toxic goiter and in 6 of 16 patients with hypothyroidism. Surgical intervention on the thyroid gland usually led to functional parathyroid insufficiency which compensated later. Calciemia (below 8.5 mg%) 4 hours after the beginning of the test pointed to the parathyroid gland insufficiency the intensity of which could be more accurately determined by checking calcium level 12 and 24 hours after the beginning of the test.", "PMID": 581096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_726", "title": "[Aneurysms of the coronary arteries].", "content": "Report on a mycotic and arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery in a 13-year-old girl and a 43-year-old man. With the help of the casuistics and the existing literature the author adopts a definite attitude to genesis, frequency, localisation and complication of the aneurysma.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the coronary arteries]. Report on a mycotic and arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery in a 13-year-old girl and a 43-year-old man. With the help of the casuistics and the existing literature the author adopts a definite attitude to genesis, frequency, localisation and complication of the aneurysma.", "PMID": 581108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_727", "title": "Effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administered in a single dose on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.", "content": "Authors administered glucocorticoid in the cases of 116 pregnant women admitted with premature delivery beginning between 28--36 weeks of gestation to prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Prednisolone-sodium succinate (Di-Adreson F. Organon) was given intramuscularly in a single dose of 100 mg. 314 infants born before introduction of the corticosteroid prevention on the 28--36 weeks of gestation whose mothers had not been given corticosteroid served as a control group. The frequency of RDS on the treated group was 8,62% while 101 of 314 infants on the control group showed RDS (32,16%). Number of infants of hyaline membrane disease was 3 and 40, respectively. A close correlation could be observed between the interval lasting from therapy to delivery and RDS incidence. In infants born within 24 hours after administration of Di-Adreson F. aquosum injection RDS developed in 58,33% while in those born within 24--48 hours RDS was diagnosed only on 3 cases (8,57%). No RDS was found in babies born after 2 days following the therapy. There were no significant differences between treated and control groups in Apgar scores and the mean weights of infants. These findings seem to suggest that 100 mg of prednisolonesodium succinate administered in a single dose significantly reduces the incidence of RDS in premature infants.", "contents": "Effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administered in a single dose on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Authors administered glucocorticoid in the cases of 116 pregnant women admitted with premature delivery beginning between 28--36 weeks of gestation to prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Prednisolone-sodium succinate (Di-Adreson F. Organon) was given intramuscularly in a single dose of 100 mg. 314 infants born before introduction of the corticosteroid prevention on the 28--36 weeks of gestation whose mothers had not been given corticosteroid served as a control group. The frequency of RDS on the treated group was 8,62% while 101 of 314 infants on the control group showed RDS (32,16%). Number of infants of hyaline membrane disease was 3 and 40, respectively. A close correlation could be observed between the interval lasting from therapy to delivery and RDS incidence. In infants born within 24 hours after administration of Di-Adreson F. aquosum injection RDS developed in 58,33% while in those born within 24--48 hours RDS was diagnosed only on 3 cases (8,57%). No RDS was found in babies born after 2 days following the therapy. There were no significant differences between treated and control groups in Apgar scores and the mean weights of infants. These findings seem to suggest that 100 mg of prednisolonesodium succinate administered in a single dose significantly reduces the incidence of RDS in premature infants.", "PMID": 581109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_728", "title": "In vivo resistance and in vitro cellular reactivity against lymphosarcoma cells in immunized mice.", "content": "In an earlier report we have shown that an allogeneic but not a syngeneic immunization of mice with lymphoma cells evoked a humoral complement-dependent cytotoxic response against lymphoma cells syngeneic with the serum. Here we report the results of an investigation, using the same experimental model, on the cellular antitumor response in vitro and the in vivo tumor resistance. Both the allogeneic and the syngeneic antitumor immunizations induced a cellular immune response that was detectable in vitro and that not inhibited by the correspondent antiserum that was obtained with the same type of immunization. The humoral and cellular immune responses evoked in our system seem, therefore, directed against different antigenic determinants. In the in vivo experiments the maximal antitumor protection was obtained in mice immunized syngeneically, whereas the allogeneic immunization gave a protection that was similar to that obtained in mice immunized with normal allogeneic thymus cells. However, mitomycin-C-blocked thymus cells were unable to induce any protection against the tumor challenge, whereas blocked allogeneic tumor cells conferred the same degree of protection as that obtained with untreated cells. The in vivo transfer in untreated mice of sera obtained with syngeneic or allogeneic antitumor immunization did not give any protection against the tumor challenge.", "contents": "In vivo resistance and in vitro cellular reactivity against lymphosarcoma cells in immunized mice. In an earlier report we have shown that an allogeneic but not a syngeneic immunization of mice with lymphoma cells evoked a humoral complement-dependent cytotoxic response against lymphoma cells syngeneic with the serum. Here we report the results of an investigation, using the same experimental model, on the cellular antitumor response in vitro and the in vivo tumor resistance. Both the allogeneic and the syngeneic antitumor immunizations induced a cellular immune response that was detectable in vitro and that not inhibited by the correspondent antiserum that was obtained with the same type of immunization. The humoral and cellular immune responses evoked in our system seem, therefore, directed against different antigenic determinants. In the in vivo experiments the maximal antitumor protection was obtained in mice immunized syngeneically, whereas the allogeneic immunization gave a protection that was similar to that obtained in mice immunized with normal allogeneic thymus cells. However, mitomycin-C-blocked thymus cells were unable to induce any protection against the tumor challenge, whereas blocked allogeneic tumor cells conferred the same degree of protection as that obtained with untreated cells. The in vivo transfer in untreated mice of sera obtained with syngeneic or allogeneic antitumor immunization did not give any protection against the tumor challenge.", "PMID": 581104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_729", "title": "Plasma levels of growth hormone in female rats of different ages.", "content": "Radioimmunoassayable growth hormone (GH) was determined in fed and fasted female rats of different ages. In 6-40 day-old rats blood was collected at hourly intervals in groups of rats at different time intervals during the day. Within each age group the variation in plasma GH was considerable. In 6-14 day-old rats plasma GH was generally elevated. By day 18 levels declined, lowest on day 22 and by day 26 again increasing. In 14 day-old rats the median plasma level of GH was 22 ng/ml, in 22 day-old rats less than 5 ng/ml and in 40 day-old rats 43 ng/ml. In 14 day-old rats levels ranged from less than 5 ng/ml--148 ng/ml, in 22 day-old rats from less than 5 ng/ml--34 ng/ml and in 40 day-old rats from less than 5 ng/ml--greater than 200 ng/ml. A 20 h fasting period was associated with a significant decrease in plasma GH. In 45 day-old rats, the variations in plasma GH of individual animals were studied by obtaining sequential blood samples from unrestrained, undisturbed animals with implanted intra-aortic cannulae. In these rats GH secretion was characterized by an episodic release, occurring every 2--4 h. After a 20 h fasting period major peaks were depressed and occurred less frequently. It is concluded that there is an age-related as well as a circadian rhythm in growth hormone secretion in the rat and that sequential sampling of blood is essential for the evaluation of the secretory pattern.", "contents": "Plasma levels of growth hormone in female rats of different ages. Radioimmunoassayable growth hormone (GH) was determined in fed and fasted female rats of different ages. In 6-40 day-old rats blood was collected at hourly intervals in groups of rats at different time intervals during the day. Within each age group the variation in plasma GH was considerable. In 6-14 day-old rats plasma GH was generally elevated. By day 18 levels declined, lowest on day 22 and by day 26 again increasing. In 14 day-old rats the median plasma level of GH was 22 ng/ml, in 22 day-old rats less than 5 ng/ml and in 40 day-old rats 43 ng/ml. In 14 day-old rats levels ranged from less than 5 ng/ml--148 ng/ml, in 22 day-old rats from less than 5 ng/ml--34 ng/ml and in 40 day-old rats from less than 5 ng/ml--greater than 200 ng/ml. A 20 h fasting period was associated with a significant decrease in plasma GH. In 45 day-old rats, the variations in plasma GH of individual animals were studied by obtaining sequential blood samples from unrestrained, undisturbed animals with implanted intra-aortic cannulae. In these rats GH secretion was characterized by an episodic release, occurring every 2--4 h. After a 20 h fasting period major peaks were depressed and occurred less frequently. It is concluded that there is an age-related as well as a circadian rhythm in growth hormone secretion in the rat and that sequential sampling of blood is essential for the evaluation of the secretory pattern.", "PMID": 581110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_730", "title": "The relationship between levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood of hypothyroid patients.", "content": "Serum TSH values and the free concentration of T4 and T3 in serum expressed as the free T4- and T3-indices showed a curvilinear relationship in 24 patients with manifest hypothyroidism mainly due to extremely elevated serum TSH levels associated with very low thyroid hormone levels. The same degree of negative correlation was found between the log serum TSH concentration and serum free T4-index (r = -0.51, P less than 0.05) and between log serum TSH concentration and serum free T3-index (r = -0.47, P less than 0.05). The correlation coefficients dropped to non-significant levels when the interdependence between the free T3- and T4-indices was taken into account and eliminated by partial correlation analysis. The degree of negative correlation between serum TSH and the thyroid hormones was also of the same order of magnitude in 5 hypothyroid patients studied prosepctively during treatment with L-thyroxine (TSH vs. T4: mean r = -0.71; TSH vs T3: mean r = -0.79).", "contents": "The relationship between levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood of hypothyroid patients. Serum TSH values and the free concentration of T4 and T3 in serum expressed as the free T4- and T3-indices showed a curvilinear relationship in 24 patients with manifest hypothyroidism mainly due to extremely elevated serum TSH levels associated with very low thyroid hormone levels. The same degree of negative correlation was found between the log serum TSH concentration and serum free T4-index (r = -0.51, P less than 0.05) and between log serum TSH concentration and serum free T3-index (r = -0.47, P less than 0.05). The correlation coefficients dropped to non-significant levels when the interdependence between the free T3- and T4-indices was taken into account and eliminated by partial correlation analysis. The degree of negative correlation between serum TSH and the thyroid hormones was also of the same order of magnitude in 5 hypothyroid patients studied prosepctively during treatment with L-thyroxine (TSH vs. T4: mean r = -0.71; TSH vs T3: mean r = -0.79).", "PMID": 581111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_731", "title": "Short-term effect of acetylsalicylic acid analogue on pituitary-thyroid axis and plasma cortisol level in healthy human volunteers.", "content": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid analogue (aloxiprinum; Superpyrin Spofa) administered perorally in a daily dose of 1 g per 10 kg body weight on serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol (F) and thyrotrophin (TSH) was studied in healthy human volunteers. In a first experiment the drug was administered for 3 days to 7 subjects, the total daily dose being divided into 4-5 aliquots, while the same total dose was administered within 4 h to another 8 subjects in a second experiment. In both experiments a highly significant increase of FT4 was found during the period of treatment, while the levels of other hormones i.e. (T3, T4, F and TSH) were decreased, in most cases significantly. After the withdrawal of the drug there was not only a return of all levels to the initial value, but in most cases an \"overshoot\" above this value was detected.", "contents": "Short-term effect of acetylsalicylic acid analogue on pituitary-thyroid axis and plasma cortisol level in healthy human volunteers. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid analogue (aloxiprinum; Superpyrin Spofa) administered perorally in a daily dose of 1 g per 10 kg body weight on serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol (F) and thyrotrophin (TSH) was studied in healthy human volunteers. In a first experiment the drug was administered for 3 days to 7 subjects, the total daily dose being divided into 4-5 aliquots, while the same total dose was administered within 4 h to another 8 subjects in a second experiment. In both experiments a highly significant increase of FT4 was found during the period of treatment, while the levels of other hormones i.e. (T3, T4, F and TSH) were decreased, in most cases significantly. After the withdrawal of the drug there was not only a return of all levels to the initial value, but in most cases an \"overshoot\" above this value was detected.", "PMID": 581112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_732", "title": "A case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid immunological abnormality manifested after habitual ingestion of seaweed.", "content": "An interesting case of iodide induced goitre with immunological abnormalities is described. The patient who was sensitive to synthetic penicillin had previously been treated for exudative pleuritis, congestive heart failure and acute renal failure. Following recovery, he began to ingest large amounts of seaweed after which he developed goitrous hypothyroidism. It was of interest that the serum level of gamma-globulin increased, and subsequently the antithyroid microsomal antibody became strongly positive, suggesting that thyroidal autoimmune processes had been precipitated. Biopsy of the thyroid gland revealed chronic thyroiditis, with evidence suggesting extreme stimulation by TSH. Hight thyroidal uptake of 131I, positive perchlorate discharge test and biochemical analysis of the thyroidal soluble protein showed severe impairment of hormone synthesis following continuous accumulation of excess iodide. While there is evidence suggesting that increased iodide may be an important factor in the initiation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, this may result from the marked increased sensitivity of Hashimoto's gland to the effects of iodine. Thus an occult lesion could be unmasked in this manner. The mechanism by which iodide mediates this effect is not clear.", "contents": "A case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid immunological abnormality manifested after habitual ingestion of seaweed. An interesting case of iodide induced goitre with immunological abnormalities is described. The patient who was sensitive to synthetic penicillin had previously been treated for exudative pleuritis, congestive heart failure and acute renal failure. Following recovery, he began to ingest large amounts of seaweed after which he developed goitrous hypothyroidism. It was of interest that the serum level of gamma-globulin increased, and subsequently the antithyroid microsomal antibody became strongly positive, suggesting that thyroidal autoimmune processes had been precipitated. Biopsy of the thyroid gland revealed chronic thyroiditis, with evidence suggesting extreme stimulation by TSH. Hight thyroidal uptake of 131I, positive perchlorate discharge test and biochemical analysis of the thyroidal soluble protein showed severe impairment of hormone synthesis following continuous accumulation of excess iodide. While there is evidence suggesting that increased iodide may be an important factor in the initiation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, this may result from the marked increased sensitivity of Hashimoto's gland to the effects of iodine. Thus an occult lesion could be unmasked in this manner. The mechanism by which iodide mediates this effect is not clear.", "PMID": 581113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_733", "title": "Serum somatomedin activity measured as sulphation factor in peripheral, hepatic and renal veins of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Serum somatomedin (SM) activity, measured as sulphation factor on chick embryo cartilage, and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured in peripheral, hepatic and renal veins of 23 patients with a alcoholic cirrhosis. SM activity (mean +/- SEM) was 0.65 +/- 0.05 U/ml in peripheral vein, 0.59 +/- 0.04 U/ml in hepatic vein, and 0.74 +/- 0.07 U/ml in renal vein. Mean GH levels were respectively 2.8, 2.5 and 3.1 ng/ml. Compared to peripheral vein, SM increase in renal vein was 19% (P less than 0.05). Serum SM activity was significantly lower in 13 patients with alcoholic hepatitis associated with cirrhosis than in other 10 patients (P less than 0.02 in hepatic blood and P less than 0.05 in peripheral blood). The decrease of SM activity seems related to cytolysis and hepato-cellular insufficiency. At last, in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, SM activity was lower in the hepatic vein than in the peripheral vein (P less than 0.05). The cause of this difference remains under discussion, no SM inhibitors being found in the serum samples used in this study.", "contents": "Serum somatomedin activity measured as sulphation factor in peripheral, hepatic and renal veins of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Serum somatomedin (SM) activity, measured as sulphation factor on chick embryo cartilage, and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured in peripheral, hepatic and renal veins of 23 patients with a alcoholic cirrhosis. SM activity (mean +/- SEM) was 0.65 +/- 0.05 U/ml in peripheral vein, 0.59 +/- 0.04 U/ml in hepatic vein, and 0.74 +/- 0.07 U/ml in renal vein. Mean GH levels were respectively 2.8, 2.5 and 3.1 ng/ml. Compared to peripheral vein, SM increase in renal vein was 19% (P less than 0.05). Serum SM activity was significantly lower in 13 patients with alcoholic hepatitis associated with cirrhosis than in other 10 patients (P less than 0.02 in hepatic blood and P less than 0.05 in peripheral blood). The decrease of SM activity seems related to cytolysis and hepato-cellular insufficiency. At last, in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, SM activity was lower in the hepatic vein than in the peripheral vein (P less than 0.05). The cause of this difference remains under discussion, no SM inhibitors being found in the serum samples used in this study.", "PMID": 581114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_734", "title": "Effect of graded oral doses of oestradiol on circulating hormonal levels.", "content": "A single oral dose of micronized oestradiol (1, 2 or 4 mg) was administered to 10 normally menstruating women on the second day of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. The order in which the 3 doses were given was chosen randomly for each subject. Samples of peripheral blood were withdrawn on 3 occasions (10, 5 and 1 min) before and on 9 occasions (0.37, 0.75, 1.5, 30, 6.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 and 72.0 h) after the ingestion of oestradiol. Oestradiol, oesterone, oestradiol sulphate, oestrone sulphate, testosterone and LH were measured by means of radioimmunoassays in blood plasma on all occasions. The levels of all oestrogens increased significantly following the ingestion of oestradiol, although to a greatly different extent. The largest and most prolonged increase was seen in the case of oestrone sulphate, the levels of which--depending on the dose ingested--were 20-50 times higher than the pre-treatment levels 3 after the ingestion of the oestradiol capsule. The increase of the levels of oestrone sulphate was still significant (P less than 0.001) after 24 h, and following the ingestion of 2 and 4 mg of oestradiol even after 72 h (P less than 0.05). The levels of oestrone and oestradiol sulphate exhibited smaller increases 3 h after ingestion, i.e. 4-10 and 2.5-5 times, respectively, and the plasma levels of oestradiol showed a minor increase only (1.4-1.8 times). The concentration of oestradiol metabolites studied increased proportionally with the dose of oestradiol administered. On the other hand, a clear-cut dose--effect relationship could not be observed between the amount of oestradiol administered and the plasma levels of LH and testosterone. The data indicate that the bulk of perorally administered oestradiol is transformed to oestrone sulphate accompanied by smaller quantities of oestrone and oestradiol sulphate and that the ratios of circulating oestrogens seen after the ingestion of oestradiol deviate considerably from those observed in the normal menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Effect of graded oral doses of oestradiol on circulating hormonal levels. A single oral dose of micronized oestradiol (1, 2 or 4 mg) was administered to 10 normally menstruating women on the second day of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. The order in which the 3 doses were given was chosen randomly for each subject. Samples of peripheral blood were withdrawn on 3 occasions (10, 5 and 1 min) before and on 9 occasions (0.37, 0.75, 1.5, 30, 6.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 and 72.0 h) after the ingestion of oestradiol. Oestradiol, oesterone, oestradiol sulphate, oestrone sulphate, testosterone and LH were measured by means of radioimmunoassays in blood plasma on all occasions. The levels of all oestrogens increased significantly following the ingestion of oestradiol, although to a greatly different extent. The largest and most prolonged increase was seen in the case of oestrone sulphate, the levels of which--depending on the dose ingested--were 20-50 times higher than the pre-treatment levels 3 after the ingestion of the oestradiol capsule. The increase of the levels of oestrone sulphate was still significant (P less than 0.001) after 24 h, and following the ingestion of 2 and 4 mg of oestradiol even after 72 h (P less than 0.05). The levels of oestrone and oestradiol sulphate exhibited smaller increases 3 h after ingestion, i.e. 4-10 and 2.5-5 times, respectively, and the plasma levels of oestradiol showed a minor increase only (1.4-1.8 times). The concentration of oestradiol metabolites studied increased proportionally with the dose of oestradiol administered. On the other hand, a clear-cut dose--effect relationship could not be observed between the amount of oestradiol administered and the plasma levels of LH and testosterone. The data indicate that the bulk of perorally administered oestradiol is transformed to oestrone sulphate accompanied by smaller quantities of oestrone and oestradiol sulphate and that the ratios of circulating oestrogens seen after the ingestion of oestradiol deviate considerably from those observed in the normal menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 581116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_735", "title": "In vitro effect of 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone on the enzyme activities related to androgen production in human testes.", "content": "Progesterone was converted in vitro to 16alpha- and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterones in the presence of NADPH by the testicular microsomal fraction (precipitate at 10 000 x g-105 000 x g) obtained from patients with prostatic carcinoma. 16alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone was not metabolized by either the microsomal or the cytosol fractions, and accumulated in the incubation medium. 16alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone competitively inhibited the activity of the C-17-C-20 lyase in the testicular microsomal fraction with an estimated inhibitor constant of 72 micron. Moreover, the 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone non-competitively inhibited the activity of the 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testicular cytosol fraction and had an estimated inhibitor constant of 52.9 micron. Other testicular enzymes related to steroid metabolism, such as delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coupled with the delta4-delta5 isomerase, 16alpha-hydroxylase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were not influenced in vitro by 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone at the concentration of 0.1 mM. From these findings, it is concluded that 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone inhibit specifically the cleavage of the side-chain of 17alpha-hydroxypregnenes in the course of androgen formation from pregnenolone in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro effect of 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone on the enzyme activities related to androgen production in human testes. Progesterone was converted in vitro to 16alpha- and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterones in the presence of NADPH by the testicular microsomal fraction (precipitate at 10 000 x g-105 000 x g) obtained from patients with prostatic carcinoma. 16alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone was not metabolized by either the microsomal or the cytosol fractions, and accumulated in the incubation medium. 16alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone competitively inhibited the activity of the C-17-C-20 lyase in the testicular microsomal fraction with an estimated inhibitor constant of 72 micron. Moreover, the 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone non-competitively inhibited the activity of the 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testicular cytosol fraction and had an estimated inhibitor constant of 52.9 micron. Other testicular enzymes related to steroid metabolism, such as delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coupled with the delta4-delta5 isomerase, 16alpha-hydroxylase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were not influenced in vitro by 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone at the concentration of 0.1 mM. From these findings, it is concluded that 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone inhibit specifically the cleavage of the side-chain of 17alpha-hydroxypregnenes in the course of androgen formation from pregnenolone in vitro.", "PMID": 581117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_736", "title": "The determination of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol in human plasma by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against 3alpha, 17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane-6-0-carboxymethyloxime coupled with Cohn's fraction IV-4. The antiserum exhibited significant cross reactions with 5beta-androstane-3alph1, 17beta-diol, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone. No cross reactions were observed with 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol. The methodological criteria for the measurement of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol in human plasma were as follows: The specificity was ensured by separating the cross reacting steroids by thin layer chromatography. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were found to be 6.2 and 10.2%, respectively. The sensitivity was 30 pg. The recovery of different amounts of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol added to human plasma (80, 120, and 200 pg) yielded 91.3, 92.5, and 93.5%, respectively. The following concentrations of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol have been determined in human plasma (mean +/- SD, ng/dl): Normal males: 18.98 +/- 5.9; normal females: 2.65 +/- 0.27; females with idiopathic hirsutism: 11.9 +/- 6.4; prepubertal children: not detectable.", "contents": "The determination of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol in human plasma by radioimmunoassay. Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against 3alpha, 17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane-6-0-carboxymethyloxime coupled with Cohn's fraction IV-4. The antiserum exhibited significant cross reactions with 5beta-androstane-3alph1, 17beta-diol, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone. No cross reactions were observed with 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol. The methodological criteria for the measurement of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol in human plasma were as follows: The specificity was ensured by separating the cross reacting steroids by thin layer chromatography. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were found to be 6.2 and 10.2%, respectively. The sensitivity was 30 pg. The recovery of different amounts of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol added to human plasma (80, 120, and 200 pg) yielded 91.3, 92.5, and 93.5%, respectively. The following concentrations of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol have been determined in human plasma (mean +/- SD, ng/dl): Normal males: 18.98 +/- 5.9; normal females: 2.65 +/- 0.27; females with idiopathic hirsutism: 11.9 +/- 6.4; prepubertal children: not detectable.", "PMID": 581118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_737", "title": "Plasma levels of testosterone in bulls. Response to repeated HCG injections.", "content": "Administration of 6000 IU HCG to 4 bulls was followed by an elevation of plasma testosterone lasting for 9-13 days. When HCG administration was repeated, the testosterone response was shortened to 4-6 days in 3 bulls due to the formation of antibodies against HCG. The appearance of HCG antibodies coincided with a sharp decrease in the plasma testosterone level, indicating that Leydig cells have to be under continuous HCG stimulation to maintain increased testosterone production. No antibody against bovine LH was detected in the plasma samples containing antibodies against HCG. In one bull the response following the second HCG injection was similar to the plasma testosterone pattern following the first. No antibodies against HCG were found in this bull. Five bulls received 750 IU HCG twice. Following the period with elevated plasma testosterone levels, subnormal levels were observed after both injections. One injection led to decreased levels without development of antibodies against HCG while the second HCG injection led to subnormal testosterone levels concomitant with measurable antibodies against HCG.", "contents": "Plasma levels of testosterone in bulls. Response to repeated HCG injections. Administration of 6000 IU HCG to 4 bulls was followed by an elevation of plasma testosterone lasting for 9-13 days. When HCG administration was repeated, the testosterone response was shortened to 4-6 days in 3 bulls due to the formation of antibodies against HCG. The appearance of HCG antibodies coincided with a sharp decrease in the plasma testosterone level, indicating that Leydig cells have to be under continuous HCG stimulation to maintain increased testosterone production. No antibody against bovine LH was detected in the plasma samples containing antibodies against HCG. In one bull the response following the second HCG injection was similar to the plasma testosterone pattern following the first. No antibodies against HCG were found in this bull. Five bulls received 750 IU HCG twice. Following the period with elevated plasma testosterone levels, subnormal levels were observed after both injections. One injection led to decreased levels without development of antibodies against HCG while the second HCG injection led to subnormal testosterone levels concomitant with measurable antibodies against HCG.", "PMID": 581119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_738", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the distribution of a few enzymes in the neoplastic liver of Uroloncha malabarica (Linnaeus).", "content": "The present work describes histological and histochemical observations made on the neoplastic liver of Indian silver bills, Uroloncha malabarica. The histology of neoplastic tissue as well as liver has been discussed. Further, a few enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5-nucleotides and non-specific esterase have been localized in the diseased liver. The occurrence of lymphocytoma caused a marked change in the localization of the enzymes. Sometimes total inhibition of the enzyme was encountered. Damaged sinusoid cells and bile canaliculi of the neoplasm as well as liver lobules show no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. However, its counterpart, acid phosphatase, exhibits intense activity in both neoplastic tissue and liver cells. Aggregates of neoplastic tissue give moderate 5-nucleotidase reaction while it gives poor activity in hepatic tissue of the diseased liver. Parenchymatous cells are able to give some activity for the non-specific esterase while it is very dull in the neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the distribution of a few enzymes in the neoplastic liver of Uroloncha malabarica (Linnaeus). The present work describes histological and histochemical observations made on the neoplastic liver of Indian silver bills, Uroloncha malabarica. The histology of neoplastic tissue as well as liver has been discussed. Further, a few enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5-nucleotides and non-specific esterase have been localized in the diseased liver. The occurrence of lymphocytoma caused a marked change in the localization of the enzymes. Sometimes total inhibition of the enzyme was encountered. Damaged sinusoid cells and bile canaliculi of the neoplasm as well as liver lobules show no reaction for alkaline phosphatase. However, its counterpart, acid phosphatase, exhibits intense activity in both neoplastic tissue and liver cells. Aggregates of neoplastic tissue give moderate 5-nucleotidase reaction while it gives poor activity in hepatic tissue of the diseased liver. Parenchymatous cells are able to give some activity for the non-specific esterase while it is very dull in the neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 581121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_739", "title": "Cataract and pseudoexfoliation. A clinicopathological study.", "content": "100 lenses from 98 consecutive patients with senile cataract were investigated histologically for pseudoexfoliation. The patients came from an area known for its high incidence of pseudoexfoliation. The examiner was not aware of the clinical examination at the time of histopathological study. Pseudoexfoliation was observed in 33 lenses. There seemed to be an increasing incidence of pseudoexfoliation with increasing age of the patients. Only 16 of the cases of pseudoexfoliation had been recorded preoperatively, but routine pupillary dilatation had not been carried out. The use of alpha-chymotrypsin at cataract extraction did not preclude histological diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation.", "contents": "Cataract and pseudoexfoliation. A clinicopathological study. 100 lenses from 98 consecutive patients with senile cataract were investigated histologically for pseudoexfoliation. The patients came from an area known for its high incidence of pseudoexfoliation. The examiner was not aware of the clinical examination at the time of histopathological study. Pseudoexfoliation was observed in 33 lenses. There seemed to be an increasing incidence of pseudoexfoliation with increasing age of the patients. Only 16 of the cases of pseudoexfoliation had been recorded preoperatively, but routine pupillary dilatation had not been carried out. The use of alpha-chymotrypsin at cataract extraction did not preclude histological diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation.", "PMID": 581122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_740", "title": "The ultrastructure of the deep layer of the lens capsule in fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC), so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The epithelial surface of the lens capsule and the capsular surface of the epithelium have been studied in six cataractous lenses from persons with fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC) or so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation by scanning electron microscopy. Five of the lenses came from eyes with capsular glaucoma. Three senile cataractous lenses have been used as controls and two of the control lenses came from eyes with simple glaucoma. The investigation revealed round discoid plaques closely adherent to the capsule. The plaque surfaces had numerous smooth tentacle-like projections and matching pits in the underlying epithelium. These plaques were only found in FEC lenses and corresponded both in size and location to the structure known as the deep or amorphous layer of the lens capsule. The findings indicate that the epithelial cells are the source of origin.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the deep layer of the lens capsule in fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC), so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation. A scanning electron microscopic study. The epithelial surface of the lens capsule and the capsular surface of the epithelium have been studied in six cataractous lenses from persons with fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC) or so-called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation by scanning electron microscopy. Five of the lenses came from eyes with capsular glaucoma. Three senile cataractous lenses have been used as controls and two of the control lenses came from eyes with simple glaucoma. The investigation revealed round discoid plaques closely adherent to the capsule. The plaque surfaces had numerous smooth tentacle-like projections and matching pits in the underlying epithelium. These plaques were only found in FEC lenses and corresponded both in size and location to the structure known as the deep or amorphous layer of the lens capsule. The findings indicate that the epithelial cells are the source of origin.", "PMID": 581123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_741", "title": "Treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid.", "content": "109 cases treated for basal cell carcinoma of the lid are presented. Of the 79 patients who received radiation treatment alone, 65 (82%) were recurrence-free at two years and of the 45 followed for five years, 31 (69%) were recurrence-free. Of the 30 cases radically excised, 27 (90%) were cured at two years, and all of the 15 who were followed for five years. Small tumours were cured as effectively with irradiation (98%) as with excision (92%). Larger tumours with a diameter of more than one cm seemed to have a less favourable result with radiotherapy, 20/33 for two years and 9/21 for five years, than with excision, 6/7 and 5/5, respectively.", "contents": "Treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. 109 cases treated for basal cell carcinoma of the lid are presented. Of the 79 patients who received radiation treatment alone, 65 (82%) were recurrence-free at two years and of the 45 followed for five years, 31 (69%) were recurrence-free. Of the 30 cases radically excised, 27 (90%) were cured at two years, and all of the 15 who were followed for five years. Small tumours were cured as effectively with irradiation (98%) as with excision (92%). Larger tumours with a diameter of more than one cm seemed to have a less favourable result with radiotherapy, 20/33 for two years and 9/21 for five years, than with excision, 6/7 and 5/5, respectively.", "PMID": 581124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_742", "title": "Cannula-probing combined with nasal procedure for dacryocystitis neonatorum.", "content": "Between 1973-1976 a total of 2063 cases of dacryocystitis neonatorum have been treated by cannula-probing in our department. In 37 cases the cannula-probing had to be combined with a nasal procedure for opening the closed nasolacrimal membrane: a periosteal elevator was passed into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and its tip was rubbed against the tip of the cannula-probe through the imperforate mucosa of the ostium. The patency of the duct was tested by simultaneous syringing. In 34 cases the lacrimal pathway became permanently patient after one nasal procedure and in 2 cases after two operations. This kind of nasal proceudre is indicated: 1) in those cases where the cannula-probing meets with resistance at the ostium; 2) in those cases where control syringing--made while slowly withdrawal the cannulaprobe--is repeatedly unsuccessful at the beginning of the withdrawal.", "contents": "Cannula-probing combined with nasal procedure for dacryocystitis neonatorum. Between 1973-1976 a total of 2063 cases of dacryocystitis neonatorum have been treated by cannula-probing in our department. In 37 cases the cannula-probing had to be combined with a nasal procedure for opening the closed nasolacrimal membrane: a periosteal elevator was passed into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and its tip was rubbed against the tip of the cannula-probe through the imperforate mucosa of the ostium. The patency of the duct was tested by simultaneous syringing. In 34 cases the lacrimal pathway became permanently patient after one nasal procedure and in 2 cases after two operations. This kind of nasal proceudre is indicated: 1) in those cases where the cannula-probing meets with resistance at the ostium; 2) in those cases where control syringing--made while slowly withdrawal the cannulaprobe--is repeatedly unsuccessful at the beginning of the withdrawal.", "PMID": 581126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_743", "title": "Ocular hypertension. A 15-year follow-up.", "content": "A group of 55 subjects with ocular hypertension were followed-up after 15 years. They were detected at a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster between 2031 volunteer blood donors, and they had an applanation pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mmHg in one or both eyes. All the subjects were traced. Nine have died, all from general causes, and one of the deceased subjects was treated for simple glaucoma. Of the remaining 46 living subjects, 3 developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment. In another 4 subjects anti-glaucoma treatment was felt to be indicated. Of the non-treated 39 living subjects, 20 had a decreased applanation pressure, well below 20 mmHg, and 19 had an unaltered applanation pressure. We found that neither the common blood groups nor a water provocative test performed in 1962 were of any help in predicting glaucomatous visual field defects. Central corneal thickness measurements performed in 1977 could not allocate the subjects to the groups simple glaucoma, applanation pressure greater than 20 mmHg or less than or equal to 20 mmHg.", "contents": "Ocular hypertension. A 15-year follow-up. A group of 55 subjects with ocular hypertension were followed-up after 15 years. They were detected at a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster between 2031 volunteer blood donors, and they had an applanation pressure of greater than or equal to 20 mmHg in one or both eyes. All the subjects were traced. Nine have died, all from general causes, and one of the deceased subjects was treated for simple glaucoma. Of the remaining 46 living subjects, 3 developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment. In another 4 subjects anti-glaucoma treatment was felt to be indicated. Of the non-treated 39 living subjects, 20 had a decreased applanation pressure, well below 20 mmHg, and 19 had an unaltered applanation pressure. We found that neither the common blood groups nor a water provocative test performed in 1962 were of any help in predicting glaucomatous visual field defects. Central corneal thickness measurements performed in 1977 could not allocate the subjects to the groups simple glaucoma, applanation pressure greater than 20 mmHg or less than or equal to 20 mmHg.", "PMID": 581127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_744", "title": "Corticosteroid response in dominant congenital glaucoma.", "content": "The parents of six children with goniodysgenesis and hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma were tested with corticosteroid eye-drops. Their response on provocation demonstrated a clear trend: In five families one parent of each couple responded with a tensional rise of 9 mmHg or more, whereas the other parent responded with a rise of 9 mmHg or less. Of the six parents with the greater response, five had glaucoma in their ancestry and displayed a distinct goniodysgenesis. The findings support the previously presented view that hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma is caused by a dominant goniodysgenesis with varying expressively. The high corticosteroid response in the families of our study appears to be correlated to this goniodysgenesis. The inherited corticosteroid response is obviously not a specific genetic trait confined to families with simple glaucoma.", "contents": "Corticosteroid response in dominant congenital glaucoma. The parents of six children with goniodysgenesis and hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma were tested with corticosteroid eye-drops. Their response on provocation demonstrated a clear trend: In five families one parent of each couple responded with a tensional rise of 9 mmHg or more, whereas the other parent responded with a rise of 9 mmHg or less. Of the six parents with the greater response, five had glaucoma in their ancestry and displayed a distinct goniodysgenesis. The findings support the previously presented view that hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma is caused by a dominant goniodysgenesis with varying expressively. The high corticosteroid response in the families of our study appears to be correlated to this goniodysgenesis. The inherited corticosteroid response is obviously not a specific genetic trait confined to families with simple glaucoma.", "PMID": 581128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_745", "title": "HLA histocompatibility antigens in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "HLA-typing of 125 patients with open-angle glaucoma (glaucoma simplex) showed no statistically significant deviations from a control series of 1197 blood donors. Some earlier, but mutually inconsistent, reports contradict this result. In evaluating investigations of this kind care must be taken to avoid statistical pitfalls.", "contents": "HLA histocompatibility antigens in open-angle glaucoma. HLA-typing of 125 patients with open-angle glaucoma (glaucoma simplex) showed no statistically significant deviations from a control series of 1197 blood donors. Some earlier, but mutually inconsistent, reports contradict this result. In evaluating investigations of this kind care must be taken to avoid statistical pitfalls.", "PMID": 581129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_746", "title": "Aspects on the design of an automatic perimeter.", "content": "Since the first description (1976) of the computerized perimeter Competer, some small modifications and new routines have been introduced. An account of a new mode for presentation of the test results and a procedure for their storage is therefore provided. Some elementary technical facts are included to make the relations computer--computer language--perimeter comprehensible. The construction of efficient test logics is discussed and the meaning of \"threshold level\" explored.", "contents": "Aspects on the design of an automatic perimeter. Since the first description (1976) of the computerized perimeter Competer, some small modifications and new routines have been introduced. An account of a new mode for presentation of the test results and a procedure for their storage is therefore provided. Some elementary technical facts are included to make the relations computer--computer language--perimeter comprehensible. The construction of efficient test logics is discussed and the meaning of \"threshold level\" explored.", "PMID": 581130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_747", "title": "Corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "36 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and 45 controls were subjected to blind studies for corneal sensitivity using Cochet & Bonnet's aesthesiometer and of vibratory perception of the left index finger and great toe by biothesiometer. 83% of the diabetics had a corneal sensitivity below 60 mm against 38% of the controls. Likewise a significantly reduced vibratory perception was noticed among the diabetics. Further, the reductions of corneal senstivity and vibratory perception were correlated in the diabetics. In both groups falling corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception were found with increasing age over and above 50 years. There is evidence to suggest that a reduced corneal sensitivity in relation to diabetes mellitus forms part of a polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception in diabetes mellitus. 36 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and 45 controls were subjected to blind studies for corneal sensitivity using Cochet & Bonnet's aesthesiometer and of vibratory perception of the left index finger and great toe by biothesiometer. 83% of the diabetics had a corneal sensitivity below 60 mm against 38% of the controls. Likewise a significantly reduced vibratory perception was noticed among the diabetics. Further, the reductions of corneal senstivity and vibratory perception were correlated in the diabetics. In both groups falling corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception were found with increasing age over and above 50 years. There is evidence to suggest that a reduced corneal sensitivity in relation to diabetes mellitus forms part of a polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 581131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_748", "title": "Mechanical properties of succinylcholine activated muscle fibers in the inferior oblique muscle of the cat.", "content": "To determine the mechanical properties of the multi-innervated fibres in inferior oblique muscle of the cat, these fibers were selectively activated by means of an intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride (Sch). For small sinusoidal length changes (+/- 1 mm) of low frequency, tension in the Sch activated muscle exhibited a component that was sensitive to the direction of stretch but was independent of the velocity. At higher frequencies of length change (16 Hz) a form of negative friction was observed. Negative friction had not been previously noted in mammalian muscles, although a similar friction was observed both in the muscles of insects and amphibians. These properties were expressed in the form of a simple mechanical model.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of succinylcholine activated muscle fibers in the inferior oblique muscle of the cat. To determine the mechanical properties of the multi-innervated fibres in inferior oblique muscle of the cat, these fibers were selectively activated by means of an intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride (Sch). For small sinusoidal length changes (+/- 1 mm) of low frequency, tension in the Sch activated muscle exhibited a component that was sensitive to the direction of stretch but was independent of the velocity. At higher frequencies of length change (16 Hz) a form of negative friction was observed. Negative friction had not been previously noted in mammalian muscles, although a similar friction was observed both in the muscles of insects and amphibians. These properties were expressed in the form of a simple mechanical model.", "PMID": 581132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_749", "title": "Indirect evaluation of corneal endothelial cell density.", "content": "In 16 whole flat corneal mounts stained by alizarine red and trypane blue it was investigated whether estimates of central numerical endothelial cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age or on morphological cell characteristics. With certain precautions estimates of central cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age and on the occurrence of large central or peripheral cells. Estimates could not be based on the occurence of other cellular morphological characteristics.", "contents": "Indirect evaluation of corneal endothelial cell density. In 16 whole flat corneal mounts stained by alizarine red and trypane blue it was investigated whether estimates of central numerical endothelial cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age or on morphological cell characteristics. With certain precautions estimates of central cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age and on the occurrence of large central or peripheral cells. Estimates could not be based on the occurence of other cellular morphological characteristics.", "PMID": 581133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_750", "title": "EOG in a large family with hereditary macular degeneration. (Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy) identification of gene carriers.", "content": "A total of 128 descendants from one large family with a history of hereditary macular degeneration (HMD) were examined with EOG. Of these, 42 were affected patients, 48 were healthy offsprings to affected parents, and 38 were normal controls. Affected subjects had a light peak/dark trough ratio smaller than 1.40. In the group of offspring of affected parents the Lp/DT ratios showed a bimodal distribution dividing the group into two parts, one with values less than 1.40 and another with values larger than 1.70. Thus carriers of the HMD gene can apparently be identified by use of EOG. The affected subjects and the carriers had a lower base value of the standing potential than the controls.", "contents": "EOG in a large family with hereditary macular degeneration. (Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy) identification of gene carriers. A total of 128 descendants from one large family with a history of hereditary macular degeneration (HMD) were examined with EOG. Of these, 42 were affected patients, 48 were healthy offsprings to affected parents, and 38 were normal controls. Affected subjects had a light peak/dark trough ratio smaller than 1.40. In the group of offspring of affected parents the Lp/DT ratios showed a bimodal distribution dividing the group into two parts, one with values less than 1.40 and another with values larger than 1.70. Thus carriers of the HMD gene can apparently be identified by use of EOG. The affected subjects and the carriers had a lower base value of the standing potential than the controls.", "PMID": 581134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_751", "title": "beta-Glucuronidase activity in liver and spleen homogenates of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "A study on the beta-glucuronidase activity in liver and spleen homogenates of mice infected with an Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni and of non infected control animals was carried out for a follow up period of four months. A decreased enzyme activity was observed in the spleen up to the 40th day after infection. From the 60th day on, the enzyme level in both liver and spleen was found above that in the control. The possible causes for such changes in enzyme activity are discussed.", "contents": "beta-Glucuronidase activity in liver and spleen homogenates of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. A study on the beta-glucuronidase activity in liver and spleen homogenates of mice infected with an Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni and of non infected control animals was carried out for a follow up period of four months. A decreased enzyme activity was observed in the spleen up to the 40th day after infection. From the 60th day on, the enzyme level in both liver and spleen was found above that in the control. The possible causes for such changes in enzyme activity are discussed.", "PMID": 581136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_752", "title": "Biochemical studies on beta-glucuronidase in the urinary bladder of normal and Schistosoma mansoni infected mice treated with hycanthone.", "content": "beta-Glucuronidase activity is elevated in the urine of patients with bilharziasis hematobium. In the present study the enzyme level was estimated in whole urinary bladder tissue homogenates of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. In the infected mice the enzyme activity is significantly higher than in the controls. The effect of the schistosomicidal drug hycanthone was also evaluated. Treatment with the drug did not affect the level of the enzyme activity in the infected mice; it induced an increase in the enzyme activity of the controls.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on beta-glucuronidase in the urinary bladder of normal and Schistosoma mansoni infected mice treated with hycanthone. beta-Glucuronidase activity is elevated in the urine of patients with bilharziasis hematobium. In the present study the enzyme level was estimated in whole urinary bladder tissue homogenates of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. In the infected mice the enzyme activity is significantly higher than in the controls. The effect of the schistosomicidal drug hycanthone was also evaluated. Treatment with the drug did not affect the level of the enzyme activity in the infected mice; it induced an increase in the enzyme activity of the controls.", "PMID": 581137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_753", "title": "[Vitamin B1 and autonomic drugs: a reprint].", "content": "The problem of the relationship between the thiamine and autonomic system drugs was studied about 30 years ago. To the vitamin was attributed an excitatory effect upon the peripheric section of parasympathetic nervous system and a synergic action with acetylcholine. Both an acetylcholine-like substance and thiamine are liberated at the nerve terminals after a stimulation. A similar synergic action of thiamine with adrenaline was also demonstrated. The study of the relationship between these drugs and the vitamin B1 is also now interesting. We want to stimulate a new series of experiments on this subject with the reprint of this review.", "contents": "[Vitamin B1 and autonomic drugs: a reprint]. The problem of the relationship between the thiamine and autonomic system drugs was studied about 30 years ago. To the vitamin was attributed an excitatory effect upon the peripheric section of parasympathetic nervous system and a synergic action with acetylcholine. Both an acetylcholine-like substance and thiamine are liberated at the nerve terminals after a stimulation. A similar synergic action of thiamine with adrenaline was also demonstrated. The study of the relationship between these drugs and the vitamin B1 is also now interesting. We want to stimulate a new series of experiments on this subject with the reprint of this review.", "PMID": 581138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_754", "title": "Use and abuse of oxygen in the newborn.", "content": "Hypoxia must be prevented in the newborn. It causes atelectasis, acidosis and pulmonary vasoconstriction, which leads to further hypoxia and, ultimately, brain damage. On the other hand, retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia may result from too-vigorous use of oxygen therapy. Frequent blood gas measurements are required. Administered oxygen must be humidified and heated, and the oxygen concentration must be monitored with each delivery system. It is not enough to know the oxygen flow rate; an oxygen analyzer is essential.", "contents": "Use and abuse of oxygen in the newborn. Hypoxia must be prevented in the newborn. It causes atelectasis, acidosis and pulmonary vasoconstriction, which leads to further hypoxia and, ultimately, brain damage. On the other hand, retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia may result from too-vigorous use of oxygen therapy. Frequent blood gas measurements are required. Administered oxygen must be humidified and heated, and the oxygen concentration must be monitored with each delivery system. It is not enough to know the oxygen flow rate; an oxygen analyzer is essential.", "PMID": 581139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_755", "title": "Infective aneurysm of the left ventricle: angiographic and echocardiographic features.", "content": "A 17-year-old man with staphylococcal endocarditis of the mitral valve developed an infective aneurysm of the posterior left ventricular wall. Echocardiography revealed an echo-free space posterior to the posterior left ventricular wall. This echo-free space undoubtedly represented the aneurysmal sac, because it could be temporarily obliterated by injecting saline into it and was no longer detectable following surgical closure of the sac. Thus echocardiography may be helpful in the detection of an infective aneurysm of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Infective aneurysm of the left ventricle: angiographic and echocardiographic features. A 17-year-old man with staphylococcal endocarditis of the mitral valve developed an infective aneurysm of the posterior left ventricular wall. Echocardiography revealed an echo-free space posterior to the posterior left ventricular wall. This echo-free space undoubtedly represented the aneurysmal sac, because it could be temporarily obliterated by injecting saline into it and was no longer detectable following surgical closure of the sac. Thus echocardiography may be helpful in the detection of an infective aneurysm of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 581140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_756", "title": "Intestinal lactase deficiency and milk drinking capacity in the adult.", "content": "The milk drinking capacity of 200 adults was determined experimentally and the results correlated with their milk drinking habits and intestinal lactase activity as judged by a lactose tolerance test. Of the group 65.5% were found to have deficient lactase activity and 5.3% experienced severe gastrointestinal symptoms with 250 ml of milk; 28.2% with 500 ml; 26.0% with 750 ml; 15.3% with 1000 ml and 25.2% tolerated the latter amount without difficulty. Of the normal individuals, 92.7% tolerated 1000 ml without symptoms. Intestinal lactase activity seemed to be important in determining the extremes of milk ingestion: four or more glasses per day or no milk ingestion, but had little effect in the intermediate pattern of milk consumption. It is concluded that intestinal lactase deficiency has clinical relevance and should be considered when nutritional supplementation with milk is contemplated.", "contents": "Intestinal lactase deficiency and milk drinking capacity in the adult. The milk drinking capacity of 200 adults was determined experimentally and the results correlated with their milk drinking habits and intestinal lactase activity as judged by a lactose tolerance test. Of the group 65.5% were found to have deficient lactase activity and 5.3% experienced severe gastrointestinal symptoms with 250 ml of milk; 28.2% with 500 ml; 26.0% with 750 ml; 15.3% with 1000 ml and 25.2% tolerated the latter amount without difficulty. Of the normal individuals, 92.7% tolerated 1000 ml without symptoms. Intestinal lactase activity seemed to be important in determining the extremes of milk ingestion: four or more glasses per day or no milk ingestion, but had little effect in the intermediate pattern of milk consumption. It is concluded that intestinal lactase deficiency has clinical relevance and should be considered when nutritional supplementation with milk is contemplated.", "PMID": 581141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_757", "title": "Manifestation and occurrence of selective adult-type lactose malabsorption in Finnish teenagers. A follow-up study.", "content": "In 1969--1970, a simple random sample of 129 Finnish school-aged children was examined to study selective adult-type lactose malabsorption (SLM) in this age category. SLM was found in 8 children. All subjects were reexamined 5 years later. SLM was reconfirmed in these 8 persons and found in 3 additional subjects who had normal lactose absorption in the first examination. The prevalence of SLM was 9.3%, being 8.5% in the age category 12--15 years and 9.9% in that 16--20 years. Low rise of blood glucose in the lactose tolerance test of the first examination, very low milk consumption, milk intolerance, and history of gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be of low predictive value as indicators of SLM. It was also concluded that information about dietetic sources of lactose is important to persons with SLM, but categorical exclusion of lactose from the diet is not necessary, at least in the Finnish population.", "contents": "Manifestation and occurrence of selective adult-type lactose malabsorption in Finnish teenagers. A follow-up study. In 1969--1970, a simple random sample of 129 Finnish school-aged children was examined to study selective adult-type lactose malabsorption (SLM) in this age category. SLM was found in 8 children. All subjects were reexamined 5 years later. SLM was reconfirmed in these 8 persons and found in 3 additional subjects who had normal lactose absorption in the first examination. The prevalence of SLM was 9.3%, being 8.5% in the age category 12--15 years and 9.9% in that 16--20 years. Low rise of blood glucose in the lactose tolerance test of the first examination, very low milk consumption, milk intolerance, and history of gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be of low predictive value as indicators of SLM. It was also concluded that information about dietetic sources of lactose is important to persons with SLM, but categorical exclusion of lactose from the diet is not necessary, at least in the Finnish population.", "PMID": 581143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_758", "title": "Cancer of the cervix--a sexually transmitted disease. Cytologic screening in a prostitute population.", "content": "The epidemiology of cervical cancer has been the subject of many articles centered around the question, \"Is cancer of the cervix a sexually transmitted disease? A group of 750 Taiwan prostitutes had cervical cytology performed at the time of required gonorrhea screening. The prostitutes represented a unique group in which the variables of frequent intercourse with multiple partners and multiple infection can be separated from early coital experience. Cervical cytology was obtained and processed by the Pathology Department at Navy Medical Research Unit No. 2. A bilingual questionnaire was completed with the aid of a medical interpreter. The results included only eight of the 750 specimens in the \"dysplasia plus\" category for a rate of 10.7 per 1,000. The low yield of abnormal cytology suggests the factors of multiple partners, frequent intercourse, and high gonorrhea infection rate are not significant epidemiologically if they occur after the phase of active metaplasia, occurring during the first pregnancy or early adolescence.", "contents": "Cancer of the cervix--a sexually transmitted disease. Cytologic screening in a prostitute population. The epidemiology of cervical cancer has been the subject of many articles centered around the question, \"Is cancer of the cervix a sexually transmitted disease? A group of 750 Taiwan prostitutes had cervical cytology performed at the time of required gonorrhea screening. The prostitutes represented a unique group in which the variables of frequent intercourse with multiple partners and multiple infection can be separated from early coital experience. Cervical cytology was obtained and processed by the Pathology Department at Navy Medical Research Unit No. 2. A bilingual questionnaire was completed with the aid of a medical interpreter. The results included only eight of the 750 specimens in the \"dysplasia plus\" category for a rate of 10.7 per 1,000. The low yield of abnormal cytology suggests the factors of multiple partners, frequent intercourse, and high gonorrhea infection rate are not significant epidemiologically if they occur after the phase of active metaplasia, occurring during the first pregnancy or early adolescence.", "PMID": 581144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_759", "title": "The pharmacology of cycloplegics.", "content": "A brief review of the pharmacological action of cycloplegic drugs is followed by a specification of the doses and actions of five commonly used cycloplegics. Some criterion for selecting a cycloplegic are presented.", "contents": "The pharmacology of cycloplegics. A brief review of the pharmacological action of cycloplegic drugs is followed by a specification of the doses and actions of five commonly used cycloplegics. Some criterion for selecting a cycloplegic are presented.", "PMID": 581145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_760", "title": "Hidden food ingredients, chemical food additives and incomplete food labels.", "content": "Many foods and medications containing hidden ingredients are described; labelling is usually incomplete and often misleading. Patients sensitive to foods and chemicals are advised to read and interpret labels. Consumers, manufacturers, government agencies and allergists should cooperate to ensure an adequate national food supply without unduly jeopardizing an increasingly sensitive population.", "contents": "Hidden food ingredients, chemical food additives and incomplete food labels. Many foods and medications containing hidden ingredients are described; labelling is usually incomplete and often misleading. Patients sensitive to foods and chemicals are advised to read and interpret labels. Consumers, manufacturers, government agencies and allergists should cooperate to ensure an adequate national food supply without unduly jeopardizing an increasingly sensitive population.", "PMID": 581147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_761", "title": "Pituitary oncocytoma. Indispensable role of electron microscopy in its identification.", "content": "Two surgically resected pituitary adenomas that appeared to be chromophobe or poorly granulated acidophil adenomas by light microscopy were correctly identified as oncocytomas by electron microscopy. The tumor cells ahd markedly hyperplastic, moderately pleomorphic mitochondria in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells. Scattered secretory granules were displaced to the periphery of the cytoplasm but the secretion type of pituitary cell remained obscure. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods imperfectly characterized these unusual tumors. Even though these neoplasms have been considered rare, they are now being recognized more often after ultrastructural study. Eventually their pathobiologic features may be better understood. One of our patients was 24 years old and is the youngest patient, to our knowledge, in whom a pituitary oncocytoma has been documented.", "contents": "Pituitary oncocytoma. Indispensable role of electron microscopy in its identification. Two surgically resected pituitary adenomas that appeared to be chromophobe or poorly granulated acidophil adenomas by light microscopy were correctly identified as oncocytomas by electron microscopy. The tumor cells ahd markedly hyperplastic, moderately pleomorphic mitochondria in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells. Scattered secretory granules were displaced to the periphery of the cytoplasm but the secretion type of pituitary cell remained obscure. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods imperfectly characterized these unusual tumors. Even though these neoplasms have been considered rare, they are now being recognized more often after ultrastructural study. Eventually their pathobiologic features may be better understood. One of our patients was 24 years old and is the youngest patient, to our knowledge, in whom a pituitary oncocytoma has been documented.", "PMID": 581148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_762", "title": "Amyloidosis. An unusual complication of Gaucher's disease.", "content": "Gaucher's disease has been associated with plasma cell dyscrasias. A patient had Gaucher's disease, nephrotic syndrome, and systemic amyloidosis. Plasmacytosis in the bone marrow, the presence of light chains in the urine and renal glomeruli, and the finding of low circulating immunoglobulin levels suggest that the amyloid in this patient is related to a plasma cell dyscrasia.", "contents": "Amyloidosis. An unusual complication of Gaucher's disease. Gaucher's disease has been associated with plasma cell dyscrasias. A patient had Gaucher's disease, nephrotic syndrome, and systemic amyloidosis. Plasmacytosis in the bone marrow, the presence of light chains in the urine and renal glomeruli, and the finding of low circulating immunoglobulin levels suggest that the amyloid in this patient is related to a plasma cell dyscrasia.", "PMID": 581149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_763", "title": "Thymolipoma in association with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A patient with a 100-g thymolipoma and myasthenia gravis experienced marked improvement in neuromuscular symptoms following removal of the tumor. Although 60 examples of thymolipoma have been reported, we believe that this is the first example of this tumor associated with myasthenia gravis. The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic manifestations of previously reported cases of thymolipoma are discussed in relation to our patient's case.", "contents": "Thymolipoma in association with myasthenia gravis. A patient with a 100-g thymolipoma and myasthenia gravis experienced marked improvement in neuromuscular symptoms following removal of the tumor. Although 60 examples of thymolipoma have been reported, we believe that this is the first example of this tumor associated with myasthenia gravis. The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic manifestations of previously reported cases of thymolipoma are discussed in relation to our patient's case.", "PMID": 581150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_764", "title": "Diabetic myelopathy.", "content": "Diabetic myelopathy occurred in 41% of 75 consecutive, unselected diabetic patients in an autopsy study; clinical peripheral neuropathy occurred in 13%, and histologic radiculopathy in 21%. Infection represented 2.7% of the cord lesions. Posterior column demyelination, seen in 27%, apparently has the same metabolic-toxic origin as diabetic neuropathy and radiculopathy; it is an independent lesion, not a secondary manifestation of peripheral demyelination. It occurs slightly more frequently in those with juvenile-onset diabetes. Spinal cord infarcts, seen in 19%, are related to anteriolar sclerosis of the intrinsic vessels of the spinal cord. They have a higher incidence in diabetics than in a nondiabetic aging population, show a predilection for the white matter, and are usually small. The myelopathy is not related to patient age or duration of diabetes. It is often clinically occult.", "contents": "Diabetic myelopathy. Diabetic myelopathy occurred in 41% of 75 consecutive, unselected diabetic patients in an autopsy study; clinical peripheral neuropathy occurred in 13%, and histologic radiculopathy in 21%. Infection represented 2.7% of the cord lesions. Posterior column demyelination, seen in 27%, apparently has the same metabolic-toxic origin as diabetic neuropathy and radiculopathy; it is an independent lesion, not a secondary manifestation of peripheral demyelination. It occurs slightly more frequently in those with juvenile-onset diabetes. Spinal cord infarcts, seen in 19%, are related to anteriolar sclerosis of the intrinsic vessels of the spinal cord. They have a higher incidence in diabetics than in a nondiabetic aging population, show a predilection for the white matter, and are usually small. The myelopathy is not related to patient age or duration of diabetes. It is often clinically occult.", "PMID": 581151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_765", "title": "Breast biopsy evaluation by paraffin-block radiography.", "content": "The presence of occult breast carcinoma in breast biopsy specimens originally interpreted pathologically as benign has been reported in up to 2.4% of cases. Paraffin-block radiography of 658 blocks from 119 breast biopsies obtained prior to the use of mammography and initially interpreted as benign was performed to determine the frequency and relevance of \"significant\" calcifications. Of all cases 87.4% demonstrated some calcifications within the breast tissue; 19.3% contained calcifications considered significant. Step sections of the original blocks containing significant calcifications did not demonstrate malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "Breast biopsy evaluation by paraffin-block radiography. The presence of occult breast carcinoma in breast biopsy specimens originally interpreted pathologically as benign has been reported in up to 2.4% of cases. Paraffin-block radiography of 658 blocks from 119 breast biopsies obtained prior to the use of mammography and initially interpreted as benign was performed to determine the frequency and relevance of \"significant\" calcifications. Of all cases 87.4% demonstrated some calcifications within the breast tissue; 19.3% contained calcifications considered significant. Step sections of the original blocks containing significant calcifications did not demonstrate malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 581152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_766", "title": "The myofibroblastic nature of the uterine plexiform tumor.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of rare, benign, plexiform tumor of the uterus showed that of its component cells exhibit characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, which allows for their identification as myofibroblasts. Although such cells have been more frequently associated with reactive processes, their presence in some malignant soft tissue tumors, viz, fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, has been noted by others. Analysis of recorded accounts, as well as our own limited personal experience with the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle neoplasms and those putatively regarded as being of such origin, indicates that many of these may contain a relatively large complement of myofibroblasts. The spectrum of myofibroblastic differentiation of smooth muscle cells and/or fibroblasts may account for the varied interpretations that concern the derivation of some of these neoplasms, particularly hemangiopericytoma.", "contents": "The myofibroblastic nature of the uterine plexiform tumor. Electron microscopic study of rare, benign, plexiform tumor of the uterus showed that of its component cells exhibit characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, which allows for their identification as myofibroblasts. Although such cells have been more frequently associated with reactive processes, their presence in some malignant soft tissue tumors, viz, fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, has been noted by others. Analysis of recorded accounts, as well as our own limited personal experience with the ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle neoplasms and those putatively regarded as being of such origin, indicates that many of these may contain a relatively large complement of myofibroblasts. The spectrum of myofibroblastic differentiation of smooth muscle cells and/or fibroblasts may account for the varied interpretations that concern the derivation of some of these neoplasms, particularly hemangiopericytoma.", "PMID": 581153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_767", "title": "Persistent creatine kinase MB isoenzyme without cardiac disease.", "content": "Although the creatine kinase MB isoenzyme may be useful in the diagnosis of myocardial injury, it is also found in the sera of patients with a number of noncardiac diseases. It may also occur in apparently normal individuals, as described in this case report. Hence, the diagnosis of myocardial injury should never be based solely on the presence of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in the serum, but should be supported by additional clinical and laboratory data.", "contents": "Persistent creatine kinase MB isoenzyme without cardiac disease. Although the creatine kinase MB isoenzyme may be useful in the diagnosis of myocardial injury, it is also found in the sera of patients with a number of noncardiac diseases. It may also occur in apparently normal individuals, as described in this case report. Hence, the diagnosis of myocardial injury should never be based solely on the presence of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in the serum, but should be supported by additional clinical and laboratory data.", "PMID": 581154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_768", "title": "Access of metronidazole into the chronically inflamed middle ear with reference to anaerobic bacterial infections.", "content": "Strictly anaerobic bacteria were found in about one third of 138 consecutive cases of active chronic otitis media. These infections were always mixed involving aerobes as well. In 79 cases only aerobes were found and 16 cultures were sterile. To provide a basis for possible clinical trials, the penetration of metronidazole into the ear was studied after an oral dose of 2.4 g to patients with chronic otitis media. Significant amounts of biologically active metronidazole were found in 8 of 12 middle ear discharges at 2--4 h, the concentrations varying between 9.4 and 65.0 microgram/ml. Between 2 and 13 h after administration, significant drug concentrations all exceeding the highest reported bactericidal ones were found in the middle ear mucosa in 6 cases of the 8 in which the determinations were possible. Neither the mucosal nor the discharge concentrations correlated with the simultaneous serum levels of metronidazole, which were high in all 23 patients studied.", "contents": "Access of metronidazole into the chronically inflamed middle ear with reference to anaerobic bacterial infections. Strictly anaerobic bacteria were found in about one third of 138 consecutive cases of active chronic otitis media. These infections were always mixed involving aerobes as well. In 79 cases only aerobes were found and 16 cultures were sterile. To provide a basis for possible clinical trials, the penetration of metronidazole into the ear was studied after an oral dose of 2.4 g to patients with chronic otitis media. Significant amounts of biologically active metronidazole were found in 8 of 12 middle ear discharges at 2--4 h, the concentrations varying between 9.4 and 65.0 microgram/ml. Between 2 and 13 h after administration, significant drug concentrations all exceeding the highest reported bactericidal ones were found in the middle ear mucosa in 6 cases of the 8 in which the determinations were possible. Neither the mucosal nor the discharge concentrations correlated with the simultaneous serum levels of metronidazole, which were high in all 23 patients studied.", "PMID": 581160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_769", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of human ossicles.", "content": "Human middle ear ossicles removed from cadavers and during surgical procedures have been examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two kinds of bone tissue compose ossicles: periosteal and endochrondral bone. Periosteal bone occurs in the form of external covering on the ossicles. In the middle of the ossicles there is endochrondral bone which shows various spatial arrangement of collagen bundles. Lamellar bone occurs also in this bone around vascular channels but rarely in the form of typical osteons. Surface appearance of periosteal, coarse-fibred bone and lamellar, fine-fibred bone is almost the same. Lamellar bone is composed of coarse collagen bundles arranged tightly in the rows. The space between the rows is filled by fine fibres which link the coarse bundles.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of human ossicles. Human middle ear ossicles removed from cadavers and during surgical procedures have been examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two kinds of bone tissue compose ossicles: periosteal and endochrondral bone. Periosteal bone occurs in the form of external covering on the ossicles. In the middle of the ossicles there is endochrondral bone which shows various spatial arrangement of collagen bundles. Lamellar bone occurs also in this bone around vascular channels but rarely in the form of typical osteons. Surface appearance of periosteal, coarse-fibred bone and lamellar, fine-fibred bone is almost the same. Lamellar bone is composed of coarse collagen bundles arranged tightly in the rows. The space between the rows is filled by fine fibres which link the coarse bundles.", "PMID": 581161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_770", "title": "Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the isoamylases of rat-parotid gland.", "content": "The in vivo activity of rat-parotid isoamylases was increased following alpha-receptor block by phentolamine. Additional inhibition of the beta-receptors by propranolol did not further augment the isoenzyme activities. After 21 days, the isoamylase concentrations were even lower than after alpha-receptor block alone. Based upon these results, an alpha-receptor mediated discharge from the duct system of already secreted gland protein and a possible role of the alpha-receptors in protein secretion from the parotid gland are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the isoamylases of rat-parotid gland. The in vivo activity of rat-parotid isoamylases was increased following alpha-receptor block by phentolamine. Additional inhibition of the beta-receptors by propranolol did not further augment the isoenzyme activities. After 21 days, the isoamylase concentrations were even lower than after alpha-receptor block alone. Based upon these results, an alpha-receptor mediated discharge from the duct system of already secreted gland protein and a possible role of the alpha-receptors in protein secretion from the parotid gland are discussed.", "PMID": 581162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_771", "title": "[Ultrastructural morphometric changes in spiral ganglion cells of the rat after broad band noise (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparison of ultrastructural and ultrastructural-morphometric findings in spiral ganglion cells subsequent to broad noise with 105 dB SPL over a period of 40 min demonstrates that there are morphometric changes of the cytoarchitecture of granular ganglion cells even without evident ultrastructural changes. Morphometric analyses shows a significant extension of the volume proportion of mitochondria per unit volume cytoplasm. The volume and the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the volume of the free ribosomes and the average single volume of the nucleoli increase per granular ganglion cell. The physiologic significance of these changes is discussed. The results show that changes of the cytoarchitecture of granular spiral ganglion cells are earlier detected by morphometry than by ultrastructural description.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural morphometric changes in spiral ganglion cells of the rat after broad band noise (author's transl)]. The comparison of ultrastructural and ultrastructural-morphometric findings in spiral ganglion cells subsequent to broad noise with 105 dB SPL over a period of 40 min demonstrates that there are morphometric changes of the cytoarchitecture of granular ganglion cells even without evident ultrastructural changes. Morphometric analyses shows a significant extension of the volume proportion of mitochondria per unit volume cytoplasm. The volume and the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the volume of the free ribosomes and the average single volume of the nucleoli increase per granular ganglion cell. The physiologic significance of these changes is discussed. The results show that changes of the cytoarchitecture of granular spiral ganglion cells are earlier detected by morphometry than by ultrastructural description.", "PMID": 581163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_772", "title": "[Alveolar surfactant and experimental diabetes (protective action of citicoline)].", "content": "Above normal or normal S.R. values (0,70-0,90) (S.R. = 0,81 +/- 0,11), were noted in 13 alloxaneinduced diabetic rabbits treated with CDP-choline, and decreased values (S.R. = 0,57 +/- 0,06) in 9 diabetic rabbits not so treated. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0,001). The results show that CDP-choline can protect surfactant from damage caused by alloxane-induced diabetes. The most likely explanation is increased synthesis of dipalmitoyllecithin, by intervention of CDP-choline, as cofactor, on lipid metabolism in the lung.", "contents": "[Alveolar surfactant and experimental diabetes (protective action of citicoline)]. Above normal or normal S.R. values (0,70-0,90) (S.R. = 0,81 +/- 0,11), were noted in 13 alloxaneinduced diabetic rabbits treated with CDP-choline, and decreased values (S.R. = 0,57 +/- 0,06) in 9 diabetic rabbits not so treated. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0,001). The results show that CDP-choline can protect surfactant from damage caused by alloxane-induced diabetes. The most likely explanation is increased synthesis of dipalmitoyllecithin, by intervention of CDP-choline, as cofactor, on lipid metabolism in the lung.", "PMID": 581158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_773", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy studies on epithel surface of the plica vocalis in male rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The epithelial surface of the Plica vocalis in adult male rat is studied by scanning electron microscopy. It's structure is compared with that of the plica and of the recessus ventricularis. The transition of the epithelium in the plica vocalis to the epithelium of the joining parts of the larynx is documented. Special attention is paid to the occurrence of microridges at the apical poles of epithelial cells in the larynx. Up to now microridge cells have been said to be characteristic for the plica vocalis.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy studies on epithel surface of the plica vocalis in male rats (author's transl)]. The epithelial surface of the Plica vocalis in adult male rat is studied by scanning electron microscopy. It's structure is compared with that of the plica and of the recessus ventricularis. The transition of the epithelium in the plica vocalis to the epithelium of the joining parts of the larynx is documented. Special attention is paid to the occurrence of microridges at the apical poles of epithelial cells in the larynx. Up to now microridge cells have been said to be characteristic for the plica vocalis.", "PMID": 581164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_774", "title": "Infravestibular horizontal partial laryngectomy. A new surgical method.", "content": "We have developed a new functional surgical technique for cancers of the larynx specially those situated glottically and subglottically which are considered remedial to a total laryngectomy. Specifically an infravestibular horizontal partial laryngectomy can be performed to remove neoplasms together with the glottis and subglottis. The larynx then may be reconstructed by suturing the bands to the ascended trachea and the conserved upper half of the tyroid cartilage. The results have been encouraging. Swallowing, phonation and respiration by the natural vias has been obtained in 8 of the 12 patients so operated.", "contents": "Infravestibular horizontal partial laryngectomy. A new surgical method. We have developed a new functional surgical technique for cancers of the larynx specially those situated glottically and subglottically which are considered remedial to a total laryngectomy. Specifically an infravestibular horizontal partial laryngectomy can be performed to remove neoplasms together with the glottis and subglottis. The larynx then may be reconstructed by suturing the bands to the ascended trachea and the conserved upper half of the tyroid cartilage. The results have been encouraging. Swallowing, phonation and respiration by the natural vias has been obtained in 8 of the 12 patients so operated.", "PMID": 581165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_775", "title": "A simple procedure for surgical repair of vocal cord synechia.", "content": "With a simple method performed since 1962 on six patients for the correction of anterior vocal cord synechia, a paladon granule reinforced with a thread is brought into the larynx from outside after severance of the synechia. With convalescent treatment of the cartilaginous frame, it lies in the anterior commissure for 6 weeks. After endoscopic removal, free glottis and good voice. Tracheotomy is not necessary.", "contents": "A simple procedure for surgical repair of vocal cord synechia. With a simple method performed since 1962 on six patients for the correction of anterior vocal cord synechia, a paladon granule reinforced with a thread is brought into the larynx from outside after severance of the synechia. With convalescent treatment of the cartilaginous frame, it lies in the anterior commissure for 6 weeks. After endoscopic removal, free glottis and good voice. Tracheotomy is not necessary.", "PMID": 581166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_776", "title": "Measurement of specific laryngeal muscle function by ultrasound.", "content": "Ultrasonic dimension gauges were implanted in the crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle in a mature horse. Resting and contracted muscle length and average contraction rate were measured serially in the conscious state over a period of 25 days. Results suggest that specific laryngeal muscle function in the horse may be defined with this approach. Since man and horse are both known to suffer from laryngeal hemiplegia, this experimental preparation may help provide information of benefit to both species.", "contents": "Measurement of specific laryngeal muscle function by ultrasound. Ultrasonic dimension gauges were implanted in the crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle in a mature horse. Resting and contracted muscle length and average contraction rate were measured serially in the conscious state over a period of 25 days. Results suggest that specific laryngeal muscle function in the horse may be defined with this approach. Since man and horse are both known to suffer from laryngeal hemiplegia, this experimental preparation may help provide information of benefit to both species.", "PMID": 581167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_777", "title": "[Position nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "Detailed research about the positioning nystagmus show important and characteristic qualities. Now and then, nystagmus qualities permit a differential diagnosis of the diseased organ (peripheral versus central). In general, the peripheral paroxysmal benign nystagmus is proceeded by a short latency, showing mainly a rotatory component towards the inferiorly positioned labyrinth. A paroxysmal pattern is typical as compared to the central position nystagmus.", "contents": "[Position nystagmus (author's transl)]. Detailed research about the positioning nystagmus show important and characteristic qualities. Now and then, nystagmus qualities permit a differential diagnosis of the diseased organ (peripheral versus central). In general, the peripheral paroxysmal benign nystagmus is proceeded by a short latency, showing mainly a rotatory component towards the inferiorly positioned labyrinth. A paroxysmal pattern is typical as compared to the central position nystagmus.", "PMID": 581168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_778", "title": "Abnormal \"hair-like\" filaments in chronic maxillary sinusitis . A scanning electron microscopic investigation.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations were performed on the maxillary sinus mucosa of five healthy persons and seven patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. The occurrence of previously undescribed hair-like filaments in one case of chronic maxillary sinusitis is presented. These abnormal filaments are much longer (about 50--60 micron) and thinner (about 0.08 micron) than normal kinocilia (about 0.2 micron thick and 5--7 micron long), thus exhibiting a hair-like appearance. As the microvilli (cytofila) in maxillary sinus mucosa have the same thickness (about 0.08 micron), these hair-like filaments could be regarded as abnormally long microvilli. The possible significance of these abnormal filaments is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormal \"hair-like\" filaments in chronic maxillary sinusitis . A scanning electron microscopic investigation. Scanning electron microscopic investigations were performed on the maxillary sinus mucosa of five healthy persons and seven patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. The occurrence of previously undescribed hair-like filaments in one case of chronic maxillary sinusitis is presented. These abnormal filaments are much longer (about 50--60 micron) and thinner (about 0.08 micron) than normal kinocilia (about 0.2 micron thick and 5--7 micron long), thus exhibiting a hair-like appearance. As the microvilli (cytofila) in maxillary sinus mucosa have the same thickness (about 0.08 micron), these hair-like filaments could be regarded as abnormally long microvilli. The possible significance of these abnormal filaments is discussed.", "PMID": 581169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_779", "title": "Histological effect of ultrasonic irradiation in Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "The lateral semicircular canal and the crista ampullaris from five patients previously treated with ultrasound for Meni\u00e8re's disease showed the following histological and ultrastructural changes: 1. The lateral semicircular canal was completely obliterated by dense connective and osteoid tissue. 2. In the subepithelial tissue in Crista ampullaris no signs of degeneration was found. The nerve fibers were normal. 3. Also the sensory cells with nerve-endings and supporting cells appeared normal. 4. In the transitional epithelium there was vacuolization and extensive swelling with protrusion of the cells into the endolymphatic space. 5. The secretory cells showed pronounced cellular vacuolization and increased intercellular space. It is concluded that the massive destruction of the normal anatomy in the lateral semicircular canal may be the morphological basis of a functional endolymphatic fistula for drainage of the endolymphatic hydrops.", "contents": "Histological effect of ultrasonic irradiation in Meni\u00e8re's disease. The lateral semicircular canal and the crista ampullaris from five patients previously treated with ultrasound for Meni\u00e8re's disease showed the following histological and ultrastructural changes: 1. The lateral semicircular canal was completely obliterated by dense connective and osteoid tissue. 2. In the subepithelial tissue in Crista ampullaris no signs of degeneration was found. The nerve fibers were normal. 3. Also the sensory cells with nerve-endings and supporting cells appeared normal. 4. In the transitional epithelium there was vacuolization and extensive swelling with protrusion of the cells into the endolymphatic space. 5. The secretory cells showed pronounced cellular vacuolization and increased intercellular space. It is concluded that the massive destruction of the normal anatomy in the lateral semicircular canal may be the morphological basis of a functional endolymphatic fistula for drainage of the endolymphatic hydrops.", "PMID": 581170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_780", "title": "[A caloric vestibular test with increased positive evidence (author's transl)].", "content": "The positive evidence of the caloric test increases, when the time-course of the induced heat wave in the petrous bone was eliminated, which differs from man to man. This is possible by changing head position during calorisation, so that a nearly rectangular stimulus results.", "contents": "[A caloric vestibular test with increased positive evidence (author's transl)]. The positive evidence of the caloric test increases, when the time-course of the induced heat wave in the petrous bone was eliminated, which differs from man to man. This is possible by changing head position during calorisation, so that a nearly rectangular stimulus results.", "PMID": 581174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_781", "title": "[Perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea (guinea pig) with fluorocarbon emulsion (author's transl)].", "content": "Because oxygen is at least ten times as soluble in fluorocarbon liquids as in plasma or saline, we investigated the principle possibility of perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea with perfluortributylamin. Our experiments show that fluorocarbons in spite of the excellent O2-solubility in it are not suitable for the perilymphatic perfusion due to their physical properties (density 1.91 g/ml, non-solubility in water, necessity and difficulties of emulsification).", "contents": "[Perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea (guinea pig) with fluorocarbon emulsion (author's transl)]. Because oxygen is at least ten times as soluble in fluorocarbon liquids as in plasma or saline, we investigated the principle possibility of perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea with perfluortributylamin. Our experiments show that fluorocarbons in spite of the excellent O2-solubility in it are not suitable for the perilymphatic perfusion due to their physical properties (density 1.91 g/ml, non-solubility in water, necessity and difficulties of emulsification).", "PMID": 581175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_782", "title": "Head-group conformation in phospholipids: a phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of oriented monodomain dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers.", "content": "Angular-dependent 31P NMR spectra of oriented biaxial monodomain DPPC.H2O multilayers are employed to study head-group conformation in this phospholipid. The results indicate that the O-P-O plane of the phosphate, where the O's are the nonesterified oxygens of the phosphodiester, is tilted at 47 +/- 5 degrees with respect to the bilayer normal. This PO4 orientation could result in the choline moiety being extended parallel to the bilayer plane, and it will explain the breadth of the axially symmetric 31P powder spectrum observed for DPPC in excess water. This work is the first direct observation of this conformation for lecithins and it illustrates the utility of high-resolution solid-state NMR in structural studies of disordered systems.", "contents": "Head-group conformation in phospholipids: a phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of oriented monodomain dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Angular-dependent 31P NMR spectra of oriented biaxial monodomain DPPC.H2O multilayers are employed to study head-group conformation in this phospholipid. The results indicate that the O-P-O plane of the phosphate, where the O's are the nonesterified oxygens of the phosphodiester, is tilted at 47 +/- 5 degrees with respect to the bilayer normal. This PO4 orientation could result in the choline moiety being extended parallel to the bilayer plane, and it will explain the breadth of the axially symmetric 31P powder spectrum observed for DPPC in excess water. This work is the first direct observation of this conformation for lecithins and it illustrates the utility of high-resolution solid-state NMR in structural studies of disordered systems.", "PMID": 581178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_783", "title": "Radiation leukaemogenesis: is virus really necessary?", "content": "Generalized lymphosarcomatosis (leukaemia) of non-thymic type occurs in mice bearing 90Sr or 239Pu or 226Ra. Tumours passaged from such mice have been tested for tumour-associated transplantation antigens that could provoke a protective immunity which would be expected if such antigens were determined by virus activated by the irradiation. Sub-threshold doses of living syngeneic tumour, large doses of living allogeneic tumour and large doses of killed syngeneic tumour were without protective effect. This suggests that viruses observed electron micrographically in such tumours are passengers and not causative.", "contents": "Radiation leukaemogenesis: is virus really necessary? Generalized lymphosarcomatosis (leukaemia) of non-thymic type occurs in mice bearing 90Sr or 239Pu or 226Ra. Tumours passaged from such mice have been tested for tumour-associated transplantation antigens that could provoke a protective immunity which would be expected if such antigens were determined by virus activated by the irradiation. Sub-threshold doses of living syngeneic tumour, large doses of living allogeneic tumour and large doses of killed syngeneic tumour were without protective effect. This suggests that viruses observed electron micrographically in such tumours are passengers and not causative.", "PMID": 581177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_784", "title": "Differentiation of the pulmonary surfactant system. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine accumulation in fetal rat lung in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Fetal rat lung was placed in organ culture at 15 days gestation (22 days total gestation period), before biochemical and morphological development of the pulmonary surfactant system. At the fifth day of culture numerous Type II cells containing lamellar bodies were present as determined by electron micrography. Phospholipid accumulation in the cultures increased abruptly beginning at 6 days in culture. The phospholipid which accumulated between the sixth and twelfth culture days was composed of 21--27% disaturated phosphatidylcholines. Both the percent of disaturated phosphatidylcholines in the phospholipid fraction and the qualitative pattern of accumulation as a function of time were similar to observations for fetal rat lung developing in vivo. The data presented provide evidence for development of the pulmonary surfactant system in organ culture in vitro.", "contents": "Differentiation of the pulmonary surfactant system. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine accumulation in fetal rat lung in vivo and in vitro. Fetal rat lung was placed in organ culture at 15 days gestation (22 days total gestation period), before biochemical and morphological development of the pulmonary surfactant system. At the fifth day of culture numerous Type II cells containing lamellar bodies were present as determined by electron micrography. Phospholipid accumulation in the cultures increased abruptly beginning at 6 days in culture. The phospholipid which accumulated between the sixth and twelfth culture days was composed of 21--27% disaturated phosphatidylcholines. Both the percent of disaturated phosphatidylcholines in the phospholipid fraction and the qualitative pattern of accumulation as a function of time were similar to observations for fetal rat lung developing in vivo. The data presented provide evidence for development of the pulmonary surfactant system in organ culture in vitro.", "PMID": 581179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_785", "title": "Distribution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcified tissues.", "content": "gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid, previously identified in the vertebrate mineralized tissues of bone and dentin, is not detectable in the calcified skeletons of six invertebrate species representing five phyla. Its absence in all analyzed invertebrate tissues (including calcitic, aragonitic, and apatitic mineral phases) indicates that matrix protein-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid is not obligatory for the calcification process in the invertebrates. Further, these data raise the possibility that invertebrates as a group may lack the enzymatic capability for biosynthesizing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. In contrast, the distribution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the vertebrates has been further extended by this study to include an apatitic shark tooth and an aragonitic fish otolith. No gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was detected, however, in the organic matrix of the calcitic hen egg shell.", "contents": "Distribution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcified tissues. gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid, previously identified in the vertebrate mineralized tissues of bone and dentin, is not detectable in the calcified skeletons of six invertebrate species representing five phyla. Its absence in all analyzed invertebrate tissues (including calcitic, aragonitic, and apatitic mineral phases) indicates that matrix protein-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid is not obligatory for the calcification process in the invertebrates. Further, these data raise the possibility that invertebrates as a group may lack the enzymatic capability for biosynthesizing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. In contrast, the distribution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the vertebrates has been further extended by this study to include an apatitic shark tooth and an aragonitic fish otolith. No gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was detected, however, in the organic matrix of the calcitic hen egg shell.", "PMID": 581180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_786", "title": "[Relationship between the routes of antitoxin administration and the effectiveness of treating experimental tetanus].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 100 rabbits with asscending, hematogenic and cerebral tetanus caused by the administration of tetanus toxin (1 Dcl). The therapeutic efficacy of \"Diaferm-3\" antitoxin was compared depending on the route--intracysternal or intralumbar--of its administration (400 IU/kg). Intracysternal antitoxin administration proved to be thrice as effective as the intralumbar one (31.4 and 10.2% of the sick animals recovered, respectively). The latter route was effective only in animals with the ascending intoxication, this apparently being connected with the site of entrance of the toxin into the central nervous system by the peripheral nerves of the hind limbs.", "contents": "[Relationship between the routes of antitoxin administration and the effectiveness of treating experimental tetanus]. Experiments were conducted on 100 rabbits with asscending, hematogenic and cerebral tetanus caused by the administration of tetanus toxin (1 Dcl). The therapeutic efficacy of \"Diaferm-3\" antitoxin was compared depending on the route--intracysternal or intralumbar--of its administration (400 IU/kg). Intracysternal antitoxin administration proved to be thrice as effective as the intralumbar one (31.4 and 10.2% of the sick animals recovered, respectively). The latter route was effective only in animals with the ascending intoxication, this apparently being connected with the site of entrance of the toxin into the central nervous system by the peripheral nerves of the hind limbs.", "PMID": 581181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_787", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of a quanidine pesticide administered with sodium nitrite on adult mice and on the offspring after prenatal exposure.", "content": "Adult Swiss mice were treated intragastrically during the last week of pregnancy with the fungicide dodecylquanidine acetate (dodine, DGA) together with 0.05% sodium nitrite. The incidence of malignant lymphomas, lung adenomas and hepatomas was 30--70% in females. The first tumors appeared 4 months after delivery in the FO generation and at 6--7 months in the F1 generation. Among the untreated control mice the frequency of spontaneous tumors was 6%, and lymphomas developed, if at all, only after 10 months. The oncogenic activity of DGA with sodium nitrite in the offspring was dependent on the dose of DGA.A and C type RNA virus particles were demonstrated in lymphomas by electronmicroscopy. DGA alone had no effect on the cancer incidence.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of a quanidine pesticide administered with sodium nitrite on adult mice and on the offspring after prenatal exposure. Adult Swiss mice were treated intragastrically during the last week of pregnancy with the fungicide dodecylquanidine acetate (dodine, DGA) together with 0.05% sodium nitrite. The incidence of malignant lymphomas, lung adenomas and hepatomas was 30--70% in females. The first tumors appeared 4 months after delivery in the FO generation and at 6--7 months in the F1 generation. Among the untreated control mice the frequency of spontaneous tumors was 6%, and lymphomas developed, if at all, only after 10 months. The oncogenic activity of DGA with sodium nitrite in the offspring was dependent on the dose of DGA.A and C type RNA virus particles were demonstrated in lymphomas by electronmicroscopy. DGA alone had no effect on the cancer incidence.", "PMID": 581183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_788", "title": "[Bilateral pheochromocytoma of the adrenal glands and a solitary neurofibroma of the dorsal mucosa of the tongue associated with a solid medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis].", "content": "A female aged 22 died 13 hours after having given birth to a live mature fetus. On autopsy, bilateral phoechromyocytomas, a mucosal neurofibroma of the tongue and a solid medulary carcinoma of the thyroid with amyloid associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis were detected. After parturition, there occurred bleeding into the left-side pheochromocytoma followed by a release of phenyl alkylamines into the circulation. This resulted in fatal peripheral circulatory failure.", "contents": "[Bilateral pheochromocytoma of the adrenal glands and a solitary neurofibroma of the dorsal mucosa of the tongue associated with a solid medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis]. A female aged 22 died 13 hours after having given birth to a live mature fetus. On autopsy, bilateral phoechromyocytomas, a mucosal neurofibroma of the tongue and a solid medulary carcinoma of the thyroid with amyloid associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis were detected. After parturition, there occurred bleeding into the left-side pheochromocytoma followed by a release of phenyl alkylamines into the circulation. This resulted in fatal peripheral circulatory failure.", "PMID": 581184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_789", "title": "[Collision carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Spinocellular carcinoma, arising from a cyst of the thyroglossal duct and a follicular carcinoma with an anaplastic turn].", "content": "A collision carcinoma of the thyroid was revealed in a surgically removed thyroid affected with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A follicular carcinoma composed of rather uniform and spherical cells. The anaplastic carcinoma appeared to collide with structures of a noncornifying squamous cell carcinoma supposed to originate in the isthmic area from a ductus thyreoglossus cyst.", "contents": "[Collision carcinoma of the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Spinocellular carcinoma, arising from a cyst of the thyroglossal duct and a follicular carcinoma with an anaplastic turn]. A collision carcinoma of the thyroid was revealed in a surgically removed thyroid affected with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A follicular carcinoma composed of rather uniform and spherical cells. The anaplastic carcinoma appeared to collide with structures of a noncornifying squamous cell carcinoma supposed to originate in the isthmic area from a ductus thyreoglossus cyst.", "PMID": 581185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_790", "title": "Effects of cordacin on lymphocyte activity in vitro.", "content": "The effects of cordacin on lymphocyte activity were studied with two parameters in vitro. The cordacin inhibited T lymphocyte E rosette formation by 93% at the concentration of 1,000 microgram/ml and tritiated-thymidine incorporation into PHA-transformed lymphocytes by 66% at the concentration of 10 microgram/ml. The implication of these results on replicating leukemic as well as normal cells is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cordacin on lymphocyte activity in vitro. The effects of cordacin on lymphocyte activity were studied with two parameters in vitro. The cordacin inhibited T lymphocyte E rosette formation by 93% at the concentration of 1,000 microgram/ml and tritiated-thymidine incorporation into PHA-transformed lymphocytes by 66% at the concentration of 10 microgram/ml. The implication of these results on replicating leukemic as well as normal cells is discussed.", "PMID": 581188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_791", "title": "Epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection among orphans in orphanages in Taipei City.", "content": "Children of eight orphanages at the different districts in Taipei were examined with scotch adhesive tape method and flotation of saturated NaCl solution from Sept. 1973 to Jan. 1974. The results are summarized as following: General incidence of Enterobius verminularis was 74.40% in 461 cases examined, male 76.45% (224/293), female 70.83% (119/168). There was no significant statistical difference between the male and female. Incidence of Enterobius among the orphanages was 83.33% (25/30) in Po-Ai, Fu-Ann 82.61% (38/46), Ta-Tung 82.43% (61/74), Hau-Sen 77.25% (34/44), Chung-I 75.00% (51/68), Jen-Ai 72.97% (23/37), Ti-Hwei 72.50% (29/40) and Sen-Tao 63.93% (78/122). There were no significant statistical differences among the orphanages except the differences between Sen-Tao and Ta-Tung; Sen-Tao and Fu-Ann, Sen-Tao and Po-Ai. Incidence of Enterobius according to age-groups: The highest rate was 79.34% (242/305) in primary school group followed by 70.00% (21/30) in kindergarten group, 64.40% (73/114) in Junior high school and the lowest was 63.64% (7/11) in nursery group. There was a significant statistical difference between primary school group and junior school group. (Table 3) The larger the space for the children's free activity was the lower the incidence of Enterobius, and the smaller space resulted in the higher incidence. The distribution of Enterobius ova in the different body parts of the 461 orphans was 80.91% (373/461); The highest 74.40% (343/461) at perianal area and the lowest 11.93% (55/461) at ears. The incidence of Enterobius on the various objects in the orphanages was found as the following: 85.71% (6/7) on bed pans, 83.67% (333/398) on linens, 78.46% (51/65) on w. c. appartus, 77.39% (89/115) on specimens of dust, 13.33% (1/15) on stairrails 8.04% (32/39) on bedposts, 7.33% (11/150) on closets, 4.24% (5/118) on desks and 3.64% (2/55) on toys.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection among orphans in orphanages in Taipei City. Children of eight orphanages at the different districts in Taipei were examined with scotch adhesive tape method and flotation of saturated NaCl solution from Sept. 1973 to Jan. 1974. The results are summarized as following: General incidence of Enterobius verminularis was 74.40% in 461 cases examined, male 76.45% (224/293), female 70.83% (119/168). There was no significant statistical difference between the male and female. Incidence of Enterobius among the orphanages was 83.33% (25/30) in Po-Ai, Fu-Ann 82.61% (38/46), Ta-Tung 82.43% (61/74), Hau-Sen 77.25% (34/44), Chung-I 75.00% (51/68), Jen-Ai 72.97% (23/37), Ti-Hwei 72.50% (29/40) and Sen-Tao 63.93% (78/122). There were no significant statistical differences among the orphanages except the differences between Sen-Tao and Ta-Tung; Sen-Tao and Fu-Ann, Sen-Tao and Po-Ai. Incidence of Enterobius according to age-groups: The highest rate was 79.34% (242/305) in primary school group followed by 70.00% (21/30) in kindergarten group, 64.40% (73/114) in Junior high school and the lowest was 63.64% (7/11) in nursery group. There was a significant statistical difference between primary school group and junior school group. (Table 3) The larger the space for the children's free activity was the lower the incidence of Enterobius, and the smaller space resulted in the higher incidence. The distribution of Enterobius ova in the different body parts of the 461 orphans was 80.91% (373/461); The highest 74.40% (343/461) at perianal area and the lowest 11.93% (55/461) at ears. The incidence of Enterobius on the various objects in the orphanages was found as the following: 85.71% (6/7) on bed pans, 83.67% (333/398) on linens, 78.46% (51/65) on w. c. appartus, 77.39% (89/115) on specimens of dust, 13.33% (1/15) on stairrails 8.04% (32/39) on bedposts, 7.33% (11/150) on closets, 4.24% (5/118) on desks and 3.64% (2/55) on toys.", "PMID": 581190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_792", "title": "Low serum thyroxine due to anti-thyroxine antibody.", "content": "In one case of untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the serum thyroxine (T4) value, obtained by radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing resin to separate bound and free T4, was significantly lower than that obtained by competitive protein binding analysis (CPBA). The discrepancy was found to be due to the presence of anti-thyroxine autoantibody in the serum. This phenomenon is considered to be of practical importance in interpreting the T4 value by RIA in cases with autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "contents": "Low serum thyroxine due to anti-thyroxine antibody. In one case of untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the serum thyroxine (T4) value, obtained by radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing resin to separate bound and free T4, was significantly lower than that obtained by competitive protein binding analysis (CPBA). The discrepancy was found to be due to the presence of anti-thyroxine autoantibody in the serum. This phenomenon is considered to be of practical importance in interpreting the T4 value by RIA in cases with autoimmune thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 581194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_793", "title": "Autogeny in Piophila casei (Diptera, Piophilidae).", "content": "Two long-adapted laboratory strains of Piophila casei originating from Prague were found to be autogenous. However, protein-deprived females compared to protein-fed ones showed lower fecundity and fertility, and somewhat retarded oviposition extended over a longer period.", "contents": "Autogeny in Piophila casei (Diptera, Piophilidae). Two long-adapted laboratory strains of Piophila casei originating from Prague were found to be autogenous. However, protein-deprived females compared to protein-fed ones showed lower fecundity and fertility, and somewhat retarded oviposition extended over a longer period.", "PMID": 581198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_794", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the NK/Ly tumor transplanted into the brain of the mouse.", "content": "The NK/Ly ascites tumor transplanted into the brain of mice is well accepted and the growth is similar to that of malignant lymphomas in the human brain. The authors studied the incorporation of the tritiated thymidine in the malignant lymphoma cells transplanted into brain of the mouse by autoradiographic method.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the NK/Ly tumor transplanted into the brain of the mouse. The NK/Ly ascites tumor transplanted into the brain of mice is well accepted and the growth is similar to that of malignant lymphomas in the human brain. The authors studied the incorporation of the tritiated thymidine in the malignant lymphoma cells transplanted into brain of the mouse by autoradiographic method.", "PMID": 581213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_795", "title": "Febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions: analysis based on a maximum likelihood method and discriminant function.", "content": "Two hundred sixty-two nontreated patients with febrile convulsions only and 107 with later nonfebrile convulsions were analyzed based on a maximum likelihood method and discriminant function. The formula for discrimination is as follows: y = 2.9193 x (basic EEG abnormality at the first examination) + 2.2134 x (more than 20 minutes in duration of convulsion) + 1.7358 (fever under 38.4 degrees C before convulsion) + 1.7005 x (specific EEG abnormality at the first examination) + 1.6703 x (more than 5 recurrences) + 1.5610 x (over 4 years of age at the last convulsion) + 1.4921 x (exogenous causes) + 0.3741 x (family histroy of febrile convulsions among second or third relatives)--3.0397. If an item is positive, coefficient x 1 is to be used, and if it is negative, coefficient x 0 is to be applied. When one classifies patients with y greater than 0 as the FCC group, and those with y less than 0 as the FC group, misclassification may be theoretically expected in 18.9% of cases (accuracy in 81.1%).", "contents": "Febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions: analysis based on a maximum likelihood method and discriminant function. Two hundred sixty-two nontreated patients with febrile convulsions only and 107 with later nonfebrile convulsions were analyzed based on a maximum likelihood method and discriminant function. The formula for discrimination is as follows: y = 2.9193 x (basic EEG abnormality at the first examination) + 2.2134 x (more than 20 minutes in duration of convulsion) + 1.7358 (fever under 38.4 degrees C before convulsion) + 1.7005 x (specific EEG abnormality at the first examination) + 1.6703 x (more than 5 recurrences) + 1.5610 x (over 4 years of age at the last convulsion) + 1.4921 x (exogenous causes) + 0.3741 x (family histroy of febrile convulsions among second or third relatives)--3.0397. If an item is positive, coefficient x 1 is to be used, and if it is negative, coefficient x 0 is to be applied. When one classifies patients with y greater than 0 as the FCC group, and those with y less than 0 as the FC group, misclassification may be theoretically expected in 18.9% of cases (accuracy in 81.1%).", "PMID": 581214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_796", "title": "[Dichotic listening performance in children--development of a reliable test (author's transl)].", "content": "With a new developed and reliable dichotic test (one part monosyllable words, other part monosyllable digits) we could show a significant Right-Ear-Advantage (REA) in children from age six to eight. The determination of an auditory-dominance-index (DI)--in analogy to the DI of handedness by Schilling (1977)--made it possible to determine the different degrees of REA/LEA in individuals or groups. Within the near future the auditory-dominance-index could be an important measure in diagnosis and therapy of child development (i.e. discrimination of language features like phonematics, syntax, semantic, and their lateralisation within ages) as far as standard-scales for all-over-accuity and lateralisation will exist. Our test is the first step to do this.", "contents": "[Dichotic listening performance in children--development of a reliable test (author's transl)]. With a new developed and reliable dichotic test (one part monosyllable words, other part monosyllable digits) we could show a significant Right-Ear-Advantage (REA) in children from age six to eight. The determination of an auditory-dominance-index (DI)--in analogy to the DI of handedness by Schilling (1977)--made it possible to determine the different degrees of REA/LEA in individuals or groups. Within the near future the auditory-dominance-index could be an important measure in diagnosis and therapy of child development (i.e. discrimination of language features like phonematics, syntax, semantic, and their lateralisation within ages) as far as standard-scales for all-over-accuity and lateralisation will exist. Our test is the first step to do this.", "PMID": 581215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_797", "title": "Influences on the absorption of diphenylhydantoin preparations.", "content": "The absorption of different preparations of diphenylhydantoin was studied in 9 healthy persons under different conditions. With both galenic preparations of two different factories (diphenylhydantoin-acid) the absorption was significant by less in the fasting state than after breakfast. Whereas the absorption was almost identical for both preparations in the fasting state, it differed significantly after ingestion of a breakfast: the one preparation, DPH-A, was less well absorbed than the other, DPH-B (7,9 mcg/ml serumconcentration 5 hours after oral administration of 5 mg/kg DPH-B versus 5,7 mcg/ml serumconcentration 5 hours after administration of 5 mg/kg DPH-A).", "contents": "Influences on the absorption of diphenylhydantoin preparations. The absorption of different preparations of diphenylhydantoin was studied in 9 healthy persons under different conditions. With both galenic preparations of two different factories (diphenylhydantoin-acid) the absorption was significant by less in the fasting state than after breakfast. Whereas the absorption was almost identical for both preparations in the fasting state, it differed significantly after ingestion of a breakfast: the one preparation, DPH-A, was less well absorbed than the other, DPH-B (7,9 mcg/ml serumconcentration 5 hours after oral administration of 5 mg/kg DPH-B versus 5,7 mcg/ml serumconcentration 5 hours after administration of 5 mg/kg DPH-A).", "PMID": 581216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_798", "title": "Leukocyte docosahexaenoic acid in juvenile form of ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "Leukocyte glycerolipid fatty acid compositions were determined in four patients of juvenile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Battens disease), their parents and age-matched controls. A 54 to 93% reduction in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) was noted in patient leukocytes. The parents also showed reduction in docosahexaenoic acid content, but to a lesser degree. The levels of linolenic family (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids were unchanged suggesting that the metabolic defect in this disease is specific to the linolenic family (n-3) of fatty acids.", "contents": "Leukocyte docosahexaenoic acid in juvenile form of ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Leukocyte glycerolipid fatty acid compositions were determined in four patients of juvenile form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Battens disease), their parents and age-matched controls. A 54 to 93% reduction in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) was noted in patient leukocytes. The parents also showed reduction in docosahexaenoic acid content, but to a lesser degree. The levels of linolenic family (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids were unchanged suggesting that the metabolic defect in this disease is specific to the linolenic family (n-3) of fatty acids.", "PMID": 581217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_799", "title": "Pseudohydrocephalus-megalocephaly, increased intracranial pressure and widened subarachnoid space.", "content": "Seven children with rapid enlargement of the head and other clinical features resembling hydrocephalus are described. All children remained with relatively large heads, developed slowly and all but one had various degrees of mental and motor handicaps. The EEG was disturbed in all cases; two children developed seizures. Increased intracranial pressure was present. In all patients the subarachnoid space was markedly widened while the ventricular system was normal or minimally dilated. The characteristics of this syndrome, the features distinguishing it from similar conditions as well as its possible mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudohydrocephalus-megalocephaly, increased intracranial pressure and widened subarachnoid space. Seven children with rapid enlargement of the head and other clinical features resembling hydrocephalus are described. All children remained with relatively large heads, developed slowly and all but one had various degrees of mental and motor handicaps. The EEG was disturbed in all cases; two children developed seizures. Increased intracranial pressure was present. In all patients the subarachnoid space was markedly widened while the ventricular system was normal or minimally dilated. The characteristics of this syndrome, the features distinguishing it from similar conditions as well as its possible mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 581218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_800", "title": "Occipital 3-4/s-rhythms in childhood EEG.", "content": "Report of follow-up studies in 65 children with occipital slow rhythms in the EEG (287 records). Two types of occipital rhythms can be differentiated: Paroxysmal bursts of 3--4/s-rhythms with high amplitude (I) accentuated by closing eyes and continuous usually regular occipital 3--4/s-rhythms (II). Type I is identical with the sinusoidal occipital 3/s-rhythms, which are observed especially frequently in childhood epilepsies. It could be demonstrated by follow-up studies, that the phenomenon usually disappears at latest during puberty. --The second type may also disappear during puberty or may even persist until the adult age. This persisting type is identical with what is quoted as \"Grundrhythmusvariante\" in the German literature. The continuous occipital rhythms could be demonstrated at earliest at age 3. The rhythms change their shape, amplitude, frequency and localisation during growth: In children prior to age 10 the rhythms show more often occipital accentuation in monopolar leads (against ear as reference); the amplitudes are higher on average; the frequency is often less than 4/s, and alpha groups preceding the rhythms after closing the eyes are less pronounced than in older children. Subharmonic waves are frequent. In the same manner as in adults a mostly right sided lateralisation can be seen. Genetic factors may be involved in the development of the occipital rhythms, although a simple mendelian transmission could not be confirmed. The EEG phenomenon is correlated with symptoms of psychic and vegetative lability. There is no correlation to epilepsy. The high incidence of anamnestic risk factors suggests that exogenous factors are at least contributing to the development of the rhythms. The continuous occipital 3--4/s-rhythms must be understood as the symptom of a disturbed development of central pacemaker systems. It can lead to persisting abnormalities or only occur transitorily in certain stages of the brain maturation.", "contents": "Occipital 3-4/s-rhythms in childhood EEG. Report of follow-up studies in 65 children with occipital slow rhythms in the EEG (287 records). Two types of occipital rhythms can be differentiated: Paroxysmal bursts of 3--4/s-rhythms with high amplitude (I) accentuated by closing eyes and continuous usually regular occipital 3--4/s-rhythms (II). Type I is identical with the sinusoidal occipital 3/s-rhythms, which are observed especially frequently in childhood epilepsies. It could be demonstrated by follow-up studies, that the phenomenon usually disappears at latest during puberty. --The second type may also disappear during puberty or may even persist until the adult age. This persisting type is identical with what is quoted as \"Grundrhythmusvariante\" in the German literature. The continuous occipital rhythms could be demonstrated at earliest at age 3. The rhythms change their shape, amplitude, frequency and localisation during growth: In children prior to age 10 the rhythms show more often occipital accentuation in monopolar leads (against ear as reference); the amplitudes are higher on average; the frequency is often less than 4/s, and alpha groups preceding the rhythms after closing the eyes are less pronounced than in older children. Subharmonic waves are frequent. In the same manner as in adults a mostly right sided lateralisation can be seen. Genetic factors may be involved in the development of the occipital rhythms, although a simple mendelian transmission could not be confirmed. The EEG phenomenon is correlated with symptoms of psychic and vegetative lability. There is no correlation to epilepsy. The high incidence of anamnestic risk factors suggests that exogenous factors are at least contributing to the development of the rhythms. The continuous occipital 3--4/s-rhythms must be understood as the symptom of a disturbed development of central pacemaker systems. It can lead to persisting abnormalities or only occur transitorily in certain stages of the brain maturation.", "PMID": 581219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_801", "title": "Benign familial neonatal convulsions.", "content": "A male neonate presented with very frequent seizures, from the second day of life until the age of two weeks. Subsequently, convulsions did not recur. The patient, 7 years of age at present, has developed normally. Family history revealed transient neonatal convulsions in 8 other family members. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Benign familial neonatal convulsions. A male neonate presented with very frequent seizures, from the second day of life until the age of two weeks. Subsequently, convulsions did not recur. The patient, 7 years of age at present, has developed normally. Family history revealed transient neonatal convulsions in 8 other family members. The condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "PMID": 581220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_802", "title": "Congenital Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (Seitelberger type), malformation and cystic degeneration of the central nervous system.", "content": "The present paper reports on the case of a neonate child with multiple malformations affecting osteogenesis and the central nervous system (microcephaly, pachygyria). Morphologically, myelin staining supplied evidence of the total lack of myelin sheaths (myelin aplasia). The cerebellar cortex was malformed and altered by cystic degeneration. Electron microscopy confirmed the aplasia of the myelin sheaths and revealed the presence of concentric multilamellar formations in the glial cells (myelination glia), and in areas of cystic degeneration. The morphologic aspects clearly showed the relationship of this congenital aplasia of the myelin sheaths with the congenital Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (Seitelberger type). The cystic degeneration differs from the spongy degeneration of the brain (van Bogaert-Bertrand disease) and should be considered a result of maldeveloped nervous tissue.", "contents": "Congenital Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (Seitelberger type), malformation and cystic degeneration of the central nervous system. The present paper reports on the case of a neonate child with multiple malformations affecting osteogenesis and the central nervous system (microcephaly, pachygyria). Morphologically, myelin staining supplied evidence of the total lack of myelin sheaths (myelin aplasia). The cerebellar cortex was malformed and altered by cystic degeneration. Electron microscopy confirmed the aplasia of the myelin sheaths and revealed the presence of concentric multilamellar formations in the glial cells (myelination glia), and in areas of cystic degeneration. The morphologic aspects clearly showed the relationship of this congenital aplasia of the myelin sheaths with the congenital Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (Seitelberger type). The cystic degeneration differs from the spongy degeneration of the brain (van Bogaert-Bertrand disease) and should be considered a result of maldeveloped nervous tissue.", "PMID": 581221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_803", "title": "An unusual case of phenytoin intoxication.", "content": "A case of a ten years old boy is reported who developed a severe intoxication after changing the phenytoin treatment from the calcium salt to the free acid. The difference in bioavailability reduced the drug requirement to 55% of the previous dose. The child was receiving also sodium valproate and clonazepam. Serial measurements revealed a significant inverse correlation between the toxic phenytoin serum concentration and the serum level of valproic acid. The measurements of phenytoin as well as of valproic acid in this case have shown again the value of routine monitoring of anticonvulsant therapy.", "contents": "An unusual case of phenytoin intoxication. A case of a ten years old boy is reported who developed a severe intoxication after changing the phenytoin treatment from the calcium salt to the free acid. The difference in bioavailability reduced the drug requirement to 55% of the previous dose. The child was receiving also sodium valproate and clonazepam. Serial measurements revealed a significant inverse correlation between the toxic phenytoin serum concentration and the serum level of valproic acid. The measurements of phenytoin as well as of valproic acid in this case have shown again the value of routine monitoring of anticonvulsant therapy.", "PMID": 581222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_804", "title": "Hereditary mirror movements--a case report.", "content": "A five-year-old girl with abnormal mirror movements is described. The phenomenon is observed in the distal parts of the extremities and is most marked in the hands. An extensive neuropediatric examination including computerized tomography of the brain has not revealed any further abnormalities, nor has it been possible to identify the pathogenetic mechanism. The clinical picture corresponds to that previously reported in cases of hereditary mirror movements--a condition with unknown pathogenesis affecting individuals that in other respects are neurologically normal. The disorder is considered to be dominantly inherited but in this case available data suggest a recessive mode of inheritance. There is no doubt that the girl of this report is getting increasingly embarrassed by her condition. Obviously mirror movements of this degree constitute a slight to moderate handicap.", "contents": "Hereditary mirror movements--a case report. A five-year-old girl with abnormal mirror movements is described. The phenomenon is observed in the distal parts of the extremities and is most marked in the hands. An extensive neuropediatric examination including computerized tomography of the brain has not revealed any further abnormalities, nor has it been possible to identify the pathogenetic mechanism. The clinical picture corresponds to that previously reported in cases of hereditary mirror movements--a condition with unknown pathogenesis affecting individuals that in other respects are neurologically normal. The disorder is considered to be dominantly inherited but in this case available data suggest a recessive mode of inheritance. There is no doubt that the girl of this report is getting increasingly embarrassed by her condition. Obviously mirror movements of this degree constitute a slight to moderate handicap.", "PMID": 581223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_805", "title": "[Emergency surgery of tumors of the small intestine].", "content": "Ten cases of serious complications requiring emergency surgery in patients with tumours of the small intestine are presented: 3 cases of peritonitis due to perforation of a fibroleiomyoma, a jejunal adenocarcinoma, and an ileal lymphosarcoma; 3 invaginations (1 ileocolic due to an ileal polyp, and 2 ileoileal due to lymphoma and polypoid metastasis of melanoma; 3 stenosis (ileal owing to metastasis of melanoma, and duodenal and of the duodenojejunal flexure due to histologically unascertained neoplasias); 1 massive enterorrhagia from ileal anaplastic carcinoma. The frequency of such pictures is not negligible when assessed in terms of emergency surgical pathology and compared with other emergency situations arising in patients with tumours. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult even from the clinical history. Tumours of the small intestine appear to give rise to such complications in their initial stages.", "contents": "[Emergency surgery of tumors of the small intestine]. Ten cases of serious complications requiring emergency surgery in patients with tumours of the small intestine are presented: 3 cases of peritonitis due to perforation of a fibroleiomyoma, a jejunal adenocarcinoma, and an ileal lymphosarcoma; 3 invaginations (1 ileocolic due to an ileal polyp, and 2 ileoileal due to lymphoma and polypoid metastasis of melanoma; 3 stenosis (ileal owing to metastasis of melanoma, and duodenal and of the duodenojejunal flexure due to histologically unascertained neoplasias); 1 massive enterorrhagia from ileal anaplastic carcinoma. The frequency of such pictures is not negligible when assessed in terms of emergency surgical pathology and compared with other emergency situations arising in patients with tumours. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult even from the clinical history. Tumours of the small intestine appear to give rise to such complications in their initial stages.", "PMID": 581225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_806", "title": "[Epicutaneous electrical recording for immediate diagnosis of the site of intestinal occlusions and subocclusions].", "content": "64 patients have been studied by means of an original abdominal epicutaneous electric recording technique. Cases of intestinal paralysis did not show up waves of particular importance while cases of intestinal occlusion showed waves of three basic types. A close relationship was found between types of waves and occlusion localization. The physiopathological and clinical implications of this diagnostic approach are discussed.", "contents": "[Epicutaneous electrical recording for immediate diagnosis of the site of intestinal occlusions and subocclusions]. 64 patients have been studied by means of an original abdominal epicutaneous electric recording technique. Cases of intestinal paralysis did not show up waves of particular importance while cases of intestinal occlusion showed waves of three basic types. A close relationship was found between types of waves and occlusion localization. The physiopathological and clinical implications of this diagnostic approach are discussed.", "PMID": 581226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_807", "title": "Effect of aminophyllin and dexamethasone on secretion of pulmonary surfactant in fetal rabbits.", "content": "Aminophyllin, dexamethasone, or saline was injected into 27.5-day fetal rabbits 2.5 hr before sacrifice, after which static pressure-volume curves with air were performed. In further similar experiments the lungs were lavaged with physiologic saline which was analysed for total phospholipid content. There were no changes in total lung capacity (TLC) induced with either aminophyllin or dexamethasone. The lungs of fetal rabbits injected with saline retained 44% TLC (+/-3 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O trans-pulmonary pressure compared with 48% TLC (+/-3 SE) in those injected with dexamethasone, a difference which was not statistically significant. In contrast, the lungs of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin retained 53% TLC (+/-2 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O pressure, a significant increase when compared with saline controls (P less than 0.01). There were no changes in lung weight or lung water. These results were interpreted to mean that aminophyllin decreased surface tension and augmented secretion of pulmonary surfactant. This was supported by finding significantly increased total phospholipid recovered in the lung lavage fluid of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin, 62 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-6 SE) compared with 32 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-3 SE) in saline controls (P less than 0.05). Phospholipid recovered from dexamethasone-injected fetal rabbits was not significantly increased, 38 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-4 SE).", "contents": "Effect of aminophyllin and dexamethasone on secretion of pulmonary surfactant in fetal rabbits. Aminophyllin, dexamethasone, or saline was injected into 27.5-day fetal rabbits 2.5 hr before sacrifice, after which static pressure-volume curves with air were performed. In further similar experiments the lungs were lavaged with physiologic saline which was analysed for total phospholipid content. There were no changes in total lung capacity (TLC) induced with either aminophyllin or dexamethasone. The lungs of fetal rabbits injected with saline retained 44% TLC (+/-3 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O trans-pulmonary pressure compared with 48% TLC (+/-3 SE) in those injected with dexamethasone, a difference which was not statistically significant. In contrast, the lungs of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin retained 53% TLC (+/-2 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O pressure, a significant increase when compared with saline controls (P less than 0.01). There were no changes in lung weight or lung water. These results were interpreted to mean that aminophyllin decreased surface tension and augmented secretion of pulmonary surfactant. This was supported by finding significantly increased total phospholipid recovered in the lung lavage fluid of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin, 62 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-6 SE) compared with 32 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-3 SE) in saline controls (P less than 0.05). Phospholipid recovered from dexamethasone-injected fetal rabbits was not significantly increased, 38 microgram/g dry lung weight (+/-4 SE).", "PMID": 581229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_808", "title": "Surface viscosity of surfactant films from human lungs.", "content": "The surface shear viscosity of films of human lung surfactant was measured using a rotary traction viscometer. At low shear rates dilute surfactant films (surface coverage 2.5--10 cm2/microgram lung extract) exhibited a low viscosity. Increasing the film concentration initially produced only a small increase in viscosity but, after a certain concentration, the film viscosity increased very markedly. The viscosity range for the most disperse (coverage 10 cm2/microgram extract) to the most concentrated film (0.6 cm2/microgram extract) was about 2.0 X 10(-4) g . sec-1 to 2.2 X 10(-2) g . sec-1. Surfactant film viscosity was also found to depend on the temperature of the subphase, higher viscosities being achieved when the subphase temperature was lowered. At low surface concentrations, surfactant films behaved in a strictly Newtonian manner. In contrast, at concentrations above 5.5 cm2/microgram extract they showed mildly non-Newtonian behaviour in that the magnitude of their surface viscosity was dependent on the rate of shear. The results suggest that films of human lung surfactant probably consist of both lipids and protein, and that the protein fraction plays a major part in determining the rheological properties of the films.", "contents": "Surface viscosity of surfactant films from human lungs. The surface shear viscosity of films of human lung surfactant was measured using a rotary traction viscometer. At low shear rates dilute surfactant films (surface coverage 2.5--10 cm2/microgram lung extract) exhibited a low viscosity. Increasing the film concentration initially produced only a small increase in viscosity but, after a certain concentration, the film viscosity increased very markedly. The viscosity range for the most disperse (coverage 10 cm2/microgram extract) to the most concentrated film (0.6 cm2/microgram extract) was about 2.0 X 10(-4) g . sec-1 to 2.2 X 10(-2) g . sec-1. Surfactant film viscosity was also found to depend on the temperature of the subphase, higher viscosities being achieved when the subphase temperature was lowered. At low surface concentrations, surfactant films behaved in a strictly Newtonian manner. In contrast, at concentrations above 5.5 cm2/microgram extract they showed mildly non-Newtonian behaviour in that the magnitude of their surface viscosity was dependent on the rate of shear. The results suggest that films of human lung surfactant probably consist of both lipids and protein, and that the protein fraction plays a major part in determining the rheological properties of the films.", "PMID": 581235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_809", "title": "The HLA B w4/w6 diallelic system in Graves' disease.", "content": "We studied the diallelic system HLA--Bw4/w6 in patients with Graves' disease and control subjects. Twenty-one out of the 22 patients with Graves' disease were found to be HLA--Bw6 positive and 16 of these were homozygous, contrasted with 28 and 9 out of 34 controls, respectively. HLA--Bw6 positivity results in a relative risk for Graves' disease of 3.27; homozygosity for that allele further increases the risk to 7.4. It is possible that the increased risk attached to HLA--Bw6 is secondary to the increase in HLA--B8 previously described in Graves' disease.", "contents": "The HLA B w4/w6 diallelic system in Graves' disease. We studied the diallelic system HLA--Bw4/w6 in patients with Graves' disease and control subjects. Twenty-one out of the 22 patients with Graves' disease were found to be HLA--Bw6 positive and 16 of these were homozygous, contrasted with 28 and 9 out of 34 controls, respectively. HLA--Bw6 positivity results in a relative risk for Graves' disease of 3.27; homozygosity for that allele further increases the risk to 7.4. It is possible that the increased risk attached to HLA--Bw6 is secondary to the increase in HLA--B8 previously described in Graves' disease.", "PMID": 581239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_810", "title": "HLA/Bf haplotypes in a Newfoundland family.", "content": "HLA/Bf haplotypes were examined in a large three-generation Newfoundland family with a high incidence of Graves' disease. In that family Graves' disease was inherited in association with the haplotype HLA Aw24, Bw39 in some instances and with HLA B8-containing haplotypes in other instances. As all seven members of the family who suffered from Graves' disease were homozygous for the Bf S allele, the study for Bf was uninformative. However, the examination of other HLA/Bf haplotypes disclosed some interesting associations. One-hundred-and-five out of 168 HLA-A, -B, -Bf haplotypes were Bf S. Although numerically deviant, no unusual HLA B/Bf associations were observed. Bf F entered the family only once. A new finding is the association between HLA B27 and Bf S1; the haplotype entered the family once and was passed on to eight family members over three generations. Bf S1 was previously reported in association with HLA B12 or W21. None of these family members had ankylosing spondylitis. The Bf allele F1 entered the family three times, always in association with HLA B18.", "contents": "HLA/Bf haplotypes in a Newfoundland family. HLA/Bf haplotypes were examined in a large three-generation Newfoundland family with a high incidence of Graves' disease. In that family Graves' disease was inherited in association with the haplotype HLA Aw24, Bw39 in some instances and with HLA B8-containing haplotypes in other instances. As all seven members of the family who suffered from Graves' disease were homozygous for the Bf S allele, the study for Bf was uninformative. However, the examination of other HLA/Bf haplotypes disclosed some interesting associations. One-hundred-and-five out of 168 HLA-A, -B, -Bf haplotypes were Bf S. Although numerically deviant, no unusual HLA B/Bf associations were observed. Bf F entered the family only once. A new finding is the association between HLA B27 and Bf S1; the haplotype entered the family once and was passed on to eight family members over three generations. Bf S1 was previously reported in association with HLA B12 or W21. None of these family members had ankylosing spondylitis. The Bf allele F1 entered the family three times, always in association with HLA B18.", "PMID": 581240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_811", "title": "The incidence of thyroiditis lesions in nodular goiter.", "content": "On the basis of clinical and biological data, surgical investigation and histopathological aspects, a number of 35 localized froms of thyroiditis have been given a diagnosis in order to assess their incidence in case of both nodular goiter and chronical inflammatory processes at the thyroid gland level. Three possibilities are considered: the proper inflammatory lesions--granulomatous, lymphoplasmocitary and ligneous thyroiditis, the cystic formations circumscribed by the glandular tissue with inflammatory signs as well as the association of thyroid cancer with chronic thyroiditis--seldom reported in literature--upon which 2 observations have been made.", "contents": "The incidence of thyroiditis lesions in nodular goiter. On the basis of clinical and biological data, surgical investigation and histopathological aspects, a number of 35 localized froms of thyroiditis have been given a diagnosis in order to assess their incidence in case of both nodular goiter and chronical inflammatory processes at the thyroid gland level. Three possibilities are considered: the proper inflammatory lesions--granulomatous, lymphoplasmocitary and ligneous thyroiditis, the cystic formations circumscribed by the glandular tissue with inflammatory signs as well as the association of thyroid cancer with chronic thyroiditis--seldom reported in literature--upon which 2 observations have been made.", "PMID": 581238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_812", "title": "[Radionuclide therapy of malignant tumors].", "content": "A survey is given on the modern possibilities of the therapy of malignant tumours with radiopharmaca. In detail the following methods of treatment introduced into the nuclearmedical therapy are described: 1. Radioiodine therapy in folliculary and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland, 2. Radiophosphorus therapy in polycythaemia vera and myeloproliferative syndrome, 3. Radiogold therapy in peritoneal and pleural carcinoses, 4. Intrathecal radionuclide application in meningeosis leucaemica, 5. Intralymphatic radionuclide application to the therapy of malignant lymphomas, 6. Radionuclide therapy of multiple bone metastases. With the help of literature and own experiences the author enters the indication and the performance of the therapy as well as the possible successes of treatment, when using the therapy forms mentioned.", "contents": "[Radionuclide therapy of malignant tumors]. A survey is given on the modern possibilities of the therapy of malignant tumours with radiopharmaca. In detail the following methods of treatment introduced into the nuclearmedical therapy are described: 1. Radioiodine therapy in folliculary and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland, 2. Radiophosphorus therapy in polycythaemia vera and myeloproliferative syndrome, 3. Radiogold therapy in peritoneal and pleural carcinoses, 4. Intrathecal radionuclide application in meningeosis leucaemica, 5. Intralymphatic radionuclide application to the therapy of malignant lymphomas, 6. Radionuclide therapy of multiple bone metastases. With the help of literature and own experiences the author enters the indication and the performance of the therapy as well as the possible successes of treatment, when using the therapy forms mentioned.", "PMID": 581247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_813", "title": "[Regional epidemiologic characteristics of combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis, endemic rickettsioses and leptospirosis in Western Siberia].", "content": "The authors carried out complex study of combined foci of infections with natural foci in Western Siberia and their reflection in human pathology. The results of serological examination of 5917 persons and of 1743 of farm animals in respect to tick-borne encephalitis, Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis, Q-rickettsiosis, and leptospiroses are analysed. Affection of the population with all the four infections in all the landscape zones under study was shown; the intensity of this affection with different infections differed. Combined natural foci of the mentioned infections were found to be widespread; epidemiological significance of such combination was unequal in different ladscapes, this depending on the ladscape characteristics of the natural foci of infections under study and of different ways of transmission of their causative agents.", "contents": "[Regional epidemiologic characteristics of combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis, endemic rickettsioses and leptospirosis in Western Siberia]. The authors carried out complex study of combined foci of infections with natural foci in Western Siberia and their reflection in human pathology. The results of serological examination of 5917 persons and of 1743 of farm animals in respect to tick-borne encephalitis, Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis, Q-rickettsiosis, and leptospiroses are analysed. Affection of the population with all the four infections in all the landscape zones under study was shown; the intensity of this affection with different infections differed. Combined natural foci of the mentioned infections were found to be widespread; epidemiological significance of such combination was unequal in different ladscapes, this depending on the ladscape characteristics of the natural foci of infections under study and of different ways of transmission of their causative agents.", "PMID": 581250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_814", "title": "Meniscectomy. A comparison of two series treated as outpatients and inpatients.", "content": "A total of 129 patients were operated on for meniscus lesion in the knee joint. Of these, 64 were operated as outpatients and 65 as inpatients. The outpatients reported to the operation department in the morning and left the hospital in the evening of the same day, after the operations. The inpatients were admitted to the hospital the day before the operation and were discharged 1--3 days after the operation. Objective postoperative findings, sick-leave periods and the number of visits to the outpatient clinic show no differences between the groups. The end result in the two groups is the same. This investigation also shows that it is possible to operate on patients with meniscus injury as outpatients without increased discomfort for the individual and without medical risks. Thus expensive nursing resources are released for other groups requiring more nursing care.", "contents": "Meniscectomy. A comparison of two series treated as outpatients and inpatients. A total of 129 patients were operated on for meniscus lesion in the knee joint. Of these, 64 were operated as outpatients and 65 as inpatients. The outpatients reported to the operation department in the morning and left the hospital in the evening of the same day, after the operations. The inpatients were admitted to the hospital the day before the operation and were discharged 1--3 days after the operation. Objective postoperative findings, sick-leave periods and the number of visits to the outpatient clinic show no differences between the groups. The end result in the two groups is the same. This investigation also shows that it is possible to operate on patients with meniscus injury as outpatients without increased discomfort for the individual and without medical risks. Thus expensive nursing resources are released for other groups requiring more nursing care.", "PMID": 581251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_815", "title": "Immediate effects of meniscectomy on the knee joint. The effects of tensile load on knee joint ligaments in dogs.", "content": "Tensile strength variables for the collateral ligaments were compared after excision of the meniscus in one knee, the corresponding meniscus in the contralateral knee of the same dog being intact. Removal of the meniscus was associated with a three-fold increase in initial laxity, two-fold for the lateral and three-fold for the medical ligament. The maximum tensile load uptake of the medial collateral ligament was reduced by more than 10 per cent after medial meniscectomy; the load uptake of the lateral ligament was not affected by lateral meniscectomy. It is proposed that tensile loads are distributed more favourably in the medial collateral ligament by the intact medial meniscus with firm capsular attachments than in the \"normal\" ligament after meniscectomy.", "contents": "Immediate effects of meniscectomy on the knee joint. The effects of tensile load on knee joint ligaments in dogs. Tensile strength variables for the collateral ligaments were compared after excision of the meniscus in one knee, the corresponding meniscus in the contralateral knee of the same dog being intact. Removal of the meniscus was associated with a three-fold increase in initial laxity, two-fold for the lateral and three-fold for the medical ligament. The maximum tensile load uptake of the medial collateral ligament was reduced by more than 10 per cent after medial meniscectomy; the load uptake of the lateral ligament was not affected by lateral meniscectomy. It is proposed that tensile loads are distributed more favourably in the medial collateral ligament by the intact medial meniscus with firm capsular attachments than in the \"normal\" ligament after meniscectomy.", "PMID": 581252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_816", "title": "Serum complement level in dogs with neoplastic disease.", "content": "The hemolytic reactivity of complement obtained from 119 dogs with and without cancer has been determined. Dogs with cancer were divided retrospectively, into 2 groups--dogs with lymphosarcoma (37) and dogs with malignant neoplasms other than lymphosarcoma (31). Normal dogs (21) served as a control group. Also, for comparison, complement reactivity was determined on sera from a 4th group composed of a limited number (30) of dogs with serious systemic illnesses other than neoplasia. There was no significant difference among means for hemolytic complement reactivity of the 4 groups. However, when the dispersion of hemolytic complement values within each group of abnormal dogs was compared with that of normal dogs by variance ratio testing, it was found that all abnormal groups had highly significant greater variances than did normal dogs.", "contents": "Serum complement level in dogs with neoplastic disease. The hemolytic reactivity of complement obtained from 119 dogs with and without cancer has been determined. Dogs with cancer were divided retrospectively, into 2 groups--dogs with lymphosarcoma (37) and dogs with malignant neoplasms other than lymphosarcoma (31). Normal dogs (21) served as a control group. Also, for comparison, complement reactivity was determined on sera from a 4th group composed of a limited number (30) of dogs with serious systemic illnesses other than neoplasia. There was no significant difference among means for hemolytic complement reactivity of the 4 groups. However, when the dispersion of hemolytic complement values within each group of abnormal dogs was compared with that of normal dogs by variance ratio testing, it was found that all abnormal groups had highly significant greater variances than did normal dogs.", "PMID": 581256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_817", "title": "Metabolic and toxic behaviours of phthalimide derivatives in albino rat II. Placental passage of chloromethyl phthalimide, oxymethyl phthalimide and phthalimide--their fetal metabolism.", "content": "Chloromethyl phthalimide, oxymethyl phthalimide, and phthalimide are absorbed by the albino rat at a comparatively high rate. Only phthalimide, the metabolic product, will be recordable from fetuses, following oral administration of chloromethyl phthalimide and oxymethyl phthalimide topregnant rats. Those findings, in conjunction with metabolic studies applied to fetuses isolated by caesarian section, appear to suggest the occurrence of an intensive metabolism in fetal tissue. Certain differences established between results of thin-layer chromatography, on the one hand, and 15N studies, on the other, are likely to support the assumption that phthalimide is further metabolised by splitting the imide ring yielding phthalamic acid.", "contents": "Metabolic and toxic behaviours of phthalimide derivatives in albino rat II. Placental passage of chloromethyl phthalimide, oxymethyl phthalimide and phthalimide--their fetal metabolism. Chloromethyl phthalimide, oxymethyl phthalimide, and phthalimide are absorbed by the albino rat at a comparatively high rate. Only phthalimide, the metabolic product, will be recordable from fetuses, following oral administration of chloromethyl phthalimide and oxymethyl phthalimide topregnant rats. Those findings, in conjunction with metabolic studies applied to fetuses isolated by caesarian section, appear to suggest the occurrence of an intensive metabolism in fetal tissue. Certain differences established between results of thin-layer chromatography, on the one hand, and 15N studies, on the other, are likely to support the assumption that phthalimide is further metabolised by splitting the imide ring yielding phthalamic acid.", "PMID": 581258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_818", "title": "[Acute fatal copper intoxication. Casuistic and considerations on differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "If the diagnosis of copper-intoxication cannot be made by determination of copper in the collected specimen of the intestine, there may be problems in the differential diagnosis. In Wilson's disease and other cases of symptomatical hypercupriaemia copper content of brain tissues is elevated, while it is normal in acute copper intoxication.", "contents": "[Acute fatal copper intoxication. Casuistic and considerations on differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. If the diagnosis of copper-intoxication cannot be made by determination of copper in the collected specimen of the intestine, there may be problems in the differential diagnosis. In Wilson's disease and other cases of symptomatical hypercupriaemia copper content of brain tissues is elevated, while it is normal in acute copper intoxication.", "PMID": 581259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_819", "title": "Effect of acute and chronic cadmium treatment on hepatic drug metabolism in male rats.", "content": "The effect of acute and chronic cadmium administration on hepatic drug metabolism was investigated in the male rat. 3 days after the acute administration of cadmium by either the intraperitoneal (0.84 mg Cd/kg) or the oral (greater than 80 mg Cd/kg) route, there was a significant potentiation in duration of hexobarbital hypnosis and inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital and aniline. Administration of cadmium in the drinking water at levels of 100 or 200 ppm Cd for periods of 2--12 weeks or at levels of 5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks did not produce alterations in either drug response or hepatitic drug metabolism. Significant levels of metallothionein, a cadmium binding protein, found in the liver of the rats receiving cadmium chronically may offer an explanation for the observed differences in drug metabolism between the acute and chronic administration of cadmium. In additional studies, pretreatment of the rats with subthreshold doses of cadmium (0.21 or 0.42 mg Cd/kg) intraperitoneally produced a tolerance to the alterations in drug metabolism induced by the previous cadmium dose (0.84 mg Cd/kg, i.p.). However, chronic cadmium treatment (5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks) did not impart any such tolerance to subsequently administered Cd (0.84 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route. The hepatic levels of metallothionein induced by the chronic cadmium treatment were only 30--60% of those induced by the subthreshold cadmium and thus may not have bound enough of the large challenge cadmium dose to produce the tolerance phenomenon.", "contents": "Effect of acute and chronic cadmium treatment on hepatic drug metabolism in male rats. The effect of acute and chronic cadmium administration on hepatic drug metabolism was investigated in the male rat. 3 days after the acute administration of cadmium by either the intraperitoneal (0.84 mg Cd/kg) or the oral (greater than 80 mg Cd/kg) route, there was a significant potentiation in duration of hexobarbital hypnosis and inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital and aniline. Administration of cadmium in the drinking water at levels of 100 or 200 ppm Cd for periods of 2--12 weeks or at levels of 5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks did not produce alterations in either drug response or hepatitic drug metabolism. Significant levels of metallothionein, a cadmium binding protein, found in the liver of the rats receiving cadmium chronically may offer an explanation for the observed differences in drug metabolism between the acute and chronic administration of cadmium. In additional studies, pretreatment of the rats with subthreshold doses of cadmium (0.21 or 0.42 mg Cd/kg) intraperitoneally produced a tolerance to the alterations in drug metabolism induced by the previous cadmium dose (0.84 mg Cd/kg, i.p.). However, chronic cadmium treatment (5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks) did not impart any such tolerance to subsequently administered Cd (0.84 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route. The hepatic levels of metallothionein induced by the chronic cadmium treatment were only 30--60% of those induced by the subthreshold cadmium and thus may not have bound enough of the large challenge cadmium dose to produce the tolerance phenomenon.", "PMID": 581260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_820", "title": "The modifying effect of multiple generation selection and dietary cadmium on methyl mercury toxicity in Japanese quail.", "content": "Japanese quails were exposed to dietary methyl mercury chloride in graded amounts from 2--8 ppm through a series of multiple-generation experiments with the experimental periods lasting from 6--12 weeks, starting with the experimental diets when the birds were 6 weeks old. Cadmium chloride was added to diets with and without mercury and fed to groups in three of the five experiments. Hatchability was depressed at 8 ppm mercury. The mortality of chicks from 8 ppm exposed parents was 100% in the first two generations, while chick mortality at the 4 ppm level in the same experiments was 54--63%. After six generations mortality in chicks hatched in 8 ppm group was reduced to about 50%. Cadmium supplementation at a level of 5 ppm counteracted the mercury-induced toxicity but failed to be effective in preventing the effects of mercury toxicity when added at 15 ppm level. Significant toxic effects of cadmium alone did not occur until the level was raised to 60 ppm. The morphology of mercury-induced encephalopathy was similar to the brain lesions reported in other bird species, with the injuries predominantly being localized to the cerebellar cortex and medulla.", "contents": "The modifying effect of multiple generation selection and dietary cadmium on methyl mercury toxicity in Japanese quail. Japanese quails were exposed to dietary methyl mercury chloride in graded amounts from 2--8 ppm through a series of multiple-generation experiments with the experimental periods lasting from 6--12 weeks, starting with the experimental diets when the birds were 6 weeks old. Cadmium chloride was added to diets with and without mercury and fed to groups in three of the five experiments. Hatchability was depressed at 8 ppm mercury. The mortality of chicks from 8 ppm exposed parents was 100% in the first two generations, while chick mortality at the 4 ppm level in the same experiments was 54--63%. After six generations mortality in chicks hatched in 8 ppm group was reduced to about 50%. Cadmium supplementation at a level of 5 ppm counteracted the mercury-induced toxicity but failed to be effective in preventing the effects of mercury toxicity when added at 15 ppm level. Significant toxic effects of cadmium alone did not occur until the level was raised to 60 ppm. The morphology of mercury-induced encephalopathy was similar to the brain lesions reported in other bird species, with the injuries predominantly being localized to the cerebellar cortex and medulla.", "PMID": 581262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_821", "title": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from a type-II segment.", "content": "1. Amino acid-sequence studies were done on a peptide of mol.wt. approx. 12500 that was isolated from the highly helical fragments obtained by partial chymotryptic digestion of the low-sulphur proteins (S-carboxymethylkerateine-A) from wool. 2. The peptides obtained by tryptic and chymotryptic digestion of this large peptide were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH8.5 with an (NH4)(2)CO(3) concentration gradient and, where necessary, purified further by paper electrophoresis. 3. Determination of the sequences of many of these peptides showed that a high proportion of the cationic residues occurs in pairs. 4. Although two of the four S-carboxymethylcysteine residues are located in what appears to be a non-helical region near the N-terminus the other two S-carboxymethylcysteine residues occur in or near sequences suggesting a helical conformation. 5. Some peptides were obtained, in low yields, that appeared to be homologues of more major ones. These suggest either homologies in the helical portions of the low-sulphur proteins or the presence of closely related amino acid sequences in helical regions of completely different origins. 6. A partial sequence of the complete peptide is proposed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from a type-II segment. 1. Amino acid-sequence studies were done on a peptide of mol.wt. approx. 12500 that was isolated from the highly helical fragments obtained by partial chymotryptic digestion of the low-sulphur proteins (S-carboxymethylkerateine-A) from wool. 2. The peptides obtained by tryptic and chymotryptic digestion of this large peptide were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH8.5 with an (NH4)(2)CO(3) concentration gradient and, where necessary, purified further by paper electrophoresis. 3. Determination of the sequences of many of these peptides showed that a high proportion of the cationic residues occurs in pairs. 4. Although two of the four S-carboxymethylcysteine residues are located in what appears to be a non-helical region near the N-terminus the other two S-carboxymethylcysteine residues occur in or near sequences suggesting a helical conformation. 5. Some peptides were obtained, in low yields, that appeared to be homologues of more major ones. These suggest either homologies in the helical portions of the low-sulphur proteins or the presence of closely related amino acid sequences in helical regions of completely different origins. 6. A partial sequence of the complete peptide is proposed.", "PMID": 581263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_822", "title": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Complete sequence of a type-II segment.", "content": "1. The helical fragments obtained by partial chymotryptic digestion of S-carboxymethylkeratine-A, the low-sulphur fraction from wool, were fractionated into type-I and type-II helical segments in aqueous urea under conditions limiting carbamoylation. 2. The amino acid sequence of a 109-residue type-II segment was completed by using the sequenator. 3. When the data were incorporated into a helical model of 3.6 residues per turn the hydrophobic residues generated a band aligned at a slight angle to the helical axis. This result is in accord with the postulated coiled-coil structure of the crystalline regions of alpha-keratin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of alpha-helical segments from S-carboxymethylkerateine-A. Complete sequence of a type-II segment. 1. The helical fragments obtained by partial chymotryptic digestion of S-carboxymethylkeratine-A, the low-sulphur fraction from wool, were fractionated into type-I and type-II helical segments in aqueous urea under conditions limiting carbamoylation. 2. The amino acid sequence of a 109-residue type-II segment was completed by using the sequenator. 3. When the data were incorporated into a helical model of 3.6 residues per turn the hydrophobic residues generated a band aligned at a slight angle to the helical axis. This result is in accord with the postulated coiled-coil structure of the crystalline regions of alpha-keratin.", "PMID": 581264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_823", "title": "Binding of iodomercurates to sulfhydryl-blocked beta-lactoglobulin-A, -B, and -C.", "content": "Sulfhydryl-blocked beta-lactoglobulins (beta-LG-S-SCH2CH2OH)-A, -B, and -C bind only one iodomercurate species, HgI3-, at only one site, with a dissociation constant of 4.0 X 10(-5) M at 25 degrees, pH 5.0, 0.10 ionic strength. (Binding to native beta-LG-SH-A, -B, and -C is more complex, involving the sulfhydryl and two other sites and several iodomercurates.) The red shift of the HgI3- spectrum on binding would ordinarily suggest a hydrophobic site, but the HgI3- site is distinct from, and independent of, the alkane-binding site of native and blocked beta-LG; HgI3- may bind a group that shifts its trigonal planar structure toward the tetrahedron of HgI4(2-). Binding of HgI3- to blocked beta-LG interferes with the well-known association of beta-LG-A to octamers at pH 4.6 and low temperature. The relation of the HgI3- site to the crystallographic iodomercurate-binding sites of beta-LG-SH is examined. To facilitate these and future studies of iodomercurate binding, the 200-400 nm spectra of HgI2, HgI3-, and HgI4(2-) in aqueous solutions and the thermodynamic formation constants at 25 degrees for the equilibria HgI2 + I- = HgI3- (4.9 X 10(3) M-1) and HgI3- + I- = HgI4(2-) (0.118 X 10(3) M-1) were obtained.", "contents": "Binding of iodomercurates to sulfhydryl-blocked beta-lactoglobulin-A, -B, and -C. Sulfhydryl-blocked beta-lactoglobulins (beta-LG-S-SCH2CH2OH)-A, -B, and -C bind only one iodomercurate species, HgI3-, at only one site, with a dissociation constant of 4.0 X 10(-5) M at 25 degrees, pH 5.0, 0.10 ionic strength. (Binding to native beta-LG-SH-A, -B, and -C is more complex, involving the sulfhydryl and two other sites and several iodomercurates.) The red shift of the HgI3- spectrum on binding would ordinarily suggest a hydrophobic site, but the HgI3- site is distinct from, and independent of, the alkane-binding site of native and blocked beta-LG; HgI3- may bind a group that shifts its trigonal planar structure toward the tetrahedron of HgI4(2-). Binding of HgI3- to blocked beta-LG interferes with the well-known association of beta-LG-A to octamers at pH 4.6 and low temperature. The relation of the HgI3- site to the crystallographic iodomercurate-binding sites of beta-LG-SH is examined. To facilitate these and future studies of iodomercurate binding, the 200-400 nm spectra of HgI2, HgI3-, and HgI4(2-) in aqueous solutions and the thermodynamic formation constants at 25 degrees for the equilibria HgI2 + I- = HgI3- (4.9 X 10(3) M-1) and HgI3- + I- = HgI4(2-) (0.118 X 10(3) M-1) were obtained.", "PMID": 581266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_824", "title": "Leukemic lymphosarcoma (LLS) with monoclonal IgM: idiotypic specificity on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of lymphosarcoma cells.", "content": "A case of leukemic lymphosarcoma with a small amount of monoclonal IgM in the serum is described. Immunologic investigations showed that about 10% of the abnormal cells formed EAC rosettes, that most of these cells had IgMlambda on the cell surface, and that 40% of them contained IgMlambda in the cytoplasm. Monoclonal IgM was detected in the 19S fraction of the serum despite the lack of monoclonal change as determined by serum electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis. The common idiotypic specificity was found in the monoclonal serum IgM, surface Ig, and cytoplasmic Ig of lymphosarcoma cells using antiidiotypic antiserum prepared against purified serum IgM. After chemotherapy, cells with idiotypic determinants disappeared and the serum IgM changed from a monoclonal to a polyclonal distribution.", "contents": "Leukemic lymphosarcoma (LLS) with monoclonal IgM: idiotypic specificity on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of lymphosarcoma cells. A case of leukemic lymphosarcoma with a small amount of monoclonal IgM in the serum is described. Immunologic investigations showed that about 10% of the abnormal cells formed EAC rosettes, that most of these cells had IgMlambda on the cell surface, and that 40% of them contained IgMlambda in the cytoplasm. Monoclonal IgM was detected in the 19S fraction of the serum despite the lack of monoclonal change as determined by serum electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis. The common idiotypic specificity was found in the monoclonal serum IgM, surface Ig, and cytoplasmic Ig of lymphosarcoma cells using antiidiotypic antiserum prepared against purified serum IgM. After chemotherapy, cells with idiotypic determinants disappeared and the serum IgM changed from a monoclonal to a polyclonal distribution.", "PMID": 581267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_825", "title": "Encephalomyelopathy following intrathecal methotrexate treatment in a child with acute leukemia.", "content": "A previously undescribed type of encephalomyelopathy after prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) treatment for acute leukemia is reported. The patient was treated systemically with vincristine, MTX, stereoids and mercaptopurine. Radiation therapy was not given. The neurologic symptoms started 24 hours after the completion of the fifth intrathecal MTX instillation and death ensued 18 days later. The lesions consisted of superficial and sharply circumscribed areas of incomplete necrosis with astrocytosis on the base of the brain and along the insula regions, around the foramina of Luschka, and over the superior and inferior colliculi. Similar superficial lesions were found over the surface of the cerebellum and along most of the surface of the spinal cord. Most of the affected areas in the brain were located under the large subarachnoid cisterns. In the cord the lesions were most pronounced along the entrance zones of the roots. There was also a severe loss of anterior horn cells. There were no signs of meningeal leukemia, no pathological changes were caused by the intrathecal MTX treatment.", "contents": "Encephalomyelopathy following intrathecal methotrexate treatment in a child with acute leukemia. A previously undescribed type of encephalomyelopathy after prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) treatment for acute leukemia is reported. The patient was treated systemically with vincristine, MTX, stereoids and mercaptopurine. Radiation therapy was not given. The neurologic symptoms started 24 hours after the completion of the fifth intrathecal MTX instillation and death ensued 18 days later. The lesions consisted of superficial and sharply circumscribed areas of incomplete necrosis with astrocytosis on the base of the brain and along the insula regions, around the foramina of Luschka, and over the superior and inferior colliculi. Similar superficial lesions were found over the surface of the cerebellum and along most of the surface of the spinal cord. Most of the affected areas in the brain were located under the large subarachnoid cisterns. In the cord the lesions were most pronounced along the entrance zones of the roots. There was also a severe loss of anterior horn cells. There were no signs of meningeal leukemia, no pathological changes were caused by the intrathecal MTX treatment.", "PMID": 581272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_826", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoid hormones in vitro on the structural integrity of nuclei in corticosteroid-sensitive and -resistant lines of lymphosarcoma P1798.", "content": "Exposure of rat thymus cells to glucocorticoids leads to a decreased ability of nuclei to survive the lysis of whole cells by hypotonic shock. In this study, a similar glucocorticoid-induced increase in \"nuclear fragility\" was found in both corticoid-sensitive and -resistant lines of P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells. In corticoid-sensitive cells a small increase in nuclear fragility is seen after a 2-hr exposure to cortisol (10(-6) M); by 3 hr it is 20 to 40% above control values. This effect appears to be a specific glucocorticoid response. Both cortisol and dexamethasone at 10(-7) M produce an effect, 10(-6) M testosterone is inactive, and cortexolone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptors, reduces the effect. Cycloheximide, at concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis, also blocks this effect. While the corticoid-resistant line also demonstrates an effect of similar magnitude, it requires a much longer exposure to the hormone (6 hr). Distinct differences in the \"hardiness\" of the two cell lines (nuclei of the corticoid-resistant line are less fragile) measurable in the absence of hormones appears to account for the differential susceptibility to steroids. On this basis a new theory of resistance is advanced where the emergence of resistance is related to structural differences in the cells.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoid hormones in vitro on the structural integrity of nuclei in corticosteroid-sensitive and -resistant lines of lymphosarcoma P1798. Exposure of rat thymus cells to glucocorticoids leads to a decreased ability of nuclei to survive the lysis of whole cells by hypotonic shock. In this study, a similar glucocorticoid-induced increase in \"nuclear fragility\" was found in both corticoid-sensitive and -resistant lines of P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells. In corticoid-sensitive cells a small increase in nuclear fragility is seen after a 2-hr exposure to cortisol (10(-6) M); by 3 hr it is 20 to 40% above control values. This effect appears to be a specific glucocorticoid response. Both cortisol and dexamethasone at 10(-7) M produce an effect, 10(-6) M testosterone is inactive, and cortexolone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptors, reduces the effect. Cycloheximide, at concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis, also blocks this effect. While the corticoid-resistant line also demonstrates an effect of similar magnitude, it requires a much longer exposure to the hormone (6 hr). Distinct differences in the \"hardiness\" of the two cell lines (nuclei of the corticoid-resistant line are less fragile) measurable in the absence of hormones appears to account for the differential susceptibility to steroids. On this basis a new theory of resistance is advanced where the emergence of resistance is related to structural differences in the cells.", "PMID": 581273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_827", "title": "Behaviour of murine lymphosarcoma cells during prolonged cultivation in vivo.", "content": "Transplantable strain of murine lymphosarcoma growing as a free suspension in the peritoneal cavity of isologous hosts was isolated after fractionated irradiation of C57BL mice. A 14-year cultivation led to changes in its properties; the mean survival time of the hosts was shortened, the modal number of chromosomes changed from 41--42 to 39 and their radioresistance increased slightly. Strain specificity remained unchanged.", "contents": "Behaviour of murine lymphosarcoma cells during prolonged cultivation in vivo. Transplantable strain of murine lymphosarcoma growing as a free suspension in the peritoneal cavity of isologous hosts was isolated after fractionated irradiation of C57BL mice. A 14-year cultivation led to changes in its properties; the mean survival time of the hosts was shortened, the modal number of chromosomes changed from 41--42 to 39 and their radioresistance increased slightly. Strain specificity remained unchanged.", "PMID": 581277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_828", "title": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes using a laser-nephelometric assay (author's transl)].", "content": "Using Laser nephelometric measurement a method is described to detect immune complexes, which seems to be suitable for routine studies as well as for specific complex characterisation. Tetanus-Antitetanus complexes are used as standard thus the result is expressed as tetanus complex units (TCU). The method is simple and permits the direct measurement of complexes in native sera. Furthermore it is possible to characterise the complexes either by the immuno-globuline class of the antibody involved or the antigen respectively. Complexes were found with this method in various frequency in all but one group of patients under study (SLE, RA, other connective tissue diseases, malignomas, myelomas, thyroiditis, Grave's disease and healthy controls). Their was a high correlation with two other common techniques to measure immune complexes, e.g. C1q-deviation and C1q-PEG precipitation.", "contents": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes using a laser-nephelometric assay (author's transl)]. Using Laser nephelometric measurement a method is described to detect immune complexes, which seems to be suitable for routine studies as well as for specific complex characterisation. Tetanus-Antitetanus complexes are used as standard thus the result is expressed as tetanus complex units (TCU). The method is simple and permits the direct measurement of complexes in native sera. Furthermore it is possible to characterise the complexes either by the immuno-globuline class of the antibody involved or the antigen respectively. Complexes were found with this method in various frequency in all but one group of patients under study (SLE, RA, other connective tissue diseases, malignomas, myelomas, thyroiditis, Grave's disease and healthy controls). Their was a high correlation with two other common techniques to measure immune complexes, e.g. C1q-deviation and C1q-PEG precipitation.", "PMID": 581278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_829", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition responses in canine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) responses of 16 cases of canine lymphosarcoma were assessed at several stages of a combined chemotherapy immunotherapy regime. Pooled allogeneic lymphosarcoma cells used in treatment together with other allogeneic lymphosarcoma cells and autochthonous tumour cells were employed as antigens. Positive inhibitions were detected at all stages of treatment when medium controls were used but were not detected in five normal dogs with the same control. There was no association between relapse and remission and LMI response. When a normal lymph-node cell control was used only four dogs produced positive responses, all of which occurred after allogeneic cell administration. These positive responses could not be completely accounted for by sensitization to histocompatibility antigens but as they occurred both in remission and in relapse, including very advanced cases necessitating euthanasia, they were of no value in determining prognoses.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition responses in canine lymphosarcoma. The leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) responses of 16 cases of canine lymphosarcoma were assessed at several stages of a combined chemotherapy immunotherapy regime. Pooled allogeneic lymphosarcoma cells used in treatment together with other allogeneic lymphosarcoma cells and autochthonous tumour cells were employed as antigens. Positive inhibitions were detected at all stages of treatment when medium controls were used but were not detected in five normal dogs with the same control. There was no association between relapse and remission and LMI response. When a normal lymph-node cell control was used only four dogs produced positive responses, all of which occurred after allogeneic cell administration. These positive responses could not be completely accounted for by sensitization to histocompatibility antigens but as they occurred both in remission and in relapse, including very advanced cases necessitating euthanasia, they were of no value in determining prognoses.", "PMID": 581281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_830", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of tuftsin and of [O = C Thr1]-tuftsin. A novel synthetic route to peptides containing N-terminal L -O = C Thr and L - O = C Ser residues.", "content": "The cyclization, under alkaline conditions, of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-threonine and of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-serine to produce 5-methyl-2-oxo-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (O = C Thr1 and 2-oxo-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (O = C Ser), respectively, was investigated and found to be efficient and racemization-free. Similar was the cyclization which accompanied the basic hydrolysis of N-benzyl-oxycarbonyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and of N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-L-seryl-DL-valine ethyl ester, and which resulted in the formation of L - O = C Thr-L-Phe and L - O = C Ser-DL-Val, respectively. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of [O = C Thr1] tuftsin, an active analog of the phagocytosis stimulating peptide tuftsin. A new synthetic route to tuftsin is also described.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of tuftsin and of [O = C Thr1]-tuftsin. A novel synthetic route to peptides containing N-terminal L -O = C Thr and L - O = C Ser residues. The cyclization, under alkaline conditions, of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-threonine and of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-serine to produce 5-methyl-2-oxo-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (O = C Thr1 and 2-oxo-oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (O = C Ser), respectively, was investigated and found to be efficient and racemization-free. Similar was the cyclization which accompanied the basic hydrolysis of N-benzyl-oxycarbonyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and of N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-L-seryl-DL-valine ethyl ester, and which resulted in the formation of L - O = C Thr-L-Phe and L - O = C Ser-DL-Val, respectively. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of [O = C Thr1] tuftsin, an active analog of the phagocytosis stimulating peptide tuftsin. A new synthetic route to tuftsin is also described.", "PMID": 581282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_831", "title": "Effects of medial meniscectomy in patients older than forty years.", "content": "Forty-nine of the sixty-five consecutive patients who were more than forty years old when medial meniscectomy was performed returned for follow-up evaluation one to twelve years postoperatively. Pain was present in 62.2 per cent of the patients with so-called degenerative tears and in 75 per cent of those with so-called traumatic tears. The medial joint space was significantly thinner in the patients with degenerative tears than in those with traumatic tears. The roentgenographic findings of osteoarthritis were significantly more severe on the side operated on. The femorotibial angle was always in relatively more varus angulation on the involved side (mean, 5.3 degrees) than on the uninvolved side.", "contents": "Effects of medial meniscectomy in patients older than forty years. Forty-nine of the sixty-five consecutive patients who were more than forty years old when medial meniscectomy was performed returned for follow-up evaluation one to twelve years postoperatively. Pain was present in 62.2 per cent of the patients with so-called degenerative tears and in 75 per cent of those with so-called traumatic tears. The medial joint space was significantly thinner in the patients with degenerative tears than in those with traumatic tears. The roentgenographic findings of osteoarthritis were significantly more severe on the side operated on. The femorotibial angle was always in relatively more varus angulation on the involved side (mean, 5.3 degrees) than on the uninvolved side.", "PMID": 581285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_832", "title": "Alveolar stability of altitude raised rats.", "content": "On the lining of alveolar membrane of the lung presence of surfactant, a surface tension lowering agent which is a phospholipid in nature, is well established. A good correlation exists between pulmonary lecithin, the principle constituent of surfactant system and alveolar stability. The production of surface active material in the type II cells is oxygen dependent and is affected by hypoxia. The chemical and physical nature of the surfactant in the lungs of the rats raised at high altitude has been studied in comparison with that of sea level control. Eighteen male adult rats raised at high altitude (3520 m) were used. Phospholipids (Phosphatidyl Choline, Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, Lysophosphatidyl choline, Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and Sphingomyelin) were estimated by thin layer chromatography, stability index by Pattle's bubble technique and dynamic surface tension have also been studied to assess the surfactant activity of the lung. The results indicate that there was a decrease in lung surfactant as measured by chemical analysis. However, stability ratio measurements showed that there was very little change in the stability ratio (Sr) as the value of both groups lay in the normal range namely 0.6 to 0.9 hence the lungs of high altitude raised rats had normal alveolar stability. Surface tension values of alveolar lavage in altitude raised animals were also similar to those of normal rats. It is concluded that the rats raised at altitude show a lowering of surfactant as estimated chemically but the stability ratio is not significantly altered to indicate alveolar instability. In the altitude rats lesser quantum of surfactant is adequate to maintain alveolar stability.", "contents": "Alveolar stability of altitude raised rats. On the lining of alveolar membrane of the lung presence of surfactant, a surface tension lowering agent which is a phospholipid in nature, is well established. A good correlation exists between pulmonary lecithin, the principle constituent of surfactant system and alveolar stability. The production of surface active material in the type II cells is oxygen dependent and is affected by hypoxia. The chemical and physical nature of the surfactant in the lungs of the rats raised at high altitude has been studied in comparison with that of sea level control. Eighteen male adult rats raised at high altitude (3520 m) were used. Phospholipids (Phosphatidyl Choline, Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, Lysophosphatidyl choline, Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and Sphingomyelin) were estimated by thin layer chromatography, stability index by Pattle's bubble technique and dynamic surface tension have also been studied to assess the surfactant activity of the lung. The results indicate that there was a decrease in lung surfactant as measured by chemical analysis. However, stability ratio measurements showed that there was very little change in the stability ratio (Sr) as the value of both groups lay in the normal range namely 0.6 to 0.9 hence the lungs of high altitude raised rats had normal alveolar stability. Surface tension values of alveolar lavage in altitude raised animals were also similar to those of normal rats. It is concluded that the rats raised at altitude show a lowering of surfactant as estimated chemically but the stability ratio is not significantly altered to indicate alveolar instability. In the altitude rats lesser quantum of surfactant is adequate to maintain alveolar stability.", "PMID": 581280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_833", "title": "Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in young athletes.", "content": "During a meniscectomy, thirty competitive athletes who were less than thirty years old were found to have a non-functional or absent anterior cruciate ligament. Preoperative examination without anesthesia had revealed minimum to mild anterior instability without a positive pivot-shift or jerk test. They all had a meniscectomy without reconstruction of the ligament and all were followed for up to four years (average, 2.6 years). Twenty-five (83 per cent) returned to full athletic activity. All had relief of the symptoms of the meniscal lesion and improved significantly, but six progressed to moderate anterior instability with a positive pivot-shift and jerk test. Nevertheless, four of the six were able to resume unrestricted athletic activity.", "contents": "Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in young athletes. During a meniscectomy, thirty competitive athletes who were less than thirty years old were found to have a non-functional or absent anterior cruciate ligament. Preoperative examination without anesthesia had revealed minimum to mild anterior instability without a positive pivot-shift or jerk test. They all had a meniscectomy without reconstruction of the ligament and all were followed for up to four years (average, 2.6 years). Twenty-five (83 per cent) returned to full athletic activity. All had relief of the symptoms of the meniscal lesion and improved significantly, but six progressed to moderate anterior instability with a positive pivot-shift and jerk test. Nevertheless, four of the six were able to resume unrestricted athletic activity.", "PMID": 581286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_834", "title": "Fertilization in brown algae. I. SEM and other observations on Fucus serratus.", "content": "The cell wall secreted immediately following sperm entry into an egg can be visualized by the fluorescent dye Calcofluor white. Cell wall secretion precedes nuclear fusion by 10-20 min. SEM observations of the surface of unfertilized and fertilized eggs and sperm attachment to eggs are described. These results are discussed in relation to fertilization in sea urchins and the biochemical phenomena associated with egg-sperm recognition in Fucus.", "contents": "Fertilization in brown algae. I. SEM and other observations on Fucus serratus. The cell wall secreted immediately following sperm entry into an egg can be visualized by the fluorescent dye Calcofluor white. Cell wall secretion precedes nuclear fusion by 10-20 min. SEM observations of the surface of unfertilized and fertilized eggs and sperm attachment to eggs are described. These results are discussed in relation to fertilization in sea urchins and the biochemical phenomena associated with egg-sperm recognition in Fucus.", "PMID": 581287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_835", "title": "Failure to detect an effect of prolactin on pulmonary surfactant and adrenal steroids in fetal sheep and rabbits.", "content": "Recent reports have indicated an association between low cord prolactin (PRL) and the occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, and it is reported that PRL administration increases the lecithin content of fetal rabbit lung. We administered 1 mg ovine PRL to 32 rabbit fetuses on day 24 of gestation and evaluated lung phospholipid synthesis and content on day 26. Compared with diluent-injected littermates, PRL had no effect on the rate of choline incorporation into lecithin, tissue content of phospholipid and disaturated lecithin, or plasma corticoids. However, both choline incorporation and corticoids were increased in all animals undergoing surgery compared with unoperated controls. We also infused PRL (1 mg/day, i.v.) into three fetal sheep continuously over five periods of 5-8 days. Although supraphysiologic concentrations of PRL were achieved in plasma and amniotic fluid, there was no effect of this treatment on the flux of tracheal fluid surfactant or on plasma concentrations of corticoids of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Thus, in this study, we failed to detect either a stimulation of the surfactant system or an adreno-corticotropic effect by PRL as previously postulated. This suggests that the relationship between PRL and respiratory distress sundrome is an indirect association.", "contents": "Failure to detect an effect of prolactin on pulmonary surfactant and adrenal steroids in fetal sheep and rabbits. Recent reports have indicated an association between low cord prolactin (PRL) and the occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, and it is reported that PRL administration increases the lecithin content of fetal rabbit lung. We administered 1 mg ovine PRL to 32 rabbit fetuses on day 24 of gestation and evaluated lung phospholipid synthesis and content on day 26. Compared with diluent-injected littermates, PRL had no effect on the rate of choline incorporation into lecithin, tissue content of phospholipid and disaturated lecithin, or plasma corticoids. However, both choline incorporation and corticoids were increased in all animals undergoing surgery compared with unoperated controls. We also infused PRL (1 mg/day, i.v.) into three fetal sheep continuously over five periods of 5-8 days. Although supraphysiologic concentrations of PRL were achieved in plasma and amniotic fluid, there was no effect of this treatment on the flux of tracheal fluid surfactant or on plasma concentrations of corticoids of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Thus, in this study, we failed to detect either a stimulation of the surfactant system or an adreno-corticotropic effect by PRL as previously postulated. This suggests that the relationship between PRL and respiratory distress sundrome is an indirect association.", "PMID": 581289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_836", "title": "[Present aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (author's transl)].", "content": "The emotional repercussion of STD remains very important. New present clinical aspects and new possibilities of diagnosis are pointed out. Concerning syphilis, the incubation period may be very long, cutaneo-mucous lesions of the secondary period very atypical . Concerning gonorrhea, the incubation period may be long (20 days); female or male asymptomatic forms are frequent: the existence of non-genital localizations is to be known. As to non-gonococcal infections, the frequence of Chlamydiae Tr. etiology is emphasized. Therefore an absolute priority must be given to the laboratory results which make the prescription of epidemiological treatment possible.", "contents": "[Present aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (author's transl)]. The emotional repercussion of STD remains very important. New present clinical aspects and new possibilities of diagnosis are pointed out. Concerning syphilis, the incubation period may be very long, cutaneo-mucous lesions of the secondary period very atypical . Concerning gonorrhea, the incubation period may be long (20 days); female or male asymptomatic forms are frequent: the existence of non-genital localizations is to be known. As to non-gonococcal infections, the frequence of Chlamydiae Tr. etiology is emphasized. Therefore an absolute priority must be given to the laboratory results which make the prescription of epidemiological treatment possible.", "PMID": 581291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_837", "title": "Comparing the effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl on schedule-controlled responding by pigeons.", "content": "The effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl were studied on responding by pigeons under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Generally, all three drugs produced dose-related decreases in responding under both components of the multiple schedule, but rate increases were observed after low doses of anileridine and alphaprodine in some birds. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) antagonized the rate-increasing and rate-decreasing effects of doses of anileridine and alphaprodine of 10 mg/kg or less, whereas the effects of higher doses were not antagonized by naloxone. Likewise, chronic methadone or morphine (120 mg/kg/day p.o.) dosing produced only a slight cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine. In contrast, naloxone (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) and chronic methadone or morphine administration shifted the dose-effect curve for fentanyl to the right, indicating narcotic antagonism and methadone and morphine-induced cross-tolerance. These data indicate that the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine are related only slightly to narcotic effects, whereas the rate-decreasing effects of fentanyl are primarily narcotic effects.", "contents": "Comparing the effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl on schedule-controlled responding by pigeons. The effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl were studied on responding by pigeons under a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Generally, all three drugs produced dose-related decreases in responding under both components of the multiple schedule, but rate increases were observed after low doses of anileridine and alphaprodine in some birds. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) antagonized the rate-increasing and rate-decreasing effects of doses of anileridine and alphaprodine of 10 mg/kg or less, whereas the effects of higher doses were not antagonized by naloxone. Likewise, chronic methadone or morphine (120 mg/kg/day p.o.) dosing produced only a slight cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine. In contrast, naloxone (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) and chronic methadone or morphine administration shifted the dose-effect curve for fentanyl to the right, indicating narcotic antagonism and methadone and morphine-induced cross-tolerance. These data indicate that the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine are related only slightly to narcotic effects, whereas the rate-decreasing effects of fentanyl are primarily narcotic effects.", "PMID": 581295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_838", "title": "A review of the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of non-hodgkin lymphomas.", "content": "Until recently, non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been difficult to understand. This was due to a lack of appreciation for histologic types, their sub-classifications, modes of spread, and sites of recurrence.The treatment of choice for stage I-II disease is radiation therapy. The value of irradiating adjacent uninvolved node areas or the more extensive Hodgkin-type mantle or inverted \"Y\" fields is uncertain.Most patients already have reached stage III or IV when first seen. Stage III cases should be treated by a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. There are protocol studies evaluating the role of chemotherapy alone in stage III disease. The primary treatment of stage IV disease probably should be chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy to involved areas or to residual bulky disease.", "contents": "A review of the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of non-hodgkin lymphomas. Until recently, non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been difficult to understand. This was due to a lack of appreciation for histologic types, their sub-classifications, modes of spread, and sites of recurrence.The treatment of choice for stage I-II disease is radiation therapy. The value of irradiating adjacent uninvolved node areas or the more extensive Hodgkin-type mantle or inverted \"Y\" fields is uncertain.Most patients already have reached stage III or IV when first seen. Stage III cases should be treated by a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. There are protocol studies evaluating the role of chemotherapy alone in stage III disease. The primary treatment of stage IV disease probably should be chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy to involved areas or to residual bulky disease.", "PMID": 581296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_839", "title": "Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Operative methods utilized to relieve left ventricular outflow obstruction.", "content": "The methods currently used at the National Heart Institute in the operative treatment of patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) are described. Features of the operation that facilitate exposure of the septum and the criteria of an adequate myotomy are emphasized.", "contents": "Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Operative methods utilized to relieve left ventricular outflow obstruction. The methods currently used at the National Heart Institute in the operative treatment of patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) are described. Features of the operation that facilitate exposure of the septum and the criteria of an adequate myotomy are emphasized.", "PMID": 581298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_840", "title": "Effects of para-methoxyamphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine on serotonergic mechanisms.", "content": "A comparison of serotonergic effects of (+/-)-para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA) was studied in rats. The activation of myoclonic twitch activity (MTA) of suprahyoideal muscle in urethane-anesthetized rats has been reported previously to involve central serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. PMA (0.1--3.2 mg/kg i.v.) and 2,5-DMA (2--16 mg/kg i.v.) increased the MTA. The increased MTA caused by both PMA and 2,5-DMA was blocked by a 5-HT receptor blocker, methysergide, indicating that a serotonergic mechanism was involved. The increased MTA induced by PMA was reduced by a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, para-chlorphenylalanine, (pCPA), and by a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, chlorimipramine. On the other hand, the increased MTA induced by 2,5-DMA was not blocked by pCPA or chlorimipramine. Using a ventricular perfusion technique in urethane-anesthetized rats, PMA (1.6 mg/kg) effectively increased the release of 3H-radioactivity from brain preloaded with 3H-5-HT before the initiation of perfusion whereas 2,5-DMA (16 mg/kg) decreased the release of 3H-radioactivity. Analysis of the perfusate by thin layer chromatography for 3H-5-HT and 3H-5-HIAA revealed an increased release of unchanged 3H-5-HT in the perfusate after the injection of PMA. The ratio of 3H-5-HT to 3H-5-HIAA was markedly increased after PMA but no alteration of this ratio was observed after 2,5-DMA. It is concluded that PMA elicits its pharmacological action indirectly by releasing 5-HT while 2,5-DMA acts directly on 5-HT receptors.", "contents": "Effects of para-methoxyamphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine on serotonergic mechanisms. A comparison of serotonergic effects of (+/-)-para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA) was studied in rats. The activation of myoclonic twitch activity (MTA) of suprahyoideal muscle in urethane-anesthetized rats has been reported previously to involve central serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. PMA (0.1--3.2 mg/kg i.v.) and 2,5-DMA (2--16 mg/kg i.v.) increased the MTA. The increased MTA caused by both PMA and 2,5-DMA was blocked by a 5-HT receptor blocker, methysergide, indicating that a serotonergic mechanism was involved. The increased MTA induced by PMA was reduced by a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, para-chlorphenylalanine, (pCPA), and by a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, chlorimipramine. On the other hand, the increased MTA induced by 2,5-DMA was not blocked by pCPA or chlorimipramine. Using a ventricular perfusion technique in urethane-anesthetized rats, PMA (1.6 mg/kg) effectively increased the release of 3H-radioactivity from brain preloaded with 3H-5-HT before the initiation of perfusion whereas 2,5-DMA (16 mg/kg) decreased the release of 3H-radioactivity. Analysis of the perfusate by thin layer chromatography for 3H-5-HT and 3H-5-HIAA revealed an increased release of unchanged 3H-5-HT in the perfusate after the injection of PMA. The ratio of 3H-5-HT to 3H-5-HIAA was markedly increased after PMA but no alteration of this ratio was observed after 2,5-DMA. It is concluded that PMA elicits its pharmacological action indirectly by releasing 5-HT while 2,5-DMA acts directly on 5-HT receptors.", "PMID": 581302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_841", "title": "Evaluation of some alternative mechanisms for interface-related stress relaxation in lung.", "content": "Lung surfactant might exchange reversibly between the alveolar gas-liquid interface and the liquid lining layer. This solubilization process could then contribute to time-dependent pulmonary mechanical phenomena. Theoretical analysis of a model alveolus shows how solubilization can produce recoil pressure relaxation of the lung. The analysis shows that for most experimental observations reported the solubilization kinetics probably could not have been determined by the actual fitting in, or squeezing out, of surfactant in the surface film. Most data are consistent with a solubilization rate controlled by diffusion in the liquid sublayer. However, in order for a diffusion-controlled mechanism to be significant the diffusing substance should be large, such as a micelle, and the alveolar liquid layer should be at least 1 micrometer thick. These conditions are quite realistic for slightly edematous lungs and thus might apply to many experimental, or pathological, situations.", "contents": "Evaluation of some alternative mechanisms for interface-related stress relaxation in lung. Lung surfactant might exchange reversibly between the alveolar gas-liquid interface and the liquid lining layer. This solubilization process could then contribute to time-dependent pulmonary mechanical phenomena. Theoretical analysis of a model alveolus shows how solubilization can produce recoil pressure relaxation of the lung. The analysis shows that for most experimental observations reported the solubilization kinetics probably could not have been determined by the actual fitting in, or squeezing out, of surfactant in the surface film. Most data are consistent with a solubilization rate controlled by diffusion in the liquid sublayer. However, in order for a diffusion-controlled mechanism to be significant the diffusing substance should be large, such as a micelle, and the alveolar liquid layer should be at least 1 micrometer thick. These conditions are quite realistic for slightly edematous lungs and thus might apply to many experimental, or pathological, situations.", "PMID": 581309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_842", "title": "[Hyperthyroidism in older patients].", "content": "This study comprises 81 thyrotoxic patients with onset after the age of 60. In elderly persons, toxic multinodular goiter is the most common cause (68%) of hyperthyroidism, followed by solitary thyroid nodules (16%) and Graves' disease (16%). Cardiovascular disorders (cardiac failure, arrythmias etc.) constitute the first and often the only symptom in 62% of the cases. The other forms of appearance are both various and deceptive: depression, slight fever, asthenia or nausea. Separate analysis of the three forms of hyperthyroidism did not reveal clinical, biological or therapeutic differences between them, except an inferior rate of captation for the toxic nodules. Isolated measurement of T3 or T4 is often insufficient to confirm the diagnosis because either of these hormones may appear at a normal rate. In three cases only the free thyroxin index was pathological on first determination. The authors have established that the autonomous nodules are larger and more active after, rather than before, 60 years of age, and have attempted to define their morphological identity. The results of the treatment are analyzed and preference is expressed for radioactive iodine in every form of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Hyperthyroidism in older patients]. This study comprises 81 thyrotoxic patients with onset after the age of 60. In elderly persons, toxic multinodular goiter is the most common cause (68%) of hyperthyroidism, followed by solitary thyroid nodules (16%) and Graves' disease (16%). Cardiovascular disorders (cardiac failure, arrythmias etc.) constitute the first and often the only symptom in 62% of the cases. The other forms of appearance are both various and deceptive: depression, slight fever, asthenia or nausea. Separate analysis of the three forms of hyperthyroidism did not reveal clinical, biological or therapeutic differences between them, except an inferior rate of captation for the toxic nodules. Isolated measurement of T3 or T4 is often insufficient to confirm the diagnosis because either of these hormones may appear at a normal rate. In three cases only the free thyroxin index was pathological on first determination. The authors have established that the autonomous nodules are larger and more active after, rather than before, 60 years of age, and have attempted to define their morphological identity. The results of the treatment are analyzed and preference is expressed for radioactive iodine in every form of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 581312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_843", "title": "Alveolar phospholipids in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "The biochemical compositions of lung lavage fluid from three patients and that of the lung tissue obtained by a biopsy from a patient with alveolar proteinosis were analyzed. The lung lavage fluid was separated to the supernatant and the insoluble precipitate fractions by a brief centrifugation and the lung tissue was separated to surfactant and residual fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The supernatant of lung washing contained larger quantities of protein and less lipid which was mainly composed of lecithin and sphingomyelin. In contrast, the insoluble material of lung washing contained 4--8 fold of lipid as compared with the supernatant, and lecithin was a predominant phospholipid. From the analysis of fatty acid and individual molecular species of major phospholipids, the higher contents of dipalmitoyllecithin and sphingomyelin containing palmitate were found in the insoluble material. The phospholipid composition and fatty acid composition of lecithin were similar between the precipitate fraction of lung washing and the surfactant fraction of lung tissue. The ratio of protein to phospholipid in the precipitate fraction was similar to that of lung washing. These analytical data suggest that the materials accumulated in the alveoli of the patients may be derived mainly from the lung surfactant fraction. The metabolic studies showed that lecithin synthesis through de novo and lysolecithin pathways works in human lung with this disease as actively as in rat lung. The secretion of lung lecithin to the surfactant fraction also appeared to be normal. From these analytical and metabolic findings, the causes for the accumulation of the materials which cover alveolar surface and impair gaseous exchange in the alveoli of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, were discussed.", "contents": "Alveolar phospholipids in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The biochemical compositions of lung lavage fluid from three patients and that of the lung tissue obtained by a biopsy from a patient with alveolar proteinosis were analyzed. The lung lavage fluid was separated to the supernatant and the insoluble precipitate fractions by a brief centrifugation and the lung tissue was separated to surfactant and residual fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The supernatant of lung washing contained larger quantities of protein and less lipid which was mainly composed of lecithin and sphingomyelin. In contrast, the insoluble material of lung washing contained 4--8 fold of lipid as compared with the supernatant, and lecithin was a predominant phospholipid. From the analysis of fatty acid and individual molecular species of major phospholipids, the higher contents of dipalmitoyllecithin and sphingomyelin containing palmitate were found in the insoluble material. The phospholipid composition and fatty acid composition of lecithin were similar between the precipitate fraction of lung washing and the surfactant fraction of lung tissue. The ratio of protein to phospholipid in the precipitate fraction was similar to that of lung washing. These analytical data suggest that the materials accumulated in the alveoli of the patients may be derived mainly from the lung surfactant fraction. The metabolic studies showed that lecithin synthesis through de novo and lysolecithin pathways works in human lung with this disease as actively as in rat lung. The secretion of lung lecithin to the surfactant fraction also appeared to be normal. From these analytical and metabolic findings, the causes for the accumulation of the materials which cover alveolar surface and impair gaseous exchange in the alveoli of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, were discussed.", "PMID": 581316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_844", "title": "Herpes zoster at the NIH: a 20 year experience.", "content": "One hundred and seven cases of herpes zoster in a hospitalized population with a variety of illnesses during a 20 year period were reviewed. Zoster occurred throughout the year, without seasonal predominance, and was most frequent in lymphoproliferative malignancy. In the majority, lesions were confined to the skin in one or more adjacent dermatomes (localized zoster) and were most frequent in the thoracic region. In 15 per cent of the cases, cutaneous dissemination of the lesions developed; this occurred four to 11 days after the onset of dermatomal lesions, and in one-third of these there was central nervous system involvement. Dissemination of zoster, however, directly resulted in only one death. Predisposing factors for zoster included local irradiation and, occasionally, surgery in subsequently involved areas. There were trends for more frequent splenectomies in patients with Hodgkin's disease in whom zoster subsequently developed, and for more frequent corticosteroid therapy in patiens with disseminated zoster. Advanced stage of Hodgkin's disease, in itself, was not associated with development of zoster, and the onset of zoster did not herald a poor prognosis for the underlying disease. Herpes zoster was, thus, largely a source of increased morbidity rather than mortality in the population studied, and multiple factors appeared to predispose to the development of zoster in this group of patients.", "contents": "Herpes zoster at the NIH: a 20 year experience. One hundred and seven cases of herpes zoster in a hospitalized population with a variety of illnesses during a 20 year period were reviewed. Zoster occurred throughout the year, without seasonal predominance, and was most frequent in lymphoproliferative malignancy. In the majority, lesions were confined to the skin in one or more adjacent dermatomes (localized zoster) and were most frequent in the thoracic region. In 15 per cent of the cases, cutaneous dissemination of the lesions developed; this occurred four to 11 days after the onset of dermatomal lesions, and in one-third of these there was central nervous system involvement. Dissemination of zoster, however, directly resulted in only one death. Predisposing factors for zoster included local irradiation and, occasionally, surgery in subsequently involved areas. There were trends for more frequent splenectomies in patients with Hodgkin's disease in whom zoster subsequently developed, and for more frequent corticosteroid therapy in patiens with disseminated zoster. Advanced stage of Hodgkin's disease, in itself, was not associated with development of zoster, and the onset of zoster did not herald a poor prognosis for the underlying disease. Herpes zoster was, thus, largely a source of increased morbidity rather than mortality in the population studied, and multiple factors appeared to predispose to the development of zoster in this group of patients.", "PMID": 581329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_845", "title": "Stimulation of secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine from isolated alveolar type II cells by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate.", "content": "Alveolar type II synthesize and secrete pulmonary surface-active material; the stimuli for secretion in vivo and the mechanisms by which secretion occurs are not well understood. We studied the secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine, the principal component of surfactant, from a purified population of type II cells. We isolated type II type from the lungs of adult male rats by treatment with trypsin, centrifugation over discontinuous density gradients, and adherence in primary culture; our preparations were 93 +/- 5 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 10) type II cells. Basal secretion was 2.9 +/- 1.0 per cent (n = 16) of total cellular carbon-14 [14C]-disaturated phosphatidycholine in 3 hours. We found that 10(-8) M 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol-acetate (TPA), a substance that has been shown to stimulate secretion in other cell systems, caused a release of 14C-disaturated phosphatidylcholine that was 8.4 times the basal rate. TPA caused a greater release of disaturated phosphatidylcholine than did any other substance that we have tested. Low temperature (4 degree C) inhibited the basal release by 85 per cent and the TPA-stimulated release by 98 per cent. The effect of TPA was also inhibited 25 per cent by 10(-6) M colchicine and 33 per cent by 10(-5) M vinblastine. Medium from control cells contained 6.3 +/- 1.3 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 5) of total cellular lactate dehydrogenase (a marker for cell damage) after a 3-hour incubation period; medium from cells treated with TPA contained a similar amount, 6.7 +/- 1.5 per cent (n = 5). We concluded that the TPA-induced secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine is an active process probably mediated by microtubules. Because it has a large stimulatory effect on secretion, TPA may be useful for the study of the mechanisms by which surfactant is secreted.", "contents": "Stimulation of secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine from isolated alveolar type II cells by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate. Alveolar type II synthesize and secrete pulmonary surface-active material; the stimuli for secretion in vivo and the mechanisms by which secretion occurs are not well understood. We studied the secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine, the principal component of surfactant, from a purified population of type II cells. We isolated type II type from the lungs of adult male rats by treatment with trypsin, centrifugation over discontinuous density gradients, and adherence in primary culture; our preparations were 93 +/- 5 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 10) type II cells. Basal secretion was 2.9 +/- 1.0 per cent (n = 16) of total cellular carbon-14 [14C]-disaturated phosphatidycholine in 3 hours. We found that 10(-8) M 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol-acetate (TPA), a substance that has been shown to stimulate secretion in other cell systems, caused a release of 14C-disaturated phosphatidylcholine that was 8.4 times the basal rate. TPA caused a greater release of disaturated phosphatidylcholine than did any other substance that we have tested. Low temperature (4 degree C) inhibited the basal release by 85 per cent and the TPA-stimulated release by 98 per cent. The effect of TPA was also inhibited 25 per cent by 10(-6) M colchicine and 33 per cent by 10(-5) M vinblastine. Medium from control cells contained 6.3 +/- 1.3 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 5) of total cellular lactate dehydrogenase (a marker for cell damage) after a 3-hour incubation period; medium from cells treated with TPA contained a similar amount, 6.7 +/- 1.5 per cent (n = 5). We concluded that the TPA-induced secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine is an active process probably mediated by microtubules. Because it has a large stimulatory effect on secretion, TPA may be useful for the study of the mechanisms by which surfactant is secreted.", "PMID": 581334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_846", "title": "Ultrastructural observations in disseminated candidiasis.", "content": "Infected tissues from four patients with disseminated candidiasis were examined by electron microscopy in order to study the host-parasite relationship at the cellular level. Blastospores and pseudohyphae were capable of invading parenchymal cells in the spleen, liver, myocardium, kidney, and esophageal and rectal mucosa. The Candida cells were typically well preserved despite the autolytic changes in parenchymal cells. Extracellular fungi were often coated with fibrin or associated with capillary thrombi, which suggests that Candida cells synthesize a procoagulant substance. The outer flocular coat of the yeast cell appeared to be partially of host origin since it diminished in thickness when organisms were cultured in media devoid of serum protein. Organisms cultured in vitro were ultrastructurally similar to those that invaded tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations in disseminated candidiasis. Infected tissues from four patients with disseminated candidiasis were examined by electron microscopy in order to study the host-parasite relationship at the cellular level. Blastospores and pseudohyphae were capable of invading parenchymal cells in the spleen, liver, myocardium, kidney, and esophageal and rectal mucosa. The Candida cells were typically well preserved despite the autolytic changes in parenchymal cells. Extracellular fungi were often coated with fibrin or associated with capillary thrombi, which suggests that Candida cells synthesize a procoagulant substance. The outer flocular coat of the yeast cell appeared to be partially of host origin since it diminished in thickness when organisms were cultured in media devoid of serum protein. Organisms cultured in vitro were ultrastructurally similar to those that invaded tissue.", "PMID": 581337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_847", "title": "Placental coccidioidomycosis without fetal disease.", "content": "We encountered two cases of maternal coccidioidomycosis with placental involvement. Altered cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy makes the diagnosis of desseminated coccidioidomycosis difficult by the routine serologic tests; placental examination provides specific information. A high index of suspicion regarding this disease and prompt institution of appropriate therapy are necessary in order to decrease maternal and neonatal mortality.", "contents": "Placental coccidioidomycosis without fetal disease. We encountered two cases of maternal coccidioidomycosis with placental involvement. Altered cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy makes the diagnosis of desseminated coccidioidomycosis difficult by the routine serologic tests; placental examination provides specific information. A high index of suspicion regarding this disease and prompt institution of appropriate therapy are necessary in order to decrease maternal and neonatal mortality.", "PMID": 581338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_848", "title": "Experimental meningococcal septicemia. Effect of aspirin therapy.", "content": "In previous studies we have presented morphological evidence that the terminal shock-like phase of fatal meningococcemia is caused by the occlusion of the pulmonary microcirculation with thrombi composed of platelets, leukocytes, and fibrin. We have also shown that in experimental meningococcemia, pretreatment of rabbits with heparin sodium prevents fibrin formation but does not influence the cellular pulmonary thrombi and does not prolong survival. If our theory is correct, drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion in rabbits should prolong life. The present experiment demonstrates that pretreatment with a small dose of aspirin doubles the survival time without altering the mortality.", "contents": "Experimental meningococcal septicemia. Effect of aspirin therapy. In previous studies we have presented morphological evidence that the terminal shock-like phase of fatal meningococcemia is caused by the occlusion of the pulmonary microcirculation with thrombi composed of platelets, leukocytes, and fibrin. We have also shown that in experimental meningococcemia, pretreatment of rabbits with heparin sodium prevents fibrin formation but does not influence the cellular pulmonary thrombi and does not prolong survival. If our theory is correct, drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion in rabbits should prolong life. The present experiment demonstrates that pretreatment with a small dose of aspirin doubles the survival time without altering the mortality.", "PMID": 581339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_849", "title": "Experimental streptococcal endocarditis. The early vegetation.", "content": "Aortic valve vegetation were studied in rabbits before and after intravenous injection of streptococcus mitis. Uninfected vegetation sections revealed compact eosinophilic masses with smooth-appearing edges and scattered polymorphonuclear leukocytes inside and on the surface. Scanning electron microscopic views demonstrated erythrocytes, small leukocytes, and platelets; the surface was markedly irregular. Fifteen minutes after injection of 10(10) streptococci, large mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes lined the vegetation edge; scanning electron microscopy showed large and small leukocytes. One and six hours after infection, there were more polymorphonuclear leukocytes inside the vegetation but few superficially. Bacteria were first seen at six hours as microcolonies inside the vegetation. Twenty-four-hour sections showed large bacterial colonies inside with few bacteria at the edges. Despite the smooth appearance of the vegetation edges, all electron microscopic views revealed very rough surfaces.", "contents": "Experimental streptococcal endocarditis. The early vegetation. Aortic valve vegetation were studied in rabbits before and after intravenous injection of streptococcus mitis. Uninfected vegetation sections revealed compact eosinophilic masses with smooth-appearing edges and scattered polymorphonuclear leukocytes inside and on the surface. Scanning electron microscopic views demonstrated erythrocytes, small leukocytes, and platelets; the surface was markedly irregular. Fifteen minutes after injection of 10(10) streptococci, large mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes lined the vegetation edge; scanning electron microscopy showed large and small leukocytes. One and six hours after infection, there were more polymorphonuclear leukocytes inside the vegetation but few superficially. Bacteria were first seen at six hours as microcolonies inside the vegetation. Twenty-four-hour sections showed large bacterial colonies inside with few bacteria at the edges. Despite the smooth appearance of the vegetation edges, all electron microscopic views revealed very rough surfaces.", "PMID": 581340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_850", "title": "Immunopathology of the skin in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The immunohistologic features of the skin were studied in 26 cases of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Twenty-two patients had vascular and extravascular dermal deposition of IgG. Positive stains for C3 (eight patients). IgM (two patients), and fibrinogen (five patients) were confined to vessel walls. Staining with anti-IgA serum was uniformly negative. Circulating antiskin antibodies could not be detected. Extravascular accumulation of IgG has a widespread distribution in the dermal papillary layer that is highly characteristic. It was absent in 7 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and in 11 patients with various other renal diseases. The described findings appear to occur consistently in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The distinctive extravascular demonstration of IgG may prove to be valuable in the diagnosis of this entity.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the skin in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The immunohistologic features of the skin were studied in 26 cases of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Twenty-two patients had vascular and extravascular dermal deposition of IgG. Positive stains for C3 (eight patients). IgM (two patients), and fibrinogen (five patients) were confined to vessel walls. Staining with anti-IgA serum was uniformly negative. Circulating antiskin antibodies could not be detected. Extravascular accumulation of IgG has a widespread distribution in the dermal papillary layer that is highly characteristic. It was absent in 7 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and in 11 patients with various other renal diseases. The described findings appear to occur consistently in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The distinctive extravascular demonstration of IgG may prove to be valuable in the diagnosis of this entity.", "PMID": 581341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_851", "title": "Glomerulonephritis with Hodgkin's disease and herpes zoster.", "content": "A patient who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease was infected with herpes zoster. Shortly thereafter, glomerulonephritis mediated by anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody occurred. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of circulating anti-GBM antibody, immunofluorescence, and elution. Results of immunofluorescence of a lymph node disclosed deposits of IgG on the vascular and stromal connective tissue, in a pattern similar to that seen when heterologous anti-GBM antibody reacted with the node. Because of the known nephritogenic potential of solid lymphoid tissues, this finding suggests a possible relationship between his tumor and his glomerular disease. The role of zoster infection remains undefined.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis with Hodgkin's disease and herpes zoster. A patient who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease was infected with herpes zoster. Shortly thereafter, glomerulonephritis mediated by anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody occurred. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of circulating anti-GBM antibody, immunofluorescence, and elution. Results of immunofluorescence of a lymph node disclosed deposits of IgG on the vascular and stromal connective tissue, in a pattern similar to that seen when heterologous anti-GBM antibody reacted with the node. Because of the known nephritogenic potential of solid lymphoid tissues, this finding suggests a possible relationship between his tumor and his glomerular disease. The role of zoster infection remains undefined.", "PMID": 581342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_852", "title": "Elastofibroma. A pseudotumor of myofibroblasts.", "content": "The fine structure of the cell of origin in elastofibroma showed features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells with fibrils that formed parallel stacks 100 A in diameter and 100 A apart and occupied large areas of the cytoplasm of some cells and an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The myofibroblast has been reported in a variety of lesions and is also present in granulation tissue and hypertrophic scars. It is postulated, in accordance with previous reports, that myofibroblasts are instrumental in the repair process and that elastofibromas are a product of constant subclinical trauma and repair.", "contents": "Elastofibroma. A pseudotumor of myofibroblasts. The fine structure of the cell of origin in elastofibroma showed features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells with fibrils that formed parallel stacks 100 A in diameter and 100 A apart and occupied large areas of the cytoplasm of some cells and an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The myofibroblast has been reported in a variety of lesions and is also present in granulation tissue and hypertrophic scars. It is postulated, in accordance with previous reports, that myofibroblasts are instrumental in the repair process and that elastofibromas are a product of constant subclinical trauma and repair.", "PMID": 581343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_853", "title": "Ureteral involvement by malignant lymphoma. Ten years' experience.", "content": "Ureteral involvement is an uncommon complication of disseminated malignant lymphoma. We recently reviewed our ten-year autopsy experience with 127 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ureteral involvement was observed in 21 (16%) cases, with morphologic evidence of ureteral obstruction in 18 of the 21.", "contents": "Ureteral involvement by malignant lymphoma. Ten years' experience. Ureteral involvement is an uncommon complication of disseminated malignant lymphoma. We recently reviewed our ten-year autopsy experience with 127 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ureteral involvement was observed in 21 (16%) cases, with morphologic evidence of ureteral obstruction in 18 of the 21.", "PMID": 581344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_854", "title": "Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Occurrence in a patient suffering from celiac disease.", "content": "A case of visceral Kaposi's sarcoma occurred in a patient with adult celiac disease. A search of the literature has failed to disclose any previous case showing this association, although Kaposi's disease has been reported to occur in a variety of situations in which immunological abnormalities have been manifest. Conversely, celiac disease has been shown to predispose to the development of a variety of malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Occurrence in a patient suffering from celiac disease. A case of visceral Kaposi's sarcoma occurred in a patient with adult celiac disease. A search of the literature has failed to disclose any previous case showing this association, although Kaposi's disease has been reported to occur in a variety of situations in which immunological abnormalities have been manifest. Conversely, celiac disease has been shown to predispose to the development of a variety of malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 581345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_855", "title": "[Lung surface tension in acute respiratory infections].", "content": "Experiments in 9 dogs showed that 24 hours after death there was only an insignificant decrease in the activity of surfactant which remained within normal limits. Similar data were obtained in examinations of the lungs of 14 children dying without respiratory pathology. In the main part of the study lungs from 20 children and 1 fetus dying with various respiratory infections were examined. It was found that the greatest effect on the decrease of formation of the surfactant was exerted by crude damage of the epithelium of distal parts of the respiratory ways. No relationship of this phenomenon to the etiology of the process was established, although there was a trend for retention of the normal surfactant activity in mycoplasmal and mycoplasmal-bacterial involvement of the lungs, whereas in viral and viral-bacterial processes the surfactant activity was more frequently decreased. This, however, seemed to be due to differences in the predominant localization of the process.", "contents": "[Lung surface tension in acute respiratory infections]. Experiments in 9 dogs showed that 24 hours after death there was only an insignificant decrease in the activity of surfactant which remained within normal limits. Similar data were obtained in examinations of the lungs of 14 children dying without respiratory pathology. In the main part of the study lungs from 20 children and 1 fetus dying with various respiratory infections were examined. It was found that the greatest effect on the decrease of formation of the surfactant was exerted by crude damage of the epithelium of distal parts of the respiratory ways. No relationship of this phenomenon to the etiology of the process was established, although there was a trend for retention of the normal surfactant activity in mycoplasmal and mycoplasmal-bacterial involvement of the lungs, whereas in viral and viral-bacterial processes the surfactant activity was more frequently decreased. This, however, seemed to be due to differences in the predominant localization of the process.", "PMID": 581347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_856", "title": "Postmortem changes in the surpellic activity of lung surfactant.", "content": "The surpellic activity of lung surfactant in mouse lungs stored in the cadaver persists for times much longer than those after which gross morphological changes at electron microscope level have been recorded.", "contents": "Postmortem changes in the surpellic activity of lung surfactant. The surpellic activity of lung surfactant in mouse lungs stored in the cadaver persists for times much longer than those after which gross morphological changes at electron microscope level have been recorded.", "PMID": 581349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_857", "title": "[Functional role of pulmonary surface-active substances].", "content": "Freshly prepared from the rat lung solution of the surfactant active substances (SA1) accelerated oxygen absorption at the borderline of the phases. The oxidized SA1 solutions produced an inhibitory effect. As suggested, functional role of SA1 in the realization of external respiration is not limited to reduction of surface tension and alveoli stabilization, but also includes participation in oxygen absorption and its transport regulation through the aerohematic barrier.", "contents": "[Functional role of pulmonary surface-active substances]. Freshly prepared from the rat lung solution of the surfactant active substances (SA1) accelerated oxygen absorption at the borderline of the phases. The oxidized SA1 solutions produced an inhibitory effect. As suggested, functional role of SA1 in the realization of external respiration is not limited to reduction of surface tension and alveoli stabilization, but also includes participation in oxygen absorption and its transport regulation through the aerohematic barrier.", "PMID": 581351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_858", "title": "A survey of the effectiveness of a telephone-answering service.", "content": "A survey was carried out over a two-year period in Exeter to find out what source of information led patients to attend the local clinic for venereal diseases and to evaluate the effectiveness of a tape-recorded telephone message advertising clinic times. Based on the response from patients it seems difficult to justify the cost of installing a telephone-answering service.", "contents": "A survey of the effectiveness of a telephone-answering service. A survey was carried out over a two-year period in Exeter to find out what source of information led patients to attend the local clinic for venereal diseases and to evaluate the effectiveness of a tape-recorded telephone message advertising clinic times. Based on the response from patients it seems difficult to justify the cost of installing a telephone-answering service.", "PMID": 581356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_859", "title": "Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered human beta-endorphin in the rat and cat.", "content": "Rats chronically implanted with intrathecal catheters displayed a dose-dependent increase in the hot-plate and tail-flick response latencies following the injection of human beta-endorphin into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space through the indwelling catheter. beta-Endorphin was approximately 25 times more potent than morphine on a molar basis. Matching morphine and beta-endorphin doses such that approximately equal submaximal submaximal effects occurred, it was observed that the antinociception produced by beta-endorphin lasted approximately three times longer than that produced by morphine. Experiments with intrathecal injection of beta-endorphin into the spinal subarachnoid space of cats fitted with intrathecal catheters also revealed a potent antinociceptive effect which was completely antagonized by naloxone. In the rats, naloxone administered systemically in doses of 10--100 microgram/kg produced a parallel shift in the dose-response curves of both nociceptive measures suggesting a competitive antagonism. Using a dose ratio analysis, an in vivo pA2 of 7.1 for naloxone was obtained. These data and those derived from previous work based on the pA2 suggest that the interaction of morphine, certain pentapeptides, and beta-endorphin is the same with regard to the spinal opiate receptor population mediating behaviorally defined analgesia.", "contents": "Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered human beta-endorphin in the rat and cat. Rats chronically implanted with intrathecal catheters displayed a dose-dependent increase in the hot-plate and tail-flick response latencies following the injection of human beta-endorphin into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space through the indwelling catheter. beta-Endorphin was approximately 25 times more potent than morphine on a molar basis. Matching morphine and beta-endorphin doses such that approximately equal submaximal submaximal effects occurred, it was observed that the antinociception produced by beta-endorphin lasted approximately three times longer than that produced by morphine. Experiments with intrathecal injection of beta-endorphin into the spinal subarachnoid space of cats fitted with intrathecal catheters also revealed a potent antinociceptive effect which was completely antagonized by naloxone. In the rats, naloxone administered systemically in doses of 10--100 microgram/kg produced a parallel shift in the dose-response curves of both nociceptive measures suggesting a competitive antagonism. Using a dose ratio analysis, an in vivo pA2 of 7.1 for naloxone was obtained. These data and those derived from previous work based on the pA2 suggest that the interaction of morphine, certain pentapeptides, and beta-endorphin is the same with regard to the spinal opiate receptor population mediating behaviorally defined analgesia.", "PMID": 581358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_860", "title": "Diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DLWD): response and survival.", "content": "34 patients with the diagnosis of diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DLWD), confirmed by a Pathology Panel, who were entered on a previously reported Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (EST 1472), were analyzed for response and survival. The response rates were as follows: CR 32%, PR 39%, NC or PD 29%. Survival analysis according to chemotherapy response revealed an estimated two-year survivorship of CR 89%, PR 65%, NC 69%, and PD 44%. Comparison with NLPD entered on the same study showed a two-year survival of 83% for NLPD and 67% for DLWD, indicating significantly poorer survival for DLWD as compared to NLPD (p less than .05). Median survival for DLWD from diagnosis was 39.0 + months. The presence of lymphocytosis over 4000/mm3 had little effect on response rates or survival. We conclude that DLWD is a less favorable lymphoma type than NLPD and should be treated with aggressive chemotherapy since achievement of CR seems to effect survival favorably.", "contents": "Diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DLWD): response and survival. 34 patients with the diagnosis of diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (DLWD), confirmed by a Pathology Panel, who were entered on a previously reported Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (EST 1472), were analyzed for response and survival. The response rates were as follows: CR 32%, PR 39%, NC or PD 29%. Survival analysis according to chemotherapy response revealed an estimated two-year survivorship of CR 89%, PR 65%, NC 69%, and PD 44%. Comparison with NLPD entered on the same study showed a two-year survival of 83% for NLPD and 67% for DLWD, indicating significantly poorer survival for DLWD as compared to NLPD (p less than .05). Median survival for DLWD from diagnosis was 39.0 + months. The presence of lymphocytosis over 4000/mm3 had little effect on response rates or survival. We conclude that DLWD is a less favorable lymphoma type than NLPD and should be treated with aggressive chemotherapy since achievement of CR seems to effect survival favorably.", "PMID": 581359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_861", "title": "Probenecid inhibition of methotrexate-cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics in dogs.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) were followed in dogs for 72 hours after intracisternal injection of MTX with and without probenecid pretreatment. CSF levels declined as a biexponential function of time. Probenecid pretreatment of the animals prolonged the second phase half-disappearance time of MTX from 5.20 +/- 0.89 to 7.086 +/- 0.23 hours (mean +/- SD). The peak mean plasma concentration of MTX was lower in the presence of probenecid. Also, the rate of decline of plasma MTX concentrations was slower after treatment with probenecid, with mean half-disappearance times of 7.60 +/- 0.77 and 11.32 +/- 1.08 hours. These CSF and plasma data support the proposal that probenecid inhibits the transfer of MTX from CSF to blood.", "contents": "Probenecid inhibition of methotrexate-cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics in dogs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) were followed in dogs for 72 hours after intracisternal injection of MTX with and without probenecid pretreatment. CSF levels declined as a biexponential function of time. Probenecid pretreatment of the animals prolonged the second phase half-disappearance time of MTX from 5.20 +/- 0.89 to 7.086 +/- 0.23 hours (mean +/- SD). The peak mean plasma concentration of MTX was lower in the presence of probenecid. Also, the rate of decline of plasma MTX concentrations was slower after treatment with probenecid, with mean half-disappearance times of 7.60 +/- 0.77 and 11.32 +/- 1.08 hours. These CSF and plasma data support the proposal that probenecid inhibits the transfer of MTX from CSF to blood.", "PMID": 581360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_862", "title": "Rational basis for foam-stability assays of amniotic fluid surfactant.", "content": "We evaluated the relative contributions of various phospholipids to the formation of foam in the amniotic fluid \"foam stability test\", by use of an artificial system of saline, ethanol, and dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine to determine the relationship between dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine concentration, ethanol volume fraction, and the threshold of formation of stable foam. At dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 mg/liter, the threshold ethanol volume fraction was 0.46, 0.48, and 0.51, respectively. We similarly evaluated the ability of other phospholipids to form stable foam at various concentrations and ethanol volume fractions and found: bovine brain sphingomyelin greater than dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than egg sphingomyelin greater than egg lecithin greater than phosphatidylglycerol. The corresponding propensities of different chemical species of phosphatidylcholine to form foam at 40 mg/liter were: dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine greater than dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine greater than dilauroyl phosphatidyl-cho-line.", "contents": "Rational basis for foam-stability assays of amniotic fluid surfactant. We evaluated the relative contributions of various phospholipids to the formation of foam in the amniotic fluid \"foam stability test\", by use of an artificial system of saline, ethanol, and dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine to determine the relationship between dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine concentration, ethanol volume fraction, and the threshold of formation of stable foam. At dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 mg/liter, the threshold ethanol volume fraction was 0.46, 0.48, and 0.51, respectively. We similarly evaluated the ability of other phospholipids to form stable foam at various concentrations and ethanol volume fractions and found: bovine brain sphingomyelin greater than dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than egg sphingomyelin greater than egg lecithin greater than phosphatidylglycerol. The corresponding propensities of different chemical species of phosphatidylcholine to form foam at 40 mg/liter were: dipalmitoyl 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine greater than dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine greater than dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine greater than dilauroyl phosphatidyl-cho-line.", "PMID": 581362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_863", "title": "Autoperfused heart-lung preparation: a structurally appropriate experimental model for the metabolic study of the isolated lung.", "content": "This study was carried out to confirm the hypothesis that an autoperfused heart-lung preparation provides a favorable situation to analyze the dynamics of the biosynthesis of alveolar surface-active material, because the model did not produce any significant changes in the structure of the lung. Light and electron microscopy confirmed the absence of pulmonary lesions throughout the whole time of perfusion. A relevant finding was the periodic delamellation of the type II pneumocytes observed ultrastructurally, which coincided with the data obtained from the study on 14C-glycerol-3-phosphate and 3H-palmitic acid incorporation into total lipids and phosphoglycerides from lung tissue. This confirmed that the biosynthesis of pulmonary surfactant is rhythmic and periodic. From a structural point of view, the results suggest that the autoperfused heart-lung preparation constitutes a useful method for the in vivo metabolic study of the isolated lung.", "contents": "Autoperfused heart-lung preparation: a structurally appropriate experimental model for the metabolic study of the isolated lung. This study was carried out to confirm the hypothesis that an autoperfused heart-lung preparation provides a favorable situation to analyze the dynamics of the biosynthesis of alveolar surface-active material, because the model did not produce any significant changes in the structure of the lung. Light and electron microscopy confirmed the absence of pulmonary lesions throughout the whole time of perfusion. A relevant finding was the periodic delamellation of the type II pneumocytes observed ultrastructurally, which coincided with the data obtained from the study on 14C-glycerol-3-phosphate and 3H-palmitic acid incorporation into total lipids and phosphoglycerides from lung tissue. This confirmed that the biosynthesis of pulmonary surfactant is rhythmic and periodic. From a structural point of view, the results suggest that the autoperfused heart-lung preparation constitutes a useful method for the in vivo metabolic study of the isolated lung.", "PMID": 581374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_864", "title": "Prediction of response to ergocryptine in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome.", "content": "Forty women with secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea, thirty-six of whom had associated hyperprolactinemia, were studied prior to therapy with ergocryptine. Abnormal sella tomographic findings were present in 23. The findings on sellar tomography, basal serum prolactin concentrations, and pharmacologic stimulation/suppression of the serum prolactin failed to predict subsequent responders and nonresponders to ergocryptine. Pituitary stimulation for hormone responsiveness did differentiate subsequent responders to ergocryptine from nonresponders. The serum growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was the most definitive predictor. Return of apparently ovulatory function occurred in 29 patients, 11 of whom conceived and have delivered healthy infants.", "contents": "Prediction of response to ergocryptine in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. Forty women with secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea, thirty-six of whom had associated hyperprolactinemia, were studied prior to therapy with ergocryptine. Abnormal sella tomographic findings were present in 23. The findings on sellar tomography, basal serum prolactin concentrations, and pharmacologic stimulation/suppression of the serum prolactin failed to predict subsequent responders and nonresponders to ergocryptine. Pituitary stimulation for hormone responsiveness did differentiate subsequent responders to ergocryptine from nonresponders. The serum growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was the most definitive predictor. Return of apparently ovulatory function occurred in 29 patients, 11 of whom conceived and have delivered healthy infants.", "PMID": 581377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_865", "title": "Migration enhancement by tuftsin of human mononuclear cells and its effect on the migration inhibition factor test with tumor antigens.", "content": "Tuftsin, a physiological tetrapeptide which stimulates the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages, is found to enhance the migration of normal and sensitized human mononuclear cells. Furthermore, it abrogates the migration inhibition effect of human malignant melanoma antigen. This finding may represent a possible explanation for the unexpected migration enhancement often observed when the migration inhibition test is employed.", "contents": "Migration enhancement by tuftsin of human mononuclear cells and its effect on the migration inhibition factor test with tumor antigens. Tuftsin, a physiological tetrapeptide which stimulates the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages, is found to enhance the migration of normal and sensitized human mononuclear cells. Furthermore, it abrogates the migration inhibition effect of human malignant melanoma antigen. This finding may represent a possible explanation for the unexpected migration enhancement often observed when the migration inhibition test is employed.", "PMID": 581379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_866", "title": "The pathology of thyroiditis.", "content": "Although the term \"thyroiditis\" suggests inflammation, many disorders of the thyroid that are of unknown etiology are also currently included under this heading. Thus, only infective thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis are clearly inflammatory; autoimmune thyroiditis is a result of lymphocytic and fibroblastic infiltration secondary to immune processes, and Riedel's struma (a rare disorder) results from a curious form of fibroblastic proliferation of unknown nature. The pathology of infective thyroiditis  is that of the particular infective organism. The picture of subacute thyroiditis is that of a unique type of follicular disruption with histiocytes surrounding extravasated colloid masses, producing the appearance of giant cells. Autoimmune thyroiditis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, lymphoid follicles. Askanazy cells, and fibrosis, each to a variable degree, with atrophy of follicles. The fibroblastic proliferation in Riedel's struma transcends the thyroid capsule and involves adjacent tissues. The electron microscopic appearance of each form of thyroiditis is also briefly described.", "contents": "The pathology of thyroiditis. Although the term \"thyroiditis\" suggests inflammation, many disorders of the thyroid that are of unknown etiology are also currently included under this heading. Thus, only infective thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis are clearly inflammatory; autoimmune thyroiditis is a result of lymphocytic and fibroblastic infiltration secondary to immune processes, and Riedel's struma (a rare disorder) results from a curious form of fibroblastic proliferation of unknown nature. The pathology of infective thyroiditis  is that of the particular infective organism. The picture of subacute thyroiditis is that of a unique type of follicular disruption with histiocytes surrounding extravasated colloid masses, producing the appearance of giant cells. Autoimmune thyroiditis is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, lymphoid follicles. Askanazy cells, and fibrosis, each to a variable degree, with atrophy of follicles. The fibroblastic proliferation in Riedel's struma transcends the thyroid capsule and involves adjacent tissues. The electron microscopic appearance of each form of thyroiditis is also briefly described.", "PMID": 581380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_867", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy with intraventricular methotrexate and CCNU after surgery and radiotherapy of medulloblastomas.", "content": "Seven patients were treated with a combination of intraventricular methotrexate (MTX) and oral CCNU after resection and whole CNS irradiation of medulloblastomas. 3 patients survived 3 or more years after the operation which is not different from reported series with postoperative radiotherapy only. Adjuvant chemotherapy is experimental and should be employed only in controlled studies. The inadequate bone marrow reserve after previous spinal irradiation is a major problem. Because of its delayed and unpredictable myelotoxicity, CCNU is in our experience not a suitable substance for adjuvant combination chemotherapy of medulloblastomas. No complication was observed with 81 intraventricular injections of MTX. It is a good agent and deserves further clinical trials in less myelotoxic combinations.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy with intraventricular methotrexate and CCNU after surgery and radiotherapy of medulloblastomas. Seven patients were treated with a combination of intraventricular methotrexate (MTX) and oral CCNU after resection and whole CNS irradiation of medulloblastomas. 3 patients survived 3 or more years after the operation which is not different from reported series with postoperative radiotherapy only. Adjuvant chemotherapy is experimental and should be employed only in controlled studies. The inadequate bone marrow reserve after previous spinal irradiation is a major problem. Because of its delayed and unpredictable myelotoxicity, CCNU is in our experience not a suitable substance for adjuvant combination chemotherapy of medulloblastomas. No complication was observed with 81 intraventricular injections of MTX. It is a good agent and deserves further clinical trials in less myelotoxic combinations.", "PMID": 581382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_868", "title": "Transferred pulmonary surfactant film: chemical analysis and contact angle study.", "content": "The Langmuir dip plate transfer technique was adapted to isolate the interfacial film formed at the surface of lung wash. The chemical analysis of the film showed that the weight ratio of lipid to protein of this surfactant film and its content of surface active substances were higher than those of lung wash. It was found that the wettability of the surfactant film could be simulated by a Dipalmitoyl lecithin and albumin film. When the surfactant film was transferred at condensed state (one of low air-lung-wash surface tension), we found the film exhibited a low critical surface tension which indicates the dominance of the lipid in the outer most layer of the film. On the other hand, insignificant amount of lipid was found in the film transferred at expanded state (one of high surface tension) and its surface behavior was shown to be similar to that of a protein film.", "contents": "Transferred pulmonary surfactant film: chemical analysis and contact angle study. The Langmuir dip plate transfer technique was adapted to isolate the interfacial film formed at the surface of lung wash. The chemical analysis of the film showed that the weight ratio of lipid to protein of this surfactant film and its content of surface active substances were higher than those of lung wash. It was found that the wettability of the surfactant film could be simulated by a Dipalmitoyl lecithin and albumin film. When the surfactant film was transferred at condensed state (one of low air-lung-wash surface tension), we found the film exhibited a low critical surface tension which indicates the dominance of the lipid in the outer most layer of the film. On the other hand, insignificant amount of lipid was found in the film transferred at expanded state (one of high surface tension) and its surface behavior was shown to be similar to that of a protein film.", "PMID": 581383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_869", "title": "Metrizamide demonstration of the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves.", "content": "Intrathecal instillation of metrizamide has provided a useful tool for the in vivo evaluation of smaller structures adjacent to or within the subarachnoid cisterns. The authors report a case in which metrizamide filled the thin subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve in its course through the orbit. The finding appears to be infrequent, however, since it was not observed in any instance in a review of 80 metrizamide computed tomographic cisternograms in patients with normal intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Metrizamide demonstration of the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerves. Intrathecal instillation of metrizamide has provided a useful tool for the in vivo evaluation of smaller structures adjacent to or within the subarachnoid cisterns. The authors report a case in which metrizamide filled the thin subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve in its course through the orbit. The finding appears to be infrequent, however, since it was not observed in any instance in a review of 80 metrizamide computed tomographic cisternograms in patients with normal intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 581384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_870", "title": "Effects of processing milk on concentrations of glucocorticoids in milk.", "content": "Concentrations of glucocorticoids were measured by protein binding in milk subjected to various processing methods. Raw whole milk was collected once per week for 3 wk from bulk milk tanks of each of 10 farms. Nine combinations of processing were tested: 1) none, 2) high-temperature short-time pasteurization of whole milk, 3) high-temperature short-time pasteurization and homogenization of whole milk, 4) bulk pasteurization of whole milk, 5) bulk pasteurization and homogenization of whole milk, 6) high-temperature short-time pasteurization of skim milk, 7) high-temperature short-time pasteurization and homogenization of skim milk, 8) bulk pasteurization of skim milk, and 9) bulk pasteurization and homogenization of skim milk. Mean concentrations of total glucocorticoids ranged from .46 to .65 ng/ml and were not different among either processing methods or whole versus skim milk classifications. No correlations were positive between percentage of fat and concentration of glucocorticoids in whole milk (-.22) or skim milk(-.09).", "contents": "Effects of processing milk on concentrations of glucocorticoids in milk. Concentrations of glucocorticoids were measured by protein binding in milk subjected to various processing methods. Raw whole milk was collected once per week for 3 wk from bulk milk tanks of each of 10 farms. Nine combinations of processing were tested: 1) none, 2) high-temperature short-time pasteurization of whole milk, 3) high-temperature short-time pasteurization and homogenization of whole milk, 4) bulk pasteurization of whole milk, 5) bulk pasteurization and homogenization of whole milk, 6) high-temperature short-time pasteurization of skim milk, 7) high-temperature short-time pasteurization and homogenization of skim milk, 8) bulk pasteurization of skim milk, and 9) bulk pasteurization and homogenization of skim milk. Mean concentrations of total glucocorticoids ranged from .46 to .65 ng/ml and were not different among either processing methods or whole versus skim milk classifications. No correlations were positive between percentage of fat and concentration of glucocorticoids in whole milk (-.22) or skim milk(-.09).", "PMID": 581385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_871", "title": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide and iodoxamate in normal and common bile duct-obstructed dogs.", "content": "Iodipamide and iodoxamate were compared at equimolar clinical dosages in dogs with normal, incompletely obstructed and completely obstructed common bile ducts. Forty-eight experiments were performed under general anesthesia in six cholecystomized chronic bile fistula dogs. The peak biliary iodoxamate excretion rate, but not the peak bile iodoxamate concentration, was significantly higher with normal and incompletely obstructed common bile ducts. In complete obstruction, both a significantly higher total biliary iodoxamate excretion and concentration were obtained, but this was still insufficient for radiographic opacification by conventional technique. Lesser toxicity of iodoxamate is suggested by its significantly lower serum levels, its higher bile: urine excretion ratio and its faster compensatory urinary excretion in complete common bile duct obstruction. Iodoxamate appears on this evidence to be a better cholangiographic contrast agent than iodipamide.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide and iodoxamate in normal and common bile duct-obstructed dogs. Iodipamide and iodoxamate were compared at equimolar clinical dosages in dogs with normal, incompletely obstructed and completely obstructed common bile ducts. Forty-eight experiments were performed under general anesthesia in six cholecystomized chronic bile fistula dogs. The peak biliary iodoxamate excretion rate, but not the peak bile iodoxamate concentration, was significantly higher with normal and incompletely obstructed common bile ducts. In complete obstruction, both a significantly higher total biliary iodoxamate excretion and concentration were obtained, but this was still insufficient for radiographic opacification by conventional technique. Lesser toxicity of iodoxamate is suggested by its significantly lower serum levels, its higher bile: urine excretion ratio and its faster compensatory urinary excretion in complete common bile duct obstruction. Iodoxamate appears on this evidence to be a better cholangiographic contrast agent than iodipamide.", "PMID": 581381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_872", "title": "Rate of egg penetration in vitro accelerated by T/t locus in the mouse.", "content": "Spermatozoa from fertile mice heterozygous for tw32, a recessive lethal allele of the T/t locus, were compared to normal spermatozoa in a fertilization in vitro system. The rate of egg penetration following insemination in vitro was determined for epididymal spermatozoa from C57BL/6-tw32/+ mice and for epididymal spermatozoa from C57BL/6-+/+ mice. At one hour after insemination, the mean of penetration +/- standard deviation for spermatozoa from BL/6-tw32/+ mice was 20% +/- 2.1 (109 eggs observed, 5 experiments), while the mean for spermatozoa from BL/6-+/+ mice was 1% +/- 1.5 (107 eggs observed, 4 experiments). By five hours post-insemination, the levels of egg penetration were not significantly different. These results suggest that tw32 increases the initial rate of egg penetration. Preliminary observations of sperm motility and sperm-egg association at one hour post-insemination in vitro do not support the hypothesis that this earlier penetration is due to improved sperm progress to the egg. Rather, the earlier penetration may be a result of changes in the timing of capacitation, the acrosome reaction, or sperm-egg fusion. It is possible that the earlier penetration may play a role in the distortion of the transmission ratio of tw32.", "contents": "Rate of egg penetration in vitro accelerated by T/t locus in the mouse. Spermatozoa from fertile mice heterozygous for tw32, a recessive lethal allele of the T/t locus, were compared to normal spermatozoa in a fertilization in vitro system. The rate of egg penetration following insemination in vitro was determined for epididymal spermatozoa from C57BL/6-tw32/+ mice and for epididymal spermatozoa from C57BL/6-+/+ mice. At one hour after insemination, the mean of penetration +/- standard deviation for spermatozoa from BL/6-tw32/+ mice was 20% +/- 2.1 (109 eggs observed, 5 experiments), while the mean for spermatozoa from BL/6-+/+ mice was 1% +/- 1.5 (107 eggs observed, 4 experiments). By five hours post-insemination, the levels of egg penetration were not significantly different. These results suggest that tw32 increases the initial rate of egg penetration. Preliminary observations of sperm motility and sperm-egg association at one hour post-insemination in vitro do not support the hypothesis that this earlier penetration is due to improved sperm progress to the egg. Rather, the earlier penetration may be a result of changes in the timing of capacitation, the acrosome reaction, or sperm-egg fusion. It is possible that the earlier penetration may play a role in the distortion of the transmission ratio of tw32.", "PMID": 581387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_873", "title": "Drug abuse and alcoholism teaching in U.S. medical and osteopathic schools.", "content": "This is a report of the principal findings of a survey of drug abuse and alcoholism teaching in U.S. medical and osteopathic schools. It was found that required teaching activities during all four years of medical school averaged 25.7 hours, with a range of 0 to 126. The proportion of the total required hours devoted to substance abuse was 0.0 to 3.1 percent, with a mean of 0.6 percent. Schools also differed widely in the number and type of electives offered in drug abuse and alcoholism, as well as in number of clinical assignments available. Findings in osteopathic schools were generally similar. Two factors which were significantly related to the number of required hours were the presence of a career teacher in the addictions and the size of the school.", "contents": "Drug abuse and alcoholism teaching in U.S. medical and osteopathic schools. This is a report of the principal findings of a survey of drug abuse and alcoholism teaching in U.S. medical and osteopathic schools. It was found that required teaching activities during all four years of medical school averaged 25.7 hours, with a range of 0 to 126. The proportion of the total required hours devoted to substance abuse was 0.0 to 3.1 percent, with a mean of 0.6 percent. Schools also differed widely in the number and type of electives offered in drug abuse and alcoholism, as well as in number of clinical assignments available. Findings in osteopathic schools were generally similar. Two factors which were significantly related to the number of required hours were the presence of a career teacher in the addictions and the size of the school.", "PMID": 581388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_874", "title": "Studies of factors influencing lung stability: biochemical changes of pulmonary surfactant and morphological changes of terminal air spaces in the developing rat.", "content": "Aging changes of the pulmonary surfactant were studied with regard to phospholipids and cholesterol and to the physical properties in the rat. Newborn rats had remarkably high content of lecithin compared to other age groups and the content was lowest at around 5 days after birth on the basis of wet weight of lungs. Calculated concentration per unit area of alveolar surface based on the body weight was highest in newborn rats and it fell down abruptly at 3 days after birth followed by a gradual decrease to adult level. The content of cholesterol was lowest and the lecithin:cholesterol ratio was highest in the newborn surfactant. The ratio was the same among rats at other ages. Surface activity examined by Wilhelmy balance was not different between newborn and adult with respect to minimum surface tension and stability index but surface spreading of surfactant was faster in neonatal surfactant than in the adult one. The size of the termnal air spaces was remarkably large at birth. It decreased gradually after birth with its minimum at around 17 days after birth and again it increased to adult level. From these observations it was concluded that high stability of excised lungs of normal newborn rats is brought about by these biochemical and morphological differences and these characteristics seem to facilitate the adaptation of lungs to normal breathing at birth.", "contents": "Studies of factors influencing lung stability: biochemical changes of pulmonary surfactant and morphological changes of terminal air spaces in the developing rat. Aging changes of the pulmonary surfactant were studied with regard to phospholipids and cholesterol and to the physical properties in the rat. Newborn rats had remarkably high content of lecithin compared to other age groups and the content was lowest at around 5 days after birth on the basis of wet weight of lungs. Calculated concentration per unit area of alveolar surface based on the body weight was highest in newborn rats and it fell down abruptly at 3 days after birth followed by a gradual decrease to adult level. The content of cholesterol was lowest and the lecithin:cholesterol ratio was highest in the newborn surfactant. The ratio was the same among rats at other ages. Surface activity examined by Wilhelmy balance was not different between newborn and adult with respect to minimum surface tension and stability index but surface spreading of surfactant was faster in neonatal surfactant than in the adult one. The size of the termnal air spaces was remarkably large at birth. It decreased gradually after birth with its minimum at around 17 days after birth and again it increased to adult level. From these observations it was concluded that high stability of excised lungs of normal newborn rats is brought about by these biochemical and morphological differences and these characteristics seem to facilitate the adaptation of lungs to normal breathing at birth.", "PMID": 581391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_875", "title": "Physiological changes during prolonged seizures and epileptic brain damage.", "content": "The role of physiological changes occurring during prolonged seizures in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been investigated experimentally in baboons and rats. Prolonged drug-induced myoclonic seizure activity is associated with initial arterial hypertension and subsequent hypotension, increased venous pressure, early hyperglycaemia and subsequent hypoglycaemia, variable arterial hypoxia and lactacidosis, and hyperpyrexia. Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and glucose is increased 2--3 fold throughout prolonged seizures provided the physiological status of the animal is well maintained. Ischaemic neuronal change is found after seizures lasting 1.5--7 hours, involving the small neurones of the third cortical lamina, Purkinje and basket cells in the cerebellum, and pyramidal neurons in the endfolium and Sommer sector of the hippocampus. Muscular paralysis and artificial ventilation minimise late physiological changes such as arterial hypotension and hyperpyrexia, and protect against cerebellar damage, but only slightly against neocortical and hippocampal damage. When arterial hypotension, hypoxia or hypoglycaemia lead to a reduction in the intensity of seizure discharge in paralysed, ventilated rats, there is also a reduction in hippocampal and neocortical damage. Factors intimately related to the intensity and duration of the neuronal discharge are responsible for neocortical and hippocampal lesions.", "contents": "Physiological changes during prolonged seizures and epileptic brain damage. The role of physiological changes occurring during prolonged seizures in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been investigated experimentally in baboons and rats. Prolonged drug-induced myoclonic seizure activity is associated with initial arterial hypertension and subsequent hypotension, increased venous pressure, early hyperglycaemia and subsequent hypoglycaemia, variable arterial hypoxia and lactacidosis, and hyperpyrexia. Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and glucose is increased 2--3 fold throughout prolonged seizures provided the physiological status of the animal is well maintained. Ischaemic neuronal change is found after seizures lasting 1.5--7 hours, involving the small neurones of the third cortical lamina, Purkinje and basket cells in the cerebellum, and pyramidal neurons in the endfolium and Sommer sector of the hippocampus. Muscular paralysis and artificial ventilation minimise late physiological changes such as arterial hypotension and hyperpyrexia, and protect against cerebellar damage, but only slightly against neocortical and hippocampal damage. When arterial hypotension, hypoxia or hypoglycaemia lead to a reduction in the intensity of seizure discharge in paralysed, ventilated rats, there is also a reduction in hippocampal and neocortical damage. Factors intimately related to the intensity and duration of the neuronal discharge are responsible for neocortical and hippocampal lesions.", "PMID": 581396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_876", "title": "Myopathy with multiple central cores. A case with hypersensitivity to pyrexia.", "content": "An eight-year-old male suffered from long-standing proximal muscle weakness, dramatically aggravated by febrile episodes. Neuromuscular work-up disclosed a myopathy with multiple central cores of non-familial nature. The presence of central cores in this patient as well as in the myopathy of malignant hyperpyrexia might suggest a pathophysiological basis common to both conditions.", "contents": "Myopathy with multiple central cores. A case with hypersensitivity to pyrexia. An eight-year-old male suffered from long-standing proximal muscle weakness, dramatically aggravated by febrile episodes. Neuromuscular work-up disclosed a myopathy with multiple central cores of non-familial nature. The presence of central cores in this patient as well as in the myopathy of malignant hyperpyrexia might suggest a pathophysiological basis common to both conditions.", "PMID": 581399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_877", "title": "Long term studies of untreated phenylketonuria I: intelligence or mental ability.", "content": "A group of 90 patients over the age of 2 years with untreated phenylketonuria was studied by 3 independent observers in 3 different ways for evidence of mental deterioration. In a small subset (N = 10), psychometric tests showed a fall in Intelligence or Developmental Quotients between the ages of 4 and 18 years; the same was found in a matched group of nonphenylketonuric patients from the same institution. In a second subset (N = 83), a Habit Score derived from the observations of the patients' caretakers showed a small overall improvement in adaptive behaviour over an average span of 19 years. In a third subset (N = 81), clinical assessment by one observer detected no significant change in mental ability over an average span of 11 years. No evidence of progressive mental deterioration was found in untreated phenylketonuria from middle childhood to middle age.", "contents": "Long term studies of untreated phenylketonuria I: intelligence or mental ability. A group of 90 patients over the age of 2 years with untreated phenylketonuria was studied by 3 independent observers in 3 different ways for evidence of mental deterioration. In a small subset (N = 10), psychometric tests showed a fall in Intelligence or Developmental Quotients between the ages of 4 and 18 years; the same was found in a matched group of nonphenylketonuric patients from the same institution. In a second subset (N = 83), a Habit Score derived from the observations of the patients' caretakers showed a small overall improvement in adaptive behaviour over an average span of 19 years. In a third subset (N = 81), clinical assessment by one observer detected no significant change in mental ability over an average span of 11 years. No evidence of progressive mental deterioration was found in untreated phenylketonuria from middle childhood to middle age.", "PMID": 581400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_878", "title": "Long term studies of untreated phenylketonuria II: the plasma phenylalanine level.", "content": "The plasma phenylalanine level was measured on at least two occasions, usually more, in 81 patients with phenylketonuria on unrestricted diets. The distribution of the individual levels was gaussian and the mean (31 mg/100 ml) did not change significantly over an average span of 12.7 years. Persistent individual differences were found but so were unexpected and inexplicable high or low plasma phenylalanine levels in particular patients. Variations in dietary phenylalanine intake did not explain the differences in plasma phenylalanine levels between individuals. There was no clear relationship between the degree of mental disability and the average plasma phenylalanine except that those with the least brain damage had slightly lower average levels (24.2 mg/100 ml). The difficulties of demonstrating genetic heterogeneity in phenylketonuria are illustrated even though this is likely present. It is argued that the assumption of a direct quantitative relationship between the degree of brain damage and the height of the plasma phenylalanine level is an oversimplification.", "contents": "Long term studies of untreated phenylketonuria II: the plasma phenylalanine level. The plasma phenylalanine level was measured on at least two occasions, usually more, in 81 patients with phenylketonuria on unrestricted diets. The distribution of the individual levels was gaussian and the mean (31 mg/100 ml) did not change significantly over an average span of 12.7 years. Persistent individual differences were found but so were unexpected and inexplicable high or low plasma phenylalanine levels in particular patients. Variations in dietary phenylalanine intake did not explain the differences in plasma phenylalanine levels between individuals. There was no clear relationship between the degree of mental disability and the average plasma phenylalanine except that those with the least brain damage had slightly lower average levels (24.2 mg/100 ml). The difficulties of demonstrating genetic heterogeneity in phenylketonuria are illustrated even though this is likely present. It is argued that the assumption of a direct quantitative relationship between the degree of brain damage and the height of the plasma phenylalanine level is an oversimplification.", "PMID": 581401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_879", "title": "[RNA synthesis in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells].", "content": "The effect of inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis (sibiromycin and actinomycin D) and radio toxic doses of 3H-uridine on the bone marrow stem hemopoietic cells in adult mice was studied by means of spleen colonies. The short-term in vitro preincubation of the bone marrow cell suspension with the antibiotics and 3H-uridine resulted in the practically complete inhibition of colony formation. The bone marrow stem hemopoietic cells incorporated 3H-uridine intensively. In the normal adult animals the number of stem cells with the high level of RNA synthesis attained 40% whereas the rest 60% of cells were capable to activate the ribonucleic metabolism upon their in vitro preincubation.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells]. The effect of inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis (sibiromycin and actinomycin D) and radio toxic doses of 3H-uridine on the bone marrow stem hemopoietic cells in adult mice was studied by means of spleen colonies. The short-term in vitro preincubation of the bone marrow cell suspension with the antibiotics and 3H-uridine resulted in the practically complete inhibition of colony formation. The bone marrow stem hemopoietic cells incorporated 3H-uridine intensively. In the normal adult animals the number of stem cells with the high level of RNA synthesis attained 40% whereas the rest 60% of cells were capable to activate the ribonucleic metabolism upon their in vitro preincubation.", "PMID": 581403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_880", "title": "The in vitro production of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.", "content": "In order to determine if there were any relationships between thrombopoietin, erythropoietin and erythrogenin, supernatant fluids from culture lines of foetal mouse liver, foetal and adult bovine kidney, and adult rabbit kidney cells have been assayed for their content of the presumptive humoral regulators of haematopoiesis. Hormone production varied markedly from one culture line to another confirming other studies that the optimal culture conditions for the generation of haematologically-active hormones have not been delineated. The lack of any discernable relationship between the production of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin, thrombopoiet in these and erythrogenin or erythropoietin and erythrogenin suggests that materials represent three distinct entities.", "contents": "The in vitro production of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. In order to determine if there were any relationships between thrombopoietin, erythropoietin and erythrogenin, supernatant fluids from culture lines of foetal mouse liver, foetal and adult bovine kidney, and adult rabbit kidney cells have been assayed for their content of the presumptive humoral regulators of haematopoiesis. Hormone production varied markedly from one culture line to another confirming other studies that the optimal culture conditions for the generation of haematologically-active hormones have not been delineated. The lack of any discernable relationship between the production of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin, thrombopoiet in these and erythrogenin or erythropoietin and erythrogenin suggests that materials represent three distinct entities.", "PMID": 581406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_881", "title": "[Lithium acetate, a useful and well tolerated thyrostatic for selected cases of hyperthyroidism].", "content": "Lithium acetate treatment of 6 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and 6 patients with toxic nodular goiter is reported. Lithium acetate was administered either as monotherapy (group A) or combined with 45 mg carbimazole or methimazole (group B). A control group of 8 patients received methimazole or carbimazole only (group C). Lithium either alone or combined with thionamide drugs consistently lowered serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine with marked clinical improvement. After 7 days of treatment thyroxine was reduced by 28% (group A), 43% (group B) and 36% (group C). The respective decrease in triiodothyronine was 42%, 50% and 46%. The differences between three groups were not statistically significant. We conclude that lithium is a useful antithyroid agent for selected patients, since it is safe and effective even in severe cases, does not interfere with radioiodine uptake for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and provides an alternative for patients allergic to thionamides.", "contents": "[Lithium acetate, a useful and well tolerated thyrostatic for selected cases of hyperthyroidism]. Lithium acetate treatment of 6 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and 6 patients with toxic nodular goiter is reported. Lithium acetate was administered either as monotherapy (group A) or combined with 45 mg carbimazole or methimazole (group B). A control group of 8 patients received methimazole or carbimazole only (group C). Lithium either alone or combined with thionamide drugs consistently lowered serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine with marked clinical improvement. After 7 days of treatment thyroxine was reduced by 28% (group A), 43% (group B) and 36% (group C). The respective decrease in triiodothyronine was 42%, 50% and 46%. The differences between three groups were not statistically significant. We conclude that lithium is a useful antithyroid agent for selected patients, since it is safe and effective even in severe cases, does not interfere with radioiodine uptake for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and provides an alternative for patients allergic to thionamides.", "PMID": 581407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_882", "title": "Evaluation of the shake test to predict respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "An analysis of the relationship of amniotic fluid shake test titers and the subsequent fetal lung maturity as evinced by the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been conducted. Over a four-year period, 131 amniotic fluid samples were tested within 48 hours of delivery. RDS was diagnosed in 16 infants. When the shake test was positive at a 1:2 dilution, one child developed a mild case of RDS (2.3%). If the test was postivie at a 1:4 dilution, none developed RDS. RDS occurred in 15% of the cases with a positive test at a 1:1 dilution and in 30% of the cases with a negative test. This test has proved to be an excellent screening method for predicting fetal lung maturity if it is positive at 1:2 or greater. If the result is positive at a 1:1 dilution, or negative, other methods must be used for assessment. Its advantages are its rapidity, simplicity, and low cost.", "contents": "Evaluation of the shake test to predict respiratory distress syndrome. An analysis of the relationship of amniotic fluid shake test titers and the subsequent fetal lung maturity as evinced by the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been conducted. Over a four-year period, 131 amniotic fluid samples were tested within 48 hours of delivery. RDS was diagnosed in 16 infants. When the shake test was positive at a 1:2 dilution, one child developed a mild case of RDS (2.3%). If the test was postivie at a 1:4 dilution, none developed RDS. RDS occurred in 15% of the cases with a positive test at a 1:1 dilution and in 30% of the cases with a negative test. This test has proved to be an excellent screening method for predicting fetal lung maturity if it is positive at 1:2 or greater. If the result is positive at a 1:1 dilution, or negative, other methods must be used for assessment. Its advantages are its rapidity, simplicity, and low cost.", "PMID": 581408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_883", "title": "The role of antibacterial preparation of the intestine in the reduction of primary wound sepsis after operations on the colon and rectum.", "content": "A consecutive series of 320 patients undergoing operations on the colon and rectum, under the care of one surgeon, was studied to determine the influence of oral antibacterial preparation of the intestine on the incidence of postoperative wound sepsis. Thirty patients were excluded from the analysis, and the rates of major wound sepsis in the remaining 290 patients were 21.7 per cent when no antibacterial preparation was used; 18.6 per cent when the intestine was prepared with phthalylsulfathiazole and neomycin, and 1.6 per cent when the intestine was prepared with phthalysulfathiazole, neomycin and tetracycline. Other important determinants of the rate of wound sepsis were obesity and the use of cephaloridine prophylaxis. Results of bacteriologic studies showed the effectiveness of triple antimicrobial preparation of intestine against gram-negative aerobes and Bacteriodes species.", "contents": "The role of antibacterial preparation of the intestine in the reduction of primary wound sepsis after operations on the colon and rectum. A consecutive series of 320 patients undergoing operations on the colon and rectum, under the care of one surgeon, was studied to determine the influence of oral antibacterial preparation of the intestine on the incidence of postoperative wound sepsis. Thirty patients were excluded from the analysis, and the rates of major wound sepsis in the remaining 290 patients were 21.7 per cent when no antibacterial preparation was used; 18.6 per cent when the intestine was prepared with phthalylsulfathiazole and neomycin, and 1.6 per cent when the intestine was prepared with phthalysulfathiazole, neomycin and tetracycline. Other important determinants of the rate of wound sepsis were obesity and the use of cephaloridine prophylaxis. Results of bacteriologic studies showed the effectiveness of triple antimicrobial preparation of intestine against gram-negative aerobes and Bacteriodes species.", "PMID": 581421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_884", "title": "[Nonocclusive vascular insufficiency of the bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "The particular problems of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency are discussed on the basis of reports in the literature and 4 patients observed by the authors. Diminution in splanchnic blood flow as a manifestation of splanchnic compensation to low cardiac output seems to be the most common cause. The symptoms are described and the necessity for early diagnosis and immediate treatment are stressed. Our results of treatment in 4 patients with nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency are presented.", "contents": "[Nonocclusive vascular insufficiency of the bowel (author's transl)]. The particular problems of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency are discussed on the basis of reports in the literature and 4 patients observed by the authors. Diminution in splanchnic blood flow as a manifestation of splanchnic compensation to low cardiac output seems to be the most common cause. The symptoms are described and the necessity for early diagnosis and immediate treatment are stressed. Our results of treatment in 4 patients with nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency are presented.", "PMID": 581426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_885", "title": "[Evaluation of fetal lung maturity using a modified lecithin-sphingomyelin determination and Clements' foam test].", "content": "The modified thin layer chromatographic method for the determination of the phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin from amniotic fluid is useful in estimating fetal pulmonary maturity. The foam test of Clements is a simple rapid method for screening of suspicious cases of pregnancies at risk and of great value as bed side test even performing by the doctor. In comparing Clements-Test with thin layer chromatographic for L/S-Ratio determination we found a good correlation of 81,8% of all cases.", "contents": "[Evaluation of fetal lung maturity using a modified lecithin-sphingomyelin determination and Clements' foam test]. The modified thin layer chromatographic method for the determination of the phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin from amniotic fluid is useful in estimating fetal pulmonary maturity. The foam test of Clements is a simple rapid method for screening of suspicious cases of pregnancies at risk and of great value as bed side test even performing by the doctor. In comparing Clements-Test with thin layer chromatographic for L/S-Ratio determination we found a good correlation of 81,8% of all cases.", "PMID": 581427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_886", "title": "[The thermophilic streptomycetes flora in milk powders and condensed milk products (author's transl)].", "content": "247 specimens of powdered milk and 165 of condensed milk were tested for their contamination with thermophile Streptomycetes. Colonies of these contaminants were isolated from all specimens of powdered milk and from 73 samples of condensed sweeted milk. The isolated strains corresponded with the following species of thermophilic Streptomycetes: Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899 \"giant colonies\", Micromonospora sp. (Agre et al., 1).", "contents": "[The thermophilic streptomycetes flora in milk powders and condensed milk products (author's transl)]. 247 specimens of powdered milk and 165 of condensed milk were tested for their contamination with thermophile Streptomycetes. Colonies of these contaminants were isolated from all specimens of powdered milk and from 73 samples of condensed sweeted milk. The isolated strains corresponded with the following species of thermophilic Streptomycetes: Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Tsiklinsky 1899 \"giant colonies\", Micromonospora sp. (Agre et al., 1).", "PMID": 581428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_887", "title": "Occurrence and thermoresistance of thermophilic streptomycetes spores in milk.", "content": "200 samples of raw milk and 100 samples of pasteurized milk were tested for the presence of thermophilic streptomycetes. One ml of raw and pasteurized milk contained mean 8.42 and 14.95 thermophilic streptomycetes, respectively. The isolated strains belonging to the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsiklinsky 1899 and Micromonospore sp. (Agre et al., 1972) were identified. To determine the survival of spores of these thermophiles after pasteurization, samples of milk were heated at 63.5 degrees C/30 min and at 75 degrees C/15 s. Ampouls with this milk, dairy pasteurized milk and raw milk were heated for the same time intervals at 100, 105, 110 and 120 degrees C. Thermophilic streptomycetes spores contained in the investigated milk samples survived the both of pasteurization temperatures. A relative high number of thermophilic streptomycetes spores survive the heat treatment at 100 degrees C. The heat resistance at 105, 110 and 120 degrees C is distinctly lower. The most resistant in the range of the testet temperatures proved spores of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsiklinsky 1899.", "contents": "Occurrence and thermoresistance of thermophilic streptomycetes spores in milk. 200 samples of raw milk and 100 samples of pasteurized milk were tested for the presence of thermophilic streptomycetes. One ml of raw and pasteurized milk contained mean 8.42 and 14.95 thermophilic streptomycetes, respectively. The isolated strains belonging to the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsiklinsky 1899 and Micromonospore sp. (Agre et al., 1972) were identified. To determine the survival of spores of these thermophiles after pasteurization, samples of milk were heated at 63.5 degrees C/30 min and at 75 degrees C/15 s. Ampouls with this milk, dairy pasteurized milk and raw milk were heated for the same time intervals at 100, 105, 110 and 120 degrees C. Thermophilic streptomycetes spores contained in the investigated milk samples survived the both of pasteurization temperatures. A relative high number of thermophilic streptomycetes spores survive the heat treatment at 100 degrees C. The heat resistance at 105, 110 and 120 degrees C is distinctly lower. The most resistant in the range of the testet temperatures proved spores of the species Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Tsiklinsky 1899.", "PMID": 581429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_888", "title": "Intrathecal neurolysis.", "content": "The present status of intrathecal neurolysis with phenol, alcohol, chlorocresol and saline in the management of chronic pain has been discussed and the results of treatment reviewed. The particular use of these techniques in the therapy of pain due to malignant conditions has been stressed.", "contents": "Intrathecal neurolysis. The present status of intrathecal neurolysis with phenol, alcohol, chlorocresol and saline in the management of chronic pain has been discussed and the results of treatment reviewed. The particular use of these techniques in the therapy of pain due to malignant conditions has been stressed.", "PMID": 581435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_889", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of phospholipases in the Clara cell of the rat bronchiole.", "content": "The Clara cell of the bronchiole is unique to the lung; the cell's function is not clear. The localization of the lipid-hydrolase enzymes phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and lipase was examined ultrastructurally in the Clara cell of the rat bronchiole. The secretory granules of the Clara cell showed a strong reaction of lysophospholipase and a weak reaction of lipase. Phospholipase activity was not detected intracellularly. These findings suggest that the Clara cell secretes lipase-phospholipase into the bronchiolar lumen, thus catabolizing the pulmonary surfactant phospholipids.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of phospholipases in the Clara cell of the rat bronchiole. The Clara cell of the bronchiole is unique to the lung; the cell's function is not clear. The localization of the lipid-hydrolase enzymes phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and lipase was examined ultrastructurally in the Clara cell of the rat bronchiole. The secretory granules of the Clara cell showed a strong reaction of lysophospholipase and a weak reaction of lipase. Phospholipase activity was not detected intracellularly. These findings suggest that the Clara cell secretes lipase-phospholipase into the bronchiolar lumen, thus catabolizing the pulmonary surfactant phospholipids.", "PMID": 581434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_890", "title": "The role of sensitizing proteins in milk allergy.", "content": "In clinical allergology and particularly during childhood, we quite frequently encounter patients who are allergic to milk. This has usually been confirmed by the clinical history and by skin testing. Statistics show a sensitization to cows' milk of between 0.3 and 7% of the world's population. In view of the diversity of opinions about an immunological problem of such clinical importance, we decided to carry out a clinical study to determine the sensitization to different fractions in patients allergic to milk. For this study, 82 patients were selected with a history of milk allergy together with strongly positive (++++) skin tests. Simultaneous intracutaneous tests were also performed with Alpha-lactalbumin, Beta-Lactoglobulin and Casein. The following points summarize our conclusions. 1. In milk allergy, lactoglobulin is the fraction with the greatest sensitizing potential (76.8% of our cases). 2. The alpha-lactalbumin fraction sensitized 59.7% of our cases, but gave weaker positive reactions. 3. Casein is the least sensitizing of the fractions studied, affecting 42% of the patients. 4. Taking into account that many patients with a positive history of milk allergy may show negative reactions when tested with whole milk and positive reactions to one of the three fractions discussed, it would be advisable to test routinely with these three fractions as well as with whole milk.", "contents": "The role of sensitizing proteins in milk allergy. In clinical allergology and particularly during childhood, we quite frequently encounter patients who are allergic to milk. This has usually been confirmed by the clinical history and by skin testing. Statistics show a sensitization to cows' milk of between 0.3 and 7% of the world's population. In view of the diversity of opinions about an immunological problem of such clinical importance, we decided to carry out a clinical study to determine the sensitization to different fractions in patients allergic to milk. For this study, 82 patients were selected with a history of milk allergy together with strongly positive (++++) skin tests. Simultaneous intracutaneous tests were also performed with Alpha-lactalbumin, Beta-Lactoglobulin and Casein. The following points summarize our conclusions. 1. In milk allergy, lactoglobulin is the fraction with the greatest sensitizing potential (76.8% of our cases). 2. The alpha-lactalbumin fraction sensitized 59.7% of our cases, but gave weaker positive reactions. 3. Casein is the least sensitizing of the fractions studied, affecting 42% of the patients. 4. Taking into account that many patients with a positive history of milk allergy may show negative reactions when tested with whole milk and positive reactions to one of the three fractions discussed, it would be advisable to test routinely with these three fractions as well as with whole milk.", "PMID": 581430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_891", "title": "False diagnosis of orbital apex tumor by CAT scan in thyroid eye disease.", "content": "Computerized transaxial tomography is now the procedure of choice in diagnosing exophthalmos. Caution must be exercised, however, in interpreting the results. The patient reported here had a swollen inferior rectus muscle that simulated an orbital apex tumor on CAT scan.", "contents": "False diagnosis of orbital apex tumor by CAT scan in thyroid eye disease. Computerized transaxial tomography is now the procedure of choice in diagnosing exophthalmos. Caution must be exercised, however, in interpreting the results. The patient reported here had a swollen inferior rectus muscle that simulated an orbital apex tumor on CAT scan.", "PMID": 581437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_892", "title": "[Antitumor properties and toxicity of a carminomycin and protein complex].", "content": "The properties of carminomycin complexes with protein, a bovine serum albumin prepared with two different methods using glutaraldehyde or carbodiimine were studied. The complex prepared with the use of carbodiimine was biologically inactive. The complex prepared with the use of glutaraldehyde had a molecular mass of about 15 000 000 dalton, was more toxic than carminomycin and possessed proportionally higher antitumor activity and a wider antitumor spectrum. The studies on the use of the method of carminomycin complex formation with antitumor immunoglobulins are promising.", "contents": "[Antitumor properties and toxicity of a carminomycin and protein complex]. The properties of carminomycin complexes with protein, a bovine serum albumin prepared with two different methods using glutaraldehyde or carbodiimine were studied. The complex prepared with the use of carbodiimine was biologically inactive. The complex prepared with the use of glutaraldehyde had a molecular mass of about 15 000 000 dalton, was more toxic than carminomycin and possessed proportionally higher antitumor activity and a wider antitumor spectrum. The studies on the use of the method of carminomycin complex formation with antitumor immunoglobulins are promising.", "PMID": 581438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_893", "title": "[Interaction of sibiromycin with soluble chromatin from the cells of murine NK/LI lymphadenosis].", "content": "Interaction of sibiromycin with chromatin from NK/Li cells was studied. It was shown that the chromatin proteins had no significant effect on the amount of the antibiotic firmly bound with DNA. The difference observed in the kinetics of the sibiromycin interaction with chromatin and DNA from NK/Li cells was not induced by replacement of a part of the DNA bound proteins. Possibly the chromatin proteins hampered formation of DNA conformation necessary for sibiromycin binding.", "contents": "[Interaction of sibiromycin with soluble chromatin from the cells of murine NK/LI lymphadenosis]. Interaction of sibiromycin with chromatin from NK/Li cells was studied. It was shown that the chromatin proteins had no significant effect on the amount of the antibiotic firmly bound with DNA. The difference observed in the kinetics of the sibiromycin interaction with chromatin and DNA from NK/Li cells was not induced by replacement of a part of the DNA bound proteins. Possibly the chromatin proteins hampered formation of DNA conformation necessary for sibiromycin binding.", "PMID": 581439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_894", "title": "[Humoral immune response--cervical cancer patients: lymphocytotoxic antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of 120 cervical cancer patients as well as that of 116 healthy control persons were screened for lymphocytotoxic antibodies using microlymphocytotoxic tests variated in temperature and incubation time. In 76 of 120 cancer-sera (63.3%) lymphocytotoxic antibodies could be detected in comparison with 26 sera of 116 controls (22.4%); p less than 0.0005. With the differentiation into the stages of the disease the highest percentage of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found in patients with stage 0 of cervical cancer. The presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera of cervical cancer patients suggest the possibility that this disease is an allotransplant as well as expression of an autoimmune process.", "contents": "[Humoral immune response--cervical cancer patients: lymphocytotoxic antibodies (author's transl)]. Sera of 120 cervical cancer patients as well as that of 116 healthy control persons were screened for lymphocytotoxic antibodies using microlymphocytotoxic tests variated in temperature and incubation time. In 76 of 120 cancer-sera (63.3%) lymphocytotoxic antibodies could be detected in comparison with 26 sera of 116 controls (22.4%); p less than 0.0005. With the differentiation into the stages of the disease the highest percentage of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found in patients with stage 0 of cervical cancer. The presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera of cervical cancer patients suggest the possibility that this disease is an allotransplant as well as expression of an autoimmune process.", "PMID": 581440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_895", "title": "[The application of a radionuclide technique for uroflowmetry and determination of residual urine in gynecology (author's transl)].", "content": "The micturition of 74 female patients with different disturbances of bladder voiding was studied using 99mTc-DTPA and a gamma camera connected to a cinescintigraphic system and a small computer. The urinary flow and the residual urine were determined from the voided urine volume and from the time-activity curves and the residual counting rate respectively recorded over the bladder region. The values of normals are compared with those found in different types of incontinence and neurogenic micturition disorders. The method provides important parameters of the dynamics of bladder voiding without unphysiologic manipulations. The costs are very low if the standard equipment of a nuclear medicine department can be used.", "contents": "[The application of a radionuclide technique for uroflowmetry and determination of residual urine in gynecology (author's transl)]. The micturition of 74 female patients with different disturbances of bladder voiding was studied using 99mTc-DTPA and a gamma camera connected to a cinescintigraphic system and a small computer. The urinary flow and the residual urine were determined from the voided urine volume and from the time-activity curves and the residual counting rate respectively recorded over the bladder region. The values of normals are compared with those found in different types of incontinence and neurogenic micturition disorders. The method provides important parameters of the dynamics of bladder voiding without unphysiologic manipulations. The costs are very low if the standard equipment of a nuclear medicine department can be used.", "PMID": 581441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_896", "title": "[Urethro-cystometry: a comparison between open-end catheters with flow and microtransducer catheters (author's transl)].", "content": "In 40 women a comparative urethrocystometric study between microtransducer catheters and open-end catheters was performed. Analysis of resting and cough urethrapressure profile concerned clinical and practical value as well as reproducibility. All of these aspects can better be achieved by microtransducer catheters compared to the open-end catheter system. Best results were obtained when measuring with microtransducers in standing position.", "contents": "[Urethro-cystometry: a comparison between open-end catheters with flow and microtransducer catheters (author's transl)]. In 40 women a comparative urethrocystometric study between microtransducer catheters and open-end catheters was performed. Analysis of resting and cough urethrapressure profile concerned clinical and practical value as well as reproducibility. All of these aspects can better be achieved by microtransducer catheters compared to the open-end catheter system. Best results were obtained when measuring with microtransducers in standing position.", "PMID": 581442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_897", "title": "[Endocervical form of the vaginal adenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Vaginal adenosis is a rare kind of disease without specific symptoms and does not represent a very serious disorder from the beginning. Concerning the etiology teratogenetic dependencies are known which still are interpreted in different ways in the recent literature. The increased number of cases, including those with clear-cell-carcinoma of the vagina, in juveniles after exposition to DES during the early embryonal development shows in particular (Central index for the stilbestrol-adenosis-carcinoma-syndrome in the USA, since 1971) a wrong pathway in the organogenesis of cervix and vagina. This occurs at the interference zone between the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian ducts and the epithelium of the sinus urogenitalis of the female fetus and in so far constitutes the origin of vaginal adenosis. The basics of the possibility of the development of such irregular differentiation and heterotopic dissemination are proven again by the case report of a vaginal adenosis showing the highly differentiated endocervical type. Not every case of vaginal adenosis does signify a precancerous lesion. The separation of the most frequently endocervical manifestation observed from endometrial and intermediate forms might be difficult. A positive distinction is prognostically essential, however, since clear-cell-carcinomas of the vagina are known in occurence with the endometrial type of vaginal adenosis only. Scanning electron microscopy as a method to follow tissue organization reveals the way of differentiation between the various types via ultrastructural analysis for vaginal adenosis is an example for failures of developmental organization. The same analysis is feasible in cytological smears also. The therapeutic requirements of vaginal adenosis depend on the tissular differentiation and the given local extent of the adenomatous lesions.", "contents": "[Endocervical form of the vaginal adenosis (author's transl)]. Vaginal adenosis is a rare kind of disease without specific symptoms and does not represent a very serious disorder from the beginning. Concerning the etiology teratogenetic dependencies are known which still are interpreted in different ways in the recent literature. The increased number of cases, including those with clear-cell-carcinoma of the vagina, in juveniles after exposition to DES during the early embryonal development shows in particular (Central index for the stilbestrol-adenosis-carcinoma-syndrome in the USA, since 1971) a wrong pathway in the organogenesis of cervix and vagina. This occurs at the interference zone between the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian ducts and the epithelium of the sinus urogenitalis of the female fetus and in so far constitutes the origin of vaginal adenosis. The basics of the possibility of the development of such irregular differentiation and heterotopic dissemination are proven again by the case report of a vaginal adenosis showing the highly differentiated endocervical type. Not every case of vaginal adenosis does signify a precancerous lesion. The separation of the most frequently endocervical manifestation observed from endometrial and intermediate forms might be difficult. A positive distinction is prognostically essential, however, since clear-cell-carcinomas of the vagina are known in occurence with the endometrial type of vaginal adenosis only. Scanning electron microscopy as a method to follow tissue organization reveals the way of differentiation between the various types via ultrastructural analysis for vaginal adenosis is an example for failures of developmental organization. The same analysis is feasible in cytological smears also. The therapeutic requirements of vaginal adenosis depend on the tissular differentiation and the given local extent of the adenomatous lesions.", "PMID": 581443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_898", "title": "[Determination of the heart minute volume by impedance cardiography: a way to prophylaxis of premature birth? (author's transl)].", "content": "30 gravid women between the ages of 18 and 38 years who had gone into premature labour of unknown etiology were examined with respect to cardiac output and various other cardiovascular parameters in the standing, supine and left lateral positions. Measurements were carried out using an impedance-cardiography. A group of 30 women of similar age and duration of pregnancy but not in premature labour was also tested as controls. In the standing position, the test group showed a cardiac output which was 15% less than that of the controls. Statistically this was highly significant (p less than 0.005). No difference was found in the supine and left lateral positions. These results are in agreement with the literature, but with the method used in this study, an invasive, or X-Ray procedure is avoided. The physiology of the cardiovascular system in pregnancy and the means by which premature labour may be prevented, are discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of the heart minute volume by impedance cardiography: a way to prophylaxis of premature birth? (author's transl)]. 30 gravid women between the ages of 18 and 38 years who had gone into premature labour of unknown etiology were examined with respect to cardiac output and various other cardiovascular parameters in the standing, supine and left lateral positions. Measurements were carried out using an impedance-cardiography. A group of 30 women of similar age and duration of pregnancy but not in premature labour was also tested as controls. In the standing position, the test group showed a cardiac output which was 15% less than that of the controls. Statistically this was highly significant (p less than 0.005). No difference was found in the supine and left lateral positions. These results are in agreement with the literature, but with the method used in this study, an invasive, or X-Ray procedure is avoided. The physiology of the cardiovascular system in pregnancy and the means by which premature labour may be prevented, are discussed.", "PMID": 581445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_899", "title": "Systemic amyloidosis and hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Small deposits of amyloid were found at autopsy in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and blood vessels of the intestines of a patient known to have primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Previously described cases of hypogammaglobulinemia-associated amyloid are reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. The pathogenesis of amyloidosis in this patient is not known.", "contents": "Systemic amyloidosis and hypogammaglobulinemia. Small deposits of amyloid were found at autopsy in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and blood vessels of the intestines of a patient known to have primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Previously described cases of hypogammaglobulinemia-associated amyloid are reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. The pathogenesis of amyloidosis in this patient is not known.", "PMID": 581446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_900", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis: association with myeloproliferative state and desmoplasia.", "content": "A patient with histiocytic medullary reticulosis also had two unusual associations: myeloproliferative state and desmoplastic reaction. These alterations appear to be more than mere chance associations, ie, they seem to be intimately involved with the histiocytic proliferation.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis: association with myeloproliferative state and desmoplasia. A patient with histiocytic medullary reticulosis also had two unusual associations: myeloproliferative state and desmoplastic reaction. These alterations appear to be more than mere chance associations, ie, they seem to be intimately involved with the histiocytic proliferation.", "PMID": 581447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_901", "title": "Acute myelofibrosis with peripheral myeloblastosis: an acute myeloproliferative disorder.", "content": "Acute myelofibrosis is an uncommon fulminant disorder characterized by pancytopenia, premature myeloid elements in the peripheral blood, and bone marrow fibrosis. We report the case of a 59-year-old man who had acute myelofibrosis and peripheral myeloblastosis clinically suggesting the diagnosis of acute granulocytic leukemia. The disease was unresponsive to cytotoxic drugs or androgens and the patient died five months later. The association of bone marrow fibrosis with large numbers of myeloblasts in the peripheral blood has rarely been reported and suggests a spectrum of morphological changes in acute myeloproliferative disorders, analogous to the merging of chronic myeloproliferative disorders into one another and into leukemic blast crisis.", "contents": "Acute myelofibrosis with peripheral myeloblastosis: an acute myeloproliferative disorder. Acute myelofibrosis is an uncommon fulminant disorder characterized by pancytopenia, premature myeloid elements in the peripheral blood, and bone marrow fibrosis. We report the case of a 59-year-old man who had acute myelofibrosis and peripheral myeloblastosis clinically suggesting the diagnosis of acute granulocytic leukemia. The disease was unresponsive to cytotoxic drugs or androgens and the patient died five months later. The association of bone marrow fibrosis with large numbers of myeloblasts in the peripheral blood has rarely been reported and suggests a spectrum of morphological changes in acute myeloproliferative disorders, analogous to the merging of chronic myeloproliferative disorders into one another and into leukemic blast crisis.", "PMID": 581448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_902", "title": "Xanthomatosis resembling scleroderma in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma had severe cutaneous and gastrointestinal xanthomatization and symptoms characteristic of systemic sclerosis. Clinical findings included thickened sclerotic skin, dysphagia associated with an akinetic esophagus, and abnormal findings on roentgenograms of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Biopsy specimens obtained from the skin and the gastrointestinal tract studied by light and electron microscopy showed thickening, hyalinization, and xanthomatization of the subepithelial connective tissue. Macrophages containing lipid vacuoles were shown to assume a perivascular orientation on ultrastructural study. Our case appears to be unique since this combination of findings has not been reported previuosly. In addition, our electron micrographs may help to define better the pathogenetic process involved in the association between myeloma and plane xanthomata.", "contents": "Xanthomatosis resembling scleroderma in multiple myeloma. A patient with multiple myeloma had severe cutaneous and gastrointestinal xanthomatization and symptoms characteristic of systemic sclerosis. Clinical findings included thickened sclerotic skin, dysphagia associated with an akinetic esophagus, and abnormal findings on roentgenograms of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Biopsy specimens obtained from the skin and the gastrointestinal tract studied by light and electron microscopy showed thickening, hyalinization, and xanthomatization of the subepithelial connective tissue. Macrophages containing lipid vacuoles were shown to assume a perivascular orientation on ultrastructural study. Our case appears to be unique since this combination of findings has not been reported previuosly. In addition, our electron micrographs may help to define better the pathogenetic process involved in the association between myeloma and plane xanthomata.", "PMID": 581449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_903", "title": "Focal glomerular sclerosis and sarcoidosis.", "content": "Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome occurred in a patient with sarcoidosis. Typical features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were present on kidney biopsy. A unique finding was the occurrence of IgA in blood vessels of the skin and lymph node. Whereas the sarcoid hilar adenopathy responded to steroid therapy, the nephrotic syndrome was resistant to steroids and immunosuppression. Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responsiveness showed no abnormalities except cutaneous anergy. Glomerulonephritis is uncommon in sarcoidosis, and a brief outline of this association is included. This patient is of importance in view of the unexplained relationship between idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and T lymphocyte abnormalities.", "contents": "Focal glomerular sclerosis and sarcoidosis. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome occurred in a patient with sarcoidosis. Typical features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were present on kidney biopsy. A unique finding was the occurrence of IgA in blood vessels of the skin and lymph node. Whereas the sarcoid hilar adenopathy responded to steroid therapy, the nephrotic syndrome was resistant to steroids and immunosuppression. Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responsiveness showed no abnormalities except cutaneous anergy. Glomerulonephritis is uncommon in sarcoidosis, and a brief outline of this association is included. This patient is of importance in view of the unexplained relationship between idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and T lymphocyte abnormalities.", "PMID": 581450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_904", "title": "The Churg-Strauss granuloma: cutaneous, necrotizing, palisading granuloma in vasculitis syndromes.", "content": "The cutaneous, necrotizing, palisading granuloma (Churg-Strauss granuloma) was observed on histopathologic study of skin specimens from seven patients. Two patients had Wegener's granulomatosis and one patient each had allergic granulomatosis, limited Wegener's granulomatosis, bacterial endocarditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The microscopic picture consists of extravascular, palisading, dermal granuloma. The center of the granuloma consists of basophilic fibrillar necrosis in which linear bands of destroyed tissue are interspersed with masses of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and leukocytoclastic debris. This necrotic leukocytic mass is surrounded by histiocytes and some lymphocytes. The clinical lesions are symmetric, erythematous papules or nodules on the extremities. The histopathologic picture of the Churg-Strauss granuloma is unique and, as demonstrated in these cases, indicates the presence of systemic vasculitis.", "contents": "The Churg-Strauss granuloma: cutaneous, necrotizing, palisading granuloma in vasculitis syndromes. The cutaneous, necrotizing, palisading granuloma (Churg-Strauss granuloma) was observed on histopathologic study of skin specimens from seven patients. Two patients had Wegener's granulomatosis and one patient each had allergic granulomatosis, limited Wegener's granulomatosis, bacterial endocarditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The microscopic picture consists of extravascular, palisading, dermal granuloma. The center of the granuloma consists of basophilic fibrillar necrosis in which linear bands of destroyed tissue are interspersed with masses of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and leukocytoclastic debris. This necrotic leukocytic mass is surrounded by histiocytes and some lymphocytes. The clinical lesions are symmetric, erythematous papules or nodules on the extremities. The histopathologic picture of the Churg-Strauss granuloma is unique and, as demonstrated in these cases, indicates the presence of systemic vasculitis.", "PMID": 581451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_905", "title": "Renal cysts in premature children: occurrence in a family with polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "Discrete but typical renal lesions, probably representing the first stage of familial adult-type polycystic kidney disease, were found in two premature still-born daughters of a woman whose family had many cases of this autosomal dominant disease. Apparently, enough cysts were present to form polycystic kidneys of adult size solely by cyst dilation, without additional cyst formation.", "contents": "Renal cysts in premature children: occurrence in a family with polycystic kidney disease. Discrete but typical renal lesions, probably representing the first stage of familial adult-type polycystic kidney disease, were found in two premature still-born daughters of a woman whose family had many cases of this autosomal dominant disease. Apparently, enough cysts were present to form polycystic kidneys of adult size solely by cyst dilation, without additional cyst formation.", "PMID": 581452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_906", "title": "Giant cell transformation cerebrohepatorenal syndrome.", "content": "An infant with cerebrohepatorenal syndrome of Zellweger had extensive hepatic giant cell transformation at 6 1/2 weeks of age. At 16 weeks the liver showed early cirrhosis and rare giant cells. Changes previously described have ranged from no abnormality in the neonate to cirrhosis at 20 weeks of age and indicate progression of liver disease in affected patients.", "contents": "Giant cell transformation cerebrohepatorenal syndrome. An infant with cerebrohepatorenal syndrome of Zellweger had extensive hepatic giant cell transformation at 6 1/2 weeks of age. At 16 weeks the liver showed early cirrhosis and rare giant cells. Changes previously described have ranged from no abnormality in the neonate to cirrhosis at 20 weeks of age and indicate progression of liver disease in affected patients.", "PMID": 581453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_907", "title": "Mucolipidosis IV: ultrastructural diagnosis of a recently defined genetic disorder.", "content": "In nine cases of a new genetic disorder mucolipidosis IV clinical findings included early or congenital corneal cloudiness and mild to severe psychomotor retardation in all patients. The diagnosis can be established by electron microscopy of the conjunctiva, which along with several other tissues shows typical ultrastructural changes. All of the known patients described were descendants of parents of Jewish-Ashkenazi origin, and it seems that mucolipidosis IV is another \"Jewish\" genetic disease. Prenatal diagnosis can be made by finding the typical ultrastructural changes in cells of the amniotic fluid. Biochemical abnormalities are inconspicuous, but there is evidence that the storage materials are gangliosides and hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Mucolipidosis IV: ultrastructural diagnosis of a recently defined genetic disorder. In nine cases of a new genetic disorder mucolipidosis IV clinical findings included early or congenital corneal cloudiness and mild to severe psychomotor retardation in all patients. The diagnosis can be established by electron microscopy of the conjunctiva, which along with several other tissues shows typical ultrastructural changes. All of the known patients described were descendants of parents of Jewish-Ashkenazi origin, and it seems that mucolipidosis IV is another \"Jewish\" genetic disease. Prenatal diagnosis can be made by finding the typical ultrastructural changes in cells of the amniotic fluid. Biochemical abnormalities are inconspicuous, but there is evidence that the storage materials are gangliosides and hyaluronic acid.", "PMID": 581454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_908", "title": "Ultrastructure of the proliferating cells in pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis.", "content": "Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis occurs almost exclusively in women and is characterized by a widespread proliferation of spindle-shaped cells within the lung. Although these cells have been considered to be vessel-associated smooth muscle cells, their origin remains undefined. In this case of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis studied by electron microscopy, the proliferating cells were found to vary morphologically and to differ from typical smooth muscle cells. The ultrastructure suggests that the cell of origin might be the pulmonary interstitial cell rather than vascular smooth muscle. It is also possible that the cells are derived from pericytes. Accumulations of glycogen were seen in the proliferating cells and are suggested to be a reflection of an estrogenic hormonal dominance.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the proliferating cells in pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis occurs almost exclusively in women and is characterized by a widespread proliferation of spindle-shaped cells within the lung. Although these cells have been considered to be vessel-associated smooth muscle cells, their origin remains undefined. In this case of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis studied by electron microscopy, the proliferating cells were found to vary morphologically and to differ from typical smooth muscle cells. The ultrastructure suggests that the cell of origin might be the pulmonary interstitial cell rather than vascular smooth muscle. It is also possible that the cells are derived from pericytes. Accumulations of glycogen were seen in the proliferating cells and are suggested to be a reflection of an estrogenic hormonal dominance.", "PMID": 581458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_909", "title": "Clinical and pathological effects of cigarette smoke exposure in beagle dogs.", "content": "To compare the clinical and pathological effects of high and low nicotine cigarette smoke 12 young adult male beagles were separated into four equal groups and exposed to smoke from high (4.6 mg) or low (1.4 mg) nicotine cigarettes, administered in six or 12 cigarettes per day. Two control groups, sham-exposed and nontracheostomized, consisted of three dogs each. The dogs were exposed seven days per week for five months. Tracheobronchitis developed in smoke-exposed dogs; gross lesions were generally confined to the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Histopathological changes were found in all smoke-exposed dogs, with slightly more severe or extensive lesions in the dogs exposed to 12 cigarettes per day. The incidence and severity of rhinitis, turbinate basal epithelial cell hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia were increased among dogs in the high nicotine cigarette groups.", "contents": "Clinical and pathological effects of cigarette smoke exposure in beagle dogs. To compare the clinical and pathological effects of high and low nicotine cigarette smoke 12 young adult male beagles were separated into four equal groups and exposed to smoke from high (4.6 mg) or low (1.4 mg) nicotine cigarettes, administered in six or 12 cigarettes per day. Two control groups, sham-exposed and nontracheostomized, consisted of three dogs each. The dogs were exposed seven days per week for five months. Tracheobronchitis developed in smoke-exposed dogs; gross lesions were generally confined to the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Histopathological changes were found in all smoke-exposed dogs, with slightly more severe or extensive lesions in the dogs exposed to 12 cigarettes per day. The incidence and severity of rhinitis, turbinate basal epithelial cell hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia were increased among dogs in the high nicotine cigarette groups.", "PMID": 581459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_910", "title": "Tracheobronchial cytologic changes in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Histiocytes counted in smears made from the tracheobronchial washings of 208 patients with malignant melanomas were found to be 3.12 times more numerous than in a control group comparable in sex, age (decades), and smoking habit but without any type of prediagnosed malignant lesion. The discovery of this phenomenon may lead to the development of a new method for the evaluation of therapeutic methods in patients with melanotic lesions. It may open novel pathways for the investigation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with certain forms of malignant disease.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial cytologic changes in malignant melanoma. Histiocytes counted in smears made from the tracheobronchial washings of 208 patients with malignant melanomas were found to be 3.12 times more numerous than in a control group comparable in sex, age (decades), and smoking habit but without any type of prediagnosed malignant lesion. The discovery of this phenomenon may lead to the development of a new method for the evaluation of therapeutic methods in patients with melanotic lesions. It may open novel pathways for the investigation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with certain forms of malignant disease.", "PMID": 581460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_911", "title": "Nucleolar abnormalities in human papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "The nuclei of 17 occult and common papillary thyroid carcinomas were studied with an electron microscope. In most of the nuclei, numerous clusters of large interchromatin granules were seen. Nucleoli with a microfibrillar cortex and segregation of their components were observed in some tumors. Dense RNA containing microspherules were found in altered nucleoli and in complex nuclear bodies. These ultrastructural features seem to reinforce the advanced involvement of a disturbed RNA metabolism in human papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "contents": "Nucleolar abnormalities in human papillary thyroid carcinomas. The nuclei of 17 occult and common papillary thyroid carcinomas were studied with an electron microscope. In most of the nuclei, numerous clusters of large interchromatin granules were seen. Nucleoli with a microfibrillar cortex and segregation of their components were observed in some tumors. Dense RNA containing microspherules were found in altered nucleoli and in complex nuclear bodies. These ultrastructural features seem to reinforce the advanced involvement of a disturbed RNA metabolism in human papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "PMID": 581461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_912", "title": "Vasitis nodosa. Two cases.", "content": "Two cases of vasitis nodosa, one typical example and one unusual case, are presented. The first case was a complication of a previous vasectomy, manifested as a painful nodule at the site of previous surgery, and was associated with sperm granulomas. In the second case, no antecedent vasectomy had been performed, the lesion was located deep in the scrotum, and inflammation was scant. The clinical diagnosis of adenomatoid tumor was also consistent with some aspects of the histopathologic picture. In such cases, the diagnosis of vasitis nodosa can be resolved by finding spermatozoa within the proliferating ductules and individual epithelial cells. Electron microscopy can also be useful in eliminating the possibility that the nature of the proliferating cells is mesothelial. However, the etiology of vasitis nodosa in the absence of previous local traumatic or inflammatory insults remains obscure.", "contents": "Vasitis nodosa. Two cases. Two cases of vasitis nodosa, one typical example and one unusual case, are presented. The first case was a complication of a previous vasectomy, manifested as a painful nodule at the site of previous surgery, and was associated with sperm granulomas. In the second case, no antecedent vasectomy had been performed, the lesion was located deep in the scrotum, and inflammation was scant. The clinical diagnosis of adenomatoid tumor was also consistent with some aspects of the histopathologic picture. In such cases, the diagnosis of vasitis nodosa can be resolved by finding spermatozoa within the proliferating ductules and individual epithelial cells. Electron microscopy can also be useful in eliminating the possibility that the nature of the proliferating cells is mesothelial. However, the etiology of vasitis nodosa in the absence of previous local traumatic or inflammatory insults remains obscure.", "PMID": 581462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_913", "title": "The Arias-Stella reaction revisited.", "content": "The Arias-Stella reaction was observed in five cases of normal human gestational endometrium. The earliest case was in the endometrium lodging an ovum having an estimate age of 17 days. The Hertig collection at the Carnegie Institute constitutes the basis of the present study. This finding further supports the belief that the Arias-Stella reaction is a physiologic endometrial response to viable trophoblastic tissue.", "contents": "The Arias-Stella reaction revisited. The Arias-Stella reaction was observed in five cases of normal human gestational endometrium. The earliest case was in the endometrium lodging an ovum having an estimate age of 17 days. The Hertig collection at the Carnegie Institute constitutes the basis of the present study. This finding further supports the belief that the Arias-Stella reaction is a physiologic endometrial response to viable trophoblastic tissue.", "PMID": 581463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_914", "title": "Hepatic granulomas following ileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "A review of liver biopsy specimens from patients undergoing ileojejunal bypass for obesity showed granulomas in follow-up biopsy specimens from six of 25 patients (24%) three months to four years after the procedure. The incidence was significantly greater than that seen in obese patients at the time of surgery (4%), (P less than .02). Their origin could not be attributed to systemic infections, medications, or nutritional factors. It would seem that hepatic granulomas in such patients may be due to factors associated with the surgical procedure.", "contents": "Hepatic granulomas following ileal bypass for obesity. A review of liver biopsy specimens from patients undergoing ileojejunal bypass for obesity showed granulomas in follow-up biopsy specimens from six of 25 patients (24%) three months to four years after the procedure. The incidence was significantly greater than that seen in obese patients at the time of surgery (4%), (P less than .02). Their origin could not be attributed to systemic infections, medications, or nutritional factors. It would seem that hepatic granulomas in such patients may be due to factors associated with the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 581464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_915", "title": "Acute retrolental fibroplasia. II. Treatment by cryosurgery.", "content": "Fourteen eyes of 12 infants with acute retrolental fibroplasia were treated with cryotherapy. In only one or possibly two cases was treatment considered to be of positive value. Treatment in the remaining 12 cases was either ineffective or deleterlous. Surgical treatment is rarely, if ever, indicated and spontaneous resolution of retinopathic changes is still the most common course of the natural history of the disease. The role of the ophthalmologist in the perinatal intensive care nursery remains one of advisor to pediatricians and informant to parents of affected children.", "contents": "Acute retrolental fibroplasia. II. Treatment by cryosurgery. Fourteen eyes of 12 infants with acute retrolental fibroplasia were treated with cryotherapy. In only one or possibly two cases was treatment considered to be of positive value. Treatment in the remaining 12 cases was either ineffective or deleterlous. Surgical treatment is rarely, if ever, indicated and spontaneous resolution of retinopathic changes is still the most common course of the natural history of the disease. The role of the ophthalmologist in the perinatal intensive care nursery remains one of advisor to pediatricians and informant to parents of affected children.", "PMID": 581468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_916", "title": "Phase behavior of lipids from Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with purple membrane lipids, red membrane lipids, or total lipids of Halobacterium halobium have been studied with differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison of red and purple membrane lipids reveals no difference in their phase behavior, indicating that lipid phase behavior plays no role in the in vivo separation of red and purple membranes. The effects of variation of the salt content of the suspending solution have also been examined. Studies of the melting behavior of these mixtures as H. halobium lipid content is varied suggest that the gel to liquid-crystal transition does not occur in the lipids of H. halobium.", "contents": "Phase behavior of lipids from Halobacterium halobium. Mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with purple membrane lipids, red membrane lipids, or total lipids of Halobacterium halobium have been studied with differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison of red and purple membrane lipids reveals no difference in their phase behavior, indicating that lipid phase behavior plays no role in the in vivo separation of red and purple membranes. The effects of variation of the salt content of the suspending solution have also been examined. Studies of the melting behavior of these mixtures as H. halobium lipid content is varied suggest that the gel to liquid-crystal transition does not occur in the lipids of H. halobium.", "PMID": 581472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_917", "title": "Fluorescence and calorimetric studies of phase transitions in phosphatidylcholine multilayers: kinetics of the pretransition.", "content": "Discrepancies between calorimetric and fluorescence depolarization monitoring of the pretransition in multilamellar vesicles of synthetic phosphatidylcholines are shown to result primarily from the slow rate of this transition. The depolarization of fluorescence of the membrane-associated dye 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene was used to determine the temperature of the pretransition for a series of heating and cooling scan rates. These temperatures, when plotted vs. scan rate, extrapolated linearly to the transition temperature at zero-scan rate, Tm = 29.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C. The slopes obtained from these plots yielded characteristic times for the transition of 8 to 30 min. In addition, analysis of temperature-jump experiments, assuming first-order kinetics, gave characteristic times in the range 4--8 min. The data are taken to suggest a most likely value for the pretransition characteristic time of 5 +/- 2 min, with larger values possibly explainable by supercooling effects. Slight differences between the calorimetrically and fluorimetrically determined main transition temperatures appear to result from perturbation of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer by the fluorescent probe.", "contents": "Fluorescence and calorimetric studies of phase transitions in phosphatidylcholine multilayers: kinetics of the pretransition. Discrepancies between calorimetric and fluorescence depolarization monitoring of the pretransition in multilamellar vesicles of synthetic phosphatidylcholines are shown to result primarily from the slow rate of this transition. The depolarization of fluorescence of the membrane-associated dye 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene was used to determine the temperature of the pretransition for a series of heating and cooling scan rates. These temperatures, when plotted vs. scan rate, extrapolated linearly to the transition temperature at zero-scan rate, Tm = 29.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C. The slopes obtained from these plots yielded characteristic times for the transition of 8 to 30 min. In addition, analysis of temperature-jump experiments, assuming first-order kinetics, gave characteristic times in the range 4--8 min. The data are taken to suggest a most likely value for the pretransition characteristic time of 5 +/- 2 min, with larger values possibly explainable by supercooling effects. Slight differences between the calorimetrically and fluorimetrically determined main transition temperatures appear to result from perturbation of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer by the fluorescent probe.", "PMID": 581473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_918", "title": "Estimation of molecular averages and equilibrium fluctuations in lipid bilayer systems from the excess heat capacity function.", "content": "It is demonstrated that the bilayer partition function can be numerically obtained from scanning calorimetric data without assuming a particular model for the gel-liquid crystalline transition. From this partition function, the enthalpy, entropy and volume changes accompanying the transition can be calculated. In the limit of very large systems, the method of the grand partition function allows calculation of cluster model distribution functions from which average sizes of gel and liquid-crystal clusters, cluster densities and equilibrium fluctuations are obtained. These results indicate that the main transition in phospholipid bilayers proceeds through the formation of clusters and that these clusters are not static domains but highly fluctuating entities. These fluctuations in cluster size are approximately equal to the average cluster size and give rise to localized density and volume fluctuations. The magnitude of these fluctuations is affected by the radius of curvature of the bilayer and by the addition of small molecular weight compounds to the system.", "contents": "Estimation of molecular averages and equilibrium fluctuations in lipid bilayer systems from the excess heat capacity function. It is demonstrated that the bilayer partition function can be numerically obtained from scanning calorimetric data without assuming a particular model for the gel-liquid crystalline transition. From this partition function, the enthalpy, entropy and volume changes accompanying the transition can be calculated. In the limit of very large systems, the method of the grand partition function allows calculation of cluster model distribution functions from which average sizes of gel and liquid-crystal clusters, cluster densities and equilibrium fluctuations are obtained. These results indicate that the main transition in phospholipid bilayers proceeds through the formation of clusters and that these clusters are not static domains but highly fluctuating entities. These fluctuations in cluster size are approximately equal to the average cluster size and give rise to localized density and volume fluctuations. The magnitude of these fluctuations is affected by the radius of curvature of the bilayer and by the addition of small molecular weight compounds to the system.", "PMID": 581474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_919", "title": "Zwitterionic dipoles as a dielectric probe for investigating head group mobility in phospholipid membranes.", "content": "For phospholipid membranes with zwitterionic head groups, the dipole can be considered as a specific label for tracing the changes in the dynamic behaviour of this region of the bilayer in its various phases. Measurements of the dielectric properties of fully hydrated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers in the frequency range 1--50 MHz show a dispersion which is attributed to the motion of the phosphocholine dipoles in the plane of the bilayers. When the temperature is varied, both the permittivity and loss factor increase  sharply at the pretransition (35 degrees C) and the main transition (42 degress C). The relaxation time and amplitude were also determined for this dispersion and these further reflect the structural changes occurring with temperature. The relaxation times varied between 4 ns at 30 degrees C and 2.3 ns at 50 degrees C. Due to steric hindrances a restriction in the angle of head group rotation occurs at lower temperatures but is greatly reduced above the main transition.", "contents": "Zwitterionic dipoles as a dielectric probe for investigating head group mobility in phospholipid membranes. For phospholipid membranes with zwitterionic head groups, the dipole can be considered as a specific label for tracing the changes in the dynamic behaviour of this region of the bilayer in its various phases. Measurements of the dielectric properties of fully hydrated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers in the frequency range 1--50 MHz show a dispersion which is attributed to the motion of the phosphocholine dipoles in the plane of the bilayers. When the temperature is varied, both the permittivity and loss factor increase  sharply at the pretransition (35 degrees C) and the main transition (42 degress C). The relaxation time and amplitude were also determined for this dispersion and these further reflect the structural changes occurring with temperature. The relaxation times varied between 4 ns at 30 degrees C and 2.3 ns at 50 degrees C. Due to steric hindrances a restriction in the angle of head group rotation occurs at lower temperatures but is greatly reduced above the main transition.", "PMID": 581475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_920", "title": "Effects of charged drugs on the phase transition temperatures of phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "An approach is presented which allows the description of drug binding to lipid bilayers, when the drug is present in both charged and uncharged forms. Binding is described by Langmuir adsorption isotherms, with the maximum number of binding sites being 1/60 A2. An estimate of the change in drug pK on binding is necessary, and is close to zero for most drugs binding to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, although delta pK = 1.0 for procaine. From the binding curves it is possible to calculate the drug-induced decreases in lipid phase transition temperature, assuming ideal behaviour. Good fits between experiment and theory are possible, giving values for the dissociation constant describing drug binding to the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of charged drugs on the phase transition temperatures of phospholipid bilayers. An approach is presented which allows the description of drug binding to lipid bilayers, when the drug is present in both charged and uncharged forms. Binding is described by Langmuir adsorption isotherms, with the maximum number of binding sites being 1/60 A2. An estimate of the change in drug pK on binding is necessary, and is close to zero for most drugs binding to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, although delta pK = 1.0 for procaine. From the binding curves it is possible to calculate the drug-induced decreases in lipid phase transition temperature, assuming ideal behaviour. Good fits between experiment and theory are possible, giving values for the dissociation constant describing drug binding to the membrane.", "PMID": 581476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_921", "title": "The ultrastructure of multilamellar bodies and surfactant in the human lung.", "content": "Normal tissues from human lungs were dehydrated through Epon 812 resin to retain many of the lipids and carbohydrates in thin section. The three-dimensional structure of the multilamellar body was determined. The paired layer of phospholipid heads (PH) is 36 A thick; the layer of fatty-acid tails (FA) is 31 A, the same as reported previously for non-human primates and rodents. The human multilamellar body is apparently unique: the lamellae of the major focus divide into two or three lamellae; the matrix material of the core is without vesicular bodies and a projection core is present. When compared with those of the rat, human tissues contain a greater number of lamellar foci and fewer lamellae per focus. The presence of a peripheral layer of lamellae, an ever-present external limiting membrane, and the fusion of multilamellar bodies are also characteristic. Tubular myelin surfactant has the same appearance as in other mammals. Multilamellar bodies were observed in direct communication with Golgi vesicles. Their origin from multivesicular bodies and their maturation through secretion and exocytosis were demonstrated. Untransformed multilamellar bodies in the alveolar space demonstrated three periodicities (P): (1) compact regular lamellae, PH = 36 A, FA = 36 A, FA = 31 A, P = 66 A; (2) compact broad lamellae, PH = 72 A, FA = 22 A, P = 94 A; (3) loose lamellae, PH = 36 A, FA = 31 A with a variable interlamellar space.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of multilamellar bodies and surfactant in the human lung. Normal tissues from human lungs were dehydrated through Epon 812 resin to retain many of the lipids and carbohydrates in thin section. The three-dimensional structure of the multilamellar body was determined. The paired layer of phospholipid heads (PH) is 36 A thick; the layer of fatty-acid tails (FA) is 31 A, the same as reported previously for non-human primates and rodents. The human multilamellar body is apparently unique: the lamellae of the major focus divide into two or three lamellae; the matrix material of the core is without vesicular bodies and a projection core is present. When compared with those of the rat, human tissues contain a greater number of lamellar foci and fewer lamellae per focus. The presence of a peripheral layer of lamellae, an ever-present external limiting membrane, and the fusion of multilamellar bodies are also characteristic. Tubular myelin surfactant has the same appearance as in other mammals. Multilamellar bodies were observed in direct communication with Golgi vesicles. Their origin from multivesicular bodies and their maturation through secretion and exocytosis were demonstrated. Untransformed multilamellar bodies in the alveolar space demonstrated three periodicities (P): (1) compact regular lamellae, PH = 36 A, FA = 36 A, FA = 31 A, P = 66 A; (2) compact broad lamellae, PH = 72 A, FA = 22 A, P = 94 A; (3) loose lamellae, PH = 36 A, FA = 31 A with a variable interlamellar space.", "PMID": 581479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_922", "title": "Direct sagittal scans in computed tomography of the orbits.", "content": "Sagittal scans of the brain and orbits can be performed with the Varian body scanner and an accessory table. These scans are obtained directly, with no image reconstruction from scans in other planes. A case of Graves' ophthalmopathy is presented which demonstrates the potential advantage of sagittal images in showing abnormalities near the orbital roof and floor. Sagittal scans complement coronal and axial views in CT evaluation of the orbits.", "contents": "Direct sagittal scans in computed tomography of the orbits. Sagittal scans of the brain and orbits can be performed with the Varian body scanner and an accessory table. These scans are obtained directly, with no image reconstruction from scans in other planes. A case of Graves' ophthalmopathy is presented which demonstrates the potential advantage of sagittal images in showing abnormalities near the orbital roof and floor. Sagittal scans complement coronal and axial views in CT evaluation of the orbits.", "PMID": 581482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_923", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for partially degraded thyrotropin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for partially pepsin degraded bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) was developed and used to examine human thyrotropin (hTSH) preparations and sera obtained from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy for the presence of cross-reactivity. As little as 4 microunits of the hTSH (68/38) reference preparation produced inhibition of binding in the radioimmunoassay, but none of the sera obtained from patients with Graves' disease (n = 26) contained detectable cross-reactivity. These data indicate that there is a substantial amount of partially degraded thyrotropin in human pituitary extracts, but none detectable in the sera of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for partially degraded thyrotropin. A radioimmunoassay for partially pepsin degraded bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) was developed and used to examine human thyrotropin (hTSH) preparations and sera obtained from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy for the presence of cross-reactivity. As little as 4 microunits of the hTSH (68/38) reference preparation produced inhibition of binding in the radioimmunoassay, but none of the sera obtained from patients with Graves' disease (n = 26) contained detectable cross-reactivity. These data indicate that there is a substantial amount of partially degraded thyrotropin in human pituitary extracts, but none detectable in the sera of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "PMID": 581483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_924", "title": "[Lung alterations after paraquat poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "After one application of paraquat (35 mg/kg body weight) studies of the changes in lung structure in phospholipid content of the alveolar wash as well as in the static pV-curves are performed on adult hooded rats. Pathomorphologically 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h after the paraquat intoxication focal atelectases, circumscribed inflammatory infiltrations of the interstitium are predominant as well as an accumulation of macrophages in the interstitium and in the alveolar space. Initially granulocytes dominate in the inflammatory infiltrates; after 8 h lymphoid elements and histiocytes became more and more apparent. 24 an 48 h after the paraquat injection there is a degradation of the alveolar epithelium. After 8-48 h the phospholipid content of the alveolar wash and after 2-48 h the hysteresis loop of the pV-curves are statistically significantly decreased in comparison with control animals. It is assumed, that the paraquat mediated dearrangement of the surfactant system of the lung is caused by an increased degradation in consequence of liberated phospholipases as well as by a decreased or ceased synthesis of the surfactant. The latter may be the consequence of an autooxydative membrane alteration of the endoplasmatic reticulum, the toxic action of the hydrogen peroxide originated by the autooxydation but also of the loss of energy rich substrates.", "contents": "[Lung alterations after paraquat poisoning (author's transl)]. After one application of paraquat (35 mg/kg body weight) studies of the changes in lung structure in phospholipid content of the alveolar wash as well as in the static pV-curves are performed on adult hooded rats. Pathomorphologically 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h after the paraquat intoxication focal atelectases, circumscribed inflammatory infiltrations of the interstitium are predominant as well as an accumulation of macrophages in the interstitium and in the alveolar space. Initially granulocytes dominate in the inflammatory infiltrates; after 8 h lymphoid elements and histiocytes became more and more apparent. 24 an 48 h after the paraquat injection there is a degradation of the alveolar epithelium. After 8-48 h the phospholipid content of the alveolar wash and after 2-48 h the hysteresis loop of the pV-curves are statistically significantly decreased in comparison with control animals. It is assumed, that the paraquat mediated dearrangement of the surfactant system of the lung is caused by an increased degradation in consequence of liberated phospholipases as well as by a decreased or ceased synthesis of the surfactant. The latter may be the consequence of an autooxydative membrane alteration of the endoplasmatic reticulum, the toxic action of the hydrogen peroxide originated by the autooxydation but also of the loss of energy rich substrates.", "PMID": 581484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_925", "title": "[Analysis of the dynamics of the facilitation of end-plate potentials in frogs].", "content": "Within 60 msec after presentation of conditioned stimulus the facilitation of the e.p.p. second response declined by two phases. The 1st phase corresponded to the 1st component of facilitation while the 2nd phase followed in 5--10 msec reaching the maximum within 15 msec and then declining with the time constant of 20--50 msec. During repeated stimulation the 1st phase accumulated linearly while the 2nd one exponentially. Tetraethylammonium and three-ethylcholine increased the quantum content e.p.p. and the facilitation but had no effect upon the time constant of the facilitation decline.", "contents": "[Analysis of the dynamics of the facilitation of end-plate potentials in frogs]. Within 60 msec after presentation of conditioned stimulus the facilitation of the e.p.p. second response declined by two phases. The 1st phase corresponded to the 1st component of facilitation while the 2nd phase followed in 5--10 msec reaching the maximum within 15 msec and then declining with the time constant of 20--50 msec. During repeated stimulation the 1st phase accumulated linearly while the 2nd one exponentially. Tetraethylammonium and three-ethylcholine increased the quantum content e.p.p. and the facilitation but had no effect upon the time constant of the facilitation decline.", "PMID": 581486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_926", "title": "[Pathogenesis of Basedow's disease].", "content": "Thyroid antibodies and thyroid-stimulating factors (LATS and LATS-Protector) have been controlled 53 patients with Graves' disease during antithyroid drug treatment. It has been demonstrated that dosage is higher and duration of treatment has been more protracted in antibody-positive thyrotoxicosis than in patients without these antibodies. Thyroid antibodis have been found only in patients with detectable thyroid-stimulating factors, which are identified as immunglobulins. These results indicate the importance of immunologic processes. Suppressibility of thyroid function proved 2 months after stopping medical treatment, was negative in 19 and positive in 17 patients. Thyroid-stimulating factors remained positive up to this time in 20 patients and disappeared in 18. In 8 patients the suppression-test was positive indicating a normal function of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), but thyroid-stimulating factors still have been detected in these patients. These results are controversial to the autoimmune-concept of the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. As this concept cannot be refused, changes in the effectivity of LATS or LATS protector by crude serum factors or by changes of the receptor structures are discussed.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of Basedow's disease]. Thyroid antibodies and thyroid-stimulating factors (LATS and LATS-Protector) have been controlled 53 patients with Graves' disease during antithyroid drug treatment. It has been demonstrated that dosage is higher and duration of treatment has been more protracted in antibody-positive thyrotoxicosis than in patients without these antibodies. Thyroid antibodis have been found only in patients with detectable thyroid-stimulating factors, which are identified as immunglobulins. These results indicate the importance of immunologic processes. Suppressibility of thyroid function proved 2 months after stopping medical treatment, was negative in 19 and positive in 17 patients. Thyroid-stimulating factors remained positive up to this time in 20 patients and disappeared in 18. In 8 patients the suppression-test was positive indicating a normal function of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), but thyroid-stimulating factors still have been detected in these patients. These results are controversial to the autoimmune-concept of the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. As this concept cannot be refused, changes in the effectivity of LATS or LATS protector by crude serum factors or by changes of the receptor structures are discussed.", "PMID": 581489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_927", "title": "[Analgesic activity of probon compared to morphine].", "content": "The analgetic action of probone as compared to that of morphine was studied in chronic tests on cats. Changes in individual signs of a complex reaction in response to a graded stimulation of the cutaneous nerve were assessed. Probone in doses of 50--150 mg/kg and morphine in doses of 2--4 mg/kg raised the threshold of the flexor reflex and reduced manifestations of the emotional-behavioral and vegeto-motor reactions of the animals. But unlike morphine probone did not suppress the vocal reaction, this being a specific component of the response to pain. It is assumed that the change in the response reaction occurring under the effect of probone is due not so much to its analgetic action, but rather to the myorelax and tranquilizing effects.", "contents": "[Analgesic activity of probon compared to morphine]. The analgetic action of probone as compared to that of morphine was studied in chronic tests on cats. Changes in individual signs of a complex reaction in response to a graded stimulation of the cutaneous nerve were assessed. Probone in doses of 50--150 mg/kg and morphine in doses of 2--4 mg/kg raised the threshold of the flexor reflex and reduced manifestations of the emotional-behavioral and vegeto-motor reactions of the animals. But unlike morphine probone did not suppress the vocal reaction, this being a specific component of the response to pain. It is assumed that the change in the response reaction occurring under the effect of probone is due not so much to its analgetic action, but rather to the myorelax and tranquilizing effects.", "PMID": 581485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_928", "title": "Using the PAS system for hospital drug utilization review.", "content": "The PAS system, subscribed to by many hospitals, is readily adaptable to drug usage review. Useful for this purpose are PAS data on drug usage according to (1) drug type, (2) diagnosis, and (3) information supplied at patient admission. The PAS system also permits \"special coding,\" or \"targeting,\" of other data for review. Whatever the drug utilization system used, pharmacist input into the process is highly important.", "contents": "Using the PAS system for hospital drug utilization review. The PAS system, subscribed to by many hospitals, is readily adaptable to drug usage review. Useful for this purpose are PAS data on drug usage according to (1) drug type, (2) diagnosis, and (3) information supplied at patient admission. The PAS system also permits \"special coding,\" or \"targeting,\" of other data for review. Whatever the drug utilization system used, pharmacist input into the process is highly important.", "PMID": 581490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_929", "title": "The role of diabetic control in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "In spite of the continuing debate, it is possible to summarize the present state of our knowledge and to draw the following conclusions: 1. Microangiopathy of diabetes can be produced by pure insulin-deficiency in human subjects and experimental animals. 2. Evidence supports the concept that the pathology is due mainly to the deranged metabolism following insulin deprivation. 3. Repair of the insulin deficiency in animals has been shown to prevent the vascular damage associated with insulin deficiency. 4. Present methods of therapy have not been successful in preventing vascular complications in the noninsulin-dependent middle-aged diabetic patient; and, based on the findings of the University Group Diabetes Program, there is reason to believe that new methods of therapy must be realized to improve this outlook. 5. The efficacy of \"compulsive control\" for prevention of microangiopathy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients has not been adequately studied. Based on the results of animal experiments, the prudent physician should make every attempt to restore a normal physiological cellular environment in these patients with the expectation that this will offer the patient the best opportunity to minimize degenerative complications. Prospective observations are needed on the effects of hypoglycemic episodes which may be inevitable under these circumstances, but there is no evidence at present to suggest that mild hypoglycemia is of itself detrimental. 6. All individuals interested in the prevention of the complications of diabetes using available therapeutic methods should work to encourage a prospective clinical trial carefully designed from both an ethical and scientific point of view to obtain answers to the questions raised here.", "contents": "The role of diabetic control in diabetic retinopathy. In spite of the continuing debate, it is possible to summarize the present state of our knowledge and to draw the following conclusions: 1. Microangiopathy of diabetes can be produced by pure insulin-deficiency in human subjects and experimental animals. 2. Evidence supports the concept that the pathology is due mainly to the deranged metabolism following insulin deprivation. 3. Repair of the insulin deficiency in animals has been shown to prevent the vascular damage associated with insulin deficiency. 4. Present methods of therapy have not been successful in preventing vascular complications in the noninsulin-dependent middle-aged diabetic patient; and, based on the findings of the University Group Diabetes Program, there is reason to believe that new methods of therapy must be realized to improve this outlook. 5. The efficacy of \"compulsive control\" for prevention of microangiopathy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients has not been adequately studied. Based on the results of animal experiments, the prudent physician should make every attempt to restore a normal physiological cellular environment in these patients with the expectation that this will offer the patient the best opportunity to minimize degenerative complications. Prospective observations are needed on the effects of hypoglycemic episodes which may be inevitable under these circumstances, but there is no evidence at present to suggest that mild hypoglycemia is of itself detrimental. 6. All individuals interested in the prevention of the complications of diabetes using available therapeutic methods should work to encourage a prospective clinical trial carefully designed from both an ethical and scientific point of view to obtain answers to the questions raised here.", "PMID": 581492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_930", "title": "[Meniscal injuries and associated lesions seen in the light of long-term results after meniscectomy].", "content": "The authors have put together their experience of the long-term results after meniscectomy. They came to the following conclusions: 1. A knee joint does not become unstable after removal of a cartilage unless there is another connected lesion. 2. X-ray modifications are to be found on the majority of the patients after meniscectomy, but very often without any clinical sign. 3. The sooner meniscectomy is practiced the better the long-term results are to be expected. 4. A good operative technique is most important to get satisfactory long-term results.", "contents": "[Meniscal injuries and associated lesions seen in the light of long-term results after meniscectomy]. The authors have put together their experience of the long-term results after meniscectomy. They came to the following conclusions: 1. A knee joint does not become unstable after removal of a cartilage unless there is another connected lesion. 2. X-ray modifications are to be found on the majority of the patients after meniscectomy, but very often without any clinical sign. 3. The sooner meniscectomy is practiced the better the long-term results are to be expected. 4. A good operative technique is most important to get satisfactory long-term results.", "PMID": 581493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_931", "title": "Analytical methodology and the interface with animal drug approval.", "content": "FDA is engaged in a systematic review of approved animal drugs to determine whether upgrading of safety data is required to provide continuing assurance that the approved uses for these drugs are safe. These reviews will be undertaken on the basis of a priority of anticipated human health significance.", "contents": "Analytical methodology and the interface with animal drug approval. FDA is engaged in a systematic review of approved animal drugs to determine whether upgrading of safety data is required to provide continuing assurance that the approved uses for these drugs are safe. These reviews will be undertaken on the basis of a priority of anticipated human health significance.", "PMID": 581494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_932", "title": "Study of lung surfactant activity in guinea pigs after vagotomy.", "content": "Vagotomy in guinea-pigs reduces the pulmonary surfactant activity. Unilateral vagotomy brings about a similar reduction in the lung on the same side. The findings indicate that surfactant reduction may be an important causative factor in the initiation of pulmonary edema in vagotomised guinea-pigs. It is suggested that surfactant synthesis or release may be affected by alterations in the pulmonary blood flow or removal of the effect of neuro-secretory fibres, following vagotomy.", "contents": "Study of lung surfactant activity in guinea pigs after vagotomy. Vagotomy in guinea-pigs reduces the pulmonary surfactant activity. Unilateral vagotomy brings about a similar reduction in the lung on the same side. The findings indicate that surfactant reduction may be an important causative factor in the initiation of pulmonary edema in vagotomised guinea-pigs. It is suggested that surfactant synthesis or release may be affected by alterations in the pulmonary blood flow or removal of the effect of neuro-secretory fibres, following vagotomy.", "PMID": 581491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_933", "title": "Bioavailability of sulfadiazine solutions, suspensions, and tablets in humans.", "content": "A four-way crossover sulfadiazine bioavailability study was conducted in 16 normal healthy male volunteers. The subjects were divided into groups of eight. Each group received four different oral dosage forms of sulfadiazine at 1-week intervals: a solution as a reference, a suspension, and two different tablets. All dosage forms were equivalent to 500 mg of sulfadiazine. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 25.0, 33.0, and 49.0 hr. Analysis of variance indicated no statistically significant difference (p more than 0.05) between the dosage forms in terms of area under the plasma level--time curve, peak plasma concentration, and time of peak plasma concentration. In both groups, there were differences between products at isolated sampling times. It was concluded that the four tablet formulations of sulfadiazine exhibited bioavailability characteristics equivalent to those of the solution and the suspension.", "contents": "Bioavailability of sulfadiazine solutions, suspensions, and tablets in humans. A four-way crossover sulfadiazine bioavailability study was conducted in 16 normal healthy male volunteers. The subjects were divided into groups of eight. Each group received four different oral dosage forms of sulfadiazine at 1-week intervals: a solution as a reference, a suspension, and two different tablets. All dosage forms were equivalent to 500 mg of sulfadiazine. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 25.0, 33.0, and 49.0 hr. Analysis of variance indicated no statistically significant difference (p more than 0.05) between the dosage forms in terms of area under the plasma level--time curve, peak plasma concentration, and time of peak plasma concentration. In both groups, there were differences between products at isolated sampling times. It was concluded that the four tablet formulations of sulfadiazine exhibited bioavailability characteristics equivalent to those of the solution and the suspension.", "PMID": 581498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_934", "title": "GI absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics I: kinetic assessment of competing absorption and degradation in GI tract.", "content": "An equation was derived for the simultaneous assessment of rate constatns for absorption and nonenzymatic degradation of unstable drugs in in situ absorption experiments. The equation was substantiated by using a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics in the recirculation technique through the rat small intestine. Plots of the apparent first-order rate constant for the disappearance of the drug from the gut lumen versus the reciprocal of the volume of recirculating solution yielded a straight line with a slope equal to the intrinsic absorption rate constant and with an intercept equal to the nonenzymatic degradation rate constant in the GI lumen. The kinetic method for evaluation of the absorption rate constant also was developed for a more complex situation in the GI lumen involving absorption, nonenzymatic degradation, and enzymatic metabolism. The proposed method was confirmed with carbenicillin indanyl, which was metabolized rapidly to carbenicillin by the action of nonspecific esterase in the intestine. In the absence of information of Michaelis--Menten kinetic parameters, the present method is advantageous for evaluation of the intrinsic absorption rate of all unstable drugs.", "contents": "GI absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics I: kinetic assessment of competing absorption and degradation in GI tract. An equation was derived for the simultaneous assessment of rate constatns for absorption and nonenzymatic degradation of unstable drugs in in situ absorption experiments. The equation was substantiated by using a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics in the recirculation technique through the rat small intestine. Plots of the apparent first-order rate constant for the disappearance of the drug from the gut lumen versus the reciprocal of the volume of recirculating solution yielded a straight line with a slope equal to the intrinsic absorption rate constant and with an intercept equal to the nonenzymatic degradation rate constant in the GI lumen. The kinetic method for evaluation of the absorption rate constant also was developed for a more complex situation in the GI lumen involving absorption, nonenzymatic degradation, and enzymatic metabolism. The proposed method was confirmed with carbenicillin indanyl, which was metabolized rapidly to carbenicillin by the action of nonspecific esterase in the intestine. In the absence of information of Michaelis--Menten kinetic parameters, the present method is advantageous for evaluation of the intrinsic absorption rate of all unstable drugs.", "PMID": 581499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_935", "title": "Acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and rubratoxin B in dogs.", "content": "The effect of ip administrated aflatoxin B1 and rubratoxin B, singly and in combination, on dogs was determined by serum tests, by observations of clinical signs and survival times, and by evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions. The dog is sensitive to the toxic effects of both mycotoxins. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and survival time varied in relation to dose and to the mycotoxin(s) administered. All three plasma enzymes were elevated regardless of dose with the combination of aflatoxin B1/rubratoxin B at 24 hr after dosing, except LDH, which was within the normal range but only at the lowest dose level. Several serum constituents including BUN, cholesterol, uric acid, and total bilirubin were elevated, whereas serum glucose was depressed in dogs treated with the multiple-toxin regimen; these changes were not seen in dogs given only aflatoxin B1 but were characteristic in rubratoxin-treated animals. In general, gross findings at necropsy were similar in all dogs regardless of the dose regimen. A striking similarity existed in the histologic changes observed between lesions experimentally induced by the mycotoxin combination and those lesions reported for dogs fed toxic feed in laboratory studies or in natural cases of hepatitis X. Of particular similarity were the severe kidney lesions observed in dogs exposed to the mycotoxin combination and kidney lesions reported in natural outbreaks of hepatitis X. There can be little doubt of an association between hepatitis X and aflatoxin B1, although it is apparent that the disease probably involves more than a single toxic factor. Our results suggest that hepatitis X in dogs includes aflatoxin B1 as a primary etiological factor but that rubratoxin B also may be involved.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and rubratoxin B in dogs. The effect of ip administrated aflatoxin B1 and rubratoxin B, singly and in combination, on dogs was determined by serum tests, by observations of clinical signs and survival times, and by evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions. The dog is sensitive to the toxic effects of both mycotoxins. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and survival time varied in relation to dose and to the mycotoxin(s) administered. All three plasma enzymes were elevated regardless of dose with the combination of aflatoxin B1/rubratoxin B at 24 hr after dosing, except LDH, which was within the normal range but only at the lowest dose level. Several serum constituents including BUN, cholesterol, uric acid, and total bilirubin were elevated, whereas serum glucose was depressed in dogs treated with the multiple-toxin regimen; these changes were not seen in dogs given only aflatoxin B1 but were characteristic in rubratoxin-treated animals. In general, gross findings at necropsy were similar in all dogs regardless of the dose regimen. A striking similarity existed in the histologic changes observed between lesions experimentally induced by the mycotoxin combination and those lesions reported for dogs fed toxic feed in laboratory studies or in natural cases of hepatitis X. Of particular similarity were the severe kidney lesions observed in dogs exposed to the mycotoxin combination and kidney lesions reported in natural outbreaks of hepatitis X. There can be little doubt of an association between hepatitis X and aflatoxin B1, although it is apparent that the disease probably involves more than a single toxic factor. Our results suggest that hepatitis X in dogs includes aflatoxin B1 as a primary etiological factor but that rubratoxin B also may be involved.", "PMID": 581496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_936", "title": "In-vitro development of preimplantation embryos recovered from IUD-bearing mice.", "content": "Embryos were collected from the oviducts and uterine horns of mice bearing a unilateral IUD and of non-IUD control mice at various times p.c., examined for the presence or absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and cultured. Normal numbers of embryos were obtained on the IUD side at 48 h p.c., but reduced numbers were recovered at 60-66 and 72 h p.c. The numbers of embryos that hatched from those collected from control, IUD-bearing and contralateral non-IUD bearing tracts were, respectively, 81, 29 and 36% for 48-h embryos, 78, 47 and 51% for 60-66-h embryos, and 88, 47 and 54% for 72-h embryos. At 48 h and 60-66 h p.c. the arrest of development occurred at the expanded blastocyst stage, but at 72 h p.c. some compacted morulae were affected. Some embryos associated with PMNLs at collection developed normally when the PMNLs were dispersed before culture. An initial association with leukocytes is therefore not necessarily detrimental to the subsequent in-vitro development of the embryo in mice.", "contents": "In-vitro development of preimplantation embryos recovered from IUD-bearing mice. Embryos were collected from the oviducts and uterine horns of mice bearing a unilateral IUD and of non-IUD control mice at various times p.c., examined for the presence or absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and cultured. Normal numbers of embryos were obtained on the IUD side at 48 h p.c., but reduced numbers were recovered at 60-66 and 72 h p.c. The numbers of embryos that hatched from those collected from control, IUD-bearing and contralateral non-IUD bearing tracts were, respectively, 81, 29 and 36% for 48-h embryos, 78, 47 and 51% for 60-66-h embryos, and 88, 47 and 54% for 72-h embryos. At 48 h and 60-66 h p.c. the arrest of development occurred at the expanded blastocyst stage, but at 72 h p.c. some compacted morulae were affected. Some embryos associated with PMNLs at collection developed normally when the PMNLs were dispersed before culture. An initial association with leukocytes is therefore not necessarily detrimental to the subsequent in-vitro development of the embryo in mice.", "PMID": 581501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_937", "title": "Purulent rectal discharge associated with a nontreponemal spirochete.", "content": "A nontreponemal spirochete was isolated from the rectum of a homosexual man with a chronic purulent discharge. Known infectious causes of the disease were excluded. Although the pathogenicity of the organism was not proved, the patient's symptoms rapidly resolved following penicillin G benzathine therapy. When culture of a nonhemorrhagic, purulent rectal discharge fails to verify Neisseria gonorrhoeae, health care personnel are encouraged to carefully examine a Gram's-stained smear of the discharge for spiral-shaped organisms.", "contents": "Purulent rectal discharge associated with a nontreponemal spirochete. A nontreponemal spirochete was isolated from the rectum of a homosexual man with a chronic purulent discharge. Known infectious causes of the disease were excluded. Although the pathogenicity of the organism was not proved, the patient's symptoms rapidly resolved following penicillin G benzathine therapy. When culture of a nonhemorrhagic, purulent rectal discharge fails to verify Neisseria gonorrhoeae, health care personnel are encouraged to carefully examine a Gram's-stained smear of the discharge for spiral-shaped organisms.", "PMID": 581502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_938", "title": "Penile veneral edema.", "content": "A one-year epidemiologic study of penile venereal edema in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases identified 25 cases, a rate of 1.7 per 1,000 male visits. Twenty-four patients had coexisting urethritis (36%), infected penile lesions (36%), or both (24%). Men with penile edema were significantly more likely to have gonococcal urethritis (40%), genital scabies (12%), genital herpes (12%), and inguinal adenopathy (52%) than men without penile edema. Penile edema is self-limited and seems to resolve along with the underlying penile disease. Lymphatic involvement may be the final common factor.", "contents": "Penile veneral edema. A one-year epidemiologic study of penile venereal edema in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases identified 25 cases, a rate of 1.7 per 1,000 male visits. Twenty-four patients had coexisting urethritis (36%), infected penile lesions (36%), or both (24%). Men with penile edema were significantly more likely to have gonococcal urethritis (40%), genital scabies (12%), genital herpes (12%), and inguinal adenopathy (52%) than men without penile edema. Penile edema is self-limited and seems to resolve along with the underlying penile disease. Lymphatic involvement may be the final common factor.", "PMID": 581503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_939", "title": "Interaction of rubratoxin B and pentobarbital in mice.", "content": "Rubratoxin B, a metabolite of Penicillium rubrum, is a potent mycotoxin that produces hepatic mid-zonal necrosis. Using propylene glycol as the solvent, the acute LD50 (i.p.) in male mice was estimated at 1.42 mg/kg. Pretreatment with s.c. pellets of pentobarbital reduced this toxicity approximately 42 percent, while castration and SKF 525A pretreatment enhanced toxicity approximately 20 percent and 60 percent, respectively. These studies also demonstrated that rubratoxin B potentiated pentobarbital-induced narcosis and enhanced pentobarbital hypothermia. The effect of SKF-525A and pentobarbital on the LD50 value of rubratoxin B suggests that the toxicity of this mycotoxin in mice does not arise from a toxic metabolite but from the parent compound.", "contents": "Interaction of rubratoxin B and pentobarbital in mice. Rubratoxin B, a metabolite of Penicillium rubrum, is a potent mycotoxin that produces hepatic mid-zonal necrosis. Using propylene glycol as the solvent, the acute LD50 (i.p.) in male mice was estimated at 1.42 mg/kg. Pretreatment with s.c. pellets of pentobarbital reduced this toxicity approximately 42 percent, while castration and SKF 525A pretreatment enhanced toxicity approximately 20 percent and 60 percent, respectively. These studies also demonstrated that rubratoxin B potentiated pentobarbital-induced narcosis and enhanced pentobarbital hypothermia. The effect of SKF-525A and pentobarbital on the LD50 value of rubratoxin B suggests that the toxicity of this mycotoxin in mice does not arise from a toxic metabolite but from the parent compound.", "PMID": 581497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_940", "title": "Late isolated left ventricular tamponade. Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic manifestations of a previously unreported postoperative complication.", "content": "A unique case of late postoperative left ventricular tamponade, hemodynamically indistinguishable from severe left ventricular failure, is reported in a patient 1 month after an apparently uncomplicated aortic valve replacement. An echo-free space behind the left ventricle led to surgical exploration and successful resolution of the disease process. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of isolated left ventricular tamponade in the literature. The findings highlight the importance of postoperative echocardiography in the evaluation of the patient having cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Late isolated left ventricular tamponade. Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic manifestations of a previously unreported postoperative complication. A unique case of late postoperative left ventricular tamponade, hemodynamically indistinguishable from severe left ventricular failure, is reported in a patient 1 month after an apparently uncomplicated aortic valve replacement. An echo-free space behind the left ventricle led to surgical exploration and successful resolution of the disease process. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of isolated left ventricular tamponade in the literature. The findings highlight the importance of postoperative echocardiography in the evaluation of the patient having cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 581507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_941", "title": "Sequential changes of surfactant phosphatidylcholine in hyaline-membrane disease of the newborn.", "content": "Although reduced levels of lung surfactant are known to predispose to hyaline-membrane disease, the role of biochemical changes in surfactant composition has not been defined. We found that surfactant isolated from pharyngeal and tracheal aspirates of newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a distinctly different phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition from surfactant of control infants. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine from newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a lower percentage of palmitic acid and higher percentages of the 18-carbon and 20-carbon fatty acids, irrespective of gestational age. Evaluation of serial aspirates for 18 days revealed that in hyaline-membrane disease the surfactant phosphatidylcholine fatty acids followed a predictable pattern of change, gradually becoming similar to those of the control group. Evaluation of surfactant from tracheal and pharyngeal aspirates effectively monitors the biochemical maturation of the surfactant system in hyaline-membrane disease.", "contents": "Sequential changes of surfactant phosphatidylcholine in hyaline-membrane disease of the newborn. Although reduced levels of lung surfactant are known to predispose to hyaline-membrane disease, the role of biochemical changes in surfactant composition has not been defined. We found that surfactant isolated from pharyngeal and tracheal aspirates of newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a distinctly different phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition from surfactant of control infants. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine from newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a lower percentage of palmitic acid and higher percentages of the 18-carbon and 20-carbon fatty acids, irrespective of gestational age. Evaluation of serial aspirates for 18 days revealed that in hyaline-membrane disease the surfactant phosphatidylcholine fatty acids followed a predictable pattern of change, gradually becoming similar to those of the control group. Evaluation of surfactant from tracheal and pharyngeal aspirates effectively monitors the biochemical maturation of the surfactant system in hyaline-membrane disease.", "PMID": 581511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_942", "title": "[Clinico-diagnostic considerations on lymphocytic thyroiditis. Presentation of clinical cases].", "content": "Personal experience with autoimmune lymphocyte thyroiditis, represented by 11 cases observed between 1972 and today, is reported. After some brief aetiopathogenetic notes on the lesions in question, the problems of diagnosing the nature of the thyropathy are stressed. After reviewing the examinations that have been proposed in the literature, it is noted that the preoperative recognition of a thyroiditis with autoimmune genesis is still problematical. The institution of a diagnostic protocol based on the systematic search for antibodies, the perchlorate test, the thyrostimulation test, ESR study, the search for alpha2 and gamma-globulins, scintigraphy with positive indicators and needle biopsy as well as on scintigraphy and thyrometabolic tests (T3-T4-TSH-TRH test) is proposed. Even when such a protocol is adopted, however, it should be mentioned that only in 18% of the personal cases was it possible to diagnose thyroiditis, in the other subjects this being merely an occasional post-operative finding. In confirming the personal therapeutic approach, which at least initially is medical, for recognized forms, it is pointed out that surgical treatment is to be preferred in certain cases because of the presence of compressive phenomena, and in others it appears capable of relieving, in follow-up, the thyroiditic process, probably as a result of the removal of the antigenic tissue.", "contents": "[Clinico-diagnostic considerations on lymphocytic thyroiditis. Presentation of clinical cases]. Personal experience with autoimmune lymphocyte thyroiditis, represented by 11 cases observed between 1972 and today, is reported. After some brief aetiopathogenetic notes on the lesions in question, the problems of diagnosing the nature of the thyropathy are stressed. After reviewing the examinations that have been proposed in the literature, it is noted that the preoperative recognition of a thyroiditis with autoimmune genesis is still problematical. The institution of a diagnostic protocol based on the systematic search for antibodies, the perchlorate test, the thyrostimulation test, ESR study, the search for alpha2 and gamma-globulins, scintigraphy with positive indicators and needle biopsy as well as on scintigraphy and thyrometabolic tests (T3-T4-TSH-TRH test) is proposed. Even when such a protocol is adopted, however, it should be mentioned that only in 18% of the personal cases was it possible to diagnose thyroiditis, in the other subjects this being merely an occasional post-operative finding. In confirming the personal therapeutic approach, which at least initially is medical, for recognized forms, it is pointed out that surgical treatment is to be preferred in certain cases because of the presence of compressive phenomena, and in others it appears capable of relieving, in follow-up, the thyroiditic process, probably as a result of the removal of the antigenic tissue.", "PMID": 581513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_943", "title": "Pharmacologic evaluation of orally administered antibiotics in infants and children: effect of feeding on bioavailability.", "content": "The clinical pharmacology of orally administered antibiotics was investigated in 106 infants and children. The antibiotic suspensions studied were ampicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin estolate, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, penicillin G, and penicillin V. The feeding status of the patients was evaluated in relation to the concentrations of drugs in serum, saliva, and tears. Peak concentrations and area-under-the-curve values of cephalexin, penicillin V, and penicillin G were reduced 40% to 60% in patients given milk and drug concurrently. Absorption was enhanced when erythromycin ethylsuccinate was given milk. After administration of both erythromycin formulations, penicillin V and ampicillin, salivary concentrations exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most pneumococci and group A streptococci and for many meningococci. The clinical implications of these pharmacokinetic data are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacologic evaluation of orally administered antibiotics in infants and children: effect of feeding on bioavailability. The clinical pharmacology of orally administered antibiotics was investigated in 106 infants and children. The antibiotic suspensions studied were ampicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin estolate, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, penicillin G, and penicillin V. The feeding status of the patients was evaluated in relation to the concentrations of drugs in serum, saliva, and tears. Peak concentrations and area-under-the-curve values of cephalexin, penicillin V, and penicillin G were reduced 40% to 60% in patients given milk and drug concurrently. Absorption was enhanced when erythromycin ethylsuccinate was given milk. After administration of both erythromycin formulations, penicillin V and ampicillin, salivary concentrations exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most pneumococci and group A streptococci and for many meningococci. The clinical implications of these pharmacokinetic data are discussed.", "PMID": 581516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_944", "title": "Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee and medial meniscal tears.", "content": "Several factors may play a role in the etiology of \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Corticosteroids are known to induce osteonecrosis, and 45% of the patients in this study received steroids parenterally or by intra-articular injection. Another factor, heretofore given little attention, is the association of medial meniscal tears and \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis. Twenty-one (78%) of 27 knees examined by arthrography demonstrated meniscal tears. Stress concentration over the edge of the meniscal fragment may result in ischemic necrosis of the femoral condyle. Early detection of a medial meniscal tear by arthrography in older patients and prompt treatment may be important in avoiding the late changes of \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis.", "contents": "Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee and medial meniscal tears. Several factors may play a role in the etiology of \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Corticosteroids are known to induce osteonecrosis, and 45% of the patients in this study received steroids parenterally or by intra-articular injection. Another factor, heretofore given little attention, is the association of medial meniscal tears and \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis. Twenty-one (78%) of 27 knees examined by arthrography demonstrated meniscal tears. Stress concentration over the edge of the meniscal fragment may result in ischemic necrosis of the femoral condyle. Early detection of a medial meniscal tear by arthrography in older patients and prompt treatment may be important in avoiding the late changes of \"spontaneous\" osteonecrosis.", "PMID": 581522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_945", "title": "[Tolerance and contrast density in intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography using a new contrast medium (author's transl)].", "content": "The tolerance and diagnostic usefulness of the new intravenous bile contrast medium Endomirabil were subjected to clinical radiological testing. Endomirabil is well tolerated. It is our impression that it has a lower side effect quota than the other contrast media used so far. Diagnostic results in injection cholangiography and cholecystography with 30 ml Endomirabil were good. In more than 80% of the cases the bile ducts were well demonstrated. The diagnostic evaluation was fully satisfactory. In most cases both the bile ducts and the gallbladder showed up very well within 60 minutes after completion of the injection. This means both film material and time are saved.", "contents": "[Tolerance and contrast density in intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography using a new contrast medium (author's transl)]. The tolerance and diagnostic usefulness of the new intravenous bile contrast medium Endomirabil were subjected to clinical radiological testing. Endomirabil is well tolerated. It is our impression that it has a lower side effect quota than the other contrast media used so far. Diagnostic results in injection cholangiography and cholecystography with 30 ml Endomirabil were good. In more than 80% of the cases the bile ducts were well demonstrated. The diagnostic evaluation was fully satisfactory. In most cases both the bile ducts and the gallbladder showed up very well within 60 minutes after completion of the injection. This means both film material and time are saved.", "PMID": 581525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_946", "title": "[Lipolytic activity of microorganisms isolated from different sources].", "content": "From different natural sources (samples of raw and pasteurized milk, fresh and melted butter, cheese, industrial and nonindustrial sewage containing fats and surface active substances) 650 microorganisms were isolated. Measurements of their lipolytic activity on milk fat (20% cream), tristearin and olive oil indicated that 27 microorganisms had no lipolytic activity on either substrate. A hundred cultures showed the highest activity. Out of them 40 most active cultures belonging to different systematic groups (fungi, yeast, bacteria) were identified as representatives of certain genera or species. Lipolytic activity varied significantly in microorganisms belonging to the same species. The use of several substrates (cream, tristearin, olive oil) helped to discriminate microorganisms that preferentially hydrolyzed either substrate.", "contents": "[Lipolytic activity of microorganisms isolated from different sources]. From different natural sources (samples of raw and pasteurized milk, fresh and melted butter, cheese, industrial and nonindustrial sewage containing fats and surface active substances) 650 microorganisms were isolated. Measurements of their lipolytic activity on milk fat (20% cream), tristearin and olive oil indicated that 27 microorganisms had no lipolytic activity on either substrate. A hundred cultures showed the highest activity. Out of them 40 most active cultures belonging to different systematic groups (fungi, yeast, bacteria) were identified as representatives of certain genera or species. Lipolytic activity varied significantly in microorganisms belonging to the same species. The use of several substrates (cream, tristearin, olive oil) helped to discriminate microorganisms that preferentially hydrolyzed either substrate.", "PMID": 581519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_947", "title": "Potential for improving cottonseed quality by genetic and agronomic practices.", "content": "Potential utilization of cottonseeds as edible food sources accentuated the need for research on their composition. Studies included evaluation of cottonseed composition; e.g., seed grade, protein, amino acids free fatty acids, oil, fatty acids, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, total gossypol, differential settling as an indicator of potential performance of cottonseed in the liquid cyclone process, and extractability of nonstorage and storage proteins and their gel electrophoretic properties. These extended studies were used to develop a data base on composition of various cottonseed cultivars grown in different locations of Texas that resemble environmentally most of the regions of the United States cotton belt. Tests showed that most constituents of cottonseed vary; statistically significant variables include cultivar, location, and their interaction term, cultivar x location. These data suggest that breeding and agronomic practices could be used to alter cottonseed composition. Although protein quantity of cottonseed from various cultivars differ and can be influenced by agronomic practices, this variability is not reflected in quality of cottonseed protein as detected by gel electrophoretic techniques. Analyses showed that both genetic and agronomic factors influenced formation of edible flour with high protein and low free gossypol content.", "contents": "Potential for improving cottonseed quality by genetic and agronomic practices. Potential utilization of cottonseeds as edible food sources accentuated the need for research on their composition. Studies included evaluation of cottonseed composition; e.g., seed grade, protein, amino acids free fatty acids, oil, fatty acids, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, total gossypol, differential settling as an indicator of potential performance of cottonseed in the liquid cyclone process, and extractability of nonstorage and storage proteins and their gel electrophoretic properties. These extended studies were used to develop a data base on composition of various cottonseed cultivars grown in different locations of Texas that resemble environmentally most of the regions of the United States cotton belt. Tests showed that most constituents of cottonseed vary; statistically significant variables include cultivar, location, and their interaction term, cultivar x location. These data suggest that breeding and agronomic practices could be used to alter cottonseed composition. Although protein quantity of cottonseed from various cultivars differ and can be influenced by agronomic practices, this variability is not reflected in quality of cottonseed protein as detected by gel electrophoretic techniques. Analyses showed that both genetic and agronomic factors influenced formation of edible flour with high protein and low free gossypol content.", "PMID": 581532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_948", "title": "Phenothiazine effect on gastrointestinal tract function.", "content": "Clinical evidence indicates that phenothiazines, specifically chlorpromazine (CPZ), used extensively in the treatment of patients with mental and/or neurologic disorders produce an ileus characterized by pseudoobstruction with an extended barium transit time of eight to ten days. Postoperatively, these patients have a protracted ileus, lasting from ten to fourteen days. In our present study we investigated the mechanism of action by which phenothiazines block gastrointestinal tract function as well as the possible reversal of this effect by pharmacologic agents. Guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with CPZ at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for five to seventeen days. This caused deleterious effects in the gastrointestinal tract, such as cessation of peristalsis of small intestine and colon, and marked distension of the cecum. In vitro pharmacologic studies were performed on the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus of the guinea pigs. We found that phenothiazines interfered with the neuromuscular mechanism of the intestine, as exemplified by a lack of response to electrical current stimulation. The effect was protracted, lasting at least 24 hours. These effects were reversed by the administration of the anticholinesterase, physostigmine (PGM), provided the block was less than 80 per cent. The paralytic ileus produced was similar to that found in man.", "contents": "Phenothiazine effect on gastrointestinal tract function. Clinical evidence indicates that phenothiazines, specifically chlorpromazine (CPZ), used extensively in the treatment of patients with mental and/or neurologic disorders produce an ileus characterized by pseudoobstruction with an extended barium transit time of eight to ten days. Postoperatively, these patients have a protracted ileus, lasting from ten to fourteen days. In our present study we investigated the mechanism of action by which phenothiazines block gastrointestinal tract function as well as the possible reversal of this effect by pharmacologic agents. Guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with CPZ at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for five to seventeen days. This caused deleterious effects in the gastrointestinal tract, such as cessation of peristalsis of small intestine and colon, and marked distension of the cecum. In vitro pharmacologic studies were performed on the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus of the guinea pigs. We found that phenothiazines interfered with the neuromuscular mechanism of the intestine, as exemplified by a lack of response to electrical current stimulation. The effect was protracted, lasting at least 24 hours. These effects were reversed by the administration of the anticholinesterase, physostigmine (PGM), provided the block was less than 80 per cent. The paralytic ileus produced was similar to that found in man.", "PMID": 581534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_949", "title": "Case report. Simultaneous fungal and viral infection of the central nervous system.", "content": "A patient with lymphoma developed central nervous system dysfunction and the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was made. Because of discordant clinical and laboratory responses to appropriate treatment, further investigations were performed and the additional diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was established. Computerized axial tomography (CT scanning) proved helpful in pointing toward the latter disorder. Clinical, neuropathological, and microbiologic features are presented. The diagnostic approach to central nervous system illness in patients with impaired immunocompetence should include consideration of simultaneous infection with multiple agents.", "contents": "Case report. Simultaneous fungal and viral infection of the central nervous system. A patient with lymphoma developed central nervous system dysfunction and the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was made. Because of discordant clinical and laboratory responses to appropriate treatment, further investigations were performed and the additional diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was established. Computerized axial tomography (CT scanning) proved helpful in pointing toward the latter disorder. Clinical, neuropathological, and microbiologic features are presented. The diagnostic approach to central nervous system illness in patients with impaired immunocompetence should include consideration of simultaneous infection with multiple agents.", "PMID": 581533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_950", "title": "Clinical studies of intrathecal autologous lymphocyte infusions in patients with malignant glioma: a toxicity study.", "content": "The feasibility and toxicity of intrathecal lymphoid cell infusions in patients with glioma were examined in this study. Blood rich in lymphoid cells was obtained using the Haemonetics Model 30 cell separator; the lymphoid cells extracted were further purified on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Four patients received a total of eighteen autologous lymphoid cell infusions, with between 1 X 10(6) and 5 X 10(9) lymphoid cells being infused on each occasion. No toxicity was observed, but the CSF glucose declined in 2 patients. In 1 patient examined at autopsy the lymphoid cells appeared to have gained access to the tumor bed as well as to the rest of the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Clinical studies of intrathecal autologous lymphocyte infusions in patients with malignant glioma: a toxicity study. The feasibility and toxicity of intrathecal lymphoid cell infusions in patients with glioma were examined in this study. Blood rich in lymphoid cells was obtained using the Haemonetics Model 30 cell separator; the lymphoid cells extracted were further purified on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Four patients received a total of eighteen autologous lymphoid cell infusions, with between 1 X 10(6) and 5 X 10(9) lymphoid cells being infused on each occasion. No toxicity was observed, but the CSF glucose declined in 2 patients. In 1 patient examined at autopsy the lymphoid cells appeared to have gained access to the tumor bed as well as to the rest of the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 581544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_951", "title": "Nemaline (rod) myopathy: a possible cause of rapidly fatal infantile hypotonia.", "content": "Two infant siblings (male and female) manifested extreme hypotonia and flaccidity at birth and had a rapidly fatal course. In each, rod-like structures were demonstrated within a variety of skeletal muscles, and accumulations of thin filaments were seen in numerous muscle fibers. The possibility exists that this represents a severe and rapidly fatal form of nemaline myopathy that should be included in the differential diagnosis of infantile hypotonias.", "contents": "Nemaline (rod) myopathy: a possible cause of rapidly fatal infantile hypotonia. Two infant siblings (male and female) manifested extreme hypotonia and flaccidity at birth and had a rapidly fatal course. In each, rod-like structures were demonstrated within a variety of skeletal muscles, and accumulations of thin filaments were seen in numerous muscle fibers. The possibility exists that this represents a severe and rapidly fatal form of nemaline myopathy that should be included in the differential diagnosis of infantile hypotonias.", "PMID": 581546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_952", "title": "Massive ovarian edema: a nonneoplastic pelvic mass of young women.", "content": "Two cases of massive ovarian edema are reported in addition to the eight previous cases published in the English literature. The predominance of the right-sided involvement and the histopathological characteristics of this lesion support the hypothesis that the basic pathogenetic mechanism is an impairment of the venous and lymphatic drainage of the ovary, triggered by recurrent partial torsion of the mesovarium. This nonneoplastic lesion should be recognized as a distinct entity in ovarian disease and treated conservatively.", "contents": "Massive ovarian edema: a nonneoplastic pelvic mass of young women. Two cases of massive ovarian edema are reported in addition to the eight previous cases published in the English literature. The predominance of the right-sided involvement and the histopathological characteristics of this lesion support the hypothesis that the basic pathogenetic mechanism is an impairment of the venous and lymphatic drainage of the ovary, triggered by recurrent partial torsion of the mesovarium. This nonneoplastic lesion should be recognized as a distinct entity in ovarian disease and treated conservatively.", "PMID": 581547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_953", "title": "Intrauterine death from umbilical cord hematoma.", "content": "Umbilical cord hematoma is a rare cause of intrauterine morbidity and mortality. There have been many theories about the etiology of this entity, but its cause remains unknown. Intrauterine death occurred in a postmature (44 weeks) fetus and was associated with an umbilical cord hematoma. Histologic examination of the cord showed a thinning of the wall of the umbilical vein with splitting of the elastic membrane.", "contents": "Intrauterine death from umbilical cord hematoma. Umbilical cord hematoma is a rare cause of intrauterine morbidity and mortality. There have been many theories about the etiology of this entity, but its cause remains unknown. Intrauterine death occurred in a postmature (44 weeks) fetus and was associated with an umbilical cord hematoma. Histologic examination of the cord showed a thinning of the wall of the umbilical vein with splitting of the elastic membrane.", "PMID": 581548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_954", "title": "[Mycotic anuerysm secondary to bacterial endocarditis. Review apropos of a case].", "content": "A case is presented of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis on a biological Duramater Prosthesis. In the evolution curse, the patient presented an intraparenchimal cerebral haemorrhage, where--upon the angiographic studies demonstrated the existence of a mycotic aneurysm in the left median cerebral arterial territory. With specific antibiotic therapy and replacement of the prosthesis, the clinical evolution of the case, was positive, and later angiographies evidenced the disappearance of the aneurysm. The incidence of intracranial mycotic aneurysm complicating bacterial endocarditis is relatively high (up to 4% in post-mortem series). There have been very few cases communicated up to now with angiographic demonstration. Mortality is similar in patients under surgical or medical treatment. The aetipothogenic aspects are discussed, as well as the recommended therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Mycotic anuerysm secondary to bacterial endocarditis. Review apropos of a case]. A case is presented of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis on a biological Duramater Prosthesis. In the evolution curse, the patient presented an intraparenchimal cerebral haemorrhage, where--upon the angiographic studies demonstrated the existence of a mycotic aneurysm in the left median cerebral arterial territory. With specific antibiotic therapy and replacement of the prosthesis, the clinical evolution of the case, was positive, and later angiographies evidenced the disappearance of the aneurysm. The incidence of intracranial mycotic aneurysm complicating bacterial endocarditis is relatively high (up to 4% in post-mortem series). There have been very few cases communicated up to now with angiographic demonstration. Mortality is similar in patients under surgical or medical treatment. The aetipothogenic aspects are discussed, as well as the recommended therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 581545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_955", "title": "[Morphogenetic processes and seasonal changes in the anatomic and histological organization of the Barents Sea sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas)].", "content": "As a result of histological investigations of seasonal dynamics in the anatomical-tissue organization of the litoral sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas), morphogenetical processes during different periods of its life cycle are described in detail. Correlations between different phases of sexual reproduction and conditions of anatomical and tissue organization in the maternal organism are stated. It is noted that tissue reduction of the definitive sponge Halichondria panicea during autumn--winter season is a natural phenomenon, regularly repeating in the life of the litoral sponge investigated, as a result of the maternal organism's \"exhaustion\" in the period of sexual embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Morphogenetic processes and seasonal changes in the anatomic and histological organization of the Barents Sea sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas)]. As a result of histological investigations of seasonal dynamics in the anatomical-tissue organization of the litoral sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas), morphogenetical processes during different periods of its life cycle are described in detail. Correlations between different phases of sexual reproduction and conditions of anatomical and tissue organization in the maternal organism are stated. It is noted that tissue reduction of the definitive sponge Halichondria panicea during autumn--winter season is a natural phenomenon, regularly repeating in the life of the litoral sponge investigated, as a result of the maternal organism's \"exhaustion\" in the period of sexual embryogenesis.", "PMID": 581552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_956", "title": "Taurocholate--sodium co-transport by brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat ileum.", "content": "Uptake of taurocholate into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine by a Ca(2+) -precipitation method was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. Uptake of taurocholate by ileal brush-border membranes consisted of three phenomena: binding to the outside of the vesicles, transfer across the vesicle membrane and binding to the intravesicular compartment. The transport of taurocholate across the brush-border membranes was stimulated in the presence of Na(+) compared with the presence of K(+); stimulation was about 11-fold in the presence of a NaCl gradient (Na(o)>Na(i)), where the subscripts refer to ;outside' and ;inside' respectively, and 4-fold under equilibrium conditions for Na(+) (Na(o)=Na(i)). In the presence of a Na(+) gradient a typical ;overshoot' phenomenon was observed. Membranes preloaded with unlabelled taurocholate showed an accelerated entry of labelled taurocholate (tracer exchange) in the presence of Na(+) compared with the presence of K(+). The stimulation by Na(+) was observed only in membrane preparations from the ileum. Addition of monactin, an ionophore for univalent cations, decreased the Na(+)-gradient-driven taurocholate uptake. The Na(+)-dependent taurocholate transport showed saturation kinetics and the phenomenon of counterflow and was inhibited by glycocholate. Other cations such as Li(+), Rb(+) and Cs(+) could not replace Na(+) in its stimulatory action. When the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane was altered by establishing different diffusion potentials (anion replacement; K(+) gradient+/-valinomycin) a more-negative potential inside stimulated Na(+)-dependent taurocholate transport. These data demonstrate the presence of a rheogenic (potential sensitive) Na(+)-taurocholate co-transport system in ileal brush-border membranes and support the hypothesis that the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum is a secondary active uptake.", "contents": "Taurocholate--sodium co-transport by brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat ileum. Uptake of taurocholate into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine by a Ca(2+) -precipitation method was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. Uptake of taurocholate by ileal brush-border membranes consisted of three phenomena: binding to the outside of the vesicles, transfer across the vesicle membrane and binding to the intravesicular compartment. The transport of taurocholate across the brush-border membranes was stimulated in the presence of Na(+) compared with the presence of K(+); stimulation was about 11-fold in the presence of a NaCl gradient (Na(o)>Na(i)), where the subscripts refer to ;outside' and ;inside' respectively, and 4-fold under equilibrium conditions for Na(+) (Na(o)=Na(i)). In the presence of a Na(+) gradient a typical ;overshoot' phenomenon was observed. Membranes preloaded with unlabelled taurocholate showed an accelerated entry of labelled taurocholate (tracer exchange) in the presence of Na(+) compared with the presence of K(+). The stimulation by Na(+) was observed only in membrane preparations from the ileum. Addition of monactin, an ionophore for univalent cations, decreased the Na(+)-gradient-driven taurocholate uptake. The Na(+)-dependent taurocholate transport showed saturation kinetics and the phenomenon of counterflow and was inhibited by glycocholate. Other cations such as Li(+), Rb(+) and Cs(+) could not replace Na(+) in its stimulatory action. When the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane was altered by establishing different diffusion potentials (anion replacement; K(+) gradient+/-valinomycin) a more-negative potential inside stimulated Na(+)-dependent taurocholate transport. These data demonstrate the presence of a rheogenic (potential sensitive) Na(+)-taurocholate co-transport system in ileal brush-border membranes and support the hypothesis that the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum is a secondary active uptake.", "PMID": 581553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_957", "title": "[Intrathecal gentamicin in the treatment of meningitis--clinical case study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 33 cases of meningitis treated with intrathecally administered gentamicin (GM) and examine it's effectiveness for meningitis side effects and optimum dose. Of 33 cases 15 cases (group I1 were treated with GM alone 7 cases (group IIa) with GM combined with SB--PC or CP. In 8 cases of the other 11 cases (group IIb) GM was changed for SB--PC or CP because of it's inefficiency and side effects (6 cases) and other reasons (2 cases). In the remaining three cases of group IIb SB--PC or CP was changed for GM due to their inefficiecy. Maximum intrathecal dose is shown below : 4 mg--7 cases, 8 mg--5 cases, 10 mg--15 cases, 20 mg--4cases, 40 mg--2 cases. In all cases GM was not administered systemically, but each of CP, CB--PC, SB--PC and TC was administereed systemically. In group I, only one case did not G--I tract bleeding but the others were cured. In group IIa all but one case was cured. In group IIb one case of cyptococcosis was dead. Total effective cases of intrathecal GM were 17 of 24 cases excluding group IIa (7 cases) and 3 cases of group IIb. There was no side effect in cases of which maximum dose was 4--20 mg, but in one of 40 mg administered cases in which GM was injected from cisternal puncture hearing, vestibular and visual function were disturbed permanently. Therefore GM should not be injected into the cistern. In our conclusion intrathecal GM is thought to be effective in the treatment of meningitis without systemic GM. Effective optimum dose in 4--8 mg/day day in adult and if ineffective after 7--10 days GM should be changed for other antibiotics.", "contents": "[Intrathecal gentamicin in the treatment of meningitis--clinical case study (author's transl)]. The authors report 33 cases of meningitis treated with intrathecally administered gentamicin (GM) and examine it's effectiveness for meningitis side effects and optimum dose. Of 33 cases 15 cases (group I1 were treated with GM alone 7 cases (group IIa) with GM combined with SB--PC or CP. In 8 cases of the other 11 cases (group IIb) GM was changed for SB--PC or CP because of it's inefficiency and side effects (6 cases) and other reasons (2 cases). In the remaining three cases of group IIb SB--PC or CP was changed for GM due to their inefficiecy. Maximum intrathecal dose is shown below : 4 mg--7 cases, 8 mg--5 cases, 10 mg--15 cases, 20 mg--4cases, 40 mg--2 cases. In all cases GM was not administered systemically, but each of CP, CB--PC, SB--PC and TC was administereed systemically. In group I, only one case did not G--I tract bleeding but the others were cured. In group IIa all but one case was cured. In group IIb one case of cyptococcosis was dead. Total effective cases of intrathecal GM were 17 of 24 cases excluding group IIa (7 cases) and 3 cases of group IIb. There was no side effect in cases of which maximum dose was 4--20 mg, but in one of 40 mg administered cases in which GM was injected from cisternal puncture hearing, vestibular and visual function were disturbed permanently. Therefore GM should not be injected into the cistern. In our conclusion intrathecal GM is thought to be effective in the treatment of meningitis without systemic GM. Effective optimum dose in 4--8 mg/day day in adult and if ineffective after 7--10 days GM should be changed for other antibiotics.", "PMID": 581556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_958", "title": "Fatty acyl chain order in lecithin model membranes determined from proton magnetic resonance.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been used to compare the local orientational order of acyl chains in phospholipid bilayers of multilamellar and small sonicated vesicular membranes of dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL) at 50 degrees C and egg yolk lecithin (EYL) at 31 degrees C. The orientational order of the multilamellar systems was characterized using deuterium magnetic resonance order parameters and 1H NMR second moments. 1H NMR line shapes in the vesicle samples were calculated using vesicle size distributions, determined directly using electron microscopy, and a theory of motional narrowing, which takes into account the symmetry properties of the bilayer systems. The predicted non-Lorentzian line shapes and widths were found to be in good agreement with experimental results, indicating that the local orientational order (called \"packing\" by many workers) in the bilayers of small vesicles and in multilamellar membranes is substantially the same. This results was found to be true not only for the largest 1H NMR line associated with the nonterminal methylene protons but also for the resolved 1H NMR lines due to the alpha-CH2 and the terminal CH3 positions on the acyl chain. Analysis of the vesicle 1H NMR spectra of EYL taken with different medium viscosities yielded a value of approximately 4 X 10(-8) cm2 s-1 for the lateral diffusion constant of the phospholipid molecules at 31 degrees C.", "contents": "Fatty acyl chain order in lecithin model membranes determined from proton magnetic resonance. Proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been used to compare the local orientational order of acyl chains in phospholipid bilayers of multilamellar and small sonicated vesicular membranes of dipalmitoyllecithin (DPL) at 50 degrees C and egg yolk lecithin (EYL) at 31 degrees C. The orientational order of the multilamellar systems was characterized using deuterium magnetic resonance order parameters and 1H NMR second moments. 1H NMR line shapes in the vesicle samples were calculated using vesicle size distributions, determined directly using electron microscopy, and a theory of motional narrowing, which takes into account the symmetry properties of the bilayer systems. The predicted non-Lorentzian line shapes and widths were found to be in good agreement with experimental results, indicating that the local orientational order (called \"packing\" by many workers) in the bilayers of small vesicles and in multilamellar membranes is substantially the same. This results was found to be true not only for the largest 1H NMR line associated with the nonterminal methylene protons but also for the resolved 1H NMR lines due to the alpha-CH2 and the terminal CH3 positions on the acyl chain. Analysis of the vesicle 1H NMR spectra of EYL taken with different medium viscosities yielded a value of approximately 4 X 10(-8) cm2 s-1 for the lateral diffusion constant of the phospholipid molecules at 31 degrees C.", "PMID": 581557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_959", "title": "Ultrasonic studies of lipid bilayer. Phase transition in synthetic phosphatidylcholine liposomes.", "content": "The ultrasonic velocity at 3 MHz and the density in the nonsonicated and sonicated liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine have been measured in the temperature range from 0 degrees C to 55 degrees C. The results indicate that nonsonicated multilamellar vesicles undergo a weak first order transition which is analogous to the nematic-isotropic transition of liquid crystals. A sharp change in the ultrasonic velocity associated with the first order transition disappears when the multilamellar vesicles are sonicated. The bulk modulus of the lipid bilayer calculated from the ultrasonic velocity and the density of sonicated liposomes has a value of 3.0 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at 20 degrees C, reaches a minimum value of 2.1 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at its transition temperature and increases slightly to 2.2 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at 50 degrees C.", "contents": "Ultrasonic studies of lipid bilayer. Phase transition in synthetic phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The ultrasonic velocity at 3 MHz and the density in the nonsonicated and sonicated liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine have been measured in the temperature range from 0 degrees C to 55 degrees C. The results indicate that nonsonicated multilamellar vesicles undergo a weak first order transition which is analogous to the nematic-isotropic transition of liquid crystals. A sharp change in the ultrasonic velocity associated with the first order transition disappears when the multilamellar vesicles are sonicated. The bulk modulus of the lipid bilayer calculated from the ultrasonic velocity and the density of sonicated liposomes has a value of 3.0 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at 20 degrees C, reaches a minimum value of 2.1 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at its transition temperature and increases slightly to 2.2 X 10(10) dyne/cm2 at 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 581558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_960", "title": "Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide in plasma or serum.", "content": "We describe the determination of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide, simultaneously or separately, in 50 to 100 microliter of plasma or serum. Derivatives of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide formed by reaction with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride are extremely sensitive to the electron-capture detector of a gas-liquid chromatograph. The sample, with added internal standard and ammonium sulfate as a pH-adjusting and salting-out agent, is extracted with ethyl acetate/benzene (20/80 by vol). The extract is evaporated and the derivatives are formed. Analytical recoveries of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide exceed 99%, and the relative standard deviation (CV) between analyses is usually less than 4.0%. alpha-Methyl-alpha-propylsuccinimide is used as the internal standard for ethosuximide, 2-phenylsuccinimide as the internal standard for desmethylmethsuximide.", "contents": "Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide in plasma or serum. We describe the determination of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide, simultaneously or separately, in 50 to 100 microliter of plasma or serum. Derivatives of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide formed by reaction with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride are extremely sensitive to the electron-capture detector of a gas-liquid chromatograph. The sample, with added internal standard and ammonium sulfate as a pH-adjusting and salting-out agent, is extracted with ethyl acetate/benzene (20/80 by vol). The extract is evaporated and the derivatives are formed. Analytical recoveries of ethosuximide and desmethylmethsuximide exceed 99%, and the relative standard deviation (CV) between analyses is usually less than 4.0%. alpha-Methyl-alpha-propylsuccinimide is used as the internal standard for ethosuximide, 2-phenylsuccinimide as the internal standard for desmethylmethsuximide.", "PMID": 581562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_961", "title": "Retained posterior horn of the medial meniscus.", "content": "The incidence of a symptomatic retained posterior fragment of the medial meniscus in 2 different groups of patients with medial meniscectomy is compared. If the original surgery was done through one capsular incision, there was a 9.5% incidence of symptomatic retained posterior fragment as compared to 0.2% incidence if the original surgery was performed through 2 capsular incisions. For total excision of the meniscus medial meniscectomy should be performed through 2 capsular incisions.", "contents": "Retained posterior horn of the medial meniscus. The incidence of a symptomatic retained posterior fragment of the medial meniscus in 2 different groups of patients with medial meniscectomy is compared. If the original surgery was done through one capsular incision, there was a 9.5% incidence of symptomatic retained posterior fragment as compared to 0.2% incidence if the original surgery was performed through 2 capsular incisions. For total excision of the meniscus medial meniscectomy should be performed through 2 capsular incisions.", "PMID": 581563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_962", "title": "Lymphosarcoma in an ectopic pelvic spleen.", "content": "Wandering spleen is a rare condition which can be diagnosed with facility by conventional nuclear medicine imaging techniques. We present one case in which generalized lymphosarcoma involving a wandering spleen was proved by percutaneous aspiration biopsy. Evaluation of a liver-spleen scan in which the normal splenic image is not definitely seen should include extension of the scan field to include the lower abdomen, because of the possibility of ectopic splenic position.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma in an ectopic pelvic spleen. Wandering spleen is a rare condition which can be diagnosed with facility by conventional nuclear medicine imaging techniques. We present one case in which generalized lymphosarcoma involving a wandering spleen was proved by percutaneous aspiration biopsy. Evaluation of a liver-spleen scan in which the normal splenic image is not definitely seen should include extension of the scan field to include the lower abdomen, because of the possibility of ectopic splenic position.", "PMID": 581564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_963", "title": "Mother's assessments of term and pre-term infants with respiratory distress syndrome: reliability and predictive validity.", "content": "Assessments of term and preterm RDS infants were made by mothers on an adaptation of the Brazelton scale. The mother's assessments were not significantly different from those assessments made by trained clinicians, and both mothers and clinicians assigned less optimal ratings to the preterm infants. These ratings were correlated with Bayley motor scores at eight months. Mothers' assessments of infant temperament were made at four and eight months. These temperament ratings were significantly correlated with each other and with clinicians' ratings on the Brazelton neonatal and eight-month-Bayley Scales. These findings suggest that mothers' assessments are reliable and have some predictive validity during early infancy.", "contents": "Mother's assessments of term and pre-term infants with respiratory distress syndrome: reliability and predictive validity. Assessments of term and preterm RDS infants were made by mothers on an adaptation of the Brazelton scale. The mother's assessments were not significantly different from those assessments made by trained clinicians, and both mothers and clinicians assigned less optimal ratings to the preterm infants. These ratings were correlated with Bayley motor scores at eight months. Mothers' assessments of infant temperament were made at four and eight months. These temperament ratings were significantly correlated with each other and with clinicians' ratings on the Brazelton neonatal and eight-month-Bayley Scales. These findings suggest that mothers' assessments are reliable and have some predictive validity during early infancy.", "PMID": 581566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_964", "title": "Clinical studies on sporotrichosis in Taiwan.", "content": "A total of 59 cases, who visited the Dermatological Clinic of National Taiwan University Hospital in the past 27 years, was proved to be Sporotrichosis. The diagnostic criteria were the suggestive clinical pictures with any one of the following points: (1) positive fungal culture with characteristic colonies of Sporotrichum schenckii, (2) good therapeutic response to potassium iodide, (3) demonstration of fungal elements in the suggested pathological tissues or (4) demonstration of fungal elements in pus or tissue using direct immunofluorescence. All the informations concerning the clinical pictures and epidemiological points of view of these 59 patients were analysed. The chief cutaneous lesions were composed of nodules, ulcers or infiltrated plaques in linear arrangement on the exposed areas especially arms, legs or face. Thirty eight cases were male and 21 female. It affected peoples of the age between 4 to 70 years old, and their occupations were mainly outside workers such as agriculturist, worker, etc. Most of the affected people lived in the suburban areas of Taipei city such as Taoyuan and Taipei county. Serological tests such as precipitation, complement fixation and hemagglutination tests were performed in 12 cases, yet no reliable results were got.", "contents": "Clinical studies on sporotrichosis in Taiwan. A total of 59 cases, who visited the Dermatological Clinic of National Taiwan University Hospital in the past 27 years, was proved to be Sporotrichosis. The diagnostic criteria were the suggestive clinical pictures with any one of the following points: (1) positive fungal culture with characteristic colonies of Sporotrichum schenckii, (2) good therapeutic response to potassium iodide, (3) demonstration of fungal elements in the suggested pathological tissues or (4) demonstration of fungal elements in pus or tissue using direct immunofluorescence. All the informations concerning the clinical pictures and epidemiological points of view of these 59 patients were analysed. The chief cutaneous lesions were composed of nodules, ulcers or infiltrated plaques in linear arrangement on the exposed areas especially arms, legs or face. Thirty eight cases were male and 21 female. It affected peoples of the age between 4 to 70 years old, and their occupations were mainly outside workers such as agriculturist, worker, etc. Most of the affected people lived in the suburban areas of Taipei city such as Taoyuan and Taipei county. Serological tests such as precipitation, complement fixation and hemagglutination tests were performed in 12 cases, yet no reliable results were got.", "PMID": 581567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_965", "title": "Case report. Cervical carcinoma with selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "A patient with cervical carcinoma was found to have selective IgA deficiency. The intact cell-mediated immunity, normal levels of IgG and IgM, and the absence of serum and salivary IgA established the diagnosis. Contrary to those of normal persons, salivary IgM was elevated and salivary IgA was not detectable in this patient. The patient had no signs attributable to IgA deficiency, but she always had dryness of the mouth. The association between cervical carcinoma and selective IgA deficiency was discussed.", "contents": "Case report. Cervical carcinoma with selective IgA deficiency. A patient with cervical carcinoma was found to have selective IgA deficiency. The intact cell-mediated immunity, normal levels of IgG and IgM, and the absence of serum and salivary IgA established the diagnosis. Contrary to those of normal persons, salivary IgM was elevated and salivary IgA was not detectable in this patient. The patient had no signs attributable to IgA deficiency, but she always had dryness of the mouth. The association between cervical carcinoma and selective IgA deficiency was discussed.", "PMID": 581568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_966", "title": "Updating the side effects of the penicillins.", "content": "Use of the penicillins in patients may result in a variety of side effects in addition to the well known occasional allergic reactions. Some of these side effects may be quite serious. Treatment with the various penicillins, expecially in the large amounts presently prescribed, may be attended by immunologic reactions, such as nephritis, and by direct toxic effects which may involve the blood platelets, the neurones of the central nervous system, and perhaps the parenchymal cells of the liver.", "contents": "Updating the side effects of the penicillins. Use of the penicillins in patients may result in a variety of side effects in addition to the well known occasional allergic reactions. Some of these side effects may be quite serious. Treatment with the various penicillins, expecially in the large amounts presently prescribed, may be attended by immunologic reactions, such as nephritis, and by direct toxic effects which may involve the blood platelets, the neurones of the central nervous system, and perhaps the parenchymal cells of the liver.", "PMID": 581569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_967", "title": "[Study on the rapid, secondary-growth mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis (author's transl)].", "content": "According to colony type, growth rate and development of secondary growth on the proteose-peptone No. 3 mannitol salt agar (PMS) and the nutrient agar (NA) media, Staphylococcus epidermidis may be classified into three groups. Group I includes strains which develop smooth colonies on both media. Group II consists of those which show rapid propagation of entire clones and develop secondary growth on the PMS medium, but grow only smooth colonies on the NA medium, and which may be called reversible mutants. Group III includes thoes which show secondary growth on both PMS and NA as well as other media, which may be called irreversible mutants. One percent proteose-peptone No. 3 and 5--7% NaCl are the essential ingredients for the induction of mutation, and mannitol can enhance it. Except the high sensitivity of the reversible mutants of human origin, the three groups of chicken origin showed similar drug susceptibility to biosynthesis inhibitors of protein and cell wall. On the HI medium, chloramphenicol inhibited secondary growth of irreversible mutants at 25.0 microgram/ml minimal antimutagenesis concentration (MAC), whereas streptomycin, penicillin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline did not at all. The irreversible mutants had higher resistance to biosynthesis inhibitors of DNA or RNA, e.g. mitomycin C (MMC), novobiocin (NOV) and rifampicin (RIF), than the other two groups. On the HI medium, MMC at the MAC of 0.16 microgram/ml, NA at 25.0 microgram/ml and NOV at 2.5 microgram/ml inhibited the secondary growth of irreversible mutants, but RIF did not. To the irreversible mutants, the MIC and MAC of NA on the PMS medium were both higher than those on the HI medium. The MACs of MMC and NOV on the PMS medium were also higher than those on the HI medium, but their geometric mean MIC remained almost unchanged on both media. Because the MACs of MMC (0.31 microgram/ml) and NA (100.0 microgram/ml) to the reversible mutants on the PMS medium were much similar to those of the irreversible mutants, it suggests that both groups had the similar mutation mechanism.", "contents": "[Study on the rapid, secondary-growth mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis (author's transl)]. According to colony type, growth rate and development of secondary growth on the proteose-peptone No. 3 mannitol salt agar (PMS) and the nutrient agar (NA) media, Staphylococcus epidermidis may be classified into three groups. Group I includes strains which develop smooth colonies on both media. Group II consists of those which show rapid propagation of entire clones and develop secondary growth on the PMS medium, but grow only smooth colonies on the NA medium, and which may be called reversible mutants. Group III includes thoes which show secondary growth on both PMS and NA as well as other media, which may be called irreversible mutants. One percent proteose-peptone No. 3 and 5--7% NaCl are the essential ingredients for the induction of mutation, and mannitol can enhance it. Except the high sensitivity of the reversible mutants of human origin, the three groups of chicken origin showed similar drug susceptibility to biosynthesis inhibitors of protein and cell wall. On the HI medium, chloramphenicol inhibited secondary growth of irreversible mutants at 25.0 microgram/ml minimal antimutagenesis concentration (MAC), whereas streptomycin, penicillin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline did not at all. The irreversible mutants had higher resistance to biosynthesis inhibitors of DNA or RNA, e.g. mitomycin C (MMC), novobiocin (NOV) and rifampicin (RIF), than the other two groups. On the HI medium, MMC at the MAC of 0.16 microgram/ml, NA at 25.0 microgram/ml and NOV at 2.5 microgram/ml inhibited the secondary growth of irreversible mutants, but RIF did not. To the irreversible mutants, the MIC and MAC of NA on the PMS medium were both higher than those on the HI medium. The MACs of MMC and NOV on the PMS medium were also higher than those on the HI medium, but their geometric mean MIC remained almost unchanged on both media. Because the MACs of MMC (0.31 microgram/ml) and NA (100.0 microgram/ml) to the reversible mutants on the PMS medium were much similar to those of the irreversible mutants, it suggests that both groups had the similar mutation mechanism.", "PMID": 581571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_968", "title": "Survey of Salmonellae in mesenteric lymph nodes, gallbladder wall and jejunum from healthy pigs slaughtered in Taiwan.", "content": "A study made in Taiwan showed that 23.3 per cent of healthy slaughter pigs were infected with salmonellae. Samples of gallbladder wall/liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and jejunum wall were found to yield salmonellae in 16.4, 5.2 and 11.6 per cent of cases respectively. Salmonellae isolated belonged to nine different serotypes, S. london being the serotype most frequently isolated (26.8%) followed by S. anatum, S. panama (16.1% each) and S. typhimurium (12.5%). Of the total number of salmonellae isolated 68.5 per cent were detected simultaneously on brilliant-green phenol-red lactose sucrose agar (BGA) and desoxycholate agar (DCA), whilst 18.5 per cent were detected only on DCA and 13 per cent only on BGA plates.", "contents": "Survey of Salmonellae in mesenteric lymph nodes, gallbladder wall and jejunum from healthy pigs slaughtered in Taiwan. A study made in Taiwan showed that 23.3 per cent of healthy slaughter pigs were infected with salmonellae. Samples of gallbladder wall/liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and jejunum wall were found to yield salmonellae in 16.4, 5.2 and 11.6 per cent of cases respectively. Salmonellae isolated belonged to nine different serotypes, S. london being the serotype most frequently isolated (26.8%) followed by S. anatum, S. panama (16.1% each) and S. typhimurium (12.5%). Of the total number of salmonellae isolated 68.5 per cent were detected simultaneously on brilliant-green phenol-red lactose sucrose agar (BGA) and desoxycholate agar (DCA), whilst 18.5 per cent were detected only on DCA and 13 per cent only on BGA plates.", "PMID": 581572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_969", "title": "Antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae: special considerations of R-plasmids.", "content": "Studies on the transmission of R plasmid by conjugation between enterobacteria and vibrio or related bacteria were reviewed. The majority of the reports confirmed successful transmission from enterobacteria to Vibrio cholerae and related species, although the transmission frequencies were extremely low and the transmitted R plasmid was very unstable except for thermosensitive kanamycin plasmid and usual R plasmid coexisting with P plasmid. Strains of V. cholerae and Aeromonas liquefaciens as well as A. salmonicida bearing R plasmid were detected in nature. R plasmid was relatively unstable in V. cholerae strains with which transmission of R plasmid to enterobacteria was confirmed. At present, only 3 R plasmids have been obtained from naturally occurring strains of V. cholerae. Although the 2 European plasmids belong to the C incompatibility group with 98 megadalton closed covalent circular DNA molecule, one plasmid belongs to the J group with more than 25 megadalton molecular weight, and no CCC of satelite DNA was detected in bacteria harboring this plasmid.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae: special considerations of R-plasmids. Studies on the transmission of R plasmid by conjugation between enterobacteria and vibrio or related bacteria were reviewed. The majority of the reports confirmed successful transmission from enterobacteria to Vibrio cholerae and related species, although the transmission frequencies were extremely low and the transmitted R plasmid was very unstable except for thermosensitive kanamycin plasmid and usual R plasmid coexisting with P plasmid. Strains of V. cholerae and Aeromonas liquefaciens as well as A. salmonicida bearing R plasmid were detected in nature. R plasmid was relatively unstable in V. cholerae strains with which transmission of R plasmid to enterobacteria was confirmed. At present, only 3 R plasmids have been obtained from naturally occurring strains of V. cholerae. Although the 2 European plasmids belong to the C incompatibility group with 98 megadalton closed covalent circular DNA molecule, one plasmid belongs to the J group with more than 25 megadalton molecular weight, and no CCC of satelite DNA was detected in bacteria harboring this plasmid.", "PMID": 581573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_970", "title": "Parenchymal mechanics at the alveolar level.", "content": "Three current questions about alveolar mechanics are discussed: how is the liquid lining of the alveolus maintained, how does surface tension affect alveolar geometry and lung recoil, and how does the parenchyma respond to nonuniform deformations? Modeling the parenchyma as an interconnected network of alveolar walls is emphasized and modifications that are needed to make the models quantitatively successful are suggested.--Wilson, T. A. Parenchymal mechanics at the alveolar level.", "contents": "Parenchymal mechanics at the alveolar level. Three current questions about alveolar mechanics are discussed: how is the liquid lining of the alveolus maintained, how does surface tension affect alveolar geometry and lung recoil, and how does the parenchyma respond to nonuniform deformations? Modeling the parenchyma as an interconnected network of alveolar walls is emphasized and modifications that are needed to make the models quantitatively successful are suggested.--Wilson, T. A. Parenchymal mechanics at the alveolar level.", "PMID": 581575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_971", "title": "[Cardiac and vascular components of the systemic circulatory reaction to orthostasis].", "content": "The orthostatic test (OT) induced regular constrictor responses of the resistance vessels and less regular those of the capacitance vessels under conditions of extracorporeal circulation (by passing the left ventricle) in anesthetized cats. Responses of the resistance vessels were eliminated by ganglionic blockade, while blood pooling rised only in half of experiments under these conditions. In case of natural circulation, the ganglionic blockade entailed an obvious initial hypotension followed by lowering of compensatory elevation of arterial pressure (AP) while responses of the cardiac output to OT remained unchanged. By the method of extracorporeal circulation combined with the \"working\" heart significant lowering of the cardiac output to OT was achieved; this response was accompanied by constrictor responses of the resistance vessels. Compensatory responses of AP reveal themselves mainly by the vascular component of the systemic reaction.", "contents": "[Cardiac and vascular components of the systemic circulatory reaction to orthostasis]. The orthostatic test (OT) induced regular constrictor responses of the resistance vessels and less regular those of the capacitance vessels under conditions of extracorporeal circulation (by passing the left ventricle) in anesthetized cats. Responses of the resistance vessels were eliminated by ganglionic blockade, while blood pooling rised only in half of experiments under these conditions. In case of natural circulation, the ganglionic blockade entailed an obvious initial hypotension followed by lowering of compensatory elevation of arterial pressure (AP) while responses of the cardiac output to OT remained unchanged. By the method of extracorporeal circulation combined with the \"working\" heart significant lowering of the cardiac output to OT was achieved; this response was accompanied by constrictor responses of the resistance vessels. Compensatory responses of AP reveal themselves mainly by the vascular component of the systemic reaction.", "PMID": 581577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_972", "title": "Adverse effects of milk formula ingestion on the gastrointestinal tract. An update.", "content": "The large-scale use of cow's milk in infant feeding is less than one hundred years old. Much progress has been made by the manufacturers of proprietary formulas during this period to make their products safer. Although the current formulas provide an excellent \"substitute\" for the majority of infants, problems still remain, and it is necessary for every pediatrician and gastroenterologist to be aware of these. The purposes of this article are to review the adverse effects of nonhuman milk on the gastrointestinal tract, to examine the underlying mechanisms, and hopefully to stimulate further thought and research. Particular emphasis will be placed on hypersensitivity reactions, because there now appears to be a swing back to this diagnosis as a result of more sophisticated immunologic investigations. The arguments in favor of breast-feeding, the systemic biochemical differences resulting from different formulas, and the indications for specialized formula feeding are all beyond the scope of this review.", "contents": "Adverse effects of milk formula ingestion on the gastrointestinal tract. An update. The large-scale use of cow's milk in infant feeding is less than one hundred years old. Much progress has been made by the manufacturers of proprietary formulas during this period to make their products safer. Although the current formulas provide an excellent \"substitute\" for the majority of infants, problems still remain, and it is necessary for every pediatrician and gastroenterologist to be aware of these. The purposes of this article are to review the adverse effects of nonhuman milk on the gastrointestinal tract, to examine the underlying mechanisms, and hopefully to stimulate further thought and research. Particular emphasis will be placed on hypersensitivity reactions, because there now appears to be a swing back to this diagnosis as a result of more sophisticated immunologic investigations. The arguments in favor of breast-feeding, the systemic biochemical differences resulting from different formulas, and the indications for specialized formula feeding are all beyond the scope of this review.", "PMID": 581579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_973", "title": "Hospitals meet space and HSA criteria through merger.", "content": "Building a new hospital on a new site was considered a far better alternative than expanding or recycling another facility.", "contents": "Hospitals meet space and HSA criteria through merger. Building a new hospital on a new site was considered a far better alternative than expanding or recycling another facility.", "PMID": 581580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_974", "title": "Therapeutic arthroscopy of the knee.", "content": "This paper describes transcutaneous therapeutic procedures performed during arthroscopy. Sixty-six patients were treated. Small loose bodies were flushed out through the arthroscope in 7 cases. In 19 of 24 knees a loose body 0.5-2 cm in size was extracted either with a Dormia stone-dislodger or a pituitary rongeur. In 5 patients we failed to remove the loose body transcutaneously and arthrotomy was performed. A meniscus was resected in 17 patients using a pituitary rongeur alone or in combination with some other instrument. The late result was good in 14, but 3 subsequently underwent arthrotomy. Various procedures such as lateral release of the patella by a special technique, removal of intra-articular sutures and other measures were also undertaken. No complications occurred and the duration of sick leave was usually short. Before arthrotomy for removal of loose bodies or resection of ruptured menisci is performed, we feel that an attempt at transcutaneous therapy under arthroscopy should be made.", "contents": "Therapeutic arthroscopy of the knee. This paper describes transcutaneous therapeutic procedures performed during arthroscopy. Sixty-six patients were treated. Small loose bodies were flushed out through the arthroscope in 7 cases. In 19 of 24 knees a loose body 0.5-2 cm in size was extracted either with a Dormia stone-dislodger or a pituitary rongeur. In 5 patients we failed to remove the loose body transcutaneously and arthrotomy was performed. A meniscus was resected in 17 patients using a pituitary rongeur alone or in combination with some other instrument. The late result was good in 14, but 3 subsequently underwent arthrotomy. Various procedures such as lateral release of the patella by a special technique, removal of intra-articular sutures and other measures were also undertaken. No complications occurred and the duration of sick leave was usually short. Before arthrotomy for removal of loose bodies or resection of ruptured menisci is performed, we feel that an attempt at transcutaneous therapy under arthroscopy should be made.", "PMID": 581583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_975", "title": "Tear of the anterior cruciate ligament as a late complication of meniscectomy.", "content": "During the years 1973-5 we performed 190 meniscectomies. We report 4 cases of tears of the anterior cruciate ligament after meniscectomy. Although this complication is mentioned in the literature, very few orthopaedic surgeons are familiar with it.", "contents": "Tear of the anterior cruciate ligament as a late complication of meniscectomy. During the years 1973-5 we performed 190 meniscectomies. We report 4 cases of tears of the anterior cruciate ligament after meniscectomy. Although this complication is mentioned in the literature, very few orthopaedic surgeons are familiar with it.", "PMID": 581584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_976", "title": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: some characteristics of intradermal Rickettsia mooseri infection in normal and immune guinea pigs.", "content": "Rickettsia mooseri infection in skin at sites of intradermal inoculation was studied in nonimmune and immune guinea pigs with respect to dynamics of infection, localization of rickettsiae within tissues, and gross and microscopic pathology. Intradermal inoculation of R. mooseri into nonimmune guinea pigs resulted in gross lesions which, in magnitude, were directly related to the number of rickettsiae inoculated. The lesions progressively enlarged through 3 or 4 days and remained enlarged through at least 7 days. Histological examination revealed an early acute inflammation which progressed to a predominantly monocyte-macrophage inflammation and subsequently condensed into lymphocyte-containing granulomatous foci. Rickettsiae in the skin at sites of inoculation increased in numbers from 6 h through 3 days, in parallel with the increasing diffuse monocyte-macrophage inflammatory response, and then declined markedly on days 4 or 5 as ganulomatous foci appeared. Some rickettsiae, however, persisted through at least day 7. Fluorescent-antibody studies suggested that R. mooseri infected only a subset of cells available, i.e., cells associated with the microvascular system. Dissemination of infection was demonstrated by the presence of rickettsiae in the skin at sites distant from the point of inoculation. Immune guinea pigs, made immune by intradermal infection with R. mooseri 12 days before intradermal challenge, displayed an accelerated response. The lesions were maximal by 24 to 48 h and subsequently regressed. The inflammatory response of immune guinea pigs was a greater magnitude than the response of similarly challenged nonimmune guinea pigs, and the respose from acute inflammation through the formation of granulomatous lesions was accelerated. The number of rickettsiae in the skin of immune guinea pigs declined steadily from the time of inoculation, until no rickettsiae were recovered on or after day 3. Furthermore, dissemination of rickettsiae to sites in skin distant from the site of inoculation was not demonstrable. The results are discussed in terms of pathogenesis and of immunity to typhus.", "contents": "Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: some characteristics of intradermal Rickettsia mooseri infection in normal and immune guinea pigs. Rickettsia mooseri infection in skin at sites of intradermal inoculation was studied in nonimmune and immune guinea pigs with respect to dynamics of infection, localization of rickettsiae within tissues, and gross and microscopic pathology. Intradermal inoculation of R. mooseri into nonimmune guinea pigs resulted in gross lesions which, in magnitude, were directly related to the number of rickettsiae inoculated. The lesions progressively enlarged through 3 or 4 days and remained enlarged through at least 7 days. Histological examination revealed an early acute inflammation which progressed to a predominantly monocyte-macrophage inflammation and subsequently condensed into lymphocyte-containing granulomatous foci. Rickettsiae in the skin at sites of inoculation increased in numbers from 6 h through 3 days, in parallel with the increasing diffuse monocyte-macrophage inflammatory response, and then declined markedly on days 4 or 5 as ganulomatous foci appeared. Some rickettsiae, however, persisted through at least day 7. Fluorescent-antibody studies suggested that R. mooseri infected only a subset of cells available, i.e., cells associated with the microvascular system. Dissemination of infection was demonstrated by the presence of rickettsiae in the skin at sites distant from the point of inoculation. Immune guinea pigs, made immune by intradermal infection with R. mooseri 12 days before intradermal challenge, displayed an accelerated response. The lesions were maximal by 24 to 48 h and subsequently regressed. The inflammatory response of immune guinea pigs was a greater magnitude than the response of similarly challenged nonimmune guinea pigs, and the respose from acute inflammation through the formation of granulomatous lesions was accelerated. The number of rickettsiae in the skin of immune guinea pigs declined steadily from the time of inoculation, until no rickettsiae were recovered on or after day 3. Furthermore, dissemination of rickettsiae to sites in skin distant from the site of inoculation was not demonstrable. The results are discussed in terms of pathogenesis and of immunity to typhus.", "PMID": 581585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_977", "title": "Separation testing of hemodialysis shunts using dynamic and static forces in a controlled environment.", "content": "Analytical methods are presented for determining the longitudinal dynamic and static forces needed to overcome the transverse frictional forces and effect the separation of hemodialysis shunt connections under controlled environmental conditions. Results for different types of shunts and their associated connectors are reported along with the factors that affect the separation force and separation times.", "contents": "Separation testing of hemodialysis shunts using dynamic and static forces in a controlled environment. Analytical methods are presented for determining the longitudinal dynamic and static forces needed to overcome the transverse frictional forces and effect the separation of hemodialysis shunt connections under controlled environmental conditions. Results for different types of shunts and their associated connectors are reported along with the factors that affect the separation force and separation times.", "PMID": 581589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_978", "title": "Homologous and heterologous antibody responses to subunit influenza virus vaccine.", "content": "In a group of 32 adult volunteers given subunit influenza virus vaccine containing 250 international units (i.u.) of A/Victoria/3/75, 250 i.u. of A/Scotland/840/74 and 300 i.u. of B/Hong Kong/8/73, there were substantial increases in the geometric mean homologous haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titres. There was also substantial boosting of the antibodies to the earlier variants of the Hong Kong (H3N2) series and to a later variant of the Asian (H2N2) series. There was no boosting of antibodies to the A/FM/1/47 strain, a representative member of the H1N1 series, but two individuals showed substantial rises to A/PR/8/34 (HON1). There were increases in the HI titre of antibodies cross reactive with two recent isolations, A/Texas/1/77, and A/Victoria/35/77, but the majority of vaccinees failed to reach antibody titres likely to be protective against such strains.", "contents": "Homologous and heterologous antibody responses to subunit influenza virus vaccine. In a group of 32 adult volunteers given subunit influenza virus vaccine containing 250 international units (i.u.) of A/Victoria/3/75, 250 i.u. of A/Scotland/840/74 and 300 i.u. of B/Hong Kong/8/73, there were substantial increases in the geometric mean homologous haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titres. There was also substantial boosting of the antibodies to the earlier variants of the Hong Kong (H3N2) series and to a later variant of the Asian (H2N2) series. There was no boosting of antibodies to the A/FM/1/47 strain, a representative member of the H1N1 series, but two individuals showed substantial rises to A/PR/8/34 (HON1). There were increases in the HI titre of antibodies cross reactive with two recent isolations, A/Texas/1/77, and A/Victoria/35/77, but the majority of vaccinees failed to reach antibody titres likely to be protective against such strains.", "PMID": 581591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_979", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of benzquinamide in man.", "content": "Using a newly developed sensitive gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer assay for benzquinamide, pharmacokinetics have been determined in man following the administration of intramuscular, oral, and rectal suppository doses. Drug is absorbed most rapidly from the intramuscular dose and least rapidly from suppositories. The mean apparent elimination half-life is 1.0-1.6 hr from all formulations. Benzquinamide is 33-39% bioavailable from the capsule and suppository formulations, relative to the intramuscular formulation. A high correlation between capsule and suppository bioavailabilities suggests that first-pass metabolism may account for at least part of the incomplete availability.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of benzquinamide in man. Using a newly developed sensitive gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer assay for benzquinamide, pharmacokinetics have been determined in man following the administration of intramuscular, oral, and rectal suppository doses. Drug is absorbed most rapidly from the intramuscular dose and least rapidly from suppositories. The mean apparent elimination half-life is 1.0-1.6 hr from all formulations. Benzquinamide is 33-39% bioavailable from the capsule and suppository formulations, relative to the intramuscular formulation. A high correlation between capsule and suppository bioavailabilities suggests that first-pass metabolism may account for at least part of the incomplete availability.", "PMID": 581593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_980", "title": "Leaking mycotic aneurysm of renal artery in a child.", "content": "A case of staphylococcal endocarditis, complicated by a leaking mycotic aneurysm of the right artery in a boy is presented. An emergency nephrectomy was lifesaving. The clinical course and pathology are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Leaking mycotic aneurysm of renal artery in a child. A case of staphylococcal endocarditis, complicated by a leaking mycotic aneurysm of the right artery in a boy is presented. An emergency nephrectomy was lifesaving. The clinical course and pathology are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 581595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_981", "title": "[Surgery of hyperthyroidism: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the patients operated upon for goiter (n = 1891) within the last 10 years, 625 had hyperthyroidism. Exophthalmia was present in 22.7% toxic nodular goiter in 26.5%; the remaining patients had autonomous adenoma. The different prognosis and treatment of Graves' disease in contrast to other kinds of hyperthyroidism is discussed. The importance of radioimmunoassays and scintigraphic methods as a basis of differentiated and functional surgical treatment is emphasized. Close cooperation among all medical branches involved in the treatment of goiter is recommended.", "contents": "[Surgery of hyperthyroidism: introduction (author's transl)]. Of the patients operated upon for goiter (n = 1891) within the last 10 years, 625 had hyperthyroidism. Exophthalmia was present in 22.7% toxic nodular goiter in 26.5%; the remaining patients had autonomous adenoma. The different prognosis and treatment of Graves' disease in contrast to other kinds of hyperthyroidism is discussed. The importance of radioimmunoassays and scintigraphic methods as a basis of differentiated and functional surgical treatment is emphasized. Close cooperation among all medical branches involved in the treatment of goiter is recommended.", "PMID": 581596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_982", "title": "[Hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical cure of hyperthyroidism aims at removing enough functioning follicles to prevent hyperthyroidism while leaving sufficient tissue to maintain euthyroidism. In the case of Graves' disease the surgeon is faced with a goiter consisting of uniformly hyperstimulated follicles that are but one of the multiple targets of an immunologic attack. In contrast, autonomous follicles with an intrinsic functional abnormality are the hallmark of multinodular toxic goiter. These follicles may be clustered (toxic adenoma) or spread in different patterns throughout the gland. Partial thyroidectomy provides definite cure. While operating, the surgeon is unable to appreciate the functional quality of the tissue left behind. Thus, both postoperative hypo- and hyperthyroidism may occur independently of the surgical technique.", "contents": "[Hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. Surgical cure of hyperthyroidism aims at removing enough functioning follicles to prevent hyperthyroidism while leaving sufficient tissue to maintain euthyroidism. In the case of Graves' disease the surgeon is faced with a goiter consisting of uniformly hyperstimulated follicles that are but one of the multiple targets of an immunologic attack. In contrast, autonomous follicles with an intrinsic functional abnormality are the hallmark of multinodular toxic goiter. These follicles may be clustered (toxic adenoma) or spread in different patterns throughout the gland. Partial thyroidectomy provides definite cure. While operating, the surgeon is unable to appreciate the functional quality of the tissue left behind. Thus, both postoperative hypo- and hyperthyroidism may occur independently of the surgical technique.", "PMID": 581597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_983", "title": "[Postoperative intestinal obstruction: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative intestinal obstruction is the indication for one-third of early reoperations. Mortality increases with age and time interval. Operations on the lower intestinal tract are predominant among the primary procedures. The main causes of obstruction are adhesions involving the small intestine. Diagnosis requires differentiation from paralytic ileus and physiologic postoperative paralysis. The outcome depends on early recognition, immediate reoperation, and adequate surgical management.", "contents": "[Postoperative intestinal obstruction: introduction (author's transl)]. Postoperative intestinal obstruction is the indication for one-third of early reoperations. Mortality increases with age and time interval. Operations on the lower intestinal tract are predominant among the primary procedures. The main causes of obstruction are adhesions involving the small intestine. Diagnosis requires differentiation from paralytic ileus and physiologic postoperative paralysis. The outcome depends on early recognition, immediate reoperation, and adequate surgical management.", "PMID": 581598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_984", "title": "[Closed intestinal decompression in postoperative paralysis: intestinal intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Paralytic distension is a causative or important factor in the pathogenesis of early postoperative intestinal obstruction. The elimination of intestinal distension initiates a decisive change in the course of this disease. The long intestinal tube--comparable to an \"intraluminary stoma\"--renders the necessary intestinal decompression. The controlled placement of the tube using a gastroscope rules out technical problems. The procedure is highly effective, contributes to the reduction of relaparotomies, and avoids enterotomies with all their inherent risks in the state of ileus.", "contents": "[Closed intestinal decompression in postoperative paralysis: intestinal intubation (author's transl)]. Paralytic distension is a causative or important factor in the pathogenesis of early postoperative intestinal obstruction. The elimination of intestinal distension initiates a decisive change in the course of this disease. The long intestinal tube--comparable to an \"intraluminary stoma\"--renders the necessary intestinal decompression. The controlled placement of the tube using a gastroscope rules out technical problems. The procedure is highly effective, contributes to the reduction of relaparotomies, and avoids enterotomies with all their inherent risks in the state of ileus.", "PMID": 581599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_985", "title": "[Use of stoma for decompression of the paralytic ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications for the construction of a stoma in the handling of paralytic ileus caused by peritonitis should be ascertained early and completely, since this method is probably the safest and fastest way to relieve advanced intestinal paralysis. There is no need for a secondary laparotomy in order to close the stoma when a catheter-entero- or colostomy is performed. Replacement of lost fluid and electrolytes through the stoma should no longer present serious problems because of the possibilities offered by modern intensive care treatment.", "contents": "[Use of stoma for decompression of the paralytic ileus (author's transl)]. Indications for the construction of a stoma in the handling of paralytic ileus caused by peritonitis should be ascertained early and completely, since this method is probably the safest and fastest way to relieve advanced intestinal paralysis. There is no need for a secondary laparotomy in order to close the stoma when a catheter-entero- or colostomy is performed. Replacement of lost fluid and electrolytes through the stoma should no longer present serious problems because of the possibilities offered by modern intensive care treatment.", "PMID": 581600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_986", "title": "Results of reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage.", "content": "The technique of reconstructing the posterior canal wall with homograft knee cartilage originally described in 1972 is reviewed and refinements are presented along with additional cases. The homograft knee cartilage is used in conjunction with the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles to rebuild the middle ear and mastoid as near as possible to anatomical configuration and function. Anatomical follow-up of one year or more is reported on 63 ears. Satisfactory results were obtained in 36 of these ears or 57% of the total. Hearing results are reported overall and in relation to different types of reconstruction. One year or more follow-up demonstrates satisfactory hearing with an air-bone gap of 20 db or less in 77% of the postoperative ears.", "contents": "Results of reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage. The technique of reconstructing the posterior canal wall with homograft knee cartilage originally described in 1972 is reviewed and refinements are presented along with additional cases. The homograft knee cartilage is used in conjunction with the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles to rebuild the middle ear and mastoid as near as possible to anatomical configuration and function. Anatomical follow-up of one year or more is reported on 63 ears. Satisfactory results were obtained in 36 of these ears or 57% of the total. Hearing results are reported overall and in relation to different types of reconstruction. One year or more follow-up demonstrates satisfactory hearing with an air-bone gap of 20 db or less in 77% of the postoperative ears.", "PMID": 581602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_987", "title": "Very low birthweight infants: a follow-up study.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the outcome of infants delivered at the Royal Hospital for Women during the years 1971 to 1975 who weighed 1500 g or less at birth and who survived the first 28 days of life. Of the 104 neonatal survivors, 79 were seen by one of the writers, nine were seen by other medical practitioners, four had died after the neonatal period, the parents of two children could not be induced to bring their child to be examined, and the remaining ten could not be traced. Abnormalities were found in 15 of the 88 children examined. Three had major physical handicaps (problems causing a restriction of normal lifestyle), 11 had minor handicaps (problems which did not restrict normal lifestyle), and eight had evidence of developmental delay. Infants who were small for gestational age tended to be below the 10th percentile for height or weight at follow-up more often than infants of the appropriate weight for gestational age.", "contents": "Very low birthweight infants: a follow-up study. This study was undertaken to determine the outcome of infants delivered at the Royal Hospital for Women during the years 1971 to 1975 who weighed 1500 g or less at birth and who survived the first 28 days of life. Of the 104 neonatal survivors, 79 were seen by one of the writers, nine were seen by other medical practitioners, four had died after the neonatal period, the parents of two children could not be induced to bring their child to be examined, and the remaining ten could not be traced. Abnormalities were found in 15 of the 88 children examined. Three had major physical handicaps (problems causing a restriction of normal lifestyle), 11 had minor handicaps (problems which did not restrict normal lifestyle), and eight had evidence of developmental delay. Infants who were small for gestational age tended to be below the 10th percentile for height or weight at follow-up more often than infants of the appropriate weight for gestational age.", "PMID": 581604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_988", "title": "Grey scale ultrasonic examination of the thyroid gland.", "content": "High resolution grey scale echography is an accurate, non-invasive means of investigating thyroid lesions. The structural information which it provides complements that of the functional status of the gland obtained from radionuclide scanning. The principles and practice of the technique are discussed and clinical examples are presented.", "contents": "Grey scale ultrasonic examination of the thyroid gland. High resolution grey scale echography is an accurate, non-invasive means of investigating thyroid lesions. The structural information which it provides complements that of the functional status of the gland obtained from radionuclide scanning. The principles and practice of the technique are discussed and clinical examples are presented.", "PMID": 581605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_989", "title": "Assessing fetal lung maturation by the foam stability index test.", "content": "An assay has been developed and evaluated that quantifies the surface tension lowering ability of amniotic fluid surfactant. The formation of stable foam following vigorous shaking of amniotic fluid was evaluated by the addition of various amounts of dipalmitoyl lecithin in a solution of ethanol and saline and by fine adjustments of the ethanol volume fraction in the final assay mixture. The foam stability index (FSI) for a particular sample of amniotic fluid was defined as the highest ethanol volume fraction that would permit the formation of stable foam after vigorously shaking a mixture of ethanol and amniotic fluid. The assay is referred to as the FSI test. We report the FSI values in amniotic fluid specimens from 59 patients obtained within 72 hours of delivery. The L/S ratio was measured in 50 of the same 59 specimens. We observed 6 cases of neonatal hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and 2 cases of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB) in this study. No cases of HMD or TTNB occurred with FSI values of greater than 0.47, while 2 cases of HMD were recorded in association with L/S ratios of 2.5 and 2.8, respectively. The potential clinical value of the FSI test is discussed.", "contents": "Assessing fetal lung maturation by the foam stability index test. An assay has been developed and evaluated that quantifies the surface tension lowering ability of amniotic fluid surfactant. The formation of stable foam following vigorous shaking of amniotic fluid was evaluated by the addition of various amounts of dipalmitoyl lecithin in a solution of ethanol and saline and by fine adjustments of the ethanol volume fraction in the final assay mixture. The foam stability index (FSI) for a particular sample of amniotic fluid was defined as the highest ethanol volume fraction that would permit the formation of stable foam after vigorously shaking a mixture of ethanol and amniotic fluid. The assay is referred to as the FSI test. We report the FSI values in amniotic fluid specimens from 59 patients obtained within 72 hours of delivery. The L/S ratio was measured in 50 of the same 59 specimens. We observed 6 cases of neonatal hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and 2 cases of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB) in this study. No cases of HMD or TTNB occurred with FSI values of greater than 0.47, while 2 cases of HMD were recorded in association with L/S ratios of 2.5 and 2.8, respectively. The potential clinical value of the FSI test is discussed.", "PMID": 581610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_990", "title": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. III. Supplementary effect of dried skim milk and L-methionine on a vegetable protein mixture.", "content": "The plasma amino acid response to single test meals in young adults was used for human biological evaluation of the supplementary effect of dried skim milk powder (DSM) and synthetic L-methionine on a vegetable protein mixture. The protein sources in the vegetable mixture were wheat flour, defatted soya bean flour and pea flour. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both as PAA ratios (a modification of the Longenecker and Hause method), and as delta MR% (percentage change in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios according to Graham and Placko). Both evaluation methods indicated that there was an adequate supply of all the essential amino acids in the basic vegetable mixture, except for a small deficit of methionine. Supplementation (5% and 10%) with DSM did not significantly improve the low plasma amino acid response of methionine. The addition of synthetic L-methionine proved to be very effective in this respect. 1 g of L-methionine per 100 g of proteins from the vegetable mixture gave a plasma methionine response similar to that of the other essential amino acids. This implies that the deficit of methionine in the basic wheat/soya bean/pea mixture was about 30%.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. III. Supplementary effect of dried skim milk and L-methionine on a vegetable protein mixture. The plasma amino acid response to single test meals in young adults was used for human biological evaluation of the supplementary effect of dried skim milk powder (DSM) and synthetic L-methionine on a vegetable protein mixture. The protein sources in the vegetable mixture were wheat flour, defatted soya bean flour and pea flour. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both as PAA ratios (a modification of the Longenecker and Hause method), and as delta MR% (percentage change in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios according to Graham and Placko). Both evaluation methods indicated that there was an adequate supply of all the essential amino acids in the basic vegetable mixture, except for a small deficit of methionine. Supplementation (5% and 10%) with DSM did not significantly improve the low plasma amino acid response of methionine. The addition of synthetic L-methionine proved to be very effective in this respect. 1 g of L-methionine per 100 g of proteins from the vegetable mixture gave a plasma methionine response similar to that of the other essential amino acids. This implies that the deficit of methionine in the basic wheat/soya bean/pea mixture was about 30%.", "PMID": 581618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_991", "title": "Growth-retarded fetuses and pulmonary maturity.", "content": "The amniotic fluid of 250 patients in the third trimester of pregnancy was examined for surfactant content by means of the bubble test and total phospholipid estimation. No evidence was found that intra-uterine growth retardation accelerates pulmonary maturity in the fetus, and the finding of early pulmonary maturity does not indicate intrauterine growth retardation.", "contents": "Growth-retarded fetuses and pulmonary maturity. The amniotic fluid of 250 patients in the third trimester of pregnancy was examined for surfactant content by means of the bubble test and total phospholipid estimation. No evidence was found that intra-uterine growth retardation accelerates pulmonary maturity in the fetus, and the finding of early pulmonary maturity does not indicate intrauterine growth retardation.", "PMID": 581621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_992", "title": "The bubble test as a measure of amniotic fluid surfactant and as a predictor of hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "The bubble test was compared with the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and total phospholipids (TPL) test as a measure of fetal lung surfactant in the amniotic fluid. Of 161 patients, all but 1 with a bubble score of 2 + or more also had mature L/S ratios and TPL values, whereas those with a bubble score of  0 - 1 + had L/S ratios and TPL values ranging from immature to mature. A total of 161 patients who delivered within 72 hours of TPL test and bubble test were assessed for the presence of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). No cases of HMD were associated with a bubble score of 2+ or more. However, the fetuses of 10 of 66 patients with a bubble score of 0 or 1 + developed HMD.", "contents": "The bubble test as a measure of amniotic fluid surfactant and as a predictor of hyaline membrane disease. The bubble test was compared with the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and total phospholipids (TPL) test as a measure of fetal lung surfactant in the amniotic fluid. Of 161 patients, all but 1 with a bubble score of 2 + or more also had mature L/S ratios and TPL values, whereas those with a bubble score of  0 - 1 + had L/S ratios and TPL values ranging from immature to mature. A total of 161 patients who delivered within 72 hours of TPL test and bubble test were assessed for the presence of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). No cases of HMD were associated with a bubble score of 2+ or more. However, the fetuses of 10 of 66 patients with a bubble score of 0 or 1 + developed HMD.", "PMID": 581622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_993", "title": "The association between the fat cell count of amniotic fluid and tests of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "The fat cell count in amniotic fluid samples from 100 patients was compared with the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and total phospholipid content. When the fat cell count was over 10%, the L/S ratio indicated maturity in all cases and the total phospholipids indicated maturity in all but 1 case. When the presence of blood or meconium in the amniotic fluid renders lung surfactant tests unreliable, an indication for the fat cell count exists.", "contents": "The association between the fat cell count of amniotic fluid and tests of fetal lung maturity. The fat cell count in amniotic fluid samples from 100 patients was compared with the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and total phospholipid content. When the fat cell count was over 10%, the L/S ratio indicated maturity in all cases and the total phospholipids indicated maturity in all but 1 case. When the presence of blood or meconium in the amniotic fluid renders lung surfactant tests unreliable, an indication for the fat cell count exists.", "PMID": 581623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_994", "title": "Modifications of dermatoglyphics in thyreopathy.", "content": "Examination of the digito-palmar and plantar dermatoglyphics of 50 thyreopathic women revealed no statistically significant variations depending on the clinical form of thyreopathy, for the quantitative aspects of digito-palmar and plantar dermatoglyphics. Qualitative determatoglyphic differences were found (reoccurrence of the patterns on areas of the palm and plant) according to the clinical form of thyreopathy. These differences are more obvious in Graves's disease patients which may support the idea of a hereditary factor implied in the disease.", "contents": "Modifications of dermatoglyphics in thyreopathy. Examination of the digito-palmar and plantar dermatoglyphics of 50 thyreopathic women revealed no statistically significant variations depending on the clinical form of thyreopathy, for the quantitative aspects of digito-palmar and plantar dermatoglyphics. Qualitative determatoglyphic differences were found (reoccurrence of the patterns on areas of the palm and plant) according to the clinical form of thyreopathy. These differences are more obvious in Graves's disease patients which may support the idea of a hereditary factor implied in the disease.", "PMID": 581619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_995", "title": "[The use of direct and indirect parasympathomimetics in poisonings with tricyclic antidepressive agents].", "content": "The use of cholinesterase inhibitors in poisonings with potentially lethal doses of tricyclic antidepressive drugs seems to be indicated on account of clinical experiences and own experimental investigations on animals. An uncritical use of these substances which have considerable side-effects must be warned of. A mixed intoxication with several drugs effecting on the central nervous system is only a relative indication for the use of indirect parasympathicomimetics of the cholinesterase type. They should be used only then, when the picture of poisoning is unequivocally determined by the thymoleptics. When cholinesterase inhibitors are used the physostigmine salicylate should be preferred, since at present it is sufficiently accessible to the central nervous system and with the slightest peripheral effects as the only representative of this group of substances, above all with regard to the gastrointestinal motility. Later investigations shall show, whether also other groups of substances which develop an antagonistic effect to the tricyclic antidepressive drugs may be of use in the treatment of the acute poisoning.", "contents": "[The use of direct and indirect parasympathomimetics in poisonings with tricyclic antidepressive agents]. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors in poisonings with potentially lethal doses of tricyclic antidepressive drugs seems to be indicated on account of clinical experiences and own experimental investigations on animals. An uncritical use of these substances which have considerable side-effects must be warned of. A mixed intoxication with several drugs effecting on the central nervous system is only a relative indication for the use of indirect parasympathicomimetics of the cholinesterase type. They should be used only then, when the picture of poisoning is unequivocally determined by the thymoleptics. When cholinesterase inhibitors are used the physostigmine salicylate should be preferred, since at present it is sufficiently accessible to the central nervous system and with the slightest peripheral effects as the only representative of this group of substances, above all with regard to the gastrointestinal motility. Later investigations shall show, whether also other groups of substances which develop an antagonistic effect to the tricyclic antidepressive drugs may be of use in the treatment of the acute poisoning.", "PMID": 581628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_996", "title": "[Danger of iodine drugs in the pregnant woman].", "content": "The authors draw attention to the fact that the possible effects of drugs containing iodine are often neglected during pregnancy. As an example, they report the following observation : \"A young woman with benign asthma, treated for 14 years Asthmasedine and Asthmaligne, gave birth, on the 36th week of pregnancy, to a child apparenty dead but who was able to be reanimated. The child showed two types of signs : respiratory distress due to higher neurological disorders and a multinodular, non-compressing goiter. These two complications were caused by a congenital hypothyroidism corroborated by laboratory tests and due to the prolonged absorption of iodinated drugs by the mother\". In conclusion, in cases of women receiving during pregnancy high doses of drugs containing iodine (250 such drugs are recorded in the Vidal), it is desirable to control the effect on the fetus and to propose an intra-amniotic therapy with L-Thyroxine, thus allowing a cerebral development close to normal.", "contents": "[Danger of iodine drugs in the pregnant woman]. The authors draw attention to the fact that the possible effects of drugs containing iodine are often neglected during pregnancy. As an example, they report the following observation : \"A young woman with benign asthma, treated for 14 years Asthmasedine and Asthmaligne, gave birth, on the 36th week of pregnancy, to a child apparenty dead but who was able to be reanimated. The child showed two types of signs : respiratory distress due to higher neurological disorders and a multinodular, non-compressing goiter. These two complications were caused by a congenital hypothyroidism corroborated by laboratory tests and due to the prolonged absorption of iodinated drugs by the mother\". In conclusion, in cases of women receiving during pregnancy high doses of drugs containing iodine (250 such drugs are recorded in the Vidal), it is desirable to control the effect on the fetus and to propose an intra-amniotic therapy with L-Thyroxine, thus allowing a cerebral development close to normal.", "PMID": 581616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_997", "title": "[Several kinin system indices in diseases of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Content of free bradikinin, kininogen and kininase activity were studied using biological methods in blood serum of 112 patients with goiter, of 20 patients with instrangulated hernia and of 21 healthy persons. The patterns studied were similar to normal value in patients with euthyroid goiter and instrangulated hernia. Thyrotoxicosis (63 patients) was accompanied by increase in all the patterns studied and the alterations were most pronounced in severe form of the impairment. Content of kininogen and kininase activity were increased about 2-fold and bradikinin content--5-fold. Content of free bradikinin was increased and kininase activity was decreased in all groups of patient within 1--3 days after the operation. Content of kininogen was increased in euthyroid goiter and decreased in thyrotoxic one. Patterns of kinine system trended to normalization within 6 days after the operation.", "contents": "[Several kinin system indices in diseases of the thyroid gland]. Content of free bradikinin, kininogen and kininase activity were studied using biological methods in blood serum of 112 patients with goiter, of 20 patients with instrangulated hernia and of 21 healthy persons. The patterns studied were similar to normal value in patients with euthyroid goiter and instrangulated hernia. Thyrotoxicosis (63 patients) was accompanied by increase in all the patterns studied and the alterations were most pronounced in severe form of the impairment. Content of kininogen and kininase activity were increased about 2-fold and bradikinin content--5-fold. Content of free bradikinin was increased and kininase activity was decreased in all groups of patient within 1--3 days after the operation. Content of kininogen was increased in euthyroid goiter and decreased in thyrotoxic one. Patterns of kinine system trended to normalization within 6 days after the operation.", "PMID": 581624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_998", "title": "[Efficacy of disinfectants against rabies virus (author's transl)].", "content": "A variety of disinfectants was tested against, their efficacy against Rabies virus Flury LEP strain. The efficacy was tested by intracerebral inoculation of a mixture of virus and disinfectant into 11-15 g white mice after evaluation of the intracerebral toxic dose. Two disinfectants, based on Phenolecompound, showed a marked superior effect compared with other disinfectants. One disinfectant based on quarternary Ammoniumbase showed insufficient efficacy.", "contents": "[Efficacy of disinfectants against rabies virus (author's transl)]. A variety of disinfectants was tested against, their efficacy against Rabies virus Flury LEP strain. The efficacy was tested by intracerebral inoculation of a mixture of virus and disinfectant into 11-15 g white mice after evaluation of the intracerebral toxic dose. Two disinfectants, based on Phenolecompound, showed a marked superior effect compared with other disinfectants. One disinfectant based on quarternary Ammoniumbase showed insufficient efficacy.", "PMID": 581630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_999", "title": "Leukocyte migration test for the study of immune reactivity in cases of Graves disease associated with infiltrative ophthalmopathy.", "content": "The leukocyte migration test was carried out in 26 untreated cases of Graves disease, using crude thyroid extract, human eye muscle antigen and actomyosin as antigens. A significant reduction in the spontaneous (antigen-free) migration values was demonstrable in the cases of Graves disease, compared with the controls. The migration inhibition test gave positive results with the thyroid antigen in the hyperthyroid cases, in opposition to euthyroid ophthalmopathy, where it was found negative. The results were positive with retrobulbar muscle antigen in hyperthyroid and euthyroid infiltrative ophthalmopathy. In advanced cases of infiltrative ophthalmopathy, the results were positive with actomyosin as well.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration test for the study of immune reactivity in cases of Graves disease associated with infiltrative ophthalmopathy. The leukocyte migration test was carried out in 26 untreated cases of Graves disease, using crude thyroid extract, human eye muscle antigen and actomyosin as antigens. A significant reduction in the spontaneous (antigen-free) migration values was demonstrable in the cases of Graves disease, compared with the controls. The migration inhibition test gave positive results with the thyroid antigen in the hyperthyroid cases, in opposition to euthyroid ophthalmopathy, where it was found negative. The results were positive with retrobulbar muscle antigen in hyperthyroid and euthyroid infiltrative ophthalmopathy. In advanced cases of infiltrative ophthalmopathy, the results were positive with actomyosin as well.", "PMID": 581631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1000", "title": "Underside lesions of the meniscus.", "content": "A total of 180 menisectomies were performed with special attention to lesions located only on the underside of the menisci. Thirty-six lesions (20 per cent) were found with this location, all in the posterior part of the menisci. Half of these were atypical horizontal cleavage lesions. The clinical features of these lesions were compared with normal meniscal lesions and no differences could be demonstrated. The subjective results after meniscectomy for 35 underside lesions were 94 per cent good or excellent after an average follow-up period of 22.3 months. Meniscectomy is the treatment of choice for these lesions. It is emphasized that careful examination of the underside of the meniscus is necessary if a patient presents a clinical picture of meniscal lesion and no other lesions can be found.", "contents": "Underside lesions of the meniscus. A total of 180 menisectomies were performed with special attention to lesions located only on the underside of the menisci. Thirty-six lesions (20 per cent) were found with this location, all in the posterior part of the menisci. Half of these were atypical horizontal cleavage lesions. The clinical features of these lesions were compared with normal meniscal lesions and no differences could be demonstrated. The subjective results after meniscectomy for 35 underside lesions were 94 per cent good or excellent after an average follow-up period of 22.3 months. Meniscectomy is the treatment of choice for these lesions. It is emphasized that careful examination of the underside of the meniscus is necessary if a patient presents a clinical picture of meniscal lesion and no other lesions can be found.", "PMID": 581633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1001", "title": "[Rheumatoid factors in Basedow's disease].", "content": "In patients with untreated Basedow's disease rheumatoid factors were determined by Waaler-Rose and Latex tests. The Waaler-Rose test was positive in 61.5% of 143 cases. After the acute disease stage settled the titers fell in more than 90% of the re-tested cases. In 50% the decrease in titre was of two dilutions or more. The Latex test was carried out in 152 patients. It was positive in 9.2% of the cases and became negative in 50% of the cases after the acute disease stage settled. In 5 out of 6 patients in whom the test remained positive there was in addition a rheumatic disease. The detectable rheumatoid factors are regarded as auto-antibodies against immuno-globulins. This suggests that polyarthritis in Basedow's disease is based on the same pathogenetic mechanisms as rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid factors in Basedow's disease]. In patients with untreated Basedow's disease rheumatoid factors were determined by Waaler-Rose and Latex tests. The Waaler-Rose test was positive in 61.5% of 143 cases. After the acute disease stage settled the titers fell in more than 90% of the re-tested cases. In 50% the decrease in titre was of two dilutions or more. The Latex test was carried out in 152 patients. It was positive in 9.2% of the cases and became negative in 50% of the cases after the acute disease stage settled. In 5 out of 6 patients in whom the test remained positive there was in addition a rheumatic disease. The detectable rheumatoid factors are regarded as auto-antibodies against immuno-globulins. This suggests that polyarthritis in Basedow's disease is based on the same pathogenetic mechanisms as rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 581629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1002", "title": "Formation of new menisci after polycentric knee arthroplasty. Report of four cases, one with a bucket handle tear.", "content": "This paper presents four patients with polycentric artificial knee joints in whom reoperation revealed new menisci interposed between the artificial joint surfaces. One of the menisci had a bucket handle tear and was excised. Histological examination showed a fibrocartilage structure with the appearance of a newly formed meniscus. The artificial knees functioned well and the reoperations were performed because of trauma in one patient, because of femoro-patellar problems in one knee, and for conversion of a hemi-arthroplasty to an arthroplasty including all the compartments of the knee joint in two patients.", "contents": "Formation of new menisci after polycentric knee arthroplasty. Report of four cases, one with a bucket handle tear. This paper presents four patients with polycentric artificial knee joints in whom reoperation revealed new menisci interposed between the artificial joint surfaces. One of the menisci had a bucket handle tear and was excised. Histological examination showed a fibrocartilage structure with the appearance of a newly formed meniscus. The artificial knees functioned well and the reoperations were performed because of trauma in one patient, because of femoro-patellar problems in one knee, and for conversion of a hemi-arthroplasty to an arthroplasty including all the compartments of the knee joint in two patients.", "PMID": 581634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1003", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of milk products on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and diet, 54 volunteers were studied for varying periods with dietary supplementation of nonpasteurized yogurt, pasteurized yogurt and 2% butterfat milk. Serum cholesterol was significantly reduced by 5 to 10% after 1 week of supplementation with either nonpasteurized or pasteurized yogurt; 2% butterfat milk reduced serum cholesterol to a smaller and less significant effect. Serum triglycerides were unaffected by the diet and dietary intake studies confirmed that intake of other nutrients remained relatively stable throughout the study. Supplementation of diet with yogurt may have a helpful hypocholesterolemic effect.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk. In order to determine the effect of milk products on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and diet, 54 volunteers were studied for varying periods with dietary supplementation of nonpasteurized yogurt, pasteurized yogurt and 2% butterfat milk. Serum cholesterol was significantly reduced by 5 to 10% after 1 week of supplementation with either nonpasteurized or pasteurized yogurt; 2% butterfat milk reduced serum cholesterol to a smaller and less significant effect. Serum triglycerides were unaffected by the diet and dietary intake studies confirmed that intake of other nutrients remained relatively stable throughout the study. Supplementation of diet with yogurt may have a helpful hypocholesterolemic effect.", "PMID": 581636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1004", "title": "Voting behavior of HSA interest groups: a case study.", "content": "A study of the voting behavior of both consumers and providers involved on a Health Systems Agency (HSA) review committee was undertaken to determine the amount of voting cohesion (solidarity) demonstrated by these two basic interest groups as well as the directions in review decisions desired by both of these groups. The case study involved the application of the Rice Index of voting cohesion behavior to 23 decisions in one of the largest HSAs in the country. The conclusions reached are that: 1) consumers and providers do have differences in their intra-group voting cohesion, but that more importantly 2) they do not appear to be different with respect to the decisions (approve or deny) both groups desire for project reviews.", "contents": "Voting behavior of HSA interest groups: a case study. A study of the voting behavior of both consumers and providers involved on a Health Systems Agency (HSA) review committee was undertaken to determine the amount of voting cohesion (solidarity) demonstrated by these two basic interest groups as well as the directions in review decisions desired by both of these groups. The case study involved the application of the Rice Index of voting cohesion behavior to 23 decisions in one of the largest HSAs in the country. The conclusions reached are that: 1) consumers and providers do have differences in their intra-group voting cohesion, but that more importantly 2) they do not appear to be different with respect to the decisions (approve or deny) both groups desire for project reviews.", "PMID": 581638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1005", "title": "[Electron-microscopic characteristics of nodular variants of prolymphocytic lymphosarcomas].", "content": "Electron microscopic examinations of the lymph nodes tissue in prolymphocytic lymphosarcomas with nodular growth established that tumor cells forming neoplastic nodules retain the ultrastructural characteristics of their analogues (cells with cleaved melei) in unaltered or reactive germ centers of lymphatic follicles.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic characteristics of nodular variants of prolymphocytic lymphosarcomas]. Electron microscopic examinations of the lymph nodes tissue in prolymphocytic lymphosarcomas with nodular growth established that tumor cells forming neoplastic nodules retain the ultrastructural characteristics of their analogues (cells with cleaved melei) in unaltered or reactive germ centers of lymphatic follicles.", "PMID": 581641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1006", "title": "2 [(methylsulfinyl) acetyl] pyridine (Oxisuran): a new immunosuppressive agent in EAE.", "content": "The authors discuss the effects of a new immunosuppressive agent on the development of EAE. Animals (albino rabbits) were inoculated with an encephalitogenic emulsion, according to Kies' method, whereas a control group was inoculated by a physiological saline solution. Some animals were treated by Oxisuran in the first day after challenge; some others after initial symptoms (18th day). Thirty days after challenge, the animals were sacrificed. No toxicity was found in thoracic and abdominal structures neither in blood count. Pharmacological effectiveness of Oxisuran is well documented either in pretreatment or in therapy; the course was positively influenced in animals, when treated after the appearance of initial symptoms.", "contents": "2 [(methylsulfinyl) acetyl] pyridine (Oxisuran): a new immunosuppressive agent in EAE. The authors discuss the effects of a new immunosuppressive agent on the development of EAE. Animals (albino rabbits) were inoculated with an encephalitogenic emulsion, according to Kies' method, whereas a control group was inoculated by a physiological saline solution. Some animals were treated by Oxisuran in the first day after challenge; some others after initial symptoms (18th day). Thirty days after challenge, the animals were sacrificed. No toxicity was found in thoracic and abdominal structures neither in blood count. Pharmacological effectiveness of Oxisuran is well documented either in pretreatment or in therapy; the course was positively influenced in animals, when treated after the appearance of initial symptoms.", "PMID": 581646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1007", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues and of their interaction products with basic polypeptides.", "content": "The thermotropic behaviour of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues with a varying number (n) of CH2 groups between the phosphate and the quaternary ammonium has been investigated. The temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy (deltaH) of the phase transition are non-monotonous functions of the number of CH2 groups. Tm oscillates between 40 and 45 degrees C and deltaH between 7 and 13 kcal/mol for a variation of n between 2 and 11. It is concluded that the hydrocarbon chains in the head groups do not penetrate the hydrocarbon region and do not contribute directly to the melting of the acyl chains. It is suggested that their length may affect the critical balance between the attractive and the repulsive forces within the bidimensional lattice of the head groups. Copolypeptides of lysine with phenylalanine do not appreciably affect the Tm but have a pronounced effect on deltaH of the lipid phase transition, which depends strongly on the ratio of the two amino acids in the polypeptide. The effect of copolypeptide of any defined composition on deltaH is also a non-monotonous function of the number of CH2 groups in the phosphatidylcholine head group, but it does not parallel completely the oscilations in the Tm and deltaH of the pure lipids.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues and of their interaction products with basic polypeptides. The thermotropic behaviour of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine analogues with a varying number (n) of CH2 groups between the phosphate and the quaternary ammonium has been investigated. The temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy (deltaH) of the phase transition are non-monotonous functions of the number of CH2 groups. Tm oscillates between 40 and 45 degrees C and deltaH between 7 and 13 kcal/mol for a variation of n between 2 and 11. It is concluded that the hydrocarbon chains in the head groups do not penetrate the hydrocarbon region and do not contribute directly to the melting of the acyl chains. It is suggested that their length may affect the critical balance between the attractive and the repulsive forces within the bidimensional lattice of the head groups. Copolypeptides of lysine with phenylalanine do not appreciably affect the Tm but have a pronounced effect on deltaH of the lipid phase transition, which depends strongly on the ratio of the two amino acids in the polypeptide. The effect of copolypeptide of any defined composition on deltaH is also a non-monotonous function of the number of CH2 groups in the phosphatidylcholine head group, but it does not parallel completely the oscilations in the Tm and deltaH of the pure lipids.", "PMID": 581647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1008", "title": "Antagonism between high pressure and anesthetics in the thermal phase-transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer.", "content": "The antagonizing action of hydrostatic pressure against anesthesia is well known. The present study was undertaken to quantitate the effects of hydrostatic pressure and anesthetics upon the phase-transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The drugs used to anesthetize the phospholipid vesicles included an inhalation anesthetic, halothane, a dissociable local anesthetic, lidocaine and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol. All anesthetics decreased the phase-transition temperature dose-dependently. In the case of lidocaine, the depression was pH dependent and only uncharged molecules were effective. The application of hydrostatic pressure increased the phase-transition temperature both in the presence and the absence of anesthetics. The temperature-pressure relationship was linear over the entire pressure range studied up to 340 bars. Through the use of Clapeyron-Clausius equation, the volume change accompanying the phase-transition of the membrane was calculated to be 27.0 cm3/mol. Although the anesthetics decreased the phase-transition temperature, the molar volume change accompanying the phase-transition was not altered. The anesthetics displaced the temperature-pressure lines parallel to each other. The mole fraction of the anesthetics in the liquid crystalline membrane, calculated from the van't Hoff equation, was independent of pressure. This implies that pressure does not displace the anesthetics from the liquid membrane, and the partition of these agents remains constant. The volume change of the anesthetized phospholipid membranes is entirely dependent upon the phase-transition and not on the space occupied by the anesthetics.", "contents": "Antagonism between high pressure and anesthetics in the thermal phase-transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer. The antagonizing action of hydrostatic pressure against anesthesia is well known. The present study was undertaken to quantitate the effects of hydrostatic pressure and anesthetics upon the phase-transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The drugs used to anesthetize the phospholipid vesicles included an inhalation anesthetic, halothane, a dissociable local anesthetic, lidocaine and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol. All anesthetics decreased the phase-transition temperature dose-dependently. In the case of lidocaine, the depression was pH dependent and only uncharged molecules were effective. The application of hydrostatic pressure increased the phase-transition temperature both in the presence and the absence of anesthetics. The temperature-pressure relationship was linear over the entire pressure range studied up to 340 bars. Through the use of Clapeyron-Clausius equation, the volume change accompanying the phase-transition of the membrane was calculated to be 27.0 cm3/mol. Although the anesthetics decreased the phase-transition temperature, the molar volume change accompanying the phase-transition was not altered. The anesthetics displaced the temperature-pressure lines parallel to each other. The mole fraction of the anesthetics in the liquid crystalline membrane, calculated from the van't Hoff equation, was independent of pressure. This implies that pressure does not displace the anesthetics from the liquid membrane, and the partition of these agents remains constant. The volume change of the anesthetized phospholipid membranes is entirely dependent upon the phase-transition and not on the space occupied by the anesthetics.", "PMID": 581648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1009", "title": "Bubble clicking in pharyngeal aspirate compared with lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Tracheal fluid flows into the pharynx, so surfactant can be measured in pharyngeal aspirate. The walls of bubbles in air-free water show rhythmic movements (bubble clicking) if they contain surfactant. Babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have very little lung surfactant which can be shown by a low lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. To investigate surfactant in newborn babies we analysed 125 pharyngeal aspirates for the L/S ratio and bubble clicking. Both tests became more positive towards term and were related to the incidence of RDS. Babies with birth asphyxia or mild respiratory difficulties had lower L/S ratios and less clicking than normal babies. Both investigations could be used to chart the course of RDS. The L/S ratio is a chemical measurement of surfactant. Bubble clicking, which takes only a few minutes, demonstrates surface tension effects.", "contents": "Bubble clicking in pharyngeal aspirate compared with lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Tracheal fluid flows into the pharynx, so surfactant can be measured in pharyngeal aspirate. The walls of bubbles in air-free water show rhythmic movements (bubble clicking) if they contain surfactant. Babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have very little lung surfactant which can be shown by a low lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. To investigate surfactant in newborn babies we analysed 125 pharyngeal aspirates for the L/S ratio and bubble clicking. Both tests became more positive towards term and were related to the incidence of RDS. Babies with birth asphyxia or mild respiratory difficulties had lower L/S ratios and less clicking than normal babies. Both investigations could be used to chart the course of RDS. The L/S ratio is a chemical measurement of surfactant. Bubble clicking, which takes only a few minutes, demonstrates surface tension effects.", "PMID": 581649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1010", "title": "Conformational nonequivalence of chains 1 and 2 of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as observed by Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "Raman spectroscopic data indicate that the conformations of the two hydrocarbon chains of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in aqueous dispersions of the lipid differ signficantly. The compounds 1-palmitoyl, 2-palmitoyl-d31-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl-d31, 2-palmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine were synthesized. Aqueous dispersions of these phospholipids display very similar phase behavior, with both premelting and melting transitions at nearly identical temperatures, midway between the comparable transition temperatures of undeuterated and completely deuterated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. We have monitored the state of chains 1 and 2 of these molecules simultaneously and independently by Raman spectroscopy. Raman difference spectra taken between samples of the two compounds under identical conditions show significant features. We attribute these spectral differences to nonequivalent conformations of the fatty acyl chains attached at positions 1 and 2 on the glycerol backbone. Below the pretransition the conformation of chain 2 is, on average, slightly less all-trans than is the chain at position 1. There is some evidence that the conformations of the terminal methyl group of the two chains are significantly different at low temperatures.", "contents": "Conformational nonequivalence of chains 1 and 2 of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as observed by Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopic data indicate that the conformations of the two hydrocarbon chains of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in aqueous dispersions of the lipid differ signficantly. The compounds 1-palmitoyl, 2-palmitoyl-d31-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl-d31, 2-palmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine were synthesized. Aqueous dispersions of these phospholipids display very similar phase behavior, with both premelting and melting transitions at nearly identical temperatures, midway between the comparable transition temperatures of undeuterated and completely deuterated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. We have monitored the state of chains 1 and 2 of these molecules simultaneously and independently by Raman spectroscopy. Raman difference spectra taken between samples of the two compounds under identical conditions show significant features. We attribute these spectral differences to nonequivalent conformations of the fatty acyl chains attached at positions 1 and 2 on the glycerol backbone. Below the pretransition the conformation of chain 2 is, on average, slightly less all-trans than is the chain at position 1. There is some evidence that the conformations of the terminal methyl group of the two chains are significantly different at low temperatures.", "PMID": 581650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1011", "title": "The effects of some hydrophobic gases on the pulmonary surfactant system.", "content": "1. Decompression from exposures to raised ambient pressure of sulphur hexafluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoro-ethane and nitrous oxide results in the formation of dense foam and pulmonary oedema. 2. The degree of pulmonary oedema produced is dependent on the exposure pressure, although the exposure time required is short in comparison to tissue saturation times. 3. The effect is not prevented by atropine, ephedrine or hydrocortisone. 4. The effect is also produced in vitro by saturated solutions of halothane, chloroform and ether. 5. It is suggested that the mechanism of action is physical with physico-chemical factor involved being a differential partition of these gases within the surfactant: membrane complex.", "contents": "The effects of some hydrophobic gases on the pulmonary surfactant system. 1. Decompression from exposures to raised ambient pressure of sulphur hexafluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoro-ethane and nitrous oxide results in the formation of dense foam and pulmonary oedema. 2. The degree of pulmonary oedema produced is dependent on the exposure pressure, although the exposure time required is short in comparison to tissue saturation times. 3. The effect is not prevented by atropine, ephedrine or hydrocortisone. 4. The effect is also produced in vitro by saturated solutions of halothane, chloroform and ether. 5. It is suggested that the mechanism of action is physical with physico-chemical factor involved being a differential partition of these gases within the surfactant: membrane complex.", "PMID": 581651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1012", "title": "Successful treatment of exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema with plasmapheresis.", "content": "A patient with Graves's disease with acute progressive exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema was treated twice with plasmapheresis. Two weeks after the first treatment the symptoms recurred, but 20 weeks after the second treatment the exophthalmos was much improved and the pretibial myxoedema had disappeared. Analysis of sequential serum IgG concentrations and the thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin index suggested that the two conditions were caused by specific IgGs. The results suggest that plasmapheresis has a useful place in the treatment of acute and rapidly progressive ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema in patients with Graves's disease.", "contents": "Successful treatment of exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema with plasmapheresis. A patient with Graves's disease with acute progressive exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema was treated twice with plasmapheresis. Two weeks after the first treatment the symptoms recurred, but 20 weeks after the second treatment the exophthalmos was much improved and the pretibial myxoedema had disappeared. Analysis of sequential serum IgG concentrations and the thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin index suggested that the two conditions were caused by specific IgGs. The results suggest that plasmapheresis has a useful place in the treatment of acute and rapidly progressive ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema in patients with Graves's disease.", "PMID": 581653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1013", "title": "Diagnostic, treatment, and reporting criteria for non-specific genital infection in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 2: Treatment and reporting criteria.", "content": "The current methods of treating and reporting non-specific genital infection (NSGI) are described. The most commonly used drug was tetracycline in one or other form. Epidemiological treatment was widely used, particularly for female sexual contacts. There was considerable variation in the reporting criteria for the quarterly returns. The establishment of acceptable and uniform criteria for notification of NSGI is discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic, treatment, and reporting criteria for non-specific genital infection in sexually transmitted disease clinics in England and Wales. 2: Treatment and reporting criteria. The current methods of treating and reporting non-specific genital infection (NSGI) are described. The most commonly used drug was tetracycline in one or other form. Epidemiological treatment was widely used, particularly for female sexual contacts. There was considerable variation in the reporting criteria for the quarterly returns. The establishment of acceptable and uniform criteria for notification of NSGI is discussed.", "PMID": 581654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1014", "title": "Relative and seasonal incidences of the sexually transmitted diseases. A two-year statistical review.", "content": "In the United States statistics on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), other than gonorrhoea and syphilis, are meagre. In this study the relative and seasonal incidences of most STDs in an American clinic where 34,938 patient visits were recorded over a two-year period (1975-76) are assessed. Gonorrhoea was the most common STD in male and female patients combined (18%), while nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) was most common in men (23%), and vaginitis (trichomonal 7.5%, yeast 7.1%, and non-specific 7.1%) was the most common in women. A significantly higher incidence of NGU occurred in Caucasian (63%) than in black (42%) men (P less than 0.005). No other STD was diagnosed in more than 5% of patients, and 31% had normal findings on clinical examination and investigation, and could be described as the 'worried well'. Two or more STDs co-existed in 4.2% of patients. In 1976 the incidence of genital herpes and scabies decreased in contrast to other STDs and total patient visits, which increased. A seasonal peak in late summer and early autumn was observed for most STDs. These observations indicate the importance of a comprehensive approach when attempting to compile accurate statistics on selected epidemiological aspects of sexually transmitted diseases.", "contents": "Relative and seasonal incidences of the sexually transmitted diseases. A two-year statistical review. In the United States statistics on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), other than gonorrhoea and syphilis, are meagre. In this study the relative and seasonal incidences of most STDs in an American clinic where 34,938 patient visits were recorded over a two-year period (1975-76) are assessed. Gonorrhoea was the most common STD in male and female patients combined (18%), while nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) was most common in men (23%), and vaginitis (trichomonal 7.5%, yeast 7.1%, and non-specific 7.1%) was the most common in women. A significantly higher incidence of NGU occurred in Caucasian (63%) than in black (42%) men (P less than 0.005). No other STD was diagnosed in more than 5% of patients, and 31% had normal findings on clinical examination and investigation, and could be described as the 'worried well'. Two or more STDs co-existed in 4.2% of patients. In 1976 the incidence of genital herpes and scabies decreased in contrast to other STDs and total patient visits, which increased. A seasonal peak in late summer and early autumn was observed for most STDs. These observations indicate the importance of a comprehensive approach when attempting to compile accurate statistics on selected epidemiological aspects of sexually transmitted diseases.", "PMID": 581655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1015", "title": "Late onset chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with lymphoma and specific serum inhibitory factor.", "content": "A patient with late onset chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis developed lymphocytic lymphoma. A specific inhibitor of in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to candidal antigen was detected in her serum which persisted following clinical remission of candidiasis after combined amphotericin-B and 5-Fluorocystosine therapy. It is unclear whether the combined therapy was exclusively anticandidal, nonspecific immunostimulant or cytotoxic affecting the underlying incipient lymphoma.", "contents": "Late onset chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with lymphoma and specific serum inhibitory factor. A patient with late onset chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis developed lymphocytic lymphoma. A specific inhibitor of in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to candidal antigen was detected in her serum which persisted following clinical remission of candidiasis after combined amphotericin-B and 5-Fluorocystosine therapy. It is unclear whether the combined therapy was exclusively anticandidal, nonspecific immunostimulant or cytotoxic affecting the underlying incipient lymphoma.", "PMID": 581657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1016", "title": "Biochemical analysis of a lithopedion.", "content": "Lithopedions are very rare; the medical literature mentions 330 cases. In the present case, a calcified lithopedion was found in the abdominal cavity of a 69-year-old woman who had died of unrelated causes. In general, the different organs of the lithopedion were easily distinguishable macroscopically. Microscopic examination detected reasonably well preserved structure only in skeletal muscle. Dry weight studies showed a definite dehydration (mummification) had taken place. Chemical analysis revealed a shell consisting mostly of inorganic constituents. Quantitative inorganic analysis of tissues was done and results compared to normal tissues. These results showed significant decrease of K and Cl, significant increase in Mg, P, Na and enormous increase in Ca. These data are compatible with the histologically observed calcification of the tissues. Under proper conditions, presumably dormant enzymes were reactivated in brain, liver, and muscle, although the total activity was low. Discernible LDH isoenzymes were found in liver and muscle. Discernible CK isoenzymes were found in brain and muscle.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of a lithopedion. Lithopedions are very rare; the medical literature mentions 330 cases. In the present case, a calcified lithopedion was found in the abdominal cavity of a 69-year-old woman who had died of unrelated causes. In general, the different organs of the lithopedion were easily distinguishable macroscopically. Microscopic examination detected reasonably well preserved structure only in skeletal muscle. Dry weight studies showed a definite dehydration (mummification) had taken place. Chemical analysis revealed a shell consisting mostly of inorganic constituents. Quantitative inorganic analysis of tissues was done and results compared to normal tissues. These results showed significant decrease of K and Cl, significant increase in Mg, P, Na and enormous increase in Ca. These data are compatible with the histologically observed calcification of the tissues. Under proper conditions, presumably dormant enzymes were reactivated in brain, liver, and muscle, although the total activity was low. Discernible LDH isoenzymes were found in liver and muscle. Discernible CK isoenzymes were found in brain and muscle.", "PMID": 581659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1017", "title": "The inflammatory role of immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues.", "content": "The inflammatory role of immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues has been investigated. Joint collagenous tissues obtained from rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis generated mediators of acute inflammation when incubated with fresh normal rabbit serum as a source of complement. The role of trapped immune complexes in chronic inflammation was also studied by the surgical insertion of menisci, obtained from arthritic and control joints, into the suprapatellar pouches of previously immunized or naive recipient animals. It was shown that when immune complex containing menisci were inserted into immune rabbits, a chronic inflammatory capsule developed around the donor tissue, reminiscent of the inflammatory pannus seen in rheumatoid cartilage. Normal menisci and immune complex containing menisci inserted in naive animals developed capsules rich in fibroplasts and collagen fibres. Since we have previously shown the presence of immune complexes in the great majority of joint collagenous tissues obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, our results suggest that these complexes may play a role in the formation of pannus, which constitutes a major mechanism responsible for cartilage destruction.", "contents": "The inflammatory role of immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues. The inflammatory role of immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues has been investigated. Joint collagenous tissues obtained from rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis generated mediators of acute inflammation when incubated with fresh normal rabbit serum as a source of complement. The role of trapped immune complexes in chronic inflammation was also studied by the surgical insertion of menisci, obtained from arthritic and control joints, into the suprapatellar pouches of previously immunized or naive recipient animals. It was shown that when immune complex containing menisci were inserted into immune rabbits, a chronic inflammatory capsule developed around the donor tissue, reminiscent of the inflammatory pannus seen in rheumatoid cartilage. Normal menisci and immune complex containing menisci inserted in naive animals developed capsules rich in fibroplasts and collagen fibres. Since we have previously shown the presence of immune complexes in the great majority of joint collagenous tissues obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, our results suggest that these complexes may play a role in the formation of pannus, which constitutes a major mechanism responsible for cartilage destruction.", "PMID": 581661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1018", "title": "[Hypoproteinemia causing postoperative \"interstitial\" paralytic ileus].", "content": "On the basis of recent pathophysiological data and clinical observations in three patients, this paper draws attention to the commonly neglected importance of postoperative hypoproteinemia as the cause of an edema of the intestinal wall with a consequent \"interstitial\" paralytic ileus. The characteristic features of this syndrome are its onset between the third and the eighth postoperative day; the absence of other known causes of intestinal hypomotility; the benign, but protracted course without treatment; and the therapeutic success achieved by the correction of a hypoproteinemic fluid overload with concentrated albumin and a diuretic. In addition, parenteral hyperalimentation and Rheomacrodex-Sorbit may be indicated, but the hypoproteinemia should at any rate be corrected.", "contents": "[Hypoproteinemia causing postoperative \"interstitial\" paralytic ileus]. On the basis of recent pathophysiological data and clinical observations in three patients, this paper draws attention to the commonly neglected importance of postoperative hypoproteinemia as the cause of an edema of the intestinal wall with a consequent \"interstitial\" paralytic ileus. The characteristic features of this syndrome are its onset between the third and the eighth postoperative day; the absence of other known causes of intestinal hypomotility; the benign, but protracted course without treatment; and the therapeutic success achieved by the correction of a hypoproteinemic fluid overload with concentrated albumin and a diuretic. In addition, parenteral hyperalimentation and Rheomacrodex-Sorbit may be indicated, but the hypoproteinemia should at any rate be corrected.", "PMID": 581662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1019", "title": "Directed biosynthesis of analogues of ergot peptide alkaloids with Claviceps purpurea.", "content": "Analogues of peptide ergot alkaloids can be obtained by feeding a producing culture of Claviceps purpurea with an analogue of one of the amino acids of the peptide chain of the alkaloid.", "contents": "Directed biosynthesis of analogues of ergot peptide alkaloids with Claviceps purpurea. Analogues of peptide ergot alkaloids can be obtained by feeding a producing culture of Claviceps purpurea with an analogue of one of the amino acids of the peptide chain of the alkaloid.", "PMID": 581667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1020", "title": "Structural aspects of gas exchange.", "content": "The lung is composed of several million small air spaces, lined by a delicate tissue membrane separating air from capillary blood. The design features of the gas exchange region in the lung are optimal for gaseous diffusion, by having a very extensive contact surface but with a minimal tissue barrier composed of an epithelial and endothelial layer separating an interstitial layer. The extent of the gas exchange surface in adult lungs is determined by general maturation which in turn is influenced by metabolic requirements of the organism. Environmental factors can modulate the pattern of ultimate lung development. Lung inflation causes air spaces to expand mainly by a process of tissue unfolding beneath an extremely thin layer of alveolar surfactant. This ensures cellular integrity during extreme deformations while at the same time providing a reserve of gas exchange surface so that functional diffusion capacity at all lung volumes is less than the structural maximum.", "contents": "Structural aspects of gas exchange. The lung is composed of several million small air spaces, lined by a delicate tissue membrane separating air from capillary blood. The design features of the gas exchange region in the lung are optimal for gaseous diffusion, by having a very extensive contact surface but with a minimal tissue barrier composed of an epithelial and endothelial layer separating an interstitial layer. The extent of the gas exchange surface in adult lungs is determined by general maturation which in turn is influenced by metabolic requirements of the organism. Environmental factors can modulate the pattern of ultimate lung development. Lung inflation causes air spaces to expand mainly by a process of tissue unfolding beneath an extremely thin layer of alveolar surfactant. This ensures cellular integrity during extreme deformations while at the same time providing a reserve of gas exchange surface so that functional diffusion capacity at all lung volumes is less than the structural maximum.", "PMID": 581668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1021", "title": "Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the literature -- part II.", "content": "The authors have critically reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant and their clinical efficacy. When available, drug-drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, and other factors influencing plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants are discussed. Although many studies are confounded by significant methodological and statistical problems, it appears to these reviews that the available evidence suggests a curvilinear relationship between nortriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant efficacy in tricyclic responsive endogenously depressed inpatients, with maximal therapeutic efficacy achieved with notriptyline plasma levels between 50-175 ng/ml. The evidence for imipramine supports a linear relationship between plasma levels of imipramine plus desmethylimipramine and clinical response in nondelusional endogenously depressed tricyclic responsive inpatients. For amitriptyline, the picture is less clear. However, with the exception of one well-controlled study, the available evidence suppprts some significant relationship between amitriptyline plus nortriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant efficacy in tricyclic respoonsive endogenously depressed patients, but it is not clear as to whether this is a linear relationship or a curvilinear one. For the other antidepressants: protriptyline, desmethylimipramine, doxepin, clomipramine, maprotiline, and butriptyline, a significant relationship (if any) awaits further elucidation. It is important to point out that these plasma level relationships probably do no generalize to other types of depressions (e.g. neurotic, characterological, delusional, acute situationa, etc.) and clearly do not apply to every endogenous tricyclic responsive patient. /owever, it appears that, in general, a clinician will obtain therapeutic efficacy for endogenously depressed patients if these guidelines are followed. The actual therapeutic levels will depend on the assay's sensitivity and specificity and may vary from center to center, illustrates the importance of each center defining its own therapeutic limits, or conversely all centers adoptina a universal reproducible assay methodology for each compound measured. Despite these limitations, these reviewers feel that routine monitoring of plasma levels of the tricyclic antidepressants is a useful method to maximize therapeutic efficacy and prvent undue side effects, as well as to insure good medication compliance.", "contents": "Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the literature -- part II. The authors have critically reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant and their clinical efficacy. When available, drug-drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, and other factors influencing plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants are discussed. Although many studies are confounded by significant methodological and statistical problems, it appears to these reviews that the available evidence suggests a curvilinear relationship between nortriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant efficacy in tricyclic responsive endogenously depressed inpatients, with maximal therapeutic efficacy achieved with notriptyline plasma levels between 50-175 ng/ml. The evidence for imipramine supports a linear relationship between plasma levels of imipramine plus desmethylimipramine and clinical response in nondelusional endogenously depressed tricyclic responsive inpatients. For amitriptyline, the picture is less clear. However, with the exception of one well-controlled study, the available evidence suppprts some significant relationship between amitriptyline plus nortriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant efficacy in tricyclic respoonsive endogenously depressed patients, but it is not clear as to whether this is a linear relationship or a curvilinear one. For the other antidepressants: protriptyline, desmethylimipramine, doxepin, clomipramine, maprotiline, and butriptyline, a significant relationship (if any) awaits further elucidation. It is important to point out that these plasma level relationships probably do no generalize to other types of depressions (e.g. neurotic, characterological, delusional, acute situationa, etc.) and clearly do not apply to every endogenous tricyclic responsive patient. /owever, it appears that, in general, a clinician will obtain therapeutic efficacy for endogenously depressed patients if these guidelines are followed. The actual therapeutic levels will depend on the assay's sensitivity and specificity and may vary from center to center, illustrates the importance of each center defining its own therapeutic limits, or conversely all centers adoptina a universal reproducible assay methodology for each compound measured. Despite these limitations, these reviewers feel that routine monitoring of plasma levels of the tricyclic antidepressants is a useful method to maximize therapeutic efficacy and prvent undue side effects, as well as to insure good medication compliance.", "PMID": 581671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1022", "title": "Suppression of antibody-sensitized tumor cells by macrophages: insufficient supply or activation of macrophages within large tumors.", "content": "Systemic administration of antibody against the C3H lymphosarcoma 6C3HED caused complete suppression of the growth of 10(5) tumor cells. When the size of the tumor inoculum was increased to 10(6) tumor cells, excess antibody was unable to cause complete suppression unless exogenous macrophages were added to the tumor inocula. The decreased effectiveness of antibody was shown to be caused by a local deficiency in the supply or activation of macrophages within the large tumor grafts and not by a systemic deficiency.", "contents": "Suppression of antibody-sensitized tumor cells by macrophages: insufficient supply or activation of macrophages within large tumors. Systemic administration of antibody against the C3H lymphosarcoma 6C3HED caused complete suppression of the growth of 10(5) tumor cells. When the size of the tumor inoculum was increased to 10(6) tumor cells, excess antibody was unable to cause complete suppression unless exogenous macrophages were added to the tumor inocula. The decreased effectiveness of antibody was shown to be caused by a local deficiency in the supply or activation of macrophages within the large tumor grafts and not by a systemic deficiency.", "PMID": 581674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1023", "title": "The secular changes of skin and venereal diseases in Nigeria.", "content": "A retrospective review of the changing phase of the incidence of dermatological and venereal diseases, as seen in University Teaching Hospital practice in Lagos, Nigeria is presented. About 8,849 new patients were seen over a 5-year-period. An analysis of the dermatological conditions encountered is made, while brief reports of few common skin conditions are also given. The clinical pattern was similar to those of Western countries, but with addition of a great number of dermatoses. This similarity has been modified by epidemiological factors. A national program for improvement of the environmental health including control of industrial and communicable diseases will ameliorate the increasing morbidity of tropical dermatology.", "contents": "The secular changes of skin and venereal diseases in Nigeria. A retrospective review of the changing phase of the incidence of dermatological and venereal diseases, as seen in University Teaching Hospital practice in Lagos, Nigeria is presented. About 8,849 new patients were seen over a 5-year-period. An analysis of the dermatological conditions encountered is made, while brief reports of few common skin conditions are also given. The clinical pattern was similar to those of Western countries, but with addition of a great number of dermatoses. This similarity has been modified by epidemiological factors. A national program for improvement of the environmental health including control of industrial and communicable diseases will ameliorate the increasing morbidity of tropical dermatology.", "PMID": 581669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1024", "title": "Vaginal evisceration after forcible coitus with intraabdominal ejaculation.", "content": "An unusual case is presented of vaginal evisceration after forcible coitus in a healthy young woman with no anatomic defects or history of previous pelvic surgery. Intraabdominal ejaculation, documented cytologically, provided evidence of penile penetration of the pouch of Douglas. Etiologic mechanisms and management are discussed.", "contents": "Vaginal evisceration after forcible coitus with intraabdominal ejaculation. An unusual case is presented of vaginal evisceration after forcible coitus in a healthy young woman with no anatomic defects or history of previous pelvic surgery. Intraabdominal ejaculation, documented cytologically, provided evidence of penile penetration of the pouch of Douglas. Etiologic mechanisms and management are discussed.", "PMID": 581677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1025", "title": "Electromyographic changes in postmeniscectomy patients. Role of the pneumatic tourniquet.", "content": "Delayed rehabilitation in postmeniscectomy patients may be due to a slowly resolving axonal compression syndrome secondary to the use of the pneumatic tourniquet. Twenty-five patients who underwent meniscectomy were examined to determine whether the pneumatic tourniquet used during the procedure caused a neurological dificit detectable by electromyography (EMG). Of these, 18 had postsurgical EMG changes that eventually resolved. Analysis of the data suggests a relationship between the occurrence of EMG abnormalities, the duration of the tourniquet inflation during surgery, and patient's recovery time. Quadricep muscle weakness after knee surgery has generally been attributed to disuse atrophy. In an attempt to prevent this problem, patients participate in a quadriceps exercise program, if possible, before surgery, with continuation after surgery. The persistence of weakness has been believed to be secondary to inadequate exercise.", "contents": "Electromyographic changes in postmeniscectomy patients. Role of the pneumatic tourniquet. Delayed rehabilitation in postmeniscectomy patients may be due to a slowly resolving axonal compression syndrome secondary to the use of the pneumatic tourniquet. Twenty-five patients who underwent meniscectomy were examined to determine whether the pneumatic tourniquet used during the procedure caused a neurological dificit detectable by electromyography (EMG). Of these, 18 had postsurgical EMG changes that eventually resolved. Analysis of the data suggests a relationship between the occurrence of EMG abnormalities, the duration of the tourniquet inflation during surgery, and patient's recovery time. Quadricep muscle weakness after knee surgery has generally been attributed to disuse atrophy. In an attempt to prevent this problem, patients participate in a quadriceps exercise program, if possible, before surgery, with continuation after surgery. The persistence of weakness has been believed to be secondary to inadequate exercise.", "PMID": 581679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1026", "title": "Experience of the blood bank at the American University Hospital during the war in Lebanon.", "content": "The difficulties of switching from a community hospital blood bank type of practice to a field hospital blood bank operation with all the associated problems, are presented. Whole blood consumption markedly increased during the war while components use dropped and the voluntary benevolent donorship became the only source of blood supply. Guidelines of blood bank practice are derived from this experience.", "contents": "Experience of the blood bank at the American University Hospital during the war in Lebanon. The difficulties of switching from a community hospital blood bank type of practice to a field hospital blood bank operation with all the associated problems, are presented. Whole blood consumption markedly increased during the war while components use dropped and the voluntary benevolent donorship became the only source of blood supply. Guidelines of blood bank practice are derived from this experience.", "PMID": 581686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1027", "title": "Anaesthesia for condylectomy: a technique for blind nasal intubation.", "content": "A method of blind nasal intubation, using a muscle relaxant, has been described. The method is recommended in the absence of upper respiratory tract obstruction. If the anaesthesiologist does not have enough courage to administer a relaxant in the presence of ankylosis of the jaw, he can induce anaesthesia by an inhalational agent and if obstruction is not detected a muscle relaxant can safely be given to make intubation more easy and less traumatic.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for condylectomy: a technique for blind nasal intubation. A method of blind nasal intubation, using a muscle relaxant, has been described. The method is recommended in the absence of upper respiratory tract obstruction. If the anaesthesiologist does not have enough courage to administer a relaxant in the presence of ankylosis of the jaw, he can induce anaesthesia by an inhalational agent and if obstruction is not detected a muscle relaxant can safely be given to make intubation more easy and less traumatic.", "PMID": 581687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1028", "title": "Effects of analgesics during labor.", "content": "Four analgesic agents were studied during labour: pethidinesparine, ketamine hydrochloride, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and trichloroethylene in air (Trilene). Excellent analgesia was achieved with ketamine, however hallucinations were troublesome. Trichloroethylene analgesia was good without side-effects. Pethidine-sparine produced moderate analgesia but with nausea and/or vomiting. Nitrous oxide 50% presented poor analgesia. Uterine activity was insignificantly diminished in the late first stage after administration of all analgesic agents except with ketamine. There were no untoward effects on fetuses.", "contents": "Effects of analgesics during labor. Four analgesic agents were studied during labour: pethidinesparine, ketamine hydrochloride, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and trichloroethylene in air (Trilene). Excellent analgesia was achieved with ketamine, however hallucinations were troublesome. Trichloroethylene analgesia was good without side-effects. Pethidine-sparine produced moderate analgesia but with nausea and/or vomiting. Nitrous oxide 50% presented poor analgesia. Uterine activity was insignificantly diminished in the late first stage after administration of all analgesic agents except with ketamine. There were no untoward effects on fetuses.", "PMID": 581690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1029", "title": "Cytology in surgical practice.", "content": "Early cytological diagnosis in a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain averted laparotomy and expedited successful management. The place of cytological diagnosis in patient management is discussed.", "contents": "Cytology in surgical practice. Early cytological diagnosis in a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain averted laparotomy and expedited successful management. The place of cytological diagnosis in patient management is discussed.", "PMID": 581693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1030", "title": "[Cholangiographic agents in chronic liver diseases: Can toxic liver cell damages be caused by jodoxamid?].", "content": "Jodoxamid, a new intravenous radiocontrast agent, did not increase serum enzymes and serum bilirubin in 40 patients with active chronic liver diseases diagnosed by laparoscopy and biopsy. The most necessary examination of the biliary tract in patients with liver diseases is obviously unobjectionable using this radiocontrast agent as well by injection as by infusion.", "contents": "[Cholangiographic agents in chronic liver diseases: Can toxic liver cell damages be caused by jodoxamid?]. Jodoxamid, a new intravenous radiocontrast agent, did not increase serum enzymes and serum bilirubin in 40 patients with active chronic liver diseases diagnosed by laparoscopy and biopsy. The most necessary examination of the biliary tract in patients with liver diseases is obviously unobjectionable using this radiocontrast agent as well by injection as by infusion.", "PMID": 581694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1031", "title": "Dominant-lethal assay of selected cytostatics.", "content": "Dominant-lethal assays in male mice were made with the following cytostatics: Cyclophosphamide, TS-160, Edikron, Penberol, Cytembena, Mercaptopurine, Butocin, and Damvar. The cytostatics were administered mostly for 14-day periods, with the exception of Butocin (7 days) and high doses of Cyclophosphamide and TS-160 (single administrations). From the first day of administration on, the males were mated with intact females mostly at eight one-week intervals, and the quality of pregnancy was checked. Antifertility effects were found with TS 160, Penberol (at high dosage), and Mercaptopurine. Effects on permiogenesis with genetic risk were found with Cyclophosphamide, TS-160, Mercaptopurine, and less marked ones also with Cytembena. The effects were mostly manifested by increases in the numbers of early fetal resorptions, and less frequently by preimplantation loss of ova. No genetic risk was revealed by the assay in the cytostatics Edikron, Penberol, Butocin, and Damvar.", "contents": "Dominant-lethal assay of selected cytostatics. Dominant-lethal assays in male mice were made with the following cytostatics: Cyclophosphamide, TS-160, Edikron, Penberol, Cytembena, Mercaptopurine, Butocin, and Damvar. The cytostatics were administered mostly for 14-day periods, with the exception of Butocin (7 days) and high doses of Cyclophosphamide and TS-160 (single administrations). From the first day of administration on, the males were mated with intact females mostly at eight one-week intervals, and the quality of pregnancy was checked. Antifertility effects were found with TS 160, Penberol (at high dosage), and Mercaptopurine. Effects on permiogenesis with genetic risk were found with Cyclophosphamide, TS-160, Mercaptopurine, and less marked ones also with Cytembena. The effects were mostly manifested by increases in the numbers of early fetal resorptions, and less frequently by preimplantation loss of ova. No genetic risk was revealed by the assay in the cytostatics Edikron, Penberol, Butocin, and Damvar.", "PMID": 581697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1032", "title": "[Effects of conjugates of linolenic acid and erucic acid on rat cardiac and liver lipids].", "content": "Cardiac and liver lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) were analyzed in weanling rats fed for 8 days diets containing 15% by weight of four different lipid mixtures: trierucin and peanut oil (1/1), trierucin and linseed oil (1/1), triolein and peanut oil (1/1), triolein and linseed oil (1/1). Linolenic acid (8 cal% of the diet) does not influence the steatogenic effect of erucic acid (15 cal% of the diet) on the myocardium but seems to increase the hepatic conversion of erucic acid into shorter monoenes (C 18:1 mainly). The (n-6), (n-3) fatty acid spectra in heart and liver phospholipids are strongly affected when linolenic acid is added to the diet whereas erucic acid has little effect.", "contents": "[Effects of conjugates of linolenic acid and erucic acid on rat cardiac and liver lipids]. Cardiac and liver lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) were analyzed in weanling rats fed for 8 days diets containing 15% by weight of four different lipid mixtures: trierucin and peanut oil (1/1), trierucin and linseed oil (1/1), triolein and peanut oil (1/1), triolein and linseed oil (1/1). Linolenic acid (8 cal% of the diet) does not influence the steatogenic effect of erucic acid (15 cal% of the diet) on the myocardium but seems to increase the hepatic conversion of erucic acid into shorter monoenes (C 18:1 mainly). The (n-6), (n-3) fatty acid spectra in heart and liver phospholipids are strongly affected when linolenic acid is added to the diet whereas erucic acid has little effect.", "PMID": 581700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1033", "title": "Sexually transmitted infections in homosexual men.", "content": "Because of the form of sexual contact and the number of such contacts among homosexual men, physicians should be watchful for sexually transmitted infections in the homosexual community. Hepatitis B, anorectal gonorrhea, shigellosis, amebiasis, and giardiasis are now known to be among these infections. For treatment to be effective and epidemics avoided, physicians should question affected male patients about their sexual habits and advise abstinence from sexual contact until treatment is finished and cultures or smears are negative.", "contents": "Sexually transmitted infections in homosexual men. Because of the form of sexual contact and the number of such contacts among homosexual men, physicians should be watchful for sexually transmitted infections in the homosexual community. Hepatitis B, anorectal gonorrhea, shigellosis, amebiasis, and giardiasis are now known to be among these infections. For treatment to be effective and epidemics avoided, physicians should question affected male patients about their sexual habits and advise abstinence from sexual contact until treatment is finished and cultures or smears are negative.", "PMID": 581701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1034", "title": "[Fibrinogen degradation products, soluble fibrin and antithrombin III in toxic goiter patients].", "content": "A total of 31 patients with toxic goiter of various severity were investigated; the blood and urine content of the products of fibrinogen and fibrin degrading (PFD), of soluble fibrin, antithrombin III, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity were studied. There was a marked elevation of PFD content in the blood and their normal content in the urine, an increase in soluble fibrin level, and fibrinolysis activation. Hyporegulation revealed in patients with toxic goiter is apparently connected with increased fibrin degradation, and is secondary in character.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen degradation products, soluble fibrin and antithrombin III in toxic goiter patients]. A total of 31 patients with toxic goiter of various severity were investigated; the blood and urine content of the products of fibrinogen and fibrin degrading (PFD), of soluble fibrin, antithrombin III, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity were studied. There was a marked elevation of PFD content in the blood and their normal content in the urine, an increase in soluble fibrin level, and fibrinolysis activation. Hyporegulation revealed in patients with toxic goiter is apparently connected with increased fibrin degradation, and is secondary in character.", "PMID": 581702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1035", "title": "[Role of thermovision in the diagnosis of surgical diseases of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Thermovision (thermography) was applied to the examination of patients with different thyroid gland pathology. The majority of benign formations of the organ were hypothermic, and hyperthermia was observed in the area of malignant tumour localization. A combined use of scannographic and thermovision methods widened possibilities of preoperative differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pathology of the thyroid gland. Hyperthermia was recorded in the area of the hyperfunctioning tissue localization in patients with diffuse toxic goiter with or without a node. Hyperthermia diminished during the treatment with thyrostatic agents; this could serve as control of the efficacy of the therapy and aid in the choice of the optimal periods for surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Role of thermovision in the diagnosis of surgical diseases of the thyroid gland]. Thermovision (thermography) was applied to the examination of patients with different thyroid gland pathology. The majority of benign formations of the organ were hypothermic, and hyperthermia was observed in the area of malignant tumour localization. A combined use of scannographic and thermovision methods widened possibilities of preoperative differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pathology of the thyroid gland. Hyperthermia was recorded in the area of the hyperfunctioning tissue localization in patients with diffuse toxic goiter with or without a node. Hyperthermia diminished during the treatment with thyrostatic agents; this could serve as control of the efficacy of the therapy and aid in the choice of the optimal periods for surgical intervention.", "PMID": 581703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1036", "title": "[Measurement of fluorescent polarisation in the amniotic fluid to assess fetal lung maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for determining fetal lung maturity is discussed. Molecular mobility can be determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the fluorescent polarisation (FP) in lipid solutions. This method of determining the microviscosity in lipid solutions can now be applied also in the amniotic fluid. Measurement of FP by means of an electro-optical microviscosimeter is proportional to the lipid concentration in the amniotic fluid and is in good correlation with fetal lung maturity. FP was measured between the 17th and 41st weeks of gestation in 147 amniotic fluid samples. During pregnancy the FP value drops significantly from 0.350 to 0.200. A FP value of 0.290 was fixed as the limit value beyond which RDS may be expected to occur. With a limit value of 0.290, the RDS identification probability was calculated at 94%, whereas the calculated probability of RDS was 81% and the exclusion probability of RDS 97%. At the same time, the probabilities, calculated on the parallel determination of the L/S ratio, yielded a slightly more unfavourable result. The drop in the FP level correlates significantly with the increase of the L/S ratio in the investigated amniotic fluid samples (correlation coefficient 0.77). The method, which requires very special equipment, offers many advantages: it is very accurate, simple, well reproducible and can be performed within half an hour at relatively low laboratory cost.", "contents": "[Measurement of fluorescent polarisation in the amniotic fluid to assess fetal lung maturity (author's transl)]. A new method for determining fetal lung maturity is discussed. Molecular mobility can be determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the fluorescent polarisation (FP) in lipid solutions. This method of determining the microviscosity in lipid solutions can now be applied also in the amniotic fluid. Measurement of FP by means of an electro-optical microviscosimeter is proportional to the lipid concentration in the amniotic fluid and is in good correlation with fetal lung maturity. FP was measured between the 17th and 41st weeks of gestation in 147 amniotic fluid samples. During pregnancy the FP value drops significantly from 0.350 to 0.200. A FP value of 0.290 was fixed as the limit value beyond which RDS may be expected to occur. With a limit value of 0.290, the RDS identification probability was calculated at 94%, whereas the calculated probability of RDS was 81% and the exclusion probability of RDS 97%. At the same time, the probabilities, calculated on the parallel determination of the L/S ratio, yielded a slightly more unfavourable result. The drop in the FP level correlates significantly with the increase of the L/S ratio in the investigated amniotic fluid samples (correlation coefficient 0.77). The method, which requires very special equipment, offers many advantages: it is very accurate, simple, well reproducible and can be performed within half an hour at relatively low laboratory cost.", "PMID": 581712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1037", "title": "Carcinomas of the liver in Osborne-Mendel rats ingesting DDT.", "content": "Osborne-Mendel male and female rats ingested 200, 400, 600, or 800 ppm DDT composed of 81.8% p,p isomer and 18.2% o,p isomer for periods up to 2 years. Male and female rats developed highly significant incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The carcinomas varied from well-differentiated to undifferentiated. There was a highly significant increase in carcinomas of the ovary in treated female rats. Lymphosarcomas were also increased in DDT-treated male rats.", "contents": "Carcinomas of the liver in Osborne-Mendel rats ingesting DDT. Osborne-Mendel male and female rats ingested 200, 400, 600, or 800 ppm DDT composed of 81.8% p,p isomer and 18.2% o,p isomer for periods up to 2 years. Male and female rats developed highly significant incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The carcinomas varied from well-differentiated to undifferentiated. There was a highly significant increase in carcinomas of the ovary in treated female rats. Lymphosarcomas were also increased in DDT-treated male rats.", "PMID": 581710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1038", "title": "Cytoplasmic fragments causing spurious platelet counts in the leukemic phase of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A patient with a leukemic phase of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma had a spuriously high automated platelet count because of cytoplasmic fragments. The number and relative percentage of cytoplasmic fragments increased during chemotherapy. The cytoplasmic fragments did not interfere with platelet aggregation using adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and epinephrine even though they were found in platelet-rich plasma. The ultrastructure of the cytoplasmic fragments is discussed. Cytoplasmic fragments as a cause of spuriously high automated platelet counts should be considered in cases of leukemic patients.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic fragments causing spurious platelet counts in the leukemic phase of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. A patient with a leukemic phase of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma had a spuriously high automated platelet count because of cytoplasmic fragments. The number and relative percentage of cytoplasmic fragments increased during chemotherapy. The cytoplasmic fragments did not interfere with platelet aggregation using adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and epinephrine even though they were found in platelet-rich plasma. The ultrastructure of the cytoplasmic fragments is discussed. Cytoplasmic fragments as a cause of spuriously high automated platelet counts should be considered in cases of leukemic patients.", "PMID": 581717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1039", "title": "The declining incidence of infantile hypernatremic dehydration in Great Britain.", "content": "The feeding habits of 70 infants under 6 months old hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis were studied to determine whether current efforts to discourage high-solute feeding were having an effect on the incidence of hypernatremic dehydration. Fifteen infants (21%) were fed modified (low-solute) milks and 55 (79%) unmodified (high-solute) milks. Of 47 infants under 3 months old, 15 (32%) had commenced mixed feeding. Plasma sodium level was estimated in 60 infants. Mean values in the modified and unmodified groups were the same, at 137 mEq/liter. Only one infant was hypernatremic (sodium level, 152 m/eq/liter). Osmolalities of 65 samples of milk were measured to provide a measure of milk concentration. Only ten (16%) exceeded by more than 25% that recommended by the manufacturers. Twenty-two (34%) were less than 75% of the recommended concentrations. These improved feeding practices have probably contributed largely to the very low incidence of hypernatremia by preventing dangerously high solute intakes at a time of particular vulnerability.", "contents": "The declining incidence of infantile hypernatremic dehydration in Great Britain. The feeding habits of 70 infants under 6 months old hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis were studied to determine whether current efforts to discourage high-solute feeding were having an effect on the incidence of hypernatremic dehydration. Fifteen infants (21%) were fed modified (low-solute) milks and 55 (79%) unmodified (high-solute) milks. Of 47 infants under 3 months old, 15 (32%) had commenced mixed feeding. Plasma sodium level was estimated in 60 infants. Mean values in the modified and unmodified groups were the same, at 137 mEq/liter. Only one infant was hypernatremic (sodium level, 152 m/eq/liter). Osmolalities of 65 samples of milk were measured to provide a measure of milk concentration. Only ten (16%) exceeded by more than 25% that recommended by the manufacturers. Twenty-two (34%) were less than 75% of the recommended concentrations. These improved feeding practices have probably contributed largely to the very low incidence of hypernatremia by preventing dangerously high solute intakes at a time of particular vulnerability.", "PMID": 581718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1040", "title": "Stimulation of fetal lung surfactant production by administration of 17beta-estradiol to the maternal rabbit.", "content": "We have investigated the effect of 17beta-estradiol on lung surfactant production in the fetal rabbit. Pregnant rabbits were administered intramuscularly 75microgram of 17beta-estradiol per day at 25 and 26 days' gestation. Control rabbits were similarly injected with the solvent only. At 27 days' gestation the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and the lungs of the newborn rabbits were lavaged in situ with 0.9 per cent NaCl. Analysis of lung lavage and lavaged lung tissue phospholipids yielded the following results: (a) The 17beta-estradiol--treated group had three to four times more total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine in the lung lavage than the control group. (b) The phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio in the lung lavage was significantly higher in the treated than in the control group. (c) The lavaged lung tissue of the treated group had almost twice as much total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine as the control group. These changes in lung phospholipid content and composition are in the direction of increased lung maturity and suggest that estrogen may have a role in fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.", "contents": "Stimulation of fetal lung surfactant production by administration of 17beta-estradiol to the maternal rabbit. We have investigated the effect of 17beta-estradiol on lung surfactant production in the fetal rabbit. Pregnant rabbits were administered intramuscularly 75microgram of 17beta-estradiol per day at 25 and 26 days' gestation. Control rabbits were similarly injected with the solvent only. At 27 days' gestation the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and the lungs of the newborn rabbits were lavaged in situ with 0.9 per cent NaCl. Analysis of lung lavage and lavaged lung tissue phospholipids yielded the following results: (a) The 17beta-estradiol--treated group had three to four times more total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine in the lung lavage than the control group. (b) The phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio in the lung lavage was significantly higher in the treated than in the control group. (c) The lavaged lung tissue of the treated group had almost twice as much total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine as the control group. These changes in lung phospholipid content and composition are in the direction of increased lung maturity and suggest that estrogen may have a role in fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.", "PMID": 581720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1041", "title": "The Friberg spermagglutination test--a modification.", "content": "In our laboratory we encountered problems interpreting the standard Friberg test. After an incubation period of four hours we could not interpret the test in 52 per cent of cases due to a high number of immobile spermatozoa and debris in the supernatant used as antigen in this test. By shortening the incubation period to two hours we could objectively interpret 76 per cent of cases. The applicability of the test was further improved by modifying the preparation of the antigen. Instead of using the supernatant of diluted semen, we \"filtered\" the motile sperm by means of the sperm penetration meter of Kremer. The capillary tube of the penetration meter was filled with virgin serum and incubated for one hour. After a four hour incubation this test could be applied in 80 per cent of cases, and after a two hour incubation period in all the cases. The reliability of this test was compared with the standard Friberg, the Kibrick and the Franklin-Dukes tests. The modifications did not alter the reliability of the test.", "contents": "The Friberg spermagglutination test--a modification. In our laboratory we encountered problems interpreting the standard Friberg test. After an incubation period of four hours we could not interpret the test in 52 per cent of cases due to a high number of immobile spermatozoa and debris in the supernatant used as antigen in this test. By shortening the incubation period to two hours we could objectively interpret 76 per cent of cases. The applicability of the test was further improved by modifying the preparation of the antigen. Instead of using the supernatant of diluted semen, we \"filtered\" the motile sperm by means of the sperm penetration meter of Kremer. The capillary tube of the penetration meter was filled with virgin serum and incubated for one hour. After a four hour incubation this test could be applied in 80 per cent of cases, and after a two hour incubation period in all the cases. The reliability of this test was compared with the standard Friberg, the Kibrick and the Franklin-Dukes tests. The modifications did not alter the reliability of the test.", "PMID": 581722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1042", "title": "The effect of epinephrine on tracheal fluid flow and surfactant efflux in fetal sheep.", "content": "A marked decrease in fetal tracheal fluid flow and an increase in pulmonary surfactant efflux were found after infusion of epinephrine into fetal sheep. The data suggest that endogenous catecholamines may play a role in preparing the fetal lung for birth.", "contents": "The effect of epinephrine on tracheal fluid flow and surfactant efflux in fetal sheep. A marked decrease in fetal tracheal fluid flow and an increase in pulmonary surfactant efflux were found after infusion of epinephrine into fetal sheep. The data suggest that endogenous catecholamines may play a role in preparing the fetal lung for birth.", "PMID": 581724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1043", "title": "Neurotoxicity of intrathecal gentamicin: a case report and experimental study.", "content": "Distinctive lesions occurred in the brainstem of a 59-year-old patient who had had recent Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis treated with parenteral and intrathecal gentamicin sulfate. The lesions were multiple, minute, and discrete, and were characterized by loss of axons, spongiosis, axonal swelling with frequent calcification, loss of astroglia and oligodendroglia, and slight inflammatory response. These lesions were restricted to the myelinated fiber bundles of the pons and mesencephalon. Because similar lesions can occur with other intrathecally administered medications and emboli to the brain, an experimental study in rabbits was done. Similar lesions were produced in normal adult rabbits after a single intracisternal injection of gentamicin sulfate with or without preservative at doses equivalent to 50 and 100 times the human therapeutic dose. Lesions were not seen after injection of normal saline, preservative, or gentamicin sulfate with preservative at doses equivalent to 1 and 10 times the human therapeutic dose. A direct relationship was observed between the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of gentamicin, brain tissue concentrations of gentamicin, and occurrence of the lesions.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of intrathecal gentamicin: a case report and experimental study. Distinctive lesions occurred in the brainstem of a 59-year-old patient who had had recent Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis treated with parenteral and intrathecal gentamicin sulfate. The lesions were multiple, minute, and discrete, and were characterized by loss of axons, spongiosis, axonal swelling with frequent calcification, loss of astroglia and oligodendroglia, and slight inflammatory response. These lesions were restricted to the myelinated fiber bundles of the pons and mesencephalon. Because similar lesions can occur with other intrathecally administered medications and emboli to the brain, an experimental study in rabbits was done. Similar lesions were produced in normal adult rabbits after a single intracisternal injection of gentamicin sulfate with or without preservative at doses equivalent to 50 and 100 times the human therapeutic dose. Lesions were not seen after injection of normal saline, preservative, or gentamicin sulfate with preservative at doses equivalent to 1 and 10 times the human therapeutic dose. A direct relationship was observed between the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of gentamicin, brain tissue concentrations of gentamicin, and occurrence of the lesions.", "PMID": 581726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1044", "title": "Integrated electromyography of the vastus medialis muscle after meniscectomy.", "content": "Integrated electromyography (IEMG) is a valuable method for evaluating a muscle and documenting muscle rehabilitation. In a study of six adult males who had meniscectomies following tears of the medial meniscus, IEMG was performed to record the condition of the vastus medialis muscle preoperatively and at intervals (1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months) after the operation. The evidence shows that at 3 months postoperatively, all patients had a normal range of motion, and the extension force of the quadriceps muscle had reached values of the control leg; but the IEMG relative to the extension force revealed that the vastus medialis portion of the quadriceps was far from restored and needed a significantly higher activity to produce the same force as it had in the control leg.", "contents": "Integrated electromyography of the vastus medialis muscle after meniscectomy. Integrated electromyography (IEMG) is a valuable method for evaluating a muscle and documenting muscle rehabilitation. In a study of six adult males who had meniscectomies following tears of the medial meniscus, IEMG was performed to record the condition of the vastus medialis muscle preoperatively and at intervals (1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months) after the operation. The evidence shows that at 3 months postoperatively, all patients had a normal range of motion, and the extension force of the quadriceps muscle had reached values of the control leg; but the IEMG relative to the extension force revealed that the vastus medialis portion of the quadriceps was far from restored and needed a significantly higher activity to produce the same force as it had in the control leg.", "PMID": 581721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1045", "title": "Oxalosis in hemodialysis patients: a pathologic study of 80 cases.", "content": "The incidence and distribution of deposition of oxalate crystals were studied in various organs of 80 patients with chronic renal failure maintained on hemodialysis for periods ranging from three weeks to seven years. The most frequently involved organs were the kidneys, thyroid, and myocardium. Less prominent deposit was found in the spleen and the lungs. Moderate to severe renal oxalosis was encountered more frequently in patients maintained for longer periods on hemodialysis. The therapeutic implication of distinguishing secondary from primary oxalosis is stressed. The identification and the mechanism of deposition of oxalate in tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Oxalosis in hemodialysis patients: a pathologic study of 80 cases. The incidence and distribution of deposition of oxalate crystals were studied in various organs of 80 patients with chronic renal failure maintained on hemodialysis for periods ranging from three weeks to seven years. The most frequently involved organs were the kidneys, thyroid, and myocardium. Less prominent deposit was found in the spleen and the lungs. Moderate to severe renal oxalosis was encountered more frequently in patients maintained for longer periods on hemodialysis. The therapeutic implication of distinguishing secondary from primary oxalosis is stressed. The identification and the mechanism of deposition of oxalate in tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 581728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1046", "title": "Chronic interstitial nephritis and mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with drug abuse.", "content": "Two cases of chronic interstitial nephritis with renal insufficiency were associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia and parenteral drug abuse. Previously recognized causes of interstitial nephritis were not present in either case. Despite extensive interstitial inflammatory infiltrates, no substantial glomerular abnormalities or immune deposits were present in either patient. One patient had a history of intravenous injection of suspended methadone tablets containing talc crystals, and there was evidence of talc embolization in biopsy specimens of liver, spleen, and kidney. Interstitial nephritis associated with drug abuse has not been previously described to our knowledge, but the association in these cases seems not to have been fortuitous and warrants consideration in the evaluation of both parenteral drug abusers and patients with unexplained interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Chronic interstitial nephritis and mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with drug abuse. Two cases of chronic interstitial nephritis with renal insufficiency were associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia and parenteral drug abuse. Previously recognized causes of interstitial nephritis were not present in either case. Despite extensive interstitial inflammatory infiltrates, no substantial glomerular abnormalities or immune deposits were present in either patient. One patient had a history of intravenous injection of suspended methadone tablets containing talc crystals, and there was evidence of talc embolization in biopsy specimens of liver, spleen, and kidney. Interstitial nephritis associated with drug abuse has not been previously described to our knowledge, but the association in these cases seems not to have been fortuitous and warrants consideration in the evaluation of both parenteral drug abusers and patients with unexplained interstitial nephritis.", "PMID": 581729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1047", "title": "Identification of dense deposit disease: a report for the International Study of Kidney Diseases in Children.", "content": "The fluorescent dye thioflavin T stains intensely the deposits in dense deposit disease and can be used for identification purposes. Comparison of thioflavin T staining with electron microscopy was carried out in 25 patients and showed excellent congruity. Thioflavin T is much easier to use, but is less specific than electron microscopy. Cases of light chain disease and of some gammopathies can be a source of confusion. In nearly all other instances, the pattern of staining helps to differentiate dense deposits from other types of deposits and from amyloid.", "contents": "Identification of dense deposit disease: a report for the International Study of Kidney Diseases in Children. The fluorescent dye thioflavin T stains intensely the deposits in dense deposit disease and can be used for identification purposes. Comparison of thioflavin T staining with electron microscopy was carried out in 25 patients and showed excellent congruity. Thioflavin T is much easier to use, but is less specific than electron microscopy. Cases of light chain disease and of some gammopathies can be a source of confusion. In nearly all other instances, the pattern of staining helps to differentiate dense deposits from other types of deposits and from amyloid.", "PMID": 581730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1048", "title": "Nodular renal blastema in trisomy 13.", "content": "The autopsy records and material of 14 cases of karyotype-proved trisomy 13 were reviewed. There were one or more foci of nodular renal blastema in six cases. Patients with nodular renal blastema had lived up to five days; patients in whom foci were not found at autopsy had lived six to 37 days. The presence of nodular renal blastema did not substantially correlate with other renal anomalies or the number or severity of extrarenal anomalies. The presence of nodular renal blastema in trisomy 13 expands the spectrum of syndromes associated with nodular renal blastema and supports its relationship with disorders of growth regulation. The presence of the lesions only in very young infants suggests that most, or all, foci of nodular renal blastema regress with age.", "contents": "Nodular renal blastema in trisomy 13. The autopsy records and material of 14 cases of karyotype-proved trisomy 13 were reviewed. There were one or more foci of nodular renal blastema in six cases. Patients with nodular renal blastema had lived up to five days; patients in whom foci were not found at autopsy had lived six to 37 days. The presence of nodular renal blastema did not substantially correlate with other renal anomalies or the number or severity of extrarenal anomalies. The presence of nodular renal blastema in trisomy 13 expands the spectrum of syndromes associated with nodular renal blastema and supports its relationship with disorders of growth regulation. The presence of the lesions only in very young infants suggests that most, or all, foci of nodular renal blastema regress with age.", "PMID": 581731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1049", "title": "Neonatal nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.", "content": "Neonatal nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), a rare disorder yet to be diagnosed antemortem, is described in two infants. The first infant was postmature and suffered from polycythemia and meconium aspiration. The meconium-stained placenta manifested evidence of ischemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The second patient was delivered near term by cesarean section, and hyaline membrane disease developed. The pathogenesis of NBTE may relate to perinatal hypoxia with transient tricuspid insufficiency, polycythemia, and DIC.", "contents": "Neonatal nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Neonatal nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), a rare disorder yet to be diagnosed antemortem, is described in two infants. The first infant was postmature and suffered from polycythemia and meconium aspiration. The meconium-stained placenta manifested evidence of ischemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The second patient was delivered near term by cesarean section, and hyaline membrane disease developed. The pathogenesis of NBTE may relate to perinatal hypoxia with transient tricuspid insufficiency, polycythemia, and DIC.", "PMID": 581732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1050", "title": "Quantitative changes in astrocytes after portacaval shunting in chimpanzees and in man with normal liver parenchyma.", "content": "Chimpanzees without liver cell damage, but subjected to portacaval anastomosis, showed behavioral changes that were accompanied by \"Alzheimer II\" astrocyte hyperplasia and nuclear enlargement. These findings were similar to those in a human patient with encephalopathy, secondary to a portacaval shunt, whose liver was normal. Controlled quantitative study of astrocytic hyperplasia in different anatomic regions showed the hyperplasia to involve the gray matter with only moderate topographic variation. Individual degrees of hyperplasia somewhat paralleled the severity of clinical symptoms and ammonia levels; no clear-cut relationship with time after shunting could be established. Portacaval shunt encephalopathy in chimpanzees greatly resembles that in man and, thus, lends itself to more detailed experimental analysis.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in astrocytes after portacaval shunting in chimpanzees and in man with normal liver parenchyma. Chimpanzees without liver cell damage, but subjected to portacaval anastomosis, showed behavioral changes that were accompanied by \"Alzheimer II\" astrocyte hyperplasia and nuclear enlargement. These findings were similar to those in a human patient with encephalopathy, secondary to a portacaval shunt, whose liver was normal. Controlled quantitative study of astrocytic hyperplasia in different anatomic regions showed the hyperplasia to involve the gray matter with only moderate topographic variation. Individual degrees of hyperplasia somewhat paralleled the severity of clinical symptoms and ammonia levels; no clear-cut relationship with time after shunting could be established. Portacaval shunt encephalopathy in chimpanzees greatly resembles that in man and, thus, lends itself to more detailed experimental analysis.", "PMID": 581733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1051", "title": "Angiosarcoma complicating generalized lymphangiectasia.", "content": "Multifocal angiosarcoma of the lower extremities developed in a 23-year-old patient with generalized lymphangiectasia. Eighteen cases of angiosarcoma complicating congenital or idiopathic lymphedema have previously been reported. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 to 65 years, with an average age of 40 years. There was an equal sex ratio. The extremities were the principal sites of involvement. No conclusion can be made regarding blood vessel or lymphatic origin of these tumors.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma complicating generalized lymphangiectasia. Multifocal angiosarcoma of the lower extremities developed in a 23-year-old patient with generalized lymphangiectasia. Eighteen cases of angiosarcoma complicating congenital or idiopathic lymphedema have previously been reported. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 to 65 years, with an average age of 40 years. There was an equal sex ratio. The extremities were the principal sites of involvement. No conclusion can be made regarding blood vessel or lymphatic origin of these tumors.", "PMID": 581734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1052", "title": "Glycocalyceal bodies and microvillous core rootlets: their value in tumor typing.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the cell surface of lumen-forming tumors was carried out to determine the distribution of two morphologic markers seen in relation to the microvilli. These are membrane-bound glycocalyceal bodies and microvillous filament cores that penetrate the underlying cytoplasm as rootlets. They were found (especially when in combination) to be valuable in identifying tumors of what is referred to as intestinal-type epithelium, and could be seen in cases in which brush borders were absent. They have been demonstrated in intestinal-type carcinomas of the stomach and gallbladder, in adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestines and pancreatic ducts, in mucin-forming bronchiolar carcinomas, and in certain mucinous ovarian and endocervical tumors. Other tumors, whether mucin-producing or not, have been found to consistently lack these structures.", "contents": "Glycocalyceal bodies and microvillous core rootlets: their value in tumor typing. An ultrastructural study of the cell surface of lumen-forming tumors was carried out to determine the distribution of two morphologic markers seen in relation to the microvilli. These are membrane-bound glycocalyceal bodies and microvillous filament cores that penetrate the underlying cytoplasm as rootlets. They were found (especially when in combination) to be valuable in identifying tumors of what is referred to as intestinal-type epithelium, and could be seen in cases in which brush borders were absent. They have been demonstrated in intestinal-type carcinomas of the stomach and gallbladder, in adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestines and pancreatic ducts, in mucin-forming bronchiolar carcinomas, and in certain mucinous ovarian and endocervical tumors. Other tumors, whether mucin-producing or not, have been found to consistently lack these structures.", "PMID": 581735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1053", "title": "Venereal disease: what should the family doctor look for?", "content": "Venereal diseases, or sexually transmitted diseases as they are more aptly named, are emerging as a major medical problem. Although syphilis and gonorrhoea are the traditional venereal diseases, it is now widely accepted that sexual transmission occurs, at least to some degree, in a wide range of relatively common infective disorders. For the family physician coping with this group of diseases, there are a number of problems which include diagnostic difficulties, adequate supervision of treatment and general care and confidentiality within the family situation.", "contents": "Venereal disease: what should the family doctor look for? Venereal diseases, or sexually transmitted diseases as they are more aptly named, are emerging as a major medical problem. Although syphilis and gonorrhoea are the traditional venereal diseases, it is now widely accepted that sexual transmission occurs, at least to some degree, in a wide range of relatively common infective disorders. For the family physician coping with this group of diseases, there are a number of problems which include diagnostic difficulties, adequate supervision of treatment and general care and confidentiality within the family situation.", "PMID": 581740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1054", "title": "Thermotropic behavior of monoglucocerebroside--dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar liposomes.", "content": "The thermotropic behavior of multilamellar liposomes prepared from mixtures of glucocerebroside and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been studied by high-sensitivity scanning calorimetry. It is shown that glucocerebroside has a marked effect on the gel--liquid crystalline transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The pretransition seen in pure samples of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is undetectable at small mode fractions of glucocerebrosides (less than 10%). The main transition is shifted to higher temperatures and becomes broader and less cooperative in the presence of glucocerebroside. The enthalpy change of the main transition decreases with increasing the glucocerebroside content. However, this decrease is not linear with the glucocerebroside/phospholipid mole ratio. Glucocerebroside itself does not show a separate transition in the temperature range of these studies (10--75 degree C). The origin of these effects and their dependence on the glucocerebroside content suggest that the in-plane distribution of glucocerebroside molecules is affected by the physical state of the lipid bilayer and by the glucocerebroside/phospholipid mole ratio.", "contents": "Thermotropic behavior of monoglucocerebroside--dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar liposomes. The thermotropic behavior of multilamellar liposomes prepared from mixtures of glucocerebroside and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been studied by high-sensitivity scanning calorimetry. It is shown that glucocerebroside has a marked effect on the gel--liquid crystalline transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The pretransition seen in pure samples of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is undetectable at small mode fractions of glucocerebrosides (less than 10%). The main transition is shifted to higher temperatures and becomes broader and less cooperative in the presence of glucocerebroside. The enthalpy change of the main transition decreases with increasing the glucocerebroside content. However, this decrease is not linear with the glucocerebroside/phospholipid mole ratio. Glucocerebroside itself does not show a separate transition in the temperature range of these studies (10--75 degree C). The origin of these effects and their dependence on the glucocerebroside content suggest that the in-plane distribution of glucocerebroside molecules is affected by the physical state of the lipid bilayer and by the glucocerebroside/phospholipid mole ratio.", "PMID": 581743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1055", "title": "Isoxsuprine infusion to the pregnant rabbit and its effect on fetal lung surfactant.", "content": "Rabbit does, pregnant on the 28th day, were infused with isoxsuprine 2.5 mg/kg body weight/h in 50 ml 5% glucose, or with glucose only. The isoxsuprine caused maternal heart rate to increase and blood pressure, mean and diastolic, to decrease. The volume of fetal pulmonary fluid (FPF) and the wet lung weight/body weight ratio were significantly lowered by isoxsuprine. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of FPF in isoxsuprine-infused animals was higher, compared with controls, not infused. Minimal surface tension of FPF, evaluated with pulsating bubble, was significantly lower in treated fetuses. Histologic examination of the fetal lungs after fixation with potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride showed that in isoxsuprine-treated litters FPF contained more granular and sudanophilic material. The results offer further evidence that isoxsuprine causes dehydration of fetal lungs and a release of pulmonary surfactant.", "contents": "Isoxsuprine infusion to the pregnant rabbit and its effect on fetal lung surfactant. Rabbit does, pregnant on the 28th day, were infused with isoxsuprine 2.5 mg/kg body weight/h in 50 ml 5% glucose, or with glucose only. The isoxsuprine caused maternal heart rate to increase and blood pressure, mean and diastolic, to decrease. The volume of fetal pulmonary fluid (FPF) and the wet lung weight/body weight ratio were significantly lowered by isoxsuprine. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of FPF in isoxsuprine-infused animals was higher, compared with controls, not infused. Minimal surface tension of FPF, evaluated with pulsating bubble, was significantly lower in treated fetuses. Histologic examination of the fetal lungs after fixation with potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride showed that in isoxsuprine-treated litters FPF contained more granular and sudanophilic material. The results offer further evidence that isoxsuprine causes dehydration of fetal lungs and a release of pulmonary surfactant.", "PMID": 581744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1056", "title": "Prevention of cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia by cryotherapy.", "content": "A premature infant who was developing cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia, was given cryotherapy to both eyes. This stopped the progress of the disease in almost all areas of the retina. The infant died three months later of complications related to prematurity. A comparison between the inadequately treated areas and those adequately treated during the clinical follow-up prior to death and in the pathology of the eyes confirms the value of cryotherapy in preventing cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia and indicates where it should be applied.", "contents": "Prevention of cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia by cryotherapy. A premature infant who was developing cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia, was given cryotherapy to both eyes. This stopped the progress of the disease in almost all areas of the retina. The infant died three months later of complications related to prematurity. A comparison between the inadequately treated areas and those adequately treated during the clinical follow-up prior to death and in the pathology of the eyes confirms the value of cryotherapy in preventing cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia and indicates where it should be applied.", "PMID": 581747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1057", "title": "Changes in lymph node size following systemic irradiation for malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Changes in surface area of lymph nodes visualised on abdominal radiographs following lymphography were measured in 18 patients treated by systemic irradiation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eleven radiologically normal nodes in testicular tumour patients receiving higher doses of external irradiation were measured for comparison. Following lymphography spontaneous shrinkage by up to 20% of the surface area of the node was observed. Since spontaneous and continual regression of abdominal nodes can occur exceptionally in nodular lymphoma, treatment was deferred until there was evidence of an increase in the size of nodes judged as being involved by lymphoma. Two forms of systemic therapeutic irradiation were employed, total body (TBI) and hemi-body (HBI). The rate of nodal regression with both was comparable but the amount of regression, time to nadir of node size and subsequent growth delay, was greater for HBI than TBI.", "contents": "Changes in lymph node size following systemic irradiation for malignant lymphoma. Changes in surface area of lymph nodes visualised on abdominal radiographs following lymphography were measured in 18 patients treated by systemic irradiation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eleven radiologically normal nodes in testicular tumour patients receiving higher doses of external irradiation were measured for comparison. Following lymphography spontaneous shrinkage by up to 20% of the surface area of the node was observed. Since spontaneous and continual regression of abdominal nodes can occur exceptionally in nodular lymphoma, treatment was deferred until there was evidence of an increase in the size of nodes judged as being involved by lymphoma. Two forms of systemic therapeutic irradiation were employed, total body (TBI) and hemi-body (HBI). The rate of nodal regression with both was comparable but the amount of regression, time to nadir of node size and subsequent growth delay, was greater for HBI than TBI.", "PMID": 581751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1058", "title": "[The correlationship between basal prolactin levels and the suppressive effect of CB-154 or L-DOPA on GH release in acromegalic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been reported that the plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels in acromegalic patients were suppressed after intensive administration of dopaminergic drugs, but we found that the plasma GH levels in some acromegalic patients were not suppressed. Plasma GH and PRL levels after a single oral administration of CB-154 (2.5mg) and L-DOPA (1g) were measured in 18 active acromegalic patients with and without galactorrhea. 1. The mean plasma GH levels after the administration were clearly suppressed in 8 patients with galactorrhea, while they were not suppressed in 10 patients without galactorrhea. These drugs were more effective in suppressing plasma GH levels in acromegalic patients with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. 2. We calculated the responsiveness of the plasma GH level as follows: GH responsiveness (%) = (mean plasma GH level after the administration of CB-154 or L-DOPA)/ (basal GH level) x 100. The basal plasma PRL levels were inversely correlated with GH responsiveness (CB-154: r=-0.690, p less than 0.01. L-DOPA: r=-0.541, p less than 0.05). It was found that the effect of dopaminergic drugs on plasma GH levels was closely correlated with basal PRL levels in acromegalic patients. This implies that the chronic administration of CB-154 may be effective in acromegalic patients with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "[The correlationship between basal prolactin levels and the suppressive effect of CB-154 or L-DOPA on GH release in acromegalic patients (author's transl)]. It has been reported that the plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels in acromegalic patients were suppressed after intensive administration of dopaminergic drugs, but we found that the plasma GH levels in some acromegalic patients were not suppressed. Plasma GH and PRL levels after a single oral administration of CB-154 (2.5mg) and L-DOPA (1g) were measured in 18 active acromegalic patients with and without galactorrhea. 1. The mean plasma GH levels after the administration were clearly suppressed in 8 patients with galactorrhea, while they were not suppressed in 10 patients without galactorrhea. These drugs were more effective in suppressing plasma GH levels in acromegalic patients with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. 2. We calculated the responsiveness of the plasma GH level as follows: GH responsiveness (%) = (mean plasma GH level after the administration of CB-154 or L-DOPA)/ (basal GH level) x 100. The basal plasma PRL levels were inversely correlated with GH responsiveness (CB-154: r=-0.690, p less than 0.01. L-DOPA: r=-0.541, p less than 0.05). It was found that the effect of dopaminergic drugs on plasma GH levels was closely correlated with basal PRL levels in acromegalic patients. This implies that the chronic administration of CB-154 may be effective in acromegalic patients with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 581754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1059", "title": "Thyroglobulin and microsomal autoantibody production by cultures of Hashimoto peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis have been cultured for 2--3 weeks in Marbrook flasks. During this period, readily detectable amounts of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies were synthesized by the cells and secreted into the culture medium. Gel filtration studies indicated that the autoantibodies produced in culture were of a similar molceular weight to the serum antibodies and this provided evidence that autoantibody synthesis in vitro was representative of autoantibody synthesis in vivo. Our data suggest that this culture technique may be used to make a detailed investigation of the human autoimmune disease process.", "contents": "Thyroglobulin and microsomal autoantibody production by cultures of Hashimoto peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis have been cultured for 2--3 weeks in Marbrook flasks. During this period, readily detectable amounts of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies were synthesized by the cells and secreted into the culture medium. Gel filtration studies indicated that the autoantibodies produced in culture were of a similar molceular weight to the serum antibodies and this provided evidence that autoantibody synthesis in vitro was representative of autoantibody synthesis in vivo. Our data suggest that this culture technique may be used to make a detailed investigation of the human autoimmune disease process.", "PMID": 581760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1060", "title": "Fractures of the tibia through the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Thirty-nine fractures of the tibia involving the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage were treated at the Campbell Clinic over a twenty-five-year period. Stress roentgenograms were essential in making the diagnosis in three patients. Two patients had disruption of the popliteal artery, and both had posterior displacement of the tibial shaft. The other immediate complications that we encountered were anterior compartment syndrome, peroneal-nerve palsy, and associated ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Of twenty-eight fractures (twenty seven patients) with an average follow-up of 7.1 years, there were satisfactory results in twenty-four. Unsatisfactory results (four fractures) were due to chronic neurovascular insufficiency, growth disturbance, or traumatic arthritis.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibia through the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage. Thirty-nine fractures of the tibia involving the proximal tibial epiphyseal cartilage were treated at the Campbell Clinic over a twenty-five-year period. Stress roentgenograms were essential in making the diagnosis in three patients. Two patients had disruption of the popliteal artery, and both had posterior displacement of the tibial shaft. The other immediate complications that we encountered were anterior compartment syndrome, peroneal-nerve palsy, and associated ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Of twenty-eight fractures (twenty seven patients) with an average follow-up of 7.1 years, there were satisfactory results in twenty-four. Unsatisfactory results (four fractures) were due to chronic neurovascular insufficiency, growth disturbance, or traumatic arthritis.", "PMID": 581764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1061", "title": "Cell division and cell allocation in early mouse development.", "content": "Cell division was observed in intact and dissociated mouse embryos between the 2-cell stage and the blastocyst in embryos developing in culture. Division to the 4-cell stage was usually asynchronous. The first cell to divide to the 4-cell stage produced descendants which tended to divide ahead of those cells produced by its slow partner at all subsequent stages of development up to the blastocyte stage. The descendants of the first cell to divide to the 4-cell stage did not subsequently have short cell cycles. The first cell or last cell to divide from the 4-cell stage was labelled with tritiated thymidine. The embryo was reassembled, and it was found that the first pair of cells to reach the 8-cell stage contributed disproportionately more descendants to the ICM when compared with the last cell to divide to the 8-cell stage.", "contents": "Cell division and cell allocation in early mouse development. Cell division was observed in intact and dissociated mouse embryos between the 2-cell stage and the blastocyst in embryos developing in culture. Division to the 4-cell stage was usually asynchronous. The first cell to divide to the 4-cell stage produced descendants which tended to divide ahead of those cells produced by its slow partner at all subsequent stages of development up to the blastocyte stage. The descendants of the first cell to divide to the 4-cell stage did not subsequently have short cell cycles. The first cell or last cell to divide from the 4-cell stage was labelled with tritiated thymidine. The embryo was reassembled, and it was found that the first pair of cells to reach the 8-cell stage contributed disproportionately more descendants to the ICM when compared with the last cell to divide to the 8-cell stage.", "PMID": 581768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1062", "title": "Features of cell lineage in preimplantation mouse development.", "content": "The cell lineage of the mouse was studied from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst. Lineage to the 8-cell stage was followed under the microscope. Each cell from the 2-cell stage divided to form two daughter cells which remained attached. Subsequently, these two daughters each produced two descendants; one of these descendants regularly lay deep in the structure of the embryo while the other was peripheral. Lineage to the blastocyst was followed by injecting oil drops into cells at the 8-cell stage, and then following the segregation of these drops into the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. Between the 8-cell stage and the blastocyst, the deep cells contributed more frequently to the inner cell mass than did the peripheral cells.", "contents": "Features of cell lineage in preimplantation mouse development. The cell lineage of the mouse was studied from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst. Lineage to the 8-cell stage was followed under the microscope. Each cell from the 2-cell stage divided to form two daughter cells which remained attached. Subsequently, these two daughters each produced two descendants; one of these descendants regularly lay deep in the structure of the embryo while the other was peripheral. Lineage to the blastocyst was followed by injecting oil drops into cells at the 8-cell stage, and then following the segregation of these drops into the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. Between the 8-cell stage and the blastocyst, the deep cells contributed more frequently to the inner cell mass than did the peripheral cells.", "PMID": 581769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1063", "title": "Surface activities of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine and their interaction energies with phospholipid monolayers.", "content": "The free energies of adsorption of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine at the air--water interface were estimated from plots of surface pressure (pi less than or equal to 5 dynes/cm) against bulk concentration. Their interaction energies with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air--water interface, were estimated from the increase of surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the subphase-injected anesthetic. Free energies of adsorption and the interaction energies were in the order procaine less than lidocaine less than tetracaine and correlate with relative anesthetic potencies and the blocking of nerve conduction.", "contents": "Surface activities of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine and their interaction energies with phospholipid monolayers. The free energies of adsorption of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine at the air--water interface were estimated from plots of surface pressure (pi less than or equal to 5 dynes/cm) against bulk concentration. Their interaction energies with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air--water interface, were estimated from the increase of surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the subphase-injected anesthetic. Free energies of adsorption and the interaction energies were in the order procaine less than lidocaine less than tetracaine and correlate with relative anesthetic potencies and the blocking of nerve conduction.", "PMID": 581771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1064", "title": "Rate of fertilization in vitro and subsequent nuclear development as a function of the post-ovulatory age of the mouse egg.", "content": "Evidence is presented to indicate that older mouse eggs are fertilized more rapidly and also develop more rapidly to the pronuclear stage than younger ones. After a low (1.5 i.u.) or a high (7.5 i.u.) dose of PMSG, female mice were killed 13 or 17 h after hCG. The eggs were mixed in vitro with preincubated spermatozoa and fixed 1--1 1/4 h later. Although fertilization levels were high in all groups, the stages of egg activation and sperm head decondensation differed significantly. The observed ranking, from most to least rapid fertilization, of eggs obtained from females treated with 7.5 i.u. and killed 17 h after hCG, 1.5 i.u. and 13 h, and 7.5 i.u. and 13 h, was consistent with the approximate length of time the eggs had resided in the oviduct, i.e. the longer that time period, the more rapid the fertilization. When eggs were fixed 4 1/4 h after mixing with spermatozoa, the majority of older eggs were fully pronuclear while only a few of the younger eggs were as advanced, indicating accelerated nuclear development in the cytoplasm of the older eggs.", "contents": "Rate of fertilization in vitro and subsequent nuclear development as a function of the post-ovulatory age of the mouse egg. Evidence is presented to indicate that older mouse eggs are fertilized more rapidly and also develop more rapidly to the pronuclear stage than younger ones. After a low (1.5 i.u.) or a high (7.5 i.u.) dose of PMSG, female mice were killed 13 or 17 h after hCG. The eggs were mixed in vitro with preincubated spermatozoa and fixed 1--1 1/4 h later. Although fertilization levels were high in all groups, the stages of egg activation and sperm head decondensation differed significantly. The observed ranking, from most to least rapid fertilization, of eggs obtained from females treated with 7.5 i.u. and killed 17 h after hCG, 1.5 i.u. and 13 h, and 7.5 i.u. and 13 h, was consistent with the approximate length of time the eggs had resided in the oviduct, i.e. the longer that time period, the more rapid the fertilization. When eggs were fixed 4 1/4 h after mixing with spermatozoa, the majority of older eggs were fully pronuclear while only a few of the younger eggs were as advanced, indicating accelerated nuclear development in the cytoplasm of the older eggs.", "PMID": 581772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1065", "title": "Focal dermal hypoplasia.", "content": "A case of focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz syndrome is described. The patient is a black female infant whose syndrome was first diagnosed at birth. This is a disorder of the mesoectoderm which is manifested by pigmentary skin changes similar to other disease entities, eg, incontinentia pigmenti and Rothmund-Thomson disease, but it is easily confirmed by specific significant histologic findings. The characteristic features are all noted in this infant throughout her follow-up, viz, atrophy and linear pigmentation of the skin, localized alopecia, papilloma and marked syndactyly. FDH is an X-linked condition and any physician caring for children should consider this diagnosis of the illness of the patient (especially female) who presents with the above dermal and skeletal changes.", "contents": "Focal dermal hypoplasia. A case of focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz syndrome is described. The patient is a black female infant whose syndrome was first diagnosed at birth. This is a disorder of the mesoectoderm which is manifested by pigmentary skin changes similar to other disease entities, eg, incontinentia pigmenti and Rothmund-Thomson disease, but it is easily confirmed by specific significant histologic findings. The characteristic features are all noted in this infant throughout her follow-up, viz, atrophy and linear pigmentation of the skin, localized alopecia, papilloma and marked syndactyly. FDH is an X-linked condition and any physician caring for children should consider this diagnosis of the illness of the patient (especially female) who presents with the above dermal and skeletal changes.", "PMID": 581773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1066", "title": "The Rees system in infants: fresh gas flow and PaCO2.", "content": "Fresh gas flow from the anaesthetic machine can be set to determine the low level of PaCO2 that is achieved during anaesthesia using Rees variation of the T-piece. It does not however set the upper limits for PaCO2 which is more reliant upon the minute ventilation. For a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg, it is suggested that the fresh gas flow from the machine be 220 cc/kg. For small infants, a higher flow rate is necessary.", "contents": "The Rees system in infants: fresh gas flow and PaCO2. Fresh gas flow from the anaesthetic machine can be set to determine the low level of PaCO2 that is achieved during anaesthesia using Rees variation of the T-piece. It does not however set the upper limits for PaCO2 which is more reliant upon the minute ventilation. For a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg, it is suggested that the fresh gas flow from the machine be 220 cc/kg. For small infants, a higher flow rate is necessary.", "PMID": 581774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1067", "title": "Penetrating injuries of the heart and the great vessels.", "content": "An account of a personal experience with 18 cases of penetrating injuries of the heart and/or the great vessels due to shrapnels or bullets during the civil war in Lebanon is presented. Six of 18 patients were children. A survey of the literature did not disclose a description of these injuries in the pediatric group. Seven patients had signs of cardiac tamponade preoperatively. Fifteen patients had concomitant injuries to other organs. Emergency thoracotomy was used in patients within two hours after arrival to the hospital and was not preceded by pericardiocentesis. Cardio-pulmonary bypass was not used in any patient. There was one death which was related to associated injuries, giving a mortality rate of 5.5%. All survivors have resumed regular activities. Though the author is basically a pediatric surgeon, his expertise had to be stretched during the civil war to cover casualties in all age groups.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries of the heart and the great vessels. An account of a personal experience with 18 cases of penetrating injuries of the heart and/or the great vessels due to shrapnels or bullets during the civil war in Lebanon is presented. Six of 18 patients were children. A survey of the literature did not disclose a description of these injuries in the pediatric group. Seven patients had signs of cardiac tamponade preoperatively. Fifteen patients had concomitant injuries to other organs. Emergency thoracotomy was used in patients within two hours after arrival to the hospital and was not preceded by pericardiocentesis. Cardio-pulmonary bypass was not used in any patient. There was one death which was related to associated injuries, giving a mortality rate of 5.5%. All survivors have resumed regular activities. Though the author is basically a pediatric surgeon, his expertise had to be stretched during the civil war to cover casualties in all age groups.", "PMID": 581776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1068", "title": "Metabolism of halothane after its repeated administration in man.", "content": "Metabolism of halothane following its repeated administration, was studied in three patients by estimating the blood bromide concentrations before, during and after halothane anaesthesia. In one patient, the blood halothane concentration was measured during and after its administration. The fraction of halothane metabolised was found to be increased after its repeated administration. This was proved by the rapid clearance of halothane and the increased blood bromide concentration.", "contents": "Metabolism of halothane after its repeated administration in man. Metabolism of halothane following its repeated administration, was studied in three patients by estimating the blood bromide concentrations before, during and after halothane anaesthesia. In one patient, the blood halothane concentration was measured during and after its administration. The fraction of halothane metabolised was found to be increased after its repeated administration. This was proved by the rapid clearance of halothane and the increased blood bromide concentration.", "PMID": 581777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1069", "title": "Estimation of halothane in tissues by gas chromatography.", "content": "Halothane was extracted from tissues by n-heptane and estimated by gas-chromatography using an electron capture detector unit. Variation in halothane concentrations between adjacent pieces of tissue was found. The 95% confidence limits of a single estimation was +/- 10.8% of the mean for liver and +/- 6.1% for the muscle in pigs. The corresponding figures in rats were +/- 9.5% and +/- 3.0%.", "contents": "Estimation of halothane in tissues by gas chromatography. Halothane was extracted from tissues by n-heptane and estimated by gas-chromatography using an electron capture detector unit. Variation in halothane concentrations between adjacent pieces of tissue was found. The 95% confidence limits of a single estimation was +/- 10.8% of the mean for liver and +/- 6.1% for the muscle in pigs. The corresponding figures in rats were +/- 9.5% and +/- 3.0%.", "PMID": 581778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1070", "title": "Malignant lymphoma associated with marked eosinophilia.", "content": "A 60-year-old black man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma presented with generalized lymphadenopathy and marked eosinophilia. Extensive evaluation of the eosinophils revealed them to be normal morphologically and functionally. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy with resolution of the lymphadenopathy and reversion of the peripheral blood counts to normal limits. Recurrence of the original clinical picture within months prompted institution of systemic chemotherapy. Response was transient, and the patient expired after an unremitting downhill course. Recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophil function are reviewed. The relationship of lymphoma to eosinophilia is discussed.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma associated with marked eosinophilia. A 60-year-old black man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma presented with generalized lymphadenopathy and marked eosinophilia. Extensive evaluation of the eosinophils revealed them to be normal morphologically and functionally. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy with resolution of the lymphadenopathy and reversion of the peripheral blood counts to normal limits. Recurrence of the original clinical picture within months prompted institution of systemic chemotherapy. Response was transient, and the patient expired after an unremitting downhill course. Recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophil function are reviewed. The relationship of lymphoma to eosinophilia is discussed.", "PMID": 581781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1071", "title": "Comparison of the immediate effects of five beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs with different ancillary properties in angina pectoris.", "content": "We compared the immediate effects of five beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents in 16 patients with stable angina pectoris. Acute dose-response studies showed that all five drugs improved exercise tolerance and reduced ST-segment depression, heart rate and blood pressure by a similar degree in comparison with a placebo (P less than 0.01). Near maximum improvement in exercise tolerance occurred when the acute cumulative oral dose had reached 160 mg for propranolol and oxprenolol, 200 mg for metoprolol and tolamolol and 400 mg for practolol. When these drugs were administered as a single doses, increase in walking time before the development of angina and reduction in ST-segment depression, heart rate and systolic blood pressure all occurred within one hour and persisted for eight hours--effects markedly different from the response to a placebo (P less than 0.01). These data show that non-cardioselective agents (propranolol and oxprenolol), cardioselective agents (practolol, metoprolol and tolamolol), as well as drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (oxprenolol and practolol), were equally effective in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Comparison of the immediate effects of five beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs with different ancillary properties in angina pectoris. We compared the immediate effects of five beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents in 16 patients with stable angina pectoris. Acute dose-response studies showed that all five drugs improved exercise tolerance and reduced ST-segment depression, heart rate and blood pressure by a similar degree in comparison with a placebo (P less than 0.01). Near maximum improvement in exercise tolerance occurred when the acute cumulative oral dose had reached 160 mg for propranolol and oxprenolol, 200 mg for metoprolol and tolamolol and 400 mg for practolol. When these drugs were administered as a single doses, increase in walking time before the development of angina and reduction in ST-segment depression, heart rate and systolic blood pressure all occurred within one hour and persisted for eight hours--effects markedly different from the response to a placebo (P less than 0.01). These data show that non-cardioselective agents (propranolol and oxprenolol), cardioselective agents (practolol, metoprolol and tolamolol), as well as drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (oxprenolol and practolol), were equally effective in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 581782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1072", "title": "Polyneuropathy, alopecia areata, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy developed alopecia totalis shortly after a pertussis-like illness and, subsequently, developed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and diffuse polyneuritis.", "contents": "Polyneuropathy, alopecia areata, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. A 14-year-old boy developed alopecia totalis shortly after a pertussis-like illness and, subsequently, developed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and diffuse polyneuritis.", "PMID": 581785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1073", "title": "Galvanic skin response in photosensitive children.", "content": "Investigations of galvanic skin response under stress by different stimuli were carried out in 65 photosensitive and 70 non-photosensitive subjects aged 11--17 years. Photosensitive individuals at the age of 12--15 years showed a more pronounced skin reaction than non-photosensitive ones. The emotional reagibility (expressed by IE = (SEE TEXT), Traxel 1960, Stocksmeier and Langosch 1973) shows significantly higher values than in nonphotosensitive children. In addition to this, photosensitive subjects demonstrate a delayed habituation. Together with further results (Gross-Selbeck et al. 1976) the findings indicate that photosensitivity is not the isolated symptom of a genetically determined increased cerebral excitability, which can represent a factor in the pathogenesis of epilepsy for instance, but must be understood as a special characteristic of a particular constitution.", "contents": "Galvanic skin response in photosensitive children. Investigations of galvanic skin response under stress by different stimuli were carried out in 65 photosensitive and 70 non-photosensitive subjects aged 11--17 years. Photosensitive individuals at the age of 12--15 years showed a more pronounced skin reaction than non-photosensitive ones. The emotional reagibility (expressed by IE = (SEE TEXT), Traxel 1960, Stocksmeier and Langosch 1973) shows significantly higher values than in nonphotosensitive children. In addition to this, photosensitive subjects demonstrate a delayed habituation. Together with further results (Gross-Selbeck et al. 1976) the findings indicate that photosensitivity is not the isolated symptom of a genetically determined increased cerebral excitability, which can represent a factor in the pathogenesis of epilepsy for instance, but must be understood as a special characteristic of a particular constitution.", "PMID": 581786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1074", "title": "Removal of craniopharyngioma by subnasal-transsphenoidal operation.", "content": "Two children with transsphenoidal microneurosurgical extirpation of a craniopharyngioma are presented. The value of this relatively new surgical approach is demonstrated, and the indication for transsphenoidal microsurgery in selected cases of craniopharyngioma is discussed in relation to the hitherto few similar case reports in the pertinent literature. The subnasal-transsphenoidal approach is the operative method of choice in purely or mainly intrasellar craniopharyngioma. This operation is also indicated in combined intra- and suprasellar craniopharyngiomas where the solid portion of the tumor is located intrasellarly and where the cystic part extends suprasellarly. In addition, the transsphenoidal operation may be a safe procedure in emergency cases with rapid loss of vision provided that the craniopharyngioma does not have a purely supra- and parasellar expansion. The esseential prerequisite for transsphenoidal neurosurgery in craniopharyngioma is an enlarged sella turcica. The importance of computerized cranial tomography with regard to preoperative differential diagnosis of a predominantly solid or cystic lesion and to postoperative control of radical tumor excision is emphasized. It is assumed that 25% of all patients with craniopharyngioma could benefit from transsphenoidal operation.", "contents": "Removal of craniopharyngioma by subnasal-transsphenoidal operation. Two children with transsphenoidal microneurosurgical extirpation of a craniopharyngioma are presented. The value of this relatively new surgical approach is demonstrated, and the indication for transsphenoidal microsurgery in selected cases of craniopharyngioma is discussed in relation to the hitherto few similar case reports in the pertinent literature. The subnasal-transsphenoidal approach is the operative method of choice in purely or mainly intrasellar craniopharyngioma. This operation is also indicated in combined intra- and suprasellar craniopharyngiomas where the solid portion of the tumor is located intrasellarly and where the cystic part extends suprasellarly. In addition, the transsphenoidal operation may be a safe procedure in emergency cases with rapid loss of vision provided that the craniopharyngioma does not have a purely supra- and parasellar expansion. The esseential prerequisite for transsphenoidal neurosurgery in craniopharyngioma is an enlarged sella turcica. The importance of computerized cranial tomography with regard to preoperative differential diagnosis of a predominantly solid or cystic lesion and to postoperative control of radical tumor excision is emphasized. It is assumed that 25% of all patients with craniopharyngioma could benefit from transsphenoidal operation.", "PMID": 581787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1075", "title": "Computed tomography of the brain in children with minimal brain damage: a preliminary study of 46 children.", "content": "Forty-six children aged 4 to 15 years with minimal brain damage (MBD) underwent computed cranial tomography (CT). The criteria used for a diagnosis of MDB was the presence of clinical features of a developmental disturbance of the central nervous system causing incoordination. CT revealed abnormalities in 15 cases (32.6%), consisting in cerebral atrophy, asymmetry or an anomaly.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the brain in children with minimal brain damage: a preliminary study of 46 children. Forty-six children aged 4 to 15 years with minimal brain damage (MBD) underwent computed cranial tomography (CT). The criteria used for a diagnosis of MDB was the presence of clinical features of a developmental disturbance of the central nervous system causing incoordination. CT revealed abnormalities in 15 cases (32.6%), consisting in cerebral atrophy, asymmetry or an anomaly.", "PMID": 581790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1076", "title": "Sexually transmissible vaginal infections in pregnancy. 1. Common infections.", "content": "Infections of the reproductive tract in women of childbearing age menace not only the mother but also the offspring. Syphilis and gonorrhea may be lethal to the fetus. Candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and condylomata acuminata have less drastic effects on the fetus but if untreated are often troublesome to both the mother and child.", "contents": "Sexually transmissible vaginal infections in pregnancy. 1. Common infections. Infections of the reproductive tract in women of childbearing age menace not only the mother but also the offspring. Syphilis and gonorrhea may be lethal to the fetus. Candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and condylomata acuminata have less drastic effects on the fetus but if untreated are often troublesome to both the mother and child.", "PMID": 581795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1077", "title": "[Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases: practical approach (author's transl)].", "content": "Even today we still do not have enough precise information either on the number of diseases which should be included in this collective concept or on the frequency of the diseases and their complications. Information is also lacking on methods for measuring these frequencies and assuring satisfactory surveillance. Various methods of gauging the frequency of these diseases are examined and evaluated and a practical surveillance programme is suggested.", "contents": "[Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases: practical approach (author's transl)]. Even today we still do not have enough precise information either on the number of diseases which should be included in this collective concept or on the frequency of the diseases and their complications. Information is also lacking on methods for measuring these frequencies and assuring satisfactory surveillance. Various methods of gauging the frequency of these diseases are examined and evaluated and a practical surveillance programme is suggested.", "PMID": 581796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1078", "title": "Leukemic (or stage V) lymphosarcoma.", "content": "We have studied 24 cases of secondarily leukemic (stage V) lymphosarcoma (LS), 31 cases of \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS, and ten cases of lymphoid leukemic neoplasias transitional between \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These cases only concern the common types of the WHO classification of LS, i.e., the prolymphocytic, the lymhoblastic, and the immunoblastic. Some cases have also been classified by cell surface markers. The secondarily leukemic conversion occurred in 40% of the lymphoblastic types, in 14% of the prolymphocytic types, and in 17% of the immunoblastic types. It never occurred at stage I but could occur after any other stage. The mediastinal involvement was observed in three types, but most often in the lymphoblastic type. The prognosis after an acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) treatment comprising active immunotherapy following chemo(radio)therapy is better for the leukemic prolymphocytic and lymphoblastic LS than for the immunoblastic type. Two patients (one of the lymphoblastic type) are in complete remission after 8 and 5 years, respectively. We have described ten cases of \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS with either large lymphoid or extra-lymphoid masses, bone marrow leukemic cell involvement, and LS aspects of neoplastic cells. Mediastinal abdominal, or other tumor masses are frequent. The prognosis for \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS following an ALL treatment is less favorable than ALL prognosis for patients of all ages including children. However, the first remission curve breaks at the 18th month and may form a plateau for about 30% of the patients of all ages. One patient has been in remission for more than 8 years after immunotherapy. We have also described ten cases of lymphoid neoplasia, whose cells cytologically and by the intensity of Ig secretion resemble leukemic prolymphocytic LS cells. However, the disease is more sensitive to CLL treatment than to LS or ALL treatment. Hence, there may be transitional conditions between leukemic LS and CLL. Finally, we have discussed the different possible frontiers between nonleukemic and leukemic LS and proposed two tests to detect the leukemic stage early: the systematic search for LS cells in the peripheral blood after concentration of nucleated cells by centrifugation and for cells carrying immune markers in the isolated mononuclear cell population of peripheral blood and the bone marrow.", "contents": "Leukemic (or stage V) lymphosarcoma. We have studied 24 cases of secondarily leukemic (stage V) lymphosarcoma (LS), 31 cases of \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS, and ten cases of lymphoid leukemic neoplasias transitional between \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These cases only concern the common types of the WHO classification of LS, i.e., the prolymphocytic, the lymhoblastic, and the immunoblastic. Some cases have also been classified by cell surface markers. The secondarily leukemic conversion occurred in 40% of the lymphoblastic types, in 14% of the prolymphocytic types, and in 17% of the immunoblastic types. It never occurred at stage I but could occur after any other stage. The mediastinal involvement was observed in three types, but most often in the lymphoblastic type. The prognosis after an acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) treatment comprising active immunotherapy following chemo(radio)therapy is better for the leukemic prolymphocytic and lymphoblastic LS than for the immunoblastic type. Two patients (one of the lymphoblastic type) are in complete remission after 8 and 5 years, respectively. We have described ten cases of \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS with either large lymphoid or extra-lymphoid masses, bone marrow leukemic cell involvement, and LS aspects of neoplastic cells. Mediastinal abdominal, or other tumor masses are frequent. The prognosis for \"d'embl\u00e9e\" leukemic LS following an ALL treatment is less favorable than ALL prognosis for patients of all ages including children. However, the first remission curve breaks at the 18th month and may form a plateau for about 30% of the patients of all ages. One patient has been in remission for more than 8 years after immunotherapy. We have also described ten cases of lymphoid neoplasia, whose cells cytologically and by the intensity of Ig secretion resemble leukemic prolymphocytic LS cells. However, the disease is more sensitive to CLL treatment than to LS or ALL treatment. Hence, there may be transitional conditions between leukemic LS and CLL. Finally, we have discussed the different possible frontiers between nonleukemic and leukemic LS and proposed two tests to detect the leukemic stage early: the systematic search for LS cells in the peripheral blood after concentration of nucleated cells by centrifugation and for cells carrying immune markers in the isolated mononuclear cell population of peripheral blood and the bone marrow.", "PMID": 581797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1079", "title": "[Autoimmunological receptor diseases].", "content": "Specific chemical signals are recognized by cell receptors which initiate an appropriate biologic response. Autoimmune reactions against hormone receptors can lead to failure of receptor function. Several mechanisms are responsible for either abnormal stimulation or blockade of the receptor-mediated intracellular events. Immunoglobulins which compete with hormone binding to receptors have been found in Graves' disease, in myasthenia gravis, in acanthosis nigricans with insulin resistance, and in a seizure disorder with primary IgA deficiency.", "contents": "[Autoimmunological receptor diseases]. Specific chemical signals are recognized by cell receptors which initiate an appropriate biologic response. Autoimmune reactions against hormone receptors can lead to failure of receptor function. Several mechanisms are responsible for either abnormal stimulation or blockade of the receptor-mediated intracellular events. Immunoglobulins which compete with hormone binding to receptors have been found in Graves' disease, in myasthenia gravis, in acanthosis nigricans with insulin resistance, and in a seizure disorder with primary IgA deficiency.", "PMID": 581799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1080", "title": "Cytokinetic analysis at various ages of an ascites tumor after radiation.", "content": "A cytokinetic analysis has been made of 5-day and of 10-day old murine 6C3HED ascites lymphosarcoma (Gardner) by using a growth curve, percentage of labeled mitoses curves, and continuous labeling curves. The doubling time increased from 36 h in the proliferative phase of growth to 252h in the stationary phase. The slowing down of the growth rate was due to prolongation of the cell cycle time, with greatest extension in G1 and increased cell loss. The measurement of the kinetic parameters made immediately after irradiation with a whole-body single dose of 3 Gy (300 rad) showed an increase in duration of the cell cycle in the 5-day-old tumor, while in the 10-day-old tumor the cell cycle time was decreased due to reduce length in the G1 phase.", "contents": "Cytokinetic analysis at various ages of an ascites tumor after radiation. A cytokinetic analysis has been made of 5-day and of 10-day old murine 6C3HED ascites lymphosarcoma (Gardner) by using a growth curve, percentage of labeled mitoses curves, and continuous labeling curves. The doubling time increased from 36 h in the proliferative phase of growth to 252h in the stationary phase. The slowing down of the growth rate was due to prolongation of the cell cycle time, with greatest extension in G1 and increased cell loss. The measurement of the kinetic parameters made immediately after irradiation with a whole-body single dose of 3 Gy (300 rad) showed an increase in duration of the cell cycle in the 5-day-old tumor, while in the 10-day-old tumor the cell cycle time was decreased due to reduce length in the G1 phase.", "PMID": 581811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1081", "title": "[Rare malignant tumors of the lungs (44 cases)].", "content": "Since 1963 in the All-Union Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery 1445 patients with malignant lung tumors were operated upon, in 44 patients (3%) rare tumors were observed. The source of the rare tumors origination was: epithelium--in 14 cases, connective tissue--in 3, vessels--in 10, smooth muscle--in 3, nervous tissue--in 2, hemopoietic tissue--in 6, pleura--in 4. In one observation the tumor showed a mixed genesis, and in one case it exhibited a dysembryogenetic character. Rare malignant lung tumors (especially sarcomas, plasmocytomas, mesotheliomas) show a definite specificity of clinico-roentgenological manifestations, that should be taken into accout in establishing the differential diagnosis. The ultimate diagnosis was most frequently put after histological assay of the removed neoplasm. A total of 46 operations were performed (two patients were repeatedly operated upon). An extent of surgical interventions in rare malignant tumors is determined by the size, type of the tumor growth and its localization, and it is largely identical to that in lung cancer.", "contents": "[Rare malignant tumors of the lungs (44 cases)]. Since 1963 in the All-Union Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery 1445 patients with malignant lung tumors were operated upon, in 44 patients (3%) rare tumors were observed. The source of the rare tumors origination was: epithelium--in 14 cases, connective tissue--in 3, vessels--in 10, smooth muscle--in 3, nervous tissue--in 2, hemopoietic tissue--in 6, pleura--in 4. In one observation the tumor showed a mixed genesis, and in one case it exhibited a dysembryogenetic character. Rare malignant lung tumors (especially sarcomas, plasmocytomas, mesotheliomas) show a definite specificity of clinico-roentgenological manifestations, that should be taken into accout in establishing the differential diagnosis. The ultimate diagnosis was most frequently put after histological assay of the removed neoplasm. A total of 46 operations were performed (two patients were repeatedly operated upon). An extent of surgical interventions in rare malignant tumors is determined by the size, type of the tumor growth and its localization, and it is largely identical to that in lung cancer.", "PMID": 581813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1082", "title": "[The value of low-dose segmental or total body irradiation in generalized disease of the lymphoreticular system: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of low-dose segmental or total body irradiation to patients with generalized malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma is discussed. The indications and irradiation procedure are presented in the light of a case report of a patient with generalized intra-abdominal lymphosarcoma and no evidence of disease 5 years after treatment.", "contents": "[The value of low-dose segmental or total body irradiation in generalized disease of the lymphoreticular system: a case report (author's transl)]. The application of low-dose segmental or total body irradiation to patients with generalized malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma is discussed. The indications and irradiation procedure are presented in the light of a case report of a patient with generalized intra-abdominal lymphosarcoma and no evidence of disease 5 years after treatment.", "PMID": 581815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1083", "title": "[Suspension cultures of human malignant lymphoma in the leukocyte migration test].", "content": "The effects of supernatants of primary and secondary malignant human lymphoma cell cultures were analyzed as parameters of spontaneous secretion of factors by these cells using the leukocyte migration test (LMT). Spontaneous cultivation for up to five weeks was successful in four cases. The postulated production of mediators, i.e. the inhibitory and stimulating effects on leukocyte migration were characterized by testing the influence of (a) concentration, (b) temperature and (c) absorption with normal blood leukocytes on the effect. Reproducible stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the migration of normal leukocytes were dependent on concentration and temperature and were apparently mediated by one or more factors. The supernatants of a lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the T-cell type and of a lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma clearly revealed congruous and reproducible inhibitory effects. A further case of lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma that could not exactly be defined with immunological methods either and a case of centroblastic/centrocytic lymphosarcoma exhibited stimulating effects which could be reduced in a time-dependent manner through preincubation with blood leukocytes. The results of these studies support the assumption that malignant lymphoma cells are capable not only of secreting immunoglobulin, but also of other biologically effective secretion. The effects of such secretion are differentiated into stimulating and inhibitory ones. They might be important for the spreading of a tumor or for resistance of the organism to the disease.", "contents": "[Suspension cultures of human malignant lymphoma in the leukocyte migration test]. The effects of supernatants of primary and secondary malignant human lymphoma cell cultures were analyzed as parameters of spontaneous secretion of factors by these cells using the leukocyte migration test (LMT). Spontaneous cultivation for up to five weeks was successful in four cases. The postulated production of mediators, i.e. the inhibitory and stimulating effects on leukocyte migration were characterized by testing the influence of (a) concentration, (b) temperature and (c) absorption with normal blood leukocytes on the effect. Reproducible stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the migration of normal leukocytes were dependent on concentration and temperature and were apparently mediated by one or more factors. The supernatants of a lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the T-cell type and of a lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma clearly revealed congruous and reproducible inhibitory effects. A further case of lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma that could not exactly be defined with immunological methods either and a case of centroblastic/centrocytic lymphosarcoma exhibited stimulating effects which could be reduced in a time-dependent manner through preincubation with blood leukocytes. The results of these studies support the assumption that malignant lymphoma cells are capable not only of secreting immunoglobulin, but also of other biologically effective secretion. The effects of such secretion are differentiated into stimulating and inhibitory ones. They might be important for the spreading of a tumor or for resistance of the organism to the disease.", "PMID": 581818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1084", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in Graves disease.", "content": "The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with Graves disease was tested using chicken erythrocytes coated with rabbit antichicken red blood cell antibody and labelled with 51Cr. An increased cytotoxic activity was found in untreated Graves disease without ophthalmopathy. The cytotoxic activity was less elevated in the groups of patients with severe ophthalmopathy or high level of anti-thyroglobulin antibody, and approximately normal after methimazole treatment.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in Graves disease. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with Graves disease was tested using chicken erythrocytes coated with rabbit antichicken red blood cell antibody and labelled with 51Cr. An increased cytotoxic activity was found in untreated Graves disease without ophthalmopathy. The cytotoxic activity was less elevated in the groups of patients with severe ophthalmopathy or high level of anti-thyroglobulin antibody, and approximately normal after methimazole treatment.", "PMID": 581819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1085", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in mammary glands of pregnant rats after ovariectomy and hysterectomy: effect of adrenal steroids and prolactin.", "content": "Pregnant rats were subjected to oophorectomy and hysterectomy (O-H) on the seventeenth day of pregnancy, a time when serum levels of prolactin, estrogen, and corticosterone are not substantially greater than the respective levels in nonpregnant rats. At 32 hours after O-H, serum prolactin and corticosterone both rose more than threefold, and lactose appeared in the mammary glands. Biopsies of mammary tissue obtained at 8 hour intervals after O-H showed a progressive secretory response over 16 hours, similar to that previously shown to occur within a period of about 4 hours on the last day of pregnancy. Suppression of serum prolactin by ergocriptine administration and adrenalectomy 24 hours before O-H each prevented the secretory response. However, some differences in the effects of deprivation of the two types of hormones were evident. After cortisol acetate administration at O-H, mammary tissue responded rapidly despite adrenalectomy 24 hours earlier. It is concluded that simple withdrawal of progesterone is not sufficient to initiate lactation in the pregnant rat; glucocorticoids must be present continuously during progesterone withdrawal, and prolactin elevation and other factors present at parturition may be required as well.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in mammary glands of pregnant rats after ovariectomy and hysterectomy: effect of adrenal steroids and prolactin. Pregnant rats were subjected to oophorectomy and hysterectomy (O-H) on the seventeenth day of pregnancy, a time when serum levels of prolactin, estrogen, and corticosterone are not substantially greater than the respective levels in nonpregnant rats. At 32 hours after O-H, serum prolactin and corticosterone both rose more than threefold, and lactose appeared in the mammary glands. Biopsies of mammary tissue obtained at 8 hour intervals after O-H showed a progressive secretory response over 16 hours, similar to that previously shown to occur within a period of about 4 hours on the last day of pregnancy. Suppression of serum prolactin by ergocriptine administration and adrenalectomy 24 hours before O-H each prevented the secretory response. However, some differences in the effects of deprivation of the two types of hormones were evident. After cortisol acetate administration at O-H, mammary tissue responded rapidly despite adrenalectomy 24 hours earlier. It is concluded that simple withdrawal of progesterone is not sufficient to initiate lactation in the pregnant rat; glucocorticoids must be present continuously during progesterone withdrawal, and prolactin elevation and other factors present at parturition may be required as well.", "PMID": 581822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1086", "title": "Comparative cranial CT enhancement in a primate model of cerebral infarction.", "content": "The value of various enhancement techniques as opposed to nonenhanced CT scanning was compared in 15 baboons with cerebral infarction secondary to embolization of the left middle cerebral artery. The most prominent CT findings in infarction included an area of low absorption in the opercula--basal ganglia--centrum semiovale region and generalized lateral ventricular enlargement. Intravenous enhancement of the low-density region occurred in 25% of the animals and often obscured the preenhancement abnormality. However, a rapid bolus injection of contrast material followed by immediate consecutive CT scans (computed angiotomography) permitted prominent visualization of early-shunting veins. Delayed scanning following intrathecal enhancement better defined small infarctions that did not exhibit the usual cerebral blush. The CT imaging of inhaled xenon provides a new technique for evaluating subtle abnormalities in cerebral perfusion, even when the routine CT scan shows no abnormality.", "contents": "Comparative cranial CT enhancement in a primate model of cerebral infarction. The value of various enhancement techniques as opposed to nonenhanced CT scanning was compared in 15 baboons with cerebral infarction secondary to embolization of the left middle cerebral artery. The most prominent CT findings in infarction included an area of low absorption in the opercula--basal ganglia--centrum semiovale region and generalized lateral ventricular enlargement. Intravenous enhancement of the low-density region occurred in 25% of the animals and often obscured the preenhancement abnormality. However, a rapid bolus injection of contrast material followed by immediate consecutive CT scans (computed angiotomography) permitted prominent visualization of early-shunting veins. Delayed scanning following intrathecal enhancement better defined small infarctions that did not exhibit the usual cerebral blush. The CT imaging of inhaled xenon provides a new technique for evaluating subtle abnormalities in cerebral perfusion, even when the routine CT scan shows no abnormality.", "PMID": 581830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1087", "title": "Pyrrolo (1,4) benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics: Biosynthetic studies on the conversion of tryptophan to the anthranilic acid moieties of sibiromycin and tomaymycin.", "content": "Biosynthetic intermediates between tryptophan and the anthranilate moieties of tomaymycin and sibiromycin have been suggested, based upon a combination of feeding experiments with either carbon-14-labeled substrates or competition experiments between radiolabeled tryptophan and unlabeled intermediates. In the case of sibiromycin and tomaymycin, substitution of the aromatic ring most likely takes place at the kynurenine stage. Feeding experiments with the anthramycin culture were inconclusive, most likely because of the cell impermeability.", "contents": "Pyrrolo (1,4) benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics: Biosynthetic studies on the conversion of tryptophan to the anthranilic acid moieties of sibiromycin and tomaymycin. Biosynthetic intermediates between tryptophan and the anthranilate moieties of tomaymycin and sibiromycin have been suggested, based upon a combination of feeding experiments with either carbon-14-labeled substrates or competition experiments between radiolabeled tryptophan and unlabeled intermediates. In the case of sibiromycin and tomaymycin, substitution of the aromatic ring most likely takes place at the kynurenine stage. Feeding experiments with the anthramycin culture were inconclusive, most likely because of the cell impermeability.", "PMID": 581831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1088", "title": "Modification of the effects of LSD-25, d-amphetamine and tryptamine on electrically evoked responses in the visual system by methiothepin and octoclothepin.", "content": "LSD-25 (32 microgram/kg), d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg), and tryptamine (320 to 3200 microgram/kg) given intravenously depressed the response recorded in the visual cortex to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm of the chloralose anesthetized cat. Relatively large doses of 1 mg/kg of the dibenzothiepin derivatives, methiothepin and octoclothepin, antagonized the depressant effects of both LSD-25 and tryptamine to a greater degree than d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Modification of the effects of LSD-25, d-amphetamine and tryptamine on electrically evoked responses in the visual system by methiothepin and octoclothepin. LSD-25 (32 microgram/kg), d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg), and tryptamine (320 to 3200 microgram/kg) given intravenously depressed the response recorded in the visual cortex to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm of the chloralose anesthetized cat. Relatively large doses of 1 mg/kg of the dibenzothiepin derivatives, methiothepin and octoclothepin, antagonized the depressant effects of both LSD-25 and tryptamine to a greater degree than d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 581833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1089", "title": "Melanosis of the choroid plexus, ependyma, subependymal neuroglia, and dentate and trigeminal motor nuclei: observations on the choroidal and ependymal cilia.", "content": "Melanosis of the choroid plexus, ependyma, subependymal neuroglia of the fourth ventricle, and dentate and trigeminal motor nuclei was found in a 50-year-old man who died with cor pulmonale, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, and intracerebral hemorrhage. This case is the first known example of melanosis not associated with neurocutaneous melanosis to involve multiple structures of the brain. Nonenzymatic conversion of lipofuscin into melanin is suggested as the mechanism of the melanosis. Cilia of the choroidal epithelium and ependyma were identified in this case, despite a long delay in postmortem examination. These observations on choroidal epithelium confirm previous reports that the choroid plexus of man is ciliated, as in other mammals and lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Melanosis of the choroid plexus, ependyma, subependymal neuroglia, and dentate and trigeminal motor nuclei: observations on the choroidal and ependymal cilia. Melanosis of the choroid plexus, ependyma, subependymal neuroglia of the fourth ventricle, and dentate and trigeminal motor nuclei was found in a 50-year-old man who died with cor pulmonale, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, and intracerebral hemorrhage. This case is the first known example of melanosis not associated with neurocutaneous melanosis to involve multiple structures of the brain. Nonenzymatic conversion of lipofuscin into melanin is suggested as the mechanism of the melanosis. Cilia of the choroidal epithelium and ependyma were identified in this case, despite a long delay in postmortem examination. These observations on choroidal epithelium confirm previous reports that the choroid plexus of man is ciliated, as in other mammals and lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 581835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1090", "title": "Anencephaly and heterotopic central nervous tissue in lungs.", "content": "Heterotopic nodules of moderately well-differentiated central nervous tissue were seen in the lung of a full-term anencephalic baby who survived a few hours after birth. The pathogenesis of this rare condition remains obscure. None of the three hypotheses previously offered to explain this condition can be accepted or rejected on the basis of the recorded evidence.", "contents": "Anencephaly and heterotopic central nervous tissue in lungs. Heterotopic nodules of moderately well-differentiated central nervous tissue were seen in the lung of a full-term anencephalic baby who survived a few hours after birth. The pathogenesis of this rare condition remains obscure. None of the three hypotheses previously offered to explain this condition can be accepted or rejected on the basis of the recorded evidence.", "PMID": 581836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1091", "title": "Neuroblastoma and adrenal morphologic features in anencephalic infants.", "content": "At autopsy, an incidental congenital neuroblastoma was found in the adrenal gland of an 8-day-old full-term anencephalic baby. This previously unreported coincidence of neuroblastoma and anencephaly prompted a retrospective study of adrenal morphologic features in 20 anencephalic patients and 20 matched controls. Anencephalic adrenal glands were smaller and the fasciculoreticular zone was thinner (average 32%) than in the normal controls (average 76%). The neural crest-derived cells represented an average of 2% of the total gland area in anencephalic patients and 0.5% in the controls. These findings, statistically significant and compatible with previous studies, verify the deficient development of the fetal cortex in anencephalic patients. Furthermore, the neural component in anencephalic patients may be delayed in its maturation by the abnormal cortex, and thus may be prone to undergo malignant transformation and become a neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma and adrenal morphologic features in anencephalic infants. At autopsy, an incidental congenital neuroblastoma was found in the adrenal gland of an 8-day-old full-term anencephalic baby. This previously unreported coincidence of neuroblastoma and anencephaly prompted a retrospective study of adrenal morphologic features in 20 anencephalic patients and 20 matched controls. Anencephalic adrenal glands were smaller and the fasciculoreticular zone was thinner (average 32%) than in the normal controls (average 76%). The neural crest-derived cells represented an average of 2% of the total gland area in anencephalic patients and 0.5% in the controls. These findings, statistically significant and compatible with previous studies, verify the deficient development of the fetal cortex in anencephalic patients. Furthermore, the neural component in anencephalic patients may be delayed in its maturation by the abnormal cortex, and thus may be prone to undergo malignant transformation and become a neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 581837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1092", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the spleen: a report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Results of the ultrastructural study of one of two cases of splenic angiosarcoma established the blood vessel origin of this tumor. Fifty-three previously reported cases were reviewed. None of the 55 patients had a history of exposure to thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic, which are known to be associated with hepatic angiosarcoma and other tumors. A comparison of the splenic and hepatic angiosarcomas showed that tumors not associated with exogenous material frequently involve the spleen and liver simultaneously, and that tumors associated with thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic commonly involve the liver with sparing of the spleen.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the spleen: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Results of the ultrastructural study of one of two cases of splenic angiosarcoma established the blood vessel origin of this tumor. Fifty-three previously reported cases were reviewed. None of the 55 patients had a history of exposure to thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic, which are known to be associated with hepatic angiosarcoma and other tumors. A comparison of the splenic and hepatic angiosarcomas showed that tumors not associated with exogenous material frequently involve the spleen and liver simultaneously, and that tumors associated with thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic commonly involve the liver with sparing of the spleen.", "PMID": 581838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1093", "title": "The big and/or soft spleen: a survey of necropsy specimens.", "content": "A statistical survey of the necropsy population, for the year 1973, at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif, was performed to determine changes occurring in the spleen. When cirrhosis of the liver was present, spleens were usually enlarged but not substantially firmer. In cases in which there was no cirrhosis, severe systemic infection was not accompanied by splenomegaly, although spleen softening was present. Generally, spleen size did not appear to be related to its own consistency. However, when cirrhosis of the liver was present, severe infection was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the spleen, with no change in consistency; but in these cases, there was less infection at the time of death. Splenomalacia was not shown to be related to postmortem autolysis. The spleen weight decreased only slightly with aging.", "contents": "The big and/or soft spleen: a survey of necropsy specimens. A statistical survey of the necropsy population, for the year 1973, at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif, was performed to determine changes occurring in the spleen. When cirrhosis of the liver was present, spleens were usually enlarged but not substantially firmer. In cases in which there was no cirrhosis, severe systemic infection was not accompanied by splenomegaly, although spleen softening was present. Generally, spleen size did not appear to be related to its own consistency. However, when cirrhosis of the liver was present, severe infection was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the spleen, with no change in consistency; but in these cases, there was less infection at the time of death. Splenomalacia was not shown to be related to postmortem autolysis. The spleen weight decreased only slightly with aging.", "PMID": 581839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1094", "title": "Campylobacter fetus sepsis with mycotic aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus is a fastidious, curved, Gram-negative bacillus that has been increasingly associated with human disease. To our knowledge, we are reporting the first documented case of C fetus sepsis associated with an aortic mycotic aneurysm. Typical of previously reported cases of infections caused by this organism, this case involved a debilitated patient who was seen initially with a subacute febrile illness associated with bacteremia, but who died suddenly when the unsuspected aneurysm ruptured. The isolate was presumptively identified by its growth characteristics, motility, curved shape, and the presence of a single polar flagellum.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus sepsis with mycotic aortic aneurysm. Campylobacter fetus is a fastidious, curved, Gram-negative bacillus that has been increasingly associated with human disease. To our knowledge, we are reporting the first documented case of C fetus sepsis associated with an aortic mycotic aneurysm. Typical of previously reported cases of infections caused by this organism, this case involved a debilitated patient who was seen initially with a subacute febrile illness associated with bacteremia, but who died suddenly when the unsuspected aneurysm ruptured. The isolate was presumptively identified by its growth characteristics, motility, curved shape, and the presence of a single polar flagellum.", "PMID": 581840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1095", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in hepatocytes of chronic active liver disease.", "content": "To study the morphologic interrelation of hepatocytes with the replication of hepatitis B vius (HBV) and immunocompetent cells in chronic active liver disease(CALD), organ cultures were prepared from liver biopsy specimens. Replication of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) appears to occur in the nucleus of the hepatocyte in close association with intranuclear electron-dense strands and sometimes intranucleolar matrixes (likely HBcAg genomes), and cytoplasmic maturation of the HBcAg takes place in the preautolytic condition of host hepatocytes. Immunocompetent cells became progressively autolyzed in the early period of cultures. No difference in progression of hepatocyte injury in tissues from normal subjects and from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative patients with CALD may suggest that intracellular synthesis of HBV alone is not cytopathic to host hepatocytes. This model is promising for the study of HBV replication and development, and also for testing the efficacy of new antiviral agents against the virus.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in hepatocytes of chronic active liver disease. To study the morphologic interrelation of hepatocytes with the replication of hepatitis B vius (HBV) and immunocompetent cells in chronic active liver disease(CALD), organ cultures were prepared from liver biopsy specimens. Replication of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) appears to occur in the nucleus of the hepatocyte in close association with intranuclear electron-dense strands and sometimes intranucleolar matrixes (likely HBcAg genomes), and cytoplasmic maturation of the HBcAg takes place in the preautolytic condition of host hepatocytes. Immunocompetent cells became progressively autolyzed in the early period of cultures. No difference in progression of hepatocyte injury in tissues from normal subjects and from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative patients with CALD may suggest that intracellular synthesis of HBV alone is not cytopathic to host hepatocytes. This model is promising for the study of HBV replication and development, and also for testing the efficacy of new antiviral agents against the virus.", "PMID": 581844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1096", "title": "Indeterminate colitis in the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "During a ten-year period, a double-blind retrospective study of 32 colectomy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) showed that the majority of cases could be clearly separated into ulcerative colitis (UC, 65%) and Crohn's disease (CD, 19%). However, in five (16%) colectomy specimens, the pathologic changes did not fulfill the criteria generally accepted for UC and CD. Criteria were laid down to differentiate the indeterminate form of colitis from the two more familiar types of IBD. We discuss the value of the category \"indeterminate colitis\" and emphasize that the term \"transmural inflammation\" is loosely used and that accurate definition of this criterion removes much of the difficulty from the differential diagnosis of IBD.", "contents": "Indeterminate colitis in the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease. During a ten-year period, a double-blind retrospective study of 32 colectomy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) showed that the majority of cases could be clearly separated into ulcerative colitis (UC, 65%) and Crohn's disease (CD, 19%). However, in five (16%) colectomy specimens, the pathologic changes did not fulfill the criteria generally accepted for UC and CD. Criteria were laid down to differentiate the indeterminate form of colitis from the two more familiar types of IBD. We discuss the value of the category \"indeterminate colitis\" and emphasize that the term \"transmural inflammation\" is loosely used and that accurate definition of this criterion removes much of the difficulty from the differential diagnosis of IBD.", "PMID": 581845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1097", "title": "Lysosomes in Brenner's tumor simulating secretory argentaffin granules.", "content": "Argentaffin cells were searched for in the epithelial nests of 30 Brenner's tumors, with the Fontana-Masson stain for the screening. Although these cells were found in five tumors, ultrastructural examination of one case, in which the argentaffin cells were multiple, identified the cytoplasmic granules as lysosomes and not as amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD)-type granules. We conclude that the epithelial component of Brenner's tumors consists of urothelium only and does not include the cells containing argentaffin APUD-type granules.", "contents": "Lysosomes in Brenner's tumor simulating secretory argentaffin granules. Argentaffin cells were searched for in the epithelial nests of 30 Brenner's tumors, with the Fontana-Masson stain for the screening. Although these cells were found in five tumors, ultrastructural examination of one case, in which the argentaffin cells were multiple, identified the cytoplasmic granules as lysosomes and not as amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD)-type granules. We conclude that the epithelial component of Brenner's tumors consists of urothelium only and does not include the cells containing argentaffin APUD-type granules.", "PMID": 581846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1098", "title": "Glomerular lesions in benign essential hypertension. A study of eight biopsy specimens with laboratory evidence suggestive of glomerular abnormalities.", "content": "We performed renal biopsies on eight patients who had benign essential hypertension but laboratory abnormalities suggestive of glomerulonephritis. Persistent microscopic hematuria was detected in four patients, proteinuria in five, RBC casts in two, and decreased glomerular filtration in seven. In all eight biopsy specimens, we detected hyaline arterionephrosclerosis, focal glomerular obsolescence, and segmental, afibrillar thickening of glomerular basement membranes. Direct immunofluorescence studies performed on all eight samples were negative for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Although the patients in our study had laboratory findings suggestive of glomerulonephritis, the morphologic changes were indicative of benign essential hypertension.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in benign essential hypertension. A study of eight biopsy specimens with laboratory evidence suggestive of glomerular abnormalities. We performed renal biopsies on eight patients who had benign essential hypertension but laboratory abnormalities suggestive of glomerulonephritis. Persistent microscopic hematuria was detected in four patients, proteinuria in five, RBC casts in two, and decreased glomerular filtration in seven. In all eight biopsy specimens, we detected hyaline arterionephrosclerosis, focal glomerular obsolescence, and segmental, afibrillar thickening of glomerular basement membranes. Direct immunofluorescence studies performed on all eight samples were negative for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Although the patients in our study had laboratory findings suggestive of glomerulonephritis, the morphologic changes were indicative of benign essential hypertension.", "PMID": 581847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1099", "title": "Conus medullaris syndrome following multiple intrathecal corticosteroid injections.", "content": "Few serious complications have been associated with the intrathecal administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy. This case of conus medullaris syndrome, which occurred coincident with multiple intrathecal steroid injections, suggests a more cautious approach to the treatment of benign disease by this method.", "contents": "Conus medullaris syndrome following multiple intrathecal corticosteroid injections. Few serious complications have been associated with the intrathecal administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy. This case of conus medullaris syndrome, which occurred coincident with multiple intrathecal steroid injections, suggests a more cautious approach to the treatment of benign disease by this method.", "PMID": 581851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1100", "title": "Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues.", "content": "The present experiments were designed to investigate in vitro interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and rabbit joint collagenous tissues containing trapped immune complexes. Articular cartilages and menisci from antigen-injected and control joints were incubated with normal PMN isolated from rabbit peritoneal exudates or blood. After incubation of cartilage and menisci from antigen-injected joints with PMN, large numbers of PMN became attached to the articular surface. In areas of superficial erosion, the PMN invaded the tissue several cell diameters below the articular surface. Through immunoelectron microscopy, degranulated PMN were observed in scattered areas to phagocytose amorphous material containing rabbit Ig. Following addition of PMN to control tissues, only a few PMN became attached to the articular surface. When tissues from monosodium urate-injected joints were incubated with PMN, these cells were found attached to the surface in moderate numbers, but invasion into the tissues was not seen. These studies indicate that immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues may lead to enhanced release of lysosomal hydrolases.", "contents": "Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues. The present experiments were designed to investigate in vitro interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and rabbit joint collagenous tissues containing trapped immune complexes. Articular cartilages and menisci from antigen-injected and control joints were incubated with normal PMN isolated from rabbit peritoneal exudates or blood. After incubation of cartilage and menisci from antigen-injected joints with PMN, large numbers of PMN became attached to the articular surface. In areas of superficial erosion, the PMN invaded the tissue several cell diameters below the articular surface. Through immunoelectron microscopy, degranulated PMN were observed in scattered areas to phagocytose amorphous material containing rabbit Ig. Following addition of PMN to control tissues, only a few PMN became attached to the articular surface. When tissues from monosodium urate-injected joints were incubated with PMN, these cells were found attached to the surface in moderate numbers, but invasion into the tissues was not seen. These studies indicate that immune complexes trapped in joint collagenous tissues may lead to enhanced release of lysosomal hydrolases.", "PMID": 581852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1101", "title": "Improved prognosis for patients with mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma.", "content": "Patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma (which includes convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma) with mediastinal involvement have predictable progression of disease to a leukemic phase that is cytologically indistinguishable from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Therefore we treated 12 patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma involving the mediastinum with therapy that is effective in ALL. Treatment consisted of intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and preventive central nervous system therapy (craniocervical irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate). Mediastinal irradiation was given either for initial respiratory distress or to patients who had incomplete regression of disease following induction chemotherapy. Eleven patients achieve complete remission. With a median follow-up of 41 mo, and using life table analysis, 86% of these patients have remained in continuous complete remission. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of treating diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma with mediastinal presentation as a disseminated lymphoid malignancy.", "contents": "Improved prognosis for patients with mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. Patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma (which includes convoluted lymphocytic lymphoma) with mediastinal involvement have predictable progression of disease to a leukemic phase that is cytologically indistinguishable from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Therefore we treated 12 patients with diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma involving the mediastinum with therapy that is effective in ALL. Treatment consisted of intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and preventive central nervous system therapy (craniocervical irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate). Mediastinal irradiation was given either for initial respiratory distress or to patients who had incomplete regression of disease following induction chemotherapy. Eleven patients achieve complete remission. With a median follow-up of 41 mo, and using life table analysis, 86% of these patients have remained in continuous complete remission. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of treating diffuse lymphoblastic lymphoma with mediastinal presentation as a disseminated lymphoid malignancy.", "PMID": 581853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1102", "title": "Alternative postmeniscectomy regimen.", "content": "Eighty patients who had undergone routine meniscectomy were divided into two groups for postoperative management. The first 40 patients were treated by the traditional method of a compression bandage with a backsplint, followed by a 10-day stay in hospital. In the other 40 patients a compression bandage was applied, reinforced by a plaster cylinder. Weight-bearing was allowed with the aid of crutches, and patients were discharged after four days in hospital. Adequate splintage and early ambulation was more convenient and comfortable for postoperative management, and no complications ensued. Less time was needed for physiotherapy, and earlier return to work and resumption of normal activities were made easier.", "contents": "Alternative postmeniscectomy regimen. Eighty patients who had undergone routine meniscectomy were divided into two groups for postoperative management. The first 40 patients were treated by the traditional method of a compression bandage with a backsplint, followed by a 10-day stay in hospital. In the other 40 patients a compression bandage was applied, reinforced by a plaster cylinder. Weight-bearing was allowed with the aid of crutches, and patients were discharged after four days in hospital. Adequate splintage and early ambulation was more convenient and comfortable for postoperative management, and no complications ensued. Less time was needed for physiotherapy, and earlier return to work and resumption of normal activities were made easier.", "PMID": 581856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1103", "title": "Induction of neurofibrillary degeneration following treatment with maytansine in vivo.", "content": "The effects of maytansine (MYT), a naturally occurring ansa macrolide and potent antimitotic drug that binds to tubulin, were studied by light and electron microscopy in the central nervous system of rabbits. Respectively, 17 and 5 animals were sacrified at various time intervals following a single intrathecal or intraocular injection of the agent. The rabbits responded to the intrathecal injection with progressively severe weakness. By 19 h following injection the neurons of the cervical spinal cord, medulla and pons showed, by light microscopy, a marked clumping of the Nissl substance, while on the third day and later the nerve cell perikarya and dendrites displayed severe neurofibrillary changes. By electron microscopy several cytological alterations were observed as early as 19 h; among them were the clumping of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the reduction in number of microtubules, and the presence of a fine, floccular and amorphous material. The perikaryonal and dendritic neurofibrillary changes appeared as tangles and/or bundles of10 nm neurofilaments. In the intraocularly injected rabbits the earliest changes observed in retinal ganglion cells were the severe reduction in microtubule number and the presence of an amorphous material. The neurofibrillary changes seen at later times were comparable with those observed in the cervical cord and brain stem. Although the molecular events occurring between the formation of the intracytoplasmic MYT-tubulin complexes and the accumulation of filaments are not known, the present results indicate that the proliferation of neurofilaments is chronologically preceded by the reduction in number of the microtubules and by the appearance of an amorphous floccular material in the cytoplasm. It is emphasized that despite differences in binding characteristics and physico-chemical properties, maytansine, colchicine and the Vinca alkaloids have, as a common denominator, the property of interfering with the process of utilization of tubulin and in that way they seem to differ from other chemical agents known to induce neurofibrillary degeneration.", "contents": "Induction of neurofibrillary degeneration following treatment with maytansine in vivo. The effects of maytansine (MYT), a naturally occurring ansa macrolide and potent antimitotic drug that binds to tubulin, were studied by light and electron microscopy in the central nervous system of rabbits. Respectively, 17 and 5 animals were sacrified at various time intervals following a single intrathecal or intraocular injection of the agent. The rabbits responded to the intrathecal injection with progressively severe weakness. By 19 h following injection the neurons of the cervical spinal cord, medulla and pons showed, by light microscopy, a marked clumping of the Nissl substance, while on the third day and later the nerve cell perikarya and dendrites displayed severe neurofibrillary changes. By electron microscopy several cytological alterations were observed as early as 19 h; among them were the clumping of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the reduction in number of microtubules, and the presence of a fine, floccular and amorphous material. The perikaryonal and dendritic neurofibrillary changes appeared as tangles and/or bundles of10 nm neurofilaments. In the intraocularly injected rabbits the earliest changes observed in retinal ganglion cells were the severe reduction in microtubule number and the presence of an amorphous material. The neurofibrillary changes seen at later times were comparable with those observed in the cervical cord and brain stem. Although the molecular events occurring between the formation of the intracytoplasmic MYT-tubulin complexes and the accumulation of filaments are not known, the present results indicate that the proliferation of neurofilaments is chronologically preceded by the reduction in number of the microtubules and by the appearance of an amorphous floccular material in the cytoplasm. It is emphasized that despite differences in binding characteristics and physico-chemical properties, maytansine, colchicine and the Vinca alkaloids have, as a common denominator, the property of interfering with the process of utilization of tubulin and in that way they seem to differ from other chemical agents known to induce neurofibrillary degeneration.", "PMID": 581857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1104", "title": "Effect of non-fat dry milk on recovery of staphylococcal thermonuclease from foods.", "content": "Modification of the method of Tatini et al. (1976) by addition of non-fat dry milk (NFDM) to food samples and subsequent acid precipitation at pH 3.8 enhanced the recovery of staphylococcal thermonuclease (TNase) from most of 37 foods tested. The modified TNase assay method allowed detection of 10 ng (0.002 units) of the enzyme per gram of each of the following foods: ground beef, boiled egg products, whey powder, fruit-containing yogurt, dressings and spreads, potato and egg salads, and pastas, all of which gave false-negative results without NFDM.", "contents": "Effect of non-fat dry milk on recovery of staphylococcal thermonuclease from foods. Modification of the method of Tatini et al. (1976) by addition of non-fat dry milk (NFDM) to food samples and subsequent acid precipitation at pH 3.8 enhanced the recovery of staphylococcal thermonuclease (TNase) from most of 37 foods tested. The modified TNase assay method allowed detection of 10 ng (0.002 units) of the enzyme per gram of each of the following foods: ground beef, boiled egg products, whey powder, fruit-containing yogurt, dressings and spreads, potato and egg salads, and pastas, all of which gave false-negative results without NFDM.", "PMID": 581858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1105", "title": "The effects of fenclozic acid on fertility of male rats.", "content": "Fenclozic acid, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was administered to male rats by stomach intubation. A second group of rats received the vehicle (1% methylcellulose) alone. The dose schedule used was 75 mg/kg on day 1, 50 mg/kg on day 2 and 25 mg/kg on days 3, 4 and 5. The dose was progressively reduced to eliminate the toxic effects seen in the initial stages of the treatment. All the animals had normal fertility and libido before treatment and during administration of the vehicle. However, sterility or subfertility was seen in 4 of the 6 animals treated with fenclozic acid. Sperm were always present in the vaginal smears. It was concluded that the reduction in fertility was probably caused by an effect of the drug on maturation or metabolism of the sperm.", "contents": "The effects of fenclozic acid on fertility of male rats. Fenclozic acid, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was administered to male rats by stomach intubation. A second group of rats received the vehicle (1% methylcellulose) alone. The dose schedule used was 75 mg/kg on day 1, 50 mg/kg on day 2 and 25 mg/kg on days 3, 4 and 5. The dose was progressively reduced to eliminate the toxic effects seen in the initial stages of the treatment. All the animals had normal fertility and libido before treatment and during administration of the vehicle. However, sterility or subfertility was seen in 4 of the 6 animals treated with fenclozic acid. Sperm were always present in the vaginal smears. It was concluded that the reduction in fertility was probably caused by an effect of the drug on maturation or metabolism of the sperm.", "PMID": 581863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1106", "title": "Esophageal motor function in Graves' disease.", "content": "Esophageal motor function was studied in 10 patients with untreated Graves' disease and 15 healthy volunteers who served as controls. A noncompliant recording system with a triple-lumen assembly was used. Resting upper- and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressures, amplitude, duration, and velocity of peristaltic contractions in the body of the esophagus, and the number of repetitive and simultaneous contractions were measured. There was no significant difference in peristaltic amplitude and duration between the controls and the patients with Graves' disease. However, there was a significant increase in velocity of contractions in Graves' disease as compared with controls. On restudy of 5 patients who became euthyroid after treatment with 131I, all the measured parameters were unchanged except for velocity of the peristaltic contractions. The value for this measurement decreased essentially to the same as that found in the control subjects. It is concluded that: (1) thyrotoxicosis increases the propagation velocity of esophageal contraction, and (2) thyroid hormones may play a physiologic role in the control of esophageal motor function.", "contents": "Esophageal motor function in Graves' disease. Esophageal motor function was studied in 10 patients with untreated Graves' disease and 15 healthy volunteers who served as controls. A noncompliant recording system with a triple-lumen assembly was used. Resting upper- and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressures, amplitude, duration, and velocity of peristaltic contractions in the body of the esophagus, and the number of repetitive and simultaneous contractions were measured. There was no significant difference in peristaltic amplitude and duration between the controls and the patients with Graves' disease. However, there was a significant increase in velocity of contractions in Graves' disease as compared with controls. On restudy of 5 patients who became euthyroid after treatment with 131I, all the measured parameters were unchanged except for velocity of the peristaltic contractions. The value for this measurement decreased essentially to the same as that found in the control subjects. It is concluded that: (1) thyrotoxicosis increases the propagation velocity of esophageal contraction, and (2) thyroid hormones may play a physiologic role in the control of esophageal motor function.", "PMID": 581865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1107", "title": "[Tracheal phospholipid composition and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn].", "content": "Tracheal or pharyngeal aspirates were collected in 50 newborn infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). After lipid extraction the phospholipids were analyzed with 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Surface-active are lecithin (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Newborn infants with RDS always have a complete lack of PG, which makes up to 11% of phospholipid-phosphors in mature newborns. In all infants with and without RDS, a sharp increase of PC occurs in the lung effluent after birth. The recovery from RDS is characterized by marked changes of PI: this phospholipid rises up to twice its initial value if the infants survive. The PI-increase parallels the clinical improvement and reaches its maximum usually on the 5th day of life. At the time of the PI-peak, the infants' surfactant function is sufficient to maintain alveolar stability with spontaneous breathing. In infants dying from RDS the PI-increase was not observed.", "contents": "[Tracheal phospholipid composition and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn]. Tracheal or pharyngeal aspirates were collected in 50 newborn infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). After lipid extraction the phospholipids were analyzed with 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Surface-active are lecithin (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Newborn infants with RDS always have a complete lack of PG, which makes up to 11% of phospholipid-phosphors in mature newborns. In all infants with and without RDS, a sharp increase of PC occurs in the lung effluent after birth. The recovery from RDS is characterized by marked changes of PI: this phospholipid rises up to twice its initial value if the infants survive. The PI-increase parallels the clinical improvement and reaches its maximum usually on the 5th day of life. At the time of the PI-peak, the infants' surfactant function is sufficient to maintain alveolar stability with spontaneous breathing. In infants dying from RDS the PI-increase was not observed.", "PMID": 581867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1108", "title": "Preparative merits of the mixed anhydride (MA) method in the excess use of DDZ-amino acids in the peptide synthesis of biologically active new antamanide analogues.", "content": "The mixed anhydride (MA) method of peptide synthesis is further simplified by the repetitive excess use of Ddz-amino acids. In six comparative preparations of decapeptides this is demonstrated by the ease and speed of the synthetic manipulations, the efficiency of the monitoring of the reactions and purifications, and by the complete recycling of excess amino acid derivatives. In using of Ddz-amino acyl isobutylformate mixed anhydrides, side reactions are effectively suppressed, as proved by good coupling of Ddz-proline on to prolyl-peptides. Hydrophilic, crystalline and biological active antamanide analogues are obtained containg various functional side groups. The known cis-conformation of the antamanide prolyl-prolyl bonds is also established in the analogues by 13C-n.m.r. measurements. All new compounds are characterized by molecular peaks in the mass spectra.", "contents": "Preparative merits of the mixed anhydride (MA) method in the excess use of DDZ-amino acids in the peptide synthesis of biologically active new antamanide analogues. The mixed anhydride (MA) method of peptide synthesis is further simplified by the repetitive excess use of Ddz-amino acids. In six comparative preparations of decapeptides this is demonstrated by the ease and speed of the synthetic manipulations, the efficiency of the monitoring of the reactions and purifications, and by the complete recycling of excess amino acid derivatives. In using of Ddz-amino acyl isobutylformate mixed anhydrides, side reactions are effectively suppressed, as proved by good coupling of Ddz-proline on to prolyl-peptides. Hydrophilic, crystalline and biological active antamanide analogues are obtained containg various functional side groups. The known cis-conformation of the antamanide prolyl-prolyl bonds is also established in the analogues by 13C-n.m.r. measurements. All new compounds are characterized by molecular peaks in the mass spectra.", "PMID": 581869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1109", "title": "Isolated lateral meniscectomy. A study of twenty-six patients with isolated tears.", "content": "To better define the role that the lateral meniscus plays in stabilizing the knee, a study was made of twenty-six patients who had an uncomplicated lateral meniscectomy between 1972 and 1977. Patients with any degree of ligament instability, cruciate or collateral, prior to lateral meniscectomy were eliminated from the study. Also eliminated were any patients with roentgenographic evidence of degenerative arthrits, osteochondritis dissecans, or loose bodies. Only patients whose operative reports stated that the articular cartilage of the lateral compartment was either grossly normal or showed Grade-1 chondromalacia (less than one centimeter in diameter and only softening of the cartilage) at the time of surgery were included in the review. The meniscal lesions included bucket-handle tears, horizontal cleavage tears, and multiple linear defects. No grossly cystic menisci were included in the study. Two menisci demonstrated cystic degenerative changes on histological section. In sixteen patients some degree of ligament instability developed. The longer the interval between injury to the meniscus and its excision, the less satisfactory the result. Only fifteen (54 per cent) of the patients reported satisfactory results, and twenty lost some motion of the knee. We concluded that stability of the knee joint is a multifactorial problem, in which the lateral meniscus certainly plays an important part.", "contents": "Isolated lateral meniscectomy. A study of twenty-six patients with isolated tears. To better define the role that the lateral meniscus plays in stabilizing the knee, a study was made of twenty-six patients who had an uncomplicated lateral meniscectomy between 1972 and 1977. Patients with any degree of ligament instability, cruciate or collateral, prior to lateral meniscectomy were eliminated from the study. Also eliminated were any patients with roentgenographic evidence of degenerative arthrits, osteochondritis dissecans, or loose bodies. Only patients whose operative reports stated that the articular cartilage of the lateral compartment was either grossly normal or showed Grade-1 chondromalacia (less than one centimeter in diameter and only softening of the cartilage) at the time of surgery were included in the review. The meniscal lesions included bucket-handle tears, horizontal cleavage tears, and multiple linear defects. No grossly cystic menisci were included in the study. Two menisci demonstrated cystic degenerative changes on histological section. In sixteen patients some degree of ligament instability developed. The longer the interval between injury to the meniscus and its excision, the less satisfactory the result. Only fifteen (54 per cent) of the patients reported satisfactory results, and twenty lost some motion of the knee. We concluded that stability of the knee joint is a multifactorial problem, in which the lateral meniscus certainly plays an important part.", "PMID": 581870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1110", "title": "Precision in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions: a comparison of clinical evaluation, arthrography, and arthroscopy.", "content": "We assessed the accuracy of clinical evaluation, arthrography, and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions in fifty knees in which arthrotomy was performed for disabling symptoms after evaluation by these three methods. At surgery, forty-seven menisci were removed, of which forty-four were abnormal and three were normal. In three patients with normal menisci, loose bodies were found in two and the exploration was negative in one. In the forty-four knees with a meniscal lesion, a correct diagnosis was made clinically forty time, arthrographically thirty-nine times, and arthroscopically thirty-two times. Most errors occurred in the knees with posterior horn lesions of the medial meniscus. Clinical diagnosis was least accurate for lesions of the lateral meniscus (four missed) and arthroscopy was least accurate for lesions of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (ten missed). Arthrography appeared to provide collateral evidence of lesions not seen directly. Based on this study it was concluded that even with negative findings by arthroscopy and arthrography it still may be necessary occasionally to remove a meniscus on the basis of the clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Precision in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions: a comparison of clinical evaluation, arthrography, and arthroscopy. We assessed the accuracy of clinical evaluation, arthrography, and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of meniscal lesions in fifty knees in which arthrotomy was performed for disabling symptoms after evaluation by these three methods. At surgery, forty-seven menisci were removed, of which forty-four were abnormal and three were normal. In three patients with normal menisci, loose bodies were found in two and the exploration was negative in one. In the forty-four knees with a meniscal lesion, a correct diagnosis was made clinically forty time, arthrographically thirty-nine times, and arthroscopically thirty-two times. Most errors occurred in the knees with posterior horn lesions of the medial meniscus. Clinical diagnosis was least accurate for lesions of the lateral meniscus (four missed) and arthroscopy was least accurate for lesions of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (ten missed). Arthrography appeared to provide collateral evidence of lesions not seen directly. Based on this study it was concluded that even with negative findings by arthroscopy and arthrography it still may be necessary occasionally to remove a meniscus on the basis of the clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 581871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1111", "title": "Symposium on chemical information utilization by FDA bureau of drugs chemists. Introductory remarks.", "content": "This symposium was organized to acquaint the scientific community with the manner in which Bureau of Drugs chemists utilize available chemical information as it pertains to the various areas in which they are involved.", "contents": "Symposium on chemical information utilization by FDA bureau of drugs chemists. Introductory remarks. This symposium was organized to acquaint the scientific community with the manner in which Bureau of Drugs chemists utilize available chemical information as it pertains to the various areas in which they are involved.", "PMID": 581873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1112", "title": "Changes in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins during antithyroid therapy.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) activity was measured by radioreceptor assay in sera from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. In untreated Graves' disease (47 cases), TSI index was significantly lower [76.7 +/- 1.4 (SE)] than the average of a normal control group (30 cases; 94.4 +/- 1.9). In untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis (25 cases), it was also significantly lower (83.0 +/- 2.4). In patients with thyroid cancer (19 cases), there was no significant difference from normal controls. After 131I treatment, the TSI index in Graves' disease decreased during 2--4 months, then increased and reached normal levels in 1 yr. During propylthiouracil treatment, the TSI index increased and reached a normal level in 5--6 months without the decreasing phase seen after 131I treatment. Free T4 index values were gradually decreased by both treatments. There was no significant relationship between TSI index and thyroid antibodies (microsomal antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies) in untreated Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It is concluded that 1) in the sera of patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, there are immunoglobulin Gs that can displace TSH binding to thyroid membranes; 2) these immunoglobulins Gs are different from the classic antithyroid antibodies; and 3) 131T treatment of Graves' disease may enhance TSI production during the first 1--2 months after therapy.", "contents": "Changes in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins during antithyroid therapy. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) activity was measured by radioreceptor assay in sera from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. In untreated Graves' disease (47 cases), TSI index was significantly lower [76.7 +/- 1.4 (SE)] than the average of a normal control group (30 cases; 94.4 +/- 1.9). In untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis (25 cases), it was also significantly lower (83.0 +/- 2.4). In patients with thyroid cancer (19 cases), there was no significant difference from normal controls. After 131I treatment, the TSI index in Graves' disease decreased during 2--4 months, then increased and reached normal levels in 1 yr. During propylthiouracil treatment, the TSI index increased and reached a normal level in 5--6 months without the decreasing phase seen after 131I treatment. Free T4 index values were gradually decreased by both treatments. There was no significant relationship between TSI index and thyroid antibodies (microsomal antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies) in untreated Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It is concluded that 1) in the sera of patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, there are immunoglobulin Gs that can displace TSH binding to thyroid membranes; 2) these immunoglobulins Gs are different from the classic antithyroid antibodies; and 3) 131T treatment of Graves' disease may enhance TSI production during the first 1--2 months after therapy.", "PMID": 581875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1113", "title": "Restoration of visual cortical plasticity by local microperfusion of norepinephrine.", "content": "Using a newly developed technique of continuous microperfusion, we obtained further evidence in support of our hypothesis that the neocortical catecholamines (CAs), particularly norepinephrine (NE), are responsible for a high level of cortical plasticity. We used the visual cortical changes in ocular dominance which follow a brief monocular deprivation as a simple and reliable index of cortical plasticity. Local perfusion of kitten visual cortex with 1 mg/ml (4.0 mM) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prevented the effects of monocular deprivation in kittens, thus replicating the results we had obtained using intraventricular injections (Kasamatsu and Pettigrew, '76b, '79). Locally perfused NE at a concentration of of 10(-2) mg/ml (48.6 micron) restored visual cortical plasticity in animals which were no longer susceptible to brief monocular lid-suture. These numbers refer to the concentration of solutions in the cannula/minipump system. The effective concentrations at the site of recording (about 2 mm away) are probably much lower than these. This effect of NE perfusion was seen both in kittens which had received prior 6-OHDA treatment as well as in older animals which had outgrown the susceptible period. In the kittens we obtained as a nearly complete shift in ocular dominance toward the open eye and in the older animals a decrease in binocularity was obtained. The changes were found only in the local region of visual cortex perfused with either NE or 6-OHDA, while nearby cortical regions in the same animals were unaffected. There were no obvious changes in receptive field properties of individual neurons other than ocularity, and externally perfused NE did not itself reduce binocularity in normal animals: the effects of NE described about only occurred when the animal's visual experience was simultaneously altered. These results support the view that NE plays an important role in cortical plasticity.", "contents": "Restoration of visual cortical plasticity by local microperfusion of norepinephrine. Using a newly developed technique of continuous microperfusion, we obtained further evidence in support of our hypothesis that the neocortical catecholamines (CAs), particularly norepinephrine (NE), are responsible for a high level of cortical plasticity. We used the visual cortical changes in ocular dominance which follow a brief monocular deprivation as a simple and reliable index of cortical plasticity. Local perfusion of kitten visual cortex with 1 mg/ml (4.0 mM) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prevented the effects of monocular deprivation in kittens, thus replicating the results we had obtained using intraventricular injections (Kasamatsu and Pettigrew, '76b, '79). Locally perfused NE at a concentration of of 10(-2) mg/ml (48.6 micron) restored visual cortical plasticity in animals which were no longer susceptible to brief monocular lid-suture. These numbers refer to the concentration of solutions in the cannula/minipump system. The effective concentrations at the site of recording (about 2 mm away) are probably much lower than these. This effect of NE perfusion was seen both in kittens which had received prior 6-OHDA treatment as well as in older animals which had outgrown the susceptible period. In the kittens we obtained as a nearly complete shift in ocular dominance toward the open eye and in the older animals a decrease in binocularity was obtained. The changes were found only in the local region of visual cortex perfused with either NE or 6-OHDA, while nearby cortical regions in the same animals were unaffected. There were no obvious changes in receptive field properties of individual neurons other than ocularity, and externally perfused NE did not itself reduce binocularity in normal animals: the effects of NE described about only occurred when the animal's visual experience was simultaneously altered. These results support the view that NE plays an important role in cortical plasticity.", "PMID": 581877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1114", "title": "Relative efficacy of carbenicillin indanyl sodium and of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in urinary-tract infections.", "content": "In a 10-day study, carbenicillin indanyl sodium cured urinary-tract infections in 22 of 30 patients (ages, 24-91). In 3 of the remaining patients the treatment was a failure; in 3 others the drug had to be discontinued because of diarrhea and vomiting; and in 2 instances it induced overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine. Carbenicillin was lethal to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all 9 cases, to Proteus mirabilis in all 6 cases, and to enterococcus in all 3 cases. A trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination cured urinary-tract infections in 18 of 30 other patients (ages, 28-91), but failed in 3. In 3 patients it gave rise to a skin rash; in 2 to elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; in 1 to neutropenia; and in 1 to overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine. Reinfection occurred in 2 patients. Carbenicillin indanyl sodium was more effective than the sulfonamide/trimethoprim combination.", "contents": "Relative efficacy of carbenicillin indanyl sodium and of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in urinary-tract infections. In a 10-day study, carbenicillin indanyl sodium cured urinary-tract infections in 22 of 30 patients (ages, 24-91). In 3 of the remaining patients the treatment was a failure; in 3 others the drug had to be discontinued because of diarrhea and vomiting; and in 2 instances it induced overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine. Carbenicillin was lethal to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all 9 cases, to Proteus mirabilis in all 6 cases, and to enterococcus in all 3 cases. A trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination cured urinary-tract infections in 18 of 30 other patients (ages, 28-91), but failed in 3. In 3 patients it gave rise to a skin rash; in 2 to elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; in 1 to neutropenia; and in 1 to overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine. Reinfection occurred in 2 patients. Carbenicillin indanyl sodium was more effective than the sulfonamide/trimethoprim combination.", "PMID": 581878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1115", "title": "Minimum nitrogen requirement from glandless cottonseed protein for nitrogen balance in college women.", "content": "Seven women, 18 to 23 years of age, were fed cooked cottonseed products for 42 days in order to determine the minimum nitrogen requirements for glandless cottonseen flour after baking. The women consumed from 81 to 213 mg N/kg body weight from cottonseed protein. Nitrogen intake from each experimental period was calculated from the average nitrogen content of the cottonseed products consumed each day of the experiment period. Nitrogen excretion was determined from the measurement of nitrogen in a total collection of urine and feces for each experimental period plus an obligatory loss of 5 mg/kg body weight. Fasting blood samples were taken prior to the study and at the end of each 7-day experimental period thereafter. The minimum requirement for cottonseed protein to maintain a positive nitrogen balance was 106 mg N/kg body weight. For the \"reference woman,\" weighing 58 kg, at least 6.1 g of cottonseed flour nitrogen would be required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium. Plasma amino acid values of threonine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine decreased significantly from day 0 to day 7 of the study. There were no significant differences in these plasma amino acids thereafter. Cottonseed flour incorporated into baked products maintained nitrogen balance in college women with no change in their nutritional status.", "contents": "Minimum nitrogen requirement from glandless cottonseed protein for nitrogen balance in college women. Seven women, 18 to 23 years of age, were fed cooked cottonseed products for 42 days in order to determine the minimum nitrogen requirements for glandless cottonseen flour after baking. The women consumed from 81 to 213 mg N/kg body weight from cottonseed protein. Nitrogen intake from each experimental period was calculated from the average nitrogen content of the cottonseed products consumed each day of the experiment period. Nitrogen excretion was determined from the measurement of nitrogen in a total collection of urine and feces for each experimental period plus an obligatory loss of 5 mg/kg body weight. Fasting blood samples were taken prior to the study and at the end of each 7-day experimental period thereafter. The minimum requirement for cottonseed protein to maintain a positive nitrogen balance was 106 mg N/kg body weight. For the \"reference woman,\" weighing 58 kg, at least 6.1 g of cottonseed flour nitrogen would be required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium. Plasma amino acid values of threonine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine decreased significantly from day 0 to day 7 of the study. There were no significant differences in these plasma amino acids thereafter. Cottonseed flour incorporated into baked products maintained nitrogen balance in college women with no change in their nutritional status.", "PMID": 581882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1116", "title": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the femoral artery after bacterial endocarditis. Surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The reported case consists in a 45-year-old patient with a mitral disease, who presented a bacterial endocarditis after a dental extraction, in the course of which he developed a mycotic aneurysm of the right superficial femoral artery; surgical treatment of this lesion was successful. One year later he was reoperated in relation with the progression of his previous mitral disease, and a Bjork-Shilley prosthesis was implanted. At the present time, 2 years and a half after the last operation the patient is free of symptoms. The clinical data, exploratory studies, the results which were obtained, and the surgical procedure applied are discussed. The rarity of this complication, the localization of the mycotic aneurysm, the surgical valve heart replacement, the pathologic findings of the resected valve and the satisfactory evolution of the patient are also pointed out.", "contents": "[Mycotic aneurysm of the femoral artery after bacterial endocarditis. Surgical treatment (author's transl)]. The reported case consists in a 45-year-old patient with a mitral disease, who presented a bacterial endocarditis after a dental extraction, in the course of which he developed a mycotic aneurysm of the right superficial femoral artery; surgical treatment of this lesion was successful. One year later he was reoperated in relation with the progression of his previous mitral disease, and a Bjork-Shilley prosthesis was implanted. At the present time, 2 years and a half after the last operation the patient is free of symptoms. The clinical data, exploratory studies, the results which were obtained, and the surgical procedure applied are discussed. The rarity of this complication, the localization of the mycotic aneurysm, the surgical valve heart replacement, the pathologic findings of the resected valve and the satisfactory evolution of the patient are also pointed out.", "PMID": 581889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1117", "title": "[Non bacterial thyreoiditis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective analysis of signs, symptoms, and laboratory data (BSR, thyroid scan, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, TRH-test and antibodies against thyroglobulin) was performed on 68 individuals. Diagnosis of subacute and of chronic thyreoiditis was proven in 26 patients and 21 patients respectively by cytological examination. It was excluded by the same procedure in 21 patients, in whom there were some indications of these two kinds of thyroiditis. The following mosaic of clinical and laboratory parameters showed a sensitivity of 0.73 at specificity of 0.95 for diagnosis and exclusion of the two diseases: spontaneous pain, pain by palpation, fever, elevated BSR, thyroid scan, free thyroxine index, and TRH-test.", "contents": "[Non bacterial thyreoiditis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Retrospective analysis of signs, symptoms, and laboratory data (BSR, thyroid scan, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, TRH-test and antibodies against thyroglobulin) was performed on 68 individuals. Diagnosis of subacute and of chronic thyreoiditis was proven in 26 patients and 21 patients respectively by cytological examination. It was excluded by the same procedure in 21 patients, in whom there were some indications of these two kinds of thyroiditis. The following mosaic of clinical and laboratory parameters showed a sensitivity of 0.73 at specificity of 0.95 for diagnosis and exclusion of the two diseases: spontaneous pain, pain by palpation, fever, elevated BSR, thyroid scan, free thyroxine index, and TRH-test.", "PMID": 581894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1118", "title": "Unsuppressed prolactin secretion in the male rat is pulsatile.", "content": "The pattern of prolactin (Prl) secretion was studied in several different situations. In normal and castrated male rats, the plasma Prl level gently fluctuated along the course of time. When the presumed hypothalamic Prl inhibitory factor was suppressed by treatment with a pharmacological agent, pimozide (Pim), the plasma Prl concentration was elevated and the elevated plasma level fluctuated in an irregular and pulsatile manner. Another situation was examined. First, baseline Prl concentration was elevated by implantation of estradiol, which also caused a moderate fluctuation of the circulating Prl level. The Prl level was then lowered from the elevated plateau level by administration of a dopaminergic receptor agonist, ergocristine. During this partial blockade, the plasma Prl level fluctuated in episodic bursts. It is suggested that the inherent, unsuppressed secretion of Prl is pulsatile in nature, but that this pulsatile pattern is normally suppressed under the inhibiting influence of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Unsuppressed prolactin secretion in the male rat is pulsatile. The pattern of prolactin (Prl) secretion was studied in several different situations. In normal and castrated male rats, the plasma Prl level gently fluctuated along the course of time. When the presumed hypothalamic Prl inhibitory factor was suppressed by treatment with a pharmacological agent, pimozide (Pim), the plasma Prl concentration was elevated and the elevated plasma level fluctuated in an irregular and pulsatile manner. Another situation was examined. First, baseline Prl concentration was elevated by implantation of estradiol, which also caused a moderate fluctuation of the circulating Prl level. The Prl level was then lowered from the elevated plateau level by administration of a dopaminergic receptor agonist, ergocristine. During this partial blockade, the plasma Prl level fluctuated in episodic bursts. It is suggested that the inherent, unsuppressed secretion of Prl is pulsatile in nature, but that this pulsatile pattern is normally suppressed under the inhibiting influence of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 581896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1119", "title": "Petit mal status in early childhood and dementia.", "content": "The course of 117 children with so-called centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (Doose et al. 1970) was evaluated with the question, whether petit mal status can be the cause of dementia frequently seen in these patients. A dementia is found definitely more frequently in patients with petit mal status. With regard to the animal experimental studies of Wasterlain (1978, Lit.) and Meldrum (1978, Lit.) it seems possible that the prlonged generalized hypersynchronous discharges of the petit mal status lead to a serious disturbance of the neuronal energy metabolism and thus to cerebral organic damages or disturbances of the brain development.", "contents": "Petit mal status in early childhood and dementia. The course of 117 children with so-called centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (Doose et al. 1970) was evaluated with the question, whether petit mal status can be the cause of dementia frequently seen in these patients. A dementia is found definitely more frequently in patients with petit mal status. With regard to the animal experimental studies of Wasterlain (1978, Lit.) and Meldrum (1978, Lit.) it seems possible that the prlonged generalized hypersynchronous discharges of the petit mal status lead to a serious disturbance of the neuronal energy metabolism and thus to cerebral organic damages or disturbances of the brain development.", "PMID": 581897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1120", "title": "The drawing test -- a tool for assessment of arm-hand function in children of 1--3 years of age.", "content": "The construction and evaluation of a simple drawing test for assessment of arm-hand function in children of 1--3 years of age are described. A thick crayon (1.2 x 10 cm) and a piece of white paper (20 x 30 cm) are the only equipment needed. The need, when assessing fine motor development, of a test for evaluation of arm-hand function and the advantages of the test described are discussed. It is concluded that the method is of diagnostic value in children with CNS and neuromuscular disorders and is a useful tool for clinical studies and for routine developmental examination.", "contents": "The drawing test -- a tool for assessment of arm-hand function in children of 1--3 years of age. The construction and evaluation of a simple drawing test for assessment of arm-hand function in children of 1--3 years of age are described. A thick crayon (1.2 x 10 cm) and a piece of white paper (20 x 30 cm) are the only equipment needed. The need, when assessing fine motor development, of a test for evaluation of arm-hand function and the advantages of the test described are discussed. It is concluded that the method is of diagnostic value in children with CNS and neuromuscular disorders and is a useful tool for clinical studies and for routine developmental examination.", "PMID": 581898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1121", "title": "Gross and fine motor performance in healthy Swedish children aged fifteen and eighteen months.", "content": "Gross and fine motor performance have been assessed in thirtynine 15-month-old and thirtynine 18-month-old children selected through systematic sampling from a population of healthy newborns. The performance was estimated with corresponding subscales of Denver Developmental Screening Test and Motor age test. In addition fine motor performance was assessed by the \"Drawing test\" for which the expected performance at 15 and 18 months is given. Of the 78 children, 83% had crawled on hand and knees, 9% crept on their tummy and 8% shuffled on their bottom before walking. Median age for walking was 11.8 months, the 97th percentile 16.0 months. Of the 15-month-old children, 90% walked with ability to stop and start, and 90% of the 18-month-old were in addition able to walk backwards, run stiffly, climb up and down a standard staircase and seat themselves in an armchair of suitable size. Of the 15-month-old, 90% were able to build a tower of two cubes or more, and 90% of the 18-month-old were able to build a tower of three cubes or more (size 1 1/2 inch). Almost 90% of the 15-month-old and all of the 18-month-old had the cognitive ability to coordinate a crayon and paper. In drawing attempts of the 15 month-old, the weak unstable combination with a top-tong/tong grasp and 1/2 pronated forearm was the dominating hand-grasp fore-arm position. In the 18 month-old a more mature grasp and forearm combination, mainly palmar grasp with or without stablizing index finger + overpronated forearm, was found.", "contents": "Gross and fine motor performance in healthy Swedish children aged fifteen and eighteen months. Gross and fine motor performance have been assessed in thirtynine 15-month-old and thirtynine 18-month-old children selected through systematic sampling from a population of healthy newborns. The performance was estimated with corresponding subscales of Denver Developmental Screening Test and Motor age test. In addition fine motor performance was assessed by the \"Drawing test\" for which the expected performance at 15 and 18 months is given. Of the 78 children, 83% had crawled on hand and knees, 9% crept on their tummy and 8% shuffled on their bottom before walking. Median age for walking was 11.8 months, the 97th percentile 16.0 months. Of the 15-month-old children, 90% walked with ability to stop and start, and 90% of the 18-month-old were in addition able to walk backwards, run stiffly, climb up and down a standard staircase and seat themselves in an armchair of suitable size. Of the 15-month-old, 90% were able to build a tower of two cubes or more, and 90% of the 18-month-old were able to build a tower of three cubes or more (size 1 1/2 inch). Almost 90% of the 15-month-old and all of the 18-month-old had the cognitive ability to coordinate a crayon and paper. In drawing attempts of the 15 month-old, the weak unstable combination with a top-tong/tong grasp and 1/2 pronated forearm was the dominating hand-grasp fore-arm position. In the 18 month-old a more mature grasp and forearm combination, mainly palmar grasp with or without stablizing index finger + overpronated forearm, was found.", "PMID": 581900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1122", "title": "Generalized giant axonal neuropathy-a case with features of Fazio-Londe disease.", "content": "We present the 8th case so far published of generalized giant axonal neuropathy. Many features of the neurological picture of this 8 year 8 month old boy were suggestive of progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood. Muscle and sural nerve biopsies disclosed typical nodular axonal swellings measuring between 10--29 nm. Ultrastructure of the inflated portions of the axon consisted almost exclusively of 10 nm filaments. Normally appearing constituents were found in the non-dilated portions of the axons with this particularity that glycogen and mitochondria were aggregated. Previous clinical and pathological evidence indicates that this rare disorder not only affects the peripheral nerves but also the whole CNS. Our case differs from the others reported in literature by its rapidly deteriorating course and by the prominent involvement of some brain-stem motor functions; we offer the theory that a link might be implicated between this entity and Fazio-Londe disease.", "contents": "Generalized giant axonal neuropathy-a case with features of Fazio-Londe disease. We present the 8th case so far published of generalized giant axonal neuropathy. Many features of the neurological picture of this 8 year 8 month old boy were suggestive of progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood. Muscle and sural nerve biopsies disclosed typical nodular axonal swellings measuring between 10--29 nm. Ultrastructure of the inflated portions of the axon consisted almost exclusively of 10 nm filaments. Normally appearing constituents were found in the non-dilated portions of the axons with this particularity that glycogen and mitochondria were aggregated. Previous clinical and pathological evidence indicates that this rare disorder not only affects the peripheral nerves but also the whole CNS. Our case differs from the others reported in literature by its rapidly deteriorating course and by the prominent involvement of some brain-stem motor functions; we offer the theory that a link might be implicated between this entity and Fazio-Londe disease.", "PMID": 581901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1123", "title": "[Radiotherapy with 131J and 125J of Basedow's disease. Indications and results relative to the incidence of post-actinic hypothyroidism].", "content": "The indications for radioisotope management in Basedow's disease and the complications involved are explained. Particular reference is made to the possibility of early or late hypothyroidism when 131I and 125I are employed for this purpose. The physiopathogenetic bases for this are examined in relation to dosage and early diagnosis. Results obtained with small doses (fractionated in some cases) of these isotopes in 126 patients with thyrotoxicosis. One-year and later follow-up was directed to the clinical and functional responses to treatment in the light of age, sex, T4, maximum uptake, eff. T/2, thyroid size, and doses administered. Recurrences were rather frequent and further doses were given. However, early hypothyroidism was very rare. This appeared to be related to the dose administered and inversely to gland size. The results are compared with those in the literature.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy with 131J and 125J of Basedow's disease. Indications and results relative to the incidence of post-actinic hypothyroidism]. The indications for radioisotope management in Basedow's disease and the complications involved are explained. Particular reference is made to the possibility of early or late hypothyroidism when 131I and 125I are employed for this purpose. The physiopathogenetic bases for this are examined in relation to dosage and early diagnosis. Results obtained with small doses (fractionated in some cases) of these isotopes in 126 patients with thyrotoxicosis. One-year and later follow-up was directed to the clinical and functional responses to treatment in the light of age, sex, T4, maximum uptake, eff. T/2, thyroid size, and doses administered. Recurrences were rather frequent and further doses were given. However, early hypothyroidism was very rare. This appeared to be related to the dose administered and inversely to gland size. The results are compared with those in the literature.", "PMID": 581903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1124", "title": "Pulmonary responses to atmospheric pollutants. II. Effect of petrol vapour inhalation on secretion of pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "Inhalation of air contaminated with petrol vapour has been shown to produce reduced surfactant levels in the lungs of rats. Pulmonary surfactant was obtained by endobronchial lavage followed by salt extraction and freeze drying to obtain the dry, hydrophobic product. During 45 days of continuous exposure, the lowest yield of surfactant was obtained after 15 days of treatment. During the following 30 days of treatment, the surfactant yield reached a relatively constant level, approximately half the mean value for control animals. Chromatographic analysis indicated no qualitative alteration in the phospholipid components of surfactant with increasing times of exposure to the irritant. It has been possible to correlate biochemical evidence of toxic lung injury with signs of cellular damage obtained from ultrastructural studies.", "contents": "Pulmonary responses to atmospheric pollutants. II. Effect of petrol vapour inhalation on secretion of pulmonary surfactant. Inhalation of air contaminated with petrol vapour has been shown to produce reduced surfactant levels in the lungs of rats. Pulmonary surfactant was obtained by endobronchial lavage followed by salt extraction and freeze drying to obtain the dry, hydrophobic product. During 45 days of continuous exposure, the lowest yield of surfactant was obtained after 15 days of treatment. During the following 30 days of treatment, the surfactant yield reached a relatively constant level, approximately half the mean value for control animals. Chromatographic analysis indicated no qualitative alteration in the phospholipid components of surfactant with increasing times of exposure to the irritant. It has been possible to correlate biochemical evidence of toxic lung injury with signs of cellular damage obtained from ultrastructural studies.", "PMID": 581905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1125", "title": "The effects of dexamethasone and prostaglandin F2alpha on production and release of surfactant in type II alveolar cells.", "content": "Incubation of adult rat Type II alveolar pneumocytes with dexamethasone microM induced an increase of intracellular 3Hphosphatidyl choline (PC), a component of lung surfactant, from precursor 3Hcholine. Release of 3HPC into the media did not differ from control unless prostaglandin F2alpha-THAM microM was added to the dexamethasone-treated cells. This observation corresponds to the ontogenetically observed endogenous increases in cortisol during pregnancy followed by increases in prostaglandins associated with contractions. The model system will serve well to test whether various substances effect synthesis and/or release of pulmonary surfactants.", "contents": "The effects of dexamethasone and prostaglandin F2alpha on production and release of surfactant in type II alveolar cells. Incubation of adult rat Type II alveolar pneumocytes with dexamethasone microM induced an increase of intracellular 3Hphosphatidyl choline (PC), a component of lung surfactant, from precursor 3Hcholine. Release of 3HPC into the media did not differ from control unless prostaglandin F2alpha-THAM microM was added to the dexamethasone-treated cells. This observation corresponds to the ontogenetically observed endogenous increases in cortisol during pregnancy followed by increases in prostaglandins associated with contractions. The model system will serve well to test whether various substances effect synthesis and/or release of pulmonary surfactants.", "PMID": 581910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1126", "title": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. VI. Determination of available lysine.", "content": "The plasma amino acid response to single test meals in young adults was used to determine the amount of physiologically available lysine in heat-treated milk samples. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated as PAA ratios according to a modified calculation procedure based on the method proposed by Longenecker and Hause. The amount of available lysine was determined by two separate series of single-meal tests. In the first, a relationship was established between the plasma amino acid response (PAA ratio) and the dietary level of lysine (given as synthetic amino acid mixtures). This relationship could be described by linear regression (r = 0.90). This regression line was then used to quantitatively evaluate the lysine PAA ratios obtained from single test meals with heat-treated milk samples. The heat-treatment of the milk samples caused a marked reduction of the amount of physiologically available lysine. The quantitative estimates obtained by the present plasma amino acid technique were in good agreement with determinations of available lysine in the same milk samples based on rat bioassay and chemical analysis.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. VI. Determination of available lysine. The plasma amino acid response to single test meals in young adults was used to determine the amount of physiologically available lysine in heat-treated milk samples. The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated as PAA ratios according to a modified calculation procedure based on the method proposed by Longenecker and Hause. The amount of available lysine was determined by two separate series of single-meal tests. In the first, a relationship was established between the plasma amino acid response (PAA ratio) and the dietary level of lysine (given as synthetic amino acid mixtures). This relationship could be described by linear regression (r = 0.90). This regression line was then used to quantitatively evaluate the lysine PAA ratios obtained from single test meals with heat-treated milk samples. The heat-treatment of the milk samples caused a marked reduction of the amount of physiologically available lysine. The quantitative estimates obtained by the present plasma amino acid technique were in good agreement with determinations of available lysine in the same milk samples based on rat bioassay and chemical analysis.", "PMID": 581911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1127", "title": "Levels of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis recorded from an egg hatch test procedure.", "content": "A method of using commercially available benzimidazole anthelmintics in an egg hatch test, to record levels of resistance is described. The test shows that a side-resistance is present to all the benzimidazole anthelmintics tested against both Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis after selection with thiabendazole. Additional selection on the field resistant strain of H contortus with thiabendazole showed increased levels of resistance to all the compounds tested while similar selection of T colubriformis failed to change the level of resistance after 20 generations. The level of resistance recorded by the egg hatch test in vitro is greater than that recorded for adults in vivo for the CF strain of H contortus and T colubriformis. Problems associated with reading the test are mentioned as are the different levels for the threshold of activity.", "contents": "Levels of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis recorded from an egg hatch test procedure. A method of using commercially available benzimidazole anthelmintics in an egg hatch test, to record levels of resistance is described. The test shows that a side-resistance is present to all the benzimidazole anthelmintics tested against both Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis after selection with thiabendazole. Additional selection on the field resistant strain of H contortus with thiabendazole showed increased levels of resistance to all the compounds tested while similar selection of T colubriformis failed to change the level of resistance after 20 generations. The level of resistance recorded by the egg hatch test in vitro is greater than that recorded for adults in vivo for the CF strain of H contortus and T colubriformis. Problems associated with reading the test are mentioned as are the different levels for the threshold of activity.", "PMID": 581912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1128", "title": "The dose response of several benzimidazole anthelmintics against resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis selected with thiabendazole.", "content": "Dose response lines for eight benzimidazole anthelmintics and thiophanate were determined, using standardised strains of thiabendazole selected and resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Against H contortus, thiophanate, thiabendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole were inactive. Mebendazole was inactive at dose rates of 6.26 and 12.5 mg/kg, although significant activity occurred at 25 mg/kg. Fenbendazole, cambendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole demonstrated significant activity at dose rates equal to or greater than the recommended therapeutic level. Thiophanate was inactive against resistant T colubriformis. The remaining compounds only showed significant activity when used at dose rates in excess of the recommended therapeutic level. These results show that a side resistance exists among the benzimidazole anthelmintics and suggests that changes in dose response lines could be expected to occur if resistant strains are selected with benzimidazoles other than thiabendazole.", "contents": "The dose response of several benzimidazole anthelmintics against resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis selected with thiabendazole. Dose response lines for eight benzimidazole anthelmintics and thiophanate were determined, using standardised strains of thiabendazole selected and resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Against H contortus, thiophanate, thiabendazole, parbendazole and oxibendazole were inactive. Mebendazole was inactive at dose rates of 6.26 and 12.5 mg/kg, although significant activity occurred at 25 mg/kg. Fenbendazole, cambendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole demonstrated significant activity at dose rates equal to or greater than the recommended therapeutic level. Thiophanate was inactive against resistant T colubriformis. The remaining compounds only showed significant activity when used at dose rates in excess of the recommended therapeutic level. These results show that a side resistance exists among the benzimidazole anthelmintics and suggests that changes in dose response lines could be expected to occur if resistant strains are selected with benzimidazoles other than thiabendazole.", "PMID": 581913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1129", "title": "[Vascular rickettsiosis].", "content": "The authors discuss the problem of rickettsial and para-rickettsial etiopathogeny of some types of angiopathies earlier characterized by a febrile state. They are especially interested in vasculopathies occurring in endemia areas. The disease may involve the entire vascular system and the pathogenic agent remains in the mid membranes and in the adventitia, as can be seen by seriologic and anatomo-pathologic tests. There are diffuse or nodular lymphoblastic infiltrations (pan-vascular condition). The authors also demonstrate that treatment with higher tetracyclines (Reverin) is absolutely advised, and draw attention to the need to do systematic seriologic research on all patients hospitalized for cardio-vascular diseases.", "contents": "[Vascular rickettsiosis]. The authors discuss the problem of rickettsial and para-rickettsial etiopathogeny of some types of angiopathies earlier characterized by a febrile state. They are especially interested in vasculopathies occurring in endemia areas. The disease may involve the entire vascular system and the pathogenic agent remains in the mid membranes and in the adventitia, as can be seen by seriologic and anatomo-pathologic tests. There are diffuse or nodular lymphoblastic infiltrations (pan-vascular condition). The authors also demonstrate that treatment with higher tetracyclines (Reverin) is absolutely advised, and draw attention to the need to do systematic seriologic research on all patients hospitalized for cardio-vascular diseases.", "PMID": 581908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1130", "title": "Selective phospholipid adsorption and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Disaturated (fully saturated) lecithins adsorb onto solid surfaces more readily than lecithins in which one or both fatty acids are unsaturated. If saturated lecithins adsorb to arterial walls as they do to glass and polystyrene surfaces, there may be increased probability of atherosclerosis when the disaturated lecithin content of plasma is elevated. Analyses of lecithins in plasma samples from patients with myocardial infarction, and from patients with premature atherosclerosis but with low concentrations of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, are consistent with the hypothesis that a high concentration of disaturated lecithin in plasma may be a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, independent of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations.", "contents": "Selective phospholipid adsorption and atherosclerosis. Disaturated (fully saturated) lecithins adsorb onto solid surfaces more readily than lecithins in which one or both fatty acids are unsaturated. If saturated lecithins adsorb to arterial walls as they do to glass and polystyrene surfaces, there may be increased probability of atherosclerosis when the disaturated lecithin content of plasma is elevated. Analyses of lecithins in plasma samples from patients with myocardial infarction, and from patients with premature atherosclerosis but with low concentrations of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, are consistent with the hypothesis that a high concentration of disaturated lecithin in plasma may be a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, independent of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations.", "PMID": 581915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1131", "title": "Extra-anatomic bypass with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.", "content": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene has been used successfully for femoropopliteal bypass, aortopulmonary bypass and as a venous substitute. Thirteen patients with impending limb loss had extra-anatomic bypasses with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Five patients with unilateral iliac disease had femorofemoral bypass for impending limb loss, and five debilitated patients underwent axillofemoral and bifemoral bypass for limb salvage. Nine of ten patients had salvage of the extremities. Three patients had extended profundoplasty, two combined with polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal bypass to isolated popliteal artery segments. Two of these patients had limb salvage. The patency rate is 92 per cent, and the limb salvage rate is 85 per cent in this difficult group of patients. The follow-up period extends to 28 months, and 12 patients are beyond one year. In six patients, polytetrafluoroethylene carotid subclavian bypass was performed for the subclavian steal syndrome; all patients had relief of the symptoms. One patient underwent axillary-axillary bypass with excellent results. Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene with its high patency, shortened operating time, biocompatibility and excellent tissue incorporation is an excellent arterial substitute. The pliability and no requirement for preclotting make polytetrafluoroethylene ideally suited for patch angioplasty and suturing in areas difficult to expose.", "contents": "Extra-anatomic bypass with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene has been used successfully for femoropopliteal bypass, aortopulmonary bypass and as a venous substitute. Thirteen patients with impending limb loss had extra-anatomic bypasses with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Five patients with unilateral iliac disease had femorofemoral bypass for impending limb loss, and five debilitated patients underwent axillofemoral and bifemoral bypass for limb salvage. Nine of ten patients had salvage of the extremities. Three patients had extended profundoplasty, two combined with polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal bypass to isolated popliteal artery segments. Two of these patients had limb salvage. The patency rate is 92 per cent, and the limb salvage rate is 85 per cent in this difficult group of patients. The follow-up period extends to 28 months, and 12 patients are beyond one year. In six patients, polytetrafluoroethylene carotid subclavian bypass was performed for the subclavian steal syndrome; all patients had relief of the symptoms. One patient underwent axillary-axillary bypass with excellent results. Expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene with its high patency, shortened operating time, biocompatibility and excellent tissue incorporation is an excellent arterial substitute. The pliability and no requirement for preclotting make polytetrafluoroethylene ideally suited for patch angioplasty and suturing in areas difficult to expose.", "PMID": 581916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1132", "title": "[The effect of some non-narcotic analgetics on respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a Hungarian analgetic \"Probon\" belonging in its effects to the minor analgetics. It does not show any depressing action on the respiratory centre and has a bronchodilatory effect. It does not cause sideeffects nor dependence and does not lose in efficacy even in long lasting application and in old people.", "contents": "[The effect of some non-narcotic analgetics on respiration (author's transl)]. Report on a Hungarian analgetic \"Probon\" belonging in its effects to the minor analgetics. It does not show any depressing action on the respiratory centre and has a bronchodilatory effect. It does not cause sideeffects nor dependence and does not lose in efficacy even in long lasting application and in old people.", "PMID": 581918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1133", "title": "[Method of determining and the makeup of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions of sunflower, cottonseed and soya oils and of oil cakes].", "content": "To determine the content and composition of aliphatic carbohydrates in vegetable oils and oil cakes a method including alkaline hydrolysis, partition and thin-lower chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and chromate-mass-spectrometry was devised. The content of n-isoalkans, isoprenoids, monocycloparaffins, bi-and tricyclic naphthenes, steranes and terpenes, olifines, squalene and other polyenes in sunflower, cotton, soya oils and oilcakes was measured.", "contents": "[Method of determining and the makeup of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions of sunflower, cottonseed and soya oils and of oil cakes]. To determine the content and composition of aliphatic carbohydrates in vegetable oils and oil cakes a method including alkaline hydrolysis, partition and thin-lower chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and chromate-mass-spectrometry was devised. The content of n-isoalkans, isoprenoids, monocycloparaffins, bi-and tricyclic naphthenes, steranes and terpenes, olifines, squalene and other polyenes in sunflower, cotton, soya oils and oilcakes was measured.", "PMID": 581917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1134", "title": "Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa.", "content": "There is much disagreement about milk and its use in feeding programs both in the United States and internationally. A few authors suggest that milk consumption should not be encouraged in lactose intolerant populations due to adverse symptoms. Others suggest, however, that small or modest quantities of milk can be tolerated and can be nutritionally useful to such groups. Data are presented in this paper that show that 1) the Masai regularly drink considerable quantities of milk without apparent symptoms, 2) milk is an important constituent of the Masai diet, and 3) 62% of 21 Masai examined were malabsorbers of lactose as measured by the lactose tolerance test. This finding of lactose malabsorption in a nomadic cattle raising and milk drinking people is interesting and is contrary to the views often expressed by anthropologists and others. An ability to drink nutritionally useful quantities of milk does not, however, necessarily mean that milk production or imports should be encouraged in the Lesser Developed Countries.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa. There is much disagreement about milk and its use in feeding programs both in the United States and internationally. A few authors suggest that milk consumption should not be encouraged in lactose intolerant populations due to adverse symptoms. Others suggest, however, that small or modest quantities of milk can be tolerated and can be nutritionally useful to such groups. Data are presented in this paper that show that 1) the Masai regularly drink considerable quantities of milk without apparent symptoms, 2) milk is an important constituent of the Masai diet, and 3) 62% of 21 Masai examined were malabsorbers of lactose as measured by the lactose tolerance test. This finding of lactose malabsorption in a nomadic cattle raising and milk drinking people is interesting and is contrary to the views often expressed by anthropologists and others. An ability to drink nutritionally useful quantities of milk does not, however, necessarily mean that milk production or imports should be encouraged in the Lesser Developed Countries.", "PMID": 581925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1135", "title": "[In search of a surgical treatment of endocrinologic exophthalmia (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical \"decompression\" of the orbit does not ensure correction of endocrinologic exophthalmia. This is due to profound changes in the deep orbital tissues. The authors have tried to solve the problem through a different approach: adapting the orbit to its pathological content. They developed an osteotomy that yields promising results: eight patients amounting to 15 orbits have been operated and exophthalmia was reduced in 12 (mean 3 mm).", "contents": "[In search of a surgical treatment of endocrinologic exophthalmia (author's transl)]. Surgical \"decompression\" of the orbit does not ensure correction of endocrinologic exophthalmia. This is due to profound changes in the deep orbital tissues. The authors have tried to solve the problem through a different approach: adapting the orbit to its pathological content. They developed an osteotomy that yields promising results: eight patients amounting to 15 orbits have been operated and exophthalmia was reduced in 12 (mean 3 mm).", "PMID": 581920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1136", "title": "Glucocorticoid therapy for the induction of pulmonary maturity in severely hypertensive gravid women.", "content": "Twenty hypertensive gravid women who had their pregnancies terminated for maternal indications because of the severity of pre-eclampsia or chronic hypertension were studied. They were treated at 27 to 33 weeks of gestation with 48 hours of betamethasone therapy prior to delivery. There was one antepartum fetal death, and it is believed that this death was preventable. There was an incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of 23% with two neonatal deaths secondary to RDS, for a treated neonatal survival of 85.7%. All losses were from mothers with pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy-related hypertension is not thought to be an absolute contraindication to glucocorticoid therapy for the induction of pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid therapy for the induction of pulmonary maturity in severely hypertensive gravid women. Twenty hypertensive gravid women who had their pregnancies terminated for maternal indications because of the severity of pre-eclampsia or chronic hypertension were studied. They were treated at 27 to 33 weeks of gestation with 48 hours of betamethasone therapy prior to delivery. There was one antepartum fetal death, and it is believed that this death was preventable. There was an incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of 23% with two neonatal deaths secondary to RDS, for a treated neonatal survival of 85.7%. All losses were from mothers with pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy-related hypertension is not thought to be an absolute contraindication to glucocorticoid therapy for the induction of pulmonary maturity.", "PMID": 581926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1137", "title": "Changes in human amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and dipalmitoyl lecithin associated with maternal betamethasone therapy.", "content": "In an effort to understand the biochemical changes responsible for the decreased incidence of neonatal RDS observed in premature infants delivered after maternal glucocorticoid therapy we have compared quantitative changes in L/S ratio and qualitative changes in dipalmitoyl lecithin in serial amniotic fluid samples from 20 pregnant women treated with betamethasone and 11 patients who had repeated amniocentesis at similar gestational age but did not receive glucocorticoids. Initial L/S ratio values were not significantly different between treated (1.24 +/- 0.24 [S.D.]) and control (1.09 +/- 0.29 [S.D.]) groups but the values obtained within 1 week after therapy (1.49 +/- 0.21 [S.D.]) were significantly higher (t=3.8; p less than 0.01) than those obtained after a similar period in the untreated group (1.24+/- 0.29 [S.D.]). However, only one of the treated patients reached a mature L/S ratio (2.0 or more). Simultaneously, 10 of 17 treated patients exhibited increases in the amount of dipalmitoyl lecithin within the first week after treatment, wheras no change was detected in serial samples from six control patients (p = 0.016). These results indicate that qualitative changes in amniotic fluid lecithin composition are a part of the fetal response to glucocorticoids which may be responsible for the decreased incidence of RDS observed after treatment.", "contents": "Changes in human amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and dipalmitoyl lecithin associated with maternal betamethasone therapy. In an effort to understand the biochemical changes responsible for the decreased incidence of neonatal RDS observed in premature infants delivered after maternal glucocorticoid therapy we have compared quantitative changes in L/S ratio and qualitative changes in dipalmitoyl lecithin in serial amniotic fluid samples from 20 pregnant women treated with betamethasone and 11 patients who had repeated amniocentesis at similar gestational age but did not receive glucocorticoids. Initial L/S ratio values were not significantly different between treated (1.24 +/- 0.24 [S.D.]) and control (1.09 +/- 0.29 [S.D.]) groups but the values obtained within 1 week after therapy (1.49 +/- 0.21 [S.D.]) were significantly higher (t=3.8; p less than 0.01) than those obtained after a similar period in the untreated group (1.24+/- 0.29 [S.D.]). However, only one of the treated patients reached a mature L/S ratio (2.0 or more). Simultaneously, 10 of 17 treated patients exhibited increases in the amount of dipalmitoyl lecithin within the first week after treatment, wheras no change was detected in serial samples from six control patients (p = 0.016). These results indicate that qualitative changes in amniotic fluid lecithin composition are a part of the fetal response to glucocorticoids which may be responsible for the decreased incidence of RDS observed after treatment.", "PMID": 581927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1138", "title": "[Fluorimetric determination of tranylcypromine in plasma as its 1-dimethylamino-naphthaline-5-sulfonic acid chloride by direct measurement of TLC-plates (author's transl)].", "content": "A fluorimetric method for analysis of tranylcypromine from plasma is described. After extraction from plasma tranylcypromine reacts with 1-dimethylamino-naphthaline-5-sulfonic acid chloride (DANS-Cl) in order to form the highly fluorescent DANS-tranylcypromine. After chromatographic separation on silicagel plates quantitation is achieved by in situ fluorescence determination. The recovery of tranylcypromine from plasma is 64% with a coefficient of variance of about +/- 6%.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric determination of tranylcypromine in plasma as its 1-dimethylamino-naphthaline-5-sulfonic acid chloride by direct measurement of TLC-plates (author's transl)]. A fluorimetric method for analysis of tranylcypromine from plasma is described. After extraction from plasma tranylcypromine reacts with 1-dimethylamino-naphthaline-5-sulfonic acid chloride (DANS-Cl) in order to form the highly fluorescent DANS-tranylcypromine. After chromatographic separation on silicagel plates quantitation is achieved by in situ fluorescence determination. The recovery of tranylcypromine from plasma is 64% with a coefficient of variance of about +/- 6%.", "PMID": 581930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1139", "title": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. VIII. 2- and 4-amino derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten 2- or 4-amino derivatives 10b-I of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline were synthesised with the aim of studying the influence of these substituents on antimalarial activity and toxicity of the 6-aminoquinolines. The 4-dialkylamino derivatives 10c-h were less active against P. vinckei (mouse) than 4-alkoxy derivatives. The 4-amino derivative 10b was inactive.", "contents": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. VIII. 2- and 4-amino derivatives (author's transl)]. Ten 2- or 4-amino derivatives 10b-I of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline were synthesised with the aim of studying the influence of these substituents on antimalarial activity and toxicity of the 6-aminoquinolines. The 4-dialkylamino derivatives 10c-h were less active against P. vinckei (mouse) than 4-alkoxy derivatives. The 4-amino derivative 10b was inactive.", "PMID": 581931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1140", "title": "[Semi-quantitative determination of resistance in agar (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial preparations is determined--using agar as the test medium--by means of a semi-quantitative method involving two concentrations, i.e. a low concentration relating to serum levels easily attained at the commonly used dosage level of the various antibacterially acting preparations, and a high concentration corresponding to serum levels attainable at increased dosage via the appropriate route of administration. The inoculum is distributed with a multi-inoculator making a simultaneous inoculation of 25 strains possible. For 25 antibiograms with 20 antibiotics 40 Petri dishes are required, inoculation take 15 min. The method described is suited above all for laboratories with large workload where a great number of resistance determinations must be carried out rapidly, precisely at a low cost.", "contents": "[Semi-quantitative determination of resistance in agar (author's transl)]. The sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial preparations is determined--using agar as the test medium--by means of a semi-quantitative method involving two concentrations, i.e. a low concentration relating to serum levels easily attained at the commonly used dosage level of the various antibacterially acting preparations, and a high concentration corresponding to serum levels attainable at increased dosage via the appropriate route of administration. The inoculum is distributed with a multi-inoculator making a simultaneous inoculation of 25 strains possible. For 25 antibiograms with 20 antibiotics 40 Petri dishes are required, inoculation take 15 min. The method described is suited above all for laboratories with large workload where a great number of resistance determinations must be carried out rapidly, precisely at a low cost.", "PMID": 581932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1141", "title": "Synthesis and anthelminthic activity of alkyl-(5-acyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamates.", "content": "A series of alkyl-(5-acyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-carbamates were prepared and screened for anthelminthic activity. Some of them were found to be fully active at low, atoxic oral dose levels against gastro-intestinal nematodes. The activity against Symphacia muria and Strongyloides ratta is indicated. From these studies methyl (5-benzoyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate (mebendazole) and methyl [5-(4-flourobenzoyl)-1-H-benzimiazol-2 yl]carbamate flubendazole) were selected for detailed investigation.", "contents": "Synthesis and anthelminthic activity of alkyl-(5-acyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamates. A series of alkyl-(5-acyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-carbamates were prepared and screened for anthelminthic activity. Some of them were found to be fully active at low, atoxic oral dose levels against gastro-intestinal nematodes. The activity against Symphacia muria and Strongyloides ratta is indicated. From these studies methyl (5-benzoyl-1-H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate (mebendazole) and methyl [5-(4-flourobenzoyl)-1-H-benzimiazol-2 yl]carbamate flubendazole) were selected for detailed investigation.", "PMID": 581933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1142", "title": "Synthesis of 2-aryl-4,4-spiro-morpholinium compounds of possible biologic interest.", "content": "The preparation of some 2-hydroxy-2-aryl-4,4-polymethylenemorpholinium bromides (II) by ring closure of the corresponding N-phenacyl-N-hydroxy-ethylpiperidinium (pyrrolidinium) bromide (III) and the synthesis of 2-ethoxy (IV) and of 2,3-dehydro derivatives (VI) are described. The synteshis of 2-phenyl-4,4-pentamethylene-morpholinium bromide (VII) from the hydrogenation of either the 2-phenyl or 2-p-bromophenyl-2,3-dehydromorpholinium derivativies (VI) is also reported. Proof of the chemical structures is provided by IR, UV, and NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds did not present any significant pharmacologic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-aryl-4,4-spiro-morpholinium compounds of possible biologic interest. The preparation of some 2-hydroxy-2-aryl-4,4-polymethylenemorpholinium bromides (II) by ring closure of the corresponding N-phenacyl-N-hydroxy-ethylpiperidinium (pyrrolidinium) bromide (III) and the synthesis of 2-ethoxy (IV) and of 2,3-dehydro derivatives (VI) are described. The synteshis of 2-phenyl-4,4-pentamethylene-morpholinium bromide (VII) from the hydrogenation of either the 2-phenyl or 2-p-bromophenyl-2,3-dehydromorpholinium derivativies (VI) is also reported. Proof of the chemical structures is provided by IR, UV, and NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds did not present any significant pharmacologic activity.", "PMID": 581934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1143", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. VI. Non-linear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: calculation procedures for bilinear model.", "content": "The bilinear model, log 1/C = a log P--b log (betaP + 1) + c, is a new model for the qunatitative description of non-linear relationships between hydrophobic character and biological activity. In contrast to the parabolic Hansch model the bilinear model considers the particular effect that a linear relationship exists between lipophilicity and biological activity up to a point where this linear relationship breaks down to a non-linear relationship. Two different calculation procedures for the bilinear mode, a stepwise iteration method and the Taylor series iteration method, are explained and demonstrated with examples. The bilinear model and the parabolic Hansch model are compared by means of the statistical parameters r, s and F, by a partial F test and by an analysis of the residuals obtained with both models.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. VI. Non-linear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: calculation procedures for bilinear model. The bilinear model, log 1/C = a log P--b log (betaP + 1) + c, is a new model for the qunatitative description of non-linear relationships between hydrophobic character and biological activity. In contrast to the parabolic Hansch model the bilinear model considers the particular effect that a linear relationship exists between lipophilicity and biological activity up to a point where this linear relationship breaks down to a non-linear relationship. Two different calculation procedures for the bilinear mode, a stepwise iteration method and the Taylor series iteration method, are explained and demonstrated with examples. The bilinear model and the parabolic Hansch model are compared by means of the statistical parameters r, s and F, by a partial F test and by an analysis of the residuals obtained with both models.", "PMID": 581935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1144", "title": "Drug evaluation on haemopoietic cells in vitro. I. A micro agar colony assay with semi-automatic optical monitoring.", "content": "A micro method was developed to culture myelomonocytic colonies from mouse bone marrow cells in semi-solid agar contained in glass capillary tubes. Parameters affecting colony formation in capillaries were studied. An optical, semi-automatic scanning system using the light scattering properties of the colonies was developed; the system was mostly composed of commercially available equipment. The daily growth of single colonies within the tubes was followed. Combined with the capillary technique the scanning system provides an easy, accurate and sensitive method to quantitate the formation of haemopoietic colonies. This is the basis of a micro assay for the evaluation (screening) of drug effects on mammalian cell colonies in vitro offering several advantageous features.", "contents": "Drug evaluation on haemopoietic cells in vitro. I. A micro agar colony assay with semi-automatic optical monitoring. A micro method was developed to culture myelomonocytic colonies from mouse bone marrow cells in semi-solid agar contained in glass capillary tubes. Parameters affecting colony formation in capillaries were studied. An optical, semi-automatic scanning system using the light scattering properties of the colonies was developed; the system was mostly composed of commercially available equipment. The daily growth of single colonies within the tubes was followed. Combined with the capillary technique the scanning system provides an easy, accurate and sensitive method to quantitate the formation of haemopoietic colonies. This is the basis of a micro assay for the evaluation (screening) of drug effects on mammalian cell colonies in vitro offering several advantageous features.", "PMID": 581936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1145", "title": "Further absorption studies with the anti-diarrhoeal agent ethacridine lactate in the dog.", "content": "2-Ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate (ethacridine lactate, Rivanol, Metifex) has been administered orally to the dog once daily for 14 days, tritium labelled matterial having been given on days 1 and 14. The extent and rates of urinary excretion of radioactivity and the peak plasma levels and total radioactivity half-lives following the radiolabelled doses on days 1 and 14 were essentially the same. There was no significant change following multiple dosing in the level of urinary acridine-like material as determined fluorimetrically, which compared to approximately 0.01% of the dose found in the 0--24 h urine. It was concluded that, following oral administration of 3H-ethacridine lactate (5 mg/kg), less than 0.1% of the dose is absorbed as acridine-like material. Multiple dosing for 14 days does not alter this very low degree of oral absorption. In a separate study tritiated ethacridine lactate (30 microgram/kg) was administered i.v. to the dog. Approximately 84% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the 0--72 h post dose period, the majority of it being excreted via the faeces. There was a rapid loss of radioactivity from the plasma, followed by a long terminal phase in which acridine-like material was estimated to have a half-life of about 15 h.", "contents": "Further absorption studies with the anti-diarrhoeal agent ethacridine lactate in the dog. 2-Ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate (ethacridine lactate, Rivanol, Metifex) has been administered orally to the dog once daily for 14 days, tritium labelled matterial having been given on days 1 and 14. The extent and rates of urinary excretion of radioactivity and the peak plasma levels and total radioactivity half-lives following the radiolabelled doses on days 1 and 14 were essentially the same. There was no significant change following multiple dosing in the level of urinary acridine-like material as determined fluorimetrically, which compared to approximately 0.01% of the dose found in the 0--24 h urine. It was concluded that, following oral administration of 3H-ethacridine lactate (5 mg/kg), less than 0.1% of the dose is absorbed as acridine-like material. Multiple dosing for 14 days does not alter this very low degree of oral absorption. In a separate study tritiated ethacridine lactate (30 microgram/kg) was administered i.v. to the dog. Approximately 84% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the 0--72 h post dose period, the majority of it being excreted via the faeces. There was a rapid loss of radioactivity from the plasma, followed by a long terminal phase in which acridine-like material was estimated to have a half-life of about 15 h.", "PMID": 581939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1146", "title": "The effects of silybin on experimental phalloidine poisoning.", "content": "Histochemical and histoenzymological studies carried out on liver slices of the mouse show that silybin both as prophylactic and curative treatment, inhibits the disorders of metabolic activity brought about by phallodine and maintains enzymatic activities at levels comparable with those of the control animals. Silybin, when administered alone, produces only minor changes in activities. As with silymarin, the only notable effect is an increased activity of alkaline phosphatase. The mode of action of these two substances appears to be the same.", "contents": "The effects of silybin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. Histochemical and histoenzymological studies carried out on liver slices of the mouse show that silybin both as prophylactic and curative treatment, inhibits the disorders of metabolic activity brought about by phallodine and maintains enzymatic activities at levels comparable with those of the control animals. Silybin, when administered alone, produces only minor changes in activities. As with silymarin, the only notable effect is an increased activity of alkaline phosphatase. The mode of action of these two substances appears to be the same.", "PMID": 581940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1147", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amixetrine in the dog. Relation of dose-to-plasma concentration.", "content": "N-[(2-Phenyl-2-isoamyloxy)-ethyl-pyrrolidine]-hydrochloride (amixetrine) was administered  to dogs at increasing doses, by i.v. and oral routes. Plasma determinations of active principle were carried out by gas liquid chromatography. The sensitivity limits of the method was 0.1 micrograms/ml of plasma. The evolution of the absorption coefficient and variations in half-life as a function of dose, were studied. The results indicate a non-linear, two-compartment open model. A first-pass effect and enzymatic saturation are envisaged.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amixetrine in the dog. Relation of dose-to-plasma concentration. N-[(2-Phenyl-2-isoamyloxy)-ethyl-pyrrolidine]-hydrochloride (amixetrine) was administered  to dogs at increasing doses, by i.v. and oral routes. Plasma determinations of active principle were carried out by gas liquid chromatography. The sensitivity limits of the method was 0.1 micrograms/ml of plasma. The evolution of the absorption coefficient and variations in half-life as a function of dose, were studied. The results indicate a non-linear, two-compartment open model. A first-pass effect and enzymatic saturation are envisaged.", "PMID": 581941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1148", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of clonidine after pretreatment with reserpine (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of 3.7--30 micrograms 2-(2,6-dichlorophenolamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine)/kg i.v. on the arterial blood pressure and the central nervous activities of the sympathetic and the phrenic nerves were studied in 33 anaesthetized, relaxed and artificially respirated cats. In part of the experiments the animals were pretreated with reserpine at a dosage of 2X0.3 mg/kg. In normal animals clonidine caused a fall in blood pressure, a reduction of nicotinic pressure effect and an inhibition of sympathetic activity. In pretreated animals the antinicotinic as well as the sympathetic inhibitory actions of clonidine were significantly increased at a dosage of 30 micrograms/kg. The single application of reserpine caused no changes of these two parameters. As a result clonidine probably caused a stimulation of central nervous postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors and after the pretreatment with reserpine in addition to this an inhibition of the release of epinephrine.", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of clonidine after pretreatment with reserpine (author's transl)]. The effects of 3.7--30 micrograms 2-(2,6-dichlorophenolamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine)/kg i.v. on the arterial blood pressure and the central nervous activities of the sympathetic and the phrenic nerves were studied in 33 anaesthetized, relaxed and artificially respirated cats. In part of the experiments the animals were pretreated with reserpine at a dosage of 2X0.3 mg/kg. In normal animals clonidine caused a fall in blood pressure, a reduction of nicotinic pressure effect and an inhibition of sympathetic activity. In pretreated animals the antinicotinic as well as the sympathetic inhibitory actions of clonidine were significantly increased at a dosage of 30 micrograms/kg. The single application of reserpine caused no changes of these two parameters. As a result clonidine probably caused a stimulation of central nervous postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors and after the pretreatment with reserpine in addition to this an inhibition of the release of epinephrine.", "PMID": 581942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1149", "title": "[The influence of a combination of clonidine and acetylandromedol on blood pressure and central sympathetic tone of the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of acetylandromedol alone and in combination with 2-(2,6-dichlorophenolamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine) on the arterial blood pressure and the preganglionic discharges of the cervical sympathetic and phrenic nerves were studied in 36 anaesthetized cats. At a dosage of 10--40 micrograms/kg i.v. acetylandromedol produced a fall of blood pressure and an increase of the central nervous sympathetic activity. Both effects lasted longer than 1 h. The combination of 40 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg with 15 micrograms clonidine/kg i.v. caused a decrease of the sympathetic activity. A depression of the respiratory centres was not observed. 10 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg in combination with 15 micrograms clonidine/kg produced a significantly more pronounced hypotensive action than the single application of 20 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg or 30--120 micrograms clonidine/kg.", "contents": "[The influence of a combination of clonidine and acetylandromedol on blood pressure and central sympathetic tone of the cat (author's transl)]. The effects of acetylandromedol alone and in combination with 2-(2,6-dichlorophenolamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine) on the arterial blood pressure and the preganglionic discharges of the cervical sympathetic and phrenic nerves were studied in 36 anaesthetized cats. At a dosage of 10--40 micrograms/kg i.v. acetylandromedol produced a fall of blood pressure and an increase of the central nervous sympathetic activity. Both effects lasted longer than 1 h. The combination of 40 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg with 15 micrograms clonidine/kg i.v. caused a decrease of the sympathetic activity. A depression of the respiratory centres was not observed. 10 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg in combination with 15 micrograms clonidine/kg produced a significantly more pronounced hypotensive action than the single application of 20 micrograms acetylandromedol/kg or 30--120 micrograms clonidine/kg.", "PMID": 581943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1150", "title": "Effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332), a new enzyme inducer, on the microsomal drug metabolism. Part I.", "content": "Intensity and duration of action of several compounds which are metabolized in the liver, are reduced in rats following pretreatment with 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn), e.g., hexobarbital, methohexitone, glutethimide, hydroxymephenesine, chlorzoxazone, zoxazolamine, ketamine, chlordiazepoxide, diphenylhydantoin, ethylmorphine and pentylenetetrazol, hydroquinone, acenocumarol, respectively. Hypnotic effect of barbital is not altered by RGH-3332. Hexobarbital, meprobamate, mephenesine, nikethamide, canrenone, metyrapone, antipyrine, bromsulphophthalein, inocyanin green, bilirubin disappearance are enhanced, excretion of ascorbic acid is increased after RGH-3332 treatment. The effect of RGH=3332 is inhibited by D,L-ethionine. Hepatic cytochrome P450 concentration is increased following treatment with RGH-3332. Results of in vivo studies proved that 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol has enzyme inducing activity.", "contents": "Effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332), a new enzyme inducer, on the microsomal drug metabolism. Part I. Intensity and duration of action of several compounds which are metabolized in the liver, are reduced in rats following pretreatment with 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn), e.g., hexobarbital, methohexitone, glutethimide, hydroxymephenesine, chlorzoxazone, zoxazolamine, ketamine, chlordiazepoxide, diphenylhydantoin, ethylmorphine and pentylenetetrazol, hydroquinone, acenocumarol, respectively. Hypnotic effect of barbital is not altered by RGH-3332. Hexobarbital, meprobamate, mephenesine, nikethamide, canrenone, metyrapone, antipyrine, bromsulphophthalein, inocyanin green, bilirubin disappearance are enhanced, excretion of ascorbic acid is increased after RGH-3332 treatment. The effect of RGH=3332 is inhibited by D,L-ethionine. Hepatic cytochrome P450 concentration is increased following treatment with RGH-3332. Results of in vivo studies proved that 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol has enzyme inducing activity.", "PMID": 581944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1151", "title": "Effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332), a new enzyme inducer on the central nervous system of rats. Part II.", "content": "3-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn) had been reported to induce the hepatic mixed function oxydase system similarly to phenobarbital [5]. CNS effects of both compounds were tested on immature rats, age 14 days, in the developmental phase of quick morphological and functional growth. A marked difference in total locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour and reaction to both compounds between immature and adult rats is reported. Toxicity of RGH-3332 is favourable in itself and in comparison to that of phenobarbital in both age groups. CNS effects are neglibile compared to the main effect, they can be observed only in 6--8fold doses eliciting maximum inductive response in case of RGH-3332, while CNS effects are caused by phenobarbital at lower doses than that required for maximum inductive response.", "contents": "Effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332), a new enzyme inducer on the central nervous system of rats. Part II. 3-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn) had been reported to induce the hepatic mixed function oxydase system similarly to phenobarbital [5]. CNS effects of both compounds were tested on immature rats, age 14 days, in the developmental phase of quick morphological and functional growth. A marked difference in total locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour and reaction to both compounds between immature and adult rats is reported. Toxicity of RGH-3332 is favourable in itself and in comparison to that of phenobarbital in both age groups. CNS effects are neglibile compared to the main effect, they can be observed only in 6--8fold doses eliciting maximum inductive response in case of RGH-3332, while CNS effects are caused by phenobarbital at lower doses than that required for maximum inductive response.", "PMID": 581945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1152", "title": "Metabolism of 14C-3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol in rats.", "content": "Metabolism of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethyl-benzhydrol (I), hepatic enzyme inducer has been studied in rats. Five metabolites in bile and four in urine, as well as minute amounts of the original drug (I) were identified. The only major metabolite in bile and one of the two major metabolites in urine were found to be aromatic hydroxylated products of I, i.e., 3-trifluoro-methyl-4'-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (II). The results of enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase suggest that hydroxyl groups of metabolites are conjugated. Considering the structure of metabolites isolated a probable order of metabolite formation is outlined.", "contents": "Metabolism of 14C-3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol in rats. Metabolism of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethyl-benzhydrol (I), hepatic enzyme inducer has been studied in rats. Five metabolites in bile and four in urine, as well as minute amounts of the original drug (I) were identified. The only major metabolite in bile and one of the two major metabolites in urine were found to be aromatic hydroxylated products of I, i.e., 3-trifluoro-methyl-4'-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (II). The results of enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase suggest that hydroxyl groups of metabolites are conjugated. Considering the structure of metabolites isolated a probable order of metabolite formation is outlined.", "PMID": 581946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1153", "title": "3-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332). Liver enzyme induction and D-glucaric acid excretion.", "content": "The enzyme inducing effect of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn) has been studied in man by means of determining urinary D-glucaric acid output. RGH-3332 was given for ten days, 300 mg/day to 13, 600 mg/day to 11 and 900 mg/day to 11 patients orally. A significant increase of glucaric acid excretion was found in all three groups confirming the enzyme inducing effect of RGH-3332. A tendency to dose-effect relationship was observed. No signs of adverse drug effects were found by laboratory tests. Minor gastrointestinal side effects were observed in two cases of 35 subjects.", "contents": "3-Trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332). Liver enzyme induction and D-glucaric acid excretion. The enzyme inducing effect of 3-trifluoromethyl-alpha-ethylbenzhydrol (RGH-3332, Zixoryn) has been studied in man by means of determining urinary D-glucaric acid output. RGH-3332 was given for ten days, 300 mg/day to 13, 600 mg/day to 11 and 900 mg/day to 11 patients orally. A significant increase of glucaric acid excretion was found in all three groups confirming the enzyme inducing effect of RGH-3332. A tendency to dose-effect relationship was observed. No signs of adverse drug effects were found by laboratory tests. Minor gastrointestinal side effects were observed in two cases of 35 subjects.", "PMID": 581947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1154", "title": "[A contribution to the pharmacodynamics of guanidine hydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of guanidine was determined in blood serum and urine of healthy humans following oral administration of guanidine hydrochloride. The biological half life is 12 h, the renal clearance is 40--50 ml. An improved method for the determination of guanidine in body fluids is described.", "contents": "[A contribution to the pharmacodynamics of guanidine hydrochloride (author's transl)]. The concentration of guanidine was determined in blood serum and urine of healthy humans following oral administration of guanidine hydrochloride. The biological half life is 12 h, the renal clearance is 40--50 ml. An improved method for the determination of guanidine in body fluids is described.", "PMID": 581948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1155", "title": "Domperidone (R 33812) in the prophylactic treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis. A multicentre evaluation.", "content": "Domperidone (R 33812) was injected i.v. for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in a total of 395 cytostatic treatment courses in 172 patients. The total dose ranged from 1 to 40 mg and was given in one or several doses. Even after the administration of severely emetic substances, vomiting and nausea were largely prevented in hospitalized patients, but the results were rather poor in ambulatory patients. In all of the cytostatic treatment schedules very favourable results were obtained.", "contents": "Domperidone (R 33812) in the prophylactic treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis. A multicentre evaluation. Domperidone (R 33812) was injected i.v. for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in a total of 395 cytostatic treatment courses in 172 patients. The total dose ranged from 1 to 40 mg and was given in one or several doses. Even after the administration of severely emetic substances, vomiting and nausea were largely prevented in hospitalized patients, but the results were rather poor in ambulatory patients. In all of the cytostatic treatment schedules very favourable results were obtained.", "PMID": 581949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1156", "title": "Absolute bioavailability of digoxin tablets.", "content": "Ten healthy male volunteers each received 0.5 mg digoxin orally and i.v. in a randomised, cross-over sequence with at least two weeks between doses. Plasma concentration and cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin were measured up to 6 and 144 h, respectively, after administration using a radioimmunoassay method. Absolute bioavailability (i.e. the percentage absorption from tablets compared to i.v. injection) was calculated by four methods: by comparing areas under plasma concentration/time curves (AUC) up to 6 h and to infinity, also by comparing cumulative urinary excretion up to 144 h (t max.) and to infinity. The mean of the two extrapolated values for the absolute bioavailability of digoxin (Sandoz) tablets is 78%.", "contents": "Absolute bioavailability of digoxin tablets. Ten healthy male volunteers each received 0.5 mg digoxin orally and i.v. in a randomised, cross-over sequence with at least two weeks between doses. Plasma concentration and cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin were measured up to 6 and 144 h, respectively, after administration using a radioimmunoassay method. Absolute bioavailability (i.e. the percentage absorption from tablets compared to i.v. injection) was calculated by four methods: by comparing areas under plasma concentration/time curves (AUC) up to 6 h and to infinity, also by comparing cumulative urinary excretion up to 144 h (t max.) and to infinity. The mean of the two extrapolated values for the absolute bioavailability of digoxin (Sandoz) tablets is 78%.", "PMID": 581950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1157", "title": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. XI. 2-, 3-, and 4-alkyl-, aryl-, and arylalkyl derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "23 derivatives 17a--z of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (1a) were synthesized with the aim of studying the influence of an increased lipophilicity on the biological activity. 17a--z are active against P. vinckei (mouse), but none of these derivatives is superior to the 2,4-dimethyl derivative 1d. Flat molecules (e.g. 17k and 17e) and their bulky hydrogenated derivatives (17I and 17f) show a comparable activity. This indicates that a flat structure is not essential for the activity of the 6-aminoquinolines.", "contents": "[Antimalarial 6-aminoquinolines. XI. 2-, 3-, and 4-alkyl-, aryl-, and arylalkyl derivatives (author's transl)]. 23 derivatives 17a--z of 6-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoline (1a) were synthesized with the aim of studying the influence of an increased lipophilicity on the biological activity. 17a--z are active against P. vinckei (mouse), but none of these derivatives is superior to the 2,4-dimethyl derivative 1d. Flat molecules (e.g. 17k and 17e) and their bulky hydrogenated derivatives (17I and 17f) show a comparable activity. This indicates that a flat structure is not essential for the activity of the 6-aminoquinolines.", "PMID": 581951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1158", "title": "[Synthesis and virostatic activity of adamantan-1-carbonic acid amidines (author's transl)].", "content": "33 different adamntyl amidines containing four different structural types were synthesized and checked for virostatic activity. The activity of compounds of type II seems to originate in their ability to form H-bonds. The strength of antiviral activity is at least partly determined by the electronic effects of substituents at the benzene ring.", "contents": "[Synthesis and virostatic activity of adamantan-1-carbonic acid amidines (author's transl)]. 33 different adamntyl amidines containing four different structural types were synthesized and checked for virostatic activity. The activity of compounds of type II seems to originate in their ability to form H-bonds. The strength of antiviral activity is at least partly determined by the electronic effects of substituents at the benzene ring.", "PMID": 581952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1159", "title": "[In vitro investigations of rifampicin. Correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal inhibitory zone].", "content": "Regression analyses demonstrated a good correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin determined by the agar dilution method in Mueller-Hinton or Iso-Sensitest agar and the diameters of the inhibition zones produced by the antibiotic in the agar diffusion test on the same two media. The inhibition zone diameters produced in cultures of gram-positive bacteria most of which are highly sensitive to rifampicin (MIC less than 0.125 microgram/ml), are greater than 32 mm. Clearly discernible zones of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm in diameter are, however, also found with gram-negative bacteria, which are less sensitive to the drug (MIC 4--32 microgram/ml. The simple agar diffusion method consequently provides a reliable indication of the sensitivity of bacteria to rifampicin.", "contents": "[In vitro investigations of rifampicin. Correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal inhibitory zone]. Regression analyses demonstrated a good correlation between the minimum inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin determined by the agar dilution method in Mueller-Hinton or Iso-Sensitest agar and the diameters of the inhibition zones produced by the antibiotic in the agar diffusion test on the same two media. The inhibition zone diameters produced in cultures of gram-positive bacteria most of which are highly sensitive to rifampicin (MIC less than 0.125 microgram/ml), are greater than 32 mm. Clearly discernible zones of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm in diameter are, however, also found with gram-negative bacteria, which are less sensitive to the drug (MIC 4--32 microgram/ml. The simple agar diffusion method consequently provides a reliable indication of the sensitivity of bacteria to rifampicin.", "PMID": 581953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1160", "title": "Quantitative studies on acid hydrolysis of digitoxin.", "content": "Hydrolysis of 3H(G)-digitoxin by hydrochloric acid and human gastric juice is described. Incubation temperatures of 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C were chosen for electrolyte solutions, and 37 degrees C for the experiments with gastric juice. After dichloromethane extraction, the radioactive metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography, localized and quantified by a radiochromatogram scanner. The degradation products separated by TLC were digitoxigeninbis-digitoxoside, digitoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside, and digitoxigenin. After 10 min of incubation at pH 1, digitoxin amounted to 38.6% of the total radioactivity in electrolyte solution and 37.6% in gastric juice. After 60 min, the percentage of digitoxin decreased to 5.9% and 0%, respectively. After 120 min at 22 degrees C, amounts of unhydrolyzed digitoxin were: at pH 1 55%; and at pH 2 84%. After 10 min at pH 1, and 60 min at pH 2, digitoxin was hydrolyzed to such an extent that bioavailability should have been significantly reduced. Absorption of digitoxin (liquid) from the stomach was studied during gastroscopy in five patients. Among them, significant differences in absorption kinetics and bioavailability existed, as revealed by radioimmunological measurements of the digitoxin blood levels.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on acid hydrolysis of digitoxin. Hydrolysis of 3H(G)-digitoxin by hydrochloric acid and human gastric juice is described. Incubation temperatures of 37 degrees C and 22 degrees C were chosen for electrolyte solutions, and 37 degrees C for the experiments with gastric juice. After dichloromethane extraction, the radioactive metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography, localized and quantified by a radiochromatogram scanner. The degradation products separated by TLC were digitoxigeninbis-digitoxoside, digitoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside, and digitoxigenin. After 10 min of incubation at pH 1, digitoxin amounted to 38.6% of the total radioactivity in electrolyte solution and 37.6% in gastric juice. After 60 min, the percentage of digitoxin decreased to 5.9% and 0%, respectively. After 120 min at 22 degrees C, amounts of unhydrolyzed digitoxin were: at pH 1 55%; and at pH 2 84%. After 10 min at pH 1, and 60 min at pH 2, digitoxin was hydrolyzed to such an extent that bioavailability should have been significantly reduced. Absorption of digitoxin (liquid) from the stomach was studied during gastroscopy in five patients. Among them, significant differences in absorption kinetics and bioavailability existed, as revealed by radioimmunological measurements of the digitoxin blood levels.", "PMID": 581954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1161", "title": "Cortical pO2 distribution during oligemic hypotension and its pharmacological modifications.", "content": "pO2 measurements in the cerebral cortex of cats have shown that the distribution of oxygen within the tissue becomes considerably affected by hypovolemic hypotension, in particular in the late period of oligemia. Pharmacological studies on this model show that the treatment of shock with a vasodilating drug such as papaverine leads to shunt-perfusion, thus impairing the oxygenation of brain tissue. In contrast, administration of the metabolically active drug dihydroergotoxine (DET, Hydergine) results in an improvement of the tissue pO2 distribution in the direction of a pre-shock state.", "contents": "Cortical pO2 distribution during oligemic hypotension and its pharmacological modifications. pO2 measurements in the cerebral cortex of cats have shown that the distribution of oxygen within the tissue becomes considerably affected by hypovolemic hypotension, in particular in the late period of oligemia. Pharmacological studies on this model show that the treatment of shock with a vasodilating drug such as papaverine leads to shunt-perfusion, thus impairing the oxygenation of brain tissue. In contrast, administration of the metabolically active drug dihydroergotoxine (DET, Hydergine) results in an improvement of the tissue pO2 distribution in the direction of a pre-shock state.", "PMID": 581956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1162", "title": "Hypoglycemic activity of amine derivatives. Preliminary observations.", "content": "Dicyclohexylamine and related amino compounds as well as some simple secondary amines with branched aliphatic substituents were found to decrease blood glucose levels of fasted, glucose-loaded, or streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and of fasted mice. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic activity of amine derivatives. Preliminary observations. Dicyclohexylamine and related amino compounds as well as some simple secondary amines with branched aliphatic substituents were found to decrease blood glucose levels of fasted, glucose-loaded, or streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and of fasted mice. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 581957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1163", "title": "Effects of dobutamine on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism of the dog.", "content": "Effects of (+/-)-4-[2-(3-p-hydroxyphenyl-1-methyl-amino)ethyl]pyrocatechol (dobutamine) on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism were investigated using the heart in vivo and the isolated perfused heart of dogs. In the heart in vivo dobutamine 1--30 microgram/kg i.v. and 1--100 microgram i.c. produced dose-dependent increases in coronary perfusion pressure, coronary blood flow, heart rate and left intraventricular pressure. In the perfused heart dobutamine 10 microgram i.c. increased coronary flow, heart rate, cardiac contractility and myocardial oxygen consumption. Delta redox potentials decreased but did not show negative values. Propranolol 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and 0.1 mg i.c. inhibited these effects of dobutamine. Dobutamine shows basically the same actions as isoproterenol, but does not reduce the coronary perfusion pressure by the relatively high dose applied. The results suggest that dobutamine may have a selective adrenergic beta 1 receptor stimulating action on the heart and have a merit in maintaining the coronary perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Effects of dobutamine on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism of the dog. Effects of (+/-)-4-[2-(3-p-hydroxyphenyl-1-methyl-amino)ethyl]pyrocatechol (dobutamine) on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism were investigated using the heart in vivo and the isolated perfused heart of dogs. In the heart in vivo dobutamine 1--30 microgram/kg i.v. and 1--100 microgram i.c. produced dose-dependent increases in coronary perfusion pressure, coronary blood flow, heart rate and left intraventricular pressure. In the perfused heart dobutamine 10 microgram i.c. increased coronary flow, heart rate, cardiac contractility and myocardial oxygen consumption. Delta redox potentials decreased but did not show negative values. Propranolol 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and 0.1 mg i.c. inhibited these effects of dobutamine. Dobutamine shows basically the same actions as isoproterenol, but does not reduce the coronary perfusion pressure by the relatively high dose applied. The results suggest that dobutamine may have a selective adrenergic beta 1 receptor stimulating action on the heart and have a merit in maintaining the coronary perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 581958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1164", "title": "Influence of somatostatin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in the rat.", "content": "In the anaesthetized rat synthetic somatostatin can interfere with the renin-angiotensin system by increasing plasma renin activity and decreasing normal blood pressure or counteracting several types of experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Influence of somatostatin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in the rat. In the anaesthetized rat synthetic somatostatin can interfere with the renin-angiotensin system by increasing plasma renin activity and decreasing normal blood pressure or counteracting several types of experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 581959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1165", "title": "Experimental studies on the intestinal uptake of organic and inorganic magnesium and potassium compounds given alone or simultaneously.", "content": "The peroral administration of magnesium and potassium compounds in effective doses (ED50) to rats yielded the following results: 1. Magnesium or potassium given as chlorides are significantly better absorbed than the corresponding aspartates. 2. In the presence of aspartate in higher concentrations the absorption of both magnesium and potassium is inhibited to a certain degree. 3. Increasing amounts of chloride cannot abolish the inhibitory effect of aspartate on potassium absorption, in contrast magnesium, which, in the presence of aspartate is better taken up when chloride is provided. 4. High concentrations of magnesium may perhaps impede the uptake of potassium to a small degree but not vice versa. 5. Magnesium losses from the body--induced by treatment with 9-alpha-fluorocortisol-acetate--can be effectively substituted by peroral administration of chloride-containing magnesium compounds over a reasonable time. The simultaneously occurring loss of potassium cannot be corrected correspondingly by potassium supplements.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the intestinal uptake of organic and inorganic magnesium and potassium compounds given alone or simultaneously. The peroral administration of magnesium and potassium compounds in effective doses (ED50) to rats yielded the following results: 1. Magnesium or potassium given as chlorides are significantly better absorbed than the corresponding aspartates. 2. In the presence of aspartate in higher concentrations the absorption of both magnesium and potassium is inhibited to a certain degree. 3. Increasing amounts of chloride cannot abolish the inhibitory effect of aspartate on potassium absorption, in contrast magnesium, which, in the presence of aspartate is better taken up when chloride is provided. 4. High concentrations of magnesium may perhaps impede the uptake of potassium to a small degree but not vice versa. 5. Magnesium losses from the body--induced by treatment with 9-alpha-fluorocortisol-acetate--can be effectively substituted by peroral administration of chloride-containing magnesium compounds over a reasonable time. The simultaneously occurring loss of potassium cannot be corrected correspondingly by potassium supplements.", "PMID": 581960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1166", "title": "ATP contents and structure of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine.", "content": "2-Mercaptopropionylglycine was found to be efficient in the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Interest was focussed on the possible mode of action of that reagent at the subcellular level. ATP contents in mitochondria were increased after anaerobic preincubation and after addition of ADP and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine. Concomitantly, we found an increase in condensed configuration of mitochondria. If the reagent was added before ATP-Mg2+ (ADP) the mitochondrial structure was well preserved, though, throughout of orthodox configuration. In comparison the control specimens were grossly swollen. It is proposed that the reagent may act at the level of mitochondrial energy coupling.", "contents": "ATP contents and structure of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine. 2-Mercaptopropionylglycine was found to be efficient in the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Interest was focussed on the possible mode of action of that reagent at the subcellular level. ATP contents in mitochondria were increased after anaerobic preincubation and after addition of ADP and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine. Concomitantly, we found an increase in condensed configuration of mitochondria. If the reagent was added before ATP-Mg2+ (ADP) the mitochondrial structure was well preserved, though, throughout of orthodox configuration. In comparison the control specimens were grossly swollen. It is proposed that the reagent may act at the level of mitochondrial energy coupling.", "PMID": 581961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1167", "title": "A study on cerium-induced liver injury in rats after pretreatment with spironolactone, phenobarbital, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile and nafenopin.", "content": "A number of drugs known to induce liver microsomal enzymes were studied with respect to their effect on the elevated liver triglyceride (TG) concentration and serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase (GPT) activities induced by an i.v. injection of cerium in rats. Pretreatment with pregnenolone - 16 alpha - carbonitrile (PCN) and 2-methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl)phenoxy]-propionic acid (nafenopin) decreased the liver TG concentration significantly. Spironolactone and phenobarbital pretreatment also decreased the TG level in comparison to controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Both GOT- and GPT-activities in serum increased on the first day after cerium injection and reached a maximum after 3 days. All the drugs significantly reduced the elevated levels. After 7 days the activity was almost normal in all the surviving animals.", "contents": "A study on cerium-induced liver injury in rats after pretreatment with spironolactone, phenobarbital, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile and nafenopin. A number of drugs known to induce liver microsomal enzymes were studied with respect to their effect on the elevated liver triglyceride (TG) concentration and serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase (GPT) activities induced by an i.v. injection of cerium in rats. Pretreatment with pregnenolone - 16 alpha - carbonitrile (PCN) and 2-methyl-2-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl)phenoxy]-propionic acid (nafenopin) decreased the liver TG concentration significantly. Spironolactone and phenobarbital pretreatment also decreased the TG level in comparison to controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Both GOT- and GPT-activities in serum increased on the first day after cerium injection and reached a maximum after 3 days. All the drugs significantly reduced the elevated levels. After 7 days the activity was almost normal in all the surviving animals.", "PMID": 581962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1168", "title": "The metabolites of 14C-sulpiride in the rat.", "content": "The elimination of total radioactivity after i.p. application of carbonyl-14C-labelled sulpiride (SP) was estimated in urine and feces. An average of 30% of administered radioactivity was found in feces, 50% in urine. By preparative thin-layer chromatography of urine SP and five metabolites were isolated. On the basis of chromatographic-spectrophotometric comparisons to synthesized standards four metabolites were identified: O-desmethyl-SP, 5-oxo-pyrrolidine-SP, N-desethyl-SP and O-desmethyl-5-oxo-pyrrolidine-SP. The chemical structure of one metabolite could not be established.", "contents": "The metabolites of 14C-sulpiride in the rat. The elimination of total radioactivity after i.p. application of carbonyl-14C-labelled sulpiride (SP) was estimated in urine and feces. An average of 30% of administered radioactivity was found in feces, 50% in urine. By preparative thin-layer chromatography of urine SP and five metabolites were isolated. On the basis of chromatographic-spectrophotometric comparisons to synthesized standards four metabolites were identified: O-desmethyl-SP, 5-oxo-pyrrolidine-SP, N-desethyl-SP and O-desmethyl-5-oxo-pyrrolidine-SP. The chemical structure of one metabolite could not be established.", "PMID": 581963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1169", "title": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. I. An observational analysis of dexamphetamine.", "content": "The effects of dexamphetamine have been studied on 18 separate items of observed behaviour in the mouse. The intensity of dexamphetamine action was assessed by scoring differences in behaviour from control (vehicle injected) mice and by measuring ED50 values for dexamphetamine to cause detectable differences from controls for each individual item. The experiments were performed blind in that the observer had no knowledge of the dose of dexamphetamine given to the test group or even whether these had received dexamphetamine at all. The results show a clear division of behavioural items into two groups according to ED50 values; group 1 with ED50 values greater than 15 mg/kg was associated with falls in whole-brain norepinephrine. Group 1 contained elements of increased motor activity, the stereotypies (except compulsive gnawing) and certain aspects of increased alertness. Group 2 consisted of compulsive gnawing and the remaining aspects of increased alertness. Compulsive gnawing was negatively correlated in intensity with the majority of other behavioural items but no other evidence was found for a smooth replacement of one type of activity by another with increasing dose.", "contents": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. I. An observational analysis of dexamphetamine. The effects of dexamphetamine have been studied on 18 separate items of observed behaviour in the mouse. The intensity of dexamphetamine action was assessed by scoring differences in behaviour from control (vehicle injected) mice and by measuring ED50 values for dexamphetamine to cause detectable differences from controls for each individual item. The experiments were performed blind in that the observer had no knowledge of the dose of dexamphetamine given to the test group or even whether these had received dexamphetamine at all. The results show a clear division of behavioural items into two groups according to ED50 values; group 1 with ED50 values greater than 15 mg/kg was associated with falls in whole-brain norepinephrine. Group 1 contained elements of increased motor activity, the stereotypies (except compulsive gnawing) and certain aspects of increased alertness. Group 2 consisted of compulsive gnawing and the remaining aspects of increased alertness. Compulsive gnawing was negatively correlated in intensity with the majority of other behavioural items but no other evidence was found for a smooth replacement of one type of activity by another with increasing dose.", "PMID": 581964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1170", "title": "[Enteral absorption of sulfasomidine depending on age (author's transl)].", "content": "After intravenous and oral application of 25 mg 6-(sulfanilamido)-2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine (sulfasomidin)/kg body-weight to 29 newborns, 8 infants and 9 older children the completeness and rate of absorption were determined. Sulfasomidine was completely absorbed in newborns (mean value 95.7%) as well as in older children (mean value 94.4%). Concerning the rate of absorption there were age-dependent differences. Using the Bateman function for the kinetic model of intestinal absorption the rate constant of invasion k1 was significantly lower in the first week of life compared to that in older children. In agreement with these data the time tmax of the maximum serum concentration was significantly prolonged in newborns compared to that of older children.", "contents": "[Enteral absorption of sulfasomidine depending on age (author's transl)]. After intravenous and oral application of 25 mg 6-(sulfanilamido)-2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine (sulfasomidin)/kg body-weight to 29 newborns, 8 infants and 9 older children the completeness and rate of absorption were determined. Sulfasomidine was completely absorbed in newborns (mean value 95.7%) as well as in older children (mean value 94.4%). Concerning the rate of absorption there were age-dependent differences. Using the Bateman function for the kinetic model of intestinal absorption the rate constant of invasion k1 was significantly lower in the first week of life compared to that in older children. In agreement with these data the time tmax of the maximum serum concentration was significantly prolonged in newborns compared to that of older children.", "PMID": 581965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1171", "title": "Loperamide in patients with radiotherapy-induced diarrhoea.", "content": "63 patients (23--78 years) with irradiation-induced diarrhoea, the majority of them resistant to treatment with diphenoxylate, were started on 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N,N'-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1-piperidine butyramide (loperidine, Imodium) 4 mg daily. Doses were further adapted individually and the trial lasted for 3--72 days. Daily frequency and consistency of stools improved significantly, and abdominal cramps were clearly reduced. Stools became normal in 41 patients after a median time of 16.5 days (median daily dose: 4 mg), they improved in six other patients, but remained unchanged in eight and deteriorated in one patient. The remaining seven cases were not evaluated. No side-effects could be attributed to the drug.", "contents": "Loperamide in patients with radiotherapy-induced diarrhoea. 63 patients (23--78 years) with irradiation-induced diarrhoea, the majority of them resistant to treatment with diphenoxylate, were started on 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N,N'-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1-piperidine butyramide (loperidine, Imodium) 4 mg daily. Doses were further adapted individually and the trial lasted for 3--72 days. Daily frequency and consistency of stools improved significantly, and abdominal cramps were clearly reduced. Stools became normal in 41 patients after a median time of 16.5 days (median daily dose: 4 mg), they improved in six other patients, but remained unchanged in eight and deteriorated in one patient. The remaining seven cases were not evaluated. No side-effects could be attributed to the drug.", "PMID": 581966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1172", "title": "[Ambroxol, comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in rat, rabbit, dog and man (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of trans-4-(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzylamino)cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872 Cl) was studied using the 14C-labelled compound. Absorption after oral administration was found to be fast and complete. Elimination half-life of radioactivity in the blood was estimated as 20--25 h in rat, dog and man and as 2 h only in rabbit. This apparent elimination half-life is governed by the disposition of acidic metabolites of NA 872. In man and rabbit radioactivity is excreted almost completely into the urine, whereas in rat and dog biliary excretion is also observed. Routes of biotransformation are similar in all 4 species. NA 872 is metabolized by phase I reactions to NA 873 and finally to dibromoanthranilic acid. Phase II reactions with the parent compound and metabolites are observed mainly in man and rabbit.", "contents": "[Ambroxol, comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in rat, rabbit, dog and man (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of trans-4-(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzylamino)cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872 Cl) was studied using the 14C-labelled compound. Absorption after oral administration was found to be fast and complete. Elimination half-life of radioactivity in the blood was estimated as 20--25 h in rat, dog and man and as 2 h only in rabbit. This apparent elimination half-life is governed by the disposition of acidic metabolites of NA 872. In man and rabbit radioactivity is excreted almost completely into the urine, whereas in rat and dog biliary excretion is also observed. Routes of biotransformation are similar in all 4 species. NA 872 is metabolized by phase I reactions to NA 873 and finally to dibromoanthranilic acid. Phase II reactions with the parent compound and metabolites are observed mainly in man and rabbit.", "PMID": 581988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1173", "title": "[Ambroxol, studies of biotransformation in man and determination in biological samples (author's transl)].", "content": "15 mg trans-4-[2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) was administered i.v. and orally to healthy volunteers. The metabolic pattern in urine and plasma was similar for both routes of administration. Biotransformation reactions are straightforward, yielding two major products of phage I reactions identified as 6,8-dibromo-3-(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinazoline and 3,5-dibromo-anthranilic acid. These metabolites as well as the parent compound are also converted to conjugates, predominantly glucuronides. Quantification of unlabelled ambroxol in biological fluids is achieved by radiochemical derivatisation with 14C-labelled formaldehyde in imitation of the biotransformation.", "contents": "[Ambroxol, studies of biotransformation in man and determination in biological samples (author's transl)]. 15 mg trans-4-[2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) was administered i.v. and orally to healthy volunteers. The metabolic pattern in urine and plasma was similar for both routes of administration. Biotransformation reactions are straightforward, yielding two major products of phage I reactions identified as 6,8-dibromo-3-(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinazoline and 3,5-dibromo-anthranilic acid. These metabolites as well as the parent compound are also converted to conjugates, predominantly glucuronides. Quantification of unlabelled ambroxol in biological fluids is achieved by radiochemical derivatisation with 14C-labelled formaldehyde in imitation of the biotransformation.", "PMID": 581989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1174", "title": "[Transmission and scanning electron microscopic investigation of the structure of so-called Clara cells of the bronchial system].", "content": "The epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles were systematically examined in the lungs of rabbits. Particular attention was paid to the morphology of the Clara cells in the secretory phases. The apocrine secretion of these cells could be reconstructed from the results obtained. On the basis of morphological observations, the Clara cells produced a serous secretion which was mixed with the mucous secretion of the goblet cells in the bronchi. From these morphological results, the effect of substances which break down the secretion and also the morphological relationship of the Clara cells gain special interest.", "contents": "[Transmission and scanning electron microscopic investigation of the structure of so-called Clara cells of the bronchial system]. The epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles were systematically examined in the lungs of rabbits. Particular attention was paid to the morphology of the Clara cells in the secretory phases. The apocrine secretion of these cells could be reconstructed from the results obtained. On the basis of morphological observations, the Clara cells produced a serous secretion which was mixed with the mucous secretion of the goblet cells in the bronchi. From these morphological results, the effect of substances which break down the secretion and also the morphological relationship of the Clara cells gain special interest.", "PMID": 581990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1175", "title": "[Therapeutic study on ambroxol in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical activity of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) as well as its influence on lung function was examined in a total of 63 patients (34 suffering from silicosis, 28 from chronic obstructive bronchitis and 1 from cryptococcosis). Additionally, the content of phospholipids was controlled in the sputum of the patient group. It was shown that the activity of ambroxol was better in the silicosis group than in the bronchitis group. The cause was discussed. Presumably the twofold site of action in the silicosis group (secretolysis and surfactant stimulation) might be the reason for this.", "contents": "[Therapeutic study on ambroxol in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. The clinical activity of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) as well as its influence on lung function was examined in a total of 63 patients (34 suffering from silicosis, 28 from chronic obstructive bronchitis and 1 from cryptococcosis). Additionally, the content of phospholipids was controlled in the sputum of the patient group. It was shown that the activity of ambroxol was better in the silicosis group than in the bronchitis group. The cause was discussed. Presumably the twofold site of action in the silicosis group (secretolysis and surfactant stimulation) might be the reason for this.", "PMID": 581991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1176", "title": "[Clinical experience with ambroxol syrup (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open trial trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) in the form of ambroxol syrup was given to non-hospitalised patients suffering from acute and chronic bronchitis. A marked reduction in coughing and dyspnoea as well as an improvement in expectoration was apparent. The maximum effect was reached on the third day of treatment. The effect can be maintained by consistent prolongation of the therapy. There were no side effects.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with ambroxol syrup (author's transl)]. In an open trial trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)-amino]-cyclohexanol hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) in the form of ambroxol syrup was given to non-hospitalised patients suffering from acute and chronic bronchitis. A marked reduction in coughing and dyspnoea as well as an improvement in expectoration was apparent. The maximum effect was reached on the third day of treatment. The effect can be maintained by consistent prolongation of the therapy. There were no side effects.", "PMID": 581992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1177", "title": "[Results of a clinical trial with ambroxol as to postoperative therapy of bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical testing of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)amino]cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) in surgical patients was carried out over a period of 7 days. Regular application of 60 mg/day showed a clear improvement in subjective symptoms, particularly in cases of bronchitic syndrome. In some patients improvement could be demonstrated objectively by means of sputum viscosimetry. The clinical effect is principally one of facilitation of expectoration and fluidification of mucus, which often prior to therapy is rather viscous. This leads to a favourable influence of the post-operative treatment period. As a rule the substance is well-tolerated. The recommended dose of the drug for the average treatment is 2 ampoules/day i.v. (30 mg) and a single to twice daily inhalation of 2 ml (15 mg) for 5--7 days post-operatively.", "contents": "[Results of a clinical trial with ambroxol as to postoperative therapy of bronchitis (author's transl)]. The clinical testing of trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromo-benzyl)amino]cyclohexanol-hydrochloride (ambroxol, NA 872) in surgical patients was carried out over a period of 7 days. Regular application of 60 mg/day showed a clear improvement in subjective symptoms, particularly in cases of bronchitic syndrome. In some patients improvement could be demonstrated objectively by means of sputum viscosimetry. The clinical effect is principally one of facilitation of expectoration and fluidification of mucus, which often prior to therapy is rather viscous. This leads to a favourable influence of the post-operative treatment period. As a rule the substance is well-tolerated. The recommended dose of the drug for the average treatment is 2 ampoules/day i.v. (30 mg) and a single to twice daily inhalation of 2 ml (15 mg) for 5--7 days post-operatively.", "PMID": 581994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1178", "title": "[Effect of furosemide on the hemodynamics of the kidney medulla during salt depletion].", "content": "In sodium depleted rats cortical and medullary blood flow was studied before and after 4-chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid (furosemide). 86Rb was used as an indicator of renal hemodynamics. Its activity was assessed in systemic blood and in tissue slices of the kidney. At the beginning of the experiments the animals were loaded p.o. with 1.3 ml/100 g b.w. of isotonic saline. 3 h later a rapid i.v. injection of 50 muCi (=5.6 MBq) 86Rb was given to 12 control and 9 furosemide treated animals. After 0.7 mg/100 g b.w. of furosemide the sodium and water excretion rises to 820% and 860% resp. (p less than 0.0005). Systemic body hematocrit increases from 47 to 49%. The renal cortical blood flow is not influenced by furosemide. Compared with controls there is a decrease in blood flow through the outer medulla from 1.57 +/- 0.65 to 1.00 +/- 0.37 ml/g.min, through the inner medulla from 0.75 +/- 0.30 to 0.59 +/- 0.23 ml/g.min, and through the papillary tips from 0.85 +/- 0.40 to 0.46 +/- 0.18 ml/g.min. However, these hemodynamics changes are not significant. It is concluded that the decrease in renal medullary hemodynamics of furosemide-treated rats is due to a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide on the hemodynamics of the kidney medulla during salt depletion]. In sodium depleted rats cortical and medullary blood flow was studied before and after 4-chloro-N-(2-furylmethyl)-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid (furosemide). 86Rb was used as an indicator of renal hemodynamics. Its activity was assessed in systemic blood and in tissue slices of the kidney. At the beginning of the experiments the animals were loaded p.o. with 1.3 ml/100 g b.w. of isotonic saline. 3 h later a rapid i.v. injection of 50 muCi (=5.6 MBq) 86Rb was given to 12 control and 9 furosemide treated animals. After 0.7 mg/100 g b.w. of furosemide the sodium and water excretion rises to 820% and 860% resp. (p less than 0.0005). Systemic body hematocrit increases from 47 to 49%. The renal cortical blood flow is not influenced by furosemide. Compared with controls there is a decrease in blood flow through the outer medulla from 1.57 +/- 0.65 to 1.00 +/- 0.37 ml/g.min, through the inner medulla from 0.75 +/- 0.30 to 0.59 +/- 0.23 ml/g.min, and through the papillary tips from 0.85 +/- 0.40 to 0.46 +/- 0.18 ml/g.min. However, these hemodynamics changes are not significant. It is concluded that the decrease in renal medullary hemodynamics of furosemide-treated rats is due to a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 581995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1179", "title": "[Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of a dicloxacillin-ampicillin combination (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents the results of the bacteriological and clinical assessment of the dicloxacillin-ampicillin combination Totocillin. The bacteriological examinations show that a synergistic and hyperadditive effect particularly on Staphylococcus, but also on E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and in a few cases on Proteus spp. is achieved with the combination. Clinical experience in urinary tract infections evidences the good efficacy of the combined preparation, which on statistical evaluation proved to be significantly more active than ampicillin alone. Satisfactory therapeutic results with the combination were yielded also in infections not involving the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of a dicloxacillin-ampicillin combination (author's transl)]. This paper presents the results of the bacteriological and clinical assessment of the dicloxacillin-ampicillin combination Totocillin. The bacteriological examinations show that a synergistic and hyperadditive effect particularly on Staphylococcus, but also on E. coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and in a few cases on Proteus spp. is achieved with the combination. Clinical experience in urinary tract infections evidences the good efficacy of the combined preparation, which on statistical evaluation proved to be significantly more active than ampicillin alone. Satisfactory therapeutic results with the combination were yielded also in infections not involving the urinary tract.", "PMID": 581996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1180", "title": "[Changes in erythrocyte shape and volume caused by silymarin].", "content": "In vitro treatment of fresh human red cells with silymarin as well as its individual components silybin and silydianin (10(-4) and 10(-3) g/ml of water-soluble sodium or hemisuccinate sodium salt) resulted in disc-crenated sphere transformation of the erythrocyte shape, silydianin being least effective. 10(-4) g/ml of each compound tested, causing only slight changes of the shape of the erythrocytes, significantly increased their maximum diameter, whereas 10(-3) g/ml silymarin or silybin, resulting in a marked sphering of the cells, significantly decreased their maximum diameter. Mean cell volume in isotonic medium determined by Coulter counter method was significantly increased by 10(-3) g/ml silymarin, silybin, silydianin and, above all, chlorpromazin. 2 x 10(-5) g/ml chlorpromazine significantly increased the critical haemolytic volume in hypotonic medium, determined by microhaematocrit method, whereas an insignificant increase of the critical haemolytic volume was induced by 2.7 x 10(-4) g/ml silymarin.", "contents": "[Changes in erythrocyte shape and volume caused by silymarin]. In vitro treatment of fresh human red cells with silymarin as well as its individual components silybin and silydianin (10(-4) and 10(-3) g/ml of water-soluble sodium or hemisuccinate sodium salt) resulted in disc-crenated sphere transformation of the erythrocyte shape, silydianin being least effective. 10(-4) g/ml of each compound tested, causing only slight changes of the shape of the erythrocytes, significantly increased their maximum diameter, whereas 10(-3) g/ml silymarin or silybin, resulting in a marked sphering of the cells, significantly decreased their maximum diameter. Mean cell volume in isotonic medium determined by Coulter counter method was significantly increased by 10(-3) g/ml silymarin, silybin, silydianin and, above all, chlorpromazin. 2 x 10(-5) g/ml chlorpromazine significantly increased the critical haemolytic volume in hypotonic medium, determined by microhaematocrit method, whereas an insignificant increase of the critical haemolytic volume was induced by 2.7 x 10(-4) g/ml silymarin.", "PMID": 581997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1181", "title": "[Penetration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug into human skin in vitro and in vivo. Tissue concentrations and flow rates of p-butoxyphenylacetohydroxamic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The penetration of p-butoxyphenylacetohydroxamic acid (BPHS; Parfenac) from a crean and an ointment into human skin in vivo and in vitro was investigated. From both preparation forms high tissue concentrations were achieved. Flow rates through the horny layer could be calculated, that from the ointment being considerably higher (3.8 . 10(-8) mol/cm2 . h) than that from the cream (7 . 10(-9) mol/cm2 . h). A control experiment in vivo proved that the in vitro data are relevant. The difference between dermal concentrations in vitro (with abolished capillary function) and that in vitro (with capillary system functioning) reflected the fast absorption of the drug by the vessels.", "contents": "[Penetration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug into human skin in vitro and in vivo. Tissue concentrations and flow rates of p-butoxyphenylacetohydroxamic acid (author's transl)]. The penetration of p-butoxyphenylacetohydroxamic acid (BPHS; Parfenac) from a crean and an ointment into human skin in vivo and in vitro was investigated. From both preparation forms high tissue concentrations were achieved. Flow rates through the horny layer could be calculated, that from the ointment being considerably higher (3.8 . 10(-8) mol/cm2 . h) than that from the cream (7 . 10(-9) mol/cm2 . h). A control experiment in vivo proved that the in vitro data are relevant. The difference between dermal concentrations in vitro (with abolished capillary function) and that in vitro (with capillary system functioning) reflected the fast absorption of the drug by the vessels.", "PMID": 581998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1182", "title": "[Rectal absorption of phenobarbital in children as affected by different vehicles].", "content": "68 infants received 7--15 mg phenobarbital and sodium-phenobarbital/kg body weight by suppositories of different melting-points and hydroxyl-values (Witepsol H 12, W 35, E 76). The kinetic analysis of the serum concentration curve shows that the rate of rectal absorption is significantly increased if sodium-phenobarbital instead of phenobarbital is applied. The absorption rate is faster using suppositories with a lower melting-point (32.5 degrees C) compared to suppositories with a higher one (37.5 degrees C). Increasing the amount of hydroxyl values in the vehicle the absorption rate of phenobarbital becomes faster. Comparing the area under the serum concentration curve after intravenous and rectal application in 8 infants the absorption ratio was 74%.", "contents": "[Rectal absorption of phenobarbital in children as affected by different vehicles]. 68 infants received 7--15 mg phenobarbital and sodium-phenobarbital/kg body weight by suppositories of different melting-points and hydroxyl-values (Witepsol H 12, W 35, E 76). The kinetic analysis of the serum concentration curve shows that the rate of rectal absorption is significantly increased if sodium-phenobarbital instead of phenobarbital is applied. The absorption rate is faster using suppositories with a lower melting-point (32.5 degrees C) compared to suppositories with a higher one (37.5 degrees C). Increasing the amount of hydroxyl values in the vehicle the absorption rate of phenobarbital becomes faster. Comparing the area under the serum concentration curve after intravenous and rectal application in 8 infants the absorption ratio was 74%.", "PMID": 581999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1183", "title": "Thermography as a tool for evaluating the local tolerance of i.m. administration of drugs.", "content": "Until today the local tolerance of i.m. administration of various drugs has been possible to register only by asking the patients about their subjective feelings. In this study using a new galenic form of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (Bactrim) developed for i. m. administration and ampicillin we could find that thermography can be used as a very exact method to measure the local tolerance of i.m. administered drugs. In fact, the thermography gave reaction before the patient reported any pain and in cases where pain existed the thermography findings correlated well with the reports of the test persons.", "contents": "Thermography as a tool for evaluating the local tolerance of i.m. administration of drugs. Until today the local tolerance of i.m. administration of various drugs has been possible to register only by asking the patients about their subjective feelings. In this study using a new galenic form of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (Bactrim) developed for i. m. administration and ampicillin we could find that thermography can be used as a very exact method to measure the local tolerance of i.m. administered drugs. In fact, the thermography gave reaction before the patient reported any pain and in cases where pain existed the thermography findings correlated well with the reports of the test persons.", "PMID": 582000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1184", "title": "[Transformation of tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine into 1,3,5-tris(3-hydroxypropyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine--a question of stability (author's transl)].", "content": "At room temperature tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine (THO) is converted into the very viscous 1,3,5-tris(3-hydroxypropyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (THT) over several weeks. On heating to ca. 125 degrees C THO will be reformed from THT. The structure of THT was proven by mass-, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra.", "contents": "[Transformation of tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine into 1,3,5-tris(3-hydroxypropyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine--a question of stability (author's transl)]. At room temperature tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine (THO) is converted into the very viscous 1,3,5-tris(3-hydroxypropyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (THT) over several weeks. On heating to ca. 125 degrees C THO will be reformed from THT. The structure of THT was proven by mass-, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra.", "PMID": 582001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1185", "title": "The liquid chromatographic analysis and pharmacokinetics of the semi-synthetic cephalosporin 3-methyl-7-[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidyl)-phenylacetamido]-delta 3-cephalosporanic acid (I).", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the cephalosporin 3-methyl-7-[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidyl)-phenylacetamido]-delta 3-cephalosporanic acid (I) in human plasma and urine. The analysis was carried out on a reverse-phase column and the column effluent was monitored by UV absorption at 236 nm. The lower limits of detection are 0.5 micrograms ml-1 and 0.2 micrograms ml-1 for plasma and urine, respectively. The correlation coefficient for the analysis of this cephalosporin in serum was 0.966 in comparison with a microbiological assay. Plasma and urine levels of (I) in three volunteers given an i.v. dose (500 mg) of the compound have been measured by this method and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the results performed assuming a two-compartment open model. The plasma half-life of the cephalosporin was 0.55 +/- 0.18 h up to 1--2 h after dosing and 2.2 +/- 0.7 h thereafter. At steady-state, the volume of the central compartment was 8--20 l and the volume of distribution was 12--31 l. A  comparison of total clearance with renal clearance suggested that 97 +/- 2.6% of the compound would be excreted unchanged via the kidney and this was consistent with that observed experimentally.", "contents": "The liquid chromatographic analysis and pharmacokinetics of the semi-synthetic cephalosporin 3-methyl-7-[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidyl)-phenylacetamido]-delta 3-cephalosporanic acid (I). A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the cephalosporin 3-methyl-7-[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidyl)-phenylacetamido]-delta 3-cephalosporanic acid (I) in human plasma and urine. The analysis was carried out on a reverse-phase column and the column effluent was monitored by UV absorption at 236 nm. The lower limits of detection are 0.5 micrograms ml-1 and 0.2 micrograms ml-1 for plasma and urine, respectively. The correlation coefficient for the analysis of this cephalosporin in serum was 0.966 in comparison with a microbiological assay. Plasma and urine levels of (I) in three volunteers given an i.v. dose (500 mg) of the compound have been measured by this method and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the results performed assuming a two-compartment open model. The plasma half-life of the cephalosporin was 0.55 +/- 0.18 h up to 1--2 h after dosing and 2.2 +/- 0.7 h thereafter. At steady-state, the volume of the central compartment was 8--20 l and the volume of distribution was 12--31 l. A  comparison of total clearance with renal clearance suggested that 97 +/- 2.6% of the compound would be excreted unchanged via the kidney and this was consistent with that observed experimentally.", "PMID": 582002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1186", "title": "The effects of pemoline on nuclear fusion, karyokinesis, and cytokinesis in caffeine treated cells.", "content": "The effect of 0.2% caffeine combined with 5-phenyl-2-imino-4 oxazolidone (pemoline, Tradon), in different ways, on mitosis in lateral roots of Vicia faba L. has been studied by means of aerated hydrocultivation. The results show that prolonged treatment with 10(-6) g/ml or 3 x 10(-4) g/ml (=saturated solution) pemoline to a certain degree compensates the negative influences of caffeine on mitotic index during and after the caffeine treatment. Depending on the duration of treatment 10(-6) g/ml pemoline are able to increase rates of nuclear fusions, bimitoses and 4n-mitoses, while 3 x 10(-4) g/ml have the opposite effects. The number of irregular cytokineses is increased by 10(-6) g/ml, whereas no abnormal cell walls are formed during treatment with 3 x 10(-4) g/ml pemoline. The conclusion is that pemoline has the same sites of action as caffeine, partly antagonistically, partly synergistically.", "contents": "The effects of pemoline on nuclear fusion, karyokinesis, and cytokinesis in caffeine treated cells. The effect of 0.2% caffeine combined with 5-phenyl-2-imino-4 oxazolidone (pemoline, Tradon), in different ways, on mitosis in lateral roots of Vicia faba L. has been studied by means of aerated hydrocultivation. The results show that prolonged treatment with 10(-6) g/ml or 3 x 10(-4) g/ml (=saturated solution) pemoline to a certain degree compensates the negative influences of caffeine on mitotic index during and after the caffeine treatment. Depending on the duration of treatment 10(-6) g/ml pemoline are able to increase rates of nuclear fusions, bimitoses and 4n-mitoses, while 3 x 10(-4) g/ml have the opposite effects. The number of irregular cytokineses is increased by 10(-6) g/ml, whereas no abnormal cell walls are formed during treatment with 3 x 10(-4) g/ml pemoline. The conclusion is that pemoline has the same sites of action as caffeine, partly antagonistically, partly synergistically.", "PMID": 582003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1187", "title": "[Development of new antiepileptics. IV. Anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one were tested for anticonvulsant properties in rats and mice. The substance 1-(o-chloro-p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (1725) was found to have potent anticonvulsant activities in rats and mice against seizures induced by electroshock or pentylenetetrazol. The unsubstituted phenyl ring has to be in position 4, otherwise the activity of the product is weakened. The ortho position of the halogen atom on the N-phenyl is also important for the anticonvulsant effect; chlorine acts better than fluorine. The anticonvulsants tested also potentiate the sleeping time induced by pentobarbitone and attenuate the motor activity of mice. 1-(o-Chloro-p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (1725) has a LD50 of 1000 mg/kg p.o.; the lesser active substances generally have a LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg p.o. Toxic effects of large doses were manifested by sedation and diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Development of new antiepileptics. IV. Anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one (author's transl)]. A series of derivatives of 1-(p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one were tested for anticonvulsant properties in rats and mice. The substance 1-(o-chloro-p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (1725) was found to have potent anticonvulsant activities in rats and mice against seizures induced by electroshock or pentylenetetrazol. The unsubstituted phenyl ring has to be in position 4, otherwise the activity of the product is weakened. The ortho position of the halogen atom on the N-phenyl is also important for the anticonvulsant effect; chlorine acts better than fluorine. The anticonvulsants tested also potentiate the sleeping time induced by pentobarbitone and attenuate the motor activity of mice. 1-(o-Chloro-p-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (1725) has a LD50 of 1000 mg/kg p.o.; the lesser active substances generally have a LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg p.o. Toxic effects of large doses were manifested by sedation and diarrhoea.", "PMID": 582004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1188", "title": "[On drug metabolisation by mitochondria of rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Highly purified rat liver mitochondria, in spite of the permeability barrier of the mitochondrial membrane, are able to oxidise tertiary amines to amine oxides, to reduce N-oxides of tertiary amines and to oxidise substituted primary alcohols to the corresponding acids via instable aldehydes. This new information on the role of mitochondria in the metabolism of drugs was obtained with the aid of previous results on the biotransformation of the local anaesthetic fomocaine.", "contents": "[On drug metabolisation by mitochondria of rat liver (author's transl)]. Highly purified rat liver mitochondria, in spite of the permeability barrier of the mitochondrial membrane, are able to oxidise tertiary amines to amine oxides, to reduce N-oxides of tertiary amines and to oxidise substituted primary alcohols to the corresponding acids via instable aldehydes. This new information on the role of mitochondria in the metabolism of drugs was obtained with the aid of previous results on the biotransformation of the local anaesthetic fomocaine.", "PMID": 582005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1189", "title": "[Rat intestinal disaccharidases during cyclophosphamide treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Rat intestinal disaccharidase activities were investigated during treatment with different doses of 2-[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-amino]-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide (cyclophosphamide). In all experiments, disaccharidase activities decreased--although not too drastically--within 2--3 days after beginning treatment. Loss of activity was not reversed during the period of experimentation. Contrary to previous investigations, cyclophosphamide did not exert direct toxic effects on intestinal disaccharidases. Decrease of intestinal disaccharidase activities can be interpreted to be due to cyclophosphamide effects on the proliferation cycle of epithelial crypt cells resulting in a decreased number of full-function cells.", "contents": "[Rat intestinal disaccharidases during cyclophosphamide treatment (author's transl)]. Rat intestinal disaccharidase activities were investigated during treatment with different doses of 2-[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-amino]-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide (cyclophosphamide). In all experiments, disaccharidase activities decreased--although not too drastically--within 2--3 days after beginning treatment. Loss of activity was not reversed during the period of experimentation. Contrary to previous investigations, cyclophosphamide did not exert direct toxic effects on intestinal disaccharidases. Decrease of intestinal disaccharidase activities can be interpreted to be due to cyclophosphamide effects on the proliferation cycle of epithelial crypt cells resulting in a decreased number of full-function cells.", "PMID": 582006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1190", "title": "Microfluorometric investigations on the cell cycle progression of experimental ascites tumors treated with alkaloidic drugs.", "content": "The effects of the antitumor agents vincristine (VCR) and vincaleucoblastine (VLB) on the cell cycle progression of three different ascites tumor cell lines in vivo (Ehrlich, Crocker S 180, and leukemia L 1210) were studied in detail by flow microfluorometric techniques over a 5-day period of drug treatment and during the post-treatment course. These investigations give evidence that the tumor lines employed show completely different sensitivity against VCR and VLB. During the treatment massive polyploidization was demonstrated to be, in general, the second response of treated cells overcoming an initial proliferative block in the G 2 phase of their life cycle.", "contents": "Microfluorometric investigations on the cell cycle progression of experimental ascites tumors treated with alkaloidic drugs. The effects of the antitumor agents vincristine (VCR) and vincaleucoblastine (VLB) on the cell cycle progression of three different ascites tumor cell lines in vivo (Ehrlich, Crocker S 180, and leukemia L 1210) were studied in detail by flow microfluorometric techniques over a 5-day period of drug treatment and during the post-treatment course. These investigations give evidence that the tumor lines employed show completely different sensitivity against VCR and VLB. During the treatment massive polyploidization was demonstrated to be, in general, the second response of treated cells overcoming an initial proliferative block in the G 2 phase of their life cycle.", "PMID": 582007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1191", "title": "The effect of digoxin on endothelaemia in rats and its modification by a combination of troxerutin and coumarin.", "content": "The effect of digoxin on endothelium was tested with the method based on counting of circulating endothelial cells in rats. Digoxin in low doses had a protective and in high doses a damaging effect on endothelium. The latter effect was effectively suppressed by a concomitant administration of a combination of troxerutin and coumarin (Venalot).", "contents": "The effect of digoxin on endothelaemia in rats and its modification by a combination of troxerutin and coumarin. The effect of digoxin on endothelium was tested with the method based on counting of circulating endothelial cells in rats. Digoxin in low doses had a protective and in high doses a damaging effect on endothelium. The latter effect was effectively suppressed by a concomitant administration of a combination of troxerutin and coumarin (Venalot).", "PMID": 582008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1192", "title": "Hypoglycemic activity of amine derivatives. A possible mode of action.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to explain the hypoglycemic effect of dicyclohexylamine (DCH) and related compounds. The agents antagonized blood glucose increase in intact and hepatectomized rats infused with glucose, but not in intact rats receiving epinephrine, and induced liver glycogen rise in normal fasted but not in adrenalectomized rats. No effect on blood glucose of pancreatectomized dogs was found. DCH lowered blood triglycerides without influencing the concentration of plasma fatty acids. Intestinal absorption of glucose was not influenced by low concentrations of the amines. Hypoglycemia may result, at least in part, from stimulated glucose transformation in the muscle tissue without an enhancement of anaerobic glycolysis.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic activity of amine derivatives. A possible mode of action. Experiments were carried out to explain the hypoglycemic effect of dicyclohexylamine (DCH) and related compounds. The agents antagonized blood glucose increase in intact and hepatectomized rats infused with glucose, but not in intact rats receiving epinephrine, and induced liver glycogen rise in normal fasted but not in adrenalectomized rats. No effect on blood glucose of pancreatectomized dogs was found. DCH lowered blood triglycerides without influencing the concentration of plasma fatty acids. Intestinal absorption of glucose was not influenced by low concentrations of the amines. Hypoglycemia may result, at least in part, from stimulated glucose transformation in the muscle tissue without an enhancement of anaerobic glycolysis.", "PMID": 582009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1193", "title": "Effect of dobutamine, a new cardioselective sympathomimetic drug, on myocardial oxygen balance in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of (+/-)-4-(2-[3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]-amino)-ethyl-pyrocatechol hydrochloride (dobutamine) on myocardial O2 balance were investigated in healthy conscious dogs with experimental AV-block. Dobutamine, injected as a bolus of 3, 6, 10 micrograms/kg, increased myocardial contractility, coronary flow, coronary venous O2 saturation and aortic pressure, while initially decreasing SA-node rate. Following ganglionic blockade the effects of dobutamine on myocardial contractility were unchanged while those on coronary flow and coronary venous O2 saturation were reduced by 30%. Aortic pressure and heart rate showed a dose dependent, long-lasting increase. The effects of dobutamine on heart rate and myocardial contractility could be abolished by beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade with practolol (2 mg/kg) while the effects on coronary flow and myocardial O2 extraction were reduced by 40% after practolol. Following beta 1 + 2 adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol, dobutamine increased aortic pressure and coronary flow while coronary resistance and myocardial oxygen extraction were unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of dobutamine, a new cardioselective sympathomimetic drug, on myocardial oxygen balance in conscious dogs. The effects of (+/-)-4-(2-[3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]-amino)-ethyl-pyrocatechol hydrochloride (dobutamine) on myocardial O2 balance were investigated in healthy conscious dogs with experimental AV-block. Dobutamine, injected as a bolus of 3, 6, 10 micrograms/kg, increased myocardial contractility, coronary flow, coronary venous O2 saturation and aortic pressure, while initially decreasing SA-node rate. Following ganglionic blockade the effects of dobutamine on myocardial contractility were unchanged while those on coronary flow and coronary venous O2 saturation were reduced by 30%. Aortic pressure and heart rate showed a dose dependent, long-lasting increase. The effects of dobutamine on heart rate and myocardial contractility could be abolished by beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade with practolol (2 mg/kg) while the effects on coronary flow and myocardial O2 extraction were reduced by 40% after practolol. Following beta 1 + 2 adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol, dobutamine increased aortic pressure and coronary flow while coronary resistance and myocardial oxygen extraction were unaffected.", "PMID": 582010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1194", "title": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. III. Effects of apomorphine and Fla 63.", "content": "The effects on 18 items of dexamphetamine-induced behaviour of increasing the ratio of dopaminergic to noradrenergic activity have been investigated in mice. The dopamine-beta-oxidase inhibitor bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl-thiocarbonyl)-disulfide (Fla 63) produced varying degrees of reduction in the intensity of all items except raised body position, which was enhanced. Apomorphine alone induced compulsive gnawing and increased locomotor activity but produced long-lasting suppression of these and certain other items induced by dexamphetamine. Vocalisation, touch and startle responses and stereotyped sniffing were, however, unaffected while compulsive grooming and elevated body position were enhanced. The results are discussed in the context of the relative contribution of noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms to the behavioural effects of dexamphetamine.", "contents": "On the mechanism of amphetamine-induced behavioural changes in the mouse. III. Effects of apomorphine and Fla 63. The effects on 18 items of dexamphetamine-induced behaviour of increasing the ratio of dopaminergic to noradrenergic activity have been investigated in mice. The dopamine-beta-oxidase inhibitor bis-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl-thiocarbonyl)-disulfide (Fla 63) produced varying degrees of reduction in the intensity of all items except raised body position, which was enhanced. Apomorphine alone induced compulsive gnawing and increased locomotor activity but produced long-lasting suppression of these and certain other items induced by dexamphetamine. Vocalisation, touch and startle responses and stereotyped sniffing were, however, unaffected while compulsive grooming and elevated body position were enhanced. The results are discussed in the context of the relative contribution of noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms to the behavioural effects of dexamphetamine.", "PMID": 582011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1195", "title": "Pulse NMR study of phase transitions in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayer systems.", "content": "Pretransition and main transition of aqueous dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) dispersions were investigated by pulse NMR. The second moment M2 inter of the proton absorption line shows significant changes at 42 degrees C and about 35 degree C. Over the whole investigated temperature range between 25 and 50 degree C a superposition of at least two distinct second moments assigned to different molecular regions was observed.", "contents": "Pulse NMR study of phase transitions in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayer systems. Pretransition and main transition of aqueous dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) dispersions were investigated by pulse NMR. The second moment M2 inter of the proton absorption line shows significant changes at 42 degrees C and about 35 degree C. Over the whole investigated temperature range between 25 and 50 degree C a superposition of at least two distinct second moments assigned to different molecular regions was observed.", "PMID": 582012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1196", "title": "An in vivo comparison of acetate and palmitate as precursors of surfactant phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "3-Day-old rabbits were injected simultaneously with [(3)H]acetate and [(14)C]-palmitic acid. The specific activities of lung, lamellar body and surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were measured at time intervals from 10 min to 23 h following isotope administration. Palmitic acid contained 87% of the acetate radioactivity recovered from lung and surfactant phosphatidylcholine. The relative specific activities of surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disturated phosphatidylcholine labeled with acetate were 2.02 and 1.86 times those measured using the palmitic acid label. Apparently the palmitic acid synthesized from acetate is preferentially incorporated into lung phosphatidylcholines and disaturated phosphatidylcholines which are destined to become surfactant.", "contents": "An in vivo comparison of acetate and palmitate as precursors of surfactant phosphatidylcholine. 3-Day-old rabbits were injected simultaneously with [(3)H]acetate and [(14)C]-palmitic acid. The specific activities of lung, lamellar body and surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were measured at time intervals from 10 min to 23 h following isotope administration. Palmitic acid contained 87% of the acetate radioactivity recovered from lung and surfactant phosphatidylcholine. The relative specific activities of surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disturated phosphatidylcholine labeled with acetate were 2.02 and 1.86 times those measured using the palmitic acid label. Apparently the palmitic acid synthesized from acetate is preferentially incorporated into lung phosphatidylcholines and disaturated phosphatidylcholines which are destined to become surfactant.", "PMID": 582013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1197", "title": "Lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by tinoridine, II. Ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Incubation of rat liver mitochondrial suspension with ascorbic acid and Fe2+ resulted in the formation of malondialdehyde and a decrease in the turbidity of the suspension. The maximum amount of malondialdehyde formed during the peroxidation reaction was estimated to be 1 mol per approximately 6 mol of mitochondrial phospholipids. Tinoridine and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 5 micron and 1 mM, respectively, completely inhibited the peroxidative disintegration of mitochondria. From the relationship between the concentration of tinoridine and the amount of malondialdehyde formed, it was demonstrated that 1 mol of tinoridine prevents the formation of about 6 mol of malondialdehyde. These findings suggest that there is a limit in the chain reaction of the lipid peroxidation of mitochondria and that the limit is the membrane sphere which is capable of releasing 6 molecules of malondialdehyde and contains about 36 molecules of the constitutive phospholipids.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by tinoridine, II. Ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria. Incubation of rat liver mitochondrial suspension with ascorbic acid and Fe2+ resulted in the formation of malondialdehyde and a decrease in the turbidity of the suspension. The maximum amount of malondialdehyde formed during the peroxidation reaction was estimated to be 1 mol per approximately 6 mol of mitochondrial phospholipids. Tinoridine and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 5 micron and 1 mM, respectively, completely inhibited the peroxidative disintegration of mitochondria. From the relationship between the concentration of tinoridine and the amount of malondialdehyde formed, it was demonstrated that 1 mol of tinoridine prevents the formation of about 6 mol of malondialdehyde. These findings suggest that there is a limit in the chain reaction of the lipid peroxidation of mitochondria and that the limit is the membrane sphere which is capable of releasing 6 molecules of malondialdehyde and contains about 36 molecules of the constitutive phospholipids.", "PMID": 582014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1198", "title": "Age-dependent pattern of autonomic heart rate control during hypoxia in fetal and newborn lambs.", "content": "Autonomic nervous control of heart rate (HR) during hypoxia was studied longitudinally using 9 chronically catheterized fetal lambs (109 day to term) and 10 newborn lambs (2--28 days old). Changes in heart rate (deltaHR) during hypoxia were age-dependent. Before 120 days of gestation deltaHR was insignificant, but between 120 days to term bradycardia occurred. The newborn response was marked tachycardia. Autonomic influences on HR were quantified using atropine and propranolol blockade. In fetal lambs, antagonistic increases in parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows were evident during hypoxia. In hypoxic lambs 120 days to term, net bradycardia reflected predominant parasympathetic cardio-deceleration; before 120 days of gestation both the parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows increased, but no net deltaHR occurred. In hypoxic newborn lambs, sympathetic and parasympathetic changes contributed synergistically to the net tachycardia. Thus the pattern of autonomic control of HR during hypoxia differs in fetal and newborn lambs. Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic influences are antagonistic in the fetus, but synergistic in the newborn.", "contents": "Age-dependent pattern of autonomic heart rate control during hypoxia in fetal and newborn lambs. Autonomic nervous control of heart rate (HR) during hypoxia was studied longitudinally using 9 chronically catheterized fetal lambs (109 day to term) and 10 newborn lambs (2--28 days old). Changes in heart rate (deltaHR) during hypoxia were age-dependent. Before 120 days of gestation deltaHR was insignificant, but between 120 days to term bradycardia occurred. The newborn response was marked tachycardia. Autonomic influences on HR were quantified using atropine and propranolol blockade. In fetal lambs, antagonistic increases in parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows were evident during hypoxia. In hypoxic lambs 120 days to term, net bradycardia reflected predominant parasympathetic cardio-deceleration; before 120 days of gestation both the parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows increased, but no net deltaHR occurred. In hypoxic newborn lambs, sympathetic and parasympathetic changes contributed synergistically to the net tachycardia. Thus the pattern of autonomic control of HR during hypoxia differs in fetal and newborn lambs. Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic influences are antagonistic in the fetus, but synergistic in the newborn.", "PMID": 582015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1199", "title": "Synthesis of 1-sn-lysophosphatidylcholine and mixed acid 1-sn-phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "An investigation of the biochemical effects of L-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine) requires as a control for its detergent action the metabolically inert, unnatural enantiomer, D-lysophosphatidylcholine (3-acyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine). The latter can be easily prepared in milligram quantities from the commercially available DL-phosphatidylcholine. For this purpose rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine is solubilized with the aid of one-half its weight of taurocholate and hydrolyzed with phospholipase A2 to completion and the intact residual 2,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine recovered by chromatography. The pure D-phosphatidylcholine is then subjected to methanolysis in the presence of octylamine and the product isomerized with glacial acetic acid. The 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine thus obtained is chromatographically pure, possesses correct optical rotation and NMR spectrum, and is resistant to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 following reacylation to the diacylphosphatide. Acylation of the 1-sn-lysophosphatide provides a convenient method for preparation of mixed acid 1-sn-phosphatidylcholines which are not otherwise available.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-sn-lysophosphatidylcholine and mixed acid 1-sn-phosphatidylcholine. An investigation of the biochemical effects of L-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine) requires as a control for its detergent action the metabolically inert, unnatural enantiomer, D-lysophosphatidylcholine (3-acyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine). The latter can be easily prepared in milligram quantities from the commercially available DL-phosphatidylcholine. For this purpose rac-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine is solubilized with the aid of one-half its weight of taurocholate and hydrolyzed with phospholipase A2 to completion and the intact residual 2,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine recovered by chromatography. The pure D-phosphatidylcholine is then subjected to methanolysis in the presence of octylamine and the product isomerized with glacial acetic acid. The 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphorylcholine thus obtained is chromatographically pure, possesses correct optical rotation and NMR spectrum, and is resistant to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 following reacylation to the diacylphosphatide. Acylation of the 1-sn-lysophosphatide provides a convenient method for preparation of mixed acid 1-sn-phosphatidylcholines which are not otherwise available.", "PMID": 582021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1200", "title": "Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis: II. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations during subtotal thyroidectomy.", "content": "Propranolol alone was used to prepare 20 thyrotoxic patients, 19 women and 1 man, for subtotal thyroidectomy. Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured immediately before, at several stages during and after the surgical procedure. As judged primarily by the cardiovascular response, an average of 80 mg (range 40 to 120 mg) of propranolol qid for 8 days (range 3 to 18 days) was required to prepare the patients. During the various stages of surgical removal there was no change from the initial mean (+/- SEM) T4 concentration of 25.0 +/- 2.5 microgram/dl (321.8 +/- 32.2 nmol/l) or T3 concentration of 4.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/l (6.45 +/- 0.92 nmol/l) (P greater than 0.2). At discharge on the fifth postoperative day values were significantly lower, 12.9 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl (166.0 +/- 19.3 nmol/l) and 1.9 +/- 0.2 microgram/l (2.9 +/- 0.31 nmol/l), respectively (P less than 0.001). There were no operative complications but four patients had transient hypoparathyroidism. After 1 year 2 of 18 patients had permanent hypoparathyroidism and 4 of the 18 followed up for 1 year had permanent hypothyroidism requiring thyroid hormone replacement. There was no instance of recurrent thyrotoxicosis. The authors conclude that during surgical manipulation of the gland no release of thyroid hormones into the circulation was detected and that, using propranolol as the sole agent, thyrotoxic patients can be rapidly and safely prepared for subtotal thyroidectomy.", "contents": "Propranolol in thyrotoxicosis: II. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations during subtotal thyroidectomy. Propranolol alone was used to prepare 20 thyrotoxic patients, 19 women and 1 man, for subtotal thyroidectomy. Serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured immediately before, at several stages during and after the surgical procedure. As judged primarily by the cardiovascular response, an average of 80 mg (range 40 to 120 mg) of propranolol qid for 8 days (range 3 to 18 days) was required to prepare the patients. During the various stages of surgical removal there was no change from the initial mean (+/- SEM) T4 concentration of 25.0 +/- 2.5 microgram/dl (321.8 +/- 32.2 nmol/l) or T3 concentration of 4.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/l (6.45 +/- 0.92 nmol/l) (P greater than 0.2). At discharge on the fifth postoperative day values were significantly lower, 12.9 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl (166.0 +/- 19.3 nmol/l) and 1.9 +/- 0.2 microgram/l (2.9 +/- 0.31 nmol/l), respectively (P less than 0.001). There were no operative complications but four patients had transient hypoparathyroidism. After 1 year 2 of 18 patients had permanent hypoparathyroidism and 4 of the 18 followed up for 1 year had permanent hypothyroidism requiring thyroid hormone replacement. There was no instance of recurrent thyrotoxicosis. The authors conclude that during surgical manipulation of the gland no release of thyroid hormones into the circulation was detected and that, using propranolol as the sole agent, thyrotoxic patients can be rapidly and safely prepared for subtotal thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 582022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1201", "title": "[Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland with chondroid, osteoid, and marocellular metaplasia of the stroma, associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis].", "content": "Anaplastic, mostly spindle-cellular, carcinoma of the thyroid gland was diagnosed bioptically in a 65-year-old woman. Necroptically it was found that the carcinoma was associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis. In the hitherto-differentiated carcinomatous parts the papillary component prevailed and the original lymphocytic stromal infiltration was in evidence here. In the anaplastic parts isolated macrocellular elements occurred and, in some places, also chondroid and osteoid structures, especially the structures of macrocellular bone tumor character. These structures were entirely missing in the distant metastases and were, therefore, evaluated as a stromal nontumorous metaplastic process.", "contents": "[Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland with chondroid, osteoid, and marocellular metaplasia of the stroma, associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis]. Anaplastic, mostly spindle-cellular, carcinoma of the thyroid gland was diagnosed bioptically in a 65-year-old woman. Necroptically it was found that the carcinoma was associated with Hashimoto's lymphocytic thyroiditis. In the hitherto-differentiated carcinomatous parts the papillary component prevailed and the original lymphocytic stromal infiltration was in evidence here. In the anaplastic parts isolated macrocellular elements occurred and, in some places, also chondroid and osteoid structures, especially the structures of macrocellular bone tumor character. These structures were entirely missing in the distant metastases and were, therefore, evaluated as a stromal nontumorous metaplastic process.", "PMID": 582023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1202", "title": "Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy: effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy were studied for a possible role of thyroid binding antibodies (TBAb) as measured by a radioreceptor assay, and for in vitro evidence of immunoreactivity to orbital antigens. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment on the immunological parameters and the clinical course of the eye disease was also studied. The mean TBAb index for all patients with eye disease was significantly less than that for the normal and for patients with Graves hyperthyroidism who lacked eye disease. The mean TBAb index for patients with ophthalmopathy and past or present hyperthyroidism was significantly less than for those patients with eye disease but no associated hyperthyroidism ('euthyroid Graves' disease'). TBAb levels did not correlate with the severity of duration of the eye disease and did not change during treatment with CY. Significant titres of serum antibodies against human eye muscle extract or subcellular fractions, or macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) production in response to human orbital tissue extract were not detected in patients with eye disease. The congestive changes improved in all patients treated with CY, although the degree of proptosis and eye muscle involvement improved in only 3 of 24 and 11 of 20 patients respectively with these abnormalities. TBAb are unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy and the hyperthyroidism and eye disease should be considered separate autoimmune disorders. The apparently anomalous finding of a higher mean TBAb index in patients with eye disease and hyperthyroidism than in those with hyperthyroidiam alone may reflect a more severe defect of suppressor T cell function in the former group. Because evidence for specific immunoreactivity against orbital antigens was not found in this study other approaches to defining the underlying immunological mechanisms will have to be sought.", "contents": "Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy: effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide. Patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy were studied for a possible role of thyroid binding antibodies (TBAb) as measured by a radioreceptor assay, and for in vitro evidence of immunoreactivity to orbital antigens. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment on the immunological parameters and the clinical course of the eye disease was also studied. The mean TBAb index for all patients with eye disease was significantly less than that for the normal and for patients with Graves hyperthyroidism who lacked eye disease. The mean TBAb index for patients with ophthalmopathy and past or present hyperthyroidism was significantly less than for those patients with eye disease but no associated hyperthyroidism ('euthyroid Graves' disease'). TBAb levels did not correlate with the severity of duration of the eye disease and did not change during treatment with CY. Significant titres of serum antibodies against human eye muscle extract or subcellular fractions, or macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) production in response to human orbital tissue extract were not detected in patients with eye disease. The congestive changes improved in all patients treated with CY, although the degree of proptosis and eye muscle involvement improved in only 3 of 24 and 11 of 20 patients respectively with these abnormalities. TBAb are unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy and the hyperthyroidism and eye disease should be considered separate autoimmune disorders. The apparently anomalous finding of a higher mean TBAb index in patients with eye disease and hyperthyroidism than in those with hyperthyroidiam alone may reflect a more severe defect of suppressor T cell function in the former group. Because evidence for specific immunoreactivity against orbital antigens was not found in this study other approaches to defining the underlying immunological mechanisms will have to be sought.", "PMID": 582025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1203", "title": "Comparison of radioassay and haemagglutination methods for anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies.", "content": "Parallel measurements of circulating anti-thyroid microsomal (anti-M) antibodies by radioassay and haemagglutination were performed on subjects with or without thyroid disorders. Three-quarters (75.4%) of control subjects had undetectable antibody levels (less than 10 u/ml) by radioassay and only 3.1% had concentrations of greater than or equal to 75 u/ml. Abnormally elevated levels (greater than or equal to 75 u/ml) were found in most of the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (94.1%) or idiopathic myxoedema (86.7%), in the majority (75.0%) of those with Graves' disease and only in a minority of those with other thyroid disorders. The percentage of positive sera by haemagglutination was very similar in all groups to that of abnormal values observed in the radioassay. Direct comparison of parallel tests on a total of 631 sera revealed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) between the two methods, but elevated antibody titres by haemagglutination were found in some sera with negative radioassays. All these sera were from a single patient with thyroid carcinoma associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and had elevated levels of anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies. Evidence that such discrepancies were due to anti-Tg antibodies reacting with microsomal-bound Tg was provided by the demonstration that the haemagglutination produced by these sera could be completely inhibited by the addition of Tg. A similar inhibition was observed with two rabbit antisera to human Tg, but not with sera from patients with thyroid autoimmune disorders containing high levels of anti-microsomal anti-bodies.", "contents": "Comparison of radioassay and haemagglutination methods for anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies. Parallel measurements of circulating anti-thyroid microsomal (anti-M) antibodies by radioassay and haemagglutination were performed on subjects with or without thyroid disorders. Three-quarters (75.4%) of control subjects had undetectable antibody levels (less than 10 u/ml) by radioassay and only 3.1% had concentrations of greater than or equal to 75 u/ml. Abnormally elevated levels (greater than or equal to 75 u/ml) were found in most of the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (94.1%) or idiopathic myxoedema (86.7%), in the majority (75.0%) of those with Graves' disease and only in a minority of those with other thyroid disorders. The percentage of positive sera by haemagglutination was very similar in all groups to that of abnormal values observed in the radioassay. Direct comparison of parallel tests on a total of 631 sera revealed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) between the two methods, but elevated antibody titres by haemagglutination were found in some sera with negative radioassays. All these sera were from a single patient with thyroid carcinoma associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and had elevated levels of anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies. Evidence that such discrepancies were due to anti-Tg antibodies reacting with microsomal-bound Tg was provided by the demonstration that the haemagglutination produced by these sera could be completely inhibited by the addition of Tg. A similar inhibition was observed with two rabbit antisera to human Tg, but not with sera from patients with thyroid autoimmune disorders containing high levels of anti-microsomal anti-bodies.", "PMID": 582027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1204", "title": "Abnormalities in lung elastic properties and surfactant function in adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "We have examined the lungs from five patients who died with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pressure volume curves were obtained and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was studied on a surface balance. The pressure volume curves revealed reduced compliance compared to normal or near normal lungs. A significant loss of volume was also found. The data obtained from the surface balance studies show a normal range of minimum surface tension when compared to \"normals,\" but  the ARDS lung lavage fluid revealed an increase in surface film compressibility relative to \"normal.\" The increased compressibility may be an important factor contributing to the stiff lungs of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Abnormalities in lung elastic properties and surfactant function in adult respiratory distress syndrome. We have examined the lungs from five patients who died with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pressure volume curves were obtained and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was studied on a surface balance. The pressure volume curves revealed reduced compliance compared to normal or near normal lungs. A significant loss of volume was also found. The data obtained from the surface balance studies show a normal range of minimum surface tension when compared to \"normals,\" but  the ARDS lung lavage fluid revealed an increase in surface film compressibility relative to \"normal.\" The increased compressibility may be an important factor contributing to the stiff lungs of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 582029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1205", "title": "Measurement of 111in DTPA clearance during radionuclide cisternography.", "content": "A new preparation of 111In DTPA for intrathecal administration has been tested and found to be a safe and highly efficacious cisternographic agent. The rate of removal of 111In DTPA from the C.S.F. and from the whole body has been measured and has been found to be of no diagnostic value in the distinction between patients with cerebral atrophy and those with normotensive hydrocephalus. Long-term retention studies show no evidence of significant long-term retention of indium in the C.S.F. The absorbed radiation dose has been investigated and found to be in good agreement with previous estimates based upon extrapolated data.", "contents": "Measurement of 111in DTPA clearance during radionuclide cisternography. A new preparation of 111In DTPA for intrathecal administration has been tested and found to be a safe and highly efficacious cisternographic agent. The rate of removal of 111In DTPA from the C.S.F. and from the whole body has been measured and has been found to be of no diagnostic value in the distinction between patients with cerebral atrophy and those with normotensive hydrocephalus. Long-term retention studies show no evidence of significant long-term retention of indium in the C.S.F. The absorbed radiation dose has been investigated and found to be in good agreement with previous estimates based upon extrapolated data.", "PMID": 582030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1206", "title": "A negative association of HLA-BW52 with Graves' disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with juvenile onset among Japanese population.", "content": "The present study demonstrated that a decreased frequency of HLA-BW52 was a common characteristic shared by the patients with Graves' disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with juvenile onset among Japanese.", "contents": "A negative association of HLA-BW52 with Graves' disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with juvenile onset among Japanese population. The present study demonstrated that a decreased frequency of HLA-BW52 was a common characteristic shared by the patients with Graves' disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with juvenile onset among Japanese.", "PMID": 582031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1207", "title": "The pathogenesis and significance of menisceal cysts.", "content": "From a total of 1571 surgically excised menisci, 112 (7.1 per cent) were found by gross and microscopic examination to contain one or more cysts. All of these cysts were associated with tears, either primarily horizontal or with a horizontal component. Tracks were often demonstrable leading from the tear to the cysts, and in some cases of osteoarthritis, detritus of bone could be found in their periphery. It is concluded that the cysts are fuelled by synovial fluid. The relationship of cysts to \"myxoid\" change of the meniscus is discussed.", "contents": "The pathogenesis and significance of menisceal cysts. From a total of 1571 surgically excised menisci, 112 (7.1 per cent) were found by gross and microscopic examination to contain one or more cysts. All of these cysts were associated with tears, either primarily horizontal or with a horizontal component. Tracks were often demonstrable leading from the tear to the cysts, and in some cases of osteoarthritis, detritus of bone could be found in their periphery. It is concluded that the cysts are fuelled by synovial fluid. The relationship of cysts to \"myxoid\" change of the meniscus is discussed.", "PMID": 582035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1208", "title": "[Caecal lymphosarcoma. Prognostic and therapeutic interest of endoscopic diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary lymphoreticulosarcomas aremare, scarely 0.3% of all malignant lesions of the digestive tract. Previously, only, slight clinical differences permitted differentiation before operation of this lesion from a common adenocarcinoma. Now the increasing use of colonic endoscopy permits one to determine preoperatively the lymphosarcomatous nature of a colonic tumour. Thus it is possible to carry out an appropriate preoperative assessment with lymphography and sternal marrow examination and also peroperative exploration with liver biopsy and lateral aortic lymph node biopsy. Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, a more and more important place being reserved for the latter. Finally the recent histological classification of K. Lennert permits a more accurate prognosis.", "contents": "[Caecal lymphosarcoma. Prognostic and therapeutic interest of endoscopic diagnosis (author's transl)]. Primary lymphoreticulosarcomas aremare, scarely 0.3% of all malignant lesions of the digestive tract. Previously, only, slight clinical differences permitted differentiation before operation of this lesion from a common adenocarcinoma. Now the increasing use of colonic endoscopy permits one to determine preoperatively the lymphosarcomatous nature of a colonic tumour. Thus it is possible to carry out an appropriate preoperative assessment with lymphography and sternal marrow examination and also peroperative exploration with liver biopsy and lateral aortic lymph node biopsy. Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, a more and more important place being reserved for the latter. Finally the recent histological classification of K. Lennert permits a more accurate prognosis.", "PMID": 582036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1209", "title": "Autoclavable ultrahigh-efficiency filter for use with flexible film germfree animal isolators.", "content": "An autoclavable ultrahigh-efficiency filter unit, which accommodated 99.98% efficient respirator filter cartridges, was built for use with flexible film germfree animal isolators.", "contents": "Autoclavable ultrahigh-efficiency filter for use with flexible film germfree animal isolators. An autoclavable ultrahigh-efficiency filter unit, which accommodated 99.98% efficient respirator filter cartridges, was built for use with flexible film germfree animal isolators.", "PMID": 582049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1210", "title": "[Survey on retrolental fibroplasia in France].", "content": "From 1964 to 1976, 20 cases of retrolental fibroplasia were recorded in the south of France while 38 cases were recorded in the north from 1970 to 1977. The more children are immature, the more they are liable to suffer from this disease. Etiological factors are apparently not limited to oxygen, which however plays the most important part in the process.", "contents": "[Survey on retrolental fibroplasia in France]. From 1964 to 1976, 20 cases of retrolental fibroplasia were recorded in the south of France while 38 cases were recorded in the north from 1970 to 1977. The more children are immature, the more they are liable to suffer from this disease. Etiological factors are apparently not limited to oxygen, which however plays the most important part in the process.", "PMID": 582061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1211", "title": "Total fluoride intake of infants.", "content": "The fluoride content of commercially prepared infant foods processed in fluoridated and nonfluoridated plants has been determined. The use of fluoridated water during processing has been shown to increase significantly the fluoride content of certain infant foods. The data obtained have been employed to calculate the minimum and maximum total daily fluoride intake for infants up to 6 months of age. The maximum total daily fluoride intake for infants up to 6 months of age is 0.127 mg of fluoride per kilogram of body weight. An infant consuming human milk or cow's milk and living in a community that does have fluoridated water has a substantially lower total daily fluoride intake.", "contents": "Total fluoride intake of infants. The fluoride content of commercially prepared infant foods processed in fluoridated and nonfluoridated plants has been determined. The use of fluoridated water during processing has been shown to increase significantly the fluoride content of certain infant foods. The data obtained have been employed to calculate the minimum and maximum total daily fluoride intake for infants up to 6 months of age. The maximum total daily fluoride intake for infants up to 6 months of age is 0.127 mg of fluoride per kilogram of body weight. An infant consuming human milk or cow's milk and living in a community that does have fluoridated water has a substantially lower total daily fluoride intake.", "PMID": 582065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1212", "title": "Lactobezoar in the low-birth-weight infant.", "content": "Lactobezoar is an unusual complication associated with infant feeding. Seven low-birth-weight infants developed lactobezoars, including one whose case was complicated by gastric perforation. Six of these infants were fed formulas specifically designed for the low-birth-weight infant. Abdominal distention or regurgitation were the most frequent symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed or made prospectively on supine or cross table lateral chest roentgenograms that included the upper abdomen. Treatment consisted of withholding feeding for 24 hours. There was no recurrence of symptoms following resumption of feedings.", "contents": "Lactobezoar in the low-birth-weight infant. Lactobezoar is an unusual complication associated with infant feeding. Seven low-birth-weight infants developed lactobezoars, including one whose case was complicated by gastric perforation. Six of these infants were fed formulas specifically designed for the low-birth-weight infant. Abdominal distention or regurgitation were the most frequent symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed or made prospectively on supine or cross table lateral chest roentgenograms that included the upper abdomen. Treatment consisted of withholding feeding for 24 hours. There was no recurrence of symptoms following resumption of feedings.", "PMID": 582066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1213", "title": "Acute pulmonary blastomycosis in children: clinical course and follow-up.", "content": "The clinical courses of 14 children with acute pulmonary blastomycosis were studied. All the patients had a remarkably similar illness limited to the lungs with fever, malaise, and respiratory symptoms (cough, sputum production, chest pain, and vomiting). Despite eventual recovery with treatment in all instances, 13 of the 14 children persisted in having abnormal roentgenograms. Three children have demonstrated persistent mild obstructive airway disease for two to 12 months after completion of therapy. These data suggest that the initial illness following childhood infections with Blastomyces dematitidis is usually an acute pulmonary disease without systemic dissemination. Evidence of residual lung abnormalities conflicts with the recent concept of this being a benign, self-limited illness. Our findings suggest the importance of long-term follow-up as well as a need for more complete understanding of the full clinical spectrum and prognosis of acute pulmonary blastomycosis.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary blastomycosis in children: clinical course and follow-up. The clinical courses of 14 children with acute pulmonary blastomycosis were studied. All the patients had a remarkably similar illness limited to the lungs with fever, malaise, and respiratory symptoms (cough, sputum production, chest pain, and vomiting). Despite eventual recovery with treatment in all instances, 13 of the 14 children persisted in having abnormal roentgenograms. Three children have demonstrated persistent mild obstructive airway disease for two to 12 months after completion of therapy. These data suggest that the initial illness following childhood infections with Blastomyces dematitidis is usually an acute pulmonary disease without systemic dissemination. Evidence of residual lung abnormalities conflicts with the recent concept of this being a benign, self-limited illness. Our findings suggest the importance of long-term follow-up as well as a need for more complete understanding of the full clinical spectrum and prognosis of acute pulmonary blastomycosis.", "PMID": 582067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1214", "title": "National Health Insurance. Physical therapists' attitudes.", "content": "APTA members living in New England were surveyed by a mail questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward National Health Insurance. Respondents' strata included educators, private practitioners, and clinicians. Generally, respondents believed that National Health Insurance was inevitable, would not cause unnecessary use of physical therapy services, and would not affect the individual therapist's professional freedom. The majority of the respondents judged themselves not well informed about the health plan. Respondents' perceptions of their peers' views of National Health Insurance were inaccurate. Options favored by the respondents under a hypothetical health plan are reported. Results indicate that the physical therapists surveyed generally favored National Health Insurance and thought the APTA should represent them in planning such a program. No significant differences in attitude toward National Health Insurance could be attributed to respondent strata or any of the personal data collected.", "contents": "National Health Insurance. Physical therapists' attitudes. APTA members living in New England were surveyed by a mail questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward National Health Insurance. Respondents' strata included educators, private practitioners, and clinicians. Generally, respondents believed that National Health Insurance was inevitable, would not cause unnecessary use of physical therapy services, and would not affect the individual therapist's professional freedom. The majority of the respondents judged themselves not well informed about the health plan. Respondents' perceptions of their peers' views of National Health Insurance were inaccurate. Options favored by the respondents under a hypothetical health plan are reported. Results indicate that the physical therapists surveyed generally favored National Health Insurance and thought the APTA should represent them in planning such a program. No significant differences in attitude toward National Health Insurance could be attributed to respondent strata or any of the personal data collected.", "PMID": 582069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1215", "title": "An improved radionuclide method for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration in children (milk scan).", "content": "A radionuclide study using technetium-99m-labelled milk feeding is described for the detection of gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration in children. A comparison of findings in 39 patients referred for both radiographic and radionuclide studies showed that barium studies were positive in 25.6% and radionuclide studies in 59% of cases, reflecting the sensitivity of the radionuclide technique. This technique is also physiological and allows prolonged patient monitoring. It is simple to perform and should prove useful in the evaluation of patients suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration.", "contents": "An improved radionuclide method for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration in children (milk scan). A radionuclide study using technetium-99m-labelled milk feeding is described for the detection of gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration in children. A comparison of findings in 39 patients referred for both radiographic and radionuclide studies showed that barium studies were positive in 25.6% and radionuclide studies in 59% of cases, reflecting the sensitivity of the radionuclide technique. This technique is also physiological and allows prolonged patient monitoring. It is simple to perform and should prove useful in the evaluation of patients suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration.", "PMID": 582070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1216", "title": "Prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "New approaches greatly enhance the physician's ability to assess fetal lung maturation prior to delivery, to understand the processes involved in that maturation, and to anticipate appropriate treatment protocol, all factors contributing to improved mortality and morbidity rates.", "contents": "Prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. New approaches greatly enhance the physician's ability to assess fetal lung maturation prior to delivery, to understand the processes involved in that maturation, and to anticipate appropriate treatment protocol, all factors contributing to improved mortality and morbidity rates.", "PMID": 582071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1217", "title": "Comparison of bioavailability of two dipyridamole formulations.", "content": "The experiment carried out on 6 volunteers shows a better bioavailability of a 75 mg single oral dose of Persantin (Boehringer) than of the same dose of Curantyl (Germed). The difference is due to the manner in which the drag\u00e9es are manufactured: the bioavailability of both preparations was the same when the drag\u00e9es were pulverized before oral administration.", "contents": "Comparison of bioavailability of two dipyridamole formulations. The experiment carried out on 6 volunteers shows a better bioavailability of a 75 mg single oral dose of Persantin (Boehringer) than of the same dose of Curantyl (Germed). The difference is due to the manner in which the drag\u00e9es are manufactured: the bioavailability of both preparations was the same when the drag\u00e9es were pulverized before oral administration.", "PMID": 582068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1218", "title": "Effects of beta2-sympathomimetic on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in dogs.", "content": "The effect of a selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious gastric-fistula dogs. A dose-dependent inhibition was found, most pronounced for the lowest doses of histamine. The inhibition was on the volume, whereas the acidity was unchanged. The pulse rate was increased by the beta2-agonist and by histamine. Propranolol prevented the inhibition of acid secretion as well as the increase in pulse rate. Practolol had no effect on the inhibition of acid secretion but reduced the increase in pulse rate. Dose-response experiments with six doses of histamine and two doses of the beta2-agonist showed unchanged calculated maximal response and an increase in D50. It is concluded that the beta2-agonist inhibits histamine-induced acid secretion in the dog, but to a lesser degree that pentagastrin-induced acid secretion, as found in earlier experiments. The inhibition follows competitive kinetics, and beta2-receptors are probably involved. The influence of beta2-sympathomimetics on the mechanism of gastric acid secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of beta2-sympathomimetic on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in dogs. The effect of a selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious gastric-fistula dogs. A dose-dependent inhibition was found, most pronounced for the lowest doses of histamine. The inhibition was on the volume, whereas the acidity was unchanged. The pulse rate was increased by the beta2-agonist and by histamine. Propranolol prevented the inhibition of acid secretion as well as the increase in pulse rate. Practolol had no effect on the inhibition of acid secretion but reduced the increase in pulse rate. Dose-response experiments with six doses of histamine and two doses of the beta2-agonist showed unchanged calculated maximal response and an increase in D50. It is concluded that the beta2-agonist inhibits histamine-induced acid secretion in the dog, but to a lesser degree that pentagastrin-induced acid secretion, as found in earlier experiments. The inhibition follows competitive kinetics, and beta2-receptors are probably involved. The influence of beta2-sympathomimetics on the mechanism of gastric acid secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 582074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1219", "title": "Coexisting malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "The fourth case of malignant lymphoma coexisting with an adenocarcinoma in the stomach is presented. Although an increased incidence of systemic malignant lymphoma in association with gastrointestinal tumors has recently been emphasized, primary gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma coexisting in the same stomach is still rare.", "contents": "Coexisting malignant lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The fourth case of malignant lymphoma coexisting with an adenocarcinoma in the stomach is presented. Although an increased incidence of systemic malignant lymphoma in association with gastrointestinal tumors has recently been emphasized, primary gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma coexisting in the same stomach is still rare.", "PMID": 582075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1220", "title": "Acquired pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "A patient with acquired pulmonary stenosis due to lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. Three further patients with acquired pulmonary stenosis have been seen in our department in the past 15 years. A review of published cases reveals that there are more causes of this condition than have previously been enumerated.", "contents": "Acquired pulmonary stenosis. A patient with acquired pulmonary stenosis due to lymphocytic lymphoma is presented. Three further patients with acquired pulmonary stenosis have been seen in our department in the past 15 years. A review of published cases reveals that there are more causes of this condition than have previously been enumerated.", "PMID": 582076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1221", "title": "The gastric aspirate foam test in the prediction of hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "The gastric aspirate foam test was performed on 99 infants of low birth weight. In 59 of 61 infants with no respiratory distress, the test was positive. All infants who developed hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had negative or intermediate foam test results. There was no consistent relationship between the foam test result and the development of wet lung syndrome. Infants who were small for gestational age had a significantly lower incidence of HMD, as did infants with amniotic fluid infection syndrome. These data indicate that the gastric aspirate foam test is a reliable index of neonatal lung maturity.", "contents": "The gastric aspirate foam test in the prediction of hyaline membrane disease. The gastric aspirate foam test was performed on 99 infants of low birth weight. In 59 of 61 infants with no respiratory distress, the test was positive. All infants who developed hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had negative or intermediate foam test results. There was no consistent relationship between the foam test result and the development of wet lung syndrome. Infants who were small for gestational age had a significantly lower incidence of HMD, as did infants with amniotic fluid infection syndrome. These data indicate that the gastric aspirate foam test is a reliable index of neonatal lung maturity.", "PMID": 582077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1222", "title": "Reemergence of thyroidectomy as treatment for Graves' disease.", "content": "Hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease may be treated very effectively by antithyroid pills, such as PTU and Tapazole, by radioactive iodine therapy, and by subtotal thyroidectomy. Each form of therapy has advantages and disadvantages, and thus treatment should be individualized. While therapy with radioactive iodine would appear to be ideal since it does not require an operation and is less expensive than surgical management, it suffers from a high rate of progressive hypothyroidism and from the fact that the time until a euthyroid state is obtained is often prolonged. In addition, the long-term carcinogenic risk of the therapy for thyroid neoplasia has never been completely defined since the data most often quoted have a mean follow-up time of only eight years. Furthermore, new \"low-dose\" radioiodine regimens may be more dangerous in this regard. Subtotal thyroidectomy, while not totally without complications, remains a rapid, safe, and effective treatment for Graves' disease. The careful use of propranolol has facilitated the preparation of some patients and has lessened the risk of operation. Thyroidectomy should remain the treatment of choice for young adults with this disease.", "contents": "Reemergence of thyroidectomy as treatment for Graves' disease. Hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease may be treated very effectively by antithyroid pills, such as PTU and Tapazole, by radioactive iodine therapy, and by subtotal thyroidectomy. Each form of therapy has advantages and disadvantages, and thus treatment should be individualized. While therapy with radioactive iodine would appear to be ideal since it does not require an operation and is less expensive than surgical management, it suffers from a high rate of progressive hypothyroidism and from the fact that the time until a euthyroid state is obtained is often prolonged. In addition, the long-term carcinogenic risk of the therapy for thyroid neoplasia has never been completely defined since the data most often quoted have a mean follow-up time of only eight years. Furthermore, new \"low-dose\" radioiodine regimens may be more dangerous in this regard. Subtotal thyroidectomy, while not totally without complications, remains a rapid, safe, and effective treatment for Graves' disease. The careful use of propranolol has facilitated the preparation of some patients and has lessened the risk of operation. Thyroidectomy should remain the treatment of choice for young adults with this disease.", "PMID": 582078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1223", "title": "Chemical analysis of linseed meal produced in Egypt.", "content": "Representative samples of linseed meal were collected from the productive nineteen oil mills of Egypt. The averages of nutrients in the mentioned samples were 6.55 +/- 0.22, 93.45 +/- 0.22, 11.19 +/- 0.60, 26.97 +/- 0.59, 11.18 +/- 0.43, 36.10 +/- 0.60, 8.00 +/- 0.38, 0.39 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.04 for moisture, dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, calcium and phosphorus respectively. The average of the calculated calorific value was 435.81 +/- 3.16 kcal per 100 gram of the meal.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of linseed meal produced in Egypt. Representative samples of linseed meal were collected from the productive nineteen oil mills of Egypt. The averages of nutrients in the mentioned samples were 6.55 +/- 0.22, 93.45 +/- 0.22, 11.19 +/- 0.60, 26.97 +/- 0.59, 11.18 +/- 0.43, 36.10 +/- 0.60, 8.00 +/- 0.38, 0.39 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.04 for moisture, dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, calcium and phosphorus respectively. The average of the calculated calorific value was 435.81 +/- 3.16 kcal per 100 gram of the meal.", "PMID": 582083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1224", "title": "[Etiology of RDS in infants weighing more than 2500 g (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1974 to 1977, 7005 infants were born live at the I. University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna. 55 of these infants weighed at birth more than 2500g and developed RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome) as a result of which 16 died. All infants showing either malformations, icterus gravis (malignant jaundice) or infants delivered by insulin dependent diabetic mothers were excluded. The remaining 48 infants were compared with two control groups selected at random. The mortality rate for infants with RDS weighing more than 2500g (29,1%) was identical with those weighing less than 2500g (28,7%). The significant finding in the RDS group was the high incidence of primiparae, mothers with abnormal obstetrical histories, imminent abortion, cerclage operations and EPH gestoses. On three women in this group extragenital surgery which was performed during pregnancy appeared noteworthy. Time of labor, prolonged delivery time or surgical interference at time of birth did however not seem to make any difference. The RDS group showed in the 1 minute as well as in the 5 minute Apgar-Value distinctly worse results, whereby the missing recuperation after 5 minutes is typical and prognostically unfavourable for RDS. Of decisive importance for the development of RDS in infants weighing more than 2500g was birth induction before the end of the biological term.", "contents": "[Etiology of RDS in infants weighing more than 2500 g (author's transl)]. Between 1974 to 1977, 7005 infants were born live at the I. University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna. 55 of these infants weighed at birth more than 2500g and developed RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome) as a result of which 16 died. All infants showing either malformations, icterus gravis (malignant jaundice) or infants delivered by insulin dependent diabetic mothers were excluded. The remaining 48 infants were compared with two control groups selected at random. The mortality rate for infants with RDS weighing more than 2500g (29,1%) was identical with those weighing less than 2500g (28,7%). The significant finding in the RDS group was the high incidence of primiparae, mothers with abnormal obstetrical histories, imminent abortion, cerclage operations and EPH gestoses. On three women in this group extragenital surgery which was performed during pregnancy appeared noteworthy. Time of labor, prolonged delivery time or surgical interference at time of birth did however not seem to make any difference. The RDS group showed in the 1 minute as well as in the 5 minute Apgar-Value distinctly worse results, whereby the missing recuperation after 5 minutes is typical and prognostically unfavourable for RDS. Of decisive importance for the development of RDS in infants weighing more than 2500g was birth induction before the end of the biological term.", "PMID": 582084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1225", "title": "Infective endocarditis during the first decade of life. An autopsy review of 33 cases.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of infective endocarditis seen at autopsy during the first decade of life, between 1911 and 1944, are compared with seven fatal cases between 1944 and 1977. The incidence of infective endocarditis at autopsy in this age-group has decreased since 1944 (0.60% to 0.23%). Before 1944, Gram-positive cocci were most frequently responsible. Rheumatic heart disease (31%) more often predisposed to infective endocarditis than did congenital heart disease and left-sided valves were most frequently involved. Peripheral septic foci and penumonia were the most frequent sources of infection. The introduction of penicillin and advances in cardiology and cardiovascular surgery have had considerable impact of the spectrum and evolution of the diseases. Fungi and uncommon opportunistic bacteria are now frequently encountered. Rheumatic heart disease rarely predisposes to infective endocarditis in this age-group, congenital heart disease being the major underlying disease.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis during the first decade of life. An autopsy review of 33 cases. Twenty-six cases of infective endocarditis seen at autopsy during the first decade of life, between 1911 and 1944, are compared with seven fatal cases between 1944 and 1977. The incidence of infective endocarditis at autopsy in this age-group has decreased since 1944 (0.60% to 0.23%). Before 1944, Gram-positive cocci were most frequently responsible. Rheumatic heart disease (31%) more often predisposed to infective endocarditis than did congenital heart disease and left-sided valves were most frequently involved. Peripheral septic foci and penumonia were the most frequent sources of infection. The introduction of penicillin and advances in cardiology and cardiovascular surgery have had considerable impact of the spectrum and evolution of the diseases. Fungi and uncommon opportunistic bacteria are now frequently encountered. Rheumatic heart disease rarely predisposes to infective endocarditis in this age-group, congenital heart disease being the major underlying disease.", "PMID": 582087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1226", "title": "Recognition and differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles in computed tomography.", "content": "We found enlargement of the extraocular muscles in 70 patients out of 603 orbit studies, of whom 310 had exophthalmos. The majority (46 of 70) had the eye signs of Graves' disease. Arteriovenous malformations and carotid cavernous fistulas can cause enlargement of the extraocular muscles by a diffuse increase in orbital venous pressure, Acute orbital myositis can be distinguished from other forms of pseudotumor by the presence of a single enlarge extraocular muscle with associated inflammatory findings which responds to corticosteroid therapy. Neoplasms may invade extraocular muscles or compress their venous drainage causing secondary muscle enlargement. In all these patients the presence of a mass was correctly identified. The ability of the computed tomography scanner to recognize abnormalities of the extraocular muscles represents a significant advance in classification and diagnosis of the causes of exophthalmos.", "contents": "Recognition and differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles in computed tomography. We found enlargement of the extraocular muscles in 70 patients out of 603 orbit studies, of whom 310 had exophthalmos. The majority (46 of 70) had the eye signs of Graves' disease. Arteriovenous malformations and carotid cavernous fistulas can cause enlargement of the extraocular muscles by a diffuse increase in orbital venous pressure, Acute orbital myositis can be distinguished from other forms of pseudotumor by the presence of a single enlarge extraocular muscle with associated inflammatory findings which responds to corticosteroid therapy. Neoplasms may invade extraocular muscles or compress their venous drainage causing secondary muscle enlargement. In all these patients the presence of a mass was correctly identified. The ability of the computed tomography scanner to recognize abnormalities of the extraocular muscles represents a significant advance in classification and diagnosis of the causes of exophthalmos.", "PMID": 582088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1227", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Fifteen of 36 hyperthyroid patients had elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. There was no difference in mean thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), age, or duration of illness between the groups with high alkaline phosphatase and normal alkaline phosphatase levels. After treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose as T4 levels declined; at 3 months, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value rose from 7.1 Bodansky units to 10.3 Bodansky units (P less than 0.005), while the mean T4 value fell from 18 microgram/dl to 7.2 microgram/dl (P less than 0.005). In some patients, serum alkaline phosphatase values have remained elevated for more than 1 year, despite continued normality in thyroid variables. Before therapy, isoenzyme patterns analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were qualitatively normal. As therapy was instituted, the isoenzyme patterns changed markedly, with increased amounts of bone alkaline phosphatase appearing in the serum as T4 levels were declining and total alkaline phosphatase was rising. Thyroid tissue homogenates from patients with Graves' disease were found to have very low levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and an isoenzyme pattern quite distinct from that found in the serum.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in hyperthyroidism. Fifteen of 36 hyperthyroid patients had elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. There was no difference in mean thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), age, or duration of illness between the groups with high alkaline phosphatase and normal alkaline phosphatase levels. After treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase levels rose as T4 levels declined; at 3 months, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value rose from 7.1 Bodansky units to 10.3 Bodansky units (P less than 0.005), while the mean T4 value fell from 18 microgram/dl to 7.2 microgram/dl (P less than 0.005). In some patients, serum alkaline phosphatase values have remained elevated for more than 1 year, despite continued normality in thyroid variables. Before therapy, isoenzyme patterns analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were qualitatively normal. As therapy was instituted, the isoenzyme patterns changed markedly, with increased amounts of bone alkaline phosphatase appearing in the serum as T4 levels were declining and total alkaline phosphatase was rising. Thyroid tissue homogenates from patients with Graves' disease were found to have very low levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and an isoenzyme pattern quite distinct from that found in the serum.", "PMID": 582089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1228", "title": "Cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy. A preliminary report.", "content": "Three patients with advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy were treated with cyclophosphamide. All had proptosis and diplopia. One patient had disabling iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome from steroid treatment of the ophthalmopathy and had undergone bilateral orbital decompression before cyclophosphamide therapy; steroids could not subsequently be withdrawn. When cyclophosphamide was administered to the cushingoid patient, withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy was then possible. Diplopia completely resolved in two patients and improved in the third coincident with administration of cyclophosphamide. Deteriorating visual acuity resolved in one patient. Chemosis improved in the two affected patients. Proptosis was unchanged in all three patients. Cyclophosphamide deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in Graves' disease.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy. A preliminary report. Three patients with advanced Graves' ophthalmopathy were treated with cyclophosphamide. All had proptosis and diplopia. One patient had disabling iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome from steroid treatment of the ophthalmopathy and had undergone bilateral orbital decompression before cyclophosphamide therapy; steroids could not subsequently be withdrawn. When cyclophosphamide was administered to the cushingoid patient, withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy was then possible. Diplopia completely resolved in two patients and improved in the third coincident with administration of cyclophosphamide. Deteriorating visual acuity resolved in one patient. Chemosis improved in the two affected patients. Proptosis was unchanged in all three patients. Cyclophosphamide deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in Graves' disease.", "PMID": 582090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1229", "title": "Effect of environmental conditions on the production of two extracellular proteolytic enzymes by Vibrio SA1.", "content": "The production of two extracellular proteases, an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase, by the marine bacterium Vibrio SA1 was studied in batch cultures. The production of the proteases was induced during growth of the organism in peptone media and by several amino acids during growth in minimal media. It was repressed by easily metabolisable carbon compounds such as glucose, lactate and succinate during growth in peptone media. During growth in a lactate basal medium, phenylalanine was one of the best inducers and this amino acid was therefore used in further experiments. That lactate did not repress the synthesis of the proteases during growth in the lactate basal medium supplement with 2mM phenylalanine as an inducer, appeared to be a consequence of the low iron content of this medium. Growth curves of Vibrio SA1 on such media showed a period of linear growth during which protease production was observed. When the iron concentration was made sufficiently high to prevent linear growth, the synthesis of the proteases remained repressed. Apparently by imposing an iron limitation on the organism, catabolite repression by lactate was relieved. Similarly, when growth was limited by very low values of the dissolved oxygen tension in the medium, a high rate of protease synthesis was found which was immediately repressed when the oxygen limitation was released. The results indicate that the growth rate and/or a factor associated with the energy metabolism play a role in the regulation of the synthesis of the enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of environmental conditions on the production of two extracellular proteolytic enzymes by Vibrio SA1. The production of two extracellular proteases, an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase, by the marine bacterium Vibrio SA1 was studied in batch cultures. The production of the proteases was induced during growth of the organism in peptone media and by several amino acids during growth in minimal media. It was repressed by easily metabolisable carbon compounds such as glucose, lactate and succinate during growth in peptone media. During growth in a lactate basal medium, phenylalanine was one of the best inducers and this amino acid was therefore used in further experiments. That lactate did not repress the synthesis of the proteases during growth in the lactate basal medium supplement with 2mM phenylalanine as an inducer, appeared to be a consequence of the low iron content of this medium. Growth curves of Vibrio SA1 on such media showed a period of linear growth during which protease production was observed. When the iron concentration was made sufficiently high to prevent linear growth, the synthesis of the proteases remained repressed. Apparently by imposing an iron limitation on the organism, catabolite repression by lactate was relieved. Similarly, when growth was limited by very low values of the dissolved oxygen tension in the medium, a high rate of protease synthesis was found which was immediately repressed when the oxygen limitation was released. The results indicate that the growth rate and/or a factor associated with the energy metabolism play a role in the regulation of the synthesis of the enzymes.", "PMID": 582092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1230", "title": "A continuous culture study of the regulation of extracellular protease production in Vibrio SA1.", "content": "During growth of Vibrio SA1 in a lactate-limited chemostate in the presence of 2mM phenylalanine as an inducer, the rate of production of two proteolytic enzymes, namely an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase, was dependent upon the dilution rate. An optimum in the rate of synthesis of both proteases was observed at a dilution rate of 0.23 h-1 and enzyme production only occurred between dilution rates of 0.06 and 0.45 h-1. Without inducer a low rate of aminopeptidase production was found with an optimum at 0.19 h-1, but only trace amounts of endopeptidase were detectable in the culture. In the presence of inducer the rate of enzyme production increased with increasing dilution rates over the range 0.06 to 0.23 h-1 which was explained by an increase in saturation of inducer sites. The progressive decrease in the rate of protease production at higher dilution rates was ascribed to an increasing effect of catabolite repression by the increasing concentration of the growth substrate. It was shown that 5 mM cyclic AMP could not relieve catabolite repression caused by glucose or lactate. Repression of protease production also occurred in the presence of higher concentrations (5 mM) phenylalanine and other amino acids and by ammonium ions. It is suggested that the energy-status of the cell may play an important role in the regulation of protease synthesis in Vibrio SA1.", "contents": "A continuous culture study of the regulation of extracellular protease production in Vibrio SA1. During growth of Vibrio SA1 in a lactate-limited chemostate in the presence of 2mM phenylalanine as an inducer, the rate of production of two proteolytic enzymes, namely an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase, was dependent upon the dilution rate. An optimum in the rate of synthesis of both proteases was observed at a dilution rate of 0.23 h-1 and enzyme production only occurred between dilution rates of 0.06 and 0.45 h-1. Without inducer a low rate of aminopeptidase production was found with an optimum at 0.19 h-1, but only trace amounts of endopeptidase were detectable in the culture. In the presence of inducer the rate of enzyme production increased with increasing dilution rates over the range 0.06 to 0.23 h-1 which was explained by an increase in saturation of inducer sites. The progressive decrease in the rate of protease production at higher dilution rates was ascribed to an increasing effect of catabolite repression by the increasing concentration of the growth substrate. It was shown that 5 mM cyclic AMP could not relieve catabolite repression caused by glucose or lactate. Repression of protease production also occurred in the presence of higher concentrations (5 mM) phenylalanine and other amino acids and by ammonium ions. It is suggested that the energy-status of the cell may play an important role in the regulation of protease synthesis in Vibrio SA1.", "PMID": 582093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1231", "title": "Conversion of p-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol by a Pseudomonas sp.", "content": "A strain of Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29354, isolated from parathionamended flooded soil, converted p-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol which persisted in pure culture. In unsterilized flooded soil, not previously treated with parathion, 4-nitrocatechol was further metabolized by other microorganisms.", "contents": "Conversion of p-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol by a Pseudomonas sp. A strain of Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29354, isolated from parathionamended flooded soil, converted p-nitrophenol to 4-nitrocatechol which persisted in pure culture. In unsterilized flooded soil, not previously treated with parathion, 4-nitrocatechol was further metabolized by other microorganisms.", "PMID": 582094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1232", "title": "Translocation of an ampicillin resistance determinant within an R-factor aggregate in Salmonella panama.", "content": "The molecular properties of the plasmids of a natural isolate of Salmonella panama have been studied. This strain, Sp477, harbours 5 different plasmids: the conjugative plasmid pRI477TF (molecular weight 20 megadaltons), the two non-conjugative plasmids, pRI477A and pRI477S, coding for ampicillin and streptomycin plus sulfonamide resistance respectively (molecular weights of both 5.6 megadaltons) and two cryptic plasmids with molecular weights of 1.0 and 2.7, megadaltons respectively. After conjugal transfer to Escherichia coli the ampicillin resistance determinant was frequently found to be integrated into pRI477TF or pRI477S. The translocatable sequence on pRI477A, designated as Tn901, resembles the TnA sublcass transposon TnA(1).", "contents": "Translocation of an ampicillin resistance determinant within an R-factor aggregate in Salmonella panama. The molecular properties of the plasmids of a natural isolate of Salmonella panama have been studied. This strain, Sp477, harbours 5 different plasmids: the conjugative plasmid pRI477TF (molecular weight 20 megadaltons), the two non-conjugative plasmids, pRI477A and pRI477S, coding for ampicillin and streptomycin plus sulfonamide resistance respectively (molecular weights of both 5.6 megadaltons) and two cryptic plasmids with molecular weights of 1.0 and 2.7, megadaltons respectively. After conjugal transfer to Escherichia coli the ampicillin resistance determinant was frequently found to be integrated into pRI477TF or pRI477S. The translocatable sequence on pRI477A, designated as Tn901, resembles the TnA sublcass transposon TnA(1).", "PMID": 582095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1233", "title": "Enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance from clinical cases in man and animals and detection of toads and wall lizards as their reservoirs.", "content": "A total of 416 samples comprising faecal samples from diarrhoeic cases of man, calves, sheep and goats, and urine samples from patients with urinary tract infections, were examined for the presence of enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance. Citrobacter freundii from 20, C. intermedius biotype-a from four, Serratia marcescens (serotype 05:H13, bactericin type 16) from one and Erwinia herbicola from two human stool samples were isolated. Only two urine samples yielded C. freundii. Citrobacter freundii was isolated from 10 and C. intermedius biotype-a from two calves. From sheep and goats, two isolates of C. freundii and three of C. intermedius biotype-a were obtained. None of these samples yielded Edwarsiella tarda or Yersinia enterocolitica. The examination of 99 toads and 145 wall lizards revealed that toads were reservoirs for C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a and Salmonella brijbhumi, whereas wall lizards were reservoirs for C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a, E. herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella spp. These bacteria were present in the range of 2.0 x 10(6) to 6.0 x 10(11) organisms per gram of intestinal contents. In addition, toads were carriers for Edwardsiella tarda (new serotypes 04167:H1 and 05159: non-motile). None of the toads and wall lizards proved positive for C. intermedius biotype-b (C. koseri), S. marcescens and Y. entercolitica. C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a, E. herbicola and S. marcescens were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin whereas E. tarda isolates were also resistant to gentamycin, neomycin, colistin and sulfamethaxazole.", "contents": "Enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance from clinical cases in man and animals and detection of toads and wall lizards as their reservoirs. A total of 416 samples comprising faecal samples from diarrhoeic cases of man, calves, sheep and goats, and urine samples from patients with urinary tract infections, were examined for the presence of enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance. Citrobacter freundii from 20, C. intermedius biotype-a from four, Serratia marcescens (serotype 05:H13, bactericin type 16) from one and Erwinia herbicola from two human stool samples were isolated. Only two urine samples yielded C. freundii. Citrobacter freundii was isolated from 10 and C. intermedius biotype-a from two calves. From sheep and goats, two isolates of C. freundii and three of C. intermedius biotype-a were obtained. None of these samples yielded Edwarsiella tarda or Yersinia enterocolitica. The examination of 99 toads and 145 wall lizards revealed that toads were reservoirs for C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a and Salmonella brijbhumi, whereas wall lizards were reservoirs for C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a, E. herbicola, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella spp. These bacteria were present in the range of 2.0 x 10(6) to 6.0 x 10(11) organisms per gram of intestinal contents. In addition, toads were carriers for Edwardsiella tarda (new serotypes 04167:H1 and 05159: non-motile). None of the toads and wall lizards proved positive for C. intermedius biotype-b (C. koseri), S. marcescens and Y. entercolitica. C. freundii, C. intermedius biotype-a, E. herbicola and S. marcescens were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin whereas E. tarda isolates were also resistant to gentamycin, neomycin, colistin and sulfamethaxazole.", "PMID": 582096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1234", "title": "Liquid nitrogen storage of yeast cultures. I. Survival, and literature review of the perservation of fungi at ultralow temperatures.", "content": "All 20 yeast strains of 17 species tested survived 75 days (the length of the experimental period) in liquid nitrogen at -196 C. The components of the more protective of the two freezing media used were (w/v) malt extract 2.5%, yeast extract 0.25%, peptone 0.5%, calf serum 15% (v/v) and dimethyl sulfoxide 10% (v/v). Viability of the cells in this medium after rapid uncontrolled freezing and thawing in selaed plastic ampoules ranged from 2% to 98% (average 67%) compared with the viability of the cultures before freezing. In only 4 strains was survival lower than 50%. (90 references).", "contents": "Liquid nitrogen storage of yeast cultures. I. Survival, and literature review of the perservation of fungi at ultralow temperatures. All 20 yeast strains of 17 species tested survived 75 days (the length of the experimental period) in liquid nitrogen at -196 C. The components of the more protective of the two freezing media used were (w/v) malt extract 2.5%, yeast extract 0.25%, peptone 0.5%, calf serum 15% (v/v) and dimethyl sulfoxide 10% (v/v). Viability of the cells in this medium after rapid uncontrolled freezing and thawing in selaed plastic ampoules ranged from 2% to 98% (average 67%) compared with the viability of the cultures before freezing. In only 4 strains was survival lower than 50%. (90 references).", "PMID": 582097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1235", "title": "Influence of sympathetic nervous system on surfactant production. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The influence of the sympathetic nervous sytem on pulmonary surfactant was investigated in an ultrastructural study of normal and chemically sympathectomized rat lungs. Chemical sympathectomy was accomplished by administration of 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The 6-OHDA did not have any systemic influence on the experimental animals. These animals grew normally and were killed at intervals of three, four, six, and seven weeks. The mean weight of the controls at three weeks was 41.75 +/- 3.12; at four weeks, 77.00 +/- 2.68; at six weeks, 169.25 +/- 11.29; and at seven weeks, 182.25 +/- 4.94. The mean weight of the 6-OHDA treated group at three weeks was 48.50 +/- 1.04; at four weeks, 76.25 +/- 1.93; at six weeks, 171.75 +/- 3.40; and at seven weeks, 180.25 +/- 2.36. The body/ lung weight ratio was about the same in both groups. In the control animals, the alveolar capillary membranes were intact, the alveoli were well expanded, and epithelial cells appeared normal. The cytoplasm of the granular II pneumocytes contained their characteristic osmiophilic lamellated bodies as well as multiple transition forms between the multivesicular and lamellated bodies. It is these lamellated bodies that are the suspected site of surfactant production in the lung and they appear to migrate towards the alveolar lumen. In addition to the lamellated bodies, multiple lattice-like tubular myelin figures were abundant in the alveoli of the normal rat lung. Following sympathectomy, structural alterations occurred within the cytoplasm of the granular II pneumocytes, involving mainly the lamellated bodies. There was a decrease of osmiophilic content as well as loss of organization of the bodies. This change was quantitated by scoring the degree of osmiophilia in the control and sympathectomized animals. The mean score in the control animals was 4.43 +/- 0.03 S.E., whereas in the sympathectomized group it was 3.77 +/- 0.16 S.E. It was concluded that the lamellated bodies, the site of phospholipid synthesis in the granular II pneumocyte, arise from the multivesicular bodies and are extruded into the alveolus. They then participate in the formation of the alveolar acellular lining layer. Sympathectomy alters the structure of the lamellated bodies, thereby influencing the development of the surfactant system.", "contents": "Influence of sympathetic nervous system on surfactant production. An ultrastructural study. The influence of the sympathetic nervous sytem on pulmonary surfactant was investigated in an ultrastructural study of normal and chemically sympathectomized rat lungs. Chemical sympathectomy was accomplished by administration of 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The 6-OHDA did not have any systemic influence on the experimental animals. These animals grew normally and were killed at intervals of three, four, six, and seven weeks. The mean weight of the controls at three weeks was 41.75 +/- 3.12; at four weeks, 77.00 +/- 2.68; at six weeks, 169.25 +/- 11.29; and at seven weeks, 182.25 +/- 4.94. The mean weight of the 6-OHDA treated group at three weeks was 48.50 +/- 1.04; at four weeks, 76.25 +/- 1.93; at six weeks, 171.75 +/- 3.40; and at seven weeks, 180.25 +/- 2.36. The body/ lung weight ratio was about the same in both groups. In the control animals, the alveolar capillary membranes were intact, the alveoli were well expanded, and epithelial cells appeared normal. The cytoplasm of the granular II pneumocytes contained their characteristic osmiophilic lamellated bodies as well as multiple transition forms between the multivesicular and lamellated bodies. It is these lamellated bodies that are the suspected site of surfactant production in the lung and they appear to migrate towards the alveolar lumen. In addition to the lamellated bodies, multiple lattice-like tubular myelin figures were abundant in the alveoli of the normal rat lung. Following sympathectomy, structural alterations occurred within the cytoplasm of the granular II pneumocytes, involving mainly the lamellated bodies. There was a decrease of osmiophilic content as well as loss of organization of the bodies. This change was quantitated by scoring the degree of osmiophilia in the control and sympathectomized animals. The mean score in the control animals was 4.43 +/- 0.03 S.E., whereas in the sympathectomized group it was 3.77 +/- 0.16 S.E. It was concluded that the lamellated bodies, the site of phospholipid synthesis in the granular II pneumocyte, arise from the multivesicular bodies and are extruded into the alveolus. They then participate in the formation of the alveolar acellular lining layer. Sympathectomy alters the structure of the lamellated bodies, thereby influencing the development of the surfactant system.", "PMID": 582098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1236", "title": "Acute toxic delirium. Neurotoxicity of intrathecal administration of amphotericin B.", "content": "A patient with coccidioidal meningitis was treated with intrathecally administered amphotericin B, and an acute toxic delirium with EEG abnormalities developed. Clinical recovery followed discontinuation of therapy and paralleled EEG resolution. This complication was dose related and argues for caution when initiating intrathecal therapy with amphotericin B at doses greater than 0.025 mg.", "contents": "Acute toxic delirium. Neurotoxicity of intrathecal administration of amphotericin B. A patient with coccidioidal meningitis was treated with intrathecally administered amphotericin B, and an acute toxic delirium with EEG abnormalities developed. Clinical recovery followed discontinuation of therapy and paralleled EEG resolution. This complication was dose related and argues for caution when initiating intrathecal therapy with amphotericin B at doses greater than 0.025 mg.", "PMID": 582099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1237", "title": "Tuftsin and its analogues. III. Modification of basic amino acid residues in the peptide chain.", "content": "Five tuftsin analogues, containing one or two of the basic amino acid residues, respectively in position: 2, 3, 2 and 4, 2 and 3--of the peptide chain, were synthesized and tested for biologic activity by the Najjar test.", "contents": "Tuftsin and its analogues. III. Modification of basic amino acid residues in the peptide chain. Five tuftsin analogues, containing one or two of the basic amino acid residues, respectively in position: 2, 3, 2 and 4, 2 and 3--of the peptide chain, were synthesized and tested for biologic activity by the Najjar test.", "PMID": 582100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1238", "title": "[Synthesis and physico-chemical parameters of clanobutin (author's transl)].", "content": "Synthesis and physico-chemical parameters (pKa, partition coefficient, permeability coefficient, critical micelle concentration, surface pressure, etc.) of 4-[4-chloro-N-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzamido]-butyric acid (clanobutin) are described.", "contents": "[Synthesis and physico-chemical parameters of clanobutin (author's transl)]. Synthesis and physico-chemical parameters (pKa, partition coefficient, permeability coefficient, critical micelle concentration, surface pressure, etc.) of 4-[4-chloro-N-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-benzamido]-butyric acid (clanobutin) are described.", "PMID": 582102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1239", "title": "Comparative study of oxaflozane urinary metabolism in man, the dog and the rat. Identification of the principal metabolites.", "content": "The urinary metabolites of isopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl-3-phenyl)-2-morpholine (oxaflozane) were compared in man, the dog and the rat using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. In the dog, the tritiated molecule on the morpholine ring was administered to a certain number of animals. The principal metabolites were isolated, purified and identified by IR, RMN spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The principal metabolite in man and the rat was obtained by osaflozane N-dealkylation. In the dog, 2 metabolites formed by cleavage of the morpholine ring were also observed.", "contents": "Comparative study of oxaflozane urinary metabolism in man, the dog and the rat. Identification of the principal metabolites. The urinary metabolites of isopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl-3-phenyl)-2-morpholine (oxaflozane) were compared in man, the dog and the rat using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. In the dog, the tritiated molecule on the morpholine ring was administered to a certain number of animals. The principal metabolites were isolated, purified and identified by IR, RMN spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The principal metabolite in man and the rat was obtained by osaflozane N-dealkylation. In the dog, 2 metabolites formed by cleavage of the morpholine ring were also observed.", "PMID": 582104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1240", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a new synthetic compound: 2-[p-(1-oxo-2-isoindolinyl)phenyl] butyric acid (K 3920).", "content": "The effect of the new synthetic compound 2-[p-(1-oxo--2-isoindolinyl)phenyl] butyric acid (K 3920) on platelet aggregation was assessed in vitro on human platelets. ADP, epinephrine and collagen at different concentrations were employed as inducing agents. From the results of the present study it appears that K 3920 inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro, probably by acting on the release reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a new synthetic compound: 2-[p-(1-oxo-2-isoindolinyl)phenyl] butyric acid (K 3920). The effect of the new synthetic compound 2-[p-(1-oxo--2-isoindolinyl)phenyl] butyric acid (K 3920) on platelet aggregation was assessed in vitro on human platelets. ADP, epinephrine and collagen at different concentrations were employed as inducing agents. From the results of the present study it appears that K 3920 inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro, probably by acting on the release reaction.", "PMID": 582103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1241", "title": "Absorption in rats, dogs, pigs, and humans of nicotinic acid after oral administration of phosphatidyl inositol pentanicotinate hydrochloride (PIN).", "content": "Bound nicotinic acid in feces after oral administration of phosphatidyl inositol pentanicotinate (PIN) was determined by chromatographical isolation from acid hydrolysate and UV absorbance of the eluted nicotinic acid. With all species tested, the absorption of nicotinic acid after administration of PIN was found to be incomplete, proportions from 5 to 25% of the amount of nicotinic acid administered with PIN being recovered from feces. Humans absorbed about 75% of the nicotinic acid administered with 700 mg PIN, i.e. 230 mg. It is concluded that the presence of bound nicotinic acid in feces is due to slow absorption of the PIN or slow hydrolysis of the nicotinic acid ester. Rabbit liver homogenate, human blood plasma, and human duodenal juice were found to liberate nicotinic acid from PIN.", "contents": "Absorption in rats, dogs, pigs, and humans of nicotinic acid after oral administration of phosphatidyl inositol pentanicotinate hydrochloride (PIN). Bound nicotinic acid in feces after oral administration of phosphatidyl inositol pentanicotinate (PIN) was determined by chromatographical isolation from acid hydrolysate and UV absorbance of the eluted nicotinic acid. With all species tested, the absorption of nicotinic acid after administration of PIN was found to be incomplete, proportions from 5 to 25% of the amount of nicotinic acid administered with PIN being recovered from feces. Humans absorbed about 75% of the nicotinic acid administered with 700 mg PIN, i.e. 230 mg. It is concluded that the presence of bound nicotinic acid in feces is due to slow absorption of the PIN or slow hydrolysis of the nicotinic acid ester. Rabbit liver homogenate, human blood plasma, and human duodenal juice were found to liberate nicotinic acid from PIN.", "PMID": 582105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1242", "title": "[Serum concentration and kinetics after i.v.-infusion of 3 g lincomycin (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of lincomycin (Albiotic) were studied in ten healthy male and female volunteers after administration of 1 X 3 g and 2 X 3 g lincomycin i.v., respectively, infused over 60 min. After discontinuing the infusion a mean serum value of lincomycin of 97.5 microgram/ml was measurable. 5 h later the mean serum values were 13.5 microgram/ml and 24 h later 1.6 microgram/ml. After 24 h 72.5% of the drug had been eliminated in the urine of 4 volunteers. The mean serum half-life was 286.3 min with the one-compartment model. The volume of distribution was 78.7 l with the one-compartment model and 25.9 l with the two-compartment model. The area under the curve has the value of 14 805.39 microgram . min . ml-1 and 44 418.9 microgram . min. ml-1 with the one- and two-compartment model, respectively. The mean values for the total renal clearance with the two models were 204.8 and 75.5 ml/min. The importance of high-dose therapy with lincomycin is discussed with respect to the tissue penetration of the substance and possible bactericidal effects, whereas lincomycin in general only acts bacteriostatic.", "contents": "[Serum concentration and kinetics after i.v.-infusion of 3 g lincomycin (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of lincomycin (Albiotic) were studied in ten healthy male and female volunteers after administration of 1 X 3 g and 2 X 3 g lincomycin i.v., respectively, infused over 60 min. After discontinuing the infusion a mean serum value of lincomycin of 97.5 microgram/ml was measurable. 5 h later the mean serum values were 13.5 microgram/ml and 24 h later 1.6 microgram/ml. After 24 h 72.5% of the drug had been eliminated in the urine of 4 volunteers. The mean serum half-life was 286.3 min with the one-compartment model. The volume of distribution was 78.7 l with the one-compartment model and 25.9 l with the two-compartment model. The area under the curve has the value of 14 805.39 microgram . min . ml-1 and 44 418.9 microgram . min. ml-1 with the one- and two-compartment model, respectively. The mean values for the total renal clearance with the two models were 204.8 and 75.5 ml/min. The importance of high-dose therapy with lincomycin is discussed with respect to the tissue penetration of the substance and possible bactericidal effects, whereas lincomycin in general only acts bacteriostatic.", "PMID": 582106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1243", "title": "[Structure-activity studies on carboxyflavone derivatives with antianaphylactic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activities of a number of new A- and B-ring carboxyflavone and carboxyflavonol derivatives with planar and without planar orientation of the B-ring--synthesized in relation to baicalein and 2-carboxyxanthone derivatives as antianaphylactic prototypes--are recorded. From the investigated compounds A-ring carboxylic acids are more active than B-ring carboxy derivatives and flavonols are less active than flavones. Problems resulting from the correlation of the PCA activity of a number of chromone derivatives with the substitution of the 3-position are discussed.", "contents": "[Structure-activity studies on carboxyflavone derivatives with antianaphylactic activity (author's transl)]. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activities of a number of new A- and B-ring carboxyflavone and carboxyflavonol derivatives with planar and without planar orientation of the B-ring--synthesized in relation to baicalein and 2-carboxyxanthone derivatives as antianaphylactic prototypes--are recorded. From the investigated compounds A-ring carboxylic acids are more active than B-ring carboxy derivatives and flavonols are less active than flavones. Problems resulting from the correlation of the PCA activity of a number of chromone derivatives with the substitution of the 3-position are discussed.", "PMID": 582107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1244", "title": "[Preliminary pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide in humans. Plasma levels following a single oral and intravenous dose (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method is discribed for the determination of metoclopramide in human plasma for the 40--320 ng/ml range. Similar plasma levels were observed after single oral dosing with capsules (5 X 11.62 mg metoclopramide X 2 HC'L X H2O) and i.v. injection (2 X 11.62 mg metoclopramide X 2 HCl X H2O). The shape of the plasma level curve after i.v. administration indicates the presence of an open two-compartment model for metoclopramide in humans. Following a very short distributive phase an elimination phase is observed with a half-life of 3--6 h over the period studied. The present data suggest that under the conditions employed in this study metoclopramide is bioavailable by only about 50%; a \"first-pass\" metabolism is indicated.", "contents": "[Preliminary pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide in humans. Plasma levels following a single oral and intravenous dose (author's transl)]. A quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method is discribed for the determination of metoclopramide in human plasma for the 40--320 ng/ml range. Similar plasma levels were observed after single oral dosing with capsules (5 X 11.62 mg metoclopramide X 2 HC'L X H2O) and i.v. injection (2 X 11.62 mg metoclopramide X 2 HCl X H2O). The shape of the plasma level curve after i.v. administration indicates the presence of an open two-compartment model for metoclopramide in humans. Following a very short distributive phase an elimination phase is observed with a half-life of 3--6 h over the period studied. The present data suggest that under the conditions employed in this study metoclopramide is bioavailable by only about 50%; a \"first-pass\" metabolism is indicated.", "PMID": 582108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1245", "title": "[Determination and comparison of the plasma and urine concentrations in men given tranylcypromine stereoisomers].", "content": "The (+) and (-)isomers of DL-trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine, Parnate, Jatrosom) were tested under cross-over conditions on 10 volunteers. (-)Tranylcypromine entered blood circulation more rapidly, reached significantly higher concentrations and was metabolized more slowly than (+)tranylcypromine. These results indicate a difference in the pharmacokinetics of the tranylcypromine isomers. In the urine collected over a period of 24 h the excretion of unmetabolized (4)tranylcypromine was lower probably resulting from the greater metabolization rate of this isomer. There is a conformity between the findings in plasma and urine.", "contents": "[Determination and comparison of the plasma and urine concentrations in men given tranylcypromine stereoisomers]. The (+) and (-)isomers of DL-trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine, Parnate, Jatrosom) were tested under cross-over conditions on 10 volunteers. (-)Tranylcypromine entered blood circulation more rapidly, reached significantly higher concentrations and was metabolized more slowly than (+)tranylcypromine. These results indicate a difference in the pharmacokinetics of the tranylcypromine isomers. In the urine collected over a period of 24 h the excretion of unmetabolized (4)tranylcypromine was lower probably resulting from the greater metabolization rate of this isomer. There is a conformity between the findings in plasma and urine.", "PMID": 582109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1246", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and perphenazine in plasma of schizophrenic patients after administration of the combination of amitriptyline with perphenazine.", "content": "A specific and sensitive gas-chromatographic technique using a common extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of amitriptyline, endogenous nortriptyline and perphenazine in plasma of schizophrenic patients receiving therapeutic doses of a combination of amitriptyline and perphenazine (Etrafon) has been developed. The lower limits of detection are 20 ng/ml for amitriptyline, 1 ng/ml for nortriptyline and 5 ng/ml for perphenazine. Amitriptyline is estimated with a flame ionization detector. Nortriptyline is quantitated using an electron capture detector after converting it to its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by reaction with the appropriate anhydride. Perphenazine is also determined using an electron capture detector after forming its stable, trimethylsilyl derivative by reaction with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide. In individual patients, the steady-state plasma levels ranged from 44 to 215 ng/ml for amitriptyline, from 49 to 270 ng/ml for nortriptyline and from less than 5 to 20 ng/ml for perphenazine. Steady-state plasma levels data on amitriptyline, nortriptyline and perphenazine in 23 patients treated with Etrafon are presented.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and perphenazine in plasma of schizophrenic patients after administration of the combination of amitriptyline with perphenazine. A specific and sensitive gas-chromatographic technique using a common extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of amitriptyline, endogenous nortriptyline and perphenazine in plasma of schizophrenic patients receiving therapeutic doses of a combination of amitriptyline and perphenazine (Etrafon) has been developed. The lower limits of detection are 20 ng/ml for amitriptyline, 1 ng/ml for nortriptyline and 5 ng/ml for perphenazine. Amitriptyline is estimated with a flame ionization detector. Nortriptyline is quantitated using an electron capture detector after converting it to its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by reaction with the appropriate anhydride. Perphenazine is also determined using an electron capture detector after forming its stable, trimethylsilyl derivative by reaction with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide. In individual patients, the steady-state plasma levels ranged from 44 to 215 ng/ml for amitriptyline, from 49 to 270 ng/ml for nortriptyline and from less than 5 to 20 ng/ml for perphenazine. Steady-state plasma levels data on amitriptyline, nortriptyline and perphenazine in 23 patients treated with Etrafon are presented.", "PMID": 582110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1247", "title": "[Chloroquine enantiomers. Activity against P. vinckei and binding on DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "(+)-Chloroquine is more active against P. vinckei than (-)-chloroquine. No correlation has been observed between antiplasmodial activity and DNA-binding of the chloroquine enantiomers.", "contents": "[Chloroquine enantiomers. Activity against P. vinckei and binding on DNA (author's transl)]. (+)-Chloroquine is more active against P. vinckei than (-)-chloroquine. No correlation has been observed between antiplasmodial activity and DNA-binding of the chloroquine enantiomers.", "PMID": 582111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1248", "title": "[Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 3: The pseudophototropic behaviour of the cell membrane of halobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of coloured membrane portions of \"halobacteria\" is studied with respect to spectral response and reversibility. The results are in good correlation with colour generating effects of pseudophototropic reactions. The disclosed and dicussed systems are in the range from purely synthetic to purely biological.", "contents": "[Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 3: The pseudophototropic behaviour of the cell membrane of halobacteria (author's transl)]. The behaviour of coloured membrane portions of \"halobacteria\" is studied with respect to spectral response and reversibility. The results are in good correlation with colour generating effects of pseudophototropic reactions. The disclosed and dicussed systems are in the range from purely synthetic to purely biological.", "PMID": 582112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1249", "title": "Lack of hypotensive and brain catecholamine depleting effects by erythro- and threo-alpha-methyl DOPS.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether erythro- and threo-alpha-methyl-dihydroxy-phenyl-serine were able of depleting cerebral and peripheral norepinephrine (NE) through their metabolization to alpha-mNE. The results show that the alpha-methyl-aminoacids were decarboxylated only at the periphery and that the threo-form caused depletion in cardiac NE. In any case, both isomers were unable to cross the blood-brain barrier leaving the cerebral NE unaffected. Consequently the use of alpha-mDOPS as alternative tool to alpha-mDOPA in the therapy for hypertension seems unlikely to occur. The results also provide evidence for differences in the pharmacokinetics of the two isomers.", "contents": "Lack of hypotensive and brain catecholamine depleting effects by erythro- and threo-alpha-methyl DOPS. An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether erythro- and threo-alpha-methyl-dihydroxy-phenyl-serine were able of depleting cerebral and peripheral norepinephrine (NE) through their metabolization to alpha-mNE. The results show that the alpha-methyl-aminoacids were decarboxylated only at the periphery and that the threo-form caused depletion in cardiac NE. In any case, both isomers were unable to cross the blood-brain barrier leaving the cerebral NE unaffected. Consequently the use of alpha-mDOPS as alternative tool to alpha-mDOPA in the therapy for hypertension seems unlikely to occur. The results also provide evidence for differences in the pharmacokinetics of the two isomers.", "PMID": 582113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1250", "title": "Amidantel, a potent anthelminthic from a new chemical class.", "content": "N-(4-[(1-(Dimethylamino)-ethylidene)-amino]-phenyl)-2 methoxyacetamide hydrochloride (amidantel, BAY d 8815) is a new aminophenylamidine with an interesting anthelminthic spectrum. In rodents the compound is active against nematodes, filariae and cestodes. Of special interest is the high efficacy in dogs against hookworms and large roundworms. Amidantel was well tolerated by all animals tested and did not show teratogenic effects.", "contents": "Amidantel, a potent anthelminthic from a new chemical class. N-(4-[(1-(Dimethylamino)-ethylidene)-amino]-phenyl)-2 methoxyacetamide hydrochloride (amidantel, BAY d 8815) is a new aminophenylamidine with an interesting anthelminthic spectrum. In rodents the compound is active against nematodes, filariae and cestodes. Of special interest is the high efficacy in dogs against hookworms and large roundworms. Amidantel was well tolerated by all animals tested and did not show teratogenic effects.", "PMID": 582114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1251", "title": "[32P-incorporation in adenosine phosphates of the rat brain after oral application of vincamine for 2 weeks (author's transl)].", "content": "The 32P-incorporation into the adenosine phosphates AMP, ADP and ATP of the rat brain after an oral administration of a daily dose of 20 mg/kg 14,15-dihydro14 beta-hydroxy-(3 alpha,16 alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincapront) during two weeks was determined. The concentrations of the three adenosine phosphates did not change. After the administration of vincamine the increase in the 32P-incorporation into AMP and ADP was statistically significant. The results obtained are discussed in regard to an acceleration of the pentose phosphate shunt and an activation of adenylate kinase.", "contents": "[32P-incorporation in adenosine phosphates of the rat brain after oral application of vincamine for 2 weeks (author's transl)]. The 32P-incorporation into the adenosine phosphates AMP, ADP and ATP of the rat brain after an oral administration of a daily dose of 20 mg/kg 14,15-dihydro14 beta-hydroxy-(3 alpha,16 alpha)-eburnamenine-14-carbonic acid methylester (vincamine; Vincapront) during two weeks was determined. The concentrations of the three adenosine phosphates did not change. After the administration of vincamine the increase in the 32P-incorporation into AMP and ADP was statistically significant. The results obtained are discussed in regard to an acceleration of the pentose phosphate shunt and an activation of adenylate kinase.", "PMID": 582115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1252", "title": "[The tissue distribution of racemic S-(+)- and R-(R)-(-)-MPPB (1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid) in the rat].", "content": "Distribution of racemic 1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propyl-barbituric acid (= racem. MPPB), of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-enantiomer (= (+)- and (-)-MPPB) between serum and several tissues was investigated after i.v. administration of the substances to rats. Anesthesia produced by the racem. MPPB--(+)-MPPB causes convulsions whereas (-)-MPPB is anesthetically active--cannot be explained by a stereoselective difference of the MPPB-concentration measured in serum and brain when giving the enantiomers. Reversely as expected in the brain MPPB-concentration is significantly higher after administration of (+)-MPPB than after that of (-)-MPPB during the appearance of the CNS symptoms.--Significant stereoselectively different MPPB-concentrations, which are time dependent, could also be detected in liver, spleen and fatty tissue; however, in contrast to the brain in these tissues MPPB-concentration is higher after administration of (-)-MPPB than after that of (+)-MPPB. Concentration differences which are measured in liver, spleen and fatty tissue already 1--10 min after i.v. administration of the enantiomers cannot be explained by a stereoselectivity of the metabolism and/or renal elimination. However, a stereoselective metabolism and/or renal elimination of the enantiomers can be responsible for concentration differences which are observed during the late period of 60--180 min after administration: in serum, brain, liver and fatty tissue MPPB-concentration is lower if (4)-MPPB is administered. For that reason it can be supposed that (+)-MPPB is faster eliminated than (-)-MPPB.", "contents": "[The tissue distribution of racemic S-(+)- and R-(R)-(-)-MPPB (1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid) in the rat]. Distribution of racemic 1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propyl-barbituric acid (= racem. MPPB), of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-enantiomer (= (+)- and (-)-MPPB) between serum and several tissues was investigated after i.v. administration of the substances to rats. Anesthesia produced by the racem. MPPB--(+)-MPPB causes convulsions whereas (-)-MPPB is anesthetically active--cannot be explained by a stereoselective difference of the MPPB-concentration measured in serum and brain when giving the enantiomers. Reversely as expected in the brain MPPB-concentration is significantly higher after administration of (+)-MPPB than after that of (-)-MPPB during the appearance of the CNS symptoms.--Significant stereoselectively different MPPB-concentrations, which are time dependent, could also be detected in liver, spleen and fatty tissue; however, in contrast to the brain in these tissues MPPB-concentration is higher after administration of (-)-MPPB than after that of (+)-MPPB. Concentration differences which are measured in liver, spleen and fatty tissue already 1--10 min after i.v. administration of the enantiomers cannot be explained by a stereoselectivity of the metabolism and/or renal elimination. However, a stereoselective metabolism and/or renal elimination of the enantiomers can be responsible for concentration differences which are observed during the late period of 60--180 min after administration: in serum, brain, liver and fatty tissue MPPB-concentration is lower if (4)-MPPB is administered. For that reason it can be supposed that (+)-MPPB is faster eliminated than (-)-MPPB.", "PMID": 582116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1253", "title": "[The influence of treatments with a quinine-lithium-salicylate combination or acetylsalicylic acid on hematopoiesis in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of an 8-week treatment with the quinine-lithium-salicylate combination Togal and sole acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the hemopoietic bone marrow cells of mice were studied. In general, both substances caused only minor changes. A slight leukopenia caused by higher doses as well as a transitory erythropenia observed a little bit more distinctly in ASA treated animals than in Togal treated animals need more detailed discussion, especially so because after a short two-week Togal treatment some animals showed an increase of hemopoietic cell colonies which a sole ASA dose did not cause. On the other hand, these results indicate a lower toxicity of Togal in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid as has been already shown in several other publications. It was proven that after a several weeks' treatment with therapeutic doses no pernicious influence on blood producing organs or pathological processes of the blood picture occurred. Only doses that border on the toxic region lead to insignificant bone marrow changes. As these over-doses are ten times the highest therapeutical dose the use of Togal does any damage to the blood forming tissue or pathological changes in the blood count are not likely. This has also been proved by other authors by means of long-term tests on humans.", "contents": "[The influence of treatments with a quinine-lithium-salicylate combination or acetylsalicylic acid on hematopoiesis in mice (author's transl)]. The effects of an 8-week treatment with the quinine-lithium-salicylate combination Togal and sole acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the hemopoietic bone marrow cells of mice were studied. In general, both substances caused only minor changes. A slight leukopenia caused by higher doses as well as a transitory erythropenia observed a little bit more distinctly in ASA treated animals than in Togal treated animals need more detailed discussion, especially so because after a short two-week Togal treatment some animals showed an increase of hemopoietic cell colonies which a sole ASA dose did not cause. On the other hand, these results indicate a lower toxicity of Togal in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid as has been already shown in several other publications. It was proven that after a several weeks' treatment with therapeutic doses no pernicious influence on blood producing organs or pathological processes of the blood picture occurred. Only doses that border on the toxic region lead to insignificant bone marrow changes. As these over-doses are ten times the highest therapeutical dose the use of Togal does any damage to the blood forming tissue or pathological changes in the blood count are not likely. This has also been proved by other authors by means of long-term tests on humans.", "PMID": 582117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1254", "title": "Effect of steroids and diethylstilbestrol on cocaine toxicity, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion.", "content": "Comparative experiments were performed on female rats given pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), spironolactone, triamcinolone, estradiol or diethylstilbestrol to study correlations between the toxic effect of cocaine, its blood clearance and its urinary excretion. PCN and estradiol significantly reduced the toxicity of the drug as well as its plasma levels and urinary excretion. Diethylstilbestrol and spironolactone, unlike triamcinolone, also diminished cocaine toxicity and plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of steroids and diethylstilbestrol on cocaine toxicity, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion. Comparative experiments were performed on female rats given pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), spironolactone, triamcinolone, estradiol or diethylstilbestrol to study correlations between the toxic effect of cocaine, its blood clearance and its urinary excretion. PCN and estradiol significantly reduced the toxicity of the drug as well as its plasma levels and urinary excretion. Diethylstilbestrol and spironolactone, unlike triamcinolone, also diminished cocaine toxicity and plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 582118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1255", "title": "[Experimental protection with tyrothrizin against herpes simplex virus infections in mice].", "content": "Using 12-day old baby mice, strain NMRI, the LD50 of a Herpes simplex virus type 1 was calculated. Intragastric inoculation of the mice was carried out applying a stomach tube. Lethality of the mice was reduced from 67% to 23% by pre-incubation of the virus suspension for 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.2 mg tyrothricin/ml. The effect was statistically significant and could be produced only after direct contact between tyrothricin and virus. Under the same conditions there was no effect of lysozyme against virus infectivity.", "contents": "[Experimental protection with tyrothrizin against herpes simplex virus infections in mice]. Using 12-day old baby mice, strain NMRI, the LD50 of a Herpes simplex virus type 1 was calculated. Intragastric inoculation of the mice was carried out applying a stomach tube. Lethality of the mice was reduced from 67% to 23% by pre-incubation of the virus suspension for 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.2 mg tyrothricin/ml. The effect was statistically significant and could be produced only after direct contact between tyrothricin and virus. Under the same conditions there was no effect of lysozyme against virus infectivity.", "PMID": 582119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1256", "title": "Interaction of indolmycin in the metabolism of tryptophan in rat liver.", "content": "When compared with other tryptophan analogues, indolmycin is a potent inhibitor of tryptophan pyrrolase and tryptophan decarboxylase, both enzymes involved in tryptophan catabolism. Otherwise the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan is only slightly affected by indolmycin. The indolmycin derivative, 2-methylamino-5-(1-naphthylmethyl)-oxazolidin-4-one (YX-CX 22 XX) demonstrates only a slightly weaker inhibitory effect in the tryptophan-tRNA-ligase system in E. coli but does not show any significant action on the tryptophan metabolism in the eukaryotic system.", "contents": "Interaction of indolmycin in the metabolism of tryptophan in rat liver. When compared with other tryptophan analogues, indolmycin is a potent inhibitor of tryptophan pyrrolase and tryptophan decarboxylase, both enzymes involved in tryptophan catabolism. Otherwise the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan is only slightly affected by indolmycin. The indolmycin derivative, 2-methylamino-5-(1-naphthylmethyl)-oxazolidin-4-one (YX-CX 22 XX) demonstrates only a slightly weaker inhibitory effect in the tryptophan-tRNA-ligase system in E. coli but does not show any significant action on the tryptophan metabolism in the eukaryotic system.", "PMID": 582120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1257", "title": "[Effect of the liver protecting compound ES 914 on D-galactosamine induced experimental hepatitis in the rat].", "content": "The i.p. application of 400 mg/kg D-galactosamine to rats induces liver damage which histologically resembles hepatitis. As also shown in the present investigation, the transaminases SGOT and SGPT in the serum of the damaged animals strongly increase already within 24 h. In the present investigation part of the animals (rats) was treated with 15, 30, 60, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of a new hepatoprotective preparation alpha,alpha-dithio-dicapronic acid (ES 914, Lipexal Berna) 2 h before and 6 h after the application of the liver damaging substance D-galactosamine (dose 400 mg/kg). ES 914 was applied p.o. whereas D-galactosamine was injected i.p. The transaminases were estimated at the beginning of the experiments as well as 24 h after the injection of D-galactosamine. The statistical evaluation of the results showed an increasing protective effect depending on the increasing dosage of the preparation ES 914. The protective effect begins at the latest with the dose of 30 mg/kg ES 914 and with 60 mg/kg it is highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001). With a dosage of 500 mg/kg ES 914 the increase of SGOT and SGPT values is virtually abolished.", "contents": "[Effect of the liver protecting compound ES 914 on D-galactosamine induced experimental hepatitis in the rat]. The i.p. application of 400 mg/kg D-galactosamine to rats induces liver damage which histologically resembles hepatitis. As also shown in the present investigation, the transaminases SGOT and SGPT in the serum of the damaged animals strongly increase already within 24 h. In the present investigation part of the animals (rats) was treated with 15, 30, 60, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of a new hepatoprotective preparation alpha,alpha-dithio-dicapronic acid (ES 914, Lipexal Berna) 2 h before and 6 h after the application of the liver damaging substance D-galactosamine (dose 400 mg/kg). ES 914 was applied p.o. whereas D-galactosamine was injected i.p. The transaminases were estimated at the beginning of the experiments as well as 24 h after the injection of D-galactosamine. The statistical evaluation of the results showed an increasing protective effect depending on the increasing dosage of the preparation ES 914. The protective effect begins at the latest with the dose of 30 mg/kg ES 914 and with 60 mg/kg it is highly significant (p less than or equal to 0.001). With a dosage of 500 mg/kg ES 914 the increase of SGOT and SGPT values is virtually abolished.", "PMID": 582121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1258", "title": "[Studies on the competition of several antibiotics for binding sites to serum protein (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein binding of benzylpenicillin, acidocillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline and clindamycin was determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis with and without combination. Concentrations of labelled drugs were measured by scintigraphy, of non-labelled drugs by agar diffusion technique using a test strain resistant against the second antibiotic of the combination. Percentage of protein binding of the different penicillins decreased somewhat in higher concentrations, whereas with tetracycline there was found a significant increase of protein binding in higher concentrations. There was no inhibition of protein binding when combining two penicillins or tetracycline with clindamycin at lower concentrations. If very high concentrations of oxacillin of flucloxacillin were used in combination with benzylpenicillin protein binding of benzylpenicillin was reduced by about 20%.", "contents": "[Studies on the competition of several antibiotics for binding sites to serum protein (author's transl)]. Protein binding of benzylpenicillin, acidocillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline and clindamycin was determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis with and without combination. Concentrations of labelled drugs were measured by scintigraphy, of non-labelled drugs by agar diffusion technique using a test strain resistant against the second antibiotic of the combination. Percentage of protein binding of the different penicillins decreased somewhat in higher concentrations, whereas with tetracycline there was found a significant increase of protein binding in higher concentrations. There was no inhibition of protein binding when combining two penicillins or tetracycline with clindamycin at lower concentrations. If very high concentrations of oxacillin of flucloxacillin were used in combination with benzylpenicillin protein binding of benzylpenicillin was reduced by about 20%.", "PMID": 582125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1259", "title": "[Dibekacin--a novel aminoglycoside antibioticl. Antimicrobial activity  and parallel resistance in vitro].", "content": "Dibekacin (Orbicin) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic which chemically differs from tobramycin only by lack of an OH-group. The activity of dibekacin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus indol-negative and indol-positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with that of gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin by tube dilution procedure. Dibekacin showed a high activity against P. aeruginosa including gentamicin-resistant strains. The development of resistance and cross-resistance in vitro in E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and P. aeruginosa to the five aminoglycosides was investigated. The experimentally produced resistance under increasing aminoglycoside concentrations was developing by multiple-step mutation. The frequency of cross-resistance is of great importance for the first choice of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in the hospitals. These in vitro studies have yielded that dibekacin and gentamicin are well suited for the first choice of an aminoglycoside in P. aeruginosa infection.", "contents": "[Dibekacin--a novel aminoglycoside antibioticl. Antimicrobial activity  and parallel resistance in vitro]. Dibekacin (Orbicin) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic which chemically differs from tobramycin only by lack of an OH-group. The activity of dibekacin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus indol-negative and indol-positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with that of gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin by tube dilution procedure. Dibekacin showed a high activity against P. aeruginosa including gentamicin-resistant strains. The development of resistance and cross-resistance in vitro in E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and P. aeruginosa to the five aminoglycosides was investigated. The experimentally produced resistance under increasing aminoglycoside concentrations was developing by multiple-step mutation. The frequency of cross-resistance is of great importance for the first choice of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in the hospitals. These in vitro studies have yielded that dibekacin and gentamicin are well suited for the first choice of an aminoglycoside in P. aeruginosa infection.", "PMID": 582126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1260", "title": "[Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 4: On the reversibility of biologic/synthetic polymere systems (author's transl)].", "content": "In further research on pseudophototropic behaviour in cellular membranes of halobacteria the reversibility of vinylmethylethermaleic anhydride-copolymeres with biological liquids is tested and the basic principles of different colour generating reactions are studied.", "contents": "[Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology? Part 4: On the reversibility of biologic/synthetic polymere systems (author's transl)]. In further research on pseudophototropic behaviour in cellular membranes of halobacteria the reversibility of vinylmethylethermaleic anhydride-copolymeres with biological liquids is tested and the basic principles of different colour generating reactions are studied.", "PMID": 582127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1261", "title": "[On the technique of applying drugs in solid form to rats (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described which allows the oral administration of drugs in solid form by hardgelatin mini-caps to rats with a simple device. The method is especially suitable for the administration of solid, radioactively labelled drugs.", "contents": "[On the technique of applying drugs in solid form to rats (author's transl)]. A method is described which allows the oral administration of drugs in solid form by hardgelatin mini-caps to rats with a simple device. The method is especially suitable for the administration of solid, radioactively labelled drugs.", "PMID": 582128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1262", "title": "gamma,gamma'-(4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-biphenylylenedioxy)dibutyric acid (dicarboxidine) a safer substitute for benzidine type chromogens.", "content": "gamma,gamma'-(4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-biphenylylenedioxy)dibutyric acid (dicarboxidine) is a new chromogen developed as a safe substitute for conventional benzidine type reagents. The compound is water soluble and has a low distribution ratio organic phase/aqueous phase, which makes it superior for use with automatic analytical instruments. The stability of both dicarboxidine and its coloured oxidized form are better than and their sensitivity equal to that of o-dianisidine. Dicarboxidine is not mutagenic in Ames test. Studies in mice for two years failed to reveal any carcinogenic activity, studies in rats indicated only a marginal effect.", "contents": "gamma,gamma'-(4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-biphenylylenedioxy)dibutyric acid (dicarboxidine) a safer substitute for benzidine type chromogens. gamma,gamma'-(4,4'-Diamino-3,3'-biphenylylenedioxy)dibutyric acid (dicarboxidine) is a new chromogen developed as a safe substitute for conventional benzidine type reagents. The compound is water soluble and has a low distribution ratio organic phase/aqueous phase, which makes it superior for use with automatic analytical instruments. The stability of both dicarboxidine and its coloured oxidized form are better than and their sensitivity equal to that of o-dianisidine. Dicarboxidine is not mutagenic in Ames test. Studies in mice for two years failed to reveal any carcinogenic activity, studies in rats indicated only a marginal effect.", "PMID": 582129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1263", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of befuraline (N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine), a new antidepressant compound.", "content": "The methods of synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of a new non-tricyclic antidepressant drug, N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine (befuraline), are reported. The chemical structure of befuraline is clearly different from that of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs. While the gross behavior in animals remains unaffected, the central nervous system depressed by reserpine, tetrabenazine or perphenazine is activated by even small doses of this novel compound. Exploratory activity is prolonged, and performance in operant behavior tests and in the conditioned avoidance response is improved by befuraline, indicating increased alertness, attentiveness and the capacity to react to environmental stimuli. High doses stimulate the CNS, causing EEG desynchronization. Befuraline displays an aggression-inhibiting activity; without having a sedative effect on the animals' normal behavior, it inhibits fighting behavior. The central anticholinergic effect of befuraline is negligible. No apomorphine or tryptamine potentiation is observed and hexobarbital anesthesia is not influenced. The peripheral autonomic nervous system, with the exception of the nictitating membrane in cats, is not affected by befuraline. It has a biphasic effect on the norepinephrine induced contraction of isolated guinea pig seminal vesicle and of isolated cat spleen slices. Although the mechanism of action is as yet not clear, it is assumed that, in addition to a direct influence on the central adrenergic structures, the inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase are responsible for the drug's effect. Befuraline has no undesirable effects on either the peripheral autonomic nervous system or the cardiovascular system, and it does not affect the normal gross behavior of animals. Because these favorable therapeutic aspects are coupled with low toxicity, befuraline may provide a new alternative in the treatment of depression.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological activity of befuraline (N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine), a new antidepressant compound. The methods of synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of a new non-tricyclic antidepressant drug, N-benzo[b]furan-2-ylcarbonyl-N'-benzylpiperazine (befuraline), are reported. The chemical structure of befuraline is clearly different from that of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs. While the gross behavior in animals remains unaffected, the central nervous system depressed by reserpine, tetrabenazine or perphenazine is activated by even small doses of this novel compound. Exploratory activity is prolonged, and performance in operant behavior tests and in the conditioned avoidance response is improved by befuraline, indicating increased alertness, attentiveness and the capacity to react to environmental stimuli. High doses stimulate the CNS, causing EEG desynchronization. Befuraline displays an aggression-inhibiting activity; without having a sedative effect on the animals' normal behavior, it inhibits fighting behavior. The central anticholinergic effect of befuraline is negligible. No apomorphine or tryptamine potentiation is observed and hexobarbital anesthesia is not influenced. The peripheral autonomic nervous system, with the exception of the nictitating membrane in cats, is not affected by befuraline. It has a biphasic effect on the norepinephrine induced contraction of isolated guinea pig seminal vesicle and of isolated cat spleen slices. Although the mechanism of action is as yet not clear, it is assumed that, in addition to a direct influence on the central adrenergic structures, the inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase are responsible for the drug's effect. Befuraline has no undesirable effects on either the peripheral autonomic nervous system or the cardiovascular system, and it does not affect the normal gross behavior of animals. Because these favorable therapeutic aspects are coupled with low toxicity, befuraline may provide a new alternative in the treatment of depression.", "PMID": 582130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1264", "title": "Alphaxalone distribution in rat tissues.", "content": "A method for the extraction and gaschromatographic determination of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione (alphaxalone, main active component of Althesin) in microgram amount in plasma and tissues is described. The slow i.v. infusion of Althesin in the rat gives uniform alphaxalone distribution in tissues, slight localization in the fat and brain levels comparable to plasma concentration.", "contents": "Alphaxalone distribution in rat tissues. A method for the extraction and gaschromatographic determination of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione (alphaxalone, main active component of Althesin) in microgram amount in plasma and tissues is described. The slow i.v. infusion of Althesin in the rat gives uniform alphaxalone distribution in tissues, slight localization in the fat and brain levels comparable to plasma concentration.", "PMID": 582131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1265", "title": "[Studies on DNA content of tissues and organs. 1st communication: changes in cell content of some mesenchymal and parenchymatous rat organs during development, maturation, and in part aging (determinations of DNA) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study the cell content was analyzed by means of the DNA content of certain mesenchymal and parenchymal organs of the rat. The main aspects were the postnatal stages of development and maturation. Their correlation to aging was examined only on examples, so was their correlation to the prenatal development (on 2 examples: liver and skin). One important result of this research is that a gradual reduction in the exponential growth takes place with increasing maturation and development. The \"growth by production\" prevails over the \"growth by division\" (of cells). This is the explanation for the \"relative\" (= apparent) decrease in the cell content of the tissues and organs analyzed during the decisive postnatal development and maturation phases. In this period the complete differentiation of the cytoplasmic structures and of the differentiation products of the tissues and organs here analyzed occurs. This leads to a shift in their relative amounts to the disadvantage of the cell nuclei, which prevailed in the total weight of tissues and organs during the early phases of development. This concerns determinations of the DNA content related to wet weight even more than such of the DNA content related to dry weight. As already shown clearly, the different tissues and organs of the mammalian organism (here on the example of the rat) grow, mature and age differently. During growth different phases can be distinguished, too, by analysis of the DNA content which partly correlate with phases of growth which were differentiated morphologically. Determinations of DNA contents are necessary as parameters for determinations of the production metabolism (e.g. activities of enzymes, products of formation and differentiation) of the different tissues and organs during their development, maturation and aging.", "contents": "[Studies on DNA content of tissues and organs. 1st communication: changes in cell content of some mesenchymal and parenchymatous rat organs during development, maturation, and in part aging (determinations of DNA) (author's transl)]. In this study the cell content was analyzed by means of the DNA content of certain mesenchymal and parenchymal organs of the rat. The main aspects were the postnatal stages of development and maturation. Their correlation to aging was examined only on examples, so was their correlation to the prenatal development (on 2 examples: liver and skin). One important result of this research is that a gradual reduction in the exponential growth takes place with increasing maturation and development. The \"growth by production\" prevails over the \"growth by division\" (of cells). This is the explanation for the \"relative\" (= apparent) decrease in the cell content of the tissues and organs analyzed during the decisive postnatal development and maturation phases. In this period the complete differentiation of the cytoplasmic structures and of the differentiation products of the tissues and organs here analyzed occurs. This leads to a shift in their relative amounts to the disadvantage of the cell nuclei, which prevailed in the total weight of tissues and organs during the early phases of development. This concerns determinations of the DNA content related to wet weight even more than such of the DNA content related to dry weight. As already shown clearly, the different tissues and organs of the mammalian organism (here on the example of the rat) grow, mature and age differently. During growth different phases can be distinguished, too, by analysis of the DNA content which partly correlate with phases of growth which were differentiated morphologically. Determinations of DNA contents are necessary as parameters for determinations of the production metabolism (e.g. activities of enzymes, products of formation and differentiation) of the different tissues and organs during their development, maturation and aging.", "PMID": 582132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1266", "title": "[Studies on DNA content of tissues and organs. 2nd communication: findings on DNA content in various rat organs 1. during maturation and aging and 2. during experimental pathological models and their therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the DNA content as a quantitative parameter of the cell content was analyzed on selected rat organs. Aging changes in parenchymatous and connective tissue (= mesenchymal) organs were examined. Further, some pilot studies on experimental animal models of human diseases (experimental shock and liver fibrosis) and their therapy were carried out. In these simulations of human diseases only some preliminary indications about changes in cell or DNA content, resp., of the various organs could be obtained. The results show that these pilot studies justify intensified continuation (in larger series).", "contents": "[Studies on DNA content of tissues and organs. 2nd communication: findings on DNA content in various rat organs 1. during maturation and aging and 2. during experimental pathological models and their therapy (author's transl)]. In this paper the DNA content as a quantitative parameter of the cell content was analyzed on selected rat organs. Aging changes in parenchymatous and connective tissue (= mesenchymal) organs were examined. Further, some pilot studies on experimental animal models of human diseases (experimental shock and liver fibrosis) and their therapy were carried out. In these simulations of human diseases only some preliminary indications about changes in cell or DNA content, resp., of the various organs could be obtained. The results show that these pilot studies justify intensified continuation (in larger series).", "PMID": 582133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1267", "title": "[Inhibition of the slow-response action potential of mammalian ventricular myocardium by etafenone (author's transl)].", "content": "In isolated papillary muscles of guinea pigs the effect of etafenone on both Na-dependent action potential and slow-response action potential and on isometric contractile force was analyzed. Etafenone (3 mg/l) reduced contractile force to 46.1% of control accompanied by a loss of plateau of the Na-dependent action potential whilst its rate of rise and overshoot remained unchanged. In contrast to this, etafenone significantly diminished upstroke velocity and overshoot of the slow-response action potential and, in some cases, even induced a complete blockade. This inhibition of the slow-response action potential could be overcome by either excess Ca (4 mmol/l) or the beta-adrenergic compound isoproterenol (1 mg/l). Consequently, contractile force increased thereby attaining or even surpassing the control values obtained prior to the etafenone treatment. The results strongly suggest an inhibition of the Ca carried slow inward current that seems to be the reason for the negative inotropic action of etafenone.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the slow-response action potential of mammalian ventricular myocardium by etafenone (author's transl)]. In isolated papillary muscles of guinea pigs the effect of etafenone on both Na-dependent action potential and slow-response action potential and on isometric contractile force was analyzed. Etafenone (3 mg/l) reduced contractile force to 46.1% of control accompanied by a loss of plateau of the Na-dependent action potential whilst its rate of rise and overshoot remained unchanged. In contrast to this, etafenone significantly diminished upstroke velocity and overshoot of the slow-response action potential and, in some cases, even induced a complete blockade. This inhibition of the slow-response action potential could be overcome by either excess Ca (4 mmol/l) or the beta-adrenergic compound isoproterenol (1 mg/l). Consequently, contractile force increased thereby attaining or even surpassing the control values obtained prior to the etafenone treatment. The results strongly suggest an inhibition of the Ca carried slow inward current that seems to be the reason for the negative inotropic action of etafenone.", "PMID": 582134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1268", "title": "[The influence of the ester function on the vasodilating activity of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates (author's transl)].", "content": "In the series of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates the vasodilating action (increase of O2-saturation in the coronary sinus of the dog) is found to be dependent on the position of the nitro function (ortho and meta superior to para) and on the nature of the ester group. One representative, niludipin (BAY a 7168, No. 17; bis(2-propoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate) was selected for further pharmacological studies.", "contents": "[The influence of the ester function on the vasodilating activity of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates (author's transl)]. In the series of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates the vasodilating action (increase of O2-saturation in the coronary sinus of the dog) is found to be dependent on the position of the nitro function (ortho and meta superior to para) and on the nature of the ester group. One representative, niludipin (BAY a 7168, No. 17; bis(2-propoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate) was selected for further pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 582135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1269", "title": "[Comparative studies on the basic Ca2+ antagonistic activities of niludipine (Bay a 7168) and nifedipine (Bay a 1040) on the myocardium, myometrium and vessels of smooth muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Niludipine (bis(2-propoxyethyl)1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate; Bay a 7168) with respect to its specific actions on mammalian myocardium, sino-auricular or atrio-ventricular pacemakers, myometrium, and vascular smooth muscle has to be considered one of the most potent representatives of the new group of calcium antagonists. The pharmacodynamic effects of niludipine strikingly resemble those of nifedipine both qualitatively and quantitatively. Interestingly enough, niludipine is also a powerful coronary vasodilator. This is made particularly evident by the present experiments on potassium- or glycoside-contractured smooth musculature originating from large extramural coronary stem arteries.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the basic Ca2+ antagonistic activities of niludipine (Bay a 7168) and nifedipine (Bay a 1040) on the myocardium, myometrium and vessels of smooth muscles (author's transl)]. Niludipine (bis(2-propoxyethyl)1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate; Bay a 7168) with respect to its specific actions on mammalian myocardium, sino-auricular or atrio-ventricular pacemakers, myometrium, and vascular smooth muscle has to be considered one of the most potent representatives of the new group of calcium antagonists. The pharmacodynamic effects of niludipine strikingly resemble those of nifedipine both qualitatively and quantitatively. Interestingly enough, niludipine is also a powerful coronary vasodilator. This is made particularly evident by the present experiments on potassium- or glycoside-contractured smooth musculature originating from large extramural coronary stem arteries.", "PMID": 582136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1270", "title": "Effects of tocainide on normal and myotonic mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of the lidocaine derivative 2-amino-2',6'-propionoxylidide hydrochloride (tocainide, W-36095) on the contraction force and on membrane resting and action potentials of rat diaphragm were tested in vitro. In a concentration of 5 x 10(-4) mol/l, tocainide reduced the amplitude of the twitch by about 25% within 15 min. This reduction was reversible on washout of the drug. Tocainide had little effect on the membrane resting potential, but considerably affected the action potential: rate of rise, maximum amplitude and rate of fall were reduced, the duration increased. The conduction velocity of the action potential was reduced by 20%. Experimental myotonia produced in excised diaphragms or in anesthetized whole animals by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid was completely abolished by low doses of tocainide.", "contents": "Effects of tocainide on normal and myotonic mammalian skeletal muscle. The effects of the lidocaine derivative 2-amino-2',6'-propionoxylidide hydrochloride (tocainide, W-36095) on the contraction force and on membrane resting and action potentials of rat diaphragm were tested in vitro. In a concentration of 5 x 10(-4) mol/l, tocainide reduced the amplitude of the twitch by about 25% within 15 min. This reduction was reversible on washout of the drug. Tocainide had little effect on the membrane resting potential, but considerably affected the action potential: rate of rise, maximum amplitude and rate of fall were reduced, the duration increased. The conduction velocity of the action potential was reduced by 20%. Experimental myotonia produced in excised diaphragms or in anesthetized whole animals by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid was completely abolished by low doses of tocainide.", "PMID": 582139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1271", "title": "[The effect of thyroid hormone on the absorption of L-proline, chloramphenicol and digitoxin].", "content": "Using the method of the perfused small intestine preparation in situ, the influence of triiodothyronine on the absorption was investigated. The absorptions of L-proline and digitoxin were disturbed by the thyroid hormone in different ways, in contrast to chloramphenicol, where it is unaltered. The effects of triiodothyronine on the absorption of these substances are dose dependently different. Obviously the thyroid hormone can influence the absorption of proline and digitoxin in both ways, increase or decrease. The behaviour of digitoxin different from that of chloramphenicol points to this drug making use of active mechanisms concerned in the absorption.", "contents": "[The effect of thyroid hormone on the absorption of L-proline, chloramphenicol and digitoxin]. Using the method of the perfused small intestine preparation in situ, the influence of triiodothyronine on the absorption was investigated. The absorptions of L-proline and digitoxin were disturbed by the thyroid hormone in different ways, in contrast to chloramphenicol, where it is unaltered. The effects of triiodothyronine on the absorption of these substances are dose dependently different. Obviously the thyroid hormone can influence the absorption of proline and digitoxin in both ways, increase or decrease. The behaviour of digitoxin different from that of chloramphenicol points to this drug making use of active mechanisms concerned in the absorption.", "PMID": 582140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1272", "title": "The antitussive activity of a novel compound RU 20201.", "content": "A novel compound, 1,2,3,4,4a,9b-hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propionamido]dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride (RU 20201), has been shown to have comparable antitussive activity to that of codeine phosphate in animal experiments after oral administration. RU 20201 was also shown to have local antitussive activity when given by aerosol. This effect took place immediately. Initial observations suggest that RU 20201 is an antitussive compound that exerts its activity in the lungs, probably by direct inhibition of superficial receptors in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "The antitussive activity of a novel compound RU 20201. A novel compound, 1,2,3,4,4a,9b-hexahydro-8,9b-dimethyl-4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propionamido]dibenzofuran-3-one dihydrochloride (RU 20201), has been shown to have comparable antitussive activity to that of codeine phosphate in animal experiments after oral administration. RU 20201 was also shown to have local antitussive activity when given by aerosol. This effect took place immediately. Initial observations suggest that RU 20201 is an antitussive compound that exerts its activity in the lungs, probably by direct inhibition of superficial receptors in the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 582141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1273", "title": "Anticonvulsant properties of some new derivatives of phensuccinimide.", "content": "Anticonvulsant properties of two new derivatives, of phenylsuccinimide, N-morpholinomethyl-3-bromophenyl-succinimide(IL-7) and N-amino-3-bromophenylsuccinimide (IL-16), were studied. It was stated that both compounds have similar acute toxicity and act longer than phensuximide. They are especially active in maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Their effectiveness against convulsions produced by pentetrazole is less than that of phensuximide. Their effectiveness against procaine and strychnine is similar, only one of tested compounds has very high potency against strychnine. This compound, IL-16, has also a different pattern of effect-time which is probably due to its different pharmacokinetic behaviour.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant properties of some new derivatives of phensuccinimide. Anticonvulsant properties of two new derivatives, of phenylsuccinimide, N-morpholinomethyl-3-bromophenyl-succinimide(IL-7) and N-amino-3-bromophenylsuccinimide (IL-16), were studied. It was stated that both compounds have similar acute toxicity and act longer than phensuximide. They are especially active in maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Their effectiveness against convulsions produced by pentetrazole is less than that of phensuximide. Their effectiveness against procaine and strychnine is similar, only one of tested compounds has very high potency against strychnine. This compound, IL-16, has also a different pattern of effect-time which is probably due to its different pharmacokinetic behaviour.", "PMID": 582142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1274", "title": "[Hydroxylation of testosterone and induction of steroid hydroxylases by phenobarbital in genetically obese mice (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of the profound alterations in lipid metabolism in the liver of genetically obese mice (strain C57 BL/6J) the activity of the hepatic hydroxylases with testosterone as substrate does not differ from that of their litter mates of normal weight. However, when the increased liver weight of the obese animals is taken into account their total capacity for steroid hydroxylation exceeds that of their litter mates by a factor of more than 2. Moreover, the inducibility of the membrane-bound enzyme system is not affected: application of phenobarbital (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 4 days) leads to a 2--3fold increase of the activity.", "contents": "[Hydroxylation of testosterone and induction of steroid hydroxylases by phenobarbital in genetically obese mice (author's transl)]. In spite of the profound alterations in lipid metabolism in the liver of genetically obese mice (strain C57 BL/6J) the activity of the hepatic hydroxylases with testosterone as substrate does not differ from that of their litter mates of normal weight. However, when the increased liver weight of the obese animals is taken into account their total capacity for steroid hydroxylation exceeds that of their litter mates by a factor of more than 2. Moreover, the inducibility of the membrane-bound enzyme system is not affected: application of phenobarbital (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 4 days) leads to a 2--3fold increase of the activity.", "PMID": 582143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1275", "title": "[Study on the induction of chronical trichophytosis in small experimental animals for screening antimycotic agents. 3rd communication: the effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental trichophytosis in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Elevated doses of the cytostatic cyclophosphamide (Endoxan) given daily for 6 weeks, resulted in a prolonged course of experimental trichophytosis in guinea-pigs. From this phenomenon, it may be concluded that the short self-healing course of this disease is due to a rapid triggering of immunoreactions. The fractionated treatment with cyclophosphamide at defined intervals (50 mg/kg initially and 30 mg/kg at 4-day intervals) did not result in any effect.", "contents": "[Study on the induction of chronical trichophytosis in small experimental animals for screening antimycotic agents. 3rd communication: the effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental trichophytosis in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Elevated doses of the cytostatic cyclophosphamide (Endoxan) given daily for 6 weeks, resulted in a prolonged course of experimental trichophytosis in guinea-pigs. From this phenomenon, it may be concluded that the short self-healing course of this disease is due to a rapid triggering of immunoreactions. The fractionated treatment with cyclophosphamide at defined intervals (50 mg/kg initially and 30 mg/kg at 4-day intervals) did not result in any effect.", "PMID": 582145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1276", "title": "Disposition rate of proscillaridin A in man after multiple oral doses.", "content": "After multiple oral doses, the disposition rate constant (beta) of proscillaridin was studied in 4 young healthy volunteers and 33 elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Glycoside activity in plasma was assayed by the 86Rb-technique. In the volunteers the beta averaged 0.0299 corresponding to a half-life (t 1/2) of 23 h. beta could be determined in 24 patients and was 0.0139 +/- 0.0077 (mean +/- SD). The SD of beta due to biological factors was estimated to be 0.0072. The total variation of beta was 10fold. The mean beta corresponded to a t 1/2 of 49 h with a range from 19 to 209 h. It is concluded that the great variation of beta means difficulty in obtaining adequate plasma levels of proscillaridin and that a rapid elimination of the glycoside cannot be presumed.", "contents": "Disposition rate of proscillaridin A in man after multiple oral doses. After multiple oral doses, the disposition rate constant (beta) of proscillaridin was studied in 4 young healthy volunteers and 33 elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Glycoside activity in plasma was assayed by the 86Rb-technique. In the volunteers the beta averaged 0.0299 corresponding to a half-life (t 1/2) of 23 h. beta could be determined in 24 patients and was 0.0139 +/- 0.0077 (mean +/- SD). The SD of beta due to biological factors was estimated to be 0.0072. The total variation of beta was 10fold. The mean beta corresponded to a t 1/2 of 49 h with a range from 19 to 209 h. It is concluded that the great variation of beta means difficulty in obtaining adequate plasma levels of proscillaridin and that a rapid elimination of the glycoside cannot be presumed.", "PMID": 582147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1277", "title": "Steady-state pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethorprim in man after rectal application.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of a combination of 800 mg sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and 160 mg trimethoprim (TMP) were studied in 5 healthy male volunteers after repetitive rectal administration at constant 8-h dosing intervals. The average serum concentrations measured in steady-state between the fourth and seventh days showed a range for total SMZ of 47.86 to 63.38 microgram/ml. Free SMZ was between 40.04 and 51.42 microgram/ml and TMP between 1.44 and 2.20 microgram/ml. The ratio of total SMZ to free SMZ did not change during the course of the investigation. The pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from a simultaneous curve fitting of the Bateman function on the basis of the multiple dose equation. The values thus found for V0 and t50% correlate essentially with those found in the literature for oral administration. In addition, the final serum minimums and maximums were calculated. Extrapolation from t leads to infinity gave a serum minimum for total SMZ of 51.7 microgram/ml and 1.8 microgram/ml for TMP. The course of the curve fitting did not show an accumulative trend so that, in fact, it can be assumed that a steady-state was present.", "contents": "Steady-state pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethorprim in man after rectal application. The pharmacokinetics of a combination of 800 mg sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and 160 mg trimethoprim (TMP) were studied in 5 healthy male volunteers after repetitive rectal administration at constant 8-h dosing intervals. The average serum concentrations measured in steady-state between the fourth and seventh days showed a range for total SMZ of 47.86 to 63.38 microgram/ml. Free SMZ was between 40.04 and 51.42 microgram/ml and TMP between 1.44 and 2.20 microgram/ml. The ratio of total SMZ to free SMZ did not change during the course of the investigation. The pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from a simultaneous curve fitting of the Bateman function on the basis of the multiple dose equation. The values thus found for V0 and t50% correlate essentially with those found in the literature for oral administration. In addition, the final serum minimums and maximums were calculated. Extrapolation from t leads to infinity gave a serum minimum for total SMZ of 51.7 microgram/ml and 1.8 microgram/ml for TMP. The course of the curve fitting did not show an accumulative trend so that, in fact, it can be assumed that a steady-state was present.", "PMID": 582148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1278", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in men and women considering follicular and luteal phases.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered in a single dose were investigated and compared in young male and female subjects, considering follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The mean AUC for paracetamol in the blood of female subjects was significantly increased by 39% and 51%, respectively, taking into account the follicular and luteal phase, in comparison with the AUCs of male volunteers. The peak plasma concentration revealed significantly higher values in women in both phases, by 48% and 66%, respectively. The time to reach the peak concentration was shorter by 8% in follicular phase than in males. The difference was statistically insignificant. Elimination constant decreased in follicular phase by 15% and in luteal phase by 21% in comparison with males (the difference--statistically insignificant). The paracetamol half-life was longer (although not significantly) in women than in men: in follicular phase by 29 min, i.e. 15%, and in luteal phase by 65 min, i.e. 33%. The apparent volume of distribution was found to be significantly lower in the female group by 35% and 40% in follicular and luteal phase, respectively. Comparing data obtained in the follicular and luteal phase, it was shown that the AUC was larger, peak plasma concentration was higher and biological half-life was longer in luteal phase. It is likely that the differences in some pharmacokinetic parameters between men and women, as well as in women considering both phases of menstrual cycle, might be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in men and women considering follicular and luteal phases. The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered in a single dose were investigated and compared in young male and female subjects, considering follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The mean AUC for paracetamol in the blood of female subjects was significantly increased by 39% and 51%, respectively, taking into account the follicular and luteal phase, in comparison with the AUCs of male volunteers. The peak plasma concentration revealed significantly higher values in women in both phases, by 48% and 66%, respectively. The time to reach the peak concentration was shorter by 8% in follicular phase than in males. The difference was statistically insignificant. Elimination constant decreased in follicular phase by 15% and in luteal phase by 21% in comparison with males (the difference--statistically insignificant). The paracetamol half-life was longer (although not significantly) in women than in men: in follicular phase by 29 min, i.e. 15%, and in luteal phase by 65 min, i.e. 33%. The apparent volume of distribution was found to be significantly lower in the female group by 35% and 40% in follicular and luteal phase, respectively. Comparing data obtained in the follicular and luteal phase, it was shown that the AUC was larger, peak plasma concentration was higher and biological half-life was longer in luteal phase. It is likely that the differences in some pharmacokinetic parameters between men and women, as well as in women considering both phases of menstrual cycle, might be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 582149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1279", "title": "An ultrasonic study of the thermotropic transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The acoustic absorption of sonicated and unsonicated suspensions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine has been studied as a function of temperature at frequencies between 0.6 and 4.0 MHz. The absorption at a fixed frequency passes through a maximum at a temperature which is dependent on the sample preparation and history and somewhat dependent on the frequency of observation, with sonicated vesicles exhibiting a temperature of maximum absorption 2--3 degrees C below that found for unsonicated dispersions. The temperature dependence of the absorption at fixed frequency suggests a cooperative process while the frequency dependence of the absorption at fixed temperature indicates that more than a single relaxation time is required to describe the acoustic absorption.", "contents": "An ultrasonic study of the thermotropic transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The acoustic absorption of sonicated and unsonicated suspensions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine has been studied as a function of temperature at frequencies between 0.6 and 4.0 MHz. The absorption at a fixed frequency passes through a maximum at a temperature which is dependent on the sample preparation and history and somewhat dependent on the frequency of observation, with sonicated vesicles exhibiting a temperature of maximum absorption 2--3 degrees C below that found for unsonicated dispersions. The temperature dependence of the absorption at fixed frequency suggests a cooperative process while the frequency dependence of the absorption at fixed temperature indicates that more than a single relaxation time is required to describe the acoustic absorption.", "PMID": 582151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1280", "title": "Structural studies on lamellated osmiophilic bodies isolated from pig lung. 31P NMR results and water content.", "content": "1. Lamellated osmiophilic bodies are intracellular organelles in which pulmonary surfactant is stored prior to secretion. They contain about 85% phospholipid (per dry weight) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is a major constituent, and although their ultrastructure is uncertain it is generally supposed that they resemble liposomes. However, liposomes are stable because layers of water are interposed between the lipid bilayers whereas an essential aspect of the function of lamellated bodies is that, subsequent to their secretion, they are rapidly disrupted to form a surface-active film which covers the respiratory epithelium of the lung. 2. A new method for isolating lamellated bodies from pig lung is described which has the advantage of speed and simplicity and which results in increased yields. The homogeneity of the preparation is similar to that obtained by other methods. 3. 31P NMR spectra of lamellated bodies showed that at 40 degrees C about 95% of the phospholipid was present as extended bilayers and that about 5% was present in a phase exhibiting isotropic head group mobility (tau R less than 10(-5) s). It is suggested that this phase may be due to apolar proteins which are present both in lamellated bodies and in liposomes prepared from lipids extracted from them. 4. The internal water content of lamellated bodies has been measured gravimetrically and the hydration of the phospholipid head groups has been examined by 31P NMR. The two methods gave results in good agreement and show that there are about seven molecules of water/molecule of phospholipid. It is concluded that although the phospholipid head groups in lamellated bodies are fully hydrated, there is no zone of free water. 5. Lamellated bodies are osmotically insensitive to NaCl whereas liposomes prepared from lipids extracted from them behave like perfect osmometers. It is suggested that the osmotic insensitivity and restricted water content of lamellated bodies are important to their function and dependent upon polar proteins in the outer limiting membrane.", "contents": "Structural studies on lamellated osmiophilic bodies isolated from pig lung. 31P NMR results and water content. 1. Lamellated osmiophilic bodies are intracellular organelles in which pulmonary surfactant is stored prior to secretion. They contain about 85% phospholipid (per dry weight) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is a major constituent, and although their ultrastructure is uncertain it is generally supposed that they resemble liposomes. However, liposomes are stable because layers of water are interposed between the lipid bilayers whereas an essential aspect of the function of lamellated bodies is that, subsequent to their secretion, they are rapidly disrupted to form a surface-active film which covers the respiratory epithelium of the lung. 2. A new method for isolating lamellated bodies from pig lung is described which has the advantage of speed and simplicity and which results in increased yields. The homogeneity of the preparation is similar to that obtained by other methods. 3. 31P NMR spectra of lamellated bodies showed that at 40 degrees C about 95% of the phospholipid was present as extended bilayers and that about 5% was present in a phase exhibiting isotropic head group mobility (tau R less than 10(-5) s). It is suggested that this phase may be due to apolar proteins which are present both in lamellated bodies and in liposomes prepared from lipids extracted from them. 4. The internal water content of lamellated bodies has been measured gravimetrically and the hydration of the phospholipid head groups has been examined by 31P NMR. The two methods gave results in good agreement and show that there are about seven molecules of water/molecule of phospholipid. It is concluded that although the phospholipid head groups in lamellated bodies are fully hydrated, there is no zone of free water. 5. Lamellated bodies are osmotically insensitive to NaCl whereas liposomes prepared from lipids extracted from them behave like perfect osmometers. It is suggested that the osmotic insensitivity and restricted water content of lamellated bodies are important to their function and dependent upon polar proteins in the outer limiting membrane.", "PMID": 582152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1281", "title": "Follow up of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "One hundred and five patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases were found to carry hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Of these, 87 patients had liver function tests performed of which 44 gave abnormal results. Fifteen patients underwent liver biopsy, which showed chronic hepatitis in eight cases.", "contents": "Follow up of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen. One hundred and five patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases were found to carry hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Of these, 87 patients had liver function tests performed of which 44 gave abnormal results. Fifteen patients underwent liver biopsy, which showed chronic hepatitis in eight cases.", "PMID": 582155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1282", "title": "Critical evaluation of the venereal disease control campaign in Poland 1970-76.", "content": "A comprehensive campaign to control venereal diseases was undertaken in Poland in 1970. During the eight-year period of the campaign a significant decrease in the morbidity rate of gonorrhoea and syphilis was achieved. The number of cases of primary and secondary syphilis decreased by 85% and the number of cases of gonorrhoea by 30%. This paper presents the main guidelines of the campaign and a critical evaluation of the various epidemiological methods applied, such as mass screening for syphilis and gonorrhoea, epidemiological treatment, contact-tracing, improvement of treatment methods, improvement of methods of health education, and training of physicians and laboratory staff in venereology.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the venereal disease control campaign in Poland 1970-76. A comprehensive campaign to control venereal diseases was undertaken in Poland in 1970. During the eight-year period of the campaign a significant decrease in the morbidity rate of gonorrhoea and syphilis was achieved. The number of cases of primary and secondary syphilis decreased by 85% and the number of cases of gonorrhoea by 30%. This paper presents the main guidelines of the campaign and a critical evaluation of the various epidemiological methods applied, such as mass screening for syphilis and gonorrhoea, epidemiological treatment, contact-tracing, improvement of treatment methods, improvement of methods of health education, and training of physicians and laboratory staff in venereology.", "PMID": 582157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1283", "title": "Graves' disease, follicular thyroid carcinoma and functioning pulmonary metastases.", "content": "We present a case with the unusual association of Graves' disease and functioning pulmonary metastases of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Unlike other reports of thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis, this patient's hyperthyroidism was related to a hyperfunctioning primary thyroid neoplasm and not merely to large amounts of functioning metastatic tumor. Thyroidectomy cured her hyperthyroidism. A lung biopsy confirmed the impression of metastatic thyroid cancer. Following therapeutic radioactive I131 pulmonary metastases completely disappeared.", "contents": "Graves' disease, follicular thyroid carcinoma and functioning pulmonary metastases. We present a case with the unusual association of Graves' disease and functioning pulmonary metastases of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Unlike other reports of thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis, this patient's hyperthyroidism was related to a hyperfunctioning primary thyroid neoplasm and not merely to large amounts of functioning metastatic tumor. Thyroidectomy cured her hyperthyroidism. A lung biopsy confirmed the impression of metastatic thyroid cancer. Following therapeutic radioactive I131 pulmonary metastases completely disappeared.", "PMID": 582160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1284", "title": "[Juvenile goitre (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, cytological, serological and endocrinological examinations were performed on 50 previously untreated children and adolescent with goitre. Three girls were found to have the cytological picture of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in one instance associated with Turner's syndrome and hyperthyroidism. Two other girls presented with hyperthyroidism. In the remaining 45 patients thyroid aspirates and thyroid hormone levels were normal. The girl with Turner's syndrome, hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis had thyroglobulin antibodies. It is the authors' experience that the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis can be made only by needle biopsy of the thyroid. If iodination of cooking and table salt were to become widespread in the Federal Republic of Germany, and increased incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is to be expected amount children with goitre.", "contents": "[Juvenile goitre (author's transl)]. Clinical, cytological, serological and endocrinological examinations were performed on 50 previously untreated children and adolescent with goitre. Three girls were found to have the cytological picture of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in one instance associated with Turner's syndrome and hyperthyroidism. Two other girls presented with hyperthyroidism. In the remaining 45 patients thyroid aspirates and thyroid hormone levels were normal. The girl with Turner's syndrome, hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis had thyroglobulin antibodies. It is the authors' experience that the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis can be made only by needle biopsy of the thyroid. If iodination of cooking and table salt were to become widespread in the Federal Republic of Germany, and increased incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is to be expected amount children with goitre.", "PMID": 582163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1285", "title": "A case of Turner's syndrome with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A female patient with classical gonadal dysgenesis associated with Graves' disease is reported. The karyotype was mosaicism of 45,X/46,X,i(Xq). The relationship among Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Turner's syndrome is discussed along with a review of the reported cases.", "contents": "A case of Turner's syndrome with hyperthyroidism. A female patient with classical gonadal dysgenesis associated with Graves' disease is reported. The karyotype was mosaicism of 45,X/46,X,i(Xq). The relationship among Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Turner's syndrome is discussed along with a review of the reported cases.", "PMID": 582165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1286", "title": "Local hormonal modulation of neural activity in Aplysia.", "content": "The abdominal ganglion of Aplysia provides a convenient experimental system for cellular studies on the roles of peptides as chemical messengers in the nervous system. There are indications that the bag cells, a group of neuroendocrine cells, synthesize and release egg laying hormone (ELH), a peptide with an apparent molecular weight of 6000. Our recent investigations indicate that a burst of impulse activity in the bag cells produces five types of long-lasting responses, some excitatory, others inhibitory, in 26 identified neurons and 2 identified cell clusters located near the bag cells in the abdominal ganglion. The responses have slow, smoothly graded onsets, and many of them result in modulation of neuronal activity for 3 hours or more. Physiological and ultrastructural data support the hypothesis that they are induced by a bag cell hormone (or hormones) that is released into vascular and interstitial spaces of the ganglion to act on the target neurons. Local application of purified ELH to one of the target neurons provides evidence that the bag cell effect is mediated by ELH. Many of the target neurons are known to be parts of neuronal circuits that control specific behavioral and homeostatic processes. Since egg laying is initiated by the bag cell discharge and is associated with a stereotyped behavior pattern lasting several hours, the actions of these peptide-secreting neurons on the central nervous system may serve to regulate certain elements of behavior and homeostasis during egg laying.", "contents": "Local hormonal modulation of neural activity in Aplysia. The abdominal ganglion of Aplysia provides a convenient experimental system for cellular studies on the roles of peptides as chemical messengers in the nervous system. There are indications that the bag cells, a group of neuroendocrine cells, synthesize and release egg laying hormone (ELH), a peptide with an apparent molecular weight of 6000. Our recent investigations indicate that a burst of impulse activity in the bag cells produces five types of long-lasting responses, some excitatory, others inhibitory, in 26 identified neurons and 2 identified cell clusters located near the bag cells in the abdominal ganglion. The responses have slow, smoothly graded onsets, and many of them result in modulation of neuronal activity for 3 hours or more. Physiological and ultrastructural data support the hypothesis that they are induced by a bag cell hormone (or hormones) that is released into vascular and interstitial spaces of the ganglion to act on the target neurons. Local application of purified ELH to one of the target neurons provides evidence that the bag cell effect is mediated by ELH. Many of the target neurons are known to be parts of neuronal circuits that control specific behavioral and homeostatic processes. Since egg laying is initiated by the bag cell discharge and is associated with a stereotyped behavior pattern lasting several hours, the actions of these peptide-secreting neurons on the central nervous system may serve to regulate certain elements of behavior and homeostasis during egg laying.", "PMID": 582166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1287", "title": "Action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 on the gel and liquid crystalline states of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "The activity of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom toward phospholipid in single-walled, sonicated vesicles was analyzed, particularly with respect to its activity toward the saturated phosphatidylcholines in the gel and liquid crystalline states. When egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles are used as substrate, the phospholipase has an apparent Km of 4.4 mM, an apparent Vmax of 100 mumol min-1 mg-1 of protein, and a pH optimum of 5.0 at 40 degrees C. The phospholipase hydrolyzed the gel state of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles at a rate 2 to 3 times greater than the liquid crystalline state, taking into account temperature effects on the enzymatic reaction itself. The results suggest that, toward sonicated vesicles, there is no specific enhancement of the rate when the both liquid crystalline and gel states are present together, as has been suggested to occur for multibilayers studied with other phospholipases. An apparent stimulation of activity as the reaction proceeded was observed above the phase transition temperature. This might be attributed to an increase in the phase transition temperature caused by free fatty acids so that, in the presence of reaction products, the enzyme is actually hydrolyzing gel state phospholipid which was found to be the preferred lipid state for phospholipase activity.", "contents": "Action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 on the gel and liquid crystalline states of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The activity of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom toward phospholipid in single-walled, sonicated vesicles was analyzed, particularly with respect to its activity toward the saturated phosphatidylcholines in the gel and liquid crystalline states. When egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles are used as substrate, the phospholipase has an apparent Km of 4.4 mM, an apparent Vmax of 100 mumol min-1 mg-1 of protein, and a pH optimum of 5.0 at 40 degrees C. The phospholipase hydrolyzed the gel state of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles at a rate 2 to 3 times greater than the liquid crystalline state, taking into account temperature effects on the enzymatic reaction itself. The results suggest that, toward sonicated vesicles, there is no specific enhancement of the rate when the both liquid crystalline and gel states are present together, as has been suggested to occur for multibilayers studied with other phospholipases. An apparent stimulation of activity as the reaction proceeded was observed above the phase transition temperature. This might be attributed to an increase in the phase transition temperature caused by free fatty acids so that, in the presence of reaction products, the enzyme is actually hydrolyzing gel state phospholipid which was found to be the preferred lipid state for phospholipase activity.", "PMID": 582173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1288", "title": "Deamination of glumatic and aspartic acids by Geotrichum candidum.", "content": "Strains of Geotrichum candidum were isolated from the surface of a commercial sample of Limburger cheese and from raw milk. Growth of the isolates in an acidified tryptone-yeast extract medium was accompanied by a rise in the pH of the medium from 3.5 to above 7.0 Ammonia production, as indicated by Nesslerization, was associated with the deamination of glutamic and aspartic acids. The first reaction in the production of ammonia from glutamic acid, isomerization to beta-methylaspartic acid, required vitamin B12 and the second reaction, the deamination of beta-methylaspartic acid to mesaconic acid and ammonia, was dependent on magnesium and potassium. The conversion of aspartic acid to fumaric acid and ammonia required magnesium. These minerals were in sufficient amounts in the Limburger cheese for optimum deaminase activity.", "contents": "Deamination of glumatic and aspartic acids by Geotrichum candidum. Strains of Geotrichum candidum were isolated from the surface of a commercial sample of Limburger cheese and from raw milk. Growth of the isolates in an acidified tryptone-yeast extract medium was accompanied by a rise in the pH of the medium from 3.5 to above 7.0 Ammonia production, as indicated by Nesslerization, was associated with the deamination of glutamic and aspartic acids. The first reaction in the production of ammonia from glutamic acid, isomerization to beta-methylaspartic acid, required vitamin B12 and the second reaction, the deamination of beta-methylaspartic acid to mesaconic acid and ammonia, was dependent on magnesium and potassium. The conversion of aspartic acid to fumaric acid and ammonia required magnesium. These minerals were in sufficient amounts in the Limburger cheese for optimum deaminase activity.", "PMID": 582176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1289", "title": "Organotypic cultures of diploid type II alveolar pneumonocytes: surfactant associated esterase activity.", "content": "Organotypic cultures, established from enzymatically dispersed day 19 fetal rat lung, are comprised primarily of cells which are morphologically similar to type II alveolar pneumonocytes, the cells involved in surfactant synthesis. To further characterize these cultures, the nonspecific esterase pool was examined to determine if these cultures contained certain nonspecific esterases previously shown to be enzyme markers for the surfactant system. The results of biochemical, electrophoretic and cytochemical studies indicate that these organotypic cultures contain the same nonspecific esterases already demonstrated in surface active fractions derived from rat and mouse lung homogenates and pulmonary lavage fluid. As in whole lung, the major site of esterase activity in the organotypic cultures is the type II cell lamellar body, the putative site of surfactant synthesis and storage. These findings support the concept that the organotypic cultures derived from fetal rat lung are comprised predominantly of type II cells which retain surfactant associated functions in vitro.", "contents": "Organotypic cultures of diploid type II alveolar pneumonocytes: surfactant associated esterase activity. Organotypic cultures, established from enzymatically dispersed day 19 fetal rat lung, are comprised primarily of cells which are morphologically similar to type II alveolar pneumonocytes, the cells involved in surfactant synthesis. To further characterize these cultures, the nonspecific esterase pool was examined to determine if these cultures contained certain nonspecific esterases previously shown to be enzyme markers for the surfactant system. The results of biochemical, electrophoretic and cytochemical studies indicate that these organotypic cultures contain the same nonspecific esterases already demonstrated in surface active fractions derived from rat and mouse lung homogenates and pulmonary lavage fluid. As in whole lung, the major site of esterase activity in the organotypic cultures is the type II cell lamellar body, the putative site of surfactant synthesis and storage. These findings support the concept that the organotypic cultures derived from fetal rat lung are comprised predominantly of type II cells which retain surfactant associated functions in vitro.", "PMID": 582179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1290", "title": "Naturally occurring antibodies to liposomes. I. Rabbit antibodies to sphingomyelin-containing liposomes before and after immunization with unrelated antigens.", "content": "Liposomes were prepared from a mixture of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate or L-alpha-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, in the presence of glucose. The amount of trapped glucose released from these liposomes was monitored after incubation with a variety of normal and immune sera in the presence of guinea pig complement. All normal rabbit sera tested were found to release, in the presence of complement, detectable amounts of trapped glucose from sphingomyelin-containing liposomes. After immunization with a variety of unrelated antigens, the anti-sphingomyelin liposome activity increased signficantly and in direct proportion to the number of injections, despite the fact that the liposomes used in the assay did not contain the relevant antigen used for immunization. Liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine showed only marginal release of their trapped marker when assayed with the same rabbit sera and complement. These liposomes, however, were fully reactive when the appropriate antigen was inserted in their bilayer structure. The antiliposome activity was associated mainly with the IgM antibody class. These results raise the interesting possibility that antigenic stimulation may trigger the activation of lymphocyte clones directed against autologous cell-membrane components that cross-react with artificial model membranes containing sphingomyelin.", "contents": "Naturally occurring antibodies to liposomes. I. Rabbit antibodies to sphingomyelin-containing liposomes before and after immunization with unrelated antigens. Liposomes were prepared from a mixture of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate or L-alpha-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate, in the presence of glucose. The amount of trapped glucose released from these liposomes was monitored after incubation with a variety of normal and immune sera in the presence of guinea pig complement. All normal rabbit sera tested were found to release, in the presence of complement, detectable amounts of trapped glucose from sphingomyelin-containing liposomes. After immunization with a variety of unrelated antigens, the anti-sphingomyelin liposome activity increased signficantly and in direct proportion to the number of injections, despite the fact that the liposomes used in the assay did not contain the relevant antigen used for immunization. Liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine showed only marginal release of their trapped marker when assayed with the same rabbit sera and complement. These liposomes, however, were fully reactive when the appropriate antigen was inserted in their bilayer structure. The antiliposome activity was associated mainly with the IgM antibody class. These results raise the interesting possibility that antigenic stimulation may trigger the activation of lymphocyte clones directed against autologous cell-membrane components that cross-react with artificial model membranes containing sphingomyelin.", "PMID": 582180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1291", "title": "Effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs on subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "The effects of two long-acting anti-inflammatory agents on behavioral changes and cerebral vasospasm were evaluated in a canine model of chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The agent with the longest half-life, sudoxicam, clearly reduced both the incidence and the magnitude of the vasopasm, and prevented the usual behavior changes caused by the stimulated SAH. The results obtained with the other agent, naproxen, suggested that it was better than the administration of saline. These agents were studied because of reports indicating that prostaglandins and thromboxane may play a role in the pathogenesis of the effects of SAH and because of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents exert pharmacological effects by reducing an excessive synthesis of these lipids. The findings suggest that some of these agents may afford an alternative treatment for the deterious consequences of SAH.", "contents": "Effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs on subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. The effects of two long-acting anti-inflammatory agents on behavioral changes and cerebral vasospasm were evaluated in a canine model of chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The agent with the longest half-life, sudoxicam, clearly reduced both the incidence and the magnitude of the vasopasm, and prevented the usual behavior changes caused by the stimulated SAH. The results obtained with the other agent, naproxen, suggested that it was better than the administration of saline. These agents were studied because of reports indicating that prostaglandins and thromboxane may play a role in the pathogenesis of the effects of SAH and because of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents exert pharmacological effects by reducing an excessive synthesis of these lipids. The findings suggest that some of these agents may afford an alternative treatment for the deterious consequences of SAH.", "PMID": 582181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1292", "title": "[Transverse symptomatics in lymphosarcoma patients (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about two patients with compression of the spinal cord caused by lymphosarcomas. In the first patient the tumour was localized in the lumbal region and destroyed two vertebrae. In the second patient the lymphosarcoma also infiltrated the meninx, the cord, and some internal organs. Both children died.", "contents": "[Transverse symptomatics in lymphosarcoma patients (author's transl)]. We report about two patients with compression of the spinal cord caused by lymphosarcomas. In the first patient the tumour was localized in the lumbal region and destroyed two vertebrae. In the second patient the lymphosarcoma also infiltrated the meninx, the cord, and some internal organs. Both children died.", "PMID": 582190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1293", "title": "Early tissue distribution of therapeutic 131I in a patient with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A therapeutic dose of 131I was given to a 53-year-old man with thyrotoxicosis three and one-half hours prior to death. The distribution of 131I in the thyroid gland was studied by autoradiography, and the radioactivity in various fresh tissues was measured. Radioactivity was distributed evenly throughout the colloid; small amounts were present in follicular cells. Radioactivity was not localized to the periphery of colloid follicles as observed in an earlier report. Papillary projections were associated with increased radioactivity. Decreased radioactivity was associated with oxyphilic cells. Measurement of 131I in individual tissues showed that per gram of tissue the thyroid gland contained approximately 50 times that of intestine and spleen and approximately 100 times that of liver and bone.", "contents": "Early tissue distribution of therapeutic 131I in a patient with thyrotoxicosis. A therapeutic dose of 131I was given to a 53-year-old man with thyrotoxicosis three and one-half hours prior to death. The distribution of 131I in the thyroid gland was studied by autoradiography, and the radioactivity in various fresh tissues was measured. Radioactivity was distributed evenly throughout the colloid; small amounts were present in follicular cells. Radioactivity was not localized to the periphery of colloid follicles as observed in an earlier report. Papillary projections were associated with increased radioactivity. Decreased radioactivity was associated with oxyphilic cells. Measurement of 131I in individual tissues showed that per gram of tissue the thyroid gland contained approximately 50 times that of intestine and spleen and approximately 100 times that of liver and bone.", "PMID": 582192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1294", "title": "Thyroid peroxidase activity in euthyroid and mild hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity was measured spectrophotometrically according to Hosoya's guaiacol method. The mean TPO activity in ten patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 19.8 +/- 7.6 (mean +/- SE) in an arbitrary unit, which was not significantly different from the normal value in seven normal thyroid tissues (33.7 +/- 5.4). The ten patients were divided into two groups, euthyroid and mild hypothyroid, on the basis of their basal serum TSH. In the euthyroid group, TPO activity (8.17 +/- 1.3) was significantly less than the normal tissue (p less than 0.01). In the hypothyroid group, TPO activity (27.64 +/- 13.8) was almost similar to the normal tissue. A positive correlation was obtained between TPO activity and serum TSH in ten patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that TPO activity is significantly decreased in Hashimoto's thyroiditis even when the thyroid function was still within normal range, but the activity might be restored to normal in hypothyroid patients by the stimulation of elevated TSH.", "contents": "Thyroid peroxidase activity in euthyroid and mild hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity was measured spectrophotometrically according to Hosoya's guaiacol method. The mean TPO activity in ten patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 19.8 +/- 7.6 (mean +/- SE) in an arbitrary unit, which was not significantly different from the normal value in seven normal thyroid tissues (33.7 +/- 5.4). The ten patients were divided into two groups, euthyroid and mild hypothyroid, on the basis of their basal serum TSH. In the euthyroid group, TPO activity (8.17 +/- 1.3) was significantly less than the normal tissue (p less than 0.01). In the hypothyroid group, TPO activity (27.64 +/- 13.8) was almost similar to the normal tissue. A positive correlation was obtained between TPO activity and serum TSH in ten patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (r = 0.85, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that TPO activity is significantly decreased in Hashimoto's thyroiditis even when the thyroid function was still within normal range, but the activity might be restored to normal in hypothyroid patients by the stimulation of elevated TSH.", "PMID": 582193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1295", "title": "Production of anti-rubratoxin antibody and its use in a radioimmunoassay for rubratoxin B.", "content": "Rubratoxin B was coupled to ovalbumin using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide HCl (ECDI) in high concentration at pH 8.0. Under these conditions it was possible to couple 13 moles of rubratoxin B per mole of ovalbumin. The conjugate was used for immunization of rabbits, and anti-rubratoxin antibody was produced. A radioimmunoassay for rubratoxin B was developed which could detect 0.1 microgram to 10 microgram of toxin using 0.21 microgram of [14C] rubratoxin (0.47 Ci/mole, 2.0 x 10(9) dpm/microgram) and 0.125 ml of anti-rubratoxin antibody.", "contents": "Production of anti-rubratoxin antibody and its use in a radioimmunoassay for rubratoxin B. Rubratoxin B was coupled to ovalbumin using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide HCl (ECDI) in high concentration at pH 8.0. Under these conditions it was possible to couple 13 moles of rubratoxin B per mole of ovalbumin. The conjugate was used for immunization of rabbits, and anti-rubratoxin antibody was produced. A radioimmunoassay for rubratoxin B was developed which could detect 0.1 microgram to 10 microgram of toxin using 0.21 microgram of [14C] rubratoxin (0.47 Ci/mole, 2.0 x 10(9) dpm/microgram) and 0.125 ml of anti-rubratoxin antibody.", "PMID": 582195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1296", "title": "Production of [14C]rubratoxin B.", "content": "[14C]rubratoxin B was produced by culturing Penicillium rubrum Stoll for 13 days at 22 degrees C in medium containing [14C]glucose. The most efficient incorporation of glucose into rubratoxin occurred when Raulin-Thom medium enriched with 2.5% malt extract was supplemented with 2.5% added glucose. The presence of 1.0 mCi of radioactivity in 50 ml of medium with 2.5% added glucose resulted in the production of 38 mg of labeled, chromatographically pure rubratoxin with a specific activity of 0.47 Ci/mole.", "contents": "Production of [14C]rubratoxin B. [14C]rubratoxin B was produced by culturing Penicillium rubrum Stoll for 13 days at 22 degrees C in medium containing [14C]glucose. The most efficient incorporation of glucose into rubratoxin occurred when Raulin-Thom medium enriched with 2.5% malt extract was supplemented with 2.5% added glucose. The presence of 1.0 mCi of radioactivity in 50 ml of medium with 2.5% added glucose resulted in the production of 38 mg of labeled, chromatographically pure rubratoxin with a specific activity of 0.47 Ci/mole.", "PMID": 582196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1297", "title": "[Immunological reactivity of rats exposed on the Kosmos-605 and 690 biosatellites].", "content": "Immunological reactivity of rats flown aboard the biosatellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-690 was compared with respect to the complementary activity of serum and frequency antibodies to sheep red blood cells. Cosmos-605 rats showed changes that rapidly returned to the normal whereas Cosmos-690 rats irradiated inflight with a dose of 800 rad exhibited significant and stable changes in immunological reactivity. Those latter seemed to be associated with the combined effect of ionizing radiation and other space flight factors.", "contents": "[Immunological reactivity of rats exposed on the Kosmos-605 and 690 biosatellites]. Immunological reactivity of rats flown aboard the biosatellites Cosmos-605 and Cosmos-690 was compared with respect to the complementary activity of serum and frequency antibodies to sheep red blood cells. Cosmos-605 rats showed changes that rapidly returned to the normal whereas Cosmos-690 rats irradiated inflight with a dose of 800 rad exhibited significant and stable changes in immunological reactivity. Those latter seemed to be associated with the combined effect of ionizing radiation and other space flight factors.", "PMID": 582191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1298", "title": "Retraction of the lower eyelid.", "content": "Retraction of the lower eyelid is a useful sign of disease. It is an early manifestation of weakness of the facial muscles, occurring with myopathies, myasthenia, and upper and lower motor neuron facial paresis. Rarely, lower and upper lid retraction occur without proptosis in patients with Graves disease. Lower lid retraction occurs in proptosis and varies directly with the degree of proptosis. It is also seen with senile entropion or ectropion, after eye muscle or orbital surgery, and with contraction of lid tissues. Apparent retraction results when the contralateral lower lid is pathologically elevated, as in Horner syndrome, in enophthalmos, or with vertical deviations of the eye.", "contents": "Retraction of the lower eyelid. Retraction of the lower eyelid is a useful sign of disease. It is an early manifestation of weakness of the facial muscles, occurring with myopathies, myasthenia, and upper and lower motor neuron facial paresis. Rarely, lower and upper lid retraction occur without proptosis in patients with Graves disease. Lower lid retraction occurs in proptosis and varies directly with the degree of proptosis. It is also seen with senile entropion or ectropion, after eye muscle or orbital surgery, and with contraction of lid tissues. Apparent retraction results when the contralateral lower lid is pathologically elevated, as in Horner syndrome, in enophthalmos, or with vertical deviations of the eye.", "PMID": 582200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1299", "title": "Knee arthrography.", "content": "Knee arthrography done with the double contrast and spot film technique is a highly accurate method of evaluating the knee of a patient suspected of having an internal derangement. Its greatest value is in the evaluation of the menisci. The modern radiologist is frequently capable and interested in performing the examination. The modern radiologist is frequently capable and interested in performing the examination. The technique is safe and has a high degree of reliability. It should prove useful to the referring surgeon.", "contents": "Knee arthrography. Knee arthrography done with the double contrast and spot film technique is a highly accurate method of evaluating the knee of a patient suspected of having an internal derangement. Its greatest value is in the evaluation of the menisci. The modern radiologist is frequently capable and interested in performing the examination. The modern radiologist is frequently capable and interested in performing the examination. The technique is safe and has a high degree of reliability. It should prove useful to the referring surgeon.", "PMID": 582202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1300", "title": "Abnormal lung surfactant related to essential fatty acid deficiency in a neonate.", "content": "A low-birth-weight infant, suffering from chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia following hyaline membrane disease and recurrent episodes of necrotizing enterocolitis, developed biochemical evidence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in the plasma. Fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol in the lung lavage fluid was abnormal. Plasma changes included a decrease in the level of linoleic acid and an increased level of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid being greater than 0.4:1. A lower than normal level of palmitic acid and an increased level of palmitoleic and oleic acids were seen in pulmonary sufactant phospholipid components. Upon treatment and recovery from EFA deficiency, the fatty acid pattern both in plasma and surfactant phospholipids returned to normal along with clinical improvement. An association between EFA deficiency and altered fatty acid composition of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids is suggested.", "contents": "Abnormal lung surfactant related to essential fatty acid deficiency in a neonate. A low-birth-weight infant, suffering from chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia following hyaline membrane disease and recurrent episodes of necrotizing enterocolitis, developed biochemical evidence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in the plasma. Fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol in the lung lavage fluid was abnormal. Plasma changes included a decrease in the level of linoleic acid and an increased level of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid being greater than 0.4:1. A lower than normal level of palmitic acid and an increased level of palmitoleic and oleic acids were seen in pulmonary sufactant phospholipid components. Upon treatment and recovery from EFA deficiency, the fatty acid pattern both in plasma and surfactant phospholipids returned to normal along with clinical improvement. An association between EFA deficiency and altered fatty acid composition of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids is suggested.", "PMID": 582204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1301", "title": "Arthrography of the knee: a comparative study of the accuracy of single and double contrast techniques.", "content": "Single and double contrast arthrographic techniques were compared in 951 patinets with suspected meniscal injuries. Exploratory surgery of the knee was performed in 384 of these patients and good clinical follow-up was obtained in 135 patients. In the latter two groups of patients, the single contrast technique was 97% accurate in assessing the medial meniscus and 96% accurate in assessing the lateral meniscus. Double contrast arthrography was 97% accurate in assessing the medial meniscus and 93% accurate in assessing the lateral meniscus. Numerical differences in the results from the two techniques were not statistically significant. Therefore both techniques can be considered equally effective diagnostically.", "contents": "Arthrography of the knee: a comparative study of the accuracy of single and double contrast techniques. Single and double contrast arthrographic techniques were compared in 951 patinets with suspected meniscal injuries. Exploratory surgery of the knee was performed in 384 of these patients and good clinical follow-up was obtained in 135 patients. In the latter two groups of patients, the single contrast technique was 97% accurate in assessing the medial meniscus and 96% accurate in assessing the lateral meniscus. Double contrast arthrography was 97% accurate in assessing the medial meniscus and 93% accurate in assessing the lateral meniscus. Numerical differences in the results from the two techniques were not statistically significant. Therefore both techniques can be considered equally effective diagnostically.", "PMID": 582211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1302", "title": "Plasma levels of apomorphine following intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration to mice and rats.", "content": "Clinical use of the potent dopaminergic partial-agonist apomorphine (APO) in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders is hampered by a lack of data concerning tissue/plasma levels following various routes of administration. In the present experiments, plasma levels were assessed at various times up to 4 hours after APO administration IV, IP, and PO to mice and rats. Plasma levels of total radioactivity after PO administration of [3H]-APO were 50 to 65% of those seen after IV administration, but brain levels were almost undetectable after PO administration. Organic solvent-extractable concentrations of tritium-labelled material after IV and IP administration of [3H]-APO to mice were significantly lower than the levels of total radioactivity, while after PO administration, these concentrations were minimal. Similar results were observed in rats following IV and PO administration of [3H]-APO.", "contents": "Plasma levels of apomorphine following intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration to mice and rats. Clinical use of the potent dopaminergic partial-agonist apomorphine (APO) in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders is hampered by a lack of data concerning tissue/plasma levels following various routes of administration. In the present experiments, plasma levels were assessed at various times up to 4 hours after APO administration IV, IP, and PO to mice and rats. Plasma levels of total radioactivity after PO administration of [3H]-APO were 50 to 65% of those seen after IV administration, but brain levels were almost undetectable after PO administration. Organic solvent-extractable concentrations of tritium-labelled material after IV and IP administration of [3H]-APO to mice were significantly lower than the levels of total radioactivity, while after PO administration, these concentrations were minimal. Similar results were observed in rats following IV and PO administration of [3H]-APO.", "PMID": 582213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1303", "title": "Lung maturation in the fetal rat: acceleration by injection of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor.", "content": "Fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor, produced by the fetal lung fibroblast in response to glucocorticoids, was partially purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The resulting preparation showed two major and two minor bands on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When fetal rats were injected on day 17 of gestation with 1 microgram of this material, they showed on day 20 biochemical evidence of accelerated lung maturation as compared to littermate controls. There were no differences between the two groups in body weights, organ weights, or circulating corticosteroid levels.", "contents": "Lung maturation in the fetal rat: acceleration by injection of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor. Fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor, produced by the fetal lung fibroblast in response to glucocorticoids, was partially purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The resulting preparation showed two major and two minor bands on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When fetal rats were injected on day 17 of gestation with 1 microgram of this material, they showed on day 20 biochemical evidence of accelerated lung maturation as compared to littermate controls. There were no differences between the two groups in body weights, organ weights, or circulating corticosteroid levels.", "PMID": 582216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1304", "title": "[Use of hypothermia after operations on the knee joint].", "content": "The author applied a continuous cooling (for 72 hours) in 40 patients after operations on the knee joint. A favourable effect has been noted. The author concludes that the local hypothermia lessens the inflammatory process activity in the joint.", "contents": "[Use of hypothermia after operations on the knee joint]. The author applied a continuous cooling (for 72 hours) in 40 patients after operations on the knee joint. A favourable effect has been noted. The author concludes that the local hypothermia lessens the inflammatory process activity in the joint.", "PMID": 582219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1305", "title": "[Effect of preoperative preparation on the state of the surfactant in chronic pneumonia].", "content": "A complex of physico-chemical, biochemical and morphologic methods was used to study the surfactant state in resected lungs of 44 patients with chronic suppurative processes. A possibility of correction of some surface--active properties of the surfactant through the effect of the preoperative management with the use of intrapulmonary electrophoresis of antibiotics, hydrocortisone and heparin was established.", "contents": "[Effect of preoperative preparation on the state of the surfactant in chronic pneumonia]. A complex of physico-chemical, biochemical and morphologic methods was used to study the surfactant state in resected lungs of 44 patients with chronic suppurative processes. A possibility of correction of some surface--active properties of the surfactant through the effect of the preoperative management with the use of intrapulmonary electrophoresis of antibiotics, hydrocortisone and heparin was established.", "PMID": 582220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1306", "title": "[Atrophy of the hippocampus of vascular origin. Clinico-pneumoencephalographic study].", "content": "Among 20 patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency, dissociation between memory disturbances and cognitive functions, and PEG studies, there were 13 cases showing atrophy of the hippocampus. The neurological and psychological studies included memory functions tests, IQ, and the analysis of language and praxia. Complementary tests included standard EEG records, EEGs obtained with nasopharingeal electrodes and PEG tomography with selective filling of both temporal horns, in order to demonstrate the inner and lower surface of the temporal lobes. The volume of the Ammon horn was reduced in 13 cases. Hippocampal atrophy was unilateral in 11 patients and bilateral in 2. The fact that hippocampal atrophy was demonstrated by PEG studies in 13 out of 20 cases, appears to be highly significant. This clinico-neuroradiological correlation seems to indicate that hippocampal atrophy, following ischemia in the deep distal vertebro-basilar-posterior cerebral territory, disturbs the function of axial structures (Papez circuit or limbic system) apparently leading to the disturbances of memory functions observed in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Atrophy of the hippocampus of vascular origin. Clinico-pneumoencephalographic study]. Among 20 patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency, dissociation between memory disturbances and cognitive functions, and PEG studies, there were 13 cases showing atrophy of the hippocampus. The neurological and psychological studies included memory functions tests, IQ, and the analysis of language and praxia. Complementary tests included standard EEG records, EEGs obtained with nasopharingeal electrodes and PEG tomography with selective filling of both temporal horns, in order to demonstrate the inner and lower surface of the temporal lobes. The volume of the Ammon horn was reduced in 13 cases. Hippocampal atrophy was unilateral in 11 patients and bilateral in 2. The fact that hippocampal atrophy was demonstrated by PEG studies in 13 out of 20 cases, appears to be highly significant. This clinico-neuroradiological correlation seems to indicate that hippocampal atrophy, following ischemia in the deep distal vertebro-basilar-posterior cerebral territory, disturbs the function of axial structures (Papez circuit or limbic system) apparently leading to the disturbances of memory functions observed in this group of patients.", "PMID": 582222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1307", "title": "[Epilepsy and neural science. Critical review].", "content": "The nature of, and the knowledge about epilepsy, still under discussion is based upon clinical and experimental data, gathered from the last century until the present date and accepted now as scientific knowledge. The epileptic phenomenon interpreted as the outcome of a disturbance of the central regulation, of neuronal excitation and of the cerebral electric and biochemical equilibrium, is still subject of permanent study and review. From a cybernetic point of view, the epileptic fit can appear as the first expression of an abnormal organization process, or as the outcome of an electrical disturbance within a neuronal regulation circuit. This article is an attempt to review such concepts and to analyze their clinical implications.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and neural science. Critical review]. The nature of, and the knowledge about epilepsy, still under discussion is based upon clinical and experimental data, gathered from the last century until the present date and accepted now as scientific knowledge. The epileptic phenomenon interpreted as the outcome of a disturbance of the central regulation, of neuronal excitation and of the cerebral electric and biochemical equilibrium, is still subject of permanent study and review. From a cybernetic point of view, the epileptic fit can appear as the first expression of an abnormal organization process, or as the outcome of an electrical disturbance within a neuronal regulation circuit. This article is an attempt to review such concepts and to analyze their clinical implications.", "PMID": 582223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1308", "title": "[Cerebral potentials related to visual stimulation. Pattern inversion and flash].", "content": "Distinguishing between electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERP) as indicators of brain electrical activity, methodological considerations pertaining to the recording of ERP to visual stimulation (evoked potentials, EP) are presented. Visual EP may be either steady-state or transient, depending upon stimulation used (repetitive versus transient) and method of analysis (frequency domain versus time domain). While both have diagnostic applications, this paper concentrates on transient visual EP. Based on the contention that intra and interindividual EP variability is the single most important issue in clinical practice, it presents data comparing two widely employed techniques (checkerboard reversal and flash stimulation) with respect to their stability in normal populations and their diagnostic sensitivity in demyelinating disease.", "contents": "[Cerebral potentials related to visual stimulation. Pattern inversion and flash]. Distinguishing between electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERP) as indicators of brain electrical activity, methodological considerations pertaining to the recording of ERP to visual stimulation (evoked potentials, EP) are presented. Visual EP may be either steady-state or transient, depending upon stimulation used (repetitive versus transient) and method of analysis (frequency domain versus time domain). While both have diagnostic applications, this paper concentrates on transient visual EP. Based on the contention that intra and interindividual EP variability is the single most important issue in clinical practice, it presents data comparing two widely employed techniques (checkerboard reversal and flash stimulation) with respect to their stability in normal populations and their diagnostic sensitivity in demyelinating disease.", "PMID": 582224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1309", "title": "Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER): Clinical perspectives and normative data.", "content": "Research pertaining to the physiological mechanisms involved in the generation of brainstem auditory evoked responses is reviewed emphasizing the current status of its clinical applications, pointing out present gaps in knowledge and delineating avenues for further inquiry. Some work conducted in our laboratory aimed at statistical description of BAER parameters relevant to clinical practice is presented, along with assessment procedures that are deemed promising for routine work. Relevant implementation procedures are described.", "contents": "Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER): Clinical perspectives and normative data. Research pertaining to the physiological mechanisms involved in the generation of brainstem auditory evoked responses is reviewed emphasizing the current status of its clinical applications, pointing out present gaps in knowledge and delineating avenues for further inquiry. Some work conducted in our laboratory aimed at statistical description of BAER parameters relevant to clinical practice is presented, along with assessment procedures that are deemed promising for routine work. Relevant implementation procedures are described.", "PMID": 582225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1310", "title": "Human cortical pO2.", "content": "A human cortical pO2 rhythm similar to that described in cats was demonstrated. It bears close correlation to behavioral states such as weaking and slow wave sleep. Induced changes in cerebral blood flow, through carotid compression, has been detected as qualitative variations in local oxygen availability, at the oxygen cathode tip.", "contents": "Human cortical pO2. A human cortical pO2 rhythm similar to that described in cats was demonstrated. It bears close correlation to behavioral states such as weaking and slow wave sleep. Induced changes in cerebral blood flow, through carotid compression, has been detected as qualitative variations in local oxygen availability, at the oxygen cathode tip.", "PMID": 582226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1311", "title": "[Ocular diskinesia].", "content": "The clinical findings and the electro-oculogram were correlated in four cases (3 postinfectious, 1 vascular) with ocular dyskinesias, of a mixed type in two of them. This correlation led to a more precise recognition of the pattern of opsoclonus, flutter and ocular dysmetria. Ocular dyskinesias have certain resemblances with voluntary saccadic movements; the effects of ocular following and optokinetic stimulation are described. The role of brainstem and cerebellar structures in relation with the physiopathology of these dyskinetic ocular movements is discussed.", "contents": "[Ocular diskinesia]. The clinical findings and the electro-oculogram were correlated in four cases (3 postinfectious, 1 vascular) with ocular dyskinesias, of a mixed type in two of them. This correlation led to a more precise recognition of the pattern of opsoclonus, flutter and ocular dysmetria. Ocular dyskinesias have certain resemblances with voluntary saccadic movements; the effects of ocular following and optokinetic stimulation are described. The role of brainstem and cerebellar structures in relation with the physiopathology of these dyskinetic ocular movements is discussed.", "PMID": 582227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1312", "title": "[Campimetric changes in optic radiation lesions].", "content": "Visual field defects may be congruous or not in lesions affecting the optic radiation. This fact, and the macular sparing found in some cases, can be explained if the optic radiation is envisaged as formed by three layers, the superficial corresponding to homolateral peripheral vision, the intermediate to contralateral peripheral vision, and the deepest to central vision from both hemimaculae. The fibers of all these layers fan out sequentially, first the more superficial, then the deeper, around the posterior part of the lateral ventricles, following a longitudinal plane of divergence in their way to area 17. The progressive displacement, upwards and downwards, of the thick fibers transmitting peripheral vision, leave out finally the thin fibers for central vision as the sole constituents of the central and terminal part of the optic radiation. As supporting evidence of this conception we have the fact that if the optic radiation is encroached on from its outer side (as it generally happens for reasons stated in the full text) visual field defects tend to be larger in the homolateral field. This holds true for temporal and parietal lesions, and to a lesser degree for occipital lesions. Deep lesions (for instance intraventricular tumours) tend to affect first the deeper strata of the optic radiation (macular vision and/or contralateral quadrants of peripheral vision). The schematic drawings presented allow us to understand how a temporal lesion may produce: a) no visual field defect, b) an upper homonimous quadrantopsia, c) a lower homonimous quandrantopsia, d) a homonimous hemianopsia; and that these field defects can be either congruent or uncongruous. Deep parietal lesions will produce visual field defects in the lower quadrants, which may be congrous or not. As the visual fibers for macular vision are deeply located in the optic radiation, forming a thin but wide layer in the vertical plane, they cannot be affected to a significative extent without the more superficial fibers for peripheral vision being also affected to an even greater extent. Due to the width and depth of this macular layer even in extensive lesions of the optic radiation some of its fibers can escape injury. This can explain macular sparing in some cases without resorting to hypothetical bilateral macular representation which is deemed unacceptable. Anatomical data and clinical examples are given which lend support to all these contentions.", "contents": "[Campimetric changes in optic radiation lesions]. Visual field defects may be congruous or not in lesions affecting the optic radiation. This fact, and the macular sparing found in some cases, can be explained if the optic radiation is envisaged as formed by three layers, the superficial corresponding to homolateral peripheral vision, the intermediate to contralateral peripheral vision, and the deepest to central vision from both hemimaculae. The fibers of all these layers fan out sequentially, first the more superficial, then the deeper, around the posterior part of the lateral ventricles, following a longitudinal plane of divergence in their way to area 17. The progressive displacement, upwards and downwards, of the thick fibers transmitting peripheral vision, leave out finally the thin fibers for central vision as the sole constituents of the central and terminal part of the optic radiation. As supporting evidence of this conception we have the fact that if the optic radiation is encroached on from its outer side (as it generally happens for reasons stated in the full text) visual field defects tend to be larger in the homolateral field. This holds true for temporal and parietal lesions, and to a lesser degree for occipital lesions. Deep lesions (for instance intraventricular tumours) tend to affect first the deeper strata of the optic radiation (macular vision and/or contralateral quadrants of peripheral vision). The schematic drawings presented allow us to understand how a temporal lesion may produce: a) no visual field defect, b) an upper homonimous quadrantopsia, c) a lower homonimous quandrantopsia, d) a homonimous hemianopsia; and that these field defects can be either congruent or uncongruous. Deep parietal lesions will produce visual field defects in the lower quadrants, which may be congrous or not. As the visual fibers for macular vision are deeply located in the optic radiation, forming a thin but wide layer in the vertical plane, they cannot be affected to a significative extent without the more superficial fibers for peripheral vision being also affected to an even greater extent. Due to the width and depth of this macular layer even in extensive lesions of the optic radiation some of its fibers can escape injury. This can explain macular sparing in some cases without resorting to hypothetical bilateral macular representation which is deemed unacceptable. Anatomical data and clinical examples are given which lend support to all these contentions.", "PMID": 582228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1313", "title": "[Ischemic cerebral vascular pathology. History and updating].", "content": "This is a contribution to the memory of Professor Rom\u00e1n Arana I\u00f1\u00edguez. He, with Professor N\u00e9stor Azambuja made possible our participation, in the Joint Study of Extracranial Arterial Occlusion from the National Institutes of Health, with 23 U.S. Universities. This research was started on March 1963 and ended on June 1971. It was directed by Dr. Arana, who gave impetus to our work and to our active participation on the subject at meetings held in Uruguay and abroad. A brief historiography of the subject is made, with emphasis in the chronology of our advances as compared to those of other leading countries.", "contents": "[Ischemic cerebral vascular pathology. History and updating]. This is a contribution to the memory of Professor Rom\u00e1n Arana I\u00f1\u00edguez. He, with Professor N\u00e9stor Azambuja made possible our participation, in the Joint Study of Extracranial Arterial Occlusion from the National Institutes of Health, with 23 U.S. Universities. This research was started on March 1963 and ended on June 1971. It was directed by Dr. Arana, who gave impetus to our work and to our active participation on the subject at meetings held in Uruguay and abroad. A brief historiography of the subject is made, with emphasis in the chronology of our advances as compared to those of other leading countries.", "PMID": 582229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1314", "title": "[In the boundaries of aphasia].", "content": "The anatomical boundaries of those structures whose lesion leads to the disturbances of language are indistintic and largely exceed the classical \"areas of language\", including subcortical structures as the thalamus and the non-dominant hemisphere. It is equally indistinct the possibility of definition of aphasic disturbances. On one hand aphasia can be seen within the realm of decodification, as a failure of a mental rather than of a verbal process, close to dementia, while among the codification mechanisms motor aphasia can appear a syndrome of phonetic desintegration with component of apraxic, dystonic and paretic nature. Esquizophasia and agrammatism are two examples of those peculiar disturbances of language. The correlation between disturbances of language and of intelligence is another frontier of aphasies where a causal relationship appears to be well established. Aphasias, interpreted in the beginnings as anatomically localized well defined disturbances of function, are now seen both anatomically and functionally, as a process with indistinct and mixed boundarie related to other equally illimited and indistinct functions.", "contents": "[In the boundaries of aphasia]. The anatomical boundaries of those structures whose lesion leads to the disturbances of language are indistintic and largely exceed the classical \"areas of language\", including subcortical structures as the thalamus and the non-dominant hemisphere. It is equally indistinct the possibility of definition of aphasic disturbances. On one hand aphasia can be seen within the realm of decodification, as a failure of a mental rather than of a verbal process, close to dementia, while among the codification mechanisms motor aphasia can appear a syndrome of phonetic desintegration with component of apraxic, dystonic and paretic nature. Esquizophasia and agrammatism are two examples of those peculiar disturbances of language. The correlation between disturbances of language and of intelligence is another frontier of aphasies where a causal relationship appears to be well established. Aphasias, interpreted in the beginnings as anatomically localized well defined disturbances of function, are now seen both anatomically and functionally, as a process with indistinct and mixed boundarie related to other equally illimited and indistinct functions.", "PMID": 582230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1315", "title": "[Alexia without agraphia (clinicotomographic correlation)].", "content": "Two cases of alexia without agraphia, one due to a cerebrovascular accident which improved spontaneously and the other in a cerebral abscess partially recovered after surgical treatment are presented. Both were anatomically verified by computed tomography. The second was also verified at surgery. A small well localized lesion of the fusiform and lingual gyri in the dominant hemisphere can lead to alexia without agraphia. The lack of involvement of the optic radiation and calcarine fissure explain the abscence of visual field defects and hence the purest type of this syndrome as shown in our first case. The involvement of the splenium of the corpus calosus and related forceps majors seems essential for a long lasting reading defect. The integrity of the dorsal or superior splenium is responsible for the abscence of the color warning defect found on about 30% of the cases of pure word blindness. The severity and ultimate progression of the alexia will depend not only upon the extension of the dominant occipital lesion but of its association with the damage of other possible pathways. A slowly growing and potentially treatable expanding lesion, as in our second case, can also produce an almost pure form of the syndrome. It appears to us that the wider use of CT will allow on the near future will lead to a better knowledge of the anatomical lesions and a better understanding of this fascinating syndrome.", "contents": "[Alexia without agraphia (clinicotomographic correlation)]. Two cases of alexia without agraphia, one due to a cerebrovascular accident which improved spontaneously and the other in a cerebral abscess partially recovered after surgical treatment are presented. Both were anatomically verified by computed tomography. The second was also verified at surgery. A small well localized lesion of the fusiform and lingual gyri in the dominant hemisphere can lead to alexia without agraphia. The lack of involvement of the optic radiation and calcarine fissure explain the abscence of visual field defects and hence the purest type of this syndrome as shown in our first case. The involvement of the splenium of the corpus calosus and related forceps majors seems essential for a long lasting reading defect. The integrity of the dorsal or superior splenium is responsible for the abscence of the color warning defect found on about 30% of the cases of pure word blindness. The severity and ultimate progression of the alexia will depend not only upon the extension of the dominant occipital lesion but of its association with the damage of other possible pathways. A slowly growing and potentially treatable expanding lesion, as in our second case, can also produce an almost pure form of the syndrome. It appears to us that the wider use of CT will allow on the near future will lead to a better knowledge of the anatomical lesions and a better understanding of this fascinating syndrome.", "PMID": 582231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1316", "title": "Pregnancy following treatment with human gonadotropins in primary unexplained infertility.", "content": "Six patients with primary unexplained infertility of 2 to 9 years duration, and who failed to conceive after repeated trials of clomiphene treatment, were treated with human gonadotropins; 3 of them became pregnant following one or two courses of treatment. Three patients failed to conceive in spite of 3 courses of human gonadotropins, 2 of them had high titers of sperm-agglutinating antibodies found in their sera, which may explain their infertility. None of the 13 treatments resulted in hyperstimulation syndrome or multiple births. This preliminary result seems encouraging but awaits further study.", "contents": "Pregnancy following treatment with human gonadotropins in primary unexplained infertility. Six patients with primary unexplained infertility of 2 to 9 years duration, and who failed to conceive after repeated trials of clomiphene treatment, were treated with human gonadotropins; 3 of them became pregnant following one or two courses of treatment. Three patients failed to conceive in spite of 3 courses of human gonadotropins, 2 of them had high titers of sperm-agglutinating antibodies found in their sera, which may explain their infertility. None of the 13 treatments resulted in hyperstimulation syndrome or multiple births. This preliminary result seems encouraging but awaits further study.", "PMID": 582232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1317", "title": "Peliosis hepatis. Report of nine cases.", "content": "Nine cases of peliosis hepatis are reported: five of these were associated with the administration of androgen or anabolic androgenic steroids and a sixth with large doses of medroxy-progesterone acetate. In five instances, neoplasm was present as an underlying disease. Antemortem evidence of liver disease was detected in six of seven cases but was not severe and had not contributed to death. The pathogenesis of blood-filled cystic cavities is discussed and the literature reviewed. Angiopathy of hepatic sinusoids in patients with wasting diseases or in those receiving androgens in coexistence with passive congestion of the liver appear to be factors in the pathogenesis of pleiosis hepatis.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatis. Report of nine cases. Nine cases of peliosis hepatis are reported: five of these were associated with the administration of androgen or anabolic androgenic steroids and a sixth with large doses of medroxy-progesterone acetate. In five instances, neoplasm was present as an underlying disease. Antemortem evidence of liver disease was detected in six of seven cases but was not severe and had not contributed to death. The pathogenesis of blood-filled cystic cavities is discussed and the literature reviewed. Angiopathy of hepatic sinusoids in patients with wasting diseases or in those receiving androgens in coexistence with passive congestion of the liver appear to be factors in the pathogenesis of pleiosis hepatis.", "PMID": 582233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1318", "title": "A socio-epidemiologic survey of veneral diseases among national servicemen attending a VD hospital in Singapore.", "content": "Between September 22 and October 29, 1976, a socio-epidemiologic survey of venereal diseases (VD) was carried out at a hospital for VD and skin diseases in Singapore. The study subjects comprised 401 national servicemen from the Singapore Armed Forces who were selected by periodic stratified random sampling from among army patients at the hospital. These subjects were divided into two groups, one consisting of those suffering solely from venereal diseases and the other from non-venereal skin diseases only. Studies were made to compare the personal characteristics, educational and social backgrounds and sexual behavior between these two groups. On the basis of the results, a profile of a soldier likely to contract venereal diseases was made. The study showed that soldiers have inadequate knowledge of venereal diseases. Suggestions are made to improve education as to venereal diseases and to reduce risk of infection in the armed forces.", "contents": "A socio-epidemiologic survey of veneral diseases among national servicemen attending a VD hospital in Singapore. Between September 22 and October 29, 1976, a socio-epidemiologic survey of venereal diseases (VD) was carried out at a hospital for VD and skin diseases in Singapore. The study subjects comprised 401 national servicemen from the Singapore Armed Forces who were selected by periodic stratified random sampling from among army patients at the hospital. These subjects were divided into two groups, one consisting of those suffering solely from venereal diseases and the other from non-venereal skin diseases only. Studies were made to compare the personal characteristics, educational and social backgrounds and sexual behavior between these two groups. On the basis of the results, a profile of a soldier likely to contract venereal diseases was made. The study showed that soldiers have inadequate knowledge of venereal diseases. Suggestions are made to improve education as to venereal diseases and to reduce risk of infection in the armed forces.", "PMID": 582234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1319", "title": "Opposition to \"coercive continuing medical education and mandatory recertification\".", "content": "A district branch survey on attitudes toward obligatory continuing medical education (CME) and mandatory recertification indicated that most respondents approved the concept of lifelong learning. However, proposed methods of implementation of CME were criticized on grounds of commercialization, bureaucratization, poor quality, wasting time and money, excessive external control over learning, and flawed requirements. Objections to mandatory recertification centered mainly on an abhorrence of Board-type examinations. The author offers suggestions to program directors and sponsors, educational researchers, and CME administrators as to ways to answer these criticisms of CME and recertification.", "contents": "Opposition to \"coercive continuing medical education and mandatory recertification\". A district branch survey on attitudes toward obligatory continuing medical education (CME) and mandatory recertification indicated that most respondents approved the concept of lifelong learning. However, proposed methods of implementation of CME were criticized on grounds of commercialization, bureaucratization, poor quality, wasting time and money, excessive external control over learning, and flawed requirements. Objections to mandatory recertification centered mainly on an abhorrence of Board-type examinations. The author offers suggestions to program directors and sponsors, educational researchers, and CME administrators as to ways to answer these criticisms of CME and recertification.", "PMID": 582235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1320", "title": "Surgical management of diseases of the adolescent female breast: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Sixty-three patients, ages 10 to 20 years with diseases of the breast were operated on during a 10 year period. A variety of pathologic entities were found. The most common were diagnoses fibroadenoma, cystic disease, and cellulitis with abscess formation. Malignancy was found in three patients: lobular carcinoma in situ in one, angiosarcoma in the second, and lymphosarcoma in the third.", "contents": "Surgical management of diseases of the adolescent female breast: a clinicopathologic study. Sixty-three patients, ages 10 to 20 years with diseases of the breast were operated on during a 10 year period. A variety of pathologic entities were found. The most common were diagnoses fibroadenoma, cystic disease, and cellulitis with abscess formation. Malignancy was found in three patients: lobular carcinoma in situ in one, angiosarcoma in the second, and lymphosarcoma in the third.", "PMID": 582236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1321", "title": "Pulmonary sporotrichosis in Oklahoma in susceptibilities in vitro.", "content": "Six cases of pulmonary sporotichosis were observed in 2 institutions in Oklahoma City, Okla. Three of the patients were treated with iodides with or without surgery. Although one patient required a second course of iodides, the patients have remained well after at least 34 months of follow-up. Three patients treated with amphotericin B, single course as well as multiple courses, and other antifungal agents (hydroxystilbamidine and miconazole) have all relapsed. These cases and a reviewed of more than 40 cases of pulmonary sporotrichosis susceptibilities of Sporothrix schenckii that we observed in vitro suggest that amphotericin B is not an effective agent for the treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis. It is our opinion that the treatment of choice for pulmonary sporotrichosis is a supersaturated solution of potassium iodide. If the patient is allergic to the medication or fails to respond, then a combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine may be tried.", "contents": "Pulmonary sporotrichosis in Oklahoma in susceptibilities in vitro. Six cases of pulmonary sporotichosis were observed in 2 institutions in Oklahoma City, Okla. Three of the patients were treated with iodides with or without surgery. Although one patient required a second course of iodides, the patients have remained well after at least 34 months of follow-up. Three patients treated with amphotericin B, single course as well as multiple courses, and other antifungal agents (hydroxystilbamidine and miconazole) have all relapsed. These cases and a reviewed of more than 40 cases of pulmonary sporotrichosis susceptibilities of Sporothrix schenckii that we observed in vitro suggest that amphotericin B is not an effective agent for the treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis. It is our opinion that the treatment of choice for pulmonary sporotrichosis is a supersaturated solution of potassium iodide. If the patient is allergic to the medication or fails to respond, then a combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine may be tried.", "PMID": 582240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1322", "title": "Bacterial breakdown of benomyl. I. Pure cultures.", "content": "With different soil and water samples as inoculum and the benzimidazole fungicides benomyl (either as Benlate or as the pure compound) and thiabendazole as selective agents, a large number of, mainly fluorescent, Pseudomonas strains were isolated which nearly all were able to grow in a mineral medium with benomyl as the sole source of carbon. However, no growth occurred with any of a series of other benzimidazole compounds, viz. benzimidazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB), thiabendazole and fuberidazole. Although benomyl--or rather its non-enzymatic breakdown product methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC)--was partially degraded to 2-AB, most probably n-butylamine, which arises after splitting off of the butylcarbamoyl side chain, was the actual carbon source for the Pseudomonas isolates. When incorporated in a lactate medium, 2-AB markedly inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas spp. at a concentration of 250 microgram/ml, with complete inhibition being attained at 500 microgram/ml. For Bacillus spp. grown in liquid peptone media benzimidazole compounds were inhibitory at concentrations of 500-1000 microgram/ml, with a toxicity increasing in the order: benzimidazole less than thiabendazole less than MBC less than 2-AB.", "contents": "Bacterial breakdown of benomyl. I. Pure cultures. With different soil and water samples as inoculum and the benzimidazole fungicides benomyl (either as Benlate or as the pure compound) and thiabendazole as selective agents, a large number of, mainly fluorescent, Pseudomonas strains were isolated which nearly all were able to grow in a mineral medium with benomyl as the sole source of carbon. However, no growth occurred with any of a series of other benzimidazole compounds, viz. benzimidazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB), thiabendazole and fuberidazole. Although benomyl--or rather its non-enzymatic breakdown product methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC)--was partially degraded to 2-AB, most probably n-butylamine, which arises after splitting off of the butylcarbamoyl side chain, was the actual carbon source for the Pseudomonas isolates. When incorporated in a lactate medium, 2-AB markedly inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas spp. at a concentration of 250 microgram/ml, with complete inhibition being attained at 500 microgram/ml. For Bacillus spp. grown in liquid peptone media benzimidazole compounds were inhibitory at concentrations of 500-1000 microgram/ml, with a toxicity increasing in the order: benzimidazole less than thiabendazole less than MBC less than 2-AB.", "PMID": 582241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1323", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of benzquinamide.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of benzquinamide were evaluated in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous benzquinamide, 0.5 to 5 mg/kg, caused tachycardia, elevated blood norepinephrine levels, frequent ventricular arrhythmias, and brief hypotension. Ganglionic blockade by hexamethonium prior to administration of benzquinamide prevented the tachycardia and alterations in norepinephrine levels but prolonged the period of hypotension. In isolated mesenteric arterial preparations benzquinamide interfered with contractile force generated by potassium chloride, norepinephrine, and prostaglandin F2 alpha. It is concluded that benzquinamide directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle thereby producing in vivo reduced peripheral vascular resistance and hypotension, which are compensated for by reflex sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of benzquinamide. The cardiovascular effects of benzquinamide were evaluated in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous benzquinamide, 0.5 to 5 mg/kg, caused tachycardia, elevated blood norepinephrine levels, frequent ventricular arrhythmias, and brief hypotension. Ganglionic blockade by hexamethonium prior to administration of benzquinamide prevented the tachycardia and alterations in norepinephrine levels but prolonged the period of hypotension. In isolated mesenteric arterial preparations benzquinamide interfered with contractile force generated by potassium chloride, norepinephrine, and prostaglandin F2 alpha. It is concluded that benzquinamide directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle thereby producing in vivo reduced peripheral vascular resistance and hypotension, which are compensated for by reflex sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 582237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1324", "title": "Does cough increase the spread of subarachnoid anesthesia?", "content": "Two matched groups of eight patients were given hyperbaric tetracaine (12 mg) intrathecally. One group was instructed to cough vigorously three times after injection. The mean upper level of analgesia by pinscratch technique was the sixth thoracic dermatome in both groups. We conclude that three vigorous coughs do not influence the spread of spinal anesthesia.", "contents": "Does cough increase the spread of subarachnoid anesthesia? Two matched groups of eight patients were given hyperbaric tetracaine (12 mg) intrathecally. One group was instructed to cough vigorously three times after injection. The mean upper level of analgesia by pinscratch technique was the sixth thoracic dermatome in both groups. We conclude that three vigorous coughs do not influence the spread of spinal anesthesia.", "PMID": 582238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1325", "title": "Bacterial breakdown of benomyl. II. Mixed cultures.", "content": "Experiments with mixed bacterial cultures grown in liquid media which contained the benzimidazole fungicide benomyl, with or without Na-lactate, as source of carbon provided circumstantial evidence for cleavage of the benzimidazole heterocyclic ring. Yet, neither 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) nor benzimidazole, as sole source of carbon, supported any bacterial growth. \"Total 14C-balance analysis\" experiments conclusively showed production of 14CO2 from [2-14C]methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC), and thus cleavage of the benzimidazole nucleus: bioassays, however, showed that the actual rate of benomyl and MBC breakdown was only small, the parent compound benomyl being still recovered in substantial quantities after up to 80 days of incubation. Therefore, cleavage of the benzimidazole ring is probably a matter of cometabolism, n-butylamine which originates from the butylcarbamoyl side chain serving as the proper source of carbon. Besides radiolabelled 2-AB and CO2, an unknown metabolite was isolated which showed characteristics of a 2-AB-nucleotide. Probably, 2-AB was incorporated into bacterial DNA, which upon lysis of the bacterial cells gave rise to the nucleotide in question. Therefore, 2-AB might exert its inhibitory action by interfering with the normal functioning of DNA.", "contents": "Bacterial breakdown of benomyl. II. Mixed cultures. Experiments with mixed bacterial cultures grown in liquid media which contained the benzimidazole fungicide benomyl, with or without Na-lactate, as source of carbon provided circumstantial evidence for cleavage of the benzimidazole heterocyclic ring. Yet, neither 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) nor benzimidazole, as sole source of carbon, supported any bacterial growth. \"Total 14C-balance analysis\" experiments conclusively showed production of 14CO2 from [2-14C]methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC), and thus cleavage of the benzimidazole nucleus: bioassays, however, showed that the actual rate of benomyl and MBC breakdown was only small, the parent compound benomyl being still recovered in substantial quantities after up to 80 days of incubation. Therefore, cleavage of the benzimidazole ring is probably a matter of cometabolism, n-butylamine which originates from the butylcarbamoyl side chain serving as the proper source of carbon. Besides radiolabelled 2-AB and CO2, an unknown metabolite was isolated which showed characteristics of a 2-AB-nucleotide. Probably, 2-AB was incorporated into bacterial DNA, which upon lysis of the bacterial cells gave rise to the nucleotide in question. Therefore, 2-AB might exert its inhibitory action by interfering with the normal functioning of DNA.", "PMID": 582242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1326", "title": "The occurrence and taxonomic value of PBS X-like defective phages in the genus Bacillus.", "content": "72 strains of 24 Bacillus species were induced with mitomycin C. The lysates were examined for the presence of defective phages resembling PBS X in morphology. All strains tested of B. amyloliquefaciens. B, licheniformis, B. pumilus and B. subtilis contained such phages. Five morphological types of defective, PBS X-like phage could be distinguished, differing in their tail lengths and in the number of cross-striations on the tail. The quaternary structure of the tail, the molecular weight of the main tail protein and the antigenic properties of the phages were identical. The killing ranges of the defective phages have been determined and their possible use in taxonomy discussed.", "contents": "The occurrence and taxonomic value of PBS X-like defective phages in the genus Bacillus. 72 strains of 24 Bacillus species were induced with mitomycin C. The lysates were examined for the presence of defective phages resembling PBS X in morphology. All strains tested of B. amyloliquefaciens. B, licheniformis, B. pumilus and B. subtilis contained such phages. Five morphological types of defective, PBS X-like phage could be distinguished, differing in their tail lengths and in the number of cross-striations on the tail. The quaternary structure of the tail, the molecular weight of the main tail protein and the antigenic properties of the phages were identical. The killing ranges of the defective phages have been determined and their possible use in taxonomy discussed.", "PMID": 582243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1327", "title": "Relation between the faecal concentration of various potentially pathogenic microorganisms and infections in individuals (mice) with severely decreased resistance to infection.", "content": "Lethally irradiated conventional mice were killed at daily intervals after irradiation. A high correlation was found between the occurrence of bacterial overgrowth in the digestive tract and invasion into the regional lymph nodes the spleen and the blood. By oral contamination of mice with quite high doses of either an exogenous or an endogenous biotype of an Enterobacteriaceae species at day 4 after irradiation, it was attempted to induced such condition of intestinal overgrowth. In all animals such an abnormal colonization of the contaminant was indeed achieved in this way and the mice died from an infection caused by the biotype used for the contamination. The interval between contamination and death was different when different biotypes were used for contamination and occurred sooner after irradiation when an endogenous biotype was used for (re)contamination. It is concluded that oral contamination with exogenous as well as with endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria during a period of severely decreased resistance to infections must be avoided. The colonization resistance of the digestive tract of these animals should be maintained as high as possible.", "contents": "Relation between the faecal concentration of various potentially pathogenic microorganisms and infections in individuals (mice) with severely decreased resistance to infection. Lethally irradiated conventional mice were killed at daily intervals after irradiation. A high correlation was found between the occurrence of bacterial overgrowth in the digestive tract and invasion into the regional lymph nodes the spleen and the blood. By oral contamination of mice with quite high doses of either an exogenous or an endogenous biotype of an Enterobacteriaceae species at day 4 after irradiation, it was attempted to induced such condition of intestinal overgrowth. In all animals such an abnormal colonization of the contaminant was indeed achieved in this way and the mice died from an infection caused by the biotype used for the contamination. The interval between contamination and death was different when different biotypes were used for contamination and occurred sooner after irradiation when an endogenous biotype was used for (re)contamination. It is concluded that oral contamination with exogenous as well as with endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria during a period of severely decreased resistance to infections must be avoided. The colonization resistance of the digestive tract of these animals should be maintained as high as possible.", "PMID": 582244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1328", "title": "Candida sonckii sp. nov.", "content": "A new yeast species with basidiomycetous affinities is described as Candida sonckii Hopsu-Havu et al. It differs from C. fujisanensis and C. maris by growing with KNO3 as nitrogen source, from C. vanderwaltii by its lower mol% G + C, lower maximum temperature for growth and failure to grow on D-arabinose and citrate.", "contents": "Candida sonckii sp. nov. A new yeast species with basidiomycetous affinities is described as Candida sonckii Hopsu-Havu et al. It differs from C. fujisanensis and C. maris by growing with KNO3 as nitrogen source, from C. vanderwaltii by its lower mol% G + C, lower maximum temperature for growth and failure to grow on D-arabinose and citrate.", "PMID": 582245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1329", "title": "A new genus: Sporopachydermia.", "content": "In two species of the yeast genus Cryptococcus ascospores have been found. A genus is described to accommodate the two species, because the spore wall is extraordinarily thick and its ultrastructure differs from that found in all other yeast genera. The spores are easily liberated from the ascus at maturation. The name Sporopachydermia is proposed for the genus and the names S. lactativora and S. cereana are proposed for the species.", "contents": "A new genus: Sporopachydermia. In two species of the yeast genus Cryptococcus ascospores have been found. A genus is described to accommodate the two species, because the spore wall is extraordinarily thick and its ultrastructure differs from that found in all other yeast genera. The spores are easily liberated from the ascus at maturation. The name Sporopachydermia is proposed for the genus and the names S. lactativora and S. cereana are proposed for the species.", "PMID": 582246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1330", "title": "Ultrastructure of the ascospores of the new yeast genus Sporopachydermia Rodrigues de Miranda.", "content": "Development of the ascospores of Sporopachydermia lactativora and S. cereana was studied in ultrathin sections. The spores have a very thick wall consisting of a thin dark outer layer and a double light inner layer the outer part of which is very wide and often irregular. During germination, this part disappears, the outer dark layer breaks up and the inner part of the light layer remains around the protoplast during development to a vegetative cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the ascospores of the new yeast genus Sporopachydermia Rodrigues de Miranda. Development of the ascospores of Sporopachydermia lactativora and S. cereana was studied in ultrathin sections. The spores have a very thick wall consisting of a thin dark outer layer and a double light inner layer the outer part of which is very wide and often irregular. During germination, this part disappears, the outer dark layer breaks up and the inner part of the light layer remains around the protoplast during development to a vegetative cell.", "PMID": 582247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1331", "title": "Neuropathology of fatal varicella.", "content": "Pathological examination of the CNS was carried out in the cases of 32 children who died of varicella. Twelve had acute encephalopathy with fatty degeneration of liver. Eighteen children had underlying disease; two thirds of them had received steroids. Two children had neonatal varicella. Only two brains of the total number of children had demonstrable inclusion bodies, and these were unique cases. One infant brain had focal encephalitis in an area of necrosis around a ventricular catheter, and the other, a case of neonatal varicella, had multiple disseminated necrotic foci. These observations suggest that true encephalitis is a rare event in fatal varicella.", "contents": "Neuropathology of fatal varicella. Pathological examination of the CNS was carried out in the cases of 32 children who died of varicella. Twelve had acute encephalopathy with fatty degeneration of liver. Eighteen children had underlying disease; two thirds of them had received steroids. Two children had neonatal varicella. Only two brains of the total number of children had demonstrable inclusion bodies, and these were unique cases. One infant brain had focal encephalitis in an area of necrosis around a ventricular catheter, and the other, a case of neonatal varicella, had multiple disseminated necrotic foci. These observations suggest that true encephalitis is a rare event in fatal varicella.", "PMID": 582251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1332", "title": "Endocardial fibroelastosis found on transvascular endomyocardial biospsy in children.", "content": "Left ventricular endocardium obtained by transvascular endomyocardial biopsy from nine infants and children with various congestive cardiomyopathies showed thickening in five, with hyperplasia of endocardial cells and increase in elastic and collagen fibers (endocardial fibroelastosis). Based on the morphologic findings, we suggest a chronologic sequence of hyperplasia of smooth muscle (SM) cells followed by transformation and translocation. The sequence appears to be (1) proliferation of dark SM cells with many surface vesicles, many myofilaments, and fusiform densities; (2) possible proliferation of light SM cells containing fewer surface vesicles and fewer myofilaments than the dark SM cells; (3) transformation of SM cells to leiomyoid cells that resemble both SM cells and fibroblasts; and (4) transformation to typical fibroblasts. The cells producing the increased elastin and collagen are believed to be the SM cells and the leiomyoid cells.", "contents": "Endocardial fibroelastosis found on transvascular endomyocardial biospsy in children. Left ventricular endocardium obtained by transvascular endomyocardial biopsy from nine infants and children with various congestive cardiomyopathies showed thickening in five, with hyperplasia of endocardial cells and increase in elastic and collagen fibers (endocardial fibroelastosis). Based on the morphologic findings, we suggest a chronologic sequence of hyperplasia of smooth muscle (SM) cells followed by transformation and translocation. The sequence appears to be (1) proliferation of dark SM cells with many surface vesicles, many myofilaments, and fusiform densities; (2) possible proliferation of light SM cells containing fewer surface vesicles and fewer myofilaments than the dark SM cells; (3) transformation of SM cells to leiomyoid cells that resemble both SM cells and fibroblasts; and (4) transformation to typical fibroblasts. The cells producing the increased elastin and collagen are believed to be the SM cells and the leiomyoid cells.", "PMID": 582252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1333", "title": "Perimedial fibroplasia of the renal artery: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Six cases of perimedial fibroplasia of the renal artery were studied by light and electron microscopy. The perimedial fibrous area was mainly composed of irregularly proliferated collagen fibers and scattered smooth muscle cells. We could not identify the usual fibroblast in any portion of the abnormal media despite examination with the electron microscope. There were many thin-walled, newly formed vessels sprouting from the adventitia in the fibrous area. We observed the complication of dissecting aneurysms in two cases. We also discussed the possible role of the smooth muscle cells in the fibrous area of perimedial fibroplasia.", "contents": "Perimedial fibroplasia of the renal artery: a light and electron microscopic study. Six cases of perimedial fibroplasia of the renal artery were studied by light and electron microscopy. The perimedial fibrous area was mainly composed of irregularly proliferated collagen fibers and scattered smooth muscle cells. We could not identify the usual fibroblast in any portion of the abnormal media despite examination with the electron microscope. There were many thin-walled, newly formed vessels sprouting from the adventitia in the fibrous area. We observed the complication of dissecting aneurysms in two cases. We also discussed the possible role of the smooth muscle cells in the fibrous area of perimedial fibroplasia.", "PMID": 582253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1334", "title": "Atypical vascular proliferation in benign soft tissue tumors.", "content": "Atypical endothelial proliferation and continuing growth of small vessels were found to be the main features of two benign soft tissue tumors. Lack of history of injury and insidious onset suggested neoplasia, but the morphology was that of a reactive rather than neoplastic process. Ultrastructural study of the relationship of the endothelial cells to one another and to perithelial cells was helpful in making this distinction. The process appeared to have begun in an organizing thrombus or hematoma, in one case in relation to an occluded artery, and in the other in an abnormally vascular area of skeletal muscle. It is known that endothelial hyperplasia can occur in reparative reaction of this type. The prominent muscular development of small vessels in the cases reported here suggests that abnormal flow or intraluminal pressure could have been a stimulant to atypical growth.", "contents": "Atypical vascular proliferation in benign soft tissue tumors. Atypical endothelial proliferation and continuing growth of small vessels were found to be the main features of two benign soft tissue tumors. Lack of history of injury and insidious onset suggested neoplasia, but the morphology was that of a reactive rather than neoplastic process. Ultrastructural study of the relationship of the endothelial cells to one another and to perithelial cells was helpful in making this distinction. The process appeared to have begun in an organizing thrombus or hematoma, in one case in relation to an occluded artery, and in the other in an abnormally vascular area of skeletal muscle. It is known that endothelial hyperplasia can occur in reparative reaction of this type. The prominent muscular development of small vessels in the cases reported here suggests that abnormal flow or intraluminal pressure could have been a stimulant to atypical growth.", "PMID": 582254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1335", "title": "The relationship of biochemical and histometric determinants of uremic bone.", "content": "Simultaneous histometric and biochemical analyses were performed on 16 bone biopsy specimens taken from eight patients with chronic renal failure. The bone calcium and phosphorus contents are inversely related to the relative volume of microscopically measured, nonmineralized bone matrix (osteoid) and to the percentage of trabecular surface covered by this tissue. The magnesium content of uremic bone is positively correlated with the quantity of osteoid. Skeletal calcium and phosphorus contents correlate inversely with the osteoblast population, and phosphorus relates directly to the volume of trabecular bone. Bone hydroxyproline content does not correlate significantly with any histometric variable. As one may now infer biochemical conclusions about the uremic skeleton from morphological observations, these data may facilitate interpretation of nondecalcified histological sections of bone.", "contents": "The relationship of biochemical and histometric determinants of uremic bone. Simultaneous histometric and biochemical analyses were performed on 16 bone biopsy specimens taken from eight patients with chronic renal failure. The bone calcium and phosphorus contents are inversely related to the relative volume of microscopically measured, nonmineralized bone matrix (osteoid) and to the percentage of trabecular surface covered by this tissue. The magnesium content of uremic bone is positively correlated with the quantity of osteoid. Skeletal calcium and phosphorus contents correlate inversely with the osteoblast population, and phosphorus relates directly to the volume of trabecular bone. Bone hydroxyproline content does not correlate significantly with any histometric variable. As one may now infer biochemical conclusions about the uremic skeleton from morphological observations, these data may facilitate interpretation of nondecalcified histological sections of bone.", "PMID": 582255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1336", "title": "Degeneration of the intervertebral disks and spondylosis in aging sand rats.", "content": "Aging sand rats (Psammomys obesus) kept on a standard laboratory diet supplemented by salt bush--their natural source of food--were examined for changes of the vertebral column. From about 6 months of age on, degeneration of the intervertebral disks was noted. The changes increased in severity with increasing age, and from 1 1/2 years of age on, massive multiple disk herniations were seen. Associated with these lesions were spondylosis of \"intervertebral\" as well as hyperostotic type, and osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joint. The sand rat seems to be an excellent model for the study of the pathogenesis of spinal diseases associated with the aging process.", "contents": "Degeneration of the intervertebral disks and spondylosis in aging sand rats. Aging sand rats (Psammomys obesus) kept on a standard laboratory diet supplemented by salt bush--their natural source of food--were examined for changes of the vertebral column. From about 6 months of age on, degeneration of the intervertebral disks was noted. The changes increased in severity with increasing age, and from 1 1/2 years of age on, massive multiple disk herniations were seen. Associated with these lesions were spondylosis of \"intervertebral\" as well as hyperostotic type, and osteoarthrosis of the apophyseal joint. The sand rat seems to be an excellent model for the study of the pathogenesis of spinal diseases associated with the aging process.", "PMID": 582256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1337", "title": "Infantile fibrosarcoma: report of cases.", "content": "Infantile \"fibrosarcoma\" occurred in a newborn male infant and in a 2-month-old female infant. In both cases, the tumors grew rapidly and showed the histological features of malignancy. However, they were treated successfully with simple resections. Review of the literature shows that infantile fibrosarcoma has a relatively favorable prognosis. Simple local excision is the initial treatment of choice for lesions occurring in infants and children less than 5 years old.", "contents": "Infantile fibrosarcoma: report of cases. Infantile \"fibrosarcoma\" occurred in a newborn male infant and in a 2-month-old female infant. In both cases, the tumors grew rapidly and showed the histological features of malignancy. However, they were treated successfully with simple resections. Review of the literature shows that infantile fibrosarcoma has a relatively favorable prognosis. Simple local excision is the initial treatment of choice for lesions occurring in infants and children less than 5 years old.", "PMID": 582257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1338", "title": "Primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.", "content": "A primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma initially resembled an angioblastic meningioma because the typical chondroid islands were not demonstrable. Cartilage was seen only in an intracerebral recurrence and in subsequent extracranial metastases. Ultrastructural examination of noncartilaginous regions of the tumor demonstrated mesenchymal cells with features suggestive of cartilaginous differentiation, viz, scalloped cell membranes, sac-like distension of abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a matrix containing fibrillary and finely granular material. Features of meningeal or pericytic cells were not seen.", "contents": "Primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. A primary meningeal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma initially resembled an angioblastic meningioma because the typical chondroid islands were not demonstrable. Cartilage was seen only in an intracerebral recurrence and in subsequent extracranial metastases. Ultrastructural examination of noncartilaginous regions of the tumor demonstrated mesenchymal cells with features suggestive of cartilaginous differentiation, viz, scalloped cell membranes, sac-like distension of abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a matrix containing fibrillary and finely granular material. Features of meningeal or pericytic cells were not seen.", "PMID": 582258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1339", "title": "Pulmonary calcification: scanning electron microscopic and X-ray energy-dispersive analysis.", "content": "Nine patients with chronic renal failure or neoplastic involvement of bone showed metastatic calcification in their lungs at autopsy. On light microscopy, the calcifications were shaped like threads, beads, elongated rods, or tablets, whereas on scanning electron microscopy they were either amorphous or irregularly crystalline. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of the calcification showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus in all cases and traces of magnesium, sulfur, and other elements in some. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, obtained using Hall's formula, varied from 1.406 to 2.145, which is quite similar to that of normal bone and dystrophic calcification. Calcium phosphates, therefore, seem to be the principal mineral salts in all three types of calcification. In certain diagnostic and investigative problems, a correlative analysis of structure and chemistry at the ultrastructural level, both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of their element ratios, can be done on tissue routinely prepared for light microscopy.", "contents": "Pulmonary calcification: scanning electron microscopic and X-ray energy-dispersive analysis. Nine patients with chronic renal failure or neoplastic involvement of bone showed metastatic calcification in their lungs at autopsy. On light microscopy, the calcifications were shaped like threads, beads, elongated rods, or tablets, whereas on scanning electron microscopy they were either amorphous or irregularly crystalline. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of the calcification showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus in all cases and traces of magnesium, sulfur, and other elements in some. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, obtained using Hall's formula, varied from 1.406 to 2.145, which is quite similar to that of normal bone and dystrophic calcification. Calcium phosphates, therefore, seem to be the principal mineral salts in all three types of calcification. In certain diagnostic and investigative problems, a correlative analysis of structure and chemistry at the ultrastructural level, both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of their element ratios, can be done on tissue routinely prepared for light microscopy.", "PMID": 582259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1340", "title": "Mucogenic cells of congenital adenomatoid malformation of lung.", "content": "Findings of a histochemical and ultrastructural study of the mucogenic cells of congenital adenomatoid malformation of lung indicate that these cells share features with goblet cells of bronchial or intestinal origin and do not indicate a similarity to normal gastric epithelium or glands, as has been previously suggested.", "contents": "Mucogenic cells of congenital adenomatoid malformation of lung. Findings of a histochemical and ultrastructural study of the mucogenic cells of congenital adenomatoid malformation of lung indicate that these cells share features with goblet cells of bronchial or intestinal origin and do not indicate a similarity to normal gastric epithelium or glands, as has been previously suggested.", "PMID": 582260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1341", "title": "Legionnaires' disease: ultrastructural appearance of the agent in a lung biopsy specimen.", "content": "During the Legionnaires' disease epidemic that occurred in Philadelphia in 1976, we performed a transbronchial lung biopsy on a patient who suffered from Legionnaires' disease that was confirmed by serology. The biopsy was performed in an attempt to detect a causal agent for the patient's pneumonia at a time when the cause of the epidemic was a mystery. We detected pleomorphic microbial structures that were both intracellular and extracellular in location. By electron microscopy, they ranged in size from 350 nm to 2.5 mu. Some displayed cell walls and fine cytoplasmic granules that resembled ribosomes. Our findings illustrate the appearance of the Legionnaires' disease agent in acutely infected, antibiotic-treated human lung obtained from biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease: ultrastructural appearance of the agent in a lung biopsy specimen. During the Legionnaires' disease epidemic that occurred in Philadelphia in 1976, we performed a transbronchial lung biopsy on a patient who suffered from Legionnaires' disease that was confirmed by serology. The biopsy was performed in an attempt to detect a causal agent for the patient's pneumonia at a time when the cause of the epidemic was a mystery. We detected pleomorphic microbial structures that were both intracellular and extracellular in location. By electron microscopy, they ranged in size from 350 nm to 2.5 mu. Some displayed cell walls and fine cytoplasmic granules that resembled ribosomes. Our findings illustrate the appearance of the Legionnaires' disease agent in acutely infected, antibiotic-treated human lung obtained from biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 582261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1342", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of follicular lymphoma.", "content": "Nine cases of follicular lymphoma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The morphological findings by this method emphasizes the heterogeneity of the cellular composition of the follicles, even in the cases not labelled as mixed type, and the degree to which the anatomy of a normal secondary follicle is mimicked. Large nonlymphoid cells, presumably dendritic, are present in the follicles. There are no differences in the surface features of the follicular and interfollicular lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of follicular lymphoma. Nine cases of follicular lymphoma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The morphological findings by this method emphasizes the heterogeneity of the cellular composition of the follicles, even in the cases not labelled as mixed type, and the degree to which the anatomy of a normal secondary follicle is mimicked. Large nonlymphoid cells, presumably dendritic, are present in the follicles. There are no differences in the surface features of the follicular and interfollicular lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 582262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1343", "title": "Cerebral metastasis in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Hematogenous metastases of Hodgkin's disease to the brain in the absence of contiguous bone and/or meningeal involvement are extremely rare. The clinicopathologic features of six published cases are reviewed and an additional patient with multifocal parenchymal metastases reported on.", "contents": "Cerebral metastasis in Hodgkin's disease. Hematogenous metastases of Hodgkin's disease to the brain in the absence of contiguous bone and/or meningeal involvement are extremely rare. The clinicopathologic features of six published cases are reviewed and an additional patient with multifocal parenchymal metastases reported on.", "PMID": 582263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1344", "title": "Influence of physical factors on morphological features of mononuclear cells in human blood. Lymphocyte-monocyte interconversion.", "content": "The recovery of monocytes, following density sedimentation of human peripheral blood, was previously observed to be greater than 100%. An explanation was sought in the present study. No evidence for erroneous estimation of these cells was found. Rather, the data suggest that lymphocytes may take on the appearance of monocytes as a consequence of cytocentrifugation. This phenomenon does not appear to be influenced by the osmolality or viscosity of the suspending medium, nor by the process of sedimentation. Moreover, polymorphonuclear leukocytes do not seem to participate in the process of transformation, which may depend instead on the transfer of cytoplasm from monocytes to lymphocytes.", "contents": "Influence of physical factors on morphological features of mononuclear cells in human blood. Lymphocyte-monocyte interconversion. The recovery of monocytes, following density sedimentation of human peripheral blood, was previously observed to be greater than 100%. An explanation was sought in the present study. No evidence for erroneous estimation of these cells was found. Rather, the data suggest that lymphocytes may take on the appearance of monocytes as a consequence of cytocentrifugation. This phenomenon does not appear to be influenced by the osmolality or viscosity of the suspending medium, nor by the process of sedimentation. Moreover, polymorphonuclear leukocytes do not seem to participate in the process of transformation, which may depend instead on the transfer of cytoplasm from monocytes to lymphocytes.", "PMID": 582264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1345", "title": "Color preservation of gross specimens for teaching and medical illustration.", "content": "We routinely employ cold Jores' fixative to improve color preservation of gross autopsy specimens for conferences and teaching and to facilitate development of a photographic teaching collection of gross pathological specimens. The fixed specimens also permit light microscopic examination. Additionally, we have found that color restoration of previously fixed gross specimens is possible with McCormick's fixative.", "contents": "Color preservation of gross specimens for teaching and medical illustration. We routinely employ cold Jores' fixative to improve color preservation of gross autopsy specimens for conferences and teaching and to facilitate development of a photographic teaching collection of gross pathological specimens. The fixed specimens also permit light microscopic examination. Additionally, we have found that color restoration of previously fixed gross specimens is possible with McCormick's fixative.", "PMID": 582265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1346", "title": "Disseminated histiocytosis and intestinal malakoplakia. Occurrence due to Mycobacterium intracellulare infection.", "content": "Disseminated histiocytic proliferation and intestinal malakoplakia due to Mycobacterium intracellulare occurred in a 2-year-old white boy. Light and electron microscopic examination of autopsy material disclosed disseminated histiocytosis and malakoplakia of the intestine with numerous intracellular acid-fast bacilli. The isolated organism produced a similar disseminated histiocytosis and finally death when injected into experimental animals. A review of the literature showed only 12 previously reported cases of disseminated histiocytosis due to M intracellulare infection. We were unable to find a previous report of malakoplakia due to nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.", "contents": "Disseminated histiocytosis and intestinal malakoplakia. Occurrence due to Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. Disseminated histiocytic proliferation and intestinal malakoplakia due to Mycobacterium intracellulare occurred in a 2-year-old white boy. Light and electron microscopic examination of autopsy material disclosed disseminated histiocytosis and malakoplakia of the intestine with numerous intracellular acid-fast bacilli. The isolated organism produced a similar disseminated histiocytosis and finally death when injected into experimental animals. A review of the literature showed only 12 previously reported cases of disseminated histiocytosis due to M intracellulare infection. We were unable to find a previous report of malakoplakia due to nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.", "PMID": 582266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1347", "title": "Papillary endothelial proliferation in cystic lymphangiomas. A lymphatic vessel counterpart of Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma.", "content": "Papillary endothelial proliferation similar to that of Masson's \"vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma\" of the blood vessels was observed in two cases of cystic lymphangiomas. They are believed to be the lymphatic vessel counterpart of Masson's entity. Twenty-five other specimens of various lymphangiomas examined (18 patients) did not contain the same change. As was emphasized previously for Masson's lesions, lymphangiomas containing similar endothelial changes should also not be mistaken for malignant vascular tumors, since in these two cases, no unusual clinical course supervened. Although the histogenesis of the lesion as proposed by Masson has been disputed, both primary and secondary endothelial proliferation seem to remain possible in the formation of these lesions.", "contents": "Papillary endothelial proliferation in cystic lymphangiomas. A lymphatic vessel counterpart of Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma. Papillary endothelial proliferation similar to that of Masson's \"vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma\" of the blood vessels was observed in two cases of cystic lymphangiomas. They are believed to be the lymphatic vessel counterpart of Masson's entity. Twenty-five other specimens of various lymphangiomas examined (18 patients) did not contain the same change. As was emphasized previously for Masson's lesions, lymphangiomas containing similar endothelial changes should also not be mistaken for malignant vascular tumors, since in these two cases, no unusual clinical course supervened. Although the histogenesis of the lesion as proposed by Masson has been disputed, both primary and secondary endothelial proliferation seem to remain possible in the formation of these lesions.", "PMID": 582267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1348", "title": "Endocardial valvuloid in right ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "A valvuloid was found in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. Its presence was associated with a hump-shaped area in the right ventricle, below an insufficient pulmonary valve. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report in the English literature.", "contents": "Endocardial valvuloid in right ventricular outflow tract. A valvuloid was found in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. Its presence was associated with a hump-shaped area in the right ventricle, below an insufficient pulmonary valve. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report in the English literature.", "PMID": 582268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1349", "title": "Structural alterations of the liver induced by N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. A new model of cirrhosis.", "content": "Little is known about hepatic structural alterations induced by administration of the aromatic amine, N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. Therefore, we injected adult rats with this chemical at a dose of approximately 1 g/kg of body weight. Light and electron microscopy of liver specimens revealed hepatocellular degeneration and prominent changes in bile canaliculi, including dilation, disappearance of microvilli, and an apparent loss of structural integrity of the cell membrane. These findings were seen in the peripheral part of the hepatic lobules. Cirrhotic changes eventually developed. We concluded that N,N'-diacetylbenzidine injected intraperitoneally is capable of inflicting structural damage to the liver in rats.", "contents": "Structural alterations of the liver induced by N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. A new model of cirrhosis. Little is known about hepatic structural alterations induced by administration of the aromatic amine, N,N'-diacetylbenzidine. Therefore, we injected adult rats with this chemical at a dose of approximately 1 g/kg of body weight. Light and electron microscopy of liver specimens revealed hepatocellular degeneration and prominent changes in bile canaliculi, including dilation, disappearance of microvilli, and an apparent loss of structural integrity of the cell membrane. These findings were seen in the peripheral part of the hepatic lobules. Cirrhotic changes eventually developed. We concluded that N,N'-diacetylbenzidine injected intraperitoneally is capable of inflicting structural damage to the liver in rats.", "PMID": 582274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1350", "title": "Effects of paraquat aerosol on mouse lung.", "content": "BALB/c mice were exposed to an aerosol of paraquat dichloride solution and were killed six hours, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days later. Initial necrosis and sloughing of the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelia with intact endothelium were followed by type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, fibroblast proliferation, and increased synthesis of collagen. These results indicate that inhaled paraquat solution produces pulmonary fibrosis that is morphologically similar to the lesions produced by systemic administration.", "contents": "Effects of paraquat aerosol on mouse lung. BALB/c mice were exposed to an aerosol of paraquat dichloride solution and were killed six hours, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days later. Initial necrosis and sloughing of the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelia with intact endothelium were followed by type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, fibroblast proliferation, and increased synthesis of collagen. These results indicate that inhaled paraquat solution produces pulmonary fibrosis that is morphologically similar to the lesions produced by systemic administration.", "PMID": 582275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1351", "title": "Pulmonary structural changes following microembolism and blood transfusion. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Blood stored under standard blood band conditions develops microaggregates of platelets and leukocytes. Dog lungs were studied by light and electron microscopy at intervals from 48 hours to six days following exchange transfusions of sublethal volumes of such microaggregate-rich blood through either standard or Dacron wool (Swank) transfusion filters. After transfusion through standard filters, the pulmonary microvasculature was extensively occluded by microemboli. Swelling of capillary endothelial cells, interstitial and alveolar edema, and hypoxic changes in types I and II alveolar epithelial cells were noted. Changes then progressively resolved. These detrimental changes were prevented when microaggregates were removed by Dacron wool (Swank) filters. Mechanical occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature probably plays a minor role in initiating the structural changes observed. Release of lysosomes from disintegrating microaggregates is believed to be the significant factor initiating a chain of events leading to progressive pulmonary damage.", "contents": "Pulmonary structural changes following microembolism and blood transfusion. A light and electron microscopic study. Blood stored under standard blood band conditions develops microaggregates of platelets and leukocytes. Dog lungs were studied by light and electron microscopy at intervals from 48 hours to six days following exchange transfusions of sublethal volumes of such microaggregate-rich blood through either standard or Dacron wool (Swank) transfusion filters. After transfusion through standard filters, the pulmonary microvasculature was extensively occluded by microemboli. Swelling of capillary endothelial cells, interstitial and alveolar edema, and hypoxic changes in types I and II alveolar epithelial cells were noted. Changes then progressively resolved. These detrimental changes were prevented when microaggregates were removed by Dacron wool (Swank) filters. Mechanical occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature probably plays a minor role in initiating the structural changes observed. Release of lysosomes from disintegrating microaggregates is believed to be the significant factor initiating a chain of events leading to progressive pulmonary damage.", "PMID": 582276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1352", "title": "Neuropathologic features of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Evaluation of the neuropathologic alterations occurring in 170 consecutive autopsies in premature infants dying of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) reveals two large groups, hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic. Hemorrhages occurred in all possible sites and formed the single largest group. Such hemorrhages appeared to be related to the early death of many premature infants. The nonhemorrhagic group was quite variable, with the largest category of associated lesions being periventricular leukomalacia, the frequency of which increased with increasing age. We suggest that the nonhemorrhagic group may be an important factor in the morbidity of survivors.", "contents": "Neuropathologic features of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Evaluation of the neuropathologic alterations occurring in 170 consecutive autopsies in premature infants dying of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) reveals two large groups, hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic. Hemorrhages occurred in all possible sites and formed the single largest group. Such hemorrhages appeared to be related to the early death of many premature infants. The nonhemorrhagic group was quite variable, with the largest category of associated lesions being periventricular leukomalacia, the frequency of which increased with increasing age. We suggest that the nonhemorrhagic group may be an important factor in the morbidity of survivors.", "PMID": 582277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1353", "title": "Adult form of subactute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy.", "content": "Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) usually appears before the age of 2 years. Variability in its clinical presentation make antemortem diagnosis difficult. The morphologic diagnosis depends on the present of necrotizing lesions with a characteristic distribution within the CNS. We describe a patient with the uncommon adult form of SNE. The pathologic changes are those accepted as diagnostic of the more common infantile SNE, and permit a separation from Wernicke's encephalopathy. In the adult, the disease is thought to be due to a less severe thiamine-related metabolic defect than that of the infantile form. The infrequent clinical recognition in the adult form may be due in part to lack of medical awareness.", "contents": "Adult form of subactute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) usually appears before the age of 2 years. Variability in its clinical presentation make antemortem diagnosis difficult. The morphologic diagnosis depends on the present of necrotizing lesions with a characteristic distribution within the CNS. We describe a patient with the uncommon adult form of SNE. The pathologic changes are those accepted as diagnostic of the more common infantile SNE, and permit a separation from Wernicke's encephalopathy. In the adult, the disease is thought to be due to a less severe thiamine-related metabolic defect than that of the infantile form. The infrequent clinical recognition in the adult form may be due in part to lack of medical awareness.", "PMID": 582278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1354", "title": "On the origin and significance of neuromelanin.", "content": "The amount of cytoplasm within catecholamine neurons occupied by neuromelanin was found to increase progressively with the patient's age. The accretion of neuromelanin was accompanied by an expansion of the cytoplasm of neurons in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. These observations support the concept that neuromelanin is a waste product of catecholamine metabolism, derived from the oxidation of dopamine, nonrepinephrine, and related compounds to quinones. The existence of oxidative pathways for catecholamines suggests that defects in their compartmentalization, transport, or degradation may present the cell with sufficient levels of cytotoxic quinones and free radical species to result in the degeneration of neurons observed in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "On the origin and significance of neuromelanin. The amount of cytoplasm within catecholamine neurons occupied by neuromelanin was found to increase progressively with the patient's age. The accretion of neuromelanin was accompanied by an expansion of the cytoplasm of neurons in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. These observations support the concept that neuromelanin is a waste product of catecholamine metabolism, derived from the oxidation of dopamine, nonrepinephrine, and related compounds to quinones. The existence of oxidative pathways for catecholamines suggests that defects in their compartmentalization, transport, or degradation may present the cell with sufficient levels of cytotoxic quinones and free radical species to result in the degeneration of neurons observed in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 582279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1355", "title": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and thyroid suppressibility in Graves' disease.", "content": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, serum T4, T3, T3U, and the 24-hr thyroid uptake before triiodothyronine suppression testing were studied in 34 patients with treated Graves' disease. Although all of them were in the euthyroid state, there was a statistically significant difference in presuppression plasma DBH activity between those patients who showed suppression of their RAI uptake with triidothyronine and those who did not. This suggests a relationship between plasma DBH activity and thyroid suppressibility.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and thyroid suppressibility in Graves' disease. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, serum T4, T3, T3U, and the 24-hr thyroid uptake before triiodothyronine suppression testing were studied in 34 patients with treated Graves' disease. Although all of them were in the euthyroid state, there was a statistically significant difference in presuppression plasma DBH activity between those patients who showed suppression of their RAI uptake with triidothyronine and those who did not. This suggests a relationship between plasma DBH activity and thyroid suppressibility.", "PMID": 582284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1356", "title": "The effect of surface charge density on valinomycin-K+ complex formation in model membranes.", "content": "The model membrane approach was used to investigate the surface charge effect on the ion-antibiotic complexation process. Mixed monolayers of valinomycin and lipids were spread on subphases containing K+ or Na+. The surface charge density was modified by spreading ionizable valinomycin analogs on aqueous subphases of different pH or by changing the nature of the lipid (neutral, negatively charged) in the mixed film. Surface pressure and surface potential measurements demonstrated that a neutral lipid (phosphatidylcholine) or positively charged valinomycin analogs didn't enhance the anti-biotic complexing capacity. However, a maximal complexation is reached for a critical lipid concentration in the valinomycin-phosphatidylserine mixed film. The role of the surface charge on the valinomycin complexing properties was examined in terms of the Gouy-Chapman theory. As a consequence of the negative charge of the lipid monolayer, the K+ concentration near the surface is larger than the bulk concentration, by a Boltzmann factor. A good agreement was observed between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. Conductance measurements of asymmetric bilayers containing a neutral lipid (egg lecithin) on one side and a negatively charged lipid (phosphatidyl-serine) on the other, confirm the role of the surface charge. Indeed, addition of K+ to the neutral side of the bilayer containing valinomycin had no effect on the conductance whereas addition of K+ to the charged side of the bilayer caused a 80-fold conductance increase.", "contents": "The effect of surface charge density on valinomycin-K+ complex formation in model membranes. The model membrane approach was used to investigate the surface charge effect on the ion-antibiotic complexation process. Mixed monolayers of valinomycin and lipids were spread on subphases containing K+ or Na+. The surface charge density was modified by spreading ionizable valinomycin analogs on aqueous subphases of different pH or by changing the nature of the lipid (neutral, negatively charged) in the mixed film. Surface pressure and surface potential measurements demonstrated that a neutral lipid (phosphatidylcholine) or positively charged valinomycin analogs didn't enhance the anti-biotic complexing capacity. However, a maximal complexation is reached for a critical lipid concentration in the valinomycin-phosphatidylserine mixed film. The role of the surface charge on the valinomycin complexing properties was examined in terms of the Gouy-Chapman theory. As a consequence of the negative charge of the lipid monolayer, the K+ concentration near the surface is larger than the bulk concentration, by a Boltzmann factor. A good agreement was observed between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. Conductance measurements of asymmetric bilayers containing a neutral lipid (egg lecithin) on one side and a negatively charged lipid (phosphatidyl-serine) on the other, confirm the role of the surface charge. Indeed, addition of K+ to the neutral side of the bilayer containing valinomycin had no effect on the conductance whereas addition of K+ to the charged side of the bilayer caused a 80-fold conductance increase.", "PMID": 582285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1357", "title": "Lysolecithin acyltransferase and lysolecithin: lysolecithin acyltransferase in adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells.", "content": "1. The specific activity of lysolecithin acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) in sonicated adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells, measured either alone or in combination with acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3), was found to be an order of magnitude greater than that of lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase. 2. Lysolecithin acyltransferase in type II cells was found to prefer palmitoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA as substrate. The combination of lysolecithin acyltransferase and acyl-CoA synthetase was found to prefer palmitate over oleate for incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. 3. Compared to whole lung homogenate, sonicated adult rat type II cells are highly enriched in lysolecithin acyltransferase but not in lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase. 4. These observations indicate that in normal adult rat type II cells the deacylation-reacylation cycle is more important for the formation of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine than the deacylation-transacylation process.", "contents": "Lysolecithin acyltransferase and lysolecithin: lysolecithin acyltransferase in adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells. 1. The specific activity of lysolecithin acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) in sonicated adult rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cells, measured either alone or in combination with acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3), was found to be an order of magnitude greater than that of lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase. 2. Lysolecithin acyltransferase in type II cells was found to prefer palmitoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA as substrate. The combination of lysolecithin acyltransferase and acyl-CoA synthetase was found to prefer palmitate over oleate for incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. 3. Compared to whole lung homogenate, sonicated adult rat type II cells are highly enriched in lysolecithin acyltransferase but not in lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase. 4. These observations indicate that in normal adult rat type II cells the deacylation-reacylation cycle is more important for the formation of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine than the deacylation-transacylation process.", "PMID": 582286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1358", "title": "Surfactant cholesterol metabolism of the isolated perfused rat lung.", "content": "1. The isolated perfused rat lung was used as the principal model to study surfactant cholesterol metabolism. 2. Cholesterol was found to represent over 50% of the neutral lipid of both the total surfactant and the lamellar body fractions. 3. De novo synthesis of cholesterol from [1-14C]acetate accounted for only 1% of the surfactant cholesterol, the remainder being derived from exogenous cholesterol supplied as serum lipoproteins. 4. Lipoprotein [1,2-3H2]cholesterol was incorporated into the lamellar body and extracellular surfactant fractions. The increase in the cholesterol specific activities of these fractions with time was consistent with a precursor-product relationship between the lamellar body cholesterol and that of the extracellular surfactant. 5. Incorporation of [methyl-14C]choline and [1,2-3H2]cholesterol indicated that the metabolism and secretion of lamellar body and extracellular surfactant cholesterol parallels that of phosphatidylcholine and suggests that most if not all extracellular surfactant cholesterol is derived from the lamellar body. 6. Comparison of the relative specific activities of incorporated [1,2-3H2]-cholesterol indicate that 59% of the total surfactant cholesterol is located extracellularly.", "contents": "Surfactant cholesterol metabolism of the isolated perfused rat lung. 1. The isolated perfused rat lung was used as the principal model to study surfactant cholesterol metabolism. 2. Cholesterol was found to represent over 50% of the neutral lipid of both the total surfactant and the lamellar body fractions. 3. De novo synthesis of cholesterol from [1-14C]acetate accounted for only 1% of the surfactant cholesterol, the remainder being derived from exogenous cholesterol supplied as serum lipoproteins. 4. Lipoprotein [1,2-3H2]cholesterol was incorporated into the lamellar body and extracellular surfactant fractions. The increase in the cholesterol specific activities of these fractions with time was consistent with a precursor-product relationship between the lamellar body cholesterol and that of the extracellular surfactant. 5. Incorporation of [methyl-14C]choline and [1,2-3H2]cholesterol indicated that the metabolism and secretion of lamellar body and extracellular surfactant cholesterol parallels that of phosphatidylcholine and suggests that most if not all extracellular surfactant cholesterol is derived from the lamellar body. 6. Comparison of the relative specific activities of incorporated [1,2-3H2]-cholesterol indicate that 59% of the total surfactant cholesterol is located extracellularly.", "PMID": 582287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1359", "title": "Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine from rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine of rat gastric mucosa were found to constitute about half of the total phospholipids. The composition of 20 molecular species accounting for approx. 90% of the total phosphatidylcholine was determined by specific enzymic hydrolyses and AgNO3 thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Disaturated (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidylcholine made up about 31% of the total phosphatidylcholines. Other species which occurred in significant concentrations included 16:0/18:1, 18:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2, 18:0/18:2, 16:0/18:3, 18:0/18:3, 16:0/20:4, and 18:0/20:4. These results indicate that rat gastric mucosa is similar to lung in that both contain elevated amounts of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Other similarities between these two tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine from rat gastric mucosa. Phosphatidylcholine of rat gastric mucosa were found to constitute about half of the total phospholipids. The composition of 20 molecular species accounting for approx. 90% of the total phosphatidylcholine was determined by specific enzymic hydrolyses and AgNO3 thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Disaturated (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidylcholine made up about 31% of the total phosphatidylcholines. Other species which occurred in significant concentrations included 16:0/18:1, 18:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2, 18:0/18:2, 16:0/18:3, 18:0/18:3, 16:0/20:4, and 18:0/20:4. These results indicate that rat gastric mucosa is similar to lung in that both contain elevated amounts of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Other similarities between these two tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 582288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1360", "title": "A new characteristic karyotypic anomaly in lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "A new characteristic chromosome anomaly t(11;14)(q14;q32?) in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) is described in 4 cases. The extra material was found on a \"14 chromosome (14q+) and belonged to the long arm of one \"11 chromosome in 3 cases and to the long arm of a \"14 in the other case. These cases confirm that the distal end of chromosome 14q may function as a \"receptor site,\" according to the hypothesis of Kaiser-McCaw et al. and also tend to indicate that chromosome \"14 may not be unique in showing so-called \"donor\" and \"receptor sites,\" and that other chromosomes, in casu chromosome \"11, may behave similarly.", "contents": "A new characteristic karyotypic anomaly in lymphoproliferative disorders. A new characteristic chromosome anomaly t(11;14)(q14;q32?) in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) is described in 4 cases. The extra material was found on a \"14 chromosome (14q+) and belonged to the long arm of one \"11 chromosome in 3 cases and to the long arm of a \"14 in the other case. These cases confirm that the distal end of chromosome 14q may function as a \"receptor site,\" according to the hypothesis of Kaiser-McCaw et al. and also tend to indicate that chromosome \"14 may not be unique in showing so-called \"donor\" and \"receptor sites,\" and that other chromosomes, in casu chromosome \"11, may behave similarly.", "PMID": 582293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1361", "title": "Pulmonary hyalinizing granulomas in a patient with malignant lymphoma, with development nine years later of multiple myeloma and systemic amyloidosis.", "content": "In our patient, multiple bilateral nodular pulmonary densities appeared on a chest x-ray at the time of diagnosis of stage IV diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. After localized radiation therapy, the patient received no further systemic therapy. The pulmonary nodules slowly became larger and more numerous. Nine years later the patient developed proven multiple myeloma. Pulmonary hyalinizing granulomas have not heretofore been associated with proven lymphoreticular neoplasia, although this has long been suspected. The occurrence of two B-cell tumors at different points in time associated with systemic amyloidosis is an extremely rare event. The authors discuss the possibility that these conditions represent an abnormality in a common cell of origin with differing expression over time. Coincidence, however, remains a likely explanation for the different immunopathies that occurred in our patient.", "contents": "Pulmonary hyalinizing granulomas in a patient with malignant lymphoma, with development nine years later of multiple myeloma and systemic amyloidosis. In our patient, multiple bilateral nodular pulmonary densities appeared on a chest x-ray at the time of diagnosis of stage IV diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. After localized radiation therapy, the patient received no further systemic therapy. The pulmonary nodules slowly became larger and more numerous. Nine years later the patient developed proven multiple myeloma. Pulmonary hyalinizing granulomas have not heretofore been associated with proven lymphoreticular neoplasia, although this has long been suspected. The occurrence of two B-cell tumors at different points in time associated with systemic amyloidosis is an extremely rare event. The authors discuss the possibility that these conditions represent an abnormality in a common cell of origin with differing expression over time. Coincidence, however, remains a likely explanation for the different immunopathies that occurred in our patient.", "PMID": 582294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1362", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a possible risk factor for lung cancer among Japanese women.", "content": "To study the epidemiologic association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and malignancies, autopsy protocols (1959--1974) were examined at the Tokyo University Hospital. The study cases were classified according to major cause of death, including breast and lung cancer. The relationship between thyroid changes and breast cancer was not significant; however, a significant association between thyroid alteration and lung cancer was identified. This finding suggested that Hashimoto's thyroiditis and related changes could be one of the risk factors for lung cancer among Japanese women.", "contents": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a possible risk factor for lung cancer among Japanese women. To study the epidemiologic association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and malignancies, autopsy protocols (1959--1974) were examined at the Tokyo University Hospital. The study cases were classified according to major cause of death, including breast and lung cancer. The relationship between thyroid changes and breast cancer was not significant; however, a significant association between thyroid alteration and lung cancer was identified. This finding suggested that Hashimoto's thyroiditis and related changes could be one of the risk factors for lung cancer among Japanese women.", "PMID": 582295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1363", "title": "[Primary pulmonary lymphoma in the light of functional classification of malignant lymphomas].", "content": "A primary pulmonary lymphoma associated with paraproteinemia was observed in a man aged 73. Histologically, the tumour was classed as lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma. No metastases were disclosed at autopsy.", "contents": "[Primary pulmonary lymphoma in the light of functional classification of malignant lymphomas]. A primary pulmonary lymphoma associated with paraproteinemia was observed in a man aged 73. Histologically, the tumour was classed as lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma. No metastases were disclosed at autopsy.", "PMID": 582298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1364", "title": "On the natural history of Plummer's disease.", "content": "Plummer's disease (autonomous goiter) presents a spectrum of forms, raging from solitary autonomous thyroid nodules to numerous small autonomous areas, and from unequivocal to servere hyperthyroidism. Progression is often very slow, but data on long-term follow up are scare, contradictory and limited to solitary nodules. We re-examined 58 untreated patients on one or more occasions. Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 12 years (average 4 years). There were gross clinical or scintigraphic changes in 13 patients. Three included six euthyroidal patients who became (mildly) hyperthyroid, one with a change from single to numerous \"hot spots,\" and one in which the radionuclide disappeared in one of two separate autonomous areas. Minor changes were seen in 14 patients. Changes occurred irrespective of the scintigraphic pattern. In contrast, progression was very rapid in two of 300 other patients with the disease, leading to fatal thyrotoxic crisis withing three months in one. In another patient, transient hyperthyroidism was documented after excessive iodine administration. It is concluded that patients may be left untreated as long as serious complaints and clinical suspicion of associated malignancy are absent.", "contents": "On the natural history of Plummer's disease. Plummer's disease (autonomous goiter) presents a spectrum of forms, raging from solitary autonomous thyroid nodules to numerous small autonomous areas, and from unequivocal to servere hyperthyroidism. Progression is often very slow, but data on long-term follow up are scare, contradictory and limited to solitary nodules. We re-examined 58 untreated patients on one or more occasions. Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 12 years (average 4 years). There were gross clinical or scintigraphic changes in 13 patients. Three included six euthyroidal patients who became (mildly) hyperthyroid, one with a change from single to numerous \"hot spots,\" and one in which the radionuclide disappeared in one of two separate autonomous areas. Minor changes were seen in 14 patients. Changes occurred irrespective of the scintigraphic pattern. In contrast, progression was very rapid in two of 300 other patients with the disease, leading to fatal thyrotoxic crisis withing three months in one. In another patient, transient hyperthyroidism was documented after excessive iodine administration. It is concluded that patients may be left untreated as long as serious complaints and clinical suspicion of associated malignancy are absent.", "PMID": 582300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1365", "title": "Combined intravenous miconazole and intrathecal amphotericin B for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "A patient received a previously unreported combination of intravenous miconazole and intrathecal amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement. After first having been treated with amphotericin B, followed by a course of miconazole therapy, the patient responded with remarkable clinical and serologic improvement to the combination of intrathecal amphotericin B and intravenous miconazole. The combination should be considered in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement.", "contents": "Combined intravenous miconazole and intrathecal amphotericin B for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. A patient received a previously unreported combination of intravenous miconazole and intrathecal amphotericin B for the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement. After first having been treated with amphotericin B, followed by a course of miconazole therapy, the patient responded with remarkable clinical and serologic improvement to the combination of intrathecal amphotericin B and intravenous miconazole. The combination should be considered in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement.", "PMID": 582301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1366", "title": "Absorption of nutrients in lactase deficiency.", "content": "The influence of malabsorption of lactose, as a result of primary lactase deficiency, on the absorption of the nutrients in milk was tested in four healthy controls and four subjects with lactase deficiency. An ileal perfusion technique was used to quantify arrival in the ileum of nutrients and a nonabsorbable marker (polyethylene glycol, PEG 4000) ingested as a test meal of milk. The meal was 250 ml of whole milk or milk in which the lactose had been hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose. In the fasting state, ileal flow of volume, protein, carbohydrate, and electrolytes was small and not different in controls and lactase-deficient subjects. Ileal flow increased in all subjects after the test meal of milk; more fluid and nutrient was recovered from the ileum in lactase-deficient subjects after whole milk than in control subjects or in lactase deficiency after hydrolyzed milk. Two deficient subjects showed marked malabsorption of lactose (35 and 50%); two did not. Protein, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were also recovered from the ileum in greater quantities in lactase deficients after whole milk. However, apart from decreased absorption of lactose, the nutritional consequences of malabsorption in association with primary lactase deficiency in adults are probably minimal.", "contents": "Absorption of nutrients in lactase deficiency. The influence of malabsorption of lactose, as a result of primary lactase deficiency, on the absorption of the nutrients in milk was tested in four healthy controls and four subjects with lactase deficiency. An ileal perfusion technique was used to quantify arrival in the ileum of nutrients and a nonabsorbable marker (polyethylene glycol, PEG 4000) ingested as a test meal of milk. The meal was 250 ml of whole milk or milk in which the lactose had been hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose. In the fasting state, ileal flow of volume, protein, carbohydrate, and electrolytes was small and not different in controls and lactase-deficient subjects. Ileal flow increased in all subjects after the test meal of milk; more fluid and nutrient was recovered from the ileum in lactase-deficient subjects after whole milk than in control subjects or in lactase deficiency after hydrolyzed milk. Two deficient subjects showed marked malabsorption of lactose (35 and 50%); two did not. Protein, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were also recovered from the ileum in greater quantities in lactase deficients after whole milk. However, apart from decreased absorption of lactose, the nutritional consequences of malabsorption in association with primary lactase deficiency in adults are probably minimal.", "PMID": 582302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1367", "title": "Infrared spectroscopic investigations of tuftsin and its analogs.", "content": "The ability of tuftsin and its analogs to form folded intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded structures has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The appearance of beta-turns is documented for peptides containing proline in position 3 of the chain. Correlation of spectroscopic data with biological activity in the investigated series is attempted.", "contents": "Infrared spectroscopic investigations of tuftsin and its analogs. The ability of tuftsin and its analogs to form folded intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded structures has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The appearance of beta-turns is documented for peptides containing proline in position 3 of the chain. Correlation of spectroscopic data with biological activity in the investigated series is attempted.", "PMID": 582307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1368", "title": "Lymphoreticular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: roentgenographic features.", "content": "Recent advances have permitted close correlation of characteristic roentgen signs with the pathophysiologic alterations in lymphoreticular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The background of primary and secondary immunoglobin disorders with gastrointestinal manifestations is reviewed. The roentgenographic alterations in the small bowel of the enteropathic immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes and in lymphoma of the small bowel, stomach, and colon are discussed and illustrated in detail.", "contents": "Lymphoreticular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: roentgenographic features. Recent advances have permitted close correlation of characteristic roentgen signs with the pathophysiologic alterations in lymphoreticular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The background of primary and secondary immunoglobin disorders with gastrointestinal manifestations is reviewed. The roentgenographic alterations in the small bowel of the enteropathic immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes and in lymphoma of the small bowel, stomach, and colon are discussed and illustrated in detail.", "PMID": 582310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1369", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Dermatitis herpetiformis has been associated with a variety of thyroid abnormalties. A case of thyrotoxicosis in a patient with pre-existing dermatitis herpetiformis is reported. Thyroid antibodies were present in the serum. This may suggest an immunologic relationship between dermatitis herpetiformis and thyroid disorders, that may be more than fortuitous.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and thyrotoxicosis. Dermatitis herpetiformis has been associated with a variety of thyroid abnormalties. A case of thyrotoxicosis in a patient with pre-existing dermatitis herpetiformis is reported. Thyroid antibodies were present in the serum. This may suggest an immunologic relationship between dermatitis herpetiformis and thyroid disorders, that may be more than fortuitous.", "PMID": 582314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1370", "title": "Lecithin changes in murine Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory infection.", "content": "We examined the lipid content of bronchoalveolar (BA) washes from both mice and rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis, an etiological agent of murine pneumonia. During a 30-day period after intranasal inoculation, the total lipid content from infected and control rats (in milligrams per animal) remained relatively equal and unchanged. The saturated, unsaturated, and total lecithin contents in infected rats (in milligrams per animal) all increased. The maximum lecithin values were detected at 7 to 10 days after infection; later, the levels fell to control values. There was essentially no change in any lecithin value from uninfected animals. Although in BA washes from infected animals the mass of disaturated lecithins increased, the percentage of this fraction in the total lecithin pool decreased. The fatty acids of the lecithins from BA washes of infected mice had significantly less palmitic and significantly more oleic and linoleic acids than the lecithins isolated from the BA washes of control animals. Both the relative decrease in the mass of disaturated lecithins in the BA washes and the increase in the percentage of esterified unsaturated fatty acids in the lecithins may be directly related to the reduced lung function reported to occur during the course of murine M. pulmonis pneumonia.", "contents": "Lecithin changes in murine Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory infection. We examined the lipid content of bronchoalveolar (BA) washes from both mice and rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis, an etiological agent of murine pneumonia. During a 30-day period after intranasal inoculation, the total lipid content from infected and control rats (in milligrams per animal) remained relatively equal and unchanged. The saturated, unsaturated, and total lecithin contents in infected rats (in milligrams per animal) all increased. The maximum lecithin values were detected at 7 to 10 days after infection; later, the levels fell to control values. There was essentially no change in any lecithin value from uninfected animals. Although in BA washes from infected animals the mass of disaturated lecithins increased, the percentage of this fraction in the total lecithin pool decreased. The fatty acids of the lecithins from BA washes of infected mice had significantly less palmitic and significantly more oleic and linoleic acids than the lecithins isolated from the BA washes of control animals. Both the relative decrease in the mass of disaturated lecithins in the BA washes and the increase in the percentage of esterified unsaturated fatty acids in the lecithins may be directly related to the reduced lung function reported to occur during the course of murine M. pulmonis pneumonia.", "PMID": 582313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1371", "title": "A pharmacokinetic model for predicting the concentration of methotrexate in plasma subsequent to intrathecal injection.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic model has been established in which plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations following intrathecal administration are predicted. The model is based upon cerebrospinal fluid MTX concentrations following intrathecal injection of MTX, and plasma MTX levels subsequent to i.v. injection of the drug in dogs. Anticipated plasma MTX levels were compared with actual measured concentrations. The model predicts changes in the plasma MTX concentration curve as a result of varying of the injected dose, reduction in plasma MTX clearance, and reduced transfer of MTX from cerebrospinal fluid to the blood. It is suggested that plasma MTX levels be measured at 3, 5, 7 and 10 h following intrathecal injection to facilitate an early assessment of unusually slow plasma MTX decay. Thus, administration of leucovorin, to prevent systemic toxicity, may be more rapidly commenced. Also, if such measurements indicate that the transfer of MTX from cerebrospinal fluid to the blood is reduced. MTX dose of the subsequent intrathecal injections should be reduced to minimize risks of systemic toxicity and neurotoxicity.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic model for predicting the concentration of methotrexate in plasma subsequent to intrathecal injection. A pharmacokinetic model has been established in which plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations following intrathecal administration are predicted. The model is based upon cerebrospinal fluid MTX concentrations following intrathecal injection of MTX, and plasma MTX levels subsequent to i.v. injection of the drug in dogs. Anticipated plasma MTX levels were compared with actual measured concentrations. The model predicts changes in the plasma MTX concentration curve as a result of varying of the injected dose, reduction in plasma MTX clearance, and reduced transfer of MTX from cerebrospinal fluid to the blood. It is suggested that plasma MTX levels be measured at 3, 5, 7 and 10 h following intrathecal injection to facilitate an early assessment of unusually slow plasma MTX decay. Thus, administration of leucovorin, to prevent systemic toxicity, may be more rapidly commenced. Also, if such measurements indicate that the transfer of MTX from cerebrospinal fluid to the blood is reduced. MTX dose of the subsequent intrathecal injections should be reduced to minimize risks of systemic toxicity and neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 582316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1372", "title": "Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament producing the pivot-shift sign.", "content": "The clinical entity termed the pivot shift was studied in cadaver specimens and its significance was evaluated. It was found to be highly correlated with a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, and it corresponded to a sudden anterior-internal rotation subluxation-dislocation of the tibia and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus beneath the lateral femoral condyle.", "contents": "Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament producing the pivot-shift sign. The clinical entity termed the pivot shift was studied in cadaver specimens and its significance was evaluated. It was found to be highly correlated with a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, and it corresponded to a sudden anterior-internal rotation subluxation-dislocation of the tibia and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus beneath the lateral femoral condyle.", "PMID": 582319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1373", "title": "Avoiding adverse effects of cycloplegics in infants and children.", "content": "Cycloplegics are very safe and useful medications. To avoid the unpleasant side effects of these medications, six precautions are considered. They are: 1. dosage, 2. cycloplegic selection, 3. toxic reaction, 4. biologic variations, 5. topical anesthesia, 6. environmental temperature and humidity.", "contents": "Avoiding adverse effects of cycloplegics in infants and children. Cycloplegics are very safe and useful medications. To avoid the unpleasant side effects of these medications, six precautions are considered. They are: 1. dosage, 2. cycloplegic selection, 3. toxic reaction, 4. biologic variations, 5. topical anesthesia, 6. environmental temperature and humidity.", "PMID": 582320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1374", "title": "Improved antitumor effects in 3'-branched homologues of 2'-deoxythioguanosine. Synthesis and evaluation of thioguanine nucleosides of 2,3-dideoxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-D-erythro-pentofuranose.", "content": "The 3-(hydroxymethyl) branched homologue of 2-deoxyribofuranose was synthesized from the corresponding branched ribofuranose 2-O-(S-methyl dithiocarbonate) with tributyltin hydride in the first direct, one-step deoxygenation at C-2 of a ribofuranose. Nucleoside coupling afforded the corresponding 3'-branched 2'-deoxyribonucleosides of thioguanine. The alpha- and beta-nucleosides were equally inhibitory to growth of WI-L2 human lymphoblastoid cells, were phosphorylated and incorporated into the DNA of Mecca lymphosarcoma in mice to the same degree, and were more effective in these tests than the parent analogue alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine. These results indicate that the hydroxy functions at the 3' and 5' positions of 2'-deoxynucleosides are interchangeable and that acceptance by the that the furanose ring oxygen and 2'-methylene are corresponding interchangeable, and that acceptance by the enzymes is improved if primary hydroxyls are provided at both the 3' and 5' positions.", "contents": "Improved antitumor effects in 3'-branched homologues of 2'-deoxythioguanosine. Synthesis and evaluation of thioguanine nucleosides of 2,3-dideoxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-D-erythro-pentofuranose. The 3-(hydroxymethyl) branched homologue of 2-deoxyribofuranose was synthesized from the corresponding branched ribofuranose 2-O-(S-methyl dithiocarbonate) with tributyltin hydride in the first direct, one-step deoxygenation at C-2 of a ribofuranose. Nucleoside coupling afforded the corresponding 3'-branched 2'-deoxyribonucleosides of thioguanine. The alpha- and beta-nucleosides were equally inhibitory to growth of WI-L2 human lymphoblastoid cells, were phosphorylated and incorporated into the DNA of Mecca lymphosarcoma in mice to the same degree, and were more effective in these tests than the parent analogue alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine. These results indicate that the hydroxy functions at the 3' and 5' positions of 2'-deoxynucleosides are interchangeable and that acceptance by the that the furanose ring oxygen and 2'-methylene are corresponding interchangeable, and that acceptance by the enzymes is improved if primary hydroxyls are provided at both the 3' and 5' positions.", "PMID": 582321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1375", "title": "Causes of death in marine mammals stranded along the Oregon coast.", "content": "Sixty-eight marine mammals stranded on the Oregon beaches were examined at necropsy. Gunshot was the primary cause of death in 30% of the pinnipeds examined. Bacterial infections (27%) and parasitism (27%) were also of major importance in the death and debilitation of Oregon marine mammals. Traumatic death or debilitation other than gunshot was observed in 11 animals (16%). Predation, starvation due to neonatal abandonment, viral encephalitis (presumptive diagnosis), dystocia and neoplasia were diagnosed as primary or contributory causes of stranding.", "contents": "Causes of death in marine mammals stranded along the Oregon coast. Sixty-eight marine mammals stranded on the Oregon beaches were examined at necropsy. Gunshot was the primary cause of death in 30% of the pinnipeds examined. Bacterial infections (27%) and parasitism (27%) were also of major importance in the death and debilitation of Oregon marine mammals. Traumatic death or debilitation other than gunshot was observed in 11 animals (16%). Predation, starvation due to neonatal abandonment, viral encephalitis (presumptive diagnosis), dystocia and neoplasia were diagnosed as primary or contributory causes of stranding.", "PMID": 582322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1376", "title": "Species difference and characterization of intestinal esterase on the hydrolizing activity of ester-type drugs.", "content": "The ability of the esterase from intestine was studied for hydrolysis of ester-type drugs during absorption. The intestinal esterase is present in the absorption sites in the intestine and hydrolyzes to a large extent during the absorption. In a study of the dietary effect on intestinal esterase, the esterase activity increased in rats fed a high-fat diet, decreased in those fasted or fed a fat-free diet, whereas the esterase activity in the rat treated with phenobarbital showed no marked change. Thus the esterase from intestinal mucosa appears to be characteristically quite different from hepatic esterase. The esterase from human intestine was characterized and compared with esterase from rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs. There was a difference in the substrate specificity of the esterase and there were significant species differences in the electrophoretic behavior of the enzyme among the species tested. These results indicate that intestinal esterase from humans differs characteristically from esterases in experimental animals.", "contents": "Species difference and characterization of intestinal esterase on the hydrolizing activity of ester-type drugs. The ability of the esterase from intestine was studied for hydrolysis of ester-type drugs during absorption. The intestinal esterase is present in the absorption sites in the intestine and hydrolyzes to a large extent during the absorption. In a study of the dietary effect on intestinal esterase, the esterase activity increased in rats fed a high-fat diet, decreased in those fasted or fed a fat-free diet, whereas the esterase activity in the rat treated with phenobarbital showed no marked change. Thus the esterase from intestinal mucosa appears to be characteristically quite different from hepatic esterase. The esterase from human intestine was characterized and compared with esterase from rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs. There was a difference in the substrate specificity of the esterase and there were significant species differences in the electrophoretic behavior of the enzyme among the species tested. These results indicate that intestinal esterase from humans differs characteristically from esterases in experimental animals.", "PMID": 582323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1377", "title": "Independence of the lethal actions of glucocorticoids on lymphoid cells from possible hormone effects on calcium uptake.", "content": "We have examined the possibility that hormone-induced increases in calcium uptake might initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids in two types of lymphoid cells. Hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility are used as the measure of hormone action, since in both rat thymus cells and in mouse P1798 lymphosarcoma cells increased nuclear fragility (the inability of nuclei to survive lysis of the cells by hypotonic shock) precedes other indices of cellular deterioration by several hours. In the case of the tumor cells, those from corticosteroid-sensitive lines are less able to withstand incubation in vitro than resistant cells. Such differences in cell survival are predicted both by earlier changes in nuclear fragility and also by differences in calcium uptake. However, there is no detectable early glucocorticoid effect on calcium uptake that precedes or coincides with the substantial hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility that develop in the sensitive cells by 2 h. In rat thymus cells the absence of calcium in the medium does prevent some of the increase in nuclear fragility and cell disintegration that occurs spontaneously during incubation in vitro. Nevertheless, when cells are exposed to hormones the glucocorticoid effect on nuclear fragility develops in the absence of calcium and is similar in magnitude to that seen in the presence of calcium. We conclude that calcium seems to enhance the spontaneous deterioration of lymphoid cells, and there is a large increase in calcium uptake that occurs as cells deteriorate. It nevertheless seems unlikely that hormone-induced changes in calcium uptake initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids. The data also support a proposal made earlier [2] that resistance to glucocorticoids in tumor cells may develop by the selection of cells with hardier membranes.", "contents": "Independence of the lethal actions of glucocorticoids on lymphoid cells from possible hormone effects on calcium uptake. We have examined the possibility that hormone-induced increases in calcium uptake might initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids in two types of lymphoid cells. Hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility are used as the measure of hormone action, since in both rat thymus cells and in mouse P1798 lymphosarcoma cells increased nuclear fragility (the inability of nuclei to survive lysis of the cells by hypotonic shock) precedes other indices of cellular deterioration by several hours. In the case of the tumor cells, those from corticosteroid-sensitive lines are less able to withstand incubation in vitro than resistant cells. Such differences in cell survival are predicted both by earlier changes in nuclear fragility and also by differences in calcium uptake. However, there is no detectable early glucocorticoid effect on calcium uptake that precedes or coincides with the substantial hormone-induced increases in nuclear fragility that develop in the sensitive cells by 2 h. In rat thymus cells the absence of calcium in the medium does prevent some of the increase in nuclear fragility and cell disintegration that occurs spontaneously during incubation in vitro. Nevertheless, when cells are exposed to hormones the glucocorticoid effect on nuclear fragility develops in the absence of calcium and is similar in magnitude to that seen in the presence of calcium. We conclude that calcium seems to enhance the spontaneous deterioration of lymphoid cells, and there is a large increase in calcium uptake that occurs as cells deteriorate. It nevertheless seems unlikely that hormone-induced changes in calcium uptake initiate the lethal actions of glucocorticoids. The data also support a proposal made earlier [2] that resistance to glucocorticoids in tumor cells may develop by the selection of cells with hardier membranes.", "PMID": 582325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1378", "title": "Some technical modifications of surgical treatment of lumbar disc lesions.", "content": "The author's experience in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc lesions is reported. The following technical devices have been adopted: -- curved unilateral incision into deep fascia --interlaminar space widening by chisels and gouges, avoiding the use of rongeurs -- sodium succinate methylprednisolone injection into dural sac. -- early ambulation (within the first 18 hours). Benefits obtained by these procedures are: -- earlier disappearance of pain -- remarkable reduction of stay in hospital -- earlier and more complete recovery.", "contents": "Some technical modifications of surgical treatment of lumbar disc lesions. The author's experience in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc lesions is reported. The following technical devices have been adopted: -- curved unilateral incision into deep fascia --interlaminar space widening by chisels and gouges, avoiding the use of rongeurs -- sodium succinate methylprednisolone injection into dural sac. -- early ambulation (within the first 18 hours). Benefits obtained by these procedures are: -- earlier disappearance of pain -- remarkable reduction of stay in hospital -- earlier and more complete recovery.", "PMID": 582328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1379", "title": "The experimental transmission of Parafilaria bovicola to cattle in South Africa using Musca species (subgenus Eumusca) as intermediate hosts.", "content": "In controlled experiments in an insect-free stable, cattle became infected with Parafilaria bovicola when Musca lusoria, infected with the larvae of this worm, were allowed to feed on a fresh skin incision, and when infective larvae were placed on fresh skin incisions, injected subcutaneously or into the jugular vein, or instilled into the eyes. The sites of blood spots caused by ovipositing P. bovicola females and the sites of carcass lesions were seldom close to the site of infection, an indication that the worms had migrated. The prepatent period of P. bovicola in 4 cattle which developed blood spots ranged from 242--319 days. Neither of the infected cattle that were kept continuously in a shady stable showed blood spots, but 4 out of 7 infected cattle which spent some time in the sun bled. However, carcass lesions on shaded cattle were similar in appearance to those on cattle kept outdoors. Infective larvae were stimulated to escape from the mouth-parts of infected M. lusoria and Musca xanthomelas s.s. when these were fed citrated ox blood warmed to 38--40 degrees C. No escape took place when the flies were fed warmed saline or warmed 15% sucrose solution.", "contents": "The experimental transmission of Parafilaria bovicola to cattle in South Africa using Musca species (subgenus Eumusca) as intermediate hosts. In controlled experiments in an insect-free stable, cattle became infected with Parafilaria bovicola when Musca lusoria, infected with the larvae of this worm, were allowed to feed on a fresh skin incision, and when infective larvae were placed on fresh skin incisions, injected subcutaneously or into the jugular vein, or instilled into the eyes. The sites of blood spots caused by ovipositing P. bovicola females and the sites of carcass lesions were seldom close to the site of infection, an indication that the worms had migrated. The prepatent period of P. bovicola in 4 cattle which developed blood spots ranged from 242--319 days. Neither of the infected cattle that were kept continuously in a shady stable showed blood spots, but 4 out of 7 infected cattle which spent some time in the sun bled. However, carcass lesions on shaded cattle were similar in appearance to those on cattle kept outdoors. Infective larvae were stimulated to escape from the mouth-parts of infected M. lusoria and Musca xanthomelas s.s. when these were fed citrated ox blood warmed to 38--40 degrees C. No escape took place when the flies were fed warmed saline or warmed 15% sucrose solution.", "PMID": 582329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1380", "title": "Obstruction of the major pediatric airway.", "content": "1. Do not create an emergency obstruction unless you are prepared to handle it. (It may be best to do nothing until the diagnosis is clear.) 2. Support the patient with oxygen, humidity, and positioning and monitor vital signs. 3. Take as brief, concise, and accurate a history as possible. 4. Determine the anatomic level of obstruction. 5. Estimate the degree of obstruction with the maximal potential hazard. 6. Carry out a physical examination of the nose and neck and, except in suspected epiglottitis, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lung. 7. Special x-ray studies--lateral, neck and chest, swallowing function, and inspiratory and expiratory films--are obtained as indicated. 8. Therapeutic support: oxygen, humidity, antibiotics, steroids, and recemic epinephrine. Mechanical support: naso-oral airways, appropriate endotracheal or bronchoscopic tubes. tracheotomy.", "contents": "Obstruction of the major pediatric airway. 1. Do not create an emergency obstruction unless you are prepared to handle it. (It may be best to do nothing until the diagnosis is clear.) 2. Support the patient with oxygen, humidity, and positioning and monitor vital signs. 3. Take as brief, concise, and accurate a history as possible. 4. Determine the anatomic level of obstruction. 5. Estimate the degree of obstruction with the maximal potential hazard. 6. Carry out a physical examination of the nose and neck and, except in suspected epiglottitis, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lung. 7. Special x-ray studies--lateral, neck and chest, swallowing function, and inspiratory and expiratory films--are obtained as indicated. 8. Therapeutic support: oxygen, humidity, antibiotics, steroids, and recemic epinephrine. Mechanical support: naso-oral airways, appropriate endotracheal or bronchoscopic tubes. tracheotomy.", "PMID": 582330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1381", "title": "[Anaemia and microcytosis during thyrotoxicosis. Physiopathological discussion. 36 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of 36 cases of thyrotoxicosis demonstrated the prevalence of anaemia (17 cases) and of microcytosis (26 cases). In patients with a microcytosis, serum iron was measured in 9, being found to be low in 5 of them, whilst amongst twelve 10 had anti-thyroid antibodies and anti-gastric antibodies. Atrophic gastritis was seen in the 5 patients who underwent endoscopy. Four biopsies revealed 3 cases of atrophic gastritis and one of simple gastritis. The types of anaemia seen and their mechanisms are discussed: microcytic anaemia related to disturbed iron metabolism or to its impaired intestinal absorption; normocytic anaemia; macrocytic anaemia possibly preceding pernicious anaemia. It would seem to be possible to distinguish two pathogenic categories: thyrotoxicosis reversible changes in iron metabolism, and atrophic gastritis associated with hyperthyroidis in an \"auto-immune context\" and which has led to the concept of \"thyro-gastric\" disease.", "contents": "[Anaemia and microcytosis during thyrotoxicosis. Physiopathological discussion. 36 cases (author's transl)]. Study of 36 cases of thyrotoxicosis demonstrated the prevalence of anaemia (17 cases) and of microcytosis (26 cases). In patients with a microcytosis, serum iron was measured in 9, being found to be low in 5 of them, whilst amongst twelve 10 had anti-thyroid antibodies and anti-gastric antibodies. Atrophic gastritis was seen in the 5 patients who underwent endoscopy. Four biopsies revealed 3 cases of atrophic gastritis and one of simple gastritis. The types of anaemia seen and their mechanisms are discussed: microcytic anaemia related to disturbed iron metabolism or to its impaired intestinal absorption; normocytic anaemia; macrocytic anaemia possibly preceding pernicious anaemia. It would seem to be possible to distinguish two pathogenic categories: thyrotoxicosis reversible changes in iron metabolism, and atrophic gastritis associated with hyperthyroidis in an \"auto-immune context\" and which has led to the concept of \"thyro-gastric\" disease.", "PMID": 582336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1382", "title": "[Thyroid tissue link of hemostasis in diffuse toxic and euthyroid goiter].", "content": "Blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis factors contained in the thyroid gland tissue of patients with diffuse toxic and euthyroid goiter and also of apparently healthy persons were investigated. The thyroid gland of healthy persons was shown to possess thromboplastin, antithrombin, anticoagulant, antiheparin, and fibrinolytic properties and to contain plasminogen, plasminogen activators, antiplasmins. The function of the external hemocoagulation system was reduced due to diminished thromboplastin and antiheparin activity of the gland tissue, reduction of aggregation and increase of disaggregation properties of the gland tissue. External blood coagulation system was undisturbed in patients with euthyroid gland. Local fibrinolysis was enhanced in patients with diffuse toxic goiter on account of increase in the thyroid gland of plasminogen activators, reduction of antiplasmin activity, and increase of the nonenzymatic fibrinolysis activity. Analogous changes in local fibrinolysis occurred in patients with euthyroid goiter.", "contents": "[Thyroid tissue link of hemostasis in diffuse toxic and euthyroid goiter]. Blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis factors contained in the thyroid gland tissue of patients with diffuse toxic and euthyroid goiter and also of apparently healthy persons were investigated. The thyroid gland of healthy persons was shown to possess thromboplastin, antithrombin, anticoagulant, antiheparin, and fibrinolytic properties and to contain plasminogen, plasminogen activators, antiplasmins. The function of the external hemocoagulation system was reduced due to diminished thromboplastin and antiheparin activity of the gland tissue, reduction of aggregation and increase of disaggregation properties of the gland tissue. External blood coagulation system was undisturbed in patients with euthyroid gland. Local fibrinolysis was enhanced in patients with diffuse toxic goiter on account of increase in the thyroid gland of plasminogen activators, reduction of antiplasmin activity, and increase of the nonenzymatic fibrinolysis activity. Analogous changes in local fibrinolysis occurred in patients with euthyroid goiter.", "PMID": 582337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1383", "title": "[Cutaneous leukemia in a horse (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 16-year-old mare with multiple dermal lymphosarcoma of the histiolymphocytic type is described. Leukaemic changes were not found to be present in the superficial and internal lymph nodes or in the visceral organs.", "contents": "[Cutaneous leukemia in a horse (author's transl)]. The case of a 16-year-old mare with multiple dermal lymphosarcoma of the histiolymphocytic type is described. Leukaemic changes were not found to be present in the superficial and internal lymph nodes or in the visceral organs.", "PMID": 582344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1384", "title": "Alien H-2 antigens on a chemically induced fibrosarcoma: further evidence in crude membrane and soluble extracts of the tumor.", "content": "Crude membranes (CM) were obtained from in vivo subcutaneous nodules of the methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma C-1 by forcing tumor fragments through a mechanical press and subsequent differential centrifugation. This immunogenic tumor has been previously shown to express both H-2d and extra H-2k-like antigens. Original H-2d and alien H-2k antigenic activities were present in CM C-1 as judged by the specific inhibition of the C'-dependent cytotoxicity of monospecific H-2 alloantisera on normal 51Cr-labelled lymphoid cells. Both K- and D-end private H-2d antigens (31 and 4), and H-2d public antigens 8, 29, 35 were detected in CM C-1. In addition, the alien H-2Kk.23 private specificity and the public H-2k.1, 5, and 25 were also found in CM C-1. A weak but reproducible activity attributable to the Dk private antigen 32 was also revealed in this material. A hierarchy in the expression of both H-2d and H-2k specificities was evident in CM C-1 which paralleled, although with an overall lower antigenic activity, those of two other BALB/c (H-2D) FIBROSARCOMAS AND OF A C3Hf (H-2k) lymphoma, respectively. CM from normal BALB/c and C3Hf spleens, while expressing higher amounts of all the tested H-2 antigens, displayed a hierarchy of the different specificities similar to that of neoplastic tissues. Crude soluble (CS) material was obtained from CM C-1 by deoxycholate treatment and was tested in the inhibition assay for the presence of H-2d and alien H-2k antigens. Only specificities with the highest expression in CM were found in CS, i.e. H-2.4 and 29 for H-2d and H-2.25 for H-2k. Both CM and CS from C-1, but not from another control BALB/c sarcoma, were able to significantly inhibit the activity of an oligospecific serum to the Kk-coded antigens.", "contents": "Alien H-2 antigens on a chemically induced fibrosarcoma: further evidence in crude membrane and soluble extracts of the tumor. Crude membranes (CM) were obtained from in vivo subcutaneous nodules of the methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma C-1 by forcing tumor fragments through a mechanical press and subsequent differential centrifugation. This immunogenic tumor has been previously shown to express both H-2d and extra H-2k-like antigens. Original H-2d and alien H-2k antigenic activities were present in CM C-1 as judged by the specific inhibition of the C'-dependent cytotoxicity of monospecific H-2 alloantisera on normal 51Cr-labelled lymphoid cells. Both K- and D-end private H-2d antigens (31 and 4), and H-2d public antigens 8, 29, 35 were detected in CM C-1. In addition, the alien H-2Kk.23 private specificity and the public H-2k.1, 5, and 25 were also found in CM C-1. A weak but reproducible activity attributable to the Dk private antigen 32 was also revealed in this material. A hierarchy in the expression of both H-2d and H-2k specificities was evident in CM C-1 which paralleled, although with an overall lower antigenic activity, those of two other BALB/c (H-2D) FIBROSARCOMAS AND OF A C3Hf (H-2k) lymphoma, respectively. CM from normal BALB/c and C3Hf spleens, while expressing higher amounts of all the tested H-2 antigens, displayed a hierarchy of the different specificities similar to that of neoplastic tissues. Crude soluble (CS) material was obtained from CM C-1 by deoxycholate treatment and was tested in the inhibition assay for the presence of H-2d and alien H-2k antigens. Only specificities with the highest expression in CM were found in CS, i.e. H-2.4 and 29 for H-2d and H-2.25 for H-2k. Both CM and CS from C-1, but not from another control BALB/c sarcoma, were able to significantly inhibit the activity of an oligospecific serum to the Kk-coded antigens.", "PMID": 582345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1385", "title": "Serological evidence for the presence of rickettsial infections in parts of Nigeria.", "content": "Weil-Felix tests using OX19 and OXK proteus antigens reveal high antibody titers to OXK and OX19 antigens in patients reporting at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu with clinical diagnosis of pyrexia of unknown origin. These findings suggest the presence of either or both scrub typhus fever and Epidemic typhus fever in this community. While the advisablility of using other diagnostic techniques to support and confirm positive Weil-Felix reaction will be useful, it is felt that the above findings are strong evidences for the prevalence of these diseases in this part of Nigeria.", "contents": "Serological evidence for the presence of rickettsial infections in parts of Nigeria. Weil-Felix tests using OX19 and OXK proteus antigens reveal high antibody titers to OXK and OX19 antigens in patients reporting at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu with clinical diagnosis of pyrexia of unknown origin. These findings suggest the presence of either or both scrub typhus fever and Epidemic typhus fever in this community. While the advisablility of using other diagnostic techniques to support and confirm positive Weil-Felix reaction will be useful, it is felt that the above findings are strong evidences for the prevalence of these diseases in this part of Nigeria.", "PMID": 582349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1386", "title": "[Control of sexually transmitted diseases in Senegal].", "content": "STD are an important public health problem in numerous developing countries. Although satisfactory diagnostic and therapeutic means are available, the incidence of STD is increasing. Among the causes for this are sociological factors, like the weakening of customs and the family unit, and the development of tourism, which stimulates prostitution. There is a marked ignorance of the population in respect to STD. The Senegalese Government, WHO, and the Geneva-based Sandoz Institute launched in 1976 a joint programme of service, training and sesearch. The research aims at developing a preventive approach, especially through health education. While the three centers set up have accomplished good work locally, results are still disappointing from a public health point of view. Weak spots are in particular: - inadequacy of the social and contact-tracing services; -lack of action at the periphery and of integration with primary health care; -lack of coordination with other sectors (including police), and with professionals of various disciplines who should contribute to the socio-economic investigation of the problem. Several groups have recently been created in Senegal to support the project. An evaluation will soon be carried out. Such programmes should be implemented in other countries of the region.", "contents": "[Control of sexually transmitted diseases in Senegal]. STD are an important public health problem in numerous developing countries. Although satisfactory diagnostic and therapeutic means are available, the incidence of STD is increasing. Among the causes for this are sociological factors, like the weakening of customs and the family unit, and the development of tourism, which stimulates prostitution. There is a marked ignorance of the population in respect to STD. The Senegalese Government, WHO, and the Geneva-based Sandoz Institute launched in 1976 a joint programme of service, training and sesearch. The research aims at developing a preventive approach, especially through health education. While the three centers set up have accomplished good work locally, results are still disappointing from a public health point of view. Weak spots are in particular: - inadequacy of the social and contact-tracing services; -lack of action at the periphery and of integration with primary health care; -lack of coordination with other sectors (including police), and with professionals of various disciplines who should contribute to the socio-economic investigation of the problem. Several groups have recently been created in Senegal to support the project. An evaluation will soon be carried out. Such programmes should be implemented in other countries of the region.", "PMID": 582350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1387", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm. Report of two cases.", "content": "Reference is made to two cases of mycotic aneurysm with different peripheral localizations, arising from a bacterial endocarditis. The cause, localizations, complications and histological findings are discussed.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm. Report of two cases. Reference is made to two cases of mycotic aneurysm with different peripheral localizations, arising from a bacterial endocarditis. The cause, localizations, complications and histological findings are discussed.", "PMID": 582351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1388", "title": "Serum thyroglobulin in patients with toxic and non-toxic goitres compared to sex- and age-matched control subjects.", "content": "To study serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in patients with thyroid disorders compared to sex- and age-matched control subjects and to correlate the Tg levels to the thyroid function, 71 patients were investigated before treatment was started. Serum Tg, measured by a double antibody radioimmunoassay, was elevated in all groups with thyroid disorders, as compared to their controls, but the values showed large overlaps between groups. The highest median values were seen in the two groups of patients with toxic goitres (toxic adenoma and Graves' disease). The Tg values in patients with non-toxic goitres (diffuse and nodular) and in controls showed a log normal distribution, whereas the distribution of values from patients with toxic goitres was different. No correlation was found between serum Tg and serum thyroxine, serum triiodothyronine and serum TSH, respectively. It is concluded that determination of serum Tg is of little diagnostic value in thyroid diseases.", "contents": "Serum thyroglobulin in patients with toxic and non-toxic goitres compared to sex- and age-matched control subjects. To study serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in patients with thyroid disorders compared to sex- and age-matched control subjects and to correlate the Tg levels to the thyroid function, 71 patients were investigated before treatment was started. Serum Tg, measured by a double antibody radioimmunoassay, was elevated in all groups with thyroid disorders, as compared to their controls, but the values showed large overlaps between groups. The highest median values were seen in the two groups of patients with toxic goitres (toxic adenoma and Graves' disease). The Tg values in patients with non-toxic goitres (diffuse and nodular) and in controls showed a log normal distribution, whereas the distribution of values from patients with toxic goitres was different. No correlation was found between serum Tg and serum thyroxine, serum triiodothyronine and serum TSH, respectively. It is concluded that determination of serum Tg is of little diagnostic value in thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 582352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1389", "title": "Electrolyte abnormalities in lymphosarcoma after chemotherapy.", "content": "A 12-year-old female with lymphosarcoma responding to treatment including vincristine and cyclophosphamide developed clinical and laboratory findings compatible with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Some additional findings were observed, i.e. uremia, hypopotassemia and alkalosis, that have not so far been recorded in that syndrome. All abnormalities were corrected upon water restriction. A similar episode occurred after a 2nd drug course. It too was corrected upon water restriction. The patient was clinically free from her malignancy in both episodes. It is suggested that our child had probably an expanded form of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Electrolyte abnormalities in lymphosarcoma after chemotherapy. A 12-year-old female with lymphosarcoma responding to treatment including vincristine and cyclophosphamide developed clinical and laboratory findings compatible with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Some additional findings were observed, i.e. uremia, hypopotassemia and alkalosis, that have not so far been recorded in that syndrome. All abnormalities were corrected upon water restriction. A similar episode occurred after a 2nd drug course. It too was corrected upon water restriction. The patient was clinically free from her malignancy in both episodes. It is suggested that our child had probably an expanded form of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "PMID": 582354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1390", "title": "The effects of prolactin on pulmonary maturation in the fetal rabbit.", "content": "The effect of ovine prolactin administration on the fetal rabbit pulmonary pressure volume relationship was determined. Using pentobarbital anesthesia, on Day 24 of gestation, a midline incision on the maternal abdomen was made to expose the bicornuate uterus. Fetal rabbits in one horn of the uterus were injected intramuscularly with a dose of 1.0 mg (0.05 ml) of prolactin solution. Similarly, fetuses in the opposite horn were administered an equivalent volume of control vehicle. On Day 26 of gestation, no significant enhancement of lung maturation, as judged from the pressure volume relationship, was found to result from prolactin administration. These results suggest that prolactin does not initiate the secretion of surface active material into the alveolar lumen of the fetal lung in sufficient amounts to induce physiologic maturation of the rabbit fetal lung.", "contents": "The effects of prolactin on pulmonary maturation in the fetal rabbit. The effect of ovine prolactin administration on the fetal rabbit pulmonary pressure volume relationship was determined. Using pentobarbital anesthesia, on Day 24 of gestation, a midline incision on the maternal abdomen was made to expose the bicornuate uterus. Fetal rabbits in one horn of the uterus were injected intramuscularly with a dose of 1.0 mg (0.05 ml) of prolactin solution. Similarly, fetuses in the opposite horn were administered an equivalent volume of control vehicle. On Day 26 of gestation, no significant enhancement of lung maturation, as judged from the pressure volume relationship, was found to result from prolactin administration. These results suggest that prolactin does not initiate the secretion of surface active material into the alveolar lumen of the fetal lung in sufficient amounts to induce physiologic maturation of the rabbit fetal lung.", "PMID": 582355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1391", "title": "Antenatal prediction of graduated risk of hyaline membrane disease by amniotic fluid foam test for surfactant.", "content": "We measured amniotic fluid surfactant by the semiquantitative foam stability test within 24 hours before delivery of 410 infants, 64 of whom developed HMD diagnosed by standard criteria. When surfactant titers were ranked in eight categories, they predicted graded risks of HMD. On this basis we defined five \"risk groups\" with significantly different incidences of HMD (I = 0.5%; II = 10%; III = 25%; IV = 41%; V = 79%). Infants in Groups I and II were heavier and more mature than those in Groups III to V. However, among infants of equivalent GA or birth weight, the incidence of HMD still correlated significantly with the foam test results. Within each risk group the incidence of HMD was equal among infants delivered by vagina and by cesarean section, slightly greater among males than females, and inversely proportional to GA. In Group V the incidence of HMD was 100% among infants at less than 33 weeks' GA. We used this relationship to devise a system that improved prediction of HMD by combining the foam test results with GA.", "contents": "Antenatal prediction of graduated risk of hyaline membrane disease by amniotic fluid foam test for surfactant. We measured amniotic fluid surfactant by the semiquantitative foam stability test within 24 hours before delivery of 410 infants, 64 of whom developed HMD diagnosed by standard criteria. When surfactant titers were ranked in eight categories, they predicted graded risks of HMD. On this basis we defined five \"risk groups\" with significantly different incidences of HMD (I = 0.5%; II = 10%; III = 25%; IV = 41%; V = 79%). Infants in Groups I and II were heavier and more mature than those in Groups III to V. However, among infants of equivalent GA or birth weight, the incidence of HMD still correlated significantly with the foam test results. Within each risk group the incidence of HMD was equal among infants delivered by vagina and by cesarean section, slightly greater among males than females, and inversely proportional to GA. In Group V the incidence of HMD was 100% among infants at less than 33 weeks' GA. We used this relationship to devise a system that improved prediction of HMD by combining the foam test results with GA.", "PMID": 582356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1392", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia in hypoxic newborn.", "content": "A premature infant with hypoxia caused by severe cardiac malformations developed stage IB retrolental fibroplasia, which was documented after death. Despite arterial oxygen partial pressures of 91 mm Hg or less the classical histologic changes were observed in the temporal periphery of each eye.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia in hypoxic newborn. A premature infant with hypoxia caused by severe cardiac malformations developed stage IB retrolental fibroplasia, which was documented after death. Despite arterial oxygen partial pressures of 91 mm Hg or less the classical histologic changes were observed in the temporal periphery of each eye.", "PMID": 582357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1393", "title": "The effects of metoclopramide on postoperative ileus. A randomized double-blind study.", "content": "Metoclopramide or placebo was administered postoperatively in a randomized, double-blind fashion to 115 patients undergoing laparotomy. The effect of metoclopramide on postoperative adynamic ileus (PAI) was evaluated. The patients were stratified into two groups: Group A--those with laparotomy without a gastrointestinal anastomosis or ostomy procedure, and group B--those with laparotomy undergoing an anastomosis or ostomy procedure. Metoclopramide reduced nausea and emesis postoperatively. However, the only significant effect on postoperative adynamic ileus was an earlier return to tolerance of solid foods in the patients in Group A.", "contents": "The effects of metoclopramide on postoperative ileus. A randomized double-blind study. Metoclopramide or placebo was administered postoperatively in a randomized, double-blind fashion to 115 patients undergoing laparotomy. The effect of metoclopramide on postoperative adynamic ileus (PAI) was evaluated. The patients were stratified into two groups: Group A--those with laparotomy without a gastrointestinal anastomosis or ostomy procedure, and group B--those with laparotomy undergoing an anastomosis or ostomy procedure. Metoclopramide reduced nausea and emesis postoperatively. However, the only significant effect on postoperative adynamic ileus was an earlier return to tolerance of solid foods in the patients in Group A.", "PMID": 582360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1394", "title": "Multiphasic view of medial meniscectomy.", "content": "In a retrospective study, the records of a group of 816 patients who had tears of the medial meniscus alone were selected for review from a total of 6,000 records of patients who had had knee surgery (1966 to 1976). According to the operative reports, these 816 patients had no other structural or pathologic findings at the time of medical meniscectomy. In an average of 2.0 years after initial surgery to the knee, 210 patients required subsequent surgical procedures for progressive meniscal pathology (38), articular cartilage damage (64), or ligamentous instability (108). The recognition of the possiblility for future surgery after medial meniscectomy is an important finding which must be acknowledged by the treating physician and to the patient. The evidence from the review suggests that others should review series of patients with tears of the medial meniscus and should attempt to gain understanding of the basic pathologic processes.", "contents": "Multiphasic view of medial meniscectomy. In a retrospective study, the records of a group of 816 patients who had tears of the medial meniscus alone were selected for review from a total of 6,000 records of patients who had had knee surgery (1966 to 1976). According to the operative reports, these 816 patients had no other structural or pathologic findings at the time of medical meniscectomy. In an average of 2.0 years after initial surgery to the knee, 210 patients required subsequent surgical procedures for progressive meniscal pathology (38), articular cartilage damage (64), or ligamentous instability (108). The recognition of the possiblility for future surgery after medial meniscectomy is an important finding which must be acknowledged by the treating physician and to the patient. The evidence from the review suggests that others should review series of patients with tears of the medial meniscus and should attempt to gain understanding of the basic pathologic processes.", "PMID": 582358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1395", "title": "Primary biliary cirrhosis and scleroderma. The possibility of a common pathogenetic mechanism.", "content": "A woman with clinical manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis had liver disease with histologic and immunologic features of primary biliary cirrhosis. Biopsy specimens of salivary gland showed necrosis and lymphocytic infiltrates in and around ducts similar to those observed in hepatic ducts, whereas neither of these tissues exhibited immunoglobulin or complement deposition. The ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies suggest a common cell-mediated immunologic mechanism for the two disorders.", "contents": "Primary biliary cirrhosis and scleroderma. The possibility of a common pathogenetic mechanism. A woman with clinical manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis had liver disease with histologic and immunologic features of primary biliary cirrhosis. Biopsy specimens of salivary gland showed necrosis and lymphocytic infiltrates in and around ducts similar to those observed in hepatic ducts, whereas neither of these tissues exhibited immunoglobulin or complement deposition. The ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies suggest a common cell-mediated immunologic mechanism for the two disorders.", "PMID": 582363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1396", "title": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver in sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "This study was undertaken to confirm or refute the findings of Naeye with regard to the pathologic continuation of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the livers of infants who die of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In general, our findings confirm his; however, although the data for SIDS do differ from those of controls, the differences are not statistically significant. Nevertheless, these results would seem to indicate the need for further investigation of the possibility of hypoxemia and/or anemia in affected infants.", "contents": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver in sudden infant death syndrome. This study was undertaken to confirm or refute the findings of Naeye with regard to the pathologic continuation of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the livers of infants who die of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In general, our findings confirm his; however, although the data for SIDS do differ from those of controls, the differences are not statistically significant. Nevertheless, these results would seem to indicate the need for further investigation of the possibility of hypoxemia and/or anemia in affected infants.", "PMID": 582364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1397", "title": "Surgical reconstruction of chronic anteromedial rotatory instability of knee. A review with computer analysis of 149 cases.", "content": "The clinical records were reviewed of 142 men and 7 women (average age 26.8 years; range, 15 to 58 years) who had surgical reconstruction for anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee. All were treated consecutively at the same clinic during a 15-year period (1960 to 1975). Preoperative and postoperative symptoms were rated both subjectively and objectively by devised scales and analyzed by a computer program. Comparison of the three major surgical procedures show that the subjective success rate was 87% for the pes anserinus transfer, 70% for the posterior oblique ligament reconstruction, and 72% for the combination procedure. Of the 149 patients, 130 had been injured in sportive activities and 110 were able to return to some degree of athletics. Accurate and detailed recording of clinical data allowed construction of subjective and objective rating systems for computer analysis in review of a large series over a period of years. This approach enhanced our ability to obtain correlation and objective evaluation of the data. Commercial equipment for evaluating the quadriceps and hamstrings is beneficial in determining that a patient has achieved complete rehabilitation or if there will be a permanent decrease in function after surgical intervention.", "contents": "Surgical reconstruction of chronic anteromedial rotatory instability of knee. A review with computer analysis of 149 cases. The clinical records were reviewed of 142 men and 7 women (average age 26.8 years; range, 15 to 58 years) who had surgical reconstruction for anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee. All were treated consecutively at the same clinic during a 15-year period (1960 to 1975). Preoperative and postoperative symptoms were rated both subjectively and objectively by devised scales and analyzed by a computer program. Comparison of the three major surgical procedures show that the subjective success rate was 87% for the pes anserinus transfer, 70% for the posterior oblique ligament reconstruction, and 72% for the combination procedure. Of the 149 patients, 130 had been injured in sportive activities and 110 were able to return to some degree of athletics. Accurate and detailed recording of clinical data allowed construction of subjective and objective rating systems for computer analysis in review of a large series over a period of years. This approach enhanced our ability to obtain correlation and objective evaluation of the data. Commercial equipment for evaluating the quadriceps and hamstrings is beneficial in determining that a patient has achieved complete rehabilitation or if there will be a permanent decrease in function after surgical intervention.", "PMID": 582359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1398", "title": "Immediate mucosal effects of short-term, soft-cuff, endotracheal intubation. A light and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Little is known regarding the early pathogenesis of intubation-induced laryngotracheal damage or the effects of presently used soft-cuff endotracheal tubes. We have examined the pathological changes of short-term intubation (four hours) in six mongrel dogs. Interaction of the endotracheal tube with the mucosa produced a variety of lesions ranging from superficial abrasions to ulcerations with the most severe lesions in the respiratory epithelium. Changes are present at the free surfaces of ciliated cells that include flattening, fusion, and erosion of cilia of sufficient extent to compromise ciliary function. The ischemic and mechanical modes of injury are compared; the latter is considered causal with modern soft-cuff tubes. These studies reveal tube-induced mucosal damage of an extent and nature not previously appreciated.", "contents": "Immediate mucosal effects of short-term, soft-cuff, endotracheal intubation. A light and scanning electron microscopic study. Little is known regarding the early pathogenesis of intubation-induced laryngotracheal damage or the effects of presently used soft-cuff endotracheal tubes. We have examined the pathological changes of short-term intubation (four hours) in six mongrel dogs. Interaction of the endotracheal tube with the mucosa produced a variety of lesions ranging from superficial abrasions to ulcerations with the most severe lesions in the respiratory epithelium. Changes are present at the free surfaces of ciliated cells that include flattening, fusion, and erosion of cilia of sufficient extent to compromise ciliary function. The ischemic and mechanical modes of injury are compared; the latter is considered causal with modern soft-cuff tubes. These studies reveal tube-induced mucosal damage of an extent and nature not previously appreciated.", "PMID": 582365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1399", "title": "Steatosis of granular pneumocytes in alcoholics with acute alveolar injury.", "content": "Accumulation of neutral lipid in the type II alveolar epithelial cells of the lung has been described in experiments involving animals with conditions such as hypoxia or on alcohol administration. In two cases involving human subjects, this change was observed at autopsy by histochemical stains and electron microscopy. In both instances, the patients had had severe alcoholic liver disease, as well as extreme hypoxia resulting from acute alveolar injury. The lungs of six alcoholic patients with liver disease but without acute alveolar injury showed no lipid vesicles on histochemical staining. These observations suggest that a metabolic insult or combination of insults, such as alcohol or hypoxia, might lead to accumulation of neutral lipid, especially in regenerating alveolar epithelial cells that may be more susceptible to such injury.", "contents": "Steatosis of granular pneumocytes in alcoholics with acute alveolar injury. Accumulation of neutral lipid in the type II alveolar epithelial cells of the lung has been described in experiments involving animals with conditions such as hypoxia or on alcohol administration. In two cases involving human subjects, this change was observed at autopsy by histochemical stains and electron microscopy. In both instances, the patients had had severe alcoholic liver disease, as well as extreme hypoxia resulting from acute alveolar injury. The lungs of six alcoholic patients with liver disease but without acute alveolar injury showed no lipid vesicles on histochemical staining. These observations suggest that a metabolic insult or combination of insults, such as alcohol or hypoxia, might lead to accumulation of neutral lipid, especially in regenerating alveolar epithelial cells that may be more susceptible to such injury.", "PMID": 582366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1400", "title": "Benign clear cell tumor of the lung.", "content": "Light microscopy of a benign clear cell tumor of the lung showed considerable central necrosis, making the differential diagnosis from metastatic clear cell tumor of the kidney difficult. Nevertheless, distinguishing features were seen on both light and electron microscopy that helped make this important distinction.", "contents": "Benign clear cell tumor of the lung. Light microscopy of a benign clear cell tumor of the lung showed considerable central necrosis, making the differential diagnosis from metastatic clear cell tumor of the kidney difficult. Nevertheless, distinguishing features were seen on both light and electron microscopy that helped make this important distinction.", "PMID": 582367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1401", "title": "Acid phosphatase in squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Surgical specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were processed for cytochemistry of acid phosphatase using Gomori's substrate. Reaction product was deposited in the cytoplasmic dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles, cytoplasmic projections, and advancing cell borders. Results of this study suggest that acid phosphatase and its associated lysosomes seem to play a role in the invasiveness of cancer cells.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase in squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were processed for cytochemistry of acid phosphatase using Gomori's substrate. Reaction product was deposited in the cytoplasmic dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles, cytoplasmic projections, and advancing cell borders. Results of this study suggest that acid phosphatase and its associated lysosomes seem to play a role in the invasiveness of cancer cells.", "PMID": 582368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1402", "title": "Neonatal cystic choristoma in submandibular salivary gland simulating cystic hygroma.", "content": "A congenital cystic malformation occurred in the submandibular salivary gland of a neonate. The embryogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed. Since it seems to be a product of endodermal heterotopic differentiation or entrapment of foregut epithelial rests in the submandibular gland, it is classified as a cystic choristoma.", "contents": "Neonatal cystic choristoma in submandibular salivary gland simulating cystic hygroma. A congenital cystic malformation occurred in the submandibular salivary gland of a neonate. The embryogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed. Since it seems to be a product of endodermal heterotopic differentiation or entrapment of foregut epithelial rests in the submandibular gland, it is classified as a cystic choristoma.", "PMID": 582369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1403", "title": "Renal involvement in adult Gaucher's disease after splenectomy.", "content": "Gaucher's disease with severe clinical and pathologic renal involvement is exceptionally rare. This article describes severe renal involvement and proteinuria in a young black woman with Gaucher's disease. The accumulation of glucocerebroside (Gaucher bodies) in glomerular mesangial and endothelial cells and in interstitial cells of the kidney is indicative of the phagocytic potential and the deficiency of glucocerebroside-cleaving enzyme in these cells. Severe proteinuria in this patient was attributed to the extensive glomerular involvement by Gaucher's disease.", "contents": "Renal involvement in adult Gaucher's disease after splenectomy. Gaucher's disease with severe clinical and pathologic renal involvement is exceptionally rare. This article describes severe renal involvement and proteinuria in a young black woman with Gaucher's disease. The accumulation of glucocerebroside (Gaucher bodies) in glomerular mesangial and endothelial cells and in interstitial cells of the kidney is indicative of the phagocytic potential and the deficiency of glucocerebroside-cleaving enzyme in these cells. Severe proteinuria in this patient was attributed to the extensive glomerular involvement by Gaucher's disease.", "PMID": 582376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1404", "title": "Hepatic ultrastructure in secondary syphilis.", "content": "We describe the ultrastructural findings in liver biopsy specimens from 19 patients with secondary syphilis. These patients were unselected, had negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen, and were not jaundiced. Most hepatocytes appeared normal; a few showed minor nonspecific changes, including some prominence of lipofuscin. Kupffer cell and endothelial cell hyperplasia were noteworthy in some specimens, occasionally forming clusters with mononuclear cells. However, these findings, have no specificity. Although treponemes were seen in Warthin-stained sections by light microscopy in three instances, no organisms were detected in the blocks selected for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Hepatic ultrastructure in secondary syphilis. We describe the ultrastructural findings in liver biopsy specimens from 19 patients with secondary syphilis. These patients were unselected, had negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen, and were not jaundiced. Most hepatocytes appeared normal; a few showed minor nonspecific changes, including some prominence of lipofuscin. Kupffer cell and endothelial cell hyperplasia were noteworthy in some specimens, occasionally forming clusters with mononuclear cells. However, these findings, have no specificity. Although treponemes were seen in Warthin-stained sections by light microscopy in three instances, no organisms were detected in the blocks selected for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 582377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1405", "title": "Ultrastructure of hydatid cyst.", "content": "Material from a surgically excised hydatid cyst of the liver was examined with an electron microscope. The integument of the parasite was studied in particular detail and has been defined as the tissue enclosed by the external cytoplasmic membrane of the distal cytoplasm and the basement membrane. The ultrastructural features of the different parts of the integument, ie, distal cytoplasm, lucent zone, fibrous zone, muscular layer, and the basement membrane are described. The germinal membrane covering the protoscolices had no anatomic connections with the distal cytoplasm except at the point of attachment of the protoscolex to the brood capsule. The biogenesis of the mitochondria has been traced from infoldings of the cytoplasmic membrane to calcified dense bodies.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of hydatid cyst. Material from a surgically excised hydatid cyst of the liver was examined with an electron microscope. The integument of the parasite was studied in particular detail and has been defined as the tissue enclosed by the external cytoplasmic membrane of the distal cytoplasm and the basement membrane. The ultrastructural features of the different parts of the integument, ie, distal cytoplasm, lucent zone, fibrous zone, muscular layer, and the basement membrane are described. The germinal membrane covering the protoscolices had no anatomic connections with the distal cytoplasm except at the point of attachment of the protoscolex to the brood capsule. The biogenesis of the mitochondria has been traced from infoldings of the cytoplasmic membrane to calcified dense bodies.", "PMID": 582378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1406", "title": "A quantitative ultrastructural study of a parotid oncocytoma.", "content": "A quantitative electron microscopic study was performed in a case of parotid oncocytoma. The mean nuclear radius was estimated to be 3.4 mu, and the mean nuclear volume 171 cu mu. The mean cell volume was calculated to be 958 cu mu. The mitochondrial volume density value averaged 59% of the cytoplasmic volume, and the mean nuclear volume density was 24% of the cell volume. These findings are compared with previous quantitative electron microscopic data on various epithelial cells from the digestive system, including the salivary glands.", "contents": "A quantitative ultrastructural study of a parotid oncocytoma. A quantitative electron microscopic study was performed in a case of parotid oncocytoma. The mean nuclear radius was estimated to be 3.4 mu, and the mean nuclear volume 171 cu mu. The mean cell volume was calculated to be 958 cu mu. The mitochondrial volume density value averaged 59% of the cytoplasmic volume, and the mean nuclear volume density was 24% of the cell volume. These findings are compared with previous quantitative electron microscopic data on various epithelial cells from the digestive system, including the salivary glands.", "PMID": 582379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1407", "title": "Etiologic variability of nephropathy in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Clinicopathologic studies of four patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus and renal disease demonstrated the pathogenetic variability of nephropathy in diabetic patients. Only in one patient was the clinical nephropathy associated with the typical diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Another patient had steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome superimposed on minimal diabetic glomerulosclerosis. A third patient had steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with mild diabetic glomerulosclerosis and with later appearance of Grave's disease. The fourth patient, in addition to moderate diabetic glomerulosclerosis had prominent tubulointerstitial nephritis, the latter probably being responsible for the rapidly declining renal function. The poor prognosis associated with diabetic nephropathy warrants a careful search for other potentially treatable causes of nephropathy in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Etiologic variability of nephropathy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Clinicopathologic studies of four patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus and renal disease demonstrated the pathogenetic variability of nephropathy in diabetic patients. Only in one patient was the clinical nephropathy associated with the typical diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Another patient had steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome superimposed on minimal diabetic glomerulosclerosis. A third patient had steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with mild diabetic glomerulosclerosis and with later appearance of Grave's disease. The fourth patient, in addition to moderate diabetic glomerulosclerosis had prominent tubulointerstitial nephritis, the latter probably being responsible for the rapidly declining renal function. The poor prognosis associated with diabetic nephropathy warrants a careful search for other potentially treatable causes of nephropathy in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 582380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1408", "title": "An in-vitro technique for studying fleece-rot and fly strike in sheep.", "content": "Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in-vitro by wetting and incubating Merino wool samples embedded in serum-agar. Gravid Lucilia cuprina were readily-attracted to these wool culture plates to oviposit. Where serum was freely available to newly-hatched larvae, fly strike and larval development ensued. Using this technique, fleece-rot and oviposition were found to be markedly influenced by the availability of protein and by bacterial activity, particularly that of Pseudomonas spp. The results indicated that odours emanating from wool culture plates containing the latter species played an important role in oviposition. Furthermore, these events varied according to the type of fleece selected, and could be prevented by the addition of a bactericide.", "contents": "An in-vitro technique for studying fleece-rot and fly strike in sheep. Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in-vitro by wetting and incubating Merino wool samples embedded in serum-agar. Gravid Lucilia cuprina were readily-attracted to these wool culture plates to oviposit. Where serum was freely available to newly-hatched larvae, fly strike and larval development ensued. Using this technique, fleece-rot and oviposition were found to be markedly influenced by the availability of protein and by bacterial activity, particularly that of Pseudomonas spp. The results indicated that odours emanating from wool culture plates containing the latter species played an important role in oviposition. Furthermore, these events varied according to the type of fleece selected, and could be prevented by the addition of a bactericide.", "PMID": 582384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1409", "title": "Passive transmission of Campylobacter fetus by immunised bulls.", "content": "Two groups of 24 heifers were mated with 3 immunised and 3 susceptible bulls respectively. Six heifers in each group were infected artificially with Campylobacter fetus sub-sp. fetus biotype venerealis. Among susceptible heifers mated with immunised bulls, 13/18 became pregnant and 5/18 yielded evidence of infection with C. fetus. Among susceptible heifers mated with susceptible bulls, 7/18 became pregnant and 10/18 yielded evidence of infection. C. fetus was isolated on one occasion from an immunised bull, but the immunised bulls failed to develop carrier status and one was shown to be refractory to artificial challenge. Susceptible bulls developed carrier status during the breeding period. It is suggested that passive transmission of C. fetus by immunised bulls can occur under conditions of intensive sexual activity.", "contents": "Passive transmission of Campylobacter fetus by immunised bulls. Two groups of 24 heifers were mated with 3 immunised and 3 susceptible bulls respectively. Six heifers in each group were infected artificially with Campylobacter fetus sub-sp. fetus biotype venerealis. Among susceptible heifers mated with immunised bulls, 13/18 became pregnant and 5/18 yielded evidence of infection with C. fetus. Among susceptible heifers mated with susceptible bulls, 7/18 became pregnant and 10/18 yielded evidence of infection. C. fetus was isolated on one occasion from an immunised bull, but the immunised bulls failed to develop carrier status and one was shown to be refractory to artificial challenge. Susceptible bulls developed carrier status during the breeding period. It is suggested that passive transmission of C. fetus by immunised bulls can occur under conditions of intensive sexual activity.", "PMID": 582385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1410", "title": "[Situation and problems of the research-oriented pharmaceutical industry (author's transl)].", "content": "The inherent factors in the drug development strategy of a research-oriented pharmaceutical company, the actualities of the pharmaceutical market and the interdependence of the different determinants in terms of their meaning for innovation potential are presented. The applicability and the specificity of animal experimental results in regard to their human clinical relevance are particularly indicated as well as the reasons which in the future will narrow the chances for real and realizeable therapeutic advances in the area of psychotropic substances. Exaggerated, unrealistic and/or scientifically non-convincing requirements from the authorities can be an important inhibitory factor. For the main groups of psychotropic substances a series of desirable elements are enumerated and, at the same time, the chances for innovation are formulated. With the aim of improving the chances for innovation it is postulated to search for possibilities of a more rapid and more efficient feed-back from the clinic. Indeed this should be an integrated part of the activities in the early phases of development of new products.", "contents": "[Situation and problems of the research-oriented pharmaceutical industry (author's transl)]. The inherent factors in the drug development strategy of a research-oriented pharmaceutical company, the actualities of the pharmaceutical market and the interdependence of the different determinants in terms of their meaning for innovation potential are presented. The applicability and the specificity of animal experimental results in regard to their human clinical relevance are particularly indicated as well as the reasons which in the future will narrow the chances for real and realizeable therapeutic advances in the area of psychotropic substances. Exaggerated, unrealistic and/or scientifically non-convincing requirements from the authorities can be an important inhibitory factor. For the main groups of psychotropic substances a series of desirable elements are enumerated and, at the same time, the chances for innovation are formulated. With the aim of improving the chances for innovation it is postulated to search for possibilities of a more rapid and more efficient feed-back from the clinic. Indeed this should be an integrated part of the activities in the early phases of development of new products.", "PMID": 582388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1411", "title": "[Neuroendocrinology in depression and schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "In the introduction the heuristic basis of neuroendocrinology and the relationship to current concepts in biological psychiatry is analyzed. Various neuroendocrinological approaches to the study of depressive and schizophrenic disorders are then exemplified by the discussion of selected papers. In contrast to studies in schizophrenic patients abnormal findings have been found, by several research approaches, in endogenous-depressive patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a disfunction of biogenic amines in endogenous depression; however, considering the neuroendocrinological methodology at hand these findings are not conclusive.", "contents": "[Neuroendocrinology in depression and schizophrenia (author's transl)]. In the introduction the heuristic basis of neuroendocrinology and the relationship to current concepts in biological psychiatry is analyzed. Various neuroendocrinological approaches to the study of depressive and schizophrenic disorders are then exemplified by the discussion of selected papers. In contrast to studies in schizophrenic patients abnormal findings have been found, by several research approaches, in endogenous-depressive patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a disfunction of biogenic amines in endogenous depression; however, considering the neuroendocrinological methodology at hand these findings are not conclusive.", "PMID": 582389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1412", "title": "[Influence of single and repeated administration of desipramine (DMI) on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) (author's transl)].", "content": "DMI leads to stimulation of GH in healthy male subjects 60--120 min after i.m. injection and 150--210 min after oral application. During a 20-day administration of 2 x 75 mg DMI per day a repeated stimulation of GH was provable on days 0, 10 and 20 in two male patients, whereas no stimulation of GH occurred in two female patients who underwent the same treatment. The GH basic secretion did not increase in any of the four after patients 10 and 20 days, respectively. Neither prolactin (PRL) nor thyreotrophin (TSH) serum concentrations are influenced by DMI. The increase in PRL and TSH, which is induced by the thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), is provable after acute as well as after chronic administration of DMI.", "contents": "[Influence of single and repeated administration of desipramine (DMI) on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) (author's transl)]. DMI leads to stimulation of GH in healthy male subjects 60--120 min after i.m. injection and 150--210 min after oral application. During a 20-day administration of 2 x 75 mg DMI per day a repeated stimulation of GH was provable on days 0, 10 and 20 in two male patients, whereas no stimulation of GH occurred in two female patients who underwent the same treatment. The GH basic secretion did not increase in any of the four after patients 10 and 20 days, respectively. Neither prolactin (PRL) nor thyreotrophin (TSH) serum concentrations are influenced by DMI. The increase in PRL and TSH, which is induced by the thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), is provable after acute as well as after chronic administration of DMI.", "PMID": 582390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1413", "title": "[Relationships between effects and plasma levels of clozapine (author's transl)].", "content": "Relations between clozapine plasma levels and effects were investigated in 32 hospitalized patients. Clozapine dosage and plasma levels correlate linearly. The clinical improvement due to clozapine treatment was significant. A relationship between the rate of improvement and the plasma levels could be seen on the third day of treatment only. Of the side effects, body temperature elevation and orthostatic disregulation temporarily correlated with the plasma levels. Development of tolerance was seen with regard to the sedative effect and orthostatic disregulation. Linear correlations between pulse frequency as well as dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in serum and clinical improvement were observed during the second half of the 30-day treatment period.", "contents": "[Relationships between effects and plasma levels of clozapine (author's transl)]. Relations between clozapine plasma levels and effects were investigated in 32 hospitalized patients. Clozapine dosage and plasma levels correlate linearly. The clinical improvement due to clozapine treatment was significant. A relationship between the rate of improvement and the plasma levels could be seen on the third day of treatment only. Of the side effects, body temperature elevation and orthostatic disregulation temporarily correlated with the plasma levels. Development of tolerance was seen with regard to the sedative effect and orthostatic disregulation. Linear correlations between pulse frequency as well as dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in serum and clinical improvement were observed during the second half of the 30-day treatment period.", "PMID": 582391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1414", "title": "[Quantitative determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "With regard to the increasing importance of determining plasma levels of antidepressant drugs a procedure has been worked out which makes it possible to analyze these substances in a simple and sensitive way. 5 ng )ca. 20 pmol) amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desmethylimipramine, chlorimipramine, desmethylchlorimipramine, and protriptyline can be detected with a high-pressure liquid chromatograph and a UV-monitor without prior derivatisation. The extraction is made from 1 ml serum. Because of their retention time the substances can be identified. This fact allows simultaneous analyzation of all tricyclic antidepressants.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of tricyclic antidepressant drugs by high-pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. With regard to the increasing importance of determining plasma levels of antidepressant drugs a procedure has been worked out which makes it possible to analyze these substances in a simple and sensitive way. 5 ng )ca. 20 pmol) amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desmethylimipramine, chlorimipramine, desmethylchlorimipramine, and protriptyline can be detected with a high-pressure liquid chromatograph and a UV-monitor without prior derivatisation. The extraction is made from 1 ml serum. Because of their retention time the substances can be identified. This fact allows simultaneous analyzation of all tricyclic antidepressants.", "PMID": 582392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1415", "title": "[On the effect of the antidepressant viloxazin on EEG and optimization of the system driver-vehicle-road (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a single dose of 100 mg 2-[(o-ethoxyphenoxy)-methyl]-morpholine hydrochloride (viloxazin) on EEG and optimizing control behaviour of drivers were investigated under double-blind conditions in 5 male subjects with many years' driving experience. The study was carried out on a special test course using a car equipped with measuring devices. The following signals were recorded: EEG and EOG, driving speed, steering torque, steering angle and angle rate, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, and yaw rate. As evaluated by means of spectral analysis with a subsequent principal component analysis the EEG showed an increase of the power in alpha- and beta-frequencies indicating a drug induced decrease of EEG vigilance. In correspondence the optimization of the system driver-vehicle-road was reduced indicating an impairment of the driver's control behaviour.", "contents": "[On the effect of the antidepressant viloxazin on EEG and optimization of the system driver-vehicle-road (author's transl)]. The effects of a single dose of 100 mg 2-[(o-ethoxyphenoxy)-methyl]-morpholine hydrochloride (viloxazin) on EEG and optimizing control behaviour of drivers were investigated under double-blind conditions in 5 male subjects with many years' driving experience. The study was carried out on a special test course using a car equipped with measuring devices. The following signals were recorded: EEG and EOG, driving speed, steering torque, steering angle and angle rate, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, and yaw rate. As evaluated by means of spectral analysis with a subsequent principal component analysis the EEG showed an increase of the power in alpha- and beta-frequencies indicating a drug induced decrease of EEG vigilance. In correspondence the optimization of the system driver-vehicle-road was reduced indicating an impairment of the driver's control behaviour.", "PMID": 582393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1416", "title": "[The effect of tinofedrine on the EEG].", "content": "The effect of 4 mg tinofedrine i.v. on the EEG of 10 healthy volunteers was tested by serial spectral analysis. In a controlled study, production of alpha-waves rose significantly, while delta-activity decreased. This is thought to be indicative of activation of the central nervous system by tinofedrine.", "contents": "[The effect of tinofedrine on the EEG]. The effect of 4 mg tinofedrine i.v. on the EEG of 10 healthy volunteers was tested by serial spectral analysis. In a controlled study, production of alpha-waves rose significantly, while delta-activity decreased. This is thought to be indicative of activation of the central nervous system by tinofedrine.", "PMID": 582394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1417", "title": "[Experimental study on the effect of ephedrine in an anger-provoking situation].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ephedrine-induced sympathetic arousal on emotional reactions in an anger-provoking situation. The effects of ephedrine were compared with a placebo condition while the effects of the anger-situation were compared to a neutral control situation. 60 male students were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions of the two-factor design. The dependent variables were various peripheral-physiological measures and self rating of physical and emotional states. Both independent variables were found to be effective. Contrary to expectation, ephedrine decreased subjective emotional reactions to the anger-provoking situation rather than increase it. Methodological problems and possible conclusions about the role of sympathetic arousal for emotional reactions are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the effect of ephedrine in an anger-provoking situation]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ephedrine-induced sympathetic arousal on emotional reactions in an anger-provoking situation. The effects of ephedrine were compared with a placebo condition while the effects of the anger-situation were compared to a neutral control situation. 60 male students were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions of the two-factor design. The dependent variables were various peripheral-physiological measures and self rating of physical and emotional states. Both independent variables were found to be effective. Contrary to expectation, ephedrine decreased subjective emotional reactions to the anger-provoking situation rather than increase it. Methodological problems and possible conclusions about the role of sympathetic arousal for emotional reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 582395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1418", "title": "[Two psychosis-specific test systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychopathological procedures for assessment of severity of mental disorders will often be applied in follow-up studies of drugs. Their application can be performed relatively economically because the nosological and syndromal allocation of patients has usually been accomplished before the measurement of severity. In order to facilitate and establish economy, empirically testable conceptions on the relationship between the severity of the psychic disorder in question and the results of measurement are to be favoured. In addition they help avoiding systematic misjudgements as they sometimes occur in application of self-assessment scales in functional psychoses (physically induced reversible psychosis) or endogenous depression. According to this rule two economic psychopathometric testing systems have been developed for endogenous depression and functional psychosis. Both are introduced briefly.", "contents": "[Two psychosis-specific test systems (author's transl)]. Psychopathological procedures for assessment of severity of mental disorders will often be applied in follow-up studies of drugs. Their application can be performed relatively economically because the nosological and syndromal allocation of patients has usually been accomplished before the measurement of severity. In order to facilitate and establish economy, empirically testable conceptions on the relationship between the severity of the psychic disorder in question and the results of measurement are to be favoured. In addition they help avoiding systematic misjudgements as they sometimes occur in application of self-assessment scales in functional psychoses (physically induced reversible psychosis) or endogenous depression. According to this rule two economic psychopathometric testing systems have been developed for endogenous depression and functional psychosis. Both are introduced briefly.", "PMID": 582396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1419", "title": "[Detecting psychopathological symptoms in psychopharmacological studies on the course of disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Rating scales and self-rating scales are still indispensable for the estimation of psychopathological symptoms and their variations in the course of treatment with psychopharmacologic agents. So significant progress can be recognized in measurment of intelligence, degree of severity of functional psychoses, states of cerebral defects and of endogenous depressions. The promising results of this experience encourage intensifying the development of such test instruments concerning non-psychotic psychic disturbances as well as schizophrenic psychoses.", "contents": "[Detecting psychopathological symptoms in psychopharmacological studies on the course of disease (author's transl)]. Rating scales and self-rating scales are still indispensable for the estimation of psychopathological symptoms and their variations in the course of treatment with psychopharmacologic agents. So significant progress can be recognized in measurment of intelligence, degree of severity of functional psychoses, states of cerebral defects and of endogenous depressions. The promising results of this experience encourage intensifying the development of such test instruments concerning non-psychotic psychic disturbances as well as schizophrenic psychoses.", "PMID": 582397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1420", "title": "[Development of new antiepileptics. V. Pharmacological activity of some derivatives of sulfanilamide (author's transl)].", "content": "9 derivatives of sulfanilamide were tested for anticonvulsant properties against electroconvulsive shock in mice and rats and against pentylenetetrazole shock in mice. Reference standard in these tests was sulfanilamide. Their toxic, analgesic and sedative activities were also examined. The anticonvulsive activity of sulfanilamide could be enhanced by substitution of the phenyl ring with a halogen atom. Substitution of the sulfonamide group diminishes the anticonvulsant and increases the sedative activity of sulfanilamide. Detoxication of the basic substance by substitution of the aromatic amino group only little influences the anticonvulsant activity and may even enhance it. Of the tested substances, 1742 (3-chloro-4-phenacetamido-benzene-sulfonamide) exhibited the best anticonvulsant activity; slightly weaker was PB 311 (3-chloro-4-amino-benzene-sulfonamide). The ED50 for the activity against electroconvulsive shock of both substances was about 30 mg/kg p.o. in mice. The relationship between anticonvulsant activity and inhibition of the renal and cerebral carbonic anhydrase is discussed.", "contents": "[Development of new antiepileptics. V. Pharmacological activity of some derivatives of sulfanilamide (author's transl)]. 9 derivatives of sulfanilamide were tested for anticonvulsant properties against electroconvulsive shock in mice and rats and against pentylenetetrazole shock in mice. Reference standard in these tests was sulfanilamide. Their toxic, analgesic and sedative activities were also examined. The anticonvulsive activity of sulfanilamide could be enhanced by substitution of the phenyl ring with a halogen atom. Substitution of the sulfonamide group diminishes the anticonvulsant and increases the sedative activity of sulfanilamide. Detoxication of the basic substance by substitution of the aromatic amino group only little influences the anticonvulsant activity and may even enhance it. Of the tested substances, 1742 (3-chloro-4-phenacetamido-benzene-sulfonamide) exhibited the best anticonvulsant activity; slightly weaker was PB 311 (3-chloro-4-amino-benzene-sulfonamide). The ED50 for the activity against electroconvulsive shock of both substances was about 30 mg/kg p.o. in mice. The relationship between anticonvulsant activity and inhibition of the renal and cerebral carbonic anhydrase is discussed.", "PMID": 582398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1421", "title": "[Pharmacological effect of tinofedrine on cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-Di-3-thienylallyl)amino]-ethyl)-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (Tinofedrine, D 8955, Novocebrin), a new drug, synthetized in our research laboratories, has been tested in dogs with regard to the improvement of cerebral and peripheral blood flow. Direct electromagnetic flow measurement at the vertebral artery as well as 133xenon wash-out method showed a strong and long-lasting increase of cerebral and femoral blood flow following intravenous as well as oral administration. No decrease of activity was observed after repeated intravenous application. Comparative studies with several standard drugs of the same field of indication proved a remarkable superiority of tinofedrine in our experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effect of tinofedrine on cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in the dog (author's transl)]. l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-Di-3-thienylallyl)amino]-ethyl)-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (Tinofedrine, D 8955, Novocebrin), a new drug, synthetized in our research laboratories, has been tested in dogs with regard to the improvement of cerebral and peripheral blood flow. Direct electromagnetic flow measurement at the vertebral artery as well as 133xenon wash-out method showed a strong and long-lasting increase of cerebral and femoral blood flow following intravenous as well as oral administration. No decrease of activity was observed after repeated intravenous application. Comparative studies with several standard drugs of the same field of indication proved a remarkable superiority of tinofedrine in our experimental conditions.", "PMID": 582400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1422", "title": "[The influence of tinofedrine on cerebral energy metabolism in normotensive, hypotensive and hypoxemic rats after carotis ligation (author's transl)].", "content": "l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-Di-3-thienylallyl)amino]-ethyl)-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (tinofedrine hydrochloride, D 8955, Novocebrin), a new cerebrally active substance, synthetized in our research laboratories, was investigated for its action on the disturbed cerebral metabolism in rats. By variation of the arterial blood pressure (normal, 100 and 70 mmHg), and O2-concentration for the artificial ventilation of 30 or 15 vol% and carotis ligation for 15, 30 and 60 min different degrees of cerebral disturbances could be induced. The glucose concentration and energy state of the brain were used as criteria of the degree of cerebral disturbance. After intravenous injection of tinofedrine such a disturbed cerebral state could be normalized partially or completely.", "contents": "[The influence of tinofedrine on cerebral energy metabolism in normotensive, hypotensive and hypoxemic rats after carotis ligation (author's transl)]. l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-Di-3-thienylallyl)amino]-ethyl)-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (tinofedrine hydrochloride, D 8955, Novocebrin), a new cerebrally active substance, synthetized in our research laboratories, was investigated for its action on the disturbed cerebral metabolism in rats. By variation of the arterial blood pressure (normal, 100 and 70 mmHg), and O2-concentration for the artificial ventilation of 30 or 15 vol% and carotis ligation for 15, 30 and 60 min different degrees of cerebral disturbances could be induced. The glucose concentration and energy state of the brain were used as criteria of the degree of cerebral disturbance. After intravenous injection of tinofedrine such a disturbed cerebral state could be normalized partially or completely.", "PMID": 582401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1423", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tinofedrine].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-di-3-thienylallyl)-amino]-ethyl)-3-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (tinofedrine hydrochloride, D 8955, Novocebrin) were investigated in rat and dog by means of the 3H-labelled drug. After i.v. administration similar biphasic time courses of the plasma levels are seen in the rat and the dog. The elimination is linear with a half-life of 3.0 and 3.8 h, respectively. After peroral administration 3H-tinofedrine is absorbed much more rapidly by the dog than by the rat. Radioactivity is subsequently eliminated from plasma by both species at nearly identical speed, which corresponds to that after i.v. administration. Quantitative analysis of the organ distribution after i.v. administration in the rat reveals a distinct affinity of 3H-tinofedrine for the lung. All tissue bindings, however, after both routes of administration are reversible. After preoral administration the drug is absorbed nearly quantitatively in the dog and in the rat with 50--63%. Only unchanged tinofedrine can be detected in the blood of the mesenteric veins. Tinofedrine is completely metabolized. In the rat and in the dog three different conjugates are formed, two of which are excreted with the bile. During their way through the intestine they are split again into tinofedrine, which is found in the feces. 3H-Tinofedrine after i.v. and peroral administration is mainly excreted fecally by the rat and the dog. This is caused by the great extent of the biliary excretion of the metabolites.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tinofedrine]. Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of l-(+)-alpha-(1-[(3,3-di-3-thienylallyl)-amino]-ethyl)-3-benzyl alcohol hydrochloride (tinofedrine hydrochloride, D 8955, Novocebrin) were investigated in rat and dog by means of the 3H-labelled drug. After i.v. administration similar biphasic time courses of the plasma levels are seen in the rat and the dog. The elimination is linear with a half-life of 3.0 and 3.8 h, respectively. After peroral administration 3H-tinofedrine is absorbed much more rapidly by the dog than by the rat. Radioactivity is subsequently eliminated from plasma by both species at nearly identical speed, which corresponds to that after i.v. administration. Quantitative analysis of the organ distribution after i.v. administration in the rat reveals a distinct affinity of 3H-tinofedrine for the lung. All tissue bindings, however, after both routes of administration are reversible. After preoral administration the drug is absorbed nearly quantitatively in the dog and in the rat with 50--63%. Only unchanged tinofedrine can be detected in the blood of the mesenteric veins. Tinofedrine is completely metabolized. In the rat and in the dog three different conjugates are formed, two of which are excreted with the bile. During their way through the intestine they are split again into tinofedrine, which is found in the feces. 3H-Tinofedrine after i.v. and peroral administration is mainly excreted fecally by the rat and the dog. This is caused by the great extent of the biliary excretion of the metabolites.", "PMID": 582402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1424", "title": "The central action of various arecaidine esters (arecoline derivatives) on blood pressure and heart rate in the cat. Comparison with the peripheral effects.", "content": "The central action of various arecaidine esters (arecoline derivatives) on the cardiovascular system has been studied. Central injection of these cholinergic drugs into the vertebral artery of the cat gives rise to a hypotensive effect, whereas heart rate is not affected. It is concluded that the blood pressure lowering effect is brought about by stimulating central muscarinic receptors. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that the central muscarinic receptors behave in the same way towards their agonists as do the peripheral muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "The central action of various arecaidine esters (arecoline derivatives) on blood pressure and heart rate in the cat. Comparison with the peripheral effects. The central action of various arecaidine esters (arecoline derivatives) on the cardiovascular system has been studied. Central injection of these cholinergic drugs into the vertebral artery of the cat gives rise to a hypotensive effect, whereas heart rate is not affected. It is concluded that the blood pressure lowering effect is brought about by stimulating central muscarinic receptors. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that the central muscarinic receptors behave in the same way towards their agonists as do the peripheral muscarinic receptors.", "PMID": 582403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1425", "title": "[Phosphoric acid ester poisoned rats after antidote therapy. 2. Determination of serum enzyme activity].", "content": "Paraoxon in doses of one LD50 (0.426 mg/kg), eight times and eighty times LD 50 was applied s.c. to female Sprague-Dawley rats. After 3, 6, 10, 24 and 36--48 h the activities of enzymes GOT, GPT, GLDH, SDH, CPK and ChE were measured, once after i.m. antidote application of Toxogonin only, of Toxogonin + atropine and the next one after application of combination Toxogonin + atropine + Solcoseryl (low-molecular components of deproteinized blood from young calves. The values obtained showed that in spite of treatment with Toxogonin or Toxogonin + atropine the activities of the enzymes increased; this enhancement could be prevented by addition of Solcoseryl to Toxogonin + atropine. The ChE-activity after 36 h was equivalent to that of the control value. The effect of paraoxon in the initial phase of poisoning was discussed in connection with hypoxia and acidosis resulting from a respiratory insufficiency as well as the inhibition of ATPase-activity with restriction of the energy metabolism following: consequently the effect of Solcoseryl was interpreted as an activation of the disturbed energy metabolism.", "contents": "[Phosphoric acid ester poisoned rats after antidote therapy. 2. Determination of serum enzyme activity]. Paraoxon in doses of one LD50 (0.426 mg/kg), eight times and eighty times LD 50 was applied s.c. to female Sprague-Dawley rats. After 3, 6, 10, 24 and 36--48 h the activities of enzymes GOT, GPT, GLDH, SDH, CPK and ChE were measured, once after i.m. antidote application of Toxogonin only, of Toxogonin + atropine and the next one after application of combination Toxogonin + atropine + Solcoseryl (low-molecular components of deproteinized blood from young calves. The values obtained showed that in spite of treatment with Toxogonin or Toxogonin + atropine the activities of the enzymes increased; this enhancement could be prevented by addition of Solcoseryl to Toxogonin + atropine. The ChE-activity after 36 h was equivalent to that of the control value. The effect of paraoxon in the initial phase of poisoning was discussed in connection with hypoxia and acidosis resulting from a respiratory insufficiency as well as the inhibition of ATPase-activity with restriction of the energy metabolism following: consequently the effect of Solcoseryl was interpreted as an activation of the disturbed energy metabolism.", "PMID": 582404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1426", "title": "[Increased regional hepatic blood circulation and bile flow following application of peloid paraffin packs on rat abdominal wall].", "content": "In Sprague-Dawley rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital-Na and breathing spontaneously, regional hepatic blood flow (rHBF) is measured in the liver in situ and during application of peloid paraffin packs on the abdominal wall. Blood flow measurements are performed by means of the 85Kr(beta)-clearance technique after slug injection of the dissolved indicator into the thoracic aorta. Mean arterial blood pressure is monitored continuously. After exposing the liver surface by an incision at the right costal margin, rHBF is measured, 5, 15, 35 and 45 min later. The results of a control series clearly show that there exists a time-dependent decrease of rHBF at comparable M ABP values and normal respiratory gas parameters. If peloid paraffin packs are applied on the abdominal wall 25 min after the surgery, this time-dependent decrease of rHBF ceases and rHBF then increases to initial values. In comparison to the control series the application of peloid paraffin packs on the abdominal wall causes a significant increase in rHBF of about 20--39%. Experiments on bile flow of rats show that under normal conditions and after insertion of a cannula into the common hepatic duct, a time-independent mean flow of 0.053 ml bile/kg body weight/min occurs. The application of peloid paraffin packs 45 min after the suture of the abdominal wall yields a significant increase in bile flow of 18% within 15 min.", "contents": "[Increased regional hepatic blood circulation and bile flow following application of peloid paraffin packs on rat abdominal wall]. In Sprague-Dawley rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital-Na and breathing spontaneously, regional hepatic blood flow (rHBF) is measured in the liver in situ and during application of peloid paraffin packs on the abdominal wall. Blood flow measurements are performed by means of the 85Kr(beta)-clearance technique after slug injection of the dissolved indicator into the thoracic aorta. Mean arterial blood pressure is monitored continuously. After exposing the liver surface by an incision at the right costal margin, rHBF is measured, 5, 15, 35 and 45 min later. The results of a control series clearly show that there exists a time-dependent decrease of rHBF at comparable M ABP values and normal respiratory gas parameters. If peloid paraffin packs are applied on the abdominal wall 25 min after the surgery, this time-dependent decrease of rHBF ceases and rHBF then increases to initial values. In comparison to the control series the application of peloid paraffin packs on the abdominal wall causes a significant increase in rHBF of about 20--39%. Experiments on bile flow of rats show that under normal conditions and after insertion of a cannula into the common hepatic duct, a time-independent mean flow of 0.053 ml bile/kg body weight/min occurs. The application of peloid paraffin packs 45 min after the suture of the abdominal wall yields a significant increase in bile flow of 18% within 15 min.", "PMID": 582405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1427", "title": "Inhibitory effect of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]-pyridazine (DS-511) and its 4'-hydroxy derivative on antidiuretic action of vasopressin in rats.", "content": "The water-diuretic features of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyridol[3,4-d]-pyridazine (DS-511) and its water-soluble 4'-OH derivative [DS-511(4'-OH)] were investigated. In saline-infused rats the minimum i.v. diuretic dose of DS-511(4'-OH) was 1.0 micrograms/kg/min, while in water-diuretic rats the minimum dose was 50 micrograms/kg/min. Intravenous infusion of DS-511 or DS-511(4'-OH) at rates of 1 to 10 micrograms/kg/min caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the ADH-induced antidiuresis in water-diuretic rats, and a decrease in urinary osmolality. However, hydrochlorothiazide even at 500 micrograms/kg/min did not alter the antidiuresis, but increased the osmolality. Furosemide at a rate of 10 micrograms/kg/min increased urinary excretion of water and sodium in both saline-infused and water-diuretic rats, but the same dose did not inhibit the ADH-induced antidiuresis. These findings indicate that the specific anti-ADH action at relatively low doses of DS-511 and DS-511(4'-OH) is partly involved in the diuretic mechanism of these agents.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]-pyridazine (DS-511) and its 4'-hydroxy derivative on antidiuretic action of vasopressin in rats. The water-diuretic features of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyridol[3,4-d]-pyridazine (DS-511) and its water-soluble 4'-OH derivative [DS-511(4'-OH)] were investigated. In saline-infused rats the minimum i.v. diuretic dose of DS-511(4'-OH) was 1.0 micrograms/kg/min, while in water-diuretic rats the minimum dose was 50 micrograms/kg/min. Intravenous infusion of DS-511 or DS-511(4'-OH) at rates of 1 to 10 micrograms/kg/min caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the ADH-induced antidiuresis in water-diuretic rats, and a decrease in urinary osmolality. However, hydrochlorothiazide even at 500 micrograms/kg/min did not alter the antidiuresis, but increased the osmolality. Furosemide at a rate of 10 micrograms/kg/min increased urinary excretion of water and sodium in both saline-infused and water-diuretic rats, but the same dose did not inhibit the ADH-induced antidiuresis. These findings indicate that the specific anti-ADH action at relatively low doses of DS-511 and DS-511(4'-OH) is partly involved in the diuretic mechanism of these agents.", "PMID": 582406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1428", "title": "Collection of control data from teratological experiments on mice, rats, and rabbits. A group study.", "content": "A joint study was undertaken in the laboratories of five pharmaceutical companies to evaluate accumulated data on the progeny of mice, rats and rabbits of various strains or breeds. The recorded morphological deviations from normal were classified according to the time of their occurrence during embryonic and foetal development, and three categories were differentiated. Comparison of the data from the various laboratories in general revealed similar results, and the variations observed are presumed to be due to differences in experimental conditions.", "contents": "Collection of control data from teratological experiments on mice, rats, and rabbits. A group study. A joint study was undertaken in the laboratories of five pharmaceutical companies to evaluate accumulated data on the progeny of mice, rats and rabbits of various strains or breeds. The recorded morphological deviations from normal were classified according to the time of their occurrence during embryonic and foetal development, and three categories were differentiated. Comparison of the data from the various laboratories in general revealed similar results, and the variations observed are presumed to be due to differences in experimental conditions.", "PMID": 582407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1429", "title": "[Distribution volume and elimination of triamterene and its active metabolites in the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "In rabbits the volumes of distribution of triamterene (TA) and its metabolites hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) were determined after i.v. administration of the agents. Both TA as well as its metabolites distribute in at least 2 compartments, OH-TA exhibiting by far the greatest volume of distribution, followed by TA and then by OH-TA-ester. TA and its phase-II-metabolite are eliminated at practically equal rate, whereas the elimination of OH-TA is relatively slow.", "contents": "[Distribution volume and elimination of triamterene and its active metabolites in the rabbit (author's transl)]. In rabbits the volumes of distribution of triamterene (TA) and its metabolites hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) were determined after i.v. administration of the agents. Both TA as well as its metabolites distribute in at least 2 compartments, OH-TA exhibiting by far the greatest volume of distribution, followed by TA and then by OH-TA-ester. TA and its phase-II-metabolite are eliminated at practically equal rate, whereas the elimination of OH-TA is relatively slow.", "PMID": 582408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1430", "title": "[Pharmacological effects of phase-I- and phase-II-metabolites of triamterene (author's transl)].", "content": "Since triamterene (TA) is rapidly metabolized to hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and then to its sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) the question arose whether the metabolites are still effective on ion transport as is triamterene. The effect of the metabolites was studied in microperfusion experiments on the rat submaxillary duct, which resembles the distal nephron and is considered the site of action of triamterene. Added to the lumen the phase-I- as well as the phase-II-metabolites decreased reabsorption of Na+, secretion of K+, and yielded an accumulation of HCO3-. These effects of the metabolites were produced by equimolar concentrations and are almost identical to those of native triamterene. In conclusion, the phase-II-metabolite must be considered to be essentially responsible for the natriuresis and antikaliuresis observed after oral administration of triamterene.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effects of phase-I- and phase-II-metabolites of triamterene (author's transl)]. Since triamterene (TA) is rapidly metabolized to hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and then to its sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) the question arose whether the metabolites are still effective on ion transport as is triamterene. The effect of the metabolites was studied in microperfusion experiments on the rat submaxillary duct, which resembles the distal nephron and is considered the site of action of triamterene. Added to the lumen the phase-I- as well as the phase-II-metabolites decreased reabsorption of Na+, secretion of K+, and yielded an accumulation of HCO3-. These effects of the metabolites were produced by equimolar concentrations and are almost identical to those of native triamterene. In conclusion, the phase-II-metabolite must be considered to be essentially responsible for the natriuresis and antikaliuresis observed after oral administration of triamterene.", "PMID": 582409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1431", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of triamterene and its active metabolites in renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "1. After one oral dose of 100 mg triamterene plasma levels of triamterene (TA) and its metabolites hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) were studied in patients with normal and impaired renal function and in patients submitted to hemodialysis. Triamterene and its metabolites were also determined in the urine and the dialysate, respectively. 2. Hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) representing a phase-II-metabolite of triamterene was found to yield plasma concentrations which were always higher than those of native TA. 3. In decreased renal function the elimination half-lives (t 1/2) of TA and OH-TA-ester were increased yielding elevated plasma levels of TA and its metabolites. The data of t 1/2 for TA and OH-TA-ester correlated with the creatinine clearance in an almost hyperbolic fashion. 4. Dialysance values of about 2 to 4 ml/min were determined for TA and OH-TA-ester.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of triamterene and its active metabolites in renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. 1. After one oral dose of 100 mg triamterene plasma levels of triamterene (TA) and its metabolites hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA) and hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) were studied in patients with normal and impaired renal function and in patients submitted to hemodialysis. Triamterene and its metabolites were also determined in the urine and the dialysate, respectively. 2. Hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester) representing a phase-II-metabolite of triamterene was found to yield plasma concentrations which were always higher than those of native TA. 3. In decreased renal function the elimination half-lives (t 1/2) of TA and OH-TA-ester were increased yielding elevated plasma levels of TA and its metabolites. The data of t 1/2 for TA and OH-TA-ester correlated with the creatinine clearance in an almost hyperbolic fashion. 4. Dialysance values of about 2 to 4 ml/min were determined for TA and OH-TA-ester.", "PMID": 582410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1432", "title": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after administration of increasing doses of a sustained-release formulation to human subjects.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate have been measured after administration of increasing doses in the range 20--100 mg as sustained-release tablets (Isoket retard) containing 20 mg to human subjects. Means of peak concentrations of 4.2 ng/ml, 13.1 ng/ml, 20.7 ng/ml, 36.8 ng/ml, and 34.9 ng/ml were measured after doses of 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg and 100 mg, respectively. In the plasma of individual subjects, peak concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate increased in proportion to the dose administered. Areas under the plasma isosorbide dinitrate concentration-time curves also increased in proportion to the dose administered. Bioavailability parameters were better correlated to the dose over the range 20--60 mg than over the range 20--100 mg.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after administration of increasing doses of a sustained-release formulation to human subjects. Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate have been measured after administration of increasing doses in the range 20--100 mg as sustained-release tablets (Isoket retard) containing 20 mg to human subjects. Means of peak concentrations of 4.2 ng/ml, 13.1 ng/ml, 20.7 ng/ml, 36.8 ng/ml, and 34.9 ng/ml were measured after doses of 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg and 100 mg, respectively. In the plasma of individual subjects, peak concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate increased in proportion to the dose administered. Areas under the plasma isosorbide dinitrate concentration-time curves also increased in proportion to the dose administered. Bioavailability parameters were better correlated to the dose over the range 20--60 mg than over the range 20--100 mg.", "PMID": 582411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1433", "title": "[The toxicity of lincomycin. Two i.v. applications of 6 g. each to a 10 year old girl without toxic symptoms].", "content": "A 10-year old girl (34.5 kg) being treated at our clinic for osteomyelitis erroneously received an overdose of lincomycin. On a single day she was given 2 infusions containing 6 g of lincomycin each, which corresponds to a dose of 343 mg/kg of body weight. There was an interval of 10 h between infusions. Apart from fatigue and unpleasant taste sensation, she demonstrated no signs of intoxication. None of the laboratory parameters (GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, LDH, G-LDH, LAP, alkaline phosphatase and CK; furthermore, the concentrations of glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid and bilirubin) offered any evidence of toxic organ damage. Osteomyelitis in children demands extremely high doses of antibiotics. In view of this fact, the therapeutic range of a substance is of utmost clinical interest.", "contents": "[The toxicity of lincomycin. Two i.v. applications of 6 g. each to a 10 year old girl without toxic symptoms]. A 10-year old girl (34.5 kg) being treated at our clinic for osteomyelitis erroneously received an overdose of lincomycin. On a single day she was given 2 infusions containing 6 g of lincomycin each, which corresponds to a dose of 343 mg/kg of body weight. There was an interval of 10 h between infusions. Apart from fatigue and unpleasant taste sensation, she demonstrated no signs of intoxication. None of the laboratory parameters (GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, LDH, G-LDH, LAP, alkaline phosphatase and CK; furthermore, the concentrations of glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid and bilirubin) offered any evidence of toxic organ damage. Osteomyelitis in children demands extremely high doses of antibiotics. In view of this fact, the therapeutic range of a substance is of utmost clinical interest.", "PMID": 582412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1434", "title": "[Determination of azapropazone and 8-hydroxyazapropazone in urine by direct quantitative thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for quantitative determination of 5-dimethyl amino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4]benzotriazine-1,3-(2H)-dione (azapropazone) and 8-hydroxyazapropazone in urine has been described. The analysis is performed by quantitatively thin-layer chromatography. The method is selective with a standard deviation of about 5%. After daily oral administration of 3 x 300 mg azapropazone-dihydrate a mean excretion of azapropazone of 62% and a mean excretion of 8-hydroxyazapropazone of 14% was determined.", "contents": "[Determination of azapropazone and 8-hydroxyazapropazone in urine by direct quantitative thin-layer chromatography (author's transl)]. A method for quantitative determination of 5-dimethyl amino-9-methyl-2-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-a] [1,2,4]benzotriazine-1,3-(2H)-dione (azapropazone) and 8-hydroxyazapropazone in urine has been described. The analysis is performed by quantitatively thin-layer chromatography. The method is selective with a standard deviation of about 5%. After daily oral administration of 3 x 300 mg azapropazone-dihydrate a mean excretion of azapropazone of 62% and a mean excretion of 8-hydroxyazapropazone of 14% was determined.", "PMID": 582413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1435", "title": "Influence of linseed oil on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.", "content": "Four groups of rabbits were studied to determine the effect of linseed oil on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Group C received cholesterol alone; group CL received cholesterol and linseed oil, group L were given linseed oil alone, while group N were fed the normal stock diet for 18 weeks. Cholesterolemia was marked in groups C and CL but not in groups L or N. Cholesterolemia was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in group CL (462 mg/dl) than in group C (318.6 mg/dl). Thus, the addition of linseed oil to cholesterol led to greater hypercholesterolemia than with the cholesterol diet alone. There was no significant change in the serum triglyceride level in either group. Atherosclerotic lesions (mostly fatty streaks but some fibrous plaques) were present only in groups C and CL and were absent in groups L and N. The percentage of atherosclerotic intimal involvement was significantly greater in group CL than C (P less than 0.001). The severity of atherosclerosis correlated with serum cholesterol levels (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001), but not with serum triglyceride levels.", "contents": "Influence of linseed oil on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Four groups of rabbits were studied to determine the effect of linseed oil on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Group C received cholesterol alone; group CL received cholesterol and linseed oil, group L were given linseed oil alone, while group N were fed the normal stock diet for 18 weeks. Cholesterolemia was marked in groups C and CL but not in groups L or N. Cholesterolemia was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in group CL (462 mg/dl) than in group C (318.6 mg/dl). Thus, the addition of linseed oil to cholesterol led to greater hypercholesterolemia than with the cholesterol diet alone. There was no significant change in the serum triglyceride level in either group. Atherosclerotic lesions (mostly fatty streaks but some fibrous plaques) were present only in groups C and CL and were absent in groups L and N. The percentage of atherosclerotic intimal involvement was significantly greater in group CL than C (P less than 0.001). The severity of atherosclerosis correlated with serum cholesterol levels (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001), but not with serum triglyceride levels.", "PMID": 582414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1436", "title": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of dimyristoyllecithin--dipalmitoyllecithin and dimyristoyllecithin--cholesterol mixtures.", "content": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholines (DMPCs) specifically deuterated in the 2-chain at one of positions 2', 3', 6', or 14' have been obtained by the quadrupole-echo Fourier transform method at 34.1 MHz (corresponding to a magnetic field strength of 5.2 T) or the pure material as a function of temperature, and in the presence of either 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or cholesterol as a function of temperature and composition. The results with pure DMPC and DMPC--DPPC mixtures indicate that a sharp, intense deuterium resonance is characteristic of fluid-phase lipids, whereas a broad resonance is characteristic of solid-phase lipids. There is shown to be good agreement between the deuterium NMR derived DMPC--DPPC phase diagram and that derived by using other techniques. The deuterium NMR results obtained with the DMPC--cholesterol system are not interpreted in terms of a phase diagram. They do indicate, however, that the transition breadth is increased considerably and the temperature at which the lipid chains \"solidify\" is depressed by the addition of cholesterol to the DMPC bilayer. The particular nature of the increase and the depression is found to be dependent on where the label is located on the lipid.", "contents": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of dimyristoyllecithin--dipalmitoyllecithin and dimyristoyllecithin--cholesterol mixtures. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholines (DMPCs) specifically deuterated in the 2-chain at one of positions 2', 3', 6', or 14' have been obtained by the quadrupole-echo Fourier transform method at 34.1 MHz (corresponding to a magnetic field strength of 5.2 T) or the pure material as a function of temperature, and in the presence of either 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or cholesterol as a function of temperature and composition. The results with pure DMPC and DMPC--DPPC mixtures indicate that a sharp, intense deuterium resonance is characteristic of fluid-phase lipids, whereas a broad resonance is characteristic of solid-phase lipids. There is shown to be good agreement between the deuterium NMR derived DMPC--DPPC phase diagram and that derived by using other techniques. The deuterium NMR results obtained with the DMPC--cholesterol system are not interpreted in terms of a phase diagram. They do indicate, however, that the transition breadth is increased considerably and the temperature at which the lipid chains \"solidify\" is depressed by the addition of cholesterol to the DMPC bilayer. The particular nature of the increase and the depression is found to be dependent on where the label is located on the lipid.", "PMID": 582418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1437", "title": "The physical properties of an effective lung surfactant.", "content": "It is suggested that the phospholipids at the alveolar/air interface exhibit both thermodynamic (equilibrium) and kinetic forces during the course of a respiratory cycle. The alveolae are kept open at full expiration by a residue of nearly pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine which is condensed and therefore, incompressible at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "The physical properties of an effective lung surfactant. It is suggested that the phospholipids at the alveolar/air interface exhibit both thermodynamic (equilibrium) and kinetic forces during the course of a respiratory cycle. The alveolae are kept open at full expiration by a residue of nearly pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine which is condensed and therefore, incompressible at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 582419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1438", "title": "[Do children take their milk at the dilution that you indicated].", "content": "The experiment was plotted with the purpose of discovering the variability of the measurements of powder milk and refined cane sugar. With this idea in mind, a plastic measurement contained in a commercial lactic product and teaspoon were used. With the results obtained from the dehydrated milk measured by 3 groups of 25 mothers and one of 25 nurses and those corresponding to 10 mothers and 5 nurses who measured the cane sugar, a speculation arose on the eventual significance these findings might have on the state of nutrition of the infants.", "contents": "[Do children take their milk at the dilution that you indicated]. The experiment was plotted with the purpose of discovering the variability of the measurements of powder milk and refined cane sugar. With this idea in mind, a plastic measurement contained in a commercial lactic product and teaspoon were used. With the results obtained from the dehydrated milk measured by 3 groups of 25 mothers and one of 25 nurses and those corresponding to 10 mothers and 5 nurses who measured the cane sugar, a speculation arose on the eventual significance these findings might have on the state of nutrition of the infants.", "PMID": 582416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1439", "title": "[Heterogeneity of phospholipid membranes detected by the fluorescent probe method].", "content": "The measurements of fluorescence polarization index within the emission spectra of the fluorescent probes 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DMCh) and 3-methoxybenzantrone (MBA) have indicated that probes are distributed in liposomes prepared from synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) between binding sites of two types. By the method described in the present paper the spectra measured experimentally have been divided into two spectral components. The shape and position of this componential spectra were independent of the probe:lipid concentrations ratio.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of phospholipid membranes detected by the fluorescent probe method]. The measurements of fluorescence polarization index within the emission spectra of the fluorescent probes 4-dimethylaminochalcone (DMCh) and 3-methoxybenzantrone (MBA) have indicated that probes are distributed in liposomes prepared from synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) between binding sites of two types. By the method described in the present paper the spectra measured experimentally have been divided into two spectral components. The shape and position of this componential spectra were independent of the probe:lipid concentrations ratio.", "PMID": 582420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1440", "title": "HLA and sexually transmitted diseases in prostitutes.", "content": "The HLA profile of 148 unrelated, Chinese prostitutes (56 with repeated gonococcal infection, 31 with syphilis, 31 with gonorrhoea and syphilis, and 30 with no evidence of infection) was compared with that of 238 unrelated, healthy, Chinese control subjects. The joint occurrence of AW19 B17 was observed in 25.8% of prostitutes with double infections compared with 6.7% of control subjects, while that of A11 B15, on the other hand, was associated with a resistance to syphilis and gonorrhoea. The latter profile was observed in 46.7% of prostitutes in business for more than two years who were resistant to disease, in 30% of prostitutes with an overall disease resistance, in 13.4% of control subjects, and in only 3.2% of prostitutes with combined syphilis and gonorrhoea. Because of the statistical uncertainty when multiple variables are being analysed these studies should be repeated in other groups of prostitutes of the same and different ethnic origins.", "contents": "HLA and sexually transmitted diseases in prostitutes. The HLA profile of 148 unrelated, Chinese prostitutes (56 with repeated gonococcal infection, 31 with syphilis, 31 with gonorrhoea and syphilis, and 30 with no evidence of infection) was compared with that of 238 unrelated, healthy, Chinese control subjects. The joint occurrence of AW19 B17 was observed in 25.8% of prostitutes with double infections compared with 6.7% of control subjects, while that of A11 B15, on the other hand, was associated with a resistance to syphilis and gonorrhoea. The latter profile was observed in 46.7% of prostitutes in business for more than two years who were resistant to disease, in 30% of prostitutes with an overall disease resistance, in 13.4% of control subjects, and in only 3.2% of prostitutes with combined syphilis and gonorrhoea. Because of the statistical uncertainty when multiple variables are being analysed these studies should be repeated in other groups of prostitutes of the same and different ethnic origins.", "PMID": 582426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1441", "title": "Seasonsal variations in the reported incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Scotland (1972-76).", "content": "The seasonal variation in the quarterly incidence of some sexually transmitted diseases and other conditions in Scotland is compared with that of gonorrhoea and of conceptions leading to live births or abortions. The seasonal incidence for non-specific genital infections and for other conditions not requiring treatment in both men and women was similar to that of gonorrhoea, thus indicating an association with promiscuity, whereas the seasonal variation for candidosis in men and women-an infection not usually associated with promiscuity-was similar to that of conceptions. Differences between the sexes occurred, however, in the seasonal incidences of scabies, pubic lice, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, and other conditions requiring treatment; thus men with these conditions appeared to be more promiscuous than women. The seasonal variations in incidence of genital scabies and pubic lice indicate that these infestations are more easily transmitted by close bodily contact indoors during cold weather than in the open air.", "contents": "Seasonsal variations in the reported incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Scotland (1972-76). The seasonal variation in the quarterly incidence of some sexually transmitted diseases and other conditions in Scotland is compared with that of gonorrhoea and of conceptions leading to live births or abortions. The seasonal incidence for non-specific genital infections and for other conditions not requiring treatment in both men and women was similar to that of gonorrhoea, thus indicating an association with promiscuity, whereas the seasonal variation for candidosis in men and women-an infection not usually associated with promiscuity-was similar to that of conceptions. Differences between the sexes occurred, however, in the seasonal incidences of scabies, pubic lice, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, and other conditions requiring treatment; thus men with these conditions appeared to be more promiscuous than women. The seasonal variations in incidence of genital scabies and pubic lice indicate that these infestations are more easily transmitted by close bodily contact indoors during cold weather than in the open air.", "PMID": 582427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1442", "title": "Changes in amino acid metabolism caused by 6-azauridine triacetate: relevance to cancer treatment.", "content": "6-Azauridine triacetate (6-AzUrd-TA) administration causes changes in amino acid metabolism both in experimental animals and in man. This effect is dose-related. Amino acid changes caused by 6-AzUrd-TA resemble those in inborn homocystinuria, beta-alaninemia, and hyperhistidinemia. Inhibition of certain enzymes using pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme appears to be the common denominator for these changes. There is supportive evidence suggesting that homocystinemia and thrombotic episodes, both caused by 6-AzUrd-TA, are related. These results also reveal that anticancer drugs other than amino acid analogs and amino acid-depleting enzymes may cause significant changes in amino acid metabolism. Their detection and correlation with the therapeutic or adverse effects can be used as an alternative method for studying the relevance of amino acid changes to the treatment of cancer.", "contents": "Changes in amino acid metabolism caused by 6-azauridine triacetate: relevance to cancer treatment. 6-Azauridine triacetate (6-AzUrd-TA) administration causes changes in amino acid metabolism both in experimental animals and in man. This effect is dose-related. Amino acid changes caused by 6-AzUrd-TA resemble those in inborn homocystinuria, beta-alaninemia, and hyperhistidinemia. Inhibition of certain enzymes using pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme appears to be the common denominator for these changes. There is supportive evidence suggesting that homocystinemia and thrombotic episodes, both caused by 6-AzUrd-TA, are related. These results also reveal that anticancer drugs other than amino acid analogs and amino acid-depleting enzymes may cause significant changes in amino acid metabolism. Their detection and correlation with the therapeutic or adverse effects can be used as an alternative method for studying the relevance of amino acid changes to the treatment of cancer.", "PMID": 582429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1443", "title": "Radionuclide imaging and echography of thyroid nodules.", "content": "The usefulness of grey scale ultrasonography in association with radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of thyroid nodules is discussed. Nodules were classified in five categories, according to the magnitude of the internal echoes (echogenicity). The assessment of neoplasms in each of these categories is reported in 143 cases in which radionuclide imaging disclosed nonfunctioning or cold nodules. In this study, echography is used principally to clarify the nature of nonfunctioning or cold nodules found on radionuclide imaging.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging and echography of thyroid nodules. The usefulness of grey scale ultrasonography in association with radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of thyroid nodules is discussed. Nodules were classified in five categories, according to the magnitude of the internal echoes (echogenicity). The assessment of neoplasms in each of these categories is reported in 143 cases in which radionuclide imaging disclosed nonfunctioning or cold nodules. In this study, echography is used principally to clarify the nature of nonfunctioning or cold nodules found on radionuclide imaging.", "PMID": 582430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1444", "title": "Computerized tomographic diagnosis of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Accurate diagnosis of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta and its major branches can easily be performed by CT scanning of the mediastinum. The use of contrast enhancement aids in the diagnosis and allows distinction between flowing and clotted blood within the aneurysm. CT scanning of these lesions seen on chest radiographs may obviate the need for arteriography for diagnosis.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic diagnosis of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Accurate diagnosis of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta and its major branches can easily be performed by CT scanning of the mediastinum. The use of contrast enhancement aids in the diagnosis and allows distinction between flowing and clotted blood within the aneurysm. CT scanning of these lesions seen on chest radiographs may obviate the need for arteriography for diagnosis.", "PMID": 582431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1445", "title": "Effect of the venereal diseases epidemic on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy -- implications for the evaluation of contraceptives.", "content": "This paper identifies a basis for quantifying the risk of ectopic pregnancy in pregnancy seekers and in users of the major means of contraception, with and without prior tubal infection. The doubling, in U.S. in recent years, of both numbers of ectopic pregnancies and the prevalence of nonsurgical sterility is correlated with the epidemic of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted, salpingitis-producing diseases. The risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who have once had salpingitis is shown, on the basis of Westr\u00f6m's landmark prospective study and many retrospective studies, to be approximately 10-fold that of normal women. Fertilization-preventing contraceptives reduce uterine and ectopic pregnancies in the same proportion and in both categories of users--that is, in normal-risk and high-risk (post-salpingitis) women. Intrauterine contraceptives, however, markedly reduce uterine pregnancies, but have little effect on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Among IUD users, therefore, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy will be disproportionately great in relation to the fraction of high-risk women in the population of users. This disproportionate influence of prior salpingitis may confuse the comparative evaluation of contraceptive safety because the proportions of normal-risk and high-risk women probably vary widely, since public health data show extremely wide geographic differences in the incidence of gonorrhea -- the best known but not the only sexually transmitted, salpingitis-producing disease.", "contents": "Effect of the venereal diseases epidemic on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy -- implications for the evaluation of contraceptives. This paper identifies a basis for quantifying the risk of ectopic pregnancy in pregnancy seekers and in users of the major means of contraception, with and without prior tubal infection. The doubling, in U.S. in recent years, of both numbers of ectopic pregnancies and the prevalence of nonsurgical sterility is correlated with the epidemic of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted, salpingitis-producing diseases. The risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who have once had salpingitis is shown, on the basis of Westr\u00f6m's landmark prospective study and many retrospective studies, to be approximately 10-fold that of normal women. Fertilization-preventing contraceptives reduce uterine and ectopic pregnancies in the same proportion and in both categories of users--that is, in normal-risk and high-risk (post-salpingitis) women. Intrauterine contraceptives, however, markedly reduce uterine pregnancies, but have little effect on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Among IUD users, therefore, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy will be disproportionately great in relation to the fraction of high-risk women in the population of users. This disproportionate influence of prior salpingitis may confuse the comparative evaluation of contraceptive safety because the proportions of normal-risk and high-risk women probably vary widely, since public health data show extremely wide geographic differences in the incidence of gonorrhea -- the best known but not the only sexually transmitted, salpingitis-producing disease.", "PMID": 582432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1446", "title": "[Chondrocalcinosis (pseudogout) of the meniscus].", "content": "Among 1060 histologically examined meniscus cartilages from patients aged 11--74 years 20 (2%) had chondrocalcinosis. Age at onset of symptoms was 28--67 years, duration of symptoms until surgical removal of the meniscus six weeks to 20 years. All patients had pain, 12 had pain-independent limitations of knee movement. Effusions of the knee were present in ten. Independent of the radiological findings, in the majority of patients the symptoms were markedly improved or completely absent one-two years after meniscus removal. All meniscus specimens revealed severe changes both macroscopically and histologically. The clinical diagnosis confirmed by demonstrating calcium pyrophosphate crystals in haemalauneosin stained sections, examined by polarisation microscopy. The X-ray films demonstrated arthrosis in at least 50% of cases. There appeared to be a close mutual relationship between chondrocalcinosis and arthrosis of the knee-joint.", "contents": "[Chondrocalcinosis (pseudogout) of the meniscus]. Among 1060 histologically examined meniscus cartilages from patients aged 11--74 years 20 (2%) had chondrocalcinosis. Age at onset of symptoms was 28--67 years, duration of symptoms until surgical removal of the meniscus six weeks to 20 years. All patients had pain, 12 had pain-independent limitations of knee movement. Effusions of the knee were present in ten. Independent of the radiological findings, in the majority of patients the symptoms were markedly improved or completely absent one-two years after meniscus removal. All meniscus specimens revealed severe changes both macroscopically and histologically. The clinical diagnosis confirmed by demonstrating calcium pyrophosphate crystals in haemalauneosin stained sections, examined by polarisation microscopy. The X-ray films demonstrated arthrosis in at least 50% of cases. There appeared to be a close mutual relationship between chondrocalcinosis and arthrosis of the knee-joint.", "PMID": 582435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1447", "title": "Successful outcome of ergocryptine-induced pregnancies in twenty-one women with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas.", "content": "The natural history of prolactin-secreting adenomas is not known. For this reason, optimal therapy for women harboring these adenomas who desire to conceive is also unknown. Argument can be found to favor surgical excision, radiation therapy, prolactin-suppressing chemotherapy, and clinical observation. In a large series of women with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, 21 have conceived and delivered healthy infants, all of whom had ergocryptine-induced prolactin suppression as the sole form of therapy. Endocrinologic, neurologic, biochemical, and radiologic assessment failed to demonstrate any obvious growth of the pituitary adenoma, except for slight enlargement of the sella turcica in one patient who delivered twins. The failure to demonstrate any worsening of the clinical state may reflect the fact that no large tumors were included in this series, only small but definite microadenomas found on sellar tomography. All of the various modalities of therapy must be considered with each patient, but this series suggests that ergocryptine treatment with careful clinical follow-up is relatively safe in patients with small pituitary tumors.", "contents": "Successful outcome of ergocryptine-induced pregnancies in twenty-one women with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. The natural history of prolactin-secreting adenomas is not known. For this reason, optimal therapy for women harboring these adenomas who desire to conceive is also unknown. Argument can be found to favor surgical excision, radiation therapy, prolactin-suppressing chemotherapy, and clinical observation. In a large series of women with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, 21 have conceived and delivered healthy infants, all of whom had ergocryptine-induced prolactin suppression as the sole form of therapy. Endocrinologic, neurologic, biochemical, and radiologic assessment failed to demonstrate any obvious growth of the pituitary adenoma, except for slight enlargement of the sella turcica in one patient who delivered twins. The failure to demonstrate any worsening of the clinical state may reflect the fact that no large tumors were included in this series, only small but definite microadenomas found on sellar tomography. All of the various modalities of therapy must be considered with each patient, but this series suggests that ergocryptine treatment with careful clinical follow-up is relatively safe in patients with small pituitary tumors.", "PMID": 582438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1448", "title": "A simple lectin-mediated cell-adhesion method for investigating the cell surface.", "content": "A very simple, rapid and reproducible method has been developed for studying the interaction of lectins with the cell surface. This involves determining the number of adherent cells after shaking cell suspensions in Petri dishes which have had a lectin coupled to their surface using 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate. Using concanavalin A coupled to 60 mm diameter dishes and between 1.5 and 2 x 10(6) tumour cells, this adhesion reached a maximum after 10 min shaking. Maximum cell adhesion also varied according to the particular lectin used. Adhesion was absent or was very low if cells were shaken in untreated dishes, or in dishes coupled to bovine serum albumin, or in the presence of the lectin-specific sugar-competitor. Under conditions of maximum cell adhesion, the binding of two different lymphosarcoma lines to four different lectins was very similar, whereas the binding of a carcinoma line to these lectins was completely different from that observed for the lymphosarcomas.", "contents": "A simple lectin-mediated cell-adhesion method for investigating the cell surface. A very simple, rapid and reproducible method has been developed for studying the interaction of lectins with the cell surface. This involves determining the number of adherent cells after shaking cell suspensions in Petri dishes which have had a lectin coupled to their surface using 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate. Using concanavalin A coupled to 60 mm diameter dishes and between 1.5 and 2 x 10(6) tumour cells, this adhesion reached a maximum after 10 min shaking. Maximum cell adhesion also varied according to the particular lectin used. Adhesion was absent or was very low if cells were shaken in untreated dishes, or in dishes coupled to bovine serum albumin, or in the presence of the lectin-specific sugar-competitor. Under conditions of maximum cell adhesion, the binding of two different lymphosarcoma lines to four different lectins was very similar, whereas the binding of a carcinoma line to these lectins was completely different from that observed for the lymphosarcomas.", "PMID": 582440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1449", "title": "HSA fosters hospitals' voluntary cooperation in areawide planning.", "content": "An HSA convinced the 31 hospitals in its health service area to participate in a voluntary moratorium on expansion and a voluntary planning process through which their long-range institutional plans are reviewed for incorporation into the HSA's areawide plans.", "contents": "HSA fosters hospitals' voluntary cooperation in areawide planning. An HSA convinced the 31 hospitals in its health service area to participate in a voluntary moratorium on expansion and a voluntary planning process through which their long-range institutional plans are reviewed for incorporation into the HSA's areawide plans.", "PMID": 582444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1450", "title": "Pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: beyond organogenesis.", "content": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important regulators of lung growth and organogenesis, but later functional maturation of the fetal lung is though to be primarily under hormonal control. Recent evidence, however, suggests that hormonal effects on pulmonary cellular and biochemical maturation continue to involve intercellular interactions. Communication between cells may have wider importance than has hitherto been appreciated. It should be noted that in addition to organogenesis and biochemical development, mature lung requires an extensive capillary network in close proximity to areas of gas exchange. Recent attempts to isolate and culture pumonary endothelium may be expected to provide new insights into this neglected aspect of lung maturation. The possibility of hormonal or intercellular mediation of the differentiation of airway epithelium might also merit investigation.", "contents": "Pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: beyond organogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important regulators of lung growth and organogenesis, but later functional maturation of the fetal lung is though to be primarily under hormonal control. Recent evidence, however, suggests that hormonal effects on pulmonary cellular and biochemical maturation continue to involve intercellular interactions. Communication between cells may have wider importance than has hitherto been appreciated. It should be noted that in addition to organogenesis and biochemical development, mature lung requires an extensive capillary network in close proximity to areas of gas exchange. Recent attempts to isolate and culture pumonary endothelium may be expected to provide new insights into this neglected aspect of lung maturation. The possibility of hormonal or intercellular mediation of the differentiation of airway epithelium might also merit investigation.", "PMID": 582445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1451", "title": "[Prevention of paralytic ileus after colonic surgery by continuous peridural sympathetic block. Preliminary report].", "content": "Gastrointestinal atony must be considered as a reflex response to surgical intervention, due to activation of sympathetic nerves. Following colonic surgery, the duration of this response may be notably extended and the ensuing intestinal distension becomes the paramount factor of a persisting ileus. Blocking the sympathetic fibers prevents intestinal distension. Introducing appropriate catheter into the peridural space up to the level of the 10th--11th thoracic vertebra makes it possible to realize a segmental continuous block between T6--L2, where gastrointestinal sympathetic innervation actually originates. Using bupivacaine at low concentration (0.125% with epinephrine 1/400,000) reduces untoward effect on circulation and may even prove beneficial if volaemia is effective. In addition, it produces a selective block on the visceromotor fibers which allows a differential diagnosis of the ileus, without risking to pass over a perforation of the gut whenever a coexisting mechanical factor is suspected.", "contents": "[Prevention of paralytic ileus after colonic surgery by continuous peridural sympathetic block. Preliminary report]. Gastrointestinal atony must be considered as a reflex response to surgical intervention, due to activation of sympathetic nerves. Following colonic surgery, the duration of this response may be notably extended and the ensuing intestinal distension becomes the paramount factor of a persisting ileus. Blocking the sympathetic fibers prevents intestinal distension. Introducing appropriate catheter into the peridural space up to the level of the 10th--11th thoracic vertebra makes it possible to realize a segmental continuous block between T6--L2, where gastrointestinal sympathetic innervation actually originates. Using bupivacaine at low concentration (0.125% with epinephrine 1/400,000) reduces untoward effect on circulation and may even prove beneficial if volaemia is effective. In addition, it produces a selective block on the visceromotor fibers which allows a differential diagnosis of the ileus, without risking to pass over a perforation of the gut whenever a coexisting mechanical factor is suspected.", "PMID": 582450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1452", "title": "In-vitro maturation and penetration of mouse primary oocytes after removal of the zona pellucida.", "content": "The spontaneous maturation of intact, cumulus-free and zona-free oocytes of the mouse was studied in complex and in simple media. The rates and frequencies of maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage were similar for all oocytes, indicating that these investments are not critical to maturation. The penetration characteristics of zona-free oocytes were examined; before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB), evidence for penetration was obtained only when the ionophor, A23187, was included in the medium. After GVB, oocytes readily incorporated spermatozoa and were usually polyspermic when inseminated with 10(5) capacitated epididymal spermatozoa/ml. The kinetics of sperm incorporation indicated that primary oocytes were capable of a plasmalemma block to penetration similar to that seen with tubal eggs.", "contents": "In-vitro maturation and penetration of mouse primary oocytes after removal of the zona pellucida. The spontaneous maturation of intact, cumulus-free and zona-free oocytes of the mouse was studied in complex and in simple media. The rates and frequencies of maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage were similar for all oocytes, indicating that these investments are not critical to maturation. The penetration characteristics of zona-free oocytes were examined; before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB), evidence for penetration was obtained only when the ionophor, A23187, was included in the medium. After GVB, oocytes readily incorporated spermatozoa and were usually polyspermic when inseminated with 10(5) capacitated epididymal spermatozoa/ml. The kinetics of sperm incorporation indicated that primary oocytes were capable of a plasmalemma block to penetration similar to that seen with tubal eggs.", "PMID": 582455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1453", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm of the ulnar artery.", "content": "A mycotic aneurysm is an uncommon, but serious, complication of infective endocarditis, occurring as a result of an infected embolus being lodged in the vasa vasorum or lumen of an artery. Involvement of the ulnar artery is rare, but its peripheral location renders its diagnosis more simple. A case of mycotic aneurysm of the ulnar artery complicating infective endocarditis is reported, with successful management by ligation and excision.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm of the ulnar artery. A mycotic aneurysm is an uncommon, but serious, complication of infective endocarditis, occurring as a result of an infected embolus being lodged in the vasa vasorum or lumen of an artery. Involvement of the ulnar artery is rare, but its peripheral location renders its diagnosis more simple. A case of mycotic aneurysm of the ulnar artery complicating infective endocarditis is reported, with successful management by ligation and excision.", "PMID": 582459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1454", "title": "Changes in blood flow of growing experimental tumor determined by the clearance of 133Xe.", "content": "133Xe clearance method has been employed for measurement of the blood flow in 6C3HED lymphosarcoma implanted in flank of C3H mice. In small tumors (9-day old) the mean rate of blood flow was 9.4 +/- 5.0 ml/100g/min. but with progressing growth of tumors the rate of blood flow significantly decreased. In large tumors (14-day old) the mean rate of the blood flow was only 5.4 +/- 2.8. Our results demonstrate that this type of tumor, similarly as most of transplanted tumors are not well perfused and, that there is an inverse relationhip between the blood flow and the tumor size.", "contents": "Changes in blood flow of growing experimental tumor determined by the clearance of 133Xe. 133Xe clearance method has been employed for measurement of the blood flow in 6C3HED lymphosarcoma implanted in flank of C3H mice. In small tumors (9-day old) the mean rate of blood flow was 9.4 +/- 5.0 ml/100g/min. but with progressing growth of tumors the rate of blood flow significantly decreased. In large tumors (14-day old) the mean rate of the blood flow was only 5.4 +/- 2.8. Our results demonstrate that this type of tumor, similarly as most of transplanted tumors are not well perfused and, that there is an inverse relationhip between the blood flow and the tumor size.", "PMID": 582462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1455", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in experimental intrauterine growth retardation in rats.", "content": "This study examines the role of impaired gluconeogenesis in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoglycemia in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR was produced experimentally in eight pregnant rats by ligation of uterine arteries at the 17th day of gestation. Delivery occurred spontaneously at term. Sham operations were performed in five pregnant rats at the same gestational age and the fetuses delivered at term served as controls. The body weights of newborn rats with IUGR were significantly lower than the controls (5.32 +/- 0.12 vs. 6.22 +/- 0.06 g, mean +/- SE, P less than 0.001). The fetal liver weights were also significantly smaller in IUGR than in the control animals (0.224 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.340 +/- 0.12 g, P less than 0.001). The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis) in liver cytosols was significantly lower in rats with IUGR (0.06 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.02 microM phosphoenolpyruvate/g liver/min when compared with controls (P less than 0.05). A direct relationship between this enzyme and the birth weight was observed, suggesting a close relationship between intrauterine nutrition and the status of gluconeogenesis. The blood glucose level was also lower in growth-retarted fetuses (36.6 +/- 4.7 vs. 69.6 +/- 4.3 mg/dl, p less than 0.001) when compared with controls. The data suggest that gluconeogenesis is impaired in IUGR and is partly responsible for the increase in the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in this group of subjects.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in experimental intrauterine growth retardation in rats. This study examines the role of impaired gluconeogenesis in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoglycemia in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR was produced experimentally in eight pregnant rats by ligation of uterine arteries at the 17th day of gestation. Delivery occurred spontaneously at term. Sham operations were performed in five pregnant rats at the same gestational age and the fetuses delivered at term served as controls. The body weights of newborn rats with IUGR were significantly lower than the controls (5.32 +/- 0.12 vs. 6.22 +/- 0.06 g, mean +/- SE, P less than 0.001). The fetal liver weights were also significantly smaller in IUGR than in the control animals (0.224 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.340 +/- 0.12 g, P less than 0.001). The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis) in liver cytosols was significantly lower in rats with IUGR (0.06 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.02 microM phosphoenolpyruvate/g liver/min when compared with controls (P less than 0.05). A direct relationship between this enzyme and the birth weight was observed, suggesting a close relationship between intrauterine nutrition and the status of gluconeogenesis. The blood glucose level was also lower in growth-retarted fetuses (36.6 +/- 4.7 vs. 69.6 +/- 4.3 mg/dl, p less than 0.001) when compared with controls. The data suggest that gluconeogenesis is impaired in IUGR and is partly responsible for the increase in the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in this group of subjects.", "PMID": 582464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1456", "title": "Augmentation of pulmonary surfactant secretion by lung expansion at birth.", "content": "To study the effect of lung expansion at birth on surfactant secretion, we delivered by hysterotomy 11 litters of rabbit pups at 30 days of gestation and divided them into three groups that were killed: 1) after 30 min air-breathing, 2) after 30 min nitrogen-breathing, and 3) after 30 min tracheal occlusion. Each group was compared to a littermate group killed at birth. Groups 2) and 3) continued respiratory efforts for 30 min despite progressive asphyxia. Six additional litters were pretreated with atropine; at delivery one-half of each litter was killed, the remaining pups were subjected to 30 min of hypoxic gas breathing. After sacrifice, alveolar surfactant was recovered by saline lavage and estimated quantitatively on a surface-tension balance. Surfactant concentration at birth was 1.40 +/- 0.22 mg/g dry lung and increased to 1.86 +/- 0.19 (+/- SEM) after 30 min air-breathing (P less than 0.01). Also, surfactant was increased in the nitrogen-breathing pups (from 1.61 +/- 0.35 in littermate controls to 2.41 +/- 0.58; P less than 0.03), but not to a significant degree in the occluded group (1.34 +/- 0.33 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.28), or the atropine pretreated breathing pups (1.77 +/- 0.29 vs. 1.89 +/- 0.25).", "contents": "Augmentation of pulmonary surfactant secretion by lung expansion at birth. To study the effect of lung expansion at birth on surfactant secretion, we delivered by hysterotomy 11 litters of rabbit pups at 30 days of gestation and divided them into three groups that were killed: 1) after 30 min air-breathing, 2) after 30 min nitrogen-breathing, and 3) after 30 min tracheal occlusion. Each group was compared to a littermate group killed at birth. Groups 2) and 3) continued respiratory efforts for 30 min despite progressive asphyxia. Six additional litters were pretreated with atropine; at delivery one-half of each litter was killed, the remaining pups were subjected to 30 min of hypoxic gas breathing. After sacrifice, alveolar surfactant was recovered by saline lavage and estimated quantitatively on a surface-tension balance. Surfactant concentration at birth was 1.40 +/- 0.22 mg/g dry lung and increased to 1.86 +/- 0.19 (+/- SEM) after 30 min air-breathing (P less than 0.01). Also, surfactant was increased in the nitrogen-breathing pups (from 1.61 +/- 0.35 in littermate controls to 2.41 +/- 0.58; P less than 0.03), but not to a significant degree in the occluded group (1.34 +/- 0.33 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.28), or the atropine pretreated breathing pups (1.77 +/- 0.29 vs. 1.89 +/- 0.25).", "PMID": 582465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1457", "title": "Biochemical modifications of pulmonary surfactant after bromhexine derivate injection.", "content": "The authors study the influence of bromhexine metabolite VIII on phospholipid and fatty acid composition comparatively to controls. The subcutaneous injection of NA 872 produces on pulmonary surfactant an increase of 43% of total phospholipids. This change in the distribution of phospholipids is shown by the increase of 53% of phosphatidylcholines. A rise of 61.9--74.4% of palmitic acid appears in the phosphatidylcholines of the pulmonary surfactant. It can be noticed that the specific activity of the phosphatidylcholines rises by 31%.", "contents": "Biochemical modifications of pulmonary surfactant after bromhexine derivate injection. The authors study the influence of bromhexine metabolite VIII on phospholipid and fatty acid composition comparatively to controls. The subcutaneous injection of NA 872 produces on pulmonary surfactant an increase of 43% of total phospholipids. This change in the distribution of phospholipids is shown by the increase of 53% of phosphatidylcholines. A rise of 61.9--74.4% of palmitic acid appears in the phosphatidylcholines of the pulmonary surfactant. It can be noticed that the specific activity of the phosphatidylcholines rises by 31%.", "PMID": 582470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1458", "title": "Effects of metabolite VIII of bromexine (Na 872) on type II epithelium of the lung: an experimental and morphological study with reference to surfactant secretion.", "content": "50 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: 4 experimental and 1 control group. The experimental groups A and B received, per os, a daily dose of 100 mg of Na 872 (metabolite VIII of Bromexine) for 3 or 6 days and were killed 1 day later. The experimental groups C and D received 200 mg of the same substance according to the same experimental procedure and for the same periods. The lungs were fixed in situ by perfusion, examined by light and electron microscopy using morphometric methods. No manifest lesions occurred in alveolar tissue. Morphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume ratio of type II epithelial cells and of lamellated body volume in respect to total alveolar tissue volume. Furthermore, our findings suggested an increase in lamellated bodies in respect to type II cell volume, particularly in group C (200 mg/3 days); they showed the existence of a hypertrophy of type II cells, particularly at 6 days.", "contents": "Effects of metabolite VIII of bromexine (Na 872) on type II epithelium of the lung: an experimental and morphological study with reference to surfactant secretion. 50 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: 4 experimental and 1 control group. The experimental groups A and B received, per os, a daily dose of 100 mg of Na 872 (metabolite VIII of Bromexine) for 3 or 6 days and were killed 1 day later. The experimental groups C and D received 200 mg of the same substance according to the same experimental procedure and for the same periods. The lungs were fixed in situ by perfusion, examined by light and electron microscopy using morphometric methods. No manifest lesions occurred in alveolar tissue. Morphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume ratio of type II epithelial cells and of lamellated body volume in respect to total alveolar tissue volume. Furthermore, our findings suggested an increase in lamellated bodies in respect to type II cell volume, particularly in group C (200 mg/3 days); they showed the existence of a hypertrophy of type II cells, particularly at 6 days.", "PMID": 582471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1459", "title": "Bladder involvement with lymphoma.", "content": "Two case reports of different ways lymphoma involves the bladder are presented, with a brief updating of diagnosis and management. Symptoms and cystoscopic and roentgenographic findings are discussed. While primary lymphoma of the bladder has been reported in a few instances, the disorder is generally considered a widespread lymphatic disease.", "contents": "Bladder involvement with lymphoma. Two case reports of different ways lymphoma involves the bladder are presented, with a brief updating of diagnosis and management. Symptoms and cystoscopic and roentgenographic findings are discussed. While primary lymphoma of the bladder has been reported in a few instances, the disorder is generally considered a widespread lymphatic disease.", "PMID": 582485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1460", "title": "Fertility of norgestomet treated suckler cows.", "content": "Four studies are described involving 3050 single suckled mainly Hereford-Friesian cross beef cows treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. In study 1 the effect of insemination timing on pregnancy rate was studied. A greater proportion of cows inseminated 48 and 72 hours after treatment became pregnant than after a single insemination at 48 hours. In study 2 large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet and oestradiol valerate. In study 3 the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was examined. In study 4 57.9 per cent of 1113 treated cows became pregnant to insemination at 48 and 72 hours. Cows were fed a balanced ration designed to provide for a predicted daily milk yield of 9.0 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks before insemination. The range of fertility was from 36.7 per cent to 94.9 per cent.", "contents": "Fertility of norgestomet treated suckler cows. Four studies are described involving 3050 single suckled mainly Hereford-Friesian cross beef cows treated with norgestomet and oestradiol valerate to control the ovarian cycle. In study 1 the effect of insemination timing on pregnancy rate was studied. A greater proportion of cows inseminated 48 and 72 hours after treatment became pregnant than after a single insemination at 48 hours. In study 2 large variations in fertility among farms were recorded in field trials of norgestomet and oestradiol valerate. In study 3 the effect on fertility of nutrition, weight and body condition was examined. In study 4 57.9 per cent of 1113 treated cows became pregnant to insemination at 48 and 72 hours. Cows were fed a balanced ration designed to provide for a predicted daily milk yield of 9.0 kg for a 12-week period starting six weeks before insemination. The range of fertility was from 36.7 per cent to 94.9 per cent.", "PMID": 582487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1461", "title": "Effect of hermaphroditic gland homogenate on the regulation of the gametogenesis in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).", "content": "On the effect of ovotestis (glandula hermaphroditica) homogenate the number of ovocytes of 1st and 2nd order and of the eggs increased very significantly, while spermiocytes of 1st order sperms significantly decreased in number. When snails with extirpated tentacles were injected with ovotestis homogenate the ovogenesis was activated which was proved by a significant increase in the number of ova.", "contents": "Effect of hermaphroditic gland homogenate on the regulation of the gametogenesis in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). On the effect of ovotestis (glandula hermaphroditica) homogenate the number of ovocytes of 1st and 2nd order and of the eggs increased very significantly, while spermiocytes of 1st order sperms significantly decreased in number. When snails with extirpated tentacles were injected with ovotestis homogenate the ovogenesis was activated which was proved by a significant increase in the number of ova.", "PMID": 582490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1462", "title": "Effect of taste and temperature on neonatal sucking behaviour.", "content": "The sucking behaviour of 10 healthy newborns was studied while feeding them with milk of different types (V formula and EBM) and temperature (23.5 degrees C and 37.5 degrees C) on the 4th, 5th, and 6th days of life. Total feeding time, duration and number of intervals, frequency and pressure were analysed from 120 sucking patterns. The babies did not alter their sucking behaviour on feeding with different milks, but they reacted to the different temperature in one of three trials.", "contents": "Effect of taste and temperature on neonatal sucking behaviour. The sucking behaviour of 10 healthy newborns was studied while feeding them with milk of different types (V formula and EBM) and temperature (23.5 degrees C and 37.5 degrees C) on the 4th, 5th, and 6th days of life. Total feeding time, duration and number of intervals, frequency and pressure were analysed from 120 sucking patterns. The babies did not alter their sucking behaviour on feeding with different milks, but they reacted to the different temperature in one of three trials.", "PMID": 582491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1463", "title": "Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer.", "content": "Retrospective data on dietary habits, employment history and tobacco use were obtained from 569 bladder cancer patients and 1025 age-matched controls admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Sex-adjusted relative risks revealed increases in risk for lower levels of an index of vitamin A intake. A similar pattern of risk elevation was associated with infrequent milk and carrot intake. Some elevation of risk was found for heavy coffee drinking but the apparent protective effect for milk consumption was not found to be a spurious result of lower coffee intake. Neither was the role of vitamin A explained by its relationship with smoking or employment in high risk occupations. Some association of bladder cancer with infrequent consumption of cruciferous vegetables was also observed. The findings of this investigation are consistent with tumor inhibition by retinoids in animal studies and the low risk associated with vitamin A in epidemiologic studies of lung cancer.", "contents": "Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer. Retrospective data on dietary habits, employment history and tobacco use were obtained from 569 bladder cancer patients and 1025 age-matched controls admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Sex-adjusted relative risks revealed increases in risk for lower levels of an index of vitamin A intake. A similar pattern of risk elevation was associated with infrequent milk and carrot intake. Some elevation of risk was found for heavy coffee drinking but the apparent protective effect for milk consumption was not found to be a spurious result of lower coffee intake. Neither was the role of vitamin A explained by its relationship with smoking or employment in high risk occupations. Some association of bladder cancer with infrequent consumption of cruciferous vegetables was also observed. The findings of this investigation are consistent with tumor inhibition by retinoids in animal studies and the low risk associated with vitamin A in epidemiologic studies of lung cancer.", "PMID": 582494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1464", "title": "Antepartum aminophylline treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.", "content": "The frequency of idiopathic respiratory distress (IRD) among premature offspring born of women who were given aminophylline before the thirty-fourth week of pregnancy was evaluated. Sixty-seven premature deliveries were included in the aminophylline group and 75 in the control group. The perinatal death rate was 7.1% in the aminophylline group and 17.9% in the control group (p less than 0.05). A statistically significant difference was noted between the aminophylline and control groups in the frequency of IRD which was three times lower (10%) in the aminophylline group than in the control group (29.5%) for the total of premature infants. If the time of rupture of membranes is taken into consideration, a significant decrease in the frequency of IRD following aminophylline administration is noted in the infants, whose mothers had ruptured membranes for more than 24 hours. No complications or side effects of aminophylline administration were noted in the mothers or their infants.", "contents": "Antepartum aminophylline treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. The frequency of idiopathic respiratory distress (IRD) among premature offspring born of women who were given aminophylline before the thirty-fourth week of pregnancy was evaluated. Sixty-seven premature deliveries were included in the aminophylline group and 75 in the control group. The perinatal death rate was 7.1% in the aminophylline group and 17.9% in the control group (p less than 0.05). A statistically significant difference was noted between the aminophylline and control groups in the frequency of IRD which was three times lower (10%) in the aminophylline group than in the control group (29.5%) for the total of premature infants. If the time of rupture of membranes is taken into consideration, a significant decrease in the frequency of IRD following aminophylline administration is noted in the infants, whose mothers had ruptured membranes for more than 24 hours. No complications or side effects of aminophylline administration were noted in the mothers or their infants.", "PMID": 582496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1465", "title": "Mycotic aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery.", "content": "This is the first reported case of successful management of a mycotic aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery. The only helpful clinical manifestations were episodes of previous abdominal pain and a history of bacterial endocarditis. The surgical management involved simple excision without revascularization of the inferior mesenteric artery.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery. This is the first reported case of successful management of a mycotic aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery. The only helpful clinical manifestations were episodes of previous abdominal pain and a history of bacterial endocarditis. The surgical management involved simple excision without revascularization of the inferior mesenteric artery.", "PMID": 582497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1466", "title": "Diagnosis of food allergy through bronchial challenge.", "content": "Bronchial provocation tests were performed in 48 children whose skin tests were positive to food extracts or in cases in which anamnestic data suggested food allergy. In 20 cases a marked change of dynamic compliance, vital capacity or FEV1 could be demonstrated within 1--5 minutes after the inhalation of food extracts. Ten of them had bronchoconstriction after milk or egg; 5 among them had negative skin tests. Twenty patients were examined before and after 1--3 hours after the ingestion of 300 ml. of milk. Five of them showed definite decrease of FEV1, whereas the vital capacity did not change. It is concluded that food allergy can be established as the cause of bronchoconstriction in 5--10% of asthmatic children.", "contents": "Diagnosis of food allergy through bronchial challenge. Bronchial provocation tests were performed in 48 children whose skin tests were positive to food extracts or in cases in which anamnestic data suggested food allergy. In 20 cases a marked change of dynamic compliance, vital capacity or FEV1 could be demonstrated within 1--5 minutes after the inhalation of food extracts. Ten of them had bronchoconstriction after milk or egg; 5 among them had negative skin tests. Twenty patients were examined before and after 1--3 hours after the ingestion of 300 ml. of milk. Five of them showed definite decrease of FEV1, whereas the vital capacity did not change. It is concluded that food allergy can be established as the cause of bronchoconstriction in 5--10% of asthmatic children.", "PMID": 582493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1467", "title": "[Echocardiographic study of hyperthyroidism based on 9 cases of Basedow's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "An echocardiographic study of nine patients with graves' disease before and after treatment demonstrates changes in myocardial contractility predominantly in the posterior wall and, to a lesser extent, in the intraventricular septum. The parameters most significantly changed were: velocity of posterior wall thickening and posterior left ventricular wall relaxation rate. There was not in any of the cases neither evidence of cardiac insufficiency nor a diminution of VCF. All of the modifications regressed rapidly with the euthyroid state. These results affirm the functional character of this disease dismissing the existence of an autonome cardiomyopathy of thyroid etiology.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic study of hyperthyroidism based on 9 cases of Basedow's disease (author's transl)]. An echocardiographic study of nine patients with graves' disease before and after treatment demonstrates changes in myocardial contractility predominantly in the posterior wall and, to a lesser extent, in the intraventricular septum. The parameters most significantly changed were: velocity of posterior wall thickening and posterior left ventricular wall relaxation rate. There was not in any of the cases neither evidence of cardiac insufficiency nor a diminution of VCF. All of the modifications regressed rapidly with the euthyroid state. These results affirm the functional character of this disease dismissing the existence of an autonome cardiomyopathy of thyroid etiology.", "PMID": 582500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1468", "title": "[The surgical treatment of thyrotoxic exophthalmos using Ogura's operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Ogura's operation consists of resection via De Lima's approach of the bony floor of the orbit and the lateral wall of the ethmoid. The orbital periosteum is then incised in order to allow the orbital fat to enter the sinuses and thus decompress the orbit. In most cases the operation is performed on both sides at the same time. It is used in cases of malignant or severe thyrotoxic exophthalmos, or in the presence of optic neuritis. The results obtained were good in 9 cases with a marked reduction in exophthalmos and rapid cure of optic neuritis. An additional ophthalmological procedure is sometimes necessary in order to perfect the anesthetic result.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of thyrotoxic exophthalmos using Ogura's operation (author's transl)]. Ogura's operation consists of resection via De Lima's approach of the bony floor of the orbit and the lateral wall of the ethmoid. The orbital periosteum is then incised in order to allow the orbital fat to enter the sinuses and thus decompress the orbit. In most cases the operation is performed on both sides at the same time. It is used in cases of malignant or severe thyrotoxic exophthalmos, or in the presence of optic neuritis. The results obtained were good in 9 cases with a marked reduction in exophthalmos and rapid cure of optic neuritis. An additional ophthalmological procedure is sometimes necessary in order to perfect the anesthetic result.", "PMID": 582501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1469", "title": "Gynecomastia after chemotherapy for lymphoma.", "content": "Although development of gynecomastia in a patient with cancer may indicate persistence or regrowth of a tumor, we studied three patients with lymphoma in whom development of gynecomastia during or after chemotherapy did not portend a poor outcome. In all patients, serum testosterone levels were normal, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were high-normal or elevated, and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were clearly elevated. The serum estradiol level of one patient was elevated at the onset of gynecomastia, but it fell to normal as the gynecomastia resolved spontaneously over a three-month period during which the patient received no chemotherapy. In a second patient, gynecomastia resolved over a period of eight months while the patient continued on maintenance chemotherapy, and he remains clinically well in remission 21/2 years after onset of gynecomastia. In the third patient, gynecomastia developed while the patient was in complete remission and off of all therapy, and it remained unchanged for the duration of a 21/2-year remission without therapy. Gynecomastia after chemotherapy for lymphoma is not an ominous prognostic sign and does not necessarily indicate the need for alteration of the treatment regimen.", "contents": "Gynecomastia after chemotherapy for lymphoma. Although development of gynecomastia in a patient with cancer may indicate persistence or regrowth of a tumor, we studied three patients with lymphoma in whom development of gynecomastia during or after chemotherapy did not portend a poor outcome. In all patients, serum testosterone levels were normal, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were high-normal or elevated, and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were clearly elevated. The serum estradiol level of one patient was elevated at the onset of gynecomastia, but it fell to normal as the gynecomastia resolved spontaneously over a three-month period during which the patient received no chemotherapy. In a second patient, gynecomastia resolved over a period of eight months while the patient continued on maintenance chemotherapy, and he remains clinically well in remission 21/2 years after onset of gynecomastia. In the third patient, gynecomastia developed while the patient was in complete remission and off of all therapy, and it remained unchanged for the duration of a 21/2-year remission without therapy. Gynecomastia after chemotherapy for lymphoma is not an ominous prognostic sign and does not necessarily indicate the need for alteration of the treatment regimen.", "PMID": 582502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1470", "title": "Myasthenia gravis, pernicious anemia, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman with clinical, electromyographic, and pharmacologic evidence of myasthenia gravis experienced increasing proximal and bulbar muscular weakness. The diagnosis of pernicious anemia was established by typical abnormalities in the peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate, the serum B12 level, by results of the Schilling test, and by the presence of serum parietal cell antibody. The diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was established by the presence of diffuse thyroid enlargement, microsomal thyroid antibodies, an increased thyroid stimulating hormone level, and depressed T2 and T4 levels.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis, pernicious anemia, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 68-year-old woman with clinical, electromyographic, and pharmacologic evidence of myasthenia gravis experienced increasing proximal and bulbar muscular weakness. The diagnosis of pernicious anemia was established by typical abnormalities in the peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate, the serum B12 level, by results of the Schilling test, and by the presence of serum parietal cell antibody. The diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was established by the presence of diffuse thyroid enlargement, microsomal thyroid antibodies, an increased thyroid stimulating hormone level, and depressed T2 and T4 levels.", "PMID": 582504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1471", "title": "[Evolution of the circadian organization (author's transl)].", "content": "The evolution of cicadian rhythmicity was possible by selection and mutation. Rhythms which strongly deviate from the circadian rhythms are still existent in case no selective pressure has occurred. An evoluution regressive to those strongly deviating rhythmus can be observed in case the selective pressure has disappeared. The circadian rhythmicity in the various cells and organs of multicellular organisms has not got lost during the evolution. But certain organs have grown important for maintaining the circadian organization within the body and for allowing the synchronization with the light-dark cycles. In addition, contrary to lower organisms, certain processes, e. e. photoreception, are coupled to the circadian rhythm only in specially differentiated organs. The high precision in the clock's running within higher organisms becomes possible by mutual synchronization within the multioscillator system.", "contents": "[Evolution of the circadian organization (author's transl)]. The evolution of cicadian rhythmicity was possible by selection and mutation. Rhythms which strongly deviate from the circadian rhythms are still existent in case no selective pressure has occurred. An evoluution regressive to those strongly deviating rhythmus can be observed in case the selective pressure has disappeared. The circadian rhythmicity in the various cells and organs of multicellular organisms has not got lost during the evolution. But certain organs have grown important for maintaining the circadian organization within the body and for allowing the synchronization with the light-dark cycles. In addition, contrary to lower organisms, certain processes, e. e. photoreception, are coupled to the circadian rhythm only in specially differentiated organs. The high precision in the clock's running within higher organisms becomes possible by mutual synchronization within the multioscillator system.", "PMID": 582507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1472", "title": "Circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in children with acute diarrhoea.", "content": "Circulating antibodies to cow's milk protein were investigated in 35 normally nourished infants aged 2 to 11 months. Nine were healthy (control group), and the remaining 26 were convalescents from acute diarrhoea. At the time of assay they were normally hidrated and being fed diluted cow's milk. The results showed elevated hemagglutinating antibody titers in the group of children with diarrhoea, statistically different to the control (p less than 0.001). The existence of an enhanced absorption of non degraded milk protein during the disease is assumed. This observation constitutes one more element in favour of the risk of exposing the digestive tract to antigenic loads in pathological situations as those considered.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in children with acute diarrhoea. Circulating antibodies to cow's milk protein were investigated in 35 normally nourished infants aged 2 to 11 months. Nine were healthy (control group), and the remaining 26 were convalescents from acute diarrhoea. At the time of assay they were normally hidrated and being fed diluted cow's milk. The results showed elevated hemagglutinating antibody titers in the group of children with diarrhoea, statistically different to the control (p less than 0.001). The existence of an enhanced absorption of non degraded milk protein during the disease is assumed. This observation constitutes one more element in favour of the risk of exposing the digestive tract to antigenic loads in pathological situations as those considered.", "PMID": 582503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1473", "title": "[Circadian rhythms in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The circadian system of man consists of a multiplicity of self-sustaining oscillators which are coupled to each other and which can be entrained by periodic factors in the environment, the zeitebers. From the interaction of these two forces results a high degree of temporal order within the organism. Freerunning circadian rhythms to be observed in isolated subjects living in constant conditions, usually have periods close to 25 h. The circadian system can split into components that freerun with different frequencies (internal desynchronization) and that partially can be entrained by zeitgeber. Analysis of the circadian organization has become of increasing importance for theory and practive in medicine.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythms in man (author's transl)]. The circadian system of man consists of a multiplicity of self-sustaining oscillators which are coupled to each other and which can be entrained by periodic factors in the environment, the zeitebers. From the interaction of these two forces results a high degree of temporal order within the organism. Freerunning circadian rhythms to be observed in isolated subjects living in constant conditions, usually have periods close to 25 h. The circadian system can split into components that freerun with different frequencies (internal desynchronization) and that partially can be entrained by zeitgeber. Analysis of the circadian organization has become of increasing importance for theory and practive in medicine.", "PMID": 582509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1474", "title": "[Tidal and lunar rhythms (author's transl)].", "content": "Behavioral and developmental rhythms of some species inhabiting the intertidal zone of sea-coasts as well as some species of tropical lakes and forests have adapted to environmental cycles which are determined by the moon (the semi-diurnal tides, the semi-monthly cycle of springs and neaps, and the changes in moon-light during the night). The underlying timing mechanisms of these tidal and lunar rhythmus are of different kinds. Some of them belong to the oscillating types of physiological clocks (circa-tidal oscillator, circa-semilunar and circa-lunar oscillator), others may represent an hour-glass type (resulting in a single programming), or they are based on a stochastically influenced control of the duration of activity and rest. The combination of a circa-semilunar oscillator with a circadian oscillator enables an intertidal organism to synchronize its rhythms with an environmental situation which reoccurs only every 15 days at the same time of day (1.3., low-water phase of spring tides). The speculations on true lunar rhythms in humans are discussed.", "contents": "[Tidal and lunar rhythms (author's transl)]. Behavioral and developmental rhythms of some species inhabiting the intertidal zone of sea-coasts as well as some species of tropical lakes and forests have adapted to environmental cycles which are determined by the moon (the semi-diurnal tides, the semi-monthly cycle of springs and neaps, and the changes in moon-light during the night). The underlying timing mechanisms of these tidal and lunar rhythmus are of different kinds. Some of them belong to the oscillating types of physiological clocks (circa-tidal oscillator, circa-semilunar and circa-lunar oscillator), others may represent an hour-glass type (resulting in a single programming), or they are based on a stochastically influenced control of the duration of activity and rest. The combination of a circa-semilunar oscillator with a circadian oscillator enables an intertidal organism to synchronize its rhythms with an environmental situation which reoccurs only every 15 days at the same time of day (1.3., low-water phase of spring tides). The speculations on true lunar rhythms in humans are discussed.", "PMID": 582511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1475", "title": "[Annual rhythms in frequency of electroencephalographic patterns (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of electroencephalographic features were measured for about 11,500 patients from a clinical population, over a period of five years (1972 to 1976) and were documented using a standarized procedure. It could be shown that for males a definite yearly rhythm was present for the relative frequencies of alpha-type, partial beta-type, and low voltage EEGs, as well as for continuous and grouped dysrhythmias, the amplitudes of which were in the main 20--30% of the average. For females on the other hand, apart from grouped dysrhythmias, no such yearly rhythms could be proven, at the most such with a periodicity of between 14 and 16 months. The data often display trends that are more distinct than the rhythmicity and as such these should be taken into consideration when deciding upon the model used for statistical regression.", "contents": "[Annual rhythms in frequency of electroencephalographic patterns (author's transl)]. A series of electroencephalographic features were measured for about 11,500 patients from a clinical population, over a period of five years (1972 to 1976) and were documented using a standarized procedure. It could be shown that for males a definite yearly rhythm was present for the relative frequencies of alpha-type, partial beta-type, and low voltage EEGs, as well as for continuous and grouped dysrhythmias, the amplitudes of which were in the main 20--30% of the average. For females on the other hand, apart from grouped dysrhythmias, no such yearly rhythms could be proven, at the most such with a periodicity of between 14 and 16 months. The data often display trends that are more distinct than the rhythmicity and as such these should be taken into consideration when deciding upon the model used for statistical regression.", "PMID": 582512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1476", "title": "[Shift work and biological rhythms (author's transl)].", "content": "In highly industrialised countries shift work has become inevitable for technological, economic and social reasons. At the present time approximately 20% of the workforce are engaged in shift work, which partly includes night and weekend work. As a result of this form of work, diseases and disorders manifest themselves in shift workers which--combined with an individual predisposition or with certain situational factors--arise partly from disturbance of sleep on the day after night work, partly from difficulties in adapting biological function to the phase-shift of work and sleep. The resulting biological and organisational problems with respect to the practicabilities of shift work are discussed in the light of studies on experimental shift work.", "contents": "[Shift work and biological rhythms (author's transl)]. In highly industrialised countries shift work has become inevitable for technological, economic and social reasons. At the present time approximately 20% of the workforce are engaged in shift work, which partly includes night and weekend work. As a result of this form of work, diseases and disorders manifest themselves in shift workers which--combined with an individual predisposition or with certain situational factors--arise partly from disturbance of sleep on the day after night work, partly from difficulties in adapting biological function to the phase-shift of work and sleep. The resulting biological and organisational problems with respect to the practicabilities of shift work are discussed in the light of studies on experimental shift work.", "PMID": 582514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1477", "title": "Special experiments on central nervous effects of amitriptylinoxide considering pharmacokinetic aspects.", "content": "A few conclusive experimental models (barbiturate sleep, tetrabenazine reversion, maximum electroshock) were chosen to collect comprehensive data on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of amitriptylinoxide. The following results appear to be of particular importance: 1. The drive-promoting effect of amitriptylinxide increases with repeated application of the substance. Its maximum level is reached after approx. 5 to 10 days. A simultaneous decrease of the sedative component is observed during the same interval. These processes can be explained neither by accumulation nor by developing of drug tolerance but have to be attributed to a change in metabolic processes. 2. Comparative investigations of oral and i.v. application led to the conclusion that amitriptylinoxide is absorbed rapidly and almost completely from the intestine when administered orally. Maximum action is demonstrable at about 1 h after oral administration. 3. As had been expected, diazepam intensified the sedative effect of amitriptylinoxide. The findings obtained suggest an additive action of the two substances.", "contents": "Special experiments on central nervous effects of amitriptylinoxide considering pharmacokinetic aspects. A few conclusive experimental models (barbiturate sleep, tetrabenazine reversion, maximum electroshock) were chosen to collect comprehensive data on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of amitriptylinoxide. The following results appear to be of particular importance: 1. The drive-promoting effect of amitriptylinxide increases with repeated application of the substance. Its maximum level is reached after approx. 5 to 10 days. A simultaneous decrease of the sedative component is observed during the same interval. These processes can be explained neither by accumulation nor by developing of drug tolerance but have to be attributed to a change in metabolic processes. 2. Comparative investigations of oral and i.v. application led to the conclusion that amitriptylinoxide is absorbed rapidly and almost completely from the intestine when administered orally. Maximum action is demonstrable at about 1 h after oral administration. 3. As had been expected, diazepam intensified the sedative effect of amitriptylinoxide. The findings obtained suggest an additive action of the two substances.", "PMID": 582515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1478", "title": "Comparative single-dose kinetics of amitriptyline and its N-oxide in a volunteer.", "content": "Plasma drug levels and urinary metabolites were measured in a volunteer for 28 h after ingestion of amitriptyline hydrochloride or amitriptyline N-oxide (amitriptylinoxide) equivalent to 100 mg of amitriptyline base. The N-oxide initially produced high plasma levels and 15% of the dose was excreted unchanged within 14 h. From comparison of the metabolite excretions, it can be concluded that about 70% of the dose was reduced at the N-oxide group, while comparison of the areas under the plasma group, while comparison of the areas under the plasma level-time curves for amitriptyline pointed to a 55% reduction to the amine. Less drowsiness was experienced after ingesting the N-oxide, and there was no depressive mood.", "contents": "Comparative single-dose kinetics of amitriptyline and its N-oxide in a volunteer. Plasma drug levels and urinary metabolites were measured in a volunteer for 28 h after ingestion of amitriptyline hydrochloride or amitriptyline N-oxide (amitriptylinoxide) equivalent to 100 mg of amitriptyline base. The N-oxide initially produced high plasma levels and 15% of the dose was excreted unchanged within 14 h. From comparison of the metabolite excretions, it can be concluded that about 70% of the dose was reduced at the N-oxide group, while comparison of the areas under the plasma group, while comparison of the areas under the plasma level-time curves for amitriptyline pointed to a 55% reduction to the amine. Less drowsiness was experienced after ingesting the N-oxide, and there was no depressive mood.", "PMID": 582519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1479", "title": "[Radioimmuno assay of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioimmuno assays for routine analyses of hormones were developed in clinical laboratories in the early sixties. The importance of this procedure has increased permanently. The method bases upon the reaction of an antigen with an antibody to an antigen-antibody complex. A labelled antigen is used to quantify the formation of the complex. To demonstrate the development of a drug radioimmuno assay nomifensine was used, that has a complex pattern of metabolism. High sensitivity, high specificity, low interference in samples of patients with multiple therapy, simple handling of a great number of samples per person, good interlaboratory reproducibility, and low costs are the advantages of this procedure justifying the relatively high expense for introducing a control area for isotopes.", "contents": "[Radioimmuno assay of drugs (author's transl)]. Radioimmuno assays for routine analyses of hormones were developed in clinical laboratories in the early sixties. The importance of this procedure has increased permanently. The method bases upon the reaction of an antigen with an antibody to an antigen-antibody complex. A labelled antigen is used to quantify the formation of the complex. To demonstrate the development of a drug radioimmuno assay nomifensine was used, that has a complex pattern of metabolism. High sensitivity, high specificity, low interference in samples of patients with multiple therapy, simple handling of a great number of samples per person, good interlaboratory reproducibility, and low costs are the advantages of this procedure justifying the relatively high expense for introducing a control area for isotopes.", "PMID": 582521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1480", "title": "[Column extraction analysis in pharmacology and toxicology (author's transl)].", "content": "The extraction of lipophilic compounds from body fluids is preferably performed with a new procedure, the Extrelut-column extraction. The aqueous solution is applied onto the column and remains as the stationary phase on the porous support material. On elution with organic solvents lipophilic substances are extracted from the aqueous phase into the eluent. The method offers several advantages: No formation of emulsions, saving of solvents, high recovery rates and purer extracts than are obtained using conventional extraction. Three examples of application are described: A barbiturate determination from blood and serum, which is highly simplified compared with the conventional extraction. The isolation of basic compounds from blood using extraction and simultaneous purification by means of coupled extraction and absorption columns. A thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for drugs in urine including column extraction.", "contents": "[Column extraction analysis in pharmacology and toxicology (author's transl)]. The extraction of lipophilic compounds from body fluids is preferably performed with a new procedure, the Extrelut-column extraction. The aqueous solution is applied onto the column and remains as the stationary phase on the porous support material. On elution with organic solvents lipophilic substances are extracted from the aqueous phase into the eluent. The method offers several advantages: No formation of emulsions, saving of solvents, high recovery rates and purer extracts than are obtained using conventional extraction. Three examples of application are described: A barbiturate determination from blood and serum, which is highly simplified compared with the conventional extraction. The isolation of basic compounds from blood using extraction and simultaneous purification by means of coupled extraction and absorption columns. A thin-layer chromatographic screening procedure for drugs in urine including column extraction.", "PMID": 582522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1481", "title": "[Quantitative determination of drugs by means of gaschromatography. Further development of detectors (author's transl)].", "content": "Gaschromatography is an excellent and well established method for the separation of volatile compounds. Up to now the flame ionization detector was used almost exclusively for the quantitative determination of organic compounds separated by gaschromatography. This detector is an unspecific detector and responds to all organic compounds containing at least one C-H bond. Due to that this detector can be used for the determination of almost any drug, however, the chromatographic column must have a very high resolution, especially when small amounts of drugs are to be determined in the presence of large amounts of interfering compounds. As a consequence \"substrate specific\" detectors were developed, among them the electron capture detector, the nitrogen-phosphor-sensitive detector and the mass spectrometer are the most important ones. The function of these detectors and their advantages for the quantitative determination of drugs are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of drugs by means of gaschromatography. Further development of detectors (author's transl)]. Gaschromatography is an excellent and well established method for the separation of volatile compounds. Up to now the flame ionization detector was used almost exclusively for the quantitative determination of organic compounds separated by gaschromatography. This detector is an unspecific detector and responds to all organic compounds containing at least one C-H bond. Due to that this detector can be used for the determination of almost any drug, however, the chromatographic column must have a very high resolution, especially when small amounts of drugs are to be determined in the presence of large amounts of interfering compounds. As a consequence \"substrate specific\" detectors were developed, among them the electron capture detector, the nitrogen-phosphor-sensitive detector and the mass spectrometer are the most important ones. The function of these detectors and their advantages for the quantitative determination of drugs are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 582523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1482", "title": "[Metabolite isolation for mass spectrometrical determination of new drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Only very minute concentrations of metabolites of highly effective and consequently low dosed drugs can be detected in urine. In order to identify the structure of these compounds they must be concentrated by a factor up to 1:10(6). Isolation of metabolites, especially when present as conjugates, becomes more complicated the greater the polarity. In this paper some methods for isolation are presented using column- and thin-layer chromatography as well as extraction and dialysis, finally their practical application and their most effective combination are described. Priority must be given to solving two problems: firstly, a rough pre-purification is necessary to eliminate physiological components from the urine such as salts, urea, etc., and secondly, the mixture of metabolites has to be separated into single metabolites. Examples are given to demonstrate the practicability of these methods for the isolation and structural identification of metabolites belonging to varying structural classes.", "contents": "[Metabolite isolation for mass spectrometrical determination of new drugs (author's transl)]. Only very minute concentrations of metabolites of highly effective and consequently low dosed drugs can be detected in urine. In order to identify the structure of these compounds they must be concentrated by a factor up to 1:10(6). Isolation of metabolites, especially when present as conjugates, becomes more complicated the greater the polarity. In this paper some methods for isolation are presented using column- and thin-layer chromatography as well as extraction and dialysis, finally their practical application and their most effective combination are described. Priority must be given to solving two problems: firstly, a rough pre-purification is necessary to eliminate physiological components from the urine such as salts, urea, etc., and secondly, the mixture of metabolites has to be separated into single metabolites. Examples are given to demonstrate the practicability of these methods for the isolation and structural identification of metabolites belonging to varying structural classes.", "PMID": 582524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1483", "title": "[Modern analytical methods and drug safety (author's transl)].", "content": "With the N-nitroso compounds for an example this paper tries to show the problems we are confronted with by the commonly admired perfection of modern analytical techniques. By the very same example, however, it can be illustrated how we retreat to decisions ut aliquid fieri videatur if we cannot really master those problems. This seems particularly so when problems of drug safety are at issue.", "contents": "[Modern analytical methods and drug safety (author's transl)]. With the N-nitroso compounds for an example this paper tries to show the problems we are confronted with by the commonly admired perfection of modern analytical techniques. By the very same example, however, it can be illustrated how we retreat to decisions ut aliquid fieri videatur if we cannot really master those problems. This seems particularly so when problems of drug safety are at issue.", "PMID": 582525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1484", "title": "[Quantitative thin-layer chromatography and its use in clinical pharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "Different methods of in situ determination of drugs on TLC-plates are described and discussed. Suitable examples are given demonstrating the value for pharmacokinetics.", "contents": "[Quantitative thin-layer chromatography and its use in clinical pharmacology (author's transl)]. Different methods of in situ determination of drugs on TLC-plates are described and discussed. Suitable examples are given demonstrating the value for pharmacokinetics.", "PMID": 582526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1485", "title": "[The use of high-performance liquid chromatography in biochemical and medical analyses (author's transl)].", "content": "The HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is applicable for all biochemical analyses, because of the wide variety of separation principles (adsorption-, partition-, ion-exchange- and steric exclusion-chromatography). Of exceptional importance is the reversed phase technique, a special case of partition chromatography. The sensitivity of detectors depends upon the structure of the respective substance, but is ordinarily lower -- apart from fluorescence detection -- than GLC-detectors. The development of new systems is going on. The HPLC is used in the quantitative determination of plasma levels of drugs and their metabolites. This is of special importance during the development of new drugs and for monitoring therapy. The measurement of concentrations of certain biogenic substances helps in diagnosis. An important field of application of HPLC is the use in sample clean-up for other analytical methods. In this application HPLC surpasses all other chromatographic techniques by fastness, reproducibility and suitability for automation.", "contents": "[The use of high-performance liquid chromatography in biochemical and medical analyses (author's transl)]. The HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is applicable for all biochemical analyses, because of the wide variety of separation principles (adsorption-, partition-, ion-exchange- and steric exclusion-chromatography). Of exceptional importance is the reversed phase technique, a special case of partition chromatography. The sensitivity of detectors depends upon the structure of the respective substance, but is ordinarily lower -- apart from fluorescence detection -- than GLC-detectors. The development of new systems is going on. The HPLC is used in the quantitative determination of plasma levels of drugs and their metabolites. This is of special importance during the development of new drugs and for monitoring therapy. The measurement of concentrations of certain biogenic substances helps in diagnosis. An important field of application of HPLC is the use in sample clean-up for other analytical methods. In this application HPLC surpasses all other chromatographic techniques by fastness, reproducibility and suitability for automation.", "PMID": 582527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1486", "title": "[The predictive value for man of toxicological findings in experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The extrapolation of toxicological findings in experimental animals to man is an important and difficult problem. However, experiments on several animal species form the basis for deciding whether or not a new substance should be given to or tested on humans. Compounds which even in low doses lead to dose-dependent organic damage should obviously not be developed any further. There are, however, cases in which no firm conclusion can be reached by the toxicologist on the grounds of the results of animal experiments alone, as to whether or not the substance should be used in man. In such cases close collaboration is necessitated between the pharmacologist, toxicologist, biochemist and physician. Their aim is to decide if preliminary trials may or may not be carried out in human subjects. If the answer is in the affirmative, early administration to man should follow, as there is no clear-cup solution to the question of extrapolating findings in animal experiments to test subjects. Medical progress relies on research which, in the end, has to be supported by experiments on humans.", "contents": "[The predictive value for man of toxicological findings in experimental animals (author's transl)]. The extrapolation of toxicological findings in experimental animals to man is an important and difficult problem. However, experiments on several animal species form the basis for deciding whether or not a new substance should be given to or tested on humans. Compounds which even in low doses lead to dose-dependent organic damage should obviously not be developed any further. There are, however, cases in which no firm conclusion can be reached by the toxicologist on the grounds of the results of animal experiments alone, as to whether or not the substance should be used in man. In such cases close collaboration is necessitated between the pharmacologist, toxicologist, biochemist and physician. Their aim is to decide if preliminary trials may or may not be carried out in human subjects. If the answer is in the affirmative, early administration to man should follow, as there is no clear-cup solution to the question of extrapolating findings in animal experiments to test subjects. Medical progress relies on research which, in the end, has to be supported by experiments on humans.", "PMID": 582528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1487", "title": "[Histopathological diagnosis in the animal experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous and experimentally induced organ alterations in laboratory animals do not always coincide with comparable lesions in human pathology. In addition, the discrimination between experimental tissue alterations and non-pathological structural variations may be difficult. In such cases a clear-cut separation can only be achieved by a proven dose-response relation, which, however, requires a quantitative or semiquantitative registration of histological findings.", "contents": "[Histopathological diagnosis in the animal experiment (author's transl)]. Spontaneous and experimentally induced organ alterations in laboratory animals do not always coincide with comparable lesions in human pathology. In addition, the discrimination between experimental tissue alterations and non-pathological structural variations may be difficult. In such cases a clear-cut separation can only be achieved by a proven dose-response relation, which, however, requires a quantitative or semiquantitative registration of histological findings.", "PMID": 582530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1488", "title": "[Studies of drugs without randomization (author's transl)].", "content": "Post marketing studies of drugs are frequently performed without randomization. In this paper the most important differences between controlled clinical trials and epidemiologic studies are discussed from a cognitive theoretical point of view. It is shown that on the transition of informations from the basic population to the document many biases may arise so that the feasibility of interpreting epidemiologic studies is doubtful. Hence, epidemiologic studies only allow us to make statements on differences between populations but not on the reasons causing them; they merely contribute to the generation of certain hypothesis on the action of drugs. These hypothesis can only be tested in experiments.", "contents": "[Studies of drugs without randomization (author's transl)]. Post marketing studies of drugs are frequently performed without randomization. In this paper the most important differences between controlled clinical trials and epidemiologic studies are discussed from a cognitive theoretical point of view. It is shown that on the transition of informations from the basic population to the document many biases may arise so that the feasibility of interpreting epidemiologic studies is doubtful. Hence, epidemiologic studies only allow us to make statements on differences between populations but not on the reasons causing them; they merely contribute to the generation of certain hypothesis on the action of drugs. These hypothesis can only be tested in experiments.", "PMID": 582533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1489", "title": "Antimotility and antisecretory activity of some aryl substituted amidinoureas.", "content": "A number of aryl substituted amidinoureas have been prepared and examined for their gastrointestinal spasmolytic, antimotility, antidiarrheal and antisecretory effects. In general, antisecretory and antimotility effects have been found to be associated with each other in these compounds. The structure-activity relationships found show that substitution of the aromatic ring in positions other than 2 and 6 correlates poorly with potency, and potency of such compounds is low. In contrast to this, 2,6-disubstitution confers high potency. The potency of 2,6-disubstituted compounds declines sharply with increasing weight of substitution of the amidinourea chain, with the important exception of the N-alkoxyamidinoureas. Increasing the molecular weight of an N-alkoxy substituent has a much less profound effect than the corresponding increase has in an N-alkyl substituent. High potency in an amidinourea may well be related to low basicity (or a high pKa value for its conjugate salt) but there is insufficient data to support this hypothesis fully. The actual tautomeric structure of an amidinourea probably affects its potency and this is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Antimotility and antisecretory activity of some aryl substituted amidinoureas. A number of aryl substituted amidinoureas have been prepared and examined for their gastrointestinal spasmolytic, antimotility, antidiarrheal and antisecretory effects. In general, antisecretory and antimotility effects have been found to be associated with each other in these compounds. The structure-activity relationships found show that substitution of the aromatic ring in positions other than 2 and 6 correlates poorly with potency, and potency of such compounds is low. In contrast to this, 2,6-disubstitution confers high potency. The potency of 2,6-disubstituted compounds declines sharply with increasing weight of substitution of the amidinourea chain, with the important exception of the N-alkoxyamidinoureas. Increasing the molecular weight of an N-alkoxy substituent has a much less profound effect than the corresponding increase has in an N-alkyl substituent. High potency in an amidinourea may well be related to low basicity (or a high pKa value for its conjugate salt) but there is insufficient data to support this hypothesis fully. The actual tautomeric structure of an amidinourea probably affects its potency and this is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 582534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1490", "title": "Analytical-physical profile of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent.", "content": "The structure elucidation, physical and chemical parameters and hydrolysis kinetics of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142 A, lidamidine hydrochloride), a novel antidiarrheal agent, were determined. The stability of the substance in aqueous solution (pH 1-13) was studied at 50 degrees, 65 degrees and 80 degrees C.", "contents": "Analytical-physical profile of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. The structure elucidation, physical and chemical parameters and hydrolysis kinetics of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142 A, lidamidine hydrochloride), a novel antidiarrheal agent, were determined. The stability of the substance in aqueous solution (pH 1-13) was studied at 50 degrees, 65 degrees and 80 degrees C.", "PMID": 582535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1491", "title": "In vivo antimotility and antidiarrheal activity of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. Comparison with diphenoxylate and loperamide.", "content": "1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) was shown to have potent antimotility, antidiarrheal and intestinal antisecretory activity in mice, rats and dogs. Antimotility activity was demonstrated in charcoal intestinal motility, gastric emptying and gastric and intestinal intraluminal pressure studies. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-, prostaglandin E2-, carbachol-, and serotonin-induced diarrhea. Intestinal secretion induced by cholera toxin was inhibited by WHR-1142A. In general, WHR-1142A was more potent than diphenoxylate and loperamide although species differences were noted. The ED50 for inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea was 1.8 mg/kg p.o. and the duration of action at 16 mg/kg p.o. was at least 6 h. Unlike diphenoxylate, WHR-1142A showed no tolerance.", "contents": "In vivo antimotility and antidiarrheal activity of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. Comparison with diphenoxylate and loperamide. 1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) was shown to have potent antimotility, antidiarrheal and intestinal antisecretory activity in mice, rats and dogs. Antimotility activity was demonstrated in charcoal intestinal motility, gastric emptying and gastric and intestinal intraluminal pressure studies. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-, prostaglandin E2-, carbachol-, and serotonin-induced diarrhea. Intestinal secretion induced by cholera toxin was inhibited by WHR-1142A. In general, WHR-1142A was more potent than diphenoxylate and loperamide although species differences were noted. The ED50 for inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea was 1.8 mg/kg p.o. and the duration of action at 16 mg/kg p.o. was at least 6 h. Unlike diphenoxylate, WHR-1142A showed no tolerance.", "PMID": 582536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1492", "title": "Effects of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.", "content": "1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) has been reported to be a potent antidiarrheal agent in laboratory animals. This study defines its effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. At doses greater than 1 mg/kg i.v., WHR-1142A reduced cardiac output in the anesthetized dog primarily by depressing heart rate; the blood pressure was slightly elevated due to an increase in peripheral resistance. WHR-1142A was effective in reverting ouabain-induced ventricular arrhythmias to a sinus rhythm. Unlike diphenoxylate, WHR-1142A did not potentiate the CNS depressant effects of hexobarbital or ethanol. WHR-1142A did not block pentetrazole-induced convulsions, electroshock seizures or amphetamine aggregate toxicity. At high doses WHR-1142A caused a general CNS depressant effect was not related to a neuroleptic- or barbiturate-like action.", "contents": "Effects of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. 1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride) has been reported to be a potent antidiarrheal agent in laboratory animals. This study defines its effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. At doses greater than 1 mg/kg i.v., WHR-1142A reduced cardiac output in the anesthetized dog primarily by depressing heart rate; the blood pressure was slightly elevated due to an increase in peripheral resistance. WHR-1142A was effective in reverting ouabain-induced ventricular arrhythmias to a sinus rhythm. Unlike diphenoxylate, WHR-1142A did not potentiate the CNS depressant effects of hexobarbital or ethanol. WHR-1142A did not block pentetrazole-induced convulsions, electroshock seizures or amphetamine aggregate toxicity. At high doses WHR-1142A caused a general CNS depressant effect was not related to a neuroleptic- or barbiturate-like action.", "PMID": 582537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1493", "title": "Pharmacological properties of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent.", "content": "1-(2',6'-Dimethylphenyl)-3-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride), a potent, unique antidiarrheal agent, was tested for other pharmacological properties. It inhibited gastric acid secretion in both 4-h and 22-h pylorus-ligated rats and reduced mortality and gastric ulcer severity in the latter test. WHR-1142A also exhibited local anesthetic activity in the rabbit corneal reflex and guinea pig intradermal wheal tests and reverisbly blocked conduction in isolated frog nerves. Low doses of WHR-1142A increased plasma glucose concentration in fasted mice and rats and prolonged the hyperglycemia in response to a glucose meal. WHR-1142A showed mild diuretic activity but had no anti-inflammatory or antibacterial activity. The acute oral LD50 of WHR-1142A was 260 (208,328) mg/kg in male mice, 267 (212,336) mg/kg in male rats and 160 130,197) mg/kg in female rats.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. 1-(2',6'-Dimethylphenyl)-3-amidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A, lidamidine hydrochloride), a potent, unique antidiarrheal agent, was tested for other pharmacological properties. It inhibited gastric acid secretion in both 4-h and 22-h pylorus-ligated rats and reduced mortality and gastric ulcer severity in the latter test. WHR-1142A also exhibited local anesthetic activity in the rabbit corneal reflex and guinea pig intradermal wheal tests and reverisbly blocked conduction in isolated frog nerves. Low doses of WHR-1142A increased plasma glucose concentration in fasted mice and rats and prolonged the hyperglycemia in response to a glucose meal. WHR-1142A showed mild diuretic activity but had no anti-inflammatory or antibacterial activity. The acute oral LD50 of WHR-1142A was 260 (208,328) mg/kg in male mice, 267 (212,336) mg/kg in male rats and 160 130,197) mg/kg in female rats.", "PMID": 582538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1494", "title": "[Studies on psychophysiology in Schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychophysiological and psychopathological implications are discussed for the finding that absence of electrodermal orienting response to acoustic stimuli was observed among 40% of the schizophrenic patients in two samples. It was found that withdrawal symptomatology and thought disturbance frequently appear among those patients without orienting response. Examples from previous studies are presented which verify deficient or excessive responses of schizophrenics in other physiological variables. It is suggested that extreme psychobiological primary characteristics of schizophrencis be taken into account in psychopharmacological therapy.", "contents": "[Studies on psychophysiology in Schizophrenia (author's transl)]. The psychophysiological and psychopathological implications are discussed for the finding that absence of electrodermal orienting response to acoustic stimuli was observed among 40% of the schizophrenic patients in two samples. It was found that withdrawal symptomatology and thought disturbance frequently appear among those patients without orienting response. Examples from previous studies are presented which verify deficient or excessive responses of schizophrenics in other physiological variables. It is suggested that extreme psychobiological primary characteristics of schizophrencis be taken into account in psychopharmacological therapy.", "PMID": 582540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1495", "title": "[Dose-effect relations. Doubleblind study on two different doses of pimozide (author's transl)].", "content": "Two identical groups of schizophrenic patients were treated for 28 days randomized with 3 and 8 mg of pimozide. In the antipsychotic efficacy no difference could be seen. Difference was in side effects: The 8-mg group had three times more extrapyramidal signs, mostly akathisia and agitation, and needed seven times more minor tranquilizer than the 3-mg group. Severe agitation as a psychotic symptom was equal in both groups. Preference therefore is given to the smaller dosage.", "contents": "[Dose-effect relations. Doubleblind study on two different doses of pimozide (author's transl)]. Two identical groups of schizophrenic patients were treated for 28 days randomized with 3 and 8 mg of pimozide. In the antipsychotic efficacy no difference could be seen. Difference was in side effects: The 8-mg group had three times more extrapyramidal signs, mostly akathisia and agitation, and needed seven times more minor tranquilizer than the 3-mg group. Severe agitation as a psychotic symptom was equal in both groups. Preference therefore is given to the smaller dosage.", "PMID": 582541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1496", "title": "[ECG changes in psychiatric patients under long-term therapy with psychopharmacological drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "1726 psychiatric patients, aged 40-69, under permanent hospitalization were examined electrocardiographically. There were few pronounced indications of a relationship between pathological ECG findings and drugs. ECG changes, mainly T-flattening, were rarest among patients treated exclusively with non-tricyclic drugs, and most often among those patients who received tricyclic and non-tricyclic compounds simultaneously. These disturbances appeared more often among women.", "contents": "[ECG changes in psychiatric patients under long-term therapy with psychopharmacological drugs (author's transl)]. 1726 psychiatric patients, aged 40-69, under permanent hospitalization were examined electrocardiographically. There were few pronounced indications of a relationship between pathological ECG findings and drugs. ECG changes, mainly T-flattening, were rarest among patients treated exclusively with non-tricyclic drugs, and most often among those patients who received tricyclic and non-tricyclic compounds simultaneously. These disturbances appeared more often among women.", "PMID": 582542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1497", "title": "[Methods for detecting \"cataleptic states\" in the rat].", "content": "For the detection of drug-induced cataleptic states four new methods of \"dynamic\" character are described. They are based on passive extension of the muscles, changes in spatial position or force to motoric activity. Together with the well-known methods of \"static\" character, they are compiled to a \"Test Battery\" in which eight neuroleptics as well as bulbocapnine, metoclopramide, two cholinergic and two opioid drugs were investigated. Due to the pattern of reaction in the \"Test Battery\" it is possible to differentiate between various classes of cataleptiogenic drugs.", "contents": "[Methods for detecting \"cataleptic states\" in the rat]. For the detection of drug-induced cataleptic states four new methods of \"dynamic\" character are described. They are based on passive extension of the muscles, changes in spatial position or force to motoric activity. Together with the well-known methods of \"static\" character, they are compiled to a \"Test Battery\" in which eight neuroleptics as well as bulbocapnine, metoclopramide, two cholinergic and two opioid drugs were investigated. Due to the pattern of reaction in the \"Test Battery\" it is possible to differentiate between various classes of cataleptiogenic drugs.", "PMID": 582543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1498", "title": "[Quipazine antagonizing baclofen activity. Influence of baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on serotonin metabolism in rat brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Baclofen increases the concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat c. striatum without causing concomitant increase in 5-HT biosynthesis. The effect of baclofen on 5-HIAA, but not that on 5-HT, was antagonized dose-dependently by quipazine. It is assumed that quipazine acts by stimulating 5-HT autoreceptors.", "contents": "[Quipazine antagonizing baclofen activity. Influence of baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on serotonin metabolism in rat brain (author's transl)]. Baclofen increases the concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the rat c. striatum without causing concomitant increase in 5-HT biosynthesis. The effect of baclofen on 5-HIAA, but not that on 5-HT, was antagonized dose-dependently by quipazine. It is assumed that quipazine acts by stimulating 5-HT autoreceptors.", "PMID": 582544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1499", "title": "Influence of baclofen and GABA-minetic agents on spontaneous and olfactory-bulb-ablation-induced muricidal behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Effects of baclofen, 5-aminomethyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol (muscimol) and GABA-cetylester on spontaneous and olfactory bulb-ablation-induced muricidal behaviour in rats was investigated. At doses of 3--10 mg/kg i.p. baclofen inhibited the killer reaction in spontaneous and lesioned rats to the same extent. In contrast, muscimol (0.75--1.5 mg/kg i.p.) and GABA-cetylester (10--50mg/kg i.p.) depressed markedly only the spontaneous muricidal response. These findings suggest a possibility that muscimol and GABA-cetylester exert their inhibitory action through an activation of GABA-neurons localized in the bulbus olfactorius, whereas baclofen appears to affect also neuronal systems outside this nervous structure.", "contents": "Influence of baclofen and GABA-minetic agents on spontaneous and olfactory-bulb-ablation-induced muricidal behaviour in the rat. Effects of baclofen, 5-aminomethyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol (muscimol) and GABA-cetylester on spontaneous and olfactory bulb-ablation-induced muricidal behaviour in rats was investigated. At doses of 3--10 mg/kg i.p. baclofen inhibited the killer reaction in spontaneous and lesioned rats to the same extent. In contrast, muscimol (0.75--1.5 mg/kg i.p.) and GABA-cetylester (10--50mg/kg i.p.) depressed markedly only the spontaneous muricidal response. These findings suggest a possibility that muscimol and GABA-cetylester exert their inhibitory action through an activation of GABA-neurons localized in the bulbus olfactorius, whereas baclofen appears to affect also neuronal systems outside this nervous structure.", "PMID": 582545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1500", "title": "[A method for describing monotonic dose-effect curves and areas in yes/no reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "A method combining a polynomial statistical model and multiple probit regression, is useful in describing nonmonotonic dose-effects in yes/no-reaction variables. An example shows the application of this method to the combination of two substances. The effects can be described with a minimum of polynomial coefficients. The application of a simple X2-test allows to test for additivity of substance effects by testing whether interaction coefficients improve the fit of the model significantly or not.", "contents": "[A method for describing monotonic dose-effect curves and areas in yes/no reactions (author's transl)]. A method combining a polynomial statistical model and multiple probit regression, is useful in describing nonmonotonic dose-effects in yes/no-reaction variables. An example shows the application of this method to the combination of two substances. The effects can be described with a minimum of polynomial coefficients. The application of a simple X2-test allows to test for additivity of substance effects by testing whether interaction coefficients improve the fit of the model significantly or not.", "PMID": 582546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1501", "title": "[Development of tolerance of phenobarbital after administration over several days (author's transl)].", "content": "In mice daily testing by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole infusion (PTZ) 2 h after an i.p. injection of 25 mg/kg penobarbital (PB) was performed on days 1, 2, 4 through 8. The first twitch was delayed as compared to NaCl controls (50.4 +/- 4.8 s; 36.6 +/- 3.6 s; n = 53) on day 2, 4, 6 through 8. There was no tolerance of the PTZ induced tonic extension with Pb-treatment. In contrast, MES-tested mice developed tolerance, at day 5 the number of protected animals fell to about 50%. In view of the constant phenobarbital levels in plasma, a functional tolerance was assumed. The development of tolerance seemed to be connected with the spread  of the discharge but not with discharge of the neurones themselves since it was observed only with MES but not wih PTZ-testing.", "contents": "[Development of tolerance of phenobarbital after administration over several days (author's transl)]. In mice daily testing by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole infusion (PTZ) 2 h after an i.p. injection of 25 mg/kg penobarbital (PB) was performed on days 1, 2, 4 through 8. The first twitch was delayed as compared to NaCl controls (50.4 +/- 4.8 s; 36.6 +/- 3.6 s; n = 53) on day 2, 4, 6 through 8. There was no tolerance of the PTZ induced tonic extension with Pb-treatment. In contrast, MES-tested mice developed tolerance, at day 5 the number of protected animals fell to about 50%. In view of the constant phenobarbital levels in plasma, a functional tolerance was assumed. The development of tolerance seemed to be connected with the spread  of the discharge but not with discharge of the neurones themselves since it was observed only with MES but not wih PTZ-testing.", "PMID": 582547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1502", "title": "[On improved prophylaxis of endogenous-phasic psychoses. Influence of L-aspartate on lithium transport (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of aspartate on lithium transport was studied with humna red blood cells (rbc) in vitro and after i.p. injection of Li-DL-asp or LiCl in different tissues of the rat. After administration of Li-asp the lithium concentrations in brain and rbc of the rats increased more slowly compared to rat treated 3 to 6 days with Li-asp were more than two times higher than those of rats treated with LiCl. After daily injection of the two salts, lithium levels in the brains of rats teated with LiCl. Results of in vitro experiments with human rbc indicate that the effect of aspartate on lithium transport is specific for L-aspartate. In addition a similar but smaller effect has been observed with l-glutamate.", "contents": "[On improved prophylaxis of endogenous-phasic psychoses. Influence of L-aspartate on lithium transport (author's transl)]. The influence of aspartate on lithium transport was studied with humna red blood cells (rbc) in vitro and after i.p. injection of Li-DL-asp or LiCl in different tissues of the rat. After administration of Li-asp the lithium concentrations in brain and rbc of the rats increased more slowly compared to rat treated 3 to 6 days with Li-asp were more than two times higher than those of rats treated with LiCl. After daily injection of the two salts, lithium levels in the brains of rats teated with LiCl. Results of in vitro experiments with human rbc indicate that the effect of aspartate on lithium transport is specific for L-aspartate. In addition a similar but smaller effect has been observed with l-glutamate.", "PMID": 582548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1503", "title": "[Effects of lithium on learning, memory, and mood (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind study the effects of a 14-day lithium medication (dosage: 24 mval/d to 36 mval/d) were investigated. The subjects were 24 healthy male volunteers. The effect of lithium on their mood, ability to learn nouns, and memory of the words learnt was measured after 2 h and 14 days. In spite of a relatively low mean plasma lithium level on the 14th day (0.54 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), the lithium volunteers assessed themselves after 2 weeks of treatment as significantly less relaxed, less active, less socially involved, more bored, and more tired than the placebo group. As to learning, the lithium group showed only a slight impairment of performance compared to the placebo group. As to memory, there was only a significant difference in free recall over two weeks: the lithium group remembered fewer words than the placebo group. Additional motivation of free recall over 2 h was uneffective. It is discussed whether lithium changes spontaneous initial action and thereby the will to act. This could be interpreted as a change in the production of the characteristics of experience and behaviour.", "contents": "[Effects of lithium on learning, memory, and mood (author's transl)]. In a double-blind study the effects of a 14-day lithium medication (dosage: 24 mval/d to 36 mval/d) were investigated. The subjects were 24 healthy male volunteers. The effect of lithium on their mood, ability to learn nouns, and memory of the words learnt was measured after 2 h and 14 days. In spite of a relatively low mean plasma lithium level on the 14th day (0.54 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), the lithium volunteers assessed themselves after 2 weeks of treatment as significantly less relaxed, less active, less socially involved, more bored, and more tired than the placebo group. As to learning, the lithium group showed only a slight impairment of performance compared to the placebo group. As to memory, there was only a significant difference in free recall over two weeks: the lithium group remembered fewer words than the placebo group. Additional motivation of free recall over 2 h was uneffective. It is discussed whether lithium changes spontaneous initial action and thereby the will to act. This could be interpreted as a change in the production of the characteristics of experience and behaviour.", "PMID": 582549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1504", "title": "[Lithium: EEG, performance and mood under subchronic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a controlled double-blind trial 2X12 healthy male volunteers were tested during treatment with lithium sulphate (24--36 mval/d) or placebo. Volunteers were tested after one and two weeks' drug intake using the following tests: Quantitative pharmaco EEG, psychological performance and mood scales. In comparison to pacebo, lithium shows increased mistake duration of the pursuit rotor (MLS), decreased flicker fusion threshold and an impairment of mood. The EEG effects (decrease 7--9 cps, increase 20--50 cps) require further clarification.", "contents": "[Lithium: EEG, performance and mood under subchronic therapy (author's transl)]. In a controlled double-blind trial 2X12 healthy male volunteers were tested during treatment with lithium sulphate (24--36 mval/d) or placebo. Volunteers were tested after one and two weeks' drug intake using the following tests: Quantitative pharmaco EEG, psychological performance and mood scales. In comparison to pacebo, lithium shows increased mistake duration of the pursuit rotor (MLS), decreased flicker fusion threshold and an impairment of mood. The EEG effects (decrease 7--9 cps, increase 20--50 cps) require further clarification.", "PMID": 582550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1505", "title": "[Biochemical studies in delirium tremens (author's transl)].", "content": "During the delirium and a drug-free control period concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in CSF, activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and urinary excretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine (DA) were measured in eight male patients. There were some indications for an increase of noradrenergic activity in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies in delirium tremens (author's transl)]. During the delirium and a drug-free control period concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in CSF, activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and urinary excretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine (DA) were measured in eight male patients. There were some indications for an increase of noradrenergic activity in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 582551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1506", "title": "[Changes in the oxidative glucose brain metabolism under long-term xantinol-nicotinate medication (author's transl)].", "content": "8 patients suffering from dementia were treated with xantinol-nicotinate for 4 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the treatment cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen, glucose and lactate were measured with the N2O-method. With regard to the initial level of each parameter CBF, CMR glucose and CMR oxygen increased significantly, if it had been decreased at the first measurement, while primarily normal or even increased parameters did not change. Seming contradictions to other authors are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the oxidative glucose brain metabolism under long-term xantinol-nicotinate medication (author's transl)]. 8 patients suffering from dementia were treated with xantinol-nicotinate for 4 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the treatment cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen, glucose and lactate were measured with the N2O-method. With regard to the initial level of each parameter CBF, CMR glucose and CMR oxygen increased significantly, if it had been decreased at the first measurement, while primarily normal or even increased parameters did not change. Seming contradictions to other authors are discussed.", "PMID": 582552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1507", "title": "[The effect of the morphine antagonist naloxone on the effect of fentanyl].", "content": "1. In healthy volunteers fentanyl (0.15 mg i.v.) induces a reduction of awareness and vigilance and in some persons a transition to sleepiness or sleep stages. The course of these changes with time can be shown in narcograms, consisting of vigilance indices which correspond to the different EEG-stages. 2. Naloxon (0.4--1.6 mg i.v.) reduces the hypnotic effect of fentanyl or antagonizes it completely. 3. Index values of rapid eye movements in wakefulness measured oculographically indicate a reduction of motor activity after administration of fentanyl, when stages of reduced vigilance appear. Injections of naloxone following later on diminish this effect of fentanyl or antagonize it completely, not so does levallorphan.", "contents": "[The effect of the morphine antagonist naloxone on the effect of fentanyl]. 1. In healthy volunteers fentanyl (0.15 mg i.v.) induces a reduction of awareness and vigilance and in some persons a transition to sleepiness or sleep stages. The course of these changes with time can be shown in narcograms, consisting of vigilance indices which correspond to the different EEG-stages. 2. Naloxon (0.4--1.6 mg i.v.) reduces the hypnotic effect of fentanyl or antagonizes it completely. 3. Index values of rapid eye movements in wakefulness measured oculographically indicate a reduction of motor activity after administration of fentanyl, when stages of reduced vigilance appear. Injections of naloxone following later on diminish this effect of fentanyl or antagonize it completely, not so does levallorphan.", "PMID": 582553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1508", "title": "Synthesis and molluscicidal activity evaluation of some nitrosalicylanilides.", "content": "The hitherto unknown 5,6-dinitrosalicylic acid has been obtained as a by-product during nitration of salicylic acid. Synthesis of some 3-nitro-, 5-nitro- and 5,6-dinitrosalicylanilides with different substituents on the amine moiety was carried out. Evaluation of the molluscicidal activity of the synthesised salicylanilides is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and molluscicidal activity evaluation of some nitrosalicylanilides. The hitherto unknown 5,6-dinitrosalicylic acid has been obtained as a by-product during nitration of salicylic acid. Synthesis of some 3-nitro-, 5-nitro- and 5,6-dinitrosalicylanilides with different substituents on the amine moiety was carried out. Evaluation of the molluscicidal activity of the synthesised salicylanilides is discussed.", "PMID": 582554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1509", "title": "1,2-Diphenylethylamines as potential non-stimulant anorectics.", "content": "A series of 1,2-diphenylethylamines has been synthesized in which the phenyl rings were substituted with Cl, OCH3 or CF3 at various positions and in various combinations. Four N-ethylpiperazino and N-ethylmorpholino compounds were also prepared. When tested in rats, some of the compounds were found to be potent anorectics and none of them stimulated motor activity.", "contents": "1,2-Diphenylethylamines as potential non-stimulant anorectics. A series of 1,2-diphenylethylamines has been synthesized in which the phenyl rings were substituted with Cl, OCH3 or CF3 at various positions and in various combinations. Four N-ethylpiperazino and N-ethylmorpholino compounds were also prepared. When tested in rats, some of the compounds were found to be potent anorectics and none of them stimulated motor activity.", "PMID": 582555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1510", "title": "[No increase in chemotherapeutic effectiveness of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in rat leukemia L 5222 by 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) (author's transl)].", "content": "Monotherapy of early rat leukemia L 5222 with 5 X 100 mg/kg EDU over 48 h yielded no increase in lifespan as compared to untreated controls. Combination therapy of advanced L 5222 with EDU and CPA in four different schedules results in no increase in life-span as compared to treatment with CPA only. DNA histogrms of preterminal L 5222 revealed no synchronizing effect of EDU.", "contents": "[No increase in chemotherapeutic effectiveness of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in rat leukemia L 5222 by 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) (author's transl)]. Monotherapy of early rat leukemia L 5222 with 5 X 100 mg/kg EDU over 48 h yielded no increase in lifespan as compared to untreated controls. Combination therapy of advanced L 5222 with EDU and CPA in four different schedules results in no increase in life-span as compared to treatment with CPA only. DNA histogrms of preterminal L 5222 revealed no synchronizing effect of EDU.", "PMID": 582556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1511", "title": "[Studies on possible interactions of thalidomide and genetic material from chicken embryos (author's transl)].", "content": "Tritium labelled thalidomide was applied to chicken embryos of various stages and the distribution of the readioactive label was investigated. No specific binding tendency to components of the cell could be found, especially no affinity to nucleic acids and to the chromosomal proteins (histones and non-histones) could be observed, which had been discussed hypothetically. An influence on DNA replication and transcription rate could also not be detected.", "contents": "[Studies on possible interactions of thalidomide and genetic material from chicken embryos (author's transl)]. Tritium labelled thalidomide was applied to chicken embryos of various stages and the distribution of the readioactive label was investigated. No specific binding tendency to components of the cell could be found, especially no affinity to nucleic acids and to the chromosomal proteins (histones and non-histones) could be observed, which had been discussed hypothetically. An influence on DNA replication and transcription rate could also not be detected.", "PMID": 582557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1512", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 1st communication: Diethyleneglycol monoethylether, N,N-diethylacetamide, dimethylsufoxide (author's transl)].", "content": "The drug solvents diethyleneglycol monoethylether (Transcutol), N,N-diethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. Except for the cat, N,N-diethylacetamide exhibited the highest toxicity; this solvent, too, was particularly potent in inducing behavioural changes and in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed unspecific spasmolytic activities with histamine, carbachol, or BaCl2 as spasmogens. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 1st communication: Diethyleneglycol monoethylether, N,N-diethylacetamide, dimethylsufoxide (author's transl)]. The drug solvents diethyleneglycol monoethylether (Transcutol), N,N-diethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. Except for the cat, N,N-diethylacetamide exhibited the highest toxicity; this solvent, too, was particularly potent in inducing behavioural changes and in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed unspecific spasmolytic activities with histamine, carbachol, or BaCl2 as spasmogens. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "PMID": 582558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1513", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 2. Glycerin, N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-lactamide, polyethylene glycol 400].", "content": "The drug solvents glycerin, N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-lactamide, and polyethylene glycol 400 (Lutrol 9) were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats, and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. In mice and rats glycerin exhibited the highest tocicity as well as the greatest activity in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed unspecific spasmolytic activities with histamine, carbachol, and BaCl2 as spasmogens. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties, doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 2. Glycerin, N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-lactamide, polyethylene glycol 400]. The drug solvents glycerin, N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-lactamide, and polyethylene glycol 400 (Lutrol 9) were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats, and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. In mice and rats glycerin exhibited the highest tocicity as well as the greatest activity in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed unspecific spasmolytic activities with histamine, carbachol, and BaCl2 as spasmogens. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties, doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "PMID": 582559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1514", "title": "[Studies on the parmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 3. 1,2-Propanediol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol-polyethylene glycol ether (THFP), olyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM)].", "content": "The drug solvents 1,2-propanediol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol polyethylene glycolether (THFP, Tetraglycol), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM, Tween 80) were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats, and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. The solvents showed only small differences in their toxicity in the mouse and rat; PSM, however, was more toxic than 1,2-propanediol and THFP in the cat and dogs. The latter solvent, on the other hand, was the most potent in inducing behavioural changes and in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed different spasmolytic potencies, depending on whether histamine, carbachol or BaCl2 was used as a spasmogen. The spasmolytic activity of 1,2-propanediol and THFP is classified as unspecific, whereas PSM seemed to have a specific anticholinergic pattern in the isolated ileum. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties, doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "contents": "[Studies on the parmacodynamic activity of several drug solvents. 3. 1,2-Propanediol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol-polyethylene glycol ether (THFP), olyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM)]. The drug solvents 1,2-propanediol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol polyethylene glycolether (THFP, Tetraglycol), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM, Tween 80) were examined for their pharmacodynamic properties in the following tests: i.p. toxicity, \"sign pattern\", inclined screen test, balance rod test, and potentiation of hexobarbitone sleeping time in mice, spasmolytic activity in the guinea pig isolated ileum, and cardiovascular studies in anaesthetized rats, cats, and dogs including the i.v. toxicity. The solvents showed only small differences in their toxicity in the mouse and rat; PSM, however, was more toxic than 1,2-propanediol and THFP in the cat and dogs. The latter solvent, on the other hand, was the most potent in inducing behavioural changes and in potentiating hexobarbitone sleeping time. In the isolated ileum the solvents showed different spasmolytic potencies, depending on whether histamine, carbachol or BaCl2 was used as a spasmogen. The spasmolytic activity of 1,2-propanediol and THFP is classified as unspecific, whereas PSM seemed to have a specific anticholinergic pattern in the isolated ileum. After i.v. administration in rats, cats, and dogs the solvents caused cardiovascular effects even in very low doses. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties, doses are recommended for each solvent which should not be exceeded without control experiments in the laboratory routine. These tolerable doses do not only depend on the species but also on the test concerned.", "PMID": 582560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1515", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. XI. Histophathological analysis after intravenous application of ethanol extract of poprolis (EEP).", "content": "Mice were given i.v. injections of water solutions of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) over a varying period of time. Some of the animals were sacrificed immediately following the last injection and some within 2--4 weeks after the last injections. Internal organ samples were taken and underwent a microscopic examination. Insignificant pathological changes in the liver were observed. These changes were transient and regressed within 2--4 weeks after the application of EEP.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. XI. Histophathological analysis after intravenous application of ethanol extract of poprolis (EEP). Mice were given i.v. injections of water solutions of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) over a varying period of time. Some of the animals were sacrificed immediately following the last injection and some within 2--4 weeks after the last injections. Internal organ samples were taken and underwent a microscopic examination. Insignificant pathological changes in the liver were observed. These changes were transient and regressed within 2--4 weeks after the application of EEP.", "PMID": 582561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1516", "title": "Cefoxitin, a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic. Metabolism in rats with renal insufficiency.", "content": "The metabolism of cefoxitin, a new semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic, in rats with renal insufficiency was examined in comparison with that in control. Ascending urinary tract infection was produced in rats by intra-cystic inoculation with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli. In rats with severe infection progressed into purulent inflammation in the pelvis and medullar and cortical abscess formation, the urinary excretion of the antibiotic was reduced till the first 2 h after an i.v. dose of 40 mg/kg, while its serum levels and biliary excretion during this period were contrarily higher than those in rats with mild infection limited to pelvic inflammation and in control. On the other hand, in rats with renal arteriarctia produced by constriction of the renal artery with silver clip, blood levels of the antibiotic were higher than those in control. In the former animals, the urinary excretion was reduced to about a half, while the biliary excretion was increased up to twofold of that in control through the whole experimental period. In animals either with severe infection or with renal arteriarctia, the total recovery in the urine and the bile during 6 h of the experimental period was almost equal to those in mild infection or control groups.", "contents": "Cefoxitin, a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic. Metabolism in rats with renal insufficiency. The metabolism of cefoxitin, a new semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic, in rats with renal insufficiency was examined in comparison with that in control. Ascending urinary tract infection was produced in rats by intra-cystic inoculation with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli. In rats with severe infection progressed into purulent inflammation in the pelvis and medullar and cortical abscess formation, the urinary excretion of the antibiotic was reduced till the first 2 h after an i.v. dose of 40 mg/kg, while its serum levels and biliary excretion during this period were contrarily higher than those in rats with mild infection limited to pelvic inflammation and in control. On the other hand, in rats with renal arteriarctia produced by constriction of the renal artery with silver clip, blood levels of the antibiotic were higher than those in control. In the former animals, the urinary excretion was reduced to about a half, while the biliary excretion was increased up to twofold of that in control through the whole experimental period. In animals either with severe infection or with renal arteriarctia, the total recovery in the urine and the bile during 6 h of the experimental period was almost equal to those in mild infection or control groups.", "PMID": 582562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1517", "title": "Chemotherapeutic effect of cefoxitin on experimental pyelonephritis in rats. Comparative study with cefazilin.", "content": "Ascending pyelonephritis was successfully produced in rats by means of direct inoculation with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli into the bladder enclosing a glass ball. 3-Carbamoyloxymethyl-7-alpha-methoxy-7-[2(2-thienyl)-acetamido]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoxitin) or cefazolin as a control drug was applied to the affected rats characterized by purulent inflammation in pelvis and medulla sometimes accompanied with abscess formation in medulla and/or coretex 3 days after challenge. The treatments were performed at an i.v. dose of 40 mg/kg 3 times a day for 5 consecutive days. The improvement of the disease, that is disappearance of the bacilli in the kidney, improvement of BUN value and of histopathological findings in cefoxitin-treated animals was approximately equal to that in cefazolin-treated ones. Both antibiotics exhibited great effectiveness against purulent pyelonephritis, however, not sufficiently effective against medullar and cortical abscesses. Chemotherapeutic effect of cefoxitin on experimental pyelonephritis was discussed with special reference to its distribution into the affected tissues.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic effect of cefoxitin on experimental pyelonephritis in rats. Comparative study with cefazilin. Ascending pyelonephritis was successfully produced in rats by means of direct inoculation with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli into the bladder enclosing a glass ball. 3-Carbamoyloxymethyl-7-alpha-methoxy-7-[2(2-thienyl)-acetamido]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (cefoxitin) or cefazolin as a control drug was applied to the affected rats characterized by purulent inflammation in pelvis and medulla sometimes accompanied with abscess formation in medulla and/or coretex 3 days after challenge. The treatments were performed at an i.v. dose of 40 mg/kg 3 times a day for 5 consecutive days. The improvement of the disease, that is disappearance of the bacilli in the kidney, improvement of BUN value and of histopathological findings in cefoxitin-treated animals was approximately equal to that in cefazolin-treated ones. Both antibiotics exhibited great effectiveness against purulent pyelonephritis, however, not sufficiently effective against medullar and cortical abscesses. Chemotherapeutic effect of cefoxitin on experimental pyelonephritis was discussed with special reference to its distribution into the affected tissues.", "PMID": 582563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1518", "title": "[Experimental studies on topic application of amikacin to the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The compatibility of amikacin as well as its penetration into the different tissues of the eye were studied experimentally in rabbits. Amikacin is well tolerated, both when applying drops and subonjunctival injections. When 1% solution of amikacin is dropped into the eye, antibacterially effective concentrations are achieved in the cornea and in the aqueous humour. There was only minimum penetration in the cornea found after subconjunctival injection. No amikacin was found in the vitreous body, neither when applying drops nor subconjuctival injections.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on topic application of amikacin to the eye (author's transl)]. The compatibility of amikacin as well as its penetration into the different tissues of the eye were studied experimentally in rabbits. Amikacin is well tolerated, both when applying drops and subonjunctival injections. When 1% solution of amikacin is dropped into the eye, antibacterially effective concentrations are achieved in the cornea and in the aqueous humour. There was only minimum penetration in the cornea found after subconjunctival injection. No amikacin was found in the vitreous body, neither when applying drops nor subconjuctival injections.", "PMID": 582564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1519", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of molsidomine.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydronimine-ethylester (molsidomine, SIN 10, Corvaton) were studied in anaesthetized mongrel dogs. The effects of molsidomine were identical when given i.v. or i.d. Because of the lack of difference in activity with similar doses i.v. or i.d. complete absorption of the drug can be assumed. There was a sustained decrease in arterial blood pressure accompanied by a long lasting decrease in left ventricular enddiastolic and mean pulmonary artery blood pressure. Heart rate was only moderately affected. Left ventricular endsystolic and enddiastolic volumes, as estimated from measurements of left ventricular outer dimension with ultrasonic techniques, decreased. Even in nearly toxic doses molsidomine did not influence left ventricular contractility as judge from measurements of dp/dt max., (dp/dt)/(LVP-LVEDP + c) max., ejection time and duration of systole. All the observed effects of molsidomine can be explained by an extracardiac action: increase in systemic venous capacity. Consequently venous return, mean pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular filling pressure are reduced leading to a decrease in left ventricular volumes. This should cause a reduction of cardiac output, of peripheral blood pressure and of external cardiac work. In connection with reduced left ventricular wall tension a fall in myocardial oxygen consumption can be expected.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of molsidomine. The haemodynamic effects of N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydronimine-ethylester (molsidomine, SIN 10, Corvaton) were studied in anaesthetized mongrel dogs. The effects of molsidomine were identical when given i.v. or i.d. Because of the lack of difference in activity with similar doses i.v. or i.d. complete absorption of the drug can be assumed. There was a sustained decrease in arterial blood pressure accompanied by a long lasting decrease in left ventricular enddiastolic and mean pulmonary artery blood pressure. Heart rate was only moderately affected. Left ventricular endsystolic and enddiastolic volumes, as estimated from measurements of left ventricular outer dimension with ultrasonic techniques, decreased. Even in nearly toxic doses molsidomine did not influence left ventricular contractility as judge from measurements of dp/dt max., (dp/dt)/(LVP-LVEDP + c) max., ejection time and duration of systole. All the observed effects of molsidomine can be explained by an extracardiac action: increase in systemic venous capacity. Consequently venous return, mean pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular filling pressure are reduced leading to a decrease in left ventricular volumes. This should cause a reduction of cardiac output, of peripheral blood pressure and of external cardiac work. In connection with reduced left ventricular wall tension a fall in myocardial oxygen consumption can be expected.", "PMID": 582565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1520", "title": "[Effect of molsidomine on the regional distribution of cardiac output in the anaesthetized dog (author's transl)].", "content": "In anaesthetized dogs blood pressures were measured in the following parts of the circulation: A. femoralis, aorta, left ventricle and A. pulmonalis. By means of particle distribution technique blood flow was measured in 25 different organs. By additional determination of arterio-venous O2 difference (AVDO2) between heart and brain oxygen consumption could be calculated. All data were measured before, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after injection of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton) i.v. 1. Molsidomine reduces blood pressures in all parts of the circulation measured. The duration of effects exceeds the experimental period. 2. The compound is no coronary vasodilator in the dose range selected, no dilation of cerebral occurs. Blood flow in kidneys remains constant. Blood flow values of all other organs do not give any indication of an essential peripheral dilatory effect of the drug. 3. Oxygen consumption of left ventricle is significiantly reduced by 25% with molsidomine (0.05 mg/kg i.v.). Oxygen consumption of brain remains constant. 4. All data are in accordance with the hypothesis that molsidomine exerts its effect predominantly by acting on capacitance vessels (venous pooling) of the circulation.", "contents": "[Effect of molsidomine on the regional distribution of cardiac output in the anaesthetized dog (author's transl)]. In anaesthetized dogs blood pressures were measured in the following parts of the circulation: A. femoralis, aorta, left ventricle and A. pulmonalis. By means of particle distribution technique blood flow was measured in 25 different organs. By additional determination of arterio-venous O2 difference (AVDO2) between heart and brain oxygen consumption could be calculated. All data were measured before, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after injection of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, N-carboxy-3-morpholino-sydnonimine ethylester (molsidomine, Corvaton) i.v. 1. Molsidomine reduces blood pressures in all parts of the circulation measured. The duration of effects exceeds the experimental period. 2. The compound is no coronary vasodilator in the dose range selected, no dilation of cerebral occurs. Blood flow in kidneys remains constant. Blood flow values of all other organs do not give any indication of an essential peripheral dilatory effect of the drug. 3. Oxygen consumption of left ventricle is significiantly reduced by 25% with molsidomine (0.05 mg/kg i.v.). Oxygen consumption of brain remains constant. 4. All data are in accordance with the hypothesis that molsidomine exerts its effect predominantly by acting on capacitance vessels (venous pooling) of the circulation.", "PMID": 582566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1521", "title": "The central actions of nicotine on blood pressure and heart rate after administration via the left vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Distribution of nicotine into the brain after central application.", "content": "After injection into the vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats, low does of nicotine (10(-9)--10(-8) mol = 0.5--5 micrograms . kg-1) induce potent cardiovascular effects. The hypotensive action is always accompanied by a severe bradycardia. Dose-response curves for these pharmacological actions have been established. It is concluced that nicotinic receptors in the medulla oblongata and pons are involved. Administration of 10(-8) mol = 5 micrograms (radioactive) nicotine/kg into the left vertebral artery gives rise to a specific distribution pattern. Nicotine mainly accumulates into the ponto-medullary area, whereas higher brain regions (hypothalamus) contain only insignificant amounts. The experimental results suggest that the nicotine-like effect of endogenous acetylcholine might play an important physiological part in the central regulation of blood pressure and cardiac frequency.", "contents": "The central actions of nicotine on blood pressure and heart rate after administration via the left vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Distribution of nicotine into the brain after central application. After injection into the vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats, low does of nicotine (10(-9)--10(-8) mol = 0.5--5 micrograms . kg-1) induce potent cardiovascular effects. The hypotensive action is always accompanied by a severe bradycardia. Dose-response curves for these pharmacological actions have been established. It is concluced that nicotinic receptors in the medulla oblongata and pons are involved. Administration of 10(-8) mol = 5 micrograms (radioactive) nicotine/kg into the left vertebral artery gives rise to a specific distribution pattern. Nicotine mainly accumulates into the ponto-medullary area, whereas higher brain regions (hypothalamus) contain only insignificant amounts. The experimental results suggest that the nicotine-like effect of endogenous acetylcholine might play an important physiological part in the central regulation of blood pressure and cardiac frequency.", "PMID": 582567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1522", "title": "[Caffeine and bile secretion. Experimental studies in the unanaesthetized piglet (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the distribution and excretion of 8-14C-caffeine as well as the effects of caffeine on bile secretion in the unanaesthetized piglet after intravenous and intraduodenal application. The findings confirm a) data known from other species concerning the intestinal absorption, distribution and excretion of 8-14C-caffeine, b) the delayed plasma disappearance of 8-14C-caffeine known in the pig following an initial rapid disappearance rate and c) a hydrocholeresis, so far only known from rats. However, the increase in bile flow accompanied by an increase of urine flow was noticed not before 3--4 h after caffeine application. Therefore the question arises whether this increase is caused by caffeine itself or by its metabolites. On the basis of our results and those of the literature it is attempted to answer this question.", "contents": "[Caffeine and bile secretion. Experimental studies in the unanaesthetized piglet (author's transl)]. We investigated the distribution and excretion of 8-14C-caffeine as well as the effects of caffeine on bile secretion in the unanaesthetized piglet after intravenous and intraduodenal application. The findings confirm a) data known from other species concerning the intestinal absorption, distribution and excretion of 8-14C-caffeine, b) the delayed plasma disappearance of 8-14C-caffeine known in the pig following an initial rapid disappearance rate and c) a hydrocholeresis, so far only known from rats. However, the increase in bile flow accompanied by an increase of urine flow was noticed not before 3--4 h after caffeine application. Therefore the question arises whether this increase is caused by caffeine itself or by its metabolites. On the basis of our results and those of the literature it is attempted to answer this question.", "PMID": 582568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1523", "title": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (compound 69/183). Part IV: other CNS effects and acute toxicity.", "content": "3-[gamma-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (centpyraquin), a potent antihypertensive and tranquillising agent, was tested for anticonvulsant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and for anti-emetic activity in dogs. It did not modify supramaximal electroshock seizures and failed to protect the animals against pentylenetetrazole and strychnine induced convulsions. It, however, produced some elevation in the threshold dose of strychnine. Tremorine induced tremors and salivation were not antagonised. The compound had weak analgesic activity as detected by antagonism to phenylquinone writhing and the hot plate test. It had no anti-inflammatory activity. Centpyraquin had strong anti-emetic activity against apomorphine as well as morphine. At high doses it produced fall out in the rota-rod test. The LD50 of centpyraquin in mice was 296 mg/kg i.p. and more than 1000 mg/kg p.o. and in rats it was 161 mg/kg i.p. and more than 800 mg/kg p.o. The observed CNS effects resemble those of other neuroleptics.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (compound 69/183). Part IV: other CNS effects and acute toxicity. 3-[gamma-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (centpyraquin), a potent antihypertensive and tranquillising agent, was tested for anticonvulsant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and for anti-emetic activity in dogs. It did not modify supramaximal electroshock seizures and failed to protect the animals against pentylenetetrazole and strychnine induced convulsions. It, however, produced some elevation in the threshold dose of strychnine. Tremorine induced tremors and salivation were not antagonised. The compound had weak analgesic activity as detected by antagonism to phenylquinone writhing and the hot plate test. It had no anti-inflammatory activity. Centpyraquin had strong anti-emetic activity against apomorphine as well as morphine. At high doses it produced fall out in the rota-rod test. The LD50 of centpyraquin in mice was 296 mg/kg i.p. and more than 1000 mg/kg p.o. and in rats it was 161 mg/kg i.p. and more than 800 mg/kg p.o. The observed CNS effects resemble those of other neuroleptics.", "PMID": 582569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1524", "title": "Comparative analgetic testing of various compounds in mice using writhing techniques.", "content": "Anti-writhing assays to detect analgesia or specific activity against selected agonists were performed on albino mice. Acetylcholine Cl, bradykinin triacetate, phenylquinone, and serotonin creatinine sulfate were used as agonists. 10 compounds, including 5 standard analgetics, were tested against each agonist. Attempts to study histamine phosphate as an agonist were not successful. Results of these investigations showed satisfactory analgetic acitivity for codeine phosphate and acteyl salicylic acid (ASA) in all assays. weaker analgetics displayed varying degrees of activity depending on the agonist tested. Acute oral toxicities  were determined for the 10 test compounds and the analgetic ED50 vs the LD50 of each compound was compared. The data confirmed the nonspecificity for writhing assays as well as a variability in activity of the test compounds against the various agonist.", "contents": "Comparative analgetic testing of various compounds in mice using writhing techniques. Anti-writhing assays to detect analgesia or specific activity against selected agonists were performed on albino mice. Acetylcholine Cl, bradykinin triacetate, phenylquinone, and serotonin creatinine sulfate were used as agonists. 10 compounds, including 5 standard analgetics, were tested against each agonist. Attempts to study histamine phosphate as an agonist were not successful. Results of these investigations showed satisfactory analgetic acitivity for codeine phosphate and acteyl salicylic acid (ASA) in all assays. weaker analgetics displayed varying degrees of activity depending on the agonist tested. Acute oral toxicities  were determined for the 10 test compounds and the analgetic ED50 vs the LD50 of each compound was compared. The data confirmed the nonspecificity for writhing assays as well as a variability in activity of the test compounds against the various agonist.", "PMID": 582570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1525", "title": "[Human-pharmacokinetic Studies on Penetration Kinetics of a 6 alpha-Fluoro-9 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methyl-delta 1,4-pregnadiene-11 beta-dihydroxy-3,20-dione-21-trimethyl-acetic acid (Clocortolone Trimethyl-acetic acid) after e picutaneous application].", "content": "Investigation on 6 alpha-fluoro-9 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methyl-delta 1,4-pregnadiene-11 beta-dihydroxy-3,20-dione-21-trimethylacetic acid (clocortolone trimethylacetic acid) are reported. The aim of the trial was to prove the penetration kinetics of the steriod into the skin. Three healthy female subjects took part in the investigations. They were treated with an oil-water emulsion of the substance on two spots on the back, after having observed alcohol abstinence. One of the treated spots was stripped after 30 min, the second after 60 min using the \"Tesafilm\" stripping method. The strips were then analysed gaschromatographically on the presence of clocortolone-trimethylacetic acid. It could be shown that the steroid penetrates into the skin up to the 12th-14th strips, building up a certain congestion of the substance at this time because of reaching the stratum corneum, as we suppose. At this place a depot is built of which probably only a very small or no permeation into the system occurs, as clocortolone could not be detected either in the subjects' serum nor in the urine.", "contents": "[Human-pharmacokinetic Studies on Penetration Kinetics of a 6 alpha-Fluoro-9 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methyl-delta 1,4-pregnadiene-11 beta-dihydroxy-3,20-dione-21-trimethyl-acetic acid (Clocortolone Trimethyl-acetic acid) after e picutaneous application]. Investigation on 6 alpha-fluoro-9 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methyl-delta 1,4-pregnadiene-11 beta-dihydroxy-3,20-dione-21-trimethylacetic acid (clocortolone trimethylacetic acid) are reported. The aim of the trial was to prove the penetration kinetics of the steriod into the skin. Three healthy female subjects took part in the investigations. They were treated with an oil-water emulsion of the substance on two spots on the back, after having observed alcohol abstinence. One of the treated spots was stripped after 30 min, the second after 60 min using the \"Tesafilm\" stripping method. The strips were then analysed gaschromatographically on the presence of clocortolone-trimethylacetic acid. It could be shown that the steroid penetrates into the skin up to the 12th-14th strips, building up a certain congestion of the substance at this time because of reaching the stratum corneum, as we suppose. At this place a depot is built of which probably only a very small or no permeation into the system occurs, as clocortolone could not be detected either in the subjects' serum nor in the urine.", "PMID": 582571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1526", "title": "Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "A 19-year-old girl presented with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and hypothyroidism, and developed a thyrotoxic crisis when chloroquine therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and autoimmune thyroiditis. A 19-year-old girl presented with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and hypothyroidism, and developed a thyrotoxic crisis when chloroquine therapy was discontinued.", "PMID": 582572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1527", "title": "Differential diagnosis of malignant and benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates: a study of 57 cases in which malignant lymphoma had been diagnosed or suspected in the skin.", "content": "Clinical and histopathologic findings were reviewed in 57 cases in which there had been a diagnosis or suspicion of malignant lymphoma in the skin other than mycosis fungoides. Patients were included only if 1) extracutaneous tissue satisfactory for lymphoma classification was available, or 2) there was no evidence of extracutaneous involvement after a minimum of five years. Thirty-five patients had systemic lymphoma; in eight of these that disease first became manifest in the skin. There were two patients with typical lymphomatoid papulosis and one with a somewhat similar but solitary lesion which did not recur after excision; we have termed the latter a \"solitary lymphomatoid papule.\" The remaining 19 cases without extracutaneous involvement were regarded as benign lymphoid hyperplasia. Clinically, the cutaneous lesions of malignant lymphoma were difficult to distinguish from those of lymphoid hyperplasia; only lymphomatoid papulosis was distinctive. Histologically, it was found that a definite diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (other than mycosis fungoides) could be made in the skin when three criteria were fulfilled: 1) exclusive presence or marked preponderance of medium-sized or larger lymphocytes, 2) absence of preferential involvement of the upper dermis, and 3) absence of extensive epidermal infiltration. These criteria were met in 21 cases of lymphoma. In both cases of lymphomatoid papulosis, the infiltrate was predominantly composed of large lymphocytes but was primarily limited to the upper dermis. The \"solitary lymphomatoid papule\" contained a similar cell population and involved the full thickness of the dermis; however, it displayed a prominent intraepidermal component. Fourteen cases of malignant lymphoma and all cases of lymphoid hyperplasia were characterized by a mixture of lymphocytes of varying size or a predominance of small lymphocytes. Nine cases of lymphoid hyperplasia exhibited at least one of three findings not observed in lymphoma; these findings were 1) germinal centers, 2) marked paucity of medium-sized lymphocytes in comparison to both small and large lymphocytes, and 3) sharp margination between adjacent groups of small and large lymphocytes. Aside from one case of small lymphocytic lymphoma which showed deep subcutaneous extension, the remaining cases (13 malignant and 10 benign) could not be reliably differentiated from each other by skin biopsy findings alone and were thus considered histologically indeterminate. The 13 lymphoma cases in this group were all of the small lymphocytic or follicular types; the failure of follicular lymphoma to exhibit a follicular pattern in the skin was a major impediment to its recognition in that location. The cutaneous infiltrates in all cases of large lymphocytic, Burkitt's, and lymphoblastic lymphoma were diagnostic of malignancy.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of malignant and benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates: a study of 57 cases in which malignant lymphoma had been diagnosed or suspected in the skin. Clinical and histopathologic findings were reviewed in 57 cases in which there had been a diagnosis or suspicion of malignant lymphoma in the skin other than mycosis fungoides. Patients were included only if 1) extracutaneous tissue satisfactory for lymphoma classification was available, or 2) there was no evidence of extracutaneous involvement after a minimum of five years. Thirty-five patients had systemic lymphoma; in eight of these that disease first became manifest in the skin. There were two patients with typical lymphomatoid papulosis and one with a somewhat similar but solitary lesion which did not recur after excision; we have termed the latter a \"solitary lymphomatoid papule.\" The remaining 19 cases without extracutaneous involvement were regarded as benign lymphoid hyperplasia. Clinically, the cutaneous lesions of malignant lymphoma were difficult to distinguish from those of lymphoid hyperplasia; only lymphomatoid papulosis was distinctive. Histologically, it was found that a definite diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (other than mycosis fungoides) could be made in the skin when three criteria were fulfilled: 1) exclusive presence or marked preponderance of medium-sized or larger lymphocytes, 2) absence of preferential involvement of the upper dermis, and 3) absence of extensive epidermal infiltration. These criteria were met in 21 cases of lymphoma. In both cases of lymphomatoid papulosis, the infiltrate was predominantly composed of large lymphocytes but was primarily limited to the upper dermis. The \"solitary lymphomatoid papule\" contained a similar cell population and involved the full thickness of the dermis; however, it displayed a prominent intraepidermal component. Fourteen cases of malignant lymphoma and all cases of lymphoid hyperplasia were characterized by a mixture of lymphocytes of varying size or a predominance of small lymphocytes. Nine cases of lymphoid hyperplasia exhibited at least one of three findings not observed in lymphoma; these findings were 1) germinal centers, 2) marked paucity of medium-sized lymphocytes in comparison to both small and large lymphocytes, and 3) sharp margination between adjacent groups of small and large lymphocytes. Aside from one case of small lymphocytic lymphoma which showed deep subcutaneous extension, the remaining cases (13 malignant and 10 benign) could not be reliably differentiated from each other by skin biopsy findings alone and were thus considered histologically indeterminate. The 13 lymphoma cases in this group were all of the small lymphocytic or follicular types; the failure of follicular lymphoma to exhibit a follicular pattern in the skin was a major impediment to its recognition in that location. The cutaneous infiltrates in all cases of large lymphocytic, Burkitt's, and lymphoblastic lymphoma were diagnostic of malignancy.", "PMID": 582573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1528", "title": "Atypical hyperplasia of lymph nodes: a follow-up study.", "content": "Atypical hyperplasia of lymph nodes (AH) is neither a clinical nor a pathologic entity but represents cases in which the pathologist expresses concern about neoplasia and is unable to diagnose lymphoma. We reviewed 70 cases of AH diagnosed over the years 1961-1972. Thirty-seven percent developed a malignant lymphoproliferative disease during a follow-up that varied from 2-13 years. When the cases were histologically reexamined without knowledge of their clinical outcome or initial clinical features, 19 were diagnosed as benign, 10 as malignant, 37 as AH, and 4 as angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. None of the patients of the first group developed a malignant lymphoma, but lymphoma occurred in 30% of the AH group. This latter group was divided into two subgroups according to the expectation of the course of disease; those with a probably malignant course and those with a probably benign course. Malignant lymphoma developed in 8 (73%) of the 11 patients in the first group but in only 14% of the 26 patients in the second group. It appears that although the pathologist can rather well appreciate the probable development of malignant lymphoma in AH cases, he is wrong too often--in this series 16%. Therefore, the common practice of designating a suspicious lymph node biopsy as atypical hyperplasia with a request for a later repeat biopsy is recommended.", "contents": "Atypical hyperplasia of lymph nodes: a follow-up study. Atypical hyperplasia of lymph nodes (AH) is neither a clinical nor a pathologic entity but represents cases in which the pathologist expresses concern about neoplasia and is unable to diagnose lymphoma. We reviewed 70 cases of AH diagnosed over the years 1961-1972. Thirty-seven percent developed a malignant lymphoproliferative disease during a follow-up that varied from 2-13 years. When the cases were histologically reexamined without knowledge of their clinical outcome or initial clinical features, 19 were diagnosed as benign, 10 as malignant, 37 as AH, and 4 as angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. None of the patients of the first group developed a malignant lymphoma, but lymphoma occurred in 30% of the AH group. This latter group was divided into two subgroups according to the expectation of the course of disease; those with a probably malignant course and those with a probably benign course. Malignant lymphoma developed in 8 (73%) of the 11 patients in the first group but in only 14% of the 26 patients in the second group. It appears that although the pathologist can rather well appreciate the probable development of malignant lymphoma in AH cases, he is wrong too often--in this series 16%. Therefore, the common practice of designating a suspicious lymph node biopsy as atypical hyperplasia with a request for a later repeat biopsy is recommended.", "PMID": 582574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1529", "title": "Tumors in male rats fed ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypolipidemic drug.", "content": "Clofibrate (ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, Atromid-S), because it contains a chlorinated phenoxy moiety and is the most commonly used hypolipidemic drug in the United States and Europe, was fed at a concentration of 0.5% in the diet of 25 male F344 rats for 72 to 97 weeks, and the animals were inspected for tumors up to a maximum of 129 weeks. Between 72 and 129 weeks, there were 10 rats with a total of 16 tumors. These included 4 hepatocellular carcinomas, an adenocarcinoma of the glandular stomach, papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder, acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, lymphosarcoma involving pancreas, acinar cell adenomas of the pancreas, renal carcinoma, and sarcomas of the lung and parotid gland. Although the number of experimental animals was small, none of these tumors were present in 25 controls, and systematic examination of available literature dealing with spontaneous tumors in several thousand rats indicated that the tumors in clofibrate-fed rats were not spontaneous. A number of the tumors were transplanted through several generations. Clofibrate, like two other hypolipidemic drugs that are carcinogenic, causes peroxisome proliferation. It is speculated that some drugs that cause peroxisome proliferation may represent a new class of chemical carcinogens and that there may be a relationship between peroxisome proliferation and malignant transformation.", "contents": "Tumors in male rats fed ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypolipidemic drug. Clofibrate (ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, Atromid-S), because it contains a chlorinated phenoxy moiety and is the most commonly used hypolipidemic drug in the United States and Europe, was fed at a concentration of 0.5% in the diet of 25 male F344 rats for 72 to 97 weeks, and the animals were inspected for tumors up to a maximum of 129 weeks. Between 72 and 129 weeks, there were 10 rats with a total of 16 tumors. These included 4 hepatocellular carcinomas, an adenocarcinoma of the glandular stomach, papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder, acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, lymphosarcoma involving pancreas, acinar cell adenomas of the pancreas, renal carcinoma, and sarcomas of the lung and parotid gland. Although the number of experimental animals was small, none of these tumors were present in 25 controls, and systematic examination of available literature dealing with spontaneous tumors in several thousand rats indicated that the tumors in clofibrate-fed rats were not spontaneous. A number of the tumors were transplanted through several generations. Clofibrate, like two other hypolipidemic drugs that are carcinogenic, causes peroxisome proliferation. It is speculated that some drugs that cause peroxisome proliferation may represent a new class of chemical carcinogens and that there may be a relationship between peroxisome proliferation and malignant transformation.", "PMID": 582575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1530", "title": "Breast cancer mortality and diet in the United States.", "content": "Internationally, breast cancer mortality is correlated with intestinal lactase sufficiency and dairy product consumption beyond childhood. Within the United States, age-adjusted breast cancer mortality is positively associated with consumption of milk, butter, and total milk fat in regional analyses, and it is associated with milk demand in state-based analyses. Breast cancer mortality is also positively associated with demand for total calories, protein, fat, beef, and table fats (butter and margarine), and it is negatively associated with egg demand. Only the associations with milk and egg demand, however, survive when the Southern states are eliminated from the analyses or when either age of first marriage or income is controlled. The associations with milk and egg demand persist despite multiple controls for other dietary and demographic variables, although the association with milk demand loses statistical significance in some second- and third-order partial correlations. The inverse correlation with egg demand is strong but in the opposite direction from what might have been expected from previous studies. The correlation between milk demand and breast cancer mortality, although weaker, is consistent with results from previous studies, and it suggests a possible special role for dairy products in the etiology of breast cancer.", "contents": "Breast cancer mortality and diet in the United States. Internationally, breast cancer mortality is correlated with intestinal lactase sufficiency and dairy product consumption beyond childhood. Within the United States, age-adjusted breast cancer mortality is positively associated with consumption of milk, butter, and total milk fat in regional analyses, and it is associated with milk demand in state-based analyses. Breast cancer mortality is also positively associated with demand for total calories, protein, fat, beef, and table fats (butter and margarine), and it is negatively associated with egg demand. Only the associations with milk and egg demand, however, survive when the Southern states are eliminated from the analyses or when either age of first marriage or income is controlled. The associations with milk and egg demand persist despite multiple controls for other dietary and demographic variables, although the association with milk demand loses statistical significance in some second- and third-order partial correlations. The inverse correlation with egg demand is strong but in the opposite direction from what might have been expected from previous studies. The correlation between milk demand and breast cancer mortality, although weaker, is consistent with results from previous studies, and it suggests a possible special role for dairy products in the etiology of breast cancer.", "PMID": 582576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1531", "title": "Ophthalmopathy after neck irradiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) may occur years after irradiation of the neck for nonthyroid malignant disease. Two patients developed this complication 2 and 18 years after irradiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease: one with hypothyroidism associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the other with hyperthyroidism. Careful long-term observation of thyroid function following neck irradiation is recommended in view of this unusual complication and the frequent occurrence of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Ophthalmopathy after neck irradiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) may occur years after irradiation of the neck for nonthyroid malignant disease. Two patients developed this complication 2 and 18 years after irradiation treatment of Hodgkin's disease: one with hypothyroidism associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the other with hyperthyroidism. Careful long-term observation of thyroid function following neck irradiation is recommended in view of this unusual complication and the frequent occurrence of hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 582577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1532", "title": "Evaluation of two assays of functional surfactant in amniotic fluid: surface-tension lowering ability and the foam stability index test.", "content": "We characterize two assays of total amniotic fluid surfactant that are based on function: the surface-tension lowering ability of extracts of amniotic fluid lipid (I) and the foam stability index test (II). I is determined on chloroform extracts of amniotic fluid. II is defined as the highest ethanol volume fraction of an amniotic fluid-ethanol mixture that will permit a stable foam to form after 30 s of vigorous shaking. The relationship of I to disaturated phosphatidylcholine concentrations (after osmium tetroxide treatment of the amniotic fluid lipid extract) is in the expected theoretical form of a hyperbolic function. The relation between values for II and disaturated phosphatidylcholine concentrations showed a consistent bias, suggesting that components other than disaturated phosphatidylcholine contribute to stable foam formation. Phosphatidylclycerol concentrations did not appear to account for this bias. The relation between I to II values suggest that both assays measure total surfactant. I, II, and concentration of disaturated phosphatidyl choline are all excellent indicators of fetal pulmonary maturity. From a practical standpoint, the foam stability index test is the most efficient approach to routine assessment of fetal pulmonary status.", "contents": "Evaluation of two assays of functional surfactant in amniotic fluid: surface-tension lowering ability and the foam stability index test. We characterize two assays of total amniotic fluid surfactant that are based on function: the surface-tension lowering ability of extracts of amniotic fluid lipid (I) and the foam stability index test (II). I is determined on chloroform extracts of amniotic fluid. II is defined as the highest ethanol volume fraction of an amniotic fluid-ethanol mixture that will permit a stable foam to form after 30 s of vigorous shaking. The relationship of I to disaturated phosphatidylcholine concentrations (after osmium tetroxide treatment of the amniotic fluid lipid extract) is in the expected theoretical form of a hyperbolic function. The relation between values for II and disaturated phosphatidylcholine concentrations showed a consistent bias, suggesting that components other than disaturated phosphatidylcholine contribute to stable foam formation. Phosphatidylclycerol concentrations did not appear to account for this bias. The relation between I to II values suggest that both assays measure total surfactant. I, II, and concentration of disaturated phosphatidyl choline are all excellent indicators of fetal pulmonary maturity. From a practical standpoint, the foam stability index test is the most efficient approach to routine assessment of fetal pulmonary status.", "PMID": 582578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1533", "title": "Thyroid stimulating antibodies and metastatic thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with previously treated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid developed Graves' disease with a high titre of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb). He developed functioning pulmonary metastases leading to hyperthyroidism. Levels of TSAb paralleled the functional status of the metastases suggesting that hyperfunction of the neoplastic tissues was caused by TSAb.", "contents": "Thyroid stimulating antibodies and metastatic thyroid carcinoma. A patient with previously treated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid developed Graves' disease with a high titre of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb). He developed functioning pulmonary metastases leading to hyperthyroidism. Levels of TSAb paralleled the functional status of the metastases suggesting that hyperfunction of the neoplastic tissues was caused by TSAb.", "PMID": 582579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1534", "title": "Mode of action of carbimazole in Graves' disease.", "content": "In a series of hyperthyroid subjects treated with a high dose 'block-replace' regime, mean thyroidal technetium uptake was shown to fall progressively over an 18 month period. Furthermore, sub-total inhibition of hormone biosynthesis could be demonstrated, without evidence of proportionate inhibition of organification, the regression of radio-iodine on technetium thyroid uptake showing similar slopes in euthyroid, treated and untreated hyperthyroid subjects. Together with the reported differential in remission rates between propranolol and anti-thyroid drugs, it is concluded that carbimazole does not act solely by inhibiting intrathyroid hormono-genesis, but more definitively by affecting thyroid hyperstimulation at a pre-biosynthetic level. The inability to demonstrate normal suppressibility of trapping in any subject in the present series despite extended therapy with a 'block-replace' regime, further suggests that current concepts of 'suppressibility' are invalid, the progressive fall in technetium uptake being unlikely to represent spontaneous restoration of a normal pituitary-thyroid axis, but rather a direct influence or prolonged therapy with anti-thyroid drugs on the natural history of the disease.", "contents": "Mode of action of carbimazole in Graves' disease. In a series of hyperthyroid subjects treated with a high dose 'block-replace' regime, mean thyroidal technetium uptake was shown to fall progressively over an 18 month period. Furthermore, sub-total inhibition of hormone biosynthesis could be demonstrated, without evidence of proportionate inhibition of organification, the regression of radio-iodine on technetium thyroid uptake showing similar slopes in euthyroid, treated and untreated hyperthyroid subjects. Together with the reported differential in remission rates between propranolol and anti-thyroid drugs, it is concluded that carbimazole does not act solely by inhibiting intrathyroid hormono-genesis, but more definitively by affecting thyroid hyperstimulation at a pre-biosynthetic level. The inability to demonstrate normal suppressibility of trapping in any subject in the present series despite extended therapy with a 'block-replace' regime, further suggests that current concepts of 'suppressibility' are invalid, the progressive fall in technetium uptake being unlikely to represent spontaneous restoration of a normal pituitary-thyroid axis, but rather a direct influence or prolonged therapy with anti-thyroid drugs on the natural history of the disease.", "PMID": 582580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1535", "title": "A quantitative analysis of orbital soft tissue in Graves' disease based on B-mode ultrasonography.", "content": "Using B-mode ultrasonography, an attempt was made to measure the volume of extraocular muscles and retrobulbar fat in 31 patients (62 orbits) with Graves' disease. None of the patients had exophthalmometric measurements greater than 21 mm or had eye symptoms. The mean value of muscle volume of Graves' patients was significantly larger than that of normal controls (6.48 +/- 2.70 cm3 and 3.25 +/- 1.30 cm3, respectively, p less than 0.001). All of the patients had extraocular muscle swelling, although 2 of them had no extraocular muscle change for their unilateral eye. The extraocular muscle volume increased as the degree of the proptosis increased. The fat volume tended to increase in parallel with the degree of the proptosis. In the Graves' group with obvious proptosis (Hertel reading: 19--21 mm), the fat volume increased more significantly than in any other group. The ratio of extraocular muscle volume to retrobulbar fat volume was significantly higher in Graves' disease, but it did not increase as the degree of the proptosis increased. A significant correlation between proptosis and muscle volume plus fat volume was observed. No significant difference of the extraocular muscle volume was observed between the patients untreated and treated with antithyroid drugs. The data show a uniform enlargement of the extraocular muscles in Graves' disease and also suggest an involvement of increased retrobulbar fat volume in a group of obvious exophthalmos. The degree of the proptosis is in aclose proportion ot the quantitative change of the orbital soft tissue.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of orbital soft tissue in Graves' disease based on B-mode ultrasonography. Using B-mode ultrasonography, an attempt was made to measure the volume of extraocular muscles and retrobulbar fat in 31 patients (62 orbits) with Graves' disease. None of the patients had exophthalmometric measurements greater than 21 mm or had eye symptoms. The mean value of muscle volume of Graves' patients was significantly larger than that of normal controls (6.48 +/- 2.70 cm3 and 3.25 +/- 1.30 cm3, respectively, p less than 0.001). All of the patients had extraocular muscle swelling, although 2 of them had no extraocular muscle change for their unilateral eye. The extraocular muscle volume increased as the degree of the proptosis increased. The fat volume tended to increase in parallel with the degree of the proptosis. In the Graves' group with obvious proptosis (Hertel reading: 19--21 mm), the fat volume increased more significantly than in any other group. The ratio of extraocular muscle volume to retrobulbar fat volume was significantly higher in Graves' disease, but it did not increase as the degree of the proptosis increased. A significant correlation between proptosis and muscle volume plus fat volume was observed. No significant difference of the extraocular muscle volume was observed between the patients untreated and treated with antithyroid drugs. The data show a uniform enlargement of the extraocular muscles in Graves' disease and also suggest an involvement of increased retrobulbar fat volume in a group of obvious exophthalmos. The degree of the proptosis is in aclose proportion ot the quantitative change of the orbital soft tissue.", "PMID": 582582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1536", "title": "Comparison of the analgesic effects of various opioid peptides by a newly devised intracisternal injection technique in conscious mice.", "content": "To determine accurately the central analgesic effects of opioid peptides, we devised a special technique for intracisternal administration of drugs to conscious mice. When this method was utilized we found that a series of endogenous opioid peptides and enkephalin analogues, (D-Ala2,Met5)-enkephalinamide and (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide produced dose-related analgesic effects, as determined by the tail pinch test. These effects were antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone 0.5 mg/kg s.c. This technique should be a most accurate one for the determination of central analgesic effects of various drugs in conscious mice.", "contents": "Comparison of the analgesic effects of various opioid peptides by a newly devised intracisternal injection technique in conscious mice. To determine accurately the central analgesic effects of opioid peptides, we devised a special technique for intracisternal administration of drugs to conscious mice. When this method was utilized we found that a series of endogenous opioid peptides and enkephalin analogues, (D-Ala2,Met5)-enkephalinamide and (D-Met2,Pro5)-enkephalinamide produced dose-related analgesic effects, as determined by the tail pinch test. These effects were antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone 0.5 mg/kg s.c. This technique should be a most accurate one for the determination of central analgesic effects of various drugs in conscious mice.", "PMID": 582583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1537", "title": "Investigations towards an artificial cochlea.", "content": "Two versions of multichannel cochlear stimulators have been implanted, one allowing stimulation against a common distributed ground within the cochlea and the other allowing bipolar stimulation. The results obtained indicate that with both versions sufficiently discrete stimulation of the auditory nerve is possible in order to be able to make use of tonotopy for the processing of speech. The bipolar stimulation, however, besides of being characterized by higher thresholds than unipolar stimulation, also leads to a very narrow range of stimulus frequency within which perceived pitch is influenced by stimulus frequency. Surprisingly different psychophysical behaviours are exhibited by the two subjects considered, one being a case of prelingual, the other of acquired deafness. This indicates the marked influence which etiology of deafness might have on design considerations for auditory prostheses.", "contents": "Investigations towards an artificial cochlea. Two versions of multichannel cochlear stimulators have been implanted, one allowing stimulation against a common distributed ground within the cochlea and the other allowing bipolar stimulation. The results obtained indicate that with both versions sufficiently discrete stimulation of the auditory nerve is possible in order to be able to make use of tonotopy for the processing of speech. The bipolar stimulation, however, besides of being characterized by higher thresholds than unipolar stimulation, also leads to a very narrow range of stimulus frequency within which perceived pitch is influenced by stimulus frequency. Surprisingly different psychophysical behaviours are exhibited by the two subjects considered, one being a case of prelingual, the other of acquired deafness. This indicates the marked influence which etiology of deafness might have on design considerations for auditory prostheses.", "PMID": 582589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1538", "title": "[Incidence of venereal infections in soldiers of the German Federal Armed Forces].", "content": "The incidence of venereal diseases in the German Armed Forces is presented with reference to statistics covering a 20-year period. The chief interest is in gonorrhoea and syphilis. The most new admissions were registered in 1960 and 1971 with 605 and 601 per 100,000 men actual strength. On the other hand, in 1926 the numbers in the German Imperial Forces and in the British and American Armies were about 4,000-5,000. Armies of occupation are particularly at risk. Thus, in 1922 25,400 of 100,000 British soldiers in Germany were infected in comparison with only 7,890 in the German army. The number of venereal infections in the German Forces is lower than ever before in the German Forces. Syphilis infections have decreased steadily for years. In 1977 only 80 cases were reported for the entire Federal Forces, among these latent syphilis was predominant. The epidemiological situation in the civil population ought to be similarly favourable.", "contents": "[Incidence of venereal infections in soldiers of the German Federal Armed Forces]. The incidence of venereal diseases in the German Armed Forces is presented with reference to statistics covering a 20-year period. The chief interest is in gonorrhoea and syphilis. The most new admissions were registered in 1960 and 1971 with 605 and 601 per 100,000 men actual strength. On the other hand, in 1926 the numbers in the German Imperial Forces and in the British and American Armies were about 4,000-5,000. Armies of occupation are particularly at risk. Thus, in 1922 25,400 of 100,000 British soldiers in Germany were infected in comparison with only 7,890 in the German army. The number of venereal infections in the German Forces is lower than ever before in the German Forces. Syphilis infections have decreased steadily for years. In 1977 only 80 cases were reported for the entire Federal Forces, among these latent syphilis was predominant. The epidemiological situation in the civil population ought to be similarly favourable.", "PMID": 582592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1539", "title": "On splitting plasters. A useful analogy.", "content": "An inner tube was inflated and then surrounded with plaster wool and plaster-of-Paris bandages. The plaster and the wool were next progressively divided. There was no significant reduction of the pressure inside the tube until both the plaster and the wool had been divided and separated from the inner tube along the entire circumference. These findings demonstrated that wool and plaster applied to limbs likely to swell should be split right down to skin and widely separated immediately after their application. A plaster slab is safer still, but the wool must be cut before the crepe bandage is applied.", "contents": "On splitting plasters. A useful analogy. An inner tube was inflated and then surrounded with plaster wool and plaster-of-Paris bandages. The plaster and the wool were next progressively divided. There was no significant reduction of the pressure inside the tube until both the plaster and the wool had been divided and separated from the inner tube along the entire circumference. These findings demonstrated that wool and plaster applied to limbs likely to swell should be split right down to skin and widely separated immediately after their application. A plaster slab is safer still, but the wool must be cut before the crepe bandage is applied.", "PMID": 582594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1540", "title": "Comparative cranial CT enhancement in the normal primate.", "content": "The application of intravenous, intrathecal, and inhalation enhancement techniques to the CT evaluation of the nonhuman primate (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) is described. The falx cerebri cortical vasculature, vein of Galen, straight sinus and tentorium cerebelli were defined with intravenous enhancement. Intrathecal CT enhancement with air was limited by distortion in cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Intrathecal CT enhancement using a low dose of metrizamide accurately delineated the subarachnoid spaces and the brain substance they surrounded with minimal morbidity. Symmetrical brain enhancement (perfusion) was prominent following inhalation CT enhancement; the degree of enhancement correlated with the estimated xenon concentration in the bloodstream. In addition, by performing repeated CT scans during the clearance of xenon from the brain, an approximate analysis of regional cerebral blood flow was obtained.", "contents": "Comparative cranial CT enhancement in the normal primate. The application of intravenous, intrathecal, and inhalation enhancement techniques to the CT evaluation of the nonhuman primate (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) is described. The falx cerebri cortical vasculature, vein of Galen, straight sinus and tentorium cerebelli were defined with intravenous enhancement. Intrathecal CT enhancement with air was limited by distortion in cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Intrathecal CT enhancement using a low dose of metrizamide accurately delineated the subarachnoid spaces and the brain substance they surrounded with minimal morbidity. Symmetrical brain enhancement (perfusion) was prominent following inhalation CT enhancement; the degree of enhancement correlated with the estimated xenon concentration in the bloodstream. In addition, by performing repeated CT scans during the clearance of xenon from the brain, an approximate analysis of regional cerebral blood flow was obtained.", "PMID": 582590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1541", "title": "Membrane events in the acrosomal reaction of Limulus sperm. Membrane fusion, filament-membrane particle attachment, and the source and formation of new membrane surface.", "content": "The membranes of Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm were examined before and during the acrosomal reaction by using the technique of freeze-fracturing and thin sectioning. We focused on three areas. First, we examined stages in the fusion of the acrosomal vacuole with the cell surface. Fusion takes place in a particle-free zone which is surrounded by a circlet of particles on the P face of the plasma membrane and an underlying circlet of particles on the P face of the acrosomal vauole membrane. These circlets of particles are present before induction. Up to nine focal points of fusion occur within the particle-free zone. Second, we describe a system of fine filaments, each 30 A in diameter, which lies between the acrosomal vacuole and the plasma membrane. These filaments change their orientation as the vacuole opens, a process that takes place in less than 50 ms. Membrane particles seen on the P face of the acrosomal vacuole membrane change their orientation at the same time and in the same way as do the filaments, thus indicating that the membrane particles and filaments are probably connected. Third, we examined the source and the point of fusion of new membrane needed to cover the acrosomal process. This new membrane is almost certainly derived from the outer nuclear envelope and appears to insert into the plasma membrane in a particle-free area adjacent to an area rich in particles. The latter is the region where the particles are probably connected to the cytoplasmic filaments. The relevance of these observations in relation to the process of fertilization of this fantastic sperm is discussed.", "contents": "Membrane events in the acrosomal reaction of Limulus sperm. Membrane fusion, filament-membrane particle attachment, and the source and formation of new membrane surface. The membranes of Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm were examined before and during the acrosomal reaction by using the technique of freeze-fracturing and thin sectioning. We focused on three areas. First, we examined stages in the fusion of the acrosomal vacuole with the cell surface. Fusion takes place in a particle-free zone which is surrounded by a circlet of particles on the P face of the plasma membrane and an underlying circlet of particles on the P face of the acrosomal vauole membrane. These circlets of particles are present before induction. Up to nine focal points of fusion occur within the particle-free zone. Second, we describe a system of fine filaments, each 30 A in diameter, which lies between the acrosomal vacuole and the plasma membrane. These filaments change their orientation as the vacuole opens, a process that takes place in less than 50 ms. Membrane particles seen on the P face of the acrosomal vacuole membrane change their orientation at the same time and in the same way as do the filaments, thus indicating that the membrane particles and filaments are probably connected. Third, we examined the source and the point of fusion of new membrane needed to cover the acrosomal process. This new membrane is almost certainly derived from the outer nuclear envelope and appears to insert into the plasma membrane in a particle-free area adjacent to an area rich in particles. The latter is the region where the particles are probably connected to the cytoplasmic filaments. The relevance of these observations in relation to the process of fertilization of this fantastic sperm is discussed.", "PMID": 582596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1542", "title": "Changes in circulating iodothyronines in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects given ipodate (Oragrafin), an agent for oral cholecystography.", "content": "A dose (3 g) of sodium ipodate used routinely in oral cholecystography caused a fall in serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and a rise in serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in three patients taking thyroxine (T4), four euthyroid subjects,and four hyperthyroid patients. Serum T4 fell in patients with hperthyroidism, whereas it rose in the other two groups. Sodium ipodate appears to alter peripheral T4 metabolism and, in addition, produces thyroid-inhibiting effects in hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Changes in circulating iodothyronines in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects given ipodate (Oragrafin), an agent for oral cholecystography. A dose (3 g) of sodium ipodate used routinely in oral cholecystography caused a fall in serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and a rise in serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in three patients taking thyroxine (T4), four euthyroid subjects,and four hyperthyroid patients. Serum T4 fell in patients with hperthyroidism, whereas it rose in the other two groups. Sodium ipodate appears to alter peripheral T4 metabolism and, in addition, produces thyroid-inhibiting effects in hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 582597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1543", "title": "Intrathecal metrizamide enhancement of the optic nerve sheath.", "content": "The subarachnoid space continues into the orbit as part of the optic nerve sheath. This space varies in size but is usually tiny. Occasionally, prominent (one case in our experience) enhancement of the optic nerve as part of metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternography is seen on transverse and coronal scans presumably because of a patulous optic subarachnoid space. In five cases, we have appreciated minimal enhancement of optic nerves with metrizamide only by close comparison of CT numbers with base-line scans. One of these patients had a tiny meningioma removed successfully from the optic sheath, with return to normal vision of a previously blind eye.", "contents": "Intrathecal metrizamide enhancement of the optic nerve sheath. The subarachnoid space continues into the orbit as part of the optic nerve sheath. This space varies in size but is usually tiny. Occasionally, prominent (one case in our experience) enhancement of the optic nerve as part of metrizamide computed tomography (CT) cisternography is seen on transverse and coronal scans presumably because of a patulous optic subarachnoid space. In five cases, we have appreciated minimal enhancement of optic nerves with metrizamide only by close comparison of CT numbers with base-line scans. One of these patients had a tiny meningioma removed successfully from the optic sheath, with return to normal vision of a previously blind eye.", "PMID": 582600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1544", "title": "Spontaneous mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta may dissect, become infected, and rupture spontaneously. Since the mortality of infected mycotic aneurysm is high, a rapid diagnosis is a must. We describe a patient with a spontaneous mycotic aneurysm accurately diagnosed by computed tomography.", "contents": "Spontaneous mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta may dissect, become infected, and rupture spontaneously. Since the mortality of infected mycotic aneurysm is high, a rapid diagnosis is a must. We describe a patient with a spontaneous mycotic aneurysm accurately diagnosed by computed tomography.", "PMID": 582601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1545", "title": "Graves' disease manifesting after maintenance lithium.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman with no prior history of thyroid dysfunction developed Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos) 4 months after her maintenance lithium therapy was stopped. Although a causal relationship between these events cannot be established, several hypotheses are presented. The possibility that lithium may mask the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease but allow the exophthalmos to develop cryptically is discussed. Hyperthyroidism and mania have similar symptoms, but in the case presented two psychiatrists were able to distinguish between these two conditions by careful examination.", "contents": "Graves' disease manifesting after maintenance lithium. A 36-year-old woman with no prior history of thyroid dysfunction developed Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos) 4 months after her maintenance lithium therapy was stopped. Although a causal relationship between these events cannot be established, several hypotheses are presented. The possibility that lithium may mask the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease but allow the exophthalmos to develop cryptically is discussed. Hyperthyroidism and mania have similar symptoms, but in the case presented two psychiatrists were able to distinguish between these two conditions by careful examination.", "PMID": 582604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1546", "title": "Multiple, prolonged actions of neuroendocrine bag cells on neurons in Aplysia. II. Effects on beating pacemaker and silent neurons.", "content": "1. A survey of identified cells of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was undertaken to determine the extent of bag cell influence in the ganglion. Bursts of bag cell spike activity lasting 5--40 min were elicited by brief, 0.6- to 2 s local stimulation while recording simultaneously from bag cells and other ganglion cells with intracellular electrodes. 2. Slow inhibition occurs in giant cell R2, neurosecretory cells R3-R14, and ink-gland motoneurons, L14A, B, C. The cells remain hyperpolarized for from 15 to 60 min. 3. Transient excitation occurs in mechanoreceptor cells L1 and R1. The cells are strongly depolarized by a slow excitatory potential that lasts for about 10 min and produces spike activity for 3--7 min. 4. Prolonged excitation occurs in some cells of the LB and LC identified cell clusters. The cells are depolarized and spike activity is increased for 3 h or more. 5. A biphasic response occasionally occurs in the command interneuron L10. Inhibition of this cell lasts 10--15 min and is followed by excitation for several hours. Excitation is accompanied by facilitation of synaptic potentials for 40--60 min in cells innervated by L10; the facilitation apparently results from the increase in L10 firing rate. 6. The results indicate that the bag cells have multiple types of actions and affect large numbers of ganglion neurons. All effects have the slowly graded onsets and prolonged durations to be expected of hormonally mediated interactions. 7. Previous studies have indicated that in intact animals the bag cell burst discharge initates a stereotyped egg-laying behavioral pattern that persists for several hours (3, 27). The present data support the hypothesis that certain elements of egg-laying behavior and homeostasis are regulated by a direct action of the bag cells on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Multiple, prolonged actions of neuroendocrine bag cells on neurons in Aplysia. II. Effects on beating pacemaker and silent neurons. 1. A survey of identified cells of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was undertaken to determine the extent of bag cell influence in the ganglion. Bursts of bag cell spike activity lasting 5--40 min were elicited by brief, 0.6- to 2 s local stimulation while recording simultaneously from bag cells and other ganglion cells with intracellular electrodes. 2. Slow inhibition occurs in giant cell R2, neurosecretory cells R3-R14, and ink-gland motoneurons, L14A, B, C. The cells remain hyperpolarized for from 15 to 60 min. 3. Transient excitation occurs in mechanoreceptor cells L1 and R1. The cells are strongly depolarized by a slow excitatory potential that lasts for about 10 min and produces spike activity for 3--7 min. 4. Prolonged excitation occurs in some cells of the LB and LC identified cell clusters. The cells are depolarized and spike activity is increased for 3 h or more. 5. A biphasic response occasionally occurs in the command interneuron L10. Inhibition of this cell lasts 10--15 min and is followed by excitation for several hours. Excitation is accompanied by facilitation of synaptic potentials for 40--60 min in cells innervated by L10; the facilitation apparently results from the increase in L10 firing rate. 6. The results indicate that the bag cells have multiple types of actions and affect large numbers of ganglion neurons. All effects have the slowly graded onsets and prolonged durations to be expected of hormonally mediated interactions. 7. Previous studies have indicated that in intact animals the bag cell burst discharge initates a stereotyped egg-laying behavioral pattern that persists for several hours (3, 27). The present data support the hypothesis that certain elements of egg-laying behavior and homeostasis are regulated by a direct action of the bag cells on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 582605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1547", "title": "Effects of ergocryptine on prolactin secretion druing concurrent pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "Ergocryptine (2 mg/kg) caused short- and long-term reduction of prolactin secretion in rats experiencing concurrent lactation and pregnancy. The long-term effects of the drug lasted at least 60 days and resulted in reduced milk secretion and termination of pregnancy. Prolactin replacement therapy at a low dose (5 i.u./day) was unsuccessful in overcoming these effects but a higher dose (up to 60 i.u./day) increased milk production and maintained pregnancy. One possible explanation of these results is that prolactin, rather than the suckling stimulus, was responsible for the suppression of oestrous cycles, because ergocryptine brought about a resumption of oestrous vaginal smears in all treated rats in spite of continued suckling.", "contents": "Effects of ergocryptine on prolactin secretion druing concurrent pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Ergocryptine (2 mg/kg) caused short- and long-term reduction of prolactin secretion in rats experiencing concurrent lactation and pregnancy. The long-term effects of the drug lasted at least 60 days and resulted in reduced milk secretion and termination of pregnancy. Prolactin replacement therapy at a low dose (5 i.u./day) was unsuccessful in overcoming these effects but a higher dose (up to 60 i.u./day) increased milk production and maintained pregnancy. One possible explanation of these results is that prolactin, rather than the suckling stimulus, was responsible for the suppression of oestrous cycles, because ergocryptine brought about a resumption of oestrous vaginal smears in all treated rats in spite of continued suckling.", "PMID": 582608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1548", "title": "Human pulmonary pasteurellosis.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia in many domestic and wild animals. The most common human infection with P multocida is a local cellulitis following animal-inflicted wounds, preponderantly cat bites and scractches. The typical clinical manifestations and complications have been well described previously. We present three cases of pulmonary pasteurellosis that were recently evaluated by the infectious diseases service at Barnes Hospital. In three additional cases, the technologists in the microbiology laboratory isolated P multocida from respiratory tract secretions.", "contents": "Human pulmonary pasteurellosis. Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia in many domestic and wild animals. The most common human infection with P multocida is a local cellulitis following animal-inflicted wounds, preponderantly cat bites and scractches. The typical clinical manifestations and complications have been well described previously. We present three cases of pulmonary pasteurellosis that were recently evaluated by the infectious diseases service at Barnes Hospital. In three additional cases, the technologists in the microbiology laboratory isolated P multocida from respiratory tract secretions.", "PMID": 582610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1549", "title": "[Tomodensitometry of the orbit. Possibilities of an approach to histopathological diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of scanning lies above all in the determination of the site, size and shape of orbital lesions and, where applicable, their relations with neighbouring extra or intra cerebral structures. But certain conditions such as exophthalmos during hyperthyro\u00efdosis have characteristic scan findings. Even intra-ocular tumors are visible on elarged scanfilms. It nevertheless remains difficult to attempt to predict a histological diagnosis on the only basis of scan findings. Particular emphasis must be placed upon the contribution of techniques of treatment of the films obtained (enlargement, contrast media, histograms, lateral views) as well as the complementary use of phlebography and ultrasonography.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometry of the orbit. Possibilities of an approach to histopathological diagnosis (author's transl)]. The value of scanning lies above all in the determination of the site, size and shape of orbital lesions and, where applicable, their relations with neighbouring extra or intra cerebral structures. But certain conditions such as exophthalmos during hyperthyro\u00efdosis have characteristic scan findings. Even intra-ocular tumors are visible on elarged scanfilms. It nevertheless remains difficult to attempt to predict a histological diagnosis on the only basis of scan findings. Particular emphasis must be placed upon the contribution of techniques of treatment of the films obtained (enlargement, contrast media, histograms, lateral views) as well as the complementary use of phlebography and ultrasonography.", "PMID": 582613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1550", "title": "[The diagnosis and therapy of endocrine ophthalmopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radio-iodide diagnosis of the thyroid is a simple method of high security in the diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy. This procedure is valuable especially, in cases where neither clinically, nor in the sero-hormonal diagnosis a disturbance of the thyroid can be found. In many cases an accelerated intrathyroidal turnover of radio-iodide can identify an unclear ophthalmopathy as an endocrine ophthalmopathy. The therapy of choice for hyperthyreoidism with endocrine ophthalmopathy is 131-iodide resection. This statement has been proven by our own experiences in more than 1000 cases in the past 15 years and by the results indicated in early literature about the course of ophthalmopathy after surgical or medical treatment. For the therapy of a malign, or imminent malign endocrine ophthalmopathy, we use percutane irradiation of the orbit with sparing of the lens in a dose of 200 rad 5 times a week. In practically all cases, this therapy eliminates the consequence of visual disturbances and avoids surgical decompression.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and therapy of endocrine ophthalmopathy (author's transl)]. Radio-iodide diagnosis of the thyroid is a simple method of high security in the diagnosis of endocrine ophthalmopathy. This procedure is valuable especially, in cases where neither clinically, nor in the sero-hormonal diagnosis a disturbance of the thyroid can be found. In many cases an accelerated intrathyroidal turnover of radio-iodide can identify an unclear ophthalmopathy as an endocrine ophthalmopathy. The therapy of choice for hyperthyreoidism with endocrine ophthalmopathy is 131-iodide resection. This statement has been proven by our own experiences in more than 1000 cases in the past 15 years and by the results indicated in early literature about the course of ophthalmopathy after surgical or medical treatment. For the therapy of a malign, or imminent malign endocrine ophthalmopathy, we use percutane irradiation of the orbit with sparing of the lens in a dose of 200 rad 5 times a week. In practically all cases, this therapy eliminates the consequence of visual disturbances and avoids surgical decompression.", "PMID": 582614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1551", "title": "Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance.", "content": "Eight male and female students were studied during exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at 80 and 100% of Vo2max following the ingestion of water (W), 75 g of glucose (G) or a liquid meal (M) (10 g protein, 12.5 g fat, 15 g CHO). When compared to the endurance ride (80% Vo2max) in the W treatment, endurance performance time was reduced by 19%, (p less than .05) (53.2 to 43.2 min) as a result of the preexercise glucose feeding (Trial G). No difference in performance at 80% Vo2max was found between the W and M trials. The preexercise feedings had no effect on exercise time to exhaustion at 100% Vo2max. During the G and M trials at 80% Vo2max, most of the subjects demonstrated a transient decline in serum glucose (less than 3.5 mM). After 30-40 min. of exercise, however, serum glucose returned to normal and was seldom low at the time of exhaustion. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) were depressed throughout the G trial. The results of these experiments indicate impaired lipid mobilization following CHO ingestion. The present data support our earlier findings (11) which demonstrate that glucose feedings 30-45 minutes before endurance exercise increase the rate of CHO oxidation and impede the mobilization of FFA, thereby reducing exercise time to exhaustion.", "contents": "Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Eight male and female students were studied during exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at 80 and 100% of Vo2max following the ingestion of water (W), 75 g of glucose (G) or a liquid meal (M) (10 g protein, 12.5 g fat, 15 g CHO). When compared to the endurance ride (80% Vo2max) in the W treatment, endurance performance time was reduced by 19%, (p less than .05) (53.2 to 43.2 min) as a result of the preexercise glucose feeding (Trial G). No difference in performance at 80% Vo2max was found between the W and M trials. The preexercise feedings had no effect on exercise time to exhaustion at 100% Vo2max. During the G and M trials at 80% Vo2max, most of the subjects demonstrated a transient decline in serum glucose (less than 3.5 mM). After 30-40 min. of exercise, however, serum glucose returned to normal and was seldom low at the time of exhaustion. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) were depressed throughout the G trial. The results of these experiments indicate impaired lipid mobilization following CHO ingestion. The present data support our earlier findings (11) which demonstrate that glucose feedings 30-45 minutes before endurance exercise increase the rate of CHO oxidation and impede the mobilization of FFA, thereby reducing exercise time to exhaustion.", "PMID": 582616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1552", "title": "Production of two recognins related to malignin: recognin M from mammary MCF-7 carcinoma cells and recognin L from lymphoma P3G cells.", "content": "From the first two non-brain cancer cell types examined, mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) and lymphoma cells (P3G), two new acidic polypeptides of approximately 10,000 M.W. each have been produced, called recognin M and recognin L, respectively. These are very closely related in amino acid composition and in immunological reactions to the first two cancer recognins, astrocytin from human gliomas in vivo and malignin from malignant glial cells grown in vivo. Together with earlier findings, these observations suggest that the cancer polypeptide recognins may be produced from members of a closely related family of substances characteristic of malignant cells.", "contents": "Production of two recognins related to malignin: recognin M from mammary MCF-7 carcinoma cells and recognin L from lymphoma P3G cells. From the first two non-brain cancer cell types examined, mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) and lymphoma cells (P3G), two new acidic polypeptides of approximately 10,000 M.W. each have been produced, called recognin M and recognin L, respectively. These are very closely related in amino acid composition and in immunological reactions to the first two cancer recognins, astrocytin from human gliomas in vivo and malignin from malignant glial cells grown in vivo. Together with earlier findings, these observations suggest that the cancer polypeptide recognins may be produced from members of a closely related family of substances characteristic of malignant cells.", "PMID": 582619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1553", "title": "Inhibition of surfactant production by insulin in fetal rabbit lung slices.", "content": "Incorporation of labeled glucose and fatty acid residues into saturated phosphatidylcholine was significantly reduced in lung slices from 27.5 days of gestation fetal rabbits during 90 min incubation in the presence of 100 microU/ml insulin. When 14C-glucose was used as substrate, incorporation into both phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine was reduced by insulin. This occurred despite an increase in overall glucose utilization by the lung from 11.3 +/- 3.9 to 16.3 +/- 5.2 nmole/g tissue in the presence of insulin (P less than 0.05). A decrease in incorporation of fatty acid residues into saturated phosphatidylcholine was also observed when 14C-palmitate was used as substrate, from 102 +/- 4 to 90 +/- 5 nmole palmitate/g tissue (P less than 0.01). In the presence of insulin, there were significant reductions of both substrates appearing in lysophosphatidylcholine, a precursor of saturated phosphatidylcholine. There was no significant change in incorporation of glucose residues into glycogen or lactate under these conditions.", "contents": "Inhibition of surfactant production by insulin in fetal rabbit lung slices. Incorporation of labeled glucose and fatty acid residues into saturated phosphatidylcholine was significantly reduced in lung slices from 27.5 days of gestation fetal rabbits during 90 min incubation in the presence of 100 microU/ml insulin. When 14C-glucose was used as substrate, incorporation into both phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine was reduced by insulin. This occurred despite an increase in overall glucose utilization by the lung from 11.3 +/- 3.9 to 16.3 +/- 5.2 nmole/g tissue in the presence of insulin (P less than 0.05). A decrease in incorporation of fatty acid residues into saturated phosphatidylcholine was also observed when 14C-palmitate was used as substrate, from 102 +/- 4 to 90 +/- 5 nmole palmitate/g tissue (P less than 0.01). In the presence of insulin, there were significant reductions of both substrates appearing in lysophosphatidylcholine, a precursor of saturated phosphatidylcholine. There was no significant change in incorporation of glucose residues into glycogen or lactate under these conditions.", "PMID": 582621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1554", "title": "Inhibition of the activity of the respiratory and vasomotor centers by centrally administered 5-hydroxytryptamine in cats.", "content": "The influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the activity of the respiratory and vasomotor centers was studied by injecting 5-HT into the lateral and fourth ventricles of lightly anaesthetized cats. 50 and 500 mu g of 5-HT injected into the lateral ventricle induced a shortlasting increase in frequency and/or tidal volume followed by a prolonged and dose-dependent reduction of frequency, tidal volume and minute volume, concurrent with an increase in end expiratory CO2. The CO2 responsiveness of the respiratory center was depressed and the blood pressure levels were also lowered. All these effects were markedly enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibition with i.v. tranylcypromine injected 75 min prior to 5-HT. 50 mu g of 5-HT injected into the fourth ventricle induced a depression of respiration similar to that observed in the lateral ventricle studies, with the exception that the early stimulation was abolished.", "contents": "Inhibition of the activity of the respiratory and vasomotor centers by centrally administered 5-hydroxytryptamine in cats. The influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the activity of the respiratory and vasomotor centers was studied by injecting 5-HT into the lateral and fourth ventricles of lightly anaesthetized cats. 50 and 500 mu g of 5-HT injected into the lateral ventricle induced a shortlasting increase in frequency and/or tidal volume followed by a prolonged and dose-dependent reduction of frequency, tidal volume and minute volume, concurrent with an increase in end expiratory CO2. The CO2 responsiveness of the respiratory center was depressed and the blood pressure levels were also lowered. All these effects were markedly enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibition with i.v. tranylcypromine injected 75 min prior to 5-HT. 50 mu g of 5-HT injected into the fourth ventricle induced a depression of respiration similar to that observed in the lateral ventricle studies, with the exception that the early stimulation was abolished.", "PMID": 582627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1555", "title": "The effect of oral local anaesthetic and alkali on basal and food-stimulated serum gastrin levels in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Twelve patients with duodenal ulcers were each given on separate days and in random order an oral local anaesthetic (oxethazaine), an alkali (aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide), a combination of local anaesthetic and alkali (Mucaine), and a similar volume of water (control) followed one hour later by a solution of meat extract (Oxo). The effect of these treatments on serum gastrin levels was measured. None of the treatments altered the normal basal gastrin levels. The gastrin response to ingestion of protein extract was significantly lower in patients who had been pre-treated with local anaesthetic than those who had received alkali, with or without local anaesthetic, or water.", "contents": "The effect of oral local anaesthetic and alkali on basal and food-stimulated serum gastrin levels in patients with duodenal ulcer. Twelve patients with duodenal ulcers were each given on separate days and in random order an oral local anaesthetic (oxethazaine), an alkali (aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide), a combination of local anaesthetic and alkali (Mucaine), and a similar volume of water (control) followed one hour later by a solution of meat extract (Oxo). The effect of these treatments on serum gastrin levels was measured. None of the treatments altered the normal basal gastrin levels. The gastrin response to ingestion of protein extract was significantly lower in patients who had been pre-treated with local anaesthetic than those who had received alkali, with or without local anaesthetic, or water.", "PMID": 582628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1556", "title": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in dogs by a new sympathomimetic drug.", "content": "The effect of salmefamol, a new beta 2-agonist, on pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious gastric fistula dogs. Salmefamol inhibited the acid secretion, an effect which was dose dependent. The volume as well as the acidity was inhibited. Salmefamol caused an increase in the pulse rate. Propranolol prevented the inhibition of acid output as well as the increase in pulse rate. Practolol, a beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker, had no effect on the inhibition of acid secretion but prevented the increase in pulse rate. Dose-response experiments with 6 doses of pentagastrin and 1 dose of salmefamol showed a decrease in calculated maximal response (CMR) and an unchanged D50. It is concluded that salmefamol strongly inhibits pentagastrin-induced acid output in the dog, and the inhibition follows a non-competitive kinetic. The mechanism of gastric secretion probably involves a beta 2-receptor.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in dogs by a new sympathomimetic drug. The effect of salmefamol, a new beta 2-agonist, on pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious gastric fistula dogs. Salmefamol inhibited the acid secretion, an effect which was dose dependent. The volume as well as the acidity was inhibited. Salmefamol caused an increase in the pulse rate. Propranolol prevented the inhibition of acid output as well as the increase in pulse rate. Practolol, a beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker, had no effect on the inhibition of acid secretion but prevented the increase in pulse rate. Dose-response experiments with 6 doses of pentagastrin and 1 dose of salmefamol showed a decrease in calculated maximal response (CMR) and an unchanged D50. It is concluded that salmefamol strongly inhibits pentagastrin-induced acid output in the dog, and the inhibition follows a non-competitive kinetic. The mechanism of gastric secretion probably involves a beta 2-receptor.", "PMID": 582629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1557", "title": "On the central antiserotonin activity of benzoctamine and opipramol.", "content": "Benzoctamine inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in mice and by 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in rats pretreated with tranylcypromine. It also antagonized tryptamine (TRP)-induced clonic convulsions of forepaws in rats. Opipramol had no effect in the 5-MT test and appeared to be a weak antagonist in the 5-HTP and TRP tests. Both drugs, of which benzoctamine was a more potent antagonist, inhibited hyperthermia induced by LSD in rabbits. Benzoctamine abolished also LSD-or quipazine-induced stimulation of the flexor reflex in spinal rats; the above effect did not depend on noradrenolytic action of the drug. Opipramol was ineffective as an LSD or quipazine antagonist in this test. These results suggest that benzoctamine blocks the central postsynaptic serotonin receptors. This effect may contribute to the anxiolytic effect of the drug.", "contents": "On the central antiserotonin activity of benzoctamine and opipramol. Benzoctamine inhibited the head twitch reaction induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in mice and by 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in rats pretreated with tranylcypromine. It also antagonized tryptamine (TRP)-induced clonic convulsions of forepaws in rats. Opipramol had no effect in the 5-MT test and appeared to be a weak antagonist in the 5-HTP and TRP tests. Both drugs, of which benzoctamine was a more potent antagonist, inhibited hyperthermia induced by LSD in rabbits. Benzoctamine abolished also LSD-or quipazine-induced stimulation of the flexor reflex in spinal rats; the above effect did not depend on noradrenolytic action of the drug. Opipramol was ineffective as an LSD or quipazine antagonist in this test. These results suggest that benzoctamine blocks the central postsynaptic serotonin receptors. This effect may contribute to the anxiolytic effect of the drug.", "PMID": 582625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1558", "title": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XII. Beliefs and practices concerning treatment of measles and acute diarrhoea among the Akamba.", "content": "This sociological investigation, carried out within the framework of a medical research project, aimed at finding out what mothers believe about measles and diarrhoea and what they do when their children contract these diseases. Perceived aetiological notions about measles and diarrhoea were found to influence beliefs held and this led to their being classified among 'God's diseases', a classification which influenced adherence to traditional practices as well as the acceptability to seek modern care. It was found that mothers used modern medical care exclusively in 50% of measles cases and 63% of diarrhoea cases. In 48% of measles cases and 28% of diarrhoea cases, mothers combined modern and indigenous care. Use of indigenous care only was relatively rare. Withholding of water and milk from children with measles was practice by 62% of the mothers in the total sample. Variables like age and education did not influence the type of medical care mothers selected, but did influence use of certain traditional practices. Younger and better educated mothers were found to follow these practices much less than older and less educated mothers.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies: agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. XII. Beliefs and practices concerning treatment of measles and acute diarrhoea among the Akamba. This sociological investigation, carried out within the framework of a medical research project, aimed at finding out what mothers believe about measles and diarrhoea and what they do when their children contract these diseases. Perceived aetiological notions about measles and diarrhoea were found to influence beliefs held and this led to their being classified among 'God's diseases', a classification which influenced adherence to traditional practices as well as the acceptability to seek modern care. It was found that mothers used modern medical care exclusively in 50% of measles cases and 63% of diarrhoea cases. In 48% of measles cases and 28% of diarrhoea cases, mothers combined modern and indigenous care. Use of indigenous care only was relatively rare. Withholding of water and milk from children with measles was practice by 62% of the mothers in the total sample. Variables like age and education did not influence the type of medical care mothers selected, but did influence use of certain traditional practices. Younger and better educated mothers were found to follow these practices much less than older and less educated mothers.", "PMID": 582638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1559", "title": "[Therapy of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].", "content": "Up to now the results of the therapy of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas are not satisfactory. In order to improve these results decisively it is necessary to develop and to test therapeutic strategies on standardised diagnostic basis. On the basis of the histological classification after Kiel of the malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas and the clinical stage subdivision of the lympho-granulomatosis after Rye (for the malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas modified by Musshoff) in the present paper therapeutic recommendations are given which are based on proved therapeutic regimes.", "contents": "[Therapy of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. Up to now the results of the therapy of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas are not satisfactory. In order to improve these results decisively it is necessary to develop and to test therapeutic strategies on standardised diagnostic basis. On the basis of the histological classification after Kiel of the malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas and the clinical stage subdivision of the lympho-granulomatosis after Rye (for the malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas modified by Musshoff) in the present paper therapeutic recommendations are given which are based on proved therapeutic regimes.", "PMID": 582641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1560", "title": "[Induction of fetal lung-maturity. Part III: surfactant-parameters in amniotic-fluid and fetal lung].", "content": "In animal experiments we determined surfactant-specific parameters of premature fetal lungs and of samples of amniotic fluid taken fromthe same animal, and compared them with each other. These parameters were, among others: total phospholipids, lecithine and palmitic acid. In these experiments, 75 gravid Wistar rats were treated with NaCl (controls) or drugs in clinically relevant doses for stimulating the fetal synthesis of phospholipids like betamethasone, bromhexine metabolite VIII and D-L-carnitine hydrochloride. A relation between the amniotic fluid and the fetal lung with regard to the quantity of surfactant substances was found - with a security of 95% - with the controls only. The value of amniotic fluid analysis is discussed under this aspect.", "contents": "[Induction of fetal lung-maturity. Part III: surfactant-parameters in amniotic-fluid and fetal lung]. In animal experiments we determined surfactant-specific parameters of premature fetal lungs and of samples of amniotic fluid taken fromthe same animal, and compared them with each other. These parameters were, among others: total phospholipids, lecithine and palmitic acid. In these experiments, 75 gravid Wistar rats were treated with NaCl (controls) or drugs in clinically relevant doses for stimulating the fetal synthesis of phospholipids like betamethasone, bromhexine metabolite VIII and D-L-carnitine hydrochloride. A relation between the amniotic fluid and the fetal lung with regard to the quantity of surfactant substances was found - with a security of 95% - with the controls only. The value of amniotic fluid analysis is discussed under this aspect.", "PMID": 582642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1561", "title": "A modified lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio test for fetal maturity.", "content": "Several desirable techniques (rapid chromatogram development, planimetry, acetone precipitation of lecithin, and copper molybdate staining) used in other published lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio procedures were integrated into a single L/S ratio test. The resulting test requires only 2 ml of amniotic fluid, can be performed within 75 minutes, and is semiquantitative. Methodology tests showed a high degree of reproducibility without the need for a densitometer: Coefficients of variation for the standards and amniotic fluid samples were 11% and 4%, respectively. Also, a linear relationship was observed between the L/S weight ratios in synthetic mixtures and the corresponding area ratios up to the mature value of 2.5. Clinical evaluation on a normal and high-risk patient population showed excellent reliability: The accuracy in predicting fetal lung maturity and immaturity was 100% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, the numerical value of the L/S ratio in the immature range was found to be indicative of the severity of respiratory distress syndrome. Finally, the relationship between the L/S ratio and gestational age in a normal population was described mathematically by an approximating curve. We concluded from our methodologic and clinical data that the L/S ratio may be determined simply and reliably by means of the procedure described in this report.", "contents": "A modified lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio test for fetal maturity. Several desirable techniques (rapid chromatogram development, planimetry, acetone precipitation of lecithin, and copper molybdate staining) used in other published lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio procedures were integrated into a single L/S ratio test. The resulting test requires only 2 ml of amniotic fluid, can be performed within 75 minutes, and is semiquantitative. Methodology tests showed a high degree of reproducibility without the need for a densitometer: Coefficients of variation for the standards and amniotic fluid samples were 11% and 4%, respectively. Also, a linear relationship was observed between the L/S weight ratios in synthetic mixtures and the corresponding area ratios up to the mature value of 2.5. Clinical evaluation on a normal and high-risk patient population showed excellent reliability: The accuracy in predicting fetal lung maturity and immaturity was 100% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, the numerical value of the L/S ratio in the immature range was found to be indicative of the severity of respiratory distress syndrome. Finally, the relationship between the L/S ratio and gestational age in a normal population was described mathematically by an approximating curve. We concluded from our methodologic and clinical data that the L/S ratio may be determined simply and reliably by means of the procedure described in this report.", "PMID": 582645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1562", "title": "The role of centrifugation in the measurement of surfactant in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Analysis of amniotic fluid fractions obtained by differential centrifugation has revealed the presence of intact globular-like structures of approximately 1 mu dimensions. These particles, which appear to be representative of fetal lung surfactant, begin precipitating at very low g forces and the extent of their removal by centrifugation was found to significantly alter L/S ratio measurements. This effect is particularly significant when moderate levels of these structures are present, which is usually between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation. False-negative L/S ratios could be attributed to this effect. Centrifugation can be employed to harvest these structures in reasonably pure form and measurement of their concentration, by phospholipid analysis, showed good correlation with fetal lung function in a trial study with 91 patients. These findings suggest that measurement of these surfactant particles harvested from amniotic fluid may provide a simple yet specific index of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "The role of centrifugation in the measurement of surfactant in amniotic fluid. Analysis of amniotic fluid fractions obtained by differential centrifugation has revealed the presence of intact globular-like structures of approximately 1 mu dimensions. These particles, which appear to be representative of fetal lung surfactant, begin precipitating at very low g forces and the extent of their removal by centrifugation was found to significantly alter L/S ratio measurements. This effect is particularly significant when moderate levels of these structures are present, which is usually between 34 and 37 weeks' gestation. False-negative L/S ratios could be attributed to this effect. Centrifugation can be employed to harvest these structures in reasonably pure form and measurement of their concentration, by phospholipid analysis, showed good correlation with fetal lung function in a trial study with 91 patients. These findings suggest that measurement of these surfactant particles harvested from amniotic fluid may provide a simple yet specific index of fetal pulmonary maturity.", "PMID": 582646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1563", "title": "An examination of the possibilities of preventive therapy in arteriolar retinopathies.", "content": "The identification of certain chronic vascular retinopathies has been marked by a search for their classification. Such proper classification has therapeutic implications. The similarities of these retinopathies are based on a shared pathogenic process, initiated by diminished arteriolar perfusion pressure, as the result of varied causes but leading to somewhat nonspecific capillary and reactive stages. On the basis of such a pathogenesis, various possible prophylactic and therapeutic measures and their organizational requirements are significant. These measures are directed to the correction of a blood perfusion pressure defect and to leaking capillaries and new vessels. Prophylactic and therapeutic exercises will be required for various chronic arteriolar capillaropathies, although the experience with one disease may be applicable to the others. Senile macular disciform degeneration provides the factors necessary for a therapeutic trial.", "contents": "An examination of the possibilities of preventive therapy in arteriolar retinopathies. The identification of certain chronic vascular retinopathies has been marked by a search for their classification. Such proper classification has therapeutic implications. The similarities of these retinopathies are based on a shared pathogenic process, initiated by diminished arteriolar perfusion pressure, as the result of varied causes but leading to somewhat nonspecific capillary and reactive stages. On the basis of such a pathogenesis, various possible prophylactic and therapeutic measures and their organizational requirements are significant. These measures are directed to the correction of a blood perfusion pressure defect and to leaking capillaries and new vessels. Prophylactic and therapeutic exercises will be required for various chronic arteriolar capillaropathies, although the experience with one disease may be applicable to the others. Senile macular disciform degeneration provides the factors necessary for a therapeutic trial.", "PMID": 582647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1564", "title": "[Wolff-Parkinson-White during a basedowienne thyrotoxicose (author's transl)].", "content": "The case reported here consisted of an association of a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) with thyrotoxicosis, with simultaneous recovery by thyroidectomy; this lead the authors to review 13 previous cases in the literature. The physiopathologic discussion emphasized several points: 1) the specific action of thyroid hormones, 2) the hypothesis of the possible existence of inapparent pathways of pre-exitation in most subjects and 3) a simple practical attitude to adopt in all Wolff-Parkinson-White cases especially when rapid.", "contents": "[Wolff-Parkinson-White during a basedowienne thyrotoxicose (author's transl)]. The case reported here consisted of an association of a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) with thyrotoxicosis, with simultaneous recovery by thyroidectomy; this lead the authors to review 13 previous cases in the literature. The physiopathologic discussion emphasized several points: 1) the specific action of thyroid hormones, 2) the hypothesis of the possible existence of inapparent pathways of pre-exitation in most subjects and 3) a simple practical attitude to adopt in all Wolff-Parkinson-White cases especially when rapid.", "PMID": 582650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1565", "title": "[Pleuropericarditis: early systemic manifestation of an active chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of relapsing pleuropericarditis is reported in which no etiological factors were found initially, especially in relation to any possible collagen disease. A retrospective review of the clinical, biological, and histological findings, coupled with the nature of the progression of the disease, suggested to the authors that this was the first expression of a systemic disease which later developed signs of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and, three and a half years later, an active chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Pleuropericarditis: early systemic manifestation of an active chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. A case of relapsing pleuropericarditis is reported in which no etiological factors were found initially, especially in relation to any possible collagen disease. A retrospective review of the clinical, biological, and histological findings, coupled with the nature of the progression of the disease, suggested to the authors that this was the first expression of a systemic disease which later developed signs of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and, three and a half years later, an active chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 582651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1566", "title": "Absorption of lidocaine following subarachnoid and epidural administration.", "content": "The absorption of lidocaine into the vascular system from the epidural and subarachnoid spaces was determined in 20 patients. Seventy-five milligrams (1.5 ml of a 5% solution) of lidocaine was administered intrathecally to 10 patients for spinal anesthesia and 75 mg (3.75 ml of a 2% solution) was injected epidurally. Venous plasma levels of lidocaine were determined at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after subarachnoid or epidural injection. No significant differences existed between the maximum venous plasma concentrations of lidocaine following epidural injection (0.41 +/- 0.07 microgram/ml) and following subarachnoid injection (0.32 +/- 0.07 microgram/ml). However, the rate of vascular absorption of lidocaine from the subarachnoid space was significantly slower than from the epidural space. By 2, 5, and 10 minutes after injection, venous plasma concentrations of lidocaine were significantly higher following epidural injection than they were after subarachnoid injection. This variation was not attributable to differences in blood pressure folloiwng injection. The differential rate of absorption is probably related to the anatomical arrangement of the venous plexuses in the epidural and subarachnoid spaces.", "contents": "Absorption of lidocaine following subarachnoid and epidural administration. The absorption of lidocaine into the vascular system from the epidural and subarachnoid spaces was determined in 20 patients. Seventy-five milligrams (1.5 ml of a 5% solution) of lidocaine was administered intrathecally to 10 patients for spinal anesthesia and 75 mg (3.75 ml of a 2% solution) was injected epidurally. Venous plasma levels of lidocaine were determined at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after subarachnoid or epidural injection. No significant differences existed between the maximum venous plasma concentrations of lidocaine following epidural injection (0.41 +/- 0.07 microgram/ml) and following subarachnoid injection (0.32 +/- 0.07 microgram/ml). However, the rate of vascular absorption of lidocaine from the subarachnoid space was significantly slower than from the epidural space. By 2, 5, and 10 minutes after injection, venous plasma concentrations of lidocaine were significantly higher following epidural injection than they were after subarachnoid injection. This variation was not attributable to differences in blood pressure folloiwng injection. The differential rate of absorption is probably related to the anatomical arrangement of the venous plexuses in the epidural and subarachnoid spaces.", "PMID": 582649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1567", "title": "Delayed hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease is prevented by parathyroid autotransplantation.", "content": "Late hypocalcemia appears associated with thyroidectomy for Graves' disease more frequently than with thyroidectomy for other conditions. Of 62 total thyroidectomies done by a single surgeon, 28 were done for carcinoma, 18 for benign disease (primarily nontoxic nodules with a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck (RT)) and 16 for Graves' disease. Mean calcium concentrations measured two months or more after surgery were 9.38 +/- 0.07 (SEM)mg/% for patients with cancer, 8.79 +/- 0.31 mg/dl for patients with Graves' disease and 9.38 +/- 0.08 mg/dl for patients with other benign diseases. No patient without Graves' disease developed late hypocalcemia. In contrast, six of 16 patients with Graves' developed significant late hypocalcemia requiring calcium therapy. The incidence of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease was significantly greater than that seen in other conditions (p < 0.01). Since no parathyroids were removed in the patients with Graves' disease, and since branches of the inferior thyroid artery were invariably ligated distal to the parathyroids, we hypothesized that the late hypocalcemia might be associated with a peculiarity in scar formation in the presence of this autoimmune disease. Accordingly, parathyroid autotransplantation was performed synchronously as a prophylactic measure in nine subsequent patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease; no instance of late hypocalcemia has occurred in this group. The decreased incidence of late hypocalcemia is highly significant (p < 0.01). Although the precise etiology of late hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease remains undetermined, this experience indicates that synchronous parathyroid autotransplantation is beneficial in preventing this complication.", "contents": "Delayed hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease is prevented by parathyroid autotransplantation. Late hypocalcemia appears associated with thyroidectomy for Graves' disease more frequently than with thyroidectomy for other conditions. Of 62 total thyroidectomies done by a single surgeon, 28 were done for carcinoma, 18 for benign disease (primarily nontoxic nodules with a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck (RT)) and 16 for Graves' disease. Mean calcium concentrations measured two months or more after surgery were 9.38 +/- 0.07 (SEM)mg/% for patients with cancer, 8.79 +/- 0.31 mg/dl for patients with Graves' disease and 9.38 +/- 0.08 mg/dl for patients with other benign diseases. No patient without Graves' disease developed late hypocalcemia. In contrast, six of 16 patients with Graves' developed significant late hypocalcemia requiring calcium therapy. The incidence of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease was significantly greater than that seen in other conditions (p < 0.01). Since no parathyroids were removed in the patients with Graves' disease, and since branches of the inferior thyroid artery were invariably ligated distal to the parathyroids, we hypothesized that the late hypocalcemia might be associated with a peculiarity in scar formation in the presence of this autoimmune disease. Accordingly, parathyroid autotransplantation was performed synchronously as a prophylactic measure in nine subsequent patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease; no instance of late hypocalcemia has occurred in this group. The decreased incidence of late hypocalcemia is highly significant (p < 0.01). Although the precise etiology of late hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease remains undetermined, this experience indicates that synchronous parathyroid autotransplantation is beneficial in preventing this complication.", "PMID": 582657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1568", "title": "The basophil. Its morphology, biochemistry, motility, release reactions, recovery, and role in the inflammatory responses of IgE-mediated and cell-mediated origin.", "content": "The current state of our knowledge of basophils is reviewed. Much has recently been learned about these cells-their morphology, biochemical contents, interactions with homocytotropic antibodies, release of mediators in anaphylaxis, capacity for ingesting and releasing exogenous tracers, motility, participation in and progressive degranulation in cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, and their recovery from degranulation. It seems unlikely that basophils exist to destroy the organism by anaphylactic shock. Nonetheless, basophil function is probably closely related to the potent chemicals stored in their cytoplasmic granules. Perhaps small amounts of these chemicals are required for homeostasis and these cells function by releasing such substances as they are needed. This hypothesis requires that basophils be capable of releasing their contents slowly and piecemeal, which apparently occurs. This hypothesis also requires that physiological, rather than pharmacological, roles be found for histamine.", "contents": "The basophil. Its morphology, biochemistry, motility, release reactions, recovery, and role in the inflammatory responses of IgE-mediated and cell-mediated origin. The current state of our knowledge of basophils is reviewed. Much has recently been learned about these cells-their morphology, biochemical contents, interactions with homocytotropic antibodies, release of mediators in anaphylaxis, capacity for ingesting and releasing exogenous tracers, motility, participation in and progressive degranulation in cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, and their recovery from degranulation. It seems unlikely that basophils exist to destroy the organism by anaphylactic shock. Nonetheless, basophil function is probably closely related to the potent chemicals stored in their cytoplasmic granules. Perhaps small amounts of these chemicals are required for homeostasis and these cells function by releasing such substances as they are needed. This hypothesis requires that basophils be capable of releasing their contents slowly and piecemeal, which apparently occurs. This hypothesis also requires that physiological, rather than pharmacological, roles be found for histamine.", "PMID": 582658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1569", "title": "Midline malignant reticulosis and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A case report.", "content": "A patient had lethal midline granuloma syndrome of the malignant midline reticulosis type. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung eventually developed that resulted in respiratory failure. There is a histology and biologic behavior associated with these two diseases, and they possibly represent different expressions of the same disease process.", "contents": "Midline malignant reticulosis and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. A case report. A patient had lethal midline granuloma syndrome of the malignant midline reticulosis type. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the lung eventually developed that resulted in respiratory failure. There is a histology and biologic behavior associated with these two diseases, and they possibly represent different expressions of the same disease process.", "PMID": 582659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1570", "title": "Bromochlorophenol blue. A new stain for erythroblasts.", "content": "In erythroblasts of varying maturational stages, cytoplasm stained bright yellow with bromochlorophenol blue. Since this staining reaction appeared to be distinctive among various cytological types of marrow cells, it may constitute a rapid method for visualization of cells of erythroid origin.", "contents": "Bromochlorophenol blue. A new stain for erythroblasts. In erythroblasts of varying maturational stages, cytoplasm stained bright yellow with bromochlorophenol blue. Since this staining reaction appeared to be distinctive among various cytological types of marrow cells, it may constitute a rapid method for visualization of cells of erythroid origin.", "PMID": 582660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1571", "title": "Ultrastructure of hematoxylin bodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Two specimens, the first from a percutaneous renal biopsy and the second autopsy tissue of ovary, from two subjects with active systemic lupus erythematosus were found to contain many striking hematoxylin bodies in the walls of several small arteries. The specimens were reprocessed for electron microscopy; in one case, corresponding plastic embedded sections were also stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Feulgen stain. Hematoxylin bodies were easily identified on electron microscopy. They were found to be dense, homogeneous structures, approximately the size of a nucleus. They probably represent mainly altered nuclear material with occasional small chromatin remnants or minor cytoplasmic inclusions.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of hematoxylin bodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Two specimens, the first from a percutaneous renal biopsy and the second autopsy tissue of ovary, from two subjects with active systemic lupus erythematosus were found to contain many striking hematoxylin bodies in the walls of several small arteries. The specimens were reprocessed for electron microscopy; in one case, corresponding plastic embedded sections were also stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Feulgen stain. Hematoxylin bodies were easily identified on electron microscopy. They were found to be dense, homogeneous structures, approximately the size of a nucleus. They probably represent mainly altered nuclear material with occasional small chromatin remnants or minor cytoplasmic inclusions.", "PMID": 582661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1572", "title": "Retinal complications of gas myelography.", "content": "Bilateral retinal and preretinal hemorrhages with an acute and permanent partial loss of visual acuity developed in a 60-year-old man after an oxygen myelogram. In order to increase the contrast of the myelogram, a greater volume of oxygen was injected in the subarachnoid space than the volume of CSF that was removed. It is believed that the hemorrhages and visual loss were secondary to the sudden increase in CSF pressure caused by the excess volume of oxygen injected.", "contents": "Retinal complications of gas myelography. Bilateral retinal and preretinal hemorrhages with an acute and permanent partial loss of visual acuity developed in a 60-year-old man after an oxygen myelogram. In order to increase the contrast of the myelogram, a greater volume of oxygen was injected in the subarachnoid space than the volume of CSF that was removed. It is believed that the hemorrhages and visual loss were secondary to the sudden increase in CSF pressure caused by the excess volume of oxygen injected.", "PMID": 582666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1573", "title": "Dissociation constants of clonidine and structurally related imidazolidines.", "content": "The dissociation constants of clonidine and 27 structurally related imidazolidines have been determined by potentiometric titration of diluted aqueous solutions of the hydrochlorides with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Considerable differences in pKa' exist within this selection of congeneric substances. The pKa' is correlated with several electronic substituent parameters and the reaction constant has been calculated. The dissociation reaction of the present imidazolidine ions appears moderately sensitive to the electrical effects of the phenyl-attached substituents and is probably determined by one conformation of the molecules only. A major involvement can be attributed to inductive forces, whereas reasonance contribution seems of less importance, although it cannot be ignored. The dissociation constants are examined more closely with respect to their usefulness in biological systems. The influences of ionic strength and temperature on the dissociation of the compounds concerned are verified experimentally and compared with the values resulting from theoretical considerations. By making the corrections for ionic strength and temperature the acid/base equilibria as such present under physiological conditions have been calculated.", "contents": "Dissociation constants of clonidine and structurally related imidazolidines. The dissociation constants of clonidine and 27 structurally related imidazolidines have been determined by potentiometric titration of diluted aqueous solutions of the hydrochlorides with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Considerable differences in pKa' exist within this selection of congeneric substances. The pKa' is correlated with several electronic substituent parameters and the reaction constant has been calculated. The dissociation reaction of the present imidazolidine ions appears moderately sensitive to the electrical effects of the phenyl-attached substituents and is probably determined by one conformation of the molecules only. A major involvement can be attributed to inductive forces, whereas reasonance contribution seems of less importance, although it cannot be ignored. The dissociation constants are examined more closely with respect to their usefulness in biological systems. The influences of ionic strength and temperature on the dissociation of the compounds concerned are verified experimentally and compared with the values resulting from theoretical considerations. By making the corrections for ionic strength and temperature the acid/base equilibria as such present under physiological conditions have been calculated.", "PMID": 582668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1574", "title": "Chemotherapeutically active nitro-derivatives. 4. 5-Nitroimidazoles (Part IV).", "content": "16 novel 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted at 2-position were examined for activity against various protozoa, in particular trichomonads in NMRI mice and amebae in golden hamsters. Six of the compounds proved to be superior to metronidazole and one superior to tinidazole against trichomonads. The compounds exhibited no marked effect against amebae and trypanosomes. The structure-activity relationships of the new compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutically active nitro-derivatives. 4. 5-Nitroimidazoles (Part IV). 16 novel 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles substituted at 2-position were examined for activity against various protozoa, in particular trichomonads in NMRI mice and amebae in golden hamsters. Six of the compounds proved to be superior to metronidazole and one superior to tinidazole against trichomonads. The compounds exhibited no marked effect against amebae and trypanosomes. The structure-activity relationships of the new compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 582669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1575", "title": "[Tumor-inhibiting agents. 8. 5-Aminomethylated barbituric acid derivatives].", "content": "In view of the tumor inhibitory activity of various pyrimidine derivatives, investigations aimed at the structure modification of barbituric acids were performed. In accordance with the aminomethinylation principle, barbituric acids (2) are converted into 5-formimidoylbarbituric acids (4) by s-triazine (1). Aside from the free barbituric acid (2a), both 1-substituted (2b,  d, and f) and 1,3-di-substituted (2c, e, and g) barbituric acids are amenable to this reaction. After introduction of the formimidoyl group into 5-position of the barbituric acid ring system, marked tumor inhibitory effects against lymphoma, lymphocytical leukemia, and luekemia L-1210, are ascertainable.", "contents": "[Tumor-inhibiting agents. 8. 5-Aminomethylated barbituric acid derivatives]. In view of the tumor inhibitory activity of various pyrimidine derivatives, investigations aimed at the structure modification of barbituric acids were performed. In accordance with the aminomethinylation principle, barbituric acids (2) are converted into 5-formimidoylbarbituric acids (4) by s-triazine (1). Aside from the free barbituric acid (2a), both 1-substituted (2b,  d, and f) and 1,3-di-substituted (2c, e, and g) barbituric acids are amenable to this reaction. After introduction of the formimidoyl group into 5-position of the barbituric acid ring system, marked tumor inhibitory effects against lymphoma, lymphocytical leukemia, and luekemia L-1210, are ascertainable.", "PMID": 582670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1576", "title": "[A method for radio-immunological determination of g-strophanthin (author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of estimating g-strophanthin radio-immunologically the following steps are described: the preparation of g-strophanthin antigen, the production of antibodies in the rabbit, the presentation of calibration curves, and the possibility of a quantitative determination of heterogenous glycosides. According to Malaprades reaction, g-strophanthin adheres to human albumin. With this antigen thus obtained antibodies are produced in rabbits. For the presentation of calibration curves, the addition of antiserum and g-strophanthin have to be matched in quantity; the calibration curves correspond to mathematical data. An increased sensitivity of the method is possible to attain by reducing the amount of labelled antigen and antiserum. The slight cross-reactivity of antibodies can be used to determine other glycosides when these are incubated labelled with tritium instead of 3H-g-strophanthin.", "contents": "[A method for radio-immunological determination of g-strophanthin (author's transl)]. For the purpose of estimating g-strophanthin radio-immunologically the following steps are described: the preparation of g-strophanthin antigen, the production of antibodies in the rabbit, the presentation of calibration curves, and the possibility of a quantitative determination of heterogenous glycosides. According to Malaprades reaction, g-strophanthin adheres to human albumin. With this antigen thus obtained antibodies are produced in rabbits. For the presentation of calibration curves, the addition of antiserum and g-strophanthin have to be matched in quantity; the calibration curves correspond to mathematical data. An increased sensitivity of the method is possible to attain by reducing the amount of labelled antigen and antiserum. The slight cross-reactivity of antibodies can be used to determine other glycosides when these are incubated labelled with tritium instead of 3H-g-strophanthin.", "PMID": 582671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1577", "title": "[Methods for simultaneous recording of pharmacodynamic and toxic effects on interior sensitive receptors, respiration and cardiac-circulatory system of guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for simultaneous, continuous registration of pharmacodynamic and toxic effects, resp., on pulmonary-stretch receptors, on respiration and on hemodynamics in guinea pigs is described. The following parameters are recorded synchronously by a multi-track recorder: 1. The afferences in the cervical n. vagus; its electrical integration is employed for measuring the total intensity and the ex- and the inhalation intensity, resp., of the afferences; 2. the pneumatogram for measuring the maximum velocity of air flow, duration of the breath phase and parts thereof (in-, and exhalation and postexpiratory pause), and the respiration rate; 3. the diastolic and systolic blood pressure during in- and exhalation and postexpiratory pause; 4. the electrocardiogram (ECG). The normal distribution of the initial values is examined and discussed. Further the initial values measured in three series of experiments are discussed and compared: mono-vagotomy/spontaneous respiration, bivagotomy/spontaneous respiration and artificial respiration/monovagotomy. The results are compared with some experimental and clinical findings from literature.", "contents": "[Methods for simultaneous recording of pharmacodynamic and toxic effects on interior sensitive receptors, respiration and cardiac-circulatory system of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. A method for simultaneous, continuous registration of pharmacodynamic and toxic effects, resp., on pulmonary-stretch receptors, on respiration and on hemodynamics in guinea pigs is described. The following parameters are recorded synchronously by a multi-track recorder: 1. The afferences in the cervical n. vagus; its electrical integration is employed for measuring the total intensity and the ex- and the inhalation intensity, resp., of the afferences; 2. the pneumatogram for measuring the maximum velocity of air flow, duration of the breath phase and parts thereof (in-, and exhalation and postexpiratory pause), and the respiration rate; 3. the diastolic and systolic blood pressure during in- and exhalation and postexpiratory pause; 4. the electrocardiogram (ECG). The normal distribution of the initial values is examined and discussed. Further the initial values measured in three series of experiments are discussed and compared: mono-vagotomy/spontaneous respiration, bivagotomy/spontaneous respiration and artificial respiration/monovagotomy. The results are compared with some experimental and clinical findings from literature.", "PMID": 582672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1578", "title": "Effects of creatinol-O-phosphate (COP) on haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism in conscious and anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "The effects of creatinol-O-phosphate (COP, Aplodan) have been studied on haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism of virtually normal heart (conscious dogs with electromagnetic probes chronically implanted) and progressively failing heart (open chest anaesthetized dogs). The results obtained show that COP in both series of experiments increased cardiac work and improved some myocardial metabolic parameters (delta redox potential across the heart, lactate/pyruvate ratio, excess lactate) probably by enhancing the myocardial O2 supply-consumption ratio, and consequently increasing the amount of O2 available for energetic reactions in the cardiac muscle and possibly in other tissues as well.", "contents": "Effects of creatinol-O-phosphate (COP) on haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. The effects of creatinol-O-phosphate (COP, Aplodan) have been studied on haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism of virtually normal heart (conscious dogs with electromagnetic probes chronically implanted) and progressively failing heart (open chest anaesthetized dogs). The results obtained show that COP in both series of experiments increased cardiac work and improved some myocardial metabolic parameters (delta redox potential across the heart, lactate/pyruvate ratio, excess lactate) probably by enhancing the myocardial O2 supply-consumption ratio, and consequently increasing the amount of O2 available for energetic reactions in the cardiac muscle and possibly in other tissues as well.", "PMID": 582673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1579", "title": "Hypolipidemic effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) using various experimental procedures.", "content": "Hypolipidemic effects of S-methylmethionine (MMSC) were compared with clofibrate in 3 experimental procedures. In results, the characteristic effect of MMSC is discussed from therapeutic viewpoint.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) using various experimental procedures. Hypolipidemic effects of S-methylmethionine (MMSC) were compared with clofibrate in 3 experimental procedures. In results, the characteristic effect of MMSC is discussed from therapeutic viewpoint.", "PMID": 582674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1580", "title": "Antagonistic effect of kallikrein against bradykinin.", "content": "The interaction of kallikrein with bradykinin, eledoisin and histamine was studied on the perfused hindquarters of the cat and isolated cat jejunum. The vasodilation induced by bradykinin, but not by eledoisin and histamine, was found to be inhibited by kallikrein. Kallikrein also inhibited the myotropic effect of bradykinin on the isolated cat jejunum. The possible mechanisms of the inhibitory action of kallikrein against bradykinin were discussed.", "contents": "Antagonistic effect of kallikrein against bradykinin. The interaction of kallikrein with bradykinin, eledoisin and histamine was studied on the perfused hindquarters of the cat and isolated cat jejunum. The vasodilation induced by bradykinin, but not by eledoisin and histamine, was found to be inhibited by kallikrein. Kallikrein also inhibited the myotropic effect of bradykinin on the isolated cat jejunum. The possible mechanisms of the inhibitory action of kallikrein against bradykinin were discussed.", "PMID": 582675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1581", "title": "[Promoting and inhibitory influences of tribenoside and acetylsalicylic acid on spontaneous arthrosis in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Tribenoside administered in moderate doses over periods of three or ten months, inhibited the development of spontaneous arthrosis in mice of the C 57 black strain. Acetylsalicylic acid administered once daily in oral doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg for five months, had a distinctly promoting effect on the development of the same arthrosis. Attention is drawn to certain common features in the activity spectra of the two drugs, but especially also to their opposite effects on mucopolysaccharide metabolism and on regenerative processes which are promoted by tribenoside but inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "[Promoting and inhibitory influences of tribenoside and acetylsalicylic acid on spontaneous arthrosis in the mouse (author's transl)]. Tribenoside administered in moderate doses over periods of three or ten months, inhibited the development of spontaneous arthrosis in mice of the C 57 black strain. Acetylsalicylic acid administered once daily in oral doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg for five months, had a distinctly promoting effect on the development of the same arthrosis. Attention is drawn to certain common features in the activity spectra of the two drugs, but especially also to their opposite effects on mucopolysaccharide metabolism and on regenerative processes which are promoted by tribenoside but inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 582676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1582", "title": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid/salicylic acid mixtures on acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro.", "content": "An attempt was made to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in homogenates of rat brain and in 2% solutions of hemolyzed human or rat erythrocytes, with concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid/salicylic acid (ASA/SA) equivalent to those evident in human plasma 0--2 h after ingestion of 0.65 g of ASA. None of the 5 different ASA/SA mixtures used produced inhibition in any of the enzyme preparations while the reference compound, eserine, inhibited all. These results suggest that ingestion of ASA, at least in recommended doses, should not significantly influence acetylcholinesterase activity in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid/salicylic acid mixtures on acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro. An attempt was made to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in homogenates of rat brain and in 2% solutions of hemolyzed human or rat erythrocytes, with concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid/salicylic acid (ASA/SA) equivalent to those evident in human plasma 0--2 h after ingestion of 0.65 g of ASA. None of the 5 different ASA/SA mixtures used produced inhibition in any of the enzyme preparations while the reference compound, eserine, inhibited all. These results suggest that ingestion of ASA, at least in recommended doses, should not significantly influence acetylcholinesterase activity in vivo.", "PMID": 582677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1583", "title": "Recent progress in teratology. A survey of methods for the study of drug actions during the preimplantation period.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of drug treatment during the first days of pregnancy new approaches have been developed which allow the study of teratogenic effects already before and around implantation, during organogenesis, and at term. The procedures used for the culture of preimplantation mouse embryos that were either pretreated in vivo or previously untreated and exposed to a toxic agent in vitro are presented in particular detail. In addition, an example is given which shows that it is possible to detect a DNA repair mechanism in preimplantation embryos maintained in vitro. The techniques of embryo transplantation and in vitro cultivation of embryos beyond implantation are outlined. The importance of the two methods in teratological research on embryos pretreated either in vivo or in vitro is discussed. Also presented are a survey of the literature and recent data obtained with rats and mice from our laboratory which prove that the action of drugs on the embryo and mother during the preimplantation period are more complex than is generally assumed.", "contents": "Recent progress in teratology. A survey of methods for the study of drug actions during the preimplantation period. To evaluate the effects of drug treatment during the first days of pregnancy new approaches have been developed which allow the study of teratogenic effects already before and around implantation, during organogenesis, and at term. The procedures used for the culture of preimplantation mouse embryos that were either pretreated in vivo or previously untreated and exposed to a toxic agent in vitro are presented in particular detail. In addition, an example is given which shows that it is possible to detect a DNA repair mechanism in preimplantation embryos maintained in vitro. The techniques of embryo transplantation and in vitro cultivation of embryos beyond implantation are outlined. The importance of the two methods in teratological research on embryos pretreated either in vivo or in vitro is discussed. Also presented are a survey of the literature and recent data obtained with rats and mice from our laboratory which prove that the action of drugs on the embryo and mother during the preimplantation period are more complex than is generally assumed.", "PMID": 582678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1584", "title": "The action of piracetam on the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen by neuronal microsomes of the developing rat brain.", "content": "In search of a common biochemical denominator of the action of the nootropic drug 2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-acetamide (piracetam, Normabrain, Nootrop) the effects of the substance on the neuronal respiratory chain were investigated. The activity of the electron transport system of the respiratory chain was measured by the conversion of the ether to the enolether bond (plasmalogen) of ethanolamine containing glycerophosphatides. Piracetam enhances the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen from the corresponding ether lipid by neuronal microsomes and thus resembles the action of cytochrome b5. The addition of antibody against cytochrome b5 was able to inhibit the piracetam-dependent stimulation of the plasmalogen biosynthesis. Thus it appears that the stimulatory effect of piracetam on the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen is mediated by an increased synthesis or turnover of cytochrome b5.", "contents": "The action of piracetam on the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen by neuronal microsomes of the developing rat brain. In search of a common biochemical denominator of the action of the nootropic drug 2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-acetamide (piracetam, Normabrain, Nootrop) the effects of the substance on the neuronal respiratory chain were investigated. The activity of the electron transport system of the respiratory chain was measured by the conversion of the ether to the enolether bond (plasmalogen) of ethanolamine containing glycerophosphatides. Piracetam enhances the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen from the corresponding ether lipid by neuronal microsomes and thus resembles the action of cytochrome b5. The addition of antibody against cytochrome b5 was able to inhibit the piracetam-dependent stimulation of the plasmalogen biosynthesis. Thus it appears that the stimulatory effect of piracetam on the formation of ethanolamine-plasmalogen is mediated by an increased synthesis or turnover of cytochrome b5.", "PMID": 582679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1585", "title": "[Estimation of pharmacokinetic constants in irregular repeated drug administration (author's transl)].", "content": "Least squares estimations for the fraction of the dose absorbed, volume of distribution, absorption and elimination rate based on drug measurements in blood and urine after aperiodical administration are described for a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. The non-linear regression analysis is carried out by means of a modified Gauss-Newton iteration procedure by Hartley. BASIC and FORTRAN functions are developed and applied in an example. The advantages of unbiased and consistent least-squares estimations in pharmacokinetics are pointed out.", "contents": "[Estimation of pharmacokinetic constants in irregular repeated drug administration (author's transl)]. Least squares estimations for the fraction of the dose absorbed, volume of distribution, absorption and elimination rate based on drug measurements in blood and urine after aperiodical administration are described for a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. The non-linear regression analysis is carried out by means of a modified Gauss-Newton iteration procedure by Hartley. BASIC and FORTRAN functions are developed and applied in an example. The advantages of unbiased and consistent least-squares estimations in pharmacokinetics are pointed out.", "PMID": 582681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1586", "title": "[In vitro and in vivo investigations with different nitrofurantoin formulations (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro dissolution tests and biopharmaceutical investigations on healthy test persons were carried out with 4 different galenic tablet formulations. Three of these formulations were prepared by a special galenic process, the fourth corresponded to the usual tablet formulations. It was shown that the dissolution behaviour of the formulations in vitro, in accordance with the specifications of the American Pharmacopoeia (USP XIX), does not correlate with the parameters found in vivo. However, if the formulations in vitro are checked with the Sartorius model according to Stricker, correlations can be found with the in vivo behaviour of nitrofurantoin. A linear relationship was achieved by the special galenic formulation directly regulating the pharmacokinetic behaviour of nitrofurantoin. The known biological scatter of nitrofurantoin was strongly reduced by this process. The amount of the substance still present and circulating in the body creating the side effects could be reduced to a minimum. All facts considered, the therapeutic safety is also ensured.", "contents": "[In vitro and in vivo investigations with different nitrofurantoin formulations (author's transl)]. In vitro dissolution tests and biopharmaceutical investigations on healthy test persons were carried out with 4 different galenic tablet formulations. Three of these formulations were prepared by a special galenic process, the fourth corresponded to the usual tablet formulations. It was shown that the dissolution behaviour of the formulations in vitro, in accordance with the specifications of the American Pharmacopoeia (USP XIX), does not correlate with the parameters found in vivo. However, if the formulations in vitro are checked with the Sartorius model according to Stricker, correlations can be found with the in vivo behaviour of nitrofurantoin. A linear relationship was achieved by the special galenic formulation directly regulating the pharmacokinetic behaviour of nitrofurantoin. The known biological scatter of nitrofurantoin was strongly reduced by this process. The amount of the substance still present and circulating in the body creating the side effects could be reduced to a minimum. All facts considered, the therapeutic safety is also ensured.", "PMID": 582682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1587", "title": "[Effect of sulfinpyrazone on enhanced platelet aggregation in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Adding sulfinpyrazone in a concentration of 500 and 250 microgram/ml to blood of patients with enhanced platelet stickiness a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of the maximum amplitude and the aggregation velocity could be demonstrated with the spontaneous platelet aggregation test, PAT III, of Breddin, as well as with the collagen and the ristocetin induced aggregation. The lower concentration of 50 microgram/ml of sulfinpyrazone yielded the same results when aggregation was induced with the higher concentrations of 1.5 microgram/ml ristocetin and 5 microgram/ml collagen. Only the maximum aggregation velocity of the PAT III was significantly reduced after addition of 50 microgram sulfinpyrazone/ml blood. With sufficient concentrations of sulfinpyrazone the anti-aggregating action of this substance can very well be demonstrated with the aggregation induced by ristocetin or collagen and the PAT III. The effect is dose dependent.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfinpyrazone on enhanced platelet aggregation in vitro (author's transl)]. Adding sulfinpyrazone in a concentration of 500 and 250 microgram/ml to blood of patients with enhanced platelet stickiness a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of the maximum amplitude and the aggregation velocity could be demonstrated with the spontaneous platelet aggregation test, PAT III, of Breddin, as well as with the collagen and the ristocetin induced aggregation. The lower concentration of 50 microgram/ml of sulfinpyrazone yielded the same results when aggregation was induced with the higher concentrations of 1.5 microgram/ml ristocetin and 5 microgram/ml collagen. Only the maximum aggregation velocity of the PAT III was significantly reduced after addition of 50 microgram sulfinpyrazone/ml blood. With sufficient concentrations of sulfinpyrazone the anti-aggregating action of this substance can very well be demonstrated with the aggregation induced by ristocetin or collagen and the PAT III. The effect is dose dependent.", "PMID": 582683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1588", "title": "[Therapy of sleeping disorders with l-tryptophane plus oxprenolol/a double-blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "38 psychiatric inpatients with various degrees of sleeping disorders were given L-tryptophane plus oxprenolol or placebo, each for two nights. Self-rating, rating of the nursing staff, tests of attention level and motor performance were the variables of the investigation. The statistical evaluation of the double-blind study shows no significant difference under these specific experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Therapy of sleeping disorders with l-tryptophane plus oxprenolol/a double-blind study (author's transl)]. 38 psychiatric inpatients with various degrees of sleeping disorders were given L-tryptophane plus oxprenolol or placebo, each for two nights. Self-rating, rating of the nursing staff, tests of attention level and motor performance were the variables of the investigation. The statistical evaluation of the double-blind study shows no significant difference under these specific experimental conditions.", "PMID": 582685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1589", "title": "Vertigo, particularly of vascular origin, treated with flunarizine (R 14 950).", "content": "The antivertiginous properties of 1-[bis(p-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-4-cinnamylpiperazine (flunarizine, R 14 950) were evaluated in three consecutive studies -- two open and one double-blind -- in a total of 99 patients showing definite vertigo. Dosage was two tablets (= 20 mg) t.i.d. for three days in Study I (50 patients), 20 mg t.i.d. for two months in Study II (31 patients), and weekly decreasing doses of four, three, two and one (maintenance) tablets of flunarizine or placebo for three months in Study III (9/18 patients with vertigo of recent origin). Improvement of vertigo was significant both objectively and subjectively in Studies I and II. In Study III, objective tests were always clearly in favour of flunarizine, but subjectively, flunarizine was superior only by month two. Vertigo of vascular origin seemed to be a preferential indication for flunarizine treatment. No major side-effects were found in these studies.", "contents": "Vertigo, particularly of vascular origin, treated with flunarizine (R 14 950). The antivertiginous properties of 1-[bis(p-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-4-cinnamylpiperazine (flunarizine, R 14 950) were evaluated in three consecutive studies -- two open and one double-blind -- in a total of 99 patients showing definite vertigo. Dosage was two tablets (= 20 mg) t.i.d. for three days in Study I (50 patients), 20 mg t.i.d. for two months in Study II (31 patients), and weekly decreasing doses of four, three, two and one (maintenance) tablets of flunarizine or placebo for three months in Study III (9/18 patients with vertigo of recent origin). Improvement of vertigo was significant both objectively and subjectively in Studies I and II. In Study III, objective tests were always clearly in favour of flunarizine, but subjectively, flunarizine was superior only by month two. Vertigo of vascular origin seemed to be a preferential indication for flunarizine treatment. No major side-effects were found in these studies.", "PMID": 582686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1590", "title": "[On the treatment of trichonocardiosis palmellina with econazol nitrate spray (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of econazol nitrate incorporated in spray was tested in trichonocardiosis palmellina. In all 5 cases an optimal therapeutic result was seen after a few days.", "contents": "[On the treatment of trichonocardiosis palmellina with econazol nitrate spray (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of econazol nitrate incorporated in spray was tested in trichonocardiosis palmellina. In all 5 cases an optimal therapeutic result was seen after a few days.", "PMID": 582687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1591", "title": "[The effect of acids on dianisyl-pyridyl- and dipyridyl-anisyl-methanoles (author's transl)].", "content": "Different dianisyl-pyridyl- and dipyridyl-anisyl-methanoles react with sulfuric acid, hydrogen iodide or formic acid. Depending on the position of the methoxy groups, pyridine nucleus and acid demethylation or reduction occurs and 10-aryl-pyridol[1,2-alpha]-indole or 9-pyridyl-xanthenole-9, respectively, are formed as main or byproduct. UV-, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectra of the pyridonindoles are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of acids on dianisyl-pyridyl- and dipyridyl-anisyl-methanoles (author's transl)]. Different dianisyl-pyridyl- and dipyridyl-anisyl-methanoles react with sulfuric acid, hydrogen iodide or formic acid. Depending on the position of the methoxy groups, pyridine nucleus and acid demethylation or reduction occurs and 10-aryl-pyridol[1,2-alpha]-indole or 9-pyridyl-xanthenole-9, respectively, are formed as main or byproduct. UV-, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectra of the pyridonindoles are discussed.", "PMID": 582688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1592", "title": "Physico-chemical properties of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins as deduced from their chromatographic behaviour.", "content": "Reversed-phase chromatography of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins revealed that the metabolites of oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin have the same fractional increase in hydrophilicity. The metabolite of flucloxacillin showed a much lesser decrease in lipid solubility. Regarding the relationship between the free-energy related hydrophobicity parameter pi and structure, it is concluded that the biotransformation of the isoxazolylpenicillins results in the same structural alteration of oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin. Flucloxacillin is handled differently by the drug metabolizing systems.", "contents": "Physico-chemical properties of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins as deduced from their chromatographic behaviour. Reversed-phase chromatography of the active metabolites of the isoxazolylpenicillins revealed that the metabolites of oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin have the same fractional increase in hydrophilicity. The metabolite of flucloxacillin showed a much lesser decrease in lipid solubility. Regarding the relationship between the free-energy related hydrophobicity parameter pi and structure, it is concluded that the biotransformation of the isoxazolylpenicillins results in the same structural alteration of oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin. Flucloxacillin is handled differently by the drug metabolizing systems.", "PMID": 582689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1593", "title": "[The behaviour of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide in hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide with hydrochloric acid has been investigated. Three methods of hydrolysis were selected; they are often used in routine identification of drugs in urine. With method I (12--13% HCl; 30 min at 100 degrees C) about 53% of codeine-6-glucuronide were not hydrolized. The corresponding values: with method II (20% HCl; 6 min heated azeotrope in open vessel) about 8% and with method III (nearly 5% HCl; 30 min at 100 degrees C) about 83%.", "contents": "[The behaviour of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide in hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (author's transl)]. The behaviour of codeine and codeine-6-glucuronide with hydrochloric acid has been investigated. Three methods of hydrolysis were selected; they are often used in routine identification of drugs in urine. With method I (12--13% HCl; 30 min at 100 degrees C) about 53% of codeine-6-glucuronide were not hydrolized. The corresponding values: with method II (20% HCl; 6 min heated azeotrope in open vessel) about 8% and with method III (nearly 5% HCl; 30 min at 100 degrees C) about 83%.", "PMID": 582690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1594", "title": "Ganglionic action of some newly synthesized glutarimide compounds.", "content": "20 newly synthesized glutarimide compounds and their organic bases were investigated for their action on the autonomic ganglion in cats. Compounds 1 to 7 having piperidine moiety showed mainly ganglionic stimulant activity as evidenced by rise in blood pressure, contraction of nictitating membrane and rise in urinary bladder pressure of cats, which was completely blocked by C6 and partly by atropine. Compound 8 and 9 having diethylamine moiety showed initial stimulation--followed by blockade of the autonomic ganglia. Compounds 10 to 13 having morpholine moiety showed stimulation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. The responses were due to effect partly on ganglia and partly on the receptors. Compounds 14 to 20, which have alkyl substitution chain at position 4 of beta-carbon atom, showed depressor action. The ganglionic activity of the glutarimide compounds in various groups was found to be in inverse ratio to the length of the alkyl side chain at position 4 of the beta-carbon atom.", "contents": "Ganglionic action of some newly synthesized glutarimide compounds. 20 newly synthesized glutarimide compounds and their organic bases were investigated for their action on the autonomic ganglion in cats. Compounds 1 to 7 having piperidine moiety showed mainly ganglionic stimulant activity as evidenced by rise in blood pressure, contraction of nictitating membrane and rise in urinary bladder pressure of cats, which was completely blocked by C6 and partly by atropine. Compound 8 and 9 having diethylamine moiety showed initial stimulation--followed by blockade of the autonomic ganglia. Compounds 10 to 13 having morpholine moiety showed stimulation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. The responses were due to effect partly on ganglia and partly on the receptors. Compounds 14 to 20, which have alkyl substitution chain at position 4 of beta-carbon atom, showed depressor action. The ganglionic activity of the glutarimide compounds in various groups was found to be in inverse ratio to the length of the alkyl side chain at position 4 of the beta-carbon atom.", "PMID": 582691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1595", "title": "Metabolic effects of clofibrate on experimental animals.", "content": "The effect of ethyl-alpha-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyrate (clofibrate, Miscleron) on certain parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in male and female white rats. The vitamin A content and the mixed function oxydase activity in the liver was also examined. 1. In short-term experiments over 10 to 30 days clofibrate significantly influenced the examined parameters. In a long-term experiment (9 months), however, these changes were no more observable. 2. Clofibrate exerted a protective effect against lipid mobilization following physical exercise (swimming). 3. No significant differences between male and female rats after clofibrate treatment could be observed.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of clofibrate on experimental animals. The effect of ethyl-alpha-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyrate (clofibrate, Miscleron) on certain parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in male and female white rats. The vitamin A content and the mixed function oxydase activity in the liver was also examined. 1. In short-term experiments over 10 to 30 days clofibrate significantly influenced the examined parameters. In a long-term experiment (9 months), however, these changes were no more observable. 2. Clofibrate exerted a protective effect against lipid mobilization following physical exercise (swimming). 3. No significant differences between male and female rats after clofibrate treatment could be observed.", "PMID": 582692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1596", "title": "[Acylaminoalkyl substituted benzoic and phenylalkane acids with hypoglycaemic properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Newly developed carbonic acids with hypoglycaemic properties are presented. Their activity is based on an insulin secretion with unusual biphasic dynamics which is seen both after enteral and parenteral administration. In vitro, the substances described have an inhibitory effect on gluconeogenesis in the liver and lipolysis in adipose tissue.", "contents": "[Acylaminoalkyl substituted benzoic and phenylalkane acids with hypoglycaemic properties (author's transl)]. Newly developed carbonic acids with hypoglycaemic properties are presented. Their activity is based on an insulin secretion with unusual biphasic dynamics which is seen both after enteral and parenteral administration. In vitro, the substances described have an inhibitory effect on gluconeogenesis in the liver and lipolysis in adipose tissue.", "PMID": 582693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1597", "title": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1 (H)-pyrazino(1,2-a) quinoline hydrochloride (compound 69/183). Part II: Effect on cardiac dynamics.", "content": "Effect of 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (centpyraquin, 69/183) on the cardiac function has been studied in situ in cat and dog and on isolated guinea pig heart. Centpyraquin (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) decreased cardiac output (20%) and total peripheral resistance (18%) along with blood pressure (40%). The decrease in dp/dt and PTI were secondary to hypotension. The contractility of the auricle as well as the ventricle was not decreased. In the heart-lung preparation of dog, centpyraquin (5 mg) had an inhibitory effect on the heart. The contractility of the isolated guinea pig heart was not changed up to 200 micrograms dose but higher doses had negative inotropic effect. The compound had no significant effect on ECG of cat. The effect of norepinephrine on dp/dt and PTI was potentiated. Isoproterenol induced hypotension was not changed but the cardiac effects were potentiated.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1 (H)-pyrazino(1,2-a) quinoline hydrochloride (compound 69/183). Part II: Effect on cardiac dynamics. Effect of 3-[gamma-(p-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1-(H)-pyrazino(1,2-a)quinoline hydrochloride (centpyraquin, 69/183) on the cardiac function has been studied in situ in cat and dog and on isolated guinea pig heart. Centpyraquin (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) decreased cardiac output (20%) and total peripheral resistance (18%) along with blood pressure (40%). The decrease in dp/dt and PTI were secondary to hypotension. The contractility of the auricle as well as the ventricle was not decreased. In the heart-lung preparation of dog, centpyraquin (5 mg) had an inhibitory effect on the heart. The contractility of the isolated guinea pig heart was not changed up to 200 micrograms dose but higher doses had negative inotropic effect. The compound had no significant effect on ECG of cat. The effect of norepinephrine on dp/dt and PTI was potentiated. Isoproterenol induced hypotension was not changed but the cardiac effects were potentiated.", "PMID": 582695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1598", "title": "The pharmacology of clodanolene sodium, a new skeletal muscle contraction antagonist.", "content": "The pharmacology of hydrated 1 less than ([5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene) amino greater than-2,4,-imidazolidinedione sodium salt (clodanolene sodium), as skeletal-muscle contraction antagonist, is presented. Clodanolene sodium is remarkable in that it has no measurable direct effect on the peripheral or central nervous systmes. Skeletal muscle relaxation can be achieved with this drug at doses that do not affect motor coordination. Rats receiving clodanolene sodium for up to 30 days evidenced a downward trend in gross observation score of skeletal muscle relaxation, but the extent of twitch inhibition was the same on day 30 as on day 1. In an animal model of muscle spasticity (Straub-tail mouse), clodanolene sodium has been shown to be more efficacious for induction of skeletal muscle relaxation than neuromuscular blocking agents, local anesthetics, or centrally-acting muscle relaxants. Clodanolene sodium's mode of action has been identified as specific for skeletal muscle. It has no measurable effect on neuromuscular transmission or on the electrically excitable surface membrane. Indirect evidence indicates that the site of action of clodanolene sodium, like that of dantrolene sodium, is within the muscle cell and is related to caffeine-sensitive calcium stores. Its skeletal-muscle relaxant activity, we suggest results from a decrease in the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The pharmacology of clodanolene sodium, a new skeletal muscle contraction antagonist. The pharmacology of hydrated 1 less than ([5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene) amino greater than-2,4,-imidazolidinedione sodium salt (clodanolene sodium), as skeletal-muscle contraction antagonist, is presented. Clodanolene sodium is remarkable in that it has no measurable direct effect on the peripheral or central nervous systmes. Skeletal muscle relaxation can be achieved with this drug at doses that do not affect motor coordination. Rats receiving clodanolene sodium for up to 30 days evidenced a downward trend in gross observation score of skeletal muscle relaxation, but the extent of twitch inhibition was the same on day 30 as on day 1. In an animal model of muscle spasticity (Straub-tail mouse), clodanolene sodium has been shown to be more efficacious for induction of skeletal muscle relaxation than neuromuscular blocking agents, local anesthetics, or centrally-acting muscle relaxants. Clodanolene sodium's mode of action has been identified as specific for skeletal muscle. It has no measurable effect on neuromuscular transmission or on the electrically excitable surface membrane. Indirect evidence indicates that the site of action of clodanolene sodium, like that of dantrolene sodium, is within the muscle cell and is related to caffeine-sensitive calcium stores. Its skeletal-muscle relaxant activity, we suggest results from a decrease in the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 582696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1599", "title": "1,4-Dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine (SD-511) as a new type of diuretic agent.", "content": "Diuretic features of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine (DS-511) were studied in rats and mice. DS-511 was similar in diuretic effect to that of hydrochlorothiazide (HC) in both species, but was more water diuretic and less potassium-releasing than HC. After oral administration of DS-511 to rats the diuretic effect promptly appeared and lasted for 4 to 5 h. These patterns on onset and duration were similar to those of furosemide and acetazolamide (AZ). DS-511 was effective in experimentally induced acidotic and alkalotic rats. When DS-511 was used in combinations with other diuretics such as HC, AZ and triamterene at their maximum effective doses, urine volume and sodium excretion further increased, but potassium did not. Diuretic activity of DS-511 was not reduced by daily oral administration for 10 days to rats. In rats DS-511 reversed antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced antidiuresis. These findings suggest that DS-511 differs in mode and/or site of action from the known diuretics.", "contents": "1,4-Dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine (SD-511) as a new type of diuretic agent. Diuretic features of 1,4-dimorpholino-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine (DS-511) were studied in rats and mice. DS-511 was similar in diuretic effect to that of hydrochlorothiazide (HC) in both species, but was more water diuretic and less potassium-releasing than HC. After oral administration of DS-511 to rats the diuretic effect promptly appeared and lasted for 4 to 5 h. These patterns on onset and duration were similar to those of furosemide and acetazolamide (AZ). DS-511 was effective in experimentally induced acidotic and alkalotic rats. When DS-511 was used in combinations with other diuretics such as HC, AZ and triamterene at their maximum effective doses, urine volume and sodium excretion further increased, but potassium did not. Diuretic activity of DS-511 was not reduced by daily oral administration for 10 days to rats. In rats DS-511 reversed antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced antidiuresis. These findings suggest that DS-511 differs in mode and/or site of action from the known diuretics.", "PMID": 582697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1600", "title": "[Histochemical experiments on the action of clenbuterol on tracheal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino) methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, Spiropent) on the tracheal mucosa was examined in 56 guinea pigs after i.p. administration during 5, 12 and 28 days, respectively. The alkaline phosphatases showed a minimum increase only in long-term tests. This increase concerned mainly the capillaries. It can be interpreted as a sign of enhanced transport processes. After administration of clenbuterol the total acid phosphatase in the mucosal epithelium rose. After a transient apical secretion of enzymes--together with consumption of enzymes at increased secretion--apparently more of new enzymes are produced. As a lysosomal enzyme the glucosaminidase showed also a similar reaction as did the acid phosphatase, while non-specific esterases increased only minimally or moderately. The effect of clenbuterol decreased the number of stainable goblet cells of the mucosa. It came to a secretory evacuation as a result of the secretolytic effect of the test substance in secretory evacuation. At the same time, the part of acid mucus components containing neuraminic acid rose so much that a qualitative change in the sense of the mucus components shifting in the direction to neuraminidasesensitive acid glycosaminoglycanes could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Histochemical experiments on the action of clenbuterol on tracheal mucosa (author's transl)]. The effect of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino) methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, Spiropent) on the tracheal mucosa was examined in 56 guinea pigs after i.p. administration during 5, 12 and 28 days, respectively. The alkaline phosphatases showed a minimum increase only in long-term tests. This increase concerned mainly the capillaries. It can be interpreted as a sign of enhanced transport processes. After administration of clenbuterol the total acid phosphatase in the mucosal epithelium rose. After a transient apical secretion of enzymes--together with consumption of enzymes at increased secretion--apparently more of new enzymes are produced. As a lysosomal enzyme the glucosaminidase showed also a similar reaction as did the acid phosphatase, while non-specific esterases increased only minimally or moderately. The effect of clenbuterol decreased the number of stainable goblet cells of the mucosa. It came to a secretory evacuation as a result of the secretolytic effect of the test substance in secretory evacuation. At the same time, the part of acid mucus components containing neuraminic acid rose so much that a qualitative change in the sense of the mucus components shifting in the direction to neuraminidasesensitive acid glycosaminoglycanes could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 582698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1601", "title": "Study of the antitumoral activity of S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine derivatives in animal experiments.", "content": "The antitumoral activity of three amino acid derivatives, S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, S-ethyl-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, and S-chloroethyl-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, was studied. The ethyl and chloroethyl derivatives had a pronounced curative effect on certain animal tumors. It is interesting in the case of S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine that N-ethylization of the substance resulted in increased chemotherapeutic effectivity with no simultaneous change of the toxicity. According to various studies this effect is different in many respects from that of the known cytostatics, and a possibility of a specific selective or surface activity is raised.", "contents": "Study of the antitumoral activity of S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine derivatives in animal experiments. The antitumoral activity of three amino acid derivatives, S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, S-ethyl-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, and S-chloroethyl-carbamoyl-L-cysteine, was studied. The ethyl and chloroethyl derivatives had a pronounced curative effect on certain animal tumors. It is interesting in the case of S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine that N-ethylization of the substance resulted in increased chemotherapeutic effectivity with no simultaneous change of the toxicity. According to various studies this effect is different in many respects from that of the known cytostatics, and a possibility of a specific selective or surface activity is raised.", "PMID": 582699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1602", "title": "The role of the responsiveness of animal stock to certain secretagogues in evaluating antisecretory drugs. Experiments in the lumen-perfused rat.", "content": "The gastric secretion pattern resulting from histamine, pentagastrin and carbachol infusion was studied in lumen-perfused anesthetised male Wistar rats. The differences between the results of this study and other published results and among the latter demonstrate the necessity of knowing the acid secretion patterns in given laboratory conditions before attempting to assess the antisecretory activity of any drug.", "contents": "The role of the responsiveness of animal stock to certain secretagogues in evaluating antisecretory drugs. Experiments in the lumen-perfused rat. The gastric secretion pattern resulting from histamine, pentagastrin and carbachol infusion was studied in lumen-perfused anesthetised male Wistar rats. The differences between the results of this study and other published results and among the latter demonstrate the necessity of knowing the acid secretion patterns in given laboratory conditions before attempting to assess the antisecretory activity of any drug.", "PMID": 582700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1603", "title": "Influence of fasting period, ligation time, sex, age and bodyweight on the gastric secretory response of pylorus-ligated Wistar rats.", "content": "A study on variables influencing the gastric secretory response of pylorus-ligated Wistar rat, shows that: 1. 24 h is a sufficient fasting period for satisfactory emptying of the stomach, periods of up to 48 h yielding no advantage; 2. between 2 and 4 h is the most appropriate pyloric ligation time because in this range there are no variations in volume of gastric secretion, concentration and output of acid per unit of ligation time; 3. sex has no influence on any of the parameters; 4. animals should be age-selected because only above a given age threshold the gastric secretory response per unit of bodyweight is constant.", "contents": "Influence of fasting period, ligation time, sex, age and bodyweight on the gastric secretory response of pylorus-ligated Wistar rats. A study on variables influencing the gastric secretory response of pylorus-ligated Wistar rat, shows that: 1. 24 h is a sufficient fasting period for satisfactory emptying of the stomach, periods of up to 48 h yielding no advantage; 2. between 2 and 4 h is the most appropriate pyloric ligation time because in this range there are no variations in volume of gastric secretion, concentration and output of acid per unit of ligation time; 3. sex has no influence on any of the parameters; 4. animals should be age-selected because only above a given age threshold the gastric secretory response per unit of bodyweight is constant.", "PMID": 582701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1604", "title": "Rociverine, a new antispasmodic agent with balanced neurotropic and myotropic activity.", "content": "A systematic study in vitro and in vivo of the antispasmodic agent 2-(diethylamino)-1-methylethyl cis-1-hydroxy (bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylate (rociverine) showed that its activity is both antimuscarinic and directly muscle-relaxant. The antimuscarinic activity is weaker than that of atropine, N-butylscopolammonium bromide and dicyclomine whilst the direct muscle-relaxant activity is equal to or greater than that of papaverine. The peculiarly balanced ratio of the neurotropic and myotropic components ensures that the antispasmodic effect is the outcome of both, without one prevailing over the other. This not only rules out major atropine-like side-effects but renders rociverine potentially effective on spasm of the different viscera, of particular interest in viscera in which there is only minor involvement of cholinergic structures. The muscle-relaxant activity of rociverine is achieved by inhibiting the availability of Ca2+ at contraction site and not through an antiphosphodiesterasic mechanism, which might explain the absence of muscle-relaxant effects on the smooth musculature of the blood vessels.", "contents": "Rociverine, a new antispasmodic agent with balanced neurotropic and myotropic activity. A systematic study in vitro and in vivo of the antispasmodic agent 2-(diethylamino)-1-methylethyl cis-1-hydroxy (bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylate (rociverine) showed that its activity is both antimuscarinic and directly muscle-relaxant. The antimuscarinic activity is weaker than that of atropine, N-butylscopolammonium bromide and dicyclomine whilst the direct muscle-relaxant activity is equal to or greater than that of papaverine. The peculiarly balanced ratio of the neurotropic and myotropic components ensures that the antispasmodic effect is the outcome of both, without one prevailing over the other. This not only rules out major atropine-like side-effects but renders rociverine potentially effective on spasm of the different viscera, of particular interest in viscera in which there is only minor involvement of cholinergic structures. The muscle-relaxant activity of rociverine is achieved by inhibiting the availability of Ca2+ at contraction site and not through an antiphosphodiesterasic mechanism, which might explain the absence of muscle-relaxant effects on the smooth musculature of the blood vessels.", "PMID": 582702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1605", "title": "Correlation between the plasma concentration of free nicotinic acid and some of its pharmacological effects in the fasted rat after an oral dose of sorbinicate and of nicotinic acid.", "content": "D-Glucitol hexanicotinate (sorbinicate), when given orally to fasted rats, depresses the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides. The depression is about equal in intensity and duration to that induced by corresponding doses of nicotinic acid as such, but occurs in the presence of nicotinic acid plasma levels far lower than those obtained with nicotinic acid. In fact, sorbinicate is absorbed more slowly and more smoothly than is the case with nicotinic acid and the bioavailable nicotinic acid after oral sorbinicate administration is thought to be not more than 3--4% of the dose given. At the dose closest to that in clinical use sorbinicate exerts a more lasting effect than nicotinic acid both on FFA and on triglycerides, and at all the doses tested, contrary to nicotinic acid, sorbinicate did not induce plasma FFA rebound. This particular type of bioavailability, which differentiates sorbinicate from nicotinic acid, might explain the better effect on the plasma lipids as well as the absence of the side-effects that occur with nicotinic acid administration.", "contents": "Correlation between the plasma concentration of free nicotinic acid and some of its pharmacological effects in the fasted rat after an oral dose of sorbinicate and of nicotinic acid. D-Glucitol hexanicotinate (sorbinicate), when given orally to fasted rats, depresses the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides. The depression is about equal in intensity and duration to that induced by corresponding doses of nicotinic acid as such, but occurs in the presence of nicotinic acid plasma levels far lower than those obtained with nicotinic acid. In fact, sorbinicate is absorbed more slowly and more smoothly than is the case with nicotinic acid and the bioavailable nicotinic acid after oral sorbinicate administration is thought to be not more than 3--4% of the dose given. At the dose closest to that in clinical use sorbinicate exerts a more lasting effect than nicotinic acid both on FFA and on triglycerides, and at all the doses tested, contrary to nicotinic acid, sorbinicate did not induce plasma FFA rebound. This particular type of bioavailability, which differentiates sorbinicate from nicotinic acid, might explain the better effect on the plasma lipids as well as the absence of the side-effects that occur with nicotinic acid administration.", "PMID": 582703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1606", "title": "Polyvalent antiinflammatory activity of a polyanionic fraction of bovine pancreas. Potential value in the treatment of atherosclerosis.", "content": "A sulfomucopolysaccharide complex extracted from bovine pancreas displayed marked inhibitory activity against every one of a broad series of experimental inflammation models. No standard antiinflammatory drug has such all-inclusive action. The complex also exerts intense anticomplement activity in vitro. The potential antiatherosclerotic interest of this type of activity is suggested, in the light of recent hypotheses regarding the relevance of inflammatory and immune factors to the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Polyvalent antiinflammatory activity of a polyanionic fraction of bovine pancreas. Potential value in the treatment of atherosclerosis. A sulfomucopolysaccharide complex extracted from bovine pancreas displayed marked inhibitory activity against every one of a broad series of experimental inflammation models. No standard antiinflammatory drug has such all-inclusive action. The complex also exerts intense anticomplement activity in vitro. The potential antiatherosclerotic interest of this type of activity is suggested, in the light of recent hypotheses regarding the relevance of inflammatory and immune factors to the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 582704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1607", "title": "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 6-aryl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno[2,3-e] [1,4]diazepines.", "content": "A variety of 6-aryl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno-[2,3-e][1,4]diazepines was synthesized and tested for antipentylenetetrazole activity and inhibition of fighting episodes. The structure-activity relationships are discussed. Some compounds were more active than diazepam in the two assays. Among them, 6-(o-chlorophenyl)-8-ethyl-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepine was found to have favourable properties as an anxiolytic drug with very low toxicity. Clinical studies of this compound (Y-7131) are under way.", "contents": "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 6-aryl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno[2,3-e] [1,4]diazepines. A variety of 6-aryl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno-[2,3-e][1,4]diazepines was synthesized and tested for antipentylenetetrazole activity and inhibition of fighting episodes. The structure-activity relationships are discussed. Some compounds were more active than diazepam in the two assays. Among them, 6-(o-chlorophenyl)-8-ethyl-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo[3,4-c]thieno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepine was found to have favourable properties as an anxiolytic drug with very low toxicity. Clinical studies of this compound (Y-7131) are under way.", "PMID": 582705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1608", "title": "3H-Cymarol in man. Excretion pathways and serum protein binding.", "content": "In 10 patients, 5 having received 3H-cymarol i.v., 5 orally, the radioactivity in plasma, urine and in the feces of some patients also was determined. After oral administration the plasma levels rose rapidly reaching maximum levels 1--2 h after administration. After i.v. injection about 30% of the given radioactivity were excreted in the urine. The remaining radioactivity was found in the feces suggesting a high biliary excretion. Only 10% of the radioactivity excreted in the first 24 h were chloroform-extractable. The radioactivity found in the urine after oral administration of the drug amounted to 17.6%. Between 51.1 and 58.5% of the drug were bound to serum proteins.", "contents": "3H-Cymarol in man. Excretion pathways and serum protein binding. In 10 patients, 5 having received 3H-cymarol i.v., 5 orally, the radioactivity in plasma, urine and in the feces of some patients also was determined. After oral administration the plasma levels rose rapidly reaching maximum levels 1--2 h after administration. After i.v. injection about 30% of the given radioactivity were excreted in the urine. The remaining radioactivity was found in the feces suggesting a high biliary excretion. Only 10% of the radioactivity excreted in the first 24 h were chloroform-extractable. The radioactivity found in the urine after oral administration of the drug amounted to 17.6%. Between 51.1 and 58.5% of the drug were bound to serum proteins.", "PMID": 582706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1609", "title": "[Distribution and excretion of 14c-butylbiguanide in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven patients suffering from maturity on-set diabetes mellitus were given orally 100 mg of 14C-labelled butylbiguanide, specific activity 1.40 or 1.23 muCi/mg, resp. Three days before oral administration, two of the patients had received an i.v. injection of 50 mg butylbiguanide labelled with 120 muCi 14C. The radioactivity in the blood of the patients was followed up during the first 12-h period after administration of the drug. For determination of the radioactivity in the urine aliquots of three 24-h portions were measured. Furthermore, the radioactivity was checked of each individual sample of faeces for the first 72 h after administration. The radioactivity in the exhaled air was also measured. By comparison of the excretion after i.v. and oral application an absorption efficiency of 90% to 92% was calculated. Butylbiguanide is almost exclusively and fast excreted via the kidney. 86.5% of the i.v. administered material was eliminated within 24 h and 88.1% within 3 d in the urine of a person without kidney disease. Elimination through faeces was negligible, 0.2% in a person without kidney disease and 0.7% in a patient with renal insufficiency. The data obtained from the exhaled air show that there is only a negligible break-down of butylbiguanide, if any, to CO2 in man.", "contents": "[Distribution and excretion of 14c-butylbiguanide in man (author's transl)]. Seven patients suffering from maturity on-set diabetes mellitus were given orally 100 mg of 14C-labelled butylbiguanide, specific activity 1.40 or 1.23 muCi/mg, resp. Three days before oral administration, two of the patients had received an i.v. injection of 50 mg butylbiguanide labelled with 120 muCi 14C. The radioactivity in the blood of the patients was followed up during the first 12-h period after administration of the drug. For determination of the radioactivity in the urine aliquots of three 24-h portions were measured. Furthermore, the radioactivity was checked of each individual sample of faeces for the first 72 h after administration. The radioactivity in the exhaled air was also measured. By comparison of the excretion after i.v. and oral application an absorption efficiency of 90% to 92% was calculated. Butylbiguanide is almost exclusively and fast excreted via the kidney. 86.5% of the i.v. administered material was eliminated within 24 h and 88.1% within 3 d in the urine of a person without kidney disease. Elimination through faeces was negligible, 0.2% in a person without kidney disease and 0.7% in a patient with renal insufficiency. The data obtained from the exhaled air show that there is only a negligible break-down of butylbiguanide, if any, to CO2 in man.", "PMID": 582707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1610", "title": "Domperidone, a novel and safe gastrokinetic anti-nauseant for the treatment of dyspepsia and vomiting.", "content": "The new potent anti-nauseant 5-chloro-1-(1p[3-(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-propyl]-4-piperidinyl)-1.3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (domperidone), which in contrast to available anti-emetics does not provoke extrapyramidal or adrenolytic adverse effects, also enhances gastric emptying motility. Controlled clinical trials have confirmed its prokinetic effects on the stomach and its lack of side-effects, even at high doses. This anti-nauseant appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients, both adults and children, with dyspepsia or vomiting.", "contents": "Domperidone, a novel and safe gastrokinetic anti-nauseant for the treatment of dyspepsia and vomiting. The new potent anti-nauseant 5-chloro-1-(1p[3-(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-propyl]-4-piperidinyl)-1.3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (domperidone), which in contrast to available anti-emetics does not provoke extrapyramidal or adrenolytic adverse effects, also enhances gastric emptying motility. Controlled clinical trials have confirmed its prokinetic effects on the stomach and its lack of side-effects, even at high doses. This anti-nauseant appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients, both adults and children, with dyspepsia or vomiting.", "PMID": 582708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1611", "title": "Effects of oral domperidone on gastric emptying and motility. A double-blind comparison with placebo and metoclopramide.", "content": "The effects of an oral treatment with domperidone on the gastric motor function were investigated in a double-blind study, including 129 patients, referred to the department of radiology for barium meal examination. None of them had an organic obstruction or had had previous gastrointestinal surgery. The patients received either domperidone (50, 20 or 10 mg), metoclopramide (20 mg) or a placebo. The medication was given 30 min before the intake of the barium meal in order to stimulate therapeutic conditions. During the barium meal examination, an assessment was made of the peristaltic activity of the antrum, the gastric emptying and the small bowel transit time. As to these parameters, 50 mg and 20 mg domperidone and 20 mg metoclopramide were significantly superior to the placebo.", "contents": "Effects of oral domperidone on gastric emptying and motility. A double-blind comparison with placebo and metoclopramide. The effects of an oral treatment with domperidone on the gastric motor function were investigated in a double-blind study, including 129 patients, referred to the department of radiology for barium meal examination. None of them had an organic obstruction or had had previous gastrointestinal surgery. The patients received either domperidone (50, 20 or 10 mg), metoclopramide (20 mg) or a placebo. The medication was given 30 min before the intake of the barium meal in order to stimulate therapeutic conditions. During the barium meal examination, an assessment was made of the peristaltic activity of the antrum, the gastric emptying and the small bowel transit time. As to these parameters, 50 mg and 20 mg domperidone and 20 mg metoclopramide were significantly superior to the placebo.", "PMID": 582709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1612", "title": "[Indometacin glucosamide in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were included in a double blind trial to assess efficacy and side effects of indometacin (n = 20) versus glucametacin (n = 20). In a daily dose of 420 mg glucametacin proved to be equally potent to 150 mg indometacin daily in its anti-inflammatory activity but showed fewer side effects.", "contents": "[Indometacin glucosamide in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. 40 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were included in a double blind trial to assess efficacy and side effects of indometacin (n = 20) versus glucametacin (n = 20). In a daily dose of 420 mg glucametacin proved to be equally potent to 150 mg indometacin daily in its anti-inflammatory activity but showed fewer side effects.", "PMID": 582710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1613", "title": "New 4-pyridonyl-acetamido-cephalosporins and related compounds.", "content": "A series of 4-pyridonyl-acetamido-cephalosporins of the following general formula and some compounds related to it have been prepared. Some new 4-pyridones and 4-pyridon-1-yl-acetic acids have been synthesized, and their conversion, by various methods, to give the compounds named in the title is described.", "contents": "New 4-pyridonyl-acetamido-cephalosporins and related compounds. A series of 4-pyridonyl-acetamido-cephalosporins of the following general formula and some compounds related to it have been prepared. Some new 4-pyridones and 4-pyridon-1-yl-acetic acids have been synthesized, and their conversion, by various methods, to give the compounds named in the title is described.", "PMID": 582711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1614", "title": "In vitro studies with cefazedone.", "content": "The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,3]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) were tested in vitro against 358 bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of cefazedone corresponds largely to that of cephalothin. Cefazedone is also active at a concentration of 16 micrograms/ml against 100% of enterococci, which can be classified as moderately effective, compared to cephalothin, which is completely ineffective. The MIC values from the dilution broth technique are in good correlation with the results determined by agar diffusion tests.", "contents": "In vitro studies with cefazedone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,3]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) were tested in vitro against 358 bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of cefazedone corresponds largely to that of cephalothin. Cefazedone is also active at a concentration of 16 micrograms/ml against 100% of enterococci, which can be classified as moderately effective, compared to cephalothin, which is completely ineffective. The MIC values from the dilution broth technique are in good correlation with the results determined by agar diffusion tests.", "PMID": 582713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1615", "title": "MIC determination, disc sensitivity testing, and analysis of regression in cefazedone and cefazolin.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl-a1-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen)), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative were determined by a broth dilution technique. In comparison with cefazolin 130 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, recent clinical isolates, were tested. In parallel, inhibition zones for the same organisms were determined by a standardized disc technique using 30-micrograms discs. According to the calculated regression lines a good correlation was found for cefazedone and cefazolin between the MIC values and the diameters of the inhibition zones (correlation coefficients r = --0.90 and --0.92, respectively). Taking into account the dosages recommended for cefazedone and the mean serum concentrations to which they give rise, appropriate categories of sensitivity (break points) for susceptibility testing are recommended.", "contents": "MIC determination, disc sensitivity testing, and analysis of regression in cefazedone and cefazolin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl-a1-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen)), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative were determined by a broth dilution technique. In comparison with cefazolin 130 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, recent clinical isolates, were tested. In parallel, inhibition zones for the same organisms were determined by a standardized disc technique using 30-micrograms discs. According to the calculated regression lines a good correlation was found for cefazedone and cefazolin between the MIC values and the diameters of the inhibition zones (correlation coefficients r = --0.90 and --0.92, respectively). Taking into account the dosages recommended for cefazedone and the mean serum concentrations to which they give rise, appropriate categories of sensitivity (break points) for susceptibility testing are recommended.", "PMID": 582714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1616", "title": "Blood levels and tissue concentrations of cefazedone in animals.", "content": "In mice, dogs, and rabbits blood and serum levels were evaluated after parenteral application of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephalothin and cefazolin. In all three animal species cefazedone produced higher and more prolonged serum levels than did cefazolin. Evaluation of serum protein binding in mouse, dog and rabbit serum revealed marked differences between the species. Cefazedone and cefazolin tissue concentrations were evaluated in rabbits. Both antibiotics did not penetrate the CSF or brain tissue. In all other tissues examined (except bone marrow) higher and more prolonged tissue levels were attained with cefazedone than with cefazolin.", "contents": "Blood levels and tissue concentrations of cefazedone in animals. In mice, dogs, and rabbits blood and serum levels were evaluated after parenteral application of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephalothin and cefazolin. In all three animal species cefazedone produced higher and more prolonged serum levels than did cefazolin. Evaluation of serum protein binding in mouse, dog and rabbit serum revealed marked differences between the species. Cefazedone and cefazolin tissue concentrations were evaluated in rabbits. Both antibiotics did not penetrate the CSF or brain tissue. In all other tissues examined (except bone marrow) higher and more prolonged tissue levels were attained with cefazedone than with cefazolin.", "PMID": 582715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1617", "title": "Comparison of cefazedone with cefazolin and cephalothin in treatment of experimental infections in mice.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic efficacy of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) was assayed in comparison to cefazolin and cephalothin in experimental bacterial murine infections with 6 gram-positive and 8 gram-negative strains of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pasteurella and Salmonella. In 5 out of 14 strains (Staphylococci, Streptococci, E. coli, Klebsiella) cefazedone was markedly superior to cefazolin, whereas both compounds were of similar activity against the remaining 9 isolates. As compared to cephalothin, cefazedone exhibited highly superior effectiveness in all organisms tested.", "contents": "Comparison of cefazedone with cefazolin and cephalothin in treatment of experimental infections in mice. The chemotherapeutic efficacy of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) was assayed in comparison to cefazolin and cephalothin in experimental bacterial murine infections with 6 gram-positive and 8 gram-negative strains of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pasteurella and Salmonella. In 5 out of 14 strains (Staphylococci, Streptococci, E. coli, Klebsiella) cefazedone was markedly superior to cefazolin, whereas both compounds were of similar activity against the remaining 9 isolates. As compared to cephalothin, cefazedone exhibited highly superior effectiveness in all organisms tested.", "PMID": 582716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1618", "title": "Experimental investigations of the renal tolerance of cefazedone.", "content": "Renal tolerance tests in Wistar rats (n = 40) over 12 days showed that the tubulotoxic threshold dose of the cephalosporin antibiotic (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) is 2000 mg/kg/day when the cell excretion rates in the urine are used as the parameter of toxicity. It is concluded that cefazedone and cefazolin are similar in respect of their nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Experimental investigations of the renal tolerance of cefazedone. Renal tolerance tests in Wistar rats (n = 40) over 12 days showed that the tubulotoxic threshold dose of the cephalosporin antibiotic (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) is 2000 mg/kg/day when the cell excretion rates in the urine are used as the parameter of toxicity. It is concluded that cefazedone and cefazolin are similar in respect of their nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 582719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1619", "title": "Investigations on the action of cefazedone and gentamicin, alone and combined, on renal enzyme excretion in rats.", "content": "Administration of (6R, 7 R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4 H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) in a dose of 1000 mg/kg led to a statistically significant rise of the alkaline phosphatase activity in rat urine. The excretion of leucinaminopeptidase activity was not significantly affected. The enzyme activity in the animals' urine was raised by the administration of 100 mg/kg of gentamicin. Combined administration of the two antibiotics in the doses mentioned did not lead to any additive action. The established increases in activity were in the same range as after the administration of only one of the antibiotics.", "contents": "Investigations on the action of cefazedone and gentamicin, alone and combined, on renal enzyme excretion in rats. Administration of (6R, 7 R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4 H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) in a dose of 1000 mg/kg led to a statistically significant rise of the alkaline phosphatase activity in rat urine. The excretion of leucinaminopeptidase activity was not significantly affected. The enzyme activity in the animals' urine was raised by the administration of 100 mg/kg of gentamicin. Combined administration of the two antibiotics in the doses mentioned did not lead to any additive action. The established increases in activity were in the same range as after the administration of only one of the antibiotics.", "PMID": 582720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1620", "title": "Clinical pharmacology phase I of cefazedone, a new cephalosporin, in healthy volunteers. I. Tolerance in comparison with cefazolin.", "content": "In conjunction with pharmacokinetic investigations, the tolerance of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1 (4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,34-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was compared with that of cefazolin in two consecutive cross-over studies conducted on 10 healthy male volunteers each. The systemic tolerance of cefazedone after 1 X 500 mg and 1 X 1000 mg i.v., and 1 X 500 mg i.m. injections was very good and comparable with that of cefazolin. The same holds true for the local tolerance after i.v. administration. The local tolerance of i.m. administered cefazedone can also be classified as good when compared with that of cefazolin.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology phase I of cefazedone, a new cephalosporin, in healthy volunteers. I. Tolerance in comparison with cefazolin. In conjunction with pharmacokinetic investigations, the tolerance of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1 (4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,34-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was compared with that of cefazolin in two consecutive cross-over studies conducted on 10 healthy male volunteers each. The systemic tolerance of cefazedone after 1 X 500 mg and 1 X 1000 mg i.v., and 1 X 500 mg i.m. injections was very good and comparable with that of cefazolin. The same holds true for the local tolerance after i.v. administration. The local tolerance of i.m. administered cefazedone can also be classified as good when compared with that of cefazolin.", "PMID": 582721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1621", "title": "Clinical pharmacology phase I of cefazedone, a new cephalosporin, in healthy volunteers. II. Pharmacokinetics in comparison with cefazolin.", "content": "In two consecutive cross-over studies, each involving 10 healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamindo)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) in comparison with cefazolin were investigated after single i.v. and i.m. administration. The doses were: i.v. cefazedone 500 mg and 1000 mg; cefazolin 1000 mg; i.m. cefazedone 500 mg, cefazolin 500 mg. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed by applying an open two-compartment model. The pharmacokinetics of cefazedone are nearly identical with those of cefazolin. In particular, it must be noted that cefazedone has a relatively long serum elimination half-life (1.64 +/- 0.23 h after i.v. and 1.85 +/- 0.51 h after i.m. administration) and that cefazedone exhibits, in comparison with cefazolin, a more favourable concentration ratio of central vs. peripheral (= tissue) compartment (1:2).", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology phase I of cefazedone, a new cephalosporin, in healthy volunteers. II. Pharmacokinetics in comparison with cefazolin. In two consecutive cross-over studies, each involving 10 healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamindo)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) in comparison with cefazolin were investigated after single i.v. and i.m. administration. The doses were: i.v. cefazedone 500 mg and 1000 mg; cefazolin 1000 mg; i.m. cefazedone 500 mg, cefazolin 500 mg. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed by applying an open two-compartment model. The pharmacokinetics of cefazedone are nearly identical with those of cefazolin. In particular, it must be noted that cefazedone has a relatively long serum elimination half-life (1.64 +/- 0.23 h after i.v. and 1.85 +/- 0.51 h after i.m. administration) and that cefazedone exhibits, in comparison with cefazolin, a more favourable concentration ratio of central vs. peripheral (= tissue) compartment (1:2).", "PMID": 582722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1622", "title": "Investigations on the potential nephrotoxicity of cefazedone and gentamicin and of their combination, in comparison with the combination of cefazolin and cephalothin with gentamicin.", "content": "The nephrotoxicity of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-Dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephalothin, cefazolin and gentamicin was investigated by the determination of alanine-amino-peptidase (AAP) in urine of healthy volunteers. The results were compared with those obtained by application of the respective combination. The beta-lactam antibiotics showed no effect on the elimination of the characteristic tubule enzyme, while gentamicin, as is known, induced a marked increase of the enzyme elimination. The results with cefazedone + gentamicin show that the determining component on the extent of AAP elimination is the aminoglycoside exclusively, where high and low responders can be observed. When the experiments with gentamicin and with the combination gentamicin and cefazedone were carried out with the same volunteers, no additive effects could be observed.", "contents": "Investigations on the potential nephrotoxicity of cefazedone and gentamicin and of their combination, in comparison with the combination of cefazolin and cephalothin with gentamicin. The nephrotoxicity of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-Dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), cephalothin, cefazolin and gentamicin was investigated by the determination of alanine-amino-peptidase (AAP) in urine of healthy volunteers. The results were compared with those obtained by application of the respective combination. The beta-lactam antibiotics showed no effect on the elimination of the characteristic tubule enzyme, while gentamicin, as is known, induced a marked increase of the enzyme elimination. The results with cefazedone + gentamicin show that the determining component on the extent of AAP elimination is the aminoglycoside exclusively, where high and low responders can be observed. When the experiments with gentamicin and with the combination gentamicin and cefazedone were carried out with the same volunteers, no additive effects could be observed.", "PMID": 582724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1623", "title": "Clinical study on the tolerance of cefazedone.", "content": "Tolerance of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) (3X1 g or 3X2 g/day; dosage interval 8 hours; duration of treatment 1 week) was examined in i.v. administration to 20 patients using numerous parameters. In 2 patients treatment was stopped sooner on account of the development of a morbilliform rash; a causal relation between this and the chemotherapy seemed probable in one case and possible in the other. 1 patient developed a transitory thrombocytosis without clinical symptoms, in 2 female patients yeasts were found in the mid-stream urine. Changes in the red or white blood count, in serum electrolytes, in bilirubin or increases in the activity of serum enzymes were not found. Indications of disturbances in renal function could be ruled out by examinations of endogenous creatinine clearance; repeat analyses of excretion of erythrocytes, nucleated cells and various urinary enzymes did not provide any indication of even slight renal lesions. Local tolerance of the substance was good.", "contents": "Clinical study on the tolerance of cefazedone. Tolerance of (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) (3X1 g or 3X2 g/day; dosage interval 8 hours; duration of treatment 1 week) was examined in i.v. administration to 20 patients using numerous parameters. In 2 patients treatment was stopped sooner on account of the development of a morbilliform rash; a causal relation between this and the chemotherapy seemed probable in one case and possible in the other. 1 patient developed a transitory thrombocytosis without clinical symptoms, in 2 female patients yeasts were found in the mid-stream urine. Changes in the red or white blood count, in serum electrolytes, in bilirubin or increases in the activity of serum enzymes were not found. Indications of disturbances in renal function could be ruled out by examinations of endogenous creatinine clearance; repeat analyses of excretion of erythrocytes, nucleated cells and various urinary enzymes did not provide any indication of even slight renal lesions. Local tolerance of the substance was good.", "PMID": 582725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1624", "title": "Clinical evaluation of cefazedone.", "content": "The results of clinical trials with (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), a new cephalosporin derivative, are reported. Overall clinical assessment in a variety of indications, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, biliary tract and other abdominal infections, surgical and dermatological infections, gynaecological infections, on 699 patients showed very good and good results in 90.5% of patients. No difference in clinical effect was seen between twice daily and three times daily dosage. Local and general tolerance was very good. Changes in laboratory parameters attributable to the drug were infrequent and returned mostly from pathological to normal.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of cefazedone. The results of clinical trials with (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen), a new cephalosporin derivative, are reported. Overall clinical assessment in a variety of indications, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, biliary tract and other abdominal infections, surgical and dermatological infections, gynaecological infections, on 699 patients showed very good and good results in 90.5% of patients. No difference in clinical effect was seen between twice daily and three times daily dosage. Local and general tolerance was very good. Changes in laboratory parameters attributable to the drug were infrequent and returned mostly from pathological to normal.", "PMID": 582726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1625", "title": "Investigations on group allergy reactions to cefazedone in patients with penicillin allergy of the anaphylactic type (type I) and of the delayed type (type IV).", "content": "Allergological investigations (scratch test, intracutaneous test, RAST test, patch test) on 19 patients displaying allergies of type I or IV, respectively, against penicillin G according to Coombs and Gell, in the skin test with (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) revealed in two cases group allergy against cefazedone. The studies demonstrate that group allergic reactions against cefazedone are quite possible in patients with primary allergy to penicillin derivatives or other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "Investigations on group allergy reactions to cefazedone in patients with penicillin allergy of the anaphylactic type (type I) and of the delayed type (type IV). Allergological investigations (scratch test, intracutaneous test, RAST test, patch test) on 19 patients displaying allergies of type I or IV, respectively, against penicillin G according to Coombs and Gell, in the skin test with (6R,7R)-7-(2-[3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl]-acetamido)-3-([(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio]methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) revealed in two cases group allergy against cefazedone. The studies demonstrate that group allergic reactions against cefazedone are quite possible in patients with primary allergy to penicillin derivatives or other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 582727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1626", "title": "Potential antineoplastics. 4th communication: N-mustard derivatives of estrone).", "content": "The nitrogen mustards 5 and 9 are synthesized as potential mammatropic antineoplastic agents from estrone via 2--4 or 6--8, respectively. 5 and 9 show a binding affinity to the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor of the rat uterus of 1--10% compared to that of estrone. Both mustard compounds are irreversibly bound to the estrogen receptor.", "contents": "Potential antineoplastics. 4th communication: N-mustard derivatives of estrone). The nitrogen mustards 5 and 9 are synthesized as potential mammatropic antineoplastic agents from estrone via 2--4 or 6--8, respectively. 5 and 9 show a binding affinity to the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor of the rat uterus of 1--10% compared to that of estrone. Both mustard compounds are irreversibly bound to the estrogen receptor.", "PMID": 582728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1627", "title": "Studies on some new thiosemicarbazones as potential antitubercular agents.", "content": "Twenty-one 4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazides and their new vanillin-4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazones have been prepared in good yield. Antitubercular activity of five of the vanillin-4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazones was evaluated against mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37 Ra in L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. In addition to IR, biological activity and TLC studies for thiosemicarbazones were carried out.", "contents": "Studies on some new thiosemicarbazones as potential antitubercular agents. Twenty-one 4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazides and their new vanillin-4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazones have been prepared in good yield. Antitubercular activity of five of the vanillin-4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazones was evaluated against mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37 Ra in L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. In addition to IR, biological activity and TLC studies for thiosemicarbazones were carried out.", "PMID": 582729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1628", "title": "Antiarrhythmic properties of carbocromen. Effects on depressed activity of sinoatrial and atrioventricular node.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized dogs and guinea pigs effects of carbocromen on the specific conduction system of the heart (SA- and AV-node) are demonstrated using a special experimental model. 2. Carbocromen stimulates and reestablishes to normal SA- and AV-node activity previously depressed by organic Ca2+-antagonistic drugs. 3. The results suggest an action of carbocromen on the \"slow membrane currents\" because it antagonizes negative effects of slow current inhibitors. There is no indication that the drug acts as an Ca2+-agonist. The basic mechanism of action is not clear, different possible effects are discussed. 4. Practical clinical consequences are reviewed: by improving a depressed AV-conduction carbocromen may prevent or interrupt different junctional re-entry arrhythmias.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic properties of carbocromen. Effects on depressed activity of sinoatrial and atrioventricular node. 1. In anaesthetized dogs and guinea pigs effects of carbocromen on the specific conduction system of the heart (SA- and AV-node) are demonstrated using a special experimental model. 2. Carbocromen stimulates and reestablishes to normal SA- and AV-node activity previously depressed by organic Ca2+-antagonistic drugs. 3. The results suggest an action of carbocromen on the \"slow membrane currents\" because it antagonizes negative effects of slow current inhibitors. There is no indication that the drug acts as an Ca2+-agonist. The basic mechanism of action is not clear, different possible effects are discussed. 4. Practical clinical consequences are reviewed: by improving a depressed AV-conduction carbocromen may prevent or interrupt different junctional re-entry arrhythmias.", "PMID": 582730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1629", "title": "The effect of diuretic drugs on lymph flow in experimental ascites.", "content": "The effect of several diuretic agents on thoracic duct and right lymph trunk lymph flow, and on some other parameters was examined in normal dogs and dogs with ascites produced by the constriction of inferior cava vein. In normal animals furosemide and etacrynic acid in diuretic doses did not influence thoracic duct lymph flow and reduced slightly arterial pressure and GFR (creatinine clearance). Hydrochlorothiazide increased slightly thoracic duct flow. Neither of the drugs had any significant influence on right trunk lymph flow. In dogs with ascites all drugs tested (furosemide, etacrynic acid and mercurophylline) reduced lymph flow in the thoracic duct but had no effect on the flow in the right trunk. The drugs reduced markedly arterial and inferior cava venous pressure. It is concluded that their effect on ascites is not based on enhanced lymphatic absorption and transport but mainly on the reduction of fluid and protein leakage from the liver sinusoids.", "contents": "The effect of diuretic drugs on lymph flow in experimental ascites. The effect of several diuretic agents on thoracic duct and right lymph trunk lymph flow, and on some other parameters was examined in normal dogs and dogs with ascites produced by the constriction of inferior cava vein. In normal animals furosemide and etacrynic acid in diuretic doses did not influence thoracic duct lymph flow and reduced slightly arterial pressure and GFR (creatinine clearance). Hydrochlorothiazide increased slightly thoracic duct flow. Neither of the drugs had any significant influence on right trunk lymph flow. In dogs with ascites all drugs tested (furosemide, etacrynic acid and mercurophylline) reduced lymph flow in the thoracic duct but had no effect on the flow in the right trunk. The drugs reduced markedly arterial and inferior cava venous pressure. It is concluded that their effect on ascites is not based on enhanced lymphatic absorption and transport but mainly on the reduction of fluid and protein leakage from the liver sinusoids.", "PMID": 582731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1630", "title": "Studies on the effect of cyclophosphamide on Yoshida sarcoma ascites cells implanted into the colon wall of rats.", "content": "Yoshida ascites cells in doses of 10(3)X300, 500, 1500, and 3000 cells per animal were injected into the wall of the descending colon of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats each. Doses of 10(3)X1500 cells and more per animal yielded a 100% rate of take-up of the graft. Whereas untreated control animals died medianly after 17 days, a single i.p. application of 70 mg/kg cyclophosphamide on days 8 or 10, respectively, after the tumor cell inoculation considerably prolonged the survival times. In both cases the median survival time amounted to more than 60 days. The application of the cytostatic drug 12 days after tumor cell implantation yielded only a slight increase in the median survival time (23 days). The introduction of this tumor model for screening new chemotherapeutics or combinations of chemotherapeutics to be used against colon tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of cyclophosphamide on Yoshida sarcoma ascites cells implanted into the colon wall of rats. Yoshida ascites cells in doses of 10(3)X300, 500, 1500, and 3000 cells per animal were injected into the wall of the descending colon of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats each. Doses of 10(3)X1500 cells and more per animal yielded a 100% rate of take-up of the graft. Whereas untreated control animals died medianly after 17 days, a single i.p. application of 70 mg/kg cyclophosphamide on days 8 or 10, respectively, after the tumor cell inoculation considerably prolonged the survival times. In both cases the median survival time amounted to more than 60 days. The application of the cytostatic drug 12 days after tumor cell implantation yielded only a slight increase in the median survival time (23 days). The introduction of this tumor model for screening new chemotherapeutics or combinations of chemotherapeutics to be used against colon tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 582732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1631", "title": "Teratogenic effect of cyclophosphamide and the preventive effects of pyrithinoldehydrochloride monohydrate.", "content": "Teratogenic effects were induced in outbred Swiss mice by treatment of 8-week-old pregnant females with one of five different doses (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg b.w.) of cyclophosphamide. Because the 11.5th day of pregnancy was the most effective day to induce malformations in mice, animals treated on this day were used for prophylactic studies. A preliminary study had shown that 30 mg/kg b.w. cyclophosphamide was the ideal dose to produce 100% malformations on the 11.5th day of pregnancy. From day 7.5 to 9.5 all fetuses were resorbed with this dosage. Most malformations were induced with 20, 30 or 40 mg/kg b.w., whereas 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. caused no alterations of the fetuses. The frequency distributions of the various induced malformations and combined malformations of a positive control group (30 mg/kg b.w. of cyclophosphamide on the 11.5th day of pregnancy) were compared to those found in groups receiving different doses of the prophylactic. This substance reduced significantly the rate of malformations; 1/160 LD50 pyrithinoldehydrochloride monohydrate administered 4 times prior to cyclophosphamide treatment was the most effective. However, a complete prevention of teratogenic effects could not be accomplished.", "contents": "Teratogenic effect of cyclophosphamide and the preventive effects of pyrithinoldehydrochloride monohydrate. Teratogenic effects were induced in outbred Swiss mice by treatment of 8-week-old pregnant females with one of five different doses (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg b.w.) of cyclophosphamide. Because the 11.5th day of pregnancy was the most effective day to induce malformations in mice, animals treated on this day were used for prophylactic studies. A preliminary study had shown that 30 mg/kg b.w. cyclophosphamide was the ideal dose to produce 100% malformations on the 11.5th day of pregnancy. From day 7.5 to 9.5 all fetuses were resorbed with this dosage. Most malformations were induced with 20, 30 or 40 mg/kg b.w., whereas 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. caused no alterations of the fetuses. The frequency distributions of the various induced malformations and combined malformations of a positive control group (30 mg/kg b.w. of cyclophosphamide on the 11.5th day of pregnancy) were compared to those found in groups receiving different doses of the prophylactic. This substance reduced significantly the rate of malformations; 1/160 LD50 pyrithinoldehydrochloride monohydrate administered 4 times prior to cyclophosphamide treatment was the most effective. However, a complete prevention of teratogenic effects could not be accomplished.", "PMID": 582733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1632", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of i.m. injected polyenylphosphatidylcholine liposomes.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of i.m. applied polyenylphosphatidylcholine liposomes has been investigated in rats with the aid of 3H- and 14C-labelled di-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine. The experiments stated an efflux of polyenylphosphatidylcholine from muscle injection site with a half-life of 8.6 h. The analysis of remaining polyenylphosphatidylcholine at muscle injection site showed the great stability of this substance. After 24 h approximately 60% of remaining polyenylphosphatidylcholine are not disintegrated. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine was transported mainly to liver by high-density lipoproteins and other fractions with greater density. The rate constants were calculated. Approximately 50% of applied polyenylphosphatidylcholine were incorporated into liver as intact di-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine. Hydrolyzed fatty acids form triglycerides and cholesterolesters whereas lyso-phosphatidylcholine is reesterified to phosphatidylcholine again.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of i.m. injected polyenylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. The pharmacokinetics of i.m. applied polyenylphosphatidylcholine liposomes has been investigated in rats with the aid of 3H- and 14C-labelled di-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine. The experiments stated an efflux of polyenylphosphatidylcholine from muscle injection site with a half-life of 8.6 h. The analysis of remaining polyenylphosphatidylcholine at muscle injection site showed the great stability of this substance. After 24 h approximately 60% of remaining polyenylphosphatidylcholine are not disintegrated. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine was transported mainly to liver by high-density lipoproteins and other fractions with greater density. The rate constants were calculated. Approximately 50% of applied polyenylphosphatidylcholine were incorporated into liver as intact di-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine. Hydrolyzed fatty acids form triglycerides and cholesterolesters whereas lyso-phosphatidylcholine is reesterified to phosphatidylcholine again.", "PMID": 582734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1633", "title": "[Expeimental studies in animals on a new lipid lowering compound: etiroxate hydrochloride (author's transl)].", "content": "D,L-alpha-Methyl-thyroxin-ethylester hydrochloride (etiroxate hydrochloride, CG 635, Skleronorm) has been proved to be highly effective in lowering serum lipids in rats. Even daily oral doses of 3.3 mumol etiroxate hydrochloride/kg (2.8 mg/kg) decrease serum cholesterol significantly in hypercholesterolemic rats. From a dose of 10 mg/kg upwards etiroxate hydrochloride also significantly reduces serum triglycerides. Etiroxate hydrochloride has much less effect on oxygen consumption, heart rate and heart weight of rats than have L-thyroxin and D-thyroxin, and its antigoitrogenic effect is also much slighter. As calculated from the ratio between relative effect on basal metabolism and relative effect on serum cholesterol, the relative therapeutic index of the compound is 10--35 in comparison to a relative therapeutic index of 1 for L-thyroxin and D-thyroxin.", "contents": "[Expeimental studies in animals on a new lipid lowering compound: etiroxate hydrochloride (author's transl)]. D,L-alpha-Methyl-thyroxin-ethylester hydrochloride (etiroxate hydrochloride, CG 635, Skleronorm) has been proved to be highly effective in lowering serum lipids in rats. Even daily oral doses of 3.3 mumol etiroxate hydrochloride/kg (2.8 mg/kg) decrease serum cholesterol significantly in hypercholesterolemic rats. From a dose of 10 mg/kg upwards etiroxate hydrochloride also significantly reduces serum triglycerides. Etiroxate hydrochloride has much less effect on oxygen consumption, heart rate and heart weight of rats than have L-thyroxin and D-thyroxin, and its antigoitrogenic effect is also much slighter. As calculated from the ratio between relative effect on basal metabolism and relative effect on serum cholesterol, the relative therapeutic index of the compound is 10--35 in comparison to a relative therapeutic index of 1 for L-thyroxin and D-thyroxin.", "PMID": 582735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1634", "title": "The antithrombotic activity of viquidil, a cerebral vasodilator.", "content": "1-(6-Methoxy-4-quinolyl)-3-(3-vinyl-4-piperidyl)-1-propanone (viquidil, Desclidium) when administered parenterally was a potent inhibitor of thrombus formation in the microvasculature of the hamster cheek pouch. The drug was active at a minimum dose level of approximately 2.5 X 10(-4) mg/kg and appeared to be more potent than papaverine in the same test system. Papaverine was shown to be toxic at higher dose levels with intermittent vasodilatation and haemorrhage. Viquidil, however, appeared to be approximately twice as potent as papaverine and was apparently without toxic side-effects.", "contents": "The antithrombotic activity of viquidil, a cerebral vasodilator. 1-(6-Methoxy-4-quinolyl)-3-(3-vinyl-4-piperidyl)-1-propanone (viquidil, Desclidium) when administered parenterally was a potent inhibitor of thrombus formation in the microvasculature of the hamster cheek pouch. The drug was active at a minimum dose level of approximately 2.5 X 10(-4) mg/kg and appeared to be more potent than papaverine in the same test system. Papaverine was shown to be toxic at higher dose levels with intermittent vasodilatation and haemorrhage. Viquidil, however, appeared to be approximately twice as potent as papaverine and was apparently without toxic side-effects.", "PMID": 582736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1635", "title": "[Influence of 2-dimethylaminoethanol on the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in rats and mice (author's transl)].", "content": "2-Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE; 0.1--0.5 g/kg) significantly reduced the paracetamol-induced increments of serum-enzyme activities (GOT, GPT, SDH) in rats and mice. This hepatoprotective effect of DMAE depended on the applied dose in rats, but there was no complete protection following the highest dose. Paracetamol-induced depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) was not influenced by the simultaneous administration of DMAE in rats and mice. Metabolic disposition of paracetamol in the urine of rats showed an enhanced elimination of free paracetamol and the glucuronide in the DMAE-treated group, whereas the mercapturate excretion remained unchanged. Diminished p-hydroxylation of aniline in a 9000Xg supernatant of rat and mouse liver homogenates in the presence of DMAE indicated an inhibition of microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity, which is also involved in the metabolic activation of paracetamol.", "contents": "[Influence of 2-dimethylaminoethanol on the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in rats and mice (author's transl)]. 2-Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE; 0.1--0.5 g/kg) significantly reduced the paracetamol-induced increments of serum-enzyme activities (GOT, GPT, SDH) in rats and mice. This hepatoprotective effect of DMAE depended on the applied dose in rats, but there was no complete protection following the highest dose. Paracetamol-induced depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) was not influenced by the simultaneous administration of DMAE in rats and mice. Metabolic disposition of paracetamol in the urine of rats showed an enhanced elimination of free paracetamol and the glucuronide in the DMAE-treated group, whereas the mercapturate excretion remained unchanged. Diminished p-hydroxylation of aniline in a 9000Xg supernatant of rat and mouse liver homogenates in the presence of DMAE indicated an inhibition of microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity, which is also involved in the metabolic activation of paracetamol.", "PMID": 582737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1636", "title": "Mice protection with 2,4-monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl-sorbitol (MSF) against acute toxicity due to Amanita phalloides.", "content": "2,4-Monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl-sorbitol (MSF), which protects rats against a number of hepatotoxins, also reduces the death rate in mice receiving a crude Amanita phalloides powder (APP) by i.p. route, this protective effect being dose- and time-dependent. MSF-pretreatment greatly reduces APP-induced liver damage and blood serum GOT and GPT increase. MSF antagonizes APP more effectively than do mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) and silymarin. The results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Mice protection with 2,4-monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl-sorbitol (MSF) against acute toxicity due to Amanita phalloides. 2,4-Monofurfurylidene-tetra-O-methyl-sorbitol (MSF), which protects rats against a number of hepatotoxins, also reduces the death rate in mice receiving a crude Amanita phalloides powder (APP) by i.p. route, this protective effect being dose- and time-dependent. MSF-pretreatment greatly reduces APP-induced liver damage and blood serum GOT and GPT increase. MSF antagonizes APP more effectively than do mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) and silymarin. The results are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 582738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1637", "title": "A newly developed precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for clonidine.", "content": "A new precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for clonidine has been developed. Synthesis and analysis of the hapten (4-carboxy-clonidine; St 1984) as well as antibody production in rabbits are described in detail. At a final dilution of 1:1000 the resulting immune serum binds 50% of a tritiated clonidine standard containing 1 ng of clonidine. The detection limit of the presented radioimmunoassay for clonidine is 0.1 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation did not exceed 4.3% for any of 7 standard determinations with 5 replicates. There was no relevant cross-reactivity of inactive clonidine metabolites apart from 4-OH-clonidine. To avoid any errors from cross-reaction clonidine was selectively and quantitatively extracted into diethylether from unknown plasma samples. Following concentration of the extracts even such low concentrations as 20 pg of clonidine/ml plasma were detectable. With the radioimmunoassay applied in pharmacokinetic studies a maximal clonidine concentration in blood plasma of healthy human volunteers was determined to 0.6 ng/ml 1.5 h after oral administration of 150 micrograms.", "contents": "A newly developed precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for clonidine. A new precise and sensitive radioimmunoassay for clonidine has been developed. Synthesis and analysis of the hapten (4-carboxy-clonidine; St 1984) as well as antibody production in rabbits are described in detail. At a final dilution of 1:1000 the resulting immune serum binds 50% of a tritiated clonidine standard containing 1 ng of clonidine. The detection limit of the presented radioimmunoassay for clonidine is 0.1 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation did not exceed 4.3% for any of 7 standard determinations with 5 replicates. There was no relevant cross-reactivity of inactive clonidine metabolites apart from 4-OH-clonidine. To avoid any errors from cross-reaction clonidine was selectively and quantitatively extracted into diethylether from unknown plasma samples. Following concentration of the extracts even such low concentrations as 20 pg of clonidine/ml plasma were detectable. With the radioimmunoassay applied in pharmacokinetic studies a maximal clonidine concentration in blood plasma of healthy human volunteers was determined to 0.6 ng/ml 1.5 h after oral administration of 150 micrograms.", "PMID": 582739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1638", "title": "Effects of dilazep (AS-05) on human blood platelet aggregation.", "content": "The effects of tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine-1,4 (5H)-dipropanol-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate diester (dilazep) on platelet aggregation were studied by aggregometer-technique in vitro, using platelet-rich plasma obtained from healthy subjects. As agents for platelet aggregation, norepinephrine, at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, and ADP, at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, were added. There was some inhibition when compared to controls with 200 micrograms/ml of dilazep, and complete inhibition on both norepinephrine and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with 500 micrograms/ml. The effects of dilazep on platelet aggregation before and after administration (75 mg) in vivo, using platelet-rich plasma obtained from healthy subjects, were studied in accordance with the screen filtration pressure method. In all cases the inhibitory tendency was first seen 30 min after administration. It reached a peak after 60--120 min and tended to return to the initial value after 180 min. The effects of dilazep (150 mg/day for 4 weeks) and verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/day for 4 weeks) on platelet aggregation in vivo, using plasma obtained from sixteen patients with coronary insufficiency, were determined in each group before and after drug administration. A significant difference in the group receiving dilazep was found at tO = 3.2643 and  less than 0.01 in the Student's t-test (two dependent sample cases). In the experiments with verapamil hydrochloride there were no significant differences in the results before and after administration. However, there was a slight tendency towards a decrease of effects two weeks after administration.", "contents": "Effects of dilazep (AS-05) on human blood platelet aggregation. The effects of tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine-1,4 (5H)-dipropanol-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate diester (dilazep) on platelet aggregation were studied by aggregometer-technique in vitro, using platelet-rich plasma obtained from healthy subjects. As agents for platelet aggregation, norepinephrine, at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, and ADP, at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, were added. There was some inhibition when compared to controls with 200 micrograms/ml of dilazep, and complete inhibition on both norepinephrine and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with 500 micrograms/ml. The effects of dilazep on platelet aggregation before and after administration (75 mg) in vivo, using platelet-rich plasma obtained from healthy subjects, were studied in accordance with the screen filtration pressure method. In all cases the inhibitory tendency was first seen 30 min after administration. It reached a peak after 60--120 min and tended to return to the initial value after 180 min. The effects of dilazep (150 mg/day for 4 weeks) and verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/day for 4 weeks) on platelet aggregation in vivo, using plasma obtained from sixteen patients with coronary insufficiency, were determined in each group before and after drug administration. A significant difference in the group receiving dilazep was found at tO = 3.2643 and  less than 0.01 in the Student's t-test (two dependent sample cases). In the experiments with verapamil hydrochloride there were no significant differences in the results before and after administration. However, there was a slight tendency towards a decrease of effects two weeks after administration.", "PMID": 582740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1639", "title": "[Binding of butocin to serum proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding of N-[-5-(6-purinylthio)-valeryl]-glycin ethylester (butocin, PVG) to serum proteins and pure human albumin was studied using the method of equilibrium dialysis. Its binding to protein in sera diluted 1:1 of 10 patients with malignant disease averaged 48.4 +/- 7.07%. At the butocin concentration of 20 micrograms/ml an average of 36% of butocin were bound to pure albumin. Only a small portion was bound to globulin fractions. Measurements of the saturation curve showed butocin to be bound to albumin molecule by one binding centre with a microscopic association constant kappa = 1.7 . 10(3) mol/l.", "contents": "[Binding of butocin to serum proteins (author's transl)]. The binding of N-[-5-(6-purinylthio)-valeryl]-glycin ethylester (butocin, PVG) to serum proteins and pure human albumin was studied using the method of equilibrium dialysis. Its binding to protein in sera diluted 1:1 of 10 patients with malignant disease averaged 48.4 +/- 7.07%. At the butocin concentration of 20 micrograms/ml an average of 36% of butocin were bound to pure albumin. Only a small portion was bound to globulin fractions. Measurements of the saturation curve showed butocin to be bound to albumin molecule by one binding centre with a microscopic association constant kappa = 1.7 . 10(3) mol/l.", "PMID": 582741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1640", "title": "Exocrine secretion of the pancreas and enzymes in the lymph after administration of a combination of courmarin and rutin sulphate.", "content": "The effect of Venalot, a combination of coumarin and rutin sulphate, on stimulated exocrine secretion of the pancreas and on changes of pancreatic enzymes in thoracic duct lymph was studied in 10 subjects with normal function of the pancreas. Venalot has no direct effect on the exocrine function of the pancreas. Following administration of the compound, the amylase and lipase activity in thoracic duct lymph increases temporarily, probably as a consequence of outflow from the interstitial liquid of the pancreas.", "contents": "Exocrine secretion of the pancreas and enzymes in the lymph after administration of a combination of courmarin and rutin sulphate. The effect of Venalot, a combination of coumarin and rutin sulphate, on stimulated exocrine secretion of the pancreas and on changes of pancreatic enzymes in thoracic duct lymph was studied in 10 subjects with normal function of the pancreas. Venalot has no direct effect on the exocrine function of the pancreas. Following administration of the compound, the amylase and lipase activity in thoracic duct lymph increases temporarily, probably as a consequence of outflow from the interstitial liquid of the pancreas.", "PMID": 582742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1641", "title": "[Diuretic agents in urine extracts: clearance studies, tubular glucose absorption and blood pressure].", "content": "We previously described diuretic agents of human urine. The extracts cause a significant decrease in sodium and plasma albumin concentration in the medulla of the kidney. In the present study further investigations were performed to detect the site of action of these fractions. In the bio-assay of sodium depleted rats urine extracts of hydrated, healthy human volunteers cause a significant increase in water and sodium excretion. In a dose of 100 micrograms/kg b.w. the rise in water elimination exceeds that of sodium excretion. Compared with control the glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance), the renal plasma flow (PAH-clearance), and the systemic blood pressure (Statham element) are not affected. There is no change in the tubular glucose absorption of glucose loaded rats. In contrast to the glucose induced increase of the renal water elimination the diuretic potency of the urine extracts is only modest. The data provide further evidence of the existence of a diuretic factor in human urine extracts. The results show that the diuretic activity is not caused by an enhanced glomerular filtration rate or by an augmented renal plasma flow. However, an effect on the renal medullary hemodynamics, that is not detected by the PAH-clearance, could play an important role.", "contents": "[Diuretic agents in urine extracts: clearance studies, tubular glucose absorption and blood pressure]. We previously described diuretic agents of human urine. The extracts cause a significant decrease in sodium and plasma albumin concentration in the medulla of the kidney. In the present study further investigations were performed to detect the site of action of these fractions. In the bio-assay of sodium depleted rats urine extracts of hydrated, healthy human volunteers cause a significant increase in water and sodium excretion. In a dose of 100 micrograms/kg b.w. the rise in water elimination exceeds that of sodium excretion. Compared with control the glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance), the renal plasma flow (PAH-clearance), and the systemic blood pressure (Statham element) are not affected. There is no change in the tubular glucose absorption of glucose loaded rats. In contrast to the glucose induced increase of the renal water elimination the diuretic potency of the urine extracts is only modest. The data provide further evidence of the existence of a diuretic factor in human urine extracts. The results show that the diuretic activity is not caused by an enhanced glomerular filtration rate or by an augmented renal plasma flow. However, an effect on the renal medullary hemodynamics, that is not detected by the PAH-clearance, could play an important role.", "PMID": 582743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1642", "title": "[Dissolution rates and bioavailability of phenytoin preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "The dissolution rates of various commercially available oral phenytoin preparations were determined in vitro and compared with the in vivo data for the bioavailability obtained from volunteers in a subchronic study. There is a correlation between the described in vitro method and the classical parameters of a bioavailability study. There are significant differences between the preparations tested. It is shown that the results of the in vitro test give high information about the bioavailability of phenytoin even after chronic administration. Therefore a simple method for standardisation of phenytoin preparations for oral use is available in the field of quality control.", "contents": "[Dissolution rates and bioavailability of phenytoin preparations (author's transl)]. The dissolution rates of various commercially available oral phenytoin preparations were determined in vitro and compared with the in vivo data for the bioavailability obtained from volunteers in a subchronic study. There is a correlation between the described in vitro method and the classical parameters of a bioavailability study. There are significant differences between the preparations tested. It is shown that the results of the in vitro test give high information about the bioavailability of phenytoin even after chronic administration. Therefore a simple method for standardisation of phenytoin preparations for oral use is available in the field of quality control.", "PMID": 582744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1643", "title": "Treament of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. 3 case histories.", "content": "The administration of dichloroacetate (DCA) in cases of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis (LA) improves pyruvate oxidation and therefore increases energy production from glucose. Preliminary results of treatment of LA in humans are reported. A continuous fall in pyruvate was observed in all 3 cases after administration of at least 20 g of DCA (4 g i.v. bolus, then continuously 12 g/h). In Case 1, in which no supplementary measures for controlling the acidosis were applied, the acidosis did not improve and the patient died. In Case 2, despite administration of tris-buffer and dialysis, pH-values could not be raised sufficiently. The production of hydrogen ions persisted and lactate continued to rise. This patient also died. Case 3 was admitted in the beginning stages of a phenformin-induced LA, and in this case therapy was successful. The decline in pyruvate was accompanied by a slow fall in lactate, and a further fall in pH was averted. The clinical condition of the patient improved markedly after i.v. administration of a total of 34 g of DCA.", "contents": "Treament of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. 3 case histories. The administration of dichloroacetate (DCA) in cases of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis (LA) improves pyruvate oxidation and therefore increases energy production from glucose. Preliminary results of treatment of LA in humans are reported. A continuous fall in pyruvate was observed in all 3 cases after administration of at least 20 g of DCA (4 g i.v. bolus, then continuously 12 g/h). In Case 1, in which no supplementary measures for controlling the acidosis were applied, the acidosis did not improve and the patient died. In Case 2, despite administration of tris-buffer and dialysis, pH-values could not be raised sufficiently. The production of hydrogen ions persisted and lactate continued to rise. This patient also died. Case 3 was admitted in the beginning stages of a phenformin-induced LA, and in this case therapy was successful. The decline in pyruvate was accompanied by a slow fall in lactate, and a further fall in pH was averted. The clinical condition of the patient improved markedly after i.v. administration of a total of 34 g of DCA.", "PMID": 582745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1644", "title": "[Double-blind study on the influence of difenoxin hydrochloride on intestinal passage time in healthy volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect on the intestinal passage of 3 X 1 mg difenoxin hydrochloride (Lyspafen) was tested in a randomised double-blind study; the trial included 10 healthy volunteers and lasted one week. The time until elimination of both the first and twentieth of the total of 30 applied radiopaque stool markers was measured. The total weekly weight and number of stools served as further test criteria. The treatment with difenoxin and that without placebo were compared with the standard treatment using placebo. The extensive statistical evaluation failed to reveal significant differences in the criteria observed.", "contents": "[Double-blind study on the influence of difenoxin hydrochloride on intestinal passage time in healthy volunteers (author's transl)]. The effect on the intestinal passage of 3 X 1 mg difenoxin hydrochloride (Lyspafen) was tested in a randomised double-blind study; the trial included 10 healthy volunteers and lasted one week. The time until elimination of both the first and twentieth of the total of 30 applied radiopaque stool markers was measured. The total weekly weight and number of stools served as further test criteria. The treatment with difenoxin and that without placebo were compared with the standard treatment using placebo. The extensive statistical evaluation failed to reveal significant differences in the criteria observed.", "PMID": 582746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1645", "title": "Study of the antifungal capacity by means of the contact test.", "content": "The antifungal activity of econazole nitrate (Pevaryl) can be demonstrated by means of a new test -- called contact test -- developed by the authors. This method of assessing the fungicidal activity was tested in nine patients and found to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Study of the antifungal capacity by means of the contact test. The antifungal activity of econazole nitrate (Pevaryl) can be demonstrated by means of a new test -- called contact test -- developed by the authors. This method of assessing the fungicidal activity was tested in nine patients and found to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 582748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1646", "title": "[Voluntary description of drug effects as a method in clinical trials. Presented using the example of pentobarbital, promazine and their combination].", "content": "Free description of drug effects is suggested as a method in which subjects or patients describe spontaneously the effects of psychotropic drugs from their own experience with their own verbal concepts. The method is exposed in detail and examplified by examination of pentobarbitone, promazine and their combination (Norkotral). The results of the free description method have psychological as well as psychopharmacological plausibility. It is suggested to implement the method as a new means of clinical research in psychopharmacology.", "contents": "[Voluntary description of drug effects as a method in clinical trials. Presented using the example of pentobarbital, promazine and their combination]. Free description of drug effects is suggested as a method in which subjects or patients describe spontaneously the effects of psychotropic drugs from their own experience with their own verbal concepts. The method is exposed in detail and examplified by examination of pentobarbitone, promazine and their combination (Norkotral). The results of the free description method have psychological as well as psychopharmacological plausibility. It is suggested to implement the method as a new means of clinical research in psychopharmacology.", "PMID": 582749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1647", "title": "A new easily accessible steric parameter for structure-activity relationships.", "content": "A simple steric parameter Sb is formulated on the basis of substituent branching. This parameter can be calculated for every conceivable substituent and gives an estimate of steric effects which is sufficient for most purposes in practical drug design. Sb may also be applied to quantitative structure-activity relationships.", "contents": "A new easily accessible steric parameter for structure-activity relationships. A simple steric parameter Sb is formulated on the basis of substituent branching. This parameter can be calculated for every conceivable substituent and gives an estimate of steric effects which is sufficient for most purposes in practical drug design. Sb may also be applied to quantitative structure-activity relationships.", "PMID": 582750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1648", "title": "Comparative study of the clinical effect of vincamine versus papaverine given parenterally in the acute phase of stroke.", "content": "The efficacy of the \"oxygenator\", vincamine was assessed in comparison to a classic vasodilator, papaverine, after parenteral administration during the first days of an acute thrombo-embolic stroke. All 263 patients admitted to this open trial had a thrombo-embolism of the A. carotis or one of its cerebral branches within the previous 24 h. Patients demonstrating minimal neurological deficit or requiring admission to an intensive care unit, or patients with a suspected hemorrhagic syndrome were excluded. Each patient received i.v. infusions (15 mg X 6) of 6 vials of vincamine per 24 h, or 6 vials of papaverine (40 mg X 6) per 24 h, occasionally in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), dipyridamol and hydrocortisone. An initial 3-h control was followed by regular surveillance for 5 days, paying special regard to consciousness and motricity. The administration of vincamine alone had a significantly more favourable effect than papaverine alone on consciousness (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, vincamine associated with other drugs was significantly superior (p less than 0.01) to papaverine given in association. A similar tendency was noted for motor recuperation after vincamine compared to papaverine (p less than 0.001). Vincamine and papaverine were well tolerated during the 5-days observation period, only one side effect after vincamine and four after papaverine being noted.", "contents": "Comparative study of the clinical effect of vincamine versus papaverine given parenterally in the acute phase of stroke. The efficacy of the \"oxygenator\", vincamine was assessed in comparison to a classic vasodilator, papaverine, after parenteral administration during the first days of an acute thrombo-embolic stroke. All 263 patients admitted to this open trial had a thrombo-embolism of the A. carotis or one of its cerebral branches within the previous 24 h. Patients demonstrating minimal neurological deficit or requiring admission to an intensive care unit, or patients with a suspected hemorrhagic syndrome were excluded. Each patient received i.v. infusions (15 mg X 6) of 6 vials of vincamine per 24 h, or 6 vials of papaverine (40 mg X 6) per 24 h, occasionally in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), dipyridamol and hydrocortisone. An initial 3-h control was followed by regular surveillance for 5 days, paying special regard to consciousness and motricity. The administration of vincamine alone had a significantly more favourable effect than papaverine alone on consciousness (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, vincamine associated with other drugs was significantly superior (p less than 0.01) to papaverine given in association. A similar tendency was noted for motor recuperation after vincamine compared to papaverine (p less than 0.001). Vincamine and papaverine were well tolerated during the 5-days observation period, only one side effect after vincamine and four after papaverine being noted.", "PMID": 582751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1649", "title": "Chemical characterization of decomposition products of pyrazolidinedione-3,5 derivatives. Part 1: Identification of decomposition products and mechanism of degradation of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidine-dione in an aqueous solution.", "content": "From an aqueous solution of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione sodium salt (Prenazone) subjected to accelerated ageing at 80 degrees C in anaerobic and in aerobic conditions the following decomposition products were isolated: N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid,N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid, N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid, trans- and cis-azobenzene. The isolated compounds were identified by means of thin-layer chromatography, elemental analyses, UV, IR spectrophotometry and taking into consideration their chemical transformations. A decomposition mechanism of Prenazone Sodium in aqueous solutions maintained at 80 degrees C is proposed.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of decomposition products of pyrazolidinedione-3,5 derivatives. Part 1: Identification of decomposition products and mechanism of degradation of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidine-dione in an aqueous solution. From an aqueous solution of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione sodium salt (Prenazone) subjected to accelerated ageing at 80 degrees C in anaerobic and in aerobic conditions the following decomposition products were isolated: N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid,N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid, N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid, trans- and cis-azobenzene. The isolated compounds were identified by means of thin-layer chromatography, elemental analyses, UV, IR spectrophotometry and taking into consideration their chemical transformations. A decomposition mechanism of Prenazone Sodium in aqueous solutions maintained at 80 degrees C is proposed.", "PMID": 582752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1650", "title": "Physico-chemical and anlytical studies of penbutolol.", "content": "In the present paper physico-chemical and analytical studies on penbutolol sulfate (Hoe 893d) are reported. In addition to an interpretation of ultraviolet and fluorometric spectra, data are given regarding the dissociation constant, solubility, distribution, and protein binding. The substance and its major metabolte, as well as their glucuronides, are detectable by means of a selective fluormetric method. Moreover, mention is made of the results of a human pharmacokinetic study.", "contents": "Physico-chemical and anlytical studies of penbutolol. In the present paper physico-chemical and analytical studies on penbutolol sulfate (Hoe 893d) are reported. In addition to an interpretation of ultraviolet and fluorometric spectra, data are given regarding the dissociation constant, solubility, distribution, and protein binding. The substance and its major metabolte, as well as their glucuronides, are detectable by means of a selective fluormetric method. Moreover, mention is made of the results of a human pharmacokinetic study.", "PMID": 582753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1651", "title": "[Gas liquid chromatographic analysis for quantitative determination of mefruside and oxomefruside in blood plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "A specific and sensitive GLC-analytical method was developed for the determination of mefruside, its lactone and hydroxy acid metabolites in blood plasma. It requires the derivatization of the isolated compounds with dimethyl-formamide dimethylacetal and the quantization of the derivatives using a phosphorus nitrogen detector. The method has a sensitivity limit of 2 ng mefruside/ml, 10 ng lactone/ml and 10 ng hydroxy acid/ml, respectively, using 1 ml of blood plasma per assay. It was applied to the determination of plasma levels in a dog following a single oral dose of 10 mg mefruside/kg.", "contents": "[Gas liquid chromatographic analysis for quantitative determination of mefruside and oxomefruside in blood plasma (author's transl)]. A specific and sensitive GLC-analytical method was developed for the determination of mefruside, its lactone and hydroxy acid metabolites in blood plasma. It requires the derivatization of the isolated compounds with dimethyl-formamide dimethylacetal and the quantization of the derivatives using a phosphorus nitrogen detector. The method has a sensitivity limit of 2 ng mefruside/ml, 10 ng lactone/ml and 10 ng hydroxy acid/ml, respectively, using 1 ml of blood plasma per assay. It was applied to the determination of plasma levels in a dog following a single oral dose of 10 mg mefruside/kg.", "PMID": 582754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1652", "title": "[Metabolism of antiparkinson drugs. An example of competitive hydroxylation].", "content": "The investigation of the metabolism of the antiparkinson drugs trihexyphenidyl (1), pridinol (2) and biperiden (3) revealed a graduate tendency for hydroxylation in the different structural elements: If alicyclic, saturated heterocyclic and aromatic ring systems are present in one compound like in 1, the alicyclic ring system is attacked predominately. The amount of metabolites with hydroxy-groups in the saturated heterocyclic ring is much lower, and no hydroxylation takes place in the aromatic ring. In drugs without alicyclic ring systems like 2 the saturated heterocyclus is attacked preferentially, but also some phenolic metabolites are formed. Consequently the following arrangement of falling hydroxylation-tendency can be established: Formula: see text. Probably this arrangement is of common validity and therefore a prediction on the hydroxylation-tendency of other compounds seems to be possible.", "contents": "[Metabolism of antiparkinson drugs. An example of competitive hydroxylation]. The investigation of the metabolism of the antiparkinson drugs trihexyphenidyl (1), pridinol (2) and biperiden (3) revealed a graduate tendency for hydroxylation in the different structural elements: If alicyclic, saturated heterocyclic and aromatic ring systems are present in one compound like in 1, the alicyclic ring system is attacked predominately. The amount of metabolites with hydroxy-groups in the saturated heterocyclic ring is much lower, and no hydroxylation takes place in the aromatic ring. In drugs without alicyclic ring systems like 2 the saturated heterocyclus is attacked preferentially, but also some phenolic metabolites are formed. Consequently the following arrangement of falling hydroxylation-tendency can be established: Formula: see text. Probably this arrangement is of common validity and therefore a prediction on the hydroxylation-tendency of other compounds seems to be possible.", "PMID": 582755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1653", "title": "[Effect of piracetam on neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2 activity].", "content": "In search of the biochemical mechanism of the action of 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-acetamide (piracetam, Normabrain, Nootrop) the influence of the encephalotropic substance on the hydrolysis of different glycerophosphatides by the neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2 was investigated. Pure synaptosomes and neurons were prepared by a new method. The synaptosomal and neuronal phospholipase A2 plays an important role during the process of synaptic transmission. The administration of piracetam enhanced both the neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2-activity by about 50%. The piracetam-induced stimulation of the enzyme activity was in the same order of magnitude for all substrates investigated. Thus piracetam stimulates the synaptic transmission. The stimulation of the phospholipase A2-activity by piracetam appears to be mediated by a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "[Effect of piracetam on neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2 activity]. In search of the biochemical mechanism of the action of 2-oxopyrrolidine-1-acetamide (piracetam, Normabrain, Nootrop) the influence of the encephalotropic substance on the hydrolysis of different glycerophosphatides by the neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2 was investigated. Pure synaptosomes and neurons were prepared by a new method. The synaptosomal and neuronal phospholipase A2 plays an important role during the process of synaptic transmission. The administration of piracetam enhanced both the neuronal and synaptosomal phospholipase A2-activity by about 50%. The piracetam-induced stimulation of the enzyme activity was in the same order of magnitude for all substrates investigated. Thus piracetam stimulates the synaptic transmission. The stimulation of the phospholipase A2-activity by piracetam appears to be mediated by a neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 582756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1654", "title": "Derivatives of benzimidazole: vasodilator activity of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole hydrochloride. Preliminary study.", "content": "The effects of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole hydrochloride (HBBPC) have been studied in the rabbit and rat. Most of these studies were performed comparatively with reference vasodilators and papaverine. HBBPC vasodilator activity is nearly the same as that of papaverine in the isolated rabbit ear. The characteristic of the vasoactive action of HBBPC seems to reside in its duration. The mechanism of action of HBBPC seems of peripheral type, that is to say it acts on the vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Derivatives of benzimidazole: vasodilator activity of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole hydrochloride. Preliminary study. The effects of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole hydrochloride (HBBPC) have been studied in the rabbit and rat. Most of these studies were performed comparatively with reference vasodilators and papaverine. HBBPC vasodilator activity is nearly the same as that of papaverine in the isolated rabbit ear. The characteristic of the vasoactive action of HBBPC seems to reside in its duration. The mechanism of action of HBBPC seems of peripheral type, that is to say it acts on the vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 582758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1655", "title": "Pharmacokinetic approach to proglumide long-term activity.", "content": "In order to explain the long-term therapeutic activity of (+/-)-4-benzamide-N,-di-n-propylglutaramic acid (proglumide, Milid) a pharmacokinetic study was carried out in rats by three administration routes. As a result, experimental data could have been fitted to a tri- or tetra-exponential equation, with terminal half-life of about 24 h. Since human pharmacokinetics was found to be rather similar to that in rats, it can be extrapolated that steady state plasma level of drug during therapeutic dosage regimen should range around 60% of peak level of single administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic approach to proglumide long-term activity. In order to explain the long-term therapeutic activity of (+/-)-4-benzamide-N,-di-n-propylglutaramic acid (proglumide, Milid) a pharmacokinetic study was carried out in rats by three administration routes. As a result, experimental data could have been fitted to a tri- or tetra-exponential equation, with terminal half-life of about 24 h. Since human pharmacokinetics was found to be rather similar to that in rats, it can be extrapolated that steady state plasma level of drug during therapeutic dosage regimen should range around 60% of peak level of single administration.", "PMID": 582759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1656", "title": "Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives on delta 4-5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and its derivatives on delta 4-5 alpha- and 5 beta-reduction of cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone was investigated on rat liver preparations. In vitro studies demonstrated that GA and its derivatives inhibited 5 beta-reduction to a much greater extent than 5 alpha-reduction. When GA or glycyrrhizin (GL) were administered, 5 beta-reductase activity was significantly suppressed. On the contrary, 5 alpha-reductase was markedly increased though its meachnism remains to be clarified. In human beings 5 beta-reductase is quantitatively the major enzyme and plays an important role in the regulation of cortisol and aldosterone metabolism. Thus from the studies presented here, it can be presumed that the suppression of 5 beta-reductase activity by GA or GL administration may delay the clearance of corticosteroids and prolong the biological half-life of cortisol resulting in the synergism of these steroids and GA or GL.", "contents": "Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives on delta 4-5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase in rat liver. The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and its derivatives on delta 4-5 alpha- and 5 beta-reduction of cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone was investigated on rat liver preparations. In vitro studies demonstrated that GA and its derivatives inhibited 5 beta-reduction to a much greater extent than 5 alpha-reduction. When GA or glycyrrhizin (GL) were administered, 5 beta-reductase activity was significantly suppressed. On the contrary, 5 alpha-reductase was markedly increased though its meachnism remains to be clarified. In human beings 5 beta-reductase is quantitatively the major enzyme and plays an important role in the regulation of cortisol and aldosterone metabolism. Thus from the studies presented here, it can be presumed that the suppression of 5 beta-reductase activity by GA or GL administration may delay the clearance of corticosteroids and prolong the biological half-life of cortisol resulting in the synergism of these steroids and GA or GL.", "PMID": 582760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1657", "title": "Ontogenic drug studies in calves. I. Age dependent salicylate levels and metabolism.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was administered to 52 Friesian calves 1--60 days old by oral route in the field, 63.5 mg/kg body weight constantly between 9 and 10 a.m., i.e., 3--4 h after morning feeding. The animals were divided according to age into groups. Total salicylate levels, salicylic acid and salicyluric acid plasma levels were determined up to 6 h after administration. The older the animals, the lower were the total salicylate and salicylic acid levels and the higher the salicyluric acid levels. The age dependence is highly significant during the first two weeks of life. Glucuronides could not be detected in quantitatively measurable amounts.", "contents": "Ontogenic drug studies in calves. I. Age dependent salicylate levels and metabolism. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was administered to 52 Friesian calves 1--60 days old by oral route in the field, 63.5 mg/kg body weight constantly between 9 and 10 a.m., i.e., 3--4 h after morning feeding. The animals were divided according to age into groups. Total salicylate levels, salicylic acid and salicyluric acid plasma levels were determined up to 6 h after administration. The older the animals, the lower were the total salicylate and salicylic acid levels and the higher the salicyluric acid levels. The age dependence is highly significant during the first two weeks of life. Glucuronides could not be detected in quantitatively measurable amounts.", "PMID": 582761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1658", "title": "The oncogenic effect of immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) agents in (NZB x NZW) mice. II. Emergence of tumors in young animals treated with azathioprine and ifosfamide, including a histologic assessment of the neoplasms.", "content": "The age of (NZB x NZW) mice treated with immunosuppressive agents has been associated with an increased incidence of neoplastic disease in certain experimental situations. In this study, azathioprine administered daily over a period of 7 to 8 months significantly increased the occurrence of malignancies in animals aged 6 to 12 weeks at the start of treatment. No such increase was observed for ifosfamide. The resulting lesions observed in azathioprine and ifosfamide treated hybrids were predominantly lymphomas (60 to 80%) and could be classified according to two histologic types: Type I and II. The lymphomas in the ifosfamide groups could not be distinguished histologically from those in the azathioprine groups.", "contents": "The oncogenic effect of immunosuppressive (cytotoxic) agents in (NZB x NZW) mice. II. Emergence of tumors in young animals treated with azathioprine and ifosfamide, including a histologic assessment of the neoplasms. The age of (NZB x NZW) mice treated with immunosuppressive agents has been associated with an increased incidence of neoplastic disease in certain experimental situations. In this study, azathioprine administered daily over a period of 7 to 8 months significantly increased the occurrence of malignancies in animals aged 6 to 12 weeks at the start of treatment. No such increase was observed for ifosfamide. The resulting lesions observed in azathioprine and ifosfamide treated hybrids were predominantly lymphomas (60 to 80%) and could be classified according to two histologic types: Type I and II. The lymphomas in the ifosfamide groups could not be distinguished histologically from those in the azathioprine groups.", "PMID": 582763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1659", "title": "Studies on regional inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by sulpiride in rat brain.", "content": "Sulpiride is an antipsychotic which possesses the free sulfonamide radical. From the viewpoint of this phenomenon, the in vitro inhibitory effect of sulpiride on carbonic anhydrase (CAH) was investigated. CAH inhibition was studied in eleven regions of the rat brain. The distribution of sulpiride was estimated on the basis of these findings.", "contents": "Studies on regional inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by sulpiride in rat brain. Sulpiride is an antipsychotic which possesses the free sulfonamide radical. From the viewpoint of this phenomenon, the in vitro inhibitory effect of sulpiride on carbonic anhydrase (CAH) was investigated. CAH inhibition was studied in eleven regions of the rat brain. The distribution of sulpiride was estimated on the basis of these findings.", "PMID": 582764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1660", "title": "The effect of the bis-(2-pyridil-1-oxide)-disulfide adduct with Mg SO4 on the scalp and hair lipids.", "content": "Animal experiments demonstrate that the topical application of the bis-(2-pyridyl-l-oxide)- disulfide adduct with MgSO4(Omadine MDS) increases the mitosis rate and also the size of the sebaceous glands in the Syrian hamster ear. Corresponding results have been obtained in human subjects in whom the secretion of the sebaceous glands was shown to increase after application of the compound. The studies also demonstrate that it decreases the fatty acid content of the scalp lipids. In this way a seborrhoea oleosa is transformed into a seborrhoea sicca. The undesired side effect of a stimulation of the sebaceous gland secretion is thus in part compensated for the patient's subjective feeling.", "contents": "The effect of the bis-(2-pyridil-1-oxide)-disulfide adduct with Mg SO4 on the scalp and hair lipids. Animal experiments demonstrate that the topical application of the bis-(2-pyridyl-l-oxide)- disulfide adduct with MgSO4(Omadine MDS) increases the mitosis rate and also the size of the sebaceous glands in the Syrian hamster ear. Corresponding results have been obtained in human subjects in whom the secretion of the sebaceous glands was shown to increase after application of the compound. The studies also demonstrate that it decreases the fatty acid content of the scalp lipids. In this way a seborrhoea oleosa is transformed into a seborrhoea sicca. The undesired side effect of a stimulation of the sebaceous gland secretion is thus in part compensated for the patient's subjective feeling.", "PMID": 582765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1661", "title": "Venotonic activity of escin on the human saphenous vein.", "content": "The venotonic effects of escin on the human saphenous vein have been evaluated in vitro on histologically normal venous segments obtained during surgical saphenectomy procedures. It is necessary to use the human preparations because of the great variability in the responses of the veins of different species. By using a standard stimulus and fitting the experimental data to the logistic function, we were able to compare the activity of escin with those of the commonly used venotonic agents. Stimulation with escin always induced an increase in venous tone which was constant for a given dose and stable for some time, and maintained for as long as an hour after removal of the substance from the bath. The maximum contraction obtained with escin was similar to those obtained with serotonin and dihydroergotamine, significantly greater than that obtained with acetylcholine or vasopressin. However, the affinity of escin was found to be lower than those of the other substances studied. An increase in venous tone, and therefore a decrease in the volume of the venous district, would be considered a very favorable result to be obtained with a drug which, like escin, is indicated for treatment of venous diseases leading to irreversible dilation.", "contents": "Venotonic activity of escin on the human saphenous vein. The venotonic effects of escin on the human saphenous vein have been evaluated in vitro on histologically normal venous segments obtained during surgical saphenectomy procedures. It is necessary to use the human preparations because of the great variability in the responses of the veins of different species. By using a standard stimulus and fitting the experimental data to the logistic function, we were able to compare the activity of escin with those of the commonly used venotonic agents. Stimulation with escin always induced an increase in venous tone which was constant for a given dose and stable for some time, and maintained for as long as an hour after removal of the substance from the bath. The maximum contraction obtained with escin was similar to those obtained with serotonin and dihydroergotamine, significantly greater than that obtained with acetylcholine or vasopressin. However, the affinity of escin was found to be lower than those of the other substances studied. An increase in venous tone, and therefore a decrease in the volume of the venous district, would be considered a very favorable result to be obtained with a drug which, like escin, is indicated for treatment of venous diseases leading to irreversible dilation.", "PMID": 582766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1662", "title": "The effect of diltiazem hydrochloride upon sodium diuresis and renal function in chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "d-3-Acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-]2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem HCl) was orally administered to 9 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (Class IIb to III, NYHA) to examine whether the drug induces sodium retention and aggravates congestive heart failure. Renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolytes excretion were measured for 3 h after the medication in 6 out of 9 patients. Four of the rest of patients had received chronic administration of the drug for about 2 weeks. There was a significant increase in urinary sodium excretion without noticeable change in renal hemodynamics after diltiazem administration, demonstrating the presence of its direct inhibitory action on renal tubules. The increase in urinary sodium excretion was more marked in patients with heart failure than in those without. This difference in the response to diltiazem may be due to the functional constriction of renal cortical vessels in heart failure. This constriction may be related to renin-angiotensin system which diltiazem was reported to antagonize. The chronic administration of the drug did not induce sodium retention and edema. There was no deterioration of symptoms due to congestive heart failure such as dyspnea and body weight increase. It may be concluded that diltiazem does not aggravate congestive heart failure through its diuretic action and probably its systemic vasodilating action.", "contents": "The effect of diltiazem hydrochloride upon sodium diuresis and renal function in chronic congestive heart failure. d-3-Acetoxy-cis-2,3-dihydro-5-]2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochloride (diltiazem HCl) was orally administered to 9 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (Class IIb to III, NYHA) to examine whether the drug induces sodium retention and aggravates congestive heart failure. Renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolytes excretion were measured for 3 h after the medication in 6 out of 9 patients. Four of the rest of patients had received chronic administration of the drug for about 2 weeks. There was a significant increase in urinary sodium excretion without noticeable change in renal hemodynamics after diltiazem administration, demonstrating the presence of its direct inhibitory action on renal tubules. The increase in urinary sodium excretion was more marked in patients with heart failure than in those without. This difference in the response to diltiazem may be due to the functional constriction of renal cortical vessels in heart failure. This constriction may be related to renin-angiotensin system which diltiazem was reported to antagonize. The chronic administration of the drug did not induce sodium retention and edema. There was no deterioration of symptoms due to congestive heart failure such as dyspnea and body weight increase. It may be concluded that diltiazem does not aggravate congestive heart failure through its diuretic action and probably its systemic vasodilating action.", "PMID": 582767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1663", "title": "Effects of long-term treatment with suloctidil on blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and total fibrinogen plasma levels in diabetic patients.", "content": "1-(4-Isopropylthiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol (suloctidil, Sulocton), a drug introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of cerebral and peripheral vascular insufficiency and its complications, has been shown to decrease blood hyperviscosity after long-term treatment in diabetic patients. Suloctidil was particularly effective in lowering measured blood viscosity at high shear rate (230 s-1). At low shear rate (0.77 s-1) a decreasing effect was also observed but reached a statistically significant level only after one month. Since neither total plasma fibrinogen levels nor red blood cell deformability were modified by suloctidil treatment, its lowering effect on blood hyperviscosity could be due to a hitherto unrecognized mechansim of action.", "contents": "Effects of long-term treatment with suloctidil on blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and total fibrinogen plasma levels in diabetic patients. 1-(4-Isopropylthiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol (suloctidil, Sulocton), a drug introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of cerebral and peripheral vascular insufficiency and its complications, has been shown to decrease blood hyperviscosity after long-term treatment in diabetic patients. Suloctidil was particularly effective in lowering measured blood viscosity at high shear rate (230 s-1). At low shear rate (0.77 s-1) a decreasing effect was also observed but reached a statistically significant level only after one month. Since neither total plasma fibrinogen levels nor red blood cell deformability were modified by suloctidil treatment, its lowering effect on blood hyperviscosity could be due to a hitherto unrecognized mechansim of action.", "PMID": 582768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1664", "title": "[Special consideration of clinical and travelling medical criteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacological properties of difenoxin hydrochloride, a meperidine derivative exerting antidiarrheal effect, are presented. The drug is compared with related substances such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride and loperamide. In an open multicentre study including 259 patients with acute or chronic diarrhea of various etiology, difenoxin hydrochloride removed the complaints in 63--75% of the cases and improved them in some further 20%. Mild side effects were seen in 4% of the cases. In view of the necessity to obtain immediate therapeutic results such an antidiarrheal may be prescribed in cases of traveler's diarrhea despite certain doubts. However, the patients should be warned to see a doctor if certain symptoms appeared.", "contents": "[Special consideration of clinical and travelling medical criteria (author's transl)]. The pharmacological properties of difenoxin hydrochloride, a meperidine derivative exerting antidiarrheal effect, are presented. The drug is compared with related substances such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride and loperamide. In an open multicentre study including 259 patients with acute or chronic diarrhea of various etiology, difenoxin hydrochloride removed the complaints in 63--75% of the cases and improved them in some further 20%. Mild side effects were seen in 4% of the cases. In view of the necessity to obtain immediate therapeutic results such an antidiarrheal may be prescribed in cases of traveler's diarrhea despite certain doubts. However, the patients should be warned to see a doctor if certain symptoms appeared.", "PMID": 582769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1665", "title": "[Studies on percutaneous absorption of flumetasone pivalate and salicylic acid from a corticoid combination for topical use (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of 0.02% flumetasone pivalate and 1% salicylic acid in a water-alcohol solution (Locasalen) is a novel therapeutic for topical treatment of the hairy scalp and also for the cosmetically acceptable treatment of other skin areas, that is, exposed skin. An investigation was carried out in 6 patients with psoriasis capitis and 6 control subjects in order to determine whether the use of Locasalen Tincture on the hairy scalp leads to percutaneous absorption of the corticosteroid and the salicylic acid. In the patients with psoriasis a few slight transient changes in biochemical-endocrinological parameters were observed, but not in the control subjects. However, these changes remained within the normal, non-pathological range so that they are of no clinical consequence. Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid was not observed in either patient group.", "contents": "[Studies on percutaneous absorption of flumetasone pivalate and salicylic acid from a corticoid combination for topical use (author's transl)]. The combination of 0.02% flumetasone pivalate and 1% salicylic acid in a water-alcohol solution (Locasalen) is a novel therapeutic for topical treatment of the hairy scalp and also for the cosmetically acceptable treatment of other skin areas, that is, exposed skin. An investigation was carried out in 6 patients with psoriasis capitis and 6 control subjects in order to determine whether the use of Locasalen Tincture on the hairy scalp leads to percutaneous absorption of the corticosteroid and the salicylic acid. In the patients with psoriasis a few slight transient changes in biochemical-endocrinological parameters were observed, but not in the control subjects. However, these changes remained within the normal, non-pathological range so that they are of no clinical consequence. Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid was not observed in either patient group.", "PMID": 582770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1666", "title": "[Vaginal absorption of econazole].", "content": "After vaginal application econazol is absorbed to a high degree. Plasma levels are maintained for a relatively long period. Metabolism occurs in the vagina already. As there are no objections concerning toxicology the fact of absorption is considered positive from the therapeutical view-point because this drug does exert its effect not only in the vaginal cavity but also in the epithelium. It is suggested that vaginal absorption is influenced by cervical mucus.", "contents": "[Vaginal absorption of econazole]. After vaginal application econazol is absorbed to a high degree. Plasma levels are maintained for a relatively long period. Metabolism occurs in the vagina already. As there are no objections concerning toxicology the fact of absorption is considered positive from the therapeutical view-point because this drug does exert its effect not only in the vaginal cavity but also in the epithelium. It is suggested that vaginal absorption is influenced by cervical mucus.", "PMID": 582771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1667", "title": "Classification and bioavailability studies with WE 941 by quantitative pharmaco-EEG and clinical analyses.", "content": "Psychoactivity, pharmacodynamic properties and drug tolerance of 2-bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f]1,2-(4-triazolo)[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (WE 941), a new triazolodiazepine, were studied in 10 normal subjects utilizing quantitative pharmaco-EEG and clinical evaluation methods. In the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the subjects received randomized at weekly intervals oral single doses of 0.1 mg, 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg WE 941, placebo, and 30 mg flurazepam as reference substance. Measurements were obtained before and at the 2nd, 4th, 6th h post drug. EEG power spectral density analysis demonstrated no changes after placebo, while WE 941 and flurazepam induced statistically significant alterations characterized by an increase in beta-activity, a decrease in alpha-activity and increase in average frequency (\"anxiolytic pharmaco-EEG profile\"). In addition, 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg WE 941 and 30 mg flurazepam produced a significant augmentation of delta-activity indicating hypnotic qualities. Considering spontaneous and placebo-induced alterations, evaluation of the time- and dose-effect relationship indicated that all active substances exerted a tranquilizing effect throughout 8 h, while the hypnotic properties of 0.1 mg WE 941 were minimal (up to the 4th h), those of 0.3 mg WE 941 were moderate (up to 6 h) and those of 0.5 mg WE 941 were marked (up to 8 h). The dosage equipotent to 30 mg flurazepam is 0.3 mg WE 941. Heart rate and blood pressure exhibited no relevant changes, while side effects including fatigue, drowsiness and dizziness were mostly observed after the highest dosage of WE 941.", "contents": "Classification and bioavailability studies with WE 941 by quantitative pharmaco-EEG and clinical analyses. Psychoactivity, pharmacodynamic properties and drug tolerance of 2-bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f]1,2-(4-triazolo)[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (WE 941), a new triazolodiazepine, were studied in 10 normal subjects utilizing quantitative pharmaco-EEG and clinical evaluation methods. In the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the subjects received randomized at weekly intervals oral single doses of 0.1 mg, 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg WE 941, placebo, and 30 mg flurazepam as reference substance. Measurements were obtained before and at the 2nd, 4th, 6th h post drug. EEG power spectral density analysis demonstrated no changes after placebo, while WE 941 and flurazepam induced statistically significant alterations characterized by an increase in beta-activity, a decrease in alpha-activity and increase in average frequency (\"anxiolytic pharmaco-EEG profile\"). In addition, 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg WE 941 and 30 mg flurazepam produced a significant augmentation of delta-activity indicating hypnotic qualities. Considering spontaneous and placebo-induced alterations, evaluation of the time- and dose-effect relationship indicated that all active substances exerted a tranquilizing effect throughout 8 h, while the hypnotic properties of 0.1 mg WE 941 were minimal (up to the 4th h), those of 0.3 mg WE 941 were moderate (up to 6 h) and those of 0.5 mg WE 941 were marked (up to 8 h). The dosage equipotent to 30 mg flurazepam is 0.3 mg WE 941. Heart rate and blood pressure exhibited no relevant changes, while side effects including fatigue, drowsiness and dizziness were mostly observed after the highest dosage of WE 941.", "PMID": 582772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1668", "title": "[Comparison of the cardiac effects of triamterene and its phase II metabolite p-hydroxytriamterene sulphuric acid ester (author's transl].", "content": "The positive inotropic action of triamterene (TA) on isolated, electrically stimulated left atria was compared with that of its phase II metabolite, p-hydroxytriamterene sulphuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester). It was found that the metabolite also possesses a positive inotropic action, its potency, however, is about 10 times lower than that of triamterene.", "contents": "[Comparison of the cardiac effects of triamterene and its phase II metabolite p-hydroxytriamterene sulphuric acid ester (author's transl]. The positive inotropic action of triamterene (TA) on isolated, electrically stimulated left atria was compared with that of its phase II metabolite, p-hydroxytriamterene sulphuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester). It was found that the metabolite also possesses a positive inotropic action, its potency, however, is about 10 times lower than that of triamterene.", "PMID": 582773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1669", "title": "Carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine as a contamination in drugs containing 4-dimethylamino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one (amidopyrine, aminophenazone).", "content": "A total of 68 commercially available drugs containing amidopyrine were investigated for contamination with the strong carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). All samples contained varying amounts of NDMA. About half of the drugs contained 1--10 micrograms/kg, 40% contained 11--50 micrograms/kg, 7% contained 51--10 micrograms/kg and one sample had 370 micrograms/kg. NDMA-contents in batches of pure amidopyrine that had been utilized for preparation of drugs were higher than those in the respective drugs: about one-third was in the range of 20--50 micrograms/kg, one-third had 51--100 micrograms/kg, and one-third was above 100 micrograms/kg. There was, however, no correlation between NDMA-contents of batches of the pure substance and NDMA-contents of the drugs prepared from these batched. NDMA concentrations in the samples were inhomogenously distributed. It could be demonstrated that amidopyrine in substance reacts extremely rapidly with nitrogen oxides from the air to form NDMA. Ascorbic acid, which prevents nitrosamine formation in aqueous-acidic solution, under these conditions had no protective effect.", "contents": "Carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine as a contamination in drugs containing 4-dimethylamino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one (amidopyrine, aminophenazone). A total of 68 commercially available drugs containing amidopyrine were investigated for contamination with the strong carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). All samples contained varying amounts of NDMA. About half of the drugs contained 1--10 micrograms/kg, 40% contained 11--50 micrograms/kg, 7% contained 51--10 micrograms/kg and one sample had 370 micrograms/kg. NDMA-contents in batches of pure amidopyrine that had been utilized for preparation of drugs were higher than those in the respective drugs: about one-third was in the range of 20--50 micrograms/kg, one-third had 51--100 micrograms/kg, and one-third was above 100 micrograms/kg. There was, however, no correlation between NDMA-contents of batches of the pure substance and NDMA-contents of the drugs prepared from these batched. NDMA concentrations in the samples were inhomogenously distributed. It could be demonstrated that amidopyrine in substance reacts extremely rapidly with nitrogen oxides from the air to form NDMA. Ascorbic acid, which prevents nitrosamine formation in aqueous-acidic solution, under these conditions had no protective effect.", "PMID": 582774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1670", "title": "N-Nitroso compound contaminants in prescription and nonprescription drugs.", "content": "73 pharmaceutical products, consisteing of both prescription and over-the-counter drugs have been analyzed by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis (GC-TEA) and high-pressure liquid chromatography-thermal energy analysis (HPLC-TEA) for the presence of N-nitroso compound contaminants. The methods used were designed to detect both volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds at levels down to 1 ng/g (1 ppb). Results presented here indicate that N-nitroso compound impurities are absent from the majority of the products tested. However, for 3 of the drugs, our analysis suggests the possible presence of N-nitroso compounds at levels up to 81 ng/g (81 ppb). The identity of the suspect N-nitroso compounds have not yet been established. In the case of the over-the-counter drugs, two of these have been shown to contain TEA responsive materials (126 ppb, 406 ppb), that may appear to be O-nitroso compounds rather than N-nitroso.", "contents": "N-Nitroso compound contaminants in prescription and nonprescription drugs. 73 pharmaceutical products, consisteing of both prescription and over-the-counter drugs have been analyzed by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis (GC-TEA) and high-pressure liquid chromatography-thermal energy analysis (HPLC-TEA) for the presence of N-nitroso compound contaminants. The methods used were designed to detect both volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds at levels down to 1 ng/g (1 ppb). Results presented here indicate that N-nitroso compound impurities are absent from the majority of the products tested. However, for 3 of the drugs, our analysis suggests the possible presence of N-nitroso compounds at levels up to 81 ng/g (81 ppb). The identity of the suspect N-nitroso compounds have not yet been established. In the case of the over-the-counter drugs, two of these have been shown to contain TEA responsive materials (126 ppb, 406 ppb), that may appear to be O-nitroso compounds rather than N-nitroso.", "PMID": 582775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1671", "title": "Sugar-oximes, new potential antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning.", "content": "In attempt to improve distribution and transport qualities of antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning, a new series of pyridine aldoximes linked to glucose moiety were synthesized and studied both in vivo and in vitro. Preliminary results describing the biological activity of the new compounds are presented and discussed in this report.", "contents": "Sugar-oximes, new potential antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning. In attempt to improve distribution and transport qualities of antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning, a new series of pyridine aldoximes linked to glucose moiety were synthesized and studied both in vivo and in vitro. Preliminary results describing the biological activity of the new compounds are presented and discussed in this report.", "PMID": 582776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1672", "title": "alpha, beta-Unsaturated gamma-lactones correlations between lipophilicity and biological activity.", "content": "A homogeneous series of alpha, beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones was prepared. Their in vitro activity against various microorganisms was quantitatively correlated, with the Hansch approach, to their lipophilicity, expressed by Rm chromatographic values. Although all the experimental results show a parabolic dependence, only in few cases the parabolic model calculated by Hansch fits to them. In most cases it was possible to find a good fitting between the ascending side of the parabola and the linear equation of Hansch. The meaning of the results and their utilization for future work are discussed.", "contents": "alpha, beta-Unsaturated gamma-lactones correlations between lipophilicity and biological activity. A homogeneous series of alpha, beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones was prepared. Their in vitro activity against various microorganisms was quantitatively correlated, with the Hansch approach, to their lipophilicity, expressed by Rm chromatographic values. Although all the experimental results show a parabolic dependence, only in few cases the parabolic model calculated by Hansch fits to them. In most cases it was possible to find a good fitting between the ascending side of the parabola and the linear equation of Hansch. The meaning of the results and their utilization for future work are discussed.", "PMID": 582777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1673", "title": "Medrogestone: analysis in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the determination of 6,17-dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (medrogestone) in serum is described using high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Interfering substances in human or dog serum blanks were removed selectively by reaction with oxalyl chloride followed by an aqueous alkaline borate \"wash\" of the extract. The method is specific for medrogestone and, based on 5 ml serum, has a limit of detection of 2 ng/ml.", "contents": "Medrogestone: analysis in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A method for the determination of 6,17-dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (medrogestone) in serum is described using high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Interfering substances in human or dog serum blanks were removed selectively by reaction with oxalyl chloride followed by an aqueous alkaline borate \"wash\" of the extract. The method is specific for medrogestone and, based on 5 ml serum, has a limit of detection of 2 ng/ml.", "PMID": 582778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1674", "title": "[The effect of carbocromen on the respiratory function of rat heart mitochondria].", "content": "Rat heart mitochondria were isolated by a slightly modified method of Sordahl. The influence of carbocromen (Intensa\u00edn) on the respiratory function of the tightly coupled or uncoupled mitochondria was tested in the presence of the respiratory substrates pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, D,L-palmitoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, and D,L-acetylcarnitine. Carbocromen (0.089--0.89 mmol/l) did not change the P/O ratio, but reduced the rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) of the coupled mitochondria by about 20% when palmitoylcarnitine was used as respiratory substrate. With ADP in excess (5 mmol/l) carbocromen decreased QO2 in state ST3 by about 35%. This drug induced reduction of QO2 is still much more evident in uncoupled mitochondria (18% with 0.045 mmol/l carbocromen, 70% with 0.89 mmol/l carbocromen). In the presence of pyruvate as substrate the respiratory function of the coupled and uncoupled mitochondria remained nearly unchanged after adding the drug. It is discussed that carbocromen could interact with the complex enzyme dependent transport of long-chain fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[The effect of carbocromen on the respiratory function of rat heart mitochondria]. Rat heart mitochondria were isolated by a slightly modified method of Sordahl. The influence of carbocromen (Intensa\u00edn) on the respiratory function of the tightly coupled or uncoupled mitochondria was tested in the presence of the respiratory substrates pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, D,L-palmitoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, and D,L-acetylcarnitine. Carbocromen (0.089--0.89 mmol/l) did not change the P/O ratio, but reduced the rate of oxygen consumption (QO2) of the coupled mitochondria by about 20% when palmitoylcarnitine was used as respiratory substrate. With ADP in excess (5 mmol/l) carbocromen decreased QO2 in state ST3 by about 35%. This drug induced reduction of QO2 is still much more evident in uncoupled mitochondria (18% with 0.045 mmol/l carbocromen, 70% with 0.89 mmol/l carbocromen). In the presence of pyruvate as substrate the respiratory function of the coupled and uncoupled mitochondria remained nearly unchanged after adding the drug. It is discussed that carbocromen could interact with the complex enzyme dependent transport of long-chain fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 582779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1675", "title": "The inotropic and chronotropic responses of isolated canine atrium to 5-(3-tert.-butylamino-2-hydroxy)propoxy-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril hydrochloride (carteolol).", "content": "Direct effects of 5-(3-tert.-butylamino-2-hydroxy) propoxy-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril hydrochloride (carteolol) on chronotropic and inotropic activity were investigated in seventeen isolated atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and perfused with arterial blood from the heparinized donor dog. Carteolol has little adrenergic beta-receptor stimulating effect in doses which block prominent positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of norepinephrine. At relatively larger doses, however, carteolol produced a long-lasting positive chronotrophic and inotropic effect. At extremely larger doses, carteolol produced a negative inotropic effect with little or slight negative chronotropic effect. In propranolol-treated preparations, carteolol induced less positive effects. Propranolol-induced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were significantly reduced by treatment with carteolol. From these results, carteolol has not only potent beta-adrenoceptor blocking property but also sympathomimetic activity, and different beta 1-type cardiac adrenergic receptors may probably be suggested.", "contents": "The inotropic and chronotropic responses of isolated canine atrium to 5-(3-tert.-butylamino-2-hydroxy)propoxy-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril hydrochloride (carteolol). Direct effects of 5-(3-tert.-butylamino-2-hydroxy) propoxy-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril hydrochloride (carteolol) on chronotropic and inotropic activity were investigated in seventeen isolated atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and perfused with arterial blood from the heparinized donor dog. Carteolol has little adrenergic beta-receptor stimulating effect in doses which block prominent positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of norepinephrine. At relatively larger doses, however, carteolol produced a long-lasting positive chronotrophic and inotropic effect. At extremely larger doses, carteolol produced a negative inotropic effect with little or slight negative chronotropic effect. In propranolol-treated preparations, carteolol induced less positive effects. Propranolol-induced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were significantly reduced by treatment with carteolol. From these results, carteolol has not only potent beta-adrenoceptor blocking property but also sympathomimetic activity, and different beta 1-type cardiac adrenergic receptors may probably be suggested.", "PMID": 582780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1676", "title": "The electrocardiogram of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats under pentobarbitol sodium anesthesia.", "content": "Strain-sex differences have previously been observed between RHA and RLA male (m) and female (f) rats in the sensitivity to pentobarbital sodium. This present study further investigated the effect of these factors on the electrocardiogram. The heart rate was depressed at all levels of anesthesia, with the maximum effect at 40 min post-infection. Although the heart rate subsequently increased, the P-R and Q-T intervals lengthened progressively throughout the 2 h, accompanied by steady increases in the T-wave amplitude. Some strain-sex differences were seen in the Q-T interval (RHAm, RLAf greater than RLAm), the T wave amplitude (RHAmf greater than RLAmf) and the S-wave amplitude (RHAmf greater than RLAmf, RHLAf greater than RHLAm).", "contents": "The electrocardiogram of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats under pentobarbitol sodium anesthesia. Strain-sex differences have previously been observed between RHA and RLA male (m) and female (f) rats in the sensitivity to pentobarbital sodium. This present study further investigated the effect of these factors on the electrocardiogram. The heart rate was depressed at all levels of anesthesia, with the maximum effect at 40 min post-infection. Although the heart rate subsequently increased, the P-R and Q-T intervals lengthened progressively throughout the 2 h, accompanied by steady increases in the T-wave amplitude. Some strain-sex differences were seen in the Q-T interval (RHAm, RLAf greater than RLAm), the T wave amplitude (RHAmf greater than RLAmf) and the S-wave amplitude (RHAmf greater than RLAmf, RHLAf greater than RHLAm).", "PMID": 582781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1677", "title": "Repair kinetics of DNA, RNA and proteins in the tissues of mice treated with doxorubicin.", "content": "Experiments in mice treated with a single 10 mg/kg dose of doxorubicin (adriamycin) i.p. revealed considerable reduction in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in DNA and of 3H-uridine in RNA, in the spleen and liver, and at mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial level in the heart. Although protein syntheses in the heart and spleen were not reduced by the drug to any great degree, they took 10 days to return to normal; conversely, liver protein syntheses were not inhibited at all and indeed presented signs of stimulation.", "contents": "Repair kinetics of DNA, RNA and proteins in the tissues of mice treated with doxorubicin. Experiments in mice treated with a single 10 mg/kg dose of doxorubicin (adriamycin) i.p. revealed considerable reduction in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in DNA and of 3H-uridine in RNA, in the spleen and liver, and at mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial level in the heart. Although protein syntheses in the heart and spleen were not reduced by the drug to any great degree, they took 10 days to return to normal; conversely, liver protein syntheses were not inhibited at all and indeed presented signs of stimulation.", "PMID": 582782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1678", "title": "[The secretory action of various C-5-alkylsubstituted histamines and N alpha-methyl-histamines on anaesthetized cats with Heidenhain pouches (author's transl)].", "content": "In particular, the action of N alpha-methyl-histamine has to be considered since its secretory response is approximately 1.5 times greater than that of histamine and its secretion lasted for a longer period of time. After C-5-alkylsubstitution, both 5-methyl-histamine and N alpha,5-dimethyl-histamine showed secretory action comparable to that of histamine; the agonistic activity, however, decreased with increasing chain length.", "contents": "[The secretory action of various C-5-alkylsubstituted histamines and N alpha-methyl-histamines on anaesthetized cats with Heidenhain pouches (author's transl)]. In particular, the action of N alpha-methyl-histamine has to be considered since its secretory response is approximately 1.5 times greater than that of histamine and its secretion lasted for a longer period of time. After C-5-alkylsubstitution, both 5-methyl-histamine and N alpha,5-dimethyl-histamine showed secretory action comparable to that of histamine; the agonistic activity, however, decreased with increasing chain length.", "PMID": 582783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1679", "title": "Semi-complete versus partial venous obstruction, with and without partial lymphatic obstruction, and benzo-pyrone treatment.", "content": "The alterations in the fine structure of the venous wall are reviewed, and the changes which occur with injury. These are very similar in both arteries and veins, and were also found by us in experiments in which the common iliac veins of rats were completely occluded, with or without partial lymphatic obstruction. It was found that the protein concentration was considerably increased in the vein wall, in the muscle, and in the skin of the leg--especially when the lymphatics were blocked as well as the veins. The effects of various procedures, including partial and semi-complete venous obstruction and lymphatic obstruction were examined. It was shown to be likely that in semi-complete venous obstruction the blood in the occluded vessels is ultrafiltered, causing great increases in protein concentration, which will be transmitted to the tissues in general--although not to the tissue channels and lymphatics. This will not happen in partial venous occlusion. In all of these cases the benzo-pyrones considerably reduced the amount of excess protein in the tissues. This was no doubt partly due to their abilities to cause increased proteolysis, but may also have been due to their effects on blood and lymph vascular tone and functioning.", "contents": "Semi-complete versus partial venous obstruction, with and without partial lymphatic obstruction, and benzo-pyrone treatment. The alterations in the fine structure of the venous wall are reviewed, and the changes which occur with injury. These are very similar in both arteries and veins, and were also found by us in experiments in which the common iliac veins of rats were completely occluded, with or without partial lymphatic obstruction. It was found that the protein concentration was considerably increased in the vein wall, in the muscle, and in the skin of the leg--especially when the lymphatics were blocked as well as the veins. The effects of various procedures, including partial and semi-complete venous obstruction and lymphatic obstruction were examined. It was shown to be likely that in semi-complete venous obstruction the blood in the occluded vessels is ultrafiltered, causing great increases in protein concentration, which will be transmitted to the tissues in general--although not to the tissue channels and lymphatics. This will not happen in partial venous occlusion. In all of these cases the benzo-pyrones considerably reduced the amount of excess protein in the tissues. This was no doubt partly due to their abilities to cause increased proteolysis, but may also have been due to their effects on blood and lymph vascular tone and functioning.", "PMID": 582784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1680", "title": "Antimicrobial agents in rats. I. Serum levels of parenteral cephalosporins.", "content": "Eleven cephalosporins were tested for their pharmacokinetic properties in rats in order to obtain a basis for experimental evaluation of their in vivo activity. The compounds were administered to female Wistar rats in i.m. doses of 150 or 50 mg/kg. The cephalosporin concentrations in rat serum were determined by the agar-well-diffusion method. Essential differences concerning the serum levels, half-life and the area under the curve could be ascertained. Low serum levels and short half-life could be reported for cephapirin, cephalotin, and cephradin, whereas cefazolin, cefazedone, and cefuroxime produced high and longer lasting serum levels. All cephalosporins were quickly absorbed, most of them were beneath the minimum detectable concentration after 6 h. It is concluded that pharmacokinetic data should be taken into consideration in conjunction with experimental chemotherapy.", "contents": "Antimicrobial agents in rats. I. Serum levels of parenteral cephalosporins. Eleven cephalosporins were tested for their pharmacokinetic properties in rats in order to obtain a basis for experimental evaluation of their in vivo activity. The compounds were administered to female Wistar rats in i.m. doses of 150 or 50 mg/kg. The cephalosporin concentrations in rat serum were determined by the agar-well-diffusion method. Essential differences concerning the serum levels, half-life and the area under the curve could be ascertained. Low serum levels and short half-life could be reported for cephapirin, cephalotin, and cephradin, whereas cefazolin, cefazedone, and cefuroxime produced high and longer lasting serum levels. All cephalosporins were quickly absorbed, most of them were beneath the minimum detectable concentration after 6 h. It is concluded that pharmacokinetic data should be taken into consideration in conjunction with experimental chemotherapy.", "PMID": 582786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1681", "title": "[Animal studies on nephrotoxicity of seven aminoglycoside antibiotics during long-term treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "In studies on female Wistar rats (n = 133) the nephrotoxicity and kidney concentrations of amikacin, butirosin, gentamicin, kanamycin, bekanamycin, sisomicin, and tobramycin were examined during four weeks therapy and four weeks convalescence. Maximum doses recommended for human therapy were administered i.m. at 12-h intervals. For evaulation of the tubulotoxic effect the excretion rates of tubular cells were determined daily. At weekly intervals animals were sacrificed for determination of the kidney aminoglycoside concentration, which was assayed microbiologically. The application of all aminoglycosides resulted in an increase of excreted tubular cells, but the extent and course of cell excretion varied for the different aminoglycosides. An initial peak after different periods of therapy and later on a decrease of cell excretion was found for all aminoglycosides. These periods of high and low loss of tubular cells corresponded to aminoglycoside accumulation and saturation in the kidneys. During the first week of treatment only gentamicin was tolerated without signs of renal damage. Initially the nephrotoxic effect was strongest for bekanamycin, but at the end of the first week kanamycin and sisomicin produced similar distinct side effects. Thereafter the highest cell excretion rates were continuously caused by sisomicin.", "contents": "[Animal studies on nephrotoxicity of seven aminoglycoside antibiotics during long-term treatment (author's transl)]. In studies on female Wistar rats (n = 133) the nephrotoxicity and kidney concentrations of amikacin, butirosin, gentamicin, kanamycin, bekanamycin, sisomicin, and tobramycin were examined during four weeks therapy and four weeks convalescence. Maximum doses recommended for human therapy were administered i.m. at 12-h intervals. For evaulation of the tubulotoxic effect the excretion rates of tubular cells were determined daily. At weekly intervals animals were sacrificed for determination of the kidney aminoglycoside concentration, which was assayed microbiologically. The application of all aminoglycosides resulted in an increase of excreted tubular cells, but the extent and course of cell excretion varied for the different aminoglycosides. An initial peak after different periods of therapy and later on a decrease of cell excretion was found for all aminoglycosides. These periods of high and low loss of tubular cells corresponded to aminoglycoside accumulation and saturation in the kidneys. During the first week of treatment only gentamicin was tolerated without signs of renal damage. Initially the nephrotoxic effect was strongest for bekanamycin, but at the end of the first week kanamycin and sisomicin produced similar distinct side effects. Thereafter the highest cell excretion rates were continuously caused by sisomicin.", "PMID": 582787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1682", "title": "[Netilmicin and tobramycin: comparative evaluation of pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy in animal studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy of (2S-cis)-4-O-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-2-deoxy-6-O-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methyl-amino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl]-N1-ethyl-D-streptamine sulfate (netilmicin) and tobramycin were investigated in rats. The excretion rates of tubular cells and of the urinary enzyme malic dehydrogenase served as parameter of nephrotoxicity. Both compounds were, similar to other aminoglycosides, tubulotoxic within the range of dosages used for human therapy. Netilmicin, however, produced less renal damage than did tobramycin in all dosages applied. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed lower renal concentrations of netilmicin after repetitive administration. Experimental chemotherapy of the chronic E. coli pyelonephritis in rats with both aminoglycosides resulted in a significant reduction of the renal bacterial counts. In spite of approximately identical serum concentration curves and in vitro activity, especially the low dosage of netilmicin led to more favourable therapeutic results than equal doses of tobramycin. These animal experiments suggest higher renal tolerance and efficacy of netilmicin.", "contents": "[Netilmicin and tobramycin: comparative evaluation of pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy in animal studies (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy of (2S-cis)-4-O-[3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-2-deoxy-6-O-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methyl-amino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl]-N1-ethyl-D-streptamine sulfate (netilmicin) and tobramycin were investigated in rats. The excretion rates of tubular cells and of the urinary enzyme malic dehydrogenase served as parameter of nephrotoxicity. Both compounds were, similar to other aminoglycosides, tubulotoxic within the range of dosages used for human therapy. Netilmicin, however, produced less renal damage than did tobramycin in all dosages applied. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed lower renal concentrations of netilmicin after repetitive administration. Experimental chemotherapy of the chronic E. coli pyelonephritis in rats with both aminoglycosides resulted in a significant reduction of the renal bacterial counts. In spite of approximately identical serum concentration curves and in vitro activity, especially the low dosage of netilmicin led to more favourable therapeutic results than equal doses of tobramycin. These animal experiments suggest higher renal tolerance and efficacy of netilmicin.", "PMID": 582788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1683", "title": "Kinetic metabolism of vinpocetine in the rat.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine (Cavinton), a new potent vasodilator, and of its main metabolite have been studied in rats by specific extraction and radio thin-layer chromatography following i.v. and p.o. administration. The drug is rapidly eliminated, its half-life was found to be 125 min. The apparent volume of distribution was 3.8 l/kg and the clearance rate 33 ml/min/kg. From the equation describing the concentration-time curve a two-compartement open model was computed. Bioavailability of vinpocetine after p.o. administration was about 50%. The main metabolite, free apovincaminic acid, is formed very rapidly in rats and is eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 360 min.", "contents": "Kinetic metabolism of vinpocetine in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine (Cavinton), a new potent vasodilator, and of its main metabolite have been studied in rats by specific extraction and radio thin-layer chromatography following i.v. and p.o. administration. The drug is rapidly eliminated, its half-life was found to be 125 min. The apparent volume of distribution was 3.8 l/kg and the clearance rate 33 ml/min/kg. From the equation describing the concentration-time curve a two-compartement open model was computed. Bioavailability of vinpocetine after p.o. administration was about 50%. The main metabolite, free apovincaminic acid, is formed very rapidly in rats and is eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 360 min.", "PMID": 582790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1684", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of ethyl-apovincaminate (vinpocetine, Cavinton), a new vincamine derivative has been studied in volunteers after p.o. and i.v. administration. The concentration of the drug was determined by mass-fragmentography in human plasma. There was a biphasic elimination of the substance after i.v. injection with a T1/2 alpha of 0.136 h and with a T1/2 beta of 4.83 h. The value of Vdss (2.1 l/kg) shows a high adsorption of the drug by tissue proteins. The clearance rate of elimination was 0.366 l/h/kg. Oral administration of the drug resulted in maximum plasma concentration 1--1.5 h after the administration with values of 20--62 ng/ml. The bioavailability of the drug--calculated from the ratio of the areas under the concentration-time curves--proved to be 56.6 +/- 8.9%. Unchanged vinpocetine could not be detected in urine. From the results two-compartment open models were constructed and the steady state concentrations after multiple dosing were computed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine in humans. The pharmacokinetics of ethyl-apovincaminate (vinpocetine, Cavinton), a new vincamine derivative has been studied in volunteers after p.o. and i.v. administration. The concentration of the drug was determined by mass-fragmentography in human plasma. There was a biphasic elimination of the substance after i.v. injection with a T1/2 alpha of 0.136 h and with a T1/2 beta of 4.83 h. The value of Vdss (2.1 l/kg) shows a high adsorption of the drug by tissue proteins. The clearance rate of elimination was 0.366 l/h/kg. Oral administration of the drug resulted in maximum plasma concentration 1--1.5 h after the administration with values of 20--62 ng/ml. The bioavailability of the drug--calculated from the ratio of the areas under the concentration-time curves--proved to be 56.6 +/- 8.9%. Unchanged vinpocetine could not be detected in urine. From the results two-compartment open models were constructed and the steady state concentrations after multiple dosing were computed.", "PMID": 582791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1685", "title": "[Clinical study on digoxin tablets with high bioavailability (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between different maintenance doses and the steady-state digoxin blood concentration was studied in 160 patients with heart failure. All patients received digoxin tablets of the same brand (Digacin). The bioavailability of this brand is 82% compared with an i.v. standard. During the treatment with daily doses of 0.2 mg and 0.3 mg average serum digoxin levels of 1.09 +/- 0.45 ng/ml and 1.33 +/- 0.53 ng/ml were measured in patients with normal renal function. The daily dose of 0.4 mg digoxin was in correlation to an average serum level of 1.75 +/- 0.81 ng/ml. 81% and 86% of all patients with normal renal function taking 0.2 or 0.3 mg digoxin every day were found to have levels in the range of 0.7 to 2.0 ng/ml. The influence of sex, age, height, body weight, maintenance dose, serum creatinine and serum potassium on the variance of the digoxin plasma levels was computed by multiple linear regression. The multiple correlation coefficient was r = 0.666, the coefficient of determination (100 r2) being 44.4%. Therefore 44.4% of the total variance could be explained by these variables. Individual variables accounted for the following percentages of the total variance: serum creatinine 29.1%; maintenance dose 14.5%; age 4.3%; and reciprocal of body weight 3.9%.", "contents": "[Clinical study on digoxin tablets with high bioavailability (author's transl)]. The relationship between different maintenance doses and the steady-state digoxin blood concentration was studied in 160 patients with heart failure. All patients received digoxin tablets of the same brand (Digacin). The bioavailability of this brand is 82% compared with an i.v. standard. During the treatment with daily doses of 0.2 mg and 0.3 mg average serum digoxin levels of 1.09 +/- 0.45 ng/ml and 1.33 +/- 0.53 ng/ml were measured in patients with normal renal function. The daily dose of 0.4 mg digoxin was in correlation to an average serum level of 1.75 +/- 0.81 ng/ml. 81% and 86% of all patients with normal renal function taking 0.2 or 0.3 mg digoxin every day were found to have levels in the range of 0.7 to 2.0 ng/ml. The influence of sex, age, height, body weight, maintenance dose, serum creatinine and serum potassium on the variance of the digoxin plasma levels was computed by multiple linear regression. The multiple correlation coefficient was r = 0.666, the coefficient of determination (100 r2) being 44.4%. Therefore 44.4% of the total variance could be explained by these variables. Individual variables accounted for the following percentages of the total variance: serum creatinine 29.1%; maintenance dose 14.5%; age 4.3%; and reciprocal of body weight 3.9%.", "PMID": 582792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1686", "title": "Pancuronium requirements. With special reference to serum protein pattern.", "content": "Requirements of pancruonium were evaluated in 50 adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery in halothane anaesthesia. A significant negative correlation was found between gamma-globulin and the apnoeic dose of pancuronium (r = --0.335, P less than 0.02), on the one hand, and the apnoeic period after it (r = --0.311, P less than 0.05), on the other hand. beta-Globulin displayed a significant positive correlation with the apnoeic period after pancuronium (r = 0.344, P less than 0.02). The heavier patients necessitated less drug/kg bw. to obtain apnoea than the leaner ones did. Finally, the females showed a higher sensitivity to pancuronium in comparison to the males.", "contents": "Pancuronium requirements. With special reference to serum protein pattern. Requirements of pancruonium were evaluated in 50 adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery in halothane anaesthesia. A significant negative correlation was found between gamma-globulin and the apnoeic dose of pancuronium (r = --0.335, P less than 0.02), on the one hand, and the apnoeic period after it (r = --0.311, P less than 0.05), on the other hand. beta-Globulin displayed a significant positive correlation with the apnoeic period after pancuronium (r = 0.344, P less than 0.02). The heavier patients necessitated less drug/kg bw. to obtain apnoea than the leaner ones did. Finally, the females showed a higher sensitivity to pancuronium in comparison to the males.", "PMID": 582793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1687", "title": "[Plasma levels, renal excretion and metabolism of orciprenaline after administration in sustained-release form (author's transl)].", "content": "A newly developed sustained-release form of orciprenaline-sulfate (Alupent) was tested in 13 patients. Determination of 3H-radioactivity in blood, urine and faeces was used to elucidate its pharmacokinetic properties. Maximum plasma levels of radioactivity were obtained between 8 and 12 h after administration. 10.7 +/- 2.5% of the administered radioactivity were excreted in urine over a period of 72 h. Orciprenaline was mainly excreted as the sulfate-conjugate. Approximately five percent of the radioactivity were excreted as 4,6,8-trihydroxy-N-isopropyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline--the condensation product of formaldehyde and orciprenaline.", "contents": "[Plasma levels, renal excretion and metabolism of orciprenaline after administration in sustained-release form (author's transl)]. A newly developed sustained-release form of orciprenaline-sulfate (Alupent) was tested in 13 patients. Determination of 3H-radioactivity in blood, urine and faeces was used to elucidate its pharmacokinetic properties. Maximum plasma levels of radioactivity were obtained between 8 and 12 h after administration. 10.7 +/- 2.5% of the administered radioactivity were excreted in urine over a period of 72 h. Orciprenaline was mainly excreted as the sulfate-conjugate. Approximately five percent of the radioactivity were excreted as 4,6,8-trihydroxy-N-isopropyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline--the condensation product of formaldehyde and orciprenaline.", "PMID": 582794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1688", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of azapropazone following single oral and intravenous doses.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of azapropazone (Prolixan) was studied in 7 healthy volunters following single oral and i.v. doses of 600 mg. After i.v. injection plasma concentration declined biexponentially with time. The half-life of the beta-phase was 13.6 +/- 2.6 h (mean +/- SD), the apparent volume of distribution 11.9 +/- 3.5 l, and the total clearance 10.1 +/- 2.1 ml . min-1. Following oral administration peak plasma concentrations occurred between 3 and 6 h and declined with a beta-phase half-life of 14.3 +/- 2.8 h. The binding of azapropazone to plasma proteins was high (ranging from 99.52 to 99.67% at a total plasma concentration of 75 micrograms/ml). The bioavailability of azapropazone when administered as capsules was 83 +/- 19%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of azapropazone following single oral and intravenous doses. The pharmacokinetics of azapropazone (Prolixan) was studied in 7 healthy volunters following single oral and i.v. doses of 600 mg. After i.v. injection plasma concentration declined biexponentially with time. The half-life of the beta-phase was 13.6 +/- 2.6 h (mean +/- SD), the apparent volume of distribution 11.9 +/- 3.5 l, and the total clearance 10.1 +/- 2.1 ml . min-1. Following oral administration peak plasma concentrations occurred between 3 and 6 h and declined with a beta-phase half-life of 14.3 +/- 2.8 h. The binding of azapropazone to plasma proteins was high (ranging from 99.52 to 99.67% at a total plasma concentration of 75 micrograms/ml). The bioavailability of azapropazone when administered as capsules was 83 +/- 19%.", "PMID": 582795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1689", "title": "The effects of alcohol and caffeine on concentration test performance.", "content": "Within a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design using two treatment factors, alcohol vs. placebo and caffeine vs. placebo, with stratification for sex as a non-treatment factor in 2 x 2 x 2 groups of 7 students each, concentration test performance was measured by an arithmetic test. The interesting result was a second-order interaction between the three factors: alcohol as well as caffeine decreased concentration in males; combined treatment performance was interpreted synergistically. For females, alcohol as well as caffeine increased concentration while the combination of both had an antagonistic effect.", "contents": "The effects of alcohol and caffeine on concentration test performance. Within a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design using two treatment factors, alcohol vs. placebo and caffeine vs. placebo, with stratification for sex as a non-treatment factor in 2 x 2 x 2 groups of 7 students each, concentration test performance was measured by an arithmetic test. The interesting result was a second-order interaction between the three factors: alcohol as well as caffeine decreased concentration in males; combined treatment performance was interpreted synergistically. For females, alcohol as well as caffeine increased concentration while the combination of both had an antagonistic effect.", "PMID": 582796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1690", "title": "Social distribution of sexually transmitted diseases. A survey of female clinic registrations.", "content": "Social and medical data on 1672 female patients attending a venereal disease clinic were recorded over a four-year period. Analysis of these data provided a demographic and social profile of female clinic attenders and indicated considerable variations in patterns of diagnosis between different social categories of patients. The probability of diagnosis of different infections varied according to age, marital state, social class, employment status, and previous record of attendance.", "contents": "Social distribution of sexually transmitted diseases. A survey of female clinic registrations. Social and medical data on 1672 female patients attending a venereal disease clinic were recorded over a four-year period. Analysis of these data provided a demographic and social profile of female clinic attenders and indicated considerable variations in patterns of diagnosis between different social categories of patients. The probability of diagnosis of different infections varied according to age, marital state, social class, employment status, and previous record of attendance.", "PMID": 582797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1691", "title": "Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sibiromycin by Streptosporangium sibiricum.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sibiromycin by Streptosporangium sibiricum requires the construction of four units: the amino sugar from glucose; the anthranilate ring from DL-tryptophan probably via kynurenine; the aromatic methyl group from methionine; the propylidene proline from L-tyrosine with the loss of two aromatic carbons and addition of a C-1 from methionine. Retention of tritium from DL-[5-3H]tryptophan in sibiromycin suggest an NIH shift during hydroxylation of an intermediate.", "contents": "Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sibiromycin by Streptosporangium sibiricum. The biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sibiromycin by Streptosporangium sibiricum requires the construction of four units: the amino sugar from glucose; the anthranilate ring from DL-tryptophan probably via kynurenine; the aromatic methyl group from methionine; the propylidene proline from L-tyrosine with the loss of two aromatic carbons and addition of a C-1 from methionine. Retention of tritium from DL-[5-3H]tryptophan in sibiromycin suggest an NIH shift during hydroxylation of an intermediate.", "PMID": 582800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1692", "title": "Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthetic conversion of tyrosine to the C2- and C3-proline moieties of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin.", "content": "This paper descirbes biosynthetic labeling experiments on the conversion of tyrosine to the C2- and C3-proline units of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin. The biosynthetic fate of all of the aromatic and side-chain hydrogens has been determined in each antibiotic by using dual tagged (3H/14C) and 2H-labeled tyrosine molecules. In addition, experiments uing [15N]tyrosine and the tritiated D and L isomers of tyrosine have shed some light on the biochemical reactions which take place at tha alpha position of tyrosine. On the basis of results of all these experiments, a biosynthetic scheme had been proposed to rationalize the apparent inconsistencies which occur between the results for the three antibiotics. This scheme proposes that a common main pathway involving proximal extradiol cleavage of Dopa and condensation to form the pyrrolo ring leads ultimately to a C-7 branch point compound. Parallel pathways from this central branch point compound lead by well-known biochemical transformations to the C2-and C3-proline units of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin. The reactions in these parallel pathways are suggested to be \"cosmetic or after events\".", "contents": "Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthetic conversion of tyrosine to the C2- and C3-proline moieties of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin. This paper descirbes biosynthetic labeling experiments on the conversion of tyrosine to the C2- and C3-proline units of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin. The biosynthetic fate of all of the aromatic and side-chain hydrogens has been determined in each antibiotic by using dual tagged (3H/14C) and 2H-labeled tyrosine molecules. In addition, experiments uing [15N]tyrosine and the tritiated D and L isomers of tyrosine have shed some light on the biochemical reactions which take place at tha alpha position of tyrosine. On the basis of results of all these experiments, a biosynthetic scheme had been proposed to rationalize the apparent inconsistencies which occur between the results for the three antibiotics. This scheme proposes that a common main pathway involving proximal extradiol cleavage of Dopa and condensation to form the pyrrolo ring leads ultimately to a C-7 branch point compound. Parallel pathways from this central branch point compound lead by well-known biochemical transformations to the C2-and C3-proline units of anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin. The reactions in these parallel pathways are suggested to be \"cosmetic or after events\".", "PMID": 582801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1693", "title": "Is an average viscosity tenable in lipid bilayers and membranes? A comparison of semi-empirical equivalent viscosities given by unbound probes: a nitroxide and a fluorophore.", "content": "Relative variations of fluidity in bilayers and membranes are currently evaluated by numerous physical methods, but comparison between different systems remain difficult because the effects of order (anisotropy) and fluidity are involved in the diffusion coefficients for correlation times, or frictional coefficients) given by experiment. The present report represents an attempt to generalize the use of isotropic liquids as viscosity standards for disordered lipidic systems. It advances a simple check to verify the quasi-isotropic behaviour of probe environments and avoids the introduction of estimated values of the molecular dimensions in Perrin-Einstein relations. The equivalent viscosities obtained with 1,6-diphenyl hexatriene and with 2-pentyl-2'-butyl-4,4'-dimethyl oxazolidinoxyl are strikingly similar in egg lecithin vesicles above 0 degrees C, while in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions above their transition temperature, a discrepancy of about 30% seems to remain, even at high temperatures.", "contents": "Is an average viscosity tenable in lipid bilayers and membranes? A comparison of semi-empirical equivalent viscosities given by unbound probes: a nitroxide and a fluorophore. Relative variations of fluidity in bilayers and membranes are currently evaluated by numerous physical methods, but comparison between different systems remain difficult because the effects of order (anisotropy) and fluidity are involved in the diffusion coefficients for correlation times, or frictional coefficients) given by experiment. The present report represents an attempt to generalize the use of isotropic liquids as viscosity standards for disordered lipidic systems. It advances a simple check to verify the quasi-isotropic behaviour of probe environments and avoids the introduction of estimated values of the molecular dimensions in Perrin-Einstein relations. The equivalent viscosities obtained with 1,6-diphenyl hexatriene and with 2-pentyl-2'-butyl-4,4'-dimethyl oxazolidinoxyl are strikingly similar in egg lecithin vesicles above 0 degrees C, while in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions above their transition temperature, a discrepancy of about 30% seems to remain, even at high temperatures.", "PMID": 582802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1694", "title": "Fluorescence temperature jump relaxations of dansylphosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine during the gel to liquid-crystal transition.", "content": "The change of fluorescence of the probe dansylphosphatidylethanolamine embedded in multilamellar liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was used to investigate the dynamics of the thermotropic gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition by use of the temperature-jump technique. The results are discussed and compared to published observations on the same system in which the phenomenon was reported by turbidity changes.", "contents": "Fluorescence temperature jump relaxations of dansylphosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine during the gel to liquid-crystal transition. The change of fluorescence of the probe dansylphosphatidylethanolamine embedded in multilamellar liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was used to investigate the dynamics of the thermotropic gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition by use of the temperature-jump technique. The results are discussed and compared to published observations on the same system in which the phenomenon was reported by turbidity changes.", "PMID": 582803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1695", "title": "[Neonatal meningitis: recent results].", "content": "The better outcome of the patients with neonatal meningitis is reported in the last 3 years with ampicillin and chloramphenicol plus one aminoglucoside. (27/51). The use of intrathecal gentamicin was beneficial in 7 out of 9 babies in whom this procedure was used. The mortality rate on the years 1963-1974 in 86 cases was 70.9% in contrast with 43% (51 cases) for the years 1975-1978. Exchange-transfusion was done to 8 patients, with 6 survivals.", "contents": "[Neonatal meningitis: recent results]. The better outcome of the patients with neonatal meningitis is reported in the last 3 years with ampicillin and chloramphenicol plus one aminoglucoside. (27/51). The use of intrathecal gentamicin was beneficial in 7 out of 9 babies in whom this procedure was used. The mortality rate on the years 1963-1974 in 86 cases was 70.9% in contrast with 43% (51 cases) for the years 1975-1978. Exchange-transfusion was done to 8 patients, with 6 survivals.", "PMID": 582799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1696", "title": "The identity and origin of oligosaccharides present in the faeces and urine of sick infants.", "content": "A systematic identification scheme, based on improved paper and thin-layer chromatography, acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis, and the reaction of carbohydrates with several location reagents, has been applied to the analysis of oligosaccharides present in the urine and faeces of sick children and the diets they are fed. The identity and origin of these oligosaccharides is described and their relevance to the diagnosis and treatment of children with suspected disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "The identity and origin of oligosaccharides present in the faeces and urine of sick infants. A systematic identification scheme, based on improved paper and thin-layer chromatography, acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis, and the reaction of carbohydrates with several location reagents, has been applied to the analysis of oligosaccharides present in the urine and faeces of sick children and the diets they are fed. The identity and origin of these oligosaccharides is described and their relevance to the diagnosis and treatment of children with suspected disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 582809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1697", "title": "Pulmonary vasculitis complicating childhood ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A case of pulmonary vasculitis complicating ulcerative colitis is presented, and the literature is reviewed. Unexplained pulmonary problems complicating severe ulcerative colitis should prompt a review of rare etiologies to include pulmonary vasculitis, apical pulmonary fibrosis, and salicylazosulfapyridine-induced lung disease. Lung biopsy will establish a diagnosis of pulmonary vasculitis.", "contents": "Pulmonary vasculitis complicating childhood ulcerative colitis. A case of pulmonary vasculitis complicating ulcerative colitis is presented, and the literature is reviewed. Unexplained pulmonary problems complicating severe ulcerative colitis should prompt a review of rare etiologies to include pulmonary vasculitis, apical pulmonary fibrosis, and salicylazosulfapyridine-induced lung disease. Lung biopsy will establish a diagnosis of pulmonary vasculitis.", "PMID": 582812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1698", "title": "[Conservative treatment of severe paralytic ileus. Clinical experiences with Ceruletid].", "content": "After the failure of other medicamentous treatment attempts for paralytic ileus, Ceruletid (Takus) was used in 20 surgical patients. Ceruletid was applied as an infusion of 40 microgram in 250 ml or 500 ml physiological saline solution over a period of 2-3 hours. During this time the occurrence of bowel sounds, flatulence and defecation was observed. The most important clinical and serological parameters were measured before and after treatment. Treatment was successful in 17 cases, in 3 cases no success was achieved. Severe side effects did not occur. The use of Ceruletid in the described form of administration can be recommended for the treatment of paralytic ileus.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of severe paralytic ileus. Clinical experiences with Ceruletid]. After the failure of other medicamentous treatment attempts for paralytic ileus, Ceruletid (Takus) was used in 20 surgical patients. Ceruletid was applied as an infusion of 40 microgram in 250 ml or 500 ml physiological saline solution over a period of 2-3 hours. During this time the occurrence of bowel sounds, flatulence and defecation was observed. The most important clinical and serological parameters were measured before and after treatment. Treatment was successful in 17 cases, in 3 cases no success was achieved. Severe side effects did not occur. The use of Ceruletid in the described form of administration can be recommended for the treatment of paralytic ileus.", "PMID": 582815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1699", "title": "Polymorphic variants of the third component of complement in Graves' disease.", "content": "We have examined electrophoretic variants of the third complement component (C3) in 294 controls and in 44 patients suffering from Graves' disease, drawn from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. Two common C3 variants, S and F, account for 99% of the gene frequencies. The S homozygote phenotype was observed in 170 controls and in 27 patients; 18 controls were found to be homozygous for the F allele (3 patients), and the FS phenotype was observed in 103 controls and 14 patients. The phenotypic frequencies did not differ significantly between controls and patients. It is concluded that C3 variants do not distinguish individuals who have Graves' disease.", "contents": "Polymorphic variants of the third component of complement in Graves' disease. We have examined electrophoretic variants of the third complement component (C3) in 294 controls and in 44 patients suffering from Graves' disease, drawn from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. Two common C3 variants, S and F, account for 99% of the gene frequencies. The S homozygote phenotype was observed in 170 controls and in 27 patients; 18 controls were found to be homozygous for the F allele (3 patients), and the FS phenotype was observed in 103 controls and 14 patients. The phenotypic frequencies did not differ significantly between controls and patients. It is concluded that C3 variants do not distinguish individuals who have Graves' disease.", "PMID": 582817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1700", "title": "Quantitative in vivo measurement of thyroidal iodine content by static x-ray fluorescent technique: some preliminary clinical observations.", "content": "A static x-ray fluorescent technique utilizing an 241Am source of low activity and a wide view diverging collimator which allows in vivo determination of the concentration and total content of iodine in the thyroid is described. Determinations of normal thyroidal iodine concentration and total iodine content were as follows: 0.40 mg/g and 10.6 mg for 16 men, and 0.67 mg/g and 17.6 mg for 14 women. This fluorescent system has been applied to 70 patients to date. Thyroidal iodine concentrations in patients with Graves' disease were approximately equal to those in healthy suspects, and little change was observed among the concentrations in patients before, during, or after treatment. In most of the patients with chronic or subacute thyroiditis, concentrations levels were lower.", "contents": "Quantitative in vivo measurement of thyroidal iodine content by static x-ray fluorescent technique: some preliminary clinical observations. A static x-ray fluorescent technique utilizing an 241Am source of low activity and a wide view diverging collimator which allows in vivo determination of the concentration and total content of iodine in the thyroid is described. Determinations of normal thyroidal iodine concentration and total iodine content were as follows: 0.40 mg/g and 10.6 mg for 16 men, and 0.67 mg/g and 17.6 mg for 14 women. This fluorescent system has been applied to 70 patients to date. Thyroidal iodine concentrations in patients with Graves' disease were approximately equal to those in healthy suspects, and little change was observed among the concentrations in patients before, during, or after treatment. In most of the patients with chronic or subacute thyroiditis, concentrations levels were lower.", "PMID": 582819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1701", "title": "Decisionmaking in regional health planning agencies.", "content": "Health Systems Agencies (HSAs), the new regional health planning agencies established by the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974, have as their major goals quality, accessibility, continuity and cost containment. One of the tools for cost containment available to HSAs is their active participation in the statewide certificate-of-need (CON) program. To help anticipate how HSAs may play their CON roles, this article reviews the CON decisionmaking processes of two Comprehensive Health Planning (CHP) agencies, the predecessors of HSAs. While most CHPs lacked specific health plans and powers. the two California agencies examined have had both regional plans and roles in CON programs comparable to the present HSAs'. Our focus is on the decisionmaking process rather than the effectiveness of CON programs. A simple descriptive model is developed based on the assumptions that the planners seek satisfactory, rather than optimal solutions and that the data available are extremely limited. The cases analyzed suggest that, while most projects exceed the bed need standards, institutions were almost always able to demonstrate a need through various special circumstances. Once a need has been shown, the agency was able to deny an application only if a better alternative were available. This study suggests two approaches to improving regional health planning decisionmaking. First, identified needs can be better met either by increasing the agency's ability to generate alternatives or by encouraging health facilities to submit competing applications. Second, a regional health care budget would force the agency to make choices among competing needs.", "contents": "Decisionmaking in regional health planning agencies. Health Systems Agencies (HSAs), the new regional health planning agencies established by the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974, have as their major goals quality, accessibility, continuity and cost containment. One of the tools for cost containment available to HSAs is their active participation in the statewide certificate-of-need (CON) program. To help anticipate how HSAs may play their CON roles, this article reviews the CON decisionmaking processes of two Comprehensive Health Planning (CHP) agencies, the predecessors of HSAs. While most CHPs lacked specific health plans and powers. the two California agencies examined have had both regional plans and roles in CON programs comparable to the present HSAs'. Our focus is on the decisionmaking process rather than the effectiveness of CON programs. A simple descriptive model is developed based on the assumptions that the planners seek satisfactory, rather than optimal solutions and that the data available are extremely limited. The cases analyzed suggest that, while most projects exceed the bed need standards, institutions were almost always able to demonstrate a need through various special circumstances. Once a need has been shown, the agency was able to deny an application only if a better alternative were available. This study suggests two approaches to improving regional health planning decisionmaking. First, identified needs can be better met either by increasing the agency's ability to generate alternatives or by encouraging health facilities to submit competing applications. Second, a regional health care budget would force the agency to make choices among competing needs.", "PMID": 582829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1702", "title": "Deformation of the articular cartilage and joint space of the human knee joint under static load.", "content": "In order to define the deformation of articular cartilage and the joint space under statically loaded knee joints, we studied serial sections in the frontal plane of knee joints which were frozen under the application of a load. Normal articular cartilage surfaces did not make contact even under loads of 100kg or more, leaving always a space between. The compressive deformation of articular cartilage mainly occurred at the central area near to the intercondylar notch or prominence, but the deformation of cartilage in the area covered by menisci was negligible.", "contents": "Deformation of the articular cartilage and joint space of the human knee joint under static load. In order to define the deformation of articular cartilage and the joint space under statically loaded knee joints, we studied serial sections in the frontal plane of knee joints which were frozen under the application of a load. Normal articular cartilage surfaces did not make contact even under loads of 100kg or more, leaving always a space between. The compressive deformation of articular cartilage mainly occurred at the central area near to the intercondylar notch or prominence, but the deformation of cartilage in the area covered by menisci was negligible.", "PMID": 582830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1703", "title": "TSH-responsive adenylate cyclase activity in thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "Basal adenylate cyclase activity of thyroid plasma membranes obtained from six patients with Graves' disease was slightly but not significantly lower than normal (83.3 +/- 13.9 pmol cAMP/10 min/mg of protein versus 120.9 +/- 19.5 pmol cAMP/10 min/mg of protein). In five of these patients the adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by bovine TSH with an apparent Km value similar to that of normal thyroid (3.1 +/- 0.5 X 10-9 M versus 3.4 +/- 0.6 X 10-9 M). The response to prostaglandin E2 was also normal. In the sixth patient adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by prostaglandin E2 but not by bovine TSH. The distribution of basal adenylate cyclase activity in various gradient layers was studied in two TSH-responsive patients. A relative increase of this activity was found in the denser layer when compared to normal thyroid tissue. This could be the expression of an altered ratio between the protein and lipid components of the plasma membranes in patients with Graves' disease.", "contents": "TSH-responsive adenylate cyclase activity in thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease. Basal adenylate cyclase activity of thyroid plasma membranes obtained from six patients with Graves' disease was slightly but not significantly lower than normal (83.3 +/- 13.9 pmol cAMP/10 min/mg of protein versus 120.9 +/- 19.5 pmol cAMP/10 min/mg of protein). In five of these patients the adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by bovine TSH with an apparent Km value similar to that of normal thyroid (3.1 +/- 0.5 X 10-9 M versus 3.4 +/- 0.6 X 10-9 M). The response to prostaglandin E2 was also normal. In the sixth patient adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by prostaglandin E2 but not by bovine TSH. The distribution of basal adenylate cyclase activity in various gradient layers was studied in two TSH-responsive patients. A relative increase of this activity was found in the denser layer when compared to normal thyroid tissue. This could be the expression of an altered ratio between the protein and lipid components of the plasma membranes in patients with Graves' disease.", "PMID": 582826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1704", "title": "The effect of a non-absorbable fat, sucrose polyester, on the metabolism of vitamin A by the rat.", "content": "Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a fat-like material that is not absorbed. The effect of this material on vitamin A metabolism was determined by measuring the amount of the vitamin that was stored in the liver of rats following the ingestion of a known amount of vitamin A. In one study, the vitamin A was administered as an oral dose in a vehicle consisting of various proportions of cottonseed oil and SPE. Each 1% replacement of cottonseed oil by SPE resulted in a 0.26% decrease in the amount of vitamin A found in the liver. In the second study, the vitamin A was incorporated into diets in which the fat component consisted of various proportions of cottonseed oil and SPE. When these diets were consumed for 1 week, each 1% replacement of cottonseed oil by SPE resulted in a 0.84% decrease in the storage of vitamin A by the liver. It is proposed that in the lumen of the intestine vitamin A distributes between the customary micellar phase and the unhydrolyzed oil phase of SPE. The vitamin A in this latter phase is eliminated in the feces.", "contents": "The effect of a non-absorbable fat, sucrose polyester, on the metabolism of vitamin A by the rat. Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a fat-like material that is not absorbed. The effect of this material on vitamin A metabolism was determined by measuring the amount of the vitamin that was stored in the liver of rats following the ingestion of a known amount of vitamin A. In one study, the vitamin A was administered as an oral dose in a vehicle consisting of various proportions of cottonseed oil and SPE. Each 1% replacement of cottonseed oil by SPE resulted in a 0.26% decrease in the amount of vitamin A found in the liver. In the second study, the vitamin A was incorporated into diets in which the fat component consisted of various proportions of cottonseed oil and SPE. When these diets were consumed for 1 week, each 1% replacement of cottonseed oil by SPE resulted in a 0.84% decrease in the storage of vitamin A by the liver. It is proposed that in the lumen of the intestine vitamin A distributes between the customary micellar phase and the unhydrolyzed oil phase of SPE. The vitamin A in this latter phase is eliminated in the feces.", "PMID": 582832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1705", "title": "Morphologic aspects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "Some of the morphologic changes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are frequently found in infants dying of the infantile respiratory distress syndrome, so the frequency of BPD is more frequent as determined morphologically than as determined clinically. Morphologic differences have been described between the lesions of oxygen poisoning and those of BPD, but there are probably no true qualitative differences and such differences as exist are quantitative ones. Clinical and functional studies suggest that lung damage in infancy and early childhood may result in residual functional abnormalities in older childhood, and to a predisposition to chronic airflow obstruction in later life. It is hypothesized that this may be brought about by alteration in postnatal lung growth. Two patients who had an operation for diaphragmatic hernia on the first day of life and who died 8 and 64 months later were used to illustrate this point, since both had obviously abnormal lung structure at the time of death.", "contents": "Morphologic aspects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Some of the morphologic changes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are frequently found in infants dying of the infantile respiratory distress syndrome, so the frequency of BPD is more frequent as determined morphologically than as determined clinically. Morphologic differences have been described between the lesions of oxygen poisoning and those of BPD, but there are probably no true qualitative differences and such differences as exist are quantitative ones. Clinical and functional studies suggest that lung damage in infancy and early childhood may result in residual functional abnormalities in older childhood, and to a predisposition to chronic airflow obstruction in later life. It is hypothesized that this may be brought about by alteration in postnatal lung growth. Two patients who had an operation for diaphragmatic hernia on the first day of life and who died 8 and 64 months later were used to illustrate this point, since both had obviously abnormal lung structure at the time of death.", "PMID": 582833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1706", "title": "Experience in primary mental health care.", "content": "The author discusses his experience as clinical director of a small mental health unit in a neighborhood health center. Deep-rooted organizational and administrative conflicts resulted in the clinical compromise of this unit's capacity to deliver needed services. Essentially, two recommendations are made to protect and foster the vitality of \"primary mental health care.\" The first is to reduce the organizational complexity that engulfs centers such as the one described. The second is to recognize how vital the community boards of directors are to the quality of care received by patients. Board members must be provided with support and technical assistance by professional advisors and supporting agencies in order to carry out their essential missions.", "contents": "Experience in primary mental health care. The author discusses his experience as clinical director of a small mental health unit in a neighborhood health center. Deep-rooted organizational and administrative conflicts resulted in the clinical compromise of this unit's capacity to deliver needed services. Essentially, two recommendations are made to protect and foster the vitality of \"primary mental health care.\" The first is to reduce the organizational complexity that engulfs centers such as the one described. The second is to recognize how vital the community boards of directors are to the quality of care received by patients. Board members must be provided with support and technical assistance by professional advisors and supporting agencies in order to carry out their essential missions.", "PMID": 582834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1707", "title": "[Cycloplegia with cyclopentolate for testing-refraction of children (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the cycloplegic effect of 1% cyclopentolate and atropine or homatropine was done by means of Lindner's method of retinoscopy. In 53% of 1.5- to 6-year-old strabismic patients the hypermetropic refraction was higher (average 0.6 dpt) under the use of atropine, and in 27% of 6- to 11-year-old children cyclopentolate was more effective than homatropine (average 0.5 dpt). Therefore, atropine should be used for children with convergent squint up to 6 years, in order to get full correction of hypermetropia. In other cases cyclopentolate is preferable because of its rapid and strong efficiency of brief duration.", "contents": "[Cycloplegia with cyclopentolate for testing-refraction of children (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the cycloplegic effect of 1% cyclopentolate and atropine or homatropine was done by means of Lindner's method of retinoscopy. In 53% of 1.5- to 6-year-old strabismic patients the hypermetropic refraction was higher (average 0.6 dpt) under the use of atropine, and in 27% of 6- to 11-year-old children cyclopentolate was more effective than homatropine (average 0.5 dpt). Therefore, atropine should be used for children with convergent squint up to 6 years, in order to get full correction of hypermetropia. In other cases cyclopentolate is preferable because of its rapid and strong efficiency of brief duration.", "PMID": 582836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1708", "title": "[Hyper- and normoprolactinaemia with amenorrhea and galactorrhea-amenorrhea-syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "10 amenorrhea-patients and 5 galactorrhea-amenorrhea-patients were treated wi2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154) as a specific prolactin inhibitor. Side-effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea could be reduced to a minimum by delivering the drug with the meal at night. Before and under the treatment hormone levels were determined in plasma and 24-hour-urine. In the beginning all 15 patients showed a hyperprolactinaemia with a nearly always simultaneously existing hypogonadotropinaemia and the absence of LH-peaks. Also the estrogen- and progesterone-concentrations were on the lower normal level or extremely suppressed. In all patients CB 154 therapy led to a quick decrease of the prolactin levels, to a regaining of typical LH- and FSH-episodes, as well as to a regeneration of ovarian function. 5 women reacted with an ovulation, 3 became pregnant. The galactorrhea diminished significantly and stopped finally after a treatment of one week to 6 months. Discontinuation of CB 154-therapy, however, often provoked the galactorrhea-amenorrhea-syndrome again. For women with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhea a gestagen- and estrogen-test were carried out in order to classify the amenorrhea-type and it was tried to induce an ovulation with Dyneric. For patients with a strong desire for children and without any organic cause for their sterility, in cases of ovarian insufficiency grade I and II a HMG-HCG-treatment was often indicated. In spite of a precise control in order to avoid an overstimulation of the ovaries about 1% of the Dyneric-treated and even 30% of the HMG-HCG-treated patients developed ovarian cysts. In spite of high doses of gonadotropins only 32,5% of our sterility-patients (group I and II) became pregnant, whereas about 60% of the hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhea-patients (group VI) conceived under CB 154 treatment.", "contents": "[Hyper- and normoprolactinaemia with amenorrhea and galactorrhea-amenorrhea-syndrom (author's transl)]. 10 amenorrhea-patients and 5 galactorrhea-amenorrhea-patients were treated wi2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154) as a specific prolactin inhibitor. Side-effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea could be reduced to a minimum by delivering the drug with the meal at night. Before and under the treatment hormone levels were determined in plasma and 24-hour-urine. In the beginning all 15 patients showed a hyperprolactinaemia with a nearly always simultaneously existing hypogonadotropinaemia and the absence of LH-peaks. Also the estrogen- and progesterone-concentrations were on the lower normal level or extremely suppressed. In all patients CB 154 therapy led to a quick decrease of the prolactin levels, to a regaining of typical LH- and FSH-episodes, as well as to a regeneration of ovarian function. 5 women reacted with an ovulation, 3 became pregnant. The galactorrhea diminished significantly and stopped finally after a treatment of one week to 6 months. Discontinuation of CB 154-therapy, however, often provoked the galactorrhea-amenorrhea-syndrome again. For women with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhea a gestagen- and estrogen-test were carried out in order to classify the amenorrhea-type and it was tried to induce an ovulation with Dyneric. For patients with a strong desire for children and without any organic cause for their sterility, in cases of ovarian insufficiency grade I and II a HMG-HCG-treatment was often indicated. In spite of a precise control in order to avoid an overstimulation of the ovaries about 1% of the Dyneric-treated and even 30% of the HMG-HCG-treated patients developed ovarian cysts. In spite of high doses of gonadotropins only 32,5% of our sterility-patients (group I and II) became pregnant, whereas about 60% of the hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhea-patients (group VI) conceived under CB 154 treatment.", "PMID": 582843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1709", "title": "Evidence for cerebral involvement in nephropathic cystinosis.", "content": "Cranial computerized tomography (CCT) of 3 children with nephropathic cystinosis and chronic renal failure (CRF) revealed a hydrocephalus internus and externus. In two boys the findings consisted of bilateral dilatation of the ventricular system and of the subarachnoid space; in one boy the alterations were mainly unilateral. The children had repeated convolsions which could not be explained by deterioration of renal function. Their neurological condition was otherwise normal. In six non-cystinotic patients with chronic renal failure, CCT showed normal anatomical structures. The possibility is discussed that the hitherto unknown pathogenetic mechanism of cystinosis leads to diffuse cerebral atrophy, resulting in internal and external hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Evidence for cerebral involvement in nephropathic cystinosis. Cranial computerized tomography (CCT) of 3 children with nephropathic cystinosis and chronic renal failure (CRF) revealed a hydrocephalus internus and externus. In two boys the findings consisted of bilateral dilatation of the ventricular system and of the subarachnoid space; in one boy the alterations were mainly unilateral. The children had repeated convolsions which could not be explained by deterioration of renal function. Their neurological condition was otherwise normal. In six non-cystinotic patients with chronic renal failure, CCT showed normal anatomical structures. The possibility is discussed that the hitherto unknown pathogenetic mechanism of cystinosis leads to diffuse cerebral atrophy, resulting in internal and external hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 582846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1710", "title": "Atypical aspects of hypertensive encephalopathy in childhood.", "content": "Four patients with hypertensive encephalopathy and misleading focal symptomatology are reported in order to point out the problems of differential diagnosis. The first patient, together with a classical syndrome of hypertensive encephalopathy, had peculiar EEG features consistent with a possible diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Case 2 presented with a complex clinical syndrome associating bizarre spells suggestive of a psychiatric condition with ocular symptoms pointing to an upper brain stem involvement. The third child was remarkable because of the presence of neuroradiological signs compatible with a space-occupying lesion of the posterior fossa not eventually found after a surgical exploration performed as an emergency procedure. The last patient had central nervous system signs in the context of a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: in this case the central symptomatology would not fit the already described pattern of encephalomyelo-radiculo-neuropathy but had to be entirely ascribed to the ill controlled arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Atypical aspects of hypertensive encephalopathy in childhood. Four patients with hypertensive encephalopathy and misleading focal symptomatology are reported in order to point out the problems of differential diagnosis. The first patient, together with a classical syndrome of hypertensive encephalopathy, had peculiar EEG features consistent with a possible diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. Case 2 presented with a complex clinical syndrome associating bizarre spells suggestive of a psychiatric condition with ocular symptoms pointing to an upper brain stem involvement. The third child was remarkable because of the presence of neuroradiological signs compatible with a space-occupying lesion of the posterior fossa not eventually found after a surgical exploration performed as an emergency procedure. The last patient had central nervous system signs in the context of a Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: in this case the central symptomatology would not fit the already described pattern of encephalomyelo-radiculo-neuropathy but had to be entirely ascribed to the ill controlled arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 582847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1711", "title": "Dissociated motor development--developmental patterns, clinical characteristics, causal factors and outcome, with special reference to late walking children.", "content": "Dissociated motor development, defined as marked gross motor delay without any abnormal neurological signs and contrasting to a normal fine motor-adaptive performance, was studied prospectively in a consecutive in a consecutive series of 78 children, 48 girls and 30 boys, aged 7-23 months at first examination. When 17 months of age, 10 of them had become normalized, and in further three a disability explaining their gross motor delay had been diagnosed. At an average age of 4.2 years, the remaining 65 late walkers were, regardless of cause and developmental and neurological findings at final follow-up, characterized by a number of deviating clinical features as muscular hypotonia (71%), shuffling (51%) and dissociated or late pattern of learning to sit (79%). In 30 out of 65 late walkers (46%) a defined clinical condition of probable pathogenetic implication was found. In 35 out of 65 late walkers (54%), no explaining clinical condition was found. They have been designed to be idiopathic late walkers. Except for muscular hypotonia, present in 77%, conventional neurology was normal in this group. Minor neurological signs such as a positive Foerster sign, defect balance reactions in standing, or asymmetry in prewalking locomotion were, however, occasionally and temporarily observed. Girls were overrepresented among idiopathic late walkers, 69% compared to 43% among the symptomatic late walkers. Complete normalization was more common in the idiopathic group (66%) than in the symptomatic group (27%). Early differentiation between the late walkers who were normalized and those who developed mild mental retardation or neurological handicaps was difficult but not quite impossible. Heredity for shuffling, a non-revealing pre- and perinatal history, a developmental pattern of late learning to sit, and shuffling favoured a normal outcome. Creepers with a dissociated pattern of learning to sit and crawlers with muscular hypotonia were found to have an increased risk for later handicap.", "contents": "Dissociated motor development--developmental patterns, clinical characteristics, causal factors and outcome, with special reference to late walking children. Dissociated motor development, defined as marked gross motor delay without any abnormal neurological signs and contrasting to a normal fine motor-adaptive performance, was studied prospectively in a consecutive in a consecutive series of 78 children, 48 girls and 30 boys, aged 7-23 months at first examination. When 17 months of age, 10 of them had become normalized, and in further three a disability explaining their gross motor delay had been diagnosed. At an average age of 4.2 years, the remaining 65 late walkers were, regardless of cause and developmental and neurological findings at final follow-up, characterized by a number of deviating clinical features as muscular hypotonia (71%), shuffling (51%) and dissociated or late pattern of learning to sit (79%). In 30 out of 65 late walkers (46%) a defined clinical condition of probable pathogenetic implication was found. In 35 out of 65 late walkers (54%), no explaining clinical condition was found. They have been designed to be idiopathic late walkers. Except for muscular hypotonia, present in 77%, conventional neurology was normal in this group. Minor neurological signs such as a positive Foerster sign, defect balance reactions in standing, or asymmetry in prewalking locomotion were, however, occasionally and temporarily observed. Girls were overrepresented among idiopathic late walkers, 69% compared to 43% among the symptomatic late walkers. Complete normalization was more common in the idiopathic group (66%) than in the symptomatic group (27%). Early differentiation between the late walkers who were normalized and those who developed mild mental retardation or neurological handicaps was difficult but not quite impossible. Heredity for shuffling, a non-revealing pre- and perinatal history, a developmental pattern of late learning to sit, and shuffling favoured a normal outcome. Creepers with a dissociated pattern of learning to sit and crawlers with muscular hypotonia were found to have an increased risk for later handicap.", "PMID": 582848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1712", "title": "[A contribution to the psychophysiology of infantile dysmegalopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 9 year old boy was able to evoke microptic experiences voluntarily. Clinical and historical signs of minimal brain dysfunction were present. An epileptic etiology could neither be proven nor ruled out. Synchronized EEG- and Video recording allowed us to analyze the EEG and the corresponding behavior by using sequential spectral analysis of the EEG data. Coinciding with a progressive increase in rhythmic 6-7 cps. activity we observed a behavior which appeared to correspond to a state of narrowed attention. He signalized the onset of a micropsy a few seconds after the transition from this pattern into one which showed a relative voltage decrease and the reappearance of some alpha-activity. The end was signalized by him coinciding with the recurrence of normal waking activity. Our findings--like those of others--suggest that the gradual development of hypnagogic phenomena is bound to a state of lowered vigilance. The reappearance of alpha activity and the voltage decrease seem to represent an unstable intermediary state with partial arousal preceding the restitution of normal wakefulness. Since the onset of the micropsy was signalized only after manifestation of the intermediary EEG-state, we conclude that partial arousal is a prerequisite for giving an indication of hypnagogic experiences in a quasi retrospective manner.", "contents": "[A contribution to the psychophysiology of infantile dysmegalopsy (author's transl)]. A 9 year old boy was able to evoke microptic experiences voluntarily. Clinical and historical signs of minimal brain dysfunction were present. An epileptic etiology could neither be proven nor ruled out. Synchronized EEG- and Video recording allowed us to analyze the EEG and the corresponding behavior by using sequential spectral analysis of the EEG data. Coinciding with a progressive increase in rhythmic 6-7 cps. activity we observed a behavior which appeared to correspond to a state of narrowed attention. He signalized the onset of a micropsy a few seconds after the transition from this pattern into one which showed a relative voltage decrease and the reappearance of some alpha-activity. The end was signalized by him coinciding with the recurrence of normal waking activity. Our findings--like those of others--suggest that the gradual development of hypnagogic phenomena is bound to a state of lowered vigilance. The reappearance of alpha activity and the voltage decrease seem to represent an unstable intermediary state with partial arousal preceding the restitution of normal wakefulness. Since the onset of the micropsy was signalized only after manifestation of the intermediary EEG-state, we conclude that partial arousal is a prerequisite for giving an indication of hypnagogic experiences in a quasi retrospective manner.", "PMID": 582849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1713", "title": "Neonatal non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: a clinical, biochemical and neuropathological study including electronmicroscopic findings.", "content": "In a family of four children, three died within 8 days after birth. The fourth child survived after a critical first week with the same symptoms as the siblings. He was at the age of four found to have non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. The histories and neuropathology of the other children were then reexamined. It seems highly probable that all siblings suffered from non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. This report points to the clinical, biochemical and neuropathological diagnostic problems in this disease and also adds new information on the ultrastructural changes, not hitherto visualized.", "contents": "Neonatal non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: a clinical, biochemical and neuropathological study including electronmicroscopic findings. In a family of four children, three died within 8 days after birth. The fourth child survived after a critical first week with the same symptoms as the siblings. He was at the age of four found to have non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. The histories and neuropathology of the other children were then reexamined. It seems highly probable that all siblings suffered from non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. This report points to the clinical, biochemical and neuropathological diagnostic problems in this disease and also adds new information on the ultrastructural changes, not hitherto visualized.", "PMID": 582850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1714", "title": "Nasolacrimal duct obstruction following transantral-ethmoidal orbital decompression.", "content": "Of 200 patients undergoing bilateral transantral-ethmoidal orbital decompression for Graves' ophthalmopathy, nine suffered symptomatic postoperative obstruction of the lower nasolacrimal excretory system. Five of the nine patients had persistent symptoms of epiphora or repeated episodes of dacryocystitis that necessitated dacryocystorhinostomy. Dacryocystorhinostomy relieved symptoms and objective evidence of obstruction in these five patients. We believe that nasolacrimal duct obstruction occurred in these patients as a complication of nasoantral window construction.", "contents": "Nasolacrimal duct obstruction following transantral-ethmoidal orbital decompression. Of 200 patients undergoing bilateral transantral-ethmoidal orbital decompression for Graves' ophthalmopathy, nine suffered symptomatic postoperative obstruction of the lower nasolacrimal excretory system. Five of the nine patients had persistent symptoms of epiphora or repeated episodes of dacryocystitis that necessitated dacryocystorhinostomy. Dacryocystorhinostomy relieved symptoms and objective evidence of obstruction in these five patients. We believe that nasolacrimal duct obstruction occurred in these patients as a complication of nasoantral window construction.", "PMID": 582851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1715", "title": "Exposure of the inferior orbit with fornix incision and lateral canthotomy.", "content": "Exposure of the inferior orbit is necessary for exploration of the orbit for repair of orbital fractures, reconstruction of the orbit to correct enophthalmos with a volume implant, and decompression of the orbit to relieve the symptoms and improve appearance in cases of dysthyroid exophthalmos. The usual approach to the inferior orbit has been through a subciliary skin incision and dissection of a skin flap to the orbital rim. A technique is presented which utilizes an inferior fornix conjunctival incision combined with a lateral canthotomy and outward rotation of the lower lid. The advantages of this technique are that it avoids a lengthy skin incision with dissection which may present skin shrinkage if repeated surgery is necessary, employs a very simple closure, and provides better exposure of the nasal, inferior and lateral orbits while leaving the lower lid structures intact, preserving its integrity.", "contents": "Exposure of the inferior orbit with fornix incision and lateral canthotomy. Exposure of the inferior orbit is necessary for exploration of the orbit for repair of orbital fractures, reconstruction of the orbit to correct enophthalmos with a volume implant, and decompression of the orbit to relieve the symptoms and improve appearance in cases of dysthyroid exophthalmos. The usual approach to the inferior orbit has been through a subciliary skin incision and dissection of a skin flap to the orbital rim. A technique is presented which utilizes an inferior fornix conjunctival incision combined with a lateral canthotomy and outward rotation of the lower lid. The advantages of this technique are that it avoids a lengthy skin incision with dissection which may present skin shrinkage if repeated surgery is necessary, employs a very simple closure, and provides better exposure of the nasal, inferior and lateral orbits while leaving the lower lid structures intact, preserving its integrity.", "PMID": 582852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1716", "title": "High-resolution real-time ultrasonography of thyroid nodules.", "content": "High-resolution real-time ultrasonography was used to evaluate 98 patients with palpable abnormalities of the thyroid and positive isotopic studies. It confirmed 37 of 73 (51%) suspected solitary nodules. Of 25 patients thought to have multinodular goiter, sonography was supportive in 21 (84%). In patients with adenoma or adenomatous nodules, characteristic features included a sonolucent \"halo\". Colloid nodules tended to be more sonolucent than normal thyroid tissue, whereas Hashimoto thyroiditis was characterized by an enlarged gland and decreased echogenicity.", "contents": "High-resolution real-time ultrasonography of thyroid nodules. High-resolution real-time ultrasonography was used to evaluate 98 patients with palpable abnormalities of the thyroid and positive isotopic studies. It confirmed 37 of 73 (51%) suspected solitary nodules. Of 25 patients thought to have multinodular goiter, sonography was supportive in 21 (84%). In patients with adenoma or adenomatous nodules, characteristic features included a sonolucent \"halo\". Colloid nodules tended to be more sonolucent than normal thyroid tissue, whereas Hashimoto thyroiditis was characterized by an enlarged gland and decreased echogenicity.", "PMID": 582856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1717", "title": "Herpes zoster and lower motor neurone paresis.", "content": "Fifteen cases of herpes zoster with lower motor neurone paresis involving the upper and lower limbs are reviewed. Five patients had an underlying disease--three had rheumatoid arthritis, two of whom were on prednisolone; one had chronic lymphatic leukaemia and one lymphosarcoma. Details are given of the time relationship between onset of pain, the appearance of the skin eruption and the later muscle weakness. Electromyographic evidence was available in 12 patients. The difficulty of assessing the muscle power in the presence of severe pain is discussed. Prognosis was generally very good; 11 patients recovered fully, three improved and one was unchanged after 5 months, when he died of lymphosarcoma. One patient was lost to follow-up at 5 months but was improving at the time.", "contents": "Herpes zoster and lower motor neurone paresis. Fifteen cases of herpes zoster with lower motor neurone paresis involving the upper and lower limbs are reviewed. Five patients had an underlying disease--three had rheumatoid arthritis, two of whom were on prednisolone; one had chronic lymphatic leukaemia and one lymphosarcoma. Details are given of the time relationship between onset of pain, the appearance of the skin eruption and the later muscle weakness. Electromyographic evidence was available in 12 patients. The difficulty of assessing the muscle power in the presence of severe pain is discussed. Prognosis was generally very good; 11 patients recovered fully, three improved and one was unchanged after 5 months, when he died of lymphosarcoma. One patient was lost to follow-up at 5 months but was improving at the time.", "PMID": 582857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1718", "title": "On the vanadium and tin contents of diet and human blood.", "content": "The vanadium and tin contents of total diet samples collected in five Italian towns are given, and discussed in relation to literature data, their status as essential elements and their levels in human blood. Tin in blood was found to be below 2 ng ml-1 in a group of 14 subjects, and barely detectable even after oral consumption of 60 mg of tin.", "contents": "On the vanadium and tin contents of diet and human blood. The vanadium and tin contents of total diet samples collected in five Italian towns are given, and discussed in relation to literature data, their status as essential elements and their levels in human blood. Tin in blood was found to be below 2 ng ml-1 in a group of 14 subjects, and barely detectable even after oral consumption of 60 mg of tin.", "PMID": 582858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1719", "title": "The kidney of a teleost, Spinachia spinachia. II. Histochemical identification of sialic acid-containing glycoprotein and fine structure of mucus secreting cells.", "content": "Kidney cells of the marine stickleback Spinachia have been studied with histochemical methods for the demonstration of glycoconjugates. The fine structure of epithelial cells is described. Mucus threads in the nephronic tubule of sexually mature consist of neutral glycoprotein which corresponds with the secretory granules in proximal tubule segment II cells. Large lysosome-like inclusions, which also react with PAS, are present in many P II cells. All cells of the collecting duct epithelium differentiate into mucous cells in male Spinachia. The nature of their secretory products, which are well preserved by freeze-drying, is discussed. Sialylated glycoprotein is present in mucus granules and sulphated glycoprotein can be demonstrated at the apex of collecting duct cells. Collecting duct cell mucus can be digested with testicular hyaluronidase indicating that proteoglycans may be involved in the structure of macromolecules. The observations are compared with studies of mucus production in the urinary apparatus of several other vertebrates.", "contents": "The kidney of a teleost, Spinachia spinachia. II. Histochemical identification of sialic acid-containing glycoprotein and fine structure of mucus secreting cells. Kidney cells of the marine stickleback Spinachia have been studied with histochemical methods for the demonstration of glycoconjugates. The fine structure of epithelial cells is described. Mucus threads in the nephronic tubule of sexually mature consist of neutral glycoprotein which corresponds with the secretory granules in proximal tubule segment II cells. Large lysosome-like inclusions, which also react with PAS, are present in many P II cells. All cells of the collecting duct epithelium differentiate into mucous cells in male Spinachia. The nature of their secretory products, which are well preserved by freeze-drying, is discussed. Sialylated glycoprotein is present in mucus granules and sulphated glycoprotein can be demonstrated at the apex of collecting duct cells. Collecting duct cell mucus can be digested with testicular hyaluronidase indicating that proteoglycans may be involved in the structure of macromolecules. The observations are compared with studies of mucus production in the urinary apparatus of several other vertebrates.", "PMID": 582860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1720", "title": "[Malignant lymphoma present almost simultaneously in two brothers (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagnosis of poorly differentiated, nodular, lymphocytic malignant lymphoma was made in two brothers. One had been operated 10 years earlier for an adenocarcinoma of the descending colon. In addition, another brother had died from a primary tumor of the liver. Although a genetic factor is not proved, the case is suggestive.", "contents": "[Malignant lymphoma present almost simultaneously in two brothers (author's transl)]. A diagnosis of poorly differentiated, nodular, lymphocytic malignant lymphoma was made in two brothers. One had been operated 10 years earlier for an adenocarcinoma of the descending colon. In addition, another brother had died from a primary tumor of the liver. Although a genetic factor is not proved, the case is suggestive.", "PMID": 582861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1721", "title": "[Relationship between vitamin status (A, B1, B2, B6, and C), clinical features and nutritional habits in a population of old people (author's transl)].", "content": "112 patients in a medical ward were examined clinically and biochemically with regard to their vitamin status (plasma vitamin A, plasma vitamin C, blood glutathione reductase, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, N-methyl nicotinic acid amide and pyridoxic acid excretion). The nutritional habits were assessed by means of a questionnaire. The results of these two examinations were correlated with the clinical findings. The assessment of the vitamin B2 status showed a deficiency in 8 cases and a marginal vitamin B2 supply in a further 4 cases. The thiamine intake was insufficient in 43 cases and marginal in 42 cases. The biochemical assessment of vitamins C, B1 and PP indicated a deficiency of these vitamins. Dermatological signs pointed to a deficiency of vitamins A and B2. There was a significant correlation between the plasma vitamin A level and the serum iron level. The importance of milk and vegetables in the diet is stressed and also the association between milk consumption and the serum cholesterol level.", "contents": "[Relationship between vitamin status (A, B1, B2, B6, and C), clinical features and nutritional habits in a population of old people (author's transl)]. 112 patients in a medical ward were examined clinically and biochemically with regard to their vitamin status (plasma vitamin A, plasma vitamin C, blood glutathione reductase, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, N-methyl nicotinic acid amide and pyridoxic acid excretion). The nutritional habits were assessed by means of a questionnaire. The results of these two examinations were correlated with the clinical findings. The assessment of the vitamin B2 status showed a deficiency in 8 cases and a marginal vitamin B2 supply in a further 4 cases. The thiamine intake was insufficient in 43 cases and marginal in 42 cases. The biochemical assessment of vitamins C, B1 and PP indicated a deficiency of these vitamins. Dermatological signs pointed to a deficiency of vitamins A and B2. There was a significant correlation between the plasma vitamin A level and the serum iron level. The importance of milk and vegetables in the diet is stressed and also the association between milk consumption and the serum cholesterol level.", "PMID": 582862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1722", "title": "Interindividual and interspecies variation in the metabolism of the hallucinogen 4-methoxyamphetamine.", "content": "1. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the urinary elimination of orally administered 4-methoxy[14C]amphetamine have been examined in the rat and guinea-pig and in three volunteer human subjects, to determine interspecies and interindividual variations in disposition of the drug. 2. Both rat and guinea-pig excreted 70--80% of the administered dose(6 mg/kg) in the urine within 24 h, mainly as metabolites. 3. In the guinea-pig, the drug was metabolized by O-demethylation to give 4-hydroxyamphetamine, which was excreted free (4% dose) and conjugated (73%). No other metabolite was detected. 4. The rat metabolizes the drug both by O-dealkylation and by side-chain oxidation, the products being 4-hydroxyamphetamine (5% of dose free and 60% conjugated) and 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime (5% dose, free and conjugated). 5. In man the drug (dose 5 mg) is metabolized by O-demethylation and by side-chain oxidation. Marked intersubject variations were observed both in the array and quantitative aspects of metabolite excretion. Two subjects excreted mainly 4-hydroxyamphetamine (free and conjugated) together with smaller amounts of 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime and 4-hydroxynorephedrine. The third subject, however, who was previously known to exhibit a genetically determined defect in drug oxidation, was defective in O-dealkylation of 4-methoxyamphetamine, and the main excretion products were the unchanged drug together with products of side-chain oxidation, namely, 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime, 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one and 4-methoxybenzoic acid. 6. Inter-individual differences in oxidative O-demethylation of the drug are discussed in relation to current theories on the aetiology of schizophrenia and reported fatalities arising from abuse of the drug.", "contents": "Interindividual and interspecies variation in the metabolism of the hallucinogen 4-methoxyamphetamine. 1. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the urinary elimination of orally administered 4-methoxy[14C]amphetamine have been examined in the rat and guinea-pig and in three volunteer human subjects, to determine interspecies and interindividual variations in disposition of the drug. 2. Both rat and guinea-pig excreted 70--80% of the administered dose(6 mg/kg) in the urine within 24 h, mainly as metabolites. 3. In the guinea-pig, the drug was metabolized by O-demethylation to give 4-hydroxyamphetamine, which was excreted free (4% dose) and conjugated (73%). No other metabolite was detected. 4. The rat metabolizes the drug both by O-dealkylation and by side-chain oxidation, the products being 4-hydroxyamphetamine (5% of dose free and 60% conjugated) and 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime (5% dose, free and conjugated). 5. In man the drug (dose 5 mg) is metabolized by O-demethylation and by side-chain oxidation. Marked intersubject variations were observed both in the array and quantitative aspects of metabolite excretion. Two subjects excreted mainly 4-hydroxyamphetamine (free and conjugated) together with smaller amounts of 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime and 4-hydroxynorephedrine. The third subject, however, who was previously known to exhibit a genetically determined defect in drug oxidation, was defective in O-dealkylation of 4-methoxyamphetamine, and the main excretion products were the unchanged drug together with products of side-chain oxidation, namely, 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one oxime, 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-one and 4-methoxybenzoic acid. 6. Inter-individual differences in oxidative O-demethylation of the drug are discussed in relation to current theories on the aetiology of schizophrenia and reported fatalities arising from abuse of the drug.", "PMID": 582863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1723", "title": "Scintigraphic and clinical evaluation of nontoxic thyroid neoplasms.", "content": "256 patients were referred to the endocrinic clinic because of enlarged thyroid gland. All of them except one were subjected to thyroid scintigraphy (TS). The scintiscans were cold in 123 patients. The cold scintiscans were distributed evenly on the various referral diagnoses with half the patients of each group having cold TS. A total of 216 of the referred patients underwent surgery, among them the 123 with cold TS. If the solitary adenomas are left out of account, there was poor agreement between referral diagnosis, primary tentative hospital diagnosis, and surgical findings. Five patients were found to have thyroid cancer (TC), none of whom had been referred with this diagnosis. For the entire material the incidence of TC was 2.3% (95% confidence limits: 0.8--5.7%). Calculated on the basis of those patients who had cold TS, the incidence was 2.4% (95% confidence limits: 0.8--7.1%). It is concluded that the diagnosis of TC is difficult to establish preoperatively, and that TS is of no greater diagnostic value in this connection.", "contents": "Scintigraphic and clinical evaluation of nontoxic thyroid neoplasms. 256 patients were referred to the endocrinic clinic because of enlarged thyroid gland. All of them except one were subjected to thyroid scintigraphy (TS). The scintiscans were cold in 123 patients. The cold scintiscans were distributed evenly on the various referral diagnoses with half the patients of each group having cold TS. A total of 216 of the referred patients underwent surgery, among them the 123 with cold TS. If the solitary adenomas are left out of account, there was poor agreement between referral diagnosis, primary tentative hospital diagnosis, and surgical findings. Five patients were found to have thyroid cancer (TC), none of whom had been referred with this diagnosis. For the entire material the incidence of TC was 2.3% (95% confidence limits: 0.8--5.7%). Calculated on the basis of those patients who had cold TS, the incidence was 2.4% (95% confidence limits: 0.8--7.1%). It is concluded that the diagnosis of TC is difficult to establish preoperatively, and that TS is of no greater diagnostic value in this connection.", "PMID": 582867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1724", "title": "Vascular injury complicating meniscectomy. Report of a case.", "content": "Severe haemorrhage occurred from the posterior wall of the capsule during meniscectomy in a 17-year-old girl. Arteriography showed an aneurysm originating from a larger branch of the popliteal artery, and the aneurysm was extirpated. Exploration of the blood vessels (or arteriography) is advisable, should severe bleeding occur during meniscectomy or postoperatively.", "contents": "Vascular injury complicating meniscectomy. Report of a case. Severe haemorrhage occurred from the posterior wall of the capsule during meniscectomy in a 17-year-old girl. Arteriography showed an aneurysm originating from a larger branch of the popliteal artery, and the aneurysm was extirpated. Exploration of the blood vessels (or arteriography) is advisable, should severe bleeding occur during meniscectomy or postoperatively.", "PMID": 582868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1725", "title": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of the medial meniscus, the medial collateral ligament and the hip joint capsule in experimental osteoarthritis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee.", "content": "A study was made of glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental osteoarthritis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee in extension. Samples from the medial meniscus, the medial collateral ligament of the knee and the hip joint capsule were obtained and analysed after 2, 6, 10, 17, 30 and 87 days of immobilization, samples from the mobile limb serving as controls. The tissue concentrations of glycosaminoglycans were determined from measurements of hexosamine and uronic acid after prior papain proteolysis and subsequent purification. The uptake of 35S-sulphate (DPM/microgram hexosamine) was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. In both early and advanced immobilization osteoarthritis, the synthesis rate and the content of glycosaminoglycans were increased in all tissues.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycan metabolism of the medial meniscus, the medial collateral ligament and the hip joint capsule in experimental osteoarthritis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee. A study was made of glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental osteoarthritis caused by immobilization of the rabbit knee in extension. Samples from the medial meniscus, the medial collateral ligament of the knee and the hip joint capsule were obtained and analysed after 2, 6, 10, 17, 30 and 87 days of immobilization, samples from the mobile limb serving as controls. The tissue concentrations of glycosaminoglycans were determined from measurements of hexosamine and uronic acid after prior papain proteolysis and subsequent purification. The uptake of 35S-sulphate (DPM/microgram hexosamine) was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of sulphated glycosaminoglycans. In both early and advanced immobilization osteoarthritis, the synthesis rate and the content of glycosaminoglycans were increased in all tissues.", "PMID": 582870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1726", "title": "Blood flow in proximal femur of the dog determined by the local 133Xe injection method.", "content": "A new approach for measuring blood flow in bone is presented. It consists of the local injection of 133Xe into the proximal femur of adult beagles and the external measurement of isotope washout curves. The curves were analyzed using a two-compartment exponential model. The half-times for the tracer washout from the fast and slow compartment were 3.34 +/- 0.48 min and 33.6 +/- 11.7 min (mean +/- 1 S.D.) respectively. Blood flow was calculated using a measured blood to bone partition coefficient of 1.55 ml/g. The mean blood perfusion in proximal femur of the dog was 10.8 +/- 4.3 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- 1 S.D.). This value agrees well with most estimates of bone circulation. Due to rapid disappearance of 133Xe the method is easy to repeat and is thus suitable for physiological studies of local blood flow in bones.", "contents": "Blood flow in proximal femur of the dog determined by the local 133Xe injection method. A new approach for measuring blood flow in bone is presented. It consists of the local injection of 133Xe into the proximal femur of adult beagles and the external measurement of isotope washout curves. The curves were analyzed using a two-compartment exponential model. The half-times for the tracer washout from the fast and slow compartment were 3.34 +/- 0.48 min and 33.6 +/- 11.7 min (mean +/- 1 S.D.) respectively. Blood flow was calculated using a measured blood to bone partition coefficient of 1.55 ml/g. The mean blood perfusion in proximal femur of the dog was 10.8 +/- 4.3 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- 1 S.D.). This value agrees well with most estimates of bone circulation. Due to rapid disappearance of 133Xe the method is easy to repeat and is thus suitable for physiological studies of local blood flow in bones.", "PMID": 582871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1727", "title": "[Uptake of retinol-C14 into different tissues of vitamin A deficient albino rats].", "content": "Groups of rats were fed a vitamin A free diet for 30, 60 and 90 days. They were then administered orally a single dose of 1,25 microC of retinol-C14. After 3 h, 3, 6 and 12 days from the administration, the incorporation into the different tissues was determined. The results show that the incorporation decreases, on the average, as the experimental period and the intervals after the administration of retinol-C14 grow longer.", "contents": "[Uptake of retinol-C14 into different tissues of vitamin A deficient albino rats]. Groups of rats were fed a vitamin A free diet for 30, 60 and 90 days. They were then administered orally a single dose of 1,25 microC of retinol-C14. After 3 h, 3, 6 and 12 days from the administration, the incorporation into the different tissues was determined. The results show that the incorporation decreases, on the average, as the experimental period and the intervals after the administration of retinol-C14 grow longer.", "PMID": 582872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1728", "title": "[Uptake of retinol-C14 into liver mitochondrial membranes and erythrocyte stroma of albino rats on a vitamin A-free diet].", "content": "We have determined the incorporation of retinol-C14 into liver mitochondrial membranes and blood cell stroma in albino male Wistar strain rats, fed with a vitamin A deficient diet for 30, 60 and 90 days. At the end of the vitamin A deficient period, rats were kept fasting for 24 hours and then administered orally retinol-C14 (1,25 microC). They were divided into groups and killed after 3 hours, 3, 6, 12 days from the administration of retinol-C14. The incorporation is very high in one-month deficient rats, it decreases as the experimental period and the intervals after the administration of retinol-C14 grow longer.", "contents": "[Uptake of retinol-C14 into liver mitochondrial membranes and erythrocyte stroma of albino rats on a vitamin A-free diet]. We have determined the incorporation of retinol-C14 into liver mitochondrial membranes and blood cell stroma in albino male Wistar strain rats, fed with a vitamin A deficient diet for 30, 60 and 90 days. At the end of the vitamin A deficient period, rats were kept fasting for 24 hours and then administered orally retinol-C14 (1,25 microC). They were divided into groups and killed after 3 hours, 3, 6, 12 days from the administration of retinol-C14. The incorporation is very high in one-month deficient rats, it decreases as the experimental period and the intervals after the administration of retinol-C14 grow longer.", "PMID": 582873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1729", "title": "Effect of ACP (pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate) on hepatic failure after diversion of portal blood flow.", "content": "The protective effect of pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate (ACP) was studied in end-to-side porto-caval shunted rats. A significant improvement of hepatic conditions was shown in ACP-treated rats, while an increased mortality was observed in pyridoxine and 2-oxoglutarate treated rats. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase, glutamicpyruvic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase activities, composition of serum proteins, liver mitochondria oxygen consumption rate, plasma ammonia were tested.", "contents": "Effect of ACP (pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate) on hepatic failure after diversion of portal blood flow. The protective effect of pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate (ACP) was studied in end-to-side porto-caval shunted rats. A significant improvement of hepatic conditions was shown in ACP-treated rats, while an increased mortality was observed in pyridoxine and 2-oxoglutarate treated rats. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase, glutamicpyruvic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase activities, composition of serum proteins, liver mitochondria oxygen consumption rate, plasma ammonia were tested.", "PMID": 582874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1730", "title": "Ascorbic acid therapy for the relief of bone pain in Paget's disease.", "content": "Sixteen patients with painful Paget's disease of the bone were treated with high doses of ascorbic acid. Of these patients, 8 experienced lessening of pain within a period of 5 to 7 days after commencing the vitamin therapy. In 3 of these patients pain was completely abolished. Subsequent treatment with calcitonin caused improvement in most cases. There was little change in plasma alkaline phosphatase levels but the excretion of hydroxyproline was elevated following administration of the vitamin. The highest excretions were found in those patients who experienced complete relief of pain. In patients treated with calcitonin alone, the excretion of hydroxyproline was reduced and urinary levels of ascorbic acid dropped in parallel. It seems clear that ascorbic acid and calcitonin have different effects upon bone metabolism.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid therapy for the relief of bone pain in Paget's disease. Sixteen patients with painful Paget's disease of the bone were treated with high doses of ascorbic acid. Of these patients, 8 experienced lessening of pain within a period of 5 to 7 days after commencing the vitamin therapy. In 3 of these patients pain was completely abolished. Subsequent treatment with calcitonin caused improvement in most cases. There was little change in plasma alkaline phosphatase levels but the excretion of hydroxyproline was elevated following administration of the vitamin. The highest excretions were found in those patients who experienced complete relief of pain. In patients treated with calcitonin alone, the excretion of hydroxyproline was reduced and urinary levels of ascorbic acid dropped in parallel. It seems clear that ascorbic acid and calcitonin have different effects upon bone metabolism.", "PMID": 582875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1731", "title": "[Vitaminology for practitioners. II. Avitaminoses, risk, latency period, classification].", "content": "The concept of risk in the field of avitaminoses is very important and useful for the practitioner, who should consider two aspects: a) risk factors, which could be individual (physiological, pathological and psychological) and extra-individual (alimentary, environmental, etc.); b) subjects with an elevated risk of avitaminosis (childhood, old age, pregnancy, etc.). In these subjects the risk can be a generical one, when there is an elevated requirement for all vitamins (nursing women, sportmen, etc.) or a specific one, when there is a high requirement only for a single vitamin (osteomalacia, some professional diseases, use of oral contraceptives) or a vew of them (alcoholism, diabetes, etc.). On the basis of this kind of knowledge it is easy for the practitioner to estimate which vitamins are necessary for each subject or for a group of subjects in physiological or in pathological conditions. For example, there is an elevated risk of apyridoxinosis in old age (acalciferolosis in aged women), of athiaminosis and apyridoxinosis in diabetes, of apyridoxinosis in oral contraceptives users, of axeroftolosis in hyperthyroidism, of athiaminosis, apyridoxinosis, aniacinosis and anascorbosis in alcoholics. In the second chapter the concept of the latency period in avitaminosis is illustrated. This period corresponds to the interval between the moment when deficiency stimulus starts operating and the moment when its effect, that is the picture of avitaminosis, appears. The latency time is not measurable, on account of the difficulties in establishing the onset of the deficiency stimulus; generally it is very long and is followed by the period of biochemical symptomatology and subsequently by the one of clinical symptomatology. Each of these three phases can be further divided in several steps, which have summarized in a Table. The last chapter is dedicated to the classification of avitaminoses. From the etiopathogenetic point of view avitaminoses can be due to: a) deficiency of introduction (alimentary level)); b) deficiency of absorption (enteric level); c) deficiency of utilization (tissue level). From the clinical point of view avitaminoses can be distinguished in deficiency with: a) a complete clinical symptomatology (scurvy, beriberi, pellagra, rickets, osteomalacia, xerophthalmia, hemeralopia); b) an incomplete clinical symptomatology (mono- or oligo-symptomatic or partial clinical picture); c) a biochemical symptomatology only (subclinic or clinically asymptomatic picture).", "contents": "[Vitaminology for practitioners. II. Avitaminoses, risk, latency period, classification]. The concept of risk in the field of avitaminoses is very important and useful for the practitioner, who should consider two aspects: a) risk factors, which could be individual (physiological, pathological and psychological) and extra-individual (alimentary, environmental, etc.); b) subjects with an elevated risk of avitaminosis (childhood, old age, pregnancy, etc.). In these subjects the risk can be a generical one, when there is an elevated requirement for all vitamins (nursing women, sportmen, etc.) or a specific one, when there is a high requirement only for a single vitamin (osteomalacia, some professional diseases, use of oral contraceptives) or a vew of them (alcoholism, diabetes, etc.). On the basis of this kind of knowledge it is easy for the practitioner to estimate which vitamins are necessary for each subject or for a group of subjects in physiological or in pathological conditions. For example, there is an elevated risk of apyridoxinosis in old age (acalciferolosis in aged women), of athiaminosis and apyridoxinosis in diabetes, of apyridoxinosis in oral contraceptives users, of axeroftolosis in hyperthyroidism, of athiaminosis, apyridoxinosis, aniacinosis and anascorbosis in alcoholics. In the second chapter the concept of the latency period in avitaminosis is illustrated. This period corresponds to the interval between the moment when deficiency stimulus starts operating and the moment when its effect, that is the picture of avitaminosis, appears. The latency time is not measurable, on account of the difficulties in establishing the onset of the deficiency stimulus; generally it is very long and is followed by the period of biochemical symptomatology and subsequently by the one of clinical symptomatology. Each of these three phases can be further divided in several steps, which have summarized in a Table. The last chapter is dedicated to the classification of avitaminoses. From the etiopathogenetic point of view avitaminoses can be due to: a) deficiency of introduction (alimentary level)); b) deficiency of absorption (enteric level); c) deficiency of utilization (tissue level). From the clinical point of view avitaminoses can be distinguished in deficiency with: a) a complete clinical symptomatology (scurvy, beriberi, pellagra, rickets, osteomalacia, xerophthalmia, hemeralopia); b) an incomplete clinical symptomatology (mono- or oligo-symptomatic or partial clinical picture); c) a biochemical symptomatology only (subclinic or clinically asymptomatic picture).", "PMID": 582876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1732", "title": "beta-Glucuronidase in schistosomal intestinal polypi of the colon.", "content": "The results of a clinical, histopathological and biochemical study on twenty patients with schistosomal polyposis of the large bowel and ten patients with normal colon as a control are reported. The biopsy showed clearly the absence of any malignant or premalignant changes in all the twenty bilharzial patients. Results of the biochemical study showed that there is a statistically significant increase in beta-glucuronidase activity in schistosomal polypi compared to normal mucosa. This enzymatic activity is absent in schistosoma ova. The causes of the increase in the enzyme activity have been attributed to leucocytic infiltration present in schistosomal granulomata and possible to some degree of liver disfunction. The protein content of the excess mucus present in the colon could also activate the enzyme. Our results also show that the increased enzyme activity does not necessarily have carcinogenic properties. We did not come across a single case of malignancy even in a patient with very high level of enzyme activity (11615 units) or in those patients with a prolonged history of the disease.", "contents": "beta-Glucuronidase in schistosomal intestinal polypi of the colon. The results of a clinical, histopathological and biochemical study on twenty patients with schistosomal polyposis of the large bowel and ten patients with normal colon as a control are reported. The biopsy showed clearly the absence of any malignant or premalignant changes in all the twenty bilharzial patients. Results of the biochemical study showed that there is a statistically significant increase in beta-glucuronidase activity in schistosomal polypi compared to normal mucosa. This enzymatic activity is absent in schistosoma ova. The causes of the increase in the enzyme activity have been attributed to leucocytic infiltration present in schistosomal granulomata and possible to some degree of liver disfunction. The protein content of the excess mucus present in the colon could also activate the enzyme. Our results also show that the increased enzyme activity does not necessarily have carcinogenic properties. We did not come across a single case of malignancy even in a patient with very high level of enzyme activity (11615 units) or in those patients with a prolonged history of the disease.", "PMID": 582877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1733", "title": "The failure of conventional drug therapy in the management of infantile colic.", "content": "During five years, 97 young infants with colic were studied. One of us (J. C. O'D.) compared homatropine methylbromide plus phenobarbital in a 20% alcohol solution, and all of the individual components of that solution, to see which was most effective in the symptomatic relief of colic. Regardless of the child's age on entry into the study, conditions in no treatment group improved more rapidly than in those treated with a placebo.", "contents": "The failure of conventional drug therapy in the management of infantile colic. During five years, 97 young infants with colic were studied. One of us (J. C. O'D.) compared homatropine methylbromide plus phenobarbital in a 20% alcohol solution, and all of the individual components of that solution, to see which was most effective in the symptomatic relief of colic. Regardless of the child's age on entry into the study, conditions in no treatment group improved more rapidly than in those treated with a placebo.", "PMID": 582880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1734", "title": "Mycotic aneurysms of the hepatic artery. Treatment with arterial embolization.", "content": "In a 29 year old white man with acute Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the aortic valve two mycotic aneurysms of the hepatic artery developed during antibiotic treatment. One aneurysm was treated with surgical ligation and the other with Gelfoam embolization. Successful obliteration of the embolized aneurysm was demonstrated by hepatic arteriography two months later. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of hepatic mycotic aneurysms is discussed with emphasis on arterial embolization.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysms of the hepatic artery. Treatment with arterial embolization. In a 29 year old white man with acute Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the aortic valve two mycotic aneurysms of the hepatic artery developed during antibiotic treatment. One aneurysm was treated with surgical ligation and the other with Gelfoam embolization. Successful obliteration of the embolized aneurysm was demonstrated by hepatic arteriography two months later. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of hepatic mycotic aneurysms is discussed with emphasis on arterial embolization.", "PMID": 582881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1735", "title": "[Critical study of the treatment of Grave's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "202 cases of Grave's disease were reviewed; among the 81 patients submitted to medical treatment, 53,1 p. 100 of patients failed to respond; 10 p. 100 relapsed and 35,9 p. 100 are euthyroid. The factors favouring a treatment failure were: age below thirty, severity of thyrotoxicosis, big enlargement of thyroid gland, duration of treatment shorter than 12 months. Relapses are more frequent after two years of medical treatment. Subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in 82 patients: 9,5 p. 100 relapsed, permanent hypothyroidism developed in 30,5 p. 100 and 50 p. 100 were euthyroid. The factors favouring post-operative hypothyroidism are estimated weight of the thyroid remnant, the moderate size of goiter and perhaps a six to twelve months preoperative medical treatment. 39 patients had I 131 therapy: among them, 24 p. 100 relapsed, 25,7 p. 100 had permanent hypothyroidism and 50,3 p. 100 are euthyroid.", "contents": "[Critical study of the treatment of Grave's disease (author's transl)]. 202 cases of Grave's disease were reviewed; among the 81 patients submitted to medical treatment, 53,1 p. 100 of patients failed to respond; 10 p. 100 relapsed and 35,9 p. 100 are euthyroid. The factors favouring a treatment failure were: age below thirty, severity of thyrotoxicosis, big enlargement of thyroid gland, duration of treatment shorter than 12 months. Relapses are more frequent after two years of medical treatment. Subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in 82 patients: 9,5 p. 100 relapsed, permanent hypothyroidism developed in 30,5 p. 100 and 50 p. 100 were euthyroid. The factors favouring post-operative hypothyroidism are estimated weight of the thyroid remnant, the moderate size of goiter and perhaps a six to twelve months preoperative medical treatment. 39 patients had I 131 therapy: among them, 24 p. 100 relapsed, 25,7 p. 100 had permanent hypothyroidism and 50,3 p. 100 are euthyroid.", "PMID": 582884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1736", "title": "Surface carbohydrates of Rhizobium. I. Beta-1, 2-glucans.", "content": "Because of increased interest in surface carbohydrates of Rhizobium in relation to host specificity, phenol-water extractions were carried out of whole cells of Rhizobium strains of the species R. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli, R. trifolii and R. meliloti. Fractionation of the crude extracts with cetavlon afforded polysaccharide mixtures, which were essentially free of RNA and acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS). They could be separated into a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide fraction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nature and a low molecular weight glucan fraction. Glucan turned out to be the principal polysaccharide component of the cells (up to 10% of the dry cell weight), when cultivated in carbohydrate-rich media, and to be present as firmly attached capsular material. Glucan (mol wt 3000) structure was elucidated by methylation and periodate oxidation techniques. Methylation yielded 3, 4, 6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, characterized by GLC-MS, as the only product of hydrolysis of the fully methylated glucan. The glucan consumed 1 mole of periodate per mole anhydroglucose unit and gave sophorose on partial hydrolysis. From these data a linear beta-1,2-linked glucan structure was deduced. The occurrence of beta-1,2-glucan and the implications for the specific binding properties of Rhizobium cells are discussed.", "contents": "Surface carbohydrates of Rhizobium. I. Beta-1, 2-glucans. Because of increased interest in surface carbohydrates of Rhizobium in relation to host specificity, phenol-water extractions were carried out of whole cells of Rhizobium strains of the species R. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli, R. trifolii and R. meliloti. Fractionation of the crude extracts with cetavlon afforded polysaccharide mixtures, which were essentially free of RNA and acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS). They could be separated into a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide fraction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nature and a low molecular weight glucan fraction. Glucan turned out to be the principal polysaccharide component of the cells (up to 10% of the dry cell weight), when cultivated in carbohydrate-rich media, and to be present as firmly attached capsular material. Glucan (mol wt 3000) structure was elucidated by methylation and periodate oxidation techniques. Methylation yielded 3, 4, 6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, characterized by GLC-MS, as the only product of hydrolysis of the fully methylated glucan. The glucan consumed 1 mole of periodate per mole anhydroglucose unit and gave sophorose on partial hydrolysis. From these data a linear beta-1,2-linked glucan structure was deduced. The occurrence of beta-1,2-glucan and the implications for the specific binding properties of Rhizobium cells are discussed.", "PMID": 582886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1737", "title": "Structural analysis of four strains of Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "Two out of eleven newly isolated strains of Paracoccus denitrificans were investigated by light and electron microscopic methods and compared with two strains of P. denitrificans already kept in culture collections. Samples were taken from different growth phases revealing short rods and nearly spherical cells in the exponential growth phase, and an increasing ratio of nearly spherical cells in the stationary growth phase. Cell division followed the binary fission mode; higher cell aggregates were not observed. Fine structural analysis revealed extracellular surface material stainable with Ruthenium red, a gram-negative cell wall and different storage material inclusions. Structural properties and variations within the four strains under investigation are discussed and compared with those of related bacteria.", "contents": "Structural analysis of four strains of Paracoccus denitrificans. Two out of eleven newly isolated strains of Paracoccus denitrificans were investigated by light and electron microscopic methods and compared with two strains of P. denitrificans already kept in culture collections. Samples were taken from different growth phases revealing short rods and nearly spherical cells in the exponential growth phase, and an increasing ratio of nearly spherical cells in the stationary growth phase. Cell division followed the binary fission mode; higher cell aggregates were not observed. Fine structural analysis revealed extracellular surface material stainable with Ruthenium red, a gram-negative cell wall and different storage material inclusions. Structural properties and variations within the four strains under investigation are discussed and compared with those of related bacteria.", "PMID": 582887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1738", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and taxonomy in the genus Geotrichum Link.", "content": "The molar percentage of guanine + cytosine (% GC) in the DNA from 25 yeast-like fungi related to the genus Geotrichum has been measured. This criterion together with the biochemical characteristics allow the division of the species into 3 groups: one group resembling G. candidum (% GC: 31.5--42) and containing 8 imperfect and 6 perfect forms. In this group only G. capitatum has a lower % GC (31.5). A second group of 6 species resembling the genus Trichosporon (57--60%) and a third intermediate category of 4 species (42--53.5%) were observed. The GC-values correlate well with biochemical characters, e.g. the presence of urease, the number of organic substrates assimilated, and also with the presence of characters typical of the Ascomycetes or the Basidiomycetes.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and taxonomy in the genus Geotrichum Link. The molar percentage of guanine + cytosine (% GC) in the DNA from 25 yeast-like fungi related to the genus Geotrichum has been measured. This criterion together with the biochemical characteristics allow the division of the species into 3 groups: one group resembling G. candidum (% GC: 31.5--42) and containing 8 imperfect and 6 perfect forms. In this group only G. capitatum has a lower % GC (31.5). A second group of 6 species resembling the genus Trichosporon (57--60%) and a third intermediate category of 4 species (42--53.5%) were observed. The GC-values correlate well with biochemical characters, e.g. the presence of urease, the number of organic substrates assimilated, and also with the presence of characters typical of the Ascomycetes or the Basidiomycetes.", "PMID": 582888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1739", "title": "Characterization and classification of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from tap water and surface water.", "content": "A total of 665 fluorescent pseudomonads, isolated from surface water and from different types of tap water, were classified into 22 groups defined by the results of the following 5 tests: hydrolysis of casein or gelatin, production of N2 from NO3-, and growth on sucrose, ethanol and D-sorbitol, respectively. Differences in colonial morphology and in the degree of proteolysis revealed that these groups were inhomogeneous. A more detailed subdivision was achieved by adding the following characters: growth on L-arabinose, D-mannitol, mesoinositol, and adonitol, respectively, and hydrolysis of Tween-80. Repeating the tests for hydrolyzing enzymes, denitrification, and growth on the carbohydrates and alcohols with strains stored in the laboratory for 1 to 3 years revealed that most characters, except hydrolysis of Tween-80, denitrification, and growth on sucrose, were very stable. Forty-five biotypes of the fluorescent pseudomonads were defined, based on the results of the repeated tests and the results of tests on nine aromatic compounds. The observed changes of some characters in a number of isolates did not diminish the value of this classification, but indicated that close relationships exist between many biotypes. About half of the biotypes described in this paper are similar to those defined by Stanier, Palleroni and Doudoroff (1966) and by Doudoroff and Palleroni (1974a), confirming the wide-spread occurrence of well-definable biotypes of fluorescent pseudomonads. Representatives of some biotypes were most frequently isolated from surface water and from tap water prepared from surface water. Tap water prepared from anaerobic or aerobic ground water contained representatives of biotypes which were typical of these water types. Some pseudomonads were found to grow especially in filters. The observed relationships between origin of the fluorescent pseudomonads and their classification into biotypes as defined in this paper supported the presented classification.", "contents": "Characterization and classification of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from tap water and surface water. A total of 665 fluorescent pseudomonads, isolated from surface water and from different types of tap water, were classified into 22 groups defined by the results of the following 5 tests: hydrolysis of casein or gelatin, production of N2 from NO3-, and growth on sucrose, ethanol and D-sorbitol, respectively. Differences in colonial morphology and in the degree of proteolysis revealed that these groups were inhomogeneous. A more detailed subdivision was achieved by adding the following characters: growth on L-arabinose, D-mannitol, mesoinositol, and adonitol, respectively, and hydrolysis of Tween-80. Repeating the tests for hydrolyzing enzymes, denitrification, and growth on the carbohydrates and alcohols with strains stored in the laboratory for 1 to 3 years revealed that most characters, except hydrolysis of Tween-80, denitrification, and growth on sucrose, were very stable. Forty-five biotypes of the fluorescent pseudomonads were defined, based on the results of the repeated tests and the results of tests on nine aromatic compounds. The observed changes of some characters in a number of isolates did not diminish the value of this classification, but indicated that close relationships exist between many biotypes. About half of the biotypes described in this paper are similar to those defined by Stanier, Palleroni and Doudoroff (1966) and by Doudoroff and Palleroni (1974a), confirming the wide-spread occurrence of well-definable biotypes of fluorescent pseudomonads. Representatives of some biotypes were most frequently isolated from surface water and from tap water prepared from surface water. Tap water prepared from anaerobic or aerobic ground water contained representatives of biotypes which were typical of these water types. Some pseudomonads were found to grow especially in filters. The observed relationships between origin of the fluorescent pseudomonads and their classification into biotypes as defined in this paper supported the presented classification.", "PMID": 582889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1740", "title": "Thermomucor (Mucorales).", "content": "Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae is described in the order Mucorales. Descriptions and illustrations of both the zygosporic and sporangial states are presented.", "contents": "Thermomucor (Mucorales). Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae is described in the order Mucorales. Descriptions and illustrations of both the zygosporic and sporangial states are presented.", "PMID": 582890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1741", "title": "A comparison of interfertility and in vitro DNA-DNA reassociation as criteria for speciation in the genus Kluyveromyces.", "content": "Hybridization studies based on the use of the prototrophic selection technique were undertaken to compare interfertility and DNA-DNA reassociation as criteria for speciation purposes in the yeast genus Kluyveromyces. Degrees of DNA-DNA reassociation greater than 70% between strains, as reported in the literature, were found to correlate with high recombination frequencies. Degrees of DNA-DNA reassociation less than 20% between strains did, however, not invariably coincide with the absence of interfertility between strains. If interfertility is accepted as criterion for conspecificity, the hitherto reported low degrees (less than 20%) of DNA-DNA reassociation in Kluyveromyces cannot confidently be employed for speciation purposes.", "contents": "A comparison of interfertility and in vitro DNA-DNA reassociation as criteria for speciation in the genus Kluyveromyces. Hybridization studies based on the use of the prototrophic selection technique were undertaken to compare interfertility and DNA-DNA reassociation as criteria for speciation purposes in the yeast genus Kluyveromyces. Degrees of DNA-DNA reassociation greater than 70% between strains, as reported in the literature, were found to correlate with high recombination frequencies. Degrees of DNA-DNA reassociation less than 20% between strains did, however, not invariably coincide with the absence of interfertility between strains. If interfertility is accepted as criterion for conspecificity, the hitherto reported low degrees (less than 20%) of DNA-DNA reassociation in Kluyveromyces cannot confidently be employed for speciation purposes.", "PMID": 582891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1742", "title": "Current status of multichannel cochlear protheses.", "content": "Multichannel cochlear prostheses are being developed and evaluated with emphasis on providing sensory deaf individuals enough information about their acoustic environment to permit communication by ordinary speech. Studies of the safety of the electrode arrays and stimulus values indicate that the remaining nerve fibers will not be damaged at the levels that will be typically used in human prostheses, but that a narrow safety range exists for suprathreshold stimuli. Early multichannel human implants have demonstrated that place pitch can be utilized with scali tympani implants, but this has not been demonstrated with modiolar electrode arrays. With both approaches, information about pitch can be conveyed by the frequency of stimulation. Research questions remain on the long-term viability of the eighth nerve with stimulated implants, on the interactions of closely spaced electrodes, on optimal methods of encoding the acoustic signal for multichannel nerve stimulation and on the ability of deaf individuals to utilize this information.", "contents": "Current status of multichannel cochlear protheses. Multichannel cochlear prostheses are being developed and evaluated with emphasis on providing sensory deaf individuals enough information about their acoustic environment to permit communication by ordinary speech. Studies of the safety of the electrode arrays and stimulus values indicate that the remaining nerve fibers will not be damaged at the levels that will be typically used in human prostheses, but that a narrow safety range exists for suprathreshold stimuli. Early multichannel human implants have demonstrated that place pitch can be utilized with scali tympani implants, but this has not been demonstrated with modiolar electrode arrays. With both approaches, information about pitch can be conveyed by the frequency of stimulation. Research questions remain on the long-term viability of the eighth nerve with stimulated implants, on the interactions of closely spaced electrodes, on optimal methods of encoding the acoustic signal for multichannel nerve stimulation and on the ability of deaf individuals to utilize this information.", "PMID": 582885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1743", "title": "Comparison of Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium culmorum isolates by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "F. acuminatum and F. culmorum strains were compared by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis in order to estimate the possibilities of serological classification in Fusarium sections \"Gibbosum\" and \"Discolor\". On the basis of qualitative similarity the two species could be distinguished well. By the use of anti-F. acuminatum serum a similarity of SSM = 0.52 was found between F. acuminatum and F. culmorum, but the SSM coefficient reached a value of 0.67 when the anti-F. culmorum serum was tested. This asymmetric nature of the qualitative similarity is discussed. In the majority of cases the quantitative differences of the common antigens did not allow differentiation between the species.", "contents": "Comparison of Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium culmorum isolates by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis. F. acuminatum and F. culmorum strains were compared by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis in order to estimate the possibilities of serological classification in Fusarium sections \"Gibbosum\" and \"Discolor\". On the basis of qualitative similarity the two species could be distinguished well. By the use of anti-F. acuminatum serum a similarity of SSM = 0.52 was found between F. acuminatum and F. culmorum, but the SSM coefficient reached a value of 0.67 when the anti-F. culmorum serum was tested. This asymmetric nature of the qualitative similarity is discussed. In the majority of cases the quantitative differences of the common antigens did not allow differentiation between the species.", "PMID": 582892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1744", "title": "[B-immunoblast lymphosarcoma 8 years after a malignant reticulosis].", "content": "A girl presented with a malignant reticulosis in the early months of life. For 4 years she was treated with repeated courses of irradiation and chemotherapy, mostly cyclophosphamide. After 6 years of complete remission she developed a rapidly progressive B cell lymphoma. The contribution of the various forms of treatment to the development of the second malignancy are discussed.", "contents": "[B-immunoblast lymphosarcoma 8 years after a malignant reticulosis]. A girl presented with a malignant reticulosis in the early months of life. For 4 years she was treated with repeated courses of irradiation and chemotherapy, mostly cyclophosphamide. After 6 years of complete remission she developed a rapidly progressive B cell lymphoma. The contribution of the various forms of treatment to the development of the second malignancy are discussed.", "PMID": 582901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1745", "title": "[On the synthesis of the cerebrally active compound tinofedrine (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of tinofedrine (I), (+)-(R)-alpha-((S)-1-[3,3-di-3-thienylallyl)amino]benzylalcohol, a new cerebrally active drug, and the verification of its structure by spectrometric methods are reported.", "contents": "[On the synthesis of the cerebrally active compound tinofedrine (author's transl)]. The synthesis of tinofedrine (I), (+)-(R)-alpha-((S)-1-[3,3-di-3-thienylallyl)amino]benzylalcohol, a new cerebrally active drug, and the verification of its structure by spectrometric methods are reported.", "PMID": 582902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1746", "title": "A new Ca++ antagonist, Ro 11-1781, and its metabolites. Synthesis and physicochemical properties.", "content": "The alkylation of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-m-dithiane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide (4) with N-(3-chloropropyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (2) leads to N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-methyl-m-dithiane-2-propylamine-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide (5) (Ro 11-1781). The corresponding hydrochloride (5a), a new Ca++ antagonist, induces in the anaesthetized dog a substantial increase in myocardial flow. The preparation of two metabolites of 5a are described.", "contents": "A new Ca++ antagonist, Ro 11-1781, and its metabolites. Synthesis and physicochemical properties. The alkylation of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-m-dithiane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide (4) with N-(3-chloropropyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine (2) leads to N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-methyl-m-dithiane-2-propylamine-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide (5) (Ro 11-1781). The corresponding hydrochloride (5a), a new Ca++ antagonist, induces in the anaesthetized dog a substantial increase in myocardial flow. The preparation of two metabolites of 5a are described.", "PMID": 582903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1747", "title": "[2-(Diethylamino)pyrimidines 2nd Communication: Analgesics (author's transl)].", "content": "By condensation of 1,1-diethylguanidine (1) with beta-diketones (2), the 2-(diethylamino)pyrimidines (3) are formed. Aside from beta-diketones substituted by aliphatic (2 a--e), mixed aliphatic-aromatic (2f), and pure aromatic-carbocyclic (2g and h) moieties, also those carrying aromatic-heterocyclic (2i and 4) substitutents are amenable to this reaction.", "contents": "[2-(Diethylamino)pyrimidines 2nd Communication: Analgesics (author's transl)]. By condensation of 1,1-diethylguanidine (1) with beta-diketones (2), the 2-(diethylamino)pyrimidines (3) are formed. Aside from beta-diketones substituted by aliphatic (2 a--e), mixed aliphatic-aromatic (2f), and pure aromatic-carbocyclic (2g and h) moieties, also those carrying aromatic-heterocyclic (2i and 4) substitutents are amenable to this reaction.", "PMID": 582904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1748", "title": "[Reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase. Isomeric bisquaternary salts of pyridine aldoximes].", "content": "Mono-quaternary salts Z have been prepared from pyridine-aldoximes and 1,3-dihalogen compounds. These were used to synthesize asymmetrical bis-quaternary pyridine-oximes with three-membered bridge. The effect of reactivation of phosphorylated AChE by these substances is less than that of obidoxim (Toxogonin).", "contents": "[Reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase. Isomeric bisquaternary salts of pyridine aldoximes]. Mono-quaternary salts Z have been prepared from pyridine-aldoximes and 1,3-dihalogen compounds. These were used to synthesize asymmetrical bis-quaternary pyridine-oximes with three-membered bridge. The effect of reactivation of phosphorylated AChE by these substances is less than that of obidoxim (Toxogonin).", "PMID": 582905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1749", "title": "Fluorescent analogue of ampicillin.", "content": "As the outcome of the reaction of ampicillin with 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1'-phthalane]-3,3'-dione (fluorescamine), the chemical analogue of ampicillin (F-AMPI) has been prepared. This preparation has manifested strong fluorescence in UV light. Some basic chemical and biological properties of this product such as chemical stability electrophoretic mobility, uniformity during thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography, and antimicrobial activity were examined. The results were compared with values of the original antibiotic.", "contents": "Fluorescent analogue of ampicillin. As the outcome of the reaction of ampicillin with 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1'-phthalane]-3,3'-dione (fluorescamine), the chemical analogue of ampicillin (F-AMPI) has been prepared. This preparation has manifested strong fluorescence in UV light. Some basic chemical and biological properties of this product such as chemical stability electrophoretic mobility, uniformity during thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography, and antimicrobial activity were examined. The results were compared with values of the original antibiotic.", "PMID": 582906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1750", "title": "[On the surface-anesthetic activity of some ether alcohols (author's transl)].", "content": "An account of the preparation and surface anesthetic potency of 12 ether alcohols of the type X-O-Y-OH is given in this paper. The anaesthetic intensity and effective duration of a chloronaphthalene derivative of this type lie within the range of action of cocain.", "contents": "[On the surface-anesthetic activity of some ether alcohols (author's transl)]. An account of the preparation and surface anesthetic potency of 12 ether alcohols of the type X-O-Y-OH is given in this paper. The anaesthetic intensity and effective duration of a chloronaphthalene derivative of this type lie within the range of action of cocain.", "PMID": 582907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1751", "title": "Effects of 5-([2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]amino)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole dihydrochloride (DEPO) on cardiac functions and myocardial metabolism of the dog.", "content": "Effects of 5-([2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]amino)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole (DEPO) on cardiac functions and myocardial metabolism were examined using the heart in vivo and the isolated perfused heart of dogs. In the heart in vivo DEPO i.v. produced dose-dependent decreases in coronary perfusion pressure (PP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), dP/dt max of LVP and coronary vascular resistance (VR). DEPO i.c. dose-dependently increased left circumflex coronary flow (LCCF) and decreased PP, LVP and dP/dt max of LVP, but did not change HR. In the isolated perfused heart, DEPO induced a marked increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) and depressed HR and myocardial contractile force. Myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial redox potential were not significantly changed. DEPO could not modify the effects of isoproterenol, adenosine and reactive hyperaemia on the heart. The results suggest that DEPO may have a coronary vasodilating action and some direct inhibitory actions on the heart.", "contents": "Effects of 5-([2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]amino)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole dihydrochloride (DEPO) on cardiac functions and myocardial metabolism of the dog. Effects of 5-([2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]amino)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole (DEPO) on cardiac functions and myocardial metabolism were examined using the heart in vivo and the isolated perfused heart of dogs. In the heart in vivo DEPO i.v. produced dose-dependent decreases in coronary perfusion pressure (PP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), dP/dt max of LVP and coronary vascular resistance (VR). DEPO i.c. dose-dependently increased left circumflex coronary flow (LCCF) and decreased PP, LVP and dP/dt max of LVP, but did not change HR. In the isolated perfused heart, DEPO induced a marked increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) and depressed HR and myocardial contractile force. Myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial redox potential were not significantly changed. DEPO could not modify the effects of isoproterenol, adenosine and reactive hyperaemia on the heart. The results suggest that DEPO may have a coronary vasodilating action and some direct inhibitory actions on the heart.", "PMID": 582909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1752", "title": "Effects of a 2',3',5'-substituted adenosine derivative on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and on cardiac metabolism in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of 2',3'-O-methoxyethylidene-adenosine-5'-(Nethyl-carboxamide) (744-98), an adenosine analogue with long-lasting coronary dilator activity, were studied in the anesthetized, closed-chest dog. The coronary sinus outflow increased 5fold following administration of the compound (5 microgram/kg i.v.) and still remained three thimes higher than the control level after 4 h. Total peripheral resistance decreased markedly, accompanied by a baroreceptor-mediated increase in heart rate, left ventricular dp/dtmax and myocardial oxygen consumption. Blood glucose levels and glucose uptake by the heart increased concomitantly, whereas plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels decreased markedly, without consistent changes in myocardial FFA balance. These effects are explained by antilipolytic and glucagon-releasing activities of the adenosine analogue. The myocardial oxygen extraction ratio for glucose greatly exceeded the aerobic metabolic requirement, a finding already previously obtained with coronary dilators.", "contents": "Effects of a 2',3',5'-substituted adenosine derivative on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and on cardiac metabolism in the anesthetized dog. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of 2',3'-O-methoxyethylidene-adenosine-5'-(Nethyl-carboxamide) (744-98), an adenosine analogue with long-lasting coronary dilator activity, were studied in the anesthetized, closed-chest dog. The coronary sinus outflow increased 5fold following administration of the compound (5 microgram/kg i.v.) and still remained three thimes higher than the control level after 4 h. Total peripheral resistance decreased markedly, accompanied by a baroreceptor-mediated increase in heart rate, left ventricular dp/dtmax and myocardial oxygen consumption. Blood glucose levels and glucose uptake by the heart increased concomitantly, whereas plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels decreased markedly, without consistent changes in myocardial FFA balance. These effects are explained by antilipolytic and glucagon-releasing activities of the adenosine analogue. The myocardial oxygen extraction ratio for glucose greatly exceeded the aerobic metabolic requirement, a finding already previously obtained with coronary dilators.", "PMID": 582910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1753", "title": "The vascular effects of flunarizine as compared with those of other clinically used vasoactive substances.", "content": "Flunarizine, a difluoro derivative of cinnarizine, produces a long-lasting inhibition of calcium-induced contractions of isolated vascular preparations of rabbit and rat. In this regard it is slightly more active than cinnarizine and markedly more active than papaverine, naftidrofuryl, bencyclane, cylandelate, dihydroergotoxine, xantinol nicotinate and pentoxifylline; calcium dobesilate does not inhibit the calcium-induced responses. A long-lasting antivasoconstrictor effect was observed also for cinnarizine. This action of flunarizine is selective for calcium channels in vascular tissue, since it has little effect on the calcium-induced response of myocardial preparations of the cat. Flunarizine has no effect on the rhythmic activity of myogenically active blood vessels; it thus shows a further selective activity to calcium channels activated by vasoconstrictor agents and not for those opened by intrinsic changes in membrane permeability. This dual selectivity implies that flunarizine is a useful reference substance in assessing calcium antagonism.", "contents": "The vascular effects of flunarizine as compared with those of other clinically used vasoactive substances. Flunarizine, a difluoro derivative of cinnarizine, produces a long-lasting inhibition of calcium-induced contractions of isolated vascular preparations of rabbit and rat. In this regard it is slightly more active than cinnarizine and markedly more active than papaverine, naftidrofuryl, bencyclane, cylandelate, dihydroergotoxine, xantinol nicotinate and pentoxifylline; calcium dobesilate does not inhibit the calcium-induced responses. A long-lasting antivasoconstrictor effect was observed also for cinnarizine. This action of flunarizine is selective for calcium channels in vascular tissue, since it has little effect on the calcium-induced response of myocardial preparations of the cat. Flunarizine has no effect on the rhythmic activity of myogenically active blood vessels; it thus shows a further selective activity to calcium channels activated by vasoconstrictor agents and not for those opened by intrinsic changes in membrane permeability. This dual selectivity implies that flunarizine is a useful reference substance in assessing calcium antagonism.", "PMID": 582911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1754", "title": "Influence of pentifylline on brain metabolism of normal and anoxic rats.", "content": "1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-xanthine (pentifylline) increases significantly (1 h after oral administration of 25 mg/kg) the adenosine triphosphate and the total adenine nucleotide pool in the brain of normal rats and rats subjected to nitrogen breathing for 30 s. An increase in glycogen and in pyridine nucelotides (NAD+ + NADH2) were also noted. The results indicate that pentifylline shows a tendency toward normalizing or \"economizing\" the brain metabolism.", "contents": "Influence of pentifylline on brain metabolism of normal and anoxic rats. 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-xanthine (pentifylline) increases significantly (1 h after oral administration of 25 mg/kg) the adenosine triphosphate and the total adenine nucleotide pool in the brain of normal rats and rats subjected to nitrogen breathing for 30 s. An increase in glycogen and in pyridine nucelotides (NAD+ + NADH2) were also noted. The results indicate that pentifylline shows a tendency toward normalizing or \"economizing\" the brain metabolism.", "PMID": 582912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1755", "title": "Potassium-induced release of 14C-dopamine from synaptosomes of corpus striatum of rats: effects of morphine.", "content": "Synaptosomes of corpus striatum of rats were incubated at 37 degrees C in a medium containing a tracer concentration of 14C-dopamine. The uptake of 14C-dopamine was significantly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and by lowering the temperature, while morphine (10 mumol/l) was without effect. In another series of experiments, the K+-induced (53 mmol/l) increase in overflow of 14C during superfusion of the synaptosomes previously equilibrated in 14C-dopamine was measured. 10 mumol/l morphine did not affect the overflow of radioactivity, while 50 mumol/l slightly inhibited it. This inhibition, however, was not antagonized by an equimolar concentration of naloxone. In contrast to previous studies in striatal slices, we could not observe any opiate-specific effect on K+-induced release of labelled dopamine in striatal synaptosomes.", "contents": "Potassium-induced release of 14C-dopamine from synaptosomes of corpus striatum of rats: effects of morphine. Synaptosomes of corpus striatum of rats were incubated at 37 degrees C in a medium containing a tracer concentration of 14C-dopamine. The uptake of 14C-dopamine was significantly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and by lowering the temperature, while morphine (10 mumol/l) was without effect. In another series of experiments, the K+-induced (53 mmol/l) increase in overflow of 14C during superfusion of the synaptosomes previously equilibrated in 14C-dopamine was measured. 10 mumol/l morphine did not affect the overflow of radioactivity, while 50 mumol/l slightly inhibited it. This inhibition, however, was not antagonized by an equimolar concentration of naloxone. In contrast to previous studies in striatal slices, we could not observe any opiate-specific effect on K+-induced release of labelled dopamine in striatal synaptosomes.", "PMID": 582913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1756", "title": "Comparative study of two anti-ulcerogenic drugs--glaziovine and sulpiride.", "content": "The anti-ulcer effect of glaziovine, a major psychotropic alkaloid isolated from Ocotea glaziovii (Laureaceae) and belonging to a new chemical class, has been studied in different types of experimentally induced ulcers in the guinea-pig and the rat. The effect of glaziovine was compared with that of sulpiride.", "contents": "Comparative study of two anti-ulcerogenic drugs--glaziovine and sulpiride. The anti-ulcer effect of glaziovine, a major psychotropic alkaloid isolated from Ocotea glaziovii (Laureaceae) and belonging to a new chemical class, has been studied in different types of experimentally induced ulcers in the guinea-pig and the rat. The effect of glaziovine was compared with that of sulpiride.", "PMID": 582915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1757", "title": "Antiulcerogenic effect of a pyrido-benzodiazepine derivative (L-S 519) on experimental ulcers.", "content": "Effects of a tricyclic, pyrido-benzodiazepnie derivative, 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3-6][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one-dihydrochloride (L-S 519) on experimental ulcers produced by pylorus ligation, cold restraint-stress, and reserpine, and on gastric secretions stimulated by histamine, tetragastrin and carbachol in rats were studied. L-S 519 was half as potent as atropine in preventing these experimental acute ulcers and in decreasing the spontaneous gastric secretion. This compound inhibited to various degrees the gastric secretion stimulated by histamine, tetragastrin and carbachol in acute fistula rats. On the other hand, the antimuscarinic effects of L-S 519 were much weaker than those of atropine in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the antigastric secretory effect of L-S 519 was observed even in pylorus-ligated, vagotomized rats. By contrast, the effect of L-S 519 was reduced by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the adrenergic mechanisms, in addition to a weak antimuscarinic property, are involved in antisecretory and antiulcerogenic effects of L-S 519.", "contents": "Antiulcerogenic effect of a pyrido-benzodiazepine derivative (L-S 519) on experimental ulcers. Effects of a tricyclic, pyrido-benzodiazepnie derivative, 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3-6][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one-dihydrochloride (L-S 519) on experimental ulcers produced by pylorus ligation, cold restraint-stress, and reserpine, and on gastric secretions stimulated by histamine, tetragastrin and carbachol in rats were studied. L-S 519 was half as potent as atropine in preventing these experimental acute ulcers and in decreasing the spontaneous gastric secretion. This compound inhibited to various degrees the gastric secretion stimulated by histamine, tetragastrin and carbachol in acute fistula rats. On the other hand, the antimuscarinic effects of L-S 519 were much weaker than those of atropine in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the antigastric secretory effect of L-S 519 was observed even in pylorus-ligated, vagotomized rats. By contrast, the effect of L-S 519 was reduced by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the adrenergic mechanisms, in addition to a weak antimuscarinic property, are involved in antisecretory and antiulcerogenic effects of L-S 519.", "PMID": 582916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1758", "title": "Distribution of 14C-bis-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane (F 6066) in mice.", "content": "The distribution of 14C-bis-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane (14C-F 60666, cyclofenil) in mice was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique and organ radioassay. High concentration of radioactivity was found in liver, pancreas, hypophysis, lung, salivary glands, myocardium, blood, skeletal muscles and brain in decreasing order at various times after the administration. The drug penetrated very easily the blood-brain barrier and the highest concentration in the brain was detected in the hypophysis. The radiochemical studies confirm the autoradiographic data. 14C-F 6066 crossed the placental barrier and traces of radioactivity were seen in the foetuses.", "contents": "Distribution of 14C-bis-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane (F 6066) in mice. The distribution of 14C-bis-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane (14C-F 60666, cyclofenil) in mice was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique and organ radioassay. High concentration of radioactivity was found in liver, pancreas, hypophysis, lung, salivary glands, myocardium, blood, skeletal muscles and brain in decreasing order at various times after the administration. The drug penetrated very easily the blood-brain barrier and the highest concentration in the brain was detected in the hypophysis. The radiochemical studies confirm the autoradiographic data. 14C-F 6066 crossed the placental barrier and traces of radioactivity were seen in the foetuses.", "PMID": 582917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1759", "title": "A sensitive determination test for beta, beta'-iminodipropionitrile in organ homogenates.", "content": "A simple method for selective extraction of beta, beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) from animal tissue and a sensitive method for its detection by dansylation is described. By this method, IDPN could be shown to be present in brain, liver and kidney as well as in blood and urine of rats 30 min after i.p. administration.", "contents": "A sensitive determination test for beta, beta'-iminodipropionitrile in organ homogenates. A simple method for selective extraction of beta, beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) from animal tissue and a sensitive method for its detection by dansylation is described. By this method, IDPN could be shown to be present in brain, liver and kidney as well as in blood and urine of rats 30 min after i.p. administration.", "PMID": 582918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1760", "title": "Different uptake of two alkylating substances by ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Considerable quantitative differences have been observed between alkylating agents with respect to their effect on cell multiplication of tumor cells. The ethyleneimine derivative triaziquone is approximately a thousand times more effective than the biologically active conversion products of the nitrogen mustard derivative cyclophosphamide. The main difference may be directly related to the extent to which each of the two substances is able to pass into the cells. After a 60-min incubation period approximately 1% of the cyclophosphamide conversion products have been bound by ascites tumor cells. The uptake of the more lipophilic triaziquone, however, is nearly 50% under identical conditions.", "contents": "Different uptake of two alkylating substances by ascites tumor cells. Considerable quantitative differences have been observed between alkylating agents with respect to their effect on cell multiplication of tumor cells. The ethyleneimine derivative triaziquone is approximately a thousand times more effective than the biologically active conversion products of the nitrogen mustard derivative cyclophosphamide. The main difference may be directly related to the extent to which each of the two substances is able to pass into the cells. After a 60-min incubation period approximately 1% of the cyclophosphamide conversion products have been bound by ascites tumor cells. The uptake of the more lipophilic triaziquone, however, is nearly 50% under identical conditions.", "PMID": 582920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1761", "title": "[Renal sites of action of diuretic agents in urine extracts].", "content": "In sodium depleted rats, urine extracts of hydrated healthy human volunteers cause a significant increase in water and sodium excretion. Single injection of 100 micrograms/kg bw. of the urine extracts as well as infusion of approximately 100 micrograms/h over several hours induce diuresis and to a lesser degree natriuresis. The sodium and plasma albumin concentrations show similar changes in kidney tissue: in the exterior medulla, the concentrations of sodium and albumin decrease by only 10 and 9%, respectively, whereas in the interior medulla they are decreased by 22 and 23%, respectively. The values obtained for the interior medullary zones are statistically significant. The data show that there is an inhibitory effect of the urine extracts on sodium absorption in the renal medulla. It is assumed that the modulation of sodium excretion occurs in the inner medullary areas.", "contents": "[Renal sites of action of diuretic agents in urine extracts]. In sodium depleted rats, urine extracts of hydrated healthy human volunteers cause a significant increase in water and sodium excretion. Single injection of 100 micrograms/kg bw. of the urine extracts as well as infusion of approximately 100 micrograms/h over several hours induce diuresis and to a lesser degree natriuresis. The sodium and plasma albumin concentrations show similar changes in kidney tissue: in the exterior medulla, the concentrations of sodium and albumin decrease by only 10 and 9%, respectively, whereas in the interior medulla they are decreased by 22 and 23%, respectively. The values obtained for the interior medullary zones are statistically significant. The data show that there is an inhibitory effect of the urine extracts on sodium absorption in the renal medulla. It is assumed that the modulation of sodium excretion occurs in the inner medullary areas.", "PMID": 582921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1762", "title": "Binding study of benzamides to serum albumins by fluorescence probe technique.", "content": "The interaction between human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were studied with two derivatives of benzamide, metoclopramide (Primp\u00e9ran) and sultopride (Barn\u00e9til). It was possible to evaluate association constants (K ass.) characterising this interaction by fluorescence probe technique inspite of the very low binding tendency, which can be correlated to pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs.", "contents": "Binding study of benzamides to serum albumins by fluorescence probe technique. The interaction between human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were studied with two derivatives of benzamide, metoclopramide (Primp\u00e9ran) and sultopride (Barn\u00e9til). It was possible to evaluate association constants (K ass.) characterising this interaction by fluorescence probe technique inspite of the very low binding tendency, which can be correlated to pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs.", "PMID": 582922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1763", "title": "Neutralising effect of histone fractions from human leukocyte nuclei on heparin.", "content": "Histone fractions from human leukocyte nuclei can interact with heparin to form complexes measurable by means of laser nephelometry. Histone fractions have not all the same affinity to bound heparin and the lysinrich histone fraction cannot interact with heparin. The formation of histone/heparin complex depends not on the temperature between 20 degrees--37 degrees C or on the pH between 7--8.2. The precision of the method was estimated. The significance of the histones/heparin interactions for an assay method for control to the biological activity of heparin preparations and a possible biological role of these interactions in vivo was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Neutralising effect of histone fractions from human leukocyte nuclei on heparin. Histone fractions from human leukocyte nuclei can interact with heparin to form complexes measurable by means of laser nephelometry. Histone fractions have not all the same affinity to bound heparin and the lysinrich histone fraction cannot interact with heparin. The formation of histone/heparin complex depends not on the temperature between 20 degrees--37 degrees C or on the pH between 7--8.2. The precision of the method was estimated. The significance of the histones/heparin interactions for an assay method for control to the biological activity of heparin preparations and a possible biological role of these interactions in vivo was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 582923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1764", "title": "[Clinical, psychological and neurophysiological results of double-blind study on vincamine-cromesilate in patients with cerebro-vascular insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In a long-term double-blind cross-over design 26 patients with amnestic syndrome due to cerebro-vascular insufficiency were submitted to vincamine-cromesilate (Vincaryl) and placebo treatment. The efficiency of vincamine was proved by mildly ameliorated psychometric patterns, biochemically by decreased cholesterol level and ophthalmodynamographically by slight increase of pulsation capacity. By means of EMG, ECG and EEG clinic side effects were excluded.", "contents": "[Clinical, psychological and neurophysiological results of double-blind study on vincamine-cromesilate in patients with cerebro-vascular insufficiency (author's transl)]. In a long-term double-blind cross-over design 26 patients with amnestic syndrome due to cerebro-vascular insufficiency were submitted to vincamine-cromesilate (Vincaryl) and placebo treatment. The efficiency of vincamine was proved by mildly ameliorated psychometric patterns, biochemically by decreased cholesterol level and ophthalmodynamographically by slight increase of pulsation capacity. By means of EMG, ECG and EEG clinic side effects were excluded.", "PMID": 582924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1765", "title": "The variability of the protection factors for sunscreening products.", "content": "The variation of the preotection factors for a sunscreening product as determined for different test subjects can be described by a logarithmic normal distribution. It is therefore more appropriate to use logarithmically transformed data for statistical analyses. By means of an analysis of variance it was shown that the influence of the subjects is responsible for only 12% of the total variance, whereas the remaining 88% is due to experimental error. Therefore, the difficulties in determining precise protection factors must be ascribed to deficiencies in the method itself. It was further concluded that correcting the protection factors with respect to a simultaneously measured reference preparation is not a means of improving the precision of the data. The reference substance, if it is included in every measuring series may, however, be used to check the long-term constancy of the method and to compare results from different laboratories.", "contents": "The variability of the protection factors for sunscreening products. The variation of the preotection factors for a sunscreening product as determined for different test subjects can be described by a logarithmic normal distribution. It is therefore more appropriate to use logarithmically transformed data for statistical analyses. By means of an analysis of variance it was shown that the influence of the subjects is responsible for only 12% of the total variance, whereas the remaining 88% is due to experimental error. Therefore, the difficulties in determining precise protection factors must be ascribed to deficiencies in the method itself. It was further concluded that correcting the protection factors with respect to a simultaneously measured reference preparation is not a means of improving the precision of the data. The reference substance, if it is included in every measuring series may, however, be used to check the long-term constancy of the method and to compare results from different laboratories.", "PMID": 582925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1766", "title": "[Partition coefficients and Rm-values of cardenolides (author's transl)].", "content": "Partition coefficients (P) of 48 cardenolides were determined in octanol/water. Furthermore Rm-values of most of these substances were measured in different thin-layer chromatography systems (TLC) and related to P. Regression analysis revealed that the best linear fit of the data was obtained when Rm-values from reversed-phase TLC on octanol impregnated silica-gel layer as stationary phase and methanol/water as mobile phase were correlated with log P (r = 0.91). A better correlation between these two sets of data was obtained by restricting the calculations to groups of cardenolides with similar structural features (r = 0.96-0.98). The present results are showing that Rm-values from reversed-phase TLC--a rapid and reproducible method with many advantages over the tedious measurement of P--can be used to predict P.", "contents": "[Partition coefficients and Rm-values of cardenolides (author's transl)]. Partition coefficients (P) of 48 cardenolides were determined in octanol/water. Furthermore Rm-values of most of these substances were measured in different thin-layer chromatography systems (TLC) and related to P. Regression analysis revealed that the best linear fit of the data was obtained when Rm-values from reversed-phase TLC on octanol impregnated silica-gel layer as stationary phase and methanol/water as mobile phase were correlated with log P (r = 0.91). A better correlation between these two sets of data was obtained by restricting the calculations to groups of cardenolides with similar structural features (r = 0.96-0.98). The present results are showing that Rm-values from reversed-phase TLC--a rapid and reproducible method with many advantages over the tedious measurement of P--can be used to predict P.", "PMID": 582926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1767", "title": "[Lipophilicity and enteral absorption of cardenolides (author's transl)].", "content": "Intestinal absorption of 15 cardenolides has been examined in cats. The 3H-labelled substances were injected intraluminally into ligated duodenal loops of anaesthetized animals. 3H-Concentrations were followed in the portal circulation and in the bile. 1 h after drug administration the duodenal sac was removed, and the residual in the lumen then was washed out and assayed radiochemically. The decrease of radioactivity during 1 h was calculated as extent of absorption (QR). Cardenolide absorption was compared with the corresponding in vitro parameters of lipophilicity like octanol/water partition coefficients and Rm values from reversed phase thin-layer chromatography. The Spearman rank sum correlation test revealed coefficients of 0.95 to 0.97. The result lends support to the use of the easily available Rm values as a good tool to predict intestinal absorption of various cardenolides.", "contents": "[Lipophilicity and enteral absorption of cardenolides (author's transl)]. Intestinal absorption of 15 cardenolides has been examined in cats. The 3H-labelled substances were injected intraluminally into ligated duodenal loops of anaesthetized animals. 3H-Concentrations were followed in the portal circulation and in the bile. 1 h after drug administration the duodenal sac was removed, and the residual in the lumen then was washed out and assayed radiochemically. The decrease of radioactivity during 1 h was calculated as extent of absorption (QR). Cardenolide absorption was compared with the corresponding in vitro parameters of lipophilicity like octanol/water partition coefficients and Rm values from reversed phase thin-layer chromatography. The Spearman rank sum correlation test revealed coefficients of 0.95 to 0.97. The result lends support to the use of the easily available Rm values as a good tool to predict intestinal absorption of various cardenolides.", "PMID": 582927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1768", "title": "[Lipophilicity-protein binding relationship in cardenolides (author's transl)].", "content": "By equilibrium dialysis the binding of 19 cardenolides and cardenolide conjugates to human plasma proteins has been measured. The binding constants were compared with octanol-water partition coefficients described previously. No correlation was found between the two properties. Glycosides and conjugates of a certain genine show the same extent of protein binding, even if some of the derivatives differ in their physicochemical properties more than by three log units. It is concluded that cardenolide protein binding depends solely on hydrophobic property of the genine involved.", "contents": "[Lipophilicity-protein binding relationship in cardenolides (author's transl)]. By equilibrium dialysis the binding of 19 cardenolides and cardenolide conjugates to human plasma proteins has been measured. The binding constants were compared with octanol-water partition coefficients described previously. No correlation was found between the two properties. Glycosides and conjugates of a certain genine show the same extent of protein binding, even if some of the derivatives differ in their physicochemical properties more than by three log units. It is concluded that cardenolide protein binding depends solely on hydrophobic property of the genine involved.", "PMID": 582928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1769", "title": "[Studies on the analysis of nifedipine considering in particular transformation products formed by light exposition (author's transl)].", "content": "Under the influence of light (VIS and UV) on thin-layer plates and in liquid solutions, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(0-nitro-phenyl)-pyridine-3,5-carboxylic acid dimethylester (nifedipine, Adalat) is converted to the nitroso compound 4-(2-'nitrosophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-pyridine. The article also describes TLC-, GLC-, UV-, IR- and MS-data of nifedipine, the nitroso and the nitro derivative.", "contents": "[Studies on the analysis of nifedipine considering in particular transformation products formed by light exposition (author's transl)]. Under the influence of light (VIS and UV) on thin-layer plates and in liquid solutions, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(0-nitro-phenyl)-pyridine-3,5-carboxylic acid dimethylester (nifedipine, Adalat) is converted to the nitroso compound 4-(2-'nitrosophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-pyridine. The article also describes TLC-, GLC-, UV-, IR- and MS-data of nifedipine, the nitroso and the nitro derivative.", "PMID": 582929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1770", "title": "Febantel, a new broad-spectrum anthelminthic.", "content": "N-(2-[2,3-Bis-(methoxycarbonyl)-guanidino]-5-(phenylthio)-phenyl)-2-methoxyacetamide (febantel, Rintal) is a new compound which is highly active against various species of nematodes and cestodes in mice, rats, dogs, sheep and cattle. In sheep and cattle a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg resulted in an almost complete elimination of larval and adult intestinal nematodes as well as Dictyocaulus. The compound was well tolerated by all animals tested.", "contents": "Febantel, a new broad-spectrum anthelminthic. N-(2-[2,3-Bis-(methoxycarbonyl)-guanidino]-5-(phenylthio)-phenyl)-2-methoxyacetamide (febantel, Rintal) is a new compound which is highly active against various species of nematodes and cestodes in mice, rats, dogs, sheep and cattle. In sheep and cattle a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg resulted in an almost complete elimination of larval and adult intestinal nematodes as well as Dictyocaulus. The compound was well tolerated by all animals tested.", "PMID": 582930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1771", "title": "[Histamine analogues with nicotine-like action. 11th communication: Structure-activity relationships among histamine analogues (author's transl)].", "content": "Structure-activity relationships between histamine and nicrotine are described. If alkyl groups are substituted on the primary amino group of the side chain in histamine the histamine-like action decreases stepwise. While N,N-diethylhistamine (I) clearly shows histamine-like activity, 4-(2-pyrrolidinoethyl)-imidazole (II), an analogue having a pyrrolidine ring in place of the diethylamino group, possesses, on the other hand, distinct nicotine-like properties. The ganglionic stimulation was investigated on the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig, as well as on the blood pressure of the narcotized rat. The nicotine-like effects remained as the imidazole ring was replaced with a pyridine or benzene ring. These results make it plausible to assume that the effect of nicotine-like acting substances is due to an angular conformation, corresponding to nicotine.", "contents": "[Histamine analogues with nicotine-like action. 11th communication: Structure-activity relationships among histamine analogues (author's transl)]. Structure-activity relationships between histamine and nicrotine are described. If alkyl groups are substituted on the primary amino group of the side chain in histamine the histamine-like action decreases stepwise. While N,N-diethylhistamine (I) clearly shows histamine-like activity, 4-(2-pyrrolidinoethyl)-imidazole (II), an analogue having a pyrrolidine ring in place of the diethylamino group, possesses, on the other hand, distinct nicotine-like properties. The ganglionic stimulation was investigated on the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig, as well as on the blood pressure of the narcotized rat. The nicotine-like effects remained as the imidazole ring was replaced with a pyridine or benzene ring. These results make it plausible to assume that the effect of nicotine-like acting substances is due to an angular conformation, corresponding to nicotine.", "PMID": 582931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1772", "title": "[Proliferation of L 929 mouse fibroblasts and their glycosaminoglycan synthesis in monolayer cultures after addition of penicillamine, azathioprine, gold thiopolypeptide, oxyphenbutazone and prednisolone (author's transl)].", "content": "L 929 mouse fibroblasts were cultured as monolayers. Proliferation and glycosaminoglycan content in cells and medium were measured, the different glycosaminoglycans fractionated. It was shown that logarithmic cell growth is followed by a stationary phase. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis started later than did cell growth and continued during stationary phase. The glycosaminoglycan pattern changed with the phase of proliferation. All mesenchyma-active substances reduced proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis significantly when added in therapeutical concentrations. The fractionation of the glycosaminoglycans after addition of the exclusively suppressive substances revealed different effectivity on the different components. All substances were directly effective on the connective tissue forming cells as had been expected from clinical experience and former experiments.", "contents": "[Proliferation of L 929 mouse fibroblasts and their glycosaminoglycan synthesis in monolayer cultures after addition of penicillamine, azathioprine, gold thiopolypeptide, oxyphenbutazone and prednisolone (author's transl)]. L 929 mouse fibroblasts were cultured as monolayers. Proliferation and glycosaminoglycan content in cells and medium were measured, the different glycosaminoglycans fractionated. It was shown that logarithmic cell growth is followed by a stationary phase. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis started later than did cell growth and continued during stationary phase. The glycosaminoglycan pattern changed with the phase of proliferation. All mesenchyma-active substances reduced proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis significantly when added in therapeutical concentrations. The fractionation of the glycosaminoglycans after addition of the exclusively suppressive substances revealed different effectivity on the different components. All substances were directly effective on the connective tissue forming cells as had been expected from clinical experience and former experiments.", "PMID": 582932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1773", "title": "Pharmacological findings on cetiedil.", "content": "The molecule of cetiedil (Strat\u00e8ne) has strong papaverine-like and weak atropine-like properties. It brings about peripheral vasodilation at doses which do not affect arterial blood pressure, heart beat and cardiac efficacy; this new drug increases the activity of beta-adrenergic stimulants. There may be different hypotheses to explain the therapeutic effect of cetiedil; beside its papaverinic and synergistic beta-stimulant properties, it increases the haemodynamic coefficient, plays a role in the process of membrane Ca++ exchange and inhibits phosphodiesterase and platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Pharmacological findings on cetiedil. The molecule of cetiedil (Strat\u00e8ne) has strong papaverine-like and weak atropine-like properties. It brings about peripheral vasodilation at doses which do not affect arterial blood pressure, heart beat and cardiac efficacy; this new drug increases the activity of beta-adrenergic stimulants. There may be different hypotheses to explain the therapeutic effect of cetiedil; beside its papaverinic and synergistic beta-stimulant properties, it increases the haemodynamic coefficient, plays a role in the process of membrane Ca++ exchange and inhibits phosphodiesterase and platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 582934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1774", "title": "[The effect of prazosin on the hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog].", "content": "Effect of prazosin (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. i.v.) on the cardiovascular system was investigated in six anaesthetized Beagles (Na-pentobarbital 35 mg/kg i.p.) using the thermodilution and catheter methods. The following parameters were measured: a) mean arterial blood pressure, b) heart rate, c) total peripheral resistance, d) cardiac output, e) cardiac work, f) stroke volume and g) cardiac contractility. Results can be summarized as follows: 1. Prazosin in dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. caused a slight drop in arterial blood pressure; prazosin administered in dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. decreased blood pressure significantly. 2. Following doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v. of prazosin, heart rate was significantly increased in each of six dogs. 3. When prazosin was given i.v. (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), an initial increase in cardiac output occurred. Later, a reduction in cardiac index below the control values could be observed. 4. The contractility parameters of the left ventricle--dp/dtmax and VCE--were increased after i.v. administration of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. of prazosin.", "contents": "[The effect of prazosin on the hemodynamics of the anesthetized dog]. Effect of prazosin (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. i.v.) on the cardiovascular system was investigated in six anaesthetized Beagles (Na-pentobarbital 35 mg/kg i.p.) using the thermodilution and catheter methods. The following parameters were measured: a) mean arterial blood pressure, b) heart rate, c) total peripheral resistance, d) cardiac output, e) cardiac work, f) stroke volume and g) cardiac contractility. Results can be summarized as follows: 1. Prazosin in dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. caused a slight drop in arterial blood pressure; prazosin administered in dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. decreased blood pressure significantly. 2. Following doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v. of prazosin, heart rate was significantly increased in each of six dogs. 3. When prazosin was given i.v. (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), an initial increase in cardiac output occurred. Later, a reduction in cardiac index below the control values could be observed. 4. The contractility parameters of the left ventricle--dp/dtmax and VCE--were increased after i.v. administration of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. of prazosin.", "PMID": 582935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1775", "title": "Nature of the antiadrenergic properties of an indolizine.", "content": "Inhibition by 2-ethyl-3-(4-y-di-n-butylaminopropoxybenzoyl)-indolizine hydrochloride (L 9394) and by propranolol of the positive chronotropic effect of isoproterenol on spontaneously beating rabbit right atria has been studied in vitro. Propranolol behaved like a typical competitive beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.33. L 9394 acted as a non-competitive inhibitor with a pD'2 value of about 4.98. Inhibition by L 9394 and phentolamine of the norepinephrine-induced contractions of isolated rat aortic strips has been studied likewise. Phentolamine inhibited the adrenergic alpha-adrenoceptor competitively with a pA2 value of 8.69 while L 9394 behaved like a dual inhibitor, with a competitive component (pA2 value of 6.35) and a non-competitive component (pD'2 value of about 4.72).", "contents": "Nature of the antiadrenergic properties of an indolizine. Inhibition by 2-ethyl-3-(4-y-di-n-butylaminopropoxybenzoyl)-indolizine hydrochloride (L 9394) and by propranolol of the positive chronotropic effect of isoproterenol on spontaneously beating rabbit right atria has been studied in vitro. Propranolol behaved like a typical competitive beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.33. L 9394 acted as a non-competitive inhibitor with a pD'2 value of about 4.98. Inhibition by L 9394 and phentolamine of the norepinephrine-induced contractions of isolated rat aortic strips has been studied likewise. Phentolamine inhibited the adrenergic alpha-adrenoceptor competitively with a pA2 value of 8.69 while L 9394 behaved like a dual inhibitor, with a competitive component (pA2 value of 6.35) and a non-competitive component (pD'2 value of about 4.72).", "PMID": 582936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1776", "title": "[On the circulation compatibility of doxycycline and rolitetracycline in conscious minipigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of large doses of doxycycline (Vibraven\u00f6s) and rolitetracycline on blood pressure, heart rate and ECG was investigated in 36 conscious minipigs. The antibiotics were infused into the v. tibialis at doses of 16, 24 and 32 mg/kg at injection periods of 4, 6 and 8 min. The dosage applied was about 10-20 times higher than the therapeutical single dose of doxycycline and about 4-8 times higher than the single dose of rolitetracycline. 16 mg doxycycline or rolitetracycline/kg resulted in a minor short-lasting increase of blood pressure and extension of the P-Q interval in the ECG. The definitely pathological P-Q value of 160 ms was not observed in any of the cases treated with doxycycline, whereas rotitetracycline led to clearly pathological P-Q values in 2/6 of the cases, and to AV block in 4/6 of the cases. Neither after doxycycline nor after rolitetracycline did the increased dose of 24 and 32 mg/kg result in an enhanced effect on circulation. However, both the blood pressure and the P-Q values following 32 mg rolitetracycline/kg significantly exceeded those following 32 mg doxycycline/kg. These trials suggest that with regard to circulatory tolerance there are no objections to increasing the usual therapeutical dose of intravenous doxycycline if the injection time is adequately extended.", "contents": "[On the circulation compatibility of doxycycline and rolitetracycline in conscious minipigs (author's transl)]. The effect of large doses of doxycycline (Vibraven\u00f6s) and rolitetracycline on blood pressure, heart rate and ECG was investigated in 36 conscious minipigs. The antibiotics were infused into the v. tibialis at doses of 16, 24 and 32 mg/kg at injection periods of 4, 6 and 8 min. The dosage applied was about 10-20 times higher than the therapeutical single dose of doxycycline and about 4-8 times higher than the single dose of rolitetracycline. 16 mg doxycycline or rolitetracycline/kg resulted in a minor short-lasting increase of blood pressure and extension of the P-Q interval in the ECG. The definitely pathological P-Q value of 160 ms was not observed in any of the cases treated with doxycycline, whereas rotitetracycline led to clearly pathological P-Q values in 2/6 of the cases, and to AV block in 4/6 of the cases. Neither after doxycycline nor after rolitetracycline did the increased dose of 24 and 32 mg/kg result in an enhanced effect on circulation. However, both the blood pressure and the P-Q values following 32 mg rolitetracycline/kg significantly exceeded those following 32 mg doxycycline/kg. These trials suggest that with regard to circulatory tolerance there are no objections to increasing the usual therapeutical dose of intravenous doxycycline if the injection time is adequately extended.", "PMID": 582937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1777", "title": "[Studies on granulocytes from inflammatory peritoneal exudates of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "By the help of an animal model, the exudation of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of the rat was studied. Exudates were provoked by a repeated challenge with sodium-caseinate. When compared after harvest of the exudates, the cells showed no differences in regard to the quantitative composition but there were definite ones of qualitative kind. By an antiinfectious drug therapy, phagocytosis and inactivation of staphylococcus aureus could be increased significantly, while the controls exhibited a decrease.", "contents": "[Studies on granulocytes from inflammatory peritoneal exudates of the rat (author's transl)]. By the help of an animal model, the exudation of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of the rat was studied. Exudates were provoked by a repeated challenge with sodium-caseinate. When compared after harvest of the exudates, the cells showed no differences in regard to the quantitative composition but there were definite ones of qualitative kind. By an antiinfectious drug therapy, phagocytosis and inactivation of staphylococcus aureus could be increased significantly, while the controls exhibited a decrease.", "PMID": 582938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1778", "title": "Toxicological and teratological studies of azanidazole.", "content": "A toxicological study of 4-[(E)-2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethenyl]-2-pyrimidinamine (azanidazole, Triclose), a new systemic antitrichomonas agent, was run in laboratory animals in order to evaluate its safety. Studies also covered the effects of azanidazole on reproduction in rats treated prior to mating, on fetal development in rabbits and rats, and on fetal survival and growth in rats treated with it during late pregnancy and lactation. The obtained data indicate that azanidazole was well tolerated when administered as a single dose or repeated daily doses for six months. Furthermore, no adverse reproductive effects and no evidence of teratogenic activity were observed in all of the tested animal species. Survival indices were not affected, and body weight of progeny was normal in all studies on reproduction and peri- and post-natal toxicity.", "contents": "Toxicological and teratological studies of azanidazole. A toxicological study of 4-[(E)-2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethenyl]-2-pyrimidinamine (azanidazole, Triclose), a new systemic antitrichomonas agent, was run in laboratory animals in order to evaluate its safety. Studies also covered the effects of azanidazole on reproduction in rats treated prior to mating, on fetal development in rabbits and rats, and on fetal survival and growth in rats treated with it during late pregnancy and lactation. The obtained data indicate that azanidazole was well tolerated when administered as a single dose or repeated daily doses for six months. Furthermore, no adverse reproductive effects and no evidence of teratogenic activity were observed in all of the tested animal species. Survival indices were not affected, and body weight of progeny was normal in all studies on reproduction and peri- and post-natal toxicity.", "PMID": 582939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1779", "title": "The effect of sympathicomimetics and anticholinergics on antigen-induced airway obstruction.", "content": "The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a sympathicomimetic drug 1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-([1-(4-hydroxy-benzyl)-ethyl]-amino)-ethanol-hydrobromide (fenoterol HBr, Berotec) and an anticholinergic drug (8r)-8-isorpopyl-3 alpha-[(+/-)-tropoyl-oxy]-1 alpha H,5 alpha H-tropanium-bromide (ipratropium bromide, Atrovent) were tested on a series of 13 boxer dogs, exposed to allergen challenge. The therapeutic and prophylactic influence showed to be similar for both substances. The effect on bronchoconstriction was not followed by a similar influence on arterial blood gas values. The administration of the two drugs during prolonged airway obstruction induced by a continuous exposure to allergen showed no influence on this kind of airway obstruction. Various mechanisms must be assumed in this prolonged airway obstruction when compared to acute obstruction after short exposure to allergen.", "contents": "The effect of sympathicomimetics and anticholinergics on antigen-induced airway obstruction. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a sympathicomimetic drug 1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-([1-(4-hydroxy-benzyl)-ethyl]-amino)-ethanol-hydrobromide (fenoterol HBr, Berotec) and an anticholinergic drug (8r)-8-isorpopyl-3 alpha-[(+/-)-tropoyl-oxy]-1 alpha H,5 alpha H-tropanium-bromide (ipratropium bromide, Atrovent) were tested on a series of 13 boxer dogs, exposed to allergen challenge. The therapeutic and prophylactic influence showed to be similar for both substances. The effect on bronchoconstriction was not followed by a similar influence on arterial blood gas values. The administration of the two drugs during prolonged airway obstruction induced by a continuous exposure to allergen showed no influence on this kind of airway obstruction. Various mechanisms must be assumed in this prolonged airway obstruction when compared to acute obstruction after short exposure to allergen.", "PMID": 582940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1780", "title": "A new method for automatic registration of stereotyped behaviour in the rat.", "content": "A new and sensitive method for registering stereotyped behaviour in the bucco-oral region of the rat is described. These stereotypies, which can be induced by amphetamines and apomorphine, are regarded as an expression of the activation of dopaminergic receptors within the nigro-neostriatal pathway. The method is based on the fact that it is particularly easy in animals placed in restraining cages to induce stereotyped chewing, licking and gnawing movements which are received by special pick-ups in the head region of the animals and registered automatically and continuously via electro-mechanical transformers or by direct measurement of the change in the electrical resistance of the system. With this well-reproducible procedure it is possible to recognize and quantify the stereotypy-inducing effect of amphetamines and apomorphine and the influence of neuroleptic agents and tricyclic antidepressants on this effect. In comparison to previously described procedures, this method has the advantage of not being dependent on observation of the animals and of being highly suitable for the demostration of dose-effect and time-effect relationships.", "contents": "A new method for automatic registration of stereotyped behaviour in the rat. A new and sensitive method for registering stereotyped behaviour in the bucco-oral region of the rat is described. These stereotypies, which can be induced by amphetamines and apomorphine, are regarded as an expression of the activation of dopaminergic receptors within the nigro-neostriatal pathway. The method is based on the fact that it is particularly easy in animals placed in restraining cages to induce stereotyped chewing, licking and gnawing movements which are received by special pick-ups in the head region of the animals and registered automatically and continuously via electro-mechanical transformers or by direct measurement of the change in the electrical resistance of the system. With this well-reproducible procedure it is possible to recognize and quantify the stereotypy-inducing effect of amphetamines and apomorphine and the influence of neuroleptic agents and tricyclic antidepressants on this effect. In comparison to previously described procedures, this method has the advantage of not being dependent on observation of the animals and of being highly suitable for the demostration of dose-effect and time-effect relationships.", "PMID": 582943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1781", "title": "Failure to detect dominant-lethal mutations and effects on reproductive capacity in mice exposed to dihydroergotoxine mesylate.", "content": "Triethylenemelamine (TEM), a known chemical mutagen, and dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHETM, Hydergin), an ergot derivative, were tested for mutagenic effects by means of the dominant-lethal test in male mice and the total reproductive capacity test in female mice. In contrast to TEM, which proved to be strongly effective in these test systems, DHETM did not show any effect. It is concluded that this drug, at both subtoxic and pharmacologically active dose-levels, has no potential to affect spermatogenic and oogenic cells.", "contents": "Failure to detect dominant-lethal mutations and effects on reproductive capacity in mice exposed to dihydroergotoxine mesylate. Triethylenemelamine (TEM), a known chemical mutagen, and dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHETM, Hydergin), an ergot derivative, were tested for mutagenic effects by means of the dominant-lethal test in male mice and the total reproductive capacity test in female mice. In contrast to TEM, which proved to be strongly effective in these test systems, DHETM did not show any effect. It is concluded that this drug, at both subtoxic and pharmacologically active dose-levels, has no potential to affect spermatogenic and oogenic cells.", "PMID": 582944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1782", "title": "[Pharmacology of iotroxic acid, a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. II. Experimental animal study of side effects].", "content": "The general, neural and cardiovascular tolerance of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) and its deleterious effect on membranes were investigated in comparison with iodipamic- (Biligrafin), ioglycamic- (Biligram, Bilivistan) und iodoxamic acids in different experimental models. Tolerance (DL50) of iotroxic acid after i.v. injection in the rat proved to be significantly better than that of all the reference substances. The difference was most apparent in animals which had previously been given histamine. Neural tolerance was found to be best after iotroxic acid and iodipamic acid and poorest after iodoxamic acid. In in vitro investigations the erythrocyte membranes were far less damaged by iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid than by iodipamic acid. Iotroxic acid was also particularly well tolerated after intracisternal injection and after injection into the carotid artery of the rat. The effect of iotroxic acid on the cardiovascular system of the cat was distinctly weaker than that of ioglycamic acid and, when given in high doses, evidently also weaker than that after administration of iodoxamic acid. The excellent general tolerance of iotroxic acid can be explained by the fact that its deleterious effect on membranes is less than that of iodipamic acid and that its neurotoxicity is distinctly lower than that of iodoxamic acid.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of iotroxic acid, a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. II. Experimental animal study of side effects]. The general, neural and cardiovascular tolerance of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) and its deleterious effect on membranes were investigated in comparison with iodipamic- (Biligrafin), ioglycamic- (Biligram, Bilivistan) und iodoxamic acids in different experimental models. Tolerance (DL50) of iotroxic acid after i.v. injection in the rat proved to be significantly better than that of all the reference substances. The difference was most apparent in animals which had previously been given histamine. Neural tolerance was found to be best after iotroxic acid and iodipamic acid and poorest after iodoxamic acid. In in vitro investigations the erythrocyte membranes were far less damaged by iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid than by iodipamic acid. Iotroxic acid was also particularly well tolerated after intracisternal injection and after injection into the carotid artery of the rat. The effect of iotroxic acid on the cardiovascular system of the cat was distinctly weaker than that of ioglycamic acid and, when given in high doses, evidently also weaker than that after administration of iodoxamic acid. The excellent general tolerance of iotroxic acid can be explained by the fact that its deleterious effect on membranes is less than that of iodipamic acid and that its neurotoxicity is distinctly lower than that of iodoxamic acid.", "PMID": 582945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1783", "title": "[Effects of benzarone on the chloroform edema of the mouse and on the petechiae test in the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Chloroform edema. On the backskin of a mouse a wheal was produced by locally applied chloroform containing a fluid rich in protein. It was investigated whether a series of edema-protective drugs, i.e., drugs with anti-inflammatory effect, corticoids, and vascular-active drugs, could inhibit the development of the wheal edema. Only benzarone proved a statistically significant inhibition. The fact that other drugs proved less effective or not at all, could be based on the difference between the mechansim of the chloroform edema and that of other edema models. A reciprocal effect between benzarone and chloroform may be considered as well. 2. Petechiae test. A vitamin C-free nutrition over 3 weeks did not increase the \"brittleness of capillaries\" in the backskin of guinea pigs; whereas 50 mg benzarone/kg fed daily over a period of 3 weeks caused a significant decrease in the number of petechiae compared to that in the controls. This effect, most likely, was not due to an improved stability of the capillaries but was based on the reduced blood circulation of the skin.", "contents": "[Effects of benzarone on the chloroform edema of the mouse and on the petechiae test in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. 1. Chloroform edema. On the backskin of a mouse a wheal was produced by locally applied chloroform containing a fluid rich in protein. It was investigated whether a series of edema-protective drugs, i.e., drugs with anti-inflammatory effect, corticoids, and vascular-active drugs, could inhibit the development of the wheal edema. Only benzarone proved a statistically significant inhibition. The fact that other drugs proved less effective or not at all, could be based on the difference between the mechansim of the chloroform edema and that of other edema models. A reciprocal effect between benzarone and chloroform may be considered as well. 2. Petechiae test. A vitamin C-free nutrition over 3 weeks did not increase the \"brittleness of capillaries\" in the backskin of guinea pigs; whereas 50 mg benzarone/kg fed daily over a period of 3 weeks caused a significant decrease in the number of petechiae compared to that in the controls. This effect, most likely, was not due to an improved stability of the capillaries but was based on the reduced blood circulation of the skin.", "PMID": 582946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1784", "title": "[The influence of benzarone on the polidocanol and thiopental induced edemas in the hind-limb of the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "In chloralose-anesthetized cats, a hind-limb was perfused at constant flow and the vascular endothelium was made permeable for protein by intravascular injection of polidocanol and thiopental. Besides parameters of circulation and the transcapillary fluid exchange the contents of plasma protein and water were measured in skin and muscle tissue of the edematous hind-limb as well as in the contralateral untreated hind-limb. Benzarone, 2.5 mg/kg i.v., inhibited the development of the protein edemas when injected before the application of the edema producing substances. In polidocanol and thiopental-induced edemas--except for the thiopental-induced skin edema that was less marked even in the controls--benzarone had a significant effect.", "contents": "[The influence of benzarone on the polidocanol and thiopental induced edemas in the hind-limb of the cat (author's transl)]. In chloralose-anesthetized cats, a hind-limb was perfused at constant flow and the vascular endothelium was made permeable for protein by intravascular injection of polidocanol and thiopental. Besides parameters of circulation and the transcapillary fluid exchange the contents of plasma protein and water were measured in skin and muscle tissue of the edematous hind-limb as well as in the contralateral untreated hind-limb. Benzarone, 2.5 mg/kg i.v., inhibited the development of the protein edemas when injected before the application of the edema producing substances. In polidocanol and thiopental-induced edemas--except for the thiopental-induced skin edema that was less marked even in the controls--benzarone had a significant effect.", "PMID": 582947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1785", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 3H-synephrine (author's transl)].", "content": "The physiological disposition of 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanol-tartrate (synephrine, Sympatol) in man had not been investigated to date. Therefore, we studied pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tritiated synephrine in man. Following short i.v. infusion in six patients about 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine. Two-thirds of the urinary tritium activity consisted of the deaminated p-hydroxymandelic acid. 10% were excreted as unchanged synephrine only. Following oral ingestion in ten patients the total urinary radioactivity was quite comparable to the i.v. experiments. Therefore, complete enteric absorption has to be stated. The amount of unchanged synephrine amounted, however, only to 2.5% of the dose. The resulting bioavailability has to be calculated to 22% only. The pharmacokinetic parameters are quite comparable to the sympathomimetics similar in structure. The biological half-life was about 2 h. After oral ingestion absorption was fast, the peak concentrations were observed between 1 and 2 h after administration.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 3H-synephrine (author's transl)]. The physiological disposition of 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanol-tartrate (synephrine, Sympatol) in man had not been investigated to date. Therefore, we studied pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tritiated synephrine in man. Following short i.v. infusion in six patients about 80% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine. Two-thirds of the urinary tritium activity consisted of the deaminated p-hydroxymandelic acid. 10% were excreted as unchanged synephrine only. Following oral ingestion in ten patients the total urinary radioactivity was quite comparable to the i.v. experiments. Therefore, complete enteric absorption has to be stated. The amount of unchanged synephrine amounted, however, only to 2.5% of the dose. The resulting bioavailability has to be calculated to 22% only. The pharmacokinetic parameters are quite comparable to the sympathomimetics similar in structure. The biological half-life was about 2 h. After oral ingestion absorption was fast, the peak concentrations were observed between 1 and 2 h after administration.", "PMID": 582950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1786", "title": "[Relative bioavailability of a vincamine retard formulation. Pharmacokinetic study in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The study was carried out in 6 healthy volunteers in cross-over design. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after application of 60 mg vincamine base in comparison to a sustained release formulation (vincamine ratio-pharm 30 mg) on the basis of a GC method. Summarizing it can be stated that the sustained release formulation has a flatter profile and is therefore more adapted to clinical application. The extent of absorption expressed as AUC of the serum concentration-time curve, has three times the extent of the curve with the pure substance.", "contents": "[Relative bioavailability of a vincamine retard formulation. Pharmacokinetic study in normal subjects (author's transl)]. The study was carried out in 6 healthy volunteers in cross-over design. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after application of 60 mg vincamine base in comparison to a sustained release formulation (vincamine ratio-pharm 30 mg) on the basis of a GC method. Summarizing it can be stated that the sustained release formulation has a flatter profile and is therefore more adapted to clinical application. The extent of absorption expressed as AUC of the serum concentration-time curve, has three times the extent of the curve with the pure substance.", "PMID": 582951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1787", "title": "The pharmacokinetic profile of pyrazinobutazone in man.", "content": "The rate of absorption of phenylbutazone from pyrazinobutazone (Ranoroc/Carudol) capsules is distinctly lower than that from phenylbutazone capsules. The capsules are bioequivalent to an equimolar dose of Na-phenylbutazone in solution, as judged by both the area under the plasma level curves (AUC), and the sum of the unchanged phenylbutazone excreted in the urine. A single dose of 300 mg pyrazinobutazone produces maximum plasma levels of 35.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml at 5.5 h after administration (+/- SEM, 70 kg bodyweight, N = 39). Two dosage schedules for long-term therapy were tested (2400 and 1500 mg/week). Both produced accumulation to saturation plasma levels within approximately three days. The concentration of phenylbutazone obtained with the lower dosage was about 110 micrograms/ml plasma. This corresponds with the recommendations for long-term therapy with phenylbutazone. With the higher dosage, the plasma levels were elevated by only 25%, however, the renal elimination of unchanged drug and the number of side-effects were remarkably increased. The recommended dosage scheme is specifically adapted to the pharmacokinetics of pyrazinobutazone.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetic profile of pyrazinobutazone in man. The rate of absorption of phenylbutazone from pyrazinobutazone (Ranoroc/Carudol) capsules is distinctly lower than that from phenylbutazone capsules. The capsules are bioequivalent to an equimolar dose of Na-phenylbutazone in solution, as judged by both the area under the plasma level curves (AUC), and the sum of the unchanged phenylbutazone excreted in the urine. A single dose of 300 mg pyrazinobutazone produces maximum plasma levels of 35.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml at 5.5 h after administration (+/- SEM, 70 kg bodyweight, N = 39). Two dosage schedules for long-term therapy were tested (2400 and 1500 mg/week). Both produced accumulation to saturation plasma levels within approximately three days. The concentration of phenylbutazone obtained with the lower dosage was about 110 micrograms/ml plasma. This corresponds with the recommendations for long-term therapy with phenylbutazone. With the higher dosage, the plasma levels were elevated by only 25%, however, the renal elimination of unchanged drug and the number of side-effects were remarkably increased. The recommended dosage scheme is specifically adapted to the pharmacokinetics of pyrazinobutazone.", "PMID": 582952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1788", "title": "[Studies on the diffusion rate of cefamandole in various human tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The penetration activity of cefamandole into different human tissues was studied under experimental conditions. The authors obtained samples of corticalis, spongiosa, cutis, subcutis, fascia and muscle during surgery in 42 cases. Cefamandole was given i.v. by means of: 1. single injections of 40 mg/kg body weight. 2. multiple injections with an initial dose of 40 mg/kg body weight and reinjections of 20 mg/kg body weight after reaching half-life, 3. permanent infusions of 50 mg/kg body weight per hour during 70 min. The investigation is based upon 482 serum level and 330 tissue level determinations. In case of tissue levels the extra- and intravascular concentrations had to be separated so that the contamination of the investigated samples by blood could be quantified. This was done first by the usual way of measuring the hemoglobin concentration, and additionally by the dextran method which was used for control of the hemoglobin method for the first time. The cefamandole conentrations following single and multiple injection did not show any differences in all tissues studied. Distinctly higher concentrations were found after permanent infusions, though with a considerably higher total dose.", "contents": "[Studies on the diffusion rate of cefamandole in various human tissue (author's transl)]. The penetration activity of cefamandole into different human tissues was studied under experimental conditions. The authors obtained samples of corticalis, spongiosa, cutis, subcutis, fascia and muscle during surgery in 42 cases. Cefamandole was given i.v. by means of: 1. single injections of 40 mg/kg body weight. 2. multiple injections with an initial dose of 40 mg/kg body weight and reinjections of 20 mg/kg body weight after reaching half-life, 3. permanent infusions of 50 mg/kg body weight per hour during 70 min. The investigation is based upon 482 serum level and 330 tissue level determinations. In case of tissue levels the extra- and intravascular concentrations had to be separated so that the contamination of the investigated samples by blood could be quantified. This was done first by the usual way of measuring the hemoglobin concentration, and additionally by the dextran method which was used for control of the hemoglobin method for the first time. The cefamandole conentrations following single and multiple injection did not show any differences in all tissues studied. Distinctly higher concentrations were found after permanent infusions, though with a considerably higher total dose.", "PMID": 582953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1789", "title": "Oral contraceptives according to the normophasic principle.", "content": "A trial of a normophasic-principle oral contraceptive ethinylestradiol (Ovanon) is reported. In 130 women observed for a total of 1354 cycles, there were no pregnancies; good cycle control was attained; side-effects were rare, and there was a very high degree of acceptability.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives according to the normophasic principle. A trial of a normophasic-principle oral contraceptive ethinylestradiol (Ovanon) is reported. In 130 women observed for a total of 1354 cycles, there were no pregnancies; good cycle control was attained; side-effects were rare, and there was a very high degree of acceptability.", "PMID": 582954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1790", "title": "Effect of cicloxilic acid on the liver damage produced by a choline-free, high-fat low-protein diet.", "content": "The effects of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenylcyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the liver damage produced by a choline-free, high-fat low-protein diet (Handler's diet) were studied in rats. Treatment with cicloxilic acid significantly counteracted the increase in liver weight, hepatic lipids, serum transaminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase activities, caused by the unbalanced and deficient diet. Histological examination of the liver showed a near-normal structure of the hepatic cells in the cicloxilic acid-treated animals. Other antihepatotoxic and choleretic drugs, with which cicloxilic acid was compared, showed either much less protective activity or none at all. Furthermore, while cicloxilic acid (which exhibits choleretic activity) did not alter the hepatic glycogen content, another choleretic drug, 1-phenyl-1-hydroxypentane (PC 1), caused marked depletion. It is concluded that the protective activity exerted by cicloxilic acid on the liver is separable from its choleretic activity.", "contents": "Effect of cicloxilic acid on the liver damage produced by a choline-free, high-fat low-protein diet. The effects of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenylcyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the liver damage produced by a choline-free, high-fat low-protein diet (Handler's diet) were studied in rats. Treatment with cicloxilic acid significantly counteracted the increase in liver weight, hepatic lipids, serum transaminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase activities, caused by the unbalanced and deficient diet. Histological examination of the liver showed a near-normal structure of the hepatic cells in the cicloxilic acid-treated animals. Other antihepatotoxic and choleretic drugs, with which cicloxilic acid was compared, showed either much less protective activity or none at all. Furthermore, while cicloxilic acid (which exhibits choleretic activity) did not alter the hepatic glycogen content, another choleretic drug, 1-phenyl-1-hydroxypentane (PC 1), caused marked depletion. It is concluded that the protective activity exerted by cicloxilic acid on the liver is separable from its choleretic activity.", "PMID": 582956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1791", "title": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on CCl4-induced liver injury.", "content": "The effects of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the liver injury produced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning were studied in rats. It was found that oral treatment counteracts the CCl4-induced increase in liver weight, rise of liver triglycerides, fall of plasma triglycerides and rise of serum transaminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase activities. Further, cicloxilic acid, when administered alone, altered none of the parameters studied. Cicloxilic acid was found to be more effective at the lowest doses than any of the other antihepatotoxic and choleretic drugs used. When cicloxilic acid was administered at the highest doses, the plasma triglyceride level of the intoxicated animals was not significantly different from that of the controls. To find out whether cicloxilic acid was effective in maintaining a normal lipoprotein secretion after CCl4 poisoning, experiments were carried out with Triton WR-1339. The results indicate that cicloxilic acid maintains the output of triglycerides from the liver to the plasma compartment at near-normal level in CCl4 poisoned rats. Possible mechanisms for the effects of cicloxilic acid on the CCl4-induced liver damage are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on CCl4-induced liver injury. The effects of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the liver injury produced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning were studied in rats. It was found that oral treatment counteracts the CCl4-induced increase in liver weight, rise of liver triglycerides, fall of plasma triglycerides and rise of serum transaminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase activities. Further, cicloxilic acid, when administered alone, altered none of the parameters studied. Cicloxilic acid was found to be more effective at the lowest doses than any of the other antihepatotoxic and choleretic drugs used. When cicloxilic acid was administered at the highest doses, the plasma triglyceride level of the intoxicated animals was not significantly different from that of the controls. To find out whether cicloxilic acid was effective in maintaining a normal lipoprotein secretion after CCl4 poisoning, experiments were carried out with Triton WR-1339. The results indicate that cicloxilic acid maintains the output of triglycerides from the liver to the plasma compartment at near-normal level in CCl4 poisoned rats. Possible mechanisms for the effects of cicloxilic acid on the CCl4-induced liver damage are discussed.", "PMID": 582957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1792", "title": "Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system in rats pretreated with cicloxilic acid.", "content": "In a study of the hepatic microsomal drug metabolising system in rats, pretreatment with cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) did not prolong pentobarbital sleeping time or decrease the cytochrome P 450 content of the liver microsomes. The drug interacted with the liver microsomes to yield a type II spectral change. Cicloxilic acid did not affect the metabolism of CCl4 in vivo, as judged by the covalent binding of 14C from 14CCl r to microsomal lipids, or delay the gastrointestinal absorption of CCl4, as judged by the concentration of free CCl4 in the liver. The protection afforded by cicloxilic acid against CCl4 liver damage is therefore due neither to inhibition of the metabolism nor to delayed absorption of the toxin.", "contents": "Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system in rats pretreated with cicloxilic acid. In a study of the hepatic microsomal drug metabolising system in rats, pretreatment with cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) did not prolong pentobarbital sleeping time or decrease the cytochrome P 450 content of the liver microsomes. The drug interacted with the liver microsomes to yield a type II spectral change. Cicloxilic acid did not affect the metabolism of CCl4 in vivo, as judged by the covalent binding of 14C from 14CCl r to microsomal lipids, or delay the gastrointestinal absorption of CCl4, as judged by the concentration of free CCl4 in the liver. The protection afforded by cicloxilic acid against CCl4 liver damage is therefore due neither to inhibition of the metabolism nor to delayed absorption of the toxin.", "PMID": 582958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1793", "title": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on liver subcellular fractions triglyceride content in acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "The action of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the concentration of triglycerides in the subcellular compartments of the liver was investigated in acutely ethanol-intoxicated rats. Cicloxilic acid is able to significantly reduce the accumulation of neutral fats in the homogenate and in the cytosol and to shorten the steatosis regression time. The triglyceride content in total microsomes results slightly higher in the animals treated with cicloxilic acid than in those treated with ethanol only. The data are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of ethanol fatty liver and to the possible mechanism of action of cicloxilic acid.", "contents": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on liver subcellular fractions triglyceride content in acute ethanol intoxication. The action of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) on the concentration of triglycerides in the subcellular compartments of the liver was investigated in acutely ethanol-intoxicated rats. Cicloxilic acid is able to significantly reduce the accumulation of neutral fats in the homogenate and in the cytosol and to shorten the steatosis regression time. The triglyceride content in total microsomes results slightly higher in the animals treated with cicloxilic acid than in those treated with ethanol only. The data are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of ethanol fatty liver and to the possible mechanism of action of cicloxilic acid.", "PMID": 582959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1794", "title": "Influence of cicloxilic acid on energy production by hepatocyte mitochondria during acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "Liver mitochondria from acute ethanol intoxicated rats show a highly significant uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cicloxilic acid) early normalizes the P/O ratio and, therefore, the mitochondrial energy producing mechanisms. The significance of these phenomena and the possible role of cicloxilic acid on mitochondrial energy-production are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of cicloxilic acid on energy production by hepatocyte mitochondria during acute ethanol intoxication. Liver mitochondria from acute ethanol intoxicated rats show a highly significant uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cicloxilic acid) early normalizes the P/O ratio and, therefore, the mitochondrial energy producing mechanisms. The significance of these phenomena and the possible role of cicloxilic acid on mitochondrial energy-production are discussed.", "PMID": 582960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1795", "title": "Influence of cicloxilic acid on the intracellular transport of 3H-palmitic acid during acute ethanol fatty liver.", "content": "cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) modifies the rat's hepatocyte intracellular movements of 3H-palmitic acid in the course of fatty liver by acute ethanol intoxication. It counteracts the impairment of radioactive lipid uptake due to ethanol treatment and promotes the early and complete release of the radioisotope inhibited by ethanol. The relevance of these results to the role of changes in the intracellular transport systems in the pathogenesis of ethanol steatosis is discussed. This and previous studies show that cicloxilic acid acts by stimulating the intracellular lipoprotein transport probably preventing by this mechanism the ethanol induced liver injury.", "contents": "Influence of cicloxilic acid on the intracellular transport of 3H-palmitic acid during acute ethanol fatty liver. cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) modifies the rat's hepatocyte intracellular movements of 3H-palmitic acid in the course of fatty liver by acute ethanol intoxication. It counteracts the impairment of radioactive lipid uptake due to ethanol treatment and promotes the early and complete release of the radioisotope inhibited by ethanol. The relevance of these results to the role of changes in the intracellular transport systems in the pathogenesis of ethanol steatosis is discussed. This and previous studies show that cicloxilic acid acts by stimulating the intracellular lipoprotein transport probably preventing by this mechanism the ethanol induced liver injury.", "PMID": 582961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1796", "title": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on secretory function of the liver. I. Effect on bile flow and on biliary secretion of bilirubin and glucuronic acid in anesthetised bileduct-cannulated rat.", "content": "Both in normal and experimentally jaundiced rats cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) induces a greater and longer lasting increase in bile flow and a greater increase in bilirubin and glucuronic acid secretion than do the choleretics sodium 2-(2-hydroxy-3n hexoxy-propoxy)-benzoate and dehydrocholic acid. The intense increase in bilirubin secretion is interpreted as the outcome of stimulation of the biliary secretion mechanisms whilst the effect on bile flow and on the biliary secretion of glucuronic acid are attributed to the kinetics of biliary secretion of cicloxilic acid.", "contents": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on secretory function of the liver. I. Effect on bile flow and on biliary secretion of bilirubin and glucuronic acid in anesthetised bileduct-cannulated rat. Both in normal and experimentally jaundiced rats cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) induces a greater and longer lasting increase in bile flow and a greater increase in bilirubin and glucuronic acid secretion than do the choleretics sodium 2-(2-hydroxy-3n hexoxy-propoxy)-benzoate and dehydrocholic acid. The intense increase in bilirubin secretion is interpreted as the outcome of stimulation of the biliary secretion mechanisms whilst the effect on bile flow and on the biliary secretion of glucuronic acid are attributed to the kinetics of biliary secretion of cicloxilic acid.", "PMID": 582962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1797", "title": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on secretory function of the liver. II. Effect on biliary secretion of bile acids, cholesterol and lecithin in anesthetised bileduct-cannulated rat.", "content": "cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) increases the output of bile acids and decreases that of cholesterol both in normal and in sodium taurocholate-infused rats; the biliary output of lecithin remains unchanged in normal animals but is increased in taurocholate-treated animals. The increased output of bile acids is interpreted as true stimulation of the bile-forming function of the liver, an activity supposedly mediated by stimulation of the metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, independent of the drug's hydrocholeretic properties. The changes in the relative molar concentrations of the three micelle-forming bile constituents, namely bile acids, cholesterol, and lecithin, induced by cicloxilic acid lead to an appreciable lowering of the lithogenic index, thus suggesting that the drug may have antilithogenic activity.", "contents": "Effects of cicloxilic acid on secretory function of the liver. II. Effect on biliary secretion of bile acids, cholesterol and lecithin in anesthetised bileduct-cannulated rat. cis-2-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) increases the output of bile acids and decreases that of cholesterol both in normal and in sodium taurocholate-infused rats; the biliary output of lecithin remains unchanged in normal animals but is increased in taurocholate-treated animals. The increased output of bile acids is interpreted as true stimulation of the bile-forming function of the liver, an activity supposedly mediated by stimulation of the metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, independent of the drug's hydrocholeretic properties. The changes in the relative molar concentrations of the three micelle-forming bile constituents, namely bile acids, cholesterol, and lecithin, induced by cicloxilic acid lead to an appreciable lowering of the lithogenic index, thus suggesting that the drug may have antilithogenic activity.", "PMID": 582963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1798", "title": "Effect of cicloxilic acid on the bile lipid composition in cholelithiasis.", "content": "5 patient with cholesterol gallstones were treated with cis-2-hydroxy-2-penyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) 240 mg daily for one year. Before treatment and after 1 month's, 3 months' and 1 year's treatment gallbladder bile was withdrawn by duodenal tube after i.v. cerulein stimulation. The bile was assayed for lipids and the lithogenic index was determined. The pool of bile acids was also determined and liver function tests performed. The results show a gradual lowering of the mean lithogenic index in the course of treatment. The blood chemistry values remained within strictly normal limits.", "contents": "Effect of cicloxilic acid on the bile lipid composition in cholelithiasis. 5 patient with cholesterol gallstones were treated with cis-2-hydroxy-2-penyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) 240 mg daily for one year. Before treatment and after 1 month's, 3 months' and 1 year's treatment gallbladder bile was withdrawn by duodenal tube after i.v. cerulein stimulation. The bile was assayed for lipids and the lithogenic index was determined. The pool of bile acids was also determined and liver function tests performed. The results show a gradual lowering of the mean lithogenic index in the course of treatment. The blood chemistry values remained within strictly normal limits.", "PMID": 582964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1799", "title": "Stereochemistry of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cicloxilic acid).", "content": "The configuration of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) was deduced by comparing its NMR and IR spectra with those of its diastereoisomer and of their respective analogs, the 1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylic acids. The diastereoisomer was prepared by converting cicloxilic acid to the corresponding 2-chloro-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and subsequent hydrolysis of the latter with aqueous solvents in the presence of wet silver oxide, or by simple solvolysis. The pair of 1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylic acid was prepared from the respective phenylic terms by catalytic hydrogenation. Comparison of the NMR spectra revealed the spatial arrangement of the -H and -COOH groups on the carbon-alpha atom and the study of the interaction between the substitutents -OH and -COOH by IR spectrography revealed the position of the -OH group with respect to the -COOH group, as a result of which the configuration and conformation of the compounds under study were established. Cicloxilic acid is thus represented by the steric formula 4.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cicloxilic acid). The configuration of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid) was deduced by comparing its NMR and IR spectra with those of its diastereoisomer and of their respective analogs, the 1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylic acids. The diastereoisomer was prepared by converting cicloxilic acid to the corresponding 2-chloro-2-phenyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and subsequent hydrolysis of the latter with aqueous solvents in the presence of wet silver oxide, or by simple solvolysis. The pair of 1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylic acid was prepared from the respective phenylic terms by catalytic hydrogenation. Comparison of the NMR spectra revealed the spatial arrangement of the -H and -COOH groups on the carbon-alpha atom and the study of the interaction between the substitutents -OH and -COOH by IR spectrography revealed the position of the -OH group with respect to the -COOH group, as a result of which the configuration and conformation of the compounds under study were established. Cicloxilic acid is thus represented by the steric formula 4.", "PMID": 582966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1800", "title": "[Beclobrate and eniclobrate hydrochloride, new diphenylmethane derivatives as agents for lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Part I: Synthesis and consideration of structure-activity relationships (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the course of a research project for finding new lipid-lowering substances with better therapeutic indices than the standard agent in use, various diphenylmethane derivatives were synthesized and tested with respect to their activity and toxicity. On the basis of these results Sgd 24774 (beclobrate) and Sgd 33374 (eniclobrate-hydrochloride) were selected for further investigation and clinical studies.", "contents": "[Beclobrate and eniclobrate hydrochloride, new diphenylmethane derivatives as agents for lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Part I: Synthesis and consideration of structure-activity relationships (author's transl)]. Within the course of a research project for finding new lipid-lowering substances with better therapeutic indices than the standard agent in use, various diphenylmethane derivatives were synthesized and tested with respect to their activity and toxicity. On the basis of these results Sgd 24774 (beclobrate) and Sgd 33374 (eniclobrate-hydrochloride) were selected for further investigation and clinical studies.", "PMID": 582967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1801", "title": "Chemical characterization of decomposition products of pyrazolidinedione-3,5 derivatives. Part 2: Chemical transformations of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (prenazone) and its main decomposition product N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid in sulphuric acid concentrated.", "content": "4-Prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (prenazone) in the medium of sulphuric acid concentrated (92-98%) undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to 6',6'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydropyrane-[2',3'-d]-1,2-diphenyl-3-pyrazolinone. The main decomposition product of prenazone, formed due to the hydrolytic process in the above conditions, undergoes changes according to two parallel reactions. First, it is hydrolyzed to prenylmalonic acid and hydrazobenzene which is subsequently transformed to benzidine. The second reaction proceeds via cyclization to form prenazone as well as 6',6-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydropyrane [2',3'-d]-1,2-diphenyl-3-pyrazolinone.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of decomposition products of pyrazolidinedione-3,5 derivatives. Part 2: Chemical transformations of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (prenazone) and its main decomposition product N,N'-diphenylhydrazide-2-carboxy-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid in sulphuric acid concentrated. 4-Prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (prenazone) in the medium of sulphuric acid concentrated (92-98%) undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to 6',6'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydropyrane-[2',3'-d]-1,2-diphenyl-3-pyrazolinone. The main decomposition product of prenazone, formed due to the hydrolytic process in the above conditions, undergoes changes according to two parallel reactions. First, it is hydrolyzed to prenylmalonic acid and hydrazobenzene which is subsequently transformed to benzidine. The second reaction proceeds via cyclization to form prenazone as well as 6',6-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydropyrane [2',3'-d]-1,2-diphenyl-3-pyrazolinone.", "PMID": 582968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1802", "title": "Substituted thiatriazoles as possible anticancer compounds.", "content": "Eight new 5-arylamino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles and seven known (whose activity has not yet been reported in the literature) were readily synthesised through oxidative cyclization of 4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazides by nitrous acid. Out of the thiatriazoles tested for their anti cancer activity in vitro against \"KB\" cell by agar-plate culture method using HFS9 cell line, only two compounds showed inhibitory activity. In addition to UV, IR, and TLC studies an investigation of the low resolution mass spectra have been carried out.", "contents": "Substituted thiatriazoles as possible anticancer compounds. Eight new 5-arylamino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles and seven known (whose activity has not yet been reported in the literature) were readily synthesised through oxidative cyclization of 4-aryl-3-thiosemicarbazides by nitrous acid. Out of the thiatriazoles tested for their anti cancer activity in vitro against \"KB\" cell by agar-plate culture method using HFS9 cell line, only two compounds showed inhibitory activity. In addition to UV, IR, and TLC studies an investigation of the low resolution mass spectra have been carried out.", "PMID": 582969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1803", "title": "Regional blood flow determination in rats by the microsphere method during i.v. infusion of vasodilating agents.", "content": "The present experiments were performed to gain information on changes in various organ flow rates during i.v. infusion of vasodilating substances. The microsphere method with the reference sample technique was used in rats to measure simultaneously different organ flow rates. The detection of the spheres (non-radioactive) was performed by macerating the tissues and counting samples under the microscope. As only one microsphere-infection per animal was performed, an untreated experimental group served as a control. The cardiac output was measured in a separate series. The effects of isoproterenol, pentoxifylline, bencyclane, acetylcholine, and dihydroergotoxine (mixture of 3 compounds, Hydergin) consisted of flow increases in several organs while the flow in others remained nearly unchanged. Only during the action of sodium nitroprusside the flow values were found decreased or remained unchanged. This substance led to decreased cardiac output, whereas that in the other groups was unchanged or raised. The experiments point to quantitatively different reactions on cardiac output distribution during application of the vasodilating substances tested.", "contents": "Regional blood flow determination in rats by the microsphere method during i.v. infusion of vasodilating agents. The present experiments were performed to gain information on changes in various organ flow rates during i.v. infusion of vasodilating substances. The microsphere method with the reference sample technique was used in rats to measure simultaneously different organ flow rates. The detection of the spheres (non-radioactive) was performed by macerating the tissues and counting samples under the microscope. As only one microsphere-infection per animal was performed, an untreated experimental group served as a control. The cardiac output was measured in a separate series. The effects of isoproterenol, pentoxifylline, bencyclane, acetylcholine, and dihydroergotoxine (mixture of 3 compounds, Hydergin) consisted of flow increases in several organs while the flow in others remained nearly unchanged. Only during the action of sodium nitroprusside the flow values were found decreased or remained unchanged. This substance led to decreased cardiac output, whereas that in the other groups was unchanged or raised. The experiments point to quantitatively different reactions on cardiac output distribution during application of the vasodilating substances tested.", "PMID": 582971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1804", "title": "Vasodilator activity of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole (HBBPC) on femoral vascular bed of the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole HCl (HBBPC) have been studied on the femoral peripheral resistance (i.v. route) and only femoral blood flow (local i.a. injection), in comparison with other vasodilators, i.e., sodium nitroprusside, dihydralazine and piribedil. The vasomotor activity of HBBPC, namely, decreased peripheral resistance and increased femoral blood flow, seems interesting because it begins after pressure has returned to normal. This substance is likely to induce a vasoconstriction in other areas (increased femoral blood flow with decreased peripheral resistance without a fall of blood pressure).", "contents": "Vasodilator activity of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole (HBBPC) on femoral vascular bed of the rabbit. The effects of 2-(p-chloro-alpha-hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole HCl (HBBPC) have been studied on the femoral peripheral resistance (i.v. route) and only femoral blood flow (local i.a. injection), in comparison with other vasodilators, i.e., sodium nitroprusside, dihydralazine and piribedil. The vasomotor activity of HBBPC, namely, decreased peripheral resistance and increased femoral blood flow, seems interesting because it begins after pressure has returned to normal. This substance is likely to induce a vasoconstriction in other areas (increased femoral blood flow with decreased peripheral resistance without a fall of blood pressure).", "PMID": 582972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1805", "title": "[Bioavailability and elimination of various digoxin preparations in the beagle dog and their possible sex dependence (author's transl)].", "content": "The glycoside serum levels were investigated in two healthy male and two healthy female Beagles after oral administration of four different galenic preparations of digoxin. Serum samples were taken at defined intervals and examined by radioimmunology for their glycoside content. Female Beagles eliminated orally administered digoxin considerably more rapidly than did male animals as observed by the disappearance rates of glycoside from the serum. Sex-linked differences in the bioavailability of different galenic preparations of digoxin were not confirmed statistically in this trial. No differences between sexes regarding maximum serum levels were detectable with similar preparations. These results suggest that the serum elimination rate of digoxin is different in male and female Beagles. Possible causes for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Bioavailability and elimination of various digoxin preparations in the beagle dog and their possible sex dependence (author's transl)]. The glycoside serum levels were investigated in two healthy male and two healthy female Beagles after oral administration of four different galenic preparations of digoxin. Serum samples were taken at defined intervals and examined by radioimmunology for their glycoside content. Female Beagles eliminated orally administered digoxin considerably more rapidly than did male animals as observed by the disappearance rates of glycoside from the serum. Sex-linked differences in the bioavailability of different galenic preparations of digoxin were not confirmed statistically in this trial. No differences between sexes regarding maximum serum levels were detectable with similar preparations. These results suggest that the serum elimination rate of digoxin is different in male and female Beagles. Possible causes for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 582973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1806", "title": "On the influence of pentoxifylline on the permeability of rat erythrocytes for methyl-O-glucose.", "content": "In a series of experiments it was established that in the presence of pentoxifylline (Trental), methyl-O-glucose permeates rat erythrocyte membrane significantly more than in untreated control experiments. Pentoxifylline itself, apparently does not permeate erythrocyte membrane. It is possible that some of the therapeutic effects of pentoxifylline can be related to the facilitation of red blood cell membrane permeability for glucose.", "contents": "On the influence of pentoxifylline on the permeability of rat erythrocytes for methyl-O-glucose. In a series of experiments it was established that in the presence of pentoxifylline (Trental), methyl-O-glucose permeates rat erythrocyte membrane significantly more than in untreated control experiments. Pentoxifylline itself, apparently does not permeate erythrocyte membrane. It is possible that some of the therapeutic effects of pentoxifylline can be related to the facilitation of red blood cell membrane permeability for glucose.", "PMID": 582974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1807", "title": "Investigation of rociverine + dipyrone for antispasmodic and analgesic interactions.", "content": "The study was designed to elicit any interference on the part of dipyrone with the antispasmodic activity of 2-(diethylamino)-1-methylethyl cis-1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylate (rociverine) and on the part of rociverine with the analgesic activity of dipyrone. No evidence of any reciprocal inhibition of the specific pharmacodynamic activities of the two drugs emerged. Further, dipyrone exerted remarkable antispasmodic effect which in some experimental conditions supplements that of rociverine. The nature of this antispasmodic effect contributed by dipyrone could not be identified from the in vivo work, though in in vitro tests dipyrone revealed appreciable antihistaminic activity and weak muscle-relaxant activity. The value of an association in which neither activity is diminished and one is actually augmented is obvious.", "contents": "Investigation of rociverine + dipyrone for antispasmodic and analgesic interactions. The study was designed to elicit any interference on the part of dipyrone with the antispasmodic activity of 2-(diethylamino)-1-methylethyl cis-1-hydroxy(bicyclohexyl)-2-carboxylate (rociverine) and on the part of rociverine with the analgesic activity of dipyrone. No evidence of any reciprocal inhibition of the specific pharmacodynamic activities of the two drugs emerged. Further, dipyrone exerted remarkable antispasmodic effect which in some experimental conditions supplements that of rociverine. The nature of this antispasmodic effect contributed by dipyrone could not be identified from the in vivo work, though in in vitro tests dipyrone revealed appreciable antihistaminic activity and weak muscle-relaxant activity. The value of an association in which neither activity is diminished and one is actually augmented is obvious.", "PMID": 582975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1808", "title": "Action of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on skin anaphylaxis due to ovalbumin in the rat and the guinea pig.", "content": "Six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metiazinic and niflumic acids, iburofen, indometacin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone, were tested on two anaphylactic skin reactions to ovalbumin: the passive reaction in the rat and active anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. In the rat, only niflumic and metiazinic acids reduced very slightly the reaction. In the guinea pig, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, metiazinic acid and ketoprofen had good activity. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Action of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on skin anaphylaxis due to ovalbumin in the rat and the guinea pig. Six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metiazinic and niflumic acids, iburofen, indometacin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone, were tested on two anaphylactic skin reactions to ovalbumin: the passive reaction in the rat and active anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. In the rat, only niflumic and metiazinic acids reduced very slightly the reaction. In the guinea pig, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, metiazinic acid and ketoprofen had good activity. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 582976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1809", "title": "[Effect of a water-soluble derivative of silymarin on morphological and functional alterations of mouse hepatocytes induced by Frog Virus 3 (author's transl)].", "content": "Pretreatment of mice with silymarin dihemisuccinate sodium salt (SHS-Na) 300 mg/kg 24 and 16 h before infection completely protected against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV3). After the inoculation of 1 LD100 of virus it could be shown that: a) the same amount of radioactively labelled virus was found in the liver of control and SHS-Na treated animals, b) in SHS-Na pretreated animals the shut-off of macromolecular syntheses in the liver was considerably less extensive, c) the histological changes in the hepatocyte nuclei were attenuated in SHS-Na pretreated animals and the serum titer of the transaminases did no increase, d) in SHS-Na pretreated mice there were only limited functional alterations of the sinusoidal cells as studied by carbon phagocytosis and the serum titer of the lysosomal enzymes was only slightly modified, e) inhibition of protein synthesis during the period of pretreatment with SHS-Na did not decrease the level of protection. These results allow us to conclude that SHS-Na exerts its protective effect on the liver and that sinusoidal cells are most likely involved in this protection.", "contents": "[Effect of a water-soluble derivative of silymarin on morphological and functional alterations of mouse hepatocytes induced by Frog Virus 3 (author's transl)]. Pretreatment of mice with silymarin dihemisuccinate sodium salt (SHS-Na) 300 mg/kg 24 and 16 h before infection completely protected against the lethal effect of Frog Virus 3 (FV3). After the inoculation of 1 LD100 of virus it could be shown that: a) the same amount of radioactively labelled virus was found in the liver of control and SHS-Na treated animals, b) in SHS-Na pretreated animals the shut-off of macromolecular syntheses in the liver was considerably less extensive, c) the histological changes in the hepatocyte nuclei were attenuated in SHS-Na pretreated animals and the serum titer of the transaminases did no increase, d) in SHS-Na pretreated mice there were only limited functional alterations of the sinusoidal cells as studied by carbon phagocytosis and the serum titer of the lysosomal enzymes was only slightly modified, e) inhibition of protein synthesis during the period of pretreatment with SHS-Na did not decrease the level of protection. These results allow us to conclude that SHS-Na exerts its protective effect on the liver and that sinusoidal cells are most likely involved in this protection.", "PMID": 582977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1810", "title": "The influence of silybin from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. on in vitro phosphatidyl choline biosynthesis in rat livers.", "content": "In rat livers, removed 60 min after i.p. application of 150.6 mg/kg silybin-dihemisuccinate-di-Na-salt, in vitro incorporation of choline-(methyl-14C) into phosphatidyl choline by the postmitochondrial fraction of liver homogenates was enhanced in comparison with controls. These results are associated with increased activities of CTP-choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase. Enzyme activities were also enhanced after addition of 7.5 x 10(-6) mol/l silybin to incubation mixtures obtained from untreated rats.", "contents": "The influence of silybin from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. on in vitro phosphatidyl choline biosynthesis in rat livers. In rat livers, removed 60 min after i.p. application of 150.6 mg/kg silybin-dihemisuccinate-di-Na-salt, in vitro incorporation of choline-(methyl-14C) into phosphatidyl choline by the postmitochondrial fraction of liver homogenates was enhanced in comparison with controls. These results are associated with increased activities of CTP-choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase. Enzyme activities were also enhanced after addition of 7.5 x 10(-6) mol/l silybin to incubation mixtures obtained from untreated rats.", "PMID": 582978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1811", "title": "[Study on the effects of bromopride on intestinal peristalsis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 4-amino-5-bromo-N-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]-2-methoxy benzamide (bromopride, Viaben) on the intestinal motility was studied in dogs. Highly sensitive transducers were implanted on the intestinal serosa, allowing to measure both electrical and mechanical impulses at the same point from the small intestine. These studies were performed in 5 dogs to which bromopride was administered in i.v. or i.m. doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. Bromopride causes an increase in both the number and amplitude of the spikes; at the same time there is a significant increase in the number and amplitude of the intestinal contractions. 2. The average duration of the cycle of the myoelectric complex does not change. This indicates that bromopride has no effect on the normal cycle of motoric activity in the intestine. 3. Bromopride seems more effective in the fasted state than in the post-prandial phase. 4. The effect of i.v. infection is greater than that of i.m. injection and begins earlier.", "contents": "[Study on the effects of bromopride on intestinal peristalsis (author's transl)]. The effect of 4-amino-5-bromo-N-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]-2-methoxy benzamide (bromopride, Viaben) on the intestinal motility was studied in dogs. Highly sensitive transducers were implanted on the intestinal serosa, allowing to measure both electrical and mechanical impulses at the same point from the small intestine. These studies were performed in 5 dogs to which bromopride was administered in i.v. or i.m. doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. Bromopride causes an increase in both the number and amplitude of the spikes; at the same time there is a significant increase in the number and amplitude of the intestinal contractions. 2. The average duration of the cycle of the myoelectric complex does not change. This indicates that bromopride has no effect on the normal cycle of motoric activity in the intestine. 3. Bromopride seems more effective in the fasted state than in the post-prandial phase. 4. The effect of i.v. infection is greater than that of i.m. injection and begins earlier.", "PMID": 582979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1812", "title": "[Intravenous administration of insulin and tolbutamide. A mathematical simulation on the different glycolytic activity in the organism (author's transl)].", "content": "A system theoretical model is developed for the different effects on the glucose metabolism after i.v. insulin injection and after the release of endogenous insulin release induced by sulfonylurea derivates. The model is based on our clinical results on the change of blood glucose and blood lactate levels after application of insulin or tolbutamide, resp.: Concerning the blood glucose depressing effects equivalent concentrations of insulin and tolbutamide cause an increase of lactate and pyruvate to different extents in healthy subjects. Possible reasons for this behaviour could be additional insulin-independent effects of tolbutamide on the glucose metabolism. The mathematical simulation of glycolysis stimulation as dynamical system with 6 variables and 14 parameters can demonstrate that a different insulin distribution in the blood circulation is sufficient to explain the different glycolytic activities. Simply the different paths of insulin entrance--either evenly distributed in the blood or directly at liver entry--may cause the different increases of lactate levels. The calculations of the time courses between 0 and 60 min after injection are in close agreement with experimental findings.", "contents": "[Intravenous administration of insulin and tolbutamide. A mathematical simulation on the different glycolytic activity in the organism (author's transl)]. A system theoretical model is developed for the different effects on the glucose metabolism after i.v. insulin injection and after the release of endogenous insulin release induced by sulfonylurea derivates. The model is based on our clinical results on the change of blood glucose and blood lactate levels after application of insulin or tolbutamide, resp.: Concerning the blood glucose depressing effects equivalent concentrations of insulin and tolbutamide cause an increase of lactate and pyruvate to different extents in healthy subjects. Possible reasons for this behaviour could be additional insulin-independent effects of tolbutamide on the glucose metabolism. The mathematical simulation of glycolysis stimulation as dynamical system with 6 variables and 14 parameters can demonstrate that a different insulin distribution in the blood circulation is sufficient to explain the different glycolytic activities. Simply the different paths of insulin entrance--either evenly distributed in the blood or directly at liver entry--may cause the different increases of lactate levels. The calculations of the time courses between 0 and 60 min after injection are in close agreement with experimental findings.", "PMID": 582980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1813", "title": "Cardiomechanical effect of k-strophanthoside administered to healthy volunteers by the rectal route.", "content": "Eight healthy volunteers were given k-strophanthoside (Strofopan) 1 mg rectally in order to evaluate changes in the cardiac function. Cardiomechanical measurements were performed by the polygraphic method before administering the drug and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h later. Three of the eight subjects continued to receive k-strophanthoside 1 mg daily for a further 6 days. Similar evaluations were made at the same times on day 3 and on day 7 of treatment. All indices considered varied to a statistically significant extent and showed the maximum effect at about the 4th h. The most evident changes were observed in the ICT and the PEP/LVET ratio. Here, the maximum variations were 46.3% and 29.5%, respectively, as compared with baseline values (P less than 0.01). When treatment was given for 7 days, the baseline values measured on day 3 and day 7 before administration showed a moderate and constant decrease in all parameters as compared with the first baseline value. This proves that k-strophanthoside administered rectally possesses steady-state activity with time. From a comparison of the changes in the same parameters as observed in a previous investigation after administering digoxin 0.50 mg orally there is reason to conclude that the effects obtained after administering k-strophanthoside 1 mg rectally were of the same magnitude.", "contents": "Cardiomechanical effect of k-strophanthoside administered to healthy volunteers by the rectal route. Eight healthy volunteers were given k-strophanthoside (Strofopan) 1 mg rectally in order to evaluate changes in the cardiac function. Cardiomechanical measurements were performed by the polygraphic method before administering the drug and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h later. Three of the eight subjects continued to receive k-strophanthoside 1 mg daily for a further 6 days. Similar evaluations were made at the same times on day 3 and on day 7 of treatment. All indices considered varied to a statistically significant extent and showed the maximum effect at about the 4th h. The most evident changes were observed in the ICT and the PEP/LVET ratio. Here, the maximum variations were 46.3% and 29.5%, respectively, as compared with baseline values (P less than 0.01). When treatment was given for 7 days, the baseline values measured on day 3 and day 7 before administration showed a moderate and constant decrease in all parameters as compared with the first baseline value. This proves that k-strophanthoside administered rectally possesses steady-state activity with time. From a comparison of the changes in the same parameters as observed in a previous investigation after administering digoxin 0.50 mg orally there is reason to conclude that the effects obtained after administering k-strophanthoside 1 mg rectally were of the same magnitude.", "PMID": 582981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1814", "title": "Suppression of catecholamine excretion by low doses of clonidine in healthy subjects and feasibility study on clonidine application in angina pectoris.", "content": "The effect of low doses of clonidine (CL) (150 microgram/day p.o.) on catecholamine (CA) excretion, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) was investigated in a double-blind way on 9 healthy volunteers. CL administration for two consecutive days led to marked diminution of urinary CA, mainly of epinephrine, with only slight decrease in systolic BP and HR. The results show that this dose of CL is effective in suppressing adrenergic tone as reflected by the magnitude of CA excretion, without marked influence upon systemic BP. Subsequently, the same dose of the drug was administered for two weeks to 30 unselected patients with intractable angina known to be often associated with adrenergic overactivity. Clinical improvement manifested by complete disappearance of coronary pains or marked decrease in the incidence of anginal attacks was achieved in the majority (over 60%) of patients. Although best results were seen in patients with borderline hypertension, the drug was also effective in normotensive patients and no untoward hypotensive symptoms were noted throughout the trial. Blood CA and free fatty acids (FFA) measurements performed in 5 patients showed that favourable clinical effect of CL therapy coincides with lowering of CA and FFA levels. This study indicates that CL administered in a dose which does suppress adrenergic activity might be of value in the treatment of coronary patients. Favourable results of this preliminary trial incline to undertake well controlled clinical study.", "contents": "Suppression of catecholamine excretion by low doses of clonidine in healthy subjects and feasibility study on clonidine application in angina pectoris. The effect of low doses of clonidine (CL) (150 microgram/day p.o.) on catecholamine (CA) excretion, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) was investigated in a double-blind way on 9 healthy volunteers. CL administration for two consecutive days led to marked diminution of urinary CA, mainly of epinephrine, with only slight decrease in systolic BP and HR. The results show that this dose of CL is effective in suppressing adrenergic tone as reflected by the magnitude of CA excretion, without marked influence upon systemic BP. Subsequently, the same dose of the drug was administered for two weeks to 30 unselected patients with intractable angina known to be often associated with adrenergic overactivity. Clinical improvement manifested by complete disappearance of coronary pains or marked decrease in the incidence of anginal attacks was achieved in the majority (over 60%) of patients. Although best results were seen in patients with borderline hypertension, the drug was also effective in normotensive patients and no untoward hypotensive symptoms were noted throughout the trial. Blood CA and free fatty acids (FFA) measurements performed in 5 patients showed that favourable clinical effect of CL therapy coincides with lowering of CA and FFA levels. This study indicates that CL administered in a dose which does suppress adrenergic activity might be of value in the treatment of coronary patients. Favourable results of this preliminary trial incline to undertake well controlled clinical study.", "PMID": 582982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1815", "title": "[Interaction between naproxen and tolbutamide on metabolism in diabetics].", "content": "In a double blind study 16 maturity onset diabetics were treated with d-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) and tolbutamide with a view to possible interactions between both drugs. There were no significant differences between blood glucose levels after placebo and naproxen, respectively. The concentrations of tolbutamide were not significantly different, either. Thus diabetics on tolbutamide can be treated additionally with naproxen without any clinical side effect on carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Interaction between naproxen and tolbutamide on metabolism in diabetics]. In a double blind study 16 maturity onset diabetics were treated with d-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen) and tolbutamide with a view to possible interactions between both drugs. There were no significant differences between blood glucose levels after placebo and naproxen, respectively. The concentrations of tolbutamide were not significantly different, either. Thus diabetics on tolbutamide can be treated additionally with naproxen without any clinical side effect on carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 582983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1816", "title": "Cicloxilic acid and the bile lipids in oral contraceptive users.", "content": "Cholesterol supersaturation of gallbladder bile induced by oral contraceptives is significantly reduced by the administration of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexane-carboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid), a choleretic substance which has been demonstrated to exert an antilithogenic effect in the rat and in man.", "contents": "Cicloxilic acid and the bile lipids in oral contraceptive users. Cholesterol supersaturation of gallbladder bile induced by oral contraceptives is significantly reduced by the administration of cis-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-cyclohexane-carboxilic acid (cicloxilic acid), a choleretic substance which has been demonstrated to exert an antilithogenic effect in the rat and in man.", "PMID": 582984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1817", "title": "[Time course of oxipurinol levels in plasma following single dose and chronic administration of allopurinol in different pharmaceutical preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxipurinol plasma levels and plasma elimination half-life were investigated in five healthy volunteers after oral administration of 300 mg allopurinol in customary (A 300) and in slow-release preparation (A ret) in a double blind cross-over study. After a single oral dose of 300 mg allopurinol in customary preparation maximum oxipurinol plasma levels were 5.24 microgram/ml. After allopurinol in slow-release preparation maximum oxipurinol levels were 2.22 microgram/ml. 24-h oxipurinol plasma levels were 3.78 microgram/ml after A 300 and 2.08 microgram/ml after A ret, respectively. Chronic oral administration of a daily dose of 300 mg allopurinol resulted in accumulation of oxipurinol until day 8. 24-h steady-state levels of oxipurinol were found to be 9.98 microgram/ml after A 300 and 7.14 microgram/ml after A ret. All oxipurinol plasma levels on A 300 exceeded those on A ret. The time course of oxipurinol plasma levels after a single oral dose of allopurinol suggests that oxipurinol elimination from plasma follows an exponential function (first-order elimination). Plasma elimination half-life of oxipurinol was 42.65 h after administration of A 300 and 49.91 h after administration of A ret. The difference between the elimination half-lives is statistically not significant.", "contents": "[Time course of oxipurinol levels in plasma following single dose and chronic administration of allopurinol in different pharmaceutical preparations (author's transl)]. Oxipurinol plasma levels and plasma elimination half-life were investigated in five healthy volunteers after oral administration of 300 mg allopurinol in customary (A 300) and in slow-release preparation (A ret) in a double blind cross-over study. After a single oral dose of 300 mg allopurinol in customary preparation maximum oxipurinol plasma levels were 5.24 microgram/ml. After allopurinol in slow-release preparation maximum oxipurinol levels were 2.22 microgram/ml. 24-h oxipurinol plasma levels were 3.78 microgram/ml after A 300 and 2.08 microgram/ml after A ret, respectively. Chronic oral administration of a daily dose of 300 mg allopurinol resulted in accumulation of oxipurinol until day 8. 24-h steady-state levels of oxipurinol were found to be 9.98 microgram/ml after A 300 and 7.14 microgram/ml after A ret. All oxipurinol plasma levels on A 300 exceeded those on A ret. The time course of oxipurinol plasma levels after a single oral dose of allopurinol suggests that oxipurinol elimination from plasma follows an exponential function (first-order elimination). Plasma elimination half-life of oxipurinol was 42.65 h after administration of A 300 and 49.91 h after administration of A ret. The difference between the elimination half-lives is statistically not significant.", "PMID": 582985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1818", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic analysis of a benzarone preparation. First communication: analytical method (author's transl)].", "content": "A new analytical method to determine 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-ethyl-benzofurane (benzarone, Fragivix) from human serum and urine is described. The substance is extracted from the biological fluids with chloroform after cleavage of the glucuronide with glucuronidase. Benzarone is detected with the HPLC with a special design method on the base of a gradient elution on a reversed-phase column. The method is suitable to measure the necessary concentrations for a kinetic analysis in the serum as well as in the urine. The limit of assessment could be detected at 0.03 microgram/ml. The serum concentration-time curve after oral as well as after i.v. application could be detected with the method.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic analysis of a benzarone preparation. First communication: analytical method (author's transl)]. A new analytical method to determine 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-ethyl-benzofurane (benzarone, Fragivix) from human serum and urine is described. The substance is extracted from the biological fluids with chloroform after cleavage of the glucuronide with glucuronidase. Benzarone is detected with the HPLC with a special design method on the base of a gradient elution on a reversed-phase column. The method is suitable to measure the necessary concentrations for a kinetic analysis in the serum as well as in the urine. The limit of assessment could be detected at 0.03 microgram/ml. The serum concentration-time curve after oral as well as after i.v. application could be detected with the method.", "PMID": 582986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1819", "title": "[Antimicrobial activity of the broad spectrum antimycotic isoconazole nitrate in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study (occlusion test according to Marples and Kligman) was conducted in 100 test subjects with several formulations of isoconazole nitrate. The following results were obtained: 1. There are no differences in efficacy between the free base, isoconazole, and the nitrate. 2. Increasing the active substance concentration of isoconazole nitrate above 1% produced a noticeable increase in its effect so that 2% and 4% preparations are appropriate for particular uses. 3. 1% isoconazole nitrate (Travogen cream, Gyno-Travogen cream) is more effective than a commercial cream containing 1% clotrimazole. 4. The addition of a corticosteroid (diflucortolone-21-valerate 0.1%, Travocort cream) does not influence the action of isoconazole nitrate.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial activity of the broad spectrum antimycotic isoconazole nitrate in humans (author's transl)]. A comparative study (occlusion test according to Marples and Kligman) was conducted in 100 test subjects with several formulations of isoconazole nitrate. The following results were obtained: 1. There are no differences in efficacy between the free base, isoconazole, and the nitrate. 2. Increasing the active substance concentration of isoconazole nitrate above 1% produced a noticeable increase in its effect so that 2% and 4% preparations are appropriate for particular uses. 3. 1% isoconazole nitrate (Travogen cream, Gyno-Travogen cream) is more effective than a commercial cream containing 1% clotrimazole. 4. The addition of a corticosteroid (diflucortolone-21-valerate 0.1%, Travocort cream) does not influence the action of isoconazole nitrate.", "PMID": 582987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1820", "title": "[Treatment of diarrhea with difenoxin hydrochloride in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open clinical study symptomatic treatment was given to 93 children aged 16 days to 24 months who suffered from acute diarrhea. All the patients received antidiarrheal diet suited to their age. If indicated, the children were rehydrated with electrolyte and buffer solutions. In order to reduce the intestinal motility as well as the loss of water and electrolyte in the stool, but not to stop the stools, difenoxin hydrochloride (Lyspafen) in the commercial composition was prescribed. The dose was 1 drop/kg body weight/day administered in 3 single doses. The preparation was administered to the children for 4-6 days on the average. Regardless of the bacteriological findings in the stools, very good results were obtained in 59 patients (63.44%); sufficient results in 19 children (20.43%); and poor results in 15 children (16.13%). In the group with negative stool samples very good results were obtained in 74% of the patients. The therapeutic results were very good to sufficient in the majority of cases belonging to the group with facultative pathogenic germs and pathogenic coli in the stools. In 66.67% (4 cases) of the children infected by Salmonellae and Shigellae the treatment was insufficient. No undesirable adverse reactions were seen in the children treated. Summing-up of the results revealed that cure of or improvement in the diarrhea was obtained in 83.87% of the test population.", "contents": "[Treatment of diarrhea with difenoxin hydrochloride in children (author's transl)]. In an open clinical study symptomatic treatment was given to 93 children aged 16 days to 24 months who suffered from acute diarrhea. All the patients received antidiarrheal diet suited to their age. If indicated, the children were rehydrated with electrolyte and buffer solutions. In order to reduce the intestinal motility as well as the loss of water and electrolyte in the stool, but not to stop the stools, difenoxin hydrochloride (Lyspafen) in the commercial composition was prescribed. The dose was 1 drop/kg body weight/day administered in 3 single doses. The preparation was administered to the children for 4-6 days on the average. Regardless of the bacteriological findings in the stools, very good results were obtained in 59 patients (63.44%); sufficient results in 19 children (20.43%); and poor results in 15 children (16.13%). In the group with negative stool samples very good results were obtained in 74% of the patients. The therapeutic results were very good to sufficient in the majority of cases belonging to the group with facultative pathogenic germs and pathogenic coli in the stools. In 66.67% (4 cases) of the children infected by Salmonellae and Shigellae the treatment was insufficient. No undesirable adverse reactions were seen in the children treated. Summing-up of the results revealed that cure of or improvement in the diarrhea was obtained in 83.87% of the test population.", "PMID": 582988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1821", "title": "Autoradiographic distribution study of 14C-2-phenyl-6-sulfonamido-7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (fenquizone) in mice.", "content": "The distribution of 2-phenyl-6-sulfonamido-7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (fenquizone, M.G. 13054) labelled with 14C in mice was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique. High concentration of radioactivity was found in the intestine, liver, kidney, blood, myocardium and skeletal muscles in decreasing order at various times after oral administration. The drug was easily absorbed in the intestine reaching the highest concentration between 2 and 4 hr. The labelled compound did not cross the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Autoradiographic distribution study of 14C-2-phenyl-6-sulfonamido-7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (fenquizone) in mice. The distribution of 2-phenyl-6-sulfonamido-7-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-quinazolinone (fenquizone, M.G. 13054) labelled with 14C in mice was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique. High concentration of radioactivity was found in the intestine, liver, kidney, blood, myocardium and skeletal muscles in decreasing order at various times after oral administration. The drug was easily absorbed in the intestine reaching the highest concentration between 2 and 4 hr. The labelled compound did not cross the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 582990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1822", "title": "Effect of histamine on respiratory movements and isolated ileum of pertussis-vaccinated mice. A negative study.", "content": "1. The sensitivity of mice, of the Swiss random bred strain, previously i.p. vaccinated with Bordetella pertussis Phase I cells, to histamine was investigated. 2. No response and no increase of the sensitivity of the respiratory system of the pertussis-vaccinated mice was observed during and after the inhaled histamine. 3. No contractions and no response of the isolated perfused ileum of the pertussis-vaccinated mice were observed after the addition of histamine. 4. No experimental or control mouse died during the whole experiment.", "contents": "Effect of histamine on respiratory movements and isolated ileum of pertussis-vaccinated mice. A negative study. 1. The sensitivity of mice, of the Swiss random bred strain, previously i.p. vaccinated with Bordetella pertussis Phase I cells, to histamine was investigated. 2. No response and no increase of the sensitivity of the respiratory system of the pertussis-vaccinated mice was observed during and after the inhaled histamine. 3. No contractions and no response of the isolated perfused ileum of the pertussis-vaccinated mice were observed after the addition of histamine. 4. No experimental or control mouse died during the whole experiment.", "PMID": 582991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1823", "title": "Investigations on the actions of silybin on regenerating rat liver. Effects on Kupffer's cells.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the effects of silybin upon the biological activities of Kupffer's cells in regenerating livers of rats subjected to partial hepatectomy. As far as proliferative activity is concerned, which was assessed by the colchicine stathmokinetic method on Kupffer's cells isolated from the liver by enzymatic digestion, it was appreciably increased in rats treated with silybin in respect of controls. Phagocytic and bactericidal activities were not modified. The increased mitotic activity induced on Kupffer's cells by silybin was interpreted as a further expression of the effectiveness of silybin on the cellular components of the liver.", "contents": "Investigations on the actions of silybin on regenerating rat liver. Effects on Kupffer's cells. Studies were conducted on the effects of silybin upon the biological activities of Kupffer's cells in regenerating livers of rats subjected to partial hepatectomy. As far as proliferative activity is concerned, which was assessed by the colchicine stathmokinetic method on Kupffer's cells isolated from the liver by enzymatic digestion, it was appreciably increased in rats treated with silybin in respect of controls. Phagocytic and bactericidal activities were not modified. The increased mitotic activity induced on Kupffer's cells by silybin was interpreted as a further expression of the effectiveness of silybin on the cellular components of the liver.", "PMID": 582993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1824", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of taglutimide (K-2004) in the rat.", "content": "Absorption, blood level course, renal, fecal, and biliary elimination and the metabolisation of 2-(bicyclo[2,2,1]-heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido)-glutarimide (taglutimide, K-2004), a new hypnotic-sedative substance, were studied in the rat, and the pharmacokinetic constants were calculated. After oral administration of 10 mg per animal, which corresponds to the 7- to 10-fold human dose, a fast and practically total absorption and a quick and complete excretion was observed. Within 1 h 82% of the dose given were absorbed, and 12 h after the dosing 88% had been excreted again. The elimination was effected nearly exclusively (over 95%) via the urine. Besides 10 defined metabolites only 10% of the drug appeared unchanged.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of taglutimide (K-2004) in the rat. Absorption, blood level course, renal, fecal, and biliary elimination and the metabolisation of 2-(bicyclo[2,2,1]-heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido)-glutarimide (taglutimide, K-2004), a new hypnotic-sedative substance, were studied in the rat, and the pharmacokinetic constants were calculated. After oral administration of 10 mg per animal, which corresponds to the 7- to 10-fold human dose, a fast and practically total absorption and a quick and complete excretion was observed. Within 1 h 82% of the dose given were absorbed, and 12 h after the dosing 88% had been excreted again. The elimination was effected nearly exclusively (over 95%) via the urine. Besides 10 defined metabolites only 10% of the drug appeared unchanged.", "PMID": 582995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1825", "title": "An improvement in digoxin bioavailability. Studies with soft gelatin capsules containing a solution of digoxin.", "content": "A study of relative bioavailability of two digoxin formulations was carried out on 28 healthy volunteer human subjects of both sexes. A commercial digoxin in tablet form was compared with a new commercial formulation which contains a solution of digoxin in soft gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated were: plasma levels, area under the plasma level-time curve, daily urinary excretion of digoxin and a series of polycardiographic measurements, all the parameters being evaluated in a steady-state condition (14 days of treatment). All the parameters investigated demonstrated better bioavailability in the capsules than in the tablets, the average improvement being 26.1%. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules also resulted in more rapid and wider variations in the polycardiographic parameters.", "contents": "An improvement in digoxin bioavailability. Studies with soft gelatin capsules containing a solution of digoxin. A study of relative bioavailability of two digoxin formulations was carried out on 28 healthy volunteer human subjects of both sexes. A commercial digoxin in tablet form was compared with a new commercial formulation which contains a solution of digoxin in soft gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated were: plasma levels, area under the plasma level-time curve, daily urinary excretion of digoxin and a series of polycardiographic measurements, all the parameters being evaluated in a steady-state condition (14 days of treatment). All the parameters investigated demonstrated better bioavailability in the capsules than in the tablets, the average improvement being 26.1%. The better bioavailability of digoxin capsules also resulted in more rapid and wider variations in the polycardiographic parameters.", "PMID": 582997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1826", "title": "The influence of 1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine) on the pain-caused dilation of pupil.", "content": "The pupil dilation in man caused by pain was investigated. The pain stimulus was induced electrically. The size of the pupil was measured according to the \"flying spot scanning method\". The accuracy of measurement was increased by computer-assisted addition of repeated responses as well as by elimination of the, usually not considered constriction due to light compensation over Maxwellian view. The pure psycho-sensory dilation shows no initial contraction. The central stimulant 1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine) does not influence the course and adaption of the pupil reaction by a pain stimulus over the threshold. The pupil reaction correlates with the subjective feeling of pain. This suggests that caffeine does not influence the feeling of pain.", "contents": "The influence of 1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine) on the pain-caused dilation of pupil. The pupil dilation in man caused by pain was investigated. The pain stimulus was induced electrically. The size of the pupil was measured according to the \"flying spot scanning method\". The accuracy of measurement was increased by computer-assisted addition of repeated responses as well as by elimination of the, usually not considered constriction due to light compensation over Maxwellian view. The pure psycho-sensory dilation shows no initial contraction. The central stimulant 1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine) does not influence the course and adaption of the pupil reaction by a pain stimulus over the threshold. The pupil reaction correlates with the subjective feeling of pain. This suggests that caffeine does not influence the feeling of pain.", "PMID": 582998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1827", "title": "The effect of certain antiplatelet drugs on in vitro malonylaldehyde (MDA) production.", "content": "Several antiaggregating agents were tested with regard to their effect on platelet malonylaldehyde (MDA) production which seems to be a good marker of prostaglandin metabolism. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory compounds, namely acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ditazole and sulfinpyrazone, showed a sure, statistically significant, inhibitory effect on MDA production while theophylline, adenosine and alpha-blocking agent nycergoline did not. Dipyridamole on the contrary, was demonstrated to have a mild but still statistically significant effect on the inhibition of platelet MDA production.", "contents": "The effect of certain antiplatelet drugs on in vitro malonylaldehyde (MDA) production. Several antiaggregating agents were tested with regard to their effect on platelet malonylaldehyde (MDA) production which seems to be a good marker of prostaglandin metabolism. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory compounds, namely acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ditazole and sulfinpyrazone, showed a sure, statistically significant, inhibitory effect on MDA production while theophylline, adenosine and alpha-blocking agent nycergoline did not. Dipyridamole on the contrary, was demonstrated to have a mild but still statistically significant effect on the inhibition of platelet MDA production.", "PMID": 583000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1828", "title": "The synthesis of some bridgehead N,O-heterocycles of biological interest.", "content": "The preparation of 5-aryl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octanes, 6-aryl-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4,3,0]nonanes and 7-aryl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[5,3,0]decanes from the corresponding substituted omega-chlorobutyrophenones and aminoalcohols is described; and the ring opening reactions are studied. A preliminary biologic activity study has also been conducted, and demonstrated that the 5-(2,5-dimethyl)phenyl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octane possesses antiinflammatory activity.", "contents": "The synthesis of some bridgehead N,O-heterocycles of biological interest. The preparation of 5-aryl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octanes, 6-aryl-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4,3,0]nonanes and 7-aryl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[5,3,0]decanes from the corresponding substituted omega-chlorobutyrophenones and aminoalcohols is described; and the ring opening reactions are studied. A preliminary biologic activity study has also been conducted, and demonstrated that the 5-(2,5-dimethyl)phenyl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octane possesses antiinflammatory activity.", "PMID": 583001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1829", "title": "Selective effects of 7 alpha-halogeno substitution on corticosteroid activity: Sch 22219 and Sch 23409.", "content": "Two 7 alpha-halogeno substituted corticosteroids, 7 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methylprednisolone-17,21 dipropionate (Sch 22219) and 7 alpha-bromo-16 alpha-methylprednisolone-17-benzoate-21-acetate (Sch 23409) were compared to other clinically utilized topical corticosteroids for local and parenteral antiinflammatory and glucocorticosteroid activity. Both compounds were at least equivalent to the most potent comparison corticosteroids in topical antiinflammatory activity, and exhibited favorable ratios of local to systemic effects. In mice, Sch 22219 showed a greater dissociation of antiinflammatory activity from side effects than Sch 23409, although the reverse was true in rats. On the basis of the data available, both compounds possess enhanced topical antiinflammatory potency, with the potential for reduced side effects in man.", "contents": "Selective effects of 7 alpha-halogeno substitution on corticosteroid activity: Sch 22219 and Sch 23409. Two 7 alpha-halogeno substituted corticosteroids, 7 alpha-chloro-16 alpha-methylprednisolone-17,21 dipropionate (Sch 22219) and 7 alpha-bromo-16 alpha-methylprednisolone-17-benzoate-21-acetate (Sch 23409) were compared to other clinically utilized topical corticosteroids for local and parenteral antiinflammatory and glucocorticosteroid activity. Both compounds were at least equivalent to the most potent comparison corticosteroids in topical antiinflammatory activity, and exhibited favorable ratios of local to systemic effects. In mice, Sch 22219 showed a greater dissociation of antiinflammatory activity from side effects than Sch 23409, although the reverse was true in rats. On the basis of the data available, both compounds possess enhanced topical antiinflammatory potency, with the potential for reduced side effects in man.", "PMID": 583002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1830", "title": "Synthesis of difuran derivatives and their biological activity.", "content": "Visnaginone and khellinone react with chloroacetamide and chloroacetonitrile in dimethyl formamide to give either the cyclised benzo[1,2-b : 5,4-b']difuran or the open form depending on the heating period. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested.", "contents": "Synthesis of difuran derivatives and their biological activity. Visnaginone and khellinone react with chloroacetamide and chloroacetonitrile in dimethyl formamide to give either the cyclised benzo[1,2-b : 5,4-b']difuran or the open form depending on the heating period. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested.", "PMID": 583003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1831", "title": "[Metabolism of antipsoriatic anthrone derivatives].", "content": "The metabolisation of the antipsoriatically active molecules 1,8,9-triacetoxy-anthracene und 1,8-diacetoxy-9-anthrone by serum is described. Under these conditions 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1-hydroxy-8-acetoxy-9-anthrone, 1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-bisanthrone, 1,8-dihyroxy-anthraquinone, 1,8-diacetoxy-anthraquinone and 1-hydroxy-8-acetoxy-anthraquinone arise from both educts. Quantitative determinations of these metabolites indicate that hydrolytic reactions occur prior to oxidation. Contrary to 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1,8,9-triacetoxyanthracene and 1,8-diacetoxy-9-anthrone are effective against psoriatic lesions without accompanying inflammations of the skin. 1,8,9-Trimethoxy-anthracene, however, is ineffective, also indicating that at least 1,8,9-triacetoxy-anthracene is a prodrug.--In agreement with Krebs' hypothesis 10,10-dialkylated 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrones described in this paper are ineffective against psoriasis.", "contents": "[Metabolism of antipsoriatic anthrone derivatives]. The metabolisation of the antipsoriatically active molecules 1,8,9-triacetoxy-anthracene und 1,8-diacetoxy-9-anthrone by serum is described. Under these conditions 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1-hydroxy-8-acetoxy-9-anthrone, 1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-bisanthrone, 1,8-dihyroxy-anthraquinone, 1,8-diacetoxy-anthraquinone and 1-hydroxy-8-acetoxy-anthraquinone arise from both educts. Quantitative determinations of these metabolites indicate that hydrolytic reactions occur prior to oxidation. Contrary to 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1,8,9-triacetoxyanthracene and 1,8-diacetoxy-9-anthrone are effective against psoriatic lesions without accompanying inflammations of the skin. 1,8,9-Trimethoxy-anthracene, however, is ineffective, also indicating that at least 1,8,9-triacetoxy-anthracene is a prodrug.--In agreement with Krebs' hypothesis 10,10-dialkylated 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrones described in this paper are ineffective against psoriasis.", "PMID": 583004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1832", "title": "[Absence of a teratogenic effect of sodium nitroprusside in wistar rats and rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of experiments sodium nitroprusside (NNP) was tested in the prenatal phases of development in two animal species with regard to possible teratogenic and embryo-toxic effects. A total of 571 offsprings of rats and 48 offsprings of rabbits was investigated. The application of NNP in the prenatal experiment produced no evidence of an embryo-toxic or teratogenic effect, respectively, in rats and rabbits.", "contents": "[Absence of a teratogenic effect of sodium nitroprusside in wistar rats and rabbits (author's transl)]. In a series of experiments sodium nitroprusside (NNP) was tested in the prenatal phases of development in two animal species with regard to possible teratogenic and embryo-toxic effects. A total of 571 offsprings of rats and 48 offsprings of rabbits was investigated. The application of NNP in the prenatal experiment produced no evidence of an embryo-toxic or teratogenic effect, respectively, in rats and rabbits.", "PMID": 583005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1833", "title": "The influence of calcium antagonists on endothelium.", "content": "Calcium antagonists possess, similarly to endothelotropic (vasotropic) drugs, a stabilizing effect on endothelium against the disrupting influence of citrate in rats. This was demonstrated with the new method for counting of circulating endothelial cells. The effect is dose related and the effective experimental dosages corresponded closely to the clinical dose range. The common link between both drug groups is probably the mediating effect of ionic calcium.", "contents": "The influence of calcium antagonists on endothelium. Calcium antagonists possess, similarly to endothelotropic (vasotropic) drugs, a stabilizing effect on endothelium against the disrupting influence of citrate in rats. This was demonstrated with the new method for counting of circulating endothelial cells. The effect is dose related and the effective experimental dosages corresponded closely to the clinical dose range. The common link between both drug groups is probably the mediating effect of ionic calcium.", "PMID": 583006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1834", "title": "Effect of propranolol on drug-induced and physiological glycogenolysis in the liver.", "content": "The beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol had in itself no notable influence on the blood glucose level in rats, but in combination with chlorpropamide it considerably delayed and enhanced the hypoglycaemic and liver glycogenolysis depressing actions of chlorpropamide. This effect was still more pronounced when the rats were treated in addition to propranolol and chlorpropamide with thyroxine or glanduitrine, which in themselves act as stimulators of liver glycogenolysis. The simultaneous administration of propranolol and chlorpropamide depressed considerably the liver glycogenolysis induced by prolonged fasting and inhibited completely the liver glycogenolysis observed after hepatectomy. The reports available in the literature on propranolol-precipitated hypoglycaemia in patients are surveyed and it is supposed that the beta-adrenergic blocking agent produces hypoglycaemia primarily through the depression of liver glycogenolysis. This observation supports the hypothesis that the adrenergic beta-receptors play an important role in the sympathetic control of liver glycogenolysis.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on drug-induced and physiological glycogenolysis in the liver. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol had in itself no notable influence on the blood glucose level in rats, but in combination with chlorpropamide it considerably delayed and enhanced the hypoglycaemic and liver glycogenolysis depressing actions of chlorpropamide. This effect was still more pronounced when the rats were treated in addition to propranolol and chlorpropamide with thyroxine or glanduitrine, which in themselves act as stimulators of liver glycogenolysis. The simultaneous administration of propranolol and chlorpropamide depressed considerably the liver glycogenolysis induced by prolonged fasting and inhibited completely the liver glycogenolysis observed after hepatectomy. The reports available in the literature on propranolol-precipitated hypoglycaemia in patients are surveyed and it is supposed that the beta-adrenergic blocking agent produces hypoglycaemia primarily through the depression of liver glycogenolysis. This observation supports the hypothesis that the adrenergic beta-receptors play an important role in the sympathetic control of liver glycogenolysis.", "PMID": 583007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1835", "title": "[The effect of D-penicillamine on the trace elements in rat organs (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were fed by means of an esophagal tube with increased doses of D-penicillamine and given a diet with an optimal content of trace elements over a period of up to 6 weeks. There were no identifiable lasting effects of this dosage on cobalt, selenium and particularly zinc content. The reduction of copper in the kidneys was significant. Cu was unchanged in serum and brain. The remarkable increase in the copper content of the liver as a result of a possible counter regulation mechanism with intact ceruloplasmin synthesis is discussed. The potential clinical significance of these findings is pointed out.", "contents": "[The effect of D-penicillamine on the trace elements in rat organs (author's transl)]. Rats were fed by means of an esophagal tube with increased doses of D-penicillamine and given a diet with an optimal content of trace elements over a period of up to 6 weeks. There were no identifiable lasting effects of this dosage on cobalt, selenium and particularly zinc content. The reduction of copper in the kidneys was significant. Cu was unchanged in serum and brain. The remarkable increase in the copper content of the liver as a result of a possible counter regulation mechanism with intact ceruloplasmin synthesis is discussed. The potential clinical significance of these findings is pointed out.", "PMID": 583008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1836", "title": "Studies on the safety of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: protacine (CR 604).", "content": "The effects of 3'-(4-[2-(1-p-chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indol-3-yl-acetoxy)-ethyl]-piperazinyl-1-yl)propyl-4-benzamido-N,N-dipropyl-glutaramate(+/-)dimaleate(protacine, CR 604) on gastrointestinal physiology and tolerance were investigated. The anti-inflammatory activities and the effects on the gastrointestinal tract showed a very good separation. Protacine showed a smaller influence on gastric prostaglandins and did not stimulate both basal and cAMP enhanced gastric acid output as did other antiinflammatory drugs. This may explain, at least in part, its gastrointestinal safety. Articular cartilage metabolism showed to remain practically unchanged by protacine both in in vitro and ex vivo experiments. All these results show that protacine has very good gastrointestinal safety indexes, that effects on articular cartilage metabolism are very low and that, from these points of view, it is superior to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of similar potency.", "contents": "Studies on the safety of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: protacine (CR 604). The effects of 3'-(4-[2-(1-p-chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indol-3-yl-acetoxy)-ethyl]-piperazinyl-1-yl)propyl-4-benzamido-N,N-dipropyl-glutaramate(+/-)dimaleate(protacine, CR 604) on gastrointestinal physiology and tolerance were investigated. The anti-inflammatory activities and the effects on the gastrointestinal tract showed a very good separation. Protacine showed a smaller influence on gastric prostaglandins and did not stimulate both basal and cAMP enhanced gastric acid output as did other antiinflammatory drugs. This may explain, at least in part, its gastrointestinal safety. Articular cartilage metabolism showed to remain practically unchanged by protacine both in in vitro and ex vivo experiments. All these results show that protacine has very good gastrointestinal safety indexes, that effects on articular cartilage metabolism are very low and that, from these points of view, it is superior to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs of similar potency.", "PMID": 583009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1837", "title": "[Induction of fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes of rat liver by magnesium-4 chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (Mg-CPIB)].", "content": "Magnesium-4-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (Mg-CPIB) and ethyl-CPIB were administered to adult male rats. After one and two weeks, respectively, the peroxysomal fraction from the livers was isolated and activities of fatty acid beta-oxidation and catalase were measured. With both drugs, catalase activity was only slightly induced (50%), whereas a great increase of fatty acid oxidizing enzymes was observed. After both time intervals the inducing effect of the magnesium salt of CPIB was significantly higher than that of the ethyl ester. The bearing of the induction of peroxysomal fatty acid oxidation on the hypolipidemic effect of CPIB is discussed.", "contents": "[Induction of fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes of rat liver by magnesium-4 chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (Mg-CPIB)]. Magnesium-4-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (Mg-CPIB) and ethyl-CPIB were administered to adult male rats. After one and two weeks, respectively, the peroxysomal fraction from the livers was isolated and activities of fatty acid beta-oxidation and catalase were measured. With both drugs, catalase activity was only slightly induced (50%), whereas a great increase of fatty acid oxidizing enzymes was observed. After both time intervals the inducing effect of the magnesium salt of CPIB was significantly higher than that of the ethyl ester. The bearing of the induction of peroxysomal fatty acid oxidation on the hypolipidemic effect of CPIB is discussed.", "PMID": 583010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1838", "title": "[Effect of coumarin on the livers of DBA/2J and CH3/HeJ mice].", "content": "32 weeks chronic feeding of DBA/2J- as well as CH3/HeJ-mice with 0.5 and 1.0% coumarin, respectively, in the diet, caused minimal increases of glutamate-oxalatetransaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and sorbitdehydrogenase activities in the serum only, when approximately 2 g coumarin/kg daily were administered. Neither macroscopic nor microscopic examination of liver tissue revealed any pathological alterations caused by coumarin. Correspondingly the animals were unaffected in their behaviour and growth during the coumarin loading.", "contents": "[Effect of coumarin on the livers of DBA/2J and CH3/HeJ mice]. 32 weeks chronic feeding of DBA/2J- as well as CH3/HeJ-mice with 0.5 and 1.0% coumarin, respectively, in the diet, caused minimal increases of glutamate-oxalatetransaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and sorbitdehydrogenase activities in the serum only, when approximately 2 g coumarin/kg daily were administered. Neither macroscopic nor microscopic examination of liver tissue revealed any pathological alterations caused by coumarin. Correspondingly the animals were unaffected in their behaviour and growth during the coumarin loading.", "PMID": 583011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1839", "title": "Acute and subacute (30-day) toxicological investigations of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio) butanol (W-2719) in mice, rats and dogs.", "content": "The acute and subacute toxicity of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio) butanol (W-2719), on anti-allergy agent, was investigated in mice, rats and dogs. Acute LD50 values in the mouse (1145.0 mg/kg p.o.) and rat (greater than 1400.0 mg/kg p.o.) and maximum tolerated dose in the dog (420.0 mg/kg p.o.) were very high, indicative of a high degree of safety following a single oral dose. The subacute toxicity studies were conducted by repeated daily oral administration of the compound for 30 days. In the rat, W-2719 did not produce any significant toxicity up to a dose level of 100.0 mg/kg/day, when administered as a drug-diet admixture. A higher dose, i.e., 200.0 mg/kg/day, produced marked reductions in body weight gain, food consumption, RBC and WBC (females especially), and other hematological parameters. In the purebred beagle dog, W-2719 did not produce any significant toxicity up to a dose level of 100.0 mg/kg/day, the highest dose level tested in this species.", "contents": "Acute and subacute (30-day) toxicological investigations of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio) butanol (W-2719) in mice, rats and dogs. The acute and subacute toxicity of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio) butanol (W-2719), on anti-allergy agent, was investigated in mice, rats and dogs. Acute LD50 values in the mouse (1145.0 mg/kg p.o.) and rat (greater than 1400.0 mg/kg p.o.) and maximum tolerated dose in the dog (420.0 mg/kg p.o.) were very high, indicative of a high degree of safety following a single oral dose. The subacute toxicity studies were conducted by repeated daily oral administration of the compound for 30 days. In the rat, W-2719 did not produce any significant toxicity up to a dose level of 100.0 mg/kg/day, when administered as a drug-diet admixture. A higher dose, i.e., 200.0 mg/kg/day, produced marked reductions in body weight gain, food consumption, RBC and WBC (females especially), and other hematological parameters. In the purebred beagle dog, W-2719 did not produce any significant toxicity up to a dose level of 100.0 mg/kg/day, the highest dose level tested in this species.", "PMID": 583012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1840", "title": "Pharmacological properties of taglutimide, a new sedative-hypnotic drug.", "content": "2-[Bicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido]-glutarimide (taglutimide, K-2004) proved to be a new sedative-hypnotic drug which did not produce any toxic effects when administered orally to mice even at a very high dosage. Central-nervous depression was demonstrated by a reduction in spontaneous motor activity, potentiation of the central-depressant effect of pentobarbital, antagonism of the central-stimulant effect of amphetamine after oral administration and by narcotic activity after i.v. administration of the drug. Furthermore, oral administration of taglutimide potentiated the analgesic action of morphine without being effective on its own. Only weak potentiation of chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, but not of reserpine-induced catalepsy was observed after taglutimide pretreatment. The drug influenced neither motor co-ordination nor the toxicity of ethanol. Taglutimide exhibited no anticonvulsant activity with respect to maximum electroshock or strychnine-induced seizures. No effect on heart rate or blood pressure was demonstrable after taglutimide treatment in conscious dogs.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of taglutimide, a new sedative-hypnotic drug. 2-[Bicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido]-glutarimide (taglutimide, K-2004) proved to be a new sedative-hypnotic drug which did not produce any toxic effects when administered orally to mice even at a very high dosage. Central-nervous depression was demonstrated by a reduction in spontaneous motor activity, potentiation of the central-depressant effect of pentobarbital, antagonism of the central-stimulant effect of amphetamine after oral administration and by narcotic activity after i.v. administration of the drug. Furthermore, oral administration of taglutimide potentiated the analgesic action of morphine without being effective on its own. Only weak potentiation of chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, but not of reserpine-induced catalepsy was observed after taglutimide pretreatment. The drug influenced neither motor co-ordination nor the toxicity of ethanol. Taglutimide exhibited no anticonvulsant activity with respect to maximum electroshock or strychnine-induced seizures. No effect on heart rate or blood pressure was demonstrable after taglutimide treatment in conscious dogs.", "PMID": 583013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1841", "title": "[The open-field, non-stressed behavior of rats under the acute and chronic effect of imipramine and tranylcypromine, depending on the individual reaction type (emotional and non-emotional)].", "content": "The acute and prolonged effects of imipramine and tranylcypromine were studied on 30 emotive and 30 non-emotive mature male Wistar rats to determine whether the drugs affect the behavior of these two reaction types differently. We found that both drugs change the typical behavior of the rats in the open field, each in a different way. Acute doses of imipramine inhibit symptoms of anxiety as well as the exploratory behavior so that the rats appear totally disinterested in their environment. This finding seems to confirm the assumed central nervous suppressing effects of this drug as mentioned in the literature. Single doses of tranylcypromine have effects similar to those mentioned for imipramine; however, long-term use results in a \"vitalisation\" of behavior: symptoms of anxiety remain inhibited and exploratory behavior becomes dominant. Both drugs produced a certain \"flattening\" of behavior. Due to the effects of drugs used, the original behavioral differences without stress disappear. Prolonged use of tranylcypromine makes emotive rats totally non-emotive.", "contents": "[The open-field, non-stressed behavior of rats under the acute and chronic effect of imipramine and tranylcypromine, depending on the individual reaction type (emotional and non-emotional)]. The acute and prolonged effects of imipramine and tranylcypromine were studied on 30 emotive and 30 non-emotive mature male Wistar rats to determine whether the drugs affect the behavior of these two reaction types differently. We found that both drugs change the typical behavior of the rats in the open field, each in a different way. Acute doses of imipramine inhibit symptoms of anxiety as well as the exploratory behavior so that the rats appear totally disinterested in their environment. This finding seems to confirm the assumed central nervous suppressing effects of this drug as mentioned in the literature. Single doses of tranylcypromine have effects similar to those mentioned for imipramine; however, long-term use results in a \"vitalisation\" of behavior: symptoms of anxiety remain inhibited and exploratory behavior becomes dominant. Both drugs produced a certain \"flattening\" of behavior. Due to the effects of drugs used, the original behavioral differences without stress disappear. Prolonged use of tranylcypromine makes emotive rats totally non-emotive.", "PMID": 583014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1842", "title": "Preliminary study of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sodium 2-n-propylpentanoate in pig and human.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of sodium 2-n-propyl-pentanoate have been studied in pig and human. The drug is excreted in the human urine as a mixture of glucuronide and other unidentified conjugates. It appears that no other conjugates can be found in pig's urine. Treatment with sulfatase does not identify sulfate-conjugates in human urine. Coadministration of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) increases the fraction of glucuronide and other conjugates in human urine. The rate of renal excretion of the drug appears to be increased during concomitant administration of ASA.", "contents": "Preliminary study of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sodium 2-n-propylpentanoate in pig and human. The pharmacokinetics of sodium 2-n-propyl-pentanoate have been studied in pig and human. The drug is excreted in the human urine as a mixture of glucuronide and other unidentified conjugates. It appears that no other conjugates can be found in pig's urine. Treatment with sulfatase does not identify sulfate-conjugates in human urine. Coadministration of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) increases the fraction of glucuronide and other conjugates in human urine. The rate of renal excretion of the drug appears to be increased during concomitant administration of ASA.", "PMID": 583016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1843", "title": "[Chromosome studies before and after phenylbutazone infusion therapy].", "content": "Studies on chromosomes of lymphocyte cultures of peripheral blood were performed in 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (group I: 48-h culture, n = 8; group II; 72-h culture, n = 7) before and after phenylbutazone infusion therapy (600 mg/d for 10 days). The average rate of cells with exchange aberrations of chromosomal type after this therapy (group I: 0.52%; group II: 0.69%) was higher than the control values found before treatment (group I: 0.13%; group II: 0%); X2 test: group I + II: P less than 0.025. The results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Chromosome studies before and after phenylbutazone infusion therapy]. Studies on chromosomes of lymphocyte cultures of peripheral blood were performed in 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (group I: 48-h culture, n = 8; group II; 72-h culture, n = 7) before and after phenylbutazone infusion therapy (600 mg/d for 10 days). The average rate of cells with exchange aberrations of chromosomal type after this therapy (group I: 0.52%; group II: 0.69%) was higher than the control values found before treatment (group I: 0.13%; group II: 0%); X2 test: group I + II: P less than 0.025. The results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 583017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1844", "title": "[Studies of the blood pool dynamic actions of dipyridamole in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido-(5,4-d)pyrimidine (dipyridamole, Persantin) on utero-placental and cardiac blood pool dynamics was examined in 12 pregnant women. 113mIndium was injected i.v. and blood pool changes in the heart, placenta and myometrium were registered by external measurement of the gamma-activity. While there was a significant decrease in blood pool of the heart after dipyridamole, there were no marked changes in the blood pools of placenta or myometrium. The decrease in cardiac blood pool was interpreted as a sign of an increase in the cardiac output.", "contents": "[Studies of the blood pool dynamic actions of dipyridamole in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The action of 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido-(5,4-d)pyrimidine (dipyridamole, Persantin) on utero-placental and cardiac blood pool dynamics was examined in 12 pregnant women. 113mIndium was injected i.v. and blood pool changes in the heart, placenta and myometrium were registered by external measurement of the gamma-activity. While there was a significant decrease in blood pool of the heart after dipyridamole, there were no marked changes in the blood pools of placenta or myometrium. The decrease in cardiac blood pool was interpreted as a sign of an increase in the cardiac output.", "PMID": 583018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1845", "title": "Effect of an angiotensin II analogue upon blood pressure, plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Succinamyl-arg-val-tyr-val-his-pro-phenylglycine acetate (succinamyl1-val5-phenylglycine acetate3-A II), an analogue of angiotensin II, has a pressor effect upon patients suffering from primary and secondary hypertension regardless of prevailing plasma renin concentration. It stimulates the release of aldosterone, whereas plasma renin concentration is not influenced. It is concluded, that this new analogue is, as far as its effect upon blood pressure and release of aldosterone in man is concerned, an agonist of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Effect of an angiotensin II analogue upon blood pressure, plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone in hypertensive patients. Succinamyl-arg-val-tyr-val-his-pro-phenylglycine acetate (succinamyl1-val5-phenylglycine acetate3-A II), an analogue of angiotensin II, has a pressor effect upon patients suffering from primary and secondary hypertension regardless of prevailing plasma renin concentration. It stimulates the release of aldosterone, whereas plasma renin concentration is not influenced. It is concluded, that this new analogue is, as far as its effect upon blood pressure and release of aldosterone in man is concerned, an agonist of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 583019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1846", "title": "Local effects produced on intact skin by epicutaneously applied anaesthetic formulations. An experimental study in man.", "content": "By means of experiments involving pin-pricking, compositions containing 10% ketocaine base in a mixture of 2-propanol, glycerol and water were found to produce a high frequency of block to cutaneous pain following application to volunteers under an occlusive dressing. The local analgesic efficacy was found to be directly related to the degree of saturation of ketocaine in the vehicle and time of application. The degree of hyperaemia observed in the treated skin areas was found to be related to the degree of local analgesia produced.", "contents": "Local effects produced on intact skin by epicutaneously applied anaesthetic formulations. An experimental study in man. By means of experiments involving pin-pricking, compositions containing 10% ketocaine base in a mixture of 2-propanol, glycerol and water were found to produce a high frequency of block to cutaneous pain following application to volunteers under an occlusive dressing. The local analgesic efficacy was found to be directly related to the degree of saturation of ketocaine in the vehicle and time of application. The degree of hyperaemia observed in the treated skin areas was found to be related to the degree of local analgesia produced.", "PMID": 583020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1847", "title": "[Relative bioavailability of a new spironolactone preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations have been performed to determine the relative bioavailability of canrenon from Acelat 100 capsules in comparison with canrenon from a spironolactone standard preparation available on the German market. This was carried out by comparing the areas under the serum fluctuation curves after oral application of both preparations as well as by urine excretion extrapolated infinitely. The preparations were administered together with a standard breakfast. Subsequently up to 48 h blood was withdrawn from the Vena cubiti. According to a known method serum samples were analysed spectrophotometrically. The data obtained were fitted to an open two-compartment model with the RIP-procedure. The core of the program is a Gauss-Newton iteration (minimising the last squares). These are the results: By intraindividual comparison of the areas under the serum fluctuation curves of canrenon a relative bioavailability of 116.27% (s = 16.84) of canrenon from Acelat 100 could be calculated versus canrenon from the standard. Urine excretion, extrapolated infinitely, showed a 4% higher excretion of canrenon after application of Acelat 100 compared to standard. Both results are not significantly different in the range of biological scattering. The further pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were within the range of the literature available.", "contents": "[Relative bioavailability of a new spironolactone preparation (author's transl)]. The investigations have been performed to determine the relative bioavailability of canrenon from Acelat 100 capsules in comparison with canrenon from a spironolactone standard preparation available on the German market. This was carried out by comparing the areas under the serum fluctuation curves after oral application of both preparations as well as by urine excretion extrapolated infinitely. The preparations were administered together with a standard breakfast. Subsequently up to 48 h blood was withdrawn from the Vena cubiti. According to a known method serum samples were analysed spectrophotometrically. The data obtained were fitted to an open two-compartment model with the RIP-procedure. The core of the program is a Gauss-Newton iteration (minimising the last squares). These are the results: By intraindividual comparison of the areas under the serum fluctuation curves of canrenon a relative bioavailability of 116.27% (s = 16.84) of canrenon from Acelat 100 could be calculated versus canrenon from the standard. Urine excretion, extrapolated infinitely, showed a 4% higher excretion of canrenon after application of Acelat 100 compared to standard. Both results are not significantly different in the range of biological scattering. The further pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were within the range of the literature available.", "PMID": 583021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1848", "title": "[Pharmacological study on treptilamine in man/study on tolerability (author's transl)].", "content": "N,N-Diethyl-N-(2-[alpha(tricyclo[2,2,1,0(2,6]hept-3-ylidene)-benzyloxy]-ethyl)amine hydrochloride (treptilamine) which in experiments on animals showed distinct spasmolytic effects, has been investigated first in 6 volunteers with regard to compatibility using different doses p.o. and i.v. In connection with this previous study a double blind study including placebo was performed for verification of the observed effects. In the plot study 30, 40 and 50 mg were applied orally and 10, 15 and 20 mg treptilamine were used i.v. The double blind study was designed for 20 volunteers at dosages of 40 mg p.o. and 15 mg i.v. against placebo. In the pilot study systolic blood pressure decreased significantly 5 to 15 min after i.v. application of the substance for 5 or 30 min. The range of accommodation was restricted depending on the dose used. No alteration of circulation was observed after oral application at any dose. All volunteers felt tired. A significant decrease of systolic blood pressure (15 mmHg for 10 min immediately after application) occurred after 15 mg of substance were applied i.v. in the double blind study. No effect on circulation could be seen after placebo. The range of accommodation was restricted in a significant way both after i.v. application (40%) and after oral application (30%). Two of five volunteers recorded a burning sensation in the venous wall which was followed by drowsiness. One volunteer felt increasingly tired after oral application. No influence of the substance could be seen on the clinicochemical parameters examined.", "contents": "[Pharmacological study on treptilamine in man/study on tolerability (author's transl)]. N,N-Diethyl-N-(2-[alpha(tricyclo[2,2,1,0(2,6]hept-3-ylidene)-benzyloxy]-ethyl)amine hydrochloride (treptilamine) which in experiments on animals showed distinct spasmolytic effects, has been investigated first in 6 volunteers with regard to compatibility using different doses p.o. and i.v. In connection with this previous study a double blind study including placebo was performed for verification of the observed effects. In the plot study 30, 40 and 50 mg were applied orally and 10, 15 and 20 mg treptilamine were used i.v. The double blind study was designed for 20 volunteers at dosages of 40 mg p.o. and 15 mg i.v. against placebo. In the pilot study systolic blood pressure decreased significantly 5 to 15 min after i.v. application of the substance for 5 or 30 min. The range of accommodation was restricted depending on the dose used. No alteration of circulation was observed after oral application at any dose. All volunteers felt tired. A significant decrease of systolic blood pressure (15 mmHg for 10 min immediately after application) occurred after 15 mg of substance were applied i.v. in the double blind study. No effect on circulation could be seen after placebo. The range of accommodation was restricted in a significant way both after i.v. application (40%) and after oral application (30%). Two of five volunteers recorded a burning sensation in the venous wall which was followed by drowsiness. One volunteer felt increasingly tired after oral application. No influence of the substance could be seen on the clinicochemical parameters examined.", "PMID": 583022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1849", "title": "Surface protein distributions in cells isolated from solid tumours and their metastases.", "content": "Methods have been developed which isolate single viable cells from the primary growths of two tumour systems (a lymphosarcoma and a carcinoma) and their secondary deposits. Subsequent comparisons of the surface-membrane structure of pairs of these primary and secondary cells, using lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination coupled with polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, suggest that their overall structures are qualitatively very similar. This latter picture is still maintained when the isolated cells are treated with trypsin or incubated in complete medium before radioiodination. Analysis of the incorporated label into defined sections of the electrophoretic patterns revealed small quantitative differences between primary and secondary cells. In particular, slightly reduced incorporation into certain surface components of secondary cell preparations was seen. However, these did not occur for all the animals investigated, and also they did not consistently occur if the isolated cells were incubated in complete medium. The most similar overall change observed for the two tumour systems was a slight reduction in the secondary cells of a 20K mol. wt surface component.", "contents": "Surface protein distributions in cells isolated from solid tumours and their metastases. Methods have been developed which isolate single viable cells from the primary growths of two tumour systems (a lymphosarcoma and a carcinoma) and their secondary deposits. Subsequent comparisons of the surface-membrane structure of pairs of these primary and secondary cells, using lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination coupled with polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, suggest that their overall structures are qualitatively very similar. This latter picture is still maintained when the isolated cells are treated with trypsin or incubated in complete medium before radioiodination. Analysis of the incorporated label into defined sections of the electrophoretic patterns revealed small quantitative differences between primary and secondary cells. In particular, slightly reduced incorporation into certain surface components of secondary cell preparations was seen. However, these did not occur for all the animals investigated, and also they did not consistently occur if the isolated cells were incubated in complete medium. The most similar overall change observed for the two tumour systems was a slight reduction in the secondary cells of a 20K mol. wt surface component.", "PMID": 583023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1850", "title": "Maturity of fetal lungs tested by production of stable microbubbles in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Lung surfactant in amniotic fluid, and hence the maturity of the fetal lungs, can be assessed by observation of stable microbubbles (less than 15 micron diameter). Bubbles are formed by agitation with a Pasteur pipette and examined in hanging drops under the 10 x power of a microscope. Either after a count of bubbles, or after a general survey of hanging drops, the fluid is given a stable microbubble rating. A 'strong' rating indicates that the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome will not occur after delivery, and that the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio will indicate maturity. Complete absence of stable microbubbles suggests a high risk of respiratory trouble for the newborn infant, as does a weak or lower rating in the 30 to 37 week gestational age group. The test takes 5 to 10 minutes to perform, is cheap and easy, is not affected by blood, but may be affected by meconium. If a 'strong' rating is found, measurement of the L/S ratio can safely be omitted.", "contents": "Maturity of fetal lungs tested by production of stable microbubbles in amniotic fluid. Lung surfactant in amniotic fluid, and hence the maturity of the fetal lungs, can be assessed by observation of stable microbubbles (less than 15 micron diameter). Bubbles are formed by agitation with a Pasteur pipette and examined in hanging drops under the 10 x power of a microscope. Either after a count of bubbles, or after a general survey of hanging drops, the fluid is given a stable microbubble rating. A 'strong' rating indicates that the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome will not occur after delivery, and that the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio will indicate maturity. Complete absence of stable microbubbles suggests a high risk of respiratory trouble for the newborn infant, as does a weak or lower rating in the 30 to 37 week gestational age group. The test takes 5 to 10 minutes to perform, is cheap and easy, is not affected by blood, but may be affected by meconium. If a 'strong' rating is found, measurement of the L/S ratio can safely be omitted.", "PMID": 583024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1851", "title": "The interaction of adriamycin with small unilamellar vesicle liposomes. A fluorescence study.", "content": "The interaction of the antineoplastic agent adriamycin with sonicated liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine alone and with small amounts (1-6%) of cardiolipin has been studied by fluorescence techniques. Equilibrium binding data show that the presence of cardiolipin increases the amount of drug bound to liposomes when the bilayer is below its phase transition temperature and when the ionic strength is relatively low (0.01 M). At higher ionic strength (0.15 M) and above the Tm (i.e. conditions which are closer to the physiological state) the binding of the drug to the two liposome types is nearly the same. Thus the differences in the interactions of adriamycin with cardiolipin-containing membranes, as opposed to those composed of phosphatidylcholine alone, are not due simply to increased binding but rather to an altered membrane structure when this lipid is present. Quenching of adriamycin fluorescence by iodide shows that bound drug is partially, but not completely, buried in the liposomal membrane. Both in the presence and absence of cardiolipin the bulk of the adriamycin is more accessible to the quencher below the Tm than above it; that is, a solid membrane tends to exclude the drug from deep penetration. Above the Tm, the presence of cardiolipin alters the nature of liposome-adriamycin interaction. Here the fluorescence quenching data suggest that the presence of small amounts of cardiolipin (3%) in a phosphatidylcholine matrix creates two types of binding environments for drug, one relatively exposed and the other more deeply buried in the membrane. The temperature dependence of the adriamycin fluorescence and the liposome light scattering reveal that cardiolipin alters the thermal properties of the bilayer as well as its interaction with adriamycin. At low ionic strength lateral phase separations may occur with both pure phosphatidylcholine and when 3% cardiolipin is present; under these conditions the bound adriamycin exists in two kinds of environment. It is notable that only adriamycin fluorescence reveals this phenomenon; thebulk property of liposome light scattering reports only on the overall membrane phase change. These data suggest that under certain conditions the drug binding sites in the membranes are decoupled from the bulk of the lipid bilayer.", "contents": "The interaction of adriamycin with small unilamellar vesicle liposomes. A fluorescence study. The interaction of the antineoplastic agent adriamycin with sonicated liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine alone and with small amounts (1-6%) of cardiolipin has been studied by fluorescence techniques. Equilibrium binding data show that the presence of cardiolipin increases the amount of drug bound to liposomes when the bilayer is below its phase transition temperature and when the ionic strength is relatively low (0.01 M). At higher ionic strength (0.15 M) and above the Tm (i.e. conditions which are closer to the physiological state) the binding of the drug to the two liposome types is nearly the same. Thus the differences in the interactions of adriamycin with cardiolipin-containing membranes, as opposed to those composed of phosphatidylcholine alone, are not due simply to increased binding but rather to an altered membrane structure when this lipid is present. Quenching of adriamycin fluorescence by iodide shows that bound drug is partially, but not completely, buried in the liposomal membrane. Both in the presence and absence of cardiolipin the bulk of the adriamycin is more accessible to the quencher below the Tm than above it; that is, a solid membrane tends to exclude the drug from deep penetration. Above the Tm, the presence of cardiolipin alters the nature of liposome-adriamycin interaction. Here the fluorescence quenching data suggest that the presence of small amounts of cardiolipin (3%) in a phosphatidylcholine matrix creates two types of binding environments for drug, one relatively exposed and the other more deeply buried in the membrane. The temperature dependence of the adriamycin fluorescence and the liposome light scattering reveal that cardiolipin alters the thermal properties of the bilayer as well as its interaction with adriamycin. At low ionic strength lateral phase separations may occur with both pure phosphatidylcholine and when 3% cardiolipin is present; under these conditions the bound adriamycin exists in two kinds of environment. It is notable that only adriamycin fluorescence reveals this phenomenon; thebulk property of liposome light scattering reports only on the overall membrane phase change. These data suggest that under certain conditions the drug binding sites in the membranes are decoupled from the bulk of the lipid bilayer.", "PMID": 583025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1852", "title": "Absorption of 2-acetylaminofluorene in the guinea-pig colon.", "content": "Absorption of the known chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene has been measured in the colon of guinea pigs. Unidirectional influx across the luminal cell membrane was determined in vitro, and transmural absorption across colonic mucosa was evaluated in vivo. The kinetics of unidirectional influx into colon in vitro do not indicate that absorption proceeds by simple diffusion. The observed saturable uptake is indicative of binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to a cellular component. With 2-acetylaminofluorene present in the lumen in vivo at an initial concentration of 3.5 microM, the rate of absorption decreases over a 20 min period, which also indicates some form of specific interaction between 2-acetylaminofluorene and the intestinal mucosa. We have evaluated the hypothesis that surfactants and a bile salt act as cocarcinogens by increasing the rate of intestinal absorption of 2-acetylaminofluorene. The results lend no support to this possibility.", "contents": "Absorption of 2-acetylaminofluorene in the guinea-pig colon. Absorption of the known chemical carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene has been measured in the colon of guinea pigs. Unidirectional influx across the luminal cell membrane was determined in vitro, and transmural absorption across colonic mucosa was evaluated in vivo. The kinetics of unidirectional influx into colon in vitro do not indicate that absorption proceeds by simple diffusion. The observed saturable uptake is indicative of binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to a cellular component. With 2-acetylaminofluorene present in the lumen in vivo at an initial concentration of 3.5 microM, the rate of absorption decreases over a 20 min period, which also indicates some form of specific interaction between 2-acetylaminofluorene and the intestinal mucosa. We have evaluated the hypothesis that surfactants and a bile salt act as cocarcinogens by increasing the rate of intestinal absorption of 2-acetylaminofluorene. The results lend no support to this possibility.", "PMID": 583026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1853", "title": "Statistical aspects of comparative bioavailability trials.", "content": "The role of comparative bioavailability trials in testing for the bioequivalence of different formulations of a drug is discussed and the statistical aspects of the design and analysis of such trials are reviewed. It is suggested that the design of such trials presents no special problem but that the customary method of analysis, which tests the null hypothesis of no difference between the formulations, is irrelevant to the central purpose of such trials, which is to determine whether the formulations have essentially equivalent therapeutic effects. It is proposed that only those characteristics of the data that possess a meaningful relation to the therapeutic use of the drug should be analysed and also that estimation procedures rather than hypothesis testing techniques should be employed. Several aspects of the statistics of bioavailability trials which require further investigation are listed.", "contents": "Statistical aspects of comparative bioavailability trials. The role of comparative bioavailability trials in testing for the bioequivalence of different formulations of a drug is discussed and the statistical aspects of the design and analysis of such trials are reviewed. It is suggested that the design of such trials presents no special problem but that the customary method of analysis, which tests the null hypothesis of no difference between the formulations, is irrelevant to the central purpose of such trials, which is to determine whether the formulations have essentially equivalent therapeutic effects. It is proposed that only those characteristics of the data that possess a meaningful relation to the therapeutic use of the drug should be analysed and also that estimation procedures rather than hypothesis testing techniques should be employed. Several aspects of the statistics of bioavailability trials which require further investigation are listed.", "PMID": 583027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1854", "title": "[Polyfunctional role of the alveolar brush cells in the rat lung].", "content": "By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy it was demonstrated that the number of vacuoles located in the apical part of cytoplasm in alveolar brush cells of the regenerating rat lung increases, hyperplasia of Golgi-complex takes place and the activation of the protein-synthetising apparatus is evident. The immature surfactant material (osmiophilic lamellar bodies) and secretory dense core vesicles were found in the cytoplasm of alveolar brush cells. Intramuscular injections of colchicin to rats (0.1 mg/100 g body weight) 6 times during 24 hours before decapitation does not influence the number, topography and structure of microfibrilla bundles contained in a sufficient amount by alveolar brush cells. At the same time a part of microvilli of alveolar brush cells undergoes destruction and resorption under the action of colchicin. The data on ultrastructural organization of alveolar brush cells show that they are able to fulfill several functions: absorptive, contractile and secretory.", "contents": "[Polyfunctional role of the alveolar brush cells in the rat lung]. By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy it was demonstrated that the number of vacuoles located in the apical part of cytoplasm in alveolar brush cells of the regenerating rat lung increases, hyperplasia of Golgi-complex takes place and the activation of the protein-synthetising apparatus is evident. The immature surfactant material (osmiophilic lamellar bodies) and secretory dense core vesicles were found in the cytoplasm of alveolar brush cells. Intramuscular injections of colchicin to rats (0.1 mg/100 g body weight) 6 times during 24 hours before decapitation does not influence the number, topography and structure of microfibrilla bundles contained in a sufficient amount by alveolar brush cells. At the same time a part of microvilli of alveolar brush cells undergoes destruction and resorption under the action of colchicin. The data on ultrastructural organization of alveolar brush cells show that they are able to fulfill several functions: absorptive, contractile and secretory.", "PMID": 583028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1855", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "From the therapuetic point of view, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be classified into two groups: favourable prognosis histology (DWDL, NWDL, NPDL, and NM) and unfavourable prognosis histology (DPDL, DM, DH, NH, DU). The latter group also includes lymphoblastic lymphoma (T cell) and Burkitt's lymphoma (B cell). Further classification by immunological markers (T, B, monocyte, null cell) and functional categories (T-cell subsets) may reveal prognostic groups which require separate consideration. Intensive chemotherapy of unfavourable histoligies can result in long-term disease-free survival as reported in several series. It would appear that the 10 year survival rates will not differ greatly between several multi-drug regimens. At the present time, the histopathological subtype permits selection of patients for a trial of intensive chemotherapy. The progress in the future will be made with improved techniques for the management of bulky abdominal disease and central nervous system invasion. Although the above may result in some statistical improvement in survival of the unfavourable group, the vast majority of patients with favourable histology lymphoma require new approaches. These may take the form of treatment with immunological manoeuvres such as idiotypic-specific antibodies and/or the use of intensive chemotherapy, especially when there is convincing evidence of a change in the biology of the disease.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. From the therapuetic point of view, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be classified into two groups: favourable prognosis histology (DWDL, NWDL, NPDL, and NM) and unfavourable prognosis histology (DPDL, DM, DH, NH, DU). The latter group also includes lymphoblastic lymphoma (T cell) and Burkitt's lymphoma (B cell). Further classification by immunological markers (T, B, monocyte, null cell) and functional categories (T-cell subsets) may reveal prognostic groups which require separate consideration. Intensive chemotherapy of unfavourable histoligies can result in long-term disease-free survival as reported in several series. It would appear that the 10 year survival rates will not differ greatly between several multi-drug regimens. At the present time, the histopathological subtype permits selection of patients for a trial of intensive chemotherapy. The progress in the future will be made with improved techniques for the management of bulky abdominal disease and central nervous system invasion. Although the above may result in some statistical improvement in survival of the unfavourable group, the vast majority of patients with favourable histology lymphoma require new approaches. These may take the form of treatment with immunological manoeuvres such as idiotypic-specific antibodies and/or the use of intensive chemotherapy, especially when there is convincing evidence of a change in the biology of the disease.", "PMID": 583032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1856", "title": "Purification of Bungarus multicinctus antivenin by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Bungarus multicinctus horse antivenin was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column, and affinity chromatography. The specific neutralizing capacity of the antibody preparations showed 2.21-fold, 3.12-fold, and 29.6-fold higher than that of the crude antivenin, respectively.", "contents": "Purification of Bungarus multicinctus antivenin by affinity chromatography. Bungarus multicinctus horse antivenin was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column, and affinity chromatography. The specific neutralizing capacity of the antibody preparations showed 2.21-fold, 3.12-fold, and 29.6-fold higher than that of the crude antivenin, respectively.", "PMID": 583033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1857", "title": "Bioavailability of two tablet preparations of carbimazole in man.", "content": "1. The bioavailability of two 5 mg tablet formulations of carbimazole (Neomercazole [A] and Carbazole [B]) have been compared in six euthyroid subjects. There was considerable inter-patient variation in absolute bioavailability although, for each subject, peak plasma concentrations of methimazole were similar with both formulations. 2. Mean peak plasma concentrations were seen on average 62 min after administration of tablet A as compared to 40 min after tablet B. This is consistent with the finding that the disintegration and dissolution times were shorter for formulation B than for formulation A. The mean area under the plasma concentration curve and the 6 h plasma concentration of methimazole tended to be greater after tablet A. These differences could be of significance in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Bioavailability of two tablet preparations of carbimazole in man. 1. The bioavailability of two 5 mg tablet formulations of carbimazole (Neomercazole [A] and Carbazole [B]) have been compared in six euthyroid subjects. There was considerable inter-patient variation in absolute bioavailability although, for each subject, peak plasma concentrations of methimazole were similar with both formulations. 2. Mean peak plasma concentrations were seen on average 62 min after administration of tablet A as compared to 40 min after tablet B. This is consistent with the finding that the disintegration and dissolution times were shorter for formulation B than for formulation A. The mean area under the plasma concentration curve and the 6 h plasma concentration of methimazole tended to be greater after tablet A. These differences could be of significance in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 583031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1858", "title": "201Tl in the scintigraphic evaluation of the \"cold\" thyroid areas.", "content": "201Tl-chloride, which has a metabolic behaviour similar to that of potassium and cesium, has been used in 68 patients for the evaluation of thyroid nodules previously recognized as \"cold\" on 131I or 99mTc scans. All patients were re-examined with gamma-camera and/or sequential scintigraphic recordings during 60 min after i.v. administration of thallium. In some cases, simultaneous imaging and integral digital plot with 131I or 99mTc and 201Tl were performed. In all 12 malignant nodules, 201 Tl has showed a high uptake, while it did not concentrate in 47 benign nodules (cystic or macrofollicular adenomas); thallium uptake was nevertheless found in 10 solid neoformations in which histological pictures were negative for malignancy or atypical lesions. The computerized study of the 201Tl intranodular concentration, with the analysis of its dynamic function curves, seems to offer further possibility in differentiating and in a more objective evaluation of the \"cold\" areas on the thyroid scan.", "contents": "201Tl in the scintigraphic evaluation of the \"cold\" thyroid areas. 201Tl-chloride, which has a metabolic behaviour similar to that of potassium and cesium, has been used in 68 patients for the evaluation of thyroid nodules previously recognized as \"cold\" on 131I or 99mTc scans. All patients were re-examined with gamma-camera and/or sequential scintigraphic recordings during 60 min after i.v. administration of thallium. In some cases, simultaneous imaging and integral digital plot with 131I or 99mTc and 201Tl were performed. In all 12 malignant nodules, 201 Tl has showed a high uptake, while it did not concentrate in 47 benign nodules (cystic or macrofollicular adenomas); thallium uptake was nevertheless found in 10 solid neoformations in which histological pictures were negative for malignancy or atypical lesions. The computerized study of the 201Tl intranodular concentration, with the analysis of its dynamic function curves, seems to offer further possibility in differentiating and in a more objective evaluation of the \"cold\" areas on the thyroid scan.", "PMID": 583037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1859", "title": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in infants with various sodium intakes.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) were measured in 20 healthy infants 2-12 months of age, after taking a commercial modified cow's milk formula with 8.2 mmol/l sodium for at least five days, and after at least five days on a home-made, undiluted acidified cow's milk formula with 12.6 mmol/l sodium. The mean sodium intakes were 1.20 and 1.87 mmol/kg of body weight per day respectively. The arithmetic means for the corresponding PRA were 6.16 and 1.08 ng/ml . h (difference not significant) and the corresponding arithmetic means for PA were 603 and 355 pg/ml, the difference being highly significant (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that one has to consider the sodium intake in the milk formula when studying plasma aldosterone in infancy.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in infants with various sodium intakes. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) were measured in 20 healthy infants 2-12 months of age, after taking a commercial modified cow's milk formula with 8.2 mmol/l sodium for at least five days, and after at least five days on a home-made, undiluted acidified cow's milk formula with 12.6 mmol/l sodium. The mean sodium intakes were 1.20 and 1.87 mmol/kg of body weight per day respectively. The arithmetic means for the corresponding PRA were 6.16 and 1.08 ng/ml . h (difference not significant) and the corresponding arithmetic means for PA were 603 and 355 pg/ml, the difference being highly significant (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that one has to consider the sodium intake in the milk formula when studying plasma aldosterone in infancy.", "PMID": 583038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1860", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of two commercial preparations of carbamazepine tablets.", "content": "A comparative bioavailability study was performed using two commercially available types of carbamazepine tablets, by statistical analysis of serum levels and other bioavailability parameters. After single oral dose the extent of absorption from the two preparations was similar, although a statistically significant difference in absorption rates was observed. In a multiple-dose study no significant difference in serum carbamazepine levels was found, so the tablets could be considered as bioequivalent drug products.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of two commercial preparations of carbamazepine tablets. A comparative bioavailability study was performed using two commercially available types of carbamazepine tablets, by statistical analysis of serum levels and other bioavailability parameters. After single oral dose the extent of absorption from the two preparations was similar, although a statistically significant difference in absorption rates was observed. In a multiple-dose study no significant difference in serum carbamazepine levels was found, so the tablets could be considered as bioequivalent drug products.", "PMID": 583039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1861", "title": "Lymecycline and concurrent ingestion of milk.", "content": "It has been suggested in the past that milk causes an impaired absorption of tetracycline and this paper describes a study set up to examine any inhibition of absorption of a tetracycline derivative, lymecycline (Tetralysal) with the concurrent intake of milk. The results of the study show no clinical reason for restricting a moderate intake of milk in conjunction with lymecycline therapy.", "contents": "Lymecycline and concurrent ingestion of milk. It has been suggested in the past that milk causes an impaired absorption of tetracycline and this paper describes a study set up to examine any inhibition of absorption of a tetracycline derivative, lymecycline (Tetralysal) with the concurrent intake of milk. The results of the study show no clinical reason for restricting a moderate intake of milk in conjunction with lymecycline therapy.", "PMID": 583042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1862", "title": "The gastrocolic response: evidence for a neural mechanism.", "content": "The aim of this study is to determine the effect of anticholinergic therapy on the gastrocolonic response to a standard meal or its major constituent fat. A rapid increase in rectosigmoidal spike activity occurs after ingesting the standard meal or the fat meal (P less than 0.01). Distal colonic motility returns to fasting levels 50 min after both meals. There is no further increase in spike activity after the 1000-calorie meal, but spike activity increases again 70 min after ingesting the fat (P less than 0.02). The anticholinergic drug, clidinium bromide, inhibits the early increase in spike activity after both meals. However, the anticholinergic has no effect on the delayed peak of activity following the ingestion of fat. This study suggests that (a) the early gastrocolic response to a standard meal and a fat meal is cholinergically mediated and (b) the late increase in rectosigmoidal motility occurs only after fat ingestion and may be controlled by other neural mediators or possibly the gastrointestinal hormones.", "contents": "The gastrocolic response: evidence for a neural mechanism. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of anticholinergic therapy on the gastrocolonic response to a standard meal or its major constituent fat. A rapid increase in rectosigmoidal spike activity occurs after ingesting the standard meal or the fat meal (P less than 0.01). Distal colonic motility returns to fasting levels 50 min after both meals. There is no further increase in spike activity after the 1000-calorie meal, but spike activity increases again 70 min after ingesting the fat (P less than 0.02). The anticholinergic drug, clidinium bromide, inhibits the early increase in spike activity after both meals. However, the anticholinergic has no effect on the delayed peak of activity following the ingestion of fat. This study suggests that (a) the early gastrocolic response to a standard meal and a fat meal is cholinergically mediated and (b) the late increase in rectosigmoidal motility occurs only after fat ingestion and may be controlled by other neural mediators or possibly the gastrointestinal hormones.", "PMID": 583043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1863", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline in man.", "content": "The comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline was studied in normal subjects. In a single dose study on 7 subjects, 3 conventional tablets or 2 sustained-release tablets were administered orally after a light breakfast and blood samples taken for 6 and 12 hours respectively. With conventional tablets the mean peak concentration (8.10 +/- 0.751 microgram/ml) was reached at 3 hours and concentrations less than 5 microgram/ml were observed in 4 out of 7 subjects at 6 hours. In contrast, with sustained-release tablets of theophylline and hydroxytheophylline complex the mean peak concentration (8.90 +/- 0.88 microgram/ml) was reached at 6 hours and levels above 5 microgram/ml were observed in 4 out of 7 cases at 12 hours. Administration of 2 sustained-release tablets twice a day produced trough plasma concentrations varying between 6.9-13.8 microgram/ml, i.e. within the therapeutic range in all the 5 subjects. It is concluded that this new oral sustained-release preparation provides therapeutic plasma theophylline concentration on a 12 hourly dosage schedule.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline in man. The comparative bioavailability of sustained-release and conventional tablets of hydroxyethyltheophylline was studied in normal subjects. In a single dose study on 7 subjects, 3 conventional tablets or 2 sustained-release tablets were administered orally after a light breakfast and blood samples taken for 6 and 12 hours respectively. With conventional tablets the mean peak concentration (8.10 +/- 0.751 microgram/ml) was reached at 3 hours and concentrations less than 5 microgram/ml were observed in 4 out of 7 subjects at 6 hours. In contrast, with sustained-release tablets of theophylline and hydroxytheophylline complex the mean peak concentration (8.90 +/- 0.88 microgram/ml) was reached at 6 hours and levels above 5 microgram/ml were observed in 4 out of 7 cases at 12 hours. Administration of 2 sustained-release tablets twice a day produced trough plasma concentrations varying between 6.9-13.8 microgram/ml, i.e. within the therapeutic range in all the 5 subjects. It is concluded that this new oral sustained-release preparation provides therapeutic plasma theophylline concentration on a 12 hourly dosage schedule.", "PMID": 583044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1864", "title": "Lymphosarcoma and cryptococcosis in a cat.", "content": "Cryptococcosis and lymphosarcoma were diagnosed in a 3-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat. The cat was studied immunologically, and abnormal findings included absolute lymphopenia, with a low percentage of the lymphocytes having cell surface markers of normal T and B cells, decreased responsiveness to mitogens, and low immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Necropsy revealed cryptococcal lesions in the facial area. The cortex of the left kidney was replaced by a diffuse pattern of undifferentiated large cells compatible with those of histiocytic cell type lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma and cryptococcosis in a cat. Cryptococcosis and lymphosarcoma were diagnosed in a 3-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat. The cat was studied immunologically, and abnormal findings included absolute lymphopenia, with a low percentage of the lymphocytes having cell surface markers of normal T and B cells, decreased responsiveness to mitogens, and low immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Necropsy revealed cryptococcal lesions in the facial area. The cortex of the left kidney was replaced by a diffuse pattern of undifferentiated large cells compatible with those of histiocytic cell type lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 583045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1865", "title": "A study of nuclear diameters in lymph node imprints using the Zeiss Microvideomat.", "content": "The diameters of the cell nuclei were measured in imprint preparations of eight tonsils and 28 lymph nodes, each specimen being from a separate patient. The lymph nodes were from cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and reactive benign states. The nuclear diameters were measured by means of an image-analysing device, the Zeiss Microvideomat. For accurate measurements, the cells had to be well separated, and tissue sections could not be used because the close juxtaposition of nuclei gave erroneous readings. However, cell imprints proved suitable. The results show that the mean nuclear diameters for the HD, NHL, and reactive groups differ and show a considerable scatter. However, the distributions for the NHL and reactive nodes are sufficiently different to suggest that the method may have diagnostic value for the former.", "contents": "A study of nuclear diameters in lymph node imprints using the Zeiss Microvideomat. The diameters of the cell nuclei were measured in imprint preparations of eight tonsils and 28 lymph nodes, each specimen being from a separate patient. The lymph nodes were from cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and reactive benign states. The nuclear diameters were measured by means of an image-analysing device, the Zeiss Microvideomat. For accurate measurements, the cells had to be well separated, and tissue sections could not be used because the close juxtaposition of nuclei gave erroneous readings. However, cell imprints proved suitable. The results show that the mean nuclear diameters for the HD, NHL, and reactive groups differ and show a considerable scatter. However, the distributions for the NHL and reactive nodes are sufficiently different to suggest that the method may have diagnostic value for the former.", "PMID": 583049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1866", "title": "Metabolic clearance and production rates of prolactin in man.", "content": "Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of prolactin (PRL) have been determined by the constant infusion to equilibrium technique in 11 normal subjects, 6 patients with hyperthyroidism, 4 patients with hypothyroidism, and 9 patients with hyperprolactinemia. PRL MCR was also determined tin four patients during dopamine infusion. Mean PRL MCR was 46 +/- 1 ml/min per m2 in women and 44 +/- 3 ml/min per m2 in men, and was significantly correlated with body mass (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). In contrast with controls, PRL MCR was higher in hyperthyroidism (MCR = 52 +/- 8 ml/min per m2, P less than 0.05), was slightly lower in hypothyroidism (MCR = 38 +/- 10 ml/min per m2, P = NS), and was significantly correlated with serum thyroxine (r = 0.46, P less than 0.02). PRL MCR was lower than controls in hyperprolactinemia (MCR = 40 +/- 5 ml/min per m2, P less than 0.01) and was inversely correlated with serum PRL (r = -0.72, P less than 0.001). PRL MCR was not significantly changed by dopamine infusion. Mean PRL PR for women and men was 211 +/- 74 and 187 +/- 44 micrograms/d per m2, respectively (P = NS). In hyperthyroidism the PRL PR was elevated (PR = 335 +/- 68 micrograms/d per m2, P less than 0.02), but in hypothyroidism the increase (PR = 233 +/- 159 micrograms/d per m2) was not significant. In hyperprolactinemia the PRL PR was extremely high (PR = 31,000 +/- 29,000 micrograms/d per m2). Dopamine infusion decreased RPL PR from 270 to 66 micrograms/d per m2 indicating that its effect was on pituitary PRL secretion and not PRL metabolism. To evaluate possible circulating PRL heterogeneity that might arise during infusion, gel filtration of infusate and serum obtained during the MCR procedure was performed. Labeled monomeric PRL (peak III, Kav (partition coefficient) = 0.4) was partially converted to two larger forms (peaks I and II) in vivo. Peak I (Kav = 0) was 30--40% immunoprecipitable, although peak II (Kav = 0.2) was not immunoprecipitable. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak I resulted in greater than or equal to 90% conversion to peak III and restoration of full immunoactivity. Thus, peak I is a noncovalently linked aggregate that is partially immunoactive, and therefore able to alter MCR determinations. These studies demonstrate the impact of hormone heterogeneity on MCR estimations and suggest that gel filtration of immunoprecipitable material be an integral part of future MCR measurements.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance and production rates of prolactin in man. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) of prolactin (PRL) have been determined by the constant infusion to equilibrium technique in 11 normal subjects, 6 patients with hyperthyroidism, 4 patients with hypothyroidism, and 9 patients with hyperprolactinemia. PRL MCR was also determined tin four patients during dopamine infusion. Mean PRL MCR was 46 +/- 1 ml/min per m2 in women and 44 +/- 3 ml/min per m2 in men, and was significantly correlated with body mass (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). In contrast with controls, PRL MCR was higher in hyperthyroidism (MCR = 52 +/- 8 ml/min per m2, P less than 0.05), was slightly lower in hypothyroidism (MCR = 38 +/- 10 ml/min per m2, P = NS), and was significantly correlated with serum thyroxine (r = 0.46, P less than 0.02). PRL MCR was lower than controls in hyperprolactinemia (MCR = 40 +/- 5 ml/min per m2, P less than 0.01) and was inversely correlated with serum PRL (r = -0.72, P less than 0.001). PRL MCR was not significantly changed by dopamine infusion. Mean PRL PR for women and men was 211 +/- 74 and 187 +/- 44 micrograms/d per m2, respectively (P = NS). In hyperthyroidism the PRL PR was elevated (PR = 335 +/- 68 micrograms/d per m2, P less than 0.02), but in hypothyroidism the increase (PR = 233 +/- 159 micrograms/d per m2) was not significant. In hyperprolactinemia the PRL PR was extremely high (PR = 31,000 +/- 29,000 micrograms/d per m2). Dopamine infusion decreased RPL PR from 270 to 66 micrograms/d per m2 indicating that its effect was on pituitary PRL secretion and not PRL metabolism. To evaluate possible circulating PRL heterogeneity that might arise during infusion, gel filtration of infusate and serum obtained during the MCR procedure was performed. Labeled monomeric PRL (peak III, Kav (partition coefficient) = 0.4) was partially converted to two larger forms (peaks I and II) in vivo. Peak I (Kav = 0) was 30--40% immunoprecipitable, although peak II (Kav = 0.2) was not immunoprecipitable. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak I resulted in greater than or equal to 90% conversion to peak III and restoration of full immunoactivity. Thus, peak I is a noncovalently linked aggregate that is partially immunoactive, and therefore able to alter MCR determinations. These studies demonstrate the impact of hormone heterogeneity on MCR estimations and suggest that gel filtration of immunoprecipitable material be an integral part of future MCR measurements.", "PMID": 583048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1867", "title": "Introduction to the modelling of venereal disease.", "content": "The continually rising trend in the incidence of venereal diseases, especially gonorrhoea, in a large number of countries, both developed and developing is causing considerable public health concern. There is a disquieting volume of human suffering involved, as well as large economic losses in treatment and hospitalization. The present paper reviews the existing state of development in the mathematical modelling of the relevant disease dynamics. The 'criss-cross' nature of the infections, which in heterosexual contacts switch between the male and female populations, together with the nonlinear form of the rate of spread normally occurring in infectious diseases, leads to special types of simultaneous nonlinear differential equations.", "contents": "Introduction to the modelling of venereal disease. The continually rising trend in the incidence of venereal diseases, especially gonorrhoea, in a large number of countries, both developed and developing is causing considerable public health concern. There is a disquieting volume of human suffering involved, as well as large economic losses in treatment and hospitalization. The present paper reviews the existing state of development in the mathematical modelling of the relevant disease dynamics. The 'criss-cross' nature of the infections, which in heterosexual contacts switch between the male and female populations, together with the nonlinear form of the rate of spread normally occurring in infectious diseases, leads to special types of simultaneous nonlinear differential equations.", "PMID": 583052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1868", "title": "HLA in primary atrophic hypothyroidism and Hashimoto goitre.", "content": "The prevalence of HLA-B8 was found to be significantly increased in patients with primary atrophic (no goitre) hypothyroidism, but not in goitrous patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, whether euthroid or hypothroid. There was no correlation between the occurrence of HLA-B8 and the presence of titres of thyroid antibodies at diagnosis or their persistence for at least three years after diagnosis.", "contents": "HLA in primary atrophic hypothyroidism and Hashimoto goitre. The prevalence of HLA-B8 was found to be significantly increased in patients with primary atrophic (no goitre) hypothyroidism, but not in goitrous patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, whether euthroid or hypothroid. There was no correlation between the occurrence of HLA-B8 and the presence of titres of thyroid antibodies at diagnosis or their persistence for at least three years after diagnosis.", "PMID": 583053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1869", "title": "Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy: an update.", "content": "Since the original description of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, much has been learned about its etiology, pathology, course, and management. The subject is reviewed in depth and the author suggests explanations relating to some of the poorly understood aspects of the disorder.", "contents": "Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy: an update. Since the original description of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, much has been learned about its etiology, pathology, course, and management. The subject is reviewed in depth and the author suggests explanations relating to some of the poorly understood aspects of the disorder.", "PMID": 583054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1870", "title": "[Comparative examination of endocrine ophthalmopathy by means of ultrasonography, computerized tomography and fish bioassay].", "content": "In 35 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) thyroid function was tested by T3-RIA, T4-RIA, TBI, TRH-test, thyroid scanning, and determination of thyroid autoantibodies. Additional ultrasonography (A-scan), computed tomography (CT) of the orbit, and the determination of an exophthalmogenic serum activity in fish bioassay was performed. Typical alterations for GO were observed in 26 cases with ultrasonography. CT showed an enlargement of medial and/or lateral rectus muscles in 24 of 33 patients, and in 17 cases a region of high density in the apex of the muscle cone. The density of retrobulbar fat after i.v. injection of contrast medium did not differ significantly from that observed in normal men. Characteristic signs of GO were not detected in only 2 cases using both methods together. Exophthalmogenic serum activity was found in the IgG fraction of serum protein. The incidence rate was high (69%), but for diagnostic purpose the fish bioassay cannot be recommended.", "contents": "[Comparative examination of endocrine ophthalmopathy by means of ultrasonography, computerized tomography and fish bioassay]. In 35 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) thyroid function was tested by T3-RIA, T4-RIA, TBI, TRH-test, thyroid scanning, and determination of thyroid autoantibodies. Additional ultrasonography (A-scan), computed tomography (CT) of the orbit, and the determination of an exophthalmogenic serum activity in fish bioassay was performed. Typical alterations for GO were observed in 26 cases with ultrasonography. CT showed an enlargement of medial and/or lateral rectus muscles in 24 of 33 patients, and in 17 cases a region of high density in the apex of the muscle cone. The density of retrobulbar fat after i.v. injection of contrast medium did not differ significantly from that observed in normal men. Characteristic signs of GO were not detected in only 2 cases using both methods together. Exophthalmogenic serum activity was found in the IgG fraction of serum protein. The incidence rate was high (69%), but for diagnostic purpose the fish bioassay cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 583057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1871", "title": "Development of an 82.2 degrees C (180 degrees F) temperature indicatior system for monitoring equipment washing and sanitizing programs.", "content": "A survey performed at 12 institutions showed that while the temperatures in the water tanks of mechanical cage washers were monitored, these temperatures deviated from the temperatures obtained on the items actually being washed. Most surveyed facilities were not meeting the 82.2 degrees C (180 degrees F) standard in the washing chamber. A temperature indicator was developed which revealed whether 82.2 degrees C had been reached at the surface of the items being sanitized. The indicator was a sealed glass ampule which produced a visible color change when exposed to temperatures of 82.2 degress C or higher. The indicator was located on the items being washed. Due to the variability of water heating in washing machines, it was recommended that one indicator be used in each load of equipment being sanitized.", "contents": "Development of an 82.2 degrees C (180 degrees F) temperature indicatior system for monitoring equipment washing and sanitizing programs. A survey performed at 12 institutions showed that while the temperatures in the water tanks of mechanical cage washers were monitored, these temperatures deviated from the temperatures obtained on the items actually being washed. Most surveyed facilities were not meeting the 82.2 degrees C (180 degrees F) standard in the washing chamber. A temperature indicator was developed which revealed whether 82.2 degrees C had been reached at the surface of the items being sanitized. The indicator was a sealed glass ampule which produced a visible color change when exposed to temperatures of 82.2 degress C or higher. The indicator was located on the items being washed. Due to the variability of water heating in washing machines, it was recommended that one indicator be used in each load of equipment being sanitized.", "PMID": 583059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1872", "title": "Glycine encephalopathy.", "content": "4 cases of nonketotic hyperglycinemia (glycine encephalopathy), one with autopsy, are presented and the literature on 61 cases is reviewed. Major clinical signs include early hypotonia, lethargy and erratic and massive myoclonias with respiratory distrubances, starting during the first days of life after a symptom-free interval. Early death is common. Survivors are severely retarded and exhibit various types of seizures including infantile spasms. The EEG pattern consists initially of periodical paroxysmal bursts on an almost flat tracing, evolving later into a hypsarrhythmic pattern. Spongiosis of the myelinated pathways is the main pathological finding. Elevated CSF glycine seems to be the essential determinant of the neurological disturbances and it is, therefore, suggested that the term glycine encephalopathy be used instead of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. A classification of disorders associated with hyperglycinemia is proposed.", "contents": "Glycine encephalopathy. 4 cases of nonketotic hyperglycinemia (glycine encephalopathy), one with autopsy, are presented and the literature on 61 cases is reviewed. Major clinical signs include early hypotonia, lethargy and erratic and massive myoclonias with respiratory distrubances, starting during the first days of life after a symptom-free interval. Early death is common. Survivors are severely retarded and exhibit various types of seizures including infantile spasms. The EEG pattern consists initially of periodical paroxysmal bursts on an almost flat tracing, evolving later into a hypsarrhythmic pattern. Spongiosis of the myelinated pathways is the main pathological finding. Elevated CSF glycine seems to be the essential determinant of the neurological disturbances and it is, therefore, suggested that the term glycine encephalopathy be used instead of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. A classification of disorders associated with hyperglycinemia is proposed.", "PMID": 583064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1873", "title": "Respiration during the first six months of life in normal infants: II. The emergence of a circadian pattern.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to investigate the emergence of circadian patterns in respiratory rates. Twenty-five neurologically normal infants were monitored for 12-hours during the first week of life and at one, two, three, four and six months of age. Each minute of the recordings of EEG, eye movements, somatic activity, respiration, ECG and temperature was coded into Active sleep (AS), Quiet sleep (QS), Indeterminate (IN) and Awake (AW). The night was divided into four equal intervals and a computer program calculated the mean respiratory rate for each interval as a function of state and age. During the first week of life group means of respiratory rates increased linearly with each interval in all states. A circadian pattern with lowered respiratory rates between 10:00 p.m. and 1:00 a.m. emerged at different ages in different sleep states. This pattern was first seen at one month of age in AS and IN, and at three months in QS. It was also observed in AW at three months of age, suggesting that the circadian rhythm is not solely an expression of the sleep wakefulness cycle. Feeding patterns contributed to but did not explain these observations.", "contents": "Respiration during the first six months of life in normal infants: II. The emergence of a circadian pattern. The objective of the present study was to investigate the emergence of circadian patterns in respiratory rates. Twenty-five neurologically normal infants were monitored for 12-hours during the first week of life and at one, two, three, four and six months of age. Each minute of the recordings of EEG, eye movements, somatic activity, respiration, ECG and temperature was coded into Active sleep (AS), Quiet sleep (QS), Indeterminate (IN) and Awake (AW). The night was divided into four equal intervals and a computer program calculated the mean respiratory rate for each interval as a function of state and age. During the first week of life group means of respiratory rates increased linearly with each interval in all states. A circadian pattern with lowered respiratory rates between 10:00 p.m. and 1:00 a.m. emerged at different ages in different sleep states. This pattern was first seen at one month of age in AS and IN, and at three months in QS. It was also observed in AW at three months of age, suggesting that the circadian rhythm is not solely an expression of the sleep wakefulness cycle. Feeding patterns contributed to but did not explain these observations.", "PMID": 583066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1874", "title": "Variation of phenotype in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.", "content": "A two year old from a family with typical Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease has extensive ocular and central abnormalities, severe generalized neuropathy, and amyotrophy. Many abnormalities previously described in association with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are combined in this patient, including chorioretinal degeneration, optic atrophy, facial weakness, oligophrenia, and generalized amyotrophy. Documentation of the diagnosis in the child's ancestors and the precedent for each of his abnormalities suggest that these features represent a virulent expression of the inherited defect.", "contents": "Variation of phenotype in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. A two year old from a family with typical Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease has extensive ocular and central abnormalities, severe generalized neuropathy, and amyotrophy. Many abnormalities previously described in association with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are combined in this patient, including chorioretinal degeneration, optic atrophy, facial weakness, oligophrenia, and generalized amyotrophy. Documentation of the diagnosis in the child's ancestors and the precedent for each of his abnormalities suggest that these features represent a virulent expression of the inherited defect.", "PMID": 583067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1875", "title": "Shunt metastases in posterior fossa tumors.", "content": "Permanent (CSF-drainages for treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors have been used in the last few years, increasingly. The rare incidence of extracranial metastases and it's higher frequency in the same period of time has been remarkable. An additional case of metastasis via ventriculoperitoneal shunt is presented. Such deleterious complications of malignant CNS-tumors should be avoided, as progressively improving results with combined radio-chemotherapy have established a more encouraging prognosis.", "contents": "Shunt metastases in posterior fossa tumors. Permanent (CSF-drainages for treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors have been used in the last few years, increasingly. The rare incidence of extracranial metastases and it's higher frequency in the same period of time has been remarkable. An additional case of metastasis via ventriculoperitoneal shunt is presented. Such deleterious complications of malignant CNS-tumors should be avoided, as progressively improving results with combined radio-chemotherapy have established a more encouraging prognosis.", "PMID": 583068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1876", "title": "The clinical features and HLA associations of reactive arthritis associated with non-gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with arthritis associated with non-gonococcal genital infection have been studied. Synovitis characteristically affected one or a few joints, expecially the knee, ankle or metatarsophalangeal joints and was accompanied by tenosynovitis and enthesopathies--each in about one third of the patients. A quarter of the patients had ocular, cutaneous, or mucous membrane lesions (Reiter's syndrome). Although six patients developed a chronic or relapsing course, average duration of the acute episode in the majority was three to five months. Available evidence strongly suggests that infection following sexual intercourse, usually but not always with a new partner, was instrumental in the initiation of the disease. We have suggested the term 'sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA)' to emphasize the mode of acquisition of the disease, and note that similar syndromes are seen associated with gut infection. We consider that usage of the term Reiter's syndrome is correctly applied to only those cases which exhibited the characteristic triad of urethritis, arthritis and conjunctivitis with or without other cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions. Thirty-six of the 54 patients who were HLA typed (67 per cent) possessed the antigen HLA-B27. Of 30 who presented directly to a rheumatology unit 25 (82 per cent) were HLA-B27 positive. The other 24 patients initially attended a venereology clinic and only 11 (46 per cent) of these bore the antigen. This appears to reflect disease severity, HLA-B27 positive patients having a significantly longer duration of disease symptoms and a higher frequency of extra-articular manifestations, than those lacking this antigen.", "contents": "The clinical features and HLA associations of reactive arthritis associated with non-gonococcal urethritis. Fifty-seven patients with arthritis associated with non-gonococcal genital infection have been studied. Synovitis characteristically affected one or a few joints, expecially the knee, ankle or metatarsophalangeal joints and was accompanied by tenosynovitis and enthesopathies--each in about one third of the patients. A quarter of the patients had ocular, cutaneous, or mucous membrane lesions (Reiter's syndrome). Although six patients developed a chronic or relapsing course, average duration of the acute episode in the majority was three to five months. Available evidence strongly suggests that infection following sexual intercourse, usually but not always with a new partner, was instrumental in the initiation of the disease. We have suggested the term 'sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA)' to emphasize the mode of acquisition of the disease, and note that similar syndromes are seen associated with gut infection. We consider that usage of the term Reiter's syndrome is correctly applied to only those cases which exhibited the characteristic triad of urethritis, arthritis and conjunctivitis with or without other cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions. Thirty-six of the 54 patients who were HLA typed (67 per cent) possessed the antigen HLA-B27. Of 30 who presented directly to a rheumatology unit 25 (82 per cent) were HLA-B27 positive. The other 24 patients initially attended a venereology clinic and only 11 (46 per cent) of these bore the antigen. This appears to reflect disease severity, HLA-B27 positive patients having a significantly longer duration of disease symptoms and a higher frequency of extra-articular manifestations, than those lacking this antigen.", "PMID": 583074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1877", "title": "Mycotic carotid artery aneurysm.", "content": "A painful, pulsatile neck mass with associated fever should suggest the presence of a mycotic carotid artery aneurysm. Diagnosis can be confirmed from angiograms. Broad spectrum antibiotics are indicated, and an operation should be performed promptly. The lack of tissue planes uninvolved by infection will almost always prevent vascular reconstruction. Carotid artery ligation with excision of the aneurysms is recommended.", "contents": "Mycotic carotid artery aneurysm. A painful, pulsatile neck mass with associated fever should suggest the presence of a mycotic carotid artery aneurysm. Diagnosis can be confirmed from angiograms. Broad spectrum antibiotics are indicated, and an operation should be performed promptly. The lack of tissue planes uninvolved by infection will almost always prevent vascular reconstruction. Carotid artery ligation with excision of the aneurysms is recommended.", "PMID": 583070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1878", "title": "The cuatico aspiration cannula as a depth guide during myelography.", "content": "A technique for positioning the Cuatico needle in such a way as to avoid extra-arachnoid injection of contrast material is described, wherein the aspiration cannula serves as a depth guide. This technique also facilitates removal of contrast medium.", "contents": "The cuatico aspiration cannula as a depth guide during myelography. A technique for positioning the Cuatico needle in such a way as to avoid extra-arachnoid injection of contrast material is described, wherein the aspiration cannula serves as a depth guide. This technique also facilitates removal of contrast medium.", "PMID": 583075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1879", "title": "The contact angle induced by DPL at pulmonary epithelial surfaces.", "content": "A contact angle has been measured at the surface of dog tracheal epithelium by means of two surface balances simultaneously monitoring the apparent surface tension of the same film in a Langmuir trough - one method dependent upon contact angle and the other independent of contact angle. This was confirmed by direct observation. The contact angle was absent for Ringer's solution alone but was induced by DPL deposited on the fluid surface in physiological concentrations. The contact angle varied from 9 degrees to 67 degrees for compression of the DPL film from 100% to 27.5% of its original area and displayed hysteresis with respect to area. These findings show that DPL has unusual surface properties in reducing surface tension yet decreasing wettability, i.e. acting as an anti-wetting agent. The physiological advantages of this unusual combination of properties are discussed in relation to maintaining pulmonary homeostasis and the forward propulsion of mucus which could be facilitated by the differential wettability of cilia induced by DPL. One possible disadvantage of DPL is indicated where fluid plugs might seal an airway - such as in the newborn.", "contents": "The contact angle induced by DPL at pulmonary epithelial surfaces. A contact angle has been measured at the surface of dog tracheal epithelium by means of two surface balances simultaneously monitoring the apparent surface tension of the same film in a Langmuir trough - one method dependent upon contact angle and the other independent of contact angle. This was confirmed by direct observation. The contact angle was absent for Ringer's solution alone but was induced by DPL deposited on the fluid surface in physiological concentrations. The contact angle varied from 9 degrees to 67 degrees for compression of the DPL film from 100% to 27.5% of its original area and displayed hysteresis with respect to area. These findings show that DPL has unusual surface properties in reducing surface tension yet decreasing wettability, i.e. acting as an anti-wetting agent. The physiological advantages of this unusual combination of properties are discussed in relation to maintaining pulmonary homeostasis and the forward propulsion of mucus which could be facilitated by the differential wettability of cilia induced by DPL. One possible disadvantage of DPL is indicated where fluid plugs might seal an airway - such as in the newborn.", "PMID": 583077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1880", "title": "Candida meningitis in the newborn.", "content": "The incidence of Candida meningitis in the neonatal period is increasing, and 63% of reported patients have either died or are mentally retarded. We report a newborn with Candida meningitis and arthritis who did well after treatment with intravenous and intrathecal amphotericin B, along with oral flucytosine.", "contents": "Candida meningitis in the newborn. The incidence of Candida meningitis in the neonatal period is increasing, and 63% of reported patients have either died or are mentally retarded. We report a newborn with Candida meningitis and arthritis who did well after treatment with intravenous and intrathecal amphotericin B, along with oral flucytosine.", "PMID": 583082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1881", "title": "[Some indices of homeostasis in patients operated under nitrous oxide narcosis with neuroleptanalgesia for thyrotoxic goiter].", "content": "The authors believe that an operation under endotracheal anesthesia with phentanyl, droperidol and nitrous oxide does not substantially influence the indices of the water-electrolyte metabolism. Change of the intercellular liquid level in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis might be associated with the changed functions of the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "[Some indices of homeostasis in patients operated under nitrous oxide narcosis with neuroleptanalgesia for thyrotoxic goiter]. The authors believe that an operation under endotracheal anesthesia with phentanyl, droperidol and nitrous oxide does not substantially influence the indices of the water-electrolyte metabolism. Change of the intercellular liquid level in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis might be associated with the changed functions of the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 583088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1882", "title": "Studies on the action of pesticides upon the endocrines using in vitro human thyroid cells culture and in vivo animal models. I. Herbicides--aminotriasole (amitrol) and atrazine.", "content": "The action of aminotriasole (amitrol) and atrazine in doses of 0.001--1 mg and 0.0001--.01 mg/1.5 ml medium, respectively, upon cell cultures of human thyroid was studied in order to find out their influence on cell multiplication, proteic synthesis, enzymatic activity of thyroid cells, and hormonal synthesis. The results varied according to the dose utilized and the type of thyroid cell studied. The acute experiment carried out on rats treated 15 days with 500 ppm amitol and 50 ppm atrazine revealed variations in the T3, T4 and LH synthesis. Amitrol showed a strong inhibitory action on T3 and T4 secretion, whereas atrazine stimulated it.", "contents": "Studies on the action of pesticides upon the endocrines using in vitro human thyroid cells culture and in vivo animal models. I. Herbicides--aminotriasole (amitrol) and atrazine. The action of aminotriasole (amitrol) and atrazine in doses of 0.001--1 mg and 0.0001--.01 mg/1.5 ml medium, respectively, upon cell cultures of human thyroid was studied in order to find out their influence on cell multiplication, proteic synthesis, enzymatic activity of thyroid cells, and hormonal synthesis. The results varied according to the dose utilized and the type of thyroid cell studied. The acute experiment carried out on rats treated 15 days with 500 ppm amitol and 50 ppm atrazine revealed variations in the T3, T4 and LH synthesis. Amitrol showed a strong inhibitory action on T3 and T4 secretion, whereas atrazine stimulated it.", "PMID": 583081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1883", "title": "Effects of socioeconomic status on incidences of three sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "A new socioeconomic index scored for census tract characteristics (income, education, and household crowding) was used for study of the socioeconomic patterns of incidences of syphilis, gonorrhea, and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Oregon's three metropolitan statistical areas. Cases of syphilis and gonorrhea were reported, but cases of uterine cancer were found by intensive searches of records from hospitals and pathology laboratories. For all three diseases there was a striking inverse relationship between incidence and urban socioeconomic status, a fact that indicated that this distribution pattern is probably real and not a function of reporting bias. This strong socioeconomic effect on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases probably reflects corresponding differences in frequencies of nonmarital sexual contacts among the different socioeconomic strata; these differences should be recognized in our efforts to develop more rational control measure for application in the community. From the information available about contacts of persons with syphilis, it appeared that this socioeconomic incidence pattern was a function of heterosexual behavior.", "contents": "Effects of socioeconomic status on incidences of three sexually transmitted diseases. A new socioeconomic index scored for census tract characteristics (income, education, and household crowding) was used for study of the socioeconomic patterns of incidences of syphilis, gonorrhea, and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Oregon's three metropolitan statistical areas. Cases of syphilis and gonorrhea were reported, but cases of uterine cancer were found by intensive searches of records from hospitals and pathology laboratories. For all three diseases there was a striking inverse relationship between incidence and urban socioeconomic status, a fact that indicated that this distribution pattern is probably real and not a function of reporting bias. This strong socioeconomic effect on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases probably reflects corresponding differences in frequencies of nonmarital sexual contacts among the different socioeconomic strata; these differences should be recognized in our efforts to develop more rational control measure for application in the community. From the information available about contacts of persons with syphilis, it appeared that this socioeconomic incidence pattern was a function of heterosexual behavior.", "PMID": 583084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1884", "title": "Rat lymphocytic thyroiditis associated with ingestion of an immunosuppressive compound.", "content": "Lymphocytic thyroiditis was induced in young Wistar rats by feeding them the immunosuppressive compound frentizole [1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea] for 1 year. About half of the rats given 0.060 and 0.150% frentizole in the diet had lymphocytic thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroiditis was low in the group given the high dose because of severe anemia and hepatic disease which resulted in increased mortality. Reversibility of the thyroid lesion was indicated by reduced incidence rates at 15 and 18 months after treatment was stopped at 1 year. The thyroiditis was characterized by interstitial infiltrates of many lymphocytes and plasma cells and fewer macrophages with mild degenerative changes in the follicular epithelium. This inflammatory cell infiltrate was generally diffuse but occasionally was multifocal, particularly in thyroid glands of rats late in the reversibility phase of the study. The inflammatory cell infiltrate caused the thyroid glands to be several times normal size. Sera from rats with lymphocytic thyroiditis contained hemagglutinating antibody against rat perfect correlation between the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibody and enlarged thyroid glands. Fine granular deposits of IgG and complement were identified in some areas of the follicular basement membrane. We concluded that the lymphocytic thyroiditis was immunologically mediated, at least in part, by anti-thyroglobulin antibody.", "contents": "Rat lymphocytic thyroiditis associated with ingestion of an immunosuppressive compound. Lymphocytic thyroiditis was induced in young Wistar rats by feeding them the immunosuppressive compound frentizole [1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea] for 1 year. About half of the rats given 0.060 and 0.150% frentizole in the diet had lymphocytic thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroiditis was low in the group given the high dose because of severe anemia and hepatic disease which resulted in increased mortality. Reversibility of the thyroid lesion was indicated by reduced incidence rates at 15 and 18 months after treatment was stopped at 1 year. The thyroiditis was characterized by interstitial infiltrates of many lymphocytes and plasma cells and fewer macrophages with mild degenerative changes in the follicular epithelium. This inflammatory cell infiltrate was generally diffuse but occasionally was multifocal, particularly in thyroid glands of rats late in the reversibility phase of the study. The inflammatory cell infiltrate caused the thyroid glands to be several times normal size. Sera from rats with lymphocytic thyroiditis contained hemagglutinating antibody against rat perfect correlation between the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibody and enlarged thyroid glands. Fine granular deposits of IgG and complement were identified in some areas of the follicular basement membrane. We concluded that the lymphocytic thyroiditis was immunologically mediated, at least in part, by anti-thyroglobulin antibody.", "PMID": 583090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1885", "title": "Heterophile antibodies. Part II. An evaluation of the effect of autologous blood group substances on the natural formation of agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells.", "content": "This study shows that some substances in human secretions can inhibit the agglutination of sheep red blood cells by human antibodies. When present in adequate concentrations, they can also inhibit the reaction of the donor's own sheep red blood cell antibody activity in vito. The subjects in whom this phenomenon was found almost always had low agglutinating antibody titers to sheep red blood cells. The inhibiting activity of saliva for sheep red blood cell antibodies was influenced by the ABH secretor status. Substances reacting against sheep red blood cell antibodies occur in the secretions in considerably smaller quantities than ABH substances.", "contents": "Heterophile antibodies. Part II. An evaluation of the effect of autologous blood group substances on the natural formation of agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells. This study shows that some substances in human secretions can inhibit the agglutination of sheep red blood cells by human antibodies. When present in adequate concentrations, they can also inhibit the reaction of the donor's own sheep red blood cell antibody activity in vito. The subjects in whom this phenomenon was found almost always had low agglutinating antibody titers to sheep red blood cells. The inhibiting activity of saliva for sheep red blood cell antibodies was influenced by the ABH secretor status. Substances reacting against sheep red blood cell antibodies occur in the secretions in considerably smaller quantities than ABH substances.", "PMID": 583085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1886", "title": "Heterophile antibodies. Part III. Evidence for linkage of high responder activity to sheep red blood cells and the formation of specific antibodies to HBsAg.", "content": "Group A, B and O subjects who produce immune antibodies to group A1 or B red blood cells also produce high titer antibodies to sheep red blood cells. Sheep red blood cells appear to possess AB-like as well as non-AB determinants on their surface membranes, each capable of producing and reacting with antibodies of their respective specificities. The antibodies against AB-like determinants preferentially agglutinate A or B cells whereas non-AB-like determinants preferentially stimulate hemolytic antibodies. Human antibodies reacting with these two kinds of determinants on sheep red blood cells may be produced in response to microorganisms possessing very similar factors on their membranes. Individuals who possess AB-like determinants in their secretions, similar to the determinants present on sheep red blood cells (or microorganisms), often make weaker antibodies to these red blood cells. Subjects lacking corresponding anti-sheep inhibitors in their secretions generally produce stronger sheep red blood cell antibodies. There is a positive correlation between the formation of antibodies to HBsAg and strong agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells, indicating that similar determinants may be found on HBsAg virus and on sheep red blood cells. No such correlation was found for anti-tetanus antibodies.", "contents": "Heterophile antibodies. Part III. Evidence for linkage of high responder activity to sheep red blood cells and the formation of specific antibodies to HBsAg. Group A, B and O subjects who produce immune antibodies to group A1 or B red blood cells also produce high titer antibodies to sheep red blood cells. Sheep red blood cells appear to possess AB-like as well as non-AB determinants on their surface membranes, each capable of producing and reacting with antibodies of their respective specificities. The antibodies against AB-like determinants preferentially agglutinate A or B cells whereas non-AB-like determinants preferentially stimulate hemolytic antibodies. Human antibodies reacting with these two kinds of determinants on sheep red blood cells may be produced in response to microorganisms possessing very similar factors on their membranes. Individuals who possess AB-like determinants in their secretions, similar to the determinants present on sheep red blood cells (or microorganisms), often make weaker antibodies to these red blood cells. Subjects lacking corresponding anti-sheep inhibitors in their secretions generally produce stronger sheep red blood cell antibodies. There is a positive correlation between the formation of antibodies to HBsAg and strong agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells, indicating that similar determinants may be found on HBsAg virus and on sheep red blood cells. No such correlation was found for anti-tetanus antibodies.", "PMID": 583086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1887", "title": "Pulmonary blastomycosis in children. Amphotericin B therapy and a review.", "content": "Two children, aged 3 months and 4 years, respectively, were treated with ten weeks of amphotericin B for culture proved pulmonary blastomycosis. Organisms were easily demonstrated in nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens on admission. Although organisms were present until the 12th and 19th days of therapy, respectively, they were viable through only the seventh and 12th days of therapy. Both patients had thrombophlebitis, anemia, neutropenia, hypokalemia, fever, and vomiting develop during therapy. The less toxic drug hydroxystilbamidine isethionate, given for only 17 to 30 days, has been used successfully in at least six previously reported cases. Long courses of amphotericin B therapy may not be necessary for the treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in selected children.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastomycosis in children. Amphotericin B therapy and a review. Two children, aged 3 months and 4 years, respectively, were treated with ten weeks of amphotericin B for culture proved pulmonary blastomycosis. Organisms were easily demonstrated in nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens on admission. Although organisms were present until the 12th and 19th days of therapy, respectively, they were viable through only the seventh and 12th days of therapy. Both patients had thrombophlebitis, anemia, neutropenia, hypokalemia, fever, and vomiting develop during therapy. The less toxic drug hydroxystilbamidine isethionate, given for only 17 to 30 days, has been used successfully in at least six previously reported cases. Long courses of amphotericin B therapy may not be necessary for the treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in selected children.", "PMID": 583093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1888", "title": "Thyroid antigen associated immune complex glomerulonephritis in Graves' disease.", "content": "A 60 year old hyperthyroid black woman with long-standing Graves' disease treated with methimazole presented with anasarca and congestive heart failure. She was found to have the nephrotic syndrome with a urinary protein excretion of 32 g/day. Light and electron microscopy revealed a stage II membranous glomerulopathy. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), third component of complement and thyroglobulin in a granular diffuse pattern consistent with an immune complex glomerulonephritis. Total thyroidectomy led to a decrease in proteinuria with little change in glomerular filtration rate during an 11 month follow-up period. We believe this to be the first report of immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with thyroid antigen in Graves' disease.", "contents": "Thyroid antigen associated immune complex glomerulonephritis in Graves' disease. A 60 year old hyperthyroid black woman with long-standing Graves' disease treated with methimazole presented with anasarca and congestive heart failure. She was found to have the nephrotic syndrome with a urinary protein excretion of 32 g/day. Light and electron microscopy revealed a stage II membranous glomerulopathy. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), third component of complement and thyroglobulin in a granular diffuse pattern consistent with an immune complex glomerulonephritis. Total thyroidectomy led to a decrease in proteinuria with little change in glomerular filtration rate during an 11 month follow-up period. We believe this to be the first report of immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with thyroid antigen in Graves' disease.", "PMID": 583094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1889", "title": "Selective mass treatment in a venereal disease control program.", "content": "To control syphilis among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers in Fresno County, California, we developed a program of selective mass treatment of prostitutes. From August 1976 to July 1977, 512 women entered the program. Overall, 4.6 per cent of women treated prophylactically for syphilis were actually infected. Compared to cases in the previous year, infectious syphilis cases among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers decreased 51.3 per cent and 26.8 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "Selective mass treatment in a venereal disease control program. To control syphilis among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers in Fresno County, California, we developed a program of selective mass treatment of prostitutes. From August 1976 to July 1977, 512 women entered the program. Overall, 4.6 per cent of women treated prophylactically for syphilis were actually infected. Compared to cases in the previous year, infectious syphilis cases among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers decreased 51.3 per cent and 26.8 per cent, respectively.", "PMID": 583095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1890", "title": "Immunosuppression by surface-active material: lack of species specificity.", "content": "Surface-active material isolated from the lungs of both dogs and rats was tested for its ability to suppress the in vitro proliferative responses of dog, mouse, or human lymphocytes to a variety of immunologic stimuli. Both dog and rat surface-active material exerted a dose-dependent suppressive effect on the proliferative responses of each species of lymphocyte, regardless of the nature of the immune stimulus (mitogen, antigen, or alloantigen). The data indicated that surface-active material acts by directly inhibiting the responding lymphocyte and not by activating suppessor cells. The immunosuppression could not be attributed to lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Although the mechanism of this immunosuppressive action of surface-active material remains undefined, the present data clearly indicate that such activity is not species specific.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by surface-active material: lack of species specificity. Surface-active material isolated from the lungs of both dogs and rats was tested for its ability to suppress the in vitro proliferative responses of dog, mouse, or human lymphocytes to a variety of immunologic stimuli. Both dog and rat surface-active material exerted a dose-dependent suppressive effect on the proliferative responses of each species of lymphocyte, regardless of the nature of the immune stimulus (mitogen, antigen, or alloantigen). The data indicated that surface-active material acts by directly inhibiting the responding lymphocyte and not by activating suppessor cells. The immunosuppression could not be attributed to lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Although the mechanism of this immunosuppressive action of surface-active material remains undefined, the present data clearly indicate that such activity is not species specific.", "PMID": 583099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1891", "title": "Biochemical characterization of clonally isolated and continuously cultured type II cells from adult rat lung.", "content": "Clonally isolated and continuously cultured type II alveolar epithelial cells from adult rat lung (L-2) were compared to clonally cultured rat lung fibroblasts with respect to composition and biochemical function. There was no difference in phospholipid composition betweem those 2 cell types. After incubation with tritiated choline, the specific activity (cpm/nmol of lipid phosphorus) of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) was lower than that of total PC in both cell types. Our findings suggest that, in our cell cultures, disaturated PC is not synthesized as a specific component of pulmonary surfactant, but more likely as a component of cell membranes. The increased DNA content of the L-2 cells indicates transformation and may be associated with the inability to synthesize surfactant. Under the described conditions, we are hesitant to use the clonally derived L-2 cell line as a model system for the study of pulmonary surfactant synthesis and secretion.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of clonally isolated and continuously cultured type II cells from adult rat lung. Clonally isolated and continuously cultured type II alveolar epithelial cells from adult rat lung (L-2) were compared to clonally cultured rat lung fibroblasts with respect to composition and biochemical function. There was no difference in phospholipid composition betweem those 2 cell types. After incubation with tritiated choline, the specific activity (cpm/nmol of lipid phosphorus) of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) was lower than that of total PC in both cell types. Our findings suggest that, in our cell cultures, disaturated PC is not synthesized as a specific component of pulmonary surfactant, but more likely as a component of cell membranes. The increased DNA content of the L-2 cells indicates transformation and may be associated with the inability to synthesize surfactant. Under the described conditions, we are hesitant to use the clonally derived L-2 cell line as a model system for the study of pulmonary surfactant synthesis and secretion.", "PMID": 583100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1892", "title": "Operative arthroscopy.", "content": "In a period of 20 months, over 200 patients (age ranged from high school students to middle-aged persons) with knee injuries were treated by operative arthroscopy. The majority of the injuries were incurred while the patients had been participating in athletic events, either competitive or recreational. Operative arthroscopy offers the advantage of shortened hospital stay, rapid rehabilitation, lack of disfiguring scar, and reduced costs. Patients are followed yearly after the first postoperative year. Improved long-term results from diagnostic and operative arthroscopy, as compared to conventional surgical procedures, are expected. The proof of those expectations will be determined in the next several years as this group of patients requiring partial meniscectomies or procedures for pathologic and degenerative conditions is reevaluated.", "contents": "Operative arthroscopy. In a period of 20 months, over 200 patients (age ranged from high school students to middle-aged persons) with knee injuries were treated by operative arthroscopy. The majority of the injuries were incurred while the patients had been participating in athletic events, either competitive or recreational. Operative arthroscopy offers the advantage of shortened hospital stay, rapid rehabilitation, lack of disfiguring scar, and reduced costs. Patients are followed yearly after the first postoperative year. Improved long-term results from diagnostic and operative arthroscopy, as compared to conventional surgical procedures, are expected. The proof of those expectations will be determined in the next several years as this group of patients requiring partial meniscectomies or procedures for pathologic and degenerative conditions is reevaluated.", "PMID": 583097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1893", "title": "Graves' disease following acute (subacute) thyroiditis.", "content": "The development of Graves' disease with positive thyroid-stimulating antibody titers is described in a woman, five months after onset of the putatively viral disorder, acute (subacute) thyroiditis. There was no evidence of transient hyperthyroidism during the acute episode. The arguments for and against a causal relationship between the two diseases have been reviewed. The present experience adds to the earlier suggestion that the association may represent cause and effect.", "contents": "Graves' disease following acute (subacute) thyroiditis. The development of Graves' disease with positive thyroid-stimulating antibody titers is described in a woman, five months after onset of the putatively viral disorder, acute (subacute) thyroiditis. There was no evidence of transient hyperthyroidism during the acute episode. The arguments for and against a causal relationship between the two diseases have been reviewed. The present experience adds to the earlier suggestion that the association may represent cause and effect.", "PMID": 583118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1894", "title": "Chief cell intracytoplasmic fat used to evaluate parathyroid disease by frozen section.", "content": "The chief cells of parathyroid adenomas were found to contain less intracytoplasmic fat than normal parathyroid glands and/or the adjacent rims of nonadenomatous parathyroid tissue. The amount of sudanophilic material in the chief cells was relatively uniform for each individual adenoma, but varied between patients. In half of the patients with parathyroid adenomas, Sudan-positive granules were generally absent from the adenomatous cells, whereas in the other half the granules were easily identifiable. The chief cells of secondary hyperplasia showed a less uniform pattern in each gland. In some areas, the stain for intracellular fat was negative, while adjacent cells contained prominent Sudan-positive granules. These findings suggest that staining frozen sections for intracellular fat is a useful but limited aid in the differentiation of parathyroid adenomas from normal parathyroid gland tissue.", "contents": "Chief cell intracytoplasmic fat used to evaluate parathyroid disease by frozen section. The chief cells of parathyroid adenomas were found to contain less intracytoplasmic fat than normal parathyroid glands and/or the adjacent rims of nonadenomatous parathyroid tissue. The amount of sudanophilic material in the chief cells was relatively uniform for each individual adenoma, but varied between patients. In half of the patients with parathyroid adenomas, Sudan-positive granules were generally absent from the adenomatous cells, whereas in the other half the granules were easily identifiable. The chief cells of secondary hyperplasia showed a less uniform pattern in each gland. In some areas, the stain for intracellular fat was negative, while adjacent cells contained prominent Sudan-positive granules. These findings suggest that staining frozen sections for intracellular fat is a useful but limited aid in the differentiation of parathyroid adenomas from normal parathyroid gland tissue.", "PMID": 583119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1895", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on gynecomastia.", "content": "Ten cases of gynecomastia were studied by electron microscopy. The ducts showed proliferation of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Intracytoplasmic lumina, previously thought to be a feature of malignant breast lesions, were seen. Squamous metaplasia was observed in some cases. The stroma showed fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and, occasionally, pericytes. The general morphology of gynecomastia is similar to that of benign lesions of the female breast at the ultrastructural level. The features of the stromal cells reflect the effects of estrogenic stimulation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on gynecomastia. Ten cases of gynecomastia were studied by electron microscopy. The ducts showed proliferation of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Intracytoplasmic lumina, previously thought to be a feature of malignant breast lesions, were seen. Squamous metaplasia was observed in some cases. The stroma showed fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and, occasionally, pericytes. The general morphology of gynecomastia is similar to that of benign lesions of the female breast at the ultrastructural level. The features of the stromal cells reflect the effects of estrogenic stimulation.", "PMID": 583120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1896", "title": "Age-related changes resembling fibrocystic disease in iodine-blocked rat breasts.", "content": "It has been reported that dietary restriction and chemical blockade of iodine causes histopathologic changes in peripubertal female rat breasts. This study extended the age range to include midreproductive life and perimenopausal rats; there is a wider spectrum of structural alterations that are associated with the older breast, with sodium perchlorate as the blocking agent. In 16-week-old rats, breasts showed general increased parenchymal activity and growth, regressing after removal of the block. In 42-week-old rats, breasts showed noticeable calcospherite deposition, intralobular fibrosis, and cystic changes resembling human fibrocystic disease. In 52-week-old rats, breasts exhibited atypical lobules cytologically, papillomatosis, sclerosing adenosis, calcifications, and a lobular transformation of a histologically dysplastic type. It is the older rat that experiments will more closely parallel the human condition.", "contents": "Age-related changes resembling fibrocystic disease in iodine-blocked rat breasts. It has been reported that dietary restriction and chemical blockade of iodine causes histopathologic changes in peripubertal female rat breasts. This study extended the age range to include midreproductive life and perimenopausal rats; there is a wider spectrum of structural alterations that are associated with the older breast, with sodium perchlorate as the blocking agent. In 16-week-old rats, breasts showed general increased parenchymal activity and growth, regressing after removal of the block. In 42-week-old rats, breasts showed noticeable calcospherite deposition, intralobular fibrosis, and cystic changes resembling human fibrocystic disease. In 52-week-old rats, breasts exhibited atypical lobules cytologically, papillomatosis, sclerosing adenosis, calcifications, and a lobular transformation of a histologically dysplastic type. It is the older rat that experiments will more closely parallel the human condition.", "PMID": 583121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1897", "title": "Myxoid adrenal cortical carcinoma: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "An adrenal cortical carcinoma demonstrating a peculiar myxoid background similar to that of a myxoma was found in a 41-year-old woman who also had parathyroid hyperplasia and clinical evidence of a pituitary tumor. The electron microscopic study demonstrated its value in establishing the diagnosis that was not possible to make with absolute certainty at the light microscopic level alone. The combination of endocrine disorders strongly suggests the possibility of an unusual multiple endocrine syndrome.", "contents": "Myxoid adrenal cortical carcinoma: a light and electron microscopic study. An adrenal cortical carcinoma demonstrating a peculiar myxoid background similar to that of a myxoma was found in a 41-year-old woman who also had parathyroid hyperplasia and clinical evidence of a pituitary tumor. The electron microscopic study demonstrated its value in establishing the diagnosis that was not possible to make with absolute certainty at the light microscopic level alone. The combination of endocrine disorders strongly suggests the possibility of an unusual multiple endocrine syndrome.", "PMID": 583122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1898", "title": "Intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis.", "content": "A 66-year-old man had intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis. This benign tumor has great growth potential that can present a difficult management problem.", "contents": "Intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis. A 66-year-old man had intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis. This benign tumor has great growth potential that can present a difficult management problem.", "PMID": 583123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1899", "title": "Caroli's disease: a rarely recognized entity.", "content": "Caroli's disease, well known in the European literature, has been recognized infrequently in this country. The disease is characterized by cystic dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts and is complicated by formation of gallstones, cholangitis, and hepatic abscesses. Surgical intervention and therapy with antibiotics is often unsuccessful and Gram-negative septicemia is a common cause of death. Cysts may be present in other organs, such as kidney, pancreas, and spleen, and may be helpful in the early diagnosis of this rare disease.", "contents": "Caroli's disease: a rarely recognized entity. Caroli's disease, well known in the European literature, has been recognized infrequently in this country. The disease is characterized by cystic dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts and is complicated by formation of gallstones, cholangitis, and hepatic abscesses. Surgical intervention and therapy with antibiotics is often unsuccessful and Gram-negative septicemia is a common cause of death. Cysts may be present in other organs, such as kidney, pancreas, and spleen, and may be helpful in the early diagnosis of this rare disease.", "PMID": 583124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1900", "title": "Extracerebral leptomeningeal astrocytoma mimicking a meningioma.", "content": "A 49-year-old woman with a two-year history of headaches that became progressively more frequent was found on computerized tomographic scan to have a dense, enhancing right frontoparietal mass. The tumor mimicked a meningioma in that it indented the inner table of the skull, was well demarcated from the underlying brain, and microscopically lacked the fibrillated cell processes and background that characterize astrocytomas. The 80- to 100-A cytofilaments were sparse and seen in few cells. It was only by the immunoperoxidase stain for glial acidic protein that the diagnosis of an extra-axial leptomeningeal astrocytoma was established.", "contents": "Extracerebral leptomeningeal astrocytoma mimicking a meningioma. A 49-year-old woman with a two-year history of headaches that became progressively more frequent was found on computerized tomographic scan to have a dense, enhancing right frontoparietal mass. The tumor mimicked a meningioma in that it indented the inner table of the skull, was well demarcated from the underlying brain, and microscopically lacked the fibrillated cell processes and background that characterize astrocytomas. The 80- to 100-A cytofilaments were sparse and seen in few cells. It was only by the immunoperoxidase stain for glial acidic protein that the diagnosis of an extra-axial leptomeningeal astrocytoma was established.", "PMID": 583126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1901", "title": "Leptomeningeal myeloma.", "content": "Multiple myeloma commonly produces neurologic symptoms when it involves the cranium or vertebrae, but rarely invades the CNS or meninges. Intracranial or intraspinal myeloma without lesions in the adjacent bone is extremely rare. To our knowledge, there are only ten reported cases of isolated myeloma in dura and/or brain, and only two limited to the leptomeninges. We wish to report the third case of isolated leptomeningeal myeloma. Both myeloma cells and abnormal globulins were present in the CSF, but absent from serum and bone marrow. Analysis of these 13 cases in dura, brain, or leptomeninges strongly supports the concept that abnormal proteins do not reach the CSF from the serum but are produced by myeloma cells in situ.", "contents": "Leptomeningeal myeloma. Multiple myeloma commonly produces neurologic symptoms when it involves the cranium or vertebrae, but rarely invades the CNS or meninges. Intracranial or intraspinal myeloma without lesions in the adjacent bone is extremely rare. To our knowledge, there are only ten reported cases of isolated myeloma in dura and/or brain, and only two limited to the leptomeninges. We wish to report the third case of isolated leptomeningeal myeloma. Both myeloma cells and abnormal globulins were present in the CSF, but absent from serum and bone marrow. Analysis of these 13 cases in dura, brain, or leptomeninges strongly supports the concept that abnormal proteins do not reach the CSF from the serum but are produced by myeloma cells in situ.", "PMID": 583127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1902", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of blood vessels in neurilemoma.", "content": "A study of 105 cases of neurilemoma disclosed frequent alterations of blood vessels, including hyalinized walls. Many vascular walls were formed by tumor cells. Two cases were analyzed by electron microscopy, and showed fenestrae, patent interendothelial gap junctions, and leakage of RBCs. The presence of erythrocytes in the gap junction and outside vessels is a factor acounting for xanthochromia of the CSF, and serum leakage for the frequent increase in CSF protein in cases of neurilemoma. Attenuation of endothelial cells increases the liability of vessels to bleed within the tumor. Massive bleeding may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage on rare occasions. Hyalinized vessels and dense collagen are features contributing to the relative infrequence of major hemorrhage. Evidence is presented that Schwann and perineural cells are similar.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of blood vessels in neurilemoma. A study of 105 cases of neurilemoma disclosed frequent alterations of blood vessels, including hyalinized walls. Many vascular walls were formed by tumor cells. Two cases were analyzed by electron microscopy, and showed fenestrae, patent interendothelial gap junctions, and leakage of RBCs. The presence of erythrocytes in the gap junction and outside vessels is a factor acounting for xanthochromia of the CSF, and serum leakage for the frequent increase in CSF protein in cases of neurilemoma. Attenuation of endothelial cells increases the liability of vessels to bleed within the tumor. Massive bleeding may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage on rare occasions. Hyalinized vessels and dense collagen are features contributing to the relative infrequence of major hemorrhage. Evidence is presented that Schwann and perineural cells are similar.", "PMID": 583128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1903", "title": "Two forms of encephalitis in opportunistic toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Two adult patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy experienced toxoplasma cerebritis. In one, the brain findings were typical of this form of the disease in adults, but the clinical features and brain lesions of the other were atypical, and had some resemblance to those seen in congenital toxoplasmosis. It is suggested that two patterns of encephalitis can occur in opportunistic toxoplasma infections, a common form with random foci of gland necrosis associated with numerous intracerebral organisms, and another with vascular lesions and periventricular necrosis. The latter has morphologic features in common with congenital encephalitis, and may also have a similar pathogenesis.", "contents": "Two forms of encephalitis in opportunistic toxoplasmosis. Two adult patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy experienced toxoplasma cerebritis. In one, the brain findings were typical of this form of the disease in adults, but the clinical features and brain lesions of the other were atypical, and had some resemblance to those seen in congenital toxoplasmosis. It is suggested that two patterns of encephalitis can occur in opportunistic toxoplasma infections, a common form with random foci of gland necrosis associated with numerous intracerebral organisms, and another with vascular lesions and periventricular necrosis. The latter has morphologic features in common with congenital encephalitis, and may also have a similar pathogenesis.", "PMID": 583129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1904", "title": "Deuterium NMR studies of cerebroside-phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "2H-NMR was used to probe the interaction of non-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside and 2-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside with the polar head group and with the acyl chains of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in unsonicated bilayers. It is shown that the interior of the bilayer exhibits uniformly increasing orientational order as the concentration of both types of cerebroside increases, whereas the surface of the bilayer, as reflected by the head group motion, becomes disordered. The extent of the disorder at the surface is dependent upon the type and concentration of the cerebroside. These results are discussed in terms of hydrogen-bonding interactions.", "contents": "Deuterium NMR studies of cerebroside-phospholipid bilayers. 2H-NMR was used to probe the interaction of non-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside and 2-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside with the polar head group and with the acyl chains of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in unsonicated bilayers. It is shown that the interior of the bilayer exhibits uniformly increasing orientational order as the concentration of both types of cerebroside increases, whereas the surface of the bilayer, as reflected by the head group motion, becomes disordered. The extent of the disorder at the surface is dependent upon the type and concentration of the cerebroside. These results are discussed in terms of hydrogen-bonding interactions.", "PMID": 583131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1905", "title": "Study of STDs in patients attending venereal disease clinics in Khartoum, Sudan.", "content": "During the period October 1976 to January 1978, 290 patients were examined for sexually transmitted diseases in three venereal clinics in Khartoum Providence. Clinical and laboratory findings showed that nongonococcal urethritis was the commonest STD in men (35.1%), with gonorrhoea the second commonest (25.9%). Most of the patients with STDs were aged between 20 and 30 years. Of the infected men, 49.3% had acquired their infections from prostitutes.", "contents": "Study of STDs in patients attending venereal disease clinics in Khartoum, Sudan. During the period October 1976 to January 1978, 290 patients were examined for sexually transmitted diseases in three venereal clinics in Khartoum Providence. Clinical and laboratory findings showed that nongonococcal urethritis was the commonest STD in men (35.1%), with gonorrhoea the second commonest (25.9%). Most of the patients with STDs were aged between 20 and 30 years. Of the infected men, 49.3% had acquired their infections from prostitutes.", "PMID": 583132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1906", "title": "Incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the nephron of Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and its stimulation by methyltestosterone. A high-speed scintillation autoradiographic study.", "content": "The rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into different parts of the renal proximal tubule of female sticklebacks treated with methyltestosterone was investigated using high-speed scintillation autoradiography. The results are compared with those from normal males before or after mucous transformation of the kidney. Labelled cells are observed in all parts of the proximal tubule, with marked variations from one segment to another. They are numerous in part 2 of the proximal tubule, particularly in the distal region. Male sex hormones affect the labelling rate in all parts of the nephron, especially in the distal region of part 2 of the proximal tubule. In that particular area, new tubule formation by budding is observed in some individuals, but this process does not appear to be a general one. Correlation between the frequency of these figures and the time of treatment could not be established. Comparing the action of sex hormones in females with that in males reveals a difference in reactivity in the proximal zone of part 2 of the proximal tubule, where methyltestosterone has a strong action in females; in contrast, in \"mature\" and \"immature\" males, only a few labelled cells are present in this region. It is concluded that kidney enlargement during the breeding season does not result only from a swelling of cells belonging to part 2 of the proximal tubule, as was generally believed, but also from a lengthening or even a proliferation of the proximal tubules, induced by an increase in mitotic activity controlled by male sex hormones.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the nephron of Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and its stimulation by methyltestosterone. A high-speed scintillation autoradiographic study. The rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into different parts of the renal proximal tubule of female sticklebacks treated with methyltestosterone was investigated using high-speed scintillation autoradiography. The results are compared with those from normal males before or after mucous transformation of the kidney. Labelled cells are observed in all parts of the proximal tubule, with marked variations from one segment to another. They are numerous in part 2 of the proximal tubule, particularly in the distal region. Male sex hormones affect the labelling rate in all parts of the nephron, especially in the distal region of part 2 of the proximal tubule. In that particular area, new tubule formation by budding is observed in some individuals, but this process does not appear to be a general one. Correlation between the frequency of these figures and the time of treatment could not be established. Comparing the action of sex hormones in females with that in males reveals a difference in reactivity in the proximal zone of part 2 of the proximal tubule, where methyltestosterone has a strong action in females; in contrast, in \"mature\" and \"immature\" males, only a few labelled cells are present in this region. It is concluded that kidney enlargement during the breeding season does not result only from a swelling of cells belonging to part 2 of the proximal tubule, as was generally believed, but also from a lengthening or even a proliferation of the proximal tubules, induced by an increase in mitotic activity controlled by male sex hormones.", "PMID": 583136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1907", "title": "Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency in a case of lymphosarcoma of the spleen. Reversal of complement abnormalities after splenectomy.", "content": "A patient with an extensive lymphosarcoma of the spleen without involvement of other lymphoid organs and hypogammaglobulinaemia showed the characteristic complement profile of an acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. Both functional and immunochemical studies revealed extremely low levels of the inhibitor of C1-esterase. Correction of the low levels of early acting complement components and of the low C1-inhibitor level followed the splenectomy. In vitro tests showed that lymphosarcoma tissue pieces or cells were able to interact with complement, resulting in a depletion of the haemolytic activity. These findings provide evidence that tumour cells were responsible for the abnormalities of the complement system.", "contents": "Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency in a case of lymphosarcoma of the spleen. Reversal of complement abnormalities after splenectomy. A patient with an extensive lymphosarcoma of the spleen without involvement of other lymphoid organs and hypogammaglobulinaemia showed the characteristic complement profile of an acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. Both functional and immunochemical studies revealed extremely low levels of the inhibitor of C1-esterase. Correction of the low levels of early acting complement components and of the low C1-inhibitor level followed the splenectomy. In vitro tests showed that lymphosarcoma tissue pieces or cells were able to interact with complement, resulting in a depletion of the haemolytic activity. These findings provide evidence that tumour cells were responsible for the abnormalities of the complement system.", "PMID": 583138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1908", "title": "[Cyst of the medial meniscus of the knee].", "content": "We had the opportunity to observe a case of cyst of the medial meniscus of the knee. We observed unusual findings; association with a meniscal tear and communication through the tear with the articular cavity.", "contents": "[Cyst of the medial meniscus of the knee]. We had the opportunity to observe a case of cyst of the medial meniscus of the knee. We observed unusual findings; association with a meniscal tear and communication through the tear with the articular cavity.", "PMID": 583150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1909", "title": "Antibody response to monovalent A/New Jersey/8/76 influenza vaccine in pregnant women.", "content": "The decision to implement a mass immunization program with A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza vaccine provided a unique opportunity to evaluate immunological responses during pregnancy. Fifty-nine pregnant and 27 nonpregnant women participated in this study. Influenza virus hemagglutination-inhhibition antibody titers were determined to A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2), and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) before and after a single dose of monovalent (200 chick cell agglutination units) influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) vaccine. The difference in titers between pregnant and nonpregnant women was insignificant. Treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol disclosed a similar immunoglobulin M response to the vaccine in both groups. The mean fold rise in heterologous antibody titer was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant women. This study demonstrated that pregnant women were able to respond to an original myxovirus antigen, influenza A/New Jersey/8/76, in a manner equivalent to nonpregnant, age-matched controls.", "contents": "Antibody response to monovalent A/New Jersey/8/76 influenza vaccine in pregnant women. The decision to implement a mass immunization program with A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza vaccine provided a unique opportunity to evaluate immunological responses during pregnancy. Fifty-nine pregnant and 27 nonpregnant women participated in this study. Influenza virus hemagglutination-inhhibition antibody titers were determined to A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2), and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) before and after a single dose of monovalent (200 chick cell agglutination units) influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) vaccine. The difference in titers between pregnant and nonpregnant women was insignificant. Treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol disclosed a similar immunoglobulin M response to the vaccine in both groups. The mean fold rise in heterologous antibody titer was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant women. This study demonstrated that pregnant women were able to respond to an original myxovirus antigen, influenza A/New Jersey/8/76, in a manner equivalent to nonpregnant, age-matched controls.", "PMID": 583151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1910", "title": "Appearance of Graves' disease on orbital computed tomography.", "content": "Extraocular muscle enlargement was symmetrical in 70% and asymmetrical in 30% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. True unilateral muscle involvement occurred in 6%. Computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral orbital involvement in 50% of patients presenting clinically with unilateral eye signs. In patients without a clinically apparent ophthalmopathy, CT demonstrated muscle enlargement in 40%. The medial and inferior rectus muscles were the most frequently and most severely involved. Orbital radiation therapy can result in a decrease in size of involved muscles.", "contents": "Appearance of Graves' disease on orbital computed tomography. Extraocular muscle enlargement was symmetrical in 70% and asymmetrical in 30% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. True unilateral muscle involvement occurred in 6%. Computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral orbital involvement in 50% of patients presenting clinically with unilateral eye signs. In patients without a clinically apparent ophthalmopathy, CT demonstrated muscle enlargement in 40%. The medial and inferior rectus muscles were the most frequently and most severely involved. Orbital radiation therapy can result in a decrease in size of involved muscles.", "PMID": 583152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1911", "title": "Direct sagittal computed tomography in Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "Standard axial transverse orbital computed tomography scans show the medial and lateral rectus muscles very well but section the superior and inferior rectus muscles obliquely. Determining enlargement of the superior and inferior recti in Graves' disease can therefore be difficult on axial transverse scans. We have obtained sagittal, coronal, and axial transverse orbital scans in a series of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and have compared the images in each plane. Direct sagittal and coronal scans were obtained without image regeneration from axial transverse sections by using a wide-aperture Varian body scanner and a special accessory table. Sagittal and coronal scans can demonstrate enlargement of the superior or inferior muscles even in cases in which the medial and lateral recti are normal. Since scans performed at approximately 20 degrees to the sagittal plane are parallel to the long axis of the orbit, they demonstrate orbital anatomy better than scans in the true sagittal plane.", "contents": "Direct sagittal computed tomography in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Standard axial transverse orbital computed tomography scans show the medial and lateral rectus muscles very well but section the superior and inferior rectus muscles obliquely. Determining enlargement of the superior and inferior recti in Graves' disease can therefore be difficult on axial transverse scans. We have obtained sagittal, coronal, and axial transverse orbital scans in a series of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and have compared the images in each plane. Direct sagittal and coronal scans were obtained without image regeneration from axial transverse sections by using a wide-aperture Varian body scanner and a special accessory table. Sagittal and coronal scans can demonstrate enlargement of the superior or inferior muscles even in cases in which the medial and lateral recti are normal. Since scans performed at approximately 20 degrees to the sagittal plane are parallel to the long axis of the orbit, they demonstrate orbital anatomy better than scans in the true sagittal plane.", "PMID": 583153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1912", "title": "State of unesterified fatty acids in skim milk.", "content": "By a multiple extraction procedure the unesterified fatty acids of skim milk have been shown in at least three entities: a) free dissociated and undissociated fatty acids, b) fatty acids associated with the membrane material in skim milk, and c) fatty acids of unknown origin requiring acidification to pH 1.5 for extraction.", "contents": "State of unesterified fatty acids in skim milk. By a multiple extraction procedure the unesterified fatty acids of skim milk have been shown in at least three entities: a) free dissociated and undissociated fatty acids, b) fatty acids associated with the membrane material in skim milk, and c) fatty acids of unknown origin requiring acidification to pH 1.5 for extraction.", "PMID": 583154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1913", "title": "The influence of prenatal or neonatal administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on pituitary prolactin secretion and normal and neoplastic mammary growth in adult mice.", "content": "In view of the clinical use of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) during pregnancy, longterm effects of perinatal exposure to this drug on pituitary prolactin secretion and mammary tumorigenesis were studied experimentally using a high mammary tumor strain of SHN female mice. Pregnant mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of 0.3 mg CB-154 for 4 days from day 12 to day 15 of pregnancy (prenatal treatment). Another group of mice received daily dose of 0.06 mg CB-154 for the first 5 days of postnatal life (neonatal treatment). Either prenatal or neonatal treatment with CB-154 resulted in little alteration of the pattern of estrous cycle, ovarian structure and pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin. There was no difference between the control and mice treated neonatally with CB-154 in mammary tumorigenesis. On the other hand, somewhat delayed mammary tumor appearance was observed in mice treated prenatally with CB-154. These findings postulate that there is little deleterious influence of perinatal exposure to CB-154 on pituitary-ovary-mammary gland systems at advanced ages.", "contents": "The influence of prenatal or neonatal administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on pituitary prolactin secretion and normal and neoplastic mammary growth in adult mice. In view of the clinical use of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) during pregnancy, longterm effects of perinatal exposure to this drug on pituitary prolactin secretion and mammary tumorigenesis were studied experimentally using a high mammary tumor strain of SHN female mice. Pregnant mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of 0.3 mg CB-154 for 4 days from day 12 to day 15 of pregnancy (prenatal treatment). Another group of mice received daily dose of 0.06 mg CB-154 for the first 5 days of postnatal life (neonatal treatment). Either prenatal or neonatal treatment with CB-154 resulted in little alteration of the pattern of estrous cycle, ovarian structure and pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin. There was no difference between the control and mice treated neonatally with CB-154 in mammary tumorigenesis. On the other hand, somewhat delayed mammary tumor appearance was observed in mice treated prenatally with CB-154. These findings postulate that there is little deleterious influence of perinatal exposure to CB-154 on pituitary-ovary-mammary gland systems at advanced ages.", "PMID": 583157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1914", "title": "Biopotencies in rats of several forms of alpha-tocopherol.", "content": "The bipotencies of several forms of vitamin E were determined by the rat fetal-resorption bioassay. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean relative potency (RP) of 1.66, significantly higher than the currently accepted value of 1.36. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl hydrogen succinate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 1.125, significantly lower than the currently accepted value of 1.21. RRR-alpha-tocopherol compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopherol had a mean RP of 1.31, not significantly different from the currently accepted value of 1.36. Some preparations of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 0.81, and compared with RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 0.52. Both RP values are significantly lower than the currently accepted values of 1.00 and 0.725 (the reciprocal of 1.36) respectively. Similar biological activities were obtained for oily and dry preparations of the same forms of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. A basic assumption of stoichiometric equivalence for the acetate and hydrogen succinate of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, inherent in the currently accepted values, was shown to be incorrect. The results show that the unit/weight relationships for the various forms of vitamin E currently assigned by the National Formulary have not been validated using a bioassay based on biological function.", "contents": "Biopotencies in rats of several forms of alpha-tocopherol. The bipotencies of several forms of vitamin E were determined by the rat fetal-resorption bioassay. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean relative potency (RP) of 1.66, significantly higher than the currently accepted value of 1.36. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl hydrogen succinate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 1.125, significantly lower than the currently accepted value of 1.21. RRR-alpha-tocopherol compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopherol had a mean RP of 1.31, not significantly different from the currently accepted value of 1.36. Some preparations of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared with 2-ambo-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 0.81, and compared with RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate had a mean RP of 0.52. Both RP values are significantly lower than the currently accepted values of 1.00 and 0.725 (the reciprocal of 1.36) respectively. Similar biological activities were obtained for oily and dry preparations of the same forms of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. A basic assumption of stoichiometric equivalence for the acetate and hydrogen succinate of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, inherent in the currently accepted values, was shown to be incorrect. The results show that the unit/weight relationships for the various forms of vitamin E currently assigned by the National Formulary have not been validated using a bioassay based on biological function.", "PMID": 583159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1915", "title": "The kinetics of macrophage and surfactant replacement in hamster lung following bronchopulmonary lavage.", "content": "The effects of bronchopulmonary lavage with isotonic NaCl have been investigated in the hamster, and methods are described for separating pulmonary surfactant from cells in lavage fluid and for the quantitative isolation of surfactant from lung. It has been shown that hamsters almost invariably survived a lavage which consisted of ten successive washes each of 2 ml saline. This procedure removed about 80 per cent. of the total surfactant originally present and the surfactant content of the lung was restored to normal within 24 hr. The same procedure however removed at most only about 25 per cent. of the total number of macrophages in the lung and although a second lavage performed immediately after the first removed large numbers of macrophages, if a delay of several hours elapsed between the two lavages, the yield of macrophages was greatly reduced. The reasons for this behaviour are not understood, and it is likely to be one of the factors which limits the frequency with which pulmonary lavage can be repeated.", "contents": "The kinetics of macrophage and surfactant replacement in hamster lung following bronchopulmonary lavage. The effects of bronchopulmonary lavage with isotonic NaCl have been investigated in the hamster, and methods are described for separating pulmonary surfactant from cells in lavage fluid and for the quantitative isolation of surfactant from lung. It has been shown that hamsters almost invariably survived a lavage which consisted of ten successive washes each of 2 ml saline. This procedure removed about 80 per cent. of the total surfactant originally present and the surfactant content of the lung was restored to normal within 24 hr. The same procedure however removed at most only about 25 per cent. of the total number of macrophages in the lung and although a second lavage performed immediately after the first removed large numbers of macrophages, if a delay of several hours elapsed between the two lavages, the yield of macrophages was greatly reduced. The reasons for this behaviour are not understood, and it is likely to be one of the factors which limits the frequency with which pulmonary lavage can be repeated.", "PMID": 583160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1916", "title": "Carbenicillin prodrugs: stability kinetics of alpha-phenyl and alpha-indanyl esters in aqueous solution.", "content": "Both ester and beta-lactam degradations of alpha-esters of carbenicillin disodium, carbenicillin indanyl sodium, and carbenicillin phenyl sodium in aqueous solution at 35 degrees and at 0.5 ionic strength were investigated. The reactions were followed by spectrophotometric assay, reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assay. The degradation pathways were established, and the rate-pH profiles for ester and beta-lactam cleavage reactions are given for pH 1-11. Below pH 3, the beta-lactam degradation of the prodrugs proceeded exclusively. Above pH 7, the degradation was superseded by the ester hydrolysis to carbenicillin, beta-Lactams of both prodrugs are around three times more stable than carbenicillin disodium at pH 1, six times at PH 2, and 17 times at pH 3. The half-lives for carbenicillin production were predicted to be 17 hr for carbenicillin indanyl sodium and 8.5 hr for carbenicillin phenyl sodium at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees.", "contents": "Carbenicillin prodrugs: stability kinetics of alpha-phenyl and alpha-indanyl esters in aqueous solution. Both ester and beta-lactam degradations of alpha-esters of carbenicillin disodium, carbenicillin indanyl sodium, and carbenicillin phenyl sodium in aqueous solution at 35 degrees and at 0.5 ionic strength were investigated. The reactions were followed by spectrophotometric assay, reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assay. The degradation pathways were established, and the rate-pH profiles for ester and beta-lactam cleavage reactions are given for pH 1-11. Below pH 3, the beta-lactam degradation of the prodrugs proceeded exclusively. Above pH 7, the degradation was superseded by the ester hydrolysis to carbenicillin, beta-Lactams of both prodrugs are around three times more stable than carbenicillin disodium at pH 1, six times at PH 2, and 17 times at pH 3. The half-lives for carbenicillin production were predicted to be 17 hr for carbenicillin indanyl sodium and 8.5 hr for carbenicillin phenyl sodium at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees.", "PMID": 583161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1917", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of oral theophylline capsules.", "content": "The oral bioavailability of liquid-filled theophylline capsules relative to a nonalcoholic aminophylline solution was determined in normal volunteers. In addition, theophylline absorption and elimination kinetics were reexamined. There were no statistically significant differences between the bioavailability of capsules and liquid as measured by the area under the curve (AUC) from time 0 leads to infinity (p greater than 0.05). The bioavailability parameters of Cmax, tmax, and AUC were determined from actual serum theophylline concentration-time data and from a nonlinear least-squares fit of the serum concentration-time data. Theophylline absorption from the capsules was noticeably faster than from the liquid in most subjects, although the differences in absorption rates were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05). The determined apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, and plasma clearance of theophylline were similar to values reported by other investigators. Marked inter- and intraindividual variations in the elimination half-life were noted.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of oral theophylline capsules. The oral bioavailability of liquid-filled theophylline capsules relative to a nonalcoholic aminophylline solution was determined in normal volunteers. In addition, theophylline absorption and elimination kinetics were reexamined. There were no statistically significant differences between the bioavailability of capsules and liquid as measured by the area under the curve (AUC) from time 0 leads to infinity (p greater than 0.05). The bioavailability parameters of Cmax, tmax, and AUC were determined from actual serum theophylline concentration-time data and from a nonlinear least-squares fit of the serum concentration-time data. Theophylline absorption from the capsules was noticeably faster than from the liquid in most subjects, although the differences in absorption rates were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05). The determined apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, and plasma clearance of theophylline were similar to values reported by other investigators. Marked inter- and intraindividual variations in the elimination half-life were noted.", "PMID": 583162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1918", "title": "Urinary iodine excretion rates following intrathecal injections of iodinated organic carbonates.", "content": "Oily iodinated organic carbonates were investigated for use as myelographic media. The urinary excretion of total iodine was used to monitor the apparent elimination rate of these compounds from the subarachnoid space. Within the chain length series of C2-C6, the decrease of elimination rates and disposition rate constants with increasing chain length was demonstrated. This observation is consistent with a dissolution rate-limited elimination model. Such a model was derived and successfully NONLIN computer fitted to the observed elimination data. The model-derived parameter of clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid through the lipid \"blood-brain barrier\" correlated well with the compound's water solubilities and projected octanol-water partition coefficients. Additional compounds need to be tested to evaluate the postulated model system.", "contents": "Urinary iodine excretion rates following intrathecal injections of iodinated organic carbonates. Oily iodinated organic carbonates were investigated for use as myelographic media. The urinary excretion of total iodine was used to monitor the apparent elimination rate of these compounds from the subarachnoid space. Within the chain length series of C2-C6, the decrease of elimination rates and disposition rate constants with increasing chain length was demonstrated. This observation is consistent with a dissolution rate-limited elimination model. Such a model was derived and successfully NONLIN computer fitted to the observed elimination data. The model-derived parameter of clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid through the lipid \"blood-brain barrier\" correlated well with the compound's water solubilities and projected octanol-water partition coefficients. Additional compounds need to be tested to evaluate the postulated model system.", "PMID": 583163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1919", "title": "Accelerated mouse sperm penetration in vitro in the presence of caffeine.", "content": "Evidence for accelerated mouse sperm penetration into eggs in vitro, and hence for accelerated capacitation, was obtained when the fertilizing ability of sperm suspensions was tested after preincubation, for a period of time insufficient to permit full capacitation under standard conditions, in the presence or absence of caffeine. When eggs were fixed after 1 h, the majority (76.7%) in the caffeine-containing medium were fertilized compared with only 32.1% in the caffeine-free medium. When fixation was later, after 1 h 15 min, fertilization levels were high (approximately 90%) in both groups, but significant differences in the stages of egg activation and sperm head decondensation reached were observed. In the absence of caffeine, early stages of nuclear development were predominant, while in the presence of caffeine, a significant proportion of eggs had reached terminal stages of activation. There was also some evidence for precocious sperm, but not egg, nuclear development when fertilization occurred in caffeine-containing medium.", "contents": "Accelerated mouse sperm penetration in vitro in the presence of caffeine. Evidence for accelerated mouse sperm penetration into eggs in vitro, and hence for accelerated capacitation, was obtained when the fertilizing ability of sperm suspensions was tested after preincubation, for a period of time insufficient to permit full capacitation under standard conditions, in the presence or absence of caffeine. When eggs were fixed after 1 h, the majority (76.7%) in the caffeine-containing medium were fertilized compared with only 32.1% in the caffeine-free medium. When fixation was later, after 1 h 15 min, fertilization levels were high (approximately 90%) in both groups, but significant differences in the stages of egg activation and sperm head decondensation reached were observed. In the absence of caffeine, early stages of nuclear development were predominant, while in the presence of caffeine, a significant proportion of eggs had reached terminal stages of activation. There was also some evidence for precocious sperm, but not egg, nuclear development when fertilization occurred in caffeine-containing medium.", "PMID": 583164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1920", "title": "Environmental lead and children: the Omaha study.", "content": "Blood lead (Pb B) was determined in 1232 samples from 831 children in Omaha and correlated with air lead (Pb A) concentrations of 0.02-1.69 microgram/m3 from 1971 to 1977. A bivariate equation for ages 6-18 yr based on these data predicts an increase in Pb B of 1.4 microgram/dl as Pb A increases from 1 to 2 microgram/m3. Pb B increases 7 microgram/dl as the mean values for soil and house dust Pb increase from 100 to 750 microgram/g. Multiple regression analysis shows that the combined effects of air, soil, and house dust Pb account for 21% of the variance of Pb B, with a high intercorrelation of all 3 variables. Since the variance of repeat sampling in individuals accounted for 38% of the total variance of Pb B, approximately 40% is unexplained and requires measurement of Pb from dietary and other sources.", "contents": "Environmental lead and children: the Omaha study. Blood lead (Pb B) was determined in 1232 samples from 831 children in Omaha and correlated with air lead (Pb A) concentrations of 0.02-1.69 microgram/m3 from 1971 to 1977. A bivariate equation for ages 6-18 yr based on these data predicts an increase in Pb B of 1.4 microgram/dl as Pb A increases from 1 to 2 microgram/m3. Pb B increases 7 microgram/dl as the mean values for soil and house dust Pb increase from 100 to 750 microgram/g. Multiple regression analysis shows that the combined effects of air, soil, and house dust Pb account for 21% of the variance of Pb B, with a high intercorrelation of all 3 variables. Since the variance of repeat sampling in individuals accounted for 38% of the total variance of Pb B, approximately 40% is unexplained and requires measurement of Pb from dietary and other sources.", "PMID": 583166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1921", "title": "Subtle obstructive uropathy resulting from encasement of the ureters by tumor.", "content": "The diagnosis of obstructive uropathy may be difficult in the occasional case in which there is little or no dilatation of the collecting system. A case is presented in which anuric renal failure resulted from encasement of the ureters by tumor. The excretory urogram revealed a delayed pyelogram and a dense nephrogram with minimal dilatation of the collecting systems. The combination of a dense nephrogram and delayed pyelogram should raise the possibility of obstruction, regardless of the appearance of the collecting systems.", "contents": "Subtle obstructive uropathy resulting from encasement of the ureters by tumor. The diagnosis of obstructive uropathy may be difficult in the occasional case in which there is little or no dilatation of the collecting system. A case is presented in which anuric renal failure resulted from encasement of the ureters by tumor. The excretory urogram revealed a delayed pyelogram and a dense nephrogram with minimal dilatation of the collecting systems. The combination of a dense nephrogram and delayed pyelogram should raise the possibility of obstruction, regardless of the appearance of the collecting systems.", "PMID": 583167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1922", "title": "Professional and spatial mobility of osteopathic physicians.", "content": "The study examines changes in location of osteopathic and medical doctors in a 20-county area of rural Missouri over a 14-year period. Losses of osteopathic physicians were greater than medical doctors. However, there was a convergence over the 14-year period in background characteristics of the two types of physicians. The finding of greater spatial mobility of DOs is placed in the context of professional mobility of osteopathy. It is also argued that as practice opportunities for DOs increase, background factors associated with early socialization become more influential in choice of practice sites. The relationship of practice opportunities to choice of practice sites can be extended to foreign medical school graduates and \"new health practitioners.\"", "contents": "Professional and spatial mobility of osteopathic physicians. The study examines changes in location of osteopathic and medical doctors in a 20-county area of rural Missouri over a 14-year period. Losses of osteopathic physicians were greater than medical doctors. However, there was a convergence over the 14-year period in background characteristics of the two types of physicians. The finding of greater spatial mobility of DOs is placed in the context of professional mobility of osteopathy. It is also argued that as practice opportunities for DOs increase, background factors associated with early socialization become more influential in choice of practice sites. The relationship of practice opportunities to choice of practice sites can be extended to foreign medical school graduates and \"new health practitioners.\"", "PMID": 583171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1923", "title": "Absorption of a non-ionic contrast agent from cerebrospinal fluid to blood.", "content": "Intrathecal injection of a non-ionic contrast agent in the lumbar area of rabbits resulted in: (1) a rapid rise in blood iodine level with a maximum after 23-46 min; (2) low concentrations in cisterna magna during the observation period (24 h); and (3) complete or almost complete disappearance of visible contrast medium on the radiographs within 30 min. This indicates that after injection in the lumbar area of the rabbit most of the contrast medium absorption takes place from the lumbar area. Similar injections in cisterna magna showed the following: (1) a slow rise in blood level with a maximum after 150-275 min; (2) little or no disappeared of visible contrast medium on the radiographs within the first hour. This indicates that in the rabbit the absorption from the subarachnoid space of the spine takes place at different rates dependent on the level at which the injection has been made and the area of deposition of contrast medium.", "contents": "Absorption of a non-ionic contrast agent from cerebrospinal fluid to blood. Intrathecal injection of a non-ionic contrast agent in the lumbar area of rabbits resulted in: (1) a rapid rise in blood iodine level with a maximum after 23-46 min; (2) low concentrations in cisterna magna during the observation period (24 h); and (3) complete or almost complete disappearance of visible contrast medium on the radiographs within 30 min. This indicates that after injection in the lumbar area of the rabbit most of the contrast medium absorption takes place from the lumbar area. Similar injections in cisterna magna showed the following: (1) a slow rise in blood level with a maximum after 150-275 min; (2) little or no disappeared of visible contrast medium on the radiographs within the first hour. This indicates that in the rabbit the absorption from the subarachnoid space of the spine takes place at different rates dependent on the level at which the injection has been made and the area of deposition of contrast medium.", "PMID": 583177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1924", "title": "[Unusual autoimmune and neoplastic associated diseases in Sjogren's syndrome].", "content": "In an unselected series of 12 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the following autoimmune diseases were observed: severe myxedema due to Hashimotos thyroiditis in four, subclinical thyroid hypofunction in one, diffuse hyperthyroidism in one, glomerulonephritis in two, chronic active hepatitis in one, lupus erythematodes disseminatus in three (one with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura), classical rheumatoid arthritis in two. A rare familial occurrence was seen in two sisters. The only male in this group exhibited coexistence of a benign adenolymphoma of the parotid gland (Warthin's tumor) with a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "contents": "[Unusual autoimmune and neoplastic associated diseases in Sjogren's syndrome]. In an unselected series of 12 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the following autoimmune diseases were observed: severe myxedema due to Hashimotos thyroiditis in four, subclinical thyroid hypofunction in one, diffuse hyperthyroidism in one, glomerulonephritis in two, chronic active hepatitis in one, lupus erythematodes disseminatus in three (one with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura), classical rheumatoid arthritis in two. A rare familial occurrence was seen in two sisters. The only male in this group exhibited coexistence of a benign adenolymphoma of the parotid gland (Warthin's tumor) with a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "PMID": 583182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1925", "title": "Bovine leucosis (lymphosarcoma): a clinical study of 60 pathologically confirmed cases.", "content": "The clinical features of 60 pathologically confirmed cases of bovine leucosis (lymphosarcoma) are described. The majority of cases could be classified into one of four distinct clinical forms, ie, juvenile multicentric, thymic, skin and adult multicentric. Diagnosis of leucosis in animals with these forms was possible on clinical grounds alone. Five animals, four of which were adult, could not be thus classified and diagnosis required haematological and, or, pathological examinations. The clinical, epidemiological and serological findings would suggest that the cases were examples of sporadic bovine leucosis.", "contents": "Bovine leucosis (lymphosarcoma): a clinical study of 60 pathologically confirmed cases. The clinical features of 60 pathologically confirmed cases of bovine leucosis (lymphosarcoma) are described. The majority of cases could be classified into one of four distinct clinical forms, ie, juvenile multicentric, thymic, skin and adult multicentric. Diagnosis of leucosis in animals with these forms was possible on clinical grounds alone. Five animals, four of which were adult, could not be thus classified and diagnosis required haematological and, or, pathological examinations. The clinical, epidemiological and serological findings would suggest that the cases were examples of sporadic bovine leucosis.", "PMID": 583184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1926", "title": "[Biosynthesis of enniatin by washed cells of Fusarium sambucinum].", "content": "Biosynthesis of the depsipeptide membrane ionophore--enniatin B by the washed mycelium Fusarium sambucinum Fuck 52 377 was studied. Metabolic precursors of enniatin B, alpha-ketovaleric acid, 14C-L-valine, and 14CH3-methionine, were added to the system after starvation. The amino acid content in the metabolic pool increased 1.5 times after addition of alpha-ketovaleric acid, 2.2 times after that of valine, and 2.5 times after addition of methionine. 14C-L-valine and 14CH3-methionine were incorporated into the molecule of enniatin B. Valine methylation in the molecule occurred at the level of synthesized depsipeptide. Amino acids of the metabolic pool performed the regulatory function in the synthesis.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of enniatin by washed cells of Fusarium sambucinum]. Biosynthesis of the depsipeptide membrane ionophore--enniatin B by the washed mycelium Fusarium sambucinum Fuck 52 377 was studied. Metabolic precursors of enniatin B, alpha-ketovaleric acid, 14C-L-valine, and 14CH3-methionine, were added to the system after starvation. The amino acid content in the metabolic pool increased 1.5 times after addition of alpha-ketovaleric acid, 2.2 times after that of valine, and 2.5 times after addition of methionine. 14C-L-valine and 14CH3-methionine were incorporated into the molecule of enniatin B. Valine methylation in the molecule occurred at the level of synthesized depsipeptide. Amino acids of the metabolic pool performed the regulatory function in the synthesis.", "PMID": 583180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1927", "title": "Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) in north east Scotland.", "content": "Since January 1978 four outbreaks of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis, associated with Campylobacter fetus subspp fetus, have been investigated. The herds demonstrated a variety of presenting signs, and the outbreaks were confirmed by vaginal mucus agglutination tests and isolation of C fetus subspp fetus. A greater recovery of C fetus was achieved by reducing the oxygen tension in the atmosphere used for incubation to a greater extent than usual. Bradford's brucella agar was found to be a suitable selective media for C fetus.", "contents": "Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) in north east Scotland. Since January 1978 four outbreaks of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis, associated with Campylobacter fetus subspp fetus, have been investigated. The herds demonstrated a variety of presenting signs, and the outbreaks were confirmed by vaginal mucus agglutination tests and isolation of C fetus subspp fetus. A greater recovery of C fetus was achieved by reducing the oxygen tension in the atmosphere used for incubation to a greater extent than usual. Bradford's brucella agar was found to be a suitable selective media for C fetus.", "PMID": 583185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1928", "title": "[Mechanism of enhancement of the radiotherapeutic effect on rat transplantable neoplasms by dihydro-monocalcium-phosphate].", "content": "A combined effect of dihydro-monocalcium phosphate and radiotherapy on transplanted tumors in rats resulted in 80--90% inhibition of the neoplasms growth and a greater sorption capacity of cells than in x-ray irradiation. Whereas, the character of changes in the mitotic activity under x-irradiation and the combination therapy was identical.", "contents": "[Mechanism of enhancement of the radiotherapeutic effect on rat transplantable neoplasms by dihydro-monocalcium-phosphate]. A combined effect of dihydro-monocalcium phosphate and radiotherapy on transplanted tumors in rats resulted in 80--90% inhibition of the neoplasms growth and a greater sorption capacity of cells than in x-ray irradiation. Whereas, the character of changes in the mitotic activity under x-irradiation and the combination therapy was identical.", "PMID": 583186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1929", "title": "[Modern differential-therapeutic aspects of the drug therapy of chronic gout].", "content": "The present paper adopts a definite attitude to the differentiated therapy of the disturbances of the uric acid metabolism. This demands an exacter subdivision of the kind of the metabolic disturbance (types Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III). On the basis of this classification in types an individually adapted therapy is possible. It might form the prerequisite of a still more effective meeting of the nephrogenic complications of the gout and of the reduction of the side effects of the necessary permanent therapy.", "contents": "[Modern differential-therapeutic aspects of the drug therapy of chronic gout]. The present paper adopts a definite attitude to the differentiated therapy of the disturbances of the uric acid metabolism. This demands an exacter subdivision of the kind of the metabolic disturbance (types Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and III). On the basis of this classification in types an individually adapted therapy is possible. It might form the prerequisite of a still more effective meeting of the nephrogenic complications of the gout and of the reduction of the side effects of the necessary permanent therapy.", "PMID": 583191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1930", "title": "[Effects of different types of newborn infant feeding on intestinal microbiocenosis].", "content": "From 70 to 90% of premature infants on breast and additional feeding with a mixture of the \"Similak\" type showed normal bifidoflora, the main component of biocenosis of infant intestines. No positive shifts in the intestinal microflora composition or recovery of the bifidoflora physiological for children were recorded during feeding premature infants with pasteurized donor milk and additional feeding with kefir, a mixture of \"Malyutka\" and dry acidophilus mixture \"Malyutka\". Positive results of using the above food in conjunction with bifidumbacterin point to the perspectiveness of using bifidobacteria in the development of therapeutic additives to the infant diet.", "contents": "[Effects of different types of newborn infant feeding on intestinal microbiocenosis]. From 70 to 90% of premature infants on breast and additional feeding with a mixture of the \"Similak\" type showed normal bifidoflora, the main component of biocenosis of infant intestines. No positive shifts in the intestinal microflora composition or recovery of the bifidoflora physiological for children were recorded during feeding premature infants with pasteurized donor milk and additional feeding with kefir, a mixture of \"Malyutka\" and dry acidophilus mixture \"Malyutka\". Positive results of using the above food in conjunction with bifidumbacterin point to the perspectiveness of using bifidobacteria in the development of therapeutic additives to the infant diet.", "PMID": 583188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1931", "title": "[Use of propiono-acidophilus milk in the complex treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in infants with staphylococcal infections and sepsis].", "content": "Antistaphylococcal properties of the new lactic acid mixture propionic acidophilic milk (PAM) against the microbe isolated from feces of children suffering from staphylococcal sepsis were comparatively studied by the dilution and diffusion methods. PAM was found to have more pronounced antimicrobial properties against pathogenic staphylococcus than acidophilic milk and kefir. It is recommended to include PAM into the diet of children with intestinal dysbacteriosis.", "contents": "[Use of propiono-acidophilus milk in the complex treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in infants with staphylococcal infections and sepsis]. Antistaphylococcal properties of the new lactic acid mixture propionic acidophilic milk (PAM) against the microbe isolated from feces of children suffering from staphylococcal sepsis were comparatively studied by the dilution and diffusion methods. PAM was found to have more pronounced antimicrobial properties against pathogenic staphylococcus than acidophilic milk and kefir. It is recommended to include PAM into the diet of children with intestinal dysbacteriosis.", "PMID": 583187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1932", "title": "[Changes in opposite directions of tryptophanpyrrolase and 3-OH-anthranilic oxidase after a loading dose of tryptophan].", "content": "A loading dose of tryptophan induces a marked increase of tryptophan-pyrrolase (substrate induction) and a decrease of 3-OH-anthranilic-oxidase values in rat liver; in the kidneys of the same experimental animals the 3-OH-anthranilic-oxydase is instead unchanged. In other experimental conditions (surrenectomized or pyridoxine depleted rats, with or without tryptophan loading; with prednisolone loading) a more or less important substrate induction is always reported, whereas no variation occurs in the values of 3-OH-anthranilic-oxydase. These data are not sufficient to state whether there is a connection between the opposite responses of the two enzymatic activities obtained after tryptophan loading in rat liver homogenate. On the other hand, it should be kept in mind that they do not represent the overall effect induced by the aminoacid loading, but refer only to one moment of the action exerted by the loading itself. In order to acquire a thorough knowledge of the observations made so far and to formulate some assumptions which may be helpful for the interpretation of the relevant mechanisms, it is necessary to investigate the kinetics of both enzymes, and to study their regulatory mechanisms in particular after tryptophan loading.", "contents": "[Changes in opposite directions of tryptophanpyrrolase and 3-OH-anthranilic oxidase after a loading dose of tryptophan]. A loading dose of tryptophan induces a marked increase of tryptophan-pyrrolase (substrate induction) and a decrease of 3-OH-anthranilic-oxidase values in rat liver; in the kidneys of the same experimental animals the 3-OH-anthranilic-oxydase is instead unchanged. In other experimental conditions (surrenectomized or pyridoxine depleted rats, with or without tryptophan loading; with prednisolone loading) a more or less important substrate induction is always reported, whereas no variation occurs in the values of 3-OH-anthranilic-oxydase. These data are not sufficient to state whether there is a connection between the opposite responses of the two enzymatic activities obtained after tryptophan loading in rat liver homogenate. On the other hand, it should be kept in mind that they do not represent the overall effect induced by the aminoacid loading, but refer only to one moment of the action exerted by the loading itself. In order to acquire a thorough knowledge of the observations made so far and to formulate some assumptions which may be helpful for the interpretation of the relevant mechanisms, it is necessary to investigate the kinetics of both enzymes, and to study their regulatory mechanisms in particular after tryptophan loading.", "PMID": 583194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1933", "title": "The spontaneous urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites \"via kynurenine\" in women with regards to the prepuberty, sexual maturity and menopause.", "content": "High values of anthranilic acid, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-anthranilic acid are observed in the spontaneous urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in girls in the prepubertal age. The highest differences are between the 3-hydroxy metabolites especially the 3-hydroxykynurenine. On the other hand, this metabolic excretion in postmenopausal women is statistically identical to that of women in sexual maturity.", "contents": "The spontaneous urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites \"via kynurenine\" in women with regards to the prepuberty, sexual maturity and menopause. High values of anthranilic acid, 3-OH-kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-anthranilic acid are observed in the spontaneous urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in girls in the prepubertal age. The highest differences are between the 3-hydroxy metabolites especially the 3-hydroxykynurenine. On the other hand, this metabolic excretion in postmenopausal women is statistically identical to that of women in sexual maturity.", "PMID": 583195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1934", "title": "The effect of allopurinol on the kynurenine formation in humans following a tryptophan load.", "content": "The effect of allopurinol on the kynurenine formation in three manic depressive patients, two in remission and on in depression, has been studied during long-term treatment with L-tryptophan. The patients were loaded with 100 mg L-tryptophan per Kg body weight prior to and after one week on allopurinol, 300 to 500 mg per day. The area under curve (AUC) of plasma total and free tryptophan increased slightly in the patients in remission but not in the depressive. The former showed no change in the AUC of plasma kynurenine whereas an increase was seen in the depressive. The results suggest that allopurinol does not inhibit the human tryptophan pyrrolase definitely during loadings with L-tryptophan.", "contents": "The effect of allopurinol on the kynurenine formation in humans following a tryptophan load. The effect of allopurinol on the kynurenine formation in three manic depressive patients, two in remission and on in depression, has been studied during long-term treatment with L-tryptophan. The patients were loaded with 100 mg L-tryptophan per Kg body weight prior to and after one week on allopurinol, 300 to 500 mg per day. The area under curve (AUC) of plasma total and free tryptophan increased slightly in the patients in remission but not in the depressive. The former showed no change in the AUC of plasma kynurenine whereas an increase was seen in the depressive. The results suggest that allopurinol does not inhibit the human tryptophan pyrrolase definitely during loadings with L-tryptophan.", "PMID": 583196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1935", "title": "A further contribution to the choice of the dose for L-tryptophan load test.", "content": "The analysis of the results of a study on the urinary excretion of metabolites \"via kynurenine\" after the ingestion in man of different amounts of tryptophan is reported. Of the three doses of L-tryptophan administered to the subjects, that is 2 g pro capite, 50 mg/Kg and 75 mg/Kg body weight, it is preferable to choose that of 50 mg/Kg b.w. as a load test. Such a dose assures an excretion of the more important metabolites without significant variations between men and women and without producing overloading effects.", "contents": "A further contribution to the choice of the dose for L-tryptophan load test. The analysis of the results of a study on the urinary excretion of metabolites \"via kynurenine\" after the ingestion in man of different amounts of tryptophan is reported. Of the three doses of L-tryptophan administered to the subjects, that is 2 g pro capite, 50 mg/Kg and 75 mg/Kg body weight, it is preferable to choose that of 50 mg/Kg b.w. as a load test. Such a dose assures an excretion of the more important metabolites without significant variations between men and women and without producing overloading effects.", "PMID": 583197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1936", "title": "The effect of environment on tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" in oral contraceptives users.", "content": "We have studied tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" in women who were oral contraceptives users, living in two different egyptian environments: in the city of Alexandria or in a rural area near Tanta and, in comparison, in control groups of women living in the same environments but who were not contraceptives users. In the non contraceptives users of Tanta we have registered a higher elimination of some metabolites (anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-anthranilic acid) which might be related to the way of life and environment. The pattern of the kynurenine pathway metabolites of the contraceptives users (studied 1, 3 and 12 months after contraceptives administration) shows some differences with respect to the controls, both in the spontaneous elimination and in that after tryptophan load. These differences are especially evident for anthranilic acid glucuronide, kynurenine and kynurenic, anthranilic and xanthurenic acids. Some differences may be observed after 1 month of contraceptives administration. The effect of tryptophan oral load is superimposed on those of environment and contraceptives use; in the spontaneous elimination of tryptophan metabolites an accomodation to the contraceptives administration is evident. The discrepancies between some of our results and those of the literature might be related to the influence of environmental factors and of the way of life.", "contents": "The effect of environment on tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" in oral contraceptives users. We have studied tryptophan metabolism \"via kynurenine\" in women who were oral contraceptives users, living in two different egyptian environments: in the city of Alexandria or in a rural area near Tanta and, in comparison, in control groups of women living in the same environments but who were not contraceptives users. In the non contraceptives users of Tanta we have registered a higher elimination of some metabolites (anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-anthranilic acid) which might be related to the way of life and environment. The pattern of the kynurenine pathway metabolites of the contraceptives users (studied 1, 3 and 12 months after contraceptives administration) shows some differences with respect to the controls, both in the spontaneous elimination and in that after tryptophan load. These differences are especially evident for anthranilic acid glucuronide, kynurenine and kynurenic, anthranilic and xanthurenic acids. Some differences may be observed after 1 month of contraceptives administration. The effect of tryptophan oral load is superimposed on those of environment and contraceptives use; in the spontaneous elimination of tryptophan metabolites an accomodation to the contraceptives administration is evident. The discrepancies between some of our results and those of the literature might be related to the influence of environmental factors and of the way of life.", "PMID": 583198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1937", "title": "[Toxicity and tolerance of tryptophan and its metabolites].", "content": "For the therapeutic use of tryptophan it is necessary to know its toxicity and pharmacological effects; but very few data are reported in literature on these aspects. On the other hand there are many researches on tryptophan metabolism after a load test and related side effects. From these data it appears that a tryptophan dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight per os is usually well tolerated with exception of some short and slight gastric troubles (vomit, etc.). The lack of references to repeated and long lasting administrations (chronic toxicity) and of a therapeutic index must be filled. Side effects due to a single dose of 5.OH-tryptophan, e.g. head twitches, resemble those due to serotonine. With regard to the most important metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, the available data have been obtained with kynurenine and especially with xanthurenic acid. These compounds have a low toxicity and do not appear to have important pharmacological properties. However, systematic researches are necessary before using these compounds either in load tests or for therapy in man.", "contents": "[Toxicity and tolerance of tryptophan and its metabolites]. For the therapeutic use of tryptophan it is necessary to know its toxicity and pharmacological effects; but very few data are reported in literature on these aspects. On the other hand there are many researches on tryptophan metabolism after a load test and related side effects. From these data it appears that a tryptophan dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight per os is usually well tolerated with exception of some short and slight gastric troubles (vomit, etc.). The lack of references to repeated and long lasting administrations (chronic toxicity) and of a therapeutic index must be filled. Side effects due to a single dose of 5.OH-tryptophan, e.g. head twitches, resemble those due to serotonine. With regard to the most important metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, the available data have been obtained with kynurenine and especially with xanthurenic acid. These compounds have a low toxicity and do not appear to have important pharmacological properties. However, systematic researches are necessary before using these compounds either in load tests or for therapy in man.", "PMID": 583200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1938", "title": "The vulvar clinic: an eight-year appraisal.", "content": "One thousand forty-three patients made 2,750 visits to the Vulvar Clinic at the Milwaukee County Medical Complex from July, 1970, to July, 1978. This experience is analyzed and the various diseases are grouped in order of frequency. The results shed light on those vulvar problems most likely to be encountered in general office practice and point the way toward future areas of research.", "contents": "The vulvar clinic: an eight-year appraisal. One thousand forty-three patients made 2,750 visits to the Vulvar Clinic at the Milwaukee County Medical Complex from July, 1970, to July, 1978. This experience is analyzed and the various diseases are grouped in order of frequency. The results shed light on those vulvar problems most likely to be encountered in general office practice and point the way toward future areas of research.", "PMID": 583202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1939", "title": "Acceleration of pulmonary surfactant maturation in stresses pregnancies: a study of neonatal lung effluent.", "content": "To determine the maturation of pulmonary surfactant at birth, phospholipid patterns in tracheal or pharyngeal aspirates of 54 newborn infants were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The compositions of phospholipids and their surface tension-lowering abilities were assessed after gestations with various complications. Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) lacked phosphatidylglycerol and had lower lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios than infants without RDS. An acceleration of both phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and phosphatidylglycerol concentrations was observed in 21 preterm infants born after prolonged rupture of the membranes and treatment with isoxuprine. In these infants, the phospholipid pattern of lung effluent was similar to that of term infants even at gestational ages less than or equal to 30 weeks. Biochemical lung maturation was delayed in aneccephalic infants, infants of diabetic mothers, and one infant of a mother with hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Acceleration of pulmonary surfactant maturation in stresses pregnancies: a study of neonatal lung effluent. To determine the maturation of pulmonary surfactant at birth, phospholipid patterns in tracheal or pharyngeal aspirates of 54 newborn infants were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The compositions of phospholipids and their surface tension-lowering abilities were assessed after gestations with various complications. Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) lacked phosphatidylglycerol and had lower lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios than infants without RDS. An acceleration of both phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and phosphatidylglycerol concentrations was observed in 21 preterm infants born after prolonged rupture of the membranes and treatment with isoxuprine. In these infants, the phospholipid pattern of lung effluent was similar to that of term infants even at gestational ages less than or equal to 30 weeks. Biochemical lung maturation was delayed in aneccephalic infants, infants of diabetic mothers, and one infant of a mother with hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 583203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1940", "title": "Studies on receptor for mouse erythrocytes in lymphocytes of patients with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "In a group of 30 healthy subjects and 27 patients with the diagnosis of non-Hodgkins, lymphoma, the rosette test was performed with erythrocytes of mice of the C57 BL strain according to the method of Stathopoulos and Elliott. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood, and in four cases also from lymph nodes, on an Uropolinum-Polfa gradient. In healthy subjects, 12.6 +/- 6.9% of lymphocytes possessed receptors for mouse erythrocytes. The values in the group of patients were significantly higher (31.8 +/- 26.8%). Moreover, in the group of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the values (68.0 +/- 20%) were significantly higher than in the group with lymphosarcoma (9.7 +/- 7.7%). Results of the rosette test with lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes were the same as with blood lymphocytes of these patients: a high level of 68% was observed in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and low levels (between 2% and 9%) in three patients with lymphosarcoma. It was concluded that the rosette test with erythrocytes from mice of the C57 BL strain detects low differentiated forms of B lymphocytes and could be useful in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and differentiation from lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Studies on receptor for mouse erythrocytes in lymphocytes of patients with malignant lymphoma. In a group of 30 healthy subjects and 27 patients with the diagnosis of non-Hodgkins, lymphoma, the rosette test was performed with erythrocytes of mice of the C57 BL strain according to the method of Stathopoulos and Elliott. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood, and in four cases also from lymph nodes, on an Uropolinum-Polfa gradient. In healthy subjects, 12.6 +/- 6.9% of lymphocytes possessed receptors for mouse erythrocytes. The values in the group of patients were significantly higher (31.8 +/- 26.8%). Moreover, in the group of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the values (68.0 +/- 20%) were significantly higher than in the group with lymphosarcoma (9.7 +/- 7.7%). Results of the rosette test with lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes were the same as with blood lymphocytes of these patients: a high level of 68% was observed in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and low levels (between 2% and 9%) in three patients with lymphosarcoma. It was concluded that the rosette test with erythrocytes from mice of the C57 BL strain detects low differentiated forms of B lymphocytes and could be useful in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and differentiation from lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 583207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1941", "title": "[Morphology of pulmonary atelectasis in patients operated on and not operated on taking into account pulmonary surfactant state].", "content": "The results of clinico-anatomical analysis and of histological examinations of 210 cases of atelectasis with simultaneous study of lung surfactant (126 cases) are described. Electron microscopic examinations of lung tissues were conducted in 8 cases of early autopsy. The postoperative atelectases were compared with those in nonoperated patients. The postoperative atelectases were characterized by substantially larger lesions and prevalence of reflectory, aspiratory, and polyetiological types of lesions. A certain dynamics of changes in the lung surfactant activity was established: a substantial increase of the activity during in the acutest phase of atelectasis and its significant decline towards the end of the first week of the disease. The changes of the surfactant indices directly depend on the synthesizing activity of type II pneumocytes. The decrease of the surfactant occurs secondarily as atelectasis advances.", "contents": "[Morphology of pulmonary atelectasis in patients operated on and not operated on taking into account pulmonary surfactant state]. The results of clinico-anatomical analysis and of histological examinations of 210 cases of atelectasis with simultaneous study of lung surfactant (126 cases) are described. Electron microscopic examinations of lung tissues were conducted in 8 cases of early autopsy. The postoperative atelectases were compared with those in nonoperated patients. The postoperative atelectases were characterized by substantially larger lesions and prevalence of reflectory, aspiratory, and polyetiological types of lesions. A certain dynamics of changes in the lung surfactant activity was established: a substantial increase of the activity during in the acutest phase of atelectasis and its significant decline towards the end of the first week of the disease. The changes of the surfactant indices directly depend on the synthesizing activity of type II pneumocytes. The decrease of the surfactant occurs secondarily as atelectasis advances.", "PMID": 583209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1942", "title": "[Determination of drug-albumin binding in buffered bovine serum albumin solutions applying a modified ultrafiltration process (author's transl)].", "content": "The construction of two ultrafiltration devices which, under application of high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, allow the determination of unbound portions of drugs in albumin solutions is described. The usefulness of this method and its advantages compared with prevailing methods are demonstrated by means of determination of the unbound portion of carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, phenobarbital and phenprocoumon in buffered bovine serum albumin solutions (4%). The binding of each drug to albumin was characterised by determining the overall binding constant (K1), the apparent binding constant (k+), the free reaction energy (delta F0), the number of binding sites per albumin molecule (n), the rate of taking up of drug by albumin (V) and the unbound portions of the drug (alpha).", "contents": "[Determination of drug-albumin binding in buffered bovine serum albumin solutions applying a modified ultrafiltration process (author's transl)]. The construction of two ultrafiltration devices which, under application of high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, allow the determination of unbound portions of drugs in albumin solutions is described. The usefulness of this method and its advantages compared with prevailing methods are demonstrated by means of determination of the unbound portion of carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, phenobarbital and phenprocoumon in buffered bovine serum albumin solutions (4%). The binding of each drug to albumin was characterised by determining the overall binding constant (K1), the apparent binding constant (k+), the free reaction energy (delta F0), the number of binding sites per albumin molecule (n), the rate of taking up of drug by albumin (V) and the unbound portions of the drug (alpha).", "PMID": 583210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1943", "title": "[Human thyroglobulin radioimmunoassay--Preliminary results in serum and thyroid tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay for the measurement of Thyroglobulin (HTg) in human serum was developed according to the method of Van Herle. The sensitivity of the assay is 2.5 ng/ml. The mean concentration of HTg in 47 normal subjects was 15,1 ng/ml. Elevated HTg levels were found in patients with Graves' disease (12 cases) and in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas (14 cases). In patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma the Tg level increases under stimulation by endogenous TSH. Sera obtained after total thyroid ablation for thyroid carcinoma did not contain demonstrable amounts of HTg. This technique was also applied to the assay of HTg in thyroid tissue.", "contents": "[Human thyroglobulin radioimmunoassay--Preliminary results in serum and thyroid tissue (author's transl)]. A specific double antibody radioimmunoassay for the measurement of Thyroglobulin (HTg) in human serum was developed according to the method of Van Herle. The sensitivity of the assay is 2.5 ng/ml. The mean concentration of HTg in 47 normal subjects was 15,1 ng/ml. Elevated HTg levels were found in patients with Graves' disease (12 cases) and in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas (14 cases). In patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma the Tg level increases under stimulation by endogenous TSH. Sera obtained after total thyroid ablation for thyroid carcinoma did not contain demonstrable amounts of HTg. This technique was also applied to the assay of HTg in thyroid tissue.", "PMID": 583204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1944", "title": "[A contribution to the stereospecific synthesis of antifungal imidazolyloxime-ethers/Oxiconazole nitrate (Sgd 301-76), a new broadspectrum antifungal agent (author's transl)].", "content": "A stereospecific synthesis of antifungal imidazolyloxime-ether derivatives is reported. The compound Sgd 301-76 (oxiconazole nitrate) = (Z)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-ethanoneoxime-nitrate was selected for clinical trials. The (E)- and (Z)-assignments, respectively, were made on the basis of 1-H-NMR-spectral data.", "contents": "[A contribution to the stereospecific synthesis of antifungal imidazolyloxime-ethers/Oxiconazole nitrate (Sgd 301-76), a new broadspectrum antifungal agent (author's transl)]. A stereospecific synthesis of antifungal imidazolyloxime-ether derivatives is reported. The compound Sgd 301-76 (oxiconazole nitrate) = (Z)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-ethanoneoxime-nitrate was selected for clinical trials. The (E)- and (Z)-assignments, respectively, were made on the basis of 1-H-NMR-spectral data.", "PMID": 583212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1945", "title": "[Structure-activity relationship of isocamphane derivatives/Two examples (author's transl)].", "content": "In a short review the dependence of the activity of isocamphane derivatives on their chemical structure is shown by means of two examples. In the first example--that of drug research--the choleretic activity of Felogen analogues is discussed. In the second example the dependence of the camphoraceous odour on the molecular shape in accordance with Amoore's stereochemical theory of odour and the influence of a certain osmophoric group on the nuance of a fragrance is shown.", "contents": "[Structure-activity relationship of isocamphane derivatives/Two examples (author's transl)]. In a short review the dependence of the activity of isocamphane derivatives on their chemical structure is shown by means of two examples. In the first example--that of drug research--the choleretic activity of Felogen analogues is discussed. In the second example the dependence of the camphoraceous odour on the molecular shape in accordance with Amoore's stereochemical theory of odour and the influence of a certain osmophoric group on the nuance of a fragrance is shown.", "PMID": 583211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1946", "title": "[Statistical and epidemiological studies on cases of infectious mononucleosis treated in the Infectious Diseases Division of the Livorno Hospitals between 1964 and 1977].", "content": "Reference is made to a series of 133 patients with infectious mononucleosis admitted to a hospital department over a period of 14 yr. The incidence of the disease is assessed in terms of sex, age, season, and occupation. Its duration and the average length of hospital stay are also computed. Particular attention is directed to 25 cases with a negative serum finding.", "contents": "[Statistical and epidemiological studies on cases of infectious mononucleosis treated in the Infectious Diseases Division of the Livorno Hospitals between 1964 and 1977]. Reference is made to a series of 133 patients with infectious mononucleosis admitted to a hospital department over a period of 14 yr. The incidence of the disease is assessed in terms of sex, age, season, and occupation. Its duration and the average length of hospital stay are also computed. Particular attention is directed to 25 cases with a negative serum finding.", "PMID": 583208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1947", "title": "[Blood count, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, and blood sugar levels in Wistar rats as a function of the reaction type (level of higher nervous activity) of the animal].", "content": "The corpuscular blood composition, ALP activity and glucose level of 20 E+ and 20 E- adult male Wistar rats were measured without stress. We wanted to find differences due to the specific reaction type--emotive/non-emotive--of the animals. E+ animals had higher counts of small erythrocytes and a higher total number of leucocytes than E- rats. When the compositions of the blood of several inbred strains were compared, the composition of the red blood, total number of leucocytes and lymphocytes of E- -Wistar rats and E- -Sprague-Dawley rats were most similar. Differences in the activity of the ALP and in the glucose levels we found are similar to those in literature on this topic. When measured in a condition of inactivity the lower glucose values of E+ Wistar rats correspond to the excretion of smaller amounts of urinary catecholamines. Our findings, as well as those mentioned in the literature, confirm the assumption that the reaction type--which corresponds to the type of higher nervous activity--influences all functions of the organism including the composition of the blood.", "contents": "[Blood count, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, and blood sugar levels in Wistar rats as a function of the reaction type (level of higher nervous activity) of the animal]. The corpuscular blood composition, ALP activity and glucose level of 20 E+ and 20 E- adult male Wistar rats were measured without stress. We wanted to find differences due to the specific reaction type--emotive/non-emotive--of the animals. E+ animals had higher counts of small erythrocytes and a higher total number of leucocytes than E- rats. When the compositions of the blood of several inbred strains were compared, the composition of the red blood, total number of leucocytes and lymphocytes of E- -Wistar rats and E- -Sprague-Dawley rats were most similar. Differences in the activity of the ALP and in the glucose levels we found are similar to those in literature on this topic. When measured in a condition of inactivity the lower glucose values of E+ Wistar rats correspond to the excretion of smaller amounts of urinary catecholamines. Our findings, as well as those mentioned in the literature, confirm the assumption that the reaction type--which corresponds to the type of higher nervous activity--influences all functions of the organism including the composition of the blood.", "PMID": 583213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1948", "title": "Effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) on experimental nephrotic hyperlipidemia.", "content": "The effects of S-methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC, vitamin U) on aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic hyperlipidemia in rats were investigated. We found that repeated oral administration of MMSC (dose: daily 1000 mg/kg) exhibited significant amelioration of plasma chloresterol and phospholipids levels. Also, the treatment improved nephrotic syndrome itself by producing an increase of urinary volume and a decrease of urinary protein excretion. The results suggest that MMSC may be useful as single or combined therapy for human nephrotic syndrome and its related hyperlipidemia as a safety drug.", "contents": "Effects of S-methylmethionine (vitamin U) on experimental nephrotic hyperlipidemia. The effects of S-methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC, vitamin U) on aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic hyperlipidemia in rats were investigated. We found that repeated oral administration of MMSC (dose: daily 1000 mg/kg) exhibited significant amelioration of plasma chloresterol and phospholipids levels. Also, the treatment improved nephrotic syndrome itself by producing an increase of urinary volume and a decrease of urinary protein excretion. The results suggest that MMSC may be useful as single or combined therapy for human nephrotic syndrome and its related hyperlipidemia as a safety drug.", "PMID": 583214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1949", "title": "Direct and indirect effects of ethanol on isometric tension in rabbit isolated strip auricle.", "content": "Besides the negative inotropic action of ethanol on cardiac muscle, this paper describes also an \"indirect effect\" which appears when the ethanol treated isolated strip auricle preparation is washed with low Ca Tyrode solution. This effect depends on the previous concentration of ethanol in the isolated organ bath. A kinetic analysis of the washout effect of ethanol shows that just the first tension diminution phase is altered by the action of ethanol. The results suggest that alcohol may act also on inner membranes of myofibrils.", "contents": "Direct and indirect effects of ethanol on isometric tension in rabbit isolated strip auricle. Besides the negative inotropic action of ethanol on cardiac muscle, this paper describes also an \"indirect effect\" which appears when the ethanol treated isolated strip auricle preparation is washed with low Ca Tyrode solution. This effect depends on the previous concentration of ethanol in the isolated organ bath. A kinetic analysis of the washout effect of ethanol shows that just the first tension diminution phase is altered by the action of ethanol. The results suggest that alcohol may act also on inner membranes of myofibrils.", "PMID": 583216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1950", "title": "[The effects of oxprenolol on cardiac function during hypovolemic shock in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of beta-receptor blockade by oxprenolol, which significantly prevented subendocardial necroses during hemorrhagic shock in dogs, on shock tolerance and myocardial function were analyzed. Overall mortality was not altered by beta-receptor blockade. Cardiac output and contractility (dp/dtmax) before, during and after a hypovolemic period of 120 to 210 min with mean arterial pressure = 40 +/- 5 mmHg showed no significant difference with or without oxprenolol treatment. Increase of heart rate during hemorrhage was abolished completely by oxprenolol and as a consequence of this duration of the diastolic filling period was about three times longer (p less than 0.001) and stroke volumes were greater. Stress metabolism was improved. Hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis were diminished and arterial oxygen tension was higher in the treated group. Incidence of lethal ventricular fibrillation was higher and pulsus alternans found only in the control group. The beneficial effects of beta-receptor blockage on the course of hemorrhagic shock are explained by the prevention of the catecholamine induced tachycardia and thereby increased coronary perfusion and decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and by the intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity of oxprenolol.", "contents": "[The effects of oxprenolol on cardiac function during hypovolemic shock in dogs (author's transl)]. Effects of beta-receptor blockade by oxprenolol, which significantly prevented subendocardial necroses during hemorrhagic shock in dogs, on shock tolerance and myocardial function were analyzed. Overall mortality was not altered by beta-receptor blockade. Cardiac output and contractility (dp/dtmax) before, during and after a hypovolemic period of 120 to 210 min with mean arterial pressure = 40 +/- 5 mmHg showed no significant difference with or without oxprenolol treatment. Increase of heart rate during hemorrhage was abolished completely by oxprenolol and as a consequence of this duration of the diastolic filling period was about three times longer (p less than 0.001) and stroke volumes were greater. Stress metabolism was improved. Hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis were diminished and arterial oxygen tension was higher in the treated group. Incidence of lethal ventricular fibrillation was higher and pulsus alternans found only in the control group. The beneficial effects of beta-receptor blockage on the course of hemorrhagic shock are explained by the prevention of the catecholamine induced tachycardia and thereby increased coronary perfusion and decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and by the intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity of oxprenolol.", "PMID": 583217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1951", "title": "Effect of verapamil and nifedipine on ischemic myocardial metabolism in dogs.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with verapamil (100 micrograms/kg i.v.) or nifedipine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) on ischemic myocardial metabolism was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Verapamil or nifedipine lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressures markedly, and increased heart rate slightly. 2. Verapamil or nifedipine increased both endo- and epicardial phosphorylase activities significantly. 3. Coronary artery ligation increased the phosphorylase activity, and also increased the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and lactate, and decreased the levels of glycogen, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and phosphocreatine in both endo- and epicardial layers, without affecting the level of the endo- and epicardial adenosine triphosphate. 4. In the presence of verapamil or nifedipine, coronary artery ligation did not increase but decreased the phosphorylase activity that had been increased by verapamil or nifedipine alone. 5. Changes in the levels of intermediates induced by coronary artery ligation were not markedly influenced by pretreatment of the dog with verapamil or nifedipine.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil and nifedipine on ischemic myocardial metabolism in dogs. The effect of pretreatment with verapamil (100 micrograms/kg i.v.) or nifedipine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) on ischemic myocardial metabolism was studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Verapamil or nifedipine lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressures markedly, and increased heart rate slightly. 2. Verapamil or nifedipine increased both endo- and epicardial phosphorylase activities significantly. 3. Coronary artery ligation increased the phosphorylase activity, and also increased the levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and lactate, and decreased the levels of glycogen, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and phosphocreatine in both endo- and epicardial layers, without affecting the level of the endo- and epicardial adenosine triphosphate. 4. In the presence of verapamil or nifedipine, coronary artery ligation did not increase but decreased the phosphorylase activity that had been increased by verapamil or nifedipine alone. 5. Changes in the levels of intermediates induced by coronary artery ligation were not markedly influenced by pretreatment of the dog with verapamil or nifedipine.", "PMID": 583218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1952", "title": "[The influence of cephaloridine on several methods for the determination of creatinine (author's transl)].", "content": "Cephalosporins, especially cephaloridine (Kefspor), are examined in vitro for their influence on several methods for the determination of creatinine. Two chemical methods frequently used in clinical laboratories (Jaff\u00e9 test reaction) and one enzymatic creatinine analysis are used for this purpose. Depending on the quality of cephalosporin added, excessively high creatinine contents are determined with the two chemical methods, whereas there seems to be no effect on the enzymatic creatinine determination method. The significance of these findings for clinical diagnostics is discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of cephaloridine on several methods for the determination of creatinine (author's transl)]. Cephalosporins, especially cephaloridine (Kefspor), are examined in vitro for their influence on several methods for the determination of creatinine. Two chemical methods frequently used in clinical laboratories (Jaff\u00e9 test reaction) and one enzymatic creatinine analysis are used for this purpose. Depending on the quality of cephalosporin added, excessively high creatinine contents are determined with the two chemical methods, whereas there seems to be no effect on the enzymatic creatinine determination method. The significance of these findings for clinical diagnostics is discussed.", "PMID": 583219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1953", "title": "Penetration of antibiotic into interstitial tissue fluid following parenteral administration of lysine cephalexin.", "content": "Serum and interstitial fluid levels of antibiotic have been measured at various times following i.m. administration of equivalent doses of lysine cephalexin and sodium ampicillin, in a cross-over design, to dogs fitted with s.c. implanted silastic \"tissue cages\" and the results subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Serum concentrations of cephalexin were consistently higher than those of ampicillin and elimination half-lives were calculated as 1.73 h and 0.87 h, respectively. The rate of appearance of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (Ka 1.741 h-1 was faster than that for ampicillin (Ka 0.946 h-1) and the maximum concentration obtained also proved to be higher. The half-life of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (6.79 h) was almost four times longer than that in serum whereas that of ampicillin (2.03 h) was only a little more than twice as long. As a consequence a greater concentration and retention in interstitial fluid was obtained with cephalexin at all times tested. Since the interstitial fluid levels of cephalexin were still relatively high 8-12 h after the administration of a single dose repeated administration of lysine cephalexin 2 or 3 times daily is expected to result in a beneficial accumulation of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid.", "contents": "Penetration of antibiotic into interstitial tissue fluid following parenteral administration of lysine cephalexin. Serum and interstitial fluid levels of antibiotic have been measured at various times following i.m. administration of equivalent doses of lysine cephalexin and sodium ampicillin, in a cross-over design, to dogs fitted with s.c. implanted silastic \"tissue cages\" and the results subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Serum concentrations of cephalexin were consistently higher than those of ampicillin and elimination half-lives were calculated as 1.73 h and 0.87 h, respectively. The rate of appearance of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (Ka 1.741 h-1 was faster than that for ampicillin (Ka 0.946 h-1) and the maximum concentration obtained also proved to be higher. The half-life of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (6.79 h) was almost four times longer than that in serum whereas that of ampicillin (2.03 h) was only a little more than twice as long. As a consequence a greater concentration and retention in interstitial fluid was obtained with cephalexin at all times tested. Since the interstitial fluid levels of cephalexin were still relatively high 8-12 h after the administration of a single dose repeated administration of lysine cephalexin 2 or 3 times daily is expected to result in a beneficial accumulation of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid.", "PMID": 583220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1954", "title": "Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) in the rat and dog.", "content": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) administered orally to rats and dogs is rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted. The only major biotransformation product found in blood was p-chlorophenylthioacetic acid (W-2683). No W-2719 or the intermediary p-chlorophenylthiobutyric acid (W-2718) could be found in plasma after oral administration of the drug. When W-2719 was given i.v. to dogs, both W-2719 and W-2718 appeared in plasma but each had a very short half-life of about 10 min. After an oral dose of W-2719 to dogs the plasma content of W-2683 peaked at 4-6 h, amounting to approximately 20% of the dose. More than 91% of the dose was excreted with 48 h, 83% in urine and 9% in feces. The predominant excretion product in urine was p-chlorothiophenol, most of which was excreted in a conjugated form. The other major urinary metabolite was W-2683, while smaller amounts of W-2718 and unchanged drug were also found. No significant effect of prolonged dosing of 14C-W-2719 to dogs was observed on plasma 14C levels, peak time, 14C half-life or excretion and composition patterns.", "contents": "Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 4-(p-chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) in the rat and dog. 4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719) administered orally to rats and dogs is rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted. The only major biotransformation product found in blood was p-chlorophenylthioacetic acid (W-2683). No W-2719 or the intermediary p-chlorophenylthiobutyric acid (W-2718) could be found in plasma after oral administration of the drug. When W-2719 was given i.v. to dogs, both W-2719 and W-2718 appeared in plasma but each had a very short half-life of about 10 min. After an oral dose of W-2719 to dogs the plasma content of W-2683 peaked at 4-6 h, amounting to approximately 20% of the dose. More than 91% of the dose was excreted with 48 h, 83% in urine and 9% in feces. The predominant excretion product in urine was p-chlorothiophenol, most of which was excreted in a conjugated form. The other major urinary metabolite was W-2683, while smaller amounts of W-2718 and unchanged drug were also found. No significant effect of prolonged dosing of 14C-W-2719 to dogs was observed on plasma 14C levels, peak time, 14C half-life or excretion and composition patterns.", "PMID": 583221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1955", "title": "3,3-Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methyl-2-indolinone (BHMI), the active metabolite of the laxative sulisatin.", "content": "The disodium salt of the sulphuric diester of 3,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methyl-2-indolinone (sodium sulisatin, Laxitex), a synthetic laxative with two phenolic groups esterified with sulfate, has been studied in order to find out if its laxative properties may be attributed to the unaltered compound or to its diphenolic derivative BHMI. We first studied the effect of homogenates of the gastrointestinal tract of rats and of rat cecal content of the hydrolysis of sulfate ester bonds of sulisatin. Results show that sulisatin can be hydrolyzed by cecal content while homogenates of stomach, small intestine and large intestine have no hydrolytic effect. Sulisatin is also a substrate of arylsulfate sulphohydrolase obtained from the snail Helix pomatia. The unaltered drug has no effect on the intestinal motility since it does not change the intestinal transit speed in rats pretreated with neomycin sulfate. Sulisatin (1.5, 3 and 6 mg) is unable to inhibit water absorption in rat colon while small amounts of BHMI (15 and 30 micrograms) may inhibit it significantly. It is concluded that sulisatin passes unaltered through the small intestine and is hydrolyzed in the large intestine by the intestinal microflora to its diphenolic derivative BHMI, which is responsible for the laxative activity of the drug.", "contents": "3,3-Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methyl-2-indolinone (BHMI), the active metabolite of the laxative sulisatin. The disodium salt of the sulphuric diester of 3,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methyl-2-indolinone (sodium sulisatin, Laxitex), a synthetic laxative with two phenolic groups esterified with sulfate, has been studied in order to find out if its laxative properties may be attributed to the unaltered compound or to its diphenolic derivative BHMI. We first studied the effect of homogenates of the gastrointestinal tract of rats and of rat cecal content of the hydrolysis of sulfate ester bonds of sulisatin. Results show that sulisatin can be hydrolyzed by cecal content while homogenates of stomach, small intestine and large intestine have no hydrolytic effect. Sulisatin is also a substrate of arylsulfate sulphohydrolase obtained from the snail Helix pomatia. The unaltered drug has no effect on the intestinal motility since it does not change the intestinal transit speed in rats pretreated with neomycin sulfate. Sulisatin (1.5, 3 and 6 mg) is unable to inhibit water absorption in rat colon while small amounts of BHMI (15 and 30 micrograms) may inhibit it significantly. It is concluded that sulisatin passes unaltered through the small intestine and is hydrolyzed in the large intestine by the intestinal microflora to its diphenolic derivative BHMI, which is responsible for the laxative activity of the drug.", "PMID": 583222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1956", "title": "The gastrointestinal and autonomic effects of 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide).", "content": "3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide), a potent gastric anti-secretory compound, affords good protection against stress- and chemically-induced gastric and duodenal erosions. It causes a dose-related delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and does not have a primary effect on gastric mucosal blood flow. The only actions of tiquinamide on the peripheral autonomic nervous system are weak, but apparently specific, histamine H2-receptor blocking activity, and non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholine and histamine responses at 10(-3) mol/l. Since no other effect on isolated tissues can be detected, it seems unlikely that the antisecretory action of tiquinamide involves a direct action on the peripheral autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "The gastrointestinal and autonomic effects of 3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide). 3-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline-8-thiocarboxamide hydrochloride (tiquinamide), a potent gastric anti-secretory compound, affords good protection against stress- and chemically-induced gastric and duodenal erosions. It causes a dose-related delay in gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and does not have a primary effect on gastric mucosal blood flow. The only actions of tiquinamide on the peripheral autonomic nervous system are weak, but apparently specific, histamine H2-receptor blocking activity, and non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholine and histamine responses at 10(-3) mol/l. Since no other effect on isolated tissues can be detected, it seems unlikely that the antisecretory action of tiquinamide involves a direct action on the peripheral autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 583223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1957", "title": "[The effects of flavonoids on rat liver during chronic palloidin intoxication/Morphological and biochemical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous intraperitoneal administration of phalloidin (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) leads to an alteration of intracellular contractile acto-myosinfilaments in rat liver. The hepatocytes show an accumulation of fibrillar material with some loss of contractile function of the pericanalicular web. Biochemically an increase of serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase occurs. Histochemically the liver exhibitis changes in the distribution of some hepatocellular enzymes. The influence of the flavonoid (+)-cyanidanol-3 on these phalloidin-induced lesions was studied by histochemical, immunofluorescence and biochemical methods. The results imply, that (+)-cyanidanol-3 is probably protecting the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and therefore reduces the entrance of phalloidin into the cytoplasm. In addition an increased activity of the reticuloendothelial system was observed, perhaps resulting from the flavonoid administration. Both effects could be discussed as mechanisms of flavonoid action in the liver.", "contents": "[The effects of flavonoids on rat liver during chronic palloidin intoxication/Morphological and biochemical studies (author's transl)]. Continuous intraperitoneal administration of phalloidin (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) leads to an alteration of intracellular contractile acto-myosinfilaments in rat liver. The hepatocytes show an accumulation of fibrillar material with some loss of contractile function of the pericanalicular web. Biochemically an increase of serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase occurs. Histochemically the liver exhibitis changes in the distribution of some hepatocellular enzymes. The influence of the flavonoid (+)-cyanidanol-3 on these phalloidin-induced lesions was studied by histochemical, immunofluorescence and biochemical methods. The results imply, that (+)-cyanidanol-3 is probably protecting the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and therefore reduces the entrance of phalloidin into the cytoplasm. In addition an increased activity of the reticuloendothelial system was observed, perhaps resulting from the flavonoid administration. Both effects could be discussed as mechanisms of flavonoid action in the liver.", "PMID": 583224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1958", "title": "ATP contents and condensed configuration of rat liver mitochondria induced by rising ionic strength.", "content": "Experiments using shifts in ionic strength between 0.15 and 0.8 mol/l revealed that from 0.3 mol/l KCl onward toward higher concentration condensed mitochondria are observed. Parallel with increasing condensation, the ATP contents were found to rise up to 0.6 mol/l KCl. At 0.8 mol/l KCl already destroyed mitochondria were found. Also, at this concentration of KCl, ATP contents did not rise any longer. The SH reagent 2-mercaptopropionylglycine was effective at about physiological ionic strength only. Up to concentrations of 0.6 mol/l KCl H+/O ratios were not different from the controls at physiological ionic strength, but the effect of valinomycin was effectively reduced by high concentrations of KCl. It is suggested that condensation of mitochondrial structure is correlated with increases in ATP content.", "contents": "ATP contents and condensed configuration of rat liver mitochondria induced by rising ionic strength. Experiments using shifts in ionic strength between 0.15 and 0.8 mol/l revealed that from 0.3 mol/l KCl onward toward higher concentration condensed mitochondria are observed. Parallel with increasing condensation, the ATP contents were found to rise up to 0.6 mol/l KCl. At 0.8 mol/l KCl already destroyed mitochondria were found. Also, at this concentration of KCl, ATP contents did not rise any longer. The SH reagent 2-mercaptopropionylglycine was effective at about physiological ionic strength only. Up to concentrations of 0.6 mol/l KCl H+/O ratios were not different from the controls at physiological ionic strength, but the effect of valinomycin was effectively reduced by high concentrations of KCl. It is suggested that condensation of mitochondrial structure is correlated with increases in ATP content.", "PMID": 583225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1959", "title": "The effect of 2-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzofuran (benzarone) on the metabolism of arterial tissue and cultured arterial smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Studies on the action of 2-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzofuran (benzarone) on the metabolism of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and arterial tissue had the following results: 1. On incubation of calf arterial tissue in the presence of 0.03--0.1 mmol/l benzarone (8--26 micrograms/ml medium) the metabolic transformation of [14C]-glucose to [14C]-lactate and 14CO2 and the incorporation of 14C radioactivity into the total lipids is not significantly altered as compared with control values. In cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells 0.03 mmol/l benzarone stimulates the incorporation of [14C]-acetate and [3H]-palmitate into the cellular lipids while the receptor mediated uptake of homologous low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by the cells and their release are not influenced. 2. In concentrations greater than 0.2 mmol/l benzarone the glucose utilisation of arterial tissue is enhanced, while the labelling of lipids, in particular the labelling of the triglyceride fraction, is depressed. Under the same conditions the protein biosynthesis and the incorporation of [14C]-acetate and [3H]-palmitate into the total lipids of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells are decreased.", "contents": "The effect of 2-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzofuran (benzarone) on the metabolism of arterial tissue and cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Studies on the action of 2-ethyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzofuran (benzarone) on the metabolism of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and arterial tissue had the following results: 1. On incubation of calf arterial tissue in the presence of 0.03--0.1 mmol/l benzarone (8--26 micrograms/ml medium) the metabolic transformation of [14C]-glucose to [14C]-lactate and 14CO2 and the incorporation of 14C radioactivity into the total lipids is not significantly altered as compared with control values. In cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells 0.03 mmol/l benzarone stimulates the incorporation of [14C]-acetate and [3H]-palmitate into the cellular lipids while the receptor mediated uptake of homologous low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by the cells and their release are not influenced. 2. In concentrations greater than 0.2 mmol/l benzarone the glucose utilisation of arterial tissue is enhanced, while the labelling of lipids, in particular the labelling of the triglyceride fraction, is depressed. Under the same conditions the protein biosynthesis and the incorporation of [14C]-acetate and [3H]-palmitate into the total lipids of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells are decreased.", "PMID": 583226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1960", "title": "Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids on the in vitro activation of the lipoprotein lipase and the triglyceride lipase.", "content": "The effects of different types of phospholipids on the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and on the hepatic triglyceride lipase (TGLH) were studied by comparative in vitro incubation. Substrates were prepared by homogenization in glycerol of 3H-labelled triolein plus phosphatidylcholine (either dipalmitoyl PC, or ovolecithin or highly unsaturated PC, EPL Nattermann). Enzymes were obtained from rat adipose tissue, myocardium, lungs and liver and human adipose tissue and post-heparin plasma, respectively. The enzyme activities as determined in mmol/ml medium showed differences of highly statistical significance (p less than 0.001). In any tissue investigated the enzyme activities of LPL or TGLH followed the sequence: highly unsaturated PC (EPL) greater than ovo-lecithin greater than dipalmitoyl-lecithin. This was true for the enzymes of rat and human origin as well. It was concluded that the observed LPL and TGLH activation may account for the beneficial therapeutic effects of highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (EPL) in human hyperglyceridemias.", "contents": "Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids on the in vitro activation of the lipoprotein lipase and the triglyceride lipase. The effects of different types of phospholipids on the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and on the hepatic triglyceride lipase (TGLH) were studied by comparative in vitro incubation. Substrates were prepared by homogenization in glycerol of 3H-labelled triolein plus phosphatidylcholine (either dipalmitoyl PC, or ovolecithin or highly unsaturated PC, EPL Nattermann). Enzymes were obtained from rat adipose tissue, myocardium, lungs and liver and human adipose tissue and post-heparin plasma, respectively. The enzyme activities as determined in mmol/ml medium showed differences of highly statistical significance (p less than 0.001). In any tissue investigated the enzyme activities of LPL or TGLH followed the sequence: highly unsaturated PC (EPL) greater than ovo-lecithin greater than dipalmitoyl-lecithin. This was true for the enzymes of rat and human origin as well. It was concluded that the observed LPL and TGLH activation may account for the beneficial therapeutic effects of highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (EPL) in human hyperglyceridemias.", "PMID": 583227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1961", "title": "3-Chloro-4-(phenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (GS 385), a new anticonvulsant: its quantitative determination, pharmacokinetics and metabolism using high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) involving dual wave length detection was developed for the determination of a new anticonvulsant, 3-chloro-4-(phenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (suclofernide, GS 385, Sulfalepsin), and three of its metabolites: 3-chloro-4-(p-hydroxyphenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (I), 3-chloro-4-(3'-phenylsuccinamyl)-benzenesulfonamide (II) and 3-chloro-4-(2'-phenylsuccinamyl)-benzenesulfonamide (III). The concentrations of GS 385 in blood samples from epileptic patients under chronic treatment with this drug was found in the range of 8--11 micrograms/ml. Pharmacokinetic curves of GS 385 blood levels in rats receiving single doses of the drug showed a maximum concentration of 22--23 micrograms/ml 1.5 h after oral application. The quantity of GS 385 in rat feces, bile and brain was also estimated. The p-hydroxy (I) and acid (II, III) metabolites of GS 385 were detected in both rat feces and bile, whereas only the acid metabolites were found in rat urine.", "contents": "3-Chloro-4-(phenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (GS 385), a new anticonvulsant: its quantitative determination, pharmacokinetics and metabolism using high performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) involving dual wave length detection was developed for the determination of a new anticonvulsant, 3-chloro-4-(phenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (suclofernide, GS 385, Sulfalepsin), and three of its metabolites: 3-chloro-4-(p-hydroxyphenylsuccinimido)-benzenesulfonamide (I), 3-chloro-4-(3'-phenylsuccinamyl)-benzenesulfonamide (II) and 3-chloro-4-(2'-phenylsuccinamyl)-benzenesulfonamide (III). The concentrations of GS 385 in blood samples from epileptic patients under chronic treatment with this drug was found in the range of 8--11 micrograms/ml. Pharmacokinetic curves of GS 385 blood levels in rats receiving single doses of the drug showed a maximum concentration of 22--23 micrograms/ml 1.5 h after oral application. The quantity of GS 385 in rat feces, bile and brain was also estimated. The p-hydroxy (I) and acid (II, III) metabolites of GS 385 were detected in both rat feces and bile, whereas only the acid metabolites were found in rat urine.", "PMID": 583228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1962", "title": "[Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in humans following single oral and rectal administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetic behaviour of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol) after single dose applications of 500 mg and 1000 mg dosages in the form of liquids, tablets and suppositories was compared. The estimation of the pharmacokinetic constants by a simultaneous curve fitting with a direct search procedure, based on an open two-compartment model, showed for the liquid as well as for the tablet formulation a good conformable and dosage proportional behaviour of the relative bioavailability. In opposite to the oral application, the suppositories had a significantly reduced invasion kinetics with a comparable elimination kinetics characterized by a lowering of Cmax and an increase of Tmax-values with comparable AUCs. The calculation of collapse-coefficients showed, with the exception of one suppository formulation, for all administrations a pharmacokinetic behaviour deviating from an open one-compartment model. The clinical consequences resulting from the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the different galenic formulations and routes of administrations are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in humans following single oral and rectal administration (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol) after single dose applications of 500 mg and 1000 mg dosages in the form of liquids, tablets and suppositories was compared. The estimation of the pharmacokinetic constants by a simultaneous curve fitting with a direct search procedure, based on an open two-compartment model, showed for the liquid as well as for the tablet formulation a good conformable and dosage proportional behaviour of the relative bioavailability. In opposite to the oral application, the suppositories had a significantly reduced invasion kinetics with a comparable elimination kinetics characterized by a lowering of Cmax and an increase of Tmax-values with comparable AUCs. The calculation of collapse-coefficients showed, with the exception of one suppository formulation, for all administrations a pharmacokinetic behaviour deviating from an open one-compartment model. The clinical consequences resulting from the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the different galenic formulations and routes of administrations are discussed.", "PMID": 583229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1963", "title": "Single-dose pharmacokinetics of the trypanosomicide benznidazole in man.", "content": "The single-dose pharmacokinetics of N-benzyl-2-nitro-1-imidazole acetamide (benznidazole, Radanil) following administration of 1 tablet Radanil (100 mg) was investigated in six healthy volunteers. The absorption of the drug was fairly rapid. Peak plasma levels of 2.2--2.8 microgram/ml were reached after 3--4 h. The log c versus time curves showed little interindividual variation. The shape of the curves indicates that the drug follows the kinetics of a one-compartment model. The elimination half-lives ranged from 10.5 to 13.6 h, with a mean value of 12 h. The relative bioavailability of the compound (oral tablet versus oral solution) was checked in three of the subjects and found to be 91.7% on an average.", "contents": "Single-dose pharmacokinetics of the trypanosomicide benznidazole in man. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of N-benzyl-2-nitro-1-imidazole acetamide (benznidazole, Radanil) following administration of 1 tablet Radanil (100 mg) was investigated in six healthy volunteers. The absorption of the drug was fairly rapid. Peak plasma levels of 2.2--2.8 microgram/ml were reached after 3--4 h. The log c versus time curves showed little interindividual variation. The shape of the curves indicates that the drug follows the kinetics of a one-compartment model. The elimination half-lives ranged from 10.5 to 13.6 h, with a mean value of 12 h. The relative bioavailability of the compound (oral tablet versus oral solution) was checked in three of the subjects and found to be 91.7% on an average.", "PMID": 583230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1964", "title": "[Treatment of various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia with a combination of Mg-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate and mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (author's transl)].", "content": "50 patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with a combination of Mg-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (700 mg) and mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (500 mg) (Atroplex) twice daily. 7 patients had type IIa, 39 patients type IIb or IV and 4 patients type V. After a period of one month without any treatment the patients were treated during two months. While the effects of this combination on cholesterol of type IIa patients was poor, the drug had an excellent lipid-lowering effect in the patients with type IIb, IV and V. After 14 days' treatment the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients of type IIb or IV were significantly lowered. This effect became even more pronounced after one-month treatment. There was no significant difference between the effect of one-month treatment and that of two-month treatment. About two-thirds of the patients of type IIb or IV were responders. No serious side effects could be observed during our study.", "contents": "[Treatment of various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia with a combination of Mg-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate and mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (author's transl)]. 50 patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with a combination of Mg-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (700 mg) and mesoinositol-hexanicotinate (500 mg) (Atroplex) twice daily. 7 patients had type IIa, 39 patients type IIb or IV and 4 patients type V. After a period of one month without any treatment the patients were treated during two months. While the effects of this combination on cholesterol of type IIa patients was poor, the drug had an excellent lipid-lowering effect in the patients with type IIb, IV and V. After 14 days' treatment the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients of type IIb or IV were significantly lowered. This effect became even more pronounced after one-month treatment. There was no significant difference between the effect of one-month treatment and that of two-month treatment. About two-thirds of the patients of type IIb or IV were responders. No serious side effects could be observed during our study.", "PMID": 583231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1965", "title": "[Circadian-induced change in the pharmacokinetic pattern exemplified on hexobarbital/Retrospective analysis of experimental data (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study dealt with data from a study to evaluate circadian influences on the pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital. It could be seen that the pharmacokinetic model changes from an open one-compartment model to an open two-compartment model in dependence of the time of application. The curve fitting to an open two-compartment model reached high correlations when the test substance was applied at 18 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters to be evaluated did not fit to literature data. After application of the substance at 10 h in the morning the curve fitting to an open one-compartment model correlated highly. The pharmacokinetic parameters at this time comparable with the known literature.", "contents": "[Circadian-induced change in the pharmacokinetic pattern exemplified on hexobarbital/Retrospective analysis of experimental data (author's transl)]. The present study dealt with data from a study to evaluate circadian influences on the pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital. It could be seen that the pharmacokinetic model changes from an open one-compartment model to an open two-compartment model in dependence of the time of application. The curve fitting to an open two-compartment model reached high correlations when the test substance was applied at 18 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters to be evaluated did not fit to literature data. After application of the substance at 10 h in the morning the curve fitting to an open one-compartment model correlated highly. The pharmacokinetic parameters at this time comparable with the known literature.", "PMID": 583232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1966", "title": "[New evaluation and presentation of dose effect studies].", "content": "One of the bases of drug research are the experimentally gained dose-effect curves. Projecting these correlations upon the plane of a co-ordinate system distortions ensue as will have to be demonstrated. Rules to avoid these projective distortions are discussed, gaining simple linear relations between dose and effect. Some examples are described.", "contents": "[New evaluation and presentation of dose effect studies]. One of the bases of drug research are the experimentally gained dose-effect curves. Projecting these correlations upon the plane of a co-ordinate system distortions ensue as will have to be demonstrated. Rules to avoid these projective distortions are discussed, gaining simple linear relations between dose and effect. Some examples are described.", "PMID": 583233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1967", "title": "[Chromatographic separation of racemic thalidomide and teratogenic activity of its enantiomers (author's transl)].", "content": "Racemic thalidomide is chromatographically separated on optically active polyamide giving both enantiomers. After i.p. administration only the S-(-)-enantiomer is teratogenic on SWS mice and Natal rats.", "contents": "[Chromatographic separation of racemic thalidomide and teratogenic activity of its enantiomers (author's transl)]. Racemic thalidomide is chromatographically separated on optically active polyamide giving both enantiomers. After i.p. administration only the S-(-)-enantiomer is teratogenic on SWS mice and Natal rats.", "PMID": 583234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1968", "title": "[The broncholytic effect of carboanhydrase inhibitors in subjects with healthy lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "Carboanhydrase inhibitors are said to have a positive effect on respiratory insufficiency. We examined this, especially regarding the bronchial system. Actions and reactions of the human bronchial system can be followed by measurement of the anatomical dead space breath by breath. We have developed a new method which was tested by classical broncho-effective substances. Our experiments show in case of two men with healthy lungs that the three carboanhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, methazolamide, and dichlorphenamide have a pronounced broncholytic effect. The effect is greater than that of fenoterol. In addition the bronchial peristalsis and the bronchial compliance are increased. In contrast to fenoterol carboanhydrase inhibitors have no cardiac side effect.", "contents": "[The broncholytic effect of carboanhydrase inhibitors in subjects with healthy lungs (author's transl)]. Carboanhydrase inhibitors are said to have a positive effect on respiratory insufficiency. We examined this, especially regarding the bronchial system. Actions and reactions of the human bronchial system can be followed by measurement of the anatomical dead space breath by breath. We have developed a new method which was tested by classical broncho-effective substances. Our experiments show in case of two men with healthy lungs that the three carboanhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, methazolamide, and dichlorphenamide have a pronounced broncholytic effect. The effect is greater than that of fenoterol. In addition the bronchial peristalsis and the bronchial compliance are increased. In contrast to fenoterol carboanhydrase inhibitors have no cardiac side effect.", "PMID": 583235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1969", "title": "[Analytical data and preparation of important 3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes analytical data (TLC, IR, MS) of 7-chloro-1-methyl-1,3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (3-hydroxydiazepam) and 7-cyclopropyl-methyl-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazpin-2-one (3-hydroxy-prazepam). Analytical properties of important derivatives (N-oxides, 3-acetoxy compounds, re-arrangement products) are also reported. Besides preparation methods are given for the synthesis of these substances, considering in particular preparation as solution-reactions as well as reaction on the TLC-plate.", "contents": "[Analytical data and preparation of important 3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives (author's transl)]. The article describes analytical data (TLC, IR, MS) of 7-chloro-1-methyl-1,3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (3-hydroxydiazepam) and 7-cyclopropyl-methyl-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazpin-2-one (3-hydroxy-prazepam). Analytical properties of important derivatives (N-oxides, 3-acetoxy compounds, re-arrangement products) are also reported. Besides preparation methods are given for the synthesis of these substances, considering in particular preparation as solution-reactions as well as reaction on the TLC-plate.", "PMID": 583236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1970", "title": "[Synthesis of several benzyloxphenyl derivatives with local anesthetic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Several 2- and 4-benzyloxy- and 4-(2'- and 4'-substituted) benzyloxy-beta-substituted amino-propiophenones, some of the corresponding alcohols, some 4-benzyloxy-alpha-substituted amino-acetophenones were synthetised and tested for their pharmacological activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis of several benzyloxphenyl derivatives with local anesthetic activity (author's transl)]. Several 2- and 4-benzyloxy- and 4-(2'- and 4'-substituted) benzyloxy-beta-substituted amino-propiophenones, some of the corresponding alcohols, some 4-benzyloxy-alpha-substituted amino-acetophenones were synthetised and tested for their pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 583237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1971", "title": "New approach of the extrapolation procedure in the determination of acid-base constants of poorly soluble pharmaceuticals.", "content": "A new approach to the graphic extrapolation procedure is proposed for the determination of pK-value of pharmaceuticals poorly soluble in water. It is based on a direct potentiometric method for the determination of acid-base constants in non-aqueous and mixed solvents in which no preliminary calibration of the galvanic cell is needed (glass and calomel electrodes). In this way the applicability of the graphic extrapolation procedure is enlarged for a great number of organic solvents miscible with water for which no buffer pH-standards are available.", "contents": "New approach of the extrapolation procedure in the determination of acid-base constants of poorly soluble pharmaceuticals. A new approach to the graphic extrapolation procedure is proposed for the determination of pK-value of pharmaceuticals poorly soluble in water. It is based on a direct potentiometric method for the determination of acid-base constants in non-aqueous and mixed solvents in which no preliminary calibration of the galvanic cell is needed (glass and calomel electrodes). In this way the applicability of the graphic extrapolation procedure is enlarged for a great number of organic solvents miscible with water for which no buffer pH-standards are available.", "PMID": 583238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1972", "title": "Investigation of the common mechanism of action of antibacterial compounds containing gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure by principal component.", "content": "On the basis of 576 in vitro antibacterial positive results of 99 compounds containing gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure conclusions have been drawn on the mechanism of action of the derivatives by principal component analysis. It has been found that the compounds exert their effect essentially by influencing two types of physiological processes or series of processes. The more important of the two \"mechanisms\", responsible for 50-95% of the activity of the compounds, is common for the compounds investigated, and is associated with the gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure.", "contents": "Investigation of the common mechanism of action of antibacterial compounds containing gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure by principal component. On the basis of 576 in vitro antibacterial positive results of 99 compounds containing gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure conclusions have been drawn on the mechanism of action of the derivatives by principal component analysis. It has been found that the compounds exert their effect essentially by influencing two types of physiological processes or series of processes. The more important of the two \"mechanisms\", responsible for 50-95% of the activity of the compounds, is common for the compounds investigated, and is associated with the gamma-pyridone-beta-carboxylic acid structure.", "PMID": 583239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1973", "title": "Impedance rheoplethysmography. The role of estimation of vasodilatory activity.", "content": "The activity of a number of vasodilatory drugs was studied, with the help of impedance rheoplethysmography, on the vascular bed of the hind limb of anaesthetized rabbits. The vasodilators under study induce changes in rheoplethysmogram to a more or less important degree. The results were compared with those obtained with electromagnetic flowmetry. This method seems to be useful in the study of vasodilators because it allows to measure their effects and the duration thereof in a non-aggressive way. This method using flowmetry, allows to study in an analytical way those substances' effects on artery, vein and also capillary.", "contents": "Impedance rheoplethysmography. The role of estimation of vasodilatory activity. The activity of a number of vasodilatory drugs was studied, with the help of impedance rheoplethysmography, on the vascular bed of the hind limb of anaesthetized rabbits. The vasodilators under study induce changes in rheoplethysmogram to a more or less important degree. The results were compared with those obtained with electromagnetic flowmetry. This method seems to be useful in the study of vasodilators because it allows to measure their effects and the duration thereof in a non-aggressive way. This method using flowmetry, allows to study in an analytical way those substances' effects on artery, vein and also capillary.", "PMID": 583240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1974", "title": "Effects of niludipine (Bay a 7168) on the cardiovascular system with a note on its calcium-antagonistic effects.", "content": "1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-bis-(2-propoxyethyl)-ester (niludipine, Bay a 7168), a newly synthesized vasodilator, was three to ten times more potent than nifedipine in dilating the coronary artery of the canine heart-lung and isolated fibrillating heart preparations, but had weaker direct cardiac depressant effects. This drug had a strong and highly selective calcium antagonistic effect on the smooth muscle and also had stronger vasodilating activity on renal and femoral vascular beds as compared to nifedipine. It inhibited myocardial oxidative metabolism in canine and guinea pig hearts.", "contents": "Effects of niludipine (Bay a 7168) on the cardiovascular system with a note on its calcium-antagonistic effects. 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-bis-(2-propoxyethyl)-ester (niludipine, Bay a 7168), a newly synthesized vasodilator, was three to ten times more potent than nifedipine in dilating the coronary artery of the canine heart-lung and isolated fibrillating heart preparations, but had weaker direct cardiac depressant effects. This drug had a strong and highly selective calcium antagonistic effect on the smooth muscle and also had stronger vasodilating activity on renal and femoral vascular beds as compared to nifedipine. It inhibited myocardial oxidative metabolism in canine and guinea pig hearts.", "PMID": 583243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1975", "title": "Antihypertensive effect of Niludipine (Bay a 7168) on conscious renal-hypertensive dogs.", "content": "In conscious renal-hypertensive dogs (one kidney Grollman type) oral administration of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-bis-(2-propoxyethyl)-ester (niludipine, Bay a 7168) (1 and 3 mg/kg) produced a rather prompt fall of blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. With 3 mg/kg p.o. of niludipine a fall of blood pressure was marked at its peak effect attained about 45 min after dosing and lasted about 3 h. Prior administration of propranolol (30 mg/kg p.o.) greatly prevented an increase in heart rate accompanying the fall of blood pressure produced by 3 mg/kg p.o. of niludipine but was of no effect on the antihypertensive action. These results, taken together with previous results indicating niludipine to have a potent coronary vasodilator action, suggest that niludipine will be useful as an antihypertensive drug, especially when hypertension is associated with ischemic heart disease or when the reduction of blood pressure is urgent. Combined use of niludipine with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent is recommended.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect of Niludipine (Bay a 7168) on conscious renal-hypertensive dogs. In conscious renal-hypertensive dogs (one kidney Grollman type) oral administration of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid-bis-(2-propoxyethyl)-ester (niludipine, Bay a 7168) (1 and 3 mg/kg) produced a rather prompt fall of blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. With 3 mg/kg p.o. of niludipine a fall of blood pressure was marked at its peak effect attained about 45 min after dosing and lasted about 3 h. Prior administration of propranolol (30 mg/kg p.o.) greatly prevented an increase in heart rate accompanying the fall of blood pressure produced by 3 mg/kg p.o. of niludipine but was of no effect on the antihypertensive action. These results, taken together with previous results indicating niludipine to have a potent coronary vasodilator action, suggest that niludipine will be useful as an antihypertensive drug, especially when hypertension is associated with ischemic heart disease or when the reduction of blood pressure is urgent. Combined use of niludipine with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent is recommended.", "PMID": 583244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1976", "title": "The effects of a deproteinized blood extract on the myocardial changes developing during experimentally induced intermittent hypoxia.", "content": "Myocardial hypoxia induced by intermittent cross-clamping of the aorto-coronary bypass during closed-heart surgery provokes progressive derangement of the myocardial metabolism. The principal changes observed after 18 min of hypoxia (without protection) were a marked swelling of mitochondria, distortion of cristae, reduction in glycogen content, interstitial oedema, focal destruction of I-band material and coagulation necrosis of myofilaments. Another characteristic change is the decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. These morphological and biochemical changes were successfully prevented by the administration of Solcoseryl (Actihaemyl), a dialysis concentrate from deproteinised calf blood. The less pronounced structural and functional mitochondrial changes in protected hearts suggest that the myocardium is able to tolerate a more severe hypoxia under Solcoseryl protection.", "contents": "The effects of a deproteinized blood extract on the myocardial changes developing during experimentally induced intermittent hypoxia. Myocardial hypoxia induced by intermittent cross-clamping of the aorto-coronary bypass during closed-heart surgery provokes progressive derangement of the myocardial metabolism. The principal changes observed after 18 min of hypoxia (without protection) were a marked swelling of mitochondria, distortion of cristae, reduction in glycogen content, interstitial oedema, focal destruction of I-band material and coagulation necrosis of myofilaments. Another characteristic change is the decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. These morphological and biochemical changes were successfully prevented by the administration of Solcoseryl (Actihaemyl), a dialysis concentrate from deproteinised calf blood. The less pronounced structural and functional mitochondrial changes in protected hearts suggest that the myocardium is able to tolerate a more severe hypoxia under Solcoseryl protection.", "PMID": 583245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1977", "title": "Effect of perhexiline maleate on lipid metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The effect of long-term (7-11 weeks) administration of perhexiline maleate (Pexid) on liver, lung, plasma and bile lipids was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Maximum non-toxic doses of the drug (80 mg/kg/day) produced a fall of total cholesterol concentration in liver, lung and plasma, a fall of total lung phospholipid concentration, and an elevation of bile flow and biliary bile acid excretion. Minimum lethal doses (160 mg/kg/day) produced an increased liver concentration of total phospholipids and gangliosides and decreased lung concentration of gangliosides. Plasma transaminase activity was not significantly affected in either of the treated groups.", "contents": "Effect of perhexiline maleate on lipid metabolism in the rat. The effect of long-term (7-11 weeks) administration of perhexiline maleate (Pexid) on liver, lung, plasma and bile lipids was studied in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Maximum non-toxic doses of the drug (80 mg/kg/day) produced a fall of total cholesterol concentration in liver, lung and plasma, a fall of total lung phospholipid concentration, and an elevation of bile flow and biliary bile acid excretion. Minimum lethal doses (160 mg/kg/day) produced an increased liver concentration of total phospholipids and gangliosides and decreased lung concentration of gangliosides. Plasma transaminase activity was not significantly affected in either of the treated groups.", "PMID": 583247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1978", "title": "Comparative study of the inductive effect of two psychomoderators--tetrabamate and complexe 1656--and of phenobarbital on liver microsomal enzymes in rats.", "content": "Tetrabamate (Atrium) and Complexe 1656, two psychosedative drugs, are complexes formed by phenobarbital with its N-substituted derivatives. We have studied the induction effect of all these compounds on the microsomal liver enzymes in male rats. Tetrabamate and Complexe 1656 were found to be equally effective in increasing the amount of microsomal proteins, cytochrome P-450 and the in vitro aniline p-hydroxylation and amino-pyrine N-demethylation activity. These effects were similar to those obtained after a treatment with an equivalent dose of phenobarbital. Febarbamate and difebarbamate had no significanteffect on microsomal enzymes. The inductive effect of tetrabamate and of its analogue seems essentially due to the phenobarbital content of these complexes.", "contents": "Comparative study of the inductive effect of two psychomoderators--tetrabamate and complexe 1656--and of phenobarbital on liver microsomal enzymes in rats. Tetrabamate (Atrium) and Complexe 1656, two psychosedative drugs, are complexes formed by phenobarbital with its N-substituted derivatives. We have studied the induction effect of all these compounds on the microsomal liver enzymes in male rats. Tetrabamate and Complexe 1656 were found to be equally effective in increasing the amount of microsomal proteins, cytochrome P-450 and the in vitro aniline p-hydroxylation and amino-pyrine N-demethylation activity. These effects were similar to those obtained after a treatment with an equivalent dose of phenobarbital. Febarbamate and difebarbamate had no significanteffect on microsomal enzymes. The inductive effect of tetrabamate and of its analogue seems essentially due to the phenobarbital content of these complexes.", "PMID": 583248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1979", "title": "Studies of absorption, distribution and excretion of 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine).", "content": "The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-labelled 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine) have been investigated in the rat after intragastric and intraduodenal administration. Isonixine was rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The half-life of absorption was 3.15 h. The product was soon distributed in the whole organism. The radioactive metabolites were excreted rapidly, the major route being the urinary tract (85% in 72 h). There was no evidence of long-term storage of isonixine in the body. These results were confirmed by autoradiographic studies in the mouse after oral administration.", "contents": "Studies of absorption, distribution and excretion of 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine). The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-labelled 2,6-xylidide of 2-pyridone-3-carboxylic acid (isonixine) have been investigated in the rat after intragastric and intraduodenal administration. Isonixine was rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The half-life of absorption was 3.15 h. The product was soon distributed in the whole organism. The radioactive metabolites were excreted rapidly, the major route being the urinary tract (85% in 72 h). There was no evidence of long-term storage of isonixine in the body. These results were confirmed by autoradiographic studies in the mouse after oral administration.", "PMID": 583249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1980", "title": "The effect of some pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation.", "content": "Two pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives, Chinoin 105 and Chinoin 123, respectively, were investigated with respect to the inhibition potency on platelet aggregation. It was shown that Chinoin 105 is a powerful inhibitor of aggregation of thrombocytes without effect on routine coagulation parameters in vitro. Chinoin 123 has a moderately inhibitory effect on the investigated reactions. An additive effect of Chinoin 105 to the inhibitory potential of PGE1 on platelet aggregation was proven.", "contents": "The effect of some pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. Two pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives, Chinoin 105 and Chinoin 123, respectively, were investigated with respect to the inhibition potency on platelet aggregation. It was shown that Chinoin 105 is a powerful inhibitor of aggregation of thrombocytes without effect on routine coagulation parameters in vitro. Chinoin 123 has a moderately inhibitory effect on the investigated reactions. An additive effect of Chinoin 105 to the inhibitory potential of PGE1 on platelet aggregation was proven.", "PMID": 583250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1981", "title": "Radioisotopic and synthetic studies related to caroxazone metabolism in man.", "content": "Labelled 2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)-acetamide (caroxazone), has been synthesized by condensing N-(2-hydroxylbenzyl/glycinamide with 14C phosgene. Metabolic studies were performed administering the labelled drug to man and recovering metabolites from the urines. Beside the unchanged drug, five metabolites were identified and confirmed by synthesis, namely (3,4-dihydro-3-carboxamidomethyl-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-yl)urea (IX), N-carboxamidomethyl o-hydroxymethylphenyl carbamate (V), 4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetamide (VIIIa), 2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetic acid (III) and 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetamide (IV).", "contents": "Radioisotopic and synthetic studies related to caroxazone metabolism in man. Labelled 2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)-acetamide (caroxazone), has been synthesized by condensing N-(2-hydroxylbenzyl/glycinamide with 14C phosgene. Metabolic studies were performed administering the labelled drug to man and recovering metabolites from the urines. Beside the unchanged drug, five metabolites were identified and confirmed by synthesis, namely (3,4-dihydro-3-carboxamidomethyl-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-yl)urea (IX), N-carboxamidomethyl o-hydroxymethylphenyl carbamate (V), 4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetamide (VIIIa), 2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetic acid (III) and 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-3(4H)acetamide (IV).", "PMID": 583252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1982", "title": "[Circadian fluctuations of pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of hexobarbital (author's transl)].", "content": "To 4 male and 2 female subjects hexobarbital was applied orally at different times of the day: 2, 10, 18 h. Serum concentrations of hexobarbital were determined by HPLC procedure and the resulting pharmacokinetic parameters in a rotating iterative program. Application at 18 h resulted in a shorter invasion time, a higher maximum concentration and a delayed elimination; in addition, the AUC was elevated in relation to application at 2 or 10 h. In the 2 female subjects a different pattern was observed. The results lead to the assumption that application of hexobarbital is more effective in the evening than in the morning.", "contents": "[Circadian fluctuations of pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of hexobarbital (author's transl)]. To 4 male and 2 female subjects hexobarbital was applied orally at different times of the day: 2, 10, 18 h. Serum concentrations of hexobarbital were determined by HPLC procedure and the resulting pharmacokinetic parameters in a rotating iterative program. Application at 18 h resulted in a shorter invasion time, a higher maximum concentration and a delayed elimination; in addition, the AUC was elevated in relation to application at 2 or 10 h. In the 2 female subjects a different pattern was observed. The results lead to the assumption that application of hexobarbital is more effective in the evening than in the morning.", "PMID": 583253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1983", "title": "[Comparative study of relative biovailability of several spironolactone formulations in a steady-state test (author's transl)].", "content": "By the US Food and Drug Administration spironolactone is regarded as a drug with problems related to bioavailability. A steady-state study was performed comparing the 50- and 100-mg formulations of two manufacturers with each other. Applying a fluorimetric method to both canrenone and canrenoate--the major biologically active metabolites of spironolactone--the two brands were compared in 11 volunteers for the 50 mg, and in 10 volunteers for the 100 mg dosage form.", "contents": "[Comparative study of relative biovailability of several spironolactone formulations in a steady-state test (author's transl)]. By the US Food and Drug Administration spironolactone is regarded as a drug with problems related to bioavailability. A steady-state study was performed comparing the 50- and 100-mg formulations of two manufacturers with each other. Applying a fluorimetric method to both canrenone and canrenoate--the major biologically active metabolites of spironolactone--the two brands were compared in 11 volunteers for the 50 mg, and in 10 volunteers for the 100 mg dosage form.", "PMID": 583254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1984", "title": "The effect of essential fatty acid deprivation on the metabolic transformations of [1(-14)C]linolenate in developing rat brain.", "content": "Linolenic acid undergoes rapid metabolism in the brain of 21-day-old rats. Radioactivity is rapidly transferred from linolenic acid to the C20 (n--3) fatty acids while that in docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5 n--3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n--3) gradually increases. A greater proportion of the radioactivity is associated with the polyunsaturated and less with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in essential fatty acid-deprived rats relative to controls.", "contents": "The effect of essential fatty acid deprivation on the metabolic transformations of [1(-14)C]linolenate in developing rat brain. Linolenic acid undergoes rapid metabolism in the brain of 21-day-old rats. Radioactivity is rapidly transferred from linolenic acid to the C20 (n--3) fatty acids while that in docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5 n--3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n--3) gradually increases. A greater proportion of the radioactivity is associated with the polyunsaturated and less with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in essential fatty acid-deprived rats relative to controls.", "PMID": 583255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1985", "title": "[Effect of the main components of blood on pulmonary surfactant].", "content": "The effect of the main blood constituents on surface activity of substrates containing pulmonary surfactant has been investigated. Mixing of hemolysate, serum, albumin, and fibrinogen with lung extracts and washings, their application in the form of a monolayer or administration into the hypophase of the washing monolayer raised the surface tension (ST) of these substrates. Hemoglobin, serum lipids and cholesterol exerted an opposite action. The contact of all above blood constituents, that elicited varied effects on the ST of the medium containing the surfactant with pulmonary vesicles led to an increase in their stability coefficient determined according to the method of Pattle.", "contents": "[Effect of the main components of blood on pulmonary surfactant]. The effect of the main blood constituents on surface activity of substrates containing pulmonary surfactant has been investigated. Mixing of hemolysate, serum, albumin, and fibrinogen with lung extracts and washings, their application in the form of a monolayer or administration into the hypophase of the washing monolayer raised the surface tension (ST) of these substrates. Hemoglobin, serum lipids and cholesterol exerted an opposite action. The contact of all above blood constituents, that elicited varied effects on the ST of the medium containing the surfactant with pulmonary vesicles led to an increase in their stability coefficient determined according to the method of Pattle.", "PMID": 583256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1986", "title": "Thyroid adenylate cyclase stimulating immunoglobulins in thyroid diseases.", "content": "The occurrence of serum immunoglobulins with capacity to stimulate thyroid adenylate cyclase (TSAb) was studied in seventy-two healthy volunteers and 120 unselected patients with various thyroid diseases. A high frequency of TSAb (82.5%, P less than 0.00006) was found in Graves' disease, while TSAb was present only in 13--20% of serum from patients with nontoxic nodular goitre, nontoxic diffuse goitre, toxic adenoma, toxic nodular goitre and myxoedema. These patients had low level of TSAb compared to patients with Graves' disease. In patients with Graves' disease there was no correlation between the level of TSAb and hormonal status except serum triiodothyronine (rs = 0.29, P less than 0.05), and no relation with eye involvement or presence of microsomal thyroid antibodies was found. The results indicate that the human thyroid adenylate cyclase assay system with 1 hour incubation periods is a sensitive method for detection of immunoglobulins with TSH-like capacity to stimulate the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Thyroid adenylate cyclase stimulating immunoglobulins in thyroid diseases. The occurrence of serum immunoglobulins with capacity to stimulate thyroid adenylate cyclase (TSAb) was studied in seventy-two healthy volunteers and 120 unselected patients with various thyroid diseases. A high frequency of TSAb (82.5%, P less than 0.00006) was found in Graves' disease, while TSAb was present only in 13--20% of serum from patients with nontoxic nodular goitre, nontoxic diffuse goitre, toxic adenoma, toxic nodular goitre and myxoedema. These patients had low level of TSAb compared to patients with Graves' disease. In patients with Graves' disease there was no correlation between the level of TSAb and hormonal status except serum triiodothyronine (rs = 0.29, P less than 0.05), and no relation with eye involvement or presence of microsomal thyroid antibodies was found. The results indicate that the human thyroid adenylate cyclase assay system with 1 hour incubation periods is a sensitive method for detection of immunoglobulins with TSH-like capacity to stimulate the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 583261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1987", "title": "Effects of radioiodine on thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in Graves' disease.", "content": "We have studied the effects of 131I therapy on thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) in fifty-five patients with Graves' disease and five patients with toxic multinodular goitre (MNG). A group of forty patients with Graves' disease and four patients with toxic MNG were treated with drugs and acted as controls. In 78% of patients treated with 131I there was a marked increase in the serum TBII activity during the 3 months following therapy, whereas drug-treated patient showed a decrease (77%) or no change in TBII activity over the same period. TBII activity was not detectable in patients with toxic MNG before or after drug or 131I therapy. Consideration of the mechanisms involved in the changes in serum TBII activity after 131I treatment or during drug treatment provide insight into the basic defects responsible for the development of hyperthyroid Graves' disease and suggest that both the thyroid and immune system are involved.", "contents": "Effects of radioiodine on thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in Graves' disease. We have studied the effects of 131I therapy on thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) in fifty-five patients with Graves' disease and five patients with toxic multinodular goitre (MNG). A group of forty patients with Graves' disease and four patients with toxic MNG were treated with drugs and acted as controls. In 78% of patients treated with 131I there was a marked increase in the serum TBII activity during the 3 months following therapy, whereas drug-treated patient showed a decrease (77%) or no change in TBII activity over the same period. TBII activity was not detectable in patients with toxic MNG before or after drug or 131I therapy. Consideration of the mechanisms involved in the changes in serum TBII activity after 131I treatment or during drug treatment provide insight into the basic defects responsible for the development of hyperthyroid Graves' disease and suggest that both the thyroid and immune system are involved.", "PMID": 583262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1988", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women.", "content": "Screening of HBsAg in 289 randomly selected normal pregnant women was done with counterelectrophoresis. Ten percent were found to be HBsAg positive. All of the 289 cord blood samples were HBsAg negative. Babies born to the HBsAg positive mothers were followed 2-8 months (average 3.5 months) after delivery and 37.5% were positive for HBsAg. Accordingly, the vertical transmission of HBsAg was postulated to occur during labor or after birth.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women. Screening of HBsAg in 289 randomly selected normal pregnant women was done with counterelectrophoresis. Ten percent were found to be HBsAg positive. All of the 289 cord blood samples were HBsAg negative. Babies born to the HBsAg positive mothers were followed 2-8 months (average 3.5 months) after delivery and 37.5% were positive for HBsAg. Accordingly, the vertical transmission of HBsAg was postulated to occur during labor or after birth.", "PMID": 583270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1989", "title": "Characterization of a cellulase producing mold, Trichoderma sp. W-10 isolated from infected mushroom spawn.", "content": "A potent cellulase producing mold, Tichoderma sp. W-10 suitable for enzyme production with solid state culture was isolated from infected mushroom spawn, its characteristics and taxonomic studies were carried out. As a result, this mold was identified as Trichoderma koningii (Oudemans) according to the keys of Gilman and Rifai's classification system and the morphological features described by Komatsu. Meanwhile, a detail survey of physiological, cultural and biochemical characteristics were also described.", "contents": "Characterization of a cellulase producing mold, Trichoderma sp. W-10 isolated from infected mushroom spawn. A potent cellulase producing mold, Tichoderma sp. W-10 suitable for enzyme production with solid state culture was isolated from infected mushroom spawn, its characteristics and taxonomic studies were carried out. As a result, this mold was identified as Trichoderma koningii (Oudemans) according to the keys of Gilman and Rifai's classification system and the morphological features described by Komatsu. Meanwhile, a detail survey of physiological, cultural and biochemical characteristics were also described.", "PMID": 583274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1990", "title": "Newcastle disease virus in Taiwan: II, Relationship between polykaryocytosis and virus virulence.", "content": "Fifteen selcted local isolates and five known Newcastle disease virus strains were examined for their cytopathic effects in chick embryo kidney (CEK) cells, egg-infectious units in chick embryos (CE), virulence by mean death time, intracerebral and intravenous pathogenicity indexes for CE and chicks, and ability to cause polykaryocytosis of fusion from within (FFWI) or fusion from without (FFWO) in CEK and BHK-21 monolayer cells. The capacity of the different virus strains to induce cell FFWI at 15 hr post-infection was related to their virulence for CE and chicks, but cell FFWO did not seem to be any relationship with the virulence of the strains.", "contents": "Newcastle disease virus in Taiwan: II, Relationship between polykaryocytosis and virus virulence. Fifteen selcted local isolates and five known Newcastle disease virus strains were examined for their cytopathic effects in chick embryo kidney (CEK) cells, egg-infectious units in chick embryos (CE), virulence by mean death time, intracerebral and intravenous pathogenicity indexes for CE and chicks, and ability to cause polykaryocytosis of fusion from within (FFWI) or fusion from without (FFWO) in CEK and BHK-21 monolayer cells. The capacity of the different virus strains to induce cell FFWI at 15 hr post-infection was related to their virulence for CE and chicks, but cell FFWO did not seem to be any relationship with the virulence of the strains.", "PMID": 583275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1991", "title": "[A trial on nutritionally forced mating of conventional glutamate-producing bacteria].", "content": "By nutritionally forced mating, we tried to find the sex factor in glutamate producing bacteria with some auxtrophic mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Micrococcus glutamicus and Brevibacterium divaricatum. We failed to find true mates in this trial, even when the cells cured by acridine orange were used to mate with non-cured ones. There were some positive growth when two densed cell suspensions were dropped on the minimum medium, but after subcultured on the minimum medium no growth was found. It seem likely that the bacteria used here, at least, require an enforced cell adhesion, unless true mating is not feasible. The evidence that Corynebacterium renale has pili might be an interesting reference, but we could not find pili in the bacteria used here.", "contents": "[A trial on nutritionally forced mating of conventional glutamate-producing bacteria]. By nutritionally forced mating, we tried to find the sex factor in glutamate producing bacteria with some auxtrophic mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Micrococcus glutamicus and Brevibacterium divaricatum. We failed to find true mates in this trial, even when the cells cured by acridine orange were used to mate with non-cured ones. There were some positive growth when two densed cell suspensions were dropped on the minimum medium, but after subcultured on the minimum medium no growth was found. It seem likely that the bacteria used here, at least, require an enforced cell adhesion, unless true mating is not feasible. The evidence that Corynebacterium renale has pili might be an interesting reference, but we could not find pili in the bacteria used here.", "PMID": 583276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1992", "title": "Regular character of chromatin degradation in lymphoid tissues after treatment with biological alkylating agents in vivo.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to reassume the chromatin changes occurring in lymphoid tissues of mice treated with alkylating agents of the nitrogen-mustard type in relation to recent evidence on the nucleosomal organization of chromatin and to our new data on the regular character of chromatin degradation in lymphoid tissues of irradiated mice. DNA was isolated from nuclei at various intervals (1-18 h) after treatment of mice and subjected to gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Thymus chromatin from treated mice has been shown to degrade in a regular fashion and to yield discrete DNA fragments, resembling those that originate in lymphoid tissues of irradiated mice or in thymus nuclei digested with micrococcal nuclease in vitro. With increasing interval after treatment higher amounts of smaller DNA fragments appear. Chromatin in spleen cells responds to treatment in a similar way, whilst no degradation in vivo takes place in liver chromatin. Chromatin of LS/BL lymphosarcoma cells in mice treated with alkylating agents or with irradiation suffers from a similar regular degradation. The results stress the significance of the action of liberated or activated endogenous nuclease(s) in the development of chromatin damage in lymphoid cells after treatment with alkylating agents.", "contents": "Regular character of chromatin degradation in lymphoid tissues after treatment with biological alkylating agents in vivo. The aim of the present study was to reassume the chromatin changes occurring in lymphoid tissues of mice treated with alkylating agents of the nitrogen-mustard type in relation to recent evidence on the nucleosomal organization of chromatin and to our new data on the regular character of chromatin degradation in lymphoid tissues of irradiated mice. DNA was isolated from nuclei at various intervals (1-18 h) after treatment of mice and subjected to gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Thymus chromatin from treated mice has been shown to degrade in a regular fashion and to yield discrete DNA fragments, resembling those that originate in lymphoid tissues of irradiated mice or in thymus nuclei digested with micrococcal nuclease in vitro. With increasing interval after treatment higher amounts of smaller DNA fragments appear. Chromatin in spleen cells responds to treatment in a similar way, whilst no degradation in vivo takes place in liver chromatin. Chromatin of LS/BL lymphosarcoma cells in mice treated with alkylating agents or with irradiation suffers from a similar regular degradation. The results stress the significance of the action of liberated or activated endogenous nuclease(s) in the development of chromatin damage in lymphoid cells after treatment with alkylating agents.", "PMID": 583277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1993", "title": "[Surgical results of stapedectomy or stapedotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "468 stapes operations have been performed at the ENT-Department of the University of Zurich between 1970 and 1978. In one half of the cases, a total or partial removal of the footplate with introduction of a wire connective tissue prosthesis has been used. In the other half, the operation consisted in a limited fenestration of the footplate, which was large enough to accept a wire teflon piston of 0.6 mm diameter. Statistical analysis of the results of both methods shows a better bone conduction threshold for the speech frequencies (500, 1,000 and 2,000 Hz) as well as for air conduction at 4,000 cps after stapedotomy. Complete postoperative deafness occurred in one case following stapedectomy (0.3% of patients with primary operation). The advantages of stapedotomy over stapedectomy are the following: 1. Less trauma to the inner ear, 2. better stability of the position of the prosthesis and 3. better adaptation of the length of the prosthesis. The surgical steps used for stapedotomy are described.", "contents": "[Surgical results of stapedectomy or stapedotomy (author's transl)]. 468 stapes operations have been performed at the ENT-Department of the University of Zurich between 1970 and 1978. In one half of the cases, a total or partial removal of the footplate with introduction of a wire connective tissue prosthesis has been used. In the other half, the operation consisted in a limited fenestration of the footplate, which was large enough to accept a wire teflon piston of 0.6 mm diameter. Statistical analysis of the results of both methods shows a better bone conduction threshold for the speech frequencies (500, 1,000 and 2,000 Hz) as well as for air conduction at 4,000 cps after stapedotomy. Complete postoperative deafness occurred in one case following stapedectomy (0.3% of patients with primary operation). The advantages of stapedotomy over stapedectomy are the following: 1. Less trauma to the inner ear, 2. better stability of the position of the prosthesis and 3. better adaptation of the length of the prosthesis. The surgical steps used for stapedotomy are described.", "PMID": 583280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1994", "title": "Pulmonary surface film stability and composition.", "content": "Stability of pulmonary alveoli at end expiration requires a very low air-water surface tension (e.g., less than 10 mN.m-1). Another important requirement is that the surface film maintain this low surface tension for a sufficiently long time at fixed lung volume. We measured monolayer collapse rates at 37 degrees C of lung surface-active material (SAM) and certain lipids found in this material and compared them with alveolar monolayer collapse rates calculated from published lung compliance changes. We found collapse rates for purified SAM or a mixture of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPPC):monoenoic lecithin (PC):cholesterol (CHOL) (3.03:1.65:1 molar ratios) to be much greater than collapse rates of alveolar films estimated from indirect measurements. Monolayers of pure DPPC or DPPC with 10 mol% monoenoic PC and/or CHOL had collapse rates equal to or less than those estimated from lungs. We conclude that the alveolar monolayer is enriched in DPPC to the extent of 90 mol% or greater. Enrichment may exclude more mobile components from the monolayer during expiration when surface tension reaches verry low values.", "contents": "Pulmonary surface film stability and composition. Stability of pulmonary alveoli at end expiration requires a very low air-water surface tension (e.g., less than 10 mN.m-1). Another important requirement is that the surface film maintain this low surface tension for a sufficiently long time at fixed lung volume. We measured monolayer collapse rates at 37 degrees C of lung surface-active material (SAM) and certain lipids found in this material and compared them with alveolar monolayer collapse rates calculated from published lung compliance changes. We found collapse rates for purified SAM or a mixture of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPPC):monoenoic lecithin (PC):cholesterol (CHOL) (3.03:1.65:1 molar ratios) to be much greater than collapse rates of alveolar films estimated from indirect measurements. Monolayers of pure DPPC or DPPC with 10 mol% monoenoic PC and/or CHOL had collapse rates equal to or less than those estimated from lungs. We conclude that the alveolar monolayer is enriched in DPPC to the extent of 90 mol% or greater. Enrichment may exclude more mobile components from the monolayer during expiration when surface tension reaches verry low values.", "PMID": 583282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1995", "title": "A nutrition policy for Britain.", "content": "The first comprehensive nutrition policy was put into action during the Second World War, 1939-1945. Basic foodstuffs were shared fairly in the light of what was known about physiological needs. The policy was highly successful and nutritional status improved. From the mid 1940s onwards, a nutrition policy, based on physiological needs, was pursued in the context of the welfare state and the National Health Service. The end of rationing in 1954 was followed by a free choice of foods in a period of affluence. The choice was evidently not always nutritionally sound, since this diet appears to be at least in part related to the increased incidence of certain diseases. In a democratic society, a nutrition policy must be one of sound education so that individuals make a wise choice of foods. Their choice creates demand and indirectly influences food production both from agricultural production and from the food industry. The education which underlies choice should be based on scientific fact and sound physiological principles rather than on fashionable hypotheses.", "contents": "A nutrition policy for Britain. The first comprehensive nutrition policy was put into action during the Second World War, 1939-1945. Basic foodstuffs were shared fairly in the light of what was known about physiological needs. The policy was highly successful and nutritional status improved. From the mid 1940s onwards, a nutrition policy, based on physiological needs, was pursued in the context of the welfare state and the National Health Service. The end of rationing in 1954 was followed by a free choice of foods in a period of affluence. The choice was evidently not always nutritionally sound, since this diet appears to be at least in part related to the increased incidence of certain diseases. In a democratic society, a nutrition policy must be one of sound education so that individuals make a wise choice of foods. Their choice creates demand and indirectly influences food production both from agricultural production and from the food industry. The education which underlies choice should be based on scientific fact and sound physiological principles rather than on fashionable hypotheses.", "PMID": 583283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1996", "title": "A critical assessment of the Wilhelmy method in studying lung surfactants.", "content": "1. The surface properties of over 250 films of diplamitoyl lecithin (DPL) and Tween 20 on distilled water have been investigated using two different surface balances simultaneously, the Wilhelmy balance, popular in physiological studies, and the Du Nuoy ring method whose readings are independent of contact angle. 2. Using concentrations of DPL ranging from 0.08 to 1.90 microgram cm-2 on a Langmuir trough where the pool area was cycled from 100 to 27.5% of maximum, the Wilhelmy balance registered virtually the same force per wetted perimeter as the ring method for both pure water and Tween 20, but appreciably lower values for DPL over the whole cycle. 3. The above differences can be explained on the basis of a significant (45-70 degrees) contact angle, a surface property also demonstrated photographically and by direct measurement. 4. Contact angle was shown to vary with pool area, a relationship exhibiting hysteresis. 5. This study indicates that the Wilhelmy balance has been an unfortunate choice of instrument for studying DPL films whose surface tensions are appreciably higher than previously estimated.", "contents": "A critical assessment of the Wilhelmy method in studying lung surfactants. 1. The surface properties of over 250 films of diplamitoyl lecithin (DPL) and Tween 20 on distilled water have been investigated using two different surface balances simultaneously, the Wilhelmy balance, popular in physiological studies, and the Du Nuoy ring method whose readings are independent of contact angle. 2. Using concentrations of DPL ranging from 0.08 to 1.90 microgram cm-2 on a Langmuir trough where the pool area was cycled from 100 to 27.5% of maximum, the Wilhelmy balance registered virtually the same force per wetted perimeter as the ring method for both pure water and Tween 20, but appreciably lower values for DPL over the whole cycle. 3. The above differences can be explained on the basis of a significant (45-70 degrees) contact angle, a surface property also demonstrated photographically and by direct measurement. 4. Contact angle was shown to vary with pool area, a relationship exhibiting hysteresis. 5. This study indicates that the Wilhelmy balance has been an unfortunate choice of instrument for studying DPL films whose surface tensions are appreciably higher than previously estimated.", "PMID": 583285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1997", "title": "[Scleroderma with traces of disseminated lupus erythematosus associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The coexistence of organ-specific and nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases is an interesting phenomenon. A 52-year-old woman was admitted with fever, general discomfort, polyarthritis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical examination revealed a goiter of stony consistency, hardening, paleness, and atrophy of the skin on the face and upper limbs, and blood hypertension (180/110 mmHg). The biological data included leukopenia, moderate anemia, and a very high sedimentation rate. The latex test was positive (+++); LE cells positive (+); hypergammaglobulinemia (3.5 g); antinuclear antibodies, 1/1280 with an immunofluorescence granular pattern; antithyroid antibodies, 1/160. There was pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal involvement compatible with scleroderma, which was confirmed by skin biopsy. A thyroidectomy revealed the existence of a papillary carcinoma with thyroiditis. Responde to treatment with immunosuppressive agents, hypotensive drugs, and thyroid substitution therapy was initially good. The patient was readmitted 8 months later with general discomfort and a severe hyperproteinemia (10 g/100 ml), including 65 percent gammaglobulin and requiring various sessions of plasmapheresis. The patient was discharged, but died suddenly 4 months later. The association of lupus and scleroderma in this patient is discussed and the possibility of its being a mixed connective tissue disease is discarded. The association of this condition with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the latter with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid are analyzed. The peculiar features of this case are pointed out. The authors postulate that the cause of the sudden death was a vascular cerebral complication induced by the extreme hyperproteinemia.", "contents": "[Scleroderma with traces of disseminated lupus erythematosus associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. The coexistence of organ-specific and nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases is an interesting phenomenon. A 52-year-old woman was admitted with fever, general discomfort, polyarthritis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Physical examination revealed a goiter of stony consistency, hardening, paleness, and atrophy of the skin on the face and upper limbs, and blood hypertension (180/110 mmHg). The biological data included leukopenia, moderate anemia, and a very high sedimentation rate. The latex test was positive (+++); LE cells positive (+); hypergammaglobulinemia (3.5 g); antinuclear antibodies, 1/1280 with an immunofluorescence granular pattern; antithyroid antibodies, 1/160. There was pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal involvement compatible with scleroderma, which was confirmed by skin biopsy. A thyroidectomy revealed the existence of a papillary carcinoma with thyroiditis. Responde to treatment with immunosuppressive agents, hypotensive drugs, and thyroid substitution therapy was initially good. The patient was readmitted 8 months later with general discomfort and a severe hyperproteinemia (10 g/100 ml), including 65 percent gammaglobulin and requiring various sessions of plasmapheresis. The patient was discharged, but died suddenly 4 months later. The association of lupus and scleroderma in this patient is discussed and the possibility of its being a mixed connective tissue disease is discarded. The association of this condition with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the latter with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid are analyzed. The peculiar features of this case are pointed out. The authors postulate that the cause of the sudden death was a vascular cerebral complication induced by the extreme hyperproteinemia.", "PMID": 583290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1998", "title": "Changes in hemopoiesis of mice of the C3H strain following transplantation of Gardner lymphosarcoma and infection with LDH-virus. I. Circulating blood.", "content": "The values of red and white blood count, of spleen and liver weight were determined in mice of the C3H strain after transplantation of Gardner solid lymphosarcoma contaminated with LDH-virus and after infection of LDH-virus, and compared with those found in normal intact mice. Special attention was devoted to early post-transplantation period and the final stage of tumor growth. The second day after infection of mice with LDH-virus, leukopenia with marked lymphopenia was observed, together with a reduced number of reticulocytes and spleen enlargement. The same changes became more pronounced in tumorous mice on the second posttransplantation day. The changes--with the exception of spleen enlargement--following LDH-virus infection became normalized within the period of the final stage of tumor growth. Contrarily, in mice with tumors in the final stage of the disease besides spleen enlargement also the reduced erythrocyte counts, leukopenia with pronounced lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were found.", "contents": "Changes in hemopoiesis of mice of the C3H strain following transplantation of Gardner lymphosarcoma and infection with LDH-virus. I. Circulating blood. The values of red and white blood count, of spleen and liver weight were determined in mice of the C3H strain after transplantation of Gardner solid lymphosarcoma contaminated with LDH-virus and after infection of LDH-virus, and compared with those found in normal intact mice. Special attention was devoted to early post-transplantation period and the final stage of tumor growth. The second day after infection of mice with LDH-virus, leukopenia with marked lymphopenia was observed, together with a reduced number of reticulocytes and spleen enlargement. The same changes became more pronounced in tumorous mice on the second posttransplantation day. The changes--with the exception of spleen enlargement--following LDH-virus infection became normalized within the period of the final stage of tumor growth. Contrarily, in mice with tumors in the final stage of the disease besides spleen enlargement also the reduced erythrocyte counts, leukopenia with pronounced lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were found.", "PMID": 583292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_1999", "title": "[Urbach-Wiethe syndrome: hyalinosis and lipoidosis of the skin and mucous membranes as a neuroectodermosis].", "content": "The author reports a case of Wiethe-Urbach syndrome (dermal and mucosal hyalinosis). The diagnosis was based on characteristic clinical findings in the skin and mucosal membranes and microscopic examination of the skin. Coexistent central nervous system dysplasia was characterized by brain atrophy, especially atrophy of the subcortical layers and two horn-like calcifications on the floor of the middle cranial fossa derived, most likely, from the dura.", "contents": "[Urbach-Wiethe syndrome: hyalinosis and lipoidosis of the skin and mucous membranes as a neuroectodermosis]. The author reports a case of Wiethe-Urbach syndrome (dermal and mucosal hyalinosis). The diagnosis was based on characteristic clinical findings in the skin and mucosal membranes and microscopic examination of the skin. Coexistent central nervous system dysplasia was characterized by brain atrophy, especially atrophy of the subcortical layers and two horn-like calcifications on the floor of the middle cranial fossa derived, most likely, from the dura.", "PMID": 583293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2000", "title": "Thyroid orbitopathy: an update.", "content": "Two typical findings in thyroid orbitopathy have traditional explanations which are not wholly acceptable in many cases of the disease. Eyelid retraction is attributed to superstimulation of Mueller's palpebral muscle, while vertical muscle imbalances are attributed to preferential involvement of the vertically acting muscles in the myositic process. Clinical and experimental ultrasonographic evidence recently gathered indicates that endocrine orbitopathy is panmyositis involving all of the muscles of the orbit simultaneously. In light of this improved understanding of the muscular involvement in this disease, we propose alternate explanations for the signs and symptoms of thyroid orbitopathy which are based upon physiologic, anatomic, and pathologic facts.", "contents": "Thyroid orbitopathy: an update. Two typical findings in thyroid orbitopathy have traditional explanations which are not wholly acceptable in many cases of the disease. Eyelid retraction is attributed to superstimulation of Mueller's palpebral muscle, while vertical muscle imbalances are attributed to preferential involvement of the vertically acting muscles in the myositic process. Clinical and experimental ultrasonographic evidence recently gathered indicates that endocrine orbitopathy is panmyositis involving all of the muscles of the orbit simultaneously. In light of this improved understanding of the muscular involvement in this disease, we propose alternate explanations for the signs and symptoms of thyroid orbitopathy which are based upon physiologic, anatomic, and pathologic facts.", "PMID": 583294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2001", "title": "A comparison of computed tomographic techniques in the diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "We performed CT scans on 24 patients with clinically typical Graves' ophthalmopathy to compare the advantages of various scanning techniques. Scans were performed before and after intravenous contrast material infusion, and the contrast-enhancement of abnormal muscles was compared with that of known orbital tumors. Images were also obtained using 5-mm and 8-mm collimators, and the diagnostic value of these collimators was compared. Sagittal and coronal scans were performed in some of the cases, using a new direct technique for the sagittal plane. In general, the 5-mm collimators provided sharper definition of the ocular muscles and optic nerves. Contrast-enhancement alone was not helpful in differentiating enlarged muscles from orbital tumors because of the great overlap of attenuation coefficients. Sagittal and coronal images were helpful in confirming muscle enlargement suspected from axial scans, and were most useful in showing enlarged superior and/or inferior recti in cases with normal medial and lateral recti. The advantages of our method of obtaining sagittal scans through the long axis of the orbit and the potential application of this technique to orbital CT scanning are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of computed tomographic techniques in the diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. We performed CT scans on 24 patients with clinically typical Graves' ophthalmopathy to compare the advantages of various scanning techniques. Scans were performed before and after intravenous contrast material infusion, and the contrast-enhancement of abnormal muscles was compared with that of known orbital tumors. Images were also obtained using 5-mm and 8-mm collimators, and the diagnostic value of these collimators was compared. Sagittal and coronal scans were performed in some of the cases, using a new direct technique for the sagittal plane. In general, the 5-mm collimators provided sharper definition of the ocular muscles and optic nerves. Contrast-enhancement alone was not helpful in differentiating enlarged muscles from orbital tumors because of the great overlap of attenuation coefficients. Sagittal and coronal images were helpful in confirming muscle enlargement suspected from axial scans, and were most useful in showing enlarged superior and/or inferior recti in cases with normal medial and lateral recti. The advantages of our method of obtaining sagittal scans through the long axis of the orbit and the potential application of this technique to orbital CT scanning are discussed.", "PMID": 583295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2002", "title": "Anterior orbitotomy.", "content": "A simple, safe method of treatment of the sequelae of Graves' disease involving the orbit is presented. The results in 17 cases would indicate removal of orbital fat via anterior orbitotomy is a useful adjunct in the rehabilitation of the patient with chronic ophthalmopathy. Thirty-eight cases not included in the study required additional procedures to complete their rehabilitation.", "contents": "Anterior orbitotomy. A simple, safe method of treatment of the sequelae of Graves' disease involving the orbit is presented. The results in 17 cases would indicate removal of orbital fat via anterior orbitotomy is a useful adjunct in the rehabilitation of the patient with chronic ophthalmopathy. Thirty-eight cases not included in the study required additional procedures to complete their rehabilitation.", "PMID": 583296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2003", "title": "Enhancement of fetal lung surfactant production by aminophylline.", "content": "Antepartum administration of aminophylline to pregnant rabbits resulted in accelerated formation of phospholipids regarded to be important components of pulmonary surfactant. Increases in the tissue content and synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were found in lung slice preparations obtained from fetuses previously treated with aminophylline. Synthesis of phospholipids was measured using labeled palmitate, oleate, and glucose as precursors. The results showed increased de novo production of these lipids, and that glucose and glycogen may serve as important precursors. There was a significant reduction in triglyceride content while free fatty acids increased suggesting increased lipolysis in the aminophylline-treated groups, but this did not measurably affect the rate of labeled palmitate incorporation into total phospholipids.", "contents": "Enhancement of fetal lung surfactant production by aminophylline. Antepartum administration of aminophylline to pregnant rabbits resulted in accelerated formation of phospholipids regarded to be important components of pulmonary surfactant. Increases in the tissue content and synthesis of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were found in lung slice preparations obtained from fetuses previously treated with aminophylline. Synthesis of phospholipids was measured using labeled palmitate, oleate, and glucose as precursors. The results showed increased de novo production of these lipids, and that glucose and glycogen may serve as important precursors. There was a significant reduction in triglyceride content while free fatty acids increased suggesting increased lipolysis in the aminophylline-treated groups, but this did not measurably affect the rate of labeled palmitate incorporation into total phospholipids.", "PMID": 583297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2004", "title": "Azidocillin levels in tracheobronchial secretions.", "content": "Concentrations of azidocillin in serum and tracheobronchial secretions were followed in 20 patients after an oral dose of 0.75 g of the drug. Serum concentrations were followed for 4 h and the concentration in tracheobronchial secretion was determined in samples taken through a fibreoptic bronchoscope 1--2 h after administration. The concentration in secretions varied between hardly measurable levels and 1.1 micrograms/ml. No correlation between levels in serum and tracheobronchial secretion was found. A slight tendency to higher secretion levels was found when the bronchoscopy showed signs of tracheobronchitis.", "contents": "Azidocillin levels in tracheobronchial secretions. Concentrations of azidocillin in serum and tracheobronchial secretions were followed in 20 patients after an oral dose of 0.75 g of the drug. Serum concentrations were followed for 4 h and the concentration in tracheobronchial secretion was determined in samples taken through a fibreoptic bronchoscope 1--2 h after administration. The concentration in secretions varied between hardly measurable levels and 1.1 micrograms/ml. No correlation between levels in serum and tracheobronchial secretion was found. A slight tendency to higher secretion levels was found when the bronchoscopy showed signs of tracheobronchitis.", "PMID": 583303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2005", "title": "Percutaneous connections in man.", "content": "Neuroprostheses research provides on application of percutaneous access. We have investigated a number of clinical situations requiring chronic percutaneous transmission of either fluid or electricity in man to explore other uses. Selection criteria for new models include the following considerations: 1) it should allow use of a skull mounted pedestal; 2) it should offer the potential of benefit to the patient with minimal extra risks; 3) it should be a common enough problem to provide sufficient clinical material; and 4) it should not require major new developments of technology. Other potential uses include the artifical pancreas, artificial heart, and hyperalimentation. With some modification, it might be possible to provide access to devices located in the chest via the jugular vein. Similarly, other uses for this percutaneous device warrant investigation. Our twenty man-years of experience with the device indicates that it provides successful chronic access when used with appropriate skill.", "contents": "Percutaneous connections in man. Neuroprostheses research provides on application of percutaneous access. We have investigated a number of clinical situations requiring chronic percutaneous transmission of either fluid or electricity in man to explore other uses. Selection criteria for new models include the following considerations: 1) it should allow use of a skull mounted pedestal; 2) it should offer the potential of benefit to the patient with minimal extra risks; 3) it should be a common enough problem to provide sufficient clinical material; and 4) it should not require major new developments of technology. Other potential uses include the artifical pancreas, artificial heart, and hyperalimentation. With some modification, it might be possible to provide access to devices located in the chest via the jugular vein. Similarly, other uses for this percutaneous device warrant investigation. Our twenty man-years of experience with the device indicates that it provides successful chronic access when used with appropriate skill.", "PMID": 583312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2006", "title": "[Present status of retrolental fibroplasia in France].", "content": "A national survey showed that retrolental fibroplasia still exists in France, as it does in other countries of the world. Retrolental fibroplasia is a condition that principally affects low birth weight premature babies in whom oxygen therapy has not been adequately controlled. The premature babies who have apnaeic attacks are most risk. Strict control of all oxygen therapy, preferably using continuous monitoring techniques together with other changes in the methods of treatment should reduce the incidence of this condition.", "contents": "[Present status of retrolental fibroplasia in France]. A national survey showed that retrolental fibroplasia still exists in France, as it does in other countries of the world. Retrolental fibroplasia is a condition that principally affects low birth weight premature babies in whom oxygen therapy has not been adequately controlled. The premature babies who have apnaeic attacks are most risk. Strict control of all oxygen therapy, preferably using continuous monitoring techniques together with other changes in the methods of treatment should reduce the incidence of this condition.", "PMID": 583319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2007", "title": "Fluorometric determination of xanthine and hypoxanthine in tissue.", "content": "A method was developed to determine the total content of the oxypurines, xanthine and hypoxanthine, in animal tissues. The developed method was constructed mainly from the following successive steps: (1) conversion of the oxypurines to uric acid and hydrogen peroxidase by xanthine oxidase; (2) decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide by catalase and subsequent inactivation of this enzyme; (3) fluorometric measurement of the uric acid based on the coupled enzyme reaction of uricase and peroxidase. In applying this method to a sample containing uric acid, preliminary removal of this uric acid was necessary and this was carried out by treating the sample with uricase, followed by subsequent inactivation of this enzyme. The present method was more specific than the existing fluorometric method and permitted to measure the total content of the oxypurines (as low as 1 nmol) without mutual separation of them. The actual application of this method to the rat liver was demonstrated together with the method to prepare the tissue sample for the assay.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of xanthine and hypoxanthine in tissue. A method was developed to determine the total content of the oxypurines, xanthine and hypoxanthine, in animal tissues. The developed method was constructed mainly from the following successive steps: (1) conversion of the oxypurines to uric acid and hydrogen peroxidase by xanthine oxidase; (2) decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide by catalase and subsequent inactivation of this enzyme; (3) fluorometric measurement of the uric acid based on the coupled enzyme reaction of uricase and peroxidase. In applying this method to a sample containing uric acid, preliminary removal of this uric acid was necessary and this was carried out by treating the sample with uricase, followed by subsequent inactivation of this enzyme. The present method was more specific than the existing fluorometric method and permitted to measure the total content of the oxypurines (as low as 1 nmol) without mutual separation of them. The actual application of this method to the rat liver was demonstrated together with the method to prepare the tissue sample for the assay.", "PMID": 583329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2008", "title": "Comparative bioavailability of a microcrystalline theophylline tablet and uncoated aminophylline tablets.", "content": "The bioavailability of a rapidly dissolving tablet of theophylline and three brands of standard aminophylline tablets was estimated in a four way cross-over study involving 8 healthy adult volunteers. The relative extent of bioavailability as assessed by the measurement of the total area under the plasma concentration time curves showed no difference between the products (P greater than 0.05). Computed estimates of the rate of drug absorption were similar for all 4 products tested. The results indicate that the rapidly dissolving tablet offers no advantage in respect to rate and extent of absorption over conventional aminophylline tablets.", "contents": "Comparative bioavailability of a microcrystalline theophylline tablet and uncoated aminophylline tablets. The bioavailability of a rapidly dissolving tablet of theophylline and three brands of standard aminophylline tablets was estimated in a four way cross-over study involving 8 healthy adult volunteers. The relative extent of bioavailability as assessed by the measurement of the total area under the plasma concentration time curves showed no difference between the products (P greater than 0.05). Computed estimates of the rate of drug absorption were similar for all 4 products tested. The results indicate that the rapidly dissolving tablet offers no advantage in respect to rate and extent of absorption over conventional aminophylline tablets.", "PMID": 583332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2009", "title": "Action of intracerebrally injected beta-endorphin on the rat's core temperature.", "content": "Microinjected directly into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH), beta-endorphin (0.74--7.4 nmol) induced an increase in rectal temperature (RT) in the free-moving rat. Whereas the initial phase of the endorphin-induced rise in RT was partially attenuated by naloxone (5 or 20 mg/kg i.p.) or naltrexone (3 mg/kg i.p.), the late phase was completely blocked by the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (15 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment with a combination of indomethacin and naloxone resulted in an almost total block of the endorphin-induced increase in RT. Furthermore, the central serotonin antagonist, methergoline (1 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the endorphin-evoked fever indicating serotonin may mediate the rise in RT. In contrast to the fever evoked in the POAH, beta-endorphin (7.4 nmol), given into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LCV), elicited a marked drop in RT, catalepsy, and analgesia which were completely blocked by naloxone (5 mg/kg). Similar to morphine, beta-endorphin elicited a naloxone-reversible hyperthermia when administered into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. The similarities between beta-endorphin and morphine in their actions on RT as well as the possible role of serotonin or prostaglandins in beta-endorphin's thermogenic action are discussed.", "contents": "Action of intracerebrally injected beta-endorphin on the rat's core temperature. Microinjected directly into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH), beta-endorphin (0.74--7.4 nmol) induced an increase in rectal temperature (RT) in the free-moving rat. Whereas the initial phase of the endorphin-induced rise in RT was partially attenuated by naloxone (5 or 20 mg/kg i.p.) or naltrexone (3 mg/kg i.p.), the late phase was completely blocked by the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (15 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment with a combination of indomethacin and naloxone resulted in an almost total block of the endorphin-induced increase in RT. Furthermore, the central serotonin antagonist, methergoline (1 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the endorphin-evoked fever indicating serotonin may mediate the rise in RT. In contrast to the fever evoked in the POAH, beta-endorphin (7.4 nmol), given into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LCV), elicited a marked drop in RT, catalepsy, and analgesia which were completely blocked by naloxone (5 mg/kg). Similar to morphine, beta-endorphin elicited a naloxone-reversible hyperthermia when administered into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. The similarities between beta-endorphin and morphine in their actions on RT as well as the possible role of serotonin or prostaglandins in beta-endorphin's thermogenic action are discussed.", "PMID": 583333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2010", "title": "Is the pressor response to strychnine centrally mediated?", "content": "Intravenous administration of strychnine (0.003-0.300 mg . kg-1) to curarized, chloralosed dogs induced hypertension and tachycardia. In spinal cord-transected dogs, intravenous administration of strychnine no longer elicited a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Intracisternal injections of strychnine also produced hypertension and tachycardia but at lower doses. Similar results were obtained after intrathecal administration of strychnine in doses significantly different from those effective on intravenous and intracisternal administration. These findings suggest that the central nervous system may be involved in the haemodynamic changes induced by strychnine, but did not allow the site of action to be located.", "contents": "Is the pressor response to strychnine centrally mediated? Intravenous administration of strychnine (0.003-0.300 mg . kg-1) to curarized, chloralosed dogs induced hypertension and tachycardia. In spinal cord-transected dogs, intravenous administration of strychnine no longer elicited a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Intracisternal injections of strychnine also produced hypertension and tachycardia but at lower doses. Similar results were obtained after intrathecal administration of strychnine in doses significantly different from those effective on intravenous and intracisternal administration. These findings suggest that the central nervous system may be involved in the haemodynamic changes induced by strychnine, but did not allow the site of action to be located.", "PMID": 583334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2011", "title": "Relationship between the antitrichinellous effect of seven derivates of benzimidazolecarbamates and their chemical structure.", "content": "The efficacy of seven more recently developed anthelmintics of the benzimidazolecarbamate group, i. e., parbendazole, mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxibendazole, cambendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole, has been tested in a series of experiments on white mice artifically infected with Trichinella spiralis. Our results disclosed a relationship between their anthelmintic effect and their chemical structure. This finding might be of importance in a targeted synthesis of new, effective, derivates of benzimidazole, e. g., in the therapy of trichinellosis and in the choice of the most effective drug.", "contents": "Relationship between the antitrichinellous effect of seven derivates of benzimidazolecarbamates and their chemical structure. The efficacy of seven more recently developed anthelmintics of the benzimidazolecarbamate group, i. e., parbendazole, mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxibendazole, cambendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole, has been tested in a series of experiments on white mice artifically infected with Trichinella spiralis. Our results disclosed a relationship between their anthelmintic effect and their chemical structure. This finding might be of importance in a targeted synthesis of new, effective, derivates of benzimidazole, e. g., in the therapy of trichinellosis and in the choice of the most effective drug.", "PMID": 583335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2012", "title": "Mechanism of adriamycin resistance in a subline of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells.", "content": "The biochemical mechanism of anthracycline resistance was studied with an adriamycin-resistant subline of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells. Both uridine and thymidine uptakes in the resistant cells were observed more resistant to adriamycin and daunorubicin than those in the parental cells. Aclacinomycin A exhibited the same degree of inhibition of nucleic acid syntheses in the sensitive cells and in the resistant cells. The resistance pattern observed by the inhibition of RNA and DNA syntheses seemed to parallel that by growth inhibition. No significant difference was demonstrated between the parental and resistant cells in the inhibition of RNA and DNA polymerase reactions with isolated nuclei. The uptake and retention of [3H]adriamycin was observed significantly less in the resistant cells than in the sensitive cells. The results suggested that the adriamycin resistance may be due to alteration of the cytoplasmic membrane and/or cytoplasm, resulting in decreased uptake and retention of the antibiotic in the resistant cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of adriamycin resistance in a subline of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells. The biochemical mechanism of anthracycline resistance was studied with an adriamycin-resistant subline of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells. Both uridine and thymidine uptakes in the resistant cells were observed more resistant to adriamycin and daunorubicin than those in the parental cells. Aclacinomycin A exhibited the same degree of inhibition of nucleic acid syntheses in the sensitive cells and in the resistant cells. The resistance pattern observed by the inhibition of RNA and DNA syntheses seemed to parallel that by growth inhibition. No significant difference was demonstrated between the parental and resistant cells in the inhibition of RNA and DNA polymerase reactions with isolated nuclei. The uptake and retention of [3H]adriamycin was observed significantly less in the resistant cells than in the sensitive cells. The results suggested that the adriamycin resistance may be due to alteration of the cytoplasmic membrane and/or cytoplasm, resulting in decreased uptake and retention of the antibiotic in the resistant cells.", "PMID": 583339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2013", "title": "Interaction of myosin subfragment-1 with actin. I. Effect of actin binding on the susceptibility of subfragment-1 to trypsin.", "content": "The heavy chain of myosin subfragment-1 prepared by chymotrypsin treatment had a molecular weight of about 96 K. It was split into 26 K, 50K, and 21 K fragments on trypsin treatment. The effect of actin binding on the susceptibilities of the junctions between 26 K and 50 K and between 50 K and 21 K, and on that of alkali light chain 1 to trypsin was studied. The addition of actin increased the viscosity of the solution, and the apparent activity of trypsin decreased. We estimated this decrease as 35% by measuring the degradation of gamma-globin heavy chain, which is known not to interact with actin and subfragment-1 but is known to be susceptible to trypsin, in actin-subfragment-1 solution. Taking this value into consideration, we concluded that the 26 K-50 K junction became 5 times more and the 50 K-21 K junction became 3 times less susceptible to tryptic attack upon the binding of actin. We also observed that alkali light chain 1 became resistant to trypsin upon the binding of actin to subfragment-1. The relation between this conformational change in subfragment-1 and the cyclic interaction of subfragment-1 with actin and ATP is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of myosin subfragment-1 with actin. I. Effect of actin binding on the susceptibility of subfragment-1 to trypsin. The heavy chain of myosin subfragment-1 prepared by chymotrypsin treatment had a molecular weight of about 96 K. It was split into 26 K, 50K, and 21 K fragments on trypsin treatment. The effect of actin binding on the susceptibilities of the junctions between 26 K and 50 K and between 50 K and 21 K, and on that of alkali light chain 1 to trypsin was studied. The addition of actin increased the viscosity of the solution, and the apparent activity of trypsin decreased. We estimated this decrease as 35% by measuring the degradation of gamma-globin heavy chain, which is known not to interact with actin and subfragment-1 but is known to be susceptible to trypsin, in actin-subfragment-1 solution. Taking this value into consideration, we concluded that the 26 K-50 K junction became 5 times more and the 50 K-21 K junction became 3 times less susceptible to tryptic attack upon the binding of actin. We also observed that alkali light chain 1 became resistant to trypsin upon the binding of actin to subfragment-1. The relation between this conformational change in subfragment-1 and the cyclic interaction of subfragment-1 with actin and ATP is discussed.", "PMID": 583340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2014", "title": "Interaction of myosin subfragment-1 with actin. II. Location of the actin binding site in a fragment of subfragment-1 heavy chain.", "content": "The heavy chain of subfragment-1 prepared by chymotrypsin treatment had a molecular weight of about 96K. The heavy chain was split into 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments by trypsin. When the trypsin-treated subfragment-1 was cross-linked with dimethyl suberimidate, cross-linked products of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments and of 50 K and 21 K fragments appeared, but there was little cross-linked product of 26 K and 50 K fragments or of 26 K and 21 K fragments. When the cross-linking experiments were carried out in the presence of actin, a new band appeared and the amount of cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments decreased by about 50%. The molecular weight of the new band was lower than that of the cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments, and higher than that of the dimer of actin. Based on this and some other results, we suggest that this band represented a cross-linked product of actin and the 50 K fragment. We also suggest that the decrease in the amount of cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments reflected the conformational change in subfragment-1 due to the binding of actin.", "contents": "Interaction of myosin subfragment-1 with actin. II. Location of the actin binding site in a fragment of subfragment-1 heavy chain. The heavy chain of subfragment-1 prepared by chymotrypsin treatment had a molecular weight of about 96K. The heavy chain was split into 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments by trypsin. When the trypsin-treated subfragment-1 was cross-linked with dimethyl suberimidate, cross-linked products of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments and of 50 K and 21 K fragments appeared, but there was little cross-linked product of 26 K and 50 K fragments or of 26 K and 21 K fragments. When the cross-linking experiments were carried out in the presence of actin, a new band appeared and the amount of cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments decreased by about 50%. The molecular weight of the new band was lower than that of the cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments, and higher than that of the dimer of actin. Based on this and some other results, we suggest that this band represented a cross-linked product of actin and the 50 K fragment. We also suggest that the decrease in the amount of cross-linked product of 26 K, 50 K, and 21 K fragments reflected the conformational change in subfragment-1 due to the binding of actin.", "PMID": 583341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2015", "title": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide and iodoxamate in dogs with hepatic dysfunction induced by oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Iodipamide and iodoxamate were compared in equimolar clinical dosages in five cholecystectomized chronic bile fistula dogs in which hepatic dysfunction was produced by oral administration of a total dose of 480 and 960 microliters dimethylnitrosamine  (DMNA), respectively. After both DMNA dosages, the peak biliary excretion rate for iodoxamate was significantly higher than for iodipamide (p less than 0.01). The peak bile iodine concentration was not significantly different for the two agents (480 microliter DMNA: p less than 0.1; 960 microliter DMNA: p = 0.07). On the basis of this investigation, it is suggested that iodoxamate should not significantly improve the opacification of the biliary system in patients with hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide and iodoxamate in dogs with hepatic dysfunction induced by oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Iodipamide and iodoxamate were compared in equimolar clinical dosages in five cholecystectomized chronic bile fistula dogs in which hepatic dysfunction was produced by oral administration of a total dose of 480 and 960 microliters dimethylnitrosamine  (DMNA), respectively. After both DMNA dosages, the peak biliary excretion rate for iodoxamate was significantly higher than for iodipamide (p less than 0.01). The peak bile iodine concentration was not significantly different for the two agents (480 microliter DMNA: p less than 0.1; 960 microliter DMNA: p = 0.07). On the basis of this investigation, it is suggested that iodoxamate should not significantly improve the opacification of the biliary system in patients with hepatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 583337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2016", "title": "Three-dimensional image analysis of the complex of thin filaments and myosin molecules from skeletal muscle. I. Tilt angle of myosin subfragment-1 in the rigor complex.", "content": "A three-dimensional image of the \"rigor\" complex of actin and chymotryptic myosin subfragment-1 was reconstituted from electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens. Data went out to 20 A radially and 26 A axially. The reconstituted images allowed us to deduce the angle between the major axis of the main part of myosin subfragment-1 and the axis of the actin helix. The subfragment-1 molecules were attached to the actin filament in a configuration in which they were tilted by only about 15 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the axis of the actin helix. The implication of the smaller tilt angle than the commonly accepted value is discussed.", "contents": "Three-dimensional image analysis of the complex of thin filaments and myosin molecules from skeletal muscle. I. Tilt angle of myosin subfragment-1 in the rigor complex. A three-dimensional image of the \"rigor\" complex of actin and chymotryptic myosin subfragment-1 was reconstituted from electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens. Data went out to 20 A radially and 26 A axially. The reconstituted images allowed us to deduce the angle between the major axis of the main part of myosin subfragment-1 and the axis of the actin helix. The subfragment-1 molecules were attached to the actin filament in a configuration in which they were tilted by only about 15 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the axis of the actin helix. The implication of the smaller tilt angle than the commonly accepted value is discussed.", "PMID": 583342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2017", "title": "The New York City-HIP contract.", "content": "With the signing of a contract not to exceed $25 million, the Health Insurance Plan of New York (HIP) and the City of New York applied the concept of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) on a scale never before attempted. Beginning in January 1978, as many as 100,000 Medicaid eligible individuals and families were enrolled in a prepaid group medical plan as participants in an experiment whose success or failure depended largely upon the City health system's ability to adapt to change. It also depended upon the support of the major health interests in this unique effort at rational, systemwide health planning.", "contents": "The New York City-HIP contract. With the signing of a contract not to exceed $25 million, the Health Insurance Plan of New York (HIP) and the City of New York applied the concept of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) on a scale never before attempted. Beginning in January 1978, as many as 100,000 Medicaid eligible individuals and families were enrolled in a prepaid group medical plan as participants in an experiment whose success or failure depended largely upon the City health system's ability to adapt to change. It also depended upon the support of the major health interests in this unique effort at rational, systemwide health planning.", "PMID": 583348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2018", "title": "In vitro production of thyroid-binding antibodies by peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease: nonspecific responses associated with culture supernatant proteins.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease were cultured for 7 days with mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, protein A), or specific antigen (thyroid membranes), in an attempt to produce thyroid-binding antibodies (TBAb) in vitro. TBAb was measured in culture supernatants using a sensitive radioreceptor assay. Mean TBAb indices of mitogen or antigen-stimulated cultures did not differ significantly from those of unstimulated cultures for either patients or normal subjects. Although TBAb indices of less than 0.70, which are generally considered positive for serum TBAb, were demonstrated in a small proportion of individual tests of supernatants from patients with Graves' disease, low indices were also found in tests from normal subjects. One cause of such nonspecific responses was found to be culture infection. The factor associated with positive responses in infected cultures was unlikely to be an immunoglobulin since TBAb-like activity was not detected in globulins isolated by DEAE + -Sephadex chromatography, which isolates only IgG and IgA, and the activity was not neutralized by anti-IgG serum. The possible ways of improving the culture system for in vitro TBAb production and the significance of nonspecific responses in the radioreceptor assay are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro production of thyroid-binding antibodies by peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease: nonspecific responses associated with culture supernatant proteins. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease were cultured for 7 days with mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, protein A), or specific antigen (thyroid membranes), in an attempt to produce thyroid-binding antibodies (TBAb) in vitro. TBAb was measured in culture supernatants using a sensitive radioreceptor assay. Mean TBAb indices of mitogen or antigen-stimulated cultures did not differ significantly from those of unstimulated cultures for either patients or normal subjects. Although TBAb indices of less than 0.70, which are generally considered positive for serum TBAb, were demonstrated in a small proportion of individual tests of supernatants from patients with Graves' disease, low indices were also found in tests from normal subjects. One cause of such nonspecific responses was found to be culture infection. The factor associated with positive responses in infected cultures was unlikely to be an immunoglobulin since TBAb-like activity was not detected in globulins isolated by DEAE + -Sephadex chromatography, which isolates only IgG and IgA, and the activity was not neutralized by anti-IgG serum. The possible ways of improving the culture system for in vitro TBAb production and the significance of nonspecific responses in the radioreceptor assay are discussed.", "PMID": 583343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2019", "title": "Impaired fertility in the jaundiced female (Gunn) rat.", "content": "The hyperbilirubinemic female Gunn rat has been reported to have impaired fertility. A total of 267 jaundiced (j/j) and 91 nonjaundiced (+/j) female Gunn rats were used in a series of experiments to characterize the nature of this reduced fertility. Sixteen percent of the jaundiced females mated and delivered litters which were characteristically small in number (4.5 pups). A comparison of the gross observations at necropsy of jaundiced and nonjaundiced pregnant rats indicated that the number of implantation sites and live fetuses were significantly lower in the jaundiced females. The number of fetal resorptions in these rats were significantly higher; whereas, the number of corpra lutea was similar for both genotypes. The significantly lower plasma bilirubin levels in the pregnant jaundiced rats compared to the nonpregnant suggested that the observed effect on fertility was related to the concentration of plasma bilirubin.", "contents": "Impaired fertility in the jaundiced female (Gunn) rat. The hyperbilirubinemic female Gunn rat has been reported to have impaired fertility. A total of 267 jaundiced (j/j) and 91 nonjaundiced (+/j) female Gunn rats were used in a series of experiments to characterize the nature of this reduced fertility. Sixteen percent of the jaundiced females mated and delivered litters which were characteristically small in number (4.5 pups). A comparison of the gross observations at necropsy of jaundiced and nonjaundiced pregnant rats indicated that the number of implantation sites and live fetuses were significantly lower in the jaundiced females. The number of fetal resorptions in these rats were significantly higher; whereas, the number of corpra lutea was similar for both genotypes. The significantly lower plasma bilirubin levels in the pregnant jaundiced rats compared to the nonpregnant suggested that the observed effect on fertility was related to the concentration of plasma bilirubin.", "PMID": 583350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2020", "title": "Synchronized breeding of cycling ewes to produce fetuses of known gestational age.", "content": "A treatment regime involving a subcutaneous ear implant containing 3 mg of 17 alpha-acetoxy-11 beta-methyl-19-nor-preg-4-ene-3,20,dione (norgestomet) accompanied by an intramuscular injection of 1.5 mg norgestomet and 0.5 mg estradiol valerate proved effective for synchronizing estrus in the cycling ewe. Pregnancy rates were equivalent to those of control ewes mated concurrently. Sixty-two percent of all treated ewes became pregnant at the synchronized estrus. The initiation of the treatment regime was scheduled to allow delivery of fetuses of a specified age on the date requested by the investigator.", "contents": "Synchronized breeding of cycling ewes to produce fetuses of known gestational age. A treatment regime involving a subcutaneous ear implant containing 3 mg of 17 alpha-acetoxy-11 beta-methyl-19-nor-preg-4-ene-3,20,dione (norgestomet) accompanied by an intramuscular injection of 1.5 mg norgestomet and 0.5 mg estradiol valerate proved effective for synchronizing estrus in the cycling ewe. Pregnancy rates were equivalent to those of control ewes mated concurrently. Sixty-two percent of all treated ewes became pregnant at the synchronized estrus. The initiation of the treatment regime was scheduled to allow delivery of fetuses of a specified age on the date requested by the investigator.", "PMID": 583351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2021", "title": "A histological examination of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands in the domestic hen following an insemination with variable semen dosages.", "content": "The uterovaginal sperm storage glands of the domestic hen were examined histologically and scored for filling rates 24 hr after an insemination. Two semen dosages (.023 and .047 ml) were employed and a comparison was made between the large and small semen dose. No significant differences were found between the two groups, suggesting that only a specific number of spermatozoa are capable of entering the uterovaginal sperm storage glands during a given time interval.", "contents": "A histological examination of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands in the domestic hen following an insemination with variable semen dosages. The uterovaginal sperm storage glands of the domestic hen were examined histologically and scored for filling rates 24 hr after an insemination. Two semen dosages (.023 and .047 ml) were employed and a comparison was made between the large and small semen dose. No significant differences were found between the two groups, suggesting that only a specific number of spermatozoa are capable of entering the uterovaginal sperm storage glands during a given time interval.", "PMID": 583362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2022", "title": "Effects of tribenoside (Glyvenol) on experimental osteoarthrosis.", "content": "An experimental model of chemically induced osteoarthrosis in the knee joint of adult hens was used to investigate the possible anti-arthrotic potency of the D-glucofuranose derivative tribenoside (Glyvenol). Development and intensity of progressing degenerative processes in the articular tissue were controlled and quantitatively determined by radiographic and macroscopic methods. Tribenoside was given in daily oral doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg by cannulation into the crop. Control of the knee joints by X-ray using mammography film as well as joint space measurements were performed at the beginning and 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after induction of osteoarthrosis. The results clearly demonstrate that the higher dose (150 mg/kg) of tribenoside had a significant inhibitory influence on the degenerative processes in the knee joints. The obvious anti-arthrotic potency of tribenoside may be explained by the various chondrotropic and vasotropic activities of this drug. The mode of action of tribenoside on connective tissue is discussed in relation and contrast to the inhibitory effect of most anti-inflammatory antirheumatics on anabolic cartilage metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of tribenoside (Glyvenol) on experimental osteoarthrosis. An experimental model of chemically induced osteoarthrosis in the knee joint of adult hens was used to investigate the possible anti-arthrotic potency of the D-glucofuranose derivative tribenoside (Glyvenol). Development and intensity of progressing degenerative processes in the articular tissue were controlled and quantitatively determined by radiographic and macroscopic methods. Tribenoside was given in daily oral doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg by cannulation into the crop. Control of the knee joints by X-ray using mammography film as well as joint space measurements were performed at the beginning and 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after induction of osteoarthrosis. The results clearly demonstrate that the higher dose (150 mg/kg) of tribenoside had a significant inhibitory influence on the degenerative processes in the knee joints. The obvious anti-arthrotic potency of tribenoside may be explained by the various chondrotropic and vasotropic activities of this drug. The mode of action of tribenoside on connective tissue is discussed in relation and contrast to the inhibitory effect of most anti-inflammatory antirheumatics on anabolic cartilage metabolism.", "PMID": 583363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2023", "title": "[Respiratory insufficiency in surgery].", "content": "Acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI) (reduced PaO2 and/or increased PaCO2) in surgical patients is mostly caused by atelectasis or bronchopneumonia. These complications may develop if functional residual capacity (FRC) is reduced. Even in surgical patients with normal lungs the supine position, some pulmonary disorders after any general anaesthesia, pain, and atonic intestine cause reduced FRC in the postoperative phase. Successful prophylaxis is based on these mechanisms, which are described. The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS, termed \"shock lung\" a few years ago) is the most dangerous pulmonary complication leading to ARI. The evaluation of clinical data sugggests that noxious factors only active for a short time (so called \"triggers\") may start the development of ARDS when some physiological conditions (so called \"constellations\"), such as low flow syndrome, reduced FRC and overhydration, pave the way for this. In the early state prognosis is good if the patient is ventilated (CPPV) and kept on the dry side, and if cardiac output is elevated compared to the normal value at rest. Once fully established, ARDS has such a poor prognosis that the need for earliest possible commencement of therapy must be stressed emphatically. The following values may be taken as clear and simple symptoms for early diagnosis: vital capacity below 15 ml/kg (reflects decreased FRC), PaO2 breathing spontaneously room air below 60 mm Hg or 8 kPa (reflects increased intrapulmonary right to left shunt or regional hypoventilation), and respiratory rate above 25/min (reflects loss of compliance).", "contents": "[Respiratory insufficiency in surgery]. Acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI) (reduced PaO2 and/or increased PaCO2) in surgical patients is mostly caused by atelectasis or bronchopneumonia. These complications may develop if functional residual capacity (FRC) is reduced. Even in surgical patients with normal lungs the supine position, some pulmonary disorders after any general anaesthesia, pain, and atonic intestine cause reduced FRC in the postoperative phase. Successful prophylaxis is based on these mechanisms, which are described. The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS, termed \"shock lung\" a few years ago) is the most dangerous pulmonary complication leading to ARI. The evaluation of clinical data sugggests that noxious factors only active for a short time (so called \"triggers\") may start the development of ARDS when some physiological conditions (so called \"constellations\"), such as low flow syndrome, reduced FRC and overhydration, pave the way for this. In the early state prognosis is good if the patient is ventilated (CPPV) and kept on the dry side, and if cardiac output is elevated compared to the normal value at rest. Once fully established, ARDS has such a poor prognosis that the need for earliest possible commencement of therapy must be stressed emphatically. The following values may be taken as clear and simple symptoms for early diagnosis: vital capacity below 15 ml/kg (reflects decreased FRC), PaO2 breathing spontaneously room air below 60 mm Hg or 8 kPa (reflects increased intrapulmonary right to left shunt or regional hypoventilation), and respiratory rate above 25/min (reflects loss of compliance).", "PMID": 583367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2024", "title": "Therapeutic trial of intracisternal human tetanus immunoglobulin in clinical tetanus.", "content": "A trial has been conducted of the efficacy of human tetanus immunoglobulin (250 I U) administered intrathecally (intracisternally) in addition to standard treatment (equine antitoxin intravenously, penicillin, anticonvulsants). The trial was analysed sequentially and was stopped for 120 patients when there was no longer any chance of achieving a statistically significant difference in favour of intrathecal administration. The sequential plan was modified during the trial. A prognostic correlation was found between onset of the first symptom and admission to hospital.", "contents": "Therapeutic trial of intracisternal human tetanus immunoglobulin in clinical tetanus. A trial has been conducted of the efficacy of human tetanus immunoglobulin (250 I U) administered intrathecally (intracisternally) in addition to standard treatment (equine antitoxin intravenously, penicillin, anticonvulsants). The trial was analysed sequentially and was stopped for 120 patients when there was no longer any chance of achieving a statistically significant difference in favour of intrathecal administration. The sequential plan was modified during the trial. A prognostic correlation was found between onset of the first symptom and admission to hospital.", "PMID": 583378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2025", "title": "[Ultrastructural semiology of lesions of striated muscle].", "content": "Basic changes of the striated muscle fiber are described after the electron microscopy study of 200 surgical muscle biopsies from the Montevideo Neurological Institute. The inventory of these changes--true ultrastructural \"signs\" of muscle derangement--is presented according to the involved organelle. The value of these data is considerably enhanced by a systematic approach to the study of a muscle biopsy that should begin with the in situ examination of the muscle territory before the excision of the tissue. A throroughful histopathological study and a careful screening of semithin sections previous to the selection of areas for E.M. are also of paramount importance. The description of individual fiber lesions and that of the topography of the lesions should be accompanied by the study of vessels. nerves and muscle spindles. We stress that most of the ultrastructural findings are nonspecific. They will however acquire diagnostic value and greater interest when grouped and related to the clinical data and to the results of other diagnostic methods, besides morphology.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural semiology of lesions of striated muscle]. Basic changes of the striated muscle fiber are described after the electron microscopy study of 200 surgical muscle biopsies from the Montevideo Neurological Institute. The inventory of these changes--true ultrastructural \"signs\" of muscle derangement--is presented according to the involved organelle. The value of these data is considerably enhanced by a systematic approach to the study of a muscle biopsy that should begin with the in situ examination of the muscle territory before the excision of the tissue. A throroughful histopathological study and a careful screening of semithin sections previous to the selection of areas for E.M. are also of paramount importance. The description of individual fiber lesions and that of the topography of the lesions should be accompanied by the study of vessels. nerves and muscle spindles. We stress that most of the ultrastructural findings are nonspecific. They will however acquire diagnostic value and greater interest when grouped and related to the clinical data and to the results of other diagnostic methods, besides morphology.", "PMID": 583382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2026", "title": "L-dopa induced dyskinesias in asymmetrical parkinsonism.", "content": "Four patients with predominantly unilateral Parkinsonism are reported in whom involuntary movements in the affected limbs developed while on levodopa. Based on the known pathological and biochemical abnormalities underlying Parkinson's disease, it is suggested that these observations support the concept of denervation supersensitivity as the pathogenetic mechanism in the development of levodopa dyskinesias.", "contents": "L-dopa induced dyskinesias in asymmetrical parkinsonism. Four patients with predominantly unilateral Parkinsonism are reported in whom involuntary movements in the affected limbs developed while on levodopa. Based on the known pathological and biochemical abnormalities underlying Parkinson's disease, it is suggested that these observations support the concept of denervation supersensitivity as the pathogenetic mechanism in the development of levodopa dyskinesias.", "PMID": 583384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2027", "title": "[Verbal comprehension with objects and its comparison with the token test in children].", "content": "This study analyzes the results obtained in the child from an application of the Token Test of the De Renzi and Vignolo and compares them with those obtained from the application of a similar Test, in which objects of more familiar semantic field were employed. Normal children ranking from 4 years 0 month to 8 years 11 months were studied for this purpose.", "contents": "[Verbal comprehension with objects and its comparison with the token test in children]. This study analyzes the results obtained in the child from an application of the Token Test of the De Renzi and Vignolo and compares them with those obtained from the application of a similar Test, in which objects of more familiar semantic field were employed. Normal children ranking from 4 years 0 month to 8 years 11 months were studied for this purpose.", "PMID": 583385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2028", "title": "[Hallgren's syndrome in one family: retinitis pigmentosa, congenital deafness and ataxia].", "content": "A family of 6 siblings, 4 of which have Hallgren's syndrome, i.e., retinitis pigmentosa, congenital deafness and ataxia is described. Hallgren's series in Sweden is referred to. This affection was ascribed by Hallgren to a single gene with almost complete penetrance. However, 3 brothers of the present series show neurological anomalies not present in the Swedish cases.", "contents": "[Hallgren's syndrome in one family: retinitis pigmentosa, congenital deafness and ataxia]. A family of 6 siblings, 4 of which have Hallgren's syndrome, i.e., retinitis pigmentosa, congenital deafness and ataxia is described. Hallgren's series in Sweden is referred to. This affection was ascribed by Hallgren to a single gene with almost complete penetrance. However, 3 brothers of the present series show neurological anomalies not present in the Swedish cases.", "PMID": 583386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2029", "title": "Disturbances of motor reaching behavior. Clinical note.", "content": "Disturbance of motor reaching behavior was found in a patient submitted to a partial lobectomy including the posterior regions of the parietal cortex. The altered function could be objectivated by means of a battery of tests designed to detect visuo-spatial appreciation following which the subject has to point out to the center of figures with different configurations. Likewise, the damaged motor function could also be detected when the patient intended to reproduce, by copying, models of a figure as well as of straight lines of different lengths. Difficulties to reach -on first attempt- the proper point on the sheet with the point of the pencil, brought the performance of these tests to a high degree of inexactness and showed clearly the inaccuracy in production of voluntary motor responses within concretely definable visuo-spatial limits. These findings can be considered to be similar to those described in monkeys after removal of parieto-occipital cortex. It might be that a lesion in this part of the brain disrupt the high level of elaboration of different kind of stimuli (tactile, proprioceptive, visual, etc.) indispensable to attain normal reaching motor functions.", "contents": "Disturbances of motor reaching behavior. Clinical note. Disturbance of motor reaching behavior was found in a patient submitted to a partial lobectomy including the posterior regions of the parietal cortex. The altered function could be objectivated by means of a battery of tests designed to detect visuo-spatial appreciation following which the subject has to point out to the center of figures with different configurations. Likewise, the damaged motor function could also be detected when the patient intended to reproduce, by copying, models of a figure as well as of straight lines of different lengths. Difficulties to reach -on first attempt- the proper point on the sheet with the point of the pencil, brought the performance of these tests to a high degree of inexactness and showed clearly the inaccuracy in production of voluntary motor responses within concretely definable visuo-spatial limits. These findings can be considered to be similar to those described in monkeys after removal of parieto-occipital cortex. It might be that a lesion in this part of the brain disrupt the high level of elaboration of different kind of stimuli (tactile, proprioceptive, visual, etc.) indispensable to attain normal reaching motor functions.", "PMID": 583387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2030", "title": "[Anterior sacral meningocele. Radiological study].", "content": "The authors review the literature and report a case that illustrate the large spectrum of clinical presentation of the anterior-sacral meningocele. It is analized the presently available diagnostic procedures and it is emphasized the importance of the plain film and mielography in the correct diagnosis of this lesion.", "contents": "[Anterior sacral meningocele. Radiological study]. The authors review the literature and report a case that illustrate the large spectrum of clinical presentation of the anterior-sacral meningocele. It is analized the presently available diagnostic procedures and it is emphasized the importance of the plain film and mielography in the correct diagnosis of this lesion.", "PMID": 583388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2031", "title": "[Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum or Lhermittee-Duclos disease].", "content": "Lhermitte-Ducl\u00f3s disease is an infrequent condition of which there are only 37 cases described in the literature. Although presently considered as a displasic process, its clinical presentation is of a typical posterior fossa tumour and should be treated as such. Even though it is a benign growth there are only 7 cases described with postoperative survival. The uniform pathological anatomy in all the cases presented makes the definitive diagnosis. The authors present a new case with postoperative survival and discuss its clinical presentation, treatment and origin of the disease.", "contents": "[Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum or Lhermittee-Duclos disease]. Lhermitte-Ducl\u00f3s disease is an infrequent condition of which there are only 37 cases described in the literature. Although presently considered as a displasic process, its clinical presentation is of a typical posterior fossa tumour and should be treated as such. Even though it is a benign growth there are only 7 cases described with postoperative survival. The uniform pathological anatomy in all the cases presented makes the definitive diagnosis. The authors present a new case with postoperative survival and discuss its clinical presentation, treatment and origin of the disease.", "PMID": 583389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2032", "title": "Meniscectomy in children.", "content": "The results of 42 meniscectomies in 41 children were evaluated 1 to 13 years (mean 5.6 years) after the operation. At the follow-up 11 patients (12 operated knees) had complaints. In four of these patients, all having had removel of the lateral meniscus, roentgenological examination revealed degenerative changes. The results of the clinical and roentgenological follow-up examination showed that insufficiently rigorous appraisal of the indications for surgery had led, in some cases, to unnecessary meniscectomies. The results of operations had not always been satisfactory. The reliability of arthrographic findings alone as an indication for surgery are discussed and the indications for operative treatment are presented.", "contents": "Meniscectomy in children. The results of 42 meniscectomies in 41 children were evaluated 1 to 13 years (mean 5.6 years) after the operation. At the follow-up 11 patients (12 operated knees) had complaints. In four of these patients, all having had removel of the lateral meniscus, roentgenological examination revealed degenerative changes. The results of the clinical and roentgenological follow-up examination showed that insufficiently rigorous appraisal of the indications for surgery had led, in some cases, to unnecessary meniscectomies. The results of operations had not always been satisfactory. The reliability of arthrographic findings alone as an indication for surgery are discussed and the indications for operative treatment are presented.", "PMID": 583390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2033", "title": "[Intestinal intussusception in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intestinal intussusception (I.I.) is described in a newborn and 42 cases in the literature revised. I.I. is not a frequent entity in the neonate and has special clinical and radiological characteristics. Symptomatology of patients is unspecific and makes diagnosis difficult. The elevated incidence of necrosis and intestinal perforation, possibly related with the delay with which diagnosis is effected, is without doubt the determing factor in the high incidence of mortality in these patients. The finding of a conditioning organic lesion is much more frequent in the neonatal period than later ages.", "contents": "[Intestinal intussusception in a newborn (author's transl)]. A case of intestinal intussusception (I.I.) is described in a newborn and 42 cases in the literature revised. I.I. is not a frequent entity in the neonate and has special clinical and radiological characteristics. Symptomatology of patients is unspecific and makes diagnosis difficult. The elevated incidence of necrosis and intestinal perforation, possibly related with the delay with which diagnosis is effected, is without doubt the determing factor in the high incidence of mortality in these patients. The finding of a conditioning organic lesion is much more frequent in the neonatal period than later ages.", "PMID": 583391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2034", "title": "Lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid: a possible index of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "Lamellar bodies, produced by secretory cells in the alveolar epithelium, are the major source of surfactant phospholipid. As the fetal lung matures, the membranous content of the lamellar bodies is secreted into the alveolar spaces and passes into the amniotic fluid, from which it can be isolated in a morphologically recognisable form. A method is described for the rapid isolation of a lamellar body fraction from amniotic fluid using a small air-driven clinical ultracentrifuge. The lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid increases towards the end of gestation, but the time of onset and the rate of this increase show wide individual variation. Preliminary results suggest that the lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid may be a useful index of fetal lung maturity.", "contents": "Lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid: a possible index of fetal lung maturity. Lamellar bodies, produced by secretory cells in the alveolar epithelium, are the major source of surfactant phospholipid. As the fetal lung matures, the membranous content of the lamellar bodies is secreted into the alveolar spaces and passes into the amniotic fluid, from which it can be isolated in a morphologically recognisable form. A method is described for the rapid isolation of a lamellar body fraction from amniotic fluid using a small air-driven clinical ultracentrifuge. The lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid increases towards the end of gestation, but the time of onset and the rate of this increase show wide individual variation. Preliminary results suggest that the lamellar body phospholipid content of amniotic fluid may be a useful index of fetal lung maturity.", "PMID": 583392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2035", "title": "[Multiple intracranial mycotic aneurysms. Case report].", "content": "The case of a 31 years old woman with multiple intracranial mycotic aneurysms in association with subacute bacterial endocarditis is reported. The authors discuss the clinical and pathological aspects of such lesions. The complete regression of all the aneurysms after antibiotic therapy favours an approach aiming at adequate control of the infection prior to any consideration of surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Multiple intracranial mycotic aneurysms. Case report]. The case of a 31 years old woman with multiple intracranial mycotic aneurysms in association with subacute bacterial endocarditis is reported. The authors discuss the clinical and pathological aspects of such lesions. The complete regression of all the aneurysms after antibiotic therapy favours an approach aiming at adequate control of the infection prior to any consideration of surgical treatment.", "PMID": 583393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2036", "title": "[Pathogenesis of the preauricular appendages, melotia, and poliotia (author's transl)].", "content": "Preauricular appendages are usually considered deriving from excessively growing or supernumerary auricular hillocks at the border of the first cleft. However, the hypothesis being presented here deduces their origin from hyoidal ectodermal cells which differ from their mandibular host-tissue by a specific genetic potency, effecting the formation of extodermal proliferations. The separation of these germs from the hyoidal ectoderm and their fastening to the mandibular ectoderm happen during the closure of the first cleft, when the hyo-mandibular connecting lamina is regressing during the first half of the 6th week of pregnancy. Their transfer away from the hyo-mandibular boundary, which is situated right in front of the auricle, happens during the developmental movement of the mandibular ectoderm of the embryonal face. Thus the preauricular appendages are characterized as a new kind of choristomas: their germs derive from ectodermal cells and also develop in ectodermal tissue. There is also the embryological evidence, that melotia and poliotia are likewise representing extraordinary big preauricular appendages.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of the preauricular appendages, melotia, and poliotia (author's transl)]. Preauricular appendages are usually considered deriving from excessively growing or supernumerary auricular hillocks at the border of the first cleft. However, the hypothesis being presented here deduces their origin from hyoidal ectodermal cells which differ from their mandibular host-tissue by a specific genetic potency, effecting the formation of extodermal proliferations. The separation of these germs from the hyoidal ectoderm and their fastening to the mandibular ectoderm happen during the closure of the first cleft, when the hyo-mandibular connecting lamina is regressing during the first half of the 6th week of pregnancy. Their transfer away from the hyo-mandibular boundary, which is situated right in front of the auricle, happens during the developmental movement of the mandibular ectoderm of the embryonal face. Thus the preauricular appendages are characterized as a new kind of choristomas: their germs derive from ectodermal cells and also develop in ectodermal tissue. There is also the embryological evidence, that melotia and poliotia are likewise representing extraordinary big preauricular appendages.", "PMID": 583394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2037", "title": "Therapeutic monitoring of anticonvulsant drugs in psychiatric patients: rapid, simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination of six commonly used anticonvulsants without interference from other drugs.", "content": "A simple, sensitive  and precise gas-chromatographic method for simultaneous extraction, derivatization and determination of methsuximide, ethosuximide, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and primidone in the presence of other drugs has been described. The method is especially useful for drug monitoring in patients on multiple anticonvulsant therapy while also on combination therapy with psychotropic drugs. It overcomes the analytical interferences between mephenytoin and phenobarbital; methsuximide and primidone; kemadrin and primidone; cholesterol and primidone; prolixin, haldol and other drugs; encountered in other methods using underivatized, trimethylsilylated or methylated drugs. As little as 0.5 microgram/ml of a drug can be determined and if needed the method can be scaled down to 0.3 ml plasma. The method yielded recoveries of 97-103% with standard deviations of 0.7-1.8. For a constant check of the precision, an internal quality control using daily analysis of a sample from a frozen plasma pool supplemented with known concentrations of the anticonvulsants was used. The method is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Therapeutic monitoring of anticonvulsant drugs in psychiatric patients: rapid, simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination of six commonly used anticonvulsants without interference from other drugs. A simple, sensitive  and precise gas-chromatographic method for simultaneous extraction, derivatization and determination of methsuximide, ethosuximide, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and primidone in the presence of other drugs has been described. The method is especially useful for drug monitoring in patients on multiple anticonvulsant therapy while also on combination therapy with psychotropic drugs. It overcomes the analytical interferences between mephenytoin and phenobarbital; methsuximide and primidone; kemadrin and primidone; cholesterol and primidone; prolixin, haldol and other drugs; encountered in other methods using underivatized, trimethylsilylated or methylated drugs. As little as 0.5 microgram/ml of a drug can be determined and if needed the method can be scaled down to 0.3 ml plasma. The method yielded recoveries of 97-103% with standard deviations of 0.7-1.8. For a constant check of the precision, an internal quality control using daily analysis of a sample from a frozen plasma pool supplemented with known concentrations of the anticonvulsants was used. The method is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 583395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2038", "title": "Initial studies of the molecular organization of the cell-substrate adhesion site.", "content": "Using selective extraction reagents and non-penetrating probes, studies have been initiated on the molecular organization of substrate-attached material, adhesion sites which pinch off from the cell surface of normal Balb/c 3T3 or SV40-transformed Balb/c 3T3 (SVT2) cells and which remain bound to the serum-coated substrate during EGTA-mediated detachment of cells. Extraction of SVT2 adhesion sites with non-ionic detergents resulted in (a) only small amounts of leucine-radiolabeled protein and glucosamine-radiolabeled polysaccharide being solubilized; (b) selective solubilization of 80% of the adhesion site actin, and (c) solubilization of 95% of the phospholipid from these membranous pools. ATP in combination with potassium chloride extracted 60% of the actin. The 3T3 and SVT2 adhesion site proteins which are accessible to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination were also determined. Many of the serum-derived proteins, bound to the substrate, were iodinated during iodination treatment of serum-coated or substrate-attached material-coated substrates, whereas the cellular proteins in the adhesion sites were not iodinated even though they were present in larger quantity as revealed by Coomassie blue staining. Iodination of cells, followed by their EGTA-mediated detachment and reattachment to fresh serum-coated substrates, indicated that the principal iodinated cell surface component deposited in new adhesion sites is the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein (even though large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein is not the only principal iodinated cell surface component of these cells). These studies further establish the selective enrichment in this adhesive material of specific cell surface components and indicate that they are tenaciously bound at the interface between the serum coating and the undersurface of the adhesion site membranous pools.", "contents": "Initial studies of the molecular organization of the cell-substrate adhesion site. Using selective extraction reagents and non-penetrating probes, studies have been initiated on the molecular organization of substrate-attached material, adhesion sites which pinch off from the cell surface of normal Balb/c 3T3 or SV40-transformed Balb/c 3T3 (SVT2) cells and which remain bound to the serum-coated substrate during EGTA-mediated detachment of cells. Extraction of SVT2 adhesion sites with non-ionic detergents resulted in (a) only small amounts of leucine-radiolabeled protein and glucosamine-radiolabeled polysaccharide being solubilized; (b) selective solubilization of 80% of the adhesion site actin, and (c) solubilization of 95% of the phospholipid from these membranous pools. ATP in combination with potassium chloride extracted 60% of the actin. The 3T3 and SVT2 adhesion site proteins which are accessible to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination were also determined. Many of the serum-derived proteins, bound to the substrate, were iodinated during iodination treatment of serum-coated or substrate-attached material-coated substrates, whereas the cellular proteins in the adhesion sites were not iodinated even though they were present in larger quantity as revealed by Coomassie blue staining. Iodination of cells, followed by their EGTA-mediated detachment and reattachment to fresh serum-coated substrates, indicated that the principal iodinated cell surface component deposited in new adhesion sites is the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein (even though large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein is not the only principal iodinated cell surface component of these cells). These studies further establish the selective enrichment in this adhesive material of specific cell surface components and indicate that they are tenaciously bound at the interface between the serum coating and the undersurface of the adhesion site membranous pools.", "PMID": 583396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2039", "title": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces species 3022a: the nature of the arylamine synthetase system.", "content": "The arylamine synthetase which catalyses the conversion of chorismic acid to p-aminophenylalanine in Streptomyces species 3022a was separated from aminotransferase by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Recovered activity was further fragmented into three separate components by passage through a Sephadex G-100 column. Only one component produced p-aminophenylalanine but in combination the three stimulated each other activity. Although the products of the other two components were unstable, an infrared spectrum of one of them was obtained and confirmed the presence of an aromatic amine, but other functional groups could not be ascertained. This product was not recognized as a substrate by the arylamine synthetase complex and it was suggested that it may be a degradation product of an intermediate of p-aminophenylalanine biosynthesis or an unknown intermediate of later biosynthetic steps of the chloramphenicol pathway. It is further suggested that acrylamine compounds produced by this organism are the result of interaction of a core protein with other macromolecules and small molecular weight effect or molecules.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces species 3022a: the nature of the arylamine synthetase system. The arylamine synthetase which catalyses the conversion of chorismic acid to p-aminophenylalanine in Streptomyces species 3022a was separated from aminotransferase by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Recovered activity was further fragmented into three separate components by passage through a Sephadex G-100 column. Only one component produced p-aminophenylalanine but in combination the three stimulated each other activity. Although the products of the other two components were unstable, an infrared spectrum of one of them was obtained and confirmed the presence of an aromatic amine, but other functional groups could not be ascertained. This product was not recognized as a substrate by the arylamine synthetase complex and it was suggested that it may be a degradation product of an intermediate of p-aminophenylalanine biosynthesis or an unknown intermediate of later biosynthetic steps of the chloramphenicol pathway. It is further suggested that acrylamine compounds produced by this organism are the result of interaction of a core protein with other macromolecules and small molecular weight effect or molecules.", "PMID": 583399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2040", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase deficiency. A molybdenum dependent inborn error of metabolism?", "content": "In a 3-week old female child with clinical features including neurologic abnormalities and lens dislocation, xanthinuria co-existed with increased excretion of sulfur compounds (sulfite, S-sulfocysteine, taurine and thio-sulfate). Low xanthine oxidase and absent sulfite oxidase activities were found on liver biopsy. No abnormality was detected in either parent. Both the above enzymes are molybdenum-flavoproteins. Normal serum molybdenum concentration seemed to rule out dietary deficiency or impaired absorption. A defect in the incorporation of the metal into flavoproteins is postulated in this case.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase deficiency. A molybdenum dependent inborn error of metabolism? In a 3-week old female child with clinical features including neurologic abnormalities and lens dislocation, xanthinuria co-existed with increased excretion of sulfur compounds (sulfite, S-sulfocysteine, taurine and thio-sulfate). Low xanthine oxidase and absent sulfite oxidase activities were found on liver biopsy. No abnormality was detected in either parent. Both the above enzymes are molybdenum-flavoproteins. Normal serum molybdenum concentration seemed to rule out dietary deficiency or impaired absorption. A defect in the incorporation of the metal into flavoproteins is postulated in this case.", "PMID": 583402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2041", "title": "Lymphocyte blastogenic response to human thyroglobulin in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and metastatic thyroid cancer.", "content": "In view of the past contradictory reports concerning in vitro lymphocyte transformation induced by human thyroglobulin (Tg) in thyroid diseases, the present study was undertaken to re-examine the response using improved methods in cell separation, culture, and cell harvesting. It has been found that the optimal dose level of Tg for maximal blastogenesis in culture differs from patient to patient. Consequently, it is inappropriate to use a single dose level of Tg for evaluation of the blastogenesis in study groups. By using serial Tg dose levels of 0.5 through 30 micrograms/ml in cultures, it was found that that incidence of positive responders in Graves' disease was 69.2%, in Hashimoto's thyroiditis 71.4%, and in healthy controls 9.1%. Metastatic thyroid cancer patients responded in a 50% incidence. All of the positive responders in the cancer group had elevated Tg levels, but no anti-Tg antibody in their sera.", "contents": "Lymphocyte blastogenic response to human thyroglobulin in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and metastatic thyroid cancer. In view of the past contradictory reports concerning in vitro lymphocyte transformation induced by human thyroglobulin (Tg) in thyroid diseases, the present study was undertaken to re-examine the response using improved methods in cell separation, culture, and cell harvesting. It has been found that the optimal dose level of Tg for maximal blastogenesis in culture differs from patient to patient. Consequently, it is inappropriate to use a single dose level of Tg for evaluation of the blastogenesis in study groups. By using serial Tg dose levels of 0.5 through 30 micrograms/ml in cultures, it was found that that incidence of positive responders in Graves' disease was 69.2%, in Hashimoto's thyroiditis 71.4%, and in healthy controls 9.1%. Metastatic thyroid cancer patients responded in a 50% incidence. All of the positive responders in the cancer group had elevated Tg levels, but no anti-Tg antibody in their sera.", "PMID": 583403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2042", "title": "Nuclear actin and histones from the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum.", "content": "A method was established for the isolation and purification of nuclei in high yield from the microplasmodia of Physarum flavicomum. Purified nuclei was resistant to breakage by methods commonly employed for isolated plant and animal nuclei. Incubation of nuclei with 5 mM dithiothreitol at pH 9.2 was found to be the simplest and most effective method for breaking the nuclei. Several methods for the extraction of nuclear protein were compared. Incubation of nuclear lysates with either 2 M NaCl, with or without 5 M urea, or 1 M CaCl2 resulted in the extraction of nuclear actin together with histones. The histones were chemically fractionated into the five basic groups common to other eucaryotic tissue. Amino acid analyses of the total histone were also performed. Nuclear actin was found to have a molecular weight of 41,000 +/- 4,000 daltons as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the nuclear actin was established.", "contents": "Nuclear actin and histones from the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum. A method was established for the isolation and purification of nuclei in high yield from the microplasmodia of Physarum flavicomum. Purified nuclei was resistant to breakage by methods commonly employed for isolated plant and animal nuclei. Incubation of nuclei with 5 mM dithiothreitol at pH 9.2 was found to be the simplest and most effective method for breaking the nuclei. Several methods for the extraction of nuclear protein were compared. Incubation of nuclear lysates with either 2 M NaCl, with or without 5 M urea, or 1 M CaCl2 resulted in the extraction of nuclear actin together with histones. The histones were chemically fractionated into the five basic groups common to other eucaryotic tissue. Amino acid analyses of the total histone were also performed. Nuclear actin was found to have a molecular weight of 41,000 +/- 4,000 daltons as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the nuclear actin was established.", "PMID": 583406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2043", "title": "Effects of long-acting testosterone administration on testes in free living pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca.", "content": "Male pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca given injections of long-acting testosterone, when in full breeding condition, maintained spermatogenesis. In males given vehicle only and in untreated males the testes collapsed at the time of hatching of the brood. The number and secretory activity of the Leydig cells, as indicated by enzymic activities, were markedly lowered after testosterone administration. The results make it unlikely that testosterone is responsible for testicular regression in this species, but it may affect the mechanism regulating the number and activity of the Leydig cells.", "contents": "Effects of long-acting testosterone administration on testes in free living pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. Male pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca given injections of long-acting testosterone, when in full breeding condition, maintained spermatogenesis. In males given vehicle only and in untreated males the testes collapsed at the time of hatching of the brood. The number and secretory activity of the Leydig cells, as indicated by enzymic activities, were markedly lowered after testosterone administration. The results make it unlikely that testosterone is responsible for testicular regression in this species, but it may affect the mechanism regulating the number and activity of the Leydig cells.", "PMID": 583410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2044", "title": "[Primary \"mycotic\" aneurysm of the common carotid artery. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary mycotic aneurysm of the common carotid artery is exceptional. The clinical characteristics are dominated by the absence of a detectable infectious cause, by the macroscopic, nonsuppurative aspect and the sudden increase in volume requiring emergency operation. The treatment of these aneurysms is surgical, but little known owing to the rareness of these cases. Reconstructive surgery gives satisfactory results. Its details are discussed in relation to the operative appearance.", "contents": "[Primary \"mycotic\" aneurysm of the common carotid artery. Report of one case (author's transl)]. Primary mycotic aneurysm of the common carotid artery is exceptional. The clinical characteristics are dominated by the absence of a detectable infectious cause, by the macroscopic, nonsuppurative aspect and the sudden increase in volume requiring emergency operation. The treatment of these aneurysms is surgical, but little known owing to the rareness of these cases. Reconstructive surgery gives satisfactory results. Its details are discussed in relation to the operative appearance.", "PMID": 583419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2045", "title": "Prevention of in vitro fertilization of canine oocytes by anti-ovary antisera: a potential approach to fertility control in the bitch.", "content": "Antisera raised against canine ovaries were found to induce light scattering of the surface of the egg zona pellucida even when diluted 10,000 times, and to delay digestion of the zona by pronase. High concentrations of antiserum were required, however, to inhibit in vitro fertilization of the oocytes. Absorption of the antisera with canine ovaries removed these effects, whereas absorption with liver, uterus and serum did not. These results demonstrate the antigenicity of the canine ovary and suggest the plausibility of an anti-zona pellucida vaccine for bith control in the bitch.", "contents": "Prevention of in vitro fertilization of canine oocytes by anti-ovary antisera: a potential approach to fertility control in the bitch. Antisera raised against canine ovaries were found to induce light scattering of the surface of the egg zona pellucida even when diluted 10,000 times, and to delay digestion of the zona by pronase. High concentrations of antiserum were required, however, to inhibit in vitro fertilization of the oocytes. Absorption of the antisera with canine ovaries removed these effects, whereas absorption with liver, uterus and serum did not. These results demonstrate the antigenicity of the canine ovary and suggest the plausibility of an anti-zona pellucida vaccine for bith control in the bitch.", "PMID": 583425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2046", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of normal and implantation-delayed mouse blastocysts during development in vitro.", "content": "Mouse blastocysts undergo developmental steps in culture analogous to those occurring during implantation in utero. We examined cultured blastocysts by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as they passed through these stages. From the time of hatching to the acquisition of adhesiveness, most blastocysts were exhanded, with flattened cells possessing relatively small numbers of microvilli, centrally raised areas (presumably reflecting the location of the nuclei) and intercellular ridges often possessing microvilli. At, or shortly before, the trophoblast outgrowth stage, blastocysts appeared to contract; the cells bulged noticeably, microvilli covered the entire surface of most cells and intercellular ridges were no longer observable. Blastocysts removed from uteri on the seventh day of ovariectomy delay possessed a variety of morphologies and shapes. The blastocoel was frequently collapsed and cell outlines were difficult to discern. These blastocysts were initially adhesive in vitro, but subsequently disengaged from the substratum before becoming permanently adherent several hours later. During the initial phase of adhesiveness, blastocysts were elongated and had prominent intercellular ridges, particularly in the equatorial region. Detached blastocysts contained bulging cells with contours which obscured the intercellular ridges. Surface ultrastructure during subsequent phases resembled non-delayed blastocysts during attachment and outgrowth. On the basis of our studies, we propose that intercellular ridges play some role in blastocyst adhesiveness. However, we must conclude that there are other factors involved in the acquisition of adhesiveness by the blastocyst which are at least equally important but of a nature too subtle to be identified by our SEM analyses. Insofar as delayed blastocysts are concerned, we find that, within limits, the surface alterations that take place when blastocysts are activated in culture mirror those observed following reversal of delay in vivo by administration of hormones. Since delayed blastocysts placed in saline also undergo morphological changes resembling those seen at the onset of activation in utero, we suggest that reversal of implantation delay requires initially neither direct contact with steroid or macromolecular inducers nor an exogenous supply of metabolites.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of normal and implantation-delayed mouse blastocysts during development in vitro. Mouse blastocysts undergo developmental steps in culture analogous to those occurring during implantation in utero. We examined cultured blastocysts by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as they passed through these stages. From the time of hatching to the acquisition of adhesiveness, most blastocysts were exhanded, with flattened cells possessing relatively small numbers of microvilli, centrally raised areas (presumably reflecting the location of the nuclei) and intercellular ridges often possessing microvilli. At, or shortly before, the trophoblast outgrowth stage, blastocysts appeared to contract; the cells bulged noticeably, microvilli covered the entire surface of most cells and intercellular ridges were no longer observable. Blastocysts removed from uteri on the seventh day of ovariectomy delay possessed a variety of morphologies and shapes. The blastocoel was frequently collapsed and cell outlines were difficult to discern. These blastocysts were initially adhesive in vitro, but subsequently disengaged from the substratum before becoming permanently adherent several hours later. During the initial phase of adhesiveness, blastocysts were elongated and had prominent intercellular ridges, particularly in the equatorial region. Detached blastocysts contained bulging cells with contours which obscured the intercellular ridges. Surface ultrastructure during subsequent phases resembled non-delayed blastocysts during attachment and outgrowth. On the basis of our studies, we propose that intercellular ridges play some role in blastocyst adhesiveness. However, we must conclude that there are other factors involved in the acquisition of adhesiveness by the blastocyst which are at least equally important but of a nature too subtle to be identified by our SEM analyses. Insofar as delayed blastocysts are concerned, we find that, within limits, the surface alterations that take place when blastocysts are activated in culture mirror those observed following reversal of delay in vivo by administration of hormones. Since delayed blastocysts placed in saline also undergo morphological changes resembling those seen at the onset of activation in utero, we suggest that reversal of implantation delay requires initially neither direct contact with steroid or macromolecular inducers nor an exogenous supply of metabolites.", "PMID": 583426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2047", "title": "Surface tension induced by dipalmitoyl lecithin in vitro under physiological conditions.", "content": "1. The surface tension of 161 films of DPL have been measured on a Langmuir trough using a Wilhelmy balance under conditions controlled to simulate the state of the alveolar lining in vivo.2. The parameters controlled were temperature (maintained at 37 degrees C), humidity (100% at 37 degrees C), surfactant concentrations (encompassing the best available estimates), area changes (consistent with normal respiration), frequency adaptation to continuous cycling and composition and pH of the aqueous hypophase.3. Simultaneously maintaining all of these parameters within the best estimates of physiological limits, the relationships between surface tension and surface area showed appreciable differences from previous studies, our results showing higher minimum values of surface tension, appreciably less change in surface tension with compression and far less hysteresis between surface tension and surface area.4. The higher minimum values are consistent with original estimates of alveolar surface tension made by von Neergaard, namely 35-41 dyne cm(-1).5. Although appreciably smaller than hitherto reported, the change in surface tension with change in area is still adequate to impart alveolar stability.6. The reversibility between surface tension and surface area under physiological conditions is discussed in connection with compliance hysteresis which is considered to be more dependent upon geometric irreversibility of the alveolar surface than upon any intrinsic property of the surfactant.", "contents": "Surface tension induced by dipalmitoyl lecithin in vitro under physiological conditions. 1. The surface tension of 161 films of DPL have been measured on a Langmuir trough using a Wilhelmy balance under conditions controlled to simulate the state of the alveolar lining in vivo.2. The parameters controlled were temperature (maintained at 37 degrees C), humidity (100% at 37 degrees C), surfactant concentrations (encompassing the best available estimates), area changes (consistent with normal respiration), frequency adaptation to continuous cycling and composition and pH of the aqueous hypophase.3. Simultaneously maintaining all of these parameters within the best estimates of physiological limits, the relationships between surface tension and surface area showed appreciable differences from previous studies, our results showing higher minimum values of surface tension, appreciably less change in surface tension with compression and far less hysteresis between surface tension and surface area.4. The higher minimum values are consistent with original estimates of alveolar surface tension made by von Neergaard, namely 35-41 dyne cm(-1).5. Although appreciably smaller than hitherto reported, the change in surface tension with change in area is still adequate to impart alveolar stability.6. The reversibility between surface tension and surface area under physiological conditions is discussed in connection with compliance hysteresis which is considered to be more dependent upon geometric irreversibility of the alveolar surface than upon any intrinsic property of the surfactant.", "PMID": 583427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2048", "title": "Luekocyte adherence inhibition in response to human orbital and lacrimal extracts in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) may be a test for cell-mediated immunity or cytophilic antibodies. LAI tests were carried out on patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, using normal human lacrimal gland, orbital fat, and eye muscle extracts as antigens. The results were expressed as % LAI. The percentage leukocyte adherence inhibition in tests from patients and normal subjects were not significantly different for any preparation (Mann-Whitney tests). Taking the upper limit of normal as the mean % LAI + 2SD for normal subjects, tests were positive, to eye muscle extract, in only one patient whilst borderline inhibition, in response to eye muscle and fat extracts respectively, was demonstrated in two patients. All three had active disease. LAI tests may be positive only during the acute stage of Graves' ophthalmopathy. The significance of these findings in respect to the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy is discussed.", "contents": "Luekocyte adherence inhibition in response to human orbital and lacrimal extracts in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) may be a test for cell-mediated immunity or cytophilic antibodies. LAI tests were carried out on patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, using normal human lacrimal gland, orbital fat, and eye muscle extracts as antigens. The results were expressed as % LAI. The percentage leukocyte adherence inhibition in tests from patients and normal subjects were not significantly different for any preparation (Mann-Whitney tests). Taking the upper limit of normal as the mean % LAI + 2SD for normal subjects, tests were positive, to eye muscle extract, in only one patient whilst borderline inhibition, in response to eye muscle and fat extracts respectively, was demonstrated in two patients. All three had active disease. LAI tests may be positive only during the acute stage of Graves' ophthalmopathy. The significance of these findings in respect to the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy is discussed.", "PMID": 583423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2049", "title": "Anticoccidial derivatives of 6-azauracil. 2. High potency and long plasma life of N1-phenyl structures.", "content": "Attachment of substituted phenyl side chains at N1 of 6-azauracil caused striking increases in plasma life and anticoccidial potency. The increases were related in part to the acidity of the imide hydrogen. Maximum effects were shown by phenyl rings substituted in both meta positions by compact, electron-withdrawing, lipophilic substituents, as in 1-(3',5'-dichlorophenyl)-6-azauracil, which had plasma half-life of 160 h and a potency 250-fold greater than that of 6-azauracil.", "contents": "Anticoccidial derivatives of 6-azauracil. 2. High potency and long plasma life of N1-phenyl structures. Attachment of substituted phenyl side chains at N1 of 6-azauracil caused striking increases in plasma life and anticoccidial potency. The increases were related in part to the acidity of the imide hydrogen. Maximum effects were shown by phenyl rings substituted in both meta positions by compact, electron-withdrawing, lipophilic substituents, as in 1-(3',5'-dichlorophenyl)-6-azauracil, which had plasma half-life of 160 h and a potency 250-fold greater than that of 6-azauracil.", "PMID": 583429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2050", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism preceding thyrotoxicosis: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases are reported in whom primary hypothyroidism preceded thyrotoxic Graves' disease. The hypothesis is advanced that this sequence of events was mediated by spontaneous changes in the patient's autoimmune reactions to thyroid. In particular, it may reflect a spontaneous alteration in the balance between blocking antibodies reactive at or near the TSH receptor or cytotoxic thyroid autoimmune mechanisms on the one hand, and thyroid stimulating autoantibodies on the other.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism preceding thyrotoxicosis: a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. Two cases are reported in whom primary hypothyroidism preceded thyrotoxic Graves' disease. The hypothesis is advanced that this sequence of events was mediated by spontaneous changes in the patient's autoimmune reactions to thyroid. In particular, it may reflect a spontaneous alteration in the balance between blocking antibodies reactive at or near the TSH receptor or cytotoxic thyroid autoimmune mechanisms on the one hand, and thyroid stimulating autoantibodies on the other.", "PMID": 583430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2051", "title": "Neonatal EEG and computerized tomography.", "content": "The correlation between EEG and CT scan was studied in 57 full-term newborn infants with various neurological abnormalities, in order to clarify pathological processes underlying EEG abnormalities during the neonatal period. The relation between EEG and CT findings changes with the time elapsing after the acute phase of the perinatal brain insult. The same EEG pattern was associated with different CT findings of perinatal brain injury were usually associated with complete obliteration of cerebrospinal fluid spaces, a phenomenon considered to reflect severe brain swelling. Milkdly and minimally depressed EEGs in the acute phase were usually associated with localized decreased brain density, which is thought to represent localized edema. Moderately depressed background EEGs in the first week were associated with normal CT scans in most cases, although mild localized edema did not produce significant changes in the background EEG in some cases. In contrast to perinatal brain lesions, CT scans were not always well correlated with background EEGs in congenital cerebral dysplasia and intracranial hemorrhage, although the EEG was an useful adjunct to the CT scan in the diagnosis and prognostication of these disorders.", "contents": "Neonatal EEG and computerized tomography. The correlation between EEG and CT scan was studied in 57 full-term newborn infants with various neurological abnormalities, in order to clarify pathological processes underlying EEG abnormalities during the neonatal period. The relation between EEG and CT findings changes with the time elapsing after the acute phase of the perinatal brain insult. The same EEG pattern was associated with different CT findings of perinatal brain injury were usually associated with complete obliteration of cerebrospinal fluid spaces, a phenomenon considered to reflect severe brain swelling. Milkdly and minimally depressed EEGs in the acute phase were usually associated with localized decreased brain density, which is thought to represent localized edema. Moderately depressed background EEGs in the first week were associated with normal CT scans in most cases, although mild localized edema did not produce significant changes in the background EEG in some cases. In contrast to perinatal brain lesions, CT scans were not always well correlated with background EEGs in congenital cerebral dysplasia and intracranial hemorrhage, although the EEG was an useful adjunct to the CT scan in the diagnosis and prognostication of these disorders.", "PMID": 583442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2052", "title": "Respiratory variability according to sleep states during mechanical ventilation: a polygraphic study in a baby with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis.", "content": "Polygraphic recordings were performed at 1 and 2 months of age in mechanically ventilated baby (25-27 insufflations per min) with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. The EEG and the sleep organisation were normal for the given age. The breathing patterns were state dependent. Autonomous breathing movements and phasic inspiratory intercostal EMG were present during both wakefulness and active sleep (AS). In quiet sleep (QS) the respiration was usually passive, completly dependent on the respirator. Small autonomous breathings can occur in some periods of QS, simultaneously with the appearance of numerous skin potential responses. These results are probably related to the differences between the respiratory control in QS and in AS.", "contents": "Respiratory variability according to sleep states during mechanical ventilation: a polygraphic study in a baby with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Polygraphic recordings were performed at 1 and 2 months of age in mechanically ventilated baby (25-27 insufflations per min) with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. The EEG and the sleep organisation were normal for the given age. The breathing patterns were state dependent. Autonomous breathing movements and phasic inspiratory intercostal EMG were present during both wakefulness and active sleep (AS). In quiet sleep (QS) the respiration was usually passive, completly dependent on the respirator. Small autonomous breathings can occur in some periods of QS, simultaneously with the appearance of numerous skin potential responses. These results are probably related to the differences between the respiratory control in QS and in AS.", "PMID": 583443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2053", "title": "Pesticides and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples-(I)-August 1974-July 1975.", "content": "Since 1964, the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, has reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals present in the average diet of the young adult male. The present report is the first in a series of market baskets whose purpose is to monitor the average diet of infants and toddlers for the same residues. Ten market baskets were collected in 10 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported by food class. Results of recovery studies of known residues and chemicals within various food classes are also presented.", "contents": "Pesticides and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples-(I)-August 1974-July 1975. Since 1964, the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, has reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals present in the average diet of the young adult male. The present report is the first in a series of market baskets whose purpose is to monitor the average diet of infants and toddlers for the same residues. Ten market baskets were collected in 10 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported by food class. Results of recovery studies of known residues and chemicals within various food classes are also presented.", "PMID": 583446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2054", "title": "A fatal case of Legionnaires' disease originating in Scotland.", "content": "A 21-year-old female died in May 1976 from a pneumonic illness presenting with a right pleural effusion. Histopathology showed florid hyaline membrane disease of the left lung only, and focal pneumonitis in the lower lobe. Further investigations carried out by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, showed that this patient had Legionnaires' disease infection, the first indigenous case diagnosed in Scotland. Post-mortem examination showed features differing from those in other published cases.", "contents": "A fatal case of Legionnaires' disease originating in Scotland. A 21-year-old female died in May 1976 from a pneumonic illness presenting with a right pleural effusion. Histopathology showed florid hyaline membrane disease of the left lung only, and focal pneumonitis in the lower lobe. Further investigations carried out by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, showed that this patient had Legionnaires' disease infection, the first indigenous case diagnosed in Scotland. Post-mortem examination showed features differing from those in other published cases.", "PMID": 583449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2055", "title": "Additional evidence that small amounts of a peptide can cross the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "It was determined that an antiserum against delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) required eight of the nine constituent amino acids for antigenic activity. Measurement by this radioimmunoassay (RIA) or DSIP-like material in the rat brain, therefore, would necessarily involve almost the entire molecule present in essentially intact form. Injection of 200 microgram DSIP into the carotid artery of rats resulted in a doubling of brain levels of peptide as measured shortly afterwards by RIA. The brain tissue to plasma ratio of radioactivity in rats injected with labeled DSIP was much higher than that in rats injected with labeled inulin; this suggests that the increased amount of material measured by RIA was not merely trapped in the blood vessels. Thus, the results indicate that a small amount of essentially intact peptide can cross the blood-brain barrier. This could represent one of the mechanisms by which central effects of peripherally injected peptides can be exerted.", "contents": "Additional evidence that small amounts of a peptide can cross the blood-brain barrier. It was determined that an antiserum against delta-sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) required eight of the nine constituent amino acids for antigenic activity. Measurement by this radioimmunoassay (RIA) or DSIP-like material in the rat brain, therefore, would necessarily involve almost the entire molecule present in essentially intact form. Injection of 200 microgram DSIP into the carotid artery of rats resulted in a doubling of brain levels of peptide as measured shortly afterwards by RIA. The brain tissue to plasma ratio of radioactivity in rats injected with labeled DSIP was much higher than that in rats injected with labeled inulin; this suggests that the increased amount of material measured by RIA was not merely trapped in the blood vessels. Thus, the results indicate that a small amount of essentially intact peptide can cross the blood-brain barrier. This could represent one of the mechanisms by which central effects of peripherally injected peptides can be exerted.", "PMID": 583452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2056", "title": "[To the controversy of the priority about the conservation of mother's milk in the german-speaking territory (author's transl)].", "content": "The differing opinions of Prof. Dr. med. E. Mayerhofer (Vienna-Zagreb) and Dr. M.-E. Kayser (Magdeburg-Erfurt) on the conservation of mother's milk and the characteristics of a mother's milk bank are discussed and the relevant achievements of the two physicians are evaluated.", "contents": "[To the controversy of the priority about the conservation of mother's milk in the german-speaking territory (author's transl)]. The differing opinions of Prof. Dr. med. E. Mayerhofer (Vienna-Zagreb) and Dr. M.-E. Kayser (Magdeburg-Erfurt) on the conservation of mother's milk and the characteristics of a mother's milk bank are discussed and the relevant achievements of the two physicians are evaluated.", "PMID": 583457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2057", "title": "[Endocrine and metabolic myocarditis in a young female diabetic with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "A 31-year-old female diabetic in hyperthyroidism, after ketoacidosis leading to a hypoglycaemic coma showed diffuse and persistent abnormalities of ventricular repolarization. Arguments are given for myocardial ischemia of metabolic origin by hypersecretion of catecholamines.", "contents": "[Endocrine and metabolic myocarditis in a young female diabetic with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. A 31-year-old female diabetic in hyperthyroidism, after ketoacidosis leading to a hypoglycaemic coma showed diffuse and persistent abnormalities of ventricular repolarization. Arguments are given for myocardial ischemia of metabolic origin by hypersecretion of catecholamines.", "PMID": 583460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2058", "title": "18 month skin painting study of a mercapto-functional silicone oil in mice.", "content": "Thrice weekly application of lambda-mercapto-polydimethylsiloxane to the shaven backs of Swiss mice over an 18 month period did not have an obvious effect on weight gain nor did this material produce systemic toxicity. Lung adenomas and lymphosarcomas were observed upon histopathological examination in both untreated and treated group. Other lesions observed were not thought to be treatment related.", "contents": "18 month skin painting study of a mercapto-functional silicone oil in mice. Thrice weekly application of lambda-mercapto-polydimethylsiloxane to the shaven backs of Swiss mice over an 18 month period did not have an obvious effect on weight gain nor did this material produce systemic toxicity. Lung adenomas and lymphosarcomas were observed upon histopathological examination in both untreated and treated group. Other lesions observed were not thought to be treatment related.", "PMID": 583462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2059", "title": "Effects of ergocornine and reserpine on metamorphosis in Bufo bufo japonicus tadpoles.", "content": "Effects of ergocornine and reserpine on tail resorption during metamorphosis in Bufo bufo japonicus tadpoles were studied. At prometamorphosis, ergocornine induced precocious tail resorption, while reserpine scarcely affected the tail size. At the climax of metamorphosis, ergocornine was almost ineffective in accelerating tail resorption, while reserpine was effective in inhibiting tail resorption. Since prolactin-like hormone is known to block the tail resorption induced by thyroid hormones, it was postulated that the release of the hormone is blocked by ergocornine during prometamorphosis and stimulated by reserpine during climax.", "contents": "Effects of ergocornine and reserpine on metamorphosis in Bufo bufo japonicus tadpoles. Effects of ergocornine and reserpine on tail resorption during metamorphosis in Bufo bufo japonicus tadpoles were studied. At prometamorphosis, ergocornine induced precocious tail resorption, while reserpine scarcely affected the tail size. At the climax of metamorphosis, ergocornine was almost ineffective in accelerating tail resorption, while reserpine was effective in inhibiting tail resorption. Since prolactin-like hormone is known to block the tail resorption induced by thyroid hormones, it was postulated that the release of the hormone is blocked by ergocornine during prometamorphosis and stimulated by reserpine during climax.", "PMID": 583463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2060", "title": "Protein-coated agarose surfaces for attachment of cells.", "content": "Plastic dishes were coated with an agarose layer. The layer was modified by covalently binding proteins to it, using the CNBr-method. Cells were seeded on the dishes and the number of attached cells was evaluated. The specificity of the attachment was demonstrated by showing that cells, carrying specific membrane-bound immunoglobulins, attached only to the corresponding anti-immunoglobulins. This indicated that the method could be used for cell sorting. The attachment of cells to proteins was influenced by the amount of bound protein, incubation time, temperature and the degree of trypsinization. Most attached cells were viable for several days and when dying they detached. Detailed morphological and cytochemical analyses of the dynamics of attachment and cytoplasmic spreading on the chemically well-defined surfaces were possible using the new method.", "contents": "Protein-coated agarose surfaces for attachment of cells. Plastic dishes were coated with an agarose layer. The layer was modified by covalently binding proteins to it, using the CNBr-method. Cells were seeded on the dishes and the number of attached cells was evaluated. The specificity of the attachment was demonstrated by showing that cells, carrying specific membrane-bound immunoglobulins, attached only to the corresponding anti-immunoglobulins. This indicated that the method could be used for cell sorting. The attachment of cells to proteins was influenced by the amount of bound protein, incubation time, temperature and the degree of trypsinization. Most attached cells were viable for several days and when dying they detached. Detailed morphological and cytochemical analyses of the dynamics of attachment and cytoplasmic spreading on the chemically well-defined surfaces were possible using the new method.", "PMID": 583464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2061", "title": "Iodine-131: optimal therapy for hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents?", "content": "To assess the medium- to long-term effects of I-131 therapy of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents, we studied 51 patients (age range 6--18; boys, 43 girls) treated with I-131 for Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism at the University of Michigan Medical Center (1951--1972). Patients received total doses ranging from 3 to 81.6 mCi. The mean followup period was 14.6 +/- 7.9 yr. Hyperthyroidism was effectively treated in 49 within 1 to 12 mo. One patient failed to respond to three treatment doses, and hyperthyroidism recurred in two patients: 2 and 11 yr after initial therapy. Of these three patients, two were treated by thyroidectomy and one was retreated successfully with I-131. There were no cases of thyroid cancer, other malignancies or leukemia. The patients' reproductive histories and the health of their offspring were as in the general population. At the time of study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 92%, with no recurrent goiters or thyroid nodules. Iodine-131 is found to be safe and effective treatment of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents and should be the preferred mode of therapy.", "contents": "Iodine-131: optimal therapy for hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents? To assess the medium- to long-term effects of I-131 therapy of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents, we studied 51 patients (age range 6--18; boys, 43 girls) treated with I-131 for Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism at the University of Michigan Medical Center (1951--1972). Patients received total doses ranging from 3 to 81.6 mCi. The mean followup period was 14.6 +/- 7.9 yr. Hyperthyroidism was effectively treated in 49 within 1 to 12 mo. One patient failed to respond to three treatment doses, and hyperthyroidism recurred in two patients: 2 and 11 yr after initial therapy. Of these three patients, two were treated by thyroidectomy and one was retreated successfully with I-131. There were no cases of thyroid cancer, other malignancies or leukemia. The patients' reproductive histories and the health of their offspring were as in the general population. At the time of study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 92%, with no recurrent goiters or thyroid nodules. Iodine-131 is found to be safe and effective treatment of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents and should be the preferred mode of therapy.", "PMID": 583469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2062", "title": "Interaction of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with the chick intestinal 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor system.", "content": "The interaction of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with the 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor system was studied in chick intestinal mucosa. The competitive receptor binding assay indicated that 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 bound to a cytosol 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor with a relatively high affinity compared with other vitamin D3 analogs. The R-isomer of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 revealed higher affinity for the receptor than the S-isomer. In the reconstituted cytosol-chromatin system, bith 1 alpha, 24(R)-dihydroxy[3H]-vitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 24(S)-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 specifically associated with chromatin via a temperature-dependent process. The association of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 with chromatin was reduced in the presence of competing unlabeled 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Furthermore, the chromatin-associated 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 was dissociated by a high concentration of KCl, likewise 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3. From these results, it is strongly indicated that 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitaim D3 is recognized by cytosol 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor as an analog of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and associates with chromatin by the same mechanism as 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Interaction of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with the chick intestinal 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor system. The interaction of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with the 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor system was studied in chick intestinal mucosa. The competitive receptor binding assay indicated that 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 bound to a cytosol 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor with a relatively high affinity compared with other vitamin D3 analogs. The R-isomer of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 revealed higher affinity for the receptor than the S-isomer. In the reconstituted cytosol-chromatin system, bith 1 alpha, 24(R)-dihydroxy[3H]-vitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 24(S)-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 specifically associated with chromatin via a temperature-dependent process. The association of 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 with chromatin was reduced in the presence of competing unlabeled 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Furthermore, the chromatin-associated 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3 was dissociated by a high concentration of KCl, likewise 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-[3H]-vitamin D3. From these results, it is strongly indicated that 1 alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitaim D3 is recognized by cytosol 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor as an analog of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and associates with chromatin by the same mechanism as 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 583470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2063", "title": "[Comparative experimental animal studies of the effects of various nuclear pharmaceuticals on the EEG].", "content": "Some of the radiopharmaceuticals presently recommended for cisternoscintigraphy were compared, in experiments on animals, for their effects upon bioelectric activity. On relaxed cats, electroencephalography did not show any effects upon bioelectric activity for 198 Au and 169 Yb Ca DTPA. One test animal each of seven and six cats examined using 169 Yb DTPA and 131 J HSA showed changes in the electroencephalogram subsequent to suboccipital application.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental animal studies of the effects of various nuclear pharmaceuticals on the EEG]. Some of the radiopharmaceuticals presently recommended for cisternoscintigraphy were compared, in experiments on animals, for their effects upon bioelectric activity. On relaxed cats, electroencephalography did not show any effects upon bioelectric activity for 198 Au and 169 Yb Ca DTPA. One test animal each of seven and six cats examined using 169 Yb DTPA and 131 J HSA showed changes in the electroencephalogram subsequent to suboccipital application.", "PMID": 583473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2064", "title": "Comprehensive medicine at the South African Railways and Harbour Ambulance Room in Table Bay Harbour.", "content": "The medical services provided at the South African Railways and Harbour Ambulance Room in Table Bay Harbour are described. The excellent human relations that have developed in this service are stressed, and the use of selective employment to minimize loss of manpower and wages through sickness and accidents is also emphasized.", "contents": "Comprehensive medicine at the South African Railways and Harbour Ambulance Room in Table Bay Harbour. The medical services provided at the South African Railways and Harbour Ambulance Room in Table Bay Harbour are described. The excellent human relations that have developed in this service are stressed, and the use of selective employment to minimize loss of manpower and wages through sickness and accidents is also emphasized.", "PMID": 583474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2065", "title": "Characterization of a naturally occurring R plasmid in Salmonella isangi conferring unusually high resistance to ampicillin.", "content": "A strain of Salmonella isangi was isolated from HUMANA milk, used a baby food in Bulgarian hospitals. It harbours two stable plasmids, distinguishable by their molecular weight of 21 Mdal for the transfer factor (rRB 1) and 9,3 Mdal for R-factor rRB 2, confering resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin and sulfonamides. Both plasmids are maintained in different copy numbers per chromosome genome equivalent, 8 copies for rRB 1 and 158 copies for rRB 2, associated with an unusual high level of resistance to ampicillin (MIC 65 mg/ml).", "contents": "Characterization of a naturally occurring R plasmid in Salmonella isangi conferring unusually high resistance to ampicillin. A strain of Salmonella isangi was isolated from HUMANA milk, used a baby food in Bulgarian hospitals. It harbours two stable plasmids, distinguishable by their molecular weight of 21 Mdal for the transfer factor (rRB 1) and 9,3 Mdal for R-factor rRB 2, confering resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin and sulfonamides. Both plasmids are maintained in different copy numbers per chromosome genome equivalent, 8 copies for rRB 1 and 158 copies for rRB 2, associated with an unusual high level of resistance to ampicillin (MIC 65 mg/ml).", "PMID": 583483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2066", "title": "[Comparative study of the absolute bioavailability of four oral digoxin preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a randomized cross over study on 19 normal subjects the absolute bioavailability of four oral digoxin preparations (Digacin containing a silica gel matrix as preparation A and three other commercial digoxin tablet preparations, B, C and D) were investigated applying digoxin in a daily dose of 0.25 mg for 10 consecutive days. On day 8, 9 and 10, the serum digoxin concentration and the amount of digoxin excreted with 24-h urine were measured radioimmunologically. After i.v. administration the mean serum digoxin concentration amounted to 0.58 ng/ml. With oral administration preparation A achieved the highest concentration (0.51 ng/ml) and preparation C the lowest (0.42 ng/ml). Accordingly, after i.v. administration 118 microgram digoxin were excreted with the 24-h urine and 95 microgram after the oral preparation A and 73 microgram after preparation C, respectively. From the serum concentrations and the amount excreted with the urine the absolute bioavailability was calculated: 88.0 and 80.4%, respectively, for preparation A, 82.5 and 67.2% for preparation B, 72.7 and 61.8% for preparation C, 76.2 and 67.3% for preparation D.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the absolute bioavailability of four oral digoxin preparations (author's transl)]. In a randomized cross over study on 19 normal subjects the absolute bioavailability of four oral digoxin preparations (Digacin containing a silica gel matrix as preparation A and three other commercial digoxin tablet preparations, B, C and D) were investigated applying digoxin in a daily dose of 0.25 mg for 10 consecutive days. On day 8, 9 and 10, the serum digoxin concentration and the amount of digoxin excreted with 24-h urine were measured radioimmunologically. After i.v. administration the mean serum digoxin concentration amounted to 0.58 ng/ml. With oral administration preparation A achieved the highest concentration (0.51 ng/ml) and preparation C the lowest (0.42 ng/ml). Accordingly, after i.v. administration 118 microgram digoxin were excreted with the 24-h urine and 95 microgram after the oral preparation A and 73 microgram after preparation C, respectively. From the serum concentrations and the amount excreted with the urine the absolute bioavailability was calculated: 88.0 and 80.4%, respectively, for preparation A, 82.5 and 67.2% for preparation B, 72.7 and 61.8% for preparation C, 76.2 and 67.3% for preparation D.", "PMID": 583489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2067", "title": "Urinary excretion of methylated purines in man and in the rat after the administration of theophylline.", "content": "Chromatographic characteristics of urinary metabolites of theophylline were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Quantitative date for the urinary metabolites of theophylline in asthmatic children are given. It was shown that 1,3-dimethyluric acid is the predominant excretory product. In addition, smaller amounts of 1-methyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline were found. Excretory patterns after theophylline ingestion before and during the administration of allopurinol in asthma patients and in rats suggest the existence of three metabolic pathways of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase deficiency resulted in the excretion of 1-methyluric acid in addition to 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline. It was concluded that in man the oxidation of theophylline is not catalysed by xanthine oxidase.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of methylated purines in man and in the rat after the administration of theophylline. Chromatographic characteristics of urinary metabolites of theophylline were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Quantitative date for the urinary metabolites of theophylline in asthmatic children are given. It was shown that 1,3-dimethyluric acid is the predominant excretory product. In addition, smaller amounts of 1-methyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline were found. Excretory patterns after theophylline ingestion before and during the administration of allopurinol in asthma patients and in rats suggest the existence of three metabolic pathways of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase deficiency resulted in the excretion of 1-methyluric acid in addition to 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline. It was concluded that in man the oxidation of theophylline is not catalysed by xanthine oxidase.", "PMID": 583494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2068", "title": "Specific interaction of cytochalasins with muscle and platelet actin filaments in vitro.", "content": "The cytochalasins (CE, CD, CB and H2CB) inhibit numerous cellular processes which require the interaction of actin with other structural and contractile proteins. In this report we describe the effects of the cytochalasins on the viscosity and morphology of muscle and platelet actin. The cytochalasins decreased the viscosity of F-actin solutions. The effect of H2CB, CB and CD ON F-actin viscosity was maximal at concentrations of 20-50 micro M and did not increase with time. In contrast, CE caused a progressive decrease in the viscosity of F-actin solutions which was dependent upon the concentration of CE and the duration of incubation of the CE-actin mixture. After two hours of incubation of drug-actin mixtures, the relative effectiveness of the cytochalasins in reducing the viscosity of F-actin was CE greater than CD greater than CB=H2CB. The effects of CD and CE were paralleled by morphologic changes in negatively stained actin filaments. The effects of the cytochalasins on the viscosity and morphology of muscle and platelet actin were the same whether the drugs were added before or after the polymerization of the protein. These studies show that the interaction of the cytochalasins with actin is highly specific. Because the relative potencies of these drugs for affecting motile processes and the relative affinities of the drugs for binding sites within a variety of cells are CE greater than CD greater than CB=H2CB, the effects of cytochalasins on actin described here may contribute to some of the biological effects of the drugs on motile processes.", "contents": "Specific interaction of cytochalasins with muscle and platelet actin filaments in vitro. The cytochalasins (CE, CD, CB and H2CB) inhibit numerous cellular processes which require the interaction of actin with other structural and contractile proteins. In this report we describe the effects of the cytochalasins on the viscosity and morphology of muscle and platelet actin. The cytochalasins decreased the viscosity of F-actin solutions. The effect of H2CB, CB and CD ON F-actin viscosity was maximal at concentrations of 20-50 micro M and did not increase with time. In contrast, CE caused a progressive decrease in the viscosity of F-actin solutions which was dependent upon the concentration of CE and the duration of incubation of the CE-actin mixture. After two hours of incubation of drug-actin mixtures, the relative effectiveness of the cytochalasins in reducing the viscosity of F-actin was CE greater than CD greater than CB=H2CB. The effects of CD and CE were paralleled by morphologic changes in negatively stained actin filaments. The effects of the cytochalasins on the viscosity and morphology of muscle and platelet actin were the same whether the drugs were added before or after the polymerization of the protein. These studies show that the interaction of the cytochalasins with actin is highly specific. Because the relative potencies of these drugs for affecting motile processes and the relative affinities of the drugs for binding sites within a variety of cells are CE greater than CD greater than CB=H2CB, the effects of cytochalasins on actin described here may contribute to some of the biological effects of the drugs on motile processes.", "PMID": 583496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2069", "title": "Anterior segment abnormalities in cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity.", "content": "Abnormalities that occur in the anterior segments of patients with retinopathy of prematurity have been studied in 72 eyes of 36 patients. The anterior chamber depth, the placido disc image on the cornea, the distortion of polarized light by corneal stress, and keratometry readings were recorded. There was a highly significant correlation between anterior chamber depth, retinopathy of prematurity, and keratometry readings (p less than .001). These findings emphasize the importance of careful follow-up examinations of the anterior segment in retinopathy of prematurity because cataracts, band keratopathy, acute hydrops, and angle-closure glaucoma can progressively occur as complications.", "contents": "Anterior segment abnormalities in cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity. Abnormalities that occur in the anterior segments of patients with retinopathy of prematurity have been studied in 72 eyes of 36 patients. The anterior chamber depth, the placido disc image on the cornea, the distortion of polarized light by corneal stress, and keratometry readings were recorded. There was a highly significant correlation between anterior chamber depth, retinopathy of prematurity, and keratometry readings (p less than .001). These findings emphasize the importance of careful follow-up examinations of the anterior segment in retinopathy of prematurity because cataracts, band keratopathy, acute hydrops, and angle-closure glaucoma can progressively occur as complications.", "PMID": 583499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2070", "title": "Scleral buckling in 2 1/2- to 11-month-old premature infants with retinal detachment associated with acute retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "The authors' experience over the past five years in the cryosurgical management of retinal detachment in ten eyes of eight premature infants with retrolental fibroplasia, whose ages at the time of detachment surgery ranged from 2 1/2 months to 11 months with an average of 5 1/2 months, is reported. Postoperative follow-up, ranging from eight to 61 months, has revealed that scleral buckling was successful in six eyes (60%). The ERG responses are slow to become established postoperatively, and VER testing is of questionable value in these cases.", "contents": "Scleral buckling in 2 1/2- to 11-month-old premature infants with retinal detachment associated with acute retrolental fibroplasia. The authors' experience over the past five years in the cryosurgical management of retinal detachment in ten eyes of eight premature infants with retrolental fibroplasia, whose ages at the time of detachment surgery ranged from 2 1/2 months to 11 months with an average of 5 1/2 months, is reported. Postoperative follow-up, ranging from eight to 61 months, has revealed that scleral buckling was successful in six eyes (60%). The ERG responses are slow to become established postoperatively, and VER testing is of questionable value in these cases.", "PMID": 583500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2071", "title": "Computed tomography of the orbit.", "content": "Computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the analysis of patients with orbital tumors. A new CT scanner devised by the author resolves structures less than 1 mm with an image section as thin as 2 mm. This improved resolution shows all the extraocular muscles, including the obliques; enlargement of the optic nerve to the orbital end of the optic canal; and the sclera, crystalline lens, aqueous, and vitreous. Experience with 700 orbital studies shows that CT scanning now identifies pathologic changes in the orbital soft tissues with the same diagnostic accuracy as bone pathology.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the orbit. Computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the analysis of patients with orbital tumors. A new CT scanner devised by the author resolves structures less than 1 mm with an image section as thin as 2 mm. This improved resolution shows all the extraocular muscles, including the obliques; enlargement of the optic nerve to the orbital end of the optic canal; and the sclera, crystalline lens, aqueous, and vitreous. Experience with 700 orbital studies shows that CT scanning now identifies pathologic changes in the orbital soft tissues with the same diagnostic accuracy as bone pathology.", "PMID": 583502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2072", "title": "Simulataneous occlusion of the central retinal artery and vein.", "content": "Combined CRAO/CRVO in our patients occurred with rapid visual loss, usually over a few hours, associated with evidence of inflammation and/or cellular infiltration of the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. The ophthalmoscopic appearance was characteristic, with papilledema and hemorrhages of various types in the posterior pole. The retina also showed ischemic changes, with a milky-white color and cherry-red macula. Fluorescein angiography, when possible, showed no retinal vascular flow, and normal choroidal flow. After six to eight weeks, optic atrophy was evident and the retinal vessels were markedly narrowed or obliterated. The macula showed typical cystic changes. Neovascularization often developed, leading to neovascular glaucoma as the end result.", "contents": "Simulataneous occlusion of the central retinal artery and vein. Combined CRAO/CRVO in our patients occurred with rapid visual loss, usually over a few hours, associated with evidence of inflammation and/or cellular infiltration of the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. The ophthalmoscopic appearance was characteristic, with papilledema and hemorrhages of various types in the posterior pole. The retina also showed ischemic changes, with a milky-white color and cherry-red macula. Fluorescein angiography, when possible, showed no retinal vascular flow, and normal choroidal flow. After six to eight weeks, optic atrophy was evident and the retinal vessels were markedly narrowed or obliterated. The macula showed typical cystic changes. Neovascularization often developed, leading to neovascular glaucoma as the end result.", "PMID": 583535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2073", "title": "Thyroid ocular myopathy.", "content": "Based upon the ultrasonographic evidence of extraocular muscle abnormalities in all patients with orbitopathy and proven thyroid disease, we conclude that the basic abnormality of thyroid orbitopathy is a panmyositis and that all of the classes described by Werner are expressions of different degrees and manifestations of the same pathologic process. This thesis is supported by presentation of cases of varying severity who have in common extraocular muscle abnormalities. We believe that the process we describe acceptably explains all of the eye signs of this common orbitopathy.", "contents": "Thyroid ocular myopathy. Based upon the ultrasonographic evidence of extraocular muscle abnormalities in all patients with orbitopathy and proven thyroid disease, we conclude that the basic abnormality of thyroid orbitopathy is a panmyositis and that all of the classes described by Werner are expressions of different degrees and manifestations of the same pathologic process. This thesis is supported by presentation of cases of varying severity who have in common extraocular muscle abnormalities. We believe that the process we describe acceptably explains all of the eye signs of this common orbitopathy.", "PMID": 583536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2074", "title": "Anticomplementary activity in diffuse and nodular goiters.", "content": "The occurrence of anticomplementary activity and its correlation to serum thyroglobulin was investigated in 71 patients with thyroid diseases and 63 age and sex matched control subjects. The patients which were subgrouped according to thyroid function and characteristics of the goiter, were examined at the time of diagnosis. The anticomplementary activity was measured by a complement consumption (CC) assay. Sera from patients with Graves' disease and nontoxic diffuse goiter, showed stronger activity than sera from patients with nontoxic goiter. Seventeen of the patients and one of the controls were positive in the CC-assay. The percentage hemoglobin release in this assay was normally distributed using control sera but not for the patient group. There was no correlation either between CC-activity and serum concentrations of thyroglobulin or CC-activity and antibodies to the O-antigen of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3, thyroid cytoplasma, thyroglobulin, nuclear factors, streptolysin O, streptococ hyaluronidase, and parietal cells, respectively. However, correlation between the levels of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins and CC-activity, was noted (Rho = 0.511, P less than 0.05), which suggests that these immunoglobulins also are present as immune complexes. Thyroglobulin--antithyroglobulin complexes preformed in vitro at high thyroglobulin concentration, gave negative results in the CC-assay.", "contents": "Anticomplementary activity in diffuse and nodular goiters. The occurrence of anticomplementary activity and its correlation to serum thyroglobulin was investigated in 71 patients with thyroid diseases and 63 age and sex matched control subjects. The patients which were subgrouped according to thyroid function and characteristics of the goiter, were examined at the time of diagnosis. The anticomplementary activity was measured by a complement consumption (CC) assay. Sera from patients with Graves' disease and nontoxic diffuse goiter, showed stronger activity than sera from patients with nontoxic goiter. Seventeen of the patients and one of the controls were positive in the CC-assay. The percentage hemoglobin release in this assay was normally distributed using control sera but not for the patient group. There was no correlation either between CC-activity and serum concentrations of thyroglobulin or CC-activity and antibodies to the O-antigen of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3, thyroid cytoplasma, thyroglobulin, nuclear factors, streptolysin O, streptococ hyaluronidase, and parietal cells, respectively. However, correlation between the levels of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins and CC-activity, was noted (Rho = 0.511, P less than 0.05), which suggests that these immunoglobulins also are present as immune complexes. Thyroglobulin--antithyroglobulin complexes preformed in vitro at high thyroglobulin concentration, gave negative results in the CC-assay.", "PMID": 583537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2075", "title": "Late results of meniscectomy of the knee. A follow-up study of 41 patients.", "content": "A follow-up study was undertaken to study the late results and complications of meniscectomy of the knee. The material consisted of 43 operations, with an observation period of 5 to 20 years. The purpose of the study was to investigate the appearance of osteoarthrosis after the operation, correlating the degree of osteoarthrosis with the physical findings and subjective complaints of the patient. 14 patients showed osteoarthrotic changes, which may have been caused by the operation and/or by a pre-existing menisceal trauma. The osteoarthrotic changes were related to clinical pathological findings, but not necessarily to subjective complaints.", "contents": "Late results of meniscectomy of the knee. A follow-up study of 41 patients. A follow-up study was undertaken to study the late results and complications of meniscectomy of the knee. The material consisted of 43 operations, with an observation period of 5 to 20 years. The purpose of the study was to investigate the appearance of osteoarthrosis after the operation, correlating the degree of osteoarthrosis with the physical findings and subjective complaints of the patient. 14 patients showed osteoarthrotic changes, which may have been caused by the operation and/or by a pre-existing menisceal trauma. The osteoarthrotic changes were related to clinical pathological findings, but not necessarily to subjective complaints.", "PMID": 583540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2076", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability for different preparations of nitrofurantoin.", "content": "In a single-dose study three different dosage forms of nitrofurantoin tablets are compared in order to attain a longer duration of efficacy by means of sustained-release dosage forms. In particular, bioavailability and the rate constants are estimated and show for one dosage form significant advantages. The measured serum and urine concentration levels are evaluated with a two-compartment model of first order which assumed the sustained release of the drug in an exponential manner.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability for different preparations of nitrofurantoin. In a single-dose study three different dosage forms of nitrofurantoin tablets are compared in order to attain a longer duration of efficacy by means of sustained-release dosage forms. In particular, bioavailability and the rate constants are estimated and show for one dosage form significant advantages. The measured serum and urine concentration levels are evaluated with a two-compartment model of first order which assumed the sustained release of the drug in an exponential manner.", "PMID": 583541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2077", "title": "Dynamic changes of horse serum T-globulin immunization with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.", "content": "In course of immunizing horses with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, a new serum component, T-globulin, was formed and migrated between the beta- and gamma-globulins. The T-globulin content was parallel with the antibody titre after the middle course of immunization. There were many components in snake antivenin and T-globulin was composed of most of those components. The components of diphtheria T-globulin were the same as those of crude antitoxin and tetanus T-globulin except one precipitin.", "contents": "Dynamic changes of horse serum T-globulin immunization with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. In course of immunizing horses with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, a new serum component, T-globulin, was formed and migrated between the beta- and gamma-globulins. The T-globulin content was parallel with the antibody titre after the middle course of immunization. There were many components in snake antivenin and T-globulin was composed of most of those components. The components of diphtheria T-globulin were the same as those of crude antitoxin and tetanus T-globulin except one precipitin.", "PMID": 583543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2078", "title": "Malignant lymphomas involving the salivary glands.", "content": "Malignant lymphomas involving the salivary glands are probably more common than has been previously recognized. They must be differentiated from the benign lymphoepithelial lesion, although there may be an association between the two. The entire histologic spectrum of malignant lymphomas found at other sites can be seen in the salivary gland. In this study of 59 patients with lymphoma affecting the salivary gland, a large percentage were found to have disseminated disease. We recommend the same rigorous clinical evaluation and staging procedures as used in patients who present with primary lymph node involvement.", "contents": "Malignant lymphomas involving the salivary glands. Malignant lymphomas involving the salivary glands are probably more common than has been previously recognized. They must be differentiated from the benign lymphoepithelial lesion, although there may be an association between the two. The entire histologic spectrum of malignant lymphomas found at other sites can be seen in the salivary gland. In this study of 59 patients with lymphoma affecting the salivary gland, a large percentage were found to have disseminated disease. We recommend the same rigorous clinical evaluation and staging procedures as used in patients who present with primary lymph node involvement.", "PMID": 583554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2079", "title": "Intra- thecal antitetanus serum in the management of tetanus neonatorum.", "content": "Eleven neonates have treated with intra-thecal antitetanus serum in addition to other standard measures. Five survived. The results were judged promising.", "contents": "Intra- thecal antitetanus serum in the management of tetanus neonatorum. Eleven neonates have treated with intra-thecal antitetanus serum in addition to other standard measures. Five survived. The results were judged promising.", "PMID": 583556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2080", "title": "Insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament. Review of our 118 cases.", "content": "Recurrent anterior and interal rotatory subluxation of the tibial plateau is a disabling symptom in patients with insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament. Since 1970 we have used the N-test, a special jolt test to detect the characteristic instability. One hundred eighteen cases with anterior-internal rotatory instability of the knee seen at the Kanto Rosai Hospital and the University of Tokyo Hospital and diagnosed by arthroscopy and arthrotomy from 1973 to 1978 were reviewed. Most of the patients were athletes or sportsmen and the injuries commonly occurred in deceleration-injury mechanism and 81% of the cases were associated with meniscal tear. Thirty-two cases were reconstructed by iliotibial tract transfer, twenty of whom had been evaluated from 1-5 years after operation. Postoperatively, giving-way incidents disappeared in eleven, markedly decreased in five, and were unchanged in four patients. The anterior and internal rotatory subluxation of the tibial plateau disappeared or decreased in seventeen and was unchanged in two cases. Some type of defective anterior cruciate ligament was recognized in all our 118 cases and the capsular lesions were considered to play only a secondary role in exhibiting the instability.", "contents": "Insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament. Review of our 118 cases. Recurrent anterior and interal rotatory subluxation of the tibial plateau is a disabling symptom in patients with insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament. Since 1970 we have used the N-test, a special jolt test to detect the characteristic instability. One hundred eighteen cases with anterior-internal rotatory instability of the knee seen at the Kanto Rosai Hospital and the University of Tokyo Hospital and diagnosed by arthroscopy and arthrotomy from 1973 to 1978 were reviewed. Most of the patients were athletes or sportsmen and the injuries commonly occurred in deceleration-injury mechanism and 81% of the cases were associated with meniscal tear. Thirty-two cases were reconstructed by iliotibial tract transfer, twenty of whom had been evaluated from 1-5 years after operation. Postoperatively, giving-way incidents disappeared in eleven, markedly decreased in five, and were unchanged in four patients. The anterior and internal rotatory subluxation of the tibial plateau disappeared or decreased in seventeen and was unchanged in two cases. Some type of defective anterior cruciate ligament was recognized in all our 118 cases and the capsular lesions were considered to play only a secondary role in exhibiting the instability.", "PMID": 583559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2081", "title": "Plasmatic heparinic activity following lipid load.", "content": "Changes of hemocoagulability and of plasmatic fibrinolysis have induced us to study PHA following the administration of the lipid load. We have studied the effects induced by the administration of a lipid load, constituted by 1/2 g of olive oil and by 1/2 g of butter dissolved in 200 ml of vaccine milk. PHA has been estimated in all our subjects under basal conditions and after 4 1/2 hours from the lipid load. The statistical analysis of the results we have obtained shows a significant PHA reduction following the lipid load. Concluding, our results indicates that the lipid load very frequently causes a reduction of PHA which is due to a consumption of heparin. This consumption is more probably due to the activation of lipoprotein-lipase by heparin.", "contents": "Plasmatic heparinic activity following lipid load. Changes of hemocoagulability and of plasmatic fibrinolysis have induced us to study PHA following the administration of the lipid load. We have studied the effects induced by the administration of a lipid load, constituted by 1/2 g of olive oil and by 1/2 g of butter dissolved in 200 ml of vaccine milk. PHA has been estimated in all our subjects under basal conditions and after 4 1/2 hours from the lipid load. The statistical analysis of the results we have obtained shows a significant PHA reduction following the lipid load. Concluding, our results indicates that the lipid load very frequently causes a reduction of PHA which is due to a consumption of heparin. This consumption is more probably due to the activation of lipoprotein-lipase by heparin.", "PMID": 583561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2082", "title": "Scleral buckling in 2 1/2 to 11-month-old premature infants with retinal detachment associated with acute retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "The authors report their experience over the past 5 years in the cryosurgical management of retinal detachment in 10 eyes of 8 premature infants with retrolental fibroplasia, whose ages at the time of detachment surgery ranged from 2 1/2 months to 11 months, with an average of 5 1/2 months. Postoperative follow-up, ranging from 8 to 61 months, has revealed that scleral buckling was successful in 6 eyes (60%). The authors have found that ERG responses are slow to become established postoperatively, and have concluded that VER testing is of questionable value in these cases.", "contents": "Scleral buckling in 2 1/2 to 11-month-old premature infants with retinal detachment associated with acute retrolental fibroplasia. The authors report their experience over the past 5 years in the cryosurgical management of retinal detachment in 10 eyes of 8 premature infants with retrolental fibroplasia, whose ages at the time of detachment surgery ranged from 2 1/2 months to 11 months, with an average of 5 1/2 months. Postoperative follow-up, ranging from 8 to 61 months, has revealed that scleral buckling was successful in 6 eyes (60%). The authors have found that ERG responses are slow to become established postoperatively, and have concluded that VER testing is of questionable value in these cases.", "PMID": 583564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2083", "title": "Methaemoglobin and erythrocyte reducing systems in high-altitude natives.", "content": "The stress of chronic hypobaric hypoxia present at high altitudes induces a series of adaptive changes in the intermediate metabolism in erythrocytes of high-altitude natives. Aymaras of the high Andean Plateau are shown to have within erythrocytes: (a) increased activity of NADH2 (GAPDH) generating stages, (b) decreased activity of NADH2 (LDH) consuming steps, (c) significantly increased methaemoglobin content, and (d) a large increase in the level of reduced glutathione. These alterations occur also in persons of the same ethnic group residing at low altitude. There is, however, only a moderate elevation of classic haematological parameters (erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit) in highland natives. The functional implications of these metabolite changes are discussed with respect to regulation of erythrocyte metabolism.", "contents": "Methaemoglobin and erythrocyte reducing systems in high-altitude natives. The stress of chronic hypobaric hypoxia present at high altitudes induces a series of adaptive changes in the intermediate metabolism in erythrocytes of high-altitude natives. Aymaras of the high Andean Plateau are shown to have within erythrocytes: (a) increased activity of NADH2 (GAPDH) generating stages, (b) decreased activity of NADH2 (LDH) consuming steps, (c) significantly increased methaemoglobin content, and (d) a large increase in the level of reduced glutathione. These alterations occur also in persons of the same ethnic group residing at low altitude. There is, however, only a moderate elevation of classic haematological parameters (erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit) in highland natives. The functional implications of these metabolite changes are discussed with respect to regulation of erythrocyte metabolism.", "PMID": 583558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2084", "title": "Lactose intolerance in protein-energy malnutrition: a clinical case study and family study using a hydrogen (H2) breath-analysis test for carbohydrate malabsorption.", "content": "A non-invasive, interval sampling hydrogen (H2) breath-analysis test for carbohydrate malabsorption was used in a 3 year-old Guatemalan child with severe protein-energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor) and in this relatives: mother half-sister and step-father to examine genetic and nutritional factors in lactose intolerance in young children. Clinical lactose intolerance was present in the patient on admission, and lactose malabsorption, even of 0.88 g per kg of weight, persisted after complete nutritional recobly due to gastric retention of the substrate. Malabsorption of a physiological dose of lactose, 12.5 g, was detected in the mother and step-father while their daughter exhibited normal growth and development and normal lactose absorption at 8 months of age. The H2 breath test proved to be a sensitive, well-tolerated procedure for both adults and young children. Pitfalls, such as delayed gastric emptying, absence of normal bacterial flora, prior use of antibiotics, must be considered in interpreting H2 breath test results in children.", "contents": "Lactose intolerance in protein-energy malnutrition: a clinical case study and family study using a hydrogen (H2) breath-analysis test for carbohydrate malabsorption. A non-invasive, interval sampling hydrogen (H2) breath-analysis test for carbohydrate malabsorption was used in a 3 year-old Guatemalan child with severe protein-energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor) and in this relatives: mother half-sister and step-father to examine genetic and nutritional factors in lactose intolerance in young children. Clinical lactose intolerance was present in the patient on admission, and lactose malabsorption, even of 0.88 g per kg of weight, persisted after complete nutritional recobly due to gastric retention of the substrate. Malabsorption of a physiological dose of lactose, 12.5 g, was detected in the mother and step-father while their daughter exhibited normal growth and development and normal lactose absorption at 8 months of age. The H2 breath test proved to be a sensitive, well-tolerated procedure for both adults and young children. Pitfalls, such as delayed gastric emptying, absence of normal bacterial flora, prior use of antibiotics, must be considered in interpreting H2 breath test results in children.", "PMID": 583560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2085", "title": "A study of triplets with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "Genetic predisposition to Hashimoto's thyroiditis is suggested by its striking aggregation in families and its occurrence in twins. The manifestations range from overt clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism to the detection of thyroid autoantibodies in healthy, symptom-free individuals and their relatives. So far as the authors are aware, the finding of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in identical triplets has not previously been reported and they therefore present the cases of Faith, Hope and Charity, 63-year-old triplet sisters.", "contents": "A study of triplets with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Genetic predisposition to Hashimoto's thyroiditis is suggested by its striking aggregation in families and its occurrence in twins. The manifestations range from overt clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism to the detection of thyroid autoantibodies in healthy, symptom-free individuals and their relatives. So far as the authors are aware, the finding of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in identical triplets has not previously been reported and they therefore present the cases of Faith, Hope and Charity, 63-year-old triplet sisters.", "PMID": 583565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2086", "title": "[Polymorphic histological changes in a case of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient aged 65 years was observed to have successive adenomegalic syndromes over a period of 4 years, with variable histological appearances. A right cervical adenopathy had the histological appearance of a simple antigenic-stimulation lesion. Three years later, a right inguinal adenomegaly presented all the histological criteria of angioimmunoblastic adenopathies, without, however, any humoral immunity disturbance. Two months later, a biopsy of a palatine tumour confirmed the diagnosis of an immunoblastic sarcoma. The condition then became generalized as a lymphoblastic type of diffuse lymphosarcoma, and autopsy one year later showed the presence of a pleomorphic lymphosarcoma in several lymphoid formations. This case serves as a basis for discussing the concept of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy; the result of various antigenic aggressions or the early stage of a haematosarcoma. It also clearly demonstrates the sometimes contingent characteristics and difficulties in classification of haematosarcomas.", "contents": "[Polymorphic histological changes in a case of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy (author's transl)]. A patient aged 65 years was observed to have successive adenomegalic syndromes over a period of 4 years, with variable histological appearances. A right cervical adenopathy had the histological appearance of a simple antigenic-stimulation lesion. Three years later, a right inguinal adenomegaly presented all the histological criteria of angioimmunoblastic adenopathies, without, however, any humoral immunity disturbance. Two months later, a biopsy of a palatine tumour confirmed the diagnosis of an immunoblastic sarcoma. The condition then became generalized as a lymphoblastic type of diffuse lymphosarcoma, and autopsy one year later showed the presence of a pleomorphic lymphosarcoma in several lymphoid formations. This case serves as a basis for discussing the concept of angio-immunoblastic adenopathy; the result of various antigenic aggressions or the early stage of a haematosarcoma. It also clearly demonstrates the sometimes contingent characteristics and difficulties in classification of haematosarcomas.", "PMID": 583568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2087", "title": "Interaction of phospholipid membranes with poly(ethylene glycol)s.", "content": "1. The water-soluble polymer, poly(ethylene glycol), causes concentration-dependent increases in the temperature of the gel--liquid crystalline phase transitions of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 2. For dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine it has been further demonstrated that poly(ethylene glycol) increases the transition enthalpy and entropy while decreasing the cooperativity of the transition. 3. These results are discussed in relation to the possible modes of action of poly(ethylene glycol) in promoting cell fusion.", "contents": "Interaction of phospholipid membranes with poly(ethylene glycol)s. 1. The water-soluble polymer, poly(ethylene glycol), causes concentration-dependent increases in the temperature of the gel--liquid crystalline phase transitions of aqueous dispersions of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 2. For dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine it has been further demonstrated that poly(ethylene glycol) increases the transition enthalpy and entropy while decreasing the cooperativity of the transition. 3. These results are discussed in relation to the possible modes of action of poly(ethylene glycol) in promoting cell fusion.", "PMID": 583569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2088", "title": "Physicochemical properties of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine after interaction with an apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "We studied the interaction between an apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant and the principal lipid found in this material, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The apolipoprotein was extracted from canine surfactant and purified to greater than 90% homogeneity. The apolipoprotein was mixed for 16 h at room temperature with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine dispersed in a buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl and 3mM CaCl2. Unbound lipid, unbound protein, and recombinants of lipid and protein were separated by density gradient centrifugation. 71% of the apolipoprotein was found associated with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. In comparable experiments using bovine plasma albumin about 13% of the albumin was recovered with the lipid. The physicochemical state of the lipid in the apolipoprotein-lipid complex was modified after binding of the protein. A distinct phase transition at 42 degrees C could no longer be detected, and the rate of adsorption to an air-liquid interface of the apolipoprotein-lipid complex was greater than that of the lipid alone. Surface tension vs. surface area isotherms of the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-apolipoprotein materials, however, were similar to those exhibited by pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The results suggest a physiological role for this apolipoprotein. It may bind to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine under conditions expected in vivo, and may modify the physical properties of the aggregated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine to form domains of lipid in a liquid-crystalline array. The complex dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and apolipoprotein would have the physical properties necessary for its physiological function, allowing it to absorb to the alveolar interface and reduce its surface tension to less than 10 dynes/cm. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, by itself, is in a gel-crystalline array below its phase transition temperature (42 degrees C) and would be incapable of effecting these actions.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine after interaction with an apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant. We studied the interaction between an apolipoprotein of pulmonary surfactant and the principal lipid found in this material, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The apolipoprotein was extracted from canine surfactant and purified to greater than 90% homogeneity. The apolipoprotein was mixed for 16 h at room temperature with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine dispersed in a buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl and 3mM CaCl2. Unbound lipid, unbound protein, and recombinants of lipid and protein were separated by density gradient centrifugation. 71% of the apolipoprotein was found associated with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. In comparable experiments using bovine plasma albumin about 13% of the albumin was recovered with the lipid. The physicochemical state of the lipid in the apolipoprotein-lipid complex was modified after binding of the protein. A distinct phase transition at 42 degrees C could no longer be detected, and the rate of adsorption to an air-liquid interface of the apolipoprotein-lipid complex was greater than that of the lipid alone. Surface tension vs. surface area isotherms of the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-apolipoprotein materials, however, were similar to those exhibited by pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. The results suggest a physiological role for this apolipoprotein. It may bind to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine under conditions expected in vivo, and may modify the physical properties of the aggregated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine to form domains of lipid in a liquid-crystalline array. The complex dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and apolipoprotein would have the physical properties necessary for its physiological function, allowing it to absorb to the alveolar interface and reduce its surface tension to less than 10 dynes/cm. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, by itself, is in a gel-crystalline array below its phase transition temperature (42 degrees C) and would be incapable of effecting these actions.", "PMID": 583570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2089", "title": "Detergent-induced oviposition is mediated by prostaglandins.", "content": "Local administration of small volumes of dilute detergents into the avian uterus (shell gland) induced premature oviposition within a few minutes with a success rate of over 90 percent. Indomethacin and cortisol blocked the action of detergents. Exogenous prostaglandins counteracted the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. It is suggested that detergents promote endogenous prostaglandin production which in turn induces oviposition. The possible significance of these observations in mammalian parturition is discussed.", "contents": "Detergent-induced oviposition is mediated by prostaglandins. Local administration of small volumes of dilute detergents into the avian uterus (shell gland) induced premature oviposition within a few minutes with a success rate of over 90 percent. Indomethacin and cortisol blocked the action of detergents. Exogenous prostaglandins counteracted the inhibitory effect of indomethacin. It is suggested that detergents promote endogenous prostaglandin production which in turn induces oviposition. The possible significance of these observations in mammalian parturition is discussed.", "PMID": 583575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2090", "title": "Prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 levels in carrageenin-induced inflammatory exudates in the rat air-pouch granuloma.", "content": "Levels of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGI2 (measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha), and thromboxane B2 were determined in rat inflammatory excuates induced 1, 3, and 7 days after carrageenin injection into air-pouch granuloma. The PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels found in the exudate could not account for the differences in PGE2-like activity as measured by biologic and serologic methods.", "contents": "Prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 levels in carrageenin-induced inflammatory exudates in the rat air-pouch granuloma. Levels of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGI2 (measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha), and thromboxane B2 were determined in rat inflammatory excuates induced 1, 3, and 7 days after carrageenin injection into air-pouch granuloma. The PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels found in the exudate could not account for the differences in PGE2-like activity as measured by biologic and serologic methods.", "PMID": 583576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2091", "title": "19-Hydroxy-prostaglandin E and infertility in human males.", "content": "We measured the content of 19-hydroxy-prostaglandin E (19-OH-PGE) and prostaglandin E (PGE) in the semen of 10 infertile males by alkaline dehydration, thin layer chromatographic separation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. 7 fertile males were also studied. In both groups the content of seminal 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) also was measured by thin layer chromatographic separation and highly specific radioimmunoassay. The amounts of 19-OH-PGE and PGE were significantly lower (p < .02, p < .05) in the infertile group than the fertile group. Differences in mean seminal 6-keto-F1 alpha were not significant. The uterine stimulatory actions of 19-OH-PGE demonstrable in the monkey may apply to fertility in man.", "contents": "19-Hydroxy-prostaglandin E and infertility in human males. We measured the content of 19-hydroxy-prostaglandin E (19-OH-PGE) and prostaglandin E (PGE) in the semen of 10 infertile males by alkaline dehydration, thin layer chromatographic separation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. 7 fertile males were also studied. In both groups the content of seminal 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) also was measured by thin layer chromatographic separation and highly specific radioimmunoassay. The amounts of 19-OH-PGE and PGE were significantly lower (p < .02, p < .05) in the infertile group than the fertile group. Differences in mean seminal 6-keto-F1 alpha were not significant. The uterine stimulatory actions of 19-OH-PGE demonstrable in the monkey may apply to fertility in man.", "PMID": 583577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2092", "title": "The labelling of pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine in 19-31-days-old lambs.", "content": "The labelling of surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine was studied in 19-31-days-old lambs. Following the placement of small bore tracheal catheters, the animals were given radioactively labelled palmitic acid and/or choline by intravenous injection and multiple samples were recovered from the distal airways of each animal via a small catheter. The specific activities of the phosphatidylcholine and/or disaturated phosphatidylcholine were measured in these samples of surfactant. The labelled phospholipids accumulated in the samples of surfactant in a linear fashion; the mean time required to reach maximal specific activities in phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine with either palmitic acid or choline as precursor was 28 h. Subsequently the specific activities of the labelled phospholipids from the surfactant samples decreased semi-logarithmically. The mean t1/2 for phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine labelled with radioactive palmitic acid was 35 h. The saturated phosphatidylcholine labelled with radioactive choline had a t1/2 of 251 h. The results demonstrate that surfactant labelling studies can be done by multiple sampling of single large animals.", "contents": "The labelling of pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine in 19-31-days-old lambs. The labelling of surfactant phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine was studied in 19-31-days-old lambs. Following the placement of small bore tracheal catheters, the animals were given radioactively labelled palmitic acid and/or choline by intravenous injection and multiple samples were recovered from the distal airways of each animal via a small catheter. The specific activities of the phosphatidylcholine and/or disaturated phosphatidylcholine were measured in these samples of surfactant. The labelled phospholipids accumulated in the samples of surfactant in a linear fashion; the mean time required to reach maximal specific activities in phosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholine with either palmitic acid or choline as precursor was 28 h. Subsequently the specific activities of the labelled phospholipids from the surfactant samples decreased semi-logarithmically. The mean t1/2 for phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine labelled with radioactive palmitic acid was 35 h. The saturated phosphatidylcholine labelled with radioactive choline had a t1/2 of 251 h. The results demonstrate that surfactant labelling studies can be done by multiple sampling of single large animals.", "PMID": 583582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2093", "title": "Effects of cortisol or starvation on the activities of four enzymes in small intestine and liver of the rat during development.", "content": "The small intestine of the rat, like the liver, is a tissue with high activities of arginase, ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carbozylate reductase. These enzymes are thought to catalyse sequential steps in the synthesis of proline. We have compared the effect of cortisol or brief starvation on the activities of these enzymes and of soluble alanine aminotransrerase in the small intestine and liver during development. In the intestine, cortisol accelerated the increase in arginase activity, reversed the normal 2-week-long post-natal decline in that of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and delayed the normal decrease, in the third week, of ornithine aminotransferase activity. Starvation of neonates for 18 h raised the activity of arginase slightly, that of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase significantly, and had no effect on ornithine aminotransferase activity. Cortisol did not alter the hepatic activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in neonates but induced premature rises in the activities of arginase and ornithine aminotransferase. Short starvation did not affect the hepatic activities of any of these enzymes. Alanine aminotransferase activity in both tissues was enhanced by cortisol but not by starvation. Thus in intestine, cortisol elicited some changes in the activity of three functionally related and one unrelated enzyme while starvation evoked changes only in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Neither stimulus appears to be specific for a metabolic pathway or to trigger a coordinated onset of proline synthesis from arginine.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol or starvation on the activities of four enzymes in small intestine and liver of the rat during development. The small intestine of the rat, like the liver, is a tissue with high activities of arginase, ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carbozylate reductase. These enzymes are thought to catalyse sequential steps in the synthesis of proline. We have compared the effect of cortisol or brief starvation on the activities of these enzymes and of soluble alanine aminotransrerase in the small intestine and liver during development. In the intestine, cortisol accelerated the increase in arginase activity, reversed the normal 2-week-long post-natal decline in that of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and delayed the normal decrease, in the third week, of ornithine aminotransferase activity. Starvation of neonates for 18 h raised the activity of arginase slightly, that of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase significantly, and had no effect on ornithine aminotransferase activity. Cortisol did not alter the hepatic activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in neonates but induced premature rises in the activities of arginase and ornithine aminotransferase. Short starvation did not affect the hepatic activities of any of these enzymes. Alanine aminotransferase activity in both tissues was enhanced by cortisol but not by starvation. Thus in intestine, cortisol elicited some changes in the activity of three functionally related and one unrelated enzyme while starvation evoked changes only in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Neither stimulus appears to be specific for a metabolic pathway or to trigger a coordinated onset of proline synthesis from arginine.", "PMID": 583583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2094", "title": "The application of fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy to the study of model and natural membranes.", "content": "Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy is presented as a technique with great potential for the study of aqueous membrane preparations. The methodology of sample preparation, spectra recording and data reduction is outlined. Spectral parameters are derived from FT-IR difference spectra which provide an extremely sensitive means to monitor the temperature-dependent behavior of individual vibrational modes in model and natural membranes.", "contents": "The application of fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy to the study of model and natural membranes. Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy is presented as a technique with great potential for the study of aqueous membrane preparations. The methodology of sample preparation, spectra recording and data reduction is outlined. Spectral parameters are derived from FT-IR difference spectra which provide an extremely sensitive means to monitor the temperature-dependent behavior of individual vibrational modes in model and natural membranes.", "PMID": 583586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2095", "title": "[Study of some African toxic euphobiacees containing cucurbitacins (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a cucurbitacins' review (distribution in plants, structure and pharmacologic activity). They relate the isolation of these tetracyclic triterpens from Euphorbiac\u00e9es (Maprounea and Spondianthus genus) for the first time, and their toxicity and cytotoxicity (Hela, Allium, and Lepidium tests).", "contents": "[Study of some African toxic euphobiacees containing cucurbitacins (author's transl)]. The authors present a cucurbitacins' review (distribution in plants, structure and pharmacologic activity). They relate the isolation of these tetracyclic triterpens from Euphorbiac\u00e9es (Maprounea and Spondianthus genus) for the first time, and their toxicity and cytotoxicity (Hela, Allium, and Lepidium tests).", "PMID": 583587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2096", "title": "Clinical and radiological features of anterior mediastinal lymphosarcoma in the cat: a reveiw of 30 cases.", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of 30 cases of anterior mediastinal lymphosarcoma in the cat are described; they represented 48 per cent of all cases of lymphosarcoma recorded at the University of Bristol Veterinary School between 1972 and 1977. The condition principally affected young cats and there was a predisposition in oriental breeds. Dyspnoea and regurgitation were the two most common major presenting signs. Diagnosis was made in most cases on the basis of radiological examination, but in some cytological examination of the thoracic fluid was necessary for confirmation.", "contents": "Clinical and radiological features of anterior mediastinal lymphosarcoma in the cat: a reveiw of 30 cases. The clinical and radiological features of 30 cases of anterior mediastinal lymphosarcoma in the cat are described; they represented 48 per cent of all cases of lymphosarcoma recorded at the University of Bristol Veterinary School between 1972 and 1977. The condition principally affected young cats and there was a predisposition in oriental breeds. Dyspnoea and regurgitation were the two most common major presenting signs. Diagnosis was made in most cases on the basis of radiological examination, but in some cytological examination of the thoracic fluid was necessary for confirmation.", "PMID": 583589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2097", "title": "Examination of the premature infant.", "content": "Ophthalmoscopic examination of the premature infant requires binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, use of an eyelid speculum, and wide pupillary dilatation. Normal and pathologic features unique to the infant eye often are encountered. Familiarity with these features is essential for accurate diagnosis and prevention of unnecessary therapeutic intervention. Supplemental oxygen is the mainstay of supportive therapy for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, a common cause for morbidity in premature infants. Arterial oxygen monitoring is essential for survival and for prevention of retrolental fibroplasia, but precise arterial oxygen levels associated with development of retrolental fibroplasia have not been established.", "contents": "Examination of the premature infant. Ophthalmoscopic examination of the premature infant requires binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, use of an eyelid speculum, and wide pupillary dilatation. Normal and pathologic features unique to the infant eye often are encountered. Familiarity with these features is essential for accurate diagnosis and prevention of unnecessary therapeutic intervention. Supplemental oxygen is the mainstay of supportive therapy for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, a common cause for morbidity in premature infants. Arterial oxygen monitoring is essential for survival and for prevention of retrolental fibroplasia, but precise arterial oxygen levels associated with development of retrolental fibroplasia have not been established.", "PMID": 583593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2098", "title": "Fluorescein angiography in retrolental fibroplasia: experience from 1969-1977.", "content": "Acute proliferative retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) has been studied in premature infants employing a Zeiss fundus camera and fluorescein angiography. A total of 164 angiograms have been performed on 122 infants. At the present time, angiography is reserved for studying infants with peculiar or puzzling fundus pictures. A dose of 0.1-0.4 cc of 10% sodium fluoresceinate is employed, depending on the age and the weight of the baby. Fluorescein clearly outlines the major arteriovenous shunt in the retina, which is the hallmark of acute RLF. The shunt fills with fluorescein and leaks it profusely. On regression, a fine brush border of capillaries is seen in the region where the shunt previously had been located. Study of the population susceptible to RLF reveals it to be the smallest sickest babies in the premature nursery.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography in retrolental fibroplasia: experience from 1969-1977. Acute proliferative retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) has been studied in premature infants employing a Zeiss fundus camera and fluorescein angiography. A total of 164 angiograms have been performed on 122 infants. At the present time, angiography is reserved for studying infants with peculiar or puzzling fundus pictures. A dose of 0.1-0.4 cc of 10% sodium fluoresceinate is employed, depending on the age and the weight of the baby. Fluorescein clearly outlines the major arteriovenous shunt in the retina, which is the hallmark of acute RLF. The shunt fills with fluorescein and leaks it profusely. On regression, a fine brush border of capillaries is seen in the region where the shunt previously had been located. Study of the population susceptible to RLF reveals it to be the smallest sickest babies in the premature nursery.", "PMID": 583595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2099", "title": "Netherton's disease: a case of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma (Brocq) with trichorrhexis invaginata.", "content": "The authors report the case of a seven year old girl originally diagnosed as a case of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma (Brocq). Further specific examination of the hair led to a final rare dual diagnosis of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma and Netherton's disease.", "contents": "Netherton's disease: a case of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma (Brocq) with trichorrhexis invaginata. The authors report the case of a seven year old girl originally diagnosed as a case of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma (Brocq). Further specific examination of the hair led to a final rare dual diagnosis of congenital ichthyosiform non-bullous erythroderma and Netherton's disease.", "PMID": 583591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2100", "title": "A classification of retrolental fibroplasia to evaluate vitamin E therapy.", "content": "A refined classification of the stages of the retinopathy of prematurity (RLF) based on the experience of over 7500 examinations during the past decade is presented. We have been using the basic elements of this classification since 1972 in order to evaluate the influence of vitamin E on retrolental fibroplasia (RLF). It is our impression that it provides a more accurate clinical method of following the course of the retinopathy and a tool for assessing the factors other than prematurity and hyperoxia that may play a subtle role in the development of RLF.", "contents": "A classification of retrolental fibroplasia to evaluate vitamin E therapy. A refined classification of the stages of the retinopathy of prematurity (RLF) based on the experience of over 7500 examinations during the past decade is presented. We have been using the basic elements of this classification since 1972 in order to evaluate the influence of vitamin E on retrolental fibroplasia (RLF). It is our impression that it provides a more accurate clinical method of following the course of the retinopathy and a tool for assessing the factors other than prematurity and hyperoxia that may play a subtle role in the development of RLF.", "PMID": 583596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2101", "title": "[One case of primitive lymphoblastic malignant lymphoma of the appendix vermiformis (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of diagnosing one case of primitive malignant lymphoma of the appendix at the Institute of Surgical Semiology, University of Pavia, the authors discuss a number of aspects of the clinical picture, anatomopathology, and therapeutic approach to this rare malignancy.", "contents": "[One case of primitive lymphoblastic malignant lymphoma of the appendix vermiformis (author's transl)]. On the occasion of diagnosing one case of primitive malignant lymphoma of the appendix at the Institute of Surgical Semiology, University of Pavia, the authors discuss a number of aspects of the clinical picture, anatomopathology, and therapeutic approach to this rare malignancy.", "PMID": 583597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2102", "title": "[Primary lymphoid sarcomas of the stomach. Ten cases (author's transl)].", "content": "These sarcomas fall within a precise definition and must be differentiated from gastrointestinal involvement in a haematological disorder. For certain histological forms (nodular forms), the prognosis is less bad than that of carcinomas. Pre-operative diagnosis, often difficult, must be established by large biopsies. The best results are likely to result from a combination of surgery and radiotherapy or of surgery and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Primary lymphoid sarcomas of the stomach. Ten cases (author's transl)]. These sarcomas fall within a precise definition and must be differentiated from gastrointestinal involvement in a haematological disorder. For certain histological forms (nodular forms), the prognosis is less bad than that of carcinomas. Pre-operative diagnosis, often difficult, must be established by large biopsies. The best results are likely to result from a combination of surgery and radiotherapy or of surgery and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 583600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2103", "title": "The off--centered TORP.", "content": "Refinement of the techniques of ossicular reconstruction has provided satisfactory hearing results for a majority of patients with chronic ear disease. As documented in 1976, 16% of patients, those requiring a columneller type of ossiculoplasty because of absence of the malleus, did not realize the same degree of hearing improvement as with other types of reconstruction. These procedures, short and long \"L-shaped\" assemblies, used for patients without a malleus, resulted in a mean 27 dB bone-air gap postoperatively. The conclusion reached after comparison with the results obtained with other types of reconstruction was \"... the L-shaped conductive system is less efficient than normal by the amount observed (27 dB). If these results are to be improved, a change in the method of reconstruction resulting in a more normal system may be required.\" Following duplication of the aforecited report a change in the method of reconstruction used for patients with the malleus absent was instituted, but perversely creating a less normal conductive system. This paper will present the one year results of those patients in which a Plastipore prosthesis has been used as a replacement of the previously described method and will compare these results with those of the past technique.", "contents": "The off--centered TORP. Refinement of the techniques of ossicular reconstruction has provided satisfactory hearing results for a majority of patients with chronic ear disease. As documented in 1976, 16% of patients, those requiring a columneller type of ossiculoplasty because of absence of the malleus, did not realize the same degree of hearing improvement as with other types of reconstruction. These procedures, short and long \"L-shaped\" assemblies, used for patients without a malleus, resulted in a mean 27 dB bone-air gap postoperatively. The conclusion reached after comparison with the results obtained with other types of reconstruction was \"... the L-shaped conductive system is less efficient than normal by the amount observed (27 dB). If these results are to be improved, a change in the method of reconstruction resulting in a more normal system may be required.\" Following duplication of the aforecited report a change in the method of reconstruction used for patients with the malleus absent was instituted, but perversely creating a less normal conductive system. This paper will present the one year results of those patients in which a Plastipore prosthesis has been used as a replacement of the previously described method and will compare these results with those of the past technique.", "PMID": 583602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2104", "title": "Stapes surgery at the Otologic Medical Group.", "content": "We reviewed the records of 498 primary stapedectomy cases in regard to duration of disease, age at surgery, oval window pathology, hearing results, dizziness, and tinnitus. Ninety percent of the cases in which a tissue graft had been used as an oval window covering obtained a postoperative hearing level within 10 dB of the preoperative bone conduction. Postoperative sensorineural hearing impairment occurred infrequently and was two to three times more common in cases in which Gelfoam had been used as an oval window covering as compared to tissue grafts. Postoperative dizziness of one degree or another persisted at four months in 2 percent of the cases and was a problem for the patient in two cases (0.4%). This dizziness was likewise more common in Gelfoam cases. We concluded that tissue grafts are a better covering for the oval window than Gelfoam both in regard to hearing improvement and lack of postoperative complications.", "contents": "Stapes surgery at the Otologic Medical Group. We reviewed the records of 498 primary stapedectomy cases in regard to duration of disease, age at surgery, oval window pathology, hearing results, dizziness, and tinnitus. Ninety percent of the cases in which a tissue graft had been used as an oval window covering obtained a postoperative hearing level within 10 dB of the preoperative bone conduction. Postoperative sensorineural hearing impairment occurred infrequently and was two to three times more common in cases in which Gelfoam had been used as an oval window covering as compared to tissue grafts. Postoperative dizziness of one degree or another persisted at four months in 2 percent of the cases and was a problem for the patient in two cases (0.4%). This dizziness was likewise more common in Gelfoam cases. We concluded that tissue grafts are a better covering for the oval window than Gelfoam both in regard to hearing improvement and lack of postoperative complications.", "PMID": 583603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2105", "title": "Effects of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles on adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase.", "content": "The action of some known and new synthesized substituted 1,2,3-triazoles on adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase was studied. The effect of substituents in 1, 4 and 5 positions was studied and discussed. The presence of a carboxamido group in 4 position seems to be essential in the binding to adenosine deaminase.", "contents": "Effects of substituted 1,2,3-triazoles on adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase. The action of some known and new synthesized substituted 1,2,3-triazoles on adenosine deaminase, guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase was studied. The effect of substituents in 1, 4 and 5 positions was studied and discussed. The presence of a carboxamido group in 4 position seems to be essential in the binding to adenosine deaminase.", "PMID": 583599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2106", "title": "Medical treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. Part II: Other venereal diseases.", "content": "Although gonorrhoea and syphilis are the better known of the sexually transmitted diseases, attention has been drawn to the other sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Although statistics are not available in most developing countries, herpes genitalis has been suggested as commoner than syphilis as a cause of genital ulceration while non-specific urethritis is commoner than gonorrhoea as a cause of urethritis. The incidence, clinical features and diagnostic procedures of syphilis, herpes genitalis, non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum and trichomoniasis have been briefly discussed. The management of these conditions in developing countries have been outlined.", "contents": "Medical treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. Part II: Other venereal diseases. Although gonorrhoea and syphilis are the better known of the sexually transmitted diseases, attention has been drawn to the other sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Although statistics are not available in most developing countries, herpes genitalis has been suggested as commoner than syphilis as a cause of genital ulceration while non-specific urethritis is commoner than gonorrhoea as a cause of urethritis. The incidence, clinical features and diagnostic procedures of syphilis, herpes genitalis, non-gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum and trichomoniasis have been briefly discussed. The management of these conditions in developing countries have been outlined.", "PMID": 583607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2107", "title": "The surgical management of the lid changes of Graves' disease.", "content": "There are three areas of surgical intervention available to patients with the eye changes of Graves' disease-lids, extraocular muscles, and orbital decompression. The lid changes may be managed by lateral tarsorrhaphy, levator tenotomy, recession of the levator with or without graft, \"tenotomy\" of the retractors of the lower lid, or recession with graft. The success of these procedures is dependent on proper patient selection and surgical execution, and when these are achieved, definite benefits result.", "contents": "The surgical management of the lid changes of Graves' disease. There are three areas of surgical intervention available to patients with the eye changes of Graves' disease-lids, extraocular muscles, and orbital decompression. The lid changes may be managed by lateral tarsorrhaphy, levator tenotomy, recession of the levator with or without graft, \"tenotomy\" of the retractors of the lower lid, or recession with graft. The success of these procedures is dependent on proper patient selection and surgical execution, and when these are achieved, definite benefits result.", "PMID": 583614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2108", "title": "Special types of muscle anomalies associated with Graves' disease.", "content": "This paper discusses two cases of superior oblique paresis, two cases of cyclic hypertropias, and ten cases of large angle esotropia with high myopia. The association with Graves' disease, the treatment, and favorable prognosis in all cases is presented.", "contents": "Special types of muscle anomalies associated with Graves' disease. This paper discusses two cases of superior oblique paresis, two cases of cyclic hypertropias, and ten cases of large angle esotropia with high myopia. The association with Graves' disease, the treatment, and favorable prognosis in all cases is presented.", "PMID": 583615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2109", "title": "Management of eye movement restriction (particularly vertical) in dysthyroid myopathy.", "content": "Sixteen cases of vertical rectus muscle myopathy in dysthyroid patients are described. In mild cases without diplopia prisms may be adequate treatment. When uncomfortable diplopia is present surgery is indicated when the muscle dysfunction has become stable. Even after surgery further contracture is often experienced, particularly after Ogura antral decompression. The amount of correction obtained by recession of a contracted muscle is greater than that following ordinary strabismus surgery so that usually only one muscle should be operated upon at a time. Care should be exercised in tenotomy of severely contracted muscles. The prognosis is excellent in dysthyroid myopathy if the patient permits the required number of surgical procedures which may be necessary.", "contents": "Management of eye movement restriction (particularly vertical) in dysthyroid myopathy. Sixteen cases of vertical rectus muscle myopathy in dysthyroid patients are described. In mild cases without diplopia prisms may be adequate treatment. When uncomfortable diplopia is present surgery is indicated when the muscle dysfunction has become stable. Even after surgery further contracture is often experienced, particularly after Ogura antral decompression. The amount of correction obtained by recession of a contracted muscle is greater than that following ordinary strabismus surgery so that usually only one muscle should be operated upon at a time. Care should be exercised in tenotomy of severely contracted muscles. The prognosis is excellent in dysthyroid myopathy if the patient permits the required number of surgical procedures which may be necessary.", "PMID": 583624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2110", "title": "Early chemical evolution of nucleic acids: a theoretical model.", "content": "Recent experimental work suggests a possible cyclical pathway for early prebiotic oligonucleotide formation that involves (i) dry-state (nontemplate) synthesis of random copolymers with mixed 2',5' and 3',5' bonds, (ii) passage of these oligomers into solution at low temperatures, and (iii) a preferential hydrolysis of the 2',5' bond in any short helices that have formed. This early system could have selected for complementary sequences that were largely 3',5'-linked, but may not have selected efficiently for a single enantiomer of ribose.", "contents": "Early chemical evolution of nucleic acids: a theoretical model. Recent experimental work suggests a possible cyclical pathway for early prebiotic oligonucleotide formation that involves (i) dry-state (nontemplate) synthesis of random copolymers with mixed 2',5' and 3',5' bonds, (ii) passage of these oligomers into solution at low temperatures, and (iii) a preferential hydrolysis of the 2',5' bond in any short helices that have formed. This early system could have selected for complementary sequences that were largely 3',5'-linked, but may not have selected efficiently for a single enantiomer of ribose.", "PMID": 583625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2111", "title": "Temperature and force-velocity relationship of human muscles.", "content": "The force-velocity relationship of maximal contractions with the handgrip muscles is established in a group of subjects. The effect of different muscle temperatures is studied. The parameters vo (maximal velocity), Fo (maximal force), Pmax (maximal power), a/Fo and H (both parameters describing the shape of the curve), and Ft/Fo (the value of the force at which power is maximal) are established. It is shown that 1) in repeated measurements the coefficient of variation in general is less than 10% for all the parameters except a/Fo; 2) the parameter a/Fo should be discarded in comparative measurements since it is not linearly related to the course of the curve. A parameter called H should be used instead to describe the curvature; 3) an increase in muscle temperature is accompanied by an increase in magnitude of all parameters except Fo. The temperature effect expressed as Q10 in the range 22-38 degrees C is in the order of 1.2.", "contents": "Temperature and force-velocity relationship of human muscles. The force-velocity relationship of maximal contractions with the handgrip muscles is established in a group of subjects. The effect of different muscle temperatures is studied. The parameters vo (maximal velocity), Fo (maximal force), Pmax (maximal power), a/Fo and H (both parameters describing the shape of the curve), and Ft/Fo (the value of the force at which power is maximal) are established. It is shown that 1) in repeated measurements the coefficient of variation in general is less than 10% for all the parameters except a/Fo; 2) the parameter a/Fo should be discarded in comparative measurements since it is not linearly related to the course of the curve. A parameter called H should be used instead to describe the curvature; 3) an increase in muscle temperature is accompanied by an increase in magnitude of all parameters except Fo. The temperature effect expressed as Q10 in the range 22-38 degrees C is in the order of 1.2.", "PMID": 583627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2112", "title": "Effect of lung inflation and hypoxia on pulmonary arterial blood volume.", "content": "Isolated cat lungs were perfused with constant blood flow. During control conditions (Pa02, 100 Torr), pulmonary artery pressure increased as the lungs were inflated. Hypoxia (Pa02, 22 Torr) increased arterial pressure. However, as the lungs were inflated arterial pressure fell. Thus, the magnitude of the hypoxic pressor response was reduced by inflation. During control conditions, arterial volume (ether bolus method) increased with increasing transpulmonary pressure. Hypoxia decreased arterial volume, and the increase in arterial volume with inflation was somewhat less than that during control conditions. When the influences of vascular and transpulmonary pressures were examined independently by changing one while holding the other constant, increasing transpulmonary pressure increased arterial volume beyond that which could be accounted for by changes in the differences between arterial and pleural pressure. However, this influence of transpulmonary pressure did not appear to be altered by hypoxia. Thus, while hypoxia decreased arterial volume at all levels of lung inflation, it had relatively little effect on the influence of interdependence between the pulmonary arterial bed and the surrounding lung tissue.", "contents": "Effect of lung inflation and hypoxia on pulmonary arterial blood volume. Isolated cat lungs were perfused with constant blood flow. During control conditions (Pa02, 100 Torr), pulmonary artery pressure increased as the lungs were inflated. Hypoxia (Pa02, 22 Torr) increased arterial pressure. However, as the lungs were inflated arterial pressure fell. Thus, the magnitude of the hypoxic pressor response was reduced by inflation. During control conditions, arterial volume (ether bolus method) increased with increasing transpulmonary pressure. Hypoxia decreased arterial volume, and the increase in arterial volume with inflation was somewhat less than that during control conditions. When the influences of vascular and transpulmonary pressures were examined independently by changing one while holding the other constant, increasing transpulmonary pressure increased arterial volume beyond that which could be accounted for by changes in the differences between arterial and pleural pressure. However, this influence of transpulmonary pressure did not appear to be altered by hypoxia. Thus, while hypoxia decreased arterial volume at all levels of lung inflation, it had relatively little effect on the influence of interdependence between the pulmonary arterial bed and the surrounding lung tissue.", "PMID": 583630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2113", "title": "Heat production of fetal sheep brain in utero.", "content": "Thermojunctions were implanted in the brains of 10 near term fetal sheep in utero under halothane anesthesia. Brief total occlusion of fetal brachiocephalic artery was followed immediately by an increase in brain temperature (mean +/- SE) of 0.130 +/- 0.014 degrees C-min-1. Occlusion of main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta, simultaneously, led to a brain temperature increase of 0.144 +/- 0.018 degrees C-min-1. Specific heat of three fetal brains was determined to be 0.898 +/- 0.014 cal-g-1. degrees C-1 or 3.76 +/- 0.059 J-g-1. Rate of fetal brain heat production, computed as the product of the higher rate of temperature change and brain specific heat, was 0.129 +/- 0.014 cal-g-1-min-1 or 9.00 +/- 0.98 mW-g-1.", "contents": "Heat production of fetal sheep brain in utero. Thermojunctions were implanted in the brains of 10 near term fetal sheep in utero under halothane anesthesia. Brief total occlusion of fetal brachiocephalic artery was followed immediately by an increase in brain temperature (mean +/- SE) of 0.130 +/- 0.014 degrees C-min-1. Occlusion of main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta, simultaneously, led to a brain temperature increase of 0.144 +/- 0.018 degrees C-min-1. Specific heat of three fetal brains was determined to be 0.898 +/- 0.014 cal-g-1. degrees C-1 or 3.76 +/- 0.059 J-g-1. Rate of fetal brain heat production, computed as the product of the higher rate of temperature change and brain specific heat, was 0.129 +/- 0.014 cal-g-1-min-1 or 9.00 +/- 0.98 mW-g-1.", "PMID": 583631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2114", "title": "An electromyographic index for localized muscle fatigue.", "content": "A new method for objective quantification of localized muscle fatigue is described. The method is based on power spectrum analysis of myoelectric signals obtained from the fatigued muscle. It permits real-time investigations and yields statistically based criteria for the occurrence of fatigue. The findings are interpreted in terms of muscle action potential conduction velocity changes and rate of the fatigue development.", "contents": "An electromyographic index for localized muscle fatigue. A new method for objective quantification of localized muscle fatigue is described. The method is based on power spectrum analysis of myoelectric signals obtained from the fatigued muscle. It permits real-time investigations and yields statistically based criteria for the occurrence of fatigue. The findings are interpreted in terms of muscle action potential conduction velocity changes and rate of the fatigue development.", "PMID": 583632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2115", "title": "Correlation between ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to inhalation of CO.", "content": "To study the determinants of carbon monoxide (CO) induced hyperpnea simultaneous measurements were made of carboxyhemoglobin level in arterial blood (HbCO), ventilation (VE), cerebral blood flow (CBF), O2 delivery to the brain (CBF X O2 content of arterial blood), O2 consumption of the brain (CMRO2), and O2 tension in cerebral venous blood (PVO2) during inhalation of 1% CO in 40% O2 by six unanesthetized goats. HbCO increased to 65% in 10 min; VE remained constant until a HbCO level of approximately 50% was reached and then increased abruptly; CBF increased progressively; O2 delivery to the brain and CMRO2 decreased somewhat with CO inhalation; these decreases reached statistical significance at a HbCO level of 30-40% whereupon the rate of decline with respect to HbCO level increased substantially; and PVO2 decreased progressively from an average of from 31 to 14.6 Torr and averaged 19.2 Torr when hyperpnea was manifest. When considered in the light of previous studies which indicate that CO-induced hyperpnea is not caused by stimulation of the carotid bodies, these data suggest that this phenomenon is related to brain hypoxia. Calculations of brain tissue O2 tension with the Krogh equation support this contention.", "contents": "Correlation between ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to inhalation of CO. To study the determinants of carbon monoxide (CO) induced hyperpnea simultaneous measurements were made of carboxyhemoglobin level in arterial blood (HbCO), ventilation (VE), cerebral blood flow (CBF), O2 delivery to the brain (CBF X O2 content of arterial blood), O2 consumption of the brain (CMRO2), and O2 tension in cerebral venous blood (PVO2) during inhalation of 1% CO in 40% O2 by six unanesthetized goats. HbCO increased to 65% in 10 min; VE remained constant until a HbCO level of approximately 50% was reached and then increased abruptly; CBF increased progressively; O2 delivery to the brain and CMRO2 decreased somewhat with CO inhalation; these decreases reached statistical significance at a HbCO level of 30-40% whereupon the rate of decline with respect to HbCO level increased substantially; and PVO2 decreased progressively from an average of from 31 to 14.6 Torr and averaged 19.2 Torr when hyperpnea was manifest. When considered in the light of previous studies which indicate that CO-induced hyperpnea is not caused by stimulation of the carotid bodies, these data suggest that this phenomenon is related to brain hypoxia. Calculations of brain tissue O2 tension with the Krogh equation support this contention.", "PMID": 583633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2116", "title": "Studies on nodulation of soyabean in Egypt. I. Selection of an efficient strain of Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Both pot (sterilized sand cultures) and field experiments were run, using 23 different strains of Rhizobium japonicum and the commercial soyabean inoculum \"Okadin\". The failure of the control (non-inoculated plants) to form nodules may be due to the abscence of adequate densities of effective soyabean-rhizobia strains and their low persistence under Egyptian soil conditions. Therefore, inoculation with an efficient strain of R. japonicum seemed to be necessary. However, the strains used varied in their effectiveness, indicating that both the total number of nodules and total nitrogen content of the nodules should not be taken as an index.", "contents": "Studies on nodulation of soyabean in Egypt. I. Selection of an efficient strain of Rhizobium japonicum. Both pot (sterilized sand cultures) and field experiments were run, using 23 different strains of Rhizobium japonicum and the commercial soyabean inoculum \"Okadin\". The failure of the control (non-inoculated plants) to form nodules may be due to the abscence of adequate densities of effective soyabean-rhizobia strains and their low persistence under Egyptian soil conditions. Therefore, inoculation with an efficient strain of R. japonicum seemed to be necessary. However, the strains used varied in their effectiveness, indicating that both the total number of nodules and total nitrogen content of the nodules should not be taken as an index.", "PMID": 583638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2117", "title": "The adjuvant effect of tuberculin in experimental sensitization to merthiolate.", "content": "When guinea pigs were sensitized to tuberculin by exposure to complete Freund's adjuvant the size of the intradermal PPD test was positively correlated to the body weight of the animal. Old Tuberculin showed stimulating effect in a subsequent sensitization to merthiolate (thimerosal). The high frequency of delayed cutaneous allergy to merthiolate in Swedish population is probably explained by sensitization through intradermal testing with tuberculin containing merthiolate as a preservative.", "contents": "The adjuvant effect of tuberculin in experimental sensitization to merthiolate. When guinea pigs were sensitized to tuberculin by exposure to complete Freund's adjuvant the size of the intradermal PPD test was positively correlated to the body weight of the animal. Old Tuberculin showed stimulating effect in a subsequent sensitization to merthiolate (thimerosal). The high frequency of delayed cutaneous allergy to merthiolate in Swedish population is probably explained by sensitization through intradermal testing with tuberculin containing merthiolate as a preservative.", "PMID": 583641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2118", "title": "Juvenile melanoma--a case report and histogenetic investigation.", "content": "A case of juvenile melanoma which appeared to be completely intradermal was studied by optical and electron microscopy. The histological dopa reaction was negative and melanin granules could not be detected with Fontana-Masson stain, but detailed electron microscopic examination revealed melanosomes very similar to those found in intradermal nevus cells. The tumor was therefore thought to be composed exclusively of melanogenic nevus cells, and participation of schwannian nevoblasts could be excluded. This view would support the concept of the unitary origin of such nevus cells.", "contents": "Juvenile melanoma--a case report and histogenetic investigation. A case of juvenile melanoma which appeared to be completely intradermal was studied by optical and electron microscopy. The histological dopa reaction was negative and melanin granules could not be detected with Fontana-Masson stain, but detailed electron microscopic examination revealed melanosomes very similar to those found in intradermal nevus cells. The tumor was therefore thought to be composed exclusively of melanogenic nevus cells, and participation of schwannian nevoblasts could be excluded. This view would support the concept of the unitary origin of such nevus cells.", "PMID": 583642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2119", "title": "The influence of cyproteron-acetate orally on the hair root status in women with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "The hair root status was used to evaluate the effect of cyproterone-acetate (CA), given orally, on hair cycle in a clinically homogeneous group of 11 women with idiopathic hirsutism. The therapy was continued for 12 menstrual cycles of treatment. The hair root status on the left upper leg and chin was determined before, directly after CA-treatment and 3 months later. The absolute number of anagan hair roots in both fields was decreased directly after therapy. Three months later this value on the upper leg increased again significantly while on the chin there was no significant increase in this period. The number of catagen/telogen hair roots showed no significant differences before, directly after CA-treatment and 3 months later. The number of regrowing hairs on the upper leg showed a significant increase of dysplastic-dystrophic hair roots.", "contents": "The influence of cyproteron-acetate orally on the hair root status in women with idiopathic hirsutism. The hair root status was used to evaluate the effect of cyproterone-acetate (CA), given orally, on hair cycle in a clinically homogeneous group of 11 women with idiopathic hirsutism. The therapy was continued for 12 menstrual cycles of treatment. The hair root status on the left upper leg and chin was determined before, directly after CA-treatment and 3 months later. The absolute number of anagan hair roots in both fields was decreased directly after therapy. Three months later this value on the upper leg increased again significantly while on the chin there was no significant increase in this period. The number of catagen/telogen hair roots showed no significant differences before, directly after CA-treatment and 3 months later. The number of regrowing hairs on the upper leg showed a significant increase of dysplastic-dystrophic hair roots.", "PMID": 583644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2120", "title": "[Inhibition of the cardiochronotropic component of baroreceptor reflexes following activation of somatic afferents].", "content": "Stimulation of cutaneous or muscle nerve as well as activation of ventral roots L6--S1 led to inhibition of vagal bradycardia evoked by noradrenaline, in unanesthetized decerebrated cats. Unnociceptive stimulation of m. gastrocnemius in unrestrained cats evoked contraction of the muscle and was followed by depression of the cardiac component of baroreceptive reflex. Propranolol had no effect on this response, while methylatropin abolished it completely.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the cardiochronotropic component of baroreceptor reflexes following activation of somatic afferents]. Stimulation of cutaneous or muscle nerve as well as activation of ventral roots L6--S1 led to inhibition of vagal bradycardia evoked by noradrenaline, in unanesthetized decerebrated cats. Unnociceptive stimulation of m. gastrocnemius in unrestrained cats evoked contraction of the muscle and was followed by depression of the cardiac component of baroreceptive reflex. Propranolol had no effect on this response, while methylatropin abolished it completely.", "PMID": 583667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2121", "title": "Pulmonary calcifications in a child with renal failure.", "content": "A chronically azotemic 2 6/12 boy developed diffuse, bilateral pulmonary calcification. The radiographic features and pathologic mechanism of such pulmonary calcification is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary calcifications in a child with renal failure. A chronically azotemic 2 6/12 boy developed diffuse, bilateral pulmonary calcification. The radiographic features and pathologic mechanism of such pulmonary calcification is discussed.", "PMID": 583669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2122", "title": "The clinical picture in occult hydrocephalus.", "content": "From a study of 16 successfully shunted cases of symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus, the typical symptomatology has been characterized. It was found that gait disturbance preceded impaired mentation in 12 of the 16 cases, it began at the same time in three cases and in only one case did impairment of mentation precede it. Of 11 cases of shunt failure, dementia came first in nine and the disturbance of locomotion was relatively less severe or was absent. The various ways in which hydrocephalus may present have been outlined.", "contents": "The clinical picture in occult hydrocephalus. From a study of 16 successfully shunted cases of symptomatic normal pressure hydrocephalus, the typical symptomatology has been characterized. It was found that gait disturbance preceded impaired mentation in 12 of the 16 cases, it began at the same time in three cases and in only one case did impairment of mentation precede it. Of 11 cases of shunt failure, dementia came first in nine and the disturbance of locomotion was relatively less severe or was absent. The various ways in which hydrocephalus may present have been outlined.", "PMID": 583685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2123", "title": "Timing of peripheral nerve repair: important local neuropathological factors.", "content": "A review of the local neuropathological factors suggests that in lesions-in-continuity, the timing of surgical intervention should be predicated by the histological structure of that particular lesion-in-continuity. This cannot be derived by inspection or palpation of the lesion. The information must be gained from clinical and electrical studies. In the case of the divided nerve, the interrupted fascicles should be sutured as soon as the longitudinal extent of the injury can be accurately determined. The ultimate factor limiting the successful outcome of delayed peripheral nerve surgery is probably related to the state of the end organs and muscle fibers.", "contents": "Timing of peripheral nerve repair: important local neuropathological factors. A review of the local neuropathological factors suggests that in lesions-in-continuity, the timing of surgical intervention should be predicated by the histological structure of that particular lesion-in-continuity. This cannot be derived by inspection or palpation of the lesion. The information must be gained from clinical and electrical studies. In the case of the divided nerve, the interrupted fascicles should be sutured as soon as the longitudinal extent of the injury can be accurately determined. The ultimate factor limiting the successful outcome of delayed peripheral nerve surgery is probably related to the state of the end organs and muscle fibers.", "PMID": 583689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2124", "title": "Metabolic factors in surgery of peripheral nerves.", "content": "Respect for the metabolic changes within the neuron is critical in planning peripheral nerve surgery. Only by understanding the different metabolic responses of the nerve tissue and the supportive tissue can anastomosis be planned where the budding neuron stands its best chance of successfully regenerating across a repair site. Often, a short delay in nerve repair is indicated. With all factors ideal, good motor function can be counted on across one joint from the next group of muscles. Rarely is there good function across two joints. Protective sensory function can be achieved distally even under the most adverse metabolic conditions because of the independent metabolic state of these end organs.", "contents": "Metabolic factors in surgery of peripheral nerves. Respect for the metabolic changes within the neuron is critical in planning peripheral nerve surgery. Only by understanding the different metabolic responses of the nerve tissue and the supportive tissue can anastomosis be planned where the budding neuron stands its best chance of successfully regenerating across a repair site. Often, a short delay in nerve repair is indicated. With all factors ideal, good motor function can be counted on across one joint from the next group of muscles. Rarely is there good function across two joints. Protective sensory function can be achieved distally even under the most adverse metabolic conditions because of the independent metabolic state of these end organs.", "PMID": 583690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2125", "title": "Metastatic neoplasms to the brain.", "content": "The incidence, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of metastatic brain tumors are reviewed. The efficacy of the present diagnostic techniques is discussed. The results of brain scanning and/or computerized axial tomography should be confirmed with cerebral angiography to determine as accurately as possible the site and number of metastatic lesions. The treatment of choice at the present time for patients with brain metastases is surgical excision, if the lesion is solitary and is located in an accessible area in a patient who is in good condition. The bases for this choice include palliation of symptoms, prolongation of survival, and identification of a lesion--benign or non-metastatic--which may respond to a specific form of therapy.", "contents": "Metastatic neoplasms to the brain. The incidence, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of metastatic brain tumors are reviewed. The efficacy of the present diagnostic techniques is discussed. The results of brain scanning and/or computerized axial tomography should be confirmed with cerebral angiography to determine as accurately as possible the site and number of metastatic lesions. The treatment of choice at the present time for patients with brain metastases is surgical excision, if the lesion is solitary and is located in an accessible area in a patient who is in good condition. The bases for this choice include palliation of symptoms, prolongation of survival, and identification of a lesion--benign or non-metastatic--which may respond to a specific form of therapy.", "PMID": 583691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2126", "title": "Posterior decompression for myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis: laminectomy alone versus laminectomy with dentate ligament section.", "content": "In summary we have reviewed some of the studies and theories regarding the role of the dentate ligaments in cervical spondylosis and myelopathy and the logic which has been proposed either for or against their transection in the surgical treatment of this disease. A review of our own series of patients shows no significant increased morbidity in patients undergoing decompressive laminectomy, dentate ligament section, and dural graft as compared to laminectomy alone for treatment of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Of equal importance is the fact that we could demonstrate no superiority in terms of neurological benefit between these two types of operative therapy. However, intradural inspection carried out as a matter of routine did reveal unexpected midline disk protrusions in two cases, the removal of which allowed the patients to do better than might have been expected from laminectomy alone. These findings lead us to conclude that intradural exploration is always indicated if there exists any doubt as to the nature of the basic pathological process. Also there has been presented some experimental evidence to support division of the dentate ligaments if an unresectable anterior lying mass is found.", "contents": "Posterior decompression for myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis: laminectomy alone versus laminectomy with dentate ligament section. In summary we have reviewed some of the studies and theories regarding the role of the dentate ligaments in cervical spondylosis and myelopathy and the logic which has been proposed either for or against their transection in the surgical treatment of this disease. A review of our own series of patients shows no significant increased morbidity in patients undergoing decompressive laminectomy, dentate ligament section, and dural graft as compared to laminectomy alone for treatment of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Of equal importance is the fact that we could demonstrate no superiority in terms of neurological benefit between these two types of operative therapy. However, intradural inspection carried out as a matter of routine did reveal unexpected midline disk protrusions in two cases, the removal of which allowed the patients to do better than might have been expected from laminectomy alone. These findings lead us to conclude that intradural exploration is always indicated if there exists any doubt as to the nature of the basic pathological process. Also there has been presented some experimental evidence to support division of the dentate ligaments if an unresectable anterior lying mass is found.", "PMID": 583695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2127", "title": "Anterior cervical discectomy with and without fusion.", "content": "Operative treatment of the diseased cervical disc can be effectively and efficiently performed by the anterior approach with or without interbody fusion. Good results are not related to effecting a fusion or to any inherent advantages of either technique, but only to removal of the pathological anatomy. Whether or not an interbody fusion is performed is related to the extent of the bone removed, and probably most importantly, to the preference of each individual surgeon.", "contents": "Anterior cervical discectomy with and without fusion. Operative treatment of the diseased cervical disc can be effectively and efficiently performed by the anterior approach with or without interbody fusion. Good results are not related to effecting a fusion or to any inherent advantages of either technique, but only to removal of the pathological anatomy. Whether or not an interbody fusion is performed is related to the extent of the bone removed, and probably most importantly, to the preference of each individual surgeon.", "PMID": 583696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2128", "title": "Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Tic douloureux is a painful affliction of man without known similarities to diseases in infrahuman species or to other human afflictions. It seems to be associated with structural abnormalities encroaching upon the trigeminal nerve, gasserian ganglion, or root entry zone. The multiple unique features of tic douloureux can be explained by a theory which is based upon presynaptic inhibition and reflection sites due to focal changes in axon diameter or myelination. We believe that this theory satisfactorily explains the varied phenomena of tic douloureux and is compatible with the limited anatomical and physiological data relevant to tic douloureux. It makes use of known physiological and anatomical concepts. It is capable of verification or refutation by experimental means.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia. Tic douloureux is a painful affliction of man without known similarities to diseases in infrahuman species or to other human afflictions. It seems to be associated with structural abnormalities encroaching upon the trigeminal nerve, gasserian ganglion, or root entry zone. The multiple unique features of tic douloureux can be explained by a theory which is based upon presynaptic inhibition and reflection sites due to focal changes in axon diameter or myelination. We believe that this theory satisfactorily explains the varied phenomena of tic douloureux and is compatible with the limited anatomical and physiological data relevant to tic douloureux. It makes use of known physiological and anatomical concepts. It is capable of verification or refutation by experimental means.", "PMID": 583697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2129", "title": "The natural history of intracranial aneurysms: rebleeding rates during the acute and long term period and implication for surgical management.", "content": "1. In the first 6 months, at least 50% of the patients with untreated anterior and posterior communicating artery aneurysms will rebleed. 2. Thereafter, the rate of rebleeding is not less than 3%/year with two-thirds of these late hemorrhages resulting in a mortality. 3. Carotid ligation for posterior communicating aneurysms protects against a high rate of rebleeding for 6 months, but thereafter the rate is not different from the course of untreated aneurysms. 4. On the basis of these first three points and a review of the literature, a theory is proposed that incidental and symptomatic unruptured aneurysms, multiple unruptured aneurysms, and subarachnoid hemorrhage where no lesion is demonstrable, have a natural history similar to that of the untreated aneurysm that survives at 6 months. Namely, we would predict a yearly rebleed rate of not less than 3%/year.", "contents": "The natural history of intracranial aneurysms: rebleeding rates during the acute and long term period and implication for surgical management. 1. In the first 6 months, at least 50% of the patients with untreated anterior and posterior communicating artery aneurysms will rebleed. 2. Thereafter, the rate of rebleeding is not less than 3%/year with two-thirds of these late hemorrhages resulting in a mortality. 3. Carotid ligation for posterior communicating aneurysms protects against a high rate of rebleeding for 6 months, but thereafter the rate is not different from the course of untreated aneurysms. 4. On the basis of these first three points and a review of the literature, a theory is proposed that incidental and symptomatic unruptured aneurysms, multiple unruptured aneurysms, and subarachnoid hemorrhage where no lesion is demonstrable, have a natural history similar to that of the untreated aneurysm that survives at 6 months. Namely, we would predict a yearly rebleed rate of not less than 3%/year.", "PMID": 583706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2130", "title": "Transposition of a plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequence that mediates ampicillin resistance: identity of laboratory-constructed plasmids and clinical isolates.", "content": "The structural gene for ampicillin resistance resides upon a 3.2 X 10(6)-dalton sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid, TnA that can be transposed from replicon to replicon in laboratory experiments. TnA was transposed from a large conjugative plasmid to a small nonconjugative plasmid, RSF1010. Several RSF1010::TnA plasmids isolated in these laboratory experiments have been shown to be identical to plasmids found in clinical isolates. These data provide direct support to the theory that transposition of drug resistance genes play a key role in the evolution of R plasmids.", "contents": "Transposition of a plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid sequence that mediates ampicillin resistance: identity of laboratory-constructed plasmids and clinical isolates. The structural gene for ampicillin resistance resides upon a 3.2 X 10(6)-dalton sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid, TnA that can be transposed from replicon to replicon in laboratory experiments. TnA was transposed from a large conjugative plasmid to a small nonconjugative plasmid, RSF1010. Several RSF1010::TnA plasmids isolated in these laboratory experiments have been shown to be identical to plasmids found in clinical isolates. These data provide direct support to the theory that transposition of drug resistance genes play a key role in the evolution of R plasmids.", "PMID": 583751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2131", "title": "Proteus rettgeri infections: a review.", "content": "Proteus rettgeri is an aerobic gram-negative bacillus that displays marked resistance against most of the antibiotics presently available. This organism causes infections usually confined to the urinary tract of certain types of compromised patients. Occasionally, it is recovered from soft tissue abscesses, and rarely from the blood and respiratory tract. Proteus rettgeri is notorious for causing nosocomial outbreaks of urinary tract infections in urological and physical medicine wards. Our experience with a patient who had bacteremia with a multi-drug resistant strain of Proteus rettgeri prompted a review of the literature concerning infections with this organism. The salient features of these reports are discussed and summarized. Data on the antibiotic sensitivity of 15 other strains of Proteus rettgeri are included.", "contents": "Proteus rettgeri infections: a review. Proteus rettgeri is an aerobic gram-negative bacillus that displays marked resistance against most of the antibiotics presently available. This organism causes infections usually confined to the urinary tract of certain types of compromised patients. Occasionally, it is recovered from soft tissue abscesses, and rarely from the blood and respiratory tract. Proteus rettgeri is notorious for causing nosocomial outbreaks of urinary tract infections in urological and physical medicine wards. Our experience with a patient who had bacteremia with a multi-drug resistant strain of Proteus rettgeri prompted a review of the literature concerning infections with this organism. The salient features of these reports are discussed and summarized. Data on the antibiotic sensitivity of 15 other strains of Proteus rettgeri are included.", "PMID": 583779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2132", "title": "An analysis of various teaching modes in dental health education.", "content": "A study of varied dental health instructional modes was conducted with the five predominant modes: a parent-applied behavior modification program, student-centered instruction, health education teacher dominated instruction, dental hygienist dominated instruction, and a combination of the above termed the \"kitchen sink\" mode. There was found to be no statistically significant difference among the teaching modes, nor between the teaching modes and a control group. However, several trends were evident, of which the most promising was a possible carry-over effect of the parent-applied behavior modification mode. It was recommended this possible carry-over effect be studied further to be able to verify its existence and determine its means of operation.", "contents": "An analysis of various teaching modes in dental health education. A study of varied dental health instructional modes was conducted with the five predominant modes: a parent-applied behavior modification program, student-centered instruction, health education teacher dominated instruction, dental hygienist dominated instruction, and a combination of the above termed the \"kitchen sink\" mode. There was found to be no statistically significant difference among the teaching modes, nor between the teaching modes and a control group. However, several trends were evident, of which the most promising was a possible carry-over effect of the parent-applied behavior modification mode. It was recommended this possible carry-over effect be studied further to be able to verify its existence and determine its means of operation.", "PMID": 583781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2133", "title": "The effects of selected field experiences upon the drinking behavior of university students.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the effects of selected field experiences upon the driking behavior of university students. Students in the experimental groups were required to participate in alcohol related field experiences, whereas students in the control group were not. An anonymous self-report inventory was used to assess driking behavior. The inventory was administered before and after the field experiences to determine impact. Significant differences occurred in the frequency of perceived intoxication when inventories of the experimental groups were compared with the control groups. No significant differences resulted in the number of alcoholic beverages consumed and the number of alcoholic beverages that would be consumed at a hypothetical party. Students in the experimental groups reported a lower utilization of automobiles during and after driking. The selected field experiences had a positive effect upon the alcohol education program. As result of this study certain implications related to field activities were identified that are conditional to the behavioral change process via instruction in alcohol education. The activities can be designed to provide first hand knowledge and direct interaction experiences with individuals who have experienced alcohol problems. The activities assisted the students in understanding the parameters related to alcohol problems including economic loss, family problems and other disruptive behaviors. The activities were viewed by the students as helpful in thie own clarification of values. For these reasons, the field activities were deemed to be an important aspect of the program that improved the responsible drinking behavior of the students.", "contents": "The effects of selected field experiences upon the drinking behavior of university students. A study was conducted to determine the effects of selected field experiences upon the driking behavior of university students. Students in the experimental groups were required to participate in alcohol related field experiences, whereas students in the control group were not. An anonymous self-report inventory was used to assess driking behavior. The inventory was administered before and after the field experiences to determine impact. Significant differences occurred in the frequency of perceived intoxication when inventories of the experimental groups were compared with the control groups. No significant differences resulted in the number of alcoholic beverages consumed and the number of alcoholic beverages that would be consumed at a hypothetical party. Students in the experimental groups reported a lower utilization of automobiles during and after driking. The selected field experiences had a positive effect upon the alcohol education program. As result of this study certain implications related to field activities were identified that are conditional to the behavioral change process via instruction in alcohol education. The activities can be designed to provide first hand knowledge and direct interaction experiences with individuals who have experienced alcohol problems. The activities assisted the students in understanding the parameters related to alcohol problems including economic loss, family problems and other disruptive behaviors. The activities were viewed by the students as helpful in thie own clarification of values. For these reasons, the field activities were deemed to be an important aspect of the program that improved the responsible drinking behavior of the students.", "PMID": 583783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2134", "title": "Fosfomycin: Laboratory studies.", "content": "Fosfomycin, a nontoxic broad-spectrum antibiotic, different in structure from all previously described antibiotics, acts selectively by inhibiting cell wall formation. It was overlooked during many years of screening because of antagonism by culture medium ingredients and frequent occurrence of resistant mutants. It is effective in many because the neutralizing substances are not present and resistant mutants of most species are avirulent. Fosfomycin has favorable pharmacologic characteristics. It is not cross resistant, does not show antagonism, and has been used successfully in combinations. An insoluble calcium salt is used in oral formulation and a sodium salt for parenteral administration. Overall success rates of 86% were reported with 1,000 patients in Spain and 79% in Japan.", "contents": "Fosfomycin: Laboratory studies. Fosfomycin, a nontoxic broad-spectrum antibiotic, different in structure from all previously described antibiotics, acts selectively by inhibiting cell wall formation. It was overlooked during many years of screening because of antagonism by culture medium ingredients and frequent occurrence of resistant mutants. It is effective in many because the neutralizing substances are not present and resistant mutants of most species are avirulent. Fosfomycin has favorable pharmacologic characteristics. It is not cross resistant, does not show antagonism, and has been used successfully in combinations. An insoluble calcium salt is used in oral formulation and a sodium salt for parenteral administration. Overall success rates of 86% were reported with 1,000 patients in Spain and 79% in Japan.", "PMID": 583866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2135", "title": "In vitro sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria to fosfomycin.", "content": "The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined in 98 strains of anaerobic bacteria that came from clinical samples against fosfomycin, penicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and lincomycin. The results obtained indicate that fosfomycin is usually inactive against Bacteroides sp. and is active up to 32 mug/ml or less against 85% of Peptococcus and 95% of Peptostreptococcus, being consequently comparatively less active than the rest of the antibiotics that were tested against Bacteroides, sp., while against Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus it is less active than penicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin and lincomycin, and somewhat more active than chloramphenicol and tetracycline.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria to fosfomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined in 98 strains of anaerobic bacteria that came from clinical samples against fosfomycin, penicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and lincomycin. The results obtained indicate that fosfomycin is usually inactive against Bacteroides sp. and is active up to 32 mug/ml or less against 85% of Peptococcus and 95% of Peptostreptococcus, being consequently comparatively less active than the rest of the antibiotics that were tested against Bacteroides, sp., while against Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus it is less active than penicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin and lincomycin, and somewhat more active than chloramphenicol and tetracycline.", "PMID": 583867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2136", "title": "[Statistical investigations of nosological parameters (sex distribution, diagnosis, age of onset) in 120 pairs of endogenous psychotic parent-child and sibling relationships (author's transl)].", "content": "120 pairs of parent-child and sibling relationships with endogenous psychoses--registered through 60 schizophrenic and manic-depressive probands each--are statistically investigated with regard to the nosologically and biologically relevant parameters of sex distribution, diagnosis and age of onset.", "contents": "[Statistical investigations of nosological parameters (sex distribution, diagnosis, age of onset) in 120 pairs of endogenous psychotic parent-child and sibling relationships (author's transl)]. 120 pairs of parent-child and sibling relationships with endogenous psychoses--registered through 60 schizophrenic and manic-depressive probands each--are statistically investigated with regard to the nosologically and biologically relevant parameters of sex distribution, diagnosis and age of onset.", "PMID": 583868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2137", "title": "[Family constellation in mental disorder. results and methods of statistical investigations of family size, birth order and sib position (author's transl)].", "content": "Possibilities, difficulties and results of statistic investigations on the relation between schizophrenia, depression, neurosis and alcoholism are reported: The schizophrenic patients showed an excess of single childs and children of large sibship. In depressive patients the eldest are overrepresented. In neurotics single and eldest children are more numerous than in the general population. In alcoholic males tha last born und specially the youngest children are overrepresented. But nearly al of the relations found here have been contested by some other authors. The results are different because of the different methods. The reasons are explained in the second part of this study. The methodical differences consist in variable diagnosis, inadmissible selection, investigation without direct interviews, different statistical methods, summation of heterogenous samples and nonrepresentative controls. Methodical consequences for further investigations are discussed.", "contents": "[Family constellation in mental disorder. results and methods of statistical investigations of family size, birth order and sib position (author's transl)]. Possibilities, difficulties and results of statistic investigations on the relation between schizophrenia, depression, neurosis and alcoholism are reported: The schizophrenic patients showed an excess of single childs and children of large sibship. In depressive patients the eldest are overrepresented. In neurotics single and eldest children are more numerous than in the general population. In alcoholic males tha last born und specially the youngest children are overrepresented. But nearly al of the relations found here have been contested by some other authors. The results are different because of the different methods. The reasons are explained in the second part of this study. The methodical differences consist in variable diagnosis, inadmissible selection, investigation without direct interviews, different statistical methods, summation of heterogenous samples and nonrepresentative controls. Methodical consequences for further investigations are discussed.", "PMID": 583869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2138", "title": "[Analysis of chronic psychotic states in young drug-addicts (author's transl)].", "content": "60 young drug-addicts with prolonged psychotic states have been examined. Taking account of the family situation and psychosocial development, of typical timing and drug-specific factors the psychopathologic picture is described as to its course and the multiple effects of drugs. An existing psychosis may be the motive for drug-taking in special ways. On the other hand there is with many patients a coincidence in time between drug-addiction and manifestation of the psychosis. Psychoses independent from drugs i.e. running their own specific course, are seen remarkably often. They cannot be distinguished phenomenologically from endogenous psychoses and end up quite often in a number of defects.", "contents": "[Analysis of chronic psychotic states in young drug-addicts (author's transl)]. 60 young drug-addicts with prolonged psychotic states have been examined. Taking account of the family situation and psychosocial development, of typical timing and drug-specific factors the psychopathologic picture is described as to its course and the multiple effects of drugs. An existing psychosis may be the motive for drug-taking in special ways. On the other hand there is with many patients a coincidence in time between drug-addiction and manifestation of the psychosis. Psychoses independent from drugs i.e. running their own specific course, are seen remarkably often. They cannot be distinguished phenomenologically from endogenous psychoses and end up quite often in a number of defects.", "PMID": 583870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2139", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging.", "content": "Thallium-201 is a promising intravenous imaging agent for observing myocardial perfusion patterns. It appears to be the best of the currently available cation tracers for regional myocardial perfusion imaging, because it has overcome many of the disadvantages associated with other potassium analogues. Although its many possible uses will require further research and verification, 201Tl will play an increasing part in the assessment of patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Thallium-201 is a promising intravenous imaging agent for observing myocardial perfusion patterns. It appears to be the best of the currently available cation tracers for regional myocardial perfusion imaging, because it has overcome many of the disadvantages associated with other potassium analogues. Although its many possible uses will require further research and verification, 201Tl will play an increasing part in the assessment of patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 583891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2140", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a new ear oximeter.", "content": "Ear oximetry offers a noninvasive method of determining and monitoring oxygen saturation in arterialized capillary blood. A new apparatus has recently been developed which provides improved accuracy as well as increased ease of use. We have found it to be at least as accurate as the American Optical oximeter which measures oxygen saturation directly from arterial blood. It has proved to be of value in clinical situations such as monitoring critically ill patients (particularly those being mechanically ventilated) and patients undergoing treadmill exercise or fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in the diagnosis of disorders characterized by periodic hypoxia.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a new ear oximeter. Ear oximetry offers a noninvasive method of determining and monitoring oxygen saturation in arterialized capillary blood. A new apparatus has recently been developed which provides improved accuracy as well as increased ease of use. We have found it to be at least as accurate as the American Optical oximeter which measures oxygen saturation directly from arterial blood. It has proved to be of value in clinical situations such as monitoring critically ill patients (particularly those being mechanically ventilated) and patients undergoing treadmill exercise or fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in the diagnosis of disorders characterized by periodic hypoxia.", "PMID": 583892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2141", "title": "Disposable defibrillator electrodes.", "content": "The transthoracic impedance to direct-current defibrillation discharge of the half-sinusoidal waveform was compared using recently marketed disposable defibrillator electrode pads (SAF-D-FIB and DEFIB-PADS) with electrode paste as the interfaces between the defibrillator paddle electrode and chest wall. Twenty-four mongrel dogs with an average weight of 17.3 kilograms were used. Half were shocked with the defibrillator meter setting at 100 watt-seconds (mean delivered energy, 59 watt-seconds) and half at 400 watt-seconds (mean delivered energy, 205 watt-seconds). Each animal received six shocks with both paste and one of the sets of disposable pads. The sequence of shocks was changed in alternate animals. At a meter setting of 100 watt-seconds, the mean impedance using SAF-D-FIB was 59 +/- 6 ohms compared to 46 +/- 6 ohms with paste (p less than 0.001), while that encountered with DEFIB-PADS was 57 +/- 5 ohms compared to 50 +/- 5 ohms with paste (p less than 0.01). At settings of 400 watt-seconds, the impedances encountered were also significantly higher with the disposable electrode (p less than 0.01). The output of many defibrillators in use today is inadequate for consistent defibrillation of adult patients weighing more than 50 to 80 kilograms. Since a minimal peak current per unit of body weight is required for ventricular defibrillation and since a higher transthoracic impedance results in a lower delivered peak current, one should use the paddle electrode-chest wall interface that results in the lowest impedance to defibrillator discharge. The impedance encountered with disposable electrodes is significantly higher than that encountered with electrode paste. Therefore, we do not recommend the use of these disposable electrodes for defibrillation or elective cardioversion.", "contents": "Disposable defibrillator electrodes. The transthoracic impedance to direct-current defibrillation discharge of the half-sinusoidal waveform was compared using recently marketed disposable defibrillator electrode pads (SAF-D-FIB and DEFIB-PADS) with electrode paste as the interfaces between the defibrillator paddle electrode and chest wall. Twenty-four mongrel dogs with an average weight of 17.3 kilograms were used. Half were shocked with the defibrillator meter setting at 100 watt-seconds (mean delivered energy, 59 watt-seconds) and half at 400 watt-seconds (mean delivered energy, 205 watt-seconds). Each animal received six shocks with both paste and one of the sets of disposable pads. The sequence of shocks was changed in alternate animals. At a meter setting of 100 watt-seconds, the mean impedance using SAF-D-FIB was 59 +/- 6 ohms compared to 46 +/- 6 ohms with paste (p less than 0.001), while that encountered with DEFIB-PADS was 57 +/- 5 ohms compared to 50 +/- 5 ohms with paste (p less than 0.01). At settings of 400 watt-seconds, the impedances encountered were also significantly higher with the disposable electrode (p less than 0.01). The output of many defibrillators in use today is inadequate for consistent defibrillation of adult patients weighing more than 50 to 80 kilograms. Since a minimal peak current per unit of body weight is required for ventricular defibrillation and since a higher transthoracic impedance results in a lower delivered peak current, one should use the paddle electrode-chest wall interface that results in the lowest impedance to defibrillator discharge. The impedance encountered with disposable electrodes is significantly higher than that encountered with electrode paste. Therefore, we do not recommend the use of these disposable electrodes for defibrillation or elective cardioversion.", "PMID": 583893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2142", "title": "The role of body image in patient compliance and education.", "content": "This study investigated the relation between one aspect of body image (body cathexis) and the achievement of knowledge about life after a heart attack, as well as subsequent compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions. There was no significant correlation between body cathexis and achieved knowledge. The hypothesis which proposed that a relationship exists between body cathexis and compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions was statistically significant, body-cathexis effects are inferred to be present in compliance behaviors, and the hypothesis was supported. A statistically significant correlation was not found to exist between achieved knowledge and subsequent compliance behavior.", "contents": "The role of body image in patient compliance and education. This study investigated the relation between one aspect of body image (body cathexis) and the achievement of knowledge about life after a heart attack, as well as subsequent compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions. There was no significant correlation between body cathexis and achieved knowledge. The hypothesis which proposed that a relationship exists between body cathexis and compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions was statistically significant, body-cathexis effects are inferred to be present in compliance behaviors, and the hypothesis was supported. A statistically significant correlation was not found to exist between achieved knowledge and subsequent compliance behavior.", "PMID": 583895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2143", "title": "Supraventricular tachycardia that mimics ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "A short PR interval, a delta wave, and attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia are the principal features of the WPW syndrome. A grossly irregular rhythm with bizzare QRS complexes at rates exceeding 180 per minute is one of the paroxysmal tachycardias characteristic of the WPW syndrome. This arrhythmia deserves special attention, because it is often misinterpretated as ventricular tachycardia. The interpretation is atrial fibrillation with varying degrees of ventricular fusion and phasic ventricular aberration. Prompt electrical cardioversion is indicated because, at times, ventricular fibrillation may result. Quinidine sulfate used prophylactically because of its negative dromotropic effect on the accessory pathway promotes A-V transmission via the A-V node.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachycardia that mimics ventricular tachycardia. A short PR interval, a delta wave, and attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia are the principal features of the WPW syndrome. A grossly irregular rhythm with bizzare QRS complexes at rates exceeding 180 per minute is one of the paroxysmal tachycardias characteristic of the WPW syndrome. This arrhythmia deserves special attention, because it is often misinterpretated as ventricular tachycardia. The interpretation is atrial fibrillation with varying degrees of ventricular fusion and phasic ventricular aberration. Prompt electrical cardioversion is indicated because, at times, ventricular fibrillation may result. Quinidine sulfate used prophylactically because of its negative dromotropic effect on the accessory pathway promotes A-V transmission via the A-V node.", "PMID": 583897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2144", "title": "Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to semisynthetic penicillins and cephalothin.", "content": "Six strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to semisynthetic penicillins were recovered from clinical sources during a two-month period. Resistance was detected by standard disk sensitivity tests at 37 C. Two resistant strains were responsible for infections (one of which was fatal), and five strains were susceptible only to phage type 92. All of the strains produced penicillinase, which did not destroy oxacillin, and each was resistant to oxacillin at low inocula. Relative resistance to cephalosporin was demonstrable by the tube dilution assay but not by standard disk tests. The strains susceptible to phage type 92 were susceptible to vancomycin and to the synergistic action of oxacillin or cephalothin plus gentamicin.", "contents": "Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to semisynthetic penicillins and cephalothin. Six strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to semisynthetic penicillins were recovered from clinical sources during a two-month period. Resistance was detected by standard disk sensitivity tests at 37 C. Two resistant strains were responsible for infections (one of which was fatal), and five strains were susceptible only to phage type 92. All of the strains produced penicillinase, which did not destroy oxacillin, and each was resistant to oxacillin at low inocula. Relative resistance to cephalosporin was demonstrable by the tube dilution assay but not by standard disk tests. The strains susceptible to phage type 92 were susceptible to vancomycin and to the synergistic action of oxacillin or cephalothin plus gentamicin.", "PMID": 583903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2145", "title": "Clinical application of sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "The potent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside has been used to treat hypertensive emergencies and to improve the hemodynamics of chronic heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. As the use of this seemingly beneficial agent appears to be increasing, personnel caring for patients should be familiar with nitroprusside in order to use it properly and safely. We have reviewed the pharmacology, mode of mixing and administering, monitoring requirements, and indications of nitroprusside so it may be used with maximal benefit and minimal risk.", "contents": "Clinical application of sodium nitroprusside. The potent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside has been used to treat hypertensive emergencies and to improve the hemodynamics of chronic heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. As the use of this seemingly beneficial agent appears to be increasing, personnel caring for patients should be familiar with nitroprusside in order to use it properly and safely. We have reviewed the pharmacology, mode of mixing and administering, monitoring requirements, and indications of nitroprusside so it may be used with maximal benefit and minimal risk.", "PMID": 583902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2146", "title": "The desirability of involving adolescents in sex education planning.", "content": "In summary, several points which indicate the desirability of involving adolescents in sex education planning need to be reiterated. First, without adolescent representation, adults tend to lack an awareness of teenagers' needs for sex information services. The negative consequences of not serving these needs are well-documented. A second important consideration is that without adolescent input there is less chance the sex education programs will be tailored to fit the target population. The data from the Detroit program are useful for making people aware of teenagers' needs for sex education. These data can form a basis for beginning program planning, but they should be strengthened with input from the specific target population the program is intended to serve. And third, getting adolescent health consumers involved in program planning and operation by giving them meaningful responsibility is important to their growth and development. It is hoped increased representation of teenagers in the planning process will improve the quality of sex education programs available to them to the point where the current situation will be reversed so that the majority of sexually active teenagers will not have engaged in intercourse without using contraception because of inaccurate knowledge or difficulty in obtaining birth control. Adolescents must be regarded as people with important things to say and must be included in sex information programs not just as passive receivers, but as active partners in policy formulation and operation.", "contents": "The desirability of involving adolescents in sex education planning. In summary, several points which indicate the desirability of involving adolescents in sex education planning need to be reiterated. First, without adolescent representation, adults tend to lack an awareness of teenagers' needs for sex information services. The negative consequences of not serving these needs are well-documented. A second important consideration is that without adolescent input there is less chance the sex education programs will be tailored to fit the target population. The data from the Detroit program are useful for making people aware of teenagers' needs for sex education. These data can form a basis for beginning program planning, but they should be strengthened with input from the specific target population the program is intended to serve. And third, getting adolescent health consumers involved in program planning and operation by giving them meaningful responsibility is important to their growth and development. It is hoped increased representation of teenagers in the planning process will improve the quality of sex education programs available to them to the point where the current situation will be reversed so that the majority of sexually active teenagers will not have engaged in intercourse without using contraception because of inaccurate knowledge or difficulty in obtaining birth control. Adolescents must be regarded as people with important things to say and must be included in sex information programs not just as passive receivers, but as active partners in policy formulation and operation.", "PMID": 583918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2147", "title": "Distractions at nurses' stations during intershift report.", "content": "Observations of distractions during intershift report at nurses' stations on ten medical-surgical units in an acute-care general hospital are summarized. Almost five times more auditory and visual distractions occurred at nurses' stations at which report took place at an open charting desk than at nurses' stations with a separate reporting area.", "contents": "Distractions at nurses' stations during intershift report. Observations of distractions during intershift report at nurses' stations on ten medical-surgical units in an acute-care general hospital are summarized. Almost five times more auditory and visual distractions occurred at nurses' stations at which report took place at an open charting desk than at nurses' stations with a separate reporting area.", "PMID": 583954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2148", "title": "A study of illness referral in a Spanish-speaking community.", "content": "In an anthropologic study of illness referral among Latin-American immigrants three phases were ascertained: First, there was extended use of self-treatment. Second, referrals were made to the social network, particularly to people from the same country of origin. Finally, referrals to the professional network were made to professionals with the same cultural heritage. Latin-American immigrant families living in a cooperative were studied over a 14-month period, utilizing the method of participant observation, a family health calendar, and interviews. This report focuses on the results of the family health calendar. Most illnesses reported by families did not go beyond self-treatment. Cultural influences including language, social network, priorities of daily living were related to the alternatives selected by families when illness incidents occurred.", "contents": "A study of illness referral in a Spanish-speaking community. In an anthropologic study of illness referral among Latin-American immigrants three phases were ascertained: First, there was extended use of self-treatment. Second, referrals were made to the social network, particularly to people from the same country of origin. Finally, referrals to the professional network were made to professionals with the same cultural heritage. Latin-American immigrant families living in a cooperative were studied over a 14-month period, utilizing the method of participant observation, a family health calendar, and interviews. This report focuses on the results of the family health calendar. Most illnesses reported by families did not go beyond self-treatment. Cultural influences including language, social network, priorities of daily living were related to the alternatives selected by families when illness incidents occurred.", "PMID": 583955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2149", "title": "The student's perception of his creativity.", "content": "When 590 students at the New York State University of Plattsburgh--both nursing and nonnursing students--were questioned regarding their perceptions of their creativity, nursing students perceived themselves as significantly (p less than .05) less creative.", "contents": "The student's perception of his creativity. When 590 students at the New York State University of Plattsburgh--both nursing and nonnursing students--were questioned regarding their perceptions of their creativity, nursing students perceived themselves as significantly (p less than .05) less creative.", "PMID": 583956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2150", "title": "Death experience and death anxiety among nurses and nursing students.", "content": "Educational programs designed to deal with death anxiety among nursing students are based to some extent on an untested assumption: that experience with death and dying is inversely related to death anxiety. In a study of death experience and death anxiety among 76 nurses and nursing students, the assumption was only partially supported. Additional findings suggested areas for needed future research.", "contents": "Death experience and death anxiety among nurses and nursing students. Educational programs designed to deal with death anxiety among nursing students are based to some extent on an untested assumption: that experience with death and dying is inversely related to death anxiety. In a study of death experience and death anxiety among 76 nurses and nursing students, the assumption was only partially supported. Additional findings suggested areas for needed future research.", "PMID": 583957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2151", "title": "Effects of bradykinin mediated by autonomic efferent nerves.", "content": "Intra-arterial injections of bradykinin cause increases in blood pressure and increased impulse rates in single sympathetic efferent fibres. The peptide also causes one or more large bladder contractions, which are associated with increased impulse rates in pelvic nerve efferent fibres whose spontaneous discharges are temporally associated with increases in intravesical pressure. These induced increases in pelvic nerve discharge and intravesical pressure could be abolished or greatly reduced by interference with conduction in pathways which mediate reflex bladder contractions. It is concluded that bradykinin has little direct action on the bladder, and that the large contractions which result from its administration are mediated by the central nervous system.", "contents": "Effects of bradykinin mediated by autonomic efferent nerves. Intra-arterial injections of bradykinin cause increases in blood pressure and increased impulse rates in single sympathetic efferent fibres. The peptide also causes one or more large bladder contractions, which are associated with increased impulse rates in pelvic nerve efferent fibres whose spontaneous discharges are temporally associated with increases in intravesical pressure. These induced increases in pelvic nerve discharge and intravesical pressure could be abolished or greatly reduced by interference with conduction in pathways which mediate reflex bladder contractions. It is concluded that bradykinin has little direct action on the bladder, and that the large contractions which result from its administration are mediated by the central nervous system.", "PMID": 583985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2152", "title": "The effects of bradykinin on afferent units in intra-abdominal sympathetic nerve trunks.", "content": "The effects of intra-arterial injections of bradykinin on afferent discharges in the splanchnic and hypogastric nerves have been studied. All units which were excited by the peptide were mechanosensitive. Following i.a. bradykinin, the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with the bladder showed increased discharge rates which appear to be related to changes in intravesical pressure. When the effects of bradykinin on the bladder were blocked by cord cooling, the afferents were not excited. It is concluded that bradykinin causes discharges in the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors around the bladder because it causes bladder contractions, and not because of any chemosensitivity of the nerve ending.", "contents": "The effects of bradykinin on afferent units in intra-abdominal sympathetic nerve trunks. The effects of intra-arterial injections of bradykinin on afferent discharges in the splanchnic and hypogastric nerves have been studied. All units which were excited by the peptide were mechanosensitive. Following i.a. bradykinin, the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with the bladder showed increased discharge rates which appear to be related to changes in intravesical pressure. When the effects of bradykinin on the bladder were blocked by cord cooling, the afferents were not excited. It is concluded that bradykinin causes discharges in the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors around the bladder because it causes bladder contractions, and not because of any chemosensitivity of the nerve ending.", "PMID": 583986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2153", "title": "On the existence of parasympathetic motor nerves to the submaxillary gland of the dog.", "content": "Duct pressure and salivary flow were recorded in submaxillary glands of anaesthetized dogs, to study whether parasympathetic stimulation caused effects referable to activity in myoepithelial cells. At fairly low frequency of stimulation, e.g. 3 Hz, the pressure curve had two distinct components, with initial steep and a secondary gradual rise. It resembled that obtained on sympathetic stimulation, where the first phase is ascribed to myoepithelial contraction, the second phase to secretion. When parasympathetic stimulation ceased, there was first a steep fall, then a more gradual decline of the pressure. The steep fall was of the same magnitude as the steep rise; both increased with the frequency of stimulation. The size of the initial fall was fairly independent of the pressure level from which it started. Such a steep fall did not occur subsequent to parasympathetic stimulation if the myoepithelial cells were already in a state of strong contraction caused by sympathetic impulses or bradykinin. The phase of steep fall was inferred to be due mainly to relaxation of contracted myoepithelial cells, the following decline to back-flow of fluid into the gland. The salivary flow rate was highest at the beginning of a period of parasympathetic stimulation, particularly if the duct system was well filled and the saliva thin. It was concluded that myoepithelial contraction had initially expelled saliva. A brief period of parasympathetic stimulation while a slow basal secretion at constant rate was going on was found to accelerate this flow, and afterwards there was a transient deceleration of the flow. Acceleration was attributed partly to myoepithelial contraction, mainly to superimposed secretion; retardation to myoepithelial relaxation. The effect appeared independently of the way in which the basal flow was evoked, and the retardation resembled that seen after sympathetic stimulation or bradykinin.", "contents": "On the existence of parasympathetic motor nerves to the submaxillary gland of the dog. Duct pressure and salivary flow were recorded in submaxillary glands of anaesthetized dogs, to study whether parasympathetic stimulation caused effects referable to activity in myoepithelial cells. At fairly low frequency of stimulation, e.g. 3 Hz, the pressure curve had two distinct components, with initial steep and a secondary gradual rise. It resembled that obtained on sympathetic stimulation, where the first phase is ascribed to myoepithelial contraction, the second phase to secretion. When parasympathetic stimulation ceased, there was first a steep fall, then a more gradual decline of the pressure. The steep fall was of the same magnitude as the steep rise; both increased with the frequency of stimulation. The size of the initial fall was fairly independent of the pressure level from which it started. Such a steep fall did not occur subsequent to parasympathetic stimulation if the myoepithelial cells were already in a state of strong contraction caused by sympathetic impulses or bradykinin. The phase of steep fall was inferred to be due mainly to relaxation of contracted myoepithelial cells, the following decline to back-flow of fluid into the gland. The salivary flow rate was highest at the beginning of a period of parasympathetic stimulation, particularly if the duct system was well filled and the saliva thin. It was concluded that myoepithelial contraction had initially expelled saliva. A brief period of parasympathetic stimulation while a slow basal secretion at constant rate was going on was found to accelerate this flow, and afterwards there was a transient deceleration of the flow. Acceleration was attributed partly to myoepithelial contraction, mainly to superimposed secretion; retardation to myoepithelial relaxation. The effect appeared independently of the way in which the basal flow was evoked, and the retardation resembled that seen after sympathetic stimulation or bradykinin.", "PMID": 583987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2154", "title": "Electrical activity in sympathetic fibres to hind limb muscles of the cat produced by hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the \"Defence Area\" of the hypothalamus in anaesthetized cats was accomplished by stereotaxic placement of bipolar stainless steel electrodes; the spinal cord was sectioned at L4. The muscle blood flow in one hind limb was recorded with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Increases of between 100% and 300% were observed during hypothalamic stimulation. Electroneurographic recordings from small nerve filaments supplying tibialis anterior muscle revealed two populations of neurones whose activity was abolished by lumbar sympathectomy. It appears that the increased blood flow in skeletal muscle during stimulation of the hypothalamic \"Defence Area\" is brought about by a simultaneous inhibition of vasoconstrictor activity and increase in cholinergic vasodilator discharge.", "contents": "Electrical activity in sympathetic fibres to hind limb muscles of the cat produced by hypothalamic stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the \"Defence Area\" of the hypothalamus in anaesthetized cats was accomplished by stereotaxic placement of bipolar stainless steel electrodes; the spinal cord was sectioned at L4. The muscle blood flow in one hind limb was recorded with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Increases of between 100% and 300% were observed during hypothalamic stimulation. Electroneurographic recordings from small nerve filaments supplying tibialis anterior muscle revealed two populations of neurones whose activity was abolished by lumbar sympathectomy. It appears that the increased blood flow in skeletal muscle during stimulation of the hypothalamic \"Defence Area\" is brought about by a simultaneous inhibition of vasoconstrictor activity and increase in cholinergic vasodilator discharge.", "PMID": 583988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2155", "title": "Variations in the distribution of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus within chronically catheterized sheep conceptuses during the last eight weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus were higher in foetal arterial plasma than in maternal jugular plasma in sheep examined between 90 and 145 days of gestation. During the same period the calcium and magnesium concentrations of foetal urine were usually less than amniotic fluid values which in turn were less than maternal plasma concentrations. In allantoic fluid, calcium concentrations were usually less and magnesium concentrations greater than maternal and foetal plasma values. A 2-5 fold increase in the calcium concentrations of allantoic fluid after superfical uterine surgery and in amniotic fluid from a group of foetuses that were exposed during operation, were considered to be artefacts of technique. Inorganic phosphorus concentrations in foetal urine, amniotic fluid and allantoic fluid were variable.", "contents": "Variations in the distribution of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus within chronically catheterized sheep conceptuses during the last eight weeks of pregnancy. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus were higher in foetal arterial plasma than in maternal jugular plasma in sheep examined between 90 and 145 days of gestation. During the same period the calcium and magnesium concentrations of foetal urine were usually less than amniotic fluid values which in turn were less than maternal plasma concentrations. In allantoic fluid, calcium concentrations were usually less and magnesium concentrations greater than maternal and foetal plasma values. A 2-5 fold increase in the calcium concentrations of allantoic fluid after superfical uterine surgery and in amniotic fluid from a group of foetuses that were exposed during operation, were considered to be artefacts of technique. Inorganic phosphorus concentrations in foetal urine, amniotic fluid and allantoic fluid were variable.", "PMID": 583989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2156", "title": "Depot iron in the rat liver after hypertransfusion with rat erythrocytes.", "content": "In the rat liver the deposition of iron was measured after hypertransfusion with rat erythrocytes. The liver iron fractions were studied during four weeks after the hypertransfusions. In the first week the haemosiderin iron fraction increased together with the ferritin iron fraction. Most iron was deposited as ferritin iron. In the last week of the experiments, while the ferritin iron fraction still increased, the haemosiderin iron fraction decreased. At the same time plasma iron was utilized when erythropoiesis, which had been suppressed by the hypertransfusion, recommenced. It is suggest that, under these experimental conditions, liver haemosiderin iron is used in haemoglobin synthesis.", "contents": "Depot iron in the rat liver after hypertransfusion with rat erythrocytes. In the rat liver the deposition of iron was measured after hypertransfusion with rat erythrocytes. The liver iron fractions were studied during four weeks after the hypertransfusions. In the first week the haemosiderin iron fraction increased together with the ferritin iron fraction. Most iron was deposited as ferritin iron. In the last week of the experiments, while the ferritin iron fraction still increased, the haemosiderin iron fraction decreased. At the same time plasma iron was utilized when erythropoiesis, which had been suppressed by the hypertransfusion, recommenced. It is suggest that, under these experimental conditions, liver haemosiderin iron is used in haemoglobin synthesis.", "PMID": 583990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2157", "title": "The effects of vasopressin on renal sodium excretion in pigs given intravascular hypertonic salt loads.", "content": "Young pigs of about 25-30 kg liveweight were given intravenous infusions of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution (4-6 mol.1(-1)) at rates varying from 2-6 mmol.min-1. Such infusions resulted in a marked increase in the urine flow and in urinary sodium excretion, the size of these increases being proportional to infusion rate. Circulating vasopressin levels were also markedly increased, the size of these increases being the same as those seen in other pigs given exogenous vasopressin in amounts which were shown to increase urinary sodium excretion. This suggests that vasopressin was probably contributing to the increase in renal sodium excretion seen in those pigs given the intravenous salt loads.", "contents": "The effects of vasopressin on renal sodium excretion in pigs given intravascular hypertonic salt loads. Young pigs of about 25-30 kg liveweight were given intravenous infusions of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution (4-6 mol.1(-1)) at rates varying from 2-6 mmol.min-1. Such infusions resulted in a marked increase in the urine flow and in urinary sodium excretion, the size of these increases being proportional to infusion rate. Circulating vasopressin levels were also markedly increased, the size of these increases being the same as those seen in other pigs given exogenous vasopressin in amounts which were shown to increase urinary sodium excretion. This suggests that vasopressin was probably contributing to the increase in renal sodium excretion seen in those pigs given the intravenous salt loads.", "PMID": 583991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2158", "title": "The repeatability of the measurement of aerobic power in man and factors affecting it.", "content": "The repeatability of measuring man's aerobic power was tested with regard to the influences from the following; 1. The immediate repeatability of the test. 2. The time sequences in which the progressive load increments are applied. 3. The subject's personal activities in the eighteen hours prior to the test. 4. The temperature of the laboratory during the test. 5. The time of day at which the test is carried out. 6. The day of the week on which the test is carried out. 7. The nervous state of the subject during the test produced by drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. It was considered that aerobic power can be consistently measured in man as a standard control measurement if the following criteria are taken into account. The subject should be tested: 1. during the first few hours of his working day, 2. in an ambient temperature of not more than 4 degrees C above that of his normal working environment, 3. when he has been normally active during the previous 24 h, 4. when he is systematically free from drugs, particularly those affecting the nervous system, 5. when free from a previous severe stress, 6. at least 1 h after a cigarette or contact with a smoke aerosol.", "contents": "The repeatability of the measurement of aerobic power in man and factors affecting it. The repeatability of measuring man's aerobic power was tested with regard to the influences from the following; 1. The immediate repeatability of the test. 2. The time sequences in which the progressive load increments are applied. 3. The subject's personal activities in the eighteen hours prior to the test. 4. The temperature of the laboratory during the test. 5. The time of day at which the test is carried out. 6. The day of the week on which the test is carried out. 7. The nervous state of the subject during the test produced by drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. It was considered that aerobic power can be consistently measured in man as a standard control measurement if the following criteria are taken into account. The subject should be tested: 1. during the first few hours of his working day, 2. in an ambient temperature of not more than 4 degrees C above that of his normal working environment, 3. when he has been normally active during the previous 24 h, 4. when he is systematically free from drugs, particularly those affecting the nervous system, 5. when free from a previous severe stress, 6. at least 1 h after a cigarette or contact with a smoke aerosol.", "PMID": 583992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2159", "title": "Susceptibility of three groups of Staphylococcus aureus to newer antimicrobial agents.", "content": "Because of the need for non-beta-lactam antimicrobics with antistaphylococcal activity, 14 antimicrobics (3 penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 7 aminocyclitols [5 new], 2 macrolides [1 new], clindamycin, and a new polysaccharide, everninomicin) were tested in vitro for activity against 22 penicillin-susceptible, 51 penicillin-resistant, and 47 methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, and verdamicin inhibited almost all strains at concentrations less than 1 mug/ml. The methicillin-resistant strains were as susceptible as other strains to the aminocyclitols and everninomicin. In contrast, many of the methicillin-resistant strains were also resistant to erythromycin, rosamicin, and clindamycin at attainable serum concentrations. The use of the bacterial synthetic amino acid medium, in comparison with Mueller-Hinton broth, resulted in an increase in the observed resistance of methicillin-resistant strains to the penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins.", "contents": "Susceptibility of three groups of Staphylococcus aureus to newer antimicrobial agents. Because of the need for non-beta-lactam antimicrobics with antistaphylococcal activity, 14 antimicrobics (3 penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 7 aminocyclitols [5 new], 2 macrolides [1 new], clindamycin, and a new polysaccharide, everninomicin) were tested in vitro for activity against 22 penicillin-susceptible, 51 penicillin-resistant, and 47 methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, and verdamicin inhibited almost all strains at concentrations less than 1 mug/ml. The methicillin-resistant strains were as susceptible as other strains to the aminocyclitols and everninomicin. In contrast, many of the methicillin-resistant strains were also resistant to erythromycin, rosamicin, and clindamycin at attainable serum concentrations. The use of the bacterial synthetic amino acid medium, in comparison with Mueller-Hinton broth, resulted in an increase in the observed resistance of methicillin-resistant strains to the penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins.", "PMID": 584152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2160", "title": "[The comparison of human reflex and instinct behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of characteristics of the exteroceptive reflexes and of the instincts it was shown that instinct behaviour developed from reflex characteristics (local characteristic of the stimuli, pos. and neg. taxis, habituation, conditioning). Most similarities are found between reflex and avoidance instinct behaviour (instincts for excretion, thermoregulation, body care, pain avoidance and safety). Except the safety instinct, all others react on stimuli, characterised by the localisation of the receptors. In the safety instinct the structure of the stimulus becomes important, together with the growing importance of the third dimension. This instinct shows also for the first time a variability of the threshold with spontaneous remaining low for some time after stimulation of the system. Inverse the gain instincts (nutrition, sex and social instinct). Here the threshold falls spontaneously, when stimuli are lacking and raises, when stimuli are found. The spontaneous motor expression of the lowering of the threshold is the appetite behaviour. It means seeking stimuli, which will be gained by elements of the initial and terminal success behaviour. The successfull nutritional and sexual behaviour is stopped by success inhibition, whereas the social instinct remains in the terminal success behaviour with group dynamic hierarchy, with imitating and helping behaviour. Overchanging of the gain instincts provokes avoidance behaviour with constant threshold. The neural systems of most reflexes lie distributed in the spinal cord and brainstem, the ones of the instincts in the limbic part of the brain, the nutrition and sex instinct with a hypothalamic pacemaker. Simultaneous activation of two or many instinct motivation systems result, not comparable with the direct reflex interaction, in interactions on the level of the global interaction, in interactions on the level of the global integration (summation, mixture, synthesis, rest, oscillation, intention) which projects the activity patterns via the motor cortex to the peripheral neurons. There it is completed by the reflexes. The hormonal and vegetative projection instead go directly to the end organs. The motivation is responsible for the subjective experience, the dominating integration with its motor projection for the instinct behaviour.", "contents": "[The comparison of human reflex and instinct behaviour (author's transl)]. On the basis of characteristics of the exteroceptive reflexes and of the instincts it was shown that instinct behaviour developed from reflex characteristics (local characteristic of the stimuli, pos. and neg. taxis, habituation, conditioning). Most similarities are found between reflex and avoidance instinct behaviour (instincts for excretion, thermoregulation, body care, pain avoidance and safety). Except the safety instinct, all others react on stimuli, characterised by the localisation of the receptors. In the safety instinct the structure of the stimulus becomes important, together with the growing importance of the third dimension. This instinct shows also for the first time a variability of the threshold with spontaneous remaining low for some time after stimulation of the system. Inverse the gain instincts (nutrition, sex and social instinct). Here the threshold falls spontaneously, when stimuli are lacking and raises, when stimuli are found. The spontaneous motor expression of the lowering of the threshold is the appetite behaviour. It means seeking stimuli, which will be gained by elements of the initial and terminal success behaviour. The successfull nutritional and sexual behaviour is stopped by success inhibition, whereas the social instinct remains in the terminal success behaviour with group dynamic hierarchy, with imitating and helping behaviour. Overchanging of the gain instincts provokes avoidance behaviour with constant threshold. The neural systems of most reflexes lie distributed in the spinal cord and brainstem, the ones of the instincts in the limbic part of the brain, the nutrition and sex instinct with a hypothalamic pacemaker. Simultaneous activation of two or many instinct motivation systems result, not comparable with the direct reflex interaction, in interactions on the level of the global interaction, in interactions on the level of the global integration (summation, mixture, synthesis, rest, oscillation, intention) which projects the activity patterns via the motor cortex to the peripheral neurons. There it is completed by the reflexes. The hormonal and vegetative projection instead go directly to the end organs. The motivation is responsible for the subjective experience, the dominating integration with its motor projection for the instinct behaviour.", "PMID": 584174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2161", "title": "[The problem of juvenile alcoholism. An analysis of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to drug addiction juvenile alcoholism now also common in West Germany, has hardly been investigated. This is meant to be an analysis of the literature, based mainly paper on German and American writings which the author tries to link to his own experience. The older papers from around the turn of the century are particularly evaluated. Essentially the following may be said: Transition between the use, misuse and dependence on alcohol is fluid, particularly in juvenile alcoholism. In our type of Society drinking in adolescence is part of an anticipatory socialization process and so a normal transitional phenomenon. More attention has lately been paid to influences arising in the primary group (family and peers). Girls tent to accept the traditions of the family more readily and follow in alcohol consumption more their mothers than their fathers. The epidemiologic papers published in German on drug addiction of juveniles can hardly be compared with each other, even if they take account of alcohol consumption. Individual control investigations on comparable populations during the last few years show an increase of excessive alcohol intake particularly among the young. In West Germany there are no reliable statistics on alcoholism in adults, even less in juveniles. The methodic difficulties in assessing prevalence of juvenile alcoholism are specific, but they mirror the general difficulties of definition in research into alcoholism. Clinical experience suggests that alcoholism runs a different course in juveniles--and in women--from that seen in adult men. Literature on juvenile alcoholism is sparse compared with that on drug addiction. The question of a correlation between primary alcoholism and drug-addiction - the role of alcohol as initiator to drugs - cannot be defined in general, only in individual terms. In drug addicts alcohol had and has the function of an addition to/or replecement for drugs. The alcohol problem started under the cover of drug addiction but without the preceding wave of drugs it would not have reached the present level...", "contents": "[The problem of juvenile alcoholism. An analysis of the literature (author's transl)]. In contrast to drug addiction juvenile alcoholism now also common in West Germany, has hardly been investigated. This is meant to be an analysis of the literature, based mainly paper on German and American writings which the author tries to link to his own experience. The older papers from around the turn of the century are particularly evaluated. Essentially the following may be said: Transition between the use, misuse and dependence on alcohol is fluid, particularly in juvenile alcoholism. In our type of Society drinking in adolescence is part of an anticipatory socialization process and so a normal transitional phenomenon. More attention has lately been paid to influences arising in the primary group (family and peers). Girls tent to accept the traditions of the family more readily and follow in alcohol consumption more their mothers than their fathers. The epidemiologic papers published in German on drug addiction of juveniles can hardly be compared with each other, even if they take account of alcohol consumption. Individual control investigations on comparable populations during the last few years show an increase of excessive alcohol intake particularly among the young. In West Germany there are no reliable statistics on alcoholism in adults, even less in juveniles. The methodic difficulties in assessing prevalence of juvenile alcoholism are specific, but they mirror the general difficulties of definition in research into alcoholism. Clinical experience suggests that alcoholism runs a different course in juveniles--and in women--from that seen in adult men. Literature on juvenile alcoholism is sparse compared with that on drug addiction. The question of a correlation between primary alcoholism and drug-addiction - the role of alcohol as initiator to drugs - cannot be defined in general, only in individual terms. In drug addicts alcohol had and has the function of an addition to/or replecement for drugs. The alcohol problem started under the cover of drug addiction but without the preceding wave of drugs it would not have reached the present level...", "PMID": 584175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2162", "title": "[Neuromyotonia syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the 19 cases of neuromytonia syndrome previously published, one further observation by the author is presented. The symptoms for neuromyotonia are an involuntary tensing of the musculature with impairment of movement, fasciculation and myokymia as well as specific electromyographic criteria. These symptoms are causes by a functional disturbance in the peripheral nervous system. They can be considerably improved by administering phenytoin and carbamazepine.", "contents": "[Neuromyotonia syndrome (author's transl)]. In addition to the 19 cases of neuromytonia syndrome previously published, one further observation by the author is presented. The symptoms for neuromyotonia are an involuntary tensing of the musculature with impairment of movement, fasciculation and myokymia as well as specific electromyographic criteria. These symptoms are causes by a functional disturbance in the peripheral nervous system. They can be considerably improved by administering phenytoin and carbamazepine.", "PMID": 584176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2163", "title": "Transposition of a beta-lactamase locus from RP1 into Pseudomonas putida degradative plasmids.", "content": "The beta-lactamase gene from the RP1 plasmid transposes into at least two Pseudomonas putida degradative plasmids. Donor strains that carry RP1 (bla+ tet+ aphA+) and a degradative plasmid yield transconjugants that have only the bla+ marker of RP1. This occurs in up to 80% of all bla+ transconjugants. Segregation of the bla+ marker requires the presence of a degradative plasmid in the donor and is only observed in transconjugants that have received degradative markers. The bla+ tet aphA transconjugants show 100% linkage of bla+ to degradative markers in conjugation,transduction, and transformation crosses. A transduction cross of an (RP1), (SAL) donor shows that 8% of all SAL plasmids also carry the transposed bla+ marker. Tn401 is the name we assign to the bla+ transposon from RP1 observed in Pseudomonas. Its identity with the RP1 bla+ transposon observed in Escherichia coli is not known. In four cases, Tn401 has inserted into the camphor genes of the CAM-OCT plasmid.", "contents": "Transposition of a beta-lactamase locus from RP1 into Pseudomonas putida degradative plasmids. The beta-lactamase gene from the RP1 plasmid transposes into at least two Pseudomonas putida degradative plasmids. Donor strains that carry RP1 (bla+ tet+ aphA+) and a degradative plasmid yield transconjugants that have only the bla+ marker of RP1. This occurs in up to 80% of all bla+ transconjugants. Segregation of the bla+ marker requires the presence of a degradative plasmid in the donor and is only observed in transconjugants that have received degradative markers. The bla+ tet aphA transconjugants show 100% linkage of bla+ to degradative markers in conjugation,transduction, and transformation crosses. A transduction cross of an (RP1), (SAL) donor shows that 8% of all SAL plasmids also carry the transposed bla+ marker. Tn401 is the name we assign to the bla+ transposon from RP1 observed in Pseudomonas. Its identity with the RP1 bla+ transposon observed in Escherichia coli is not known. In four cases, Tn401 has inserted into the camphor genes of the CAM-OCT plasmid.", "PMID": 584205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2164", "title": "Synergism with aminoglycosides of penicillin, ampicillin and vancomycin against non-enterococcal group-D streptococci and viridans streptococci.", "content": "The antibiotic susceptibility of 10 strains of non-enterococcal group-D streptococci was compared with that of 20 strains of viridans streptococci. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin for the two groups of streptococci were very similar in range and median values. Both groups of streptococci were resistant to the aminoglycosides. The effect of the combination of penicillin, ampicillin or vancomycin with streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin or tobramycin on the in-vitro killing of the two groups of streptococci was compared. For all the antibiotic combinations tested, synergism was demonstrated against all strains of non-enterococcal group-D streptococci after one or more of the time-intervals 6, 24 and 48 h. Some or all of the antibiotic combinations were synergistic against all strains of viridans streptococci after one or more of the same time-intervals. The other aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin and tobramycin) offered no advantage over streptomycin in synergism with penicillin, ampicillin or vancomycin against nonenterococcal group-D streptococci or viridans streptococci. These results suggest that non-enterococcal group-D streptococcal endocarditis may be treated by the same regimen as endocarditis caused by the viridans streptococci.", "contents": "Synergism with aminoglycosides of penicillin, ampicillin and vancomycin against non-enterococcal group-D streptococci and viridans streptococci. The antibiotic susceptibility of 10 strains of non-enterococcal group-D streptococci was compared with that of 20 strains of viridans streptococci. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin for the two groups of streptococci were very similar in range and median values. Both groups of streptococci were resistant to the aminoglycosides. The effect of the combination of penicillin, ampicillin or vancomycin with streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin or tobramycin on the in-vitro killing of the two groups of streptococci was compared. For all the antibiotic combinations tested, synergism was demonstrated against all strains of non-enterococcal group-D streptococci after one or more of the time-intervals 6, 24 and 48 h. Some or all of the antibiotic combinations were synergistic against all strains of viridans streptococci after one or more of the same time-intervals. The other aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin and tobramycin) offered no advantage over streptomycin in synergism with penicillin, ampicillin or vancomycin against nonenterococcal group-D streptococci or viridans streptococci. These results suggest that non-enterococcal group-D streptococcal endocarditis may be treated by the same regimen as endocarditis caused by the viridans streptococci.", "PMID": 584243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2165", "title": "Blood transfusion in children with cancer.", "content": "Blood component therapy in children with cancer continues as a major factor in all treatment programs. Current research in this area promises significant advances in the near future. Better methods of procurement, Storage, matching of donors and recipients, and investigations of granulocyte transfusions will all contribute to better supportive care and treatment of complications in cancer patients.", "contents": "Blood transfusion in children with cancer. Blood component therapy in children with cancer continues as a major factor in all treatment programs. Current research in this area promises significant advances in the near future. Better methods of procurement, Storage, matching of donors and recipients, and investigations of granulocyte transfusions will all contribute to better supportive care and treatment of complications in cancer patients.", "PMID": 584305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2166", "title": "Childhood cancer: etiologic clues from epidemiology.", "content": "Epidemiologic reseach has revealed a wide spectrum of etiologic information concerning childhood cancer. Often, important clues have come from observations made by alert practitioners. The school health professional can help further progress in cancer research by observing peculiarities of environmental exposures as well as the family's medical history when cancer affects a child. Any unusual findings should be referred to an appropriate research center for evaluation.", "contents": "Childhood cancer: etiologic clues from epidemiology. Epidemiologic reseach has revealed a wide spectrum of etiologic information concerning childhood cancer. Often, important clues have come from observations made by alert practitioners. The school health professional can help further progress in cancer research by observing peculiarities of environmental exposures as well as the family's medical history when cancer affects a child. Any unusual findings should be referred to an appropriate research center for evaluation.", "PMID": 584306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2167", "title": "For a healthy tomorrow.", "content": "When health education becomes mired in the past, our cause is lost. Education must be dynamic to respond to constantly changing needs. All changes in our approach to educating young people about cancer have been carefully planned. Changes in the American Caner Society's program have enabled us to reach more young people than ever before, and these young people are more involved in learning about cancer and meople, they have a fear-free attitude about the disease that we are encouraging them to maintain throughout their lives. The more young people know about cancer and their own role in preventing or treating the disease, the less chance there is that cancer will pose a serious threat to their health as adults.", "contents": "For a healthy tomorrow. When health education becomes mired in the past, our cause is lost. Education must be dynamic to respond to constantly changing needs. All changes in our approach to educating young people about cancer have been carefully planned. Changes in the American Caner Society's program have enabled us to reach more young people than ever before, and these young people are more involved in learning about cancer and meople, they have a fear-free attitude about the disease that we are encouraging them to maintain throughout their lives. The more young people know about cancer and their own role in preventing or treating the disease, the less chance there is that cancer will pose a serious threat to their health as adults.", "PMID": 584309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2168", "title": "Differential utility of predictors in graduate nursing education.", "content": "The problem of predicting success in graduate education in nursing was addressed through a five-year study of students enrolled in four majors at the University of Iowa. Data from a sample of 198 graduates of the majors-medical-surgical nursing, nursing of children, psychiatric nursing, and nursing service administration-were analyzed to determine the efficiency of the traditional predictors, undergraduate grade point average (GPA) and Graduate Record Examination scores-verbal and quantitative-in predicting success in graduate education as measured by the masters GPA. Findings included support for the use of these predictor variables in the selection of graduate students in nursing and evidence that interprogram differences existed, indicating a need for different selection practices for the different majors.", "contents": "Differential utility of predictors in graduate nursing education. The problem of predicting success in graduate education in nursing was addressed through a five-year study of students enrolled in four majors at the University of Iowa. Data from a sample of 198 graduates of the majors-medical-surgical nursing, nursing of children, psychiatric nursing, and nursing service administration-were analyzed to determine the efficiency of the traditional predictors, undergraduate grade point average (GPA) and Graduate Record Examination scores-verbal and quantitative-in predicting success in graduate education as measured by the masters GPA. Findings included support for the use of these predictor variables in the selection of graduate students in nursing and evidence that interprogram differences existed, indicating a need for different selection practices for the different majors.", "PMID": 584374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2169", "title": "Limiting intrusion-social control of outsiders in a healing community: an illustration of qualitative comparative analysis.", "content": "The analytic shceme of \"limiting intrusion\" was generated in this study, using research strategies that involved direct contact with subjects under natural living conditions. Data were collected in an experimental treatment community for diagnosed schizophrenics, where conventional psychiatric control structures are muted and denied. Approximately 200 hours of field observation, in-depth interviews with staff members, and documents related to the setting formed the data base. Qualitative comparative analysis is presented in detail to emphasize its relevance to theory building in nursing science.", "contents": "Limiting intrusion-social control of outsiders in a healing community: an illustration of qualitative comparative analysis. The analytic shceme of \"limiting intrusion\" was generated in this study, using research strategies that involved direct contact with subjects under natural living conditions. Data were collected in an experimental treatment community for diagnosed schizophrenics, where conventional psychiatric control structures are muted and denied. Approximately 200 hours of field observation, in-depth interviews with staff members, and documents related to the setting formed the data base. Qualitative comparative analysis is presented in detail to emphasize its relevance to theory building in nursing science.", "PMID": 584375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2170", "title": "Stressful life events and coping methods in mental-illness and -wellness behaviors.", "content": "A descriptive comparative study examined not only the relationship between stressful life events and mental-illness and -wellness behaviors but also the coping methods used by individuals exhibiting each behavior. Data collection included the use of the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale and an 18-item coping scale administered to experimental and control samples. The experimental group consisted of 30 psychiatric inpatients in three general hospitals who were oriented in three spheres. Control group subjects had no history of psychiatric illness, were currently not receiving medical treatment, and were adequately functioning in socially accepted roles. They were randomly selected to match the patient on the basis of age, sex, and county of residence. The experimental group reported that significantly more stressful life events had occurred in the last six months and significantly more short-term than long-term coping methods had been used when compared with the control group. Sex and age differences were noted. A significant association was found between high stress scores and short-term coping methods for subjects in both groups. The concept of change as it relates to stress and its effect on health is an important consideration for health care professionals whose goals are health maintenance and illness prevention.", "contents": "Stressful life events and coping methods in mental-illness and -wellness behaviors. A descriptive comparative study examined not only the relationship between stressful life events and mental-illness and -wellness behaviors but also the coping methods used by individuals exhibiting each behavior. Data collection included the use of the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale and an 18-item coping scale administered to experimental and control samples. The experimental group consisted of 30 psychiatric inpatients in three general hospitals who were oriented in three spheres. Control group subjects had no history of psychiatric illness, were currently not receiving medical treatment, and were adequately functioning in socially accepted roles. They were randomly selected to match the patient on the basis of age, sex, and county of residence. The experimental group reported that significantly more stressful life events had occurred in the last six months and significantly more short-term than long-term coping methods had been used when compared with the control group. Sex and age differences were noted. A significant association was found between high stress scores and short-term coping methods for subjects in both groups. The concept of change as it relates to stress and its effect on health is an important consideration for health care professionals whose goals are health maintenance and illness prevention.", "PMID": 584378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2171", "title": "Psychologic impact on nursing students of participation in abortion.", "content": "Dreams were used to ascertain the psychologic impact on nursing students of articipation in abortion and of other educational experiences. Stressfulness of the experiences was measured by number of dreams, recurrence of dreams, and content analysis of the dreams during four data-gathering periods. During stressful periods, dreams tended to be more negative. The abortion experience was found to be more stressful than other experiences encountered during the data-gathering periods.", "contents": "Psychologic impact on nursing students of participation in abortion. Dreams were used to ascertain the psychologic impact on nursing students of articipation in abortion and of other educational experiences. Stressfulness of the experiences was measured by number of dreams, recurrence of dreams, and content analysis of the dreams during four data-gathering periods. During stressful periods, dreams tended to be more negative. The abortion experience was found to be more stressful than other experiences encountered during the data-gathering periods.", "PMID": 584376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2172", "title": "Teaching strategies: a microteaching project for nurses in Virginia.", "content": "A microteaching project, designed to increase the teaching effectiveness of nurses in Virginia, is described. The vehicle for the project is Teaching Strategies, a graduate credit course offered at the University of Virginia School of Nursing and in other state locations through the university's regional centers. The course uses microteaching techniques and videotape recordings of student teaching performances. The teaching behavior of 57 students who attended the course was rated using the project's rating scales. All students showed significant positive increases in teaching behavior on pre-, mid-, and postcourse measures in lecture discussion and group discussion teaching modes. Additional measures of students' teaching indicate retention of the learned behaviors six months after course completion.", "contents": "Teaching strategies: a microteaching project for nurses in Virginia. A microteaching project, designed to increase the teaching effectiveness of nurses in Virginia, is described. The vehicle for the project is Teaching Strategies, a graduate credit course offered at the University of Virginia School of Nursing and in other state locations through the university's regional centers. The course uses microteaching techniques and videotape recordings of student teaching performances. The teaching behavior of 57 students who attended the course was rated using the project's rating scales. All students showed significant positive increases in teaching behavior on pre-, mid-, and postcourse measures in lecture discussion and group discussion teaching modes. Additional measures of students' teaching indicate retention of the learned behaviors six months after course completion.", "PMID": 584379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2173", "title": "Women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination.", "content": "To investigate the nature of women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) and the extent of BSE practice, a questionnaire was administered to 122 women. Ninety-seven percent (118) scored high in perceived benefits of BSE in reducing the threat of breast cancer and 87 percnet (106) scored high in perceived susceptibility to breast cancer. Forty percent (48) practiced BSE monthly, but over 20 percent of the sample had high beliefs and were nonpracticers. Thus, it cannot be concluded that beliefs cause behavior. Other factors such as embarrassment or religious upbringing influence health beliefs and practices, it was found. A majority of women who did practice BSE, furthermore, were unsure of their ability to detect abnormalities. A separate group of 20 women with a history of breast lumps or cancer surgery had higher susceptibility beliefs, a higher rate of practice, no embarrassment in examining themselves, and more confidence in ability to detect abnormalities than the remainder of the sample.", "contents": "Women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination. To investigate the nature of women's health beliefs about breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) and the extent of BSE practice, a questionnaire was administered to 122 women. Ninety-seven percent (118) scored high in perceived benefits of BSE in reducing the threat of breast cancer and 87 percnet (106) scored high in perceived susceptibility to breast cancer. Forty percent (48) practiced BSE monthly, but over 20 percent of the sample had high beliefs and were nonpracticers. Thus, it cannot be concluded that beliefs cause behavior. Other factors such as embarrassment or religious upbringing influence health beliefs and practices, it was found. A majority of women who did practice BSE, furthermore, were unsure of their ability to detect abnormalities. A separate group of 20 women with a history of breast lumps or cancer surgery had higher susceptibility beliefs, a higher rate of practice, no embarrassment in examining themselves, and more confidence in ability to detect abnormalities than the remainder of the sample.", "PMID": 584377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2174", "title": "Relationship among prospective parents' locus of control, social desirability, and choice of psychoprophylaxis.", "content": "This study sought to determine if there is a relationship among locus of control, social desirability, and choice of psychoprophylaxis (PPM). It was hypothesized that internal locus of control and low social desirability would correlate significantly with the choice of PPM by husbands and wives; that externally controlled wives who participated in PPM would have more internally controlled husbands than externally controlled wives who participated in PPM would have more internally controlled husbands than externally controlled wives who did not participate; and that locus of control and social desirability, when taken together, would be better predictors of choice of PPM than either taken separately. Ninety-eight middle-class nulliparous couples, participant and non-participant, were studied in the seventh or eighth month of the wife's pregnancy. Rotter's I-E Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were used to measure locus of control and social desirability. Study findings did not support the hypotheses.", "contents": "Relationship among prospective parents' locus of control, social desirability, and choice of psychoprophylaxis. This study sought to determine if there is a relationship among locus of control, social desirability, and choice of psychoprophylaxis (PPM). It was hypothesized that internal locus of control and low social desirability would correlate significantly with the choice of PPM by husbands and wives; that externally controlled wives who participated in PPM would have more internally controlled husbands than externally controlled wives who participated in PPM would have more internally controlled husbands than externally controlled wives who did not participate; and that locus of control and social desirability, when taken together, would be better predictors of choice of PPM than either taken separately. Ninety-eight middle-class nulliparous couples, participant and non-participant, were studied in the seventh or eighth month of the wife's pregnancy. Rotter's I-E Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were used to measure locus of control and social desirability. Study findings did not support the hypotheses.", "PMID": 584382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2175", "title": "One integrated curriculum: an empirical evaluation.", "content": "In recognition of accountability to both the community and the student consumer for the process and the product of their educational program, faculty and students of Harris College of Nursing, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, undertook a three-year study of entering and graduating students. Students exposed to a new integrated curriculum, it was found, tended to possess a higher degree of leadership and empathic ability without sacrifice of knowledge but less critical thinking ability than students graduating from the older \"block\" curriculum. It is suggested that this might have resulted from too much consistency of approach in the integrated program. Intellective characteristics (IQ, scholastic aptitude test scores, critical thinking ability) plus leadership potential and empathic skill were significant in discriminating between successful and nonsuccessful students.", "contents": "One integrated curriculum: an empirical evaluation. In recognition of accountability to both the community and the student consumer for the process and the product of their educational program, faculty and students of Harris College of Nursing, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, undertook a three-year study of entering and graduating students. Students exposed to a new integrated curriculum, it was found, tended to possess a higher degree of leadership and empathic ability without sacrifice of knowledge but less critical thinking ability than students graduating from the older \"block\" curriculum. It is suggested that this might have resulted from too much consistency of approach in the integrated program. Intellective characteristics (IQ, scholastic aptitude test scores, critical thinking ability) plus leadership potential and empathic skill were significant in discriminating between successful and nonsuccessful students.", "PMID": 584381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2176", "title": "Effect of neuroleptics and other drugs on monoamine uptake by membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules.", "content": "1 The effects have been investigated of various reserpine-like, neuroleptic, antidepressant and other compounds on the adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent uptake of noradrenaline (NA) (reserpine-sensitive) and tryptamine (reserpine-resistant) by membranes of isolated chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla. 2 Reserpine and Ro 4-1284 (2-hydroxy-2-ethyl-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-hexahydro-11bH-benzo(a)quinolizine) as well as neuroleptics (e.g. chlorpromazine and haloperidol) inhibited the NA uptake, but the reserpine-like drugs were more potent. In contrast, Ro 4-1284 showed a considerably weaker effect thatn the neuroleptics in interfering with tryptamine uptake. Chlorpromazine had about the same potency in inhibiting NA and tryptamine uptake, whereas the action of haloperidol was more pronounced on the uptake of NA than of tryptamine. 3 The relative potencies of neuroleptic drugs in inhibiting NA uptake by granule membranes in vitro corresponded only partly to their relative potencies in enhancing dopamine turnover in vivo. 4 The inhibition of NA uptake by chloropromazine and Ro 4-1284 appeared to be of the noncompetitive type. 5 Chlorpromazine did not influence the decrease in ATP induced by granule membranes in the incubation medium. 6 Other basic, but not acidic compounds also inhibited NA uptake by granule membranes; their potency was of the order of that of chlorpromazine (antidepressants) or weaker (e.g. benzodiazepines). 7 In conclusion, the mechanism of action of neuroleptics probably differs from that of reserpine-like drugs in the inhibition of monoamine uptake by membranes of catecholamine storage organelles. While interference with the granular storage of dopamine at the granule membrane level may contribute to the in vivo action of neuroleptics (e.g. in enhancing dopamine turnover), additional effects of these drugs must be involved in vivo, e.g. blockade of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Effect of neuroleptics and other drugs on monoamine uptake by membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules. 1 The effects have been investigated of various reserpine-like, neuroleptic, antidepressant and other compounds on the adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent uptake of noradrenaline (NA) (reserpine-sensitive) and tryptamine (reserpine-resistant) by membranes of isolated chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla. 2 Reserpine and Ro 4-1284 (2-hydroxy-2-ethyl-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-hexahydro-11bH-benzo(a)quinolizine) as well as neuroleptics (e.g. chlorpromazine and haloperidol) inhibited the NA uptake, but the reserpine-like drugs were more potent. In contrast, Ro 4-1284 showed a considerably weaker effect thatn the neuroleptics in interfering with tryptamine uptake. Chlorpromazine had about the same potency in inhibiting NA and tryptamine uptake, whereas the action of haloperidol was more pronounced on the uptake of NA than of tryptamine. 3 The relative potencies of neuroleptic drugs in inhibiting NA uptake by granule membranes in vitro corresponded only partly to their relative potencies in enhancing dopamine turnover in vivo. 4 The inhibition of NA uptake by chloropromazine and Ro 4-1284 appeared to be of the noncompetitive type. 5 Chlorpromazine did not influence the decrease in ATP induced by granule membranes in the incubation medium. 6 Other basic, but not acidic compounds also inhibited NA uptake by granule membranes; their potency was of the order of that of chlorpromazine (antidepressants) or weaker (e.g. benzodiazepines). 7 In conclusion, the mechanism of action of neuroleptics probably differs from that of reserpine-like drugs in the inhibition of monoamine uptake by membranes of catecholamine storage organelles. While interference with the granular storage of dopamine at the granule membrane level may contribute to the in vivo action of neuroleptics (e.g. in enhancing dopamine turnover), additional effects of these drugs must be involved in vivo, e.g. blockade of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 584682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2177", "title": "The use of pacemaking for the treatment of acute arrhythmias. 2.", "content": "Temporary cardiac pacing is an effective means of therapy for many arrhythmias and is potentially useful in treating all rhythm disorders except fibrillation. Although the right ventricular pacing is the easiest and most reliable, atrial pacing is in some instances more effective and safer; Atrial pacing is underused and should be considered even for ventricular arrhythmias. There are three methods for pacing: interruption, overdrive suppression, and rapid atrial stimulation. Each has a different physiologic mechanism, and the method must be matched to the arrhythmia under treatment. Pacing is best suited to the acute recurrent arrhythmia which can be suppressed or prevented by short-term pacing.", "contents": "The use of pacemaking for the treatment of acute arrhythmias. 2. Temporary cardiac pacing is an effective means of therapy for many arrhythmias and is potentially useful in treating all rhythm disorders except fibrillation. Although the right ventricular pacing is the easiest and most reliable, atrial pacing is in some instances more effective and safer; Atrial pacing is underused and should be considered even for ventricular arrhythmias. There are three methods for pacing: interruption, overdrive suppression, and rapid atrial stimulation. Each has a different physiologic mechanism, and the method must be matched to the arrhythmia under treatment. Pacing is best suited to the acute recurrent arrhythmia which can be suppressed or prevented by short-term pacing.", "PMID": 584714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2178", "title": "Disturbances of rhythm in chronic lung disease.", "content": "Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have a high incidence and wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias. These arrhythmias are often clinically significant and may be life threatening. Although they occur particularly in the context of acute respiratory failure, arrhythmias are not infrequent in clinically stable patients. The relatively high incidence of sudden arrhythmias seen in acute respiratory failure are associated with a very poor prognosis, in particular, ventricular premature beats and multifocal atrial tachycardia. Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring is valuable in increasing the detection of these arrhythmias and in assessing their clinical significance and response to therapy. The mechanisms producing these arrhythmias are poorly understood and probably multiple. However, disturbances of blood gases, blood pH, and electrolytes or the presence of cor pulmonale or associated coronary artery disease is probably important. The therapy of these arrhythmias must include efforts to improve the patient's ventilatory status as well as careful use of standard antiarrhythmic drugs. Further investigation is needed to define the mechanisms, determine the prognosis, and improve the therapy of the arrhythmias found in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "Disturbances of rhythm in chronic lung disease. Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have a high incidence and wide variety of cardiac arrhythmias. These arrhythmias are often clinically significant and may be life threatening. Although they occur particularly in the context of acute respiratory failure, arrhythmias are not infrequent in clinically stable patients. The relatively high incidence of sudden arrhythmias seen in acute respiratory failure are associated with a very poor prognosis, in particular, ventricular premature beats and multifocal atrial tachycardia. Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring is valuable in increasing the detection of these arrhythmias and in assessing their clinical significance and response to therapy. The mechanisms producing these arrhythmias are poorly understood and probably multiple. However, disturbances of blood gases, blood pH, and electrolytes or the presence of cor pulmonale or associated coronary artery disease is probably important. The therapy of these arrhythmias must include efforts to improve the patient's ventilatory status as well as careful use of standard antiarrhythmic drugs. Further investigation is needed to define the mechanisms, determine the prognosis, and improve the therapy of the arrhythmias found in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "PMID": 584715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2179", "title": "Respiratory failure after injury: a review and a plea for accuracy.", "content": "The more recent developments regarding respiratory failure due to injury are briefly discussed. The manner of presentation of this condition and its pathophysiology are outlined and classified, emphasizing some factors which are common, regardless of cause, and others which are peculiar to certain etiologic factors. The management principles are outlined. A plea is made for standardization and discipline in nomenclature in order to avoid confusion in the minds of writers and readers of this subject and, more importantly, in the management of patients suffering from this condition.", "contents": "Respiratory failure after injury: a review and a plea for accuracy. The more recent developments regarding respiratory failure due to injury are briefly discussed. The manner of presentation of this condition and its pathophysiology are outlined and classified, emphasizing some factors which are common, regardless of cause, and others which are peculiar to certain etiologic factors. The management principles are outlined. A plea is made for standardization and discipline in nomenclature in order to avoid confusion in the minds of writers and readers of this subject and, more importantly, in the management of patients suffering from this condition.", "PMID": 584720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2180", "title": "Living with a permanent cardiac pacemaker.", "content": "Responses of 30 cardiac pacemaker recipients showed that 90 per cent were aware of warning signs and symptoms prior to pacemaker implantation, but only 37 per cent sought medical attention when the initial warning signs were evident. The group which sought care experienced more symptoms per patient than the other groups which did not seek early treatment. The most commonly occurring symptoms experienced by the patients prior to pacemaker insertion were blackouts and slow regarding pacemaker implantation were made by the physician alone. Patients took inventory after implantation, and 60 per cent reported that they were fortunate to have received a pacemaker. During the inventory and long-term recovery stages, patients who thought they had experienced few life-style changes after receiving a cardiac pacemaker reported positive feelings about living with a cardiac pacemaker. Many of the patients' problems in adjusting to a permanently implanted cardiac pacemaker and participating in its maintenance were related to a lack of accurate information about what to expect or how to assure normal functioning of the pacemaker.", "contents": "Living with a permanent cardiac pacemaker. Responses of 30 cardiac pacemaker recipients showed that 90 per cent were aware of warning signs and symptoms prior to pacemaker implantation, but only 37 per cent sought medical attention when the initial warning signs were evident. The group which sought care experienced more symptoms per patient than the other groups which did not seek early treatment. The most commonly occurring symptoms experienced by the patients prior to pacemaker insertion were blackouts and slow regarding pacemaker implantation were made by the physician alone. Patients took inventory after implantation, and 60 per cent reported that they were fortunate to have received a pacemaker. During the inventory and long-term recovery stages, patients who thought they had experienced few life-style changes after receiving a cardiac pacemaker reported positive feelings about living with a cardiac pacemaker. Many of the patients' problems in adjusting to a permanently implanted cardiac pacemaker and participating in its maintenance were related to a lack of accurate information about what to expect or how to assure normal functioning of the pacemaker.", "PMID": 584717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2181", "title": "Review of current concepts in aspiration pneumonia.", "content": "Aspiration pneumonia is a form of ARDS resulting from an acid injury of the lung and is primarily a problem of arterial hypoxemia requiring adequate oxygen therapy. All other modes of therapy have not been shown to alter survival in man. In the otherwise healthy individual, immediate and long-term prognoses are excellent. However, in debilitated patients with significant underlying disease processes, rates of both immediate and delayed death are high. The late deaths reflect the significance of secondary infection due primarily to anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "Review of current concepts in aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia is a form of ARDS resulting from an acid injury of the lung and is primarily a problem of arterial hypoxemia requiring adequate oxygen therapy. All other modes of therapy have not been shown to alter survival in man. In the otherwise healthy individual, immediate and long-term prognoses are excellent. However, in debilitated patients with significant underlying disease processes, rates of both immediate and delayed death are high. The late deaths reflect the significance of secondary infection due primarily to anaerobic organisms.", "PMID": 584722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2182", "title": "The hyperacute phase of true posterior infarction.", "content": "The hyperacute phase of true posterior myocardial infarction is described in detail. This electrocardiographic manifestation, hitherto unnamed as such, presents with slope-depression of the S-T segments with relatively wide and deep T-waves in the right precordial Leads V1 to V4. The condition then progresses to the well-recognized fully evoked phase of acute true posterior wall myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The hyperacute phase of true posterior infarction. The hyperacute phase of true posterior myocardial infarction is described in detail. This electrocardiographic manifestation, hitherto unnamed as such, presents with slope-depression of the S-T segments with relatively wide and deep T-waves in the right precordial Leads V1 to V4. The condition then progresses to the well-recognized fully evoked phase of acute true posterior wall myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 584724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2183", "title": "Atrioventricular block: incidence in acute myocardial infarction and determinants of its \"degrees\".", "content": "There are several reasons why an atrial impulse may not reach the ventricles; only one of them is A-V block. Widespread failure to appreciate this simple truth is mainly responsible for the persisting confusion in the diagnosis and treatment of heart block. We have defined and illustrated the various \"degrees\" of A-V block; applied our definitions in analyzing the examples of block encountered among 300 consecutive incidents of acute myocardial infarction; listed, discussed, and illustrated the several factors that determine conduction ratios and, therefore, the \"degree\" of block; and used references and illustrations from widely accepted authorities to substantiate our claim that diagnostic and, therefore, therapeutic chaos reigns.", "contents": "Atrioventricular block: incidence in acute myocardial infarction and determinants of its \"degrees\". There are several reasons why an atrial impulse may not reach the ventricles; only one of them is A-V block. Widespread failure to appreciate this simple truth is mainly responsible for the persisting confusion in the diagnosis and treatment of heart block. We have defined and illustrated the various \"degrees\" of A-V block; applied our definitions in analyzing the examples of block encountered among 300 consecutive incidents of acute myocardial infarction; listed, discussed, and illustrated the several factors that determine conduction ratios and, therefore, the \"degree\" of block; and used references and illustrations from widely accepted authorities to substantiate our claim that diagnostic and, therefore, therapeutic chaos reigns.", "PMID": 584723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2184", "title": "Supraventricular tachycardia that mimics ventricular tachycardia. Part II.", "content": "Concealed WPW is a newly described clinical entity. The existence of this syndrome can be ascertained only through specific electrophysiologic intracardiac studies. From the clinical standpoint, the existence of an accessory unidirectional A-V pathway anatomically located in the general area of the Kent bundle should be suspected in those patients with chronic BBB who have recurrent paroxysmal atrial tachycardias initiated by sinus arrhythmias or premature atrial beats. It should be noted that functional BBB can occur following a premature atrial beat. This will also set the stage for the initiation of a reciprocating tachycardia in concealed WPW. Pharmacological therapy aimed at preventing the recurrent tachycardias is disappointing. Pacemaker implantation appears to be successful by rendering one of the bundle branches refractory through concealed conduction. With chronic block of the remaining bundle branch, the natural pathway of A-V conduction is totally blocked at a critical time during the tachycardias, thus eliminating the reciprocating tachycardia.", "contents": "Supraventricular tachycardia that mimics ventricular tachycardia. Part II. Concealed WPW is a newly described clinical entity. The existence of this syndrome can be ascertained only through specific electrophysiologic intracardiac studies. From the clinical standpoint, the existence of an accessory unidirectional A-V pathway anatomically located in the general area of the Kent bundle should be suspected in those patients with chronic BBB who have recurrent paroxysmal atrial tachycardias initiated by sinus arrhythmias or premature atrial beats. It should be noted that functional BBB can occur following a premature atrial beat. This will also set the stage for the initiation of a reciprocating tachycardia in concealed WPW. Pharmacological therapy aimed at preventing the recurrent tachycardias is disappointing. Pacemaker implantation appears to be successful by rendering one of the bundle branches refractory through concealed conduction. With chronic block of the remaining bundle branch, the natural pathway of A-V conduction is totally blocked at a critical time during the tachycardias, thus eliminating the reciprocating tachycardia.", "PMID": 584727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2185", "title": "Atherosclerosis: a major cause of peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of peripheral vascular disease. Complications result from arteries compromised because of focal accumulations of lipids and other materials within and between cells in the vessel walls. Factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, social stress, and genetic background have been implicated as promoting a higher risk of atherosclerosis and its consequences.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis: a major cause of peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of peripheral vascular disease. Complications result from arteries compromised because of focal accumulations of lipids and other materials within and between cells in the vessel walls. Factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, social stress, and genetic background have been implicated as promoting a higher risk of atherosclerosis and its consequences.", "PMID": 585006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2186", "title": "The physical assessment of the patient with arterial disease.", "content": "Utilizing techniques of inspection, palpation, and auscultation the complete arterial system of a patient should be examined when arterial insufficiency is suspected. Examination of pulses of the upper part of the body is important not only in localizing disease but also in indicating diffuse disease. Although described separatley in this article, the examination of the arterial system can be integrated in a complete physical examination when the examiner is assessing the extremities, the abdomen, and the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "The physical assessment of the patient with arterial disease. Utilizing techniques of inspection, palpation, and auscultation the complete arterial system of a patient should be examined when arterial insufficiency is suspected. Examination of pulses of the upper part of the body is important not only in localizing disease but also in indicating diffuse disease. Although described separatley in this article, the examination of the arterial system can be integrated in a complete physical examination when the examiner is assessing the extremities, the abdomen, and the cardiovascular system.", "PMID": 585007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2187", "title": "Reconstructive arterial surgery for ischemic lower extremities.", "content": "Patients with ischemic lower extremities who are to indergo arterial reconstruction must be carefully selected. A careful history and physical examination will disclose the point of obstruction and the degree of ischemia. Arteriography is essential for the determination of runoff adequancy below the point of obstruction and for selection of the best site for distal anastomosis. Various potential routes for bypass graft have been discussed and some of the factors that determine the procedure ultimately chosen have been presented. Types of graft materials currently enjoying popularity have been listed and the general techniques of operation have been outlined.", "contents": "Reconstructive arterial surgery for ischemic lower extremities. Patients with ischemic lower extremities who are to indergo arterial reconstruction must be carefully selected. A careful history and physical examination will disclose the point of obstruction and the degree of ischemia. Arteriography is essential for the determination of runoff adequancy below the point of obstruction and for selection of the best site for distal anastomosis. Various potential routes for bypass graft have been discussed and some of the factors that determine the procedure ultimately chosen have been presented. Types of graft materials currently enjoying popularity have been listed and the general techniques of operation have been outlined.", "PMID": 585008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2188", "title": "The nurse's role in nutritional management of radiotherapy patients.", "content": "The education of the cancer patient is a nursing responsibility. The authors feel strongly that individualization in diet therapy is most important. The guidelines, therefore, stress assessments, development of individualized diets, education, and periodic reassessment. The educational content includes information regarding the side effects, with known preventive and therapeutic measures. Measures that are acceptable, practical, and effective for one individual may to another individual be ineffective, impractical, or unacceptable. Since this is true, multiple alternatives have been given for each problem.", "contents": "The nurse's role in nutritional management of radiotherapy patients. The education of the cancer patient is a nursing responsibility. The authors feel strongly that individualization in diet therapy is most important. The guidelines, therefore, stress assessments, development of individualized diets, education, and periodic reassessment. The educational content includes information regarding the side effects, with known preventive and therapeutic measures. Measures that are acceptable, practical, and effective for one individual may to another individual be ineffective, impractical, or unacceptable. Since this is true, multiple alternatives have been given for each problem.", "PMID": 585009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2189", "title": "Giving health care to minority patients.", "content": "Health care is usually thought of as a basic right of each individual. This so-called basic right is denied to many mainly because of their economic situation and the color of their skin. There is a need for more blacks, Indians, Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Asians in the health care field. The numbers are low and the training process slow. Time is needed to prepare ethnic people of color. Since most of the deliveries of health care are white, these white workers must become sensitive to the traditions, values and attitudes of the ethnic groups of color. Schools of nursing are beginning to include cultural differences in nursing curriculums, but the majority of the nurses who practice are not aware of and are not sensitive to the needs of nonwhite patients. Nursing must help solve problems of the ethnic groups of color. Nurses must become personally involved in the injustices of health care. As Marie Branch states, there must be \"personal reeducation.\" When this occurs, health care to the minority client will improve.", "contents": "Giving health care to minority patients. Health care is usually thought of as a basic right of each individual. This so-called basic right is denied to many mainly because of their economic situation and the color of their skin. There is a need for more blacks, Indians, Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Asians in the health care field. The numbers are low and the training process slow. Time is needed to prepare ethnic people of color. Since most of the deliveries of health care are white, these white workers must become sensitive to the traditions, values and attitudes of the ethnic groups of color. Schools of nursing are beginning to include cultural differences in nursing curriculums, but the majority of the nurses who practice are not aware of and are not sensitive to the needs of nonwhite patients. Nursing must help solve problems of the ethnic groups of color. Nurses must become personally involved in the injustices of health care. As Marie Branch states, there must be \"personal reeducation.\" When this occurs, health care to the minority client will improve.", "PMID": 585011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2190", "title": "[Intraamniotic application of lecithin in pregnant rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to find possibilities to influence therapeutically the respiratory distress syndrom at the premature infant animal experiences were carried out with 14C-lecithine. High pregnant rabbits got 14C-lecithine by intraamnial application. Investigation of the distribution of lecithine in the amniotic fluid and in the fetal organism showed an accumulation of lecithine metabolits in lung and lever tissue.", "contents": "[Intraamniotic application of lecithin in pregnant rabbits (author's transl)]. In order to find possibilities to influence therapeutically the respiratory distress syndrom at the premature infant animal experiences were carried out with 14C-lecithine. High pregnant rabbits got 14C-lecithine by intraamnial application. Investigation of the distribution of lecithine in the amniotic fluid and in the fetal organism showed an accumulation of lecithine metabolits in lung and lever tissue.", "PMID": 585273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2191", "title": "Inactivation of penicillin by purulent exudates.", "content": "Four of 22 specimens of human pus inactivated up to 90% of added penicillin within one hour in vitro. Ampicillin and cephaloridine were also inactivated, but streptomycin and fusidic acid were not. The effect was not related to the protein content of the pus, nor to its pH value. Microbes that may produce beta-lactamase in small quantities were isolated from three of the four specimens, but the enzyme was not detected in the pus by physical methods nor by microbiological inhibition assay. The inactivating effect was shown to be a property of the solid portion of the pus, and was absent from the filtrate. We suggest that the effect may be an intrinsic property of the host, which should be investigated further as it has important implications for clinical practice.", "contents": "Inactivation of penicillin by purulent exudates. Four of 22 specimens of human pus inactivated up to 90% of added penicillin within one hour in vitro. Ampicillin and cephaloridine were also inactivated, but streptomycin and fusidic acid were not. The effect was not related to the protein content of the pus, nor to its pH value. Microbes that may produce beta-lactamase in small quantities were isolated from three of the four specimens, but the enzyme was not detected in the pus by physical methods nor by microbiological inhibition assay. The inactivating effect was shown to be a property of the solid portion of the pus, and was absent from the filtrate. We suggest that the effect may be an intrinsic property of the host, which should be investigated further as it has important implications for clinical practice.", "PMID": 585339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2192", "title": "Extracellular protein A from a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Protein A has been isolated from a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, A676, which produces only extracellular protein A. The material is homogeneous after a one-step separation and has a molecular weight of 41000. Its physicochemical and immunochemical properties have been studied.", "contents": "Extracellular protein A from a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Protein A has been isolated from a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, A676, which produces only extracellular protein A. The material is homogeneous after a one-step separation and has a molecular weight of 41000. Its physicochemical and immunochemical properties have been studied.", "PMID": 585340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2193", "title": "[Neurologic and psychiatric syndromes of rare para-rheumatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In Wegener's granulomatosis peripheral nerves are more often involved than central nervous structures; functional psychoses are secondary e.g. to renal complications. Neurologic-psychiatric symptoms are varied and result from local spread from the upper respiratory tract with separate granulomata and vasculitis. Striped muscle is involved in about 10% of cases. Specific vegetative disturbances of function do not appear to occur. This is also true for Granuloma gangrenescens. Its multicentric inflammatory, ulcerating and necrotic foci involve midline structures and often start at the anterior neuroporus. Becet's disease, however, shows clear characteristic localisation, symmetry of various dermatologic phenomena in the extremities and the almost obligatory involvement of mouth, stomach and the genitals and their surroundings. This one may assume to be due to a mesencephalic parasympathicotonic reaction as the basis for the occurrence of perioral and acro-syndroms after Fischer-Br\u00fcgge and Sunder-plassmann. Some similarity with the localization of other collagenous diseases is evident. The anterior basal ganglia represent a favored focus where e.g. initial, imcomplete and readily recurrent processes, possibly of an exsudative nature, may start off neurovascular changes of limited areas without necessarily producing clinically detectable signs of the usual neurologic-psychiatric type. In Behcet's disease, rather as in scleroderma, the nervous system appears to be decisively involved. About one third of the cases show changes in the nervous system (\"Neuro-Behcet\" in the usual sense) with little peripheral signs and rare myositis. But Behcet's disease may also-like erythematodes or progressive sclerodermia-simulate a disseminated encephalomyelitis. The pathogenetic factors of Reiter's syndrome appear to be closely related. The relatively constant main symptoms are also localized and permit the conclusion that they depend on vasomotorically linked innervation of the first bulbar segment. The preference for distal localization of bilateral skin involvement hints - as in Behcet's disease at hypothalamic distribution; main localization in midface and the oral mucosa, in eyes and the ends of the midline and, often, also involvement of certain midline and, often, also involvement of certain favored joints permit the assumption of mutural relations between the cranial and sacral fields of incidence of the trophotrop-endophylactic system which is linked via the parasympathic with periphery. According to present knowledge the bundles of Sch\u00fctz and, further, Kr\u00fcke may be the pathways. Where pelvic processes predominate viscero-cutaneous or cuto-visceral reflexes may - as in dermatomyositis - be involved. E.g visceroreflectory changes explain coincidences of signs in similar or adjacent segments of the urogenital system, the rectum and certain joints. Psychose on a physical basis are rare. As in other collagen diseases the spinal cord is rarely involved, but \"multiple sclerosis\" may be simulated...", "contents": "[Neurologic and psychiatric syndromes of rare para-rheumatic diseases (author's transl)]. In Wegener's granulomatosis peripheral nerves are more often involved than central nervous structures; functional psychoses are secondary e.g. to renal complications. Neurologic-psychiatric symptoms are varied and result from local spread from the upper respiratory tract with separate granulomata and vasculitis. Striped muscle is involved in about 10% of cases. Specific vegetative disturbances of function do not appear to occur. This is also true for Granuloma gangrenescens. Its multicentric inflammatory, ulcerating and necrotic foci involve midline structures and often start at the anterior neuroporus. Becet's disease, however, shows clear characteristic localisation, symmetry of various dermatologic phenomena in the extremities and the almost obligatory involvement of mouth, stomach and the genitals and their surroundings. This one may assume to be due to a mesencephalic parasympathicotonic reaction as the basis for the occurrence of perioral and acro-syndroms after Fischer-Br\u00fcgge and Sunder-plassmann. Some similarity with the localization of other collagenous diseases is evident. The anterior basal ganglia represent a favored focus where e.g. initial, imcomplete and readily recurrent processes, possibly of an exsudative nature, may start off neurovascular changes of limited areas without necessarily producing clinically detectable signs of the usual neurologic-psychiatric type. In Behcet's disease, rather as in scleroderma, the nervous system appears to be decisively involved. About one third of the cases show changes in the nervous system (\"Neuro-Behcet\" in the usual sense) with little peripheral signs and rare myositis. But Behcet's disease may also-like erythematodes or progressive sclerodermia-simulate a disseminated encephalomyelitis. The pathogenetic factors of Reiter's syndrome appear to be closely related. The relatively constant main symptoms are also localized and permit the conclusion that they depend on vasomotorically linked innervation of the first bulbar segment. The preference for distal localization of bilateral skin involvement hints - as in Behcet's disease at hypothalamic distribution; main localization in midface and the oral mucosa, in eyes and the ends of the midline and, often, also involvement of certain midline and, often, also involvement of certain favored joints permit the assumption of mutural relations between the cranial and sacral fields of incidence of the trophotrop-endophylactic system which is linked via the parasympathic with periphery. According to present knowledge the bundles of Sch\u00fctz and, further, Kr\u00fcke may be the pathways. Where pelvic processes predominate viscero-cutaneous or cuto-visceral reflexes may - as in dermatomyositis - be involved. E.g visceroreflectory changes explain coincidences of signs in similar or adjacent segments of the urogenital system, the rectum and certain joints. Psychose on a physical basis are rare. As in other collagen diseases the spinal cord is rarely involved, but \"multiple sclerosis\" may be simulated...", "PMID": 585363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2194", "title": "[Acute hemisyndrome in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood may be due to congenital or acquired changes in cerebral vessels. Among the congenital vascular malformations, which very rarely become manifest already in children, the  arteriovenous angiomata and saccular aneurysms are relatively the most common (in childhood about 4-8% manifest, 1-2% of all diseases). Venous angiomata, micro-angiomata and congenital dissecting aneurysms are very rare. But acquired thrombotic blocks of cerebral arteries are of greater importance as causes of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood. Most often they have an inflammatory or traumatic cause, often the cause is unknown. Rare diseases only very recently described as arterial blocks of cerebral vessels are fibromuscular dysplasia and Moya-Moya-disease, the etiology of which is not yet fully understood. The prognosis of these diseases is generally unfavorable, but the focal signs in migraine as visual, sensory, aphasic and motoric defector irritative signs are as a rule reversible. In order to establish, where possible, the cause of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood, early angiography may-classic migraine accompagnee types excepted-help. But also modern biochemical, immunologic, virologic, serologic, bacteriologic, clotting analytic and, possibly, histologic and histochemical techniques should be employed with particular attention to fat metabolism and to auto-immune disease.", "contents": "[Acute hemisyndrome in childhood (author's transl)]. Neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood may be due to congenital or acquired changes in cerebral vessels. Among the congenital vascular malformations, which very rarely become manifest already in children, the  arteriovenous angiomata and saccular aneurysms are relatively the most common (in childhood about 4-8% manifest, 1-2% of all diseases). Venous angiomata, micro-angiomata and congenital dissecting aneurysms are very rare. But acquired thrombotic blocks of cerebral arteries are of greater importance as causes of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood. Most often they have an inflammatory or traumatic cause, often the cause is unknown. Rare diseases only very recently described as arterial blocks of cerebral vessels are fibromuscular dysplasia and Moya-Moya-disease, the etiology of which is not yet fully understood. The prognosis of these diseases is generally unfavorable, but the focal signs in migraine as visual, sensory, aphasic and motoric defector irritative signs are as a rule reversible. In order to establish, where possible, the cause of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood, early angiography may-classic migraine accompagnee types excepted-help. But also modern biochemical, immunologic, virologic, serologic, bacteriologic, clotting analytic and, possibly, histologic and histochemical techniques should be employed with particular attention to fat metabolism and to auto-immune disease.", "PMID": 585364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2195", "title": "[Disturbances of the human instinct behaviour in hypothalamic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the findings of W.R. Hess, who systematically stimulated the hypothalamus of the cat, motivational systems for instinct behaviour have been postulated in the hypothalamus and the surrounding limbic brain. It has been asked, if hypothalamic lesions in man would cause alterations in instinct behaviour, which could be attributed to the instinct motivational systems. Therefore 19 patients with hypothalamic lesions have been examined in respect of their instinct behaviour. They showed no qualitative alteration in their instinct behaviour, but quantitative diminution and rarefication of their gain instincts (nutritional, sexual and social instinct). Mainly reduced was the sex instinct together with hormonal deficiency. Inversely the safety instinct (the only avoidance instinct with variable threshold) was more often activated. The other avoidance instincts (for excretion, thermo-regulation, bodycare and painavoidance) remained intact. It is concluded that the pacemaker for the threshold of the gain instincts and of the safety instinct is disturbed and not the motivation system in its qualitative functioning. As this pacemaker is so characteristically different in each instinct, the theory of different specific motivational systems is more probable than the theory of one unspecific system with different functions.", "contents": "[Disturbances of the human instinct behaviour in hypothalamic lesions (author's transl)]. Since the findings of W.R. Hess, who systematically stimulated the hypothalamus of the cat, motivational systems for instinct behaviour have been postulated in the hypothalamus and the surrounding limbic brain. It has been asked, if hypothalamic lesions in man would cause alterations in instinct behaviour, which could be attributed to the instinct motivational systems. Therefore 19 patients with hypothalamic lesions have been examined in respect of their instinct behaviour. They showed no qualitative alteration in their instinct behaviour, but quantitative diminution and rarefication of their gain instincts (nutritional, sexual and social instinct). Mainly reduced was the sex instinct together with hormonal deficiency. Inversely the safety instinct (the only avoidance instinct with variable threshold) was more often activated. The other avoidance instincts (for excretion, thermo-regulation, bodycare and painavoidance) remained intact. It is concluded that the pacemaker for the threshold of the gain instincts and of the safety instinct is disturbed and not the motivation system in its qualitative functioning. As this pacemaker is so characteristically different in each instinct, the theory of different specific motivational systems is more probable than the theory of one unspecific system with different functions.", "PMID": 585365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2196", "title": "[Catamneses of YY carriers in prison].", "content": "Among the 700 inmates of a big Austrian prison 5 cases of XYY caryotype were detected by means of the Quinacrinfluorescence method and subsequent lymphocyte culture. Keeping in mind that, if at all, only a small amount of criminal behavior may be explained by chromosomal factors three hypotheses about possible links between the XYY abnormality and criminal behavior are discussed in this paper. 1. the connection is a spurious one, as both criminal behavior and the XYY caryotype are more frequent in a working class population without being necessarily linked causally. 2. criminal behavior may be a consequence of the bodily abnormalities connected with the XYY abnormality. 3. the XYY type may contribute to criminal behaviour by acting upon neuro-endocrinological structures.", "contents": "[Catamneses of YY carriers in prison]. Among the 700 inmates of a big Austrian prison 5 cases of XYY caryotype were detected by means of the Quinacrinfluorescence method and subsequent lymphocyte culture. Keeping in mind that, if at all, only a small amount of criminal behavior may be explained by chromosomal factors three hypotheses about possible links between the XYY abnormality and criminal behavior are discussed in this paper. 1. the connection is a spurious one, as both criminal behavior and the XYY caryotype are more frequent in a working class population without being necessarily linked causally. 2. criminal behavior may be a consequence of the bodily abnormalities connected with the XYY abnormality. 3. the XYY type may contribute to criminal behaviour by acting upon neuro-endocrinological structures.", "PMID": 585366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2197", "title": "[Unexplained tetraspasticity in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Between 1965 and 1974 146 patients with unexplained tetraspasticity were admitted and examined. In 123 cases extended neuroradiologic examination with myelography of the cervical spinal canal was carried out. A space occupying lesion was found in 59 cases: narrow spinal canal, protruding discs. In 64 cases no pathologic processes were seen radiologically. Comparison of both groups: no differences in clinical signs, history or findings. 2. Tetraspasticity alone was the leading sign in 30 cases. The legs were always more severely involved than the upper limbs. In 70% spasticity was more severe on the right. Further clinical analysis depends on additional signs, particularly paresthesiae, pain, disturbed joint-sense. Among the patients with protruding discs heart-and circulatory insufficiency is a little more common, but in the group without protrusion exogenous/endogenous metabolic conditions(intoxication, malabsorption) and neoplasms. -Protein content of CSF is raised equally in both groups, particularly albumin. This is probably due to reduced circulation of CSF. In 6 patients an internal hydrocephalus was found. 3. No single active causative factor could be found nor any familial relationship. In spite of increasingly extended diagnostic techniques no underlying condition could be discovered. Tetraspastic is a \"polygenetic\" reaction of the central nervous system without a final common path. The cases show that mechanical factors (cervical myelopathy) predispose locally to non-mechanical injuries.", "contents": "[Unexplained tetraspasticity in adults (author's transl)]. 1. Between 1965 and 1974 146 patients with unexplained tetraspasticity were admitted and examined. In 123 cases extended neuroradiologic examination with myelography of the cervical spinal canal was carried out. A space occupying lesion was found in 59 cases: narrow spinal canal, protruding discs. In 64 cases no pathologic processes were seen radiologically. Comparison of both groups: no differences in clinical signs, history or findings. 2. Tetraspasticity alone was the leading sign in 30 cases. The legs were always more severely involved than the upper limbs. In 70% spasticity was more severe on the right. Further clinical analysis depends on additional signs, particularly paresthesiae, pain, disturbed joint-sense. Among the patients with protruding discs heart-and circulatory insufficiency is a little more common, but in the group without protrusion exogenous/endogenous metabolic conditions(intoxication, malabsorption) and neoplasms. -Protein content of CSF is raised equally in both groups, particularly albumin. This is probably due to reduced circulation of CSF. In 6 patients an internal hydrocephalus was found. 3. No single active causative factor could be found nor any familial relationship. In spite of increasingly extended diagnostic techniques no underlying condition could be discovered. Tetraspastic is a \"polygenetic\" reaction of the central nervous system without a final common path. The cases show that mechanical factors (cervical myelopathy) predispose locally to non-mechanical injuries.", "PMID": 585367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2198", "title": "[Development of the third ventricle width from premature birth to old age (author's transl)].", "content": "One-dimensional echoencephalographic investigations were made of the 3rd ventricle with the Siemens-Krautkr\u00e4mer Unit USM 1 in 1841 subjects. 200 premature infants with a birth weight of up to 2500 premature infants with a birth weight of up to 2500 g were examined within 48 hours of birth. It was statistically proved, that with increasing weight, advancing gestational age and growth of the head-circumference, the width of the third ventricle diminishes. The material of 1641 children and adults shows the following results: The first phase up to 21/2 years is characterised by a rapid increase in size. The second phase covers the age group up to about the 16th to 20th year and ist characterised by a kind of plateau without significant change in the width of the 3rd ventricle. In the third phase concerning ages from 16 to 20 up to 57 to 58 years, a slow increase to higher values can be observed. The fourth phase, from the 57/58th to 78/79th years, shows a distinctly higher increase than the third phase. Results obtained beyond the 78/79th year were not uniform but rather heterogenous and unpredictable, questioning the concept of a further \"physiological\" development of the 3rd ventricle. A linear relationship between age and the 3rd ventricle can be demonstrated up to about the end of the 8th decade. Normal values for the 3rd ventricle should not be given in future, without indicating the age.", "contents": "[Development of the third ventricle width from premature birth to old age (author's transl)]. One-dimensional echoencephalographic investigations were made of the 3rd ventricle with the Siemens-Krautkr\u00e4mer Unit USM 1 in 1841 subjects. 200 premature infants with a birth weight of up to 2500 premature infants with a birth weight of up to 2500 g were examined within 48 hours of birth. It was statistically proved, that with increasing weight, advancing gestational age and growth of the head-circumference, the width of the third ventricle diminishes. The material of 1641 children and adults shows the following results: The first phase up to 21/2 years is characterised by a rapid increase in size. The second phase covers the age group up to about the 16th to 20th year and ist characterised by a kind of plateau without significant change in the width of the 3rd ventricle. In the third phase concerning ages from 16 to 20 up to 57 to 58 years, a slow increase to higher values can be observed. The fourth phase, from the 57/58th to 78/79th years, shows a distinctly higher increase than the third phase. Results obtained beyond the 78/79th year were not uniform but rather heterogenous and unpredictable, questioning the concept of a further \"physiological\" development of the 3rd ventricle. A linear relationship between age and the 3rd ventricle can be demonstrated up to about the end of the 8th decade. Normal values for the 3rd ventricle should not be given in future, without indicating the age.", "PMID": 585368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2199", "title": "[Involvement of the nervous system in trichinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of the obligatory inspection of meat, trichinosis has become a very rare disease in Germany. Nevertheless, the possible occurrence of sporadical epidemies and isolated cases of trichinosis has to be kept in mind. During the last 30 years about 1300 cases of human trichinosis have been reported in Germany. The involvement of the central nervous system ranges from 6-24%; the symptoms may be caused by meningeal inflammation or/and a focal or generalized encephalitis. Myelitis is a very rare finding, some patients develop signs of peripheral neuropathy. During the acute stage pareses may be caused as well by myositis as by peripheral neuropathy. Various serological tests allow to confirm the diagnosis of trichinosis, but muscle biopsy is still the most informative piece of evidence leading to the diagnosis of trichinosis. Tiabendazole (trade name in Germany: Minzolum) is at present the drug of choice in the treatment of trichinosis; in addition good results have been found by corticosteroid therapy. Although most cases have a good prognosis, chronic sequelae may occur (for instance \"rheumatic\" pains in the muscles, loss of reflexes, convulsions and psychiatric distrubances).", "contents": "[Involvement of the nervous system in trichinosis (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of the obligatory inspection of meat, trichinosis has become a very rare disease in Germany. Nevertheless, the possible occurrence of sporadical epidemies and isolated cases of trichinosis has to be kept in mind. During the last 30 years about 1300 cases of human trichinosis have been reported in Germany. The involvement of the central nervous system ranges from 6-24%; the symptoms may be caused by meningeal inflammation or/and a focal or generalized encephalitis. Myelitis is a very rare finding, some patients develop signs of peripheral neuropathy. During the acute stage pareses may be caused as well by myositis as by peripheral neuropathy. Various serological tests allow to confirm the diagnosis of trichinosis, but muscle biopsy is still the most informative piece of evidence leading to the diagnosis of trichinosis. Tiabendazole (trade name in Germany: Minzolum) is at present the drug of choice in the treatment of trichinosis; in addition good results have been found by corticosteroid therapy. Although most cases have a good prognosis, chronic sequelae may occur (for instance \"rheumatic\" pains in the muscles, loss of reflexes, convulsions and psychiatric distrubances).", "PMID": 585369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2200", "title": "[In vitro activity of mezlocillin, azlocillin and carbenicillin against bacteroidaceae with particular reference to bacteroides fragilis (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility of approximately 90 Bacteroidaceae strains to the the new broad-spectrum penicillins mezlocillin and azlocillin was determined by tube dilution tests and compared to susceptibility to carbenicillin. Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron predominated among the strains tested. These strains are particularly important as pathogens and are known to produce beta-lactamase. At concentrations of 16 microng/ml or less, mezlocilin inhibited 81% of the Bacteroides cultures, and at 32 microng/ml 96% of the cultures. The amount of Bacteroides strains inhibited by 16 and 32 microng/ml of azlocillin was 67% and 93% respectively. Similar results were obtained with carbenicillin, concentrations of 32, 64 and 256 microng/ml inhibiting 55%, 87% and 94% of the strains respectively. Mezlocillin and azlocillin did not appear to be any more effective than carbenicillin against Sphaerophorus strains. Statistical analysis of the relationship between minimal inhibiting concentration and inhibition zone diameter showed that the susceptibility of Bacteroidaceae to mezlocillin, azlocillin and carbenicillin cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy by a standardized agar diffusion test.", "contents": "[In vitro activity of mezlocillin, azlocillin and carbenicillin against bacteroidaceae with particular reference to bacteroides fragilis (author's transl)]. The in vitro susceptibility of approximately 90 Bacteroidaceae strains to the the new broad-spectrum penicillins mezlocillin and azlocillin was determined by tube dilution tests and compared to susceptibility to carbenicillin. Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron predominated among the strains tested. These strains are particularly important as pathogens and are known to produce beta-lactamase. At concentrations of 16 microng/ml or less, mezlocilin inhibited 81% of the Bacteroides cultures, and at 32 microng/ml 96% of the cultures. The amount of Bacteroides strains inhibited by 16 and 32 microng/ml of azlocillin was 67% and 93% respectively. Similar results were obtained with carbenicillin, concentrations of 32, 64 and 256 microng/ml inhibiting 55%, 87% and 94% of the strains respectively. Mezlocillin and azlocillin did not appear to be any more effective than carbenicillin against Sphaerophorus strains. Statistical analysis of the relationship between minimal inhibiting concentration and inhibition zone diameter showed that the susceptibility of Bacteroidaceae to mezlocillin, azlocillin and carbenicillin cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy by a standardized agar diffusion test.", "PMID": 585371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2201", "title": "Possible physiological significance of the initial step in the catabolism of noradrenaline in the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "The hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex of the rat were labelled in vitro with 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) and the metabolism of the tritiated transmitter was studied during spontaneous outflow and under conditions of release elicited by exposure to 20 mM K+. In the three areas of the central nervous system of the rat 3H-NA accounted for approximately 40% of the total radioactivity in spontaneous outflow while the 3H-O-methylated deaminated fraction (3H-OMDA) and 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG) were the main metabolites. Exposure to the reserpine-like agent, Ro 4-1284 induced a selective increase in the spontaneous outflow of 3H-DOPEG, while the contribution of the 3H-OMDA metabolites to the release induced by Ro 4-1284 was very small. During 3H-transmitter release elicited by exposure to 20 mM K+, approximately 80% of the radioactivity was collected as unmetabolized 3H-NA, while 3H-DOPEG was the main metabolite formed under these experimental conditions. Exposure to cocaine prevented 3H-DOPEG formation from 3H-NA released by K+, indicating that 3H-DOPEG was formed after neuronal reuptake of the transmitter released by K+. After in vitro labelling with 3H-NA, the unmetabolized transmitter represented approximately 70% of the total radioactivity retained in the tissue. However, when 3H-NA was administered in vivo, by intraventricular injection, only 30% of the total radioactivity retained by the tissue was accounted for by 3H-NA, and 60% of the radioactivity corresponded to the 3H-OMDA fraction, most of which was retained as 3H-MOPEG sulfate. When the rats were pretreated with pyrogallol, free 3H-DOPEG accounted for nearly 50% of the radioactivity retained in the three areas of the central nervous system after in vivo labelling with 3H-NA. When monoamine oxidase was inhibited by pargyline and 3H-NA was administered by intraventricular injection, 3H-NMN accounted for approximately 50% of the total radioactivity retained in the three areas of the central nervous system of the rat. The results obtained are compatible with the view that formation of the deamined glycol is the first step in the metabolism of 3H-NA in the rat central nervous system. In addition, it is concluded that the determination of the levels of some NA metabolites retained in the central nervous system does not necessarily represent an accurate reflection of the degree of central noradrenergic activity or of selective metabolic pathways. Consequently, in studies on the metabolism of NA it is important to take into account not only the transmitter and its metabolites in the tissue but also in the outflow from the structures studied either under in vivo or in vitro conditions.", "contents": "Possible physiological significance of the initial step in the catabolism of noradrenaline in the central nervous system of the rat. The hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex of the rat were labelled in vitro with 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) and the metabolism of the tritiated transmitter was studied during spontaneous outflow and under conditions of release elicited by exposure to 20 mM K+. In the three areas of the central nervous system of the rat 3H-NA accounted for approximately 40% of the total radioactivity in spontaneous outflow while the 3H-O-methylated deaminated fraction (3H-OMDA) and 3H-3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG) were the main metabolites. Exposure to the reserpine-like agent, Ro 4-1284 induced a selective increase in the spontaneous outflow of 3H-DOPEG, while the contribution of the 3H-OMDA metabolites to the release induced by Ro 4-1284 was very small. During 3H-transmitter release elicited by exposure to 20 mM K+, approximately 80% of the radioactivity was collected as unmetabolized 3H-NA, while 3H-DOPEG was the main metabolite formed under these experimental conditions. Exposure to cocaine prevented 3H-DOPEG formation from 3H-NA released by K+, indicating that 3H-DOPEG was formed after neuronal reuptake of the transmitter released by K+. After in vitro labelling with 3H-NA, the unmetabolized transmitter represented approximately 70% of the total radioactivity retained in the tissue. However, when 3H-NA was administered in vivo, by intraventricular injection, only 30% of the total radioactivity retained by the tissue was accounted for by 3H-NA, and 60% of the radioactivity corresponded to the 3H-OMDA fraction, most of which was retained as 3H-MOPEG sulfate. When the rats were pretreated with pyrogallol, free 3H-DOPEG accounted for nearly 50% of the radioactivity retained in the three areas of the central nervous system after in vivo labelling with 3H-NA. When monoamine oxidase was inhibited by pargyline and 3H-NA was administered by intraventricular injection, 3H-NMN accounted for approximately 50% of the total radioactivity retained in the three areas of the central nervous system of the rat. The results obtained are compatible with the view that formation of the deamined glycol is the first step in the metabolism of 3H-NA in the rat central nervous system. In addition, it is concluded that the determination of the levels of some NA metabolites retained in the central nervous system does not necessarily represent an accurate reflection of the degree of central noradrenergic activity or of selective metabolic pathways. Consequently, in studies on the metabolism of NA it is important to take into account not only the transmitter and its metabolites in the tissue but also in the outflow from the structures studied either under in vivo or in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 585416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2202", "title": "Hirsutism.", "content": "Many women have some facial hair, and most patients who seek advice will be at the far end of the normal distribution curve for hair. In a second group there is a slight excessive production of androgens with associated hirsutism, either idiopathic or associated with polycystic ovarian disease. An extremely small fraction of patients will have serious disorders of the adrenals or ovaries and significant elevations in androgen levels.", "contents": "Hirsutism. Many women have some facial hair, and most patients who seek advice will be at the far end of the normal distribution curve for hair. In a second group there is a slight excessive production of androgens with associated hirsutism, either idiopathic or associated with polycystic ovarian disease. An extremely small fraction of patients will have serious disorders of the adrenals or ovaries and significant elevations in androgen levels.", "PMID": 585467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2203", "title": "Outpatient surgery and anesthesia.", "content": "Outpatient surgery and anesthesia are offered as a means of reducing the costs of health care delivery. Certain principles for outpatient anesthesia are apparent. Inhalational anesthesia is preferred over many intravenous agents. If intravenous agents are used, the doses must be limited. Intravenous agents that are quickly metabolized or redistributed in the body away from the brain are preferred. Inhalational anesthesia inductions that avoid or minimize intravenous agents are preferred. Nerve blocks are useful for outpatient surgery, but may require supplementation with intravenous agents, which in turn may slow recovery.", "contents": "Outpatient surgery and anesthesia. Outpatient surgery and anesthesia are offered as a means of reducing the costs of health care delivery. Certain principles for outpatient anesthesia are apparent. Inhalational anesthesia is preferred over many intravenous agents. If intravenous agents are used, the doses must be limited. Intravenous agents that are quickly metabolized or redistributed in the body away from the brain are preferred. Inhalational anesthesia inductions that avoid or minimize intravenous agents are preferred. Nerve blocks are useful for outpatient surgery, but may require supplementation with intravenous agents, which in turn may slow recovery.", "PMID": 585470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2204", "title": "Sexuality in chronic illness.", "content": "Three parameters are involoved in sexual functioning-psychological, organic performance, and organic enjoyment spheres. In evaluating an individual with chronic illness who has sexual complaints one must obtain a normative data base with the general history of the present illness, pertinent past history, a complete sexual history, a psychosocial history with special concern of present factors leading one to pertinent physical findings, and laboratory data (see Table 2). Frequently, it is helpful to interview the sexual partner. Finally, the subjective and objective data must be assessed and a plan with psychiatric or organic treatment, or both, must be made. Often it only can be with prolonged follow-up that we can adequately delineate the exact etiology of the sexual disorder in an individual with chronic medical illness. Even if treatment is difficult, the physician's continued support and interest can mitigate problems in this important aspect of life.", "contents": "Sexuality in chronic illness. Three parameters are involoved in sexual functioning-psychological, organic performance, and organic enjoyment spheres. In evaluating an individual with chronic illness who has sexual complaints one must obtain a normative data base with the general history of the present illness, pertinent past history, a complete sexual history, a psychosocial history with special concern of present factors leading one to pertinent physical findings, and laboratory data (see Table 2). Frequently, it is helpful to interview the sexual partner. Finally, the subjective and objective data must be assessed and a plan with psychiatric or organic treatment, or both, must be made. Often it only can be with prolonged follow-up that we can adequately delineate the exact etiology of the sexual disorder in an individual with chronic medical illness. Even if treatment is difficult, the physician's continued support and interest can mitigate problems in this important aspect of life.", "PMID": 585471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2205", "title": "Use of the exercise test in the diagnosis of coronary disease.", "content": "The two-step test remains a useful office procedure for the diagnosis of serious coronary disease. The graded exercise test has improved sensitivity. Requiring a good performance and a normal electrocardiographic response as well can exclude prognostically important disease.", "contents": "Use of the exercise test in the diagnosis of coronary disease. The two-step test remains a useful office procedure for the diagnosis of serious coronary disease. The graded exercise test has improved sensitivity. Requiring a good performance and a normal electrocardiographic response as well can exclude prognostically important disease.", "PMID": 585473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2206", "title": "Management of depression and anxiety in primary care practice.", "content": "Skillful management of depression and anxiety will greatly increase the primary physician's therapeutic impact on his practice. He will, as his skills increase, become a resource person who is able to provide a broader spectrum of medical service to his patients. If family practice is to grow as a legitimate field, its practitioners will need to include the treatment of all of the common disorders in their therapeutic armamentarium, psychiatric as well as organic. The referral of all significant emotional problems to a specialist clearly violates this concept. The primary care physician with proper training can become an effective source of mental health care and in so doing will provide his patients with effective treatment in a familiar, secure, and trusted milieu.", "contents": "Management of depression and anxiety in primary care practice. Skillful management of depression and anxiety will greatly increase the primary physician's therapeutic impact on his practice. He will, as his skills increase, become a resource person who is able to provide a broader spectrum of medical service to his patients. If family practice is to grow as a legitimate field, its practitioners will need to include the treatment of all of the common disorders in their therapeutic armamentarium, psychiatric as well as organic. The referral of all significant emotional problems to a specialist clearly violates this concept. The primary care physician with proper training can become an effective source of mental health care and in so doing will provide his patients with effective treatment in a familiar, secure, and trusted milieu.", "PMID": 585474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2207", "title": "Temporal effects in the estimation of pulmonary diffusing capacity.", "content": "Steady state estimates of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) require measurement of the uptake and the average alveolar partial pressure of carbon monoxide (PACO). The expired alveolar sample obtained by different experimental methods and/or breathing patterns rarely represents the actual PACO. It is widely accepted that nonuniform distribution of ventilation, diffusion and perfusion causes discrepancies in the measurement of diffusing capacity. tan additional source of error in choosing PACO arises in the sampling time chosen by the experimental method. A theoretical study of a ramp-with-pause and a square breathing pattern demonstrates that the sample-time error exists even in the homogeneous lung. The study shows for the homogeneous lung that the correct fractional concentration of alveolar carbon monoxide (FAV) occurs at a time (TAV), one-half of a breathing period after the effective inspiration time (TI) for the two very different breathing patterns. TI is well-defined in relation to any breathing pattern which can be approximated by ramps and pauses. If TAV and the sample time chosen by the experimental method are known, then the measured DLCO can be corrected to the actual diffusing capacity (DL). The theory agrees with experimental results and computer simulations of inhomogeneous lungs from the literature. This agreement suggests that the theory for the homogeneous lung is also relevant to the inhomogeneous lung.", "contents": "Temporal effects in the estimation of pulmonary diffusing capacity. Steady state estimates of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) require measurement of the uptake and the average alveolar partial pressure of carbon monoxide (PACO). The expired alveolar sample obtained by different experimental methods and/or breathing patterns rarely represents the actual PACO. It is widely accepted that nonuniform distribution of ventilation, diffusion and perfusion causes discrepancies in the measurement of diffusing capacity. tan additional source of error in choosing PACO arises in the sampling time chosen by the experimental method. A theoretical study of a ramp-with-pause and a square breathing pattern demonstrates that the sample-time error exists even in the homogeneous lung. The study shows for the homogeneous lung that the correct fractional concentration of alveolar carbon monoxide (FAV) occurs at a time (TAV), one-half of a breathing period after the effective inspiration time (TI) for the two very different breathing patterns. TI is well-defined in relation to any breathing pattern which can be approximated by ramps and pauses. If TAV and the sample time chosen by the experimental method are known, then the measured DLCO can be corrected to the actual diffusing capacity (DL). The theory agrees with experimental results and computer simulations of inhomogeneous lungs from the literature. This agreement suggests that the theory for the homogeneous lung is also relevant to the inhomogeneous lung.", "PMID": 585475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2208", "title": "Influence of ruminal and plasma osmotic pressure on salivary secretion in sheep.", "content": "The osmotic pressure of the rumen contents and also of the blood was altered by intraruminal administration of water or hypertonic solutions. It was found that alterations in osmotic pressure were accompanied by inverse changes in the flow rate of mixed saliva. Intravenous infusion of hypertonic solutions, causing elevation of the osmotic pressure of the blood without affecting that of the rumen, also caused a reduction of salivary secretion rate. The flow rates of both parotid and residual saliva were affected. When strongly hypertonic solutions of sodium or potassium salts were infused into the rumen, or sodium salts or urea were infused into the blood, the concentration of those substances increased in the saliva. Other treatments had little effect on salivary composition.", "contents": "Influence of ruminal and plasma osmotic pressure on salivary secretion in sheep. The osmotic pressure of the rumen contents and also of the blood was altered by intraruminal administration of water or hypertonic solutions. It was found that alterations in osmotic pressure were accompanied by inverse changes in the flow rate of mixed saliva. Intravenous infusion of hypertonic solutions, causing elevation of the osmotic pressure of the blood without affecting that of the rumen, also caused a reduction of salivary secretion rate. The flow rates of both parotid and residual saliva were affected. When strongly hypertonic solutions of sodium or potassium salts were infused into the rumen, or sodium salts or urea were infused into the blood, the concentration of those substances increased in the saliva. Other treatments had little effect on salivary composition.", "PMID": 585476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2209", "title": "Body temperature regulation and thermoneutrality in rats.", "content": "Various concepts of thermoneutrality were considered for a proposed study of the role of hypothalamic amines in temperature regulation of rats. The classic definition, the ambient temperature over which metabolic rate is minimum and constant, gave a range of approximately 28 to 32 degrees C. However, within this temperature range rats were inactive, the inactivity apparently representing a behavioural response to heat stress and itself responsible for the reduced metabolic rate; certain thermoregulatory effectors were also activated to increase heat loss. Therefore an alternative range, 18.0 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- S.D.) to 28.1 +/- 1.0 degrees C, was defined in which rats displayed normal activity, behavioural thermoregulations being absent.", "contents": "Body temperature regulation and thermoneutrality in rats. Various concepts of thermoneutrality were considered for a proposed study of the role of hypothalamic amines in temperature regulation of rats. The classic definition, the ambient temperature over which metabolic rate is minimum and constant, gave a range of approximately 28 to 32 degrees C. However, within this temperature range rats were inactive, the inactivity apparently representing a behavioural response to heat stress and itself responsible for the reduced metabolic rate; certain thermoregulatory effectors were also activated to increase heat loss. Therefore an alternative range, 18.0 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- S.D.) to 28.1 +/- 1.0 degrees C, was defined in which rats displayed normal activity, behavioural thermoregulations being absent.", "PMID": 585477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2210", "title": "A study of chemically induced acute inflammation in the skin of the rat.", "content": "Oedema due to application of benzene to the skin was reduced following prior sensory denervation and in animals systemically pre-treated with capsaicine (which is known to confer resistance to chemical irritants) or compound 48/80 (which depletes the body of mast cells). Increased degranulation of mast cells in the benzene-treated skin was unaffected by denervation but did not occur after treatment with capsaicine. Antidromic stimulation of a cutaneous nerve caused oedema and degranulation of mast cells, both of which were less severe than the corresponding effects of topically applied benzene. These effects were completely prevented by prior treatment with capsaicine and the oedema was less severe in 48/80-treated rats. Hence, the presence of mast cells was necessary for full development of the effects of antidromic stimulation. These observations indicate that axon reflexes in sensory fibres contribute to, but are not entirely responsible for, the development of oedema in chemically irritated skin. The prophylactic action of capsaicine may be due to the prevention of degranulation of mast cells rather than to a direct effect on cutaneous nerve endings. These conclusions are embodied in an hypothesis purporting to explain the involvement of axon reflexes, mast cells and various humoral mediators in chemically induced acute inflammation.", "contents": "A study of chemically induced acute inflammation in the skin of the rat. Oedema due to application of benzene to the skin was reduced following prior sensory denervation and in animals systemically pre-treated with capsaicine (which is known to confer resistance to chemical irritants) or compound 48/80 (which depletes the body of mast cells). Increased degranulation of mast cells in the benzene-treated skin was unaffected by denervation but did not occur after treatment with capsaicine. Antidromic stimulation of a cutaneous nerve caused oedema and degranulation of mast cells, both of which were less severe than the corresponding effects of topically applied benzene. These effects were completely prevented by prior treatment with capsaicine and the oedema was less severe in 48/80-treated rats. Hence, the presence of mast cells was necessary for full development of the effects of antidromic stimulation. These observations indicate that axon reflexes in sensory fibres contribute to, but are not entirely responsible for, the development of oedema in chemically irritated skin. The prophylactic action of capsaicine may be due to the prevention of degranulation of mast cells rather than to a direct effect on cutaneous nerve endings. These conclusions are embodied in an hypothesis purporting to explain the involvement of axon reflexes, mast cells and various humoral mediators in chemically induced acute inflammation.", "PMID": 585478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2211", "title": "The influx of isoleucine into the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum: carrier-mediated transport and diffusion.", "content": "The influx of L-isoleucine from the blood into the cerebral hemispheres, and into the cerebellum, of the living rat was studied. When various raised levels of L-isoleucine were maintained in the circulation, influx did not increase in proportion to the raised blood levels, which showed that a carrier-mediated transport was being saturated. It was found that the values for influx could not be explained precisely by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The divergence of the observed values for influx, from those which were obtained by the application of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, could be explained if part of the influx was due to a small, non-saturable component. This minor component of influx may be due to diffusion or to a second carrier-mediated transport system that is not readily saturated.", "contents": "The influx of isoleucine into the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum: carrier-mediated transport and diffusion. The influx of L-isoleucine from the blood into the cerebral hemispheres, and into the cerebellum, of the living rat was studied. When various raised levels of L-isoleucine were maintained in the circulation, influx did not increase in proportion to the raised blood levels, which showed that a carrier-mediated transport was being saturated. It was found that the values for influx could not be explained precisely by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The divergence of the observed values for influx, from those which were obtained by the application of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, could be explained if part of the influx was due to a small, non-saturable component. This minor component of influx may be due to diffusion or to a second carrier-mediated transport system that is not readily saturated.", "PMID": 585479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2212", "title": "Intestinal lymph flow and lymphatic transport of protein during fat absorption.", "content": "A substantial increase in intestinal lymph flow and protein content follows fat ingestion. The effect of intraduodenal feeding of fats was studied in the rat to define the mechanisms responsible. The change appears to be largely independent of the route of fat absorption, that is, whether by the portal venous route or, alternatively, by the lymphatic route. It must be presumed that it is related to events unconnected with the route taken by absorbed fat leaving the intestinal cell.", "contents": "Intestinal lymph flow and lymphatic transport of protein during fat absorption. A substantial increase in intestinal lymph flow and protein content follows fat ingestion. The effect of intraduodenal feeding of fats was studied in the rat to define the mechanisms responsible. The change appears to be largely independent of the route of fat absorption, that is, whether by the portal venous route or, alternatively, by the lymphatic route. It must be presumed that it is related to events unconnected with the route taken by absorbed fat leaving the intestinal cell.", "PMID": 585480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2213", "title": "[Examination of antibiotic sensitivity/resistancy relations of strains of staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus originating from osteomyelitic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of bacteriology results of osteomyelitic patients of the recent 10 year period the authors examined the changes of antibiotic sensitivity/resistancy relations of strains of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus. Examination of 385 strains of Staphylococci showed that Staphylococci originating from osteomyelitic patients are more sensitive, respectively in a lesser degree resistant to antibiotics than those of miscellaneous origin. Concerning 8, in everyday practice most commonly used antibiotics, by means of regression trend line analysis, it has been stated that in the period of 1966-1975 years Staphylococci originating from osteomyelitic patients show a decreasing resistancy to antibiotics examined. The authors are of the opinion that in osteomyelitic patients the no satisfactory results and the high number of recurrent inflammations are not attributable to resistant strains of Staphylococci, but are due to many other biologic factors.", "contents": "[Examination of antibiotic sensitivity/resistancy relations of strains of staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus originating from osteomyelitic patients (author's transl)]. On the basis of bacteriology results of osteomyelitic patients of the recent 10 year period the authors examined the changes of antibiotic sensitivity/resistancy relations of strains of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus. Examination of 385 strains of Staphylococci showed that Staphylococci originating from osteomyelitic patients are more sensitive, respectively in a lesser degree resistant to antibiotics than those of miscellaneous origin. Concerning 8, in everyday practice most commonly used antibiotics, by means of regression trend line analysis, it has been stated that in the period of 1966-1975 years Staphylococci originating from osteomyelitic patients show a decreasing resistancy to antibiotics examined. The authors are of the opinion that in osteomyelitic patients the no satisfactory results and the high number of recurrent inflammations are not attributable to resistant strains of Staphylococci, but are due to many other biologic factors.", "PMID": 585578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2214", "title": "Contacts with a Canadian drug information and crisis centre, 1971-74.", "content": "This paper presents data on contacts with a Canadian drug information and crisis centre over a three year span (July, 1971 to June, 1974). The following trends emerged: (1) Although there was only a small change in the total number of contacts, there were substantial decreases in the number of \"crisis\" and \"information\" contacts and a substantial increase in the number of \"counselling\" contacts; (2) The number of \"crisis\" contacts involving each drug decreased over the time span, particularly those involving \"psychedelic hallucinogens\" other than L.S.D., solvents, cannabis and opiates. The number of alcohol-involved crisis contacts declined least and alcohol came to account for the second largest proportion of crisis contacts after L.S.D.; (3) There was little change in the age distribution of \"crisis\" contacts over the period; (4) Crisis contacts in the most recent period (1973-74) were more likely to be rated serious than in the earlier periods; (5) Crisis contacts were less likely to be sent to hospitals in the most recent period.", "contents": "Contacts with a Canadian drug information and crisis centre, 1971-74. This paper presents data on contacts with a Canadian drug information and crisis centre over a three year span (July, 1971 to June, 1974). The following trends emerged: (1) Although there was only a small change in the total number of contacts, there were substantial decreases in the number of \"crisis\" and \"information\" contacts and a substantial increase in the number of \"counselling\" contacts; (2) The number of \"crisis\" contacts involving each drug decreased over the time span, particularly those involving \"psychedelic hallucinogens\" other than L.S.D., solvents, cannabis and opiates. The number of alcohol-involved crisis contacts declined least and alcohol came to account for the second largest proportion of crisis contacts after L.S.D.; (3) There was little change in the age distribution of \"crisis\" contacts over the period; (4) Crisis contacts in the most recent period (1973-74) were more likely to be rated serious than in the earlier periods; (5) Crisis contacts were less likely to be sent to hospitals in the most recent period.", "PMID": 585579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2215", "title": "Drug use among college students--an interim report.", "content": "A survey was conducted at Agra (India) to study the extent and pattern of the non-medical use of dependence producing drugs among the post-graduate students of the local colleges and a number of medical students of other colleges of the state of Uttar Pradesh who were posted for training at the Mental Hospital. The study was confined to the academic year 1975-76 and covered 1,200 students. The present interim report is based on a sample of 564 students covered during 1975 (1st stage). The data on the total sample of 1200 (2nd and the final stage) are still being analysed. The results reveal that 73.88 per cent male, and 25.96 per cent female students had a drug experience at some time or another. Drug use was highest (80.66 per cent) among male medical students. The substances commonly used by males were: alcohol, barbiturates, Mandrax (methaqualone diphenhydramine hydrochloride). Vesparax (hydroxyzine hydrochloride), Equanil (meprobamate). Librium (chlordiazeproxide), pain killers (minor analgesics such as aspirin, and cannabis (bhang, ganja, and charas). The female students mainly used Equanil and pain killers. Among the 23 reasons offered for the use of drugs, the majority of students (50-59 per cent) stated that their main reason for drug use was \"to relieve tension and facilitate relaxation\". The next motivating factor for indulgence was \"for the sake of fun\" (30-39 per cent). The student drug users reported a number of effects produced by various substances. The most commonly mentioned effects were: excessive sleepiness, sluggishness, giddiness, inability to concentrate on studies, poor physical co-ordination. They expressed their opinion on various aspects of the drug use problem and favoured stringent measures to curb it.", "contents": "Drug use among college students--an interim report. A survey was conducted at Agra (India) to study the extent and pattern of the non-medical use of dependence producing drugs among the post-graduate students of the local colleges and a number of medical students of other colleges of the state of Uttar Pradesh who were posted for training at the Mental Hospital. The study was confined to the academic year 1975-76 and covered 1,200 students. The present interim report is based on a sample of 564 students covered during 1975 (1st stage). The data on the total sample of 1200 (2nd and the final stage) are still being analysed. The results reveal that 73.88 per cent male, and 25.96 per cent female students had a drug experience at some time or another. Drug use was highest (80.66 per cent) among male medical students. The substances commonly used by males were: alcohol, barbiturates, Mandrax (methaqualone diphenhydramine hydrochloride). Vesparax (hydroxyzine hydrochloride), Equanil (meprobamate). Librium (chlordiazeproxide), pain killers (minor analgesics such as aspirin, and cannabis (bhang, ganja, and charas). The female students mainly used Equanil and pain killers. Among the 23 reasons offered for the use of drugs, the majority of students (50-59 per cent) stated that their main reason for drug use was \"to relieve tension and facilitate relaxation\". The next motivating factor for indulgence was \"for the sake of fun\" (30-39 per cent). The student drug users reported a number of effects produced by various substances. The most commonly mentioned effects were: excessive sleepiness, sluggishness, giddiness, inability to concentrate on studies, poor physical co-ordination. They expressed their opinion on various aspects of the drug use problem and favoured stringent measures to curb it.", "PMID": 585581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2216", "title": "Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: adaptation or addiction.", "content": "Use of coca leaves among the Quechua Indians of the Peruvian altiplano is considered from the biological and social perspectives. Biologically, coca use seems to reduce the loss of body heat in the cold and to enhance working ability to a small degree. It may also have nutritional value. Socially, coca is well integrated into the economic and social systems, providing functions in both spheres. The equation of coca use with cocaine addiction is also considered and a simple equivalence is rejected.", "contents": "Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: adaptation or addiction. Use of coca leaves among the Quechua Indians of the Peruvian altiplano is considered from the biological and social perspectives. Biologically, coca use seems to reduce the loss of body heat in the cold and to enhance working ability to a small degree. It may also have nutritional value. Socially, coca is well integrated into the economic and social systems, providing functions in both spheres. The equation of coca use with cocaine addiction is also considered and a simple equivalence is rejected.", "PMID": 585582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2217", "title": "Herbicidal treatments for control of Cannabis sativa L.", "content": "In order to test herbicides for the destruction of illicit stands of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) a series of commercially available herbicides were sprayed on glasshouse-grown plants having 2 to 6 leaves. The following herbicides caused complete kill or severe injury to cannabis plants: (a) herbicides with root and foliage activity--ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryne, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, phenobenzuron, ethofumesate, karbutilate, methazole and oxadiazon; and (b) foliar-acting herbicides with brief or no soil persistence--amitrole, bentazon, 2,4-D, diquat + paraquat, glyphosate and phenmedipham. In field experiments herbicides of the latter group, and ioxynil, metribuzin, and a MSMA-cacodylate mixture, caused death or severe damage to young cannabis plants. Glyphosate, ioxynil and bentazon destroyed developed cannabis plants. In glasshouse and field experiments the following herbicides applied to young cannabis plants caused marked deformations of stems, leaves and/or inflorescences: barban, butralin, dalapon, difenzoquat, dinitramine, diphenamid, IPC, napropamide, penoxalin, triffuralin, and U-27267.", "contents": "Herbicidal treatments for control of Cannabis sativa L. In order to test herbicides for the destruction of illicit stands of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) a series of commercially available herbicides were sprayed on glasshouse-grown plants having 2 to 6 leaves. The following herbicides caused complete kill or severe injury to cannabis plants: (a) herbicides with root and foliage activity--ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryne, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, phenobenzuron, ethofumesate, karbutilate, methazole and oxadiazon; and (b) foliar-acting herbicides with brief or no soil persistence--amitrole, bentazon, 2,4-D, diquat + paraquat, glyphosate and phenmedipham. In field experiments herbicides of the latter group, and ioxynil, metribuzin, and a MSMA-cacodylate mixture, caused death or severe damage to young cannabis plants. Glyphosate, ioxynil and bentazon destroyed developed cannabis plants. In glasshouse and field experiments the following herbicides applied to young cannabis plants caused marked deformations of stems, leaves and/or inflorescences: barban, butralin, dalapon, difenzoquat, dinitramine, diphenamid, IPC, napropamide, penoxalin, triffuralin, and U-27267.", "PMID": 585583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2218", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute heroin overdosage.", "content": "Twenty-one 25 acutely overdosed heroin addicts had abnormalities noted on their admission electrocardiograms. The most common findings were nonspecific ST-T changes in 17 patients, sinus tachycardia in 11, and left or right atrial enlargement in 8. Five patients had more serious arrhythmias (4 atrial fibrillation and 1 ventricular tachycardia). For the entire group the initial PaO2 was 74.8 +/- 48.2 torr. This degree of oxygenation was only achieved with the use of high dose supplemental oxygen. The 5 patients with the more serious arrhythmias had comparable PaO2s but this was only achieved with higher supplemental oxygen concentrations. We conclude that electrocardiographic alterations (other than arrhythmias) are very common in acute heroin overdosage and may be related to hypoxemia. The abnormal cardiac rhythms may be due to the direct effects of heroin or its metabolites. Heroin addiction is associated with a multitude of medical complications which can affect various organ systmes including the heart (1). Within the last six years several reports have appeared documenting electrocardiographic abnormalities in heroin users (2-5). These studies dealt with either a small series of patients or patients who used methadone or heroin in a chronic fashion. No one, to our knowledge, has extensively studied the electrocardiographic changes which occur in patients with acute heroin overdosage. This retrospective analysis of the electrocardiograms (ECG), arterial blood gases and selected electrolytes in 25 consecutively hospitalized patients acutely overdosed on heroin is an attempt to correct this deficiency.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute heroin overdosage. Twenty-one 25 acutely overdosed heroin addicts had abnormalities noted on their admission electrocardiograms. The most common findings were nonspecific ST-T changes in 17 patients, sinus tachycardia in 11, and left or right atrial enlargement in 8. Five patients had more serious arrhythmias (4 atrial fibrillation and 1 ventricular tachycardia). For the entire group the initial PaO2 was 74.8 +/- 48.2 torr. This degree of oxygenation was only achieved with the use of high dose supplemental oxygen. The 5 patients with the more serious arrhythmias had comparable PaO2s but this was only achieved with higher supplemental oxygen concentrations. We conclude that electrocardiographic alterations (other than arrhythmias) are very common in acute heroin overdosage and may be related to hypoxemia. The abnormal cardiac rhythms may be due to the direct effects of heroin or its metabolites. Heroin addiction is associated with a multitude of medical complications which can affect various organ systmes including the heart (1). Within the last six years several reports have appeared documenting electrocardiographic abnormalities in heroin users (2-5). These studies dealt with either a small series of patients or patients who used methadone or heroin in a chronic fashion. No one, to our knowledge, has extensively studied the electrocardiographic changes which occur in patients with acute heroin overdosage. This retrospective analysis of the electrocardiograms (ECG), arterial blood gases and selected electrolytes in 25 consecutively hospitalized patients acutely overdosed on heroin is an attempt to correct this deficiency.", "PMID": 585584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2219", "title": "Cardiac and respiratory monitoring of acute stroke patients.", "content": "This study evaluates physiologic monitoring as a tool for improved nursing observation of acute stroke patients. Forty-four patients admitted within 48 hours of onset of stroke were monitored using an automated arrhythmia detection system and impedance pneumography. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 25 of 44 patients. Three patients with episodes of atrial fibrillation were digitalized and converted to normal sinus rhythm. Respiratory patterns were intermittently abnormal in 39 of 44 patients. The presence of intermittent Cheyne-Strokes respirations or tachypnea was associated with an increased mortality rate. Cardiac monitoring appears to be a useful tool for prompt detection of potentially serious arrhythmias in stroke patients. Respiratory monitoring is useful for detection of abnormalities of respiratory rate and pattern; these abnormalities may serve as an early indicator of change in neurologic status.", "contents": "Cardiac and respiratory monitoring of acute stroke patients. This study evaluates physiologic monitoring as a tool for improved nursing observation of acute stroke patients. Forty-four patients admitted within 48 hours of onset of stroke were monitored using an automated arrhythmia detection system and impedance pneumography. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 25 of 44 patients. Three patients with episodes of atrial fibrillation were digitalized and converted to normal sinus rhythm. Respiratory patterns were intermittently abnormal in 39 of 44 patients. The presence of intermittent Cheyne-Strokes respirations or tachypnea was associated with an increased mortality rate. Cardiac monitoring appears to be a useful tool for prompt detection of potentially serious arrhythmias in stroke patients. Respiratory monitoring is useful for detection of abnormalities of respiratory rate and pattern; these abnormalities may serve as an early indicator of change in neurologic status.", "PMID": 585682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2220", "title": "Psychiatric consultation with MICU nurses: the consultation conference as a working group.", "content": "A group of MICU nurses responded to a series of acute and chronic clinical and administrative stresses by establishing a consultation conference with a psychoanalyst. The evolution of the consultation conference into an ongoing working group is described. Its value as a modality to help deal with the special stresses of MICU nursing personnel is discussed. The problems of introducing a research focus into the conference are examined.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation with MICU nurses: the consultation conference as a working group. A group of MICU nurses responded to a series of acute and chronic clinical and administrative stresses by establishing a consultation conference with a psychoanalyst. The evolution of the consultation conference into an ongoing working group is described. Its value as a modality to help deal with the special stresses of MICU nursing personnel is discussed. The problems of introducing a research focus into the conference are examined.", "PMID": 585684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2221", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction following fluorescein angiography.", "content": "A 64-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus as well as hypertensive retinopathy developed an acute myocardial infarction and hypertensive crisis following the injection of 5 ml. of 10 per cent sodium fluorescein for fundus angiography. This is the first time this complication has been documented. Possible mechanisms for such an occurrence are discussed. Recommendations for recognizing and dealing with patients at high risk for cardiovascular complications of fluorescein angiography are emphasized.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction following fluorescein angiography. A 64-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus as well as hypertensive retinopathy developed an acute myocardial infarction and hypertensive crisis following the injection of 5 ml. of 10 per cent sodium fluorescein for fundus angiography. This is the first time this complication has been documented. Possible mechanisms for such an occurrence are discussed. Recommendations for recognizing and dealing with patients at high risk for cardiovascular complications of fluorescein angiography are emphasized.", "PMID": 585685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2222", "title": "Micturition angina: a case report.", "content": "We report a patient with aortic regurgitation and ischemic heart disease in whom normal, effortless micturition repeatly precipitated angina. To our knowledge, only one other case of micturition angina has been reported in English literature since the first such case was recorded in the 17th century. The mechanism of production of this syndrome remains obscure.", "contents": "Micturition angina: a case report. We report a patient with aortic regurgitation and ischemic heart disease in whom normal, effortless micturition repeatly precipitated angina. To our knowledge, only one other case of micturition angina has been reported in English literature since the first such case was recorded in the 17th century. The mechanism of production of this syndrome remains obscure.", "PMID": 585686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2223", "title": "Arterial blood gases in the coronary care unit. Part I.", "content": "Blood gas analyses are frequently helpful and at times vital in the management of patients who develop complications during an acute myocardial infarction. This vignette discusses the arterial blood gases when congestive heart failure complicates an acute myocardial infarction. Blood gas measurements are generally obtained for two principle reasons: (1) to determine if the patient is well oxygenated--Po2 and O2 arterial gas measurements, and (2) to determine the patient's acid base status (a) using respiratory component of acid base status--PCO2 measurement, (b) using metabolic component of acid base status--HCO-3 measurement, and (c) using both a and b. Arterial blood gases are preferred over venous blood gases. Venous blood gives information relative to the extremity it drains and may be misleading if the extremity is cold, clammy, or underperfused.", "contents": "Arterial blood gases in the coronary care unit. Part I. Blood gas analyses are frequently helpful and at times vital in the management of patients who develop complications during an acute myocardial infarction. This vignette discusses the arterial blood gases when congestive heart failure complicates an acute myocardial infarction. Blood gas measurements are generally obtained for two principle reasons: (1) to determine if the patient is well oxygenated--Po2 and O2 arterial gas measurements, and (2) to determine the patient's acid base status (a) using respiratory component of acid base status--PCO2 measurement, (b) using metabolic component of acid base status--HCO-3 measurement, and (c) using both a and b. Arterial blood gases are preferred over venous blood gases. Venous blood gives information relative to the extremity it drains and may be misleading if the extremity is cold, clammy, or underperfused.", "PMID": 585688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2224", "title": "Reasons for health office visits in an urban school district.", "content": "A survey of 3,048 school clinic visits (a 5% random sample by school of all visits during one school year) revealed the most frequent complaints or reasons for visits of school children in grades kindergarten through twelve. Minor trauma was the complaint identified in the largest proportion of clinic visits at all levels. Taking prescribed medication was the second most frequent reason for clinic visits at the elementary level. Headache was a frequent complaint presented in high school clinic visits.", "contents": "Reasons for health office visits in an urban school district. A survey of 3,048 school clinic visits (a 5% random sample by school of all visits during one school year) revealed the most frequent complaints or reasons for visits of school children in grades kindergarten through twelve. Minor trauma was the complaint identified in the largest proportion of clinic visits at all levels. Taking prescribed medication was the second most frequent reason for clinic visits at the elementary level. Headache was a frequent complaint presented in high school clinic visits.", "PMID": 585775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2225", "title": "Situational hyperactivity: a social system approach.", "content": "A sociological approach for viewing hyperactivity has been proposed. Its explanatory power may at this time be limited to differentiating between situational hyperactivity and a medical model for explaining the syndrome. Further research could serve to expand and illuminate this theory. However, even as presently formulated, by focusing on situational hyperactivity we have a perspective that returns meaning to the child's behavior. We can now inquire as to what hyperactive children can tell us about school systems, family structure, and the position of children in our own society. Putting meaning back into explanations of behavior can produce greater insights into our understanding of children and the social systems in which they operate.", "contents": "Situational hyperactivity: a social system approach. A sociological approach for viewing hyperactivity has been proposed. Its explanatory power may at this time be limited to differentiating between situational hyperactivity and a medical model for explaining the syndrome. Further research could serve to expand and illuminate this theory. However, even as presently formulated, by focusing on situational hyperactivity we have a perspective that returns meaning to the child's behavior. We can now inquire as to what hyperactive children can tell us about school systems, family structure, and the position of children in our own society. Putting meaning back into explanations of behavior can produce greater insights into our understanding of children and the social systems in which they operate.", "PMID": 585776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2226", "title": "Research programs of the National League for Nursing.", "content": "National League for Nursing research programs are directed toward collecting useful data for the benefit of nursing and toward examining issues to aid in the formulation of policy. NLN's research program has grown by accretion, influenced by needs for additional data; it is organized to serve the requirements of the profession.", "contents": "Research programs of the National League for Nursing. National League for Nursing research programs are directed toward collecting useful data for the benefit of nursing and toward examining issues to aid in the formulation of policy. NLN's research program has grown by accretion, influenced by needs for additional data; it is organized to serve the requirements of the profession.", "PMID": 585837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2227", "title": "Maternal--child nursing research: review of the past and strategies for the future.", "content": "Major subdivisions of research in maternal--child nursing (MCN) include childbearing, childrearing, care of the sick or hospitalized child, and a strong emerging emphasis on the special needs of the child in infancy and in special populations, such as mental retardation and chronic illnesses. An example of MCN research is presented--the Nursing Child Assessment Project, funded by the Division of Nursing, which provides a conceptual basis and methodologies to look at inputs and outputs of expressions of child health and illness. Strategies to assist maternal-child nurse scholars to add to their data base--particularly a focus on infancy, childrearing, and specific populations, including an extension into what now is becoming a major concern of American families, care of their aging members--are defined. Needed are additional mechanisms for providing research training for nurses in MCN, as is a network for collaboration and cooperation in the form of systematic input into literature retrieval systems supportive of concepts and which would further the ability to communicate for the exchange of validation of ideas. Although a knowledge base in MCN is emerging, nurses should move onward in a more systematic manner and develop more successful intraprofessional communication.", "contents": "Maternal--child nursing research: review of the past and strategies for the future. Major subdivisions of research in maternal--child nursing (MCN) include childbearing, childrearing, care of the sick or hospitalized child, and a strong emerging emphasis on the special needs of the child in infancy and in special populations, such as mental retardation and chronic illnesses. An example of MCN research is presented--the Nursing Child Assessment Project, funded by the Division of Nursing, which provides a conceptual basis and methodologies to look at inputs and outputs of expressions of child health and illness. Strategies to assist maternal-child nurse scholars to add to their data base--particularly a focus on infancy, childrearing, and specific populations, including an extension into what now is becoming a major concern of American families, care of their aging members--are defined. Needed are additional mechanisms for providing research training for nurses in MCN, as is a network for collaboration and cooperation in the form of systematic input into literature retrieval systems supportive of concepts and which would further the ability to communicate for the exchange of validation of ideas. Although a knowledge base in MCN is emerging, nurses should move onward in a more systematic manner and develop more successful intraprofessional communication.", "PMID": 585838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2228", "title": "Toward a nursing gerontology.", "content": "An overview of studies that pertain to the care of the elderly and a review of psychosocial gerontologic nursing research during the past 25 years (1951-1976) is presented. Methodologic problems and conceptual issues of these investigations are discussed; gaps in research are identified: suggestions for further nursing gerontologic studies are proposed: and implications for graduate education, clinical training, and preparation for research are presented.", "contents": "Toward a nursing gerontology. An overview of studies that pertain to the care of the elderly and a review of psychosocial gerontologic nursing research during the past 25 years (1951-1976) is presented. Methodologic problems and conceptual issues of these investigations are discussed; gaps in research are identified: suggestions for further nursing gerontologic studies are proposed: and implications for graduate education, clinical training, and preparation for research are presented.", "PMID": 585839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2229", "title": "Anatomy and physiology of the liver in relation to clinical assessment.", "content": "As nurses assume  expanded roles in patient care, skills in history-taking and in performing a physical examination are expected. Of the various diagnostic procedures the history and physical examination are the most direct and expeditious methods of obtaining facts about patients' problems. As represented in this article, detailed knowledge of the liver's anatomy and physiology as well as that of other body systems is prerequisite to these skills. To understand and document the complexity of life disturbances occuring in patients with hepatic problems, integration of social-behavioral and mental health concepts is needed.", "contents": "Anatomy and physiology of the liver in relation to clinical assessment. As nurses assume  expanded roles in patient care, skills in history-taking and in performing a physical examination are expected. Of the various diagnostic procedures the history and physical examination are the most direct and expeditious methods of obtaining facts about patients' problems. As represented in this article, detailed knowledge of the liver's anatomy and physiology as well as that of other body systems is prerequisite to these skills. To understand and document the complexity of life disturbances occuring in patients with hepatic problems, integration of social-behavioral and mental health concepts is needed.", "PMID": 585854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2230", "title": "Research: an international perspective.", "content": "This review of nursing research on the international scene highlights historical perspectives, including the status of women and changing social forces, research priorities and directions, current activities, trends, and observations of needs for future development.", "contents": "Research: an international perspective. This review of nursing research on the international scene highlights historical perspectives, including the status of women and changing social forces, research priorities and directions, current activities, trends, and observations of needs for future development.", "PMID": 585844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2231", "title": "The liver: a pharmacologic perspective.", "content": "One of the may vital functions of the liver is the biodegradation of foreign substances. The enzyme systems responsible for this liver function are frequently the site of drug interactions, both therapeutic and detrimental. Various substances can alter these enzymes by inducing, inhibiting, or competing with them, thus affecting drug response. In most instances, the liver detoxifies and deactivates chemicals, protecting the body from their harmful effects. In some biotransformation processes, however, toxic metabolites are produced that may be injurious to liver tissue as well as other body organs and systems. The effect of alcohol on the liver is a prime example. Although significant strides have been made in recent years, much is yet to be learned concerning the effect of the liver on drugs, the effect of drugs on the liver, and the pharmacologic management of various liver diseases.", "contents": "The liver: a pharmacologic perspective. One of the may vital functions of the liver is the biodegradation of foreign substances. The enzyme systems responsible for this liver function are frequently the site of drug interactions, both therapeutic and detrimental. Various substances can alter these enzymes by inducing, inhibiting, or competing with them, thus affecting drug response. In most instances, the liver detoxifies and deactivates chemicals, protecting the body from their harmful effects. In some biotransformation processes, however, toxic metabolites are produced that may be injurious to liver tissue as well as other body organs and systems. The effect of alcohol on the liver is a prime example. Although significant strides have been made in recent years, much is yet to be learned concerning the effect of the liver on drugs, the effect of drugs on the liver, and the pharmacologic management of various liver diseases.", "PMID": 585856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2232", "title": "Chronic problems in rehabilitation of patients with Laennec's cirrhosis.", "content": "Hepatic encephalopathy and ascites are two major complications occuring in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Both may be intractable to treatment and may have poor prognoses. Many psychosocial problems are present, and counseling should be geared to optimizing maximum adaptation to the alterations that have resulted. Family and significant others are important support systems for the patient and should be included in as much of the nursing and medical care as possible. The nurse is responsible for a myriad of activities in providing care for cirrhotic patients who develop these chronic problems. Background knowledge regarding nursing theory, pharmacology, pathophysiology, psychology, sociology, and principles of teaching is imperative for effective intervention in these patient care situations.", "contents": "Chronic problems in rehabilitation of patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy and ascites are two major complications occuring in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Both may be intractable to treatment and may have poor prognoses. Many psychosocial problems are present, and counseling should be geared to optimizing maximum adaptation to the alterations that have resulted. Family and significant others are important support systems for the patient and should be included in as much of the nursing and medical care as possible. The nurse is responsible for a myriad of activities in providing care for cirrhotic patients who develop these chronic problems. Background knowledge regarding nursing theory, pharmacology, pathophysiology, psychology, sociology, and principles of teaching is imperative for effective intervention in these patient care situations.", "PMID": 585857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2233", "title": "[Brain infarctions during treatment with ovulation inhibitors (author's transl)].", "content": "392 cases of cerebrovascular disturbances in women while taking oral contraceptives are reported since 1962. There has been a remarkable change of the distribution of age among these women. Till 1970 were mostly women involved between the age of 30 and 34 years. Today this type of distribution is no more to be seen because of the growing number of reports about complications in other age-groups. Complications were till 1970 mostly reported in the period from ten days till six months after taking oral contraceptives. The publications of the last three years are showing that many women are involved, who had taken oral contraceptives more than two years. New publications and our own results are showing no changes of the clinical syndromes and of the prognosis. Our investigation shows no decrease in the number of young women suffering of thromboembolic cerebral disorders of unknown aetiology in the last years. In this group is the percentage of the women, which had taken ovulation inhibitors, no reduced. The conception, that there is a connection between oral contraceptives and cerebrovascular occlusions seems more possible as before. Especially attention in prescription of oral contraceptives should be given to the fact of a known predisposition. The rareness of these complications leads to the conclusion that one or more predisponating factors of a nature not yet known have to be existent.", "contents": "[Brain infarctions during treatment with ovulation inhibitors (author's transl)]. 392 cases of cerebrovascular disturbances in women while taking oral contraceptives are reported since 1962. There has been a remarkable change of the distribution of age among these women. Till 1970 were mostly women involved between the age of 30 and 34 years. Today this type of distribution is no more to be seen because of the growing number of reports about complications in other age-groups. Complications were till 1970 mostly reported in the period from ten days till six months after taking oral contraceptives. The publications of the last three years are showing that many women are involved, who had taken oral contraceptives more than two years. New publications and our own results are showing no changes of the clinical syndromes and of the prognosis. Our investigation shows no decrease in the number of young women suffering of thromboembolic cerebral disorders of unknown aetiology in the last years. In this group is the percentage of the women, which had taken ovulation inhibitors, no reduced. The conception, that there is a connection between oral contraceptives and cerebrovascular occlusions seems more possible as before. Especially attention in prescription of oral contraceptives should be given to the fact of a known predisposition. The rareness of these complications leads to the conclusion that one or more predisponating factors of a nature not yet known have to be existent.", "PMID": 586197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2234", "title": "[Electroencephalographic examinations in emotionally disturbed children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Electroencephalographic examinations were conducted on 250 emotionally disturbed children and adolescents (175 boys and 75 girls) between the ages of 6 and 18. ll8 (47.2%) of the children and adolescents had an EEG which corresponded with their age group. 88 (35.2%) of the patients showed a HV alteration without any pathological graphologic elements. The electroencephalography in 44 cases (17.6%) clearly showed abnormal and/or pathological alterations. Frequently conspicuous findings were present in children with aggressive behavior, learning problems, anxiety syndromes as well as enuresis and encopresis. The alterations were less pronounced in those children who stuttered and the obsessive neurotics. No statistical significance, however, could be established. A correlation could not be established between a particular psychological symptom and a specific EEG alteration. Our results correspond in this regard with those presented in the literature. The majority of the authors, however, recorded conspicuous EEG findings much more frequently than we did. Basically, an electroencephalographic examination for emotionally disturbed children seems to be necessary for the recognition of somatic factors. For the evaluation, however, the range of variation of the normal encephalogram in children and its special characteristics at various age levels should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic examinations in emotionally disturbed children and adolescents (author's transl)]. Electroencephalographic examinations were conducted on 250 emotionally disturbed children and adolescents (175 boys and 75 girls) between the ages of 6 and 18. ll8 (47.2%) of the children and adolescents had an EEG which corresponded with their age group. 88 (35.2%) of the patients showed a HV alteration without any pathological graphologic elements. The electroencephalography in 44 cases (17.6%) clearly showed abnormal and/or pathological alterations. Frequently conspicuous findings were present in children with aggressive behavior, learning problems, anxiety syndromes as well as enuresis and encopresis. The alterations were less pronounced in those children who stuttered and the obsessive neurotics. No statistical significance, however, could be established. A correlation could not be established between a particular psychological symptom and a specific EEG alteration. Our results correspond in this regard with those presented in the literature. The majority of the authors, however, recorded conspicuous EEG findings much more frequently than we did. Basically, an electroencephalographic examination for emotionally disturbed children seems to be necessary for the recognition of somatic factors. For the evaluation, however, the range of variation of the normal encephalogram in children and its special characteristics at various age levels should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 586198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2235", "title": "Interstitial pulmonary edema.", "content": "Florid pulmonary edema is frequently preceded by interstitial edema formation. Because of alterations in the balance of oncotic and hydrostatic pressures between the capillary and lung interstitium or changes in capillary permeability, edema fluid forms in the interstitial spaces of the lung. Once the capacitance of the pulmonary lymphatics is exceeded, interstitial and alveolar edemas become more prominent. Bronchoconstriction and increased vascular resistance lead to ventilation-perfusion imbalance, reduced lung compliance, and increasing symptoms. Early detection is possible by noting characteristic changes in gas exchange and chest radiograph. Awareness and early recognition of these changes, together with the predisposing clinical settings, can lead to the institution of appropriate therapy before patients become severely ill with frank alveolar pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Interstitial pulmonary edema. Florid pulmonary edema is frequently preceded by interstitial edema formation. Because of alterations in the balance of oncotic and hydrostatic pressures between the capillary and lung interstitium or changes in capillary permeability, edema fluid forms in the interstitial spaces of the lung. Once the capacitance of the pulmonary lymphatics is exceeded, interstitial and alveolar edemas become more prominent. Bronchoconstriction and increased vascular resistance lead to ventilation-perfusion imbalance, reduced lung compliance, and increasing symptoms. Early detection is possible by noting characteristic changes in gas exchange and chest radiograph. Awareness and early recognition of these changes, together with the predisposing clinical settings, can lead to the institution of appropriate therapy before patients become severely ill with frank alveolar pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 586215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2236", "title": "The pneumoconioses.", "content": "The pneumoconioses are by and large industrial diseases, although casual contact may be important on occasion, particularly with asbestos. The effect of dust on the lung ranges from only radiographic changes to severe functional impairment. Destruction and fibrosis of lung parenchyma may be the end result in severe disease. Great improvement has been made in recent years in the control of dust in the numerous situations where it may cause disease. We are still faced with evaluating existing standards of particle concentration in air breathed by workers and establishing safe limits and better control of the particles placed into the general environment. Undoubtedly, there are other particulates which potentially can cause lung disease of which we are not aware. Of even more concern is the realization that a latent period of 20 years or so may be necessary for physicians to become aware of the pathologic process. Every physician who sees patients with pulmonary problems must inquire regarding a history of dust exposure and be prepared to interpret that history.", "contents": "The pneumoconioses. The pneumoconioses are by and large industrial diseases, although casual contact may be important on occasion, particularly with asbestos. The effect of dust on the lung ranges from only radiographic changes to severe functional impairment. Destruction and fibrosis of lung parenchyma may be the end result in severe disease. Great improvement has been made in recent years in the control of dust in the numerous situations where it may cause disease. We are still faced with evaluating existing standards of particle concentration in air breathed by workers and establishing safe limits and better control of the particles placed into the general environment. Undoubtedly, there are other particulates which potentially can cause lung disease of which we are not aware. Of even more concern is the realization that a latent period of 20 years or so may be necessary for physicians to become aware of the pathologic process. Every physician who sees patients with pulmonary problems must inquire regarding a history of dust exposure and be prepared to interpret that history.", "PMID": 586217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2237", "title": "The diagnostic attributes of echocardiography in the patient with chest pain or pulmonary edema.", "content": "In the critically ill or clinically unstable patient, echocardiography is particularly useful in that it provides a safe, painless, and yet reliable bedside method for evaluating the anatomy and physiology of the heart. In addition to diagnostic information, serial echocardiograms may be obtained as often as clinically indicated to monitor and detect hemodynamic changes which may be of prognostic value to the clinician. The ultimate role of echocardiography in coronary artery disease is not yet known, and many of the observations and uses we have discussed are still being investigated and substantiated. For the individual patient with coronary artery disease, it is too early to know whether the information available from the echocardiogram will influence the course or outcome of the disease.", "contents": "The diagnostic attributes of echocardiography in the patient with chest pain or pulmonary edema. In the critically ill or clinically unstable patient, echocardiography is particularly useful in that it provides a safe, painless, and yet reliable bedside method for evaluating the anatomy and physiology of the heart. In addition to diagnostic information, serial echocardiograms may be obtained as often as clinically indicated to monitor and detect hemodynamic changes which may be of prognostic value to the clinician. The ultimate role of echocardiography in coronary artery disease is not yet known, and many of the observations and uses we have discussed are still being investigated and substantiated. For the individual patient with coronary artery disease, it is too early to know whether the information available from the echocardiogram will influence the course or outcome of the disease.", "PMID": 586218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2238", "title": "Nursing students' experience in critical care: implications for staff development.", "content": "The gap between preservice preparation of nurses for critical-care work and employers' expectations is a crucial factor in providing safe care in special-care units. In this study of senior nursing students from 32 Midwestern schools of nursing, it was found that about 75 per cent of the students had had some experience in critical care, with a mean of 46 hours of experience. Most students observed, did selected procedures, or helped a staff nurse. Only 3 per cent planned and carried out care for more than one patient at a time. Fifty-eight per cent considered themselves unprepared to work in areas of critical care and needed more practice and theoretical instruction. There was wide variation in adequacy of instruction in frequently-used assessment and management techniques.", "contents": "Nursing students' experience in critical care: implications for staff development. The gap between preservice preparation of nurses for critical-care work and employers' expectations is a crucial factor in providing safe care in special-care units. In this study of senior nursing students from 32 Midwestern schools of nursing, it was found that about 75 per cent of the students had had some experience in critical care, with a mean of 46 hours of experience. Most students observed, did selected procedures, or helped a staff nurse. Only 3 per cent planned and carried out care for more than one patient at a time. Fifty-eight per cent considered themselves unprepared to work in areas of critical care and needed more practice and theoretical instruction. There was wide variation in adequacy of instruction in frequently-used assessment and management techniques.", "PMID": 586221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2239", "title": "Arterial blood gases in the coronary care unit. Part II.", "content": "This vignette discusses the use of blood gas determination in the diagnosis and management of cardiogenic shock complicating an acute MI. Both arterial and venous samplings are used to assess cardiac output. Results of therapy can be followed by noting directional changes in cardiac output, i.e., changes in A-VDO2.", "contents": "Arterial blood gases in the coronary care unit. Part II. This vignette discusses the use of blood gas determination in the diagnosis and management of cardiogenic shock complicating an acute MI. Both arterial and venous samplings are used to assess cardiac output. Results of therapy can be followed by noting directional changes in cardiac output, i.e., changes in A-VDO2.", "PMID": 586223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2240", "title": "Improving student clinical experiences.", "content": "A sound clinical experience provides the nursing student with the framework necessary to transfer classroom learning to actual patient care. Hospitals and related health care facilities, therefore, are vital components of the teaching process in a nursing education program. However, it is up to the faculty to make wise use of these facilities and their learning potential.", "contents": "Improving student clinical experiences. A sound clinical experience provides the nursing student with the framework necessary to transfer classroom learning to actual patient care. Hospitals and related health care facilities, therefore, are vital components of the teaching process in a nursing education program. However, it is up to the faculty to make wise use of these facilities and their learning potential.", "PMID": 586595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2241", "title": "Prevention of heart disease in the asymptomatic post infarction patient.", "content": "The post infarction patient, though he appears to have recovered completely and suffers no symptoms, is more than four times as likely to suffer a repeat attack as an individual of the same age who is free of evidence of coronary disease. Secondary prevention begins as part of the process of rehabilitation, while the patient is still in the hospital and most receptive to accepting changes in life style.", "contents": "Prevention of heart disease in the asymptomatic post infarction patient. The post infarction patient, though he appears to have recovered completely and suffers no symptoms, is more than four times as likely to suffer a repeat attack as an individual of the same age who is free of evidence of coronary disease. Secondary prevention begins as part of the process of rehabilitation, while the patient is still in the hospital and most receptive to accepting changes in life style.", "PMID": 586713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2242", "title": "Prevention of heart disease in the normal subject with a positive exercise test.", "content": "The person who has asymptomatic myocardial ischemia is at high risk because he does not have the benefit of the warning signals afforded by the substernal pain that tells most patients with angina to stop what they are doing.", "contents": "Prevention of heart disease in the normal subject with a positive exercise test. The person who has asymptomatic myocardial ischemia is at high risk because he does not have the benefit of the warning signals afforded by the substernal pain that tells most patients with angina to stop what they are doing.", "PMID": 586714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2243", "title": "Prevention of heart disease in the young coronary candidate.", "content": "Coronary heart disease characteristically attacks with little warning--in more than half the cases, striking before evidence of target organ involvement is seen. Thus a distinct rationale exists for advocating preventive maintenance in young coronary candidates.", "contents": "Prevention of heart disease in the young coronary candidate. Coronary heart disease characteristically attacks with little warning--in more than half the cases, striking before evidence of target organ involvement is seen. Thus a distinct rationale exists for advocating preventive maintenance in young coronary candidates.", "PMID": 586715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2244", "title": "Limitations of the oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of early diabetes.", "content": "It is not generally appreciated that the diagnosis of chemical diabetes by oral glucose tolerance testing has many pitfalls and that many patients with a diagnosis of diabetes based solely on abnormal glucose tolerance testing in fact do not have true diabetes mellitus. Once the clinician sees an abnormal glucose tolerance test his major objective is to exclude all the nondiabetic factors which may have influenced the testing procedure, thus giving a false-positive result. Furthermore, the standards used in the interpretation of the test remain uncertain in older patients thus markedly reducing the usefulness of the procedure in this group. In addition, the test is of limited value and therefore probably should not be performed in hospitalized or chronically (or acutely) ill patients. Finally the detection of glucose intolerance (in presence of fasting normoglycemia) is rarely of benefit to the patient in the absence of obesity and may prove a hardship for psychosocial reasons. Thus the clinician should carefully evaluate the medical indications and the potential benefits derived prior to ordering an oral glucose tolerance test. He should be very conservative in making a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus based on this test.", "contents": "Limitations of the oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of early diabetes. It is not generally appreciated that the diagnosis of chemical diabetes by oral glucose tolerance testing has many pitfalls and that many patients with a diagnosis of diabetes based solely on abnormal glucose tolerance testing in fact do not have true diabetes mellitus. Once the clinician sees an abnormal glucose tolerance test his major objective is to exclude all the nondiabetic factors which may have influenced the testing procedure, thus giving a false-positive result. Furthermore, the standards used in the interpretation of the test remain uncertain in older patients thus markedly reducing the usefulness of the procedure in this group. In addition, the test is of limited value and therefore probably should not be performed in hospitalized or chronically (or acutely) ill patients. Finally the detection of glucose intolerance (in presence of fasting normoglycemia) is rarely of benefit to the patient in the absence of obesity and may prove a hardship for psychosocial reasons. Thus the clinician should carefully evaluate the medical indications and the potential benefits derived prior to ordering an oral glucose tolerance test. He should be very conservative in making a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus based on this test.", "PMID": 586717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2245", "title": "Clinical evaluation of vertigo.", "content": "In attempting to outline the clinical evaluation of these patients with vertigo we have discussed examples which range in order from benign self-limited disease to those requiring emergency surgery or extensive diagnostic evaluation. We sought also to illustrate how the logic of hypothesis testing is generally employed by clinicians in approaching this or other diagnostic problems. The examples were chosen to illustrate the indications for, as well as the limitations of, the various diagnostic modalities--caloric testing, electronystagmography, audiometric testing, roentgenographic and nuclear medicine procedures--which may be employed by the clinician. Most of the skills discussed in our paper, though traditionally accorded to the fields of neurology and otolaryngology, would seem to be fundamental for any general physician, while the problem of vertigo is an example of how common ambulatory problems may require knowledgeable approach to sort self-limited from more serious illnesses as well as to utilize procedures with purpose and efficiency.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of vertigo. In attempting to outline the clinical evaluation of these patients with vertigo we have discussed examples which range in order from benign self-limited disease to those requiring emergency surgery or extensive diagnostic evaluation. We sought also to illustrate how the logic of hypothesis testing is generally employed by clinicians in approaching this or other diagnostic problems. The examples were chosen to illustrate the indications for, as well as the limitations of, the various diagnostic modalities--caloric testing, electronystagmography, audiometric testing, roentgenographic and nuclear medicine procedures--which may be employed by the clinician. Most of the skills discussed in our paper, though traditionally accorded to the fields of neurology and otolaryngology, would seem to be fundamental for any general physician, while the problem of vertigo is an example of how common ambulatory problems may require knowledgeable approach to sort self-limited from more serious illnesses as well as to utilize procedures with purpose and efficiency.", "PMID": 586718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2246", "title": "The somatic complaint: a ticket of admission for child abusers.", "content": "Primary care physicians should be alert to potential or actual child abusers who use somatic complaints as their ticket of admission to the health care delivery system. Five patients who presented in this manner will be discussed along with salient features of child abuse. Suggestions for approaching those abusers who use functional complaints as their ticket of admission will be outlined.", "contents": "The somatic complaint: a ticket of admission for child abusers. Primary care physicians should be alert to potential or actual child abusers who use somatic complaints as their ticket of admission to the health care delivery system. Five patients who presented in this manner will be discussed along with salient features of child abuse. Suggestions for approaching those abusers who use functional complaints as their ticket of admission will be outlined.", "PMID": 586719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2247", "title": "Role of the clinical psychiatrist and psychologist in primary care medicine.", "content": "Both the clinical psychiatrist and clinical psychologist can be important adjuncts to the family practitioner in delivery of comprehensive health care services. Some general guidelines are offered for distinguishing between the two disciplines and knowing how and when to utilize their respective services.", "contents": "Role of the clinical psychiatrist and psychologist in primary care medicine. Both the clinical psychiatrist and clinical psychologist can be important adjuncts to the family practitioner in delivery of comprehensive health care services. Some general guidelines are offered for distinguishing between the two disciplines and knowing how and when to utilize their respective services.", "PMID": 586723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2248", "title": "Tennis elbow.", "content": "Tennis elbow is an inflammation and/or rupture of the extensor aponeurosis at or about the lateral epicondyle. Relief of inflammation, improvement of strength, endurance, and flexibility of the injured extensor muscle unit, and diminution of the force loads in most instances will relieve symptoms.", "contents": "Tennis elbow. Tennis elbow is an inflammation and/or rupture of the extensor aponeurosis at or about the lateral epicondyle. Relief of inflammation, improvement of strength, endurance, and flexibility of the injured extensor muscle unit, and diminution of the force loads in most instances will relieve symptoms.", "PMID": 586725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2249", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parainfluenzae.", "content": "Fifty random clinical isolates of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were tested for their susceptibility to 10 antibiotics by a microtiter broth dilution method. Three of the strains tested were resistant to ampicillin, whereas eight were resistant to tetracycline. All strains tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, and colistin. The ranges of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the three remaining antibiotics were: 0.5 to >/=128 mug of penicillin G per ml, 0.03 to 4 mug of carbenicillin per ml, and 1 to 16 mug of erythromycin per ml. Elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin and carbenicillin were noted for the three ampicillin-resistant strains. Tests for beta-lactamase production demonstrated the presence of this enzyme in each of the three ampicillin-resistant strains.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Fifty random clinical isolates of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were tested for their susceptibility to 10 antibiotics by a microtiter broth dilution method. Three of the strains tested were resistant to ampicillin, whereas eight were resistant to tetracycline. All strains tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, and colistin. The ranges of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the three remaining antibiotics were: 0.5 to >/=128 mug of penicillin G per ml, 0.03 to 4 mug of carbenicillin per ml, and 1 to 16 mug of erythromycin per ml. Elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin and carbenicillin were noted for the three ampicillin-resistant strains. Tests for beta-lactamase production demonstrated the presence of this enzyme in each of the three ampicillin-resistant strains.", "PMID": 587028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2250", "title": "[Erythematodes and nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "Lupus erythematodes is related to the vegetative nervous system in Raynaud's disease, the butterfly distribution in the face, the involvement of the lateral part of the eyebrows (Hertoghe) and in cerebral attacks. Involvement of peripheral and central animal nervous systems is common and produces primary and secondary syndromes. Prominent are polymyositis or lupus-myopathy, in the brain mainly functional psychoses, epileptiform attacks, and a variety of focal, often very massive, signs. There are very clear differences from the neurologic signs of dermatomyositis, less so from arteritis nodosa and even less from progressive sclerodermia. Peripheral neurologic syndromes in lupus erythematosus are less common and more subtle than in arteritis nodosa. Bio-electric parameters of the petitmal-trias have been found. The relative absence of collagenoses from the spinal cord is also noticed in lupus erythematosus. Signs of involvement here appear to be limited and often subacute. Differential diagnosis has to consider many neurologic diseases, a special problem when MS is simulated just as in sclerodermia. Since cerbral attacks appear early in about 5%, the use of anticonvulsive drugs, particularly of the hydantoin group, provides special problems. Signs of myasthenia demand further attention. The neuropathologic changes are known in essential points and can obviously hardly be mistaken for inflammatory processes due to other causes. Certain basic facts appear to apply to other collagenoses. All 4 \"grand\" or \"classic\" collagen diseases are very similar and have much in common, but also show more or less definite differences. This is true for their clinical and anatomical appearance and last but not least to their neurologic aspects. The \"roof-concept\" of Collagenosis\" is once more proved to be justified. As far as is known today the autonomic system plays a decisive and obligatory role only is sclerodermia. This syndrome is also the only one which contains the odd phenomenon of atrophy of which the best-known form is facial hemia-atrophy.", "contents": "[Erythematodes and nervous system (author's transl)]. Lupus erythematodes is related to the vegetative nervous system in Raynaud's disease, the butterfly distribution in the face, the involvement of the lateral part of the eyebrows (Hertoghe) and in cerebral attacks. Involvement of peripheral and central animal nervous systems is common and produces primary and secondary syndromes. Prominent are polymyositis or lupus-myopathy, in the brain mainly functional psychoses, epileptiform attacks, and a variety of focal, often very massive, signs. There are very clear differences from the neurologic signs of dermatomyositis, less so from arteritis nodosa and even less from progressive sclerodermia. Peripheral neurologic syndromes in lupus erythematosus are less common and more subtle than in arteritis nodosa. Bio-electric parameters of the petitmal-trias have been found. The relative absence of collagenoses from the spinal cord is also noticed in lupus erythematosus. Signs of involvement here appear to be limited and often subacute. Differential diagnosis has to consider many neurologic diseases, a special problem when MS is simulated just as in sclerodermia. Since cerbral attacks appear early in about 5%, the use of anticonvulsive drugs, particularly of the hydantoin group, provides special problems. Signs of myasthenia demand further attention. The neuropathologic changes are known in essential points and can obviously hardly be mistaken for inflammatory processes due to other causes. Certain basic facts appear to apply to other collagenoses. All 4 \"grand\" or \"classic\" collagen diseases are very similar and have much in common, but also show more or less definite differences. This is true for their clinical and anatomical appearance and last but not least to their neurologic aspects. The \"roof-concept\" of Collagenosis\" is once more proved to be justified. As far as is known today the autonomic system plays a decisive and obligatory role only is sclerodermia. This syndrome is also the only one which contains the odd phenomenon of atrophy of which the best-known form is facial hemia-atrophy.", "PMID": 587095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2251", "title": "[Computerized tomographic diagnosis of the brain: addition of frontal and clivo-parallel cuts to the transverse standard cuts (author's transl)].", "content": "The data of now available transverse cut are insufficient for spatial orientation. Using a special technique, frontal and clivo-parallel cuts will provide satisfactory diagnostik detail. The often difficult differentiation between vertically adjoining or commmunicating structures will be facilitated by frontal tomography. Clivo-tangential cuts show the maximum of clivus and dorsum sellae, also the brainstem with axis-parallel transverse cuts. An approximately clivo-parallel cut in the aqueduct the 4th ventricle is longitudinally cut with influx and limited only partially in axis-parallel tomograms because of weak definition in the direction of the Z axis and the variable anatomic and geomtric relations. Pneumo-encephalography and ventriculography cannot be done without. So far in space-occupying lesions clivo parallel cuts are diagnostically valuable near the brainstem, the aqueduct and the 4th ventricle.", "contents": "[Computerized tomographic diagnosis of the brain: addition of frontal and clivo-parallel cuts to the transverse standard cuts (author's transl)]. The data of now available transverse cut are insufficient for spatial orientation. Using a special technique, frontal and clivo-parallel cuts will provide satisfactory diagnostik detail. The often difficult differentiation between vertically adjoining or commmunicating structures will be facilitated by frontal tomography. Clivo-tangential cuts show the maximum of clivus and dorsum sellae, also the brainstem with axis-parallel transverse cuts. An approximately clivo-parallel cut in the aqueduct the 4th ventricle is longitudinally cut with influx and limited only partially in axis-parallel tomograms because of weak definition in the direction of the Z axis and the variable anatomic and geomtric relations. Pneumo-encephalography and ventriculography cannot be done without. So far in space-occupying lesions clivo parallel cuts are diagnostically valuable near the brainstem, the aqueduct and the 4th ventricle.", "PMID": 587097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2252", "title": "[Oral contraceptives--indications and neurological complications (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of oral contraceptive agents on neurologic diseases in not clear. Animal experiments suggest that estrogens lower the seizure threshold whereas gestagens have the opposite effect. In women with epilepsy no change in the pattern of attacks could be observed under oral contraceptives. The inducing effect of hydantions and barbiturates on drug metabolizing enzymes requires the prescription of higher doses of estrogens and gestagens. Otherwise unwanted pregnancy can result, an especially unfavourable event in regard to the teratogenicity of hydantoins and barbiturates and possibly or oral contraceptives, too. An immunosuppressive effect of oral contraceptives - found in animals with EAE--could be favourable in respect to the disturbed immune mechanism of patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia. The influence of oral contraceptives on migraine seems to vary. The risk of arterial cerebral thromboembolic disease is increased in women taking oral contraceptives. The correlation to the estrogen content of the drugs remains to be proved.", "contents": "[Oral contraceptives--indications and neurological complications (author's transl)]. The influence of oral contraceptive agents on neurologic diseases in not clear. Animal experiments suggest that estrogens lower the seizure threshold whereas gestagens have the opposite effect. In women with epilepsy no change in the pattern of attacks could be observed under oral contraceptives. The inducing effect of hydantions and barbiturates on drug metabolizing enzymes requires the prescription of higher doses of estrogens and gestagens. Otherwise unwanted pregnancy can result, an especially unfavourable event in regard to the teratogenicity of hydantoins and barbiturates and possibly or oral contraceptives, too. An immunosuppressive effect of oral contraceptives - found in animals with EAE--could be favourable in respect to the disturbed immune mechanism of patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia. The influence of oral contraceptives on migraine seems to vary. The risk of arterial cerebral thromboembolic disease is increased in women taking oral contraceptives. The correlation to the estrogen content of the drugs remains to be proved.", "PMID": 587098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2253", "title": "[Treatment of manic psychosis with clozapine (author's transl)].", "content": "Between January 1974 and June 1975 52 in-patients with mania were treated with Clozapine. In one half of the patients this was the only drug throughout. It was so far thought to be indicated mainly for schizophrenics. Its main action mostly was immediate (partly on the first or second day) and was characterised by initial sedation and subsequent improvement of increased motivation and flight of ideas. On the basis of our present experience Clozapine appears to be superior in the treatment of mania in its main and side effects. Patients prefer it often because of the absence of extrapyramidal side-effects. The in-patient treatment was on average much shorter with Clozapine than with other drugs. These first observations demand further tests for this specific indication.", "contents": "[Treatment of manic psychosis with clozapine (author's transl)]. Between January 1974 and June 1975 52 in-patients with mania were treated with Clozapine. In one half of the patients this was the only drug throughout. It was so far thought to be indicated mainly for schizophrenics. Its main action mostly was immediate (partly on the first or second day) and was characterised by initial sedation and subsequent improvement of increased motivation and flight of ideas. On the basis of our present experience Clozapine appears to be superior in the treatment of mania in its main and side effects. Patients prefer it often because of the absence of extrapyramidal side-effects. The in-patient treatment was on average much shorter with Clozapine than with other drugs. These first observations demand further tests for this specific indication.", "PMID": 587099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2254", "title": "Barker (neonatal respiratory distress) syndrome in the pig: the ultrastructural pathology of the lung.", "content": "The ultrastructural pathology of the lung of a naturally occurring, fatal respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn piglet is described. The pulmonary lesions are characterised by immaturity of the distal airways and of alveoli; by severe alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy; by increased width of the blood to air barrier; by alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial degeneration and separation; by the production of alveolar and bronchiolar hyaline membranes and by alveolar haemorrhage and alveolar and peribronchial oedema. Many of the hyperplastic cells of the alveolar epithelium are pyramidal, rest on a basement membrane, have microvilli on their luminal surfaces, form tight junctions with their neighbours and contain reduced numbers of lamellated electron-dense inclusion in the cytoplasm. These cells are dystrophic type 2 pneumocytes. Other hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells have some of these features and may be type 1 or type 2 pneumocytes. Both types contain large amounts of cytoplasmic carbohydrate material and are deficient in lamellated inclusions associated with type 2 pneumocytes of normal piglets. Increase in the thickness of the blood to air barrier from 0-22 micron to 0-55 micron in normal to 0-50 micron to 2-33 micron in moderately affected piglets, or to a maximum of 12 micron in severely affected piglets, was associated with increasing respiratory distress. Hyaline membranes were composed of epithelial cellular debris from saccular and bronchiolar epithelium. The reduction in size and number of the specific lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions of type 2 pneumocytes in affected lungs was correlated with biochemical findings of increased surface tension and reduced phospholip and lecithin contents of lung washings.", "contents": "Barker (neonatal respiratory distress) syndrome in the pig: the ultrastructural pathology of the lung. The ultrastructural pathology of the lung of a naturally occurring, fatal respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn piglet is described. The pulmonary lesions are characterised by immaturity of the distal airways and of alveoli; by severe alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy; by increased width of the blood to air barrier; by alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial degeneration and separation; by the production of alveolar and bronchiolar hyaline membranes and by alveolar haemorrhage and alveolar and peribronchial oedema. Many of the hyperplastic cells of the alveolar epithelium are pyramidal, rest on a basement membrane, have microvilli on their luminal surfaces, form tight junctions with their neighbours and contain reduced numbers of lamellated electron-dense inclusion in the cytoplasm. These cells are dystrophic type 2 pneumocytes. Other hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells have some of these features and may be type 1 or type 2 pneumocytes. Both types contain large amounts of cytoplasmic carbohydrate material and are deficient in lamellated inclusions associated with type 2 pneumocytes of normal piglets. Increase in the thickness of the blood to air barrier from 0-22 micron to 0-55 micron in normal to 0-50 micron to 2-33 micron in moderately affected piglets, or to a maximum of 12 micron in severely affected piglets, was associated with increasing respiratory distress. Hyaline membranes were composed of epithelial cellular debris from saccular and bronchiolar epithelium. The reduction in size and number of the specific lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions of type 2 pneumocytes in affected lungs was correlated with biochemical findings of increased surface tension and reduced phospholip and lecithin contents of lung washings.", "PMID": 587157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2255", "title": "Liquid crystal electromagnetic radiation monitor.", "content": "Liquid Crystals having color play centered at different temperatures are arranged on metal coated and nonmetal coated dielectric substrates and used to monitor electromagnetic radiation. While both substrates respond to changes in ambient temperature conditions, the metallized substrate will also have temperature changes due to absorbed radiation. The temperature-dependent light scattering properties of the liquid crystals are used as both the temperature measuring mechanism and the indicating mechanism, with the difference between the temperature indications of the two substrates being a measure of the radiation. An experimental model that measures radiation of 1 to 15 mW/cm2 at 2.45 GHz is described.", "contents": "Liquid crystal electromagnetic radiation monitor. Liquid Crystals having color play centered at different temperatures are arranged on metal coated and nonmetal coated dielectric substrates and used to monitor electromagnetic radiation. While both substrates respond to changes in ambient temperature conditions, the metallized substrate will also have temperature changes due to absorbed radiation. The temperature-dependent light scattering properties of the liquid crystals are used as both the temperature measuring mechanism and the indicating mechanism, with the difference between the temperature indications of the two substrates being a measure of the radiation. An experimental model that measures radiation of 1 to 15 mW/cm2 at 2.45 GHz is described.", "PMID": 587176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2256", "title": "Heat-dissipation rate of mice after microwave irradiation.", "content": "The heat dissipation rate from individual CF1 male mice was determined by a bio-calorimeter before and after exposure to microwave radiation. The animals were irradiated singly in an environmentally-controlled waveguide apparatus with 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation. The incident power levels were 0 (sham), 0.4, 0.8, 1.7 and 3.3 W, which resulted in corresponding mean average absorbed dose rates of 0 (sham), 7, 12, 27 and 39 mW/g. The environmental conditions were 24 degrees C temperature, and 50% relative humidity. The results indicate an increased heat-dissipation rate of the animals (compared to sham) for average absorbed dose rates above 12 mW/g.", "contents": "Heat-dissipation rate of mice after microwave irradiation. The heat dissipation rate from individual CF1 male mice was determined by a bio-calorimeter before and after exposure to microwave radiation. The animals were irradiated singly in an environmentally-controlled waveguide apparatus with 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation. The incident power levels were 0 (sham), 0.4, 0.8, 1.7 and 3.3 W, which resulted in corresponding mean average absorbed dose rates of 0 (sham), 7, 12, 27 and 39 mW/g. The environmental conditions were 24 degrees C temperature, and 50% relative humidity. The results indicate an increased heat-dissipation rate of the animals (compared to sham) for average absorbed dose rates above 12 mW/g.", "PMID": 587177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2257", "title": "[Determination of penicillinase activity and its genetic location in penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains].", "content": "The penicillinase activity and its genetic location in determined by osmotic shock method in the staph. aureus strains.", "contents": "[Determination of penicillinase activity and its genetic location in penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains]. The penicillinase activity and its genetic location in determined by osmotic shock method in the staph. aureus strains.", "PMID": 587258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2258", "title": "A new diabetic with complications: primary nursing care.", "content": "Martha, an elderly patient, presented a real challenge to our nursing staff. As a new diabetic, she needed a great deal of education in addition to extensive nursing care for her multiple bleeding leg ulcers, dehydration and malnutrition due to uncontrolled diabetes, and reactive depression. Despite these problems, in approximately one month's time Martha was able to return to her home in control of her diabetes and her emotions and ambulating without pain. Her successful return to normal life was enhanced by holistic nursing management. The nursing staff found that the use of a problem list and a diabetes educational plan assisted them in individualizing their patient care.", "contents": "A new diabetic with complications: primary nursing care. Martha, an elderly patient, presented a real challenge to our nursing staff. As a new diabetic, she needed a great deal of education in addition to extensive nursing care for her multiple bleeding leg ulcers, dehydration and malnutrition due to uncontrolled diabetes, and reactive depression. Despite these problems, in approximately one month's time Martha was able to return to her home in control of her diabetes and her emotions and ambulating without pain. Her successful return to normal life was enhanced by holistic nursing management. The nursing staff found that the use of a problem list and a diabetes educational plan assisted them in individualizing their patient care.", "PMID": 587327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2259", "title": "Student participation in diabetic patient education.", "content": "As described, students who have participated in this innovative curriculum are familiar with individualized instruction. These students are thus experientially equipped to carry out the tasks of individualized patient education in the clinical setting. In the learning module the students study beginning teaching-learning principles and basic concepts of adult education in conjunction with learning to care for patients with endocrine dysfunction who require education for adaptation. Through the experience of assessing, planning, and implementing their own teaching in collaboration with the primary nurse and physician, the students learn to incorporate appropriate teaching behaviors into their concept of nursing. It is hoped that this knowledge and experience will make student nurses more effective nursing practitioners. This achievement is of utmost value to the consumer of nursing care.", "contents": "Student participation in diabetic patient education. As described, students who have participated in this innovative curriculum are familiar with individualized instruction. These students are thus experientially equipped to carry out the tasks of individualized patient education in the clinical setting. In the learning module the students study beginning teaching-learning principles and basic concepts of adult education in conjunction with learning to care for patients with endocrine dysfunction who require education for adaptation. Through the experience of assessing, planning, and implementing their own teaching in collaboration with the primary nurse and physician, the students learn to incorporate appropriate teaching behaviors into their concept of nursing. It is hoped that this knowledge and experience will make student nurses more effective nursing practitioners. This achievement is of utmost value to the consumer of nursing care.", "PMID": 587328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2260", "title": "Diabetes management by the patient and a nurse practitioner.", "content": "Patients facing a lifelong disease condition need time and feedback from knowledgeable health professionals to achieve successful treatment compliance. Long-established behavior may need to be changed and the patient and his family need support during the process. Day-to-day problems must be viewed as important and time must be taken to help the patient find acceptable therapeutic solutions. Establishing the diagnosis of diabetes and prescribing diet and medications are only the beginning of a time-consuming, difficult educational process for the patient. Unfortunately, most health care resources are directed to the patient. Unfortunately, most health care resources are directed to the initial diagnosis and treatment or the treatment of complications. Many dollars may be saved and the patient may have a better chance at a more normal life if some time and effort are directed to making him a more knowledgeable therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Diabetes management by the patient and a nurse practitioner. Patients facing a lifelong disease condition need time and feedback from knowledgeable health professionals to achieve successful treatment compliance. Long-established behavior may need to be changed and the patient and his family need support during the process. Day-to-day problems must be viewed as important and time must be taken to help the patient find acceptable therapeutic solutions. Establishing the diagnosis of diabetes and prescribing diet and medications are only the beginning of a time-consuming, difficult educational process for the patient. Unfortunately, most health care resources are directed to the patient. Unfortunately, most health care resources are directed to the initial diagnosis and treatment or the treatment of complications. Many dollars may be saved and the patient may have a better chance at a more normal life if some time and effort are directed to making him a more knowledgeable therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 587329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2261", "title": "The Somogyi phenomenon in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "Insulin-dependent diabetics at times of changing stress levels require alterations in their insulin dosage. Determination of the required insulin dosage is not a precise science. At these times, the diabetic may experience insulin overdosage with a resulting rebounding hyperglycemia (Somogyi phenomenon). Adequate data collection and a systematic approach to documentation of the data by either the nurse or the patient will provide both the physician and the nurse with the means to recognize the occurrence of the Somogyi phenomenon. The author recommends a tool that can be used to enhance recognition of the occurrence and provide clinical criteria to evaluate its presence.", "contents": "The Somogyi phenomenon in insulin-dependent diabetics. Insulin-dependent diabetics at times of changing stress levels require alterations in their insulin dosage. Determination of the required insulin dosage is not a precise science. At these times, the diabetic may experience insulin overdosage with a resulting rebounding hyperglycemia (Somogyi phenomenon). Adequate data collection and a systematic approach to documentation of the data by either the nurse or the patient will provide both the physician and the nurse with the means to recognize the occurrence of the Somogyi phenomenon. The author recommends a tool that can be used to enhance recognition of the occurrence and provide clinical criteria to evaluate its presence.", "PMID": 587331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2262", "title": "An eclectic approach to parent group education.", "content": "Many factors contribute to a need for parent education today. Parent education has changed over the past centuries as a result of our changing values, our increasing knowledge base, and changes in family structure. The parent education group attempts to meet the parents' need to validate their concerns and offer them process and skills that promote mental health in children. Two popular models of parent education, the reflective model and the behavioral model, stem from two schools of psychologic thought-the phenomenologic school and the behavioral school. Because of the weaknesses and strengths of each model, an eclectic model of parent education is proposed which facilitates an authoritative patern of parenting correlated with self-reliant, explorative, and self-controlled children. This eclectic model of parent education is perceived as being within the role description of the generalist nurse who has access to back-up specialists in the health care system. Many opportunities exist for the nurse to offer this type of health education.", "contents": "An eclectic approach to parent group education. Many factors contribute to a need for parent education today. Parent education has changed over the past centuries as a result of our changing values, our increasing knowledge base, and changes in family structure. The parent education group attempts to meet the parents' need to validate their concerns and offer them process and skills that promote mental health in children. Two popular models of parent education, the reflective model and the behavioral model, stem from two schools of psychologic thought-the phenomenologic school and the behavioral school. Because of the weaknesses and strengths of each model, an eclectic model of parent education is proposed which facilitates an authoritative patern of parenting correlated with self-reliant, explorative, and self-controlled children. This eclectic model of parent education is perceived as being within the role description of the generalist nurse who has access to back-up specialists in the health care system. Many opportunities exist for the nurse to offer this type of health education.", "PMID": 587334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2263", "title": "Mothering.", "content": "One can conclude that mothering as an essential component of family life will not be abolished. Attention to the skill and personal dimensions of the mothering role will insure the maintenance and growth of this valuable institution. The time has come for nurses to design strategies that liberate mothers from a restrictive position while promoting effective mothering, personal growth, and societal change.", "contents": "Mothering. One can conclude that mothering as an essential component of family life will not be abolished. Attention to the skill and personal dimensions of the mothering role will insure the maintenance and growth of this valuable institution. The time has come for nurses to design strategies that liberate mothers from a restrictive position while promoting effective mothering, personal growth, and societal change.", "PMID": 587336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2264", "title": "Pelviperitonitis and bacteremia due to Bacteroides splanchnicus. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of pelviperitonitis and bacteremia due to Bacteroides splanchnicus is discussed. It occurred in a 56 year old obese woman who had a history of cholelithiasis and of asymptomatic myomatous uterus. B. splanchnicus was isolated from a blood sample drawn on admission, and from peritoneal pus found at laparotomy on the 11th hospital day. In the latter sample, the strain was associated to Proteus mirabilis. The organism was sensitive to all ten antibiotics tested, including penicillin G. Aminoglycosides were not studied. The patient, who received ampicillin made an uneventful recovery after cholecystectom and peritoneal drainage.", "contents": "Pelviperitonitis and bacteremia due to Bacteroides splanchnicus. Report of a case. A case of pelviperitonitis and bacteremia due to Bacteroides splanchnicus is discussed. It occurred in a 56 year old obese woman who had a history of cholelithiasis and of asymptomatic myomatous uterus. B. splanchnicus was isolated from a blood sample drawn on admission, and from peritoneal pus found at laparotomy on the 11th hospital day. In the latter sample, the strain was associated to Proteus mirabilis. The organism was sensitive to all ten antibiotics tested, including penicillin G. Aminoglycosides were not studied. The patient, who received ampicillin made an uneventful recovery after cholecystectom and peritoneal drainage.", "PMID": 587580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2265", "title": "Mediastinal emphysema in mountain climbers: report of two cases and review.", "content": "Two cases of mediastinal emphysema occurring in healthy individuals climbing to the summit of Mount Rainier (4,393 m.) are described. In both, the condition was probably attributable to a voluntary, forced pressure breathing technique--a modified Valsalva maneuver. The various circumstances in which mediastinal emphysema may occur are discussed, along with its possible serious complication of cardiorespiratory compromise. The means of diagnosis are presented, emphasizing that cases in which the important finding of subcutaneous emphysema is absent may be those in which the danger is greatest. Therapeutic measures that occasionally may be necessary are outlined, though the condition is usually a benign one that subsides without specific treatment.", "contents": "Mediastinal emphysema in mountain climbers: report of two cases and review. Two cases of mediastinal emphysema occurring in healthy individuals climbing to the summit of Mount Rainier (4,393 m.) are described. In both, the condition was probably attributable to a voluntary, forced pressure breathing technique--a modified Valsalva maneuver. The various circumstances in which mediastinal emphysema may occur are discussed, along with its possible serious complication of cardiorespiratory compromise. The means of diagnosis are presented, emphasizing that cases in which the important finding of subcutaneous emphysema is absent may be those in which the danger is greatest. Therapeutic measures that occasionally may be necessary are outlined, though the condition is usually a benign one that subsides without specific treatment.", "PMID": 587697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2266", "title": "Laboratory studies on mecillinam: activity alone and combined with cephradine.", "content": "Mecillinam (MC) was found to be inhibitory at low concentrations to a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria; the sensitivity of such strains could be predicted by using a 10 microgram disk. Resistance to MC did not appear to be associated with beta-lactamase-mediated destruction of the antibiotic. Ampicillin-resistant strains tended to be less sensitive to MC. MC and cephradine acted synergistically against Proteus mirabilis, Pr. vulgaris, Prov. stuartii and Serratia marcescens, and the combination was additive against most Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Laboratory studies on mecillinam: activity alone and combined with cephradine. Mecillinam (MC) was found to be inhibitory at low concentrations to a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria; the sensitivity of such strains could be predicted by using a 10 microgram disk. Resistance to MC did not appear to be associated with beta-lactamase-mediated destruction of the antibiotic. Ampicillin-resistant strains tended to be less sensitive to MC. MC and cephradine acted synergistically against Proteus mirabilis, Pr. vulgaris, Prov. stuartii and Serratia marcescens, and the combination was additive against most Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 587708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2267", "title": "Infective endocarditis: a current review.", "content": "Infective endocarditis is a dynamic disease for which various infective organisms may be responsible in different patient populations. Antimicrobial therapy should be directed against the specific organism after it has been identified by blood culture. An agent with a spectrum that includes the enterococci should be given in the meantime. Prophylactic use of a bactericidal agent is necessary for patients with valvular or congenital heart disease. Recent advances in microbiologic and cardiac diagnostic procedures offer the clinician various methods of following the activity of the disease, and immunobiology has provided new insights into its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis: a current review. Infective endocarditis is a dynamic disease for which various infective organisms may be responsible in different patient populations. Antimicrobial therapy should be directed against the specific organism after it has been identified by blood culture. An agent with a spectrum that includes the enterococci should be given in the meantime. Prophylactic use of a bactericidal agent is necessary for patients with valvular or congenital heart disease. Recent advances in microbiologic and cardiac diagnostic procedures offer the clinician various methods of following the activity of the disease, and immunobiology has provided new insights into its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 587710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2268", "title": "Viral chemotherapy.", "content": "New antiviral compounds are being tested constantly and may be of considerable value with increasing availability. More than 200 analogues of purines and pyrimidines have been found to inhibit DNA and RNA viruses. Adenine arabinoside is most effective against disseminated herpes simplex virus and disseminated herpes zoster. Idoxuridine is useful in treatment of herpetic keratitis. Interferon still is in the experimental stage, and, because of its short half-life and high cost, it probably will not be released in the near future. Amantadine appears to be useful in prevention of A2 influenza, but its value against swine flu has not been established. Methisazone is effective in prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of complications of vaccinia.", "contents": "Viral chemotherapy. New antiviral compounds are being tested constantly and may be of considerable value with increasing availability. More than 200 analogues of purines and pyrimidines have been found to inhibit DNA and RNA viruses. Adenine arabinoside is most effective against disseminated herpes simplex virus and disseminated herpes zoster. Idoxuridine is useful in treatment of herpetic keratitis. Interferon still is in the experimental stage, and, because of its short half-life and high cost, it probably will not be released in the near future. Amantadine appears to be useful in prevention of A2 influenza, but its value against swine flu has not been established. Methisazone is effective in prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of complications of vaccinia.", "PMID": 587711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2269", "title": "Nosocomial infections.", "content": "The frequency of nosocomial infection is increasing. The most common sites of such infection are the urinary tract, surgical wounds, the lower part of the respiratory tract, and the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Various techniques are available for prevention of nosocomial infections, but among the most important aspects are understanding and acceptance of responsibility by hospital personnel. The establishment of a surveillance system with a nurse epidemiologist to serve as liaison and educator among professional and ancillary groups within the hospital may be hard to justify on a cost basis to hospital administrators but is important in the control of nosocomial infections.", "contents": "Nosocomial infections. The frequency of nosocomial infection is increasing. The most common sites of such infection are the urinary tract, surgical wounds, the lower part of the respiratory tract, and the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Various techniques are available for prevention of nosocomial infections, but among the most important aspects are understanding and acceptance of responsibility by hospital personnel. The establishment of a surveillance system with a nurse epidemiologist to serve as liaison and educator among professional and ancillary groups within the hospital may be hard to justify on a cost basis to hospital administrators but is important in the control of nosocomial infections.", "PMID": 587712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2270", "title": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: experimental basis and clinical applications.", "content": "Granulocyte replacement therapy for the infected patient with severe neutropenia is effective in improving the short-term and possibly the long-term prognosis. The best methods of procuring and administering granulocytes still are under investigation, and no reliable method for predicting compatibility has been developed. At present granulocyte transfusion therapy is indicated for severely neutropenic patients with documented infection as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy. It should be used only at institutions that offer the necessary professional and technical skills to minimize danger and discomfort to both donor and recipient as well as the expense of the treatment.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: experimental basis and clinical applications. Granulocyte replacement therapy for the infected patient with severe neutropenia is effective in improving the short-term and possibly the long-term prognosis. The best methods of procuring and administering granulocytes still are under investigation, and no reliable method for predicting compatibility has been developed. At present granulocyte transfusion therapy is indicated for severely neutropenic patients with documented infection as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy. It should be used only at institutions that offer the necessary professional and technical skills to minimize danger and discomfort to both donor and recipient as well as the expense of the treatment.", "PMID": 587713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2271", "title": "Rational antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "Rational antimicrobial therapy depends on the identity of the causative organisms, the location of the infection, and the condition of the host. Selection of antimicrobial therapy is often started before identification of the causative organism is complete. Certain cultural and staining procedures must be instigated prior to therapy in order to isolate the causative organism. Knowledge of the host's physiologic state is necessary to minimize toxicities and/or failures of therapy. Knowledge of synergistic and antagonistic actions of some antimicrobial agents is necessary for optimal results.", "contents": "Rational antimicrobial therapy. Rational antimicrobial therapy depends on the identity of the causative organisms, the location of the infection, and the condition of the host. Selection of antimicrobial therapy is often started before identification of the causative organism is complete. Certain cultural and staining procedures must be instigated prior to therapy in order to isolate the causative organism. Knowledge of the host's physiologic state is necessary to minimize toxicities and/or failures of therapy. Knowledge of synergistic and antagonistic actions of some antimicrobial agents is necessary for optimal results.", "PMID": 587715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2272", "title": "Conceptualization: knowledge and logic guiding empirical research.", "content": "This article analyzes functions and processes of research conceptualization. The most prevailing limitation of nursing research, as represented in its published literature, concerns the relevant use of knowledge and logic for the formulation of that which is to be studied. To that end, the components of the conceptual phase of research, as they develop progressively from the initiating question through the stipulation of the specific purpose of a study, are discussed. For each component emphasis is given to the function served by past knowledge toward the generation of new knowledge.", "contents": "Conceptualization: knowledge and logic guiding empirical research. This article analyzes functions and processes of research conceptualization. The most prevailing limitation of nursing research, as represented in its published literature, concerns the relevant use of knowledge and logic for the formulation of that which is to be studied. To that end, the components of the conceptual phase of research, as they develop progressively from the initiating question through the stipulation of the specific purpose of a study, are discussed. For each component emphasis is given to the function served by past knowledge toward the generation of new knowledge.", "PMID": 587921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2273", "title": "Documented clinical experiences of primary care RN students: a preliminary report.", "content": "A student-patient encounter form was developed for documenting patients' visits in the practicums of three primary care courses--obstetric-gynecology, pediatrics, and general adult patients--and from January 1973 to June 1974, 22 registered nurse students completed 1,027 student-patient encounter forms. Health problems were identified, using the Weed system and classified by the International Classification of Disease adapted for use in the United States. The study demonstrated that the encounter form facilitated the documentation of base-line data for student practicums. Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that: 1) health problems of patients classified as \"without sickness\" were important in the case loads of registered nurse students in obstetric-gynecologic and pediatric practicums; 2) health problems of patients classified as \"symptoms of ill-defined conditions\" were also important in all three student practicums, particularly with general adult patients: and 3) students encountered a cluster of health problems in dealing with patients in the three practicums. The study suggested a need to develop a classification scheme for health problems encountered in primary care nursing services.", "contents": "Documented clinical experiences of primary care RN students: a preliminary report. A student-patient encounter form was developed for documenting patients' visits in the practicums of three primary care courses--obstetric-gynecology, pediatrics, and general adult patients--and from January 1973 to June 1974, 22 registered nurse students completed 1,027 student-patient encounter forms. Health problems were identified, using the Weed system and classified by the International Classification of Disease adapted for use in the United States. The study demonstrated that the encounter form facilitated the documentation of base-line data for student practicums. Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that: 1) health problems of patients classified as \"without sickness\" were important in the case loads of registered nurse students in obstetric-gynecologic and pediatric practicums; 2) health problems of patients classified as \"symptoms of ill-defined conditions\" were also important in all three student practicums, particularly with general adult patients: and 3) students encountered a cluster of health problems in dealing with patients in the three practicums. The study suggested a need to develop a classification scheme for health problems encountered in primary care nursing services.", "PMID": 587924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2274", "title": "Nurse role conception.", "content": "The Corwin (1960) scale measuring role conception and role deprivation was compared with a newly devised instrument that measures bureaucratic, professional, and service-traditional role concepts. Although further work remains to be done on the new scale, role conceptions of nurses in the 1970s are different from those in the 1950s.", "contents": "Nurse role conception. The Corwin (1960) scale measuring role conception and role deprivation was compared with a newly devised instrument that measures bureaucratic, professional, and service-traditional role concepts. Although further work remains to be done on the new scale, role conceptions of nurses in the 1970s are different from those in the 1950s.", "PMID": 587927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2275", "title": "Evaluation of developmental health counseling: healthfulness of self-support behavior.", "content": "Twenty-two adult patients in a long-term illness clinic who chose not to attend a group counseling project on self support and who were matched on age and education with those who did attend were selected for the purpose of investigating the relationship between their general adjustment and two potentially interrealted types of behavior: self-support behavior and fundamental interpersonal behavior. General adjustment was the sum of scores from Bell's Adjustment Inventory on emotional and home disturbances plus the number of diagnosed problems on the master list in the patient record. Self-support was the amount of use of usual ways of interacting taught in counseling to elicit from others ideas for solution of problems and to elicit from self the incentive to implement solutions. Fundamental interpersonal behavior was individual and combined scores on Schutz's FIRO-B test of self-perceived interpersonal behavior expressed by the self along the dimensions of inclusion, affection, and control. Two-way orthogonal analysis of variance revealed two sets of behavior significantly improved general adjustment: 1) inclusion, affection, and control, and 2) control and self-support.", "contents": "Evaluation of developmental health counseling: healthfulness of self-support behavior. Twenty-two adult patients in a long-term illness clinic who chose not to attend a group counseling project on self support and who were matched on age and education with those who did attend were selected for the purpose of investigating the relationship between their general adjustment and two potentially interrealted types of behavior: self-support behavior and fundamental interpersonal behavior. General adjustment was the sum of scores from Bell's Adjustment Inventory on emotional and home disturbances plus the number of diagnosed problems on the master list in the patient record. Self-support was the amount of use of usual ways of interacting taught in counseling to elicit from others ideas for solution of problems and to elicit from self the incentive to implement solutions. Fundamental interpersonal behavior was individual and combined scores on Schutz's FIRO-B test of self-perceived interpersonal behavior expressed by the self along the dimensions of inclusion, affection, and control. Two-way orthogonal analysis of variance revealed two sets of behavior significantly improved general adjustment: 1) inclusion, affection, and control, and 2) control and self-support.", "PMID": 587928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2276", "title": "Adrenergic mechanisms in the hepatic microcirculation in the rat.", "content": "The in vivo hepatic microvascular bed of the rat was observed microscopically in the transilluminated liver and the diameter of the hepatic sinusoids was measured by serial photomicrography. Intraportal infusion of tyramine induced concentration-dependent constriction of the hepatic sinusoids, but also dilatation of the sinusoids when the dose was small. These effects were attributed to the release of endogenous noradrenaline which activated either alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors and caused constriction, or dilatation, of the sinusoids respectively. Adrenaline and noradrenaline induced similar changes in the hepatic sinusoids as tyramine, while phenoxybenzamine induced dilatation, and propranolol constriction, of the sinusoids. All the above responses were abolished by pretreatment with reserpine. A possible noradrenaline-mediated basal vasomotor tone in the hepatic sinusoids for autonomic control of the blood flow in the sinusoids was postulated.", "contents": "Adrenergic mechanisms in the hepatic microcirculation in the rat. The in vivo hepatic microvascular bed of the rat was observed microscopically in the transilluminated liver and the diameter of the hepatic sinusoids was measured by serial photomicrography. Intraportal infusion of tyramine induced concentration-dependent constriction of the hepatic sinusoids, but also dilatation of the sinusoids when the dose was small. These effects were attributed to the release of endogenous noradrenaline which activated either alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors and caused constriction, or dilatation, of the sinusoids respectively. Adrenaline and noradrenaline induced similar changes in the hepatic sinusoids as tyramine, while phenoxybenzamine induced dilatation, and propranolol constriction, of the sinusoids. All the above responses were abolished by pretreatment with reserpine. A possible noradrenaline-mediated basal vasomotor tone in the hepatic sinusoids for autonomic control of the blood flow in the sinusoids was postulated.", "PMID": 588020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2277", "title": "The absorption of phenformin and its effects on glucose and water absorption in isolated perfused rat small intestine.", "content": "The effects of phenformin on glucose and water absorption from isolated perfused rat small intestine were studied. Luminal phenformin inhibited glocose and water absorption progressively as its concentration was increased from 0-1-1-0 mg.ml-1. At 0-5 mg phenformin ml-1, inhibition increased with time of exposure to phenformin up to 15 min and thereafter remained constant. Arterial infusion of phenformin (1-0 mg-ml-1) produced less inhibition of glucose and water absorption. The site of phenformin's action appeared to be intracellular. Phenformin absorption from a luminal perfusate (0-5 mg-ml-1) was measured. Although it was rapidly absorbed (22 microgram.cm intestine-1.h-1) from the lumen, less than 2 microgram.cm-1.h-1 appeared at the serosal surface of the intestine. In subsequent phenformin-free perfusion, only 25% of the absorbed phenformin was recovered in the luminal and serosal effluents.", "contents": "The absorption of phenformin and its effects on glucose and water absorption in isolated perfused rat small intestine. The effects of phenformin on glucose and water absorption from isolated perfused rat small intestine were studied. Luminal phenformin inhibited glocose and water absorption progressively as its concentration was increased from 0-1-1-0 mg.ml-1. At 0-5 mg phenformin ml-1, inhibition increased with time of exposure to phenformin up to 15 min and thereafter remained constant. Arterial infusion of phenformin (1-0 mg-ml-1) produced less inhibition of glucose and water absorption. The site of phenformin's action appeared to be intracellular. Phenformin absorption from a luminal perfusate (0-5 mg-ml-1) was measured. Although it was rapidly absorbed (22 microgram.cm intestine-1.h-1) from the lumen, less than 2 microgram.cm-1.h-1 appeared at the serosal surface of the intestine. In subsequent phenformin-free perfusion, only 25% of the absorbed phenformin was recovered in the luminal and serosal effluents.", "PMID": 588021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2278", "title": "Synthesis of collagen by smooth muscle in the hyertrophic intestine.", "content": "During hypertrophy of the small intestine of the guinea-pig at the oral side of an experimental stenosis, the individual intestinal segments do not increase in length but undergo a remarkable increase in weight (up to 7 times that of control segments). Concomitantly an increase in collagen content is found; this is usually larger than the increase in weight, and the concentration of collagen is therefore also increased. This effect is more noticeable in the muscle coat than in the wall as a whole. It is suggested, on the basis of histological observations, that some of this collagen is synthesized by smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of collagen by smooth muscle in the hyertrophic intestine. During hypertrophy of the small intestine of the guinea-pig at the oral side of an experimental stenosis, the individual intestinal segments do not increase in length but undergo a remarkable increase in weight (up to 7 times that of control segments). Concomitantly an increase in collagen content is found; this is usually larger than the increase in weight, and the concentration of collagen is therefore also increased. This effect is more noticeable in the muscle coat than in the wall as a whole. It is suggested, on the basis of histological observations, that some of this collagen is synthesized by smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 588022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2279", "title": "The metabolic response to exercise in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The metabolic response to steady exercise was studied in six chronic alcoholics and six normal control subjects. Higher concentrations of lactated and pyruvate were observed in the alcoholics during exercise and they also developed post-exercise ketosis. These changes were probably not due to reduced fitness of the alcoholics as the heart rates of both groups were similar. Alcoholics had lower levels of growth hormone during exercise compared with the controls suggesting that chronic alcohol consumption has a depressor effect on pathways regulating the release of growth hormone.", "contents": "The metabolic response to exercise in chronic alcoholics. The metabolic response to steady exercise was studied in six chronic alcoholics and six normal control subjects. Higher concentrations of lactated and pyruvate were observed in the alcoholics during exercise and they also developed post-exercise ketosis. These changes were probably not due to reduced fitness of the alcoholics as the heart rates of both groups were similar. Alcoholics had lower levels of growth hormone during exercise compared with the controls suggesting that chronic alcohol consumption has a depressor effect on pathways regulating the release of growth hormone.", "PMID": 588023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2280", "title": "[Esophageal rupture].", "content": "Instrumental injuries of the healthy esophageal wall occur frequently due to esophagoscope are observed in the upper parts of the esophagus, have a lineal form and large sizes. Instrumental, frequently by bougie, injuries of the esophagus altered by scars are of a smaller size, round shape and localize in the thoracic part of the esophagus, frequently between two strictures. Foreign bodies in the esophagus produce defects of small sizes, as a rule, in the upper part of the esophagus, and numerous abrasions and hemorrhages in the mucous membrane. Wall ruptures under the influence of the hydraulic factor are of large sizes, observed in the thoracic or abdominal parts of the esophagus in patients with its pre-existing alterations. Perforating breaks in the esophagus wall favour early development of mediastinitis.", "contents": "[Esophageal rupture]. Instrumental injuries of the healthy esophageal wall occur frequently due to esophagoscope are observed in the upper parts of the esophagus, have a lineal form and large sizes. Instrumental, frequently by bougie, injuries of the esophagus altered by scars are of a smaller size, round shape and localize in the thoracic part of the esophagus, frequently between two strictures. Foreign bodies in the esophagus produce defects of small sizes, as a rule, in the upper part of the esophagus, and numerous abrasions and hemorrhages in the mucous membrane. Wall ruptures under the influence of the hydraulic factor are of large sizes, observed in the thoracic or abdominal parts of the esophagus in patients with its pre-existing alterations. Perforating breaks in the esophagus wall favour early development of mediastinitis.", "PMID": 588077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2281", "title": "[Pathological anatomy of the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome].", "content": "In the post-thrombophlebitis syndrome (PTPS) of the lower extremities pathomorphological changes develop in deep magistral venous trunks, communicating and surface veins, and microcirculation tracts. On the basis of the study on 90 cases of PTPS the following variants of morphological alterations in femoral veins as the most frequently affected segment in deep thrombophlebites were observed: complete restoration of the venous lumen but with the wall sclerosis muscle element atrophy, and loss of the valvular apparatus; partial restoration of the lumen on account of thrombus canalization; complete occlusion of the lumen on account of thrombosis and rethrombosis. Pathomorphological lesions of communicating ans surface veins and microcirculatory bed depend upon the features of lesions in magistral veins and result in the development of chronic venous insufficiency with the syndrome of regional capillary trophic changes leading to edema, dystrophic, necrobiotic, and sclerotic lesions.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy of the post-thrombophlebitic syndrome]. In the post-thrombophlebitis syndrome (PTPS) of the lower extremities pathomorphological changes develop in deep magistral venous trunks, communicating and surface veins, and microcirculation tracts. On the basis of the study on 90 cases of PTPS the following variants of morphological alterations in femoral veins as the most frequently affected segment in deep thrombophlebites were observed: complete restoration of the venous lumen but with the wall sclerosis muscle element atrophy, and loss of the valvular apparatus; partial restoration of the lumen on account of thrombus canalization; complete occlusion of the lumen on account of thrombosis and rethrombosis. Pathomorphological lesions of communicating ans surface veins and microcirculatory bed depend upon the features of lesions in magistral veins and result in the development of chronic venous insufficiency with the syndrome of regional capillary trophic changes leading to edema, dystrophic, necrobiotic, and sclerotic lesions.", "PMID": 588078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2282", "title": "[Kidney tubule changes in the terminal stage of chronic glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The autopsy material was used for histological and histochemical study of lesions in tubules of the kidneys in chronic glomerulonephritis in comparison with those in acute renal insuffuciency (ARI) of various etiologies. In addition to the phenomena of intracellular regeneration in tubules of the functioning nephrons with formations of nephromas and tubule atrophy in the zone of glomerular sclerosis, some observations showed signs of insufficiency of cortical circulation. They were manifested in dystrophy of the proximal segment epithelium. Dystrophic changes are followed by regeneration which occurs at different times and runs an irregular course. Changes in the tubules are similar to those observed in the oligo-anuria stage of ARI. When cortical circulation is not compensated, paresis and collateral insufficiency develop. Small cortical necroses may be formed. All these changes, when they occur in extracapillary proliferation, may be manifested by the clinical symptocomplex of acute renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Kidney tubule changes in the terminal stage of chronic glomerulonephritis]. The autopsy material was used for histological and histochemical study of lesions in tubules of the kidneys in chronic glomerulonephritis in comparison with those in acute renal insuffuciency (ARI) of various etiologies. In addition to the phenomena of intracellular regeneration in tubules of the functioning nephrons with formations of nephromas and tubule atrophy in the zone of glomerular sclerosis, some observations showed signs of insufficiency of cortical circulation. They were manifested in dystrophy of the proximal segment epithelium. Dystrophic changes are followed by regeneration which occurs at different times and runs an irregular course. Changes in the tubules are similar to those observed in the oligo-anuria stage of ARI. When cortical circulation is not compensated, paresis and collateral insufficiency develop. Small cortical necroses may be formed. All these changes, when they occur in extracapillary proliferation, may be manifested by the clinical symptocomplex of acute renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 588079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2283", "title": "[Free cation protein secreted by gastric epithelium as an ingredient of the alkaline component of gastric juice].", "content": "The results of the study suggest that the secrete of the gastric lining epithelium of man and dog contains a free cation protein which is a macromolecular ingredient of the alkaline component of gastric juice. Under conditions of increasing and persisting hypersecretion of the acid, first the surface and then the pit epithelium increasingly secrete cation protein, and in the gastric juice an increased content of the alkaline component is detected. Subsequently, with persisting hypersecretion, the synthesizing capacity of the epithelial cells is exhausted and this is accompanied by a deficiency of the alkaline component in gastric juice.", "contents": "[Free cation protein secreted by gastric epithelium as an ingredient of the alkaline component of gastric juice]. The results of the study suggest that the secrete of the gastric lining epithelium of man and dog contains a free cation protein which is a macromolecular ingredient of the alkaline component of gastric juice. Under conditions of increasing and persisting hypersecretion of the acid, first the surface and then the pit epithelium increasingly secrete cation protein, and in the gastric juice an increased content of the alkaline component is detected. Subsequently, with persisting hypersecretion, the synthesizing capacity of the epithelial cells is exhausted and this is accompanied by a deficiency of the alkaline component in gastric juice.", "PMID": 588080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2284", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the bone marrow cells after 85Sr incorporation].", "content": "Ultrastructural manifestations of the reaction of the rat bone marrow cells to incorporation of the osteotropic isotope 85Sr in doses of 15 and 150 muCi/100 g of body weight were studied in the electron microscope. It was found that ultrastructures were affected mostly in unidentifiable, blast cells and cells from the reproduction-maturation pool of the myeloid and erythroid series as well as lymphocytes. The lesions consisted in focal cchanges of chromatin and interchromatin structures of the nucleus, nuclear envelope membranes, nucleoli, mitochondrial membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane. The dynamics of these changes in relation to the time of exposure and irradiation dose were followed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the bone marrow cells after 85Sr incorporation]. Ultrastructural manifestations of the reaction of the rat bone marrow cells to incorporation of the osteotropic isotope 85Sr in doses of 15 and 150 muCi/100 g of body weight were studied in the electron microscope. It was found that ultrastructures were affected mostly in unidentifiable, blast cells and cells from the reproduction-maturation pool of the myeloid and erythroid series as well as lymphocytes. The lesions consisted in focal cchanges of chromatin and interchromatin structures of the nucleus, nuclear envelope membranes, nucleoli, mitochondrial membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane. The dynamics of these changes in relation to the time of exposure and irradiation dose were followed.", "PMID": 588081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2285", "title": "[Emergency histocytological examination of the internal organs and tumors].", "content": "A method for urgent histocytological examination of the internal organs at autopsies and urgent biopsies is offered which is a useful addition to the routine histological examination. The method is based on the preparation of an emulsion from the organ tissue, staining it without preliminary fixation, and examination after pressing with a cover slip or in dried smears after poststaining. This method of specimen treatment is simple, time-saving, needs no freezing microtome. Preparations can be made in 3-5 minutes.", "contents": "[Emergency histocytological examination of the internal organs and tumors]. A method for urgent histocytological examination of the internal organs at autopsies and urgent biopsies is offered which is a useful addition to the routine histological examination. The method is based on the preparation of an emulsion from the organ tissue, staining it without preliminary fixation, and examination after pressing with a cover slip or in dried smears after poststaining. This method of specimen treatment is simple, time-saving, needs no freezing microtome. Preparations can be made in 3-5 minutes.", "PMID": 588082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2286", "title": "[Method of microphotoexposure].", "content": "It is suggested that a photoexposure meter \"Photon-1\" (TU-4-72) be used for the determination of exposure in microphotography. The photoelement of the apparatus is overlaid on the eyepiece of the photo device. The regulator of the apparatus is set in a position corresponding to the film sensitivity. The exposure meter shows exposure time in seconds.", "contents": "[Method of microphotoexposure]. It is suggested that a photoexposure meter \"Photon-1\" (TU-4-72) be used for the determination of exposure in microphotography. The photoelement of the apparatus is overlaid on the eyepiece of the photo device. The regulator of the apparatus is set in a position corresponding to the film sensitivity. The exposure meter shows exposure time in seconds.", "PMID": 588083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2287", "title": "[Cavernous hemangiomas of the skull. Clinical, radiological and therapeutical aspects].", "content": "A series of 26 cases of hemangioma of the skull and review the literature are reported. The frontal localization was most frequent, contrary to the data of the literature suggesting the predominance of the parietal localization. The reported predominance of females has not been confirmed. In the present series the relation of males to females was 17:9. The radiological findings and treatment of hemangiomas are discussed. Direct puncture and injection of contrast medium is the best method for the visualization of the tumor. Treatment should be surgical consisting of total extirpation of the tumor with a margin of the healthy tissues. Direct extirpation is indicated only when soft-tissues are involved and there is no bone lesion. The en-bloque method is the technique of choice.", "contents": "[Cavernous hemangiomas of the skull. Clinical, radiological and therapeutical aspects]. A series of 26 cases of hemangioma of the skull and review the literature are reported. The frontal localization was most frequent, contrary to the data of the literature suggesting the predominance of the parietal localization. The reported predominance of females has not been confirmed. In the present series the relation of males to females was 17:9. The radiological findings and treatment of hemangiomas are discussed. Direct puncture and injection of contrast medium is the best method for the visualization of the tumor. Treatment should be surgical consisting of total extirpation of the tumor with a margin of the healthy tissues. Direct extirpation is indicated only when soft-tissues are involved and there is no bone lesion. The en-bloque method is the technique of choice.", "PMID": 588084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2288", "title": "A congenital myopathy of unknown origin.", "content": "Parallel with the clinical and histochemical investigations, an ultrastructural examination of a muscle biopsy specimen was made, in order to detect any slight cellular alterations which cannot possibly be discovered through any other methods, and to identify a muscle disease of unknown origin.", "contents": "A congenital myopathy of unknown origin. Parallel with the clinical and histochemical investigations, an ultrastructural examination of a muscle biopsy specimen was made, in order to detect any slight cellular alterations which cannot possibly be discovered through any other methods, and to identify a muscle disease of unknown origin.", "PMID": 588085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2289", "title": "Low-level electrical currents and brain indicators of behavioral activation.", "content": "Distinguishing between slow brain potential correlates of arousal and activation on the basis of their functional role and temporal involvement during a reaction-time task, data are presented which suggest that weak electrical polarizing currents applied to the head in human subjects modify predominantly activation indicators rather than arousal ones.", "contents": "Low-level electrical currents and brain indicators of behavioral activation. Distinguishing between slow brain potential correlates of arousal and activation on the basis of their functional role and temporal involvement during a reaction-time task, data are presented which suggest that weak electrical polarizing currents applied to the head in human subjects modify predominantly activation indicators rather than arousal ones.", "PMID": 588086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2290", "title": "[Mycoses of the central nervous system. Anatomopathological data of cryptococcosis and cerebral aspergillosis].", "content": "The pathological findings of the cerebral involvement in deep-seated fungal infections in routine autopsy is reported. In 42 cases of mycotic infections studied among 3.966 autopsies, there were 8 cases of cryptococcosis and 2 of aspergillosis of the brain, showing a very low frequency of central nervous system involvement, occurring in a proportion of 1:400 autopsies. The histopathological findings of the brain in cases of cryptococcosis showed the spectrum of inflammatory reactions already described, although most of the cases presented with mild to severe meningitis with large number of giant cells, and slight degree of involvement of the nervous tissue. The cases of aspergillosis showed a pattern of severe necrotizing meningo-encephalitis with large number of fungi. The paper points out the role of the histological examination in the identification of the fungi in tissues and their morphologic reactions.", "contents": "[Mycoses of the central nervous system. Anatomopathological data of cryptococcosis and cerebral aspergillosis]. The pathological findings of the cerebral involvement in deep-seated fungal infections in routine autopsy is reported. In 42 cases of mycotic infections studied among 3.966 autopsies, there were 8 cases of cryptococcosis and 2 of aspergillosis of the brain, showing a very low frequency of central nervous system involvement, occurring in a proportion of 1:400 autopsies. The histopathological findings of the brain in cases of cryptococcosis showed the spectrum of inflammatory reactions already described, although most of the cases presented with mild to severe meningitis with large number of giant cells, and slight degree of involvement of the nervous tissue. The cases of aspergillosis showed a pattern of severe necrotizing meningo-encephalitis with large number of fungi. The paper points out the role of the histological examination in the identification of the fungi in tissues and their morphologic reactions.", "PMID": 588087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2291", "title": "[Speech therapy in aphasia].", "content": "The speech therapy in fifteen aphasic patients was studied. The group consisted of 8 male and 7 female patients and their ages ranged from less than ten to more than fifty years. In eleven cases the aphasia was due to cerebrovascular disease and in the remaining four cases to traumatic injury to the brain. Predominantly expressive aphasia accounted for five patients while in the others a comparable degree of receptive and expressive deficits existed. Six patients had their therapy programme started within the first three months after the acute phase and the rest of the group started it after more time had elapsed. Eleven patients showed a satisfactory recovery regardless the inicial deficit severity, the patients age, the pathology of the lesion or the period of time which elapsed from the beginning of the disease to the start of the therapy. The speech therapy in aphasic patients is effective although a firm prognosis cannot be established at the beginning of the programme. Useful information concerning prognosis only can be taken from the follow-up and after thoroughly retesting the patients.", "contents": "[Speech therapy in aphasia]. The speech therapy in fifteen aphasic patients was studied. The group consisted of 8 male and 7 female patients and their ages ranged from less than ten to more than fifty years. In eleven cases the aphasia was due to cerebrovascular disease and in the remaining four cases to traumatic injury to the brain. Predominantly expressive aphasia accounted for five patients while in the others a comparable degree of receptive and expressive deficits existed. Six patients had their therapy programme started within the first three months after the acute phase and the rest of the group started it after more time had elapsed. Eleven patients showed a satisfactory recovery regardless the inicial deficit severity, the patients age, the pathology of the lesion or the period of time which elapsed from the beginning of the disease to the start of the therapy. The speech therapy in aphasic patients is effective although a firm prognosis cannot be established at the beginning of the programme. Useful information concerning prognosis only can be taken from the follow-up and after thoroughly retesting the patients.", "PMID": 588088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2292", "title": "[Bacterial meningitis in the newborn. Study of 20 cases].", "content": "The cases of 20 patients admitted with purulent meningitis in the neonatal period are reported. The authors analyse the importance in recognizing the minimal signals and symptoms, as weel as the clinical patterns of the manifested disease; Some considerations are draw about the values of the early diagnostic before the high incidence of mortality and the gravity of sequaele that occur besides the high doses and long term antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "[Bacterial meningitis in the newborn. Study of 20 cases]. The cases of 20 patients admitted with purulent meningitis in the neonatal period are reported. The authors analyse the importance in recognizing the minimal signals and symptoms, as weel as the clinical patterns of the manifested disease; Some considerations are draw about the values of the early diagnostic before the high incidence of mortality and the gravity of sequaele that occur besides the high doses and long term antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 588089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2293", "title": "[Clinico-quatitative evaluation of the action of Ciba 34.647-Ba on spasticity].", "content": "Using the clinical quantification of the neurologic symptomatology the authors made observations and avaliated the action of Ciba 34.647-Ba, a GABA derivative, in 12 patients suffering from spasticity and motor incapacity due to spinal cord lesions. The results are reported emphasizing the effects of the drug on the main components of spasticity (hypertonus, hyperactivity of the deep reflexes, clonus and automatisms). Some theories explaining the mechanism of action of the drug are mentioned. References are made about doses, duration of action, tolerance and side-effects.", "contents": "[Clinico-quatitative evaluation of the action of Ciba 34.647-Ba on spasticity]. Using the clinical quantification of the neurologic symptomatology the authors made observations and avaliated the action of Ciba 34.647-Ba, a GABA derivative, in 12 patients suffering from spasticity and motor incapacity due to spinal cord lesions. The results are reported emphasizing the effects of the drug on the main components of spasticity (hypertonus, hyperactivity of the deep reflexes, clonus and automatisms). Some theories explaining the mechanism of action of the drug are mentioned. References are made about doses, duration of action, tolerance and side-effects.", "PMID": 588090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2294", "title": "[Meningitis caused by primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a 17 years-old woman, with clinical findings of meningites, without identification of a pathogenic agent is reported. The pacient received treatment for tuberculous and fungi meningitis. In the clinical course were found neoplastic cells in the spinal fluid. Despite the radiologic investigation, the original site of the tumor was not found in life. In the post-mortem examination, a small tumor was discovered in the 4th ventricle. The hystologic examination revealed a primary central nervous system lymphoma, diffuse infiltration of the meninges by tumor cells and proliferation into the central nervous system through the Virchow-Robin space. The clinical course, laboratory investigation and anatomical findings of the tumor are presented. A short revision about the pathogenesis of neoplastic meningites and primary central nervous system lymphoma is made.", "contents": "[Meningitis caused by primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Report of a case]. The case of a 17 years-old woman, with clinical findings of meningites, without identification of a pathogenic agent is reported. The pacient received treatment for tuberculous and fungi meningitis. In the clinical course were found neoplastic cells in the spinal fluid. Despite the radiologic investigation, the original site of the tumor was not found in life. In the post-mortem examination, a small tumor was discovered in the 4th ventricle. The hystologic examination revealed a primary central nervous system lymphoma, diffuse infiltration of the meninges by tumor cells and proliferation into the central nervous system through the Virchow-Robin space. The clinical course, laboratory investigation and anatomical findings of the tumor are presented. A short revision about the pathogenesis of neoplastic meningites and primary central nervous system lymphoma is made.", "PMID": 588092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2295", "title": "Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia.", "content": "A 61-year-old hypertensive diabetic man awoke with a numb, heavy right arm and leg; symptoms progressed within 30 hours to a dense right hemisensory syndrome involving head, face, trunk, arm, and leg, accompanied by a right hemiparesis, involving tongue, face, arm, and leg with extensor plantar response, leaving him barely able to move the arm and leg against gravity. No impairment in alertness, memory, language, praxic, or visual functions was evident at any time. Improvement in motor function began in 24 hours and progressed to walking status by discharge on day 23. Eight days passed before the sensory deficit showed improvement, and it was still prominent at discharge. Autopsy three months later showed a 4 X 2 X 4-mm lacune in the ventral posterior nucleus of the left thalamus, with a zone of pallor on stained microscopic sections extending into the immediately adjacent posterior limb of the internal capsule. This case appears to be unique in that a sensorimotor stroke has been produced by a confirmed thalamocapsular infarct.", "contents": "Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia. A 61-year-old hypertensive diabetic man awoke with a numb, heavy right arm and leg; symptoms progressed within 30 hours to a dense right hemisensory syndrome involving head, face, trunk, arm, and leg, accompanied by a right hemiparesis, involving tongue, face, arm, and leg with extensor plantar response, leaving him barely able to move the arm and leg against gravity. No impairment in alertness, memory, language, praxic, or visual functions was evident at any time. Improvement in motor function began in 24 hours and progressed to walking status by discharge on day 23. Eight days passed before the sensory deficit showed improvement, and it was still prominent at discharge. Autopsy three months later showed a 4 X 2 X 4-mm lacune in the ventral posterior nucleus of the left thalamus, with a zone of pallor on stained microscopic sections extending into the immediately adjacent posterior limb of the internal capsule. This case appears to be unique in that a sensorimotor stroke has been produced by a confirmed thalamocapsular infarct.", "PMID": 588093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2296", "title": "The invasive pituitary adenoma. A prolactin-producing tumor.", "content": "Invasive pituitary adenoma was diagnosed by means of a transnasal aspiration biopsy method in 11 patients with extensive destruction of bone in the sellar region. In most cases the initial symptoms were decrease of libido and potency or amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Later, chiasmatic compression developed in six patients, ocular motor signs in two, and epilepsy in two. Most of the patients had symptoms for many years; in two, the tumor was discovered by chance. They all had very high serum-prolactin values. The patients were treated with irradiation, and the prognosis seems to be relatively favorable.", "contents": "The invasive pituitary adenoma. A prolactin-producing tumor. Invasive pituitary adenoma was diagnosed by means of a transnasal aspiration biopsy method in 11 patients with extensive destruction of bone in the sellar region. In most cases the initial symptoms were decrease of libido and potency or amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Later, chiasmatic compression developed in six patients, ocular motor signs in two, and epilepsy in two. Most of the patients had symptoms for many years; in two, the tumor was discovered by chance. They all had very high serum-prolactin values. The patients were treated with irradiation, and the prognosis seems to be relatively favorable.", "PMID": 588094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2297", "title": "Posttraumatic cerebral hemispheric disconnection syndrome.", "content": "Gross and microscopic lesions of the corpus callosum and neighboring structures are common in severe closed head injury. This report is the first, to our knowledge, to confirm neuropathologically the occurrence of extensive traumatic destruction of the corpus callosum in a patient with left-sided apraxia and agraphia. It also demonstrates that large traumatic lesions of the corpus callosum may occur without prolonged posttraumatic coma, vegetative state, or death. In our patient, coexisting extracallosal hemispheric lesions may have modified the effects of callosal pathology. Cases of this type may be more common than generally appreciated, but since symptoms of hemispheric disconnection are not apparent in ordinary behavior, specific tests of callosal function must be employed if disconnection phenomena are to be detected in the posttraumatic period.", "contents": "Posttraumatic cerebral hemispheric disconnection syndrome. Gross and microscopic lesions of the corpus callosum and neighboring structures are common in severe closed head injury. This report is the first, to our knowledge, to confirm neuropathologically the occurrence of extensive traumatic destruction of the corpus callosum in a patient with left-sided apraxia and agraphia. It also demonstrates that large traumatic lesions of the corpus callosum may occur without prolonged posttraumatic coma, vegetative state, or death. In our patient, coexisting extracallosal hemispheric lesions may have modified the effects of callosal pathology. Cases of this type may be more common than generally appreciated, but since symptoms of hemispheric disconnection are not apparent in ordinary behavior, specific tests of callosal function must be employed if disconnection phenomena are to be detected in the posttraumatic period.", "PMID": 588095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2298", "title": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy.", "content": "Nine patients with the syndrome of juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy exemplified the wide range of manifestations of this syndrome. The disease may occur as a recessively inherited or sporadic disorder and tends to have multi-system involvement. Hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, and evidence of cerebellar or central vesitbulo-ocular dysfunction are common.", "contents": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. Nine patients with the syndrome of juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy exemplified the wide range of manifestations of this syndrome. The disease may occur as a recessively inherited or sporadic disorder and tends to have multi-system involvement. Hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, and evidence of cerebellar or central vesitbulo-ocular dysfunction are common.", "PMID": 588096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2299", "title": "Crossed aphasia in a Chinese bilingual dextral.", "content": "A persistent nonfluent aphasia following a right cerebral infarction developed in a 54-year-old right-handed Chinese man. Computerized axial tomography localized the lesion in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. The speech and language dysfunction was greater for performances in Chinese than in English, despite the fact that the patient was born in China, was schooled in Chinese until age 7, and spoke Chinese at home and in his business. It is suggested that early learning of Chinese, an ideographic language based on visual spatial percepts, might have been critical for the establishment and maintenance of language dominance in the right hemisphere.", "contents": "Crossed aphasia in a Chinese bilingual dextral. A persistent nonfluent aphasia following a right cerebral infarction developed in a 54-year-old right-handed Chinese man. Computerized axial tomography localized the lesion in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery. The speech and language dysfunction was greater for performances in Chinese than in English, despite the fact that the patient was born in China, was schooled in Chinese until age 7, and spoke Chinese at home and in his business. It is suggested that early learning of Chinese, an ideographic language based on visual spatial percepts, might have been critical for the establishment and maintenance of language dominance in the right hemisphere.", "PMID": 588097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2300", "title": "Cervical spondylotic myelopathy with reversible fasciculations in the lower extremities.", "content": "Cervical spondylosis and motor system disease can appear in a similar manner with upper and lower motor neuron signs. Four patients with spasticity and fasciculations in the upper and lower extremities had surgical decompression for cervical spondylosis. Postoperative examinations at 24 to 48 months, including electromyographic studies, disclosed neurological improvement in all patients and loss of fasciculations in the lower extremities in three. Three mechanisms by which cervical spondylosis might cause fasciculations in the lower extremities are vascular insufficiency, cord traction, and denervation.", "contents": "Cervical spondylotic myelopathy with reversible fasciculations in the lower extremities. Cervical spondylosis and motor system disease can appear in a similar manner with upper and lower motor neuron signs. Four patients with spasticity and fasciculations in the upper and lower extremities had surgical decompression for cervical spondylosis. Postoperative examinations at 24 to 48 months, including electromyographic studies, disclosed neurological improvement in all patients and loss of fasciculations in the lower extremities in three. Three mechanisms by which cervical spondylosis might cause fasciculations in the lower extremities are vascular insufficiency, cord traction, and denervation.", "PMID": 588098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2301", "title": "Intrauterine chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "We discuss a newborn delivered by elective cesarean section who had macrocephaly with severe anemia. The anemia was corrected by exchange transfusion, and the infant, at first, appeared stable but manifested poor feeding and seizures. Transillumination of the skull was negative, although the anterior fontanel was tense. Computerized tomography demonstrated mild hydrocephalus and suggested subdural fluid. Bilateral subdural taps yielded fluid typical for chronic subdural hematoma. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of intrauterine subdural hematoma developing in the absence of trauma. An analogy is made to the pathogenesis of subdural hematoma after rapid decompression of the ventricular system by shunting procedures for obstructive hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Intrauterine chronic subdural hematoma. We discuss a newborn delivered by elective cesarean section who had macrocephaly with severe anemia. The anemia was corrected by exchange transfusion, and the infant, at first, appeared stable but manifested poor feeding and seizures. Transillumination of the skull was negative, although the anterior fontanel was tense. Computerized tomography demonstrated mild hydrocephalus and suggested subdural fluid. Bilateral subdural taps yielded fluid typical for chronic subdural hematoma. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of intrauterine subdural hematoma developing in the absence of trauma. An analogy is made to the pathogenesis of subdural hematoma after rapid decompression of the ventricular system by shunting procedures for obstructive hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 588099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2302", "title": "Muscle-type phosphorylase activity present in muscle cells cultured from three patients with myophosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Skeletal muscle fibers cultured from three patients whose mature fibers are deficient in glycogen myophosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were shown to become rather mature, to have no excessive glycogen accumulation, and to develop signifcant myophosphorylase activity. That activity was characterized electrophoretically and immunologically and shown to be muscle phosphorylase rather than a genetically different type, thereby demonstrating true \"rejuvenation\" in culture of an enzyme genetically programmed ultimately to be deficient.", "contents": "Muscle-type phosphorylase activity present in muscle cells cultured from three patients with myophosphorylase deficiency. Skeletal muscle fibers cultured from three patients whose mature fibers are deficient in glycogen myophosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were shown to become rather mature, to have no excessive glycogen accumulation, and to develop signifcant myophosphorylase activity. That activity was characterized electrophoretically and immunologically and shown to be muscle phosphorylase rather than a genetically different type, thereby demonstrating true \"rejuvenation\" in culture of an enzyme genetically programmed ultimately to be deficient.", "PMID": 588100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2303", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis clinically confined to the CNS. A case report.", "content": "A 38-year-old man developed pain and peripheral-type weakness on the right side of his face and was discovered to have decreased hearing bilaterally, as well as optic nerve swelling on the right. The pain and optic nerve swelling subsided over a period of six weeks, but hearing loss and facial weakness persisted. Thirty months later, he developed dysphagia, ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, and progressive spastic quadriparesis. He died approximately four years after the onset of the illness. Although no evidence of disease was found other than in the central nervous system during life, two nodules in the right lower lung were found on autopsy. The examination of these nodules, as well as the brain stem, showed an angiocentric and angionecrotic process with lymphoreticular and plasmacytoid invasion.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis clinically confined to the CNS. A case report. A 38-year-old man developed pain and peripheral-type weakness on the right side of his face and was discovered to have decreased hearing bilaterally, as well as optic nerve swelling on the right. The pain and optic nerve swelling subsided over a period of six weeks, but hearing loss and facial weakness persisted. Thirty months later, he developed dysphagia, ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, and progressive spastic quadriparesis. He died approximately four years after the onset of the illness. Although no evidence of disease was found other than in the central nervous system during life, two nodules in the right lower lung were found on autopsy. The examination of these nodules, as well as the brain stem, showed an angiocentric and angionecrotic process with lymphoreticular and plasmacytoid invasion.", "PMID": 588101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2304", "title": "Syphilitic meningomyelitis. A case report.", "content": "A 58-year-old man was admitted with a progressive, subacute asymmetrical paraparesis. The patient denied a previous syphilitic infection, but spinal fluid examination disclosed a lymphocytic pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, and a positive serologic test for syphills. Clinical improvement resulted from a 14-day course of penicillin. Syphilitic involvement of the nervous system appears to be increasing in the United States and should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive paraparesis.", "contents": "Syphilitic meningomyelitis. A case report. A 58-year-old man was admitted with a progressive, subacute asymmetrical paraparesis. The patient denied a previous syphilitic infection, but spinal fluid examination disclosed a lymphocytic pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, and a positive serologic test for syphills. Clinical improvement resulted from a 14-day course of penicillin. Syphilitic involvement of the nervous system appears to be increasing in the United States and should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive paraparesis.", "PMID": 588102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2305", "title": "Radicular compression in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma. Successful treatment with radiotherapy.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy with previously diagnosed multifocal eosinophilic granuloma displayed signs and symptoms of a cervical radiculopathy. After myelograpic demonstration of extradural compression, corticosteroid and radiation therapy produced rapid and complete resolution of his symptoms. We suggest that more discrete classification of the \"xanthomatoses\" of the neurologic literature may provide the basis for choosing nonsurgical intervention in selected cases.", "contents": "Radicular compression in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma. Successful treatment with radiotherapy. A 7-year-old boy with previously diagnosed multifocal eosinophilic granuloma displayed signs and symptoms of a cervical radiculopathy. After myelograpic demonstration of extradural compression, corticosteroid and radiation therapy produced rapid and complete resolution of his symptoms. We suggest that more discrete classification of the \"xanthomatoses\" of the neurologic literature may provide the basis for choosing nonsurgical intervention in selected cases.", "PMID": 588103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2306", "title": "The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma.", "content": "Serial fundus photographs of 14 eyes that eventually developed glaucomatous visual field defects and 110 slides from 76 eyes of race- and age-matched controls were reviewed in randomized masked fashion. Each eye that lost visual field demonstrated consistent abnormalities of the nerve fiber layer, beginning as early as 5 years (mean, 1 1/2 years) before it developed glaucomatous visual field defects on routine Goldmann perimetry. Preliminary estimates, based on regression analysis of this small series, suggest that half of these eyes (median) might demonstrate such reproducible abnormalities between four and six years before onset of their visual field defects. Only 9% of the matched controls showed similar nerve fiber layer changes, and in the one instance where analysis was possible, these were inconsistent and nonreproducible. Nerve fiber layer assessment by means of fundus photographs may be the earliest, surest means of distinguishing ocular hypertension from true glaucoma.", "contents": "The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Serial fundus photographs of 14 eyes that eventually developed glaucomatous visual field defects and 110 slides from 76 eyes of race- and age-matched controls were reviewed in randomized masked fashion. Each eye that lost visual field demonstrated consistent abnormalities of the nerve fiber layer, beginning as early as 5 years (mean, 1 1/2 years) before it developed glaucomatous visual field defects on routine Goldmann perimetry. Preliminary estimates, based on regression analysis of this small series, suggest that half of these eyes (median) might demonstrate such reproducible abnormalities between four and six years before onset of their visual field defects. Only 9% of the matched controls showed similar nerve fiber layer changes, and in the one instance where analysis was possible, these were inconsistent and nonreproducible. Nerve fiber layer assessment by means of fundus photographs may be the earliest, surest means of distinguishing ocular hypertension from true glaucoma.", "PMID": 588106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2307", "title": "Dipivefrin use in patients with intolerance to topically applied epinephrine.", "content": "Twelve patients who had previously demonstrated an intolerance to topically applied epinephrine received dipivefrin 0.1% in one eye and epinephrine 2% in the other eye. An adverse reaction occurred in only one eye (8%) receiving dipivefrin, but in ten (83%) on epinephrine. Topical dipivefrin 0.1% proved useful for lowering intraocular pressure in patients intolerant to topically applied epinephrine.", "contents": "Dipivefrin use in patients with intolerance to topically applied epinephrine. Twelve patients who had previously demonstrated an intolerance to topically applied epinephrine received dipivefrin 0.1% in one eye and epinephrine 2% in the other eye. An adverse reaction occurred in only one eye (8%) receiving dipivefrin, but in ten (83%) on epinephrine. Topical dipivefrin 0.1% proved useful for lowering intraocular pressure in patients intolerant to topically applied epinephrine.", "PMID": 588107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2308", "title": "Scanning microdensitometry of optic disc pallor in glaucoma.", "content": "A scanning microdensitometric technique has been developed for measuring the optical density of black and white photographs of the optic disc. From the frequency distribution curve of all the densities of the whole area of the optic disc, a separate peak was identified as corresponding to the area of pallor of the optic disc. Areas of pallor were measured as percentage of areas of the total disc for normal, ocular  hypertensive, open-angle glaucoma patients, and those with suspect discs. Median values of percent area of pallor showed correspondence with the clinical diagnosis, the glaucoma patients having significantly larger areas than the normal subjects. The microdensitometric technique provides an objective means of measuring the amount of optic dis pallor. It has potential usefulness for screening and for following up suspect and confirmed glaucomas to determine progression of the disease.", "contents": "Scanning microdensitometry of optic disc pallor in glaucoma. A scanning microdensitometric technique has been developed for measuring the optical density of black and white photographs of the optic disc. From the frequency distribution curve of all the densities of the whole area of the optic disc, a separate peak was identified as corresponding to the area of pallor of the optic disc. Areas of pallor were measured as percentage of areas of the total disc for normal, ocular  hypertensive, open-angle glaucoma patients, and those with suspect discs. Median values of percent area of pallor showed correspondence with the clinical diagnosis, the glaucoma patients having significantly larger areas than the normal subjects. The microdensitometric technique provides an objective means of measuring the amount of optic dis pallor. It has potential usefulness for screening and for following up suspect and confirmed glaucomas to determine progression of the disease.", "PMID": 588108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2309", "title": "Specificity of fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in glaucoma.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc was performed on normal subjects, patients with nonmyopic open-angle glaucoma dna myopic open-angle glaucoma, normal myopes, patients with optic atrophy due to chiasmal pituitary tumors, and patients with sectorial ischemic optic neuropathy due to vascular hypotension. The normal myopes, those with optic atrophy secondary to pituitary tumor, and the ischemic optic neuropathy group had optic discs similar in appearance to those with open-angle glaucoma. Absolute fluorescein filling defects occurred only in  patients with open-angle glaucoma and sectorial ischemic optic neuropathy. The filling defects in open-angle glaucoma appear to be specific, indicating that the blood supply to the anterior portion of the optic nerve is involved, as in ischemic optic neuropathy. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc may be useful to differentiate open-angle glaucoma from other entities that have similar optic discs.", "contents": "Specificity of fluorescein angiographic defects of the optic disc in glaucoma. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc was performed on normal subjects, patients with nonmyopic open-angle glaucoma dna myopic open-angle glaucoma, normal myopes, patients with optic atrophy due to chiasmal pituitary tumors, and patients with sectorial ischemic optic neuropathy due to vascular hypotension. The normal myopes, those with optic atrophy secondary to pituitary tumor, and the ischemic optic neuropathy group had optic discs similar in appearance to those with open-angle glaucoma. Absolute fluorescein filling defects occurred only in  patients with open-angle glaucoma and sectorial ischemic optic neuropathy. The filling defects in open-angle glaucoma appear to be specific, indicating that the blood supply to the anterior portion of the optic nerve is involved, as in ischemic optic neuropathy. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc may be useful to differentiate open-angle glaucoma from other entities that have similar optic discs.", "PMID": 588109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2310", "title": "Optic nerve compression due to aneurysmal bone cyst.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy developed loss of central vision in both eyes due to compression of the optic nerves by a mass arising from the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens showed a fibrous matrix composed of spindle-shaped cells interspersed with small and large channels, characteristic of an aneurysmal bons cyst. One year after partial excision of the intracranial and extracranial portions fo the lesions, vision had returned to nearly normal levels. Aneurysmal bone cysts rarely involve the orbits or other cranial bones to produce ocular signs and symptoms. However, since this lesion probably represents reactive proliferation of bony tissues, rather than neoplasia, the prognosis for vision and life is good.", "contents": "Optic nerve compression due to aneurysmal bone cyst. A 10-year-old boy developed loss of central vision in both eyes due to compression of the optic nerves by a mass arising from the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens showed a fibrous matrix composed of spindle-shaped cells interspersed with small and large channels, characteristic of an aneurysmal bons cyst. One year after partial excision of the intracranial and extracranial portions fo the lesions, vision had returned to nearly normal levels. Aneurysmal bone cysts rarely involve the orbits or other cranial bones to produce ocular signs and symptoms. However, since this lesion probably represents reactive proliferation of bony tissues, rather than neoplasia, the prognosis for vision and life is good.", "PMID": 588110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2311", "title": "Suprasellar tumors and incidental optic disc anomalies. Diagnostic problems in two patients with hemianopic temporal scotomas.", "content": "Anomalous optic discs may be associated with relative temporal visual field defects that need to be distinguished from bitemporal field defects of chiasmal compression. Two patients with both anomalous discs and suprasellar tumors were hospitalized with temporal hemianopic scotomatous visual field defects. A 19-year-old woman with a chromophobe adenoma had a monocular temporal hemianopic scotoma in the eye exhibiting an inferior-nasal disc crescent. A 22-year-old man with a hypothalamic-chiasmal germinoma causing bitemporal hemianopic scotomas had minor disc colobomas bilaterally. Careful study of the optic discs and posterior fundus, as well as evaluation of the characteristics of the temporal field defects, should distinguish chiasmal compression in the occasional case where suprasellar tumor and anomalous optic discs coincide.", "contents": "Suprasellar tumors and incidental optic disc anomalies. Diagnostic problems in two patients with hemianopic temporal scotomas. Anomalous optic discs may be associated with relative temporal visual field defects that need to be distinguished from bitemporal field defects of chiasmal compression. Two patients with both anomalous discs and suprasellar tumors were hospitalized with temporal hemianopic scotomatous visual field defects. A 19-year-old woman with a chromophobe adenoma had a monocular temporal hemianopic scotoma in the eye exhibiting an inferior-nasal disc crescent. A 22-year-old man with a hypothalamic-chiasmal germinoma causing bitemporal hemianopic scotomas had minor disc colobomas bilaterally. Careful study of the optic discs and posterior fundus, as well as evaluation of the characteristics of the temporal field defects, should distinguish chiasmal compression in the occasional case where suprasellar tumor and anomalous optic discs coincide.", "PMID": 588111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2312", "title": "False-positive results with the radioactive phosphorus test.", "content": "A chorioretinal granuloma that contained acid-fast bacilli and a choriodal nevus that consisted of benign nevus cells yielded false-positive radioactive phosphorus tests. The beta  emission exceeded that of the control areas by more than 100% in each case. The granuloma had infiltrated the sclera, permitting inflammatory tissue to be in closer proximity to the counting probe than was the normal choroid. The reason for the increased metabolic activity of the nevus cells remains unexplained.", "contents": "False-positive results with the radioactive phosphorus test. A chorioretinal granuloma that contained acid-fast bacilli and a choriodal nevus that consisted of benign nevus cells yielded false-positive radioactive phosphorus tests. The beta  emission exceeded that of the control areas by more than 100% in each case. The granuloma had infiltrated the sclera, permitting inflammatory tissue to be in closer proximity to the counting probe than was the normal choroid. The reason for the increased metabolic activity of the nevus cells remains unexplained.", "PMID": 588112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2313", "title": "Neurotrophic corneal ulcers in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Three patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had neurotrophic keratitis and/or ulceration presumably related to their diabetes. We suggest that significant neurotrophic corneal disease can occur in diabetic patients. The neurotrophic keratitis and corneal ulcers responded to treatment.", "contents": "Neurotrophic corneal ulcers in diabetes mellitus. Three patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had neurotrophic keratitis and/or ulceration presumably related to their diabetes. We suggest that significant neurotrophic corneal disease can occur in diabetic patients. The neurotrophic keratitis and corneal ulcers responded to treatment.", "PMID": 588113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2314", "title": "Limbal dermoid with ectopic brain tissue. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "An 11-year-old Iranian boy had limbal dermoid with ectopic brain tissue as evidenced by histopathologic study. We review the literature dealing with limbal and epibulbar dermoids and discuss the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Limbal dermoid with ectopic brain tissue. Report of a case and review of the literature. An 11-year-old Iranian boy had limbal dermoid with ectopic brain tissue as evidenced by histopathologic study. We review the literature dealing with limbal and epibulbar dermoids and discuss the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 588114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2315", "title": "Sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid. Definition of surgical margins.", "content": "Carcinoma of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid carries a serious prognosis. Although uncommon, the diagnosis must be frequently considered owing to the similarity of the early signs of adenocarcinoma to those of chalazion. Three cases with proved sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid are reviewed to relate subtle evidence of clinical and histopathological malignancy to surgical management.", "contents": "Sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid. Definition of surgical margins. Carcinoma of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid carries a serious prognosis. Although uncommon, the diagnosis must be frequently considered owing to the similarity of the early signs of adenocarcinoma to those of chalazion. Three cases with proved sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid are reviewed to relate subtle evidence of clinical and histopathological malignancy to surgical management.", "PMID": 588115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2316", "title": "An improved operating room demagnetizer.", "content": "An operating room demagnetizer that utilized a pulsed, smoothly decaying oscillating magnetic field is described. The instrument can demagnetize a number of surgical instruments at one time and can provide instantaneous and complete demagnetization.", "contents": "An improved operating room demagnetizer. An operating room demagnetizer that utilized a pulsed, smoothly decaying oscillating magnetic field is described. The instrument can demagnetize a number of surgical instruments at one time and can provide instantaneous and complete demagnetization.", "PMID": 588116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2317", "title": "Calmette-Guerin bacillus treatment of experimental conjunctival malignant melanoma.", "content": "Malignant melanoma of the conjunctival region was induced in the golden Syrian hamster. Inoculation of this lesion with Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG), 48 hours after injection of 10(3) tumor cells, either slowed, limited, or completely prevented the growth of the tumor in 56% of the treated eyes. In 98% of the control eyes, malignant melanoma grew rapidly and extensively.", "contents": "Calmette-Guerin bacillus treatment of experimental conjunctival malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma of the conjunctival region was induced in the golden Syrian hamster. Inoculation of this lesion with Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG), 48 hours after injection of 10(3) tumor cells, either slowed, limited, or completely prevented the growth of the tumor in 56% of the treated eyes. In 98% of the control eyes, malignant melanoma grew rapidly and extensively.", "PMID": 588117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2318", "title": "Rabbit endothelial response to ophthalmic preservatives.", "content": "The endothelial surface of isolated rabbit corneas were perfused for three hours with varying concentrations of benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. The threshold for physiological and ultrastructural alteration of corneal endothelium is approximately 0.0001% for benzalkonium chloride and 0.01 mM for cetylpyridinium chloride. The effects of the surfactants can be induced with as little as a 15-minute exposure without subsequent recovery. Use of ophthalmic medications or irrigating solutions containing these agents inside the eye is potentially hazardous to the corneal endothelium. Topical administration of 0.133% benzalkonium chloride to the anterior surface of deepithelialized in vivo corneas (five doses, seven minutes apart) caused no alterations of corneal endothelial cell function or ultrastructure.", "contents": "Rabbit endothelial response to ophthalmic preservatives. The endothelial surface of isolated rabbit corneas were perfused for three hours with varying concentrations of benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. The threshold for physiological and ultrastructural alteration of corneal endothelium is approximately 0.0001% for benzalkonium chloride and 0.01 mM for cetylpyridinium chloride. The effects of the surfactants can be induced with as little as a 15-minute exposure without subsequent recovery. Use of ophthalmic medications or irrigating solutions containing these agents inside the eye is potentially hazardous to the corneal endothelium. Topical administration of 0.133% benzalkonium chloride to the anterior surface of deepithelialized in vivo corneas (five doses, seven minutes apart) caused no alterations of corneal endothelial cell function or ultrastructure.", "PMID": 588118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2319", "title": "Multielectrode intracochlear implants. Nerve survival and stimulation patterns.", "content": "A series of neurophysiological and anatomical experiments have been performed on cats implanted on a long-term basis with scala tympani electrodes. Auditory nerve survival was assessed for both neomycin sulfate-deafened and previously normal-hearing cats three weeks to 30 months after electrode implantation. Acute neurophysiological experiments were performed on nearly all of the cats and the spatial response to electrical stimulation was determined. The results of these experiments suggest that the auditory nerve can withstand surgical implantation and the long-term interface with scala tympani electrodes. In addition, restricted portions of the auditory nerve can be discretely excited with bipolar stimulation. Monopolar stimulation produced a very broad excitation pattern. These findings have important implications for the application of multielectrode prosthetic devices to the profoundly deaf.", "contents": "Multielectrode intracochlear implants. Nerve survival and stimulation patterns. A series of neurophysiological and anatomical experiments have been performed on cats implanted on a long-term basis with scala tympani electrodes. Auditory nerve survival was assessed for both neomycin sulfate-deafened and previously normal-hearing cats three weeks to 30 months after electrode implantation. Acute neurophysiological experiments were performed on nearly all of the cats and the spatial response to electrical stimulation was determined. The results of these experiments suggest that the auditory nerve can withstand surgical implantation and the long-term interface with scala tympani electrodes. In addition, restricted portions of the auditory nerve can be discretely excited with bipolar stimulation. Monopolar stimulation produced a very broad excitation pattern. These findings have important implications for the application of multielectrode prosthetic devices to the profoundly deaf.", "PMID": 588122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2320", "title": "Diaphoresis and Meniere's disease.", "content": "The effect of diaphoresis on patients with Meniere's disease (labyrinthine hydrops) previously has not been reported. With the use of two distinct activities to produce diaphoresis, we were able to document substantial transient improvements in pure-tone threshold, speech-reception threshold, and speech discrimination concurrent with a decrease in tinnitus and fullness in two patients with unilateral Meniere's disease that had been diagnosed previously by the glycerin test. The two diaphoretic activities were (1) strenuous exercise, including periodic visits to the sauna, and (2) passive activity consisting of repetitive visits to the sauna. Glycerin, an osmotic diuretic, produces similar temporary beneficial effects primarily in patients in the fluctuant hearing stage of Meniere's disease. The glycerin test is being used in several clinics as an adjunct for the diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops.", "contents": "Diaphoresis and Meniere's disease. The effect of diaphoresis on patients with Meniere's disease (labyrinthine hydrops) previously has not been reported. With the use of two distinct activities to produce diaphoresis, we were able to document substantial transient improvements in pure-tone threshold, speech-reception threshold, and speech discrimination concurrent with a decrease in tinnitus and fullness in two patients with unilateral Meniere's disease that had been diagnosed previously by the glycerin test. The two diaphoretic activities were (1) strenuous exercise, including periodic visits to the sauna, and (2) passive activity consisting of repetitive visits to the sauna. Glycerin, an osmotic diuretic, produces similar temporary beneficial effects primarily in patients in the fluctuant hearing stage of Meniere's disease. The glycerin test is being used in several clinics as an adjunct for the diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops.", "PMID": 588123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2321", "title": "The submandibular triangle in radical neck dissection.", "content": "Various modifications of the standard radical neck dissection operation have been advocated since its original description. An ideal operation would offer maximum cure rates with minimal cosmetic and functional disturbance. The validity of removing the submandibular triangle contents as part of radical neck dissection was studied by analyzing the involvement of this region by metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Only three of the 51 neck-dissection specimens that were examined contained metastases to submandibular triangle lymph nodes. The primary sites were nose, floor of mouth, and retromolar trigone. None of the 26 laryngeal tumors in this series had spread to the submandibular triangle. In the absence of palpable submandibular or upper, deep cervical lymph nodes, the contents of the submandibular triangle can probably be left undisturbed in radical neck dissections for laryngeal cancer.", "contents": "The submandibular triangle in radical neck dissection. Various modifications of the standard radical neck dissection operation have been advocated since its original description. An ideal operation would offer maximum cure rates with minimal cosmetic and functional disturbance. The validity of removing the submandibular triangle contents as part of radical neck dissection was studied by analyzing the involvement of this region by metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Only three of the 51 neck-dissection specimens that were examined contained metastases to submandibular triangle lymph nodes. The primary sites were nose, floor of mouth, and retromolar trigone. None of the 26 laryngeal tumors in this series had spread to the submandibular triangle. In the absence of palpable submandibular or upper, deep cervical lymph nodes, the contents of the submandibular triangle can probably be left undisturbed in radical neck dissections for laryngeal cancer.", "PMID": 588124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2322", "title": "Etiology of the retraction pocket in the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum.", "content": "The tympanic membrane meets the posterosuperior bony canal wall at a wide angle and thus makes the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum the most vulnerable part against the thrust effect of the air column in the external auditory canal compared with the rest of the pars tensa. The air column thrust effect becomes active when there is a decrease in the middle ear pressure because of Eustachian tube obstruction. The medial displacement of the eardrum exposes the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum to the venturi effect in the isthmus tympanicus posticus and the region below. The retraction pocket is the end result.", "contents": "Etiology of the retraction pocket in the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum. The tympanic membrane meets the posterosuperior bony canal wall at a wide angle and thus makes the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum the most vulnerable part against the thrust effect of the air column in the external auditory canal compared with the rest of the pars tensa. The air column thrust effect becomes active when there is a decrease in the middle ear pressure because of Eustachian tube obstruction. The medial displacement of the eardrum exposes the posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum to the venturi effect in the isthmus tympanicus posticus and the region below. The retraction pocket is the end result.", "PMID": 588125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2323", "title": "Children's use of CROS hearing aids.", "content": "Ten children with unilateral hearing loss, aged 7 to 17 years, who were fit with contralateral routing of signal (CROS) hearing aids were followed up for three years to assess the suitability of this type of hearing aid fitting on children. The determination of the success of the fitting was based on follow-up visits, chart review, and response to a questionnaire sent to the parents. The fitting was considered to be successful if the child accepted the aid and if parents and teachers observed substantial improvement in academic performance and/or social behavior. Seven children were considered to be successful users of their CROS aids; one was unavailable for follow-up; one did better with a BICROS aid; and one did not do well with amplification. Our experience suggests that children with unilateral hearing loss can benefit from CROS amplification.", "contents": "Children's use of CROS hearing aids. Ten children with unilateral hearing loss, aged 7 to 17 years, who were fit with contralateral routing of signal (CROS) hearing aids were followed up for three years to assess the suitability of this type of hearing aid fitting on children. The determination of the success of the fitting was based on follow-up visits, chart review, and response to a questionnaire sent to the parents. The fitting was considered to be successful if the child accepted the aid and if parents and teachers observed substantial improvement in academic performance and/or social behavior. Seven children were considered to be successful users of their CROS aids; one was unavailable for follow-up; one did better with a BICROS aid; and one did not do well with amplification. Our experience suggests that children with unilateral hearing loss can benefit from CROS amplification.", "PMID": 588126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2324", "title": "Olfactory sarcoidosis. Report of five cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Changes in the olfactory system in five patients with sarcoidosis were studied by clinical and histopathological examination. Every patient studied had hypogeusia and/or hyposmia as measured by psychophysical testing. In two patients who died with this disease, the olfactory bulbs and tracts were involved by granulomatous infiltration. Two other patients showed granulomas and chronic inflammation in nasal biopsy specimens. The fifth patient was studied only clinically. Changes in olfactory and gustatory acuity are rarely searched for in patients with sarcoidosis, but they may be important indicators of major and later irreversible damage to the CNS. If diminished olfaction is established in suspect patients, nasal biopsy and examination of the CNS should be performed to confirm the presence of active sarcoidosis. Appropriate therapy may prevent damage to the patient's sensory capabilities and CNS function.", "contents": "Olfactory sarcoidosis. Report of five cases and review of the literature. Changes in the olfactory system in five patients with sarcoidosis were studied by clinical and histopathological examination. Every patient studied had hypogeusia and/or hyposmia as measured by psychophysical testing. In two patients who died with this disease, the olfactory bulbs and tracts were involved by granulomatous infiltration. Two other patients showed granulomas and chronic inflammation in nasal biopsy specimens. The fifth patient was studied only clinically. Changes in olfactory and gustatory acuity are rarely searched for in patients with sarcoidosis, but they may be important indicators of major and later irreversible damage to the CNS. If diminished olfaction is established in suspect patients, nasal biopsy and examination of the CNS should be performed to confirm the presence of active sarcoidosis. Appropriate therapy may prevent damage to the patient's sensory capabilities and CNS function.", "PMID": 588127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2325", "title": "Posttraumatic endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "A case of posttraumatic endolymphatic hydrops that was confirmed by a positive glycerin test is reported. Although head trauma has been implicated as a cause of hydrops, few such cases are reported in the literature. Careful consideration of perilymphatic fistula must be accorded before a diagnosis of posttraumatic hydrops is made.", "contents": "Posttraumatic endolymphatic hydrops. A case of posttraumatic endolymphatic hydrops that was confirmed by a positive glycerin test is reported. Although head trauma has been implicated as a cause of hydrops, few such cases are reported in the literature. Careful consideration of perilymphatic fistula must be accorded before a diagnosis of posttraumatic hydrops is made.", "PMID": 588128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2326", "title": "The value of sialography in the diagnosis of parotid tumors. A clinicopathological correlation.", "content": "The importance of sialography in the diagnostic evaluation of the condition of a patient with a parotid mass remains uncertain; some proponents advise use of sialography routinely, while others believe it to be worthless. To help resolve these conflicting opinions, a retrospective study of 40 patients was carried out that compared sialographical interpretations with respective surgical-histological findings. The results of this study show that generally reliable information, which may serve to influence therapeutic decisions concerning these patients, can be gleaned from sialography.", "contents": "The value of sialography in the diagnosis of parotid tumors. A clinicopathological correlation. The importance of sialography in the diagnostic evaluation of the condition of a patient with a parotid mass remains uncertain; some proponents advise use of sialography routinely, while others believe it to be worthless. To help resolve these conflicting opinions, a retrospective study of 40 patients was carried out that compared sialographical interpretations with respective surgical-histological findings. The results of this study show that generally reliable information, which may serve to influence therapeutic decisions concerning these patients, can be gleaned from sialography.", "PMID": 588129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2327", "title": "Cerebral cortical veins in otologic surgery.", "content": "Proximity of the cerebral cortical veins to the overlying dura predisposes them to surgical injury. Labb\u00e9's vein, draining a major portion of the posterior temporal and inferior parietal lobes, occurs on the left in 77% and on the right in 66% of patients. Interruption of this vein during otologic surgery may produce devastating neurologic consequences. In this regard, the roentgenographic anatomy of cerebral cortical venous drainage is reviewed. Technical treatment of the temporal dura should include those techniques familiar to the neurosurgeon that ensure the pretection of the temporal lobe and its superficial venous drainage.", "contents": "Cerebral cortical veins in otologic surgery. Proximity of the cerebral cortical veins to the overlying dura predisposes them to surgical injury. Labb\u00e9's vein, draining a major portion of the posterior temporal and inferior parietal lobes, occurs on the left in 77% and on the right in 66% of patients. Interruption of this vein during otologic surgery may produce devastating neurologic consequences. In this regard, the roentgenographic anatomy of cerebral cortical venous drainage is reviewed. Technical treatment of the temporal dura should include those techniques familiar to the neurosurgeon that ensure the pretection of the temporal lobe and its superficial venous drainage.", "PMID": 588130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2328", "title": "Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft. Diagnosis, management, and presentation of a new diagnostic device.", "content": "Congenital posterior clefts between the laryngotrachea and the esophagus have rarely been encountered as evidenced by only 30 cases reported in the world literature. Of these, patients in nine have survived. We present another patient with this condition who was successfully treated. Important aspects in evaluation, including the need for an experienced endoscopist and cineradiography, are discussed. Postoperative management using a continuous infusion pump to administer formula per gastrostomy prevents gastric distension and emesis that lead to stress on the closure. This should be a basic consideration in the management of these patients.", "contents": "Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft. Diagnosis, management, and presentation of a new diagnostic device. Congenital posterior clefts between the laryngotrachea and the esophagus have rarely been encountered as evidenced by only 30 cases reported in the world literature. Of these, patients in nine have survived. We present another patient with this condition who was successfully treated. Important aspects in evaluation, including the need for an experienced endoscopist and cineradiography, are discussed. Postoperative management using a continuous infusion pump to administer formula per gastrostomy prevents gastric distension and emesis that lead to stress on the closure. This should be a basic consideration in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 588131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2329", "title": "Cricoarytenoid arthritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman with a 27-year history of ankylosing spondylitis developed cricoarytenoid joint arthritis that was indicated by hoarseness, sore throat, and vocal cord fixation. This unusual manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis responded to treatment with moderate doses of prednisone, but it recurred when the cortiocosteroid therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Cricoarytenoid arthritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. A 50-year-old woman with a 27-year history of ankylosing spondylitis developed cricoarytenoid joint arthritis that was indicated by hoarseness, sore throat, and vocal cord fixation. This unusual manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis responded to treatment with moderate doses of prednisone, but it recurred when the cortiocosteroid therapy was discontinued.", "PMID": 588132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2330", "title": "Preventive dentistry: guidelines for the family physician.", "content": "The two major strategies of prevention are to decrease the intensity of attacking agents and to increase the resistance of the host tissues. The manner in which these principles can be applied to dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral mucosal diseases, oral cancer and traumatic injuries to the teeth is described.", "contents": "Preventive dentistry: guidelines for the family physician. The two major strategies of prevention are to decrease the intensity of attacking agents and to increase the resistance of the host tissues. The manner in which these principles can be applied to dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral mucosal diseases, oral cancer and traumatic injuries to the teeth is described.", "PMID": 588136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2331", "title": "Oro-facial pain.", "content": "Oro-facial pain is commonly acute, and of dental origin. There are numerous other less common, but clinically identifiable types of oro-facial pain which can be attributed to an organic cause, and which usually respond to the appropriate treatment. There is a small proportion of oro-facial pain problems, however, which are chronic and which are found to have a psychogenic element of greater or lesser magnitude, and treatment is aimed at psychological or psychiatric therapy. The interim results of an ongoing study of chronic oro-facial pain of psychogenic origin are described in this presentation.", "contents": "Oro-facial pain. Oro-facial pain is commonly acute, and of dental origin. There are numerous other less common, but clinically identifiable types of oro-facial pain which can be attributed to an organic cause, and which usually respond to the appropriate treatment. There is a small proportion of oro-facial pain problems, however, which are chronic and which are found to have a psychogenic element of greater or lesser magnitude, and treatment is aimed at psychological or psychiatric therapy. The interim results of an ongoing study of chronic oro-facial pain of psychogenic origin are described in this presentation.", "PMID": 588137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2332", "title": "Endodontics or root canal therapy.", "content": "This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of pulp involved teeth. There are still some patients and some older physicians who associate certain systemic diseases with dead teeth. For this reason, the subject of focal infection is considered first. As many patients with facial pain or dental infection present first to their  physician, it is important for the medical practitioner to understand the cause and its treatment. Finally, brief reference is made to the treatment of teeth injured as a result of trauma with special emphasis on first aid where permanent teeth have become dislodged.", "contents": "Endodontics or root canal therapy. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of pulp involved teeth. There are still some patients and some older physicians who associate certain systemic diseases with dead teeth. For this reason, the subject of focal infection is considered first. As many patients with facial pain or dental infection present first to their  physician, it is important for the medical practitioner to understand the cause and its treatment. Finally, brief reference is made to the treatment of teeth injured as a result of trauma with special emphasis on first aid where permanent teeth have become dislodged.", "PMID": 588138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2333", "title": "The temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "This paper discusses a relatively common myofascial pain syndrome. Despite its commonness, it is frequently misdiagnosed and patients may be subjected to many forms of treatment without relief. Some of these treatments may be mutilating, or may produce complications which add to the patient's discomfort. It is therefore suggested that competent dental advice should be sought in all cases of atypical facial pain, and that pain clinics should include a dentist as a member of the team.", "contents": "The temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. This paper discusses a relatively common myofascial pain syndrome. Despite its commonness, it is frequently misdiagnosed and patients may be subjected to many forms of treatment without relief. Some of these treatments may be mutilating, or may produce complications which add to the patient's discomfort. It is therefore suggested that competent dental advice should be sought in all cases of atypical facial pain, and that pain clinics should include a dentist as a member of the team.", "PMID": 588140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2334", "title": "Use of a community health centre by general practitioners.", "content": "The advent of community health centres has brought a change to supportive services in many areas. This situation has produced problems, both for the general practitioner confronted by new expectations and possibilities, and for the health centre seeking his cooperation. There is here an opportunity to observe the process of change in general practice. In the evaluation of a community health centre, GPs in an inner-urban area were interviewed to locate factors related to their use of services. The resulting observations of change in general practice suggested certain conclusions for the health centre's policy.", "contents": "Use of a community health centre by general practitioners. The advent of community health centres has brought a change to supportive services in many areas. This situation has produced problems, both for the general practitioner confronted by new expectations and possibilities, and for the health centre seeking his cooperation. There is here an opportunity to observe the process of change in general practice. In the evaluation of a community health centre, GPs in an inner-urban area were interviewed to locate factors related to their use of services. The resulting observations of change in general practice suggested certain conclusions for the health centre's policy.", "PMID": 588142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2335", "title": "General practitioners in cancer education.", "content": "At the request of the international Union Against Cancer, a committee was established to further \"Doctor involvement in public education about cancer\". One of the tasks first faced by this committee was the documentation of existing attitudes to cancer education of doctors in general practice in Melbourne, Victoria. This article presents the method used to collect this information, and a description and discussion of the results obtained. The implications for the future work of the committee on this project are also given in the light of these views held by general practitioners.", "contents": "General practitioners in cancer education. At the request of the international Union Against Cancer, a committee was established to further \"Doctor involvement in public education about cancer\". One of the tasks first faced by this committee was the documentation of existing attitudes to cancer education of doctors in general practice in Melbourne, Victoria. This article presents the method used to collect this information, and a description and discussion of the results obtained. The implications for the future work of the committee on this project are also given in the light of these views held by general practitioners.", "PMID": 588144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2336", "title": "Social, ethnic and cultural aspects of Aboriginal health.", "content": "The current development of new trends in the delivery of health care to Aborigines prompts a review of some critical aspects of the interactions between services and clients. Private general medical practitioners are inevitably involved in these services in many areas of Australia.", "contents": "Social, ethnic and cultural aspects of Aboriginal health. The current development of new trends in the delivery of health care to Aborigines prompts a review of some critical aspects of the interactions between services and clients. Private general medical practitioners are inevitably involved in these services in many areas of Australia.", "PMID": 588145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2337", "title": "Medical aspects of Aboriginal health.", "content": "The pattern of disease in the Australian Aboriginal population as a whole, and the manifestations of this pattern in the Aboriginal individual, are atypical for Australia in general. This requires some adjustment of the doctor's approach to diagnosis, immediate patient care and family medicine management when dealing with Aboriginal patients.", "contents": "Medical aspects of Aboriginal health. The pattern of disease in the Australian Aboriginal population as a whole, and the manifestations of this pattern in the Aboriginal individual, are atypical for Australia in general. This requires some adjustment of the doctor's approach to diagnosis, immediate patient care and family medicine management when dealing with Aboriginal patients.", "PMID": 588146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2338", "title": "The case against 'pot'.", "content": "There has been much ill-informed debate about cannabis and the fallacy has come to be accepted that little or nothing of scientific value is known about the effects of the drug. This paper presents definitive evidence concerning the hazards of cannabis use, particularly in terms of intoxication effects, driving hazards, progression to other drug use and interaction with other commonly taken drugs.", "contents": "The case against 'pot'. There has been much ill-informed debate about cannabis and the fallacy has come to be accepted that little or nothing of scientific value is known about the effects of the drug. This paper presents definitive evidence concerning the hazards of cannabis use, particularly in terms of intoxication effects, driving hazards, progression to other drug use and interaction with other commonly taken drugs.", "PMID": 588151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2339", "title": "The alcohol problem on the road.", "content": "Alcohol is the most important single cause of road accident fatalities and injuries. Recent legislative countermeasures extend the community's capability to detect and eliminate drinking drivers from the road and additionally identify road casualties with alcohol problems. Improved facilities are urgently required for re-education and rehabilitation programmes.", "contents": "The alcohol problem on the road. Alcohol is the most important single cause of road accident fatalities and injuries. Recent legislative countermeasures extend the community's capability to detect and eliminate drinking drivers from the road and additionally identify road casualties with alcohol problems. Improved facilities are urgently required for re-education and rehabilitation programmes.", "PMID": 588154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2340", "title": "The family context of general practice problems. An aid for the new doctor.", "content": "The usual way of presenting the content of general practice relates only to the main or presenting diagnoses. Although this is a valuable tool for epidemiological purposes, it seems inadequate as a description of the content of the actual contacts made between the doctor and his patient. The range of topics which are discussed, or thought of, at the consultation is far wider than the summary diagnosis would indicate.", "contents": "The family context of general practice problems. An aid for the new doctor. The usual way of presenting the content of general practice relates only to the main or presenting diagnoses. Although this is a valuable tool for epidemiological purposes, it seems inadequate as a description of the content of the actual contacts made between the doctor and his patient. The range of topics which are discussed, or thought of, at the consultation is far wider than the summary diagnosis would indicate.", "PMID": 588155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2341", "title": "Listening to patients.", "content": "A complaint commonly heard from patients is that their doctor does not have the time to listen to them, yet in spite of all the recent technological advances, good primary and continuing care still depends on how the physician listens to his patient. This does not require expensive instruments, but does require time and an alert and interested listener trained to appreciate the significance of his patient's story. This article is an attempt to consider some aspects of the listening process.", "contents": "Listening to patients. A complaint commonly heard from patients is that their doctor does not have the time to listen to them, yet in spite of all the recent technological advances, good primary and continuing care still depends on how the physician listens to his patient. This does not require expensive instruments, but does require time and an alert and interested listener trained to appreciate the significance of his patient's story. This article is an attempt to consider some aspects of the listening process.", "PMID": 588156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2342", "title": "Psychological health in general medical practice: a survey.", "content": "The information gained from the National Morbidity Survey (1962-63) and the Australia Morbidity Survey (commenced 1969) indicates that there has been a general increase in the number of patients attending a general practitioner for mental disorders. This study was a survey to attempt to gain some insight into the incidence of both primary and secondary emotional/psychological problems in general medical practice. A sample of eight general practitioners completed questionnaires giving information on three areas: (I) Variables of sex, age, marital status and occupation (II) The form and incidence of concomitant somatic/psychological problems (III) The form and incidence of psychological problems. Each general practitioner completed the questionnaire for 200 consecutive patients, giving a total sample of 1600 doctor-patient contacts.", "contents": "Psychological health in general medical practice: a survey. The information gained from the National Morbidity Survey (1962-63) and the Australia Morbidity Survey (commenced 1969) indicates that there has been a general increase in the number of patients attending a general practitioner for mental disorders. This study was a survey to attempt to gain some insight into the incidence of both primary and secondary emotional/psychological problems in general medical practice. A sample of eight general practitioners completed questionnaires giving information on three areas: (I) Variables of sex, age, marital status and occupation (II) The form and incidence of concomitant somatic/psychological problems (III) The form and incidence of psychological problems. Each general practitioner completed the questionnaire for 200 consecutive patients, giving a total sample of 1600 doctor-patient contacts.", "PMID": 588160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2343", "title": "Unhappy bedfellows. Psychiatric consultation in general practice.", "content": "Interviews with 20 general practitioners within a five mile radius of a State Psychiatric Clinic in Melbourne, revealed many difficulties associated with the reported increase in social and emotional problems presented by their patients. Most general practices are structured to cope best with the medical aspects of patients' problems. Those problems that are essentially non-medical, create situations where the general practitioner makes decisions in areas not taught to medical students in the past. The directions in which he turns for assistance depend upon a variety of attitudinal factors and the availability of appropriate facilities. An uneasy relationship between many general practitioners, psychiatrists, and psychiatric agencies was noted. A sociological analysis of the results suggests that status and role inconsistencies could be a major factor in some of the problems. This paper aims to stimulate participants towards the resolution of the conflicts.", "contents": "Unhappy bedfellows. Psychiatric consultation in general practice. Interviews with 20 general practitioners within a five mile radius of a State Psychiatric Clinic in Melbourne, revealed many difficulties associated with the reported increase in social and emotional problems presented by their patients. Most general practices are structured to cope best with the medical aspects of patients' problems. Those problems that are essentially non-medical, create situations where the general practitioner makes decisions in areas not taught to medical students in the past. The directions in which he turns for assistance depend upon a variety of attitudinal factors and the availability of appropriate facilities. An uneasy relationship between many general practitioners, psychiatrists, and psychiatric agencies was noted. A sociological analysis of the results suggests that status and role inconsistencies could be a major factor in some of the problems. This paper aims to stimulate participants towards the resolution of the conflicts.", "PMID": 588162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2344", "title": "Aspects of the physio-pathology of parasitic gastritis in the sheep.", "content": "Sheep and calves prepared with separated, innervated pouches made from the acid secreting region of the abomasum were given single or multiple infections of Ostertagia spp and comparisons were made of the secretory changes of parasitised and non-parasitised mucosa by means of cannulas placed in the abomasum and pouch. Contrary reactions of the parasite-free pouches and infected main part of the abomasum are described and explained in terms of a two-part hypothesis. The inhibitory effect on acid secretion of the abomasum (resulting in its contents being pH 5 to 7) was postulated to be due to the direct suppressive effects of substances released locally by parasites or injured host tissues, whereas increased secretion of the hormone, gastrin, was thought to account for the stimulatory effects of infection on acid secretion from the pouches. In sheep treated with anthelmintic and then reinfected the inhibitory effects on abomasal pH were not obtained. The hypersecretion from the pouches still persisted.", "contents": "Aspects of the physio-pathology of parasitic gastritis in the sheep. Sheep and calves prepared with separated, innervated pouches made from the acid secreting region of the abomasum were given single or multiple infections of Ostertagia spp and comparisons were made of the secretory changes of parasitised and non-parasitised mucosa by means of cannulas placed in the abomasum and pouch. Contrary reactions of the parasite-free pouches and infected main part of the abomasum are described and explained in terms of a two-part hypothesis. The inhibitory effect on acid secretion of the abomasum (resulting in its contents being pH 5 to 7) was postulated to be due to the direct suppressive effects of substances released locally by parasites or injured host tissues, whereas increased secretion of the hormone, gastrin, was thought to account for the stimulatory effects of infection on acid secretion from the pouches. In sheep treated with anthelmintic and then reinfected the inhibitory effects on abomasal pH were not obtained. The hypersecretion from the pouches still persisted.", "PMID": 588165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2345", "title": "Semen collection and evaluation in the ram. The effect of method of stimulation on response to electroejaculation.", "content": "Nine different methods of electrical stimulation with a bi-polar rectal probe, were used on 5 rams. The quantity and quality of semen collected, the time taken to produce ejaculation and the maximum voltage required were compared. Semen of good quality was collected by applying a stimulus every 7 seconds for a period of 3 seconds commencing at 1 volt and increasing by 1 volt at a time. A mean maximum voltage of 5.1 volts produced ejaculation. Electrical stimulation, using a voltage rise of 2 volts applied at 5 sec intervals frequently produced smaller volumes of semen, a greater number of collection failures, and severe physical stress to the rams.", "contents": "Semen collection and evaluation in the ram. The effect of method of stimulation on response to electroejaculation. Nine different methods of electrical stimulation with a bi-polar rectal probe, were used on 5 rams. The quantity and quality of semen collected, the time taken to produce ejaculation and the maximum voltage required were compared. Semen of good quality was collected by applying a stimulus every 7 seconds for a period of 3 seconds commencing at 1 volt and increasing by 1 volt at a time. A mean maximum voltage of 5.1 volts produced ejaculation. Electrical stimulation, using a voltage rise of 2 volts applied at 5 sec intervals frequently produced smaller volumes of semen, a greater number of collection failures, and severe physical stress to the rams.", "PMID": 588166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2346", "title": "Defining aims for a veterinary school.", "content": "The Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland has defined the aims of the Veterinary School for the future. The aims are to foster excellence in teaching, research, and other forms of professional activity in veterinary science. These aims are being used as a basis for future planning within the School.", "contents": "Defining aims for a veterinary school. The Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland has defined the aims of the Veterinary School for the future. The aims are to foster excellence in teaching, research, and other forms of professional activity in veterinary science. These aims are being used as a basis for future planning within the School.", "PMID": 588167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2347", "title": "National individual identification of horses.", "content": "Methods of equine identification including signalment, blood typing tattooing and freeze marking are discussed. A new system of individually identifying horses with an unalterable freeze mark is proposed. Unalterable numerical and alphabetical symbols have been developed to apply a registration number to the animal.", "contents": "National individual identification of horses. Methods of equine identification including signalment, blood typing tattooing and freeze marking are discussed. A new system of individually identifying horses with an unalterable freeze mark is proposed. Unalterable numerical and alphabetical symbols have been developed to apply a registration number to the animal.", "PMID": 588174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2348", "title": "Elective caesarean operation in Hereford cattle.", "content": "An elective left flank Caesarean operation was performed on 56 Hereford cattle and the influence of various surgical techniques on the postoperative progress assessed. A paravertebral nerve block produced effective analgesia in all layers of the abdominal wall of all cattle. In contrast, tissue infiltration, in the form of an inverted L block, did not produce analgesia of the peritoneum and was generally only partly effective in the muscle layers of fat animals. The use of spasmolytic drug facilitated handling of the uterus. Xylazine, when given to unmanageable animals, noticeably increased uterine tone even when used in conjunction with a spasmolytic. Three animals (5.4%) died from generalised peritonitis. Peritoneal adhesions developed in 29 animals (51.8%) and minor wound dehiscence and/or suture infection occurred in 8 animals (14.1%). Postoperative subcutaneous emphysema developed in ;23 cattle (41%). The absence of sutures in the peritoneum was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema. Although the prevalence of retained foetal membranes was high this did not seem to influence the postoperative progress of the animal.", "contents": "Elective caesarean operation in Hereford cattle. An elective left flank Caesarean operation was performed on 56 Hereford cattle and the influence of various surgical techniques on the postoperative progress assessed. A paravertebral nerve block produced effective analgesia in all layers of the abdominal wall of all cattle. In contrast, tissue infiltration, in the form of an inverted L block, did not produce analgesia of the peritoneum and was generally only partly effective in the muscle layers of fat animals. The use of spasmolytic drug facilitated handling of the uterus. Xylazine, when given to unmanageable animals, noticeably increased uterine tone even when used in conjunction with a spasmolytic. Three animals (5.4%) died from generalised peritonitis. Peritoneal adhesions developed in 29 animals (51.8%) and minor wound dehiscence and/or suture infection occurred in 8 animals (14.1%). Postoperative subcutaneous emphysema developed in ;23 cattle (41%). The absence of sutures in the peritoneum was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema. Although the prevalence of retained foetal membranes was high this did not seem to influence the postoperative progress of the animal.", "PMID": 588175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2349", "title": "The effect of dermally applied levamisole against the parasitic nematodes of cattle.", "content": "A series of trials to establish the anthelmintic efficiency of levamisole, when applied dermally to calves, is described. The levamisole base was formulated in a suitable solvent system at 100 g/l and applied dermally at a dose rate of 8 mg base/kg. This gave efficiencies of 97.1-100%, 88.5-100%, 100%, 98.7-100% and 89.2-100% against adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichostrongylus axei, respectively. Activity against the immature stages of H. placei was recorded at 100%, and against immature Cooperia spp the range was 96.3-100%. Extremely variable results were obtained against immature Ostertagia spp, efficiency ranging from 0% to 100%. Efficiency against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus was in the range of 84-100%. The potential advantage of a dermally applied anthelmintic is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of dermally applied levamisole against the parasitic nematodes of cattle. A series of trials to establish the anthelmintic efficiency of levamisole, when applied dermally to calves, is described. The levamisole base was formulated in a suitable solvent system at 100 g/l and applied dermally at a dose rate of 8 mg base/kg. This gave efficiencies of 97.1-100%, 88.5-100%, 100%, 98.7-100% and 89.2-100% against adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichostrongylus axei, respectively. Activity against the immature stages of H. placei was recorded at 100%, and against immature Cooperia spp the range was 96.3-100%. Extremely variable results were obtained against immature Ostertagia spp, efficiency ranging from 0% to 100%. Efficiency against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus was in the range of 84-100%. The potential advantage of a dermally applied anthelmintic is discussed.", "PMID": 588176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2350", "title": "Failure of vaccine strains of Babesia bovis to regain infectivity for ticks during long-standing infections in cattle.", "content": "Two strains of Babesia bovis that were known to have lost infectivity for the normal tick vector, Boophilus microplus, due to repeated blood passaging in cattle, were studied to determine whether the strains would regain infectivity for ticks during longstanding infections. Parasitaemias were monitored in 4 chronically infected calves that were regularly infested with ticks. Two strains of ticks known to be susceptible to infection with unmodified strains of B. bovis were used. Adult female ticks that dropped from the calves on days that a parasitaemia was evident were tested for B. bovis infection. Sixty-six batches of ticks collected up to 279 days after infection of the calves produced 14 pools of larvae, none of which transmitted infection. Primary infections established from the chronic infections by subinoculation at 200, 259 and 333 days after infection of the calves were also not transmitted by ticks.", "contents": "Failure of vaccine strains of Babesia bovis to regain infectivity for ticks during long-standing infections in cattle. Two strains of Babesia bovis that were known to have lost infectivity for the normal tick vector, Boophilus microplus, due to repeated blood passaging in cattle, were studied to determine whether the strains would regain infectivity for ticks during longstanding infections. Parasitaemias were monitored in 4 chronically infected calves that were regularly infested with ticks. Two strains of ticks known to be susceptible to infection with unmodified strains of B. bovis were used. Adult female ticks that dropped from the calves on days that a parasitaemia was evident were tested for B. bovis infection. Sixty-six batches of ticks collected up to 279 days after infection of the calves produced 14 pools of larvae, none of which transmitted infection. Primary infections established from the chronic infections by subinoculation at 200, 259 and 333 days after infection of the calves were also not transmitted by ticks.", "PMID": 588177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2351", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the sow by rectal examination.", "content": "A detailed description is given of the reproductive tract of the sow as felt by rectal examination. Rectal examination was found to have a 94.3% accuracy in determining pregnancy when carried out between 30 and 60 days gestation. Rectal examination was also found to be a suitable method of detecting the onset of oestrus in the sow. The advantages of using rectal examination as a routine procedure to determine pregnancy in commercial sow herds are presented.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in the sow by rectal examination. A detailed description is given of the reproductive tract of the sow as felt by rectal examination. Rectal examination was found to have a 94.3% accuracy in determining pregnancy when carried out between 30 and 60 days gestation. Rectal examination was also found to be a suitable method of detecting the onset of oestrus in the sow. The advantages of using rectal examination as a routine procedure to determine pregnancy in commercial sow herds are presented.", "PMID": 588178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2352", "title": "The effects of CT1341, thiopentone and induction- delivery time on the blood gas and acid-base status of lambs delivered by casesarean operation and on the onset of respiration.", "content": "Caesarean sections were performed on 18 Romney ewes on day 144 of pregnancy. Anaesthesia was induced in 9 ewes with CT 1341 and in 9 ewes with thiopentone and maintained in both groups with halothane administered with oxygen. Surgery was performed with the ewes in lateral recumbency, with respiration unassisted. Blood samples were collected from the intact umbilical artery at the time of delivery and analysed for PO2, PCO2, pH (base deficit was derived). The intervals between ewe induction and lamb delivery (lD), delivery and the onset of breathing (TSR), and delivery and the lamb standing were recorded. Lambs in the CT 1341 group both breathed and stood sooner than lambs in the thiopentone group. Significant linear relationships were only found in the CT 1341 group between TSR interval and PCO2 and pH. No significant correlations were found between the lD interval and any of the biochemical characteristics. The results of this study suggest that lateral recumbency does not interfere with uteroplacental circulation, that CT 1341 (2.2 mg/kg) is associated with less neonatal depression than thiopentone (10 mg/kg) and that severe neonatal hypercarbia may delay the onset of respiration in lambs with minimal drug depression.", "contents": "The effects of CT1341, thiopentone and induction- delivery time on the blood gas and acid-base status of lambs delivered by casesarean operation and on the onset of respiration. Caesarean sections were performed on 18 Romney ewes on day 144 of pregnancy. Anaesthesia was induced in 9 ewes with CT 1341 and in 9 ewes with thiopentone and maintained in both groups with halothane administered with oxygen. Surgery was performed with the ewes in lateral recumbency, with respiration unassisted. Blood samples were collected from the intact umbilical artery at the time of delivery and analysed for PO2, PCO2, pH (base deficit was derived). The intervals between ewe induction and lamb delivery (lD), delivery and the onset of breathing (TSR), and delivery and the lamb standing were recorded. Lambs in the CT 1341 group both breathed and stood sooner than lambs in the thiopentone group. Significant linear relationships were only found in the CT 1341 group between TSR interval and PCO2 and pH. No significant correlations were found between the lD interval and any of the biochemical characteristics. The results of this study suggest that lateral recumbency does not interfere with uteroplacental circulation, that CT 1341 (2.2 mg/kg) is associated with less neonatal depression than thiopentone (10 mg/kg) and that severe neonatal hypercarbia may delay the onset of respiration in lambs with minimal drug depression.", "PMID": 588179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2353", "title": "Cervical vertebral instability (wobbler syndrome) in the Doberman.", "content": "Observations based on the case histories of 39 dogs and bitches (38 Dobermans and 1 Great Dane) diagnosed as \"wobblers\" are presented. Cases diagnosed at a young age were shown to have cervical vertebral instability particularly at the C6/C7 articulation. Older animals showed a variety of secondary degenerative lesions. Treatment by fenestration of intervertebral disc was effective in cases which showed only vertebral instability but was much less effective in older animals with associated degenerative changes.", "contents": "Cervical vertebral instability (wobbler syndrome) in the Doberman. Observations based on the case histories of 39 dogs and bitches (38 Dobermans and 1 Great Dane) diagnosed as \"wobblers\" are presented. Cases diagnosed at a young age were shown to have cervical vertebral instability particularly at the C6/C7 articulation. Older animals showed a variety of secondary degenerative lesions. Treatment by fenestration of intervertebral disc was effective in cases which showed only vertebral instability but was much less effective in older animals with associated degenerative changes.", "PMID": 588180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2354", "title": "An outbreak of Swainsona poisoning in horses.", "content": "On 6 properties in south-western Queensland an outbreak of nervous disease occurred horses due to ingestion of Swainsonia (Darling pea). Loss of condition, depression, hyperaesthesia and hyperexcitability were seen in affected horses. At autopsy of 2 horses generalised c ytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in the neurones of the central nervous system and in the liver, adrenal and thyroid. The clinical and pathological features were similar to those described in horses suffering from Swainsona poisoning in Australia and Astragalus and Oxytropis in North America.", "contents": "An outbreak of Swainsona poisoning in horses. On 6 properties in south-western Queensland an outbreak of nervous disease occurred horses due to ingestion of Swainsonia (Darling pea). Loss of condition, depression, hyperaesthesia and hyperexcitability were seen in affected horses. At autopsy of 2 horses generalised c ytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in the neurones of the central nervous system and in the liver, adrenal and thyroid. The clinical and pathological features were similar to those described in horses suffering from Swainsona poisoning in Australia and Astragalus and Oxytropis in North America.", "PMID": 588181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2355", "title": "The effects of distension of the small intestine on myocardial blood flow in anaesthetised cats: possible relevance to coronary vasospasm.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of distending the small intestine (with a balloon in the lumen) were examined in cats anaesthetised with chloralose. Particular attention was paid to blood flow changes in localised areas of the left ventricular wall (as assessed using the heated thermocouple technique). Intestinal distension led to an increase in systemic blood pressure but usually to a reduction in myocardial blood flow; no cardiac dysrhythmias were observed. When the effect of increased systemic (perfusion) pressure on blood flow was eliminated (using partial correlation coefficients) flow then bore a negative relationship to intestinal pressure, probably indicating constriction of the myocardial blood vessles. This may indicate that distension of hollow organs can lead to a visceral-cardiac reflex. The resulting coronary vasospasm might be one cause of pain in certain patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "The effects of distension of the small intestine on myocardial blood flow in anaesthetised cats: possible relevance to coronary vasospasm. The haemodynamic effects of distending the small intestine (with a balloon in the lumen) were examined in cats anaesthetised with chloralose. Particular attention was paid to blood flow changes in localised areas of the left ventricular wall (as assessed using the heated thermocouple technique). Intestinal distension led to an increase in systemic blood pressure but usually to a reduction in myocardial blood flow; no cardiac dysrhythmias were observed. When the effect of increased systemic (perfusion) pressure on blood flow was eliminated (using partial correlation coefficients) flow then bore a negative relationship to intestinal pressure, probably indicating constriction of the myocardial blood vessles. This may indicate that distension of hollow organs can lead to a visceral-cardiac reflex. The resulting coronary vasospasm might be one cause of pain in certain patients with angina pectoris.", "PMID": 588199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2356", "title": "Studies on isoprenaline-induced myocardial lesions. 1. Quantitative evaluation by mercurascan uptake.", "content": "For the quantitative evaluation of myocardial damage induced by isoprenaline (ISO) a method based on the uptake of 203Hg-labelled Mercurascan (MSC) in the heart was used. The increase of myocardial uptake of MSC in ISO-treated rats over control values was very rapid and might be directly proportional to the number of damaged myocardial cells actually present in the heart. MSC-uptake method of myocardial damage evaluation was more sensitive and precise than other methods tested (macroscopic evaluation according to Rona, increase of heart weight). Different modifications of MSC-uptake test may be selected in relation to experimental conditions. MSC test is especially useful for evaluation of early myocardial lesions induced by small doses of ISO (0.01 mg/kg).", "contents": "Studies on isoprenaline-induced myocardial lesions. 1. Quantitative evaluation by mercurascan uptake. For the quantitative evaluation of myocardial damage induced by isoprenaline (ISO) a method based on the uptake of 203Hg-labelled Mercurascan (MSC) in the heart was used. The increase of myocardial uptake of MSC in ISO-treated rats over control values was very rapid and might be directly proportional to the number of damaged myocardial cells actually present in the heart. MSC-uptake method of myocardial damage evaluation was more sensitive and precise than other methods tested (macroscopic evaluation according to Rona, increase of heart weight). Different modifications of MSC-uptake test may be selected in relation to experimental conditions. MSC test is especially useful for evaluation of early myocardial lesions induced by small doses of ISO (0.01 mg/kg).", "PMID": 588200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2357", "title": "The effect of graded coronary stenosis on myocardial blood flow and left ventricular wall motion.", "content": "The effect of graded coronary stenosis on resting regional myocardial flow and left ventricular (LV) wall motion was studied in 18 anesthetized dogs. The left circumflex coronaary artery (LC) was constricted. The degree of LC stenosis and the changes in LV wall motion were determined by cineangiography of the coronary artery and LV. Regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres (TM), labeled with two different isotopes, Sr85, Sc46 or Ce141. The first TM1 and the second TM2 were infused after LC stenosis, and during a temporary complete LC occlusion respectively. Resting flow in areas with 70% stenosis was reduced, with a greater reduction of subendocardium and posterior papillary muscle, but minimum impairment of LV wall motion. No ST elevation was found. Animals with 80--90% stenosis showed a marked reduction of flow and wall motion, a significant ST-elevation and a delayed antegrade run-off in coronary arteriography.", "contents": "The effect of graded coronary stenosis on myocardial blood flow and left ventricular wall motion. The effect of graded coronary stenosis on resting regional myocardial flow and left ventricular (LV) wall motion was studied in 18 anesthetized dogs. The left circumflex coronaary artery (LC) was constricted. The degree of LC stenosis and the changes in LV wall motion were determined by cineangiography of the coronary artery and LV. Regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres (TM), labeled with two different isotopes, Sr85, Sc46 or Ce141. The first TM1 and the second TM2 were infused after LC stenosis, and during a temporary complete LC occlusion respectively. Resting flow in areas with 70% stenosis was reduced, with a greater reduction of subendocardium and posterior papillary muscle, but minimum impairment of LV wall motion. No ST elevation was found. Animals with 80--90% stenosis showed a marked reduction of flow and wall motion, a significant ST-elevation and a delayed antegrade run-off in coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 588201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2358", "title": "Serum-growth hormone and free-fatty-acids levels following angiocardiography in children.", "content": "Blood-free-fatty acids (F.F.A.) and growth-hormone levels were determined in 9 children subjected to cardiac catheterization and angiography. A significant rise of growth-hormone level was recorded immediately after angiocardiography, followed by a marked increase of F.F.A. levels 2--4 hours after termination of the catheterization. These results may indicate that the high levels of F.F.A. sustained after cardiac catheterization and angiography are probably due to the increase of growth -hormone secretion during the procedure.", "contents": "Serum-growth hormone and free-fatty-acids levels following angiocardiography in children. Blood-free-fatty acids (F.F.A.) and growth-hormone levels were determined in 9 children subjected to cardiac catheterization and angiography. A significant rise of growth-hormone level was recorded immediately after angiocardiography, followed by a marked increase of F.F.A. levels 2--4 hours after termination of the catheterization. These results may indicate that the high levels of F.F.A. sustained after cardiac catheterization and angiography are probably due to the increase of growth -hormone secretion during the procedure.", "PMID": 588203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2359", "title": "Effects of collateral circulation on regional myocardial blood flow and left ventricular wall motion (A preliminary note).", "content": "The effect of collateral circulation on regional myocardial flow and wall motion of left ventricle was studied on 5 anesthetized dogs with a surgically implanted constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery (LC). The grade of LC stenosis and wall motion of left ventricle (LV) were determined by cineangiography of the coronary artery and LV at the period of acute and chronic occlusion. Regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres (TM), labeled with four different isotopes, Sr85, Cr51, Sc46, Ce141. The first TM1 was infused after LC stenosis, TM2 during a temporary complete LC occlusion at the period of acute occlusion; TM3 and TM4 in a similar way 3 to 4 weeks after the acute LC stenosis. Three to four weeks after LC stenosis, i.e. chronic period of occlusion, the degree of LC stenosis progressed from 70--80% to 100% occlusion, but collateral flow and collateral vessels to the ischemic LC area were increased together with an improvement of wall motion of the ischemic LC area. The results may support the idea that collaterals may be an effective compensatory mechanism for ischemia. In contrast to an increase of collateral flow to the ischemic LV free wall in all five dogs, an increase to the posterior papillary muscle was found only in two out of five dogs.", "contents": "Effects of collateral circulation on regional myocardial blood flow and left ventricular wall motion (A preliminary note). The effect of collateral circulation on regional myocardial flow and wall motion of left ventricle was studied on 5 anesthetized dogs with a surgically implanted constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery (LC). The grade of LC stenosis and wall motion of left ventricle (LV) were determined by cineangiography of the coronary artery and LV at the period of acute and chronic occlusion. Regional myocardial flow was determined by tracer microspheres (TM), labeled with four different isotopes, Sr85, Cr51, Sc46, Ce141. The first TM1 was infused after LC stenosis, TM2 during a temporary complete LC occlusion at the period of acute occlusion; TM3 and TM4 in a similar way 3 to 4 weeks after the acute LC stenosis. Three to four weeks after LC stenosis, i.e. chronic period of occlusion, the degree of LC stenosis progressed from 70--80% to 100% occlusion, but collateral flow and collateral vessels to the ischemic LC area were increased together with an improvement of wall motion of the ischemic LC area. The results may support the idea that collaterals may be an effective compensatory mechanism for ischemia. In contrast to an increase of collateral flow to the ischemic LV free wall in all five dogs, an increase to the posterior papillary muscle was found only in two out of five dogs.", "PMID": 588202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2360", "title": "[Distribution of the lymph vessels in the mouse heart. A light and electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The lymphatic system in normal mouse heart was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Lymph vessels were only demonstrated in the subepicardial layer and the outer half of the myocardium. Here above all they were situated in close vicinity to arteries and thin-walled veins, rarely separated in the interstitial space, never in the subendocardial layer of the left ventricular wall. The myocardium contains only 2 lymph vessels per mm2. By means of electron microscopy all lymph vessels were regarded as lymph capillaries. Their ultrastructure is described in detail. This investigation shows that lymph vessels in normal heart are rarer than supposeed till now. It is possible that most of the ultrafiltrated fluid is drained by the cardiac venous system, while the lymphatic system only has to transport a small amount of protein-rich fluid.", "contents": "[Distribution of the lymph vessels in the mouse heart. A light and electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. The lymphatic system in normal mouse heart was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Lymph vessels were only demonstrated in the subepicardial layer and the outer half of the myocardium. Here above all they were situated in close vicinity to arteries and thin-walled veins, rarely separated in the interstitial space, never in the subendocardial layer of the left ventricular wall. The myocardium contains only 2 lymph vessels per mm2. By means of electron microscopy all lymph vessels were regarded as lymph capillaries. Their ultrastructure is described in detail. This investigation shows that lymph vessels in normal heart are rarer than supposeed till now. It is possible that most of the ultrafiltrated fluid is drained by the cardiac venous system, while the lymphatic system only has to transport a small amount of protein-rich fluid.", "PMID": 588204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2361", "title": "[Influence of cycle length shortening, atropine and beta-receptor blockage on sinus node recovery time (SRT) in patients with healthy sinus node (author's transl)].", "content": "Sinus node recovery time (SRT) was measured in 30 patients with healthy sinus nodes to examine the influence of the increase in atrial frequency, atropine and beta-receptor blockade. The measurements were performed following pacing with 3 atrial frequencies before and after administration of 1 mg atropine i.v. (13 patients) and 0.4 mg prindolol (Visken) i.v. (17 patients). Total group; Increase of frequency alone caused prolongation of the SRT in 17 patients and shortening in 13 patients.  Atropine group: Blockade of the parasympathicus alone induced a highly significant reduction in the SRT. Simultaneous increase in frequency and blockade of the parasympathicus led to greater SRT-shortening during low frequency than with high frequency. This interrelationship of frequency and blockade of the parasympathicus influencing the SRT is statistically significant. Visken-group: Blockade of the sympathicus causes a highly significant prolongation of the SRT. Simultaneous increase in frequency and blockade of the sympathicus led to greater SRT-prolongation during low frequency than with high frequency. This interrelationship of frequency and blockade of the sympathicus influencing the SRT has slight statistical significance. The results are discussed in respect to the electrophysiological influences of atrial cycle length shortening, acetylcholine and catecholamines on the sinus node, the perinodal atrial fibres and the atrial working myocardium.", "contents": "[Influence of cycle length shortening, atropine and beta-receptor blockage on sinus node recovery time (SRT) in patients with healthy sinus node (author's transl)]. Sinus node recovery time (SRT) was measured in 30 patients with healthy sinus nodes to examine the influence of the increase in atrial frequency, atropine and beta-receptor blockade. The measurements were performed following pacing with 3 atrial frequencies before and after administration of 1 mg atropine i.v. (13 patients) and 0.4 mg prindolol (Visken) i.v. (17 patients). Total group; Increase of frequency alone caused prolongation of the SRT in 17 patients and shortening in 13 patients.  Atropine group: Blockade of the parasympathicus alone induced a highly significant reduction in the SRT. Simultaneous increase in frequency and blockade of the parasympathicus led to greater SRT-shortening during low frequency than with high frequency. This interrelationship of frequency and blockade of the parasympathicus influencing the SRT is statistically significant. Visken-group: Blockade of the sympathicus causes a highly significant prolongation of the SRT. Simultaneous increase in frequency and blockade of the sympathicus led to greater SRT-prolongation during low frequency than with high frequency. This interrelationship of frequency and blockade of the sympathicus influencing the SRT has slight statistical significance. The results are discussed in respect to the electrophysiological influences of atrial cycle length shortening, acetylcholine and catecholamines on the sinus node, the perinodal atrial fibres and the atrial working myocardium.", "PMID": 588205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2362", "title": "[Methodical studies on determination of the number of micro-organisms in Cuban soils].", "content": "In four Cuban soils (ferrallitic soil, non-calcareous and calcareous brown tropical soil, and fersiallitic sandy soil) the suitability was tested of 7 dispersion solutions and of 4 culture media for determining the total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The results were as follows: (1) The dispersion solution and the culture medium most suitable for the most comprehensive determination of the number of microbes is dependent on the physical and chemical soil properties. (2) The optimum combination of dispersion solution and culture medium was found for the various soils as follows: -Na-pyrophosphate in the soil extract and concentrated agar bouillon, respectively, for ferrallitic soils, -Na-K-tartrate solution and concentrated soil extract, respectively, for non-calcareous brown tropical soils, -Na-pyrophosphate solution in water and concentrated bouillon or soil extract, respectively, for calcareous brown tropical soils, -soil extract as a dispersion solution and as culture medium in fersiallitic sandy soils.", "contents": "[Methodical studies on determination of the number of micro-organisms in Cuban soils]. In four Cuban soils (ferrallitic soil, non-calcareous and calcareous brown tropical soil, and fersiallitic sandy soil) the suitability was tested of 7 dispersion solutions and of 4 culture media for determining the total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The results were as follows: (1) The dispersion solution and the culture medium most suitable for the most comprehensive determination of the number of microbes is dependent on the physical and chemical soil properties. (2) The optimum combination of dispersion solution and culture medium was found for the various soils as follows: -Na-pyrophosphate in the soil extract and concentrated agar bouillon, respectively, for ferrallitic soils, -Na-K-tartrate solution and concentrated soil extract, respectively, for non-calcareous brown tropical soils, -Na-pyrophosphate solution in water and concentrated bouillon or soil extract, respectively, for calcareous brown tropical soils, -soil extract as a dispersion solution and as culture medium in fersiallitic sandy soils.", "PMID": 588214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2363", "title": "Changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold during repeated short-term coronary occlusion and release.", "content": "The time course of changes in VFT was determined during the 1st phase of arrhythmia following coronary occlusion and during consecutive reperfusion in five repeated periods of occlusion and reperfusion in 10 mongrel dogs (17--24 kg). VFT was determined using a square wave pulse series of 140 ms duration which was triggered by the R-wave of the ECG and placed into the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. After acute occlusion VFT decreased to a minimum level within a few minutes and then increased again slowly up to the control value which was reached about 20 min after the ligation. When the occlusions were repeated several times the extent of the decrease in VFT became increasingly less and its duration increasingly shorter until finally there was no significant decrease in VFT. Reperfusion after coronary occlusion led to an abrupt decrease in VFT within 1 min, followed by a rapid increase to the control value. This time course did not depend upon the number of prior occlusions. The results show that in the case of repeating short-term coronary occlusions one cannot expect comparable VFT time courses for the consecutive periods of occlusion except for the 1st and 2nd ones. Differing mechanisms leading to the occurrence of VF after coronary ligation and during reperfusion are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold during repeated short-term coronary occlusion and release. The time course of changes in VFT was determined during the 1st phase of arrhythmia following coronary occlusion and during consecutive reperfusion in five repeated periods of occlusion and reperfusion in 10 mongrel dogs (17--24 kg). VFT was determined using a square wave pulse series of 140 ms duration which was triggered by the R-wave of the ECG and placed into the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. After acute occlusion VFT decreased to a minimum level within a few minutes and then increased again slowly up to the control value which was reached about 20 min after the ligation. When the occlusions were repeated several times the extent of the decrease in VFT became increasingly less and its duration increasingly shorter until finally there was no significant decrease in VFT. Reperfusion after coronary occlusion led to an abrupt decrease in VFT within 1 min, followed by a rapid increase to the control value. This time course did not depend upon the number of prior occlusions. The results show that in the case of repeating short-term coronary occlusions one cannot expect comparable VFT time courses for the consecutive periods of occlusion except for the 1st and 2nd ones. Differing mechanisms leading to the occurrence of VF after coronary ligation and during reperfusion are discussed.", "PMID": 588206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2364", "title": "The deterioration of duck meat during storage as investigated for free amino acid nitrogen and organoleptic characteristics.", "content": "The carcasses of 8 week old Pekin ducks were stored in the refrigerator at + 5 degrees C up to 21 days. After 11 days the occurrence of free amino acids reached its maximum and then decreased to the end of the storage period. It showed a significant linear and quadratic trend. The fresh meat is rejected after 9 days of storage due to off odour at 202, 179, and 159 mg of free amino acids in the breast, thigh, and drumstick muscles, respectively. The flavour of the broiled meat indicated deterioration after 11 days of storage. At this stage slime appeared on the carcasses.", "contents": "The deterioration of duck meat during storage as investigated for free amino acid nitrogen and organoleptic characteristics. The carcasses of 8 week old Pekin ducks were stored in the refrigerator at + 5 degrees C up to 21 days. After 11 days the occurrence of free amino acids reached its maximum and then decreased to the end of the storage period. It showed a significant linear and quadratic trend. The fresh meat is rejected after 9 days of storage due to off odour at 202, 179, and 159 mg of free amino acids in the breast, thigh, and drumstick muscles, respectively. The flavour of the broiled meat indicated deterioration after 11 days of storage. At this stage slime appeared on the carcasses.", "PMID": 588215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2365", "title": "Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. I. Effect on egg production and hatchability.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out on Fayoumi (I) and Rhode Island Red (II) pullets to study the effect of substituting NaCl (0.67% of the ration) by NaHCO3 (1% of the ration) and the concentration of NaHCO3 (1% and 2% of the ration). Both breeds showed different reactions to the NaHCO3 additions: the laying increased in (I) by 5-6%, whereas it decreased in (II) by 7-14%. Fertility and hatchability increased significantly. The Ca content of the shells showed an increasing trend. The incorporation of 1% sodium bicarbonate into the laying rations is recommended under the conditions of the AR Egypt.", "contents": "Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. I. Effect on egg production and hatchability. Two experiments were carried out on Fayoumi (I) and Rhode Island Red (II) pullets to study the effect of substituting NaCl (0.67% of the ration) by NaHCO3 (1% of the ration) and the concentration of NaHCO3 (1% and 2% of the ration). Both breeds showed different reactions to the NaHCO3 additions: the laying increased in (I) by 5-6%, whereas it decreased in (II) by 7-14%. Fertility and hatchability increased significantly. The Ca content of the shells showed an increasing trend. The incorporation of 1% sodium bicarbonate into the laying rations is recommended under the conditions of the AR Egypt.", "PMID": 588216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2366", "title": "Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. II. Effects on egg quality.", "content": "The replacement of 0.67% NaCl in the ration by 1% NaHCO3 leads to improvements of several parameters of the shell quality and some other egg quality characteristics in the Rhode Island Red breed. In the Fayoumi breed this influence was not clearly discernible. This also holds for an increase of the NaHCO3 content in the ration to 2%. Under the conditions in the AR Egypt the addition of 1-2% NaHCO3 for the Rhode Island Red is recommended in order to improve the shell quality and the internal quality of the eggs.", "contents": "Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. II. Effects on egg quality. The replacement of 0.67% NaCl in the ration by 1% NaHCO3 leads to improvements of several parameters of the shell quality and some other egg quality characteristics in the Rhode Island Red breed. In the Fayoumi breed this influence was not clearly discernible. This also holds for an increase of the NaHCO3 content in the ration to 2%. Under the conditions in the AR Egypt the addition of 1-2% NaHCO3 for the Rhode Island Red is recommended in order to improve the shell quality and the internal quality of the eggs.", "PMID": 588217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2367", "title": "[Control of the effects and side-effects of detergents].", "content": "An examination of detergents on the skin has to take into account the facultative sensibilisation and the wear and tear. In this connection the effect of summation between soapbody and perfume is pointed out as well as the different results of skin tests. To control the obligate effects, first of all a reliable technical reference has to be established; this is the washing activity, to which the side-effects then are related. To measure the hydratation, the resonance-frequency method of Tronnier and Wagener is used, where especially the syndets react very differently: partly similar to water and partly similar to soft soap. Further methods of examination are the measurement of the roughness and the quantitative determination of the fat of the skin. Concerning certain hand wash detergents and industrial cleaners the grade of rubbing is also of interest. Finally the relatively good compatibility of the bioactive detergents and the rinsing agents is discussed.", "contents": "[Control of the effects and side-effects of detergents]. An examination of detergents on the skin has to take into account the facultative sensibilisation and the wear and tear. In this connection the effect of summation between soapbody and perfume is pointed out as well as the different results of skin tests. To control the obligate effects, first of all a reliable technical reference has to be established; this is the washing activity, to which the side-effects then are related. To measure the hydratation, the resonance-frequency method of Tronnier and Wagener is used, where especially the syndets react very differently: partly similar to water and partly similar to soft soap. Further methods of examination are the measurement of the roughness and the quantitative determination of the fat of the skin. Concerning certain hand wash detergents and industrial cleaners the grade of rubbing is also of interest. Finally the relatively good compatibility of the bioactive detergents and the rinsing agents is discussed.", "PMID": 588219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2368", "title": "The effect of replacement of L-alanine residue by glycine, L-serine or D-alanine in an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine on immunoadjuvancies of molecules.", "content": "Substitution of the L-alanine residue by L-serine and glycine in an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, the minimum structural unit essential to the immunoadjuvancies characteristic of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans, was shown to bring about significant increase and some decrease, respectively, in the adjuvant abilities of molecules to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity and to stimulate serum antibody levels to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs as a water-in-mineral oil emulsion. N-Acetylmuramyl-D-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, on the other hand, was found to be adjuvant-inactive.", "contents": "The effect of replacement of L-alanine residue by glycine, L-serine or D-alanine in an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine on immunoadjuvancies of molecules. Substitution of the L-alanine residue by L-serine and glycine in an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, the minimum structural unit essential to the immunoadjuvancies characteristic of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans, was shown to bring about significant increase and some decrease, respectively, in the adjuvant abilities of molecules to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity and to stimulate serum antibody levels to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs as a water-in-mineral oil emulsion. N-Acetylmuramyl-D-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, on the other hand, was found to be adjuvant-inactive.", "PMID": 588232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2369", "title": "An estimate of the amount of genetic variation in the common mussel Mytilus edulis.", "content": "Allozyme variation in a population of the common mussel Mytilus edulis in Mumbles, South Wales, has been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. On the basis of data obtained for 34 loci, we estimate the proportion of loci polymorphic to be 30%. Using only the 29 loci for which individual genotypes can be accurately typed, the average heterozygosity is estimated to be 9.5 +/- 3.6%. The calculated expected average heterozygosity based on Hardy-Weinberg expectations is identical with the observed value. Allele frequency data at six polymorphic loci are given for several other British populations. There is no significant geographic heterogeneity. The results are discussed in relation to genetic adaptive strategies and are shown to be inconsistent with the predictions of the neutral hypothesis.", "contents": "An estimate of the amount of genetic variation in the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Allozyme variation in a population of the common mussel Mytilus edulis in Mumbles, South Wales, has been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. On the basis of data obtained for 34 loci, we estimate the proportion of loci polymorphic to be 30%. Using only the 29 loci for which individual genotypes can be accurately typed, the average heterozygosity is estimated to be 9.5 +/- 3.6%. The calculated expected average heterozygosity based on Hardy-Weinberg expectations is identical with the observed value. Allele frequency data at six polymorphic loci are given for several other British populations. There is no significant geographic heterogeneity. The results are discussed in relation to genetic adaptive strategies and are shown to be inconsistent with the predictions of the neutral hypothesis.", "PMID": 588234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2370", "title": "Genetic control and development expression of malate dehydrogenase in Apis mellifera.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis of extracts of Apis mellifera indicates that genetic variability exists for the enzyme cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37). Analysis of individuals throughout development indicates that the isozyme patterns are identical for larvae and adults and suggests a dimeric structure for the molecule. The isozyme pattern observed in pupae is more complex than that of larvae and adults may be due to an additional pupal-specific MDH gene being expressed or to an epigenetic modification of the isozymes. Forty-three colonies with artificially inseminated queens were used to study the Mendelian pattern of inheritance. The data revealed that the MDH isozymes are encoded by three alleles, Mdh-1A, Mdh-1B, and Mdh-1C. The frequency of the Mdh-1 alleles is different in two analyzed subspecies, A. m. adansonii (African bees) and A. m. ligustica (Italian bees), with Mdh-1A and Mdh-1B in the African bees being 0-768 and 0.202, respectively. For the Italian bees, these frequencies are 0.136 and 0:154, respectively.", "contents": "Genetic control and development expression of malate dehydrogenase in Apis mellifera. Starch gel electrophoresis of extracts of Apis mellifera indicates that genetic variability exists for the enzyme cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37). Analysis of individuals throughout development indicates that the isozyme patterns are identical for larvae and adults and suggests a dimeric structure for the molecule. The isozyme pattern observed in pupae is more complex than that of larvae and adults may be due to an additional pupal-specific MDH gene being expressed or to an epigenetic modification of the isozymes. Forty-three colonies with artificially inseminated queens were used to study the Mendelian pattern of inheritance. The data revealed that the MDH isozymes are encoded by three alleles, Mdh-1A, Mdh-1B, and Mdh-1C. The frequency of the Mdh-1 alleles is different in two analyzed subspecies, A. m. adansonii (African bees) and A. m. ligustica (Italian bees), with Mdh-1A and Mdh-1B in the African bees being 0-768 and 0.202, respectively. For the Italian bees, these frequencies are 0.136 and 0:154, respectively.", "PMID": 588235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2371", "title": "Isozyme and allozyme patterns in embryonic Drosophila cell culture lines.", "content": "Two independently derived embryonic Drosophila cell culture lines were examined for 19 gene-enzyme systems. At two loci, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase on chromosome 2, and isocitrate dehydrogenase on chromosome 3, allelic variation was detected. These can now serve as genetic markers to identify hybrid cell clones. Quantitative differences between cell lines were found for five enzymes.", "contents": "Isozyme and allozyme patterns in embryonic Drosophila cell culture lines. Two independently derived embryonic Drosophila cell culture lines were examined for 19 gene-enzyme systems. At two loci, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase on chromosome 2, and isocitrate dehydrogenase on chromosome 3, allelic variation was detected. These can now serve as genetic markers to identify hybrid cell clones. Quantitative differences between cell lines were found for five enzymes.", "PMID": 588236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2372", "title": "Dissociation-recombination of sunflower seed acid phosphatase.", "content": "Formal genetic studies of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed acid phosphatase (ACP, E.C. 3.1.3.2) had suggested that the functional enzyme consists of two polypeptide subunits. The dimeric quaternary structure was demonstrated by dissociation-recombination procedures. Dissociation of electrophoretically distinct homodimers was effected upon freezing of extracts in a pH 8-9 buffer containing 1 M NaCl and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Reassociation, as indicated by the formation of the hybrid isozyme, occurred during 12 hr dialysis against a pH 7.0 buffer.", "contents": "Dissociation-recombination of sunflower seed acid phosphatase. Formal genetic studies of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed acid phosphatase (ACP, E.C. 3.1.3.2) had suggested that the functional enzyme consists of two polypeptide subunits. The dimeric quaternary structure was demonstrated by dissociation-recombination procedures. Dissociation of electrophoretically distinct homodimers was effected upon freezing of extracts in a pH 8-9 buffer containing 1 M NaCl and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Reassociation, as indicated by the formation of the hybrid isozyme, occurred during 12 hr dialysis against a pH 7.0 buffer.", "PMID": 588237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2373", "title": "Detection and quantitation of the fetal hemoglobin variant Hb F-Malta-I in adults.", "content": "A variant of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F-Malta-I) has been detected and quantitated in adult blood with a sensitive radioimmunoassay employing monospecific antisera. The concentration of Hb-F-Malta-I was 0.002-0.05%, with an average value of 0.011%. The ratio of Hb F-Malta-I/Hb F in adults was about 4.8%, compared to a ratio of about 27% in the newborn. Since the F-Malta-I variant is a product of a mutated Ggamma locus, which is one of the nonallelic structural genes directing the gamma chain synthesis, its presence in blood of adults shows that the synthesis of this gene is not completely suppressed after birth, as was previously suggested.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of the fetal hemoglobin variant Hb F-Malta-I in adults. A variant of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F-Malta-I) has been detected and quantitated in adult blood with a sensitive radioimmunoassay employing monospecific antisera. The concentration of Hb-F-Malta-I was 0.002-0.05%, with an average value of 0.011%. The ratio of Hb F-Malta-I/Hb F in adults was about 4.8%, compared to a ratio of about 27% in the newborn. Since the F-Malta-I variant is a product of a mutated Ggamma locus, which is one of the nonallelic structural genes directing the gamma chain synthesis, its presence in blood of adults shows that the synthesis of this gene is not completely suppressed after birth, as was previously suggested.", "PMID": 588240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2374", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of human parotid basic proteins.", "content": "Methods are presented for the isolation of basic proteins (Pb proteins) from human parotid saliva collected from humans possessing different alleles at the Pb locus. The proteins were found to be extremely basic, with an isoelectric point above 9.5. They contain approximately 45% of the basic amino acids histidine, lysine, and arginine, and are devoid of cysteine, proline, threonine, valine, methionine, and tryptophan. They are free of carbohydrate. A comparison of the amino acid sequence data of Pb protein to all available amino acid sequences revealed that no sequence similarities exist between the Pb proteins and any other proteins reported, although proteins of similar amino acid compositions have been reported by others. A model is presented with accounts for the several forms of allelic proteins based on observed amino acid sequence differences.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of human parotid basic proteins. Methods are presented for the isolation of basic proteins (Pb proteins) from human parotid saliva collected from humans possessing different alleles at the Pb locus. The proteins were found to be extremely basic, with an isoelectric point above 9.5. They contain approximately 45% of the basic amino acids histidine, lysine, and arginine, and are devoid of cysteine, proline, threonine, valine, methionine, and tryptophan. They are free of carbohydrate. A comparison of the amino acid sequence data of Pb protein to all available amino acid sequences revealed that no sequence similarities exist between the Pb proteins and any other proteins reported, although proteins of similar amino acid compositions have been reported by others. A model is presented with accounts for the several forms of allelic proteins based on observed amino acid sequence differences.", "PMID": 588241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2375", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase activity in dysgenic (mdg/mdg) mouse muscle.", "content": "The specific activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was measured in the muscle of mdg/mdg and control embryos of 14-18 days' gestation. CPK specific activity values were similar in mutant and normal embryos at the earliest stages examined (14-15 days). However, after 15 1/2 days, the specific activity of the enzyme in the mdg/mdg embryos was approximately 50% lower than in the controls. The dysgenic and normal muscle extracts exhibited comparable stability after storage at -85 C. CPK activity levels in the muscle of adult heterozygotes (+/mdg) and wild-type (+/+) controls were found to be statistically identical. The findings suggest that the mdg mutation does not have a primary or direct effect on CPK activity.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase activity in dysgenic (mdg/mdg) mouse muscle. The specific activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was measured in the muscle of mdg/mdg and control embryos of 14-18 days' gestation. CPK specific activity values were similar in mutant and normal embryos at the earliest stages examined (14-15 days). However, after 15 1/2 days, the specific activity of the enzyme in the mdg/mdg embryos was approximately 50% lower than in the controls. The dysgenic and normal muscle extracts exhibited comparable stability after storage at -85 C. CPK activity levels in the muscle of adult heterozygotes (+/mdg) and wild-type (+/+) controls were found to be statistically identical. The findings suggest that the mdg mutation does not have a primary or direct effect on CPK activity.", "PMID": 588242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2376", "title": "The isolation and further characterization of the bilirubin tetrapyrroles in bile-containing human duodenal juice and dog gall-bladder bile.", "content": "Bilirubin and its conjugates were extracted from either dog gall-bladder bile or bile-containing human duodenal juice into chloroform containing 10mm-tetraheptylammonium chloride. The intact bilirubin tetrapyrroles were then separated by t.l.c. Structural elucidation was made after coupling of the individual pigments with diazonium salts. Four azopigments were detected: azopigment alpha(o) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin; azopigment delta or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucuronide; azopigment alpha(3) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucoside; and, from dog gall-bladder bile, azopigment alpha(2). The last conjugate required further verification of its structure. After methanolysis, it was shown by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry to contain xylose in a 1:1 molar ratio with the azopigments of bilirubin. Human bile contained 86% bilirubin diglucuronide, 7% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 4% bilirubin monoglucuronide and 3% bilirubin. Dog gall-bladder bile had a considerably different composition; it contained 47% bilirubin diglucuronide, 40% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 8% bilirubin monoglucuronide, 4% bilirubin diglucoside, 1-2% bilirubin and traces of conjugates containing xylose. The total bilirubin content and proportions of the conjugates did not change in bile that was frozen and stored at -20 degrees C under N(2), whereas in the chloroform/tetraheptylammonium chloride extract, similarly stored, total pigment was slowly lost and the diglucuronide conjugate converted into the monoglucuronide.", "contents": "The isolation and further characterization of the bilirubin tetrapyrroles in bile-containing human duodenal juice and dog gall-bladder bile. Bilirubin and its conjugates were extracted from either dog gall-bladder bile or bile-containing human duodenal juice into chloroform containing 10mm-tetraheptylammonium chloride. The intact bilirubin tetrapyrroles were then separated by t.l.c. Structural elucidation was made after coupling of the individual pigments with diazonium salts. Four azopigments were detected: azopigment alpha(o) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin; azopigment delta or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucuronide; azopigment alpha(3) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucoside; and, from dog gall-bladder bile, azopigment alpha(2). The last conjugate required further verification of its structure. After methanolysis, it was shown by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry to contain xylose in a 1:1 molar ratio with the azopigments of bilirubin. Human bile contained 86% bilirubin diglucuronide, 7% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 4% bilirubin monoglucuronide and 3% bilirubin. Dog gall-bladder bile had a considerably different composition; it contained 47% bilirubin diglucuronide, 40% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 8% bilirubin monoglucuronide, 4% bilirubin diglucoside, 1-2% bilirubin and traces of conjugates containing xylose. The total bilirubin content and proportions of the conjugates did not change in bile that was frozen and stored at -20 degrees C under N(2), whereas in the chloroform/tetraheptylammonium chloride extract, similarly stored, total pigment was slowly lost and the diglucuronide conjugate converted into the monoglucuronide.", "PMID": 588243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2377", "title": "The substrate specificity and stereochemistry, reversibility and inhibition of the 3-oxo steroid delta 4-delta 5-isomerase component of cholesterol oxidase.", "content": "1. 5-Cholesten-3-one was shown to be an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol into 4-cholesten-3-one by Nocardia cholesterol oxidase. 2. The absence of a C-17 side chain from 5-androstene-3,17-dione slightly increased the Vmax. of the isomerase activity relative to 5-cholesten-3-one (1.7-fold), but greatly increased the Km. 3. Incubations of [4alpha-2H]-and [4beta-2H]-cholesterol with cholesterol oxidase showed that the 4beta-hydrogen atom can be transferred to the 6beta-position. However, incubations of cholesterol, 5-cholesten-3-one and 4-cholesten-3-one with the enzyme in 2H2O led to some incorporation of 2H into the 4-cholesten-3-one products, mostly at position 6beta. 4. Both the isomerase and the oxidase activities of cholesterol oxidase were inhibited by 5,10-seco-19-nor-5-cholestyne-3,10-dione.", "contents": "The substrate specificity and stereochemistry, reversibility and inhibition of the 3-oxo steroid delta 4-delta 5-isomerase component of cholesterol oxidase. 1. 5-Cholesten-3-one was shown to be an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol into 4-cholesten-3-one by Nocardia cholesterol oxidase. 2. The absence of a C-17 side chain from 5-androstene-3,17-dione slightly increased the Vmax. of the isomerase activity relative to 5-cholesten-3-one (1.7-fold), but greatly increased the Km. 3. Incubations of [4alpha-2H]-and [4beta-2H]-cholesterol with cholesterol oxidase showed that the 4beta-hydrogen atom can be transferred to the 6beta-position. However, incubations of cholesterol, 5-cholesten-3-one and 4-cholesten-3-one with the enzyme in 2H2O led to some incorporation of 2H into the 4-cholesten-3-one products, mostly at position 6beta. 4. Both the isomerase and the oxidase activities of cholesterol oxidase were inhibited by 5,10-seco-19-nor-5-cholestyne-3,10-dione.", "PMID": 588244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2378", "title": "Purification and properties of myosin light-chain kinase from fast skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. A procedure is described for the isolation of myosin light-chain kinase from rabbit fast skeletal muscle as a homogeneous protein. 2. Myosin light-chain kinase is a monomeric enzyme of mol.wt. 77000. Under some conditions of storage it is converted into components of mol.wts. about 50000 and 30000 that possess enzymic activity. 3. The enzyme is clearly different in structure and properties from any other protein kinase so far isolated from muscle. 4. The enzyme is highly specific for the P-light chain (18000-20000-dalton light chain) of myosin and requires Ca2+ for activity. 5. The P-light chain is phosphorylated at a similar rate whether isolated or associated with the rest of the myosin molecule. 6. The effects of pH, bivalent cation and other nucleotides on the enzymic activity are described. 7. The role of the phosphorylation of the P-light chain of myosin in muscle function is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and properties of myosin light-chain kinase from fast skeletal muscle. 1. A procedure is described for the isolation of myosin light-chain kinase from rabbit fast skeletal muscle as a homogeneous protein. 2. Myosin light-chain kinase is a monomeric enzyme of mol.wt. 77000. Under some conditions of storage it is converted into components of mol.wts. about 50000 and 30000 that possess enzymic activity. 3. The enzyme is clearly different in structure and properties from any other protein kinase so far isolated from muscle. 4. The enzyme is highly specific for the P-light chain (18000-20000-dalton light chain) of myosin and requires Ca2+ for activity. 5. The P-light chain is phosphorylated at a similar rate whether isolated or associated with the rest of the myosin molecule. 6. The effects of pH, bivalent cation and other nucleotides on the enzymic activity are described. 7. The role of the phosphorylation of the P-light chain of myosin in muscle function is discussed.", "PMID": 588245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2379", "title": "Characterization of lipid A and polysaccharide moieties of the lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Lipid A and polysaccharide moieties obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae 569 B (Inaba) and Vibrio el-tor (Inaba) were characterized. Heterogeneity of lipid A fractions was indicated by t.l.c. and by gel filtration of the de-O-acylated products from mild alkaline methanolysis of the lipids. Presumably lipid A contains a glucosamine backbone, and the fatty acids are probably bound to the hydroxyl and amino groups of glucosamine residues. Approximately equal amounts of fatty acids C16:0, C18:1 and 3-hydroxylauric acid were involved in ester linkages, but 3-hydroxymyristic acid was the only amide-linked fatty acid. Sephadex chromatography of the polysaccharide moiety showed the presence of a high-molecular-weight heptose-free fraction and a low-molecular-weight heptose-containing fraction. Haemagglutination-inhibition assays of these fractions showed the heptose-free fraction to be an O-specific side-chain polysaccharide, whereas the heptose-containing fraction was the core polysaccharide region of the lipopolysaccharides. Identical results were obtained for both organisms.", "contents": "Characterization of lipid A and polysaccharide moieties of the lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae. Lipid A and polysaccharide moieties obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae 569 B (Inaba) and Vibrio el-tor (Inaba) were characterized. Heterogeneity of lipid A fractions was indicated by t.l.c. and by gel filtration of the de-O-acylated products from mild alkaline methanolysis of the lipids. Presumably lipid A contains a glucosamine backbone, and the fatty acids are probably bound to the hydroxyl and amino groups of glucosamine residues. Approximately equal amounts of fatty acids C16:0, C18:1 and 3-hydroxylauric acid were involved in ester linkages, but 3-hydroxymyristic acid was the only amide-linked fatty acid. Sephadex chromatography of the polysaccharide moiety showed the presence of a high-molecular-weight heptose-free fraction and a low-molecular-weight heptose-containing fraction. Haemagglutination-inhibition assays of these fractions showed the heptose-free fraction to be an O-specific side-chain polysaccharide, whereas the heptose-containing fraction was the core polysaccharide region of the lipopolysaccharides. Identical results were obtained for both organisms.", "PMID": 588246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2380", "title": "The purification and properties of p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating), a flavocytochrome from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "The enzyme that catalyses the hydroxylation of the methyl group of p-cresol was purified from Pseudomonas putida. It has mol.wt. 115000 and appears to contain two subunits of equal molecular weight. One subunit is a c-type cytochrome and the other is a flavoprotein. Reduction of the cytochrome occurred on addition of substrate. The same enzyme catalyses both p-cresol hydroxylation and the further oxidation of the product, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The stoicheiometry of acceptor reduced per molecule of substrate oxidized is that for two dehydrogenation reactions. The Km for p-cresol is 7.3 x 10(-6) M and that for 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is 47.6 x 10(-6) M. The enzyme, which is assayed with phenazine methosulphate as electron acceptor, was stimulated by particulate material, which probably contains the acceptor in vivo.", "contents": "The purification and properties of p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating), a flavocytochrome from Pseudomonas putida. The enzyme that catalyses the hydroxylation of the methyl group of p-cresol was purified from Pseudomonas putida. It has mol.wt. 115000 and appears to contain two subunits of equal molecular weight. One subunit is a c-type cytochrome and the other is a flavoprotein. Reduction of the cytochrome occurred on addition of substrate. The same enzyme catalyses both p-cresol hydroxylation and the further oxidation of the product, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The stoicheiometry of acceptor reduced per molecule of substrate oxidized is that for two dehydrogenation reactions. The Km for p-cresol is 7.3 x 10(-6) M and that for 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is 47.6 x 10(-6) M. The enzyme, which is assayed with phenazine methosulphate as electron acceptor, was stimulated by particulate material, which probably contains the acceptor in vivo.", "PMID": 588247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2381", "title": "Degradation of (+/-)-synephrine by Arthrobacter synephrinum. Oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate to 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethyl-muconate semialdehyde.", "content": "1. Cell-free extracts of Arthrobacter synephrinum catalyse the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetate. 2. The product of oxidation was characterized as 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde from its chemical behaviour as well as from nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra. 3. A 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.15) was partially purified from A. synephrinum. 4. The enzyme had a Km of 25 micrometer towards its substrate and exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 5. The enzyme also catalysed the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxymandelate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate, at reaction rates of 0.5 and 0.04 respectively of that for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate. 6. The enzyme was sensitive to treatment with thiol-specific reagents. 7. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography was approx. 282000.", "contents": "Degradation of (+/-)-synephrine by Arthrobacter synephrinum. Oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate to 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethyl-muconate semialdehyde. 1. Cell-free extracts of Arthrobacter synephrinum catalyse the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetate. 2. The product of oxidation was characterized as 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde from its chemical behaviour as well as from nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra. 3. A 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.15) was partially purified from A. synephrinum. 4. The enzyme had a Km of 25 micrometer towards its substrate and exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 5. The enzyme also catalysed the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxymandelate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate, at reaction rates of 0.5 and 0.04 respectively of that for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate. 6. The enzyme was sensitive to treatment with thiol-specific reagents. 7. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography was approx. 282000.", "PMID": 588248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2382", "title": "Solvent accessibilities in glycyl, alanyl and seryl dipeptides.", "content": "Theoretical studies on glycyl-alanyl and seryl dipeptides were performed to determine the probable backbone and side-group conformations that are preferred for solvent interaction. By following the method of Lee & Richards [(1971) J. Mol. Biol. 55, 379-400], a solute molecule is represented by a set of interlocking spheres of appropriate van der Waals radii assigned to each atom, and a solvent (water) molecule is rolled along the envelope of the van der Waals surface, and the surface accessible to the solvent molecule, and hence the solvent accessibility for a particular conformation of the solute molecule, is computed. From the calculated solvent accessibilities for various conformations, solvation maps for dipeptides were constructed. These solvation maps suggest that the backbone polar atoms could interact with solvent molecules selectively, depending on the backbone conformation. A conformation in the right-handed bridge (zetaR) region is favoured for both solvent interaction and intrachain hydrogen-bonding. Also the backbone side-chain hydrogen-bonding within the same dipeptide fragment in proteins is less favoured than hydrogen-bonding between side chain and water and between side chain and atoms of other residues. Solvent accessibilities suggest that very short distorted alphaR-helical and extended-structural parts may be stabilized via solvent interaction, and this could easily be possible at the surface of the protein molecules, in agreement with protein-crystal data.", "contents": "Solvent accessibilities in glycyl, alanyl and seryl dipeptides. Theoretical studies on glycyl-alanyl and seryl dipeptides were performed to determine the probable backbone and side-group conformations that are preferred for solvent interaction. By following the method of Lee & Richards [(1971) J. Mol. Biol. 55, 379-400], a solute molecule is represented by a set of interlocking spheres of appropriate van der Waals radii assigned to each atom, and a solvent (water) molecule is rolled along the envelope of the van der Waals surface, and the surface accessible to the solvent molecule, and hence the solvent accessibility for a particular conformation of the solute molecule, is computed. From the calculated solvent accessibilities for various conformations, solvation maps for dipeptides were constructed. These solvation maps suggest that the backbone polar atoms could interact with solvent molecules selectively, depending on the backbone conformation. A conformation in the right-handed bridge (zetaR) region is favoured for both solvent interaction and intrachain hydrogen-bonding. Also the backbone side-chain hydrogen-bonding within the same dipeptide fragment in proteins is less favoured than hydrogen-bonding between side chain and water and between side chain and atoms of other residues. Solvent accessibilities suggest that very short distorted alphaR-helical and extended-structural parts may be stabilized via solvent interaction, and this could easily be possible at the surface of the protein molecules, in agreement with protein-crystal data.", "PMID": 588249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2383", "title": "The amino acid sequence of rabbit slow-muscle troponin I.", "content": "Troponin I was isolated from six red muscles in the hind leg of the rabbit. Soleus, semi-tendinosus, vastus intermedius and adductor longus muscles contained primarily slow-muscle troponin I, vastus lateralis contained fast-muscle troponin I and quadratus femoris contained a mixture of the two. The complete amino acid sequence of the troponin I from slow muscle was determined. Seven CNBr fragments were isolated and sequenced by using the dansyl-Edman technique after digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The CNBr fragments were ordered by isolation of tryptic peptides containing carboxy[(14)C]methyl-methionine. Direct evidence for the conjunction of residues 8 and 9 has not been obtained, and one of the carboxyl groups between residues 71 and 79 may carry an amide group. Slow-muscle troponin I is a single polypeptide chain of 184 residues with a mol.wt. of 21146. It has a net overall positive charge of 18 at pH7, and an absorption coefficient, A(1%,1cm) (280), of 5.43. The protein was isolated with both a blocked and an unblocked N-terminus, although the nature of the blocking group was not determined. Proline was found to be the N-terminal amino acid. Two forms of the protein could also be distinguished by the presence of an extra two residues at the C-terminus. Comparison of sequences of troponin I from rabbit slow, fast and cardiac muscle shows that homology is most marked in the C-terminal half of the molecules. Towards the N-terminus the homology becomes much less marked. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50079 (32 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained in the terms given in Biochem. J. (1977), 161, 1.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of rabbit slow-muscle troponin I. Troponin I was isolated from six red muscles in the hind leg of the rabbit. Soleus, semi-tendinosus, vastus intermedius and adductor longus muscles contained primarily slow-muscle troponin I, vastus lateralis contained fast-muscle troponin I and quadratus femoris contained a mixture of the two. The complete amino acid sequence of the troponin I from slow muscle was determined. Seven CNBr fragments were isolated and sequenced by using the dansyl-Edman technique after digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The CNBr fragments were ordered by isolation of tryptic peptides containing carboxy[(14)C]methyl-methionine. Direct evidence for the conjunction of residues 8 and 9 has not been obtained, and one of the carboxyl groups between residues 71 and 79 may carry an amide group. Slow-muscle troponin I is a single polypeptide chain of 184 residues with a mol.wt. of 21146. It has a net overall positive charge of 18 at pH7, and an absorption coefficient, A(1%,1cm) (280), of 5.43. The protein was isolated with both a blocked and an unblocked N-terminus, although the nature of the blocking group was not determined. Proline was found to be the N-terminal amino acid. Two forms of the protein could also be distinguished by the presence of an extra two residues at the C-terminus. Comparison of sequences of troponin I from rabbit slow, fast and cardiac muscle shows that homology is most marked in the C-terminal half of the molecules. Towards the N-terminus the homology becomes much less marked. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50079 (32 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained in the terms given in Biochem. J. (1977), 161, 1.", "PMID": 588250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2384", "title": "Reaction of the aminic form of aspartate transaminase with difluoro-oxaloacetate.", "content": "Addition of difluoro-oxaloacetate to the aminic form of aspartate transaminase causes a rapid shift of absorbance maximum of the enzyme from 332 nm to 328 nm, followed by a much slower shift to 360 nm corresponding to complete conversion of the aminic form of the enzyme into the aldimine form or a species with similar spectral parameters in rapid equilibrium with it. Kinetic analysis of both the initial fast reaction and the overall slow reaction by using repeated spectral scanning and stopped-flow techniques allows formulation of a basic reaction mechanism involving at least two intermediate enzyme complexes. Computer simulation of the progress curves of the initial fast reaction based on the suggested reaction mechanism gives kinetic parameters that are consistent with all the data obtained by other methods. A molecular reaction scheme involving a ketimine Schiff-base intermediate is proposed.", "contents": "Reaction of the aminic form of aspartate transaminase with difluoro-oxaloacetate. Addition of difluoro-oxaloacetate to the aminic form of aspartate transaminase causes a rapid shift of absorbance maximum of the enzyme from 332 nm to 328 nm, followed by a much slower shift to 360 nm corresponding to complete conversion of the aminic form of the enzyme into the aldimine form or a species with similar spectral parameters in rapid equilibrium with it. Kinetic analysis of both the initial fast reaction and the overall slow reaction by using repeated spectral scanning and stopped-flow techniques allows formulation of a basic reaction mechanism involving at least two intermediate enzyme complexes. Computer simulation of the progress curves of the initial fast reaction based on the suggested reaction mechanism gives kinetic parameters that are consistent with all the data obtained by other methods. A molecular reaction scheme involving a ketimine Schiff-base intermediate is proposed.", "PMID": 588251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2385", "title": "Synthesis and use of bifunctional chloromethylalkanedione derivatives of variable chain length for cross-linking thiol groups in oligomeric proteins. Specific cross-linking in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Bischloromethylpentanedione, bischloromethylhexanedione, bischloromethyloctanedione and bischloromethyldecanedione were synthesized from their corresponding dicarboxylic acids via the bis-acyl chloride and the bisdiazomethylketone derivatives. These compounds proved to be highly specific cross-linking reagents for rabbit skeletal-muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Incubation of the enzyme with cross-linking reagents resulted in both a time- and concentration-dependent formation of covalently linked oligomeric structures. The major cross-linked product detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was the dimer (mol. wt. 72000). Sepharose 6B chromatography of the cross-linked enzyme showed that it still existed as the tetramer. Cross-linking was dependent on the native structure of the enzyme, since it was abolished on denaturation of the enzyme. The actual covalently linked product depends on the conditions of modification and the chain length of the reagent. The maximum yield of dimer (70-80%) was obtained with bischloromethylhexanedione, and the yield decreased with either shorter- or longer-chain compounds. The calculated distance between the two reactive points in bischloromethylhexanedione is 1.21-1.45nm. Bischloromethylhexanedione modified at least two thiol groups per monomer. Modification of the active-site thiol, cysteine-149, was not essential for cross-linking, since glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase carboxymethylated on cysteine-149 still reacted to form the dimer. The rate of chemical cross-linking was markedly decreased by increasing the NAD(+) occupancy of the enzyme active sites. These experiments are discussed in terms of the asymmetry of the enzyme structure in solution.", "contents": "Synthesis and use of bifunctional chloromethylalkanedione derivatives of variable chain length for cross-linking thiol groups in oligomeric proteins. Specific cross-linking in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Bischloromethylpentanedione, bischloromethylhexanedione, bischloromethyloctanedione and bischloromethyldecanedione were synthesized from their corresponding dicarboxylic acids via the bis-acyl chloride and the bisdiazomethylketone derivatives. These compounds proved to be highly specific cross-linking reagents for rabbit skeletal-muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Incubation of the enzyme with cross-linking reagents resulted in both a time- and concentration-dependent formation of covalently linked oligomeric structures. The major cross-linked product detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was the dimer (mol. wt. 72000). Sepharose 6B chromatography of the cross-linked enzyme showed that it still existed as the tetramer. Cross-linking was dependent on the native structure of the enzyme, since it was abolished on denaturation of the enzyme. The actual covalently linked product depends on the conditions of modification and the chain length of the reagent. The maximum yield of dimer (70-80%) was obtained with bischloromethylhexanedione, and the yield decreased with either shorter- or longer-chain compounds. The calculated distance between the two reactive points in bischloromethylhexanedione is 1.21-1.45nm. Bischloromethylhexanedione modified at least two thiol groups per monomer. Modification of the active-site thiol, cysteine-149, was not essential for cross-linking, since glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase carboxymethylated on cysteine-149 still reacted to form the dimer. The rate of chemical cross-linking was markedly decreased by increasing the NAD(+) occupancy of the enzyme active sites. These experiments are discussed in terms of the asymmetry of the enzyme structure in solution.", "PMID": 588252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2386", "title": "Kinetic studies of the phenol sulphate-phenol sulphotransferase of Aspergillus oryzae.", "content": "Arylsulphatase II of Aspergillus oryzae exhibits both hydrolytic and sulphotransferase activities. The kinetic data suggest the formation of an intermediate covalent enzyme-sulphate complex with transfer of sulphate from donor to acceptor proceeding via a Ping Pong mechanism. The unusual kinetic behaviour when 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl sulphate is the substrate is also consistent with this mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of the phenol sulphate-phenol sulphotransferase of Aspergillus oryzae. Arylsulphatase II of Aspergillus oryzae exhibits both hydrolytic and sulphotransferase activities. The kinetic data suggest the formation of an intermediate covalent enzyme-sulphate complex with transfer of sulphate from donor to acceptor proceeding via a Ping Pong mechanism. The unusual kinetic behaviour when 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl sulphate is the substrate is also consistent with this mechanism.", "PMID": 588253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2387", "title": "Free and lipid myo-inositol in tissues from rats with acute and less severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes.", "content": "Acute diabetes with ketosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal streptozotocin and also a milder form of diabetes without ketosis by injecting less of the drug. The acutely diabetic rats were killed 72h after injection and the others after either 2 or 13 weeks. Free and lipid myo-inositol was then measured in various tissues and body fluids by g.l.c. of the trimethylsilyl ether. Serum inositol was increased in the acutely diabetic group, whereas liver inositol was decreased. Brain and kidney inositol concentrations were increased in the mildly diabetic animals at 13 weeks and there was a progressive decrease in sciatic-nerve inositol. Lipid inositol of sciatic nerve was decreased in the acutely diabetic group only. Brain lipid inositol concentration was decreased in mild diabetes at 13 weeks. Possible implications of these findings in relation to diabetic neuropathy was discussed.", "contents": "Free and lipid myo-inositol in tissues from rats with acute and less severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acute diabetes with ketosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal streptozotocin and also a milder form of diabetes without ketosis by injecting less of the drug. The acutely diabetic rats were killed 72h after injection and the others after either 2 or 13 weeks. Free and lipid myo-inositol was then measured in various tissues and body fluids by g.l.c. of the trimethylsilyl ether. Serum inositol was increased in the acutely diabetic group, whereas liver inositol was decreased. Brain and kidney inositol concentrations were increased in the mildly diabetic animals at 13 weeks and there was a progressive decrease in sciatic-nerve inositol. Lipid inositol of sciatic nerve was decreased in the acutely diabetic group only. Brain lipid inositol concentration was decreased in mild diabetes at 13 weeks. Possible implications of these findings in relation to diabetic neuropathy was discussed.", "PMID": 588254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2388", "title": "Enzymically iodinated human salivary proteins. Fractionation and characterization by column chromatography and electrofocusing.", "content": "Human salivary proteins were enzymically iodinated by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system. The proteins were than subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, preparative column electrofocusing and thin-layer polyacrylamide-gel electrofocusing. The radioactivity in the resolved protein pools and bands was determined. Results show that salivary proteins differ in their susceptibility to iodination carried out by this enzymic method. Two major iodine-binding protein fractions were discovered: one behaved like serum albumin on electrofocusing and was most susceptible to iodination by lactoperoxidase, and other had pI characteristics similar to those of salivary amylase. The physiological significance of the iodination of salivary proteins, which can also take place in vivo, is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymically iodinated human salivary proteins. Fractionation and characterization by column chromatography and electrofocusing. Human salivary proteins were enzymically iodinated by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system. The proteins were than subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, preparative column electrofocusing and thin-layer polyacrylamide-gel electrofocusing. The radioactivity in the resolved protein pools and bands was determined. Results show that salivary proteins differ in their susceptibility to iodination carried out by this enzymic method. Two major iodine-binding protein fractions were discovered: one behaved like serum albumin on electrofocusing and was most susceptible to iodination by lactoperoxidase, and other had pI characteristics similar to those of salivary amylase. The physiological significance of the iodination of salivary proteins, which can also take place in vivo, is discussed.", "PMID": 588255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2389", "title": "The involvement of the bridging imidazolate in the catalytic mechanism of action of bovine superoxide dismutase.", "content": "The pulse-radiolysis method has been used to study the catalytic mechanism of O2 leads to dismutation by the Co(II)-substituted bovine erythrocuprein (superoxide dismutase, EC 1.15.1.1). Catalysis is accompanied by spectral changes that may be interpreted in terms of rapid protonation and deprotonation of the Cu-facing nitrogen atom of the imidazolate that bridges the Cu(II) and the Co(II) [or Zn(II)] in the oxidized enzyme. This rapid change permits the possibility that the imidazole is a proton donor in the catalytic reduction of O2 leads to.", "contents": "The involvement of the bridging imidazolate in the catalytic mechanism of action of bovine superoxide dismutase. The pulse-radiolysis method has been used to study the catalytic mechanism of O2 leads to dismutation by the Co(II)-substituted bovine erythrocuprein (superoxide dismutase, EC 1.15.1.1). Catalysis is accompanied by spectral changes that may be interpreted in terms of rapid protonation and deprotonation of the Cu-facing nitrogen atom of the imidazolate that bridges the Cu(II) and the Co(II) [or Zn(II)] in the oxidized enzyme. This rapid change permits the possibility that the imidazole is a proton donor in the catalytic reduction of O2 leads to.", "PMID": 588256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2390", "title": "Chemical differences between thyrotropin isohormones.", "content": "Amide determinations have been carried out, with a newly developed g.l.c. method, on thyrotropin hormones prepared by isoelectric focusing. The observed differences in amide content fully account for the differences in the electrochemical properties of the isohormones.", "contents": "Chemical differences between thyrotropin isohormones. Amide determinations have been carried out, with a newly developed g.l.c. method, on thyrotropin hormones prepared by isoelectric focusing. The observed differences in amide content fully account for the differences in the electrochemical properties of the isohormones.", "PMID": 588257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2391", "title": "Release of alkaline phosphatase from membranes by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.", "content": "Purified phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus released a substantial proportion of the total alkaline phosphatase activity from a wide range of tissues from several mammalian species. Co-purification of the phospholipase C and alkaline phosphatase-releasing activities and the inhibition of both these activities by iso-osmotic salt solutions suggested that the releasing effect was unlikely to be due to a contaminant.", "contents": "Release of alkaline phosphatase from membranes by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Purified phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus released a substantial proportion of the total alkaline phosphatase activity from a wide range of tissues from several mammalian species. Co-purification of the phospholipase C and alkaline phosphatase-releasing activities and the inhibition of both these activities by iso-osmotic salt solutions suggested that the releasing effect was unlikely to be due to a contaminant.", "PMID": 588258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2392", "title": "A second activation peptide from bovine cationic trypsinogen.", "content": "1. Although only one activation peptide of bovine cationic trypsinogen has been reported previously, the peptide fraction obtained from activation mixtures shows several bands on paper electrophoresis at pH 6.5. 2. The major band was the peptide previously described. The band second in intensity of staining with ninhydrin (10-20% of that of the main band, as judged by eye) had an electrophoretic mobility consistent with its being related to the main peptide. It appeared on activation both of bulk commercial samples of trypsinogen and, as the Appendix shows, of samples prepared from pancreases obtained at the local abattoir. 3. The second peptide proved to be Phe-Pro-Val-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys, and we conclude that it is another activation peptide. We discuss briefly the genetic and phylogenetic implications of our findings.", "contents": "A second activation peptide from bovine cationic trypsinogen. 1. Although only one activation peptide of bovine cationic trypsinogen has been reported previously, the peptide fraction obtained from activation mixtures shows several bands on paper electrophoresis at pH 6.5. 2. The major band was the peptide previously described. The band second in intensity of staining with ninhydrin (10-20% of that of the main band, as judged by eye) had an electrophoretic mobility consistent with its being related to the main peptide. It appeared on activation both of bulk commercial samples of trypsinogen and, as the Appendix shows, of samples prepared from pancreases obtained at the local abattoir. 3. The second peptide proved to be Phe-Pro-Val-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys, and we conclude that it is another activation peptide. We discuss briefly the genetic and phylogenetic implications of our findings.", "PMID": 588259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2393", "title": "Correction of partial amino acid sequence of erabutoxins.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of erabutoxins a and b were re-examined. The previously reported sequence of Ser-Glu at positions 21 and 22 of erabutoxins was corrected to Glu-Ser.", "contents": "Correction of partial amino acid sequence of erabutoxins. The amino acid sequences of erabutoxins a and b were re-examined. The previously reported sequence of Ser-Glu at positions 21 and 22 of erabutoxins was corrected to Glu-Ser.", "PMID": 588261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2394", "title": "Lysostaphin endopeptidase-catalysed transpeptidation reactions of the imino-transfer type.", "content": "The glycylglycine endopeptidase in lysostaphin has been found capable of catalysing both hydrolysis and transpeptidation reactions when acting on glycyl peptides. The ability of the enzyme to utilize dansyldiglycine (5-dimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulphonylglycylglycine) as an acceptor molecule in transpeptidation reactions, although it is incapable of hydrolysing the peptide bond in this compound, indicates the enzyme must be capable of forming the equivalent of an imino-enzyme intermediate during the catalytic process.", "contents": "Lysostaphin endopeptidase-catalysed transpeptidation reactions of the imino-transfer type. The glycylglycine endopeptidase in lysostaphin has been found capable of catalysing both hydrolysis and transpeptidation reactions when acting on glycyl peptides. The ability of the enzyme to utilize dansyldiglycine (5-dimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulphonylglycylglycine) as an acceptor molecule in transpeptidation reactions, although it is incapable of hydrolysing the peptide bond in this compound, indicates the enzyme must be capable of forming the equivalent of an imino-enzyme intermediate during the catalytic process.", "PMID": 588262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2395", "title": "The effect of matrix on the binding of albumin to immobilized Cibacron Blue.", "content": "With Cibacron Blue as a ligand, the suitability of Sepharose, Sephacryl, cellulose and Ultrogel as column supports for the affinity chromatography of human serum albumin was examined. Sepharose and Sephacryl were the most effective matrices. Albumin was readily removed from such columns by using an electrophoretic desorption technique.", "contents": "The effect of matrix on the binding of albumin to immobilized Cibacron Blue. With Cibacron Blue as a ligand, the suitability of Sepharose, Sephacryl, cellulose and Ultrogel as column supports for the affinity chromatography of human serum albumin was examined. Sepharose and Sephacryl were the most effective matrices. Albumin was readily removed from such columns by using an electrophoretic desorption technique.", "PMID": 588263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2396", "title": "A direct assay for urinary kallikrein.", "content": "The first protein-binding assay is described for the direct determination of kallikrein in rat urine. Isolation of urinary kallikrein and preparation of its specific antibody have been previously described. Outlined here are the methods for 3H-labelling of kallikrein, for isolation of 3H-labelled immunoreactive enzyme, and for separation of free and antibody-bound kallikrein with the aid of double antibody. Assay and equilibrium conditions were characterized and a protocol is presented for the measurement of kallikrein concentration. The direct assay is sensitive, accurate and it correlates well (r = 0.81) with a functional assay. The assay may hold promise to determine catalytically active and inactive enzyme in urine, tissues and biological fluids.", "contents": "A direct assay for urinary kallikrein. The first protein-binding assay is described for the direct determination of kallikrein in rat urine. Isolation of urinary kallikrein and preparation of its specific antibody have been previously described. Outlined here are the methods for 3H-labelling of kallikrein, for isolation of 3H-labelled immunoreactive enzyme, and for separation of free and antibody-bound kallikrein with the aid of double antibody. Assay and equilibrium conditions were characterized and a protocol is presented for the measurement of kallikrein concentration. The direct assay is sensitive, accurate and it correlates well (r = 0.81) with a functional assay. The assay may hold promise to determine catalytically active and inactive enzyme in urine, tissues and biological fluids.", "PMID": 588264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2397", "title": "Variation in the distribution of two human heart ferritin species. Isoferritin profile and subunit composition in normal and iron-overloaded subjects.", "content": "On polyacrylamide slab electrophoresis two ferritin species, termed fast and slow, were present in three control and four iron-loaded human hearts. The ratio of the fast to slow species varied between hearts and correlated with the distribution of isoferritins, which had pI values ranging from 4.8 to 5.6. The acidic isoferritins were prominent in all hearts, but one control and the four iron-loaded hearts contained, in addition, basic isoferritins. All ferritins were composed of two subunits, an acidic H type and a more basic HL type, which was the main subunit in normal liver. Hearts with the highest proportions of acidic isoferritin contained the highest proportion of the H subunit.", "contents": "Variation in the distribution of two human heart ferritin species. Isoferritin profile and subunit composition in normal and iron-overloaded subjects. On polyacrylamide slab electrophoresis two ferritin species, termed fast and slow, were present in three control and four iron-loaded human hearts. The ratio of the fast to slow species varied between hearts and correlated with the distribution of isoferritins, which had pI values ranging from 4.8 to 5.6. The acidic isoferritins were prominent in all hearts, but one control and the four iron-loaded hearts contained, in addition, basic isoferritins. All ferritins were composed of two subunits, an acidic H type and a more basic HL type, which was the main subunit in normal liver. Hearts with the highest proportions of acidic isoferritin contained the highest proportion of the H subunit.", "PMID": 588265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2398", "title": "Preparation and properties of co-reticulated invertase supported by an ultrafiltration membrane.", "content": "Yeast invertase was co-reticulated with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin to give a soluble bound enzyme that was immobilized as a tightly adhering layer on the active surface of an ultrafiltration membrane. The Michaelis constant and stability of this immobilized-enzyme system are compared with those of the enzyme either in the native form or immobilized as a dynamically formed gel layer on an ultrafiltration membrane, as previously described by us [Drioli, Gianfreda, Palescandolo & Scardi (1975) Biotechnol, Bioeng, 17, 1365-1367].", "contents": "Preparation and properties of co-reticulated invertase supported by an ultrafiltration membrane. Yeast invertase was co-reticulated with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin to give a soluble bound enzyme that was immobilized as a tightly adhering layer on the active surface of an ultrafiltration membrane. The Michaelis constant and stability of this immobilized-enzyme system are compared with those of the enzyme either in the native form or immobilized as a dynamically formed gel layer on an ultrafiltration membrane, as previously described by us [Drioli, Gianfreda, Palescandolo & Scardi (1975) Biotechnol, Bioeng, 17, 1365-1367].", "PMID": 588266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2399", "title": "Griseofulvin-induced aggregation of microtubule protein.", "content": "Griseofulvin (7-chloro-2',4,6-trimethoxy-6'-methylspiro[benzofuran-2(3H),1'-[2]cyclohexene]-3,4'-dione) induces aggregation of microtubule protein at 0 degrees C. This aggregate contains approx. 90% of the microtubule-associated proteins originally present in the microtubule protein. The supernatant obtained after removal of the griseofulvin-induced aggregate does not form microtubules on warming at 37 degrees C. Addition of the griseofulvin-aggregated protein to this supernatant and warming to 37 degrees C gives rise to a limited amount of microtubule assembly. The possible involvement of griseofulvin-induced aggregation of microtubule protein at 0 degrees C in the inhibition by griseofulvin of microtubule assembly in vitro is discussed.", "contents": "Griseofulvin-induced aggregation of microtubule protein. Griseofulvin (7-chloro-2',4,6-trimethoxy-6'-methylspiro[benzofuran-2(3H),1'-[2]cyclohexene]-3,4'-dione) induces aggregation of microtubule protein at 0 degrees C. This aggregate contains approx. 90% of the microtubule-associated proteins originally present in the microtubule protein. The supernatant obtained after removal of the griseofulvin-induced aggregate does not form microtubules on warming at 37 degrees C. Addition of the griseofulvin-aggregated protein to this supernatant and warming to 37 degrees C gives rise to a limited amount of microtubule assembly. The possible involvement of griseofulvin-induced aggregation of microtubule protein at 0 degrees C in the inhibition by griseofulvin of microtubule assembly in vitro is discussed.", "PMID": 588267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2400", "title": "Purification and subunit structure of argininosuccinate lyase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The final enzyme preparation was purified 46-fold compared with the crude extract. Electrophoresis of this preparation revealed three bands, the major one having the enzyme activity. Analysis of the enzyme by gel filtration and by disc electrophoresis (in two different concentrations of acrylamide) gave mol.wts. of 200000 (+/- 15000) and 190000 (+/- 20000) respectively. Treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate and mercaptoethanol dissociated the enzyme into subunits of mol.wt. 39000 (+/-2000). The results are indicative of the multimeric structure of the enzyme, which is composed of five (perhaps four or six) identical subunits.", "contents": "Purification and subunit structure of argininosuccinate lyase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The final enzyme preparation was purified 46-fold compared with the crude extract. Electrophoresis of this preparation revealed three bands, the major one having the enzyme activity. Analysis of the enzyme by gel filtration and by disc electrophoresis (in two different concentrations of acrylamide) gave mol.wts. of 200000 (+/- 15000) and 190000 (+/- 20000) respectively. Treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate and mercaptoethanol dissociated the enzyme into subunits of mol.wt. 39000 (+/-2000). The results are indicative of the multimeric structure of the enzyme, which is composed of five (perhaps four or six) identical subunits.", "PMID": 588268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2401", "title": "Characterization of the serum lipoproteins and their apoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic guinea pigs.", "content": "1. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in male guinea pigs after 6 days on a chow diet supplemented with 1.6% (w/w) cholesterol and 15% (w/w) corn oil. Both the VLD (very-low-density) and LD (low-density) lipoproteins were increased in cholesterol-fed animals, although the low concentrations of HD (high-density) lipoproteins remained essentially unchanged. LD lipoproteins of d 1.019-1.100 were the major class, accounting for 74% of the total substances of d less than 1.100. 2. Both VLD and LD lipoproteins exhibited alterations in their chemical composition, physical properties and apolipoprotein content. The VLD lipoproteins in cholesterolaemic animals were rich in cholesterol (25.9%), deficient in protein (4.9%) and exhibited electrophoretic mobility greater than that of beta-globulin; their average particle size (64.5 nm) was larger than that in controls (46.3 nm). The LD lipoproteins in animals fed on the experimental diet were also richer in cholesterol (53.1%) and of larger diameter (24.3 nm) than in the control group (41.1% and 21.4 nm respectively). 3. The apolipoprotein-B content of both VLD and LD lipoproteins was elevated in cholesterolaemic animals, particularly in the VLD class, where it represented 74.8% of the total protein moiety. 4. Apo-VLD lipoprotein exhibited an increase from 6 to 19% in its complement of tetramethylurea-soluble apolipoproteins with low electrophoretic mobility (relative mobility less than 0.29); this was primarily accounted for by apolipoproteins characterized by high arginine (7.2 and 6.4% respectively) and glutamic acid (20.1 and 20.0% respectively) contents. 5. By contrast, there was little change in the soluble apolipoproteins of LD lipoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic animals.6. These studies show the response of the guinea pig to dietary fat and cholesterol to be distinct from that elicited by similar stimuli in the rabbit, rat, pig and dog.", "contents": "Characterization of the serum lipoproteins and their apoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic guinea pigs. 1. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in male guinea pigs after 6 days on a chow diet supplemented with 1.6% (w/w) cholesterol and 15% (w/w) corn oil. Both the VLD (very-low-density) and LD (low-density) lipoproteins were increased in cholesterol-fed animals, although the low concentrations of HD (high-density) lipoproteins remained essentially unchanged. LD lipoproteins of d 1.019-1.100 were the major class, accounting for 74% of the total substances of d less than 1.100. 2. Both VLD and LD lipoproteins exhibited alterations in their chemical composition, physical properties and apolipoprotein content. The VLD lipoproteins in cholesterolaemic animals were rich in cholesterol (25.9%), deficient in protein (4.9%) and exhibited electrophoretic mobility greater than that of beta-globulin; their average particle size (64.5 nm) was larger than that in controls (46.3 nm). The LD lipoproteins in animals fed on the experimental diet were also richer in cholesterol (53.1%) and of larger diameter (24.3 nm) than in the control group (41.1% and 21.4 nm respectively). 3. The apolipoprotein-B content of both VLD and LD lipoproteins was elevated in cholesterolaemic animals, particularly in the VLD class, where it represented 74.8% of the total protein moiety. 4. Apo-VLD lipoprotein exhibited an increase from 6 to 19% in its complement of tetramethylurea-soluble apolipoproteins with low electrophoretic mobility (relative mobility less than 0.29); this was primarily accounted for by apolipoproteins characterized by high arginine (7.2 and 6.4% respectively) and glutamic acid (20.1 and 20.0% respectively) contents. 5. By contrast, there was little change in the soluble apolipoproteins of LD lipoproteins in hypercholesterolaemic animals.6. These studies show the response of the guinea pig to dietary fat and cholesterol to be distinct from that elicited by similar stimuli in the rabbit, rat, pig and dog.", "PMID": 588269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2402", "title": "[Prognostic value of echography in threatened abortion].", "content": "After a short description of the most important echographic pictures for diagnosis of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester, the clinical development in 89 patients with threatened abortion symptoms, is examined. The interruption of pregnancy has been predicted in 97,05% of the cases resulted in abortion and normal prosecution of pregnancy in 98,18% with regular outcome. These results are very reassuring and no doubt more reliable than pregnancy-test, which for its prompt applicability, may be compared with echographic examination.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of echography in threatened abortion]. After a short description of the most important echographic pictures for diagnosis of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester, the clinical development in 89 patients with threatened abortion symptoms, is examined. The interruption of pregnancy has been predicted in 97,05% of the cases resulted in abortion and normal prosecution of pregnancy in 98,18% with regular outcome. These results are very reassuring and no doubt more reliable than pregnancy-test, which for its prompt applicability, may be compared with echographic examination.", "PMID": 588315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2403", "title": "[Biparietal diameter and growth rate: employment in the diagnosis of PIFG].", "content": "The ultrasound-examination of 107 pregnancies, submitted to several serial measurements of B.P.D. and B.P.D Growth Rate, showed the diagnosis of Poor Intrauterine Fetal Growth to be possible in only 56,25% of the cases. This result is evidently inacceptable and agrees with literature data showing that head circumference measurements in Small Gestational Age, are, at birth, above the 10 degrees percentile in 54% of the cases.", "contents": "[Biparietal diameter and growth rate: employment in the diagnosis of PIFG]. The ultrasound-examination of 107 pregnancies, submitted to several serial measurements of B.P.D. and B.P.D Growth Rate, showed the diagnosis of Poor Intrauterine Fetal Growth to be possible in only 56,25% of the cases. This result is evidently inacceptable and agrees with literature data showing that head circumference measurements in Small Gestational Age, are, at birth, above the 10 degrees percentile in 54% of the cases.", "PMID": 588316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2404", "title": "[Erythrocyte changes (echino- and stomatocytic) in muscular dystrophy: research on possible applications in diagnosis and eugenics].", "content": "The Authors, after a brief review of the factors which influence the echino and stomatocytic erythrocyte's deformations and of the biochemical basis of these alterations, report the comparative study of the echino-stomatocytogenesis in both normal subjects and myodystrophic patients. In order to investigate whether this phenomenon is more developed in pathological condition, the results confirm that between normal subjects and myodystrophic patients or healthy carriers there is a quantitative significant difference which can be utilized for diagnostic and eugenic purposes. To obtain reliable results, the evaluation should be made at regular intervals of time from the blood drawing and after the exclusion of the presence of other disease or echino-stomatocytogenetic factors (drugs, etc.).", "contents": "[Erythrocyte changes (echino- and stomatocytic) in muscular dystrophy: research on possible applications in diagnosis and eugenics]. The Authors, after a brief review of the factors which influence the echino and stomatocytic erythrocyte's deformations and of the biochemical basis of these alterations, report the comparative study of the echino-stomatocytogenesis in both normal subjects and myodystrophic patients. In order to investigate whether this phenomenon is more developed in pathological condition, the results confirm that between normal subjects and myodystrophic patients or healthy carriers there is a quantitative significant difference which can be utilized for diagnostic and eugenic purposes. To obtain reliable results, the evaluation should be made at regular intervals of time from the blood drawing and after the exclusion of the presence of other disease or echino-stomatocytogenetic factors (drugs, etc.).", "PMID": 588320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2405", "title": "[Modification of surgical reconstruction of the glottis].", "content": "A personal modification to Staffieri's technique is presented. This change respects the principles of the operation but is different on the practical performance in order to avoid the incontinence of the neo-glottis. A partial decartilagination of the tracheal or crico-tracheal stump over the definitive tracheostome is performed, so that it can be funnel shaped and idoneus to the end to lateral anastomosis with the mucous membrane of the ipopharinx.", "contents": "[Modification of surgical reconstruction of the glottis]. A personal modification to Staffieri's technique is presented. This change respects the principles of the operation but is different on the practical performance in order to avoid the incontinence of the neo-glottis. A partial decartilagination of the tracheal or crico-tracheal stump over the definitive tracheostome is performed, so that it can be funnel shaped and idoneus to the end to lateral anastomosis with the mucous membrane of the ipopharinx.", "PMID": 588321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2406", "title": "[Food consumption in a community of the Parma district (Langhirano). Clinico-metabolic considerations].", "content": "Referring to the results of a \"pilot\" nutritional investigation carried out in a representative mixed sample of a small community of Parma district (Langhirano), the AA. underline the clinical and metabolic implications resulting from the not quite correct nutritional behaviour observed. In fact, in agreement with the national average data reported for italian population from ISTAT, caloric excess, particularly of dietary fat and proteins, was confirmed in this community too. Nevertheless, want of vitamins (D, B1, B2), and minerals (Ca) was paradoxically found. Considering in detail the results some immediate clinical and metabolic consequences come out: namely, want of Ca is prevailing in women and just in the critical age classes (20-40 and 50-59 years, that is in fertile and climacteric ages). When the recommended intake levels are higher. Ferthermore in male-populations, in the class aged 30-50 (that is more vulnerable as to atherosclerosis), was found the highest caloric intake besides in fat and particularly in cholesterol, as to the recommended safety levels. The A.A. conclude pointing out the importance and the necessity of a nutritional notions wide spreading, involving the various responsible public health and social politic organisation of the Country.", "contents": "[Food consumption in a community of the Parma district (Langhirano). Clinico-metabolic considerations]. Referring to the results of a \"pilot\" nutritional investigation carried out in a representative mixed sample of a small community of Parma district (Langhirano), the AA. underline the clinical and metabolic implications resulting from the not quite correct nutritional behaviour observed. In fact, in agreement with the national average data reported for italian population from ISTAT, caloric excess, particularly of dietary fat and proteins, was confirmed in this community too. Nevertheless, want of vitamins (D, B1, B2), and minerals (Ca) was paradoxically found. Considering in detail the results some immediate clinical and metabolic consequences come out: namely, want of Ca is prevailing in women and just in the critical age classes (20-40 and 50-59 years, that is in fertile and climacteric ages). When the recommended intake levels are higher. Ferthermore in male-populations, in the class aged 30-50 (that is more vulnerable as to atherosclerosis), was found the highest caloric intake besides in fat and particularly in cholesterol, as to the recommended safety levels. The A.A. conclude pointing out the importance and the necessity of a nutritional notions wide spreading, involving the various responsible public health and social politic organisation of the Country.", "PMID": 588322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2407", "title": "Increase in dopamine content of the rat median eminence after long-term ovariectomy and its reversal by estrogen replacement.", "content": "The norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations of the median eminence and the remaining hypothalamus of female rats were assayed using a sensitive radioenzymatic method. There were no changes in the catecholamine concentrations of either brain region when measured in the mornings of the different days of the estrous cycle. Four to 5 weeks after ovariectomy there was a marked increase in the DA but not the NE content of the median eminence, and the daily administration of estradiol benzoate for 7 days prior to sacrifice reversed the ovariectomy-induced increase in DA. Ovariectomy did not alter catecholamine concentrations in the remaining hypothalamus.", "contents": "Increase in dopamine content of the rat median eminence after long-term ovariectomy and its reversal by estrogen replacement. The norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations of the median eminence and the remaining hypothalamus of female rats were assayed using a sensitive radioenzymatic method. There were no changes in the catecholamine concentrations of either brain region when measured in the mornings of the different days of the estrous cycle. Four to 5 weeks after ovariectomy there was a marked increase in the DA but not the NE content of the median eminence, and the daily administration of estradiol benzoate for 7 days prior to sacrifice reversed the ovariectomy-induced increase in DA. Ovariectomy did not alter catecholamine concentrations in the remaining hypothalamus.", "PMID": 588327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2408", "title": "Anticonvulsant induced increase in 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "Osteomalacia has been shown to be associated with long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Anticonvulsants modify the hepatic metabolism of vitamin D3 and decrease serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) levels. We have confirmed this and have shown that diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbitone (PB) enhance the activity of kidney 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (1-hydroxylase) in the chicken. Thus, anticonvulsant osteomalacia may not be due to a lack of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH) 2D3).", "contents": "Anticonvulsant induced increase in 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase. Osteomalacia has been shown to be associated with long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Anticonvulsants modify the hepatic metabolism of vitamin D3 and decrease serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) levels. We have confirmed this and have shown that diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbitone (PB) enhance the activity of kidney 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (1-hydroxylase) in the chicken. Thus, anticonvulsant osteomalacia may not be due to a lack of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH) 2D3).", "PMID": 588328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2409", "title": "[Delayed hypersensitivity in pediatric patients with cancer].", "content": "Possible relationship between childhood cancer and host immunity was studied by assessment of delayed hypersensitivity assayed by skin testing. Reactivity to a battery of potential secondary skin test antigens and a primary antigen, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was determined in 46 children with various malignancies and 28 healthy controls. Rechallenge to DNCB 50 and 100 mcg was tested in 26 children an in the controls. Secondary antigenic patterns showed little difference from controls or between surviving or living patients. Anery to DNCG rechallenge was a prominent finding in children dying with cancer. Immune altertion of some non tumor specific factors therefore seems to be associated with prognosis in some childhood cancers.", "contents": "[Delayed hypersensitivity in pediatric patients with cancer]. Possible relationship between childhood cancer and host immunity was studied by assessment of delayed hypersensitivity assayed by skin testing. Reactivity to a battery of potential secondary skin test antigens and a primary antigen, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was determined in 46 children with various malignancies and 28 healthy controls. Rechallenge to DNCB 50 and 100 mcg was tested in 26 children an in the controls. Secondary antigenic patterns showed little difference from controls or between surviving or living patients. Anery to DNCG rechallenge was a prominent finding in children dying with cancer. Immune altertion of some non tumor specific factors therefore seems to be associated with prognosis in some childhood cancers.", "PMID": 588329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2410", "title": "[Compensatory growth in children with intrauterine growth retardation of different etiologies].", "content": "Postnatal growth of infants born with low birth-weight for gestational age was studied by measuring monthly weight, supine length, head circumference and triceps skinfold from birth to seven months. Three groups were studied: twins (group A, N 15), babies with no apparent cause of their IGR; group B, N 20) and babies born from mothers with moderate to severe toxemia during pregnancy (group C, N 9). The three groups had a similar degree of birth-weight deficit, but birth-length was significantly more reduced in group C. The three groups presented some degree of catch-up-growth, reflected by a higher-than-average growth velocity, present during the first 3-4 months only; after this age, growth rates were not different from normal average. Groups A and B had a greater catch-up-growth than group C in weight and triceps skinfold, reaching 50th percentile in three months. Incomplete catch-up of group C may be due to interference of toxemic injury on critical period of fat cell replication. The prognosis of postnatal growth of babies with IGR is strongly dependent on the degree of catch-up-growth during the first months of extrauterine life; this is, in turn, related to the etiology responsible for IGR.", "contents": "[Compensatory growth in children with intrauterine growth retardation of different etiologies]. Postnatal growth of infants born with low birth-weight for gestational age was studied by measuring monthly weight, supine length, head circumference and triceps skinfold from birth to seven months. Three groups were studied: twins (group A, N 15), babies with no apparent cause of their IGR; group B, N 20) and babies born from mothers with moderate to severe toxemia during pregnancy (group C, N 9). The three groups had a similar degree of birth-weight deficit, but birth-length was significantly more reduced in group C. The three groups presented some degree of catch-up-growth, reflected by a higher-than-average growth velocity, present during the first 3-4 months only; after this age, growth rates were not different from normal average. Groups A and B had a greater catch-up-growth than group C in weight and triceps skinfold, reaching 50th percentile in three months. Incomplete catch-up of group C may be due to interference of toxemic injury on critical period of fat cell replication. The prognosis of postnatal growth of babies with IGR is strongly dependent on the degree of catch-up-growth during the first months of extrauterine life; this is, in turn, related to the etiology responsible for IGR.", "PMID": 588330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2411", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome].", "content": "In 78 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, the levels of serum immunoglobulins were studied. In 45 cases with lipoid nephrosis, 7 with segmentary and focal sclerosis and in 26 with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, a reduction in per centum values of IgG were found in similar magnitude in the groups. Levels for IgA were not found abnormal and there was an increase in values for IgM exclusively in cases of lipoid nephrosis. There was no difference between disorders shown by cases of active lipoid nephrosis at the beginning or following relapse after some time of evolution. On the other hand it was found that disorders that appeared significantly in magnitude in cases undergoing remission, but specially in those with a greater time of evolution. The difference in these findings with those reported by other authors are attributed to multifactorial causes of lipoid nephrosis and it is supposed that disorders of immunoglobulins represent a functional defect of the lymphocytes T similar to that described as \"immunodeficiency linked to chromosome X with high IgM\". The association of lipoid nephrosis with certain types of locus HL-A suggest that these immunity alterations might signify a predisposing factor genetically transmitted and suggest the systematic study of these abnormalities in parents and siblings of patients with this disease.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome]. In 78 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, the levels of serum immunoglobulins were studied. In 45 cases with lipoid nephrosis, 7 with segmentary and focal sclerosis and in 26 with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, a reduction in per centum values of IgG were found in similar magnitude in the groups. Levels for IgA were not found abnormal and there was an increase in values for IgM exclusively in cases of lipoid nephrosis. There was no difference between disorders shown by cases of active lipoid nephrosis at the beginning or following relapse after some time of evolution. On the other hand it was found that disorders that appeared significantly in magnitude in cases undergoing remission, but specially in those with a greater time of evolution. The difference in these findings with those reported by other authors are attributed to multifactorial causes of lipoid nephrosis and it is supposed that disorders of immunoglobulins represent a functional defect of the lymphocytes T similar to that described as \"immunodeficiency linked to chromosome X with high IgM\". The association of lipoid nephrosis with certain types of locus HL-A suggest that these immunity alterations might signify a predisposing factor genetically transmitted and suggest the systematic study of these abnormalities in parents and siblings of patients with this disease.", "PMID": 588331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2412", "title": "[Various biosociological aspects of women during childhood].", "content": "Several biosociocultural characteristics that define the woman's form of evolution during her first stages of growth and uterine development are analyzed. In order to outstand these features, a comparison is established between the events that take place in the woman and those that occur in men. For instance, the apparent immunologic deviation in the female sex and the greater incidence of certain congenital anomalies and metabolic diseases in man. On the other hand, the somatic differences are stressed, apparently as a result of metabolic peculiarities of one or the other sex, together with the unique behavior of women from a very early age in life. Finally, the behavior of the Mexican before the birth of a female is outlined in this statement, the series of sociocultural restrictions confronting women from the initial stages of her growth and development are pointed out.", "contents": "[Various biosociological aspects of women during childhood]. Several biosociocultural characteristics that define the woman's form of evolution during her first stages of growth and uterine development are analyzed. In order to outstand these features, a comparison is established between the events that take place in the woman and those that occur in men. For instance, the apparent immunologic deviation in the female sex and the greater incidence of certain congenital anomalies and metabolic diseases in man. On the other hand, the somatic differences are stressed, apparently as a result of metabolic peculiarities of one or the other sex, together with the unique behavior of women from a very early age in life. Finally, the behavior of the Mexican before the birth of a female is outlined in this statement, the series of sociocultural restrictions confronting women from the initial stages of her growth and development are pointed out.", "PMID": 588332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2413", "title": "[Bezoars in childhood].", "content": "Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico reports 13 cases of bezoars out of which, 12 were trichobezoars and one fitobezoar. Bezoars are uncommon, but they must be known by the pediatrician as well as by the children surgeon in order to be able to reach a diagnosis and give the treatment. A complete review of the main points is given.", "contents": "[Bezoars in childhood]. Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico reports 13 cases of bezoars out of which, 12 were trichobezoars and one fitobezoar. Bezoars are uncommon, but they must be known by the pediatrician as well as by the children surgeon in order to be able to reach a diagnosis and give the treatment. A complete review of the main points is given.", "PMID": 588333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2414", "title": "[Diencephalic cyst].", "content": "Two cases diagnosed as diencephalic cyst are reported. This disease is a congenital malformation of the central nervous system attended constantly by partial or total agenesia of the corpus callosum. The embryologic disturbances distinctive of this disease are pointed out and a clinicoradiological correlation is made. Therapeutic procedures are described.", "contents": "[Diencephalic cyst]. Two cases diagnosed as diencephalic cyst are reported. This disease is a congenital malformation of the central nervous system attended constantly by partial or total agenesia of the corpus callosum. The embryologic disturbances distinctive of this disease are pointed out and a clinicoradiological correlation is made. Therapeutic procedures are described.", "PMID": 588335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2415", "title": "[Malnutrition as an expression of social disease (conceptual models)].", "content": "Considering the complexness of the factors involved in the genesis of malnutrition, several patterns are set forth in this assay that stress the sequence with which biosociocultural variables participate in it. The evolution the causality concepts have had, allow the interpretation of the initial interest to explain the origin of disease with the purpose of offering a treatment in a scientific basis. Once the relation between malnutrition and the energetic and protein deficiencies have been recognized, another phase of knowledge was initiated having primarily a preventive goal; under this new guidance, the attention of research workers was directed to the identification of the disease as a manifestation of the inadequate social integration of man in the economical, political and cultural aspects, as in the psychosocial.", "contents": "[Malnutrition as an expression of social disease (conceptual models)]. Considering the complexness of the factors involved in the genesis of malnutrition, several patterns are set forth in this assay that stress the sequence with which biosociocultural variables participate in it. The evolution the causality concepts have had, allow the interpretation of the initial interest to explain the origin of disease with the purpose of offering a treatment in a scientific basis. Once the relation between malnutrition and the energetic and protein deficiencies have been recognized, another phase of knowledge was initiated having primarily a preventive goal; under this new guidance, the attention of research workers was directed to the identification of the disease as a manifestation of the inadequate social integration of man in the economical, political and cultural aspects, as in the psychosocial.", "PMID": 588334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2416", "title": "[Early and late ligature of the umbilical cord and the acid-base equilibrium of the newborn infant].", "content": "A comparative study was made between two groups of healthy newborns. In the first group (A), partial placental transfusion was propitiated and in the second group (B), the umbilical cord was ligated previous to the first inspiration. The behavior of the internal means was investigated carrying out a study of its acid-base equilibrium in umbilical vessels and in arterial blood of the newborn at 30 minutes of independent life. The analysis of the results confirmed significant statistical differences between both groups under study and the usefulness of one minute partial placental transfusion was substantiated. It verified besides that, although both groups showed similar behavior, the group where placental transfusion was propitiated showed a greater metabolic resource which was statistically confirmed. This circumstance propitiated a better accomplishment of homeostasis.", "contents": "[Early and late ligature of the umbilical cord and the acid-base equilibrium of the newborn infant]. A comparative study was made between two groups of healthy newborns. In the first group (A), partial placental transfusion was propitiated and in the second group (B), the umbilical cord was ligated previous to the first inspiration. The behavior of the internal means was investigated carrying out a study of its acid-base equilibrium in umbilical vessels and in arterial blood of the newborn at 30 minutes of independent life. The analysis of the results confirmed significant statistical differences between both groups under study and the usefulness of one minute partial placental transfusion was substantiated. It verified besides that, although both groups showed similar behavior, the group where placental transfusion was propitiated showed a greater metabolic resource which was statistically confirmed. This circumstance propitiated a better accomplishment of homeostasis.", "PMID": 588336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2417", "title": "[Complications of BCG vaccine].", "content": "The different types of complications encountered with the application of BCG vaccine are described together with a scheme of its characteristics and application techniques. The use of oral vaccine is discarded. The normal and the different abnormal reactions are described; likewise, atypical localizations and all their consequences. Finally, pertinent recommendations for the application of this vaccine are made.", "contents": "[Complications of BCG vaccine]. The different types of complications encountered with the application of BCG vaccine are described together with a scheme of its characteristics and application techniques. The use of oral vaccine is discarded. The normal and the different abnormal reactions are described; likewise, atypical localizations and all their consequences. Finally, pertinent recommendations for the application of this vaccine are made.", "PMID": 588337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2418", "title": "[Coronary arteriovenous fistula. Considerations on differential diagnosis].", "content": "Review is made of the literature of coronary arteriovenous fistula, since its first description up to 1975; we mention the most important points treated by each author. Two cases are studied clinically, by entheterization and coronariography. We take into consideration the differential diagnosis with patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency, and rupture of congenital aneurysm sinus of valsalva to right cavities. The result of these studies is that, if an atypical continous murmur for an arterial duct is present, we may suspect a coronary fistula as a first possibility, since an aneurysm of valsalva's sinus is a rare entity.", "contents": "[Coronary arteriovenous fistula. Considerations on differential diagnosis]. Review is made of the literature of coronary arteriovenous fistula, since its first description up to 1975; we mention the most important points treated by each author. Two cases are studied clinically, by entheterization and coronariography. We take into consideration the differential diagnosis with patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency, and rupture of congenital aneurysm sinus of valsalva to right cavities. The result of these studies is that, if an atypical continous murmur for an arterial duct is present, we may suspect a coronary fistula as a first possibility, since an aneurysm of valsalva's sinus is a rare entity.", "PMID": 588338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2419", "title": "[Intraosseous lymphangiectases].", "content": "These are osteolytic type bone lesions conditioned to congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Most cases become evident during adolescence. At the clinical study, extraosseous lymphatic changes may be found and frequently there is chylous pleural effusion caused by trauma, wounds, surgery or congenital anomalies of the thoracic duct. Pathologic fractures may show the anomaly. Lymphangiectatic lesions studied at the X-rays, especially if they are multiple and affect long bones, flat bones and skull, may show the lesion. Lymphography is used as a clue diagnostic procedure and shows dilated engorged lymph vessels with stagnation of the contrast medium at the cistern of Pecquet. The diagnosis must be clinical and radiological. The prognosis varies according to the extension of the process. Diets rich in proteins are given in the treatment and fractures are managed by orthopedic means.", "contents": "[Intraosseous lymphangiectases]. These are osteolytic type bone lesions conditioned to congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Most cases become evident during adolescence. At the clinical study, extraosseous lymphatic changes may be found and frequently there is chylous pleural effusion caused by trauma, wounds, surgery or congenital anomalies of the thoracic duct. Pathologic fractures may show the anomaly. Lymphangiectatic lesions studied at the X-rays, especially if they are multiple and affect long bones, flat bones and skull, may show the lesion. Lymphography is used as a clue diagnostic procedure and shows dilated engorged lymph vessels with stagnation of the contrast medium at the cistern of Pecquet. The diagnosis must be clinical and radiological. The prognosis varies according to the extension of the process. Diets rich in proteins are given in the treatment and fractures are managed by orthopedic means.", "PMID": 588339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2420", "title": "[Familial juvenile nephronopthisis].", "content": "For the last 20 years, 11 patients with clinicopathologic diagnosis of nephronopththisis or medullary cystic disease, have been studied at the Nephrology Department of the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico. The initial manifestations took place at ages from 3 to 12 years and consisted of polyuria and polydipsia with reduction of vasopressin resistant urinary concentration capacity. Most cases showed anemia and pondostatural delay even at periods previous to renal insufficiency initiation. All cases showed normal urinary sediment with persistently negative urine cultures and progressed to chronic renal insufficiency after 1 to 10 years of evolution. Eight cases showed familial character. Histopathologic findings were similar and consisted of tubular disorders with alternation of atrophic tubuli having thickened basal and dilated tubuli having normal or flattened epithelium; renal medullary cysts were shown in some cases.", "contents": "[Familial juvenile nephronopthisis]. For the last 20 years, 11 patients with clinicopathologic diagnosis of nephronopththisis or medullary cystic disease, have been studied at the Nephrology Department of the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico. The initial manifestations took place at ages from 3 to 12 years and consisted of polyuria and polydipsia with reduction of vasopressin resistant urinary concentration capacity. Most cases showed anemia and pondostatural delay even at periods previous to renal insufficiency initiation. All cases showed normal urinary sediment with persistently negative urine cultures and progressed to chronic renal insufficiency after 1 to 10 years of evolution. Eight cases showed familial character. Histopathologic findings were similar and consisted of tubular disorders with alternation of atrophic tubuli having thickened basal and dilated tubuli having normal or flattened epithelium; renal medullary cysts were shown in some cases.", "PMID": 588340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2421", "title": "[Furosemide in the early diagnosis of acute renal insufficiency in the newborn infant].", "content": "The study included 13 infants under one year complaining of acute gastroenteritis and dehydration who were still in oliguria or anuria 6 hours after rehydration was initiated. They were given a single dose of furosemide at the rate of 1 mg/kg and indices of U/P of urea and osmolarity, ratio urea/plasmatic creatinine, urinary volume, natriuresis and evolution of urea plasmatic figures and of creatinine were determined. Four patients showed no response to the diuretic; all of them died and through clinical and histopathologic evaluation they were classified as having acute renal insufficiency (IRA). The nine patients showing response to the drug with an increase of 5 to 30 times the control figure for urine and natriuresis showed an index U/P of urea of 5.52 +/- 3.82, U/P of osmolarity of 1.32 +/- 09, ratio urea/plasmatic creatinine of 58.7 +/- 19.8 and the figures for urea and creatinine in blood turned normal within 2 to 4 days. This was classed as prerenal azotemia (APR). It is thus concluded that furosemide appears to be a good parameter to make an early differentiation of cases with IRA, but that this measure, the same as the rest of the indices cannot show an absolute value since there are important variations in each individual.", "contents": "[Furosemide in the early diagnosis of acute renal insufficiency in the newborn infant]. The study included 13 infants under one year complaining of acute gastroenteritis and dehydration who were still in oliguria or anuria 6 hours after rehydration was initiated. They were given a single dose of furosemide at the rate of 1 mg/kg and indices of U/P of urea and osmolarity, ratio urea/plasmatic creatinine, urinary volume, natriuresis and evolution of urea plasmatic figures and of creatinine were determined. Four patients showed no response to the diuretic; all of them died and through clinical and histopathologic evaluation they were classified as having acute renal insufficiency (IRA). The nine patients showing response to the drug with an increase of 5 to 30 times the control figure for urine and natriuresis showed an index U/P of urea of 5.52 +/- 3.82, U/P of osmolarity of 1.32 +/- 09, ratio urea/plasmatic creatinine of 58.7 +/- 19.8 and the figures for urea and creatinine in blood turned normal within 2 to 4 days. This was classed as prerenal azotemia (APR). It is thus concluded that furosemide appears to be a good parameter to make an early differentiation of cases with IRA, but that this measure, the same as the rest of the indices cannot show an absolute value since there are important variations in each individual.", "PMID": 588341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2422", "title": "[Teaching of pediatrics within the plan of studies for general medicine (plan A-36)].", "content": "In this article the author exposes some of the bases about the instruction program of General Integral Medicine (plan A-36); also, he compares the teaching aspects of pediatrics of this plan and the traditional plan, both carried out at the medical School of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The author points out the best distribution of the pediatric aspects through the medical curriculum, which results in more effective teaching hours, besides, the application of the most current pedagogic and didactic technics in Plan A-36. Also the pediatric clinical practice is performed in more appropriate places and the relation between practice and theory shows more adequate equilibrium than the traditional plan.", "contents": "[Teaching of pediatrics within the plan of studies for general medicine (plan A-36)]. In this article the author exposes some of the bases about the instruction program of General Integral Medicine (plan A-36); also, he compares the teaching aspects of pediatrics of this plan and the traditional plan, both carried out at the medical School of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The author points out the best distribution of the pediatric aspects through the medical curriculum, which results in more effective teaching hours, besides, the application of the most current pedagogic and didactic technics in Plan A-36. Also the pediatric clinical practice is performed in more appropriate places and the relation between practice and theory shows more adequate equilibrium than the traditional plan.", "PMID": 588343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2423", "title": "[Current concept of chronic secretory otitis].", "content": "Excess trust in antibiotic therapy, as well as omission in paracenthesis in treating acute otitis media, are the main factors to account for the development of a new problem in the middle ear: secretory otitis media; that is, presence of liquid, usually of mucoid type, in the tympanic cavity, which constitutes the most common cause of hearing loss in children. The eustachian tube obstruction, being an important mechanical obstructive factor in this pathologic type problem, as well as recent evidence from studies, showing that the mucosa of the middle ear, suffering repeated infections, undergoes metaplasic changes, to a glandular epithelium that maintains the presence of liquid in the cavity. Stress is placed on symptoms and signs in infants and in older children as well as on the medical and surgical therapy of this entity.", "contents": "[Current concept of chronic secretory otitis]. Excess trust in antibiotic therapy, as well as omission in paracenthesis in treating acute otitis media, are the main factors to account for the development of a new problem in the middle ear: secretory otitis media; that is, presence of liquid, usually of mucoid type, in the tympanic cavity, which constitutes the most common cause of hearing loss in children. The eustachian tube obstruction, being an important mechanical obstructive factor in this pathologic type problem, as well as recent evidence from studies, showing that the mucosa of the middle ear, suffering repeated infections, undergoes metaplasic changes, to a glandular epithelium that maintains the presence of liquid in the cavity. Stress is placed on symptoms and signs in infants and in older children as well as on the medical and surgical therapy of this entity.", "PMID": 588342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2424", "title": "[Two autopsy cases of adult central nervous system toxoplasmosis: light and electron microscopic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Two autopsy cases of adult central nervous system toxoplasmosis were reported. Two cases treated with immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids under a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease were considered to be an acquired CNS toxoplasmosis associated with the underlying diseases. The first case, a 73 year old woman with Hodgkin's disease, showed toxoplasma lesions in the cerebrum. The second case, a 22 year old man with pulmonary tuberculosis, showed toxoplasma lesions in the cerebrum, basal ganglion, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongatta. Each toxoplasma lesion showed small hemonecrotic softening. Toxoplasma cysts were seen around the hemonecrotic lesion. Encysted toxoplasma organisms were examined in detail with electron microscope.", "contents": "[Two autopsy cases of adult central nervous system toxoplasmosis: light and electron microscopic studies (author's transl)]. Two autopsy cases of adult central nervous system toxoplasmosis were reported. Two cases treated with immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids under a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease were considered to be an acquired CNS toxoplasmosis associated with the underlying diseases. The first case, a 73 year old woman with Hodgkin's disease, showed toxoplasma lesions in the cerebrum. The second case, a 22 year old man with pulmonary tuberculosis, showed toxoplasma lesions in the cerebrum, basal ganglion, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongatta. Each toxoplasma lesion showed small hemonecrotic softening. Toxoplasma cysts were seen around the hemonecrotic lesion. Encysted toxoplasma organisms were examined in detail with electron microscope.", "PMID": 588363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2425", "title": "[Clinical observations of intracranial arachnoid cyst of the middle fossa (author's transl)].", "content": "The patients are 15 year old and 13 year old males who complained of a headache, vomiting and general malaise. The plain skull films showed thinning and bulging of the left temporal squama, forwards enlargement of the middle fossa and the elevation of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The left carotid arteriography indicated significant elevation of the middle cerebral artery and the opercular portion of the middle cerebral artery was absent. Left frontotemporoparietal craniotomy was performed, and the large cyst as the space taking mass lesion of the middle fossa was noted. The cyst contained xanthochromic fluid and its wall probably consisted of arachnoid membrane. In both cases the cyst occupied anterior 6 cm of the left middle fossa and no brain tissue was noted between the cyst and the anterior part of the middle cranial fossa. Histologically, the membrane of the cyst was arachnoid. Their recognition and management are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical observations of intracranial arachnoid cyst of the middle fossa (author's transl)]. The patients are 15 year old and 13 year old males who complained of a headache, vomiting and general malaise. The plain skull films showed thinning and bulging of the left temporal squama, forwards enlargement of the middle fossa and the elevation of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The left carotid arteriography indicated significant elevation of the middle cerebral artery and the opercular portion of the middle cerebral artery was absent. Left frontotemporoparietal craniotomy was performed, and the large cyst as the space taking mass lesion of the middle fossa was noted. The cyst contained xanthochromic fluid and its wall probably consisted of arachnoid membrane. In both cases the cyst occupied anterior 6 cm of the left middle fossa and no brain tissue was noted between the cyst and the anterior part of the middle cranial fossa. Histologically, the membrane of the cyst was arachnoid. Their recognition and management are discussed.", "PMID": 588368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2426", "title": "[A study of excitability changes in DSCT neurons of the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "Excitability changes in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons of the cat were extracellularly studied with correlation analysis. Most of the interval histograms were classifed as normal distribution, and occasionally bimodal distributions were observed, which resulted from an occasional \"double spiking\" in the spontaneous background discharge (BD). The conduction velocity was measured in 72 DSCT fibers. The histogram showed a peak at 40-50 M/S. The majority of the units had BD with coefficient of variation less than 0.2, which suggest BD with regular firing. Based on cross-correlelograms, DSCT responses to electrical stimulation of the muscle nerves of the hind leg were classified into at least three types. Type 1 response, constituted approximately one-fifth of the total, is monosynaptic activation. Type 2 response, observed most frequently (47%), is inhibition of DSCT cells with a short latency. Type 3 responses, observed nearly as often as type 2 (34%), is a long latency excitation, undoubtedly polysynaptic. Changes in stimulation intensity showed complex changes in the pattern of response. Type 1 and 2 responses were unaffected by increasing stimulus rate. Peak correlations in type 3 response were reduced by increase in stimulus rate. There were no data demonstrating feedback circuitry associated with collaterals of DSCT axons. This suggest that axon collaterals have no direct effect on the activity of Dsct cells.", "contents": "[A study of excitability changes in DSCT neurons of the cat (author's transl)]. Excitability changes in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons of the cat were extracellularly studied with correlation analysis. Most of the interval histograms were classifed as normal distribution, and occasionally bimodal distributions were observed, which resulted from an occasional \"double spiking\" in the spontaneous background discharge (BD). The conduction velocity was measured in 72 DSCT fibers. The histogram showed a peak at 40-50 M/S. The majority of the units had BD with coefficient of variation less than 0.2, which suggest BD with regular firing. Based on cross-correlelograms, DSCT responses to electrical stimulation of the muscle nerves of the hind leg were classified into at least three types. Type 1 response, constituted approximately one-fifth of the total, is monosynaptic activation. Type 2 response, observed most frequently (47%), is inhibition of DSCT cells with a short latency. Type 3 responses, observed nearly as often as type 2 (34%), is a long latency excitation, undoubtedly polysynaptic. Changes in stimulation intensity showed complex changes in the pattern of response. Type 1 and 2 responses were unaffected by increasing stimulus rate. Peak correlations in type 3 response were reduced by increase in stimulus rate. There were no data demonstrating feedback circuitry associated with collaterals of DSCT axons. This suggest that axon collaterals have no direct effect on the activity of Dsct cells.", "PMID": 588369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2427", "title": "Prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit. I: Survival in hospital.", "content": "On a basis of history, clinical examination, and the electrocardiogram it was possible to identify groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction with good and bad prognoses as regards hospital survival. Individual adverse factors were age, prevous history of ischaemic heart disease, anterior infarction, persistent sinus tachycardia, pulmonary crepitations, hypotension, and raised venous pressure. Multivariate analysis showed four factors remaining significant--age, tachycardia, hypotension, and pulmonary crepitations. As a result of treatment of cardiac arrest, hospital mortality, which would otherwise have been 20 percent, was 17 percent. Preceding unstable angina did not worsen the immediate prognosis.", "contents": "Prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit. I: Survival in hospital. On a basis of history, clinical examination, and the electrocardiogram it was possible to identify groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction with good and bad prognoses as regards hospital survival. Individual adverse factors were age, prevous history of ischaemic heart disease, anterior infarction, persistent sinus tachycardia, pulmonary crepitations, hypotension, and raised venous pressure. Multivariate analysis showed four factors remaining significant--age, tachycardia, hypotension, and pulmonary crepitations. As a result of treatment of cardiac arrest, hospital mortality, which would otherwise have been 20 percent, was 17 percent. Preceding unstable angina did not worsen the immediate prognosis.", "PMID": 588370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2428", "title": "Prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit. II. Survival after hospital discharge.", "content": "The factors adversely affecting long-term prognosis differed from those affecting outcome of acute infarction. Individual factors were previous history of infarction or hypertension, tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, 3rd heart sound, raised venous pressure, and pulmonary crepitations. Multivariate analysis reduced these to 6--previous infarct or hypertension, sinus tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmia, and artial fibrillation. Of those who survived 5 years, approximately half had angina. Two-thirds of the under 60 survivors were at their normal work.", "contents": "Prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit. II. Survival after hospital discharge. The factors adversely affecting long-term prognosis differed from those affecting outcome of acute infarction. Individual factors were previous history of infarction or hypertension, tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, 3rd heart sound, raised venous pressure, and pulmonary crepitations. Multivariate analysis reduced these to 6--previous infarct or hypertension, sinus tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmia, and artial fibrillation. Of those who survived 5 years, approximately half had angina. Two-thirds of the under 60 survivors were at their normal work.", "PMID": 588371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2429", "title": "Teeside coronary survey--fatality and comparative severity of patients treated at home, in the hospital ward, and in the coronary care unit after myocardial infarction.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of myocardial infarction in Teesside County Borough was completed between April 1972 and April 1973. Cases were notified and divided into those who had suffered a 'definite', 'possible', or 'not' myocardial infarction. Severity factors were measured in the 'definite' cases and the distribution of the various factors studied among home, ward, and coronary care unit treated cases. Increasing severity was found to be related to increased fatality. The fatality of patients treated at home was less than that of those treated in the ward or the coronary care unit. Those who survived to be treated at home were not less severe than those who survived in a comparable group to be treated in hospital using the objective criteria described in the assessment of severity. It is emphasised that the results must be interpreted with caution as other essentially subjective criteria not so easily measurable, but which might have been of considerable influence in the assessment of severity, were not measured in this study.", "contents": "Teeside coronary survey--fatality and comparative severity of patients treated at home, in the hospital ward, and in the coronary care unit after myocardial infarction. An epidemiological survey of myocardial infarction in Teesside County Borough was completed between April 1972 and April 1973. Cases were notified and divided into those who had suffered a 'definite', 'possible', or 'not' myocardial infarction. Severity factors were measured in the 'definite' cases and the distribution of the various factors studied among home, ward, and coronary care unit treated cases. Increasing severity was found to be related to increased fatality. The fatality of patients treated at home was less than that of those treated in the ward or the coronary care unit. Those who survived to be treated at home were not less severe than those who survived in a comparable group to be treated in hospital using the objective criteria described in the assessment of severity. It is emphasised that the results must be interpreted with caution as other essentially subjective criteria not so easily measurable, but which might have been of considerable influence in the assessment of severity, were not measured in this study.", "PMID": 588372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2430", "title": "Loss of electrically active myocardium during anterior infarction in man.", "content": "A method has been developed of praecordial mapping of changes in R/S ratio and the appearance of Q waves in acute myocardial infarction. Observation of the serial changes in R and Q waves in 40 patients with uncomplicated anterior infarction shows that the loss of electrically active myocardium occurs within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain. Complications, such as recurrent chest pain, associated with extension of myocardial necrosis can be identified and assessed. The total praecordial changes in R/S ratio and Q wave amplitude correlate with the total MB fraction of creatine kinase activity released into the plasma in 20 patients after uncomplicated anterior infarction. This technique for identifying those factors that may modify the progressive loss of active myocardium in the early phase of acute infarction of the heart is noninvasive and repeatable.", "contents": "Loss of electrically active myocardium during anterior infarction in man. A method has been developed of praecordial mapping of changes in R/S ratio and the appearance of Q waves in acute myocardial infarction. Observation of the serial changes in R and Q waves in 40 patients with uncomplicated anterior infarction shows that the loss of electrically active myocardium occurs within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain. Complications, such as recurrent chest pain, associated with extension of myocardial necrosis can be identified and assessed. The total praecordial changes in R/S ratio and Q wave amplitude correlate with the total MB fraction of creatine kinase activity released into the plasma in 20 patients after uncomplicated anterior infarction. This technique for identifying those factors that may modify the progressive loss of active myocardium in the early phase of acute infarction of the heart is noninvasive and repeatable.", "PMID": 588374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2431", "title": "Prognostic significance of isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation in the course of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 700 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the intensive coronary care unit of our hospital, the incidence and significance of left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation has been studied in the acute phase of disease. In 102 (14.6%) of the 700 patients, isolated left axis deviation (mean QRS axis-45 degrees) was found and 69 of them (9.9%) met the criteria of left anterior hemiblock. Of the 69 patients with left anterior hemiblock, 61 had acute anterior myocardial infarction, 5 had inferior infarction, and 3 had subendocardial infarction. The anterior hemiblock was transient in 5 patients, but persisted in 64. All patients with and without isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation were compared statistically with reference to mortality rate and the incidence of arrythmias; no significant difference was noted. However, in patients over the age of 65 and also in those with hypertension, the incidence of left axis deviation was significantly higher (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively). It was concluded that isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation occurring in the course of acute myocardial infarction no influence on the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation in the course of acute myocardial infarction. In 700 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the intensive coronary care unit of our hospital, the incidence and significance of left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation has been studied in the acute phase of disease. In 102 (14.6%) of the 700 patients, isolated left axis deviation (mean QRS axis-45 degrees) was found and 69 of them (9.9%) met the criteria of left anterior hemiblock. Of the 69 patients with left anterior hemiblock, 61 had acute anterior myocardial infarction, 5 had inferior infarction, and 3 had subendocardial infarction. The anterior hemiblock was transient in 5 patients, but persisted in 64. All patients with and without isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation were compared statistically with reference to mortality rate and the incidence of arrythmias; no significant difference was noted. However, in patients over the age of 65 and also in those with hypertension, the incidence of left axis deviation was significantly higher (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.001, respectively). It was concluded that isolated left anterior hemiblock and left axis deviation occurring in the course of acute myocardial infarction no influence on the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 588375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2432", "title": "Metabolic and hormonal studies in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "In 106 patients with essential hypertension and different plasma renin activity several hormonal and metabolic factors were studied: urinary excretion of catecholamines, blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, levels of glycaemia and insulinaemia after glucose load and plasma fibrinolytic activity. The plasma renin activity in 46.2 percent of patients was normal, whereas in 25.5 percent it was low, and in 28.3 percent it was high. In patients with high plasma renin activity the excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was relatively high while that of dopamine was low. Significantly lower triglyceride levels were found in patients with low plasma renin activity in comparison with those with high and normal plasma renin activity. There was also a statistically significant difference in the euglobulin lysis time which was shorter in patients with low and longest in patients with normal plasma renin activity. The results of the study show that patients with different plasma renin activity may also differ in some hormonal and metabolic values.", "contents": "Metabolic and hormonal studies in patients with essential hypertension. In 106 patients with essential hypertension and different plasma renin activity several hormonal and metabolic factors were studied: urinary excretion of catecholamines, blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, levels of glycaemia and insulinaemia after glucose load and plasma fibrinolytic activity. The plasma renin activity in 46.2 percent of patients was normal, whereas in 25.5 percent it was low, and in 28.3 percent it was high. In patients with high plasma renin activity the excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was relatively high while that of dopamine was low. Significantly lower triglyceride levels were found in patients with low plasma renin activity in comparison with those with high and normal plasma renin activity. There was also a statistically significant difference in the euglobulin lysis time which was shorter in patients with low and longest in patients with normal plasma renin activity. The results of the study show that patients with different plasma renin activity may also differ in some hormonal and metabolic values.", "PMID": 588376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2433", "title": "Coronary arteries in d-transposition. A necropsy study of reimplantation.", "content": "The coronary arteries are a major concern in anatomical correction of d-transposition of the great arteries. The necropsy study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of direct bilateral reimplantation as described  by Fatene et al. This seemed possible in only 30 per cent of 100 cases, and furthermore was related to the type of coronary artery pattern.", "contents": "Coronary arteries in d-transposition. A necropsy study of reimplantation. The coronary arteries are a major concern in anatomical correction of d-transposition of the great arteries. The necropsy study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of direct bilateral reimplantation as described  by Fatene et al. This seemed possible in only 30 per cent of 100 cases, and furthermore was related to the type of coronary artery pattern.", "PMID": 588379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2434", "title": "Coarctation of aorta with special reference to infants. Long-term results of operation in 126 cases.", "content": "A review of 126 cases of coarctation of the aorta confirms the need for surgical resection in infants with intractable congestive cardiac failure. The high association with additional cardiovascular abnormalities in patients presenting in early infancy contributes significantly to the mortality. Patients with large ventricular septal defects and coarctation of the aorta are at risk and may require pulmonary artery banding at the time of resection of the aortic coarctation. Long-term complications included restenosis (18 cases) and persistent hypertension (10 cases). In order to prevent persistent hypertension, it is suggested that elective resection of the coarctation be done at 1 year of age.", "contents": "Coarctation of aorta with special reference to infants. Long-term results of operation in 126 cases. A review of 126 cases of coarctation of the aorta confirms the need for surgical resection in infants with intractable congestive cardiac failure. The high association with additional cardiovascular abnormalities in patients presenting in early infancy contributes significantly to the mortality. Patients with large ventricular septal defects and coarctation of the aorta are at risk and may require pulmonary artery banding at the time of resection of the aortic coarctation. Long-term complications included restenosis (18 cases) and persistent hypertension (10 cases). In order to prevent persistent hypertension, it is suggested that elective resection of the coarctation be done at 1 year of age.", "PMID": 588380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2435", "title": "Cardiovascular anomalies in thoracopagus twins and the importance of preoperative cardiac evaluation.", "content": "Four pairs of thoracopagus twins have been described. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in all the cases. Angiocardiographic and necropsy findings suggest that the most common abnormality was some form of univentricular heart. The communication between the 2 hearts was at atrial level in 2 cases. Separation was performed in 1 of these cases but only 1 of the twins survived for 14 hours after operation. It is suggested that full cardiac catheterisation with selective angiocardiogram is essential before separation is considered. Identical heart rates were observed in each pair and there was invariably a major communication between the hearts of the twins.", "contents": "Cardiovascular anomalies in thoracopagus twins and the importance of preoperative cardiac evaluation. Four pairs of thoracopagus twins have been described. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in all the cases. Angiocardiographic and necropsy findings suggest that the most common abnormality was some form of univentricular heart. The communication between the 2 hearts was at atrial level in 2 cases. Separation was performed in 1 of these cases but only 1 of the twins survived for 14 hours after operation. It is suggested that full cardiac catheterisation with selective angiocardiogram is essential before separation is considered. Identical heart rates were observed in each pair and there was invariably a major communication between the hearts of the twins.", "PMID": 588381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2436", "title": "Effect of additional valve lesions on left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis.", "content": "Rate-corrected left ventricular ejection time was measured from the aortic pressure tracings of 171 catheterised patients with aortic valve area less than or equal to 1.2 cm2. In 50 patients with pure aortic stenosis, left ventricular ejection time in increased with decreasing valve area and was significantly higher (468 +/- 5 ms, mean +/- SEM) than in 13 normal subjects (435 +/- 5 ms). Additional aortic regurgitation in 72 patients further increased the left ventricular ejection time to 484 +/- 4 ms. Significant mitral stenosis (mitral valve are less than or equal to 1.2 cm2) in 6 patients with aortic stenosis and 33 patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation reduced the left ventricular ejection time to normal. Similarly, severe mitral regurgitation in 3 patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation reduced left ventricular ejection time to normal, though slight or moderate mitral regurgitation in 4 of these patients did not. These data show that the prolonged left ventricular ejection time in aortic valve disease may be restored to normal in the presence of coexisting significant mitral disease.", "contents": "Effect of additional valve lesions on left ventricular ejection time in aortic stenosis. Rate-corrected left ventricular ejection time was measured from the aortic pressure tracings of 171 catheterised patients with aortic valve area less than or equal to 1.2 cm2. In 50 patients with pure aortic stenosis, left ventricular ejection time in increased with decreasing valve area and was significantly higher (468 +/- 5 ms, mean +/- SEM) than in 13 normal subjects (435 +/- 5 ms). Additional aortic regurgitation in 72 patients further increased the left ventricular ejection time to 484 +/- 4 ms. Significant mitral stenosis (mitral valve are less than or equal to 1.2 cm2) in 6 patients with aortic stenosis and 33 patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation reduced the left ventricular ejection time to normal. Similarly, severe mitral regurgitation in 3 patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation reduced left ventricular ejection time to normal, though slight or moderate mitral regurgitation in 4 of these patients did not. These data show that the prolonged left ventricular ejection time in aortic valve disease may be restored to normal in the presence of coexisting significant mitral disease.", "PMID": 588382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2437", "title": "Detector electrode introduced by mediastinoscopy for atrial triggered cardiac pacing. A follow-up of electrode function in 82 patients.", "content": "An atrial detector electrode was introduced by mediastinoscopy in 82 patients requiring permanent cardiac pacing. There were no complications. An adequate P wave was recorded in 80 patients. During the following week, the P wave became ineffective in 5 patients; angina occurred in 2 and atrial arrhythmias in 2. Atrially triggered ventricular pacing established in 73 patients and was followed in 71 patients for a period of 1 to 113 months. In 17 cases, it had to be terminated because of an ineffective or unstable P wave,in 6 cases because of atrial arrhythmias, and in 4 cases because of advanced age and recurrent infections. The method is technically simple and place little stress on the patient.", "contents": "Detector electrode introduced by mediastinoscopy for atrial triggered cardiac pacing. A follow-up of electrode function in 82 patients. An atrial detector electrode was introduced by mediastinoscopy in 82 patients requiring permanent cardiac pacing. There were no complications. An adequate P wave was recorded in 80 patients. During the following week, the P wave became ineffective in 5 patients; angina occurred in 2 and atrial arrhythmias in 2. Atrially triggered ventricular pacing established in 73 patients and was followed in 71 patients for a period of 1 to 113 months. In 17 cases, it had to be terminated because of an ineffective or unstable P wave,in 6 cases because of atrial arrhythmias, and in 4 cases because of advanced age and recurrent infections. The method is technically simple and place little stress on the patient.", "PMID": 588383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2438", "title": "Alternans in human atrial monophasic action potenial.", "content": "This report describes the case of a patient with a supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular rate of 109/min and no visible P waves in the electrocardiogram. The recording of the monophasic action potential of the right atrium disclosed an atrial tachycardia with a rate of 218/min. There was an alternans of the phase 2 of repolarisation in the action potential. This report emphasises the fact that the phenomenon of alternans occurs in man, as in the experimental animal, at a cellular level.", "contents": "Alternans in human atrial monophasic action potenial. This report describes the case of a patient with a supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular rate of 109/min and no visible P waves in the electrocardiogram. The recording of the monophasic action potential of the right atrium disclosed an atrial tachycardia with a rate of 218/min. There was an alternans of the phase 2 of repolarisation in the action potential. This report emphasises the fact that the phenomenon of alternans occurs in man, as in the experimental animal, at a cellular level.", "PMID": 588384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2439", "title": "Two-stage replacement of tricuspid valve in active endocarditis.", "content": "One month after a 21-year-old female drug addict with tricuspid staphylococcal endocarditis seemed to have been cured by antibiotic therapy she relapsed. Further antibiotic treatment for one month failed to control the infection. Tricuspidectomy was when performed and the infection was eliminated. A valve prosthesis was inserted 3 months later. She recovered and is now fully restored to health. We recommend this two-stage surgical technique in similar cases.", "contents": "Two-stage replacement of tricuspid valve in active endocarditis. One month after a 21-year-old female drug addict with tricuspid staphylococcal endocarditis seemed to have been cured by antibiotic therapy she relapsed. Further antibiotic treatment for one month failed to control the infection. Tricuspidectomy was when performed and the infection was eliminated. A valve prosthesis was inserted 3 months later. She recovered and is now fully restored to health. We recommend this two-stage surgical technique in similar cases.", "PMID": 588385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2440", "title": "Cell cycle in mouse intestinal crypts during halothane or nitrous oxide anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of inspired air, halothane 0.5% and nitrous oxide 64% on the cell cycle were examined by autoradiography in the duodenal and jejunal crypts of mice. The length of cell cycle phases was calculated from the rate of transition of the labelled cells from the DNA-synthetic to the mitotic phase, using a computer program based on a mathematical model of the cell cycle. The computer analysis showed that halothane 0.5% prolonged the post-mitotic gap by 57% in the duodenum and by 60% in the jejunum. The DNA-synthetic time was prolonged by 23% in the duodenum and 30% in the jejunum and the mitotic time by 33% in the duodenum and 46% in the jejunum, when compared with the control animals breathing air. Nitrous oxide 64% had no effect on the cell cycle.", "contents": "Cell cycle in mouse intestinal crypts during halothane or nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The effects of inspired air, halothane 0.5% and nitrous oxide 64% on the cell cycle were examined by autoradiography in the duodenal and jejunal crypts of mice. The length of cell cycle phases was calculated from the rate of transition of the labelled cells from the DNA-synthetic to the mitotic phase, using a computer program based on a mathematical model of the cell cycle. The computer analysis showed that halothane 0.5% prolonged the post-mitotic gap by 57% in the duodenum and by 60% in the jejunum. The DNA-synthetic time was prolonged by 23% in the duodenum and 30% in the jejunum and the mitotic time by 33% in the duodenum and 46% in the jejunum, when compared with the control animals breathing air. Nitrous oxide 64% had no effect on the cell cycle.", "PMID": 588387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2441", "title": "Autonomic hyperreflexia: intraoperative control with pentolinium tartrate.", "content": "Autonomic hyperreflexia (AH) is a clinical syndrome associated with the development of severe hypertension. It usually occurs in patients with high-level chronic spinal cord injury, and in response to stimuli associated with the distension of a hollow viscus. Protection against AH by the prophylactic use of pentolinium tartrate (Ansolysen) in doses of 10-15 mg was evaluated in a controlled study of unanaesthetized patients who were either quadriplegic or paraplegic and who were undergoing rectal and bladder surgical procedures. When compared with the control group, the systolic and diastolic arterial pressures during operation were significantly less (P less than 0.05) and remained near normal in the pretreated patients. The use of pentolinium to prevent or control AH during surgical procedures in patients with chronic spinal cord damage is a simple alternative to spinal or general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Autonomic hyperreflexia: intraoperative control with pentolinium tartrate. Autonomic hyperreflexia (AH) is a clinical syndrome associated with the development of severe hypertension. It usually occurs in patients with high-level chronic spinal cord injury, and in response to stimuli associated with the distension of a hollow viscus. Protection against AH by the prophylactic use of pentolinium tartrate (Ansolysen) in doses of 10-15 mg was evaluated in a controlled study of unanaesthetized patients who were either quadriplegic or paraplegic and who were undergoing rectal and bladder surgical procedures. When compared with the control group, the systolic and diastolic arterial pressures during operation were significantly less (P less than 0.05) and remained near normal in the pretreated patients. The use of pentolinium to prevent or control AH during surgical procedures in patients with chronic spinal cord damage is a simple alternative to spinal or general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 588388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2442", "title": "Oxygen therapy after thoracotomy.", "content": "Arterial blood samples were taken from patients before thoracotomy, and on the 1st day after operation, with the patient breathing first air, and then 24%, 28% and 35% oxygen from a venturi-type mask. PaO2 was reduced markedly by operation, the reduction being related to the value before operation. Oxygen therapy restored PaO2 to a value greater than the value before operation in nine of 11 patients and was not associated with significant increases in PaCO2. The effect of administration of oxygen on PaO2 could be predicted from the PaO2 when breathing air. The pattern of response to oxygen suggested that the hypoxaemia was caused by ventilation/perfusion mismatch in most of the patients.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy after thoracotomy. Arterial blood samples were taken from patients before thoracotomy, and on the 1st day after operation, with the patient breathing first air, and then 24%, 28% and 35% oxygen from a venturi-type mask. PaO2 was reduced markedly by operation, the reduction being related to the value before operation. Oxygen therapy restored PaO2 to a value greater than the value before operation in nine of 11 patients and was not associated with significant increases in PaCO2. The effect of administration of oxygen on PaO2 could be predicted from the PaO2 when breathing air. The pattern of response to oxygen suggested that the hypoxaemia was caused by ventilation/perfusion mismatch in most of the patients.", "PMID": 588389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2443", "title": "Disposition kinetics of pancuronium bromide in patients with total biliary obstruction.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pancuronium were measured in nine patients undergoing surgery because of total biliary obstruction. When compared with the averaged model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for normal patients, the terminal half-life of 270 min was more than twice normal (132 min, P less than 0.001); the plasma clearance of 59 ml min-1 was less than half the normal rate for pancuronium (123 ml min-1, P less than 0.003). These significant alterations to the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium were associated with prolongation of neuromuscular blockade. Following a bolus injection of pancuronium 6 mg, there was a mean time of 114 min (normals 70 min, P less than 0.05) before the evoked twitch response had returned to 5% of the control value. The pattern of urinary excretion of the drug and its metabolites did not differ from that of normal patients. To avoid excessive dosage during prolonged surgery for total biliary obstruction, it is recommended that supramaximal nerve stimulation be used to indicate the need for the administration of further doses of pancuronium.", "contents": "Disposition kinetics of pancuronium bromide in patients with total biliary obstruction. Plasma concentrations of pancuronium were measured in nine patients undergoing surgery because of total biliary obstruction. When compared with the averaged model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for normal patients, the terminal half-life of 270 min was more than twice normal (132 min, P less than 0.001); the plasma clearance of 59 ml min-1 was less than half the normal rate for pancuronium (123 ml min-1, P less than 0.003). These significant alterations to the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium were associated with prolongation of neuromuscular blockade. Following a bolus injection of pancuronium 6 mg, there was a mean time of 114 min (normals 70 min, P less than 0.05) before the evoked twitch response had returned to 5% of the control value. The pattern of urinary excretion of the drug and its metabolites did not differ from that of normal patients. To avoid excessive dosage during prolonged surgery for total biliary obstruction, it is recommended that supramaximal nerve stimulation be used to indicate the need for the administration of further doses of pancuronium.", "PMID": 588390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2444", "title": "Bradycardia during antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular block.", "content": "Heart rate was compared in matched patients during antagonism of neuromuscular block induced by tubocurarine, pancuronium or alcuronium with neostigmine 0.03 mg kg-1 preceded by atropine 0.015 mg kg-1. The frequency of bradycardia was greater during antagonism of pancuronium compared with alcuronium. Although there was a difference between the group receiving pancuronium and that receiving tubocurarine, it was not statistically significant. The decrease in heart rate was more rapid and profound in the pancuronium group; seven of the 15 patients who received pancuronium required an additional dose of atropine as compared with only one patient who received tubocurarine. However, the difference in heart rate between those who received pancuronium and those receiving tubocurarine was short-lasting, whereas the heart rate of those who received alcuronium was higher than that in the other groups during the entire 60-min period of observation. The findings with pancuronium may be a result of its inhibitory effect on serum cholinesterase.", "contents": "Bradycardia during antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Heart rate was compared in matched patients during antagonism of neuromuscular block induced by tubocurarine, pancuronium or alcuronium with neostigmine 0.03 mg kg-1 preceded by atropine 0.015 mg kg-1. The frequency of bradycardia was greater during antagonism of pancuronium compared with alcuronium. Although there was a difference between the group receiving pancuronium and that receiving tubocurarine, it was not statistically significant. The decrease in heart rate was more rapid and profound in the pancuronium group; seven of the 15 patients who received pancuronium required an additional dose of atropine as compared with only one patient who received tubocurarine. However, the difference in heart rate between those who received pancuronium and those receiving tubocurarine was short-lasting, whereas the heart rate of those who received alcuronium was higher than that in the other groups during the entire 60-min period of observation. The findings with pancuronium may be a result of its inhibitory effect on serum cholinesterase.", "PMID": 588391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2445", "title": "Neuromuscular effects of i.a. infusion of lignocaine in man.", "content": "Neuromuscular effects of lignocaine during and after i.a. infusion were studied in healthy adult patients, using evoked electromyography. Supramaximal, paired stimuli were applied to the ulnar nerve with variable intervals between the two stimuli. The amplitude of the hypothenar muscle action potential to the second component of the paired stimulus (test response) was compared with that evoked by the first component (conditioning response). During and after i.a. infusion of lignocaine, there were marked decreases of the test response at intervals from 7 to 100 ms after the conditioning stimulus, although the decreases of the conditioning response were slight or negligible. The finding of decreased test responses coincided with the results obtained with tetanic stimulation such as pronounced fade and only slight post-tetanic potentiation. Differences between these findings and those found with muscle relaxants were compared, and it was concluded that the mechanism responsible for these results might be attributed to an effect of lignocaine on the motor nerve terminal.", "contents": "Neuromuscular effects of i.a. infusion of lignocaine in man. Neuromuscular effects of lignocaine during and after i.a. infusion were studied in healthy adult patients, using evoked electromyography. Supramaximal, paired stimuli were applied to the ulnar nerve with variable intervals between the two stimuli. The amplitude of the hypothenar muscle action potential to the second component of the paired stimulus (test response) was compared with that evoked by the first component (conditioning response). During and after i.a. infusion of lignocaine, there were marked decreases of the test response at intervals from 7 to 100 ms after the conditioning stimulus, although the decreases of the conditioning response were slight or negligible. The finding of decreased test responses coincided with the results obtained with tetanic stimulation such as pronounced fade and only slight post-tetanic potentiation. Differences between these findings and those found with muscle relaxants were compared, and it was concluded that the mechanism responsible for these results might be attributed to an effect of lignocaine on the motor nerve terminal.", "PMID": 588392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2446", "title": "A study of body temperatures of anaesthetized man in the tropics.", "content": "Body core and skin temperatures were measured in 20 African patients undergoing herniorrhaphy in hot and humid conditions; one half of the patients received halothane and the other half received diethyl ether. No difference was found between those two groups. Body core temperatures decreased even with an ambient temperature of 28.7 degrees C and a relative humidity of 72% and all sites reached a new thermal equilibrium at 30 min. It is suggested that the level of the re-established thermal equilibrium is a function of the skin to ambient thermal gradient, which depends on the failure of the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism as a result of redistribution of peripheral blood flow.", "contents": "A study of body temperatures of anaesthetized man in the tropics. Body core and skin temperatures were measured in 20 African patients undergoing herniorrhaphy in hot and humid conditions; one half of the patients received halothane and the other half received diethyl ether. No difference was found between those two groups. Body core temperatures decreased even with an ambient temperature of 28.7 degrees C and a relative humidity of 72% and all sites reached a new thermal equilibrium at 30 min. It is suggested that the level of the re-established thermal equilibrium is a function of the skin to ambient thermal gradient, which depends on the failure of the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism as a result of redistribution of peripheral blood flow.", "PMID": 588393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2447", "title": "Thermal balance during cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia in man.", "content": "In six patients undergoing coronary vein graft operations under cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia, the temperatures of arterial and mixed-venous blood, nosopharynx, oesophagus, liver, rectum, deltoid and vastus lateralis muscles and 10 skin sites were recorded. Whole-body oxygen consumption was measured before cooling and twice during hypothermia. On average, a patient lost 1000 kJ of heat by the end of hypothermia, of which 84% was lost to the heat-exchanger and pump circuit. Evaporative and convective loss amounted to 380 kJ, while the patient's metabolism supplied 220 kJ. During rewarming, the pump returned 670 kJ to the patient. Nasopharyngeal temperature reflected accurately venous, oesophageal and hepatic temperatures in the steady state; however, it was slow to reflect changes. Compared with other sites, muscle remains warmer during hypothermia and cooler after rewarming.", "contents": "Thermal balance during cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia in man. In six patients undergoing coronary vein graft operations under cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia, the temperatures of arterial and mixed-venous blood, nosopharynx, oesophagus, liver, rectum, deltoid and vastus lateralis muscles and 10 skin sites were recorded. Whole-body oxygen consumption was measured before cooling and twice during hypothermia. On average, a patient lost 1000 kJ of heat by the end of hypothermia, of which 84% was lost to the heat-exchanger and pump circuit. Evaporative and convective loss amounted to 380 kJ, while the patient's metabolism supplied 220 kJ. During rewarming, the pump returned 670 kJ to the patient. Nasopharyngeal temperature reflected accurately venous, oesophageal and hepatic temperatures in the steady state; however, it was slow to reflect changes. Compared with other sites, muscle remains warmer during hypothermia and cooler after rewarming.", "PMID": 588394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2448", "title": "Nitrazepam premedication for minor surgery.", "content": "Sixty-one patients received nitrazepam 5 mg by mouth on the night before operation, followed by 2.5 mg given on the morning of operation and were compared with 60 patients who received no premedication. All were undergoing either therapeutic abortion, by dilatation and curettage, or explorative curettage. The plasma concentrations of nitrazepam were determined by gas chromatography and compared with the clinical effects of the drug. The premedicated patients slept better on the night before operation, and were more sedated and less apprehensive. Headache was more frequent following nitrazepam. There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of dizziness and nausea. The unpremedicated patients had a faster average heart rate. There was no obvious relationship between the plasma concentration of nitrazepam and the quality of sleep, degree of sedation, apprehension, excitement or headache.", "contents": "Nitrazepam premedication for minor surgery. Sixty-one patients received nitrazepam 5 mg by mouth on the night before operation, followed by 2.5 mg given on the morning of operation and were compared with 60 patients who received no premedication. All were undergoing either therapeutic abortion, by dilatation and curettage, or explorative curettage. The plasma concentrations of nitrazepam were determined by gas chromatography and compared with the clinical effects of the drug. The premedicated patients slept better on the night before operation, and were more sedated and less apprehensive. Headache was more frequent following nitrazepam. There was no significant difference between the groups in respect of dizziness and nausea. The unpremedicated patients had a faster average heart rate. There was no obvious relationship between the plasma concentration of nitrazepam and the quality of sleep, degree of sedation, apprehension, excitement or headache.", "PMID": 588395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2449", "title": "Haemodynamic responses to isoflurane anaesthesia and hypovolaemia in the dog, and their modification by propranolol.", "content": "In six dogs chronically implanted with flow and pressure transducers, equipotent inspired concentrations of halothane and isoflurane were determined as the minimum inspried concentration of each agent which would abolish an individual dog's response to paw clamping. In equipotent concentration, isoflurane (1.2%, SD 0.2%) caused less myocardial depression than halothane (1.0%, SD 0.1%). Dose-response studies were possible up to a mean inspired isoflurane concentration of 3.0%, both before and after propranolol 0.3 mg kg-1, i.v. After propranolol, sensitive indices of myocardial contractility were depressed at all concentrations of isoflurane, indicating a moderate degree of beta-receptor activation by isoflurane. The haemodynamic response to hypovolaemia during isoflurane anaesthesia was not modified by propranolol.", "contents": "Haemodynamic responses to isoflurane anaesthesia and hypovolaemia in the dog, and their modification by propranolol. In six dogs chronically implanted with flow and pressure transducers, equipotent inspired concentrations of halothane and isoflurane were determined as the minimum inspried concentration of each agent which would abolish an individual dog's response to paw clamping. In equipotent concentration, isoflurane (1.2%, SD 0.2%) caused less myocardial depression than halothane (1.0%, SD 0.1%). Dose-response studies were possible up to a mean inspired isoflurane concentration of 3.0%, both before and after propranolol 0.3 mg kg-1, i.v. After propranolol, sensitive indices of myocardial contractility were depressed at all concentrations of isoflurane, indicating a moderate degree of beta-receptor activation by isoflurane. The haemodynamic response to hypovolaemia during isoflurane anaesthesia was not modified by propranolol.", "PMID": 588397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2450", "title": "Haemodynamic responses to enflurane anaesthesia and hypovolaemia in the dog, and their modification by propranolol.", "content": "The haemodynamic responses to minimum equipotent concentrations of halothane and enflurane were compared in seven dogs. The haemodynamic responses to increasing concentrations of enflurane, and to induced hypovolaemia during enflurane anaesthesia, were studied in the same dogs, both before and after administration of propranolol 0.3 mg kg-1 i.v. In equipotent concentrations, enflurane caused marginally greater impairment of left ventricular function than halothane, and caused a dose-dependent reduction of arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Following administration of propranolol, these haemodynamic effects of enflurane were marked, and withdrawal of 20% of estimated blood volume was tolerated poorly.", "contents": "Haemodynamic responses to enflurane anaesthesia and hypovolaemia in the dog, and their modification by propranolol. The haemodynamic responses to minimum equipotent concentrations of halothane and enflurane were compared in seven dogs. The haemodynamic responses to increasing concentrations of enflurane, and to induced hypovolaemia during enflurane anaesthesia, were studied in the same dogs, both before and after administration of propranolol 0.3 mg kg-1 i.v. In equipotent concentrations, enflurane caused marginally greater impairment of left ventricular function than halothane, and caused a dose-dependent reduction of arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Following administration of propranolol, these haemodynamic effects of enflurane were marked, and withdrawal of 20% of estimated blood volume was tolerated poorly.", "PMID": 588398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2451", "title": "Changes in myocardial performance induced by pancuronium and gallamine in hypercapnic and hypocapnic dogs.", "content": "Changes in myocardial performance after administration of gallamine 1.5 mg kg-1 and pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 were investigated in hypercapnic (PaCO2 = 7.08 kPa) and hypocapnic (PaCO2 = 2.74 kPa) dogs anaesthetized with thiopentone, nitrous oxide and halothane. Administration of pancuronium during hypocapnia caused a decrease of 25% in dP/dt max (corrected for changes in preload, afterload and heart rate). This change was not seen during hypercapnia, probably because of the associated sympathetic stimulation. By contrast, gallamine was without effect on dP/dt max in both groups. The increase in heart rate and cardiac output caused by the atropine-like action of both groups. The increase in heart rate and cardiac output caused by the atropine-like action of these relaxant drugs differed in the hypercapnic and hypocapnic group of dogs, with the more pronounced response in the latter group. The duration of the chronotropic changes was the same in both groups.", "contents": "Changes in myocardial performance induced by pancuronium and gallamine in hypercapnic and hypocapnic dogs. Changes in myocardial performance after administration of gallamine 1.5 mg kg-1 and pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 were investigated in hypercapnic (PaCO2 = 7.08 kPa) and hypocapnic (PaCO2 = 2.74 kPa) dogs anaesthetized with thiopentone, nitrous oxide and halothane. Administration of pancuronium during hypocapnia caused a decrease of 25% in dP/dt max (corrected for changes in preload, afterload and heart rate). This change was not seen during hypercapnia, probably because of the associated sympathetic stimulation. By contrast, gallamine was without effect on dP/dt max in both groups. The increase in heart rate and cardiac output caused by the atropine-like action of both groups. The increase in heart rate and cardiac output caused by the atropine-like action of these relaxant drugs differed in the hypercapnic and hypocapnic group of dogs, with the more pronounced response in the latter group. The duration of the chronotropic changes was the same in both groups.", "PMID": 588399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2452", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by sodium nitroprusside and the mechanism of cyanide liberation.", "content": "The influence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mitochondrial respiration was examined in rat liver mitochondria. The addition of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 during state 3 respiration inhibited the oxygen uptake by 63.4%. A mixture of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 and glutathione (GSH) 1 mmol litre-1 inhibited the oxygen uptake more markedly (by 75.9%). The cyanide concentrations were 0.01 mmol litre-1 with SNP alone and 0.15 mmol litre-1 with the mixture of SNP and GSH. Cyanide production from SNP in the presence of various reducing agents was studied in potassium phosphate 0.1 mol litre-1 buffer solution (pH 7.4) incubated at 37 degrees C. Cyanide was liberated markedly from SNP in the presence of GSH or ascorbate. Less cyanide was produced in the presence of NADH or NADPH. The rate of production of cyanide was dependent entirely upon the concentration of each reducing agent added. No cyanide was liberated when sodium dithionite or the oxidized forms of GSH, NAD or NADP were used. It was concluded that SNP is degradated to cyanide by a hydrogen donor and that the cyanide liberated in this manner inhibits the cytochrome oxidase activity of mitochondria in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by sodium nitroprusside and the mechanism of cyanide liberation. The influence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mitochondrial respiration was examined in rat liver mitochondria. The addition of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 during state 3 respiration inhibited the oxygen uptake by 63.4%. A mixture of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 and glutathione (GSH) 1 mmol litre-1 inhibited the oxygen uptake more markedly (by 75.9%). The cyanide concentrations were 0.01 mmol litre-1 with SNP alone and 0.15 mmol litre-1 with the mixture of SNP and GSH. Cyanide production from SNP in the presence of various reducing agents was studied in potassium phosphate 0.1 mol litre-1 buffer solution (pH 7.4) incubated at 37 degrees C. Cyanide was liberated markedly from SNP in the presence of GSH or ascorbate. Less cyanide was produced in the presence of NADH or NADPH. The rate of production of cyanide was dependent entirely upon the concentration of each reducing agent added. No cyanide was liberated when sodium dithionite or the oxidized forms of GSH, NAD or NADP were used. It was concluded that SNP is degradated to cyanide by a hydrogen donor and that the cyanide liberated in this manner inhibits the cytochrome oxidase activity of mitochondria in vivo.", "PMID": 588400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2453", "title": "Spontaneous ventilation with the Bain anaesthetic system.", "content": "Measurements of ventilation and of inspired gas composition were made while volunteers breathed a non-anaesthetic gas through a Bain anaesthetic system. It was found that rebreathing occurred when the fresh gas flow was between two-and-a-half and three times the minute volume. Fresh gas flows at least three times the minute volume appear to be necessary to prevent rebreathing when using this system.", "contents": "Spontaneous ventilation with the Bain anaesthetic system. Measurements of ventilation and of inspired gas composition were made while volunteers breathed a non-anaesthetic gas through a Bain anaesthetic system. It was found that rebreathing occurred when the fresh gas flow was between two-and-a-half and three times the minute volume. Fresh gas flows at least three times the minute volume appear to be necessary to prevent rebreathing when using this system.", "PMID": 588401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2454", "title": "The inhibition of serum cholinesterase by urea. Mechanism of action and application in the typing of abnormal genes.", "content": "The mechanism of action of urea on serum cholinesterase and the application of the inhibition by urea in the typing of the abnormal genes of this enzyme were investigated. Urea caused a competitive, irreversible inhibition of serum cholinesterase, which was most pronounced for the abnormal enzymes. Urea inhibition, used with dibucaine inhibition, allowed differentiation between all the known genotypes of locus E1. In the differentiation of rarer genotypes, the combination of urea numbers (percentage inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity caused by urea 5 mol litre-1) and dibucaine numbers was found, in certain situations, to be superior to the classical combination of fluroide and dibucaine numbers.", "contents": "The inhibition of serum cholinesterase by urea. Mechanism of action and application in the typing of abnormal genes. The mechanism of action of urea on serum cholinesterase and the application of the inhibition by urea in the typing of the abnormal genes of this enzyme were investigated. Urea caused a competitive, irreversible inhibition of serum cholinesterase, which was most pronounced for the abnormal enzymes. Urea inhibition, used with dibucaine inhibition, allowed differentiation between all the known genotypes of locus E1. In the differentiation of rarer genotypes, the combination of urea numbers (percentage inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity caused by urea 5 mol litre-1) and dibucaine numbers was found, in certain situations, to be superior to the classical combination of fluroide and dibucaine numbers.", "PMID": 588402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2455", "title": "Influence of methoxyflurane-nitrous oxide analgesia during childbirth on renal and hepatic function.", "content": "Blood urea content and the serum concentrations of sodium, creatinine, uric acid, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (g.o.t.), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (g.p.t.) and bilirubin were measured before delivery, on the 2nd and 3rd days and on the 5th day after delivery. In two groups of mothers, one receiving nitrous oxide analgesia and the other a combination of nitrous oxide and methoxyflurane, blood urea and serum sodium and g.o.t. were increased following labour and nitrous oxide analgesia; s.g.p.t. was increased only in the late post-partum period. Serum sodium, creatinine, uric acid, urea, g.o.t. and g.p.t. increased following exposure to methoxyflurance. The increase in serum sodium, uric acid and urea was dose-dependent. Capillary concentrations of uric acid in the neonates showed dose-dependent changes in response to methoxyflurane.", "contents": "Influence of methoxyflurane-nitrous oxide analgesia during childbirth on renal and hepatic function. Blood urea content and the serum concentrations of sodium, creatinine, uric acid, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (g.o.t.), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (g.p.t.) and bilirubin were measured before delivery, on the 2nd and 3rd days and on the 5th day after delivery. In two groups of mothers, one receiving nitrous oxide analgesia and the other a combination of nitrous oxide and methoxyflurane, blood urea and serum sodium and g.o.t. were increased following labour and nitrous oxide analgesia; s.g.p.t. was increased only in the late post-partum period. Serum sodium, creatinine, uric acid, urea, g.o.t. and g.p.t. increased following exposure to methoxyflurance. The increase in serum sodium, uric acid and urea was dose-dependent. Capillary concentrations of uric acid in the neonates showed dose-dependent changes in response to methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 588403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2456", "title": "Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol on nasal mucosa.", "content": "Rhinoscopic examination and histological studies of the nasal mucosa in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol provided no evidence that this form of treatment, given for one year, produced any harmful effects, such as atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol on nasal mucosa. Rhinoscopic examination and histological studies of the nasal mucosa in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol provided no evidence that this form of treatment, given for one year, produced any harmful effects, such as atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 588407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2457", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol and nasal mucosa.", "content": "1. Biopsies taken from the inferior turbinates of patients undergoing treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol for allergic rhinitis showed no changes attributable to this treatment. 2. A reduction in oedema and eosinophilia was noted but there was no effect on the thickening of the basement membrane.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol and nasal mucosa. 1. Biopsies taken from the inferior turbinates of patients undergoing treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol for allergic rhinitis showed no changes attributable to this treatment. 2. A reduction in oedema and eosinophilia was noted but there was no effect on the thickening of the basement membrane.", "PMID": 588409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2458", "title": "Activation of K cells in mice with transplanted tumours differing in immunogenicity and metastasizing capacity.", "content": "The effector arm of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated using 51Cr-labelled chicken erythrocytes as targets in BALB/c mice transplanted with the Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumours T-MSV and MS2, and in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with the chemically induced FS6 sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. Tumour-bearing animals showed higher levels of ADCC than normal mice, a stimulation confirmed in MS2-bearing mice, using SL2 lymphoma cells as targets in a cytostasis assay. ADCC effector-cell capacity was higher in animals transplanted with the immunogenic, spontaneously regressing T-MSV than in mice bearing the poorly immunogenic metastasizing MS2 sarcoma. The increased ADCC activity detectable in the spleen of tumour-bearing hosts was not abolished by removal of phagocytic-adherent cells.", "contents": "Activation of K cells in mice with transplanted tumours differing in immunogenicity and metastasizing capacity. The effector arm of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated using 51Cr-labelled chicken erythrocytes as targets in BALB/c mice transplanted with the Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumours T-MSV and MS2, and in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with the chemically induced FS6 sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. Tumour-bearing animals showed higher levels of ADCC than normal mice, a stimulation confirmed in MS2-bearing mice, using SL2 lymphoma cells as targets in a cytostasis assay. ADCC effector-cell capacity was higher in animals transplanted with the immunogenic, spontaneously regressing T-MSV than in mice bearing the poorly immunogenic metastasizing MS2 sarcoma. The increased ADCC activity detectable in the spleen of tumour-bearing hosts was not abolished by removal of phagocytic-adherent cells.", "PMID": 588412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2459", "title": "Monocyte chemotaxis in bronchial carcinoma and cigarette smokers.", "content": "Chemotaxis of blood monocytes was measured in 31 patients with bronchial carcinoma and 19 cigarette smokers. Thirteen patients with metastatic bronchial carcinoma had significantly less (P less than 0.005) chemotactic response than matched controls. Those with disease confined to the chest, or with recurrent or operable bronchial carcinoma, had no significant depression of monocyte chemotaxis. There was also no significant difference in monocyte chemotaxis between cigarette smokers and matched controls. These results support the concept that in human cancer there is a defect in monocyte chemotaxis, but in bronchial carcinoma significant depression was only apparent in those with advanced disease.", "contents": "Monocyte chemotaxis in bronchial carcinoma and cigarette smokers. Chemotaxis of blood monocytes was measured in 31 patients with bronchial carcinoma and 19 cigarette smokers. Thirteen patients with metastatic bronchial carcinoma had significantly less (P less than 0.005) chemotactic response than matched controls. Those with disease confined to the chest, or with recurrent or operable bronchial carcinoma, had no significant depression of monocyte chemotaxis. There was also no significant difference in monocyte chemotaxis between cigarette smokers and matched controls. These results support the concept that in human cancer there is a defect in monocyte chemotaxis, but in bronchial carcinoma significant depression was only apparent in those with advanced disease.", "PMID": 588413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2460", "title": "Effects of repeated applications of two semi-permanent hair dyes to the skin of A and DBAf mice.", "content": "Two proprietary semi-permanent hair dyes were tested for carcinogenicity in A and DBAf mice by repeated topical applications in aqueous acetone. Mice of both strains developed lymphoid tumours but experimental differences were marked only in DBAf mice. A number of tumours of the ovary and uterus, and some skin papillomas near the penis, occured in dye-treated but not in control DBAf mice. As many hair-dye constituents are known mutagens, adequate carcinogenicity testing of these substances, and epidemiological study of exposed human populations, are needed for evaluating possible health hazard from hair dyeing.", "contents": "Effects of repeated applications of two semi-permanent hair dyes to the skin of A and DBAf mice. Two proprietary semi-permanent hair dyes were tested for carcinogenicity in A and DBAf mice by repeated topical applications in aqueous acetone. Mice of both strains developed lymphoid tumours but experimental differences were marked only in DBAf mice. A number of tumours of the ovary and uterus, and some skin papillomas near the penis, occured in dye-treated but not in control DBAf mice. As many hair-dye constituents are known mutagens, adequate carcinogenicity testing of these substances, and epidemiological study of exposed human populations, are needed for evaluating possible health hazard from hair dyeing.", "PMID": 588414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2461", "title": "Effect of di-isopropanolnitrosamine in European hamsters.", "content": "The carcinogenic effects of di-isopropanolnitrosamine (DIPN) were tested in hibernating and non-hibernating European hamsters. The results obtained were compared with those produced by the same substance in Syrian golden hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats. In European hamsters, tumours were produced in the nasal cavity, trachea, lung, liver and pancreas. The main target organs were the anterior part of the nasal cavity and liver. Only cholangiomas and cholangiocarcinomas were found in the liver. Early changes in the intrahepatic bile ducts and duct epithelium of the pancreas were seen 4 weeks after treatment was started. Fourteen out of 144 treated hamsters developed pancreatic-duct tumours, 2 of which were malignant. The tumorigenic response in the target organs was lower in hibernating than in non-hibernating animals.", "contents": "Effect of di-isopropanolnitrosamine in European hamsters. The carcinogenic effects of di-isopropanolnitrosamine (DIPN) were tested in hibernating and non-hibernating European hamsters. The results obtained were compared with those produced by the same substance in Syrian golden hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats. In European hamsters, tumours were produced in the nasal cavity, trachea, lung, liver and pancreas. The main target organs were the anterior part of the nasal cavity and liver. Only cholangiomas and cholangiocarcinomas were found in the liver. Early changes in the intrahepatic bile ducts and duct epithelium of the pancreas were seen 4 weeks after treatment was started. Fourteen out of 144 treated hamsters developed pancreatic-duct tumours, 2 of which were malignant. The tumorigenic response in the target organs was lower in hibernating than in non-hibernating animals.", "PMID": 588415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2462", "title": "Interaction of ICRF 159 with radiation, and its effect on sub-lethal and potentially lethal radiation damage in vitro.", "content": "ICRF 159 has been shown to increase the X-radiation sensitivity of exponentially growing EMT6 mouse tumour cells in vitro. This was found only with ICRF 159 exposure times longer than 10 h and only when the drug was given before irradiation. The increase in radiation sensitivity was expressed as a reduction of the shoulder of the radiation survival curve. As ICRF 159 was shown to have no effect on the repair of sub-lethal radiation damage, it was concluded that the drug reduced the capacity to accumulate such damage. ICRF 159 was also shown to have no effect on the repair of potentially lethal radiation damage in late plateau cells.", "contents": "Interaction of ICRF 159 with radiation, and its effect on sub-lethal and potentially lethal radiation damage in vitro. ICRF 159 has been shown to increase the X-radiation sensitivity of exponentially growing EMT6 mouse tumour cells in vitro. This was found only with ICRF 159 exposure times longer than 10 h and only when the drug was given before irradiation. The increase in radiation sensitivity was expressed as a reduction of the shoulder of the radiation survival curve. As ICRF 159 was shown to have no effect on the repair of sub-lethal radiation damage, it was concluded that the drug reduced the capacity to accumulate such damage. ICRF 159 was also shown to have no effect on the repair of potentially lethal radiation damage in late plateau cells.", "PMID": 588416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2463", "title": "Age variation in the cancer risks from foetal irradiation.", "content": "A modified Mantel-Haenszel analysis of data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers has shown that cases associated with foetal irradiation (X-rayed cases) accounted for a higher proportion of deaths between 5 and 10 years than of earlier or later deaths. This finding is compatible with somewhat later origins for the cancers actually caused by the radiation exposures (radiogenic cases) than for other (idiopathic) cases which proved fatal before 10 years of age. Therefore the usual time for incurring congenital anomalies (or the first trimester of foetal life) could be the commonest time for initiating childhood cancers. The theoretical implications of this and other findings of the Oxford Survey are discussed within the framework of a theory which assumes that all mutant cells have cancer potentialities and that defects in the immune surveillance mechanism favour multiplication of these cells (or endogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins) as well as live pathogens (or exogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins).", "contents": "Age variation in the cancer risks from foetal irradiation. A modified Mantel-Haenszel analysis of data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers has shown that cases associated with foetal irradiation (X-rayed cases) accounted for a higher proportion of deaths between 5 and 10 years than of earlier or later deaths. This finding is compatible with somewhat later origins for the cancers actually caused by the radiation exposures (radiogenic cases) than for other (idiopathic) cases which proved fatal before 10 years of age. Therefore the usual time for incurring congenital anomalies (or the first trimester of foetal life) could be the commonest time for initiating childhood cancers. The theoretical implications of this and other findings of the Oxford Survey are discussed within the framework of a theory which assumes that all mutant cells have cancer potentialities and that defects in the immune surveillance mechanism favour multiplication of these cells (or endogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins) as well as live pathogens (or exogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins).", "PMID": 588417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2464", "title": "Failure to obtain positive MEM tests in either cell-mediated immune conditions in the guinea-pig or in human cancer.", "content": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test described by Caspary and Field (1971) and modified by Pritchard et al. (1973) was investigated in various models of cell-mediated immune conditions in the guinea-pig and in cancer in man. No positive results were obtained in 92 guinea-pig experiments. Only 17 of 154 experiments on 74 patients gave definite positives in experiments with human cancer and a few positive results were obtained with normal healthy subjects.", "contents": "Failure to obtain positive MEM tests in either cell-mediated immune conditions in the guinea-pig or in human cancer. The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test described by Caspary and Field (1971) and modified by Pritchard et al. (1973) was investigated in various models of cell-mediated immune conditions in the guinea-pig and in cancer in man. No positive results were obtained in 92 guinea-pig experiments. Only 17 of 154 experiments on 74 patients gave definite positives in experiments with human cancer and a few positive results were obtained with normal healthy subjects.", "PMID": 588418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2465", "title": "Prognostic value of serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE) in breast cancer: a preliminary study.", "content": "One hundred and sixty women admitted for breast tumour biopsy to the King's College Hospital group have been followed sequentially for 2 years. Sixty-nine women had early operable breast cancer and 91 had benign breast disease. All these women had serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months, 1 year and 2 years. No differences were found in any of the serum immunoglobulin levels between the two groups at any time. There was, however, a positive correlation between the extent of metastatic breast cancer and the serum level of various immunoglobulins, particularly IgA. There was no evidence that routine postoperative radiotherapy influenced the levels of serum immunoglobulins. The findings suggest a secondary defence reaction against increasing tumour load, and do not support the theory of an early immune defect in immunoglobulin metabolism which could play a part in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Although there is no diagnostic value in measuring the levels of serum immunoglobulins in patients with breast tumours, there may be some value in following the levels in cancer patients, as a guide to subclinical spread of the disease.", "contents": "Prognostic value of serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE) in breast cancer: a preliminary study. One hundred and sixty women admitted for breast tumour biopsy to the King's College Hospital group have been followed sequentially for 2 years. Sixty-nine women had early operable breast cancer and 91 had benign breast disease. All these women had serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months, 1 year and 2 years. No differences were found in any of the serum immunoglobulin levels between the two groups at any time. There was, however, a positive correlation between the extent of metastatic breast cancer and the serum level of various immunoglobulins, particularly IgA. There was no evidence that routine postoperative radiotherapy influenced the levels of serum immunoglobulins. The findings suggest a secondary defence reaction against increasing tumour load, and do not support the theory of an early immune defect in immunoglobulin metabolism which could play a part in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Although there is no diagnostic value in measuring the levels of serum immunoglobulins in patients with breast tumours, there may be some value in following the levels in cancer patients, as a guide to subclinical spread of the disease.", "PMID": 588419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2466", "title": "A method for detecting carcinogenic organic chemicals using mammalian cells in culture.", "content": "A method for testing organic chemicals for their carcinogenic potential is described. Baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21/C1 13) were exposed to different doses of test compound in liquid tissue culture medium containing rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant and cofactors (S-9 mix) to aid metabolism, but without serum. Survival of cells following exposure to the compound was assessed by cloning in liquid growth medium. Transformation was assessed by colony growth in semi-solid agar. The dose-response curve for survival was used to determine the LC50 of the compound. A dose-response curve for transformation was constructed and a 5-fold increase in transformation frequency at the LC50 was regarded as a positive test result. The method may also be used for testing gaseous compounds. Cells grown in monolayers and overlaid with serum-free medium and S-9 mix were exposed to vinyl chloride gas mixed with air. After exposure, the treated cells were trypsinized, resuspended in growth medium, and survival and transformation assays performed. The methods described are illustrated by examples taken from an evaluation study using 120 compounds and found to be more than 90% accurate in distinguishing between carcinogens and non-carcinogens.", "contents": "A method for detecting carcinogenic organic chemicals using mammalian cells in culture. A method for testing organic chemicals for their carcinogenic potential is described. Baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21/C1 13) were exposed to different doses of test compound in liquid tissue culture medium containing rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant and cofactors (S-9 mix) to aid metabolism, but without serum. Survival of cells following exposure to the compound was assessed by cloning in liquid growth medium. Transformation was assessed by colony growth in semi-solid agar. The dose-response curve for survival was used to determine the LC50 of the compound. A dose-response curve for transformation was constructed and a 5-fold increase in transformation frequency at the LC50 was regarded as a positive test result. The method may also be used for testing gaseous compounds. Cells grown in monolayers and overlaid with serum-free medium and S-9 mix were exposed to vinyl chloride gas mixed with air. After exposure, the treated cells were trypsinized, resuspended in growth medium, and survival and transformation assays performed. The methods described are illustrated by examples taken from an evaluation study using 120 compounds and found to be more than 90% accurate in distinguishing between carcinogens and non-carcinogens.", "PMID": 588420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2467", "title": "Fluorescence discrimination between diploid cells on their RNA content: a possible distinction between clonogenic and non-clonogenic cells.", "content": "Flow cytofluorimetric techniques, using acridine orange fluorescence to measure RNA and DNA simultaneously in EMT6 cells, have been employed to discriminate between three diploid DNA populations in vivo on the basis of their RNA content. Cells with the lowest RNA levels seem to be in the process of disintegration. Cells with the highest RNA levels correspond to those with the highest plating efficiency, and those with intermediate RNA levels are those with the lowest plating efficiency. In vitro studies have shown that log-phase cells have higher RNA levels than cells in the late plateau phase of growth.", "contents": "Fluorescence discrimination between diploid cells on their RNA content: a possible distinction between clonogenic and non-clonogenic cells. Flow cytofluorimetric techniques, using acridine orange fluorescence to measure RNA and DNA simultaneously in EMT6 cells, have been employed to discriminate between three diploid DNA populations in vivo on the basis of their RNA content. Cells with the lowest RNA levels seem to be in the process of disintegration. Cells with the highest RNA levels correspond to those with the highest plating efficiency, and those with intermediate RNA levels are those with the lowest plating efficiency. In vitro studies have shown that log-phase cells have higher RNA levels than cells in the late plateau phase of growth.", "PMID": 588421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2468", "title": "Development and application of a radioimmunoassay for methotrexate.", "content": "An antiserum to methotrexate has been produced in a sheep against a conjugate of ovalbumin and methotrexate (MTX) prepared using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The antibodies produced were specific for substances containing the 2,4-diamino pteridine structure. Naturally occurring folates did not interfere with the assay. A radioimmunoassay has been developed using this antiserum, which can be used to measure MTX concentrations of less than 1 ng/ml in biological samples without prior extraction. The concentrations of MTX in the blood and urine of patients following a single i.v. bolus injection and following oral administration of the drug have been measured. The published radioimmunoassays for MTX have been compared.", "contents": "Development and application of a radioimmunoassay for methotrexate. An antiserum to methotrexate has been produced in a sheep against a conjugate of ovalbumin and methotrexate (MTX) prepared using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The antibodies produced were specific for substances containing the 2,4-diamino pteridine structure. Naturally occurring folates did not interfere with the assay. A radioimmunoassay has been developed using this antiserum, which can be used to measure MTX concentrations of less than 1 ng/ml in biological samples without prior extraction. The concentrations of MTX in the blood and urine of patients following a single i.v. bolus injection and following oral administration of the drug have been measured. The published radioimmunoassays for MTX have been compared.", "PMID": 588422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2469", "title": "Clonogenic assays in the B16 melanoma: response to cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The survival of clonogenic cells in the B16 melanoma has been studied simultaneously by 3 methods: an in vitro assay in soft agar, a lung-colony assay, and the end-point dilution technique. Details of the first 2 methods have previously been reported, but those of the third are described here. The 3 methods have agreed well in investigations of the response of the B16 melanoma to cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Clonogenic assays in the B16 melanoma: response to cyclophosphamide. The survival of clonogenic cells in the B16 melanoma has been studied simultaneously by 3 methods: an in vitro assay in soft agar, a lung-colony assay, and the end-point dilution technique. Details of the first 2 methods have previously been reported, but those of the third are described here. The 3 methods have agreed well in investigations of the response of the B16 melanoma to cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 588423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2470", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa.", "content": "Scanning electron micrographs of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa indicate that the surface attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells is of significance for their pathogeneity in the airways. It is suggested that further scanning electron microscopic studies of natural and experimental infected human nasal mucosa can give valuable information about the initial interaction between micro-organisms and host cell and add to our understanding of airways infections.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa. Scanning electron micrographs of a bacterial infection of the human nasal mucosa indicate that the surface attachment of bacteria to epithelial cells is of significance for their pathogeneity in the airways. It is suggested that further scanning electron microscopic studies of natural and experimental infected human nasal mucosa can give valuable information about the initial interaction between micro-organisms and host cell and add to our understanding of airways infections.", "PMID": 588427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2471", "title": "Anaerobic bacteriology of chronic bronchial disease. With a refined method of sampling bronchial secretions.", "content": "A refined bronchoscopic method of sampling bronchial secretions is presented. The results show that this gives higher yields of aerobic pathogens than examination of expectorated sputum and the method also avoids pharyngeal contamination in suspected cases of anaerobic lung infection. Our results indicate that anaerobic organisms do not play a major role in causing sputum purulence in patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma or with less florid degrees of bronchiectasis. Anaerobic infections did not appear to occur as often as suggested by some reports from the United States.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteriology of chronic bronchial disease. With a refined method of sampling bronchial secretions. A refined bronchoscopic method of sampling bronchial secretions is presented. The results show that this gives higher yields of aerobic pathogens than examination of expectorated sputum and the method also avoids pharyngeal contamination in suspected cases of anaerobic lung infection. Our results indicate that anaerobic organisms do not play a major role in causing sputum purulence in patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma or with less florid degrees of bronchiectasis. Anaerobic infections did not appear to occur as often as suggested by some reports from the United States.", "PMID": 588430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2472", "title": "Cigarette abandonment: its significance.", "content": "Two hundred and eight interviews with ex-cigarette-smokers in the street and 208 interviews with ex-cigarette-smoker chest patients, all over 45 years of age, gave a composite picture of people commonly smoking until their health is affected. Symptoms were much more important then tobacco tax or propaganda in stopping cigarette-smoking. Of continuing smokers 16% wished that they could stop because of symptoms. Fear of the presence of cigarette-induced disease was thought to explain why some patients gave unconvincing reasons for abandoning cigarettes or had become ex-smokers in the year preceding their examination and many of these had carcinoma of the bronchus. Cigarette abandonment should be accepted as part of the symptomatology of respiratory disease. It sometimes is the first identifiable event in the relevant medical history of chest patients.", "contents": "Cigarette abandonment: its significance. Two hundred and eight interviews with ex-cigarette-smokers in the street and 208 interviews with ex-cigarette-smoker chest patients, all over 45 years of age, gave a composite picture of people commonly smoking until their health is affected. Symptoms were much more important then tobacco tax or propaganda in stopping cigarette-smoking. Of continuing smokers 16% wished that they could stop because of symptoms. Fear of the presence of cigarette-induced disease was thought to explain why some patients gave unconvincing reasons for abandoning cigarettes or had become ex-smokers in the year preceding their examination and many of these had carcinoma of the bronchus. Cigarette abandonment should be accepted as part of the symptomatology of respiratory disease. It sometimes is the first identifiable event in the relevant medical history of chest patients.", "PMID": 588431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2473", "title": "Bronchial asthma due to allergy to pancreatic extract: a hazard in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The mother of two children suffering from cystic fibrosis developed marked allergic symptoms affecting the eyes, nose and bronchi and severe bronchial asthma ensued. The cause of this allergy proved to be the powder released on opening the capsules of pancreatic extract which she provided for her children at each mealtime. The risk of pancreatic extract to those handling it, and possibly also to patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, is emphasized.", "contents": "Bronchial asthma due to allergy to pancreatic extract: a hazard in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The mother of two children suffering from cystic fibrosis developed marked allergic symptoms affecting the eyes, nose and bronchi and severe bronchial asthma ensued. The cause of this allergy proved to be the powder released on opening the capsules of pancreatic extract which she provided for her children at each mealtime. The risk of pancreatic extract to those handling it, and possibly also to patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, is emphasized.", "PMID": 588432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2474", "title": "The effect of irradiation on demyelination induced by avirulent Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "A dose of 500 rad total body irradiation before Semliki Forest virus infection was the most effective in producing multiple foci of demyelination in Swiss mice. Animals receiving this dose had the highest virus titre of Semliki Forest virus persisting in the brain and a delayed antibody response. In spite of extensive demyelination no obvious clinical signs such as paralysis were observed.", "contents": "The effect of irradiation on demyelination induced by avirulent Semliki Forest virus. A dose of 500 rad total body irradiation before Semliki Forest virus infection was the most effective in producing multiple foci of demyelination in Swiss mice. Animals receiving this dose had the highest virus titre of Semliki Forest virus persisting in the brain and a delayed antibody response. In spite of extensive demyelination no obvious clinical signs such as paralysis were observed.", "PMID": 588439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2475", "title": "The biological effects of magnesium-leached chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "Chrysotile asbestos was leached in N hydrochloric acid for varying times to produce a range of magnesium-depleted samples. The protein adsorptive capacity, the haemolytic activity, and the capacity to cause selective release of acid hydrolases from macrophages were measured for the various samples in vitro. The carcinogenicity of the same materials was determined following intrapleural inoculation in rats. The adsorptive capacity for albumin decreased linearly with magnesium removal. The haemolytic activity also declined until about half the magnesium had been removed, after which there was little further change. The selective release of acid hydrolases from macrophages in culture increased up to the point at which half the magnesium had been removed but by 90% depletion had declined rapidly. The carcinogenicity of 50% -depleted chrysotile was similar to that of intact, but at 90% depletion the incidence of mesothelial tumours had fallen considerably. There was no evidence that the leached samples fragmented more than the unleached in vivo.", "contents": "The biological effects of magnesium-leached chrysotile asbestos. Chrysotile asbestos was leached in N hydrochloric acid for varying times to produce a range of magnesium-depleted samples. The protein adsorptive capacity, the haemolytic activity, and the capacity to cause selective release of acid hydrolases from macrophages were measured for the various samples in vitro. The carcinogenicity of the same materials was determined following intrapleural inoculation in rats. The adsorptive capacity for albumin decreased linearly with magnesium removal. The haemolytic activity also declined until about half the magnesium had been removed, after which there was little further change. The selective release of acid hydrolases from macrophages in culture increased up to the point at which half the magnesium had been removed but by 90% depletion had declined rapidly. The carcinogenicity of 50% -depleted chrysotile was similar to that of intact, but at 90% depletion the incidence of mesothelial tumours had fallen considerably. There was no evidence that the leached samples fragmented more than the unleached in vivo.", "PMID": 588440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2476", "title": "The effects of treatment with aspirin and an antithrombotic agent SH1117 upon platelet thrombus formation in living blood vessels.", "content": "The work reported here describes an in vivo study, over several days in each animal, of the formation and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured living blood vessels in response to topically applied adenosine diphosphate in rabbits which have been treated with oral doses of SH1117 alone or together with acetyl-salicylic (ASA) before and after i.v. injection of alloxan. These two substances SH1117 and ASA when given together display a synergism which is similar to that described for dipyridamole and ASA, but the antithrombotic action of SH1117 and ASA seems to be more profound. It may be of significance that oral SH1117 given alone appears to confer a degree of insensitivity of the injured vessel in its response to ADP, as such an effect is not displayed by dipyridamole.", "contents": "The effects of treatment with aspirin and an antithrombotic agent SH1117 upon platelet thrombus formation in living blood vessels. The work reported here describes an in vivo study, over several days in each animal, of the formation and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured living blood vessels in response to topically applied adenosine diphosphate in rabbits which have been treated with oral doses of SH1117 alone or together with acetyl-salicylic (ASA) before and after i.v. injection of alloxan. These two substances SH1117 and ASA when given together display a synergism which is similar to that described for dipyridamole and ASA, but the antithrombotic action of SH1117 and ASA seems to be more profound. It may be of significance that oral SH1117 given alone appears to confer a degree of insensitivity of the injured vessel in its response to ADP, as such an effect is not displayed by dipyridamole.", "PMID": 588441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2477", "title": "The effect of calcium on the mechanical behaviour of aorta media elastin and collagen.", "content": "Mechanical tests were conducted on rings of pig thoracic aorta that had been treated with calcium ions to evaluate their effect on aorta media collagen and elastin. There was an increase in stiffness just before rupture and a decrease in storage energy when calcium was introduced into intact rings, but there was no significant difference in mechanical properties when it was introduced into the elastin framework of the media. The calcium was able to bind to the intact aorta media far more readily than to the elastin alone, suggesting that the collagen and muscle framework were far more susceptible to the introduction of calcium than elastin. The calcium content rose along the length of the aorta, as did the collagen content, whilst the elastin content fell, which was also reflected in the change in mechanical properties along the aorta.", "contents": "The effect of calcium on the mechanical behaviour of aorta media elastin and collagen. Mechanical tests were conducted on rings of pig thoracic aorta that had been treated with calcium ions to evaluate their effect on aorta media collagen and elastin. There was an increase in stiffness just before rupture and a decrease in storage energy when calcium was introduced into intact rings, but there was no significant difference in mechanical properties when it was introduced into the elastin framework of the media. The calcium was able to bind to the intact aorta media far more readily than to the elastin alone, suggesting that the collagen and muscle framework were far more susceptible to the introduction of calcium than elastin. The calcium content rose along the length of the aorta, as did the collagen content, whilst the elastin content fell, which was also reflected in the change in mechanical properties along the aorta.", "PMID": 588444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2478", "title": "A pharmacological effect of oestrone on human epidermis.", "content": "Oestrone has been found to depress the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, proline and histidine in human skin in vitro. The significance of this is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A pharmacological effect of oestrone on human epidermis. Oestrone has been found to depress the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, proline and histidine in human skin in vitro. The significance of this is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 588445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2479", "title": "The role of histidine in human epidermis.", "content": "Incorporation of radioactively-labelled histidine into half-thickness skin and into the major protein fraction extracted from epidermis by urea (protein Fraction A) has been measured and compared with the amount of labelled urocanic acid appearing in the same specimen. After a short lag period, incorporation into half-thickness skin and into protein Fraction A was found to be linear up to 23 h of the study. Histidine appeared to be initially preferentially deaminated to urocanic acid. The somewhat erratic presence of urocanic acid at later periods is attributed to its high instability and solubility.", "contents": "The role of histidine in human epidermis. Incorporation of radioactively-labelled histidine into half-thickness skin and into the major protein fraction extracted from epidermis by urea (protein Fraction A) has been measured and compared with the amount of labelled urocanic acid appearing in the same specimen. After a short lag period, incorporation into half-thickness skin and into protein Fraction A was found to be linear up to 23 h of the study. Histidine appeared to be initially preferentially deaminated to urocanic acid. The somewhat erratic presence of urocanic acid at later periods is attributed to its high instability and solubility.", "PMID": 588446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2480", "title": "The effects of anti-prostaglandin agents on epidermal proliferation induced by dermal inflammation.", "content": "Experimentally induced dermal inflammatory lesions cause epidermal hyperplasia and increased thymidine autoradiographic indices in the overlying epidermis. In the experiments described here anti-prostaglandin agents (indomethacin, aspirin, prednisolone and polyphloretin phosphate) were given to guinea-pigs with experimentally induced dermal granulomata in an effort to learn more about the dermal control of epidermal proliferation. Indomethacin caused a significant reduction in the epidermal hyperplasia and labelling index in the epidermis overlying carageenan granulomata. Similar but less marked reductions in epidermal proliferation were seen with the other agents used. Some reduction, which proved not to be statistically significant, was also seen in the epidermal proliferation due to kaolin granulomata. Slight reduction in epidermal hyperplasia, but no effect on thymidine incorporation, was seen in proliferation induced by tape stripping.", "contents": "The effects of anti-prostaglandin agents on epidermal proliferation induced by dermal inflammation. Experimentally induced dermal inflammatory lesions cause epidermal hyperplasia and increased thymidine autoradiographic indices in the overlying epidermis. In the experiments described here anti-prostaglandin agents (indomethacin, aspirin, prednisolone and polyphloretin phosphate) were given to guinea-pigs with experimentally induced dermal granulomata in an effort to learn more about the dermal control of epidermal proliferation. Indomethacin caused a significant reduction in the epidermal hyperplasia and labelling index in the epidermis overlying carageenan granulomata. Similar but less marked reductions in epidermal proliferation were seen with the other agents used. Some reduction, which proved not to be statistically significant, was also seen in the epidermal proliferation due to kaolin granulomata. Slight reduction in epidermal hyperplasia, but no effect on thymidine incorporation, was seen in proliferation induced by tape stripping.", "PMID": 588447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2481", "title": "The anatomical distribution of sunlight.", "content": "The relative distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation has been measured at ten sites on the surface of an unclothed manikin for 2 h around solar noon on 19 different days during late summer in Canterbury, U.K. The dosimeter used was polysulphone film. The results obtained indicate that vertical surfaces of the body receive about one half of the dose relative to the vertex and that the relative doses at different sites are independent of weather conditions.", "contents": "The anatomical distribution of sunlight. The relative distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation has been measured at ten sites on the surface of an unclothed manikin for 2 h around solar noon on 19 different days during late summer in Canterbury, U.K. The dosimeter used was polysulphone film. The results obtained indicate that vertical surfaces of the body receive about one half of the dose relative to the vertex and that the relative doses at different sites are independent of weather conditions.", "PMID": 588448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2482", "title": "Light sensitivity and chromium dermatitis.", "content": "In 25 consecutive cases of chromium contact allergy we have made four parallel serial dilution tests and irradiated three of the test rows, two with solar-spectrum-like radiation from a 150 W Xenon lamp (4/5 MED and 4 MED) and one row with long-wave ultraviolet radiation (blacklight) alone. Comparing an unirradiated row (control) and the row irradiated with 4/5 MED, the reactions were significantly more intense in 48% of the cases, i.e. the patients reacted at lower chromium concentrations. In a corresponding comparison with 4 MED a significantly more intense reaction was obtained in 36% of the cases, whereas blackslight showed no significant difference compared with the control row. The most intense reactions were obtained in the cases which were anamnestically photosensitive and had low MED values.", "contents": "Light sensitivity and chromium dermatitis. In 25 consecutive cases of chromium contact allergy we have made four parallel serial dilution tests and irradiated three of the test rows, two with solar-spectrum-like radiation from a 150 W Xenon lamp (4/5 MED and 4 MED) and one row with long-wave ultraviolet radiation (blacklight) alone. Comparing an unirradiated row (control) and the row irradiated with 4/5 MED, the reactions were significantly more intense in 48% of the cases, i.e. the patients reacted at lower chromium concentrations. In a corresponding comparison with 4 MED a significantly more intense reaction was obtained in 36% of the cases, whereas blackslight showed no significant difference compared with the control row. The most intense reactions were obtained in the cases which were anamnestically photosensitive and had low MED values.", "PMID": 588449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2483", "title": "Juvenile elastoma and osteopoikilosis (the Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome).", "content": "Sixteen patients from seven different families with the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome have been studied. Osteopoikilosis was found in two-thirds of the patients radiologically examined and all but two had skin involvement. The predominant clinical pattern consisted of grouped skin coloured papules and discs that were distributed asymmetrically and which usually had presented at an early age. The skin lesions showed the characteristic histological changes of juvenile elastoma which, it is suggested, is the specific dermatological abnormality of the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome.", "contents": "Juvenile elastoma and osteopoikilosis (the Buschke--Ollendorff syndrome). Sixteen patients from seven different families with the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome have been studied. Osteopoikilosis was found in two-thirds of the patients radiologically examined and all but two had skin involvement. The predominant clinical pattern consisted of grouped skin coloured papules and discs that were distributed asymmetrically and which usually had presented at an early age. The skin lesions showed the characteristic histological changes of juvenile elastoma which, it is suggested, is the specific dermatological abnormality of the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome.", "PMID": 588450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2484", "title": "Transcapillary escape rate of albumin and plasma volume in patients with varying degrees of psoriasis.", "content": "Plasma albumin, plasma volume and the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb), i.e. the fraction of the intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, were determined using 125I-labelled albumin in 26 patients with varying degrees of psoriasis. For the patients as a group the plasma albumin concentration and the TERalb values were not significantly different from the control group. This contrasts with earlier findings in erythrodermic patients. The plasma volume was significantly reduced whether it was expressed in relation to body weight, height or surface area (P less than 0.001). Thus the intravascular mass of albumin (IVM), determined as the product of the plasma volume and the plasma albumin concentration, was also significantly reduced (P less than 0.001). We found no correlation between the involved skin area and any of the above mentioned parameters. The possible mechanisms in the reduction of the plasma volume and the IVM are discussed. It is suggested that reduced IVM may reflect reduced total albumin mass due to lowered rates of albumin synthesis or increased rates of turnover.", "contents": "Transcapillary escape rate of albumin and plasma volume in patients with varying degrees of psoriasis. Plasma albumin, plasma volume and the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb), i.e. the fraction of the intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, were determined using 125I-labelled albumin in 26 patients with varying degrees of psoriasis. For the patients as a group the plasma albumin concentration and the TERalb values were not significantly different from the control group. This contrasts with earlier findings in erythrodermic patients. The plasma volume was significantly reduced whether it was expressed in relation to body weight, height or surface area (P less than 0.001). Thus the intravascular mass of albumin (IVM), determined as the product of the plasma volume and the plasma albumin concentration, was also significantly reduced (P less than 0.001). We found no correlation between the involved skin area and any of the above mentioned parameters. The possible mechanisms in the reduction of the plasma volume and the IVM are discussed. It is suggested that reduced IVM may reflect reduced total albumin mass due to lowered rates of albumin synthesis or increased rates of turnover.", "PMID": 588451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2485", "title": "High-resolution autoradiographic localization of 3-methylcholanthrene-3H in the skin of Balb/c mice after topical application.", "content": "Tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) was traced by electron microscope autoradiography in Balb/c mouse epidermis 24 h after topical application in vivo. Quantification of the autoradiographs indicated that the distribution of radioactivity was non-random. The frequency of silver grains was similar in both nuclei and cytoplasm of epidermal cells. A concentration of labelling was detected in association with nuclear and cell membranes but to a greater degree with the dermo-epidermal junction. Results are consistent with previous work on the binding of hydrocarbons to soluble proteins and nucleic acids. The significance of the association of radioactivity with the dermo-epidermal junction is discussed.", "contents": "High-resolution autoradiographic localization of 3-methylcholanthrene-3H in the skin of Balb/c mice after topical application. Tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) was traced by electron microscope autoradiography in Balb/c mouse epidermis 24 h after topical application in vivo. Quantification of the autoradiographs indicated that the distribution of radioactivity was non-random. The frequency of silver grains was similar in both nuclei and cytoplasm of epidermal cells. A concentration of labelling was detected in association with nuclear and cell membranes but to a greater degree with the dermo-epidermal junction. Results are consistent with previous work on the binding of hydrocarbons to soluble proteins and nucleic acids. The significance of the association of radioactivity with the dermo-epidermal junction is discussed.", "PMID": 588452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2486", "title": "Wrinkles due to idiopathic loss of mid-dermal elastic tissue.", "content": "Widespread areas of fine wrinkling of the skin had been noted for 2 years by a 42-year-old healthy white woman. Histological study disclosed a selective absence of elastic tissue strictly limited to the mid-dermis of the involved areas. It was postulated that an antecedent urticarial process may have led to such a specific zonal destruction of elastic tissue. The elastolytic process did not change or extend, and no urticarial lesions were seen during a year of observation.", "contents": "Wrinkles due to idiopathic loss of mid-dermal elastic tissue. Widespread areas of fine wrinkling of the skin had been noted for 2 years by a 42-year-old healthy white woman. Histological study disclosed a selective absence of elastic tissue strictly limited to the mid-dermis of the involved areas. It was postulated that an antecedent urticarial process may have led to such a specific zonal destruction of elastic tissue. The elastolytic process did not change or extend, and no urticarial lesions were seen during a year of observation.", "PMID": 588454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2487", "title": "Orf: a family with unusual complications.", "content": "Three members of a farming family and their local postman contracted orf. One of those affected had had no direct contact with infected sheep. Two of the family developed a widespread papulo-vesicular eruption of the skin and mucosae with pyrexia, malaise and lymphadenopathy lasting 4-5 weeks. The eruption did not resemble erythema multiforme or the toxic erythemas usually associated with this infection.", "contents": "Orf: a family with unusual complications. Three members of a farming family and their local postman contracted orf. One of those affected had had no direct contact with infected sheep. Two of the family developed a widespread papulo-vesicular eruption of the skin and mucosae with pyrexia, malaise and lymphadenopathy lasting 4-5 weeks. The eruption did not resemble erythema multiforme or the toxic erythemas usually associated with this infection.", "PMID": 588455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2488", "title": "Herpetiform pemphigus induced by penicillamine.", "content": "A patient with arthritis is described who developed a dermatitis herpetiformis-like rash after 8 months of D-penicillamine therapy and which cleared soon after the drug was discontinued. The histopathological findings were compatible with a diagnosis of pemphigus, showing intra-epidermal vesicles and spongiosis but no acantholysis. Intercellular antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence at the onset of the eruption (titre 1 in 160) and also found in serum taken prior to penicillamine treatment (titre 1 in 20). It is now well known that D-penicillamine can induce pemphigus. The findings reported here suggest the possibility that the patient was predisposed to develop the eruption before the drug was given.", "contents": "Herpetiform pemphigus induced by penicillamine. A patient with arthritis is described who developed a dermatitis herpetiformis-like rash after 8 months of D-penicillamine therapy and which cleared soon after the drug was discontinued. The histopathological findings were compatible with a diagnosis of pemphigus, showing intra-epidermal vesicles and spongiosis but no acantholysis. Intercellular antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence at the onset of the eruption (titre 1 in 160) and also found in serum taken prior to penicillamine treatment (titre 1 in 20). It is now well known that D-penicillamine can induce pemphigus. The findings reported here suggest the possibility that the patient was predisposed to develop the eruption before the drug was given.", "PMID": 588456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2489", "title": "Haemophilia, hepatitis and porphyria.", "content": "A patient with haemophilia A developed hepatitis B, seemingly as a consequence of treatment with blood products. Six years later, bullae, photosensitivity, and the biochemical findings of porphyria cutanea tarda developed.", "contents": "Haemophilia, hepatitis and porphyria. A patient with haemophilia A developed hepatitis B, seemingly as a consequence of treatment with blood products. Six years later, bullae, photosensitivity, and the biochemical findings of porphyria cutanea tarda developed.", "PMID": 588457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2490", "title": "Gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis. I. Clinical response of skin lesions in 81 patients.", "content": "Eighty-one patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD) for periods varying from 6 to 36 months. At the end of the treatment the daily requirement of dapsone was significantly lower in patients treated with a GFD than in 49 patients on a normal diet. 93% of the patients on a GFD were able to reduce the dose of dapsone whereas only 16% of the patients on a normal diet were able to do this. Complete remissions occurred only in patients on a GFD. 28% of the patients on a GFD were able to stop dapsone completely and were continuously asymptomatic when they observed a strict diet. A response to a GFD was noted on the mean daily requirement of dapsone as soon as the treatment was initiated although the length of time for an individual response varied. After one year on a GFD the patients needed on average about 40% and after 3 years about 20% of the dose required to control skin symptoms at the beginning of the diet. The patients responded to a GFD irrespective of changes found in the jejunal mucosa and irrespective of the presence of absence of HLA-B8.", "contents": "Gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis. I. Clinical response of skin lesions in 81 patients. Eighty-one patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD) for periods varying from 6 to 36 months. At the end of the treatment the daily requirement of dapsone was significantly lower in patients treated with a GFD than in 49 patients on a normal diet. 93% of the patients on a GFD were able to reduce the dose of dapsone whereas only 16% of the patients on a normal diet were able to do this. Complete remissions occurred only in patients on a GFD. 28% of the patients on a GFD were able to stop dapsone completely and were continuously asymptomatic when they observed a strict diet. A response to a GFD was noted on the mean daily requirement of dapsone as soon as the treatment was initiated although the length of time for an individual response varied. After one year on a GFD the patients needed on average about 40% and after 3 years about 20% of the dose required to control skin symptoms at the beginning of the diet. The patients responded to a GFD irrespective of changes found in the jejunal mucosa and irrespective of the presence of absence of HLA-B8.", "PMID": 588461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2491", "title": "Granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis.", "content": "Granuloma annulare (GA) and sarcoidosis are two diseases of unknown cause which involve the skin and whose basic pathology is a mononuclear histiocytic cellular reaction. Biopsy plays the major role in the diagnosis of both diseases, and no other routine laboratory test for either disease is currently available. Sarcoidosis is generally considered to be an allergic or immune granuloma with inconstant defects in cell-mediated immunity (Broom & MacLaurin, 1973). There have been no immunological studies of GA. We recently studied 14 cases and found circulating lymphokines (macrophage migration inhibition factor) in 11 which correlated with circulating macrophage migration inhibition factor in sarcoidosis (9 of 10 cases) (Umbert, Belcher & Winkelmann, 1976). The co-existence of GA and sarcoidosis in 5 patients suggests to us that there are very similar immunological reactions as well as pathology in both diseases and that the elucidation of the pathogenesis of one disease should aid in understanding the other. To our knowledge, there are no prior reports of systemic sarcoidosis coexisting with or manifesting the histological picture of GA. In this report we have demonstrated by clinical and histological criteria that GA and sarcoidosis can co-exist.", "contents": "Granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis. Granuloma annulare (GA) and sarcoidosis are two diseases of unknown cause which involve the skin and whose basic pathology is a mononuclear histiocytic cellular reaction. Biopsy plays the major role in the diagnosis of both diseases, and no other routine laboratory test for either disease is currently available. Sarcoidosis is generally considered to be an allergic or immune granuloma with inconstant defects in cell-mediated immunity (Broom & MacLaurin, 1973). There have been no immunological studies of GA. We recently studied 14 cases and found circulating lymphokines (macrophage migration inhibition factor) in 11 which correlated with circulating macrophage migration inhibition factor in sarcoidosis (9 of 10 cases) (Umbert, Belcher & Winkelmann, 1976). The co-existence of GA and sarcoidosis in 5 patients suggests to us that there are very similar immunological reactions as well as pathology in both diseases and that the elucidation of the pathogenesis of one disease should aid in understanding the other. To our knowledge, there are no prior reports of systemic sarcoidosis coexisting with or manifesting the histological picture of GA. In this report we have demonstrated by clinical and histological criteria that GA and sarcoidosis can co-exist.", "PMID": 588462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2492", "title": "Black grain mycetoma. Atomic absorption and spark source mass spectrophotometry of the tissue grain in Madurella mycetomi infection.", "content": "The tissue grain of Madurella mycetomi infection shows a spread of mineral constituents which is somewhat higher than the known values for the dermis, but differs little in relative concentrations. The unique physical resistance of the grain cannot be related to departures in concentration of calcium or of trace elements. Our earlier hypothesis of a tanned protein structure for the grain therefore still holds (Findlay & Vismer, 1974).", "contents": "Black grain mycetoma. Atomic absorption and spark source mass spectrophotometry of the tissue grain in Madurella mycetomi infection. The tissue grain of Madurella mycetomi infection shows a spread of mineral constituents which is somewhat higher than the known values for the dermis, but differs little in relative concentrations. The unique physical resistance of the grain cannot be related to departures in concentration of calcium or of trace elements. Our earlier hypothesis of a tanned protein structure for the grain therefore still holds (Findlay & Vismer, 1974).", "PMID": 588463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2493", "title": "Characterization of a leukotactic factor derived from psoriatic scale.", "content": "A study was made on the in vitro characteristics and in vivo biological activities of a leukotactic factor derived from psoriatic scale (PLF). Sephadex G-75 chromatography showed that PLF eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. It resisted heating, lyophilization, acidity (pH 3) and alkalinity (pH 11), but was destroyed by trypsin digestion. The substance attracted polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in vitro; this ability was inhibited by antiserum to C3a and was partially reduced by antiserum to C5. Although PLF showed strong chemotactic activity for PMNs, its activity for mononuclear cells was only mild. Intradermal injection of PLF into man or guinea-pig produced an erythematous response with dense tissue neutrophilia, the time course of which was similar to that of the Arthus response. PLF also provoked increased vascular permeability in guinea-pig skin. Moreover, repeated intradermal injection of PLF to the same site in guinea-pigs led to moderate acanthosis of the overlying epidermis. These observations strongly suggest that transepidermal migration of leukocytes in psoriatic lesions is provoked by PLF, whose activity appears to reflect that of complement cleavage products, particularly C3a, presumably produced by complement activation in the subcorneal region of the epidermis. Furthermore, it is postulated that PLF may be a factor which plays a crucial role in the production of typical psoriasiform tissue changes.", "contents": "Characterization of a leukotactic factor derived from psoriatic scale. A study was made on the in vitro characteristics and in vivo biological activities of a leukotactic factor derived from psoriatic scale (PLF). Sephadex G-75 chromatography showed that PLF eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. It resisted heating, lyophilization, acidity (pH 3) and alkalinity (pH 11), but was destroyed by trypsin digestion. The substance attracted polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in vitro; this ability was inhibited by antiserum to C3a and was partially reduced by antiserum to C5. Although PLF showed strong chemotactic activity for PMNs, its activity for mononuclear cells was only mild. Intradermal injection of PLF into man or guinea-pig produced an erythematous response with dense tissue neutrophilia, the time course of which was similar to that of the Arthus response. PLF also provoked increased vascular permeability in guinea-pig skin. Moreover, repeated intradermal injection of PLF to the same site in guinea-pigs led to moderate acanthosis of the overlying epidermis. These observations strongly suggest that transepidermal migration of leukocytes in psoriatic lesions is provoked by PLF, whose activity appears to reflect that of complement cleavage products, particularly C3a, presumably produced by complement activation in the subcorneal region of the epidermis. Furthermore, it is postulated that PLF may be a factor which plays a crucial role in the production of typical psoriasiform tissue changes.", "PMID": 588464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2494", "title": "UVA-induced inhibition of proliferation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from humans treated with 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "Lymphocytes from healthy human donors were used as a model system for studying the combined effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA. Two hours after oral administration of therapeutic doses of the drug enough 8-MOP was taken up in vivo by the circulating peripheral lymphocytes to cause significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin induced lymphocyte proliferation when the cells were exposed in vitro to UVA irradiation. The inhibition of proliferation as monitored by a reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA was shown to be UVA-dose dependent. Control cultures of 8-MOP containing lymphocytes which were not UVA irradiated showed normal blast transformation. In lymphocytes obtained from the same donors prior to 8-MOP intake, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation was not impaired by UVA irradiation. In 8-MOP containing lymphocytes exposed repeatedly to UVA during the 72 h culture period a cumulative effect of irradiation could be observed. A varying sensitivity towards 8-MOP plus UVA was noted when the cells were irradiated at different times after PHA stimulation. The cells were most vulnerable to UVA irradiation during the DNA-synthesis phase of the proliferating lymphocytes. The results suggest that dermal inflammatory infiltrates containing locally proliferating lymphocytes are influenced by systemic photochemotherapy since UVA penetrates well into the dermis.", "contents": "UVA-induced inhibition of proliferation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from humans treated with 8-methoxypsoralen. Lymphocytes from healthy human donors were used as a model system for studying the combined effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA. Two hours after oral administration of therapeutic doses of the drug enough 8-MOP was taken up in vivo by the circulating peripheral lymphocytes to cause significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin induced lymphocyte proliferation when the cells were exposed in vitro to UVA irradiation. The inhibition of proliferation as monitored by a reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA was shown to be UVA-dose dependent. Control cultures of 8-MOP containing lymphocytes which were not UVA irradiated showed normal blast transformation. In lymphocytes obtained from the same donors prior to 8-MOP intake, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation was not impaired by UVA irradiation. In 8-MOP containing lymphocytes exposed repeatedly to UVA during the 72 h culture period a cumulative effect of irradiation could be observed. A varying sensitivity towards 8-MOP plus UVA was noted when the cells were irradiated at different times after PHA stimulation. The cells were most vulnerable to UVA irradiation during the DNA-synthesis phase of the proliferating lymphocytes. The results suggest that dermal inflammatory infiltrates containing locally proliferating lymphocytes are influenced by systemic photochemotherapy since UVA penetrates well into the dermis.", "PMID": 588465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2495", "title": "Topical mechlorethamine therapy for mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Patients with limited skin involvement by mycosis fungoides were treated with daily topical mechlorethamine. Seven of thirteen patients had a complete remission of diseases. Six of these seven experienced a contact dermatitis and four underwent a successful topical desensitization programme. The possible beneficial therapeutic effects of developing a contact allergy are discussed.", "contents": "Topical mechlorethamine therapy for mycosis fungoides. Patients with limited skin involvement by mycosis fungoides were treated with daily topical mechlorethamine. Seven of thirteen patients had a complete remission of diseases. Six of these seven experienced a contact dermatitis and four underwent a successful topical desensitization programme. The possible beneficial therapeutic effects of developing a contact allergy are discussed.", "PMID": 588466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2496", "title": "Onchocerciasis treated with diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "One hundred patients with onchocerciasis were treated with diethylcarbamazine: a single course of treatment led to clinical cure in 48% of the patients; no means of anticipating which patients might require only a single course of treatment was found.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis treated with diethylcarbamazine. One hundred patients with onchocerciasis were treated with diethylcarbamazine: a single course of treatment led to clinical cure in 48% of the patients; no means of anticipating which patients might require only a single course of treatment was found.", "PMID": 588467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2497", "title": "Vasoconstrictor activities and bio-availabilities of seven proprietary corticosteroid creams assessed using a non-occluded multiple dosage regimen; clinical implications.", "content": "The bio-availabilities and activities of commercial creams (Metosyn, Synalar, Betnovate, Locoid, Alphaderm, Dioderm and Efcortelan 1%) were assessed using a multiple dosage regimen vasoconstrictor assay in ten volunteers. The blanching response first increased but then diminished with continued application over a 5-day period: following a 2-day 'resting period', when no steroid was applied, the application sites recovered considerably but tachyphylaxis again resulted from subsequent repeated applications. Acute tolerance occurred with the hydrocortisone formulations (Alphaderm, Dioderm and Efcortelan 1%) in a manner similar to that observed with the potent preparations. Metosyn was significantly more active (P less than 0.05), and Efcortelan 1% was significantly less active (P less than 0.05), than the other formulations. Apart from the reversal of Dioderm and Alphaderm the rank order of preparations was similar to that previously noted in the 6 h occluded single-application vasoconstrictor test. The results may have significance in dosage from design and application for topical corticosteroid formulations.", "contents": "Vasoconstrictor activities and bio-availabilities of seven proprietary corticosteroid creams assessed using a non-occluded multiple dosage regimen; clinical implications. The bio-availabilities and activities of commercial creams (Metosyn, Synalar, Betnovate, Locoid, Alphaderm, Dioderm and Efcortelan 1%) were assessed using a multiple dosage regimen vasoconstrictor assay in ten volunteers. The blanching response first increased but then diminished with continued application over a 5-day period: following a 2-day 'resting period', when no steroid was applied, the application sites recovered considerably but tachyphylaxis again resulted from subsequent repeated applications. Acute tolerance occurred with the hydrocortisone formulations (Alphaderm, Dioderm and Efcortelan 1%) in a manner similar to that observed with the potent preparations. Metosyn was significantly more active (P less than 0.05), and Efcortelan 1% was significantly less active (P less than 0.05), than the other formulations. Apart from the reversal of Dioderm and Alphaderm the rank order of preparations was similar to that previously noted in the 6 h occluded single-application vasoconstrictor test. The results may have significance in dosage from design and application for topical corticosteroid formulations.", "PMID": 588468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2498", "title": "Monosomy 7 in two patients with a myeloproliferative disorder.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory data are presented for two patients with a dyshaematopoietic disorder, and monosomy 7 in their bone marrow cells. The first patient, a 55-year-old woman, had been treated with chlorambucil for an ovarian carcinoma. After 4 years an oligoblastic myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed and she later died with an acute transformation of the disease. The second patient, a 21-year-old male, has had a dyserythropoietic anaemia with transient pancytopenia for over 5 years without any signs of malignancy. The possible relationship between therapy, the monosomy 7 and the other bone marrow abnormalities is briefly discussed.  From an analysis of the data of these and comparable cases in the literature it appears that loss of chromosome No. 7 material is often associated with erythropoietic disorders such as erythroid hyperplasia and erythraemia. The reduction or absence of the Colton blood group antigens found in our patients and in a few other monosomy 7 cases also points to an abnormality of the red cell line.", "contents": "Monosomy 7 in two patients with a myeloproliferative disorder. Clinical and laboratory data are presented for two patients with a dyshaematopoietic disorder, and monosomy 7 in their bone marrow cells. The first patient, a 55-year-old woman, had been treated with chlorambucil for an ovarian carcinoma. After 4 years an oligoblastic myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed and she later died with an acute transformation of the disease. The second patient, a 21-year-old male, has had a dyserythropoietic anaemia with transient pancytopenia for over 5 years without any signs of malignancy. The possible relationship between therapy, the monosomy 7 and the other bone marrow abnormalities is briefly discussed.  From an analysis of the data of these and comparable cases in the literature it appears that loss of chromosome No. 7 material is often associated with erythropoietic disorders such as erythroid hyperplasia and erythraemia. The reduction or absence of the Colton blood group antigens found in our patients and in a few other monosomy 7 cases also points to an abnormality of the red cell line.", "PMID": 588470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2499", "title": "Normal human bone marrow cultures in vitro: cellular composition and maturation of the granulocytic colonies.", "content": "The analysis of single haemopoietic colonies grown in methylcellulose and in agar was performed at intervals by a cytocentrifugation method. Correlation was established between morphology of the whole colonies and their cellular content. Three main cell lines predominated: neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils; a few colonies contained a pure population of basophil-like granulocytes. Development was followed from myeloblasts to polymorphs, both being present in most of the colonies. Cumulated results showed that (1) the proliferating compartment remained quite large till day 14, with 58% of cells in S phase, and rapidly decreased after day 16, and that (2) the polymorphs rapidly disappeared from the culture medium. Differentiation proceeded at different rates from one colony to the other, thus suggesting heterogeneity between colony forming cells (CFC). Neutrophil colonies appeared and lysed more rapidly than did eosinophil colonies. Macrophages arose from large immature cells with many promyelocyte features; such cells were present in mixed colonies, containing both neutrophils and macrophages. It is very likely that granulopoiesis results from the development of distinct committed CFC. This work was carried out using normal human bone marrow and may be a useful tool for studying pathological material in the future.", "contents": "Normal human bone marrow cultures in vitro: cellular composition and maturation of the granulocytic colonies. The analysis of single haemopoietic colonies grown in methylcellulose and in agar was performed at intervals by a cytocentrifugation method. Correlation was established between morphology of the whole colonies and their cellular content. Three main cell lines predominated: neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils; a few colonies contained a pure population of basophil-like granulocytes. Development was followed from myeloblasts to polymorphs, both being present in most of the colonies. Cumulated results showed that (1) the proliferating compartment remained quite large till day 14, with 58% of cells in S phase, and rapidly decreased after day 16, and that (2) the polymorphs rapidly disappeared from the culture medium. Differentiation proceeded at different rates from one colony to the other, thus suggesting heterogeneity between colony forming cells (CFC). Neutrophil colonies appeared and lysed more rapidly than did eosinophil colonies. Macrophages arose from large immature cells with many promyelocyte features; such cells were present in mixed colonies, containing both neutrophils and macrophages. It is very likely that granulopoiesis results from the development of distinct committed CFC. This work was carried out using normal human bone marrow and may be a useful tool for studying pathological material in the future.", "PMID": 588471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2500", "title": "Iron stores in pregnancy.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentration has been measured during the course of pregnancy in 154 women. There was a rapid decrease in iron stores during early pregnancy irrespective of any iron therapy. Oral iron did, however, prevent the stores reaching iron deficient levels during the second half of pregnancy. The results suggest that maternal erythroid activity starts early in pregnancy and may exhaust the iron stores before the fetal demands for iron can be met.", "contents": "Iron stores in pregnancy. Serum ferritin concentration has been measured during the course of pregnancy in 154 women. There was a rapid decrease in iron stores during early pregnancy irrespective of any iron therapy. Oral iron did, however, prevent the stores reaching iron deficient levels during the second half of pregnancy. The results suggest that maternal erythroid activity starts early in pregnancy and may exhaust the iron stores before the fetal demands for iron can be met.", "PMID": 588472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2501", "title": "Transferrin uptake by rabbit alveolar macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Rabbit alveolar macrophages were shown to bind 125I-human transferrin in vitro. The binding reaction was characterized by three stages: (1) adsorption of transferrin to the cells, followed by (2) rapid uptake of the protein to reach (3) a constant level of cell-bound transferrin. The latter two stages were dependent upon temperature and metabolic energy. Macrophages released 125I-transferrin rapidly when incubated with unlabelled transferrin. Small quantities of 125I-rabbit and 125I-bovine serum albumin, by comparison, were bound to and released by the cells; the attachment of these proteins may be solely the result of adsorption. Transferrin, 80% saturated with iron, was bound to a greater extent than 10 or 50% saturated transferrin; 10% saturated transferrin was bound more readily than the 50% saturated preparation. The findings are consistent with the presence of a transferrin receptor on the cell membrane of the alveolar macrophage and imply that transferrin may interact directly with this cell type in order to remove or donate iron.", "contents": "Transferrin uptake by rabbit alveolar macrophages in vitro. Rabbit alveolar macrophages were shown to bind 125I-human transferrin in vitro. The binding reaction was characterized by three stages: (1) adsorption of transferrin to the cells, followed by (2) rapid uptake of the protein to reach (3) a constant level of cell-bound transferrin. The latter two stages were dependent upon temperature and metabolic energy. Macrophages released 125I-transferrin rapidly when incubated with unlabelled transferrin. Small quantities of 125I-rabbit and 125I-bovine serum albumin, by comparison, were bound to and released by the cells; the attachment of these proteins may be solely the result of adsorption. Transferrin, 80% saturated with iron, was bound to a greater extent than 10 or 50% saturated transferrin; 10% saturated transferrin was bound more readily than the 50% saturated preparation. The findings are consistent with the presence of a transferrin receptor on the cell membrane of the alveolar macrophage and imply that transferrin may interact directly with this cell type in order to remove or donate iron.", "PMID": 588476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2502", "title": "Stimulation of monocyte procoagulant activity by adherence to different surfaces.", "content": "During in vitro incubation for several hours human circulating blood leucocytes developed procoagulant activity (PCA) which was identified as tissue thromboplastin-like activity and which remained specifically associated with monocytes. Adherence of monocytes to glass stimulated these cells to generate PCA. When cuprophane was used, both the degree of adherence of monocytes and PCA generation by these cells was significantly less. In addition, when the monocytes were incubated upon a monolayer of cultured endothelial cells only minor PCA generation was detectable. After incubation on glass the non-adherent monocytes had negligible PCA in comparison to the adherent monocytes. Protein synthesis inhibitors (cycloheximide and actinomycin D) inhibited PCA generation but did not affect monocyte adherence. These results demonstrate that adherence of monocytes is a stimulus for the generation of PCA.", "contents": "Stimulation of monocyte procoagulant activity by adherence to different surfaces. During in vitro incubation for several hours human circulating blood leucocytes developed procoagulant activity (PCA) which was identified as tissue thromboplastin-like activity and which remained specifically associated with monocytes. Adherence of monocytes to glass stimulated these cells to generate PCA. When cuprophane was used, both the degree of adherence of monocytes and PCA generation by these cells was significantly less. In addition, when the monocytes were incubated upon a monolayer of cultured endothelial cells only minor PCA generation was detectable. After incubation on glass the non-adherent monocytes had negligible PCA in comparison to the adherent monocytes. Protein synthesis inhibitors (cycloheximide and actinomycin D) inhibited PCA generation but did not affect monocyte adherence. These results demonstrate that adherence of monocytes is a stimulus for the generation of PCA.", "PMID": 588477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2503", "title": "Binding of thrombin to functionally defective platelets: a hypothesis on the nature of the thrombin receptor.", "content": "The initial step in the interaction of thrombin with human platelets is binding of thrombin to specific structures on the platelet surface. Data are presented which show that platelets from thrombasthenic patients bind thrombin similar to controls. In contrast, platelets from a patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome had lower thrombin binding capacity. It is suggested that glycoprotein one (GP-I) on the platelet surface might be the receptor for thrombin.", "contents": "Binding of thrombin to functionally defective platelets: a hypothesis on the nature of the thrombin receptor. The initial step in the interaction of thrombin with human platelets is binding of thrombin to specific structures on the platelet surface. Data are presented which show that platelets from thrombasthenic patients bind thrombin similar to controls. In contrast, platelets from a patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome had lower thrombin binding capacity. It is suggested that glycoprotein one (GP-I) on the platelet surface might be the receptor for thrombin.", "PMID": 588478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2504", "title": "Ferritin synthesis in inflammation. I. Pathogenesis of impaired iron release.", "content": "Plasma iron turnover (PIT) and ferritin synthesis in the liver and spleen were studied in rats within the first 24 h of inflammation produced by turpentine injection. Comparison of the sequential changes in PIT and ferritin synthesis showed that alterations in ferritin synthesis preceded the changes in plasma iron exchange throughout the study. Thus, after 4 h inflammation ferritin synthesis was twice normal whereas plasma iron and PIT were still unchanged. Conversely, maximal reduction in plasma iron occurred after 12 h inflammation, at a time when ferritin synthesis had already declined to normal rates. These correlations seem to indicate that, in analogy with other acute phase reacting proteins, increased ferritin synthesis is a primary nonspecific response which is part of a general pattern of the systemic effects of inflammation. This increase in ferritin synthesis is assumed to be responsible for the diversion of labile iron into ferritin stores, and its reduced availability for release from tissues.", "contents": "Ferritin synthesis in inflammation. I. Pathogenesis of impaired iron release. Plasma iron turnover (PIT) and ferritin synthesis in the liver and spleen were studied in rats within the first 24 h of inflammation produced by turpentine injection. Comparison of the sequential changes in PIT and ferritin synthesis showed that alterations in ferritin synthesis preceded the changes in plasma iron exchange throughout the study. Thus, after 4 h inflammation ferritin synthesis was twice normal whereas plasma iron and PIT were still unchanged. Conversely, maximal reduction in plasma iron occurred after 12 h inflammation, at a time when ferritin synthesis had already declined to normal rates. These correlations seem to indicate that, in analogy with other acute phase reacting proteins, increased ferritin synthesis is a primary nonspecific response which is part of a general pattern of the systemic effects of inflammation. This increase in ferritin synthesis is assumed to be responsible for the diversion of labile iron into ferritin stores, and its reduced availability for release from tissues.", "PMID": 588480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2505", "title": "Effect of erythropoietin therapy on the red cell volume of uraemic and non-uraemic rats.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the effect of injecting repeated doses of erythropoietin (Ep) on the red cell volume of chronically uraemic rats and on that of non-uraemic sham operated ones. After 13 doses of Ep (5 u/dose), started either 5 or 21 d after removal of five-sixths of the renal mass, the increase in the red cell volume of uraemic rats was as great as that of non-uraemic ones. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of erythropoietin therapy on the red cell volume of uraemic and non-uraemic rats. Studies were performed to determine the effect of injecting repeated doses of erythropoietin (Ep) on the red cell volume of chronically uraemic rats and on that of non-uraemic sham operated ones. After 13 doses of Ep (5 u/dose), started either 5 or 21 d after removal of five-sixths of the renal mass, the increase in the red cell volume of uraemic rats was as great as that of non-uraemic ones. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 588481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2506", "title": "Compared effects of irradiation and cyclophosphamide induced erythroid aplasia on the catabolism of exogenous erythropoietin.", "content": "The effect of erythroid aplasia on the clearance rate of exogenous erythropoietin from the circulation has been studied in irradiated (200, 400 and 800 r) and cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) treated rats. After irradiation, the T1/2 was increased from 1.5 h in controls to 2.3 h. In spite of similar aplasia, the T1/2 observed after cyclophosphamide administration was identical to the T1/2 in controls. These results suggest that the action of X-rays on the catabolism of erythropoietin is independent of erythroid aplasia and could be related to an extramedullary effect of irradiation.", "contents": "Compared effects of irradiation and cyclophosphamide induced erythroid aplasia on the catabolism of exogenous erythropoietin. The effect of erythroid aplasia on the clearance rate of exogenous erythropoietin from the circulation has been studied in irradiated (200, 400 and 800 r) and cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) treated rats. After irradiation, the T1/2 was increased from 1.5 h in controls to 2.3 h. In spite of similar aplasia, the T1/2 observed after cyclophosphamide administration was identical to the T1/2 in controls. These results suggest that the action of X-rays on the catabolism of erythropoietin is independent of erythroid aplasia and could be related to an extramedullary effect of irradiation.", "PMID": 588482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2507", "title": "200 kV xeroradiography in occupational exposure to silica and asbestos.", "content": "Some details of the physics of xeroradiography, and the bearing these have on films of the lung obtained by this technique, are discussed. In experiments designed to obtain useful films with a minimum of radiation exposure it was found that an exposure range of 10-30 mas at 200 kV at 1.35 m (4 1/2 ft) without a grid or air gap gave very satisfactory results. The positive model of development was considered to give more information than the negative mode. One hundred and fourteen miners who had been exposed to silica dust, asbestos dusts or both, were examined by this technique. The xeroradiographs were compared with silver halide films taken at 200 kV. The xeroradiographs were considered to be superior in several respects, especially in the delineation of vascular shadows, normal and abnormal linear opacities. Linear opacities in asbestos-exposed subjects were better shown on the xeroradiographs and were occasionally seen on these films when the 200 kV conventional film was entirely normal. Small rounded opacities of silicosis were very poorly shown on the xeroradiographs. Pleural thickening and pleural plaques may be very well demonstrated.", "contents": "200 kV xeroradiography in occupational exposure to silica and asbestos. Some details of the physics of xeroradiography, and the bearing these have on films of the lung obtained by this technique, are discussed. In experiments designed to obtain useful films with a minimum of radiation exposure it was found that an exposure range of 10-30 mas at 200 kV at 1.35 m (4 1/2 ft) without a grid or air gap gave very satisfactory results. The positive model of development was considered to give more information than the negative mode. One hundred and fourteen miners who had been exposed to silica dust, asbestos dusts or both, were examined by this technique. The xeroradiographs were compared with silver halide films taken at 200 kV. The xeroradiographs were considered to be superior in several respects, especially in the delineation of vascular shadows, normal and abnormal linear opacities. Linear opacities in asbestos-exposed subjects were better shown on the xeroradiographs and were occasionally seen on these films when the 200 kV conventional film was entirely normal. Small rounded opacities of silicosis were very poorly shown on the xeroradiographs. Pleural thickening and pleural plaques may be very well demonstrated.", "PMID": 588484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2508", "title": "A mortality study of coke oven workers in two South Wales integrated steelworks.", "content": "Six hundred and ten coke oven personnel were studied retrospectively over a period of 11 years (1954-65). During this time 82 died, 88 retired and 80 left, but all were treated. The Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) have been calculated for four principal causes which have then been further analysed into 30 subgroups. The work was limited because the population was small and the records not detailed enough to analyse the mortality rates according to environmental exposures. Differences between SMRs obtained at the two works were quite marked (73 and 98) and the overall SMR of 85% was better than expected. The observed number of deaths from respiratory disease, malignant neoplasms and all other causes excluding cardiovascular, was very near that expected, but the numbers of deaths from cardiovascular disease and in particular arteriosclerotic disease, showed a significant deficit.", "contents": "A mortality study of coke oven workers in two South Wales integrated steelworks. Six hundred and ten coke oven personnel were studied retrospectively over a period of 11 years (1954-65). During this time 82 died, 88 retired and 80 left, but all were treated. The Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) have been calculated for four principal causes which have then been further analysed into 30 subgroups. The work was limited because the population was small and the records not detailed enough to analyse the mortality rates according to environmental exposures. Differences between SMRs obtained at the two works were quite marked (73 and 98) and the overall SMR of 85% was better than expected. The observed number of deaths from respiratory disease, malignant neoplasms and all other causes excluding cardiovascular, was very near that expected, but the numbers of deaths from cardiovascular disease and in particular arteriosclerotic disease, showed a significant deficit.", "PMID": 588485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2509", "title": "Measurement by gas chromatography of urinary hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid as indices of toluene and xylene exposure.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method was applied to the determination of the urinary glycine conjugates, hippuric, o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids. These were extracted with ethyl acetate from urine after acidification with hydrochloric acid. The internal standard solution (heptadecanoic acid methanol solution) was added before extraction and a diazomethane-ether-ethanol solution was subsequently added to the dried extracts. The methylated residues were dissolved in methanol and injected into a gas chromatograph as described by Buchet and Lauwerys (1973). By the combined use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry the methyl esters of hippuric acid and m-methylhippuric acid were identified in the urine of a volunteer who had been exposed to toluene and m-xylene vapours. When the urine specimen contained salicyluric acid (a urinary metabolite of salicylic acid) two sharp peaks were observed. The faster peak coincided with m- or p-methylhippuric acid. The upper limit of urinary hippuric acid concentration in healthy subjects with no occupational exposure was calculated by this method to be 1.026 microgram/ml (fiducial limit 5%) after correction to 1.024 for variation in urinary density.", "contents": "Measurement by gas chromatography of urinary hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid as indices of toluene and xylene exposure. A gas chromatographic method was applied to the determination of the urinary glycine conjugates, hippuric, o-, m- and p-methylhippuric acids. These were extracted with ethyl acetate from urine after acidification with hydrochloric acid. The internal standard solution (heptadecanoic acid methanol solution) was added before extraction and a diazomethane-ether-ethanol solution was subsequently added to the dried extracts. The methylated residues were dissolved in methanol and injected into a gas chromatograph as described by Buchet and Lauwerys (1973). By the combined use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry the methyl esters of hippuric acid and m-methylhippuric acid were identified in the urine of a volunteer who had been exposed to toluene and m-xylene vapours. When the urine specimen contained salicyluric acid (a urinary metabolite of salicylic acid) two sharp peaks were observed. The faster peak coincided with m- or p-methylhippuric acid. The upper limit of urinary hippuric acid concentration in healthy subjects with no occupational exposure was calculated by this method to be 1.026 microgram/ml (fiducial limit 5%) after correction to 1.024 for variation in urinary density.", "PMID": 588486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2510", "title": "Quantitative determination of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine by high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-speed liquid chromatography employing an ultraviolet photometric detector has been applied to the simultaneous determination of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine. Reversed-phase partition chromatography is carried out on a muBondapak C18 column with methanol-water as the eluent system. This method obviates the necessity for isolation or reaction of these acids before assay. The only pretreatment necessary is extraction of sample with ethyl acetate. A linear relationship is obtained between the peak heights and the hippuric or m-methylhippuric acid concentrations. Mean recovery of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine is 99.8% and 99.3% respectively. The determination of hippuric acid by this method gives lower concentrations in normal urine than does the colorimetric method of Umberger and Fiorese (1963).", "contents": "Quantitative determination of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine by high-speed liquid chromatography. High-speed liquid chromatography employing an ultraviolet photometric detector has been applied to the simultaneous determination of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine. Reversed-phase partition chromatography is carried out on a muBondapak C18 column with methanol-water as the eluent system. This method obviates the necessity for isolation or reaction of these acids before assay. The only pretreatment necessary is extraction of sample with ethyl acetate. A linear relationship is obtained between the peak heights and the hippuric or m-methylhippuric acid concentrations. Mean recovery of hippuric and m-methylhippuric acids in urine is 99.8% and 99.3% respectively. The determination of hippuric acid by this method gives lower concentrations in normal urine than does the colorimetric method of Umberger and Fiorese (1963).", "PMID": 588487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2511", "title": "The neurotoxicity of toluene: EEG changes in rats exposed to various concentrations.", "content": "Workers exposed to toluene develop many central and autonomic nervous symptoms. It has been suggested that the effects of toluene on the central nervous system may be detectable by EEG. In the present experiments, changes in EEG and behaviour of rats exposed to toluene were monitored in an attempt to clarify the relationship between exposure to toluene and central nervous system reaction. Chronically implanted electrodes were used in Wistar albino male rats to record EEG in cortex and hippocampus, cervical EEG and pulse rate. The rats were exposed to 4000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 1000 ppm toluene vapour for four hours. The sleep cycle was divided into five phases (wakeful, spindle, slow-wave, preparadoxical and paradoxical) judged by the cortical and hippocampal EEGs, the cervical EMG, and behaviour. This classification should be useful in assessment of the effects of toluene on the central nervous system. In our experiments, the changes in the sleep cycle suggest that 4000 ppm and 2000 ppm of toluene vapour disturb the sleep, and 1000 ppm of toluene vapour prevents sleep entering the slow-wave phase but facilitates its entry into the paradoxical phase. The changes of EEG components were peculiar to each concentration. The results suggest, in effect, that analysis of the changes in the EEG components would be helpful as an index to the reaction of the central nervous system to toluene vapour.", "contents": "The neurotoxicity of toluene: EEG changes in rats exposed to various concentrations. Workers exposed to toluene develop many central and autonomic nervous symptoms. It has been suggested that the effects of toluene on the central nervous system may be detectable by EEG. In the present experiments, changes in EEG and behaviour of rats exposed to toluene were monitored in an attempt to clarify the relationship between exposure to toluene and central nervous system reaction. Chronically implanted electrodes were used in Wistar albino male rats to record EEG in cortex and hippocampus, cervical EEG and pulse rate. The rats were exposed to 4000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 1000 ppm toluene vapour for four hours. The sleep cycle was divided into five phases (wakeful, spindle, slow-wave, preparadoxical and paradoxical) judged by the cortical and hippocampal EEGs, the cervical EMG, and behaviour. This classification should be useful in assessment of the effects of toluene on the central nervous system. In our experiments, the changes in the sleep cycle suggest that 4000 ppm and 2000 ppm of toluene vapour disturb the sleep, and 1000 ppm of toluene vapour prevents sleep entering the slow-wave phase but facilitates its entry into the paradoxical phase. The changes of EEG components were peculiar to each concentration. The results suggest, in effect, that analysis of the changes in the EEG components would be helpful as an index to the reaction of the central nervous system to toluene vapour.", "PMID": 588488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2512", "title": "Amenorrhoea and loss of weight.", "content": "Amenorrhoea due to loss of weight was diagnosed in 39 of 170 consecutively investigated patients with amenorrhoea: 24 patients had anorexia nervosa but in the remainder this diagnosis could not be made with certainty. The only difference detected between the two groups was in their lowest weights. Endocrine tests revealed subnormal oestrogen production, low serum LH levels and a failure to ovulate in response to clomiphene. All patients were encouraged to put on weight and 14 resumed ovulatory menstrual cycles. In these patients the mean weight at resumption of ovulation exceeded the mean weight at presentation by 3.6 kg; in contrast, in the patients who remained amenorrhoeic, there was no significant increase of weight by the time of the last visit. Of 8 patients who complained of infertility, 5 ovulated and conceived. Thus dietary treatment of patients with amenorrhoea and loss of weight may replace gonadotrophin therapy for induction of ovulation in a significant proportion of patients with anovulatory infertility.", "contents": "Amenorrhoea and loss of weight. Amenorrhoea due to loss of weight was diagnosed in 39 of 170 consecutively investigated patients with amenorrhoea: 24 patients had anorexia nervosa but in the remainder this diagnosis could not be made with certainty. The only difference detected between the two groups was in their lowest weights. Endocrine tests revealed subnormal oestrogen production, low serum LH levels and a failure to ovulate in response to clomiphene. All patients were encouraged to put on weight and 14 resumed ovulatory menstrual cycles. In these patients the mean weight at resumption of ovulation exceeded the mean weight at presentation by 3.6 kg; in contrast, in the patients who remained amenorrhoeic, there was no significant increase of weight by the time of the last visit. Of 8 patients who complained of infertility, 5 ovulated and conceived. Thus dietary treatment of patients with amenorrhoea and loss of weight may replace gonadotrophin therapy for induction of ovulation in a significant proportion of patients with anovulatory infertility.", "PMID": 588489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2513", "title": "A survey of amniocentesis in 925 patients at high risk of fetal genetic disorder.", "content": "Over a nine-year period, 925 pregnancies at an Israeli medical centre were selected for investigation by amniocentesis for genetic reasons. In only 30 pregnancies did failure of laboratory methods or difficulty with amniocentesis lead to a lack of results with which to assess the normality of the fetus. The information obtained by examination of the amniotic fluid in the other 895 pregnancies is presented and discussed.", "contents": "A survey of amniocentesis in 925 patients at high risk of fetal genetic disorder. Over a nine-year period, 925 pregnancies at an Israeli medical centre were selected for investigation by amniocentesis for genetic reasons. In only 30 pregnancies did failure of laboratory methods or difficulty with amniocentesis lead to a lack of results with which to assess the normality of the fetus. The information obtained by examination of the amniotic fluid in the other 895 pregnancies is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 588490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2514", "title": "Haematological indices of the mother and baby during labour.", "content": "Haematological indices were obtained by Coulter Counter analysis from 325 women in the first stage of labour, and from the cord blood of their newborn babies. The mean maternal haemoglobin concentration was 12.49 g/dl and the mean cord haemoglobin 16.18 g/dl. The mean corpuscular volume measured directly was 89.00 fl from maternal blood and 106.73 fl from the cord blood; the two ranges barely overlapped and it should be possible by automated analysis to differentiate between fetal and maternal blood obtained at amniocentesis or artificial rupture of the membranes at term.", "contents": "Haematological indices of the mother and baby during labour. Haematological indices were obtained by Coulter Counter analysis from 325 women in the first stage of labour, and from the cord blood of their newborn babies. The mean maternal haemoglobin concentration was 12.49 g/dl and the mean cord haemoglobin 16.18 g/dl. The mean corpuscular volume measured directly was 89.00 fl from maternal blood and 106.73 fl from the cord blood; the two ranges barely overlapped and it should be possible by automated analysis to differentiate between fetal and maternal blood obtained at amniocentesis or artificial rupture of the membranes at term.", "PMID": 588491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2515", "title": "Falling amniotic fluid palmitates in diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "Palmitic acid levels were measured in samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 15 patients with diabetes. Seven patients had palmitate values which decreased at some time in pregnancy but only one of the infants developed respiratory distress. Eight of the 15 patients had final amniotic fluid palmitate values which were greater than 0.07 mmol/l and one infant developed respiratory distress. The other seven patients had final amniotic fluid palmitate values of 0.07 mmol/l or less and one of the infants developed respiratory distress. The significance of falling amniotic fluid palmitate values is discussed.", "contents": "Falling amniotic fluid palmitates in diabetic pregnancies. Palmitic acid levels were measured in samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 15 patients with diabetes. Seven patients had palmitate values which decreased at some time in pregnancy but only one of the infants developed respiratory distress. Eight of the 15 patients had final amniotic fluid palmitate values which were greater than 0.07 mmol/l and one infant developed respiratory distress. The other seven patients had final amniotic fluid palmitate values of 0.07 mmol/l or less and one of the infants developed respiratory distress. The significance of falling amniotic fluid palmitate values is discussed.", "PMID": 588492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2516", "title": "Correlations of sialomucins and IgA in the maternal serum of primiparous and multiparous subjects at delivery.", "content": "Attention is drawn to correlations between placental coefficients and maternal serum levels of IgA at delivery in primiparae and multiparae. These correlations associate maternal serum IgA with gestational performance and appear to discriminate between groups which differ in that respect. Similar correlations exist between the placental coefficient and maternal serum seromucoid, with group discrimination preserved in primiparae, but not multiparae. Direct correlations between serum seromucoid and IgA in maternal serum can be attributed to their mutual dependence on the size and state of the feto-maternal interface, and may provide a means of detecting placental insufficiency in multigravidae.", "contents": "Correlations of sialomucins and IgA in the maternal serum of primiparous and multiparous subjects at delivery. Attention is drawn to correlations between placental coefficients and maternal serum levels of IgA at delivery in primiparae and multiparae. These correlations associate maternal serum IgA with gestational performance and appear to discriminate between groups which differ in that respect. Similar correlations exist between the placental coefficient and maternal serum seromucoid, with group discrimination preserved in primiparae, but not multiparae. Direct correlations between serum seromucoid and IgA in maternal serum can be attributed to their mutual dependence on the size and state of the feto-maternal interface, and may provide a means of detecting placental insufficiency in multigravidae.", "PMID": 588493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2517", "title": "The relationship between serum oestradiol levels and serum triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid levels in normal human pregnancy.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained for serum lipid and oestradiol measurement from 365 women between 7 to 41 weeks of normal pregnancy. In an additional 21 women serum lipid and oestradiol were measured at 20 to 23 weeks gestation and again at 30 to 33 weeks. Significant correlations were noted between changes in the serum triglyceride and oestradiol levels (P less than 0.001) and between changes in serum cholesterol and oestradiol levels (P less than 0.05). The changes in phospholipid and oestradiol levels were not significantly correlated (P less than 0.1). The serum triglyceride level (mean +/- SEM) was highest at 37 weeks gestation (3.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/l), an increase of 400 per cent over the level at 7 weeks. The serum phospholipid level increased by 108 per cent to its highest levels (5.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) at 38 weeks and the cholesterol level increased by 93 per cent to its peak (8.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) at 38 weeks.", "contents": "The relationship between serum oestradiol levels and serum triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid levels in normal human pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained for serum lipid and oestradiol measurement from 365 women between 7 to 41 weeks of normal pregnancy. In an additional 21 women serum lipid and oestradiol were measured at 20 to 23 weeks gestation and again at 30 to 33 weeks. Significant correlations were noted between changes in the serum triglyceride and oestradiol levels (P less than 0.001) and between changes in serum cholesterol and oestradiol levels (P less than 0.05). The changes in phospholipid and oestradiol levels were not significantly correlated (P less than 0.1). The serum triglyceride level (mean +/- SEM) was highest at 37 weeks gestation (3.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/l), an increase of 400 per cent over the level at 7 weeks. The serum phospholipid level increased by 108 per cent to its highest levels (5.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) at 38 weeks and the cholesterol level increased by 93 per cent to its peak (8.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) at 38 weeks.", "PMID": 588494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2518", "title": "Biochemical changes in prolonged labour in the tropics.", "content": "Serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea and urine osmolality were estimated in 25 healthy pregnant women at term, 25 women in early normal labour, and 25 healthy parturients in prolonged labour. A statistically significant fall in serum potassium was found in early labour with a further significant fall in prolonged labour. Bicarbonate changes followed the same pattern of a progressive fall. Sodium fell slowly, reaching significant levels only in prolonged labour and chloride fell even more slowly. There was a conspicuous or significant rise in serum urea with a smaller, not significant rise in creatinine. The rapid insensible loss of water in tropical areas was reflected in the rise in serum urea while homeostatic mechanisms maintained a slower fall in sodium and chloride by renal conservation.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in prolonged labour in the tropics. Serum electrolytes, creatinine, urea and urine osmolality were estimated in 25 healthy pregnant women at term, 25 women in early normal labour, and 25 healthy parturients in prolonged labour. A statistically significant fall in serum potassium was found in early labour with a further significant fall in prolonged labour. Bicarbonate changes followed the same pattern of a progressive fall. Sodium fell slowly, reaching significant levels only in prolonged labour and chloride fell even more slowly. There was a conspicuous or significant rise in serum urea with a smaller, not significant rise in creatinine. The rapid insensible loss of water in tropical areas was reflected in the rise in serum urea while homeostatic mechanisms maintained a slower fall in sodium and chloride by renal conservation.", "PMID": 588495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2519", "title": "Epidemiological aspects of hydatidiform mole in the Republic of Paraguay (South America).", "content": "A total of 227 hydatidiform moles was recorded in Paraguay over a 10-year period (1960 to 1969). Using demographic studies, the annual incidence of hydatidiform moles was calculated as 0.229 per 1000 pregnancies or 1 per 4369 pregnancies, with the highest incidence occurring at the extremes of reproductive life.", "contents": "Epidemiological aspects of hydatidiform mole in the Republic of Paraguay (South America). A total of 227 hydatidiform moles was recorded in Paraguay over a 10-year period (1960 to 1969). Using demographic studies, the annual incidence of hydatidiform moles was calculated as 0.229 per 1000 pregnancies or 1 per 4369 pregnancies, with the highest incidence occurring at the extremes of reproductive life.", "PMID": 588496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2520", "title": "Male intersexuality presenting at puberty.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl was referred to the Endocrine Unit because of a deep voice and the absence of menstruation. Secondary sex hair showed a male pattern of distribution and there was a phallic clitoris 4 cm long, with the urethral orifice posterior. Plasma testosterone was within the normal male range. The karyotype was 46XY. Gonadectomy and clitoridectomy were performed. Histology suggested a diagnosis of anatomical testicular failure, which, in view of the imperfect attempt at masculinization, was thought to be only partial. Possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Male intersexuality presenting at puberty. A 15-year-old girl was referred to the Endocrine Unit because of a deep voice and the absence of menstruation. Secondary sex hair showed a male pattern of distribution and there was a phallic clitoris 4 cm long, with the urethral orifice posterior. Plasma testosterone was within the normal male range. The karyotype was 46XY. Gonadectomy and clitoridectomy were performed. Histology suggested a diagnosis of anatomical testicular failure, which, in view of the imperfect attempt at masculinization, was thought to be only partial. Possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 588497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2521", "title": "Twenty-five years experience of the drug treatment of tuberculosis of the female genital tract.", "content": "A study has been made of women with proved, tuberculosis of the genital tract who were treated with drugs between 1st January, 1951, and 1st July, 1976. Seven different drug programmes were employed and 566 women were treated. Apart from the last two schedules employing the newer antituberculosis drugs, which were too recent for a follow-up to be available, the best results were obtained with a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for 18 months or two years. In this group, 87.7 per cent were regarded as cured after an average follow-up of six years and six months. Drug cover was employed in 79 patients in whom surgery was found to be necessary and the results were uniformly satisfactory. Toxic drug reactions occurred in 18.2 per cent of the patients treated.", "contents": "Twenty-five years experience of the drug treatment of tuberculosis of the female genital tract. A study has been made of women with proved, tuberculosis of the genital tract who were treated with drugs between 1st January, 1951, and 1st July, 1976. Seven different drug programmes were employed and 566 women were treated. Apart from the last two schedules employing the newer antituberculosis drugs, which were too recent for a follow-up to be available, the best results were obtained with a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for 18 months or two years. In this group, 87.7 per cent were regarded as cured after an average follow-up of six years and six months. Drug cover was employed in 79 patients in whom surgery was found to be necessary and the results were uniformly satisfactory. Toxic drug reactions occurred in 18.2 per cent of the patients treated.", "PMID": 588498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2522", "title": "Pelvic tissue and serum concentrations of various antibiotics given as pre-operative medication.", "content": "Talampicillin, cephalexin and clindamycin were administered orally, and ampicillin, cephazolin, clindamycin and spectinomycin intramuscularly as preoperative medication to 49 women who were having an abdominal hysterectomy. Antibiotic levels in serum, myometrium or cervix, and Fallopian tube were estimated. Antibiotic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was delayed, but intramuscular therapy produced serum levels compatible with those reported in ambulant volunteers. None of the antibiotics produced a concentration which inhibited all the potential pathogens causing pelvic inflammatory disease. Inhibitory concentrations were produced by cephazolin except against Bacteroides; by clindamycin except against enterobacteria; by ampicillin except against Bacteroides and enterobacteria; and by spectinomycin except against resistant strains of streptococci. The need for a reassessment of dose regimens and route of administration as well as the possible need for using two antibiotics together for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease is suggested.", "contents": "Pelvic tissue and serum concentrations of various antibiotics given as pre-operative medication. Talampicillin, cephalexin and clindamycin were administered orally, and ampicillin, cephazolin, clindamycin and spectinomycin intramuscularly as preoperative medication to 49 women who were having an abdominal hysterectomy. Antibiotic levels in serum, myometrium or cervix, and Fallopian tube were estimated. Antibiotic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was delayed, but intramuscular therapy produced serum levels compatible with those reported in ambulant volunteers. None of the antibiotics produced a concentration which inhibited all the potential pathogens causing pelvic inflammatory disease. Inhibitory concentrations were produced by cephazolin except against Bacteroides; by clindamycin except against enterobacteria; by ampicillin except against Bacteroides and enterobacteria; and by spectinomycin except against resistant strains of streptococci. The need for a reassessment of dose regimens and route of administration as well as the possible need for using two antibiotics together for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease is suggested.", "PMID": 588499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2523", "title": "Corpus luteum function in early pregnancy following ovulation induction with bromocriptine.", "content": "Serum and prolactin levels and urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion were measured during early pregnancy in 12 hyperprolactinaemic subjects who became pregnant during treatment with bromocriptine. Prolactin levels were suppressed below normal whilst taking the bromocriptine, but rose significantly when this drug was stopped and by eight weeks of gestation reached values significantly higher than those observed in normal pregnancy. Further increases in prolactin levels were, however, not observed. Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion was initially normal but, following cessation of bromocriptine, urinary pregnanediol excretion decreased and was significantly less than normal at 11 to 14 weeks gestation. These results suggest that elevated prolactin levels affect corpus luteum function of early pregnancy. Because the effect is maintained until at least 14 weeks gestation, prolactin may also affect progesterone production by the placenta.", "contents": "Corpus luteum function in early pregnancy following ovulation induction with bromocriptine. Serum and prolactin levels and urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion were measured during early pregnancy in 12 hyperprolactinaemic subjects who became pregnant during treatment with bromocriptine. Prolactin levels were suppressed below normal whilst taking the bromocriptine, but rose significantly when this drug was stopped and by eight weeks of gestation reached values significantly higher than those observed in normal pregnancy. Further increases in prolactin levels were, however, not observed. Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion was initially normal but, following cessation of bromocriptine, urinary pregnanediol excretion decreased and was significantly less than normal at 11 to 14 weeks gestation. These results suggest that elevated prolactin levels affect corpus luteum function of early pregnancy. Because the effect is maintained until at least 14 weeks gestation, prolactin may also affect progesterone production by the placenta.", "PMID": 588500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2524", "title": "Plasma urate and serum deoxycytidylate deaminase measurements for the early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The value of measuring plasma urate and serum deoxycytidylate deaminase (dCMP deaminase) for the early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia has been investigated in 45 patients. A combination of increased blood pressure and increased plasma urate identified 19 patients with a high incidence of fetal and maternal morbidity ascribable to pre-eclampsia. Seventeen of the 19 patients also had an increased serum dCMP deaminase. Serial antenatal observations for a mean period of 104 days (36-179 days) on 33 of the patients demonstrated that plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase increased together as early changes in the development of pre-eclampsia. In six patients, blood pressure, plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase all increased but in only one was the rise in blood pressure the first change. Elevations of plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase are therefore both early features of pre-eclampsia. Serial measurements can give warning of the disorder before the appearance of other clinical features. The change in dCMP deaminase is probably another reflection of early renal involvement in the pre-eclamptic process.", "contents": "Plasma urate and serum deoxycytidylate deaminase measurements for the early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. The value of measuring plasma urate and serum deoxycytidylate deaminase (dCMP deaminase) for the early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia has been investigated in 45 patients. A combination of increased blood pressure and increased plasma urate identified 19 patients with a high incidence of fetal and maternal morbidity ascribable to pre-eclampsia. Seventeen of the 19 patients also had an increased serum dCMP deaminase. Serial antenatal observations for a mean period of 104 days (36-179 days) on 33 of the patients demonstrated that plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase increased together as early changes in the development of pre-eclampsia. In six patients, blood pressure, plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase all increased but in only one was the rise in blood pressure the first change. Elevations of plasma urate and serum dCMP deaminase are therefore both early features of pre-eclampsia. Serial measurements can give warning of the disorder before the appearance of other clinical features. The change in dCMP deaminase is probably another reflection of early renal involvement in the pre-eclamptic process.", "PMID": 588501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2525", "title": "Factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII coagulant activity in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy.", "content": "The changes in the ratio between factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII activity were compared in ten patients with normal pregnancies and in ten patients with severe pre-eclampsia. In the patients with pre-eclampsia, a highly significant increase in the ratio was observed during the third trimester. No difference in the ratio between the two groups was found on day 7 of the puerperium. In the pre-eclamptic patients, the highest ratios for factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity were associated with either a perinatal death or with the delivery of a severely growth retarded infant. These findings are in keeping with an increased rate of thrombin production in women with pre-eclampsia, and suggest that the ratio of factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity may reflect the severity of the effect of the disease process on the fetus.", "contents": "Factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII coagulant activity in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. The changes in the ratio between factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII activity were compared in ten patients with normal pregnancies and in ten patients with severe pre-eclampsia. In the patients with pre-eclampsia, a highly significant increase in the ratio was observed during the third trimester. No difference in the ratio between the two groups was found on day 7 of the puerperium. In the pre-eclamptic patients, the highest ratios for factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity were associated with either a perinatal death or with the delivery of a severely growth retarded infant. These findings are in keeping with an increased rate of thrombin production in women with pre-eclampsia, and suggest that the ratio of factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity may reflect the severity of the effect of the disease process on the fetus.", "PMID": 588503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2526", "title": "Sequential studies in pre-eclampsia using plasma fibrinogen chromatography.", "content": "The technique of plasma fibrinogen chromatography was used to study sequential changes in coagulant and fibrinolytic activity in six patients with severe pre-eclampsia. Plasma soluble fibrinogen-fibrin complex and plasma fibrinogen-fibrin degradation product levels were measured as indices of coagulant and fibrinolytic activity respectively. Clinical deterioration antenatally was accompanied by increasing coagulant and decreasing fibrinolytic activity, while a more stable clinical picture was associated with steady coagulant and increasing fibrinolytic activity. Following delivery, a surge in fibrinolytic activity accompanied or preceded clinical recovery. The pattern of increased coagulant and diminished fibrinolytic activity would seem to favour the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in these patients and it is possible that the balance between coagulant and fibrinolytic activity may influence the clinical course and outcome of the pregnancy.", "contents": "Sequential studies in pre-eclampsia using plasma fibrinogen chromatography. The technique of plasma fibrinogen chromatography was used to study sequential changes in coagulant and fibrinolytic activity in six patients with severe pre-eclampsia. Plasma soluble fibrinogen-fibrin complex and plasma fibrinogen-fibrin degradation product levels were measured as indices of coagulant and fibrinolytic activity respectively. Clinical deterioration antenatally was accompanied by increasing coagulant and decreasing fibrinolytic activity, while a more stable clinical picture was associated with steady coagulant and increasing fibrinolytic activity. Following delivery, a surge in fibrinolytic activity accompanied or preceded clinical recovery. The pattern of increased coagulant and diminished fibrinolytic activity would seem to favour the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in these patients and it is possible that the balance between coagulant and fibrinolytic activity may influence the clinical course and outcome of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 588502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2527", "title": "Comparison between linear array real time ultrasonic scanning and conventional compound scanning in the measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter.", "content": "Ultrasonic measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) obtained by the Real Time scanning (Dynamic Section Scan) and conventional compound scanning (Static Section Scan) in twenty patients were compared. A comparison between two operators, one of whom was relatively inexperienced, was also made, both measuring the same BPDs. The mean variance of 20 groups-of-four 'blind' measurements was reduced using dynamic scanning, particularly for the less experienced operator. A significant difference was observed between operators using conventional scanning but not when using dynamic scanning. Both operators were able to obtain results in a shorter time with dynamic scanning, the faster operator averaging less than one minute for each observation. Apparent advantages of dynamic scanning are discussed. The terms 'Dynamic Section Scan' and 'Static Section Scan' are suggested to emphasize the difference between  the two imaging systems.", "contents": "Comparison between linear array real time ultrasonic scanning and conventional compound scanning in the measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter. Ultrasonic measurements of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) obtained by the Real Time scanning (Dynamic Section Scan) and conventional compound scanning (Static Section Scan) in twenty patients were compared. A comparison between two operators, one of whom was relatively inexperienced, was also made, both measuring the same BPDs. The mean variance of 20 groups-of-four 'blind' measurements was reduced using dynamic scanning, particularly for the less experienced operator. A significant difference was observed between operators using conventional scanning but not when using dynamic scanning. Both operators were able to obtain results in a shorter time with dynamic scanning, the faster operator averaging less than one minute for each observation. Apparent advantages of dynamic scanning are discussed. The terms 'Dynamic Section Scan' and 'Static Section Scan' are suggested to emphasize the difference between  the two imaging systems.", "PMID": 588504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2528", "title": "Strain uterography in labour.", "content": "Multi-strain measurements of uterine contractions were made on 36 women at 36 to 42 weeks of pregnancy. The tracings obtained supported the existence of one dominant pacemaker area in the fundal region of the uterus and indicated that the contractile wave travelled in a downward direction with an average speed of 6 cm/second. The analysis of all normal labours showed that strains of the longitudinal muscle fibres changed from extension in the fundal region of the uterus to compression in its lower part, through a local zero strain in a narrow zone below the umbilicus. Intensity of the uterine contractions reached 6 per cent in extension and -2 per cent in compression. Information about the number of peak contractions, the frequenty of contractions and the tonus of the myometrium during relaxation are of importance in the evaluation of uterine dysfunction.", "contents": "Strain uterography in labour. Multi-strain measurements of uterine contractions were made on 36 women at 36 to 42 weeks of pregnancy. The tracings obtained supported the existence of one dominant pacemaker area in the fundal region of the uterus and indicated that the contractile wave travelled in a downward direction with an average speed of 6 cm/second. The analysis of all normal labours showed that strains of the longitudinal muscle fibres changed from extension in the fundal region of the uterus to compression in its lower part, through a local zero strain in a narrow zone below the umbilicus. Intensity of the uterine contractions reached 6 per cent in extension and -2 per cent in compression. Information about the number of peak contractions, the frequenty of contractions and the tonus of the myometrium during relaxation are of importance in the evaluation of uterine dysfunction.", "PMID": 588505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2529", "title": "Increase of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, in amniotic fluid during spontaneous labour.", "content": "Concentrations of free arachidonic acid have been measured by gas liquid chromatography in amniotic fluid obtained during spontaneous labour at term. Levels of arachidonic acid ranged from 0.14 to 2.9 microgram/ml and increased significantly (P less than 0.01) with advancing cervical dilatation. Concentrations of arachidonic acid showed no significant relation to concentrations of either prostaglandin F or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of arachidonic acid in the control of prostaglandin biosynthesis during human parturition.", "contents": "Increase of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, in amniotic fluid during spontaneous labour. Concentrations of free arachidonic acid have been measured by gas liquid chromatography in amniotic fluid obtained during spontaneous labour at term. Levels of arachidonic acid ranged from 0.14 to 2.9 microgram/ml and increased significantly (P less than 0.01) with advancing cervical dilatation. Concentrations of arachidonic acid showed no significant relation to concentrations of either prostaglandin F or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of arachidonic acid in the control of prostaglandin biosynthesis during human parturition.", "PMID": 588506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2530", "title": "The clinical significance of marginal and velamentous insertion of the cord.", "content": "The claims that marginal and velamentous insertion of the cord are associated with a high incidence of abortion, low birth weight, premature delivery, fetal malformation, fetal hypoxia and intrauterine fetal death have been investigated. A study of 1000 cases has failed to demonstrate any such association.", "contents": "The clinical significance of marginal and velamentous insertion of the cord. The claims that marginal and velamentous insertion of the cord are associated with a high incidence of abortion, low birth weight, premature delivery, fetal malformation, fetal hypoxia and intrauterine fetal death have been investigated. A study of 1000 cases has failed to demonstrate any such association.", "PMID": 588507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2531", "title": "Pregnancy-induced leucocytosis in Africans, Asians and Europeans.", "content": "In the light of widespread neutropenia in healthy Africans, an assessment was made of the magnitude of pregnancy-induced leucocytosis in 264 African women by comparing their haematological values at term with those of 47 European and Asian counterparts in Lusaka, Zambia. No statistically significant differences were found the absolute counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils between the three races. The fact that pregnancy did not exaggerate the neutropenia, or hamper the leucocytosis response, would suggest that the African woman has a normal marrow which suffers from insufficient stimulation possibly as a result of some dietary factor.", "contents": "Pregnancy-induced leucocytosis in Africans, Asians and Europeans. In the light of widespread neutropenia in healthy Africans, an assessment was made of the magnitude of pregnancy-induced leucocytosis in 264 African women by comparing their haematological values at term with those of 47 European and Asian counterparts in Lusaka, Zambia. No statistically significant differences were found the absolute counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils between the three races. The fact that pregnancy did not exaggerate the neutropenia, or hamper the leucocytosis response, would suggest that the African woman has a normal marrow which suffers from insufficient stimulation possibly as a result of some dietary factor.", "PMID": 588508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2532", "title": "Spontaneous extrusion of Hulka-Clemens spring-loaded clips after vaginal hysterectomy: two case reports.", "content": "Two patients had previously been sterilized by the application of Hulka-Clemens spring-loaded clips to the Fallopian tubes, had a vaginal hysterectomy. In each patient a clip that was left attached to its tubal remnant was spontaneously extruded through the vaginal vault during the postoperative period.", "contents": "Spontaneous extrusion of Hulka-Clemens spring-loaded clips after vaginal hysterectomy: two case reports. Two patients had previously been sterilized by the application of Hulka-Clemens spring-loaded clips to the Fallopian tubes, had a vaginal hysterectomy. In each patient a clip that was left attached to its tubal remnant was spontaneously extruded through the vaginal vault during the postoperative period.", "PMID": 588509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2533", "title": "Bilateral cataract extraction in one session: report on five years' experience.", "content": "Six hundred and seventy-six patients had both their cataracts removed in one operating session because of the rural and economic conditions of Malawi. These operations were performed over a period of 5 years. The final visual results were satisfactory and the number of complications acceptable in relation to the environmental conditions and medical facilities available. However, the incidence of infection is higher than would be acceptable in a sophisticated medical environment. Three eyes were lost owing to infection, but fortunately in all 3 cases the fellow eye was not affected. Furthermore, broken capsule and vitreous loss occurred more frequently than expected in a sophisticated facility in the eye first operated on. This allowed measures to be taken by the surgeon in many cases to prevent these complications from recurring in the second eye.", "contents": "Bilateral cataract extraction in one session: report on five years' experience. Six hundred and seventy-six patients had both their cataracts removed in one operating session because of the rural and economic conditions of Malawi. These operations were performed over a period of 5 years. The final visual results were satisfactory and the number of complications acceptable in relation to the environmental conditions and medical facilities available. However, the incidence of infection is higher than would be acceptable in a sophisticated medical environment. Three eyes were lost owing to infection, but fortunately in all 3 cases the fellow eye was not affected. Furthermore, broken capsule and vitreous loss occurred more frequently than expected in a sophisticated facility in the eye first operated on. This allowed measures to be taken by the surgeon in many cases to prevent these complications from recurring in the second eye.", "PMID": 588511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2534", "title": "Differences and similarities in a series of cases with bilateral intraocular lenses and evaluation of the results.", "content": "A review is given of the results of intraocular lens implantation in 38 patients, that is, 76 eyes. The observation time was up to 7 1/2 years. Only 5 cases were done as a secondary procedure. The Binkhorst 4-loop lens was preferred. Most of the lenses were fixated with an iris-lens suture. Out of 8 lens luxations 2 were fixed with an iris suture. The final visual acuity and the difference in refraction in spherical as well as cylindrical power are surveyed. The astigmatism and the astigmatic axis are compared in the 2 eyes of each patient. Most of the patients regained stereoscopic vision. It is concluded that neither the lens position, the lens type, the number of iris sutures, nor the number of iridectomies had any influence on the eventual results.", "contents": "Differences and similarities in a series of cases with bilateral intraocular lenses and evaluation of the results. A review is given of the results of intraocular lens implantation in 38 patients, that is, 76 eyes. The observation time was up to 7 1/2 years. Only 5 cases were done as a secondary procedure. The Binkhorst 4-loop lens was preferred. Most of the lenses were fixated with an iris-lens suture. Out of 8 lens luxations 2 were fixed with an iris suture. The final visual acuity and the difference in refraction in spherical as well as cylindrical power are surveyed. The astigmatism and the astigmatic axis are compared in the 2 eyes of each patient. Most of the patients regained stereoscopic vision. It is concluded that neither the lens position, the lens type, the number of iris sutures, nor the number of iridectomies had any influence on the eventual results.", "PMID": 588512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2535", "title": "Aphakic macular oedema: a two-year follow-up study.", "content": "A 2-year follow-up study was carried out on patients known to have developed aphakic macular oedema 6 weeks postoperatively, and the results were compared with those in a control group who had not developed oedema. Four eyes (12%) still had macular oedema, the visual acuities ranging between 6/5 and 6/9. There was no significant difference in visual acuities at 2 years between the 2 groups of patients. Visual acuity had significantly improved between 6 weeks and 2 years in the eyes that had macular oedema at 6 weeks after extraction. Factors causing persistence of aphakic macular oedema are discussed.", "contents": "Aphakic macular oedema: a two-year follow-up study. A 2-year follow-up study was carried out on patients known to have developed aphakic macular oedema 6 weeks postoperatively, and the results were compared with those in a control group who had not developed oedema. Four eyes (12%) still had macular oedema, the visual acuities ranging between 6/5 and 6/9. There was no significant difference in visual acuities at 2 years between the 2 groups of patients. Visual acuity had significantly improved between 6 weeks and 2 years in the eyes that had macular oedema at 6 weeks after extraction. Factors causing persistence of aphakic macular oedema are discussed.", "PMID": 588513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2536", "title": "Outflow changes in positive provocative tests.", "content": "The outflow changes in 26 eyes were measured during the course of a positive provocative test with pilocarpine and phenylephrine. Three separate patterns of response occurred: (1) One dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine produced an acute attack with a large reduction in outflow. (2) The first dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine produced a fall in pressure and increase in outflow. The second dose reversed this effect and closed the angle. (3) The first dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine increased pressure by an insignificant amount and decreased outflow. The second dose accentuated this response and produced an acute attack.", "contents": "Outflow changes in positive provocative tests. The outflow changes in 26 eyes were measured during the course of a positive provocative test with pilocarpine and phenylephrine. Three separate patterns of response occurred: (1) One dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine produced an acute attack with a large reduction in outflow. (2) The first dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine produced a fall in pressure and increase in outflow. The second dose reversed this effect and closed the angle. (3) The first dose of pilocarpine and phenylephrine increased pressure by an insignificant amount and decreased outflow. The second dose accentuated this response and produced an acute attack.", "PMID": 588514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2537", "title": "Outflow changes in normal eyes after closed-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with spontaneous acute closed-angle glaucoma in one eye were selected for study. All 24 eyes had a peripheral iridectomy, were normotensive, and had no gonioscopically visible peripheral anterior synechiae. Of the 24 contralateral eyes 14 gave a positive response to provocative tests and had peripheral iridectomy. The remaining 10 eyes did not give positive responses to the tests and were on no treatment. The 24 pairs of eyes were provoked with pilocarpine and phenylephrine. Tonography was performed at the start of the test, 1 1/2 hours later, and at its termination. At the start of the test the 24 eyes that had had spontaneous closed-angle glaucoma showed a higher pressure and lower outflow facility than the 24 contralateral eyes. This difference disappeared as the test progressed. It is concluded that apparently normal eyes--after an acute attack--do none the less show a significant degree of damage to the outflow system. Ten pairs of eyes from 10 normal persons were provoked in a similar fashion and at no point did a significant difference appear between right and left eyes.", "contents": "Outflow changes in normal eyes after closed-angle glaucoma. Twenty-four patients with spontaneous acute closed-angle glaucoma in one eye were selected for study. All 24 eyes had a peripheral iridectomy, were normotensive, and had no gonioscopically visible peripheral anterior synechiae. Of the 24 contralateral eyes 14 gave a positive response to provocative tests and had peripheral iridectomy. The remaining 10 eyes did not give positive responses to the tests and were on no treatment. The 24 pairs of eyes were provoked with pilocarpine and phenylephrine. Tonography was performed at the start of the test, 1 1/2 hours later, and at its termination. At the start of the test the 24 eyes that had had spontaneous closed-angle glaucoma showed a higher pressure and lower outflow facility than the 24 contralateral eyes. This difference disappeared as the test progressed. It is concluded that apparently normal eyes--after an acute attack--do none the less show a significant degree of damage to the outflow system. Ten pairs of eyes from 10 normal persons were provoked in a similar fashion and at no point did a significant difference appear between right and left eyes.", "PMID": 588515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2538", "title": "Circulating lipoprotein and blood glucose levels in association with low-tension and chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "Circulating lipoprotein and blood glucose levels were determined for 53 patients with low-tension glaucoma and 39 patients with chronic simple glaucoma. The incidence of hypercholesterolaemia was significantly higher in the low-tension group than in the chronic simple glaucoma group and control data obtained elsewhere. Preliminary follow-up results of the effects of treatment are also reported. The incidence of raised fasting blood glucose levels was not significantly increased in either group.", "contents": "Circulating lipoprotein and blood glucose levels in association with low-tension and chronic simple glaucoma. Circulating lipoprotein and blood glucose levels were determined for 53 patients with low-tension glaucoma and 39 patients with chronic simple glaucoma. The incidence of hypercholesterolaemia was significantly higher in the low-tension group than in the chronic simple glaucoma group and control data obtained elsewhere. Preliminary follow-up results of the effects of treatment are also reported. The incidence of raised fasting blood glucose levels was not significantly increased in either group.", "PMID": 588516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2539", "title": "The influence of pregnancy on the sensitivity of the cornea.", "content": "Corneal touch thresholds (CTT) were measured in 30 non-pregnant women serving as a control group and 29 pregnant women at different times during and after pregnancy. The results show that CTT becomes significantly higher after 31 weeks of pregnancy. However, only 86% of the subjects showed a difference in CTT during and after pregnancy, while 52% reported having some swelling. The loss of sensitivity (CTT-1) is assumed to be related to the water retention occurring during pregnancy, a view which is supported by some measurements of corneal thickness. It is suggested that this study may have exposed a new, hitherto unknown, way of monitoring pregnant women.", "contents": "The influence of pregnancy on the sensitivity of the cornea. Corneal touch thresholds (CTT) were measured in 30 non-pregnant women serving as a control group and 29 pregnant women at different times during and after pregnancy. The results show that CTT becomes significantly higher after 31 weeks of pregnancy. However, only 86% of the subjects showed a difference in CTT during and after pregnancy, while 52% reported having some swelling. The loss of sensitivity (CTT-1) is assumed to be related to the water retention occurring during pregnancy, a view which is supported by some measurements of corneal thickness. It is suggested that this study may have exposed a new, hitherto unknown, way of monitoring pregnant women.", "PMID": 588517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2540", "title": "Corneal sensation in scleritis and episcleritis.", "content": "A series of 59 patients were examined for loss of corneal sensitivity. Thirty-five of them suffered from scleritis and 24 suffered from episcleritis. There was a difference between the 2 conditions in that significantly more patients with scleritis were affected than patients with episcleritis. It was also found that among the scleritis patients there was a close relationship between the number of quadrants affected and decrease in sensitivity. Five patients had necrotising scleritis, and they all showed marked loss of sensitivity. Sensitivity returned to normal when the scleritis resolved except when a large area of scleral ectasia resulted. The test is of importance because it is one of the easiest methods of detecting the onset of necrotising scleritis in its earliest stages.", "contents": "Corneal sensation in scleritis and episcleritis. A series of 59 patients were examined for loss of corneal sensitivity. Thirty-five of them suffered from scleritis and 24 suffered from episcleritis. There was a difference between the 2 conditions in that significantly more patients with scleritis were affected than patients with episcleritis. It was also found that among the scleritis patients there was a close relationship between the number of quadrants affected and decrease in sensitivity. Five patients had necrotising scleritis, and they all showed marked loss of sensitivity. Sensitivity returned to normal when the scleritis resolved except when a large area of scleral ectasia resulted. The test is of importance because it is one of the easiest methods of detecting the onset of necrotising scleritis in its earliest stages.", "PMID": 588518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2541", "title": "An introductory report on the use of Bioplast in ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "Bioplast is an excellent material for implants. It lends itself readily to cutting and suturing and is easily applied. It is highly suited to ophthalmic surgery. It has the great advantage of having no antigenic properties and is quickly absorbed. Our cases recovered without complications, and the results were satisfactory both functionally and cosmetically. For these reasons we recommend Bioplast in ophthalmology.", "contents": "An introductory report on the use of Bioplast in ophthalmic surgery. Bioplast is an excellent material for implants. It lends itself readily to cutting and suturing and is easily applied. It is highly suited to ophthalmic surgery. It has the great advantage of having no antigenic properties and is quickly absorbed. Our cases recovered without complications, and the results were satisfactory both functionally and cosmetically. For these reasons we recommend Bioplast in ophthalmology.", "PMID": 588519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2542", "title": "Bee and wasp stings of the eye. Retained intralenticular wasp sting: A case report.", "content": "Two different stages should be considered in the management of bee and wasp stings to the eye. The first is the acute stage of activity of the specific insect venom on the structures the eye. The reaction of the eye to the particular insult is considered here in regard to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The second stage is that of the retained intraocular foreign body, the inert sting. Little is known about the reaction of the eye to the presence of chitinous sting and its effect on the structures of the eye. We report a follow-up study of a sting retained for 28 years, and emphasise the benign and quiescent course of the case. Guidelines for treatment and management in such cases are described.", "contents": "Bee and wasp stings of the eye. Retained intralenticular wasp sting: A case report. Two different stages should be considered in the management of bee and wasp stings to the eye. The first is the acute stage of activity of the specific insect venom on the structures the eye. The reaction of the eye to the particular insult is considered here in regard to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The second stage is that of the retained intraocular foreign body, the inert sting. Little is known about the reaction of the eye to the presence of chitinous sting and its effect on the structures of the eye. We report a follow-up study of a sting retained for 28 years, and emphasise the benign and quiescent course of the case. Guidelines for treatment and management in such cases are described.", "PMID": 588520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2543", "title": "Diathermo-trabeculotomy ab externo: indications and long-term results.", "content": "The authors present the results of 2 years' observation of 47 eyes operated with diathermo-trabeculotomy ab externo. This technique, based on a diathermic effect in association with trabeculotomy ab externo, allows an ample opening of Schlemm's canal and of the trabecular meshwork, with normalisation of intraocular pressure and outflow facility, for a period of up to 2 years, in open-angle and congenital glaucoma.", "contents": "Diathermo-trabeculotomy ab externo: indications and long-term results. The authors present the results of 2 years' observation of 47 eyes operated with diathermo-trabeculotomy ab externo. This technique, based on a diathermic effect in association with trabeculotomy ab externo, allows an ample opening of Schlemm's canal and of the trabecular meshwork, with normalisation of intraocular pressure and outflow facility, for a period of up to 2 years, in open-angle and congenital glaucoma.", "PMID": 588522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2544", "title": "Structural alterations of extraocular muscle associated with Apert's syndrome.", "content": "An inferior oblique muscle from a patient with Apert's syndrome was examined by light and electron microscopy. Alterations in the muscle fibres, the myoneural junctions, and intramuscular nerves were observed. These data are not compatible with the widespread notion that motility disturbances in this syndrome are solely due to mechanical limitations.", "contents": "Structural alterations of extraocular muscle associated with Apert's syndrome. An inferior oblique muscle from a patient with Apert's syndrome was examined by light and electron microscopy. Alterations in the muscle fibres, the myoneural junctions, and intramuscular nerves were observed. These data are not compatible with the widespread notion that motility disturbances in this syndrome are solely due to mechanical limitations.", "PMID": 588523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2545", "title": "Diagnosis and measurement of cyclodeviation.", "content": "A simple, convenient, and accurate method of detecting and measuring even the smallest degree of cyclodeviation with the help of two special major amblyoscope slides is described. Routine use of these slides in the investigation of all paralytic squints to detect and measure cyclodeviation is suggested. This will prove useful in the correct diagnosis and in the adequate management of a case of cyclovertical muscle palsy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and measurement of cyclodeviation. A simple, convenient, and accurate method of detecting and measuring even the smallest degree of cyclodeviation with the help of two special major amblyoscope slides is described. Routine use of these slides in the investigation of all paralytic squints to detect and measure cyclodeviation is suggested. This will prove useful in the correct diagnosis and in the adequate management of a case of cyclovertical muscle palsy.", "PMID": 588524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2546", "title": "Unusual ocular presentation of acute toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Four patients with toxoplasmosis are reported with unusual presenting ocular lesions. One patient had an active lesion that appeared to involve the optic nerve as well as focal toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis at the macula. A second patient had a pale optic nerve in association with the classical chorioretinal scars of toxoplasmosis. The third patient had toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis of the macula with subretinal neovascularisation. The fourth patient had a branch artery occlusion complicating acute retinitis.", "contents": "Unusual ocular presentation of acute toxoplasmosis. Four patients with toxoplasmosis are reported with unusual presenting ocular lesions. One patient had an active lesion that appeared to involve the optic nerve as well as focal toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis at the macula. A second patient had a pale optic nerve in association with the classical chorioretinal scars of toxoplasmosis. The third patient had toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis of the macula with subretinal neovascularisation. The fourth patient had a branch artery occlusion complicating acute retinitis.", "PMID": 588525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2547", "title": "Bull's eye maculopathy with early cone degeneration.", "content": "Seven patients with acquired cone degeneration were investigated. The initial visual acuities in 6 of the series were normal or near normal but later deteriorated, although they did not fall below 6/60 in any patient. All the patients tested had colour vision defects and abnormalities on electrodiagnostic testing referable to the cone system. The typical picture was of a bull's eye maculopathy accompanied by an annular scotoma around the fovea, but the clinical and electrophysiological investigations showed that there were considerable variations especially in the early stages.", "contents": "Bull's eye maculopathy with early cone degeneration. Seven patients with acquired cone degeneration were investigated. The initial visual acuities in 6 of the series were normal or near normal but later deteriorated, although they did not fall below 6/60 in any patient. All the patients tested had colour vision defects and abnormalities on electrodiagnostic testing referable to the cone system. The typical picture was of a bull's eye maculopathy accompanied by an annular scotoma around the fovea, but the clinical and electrophysiological investigations showed that there were considerable variations especially in the early stages.", "PMID": 588526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2548", "title": "An unusual presentation of Best's disease.", "content": "We diagnosed an unusual case of Best's disease in a patient with multiple geographic macular and extramacular lesions. Initial confusion in the diagnosis arose because of a past history of intravenous drug abuse by the patient. The electro-oculogram was helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of Best's disease. We diagnosed an unusual case of Best's disease in a patient with multiple geographic macular and extramacular lesions. Initial confusion in the diagnosis arose because of a past history of intravenous drug abuse by the patient. The electro-oculogram was helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 588527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2549", "title": "An improved objective slit-lamp fluorophotometer using tungsten-halogen lamp excitation and synchronous detection.", "content": "A new design of fluorophotometer is described. The instrument can measure lower concentrations of fluorescent dye with greater accuracy than previous models.", "contents": "An improved objective slit-lamp fluorophotometer using tungsten-halogen lamp excitation and synchronous detection. A new design of fluorophotometer is described. The instrument can measure lower concentrations of fluorescent dye with greater accuracy than previous models.", "PMID": 588528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2550", "title": "A cannulated probe for torn inferior canaliculus repair.", "content": "A cannulated probe and silicone tube for the repair of the torn inferior canaliculus are described and illustrated.", "contents": "A cannulated probe for torn inferior canaliculus repair. A cannulated probe and silicone tube for the repair of the torn inferior canaliculus are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 588529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2551", "title": "Rapid deterioration of visual fields during bromocriptine-induced pregnancy in a patient with a pituitary adenoma.", "content": "A 28-year-old woman with an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome was suspected of a microadenoma of the pituitary. She was treated with bromocriptine. In the subsequent pregnancy she developed rapid deterioration of the visual fields (ODS). A large temporal defect in the right eye and a moderate temporal defect in the left eye appeared in the 28th week of pregnancy, threatening the visual acuity of both eyes. Other examinations showed no evident lesion of the sellar region. An adenoma of the pituitary was removed, and the visual fields returned to normal after operation.", "contents": "Rapid deterioration of visual fields during bromocriptine-induced pregnancy in a patient with a pituitary adenoma. A 28-year-old woman with an amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome was suspected of a microadenoma of the pituitary. She was treated with bromocriptine. In the subsequent pregnancy she developed rapid deterioration of the visual fields (ODS). A large temporal defect in the right eye and a moderate temporal defect in the left eye appeared in the 28th week of pregnancy, threatening the visual acuity of both eyes. Other examinations showed no evident lesion of the sellar region. An adenoma of the pituitary was removed, and the visual fields returned to normal after operation.", "PMID": 588530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2552", "title": "Variation in the weight, specific gravity and composition of the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.).", "content": "1. Antlers were removed in September from 2-4 year old red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Both well-fed penned stags and less well-nourished grazing stags were studied. 2. For deer of the same age, both log antler weight and log antler specific gravity were related to body-weight in September and to body-weight gain between March and September. The antlers of 3- and 4-year-old stags were heavier and tended to be denser relative to body-weight and body-weight gain than those of 2-year-old stags. 3. For grazing stags of a given age, antler weight and specific gravity, and body-weight and body-weight gain, were progressively less in the three successive years of the study. This appeared to reflect increasing stocking rate over this period. 4. The composition of the antlers did not vary significantly between penned and grazing stags or with age. However the concentrations of ash, phosphorus and magnesium in dry matter showed significant positive correlations with specific gravity, that of zinc a significant negative correlation, while calcium, copper and manganese showed no significant correlation. 5. The antlers evidently provide a useful index of the changes in body-weight of the stags.", "contents": "Variation in the weight, specific gravity and composition of the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). 1. Antlers were removed in September from 2-4 year old red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Both well-fed penned stags and less well-nourished grazing stags were studied. 2. For deer of the same age, both log antler weight and log antler specific gravity were related to body-weight in September and to body-weight gain between March and September. The antlers of 3- and 4-year-old stags were heavier and tended to be denser relative to body-weight and body-weight gain than those of 2-year-old stags. 3. For grazing stags of a given age, antler weight and specific gravity, and body-weight and body-weight gain, were progressively less in the three successive years of the study. This appeared to reflect increasing stocking rate over this period. 4. The composition of the antlers did not vary significantly between penned and grazing stags or with age. However the concentrations of ash, phosphorus and magnesium in dry matter showed significant positive correlations with specific gravity, that of zinc a significant negative correlation, while calcium, copper and manganese showed no significant correlation. 5. The antlers evidently provide a useful index of the changes in body-weight of the stags.", "PMID": 588531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2553", "title": "Amino acid uptake in chickens subjected to increasing levels of quantitative food restriction.", "content": "1. Three groups of cockerels were reared from 3 to 11 weeks of age on increasingly severe quantitative food restriction treatments, resulting in body-weight values of 12, 19 and 27% below that of a control group which was fed ab lib. 2. The rate of uptake of L-arginine, glycine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine was measured in vitro using intestinal rings, over a 5 min incubation period. 3. Uptake of L-arginine was significantly increased with increasing degrees of body-weight restriction. This amino acid and L-lysine were the only two to show a significantly enhanced uptake rate as a result of the restriction treatments. 4. No significant differences were noted in the case of glycine or L-phenylalanine uptake following food restriction, indicating a certain selectivity in the alteration of absorption rates following food restriction, when such tests are conducted in vitro.", "contents": "Amino acid uptake in chickens subjected to increasing levels of quantitative food restriction. 1. Three groups of cockerels were reared from 3 to 11 weeks of age on increasingly severe quantitative food restriction treatments, resulting in body-weight values of 12, 19 and 27% below that of a control group which was fed ab lib. 2. The rate of uptake of L-arginine, glycine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine was measured in vitro using intestinal rings, over a 5 min incubation period. 3. Uptake of L-arginine was significantly increased with increasing degrees of body-weight restriction. This amino acid and L-lysine were the only two to show a significantly enhanced uptake rate as a result of the restriction treatments. 4. No significant differences were noted in the case of glycine or L-phenylalanine uptake following food restriction, indicating a certain selectivity in the alteration of absorption rates following food restriction, when such tests are conducted in vitro.", "PMID": 588532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2554", "title": "Studies of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: dynamics of glucose metabolism.", "content": "1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in a proportion of a group of 4-week-old chickens by giving a diet of meat meal and wheat; inclusion in the diet of animal tallow for 54 h substantially reduced the occurrence of FLKS. 2. Measurements of dynamic aspects of glucose metabolism were made with single injections of [2-3H]glucose which indicated that birds given the 'FLKS-inducing' diet and showing physical symptoms of FLKS had significantly lower rates of synthesis of glucose than birds given either the same diet supplemented with tallow or a commercial diet. 3. In a second series of experiments glucose metabolism was studied in birds (1) with or without physical symptoms that were given the 'FLKS-inducing' diet and (2) birds given the same diet supplemented with tallow or biotin. Affected birds fed the 'FLKS-inducing' diet had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations, pool sizes and synthesis rates than birds fed the same diet and not showing symptoms, or birds fed the supplemented diets. 4. It is suggested that the cause of death in birds with FLKS is a low rate of gluconeogenesis during periods without feed which results in a lack of glucose to meet essential functions.", "contents": "Studies of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: dynamics of glucose metabolism. 1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in a proportion of a group of 4-week-old chickens by giving a diet of meat meal and wheat; inclusion in the diet of animal tallow for 54 h substantially reduced the occurrence of FLKS. 2. Measurements of dynamic aspects of glucose metabolism were made with single injections of [2-3H]glucose which indicated that birds given the 'FLKS-inducing' diet and showing physical symptoms of FLKS had significantly lower rates of synthesis of glucose than birds given either the same diet supplemented with tallow or a commercial diet. 3. In a second series of experiments glucose metabolism was studied in birds (1) with or without physical symptoms that were given the 'FLKS-inducing' diet and (2) birds given the same diet supplemented with tallow or biotin. Affected birds fed the 'FLKS-inducing' diet had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations, pool sizes and synthesis rates than birds fed the same diet and not showing symptoms, or birds fed the supplemented diets. 4. It is suggested that the cause of death in birds with FLKS is a low rate of gluconeogenesis during periods without feed which results in a lack of glucose to meet essential functions.", "PMID": 588533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2555", "title": "The relationship between rumen bacterial growth, intake of dry matter, digestible organic matter and volatile fatty acid production in buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves.", "content": "1. The production rates of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves were estimated using an isotope-dilution technique. A series of fifteen experiments was done with animals given green maize and nine experiments with animals given cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). 2. The turnover time ranged from 205 to 567 min in the group given green maize and from 330 to 648 min in animals offered cowpea. The production rates of bacteria were (mean +/- SE; g/d) 145.77 +/- 7.240 and 237.09 +/- 11.847 in animals given green maize and cowpea respectively. 3. There was a significant correlation between bacterial production rates and dry matter intake, digestible organic matter and total volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen. 4. Regression equations obtained for the two foodstuffs were different suggesting that the bacterial growth rate may vary depending upon the quantity and quality of foodstuff digested and possibly the ratio nitrogen:energy of the foodstuff.", "contents": "The relationship between rumen bacterial growth, intake of dry matter, digestible organic matter and volatile fatty acid production in buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves. 1. The production rates of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves were estimated using an isotope-dilution technique. A series of fifteen experiments was done with animals given green maize and nine experiments with animals given cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). 2. The turnover time ranged from 205 to 567 min in the group given green maize and from 330 to 648 min in animals offered cowpea. The production rates of bacteria were (mean +/- SE; g/d) 145.77 +/- 7.240 and 237.09 +/- 11.847 in animals given green maize and cowpea respectively. 3. There was a significant correlation between bacterial production rates and dry matter intake, digestible organic matter and total volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen. 4. Regression equations obtained for the two foodstuffs were different suggesting that the bacterial growth rate may vary depending upon the quantity and quality of foodstuff digested and possibly the ratio nitrogen:energy of the foodstuff.", "PMID": 588534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2556", "title": "Anthropometric studies on African athletes who participated in the 1st African University Games.", "content": "1. Height, weight, skinfold thicknesses and mid-arm circumference were measured in 540 males and 117 females aged 20-24 years who took part in the 1st African University Games, held at the University of Ghana, Legon. Body fat content, Quetelet's index (weight divided by height X 100; Khosla & Lowe (1967)) and mid-arm muscle circumference were derived from the measurements taken. 2. The physique or body-build of the subjects as assessed by Quetelet's index showed that both male and female subjects from the various countries were of medium body-build. The body fat content for males was between 10 and 12% with the exception of the Egyptians (12.8%) while that of females was between 23-24%. 3. Body measurements of the subjects compared favourably with that of international standards (WHO, 1966) with the exception of the triceps skinfold thickness which was only approximately 60% of the standard value. 4. The low values for triceps skinfold thickness are probably due to differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat at different sites in the body as found between caucasian and non-caucasian population groups. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers on ethnic differences in skinfold thickness.", "contents": "Anthropometric studies on African athletes who participated in the 1st African University Games. 1. Height, weight, skinfold thicknesses and mid-arm circumference were measured in 540 males and 117 females aged 20-24 years who took part in the 1st African University Games, held at the University of Ghana, Legon. Body fat content, Quetelet's index (weight divided by height X 100; Khosla & Lowe (1967)) and mid-arm muscle circumference were derived from the measurements taken. 2. The physique or body-build of the subjects as assessed by Quetelet's index showed that both male and female subjects from the various countries were of medium body-build. The body fat content for males was between 10 and 12% with the exception of the Egyptians (12.8%) while that of females was between 23-24%. 3. Body measurements of the subjects compared favourably with that of international standards (WHO, 1966) with the exception of the triceps skinfold thickness which was only approximately 60% of the standard value. 4. The low values for triceps skinfold thickness are probably due to differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat at different sites in the body as found between caucasian and non-caucasian population groups. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers on ethnic differences in skinfold thickness.", "PMID": 588535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2557", "title": "Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec).", "content": "1. The paper describes the development and construction of an apparatus for maintaining a normal microbial population of the rumen under strictly controlled conditions over long periods of time. 2. The apparatus is simple to construct and operate. It is possible to do four replicate experiments at the same time. 3. The results of three experiments are given. The experiments showed that when the steady-state was reached it could be maintained indefinitely, with the type and quantities of products of fermentation very similar to those in the rumen of donor animals, including the maintenance of normal protozoal populations for up to 49 d. 4. It was found that within wide ranges, the digestibility of rations and the output of products were independent of dilution rate. 5. Except for the lowest 'level of feeding', the digestibility was independent of the level of feeding. The output of products was proportional to the amount of food digested and was the same as would be expected in sheep on similar rations. 6. An experiment in which a ration of hay was changed to a mainly concentrate ration showed that the fermentation characteristics were determined mainly by the food given.", "contents": "Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). 1. The paper describes the development and construction of an apparatus for maintaining a normal microbial population of the rumen under strictly controlled conditions over long periods of time. 2. The apparatus is simple to construct and operate. It is possible to do four replicate experiments at the same time. 3. The results of three experiments are given. The experiments showed that when the steady-state was reached it could be maintained indefinitely, with the type and quantities of products of fermentation very similar to those in the rumen of donor animals, including the maintenance of normal protozoal populations for up to 49 d. 4. It was found that within wide ranges, the digestibility of rations and the output of products were independent of dilution rate. 5. Except for the lowest 'level of feeding', the digestibility was independent of the level of feeding. The output of products was proportional to the amount of food digested and was the same as would be expected in sheep on similar rations. 6. An experiment in which a ration of hay was changed to a mainly concentrate ration showed that the fermentation characteristics were determined mainly by the food given.", "PMID": 588537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2558", "title": "The effects of pregnancy and lactation on copper and zinc retention in the rat.", "content": "1. The accretion of copper and zinc in maternal tissues, conception products and postnatal offspring of the rat was determined at different stages of pregnancy and lactation. 2. Equations relating the weight of the bodies of the developing young and of the amounts of Cu and Zn in them to the time that has elapsed since conception showed that, early in pregnancy, the specific rates of accretion of Cu or Zn were greater than that of weight, but declined more rapidly as development continued. The instantaneous rates of accretion of both metals rose throughout pregnancy but only that of Cu continued to increase during lactation. 3. The amount of Cu in the maternal body rose significantly during pregnancy and declined thereafter, but relatively small changes in its Zn content occurred. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the relative demands for these metals during pregnancy and lactation.", "contents": "The effects of pregnancy and lactation on copper and zinc retention in the rat. 1. The accretion of copper and zinc in maternal tissues, conception products and postnatal offspring of the rat was determined at different stages of pregnancy and lactation. 2. Equations relating the weight of the bodies of the developing young and of the amounts of Cu and Zn in them to the time that has elapsed since conception showed that, early in pregnancy, the specific rates of accretion of Cu or Zn were greater than that of weight, but declined more rapidly as development continued. The instantaneous rates of accretion of both metals rose throughout pregnancy but only that of Cu continued to increase during lactation. 3. The amount of Cu in the maternal body rose significantly during pregnancy and declined thereafter, but relatively small changes in its Zn content occurred. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the relative demands for these metals during pregnancy and lactation.", "PMID": 588538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2559", "title": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on the absorption of zinc and lysine by the rat duodenum in situ.", "content": "1. The absorption of zinc by the duodenum of the rat was greatly enhanced at late stages of pregnancy and during lactation. 2. During pregnancy no increase in lysine uptake could be demonstrated, but during lactation, when further increases in Zn absorption occurred, uptake of lysine was increased. 3. The increased absorption of Zn at different stages of pregnancy and lactation appeared to be related to the demand made by the developing foetuses and post-natal offspring.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on the absorption of zinc and lysine by the rat duodenum in situ. 1. The absorption of zinc by the duodenum of the rat was greatly enhanced at late stages of pregnancy and during lactation. 2. During pregnancy no increase in lysine uptake could be demonstrated, but during lactation, when further increases in Zn absorption occurred, uptake of lysine was increased. 3. The increased absorption of Zn at different stages of pregnancy and lactation appeared to be related to the demand made by the developing foetuses and post-natal offspring.", "PMID": 588539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2560", "title": "Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration.", "content": "1. Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution. This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration. 2. Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3 concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep. 3. The minimal NH3 concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid.", "contents": "Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. 1. Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution. This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration. 2. Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3 concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep. 3. The minimal NH3 concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid.", "PMID": 588541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2561", "title": "The effects on glucose metabolism of feeding a high-urea diet to sheep.", "content": "1. Sheep were given either a basal diet of 107 g crude protein (nitrogen X 6.25)/kg or the same diet to which urea was added to increase the crude protein content to 221 g/kg. Isotope-dilution techniques with [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose were used to measure various criteria of glucose metabolism. The plasma concentrations of urea and potassium were determined. The sheep were then given the alternative diet and the experiment was repeated. 2. Plasma K concentrations were decreased on feeding urea (P less than 0.05). 3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced on the urea treatment (P less than 0.05), while glucose space and metabolic clearance rate were not significantly reduced (P greater than 0.05). 4. Some implications for the feeding of non-protein-N to ruminants are discussed.", "contents": "The effects on glucose metabolism of feeding a high-urea diet to sheep. 1. Sheep were given either a basal diet of 107 g crude protein (nitrogen X 6.25)/kg or the same diet to which urea was added to increase the crude protein content to 221 g/kg. Isotope-dilution techniques with [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose were used to measure various criteria of glucose metabolism. The plasma concentrations of urea and potassium were determined. The sheep were then given the alternative diet and the experiment was repeated. 2. Plasma K concentrations were decreased on feeding urea (P less than 0.05). 3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced on the urea treatment (P less than 0.05), while glucose space and metabolic clearance rate were not significantly reduced (P greater than 0.05). 4. Some implications for the feeding of non-protein-N to ruminants are discussed.", "PMID": 588543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2562", "title": "The influence of protein source and basal dietary component on survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in the chick (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "1. The influence of diet on the survival of chicks inoculated orally at 15 d of age with Salmonella gallinarum was determined, and in the first experiment the numbers of salmonellae were counted in blood 5 or 7 d after inoculation to assess their value in predicting survival. 2. Significantly more chicks survived among those given beef powder as the protein supplement in a starch-based diet than among those where fish flour replaced beef powder. The number of salmonellae in blood was significantly higher in chicks given the fish-flour diet than in those given the beef-powder diet, but the relationship between the number of viable organisms in blood and the final survival rate was not close. 3. Whale meat and soya-bean protein gave high survival rates, similar to that given by beef powder, and casein plus gelatin was slightly poorer in this respect. 4. For each high-protein food the level of survival from the acute disease was significantly greater with wheat than with starch as the basal component of the diet. 5. The addition of either condensed beef extract or fish solubles to a standard diet did not influence survival.", "contents": "The influence of protein source and basal dietary component on survival in acute experimental fowl typhoid in the chick (Gallus domesticus). 1. The influence of diet on the survival of chicks inoculated orally at 15 d of age with Salmonella gallinarum was determined, and in the first experiment the numbers of salmonellae were counted in blood 5 or 7 d after inoculation to assess their value in predicting survival. 2. Significantly more chicks survived among those given beef powder as the protein supplement in a starch-based diet than among those where fish flour replaced beef powder. The number of salmonellae in blood was significantly higher in chicks given the fish-flour diet than in those given the beef-powder diet, but the relationship between the number of viable organisms in blood and the final survival rate was not close. 3. Whale meat and soya-bean protein gave high survival rates, similar to that given by beef powder, and casein plus gelatin was slightly poorer in this respect. 4. For each high-protein food the level of survival from the acute disease was significantly greater with wheat than with starch as the basal component of the diet. 5. The addition of either condensed beef extract or fish solubles to a standard diet did not influence survival.", "PMID": 588545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2563", "title": "The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate. 1. Nitrogen retention of growing pigs in relation to diet.", "content": "1. Measurements were made of the losses of nitrogen in the faeces and urine of sixty pigs of approximately 33 kg, given dietary regimens comprising twenty-nine combinations of fish flour (0-800 g/d) and maize starch (0-1200 g/d). 2. The results were used to develop a generalized equation describing N retention as a joint function of N intake and starch intake. 3. The protein-sparing effect of starch was exerted in all circumstances. It was greatest when protein intake exceeded 220 g/d but some effect persisted with protein-free diets. With a high protein supply, the increase in N retention per unit increase in dietary starch decreased from 36 mg/g with the first increment to 3 mg/g with the highest attainable starch intake. 4. From the generalized equation the relationships between net protein utilization and protein concentration and food intake could be described as continuous functions. The equations may be of use in comparing the protein values of diets measured under non-standardized conditions.", "contents": "The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate. 1. Nitrogen retention of growing pigs in relation to diet. 1. Measurements were made of the losses of nitrogen in the faeces and urine of sixty pigs of approximately 33 kg, given dietary regimens comprising twenty-nine combinations of fish flour (0-800 g/d) and maize starch (0-1200 g/d). 2. The results were used to develop a generalized equation describing N retention as a joint function of N intake and starch intake. 3. The protein-sparing effect of starch was exerted in all circumstances. It was greatest when protein intake exceeded 220 g/d but some effect persisted with protein-free diets. With a high protein supply, the increase in N retention per unit increase in dietary starch decreased from 36 mg/g with the first increment to 3 mg/g with the highest attainable starch intake. 4. From the generalized equation the relationships between net protein utilization and protein concentration and food intake could be described as continuous functions. The equations may be of use in comparing the protein values of diets measured under non-standardized conditions.", "PMID": 588546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2564", "title": "The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate. 2. The role of insulin.", "content": "1. In five experiments with growing female pigs of 38-63 kg, insulin (2 mU/kg) per min) and glucose (9-17 mg/kg per min) were infused continuously for 3-7 d. In three further experiments, glucose (9 mg/kg per min) was infused alone for 5 d. 2. In response to the combined infusion, plasma insulin increased 2-7-fold, plasma glucose decreased, on average, by 50% and plasma urea concentration was reduced by 40%. Urinary excretion of urea and nitrogen decreased after the first day of infusion to values averaging 70% of control levels. 3. The infusion of glucose alone provoked only a small increase in plasma insulin. The reduction of urinary urea and of N excretion were approximately 25% of those observed with the combined infusions.", "contents": "The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate. 2. The role of insulin. 1. In five experiments with growing female pigs of 38-63 kg, insulin (2 mU/kg) per min) and glucose (9-17 mg/kg per min) were infused continuously for 3-7 d. In three further experiments, glucose (9 mg/kg per min) was infused alone for 5 d. 2. In response to the combined infusion, plasma insulin increased 2-7-fold, plasma glucose decreased, on average, by 50% and plasma urea concentration was reduced by 40%. Urinary excretion of urea and nitrogen decreased after the first day of infusion to values averaging 70% of control levels. 3. The infusion of glucose alone provoked only a small increase in plasma insulin. The reduction of urinary urea and of N excretion were approximately 25% of those observed with the combined infusions.", "PMID": 588547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2565", "title": "Polypeptides in the succinate-coenzyme Q reductase segment of the respiratory chain.", "content": "Complex II (succinate-coenzyme Q reductase) was resolved into ten different polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptides, CII-1, CII-2, CII-3, and CII-4 with molecular weights of 70 000, 24 000, 13 500, and 7000, were present in large amounts in all preparations examined. CII-1 and CII-2 are the flavoprotein and iron-sulfur protein, respectively, of succinate dehydrogenase; CII-3 and CII-4 have not been functionally indentified. Six polypeptides were present in much smaller amoumts as judged by staining intensity, and each of these comigrated with components in complex III. The amino acid compositions of several of the minor components in complex II were identical with that of an equivalently migrating polypeptide in complex III. We conclude that succinate-coenzyme Q reductase contains four different polypeptides and is contaminated with variable amounts of complex III when isolated as complex II.", "contents": "Polypeptides in the succinate-coenzyme Q reductase segment of the respiratory chain. Complex II (succinate-coenzyme Q reductase) was resolved into ten different polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptides, CII-1, CII-2, CII-3, and CII-4 with molecular weights of 70 000, 24 000, 13 500, and 7000, were present in large amounts in all preparations examined. CII-1 and CII-2 are the flavoprotein and iron-sulfur protein, respectively, of succinate dehydrogenase; CII-3 and CII-4 have not been functionally indentified. Six polypeptides were present in much smaller amoumts as judged by staining intensity, and each of these comigrated with components in complex III. The amino acid compositions of several of the minor components in complex II were identical with that of an equivalently migrating polypeptide in complex III. We conclude that succinate-coenzyme Q reductase contains four different polypeptides and is contaminated with variable amounts of complex III when isolated as complex II.", "PMID": 588549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2566", "title": "Characterization of heterogeneous solutions using laser light scattering: study of the tubulin system.", "content": "Laser light scattering has been applied to a systematic study of a heterogeneous solution of tubulin at low temperature--conditions under which tubulin assembly into microtubules does not take place. Methods of analyzing laser light scattering results obtained from solutions containing multiple components are discussed. Data analysis techniques are described and their application to the determination of diffusion constants from experimental data is extensively illustrated. Multiple components were found under the conditions that the tubulin was studied. We have identified one component having D20,w = 4.41 X 10(-7) cm2/s (sigma = 0.54 X 10(-7) cm2/s) which has the expected value for tubulin dimer. In addition, we have found two components which are significantly larger than tubulin. One large component has D 20,w approximately 0.55 X 10(-7) cm2/s and is present in all samples at 4 degrees C even after centrifugation to remove components greater than 10 S. Another large component having 3.2 X 10(-7) cm2/s greater than or equal to D20,w greater than or equal to 1.5 X 10(-7) cm2/s has been found to sediment with 10 S less than or equal to s less than 20 S.", "contents": "Characterization of heterogeneous solutions using laser light scattering: study of the tubulin system. Laser light scattering has been applied to a systematic study of a heterogeneous solution of tubulin at low temperature--conditions under which tubulin assembly into microtubules does not take place. Methods of analyzing laser light scattering results obtained from solutions containing multiple components are discussed. Data analysis techniques are described and their application to the determination of diffusion constants from experimental data is extensively illustrated. Multiple components were found under the conditions that the tubulin was studied. We have identified one component having D20,w = 4.41 X 10(-7) cm2/s (sigma = 0.54 X 10(-7) cm2/s) which has the expected value for tubulin dimer. In addition, we have found two components which are significantly larger than tubulin. One large component has D 20,w approximately 0.55 X 10(-7) cm2/s and is present in all samples at 4 degrees C even after centrifugation to remove components greater than 10 S. Another large component having 3.2 X 10(-7) cm2/s greater than or equal to D20,w greater than or equal to 1.5 X 10(-7) cm2/s has been found to sediment with 10 S less than or equal to s less than 20 S.", "PMID": 588550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2567", "title": "Equilibrium components of tubulin preparations.", "content": "Laser light scattering techniques are used to examine the existence of a tubulin-ring or tubulin-aggregate equilibrium. Three principal components in addition to tubulin dimer have been observed. One large component having D20,w = 0.65 +/- 0.25 X 10(-7) cm2/s is in equilibrium with tubulin (dimer) at 4 degrees C. A second large component having D20,w = 0.74 +/- 0.05 X 10(-7) cm2/s is metastable at 4 degrees C and is formed when tubulin solutions are warmed to 36 degrees C and cooled back to 4 degrees C. The properties of the component reported in the previous paper (Gethner, J.S., Flynn, G.W., Berne, B.J., and Gaskin, F. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)) to sediment at 10 S to 20 S are shown to be consistent with a small, metastable aggregate of tubulin.", "contents": "Equilibrium components of tubulin preparations. Laser light scattering techniques are used to examine the existence of a tubulin-ring or tubulin-aggregate equilibrium. Three principal components in addition to tubulin dimer have been observed. One large component having D20,w = 0.65 +/- 0.25 X 10(-7) cm2/s is in equilibrium with tubulin (dimer) at 4 degrees C. A second large component having D20,w = 0.74 +/- 0.05 X 10(-7) cm2/s is metastable at 4 degrees C and is formed when tubulin solutions are warmed to 36 degrees C and cooled back to 4 degrees C. The properties of the component reported in the previous paper (Gethner, J.S., Flynn, G.W., Berne, B.J., and Gaskin, F. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)) to sediment at 10 S to 20 S are shown to be consistent with a small, metastable aggregate of tubulin.", "PMID": 588551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2568", "title": "The shape of myosin subfragment-1. A equivalent oblate ellipsoid model based on hydrodynamic properties.", "content": "The molecular weights of the two heads of myosin subfragment-1, S-1(A1) and S-1(A2), based on sedimentation equilibrium are 120 000 and 110 000. Hydrodynamically, the two heads are indistinguishable, with intrinsic viscosity, [eta], of 0.064-0.065 dL/g and sedimentation coefficient, s(0)20,w, of 5.8 S. Together with the rotational correlation time taken from the literature (235 ns), all three hydrodynamic properties can be better fitted with an equivalent oblate ellipsoid of revolution than a prolate model. The width of the equatorial axis of the ellipsoid is about 135 A (the axial ratio is about 6). Probably, the S-1(A1) and S-1(A2) molecules have a half-doughnutlike or a flattened pearlike shape rather than an elongated one.", "contents": "The shape of myosin subfragment-1. A equivalent oblate ellipsoid model based on hydrodynamic properties. The molecular weights of the two heads of myosin subfragment-1, S-1(A1) and S-1(A2), based on sedimentation equilibrium are 120 000 and 110 000. Hydrodynamically, the two heads are indistinguishable, with intrinsic viscosity, [eta], of 0.064-0.065 dL/g and sedimentation coefficient, s(0)20,w, of 5.8 S. Together with the rotational correlation time taken from the literature (235 ns), all three hydrodynamic properties can be better fitted with an equivalent oblate ellipsoid of revolution than a prolate model. The width of the equatorial axis of the ellipsoid is about 135 A (the axial ratio is about 6). Probably, the S-1(A1) and S-1(A2) molecules have a half-doughnutlike or a flattened pearlike shape rather than an elongated one.", "PMID": 588552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2569", "title": "Purification and properties of the hemagglutinin from Maclura pomifera seeds.", "content": "Maclura promifera seeds contain a protein which agglutinates human erythrocytes at concentrations as low as 4 ng/mL. This property is related to its ability to bind with high specificity various alpha-D-galactopyranosides. The agglutinin, which was pruified by affinity adsorption, exhibits one band on immunoelectrophoresis and displays one peak during ultracentrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and gel permeation chromatography. The active protein has a molecular weight of 40 000-43 000 and contains two dissimilar polypeptide chains of 12 000 and 10 000, respectively.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the hemagglutinin from Maclura pomifera seeds. Maclura promifera seeds contain a protein which agglutinates human erythrocytes at concentrations as low as 4 ng/mL. This property is related to its ability to bind with high specificity various alpha-D-galactopyranosides. The agglutinin, which was pruified by affinity adsorption, exhibits one band on immunoelectrophoresis and displays one peak during ultracentrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and gel permeation chromatography. The active protein has a molecular weight of 40 000-43 000 and contains two dissimilar polypeptide chains of 12 000 and 10 000, respectively.", "PMID": 588553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2570", "title": "Light-scattering investigations of the subunit dissociation of human hemoglobin A. Effects of various neutral salts.", "content": "The effectiveness of various salts of the Hofmeister series as dissociating agents for human hemoglobin A tetramers has been investigated by light-scattering molecular-weight measurements. Dissociation of hemoglobin to half-molecules of alpha beta dimers follows the order of the series dictated predominantly by the sequence of the anions F- less than Cl- less than Br- less than ClO4- less than SCN-, I-, with the cations Na+ and K+ having relatively little effect on the observed dissociation. The use of equations derived for predicting the effects of dissociating reagents on the structure of subunit proteins [Herskovits, T. T., and Ibanez, V. S. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 5715] together with Setschenow constants based on the model amino acid data of Nandi and Robinson were found to give a satisfactory account of the dissociation behavior observed with many of the salts, giving reasonable estimates of the number of amino acids that form the smaller contact area of the alpha beta subunits of hemoglobin shown by the Perutz crystallographic model. The analysis of the dissociation data also extends the utility of the Setschenow constants tested for the characterization of the dissociation behavior of other subunit proteins.", "contents": "Light-scattering investigations of the subunit dissociation of human hemoglobin A. Effects of various neutral salts. The effectiveness of various salts of the Hofmeister series as dissociating agents for human hemoglobin A tetramers has been investigated by light-scattering molecular-weight measurements. Dissociation of hemoglobin to half-molecules of alpha beta dimers follows the order of the series dictated predominantly by the sequence of the anions F- less than Cl- less than Br- less than ClO4- less than SCN-, I-, with the cations Na+ and K+ having relatively little effect on the observed dissociation. The use of equations derived for predicting the effects of dissociating reagents on the structure of subunit proteins [Herskovits, T. T., and Ibanez, V. S. (1976), Biochemistry 15, 5715] together with Setschenow constants based on the model amino acid data of Nandi and Robinson were found to give a satisfactory account of the dissociation behavior observed with many of the salts, giving reasonable estimates of the number of amino acids that form the smaller contact area of the alpha beta subunits of hemoglobin shown by the Perutz crystallographic model. The analysis of the dissociation data also extends the utility of the Setschenow constants tested for the characterization of the dissociation behavior of other subunit proteins.", "PMID": 588554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2571", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of brain actin and its homology with muscle actin.", "content": "Actin was purified from calf brains by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and hydroxylapatite. The protein was then subjected to amino acid sequence analysis by isolating and sequencing its cyanogen bromide peptides. CB-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12 correspond to equivalent segments of rabbit skeletal muscle actin, while subsitutions involving methionines give rise to some new peptides. The region that corresponds to CB-13 in muscle actin becomes two peptides in the brain protein because of a Leu leads to Met replacement at position 16, while Met leads to Leu substitutions at positions 176 and 298 give rise to two larger peptides, CB-15 + 7 and  CB-8 + 2, which correspond to muscle actin CB-15 fused with CB-7 and CB-8 fused with CB-2, respectively. The peptides that have been isolated from brain actin contain 267 of the 374 residues in actin, of which 157 have been unequivocally identified. When the data are compared with those for rabbit skeletal muscle actin, 11 replacements are seen; thus the two actins differ at about 7% of the positions examined.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of brain actin and its homology with muscle actin. Actin was purified from calf brains by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and hydroxylapatite. The protein was then subjected to amino acid sequence analysis by isolating and sequencing its cyanogen bromide peptides. CB-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12 correspond to equivalent segments of rabbit skeletal muscle actin, while subsitutions involving methionines give rise to some new peptides. The region that corresponds to CB-13 in muscle actin becomes two peptides in the brain protein because of a Leu leads to Met replacement at position 16, while Met leads to Leu substitutions at positions 176 and 298 give rise to two larger peptides, CB-15 + 7 and  CB-8 + 2, which correspond to muscle actin CB-15 fused with CB-7 and CB-8 fused with CB-2, respectively. The peptides that have been isolated from brain actin contain 267 of the 374 residues in actin, of which 157 have been unequivocally identified. When the data are compared with those for rabbit skeletal muscle actin, 11 replacements are seen; thus the two actins differ at about 7% of the positions examined.", "PMID": 588555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2572", "title": "Methylation of glucagon, characterization of the sulfonium derivative, and regeneration of the native covalent structure.", "content": "The methylation of the single methionine residue of glucagon is accomplished at a pH of 3.5 in 8 M urea with methyl iodide. The reaction product is a soluble sulfonium derivative, S-methylglucagon, which can be isolated in a highly purified form. This derivative is characterized by amino acid analysis and its effect on the adenylyl cyclase system of rat liver plasma membranes. S-Methylglucagon does stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system; however, its activity is approximately 500 times less than that observed with the native hormone. The solubility of this derivative is great enough to allow for further modifications of the molecule which can be followed at a later stage by demethylation. Demethylation of S-methylglucagon regenerates the original covalent structure and is accomplished by treatment with Cleland's reagents at a pH of 10.5. The regenerated hormone is indistinguishable from native glucagon by its amino acid composition and its ability to stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system. The entire methylation-demethylation reaction sequence has been carried out with yields that approach 75%. The technique is suitable for the isotopic enrichment of native glucagon and may well be applicable to selected other methionine-containing peptides.", "contents": "Methylation of glucagon, characterization of the sulfonium derivative, and regeneration of the native covalent structure. The methylation of the single methionine residue of glucagon is accomplished at a pH of 3.5 in 8 M urea with methyl iodide. The reaction product is a soluble sulfonium derivative, S-methylglucagon, which can be isolated in a highly purified form. This derivative is characterized by amino acid analysis and its effect on the adenylyl cyclase system of rat liver plasma membranes. S-Methylglucagon does stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system; however, its activity is approximately 500 times less than that observed with the native hormone. The solubility of this derivative is great enough to allow for further modifications of the molecule which can be followed at a later stage by demethylation. Demethylation of S-methylglucagon regenerates the original covalent structure and is accomplished by treatment with Cleland's reagents at a pH of 10.5. The regenerated hormone is indistinguishable from native glucagon by its amino acid composition and its ability to stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system. The entire methylation-demethylation reaction sequence has been carried out with yields that approach 75%. The technique is suitable for the isotopic enrichment of native glucagon and may well be applicable to selected other methionine-containing peptides.", "PMID": 588556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2573", "title": "Diazomethyl ketone substrate derivatives as active-site-directed inhibitors of thiol proteases. Papain.", "content": "The diazomethyl ketones of z-Phe-Phe inactivate papain by a stoichiometric reaction at the active-center thiol. Since the reagents are stable in mercaptoethanol, their reaction with papain is judged to be the result of complex formation characteristic of affinity-labeling reagents. The diazomethyl ketones react by a mechanism different from that of chloromethyl ketones, since the pH dependence of their inactivation of papain is different, the rate increasing with decreasing pH. This relationship has been observed in other cases, such as in the reaction of azaserine with glutamine amidotransferases [Buchanan, J. M. (1973), Adv. Enzmol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 39, 91], and is interpreted as an indication of reaction with a thiol group in its protonated form.", "contents": "Diazomethyl ketone substrate derivatives as active-site-directed inhibitors of thiol proteases. Papain. The diazomethyl ketones of z-Phe-Phe inactivate papain by a stoichiometric reaction at the active-center thiol. Since the reagents are stable in mercaptoethanol, their reaction with papain is judged to be the result of complex formation characteristic of affinity-labeling reagents. The diazomethyl ketones react by a mechanism different from that of chloromethyl ketones, since the pH dependence of their inactivation of papain is different, the rate increasing with decreasing pH. This relationship has been observed in other cases, such as in the reaction of azaserine with glutamine amidotransferases [Buchanan, J. M. (1973), Adv. Enzmol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 39, 91], and is interpreted as an indication of reaction with a thiol group in its protonated form.", "PMID": 588560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2574", "title": "Selective photoaffinity labeling of acetylcholine receptor using a cholinergic analogue.", "content": "A bisazido derivative was synthesized from bis(3-aminopyridinium)-1,10-decane diiodide and it was shown that it was bound (KD congruent to 2.2 muM) specifically to purified acetylcholine receptor and fulfilled the requirements for a photoaffinity label. Like the parent compound the derivative could transform membrane-bound receptor from a low ligand affinity conformation(s) to a high ligand affinity form (s), a transition which is thought to resemble desensitization processes observed in vivo. Photolysis of 3H-labeled bisazido reagent was carried out in the presence of the receptor. After dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled purified receptor two of the four subunits (mol wt 40 000 and 60 000) contained 90% of the bound radioactivity while for membrane-bound receptor the subunits of mol wt 40 000 and 50 000 were labeled. The results favor the assumption that the specific ligand binding sites are located on mol wt 40 000 subunits and labeling of the other subunits reflects (a) their proximity to the ligand-binding site and (b) alterations in subunit topography between membrane-bound and solubilized states.", "contents": "Selective photoaffinity labeling of acetylcholine receptor using a cholinergic analogue. A bisazido derivative was synthesized from bis(3-aminopyridinium)-1,10-decane diiodide and it was shown that it was bound (KD congruent to 2.2 muM) specifically to purified acetylcholine receptor and fulfilled the requirements for a photoaffinity label. Like the parent compound the derivative could transform membrane-bound receptor from a low ligand affinity conformation(s) to a high ligand affinity form (s), a transition which is thought to resemble desensitization processes observed in vivo. Photolysis of 3H-labeled bisazido reagent was carried out in the presence of the receptor. After dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled purified receptor two of the four subunits (mol wt 40 000 and 60 000) contained 90% of the bound radioactivity while for membrane-bound receptor the subunits of mol wt 40 000 and 50 000 were labeled. The results favor the assumption that the specific ligand binding sites are located on mol wt 40 000 subunits and labeling of the other subunits reflects (a) their proximity to the ligand-binding site and (b) alterations in subunit topography between membrane-bound and solubilized states.", "PMID": 588561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2575", "title": "Electrochromic absorbance changes of photosynthetic pigments in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. I. Stimulation by secondary electron transport at low temperature.", "content": "Light-induced absorbance changes were measured at temperatures between --30 and --55 degrees C in chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Absorbance changes due to photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870) were accompanied by a red shift of the absorption bands of a carotenoid. The red shift was inhibited by gramicidin D. The kinetics of P-870 indicated electron transport from the \"primary\" to a secondary electron acceptor. This electron transport was slowed down by lowering the temperature or increasing the pH of the suspension. Electron transport from soluble cytochrome c to P-870+ occurred in less purified chromatophore preparations. This electron transport was accompanied by a relatively large increase of the carotenoid absorbance change. This agrees with the hypothesis that P-870 is located inside the membrane, so that an additional membrane potential is generated upon transfer of an electron from cytochrome to P-870+. A strong stimulation of the carotenoid changes (more than 10-fold in some experiments) and pronounced band shifts of bacteriochlorophyll B-850 were observed upon illumination in the presence of artifical donor-acceptor systems. Reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulphate (PMS) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (TMPD) were fairly efficient donors, whereas endogenous ubiquinone and oxidized PMS acted as secondary acceptor. These results indicate the generation of large membrane potentials at low temperature, caused by sustained electron transport across the chromatophore membrane. The artificial probe, merocyanine MC-V did not show electrochromic band shifts at low temperature.", "contents": "Electrochromic absorbance changes of photosynthetic pigments in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. I. Stimulation by secondary electron transport at low temperature. Light-induced absorbance changes were measured at temperatures between --30 and --55 degrees C in chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Absorbance changes due to photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870) were accompanied by a red shift of the absorption bands of a carotenoid. The red shift was inhibited by gramicidin D. The kinetics of P-870 indicated electron transport from the \"primary\" to a secondary electron acceptor. This electron transport was slowed down by lowering the temperature or increasing the pH of the suspension. Electron transport from soluble cytochrome c to P-870+ occurred in less purified chromatophore preparations. This electron transport was accompanied by a relatively large increase of the carotenoid absorbance change. This agrees with the hypothesis that P-870 is located inside the membrane, so that an additional membrane potential is generated upon transfer of an electron from cytochrome to P-870+. A strong stimulation of the carotenoid changes (more than 10-fold in some experiments) and pronounced band shifts of bacteriochlorophyll B-850 were observed upon illumination in the presence of artifical donor-acceptor systems. Reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulphate (PMS) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (TMPD) were fairly efficient donors, whereas endogenous ubiquinone and oxidized PMS acted as secondary acceptor. These results indicate the generation of large membrane potentials at low temperature, caused by sustained electron transport across the chromatophore membrane. The artificial probe, merocyanine MC-V did not show electrochromic band shifts at low temperature.", "PMID": 588564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2576", "title": "Does the rate of cooling affect fluorescence properties of chloroplasts at -196 degrees C?", "content": "The question addressed in the title was examined by measuring fluorescence emission spectra and light-induced fluorescence-yield changes of chloroplasts which had been frozen to -196 degrees C rapidly, as very thin samples adsorbed into substrates whick were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen, or slowly by the cooling action of liquid nitrogen through the wall of the cuvette. Contrary to previous reports, we found that the rate of cooling had no influence on the shape of the emission spectrum, the extent of the variable fluorescence or the fraction of the absorbed quanta which are delivered initially to Photosystem I.", "contents": "Does the rate of cooling affect fluorescence properties of chloroplasts at -196 degrees C? The question addressed in the title was examined by measuring fluorescence emission spectra and light-induced fluorescence-yield changes of chloroplasts which had been frozen to -196 degrees C rapidly, as very thin samples adsorbed into substrates whick were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen, or slowly by the cooling action of liquid nitrogen through the wall of the cuvette. Contrary to previous reports, we found that the rate of cooling had no influence on the shape of the emission spectrum, the extent of the variable fluorescence or the fraction of the absorbed quanta which are delivered initially to Photosystem I.", "PMID": 588567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2577", "title": "Energy transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I in Porphyridium cruentum.", "content": "Rates of photooxidation of P-700 by green (560 nm) or blue (438 nm) light were measured in whole cells of porphyridium cruentum which had been frozen to -196 degrees C under conditions in which the Photosystem II reaction centers were either all open (dark adapted cells) or all closed (preilluminated cells). The rate of photooxidation of P-700 at -196 degrees C by green actinic light was approx. 80% faster in the preilluminated cells than in the dark-adapted cells. With blue actinic light, the rates of P-700 photooxidation in the dark-adapted and preilluminated cells were not significantly different. These results are in excellent agreement with predictions based on our previous estimates of energy distribution in the photosynthetic apparatus of Porphyridium cruentum including the yield of energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I determined from low temperature fluorescence measurements.", "contents": "Energy transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I in Porphyridium cruentum. Rates of photooxidation of P-700 by green (560 nm) or blue (438 nm) light were measured in whole cells of porphyridium cruentum which had been frozen to -196 degrees C under conditions in which the Photosystem II reaction centers were either all open (dark adapted cells) or all closed (preilluminated cells). The rate of photooxidation of P-700 at -196 degrees C by green actinic light was approx. 80% faster in the preilluminated cells than in the dark-adapted cells. With blue actinic light, the rates of P-700 photooxidation in the dark-adapted and preilluminated cells were not significantly different. These results are in excellent agreement with predictions based on our previous estimates of energy distribution in the photosynthetic apparatus of Porphyridium cruentum including the yield of energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I determined from low temperature fluorescence measurements.", "PMID": 588568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2578", "title": "Fluorescence emission spectra of photosystem I, photosystem II and the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex of higher plants.", "content": "Fluorescence emission spectra excited at 514 and 633 nm were measured at -196 degrees C on dark-grown bean leaves which had been partially greened by a repetitive series of brief xenon flashes. Excitation at 514 nm resulted in a greater relative enrichment of the 730 nm emission band of Photosystem I than was obtained with 633 nm excitation. The difference spectrum between the 514 nm excited fluorescence and the 633 nm excited fluorescence was taken to be representative of a pure Photosystem I emission spectrum at -196 degrees C. It was estimated from an extrapolation of low temperature emission spectra taken from a series of flashed leaves of different chlorophyll content that the emission from Photosystem II at 730 nm was 12% of the peak emission at 694 nm. Using this estimate, the pure Photosystem I emission spectrum was subtracted from the measured emission spectrum of a flashed leaf to give an emission spectrum representative of pure Photosystem II fluorescence at -196 degrees C. Emission spectra were also measured on flashed leaves which had been illuminated for several hours in continuous light. Appreciable amounts of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein, which has a low temperature fluorescence emission maximum at 682 nm, accumulate during greening in continuous light. The emission spectra of Photosystem I and Photosystem II were subtracted from the measured emission spectrum of such a leaf to obtain the emission spectrum of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein at -196 degrees C.", "contents": "Fluorescence emission spectra of photosystem I, photosystem II and the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex of higher plants. Fluorescence emission spectra excited at 514 and 633 nm were measured at -196 degrees C on dark-grown bean leaves which had been partially greened by a repetitive series of brief xenon flashes. Excitation at 514 nm resulted in a greater relative enrichment of the 730 nm emission band of Photosystem I than was obtained with 633 nm excitation. The difference spectrum between the 514 nm excited fluorescence and the 633 nm excited fluorescence was taken to be representative of a pure Photosystem I emission spectrum at -196 degrees C. It was estimated from an extrapolation of low temperature emission spectra taken from a series of flashed leaves of different chlorophyll content that the emission from Photosystem II at 730 nm was 12% of the peak emission at 694 nm. Using this estimate, the pure Photosystem I emission spectrum was subtracted from the measured emission spectrum of a flashed leaf to give an emission spectrum representative of pure Photosystem II fluorescence at -196 degrees C. Emission spectra were also measured on flashed leaves which had been illuminated for several hours in continuous light. Appreciable amounts of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein, which has a low temperature fluorescence emission maximum at 682 nm, accumulate during greening in continuous light. The emission spectra of Photosystem I and Photosystem II were subtracted from the measured emission spectrum of such a leaf to obtain the emission spectrum of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein at -196 degrees C.", "PMID": 588570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2579", "title": "Cooperative interactions between calcium-binding sites on glycerinated muscle fibers. The influence of cross-bridge attachment.", "content": "A double isotope technique and EGTA buffers were used to measure the binding of Ca2+ to rabbit psoas muscle fibers extracted with detergent and glycerol. These experiments were designed to test the effect of rigor complex formation, determined by the degree of filament overlap, on the properties of the Ca2+-binding sites in the intact filament lattice. In the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 (no ATP), reduction of filament overlap was associated with a reduced binding of Ca2+ over the entire range of free Ca2+ concentrations (5.10(-8)-2.10(-5) M). With maximum filament overlap (sarcomere length 2.1-2.2 micrometer) the maximum bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 4 mol Ca2+/mol troponin and there was significant positive interaction between binding sites, as shown by Scatchard and Hill plots. With no filament overlap (sarcomere length 3.8-4.4 micrometer) the maximum bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 3 mumole Ca2+/mol troponin and graphical analysis indicated a single class of non-interacting sites. The data provide evidence that when cross-bridge attachments between actin and myosin filaments are formed not only does an additional Ca2+ binding site appear, but cooperative properties are imposed upon the binding sites.", "contents": "Cooperative interactions between calcium-binding sites on glycerinated muscle fibers. The influence of cross-bridge attachment. A double isotope technique and EGTA buffers were used to measure the binding of Ca2+ to rabbit psoas muscle fibers extracted with detergent and glycerol. These experiments were designed to test the effect of rigor complex formation, determined by the degree of filament overlap, on the properties of the Ca2+-binding sites in the intact filament lattice. In the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 (no ATP), reduction of filament overlap was associated with a reduced binding of Ca2+ over the entire range of free Ca2+ concentrations (5.10(-8)-2.10(-5) M). With maximum filament overlap (sarcomere length 2.1-2.2 micrometer) the maximum bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 4 mol Ca2+/mol troponin and there was significant positive interaction between binding sites, as shown by Scatchard and Hill plots. With no filament overlap (sarcomere length 3.8-4.4 micrometer) the maximum bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 3 mumole Ca2+/mol troponin and graphical analysis indicated a single class of non-interacting sites. The data provide evidence that when cross-bridge attachments between actin and myosin filaments are formed not only does an additional Ca2+ binding site appear, but cooperative properties are imposed upon the binding sites.", "PMID": 588571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2580", "title": "Cytochrome f and plastocyanin kinetics in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. I. Oxidation kinetics after a flash.", "content": "P-700, plastocyanin and cytochrome f redox kinetics were measured after one flash, using dark-adapted Chlorella in the presence of hydroxylamine and 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Plastocyanin becomes increasingly oxidized with a half-time of 70 microseconds, then undergoes reduction with a half-time of 7ms. Cytochrome f oxidation has a sigmoidal time-course and a half-time of 100 microseconds. Its redution exhibits a half-time of 4 ms. These results are interpreted in a linear scheme: (formula: see text). An equilibrium constant of 2 between cytochrome f and plastocyanin (PC), which contrasts with the large equilibrium constant between PC and P-700 is computed. The presence of cytochrome b6 in a cyclic path around Photosystem I is confirmed under these conditions.", "contents": "Cytochrome f and plastocyanin kinetics in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. I. Oxidation kinetics after a flash. P-700, plastocyanin and cytochrome f redox kinetics were measured after one flash, using dark-adapted Chlorella in the presence of hydroxylamine and 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Plastocyanin becomes increasingly oxidized with a half-time of 70 microseconds, then undergoes reduction with a half-time of 7ms. Cytochrome f oxidation has a sigmoidal time-course and a half-time of 100 microseconds. Its redution exhibits a half-time of 4 ms. These results are interpreted in a linear scheme: (formula: see text). An equilibrium constant of 2 between cytochrome f and plastocyanin (PC), which contrasts with the large equilibrium constant between PC and P-700 is computed. The presence of cytochrome b6 in a cyclic path around Photosystem I is confirmed under these conditions.", "PMID": 588573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2581", "title": "Cytochrome f and plastocyanin kinetics in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. II. Reduction kinetics and electric field increase in the 10 ms range.", "content": "On dark-adapted Chlorella, after one flash, plastocyanin (PC) undergoes reduction with a half-time of 7 ms. After 4 or 5 flashes, the reduction of PC+ in the 10 ms range is suppressed, and the level of oxidized plastocyanin increases during the next few flashes before reaching a stationary value. Cytochrome f exhibits approximately the same pattern. The reduction of PC+ and cytochrome f+ in the 10 ms range is correlated with an increase of the electrice field named phase b (Joliot, P. and Delosme, R., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357 (1974) 267-284). Both need the presence of a compound R' in the reduced state. A dark electron transfer involving a carrier of electrons across the membrane, a proton carrier, R' as terminal reducant, PC+ and cytochrome f+ as terminal oxidants, would account for this field generation. Cooperation between the electron transfer chains is implied at the level of plastocyanin oxidation. An equilibrium constant of about 2 is observed between cytochrome f and plastocyanin before 1 ms and after 500 ms after the photochemical reactions. We observe that cytochrome f and plastocyanin are not connected from 1 to 100 ms after a photochemical reaction. The equilibrium constant between plastocyanin and P-700 remains large [20] under these conditions.", "contents": "Cytochrome f and plastocyanin kinetics in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. II. Reduction kinetics and electric field increase in the 10 ms range. On dark-adapted Chlorella, after one flash, plastocyanin (PC) undergoes reduction with a half-time of 7 ms. After 4 or 5 flashes, the reduction of PC+ in the 10 ms range is suppressed, and the level of oxidized plastocyanin increases during the next few flashes before reaching a stationary value. Cytochrome f exhibits approximately the same pattern. The reduction of PC+ and cytochrome f+ in the 10 ms range is correlated with an increase of the electrice field named phase b (Joliot, P. and Delosme, R., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357 (1974) 267-284). Both need the presence of a compound R' in the reduced state. A dark electron transfer involving a carrier of electrons across the membrane, a proton carrier, R' as terminal reducant, PC+ and cytochrome f+ as terminal oxidants, would account for this field generation. Cooperation between the electron transfer chains is implied at the level of plastocyanin oxidation. An equilibrium constant of about 2 is observed between cytochrome f and plastocyanin before 1 ms and after 500 ms after the photochemical reactions. We observe that cytochrome f and plastocyanin are not connected from 1 to 100 ms after a photochemical reaction. The equilibrium constant between plastocyanin and P-700 remains large [20] under these conditions.", "PMID": 588574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2582", "title": "Effects of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitors on dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux from pig heart mitochondria.", "content": "Bongkrekic acid and atractyloside, inhibitors of adenine nucleotide translocase, do not inhibit Ca2+ uptake and H+ production by pig heart mitochondria. However, bongkrekic acid, but not atractyloside, inhibits dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux and H+ uptake. Conversely, ruthenium red blocks Ca2+ uptake and H+ production but does not prevent dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux and H+ uptake by mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release exist as two independent pathways. The efflux of Ca2+ from mitochondria is mediated by a bongkrekic acid sensitive component which is apparently not identical to the ruthenium red sensitive Ca2+ uptake carrier.", "contents": "Effects of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitors on dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux from pig heart mitochondria. Bongkrekic acid and atractyloside, inhibitors of adenine nucleotide translocase, do not inhibit Ca2+ uptake and H+ production by pig heart mitochondria. However, bongkrekic acid, but not atractyloside, inhibits dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux and H+ uptake. Conversely, ruthenium red blocks Ca2+ uptake and H+ production but does not prevent dinitrophenol-induced Ca2+ efflux and H+ uptake by mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release exist as two independent pathways. The efflux of Ca2+ from mitochondria is mediated by a bongkrekic acid sensitive component which is apparently not identical to the ruthenium red sensitive Ca2+ uptake carrier.", "PMID": 588575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2583", "title": "Proton evolution from photosystem II. Stoichiometry and mechanistic considerations.", "content": "1. In a sequence of flashes given to dark-adapted chloroplasts, the flash yield of proton release oscillates with a period of 4, which is similar but not identical to the oscillation of the O2 flash yield. 2. Using the proton release associated with ferricyanide reduction as a calibration, we computed that two protons are released in the terminal O2-liberating reaction; the other two protons are released in precursor conversion steps. 3. Analysis of the effect of preflashes on the oscillation pattern showed that the S1 leads to S2 transition releases no proton, the S0 leads to S1 transition somewhat less than one (0.75), and the S2 leads to S3 transition somewhat more than one (1.25). 4. The precision of the data was sufficient to exclude the possibility that in the four-step water oxidation, proton release follows a simple 1, 0, 1, 2 pattern. A possible model to interpret the observed flash yield patterns is discussed.", "contents": "Proton evolution from photosystem II. Stoichiometry and mechanistic considerations. 1. In a sequence of flashes given to dark-adapted chloroplasts, the flash yield of proton release oscillates with a period of 4, which is similar but not identical to the oscillation of the O2 flash yield. 2. Using the proton release associated with ferricyanide reduction as a calibration, we computed that two protons are released in the terminal O2-liberating reaction; the other two protons are released in precursor conversion steps. 3. Analysis of the effect of preflashes on the oscillation pattern showed that the S1 leads to S2 transition releases no proton, the S0 leads to S1 transition somewhat less than one (0.75), and the S2 leads to S3 transition somewhat more than one (1.25). 4. The precision of the data was sufficient to exclude the possibility that in the four-step water oxidation, proton release follows a simple 1, 0, 1, 2 pattern. A possible model to interpret the observed flash yield patterns is discussed.", "PMID": 588576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2584", "title": "Synthesis of chloroplast membrane lipids and chlorophyll in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis has been studied in synchronously growing cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The synthesis of sulfolipid and phospholipid were measured by incorporation of 35SO4(2-) and 32PO4(3-) during a 1-h pulse. Galactolipid synthesis was measured by H14CO3- incorporation into lipid fractions separated by thin layer chromatography. Lipid synthesis occurs principally during the light portion of the synchronous cycle. Phosphatidylglycerol is synthesized between 3-4 h in the light and sulfolipid is labeled between 7-9 h in the light. Galactolipid synthesis appears to reach maximal rates shortly after the lights go on and again at 7 h. Chlorophyll reaches maximal rates of synthesis after 7 h. These lipids are made and inserted into the chloroplast membrane prior to major increases in photosynthetic capacity. Our results also show that chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized in a sequential or multistep process.", "contents": "Synthesis of chloroplast membrane lipids and chlorophyll in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis has been studied in synchronously growing cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The synthesis of sulfolipid and phospholipid were measured by incorporation of 35SO4(2-) and 32PO4(3-) during a 1-h pulse. Galactolipid synthesis was measured by H14CO3- incorporation into lipid fractions separated by thin layer chromatography. Lipid synthesis occurs principally during the light portion of the synchronous cycle. Phosphatidylglycerol is synthesized between 3-4 h in the light and sulfolipid is labeled between 7-9 h in the light. Galactolipid synthesis appears to reach maximal rates shortly after the lights go on and again at 7 h. Chlorophyll reaches maximal rates of synthesis after 7 h. These lipids are made and inserted into the chloroplast membrane prior to major increases in photosynthetic capacity. Our results also show that chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized in a sequential or multistep process.", "PMID": 588577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2585", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis and metabolism of phospholipid acyl groups in strain L mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Strain L mouse fibroblasts grown in medium supplemented with 2.5% delipidized horse serum were found capable of desaturating oleic and linoleic acid to dienoic and trienoic acid(s), respectively. Although 40-60% of de novo fatty acid synthesis from [2-3H]acetate was inhibited by the administration of exogenous oleic or linoleic acid, sterole synthesis was only slightly affected. Within 24-48 h after incorporation, phospholipid fatty acyl groups could undergo active exchange between phospholipids. After this dynamic transition period was over, not only were the phospholipid acyls retained but some vicinal fatty acyl pairs of phospholipid also appeared to be stable and remained together throughout the depletion period. At any time in the experiment, however, introduction of exogenous fatty acid perturbed this phospholipid acyl retention, delayed the time at which the phospholipid acyl groups no longer moved between phospholipids and also decreased the ultimate number of phospholipid acyl groups retained by strain L mouse fibroblasts.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis and metabolism of phospholipid acyl groups in strain L mouse fibroblasts. Strain L mouse fibroblasts grown in medium supplemented with 2.5% delipidized horse serum were found capable of desaturating oleic and linoleic acid to dienoic and trienoic acid(s), respectively. Although 40-60% of de novo fatty acid synthesis from [2-3H]acetate was inhibited by the administration of exogenous oleic or linoleic acid, sterole synthesis was only slightly affected. Within 24-48 h after incorporation, phospholipid fatty acyl groups could undergo active exchange between phospholipids. After this dynamic transition period was over, not only were the phospholipid acyls retained but some vicinal fatty acyl pairs of phospholipid also appeared to be stable and remained together throughout the depletion period. At any time in the experiment, however, introduction of exogenous fatty acid perturbed this phospholipid acyl retention, delayed the time at which the phospholipid acyl groups no longer moved between phospholipids and also decreased the ultimate number of phospholipid acyl groups retained by strain L mouse fibroblasts.", "PMID": 588578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2586", "title": "Metabolism of eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid in rat testes. Evidence for delta8-desaturase activity.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid was investigated in rat testes in vivo and in vitro. Intratesticular injection of [1-14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid resulted in the appearance of radioactivity (4-30% of 14C in total fatty acids) in 20-carbon trienoic fatty acids and a small amount (2-3.5%) in arachidonic acid. Analysis of the 20-carbon trienoic acid fraction by ozonolysis indicated that 15 to 34% of the 14C in this fraction was in an 8-carbon fragment originating from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid. The rest (66 to 84%) was in a 5-carbon fragment, presumably originating from eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid. Incubation of testicular tissue minces or microsomes with [1-14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid yielded labeled eicosa-8,11,14- and eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acids in proportions similar to those obtained in vivo. Added unlabeled acetate had no effect on the formation of [14C]eicose-8,11,14-trienoic acid in vitro. Therefore, it is unlikely that the labeled eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid arose from elongation of octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid with labeled acetate derived from bio-oxidation of the labeled substrate. These results are compatible with a limited desaturation of eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid to eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid and provide evidence for delta8 desaturate activity in rat testis.", "contents": "Metabolism of eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid in rat testes. Evidence for delta8-desaturase activity. The metabolism of [14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid was investigated in rat testes in vivo and in vitro. Intratesticular injection of [1-14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid resulted in the appearance of radioactivity (4-30% of 14C in total fatty acids) in 20-carbon trienoic fatty acids and a small amount (2-3.5%) in arachidonic acid. Analysis of the 20-carbon trienoic acid fraction by ozonolysis indicated that 15 to 34% of the 14C in this fraction was in an 8-carbon fragment originating from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid. The rest (66 to 84%) was in a 5-carbon fragment, presumably originating from eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid. Incubation of testicular tissue minces or microsomes with [1-14C]eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid yielded labeled eicosa-8,11,14- and eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acids in proportions similar to those obtained in vivo. Added unlabeled acetate had no effect on the formation of [14C]eicose-8,11,14-trienoic acid in vitro. Therefore, it is unlikely that the labeled eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid arose from elongation of octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid with labeled acetate derived from bio-oxidation of the labeled substrate. These results are compatible with a limited desaturation of eicosa-11,14-dienoic acid to eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid and provide evidence for delta8 desaturate activity in rat testis.", "PMID": 588579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2587", "title": "Elimination of low steady-state concentrations of [5,6-3H2]prostaglandin E1 in the pulmonary and the systemic circulations of anaesthetized rats.", "content": "The elimination of [3H]prostaglandin E1 in anaesthetized rats was studied by continuous intravenous or intraarterial infusions, producing steady-state concentrations at the level of endogenous prostaglandin E2 in mixed venous blood. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected from the carotid artery or the right atrium, respectively. The levels of [3H]prostaglandin E1 were measured at different infusion time intervals and the 3H-labeled hydrophobic metabolites characterized. Cardiac output was estimated by a modification of the dye injection method, using 125I-labelled albumin as the marker. From the cardiac output and the rate of infusion, the fractional clearance of the lung and the systemic beds in the steady-state situation were estimated to 88.3 +/- 3.2% and 54.1 +/- 15.2% (mean +/- S.D.), RESPECTIVELY. The hydrophobic metabolites were characterized chromatographically on Sephadez LH-20 columns, using synthetically prepared [14C]prostaglandin metabolites as internal standards and markers. The identities of some metabolites were further established by derivative formation to a constant [3H]/[14C] ratio. The major metabolite was 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-[3H]prostaglandin E1, while 15-keto-[3H]prostaglandin E1 and 13,14-dihydro-[3H]prostaglandin E1 could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Elimination of low steady-state concentrations of [5,6-3H2]prostaglandin E1 in the pulmonary and the systemic circulations of anaesthetized rats. The elimination of [3H]prostaglandin E1 in anaesthetized rats was studied by continuous intravenous or intraarterial infusions, producing steady-state concentrations at the level of endogenous prostaglandin E2 in mixed venous blood. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected from the carotid artery or the right atrium, respectively. The levels of [3H]prostaglandin E1 were measured at different infusion time intervals and the 3H-labeled hydrophobic metabolites characterized. Cardiac output was estimated by a modification of the dye injection method, using 125I-labelled albumin as the marker. From the cardiac output and the rate of infusion, the fractional clearance of the lung and the systemic beds in the steady-state situation were estimated to 88.3 +/- 3.2% and 54.1 +/- 15.2% (mean +/- S.D.), RESPECTIVELY. The hydrophobic metabolites were characterized chromatographically on Sephadez LH-20 columns, using synthetically prepared [14C]prostaglandin metabolites as internal standards and markers. The identities of some metabolites were further established by derivative formation to a constant [3H]/[14C] ratio. The major metabolite was 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-[3H]prostaglandin E1, while 15-keto-[3H]prostaglandin E1 and 13,14-dihydro-[3H]prostaglandin E1 could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 588580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2588", "title": "The action of purified lysophospholipases on microsomal membrane-bound lysophosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Rat liver membranes were labelled by intraperitoneal injection of [Me-14C]choline chloride. Isolated microsomal membranes were briefly treated with pancreatic phospholipase A2 to produce different levels of membrane-bound lysophosphatidylcholine. The hydrolysis of this lysophosphatidylcholine by two purified lysophospholipases from beef liver was studied. The specific activity of enzyme I at saturating membrane concentrations appeared to increase linearly with the lysophosphatidylcholine level in the membranes until the lysoderivative represented 15% of the original phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, the specific activity of enzyme II was independent of the lysophosphatidylcholine level, at least in the range of 4.9-34.0% tested. These different kinetics are discussed in terms of the possible functions of both enzymes in liver.", "contents": "The action of purified lysophospholipases on microsomal membrane-bound lysophosphatidylcholine. Rat liver membranes were labelled by intraperitoneal injection of [Me-14C]choline chloride. Isolated microsomal membranes were briefly treated with pancreatic phospholipase A2 to produce different levels of membrane-bound lysophosphatidylcholine. The hydrolysis of this lysophosphatidylcholine by two purified lysophospholipases from beef liver was studied. The specific activity of enzyme I at saturating membrane concentrations appeared to increase linearly with the lysophosphatidylcholine level in the membranes until the lysoderivative represented 15% of the original phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, the specific activity of enzyme II was independent of the lysophosphatidylcholine level, at least in the range of 4.9-34.0% tested. These different kinetics are discussed in terms of the possible functions of both enzymes in liver.", "PMID": 588581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2589", "title": "Effect of polyol detergents on cholesterol and triglyceride absorption. Hypolipidemic action of chronic administration of hydrophobic detergent.", "content": "Nonionic detergents were found to affect absorption of neutral lipid and cholesterol. The effects of these detergents were related to their physicochemical properties. The most effective detergents for producing an inhibition of lipid absorption were detergents containing 90% hydrophobic components. Hydrophilic detergents did not interfere with lipid absorption and in some cases, it was facilitated. Studies done over a period of one month demonstrate that addition of a hydrophobic detergent to a high fat-high cholesterol diet results in lower serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and prevents cholesterol accumulation in the liver of the rat. This effect was also associated with significant loss of body weight.", "contents": "Effect of polyol detergents on cholesterol and triglyceride absorption. Hypolipidemic action of chronic administration of hydrophobic detergent. Nonionic detergents were found to affect absorption of neutral lipid and cholesterol. The effects of these detergents were related to their physicochemical properties. The most effective detergents for producing an inhibition of lipid absorption were detergents containing 90% hydrophobic components. Hydrophilic detergents did not interfere with lipid absorption and in some cases, it was facilitated. Studies done over a period of one month demonstrate that addition of a hydrophobic detergent to a high fat-high cholesterol diet results in lower serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and prevents cholesterol accumulation in the liver of the rat. This effect was also associated with significant loss of body weight.", "PMID": 588583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2590", "title": "Fluorescent study of tobacco mosaic virus protein.", "content": "Protein fluorescence properties of tobacco mosaic virus [3 Trp residues per monomer (positions 17, 52, 152)] and of two tobacco mosaic virus mutants [green tomato atypical mosaic virus, 2 Trp (52, 152) and cucumber virus4, 1 Trp (unknown position)] have been studied. Emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were determined. Results showed that protein fluorescence is due to buried Trp only, except for the cucumber virus4 strain, in which Tyr also contributed to the emission. Comparison of the three strains showed that Trp 17 and Trp 52 have high fluorescence yields (phi17 = 0.29; phi52 = 0.37) whereas Trp 152 (probably present in cucumber virus4) is strongly quenched (phi152 = 0.035). An unusually efficient Tyr leads to Trp energy transfer was observed in tobacco mosaic virus protein, indicating that most of four Tyr residues are located near the highly fluorescent Trp.", "contents": "Fluorescent study of tobacco mosaic virus protein. Protein fluorescence properties of tobacco mosaic virus [3 Trp residues per monomer (positions 17, 52, 152)] and of two tobacco mosaic virus mutants [green tomato atypical mosaic virus, 2 Trp (52, 152) and cucumber virus4, 1 Trp (unknown position)] have been studied. Emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were determined. Results showed that protein fluorescence is due to buried Trp only, except for the cucumber virus4 strain, in which Tyr also contributed to the emission. Comparison of the three strains showed that Trp 17 and Trp 52 have high fluorescence yields (phi17 = 0.29; phi52 = 0.37) whereas Trp 152 (probably present in cucumber virus4) is strongly quenched (phi152 = 0.035). An unusually efficient Tyr leads to Trp energy transfer was observed in tobacco mosaic virus protein, indicating that most of four Tyr residues are located near the highly fluorescent Trp.", "PMID": 588584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2591", "title": "On the molecular conformation of human haemopexin. II. Analysis of circular dichroic spectra.", "content": "The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of haemopexin in the far ultraviolet region exhibit an atypical positive maximum at 231 nm, which prevents determination of the secondary structure by the usual methods. We have developed a modified analytical method by which it was possible to calculate the secondary structure of the protein (8% of alpha-helix, 10% of beta-conformation) and the actual wavelength (229 nm) and intensity of the above-mentioned positive band. Measurements and analysis of the CD spectra of haemopexin in an alkaline medium gave information ascribing a major part of intensity of the band at 229 nm to the B1u transition of Tyr; we believe that some other electronic transitions contribute to this band, too. An assignation of the individual extremes of the CD spectrum in the near ultraviolet region to the individual electronic transitions is propounded. The dichroic bands of Trp in this region and the temperature dependence of the CD spectra in the far ultraviolet region corroborate our idea that the haemopexin molecule contains a very compact hydrophobic peptide core. Similarities of the CD spectra of haemopexin to those of the haem. haemopexin complex throughout the ultraviolet region suggest a conformational likeness of these two molecules.", "contents": "On the molecular conformation of human haemopexin. II. Analysis of circular dichroic spectra. The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of haemopexin in the far ultraviolet region exhibit an atypical positive maximum at 231 nm, which prevents determination of the secondary structure by the usual methods. We have developed a modified analytical method by which it was possible to calculate the secondary structure of the protein (8% of alpha-helix, 10% of beta-conformation) and the actual wavelength (229 nm) and intensity of the above-mentioned positive band. Measurements and analysis of the CD spectra of haemopexin in an alkaline medium gave information ascribing a major part of intensity of the band at 229 nm to the B1u transition of Tyr; we believe that some other electronic transitions contribute to this band, too. An assignation of the individual extremes of the CD spectrum in the near ultraviolet region to the individual electronic transitions is propounded. The dichroic bands of Trp in this region and the temperature dependence of the CD spectra in the far ultraviolet region corroborate our idea that the haemopexin molecule contains a very compact hydrophobic peptide core. Similarities of the CD spectra of haemopexin to those of the haem. haemopexin complex throughout the ultraviolet region suggest a conformational likeness of these two molecules.", "PMID": 588585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2592", "title": "Fractionation of rhodopsin and other components in the rod outer segment membrane by ammonium sulfate salting-out.", "content": "Purified bovine rod outer segment membrane was solubilized in a mixture of 1.5% cholic acid/20% saturated ammonium sulfate and 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The solubilized rod outer segment membrane was fractionated with ammonium sulfate and 70--90% of rhodopsin (A278/A498= 1.6--1.9) was recovered in the fraction of 50 to 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate, giving a highly concentrated solution of purified rhodopsin (A1CM 498 = 83). By the method of ammonium sulfate salting-out, the solubilized rod outer segment membrane was divided into several fractions without a loss of components. The components in each fraction were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rhodopsin and opsin amounted to 93% of the total protein in the membrane. Other proteins with molecular weights of 46 000, 52 000, 56 000, 70 000, 95 000, 105 000, 130 000 and 270 000 were also detected. Most of phospholipids in the rod outer segment membrane remained in the supernatant above 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate.", "contents": "Fractionation of rhodopsin and other components in the rod outer segment membrane by ammonium sulfate salting-out. Purified bovine rod outer segment membrane was solubilized in a mixture of 1.5% cholic acid/20% saturated ammonium sulfate and 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The solubilized rod outer segment membrane was fractionated with ammonium sulfate and 70--90% of rhodopsin (A278/A498= 1.6--1.9) was recovered in the fraction of 50 to 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate, giving a highly concentrated solution of purified rhodopsin (A1CM 498 = 83). By the method of ammonium sulfate salting-out, the solubilized rod outer segment membrane was divided into several fractions without a loss of components. The components in each fraction were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rhodopsin and opsin amounted to 93% of the total protein in the membrane. Other proteins with molecular weights of 46 000, 52 000, 56 000, 70 000, 95 000, 105 000, 130 000 and 270 000 were also detected. Most of phospholipids in the rod outer segment membrane remained in the supernatant above 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate.", "PMID": 588586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2593", "title": "Affinity labelling of human transcortin.", "content": "The binding site of transcortin has been studied by using bromoacetyltestosterone and bromoacetylated derivatives of progesterone which were monohydroxylated at different positions of the steroid nucleus. Specificity of affinity labelling was demonstrated by the displad cortisol analog was added to a [3H]cortisol-transcortin complex solution. The binding site crevice was found to be very narrow in the vicinity of the A and B rings of steroid since 2alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 6alpha- or 6beta-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and dexamethasone could not displace bound cortisol. A specific affinity labelling was obtained with 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 16alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 17beta-bromoacetyltestosterone. The results of the affinity labelling by these hormone analogs suggested that one methionine and one histidine residues were located within the active site:methionine might interact with the 11beta-hydroxyl group and histidine with the 20 keto group of cortisol.", "contents": "Affinity labelling of human transcortin. The binding site of transcortin has been studied by using bromoacetyltestosterone and bromoacetylated derivatives of progesterone which were monohydroxylated at different positions of the steroid nucleus. Specificity of affinity labelling was demonstrated by the displad cortisol analog was added to a [3H]cortisol-transcortin complex solution. The binding site crevice was found to be very narrow in the vicinity of the A and B rings of steroid since 2alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 6alpha- or 6beta-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and dexamethasone could not displace bound cortisol. A specific affinity labelling was obtained with 11alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone, 16alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone and 17beta-bromoacetyltestosterone. The results of the affinity labelling by these hormone analogs suggested that one methionine and one histidine residues were located within the active site:methionine might interact with the 11beta-hydroxyl group and histidine with the 20 keto group of cortisol.", "PMID": 588587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2594", "title": "Electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of a glycoprotein of the submandibular glands of the mouse.", "content": "A protein has been isolated from the water-extract of the submandibular glands of the mouse, after Biogel P-300 column passage, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and subsequently at pH 8.9, designated the AM1 protein. The isolated protein was electrophoretically pure in 7.5, 10 and 15% polyacrylamide gels both at pH 4.3 and at pH 8.9. Likewise, by electrophoresis in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel only one protein band could be detected. Of the total amount of the water-extractable submandibular proteins the recovery of this protein component comprised 3 to 5 per cent. The molecular weight was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 28 000, both in 7.5 and 15% gel. The isoelectric point was determined by isoelectric focusing in 4.8% polyacrylamide slabgel to be 4.85. The amino acid analysis showed that the ratio of acidic amino acids (Glx plus Asx) to basic amino acids (Lys plus Arg) is 2.3. The glycoprotein consists of protein for 77.4 per cent and of carbohydrate for 22.6 per cent. The molar ratio of the carbohydrates was GlcNH2:GalNH2:Man:Gal:Glc:Fuc:sialic acid = 22.0:1.3:3.0:1.7:10.0:2.6:0.3. The glycoprotein was not secreted from the submandibular glands by stimulation with cholinergic (acetylcholin) or adrenergic (noradrenalin) drugs both in vitro and in vivo. So, it appeared that this glycoprotein could be characterized as a cellular, non-secretory component of these salivary glands.", "contents": "Electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of a glycoprotein of the submandibular glands of the mouse. A protein has been isolated from the water-extract of the submandibular glands of the mouse, after Biogel P-300 column passage, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and subsequently at pH 8.9, designated the AM1 protein. The isolated protein was electrophoretically pure in 7.5, 10 and 15% polyacrylamide gels both at pH 4.3 and at pH 8.9. Likewise, by electrophoresis in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel only one protein band could be detected. Of the total amount of the water-extractable submandibular proteins the recovery of this protein component comprised 3 to 5 per cent. The molecular weight was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 28 000, both in 7.5 and 15% gel. The isoelectric point was determined by isoelectric focusing in 4.8% polyacrylamide slabgel to be 4.85. The amino acid analysis showed that the ratio of acidic amino acids (Glx plus Asx) to basic amino acids (Lys plus Arg) is 2.3. The glycoprotein consists of protein for 77.4 per cent and of carbohydrate for 22.6 per cent. The molar ratio of the carbohydrates was GlcNH2:GalNH2:Man:Gal:Glc:Fuc:sialic acid = 22.0:1.3:3.0:1.7:10.0:2.6:0.3. The glycoprotein was not secreted from the submandibular glands by stimulation with cholinergic (acetylcholin) or adrenergic (noradrenalin) drugs both in vitro and in vivo. So, it appeared that this glycoprotein could be characterized as a cellular, non-secretory component of these salivary glands.", "PMID": 588588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2595", "title": "Isolation of vitamin B-12-binding proteins by combined immuno and affinity chromatography. Comparative studies on the isolated and unisolated proteins.", "content": "Intrinsic factor or cobalophilin were removed by incubating human gastric juice and pig pyloric extract with purified anti-intrinsic factor and anti-cobalophilin immunoglobulin-G, respectively, covalently coupled to Sepharose. Cobalophilin (transcobalamin I) was also removed from pig serum either by using anti-cobalophilin immunoglobulin-G Sepharose or by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The one remaining semipurified vitamin B-12-binding protein (intrinsic factor, cobalophilin or transcobalamin II) was then isolated by vitamin B-12-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Intrinsic factors, cobalophilins and transcobalamin II isolated by this two-step procedure were compared by double isotope techniques with the corresponding protein not subjected to affinity chromatography and found to be identical in reaction to antiserum, gel filtration and electrofocusing. The avidity of the isolated and unisolated intrinsic factors for the ileal intrinsic factor receptor was also the same.", "contents": "Isolation of vitamin B-12-binding proteins by combined immuno and affinity chromatography. Comparative studies on the isolated and unisolated proteins. Intrinsic factor or cobalophilin were removed by incubating human gastric juice and pig pyloric extract with purified anti-intrinsic factor and anti-cobalophilin immunoglobulin-G, respectively, covalently coupled to Sepharose. Cobalophilin (transcobalamin I) was also removed from pig serum either by using anti-cobalophilin immunoglobulin-G Sepharose or by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The one remaining semipurified vitamin B-12-binding protein (intrinsic factor, cobalophilin or transcobalamin II) was then isolated by vitamin B-12-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Intrinsic factors, cobalophilins and transcobalamin II isolated by this two-step procedure were compared by double isotope techniques with the corresponding protein not subjected to affinity chromatography and found to be identical in reaction to antiserum, gel filtration and electrofocusing. The avidity of the isolated and unisolated intrinsic factors for the ileal intrinsic factor receptor was also the same.", "PMID": 588589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2596", "title": "Purification of C-reactive protein on DEAE-cellulose by a simple two-step procedure utilizing the calcium-dependency of the protein.", "content": "A simple procedure for isolating C-reactive protein is presented. The method consists of two chromatographic separations on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose columns and utilized the difference between the binding of C-reactive protein to DEAE in the presence and absence of calcium. Electrophoretically pure C-reactive protein can be recovered from serum or ascitic fluid with a yield of approx. 50--60% within one day.", "contents": "Purification of C-reactive protein on DEAE-cellulose by a simple two-step procedure utilizing the calcium-dependency of the protein. A simple procedure for isolating C-reactive protein is presented. The method consists of two chromatographic separations on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose columns and utilized the difference between the binding of C-reactive protein to DEAE in the presence and absence of calcium. Electrophoretically pure C-reactive protein can be recovered from serum or ascitic fluid with a yield of approx. 50--60% within one day.", "PMID": 588590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2597", "title": "Structure of a peptide antifreeze and mechanism of adsorption to ice.", "content": "Sequence studies of an alpha-helical peptide antifreeze isolated from winter flounder have revealed the presence of clusters of polar amino acids separated by long sequences of alanine. Most of the polar residues are threonine and aspartate and are separated by 4.5 A, a repeat distance that also separates the oxygens in the ice lattice along the a-axis of an ice crystal. Such a lattice match suggests that the peptide binds to ice by means of hydrogen binding.", "contents": "Structure of a peptide antifreeze and mechanism of adsorption to ice. Sequence studies of an alpha-helical peptide antifreeze isolated from winter flounder have revealed the presence of clusters of polar amino acids separated by long sequences of alanine. Most of the polar residues are threonine and aspartate and are separated by 4.5 A, a repeat distance that also separates the oxygens in the ice lattice along the a-axis of an ice crystal. Such a lattice match suggests that the peptide binds to ice by means of hydrogen binding.", "PMID": 588591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2598", "title": "Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium spp. Isolation of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii which induce nitrogenase activity.", "content": "This communication describes the isolation and characterization of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii which can induce nitrogenase activity in defined liquid medium. Two procedures were used for the isolation of these mutants from R. trifolii strain DT-6: (1) following chemical mutagenesis, slow growing mutants were selected which were unable to utilize NH+4 as sole source of nitrogen; (2) as spontaneous mutants resistant to the glutamate analogue L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine. Mutants (DT-71, DT-125) isolated by these procedures induced nitrogenase activity in the free-living state, whereas the parent strain lacked this property. Induction of nitrogenase activity in these mutants occurred during the late exponential phase of growth when the rate of protein synthesis was decreasing. The addition of NH+4 to a medium containing glutamate as the nitrogen-source resulted in a 50--70% reduction (repression?) of nitrogenase activity; in contrast, the rate of protein synthesis or the rate of respiration was not influenced by exogenous NH+4. Biochemical analysis showed that these mutants (strains DT-71 and DT-125) have defects in both nitrogen and carbon metabolism. The levels of glutamate synthase (both NADP+ -and NAD+ -dependent activities) and glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD+-dependent activity) were markedly lower. In addition, the mutants were found to have no detectable ribitol dehydrogenase or beta-galactosidase activity. These findings are discussed in relation to a mechanism of regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.", "contents": "Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium spp. Isolation of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii which induce nitrogenase activity. This communication describes the isolation and characterization of mutants of Rhizobium trifolii which can induce nitrogenase activity in defined liquid medium. Two procedures were used for the isolation of these mutants from R. trifolii strain DT-6: (1) following chemical mutagenesis, slow growing mutants were selected which were unable to utilize NH+4 as sole source of nitrogen; (2) as spontaneous mutants resistant to the glutamate analogue L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine. Mutants (DT-71, DT-125) isolated by these procedures induced nitrogenase activity in the free-living state, whereas the parent strain lacked this property. Induction of nitrogenase activity in these mutants occurred during the late exponential phase of growth when the rate of protein synthesis was decreasing. The addition of NH+4 to a medium containing glutamate as the nitrogen-source resulted in a 50--70% reduction (repression?) of nitrogenase activity; in contrast, the rate of protein synthesis or the rate of respiration was not influenced by exogenous NH+4. Biochemical analysis showed that these mutants (strains DT-71 and DT-125) have defects in both nitrogen and carbon metabolism. The levels of glutamate synthase (both NADP+ -and NAD+ -dependent activities) and glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD+-dependent activity) were markedly lower. In addition, the mutants were found to have no detectable ribitol dehydrogenase or beta-galactosidase activity. These findings are discussed in relation to a mechanism of regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.", "PMID": 588592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2599", "title": "Regulation of thyroid ornithine decarboxylase by the polyamines. Induction of a protein inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase by the end-products of the reaction.", "content": "When spermidine, putrescine or 1,3-diaminopropane was injected (12.5 mumol/100 g body weight) into rats 1 h before thyrotropin, ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased by 75--150% over control levels. However, when greater than or equal to 75 mumol polyamine/100 g body weight was injected, thyrotropin-activated activity was inhibited by 70--95%. Multiple polyamine injections inhibited goitrogen-induced activity and gland weight increase by approx 35%. The polyamines also inhibited thyrotropin-activated rat thyroid ornithine decarboxylase in vitro in a dose-related fashion, with 50% inhibition occurring at 2--5 . 10(-4)M. The inhibition was not due to a direct effect on the enzyme. No stimulation was seen with low concentrations of polyamine. The polyamines had no effect on in vitro thyroid protein/RNA synthesis or glucose oxidation but had a biphasic effect on plasma membrane adenylate cyclase activity. A protein inhibitor to thyroid ornithine decarboxylase was generated in vivo by multiple injections of the polyamines into rats and in vitro by incubating bovine thyroid slices with 2--10 mM polyamine. The inhibitor was non-dialyzable, destroyed by boiling, and its formation was blocked in a dose-related fashion by cycloheximide. We conclude that: (1) thyroid ornithine decarboxylase is subject not only to positive control, but is also negatively regulated by its end-products, the polyamines, which induce a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase; (2) since gland growth is also inhibited under these conditions, the polyamine effect on thyroid ornithine decarboxylase may be biologically significant.", "contents": "Regulation of thyroid ornithine decarboxylase by the polyamines. Induction of a protein inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase by the end-products of the reaction. When spermidine, putrescine or 1,3-diaminopropane was injected (12.5 mumol/100 g body weight) into rats 1 h before thyrotropin, ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased by 75--150% over control levels. However, when greater than or equal to 75 mumol polyamine/100 g body weight was injected, thyrotropin-activated activity was inhibited by 70--95%. Multiple polyamine injections inhibited goitrogen-induced activity and gland weight increase by approx 35%. The polyamines also inhibited thyrotropin-activated rat thyroid ornithine decarboxylase in vitro in a dose-related fashion, with 50% inhibition occurring at 2--5 . 10(-4)M. The inhibition was not due to a direct effect on the enzyme. No stimulation was seen with low concentrations of polyamine. The polyamines had no effect on in vitro thyroid protein/RNA synthesis or glucose oxidation but had a biphasic effect on plasma membrane adenylate cyclase activity. A protein inhibitor to thyroid ornithine decarboxylase was generated in vivo by multiple injections of the polyamines into rats and in vitro by incubating bovine thyroid slices with 2--10 mM polyamine. The inhibitor was non-dialyzable, destroyed by boiling, and its formation was blocked in a dose-related fashion by cycloheximide. We conclude that: (1) thyroid ornithine decarboxylase is subject not only to positive control, but is also negatively regulated by its end-products, the polyamines, which induce a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase; (2) since gland growth is also inhibited under these conditions, the polyamine effect on thyroid ornithine decarboxylase may be biologically significant.", "PMID": 588593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2600", "title": "High affinity estrogen binding by rabbit liver.", "content": "Macromolecular binding components for [3H]estradiol-17beta are present to cytosol prepared from rabbit liver. When cytosol from sexually mature male liver was incubated with [3H]estradiol and analyzed for binding on low ionic strength sucrose gradients, two peaks of binding activity were detected. One peak had a sedimentation coefficient of 4--5 S and the other had a sedimentation coefficient of 8--9 S. The two components differed from each other regarding steroid specificity and various physiocochemical parameters. [3H]estradiol binding to the 4--5 S component was not inhibited by estrogens, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone or cortisol. Binding to this component did not appear to be saturable and label was rapidly stripped from it by charcoal. Estradiol binding to the 8--9 S component was estrogen specific, saturable and of high affinity. The specific binder dissociates on high ionic strength sucrose gradients and sediments as a 4--5 S moiety. The specific binding protein has a Kd of 3.05 . 10(-10) M and a dissociation half-time of 33 h and there are 35.2 fmol of binding sites/mg cytosol protein. Estrogen binders are also present in liver cytosol from sexually mature female and sexually immature male rabbits. During prolonged incubation of [3H]estradiol with mature male liver cytosol at 0--5 degrees C polar metabolites of estradiol are produced.", "contents": "High affinity estrogen binding by rabbit liver. Macromolecular binding components for [3H]estradiol-17beta are present to cytosol prepared from rabbit liver. When cytosol from sexually mature male liver was incubated with [3H]estradiol and analyzed for binding on low ionic strength sucrose gradients, two peaks of binding activity were detected. One peak had a sedimentation coefficient of 4--5 S and the other had a sedimentation coefficient of 8--9 S. The two components differed from each other regarding steroid specificity and various physiocochemical parameters. [3H]estradiol binding to the 4--5 S component was not inhibited by estrogens, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone or cortisol. Binding to this component did not appear to be saturable and label was rapidly stripped from it by charcoal. Estradiol binding to the 8--9 S component was estrogen specific, saturable and of high affinity. The specific binder dissociates on high ionic strength sucrose gradients and sediments as a 4--5 S moiety. The specific binding protein has a Kd of 3.05 . 10(-10) M and a dissociation half-time of 33 h and there are 35.2 fmol of binding sites/mg cytosol protein. Estrogen binders are also present in liver cytosol from sexually mature female and sexually immature male rabbits. During prolonged incubation of [3H]estradiol with mature male liver cytosol at 0--5 degrees C polar metabolites of estradiol are produced.", "PMID": 588594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2601", "title": "Factors involved in the uptake of corticosterone by rat liver cells.", "content": "Isolated rat liver cells take up corticosterone rapidly; the initial rates increase with increasing temperature. A plot of the initial rates against the concentration of corticosterone indicated the presence of saturable and nonsaturable uptake systems. The Eadie-Hofstee plot showed the presence of two saturable and one nonsaturable uptake components. The apparent Kt values of the saturable systems were 64 +/- 40 nM (n = 3) and 1085 +/- 313 nM (n = 12). The nonsaturable system, probably diffusion, contributed 12% to the total uptake between 15 and 72 nM corticosterone, the physiological concentration of the free corticosterone in rat serum. Metabolic inhibitors did not influence the uptake of corticosterone. N-Ethylmaleimide, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and sodium ethyl mercurithiosalicylate (1 mM each) decreased the uptake by 40%. Iodoacetate did not have any influence. Treatment of cells with phospholipase A inhibited the uptake 35--45%. In the presence of cortisone, cortisol, dexamethasone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol-17beta and estrone (2 muM each) the uptake decreased 30--50%. The presence of serum proteins in the external medium inhibits the uptake of corticosterone. These results suggest that corticosterone is transported into the cell and is accumulated. Only the free hormone is available for uptake which in turn may be regulated by protein and lipid components in the plasma membrane of the liver cell.", "contents": "Factors involved in the uptake of corticosterone by rat liver cells. Isolated rat liver cells take up corticosterone rapidly; the initial rates increase with increasing temperature. A plot of the initial rates against the concentration of corticosterone indicated the presence of saturable and nonsaturable uptake systems. The Eadie-Hofstee plot showed the presence of two saturable and one nonsaturable uptake components. The apparent Kt values of the saturable systems were 64 +/- 40 nM (n = 3) and 1085 +/- 313 nM (n = 12). The nonsaturable system, probably diffusion, contributed 12% to the total uptake between 15 and 72 nM corticosterone, the physiological concentration of the free corticosterone in rat serum. Metabolic inhibitors did not influence the uptake of corticosterone. N-Ethylmaleimide, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and sodium ethyl mercurithiosalicylate (1 mM each) decreased the uptake by 40%. Iodoacetate did not have any influence. Treatment of cells with phospholipase A inhibited the uptake 35--45%. In the presence of cortisone, cortisol, dexamethasone, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol-17beta and estrone (2 muM each) the uptake decreased 30--50%. The presence of serum proteins in the external medium inhibits the uptake of corticosterone. These results suggest that corticosterone is transported into the cell and is accumulated. Only the free hormone is available for uptake which in turn may be regulated by protein and lipid components in the plasma membrane of the liver cell.", "PMID": 588595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2602", "title": "Hormonal effect on glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in uteri of ovariectomized rats.", "content": "1. Glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate A (or C), chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate), heparitin sulfate (heparan sulfate) and hyaluronic acid were identified as major glycosaminoglycan components in whole uteri as well as in uterine stroma of rats. Two types of sialoglycoproteins with different electrophoretic mobilities (fast- and slow-migrating) were detected in the glycosaminoglycan fraction from the luminal epithelia. 2. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol-17beta markedly increased the uterine contents of glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate A (or C) was found to increase more than chondroitin sulfate B. Furthermore, it was found that the estrogen treatment specifically increases the fast-migrating sialoglycoprotein level in the luminal epithelia and results in the appearance of it in the uterine fluid. 3. Administration of progesterone to ovariectomized rats slightly increased the uterine glycosaminoglycan content without appreciable alteration of the uterine glycosaminoglycan pattern.", "contents": "Hormonal effect on glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in uteri of ovariectomized rats. 1. Glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate A (or C), chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate), heparitin sulfate (heparan sulfate) and hyaluronic acid were identified as major glycosaminoglycan components in whole uteri as well as in uterine stroma of rats. Two types of sialoglycoproteins with different electrophoretic mobilities (fast- and slow-migrating) were detected in the glycosaminoglycan fraction from the luminal epithelia. 2. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol-17beta markedly increased the uterine contents of glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate A (or C) was found to increase more than chondroitin sulfate B. Furthermore, it was found that the estrogen treatment specifically increases the fast-migrating sialoglycoprotein level in the luminal epithelia and results in the appearance of it in the uterine fluid. 3. Administration of progesterone to ovariectomized rats slightly increased the uterine glycosaminoglycan content without appreciable alteration of the uterine glycosaminoglycan pattern.", "PMID": 588596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2603", "title": "Proton NMR and spin lattice relaxation study of nucleoside di- and triphosphates in neutral aqueous solutions.", "content": "The average conformations of adenosine, inosine and guanosine di- and triphosphates in neutral aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H vicinal couplings, chemical shifts and T1 relaxation time measurements at 250 MHz. Comparison of chemical shifts with those of the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates suggests that the beta-phosphate group is in all cases oriented towards the base and close to H3'. The vicinal coupling constants indicate that the proportion of the S conformer of the ribose moiety is 55--60% and that the gauche-gauche rotamer of the CH2-OP exocyclic group is predominant. The preferential orientations of the base have been determined by minimization of the standard deviation about the mean of the molecular reorientation correlation times derived from the H8, H1', H2' and H3' relaxation times and computed interproton distances. The problem of the correlation between the syn-anti equilibrium and the N equilibrium S interconversion has been examined. Typical magnetization recovery curves after a 180 degree pulse have been simulated in the case of ATP, taking into account cross relaxation effects. It is shown that in most of the molecules under consideration the syn orientation of the base is predominant whereas for ATP the syn and anti are equivalent.", "contents": "Proton NMR and spin lattice relaxation study of nucleoside di- and triphosphates in neutral aqueous solutions. The average conformations of adenosine, inosine and guanosine di- and triphosphates in neutral aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H vicinal couplings, chemical shifts and T1 relaxation time measurements at 250 MHz. Comparison of chemical shifts with those of the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates suggests that the beta-phosphate group is in all cases oriented towards the base and close to H3'. The vicinal coupling constants indicate that the proportion of the S conformer of the ribose moiety is 55--60% and that the gauche-gauche rotamer of the CH2-OP exocyclic group is predominant. The preferential orientations of the base have been determined by minimization of the standard deviation about the mean of the molecular reorientation correlation times derived from the H8, H1', H2' and H3' relaxation times and computed interproton distances. The problem of the correlation between the syn-anti equilibrium and the N equilibrium S interconversion has been examined. Typical magnetization recovery curves after a 180 degree pulse have been simulated in the case of ATP, taking into account cross relaxation effects. It is shown that in most of the molecules under consideration the syn orientation of the base is predominant whereas for ATP the syn and anti are equivalent.", "PMID": 588599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2604", "title": "The isolation of a new compound from urine of humans with porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "A method is reported for the isolation of phyriaviolin, a new compound from human porphyria cutanea tarda urine. The substance has been crystallized and some of its properties are described.", "contents": "The isolation of a new compound from urine of humans with porphyria cutanea tarda. A method is reported for the isolation of phyriaviolin, a new compound from human porphyria cutanea tarda urine. The substance has been crystallized and some of its properties are described.", "PMID": 588600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2605", "title": "Identification of acetylcholine and propionylcholine in bull spermatozoa by integrated pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "Acetylcholine was identified in fertile bull spermatozoa using combined pyrolysis gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bull spermatozoa contain other minor choline esters in smaller quantities than acetylcholine. One of the minor choline esters is possibly propionylcholine. The spermatozoa from infertile bulls exhibited low motility and very low levels of acetylcholine.", "contents": "Identification of acetylcholine and propionylcholine in bull spermatozoa by integrated pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Acetylcholine was identified in fertile bull spermatozoa using combined pyrolysis gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bull spermatozoa contain other minor choline esters in smaller quantities than acetylcholine. One of the minor choline esters is possibly propionylcholine. The spermatozoa from infertile bulls exhibited low motility and very low levels of acetylcholine.", "PMID": 588601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2606", "title": "[Solid-state enzymatic reactions. II. Chymotrypsin hydrolysis of N-succinyl-L-phenylalanine n-nitroanilide].", "content": "There was studied the solid-state enzyme reaction of specific substrate N-succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide hydrolysis in contact with alpha-chymotrypsin (Cht). It is shown that product yield is dependent on hydration of the protein. The product is formed only when the relative pressure of water vapours (p/ps) was higher than certain magnitude (p/ps) crit; which depends on the amount of the salt in the sample: the higher the salt concentration the lesser the (p/ps) crit value. It is suggested that the counter-ions may interact with some of primary hydration sites of the Cht molecule. Because of that for the formation of the active Cht conformation is enough to bind lesser number of water molecules than in salt-free samples. But in the presence of salt excess in Cht sample it is necessary to bind of the protein surface at least yields to 80 mol H2O/mol Cht.", "contents": "[Solid-state enzymatic reactions. II. Chymotrypsin hydrolysis of N-succinyl-L-phenylalanine n-nitroanilide]. There was studied the solid-state enzyme reaction of specific substrate N-succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide hydrolysis in contact with alpha-chymotrypsin (Cht). It is shown that product yield is dependent on hydration of the protein. The product is formed only when the relative pressure of water vapours (p/ps) was higher than certain magnitude (p/ps) crit; which depends on the amount of the salt in the sample: the higher the salt concentration the lesser the (p/ps) crit value. It is suggested that the counter-ions may interact with some of primary hydration sites of the Cht molecule. Because of that for the formation of the active Cht conformation is enough to bind lesser number of water molecules than in salt-free samples. But in the presence of salt excess in Cht sample it is necessary to bind of the protein surface at least yields to 80 mol H2O/mol Cht.", "PMID": 588602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2607", "title": "[Energy transformation in mechanoreceptors].", "content": "The values of relative threshold deformations and of the mechanosensitivity coefficent are evaluated for some mechanoreceptors. The thermodynamical model of energy transformation in a primary act of mechanoreception is presented, the values of mechanical elastic energy stored in the membrane are calculated. The model of the mechanosensitive center as the ion-selective channel, changing dimensions of its protein part due to closing and opening of the channel is shown to give satisfactory values of the free energy change of the system at the threshold stimulus.", "contents": "[Energy transformation in mechanoreceptors]. The values of relative threshold deformations and of the mechanosensitivity coefficent are evaluated for some mechanoreceptors. The thermodynamical model of energy transformation in a primary act of mechanoreception is presented, the values of mechanical elastic energy stored in the membrane are calculated. The model of the mechanosensitive center as the ion-selective channel, changing dimensions of its protein part due to closing and opening of the channel is shown to give satisfactory values of the free energy change of the system at the threshold stimulus.", "PMID": 588603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2608", "title": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. I. Method of calculation].", "content": "This paper presents a method of calculation of the surface charge equilibrium distribution between the two surfaces of a spherically closed phospholipid bilayer suspended in aqueous electrolyte solution. The net surface charge is supposed to be provided by the ionized polar groups of the phospholipid molecules. Its equilibrium distribution is found by minimization of the free electrostatic energy. The procedure of minimization  utilizes the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation which describes the double electric layers of the membrane and an expression for the membrane potential derived under the assumption of absence of charges in the membrane phase. An analytical solution of the problem in the range of validity of the linearized Poisson-Boltzman equation is obtained. It is shown that in this case an equilibrium transmembrane potential exists, and the surface charge density is greater at the outer surface of the vesicle.", "contents": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. I. Method of calculation]. This paper presents a method of calculation of the surface charge equilibrium distribution between the two surfaces of a spherically closed phospholipid bilayer suspended in aqueous electrolyte solution. The net surface charge is supposed to be provided by the ionized polar groups of the phospholipid molecules. Its equilibrium distribution is found by minimization of the free electrostatic energy. The procedure of minimization  utilizes the solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation which describes the double electric layers of the membrane and an expression for the membrane potential derived under the assumption of absence of charges in the membrane phase. An analytical solution of the problem in the range of validity of the linearized Poisson-Boltzman equation is obtained. It is shown that in this case an equilibrium transmembrane potential exists, and the surface charge density is greater at the outer surface of the vesicle.", "PMID": 588604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2609", "title": "[Possible study of period turnover in the solutions of biological systems using the optical displacement method].", "content": "The spectrum of light scattered by particle solution with periodically changing properties is under discussion. Besides the central line the displaced ones are shown to appear. Both the central and displaced lines are broadened due to the diffusion movement of particles. Experimental conditions necessary for the resolution of these lines are found. Solution of functioning ribosomes is selected as a model. The results can be nevertheless also applied to other similar systems.", "contents": "[Possible study of period turnover in the solutions of biological systems using the optical displacement method]. The spectrum of light scattered by particle solution with periodically changing properties is under discussion. Besides the central line the displaced ones are shown to appear. Both the central and displaced lines are broadened due to the diffusion movement of particles. Experimental conditions necessary for the resolution of these lines are found. Solution of functioning ribosomes is selected as a model. The results can be nevertheless also applied to other similar systems.", "PMID": 588606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2610", "title": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. II. Results of calculations].", "content": "The results of the calculations of the equilibrium potential and surface charge distribution in a vesicle with radii r1=55 A and r2=100 A are presented. The calculations were carried out for the electrolyte  concentrations 100 mM, 10mM, 1mM and 0.1 mM. The digitally obtained solutions of the Poisson-Boltzman equation for the case of spherical symmetry were utilized in the exact solution of the problem. The predictions of the exact solution differ significantly from these of the linear approximation in the range of low electrolyte concentrations. The influence of the membrane dielectric permeability on the charge distribution is negligible.", "contents": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. II. Results of calculations]. The results of the calculations of the equilibrium potential and surface charge distribution in a vesicle with radii r1=55 A and r2=100 A are presented. The calculations were carried out for the electrolyte  concentrations 100 mM, 10mM, 1mM and 0.1 mM. The digitally obtained solutions of the Poisson-Boltzman equation for the case of spherical symmetry were utilized in the exact solution of the problem. The predictions of the exact solution differ significantly from these of the linear approximation in the range of low electrolyte concentrations. The influence of the membrane dielectric permeability on the charge distribution is negligible.", "PMID": 588605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2611", "title": "[Delayed chloroplast luminescence. Activation and suppression].", "content": "Effect of diethyl ether, detergent triton X-100, glycerine, sucrose and preliminary heating on delayed luminescence (DL) of chloroplasts has been studied. Ether and triton X-100 in concentrations activating electron transport inhibit DL acting similarly to photophosphorylation uncouplers. Preliminary heating to 42-42C, glycerine and sucrose activate both the electron transport and DL of chloroplasts. Activation of electron transport under these agents is suggested to result not from photophosphorylation uncoupling, but from the changes in the conformation of chloroplast memebranes.", "contents": "[Delayed chloroplast luminescence. Activation and suppression]. Effect of diethyl ether, detergent triton X-100, glycerine, sucrose and preliminary heating on delayed luminescence (DL) of chloroplasts has been studied. Ether and triton X-100 in concentrations activating electron transport inhibit DL acting similarly to photophosphorylation uncouplers. Preliminary heating to 42-42C, glycerine and sucrose activate both the electron transport and DL of chloroplasts. Activation of electron transport under these agents is suggested to result not from photophosphorylation uncoupling, but from the changes in the conformation of chloroplast memebranes.", "PMID": 588608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2612", "title": "[Phase transition studies of model and biological membranes. I. Use of hydrophobic fluorescent probes for studying phase transitions in liposomes].", "content": "Phase transition induced by temperature changes in liposomes prepared from synthetic dimyristoyl-(DML), dipalmytoyl-(DPL) and distearyl-(DSL) lecithins and also from equimolar mixture of DML and DPL and mixtures of DPL and cholesterol were studied with fluorescent probes such as 3-metoxybenzantron (MBA) and dimetylaminocholkone (DMC). The significant changes of fluorescence intensity and maximum position of MBA and DMC were found in the regions of phase transitions at 23, 42, 54 and 31c in liposomes from DML, DPL, DSL and mixture of DML and DPL, respectively. Cholesterol incorporation into liposomes from DPL led to a decrease of transition temperature and cooperativity for these liposomes. At cholesterol concentration of 20 mol. percent or more the transition disappeared completely. It is concluded that MBA and DMC can be used for the investigation of biological membranes phase transitions.", "contents": "[Phase transition studies of model and biological membranes. I. Use of hydrophobic fluorescent probes for studying phase transitions in liposomes]. Phase transition induced by temperature changes in liposomes prepared from synthetic dimyristoyl-(DML), dipalmytoyl-(DPL) and distearyl-(DSL) lecithins and also from equimolar mixture of DML and DPL and mixtures of DPL and cholesterol were studied with fluorescent probes such as 3-metoxybenzantron (MBA) and dimetylaminocholkone (DMC). The significant changes of fluorescence intensity and maximum position of MBA and DMC were found in the regions of phase transitions at 23, 42, 54 and 31c in liposomes from DML, DPL, DSL and mixture of DML and DPL, respectively. Cholesterol incorporation into liposomes from DPL led to a decrease of transition temperature and cooperativity for these liposomes. At cholesterol concentration of 20 mol. percent or more the transition disappeared completely. It is concluded that MBA and DMC can be used for the investigation of biological membranes phase transitions.", "PMID": 588607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2613", "title": "[Formals for histogram analysis of Purkinje cell interspike intervals].", "content": "A hypothesis has been advanced proposing that the resting discharge of Purkinje cells depends on two factors: 1) tonic excitatory inflow and 2) Puasson's inhibitory inflow. This is why variety of interspike intervals is supposed to be the result of non-regular arrival of inhibitory impulses. From these assumptions an analytical expression was derived allowing to calculate probabilities of interspike intervals of various durations. The histograms of interspike intervals obtained analitically were found to coincide satisfactory with those obtained in experiments (Fig. 3, a, b). The analysis of real histograms based on the presented theory allowed to compare excitatory and inhibitory inflows to individual Purkinje Cells. It was found that, on the average, those cells which had large excitatory inflow, had also large inhibitory one, and vice versa (Fig. 4). It was also found that small decrease (about 20 percent) of excitatory inflow, or corresponding increase of inhibitory inflow, resulted in complete inhibition of most Purkinje cells.", "contents": "[Formals for histogram analysis of Purkinje cell interspike intervals]. A hypothesis has been advanced proposing that the resting discharge of Purkinje cells depends on two factors: 1) tonic excitatory inflow and 2) Puasson's inhibitory inflow. This is why variety of interspike intervals is supposed to be the result of non-regular arrival of inhibitory impulses. From these assumptions an analytical expression was derived allowing to calculate probabilities of interspike intervals of various durations. The histograms of interspike intervals obtained analitically were found to coincide satisfactory with those obtained in experiments (Fig. 3, a, b). The analysis of real histograms based on the presented theory allowed to compare excitatory and inhibitory inflows to individual Purkinje Cells. It was found that, on the average, those cells which had large excitatory inflow, had also large inhibitory one, and vice versa (Fig. 4). It was also found that small decrease (about 20 percent) of excitatory inflow, or corresponding increase of inhibitory inflow, resulted in complete inhibition of most Purkinje cells.", "PMID": 588609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2614", "title": "[Refinement of the A- and B-forms of DNA by the atom-atomic potential founctions method].", "content": "Structures of poly(dA). poly(dT), poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(T-A)], and poly (dG). poly (dC) were refined by an empirical method, taking into account flexible sugar moieties and simmetry conditions of DNA. The energetical optimal forms were found using Arnott's forms as starting points. These forms were shown to depend only slightly on the polynucleotide type and sequence, and characterized by C(2') endo-C(3') endo and the polynucleotide type and sequence, and characterized by C(2') endo-C(3') endo and C(3') endo and C(3') endo-C(2') endo sugar conformations. The resulting structures have the helix parameters corresponding to X-ray findings  and characterized by augment resemblance between structural parameters (dichedral angles and sugar conformation) of A- and B-basic DNA forms.", "contents": "[Refinement of the A- and B-forms of DNA by the atom-atomic potential founctions method]. Structures of poly(dA). poly(dT), poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(T-A)], and poly (dG). poly (dC) were refined by an empirical method, taking into account flexible sugar moieties and simmetry conditions of DNA. The energetical optimal forms were found using Arnott's forms as starting points. These forms were shown to depend only slightly on the polynucleotide type and sequence, and characterized by C(2') endo-C(3') endo and the polynucleotide type and sequence, and characterized by C(2') endo-C(3') endo and C(3') endo and C(3') endo-C(2') endo sugar conformations. The resulting structures have the helix parameters corresponding to X-ray findings  and characterized by augment resemblance between structural parameters (dichedral angles and sugar conformation) of A- and B-basic DNA forms.", "PMID": 588616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2615", "title": "[Adaptation effects in the analyzer of movement direction].", "content": "A prolonged observation of a point-like stimulus moving in a given direction influences the perception of movement direction of subsequent stimuli. The prolonged observation of the same stimulus results in a subjective drift of the perceived movement towards horizontal or vertical direction depending on which of these directions is nearer to the stimulus trajectory. If, however, the stimulus moves in vertical, diagonal and horizontal directions its perception does not change under prolonged observation.", "contents": "[Adaptation effects in the analyzer of movement direction]. A prolonged observation of a point-like stimulus moving in a given direction influences the perception of movement direction of subsequent stimuli. The prolonged observation of the same stimulus results in a subjective drift of the perceived movement towards horizontal or vertical direction depending on which of these directions is nearer to the stimulus trajectory. If, however, the stimulus moves in vertical, diagonal and horizontal directions its perception does not change under prolonged observation.", "PMID": 588611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2616", "title": "[New intermediates in the photochemical transformation of rhodopsin].", "content": "The conditions of preferential accumulation of intermediates of the photochemical reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) P550 and P419 at low temperature are found. Upon illumination P550 and P419 undergo photochemical conversions into the light-adapted form of BR (P570), forming during this conversions a number of new intermediates: P550 leads to P560-- -- -- leads to P570; P419 leads to P421-- -- -- leads to P565-- -- -- leads to P585-- -- -- leads to P570; P419 leads to P470-- -- -- leads to P570. All intermediates are photoactive. All light reactions are photoreversible and give formation to the products with absorption maximum shifted to the red as compared to the initial state. The absorption spectra of intermediates are complex and include several bands which are more pronounced in the spectrum of P419 (maxima at 442, 419, 398 nm, a shoulder at 375 nm) and P421, less in the spectrum of P570 (maximum at 578 nm, shoulders at 540 and 608 nm) and others.", "contents": "[New intermediates in the photochemical transformation of rhodopsin]. The conditions of preferential accumulation of intermediates of the photochemical reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) P550 and P419 at low temperature are found. Upon illumination P550 and P419 undergo photochemical conversions into the light-adapted form of BR (P570), forming during this conversions a number of new intermediates: P550 leads to P560-- -- -- leads to P570; P419 leads to P421-- -- -- leads to P565-- -- -- leads to P585-- -- -- leads to P570; P419 leads to P470-- -- -- leads to P570. All intermediates are photoactive. All light reactions are photoreversible and give formation to the products with absorption maximum shifted to the red as compared to the initial state. The absorption spectra of intermediates are complex and include several bands which are more pronounced in the spectrum of P419 (maxima at 442, 419, 398 nm, a shoulder at 375 nm) and P421, less in the spectrum of P570 (maximum at 578 nm, shoulders at 540 and 608 nm) and others.", "PMID": 588617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2617", "title": "[Oscillating mechanism of chromosome conjugation].", "content": "The macroscopic theory of selective interaction of large molecules suspended in liquid medium is developed. The structure of such molecules permits them to maintain their excited oscilation at the expense of the medium thermal fluctuations. Interaction is realized through the oscillatory energy transfer from one macromolecule to another in the type of beatings. The resonant attraction forces, appearing in the second order of the bond constant, are proportional to the third degree of inverce distance between the oscilators.", "contents": "[Oscillating mechanism of chromosome conjugation]. The macroscopic theory of selective interaction of large molecules suspended in liquid medium is developed. The structure of such molecules permits them to maintain their excited oscilation at the expense of the medium thermal fluctuations. Interaction is realized through the oscillatory energy transfer from one macromolecule to another in the type of beatings. The resonant attraction forces, appearing in the second order of the bond constant, are proportional to the third degree of inverce distance between the oscilators.", "PMID": 588619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2618", "title": "Local spectral analysis in the visual cortex.", "content": "On the basis of experimental evidence presented earlier a model of local spectral analysis of the image performed by the complex receptive fields of the visual cortex has been proposed. An essential feature of the model is that the generalized piece-wise Fourier transform is performed not over the image luminance function but over the logarithm contrast function resulted from analysis of the image by the round receptive fields of the preceding levels. Such an assumption removes a number of experimental objections offered against the hypothesis of two-dimensional Fourier transform in the visual system. The consequences from the piece-wise expansion in a series of basic functions have been considered and among them: the channel frequency characteristics which can have more than one maximum; the possibility of describing the image by a limited number of channels with overlapping frequency characteristics; the existence of mechanisms for estimation of phase shift between frequencies.", "contents": "Local spectral analysis in the visual cortex. On the basis of experimental evidence presented earlier a model of local spectral analysis of the image performed by the complex receptive fields of the visual cortex has been proposed. An essential feature of the model is that the generalized piece-wise Fourier transform is performed not over the image luminance function but over the logarithm contrast function resulted from analysis of the image by the round receptive fields of the preceding levels. Such an assumption removes a number of experimental objections offered against the hypothesis of two-dimensional Fourier transform in the visual system. The consequences from the piece-wise expansion in a series of basic functions have been considered and among them: the channel frequency characteristics which can have more than one maximum; the possibility of describing the image by a limited number of channels with overlapping frequency characteristics; the existence of mechanisms for estimation of phase shift between frequencies.", "PMID": 588626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2619", "title": "Time constants of vestibular nuclei neurons in the goldfish: a model with ocular propioception.", "content": "A simple model of the vestibular-ocular reflex with a proprioceptive eye velocity feedback loop is used to simulate recent data on the vestibular responses of neurons in the vestibular nuclei of spinal goldfish. The data support the hypothesis that a proprioceptive feedback loop elongates the vestibular nucleus time constant to equal that of the slow phase eye movements of vestibular nystagmus.", "contents": "Time constants of vestibular nuclei neurons in the goldfish: a model with ocular propioception. A simple model of the vestibular-ocular reflex with a proprioceptive eye velocity feedback loop is used to simulate recent data on the vestibular responses of neurons in the vestibular nuclei of spinal goldfish. The data support the hypothesis that a proprioceptive feedback loop elongates the vestibular nucleus time constant to equal that of the slow phase eye movements of vestibular nystagmus.", "PMID": 588628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2620", "title": "[Pentose phosphate pathway and nucleic acid metabolism in red and white muscles of fish].", "content": "The activities of the pentose phosphate cycle enzymes, the content of nucleic acids and the activities of acid and alkaline RNAses in the heart and red and white muscles of cartilaginous and teleost fish were determined. It was found that the rates of the dehydrogenase and transferase reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway and the nucleic acid metabolism in the red muscles and heart are much higher than those in the white muscles of the species under study.", "contents": "[Pentose phosphate pathway and nucleic acid metabolism in red and white muscles of fish]. The activities of the pentose phosphate cycle enzymes, the content of nucleic acids and the activities of acid and alkaline RNAses in the heart and red and white muscles of cartilaginous and teleost fish were determined. It was found that the rates of the dehydrogenase and transferase reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway and the nucleic acid metabolism in the red muscles and heart are much higher than those in the white muscles of the species under study.", "PMID": 588629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2621", "title": "[The substrate specificity of trypsin. The interrelationship between the structure and reactivity for quasi-substrates, derivatives of O-alkylmethylphosphonic acid and carboxylic acids].", "content": "The kinetics of trypsin phosphorylation by thioesters of O-n-alkylmethylphosphonic acids, and reactivation of corresponding phosphoryl enzymes as well as kinetics of trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylcarboxylates have been studied. The rate constants for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of trypsin depend on hydrophobicity of non-polar fragments in both substrate series in the same degree. On the other hand, the deacylation rate constants for a series of acyl trypsins do not change significantly while the apparent Michaelis constants change consistently with variations of non-polar acyl substituent. The study of substrate specificity of trypsin in terms of the transition state theory has allowed to elucidate the basis for low reactivity of trypsin towards the quasisubstrates.", "contents": "[The substrate specificity of trypsin. The interrelationship between the structure and reactivity for quasi-substrates, derivatives of O-alkylmethylphosphonic acid and carboxylic acids]. The kinetics of trypsin phosphorylation by thioesters of O-n-alkylmethylphosphonic acids, and reactivation of corresponding phosphoryl enzymes as well as kinetics of trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylcarboxylates have been studied. The rate constants for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of trypsin depend on hydrophobicity of non-polar fragments in both substrate series in the same degree. On the other hand, the deacylation rate constants for a series of acyl trypsins do not change significantly while the apparent Michaelis constants change consistently with variations of non-polar acyl substituent. The study of substrate specificity of trypsin in terms of the transition state theory has allowed to elucidate the basis for low reactivity of trypsin towards the quasisubstrates.", "PMID": 588630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2622", "title": "[Correlation of mitochondrial ribonucleotide reductase and thymidine kinase activities with the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in rat liver during regeneration].", "content": "3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of heavy mitochondria from regenerating rat liver and the change of mitochondrial thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase activities are studied in vivo in regenerating rat liver within 6--48 hours after hepatectomy. Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA and changes in the activity of the enzymes studied are found to be undulate. Thymidine kinase activity maxima coincide with those of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Maximal activity of ribonucleotide reductase pre-exists maxima of mitochondrial DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Correlation of mitochondrial ribonucleotide reductase and thymidine kinase activities with the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in rat liver during regeneration]. 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of heavy mitochondria from regenerating rat liver and the change of mitochondrial thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase activities are studied in vivo in regenerating rat liver within 6--48 hours after hepatectomy. Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA and changes in the activity of the enzymes studied are found to be undulate. Thymidine kinase activity maxima coincide with those of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Maximal activity of ribonucleotide reductase pre-exists maxima of mitochondrial DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 588631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2623", "title": "[O-demethylation kinetics of anisole and p-chloroanisole by cumene hydroperoxide and cytochrome P-450 of liver microsomes].", "content": "The kinetics of anisole oxidation by microsomes and tertiary butylhydroperoxide have been studied in phosphate buffer (pH 7,4) at 37 degrees C. About 20% of the substrate are shown to undergo demetylation and about 80% were hydroxylated in the p-position. The kinetics of the oxidative o-demethylation of anisole and p-chloroanisole by cumene hydroperoxide and hepatic microsomes has been studied within the temperature range of 20--37 degrees C. The catalytic rate constants for o-demethylation of anisole and chloroanisole have been determined in a general form to equal 2,04.10(7) exp (--11400/RT) and 5,5.10(7) exp (--11800/RT) sec-1, respectively. The reactions of o-demethylation and hydroperoxide have been proved to be independent. The data obtained are indicative of the electrophilic nature of the hydroxylating agent in the system \"microsomes-hydroperoxide\".", "contents": "[O-demethylation kinetics of anisole and p-chloroanisole by cumene hydroperoxide and cytochrome P-450 of liver microsomes]. The kinetics of anisole oxidation by microsomes and tertiary butylhydroperoxide have been studied in phosphate buffer (pH 7,4) at 37 degrees C. About 20% of the substrate are shown to undergo demetylation and about 80% were hydroxylated in the p-position. The kinetics of the oxidative o-demethylation of anisole and p-chloroanisole by cumene hydroperoxide and hepatic microsomes has been studied within the temperature range of 20--37 degrees C. The catalytic rate constants for o-demethylation of anisole and chloroanisole have been determined in a general form to equal 2,04.10(7) exp (--11400/RT) and 5,5.10(7) exp (--11800/RT) sec-1, respectively. The reactions of o-demethylation and hydroperoxide have been proved to be independent. The data obtained are indicative of the electrophilic nature of the hydroxylating agent in the system \"microsomes-hydroperoxide\".", "PMID": 588632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2624", "title": "[Partial purification and characterization of protease A of germinating vetch seeds, hydrolyzing native reserve proteins].", "content": "Protease A is 870-fold purified by means of isoelectric precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G-50, the yield of the enzyme being 28%. The purified preparation is free of contaminant proteolytic activity and is almost homogenous chromatographically, but it produces a complex pattern under electrophoresis in 30% polyacrylamide gel, which is probably due to enzyme autolysis. As evidenced from the effect of protease A on A and B chains of insulin, the enzyme has a wide substrate specificity. It hydrolyses native vetch legumin and vicilin up to peptides having on average 9 and 16 amino acid residues respectively. No free amino acids were found in hydrolysates of both vetch proteins. Thus, protease A is an endopeptidase, which probably plays the main role in the process of reserve proteins degradation.", "contents": "[Partial purification and characterization of protease A of germinating vetch seeds, hydrolyzing native reserve proteins]. Protease A is 870-fold purified by means of isoelectric precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G-50, the yield of the enzyme being 28%. The purified preparation is free of contaminant proteolytic activity and is almost homogenous chromatographically, but it produces a complex pattern under electrophoresis in 30% polyacrylamide gel, which is probably due to enzyme autolysis. As evidenced from the effect of protease A on A and B chains of insulin, the enzyme has a wide substrate specificity. It hydrolyses native vetch legumin and vicilin up to peptides having on average 9 and 16 amino acid residues respectively. No free amino acids were found in hydrolysates of both vetch proteins. Thus, protease A is an endopeptidase, which probably plays the main role in the process of reserve proteins degradation.", "PMID": 588633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2625", "title": "[Mechanisms of heart adenylate cyclase activation by epinephrine and fluoride ions].", "content": "The effects of epinephrine and NaF on the membrane preparations of adenylate cyclase from rabbit heart were studied. After preincubation with epinephrine or NaF at 37 degrees C and subsequent washing of the membranes at 4 degrees C from the effectors, adenylate cyclase passes into the activated state and loses its sensitivity to epinephrine and NaF. The effect may be \"reversed\" by preincubation of the membranes at 37 degrees C. The addition of ATP to the preincubation media does not affect the regulatory and catalytic properties of the enzyme. It is assumed that adenylate cyclase regulation by hormones and fluoride ions may occur without hypothetical processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme. The effect of preincubation is probably due to the temperature-dependent association and dissociation of the enzyme-receptor complex in the membrane. Epinephrine and NaF partially protect the cyclase against trypsin-induced inactivation, which is indicative of structural or conformational changes of the adenylate cyclase complex during its interaction with activators.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of heart adenylate cyclase activation by epinephrine and fluoride ions]. The effects of epinephrine and NaF on the membrane preparations of adenylate cyclase from rabbit heart were studied. After preincubation with epinephrine or NaF at 37 degrees C and subsequent washing of the membranes at 4 degrees C from the effectors, adenylate cyclase passes into the activated state and loses its sensitivity to epinephrine and NaF. The effect may be \"reversed\" by preincubation of the membranes at 37 degrees C. The addition of ATP to the preincubation media does not affect the regulatory and catalytic properties of the enzyme. It is assumed that adenylate cyclase regulation by hormones and fluoride ions may occur without hypothetical processes of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme. The effect of preincubation is probably due to the temperature-dependent association and dissociation of the enzyme-receptor complex in the membrane. Epinephrine and NaF partially protect the cyclase against trypsin-induced inactivation, which is indicative of structural or conformational changes of the adenylate cyclase complex during its interaction with activators.", "PMID": 588634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2626", "title": "[Properties of alpha-chymotrypsin enclosed into polycarbonate microcapsules. Estimation of the diffusion effect].", "content": "The conditions for the microencapsulation of alpha-chymotrypsin into semi-permeable polycarbonate membranes are selected. The diameter of the microcapsules is 100-150 microns. The microencapsulation can be carried out at any value of pH. The effect of the diffusion in the hydrolysis of some esters by microcapsulated alpha-chymotrypsin was estimated. The thermostability of the microencapsulated enzyme was studied.", "contents": "[Properties of alpha-chymotrypsin enclosed into polycarbonate microcapsules. Estimation of the diffusion effect]. The conditions for the microencapsulation of alpha-chymotrypsin into semi-permeable polycarbonate membranes are selected. The diameter of the microcapsules is 100-150 microns. The microencapsulation can be carried out at any value of pH. The effect of the diffusion in the hydrolysis of some esters by microcapsulated alpha-chymotrypsin was estimated. The thermostability of the microencapsulated enzyme was studied.", "PMID": 588635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2627", "title": "[Interaction of ascorbate oxidase with inorganic anions].", "content": "From the peelings of cucumber Cucumis sativus and marrow squash Cucurbita pepo var. giramontia highly purified ascorbate oxidase preparations were obtained. Molecular weights, optical and EPR spectra, total copper contents and different type copper contents of the both proteins were similar. The effects of NaN3, KCN, I- and F- on the optical and EPR spectra of the proteins were studied. The incubation of ascorbate oxidase with these anions lead to the partial reduction of the copper. The data obtained indicate that F- is bound to the copper atoms of the type 2, and that N5- modifies surroundings of these copper atoms. The copper atoms of types 1 and 2 in both ascorbate oxidases, unlike fungal laccase, are completely reduced under effect of CN-. The bleaching of ascorbate oxidase, observed in alkaline media involves also increasing of the intensity of the band at 330 nm. The results show that three types of copper in ascorbate oxidase have various sensitivities to the inorganic anions. These data are compared with results observed for another blue copper-containing enzymes, such as laccases and ceruloplasmin.", "contents": "[Interaction of ascorbate oxidase with inorganic anions]. From the peelings of cucumber Cucumis sativus and marrow squash Cucurbita pepo var. giramontia highly purified ascorbate oxidase preparations were obtained. Molecular weights, optical and EPR spectra, total copper contents and different type copper contents of the both proteins were similar. The effects of NaN3, KCN, I- and F- on the optical and EPR spectra of the proteins were studied. The incubation of ascorbate oxidase with these anions lead to the partial reduction of the copper. The data obtained indicate that F- is bound to the copper atoms of the type 2, and that N5- modifies surroundings of these copper atoms. The copper atoms of types 1 and 2 in both ascorbate oxidases, unlike fungal laccase, are completely reduced under effect of CN-. The bleaching of ascorbate oxidase, observed in alkaline media involves also increasing of the intensity of the band at 330 nm. The results show that three types of copper in ascorbate oxidase have various sensitivities to the inorganic anions. These data are compared with results observed for another blue copper-containing enzymes, such as laccases and ceruloplasmin.", "PMID": 588636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2628", "title": "[Incorporation of 32P into membrane phospholipids during chloroplast biogenesis].", "content": "The composition of membrane phospholipids during chloroplast biogenesis was studied. The maximal level of phosphatidic acid was observed in the membrane fraction of proplastids. Phosphatidylglycerol was found to be the most abundant phospholipid component of grana thylakoids. The evidence from the in vivo experiments indicates that phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol incorporate the 32P label at a high rate at all stages of the chloroplast biogenesis. It is concluded that plastids are the site of the phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis in the plant cell.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 32P into membrane phospholipids during chloroplast biogenesis]. The composition of membrane phospholipids during chloroplast biogenesis was studied. The maximal level of phosphatidic acid was observed in the membrane fraction of proplastids. Phosphatidylglycerol was found to be the most abundant phospholipid component of grana thylakoids. The evidence from the in vivo experiments indicates that phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol incorporate the 32P label at a high rate at all stages of the chloroplast biogenesis. It is concluded that plastids are the site of the phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis in the plant cell.", "PMID": 588637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2629", "title": "[Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in green and greening barley shoots].", "content": "The synthesis of sigma-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) in green or greening barley shoots was shown to increase, when the plants were grown on chloramphenicol solutions of varying concentrations for 48 hrs upon illumination. This was evidenced from the increase in the enzyme activity of the chloroplast preparations isolated from the shoots as compared to the controls grown in aqueous media. Similar treatment by cycloheximide resulted in inhibition of the enzyme synthesis as observed in the experiments with green and greening shoots. The activity of porphobilinogenase (the porphobilinogene deaminase and uroporphirinogene III cosynthetase complex) showed similar dependence on the effect of the antibiotics. The results obtained are discussed in terms of localization of the chloroplast enzyme syntheses inside the cell.", "contents": "[Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase in green and greening barley shoots]. The synthesis of sigma-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) in green or greening barley shoots was shown to increase, when the plants were grown on chloramphenicol solutions of varying concentrations for 48 hrs upon illumination. This was evidenced from the increase in the enzyme activity of the chloroplast preparations isolated from the shoots as compared to the controls grown in aqueous media. Similar treatment by cycloheximide resulted in inhibition of the enzyme synthesis as observed in the experiments with green and greening shoots. The activity of porphobilinogenase (the porphobilinogene deaminase and uroporphirinogene III cosynthetase complex) showed similar dependence on the effect of the antibiotics. The results obtained are discussed in terms of localization of the chloroplast enzyme syntheses inside the cell.", "PMID": 588638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2630", "title": "[9-(Adenylyl)alkylcobalamins as inhibitors of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes].", "content": "The behavior of two coenzyme analogs, [(5-aden-9-yl)methoxyethyl] cob (III) alamin and [(5-aden-9-yl)pentyl] cob (III) alamin modified at the nucleoside ligand sugar moiety was studied in the system of adenosyl-cobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. It was shown that neither of the analogs possesses coenzyme properties and that both are strong competitive inhibitors for adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). The affinity of the two analogs for the apoenzyme is higher than that of AdoCbl. The data obtained are indicative of the essential role of the ribofuranoside fragment of AdoCbl in the manifestation of the coenzyme activity. The apoenzyme interaction with the analogs under study is discussed in terms of the Dreiding stereomodels for AdoCbl and its analogs.", "contents": "[9-(Adenylyl)alkylcobalamins as inhibitors of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes]. The behavior of two coenzyme analogs, [(5-aden-9-yl)methoxyethyl] cob (III) alamin and [(5-aden-9-yl)pentyl] cob (III) alamin modified at the nucleoside ligand sugar moiety was studied in the system of adenosyl-cobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase from Aerobacter aerogenes. It was shown that neither of the analogs possesses coenzyme properties and that both are strong competitive inhibitors for adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). The affinity of the two analogs for the apoenzyme is higher than that of AdoCbl. The data obtained are indicative of the essential role of the ribofuranoside fragment of AdoCbl in the manifestation of the coenzyme activity. The apoenzyme interaction with the analogs under study is discussed in terms of the Dreiding stereomodels for AdoCbl and its analogs.", "PMID": 588639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2631", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in male alcoholics: effects of disulfiram.", "content": "It is well know that if an individual maintained on disulfiram (Antabuse) ingests alcohol, excess acetaldehyde is formed, resulting in a toxic reaction. In addition to this toxic interaction with alcohol (the basis of its use as a deterrent), there are both behavioral and biochemical observations to suggest that disulfiram alone has a direct effect on the CNS. The possibility that some of disulfiram's effects are related to alterations in biogenic amine metabolism led to the present study of cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in a group of male alcoholics. In this group, disulfiram treatment was associated with a significant reduction in homovanillic acid, the major metabolite of dopamine, while no change was noted in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major metabolite of serotonin. Prior to disulfiram, patients with withdrawal symptoms had significantly lower homovanillic acid than those without such symptoms.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in male alcoholics: effects of disulfiram. It is well know that if an individual maintained on disulfiram (Antabuse) ingests alcohol, excess acetaldehyde is formed, resulting in a toxic reaction. In addition to this toxic interaction with alcohol (the basis of its use as a deterrent), there are both behavioral and biochemical observations to suggest that disulfiram alone has a direct effect on the CNS. The possibility that some of disulfiram's effects are related to alterations in biogenic amine metabolism led to the present study of cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in a group of male alcoholics. In this group, disulfiram treatment was associated with a significant reduction in homovanillic acid, the major metabolite of dopamine, while no change was noted in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major metabolite of serotonin. Prior to disulfiram, patients with withdrawal symptoms had significantly lower homovanillic acid than those without such symptoms.", "PMID": 588644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2632", "title": "Tyramine-binding by synaptosomes from rat brain: effect of centrally active drugs.", "content": "Incubation of p-tyramine (TRM) with rat midbrain plus corpus striatum (MB+ CS) crude synaptosomal preparations, under conditions which reduce to a minimum amine uptake, results in appreciable binding of this amine by synaptosomes. This process is inhibited by preincubation with a number of drugs active in the CNS, e.g., chlorpromazine, desipramine, d-amphetamine, and diphenhydramine. Morphine, however, does not affect this binding. The Ki for each one of these compounds, as well as the K association constant and concentration of the binding sites of TRM, were determined. These results suggest a role for TRM in synaptic transmission mechanisms occurring in the nigrostriatal system, a function which could be regulated by a number of substances representing some of the major chemical classes of centrally active drugs (CD).", "contents": "Tyramine-binding by synaptosomes from rat brain: effect of centrally active drugs. Incubation of p-tyramine (TRM) with rat midbrain plus corpus striatum (MB+ CS) crude synaptosomal preparations, under conditions which reduce to a minimum amine uptake, results in appreciable binding of this amine by synaptosomes. This process is inhibited by preincubation with a number of drugs active in the CNS, e.g., chlorpromazine, desipramine, d-amphetamine, and diphenhydramine. Morphine, however, does not affect this binding. The Ki for each one of these compounds, as well as the K association constant and concentration of the binding sites of TRM, were determined. These results suggest a role for TRM in synaptic transmission mechanisms occurring in the nigrostriatal system, a function which could be regulated by a number of substances representing some of the major chemical classes of centrally active drugs (CD).", "PMID": 588646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2633", "title": "Pharmacological treatment following experimental cerebral infarction: implications for understanding psychological symptoms of human stroke.", "content": "Middle cerebral artery ligation in the rat produces decreases in catecholamine concentrations at brain sites uninjured by ischemic damage and a transient increase in spontaneous horizontal activity. Development of this hyperactivity can be blocked by postoperative treatment with the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine, or by preoperative destruction of norepinephrine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that ischemic damage to the cerebral cortex which injures some axonal branches of elaborately arborizing catecholamine-containing neurons may alter the biochemical and functional state of the entire system in its intact collateral axons. Thus the concept of stroke as a local injury producing symptoms by local structure-function relationships is conceptually inadequate, and poststroke symptoms must be evaluated with these \"whole brain\" concepts in mind. We suggest that the poststroke symptoms of apathy and depression may represent emotional changes which result from pathophysiological processes in catecholamine neurons far from the site of the stroke.", "contents": "Pharmacological treatment following experimental cerebral infarction: implications for understanding psychological symptoms of human stroke. Middle cerebral artery ligation in the rat produces decreases in catecholamine concentrations at brain sites uninjured by ischemic damage and a transient increase in spontaneous horizontal activity. Development of this hyperactivity can be blocked by postoperative treatment with the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine, or by preoperative destruction of norepinephrine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that ischemic damage to the cerebral cortex which injures some axonal branches of elaborately arborizing catecholamine-containing neurons may alter the biochemical and functional state of the entire system in its intact collateral axons. Thus the concept of stroke as a local injury producing symptoms by local structure-function relationships is conceptually inadequate, and poststroke symptoms must be evaluated with these \"whole brain\" concepts in mind. We suggest that the poststroke symptoms of apathy and depression may represent emotional changes which result from pathophysiological processes in catecholamine neurons far from the site of the stroke.", "PMID": 588647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2634", "title": "Hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction in anorexia nervosa: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with anorexia nervosa with evidence of pancreas and liver injury are reported. Both showed evidence of organ dysfunction in the presence of cachexia. Serum amylase, ASAT (GOT), and ALAT (GPT) became normal parallel with body weight. On the basis of reports on the effects of malnutrition on pancreas and liver function, it is suggested that nutritional pancreas and liver dysfunction might represent hitherto unrecognized complications of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "Hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction in anorexia nervosa: a report of two cases. Two patients with anorexia nervosa with evidence of pancreas and liver injury are reported. Both showed evidence of organ dysfunction in the presence of cachexia. Serum amylase, ASAT (GOT), and ALAT (GPT) became normal parallel with body weight. On the basis of reports on the effects of malnutrition on pancreas and liver function, it is suggested that nutritional pancreas and liver dysfunction might represent hitherto unrecognized complications of anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 588648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2635", "title": "Significance testing to establish equivalence between treatments, with special reference to data in the form of 2X2 tables.", "content": "In this paper, the role of significance testing in establishing equivalence between treatments is described. In place of the more customary null hypothesis of no difference between treatments, the hypothesis that the true difference is equal to a specified delta is tested. The particular case of comparing two binomial samples is described in detail. Results using a method due to Gart and approximations based on the chi2 and normal distributions are compared. It is found that the test based upon chi2 with continuity correction agrees best overall with Gart's (1971) test and is therefore recommended for use when computational facilities needed for carrying out the latter are not available.", "contents": "Significance testing to establish equivalence between treatments, with special reference to data in the form of 2X2 tables. In this paper, the role of significance testing in establishing equivalence between treatments is described. In place of the more customary null hypothesis of no difference between treatments, the hypothesis that the true difference is equal to a specified delta is tested. The particular case of comparing two binomial samples is described in detail. Results using a method due to Gart and approximations based on the chi2 and normal distributions are compared. It is found that the test based upon chi2 with continuity correction agrees best overall with Gart's (1971) test and is therefore recommended for use when computational facilities needed for carrying out the latter are not available.", "PMID": 588654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2636", "title": "Monitoring treatment differences in long-term clinical trials.", "content": "When the data from long-term clinical trials are reviewed continually over time for evidence of adverse or beneficial treatment effects, the classical significance tests are not appropriate. A stimulation procedure is described which provides, for different mortality rates and different patterns of patient enrollment, the correct critical regions corresponding to specified frequencies of looks at the data over the course of the study. The power of the test and the robustness of the critical regions for differences in pattern of enrollment, length of study, mortality model, and sample size are discussed. An application is made to a drug trial in coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Monitoring treatment differences in long-term clinical trials. When the data from long-term clinical trials are reviewed continually over time for evidence of adverse or beneficial treatment effects, the classical significance tests are not appropriate. A stimulation procedure is described which provides, for different mortality rates and different patterns of patient enrollment, the correct critical regions corresponding to specified frequencies of looks at the data over the course of the study. The power of the test and the robustness of the critical regions for differences in pattern of enrollment, length of study, mortality model, and sample size are discussed. An application is made to a drug trial in coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 588655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2637", "title": "The effect of errors of diagnosis and frequency of examination on reported rates of disease.", "content": "Follow-up studies of certain diseases such as cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ may employ repeated screening to determine disease incidence in selected cohorts. Where errors of diagnosis occur, the true cohort experience will be distorted by an amount dependent upon the frequency of screening and the magnitude of the probabilities of incorrect diagnoses. These effects are investigated through a simple model of follow-up which employs three basic assumptions: that the probability of false positive and false negative diagnoses are constant; that individuals diagnosed as positive are treated and removed from the study, irrespective of whether or not they actually have the disease; and that fixed intervals occur between follow-up exams. The analysis permits one to assess the amount of bias introduced, and numerical examples are provided.", "contents": "The effect of errors of diagnosis and frequency of examination on reported rates of disease. Follow-up studies of certain diseases such as cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ may employ repeated screening to determine disease incidence in selected cohorts. Where errors of diagnosis occur, the true cohort experience will be distorted by an amount dependent upon the frequency of screening and the magnitude of the probabilities of incorrect diagnoses. These effects are investigated through a simple model of follow-up which employs three basic assumptions: that the probability of false positive and false negative diagnoses are constant; that individuals diagnosed as positive are treated and removed from the study, irrespective of whether or not they actually have the disease; and that fixed intervals occur between follow-up exams. The analysis permits one to assess the amount of bias introduced, and numerical examples are provided.", "PMID": 588656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2638", "title": "A randomization test for comparison of groups of growth curves with different polynomial design matrices.", "content": "Well defined methods for comparing mean polynomial growth curves exist when subjects are measured at identical times, modeled with polynomials of identical degree and when multivariate normality of the measurements can be assumed. Relaxing these conditions creates problems solved here for the special case of a completely randomized design by developing a randomization test which is both practical and interval specific. The procedure is applied to longitudinal data from a study of human growth.", "contents": "A randomization test for comparison of groups of growth curves with different polynomial design matrices. Well defined methods for comparing mean polynomial growth curves exist when subjects are measured at identical times, modeled with polynomials of identical degree and when multivariate normality of the measurements can be assumed. Relaxing these conditions creates problems solved here for the special case of a completely randomized design by developing a randomization test which is both practical and interval specific. The procedure is applied to longitudinal data from a study of human growth.", "PMID": 588657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2639", "title": "Pair-matching-a reappraisal of a popular technique.", "content": "Pair-matching is undoubtedly one of the most popular techniques for controlling variation in both medical and other investigations involving human populations. Given the obvious advantages of ease of implementation and comprehension, apparent efficiency and simplicity of analysis, this popularity is understandable. Despite this appeal, however, pair-matching frequently involves high cost (particularly in the loss of unmatchable units), cannot claim efficiency when appropriate comparisons of precision are made, and suffers some important limitations in the analysis which directly affect inference. The persistence of the technique in the face of these limitations is discussed with reference to the disjunction between theoretical models and practical research constraints. It is concluded that this design may not be the optimal choice in many, if not most, research situations.", "contents": "Pair-matching-a reappraisal of a popular technique. Pair-matching is undoubtedly one of the most popular techniques for controlling variation in both medical and other investigations involving human populations. Given the obvious advantages of ease of implementation and comprehension, apparent efficiency and simplicity of analysis, this popularity is understandable. Despite this appeal, however, pair-matching frequently involves high cost (particularly in the loss of unmatchable units), cannot claim efficiency when appropriate comparisons of precision are made, and suffers some important limitations in the analysis which directly affect inference. The persistence of the technique in the face of these limitations is discussed with reference to the disjunction between theoretical models and practical research constraints. It is concluded that this design may not be the optimal choice in many, if not most, research situations.", "PMID": 588658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2640", "title": "Predicting the stability of biological standards and products.", "content": "A high level of stability is essential for any biological standard and is desirable in most other biological products. It is in general impossible to observe directly the rate of degradation of a biological standard since no independent scale of measurement is available. An indirect method is therefore required. The most common approach is the accelerated degradation test in which samples are stored for a time at elevated temperatures and then compared with samples stored continuously at low temperature. The relative degradation rates are used to fit the Arrhenius equation (relating degradation rate to temperature) and hence to predict stability under normal storage conditions. Previous statistical work on this problem is reviewed and a maximum likelihood ML approach is suggested which overcomes some of the limitations of the existing methodology. The accelerated degradation test also finds wide application in the shelf-life prediction of biological products where the same statistical methods are appropriate.", "contents": "Predicting the stability of biological standards and products. A high level of stability is essential for any biological standard and is desirable in most other biological products. It is in general impossible to observe directly the rate of degradation of a biological standard since no independent scale of measurement is available. An indirect method is therefore required. The most common approach is the accelerated degradation test in which samples are stored for a time at elevated temperatures and then compared with samples stored continuously at low temperature. The relative degradation rates are used to fit the Arrhenius equation (relating degradation rate to temperature) and hence to predict stability under normal storage conditions. Previous statistical work on this problem is reviewed and a maximum likelihood ML approach is suggested which overcomes some of the limitations of the existing methodology. The accelerated degradation test also finds wide application in the shelf-life prediction of biological products where the same statistical methods are appropriate.", "PMID": 588659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2641", "title": "Unchanged electrophoretic mobility in human cryopreserved lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell surface charge, assessed by the analytical electrophoresis of fresh and cryopreserved human peripheral blood lymphoctes, is changed in any perceivable manner by freezing and thawing. This was confirmed by different membrane markers (E, EA and EAC rosettes).", "contents": "Unchanged electrophoretic mobility in human cryopreserved lymphocytes. Cell surface charge, assessed by the analytical electrophoresis of fresh and cryopreserved human peripheral blood lymphoctes, is changed in any perceivable manner by freezing and thawing. This was confirmed by different membrane markers (E, EA and EAC rosettes).", "PMID": 588662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2642", "title": "Creatine kinase activity in suicide by burning.", "content": "In the course of a systematic study of serum enzymes activities from muscular tissues, applied to fifty six burnt patients taken at random, the authors have observed a significant and isolated raised of serum CPK in six burnt people when they were admitted to hospital. There were no known causes of raised CPK essentially due to muscular isozyme. The only common point between those six persons is that they all attempted to commit suicide by burning.", "contents": "Creatine kinase activity in suicide by burning. In the course of a systematic study of serum enzymes activities from muscular tissues, applied to fifty six burnt patients taken at random, the authors have observed a significant and isolated raised of serum CPK in six burnt people when they were admitted to hospital. There were no known causes of raised CPK essentially due to muscular isozyme. The only common point between those six persons is that they all attempted to commit suicide by burning.", "PMID": 588663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2643", "title": "In vivo effect of cyclic nucleotides on velocity and chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes.", "content": "Neutrophil granulocytes velocity and chemotaxis were obeserved by a direct method. Only chemotaxis could be inhibited by dibutyryl Cyclic AMP, this phenomenon could be reversed by cyclic GMP.", "contents": "In vivo effect of cyclic nucleotides on velocity and chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes. Neutrophil granulocytes velocity and chemotaxis were obeserved by a direct method. Only chemotaxis could be inhibited by dibutyryl Cyclic AMP, this phenomenon could be reversed by cyclic GMP.", "PMID": 588664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2644", "title": "Changes in biochemical parameters associated with experimental arthritis in rabbits.", "content": "Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn before and after induction of adjuvant arthritis in rabbits at intervals of 15 days. Using these samples, biochemical parameters were measured, including total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. The various biochemical tests exhibited an abnormal pattern in adjuvant animals as compared to the normal rabbits. The significance of these findings has been discussed.", "contents": "Changes in biochemical parameters associated with experimental arthritis in rabbits. Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn before and after induction of adjuvant arthritis in rabbits at intervals of 15 days. Using these samples, biochemical parameters were measured, including total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. The various biochemical tests exhibited an abnormal pattern in adjuvant animals as compared to the normal rabbits. The significance of these findings has been discussed.", "PMID": 588665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2645", "title": "Fumarase activity in skeletal muscle of man.", "content": "Soluble extracts of human skeletal muscle have a fumarase activity of 31.2 +/- 7.27 (M. vastus lateralis quadricipitis) or 30.9 +/- 8.0 U/g wet weight at 37 degrees C (M. deltoideus). The distribution of activities in the 36 muscle samples studies is not gaussian. There is a significant correlation between the activities of citrate synthase and fumarase (r = + 0.881; p less than 0.001) in all investigated muscles, excepting M. vastus lateralis quadricipitis.", "contents": "Fumarase activity in skeletal muscle of man. Soluble extracts of human skeletal muscle have a fumarase activity of 31.2 +/- 7.27 (M. vastus lateralis quadricipitis) or 30.9 +/- 8.0 U/g wet weight at 37 degrees C (M. deltoideus). The distribution of activities in the 36 muscle samples studies is not gaussian. There is a significant correlation between the activities of citrate synthase and fumarase (r = + 0.881; p less than 0.001) in all investigated muscles, excepting M. vastus lateralis quadricipitis.", "PMID": 588666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2646", "title": "Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology.", "content": "The pathological study of all placentas from women smoking at least five cigarettes daily during pregnancy (248 cases) and of those placentas from a corresponding control group randomised among all the non-smokers (196 cases) has been set up at the maternity hospital of Haguenau (France) since 1974. The systematic histological examination has shown among smokers a higher frequency of abonormal trophoblast and especially of nuclear clumps in the syncytiotrophoblast. On the other hand, according to a standard protocol, the grouping of various abnormalities has shown, among smokers, a higher frequency of \"signs of hypoxia\". The lack of relationship between these \"signs of hypoxia\" and the well-known decreased birthweight among smokers suggests that smoking during pregnancy could always go with a decreased birthweight without a corresponding decreased placental weight, and seldom with an intra-uterine hypoxia. These two effects are independent.", "contents": "Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology. The pathological study of all placentas from women smoking at least five cigarettes daily during pregnancy (248 cases) and of those placentas from a corresponding control group randomised among all the non-smokers (196 cases) has been set up at the maternity hospital of Haguenau (France) since 1974. The systematic histological examination has shown among smokers a higher frequency of abonormal trophoblast and especially of nuclear clumps in the syncytiotrophoblast. On the other hand, according to a standard protocol, the grouping of various abnormalities has shown, among smokers, a higher frequency of \"signs of hypoxia\". The lack of relationship between these \"signs of hypoxia\" and the well-known decreased birthweight among smokers suggests that smoking during pregnancy could always go with a decreased birthweight without a corresponding decreased placental weight, and seldom with an intra-uterine hypoxia. These two effects are independent.", "PMID": 588667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2647", "title": "Study of carboxyl groups on the human blood platelet membrane.", "content": "The authors have studied the whole carboxyl groups of the platelet membrane using liquid phase electrophoresis and an initial step of activation of the acid group by a water soluble carbodiimide (ethyl-l-dim\u00e9thyl-aminopropyl-3-carbodiimide), followed by the action of a nucleophilic molecule. The calculation based on the theory of Gouy-Chapman have shown the existence of 24, 7.10(5) groups per cell. That is a number about 2.5 fold superior to the carboxyl groups of sialic acid as determined by the action of neuraminidase.", "contents": "Study of carboxyl groups on the human blood platelet membrane. The authors have studied the whole carboxyl groups of the platelet membrane using liquid phase electrophoresis and an initial step of activation of the acid group by a water soluble carbodiimide (ethyl-l-dim\u00e9thyl-aminopropyl-3-carbodiimide), followed by the action of a nucleophilic molecule. The calculation based on the theory of Gouy-Chapman have shown the existence of 24, 7.10(5) groups per cell. That is a number about 2.5 fold superior to the carboxyl groups of sialic acid as determined by the action of neuraminidase.", "PMID": 588668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2648", "title": "Synthesis of a soluble catalase-dextran conjugate.", "content": "Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.", "contents": "Synthesis of a soluble catalase-dextran conjugate. Results of a systematic study of the conditions for preparation of soluble catalase-dextran conjugates, using the cyanogen bromide activation procedure, are reported. A protocol for the synthesis of such a conjugate with satisfactory retention of enzymatic activity and high efficiency of coupling is described.", "PMID": 588669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2649", "title": "Effect of mass transfer resistance on the Lineweaver-Burk plots for flocculating microorganisms.", "content": "It is shown that the mass transfer resistance can significantly distort the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot of the kinetic data for a microbial culture which forms aggregates. For small flocs, the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot is largely retained, but a different slope and intercept will be obtained compared with flocs free from mass transfer resistance. For large flocs, the Lineweaver-Burk plot shows pronounced curvature at high limiting substrate concentrations. Hence, if the true intrinsic kinetic parameters are to be extracted from a highly flocculating microbial culture, sufficient agitation has to be provided to remove the effect of mass transfer resistance. If the behavior of the flocculating microbial culture is to be explored, additional values for some physical parameters, such as the effective diffusion coefficient of the substrate in floc, the floc density, and the mean floc radius, are needed.", "contents": "Effect of mass transfer resistance on the Lineweaver-Burk plots for flocculating microorganisms. It is shown that the mass transfer resistance can significantly distort the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot of the kinetic data for a microbial culture which forms aggregates. For small flocs, the linearity of the Lineweaver-Burk plot is largely retained, but a different slope and intercept will be obtained compared with flocs free from mass transfer resistance. For large flocs, the Lineweaver-Burk plot shows pronounced curvature at high limiting substrate concentrations. Hence, if the true intrinsic kinetic parameters are to be extracted from a highly flocculating microbial culture, sufficient agitation has to be provided to remove the effect of mass transfer resistance. If the behavior of the flocculating microbial culture is to be explored, additional values for some physical parameters, such as the effective diffusion coefficient of the substrate in floc, the floc density, and the mean floc radius, are needed.", "PMID": 588670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2650", "title": "Selection of a chemically defined medium for submerged cultivation of Streptomyces aureofaciens with high extracellular caseinolytic activity.", "content": "A chemically defined medium was developed for the submerged cultivation of Streptomyces aureofaciens with a high secretion of caseinolytic activity. The medium composition is: 40 g/liter maltose; 1.640 g/liter L-leucine (0.0125M); 1.765 g/liter L-lysine (0.0125M); 6.976 g/liter K2HPO4 (0.04M); 4 g/liter CaCO3; 0.2 g/liter MgSO4.7H2O; 0.01 g/liter ZnSO4.7H2O; 0.01 g/liter FeSO4.7H2O: 0.01 g/liter MnSO4H2O, and 0.005 g/liter CoSO4.7H2O. Quantitative correlations were established between the concentrations of nutrients in the medium and the secretion of proteolytic activity. In this medium the secretion of proteolytic activity parallels growth, reaching a maximum after 70 hr at 30 degrees C in shaker cultures. The secretion appears to be an active process and to require aerobic conditions.", "contents": "Selection of a chemically defined medium for submerged cultivation of Streptomyces aureofaciens with high extracellular caseinolytic activity. A chemically defined medium was developed for the submerged cultivation of Streptomyces aureofaciens with a high secretion of caseinolytic activity. The medium composition is: 40 g/liter maltose; 1.640 g/liter L-leucine (0.0125M); 1.765 g/liter L-lysine (0.0125M); 6.976 g/liter K2HPO4 (0.04M); 4 g/liter CaCO3; 0.2 g/liter MgSO4.7H2O; 0.01 g/liter ZnSO4.7H2O; 0.01 g/liter FeSO4.7H2O: 0.01 g/liter MnSO4H2O, and 0.005 g/liter CoSO4.7H2O. Quantitative correlations were established between the concentrations of nutrients in the medium and the secretion of proteolytic activity. In this medium the secretion of proteolytic activity parallels growth, reaching a maximum after 70 hr at 30 degrees C in shaker cultures. The secretion appears to be an active process and to require aerobic conditions.", "PMID": 588671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2651", "title": "Combined surgery and intermittent catheterization for neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children.", "content": "Intermittent catheterization is a valid treatment modality in the management of the neuropathic bladder. Numerous adjunctive surgical procedures have been tried to improve continence and to improve or preserve renal function. These procedures, performed on 38 of 82 patients on long-term intermittent catheterization, are preferable to urinary diversion and possibly to the implantation of prosthetic or artificial urinary sphincters. Uretero-ileocecocysto-urethroplasties have not been successful in our hands, but the other procedures certainly offer a preferable alternative to the treatment modalities in use up to only 4 years before this bicentennial year!", "contents": "Combined surgery and intermittent catheterization for neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children. Intermittent catheterization is a valid treatment modality in the management of the neuropathic bladder. Numerous adjunctive surgical procedures have been tried to improve continence and to improve or preserve renal function. These procedures, performed on 38 of 82 patients on long-term intermittent catheterization, are preferable to urinary diversion and possibly to the implantation of prosthetic or artificial urinary sphincters. Uretero-ileocecocysto-urethroplasties have not been successful in our hands, but the other procedures certainly offer a preferable alternative to the treatment modalities in use up to only 4 years before this bicentennial year!", "PMID": 588673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2652", "title": "Pharmacologic modification of therapeutic measures used in managing the neurogenic bladder.", "content": "In the past 2 years, no supravesical urinary diversions have been done for myelodysplasia at St. Louis University Medical Center. Twenty-six patients with neuropathic bladders have been managed by intermittent catheterization and mechanical devices. The addition of anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic agents to the therapeutic regimen has markedly increased the numbers of satisfactory results. Based on this group of patients, we are encouraged to believe that supravesical urinary diversion is rarely necessary for the management of both the medical and social problems of the urinary tract associated with myelodysplasia.", "contents": "Pharmacologic modification of therapeutic measures used in managing the neurogenic bladder. In the past 2 years, no supravesical urinary diversions have been done for myelodysplasia at St. Louis University Medical Center. Twenty-six patients with neuropathic bladders have been managed by intermittent catheterization and mechanical devices. The addition of anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic agents to the therapeutic regimen has markedly increased the numbers of satisfactory results. Based on this group of patients, we are encouraged to believe that supravesical urinary diversion is rarely necessary for the management of both the medical and social problems of the urinary tract associated with myelodysplasia.", "PMID": 588676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2653", "title": "Cutaneous transureteroureterostomy in children with neurogenic bladders.", "content": "Our experience with 25 children in which cutaneous transureteroureterostomy had to be done because of neurogenic bladder is very gratifying. The procedure is very simple with few immediate and late complications. The cutaneous ureteral stoma works efficiently and so far has not offered important problems. We feel this method is superior to the bowel conduit methods.", "contents": "Cutaneous transureteroureterostomy in children with neurogenic bladders. Our experience with 25 children in which cutaneous transureteroureterostomy had to be done because of neurogenic bladder is very gratifying. The procedure is very simple with few immediate and late complications. The cutaneous ureteral stoma works efficiently and so far has not offered important problems. We feel this method is superior to the bowel conduit methods.", "PMID": 588679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2654", "title": "Technical aspects of megaureter repair.", "content": "Megaureter is a correctable problem. Repair should be considered in appropriate cases; it is demanding surgery, however, which should not be attempted on an occasional basis. Results can be satisfactory in more than 90% of cases if certain technical points are followed, as enumerated in Table 2.", "contents": "Technical aspects of megaureter repair. Megaureter is a correctable problem. Repair should be considered in appropriate cases; it is demanding surgery, however, which should not be attempted on an occasional basis. Results can be satisfactory in more than 90% of cases if certain technical points are followed, as enumerated in Table 2.", "PMID": 588690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2655", "title": "The surgical repair of membranous urethral strictures in children.", "content": "Eighteen patients have been treated for membranous urethral strictures following rupture of the prostatomembranous urethra. In 16, satisfactory results have been attained, 1 patient has been diverted permanently, and the remaining patient has not yet undergone complete repair.", "contents": "The surgical repair of membranous urethral strictures in children. Eighteen patients have been treated for membranous urethral strictures following rupture of the prostatomembranous urethra. In 16, satisfactory results have been attained, 1 patient has been diverted permanently, and the remaining patient has not yet undergone complete repair.", "PMID": 588691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2656", "title": "Fused kidneys: morphologic study and theory of embryogenesis.", "content": "A study was made of 50 fused kidneys; 41 postmortem specimens and 9 living patients' records were reviewed. Three patterns of renal fusion were identified--midline fused horseshoe kidney [15], laterally fused horseshoe kidney [21], and crossed renal ectopia [14]. These morphologic renal patterns were correlated with coexisting abnormalities of the urinary tract and other organ systems. A high incidence of hydronephrosis of varied etiology, vertebral, and anorectal defects was found in the laterally fused horseshoe and crossed renal ectopic groups. A theory of embryogenesis was developed to explain the asymmetric patterns of renal fusion exemplified by laterally fused and crossed fused kidneys. It was based on the effects that the lateral flexion and rotation of the hind end in the 4- to 5-mm embryo exert on the relative positions of the nephrogenic cords and wolffian ducts.", "contents": "Fused kidneys: morphologic study and theory of embryogenesis. A study was made of 50 fused kidneys; 41 postmortem specimens and 9 living patients' records were reviewed. Three patterns of renal fusion were identified--midline fused horseshoe kidney [15], laterally fused horseshoe kidney [21], and crossed renal ectopia [14]. These morphologic renal patterns were correlated with coexisting abnormalities of the urinary tract and other organ systems. A high incidence of hydronephrosis of varied etiology, vertebral, and anorectal defects was found in the laterally fused horseshoe and crossed renal ectopic groups. A theory of embryogenesis was developed to explain the asymmetric patterns of renal fusion exemplified by laterally fused and crossed fused kidneys. It was based on the effects that the lateral flexion and rotation of the hind end in the 4- to 5-mm embryo exert on the relative positions of the nephrogenic cords and wolffian ducts.", "PMID": 588702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2657", "title": "Simultaneous bilateral pyeloplasties.", "content": "Eleven patients with bilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction are presented. The operative technique for simultaneous bilateral pyeloplasty is briefly described and the results discussed. The importance of adequate extraperitoneal loin drainage is stressed and the incidence of subsequent adhesion obstruction is recorded.", "contents": "Simultaneous bilateral pyeloplasties. Eleven patients with bilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction are presented. The operative technique for simultaneous bilateral pyeloplasty is briefly described and the results discussed. The importance of adequate extraperitoneal loin drainage is stressed and the incidence of subsequent adhesion obstruction is recorded.", "PMID": 588703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2658", "title": "Fate of the kidney after antireflux surgery.", "content": "Representative case reports of children subjected to ureteroplasty in the management of reflux have been presented. Five- to 12-year follow-up studies were analyzed with reference to renal growth and pyelonephritic changes; the effect of the degree of preoperative reflux was recorded. The following conclusions appear warranted: 1. Severity of reflux is a major factor determining renal status; the more marked the reflux, the greater the frequency and extent of CPN. 2. Kidneys which appear normal initially usually remain so;however, CPN may develop, sometimes to a severe degree (Fig. 9). 3. The growth potential of pyelonephritic kidneys is quite variable and not readily predictable (Fig. 9). 4. Prolonged exposure to reflux appears to be an unfavourable situation possibly accelerating renal deterioration.", "contents": "Fate of the kidney after antireflux surgery. Representative case reports of children subjected to ureteroplasty in the management of reflux have been presented. Five- to 12-year follow-up studies were analyzed with reference to renal growth and pyelonephritic changes; the effect of the degree of preoperative reflux was recorded. The following conclusions appear warranted: 1. Severity of reflux is a major factor determining renal status; the more marked the reflux, the greater the frequency and extent of CPN. 2. Kidneys which appear normal initially usually remain so;however, CPN may develop, sometimes to a severe degree (Fig. 9). 3. The growth potential of pyelonephritic kidneys is quite variable and not readily predictable (Fig. 9). 4. Prolonged exposure to reflux appears to be an unfavourable situation possibly accelerating renal deterioration.", "PMID": 588709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2659", "title": "Overactivity of the integral storage and voiding reflexes in the juvenile urinary incontinence syndrome.", "content": "The physiologic importance of 12 integral storage and voiding reflexes has not been generally recognized and appreciated by clinicians. Pathologic overactivity of reflexes No. 9 and No. 10, the urethrodetrusor facilitatory reflexes, appears to be a very common factor in the etiology of the juvenile incontinence syndrome. Mild but urodynamically significant obstructive lesions of the distal urethra are a common predisposing factor to chronic urethritis and are potentially remediable by simple surgical procedures. Cystometric as well as symptomatic improvement is commonly observed postoperatively. The micturition reflex is extremely complex. Its excitability is dependent upon the balance of multiple vectors of both facilitatory and inhibitory influence from many sources, peripheral as well as central. The popular clinical concept of \"uninhibited neurogenic bladder,\" based on the cystometrogram, is naive and simplistic. It deserves to be replaced by the term \"unstable bladder\" which acknowledges the neurologic and urologic complexities of micturition reflex instability and introduces no erroneous connotations as to the cause and potential treatability of an incontinence condition.", "contents": "Overactivity of the integral storage and voiding reflexes in the juvenile urinary incontinence syndrome. The physiologic importance of 12 integral storage and voiding reflexes has not been generally recognized and appreciated by clinicians. Pathologic overactivity of reflexes No. 9 and No. 10, the urethrodetrusor facilitatory reflexes, appears to be a very common factor in the etiology of the juvenile incontinence syndrome. Mild but urodynamically significant obstructive lesions of the distal urethra are a common predisposing factor to chronic urethritis and are potentially remediable by simple surgical procedures. Cystometric as well as symptomatic improvement is commonly observed postoperatively. The micturition reflex is extremely complex. Its excitability is dependent upon the balance of multiple vectors of both facilitatory and inhibitory influence from many sources, peripheral as well as central. The popular clinical concept of \"uninhibited neurogenic bladder,\" based on the cystometrogram, is naive and simplistic. It deserves to be replaced by the term \"unstable bladder\" which acknowledges the neurologic and urologic complexities of micturition reflex instability and introduces no erroneous connotations as to the cause and potential treatability of an incontinence condition.", "PMID": 588715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2660", "title": "Posterior urethral obstruction: valvular or diaphragmatic? Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Young's classification of posterior urethral valves has been criticized because clinically only type 1 valves have been observed. However, with a certain technique of postmortem examination the obstruction has been found to be caused by a fenestrated diaphragm. When reevaluating the photographs and motion pictures taken during endoscopies it was concluded that the obstructions were diaphragmatic. The earlier controversial conclusions can be attributed to questionable methods of examination and misinterpretation of the findings. On the basis of the anatomic structure of diaphragmatic obstruction, the endoscopic anterior resection used by the author can be considered a logical and effective method of treatment.", "contents": "Posterior urethral obstruction: valvular or diaphragmatic? Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment. Young's classification of posterior urethral valves has been criticized because clinically only type 1 valves have been observed. However, with a certain technique of postmortem examination the obstruction has been found to be caused by a fenestrated diaphragm. When reevaluating the photographs and motion pictures taken during endoscopies it was concluded that the obstructions were diaphragmatic. The earlier controversial conclusions can be attributed to questionable methods of examination and misinterpretation of the findings. On the basis of the anatomic structure of diaphragmatic obstruction, the endoscopic anterior resection used by the author can be considered a logical and effective method of treatment.", "PMID": 588720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2661", "title": "[Gating current in the membrane of nodes of Ranvier under conditions of linear alteration of the membrane potential].", "content": "Asymmetrical displacement currents (Id) in the frog Ranvier node (R. ridibunda) treated with tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium were studied by the use of ramp-voltage pulses. In some experiments both ramp- and step-voltage pulses were used. The net Id consists of two components, one of which Id (I) can be blocked by local anesthetic trimecaine, or inactivated with the 10 ms depolarizing prepulse sufficiently large to inactivate the sodium current in the same node (before Na+ removal and TTX application). Parameters of the steady state charge distribution are very close (though not identical) to that of the peak sodium permeability vs. potential relation. The charge carrying Id (I) is estimated as 0.3--0.5 of the net displaced charge. The results suggest that trimecaine- and inactivation-sensitive component of Id may be the true gating current of Na+ channels.", "contents": "[Gating current in the membrane of nodes of Ranvier under conditions of linear alteration of the membrane potential]. Asymmetrical displacement currents (Id) in the frog Ranvier node (R. ridibunda) treated with tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium were studied by the use of ramp-voltage pulses. In some experiments both ramp- and step-voltage pulses were used. The net Id consists of two components, one of which Id (I) can be blocked by local anesthetic trimecaine, or inactivated with the 10 ms depolarizing prepulse sufficiently large to inactivate the sodium current in the same node (before Na+ removal and TTX application). Parameters of the steady state charge distribution are very close (though not identical) to that of the peak sodium permeability vs. potential relation. The charge carrying Id (I) is estimated as 0.3--0.5 of the net displaced charge. The results suggest that trimecaine- and inactivation-sensitive component of Id may be the true gating current of Na+ channels.", "PMID": 588722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2662", "title": "[Analysis of the inhibitory influence of whole human erythrocytes on plasma heparin activity].", "content": "The accelerating effect of intact human erythrocytes upon the thrombin time of plasma (deprothrombinized, thrombocyte depleted) was independent of the presence of calcium ions, preincubation, erythrocytes and plasma, and was not accompanied by a decrease of the free heparin level in the plasma. Acceleration of the process of plasma fibrinogen transformation into fibrin caused by the whole erythrocytes was not conditioned by the endogenous heparin inhibition, but reflected the cell fibrinoplastic activity. The results obtained are against the idea advanced in literature on the regulating influence of the whole erythrocytes upon the endogenous heparin level in the blood.", "contents": "[Analysis of the inhibitory influence of whole human erythrocytes on plasma heparin activity]. The accelerating effect of intact human erythrocytes upon the thrombin time of plasma (deprothrombinized, thrombocyte depleted) was independent of the presence of calcium ions, preincubation, erythrocytes and plasma, and was not accompanied by a decrease of the free heparin level in the plasma. Acceleration of the process of plasma fibrinogen transformation into fibrin caused by the whole erythrocytes was not conditioned by the endogenous heparin inhibition, but reflected the cell fibrinoplastic activity. The results obtained are against the idea advanced in literature on the regulating influence of the whole erythrocytes upon the endogenous heparin level in the blood.", "PMID": 588723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2663", "title": "[Oxygen supply to isolated rabbit heart during its perfusion with eryhem and blood].", "content": "Coronary vessels of the isolated rabbit heart were perfused with eryhem--a solution containing 2.5--3.0 g% of hemoglobin and with the rabbit own blood diluted to the Hb content corresponding to such in eryhem. The oxygen capacity of eryhem as per 1 g of Hb constituted 72% only of the oxygen capacity of erythrocyte Hb. It was shown that eryhem was capable of uptake, transportation and of giving up oxygen. At the same time the myocardium perfused with eryhem was in worse conditions of oxygen supply than the muscle perfused with blood. The required level of oxygen uptake was reached with the increase of coronary blood supply and more complete utilization of blood oxygen reserves.", "contents": "[Oxygen supply to isolated rabbit heart during its perfusion with eryhem and blood]. Coronary vessels of the isolated rabbit heart were perfused with eryhem--a solution containing 2.5--3.0 g% of hemoglobin and with the rabbit own blood diluted to the Hb content corresponding to such in eryhem. The oxygen capacity of eryhem as per 1 g of Hb constituted 72% only of the oxygen capacity of erythrocyte Hb. It was shown that eryhem was capable of uptake, transportation and of giving up oxygen. At the same time the myocardium perfused with eryhem was in worse conditions of oxygen supply than the muscle perfused with blood. The required level of oxygen uptake was reached with the increase of coronary blood supply and more complete utilization of blood oxygen reserves.", "PMID": 588724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2664", "title": "[Experimental study of the immunotherapy of burns].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. The influence of the serum of a burn convalescent on the toxic properties, the level of proteolytic enzymes activity, and morphological changes following burn were studied. After the burn the blood serum and the extracts of the organs acquired toxic properties; there was an increase in the activity of proteolytic enzymes, and marked morphological changes developed Administration of the serum of aburn convalescent promoted detoxication, diminished the activity of proteolytic enzymes distinctly, and decreased the morphological disturbances.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the immunotherapy of burns]. Experiments were conducted on rats. The influence of the serum of a burn convalescent on the toxic properties, the level of proteolytic enzymes activity, and morphological changes following burn were studied. After the burn the blood serum and the extracts of the organs acquired toxic properties; there was an increase in the activity of proteolytic enzymes, and marked morphological changes developed Administration of the serum of aburn convalescent promoted detoxication, diminished the activity of proteolytic enzymes distinctly, and decreased the morphological disturbances.", "PMID": 588725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2665", "title": "[Alteration of systemic hemodynamics in dogs with adrenal hypertension].", "content": "Arterial hypertension was reproduced in 20 dogs by suturing the adrenal glands with ligature. Arterial pressure showed a significant fall in 2 weeks; cardiac output diminished, and the general peripheral resistance displayed a sharp elevation. The phasic syndrome of hypodynamia, a reduction of the contractility index, of the volumetric rate of cardiac output, of the cardiac index, and of the rate of increase of the intraventricular pressure pointed to reduction  of the myocardial contractility. Three months after the suturing there was an even greater elevation of arterial pressure, and hemodynamic shifts were analogous to the two-week hypertension period.", "contents": "[Alteration of systemic hemodynamics in dogs with adrenal hypertension]. Arterial hypertension was reproduced in 20 dogs by suturing the adrenal glands with ligature. Arterial pressure showed a significant fall in 2 weeks; cardiac output diminished, and the general peripheral resistance displayed a sharp elevation. The phasic syndrome of hypodynamia, a reduction of the contractility index, of the volumetric rate of cardiac output, of the cardiac index, and of the rate of increase of the intraventricular pressure pointed to reduction  of the myocardial contractility. Three months after the suturing there was an even greater elevation of arterial pressure, and hemodynamic shifts were analogous to the two-week hypertension period.", "PMID": 588726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2666", "title": "[Relationship between the phospholipid metabolism of different portions of rat brain and the degree of circulatory disruption in them (following carotid artery ligation)].", "content": "Bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries in rats caused a considerable reduction of the blood supply and also a marked fall of phospholipids (PL) metabolism in the hemispheres; in the diencephalon and the midbrain it occurred to a lesser degree; there were no alterations in the blood supply or the PL metabolism in the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. Dependence of the extent of depression of the PL metabolism on the degree of blood supply disturbances varied in different brain regions. Even 5 hours after the ligation of both carotid arteries there was no restoration of blood supply.", "contents": "[Relationship between the phospholipid metabolism of different portions of rat brain and the degree of circulatory disruption in them (following carotid artery ligation)]. Bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries in rats caused a considerable reduction of the blood supply and also a marked fall of phospholipids (PL) metabolism in the hemispheres; in the diencephalon and the midbrain it occurred to a lesser degree; there were no alterations in the blood supply or the PL metabolism in the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. Dependence of the extent of depression of the PL metabolism on the degree of blood supply disturbances varied in different brain regions. Even 5 hours after the ligation of both carotid arteries there was no restoration of blood supply.", "PMID": 588727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2667", "title": "[Development of febrile and leukocytic responses in diabetic rabbits with aseptic inflammation].", "content": "Diabetic rabbits displayed a statistically significant reduction of the pyretic index in comparison with control. There was some delay in the development of leukocytic reaction, although no difference in leukocytosis was observed in the diabetic and control rabbits. Leukopenia, most pronounced in control animals 18 to 20 hours after the beginning of observation, was absent in some of the rabbits with diabetes. There were seen no significant differences in the intensity of leukocytic infiltration of the inflammatory focus in the diabetic and control rabbits. A diminished pyretic reaction during aseptic inflammation in rabbits with diabetes was apparently associated with the reduced capacity of leukocytes of the inflammatory focus to release pyrogens, determining the fever.", "contents": "[Development of febrile and leukocytic responses in diabetic rabbits with aseptic inflammation]. Diabetic rabbits displayed a statistically significant reduction of the pyretic index in comparison with control. There was some delay in the development of leukocytic reaction, although no difference in leukocytosis was observed in the diabetic and control rabbits. Leukopenia, most pronounced in control animals 18 to 20 hours after the beginning of observation, was absent in some of the rabbits with diabetes. There were seen no significant differences in the intensity of leukocytic infiltration of the inflammatory focus in the diabetic and control rabbits. A diminished pyretic reaction during aseptic inflammation in rabbits with diabetes was apparently associated with the reduced capacity of leukocytes of the inflammatory focus to release pyrogens, determining the fever.", "PMID": 588728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2668", "title": "[Micro- and macroscale electrophoretic study of the constituent proteins of cerebral structures].", "content": "A comparative study of the protein composition of the brain structures of rats (premotor area of the cortex, the CA3 region of the hyppocampus, the caudate nucleus, the frontal area of the cerebellum) was carried out by the method of disc electrophoresis in the micro- and macroscale. Protein zones were identified by their relative electrophoretic mobility calculated according to the mobility of the \"marker\" protein (trypsin inhibitor from soya beans). Both methods revealed no significant differences in the composition of the electrophoretic separation of the brain proteins pointed to the greater resolving capacity of the micromethod.", "contents": "[Micro- and macroscale electrophoretic study of the constituent proteins of cerebral structures]. A comparative study of the protein composition of the brain structures of rats (premotor area of the cortex, the CA3 region of the hyppocampus, the caudate nucleus, the frontal area of the cerebellum) was carried out by the method of disc electrophoresis in the micro- and macroscale. Protein zones were identified by their relative electrophoretic mobility calculated according to the mobility of the \"marker\" protein (trypsin inhibitor from soya beans). Both methods revealed no significant differences in the composition of the electrophoretic separation of the brain proteins pointed to the greater resolving capacity of the micromethod.", "PMID": 588730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2669", "title": "[Energy potential of the cerebral cortex in the pre-agonal and post-resuscitation period after acute blood loss].", "content": "In experiments on dogs it was revealed that during the preagonal period, after a four-hour hypovolemic hypotension, the content of ATP was reduced in the gray matter of the brain by 38 percent, and of ADP and AMP increased by 121 percent and 875 percent, respectively. Reflecting these shifts the energy charge potential decreased from 0.931 to 0.733 (P less than 0.05). At the early and remote postrescucitation period the content of metabolites and of energy charge potential failed to differ from the initial level.", "contents": "[Energy potential of the cerebral cortex in the pre-agonal and post-resuscitation period after acute blood loss]. In experiments on dogs it was revealed that during the preagonal period, after a four-hour hypovolemic hypotension, the content of ATP was reduced in the gray matter of the brain by 38 percent, and of ADP and AMP increased by 121 percent and 875 percent, respectively. Reflecting these shifts the energy charge potential decreased from 0.931 to 0.733 (P less than 0.05). At the early and remote postrescucitation period the content of metabolites and of energy charge potential failed to differ from the initial level.", "PMID": 588731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2670", "title": "[Effect of disseminated necrotic heart lesions on incorporation of radioactive precursors into the RNA of the inner membranes of rat myocardial mitochondria].", "content": "The authors studied the role played by the internal membranes of the myocardial mitochondria of rats as the site of radioactive precursors incorporation into the mitochondrial RNA. As revealed, kinetics of the changes of the specific RNA activity of the internal membranes of the myocardial mitochondrial in vivo and in vitro differed. Necrosis of the myocardium induced both in vivo and in vitro significant changes in the specific activity of the RNA of the mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of disseminated necrotic heart lesions on incorporation of radioactive precursors into the RNA of the inner membranes of rat myocardial mitochondria]. The authors studied the role played by the internal membranes of the myocardial mitochondria of rats as the site of radioactive precursors incorporation into the mitochondrial RNA. As revealed, kinetics of the changes of the specific RNA activity of the internal membranes of the myocardial mitochondrial in vivo and in vitro differed. Necrosis of the myocardium induced both in vivo and in vitro significant changes in the specific activity of the RNA of the mitochondrial membranes.", "PMID": 588732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2671", "title": "[Effect of short-term microcirculatory disorders on indices of myocardial energy metabolism].", "content": "Disturbance of the microcirculation produced by the combined injection of the high molecular weight dextran and vasopressin led as soon as the first minutes (5 min) to the intensification of glycolysis. This was testified to by the reduction of glycogen concentration by 19.4 percent, elevation of the phosphorylase \"A\" activity by 30-36 percent and of the pyruvic acid by 36.9 percent. The ATP, ADP, AMP, and the KP concentration remained unchanged. The observed glycolysis changes can be regarded as the initial metabolic reactions resulting from hypoxia originating in microcirculation disturbances.", "contents": "[Effect of short-term microcirculatory disorders on indices of myocardial energy metabolism]. Disturbance of the microcirculation produced by the combined injection of the high molecular weight dextran and vasopressin led as soon as the first minutes (5 min) to the intensification of glycolysis. This was testified to by the reduction of glycogen concentration by 19.4 percent, elevation of the phosphorylase \"A\" activity by 30-36 percent and of the pyruvic acid by 36.9 percent. The ATP, ADP, AMP, and the KP concentration remained unchanged. The observed glycolysis changes can be regarded as the initial metabolic reactions resulting from hypoxia originating in microcirculation disturbances.", "PMID": 588733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2672", "title": "[Biophysics of thermal lesions].", "content": "Experiments on rats showed that thermal irradiation caused a more marked elevation of subcutaneous temperature at the area of the skin separated from the underlying tissues by a felt plate than at the skin area separated from the surrounding and underlying tissues and immediately sutured to its place or the area of the uninjured skin. The authors believe that the data obtained indicated that the blood flow played no significant role in leading the heat from the skin in the action of the radial heat on it. Of much greater significance is the capacity of the underlying tissues to lead off and to accumulate heat.", "contents": "[Biophysics of thermal lesions]. Experiments on rats showed that thermal irradiation caused a more marked elevation of subcutaneous temperature at the area of the skin separated from the underlying tissues by a felt plate than at the skin area separated from the surrounding and underlying tissues and immediately sutured to its place or the area of the uninjured skin. The authors believe that the data obtained indicated that the blood flow played no significant role in leading the heat from the skin in the action of the radial heat on it. Of much greater significance is the capacity of the underlying tissues to lead off and to accumulate heat.", "PMID": 588734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2673", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on orienting-exploratory behavior after startling caused by acoustic stimulation].", "content": "Frightening sound stimulation induced alarm and alertness which resulted in weakening of attention to novel environment and increasing of orienting response to the source of the frightening sound. Defense motivation occurring under these conditions failed to alter with the increase of sound loudness. Tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, benatyzine), antidepressants (amytriptiline, imipramine) and some neuroleptics (trifluoperazine, haloperidol) in a low doze prevented these disturbances. High doses of pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, as well as trifluoperazine and haloperidol did not prevent the mentioned consequences of emotional excitation.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on orienting-exploratory behavior after startling caused by acoustic stimulation]. Frightening sound stimulation induced alarm and alertness which resulted in weakening of attention to novel environment and increasing of orienting response to the source of the frightening sound. Defense motivation occurring under these conditions failed to alter with the increase of sound loudness. Tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, benatyzine), antidepressants (amytriptiline, imipramine) and some neuroleptics (trifluoperazine, haloperidol) in a low doze prevented these disturbances. High doses of pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, as well as trifluoperazine and haloperidol did not prevent the mentioned consequences of emotional excitation.", "PMID": 588735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2674", "title": "[Opsonins and erythrophagocytosis].", "content": "The author studied the capacity of granulocytes and reticular cells of rat bone marrow to phagocytize mouse red blood cells in the action of opsonins against them. A comparative assessment of phagocytosis of fresh and formaldehyde-treated mouse red blood cells was conducted. A moderate phagocytosis observed with the use of fresh erythrocytes and immune noninactivated rat serum was less pronounced when inactivated serum was used. No phagocytosis occurred with rat nonimmune serum. On the contrary, when formaldehyde-treated erythrocytes were used with the same sera phagocytosis was much stronger.", "contents": "[Opsonins and erythrophagocytosis]. The author studied the capacity of granulocytes and reticular cells of rat bone marrow to phagocytize mouse red blood cells in the action of opsonins against them. A comparative assessment of phagocytosis of fresh and formaldehyde-treated mouse red blood cells was conducted. A moderate phagocytosis observed with the use of fresh erythrocytes and immune noninactivated rat serum was less pronounced when inactivated serum was used. No phagocytosis occurred with rat nonimmune serum. On the contrary, when formaldehyde-treated erythrocytes were used with the same sera phagocytosis was much stronger.", "PMID": 588736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2675", "title": "[Modeling experimental pollinosis].", "content": "Experimental pollinosis was modelled on guinea pigs. The animals were placed in a cell in which an allergen-water-dialyzed extract of ambrosia pollen was dispersed by means of coaxial pulveriser. Homocytotropic antibodies serving as indices of animal sensitization to the specific allergen formed in guinea pigs as a result of aerosol sensitization. Sensitization of the animals to the ambrosia allergen was accompanied by an increase of sensitivity of the broncho-pulmonary apparatus and was characterized by the bronchospastic reaction in resolving inhalation or inrtavenous injection of a specific allergen.", "contents": "[Modeling experimental pollinosis]. Experimental pollinosis was modelled on guinea pigs. The animals were placed in a cell in which an allergen-water-dialyzed extract of ambrosia pollen was dispersed by means of coaxial pulveriser. Homocytotropic antibodies serving as indices of animal sensitization to the specific allergen formed in guinea pigs as a result of aerosol sensitization. Sensitization of the animals to the ambrosia allergen was accompanied by an increase of sensitivity of the broncho-pulmonary apparatus and was characterized by the bronchospastic reaction in resolving inhalation or inrtavenous injection of a specific allergen.", "PMID": 588737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2676", "title": "[Cytostatic effect of cyclophosphane on esophageal tumors and epithelium of mice].", "content": "Investigation of cytostatic activity of cyclophosphamide in sarcoma 37 and esophagus epithelium in albino mice with respect to the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity and the number of labeled nuclei was performed. Apparently the tumour cells in the G1-phase and at the beginning of the S-phase of the mitotic cycle were the most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of this drug. During the completion of the DNA-synthesis period the cell resistance to the action of the cytostatic increased. Cells at the G1-phase of the mitotic cycle were sensitive to the inhibitory action of cyclophosphane in the esophageal epithelium.", "contents": "[Cytostatic effect of cyclophosphane on esophageal tumors and epithelium of mice]. Investigation of cytostatic activity of cyclophosphamide in sarcoma 37 and esophagus epithelium in albino mice with respect to the diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity and the number of labeled nuclei was performed. Apparently the tumour cells in the G1-phase and at the beginning of the S-phase of the mitotic cycle were the most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of this drug. During the completion of the DNA-synthesis period the cell resistance to the action of the cytostatic increased. Cells at the G1-phase of the mitotic cycle were sensitive to the inhibitory action of cyclophosphane in the esophageal epithelium.", "PMID": 588738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2677", "title": "[Effect of sarcolysine on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in sarcoma C-45].", "content": "A drop of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity was revealed in sarcoma C-45 at the period of its most intensive growth. Repeated sarcolysine injections (1.2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused a sharp fall in the activity of both enzymes with a simultaneous reduction of the ratio of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The important role of the glutathione enzyme redox system in the realization of antitumour action of the chemotherapeutic drugs is supposed.", "contents": "[Effect of sarcolysine on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in sarcoma C-45]. A drop of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity was revealed in sarcoma C-45 at the period of its most intensive growth. Repeated sarcolysine injections (1.2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused a sharp fall in the activity of both enzymes with a simultaneous reduction of the ratio of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The important role of the glutathione enzyme redox system in the realization of antitumour action of the chemotherapeutic drugs is supposed.", "PMID": 588739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2678", "title": "[Age and biorhythms of the histophysiologic indices of the thyroid gland].", "content": "Rhythmic changes of several histophysiological parameters of the thyroid gland was studied in 144 A/He mice of three age groups: young immature, mature adults and ageing animals. The multicomponent nature of the rhythmic changes was found for each index; it included the circadian component, as well as infradian oscillations. The leading role of the circadian component in the establishment of the biorhythms of the organ functioning was shown, whereas ontogenetic changes were chiefly associated with the ultradian components' attenuation.", "contents": "[Age and biorhythms of the histophysiologic indices of the thyroid gland]. Rhythmic changes of several histophysiological parameters of the thyroid gland was studied in 144 A/He mice of three age groups: young immature, mature adults and ageing animals. The multicomponent nature of the rhythmic changes was found for each index; it included the circadian component, as well as infradian oscillations. The leading role of the circadian component in the establishment of the biorhythms of the organ functioning was shown, whereas ontogenetic changes were chiefly associated with the ultradian components' attenuation.", "PMID": 588740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2679", "title": "[Effect of nociceptive stimulation on the mitotic activity of cutaneous epithelial cells surrounding a wound at different age periods].", "content": "Wounds, 1 cm in length, reaching the cutaneous muscle were inflicted to rats, aged 11 days, 2 and 2 1/2 months, under the right scapula. In 48 hours the animals were subjected to pain irritation with electric current. Mitotic activity was determined in the cells of the basal layer of cutaneous epithelium. Pain stimulation decreased the mitotic index of the cutaneous epithelium cells in animals of all the age groups under study considerably (several times). There was an increase of mitotic index from the early to later periods of postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Effect of nociceptive stimulation on the mitotic activity of cutaneous epithelial cells surrounding a wound at different age periods]. Wounds, 1 cm in length, reaching the cutaneous muscle were inflicted to rats, aged 11 days, 2 and 2 1/2 months, under the right scapula. In 48 hours the animals were subjected to pain irritation with electric current. Mitotic activity was determined in the cells of the basal layer of cutaneous epithelium. Pain stimulation decreased the mitotic index of the cutaneous epithelium cells in animals of all the age groups under study considerably (several times). There was an increase of mitotic index from the early to later periods of postnatal ontogenesis.", "PMID": 588741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2680", "title": "[Patterns in the structural homeostasis of cardiomyocytes].", "content": "Results of quantitative analysis of the ultrastructura organization (UO) of animal (rabbit, rat, dog) and human cardiomyocytes carried out by means of the point method are presented. A number of stereometric constants which provide structural cardiomyocyte homeostasis (SCH) were revealed: the sum total mitochondrial (MT) and myofibril (MF) volume is a constant value- a \"cardiomyocytic constant\" (Vmt + Vmf=Kcm); the total growth of MT and MF volumes in different functional states is equal to \"0\" (dVmt + dVmf=0); adaptational MT and MF rearrangement takes place during an interval of 11% of the volume (deltaVmt=deltaVmf=11 percent; the SCH is maintained by the changes of the UO within the limits of the law of \"constancy of volume interrelations\" (80; 10; 10), according to which 80 percent of the volume falls on Kcm, 10 percent of the remaining organellae and cell inclusions (Vi) and 10 percent on the plasma cell (Vpl). The assumption on a possibility of universality of the stereometric constants is suggested.", "contents": "[Patterns in the structural homeostasis of cardiomyocytes]. Results of quantitative analysis of the ultrastructura organization (UO) of animal (rabbit, rat, dog) and human cardiomyocytes carried out by means of the point method are presented. A number of stereometric constants which provide structural cardiomyocyte homeostasis (SCH) were revealed: the sum total mitochondrial (MT) and myofibril (MF) volume is a constant value- a \"cardiomyocytic constant\" (Vmt + Vmf=Kcm); the total growth of MT and MF volumes in different functional states is equal to \"0\" (dVmt + dVmf=0); adaptational MT and MF rearrangement takes place during an interval of 11% of the volume (deltaVmt=deltaVmf=11 percent; the SCH is maintained by the changes of the UO within the limits of the law of \"constancy of volume interrelations\" (80; 10; 10), according to which 80 percent of the volume falls on Kcm, 10 percent of the remaining organellae and cell inclusions (Vi) and 10 percent on the plasma cell (Vpl). The assumption on a possibility of universality of the stereometric constants is suggested.", "PMID": 588742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2681", "title": "[Effect of Kupffer cell blockade at different periods following partial hepatectomy on regeneration of hepatocytes].", "content": "In male Wistar rats, weighing 140-160 g, the block of the liver mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was carried out by means of \"carbonyl iron\" (type R-100F, particle size 1-1.5 micron). It was induced 2 hours before or 3 and 18 hours after partial hepatectomy. Iron injection previously or at the early prereplicative regeneration period led to a significant delay of the hepatocyte nucleus labeling and mitotic indices peaks against the background of an overall depression of hepatocyte proliferation. The MPS block during the intensive DNA synthesis by regenerating liver hepatocytes was less effective. The facts testify to the importance of Kupffer's cells in the regulation of the reparative liver regeneration.", "contents": "[Effect of Kupffer cell blockade at different periods following partial hepatectomy on regeneration of hepatocytes]. In male Wistar rats, weighing 140-160 g, the block of the liver mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) was carried out by means of \"carbonyl iron\" (type R-100F, particle size 1-1.5 micron). It was induced 2 hours before or 3 and 18 hours after partial hepatectomy. Iron injection previously or at the early prereplicative regeneration period led to a significant delay of the hepatocyte nucleus labeling and mitotic indices peaks against the background of an overall depression of hepatocyte proliferation. The MPS block during the intensive DNA synthesis by regenerating liver hepatocytes was less effective. The facts testify to the importance of Kupffer's cells in the regulation of the reparative liver regeneration.", "PMID": 588743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2682", "title": "[DNA synthesis in connective tissue elements of regenerating skin under the influence of thyrocalcitonin and hypoxia].", "content": "The influence of TCT on the proliferation activity of the connective tissue elements of the regenerating skin in normal and lowered partial oxygen tension was studied by means of H3-thymidin autoradiography. Continuous saturation of the organism with exogenous TCT is characterized by an increase in the count of cells during the S-period of mitotic cycle, the DNA synthesis intensification, and a considerable decrease in the number of silver grains over the nuclei in the course of the 24-hour observation period; this can testify to the acceleration of the cell passage of mitotic cycle stages in normal and low partial oxygen tension in hypoxia.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis in connective tissue elements of regenerating skin under the influence of thyrocalcitonin and hypoxia]. The influence of TCT on the proliferation activity of the connective tissue elements of the regenerating skin in normal and lowered partial oxygen tension was studied by means of H3-thymidin autoradiography. Continuous saturation of the organism with exogenous TCT is characterized by an increase in the count of cells during the S-period of mitotic cycle, the DNA synthesis intensification, and a considerable decrease in the number of silver grains over the nuclei in the course of the 24-hour observation period; this can testify to the acceleration of the cell passage of mitotic cycle stages in normal and low partial oxygen tension in hypoxia.", "PMID": 588744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2683", "title": "[Significance of the statistical characteristics of the sinus rhythm of the heart].", "content": "Statistical analysis of prolonged continuous recordings of the ECG RR intervals was carried out in 64 patients with purulent surgical infection. The following indices were considered: the mean value of the RR intervals, the mean quadratic deviation (delta), the variation amplitude, the 1st and the 3rd correlation coefficients, the excess, asymmetry, the RR/delta ratio. Besides, the size and the shape of the autoregression could was analyzed. Statistically significant differences of the RR/delta ratio, of the mean quadratic deviation, and of the variation amplitude were revealed in 3 groups of patients differing by the severity of condition. These differences were reflected in the size and shape of the autoregression cloud. The results obtained suggest that statistical characteristics of prolonged recordings of the cardiac rhythm could be used for objective assessment of the severity of the patient's condition and of the therapeutic effect in the patients with a purulent surgical infection.", "contents": "[Significance of the statistical characteristics of the sinus rhythm of the heart]. Statistical analysis of prolonged continuous recordings of the ECG RR intervals was carried out in 64 patients with purulent surgical infection. The following indices were considered: the mean value of the RR intervals, the mean quadratic deviation (delta), the variation amplitude, the 1st and the 3rd correlation coefficients, the excess, asymmetry, the RR/delta ratio. Besides, the size and the shape of the autoregression could was analyzed. Statistically significant differences of the RR/delta ratio, of the mean quadratic deviation, and of the variation amplitude were revealed in 3 groups of patients differing by the severity of condition. These differences were reflected in the size and shape of the autoregression cloud. The results obtained suggest that statistical characteristics of prolonged recordings of the cardiac rhythm could be used for objective assessment of the severity of the patient's condition and of the therapeutic effect in the patients with a purulent surgical infection.", "PMID": 588745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2684", "title": "[Determination of the inequality of ventilation by the helium mixing time in a spirograph--lung system].", "content": "The dependence of the time of He mixing in the lung-spyrograph system upon the factors influencing its value was taken into consideration. Cases of equal lung ventilation of the lungs were graphically illustrated; the \"ideal\" mixing time was determined with the aid of these diagrams. It is suggested that the inequality of the lung ventilation can be judged by the value by which the mixing time obtained in the examination of the patient's respiration exceeded the \"ideal\" one found by the diagram in the same patient.", "contents": "[Determination of the inequality of ventilation by the helium mixing time in a spirograph--lung system]. The dependence of the time of He mixing in the lung-spyrograph system upon the factors influencing its value was taken into consideration. Cases of equal lung ventilation of the lungs were graphically illustrated; the \"ideal\" mixing time was determined with the aid of these diagrams. It is suggested that the inequality of the lung ventilation can be judged by the value by which the mixing time obtained in the examination of the patient's respiration exceeded the \"ideal\" one found by the diagram in the same patient.", "PMID": 588746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2685", "title": "[Methods of determining renin activity in individual renal glomeruli and their fragments].", "content": "The author suggests a modification of the method for determination of renin activity in a single glomerulus and its fragments, based on the use of cold EDTA-treated plasma of nephrectomized animals as renin substrate source, instead of a complicated method of substrate obtaining from plasma. The renin bioassay method was somewhat simplified. All the procedures were conducted with the use of home-produced equipment. The principle of this modification can be used for clinical purposes.", "contents": "[Methods of determining renin activity in individual renal glomeruli and their fragments]. The author suggests a modification of the method for determination of renin activity in a single glomerulus and its fragments, based on the use of cold EDTA-treated plasma of nephrectomized animals as renin substrate source, instead of a complicated method of substrate obtaining from plasma. The renin bioassay method was somewhat simplified. All the procedures were conducted with the use of home-produced equipment. The principle of this modification can be used for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 588747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2686", "title": "[The human pineal gland. Study performed on 747 glands].", "content": "The study of 747 human pineal glands shows that the weight of this organ is extremely variable. This weight shows seasonal variations. The weight of the pineal is identical in cancerous and non cancerous patients. It is lower (the difference being statistically highly significative) in a great majority of hepatic diseases. Microscopic study of 54 of these pineal glands (those obtained 2 to 6 hours after death) shows that the pineal concretions may have a variable origin: the vessel walls, the interlobular connective tissue, and certain pinealocytes that can then be colored by alcian blue.", "contents": "[The human pineal gland. Study performed on 747 glands]. The study of 747 human pineal glands shows that the weight of this organ is extremely variable. This weight shows seasonal variations. The weight of the pineal is identical in cancerous and non cancerous patients. It is lower (the difference being statistically highly significative) in a great majority of hepatic diseases. Microscopic study of 54 of these pineal glands (those obtained 2 to 6 hours after death) shows that the pineal concretions may have a variable origin: the vessel walls, the interlobular connective tissue, and certain pinealocytes that can then be colored by alcian blue.", "PMID": 588755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2687", "title": "[Interspecies study of statistical correlations existing between the pineal gland size and weight and brain and body weight in two groups of mammals. Interspecies study of correlations between the pineal gland and brain in the rat and in man].", "content": "Network analysis procedures have been applied to study the cell patterns on the dorso medial and ventral lateral formation of the inferior colliculus of different species, i-e: Cat, Tat and Monkey. The results suggests the existence of important interspecific differences, more particularly in the primates. These differences are more obvious in the dorso medial formation. The functionnal implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[Interspecies study of statistical correlations existing between the pineal gland size and weight and brain and body weight in two groups of mammals. Interspecies study of correlations between the pineal gland and brain in the rat and in man]. Network analysis procedures have been applied to study the cell patterns on the dorso medial and ventral lateral formation of the inferior colliculus of different species, i-e: Cat, Tat and Monkey. The results suggests the existence of important interspecific differences, more particularly in the primates. These differences are more obvious in the dorso medial formation. The functionnal implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 588756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2688", "title": "[Interkinetic migration of the auditory placode in the chick embryo].", "content": "Interkinetic nuclear migration was studied in cells forming the auditory placode of chick embryos with thymidine H3 and autoradiography. Our results show, that the nuclei in the auditory placode, synthesize D.N.A. in the outer zone, then migrate toward the inner zone to undergo division and subsequently return to the outer zone.", "contents": "[Interkinetic migration of the auditory placode in the chick embryo]. Interkinetic nuclear migration was studied in cells forming the auditory placode of chick embryos with thymidine H3 and autoradiography. Our results show, that the nuclei in the auditory placode, synthesize D.N.A. in the outer zone, then migrate toward the inner zone to undergo division and subsequently return to the outer zone.", "PMID": 588757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2689", "title": "[Typology of the cells of the bulbopontine reticular formation].", "content": "The network analysis methods have been applied to study the neurons of the medial bulbo pontine reticular formation in the cat. The bifurcation ratio allows isolation of two different cellular patterns: collateral branched cells or CB type, and at random pendant vertices dichotomously branched cells or DA type. The morphologic features of CB cells lead to the assumption that these cells have an integrative function. The topographic distribution of the two cells types seems to vary in the different parts of the reticular formation and should argue for the fact that the reticular formation represents an aggregation of several discrete anatomical units.", "contents": "[Typology of the cells of the bulbopontine reticular formation]. The network analysis methods have been applied to study the neurons of the medial bulbo pontine reticular formation in the cat. The bifurcation ratio allows isolation of two different cellular patterns: collateral branched cells or CB type, and at random pendant vertices dichotomously branched cells or DA type. The morphologic features of CB cells lead to the assumption that these cells have an integrative function. The topographic distribution of the two cells types seems to vary in the different parts of the reticular formation and should argue for the fact that the reticular formation represents an aggregation of several discrete anatomical units.", "PMID": 588758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2690", "title": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the secondary palate during embryonic formation in the rat].", "content": "Normal fetuses 14 to 17 days old were obtained from female Wistar rats. The palates have been studied, after dissection, by scanning electron microscopy. Palatal closure is achieved, in the median and posterior region, by the elevation of the lateral palatine processus from a ventro-medial to a horizontal position; immediately after the horizontalization, they adhere to each other. Rostrally naso-palatine canal closure takes place later; it results from an epithelial and mesenchymal outgrowth under the nasal septum. The mutual adhesivity of the free edges of the lateral processes is noticeable. The pattern of the fusion surface has been considered, elements such as exfoliated cells, filopodes and microvilli are present. Their contribution to the adherence phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscope study of the secondary palate during embryonic formation in the rat]. Normal fetuses 14 to 17 days old were obtained from female Wistar rats. The palates have been studied, after dissection, by scanning electron microscopy. Palatal closure is achieved, in the median and posterior region, by the elevation of the lateral palatine processus from a ventro-medial to a horizontal position; immediately after the horizontalization, they adhere to each other. Rostrally naso-palatine canal closure takes place later; it results from an epithelial and mesenchymal outgrowth under the nasal septum. The mutual adhesivity of the free edges of the lateral processes is noticeable. The pattern of the fusion surface has been considered, elements such as exfoliated cells, filopodes and microvilli are present. Their contribution to the adherence phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 588759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2691", "title": "[Palatine clefts following puncture of the amniotic sac in the rat].", "content": "1) Amniotic sac puncture is a reliable procedure for induction of a cleft palate in rat foetuses 15 days old. 2) This possibility persists during the first hours of day 16. 3) When applied to rats after 16 days 12 hours of pregnancy, amniocentesis does't induce a cleft palate. 4) Treatment during this critical stage of pregnancy with substances able to reduce the amniotic fluid volume, such as acetazolamide and hydrocortisone, doesn't produce cleft palate.", "contents": "[Palatine clefts following puncture of the amniotic sac in the rat]. 1) Amniotic sac puncture is a reliable procedure for induction of a cleft palate in rat foetuses 15 days old. 2) This possibility persists during the first hours of day 16. 3) When applied to rats after 16 days 12 hours of pregnancy, amniocentesis does't induce a cleft palate. 4) Treatment during this critical stage of pregnancy with substances able to reduce the amniotic fluid volume, such as acetazolamide and hydrocortisone, doesn't produce cleft palate.", "PMID": 588760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2692", "title": "[Conditions affecting the application of the method of determining blood volume by the injection of labeled (iodine 131) serum albumin to small animals (chick embryo)].", "content": "The isotopic dilution method is really suitable for the determination of blood volume in small animals. The main purpose of this study is to find the limits of measuring errors made during the injection procedures (injected volumes about one microliter) and the sampling of blood (blood samples less than one milliliter). After evaluation of the extravascular rate of diffusion of the radioactive iodinated human serum-albumin, the blood volume of the 17 days incubated chick embryo is measured by this method for control purposes.", "contents": "[Conditions affecting the application of the method of determining blood volume by the injection of labeled (iodine 131) serum albumin to small animals (chick embryo)]. The isotopic dilution method is really suitable for the determination of blood volume in small animals. The main purpose of this study is to find the limits of measuring errors made during the injection procedures (injected volumes about one microliter) and the sampling of blood (blood samples less than one milliliter). After evaluation of the extravascular rate of diffusion of the radioactive iodinated human serum-albumin, the blood volume of the 17 days incubated chick embryo is measured by this method for control purposes.", "PMID": 588761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2693", "title": "Stereospecificity in toxicity of the optical isomers of EPN.", "content": "While the optical isomers of EPN were equally toxic to mice, (+)-EPN was 2.9 fold and 4.0 fold more toxic to houseflies and rice stem borer larvae, respectively, than the (-)-isomer. In addition, (-)-EPN produced paralysis of the legs in hens about 10 to 14 days after dosing, whereas (+)-EPN caused no paralytic effects. Thus, (+)-EPN appears to be a more appropriate insecticide than the racemic compound, since it combines high toxicity to insects and no delayed neruotoxicity in hens.", "contents": "Stereospecificity in toxicity of the optical isomers of EPN. While the optical isomers of EPN were equally toxic to mice, (+)-EPN was 2.9 fold and 4.0 fold more toxic to houseflies and rice stem borer larvae, respectively, than the (-)-isomer. In addition, (-)-EPN produced paralysis of the legs in hens about 10 to 14 days after dosing, whereas (+)-EPN caused no paralytic effects. Thus, (+)-EPN appears to be a more appropriate insecticide than the racemic compound, since it combines high toxicity to insects and no delayed neruotoxicity in hens.", "PMID": 588764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2694", "title": "Influence of a pulp and paper mill effluent on aspects of distribution, survival and feeding of Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior, larval fish.", "content": "Surface distribution of Nipigon Bay larval fish was characterized by high abundance, between 500 and 2100 larval fish/10,000 m3 near shore, particularly in proximity to the pulp and paper mill effluent discharge, and low abundance, less than 100/10,000 m3 away from shore. Static bioassay indicated that approximately 60% effluent concentration was intolerable to the natural mixed larval fish community. No wood fibre was found among stomach contents and no difference was apparent in stomach contents of fish caught in influenced and uninfluenced areas. Data therefore suggest that larval fish either were not greatly influenced by plume conditions or were transients.", "contents": "Influence of a pulp and paper mill effluent on aspects of distribution, survival and feeding of Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior, larval fish. Surface distribution of Nipigon Bay larval fish was characterized by high abundance, between 500 and 2100 larval fish/10,000 m3 near shore, particularly in proximity to the pulp and paper mill effluent discharge, and low abundance, less than 100/10,000 m3 away from shore. Static bioassay indicated that approximately 60% effluent concentration was intolerable to the natural mixed larval fish community. No wood fibre was found among stomach contents and no difference was apparent in stomach contents of fish caught in influenced and uninfluenced areas. Data therefore suggest that larval fish either were not greatly influenced by plume conditions or were transients.", "PMID": 588769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2695", "title": "Effect of dieldrin on the stability of lysosomes in the rat liver.", "content": "The effect of dieldrin on the bound and free activity of cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase has been investigated. Administration of dieldrin increased the activity of free cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in rat liver whereas it did not affect the activity of aryl sulphatase. This indicates that dieldrin labilizes the lysosomes.", "contents": "Effect of dieldrin on the stability of lysosomes in the rat liver. The effect of dieldrin on the bound and free activity of cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase has been investigated. Administration of dieldrin increased the activity of free cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in rat liver whereas it did not affect the activity of aryl sulphatase. This indicates that dieldrin labilizes the lysosomes.", "PMID": 588771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2696", "title": "A rib-containing free flap to reconstruct mandibular defects.", "content": "A composite free flap based on intercostal vessels may be used to reconstruct in one stage defects around the mandible in which skin, soft tissue and bone are missing. A delay procedure is recommended one week prior to transfer.", "contents": "A rib-containing free flap to reconstruct mandibular defects. A composite free flap based on intercostal vessels may be used to reconstruct in one stage defects around the mandible in which skin, soft tissue and bone are missing. A delay procedure is recommended one week prior to transfer.", "PMID": 588790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2697", "title": "Bizarre implants for augmentation mammaplasty: long term human reaction to polyethylene strips.", "content": "Two patients are described where a mass of polyethylene strips had been used for augmentation mammaplasty. The reaction to this plastic was different in each case.", "contents": "Bizarre implants for augmentation mammaplasty: long term human reaction to polyethylene strips. Two patients are described where a mass of polyethylene strips had been used for augmentation mammaplasty. The reaction to this plastic was different in each case.", "PMID": 588792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2698", "title": "The versatile palatal island flap: its use in soft palate reconstruction and nasopharyngeal and choanal atresia.", "content": "The mucoperiosteal island flap, first designed to provide nasal lining during pushback lengthening of a short cleft palate, has been used to assist in reconstruction of large soft palate defects following resection for cancer, to create and maintain patency of the velopharyngeal aperture after stenosis and to maintain patency of the nasal airway after resection of bony choanal atresia.", "contents": "The versatile palatal island flap: its use in soft palate reconstruction and nasopharyngeal and choanal atresia. The mucoperiosteal island flap, first designed to provide nasal lining during pushback lengthening of a short cleft palate, has been used to assist in reconstruction of large soft palate defects following resection for cancer, to create and maintain patency of the velopharyngeal aperture after stenosis and to maintain patency of the nasal airway after resection of bony choanal atresia.", "PMID": 588795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2699", "title": "A presynaptic site of action within the mesencephalic reticular formation for (+)-amphetamine-induced electrocortical desynchronization.", "content": "1. Changes induced in the electrocorticogram by the bilateral perfusion of (+)-amphetamine into the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) have been studied in cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations. 2. (+)-Amphetamine, applied for 5 min in the MRF, mimicked the electrocortical desynchronization induced by the perfusion of (-)-noradrenaline (NA) or (-)-alpha-methylnoradrenaline (AMNA) into the same sites. 3. Perfusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) also induced desynchronization but, over the 1 h perfusion period, slow wave activity gradually returned to the electrical record. 4. Following the application of 6-OHDA the effect of (+)-amphetamine was abolished or significantly attenuated, whereas the effect of NA or AMNA was not affected. 5. The electrocortical desynchronization induced by (+)-amphetamine could be restored if its application was preceded by perfusion with NA or AMNA. 6. Fluorescence studies using AMNA indicated that 6-OHDA depleted noradrenergic nerve terminals near the cannulae tips. However, the terminals were still capable of taking up exogenously applied AMNA. 7. These results suggest that (+)-amphetamine has a presynaptic action on noradrenergic nerve terminals within the MRF.", "contents": "A presynaptic site of action within the mesencephalic reticular formation for (+)-amphetamine-induced electrocortical desynchronization. 1. Changes induced in the electrocorticogram by the bilateral perfusion of (+)-amphetamine into the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) have been studied in cat enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparations. 2. (+)-Amphetamine, applied for 5 min in the MRF, mimicked the electrocortical desynchronization induced by the perfusion of (-)-noradrenaline (NA) or (-)-alpha-methylnoradrenaline (AMNA) into the same sites. 3. Perfusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) also induced desynchronization but, over the 1 h perfusion period, slow wave activity gradually returned to the electrical record. 4. Following the application of 6-OHDA the effect of (+)-amphetamine was abolished or significantly attenuated, whereas the effect of NA or AMNA was not affected. 5. The electrocortical desynchronization induced by (+)-amphetamine could be restored if its application was preceded by perfusion with NA or AMNA. 6. Fluorescence studies using AMNA indicated that 6-OHDA depleted noradrenergic nerve terminals near the cannulae tips. However, the terminals were still capable of taking up exogenously applied AMNA. 7. These results suggest that (+)-amphetamine has a presynaptic action on noradrenergic nerve terminals within the MRF.", "PMID": 588800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2700", "title": "The mode of action of tetrabenazine on peripheral noradrenergic nerves.", "content": "1. Tetrabenazine (100 mg/kg i.p. in rats) greatly decreased catecholamine-induced histofluorescence in the iris, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava and mesenteric blood vessels 4 h after injection. Fluorescence returned to normal by 24 h after injection. 2. The extent of this depletion (4 h after tetrabenazine) was similar to that seen 18 h after reserpine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). 3. Incubation of tissues taken from rats 4 h after this dose of tetrabenazine with noradrenaline 5 X 10(-6)M restored the intraneuronal fluorescence as well as the electron density of noradrenergic vesicle cores viewed with the electron microscope. No such repletion was seen on incubation of tissues from reserpine-treated rats with noradrenaline under the same conditions. 4. Incubation of tetrabenazine-treated hepatic portal veins with noradrenaline also reinstated the normal response to electrical stimulation of the intramural nerves. This did not occur with reserpine-treated veins. 5. The interpretation that tetrabenazine exerts a reversible depleting effect on the noradrenergic vesicle is supported by the demonstration that it exerts no monoamine oxidase inhibiton.", "contents": "The mode of action of tetrabenazine on peripheral noradrenergic nerves. 1. Tetrabenazine (100 mg/kg i.p. in rats) greatly decreased catecholamine-induced histofluorescence in the iris, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava and mesenteric blood vessels 4 h after injection. Fluorescence returned to normal by 24 h after injection. 2. The extent of this depletion (4 h after tetrabenazine) was similar to that seen 18 h after reserpine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). 3. Incubation of tissues taken from rats 4 h after this dose of tetrabenazine with noradrenaline 5 X 10(-6)M restored the intraneuronal fluorescence as well as the electron density of noradrenergic vesicle cores viewed with the electron microscope. No such repletion was seen on incubation of tissues from reserpine-treated rats with noradrenaline under the same conditions. 4. Incubation of tetrabenazine-treated hepatic portal veins with noradrenaline also reinstated the normal response to electrical stimulation of the intramural nerves. This did not occur with reserpine-treated veins. 5. The interpretation that tetrabenazine exerts a reversible depleting effect on the noradrenergic vesicle is supported by the demonstration that it exerts no monoamine oxidase inhibiton.", "PMID": 588801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2701", "title": "Comparative evaluation of the in vitro effects of hydralazine and hydralazine acetonide on arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "1. Dose-response relationships to K+ were determined in isolated strips of rabbit aorta. 2. K+ contractures were induced by 30 mM K+ in paired strips from individual animals. The effects of hydralazine and hydralazine acetone hydrazone (hydralazine acetonide) on these contractures were studied. 3. Hydralazine and hydralazine acetonide both produced dose-dependent decreases of K+-induced tone. Threshold concentrations for hydralazine were 11.89 +/- 4.5 X 10(-5) M (mean +/- s.d.) and for hydralazine actonide 9.7 +/- 4.6 X 10(-5) M (0.5 less than P less than 0.4). 4. The magnitude of the effect of hydralazine acetonide was greater than that of hydralazine at all concentrations above threshold, as reflected in a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the slopes of dose-response curves to the two treatments. The vasodilator effects of hydralazine and the acetonide were terminated by washout of the bath. 5. The differences in effect were not due to instability of hydralazine under in vitro conditions. 6. It is concluded that hydralazine acetonide has intrinsic activity on vascular smooth muscle which differs significantly from that of the parent compound and that this may contribute to the hypotensive effects which follow administration of the parent compound.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of the in vitro effects of hydralazine and hydralazine acetonide on arterial smooth muscle. 1. Dose-response relationships to K+ were determined in isolated strips of rabbit aorta. 2. K+ contractures were induced by 30 mM K+ in paired strips from individual animals. The effects of hydralazine and hydralazine acetone hydrazone (hydralazine acetonide) on these contractures were studied. 3. Hydralazine and hydralazine acetonide both produced dose-dependent decreases of K+-induced tone. Threshold concentrations for hydralazine were 11.89 +/- 4.5 X 10(-5) M (mean +/- s.d.) and for hydralazine actonide 9.7 +/- 4.6 X 10(-5) M (0.5 less than P less than 0.4). 4. The magnitude of the effect of hydralazine acetonide was greater than that of hydralazine at all concentrations above threshold, as reflected in a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the slopes of dose-response curves to the two treatments. The vasodilator effects of hydralazine and the acetonide were terminated by washout of the bath. 5. The differences in effect were not due to instability of hydralazine under in vitro conditions. 6. It is concluded that hydralazine acetonide has intrinsic activity on vascular smooth muscle which differs significantly from that of the parent compound and that this may contribute to the hypotensive effects which follow administration of the parent compound.", "PMID": 588802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2702", "title": "BRL 13776: a novel antihypertensive agent with interesting monoamine depleting properties.", "content": "1. Oral doses of 10-100 mg/kg of BRL 13776 lowered the blood pressure of both deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/NaCl-treated hypertensive rats and untreated normotensive rats. 2. BRL 13776 (100 mg/kg, orally) also reduced the blood pressure of renal hypertensive cats (cellophane perinephritis model). 3. No tolerance developed to the blood-pressure lowering action of BRL 13776 when an oral daily dose of 100 mg/kg was administered repeatedly for up to 15 days to hypertensive rats and cats. 4. The fall in blood pressure to BRL 13776 in rats was associated with a reduction of tissue catecholamines. 5. The catecholamine depletion occurred in all the peripheral tissues examined but in the brain was restricted to certain regions, these being the hind-brain on single dosing and the hind-brain, hypothalamus and mid-brain on repeated dosing. Catecholamine levels in the cerebral hemispheres were not affected by either single or repeated doses of BRL 13776. 6. BRL 13776 caused some reduction of the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the heart but not of whole brain or any brain region. 7. Neither single doses (up to 900 mg/kg orally) nor repeated doses (100-300 mg/kg orally) of BRL 13776 produced any significant behavioural effects in animals. 8. BRL 13776 is a new type of agent to display both antihypertensive and monoamine-depleting properties. The reduction of noradrenaline in certain brain regions may be a cause of the antihypertensive response but depletion in the periphery could contribute in a major or minor way. The differential action on noradrenaline in the brain together with the lack of effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine might also explain the apparent absence of behavioural effects.", "contents": "BRL 13776: a novel antihypertensive agent with interesting monoamine depleting properties. 1. Oral doses of 10-100 mg/kg of BRL 13776 lowered the blood pressure of both deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/NaCl-treated hypertensive rats and untreated normotensive rats. 2. BRL 13776 (100 mg/kg, orally) also reduced the blood pressure of renal hypertensive cats (cellophane perinephritis model). 3. No tolerance developed to the blood-pressure lowering action of BRL 13776 when an oral daily dose of 100 mg/kg was administered repeatedly for up to 15 days to hypertensive rats and cats. 4. The fall in blood pressure to BRL 13776 in rats was associated with a reduction of tissue catecholamines. 5. The catecholamine depletion occurred in all the peripheral tissues examined but in the brain was restricted to certain regions, these being the hind-brain on single dosing and the hind-brain, hypothalamus and mid-brain on repeated dosing. Catecholamine levels in the cerebral hemispheres were not affected by either single or repeated doses of BRL 13776. 6. BRL 13776 caused some reduction of the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the heart but not of whole brain or any brain region. 7. Neither single doses (up to 900 mg/kg orally) nor repeated doses (100-300 mg/kg orally) of BRL 13776 produced any significant behavioural effects in animals. 8. BRL 13776 is a new type of agent to display both antihypertensive and monoamine-depleting properties. The reduction of noradrenaline in certain brain regions may be a cause of the antihypertensive response but depletion in the periphery could contribute in a major or minor way. The differential action on noradrenaline in the brain together with the lack of effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine might also explain the apparent absence of behavioural effects.", "PMID": 588803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2703", "title": "Circulatory effects of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues studied in the dog during left ventricular bypass.", "content": "1. Intravenous administration of both the 9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano) and 11alpha,9alpha-(epoxymethano) analogues of prostaglandin H2 (0.25 microgram/kg) produced a prominent rise in pulmonary arterial pressure and a moderate increase in systemic arterial pressure. 2. Direct administration of the endoperoxide analogues (1.25 microgram/kg) into the bypass reservoir produced a greater rise in systemic arterial pressure and less prominent rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. 3. An intravenous dose of prostaglandin F2alpha that was 20 times larger was needed to produce a comparable rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. 4. The pulmonary and systemic pressor responses produced by the endoperoxide analogues were due to a direct increase in the vascular resistance.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues studied in the dog during left ventricular bypass. 1. Intravenous administration of both the 9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano) and 11alpha,9alpha-(epoxymethano) analogues of prostaglandin H2 (0.25 microgram/kg) produced a prominent rise in pulmonary arterial pressure and a moderate increase in systemic arterial pressure. 2. Direct administration of the endoperoxide analogues (1.25 microgram/kg) into the bypass reservoir produced a greater rise in systemic arterial pressure and less prominent rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. 3. An intravenous dose of prostaglandin F2alpha that was 20 times larger was needed to produce a comparable rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. 4. The pulmonary and systemic pressor responses produced by the endoperoxide analogues were due to a direct increase in the vascular resistance.", "PMID": 588804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2704", "title": "Enkephalins and dorsal horn neurones of the cat: effects on responses to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli.", "content": "1. In spinal cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, a study was made of the effects of methionine enkephalin and methionine enkephalin amide on the responses of neurones of spinal laminae IV and V to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. The enkephalins were ejected from micropipettes either in the region of cell bodies or in the substantia gelatinosa. 2. Administered near cell bodies the enkephalins reduced spontaneous firing and cell responses to both types of skin stimuli. These effects were antagonized by naloxone when administered near cell bodies but not when given intravenously in doses (0.3-0.6 mg/kg) more than adequate to antagonize analgesic doses of morphine. 3. Administered in the substantia gelatinosa the enkephalins were more selective in their action. The predominant effect was a reduction in nociceptive responses with little effect on non-nociceptive responses although spontaneous firing was commonly reduced. Naloxone administered either in the substantia gelatinosa or intravenously (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) reversed these effects of the enkephalins.", "contents": "Enkephalins and dorsal horn neurones of the cat: effects on responses to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. 1. In spinal cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, a study was made of the effects of methionine enkephalin and methionine enkephalin amide on the responses of neurones of spinal laminae IV and V to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. The enkephalins were ejected from micropipettes either in the region of cell bodies or in the substantia gelatinosa. 2. Administered near cell bodies the enkephalins reduced spontaneous firing and cell responses to both types of skin stimuli. These effects were antagonized by naloxone when administered near cell bodies but not when given intravenously in doses (0.3-0.6 mg/kg) more than adequate to antagonize analgesic doses of morphine. 3. Administered in the substantia gelatinosa the enkephalins were more selective in their action. The predominant effect was a reduction in nociceptive responses with little effect on non-nociceptive responses although spontaneous firing was commonly reduced. Naloxone administered either in the substantia gelatinosa or intravenously (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) reversed these effects of the enkephalins.", "PMID": 588805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2705", "title": "Transient changes in plasma digoxin concentration and the development of cardiotoxicity.", "content": "1. Eight dogs were given two infusions of digoxin 0.1 mg/kg, one over 9 min and the other one over 90 min in a randomized sequence, allowing at least 12 days between each experiment. 2. Digoxin plasma profiles reflected the rate of digoxin infusion, the peak concentration of drug attained at the end of each infusion being considerably higher but more transient after the 9 min than after the 90 min transfusion. 3. Digoxin reduced the amount of acetylstrophanthidin required to produce electrocardiographic evidence of cardiotoxicity. This increase in cardiac sensitivity at 150 and at 360 min after the start of the digoxin infusion was independent of rate of infusion. 4. These results suggest that the development of cardiotoxicity is dependent upon the quantity of digoxin delivered into the systemic circulation regardless of the plasma concentration. 5. By inference, cardiotoxicity is related solely to the amount and not the rate of absorption from a given dose of digoxin.", "contents": "Transient changes in plasma digoxin concentration and the development of cardiotoxicity. 1. Eight dogs were given two infusions of digoxin 0.1 mg/kg, one over 9 min and the other one over 90 min in a randomized sequence, allowing at least 12 days between each experiment. 2. Digoxin plasma profiles reflected the rate of digoxin infusion, the peak concentration of drug attained at the end of each infusion being considerably higher but more transient after the 9 min than after the 90 min transfusion. 3. Digoxin reduced the amount of acetylstrophanthidin required to produce electrocardiographic evidence of cardiotoxicity. This increase in cardiac sensitivity at 150 and at 360 min after the start of the digoxin infusion was independent of rate of infusion. 4. These results suggest that the development of cardiotoxicity is dependent upon the quantity of digoxin delivered into the systemic circulation regardless of the plasma concentration. 5. By inference, cardiotoxicity is related solely to the amount and not the rate of absorption from a given dose of digoxin.", "PMID": 588806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2706", "title": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and amphetamine in rats.", "content": "1. Water-deprived rats were trained to press either the left or the right bar in a test chamber according to whether they were injected with a central nervous system stimulant or 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline). Correct responses were reinforced with water. 2. Different groups of rats learned to discriminate amphetamine or cocaine from saline. Dose-response curves and ED50 values were then determined in brief test sessions when no responses were reinforced. 3. In a crossover study, cocaine was tested in the rats trained to discriminate amphetamine from saline, and vice versa. The two drugs were largely interchangeable, but the ED50 values were increased, indicating a possible, subtle difference in their discriminative stimulus properties. 4. The results indicate the importance of complete crossover designs in combination with dose response determinations when attempting to classify drugs according to their discriminable properties.", "contents": "Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and amphetamine in rats. 1. Water-deprived rats were trained to press either the left or the right bar in a test chamber according to whether they were injected with a central nervous system stimulant or 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline). Correct responses were reinforced with water. 2. Different groups of rats learned to discriminate amphetamine or cocaine from saline. Dose-response curves and ED50 values were then determined in brief test sessions when no responses were reinforced. 3. In a crossover study, cocaine was tested in the rats trained to discriminate amphetamine from saline, and vice versa. The two drugs were largely interchangeable, but the ED50 values were increased, indicating a possible, subtle difference in their discriminative stimulus properties. 4. The results indicate the importance of complete crossover designs in combination with dose response determinations when attempting to classify drugs according to their discriminable properties.", "PMID": 588807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2707", "title": "The effect of uptake by adrenergic nerve terminals on the sensitivity of arterial vessels to topically applied noradrenaline.", "content": "1. Direct observations were made of the rat mesenteric vasculature in vivo. They showed a gradual increase in the sensitivity to topically applied noradrenaline from the larger arteries to the precapillary arterioles which was paralleled by a gradual decrease in the density of the adrenergic innervation. 2. Both cocaine and chronic denervation increased the sensitivity to noradrenaline of the innervated arterial vessels, approximately in proportion to the density to their innervation. They did not affect the sensitivity of the non-innervated precapillary arterioles. 3. It is concluded that the sensitivity gradient to topically applied noradrenaline results mainly from the uptake of the applied catecholamine by the perivascular nerve terminals.", "contents": "The effect of uptake by adrenergic nerve terminals on the sensitivity of arterial vessels to topically applied noradrenaline. 1. Direct observations were made of the rat mesenteric vasculature in vivo. They showed a gradual increase in the sensitivity to topically applied noradrenaline from the larger arteries to the precapillary arterioles which was paralleled by a gradual decrease in the density of the adrenergic innervation. 2. Both cocaine and chronic denervation increased the sensitivity to noradrenaline of the innervated arterial vessels, approximately in proportion to the density to their innervation. They did not affect the sensitivity of the non-innervated precapillary arterioles. 3. It is concluded that the sensitivity gradient to topically applied noradrenaline results mainly from the uptake of the applied catecholamine by the perivascular nerve terminals.", "PMID": 588808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2708", "title": "Histamine H2-receptors in the brain and sleep produced by clonidine.", "content": "Sleep was induced in chicks aged 4-7 days by intravenous injection of clonidine hydrochloride 0.04 mumol/kg. Sleep was not prevented or altered by a preceding intramuscular injection of blockers of histamine H2-receptors which were used in doses (as mumol/kg) of up to 800 (metiamide) and 2400 (cimetidine). Clonidine, therefore, does not cause sleep by stimulating H2-receptors in the brain. The highest dose of cimetidine used had a hypnotic action of its own.", "contents": "Histamine H2-receptors in the brain and sleep produced by clonidine. Sleep was induced in chicks aged 4-7 days by intravenous injection of clonidine hydrochloride 0.04 mumol/kg. Sleep was not prevented or altered by a preceding intramuscular injection of blockers of histamine H2-receptors which were used in doses (as mumol/kg) of up to 800 (metiamide) and 2400 (cimetidine). Clonidine, therefore, does not cause sleep by stimulating H2-receptors in the brain. The highest dose of cimetidine used had a hypnotic action of its own.", "PMID": 588809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2709", "title": "Motor neurone disease and multiple sclerosis among immigrants to Britain.", "content": "Hospital discharge rates for various immigrant groups resident in Greater London and the West Midlands were studied to compare the incidence of two diseases of the nervous system-motor neurone disease (MND) and multiple sclerosis (MS). For both these conditions immigrants from Europe, Ireland, America and from the old commonwealth countries of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand had discharge rates that were similar to those for people born in the United Kingdom. In contrast, immigrants from the new commonwealth countries of Asia, Africa, America (including the West Indies), and Europe (Gibraltar, Malta, and Gozo) had a greatly reduced risk of MS but a very similar risk of MND compared with those born in the United Kingdom. MS but not MND was rare among immigrants of Asian or African ethnic origin and uncommon among immigrants from the West Indies. Deaths attributed to MS and MND have also been studied. During a three-year period there were no deaths reported for MS among immigrants of Asian and African ethnic origin and 14 were expected. There were two deaths from MND among these immigrants and five were expected. Among the immigrants from the West Indies two deaths were attributed to MS and 13 were expected, and there were three deaths attributed to MND and four were expected. The contrast between MND and MS in hospital morbidity and mortality confirms that MS among immigrants to Britain is rare in those of Asian and African ethnic origin.", "contents": "Motor neurone disease and multiple sclerosis among immigrants to Britain. Hospital discharge rates for various immigrant groups resident in Greater London and the West Midlands were studied to compare the incidence of two diseases of the nervous system-motor neurone disease (MND) and multiple sclerosis (MS). For both these conditions immigrants from Europe, Ireland, America and from the old commonwealth countries of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand had discharge rates that were similar to those for people born in the United Kingdom. In contrast, immigrants from the new commonwealth countries of Asia, Africa, America (including the West Indies), and Europe (Gibraltar, Malta, and Gozo) had a greatly reduced risk of MS but a very similar risk of MND compared with those born in the United Kingdom. MS but not MND was rare among immigrants of Asian or African ethnic origin and uncommon among immigrants from the West Indies. Deaths attributed to MS and MND have also been studied. During a three-year period there were no deaths reported for MS among immigrants of Asian and African ethnic origin and 14 were expected. There were two deaths from MND among these immigrants and five were expected. Among the immigrants from the West Indies two deaths were attributed to MS and 13 were expected, and there were three deaths attributed to MND and four were expected. The contrast between MND and MS in hospital morbidity and mortality confirms that MS among immigrants to Britain is rare in those of Asian and African ethnic origin.", "PMID": 588852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2710", "title": "A case control study of carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "There is increased concern over the apparent rise in incidence of patients with carcinoma of the ovary, particularly in older women. In an attempt to identify aetiological factors 300 women with cancer of the ovary diagnosed at laparatomy were studied. A questionnaire was administered to these women (Group A) and to two control groups matched by age. The first control group (Group B) comprised patients in a gynaecological ward and the second (Group C) comprised were shown in the obstetric history of the three groups. Fewer of the women in Group A had married and fewer had ever been pregnant and the family size was smaller. Significantly fewer of them recollected an attack of mumps, measles, or rubella. In all, only 81 of the whole series of 900 had used oral contraceptives, 19 of Group A and 31 in each of the control groups, a statistically significant deficiency. These findings support those of other investigations and suggest lines of further inquiry.", "contents": "A case control study of carcinoma of the ovary. There is increased concern over the apparent rise in incidence of patients with carcinoma of the ovary, particularly in older women. In an attempt to identify aetiological factors 300 women with cancer of the ovary diagnosed at laparatomy were studied. A questionnaire was administered to these women (Group A) and to two control groups matched by age. The first control group (Group B) comprised patients in a gynaecological ward and the second (Group C) comprised were shown in the obstetric history of the three groups. Fewer of the women in Group A had married and fewer had ever been pregnant and the family size was smaller. Significantly fewer of them recollected an attack of mumps, measles, or rubella. In all, only 81 of the whole series of 900 had used oral contraceptives, 19 of Group A and 31 in each of the control groups, a statistically significant deficiency. These findings support those of other investigations and suggest lines of further inquiry.", "PMID": 588853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2711", "title": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: I. Variations in time and space, sex distribution, and parental age.", "content": "Data from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations for the years 1965-73 were used in a search for associations between environmental influences and defects of the central nervous system (CNS). The material consisted of 710 cases of CNS defects and their matched-pair controls. Moreover, and 'internal' control group of 259 cases of polydactyly and their matched-pair controls were used. The first report gives information on variations in time and space, sex distribution, and parental age. A higher incidence of anencephaly was noted in the eastern part of the country, but no significant secular or seasonal variations were found. The sex ratio (M/F) was lower than expected in the groups of anencephaly and CNS defects as a whole. High parental age turned out to be a risk factor in the group of all CNS defects, mainly owing to the subgroup of hydrocephaly. The dangers of observational studies due to confounding factors are discussed.", "contents": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland: I. Variations in time and space, sex distribution, and parental age. Data from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations for the years 1965-73 were used in a search for associations between environmental influences and defects of the central nervous system (CNS). The material consisted of 710 cases of CNS defects and their matched-pair controls. Moreover, and 'internal' control group of 259 cases of polydactyly and their matched-pair controls were used. The first report gives information on variations in time and space, sex distribution, and parental age. A higher incidence of anencephaly was noted in the eastern part of the country, but no significant secular or seasonal variations were found. The sex ratio (M/F) was lower than expected in the groups of anencephaly and CNS defects as a whole. High parental age turned out to be a risk factor in the group of all CNS defects, mainly owing to the subgroup of hydrocephaly. The dangers of observational studies due to confounding factors are discussed.", "PMID": 588855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2712", "title": "Suicide mortality in Greater London: changes during the past 25 years.", "content": "Suicide mortality in the area now administered by the Greater London Council was assessed for three five-year periods 1949-1953, 1959-63, and 1969-73. For each of the periods the standard mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide in various boroughs was calculated for men and women separately. The boroughs with high SMRs for men were constant. There was a pronounced change in the geographical distribution of high mortality among women. These findings support the hypothesis that the determinants of suicide differ between the sexes.", "contents": "Suicide mortality in Greater London: changes during the past 25 years. Suicide mortality in the area now administered by the Greater London Council was assessed for three five-year periods 1949-1953, 1959-63, and 1969-73. For each of the periods the standard mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide in various boroughs was calculated for men and women separately. The boroughs with high SMRs for men were constant. There was a pronounced change in the geographical distribution of high mortality among women. These findings support the hypothesis that the determinants of suicide differ between the sexes.", "PMID": 588856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2713", "title": "Mortality and the concentration of elements in tap water in county boroughs in England and Wales.", "content": "To explain the associations of water hardness and air temperature with area differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality, samples of tap water were obtained from homes in 61 county boroughs in England and Wales, and the concentration of calcium and 12 other elements was estimated. Multiple regressions were calculated with the death rates from various causes as dependent variables and with the concentration of the elements in the tap water, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and a socioeconomic index as independent variables. The well known negative association between water hardness and ischaemic heart disease was shown to be due to calcium, and none of 12 other elements examined appeared to contribute significantly to the association. Area differences in other causes of death also showed an association with calcium. There was little association between temperature and ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Mortality and the concentration of elements in tap water in county boroughs in England and Wales. To explain the associations of water hardness and air temperature with area differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality, samples of tap water were obtained from homes in 61 county boroughs in England and Wales, and the concentration of calcium and 12 other elements was estimated. Multiple regressions were calculated with the death rates from various causes as dependent variables and with the concentration of the elements in the tap water, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and a socioeconomic index as independent variables. The well known negative association between water hardness and ischaemic heart disease was shown to be due to calcium, and none of 12 other elements examined appeared to contribute significantly to the association. Area differences in other causes of death also showed an association with calcium. There was little association between temperature and ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 588857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2714", "title": "Housing conditions, respiratory illness, and lung function in children in South Wales.", "content": "The hypothesis was tested that respiratory illness in children occurs more commonly in old housing than in housing built to modern standards. Three areas of housing were chosen in a South Wales valley: a recently constructed council estate with district central heating; a modern council estate heated with open coal fires; and an area of much older, traditional valley housing. Mothers reported the greatest proportion of children free of colds and sore throats during the previous 12 months in the area of traditional valley housing; mothers of children in the centrally heated estate reported the least proportion of children free of colds. Children's lung function was best in the area of traditional valley housing and worst in the centrally heated council estate. Data on demographic indices and respiratory morbidity suggest that the inhabitants of the two council estates have comparable characteristics. Another hypothesis which may explain the findings is proposed.", "contents": "Housing conditions, respiratory illness, and lung function in children in South Wales. The hypothesis was tested that respiratory illness in children occurs more commonly in old housing than in housing built to modern standards. Three areas of housing were chosen in a South Wales valley: a recently constructed council estate with district central heating; a modern council estate heated with open coal fires; and an area of much older, traditional valley housing. Mothers reported the greatest proportion of children free of colds and sore throats during the previous 12 months in the area of traditional valley housing; mothers of children in the centrally heated estate reported the least proportion of children free of colds. Children's lung function was best in the area of traditional valley housing and worst in the centrally heated council estate. Data on demographic indices and respiratory morbidity suggest that the inhabitants of the two council estates have comparable characteristics. Another hypothesis which may explain the findings is proposed.", "PMID": 588858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2715", "title": "Marital status and hospital use.", "content": "Published data from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (1973) are used to examine the relationship between hospital use and marital state. Non-married men and women are shown to have higher discharge rates and longer mean durations of stay than married patients in the corresponding age groups, and to account, on average, for about 24 000 additional beds each day in non-psychiatric hospitals. Hospital Activity Analysis data from one region suggest that the higher rates of bed use by non-married patients as a whole are maintained for both single and widowed patients separately, and the differences are also observed in all types of non-psychiatric hospitals. Two possible modes of explanation are discussed: that the incidence and possibly the severity of conditions that are normally treated in hospital may be differentially distributed among marital status groups; and that non-clinical factors in decisions about admission and discharge may be associated more commonly with non-married than married patients. The results carry no normative implications for the uses to which hospital resources should be put.", "contents": "Marital status and hospital use. Published data from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (1973) are used to examine the relationship between hospital use and marital state. Non-married men and women are shown to have higher discharge rates and longer mean durations of stay than married patients in the corresponding age groups, and to account, on average, for about 24 000 additional beds each day in non-psychiatric hospitals. Hospital Activity Analysis data from one region suggest that the higher rates of bed use by non-married patients as a whole are maintained for both single and widowed patients separately, and the differences are also observed in all types of non-psychiatric hospitals. Two possible modes of explanation are discussed: that the incidence and possibly the severity of conditions that are normally treated in hospital may be differentially distributed among marital status groups; and that non-clinical factors in decisions about admission and discharge may be associated more commonly with non-married than married patients. The results carry no normative implications for the uses to which hospital resources should be put.", "PMID": 588859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2716", "title": "Social area analysis in community medicine.", "content": "There is an acknowledged need for better information to guide resource allocation and service planning in the health services. Despite the recognition of the important role of socioeconomic factors, difficulties with the appropriate presentation of daya have so far proved insuperable. Social area analysis (SAA), which is a generic name for a number of methods employing census and other data to classify small areas into similar socioeconomic groups, is an approach which quantifies data in a useful fashion and has important applications in medical, epidemiological and health services research. Most previous British exercises in SAA have been in the field of town planning. The potentialities of the approach for community medicine are evaluated, by the use of information from two existing studies. This is shown to discriminate more effectively than does existing health information between hypotheses concerning geographical variations in mortality, and it provides adequate explanations for urban area differentials in infant mortality, the uptake of vaccination, and the incidence of infectious disease. Specific applications of SAA in health planning and research are discussed.", "contents": "Social area analysis in community medicine. There is an acknowledged need for better information to guide resource allocation and service planning in the health services. Despite the recognition of the important role of socioeconomic factors, difficulties with the appropriate presentation of daya have so far proved insuperable. Social area analysis (SAA), which is a generic name for a number of methods employing census and other data to classify small areas into similar socioeconomic groups, is an approach which quantifies data in a useful fashion and has important applications in medical, epidemiological and health services research. Most previous British exercises in SAA have been in the field of town planning. The potentialities of the approach for community medicine are evaluated, by the use of information from two existing studies. This is shown to discriminate more effectively than does existing health information between hypotheses concerning geographical variations in mortality, and it provides adequate explanations for urban area differentials in infant mortality, the uptake of vaccination, and the incidence of infectious disease. Specific applications of SAA in health planning and research are discussed.", "PMID": 588860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2717", "title": "Peripheral outpatient clinics: use, costs, and benefits.", "content": "A census was taken of outpatient bookings at all hospitals and health centres in Oxfordshire for the main medical and surgical specialities. Nine per cent of all bookings were to peripheral clinics (that is, those outsie the two main medical centres at Oxford and Banbury). About half of all bookings in the area were made to clinics within three of four miles of the patients' homes. The work load at peripheral clinics was mainly local: 75% of all patients at these clinics lived in the town or parishes adjacent to the town where the clinic was held. Peripheral clinics were associated with a lower work load at central clinics, but a higher overall work load from the town in which they were sited.", "contents": "Peripheral outpatient clinics: use, costs, and benefits. A census was taken of outpatient bookings at all hospitals and health centres in Oxfordshire for the main medical and surgical specialities. Nine per cent of all bookings were to peripheral clinics (that is, those outsie the two main medical centres at Oxford and Banbury). About half of all bookings in the area were made to clinics within three of four miles of the patients' homes. The work load at peripheral clinics was mainly local: 75% of all patients at these clinics lived in the town or parishes adjacent to the town where the clinic was held. Peripheral clinics were associated with a lower work load at central clinics, but a higher overall work load from the town in which they were sited.", "PMID": 588861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2718", "title": "Evaluation of patients' assessment of day hospital care.", "content": "The method of linear analogue self-assessment (LASA) was used to quantify the views concerning day care which were held by patients attending a geriatric day hospital. The results suggest that day hospitals are an acceptable form of care for the elderly.", "contents": "Evaluation of patients' assessment of day hospital care. The method of linear analogue self-assessment (LASA) was used to quantify the views concerning day care which were held by patients attending a geriatric day hospital. The results suggest that day hospitals are an acceptable form of care for the elderly.", "PMID": 588862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2719", "title": "Handedness in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Eight hundred psychiatric patients and eight hundred controls completed a handedness preference questionnaire. There was no significant difference in handedness between the two samples, but, contrary to some previous reports, excess of sinistrality was not associated with male sex. The distribution of handedness was similar in neurotics and controls, but among psychotics in general there was a higher proportion of fully right-handed subjects. Among schizophrenics there was a significantly higher proportion of left-handed writers among males than females. There were relatively few left-handed writers of either sex among patients with affective psychosis. Female patients with personality disorders had a significantly higher proportion of mixed handedness than controls. The findings are considered in relation to suggestions that functional psychoses may be associated with asymmetrical cerebral dysfunction, and that poorly lateralized function may be related to anomalous psychological development.", "contents": "Handedness in psychiatric patients. Eight hundred psychiatric patients and eight hundred controls completed a handedness preference questionnaire. There was no significant difference in handedness between the two samples, but, contrary to some previous reports, excess of sinistrality was not associated with male sex. The distribution of handedness was similar in neurotics and controls, but among psychotics in general there was a higher proportion of fully right-handed subjects. Among schizophrenics there was a significantly higher proportion of left-handed writers among males than females. There were relatively few left-handed writers of either sex among patients with affective psychosis. Female patients with personality disorders had a significantly higher proportion of mixed handedness than controls. The findings are considered in relation to suggestions that functional psychoses may be associated with asymmetrical cerebral dysfunction, and that poorly lateralized function may be related to anomalous psychological development.", "PMID": 588863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2720", "title": "Effects of lithium salts on memory.", "content": "Thirteen patients diagnosed as having affective disorders, and who were taking lithium, were compared with drug-free controls on short-term and long-term memory tasks. There was some indication that patients on lithium may show an impairment of short-term memory at fifteen-second delay intervals, and possibly enhanced long-term recall of difficult material. Further comparison with results obtained from six patients on tricyclic antidepressants seemed to reduce the possibility that the lithium group's scores were a function of their psychiatric status. As the group sizes were small, all the findings need to be replicated.", "contents": "Effects of lithium salts on memory. Thirteen patients diagnosed as having affective disorders, and who were taking lithium, were compared with drug-free controls on short-term and long-term memory tasks. There was some indication that patients on lithium may show an impairment of short-term memory at fifteen-second delay intervals, and possibly enhanced long-term recall of difficult material. Further comparison with results obtained from six patients on tricyclic antidepressants seemed to reduce the possibility that the lithium group's scores were a function of their psychiatric status. As the group sizes were small, all the findings need to be replicated.", "PMID": 588864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2721", "title": "XYY males. Some clinical and psychiatric aspects deriving from a survey of 1,811 males in hospitals for the mentally handicapped.", "content": "A survey of 1,811 mentally handicapped males in eighteen hospitals is described. Males discovered with supernumerary Y chromosomes numbered 15, of whom 12 were 47,XYY. Some of the physical, social, psychological and psychiatric findings are described and compared with groups matched for IQ and height. The main psychiatric findings are diminished intelligence, retardation in development of secondary sexual characteristics, and poor emotional control leading to inadequate social adaptive patters which are described and discussed.", "contents": "XYY males. Some clinical and psychiatric aspects deriving from a survey of 1,811 males in hospitals for the mentally handicapped. A survey of 1,811 mentally handicapped males in eighteen hospitals is described. Males discovered with supernumerary Y chromosomes numbered 15, of whom 12 were 47,XYY. Some of the physical, social, psychological and psychiatric findings are described and compared with groups matched for IQ and height. The main psychiatric findings are diminished intelligence, retardation in development of secondary sexual characteristics, and poor emotional control leading to inadequate social adaptive patters which are described and discussed.", "PMID": 588865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2722", "title": "Genetical analysis of unipolar and bipolar endogenous affective psychoses.", "content": "The mode of inheritance of affective psychoses was studied in 800 first degree and 582 second degree relatives of 122 probands. Morbidity risk for unipolar depression was 12.0+/-3.2 and 11.4+/-2.7 per cent respectively for parents and siblings of probands suffering from unipolar depression. Morbidity risk for manic-depressive psychosis for the respective groups of first degree relatives of manic-depressive probands was 15.1+/-3.2 and 16.9+/-3.2 per cent. In second degree relatives the morbidity risk was 3.4+/-1.0 and 5.3+/-1.4 per cent for unipolar depression and manic-depressive psychosis respectively. The results indicate the role of genetical factors in the etiology of both types of affective disorder and show that unipolar depression and manic-depressive psychosis are distinct entities. The hypothesis of X-linked dominant transmission was not confirmed in either of these affective disorders. By means of the computational model of Slater, no results compatible with a polygenic inheritance of unipolar depression or manic-depressive psychosis were found.", "contents": "Genetical analysis of unipolar and bipolar endogenous affective psychoses. The mode of inheritance of affective psychoses was studied in 800 first degree and 582 second degree relatives of 122 probands. Morbidity risk for unipolar depression was 12.0+/-3.2 and 11.4+/-2.7 per cent respectively for parents and siblings of probands suffering from unipolar depression. Morbidity risk for manic-depressive psychosis for the respective groups of first degree relatives of manic-depressive probands was 15.1+/-3.2 and 16.9+/-3.2 per cent. In second degree relatives the morbidity risk was 3.4+/-1.0 and 5.3+/-1.4 per cent for unipolar depression and manic-depressive psychosis respectively. The results indicate the role of genetical factors in the etiology of both types of affective disorder and show that unipolar depression and manic-depressive psychosis are distinct entities. The hypothesis of X-linked dominant transmission was not confirmed in either of these affective disorders. By means of the computational model of Slater, no results compatible with a polygenic inheritance of unipolar depression or manic-depressive psychosis were found.", "PMID": 588866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2723", "title": "Schizophrenia in Hawaii: analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population.", "content": "Schizophrenic patients in treatment with the Hawaii state system have been followed from 1962 to 1972. This cohort includes 1,689 persons: out-patients as well as in-patients; of Japanese, Caucasian, part-Hawaiian, Filipino, Chinese and other ancestries. After ten years, 60 per cent remain registered with the Hawaii Mental Health Division; 14 per cent are found living in the state; 12 per cent are lost to follow-up; and 14 per cent have died. Mortality is analysed for all causes by comparison with similar ethnic and sex sub-groups of the general population.", "contents": "Schizophrenia in Hawaii: analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population. Schizophrenic patients in treatment with the Hawaii state system have been followed from 1962 to 1972. This cohort includes 1,689 persons: out-patients as well as in-patients; of Japanese, Caucasian, part-Hawaiian, Filipino, Chinese and other ancestries. After ten years, 60 per cent remain registered with the Hawaii Mental Health Division; 14 per cent are found living in the state; 12 per cent are lost to follow-up; and 14 per cent have died. Mortality is analysed for all causes by comparison with similar ethnic and sex sub-groups of the general population.", "PMID": 588867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2724", "title": "Three weeks in isolation with two chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "An account is given of impressions and observations collected during three weeks in November 1975 which the writer spent with two of his chronic schizophrenic patients in a purpose-built isolation unit inside which it was impossible to have any idea of the real time. This experience gave the observer an unusually close view of schizophrenic and institutional behaviour and some insight into the natural outcome of staff-patient interaction.", "contents": "Three weeks in isolation with two chronic schizophrenic patients. An account is given of impressions and observations collected during three weeks in November 1975 which the writer spent with two of his chronic schizophrenic patients in a purpose-built isolation unit inside which it was impossible to have any idea of the real time. This experience gave the observer an unusually close view of schizophrenic and institutional behaviour and some insight into the natural outcome of staff-patient interaction.", "PMID": 588868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2725", "title": "The children of psychiatric patients: clinical findings.", "content": "Findings are presented on 42 children of school age, the offspring of 26 adult psychiatric patients. Psychiatric disorder was found in 19 (45 per cent) of the children, compared with 12 (26 per cent) of 47 children from a control group of families. Families with disturbed children differed from the remaining families in the following ways: presence of frank marital discord, the diagnosis of personality disorder in the parents, the inability of the father to tolerate angry situations, and the presence of siblings of under 9 years of age. Six months later 9 of the 19 children had improved considerably. In almost every family this was associated with improvement in the condition of the parents. It is suggested that the psychiatric disorder of these children is reactive to the presence of emotional turmoil in the families.", "contents": "The children of psychiatric patients: clinical findings. Findings are presented on 42 children of school age, the offspring of 26 adult psychiatric patients. Psychiatric disorder was found in 19 (45 per cent) of the children, compared with 12 (26 per cent) of 47 children from a control group of families. Families with disturbed children differed from the remaining families in the following ways: presence of frank marital discord, the diagnosis of personality disorder in the parents, the inability of the father to tolerate angry situations, and the presence of siblings of under 9 years of age. Six months later 9 of the 19 children had improved considerably. In almost every family this was associated with improvement in the condition of the parents. It is suggested that the psychiatric disorder of these children is reactive to the presence of emotional turmoil in the families.", "PMID": 588869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2726", "title": "Behaviour problems in pre-school children: family and social factors.", "content": "In a group of 99 three-year-old children with behaviour problems identified in an epidemiological survey, family and social factors were compared with those in a group of controls. Behaviour problems were significantly associated with a strained marital relationship between parents, with social stresses and with type of housing. There was a high rate of maternal depression in both problem and control groups. The interaction between a behaviour problem in a young child, maternal mental health and social factors is discussed.", "contents": "Behaviour problems in pre-school children: family and social factors. In a group of 99 three-year-old children with behaviour problems identified in an epidemiological survey, family and social factors were compared with those in a group of controls. Behaviour problems were significantly associated with a strained marital relationship between parents, with social stresses and with type of housing. There was a high rate of maternal depression in both problem and control groups. The interaction between a behaviour problem in a young child, maternal mental health and social factors is discussed.", "PMID": 588870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2727", "title": "Do newspaper reports of coroners' inquests incite people to commit suicide?", "content": "A statistical association has been found between reports of suicide inquests in a local paper and the subsequent suicide of men under 45 years.", "contents": "Do newspaper reports of coroners' inquests incite people to commit suicide? A statistical association has been found between reports of suicide inquests in a local paper and the subsequent suicide of men under 45 years.", "PMID": 588871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2728", "title": "The gaslight phenomenon--an institutional variant.", "content": "A case of paranoid psychosis in an elderly female is reported in which recurrent episodes were apparently induced by the staff of the institution where the patient was a resident. The issues raised by this case are discussed.", "contents": "The gaslight phenomenon--an institutional variant. A case of paranoid psychosis in an elderly female is reported in which recurrent episodes were apparently induced by the staff of the institution where the patient was a resident. The issues raised by this case are discussed.", "PMID": 588872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2729", "title": "Familial sinistrality and degree of left-handedness.", "content": "H\u00e9caen & Sauguet (1970) reported that, according to a handedness inventory measure, familial sinistrality among left-handers (brain-damaged patients) was associated with weak left-handedness. We assessed the relationship of familial sinistrality and degree of left-handedness among 71 normal left-and 80 right-handed subjects. No general relationship of degree of left-handedness, defined by four handedness tasks, to familial sinistrality obtained. Only one of the tasks (finger tapping speed) significantly differed between familial and non-familial left-handers, the familial left-handers being more strongly left-handed on the task.", "contents": "Familial sinistrality and degree of left-handedness. H\u00e9caen & Sauguet (1970) reported that, according to a handedness inventory measure, familial sinistrality among left-handers (brain-damaged patients) was associated with weak left-handedness. We assessed the relationship of familial sinistrality and degree of left-handedness among 71 normal left-and 80 right-handed subjects. No general relationship of degree of left-handedness, defined by four handedness tasks, to familial sinistrality obtained. Only one of the tasks (finger tapping speed) significantly differed between familial and non-familial left-handers, the familial left-handers being more strongly left-handed on the task.", "PMID": 588882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2730", "title": "Absolute pitch: a case study.", "content": "The auditory skill known as 'absolute pitch' is discussed, and it is shown that this differs greatly in accuracy of identification or reproduction of musical tones from ordinary discrimination of 'tonal height' which is to some extent trainable. The present writer possessed absolute pitch for almost any tone or chord over the normal musical range, from about the age of 17 to 52. He then started to hear all music one semitone too high, and now at the age of 71 it is heard a full tone above the true pitch. Tests were carried out under controlled conditions, in which 68 to 95 per cent of notes were identified as one semitone or one tone higher than they should be. Changes with ageing seem more likely to occur in the elasticity of the basilar membrane mechanisms than in the long-term memory which is used for aural analysis of complex sounds. Thus this experience supports the view that some resolution of complex sounds takes place at the peripheral sense organ, and this provides information which can be incorrect, for interpretation by the cortical centres.", "contents": "Absolute pitch: a case study. The auditory skill known as 'absolute pitch' is discussed, and it is shown that this differs greatly in accuracy of identification or reproduction of musical tones from ordinary discrimination of 'tonal height' which is to some extent trainable. The present writer possessed absolute pitch for almost any tone or chord over the normal musical range, from about the age of 17 to 52. He then started to hear all music one semitone too high, and now at the age of 71 it is heard a full tone above the true pitch. Tests were carried out under controlled conditions, in which 68 to 95 per cent of notes were identified as one semitone or one tone higher than they should be. Changes with ageing seem more likely to occur in the elasticity of the basilar membrane mechanisms than in the long-term memory which is used for aural analysis of complex sounds. Thus this experience supports the view that some resolution of complex sounds takes place at the peripheral sense organ, and this provides information which can be incorrect, for interpretation by the cortical centres.", "PMID": 588883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2731", "title": "Characteristics of items in the Eysenck Personality Inventory which affect responses when students simulate.", "content": "A large sample of students completed Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and four subgroups were later asked to simulate extraversion, introversion, neuroticism or stability. It was found that subjects could simulate these four personalities successfully. The changes in individual item responses were correlated with the items' factor loadings, validity, response bias, and detectability. The different scales and types of item were considered separately. In some cases the changes in item responses when simulating introversion and extraversion were related to the extraversion validities and factor loadings of the items. More often, however, the behaviour of items under simulation was correlated with aspects of the items that made them more like an item from another scale and thus lessened their susceptibility to a particular type of simulation.", "contents": "Characteristics of items in the Eysenck Personality Inventory which affect responses when students simulate. A large sample of students completed Form A of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and four subgroups were later asked to simulate extraversion, introversion, neuroticism or stability. It was found that subjects could simulate these four personalities successfully. The changes in individual item responses were correlated with the items' factor loadings, validity, response bias, and detectability. The different scales and types of item were considered separately. In some cases the changes in item responses when simulating introversion and extraversion were related to the extraversion validities and factor loadings of the items. More often, however, the behaviour of items under simulation was correlated with aspects of the items that made them more like an item from another scale and thus lessened their susceptibility to a particular type of simulation.", "PMID": 588884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2732", "title": "Effects of phase-of-respiration on GSR detection.", "content": "Previous studies of visual and auditory signal detection (Flexman & Demaree, 1972; Flexman, 1974; Flexman, Demaree & Simpson, 1974) have found that signals occurring during exhalation are detected with greater sensitivity than are signals occuring during inhalation. The purpose of the present study was to make use of a use of a signal detection paradigm (Green & Swets, 1966) in extending these phase-of-respiration findings to internal event detection, specifically, to the detection of spontaneous galvanic skin responses (GSRs). A secondary purpose of the study was to re-examine Stern's (1972) finding that high magnitude GSRs were better detected than were low magnitude GSRs. It was found that the phase of respiration during which the GRS reached its peak significantly influenced GSR detection, but that unlike studies of external signal detection, detection was greater for GSRs peaking during the inhalation than for GSRs peaking during exhalation. Some possible artifactual sources of this finding are discussed. No significant effect of GSR magnitude on GSR detection was observed although differences were in the expected direction.", "contents": "Effects of phase-of-respiration on GSR detection. Previous studies of visual and auditory signal detection (Flexman & Demaree, 1972; Flexman, 1974; Flexman, Demaree & Simpson, 1974) have found that signals occurring during exhalation are detected with greater sensitivity than are signals occuring during inhalation. The purpose of the present study was to make use of a use of a signal detection paradigm (Green & Swets, 1966) in extending these phase-of-respiration findings to internal event detection, specifically, to the detection of spontaneous galvanic skin responses (GSRs). A secondary purpose of the study was to re-examine Stern's (1972) finding that high magnitude GSRs were better detected than were low magnitude GSRs. It was found that the phase of respiration during which the GRS reached its peak significantly influenced GSR detection, but that unlike studies of external signal detection, detection was greater for GSRs peaking during the inhalation than for GSRs peaking during exhalation. Some possible artifactual sources of this finding are discussed. No significant effect of GSR magnitude on GSR detection was observed although differences were in the expected direction.", "PMID": 588885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2733", "title": "Cross-modality transfer of spatial information.", "content": "First, second, and fourth grade boys and girls were tested on a spatial task requiring perception of the location of a group of three geometrical objects. The initial sensory input was either visual or tactual/kinaesthetic, and the choice stimuli, which were presented either simultaneously with the objects, or after the objects were removed (successively) were photographs of different configurations of the objects. There was no performance difference between th intramodal and cross-modal conditions, although older children performed better than younger ones, and performance was better under the simultaneous than successive conditions. It was concluded that in making complex visual spatial judgements, visual perceptual representations mediate performance under both tactual/kinaesthetic and visual sensory inputs.", "contents": "Cross-modality transfer of spatial information. First, second, and fourth grade boys and girls were tested on a spatial task requiring perception of the location of a group of three geometrical objects. The initial sensory input was either visual or tactual/kinaesthetic, and the choice stimuli, which were presented either simultaneously with the objects, or after the objects were removed (successively) were photographs of different configurations of the objects. There was no performance difference between th intramodal and cross-modal conditions, although older children performed better than younger ones, and performance was better under the simultaneous than successive conditions. It was concluded that in making complex visual spatial judgements, visual perceptual representations mediate performance under both tactual/kinaesthetic and visual sensory inputs.", "PMID": 588886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2734", "title": "Affiliation before and after child delivery as a function of repression-sensitization.", "content": "A group of 177 women were asked, before and after child delivery, to state their preference for being alone or with other women. They were also asked to rank their level of anxiety. After delivery they filled out the Repression-Sensitization Scale of Byrne, Barry & Nelson (1963). Results show sensitizers to be more anxious than repressors before but not after delivery. Before delivery repressors preferred to be alone, while sensitizers wanted to stay with others. After delivery both groups show a significant preference for being with others. There is no significant correlation between anxiety and affiliation.", "contents": "Affiliation before and after child delivery as a function of repression-sensitization. A group of 177 women were asked, before and after child delivery, to state their preference for being alone or with other women. They were also asked to rank their level of anxiety. After delivery they filled out the Repression-Sensitization Scale of Byrne, Barry & Nelson (1963). Results show sensitizers to be more anxious than repressors before but not after delivery. Before delivery repressors preferred to be alone, while sensitizers wanted to stay with others. After delivery both groups show a significant preference for being with others. There is no significant correlation between anxiety and affiliation.", "PMID": 588887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2735", "title": "Smokers, non-smokers and the attribution of addiction.", "content": "Questionnaries concerned with attitudes towards cigarette smoking were completed by 368 respondents who were taking part in a survey of audience reactions to one week's television programmes. Cigarette smokers were asked how difficult it would be for them to give up cigarettes, whether they would like to do so, whether they felt they were addicted to cigarettes, and how often a cigarette gave them real pleasure. Non-smokers were asked parallel questions to determine their perceptions of the average cigarette smoker. In comparison to how smokers saw themselves, non smokers saw the average smoker as more addicted, and as deriving less pleasure from cigarettes. Smokers who saw themselves as more addicted felt it would be more difficult for them to give up, smoked more cigarettes per day, said they would like to give up more, and derived somewhat more pleasure from cigarettes. Among those who had never smoked cigarettes, the attribution of addiction to the average smoker was related only to perceived difficulty of giving up. Lesser self-attributed addiction was also relevant to the prediction of which smokers claimed to be trying to reduce or give up smoking. Implications of these data for attribution theory, and for health education, are discussed.", "contents": "Smokers, non-smokers and the attribution of addiction. Questionnaries concerned with attitudes towards cigarette smoking were completed by 368 respondents who were taking part in a survey of audience reactions to one week's television programmes. Cigarette smokers were asked how difficult it would be for them to give up cigarettes, whether they would like to do so, whether they felt they were addicted to cigarettes, and how often a cigarette gave them real pleasure. Non-smokers were asked parallel questions to determine their perceptions of the average cigarette smoker. In comparison to how smokers saw themselves, non smokers saw the average smoker as more addicted, and as deriving less pleasure from cigarettes. Smokers who saw themselves as more addicted felt it would be more difficult for them to give up, smoked more cigarettes per day, said they would like to give up more, and derived somewhat more pleasure from cigarettes. Among those who had never smoked cigarettes, the attribution of addiction to the average smoker was related only to perceived difficulty of giving up. Lesser self-attributed addiction was also relevant to the prediction of which smokers claimed to be trying to reduce or give up smoking. Implications of these data for attribution theory, and for health education, are discussed.", "PMID": 588888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2736", "title": "The influence of context on language perception in schizophrenia.", "content": "The present experiment employed the 'Cloze' procedure to investigate language perception in schizophrenia. The stimulus immediacy hypothesis of Salzinger, Portnoy & Feldman (1966) predicts that with increasing context, schizophrenic performance, unlike that of normals, will fail to improve. A comparison of groups of schizophrenics and normals on such a task, with varying levels of context, not only showed that schizophrenics failed to improve with greater context but that their performance deteriorated. A comparison of acute and chronic schizophrenics indicated that deterioration was most prominent in acute patients, the performance of chronics remaining relatively stable. An interpretation of the data in terms of narrowed the performance of chronics remaining relatively stable. An interpretation of the data in terms of narrowed attention in chronic schizophrenia appears plausible, and consistent with Broen's (1968) theory. Such an interpretation may be 'tested by an extension of the range of context conditions.", "contents": "The influence of context on language perception in schizophrenia. The present experiment employed the 'Cloze' procedure to investigate language perception in schizophrenia. The stimulus immediacy hypothesis of Salzinger, Portnoy & Feldman (1966) predicts that with increasing context, schizophrenic performance, unlike that of normals, will fail to improve. A comparison of groups of schizophrenics and normals on such a task, with varying levels of context, not only showed that schizophrenics failed to improve with greater context but that their performance deteriorated. A comparison of acute and chronic schizophrenics indicated that deterioration was most prominent in acute patients, the performance of chronics remaining relatively stable. An interpretation of the data in terms of narrowed the performance of chronics remaining relatively stable. An interpretation of the data in terms of narrowed attention in chronic schizophrenia appears plausible, and consistent with Broen's (1968) theory. Such an interpretation may be 'tested by an extension of the range of context conditions.", "PMID": 588889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2737", "title": "Factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90.", "content": "The present study was focused on an evaluation of factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-a multidimensional self-report symptom inventory. The argument is advanced that evidence of invariance across relevant subject parameters is an essential component of reliability for dimensional constructs. Findings indicated subtantial levels of invariance across gender for eight of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with moderate levels for the ninth. The implications of invariance, for the SCL-90 in particular, and clinical measurement in general are related and discussed.", "contents": "Factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90. The present study was focused on an evaluation of factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-a multidimensional self-report symptom inventory. The argument is advanced that evidence of invariance across relevant subject parameters is an essential component of reliability for dimensional constructs. Findings indicated subtantial levels of invariance across gender for eight of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with moderate levels for the ninth. The implications of invariance, for the SCL-90 in particular, and clinical measurement in general are related and discussed.", "PMID": 588890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2738", "title": "Visual interaction and speech patterning in remitted and acute schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients sometimes show abnormal patterns of visual interaction and speech. Several important questions remain, however, and the present study was designed for two purposes; to examine the behaviour of remitted patients; and to follow up a suggestion that acute patients show abnormalities only in personal encounters. Three groups of subjects, remitted schizophrenic patients, acute schizophrenic patients and a control group of psychiatrically normal chest patients, took part, and each subject held two conversations with a nurse, one about a 'personal' topic and one about a 'neutral' topic. Unexpectedly, the remitted and acute groups were both found to behave normally, in both conversations. Taken together with previous evidence, the findings thus confirmed that acute schizophrenic patients respond situation-specifically and sometimes behave normally, but no further interpretation of the data was possible since the manipulation of topic did not have the expected effects.", "contents": "Visual interaction and speech patterning in remitted and acute schizophrenic patients. Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients sometimes show abnormal patterns of visual interaction and speech. Several important questions remain, however, and the present study was designed for two purposes; to examine the behaviour of remitted patients; and to follow up a suggestion that acute patients show abnormalities only in personal encounters. Three groups of subjects, remitted schizophrenic patients, acute schizophrenic patients and a control group of psychiatrically normal chest patients, took part, and each subject held two conversations with a nurse, one about a 'personal' topic and one about a 'neutral' topic. Unexpectedly, the remitted and acute groups were both found to behave normally, in both conversations. Taken together with previous evidence, the findings thus confirmed that acute schizophrenic patients respond situation-specifically and sometimes behave normally, but no further interpretation of the data was possible since the manipulation of topic did not have the expected effects.", "PMID": 588891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2739", "title": "Dimensionality of the perceived self: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale.", "content": "The 12 indices of self-perception in the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, together with the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were factor analysed using data obtained from psychiatric day-care patients (n = 131). Separate item- and scale-level factor analyses revealed that: (1) the five external and three internal domains of self-concept, hypothesized as distinct, may be accurately viewed as lying in one-dimensional space; (2) the conflict, variability and distribution scores are unrelated to subtype of self-esteem; (3) extraversion and neuroticism form a bipolar factor that is orthogonal to self-concept; and (4) the emergence of 30 item-factors with a 30 per cent factorial overlap implies a good deal of spuriously shared variance, low inter-scale homogeneity and sizable redundancy in the TSCS scales. Owing to these results, the construct and factorial validity of the TSCS is seriously questioned. It is suggested that future researchers develop more sensitive, treatment-oriented (or idiographic) measures to compare man's less conspicuous and more private 'self-image feelings and cognitions' against his public self-disclosure in the interests of facilitating more rapid behavioural change.", "contents": "Dimensionality of the perceived self: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. The 12 indices of self-perception in the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, together with the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were factor analysed using data obtained from psychiatric day-care patients (n = 131). Separate item- and scale-level factor analyses revealed that: (1) the five external and three internal domains of self-concept, hypothesized as distinct, may be accurately viewed as lying in one-dimensional space; (2) the conflict, variability and distribution scores are unrelated to subtype of self-esteem; (3) extraversion and neuroticism form a bipolar factor that is orthogonal to self-concept; and (4) the emergence of 30 item-factors with a 30 per cent factorial overlap implies a good deal of spuriously shared variance, low inter-scale homogeneity and sizable redundancy in the TSCS scales. Owing to these results, the construct and factorial validity of the TSCS is seriously questioned. It is suggested that future researchers develop more sensitive, treatment-oriented (or idiographic) measures to compare man's less conspicuous and more private 'self-image feelings and cognitions' against his public self-disclosure in the interests of facilitating more rapid behavioural change.", "PMID": 588892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2740", "title": "Psychological implications of mastectomy.", "content": "The adjustment of a group of mastectomy patients to their operation was assessed at an interval of between 18 months and 5 years after surgery. They were found to be significantly more depressed and anxious than a control group of cholecystectomy patients; they tended to have lower self-esteem; and they described themselves as being more introverted in their behaviour. These differences were attributed to concern about both the loss of the breast and the possibility of recurrence of the cancer.", "contents": "Psychological implications of mastectomy. The adjustment of a group of mastectomy patients to their operation was assessed at an interval of between 18 months and 5 years after surgery. They were found to be significantly more depressed and anxious than a control group of cholecystectomy patients; they tended to have lower self-esteem; and they described themselves as being more introverted in their behaviour. These differences were attributed to concern about both the loss of the breast and the possibility of recurrence of the cancer.", "PMID": 588893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2741", "title": "Encoding in senile dementia and elderly depressives: a preliminary study..", "content": "Forty-seven subjects (19 elderly dements, 18 elderly depressives, 10 elderly physically ill) were given a continuous false recognition technique (FRT) in a test battery including a measure of short-term memory and the Kendrick Synonym Learning Test. Results were analysed according to signal detection theory and interpreted in terms of an encoding breakdown. Depressives were found to be characterized by conservative error-free performance whereas the demented made more errors, partly because of their more liberal criterion and partly because of their greater loss of encoding characteristics. From these results, an optimal cut-off score was chosen for differential diagnosis using the FRT. This was shown to hold more promise than the SLT in discriminating between dementia and depression.", "contents": "Encoding in senile dementia and elderly depressives: a preliminary study.. Forty-seven subjects (19 elderly dements, 18 elderly depressives, 10 elderly physically ill) were given a continuous false recognition technique (FRT) in a test battery including a measure of short-term memory and the Kendrick Synonym Learning Test. Results were analysed according to signal detection theory and interpreted in terms of an encoding breakdown. Depressives were found to be characterized by conservative error-free performance whereas the demented made more errors, partly because of their more liberal criterion and partly because of their greater loss of encoding characteristics. From these results, an optimal cut-off score was chosen for differential diagnosis using the FRT. This was shown to hold more promise than the SLT in discriminating between dementia and depression.", "PMID": 588894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2742", "title": "The HDHQ results of long-term prisoners: relationships with criminal and institutional behaviour.", "content": "The HDHQ (Foulds, Caine & Creasy, 1960) was administered to 100 long-term prisoners as part of routine psychological assessment prior to their allocation to training prisons. The questionnaire results were analyzed in terms of the prisoners' past and present criminal and institutional behaviour. Additionally they were used to test Megargee's (1966) hypothesis that extremely assaultive individuals are generally overcontrolled and will thus express less hostility than moderately assaultive individuals. The results showed that the sample of long-term prisoners had a significantly higher total hostility score than normals but did not differ significantly in the direction of their hostility. Violent offenders were significantly more extrapunitive than non-violent offenders, and prisoners who had attempted suicide were more extrapunitive than those with no history of attempted suicide. Apart from these findings no significant relations were found between the HDHQ results and criminal and institutional behaviour, whether violent or non-violent. Megargee's (1966) over- and under-controlled hypothesis failed to receive support. The results suggest that the HDHQ would be of little value in making predictions about future violent or criminal behaviour.", "contents": "The HDHQ results of long-term prisoners: relationships with criminal and institutional behaviour. The HDHQ (Foulds, Caine & Creasy, 1960) was administered to 100 long-term prisoners as part of routine psychological assessment prior to their allocation to training prisons. The questionnaire results were analyzed in terms of the prisoners' past and present criminal and institutional behaviour. Additionally they were used to test Megargee's (1966) hypothesis that extremely assaultive individuals are generally overcontrolled and will thus express less hostility than moderately assaultive individuals. The results showed that the sample of long-term prisoners had a significantly higher total hostility score than normals but did not differ significantly in the direction of their hostility. Violent offenders were significantly more extrapunitive than non-violent offenders, and prisoners who had attempted suicide were more extrapunitive than those with no history of attempted suicide. Apart from these findings no significant relations were found between the HDHQ results and criminal and institutional behaviour, whether violent or non-violent. Megargee's (1966) over- and under-controlled hypothesis failed to receive support. The results suggest that the HDHQ would be of little value in making predictions about future violent or criminal behaviour.", "PMID": 588895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2743", "title": "The removal of retained biliary tract stones: report of 105 cases.", "content": "The removal of retained biliary stones by the use of the steerable catheter and wire basket after removal of the T-tube has proven itself to be valuable and safe technique. A success rate of 90% or better can be achieved by a radiologist quite quickly. The reduction in morbidity and absence of mortality makes non-operative removal of stones a very desirable service in any hospital doing a significant amount of biliary surgery.", "contents": "The removal of retained biliary tract stones: report of 105 cases. The removal of retained biliary stones by the use of the steerable catheter and wire basket after removal of the T-tube has proven itself to be valuable and safe technique. A success rate of 90% or better can be achieved by a radiologist quite quickly. The reduction in morbidity and absence of mortality makes non-operative removal of stones a very desirable service in any hospital doing a significant amount of biliary surgery.", "PMID": 588896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2744", "title": "Bronchial walls in the radiological diagnosis of asthma.", "content": "Although bronchial wall thickening is known to occur in asthma, its radiological visibility and significance are matters of dispute. The present study shows that thickening can be detected in the plain chest radiographs of patients with severe asthma, but it cannot be reliably detected in patients with mild asthma. Measurements of bronchi made on lung tomograms showed that the lumen-wall ratio more clearly separated the asthma and normal groups than did observation of bronchial wall thickness alone.", "contents": "Bronchial walls in the radiological diagnosis of asthma. Although bronchial wall thickening is known to occur in asthma, its radiological visibility and significance are matters of dispute. The present study shows that thickening can be detected in the plain chest radiographs of patients with severe asthma, but it cannot be reliably detected in patients with mild asthma. Measurements of bronchi made on lung tomograms showed that the lumen-wall ratio more clearly separated the asthma and normal groups than did observation of bronchial wall thickness alone.", "PMID": 588897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2745", "title": "The left aortic arch and right descending aorta.", "content": "Three patients with a left arch and a right descending aorta are described, all presenting in infancy. In one patient the abnormality was acquired, yet the radiological appearances were very similar. The place of the barium swallow in the diagnosis is discussed, and it is concluded that aortography is required for a definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "The left aortic arch and right descending aorta. Three patients with a left arch and a right descending aorta are described, all presenting in infancy. In one patient the abnormality was acquired, yet the radiological appearances were very similar. The place of the barium swallow in the diagnosis is discussed, and it is concluded that aortography is required for a definitive diagnosis.", "PMID": 588898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2746", "title": "Spontaneous urinary extravasation in non-acute ureteric obstruction: a report of four cases.", "content": "Four new cases of spontaneous extravasation of contrast medium during intravenous urography have been described. All were due to non-acute obstruction of the ureter. This is relatively uncommon as most of the cases previously described have been due to passage of a ureteric calculus. Two of the patients improved after relief of the obstruction. In one a nephrectomy was carried out, and one patient died of an unrelated cause before the obstruction could be relieved.", "contents": "Spontaneous urinary extravasation in non-acute ureteric obstruction: a report of four cases. Four new cases of spontaneous extravasation of contrast medium during intravenous urography have been described. All were due to non-acute obstruction of the ureter. This is relatively uncommon as most of the cases previously described have been due to passage of a ureteric calculus. Two of the patients improved after relief of the obstruction. In one a nephrectomy was carried out, and one patient died of an unrelated cause before the obstruction could be relieved.", "PMID": 588899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2747", "title": "Distribution of calcification within the pineal gland.", "content": "The distribution of calcification in the normal pineal gland was investigated by a macroradiographic in vitro technique. The centre of calcification in 72 out of 73 glands studied was within 2 mm of the mid-line of the gland. In one gland it lay 2.6 mm from the mid-line. These findings explain the accepted normal limits for pineal calcification on the standard semi-axial projection of the skull of up to 2 mm to either side of the mid-line and the occasional measurement in excess of this in normal subjects.", "contents": "Distribution of calcification within the pineal gland. The distribution of calcification in the normal pineal gland was investigated by a macroradiographic in vitro technique. The centre of calcification in 72 out of 73 glands studied was within 2 mm of the mid-line of the gland. In one gland it lay 2.6 mm from the mid-line. These findings explain the accepted normal limits for pineal calcification on the standard semi-axial projection of the skull of up to 2 mm to either side of the mid-line and the occasional measurement in excess of this in normal subjects.", "PMID": 588900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2748", "title": "Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine.", "content": "1. Serum levels of TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) have been measured during treatment and follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. 2. Serum TSH and thyroid hormone levels were initially normal. Three weeks after total thyroidectomy, TSH was elevated in about 50% of patients and after a subsequent therapy dose of 131I it exceeded 30 mU/l in 90% of patients. Occasionally, TSH did not rise until after the second dose of 131I. Low serum T4 and T3 concentrations were associated with the increase of TSH. 3. Withdrawal of l-thyroxine replacement treatment in athyreotic patients for four weeks before test doses of 131I, led to falls of serum T4 and T3 concentration and a progressive rise of serum TSH after the first weeks but there was considerable variation in the final level reached. In the majority, values greater than 30 mU/l were attained despite some patients having received l-thyroxine for many years. A few patients on prolonged thyroxine maintenance had little or no increase in TSH despite considerable reduction in serum T4 and T3 concentrations. 4. The 131I concentration (muCi/g) developed in tumour tissue was also examined in relation to the serum TSH level. In general a tumour should not be considered as incapable of concentrating 131I adequately until serum TSH levels have exceeded 30 mU/l.", "contents": "Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. 1. Serum levels of TSH, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) have been measured during treatment and follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. 2. Serum TSH and thyroid hormone levels were initially normal. Three weeks after total thyroidectomy, TSH was elevated in about 50% of patients and after a subsequent therapy dose of 131I it exceeded 30 mU/l in 90% of patients. Occasionally, TSH did not rise until after the second dose of 131I. Low serum T4 and T3 concentrations were associated with the increase of TSH. 3. Withdrawal of l-thyroxine replacement treatment in athyreotic patients for four weeks before test doses of 131I, led to falls of serum T4 and T3 concentration and a progressive rise of serum TSH after the first weeks but there was considerable variation in the final level reached. In the majority, values greater than 30 mU/l were attained despite some patients having received l-thyroxine for many years. A few patients on prolonged thyroxine maintenance had little or no increase in TSH despite considerable reduction in serum T4 and T3 concentrations. 4. The 131I concentration (muCi/g) developed in tumour tissue was also examined in relation to the serum TSH level. In general a tumour should not be considered as incapable of concentrating 131I adequately until serum TSH levels have exceeded 30 mU/l.", "PMID": 588901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2749", "title": "The design of the detector and collimators for a hybrid scanner.", "content": "The hybrid scanner is a scanning device in which a long crystal with two or more photomultiplier (PM) tubes acts as a gamma camera along the crystal axis; the device acts as a linear scanner in a direction perpendicular to the crystal axis. A detailed analysis of the intrinsic resolution and uniformity is given for a two-PM-tube hybrid scanner (with one PM tube at each end) and the expressions derived should help the designer to choose the best crystal system. Collimation theory is discussed for the general hybrid scanner. Expressions and graphs are given to help in the design of a collimator with the best balance between the conflicting requirements of resolution, sensitivity, depth independence and freedom from artifacts (collimator holes may be seen in the image at high energy). Examples of practical collimators are given for energies of 80-140,364,511,662 and 840 keV.", "contents": "The design of the detector and collimators for a hybrid scanner. The hybrid scanner is a scanning device in which a long crystal with two or more photomultiplier (PM) tubes acts as a gamma camera along the crystal axis; the device acts as a linear scanner in a direction perpendicular to the crystal axis. A detailed analysis of the intrinsic resolution and uniformity is given for a two-PM-tube hybrid scanner (with one PM tube at each end) and the expressions derived should help the designer to choose the best crystal system. Collimation theory is discussed for the general hybrid scanner. Expressions and graphs are given to help in the design of a collimator with the best balance between the conflicting requirements of resolution, sensitivity, depth independence and freedom from artifacts (collimator holes may be seen in the image at high energy). Examples of practical collimators are given for energies of 80-140,364,511,662 and 840 keV.", "PMID": 588902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2750", "title": "Epoxy resin based tissue substitutes.", "content": "A series of epoxy resin based tissue substitutes, simulating adipose tissue, bone, breast, lung, muscle and skin is described. Details of the physical radiation characteristics of the formulated systems are given, together with the manufacturing procedures. The versatility of the range of substitutes is discussed in terms of both investigated and projected applications in experimental radiation studies.", "contents": "Epoxy resin based tissue substitutes. A series of epoxy resin based tissue substitutes, simulating adipose tissue, bone, breast, lung, muscle and skin is described. Details of the physical radiation characteristics of the formulated systems are given, together with the manufacturing procedures. The versatility of the range of substitutes is discussed in terms of both investigated and projected applications in experimental radiation studies.", "PMID": 588903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2751", "title": "Comparison of ultrasound and computer-assisted tomography in pancreatic diagnosis.", "content": "In a series of patients suspected of having pancreatic disease both ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) were performed. The diagnosis has been confirmed in 50 patients. Computerized tomography visualized the pancreas in all 50 (100%) whereas ultrasound was successful in 40 patients (80%). The ultrasound failures were due to bowel gas anterior to the pancreas. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 84% for computerized tomography and 64% for ultrasound; however, in those cases where ultrasound successfully detected the pancreas the diagnostic accuracy was 80%.", "contents": "Comparison of ultrasound and computer-assisted tomography in pancreatic diagnosis. In a series of patients suspected of having pancreatic disease both ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) were performed. The diagnosis has been confirmed in 50 patients. Computerized tomography visualized the pancreas in all 50 (100%) whereas ultrasound was successful in 40 patients (80%). The ultrasound failures were due to bowel gas anterior to the pancreas. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 84% for computerized tomography and 64% for ultrasound; however, in those cases where ultrasound successfully detected the pancreas the diagnostic accuracy was 80%.", "PMID": 588914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2752", "title": "A lymphographic study of chyluria.", "content": "Ninety patients with chyluria were studied by bilateral pedal lymphography. The retroperitoneal lymphatic vessels were dilated, tortuous and increased in number in 61% of cases while the appearance of the lymph nodes was abnormal in 67% of cases. Renal lymphatic reflux, either bilateral or unilateral, was seen in 93% of patients. A correlation (P greater than 0.007) was observed between the site of origin of the cisterna chyli and side of unilateral renal lymphatic reflux. There was no evidence of thoracic duct obstruction although the thoracic duct was more than 3 mm in calibre in seven cases. Lymphography was also performed on 22 patients who had undergone stripping of the lymphatics along the renal pedicle to determine if surgical disconnection was complete. The pathogenesis of chyluria is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A lymphographic study of chyluria. Ninety patients with chyluria were studied by bilateral pedal lymphography. The retroperitoneal lymphatic vessels were dilated, tortuous and increased in number in 61% of cases while the appearance of the lymph nodes was abnormal in 67% of cases. Renal lymphatic reflux, either bilateral or unilateral, was seen in 93% of patients. A correlation (P greater than 0.007) was observed between the site of origin of the cisterna chyli and side of unilateral renal lymphatic reflux. There was no evidence of thoracic duct obstruction although the thoracic duct was more than 3 mm in calibre in seven cases. Lymphography was also performed on 22 patients who had undergone stripping of the lymphatics along the renal pedicle to determine if surgical disconnection was complete. The pathogenesis of chyluria is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 588915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2753", "title": "Unusual arteriovenous communications presenting as cardiac murmurs in infancy. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases are decribed of infants presenting with murmurs in, or adjacent to, the thorax and considered to be cardiac. Later full investigations established that the murmurs were due to aorto-azygos fistula, vertebral arterio-venous fistula and intercostal angioma, respectively. While such lesions are extremely rare, the possibility of systemic arteriovenous communication should be considered in infants with atypical murmurs.", "contents": "Unusual arteriovenous communications presenting as cardiac murmurs in infancy. Report of three cases. Three cases are decribed of infants presenting with murmurs in, or adjacent to, the thorax and considered to be cardiac. Later full investigations established that the murmurs were due to aorto-azygos fistula, vertebral arterio-venous fistula and intercostal angioma, respectively. While such lesions are extremely rare, the possibility of systemic arteriovenous communication should be considered in infants with atypical murmurs.", "PMID": 588916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2754", "title": "Myxofibrosarcoma: a pathologico-anatomical, microangiographic and angiographic correlative study of eight cases.", "content": "A correlated angiographic, microangiographic and histological study of eight myxofibrosarcomas is presented. Myxofibrosarcoma is a very recently described type of malignant soft tissue tumour characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, predominantly arising superficially in the extremities and trunk in elderly people. Microscopically, the lobulated and myxoid tumours in the present series showed a characteristic plexiform network of fine capillary-like vessels and occasional wide, sinusoidal, angulated vessels. On plain radiographs they were all dense and well demarcated. Angiographically the tumours appeared highly vascular, with irregular tumour vessels often arranged in a patchy or nodular fashion. All revealed signs of a rapid circulation. The microscopic and angiographic appearances were correlated, in two cases utilizing microangiography. In the presence of a superficially located tumour with high density on plain radiographs, marked vascularity, patchy or nodular opacities, and signs of rapid circulation on angiogram one should suspect this diagnosis.", "contents": "Myxofibrosarcoma: a pathologico-anatomical, microangiographic and angiographic correlative study of eight cases. A correlated angiographic, microangiographic and histological study of eight myxofibrosarcomas is presented. Myxofibrosarcoma is a very recently described type of malignant soft tissue tumour characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, predominantly arising superficially in the extremities and trunk in elderly people. Microscopically, the lobulated and myxoid tumours in the present series showed a characteristic plexiform network of fine capillary-like vessels and occasional wide, sinusoidal, angulated vessels. On plain radiographs they were all dense and well demarcated. Angiographically the tumours appeared highly vascular, with irregular tumour vessels often arranged in a patchy or nodular fashion. All revealed signs of a rapid circulation. The microscopic and angiographic appearances were correlated, in two cases utilizing microangiography. In the presence of a superficially located tumour with high density on plain radiographs, marked vascularity, patchy or nodular opacities, and signs of rapid circulation on angiogram one should suspect this diagnosis.", "PMID": 588917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2755", "title": "A method of visualizing and documenting pancreatic lesions by diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "A reliable method of visualizing and documenting pancreatic lesions by ultrasound is described. This method is valuable for the follow-up of varying types of pathology, and it may be applied to a wider range of lesions than pancreatic. It is simple and saves time and money for the ultrasonographer and is more easily interpreted by the clinician.", "contents": "A method of visualizing and documenting pancreatic lesions by diagnostic ultrasound. A reliable method of visualizing and documenting pancreatic lesions by ultrasound is described. This method is valuable for the follow-up of varying types of pathology, and it may be applied to a wider range of lesions than pancreatic. It is simple and saves time and money for the ultrasonographer and is more easily interpreted by the clinician.", "PMID": 588918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2756", "title": "Interaction of hyperthermia and radiation: the survival surface.", "content": "The interaction of hyperthermia and radiation on cell survival is illustrated by the increase in sensitivity to radiation caused by hyperthermia and the increase in sensitivity to hyperthermia caused by radiation. A method of expressing the total response to a combination of these two agents by means of a survival surface in three dimensions is explained and discussed. A simple mathematical model of the suface is formulated in which is a first order interaction term is separated from the two terms representing unperturbed radiation survival and unperturbed hyperthermia survival. An experiment is described in which survival data points were obtained for 77 combinations of radiation and hypertermia doses in the form of a matrix. These data points are plotted as 11 radiation survival curves and seven hyperthermia survival curves. The results are also analysed to give the parameters of the survival surface model. The model with its three components is shown to be a good approximation to the experimental results.", "contents": "Interaction of hyperthermia and radiation: the survival surface. The interaction of hyperthermia and radiation on cell survival is illustrated by the increase in sensitivity to radiation caused by hyperthermia and the increase in sensitivity to hyperthermia caused by radiation. A method of expressing the total response to a combination of these two agents by means of a survival surface in three dimensions is explained and discussed. A simple mathematical model of the suface is formulated in which is a first order interaction term is separated from the two terms representing unperturbed radiation survival and unperturbed hyperthermia survival. An experiment is described in which survival data points were obtained for 77 combinations of radiation and hypertermia doses in the form of a matrix. These data points are plotted as 11 radiation survival curves and seven hyperthermia survival curves. The results are also analysed to give the parameters of the survival surface model. The model with its three components is shown to be a good approximation to the experimental results.", "PMID": 588919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2757", "title": "Interaction of hyperthermia and radiation: temperature coefficient of interaction.", "content": "Cell survival data were collected to determine the survival surface for asynchronous CHO cells X-irradiated at room temperature 100 min prior to a hyperthermic exposure. The survival surface could be approximately described by a survival model comprising three components of cell killing; the unperturbed radiation component, the unperturbed hyperthermia component and the interaction component. The temperature sensitivities of the hyperthermia component and of the interaction component were investigated by using different hyperthermic temperatures, revealing that the interacting component is significantly less sensitive to a change in temperature than the unperturbed hyperthermia component.", "contents": "Interaction of hyperthermia and radiation: temperature coefficient of interaction. Cell survival data were collected to determine the survival surface for asynchronous CHO cells X-irradiated at room temperature 100 min prior to a hyperthermic exposure. The survival surface could be approximately described by a survival model comprising three components of cell killing; the unperturbed radiation component, the unperturbed hyperthermia component and the interaction component. The temperature sensitivities of the hyperthermia component and of the interaction component were investigated by using different hyperthermic temperatures, revealing that the interacting component is significantly less sensitive to a change in temperature than the unperturbed hyperthermia component.", "PMID": 588920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2758", "title": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon in granulomatous colitis: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon is presented. The case was proven histologically to be granulomatous colitis. This unusual manifestation of granulomatous colitis may mimic a large bowel carcinoma or less frequently villous adenoma. This is the first proven reported case of granulomatous colitis presenting in this manner.", "contents": "Localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon in granulomatous colitis: a case report and review of the literature. A case of localized giant pseudopolyposis of the colon is presented. The case was proven histologically to be granulomatous colitis. This unusual manifestation of granulomatous colitis may mimic a large bowel carcinoma or less frequently villous adenoma. This is the first proven reported case of granulomatous colitis presenting in this manner.", "PMID": 588923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2759", "title": "Selective renal phlebography in the diagnosis of renal pelvic and ureteric varices.", "content": "4 cases are presented in order to demonstrate the efficacy of renal phlebography in the diagnosis of renal pelvic and ureteric varices. It is believed that this simple procedure should also be used as a supplement to renal angiography in cases of unexplained gross haematuria and/or persistent renal colic.", "contents": "Selective renal phlebography in the diagnosis of renal pelvic and ureteric varices. 4 cases are presented in order to demonstrate the efficacy of renal phlebography in the diagnosis of renal pelvic and ureteric varices. It is believed that this simple procedure should also be used as a supplement to renal angiography in cases of unexplained gross haematuria and/or persistent renal colic.", "PMID": 588927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2760", "title": "The elastic tissue of the adult dilated ureter.", "content": "Adult dilated ureters have been examined in order to calculate the amount of the elastic tissue. From the histological observations and by the chemical analyses performed on the extracted elastin a decrease of the elastic tissue, as compared to the normal adult ureters has been noted. In fact, in the adult normal ureters, the elastin accounts for 9% of the dry matter, while in the abnormal the elastin represents 6.5%.", "contents": "The elastic tissue of the adult dilated ureter. Adult dilated ureters have been examined in order to calculate the amount of the elastic tissue. From the histological observations and by the chemical analyses performed on the extracted elastin a decrease of the elastic tissue, as compared to the normal adult ureters has been noted. In fact, in the adult normal ureters, the elastin accounts for 9% of the dry matter, while in the abnormal the elastin represents 6.5%.", "PMID": 588928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2761", "title": "Ileal conduit urinary diversion in children.", "content": "In a review of 113 paediatric patients followed for an average of 5 years, the ileal conduit has been very effective in preventing infection and loss of renal function. The incidence of early and late complications can be minimised by proper patient selection, attention to surgical details and diligent postoperative follow-up.", "contents": "Ileal conduit urinary diversion in children. In a review of 113 paediatric patients followed for an average of 5 years, the ileal conduit has been very effective in preventing infection and loss of renal function. The incidence of early and late complications can be minimised by proper patient selection, attention to surgical details and diligent postoperative follow-up.", "PMID": 588930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2762", "title": "Sixteen years' experience with the Heitz Boyer-Hovelacque procedure for exstrophy of the bladder.", "content": "The various methods of managing bladder exstrophy are described. Bladder reconstruction and ureterosigmoidostomy are discussed and evaluated. The satisfactory results obtained with 21 patients treated by the Heitz Boyer-Hovelacque operation are reported and it is concluded that this is the procedure of choice when urinary diversion is needed for the exstrophic bladder.", "contents": "Sixteen years' experience with the Heitz Boyer-Hovelacque procedure for exstrophy of the bladder. The various methods of managing bladder exstrophy are described. Bladder reconstruction and ureterosigmoidostomy are discussed and evaluated. The satisfactory results obtained with 21 patients treated by the Heitz Boyer-Hovelacque operation are reported and it is concluded that this is the procedure of choice when urinary diversion is needed for the exstrophic bladder.", "PMID": 588932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2763", "title": "Rectal vesico-urethroplasty updated with ten years' evaluation.", "content": "A new operation--rectal vesico-urethroplasty--has been designed to reproduce the normal anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract after total cystectomy. This is achieved by using the rectum with its intact nerve supply to replace the bladder and posterior urethra, thereby ensuring the known requirements for normal bladder function, viz, an adequately contractile reservoir with a sphincteric outlet and an intact corticospinal nerve tract. The operation has been carried out on 126 patients, 114 males and 12 females. It has been performed as an immediate sequel to cystectomy in 111 cases and as a secondary reconstruction after previous cystectomy and diversion in 15 cases. The results are greatly superior to colocystoplasty: most patients enjoy practically normal continence and voiding and are not threatened by subsequent complications. The postoperative mortality rate of 17% in the present series is largely due to avoidable factors and has markedly reduced in the last group of cases.", "contents": "Rectal vesico-urethroplasty updated with ten years' evaluation. A new operation--rectal vesico-urethroplasty--has been designed to reproduce the normal anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract after total cystectomy. This is achieved by using the rectum with its intact nerve supply to replace the bladder and posterior urethra, thereby ensuring the known requirements for normal bladder function, viz, an adequately contractile reservoir with a sphincteric outlet and an intact corticospinal nerve tract. The operation has been carried out on 126 patients, 114 males and 12 females. It has been performed as an immediate sequel to cystectomy in 111 cases and as a secondary reconstruction after previous cystectomy and diversion in 15 cases. The results are greatly superior to colocystoplasty: most patients enjoy practically normal continence and voiding and are not threatened by subsequent complications. The postoperative mortality rate of 17% in the present series is largely due to avoidable factors and has markedly reduced in the last group of cases.", "PMID": 588933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2764", "title": "Transurethral removal of bladder stone: the place of litholapaxy.", "content": "The surgical management of 652 cases of bladder stone, with particular reference to the value of litholapaxy, is discussed. The majority of cases can be treated by closed methods--litholapaxy and transurethral removal. Those cases treated by closed methods have a reduced postoperative complication and morbidity rate, a shorter operating time, and a reduced period of hospitalisation. Provided the necessary skill is acquired, it is concluded that litholapaxy is a safe and efficient method of dealing with bladder stones.", "contents": "Transurethral removal of bladder stone: the place of litholapaxy. The surgical management of 652 cases of bladder stone, with particular reference to the value of litholapaxy, is discussed. The majority of cases can be treated by closed methods--litholapaxy and transurethral removal. Those cases treated by closed methods have a reduced postoperative complication and morbidity rate, a shorter operating time, and a reduced period of hospitalisation. Provided the necessary skill is acquired, it is concluded that litholapaxy is a safe and efficient method of dealing with bladder stones.", "PMID": 588934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2765", "title": "Diathermy to the trigone and urethra in the management of the female urethral syndrome.", "content": "The effects of diathermy to the trigone and upper urethra in the female urethral syndrome are compared with the effect of cystoscopy alone in the 27 cases. It is shown that the addition of diathermy gives superior results. The effects of such diathermy in the female urethral syndrome in 56 cases were reviewed by questionnaires 3 years later. 45% of the patients had had no further attacks and 90% thought that the treatment had been worth while.", "contents": "Diathermy to the trigone and urethra in the management of the female urethral syndrome. The effects of diathermy to the trigone and upper urethra in the female urethral syndrome are compared with the effect of cystoscopy alone in the 27 cases. It is shown that the addition of diathermy gives superior results. The effects of such diathermy in the female urethral syndrome in 56 cases were reviewed by questionnaires 3 years later. 45% of the patients had had no further attacks and 90% thought that the treatment had been worth while.", "PMID": 588936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2766", "title": "Subcapsular orchidectomy for carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Our results suggest that subcapsular orchidectomy is at least as effective as oestrogen therapy in producing long-lasting suppression of plasma testosterone. It has many advantages over oestrogen therapy, so that, like Huggins, we believe it to be the hormonal treatment of choice for patients who develop symptoms from carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Subcapsular orchidectomy for carcinoma of the prostate. Our results suggest that subcapsular orchidectomy is at least as effective as oestrogen therapy in producing long-lasting suppression of plasma testosterone. It has many advantages over oestrogen therapy, so that, like Huggins, we believe it to be the hormonal treatment of choice for patients who develop symptoms from carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 588938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2767", "title": "The role of the bacterial L form in urinary tract infection.", "content": "The relationship between the bacterial L form and chronic relapsing urinary tract infection was evaluated, using septicaemic cases as the basis of assessment. The results of this study supported the theory that chronic relapsing pyelonephritis is associated with L form infection. The antibiotic treatment of L form infection is discussed.", "contents": "The role of the bacterial L form in urinary tract infection. The relationship between the bacterial L form and chronic relapsing urinary tract infection was evaluated, using septicaemic cases as the basis of assessment. The results of this study supported the theory that chronic relapsing pyelonephritis is associated with L form infection. The antibiotic treatment of L form infection is discussed.", "PMID": 588940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2768", "title": "Tuberose sclerosis and bilateral renal carcinoma.", "content": "A case report is presented of an 18-year-old girl of normal intellect with tuberose sclerosis and multiple bilateral renal carcinomas. These tumours were successfully treated surgically by right nephrectomy and left partial nephrectomy. The usual renal lesion in these patients is the angiomyolipoma, which is a hamartoma. Renal carcinoma associated with tuberose sclerosis is extremely rare, and the mode of behaviour of these tumours may be unusual.", "contents": "Tuberose sclerosis and bilateral renal carcinoma. A case report is presented of an 18-year-old girl of normal intellect with tuberose sclerosis and multiple bilateral renal carcinomas. These tumours were successfully treated surgically by right nephrectomy and left partial nephrectomy. The usual renal lesion in these patients is the angiomyolipoma, which is a hamartoma. Renal carcinoma associated with tuberose sclerosis is extremely rare, and the mode of behaviour of these tumours may be unusual.", "PMID": 588942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2769", "title": "Renal carcinoma presenting with pulmonary emboli: a review of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with renal carcinoma presenting with pulmonary emboli are discussed. Pulmonary emboliform renal carcinoma may be more common than previously supposed. Evaulation for such tumours should be done in patients with pulmonary emboli of obscure origin.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma presenting with pulmonary emboli: a review of two cases. Two patients with renal carcinoma presenting with pulmonary emboli are discussed. Pulmonary emboliform renal carcinoma may be more common than previously supposed. Evaulation for such tumours should be done in patients with pulmonary emboli of obscure origin.", "PMID": 588943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2770", "title": "Composition of urinary tract calculi in children of different ages.", "content": "The composition of urinary tract calculi in children in relation to their age has been examined and comparisons have been made with other published series. It is concluded that paediatric stone disease can be divided into two main types: (1) infection stones, composed largely of magnesium ammonium phosphate and occurring mainly in children under 5 years of age, (2) calcium stones, occurring mainly in older children.", "contents": "Composition of urinary tract calculi in children of different ages. The composition of urinary tract calculi in children in relation to their age has been examined and comparisons have been made with other published series. It is concluded that paediatric stone disease can be divided into two main types: (1) infection stones, composed largely of magnesium ammonium phosphate and occurring mainly in children under 5 years of age, (2) calcium stones, occurring mainly in older children.", "PMID": 588944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2771", "title": "Primary obstructed megaureter.", "content": "The clinical presentation and management of 57 primary obstructed megaureters in 46 patients, 35 of whom were children, are reported. Indications for operation include pain, infection, progressive pyelo-ureteric dilatation and reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. We have found that affected children cannot be managed successfully without operation. Conservative treatment may be employed effectively in adults in whom the condition is often stable and complications are less frequent. The preferred surgical technique is ureteric narrowing with reimplantation to the bladder by the Politano-Leadbetter method. The results of surgery are less satisfactory in adults than in children. This may be related to the reduced quantity of elastic tissue in the ureteric wall in adult cases.", "contents": "Primary obstructed megaureter. The clinical presentation and management of 57 primary obstructed megaureters in 46 patients, 35 of whom were children, are reported. Indications for operation include pain, infection, progressive pyelo-ureteric dilatation and reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. We have found that affected children cannot be managed successfully without operation. Conservative treatment may be employed effectively in adults in whom the condition is often stable and complications are less frequent. The preferred surgical technique is ureteric narrowing with reimplantation to the bladder by the Politano-Leadbetter method. The results of surgery are less satisfactory in adults than in children. This may be related to the reduced quantity of elastic tissue in the ureteric wall in adult cases.", "PMID": 588949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2772", "title": "Hypertension due to Ask-Upmark kidney.", "content": "A young girl in whom severe hypertension was cured by the surgical removal of a unilateral hypoplastic kidney (Ask-Upmark kidney) is described. The clinicopathological features of the Ask-Upmark kidney are described with particular reference to the aetiology of the hypertension as well as the selection of patients for surgery. No abnormality of the renin-angiotensin system was detected.", "contents": "Hypertension due to Ask-Upmark kidney. A young girl in whom severe hypertension was cured by the surgical removal of a unilateral hypoplastic kidney (Ask-Upmark kidney) is described. The clinicopathological features of the Ask-Upmark kidney are described with particular reference to the aetiology of the hypertension as well as the selection of patients for surgery. No abnormality of the renin-angiotensin system was detected.", "PMID": 588950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2773", "title": "Ectopia in unduplicated ureters in children.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features and surgical management of 19 unduplicated ectopic ureters in 15 children are presented with special reference to the problems of recognition and treatment and to the underlying embryological and pathological significance of the wide-ranging associated abnormalities. The high incidence of renal and ureteric malformations, both ipsilateral and contralateral, is emphasised, as is also the frequent co-existence of vesical, bladder neck, urethral, genital and anal abnormalities. These associated anomalies modify the presentation of unduplicated ureteric ectopia and may mask its presence. Late recognition is common, but may be avoided by awareness of the problem. Whereas the degree of kidney involvement seems to dictate the choice and priorities of surgical treatment, the lower urinary tract anomalies have more significance as regards continuing disability and these largely determine the outcome in relation to continence.", "contents": "Ectopia in unduplicated ureters in children. The clinico-pathological features and surgical management of 19 unduplicated ectopic ureters in 15 children are presented with special reference to the problems of recognition and treatment and to the underlying embryological and pathological significance of the wide-ranging associated abnormalities. The high incidence of renal and ureteric malformations, both ipsilateral and contralateral, is emphasised, as is also the frequent co-existence of vesical, bladder neck, urethral, genital and anal abnormalities. These associated anomalies modify the presentation of unduplicated ureteric ectopia and may mask its presence. Late recognition is common, but may be avoided by awareness of the problem. Whereas the degree of kidney involvement seems to dictate the choice and priorities of surgical treatment, the lower urinary tract anomalies have more significance as regards continuing disability and these largely determine the outcome in relation to continence.", "PMID": 588951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2774", "title": "The results of urinary diversion in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Out of a total of 78 patients with multiple sclerosis who underwent urological assessment, 12 (15%) were treated by ileal loop diversion. The results of surgery were highly satisfactory in spite of a high incidence of postoperative complications. The surgical trauma that occurs from the operation does not necessarily result in neurological deterioration of the patient. The only absolute contra-indication to urinary diversion is decubitus ulceration. Urinary diversion should be considered much earlier in the treatment of incontinence in multiple sclerosis rather than offered as a last resort.", "contents": "The results of urinary diversion in multiple sclerosis. Out of a total of 78 patients with multiple sclerosis who underwent urological assessment, 12 (15%) were treated by ileal loop diversion. The results of surgery were highly satisfactory in spite of a high incidence of postoperative complications. The surgical trauma that occurs from the operation does not necessarily result in neurological deterioration of the patient. The only absolute contra-indication to urinary diversion is decubitus ulceration. Urinary diversion should be considered much earlier in the treatment of incontinence in multiple sclerosis rather than offered as a last resort.", "PMID": 588952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2775", "title": "Back-flow from urinary collecting devices into the ileal conduit.", "content": "The occurrence of back-flow from urinary collecting devices into the ileal conduit was observed in 9 out of 46 patients. In 6 of them back-flow to the upper urinary tract also occurred. Nipple stomas of at least 2 cm height were found to resist back-flow into the conduit better than any flat stoma.", "contents": "Back-flow from urinary collecting devices into the ileal conduit. The occurrence of back-flow from urinary collecting devices into the ileal conduit was observed in 9 out of 46 patients. In 6 of them back-flow to the upper urinary tract also occurred. Nipple stomas of at least 2 cm height were found to resist back-flow into the conduit better than any flat stoma.", "PMID": 588953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2776", "title": "A further assessment of bladder transection in the management of adult enuresis and allied conditions.", "content": "The use of bladder transection for the management of adult enuresis and allied conditions is reported. The beneficial effects of the operation, assessed by an improvement of symptoms and measured objectively by urodynamic investigation, have been found to be maintained during 4 years' experience of the procedure.", "contents": "A further assessment of bladder transection in the management of adult enuresis and allied conditions. The use of bladder transection for the management of adult enuresis and allied conditions is reported. The beneficial effects of the operation, assessed by an improvement of symptoms and measured objectively by urodynamic investigation, have been found to be maintained during 4 years' experience of the procedure.", "PMID": 588955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2777", "title": "Bladder transection for adult enuresis.", "content": "45 patients with adult enuresis have been treated by bladder transection between 1969 and 1975 and followed-up from 6 months to 7 years. 24 patients are now asymptomatic. Bladder transection gave very worthwhile results in 53% of cases.", "contents": "Bladder transection for adult enuresis. 45 patients with adult enuresis have been treated by bladder transection between 1969 and 1975 and followed-up from 6 months to 7 years. 24 patients are now asymptomatic. Bladder transection gave very worthwhile results in 53% of cases.", "PMID": 588956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2778", "title": "Intermittent catheterisation in congenital neurogenic bladder: a preliminary report.", "content": "53 children with congenital neurogenic bladders are currently managed on intermittent catheterisation. The problems of continence, urinary tract infection and upper tract deterioration have to date been controlled reasonably successfully and the need for urinary diversion appears to have been obviated. Complications have been negligible and parents and patients alike prefer this method to the Cr\u00e9d\u00e9 manoeuvre.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterisation in congenital neurogenic bladder: a preliminary report. 53 children with congenital neurogenic bladders are currently managed on intermittent catheterisation. The problems of continence, urinary tract infection and upper tract deterioration have to date been controlled reasonably successfully and the need for urinary diversion appears to have been obviated. Complications have been negligible and parents and patients alike prefer this method to the Cr\u00e9d\u00e9 manoeuvre.", "PMID": 588958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2779", "title": "Endoscopic removal of bladder stones in adults.", "content": "Endoscopic removal of bladder stones of all sizes in adults has been discussed and illustrated by 100 cases. 3 different techniques were used to remove the stones viz. (1) extraction by Dormia basket, (2) cystoscopic lithotrity and (3) electronic lithotripsy by Russian-made \"URAT 1\". Safety and economic advantages to the patients have been discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopic removal of bladder stones in adults. Endoscopic removal of bladder stones of all sizes in adults has been discussed and illustrated by 100 cases. 3 different techniques were used to remove the stones viz. (1) extraction by Dormia basket, (2) cystoscopic lithotrity and (3) electronic lithotripsy by Russian-made \"URAT 1\". Safety and economic advantages to the patients have been discussed.", "PMID": 588959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2780", "title": "Recording of vesical voiding pressure by means of CO2-perfusion.", "content": "By means of a CO-2-cystometer, carbon dioxide is introduced through a urethral catheter (F5) into the full urinary bladder while the subject is urinating around the catheter. A reproducible pressure curve can be recorded. The pressure values measured by CO2-perfusion correlate very well with those measured simultaneously by a conventional fluid method. It can be statistically demonstrated that the CO2 flowing into the bladder does not influence the vesical voiding pressure. It is concluded that the vesical pressure during micturition can be accurately recorded by CO2-perfusion.", "contents": "Recording of vesical voiding pressure by means of CO2-perfusion. By means of a CO-2-cystometer, carbon dioxide is introduced through a urethral catheter (F5) into the full urinary bladder while the subject is urinating around the catheter. A reproducible pressure curve can be recorded. The pressure values measured by CO2-perfusion correlate very well with those measured simultaneously by a conventional fluid method. It can be statistically demonstrated that the CO2 flowing into the bladder does not influence the vesical voiding pressure. It is concluded that the vesical pressure during micturition can be accurately recorded by CO2-perfusion.", "PMID": 588960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2781", "title": "Effect of phentolamine on perineal muscle EMG activity in paraplegia.", "content": "The effect of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, was studied on the perineal muscle EMG in 3 paraplegic patients. The drug reduced the EMG activity in these patients. This suggests that the normal suppression of external sphincter activity during micturition might be related to a reduction in the external sphincter activity supplied by the sympathetic system.", "contents": "Effect of phentolamine on perineal muscle EMG activity in paraplegia. The effect of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, was studied on the perineal muscle EMG in 3 paraplegic patients. The drug reduced the EMG activity in these patients. This suggests that the normal suppression of external sphincter activity during micturition might be related to a reduction in the external sphincter activity supplied by the sympathetic system.", "PMID": 588961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2782", "title": "The anatomy of the urethral stricture.", "content": "A post-mortem study of the urethral anatomy following gonorrhoea is presented. The different specimens examined demonstrated lesions ranging from microscopic submucosal scars to fully developed urethral strictures. In every specimen extensive squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium was present. It is postulated that overstretching of this unsupported squamous epithelium during voiding causes microscopic epithelial tears and that the accumulation of the subsequent microscopic scars leads to the formation of a urethral stricture. Bacterial infection does not seem to play any part in the genesis of the stricture.", "contents": "The anatomy of the urethral stricture. A post-mortem study of the urethral anatomy following gonorrhoea is presented. The different specimens examined demonstrated lesions ranging from microscopic submucosal scars to fully developed urethral strictures. In every specimen extensive squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium was present. It is postulated that overstretching of this unsupported squamous epithelium during voiding causes microscopic epithelial tears and that the accumulation of the subsequent microscopic scars leads to the formation of a urethral stricture. Bacterial infection does not seem to play any part in the genesis of the stricture.", "PMID": 588963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2783", "title": "Bacteriuria after out-patient cystoscopy.", "content": "The presence of bacteriuria 48-72 hours after cystoscopy has been correlated with the sex and previous history of the patient, and with the use of chlorhexidine 1/5,000 and water as alternative irrigant solutions. The infection rate was higher in women than in men. Chlorhexidine in the irrigant solution protected against postoperative bacteriuria in patients who did not have a history of previous urinary infection, but did not do so where there was such history.", "contents": "Bacteriuria after out-patient cystoscopy. The presence of bacteriuria 48-72 hours after cystoscopy has been correlated with the sex and previous history of the patient, and with the use of chlorhexidine 1/5,000 and water as alternative irrigant solutions. The infection rate was higher in women than in men. Chlorhexidine in the irrigant solution protected against postoperative bacteriuria in patients who did not have a history of previous urinary infection, but did not do so where there was such history.", "PMID": 588965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2784", "title": "Familial abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The case histories of three brothers, the only siblings of one family, all of whom underwent surgery for the treatment of a previously asymptomatic ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, are recorded. The possibility of underlying constitutional and hereditary factors is discussed and the suggestion of a primary familial incidence of atheromatous, nondissecting aortic aneurysm is raised.", "contents": "Familial abdominal aortic aneurysms. The case histories of three brothers, the only siblings of one family, all of whom underwent surgery for the treatment of a previously asymptomatic ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, are recorded. The possibility of underlying constitutional and hereditary factors is discussed and the suggestion of a primary familial incidence of atheromatous, nondissecting aortic aneurysm is raised.", "PMID": 588966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2785", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms: should they all be resected?", "content": "A retrospective study has been carried out on 124 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms admitted during the period 1960-74. The mortality rate after emergency operation was 56 per cent and after elective operation 15 per cent. As in other vascular centres during these years the mortality rate has decreased among electively operated patients. We have tried to answer two questions: which patients without signs of rupture should undergo operation and which patients with a ruptured aneurysm should not be operated upon?", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms: should they all be resected? A retrospective study has been carried out on 124 consecutive patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms admitted during the period 1960-74. The mortality rate after emergency operation was 56 per cent and after elective operation 15 per cent. As in other vascular centres during these years the mortality rate has decreased among electively operated patients. We have tried to answer two questions: which patients without signs of rupture should undergo operation and which patients with a ruptured aneurysm should not be operated upon?", "PMID": 588967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2786", "title": "Haemodynamics of axillofemoral grafting in a case with normal inflow and outflow vessels.", "content": "Intra-operative haemodynamics were studied in a case of axillofemoral grafting. When the normal axillary artery acted as the donor artery no steal from the arm occurred, even after vasodilatation in the leg. When, conversely, the very poor arterial collaterals to the leg were required to serve as donor arteries because the axillary artery proximal to the anastomosis was occluded by a clamp, a steal from the leg to the arm was observed. The study supports the concept that only if the donor artery has a high resistance to flow can a steal develop.", "contents": "Haemodynamics of axillofemoral grafting in a case with normal inflow and outflow vessels. Intra-operative haemodynamics were studied in a case of axillofemoral grafting. When the normal axillary artery acted as the donor artery no steal from the arm occurred, even after vasodilatation in the leg. When, conversely, the very poor arterial collaterals to the leg were required to serve as donor arteries because the axillary artery proximal to the anastomosis was occluded by a clamp, a steal from the leg to the arm was observed. The study supports the concept that only if the donor artery has a high resistance to flow can a steal develop.", "PMID": 588968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2787", "title": "Distal lower limb arterial reconstruction with modified allograft saphenous veins.", "content": "Cadaveric donor saphenous veins subjected to proteolytic enzymatic digestion, crossbonding and heparin bonding were used for arterial reconstruction in the legs of 13 patients threatened with amputation and without suitable autogenous saphenous veins. Distal anastomoses were to the tibial and peroneal vessels. Twelve patients (92 per cent) were discharged from hospital with functioning grafts; 9 grafts (69 per cent) continue to function 2-16 (average 8) months after operation. Amputation was avoided in 11 patients (85 per cent). Although early results are encouraging, late results are yet to be determined.", "contents": "Distal lower limb arterial reconstruction with modified allograft saphenous veins. Cadaveric donor saphenous veins subjected to proteolytic enzymatic digestion, crossbonding and heparin bonding were used for arterial reconstruction in the legs of 13 patients threatened with amputation and without suitable autogenous saphenous veins. Distal anastomoses were to the tibial and peroneal vessels. Twelve patients (92 per cent) were discharged from hospital with functioning grafts; 9 grafts (69 per cent) continue to function 2-16 (average 8) months after operation. Amputation was avoided in 11 patients (85 per cent). Although early results are encouraging, late results are yet to be determined.", "PMID": 588969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2788", "title": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis occurring late after splenectomy.", "content": "Two patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis which occurred late after splenectomy are reported. In the first case the thrombosis was seen, with preceding thrombocytosis, 3 years after splenectomy. In the second case the thrombosis occurred 2 years and 5 months postoperatively. Platelet counts had not been obtained before the mesenteric thrombosis in this case. In both instances persistent severe anaemia for several weeks preceded the symptoms and signs of mesenteric venous thrombosis. Both patients were treated by extended resection of the affected small bowel. Thus, dangerous thrombocytosis may occur in the presence of persistent severe anaemia even late after splenectomy. Thrombocytosis occurring immediately after splenectomy, which is almost inevitable, should be treated with heparin or other anticoagulants. In the late period the avoidance of persistent severe anaemia seems to be important in the prevention of thrombotic complications due to reactive thrombocytosis in splenectomized patients.", "contents": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis occurring late after splenectomy. Two patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis which occurred late after splenectomy are reported. In the first case the thrombosis was seen, with preceding thrombocytosis, 3 years after splenectomy. In the second case the thrombosis occurred 2 years and 5 months postoperatively. Platelet counts had not been obtained before the mesenteric thrombosis in this case. In both instances persistent severe anaemia for several weeks preceded the symptoms and signs of mesenteric venous thrombosis. Both patients were treated by extended resection of the affected small bowel. Thus, dangerous thrombocytosis may occur in the presence of persistent severe anaemia even late after splenectomy. Thrombocytosis occurring immediately after splenectomy, which is almost inevitable, should be treated with heparin or other anticoagulants. In the late period the avoidance of persistent severe anaemia seems to be important in the prevention of thrombotic complications due to reactive thrombocytosis in splenectomized patients.", "PMID": 588970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2789", "title": "Cosmetic excision of an isolated extracranial arteriovenous malformation using Gelfoam embolization.", "content": "Surgical excision of extracranial arteriovenous malformations may be indicated for cosmetic or urgent medical reasons, such as haemorrhage or high output cardiac failure. However, serious haemorrhage, incomplete removal and poor cosmetic results are well-known complications encountered after this operation. Preoperative embolization under angiographic control is recommended to reduce the incidence of these problems.", "contents": "Cosmetic excision of an isolated extracranial arteriovenous malformation using Gelfoam embolization. Surgical excision of extracranial arteriovenous malformations may be indicated for cosmetic or urgent medical reasons, such as haemorrhage or high output cardiac failure. However, serious haemorrhage, incomplete removal and poor cosmetic results are well-known complications encountered after this operation. Preoperative embolization under angiographic control is recommended to reduce the incidence of these problems.", "PMID": 588971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2790", "title": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations during operation.", "content": "Plasma catecholamines have been measured before, during and after operation in 40 patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery and in 12 patients during open heart surgery. Plasma concentrations did not increase during abdominal surgery and showed only small increases during cardiopulmonary bypass. It appears that it is not possible to assess individual intra-operative sympatho-adrenal responses to surgical trauma by measurement of plasma catecholamine concentrations because of the efficiency of catecholamine uptake mechanisms.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations during operation. Plasma catecholamines have been measured before, during and after operation in 40 patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery and in 12 patients during open heart surgery. Plasma concentrations did not increase during abdominal surgery and showed only small increases during cardiopulmonary bypass. It appears that it is not possible to assess individual intra-operative sympatho-adrenal responses to surgical trauma by measurement of plasma catecholamine concentrations because of the efficiency of catecholamine uptake mechanisms.", "PMID": 588972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2791", "title": "Perforated duodenal ulcer in the black population of Central Johannesburg.", "content": "The increasing incidence of perforated duodenal ulcer among Black patients admitted to the Johannesburg General Hospital between 1966 and 1976 is described against a background of the different forms of peptic ulcer disease seen in this hospital population. Admission for perforation during the years 1973-6 was as common among Black as among White patients. Perforation occurred principally in young (20-40 years) Black males (sex ratio 14 : 1), with a short history of preceding symptoms, and treatment was usually by simple closure. In the White group the age range was broader (20-70 years) and the male : female ratio only 2.7 : 1. Duodenal ulcer occurred predominantly in males (ratio 6 : 1), and the spectrum of the disease among the Black population in this urban environment resembled that among the White population in Johannesburg and in Western countries in the relative frequency of perforation and haemorrhage, rarity of stenosis and ratio of duodenal to gastric ulceration.", "contents": "Perforated duodenal ulcer in the black population of Central Johannesburg. The increasing incidence of perforated duodenal ulcer among Black patients admitted to the Johannesburg General Hospital between 1966 and 1976 is described against a background of the different forms of peptic ulcer disease seen in this hospital population. Admission for perforation during the years 1973-6 was as common among Black as among White patients. Perforation occurred principally in young (20-40 years) Black males (sex ratio 14 : 1), with a short history of preceding symptoms, and treatment was usually by simple closure. In the White group the age range was broader (20-70 years) and the male : female ratio only 2.7 : 1. Duodenal ulcer occurred predominantly in males (ratio 6 : 1), and the spectrum of the disease among the Black population in this urban environment resembled that among the White population in Johannesburg and in Western countries in the relative frequency of perforation and haemorrhage, rarity of stenosis and ratio of duodenal to gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 588973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2792", "title": "Intrinsic factor secretion after vagotomy.", "content": "The intrinsic factor (IF) output during basal and Histalog-stimulated gastric secretion has been estimated in two series of patients with chronic duodenal ulcer before and 3 months or more after treatment by either highly selective vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The effects of the two different vagotomy operations appear to be virtually identical and each produced significant reductions in intrinsic factor secretion after Histalog stimulation. This confirms the view expressed by previous workers that it is the vagotomy as such which is responsible, excluding the drainage procedure from any possible role. Furthermore, as these results were demonstrated 3 months after operation, it is likely that the depressed IF secretion is a permanent feature and one which, it is postulated, may become progressively more severe. In both series there is a marked reduction in IFoutput during the second hour of stimulated gastric secretion, indicating an early wash-out of preformed IF. This persists after vagotomy.", "contents": "Intrinsic factor secretion after vagotomy. The intrinsic factor (IF) output during basal and Histalog-stimulated gastric secretion has been estimated in two series of patients with chronic duodenal ulcer before and 3 months or more after treatment by either highly selective vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The effects of the two different vagotomy operations appear to be virtually identical and each produced significant reductions in intrinsic factor secretion after Histalog stimulation. This confirms the view expressed by previous workers that it is the vagotomy as such which is responsible, excluding the drainage procedure from any possible role. Furthermore, as these results were demonstrated 3 months after operation, it is likely that the depressed IF secretion is a permanent feature and one which, it is postulated, may become progressively more severe. In both series there is a marked reduction in IFoutput during the second hour of stimulated gastric secretion, indicating an early wash-out of preformed IF. This persists after vagotomy.", "PMID": 588974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2793", "title": "Intrathyroid cystic parathyroid adenoma: a rare case of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A case is presented of a 52-year-old man with a swelling in the neck and dysphagia resulting from an intrathyroid cystic parathyroid adenoma. Hypercalcaemia and unusually high parathyroid hormone levels were detected preoperatively. The adenoma was removed by partial hemithyroidectomy. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Intrathyroid cystic parathyroid adenoma: a rare case of hyperparathyroidism. A case is presented of a 52-year-old man with a swelling in the neck and dysphagia resulting from an intrathyroid cystic parathyroid adenoma. Hypercalcaemia and unusually high parathyroid hormone levels were detected preoperatively. The adenoma was removed by partial hemithyroidectomy. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 588975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2794", "title": "Epidermal repair in chronic venous ulcers.", "content": "Certain features of epidermal repair, namely increased mitotic activity, cell migration and cell differentiation, have been investigated in fresh biopsies from 17 patients with chronic venous ulcers, using light and electron microscopy. Increased mitotic activity was present at the edges of most of these lesions whether they were in a grossly recognizable healing or non-healing phase, and some cells with ultrastructural features of migratory cells were invariably seen. The results are discussed in relation to other chronic epithelial lesions and suggest that failure of epithelialization is not due to any lack of epithelial cell production and that some other fundamental defect must be sought.", "contents": "Epidermal repair in chronic venous ulcers. Certain features of epidermal repair, namely increased mitotic activity, cell migration and cell differentiation, have been investigated in fresh biopsies from 17 patients with chronic venous ulcers, using light and electron microscopy. Increased mitotic activity was present at the edges of most of these lesions whether they were in a grossly recognizable healing or non-healing phase, and some cells with ultrastructural features of migratory cells were invariably seen. The results are discussed in relation to other chronic epithelial lesions and suggest that failure of epithelialization is not due to any lack of epithelial cell production and that some other fundamental defect must be sought.", "PMID": 588976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2795", "title": "Occult primary malignant melanoma: factors influencing survival.", "content": "Seventy-six patients with occult primary malignant melanoma were studied in order to detect features which would help to determine prognosis. It was found that the 5-year survival rate of these patients was: (a) no worse than in patients first presenting with one known primary lesion and metastases; (b) just as poor for women as for men; (c) more favourable if only a single lymph node was involved with secondary deposits; (d) similar whether the manner of spread of the disease was lymphatic or haematogenous; (e) similar whether there was or was not a history of a pre-existing lesion. The prognosis for occult primary malignant melanoma, although bad, is not hopeless.", "contents": "Occult primary malignant melanoma: factors influencing survival. Seventy-six patients with occult primary malignant melanoma were studied in order to detect features which would help to determine prognosis. It was found that the 5-year survival rate of these patients was: (a) no worse than in patients first presenting with one known primary lesion and metastases; (b) just as poor for women as for men; (c) more favourable if only a single lymph node was involved with secondary deposits; (d) similar whether the manner of spread of the disease was lymphatic or haematogenous; (e) similar whether there was or was not a history of a pre-existing lesion. The prognosis for occult primary malignant melanoma, although bad, is not hopeless.", "PMID": 588977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2796", "title": "Diagnosis and management of post-cholecystectomy symptoms: the place of endoscopy and retrograde choledochopancreatography.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography (ERCP) was employed in 52 patients symptomatic after cholecystectomy in whom barium meal studies and intravenous cholangiography had failed to yield a diagnosis. Cannulation of the papilla of Vater was carried out in 50 of the patients in a mean time of 10 min. Diagnostic information demonstrating a pathological lesion or a normal biliary and pancreatic ductal system was obtained by means of endoscopy and ERCP in 48 cases. There were no serious complications. A pathological lesion was demonstrated in all but one of the patients presenting with jaundice, cholangitis or pancreatitis but the diagnostic yield was not as high in patients with vague upper abdominal symptoms. Endoscopy and ERCP are the investigative procedures of first choice in complex post-cholecystectomy cases in whom intravenous cholangiography fails, gives incomplete information or suggests normality in the face of continuing symptoms or clinical evidence of residual biliary disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of post-cholecystectomy symptoms: the place of endoscopy and retrograde choledochopancreatography. Endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography (ERCP) was employed in 52 patients symptomatic after cholecystectomy in whom barium meal studies and intravenous cholangiography had failed to yield a diagnosis. Cannulation of the papilla of Vater was carried out in 50 of the patients in a mean time of 10 min. Diagnostic information demonstrating a pathological lesion or a normal biliary and pancreatic ductal system was obtained by means of endoscopy and ERCP in 48 cases. There were no serious complications. A pathological lesion was demonstrated in all but one of the patients presenting with jaundice, cholangitis or pancreatitis but the diagnostic yield was not as high in patients with vague upper abdominal symptoms. Endoscopy and ERCP are the investigative procedures of first choice in complex post-cholecystectomy cases in whom intravenous cholangiography fails, gives incomplete information or suggests normality in the face of continuing symptoms or clinical evidence of residual biliary disease.", "PMID": 588978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2797", "title": "A case of myasthenia gravis with thyrotoxicosis treated by combined subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy.", "content": "Thyrotoxicosis occurring in conjunction with myasthenia gravis is rare. The usual treatment consists of medical control of the thyrotoxicosis, then thymectomy and later subtotal thyroidectomy. The case reported here concerns a 19-year-old girl who had surgical treatment for both lesions on the same occasion. With proper medical preparation, modern anaesthesia and respiratory care, the surgical treatment of both lesions can be accomplished in one stage.", "contents": "A case of myasthenia gravis with thyrotoxicosis treated by combined subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy. Thyrotoxicosis occurring in conjunction with myasthenia gravis is rare. The usual treatment consists of medical control of the thyrotoxicosis, then thymectomy and later subtotal thyroidectomy. The case reported here concerns a 19-year-old girl who had surgical treatment for both lesions on the same occasion. With proper medical preparation, modern anaesthesia and respiratory care, the surgical treatment of both lesions can be accomplished in one stage.", "PMID": 588979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2798", "title": "Ultrasonic scanning of the thyroid gland as a guide to the treatment of the clinically solitary nodule.", "content": "This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonic scanning in the recognition of multinodular goitre in 87 patients referred for examination who were thought by the referring clinician to have a single nodule in the thyroid gland. Twenty-five were found to have multinodular glands, 23 of which were correctly identified by ultrasound. Of those who had truly solitary nodules, ultrasonic scanning enabled us to identify all 23 who had cystic lesions and 35 out of the 39 who had predominantly solid lesions. The clinical significance of these observations in the management of patients with so-called 'single nodules' is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic scanning of the thyroid gland as a guide to the treatment of the clinically solitary nodule. This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonic scanning in the recognition of multinodular goitre in 87 patients referred for examination who were thought by the referring clinician to have a single nodule in the thyroid gland. Twenty-five were found to have multinodular glands, 23 of which were correctly identified by ultrasound. Of those who had truly solitary nodules, ultrasonic scanning enabled us to identify all 23 who had cystic lesions and 35 out of the 39 who had predominantly solid lesions. The clinical significance of these observations in the management of patients with so-called 'single nodules' is discussed.", "PMID": 588980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2799", "title": "Abnormalities of gastric emptying and pyloric reflux in uncomplicated hiatus hernia.", "content": "We have measured the rate of gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals by an external scanning technique and have studied pyloric reflux by a radiological technique. Investigations were performed in patients with uncomplicated hiatal hernia, patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and normal controls. There was a significant delay in the emptying of both solid and liquid meals in the patients with hiatal hernia compared with both the duodenal ulcer patients (solid meals P less than 0.01, liquid meals P less than 0.025) and with normal controls (solid meals P less than 0.05, liquid meals P less than 0.001). Duodenogastric reflux was observed in 35% of hiatal hernia patients compared with 24% of duodenal  ulcer patients and no incidence in the controls.", "contents": "Abnormalities of gastric emptying and pyloric reflux in uncomplicated hiatus hernia. We have measured the rate of gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals by an external scanning technique and have studied pyloric reflux by a radiological technique. Investigations were performed in patients with uncomplicated hiatal hernia, patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and normal controls. There was a significant delay in the emptying of both solid and liquid meals in the patients with hiatal hernia compared with both the duodenal ulcer patients (solid meals P less than 0.01, liquid meals P less than 0.025) and with normal controls (solid meals P less than 0.05, liquid meals P less than 0.001). Duodenogastric reflux was observed in 35% of hiatal hernia patients compared with 24% of duodenal  ulcer patients and no incidence in the controls.", "PMID": 588981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2800", "title": "Partial hepatectomies with a hand-held laser knife: An experimental study.", "content": "Fifteen mongrel dogs underwent a left lateral non-anatomical partial hepatectomy using a carbon dioxide laser, diathermy or a surgical scalpel. An original prototype of a compact hand-held laser was used and its effects were compared with those of the other two instruments. An improved dry cat surface was achieved by placing a rubber snare proximal to the planned incision. While no significant differences in the blood loss or in the operating time were found among the experimental groups, the laser beam sealed vessels of up to about 6 mm in diameter without any complementary suture ligatures, which were needed in the other groups. Histological studies revealed less tissue trauma in the sections performed by the laser and only slight secondary inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Partial hepatectomies with a hand-held laser knife: An experimental study. Fifteen mongrel dogs underwent a left lateral non-anatomical partial hepatectomy using a carbon dioxide laser, diathermy or a surgical scalpel. An original prototype of a compact hand-held laser was used and its effects were compared with those of the other two instruments. An improved dry cat surface was achieved by placing a rubber snare proximal to the planned incision. While no significant differences in the blood loss or in the operating time were found among the experimental groups, the laser beam sealed vessels of up to about 6 mm in diameter without any complementary suture ligatures, which were needed in the other groups. Histological studies revealed less tissue trauma in the sections performed by the laser and only slight secondary inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 588982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2801", "title": "Closure of a loop colostomy by a modified Le Gac's operation.", "content": "The results of closure of a loop colostomy presented by various authors are reviewed. It is suggested that postoperative faecal fistula is due most frequently to oedema and constriction at the site of bowel closure. Le Gac's method of closure is described. It comprises excision of the stoma and spur with side-to-side as well as end-to-end anastomosis, and it results in a wide lumen closure. A modified Le Gac's operation is described in which the mesocolic spur is not removed.", "contents": "Closure of a loop colostomy by a modified Le Gac's operation. The results of closure of a loop colostomy presented by various authors are reviewed. It is suggested that postoperative faecal fistula is due most frequently to oedema and constriction at the site of bowel closure. Le Gac's method of closure is described. It comprises excision of the stoma and spur with side-to-side as well as end-to-end anastomosis, and it results in a wide lumen closure. A modified Le Gac's operation is described in which the mesocolic spur is not removed.", "PMID": 588983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2802", "title": "Pilonidal sinus: a 5-year appraisal of the Millar-Lord treatment.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with a pilonidal sinus treated by minor excision had a life-table of 5-year freedom from recurrence of 89% provided that they attended a dressing clinic until the wound healed. With failure to attend the clinic, the recurrence freedom fell to 57% (P less than 0.004). Age, sex, acute abscess, previous excision, presence of hairs and the number of midline pits and lateral abscesses did not significantly influence the result. The method supersedes more extensive procedures, but should be tested against even less traumatic techniques.", "contents": "Pilonidal sinus: a 5-year appraisal of the Millar-Lord treatment. One hundred and two patients with a pilonidal sinus treated by minor excision had a life-table of 5-year freedom from recurrence of 89% provided that they attended a dressing clinic until the wound healed. With failure to attend the clinic, the recurrence freedom fell to 57% (P less than 0.004). Age, sex, acute abscess, previous excision, presence of hairs and the number of midline pits and lateral abscesses did not significantly influence the result. The method supersedes more extensive procedures, but should be tested against even less traumatic techniques.", "PMID": 588984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2803", "title": "A succesful repair of a recto-urethral fistula: a case report.", "content": "A case report of a method of repair of a recto-urethral fistula is described. A combined synchronous abdominoperineal approach was used with the patient in the lithotomy-Trendelenburg position. The greater omentum was mobilized and interposed between the repaired rectum and the prostatic urethra. A review of the literature is presented.", "contents": "A succesful repair of a recto-urethral fistula: a case report. A case report of a method of repair of a recto-urethral fistula is described. A combined synchronous abdominoperineal approach was used with the patient in the lithotomy-Trendelenburg position. The greater omentum was mobilized and interposed between the repaired rectum and the prostatic urethra. A review of the literature is presented.", "PMID": 588985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2804", "title": "A gravimetric plethysmograph and its evaluation in clinical use.", "content": "A gravimetric plethysmograph, the technique of its use and its evaluation in vascular surgical practice are described. The instrument measures flow by the increase in leg weight (rather than volume) produced by an increase in blood content resulting from venous occlusion. The instrument was found to be convenient to use and satisfactory records were obtained in 88% of patients. Values for flow at rest and during reactive hyperaemia were clearly related to the presence of indications for surgical treatment and were similar to those reported by other workers. It is suggested that a peak hyperaemic flow of greater than 15 g 100 ml-1 min-1 may indicate that there are no indications for surgical treatment. The changes in hyperaemic flow values after treatment were clearly related to the symptomatic improvement resulting from it. It is concluded that the gravimetric plethysmograph is suitable for use in the assessment of patients with obliterative arterial disease of the legs.", "contents": "A gravimetric plethysmograph and its evaluation in clinical use. A gravimetric plethysmograph, the technique of its use and its evaluation in vascular surgical practice are described. The instrument measures flow by the increase in leg weight (rather than volume) produced by an increase in blood content resulting from venous occlusion. The instrument was found to be convenient to use and satisfactory records were obtained in 88% of patients. Values for flow at rest and during reactive hyperaemia were clearly related to the presence of indications for surgical treatment and were similar to those reported by other workers. It is suggested that a peak hyperaemic flow of greater than 15 g 100 ml-1 min-1 may indicate that there are no indications for surgical treatment. The changes in hyperaemic flow values after treatment were clearly related to the symptomatic improvement resulting from it. It is concluded that the gravimetric plethysmograph is suitable for use in the assessment of patients with obliterative arterial disease of the legs.", "PMID": 588986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2805", "title": "Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of the popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.", "content": "Doppler pulse recordings in a patient with asymptomatic popliteal entrapment were compared with those in 25 normal subjects. A drop in pulse amplitude and ankle systolic pressure produced by forcible leg extension and active foot plantar flexion distinguished the patient with the anomaly from the controls, in whom no change was noted during these manoeuvres. This simple, non-invasive test thus diagnosed a potentially limb-threatening congenital abnormality in an asymptomatic patient with equivocal arteriographic findings.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of the popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. Doppler pulse recordings in a patient with asymptomatic popliteal entrapment were compared with those in 25 normal subjects. A drop in pulse amplitude and ankle systolic pressure produced by forcible leg extension and active foot plantar flexion distinguished the patient with the anomaly from the controls, in whom no change was noted during these manoeuvres. This simple, non-invasive test thus diagnosed a potentially limb-threatening congenital abnormality in an asymptomatic patient with equivocal arteriographic findings.", "PMID": 588987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2806", "title": "The incidence of malignancy in carotid body tumours.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with 24 carotid body tumours are reviewed. A high incidence of malignancy (30%) was encountered. It is recommended that all carotid body tumours be removed unless there are contraindicating medical or technical reasons.", "contents": "The incidence of malignancy in carotid body tumours. Twenty-three patients with 24 carotid body tumours are reviewed. A high incidence of malignancy (30%) was encountered. It is recommended that all carotid body tumours be removed unless there are contraindicating medical or technical reasons.", "PMID": 588988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2807", "title": "Postoperative depression of lymphocyte transformation response to microbial antigens.", "content": "Cell mediated immunofunction, as expressed by total lymphocyte count, B and T cell count, in vitro blastogenic response to unspecific mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin and poke weed mitogen) and microbial antigens (Candida albicans, purified protein derivative, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), was assessed in 8 otherwise normal patients undergoing elective, uncomplicated gastric surgery. The results showed a significant depression in all parameters on the first and/or third postoperative day, except for the blastogenic response to unspecific mitogens, which was unchanged throughout the study. Compared with the preoperative value, the total lymphocyte count decreased by 48% with a similar fall in both T and B cells. The blastogenic response to C. Albicans, purified protein derivative, Staph. aureus and E. coli decreased by 45, 42, 75 and 76% respectively. When measured on the seventh and ninth postoperatively days all parameters had returned to preoperative levels. Thus, even during clinically uncomplicated surgery, significant cell mediated immunodepression can be demonstrated by the blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes to common microbial antigens. The results suggest that this phenomenon may be secondary to the disappearance of specific reactive lymphocytes from the peripheral blood following surgical trauma.", "contents": "Postoperative depression of lymphocyte transformation response to microbial antigens. Cell mediated immunofunction, as expressed by total lymphocyte count, B and T cell count, in vitro blastogenic response to unspecific mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin and poke weed mitogen) and microbial antigens (Candida albicans, purified protein derivative, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), was assessed in 8 otherwise normal patients undergoing elective, uncomplicated gastric surgery. The results showed a significant depression in all parameters on the first and/or third postoperative day, except for the blastogenic response to unspecific mitogens, which was unchanged throughout the study. Compared with the preoperative value, the total lymphocyte count decreased by 48% with a similar fall in both T and B cells. The blastogenic response to C. Albicans, purified protein derivative, Staph. aureus and E. coli decreased by 45, 42, 75 and 76% respectively. When measured on the seventh and ninth postoperatively days all parameters had returned to preoperative levels. Thus, even during clinically uncomplicated surgery, significant cell mediated immunodepression can be demonstrated by the blastogenic response of peripheral lymphocytes to common microbial antigens. The results suggest that this phenomenon may be secondary to the disappearance of specific reactive lymphocytes from the peripheral blood following surgical trauma.", "PMID": 588989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2808", "title": "A survey of protein nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease--a rational basis for nutritional therapy.", "content": "The incidence of protein malnutrition was studied in 74 unselected patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were in the following categories: ileostomy (16), remission (15), elective surgery (12), acute attack (12), urgent surgery (10) and post-surgical complications (9). Compared with a control group, the patients in the urgent surgery group had low values for plasma albumin transferrin, pre-albumin and haemoglobin and these values were even lower in the patients who developed a major complication after surgery. There was no evidence of protein malnutrition in the ileostomy patients or in those in whom the disease was in remission. Nutritional therapy is strongly indicated in patients who are admitted to hospital with a severe attack of colitis and in whom urgent surgery is probable.", "contents": "A survey of protein nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease--a rational basis for nutritional therapy. The incidence of protein malnutrition was studied in 74 unselected patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were in the following categories: ileostomy (16), remission (15), elective surgery (12), acute attack (12), urgent surgery (10) and post-surgical complications (9). Compared with a control group, the patients in the urgent surgery group had low values for plasma albumin transferrin, pre-albumin and haemoglobin and these values were even lower in the patients who developed a major complication after surgery. There was no evidence of protein malnutrition in the ileostomy patients or in those in whom the disease was in remission. Nutritional therapy is strongly indicated in patients who are admitted to hospital with a severe attack of colitis and in whom urgent surgery is probable.", "PMID": 588990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2809", "title": "Tumour stimulation by anti-oestrogens.", "content": "Two women who developed tumour progression while taking anti-oestrogens are described and some of the possible mechanisms for this action are discussed.", "contents": "Tumour stimulation by anti-oestrogens. Two women who developed tumour progression while taking anti-oestrogens are described and some of the possible mechanisms for this action are discussed.", "PMID": 588991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2810", "title": "Lignocaine: its effects on wound healing.", "content": "In the light of clinical observations that local anaesthetic impairs wound healing, the effect of lignocaine at various concentrations, with and without adrenaline, on the tensile strength of skin wounds in rats 3, 5 and 7 days after operation was studied. Lignocaine had an adverse effect on wound healing at 5 and 7 days, perhaps due partly to the destructive effect of the intra- and subcutaneous injection, but certainly due also to the lignocaine itself. Adrenaline potentiated this effect. It was concluded that it is better to use dilute solutions of lignocaine, preferably without adrenaline, for local anaesthesia.", "contents": "Lignocaine: its effects on wound healing. In the light of clinical observations that local anaesthetic impairs wound healing, the effect of lignocaine at various concentrations, with and without adrenaline, on the tensile strength of skin wounds in rats 3, 5 and 7 days after operation was studied. Lignocaine had an adverse effect on wound healing at 5 and 7 days, perhaps due partly to the destructive effect of the intra- and subcutaneous injection, but certainly due also to the lignocaine itself. Adrenaline potentiated this effect. It was concluded that it is better to use dilute solutions of lignocaine, preferably without adrenaline, for local anaesthesia.", "PMID": 588992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2811", "title": "Colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for colitis: report on a personal series, with a critical review.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 86 patients who required total colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease, 36 (43 per cent) had an ileorectal anastomosis. On review between 1 and 18 years after the operation, there were 25 patients who retained the anastomosis, all of whom were in good general health. Details of their clinical and sigmoidoscopic assessment and the histological grading of rectal biopsies are given. The results are compared with other published reports in a critical review of the present standing of ileorectal anastomosis.", "contents": "Colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for colitis: report on a personal series, with a critical review. In a consecutive series of 86 patients who required total colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease, 36 (43 per cent) had an ileorectal anastomosis. On review between 1 and 18 years after the operation, there were 25 patients who retained the anastomosis, all of whom were in good general health. Details of their clinical and sigmoidoscopic assessment and the histological grading of rectal biopsies are given. The results are compared with other published reports in a critical review of the present standing of ileorectal anastomosis.", "PMID": 588993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2812", "title": "Giant diverticula of the colon.", "content": "A case of a gas-filled intra-abdominal abscess cavity is reported. The literature is reviewed for similar cases and with reference to the cause and differential diagnosis of abdominal air cysts.", "contents": "Giant diverticula of the colon. A case of a gas-filled intra-abdominal abscess cavity is reported. The literature is reviewed for similar cases and with reference to the cause and differential diagnosis of abdominal air cysts.", "PMID": 588995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2813", "title": "The value of ultrasonic B-mode scanning in the diagnosis of persistent jaundice.", "content": "The use of ultrasonic B-mode scanning of the liver and biliary tract in patients with persistent jaundice is described. Sixty-seven consecutive jaundiced patients have been scanned. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 66 per cent, useful information in 26 per cent and in only 8 per cent was the information misleading or of no diagnostic value. In our opinion this simple and non-invasive technique is of great value in the definite diagnosis of persistent jaundice and should allow earlier surgery in the obstructive cases.", "contents": "The value of ultrasonic B-mode scanning in the diagnosis of persistent jaundice. The use of ultrasonic B-mode scanning of the liver and biliary tract in patients with persistent jaundice is described. Sixty-seven consecutive jaundiced patients have been scanned. A correct diagnosis was obtained in 66 per cent, useful information in 26 per cent and in only 8 per cent was the information misleading or of no diagnostic value. In our opinion this simple and non-invasive technique is of great value in the definite diagnosis of persistent jaundice and should allow earlier surgery in the obstructive cases.", "PMID": 588996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2814", "title": "Occult rupture of the spleen.", "content": "Five cases of occult or 'spontaneous' rupture of the spleen are described. Pathological examination of the spleen showed changes of infectious mononucleosis in 2 cases, Hodgkin's disease in 1, amyloidosis in 1 and in the remaining spleen no underlying disease process was seen. All 5 cases survived, and evidence from the literature suggests that this may have been in some measure due to the fact that prompt surgical treatment followed a correct preoperative diagnosis. The importance of awareness of the condition, radiological investigation and peritoneal lavage in reaching the correct diagnostic conclusion is discussed.", "contents": "Occult rupture of the spleen. Five cases of occult or 'spontaneous' rupture of the spleen are described. Pathological examination of the spleen showed changes of infectious mononucleosis in 2 cases, Hodgkin's disease in 1, amyloidosis in 1 and in the remaining spleen no underlying disease process was seen. All 5 cases survived, and evidence from the literature suggests that this may have been in some measure due to the fact that prompt surgical treatment followed a correct preoperative diagnosis. The importance of awareness of the condition, radiological investigation and peritoneal lavage in reaching the correct diagnostic conclusion is discussed.", "PMID": 588998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2815", "title": "Vascular injuries in the extremities in battle casualties.", "content": "A serial of 51 wounded soldiers with 54 arterial and 28 venous injuries is presented. Interposition of autogenous vein grafts was performed in 30 arterial injuries. Lateral suture or patch arterioplasty was performed in 7 arteries. End-to-end anastomosis was possible in 8 cases. Primary vein repair was performed in 14 vein injuries. Lateral suture, patch plasty, end-to-end anastomosis and interposition composite vein grafts were used. A distal temporary arteriovenous fistula to increase the flow through venous interposition grafts was performed in 4 cases. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment was used in 7 cases in which successful arterial repair did not reverse ischaemia, and it prevented major amputations. Neurovascular injuries are not always an indication for primary amputation. Six such cases are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular injuries in the extremities in battle casualties. A serial of 51 wounded soldiers with 54 arterial and 28 venous injuries is presented. Interposition of autogenous vein grafts was performed in 30 arterial injuries. Lateral suture or patch arterioplasty was performed in 7 arteries. End-to-end anastomosis was possible in 8 cases. Primary vein repair was performed in 14 vein injuries. Lateral suture, patch plasty, end-to-end anastomosis and interposition composite vein grafts were used. A distal temporary arteriovenous fistula to increase the flow through venous interposition grafts was performed in 4 cases. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment was used in 7 cases in which successful arterial repair did not reverse ischaemia, and it prevented major amputations. Neurovascular injuries are not always an indication for primary amputation. Six such cases are discussed.", "PMID": 588999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2816", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Perianeurysmal fibrosis and ureteric obstruction and deviation.", "content": "Seven cases of ureteric obstruction and one case with bilateral medial ureteric deviation complicating inflammatory aneurysm of the aorta are reported. The value of routine preoperative pyelography in all patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is emphasized. Diagnostic difficulties that may arise when these conditions coexist are discussed. Our experience suggests that these patients are best treated by both aneurysmectomy and ureterolysis and that long-term follow-up is advisable.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Perianeurysmal fibrosis and ureteric obstruction and deviation. Seven cases of ureteric obstruction and one case with bilateral medial ureteric deviation complicating inflammatory aneurysm of the aorta are reported. The value of routine preoperative pyelography in all patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is emphasized. Diagnostic difficulties that may arise when these conditions coexist are discussed. Our experience suggests that these patients are best treated by both aneurysmectomy and ureterolysis and that long-term follow-up is advisable.", "PMID": 589000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2817", "title": "Knotted drainage tube: An unusual postoperative complication.", "content": "Spontaneous knotting of a postoperative drainage tube is reported.", "contents": "Knotted drainage tube: An unusual postoperative complication. Spontaneous knotting of a postoperative drainage tube is reported.", "PMID": 589001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2818", "title": "A complete suction system for operative surgery.", "content": "A versatile suction system utilizing a hand-held suction head with on-off control is described. Interchangeable nozzles and guards adapt the sucker to work appropriately in most operative situations.", "contents": "A complete suction system for operative surgery. A versatile suction system utilizing a hand-held suction head with on-off control is described. Interchangeable nozzles and guards adapt the sucker to work appropriately in most operative situations.", "PMID": 589002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2819", "title": "The pacemaker-twiddler's syndrome: another disadvantage of abdominal implantation of pulse generators.", "content": "Breakage of a pacer lead due to the pacemaker-twiddler's syndrome (PTS) occurred in 4 of 62 survivors following epicardial-intramural pacer lead implantation with the pulse generator placed in each case in a subcostal left upper quadrant subcutaneous pocket. The abdominal pulse generator pocket appears to invite spontaneously occurring PTS, more so in a pregnant woman. The important predisposing factor to the development of PTS is an excessively spacious pulse generator pocket containing a pool of fluid. Addition of a few simple modifications to the technique of cardiac pacing would prevent the complication; these include implantation of the pulse generator in a plane deeper to the pectoral muscles, suspending the pulse generator from the clavicle and application of vacuum-suction drainage to the generator pocket in the initial phase of wound healing. In the presence of an optimally fitting pulse generator pocket, PTS should be rare with subclavicular subpectoral pulse generator implantation without active patient participation. The syndrome may not be as rare a cause of pacer lead malfunction as may appear from the relative paucity of reports in the literature.", "contents": "The pacemaker-twiddler's syndrome: another disadvantage of abdominal implantation of pulse generators. Breakage of a pacer lead due to the pacemaker-twiddler's syndrome (PTS) occurred in 4 of 62 survivors following epicardial-intramural pacer lead implantation with the pulse generator placed in each case in a subcostal left upper quadrant subcutaneous pocket. The abdominal pulse generator pocket appears to invite spontaneously occurring PTS, more so in a pregnant woman. The important predisposing factor to the development of PTS is an excessively spacious pulse generator pocket containing a pool of fluid. Addition of a few simple modifications to the technique of cardiac pacing would prevent the complication; these include implantation of the pulse generator in a plane deeper to the pectoral muscles, suspending the pulse generator from the clavicle and application of vacuum-suction drainage to the generator pocket in the initial phase of wound healing. In the presence of an optimally fitting pulse generator pocket, PTS should be rare with subclavicular subpectoral pulse generator implantation without active patient participation. The syndrome may not be as rare a cause of pacer lead malfunction as may appear from the relative paucity of reports in the literature.", "PMID": 589003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2820", "title": "Choledochoscopy in exploration of the common bile duct.", "content": "The technique of operative fibreoptic choledochoscopy is described; the results are reported in 88 patients with gallstones requiring exploration of the common bile duct. There were no cases of retained calculi that were endoscopically undetected. Postoperative T-tube cholangiography was carried out in 81 cases and confirmed the findings of operative biliary endoscopy in all cases. Choledochoscopy is an accurate and safe operative procedure which can eliminate the problem of undetected residual calculi.", "contents": "Choledochoscopy in exploration of the common bile duct. The technique of operative fibreoptic choledochoscopy is described; the results are reported in 88 patients with gallstones requiring exploration of the common bile duct. There were no cases of retained calculi that were endoscopically undetected. Postoperative T-tube cholangiography was carried out in 81 cases and confirmed the findings of operative biliary endoscopy in all cases. Choledochoscopy is an accurate and safe operative procedure which can eliminate the problem of undetected residual calculi.", "PMID": 589004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2821", "title": "Serum ionized calcium in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Measurement of serum ionized calcium was performed daily for 7 days after admission in 8 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis. The results support the findings of our previous study that the most common cause of the low serum calcium often found in patients with this disease is a low serum albumin; when correction of serum calcium is made for hypo-albuminanemia, most patients are found to be normocalcaemic. The occasional hypocalcaemia as shown by the 'corrected' serum calcium or by serum ionized calcium measurement is usually mild and transient, indicating that the normal homoeostatic mechanisms of the body can efficiently maintain the physiologically active fraction of the serum calcium within, or close to, the normal range. These findings explain the rarity of overt and subclinical tetany in acute pancreatitis. This study has shown that correction of serum calcium for albumin provides similar information to the direct measurement of serum ionized calcium. The value of 'apparent' hypocalcemia in assessing severity of acute pancreatitis requires reappraisal, while greater attention should be directed towards the investigation and management of hypoalbuminaemia in this disease.", "contents": "Serum ionized calcium in acute pancreatitis. Measurement of serum ionized calcium was performed daily for 7 days after admission in 8 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis. The results support the findings of our previous study that the most common cause of the low serum calcium often found in patients with this disease is a low serum albumin; when correction of serum calcium is made for hypo-albuminanemia, most patients are found to be normocalcaemic. The occasional hypocalcaemia as shown by the 'corrected' serum calcium or by serum ionized calcium measurement is usually mild and transient, indicating that the normal homoeostatic mechanisms of the body can efficiently maintain the physiologically active fraction of the serum calcium within, or close to, the normal range. These findings explain the rarity of overt and subclinical tetany in acute pancreatitis. This study has shown that correction of serum calcium for albumin provides similar information to the direct measurement of serum ionized calcium. The value of 'apparent' hypocalcemia in assessing severity of acute pancreatitis requires reappraisal, while greater attention should be directed towards the investigation and management of hypoalbuminaemia in this disease.", "PMID": 589005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2822", "title": "The effect of experimental haemorrhagic shock on the bacterial content of thoracic duct lymph.", "content": "The effect of haemorrhagic shock on the simultaneous appearance of enteric micro-organisms in the central lymph and the portal blood was studied in 30 dogs. Irreversible haemorrhagic shock results in portal bacteraemia but the lymph remains sterile. Thoracic duct drainage is harmful and hastens the onset of irreversibility.", "contents": "The effect of experimental haemorrhagic shock on the bacterial content of thoracic duct lymph. The effect of haemorrhagic shock on the simultaneous appearance of enteric micro-organisms in the central lymph and the portal blood was studied in 30 dogs. Irreversible haemorrhagic shock results in portal bacteraemia but the lymph remains sterile. Thoracic duct drainage is harmful and hastens the onset of irreversibility.", "PMID": 589006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2823", "title": "A new interpretation of the insulin test validated and then compared with the Burge test.", "content": "A prospective study of 40 patients undergoing proximal gastric vagotomy confirmed the validity of a new interpretation of the insulin test in the early postoperative period (Maybury et al., 1977). Of the 30 patients falling into the group expected to be free from recurrent ulceration (low risk group), none had developed symptoms suggestive of this condition, whilst of the 10 in the contrasting high risk group, 6 have already developed proved recurrences (mean follow-up period 26 months). A further group of 24 patients was studied by performing a peroperative Burge test for completeness of vagotomy and comparing these results with a postoperative insulin test. This study showed that the Burge test, properly performed, is a reliable test of the adequacy of vagotomy. The use of this test has led to a better understanding of the operative technique required to achieve the objective of an adequate vagotomy.", "contents": "A new interpretation of the insulin test validated and then compared with the Burge test. A prospective study of 40 patients undergoing proximal gastric vagotomy confirmed the validity of a new interpretation of the insulin test in the early postoperative period (Maybury et al., 1977). Of the 30 patients falling into the group expected to be free from recurrent ulceration (low risk group), none had developed symptoms suggestive of this condition, whilst of the 10 in the contrasting high risk group, 6 have already developed proved recurrences (mean follow-up period 26 months). A further group of 24 patients was studied by performing a peroperative Burge test for completeness of vagotomy and comparing these results with a postoperative insulin test. This study showed that the Burge test, properly performed, is a reliable test of the adequacy of vagotomy. The use of this test has led to a better understanding of the operative technique required to achieve the objective of an adequate vagotomy.", "PMID": 589007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2824", "title": "Adult intussusception in Glasgow 1968-74.", "content": "A further review of adult intussusception in Glasgow between 1968 and 1974 is presented. A higher than expected incidence of idiopathic intussusception has been found both in this and in the earlier Glasgow series of Smith and Gillespie (1968)--44 per cent and 50 per cent respectively.", "contents": "Adult intussusception in Glasgow 1968-74. A further review of adult intussusception in Glasgow between 1968 and 1974 is presented. A higher than expected incidence of idiopathic intussusception has been found both in this and in the earlier Glasgow series of Smith and Gillespie (1968)--44 per cent and 50 per cent respectively.", "PMID": 589008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2825", "title": "Primary vaginal stone following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with total hysterectomy.", "content": "This paper reports a case of primary vaginal calculus developing following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with total hysterectomy. A review of the previous literature on primary vaginal calculus is included.", "contents": "Primary vaginal stone following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with total hysterectomy. This paper reports a case of primary vaginal calculus developing following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with total hysterectomy. A review of the previous literature on primary vaginal calculus is included.", "PMID": 589009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2826", "title": "Should the indications for prenatal chromosome analysis be changed?", "content": "Amniocentesis for chromosome analysis was performed in 1086 pergnant women, 739 of whom had an increased risk of giving birth to a child with chromosome abnormalities. Such abnormalities were found in almost identical proportions among the fetuses with an increased risk (1.2%) and among those with no increased risk (1.4%). Findings in several other studies seem to confirm that there is no significant difference between the risk groups in the proportion of abnormalities found. This suggests that our current risk groups may not be the right ones, but a much larger study is needed to confirm this.", "contents": "Should the indications for prenatal chromosome analysis be changed? Amniocentesis for chromosome analysis was performed in 1086 pergnant women, 739 of whom had an increased risk of giving birth to a child with chromosome abnormalities. Such abnormalities were found in almost identical proportions among the fetuses with an increased risk (1.2%) and among those with no increased risk (1.4%). Findings in several other studies seem to confirm that there is no significant difference between the risk groups in the proportion of abnormalities found. This suggests that our current risk groups may not be the right ones, but a much larger study is needed to confirm this.", "PMID": 589017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2827", "title": "Primary excision of brain abscess.", "content": "Sixteen consecutive patients with brain abscess, including two with multilocular and two with infratentorial abscesses, were treated by primary total excision of the abscess. The patients were followed for six months to three years. Only one patient died and there were no recurrences. Immediate primary excision is therefore the treatment of choice in brain abscess.", "contents": "Primary excision of brain abscess. Sixteen consecutive patients with brain abscess, including two with multilocular and two with infratentorial abscesses, were treated by primary total excision of the abscess. The patients were followed for six months to three years. Only one patient died and there were no recurrences. Immediate primary excision is therefore the treatment of choice in brain abscess.", "PMID": 589018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2828", "title": "Why are children admitted to hospital?", "content": "The criteria for admitting children to hospital for medical care were examined in 399 consecutive, non-planned admissions to the Nottingham Children's Hospital between October 1975 and January 1976. Sixty-one per cent of the children were referred direct to the casualty department by their parents. Over 20% were admitted primarily for social reasons, and many of the remainder came from homes judged to be at a disadvantage. The hospital medical services for children should be aware of the needs of parents as well as of the needs of sick children in their catchment area.", "contents": "Why are children admitted to hospital? The criteria for admitting children to hospital for medical care were examined in 399 consecutive, non-planned admissions to the Nottingham Children's Hospital between October 1975 and January 1976. Sixty-one per cent of the children were referred direct to the casualty department by their parents. Over 20% were admitted primarily for social reasons, and many of the remainder came from homes judged to be at a disadvantage. The hospital medical services for children should be aware of the needs of parents as well as of the needs of sick children in their catchment area.", "PMID": 589026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2829", "title": "Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women.", "content": "Plasma androstenedione and oestrone concentrations were measured in 72 postmenopasual women. The women included some who had undergone oophorectomy, some with osteoporosis, and normal controls; they were matched for years since menopause. Both hormone concentrations were significantly reduced in the women with osteoporosis. The women who had undergone oophorectomy had hormone concentrations intermediate between the normal and osteoporotic values. Oestrogen deficiency secondary to low androstenedione levels is a major risk factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis, and may be caused by failure of ovarian stromal androgen secretion or some abnormality in the pituitary-adrenal axis.", "contents": "Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Plasma androstenedione and oestrone concentrations were measured in 72 postmenopasual women. The women included some who had undergone oophorectomy, some with osteoporosis, and normal controls; they were matched for years since menopause. Both hormone concentrations were significantly reduced in the women with osteoporosis. The women who had undergone oophorectomy had hormone concentrations intermediate between the normal and osteoporotic values. Oestrogen deficiency secondary to low androstenedione levels is a major risk factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis, and may be caused by failure of ovarian stromal androgen secretion or some abnormality in the pituitary-adrenal axis.", "PMID": 589072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2830", "title": "Prolactin concentrations in ovulatory but infertile women: treatment with bromocriptine.", "content": "We measured basal plasma prolactin concentrations (in samples obtained during the early follicular phase) in 25 normal (control) women and in a similar group of 40 patients with a long-standing history of infertility. The infertile patients were all ovulating regularly, and had been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene and in some cases dydrogesterone and human menopausal gonadotrophin. Although none of the patients had plasma prolactin concentrations greater than 1000 muU/ml, 47.5% of the estimations were greater than 1 standard deviation (SD) above the mean established for our control group. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Treatment with various bromocriptine regimens effectively reduced prolactin concentrations to below normal in all cases, and 16 pregnancies followed-13 during bromocriptine treatment and three in the first post-treatment cycle. The cumulative conception rate was 63.4% after 10 months' treatment.", "contents": "Prolactin concentrations in ovulatory but infertile women: treatment with bromocriptine. We measured basal plasma prolactin concentrations (in samples obtained during the early follicular phase) in 25 normal (control) women and in a similar group of 40 patients with a long-standing history of infertility. The infertile patients were all ovulating regularly, and had been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene and in some cases dydrogesterone and human menopausal gonadotrophin. Although none of the patients had plasma prolactin concentrations greater than 1000 muU/ml, 47.5% of the estimations were greater than 1 standard deviation (SD) above the mean established for our control group. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Treatment with various bromocriptine regimens effectively reduced prolactin concentrations to below normal in all cases, and 16 pregnancies followed-13 during bromocriptine treatment and three in the first post-treatment cycle. The cumulative conception rate was 63.4% after 10 months' treatment.", "PMID": 589073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2831", "title": "Effects of sputum on pulmonary function.", "content": "The specific airways conductance (SGAW) of 23 patients with copious sputum production and airflow obstruction was measured before and after physiotherapy to determine the effect of bronchial secretions on pulmonary function. Chest physiotherapy to remove these secretions had the effect of reducing airflow obstruction, as measured by SGAW. These findings suggest that sputum has a detrimental effect on pulmonary function and that physiotherapy can reduce airways obstruction.", "contents": "Effects of sputum on pulmonary function. The specific airways conductance (SGAW) of 23 patients with copious sputum production and airflow obstruction was measured before and after physiotherapy to determine the effect of bronchial secretions on pulmonary function. Chest physiotherapy to remove these secretions had the effect of reducing airflow obstruction, as measured by SGAW. These findings suggest that sputum has a detrimental effect on pulmonary function and that physiotherapy can reduce airways obstruction.", "PMID": 589074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2832", "title": "Rapid increases in plasma prostaglandin concentrations after vaginal examination and amniotomy.", "content": "Peripheral plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F (PGFM) were measured in three groups of women after the 37th week of pregnancy. Samples were taken before and five minutes after (a) amniotomy, (b) vaginal examination with sweeping of the fetal membranes, or (c) vaginal examination without sweeping of the membranes. Each procedure significantly raised the circulating PGFM levels, although amniotomy and vaginal examination with membrane sweep were more potent stimuli than vaginal examination alone. These findings suggest that there is a considerable potential for rapid increases in prostaglandin production during late pregnancy and provide a possible explanation for the fact that amniotomy and vaginal examination with membrane sweep often initiate labour.", "contents": "Rapid increases in plasma prostaglandin concentrations after vaginal examination and amniotomy. Peripheral plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F (PGFM) were measured in three groups of women after the 37th week of pregnancy. Samples were taken before and five minutes after (a) amniotomy, (b) vaginal examination with sweeping of the fetal membranes, or (c) vaginal examination without sweeping of the membranes. Each procedure significantly raised the circulating PGFM levels, although amniotomy and vaginal examination with membrane sweep were more potent stimuli than vaginal examination alone. These findings suggest that there is a considerable potential for rapid increases in prostaglandin production during late pregnancy and provide a possible explanation for the fact that amniotomy and vaginal examination with membrane sweep often initiate labour.", "PMID": 589075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2833", "title": "Association of serum lipids and obesity with cardiovascular mortality.", "content": "Serum lipid concentrations, relative body weight, and smoking habits were assessed in a cohort of 1648 middle-aged Finnish men who were subsequently followed for seven years. Multivariate analysis showed that serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and smoking were all independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. High serum triglyceride concentrations increased the risk of cardiovascular death only when they exceeded 1.7 mmol/l (150 mg/100 ml), but this occurred at all cholesterol and relative body weight levels. Obesity influenced death rates only in men with raised serum lipid levels, while smoking was associated with increased mortality when any combination of the other factors was present. Men who had raised triglyceride concentrations combined with smoking or obesity had the highest risk of cardiovascular death.", "contents": "Association of serum lipids and obesity with cardiovascular mortality. Serum lipid concentrations, relative body weight, and smoking habits were assessed in a cohort of 1648 middle-aged Finnish men who were subsequently followed for seven years. Multivariate analysis showed that serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and smoking were all independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. High serum triglyceride concentrations increased the risk of cardiovascular death only when they exceeded 1.7 mmol/l (150 mg/100 ml), but this occurred at all cholesterol and relative body weight levels. Obesity influenced death rates only in men with raised serum lipid levels, while smoking was associated with increased mortality when any combination of the other factors was present. Men who had raised triglyceride concentrations combined with smoking or obesity had the highest risk of cardiovascular death.", "PMID": 589076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2834", "title": "Observer variation in recording clinical data from women presenting with breast lesions. Report from the Yorkshire Breast Cancer Group.", "content": "The degree of observer variation in recording 11 186 items of clinical data from 242 woman who presented complaining of a lump in the breast to a group of 10 surgeons was studied. Each women was interviewed and examined twice and the findings (of the two clinicians) compared. There was a wide range of variation among the observers. Variation in recording the presence or absence of axillary nodes was considerable (45%), as was that in sizing the primary lesion (55%). In 20% of cases the two assessments of primary lesion size differed by over 2 cm. In other respects the results were more encouraging; much variation could be eliminated by wording the proforma more clearly. Moreover, variation was not person-specific, so that these findings are probably reasonably representative. Any future trial of breast lesions should (a) design specific proformata, (b) define terminology, (c) make these definitions universally available, and (d) conduct observer variation studies before the start of the full trial.", "contents": "Observer variation in recording clinical data from women presenting with breast lesions. Report from the Yorkshire Breast Cancer Group. The degree of observer variation in recording 11 186 items of clinical data from 242 woman who presented complaining of a lump in the breast to a group of 10 surgeons was studied. Each women was interviewed and examined twice and the findings (of the two clinicians) compared. There was a wide range of variation among the observers. Variation in recording the presence or absence of axillary nodes was considerable (45%), as was that in sizing the primary lesion (55%). In 20% of cases the two assessments of primary lesion size differed by over 2 cm. In other respects the results were more encouraging; much variation could be eliminated by wording the proforma more clearly. Moreover, variation was not person-specific, so that these findings are probably reasonably representative. Any future trial of breast lesions should (a) design specific proformata, (b) define terminology, (c) make these definitions universally available, and (d) conduct observer variation studies before the start of the full trial.", "PMID": 589087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2835", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy--a GP service.", "content": "Since 1974 there has been an open endoscopy service available to general practitioners in the Bournemouth and Christchurch area. Patients are referred directly with a standard form. A retrospective comparison of requests for barium-meal examinations and for endoscopy by general practitioners showed that the reasons for referral were similar. Forty per cent of patients in each group showed no abnormality. Ulceration was found in 21.1% of patients who underwent endoscopy and 9.7% investigated by barium meal. Duodenitis or gastric erosions were found in a further 16% of endoscopies. More hiatus hernias and deformed duodenal caps were found at barium meal. Despite these differences the results of follow-up were similar.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy--a GP service. Since 1974 there has been an open endoscopy service available to general practitioners in the Bournemouth and Christchurch area. Patients are referred directly with a standard form. A retrospective comparison of requests for barium-meal examinations and for endoscopy by general practitioners showed that the reasons for referral were similar. Forty per cent of patients in each group showed no abnormality. Ulceration was found in 21.1% of patients who underwent endoscopy and 9.7% investigated by barium meal. Duodenitis or gastric erosions were found in a further 16% of endoscopies. More hiatus hernias and deformed duodenal caps were found at barium meal. Despite these differences the results of follow-up were similar.", "PMID": 589088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2836", "title": "Measuring the severity of injury.", "content": "The injury severity score as a method for measuring the severity of injury has been found useful for epidemiological and metabolic research. Comparison with plasma cortisol concentrations confirmed that the method could distinguish between minor and moderate injuries. Before using the method one must decide on the need to weight the score for age. This is necessary when studying some relationships--for example, mortality and severity--but not others--for example, plasma cortisol concentration and severity.", "contents": "Measuring the severity of injury. The injury severity score as a method for measuring the severity of injury has been found useful for epidemiological and metabolic research. Comparison with plasma cortisol concentrations confirmed that the method could distinguish between minor and moderate injuries. Before using the method one must decide on the need to weight the score for age. This is necessary when studying some relationships--for example, mortality and severity--but not others--for example, plasma cortisol concentration and severity.", "PMID": 589122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2837", "title": "Airway patency in fatal accidents.", "content": "The state of the airway in patients who had fatal accidents over a five-year period was correlated with the severity of injury sustained. Necropsy of patients dying in hospital up to 72 hours after an accident showed that those with obstruction of the airway had less severe injuries than those in whome no such obstruction could be found. This suggests that airway obstruction contributed to their death. A similar distinction could not be shown for the patients who died before they reached hospital, indicating that airway management before arrival at hospital was probably satisfactory.", "contents": "Airway patency in fatal accidents. The state of the airway in patients who had fatal accidents over a five-year period was correlated with the severity of injury sustained. Necropsy of patients dying in hospital up to 72 hours after an accident showed that those with obstruction of the airway had less severe injuries than those in whome no such obstruction could be found. This suggests that airway obstruction contributed to their death. A similar distinction could not be shown for the patients who died before they reached hospital, indicating that airway management before arrival at hospital was probably satisfactory.", "PMID": 589123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2838", "title": "Increased plasma adrenaline concentrations in benign essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations and plasma renin activity were measured in the supine position and after standing for 10 minutes in 14 patients with sustained benign essential hypertension and in five patients with labile hypertension. Results were compared with values obtained in 11 normotensive control subjects. In controls plasma noradrenaline concentrations increased with age, while plasma adrenaline values tended to decrease with age. No significant difference in mean plasma noradrenaline was found between hypertensive and control subjects, but plasma noradrenaline seemed slightly increased in a proportion of hypertensive patients aged less than 50. Plasma adrenaline was considerably raised in both supine and standing positions in eight patients with sustained hypertension and in two with labile hypertension. Dopamine concentrations and plasma renin activity were similar in all groups studied. The finding of significantly raised plasma adrenaline concentrations in a large proportion of hypertensive patients supports the hypothesis that the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is increased in essential hypertension. Measurement of plasma adrenaline seems to be a more sensitive index of this activity than that of plasma noradrenaline.", "contents": "Increased plasma adrenaline concentrations in benign essential hypertension. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations and plasma renin activity were measured in the supine position and after standing for 10 minutes in 14 patients with sustained benign essential hypertension and in five patients with labile hypertension. Results were compared with values obtained in 11 normotensive control subjects. In controls plasma noradrenaline concentrations increased with age, while plasma adrenaline values tended to decrease with age. No significant difference in mean plasma noradrenaline was found between hypertensive and control subjects, but plasma noradrenaline seemed slightly increased in a proportion of hypertensive patients aged less than 50. Plasma adrenaline was considerably raised in both supine and standing positions in eight patients with sustained hypertension and in two with labile hypertension. Dopamine concentrations and plasma renin activity were similar in all groups studied. The finding of significantly raised plasma adrenaline concentrations in a large proportion of hypertensive patients supports the hypothesis that the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is increased in essential hypertension. Measurement of plasma adrenaline seems to be a more sensitive index of this activity than that of plasma noradrenaline.", "PMID": 589124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2839", "title": "Photochemotherapy in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet light. They were assessed clinically and histologically before and after treatment. All six patients showed clinical improvement. Histological clearing of both epidermis and dermis occurred in three patients, and epidermal clearing alone occurred in two. Photochemotherapy may have a place in the treatment of the early and intermediate stages of mycosis fungoides, and it may also be useful as an adjunct to other forms of treatment in the more advanced stages.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy in mycosis fungoides. Six patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet light. They were assessed clinically and histologically before and after treatment. All six patients showed clinical improvement. Histological clearing of both epidermis and dermis occurred in three patients, and epidermal clearing alone occurred in two. Photochemotherapy may have a place in the treatment of the early and intermediate stages of mycosis fungoides, and it may also be useful as an adjunct to other forms of treatment in the more advanced stages.", "PMID": 589125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2840", "title": "Diet and heart: a postscript.", "content": "During 1956-66, 337 healthy middle-aged men in London and south-east England participated in a seven-day individual weighed dietary survey. By the end of 1976, 45 of them had developed clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) which showed two main relationships with diet. Men with a high energy intake had a lower rate of disease than the rest, and, independently of this, so did men with a high intake of dietary fibre from cereals. Energy intake reflects physical activity, but the advantage of a diet high in cereal fibre cannot be explained; there was no evidence that the disease was associated with consumption of refined carbohydrates. Fewer cases of CHD developed among men with a relatively high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in their diet, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Diet and heart: a postscript. During 1956-66, 337 healthy middle-aged men in London and south-east England participated in a seven-day individual weighed dietary survey. By the end of 1976, 45 of them had developed clinical coronary heart disease (CHD) which showed two main relationships with diet. Men with a high energy intake had a lower rate of disease than the rest, and, independently of this, so did men with a high intake of dietary fibre from cereals. Energy intake reflects physical activity, but the advantage of a diet high in cereal fibre cannot be explained; there was no evidence that the disease was associated with consumption of refined carbohydrates. Fewer cases of CHD developed among men with a relatively high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in their diet, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 589165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2841", "title": "Hands as route of transmission for Klebsiella species.", "content": "Seventeen per cent of the staff of an intensive care ward were found to have Klebsiella spp contaminating their hands, and these strains could be related to serotypes infecting or colonising patients in the ward on the same day. We identified some simple ward procedures that resulted in contamination of nurses' hands with 100-1000 klebsiellae per hand. Klebsiellae survived on artifically inoculated hands for up to 150 minutes. Handwashing with chlorhexidine hand cleanser reliably gave 98-100% reduction in hand counts, and the introduction of routine handwashing by staff before moving from one patient to the next was associated with a significant and sustained reduction in the number of patients colonised or infected with Klebsiella spp. Staff clothing was occasionally contaminated, but ward air and dust rarely contained klebsiellae.", "contents": "Hands as route of transmission for Klebsiella species. Seventeen per cent of the staff of an intensive care ward were found to have Klebsiella spp contaminating their hands, and these strains could be related to serotypes infecting or colonising patients in the ward on the same day. We identified some simple ward procedures that resulted in contamination of nurses' hands with 100-1000 klebsiellae per hand. Klebsiellae survived on artifically inoculated hands for up to 150 minutes. Handwashing with chlorhexidine hand cleanser reliably gave 98-100% reduction in hand counts, and the introduction of routine handwashing by staff before moving from one patient to the next was associated with a significant and sustained reduction in the number of patients colonised or infected with Klebsiella spp. Staff clothing was occasionally contaminated, but ward air and dust rarely contained klebsiellae.", "PMID": 589166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2842", "title": "Plasma fenfluramine levels, weight loss, and side effects.", "content": "Fifty women with refractory obesity received fenfluramine for 20 weeks. Every two weeks details of weight change, drug dose, degree of anorexia, and any side effects were recorded and plasma was obtained for fenfluramine and norfenfluramine measurements. Of the 41 patients available for final analysis 26 achieved a maximum plateau dose of 160 mg/day. Plasma fenfluramine concentrations did not correlate with the degree of anorexia or with the incidence of side effects other than the severity of dream disturbance. There was a highly significant relation between weight loss and plasma fenfluramine and norfenfluramine concentrations and also between weight loss and the presence of sustained anorexia. Women who achieved mean plateau concentrations over 200 ng/ml lost a mean 8.8 kg while those with concentrations less than 100 ng/ml lost a mean of only 2.1 kg. When fenfluramine is prescribed in refractory obesity the dose should be increased stepwise until either satisfactory weight loss is achieved or troublesome side effects appear.", "contents": "Plasma fenfluramine levels, weight loss, and side effects. Fifty women with refractory obesity received fenfluramine for 20 weeks. Every two weeks details of weight change, drug dose, degree of anorexia, and any side effects were recorded and plasma was obtained for fenfluramine and norfenfluramine measurements. Of the 41 patients available for final analysis 26 achieved a maximum plateau dose of 160 mg/day. Plasma fenfluramine concentrations did not correlate with the degree of anorexia or with the incidence of side effects other than the severity of dream disturbance. There was a highly significant relation between weight loss and plasma fenfluramine and norfenfluramine concentrations and also between weight loss and the presence of sustained anorexia. Women who achieved mean plateau concentrations over 200 ng/ml lost a mean 8.8 kg while those with concentrations less than 100 ng/ml lost a mean of only 2.1 kg. When fenfluramine is prescribed in refractory obesity the dose should be increased stepwise until either satisfactory weight loss is achieved or troublesome side effects appear.", "PMID": 589167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2843", "title": "High pressure paint gun injuries.", "content": "Despite their use for the past 20 years the dangers of injuries from high pressure paint guns are not widely known. Two cases treated incorrectly through ignorance in our casualty department resulted in amputation of digits. Paint solvents are far moe damaging than paint of grease injection. All cases should be treated urgently by an experienced surgeon as fairly extensive surgery may be needed.", "contents": "High pressure paint gun injuries. Despite their use for the past 20 years the dangers of injuries from high pressure paint guns are not widely known. Two cases treated incorrectly through ignorance in our casualty department resulted in amputation of digits. Paint solvents are far moe damaging than paint of grease injection. All cases should be treated urgently by an experienced surgeon as fairly extensive surgery may be needed.", "PMID": 589172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2844", "title": "Malaria in Nottingham children.", "content": "In five and a half years 16 children were admitted to hospital in Nottingham suffering from malaria. Thirteen cases were caused by Plasmodium vivax and two by P falciparum, and in one the type was not identified. All were children of immigrant parents, predominantly from Pakistan, although most were born in England but had been visiting Asia. Three children were ill on or soon after arrival, but in the others the onset of symptoms was delayed by up to nine months. All made an uneventful recovery, although two children with P vivax infections had a further relapse after chloroquine treatment only. The question \"Where have you been?\" should be put to all immigrant parents whose children have a febrile illness. Agencies who provide travel for Asian immigrant families returning home for a visit should be encouraged to provide instructions about malaria prophylaxis.", "contents": "Malaria in Nottingham children. In five and a half years 16 children were admitted to hospital in Nottingham suffering from malaria. Thirteen cases were caused by Plasmodium vivax and two by P falciparum, and in one the type was not identified. All were children of immigrant parents, predominantly from Pakistan, although most were born in England but had been visiting Asia. Three children were ill on or soon after arrival, but in the others the onset of symptoms was delayed by up to nine months. All made an uneventful recovery, although two children with P vivax infections had a further relapse after chloroquine treatment only. The question \"Where have you been?\" should be put to all immigrant parents whose children have a febrile illness. Agencies who provide travel for Asian immigrant families returning home for a visit should be encouraged to provide instructions about malaria prophylaxis.", "PMID": 589173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2845", "title": "The National Poisons Information Service and hospital admissions for children--the experience in Wales of the Cardiff Centre.", "content": "When inquiries to the Cardiff Centre of the National Poisons Information Service were compared with hospital admissions in the eight health authorities in Wales the findings suggested fewer admissions in the area within which the centre is situated and showed a more extensive use in that area than elsewhere. High inquiry rates were associated with high hospital admission rates when the eight areas were compared. If the service were delegated to area level a more complete community use would result.", "contents": "The National Poisons Information Service and hospital admissions for children--the experience in Wales of the Cardiff Centre. When inquiries to the Cardiff Centre of the National Poisons Information Service were compared with hospital admissions in the eight health authorities in Wales the findings suggested fewer admissions in the area within which the centre is situated and showed a more extensive use in that area than elsewhere. High inquiry rates were associated with high hospital admission rates when the eight areas were compared. If the service were delegated to area level a more complete community use would result.", "PMID": 589174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2846", "title": "Early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis using peritoneal lavage.", "content": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage using one litre of isotonic saline was performed on 27 patients with acute pancreatitis as soon as possible after diagnosis. There were no complications. Severe attacks (defined retrosepctively according to the progress of the attack) were characterised by the presence of free peritoneal fluid and by dark-coloured and often opalescent return fluid. The concentrations of albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and total protein in the return fluid provided good discrimination between severe and mild attacks, and there were also significant differences in the concentrations of amylase, urea, calcium, potassium, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and the white cell count. Lavage successfully predicted severe disease in five patients whose condtion had been clinically assessed as mild.", "contents": "Early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis using peritoneal lavage. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage using one litre of isotonic saline was performed on 27 patients with acute pancreatitis as soon as possible after diagnosis. There were no complications. Severe attacks (defined retrosepctively according to the progress of the attack) were characterised by the presence of free peritoneal fluid and by dark-coloured and often opalescent return fluid. The concentrations of albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and total protein in the return fluid provided good discrimination between severe and mild attacks, and there were also significant differences in the concentrations of amylase, urea, calcium, potassium, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and the white cell count. Lavage successfully predicted severe disease in five patients whose condtion had been clinically assessed as mild.", "PMID": 589222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2847", "title": "Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in adults.", "content": "A prospective study of the energy required for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in adults showed that in 42 (81%) out of 52 episodes of ventricular fibrillation shocks of 100 watt-seconds (Ws) of stored energy were successful. Out of 233 episodes, 222 (95%) were converted by 200 W s shocks. Among patients in whom primary ventricular fibrillation occurred within one hour of the onset of acute myocardial infarction, 200 W s shocks were successful in 40 (98%) out of 41 episodes. When low-energy shocks failed, a stored energy of 400 W s invariably succeeded. The need for large and expensive defibrillators that store more than 400 W s and are less readily available is therefore questioned.", "contents": "Transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in adults. A prospective study of the energy required for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation in adults showed that in 42 (81%) out of 52 episodes of ventricular fibrillation shocks of 100 watt-seconds (Ws) of stored energy were successful. Out of 233 episodes, 222 (95%) were converted by 200 W s shocks. Among patients in whom primary ventricular fibrillation occurred within one hour of the onset of acute myocardial infarction, 200 W s shocks were successful in 40 (98%) out of 41 episodes. When low-energy shocks failed, a stored energy of 400 W s invariably succeeded. The need for large and expensive defibrillators that store more than 400 W s and are less readily available is therefore questioned.", "PMID": 589223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2848", "title": "Effect of cigar smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers.", "content": "Five ex-cigarette smokers and five primary pipe and cigar smokers each smoked a large cigar. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and plasma nicotine levels were measured. In the ex-cigarette smokers mean COHb rose from 2.9% to 9.6% and plasma nicotine from 79.0 nmol/l to 281 nmol/l (12.8-45.6 ng/ml). This response was similar to that of cigarette smokers smoking cigarettes, which indicated that the subjects had inhaled and absorbed significant amounts of nicotine. In the primary pipe and cigar smokers the mean COHb rose from 0.8% to 1.0% and the plasma nicotine from 21 nmol/l to 32 nmol/l (3.4-5.2 ng/ml), indicating neither significant inhalation nor significant nicotine absorption.Since ex-cigarette smokers do not seem to lose their habit of inhaling when they change to cigars, measures aimed at persuading smokers to switch to cigars will have little effect on their health. Pipe and cigar smokers who have never smoked cigarettes do not inhale, which probably accounts for their reduced incidence of coronary heart disease and lung cancer. But they also appear not to absorb nicotine, which suggests that nicotine is absorbed largely from the lung and that the buccal mucosa is unimportant. It also raises the interesting question of why primary pipe and cigar smokers do smoke.", "contents": "Effect of cigar smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers. Five ex-cigarette smokers and five primary pipe and cigar smokers each smoked a large cigar. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and plasma nicotine levels were measured. In the ex-cigarette smokers mean COHb rose from 2.9% to 9.6% and plasma nicotine from 79.0 nmol/l to 281 nmol/l (12.8-45.6 ng/ml). This response was similar to that of cigarette smokers smoking cigarettes, which indicated that the subjects had inhaled and absorbed significant amounts of nicotine. In the primary pipe and cigar smokers the mean COHb rose from 0.8% to 1.0% and the plasma nicotine from 21 nmol/l to 32 nmol/l (3.4-5.2 ng/ml), indicating neither significant inhalation nor significant nicotine absorption.Since ex-cigarette smokers do not seem to lose their habit of inhaling when they change to cigars, measures aimed at persuading smokers to switch to cigars will have little effect on their health. Pipe and cigar smokers who have never smoked cigarettes do not inhale, which probably accounts for their reduced incidence of coronary heart disease and lung cancer. But they also appear not to absorb nicotine, which suggests that nicotine is absorbed largely from the lung and that the buccal mucosa is unimportant. It also raises the interesting question of why primary pipe and cigar smokers do smoke.", "PMID": 589225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2849", "title": "Collaborative care of hypertensives, using a shared record.", "content": "A shared hospital-GP record for control of hypertension was studied in a sample of 60 patients. Over 80% of patients brought the record to hospital duly completed. Two-thirds of GPs, and the hospital staff, assessed the record as a useful aid in the care of hypertensives. It is still employed enthusiastically, three years after its introduction.", "contents": "Collaborative care of hypertensives, using a shared record. A shared hospital-GP record for control of hypertension was studied in a sample of 60 patients. Over 80% of patients brought the record to hospital duly completed. Two-thirds of GPs, and the hospital staff, assessed the record as a useful aid in the care of hypertensives. It is still employed enthusiastically, three years after its introduction.", "PMID": 589233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2850", "title": "Reticulocytopenia and \"absence\" of red cell autoantibodies in immune haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A raised reticulocyte count is common in patients with immune or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and the result of the direct antiglobulin test (DAGT) is usually positive because of IgG or IgG and complement components on the red cells. We report on three patients who had low reticulocyte counts when they were most anaemic, and in whom no red cell autoantibodies could be detected by the DAGT. We postulate that reticulocytes may be selectively destroyed if antibodies are directed against antigenic sites on these young red cells, thus giving rise to a population of cells whose antigenic sites are poorly expressed. This theory might explain the low reticulocyte counts and the \"absence\" of antibodies (as tested by the DAGT) in such patients. Radioisotopic studies with 51Cr and 59Fe may provide useful information on the rate and sites of red cell destruction.", "contents": "Reticulocytopenia and \"absence\" of red cell autoantibodies in immune haemolytic anaemia. A raised reticulocyte count is common in patients with immune or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and the result of the direct antiglobulin test (DAGT) is usually positive because of IgG or IgG and complement components on the red cells. We report on three patients who had low reticulocyte counts when they were most anaemic, and in whom no red cell autoantibodies could be detected by the DAGT. We postulate that reticulocytes may be selectively destroyed if antibodies are directed against antigenic sites on these young red cells, thus giving rise to a population of cells whose antigenic sites are poorly expressed. This theory might explain the low reticulocyte counts and the \"absence\" of antibodies (as tested by the DAGT) in such patients. Radioisotopic studies with 51Cr and 59Fe may provide useful information on the rate and sites of red cell destruction.", "PMID": 589260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2851", "title": "Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: possible role of digoxin in its prevention.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with gynaecological cancers who received over 400 mg of doxorubicin were monitored electrocardiographically to determine whether cardiac glycosides countered the adverse effects of high total doses of doxorubicin. Minor electrocardiographical changes were noted in five out of six patients who were not receiving a cardiac glycoside and four out of six who were receiving ouabain, and none of the 16 who were receiving digoxin. One other patient on digoxin stopped taking it and developed cardiomyopathy. One patient on ouabain also developed cardiomyopathy. So far nine patients on digoxin have received between 550 and 1000 mg/m2 of doxorubicin without ill effect. Cardiac glycosides are thought to prevent doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by competitively inhibiting doxorubicin at its receptor sites, but ouabain has a much shorter half life than doxorubicin and its metabolites and so is less effective than digoxin.", "contents": "Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: possible role of digoxin in its prevention. Twenty-nine patients with gynaecological cancers who received over 400 mg of doxorubicin were monitored electrocardiographically to determine whether cardiac glycosides countered the adverse effects of high total doses of doxorubicin. Minor electrocardiographical changes were noted in five out of six patients who were not receiving a cardiac glycoside and four out of six who were receiving ouabain, and none of the 16 who were receiving digoxin. One other patient on digoxin stopped taking it and developed cardiomyopathy. One patient on ouabain also developed cardiomyopathy. So far nine patients on digoxin have received between 550 and 1000 mg/m2 of doxorubicin without ill effect. Cardiac glycosides are thought to prevent doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by competitively inhibiting doxorubicin at its receptor sites, but ouabain has a much shorter half life than doxorubicin and its metabolites and so is less effective than digoxin.", "PMID": 589261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2852", "title": "Non-invasive measurement of human fetal circulation using ultrasound: a new method.", "content": "We combined two ultrasound techniques to develop a safe, non-invasive, transcutaneous method of observing the circulation in the umbilical arteries and vein in the fetus. The umbilical cord can be located by standard echo ultrasound procedures, and this information can be used to direct a Doppler ultrasound beam on to the vessels in the cord. The signals can be heard through audio headphones or recorded on a tape recorded and spectrum-analysed. The method was successful in each of 20 patients examined, whose pregnancies ranged from 12 to 40 weeks' gestational age, and was suitable for outpatient use. It should be useful in assessing such conditions as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation.", "contents": "Non-invasive measurement of human fetal circulation using ultrasound: a new method. We combined two ultrasound techniques to develop a safe, non-invasive, transcutaneous method of observing the circulation in the umbilical arteries and vein in the fetus. The umbilical cord can be located by standard echo ultrasound procedures, and this information can be used to direct a Doppler ultrasound beam on to the vessels in the cord. The signals can be heard through audio headphones or recorded on a tape recorded and spectrum-analysed. The method was successful in each of 20 patients examined, whose pregnancies ranged from 12 to 40 weeks' gestational age, and was suitable for outpatient use. It should be useful in assessing such conditions as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation.", "PMID": 589262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2853", "title": "Active management of labour: care of the fetus.", "content": "A prospective study of 1000 consecutive primigravidae was conducted to assess the relevance of the colour of the liquor to the welfare of the child. The results showed that clear liquor early in labour virtually ensures the birth of a healthy infant, provided the duration of labour is limited and delivery is effected without trauma; and, conversely, that meconium--or no liquor--marks the fetus who may suffer death or brain damage during normal labour. Special techniques were reserved for the second group of cases.", "contents": "Active management of labour: care of the fetus. A prospective study of 1000 consecutive primigravidae was conducted to assess the relevance of the colour of the liquor to the welfare of the child. The results showed that clear liquor early in labour virtually ensures the birth of a healthy infant, provided the duration of labour is limited and delivery is effected without trauma; and, conversely, that meconium--or no liquor--marks the fetus who may suffer death or brain damage during normal labour. Special techniques were reserved for the second group of cases.", "PMID": 589263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2854", "title": "Haemoperfusion with R-004 Amberlite resin for treating acute poisoning.", "content": "Eleven patients who had taken overdoses of barbiturates, glutethimide, tricyclic antidepressants, and chloroquine were treated by resin haemoperfusion using an R-004 haemoperfusion cartridge containing XAD-4 resin. All but one patient showed rapid clinical recovery and the drugs were cleared rapidly from the plasma. There were few complications. Resin haemoperfusion is more effective than dialysis and other perfusion methods, especially in poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants. Although haemoperfusion is expensive, it greatly reduces the length of the patient's stay in an intensive care unit and hence is cost-effective.", "contents": "Haemoperfusion with R-004 Amberlite resin for treating acute poisoning. Eleven patients who had taken overdoses of barbiturates, glutethimide, tricyclic antidepressants, and chloroquine were treated by resin haemoperfusion using an R-004 haemoperfusion cartridge containing XAD-4 resin. All but one patient showed rapid clinical recovery and the drugs were cleared rapidly from the plasma. There were few complications. Resin haemoperfusion is more effective than dialysis and other perfusion methods, especially in poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants. Although haemoperfusion is expensive, it greatly reduces the length of the patient's stay in an intensive care unit and hence is cost-effective.", "PMID": 589264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2855", "title": "Management of airway complications of burns in children.", "content": "Children who have been exposed to smoke in a confined space or who have soot or burns, however minimal, on the face should be admitted to hospital. Respiratory distress may be delayed, but if it is progressive the patient should be curarised, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. Unless ventilation continues for 48 hours, followed by 24 hours' spontaneous respiration against a positive airway pressure, stridor and pulmonary oedema may recur. An endotracheal tube small enough to allow a leak between it and the oedematous mucosa must be passed to prevent laryngeal damage and subsequent subglottic stenosis. High humidity of inspired gases keeps secretions fluid and the endotracheal tube patent. A high oxygen concentration compensates for deficient oxygen uptake and transport caused by pulmonary lesions and the presence of poisonous compounds interfering with oxygen transport. Dexamethasone to minimise cerebral oedema and antibiotics to reduce the incidence of chest infections should be given.", "contents": "Management of airway complications of burns in children. Children who have been exposed to smoke in a confined space or who have soot or burns, however minimal, on the face should be admitted to hospital. Respiratory distress may be delayed, but if it is progressive the patient should be curarised, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. Unless ventilation continues for 48 hours, followed by 24 hours' spontaneous respiration against a positive airway pressure, stridor and pulmonary oedema may recur. An endotracheal tube small enough to allow a leak between it and the oedematous mucosa must be passed to prevent laryngeal damage and subsequent subglottic stenosis. High humidity of inspired gases keeps secretions fluid and the endotracheal tube patent. A high oxygen concentration compensates for deficient oxygen uptake and transport caused by pulmonary lesions and the presence of poisonous compounds interfering with oxygen transport. Dexamethasone to minimise cerebral oedema and antibiotics to reduce the incidence of chest infections should be given.", "PMID": 589269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2856", "title": "Perceived noise in surgical wards and an intensive care area: an objective analysis.", "content": "An investigation of noise levels in a hospital ward, a cubicle off the ward, and an intensive therapy unit (ITU) showed that the noise levels in all three areas were higher than internationally recommended levels at all times of day. Loud noises above 70 dB(A) were common in all areas but especially the ITU. The noise pollution levels reached annoying values during the day in the ward and cubicle and during both the day and the night in the ITU. Equipment and conversations among the staff were the main causes of noise in the ITU. These noisy environments are unlikely to help patients recover. Although measures designed to eliminate noisy surfaces will help, making staff aware of the noise they create and the effects it has may be much more effective in reducing noise pollution.", "contents": "Perceived noise in surgical wards and an intensive care area: an objective analysis. An investigation of noise levels in a hospital ward, a cubicle off the ward, and an intensive therapy unit (ITU) showed that the noise levels in all three areas were higher than internationally recommended levels at all times of day. Loud noises above 70 dB(A) were common in all areas but especially the ITU. The noise pollution levels reached annoying values during the day in the ward and cubicle and during both the day and the night in the ITU. Equipment and conversations among the staff were the main causes of noise in the ITU. These noisy environments are unlikely to help patients recover. Although measures designed to eliminate noisy surfaces will help, making staff aware of the noise they create and the effects it has may be much more effective in reducing noise pollution.", "PMID": 589305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2857", "title": "Cimetidine for duodenal ulceration in patients undergoing haemodialysis.", "content": "Peptic ulcer is a common problem in advanced renal failure, but most drugs for ulcers are hazardous in this condition. In a small open study cimetidine was given to nine patients with acid hypersecretion and endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulceration who were undergoing haemodialysis. The patients obtained good pain relief and suffered no serious side effects. Both basal and stimulated acid output fell considerably and the plasma gastrin response to food increased during treatment. Two patients with recurrent vomiting during haemodialysis had a striking response to cimetidine, which suggested that such vomiting may be acid-mediated in some patients. These preliminary results suggest that cimetidine may prove to be an advance in the management of peptic ulcer in uraemic patients.", "contents": "Cimetidine for duodenal ulceration in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Peptic ulcer is a common problem in advanced renal failure, but most drugs for ulcers are hazardous in this condition. In a small open study cimetidine was given to nine patients with acid hypersecretion and endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulceration who were undergoing haemodialysis. The patients obtained good pain relief and suffered no serious side effects. Both basal and stimulated acid output fell considerably and the plasma gastrin response to food increased during treatment. Two patients with recurrent vomiting during haemodialysis had a striking response to cimetidine, which suggested that such vomiting may be acid-mediated in some patients. These preliminary results suggest that cimetidine may prove to be an advance in the management of peptic ulcer in uraemic patients.", "PMID": 589306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2858", "title": "Glutamate dehydrogenase: a reliable marker of liver cell necrosis in the alcoholic.", "content": "The usefulness of blood enzyme determinations as markers of liver necrosis was tested in 100 alcoholics who underwent biopsy during clinical investigation. Mean values of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), serum aspartate and alanine transferase (SGOT and SGPT), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) tended to rise with increasing liver cell necrosis, though values of SGOT, SGPT, OCT, and gamma-GTP showed considerable overlap between the 32 patients with histologically proved hepatitis and the 68 without. By contrast, GDH values showed virtually no overlap between patients with and without hepatitis, and a value of two and a half times the normal value discriminated between the two groups. Because of its easy determination and its reliable reflection of liver cell necrosis the GDH concentration should be estimated routinely in alcoholic patients.", "contents": "Glutamate dehydrogenase: a reliable marker of liver cell necrosis in the alcoholic. The usefulness of blood enzyme determinations as markers of liver necrosis was tested in 100 alcoholics who underwent biopsy during clinical investigation. Mean values of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), serum aspartate and alanine transferase (SGOT and SGPT), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) tended to rise with increasing liver cell necrosis, though values of SGOT, SGPT, OCT, and gamma-GTP showed considerable overlap between the 32 patients with histologically proved hepatitis and the 68 without. By contrast, GDH values showed virtually no overlap between patients with and without hepatitis, and a value of two and a half times the normal value discriminated between the two groups. Because of its easy determination and its reliable reflection of liver cell necrosis the GDH concentration should be estimated routinely in alcoholic patients.", "PMID": 589307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2859", "title": "Acute leukaemia after busulphan.", "content": "During a double-blind study of two years' cytotoxic chemotherapy with busulphan or cyclophosphamide in patients who had had resection of carcinoma of the bronchus the long-term effects of these two drugs were also studied. Four of the 243 patients treated with busulphan developed leukaemia compared with none of the 234 treated with cyclophosphamide and none of the 249 on placebo. None of these four patients received radiotherapy or other cytotoxic chemotherapy before leukaemia was diagnosed, and all four were among the 19 patients who developed pancytopenia while taking busulphan, five to eight years before leukaemia became clinically apparent. These findings suggest that busulphan is leukaemogenic, though its mode of action is uncertain.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia after busulphan. During a double-blind study of two years' cytotoxic chemotherapy with busulphan or cyclophosphamide in patients who had had resection of carcinoma of the bronchus the long-term effects of these two drugs were also studied. Four of the 243 patients treated with busulphan developed leukaemia compared with none of the 234 treated with cyclophosphamide and none of the 249 on placebo. None of these four patients received radiotherapy or other cytotoxic chemotherapy before leukaemia was diagnosed, and all four were among the 19 patients who developed pancytopenia while taking busulphan, five to eight years before leukaemia became clinically apparent. These findings suggest that busulphan is leukaemogenic, though its mode of action is uncertain.", "PMID": 589308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2860", "title": "Defective blood glucose counter-regulation in diabetics is a selective form of autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Administration of a low-dose insulin infusion to normal subjects results in a mild drop in blood glucose concentration (1.1 mmol/1 (20 mg/100 ml)) and the resetting of the basal glucose at the lower concentration. Clinical hypoglycaemia does not develop, and there is a significant release of glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol. A similar infusion in insulin-requiring diabetics results in hypoglycaemia accompanied by a release of growth hormone and cortisol but no significant release of glucagon. Subsequently giving arginine to these patients results in a significant release of glucagon, indicating that the alpha cell is intact and can respond to local, direct stimulation. In one patient the defect in glucagon response to impending hypoglycaemia developed after two years' insulin treatment. This type of dissociated response' of the alpha cell has been reported in animals after denervation of the pancreas, and insulin-requiring diabetics may develop a selective form of autonomic neuropathy affecting the vagal control of glucagon release.", "contents": "Defective blood glucose counter-regulation in diabetics is a selective form of autonomic neuropathy. Administration of a low-dose insulin infusion to normal subjects results in a mild drop in blood glucose concentration (1.1 mmol/1 (20 mg/100 ml)) and the resetting of the basal glucose at the lower concentration. Clinical hypoglycaemia does not develop, and there is a significant release of glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol. A similar infusion in insulin-requiring diabetics results in hypoglycaemia accompanied by a release of growth hormone and cortisol but no significant release of glucagon. Subsequently giving arginine to these patients results in a significant release of glucagon, indicating that the alpha cell is intact and can respond to local, direct stimulation. In one patient the defect in glucagon response to impending hypoglycaemia developed after two years' insulin treatment. This type of dissociated response' of the alpha cell has been reported in animals after denervation of the pancreas, and insulin-requiring diabetics may develop a selective form of autonomic neuropathy affecting the vagal control of glucagon release.", "PMID": 589316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2861", "title": "Psychological and social evaluation in cases of deliberate self-poisoning admitted to a general hospital.", "content": "In a prospective clinical trial 312 cases of self-poisoning (276 patients) consecutively admitted to hospital were randomly allocated to medical teams or to psychiatrists for an initial psychiatric assessment and a decision as to \"disposal.\" Junior doctors and nurses received some instruction in this work. Both groups of assessors asked for help from social workers when necessary. Once the medical teams had completed their assessments, psychiatrists provided most of the hospital treatment. Follow-up at one year showed no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the numbers who repeated their self-poisoning or self-injury (or both), or committed suicide. Provided junior doctors and nurses are taught to assess self-poisoned patients, we think medical teams can evaluate the suicidal risk and identify patients requiring psychiatric treatment or help from social workers, or both. Contrary to the Department of Health's recommendation that all cases of deliberate self-poisoning should be seen by psychiatrists, we have reached the conclusion that physicians should decide for each of their patients if specialist psychiatric advice is necessary.", "contents": "Psychological and social evaluation in cases of deliberate self-poisoning admitted to a general hospital. In a prospective clinical trial 312 cases of self-poisoning (276 patients) consecutively admitted to hospital were randomly allocated to medical teams or to psychiatrists for an initial psychiatric assessment and a decision as to \"disposal.\" Junior doctors and nurses received some instruction in this work. Both groups of assessors asked for help from social workers when necessary. Once the medical teams had completed their assessments, psychiatrists provided most of the hospital treatment. Follow-up at one year showed no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the numbers who repeated their self-poisoning or self-injury (or both), or committed suicide. Provided junior doctors and nurses are taught to assess self-poisoned patients, we think medical teams can evaluate the suicidal risk and identify patients requiring psychiatric treatment or help from social workers, or both. Contrary to the Department of Health's recommendation that all cases of deliberate self-poisoning should be seen by psychiatrists, we have reached the conclusion that physicians should decide for each of their patients if specialist psychiatric advice is necessary.", "PMID": 589349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2862", "title": "Long-term prognosis of duodenal ulcer: follow-up study and survey of doctors' estimates.", "content": "In 1976 we reviewed a randomly selected cohort of 227 patients with duodenal ulcer first diagnosed in 1963. The cohort comprised cases diagnosed in both hospitals and general practice. Fifty patients had died, 12 had emigrated, and 154 (93%) of the remaining patients were interviewed. Fifty-seven medically treated patients had no symptoms, 44 had mild symptoms, and 19 had more severe symptoms. The remaining 34 patients had been treated surgically. Cases diagnosed in hospital had a more severe prognosis than those diagnosed in general practice. A random sample of 65 general practitioners and 78 medical and surgical gastroenterologists tried to predict the results of this study. The range of the predictions was very wide showing that individual prognostic estimates were highly unreliable. The mean prediction by all doctors differed little from the actual result, suggesting that the collective experience of the medical profession is more reliable. The predictions of general practitioners, physicians, and surgeons showed small systematic differences, presumably reflecting the different types of patients they treat.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of duodenal ulcer: follow-up study and survey of doctors' estimates. In 1976 we reviewed a randomly selected cohort of 227 patients with duodenal ulcer first diagnosed in 1963. The cohort comprised cases diagnosed in both hospitals and general practice. Fifty patients had died, 12 had emigrated, and 154 (93%) of the remaining patients were interviewed. Fifty-seven medically treated patients had no symptoms, 44 had mild symptoms, and 19 had more severe symptoms. The remaining 34 patients had been treated surgically. Cases diagnosed in hospital had a more severe prognosis than those diagnosed in general practice. A random sample of 65 general practitioners and 78 medical and surgical gastroenterologists tried to predict the results of this study. The range of the predictions was very wide showing that individual prognostic estimates were highly unreliable. The mean prediction by all doctors differed little from the actual result, suggesting that the collective experience of the medical profession is more reliable. The predictions of general practitioners, physicians, and surgeons showed small systematic differences, presumably reflecting the different types of patients they treat.", "PMID": 589350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2863", "title": "Comparison of metformin and chlorpropamide in non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics uncontrolled by diet.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of metformin was compared with that of chlorpropamide in closely similar groups of 216 non-obese patients recently diagnosed as cases of maturity-onset diabetes that could not be controlled by diet. The incidences of primary and secondary drug failures in each group and the numbers of patients satisfactorily maintained on each of the hypoglycaemic agents throughout the first year proved remarkably similar. In 61 of the successfully treated patients who were studied by crossover to the other drug and observed for a further year the mean blood glucose concentrations at the end of the year were roughly comparable, but the mean weight response was a small loss of 1.5 +/- 3.8 kg with metformin but a gain of 4.6 +/- 3.9 kg with chlorpropamide. Thus for non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics whose disease cannot be controlled by diet and who require oral treatment sulphonylureas and biguanides are equally effective, the choice depending on whether the patient is underweight and the severity of symptoms.", "contents": "Comparison of metformin and chlorpropamide in non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics uncontrolled by diet. The clinical effectiveness of metformin was compared with that of chlorpropamide in closely similar groups of 216 non-obese patients recently diagnosed as cases of maturity-onset diabetes that could not be controlled by diet. The incidences of primary and secondary drug failures in each group and the numbers of patients satisfactorily maintained on each of the hypoglycaemic agents throughout the first year proved remarkably similar. In 61 of the successfully treated patients who were studied by crossover to the other drug and observed for a further year the mean blood glucose concentrations at the end of the year were roughly comparable, but the mean weight response was a small loss of 1.5 +/- 3.8 kg with metformin but a gain of 4.6 +/- 3.9 kg with chlorpropamide. Thus for non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics whose disease cannot be controlled by diet and who require oral treatment sulphonylureas and biguanides are equally effective, the choice depending on whether the patient is underweight and the severity of symptoms.", "PMID": 589351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2864", "title": "New classification of stroke: preliminary communication.", "content": "We describe a new method of classifying stroke using a cumulative numbering system. The method is simple and more explicit than currently used classifications, and could be useful for different agencies looking after patients with stroke in hospital or at home.", "contents": "New classification of stroke: preliminary communication. We describe a new method of classifying stroke using a cumulative numbering system. The method is simple and more explicit than currently used classifications, and could be useful for different agencies looking after patients with stroke in hospital or at home.", "PMID": 589352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2865", "title": "What is the monetary value of a human life?", "content": "The resources available to the health service are limited and so the amount the NHS can spend on saving human life is also limited. Rational allocation of resources requires a decision theory model, which in turn demands some monetary valuation of human life. Each of three approaches discussed--basing value on productive capacity, the NHS's implied values, or individuals' values--rests on an underlying set of non-monetary values. Choice of the underlying value will determine the method to be used in placing a monetary value on life. As the Health Service implicitly places certain values on life already, a means of making this valuation more rational and explicity can only improve the quality and quantity of health care.", "contents": "What is the monetary value of a human life? The resources available to the health service are limited and so the amount the NHS can spend on saving human life is also limited. Rational allocation of resources requires a decision theory model, which in turn demands some monetary valuation of human life. Each of three approaches discussed--basing value on productive capacity, the NHS's implied values, or individuals' values--rests on an underlying set of non-monetary values. Choice of the underlying value will determine the method to be used in placing a monetary value on life. As the Health Service implicitly places certain values on life already, a means of making this valuation more rational and explicity can only improve the quality and quantity of health care.", "PMID": 589386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2866", "title": "Observations on syphilis in Addis Ababa. 2. Prevalence and natural history.", "content": "Sera from various groups were tested for syphilis by cardiolipin, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS), and treponemal haemagglutination (TPHA) tests. The proportion of positive results, 12.7%, obtained from an unselected urban population suggested that the prevalence of the disease had declined since 1953. The probable explanation is the widespread use of penicillin. Late manifestations of syphilis are much rarer in Ethiopia than would be predicted from the high incidence at the infectious stage and, if present, they affect the cardiovascular system. These findings confirm old observations. Llymphocytes from Ethiopians with early syphilis did not proliferate when cultured with Treponema pallidum in vitro, in contrast with cells from patients with cardiovascular syphilis. These findings differed from observations made previously on patients in England with early syphilis.", "contents": "Observations on syphilis in Addis Ababa. 2. Prevalence and natural history. Sera from various groups were tested for syphilis by cardiolipin, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS), and treponemal haemagglutination (TPHA) tests. The proportion of positive results, 12.7%, obtained from an unselected urban population suggested that the prevalence of the disease had declined since 1953. The probable explanation is the widespread use of penicillin. Late manifestations of syphilis are much rarer in Ethiopia than would be predicted from the high incidence at the infectious stage and, if present, they affect the cardiovascular system. These findings confirm old observations. Llymphocytes from Ethiopians with early syphilis did not proliferate when cultured with Treponema pallidum in vitro, in contrast with cells from patients with cardiovascular syphilis. These findings differed from observations made previously on patients in England with early syphilis.", "PMID": 589422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2867", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in experimental syphilis.", "content": "The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by phagocytic leucocytes in peripheral blood has been examined in rabbits injected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum, T. pallidum-free supernatant of orchitic testes, or normal rabbit testes supernatant. A significant (P less than 0.01) increase in NBT reduction was observed only in the infected animals.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in experimental syphilis. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by phagocytic leucocytes in peripheral blood has been examined in rabbits injected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum, T. pallidum-free supernatant of orchitic testes, or normal rabbit testes supernatant. A significant (P less than 0.01) increase in NBT reduction was observed only in the infected animals.", "PMID": 589423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2868", "title": "Hepatitis in early syphilis. Report of three cases.", "content": "Fifteen patients with early syphilis were seen between May 1974 and March 1975. These 15 patients comprised all the cases of early syphilis that were seen in Edinburgh during this period. Three of them were men of whom two were homosexual. Liver function tests in these three gave abnormal results.", "contents": "Hepatitis in early syphilis. Report of three cases. Fifteen patients with early syphilis were seen between May 1974 and March 1975. These 15 patients comprised all the cases of early syphilis that were seen in Edinburgh during this period. Three of them were men of whom two were homosexual. Liver function tests in these three gave abnormal results.", "PMID": 589424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2869", "title": "Recent micturition does not affect the detection of urethral gonorrhoea.", "content": "In 202 men with urethral gonorrhoea (176 symptomatic and 26 asymptomatic) who had modified Thayer-Martin cultures taken before and within five minutes after micturition there was complete agreement between results of the two cultures. Micturition did, however, temporarily eliminate the discharge in 100 (56.8%) and make interpretation of Gram-stained smears more laborious.", "contents": "Recent micturition does not affect the detection of urethral gonorrhoea. In 202 men with urethral gonorrhoea (176 symptomatic and 26 asymptomatic) who had modified Thayer-Martin cultures taken before and within five minutes after micturition there was complete agreement between results of the two cultures. Micturition did, however, temporarily eliminate the discharge in 100 (56.8%) and make interpretation of Gram-stained smears more laborious.", "PMID": 589425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2870", "title": "Short-term psychosomatic treatment of sexual problems.", "content": "This is a review of 172 couples presenting with psychosexual problems. Ninety-four per cent of couples treated showed improvement after a mean time of 2.1 hours with the doctor. Older patients and those with longstanding problems showed lower rates of improvement. It is suggested that if such problems are treated it may help to reduce the rate of sexually transmitted diseases.", "contents": "Short-term psychosomatic treatment of sexual problems. This is a review of 172 couples presenting with psychosexual problems. Ninety-four per cent of couples treated showed improvement after a mean time of 2.1 hours with the doctor. Older patients and those with longstanding problems showed lower rates of improvement. It is suggested that if such problems are treated it may help to reduce the rate of sexually transmitted diseases.", "PMID": 589426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2871", "title": "Diffuse brain damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to 'primary brain-stem damage' in head injury.", "content": "In a neuropathological analysis of 151 fatal non-missile head injuries, there were 19 cases with focal lesions in the dorsolateral quadrant of the brain-stem in the corpus callosum, and histological evidence of diffuse damage to white matter. Eight of these cases had not experienced a high intracranial pressure during life. All 19 cases had been rendered unconscious at the moment of impact and had remained so or in the persistent vegetative state until death. It is therefore concluded that diffuse damage to white matter may occur as a primary event at the moment of impact, that is, it is one type of immediate impact damage to the brain. It is also concluded that this type of damage is the pathological basis of 'primary brain-stem injury' since in no patient thought clinically to have sustained 'primary brain-stem injury' were abnormalities confined to the brain-stem. Since no patient with this type of brain damage recovered consciousness after injury, it is probable that diffuse damage to white matter is the most important single factor governing the outcome in a patient who sustains a non-missile head injury.", "contents": "Diffuse brain damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to 'primary brain-stem damage' in head injury. In a neuropathological analysis of 151 fatal non-missile head injuries, there were 19 cases with focal lesions in the dorsolateral quadrant of the brain-stem in the corpus callosum, and histological evidence of diffuse damage to white matter. Eight of these cases had not experienced a high intracranial pressure during life. All 19 cases had been rendered unconscious at the moment of impact and had remained so or in the persistent vegetative state until death. It is therefore concluded that diffuse damage to white matter may occur as a primary event at the moment of impact, that is, it is one type of immediate impact damage to the brain. It is also concluded that this type of damage is the pathological basis of 'primary brain-stem injury' since in no patient thought clinically to have sustained 'primary brain-stem injury' were abnormalities confined to the brain-stem. Since no patient with this type of brain damage recovered consciousness after injury, it is probable that diffuse damage to white matter is the most important single factor governing the outcome in a patient who sustains a non-missile head injury.", "PMID": 589428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2872", "title": "The effect of lesions of the sensorimotor cortex and the capsular pathways on servo responses from the human long thumb flexor.", "content": "Lesions of the sensorimotor cortex, or of the capsular pathways beneath it, caused (with one exception out of 14 cases) diminution \"r loss of the servo responses in the thumb, which are based on the long-latency stretch reflex. When not absent the long-latency stretch reflex tended to be late in onset. When absent it was often replaced by a large early reflex response at spinal latency. In general the results are consistent with the transcortical theory of the long-latency stretch reflex for the thumb, but, in detail, they indicate that the theory will require elaboration.", "contents": "The effect of lesions of the sensorimotor cortex and the capsular pathways on servo responses from the human long thumb flexor. Lesions of the sensorimotor cortex, or of the capsular pathways beneath it, caused (with one exception out of 14 cases) diminution \"r loss of the servo responses in the thumb, which are based on the long-latency stretch reflex. When not absent the long-latency stretch reflex tended to be late in onset. When absent it was often replaced by a large early reflex response at spinal latency. In general the results are consistent with the transcortical theory of the long-latency stretch reflex for the thumb, but, in detail, they indicate that the theory will require elaboration.", "PMID": 589429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2873", "title": "Acquisition of a motor skill after left-hemisphere damage.", "content": "Specialization of function in the left hemisphere of man, as compared with the right, was studied with special reference to the nature of the impairments seen after left-hemisphere damage. Patients with unilateral lesions of the left or the right hemisphere were compared in the acquisition and subsequent performance of a manual skill requiring several hand movements. Patients with left-hemisphere damage were further subdivided into aphasic and non-aphasic groups. Patients with left-hemisphere damage were further subdivided into aphasic and non-aphasic groups. Patients with left-hemisphere damage, whether aphasic or not, were impaired in the acquisition of the task, relative to patients with right hemisphere damage, although aphasics were most severely impaired. Analysis of the errors made during acquisition indicated that perseverative errors and unique errors (unrelated movements) differentiated the left and right groups, but that sequencing errors did not. It was concluded that a major function of the left hemisphere is the control of changes in limb or articulatory posture, and that its complex verbal and praxic functions are derived from such control.", "contents": "Acquisition of a motor skill after left-hemisphere damage. Specialization of function in the left hemisphere of man, as compared with the right, was studied with special reference to the nature of the impairments seen after left-hemisphere damage. Patients with unilateral lesions of the left or the right hemisphere were compared in the acquisition and subsequent performance of a manual skill requiring several hand movements. Patients with left-hemisphere damage were further subdivided into aphasic and non-aphasic groups. Patients with left-hemisphere damage were further subdivided into aphasic and non-aphasic groups. Patients with left-hemisphere damage, whether aphasic or not, were impaired in the acquisition of the task, relative to patients with right hemisphere damage, although aphasics were most severely impaired. Analysis of the errors made during acquisition indicated that perseverative errors and unique errors (unrelated movements) differentiated the left and right groups, but that sequencing errors did not. It was concluded that a major function of the left hemisphere is the control of changes in limb or articulatory posture, and that its complex verbal and praxic functions are derived from such control.", "PMID": 589430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2874", "title": "Functions of the centre section (trunk) of the corpus callosum in man.", "content": "The case is reported of a patient in whom the middle sagittal third of the corpus callosum had been removed for the treatment of an underlying angioma. The special advantages of the case are that the patient is a young, relatively healthy person of normal IQ. The angioma had not interfered with interhemispheric transmission and the patient was described as neurologically normal before operation. After operation left-side neglect and extensive somatic disconnection were seen. A change in the balance between the hemispheres for handedness and ear superiority in dichotic listening was observed. The patient developed an aphasia after operation characterized by a simplification of language, the inavailability of complex ideas and emotional communication. He showed a disorder of memory--'autopragmatic amnesia'--in whice. The patient showed disorders of visuo-spatial transfer. These symptoms are thought to typify a syndrome of the centre trunk region of the corpus callosum, to follow as a direct function of the operation performed upon the callosum, and to illustrate the function of this region of the brain.", "contents": "Functions of the centre section (trunk) of the corpus callosum in man. The case is reported of a patient in whom the middle sagittal third of the corpus callosum had been removed for the treatment of an underlying angioma. The special advantages of the case are that the patient is a young, relatively healthy person of normal IQ. The angioma had not interfered with interhemispheric transmission and the patient was described as neurologically normal before operation. After operation left-side neglect and extensive somatic disconnection were seen. A change in the balance between the hemispheres for handedness and ear superiority in dichotic listening was observed. The patient developed an aphasia after operation characterized by a simplification of language, the inavailability of complex ideas and emotional communication. He showed a disorder of memory--'autopragmatic amnesia'--in whice. The patient showed disorders of visuo-spatial transfer. These symptoms are thought to typify a syndrome of the centre trunk region of the corpus callosum, to follow as a direct function of the operation performed upon the callosum, and to illustrate the function of this region of the brain.", "PMID": 589431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2875", "title": "Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis--hidden visual loss: an auxiliary diagnostic test.", "content": "In 48 patients with multiple sclerosis sine-wave gratings were used to test visual sensitivity for coarse, medium, and fine detail rather than measuring visual acuity for fine detail only, as in conventional clinical tests. In 20/48 patients the test revealed a visual defect of neural origin, qualitatively different from that caused by refractive error. In 11 of these 20 patients, visual sensitivity to detail of medium coarseness was markedly degraded, even though sensitivity to both coarse and fine detail was unimpaired. In 3 of these 20 patients visual sensitivity to coarse detail was selectively degraded. These visual defects could not be detected by the Snellen test, yet the patient might experience visual problems in everyday life and also experience distorted visual perception. Possible neural bases for these visual impairments are discussed. Since 8 of the 14 patients with selective loss showed no clinical evidence of visual involvement, the test can aid the earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis--hidden visual loss: an auxiliary diagnostic test. In 48 patients with multiple sclerosis sine-wave gratings were used to test visual sensitivity for coarse, medium, and fine detail rather than measuring visual acuity for fine detail only, as in conventional clinical tests. In 20/48 patients the test revealed a visual defect of neural origin, qualitatively different from that caused by refractive error. In 11 of these 20 patients, visual sensitivity to detail of medium coarseness was markedly degraded, even though sensitivity to both coarse and fine detail was unimpaired. In 3 of these 20 patients visual sensitivity to coarse detail was selectively degraded. These visual defects could not be detected by the Snellen test, yet the patient might experience visual problems in everyday life and also experience distorted visual perception. Possible neural bases for these visual impairments are discussed. Since 8 of the 14 patients with selective loss showed no clinical evidence of visual involvement, the test can aid the earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 589432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2876", "title": "The thoracic outlet syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with thoracic outlet syndrome have been studied in detail in the neurological and vascular clinics at this hospital. The patients were classified on the basis of their presenting symptoms into four groups--predominantly vascular, neurological, combined vascular and neurological, and pain and paraesthesiae alone. The majority of patients had radiological abnormalities and all had structural lesions in the superior thoracic aperture seen at operation. All operations were carried out through a standard supraclavicular approach, enabling the compressive structures to be visualized. This would not have been the case had the commoner trans-axillary approach for first rib resection been followed and in fact none of the operations included removal of the first rib. The results of operation were evident in our patients with a marked relief in their vascular symptoms, their pain and paraesthesiae and a slight but definite improvement in muscle bulk and power.", "contents": "The thoracic outlet syndrome. Thirty-one patients with thoracic outlet syndrome have been studied in detail in the neurological and vascular clinics at this hospital. The patients were classified on the basis of their presenting symptoms into four groups--predominantly vascular, neurological, combined vascular and neurological, and pain and paraesthesiae alone. The majority of patients had radiological abnormalities and all had structural lesions in the superior thoracic aperture seen at operation. All operations were carried out through a standard supraclavicular approach, enabling the compressive structures to be visualized. This would not have been the case had the commoner trans-axillary approach for first rib resection been followed and in fact none of the operations included removal of the first rib. The results of operation were evident in our patients with a marked relief in their vascular symptoms, their pain and paraesthesiae and a slight but definite improvement in muscle bulk and power.", "PMID": 589434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2877", "title": "Functional specificity of vocalizations elicited by electrical brain stimulation in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).", "content": "All presently known naturally occurring call types, except those associated with dominance threat, were elicited with electrical brain stimulation in the turkey. Most vocalizations closely resembled contact and alarm cells. A concentration of sites for contact calls was in the dorsomedial thalamus and midbrain. Mechanical-sounding contact-type calls were elicited from sites in the central neostriatum caudale and paleostriatum primitivum. Vocalization specificity and latency indicate that the lateral mesencephalic grey may be an area of convergence of some efferent vocalization fibers. Anomalous vocalizations were elicited only in one site in the hyperstriatum ventrale. Singing was elicited reliably in the absence of any known key stimulus. Most of these vocalizations resembled the singing of nonstimulated turkeys in the natural situation. The major exception was that mesencephalic-grey-stimulation-elicited vocalizations were shorter in duration. Gobbling was elicited from two sites in sensory projection areas of the brain. Elicited gobbles were similar to natural calls except for the relative frequency of occurrence of certain syllables and the rapid habituation to brain stimulation.", "contents": "Functional specificity of vocalizations elicited by electrical brain stimulation in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). All presently known naturally occurring call types, except those associated with dominance threat, were elicited with electrical brain stimulation in the turkey. Most vocalizations closely resembled contact and alarm cells. A concentration of sites for contact calls was in the dorsomedial thalamus and midbrain. Mechanical-sounding contact-type calls were elicited from sites in the central neostriatum caudale and paleostriatum primitivum. Vocalization specificity and latency indicate that the lateral mesencephalic grey may be an area of convergence of some efferent vocalization fibers. Anomalous vocalizations were elicited only in one site in the hyperstriatum ventrale. Singing was elicited reliably in the absence of any known key stimulus. Most of these vocalizations resembled the singing of nonstimulated turkeys in the natural situation. The major exception was that mesencephalic-grey-stimulation-elicited vocalizations were shorter in duration. Gobbling was elicited from two sites in sensory projection areas of the brain. Elicited gobbles were similar to natural calls except for the relative frequency of occurrence of certain syllables and the rapid habituation to brain stimulation.", "PMID": 589435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2878", "title": "Amphetamine and chick behavior. A role for monoamines in the causation of vocalizations and emotions.", "content": "The effects of amphetamine (AMP) on the behaviour of domestic chicks were studied by methods of direct observation of behaviour. 7.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulphate injected into 5-day-old chicks characteristically facilitated vocalization-a period of peeps followed by short calls (twitters and short peeps), head shakes, forced locomotion and wing drooping; and decreased the duration of eye closure. AMP also increased the responsiveness of chicks to external stimuli. Bilateral lesions in the midbrain inhibited primarily the vocalizations but not the other behavioural changes produced by AMP. Evidence is presented to explain the neurochemical basis of the AMP-induced behaviour: namely, that peeping depends on 5-hydroxytryptamine-dependent mechanisms, which may also influence the postural changes, and head shakes, whereas short calls may be mediated by an interaction between dopaminergic and tryptaminergic mechanisms. It is suggested that the monoamines may also be involved in the attentional changes associated with the vocalizations.", "contents": "Amphetamine and chick behavior. A role for monoamines in the causation of vocalizations and emotions. The effects of amphetamine (AMP) on the behaviour of domestic chicks were studied by methods of direct observation of behaviour. 7.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulphate injected into 5-day-old chicks characteristically facilitated vocalization-a period of peeps followed by short calls (twitters and short peeps), head shakes, forced locomotion and wing drooping; and decreased the duration of eye closure. AMP also increased the responsiveness of chicks to external stimuli. Bilateral lesions in the midbrain inhibited primarily the vocalizations but not the other behavioural changes produced by AMP. Evidence is presented to explain the neurochemical basis of the AMP-induced behaviour: namely, that peeping depends on 5-hydroxytryptamine-dependent mechanisms, which may also influence the postural changes, and head shakes, whereas short calls may be mediated by an interaction between dopaminergic and tryptaminergic mechanisms. It is suggested that the monoamines may also be involved in the attentional changes associated with the vocalizations.", "PMID": 589436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2879", "title": "Differential effects of morphine and D-amphetamine on self-stimulation from closely adjacent regions in rat midbrain.", "content": "The effects of morphine were investigated on self-stimulation from numerous electrode placements in the area of the substantia nigra or in the ventral half of mesencephalic central gray matter. Before pharmacological testing, current intensity was reduced to yield stable, submaximal rates of self-stimulation. Rats were then injected daily with morphine for 10 days, and were tested three hours after injection. Between days 5 and 10 of treatment, many rats self-stimulated at more than 150% of baseline, but some others reduced self-stimulation to as little as 3% of baseline. Histological evaluation revealed that morphine facilitated self-stimulation when the electrode tip was located more than 0.3 mm from substantia nigra or more than 0.2 mm from the midline of central gray. In rats with electrode tips closer to substantia nigra or to the midline of central gray, morphine often reduced or failed to alter self-stimulation rates. The effects of a low dose of D-amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg) were investigated on electrode placements in the substantia nigra area. Placements close to the dorsal border of substantia nigra yielded less facilitation of self-stimulation by D-amphetamine than did placements located more dorsally or medially. Possible catecholaminergic substrates of these differential effects are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of morphine and D-amphetamine on self-stimulation from closely adjacent regions in rat midbrain. The effects of morphine were investigated on self-stimulation from numerous electrode placements in the area of the substantia nigra or in the ventral half of mesencephalic central gray matter. Before pharmacological testing, current intensity was reduced to yield stable, submaximal rates of self-stimulation. Rats were then injected daily with morphine for 10 days, and were tested three hours after injection. Between days 5 and 10 of treatment, many rats self-stimulated at more than 150% of baseline, but some others reduced self-stimulation to as little as 3% of baseline. Histological evaluation revealed that morphine facilitated self-stimulation when the electrode tip was located more than 0.3 mm from substantia nigra or more than 0.2 mm from the midline of central gray. In rats with electrode tips closer to substantia nigra or to the midline of central gray, morphine often reduced or failed to alter self-stimulation rates. The effects of a low dose of D-amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg) were investigated on electrode placements in the substantia nigra area. Placements close to the dorsal border of substantia nigra yielded less facilitation of self-stimulation by D-amphetamine than did placements located more dorsally or medially. Possible catecholaminergic substrates of these differential effects are discussed.", "PMID": 589437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2880", "title": "Lipoperoxidation in human and rat brain tissue: developmental and regional studies.", "content": "Lipoperoxidation in human and rat brain was studied on the basis of formation in vitro of thiobarbituric acid positive (TBA) materials. In rats aged 1--540 days, the endogenous pools of reactive material were unchanged but on subsequent incubation of their homogenates the level of TBA-positive materials fell by 3 fold (fresh weight basis) and 5.4 fold (protein basis). In human brain, there was a distinct regional distribution of reactive materials in the endogenous pools with highest levels in the cerebellar vermis, and lower levels in thalamus, cortical regions, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, pallidum, putamen, and hypothalamus. Only trace levels were detected in the pineal gland. On incubation all values rose 13--25 fold within 3 h at 37 degrees C except for cerebellar vermis which was increased 6 fold, and pineal gland 9 fold. Four TBA-positive materials were separated from rat brain by TLC, three of which were identical to malonyldialdehyde and its polymers. Lipoperoxidation in rat homogenates was inhibited 75--90% by sera from several different sources. The inhibitory properties were unaffected by dialysis and were not reproduced by addition of a large number of low and high mol. wt. components including vitamin E when added in concentrations equal to or exceeding that of native serum.", "contents": "Lipoperoxidation in human and rat brain tissue: developmental and regional studies. Lipoperoxidation in human and rat brain was studied on the basis of formation in vitro of thiobarbituric acid positive (TBA) materials. In rats aged 1--540 days, the endogenous pools of reactive material were unchanged but on subsequent incubation of their homogenates the level of TBA-positive materials fell by 3 fold (fresh weight basis) and 5.4 fold (protein basis). In human brain, there was a distinct regional distribution of reactive materials in the endogenous pools with highest levels in the cerebellar vermis, and lower levels in thalamus, cortical regions, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, pallidum, putamen, and hypothalamus. Only trace levels were detected in the pineal gland. On incubation all values rose 13--25 fold within 3 h at 37 degrees C except for cerebellar vermis which was increased 6 fold, and pineal gland 9 fold. Four TBA-positive materials were separated from rat brain by TLC, three of which were identical to malonyldialdehyde and its polymers. Lipoperoxidation in rat homogenates was inhibited 75--90% by sera from several different sources. The inhibitory properties were unaffected by dialysis and were not reproduced by addition of a large number of low and high mol. wt. components including vitamin E when added in concentrations equal to or exceeding that of native serum.", "PMID": 589438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2881", "title": "Ascorbic acid transport by a clonal line of pheochromocytoma cells.", "content": "A clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells was used as a model of noradrenergic tissue to study ascorbic acid transport. These cells were used because, like sympathetic neurons, they synthesize large amounts of noradrenaline in the presence of ascorbate, they respond to nerve growth factor with the production of neurites and they release, store and take up catecholamines. In these cells, both with and without nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment, [14C]ascorbic acid was concentrated by a stereospecific saturable, energy dependent transport system that could be described by a Michaelis-Menten transport model. The Kt and Vmax for ascorbic acid were approximately 0.03 mM and 0.3 nmole per min per mg protein respectively for both untreated and NGF-treated cells. The ability of the cells to concentrate ascorbic acid was not due to intracellular binding. Cells untreated with NGF and loaded with [14C]ascorbic acid to a concentration of 5.6 nmoles per mg protein retained only 6% of the initial intracellular [14C]ascorbic acid after the 24 h in normal growth medium. Thus, although pheochromocytoma cells contain an ascorbate concentrating system, optimal production of noradrenaline requires ascorbate in the medium.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid transport by a clonal line of pheochromocytoma cells. A clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells was used as a model of noradrenergic tissue to study ascorbic acid transport. These cells were used because, like sympathetic neurons, they synthesize large amounts of noradrenaline in the presence of ascorbate, they respond to nerve growth factor with the production of neurites and they release, store and take up catecholamines. In these cells, both with and without nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment, [14C]ascorbic acid was concentrated by a stereospecific saturable, energy dependent transport system that could be described by a Michaelis-Menten transport model. The Kt and Vmax for ascorbic acid were approximately 0.03 mM and 0.3 nmole per min per mg protein respectively for both untreated and NGF-treated cells. The ability of the cells to concentrate ascorbic acid was not due to intracellular binding. Cells untreated with NGF and loaded with [14C]ascorbic acid to a concentration of 5.6 nmoles per mg protein retained only 6% of the initial intracellular [14C]ascorbic acid after the 24 h in normal growth medium. Thus, although pheochromocytoma cells contain an ascorbate concentrating system, optimal production of noradrenaline requires ascorbate in the medium.", "PMID": 589439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2882", "title": "Energy utilization in the uptake of catecholamines by synaptic vesicles and adrenal chromaffin granules.", "content": "Several inhibitors of energy metabolism decreased the ATP-stimulated uptake of catecholamines by isolated synaptic vesicles from rat brain and by chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla. Catecholamine uptake was inhibited by dinitrophenol, S-13 and oleic acid, which are known to block active transport by dissipating trans-membrane proton gradients. Thus a proton gradient appears to be involved in catecholamine transport. Both catecholamine uptake and vesicle-associated Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase were inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and tributyltin, which had previously been shown to inhibit the Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase of mitochondria. However, mitochondrial ATPase was not involved in catecholamine uptake as oligomycin and aurovertin, more specific inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase, did not affect catecholamine uptake. It is suggested that ATP stimulates catecholamine uptake by serving as a substrate for the ATPase. Activity of this enzyme causes translocation of protons across the vesicle membrane establishing a trans-membrane proton gradient. The proton gradient drives the transport of catecholamines.", "contents": "Energy utilization in the uptake of catecholamines by synaptic vesicles and adrenal chromaffin granules. Several inhibitors of energy metabolism decreased the ATP-stimulated uptake of catecholamines by isolated synaptic vesicles from rat brain and by chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla. Catecholamine uptake was inhibited by dinitrophenol, S-13 and oleic acid, which are known to block active transport by dissipating trans-membrane proton gradients. Thus a proton gradient appears to be involved in catecholamine transport. Both catecholamine uptake and vesicle-associated Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase were inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and tributyltin, which had previously been shown to inhibit the Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase of mitochondria. However, mitochondrial ATPase was not involved in catecholamine uptake as oligomycin and aurovertin, more specific inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase, did not affect catecholamine uptake. It is suggested that ATP stimulates catecholamine uptake by serving as a substrate for the ATPase. Activity of this enzyme causes translocation of protons across the vesicle membrane establishing a trans-membrane proton gradient. The proton gradient drives the transport of catecholamines.", "PMID": 589446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2883", "title": "Involvement of complement in degeneration of sympathetic nerves after administration of antiserum to dopamine beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "The involvement of complement in the degeneration of noradrenergic nerves in the guinea-pig iris produced by administration of antibody to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in vivo was investigated histochemically. When 500 microliter of antiserum to DBH was injected systemically, no evidence of degeneration was observed in the iris although the noradrenergic supply of the myenteric plexus of the ileum degenerated within 2 days. However, injection of 20 microliter of complement (C) into the anterior chamber of one eye within 2 days of the systemic administration of anti-DBH produced a degeneration of 50--90% of noradrenergic terminals in the iris, the nerves of the iris of the contralateral uninjected eye being unaffected. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of degenerating nerve terminals in the iris. The extent of degeneration produced by addition of C decreased when C was injected at increasing intervals after the antiserum. Intraocular injection of 5 microliter of anti-DBH together with 20 microliter of C caused a substantial degeneration of noradrenergic nerves in the iris. In contrast, intraocular injection of the Fab'2 fragment of anti-DBH (which did not bind C, but still bound DBH in vitro and in vivo) failed to cause degeneration in the presence of 20 microliter of C. The degeneration of guinea-pig sympathetic nerves caused by antibodies to DBH thus appears to be due to a complement mediated lysis of sympathetic axon membranes. The relative susceptibilities of the noradrenergic fibres in different tissues probably depend on the local concentrations of anti-DBH and C.", "contents": "Involvement of complement in degeneration of sympathetic nerves after administration of antiserum to dopamine beta-hydroxylase. The involvement of complement in the degeneration of noradrenergic nerves in the guinea-pig iris produced by administration of antibody to dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in vivo was investigated histochemically. When 500 microliter of antiserum to DBH was injected systemically, no evidence of degeneration was observed in the iris although the noradrenergic supply of the myenteric plexus of the ileum degenerated within 2 days. However, injection of 20 microliter of complement (C) into the anterior chamber of one eye within 2 days of the systemic administration of anti-DBH produced a degeneration of 50--90% of noradrenergic terminals in the iris, the nerves of the iris of the contralateral uninjected eye being unaffected. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of degenerating nerve terminals in the iris. The extent of degeneration produced by addition of C decreased when C was injected at increasing intervals after the antiserum. Intraocular injection of 5 microliter of anti-DBH together with 20 microliter of C caused a substantial degeneration of noradrenergic nerves in the iris. In contrast, intraocular injection of the Fab'2 fragment of anti-DBH (which did not bind C, but still bound DBH in vitro and in vivo) failed to cause degeneration in the presence of 20 microliter of C. The degeneration of guinea-pig sympathetic nerves caused by antibodies to DBH thus appears to be due to a complement mediated lysis of sympathetic axon membranes. The relative susceptibilities of the noradrenergic fibres in different tissues probably depend on the local concentrations of anti-DBH and C.", "PMID": 589447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2884", "title": "Metabolism of [3H]serotonin in the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica.", "content": "The fate of serotonin was studied in several tissues of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica. When isolated nervous tissue was bathed in [3H]serotonin, two radioactive derivatives were formed; both appeared to be sugar conjugates: the first, possibly of glucuronic acid, and the second, of a more complex sugar moiety. When [3H]serotonin was injected directly into cell bodies of identified neurons, both serotonergic and non-serotonergic, only the conjugate which behaved as the glucuronide was formed. [3H]Serotonin was also converted only to this substance during incubation with isolated heart, kidney and hemolymph. Metabolic activity of the blood resided within cellular elements. No evidence of oxidative deamination was found in any tissue. In contrast to serotonin, however, [3H]tryptamine was readily oxidized to indoleacetic acid by nervous tissue.", "contents": "Metabolism of [3H]serotonin in the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica. The fate of serotonin was studied in several tissues of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica. When isolated nervous tissue was bathed in [3H]serotonin, two radioactive derivatives were formed; both appeared to be sugar conjugates: the first, possibly of glucuronic acid, and the second, of a more complex sugar moiety. When [3H]serotonin was injected directly into cell bodies of identified neurons, both serotonergic and non-serotonergic, only the conjugate which behaved as the glucuronide was formed. [3H]Serotonin was also converted only to this substance during incubation with isolated heart, kidney and hemolymph. Metabolic activity of the blood resided within cellular elements. No evidence of oxidative deamination was found in any tissue. In contrast to serotonin, however, [3H]tryptamine was readily oxidized to indoleacetic acid by nervous tissue.", "PMID": 589448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2885", "title": "Penicillin effects on iontophoretic responses in Aplysia californica.", "content": "The effect of penicillin on neurons of Aplysia californica was studied using drug concentrations which would be convulsant in mammalian nervous systems. Iontophoretic responses were elicited by the application of acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin. Low concentrations of penicillin (2 mM) consistently and reversibly reduced the chloride-dependent hyperpolarizing responses by approximately 70%, regardless of the transmitter required to evoke them. The short depolarizing responses which are sodium sensitive are slightly reduced by a much higher (10 mM) concentration. The extent of the reduction of the excitatory response varied with the transmitter. The slow sodium-dependent depolarizations and the slow potassium-dependent hyperpolarizations were unaffected by the concentrations of penicillin used. The possibility that the convulsant effect of penicillin is due to interference with membrane conductance to chloride is discussed.", "contents": "Penicillin effects on iontophoretic responses in Aplysia californica. The effect of penicillin on neurons of Aplysia californica was studied using drug concentrations which would be convulsant in mammalian nervous systems. Iontophoretic responses were elicited by the application of acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin. Low concentrations of penicillin (2 mM) consistently and reversibly reduced the chloride-dependent hyperpolarizing responses by approximately 70%, regardless of the transmitter required to evoke them. The short depolarizing responses which are sodium sensitive are slightly reduced by a much higher (10 mM) concentration. The extent of the reduction of the excitatory response varied with the transmitter. The slow sodium-dependent depolarizations and the slow potassium-dependent hyperpolarizations were unaffected by the concentrations of penicillin used. The possibility that the convulsant effect of penicillin is due to interference with membrane conductance to chloride is discussed.", "PMID": 589449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2886", "title": "Convergence of retinal inputs onto visual cortical cells: II. A study of the cells disynaptically excited from the lateral geniculate body.", "content": "Spike discharges were recorded extracellularly from cells located in the superficial layer of cat's visual cortex. These cells were disynaptically excited and trisynaptically inhibited from the lateral geniculate cells. The vast majority of them responded to stationary and moving light stimuli. Their ON and OFF responses to a flash of light slit consisted of three components: (1) initial excitation, (2) depression and (3) later rebound. The three components were evoked from a broad area of the retinal receptive field. In one group of these cells, exploration of the receptive field with light slits of different lengths revealed a strong depressant zone at one or both ends of the excitatory receptive area, the characteristics property of 'hypercomplex' cell of Hubel and Wiesel. Another population of cells, however, did not show such length-specificity, and apparently correspond to 'complex' cell. In both groups of cells electrical stimulation at the excitatory receptive area produced a sequence of excitation, depression and later rebound, but only depression was evoked from the depressant zones. The latency of the excitation (6 msec) and the depression (7 msec) are in accordance with the view that the excitation is transmitted through disynaptic pathway and the depression through trisynaptic pathway after being mediated by the lateral geniculate cells.", "contents": "Convergence of retinal inputs onto visual cortical cells: II. A study of the cells disynaptically excited from the lateral geniculate body. Spike discharges were recorded extracellularly from cells located in the superficial layer of cat's visual cortex. These cells were disynaptically excited and trisynaptically inhibited from the lateral geniculate cells. The vast majority of them responded to stationary and moving light stimuli. Their ON and OFF responses to a flash of light slit consisted of three components: (1) initial excitation, (2) depression and (3) later rebound. The three components were evoked from a broad area of the retinal receptive field. In one group of these cells, exploration of the receptive field with light slits of different lengths revealed a strong depressant zone at one or both ends of the excitatory receptive area, the characteristics property of 'hypercomplex' cell of Hubel and Wiesel. Another population of cells, however, did not show such length-specificity, and apparently correspond to 'complex' cell. In both groups of cells electrical stimulation at the excitatory receptive area produced a sequence of excitation, depression and later rebound, but only depression was evoked from the depressant zones. The latency of the excitation (6 msec) and the depression (7 msec) are in accordance with the view that the excitation is transmitted through disynaptic pathway and the depression through trisynaptic pathway after being mediated by the lateral geniculate cells.", "PMID": 589452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2887", "title": "The organization of reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits in the North American opossum.", "content": "By employing the autoradiographic method we have determined that the inferior olivary nucleus receives input from the reticular formation of the midbrain, pons and, probably, the medulla. The remarkable thing about such connections is that they are not diffuse, but targeted in large part on restricted portions of the caudal acessory nuclei. From our previous studies it is clear that some of the olivary regions receiving reticular input also receive projections from the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. In addition, the HRP technique reveals that these same olivary regions relay to parts of the spinal cerebellum, i.e. to restricted zones of the anterior lobe (present study). Taken together these observations suggest that some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar connections provide indirect routes through which cortical and spinal information gains access to the spinal cerebellum. Such circuits have also been suggested by the physiological literature. Of particular interest, however, was our finding that several reticular areas of the midbrain and pons project to the portion of the medial acessory nucleus which relays in turn to auditory-visual areas of the cerebellar vermis (declive, folium and tuber). It would appear that at least some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits are significant in the organization of motor responses to visual and/or auditory stimuli.", "contents": "The organization of reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits in the North American opossum. By employing the autoradiographic method we have determined that the inferior olivary nucleus receives input from the reticular formation of the midbrain, pons and, probably, the medulla. The remarkable thing about such connections is that they are not diffuse, but targeted in large part on restricted portions of the caudal acessory nuclei. From our previous studies it is clear that some of the olivary regions receiving reticular input also receive projections from the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. In addition, the HRP technique reveals that these same olivary regions relay to parts of the spinal cerebellum, i.e. to restricted zones of the anterior lobe (present study). Taken together these observations suggest that some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar connections provide indirect routes through which cortical and spinal information gains access to the spinal cerebellum. Such circuits have also been suggested by the physiological literature. Of particular interest, however, was our finding that several reticular areas of the midbrain and pons project to the portion of the medial acessory nucleus which relays in turn to auditory-visual areas of the cerebellar vermis (declive, folium and tuber). It would appear that at least some reticulo-olivo-cerebellar circuits are significant in the organization of motor responses to visual and/or auditory stimuli.", "PMID": 589453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2888", "title": "Visual function in goldfish with unilateral and bilateral tectal ablation.", "content": "Following complete bilateral tectal ablation, the ability to detect light recovers in about three weeks. The non-tectal retinal connections which may mediate detection are about one log unit less sensitive than the retinotectal connections. At moderate illumination levels, tectumless fish do not react visually to objects. Tectumless fish integrate luminous flux over a very wide area (at least 25 degrees diameter) while the critical diameter for the normal in this experiment is smaller. Subcortical structures may mediate the interocular transfer of a brightness discrimination. The ipsilateral retinotectal projection following unilateral tectal removal is functional, with normal sensitivity to detection of light.", "contents": "Visual function in goldfish with unilateral and bilateral tectal ablation. Following complete bilateral tectal ablation, the ability to detect light recovers in about three weeks. The non-tectal retinal connections which may mediate detection are about one log unit less sensitive than the retinotectal connections. At moderate illumination levels, tectumless fish do not react visually to objects. Tectumless fish integrate luminous flux over a very wide area (at least 25 degrees diameter) while the critical diameter for the normal in this experiment is smaller. Subcortical structures may mediate the interocular transfer of a brightness discrimination. The ipsilateral retinotectal projection following unilateral tectal removal is functional, with normal sensitivity to detection of light.", "PMID": 589454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2889", "title": "In vitro effects of chlorpromazine on microtubules and the Golgi complex in embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Spinal ganglia from 11-day-old chick embryos were incubated in media containing chlorpromazine (CPZ), lidocaine or D-amphetamine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. CPZ and lidocaine both caused a structural modification of the neuroblasts similar to that induced by the microtubular-disrupting drugs colchicine and vinblastine. That is, there was a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules with a concomitant increase in the number of microfilaments and the dictyosomes of the Golgi complex changed, with the number of narrow cisternae decreasing and the number of associated vacuoles increasing. Moreover, the dictyosomes were more distinctly separated from each other than in control ganglia. D-Amphetamine did not give rise to any clear changes in either the microtubular system or the Golgi complex and, furthermore, opposed the colchicine-like effects of CPZ. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the subcellular mechanism of action of CPZ involves the cytoplasmic microtubular system and thus secondarily leads to structural and functional alterations in the Golgi complex, viz., in the case of nerve cells, a disturbance in the production and packaging of material destined for the axon terminals.", "contents": "In vitro effects of chlorpromazine on microtubules and the Golgi complex in embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: an electron microscopic study. Spinal ganglia from 11-day-old chick embryos were incubated in media containing chlorpromazine (CPZ), lidocaine or D-amphetamine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. CPZ and lidocaine both caused a structural modification of the neuroblasts similar to that induced by the microtubular-disrupting drugs colchicine and vinblastine. That is, there was a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules with a concomitant increase in the number of microfilaments and the dictyosomes of the Golgi complex changed, with the number of narrow cisternae decreasing and the number of associated vacuoles increasing. Moreover, the dictyosomes were more distinctly separated from each other than in control ganglia. D-Amphetamine did not give rise to any clear changes in either the microtubular system or the Golgi complex and, furthermore, opposed the colchicine-like effects of CPZ. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the subcellular mechanism of action of CPZ involves the cytoplasmic microtubular system and thus secondarily leads to structural and functional alterations in the Golgi complex, viz., in the case of nerve cells, a disturbance in the production and packaging of material destined for the axon terminals.", "PMID": 589457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2890", "title": "Aspartic acid and glutamic acid levels in the cochlear nucleus after auditory nerve lesion.", "content": "Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine were measured in the cochlear nucleus after lesioning the auditory nerve by cochlear ablation. Ultrastructural analysis of the cochlear nucleus showed that most primary auditory terminals were degenerating one day after cochlear ablation; the terminals were enlarged and the number of synaptic vesicles was reduced. Primary auditory terminals were virtually gone three days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid decreased after cochlear ablation in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. The level of total aspartic acid in the cochlear nucleus had decreased more than 8% one day after cochlear ablation and more than 30% after two days, and remained at this level up to 28 days. Glutamic acid also decreased in the cochlear nucleus after cochlear ablation but not in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. Following a slight increase one day after cochlear ablation, total glutamic acid decreased about 10% after two days and continued to decrease slowly through to day 28. Alanine dropped slowly after cochlear ablation and not in parallel with the degeneration of the primary terminals. Levels of other amino acids measured were unchanged or had increased two days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid did not decrease in the superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, an area receiving little or no primary innervation.", "contents": "Aspartic acid and glutamic acid levels in the cochlear nucleus after auditory nerve lesion. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine were measured in the cochlear nucleus after lesioning the auditory nerve by cochlear ablation. Ultrastructural analysis of the cochlear nucleus showed that most primary auditory terminals were degenerating one day after cochlear ablation; the terminals were enlarged and the number of synaptic vesicles was reduced. Primary auditory terminals were virtually gone three days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid decreased after cochlear ablation in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. The level of total aspartic acid in the cochlear nucleus had decreased more than 8% one day after cochlear ablation and more than 30% after two days, and remained at this level up to 28 days. Glutamic acid also decreased in the cochlear nucleus after cochlear ablation but not in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. Following a slight increase one day after cochlear ablation, total glutamic acid decreased about 10% after two days and continued to decrease slowly through to day 28. Alanine dropped slowly after cochlear ablation and not in parallel with the degeneration of the primary terminals. Levels of other amino acids measured were unchanged or had increased two days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid did not decrease in the superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, an area receiving little or no primary innervation.", "PMID": 589462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2891", "title": "Two types of receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin in the synaptic layers of the pigeon retina.", "content": "Pigeon retinae were analyzed for binding [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgt) by radioautographic and biochemical methods. Toxin binding, localized to the outer and inner plexiform layers (OPL and IPL), was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of native alphaBgt and D-tubocurarine and by 1 mM acetyl- and butyrylcholine in both synaptic layers. Nicotine, at comparable concentrations affected only the IPL. In vitro drug competition experiments showed that the pigeon retina contains two types of receptors for alphaBgt which differ in sensitivity to inhibition by nicotine by 4 orders of magnitued. The results suggest that: (1) the receptor for alphaBgt in the IPL is a nicotinic receptor, (2) the receptor for alphaBgt in the OPL may be involved in an unusual cholinergic system, and (3) ability to bind alphaBgt is not a sufficient criterion for identifying nicotinic-cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "Two types of receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin in the synaptic layers of the pigeon retina. Pigeon retinae were analyzed for binding [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgt) by radioautographic and biochemical methods. Toxin binding, localized to the outer and inner plexiform layers (OPL and IPL), was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of native alphaBgt and D-tubocurarine and by 1 mM acetyl- and butyrylcholine in both synaptic layers. Nicotine, at comparable concentrations affected only the IPL. In vitro drug competition experiments showed that the pigeon retina contains two types of receptors for alphaBgt which differ in sensitivity to inhibition by nicotine by 4 orders of magnitued. The results suggest that: (1) the receptor for alphaBgt in the IPL is a nicotinic receptor, (2) the receptor for alphaBgt in the OPL may be involved in an unusual cholinergic system, and (3) ability to bind alphaBgt is not a sufficient criterion for identifying nicotinic-cholinergic receptors.", "PMID": 589469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2892", "title": "Are the dorsal noradrenergic bundle projections from the locus coeruleus important for neocortical or hippocampal activation?", "content": "Three different methods were used to examine the importance of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) in activation of the neocortex and hippocampus in freely moving rats. (1) After cerebral norepinephrine (NE) was depleted by systemic neonatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) both atropine-resistant and atropine-sensitive forms of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA; theta) and neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) remained intact. Compared to controls the adult rats treated with 6-OHDA in infancy reared less in a 24 h time sample of behavior and ran less in running wheels. (2) Brain dopamine and NE were also depleted by systemic injections of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Following this treatment rats were very inactive behaviorally. However, normal activation of the hippocampus and neocortex was still present. (3) In normal rats, electrical stimulation of the LC was relatively ineffective, compared to stimulation of nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, in producing behavioral changes (especially locomotion) or either atropine-resistant or atropine-sensitive hippocampal RSA or neocortical LVFA. It is concluded that the locus coeruleus is not important for cerebral activation, and that mechanisms for cerebral activation are probably diffusely represented in the reticular core. The data also show that when attempting to assess the effect of experimental manipulations on brain activity it is essential to control for the possible effects of changes in behavior.", "contents": "Are the dorsal noradrenergic bundle projections from the locus coeruleus important for neocortical or hippocampal activation? Three different methods were used to examine the importance of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) in activation of the neocortex and hippocampus in freely moving rats. (1) After cerebral norepinephrine (NE) was depleted by systemic neonatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) both atropine-resistant and atropine-sensitive forms of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA; theta) and neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) remained intact. Compared to controls the adult rats treated with 6-OHDA in infancy reared less in a 24 h time sample of behavior and ran less in running wheels. (2) Brain dopamine and NE were also depleted by systemic injections of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Following this treatment rats were very inactive behaviorally. However, normal activation of the hippocampus and neocortex was still present. (3) In normal rats, electrical stimulation of the LC was relatively ineffective, compared to stimulation of nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, in producing behavioral changes (especially locomotion) or either atropine-resistant or atropine-sensitive hippocampal RSA or neocortical LVFA. It is concluded that the locus coeruleus is not important for cerebral activation, and that mechanisms for cerebral activation are probably diffusely represented in the reticular core. The data also show that when attempting to assess the effect of experimental manipulations on brain activity it is essential to control for the possible effects of changes in behavior.", "PMID": 589470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2893", "title": "The contribution of the contralateral labyrinth to second order vestibular neuronal activity in the cat.", "content": "Vestibular brain stem units of the horizontal canal in the awake C1 transected cat were examined in acute experiments before and after the contralateral vestibular nerve was cut. The latter procedure resulted in an immediate increase in mean resting rate from 19 to 45 spikes/sec and greater spontaneous fluctuations in firing rate. Mean sensitivity to constant accelerations from 2 to 16 degrees/sec2 was significantly reduced. In the 4-6 degrees/sec2 range, for example, mean sensitivity fell from 5.7 +/- 3.2 spike/sec/deg/sec2 (range 0.7-13.6, n = 107) to 2.8 +/- 1.4 (range 0.2-5.5, n = 29). Mean sensitivity to 4-6 degrees/sec2 deceleration was reduced from about 4.5 to 3.0. On the other hand, time constants and the ratio of adapting to non-adapting units was unchanged. Removal of the midline cerebellum, including the vermis and fastigial nuclei in a portion of the animals, did not materially alter the above results. It is concluded that the contralateral labyrinth, acting via the vestibular brain stem commissural pathway, not only exerts a powerful effect on the resting activity of brain stem canal vestibular neurons, but also on their response to acceleration.", "contents": "The contribution of the contralateral labyrinth to second order vestibular neuronal activity in the cat. Vestibular brain stem units of the horizontal canal in the awake C1 transected cat were examined in acute experiments before and after the contralateral vestibular nerve was cut. The latter procedure resulted in an immediate increase in mean resting rate from 19 to 45 spikes/sec and greater spontaneous fluctuations in firing rate. Mean sensitivity to constant accelerations from 2 to 16 degrees/sec2 was significantly reduced. In the 4-6 degrees/sec2 range, for example, mean sensitivity fell from 5.7 +/- 3.2 spike/sec/deg/sec2 (range 0.7-13.6, n = 107) to 2.8 +/- 1.4 (range 0.2-5.5, n = 29). Mean sensitivity to 4-6 degrees/sec2 deceleration was reduced from about 4.5 to 3.0. On the other hand, time constants and the ratio of adapting to non-adapting units was unchanged. Removal of the midline cerebellum, including the vermis and fastigial nuclei in a portion of the animals, did not materially alter the above results. It is concluded that the contralateral labyrinth, acting via the vestibular brain stem commissural pathway, not only exerts a powerful effect on the resting activity of brain stem canal vestibular neurons, but also on their response to acceleration.", "PMID": 589471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2894", "title": "Development of the oculomotor nucleus, with special reference to the time of cell origin and cell death.", "content": "The developmental pattern of the oculomotor nucleus from day 7 of incubation through two weeks after hatching was studied in white Peking duck embryos. The neuroblasts comprising the nucleus complete their last phase of DNA synthesis on days 4 and 5 and the anlage first appears on day 7. The various subnuclei become identifiable as distinct cell groups on day 8 or 9. There is a cell migration between the ventral-most portions of the two ventromedial nuclei on days 9 through 11, and as a result a well-developed oculomotor commissure is established between these two subnuclei. The maximum number of cells in the nucleus is present on day 11. There is a normally occurring overall loss of approximately 43% of the cells during ontogenesis. Cell death appears to be random, without any gradient, and virtually all of it occurs between days 11 and 15. Although the duration of cell death is essentially similar in all subnuclei, great variations exist in its magnitude. For example, there is a cell loss of approximately 61% in the accessory nucleus, 38% in the dorsolateral nucleus, 40% in the dorsomedial nucleus and 33% in the ventromedial nucleus. Cell loss in the oculomotor nucleus is compared with that observed in the other two eye-muscle nuclei.", "contents": "Development of the oculomotor nucleus, with special reference to the time of cell origin and cell death. The developmental pattern of the oculomotor nucleus from day 7 of incubation through two weeks after hatching was studied in white Peking duck embryos. The neuroblasts comprising the nucleus complete their last phase of DNA synthesis on days 4 and 5 and the anlage first appears on day 7. The various subnuclei become identifiable as distinct cell groups on day 8 or 9. There is a cell migration between the ventral-most portions of the two ventromedial nuclei on days 9 through 11, and as a result a well-developed oculomotor commissure is established between these two subnuclei. The maximum number of cells in the nucleus is present on day 11. There is a normally occurring overall loss of approximately 43% of the cells during ontogenesis. Cell death appears to be random, without any gradient, and virtually all of it occurs between days 11 and 15. Although the duration of cell death is essentially similar in all subnuclei, great variations exist in its magnitude. For example, there is a cell loss of approximately 61% in the accessory nucleus, 38% in the dorsolateral nucleus, 40% in the dorsomedial nucleus and 33% in the ventromedial nucleus. Cell loss in the oculomotor nucleus is compared with that observed in the other two eye-muscle nuclei.", "PMID": 589472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2895", "title": "The distribution of olfactory input in the opossum mediodorsal nucleus.", "content": "Discharges of single cells in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the opossum were recorded during electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. Responsive sites were histologically localized throughout the entire mediolateral extent of MD. In both rabbit and squirrel monkey responses are confined to the medial half of MD. Thus the lateral non-olfactory nuclear subdivision, common to both rabbit and squirrel monkey, was not found in the opossum. Firing patterns of cells were similar to those observed in rabbit and squirrel monkey. They commonly consisted of an early spike or burst of spikes, followed by a period of inactivity and then, in many cells, by a later period of response or of resumed spontaneous activity. The results indicate that olfactory input is characteristic of MD in a diverse sample of mammals but that topographic organization of the input is distinctly different in the opossum.", "contents": "The distribution of olfactory input in the opossum mediodorsal nucleus. Discharges of single cells in the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the opossum were recorded during electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. Responsive sites were histologically localized throughout the entire mediolateral extent of MD. In both rabbit and squirrel monkey responses are confined to the medial half of MD. Thus the lateral non-olfactory nuclear subdivision, common to both rabbit and squirrel monkey, was not found in the opossum. Firing patterns of cells were similar to those observed in rabbit and squirrel monkey. They commonly consisted of an early spike or burst of spikes, followed by a period of inactivity and then, in many cells, by a later period of response or of resumed spontaneous activity. The results indicate that olfactory input is characteristic of MD in a diverse sample of mammals but that topographic organization of the input is distinctly different in the opossum.", "PMID": 589473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2896", "title": "Binaural columns in the primary field (A1) of cat auditory cortex.", "content": "Responses of single neurons and neuron clusters were studied at short intervals along penetrations into the high-frequency (4-25 kHz) representation of A1. The monaural and binaural sensitivities of neurons at best frequency were studied. With the exception of some neurons responsive only to binaural stimulation, the monaural responses of most were classified as contralateral dominant, ipsilateral dominant or equidominant. Binaural interactions of most neurons were classified as summation (binaural response size greater than the monaural response size) or suppression (dominant ear response size greater than the binaural response size). Most neurons arrayed in a column perpendicular to the cortical surface display the same aural dominance and binaural interaction. Summation columns occupy about two-thirds of the area sampled; suppression columns, about one-third. Within most suppression columns, the contralateral ear was dominant. Within summation columns, aural dominance varied. Summation columns appear to be composed of smaller columns differing in aural dominance. The sizes of binaural interaction columns vary considerably; some occupy several square millimeters of cortical surface. At least some binaural interaction columns occupy strips of cortex oriented orthogonal to isofrequency contours.", "contents": "Binaural columns in the primary field (A1) of cat auditory cortex. Responses of single neurons and neuron clusters were studied at short intervals along penetrations into the high-frequency (4-25 kHz) representation of A1. The monaural and binaural sensitivities of neurons at best frequency were studied. With the exception of some neurons responsive only to binaural stimulation, the monaural responses of most were classified as contralateral dominant, ipsilateral dominant or equidominant. Binaural interactions of most neurons were classified as summation (binaural response size greater than the monaural response size) or suppression (dominant ear response size greater than the binaural response size). Most neurons arrayed in a column perpendicular to the cortical surface display the same aural dominance and binaural interaction. Summation columns occupy about two-thirds of the area sampled; suppression columns, about one-third. Within most suppression columns, the contralateral ear was dominant. Within summation columns, aural dominance varied. Summation columns appear to be composed of smaller columns differing in aural dominance. The sizes of binaural interaction columns vary considerably; some occupy several square millimeters of cortical surface. At least some binaural interaction columns occupy strips of cortex oriented orthogonal to isofrequency contours.", "PMID": 589474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2897", "title": "Dual excitatory inputs to caudate spiny neurons from substantia nigra stimulation.", "content": "In the present set of experiments of two component excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (fast and slow) was recorded from caudate (Cd) neurons after substantia nigra (SN) stimulation in the alpha-chloralose anesthetized cat. Several unique properties of the fast response are demonstrated and used to determine certain functional properties of Cd neurons. The following conclusions have been drawn from these experiments. (1) A dual excitatory innervation pattern (fast and slow) exists to the Cd from SN stimulation. (2) The fast system is independent of the Cd efferent system. (3) Neurons receiving this dual input are spine laden neurons. (4) Dendritic inhibition is operating on these neurons and often has little or no direct influence on the observed soma membrane potential. The dendritic inhibition reduced test EPSP amplitude for several hundred milliseconds for all Cd afferents except for the fast SN input. Such a decoupling of the fast input from the inhibition may play an important role in Cd signal processing.", "contents": "Dual excitatory inputs to caudate spiny neurons from substantia nigra stimulation. In the present set of experiments of two component excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (fast and slow) was recorded from caudate (Cd) neurons after substantia nigra (SN) stimulation in the alpha-chloralose anesthetized cat. Several unique properties of the fast response are demonstrated and used to determine certain functional properties of Cd neurons. The following conclusions have been drawn from these experiments. (1) A dual excitatory innervation pattern (fast and slow) exists to the Cd from SN stimulation. (2) The fast system is independent of the Cd efferent system. (3) Neurons receiving this dual input are spine laden neurons. (4) Dendritic inhibition is operating on these neurons and often has little or no direct influence on the observed soma membrane potential. The dendritic inhibition reduced test EPSP amplitude for several hundred milliseconds for all Cd afferents except for the fast SN input. Such a decoupling of the fast input from the inhibition may play an important role in Cd signal processing.", "PMID": 589476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2898", "title": "Amino acids in the synaptic vesicle fraction from calf brain: content, uptake and metabolism.", "content": "A synaptic vesicle fraction was prepared from calf brain cortex, containing 10 identified amino acids and two unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds, one of which is apparently a peptide. The most plentiful amino acids were taurine (1.8 nmol/g original tissue), glutamic acid (1.8), serine (0.9), aspartic acid (0.8) and GABA (0.8); the others identified were cysteic acid (or cysteinesulphinic acid), glutamine, alanine, glycine and lysine. The unknown peptide occurred in a high concentration (about 16 alanine equivalents/g), and contained mainly aspartic acid and serine. Cysteic acid (or cysteinesulphinic acid) also occurred in relatively high amounts, but its peak contained acid-labile impurities. The influx of [14C]glutamate into the vesicles took place by means of non-saturable migration, while two saturable systems having very similar properties were dominant only at low glutamate concentrations. Influx constants for these quantitatively low uptake systems were Km, 34 and 92 micrometer, and Vmax, 33 and 49 nmol/min/g obtained by v versus v/S plot. Almost the same values were also obtained by a 1/v versus 1/S plot. GAD and GABA-T activities in the vesicles were only 1/200th of those in the synaptosomes.", "contents": "Amino acids in the synaptic vesicle fraction from calf brain: content, uptake and metabolism. A synaptic vesicle fraction was prepared from calf brain cortex, containing 10 identified amino acids and two unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds, one of which is apparently a peptide. The most plentiful amino acids were taurine (1.8 nmol/g original tissue), glutamic acid (1.8), serine (0.9), aspartic acid (0.8) and GABA (0.8); the others identified were cysteic acid (or cysteinesulphinic acid), glutamine, alanine, glycine and lysine. The unknown peptide occurred in a high concentration (about 16 alanine equivalents/g), and contained mainly aspartic acid and serine. Cysteic acid (or cysteinesulphinic acid) also occurred in relatively high amounts, but its peak contained acid-labile impurities. The influx of [14C]glutamate into the vesicles took place by means of non-saturable migration, while two saturable systems having very similar properties were dominant only at low glutamate concentrations. Influx constants for these quantitatively low uptake systems were Km, 34 and 92 micrometer, and Vmax, 33 and 49 nmol/min/g obtained by v versus v/S plot. Almost the same values were also obtained by a 1/v versus 1/S plot. GAD and GABA-T activities in the vesicles were only 1/200th of those in the synaptosomes.", "PMID": 589477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2899", "title": "Stimulation and maintenance by nerve growth factor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in superior cervical ganglia of adult rats.", "content": "Treatment of newborn rats with nerve growth factor (NGF) results in a striking increase in phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the superior cervical ganglia. Between one and three weeks of age there is normally a 10-fold decrease in PNMT activity in ganglia of infant rats. NGF treatment maintains the PNMT in ganglia at levels 10-fold greater than in untreated controls, but the levels of enzyme in the ganglion show the same magnitude of decrease with age. Epinephrine levels are markedly increased in ganglia of NGF-treated rats younger than one week of age, but at older ages the levels of the catecholamine are only slightly greater than the controls. Dexamethasone is less effective than NGF in increasing the levels of PNMT in ganglia of infant rats and, unlike NGF, becomes ineffective by 44 days of age. These results suggest that there may be two types of PNMT-containing cells in ganglia of newborn rats.", "contents": "Stimulation and maintenance by nerve growth factor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in superior cervical ganglia of adult rats. Treatment of newborn rats with nerve growth factor (NGF) results in a striking increase in phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the superior cervical ganglia. Between one and three weeks of age there is normally a 10-fold decrease in PNMT activity in ganglia of infant rats. NGF treatment maintains the PNMT in ganglia at levels 10-fold greater than in untreated controls, but the levels of enzyme in the ganglion show the same magnitude of decrease with age. Epinephrine levels are markedly increased in ganglia of NGF-treated rats younger than one week of age, but at older ages the levels of the catecholamine are only slightly greater than the controls. Dexamethasone is less effective than NGF in increasing the levels of PNMT in ganglia of infant rats and, unlike NGF, becomes ineffective by 44 days of age. These results suggest that there may be two types of PNMT-containing cells in ganglia of newborn rats.", "PMID": 589478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2900", "title": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins. II. Isolation of fucosyl-glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on the Ulex europeus lectin specific for L-fucose.", "content": "After solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulphate, almost 90% of synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins were separated from the bulk of synaptosomal plasma membrane proteins by sequential affinity chromatography on two immobilized lectins: concanavalin A and the Ulex europeus lectin specific for L-fucose. Four fractions were obtained and their sugar composition and electrophoretic patterns were determined. Fucosyl-glycoproteins contain more than 26% of protein and 85% of the protein-bound sugar of synaptosomal plasma membrane; hence they constitute a major class of glycoproteins in these membranes. The presence of some glucose in glycoproteins fractions obtained after affinity chromatography on the two lectins suggests that this sugar could be a structural component of some brain glycoproteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least 28 major bands in fucosylglycoprotein fractions, and 11 in other fractions. Several of these major bands appear to contain more than one glycoprotein each. This heterogeneity appears to be mostly the result of the heterogeneity of the neuronal population in the central nervous system. Microheterogeneity of glycoprotein sugar chains and possible contamination of synaptosomal plasma membranes play, in our opinion, only a minor role.", "contents": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins. II. Isolation of fucosyl-glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on the Ulex europeus lectin specific for L-fucose. After solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulphate, almost 90% of synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins were separated from the bulk of synaptosomal plasma membrane proteins by sequential affinity chromatography on two immobilized lectins: concanavalin A and the Ulex europeus lectin specific for L-fucose. Four fractions were obtained and their sugar composition and electrophoretic patterns were determined. Fucosyl-glycoproteins contain more than 26% of protein and 85% of the protein-bound sugar of synaptosomal plasma membrane; hence they constitute a major class of glycoproteins in these membranes. The presence of some glucose in glycoproteins fractions obtained after affinity chromatography on the two lectins suggests that this sugar could be a structural component of some brain glycoproteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least 28 major bands in fucosylglycoprotein fractions, and 11 in other fractions. Several of these major bands appear to contain more than one glycoprotein each. This heterogeneity appears to be mostly the result of the heterogeneity of the neuronal population in the central nervous system. Microheterogeneity of glycoprotein sugar chains and possible contamination of synaptosomal plasma membranes play, in our opinion, only a minor role.", "PMID": 589479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2901", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension and renal blood flow.", "content": "Hypotension produced by sodium nitroprusside during halothane anaesthesia in a series of experiments in dogs was accompanied by the maintenance of renal blood flow. Renal blood flow was maintained at levels of systemic pressure at which flow is customarily reduced in man and experimental animals. The significance of this observation is the possibility that sodium nitroprusside has a protective effect on the kidney, not only in states of deliberate hypotension, but in other low flow states where renal perfusion and function may be compromised.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension and renal blood flow. Hypotension produced by sodium nitroprusside during halothane anaesthesia in a series of experiments in dogs was accompanied by the maintenance of renal blood flow. Renal blood flow was maintained at levels of systemic pressure at which flow is customarily reduced in man and experimental animals. The significance of this observation is the possibility that sodium nitroprusside has a protective effect on the kidney, not only in states of deliberate hypotension, but in other low flow states where renal perfusion and function may be compromised.", "PMID": 589502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2902", "title": "Cyanide toxicity following nitroprusside induced hypotension.", "content": "Several recently reported deaths following the use of sodium nitroprusside have been attributed to the accumulation of the nitroprusside metabolite, cyanide. In this study, brief nitroprusside infusions (mean = 36 minutes) were administered in currently recommended doses during intracranial surgery. The peak blood cyanide following the infusions was 65.2 +/- 17.5 microgram per cent (mean +/- SE) (n = 13). It occurred within 45 minutes after infusion. The highest cyanide level detected was 205 microgram per cent, which is within the range of reported lethal blood cyanide levels. Metabolic acidosis developed in the four patients with the highest blood cyanide levels (range 90-205 microgram per cent). This occurred between 45 and 180 minutes following the cyanide peak. Blood ATP levels were depressed in the same patients. These findings are indicative of disturbed aerobic metabolism. We conclude that there is evidence of cyanide toxicity when nitroprusside is infused into patients using currently recommended doses. We recommend that for short infusions the dose of sodium nitroprusside should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "Cyanide toxicity following nitroprusside induced hypotension. Several recently reported deaths following the use of sodium nitroprusside have been attributed to the accumulation of the nitroprusside metabolite, cyanide. In this study, brief nitroprusside infusions (mean = 36 minutes) were administered in currently recommended doses during intracranial surgery. The peak blood cyanide following the infusions was 65.2 +/- 17.5 microgram per cent (mean +/- SE) (n = 13). It occurred within 45 minutes after infusion. The highest cyanide level detected was 205 microgram per cent, which is within the range of reported lethal blood cyanide levels. Metabolic acidosis developed in the four patients with the highest blood cyanide levels (range 90-205 microgram per cent). This occurred between 45 and 180 minutes following the cyanide peak. Blood ATP levels were depressed in the same patients. These findings are indicative of disturbed aerobic metabolism. We conclude that there is evidence of cyanide toxicity when nitroprusside is infused into patients using currently recommended doses. We recommend that for short infusions the dose of sodium nitroprusside should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 589503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2903", "title": "Physostigmine reversal of postoperative somnolence.", "content": "The effects of physostigmine on reversal of post-operative somnolence following general anaesthesia were evaluated in 187 patients. Significant reversal of anaesthetic-induced post-operative somnolence was observed in those patients receiving physostigmine when compared to a control group. These results suggest that general anaesthesia with halothane may be included in those situations where central nervous system depression may be reversed by administration of physostigmine. Cholinergic side-effects observed with physostigmine administration were minimal.", "contents": "Physostigmine reversal of postoperative somnolence. The effects of physostigmine on reversal of post-operative somnolence following general anaesthesia were evaluated in 187 patients. Significant reversal of anaesthetic-induced post-operative somnolence was observed in those patients receiving physostigmine when compared to a control group. These results suggest that general anaesthesia with halothane may be included in those situations where central nervous system depression may be reversed by administration of physostigmine. Cholinergic side-effects observed with physostigmine administration were minimal.", "PMID": 589507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2904", "title": "Effect of etomidate on intra-ocular pressure.", "content": "Etomidate, a new short-acting non-barbiturate hypnotic, was administered to 40 patients between the ages of 12 years and 65 years. Intra-ocular pressure was measured before and after etomidate injection using a Schiotz tonometer. A significant reduction of intra-ocular pressure was found to follow etomidate injection in spite of the often associated myoclonic movements. The mechanism of reduction of intra-ocular pressure has not been determined in this study. It is suggested that etomidate will be a useful intravenous induction agent where elevation of intra-ocular pressure is undesirable.", "contents": "Effect of etomidate on intra-ocular pressure. Etomidate, a new short-acting non-barbiturate hypnotic, was administered to 40 patients between the ages of 12 years and 65 years. Intra-ocular pressure was measured before and after etomidate injection using a Schiotz tonometer. A significant reduction of intra-ocular pressure was found to follow etomidate injection in spite of the often associated myoclonic movements. The mechanism of reduction of intra-ocular pressure has not been determined in this study. It is suggested that etomidate will be a useful intravenous induction agent where elevation of intra-ocular pressure is undesirable.", "PMID": 589508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2905", "title": "The incidence of genetic disease and the impact on man of an altered mutation rate.", "content": "In order to adequately assess the genetic risks to man of an altered mutation rate, it is necessary to know the naturally occurring frequency of mutation-maintained genetic ill-health and the burden that such defects impose. The relevant data that are available are largely inadequate to determine the incidence of genetic disease that is maintained by mutation, and measures of various aspects of the social and personal burdens due to hereditary ill-health are almost wholly lacking. It is suggested that the creation of individual and family histories, using large scale automatic record linkage and existing files of vital and ill-health records, may be a useful approach to these kinds of problems. Using such linked individual health histories, new data are presented that relate to measures of the burden due to childhood dominant and recessive diseases and congenital malformations.", "contents": "The incidence of genetic disease and the impact on man of an altered mutation rate. In order to adequately assess the genetic risks to man of an altered mutation rate, it is necessary to know the naturally occurring frequency of mutation-maintained genetic ill-health and the burden that such defects impose. The relevant data that are available are largely inadequate to determine the incidence of genetic disease that is maintained by mutation, and measures of various aspects of the social and personal burdens due to hereditary ill-health are almost wholly lacking. It is suggested that the creation of individual and family histories, using large scale automatic record linkage and existing files of vital and ill-health records, may be a useful approach to these kinds of problems. Using such linked individual health histories, new data are presented that relate to measures of the burden due to childhood dominant and recessive diseases and congenital malformations.", "PMID": 589511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2906", "title": "The effect of mitomycin on the fertility and the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in mice and their first generation progeny.", "content": "The dose dependent effects of chronic application of Mitomycin C(MC) on the induction of chromosomal translocations in treated animals and F1 males and on their fertility have been examined. The C3H strain mice used in the present experiments were treated with MC during eight successive weeks in doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg of body weight. 75 males were treated (25 males per dose and 25 males as controls). Immediately after the chronic treatment they were mated with normal females and were tested for their reproductive performance. The fertility of males was estimated from the number of pregnant females after one week of being together. After that all males were sacrificed and prepared for cytological analysis. No chromosomal translocations were found in diakinesis-metaphase I of meiosis. Data from the study of fertility showed that all treated males were fertile, but all females were not pregnant. The tests of all sterile, semisterile and fertile F1 males showed that F1 males could not be identified as heterozygous translocation carriers.", "contents": "The effect of mitomycin on the fertility and the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in mice and their first generation progeny. The dose dependent effects of chronic application of Mitomycin C(MC) on the induction of chromosomal translocations in treated animals and F1 males and on their fertility have been examined. The C3H strain mice used in the present experiments were treated with MC during eight successive weeks in doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg of body weight. 75 males were treated (25 males per dose and 25 males as controls). Immediately after the chronic treatment they were mated with normal females and were tested for their reproductive performance. The fertility of males was estimated from the number of pregnant females after one week of being together. After that all males were sacrificed and prepared for cytological analysis. No chromosomal translocations were found in diakinesis-metaphase I of meiosis. Data from the study of fertility showed that all treated males were fertile, but all females were not pregnant. The tests of all sterile, semisterile and fertile F1 males showed that F1 males could not be identified as heterozygous translocation carriers.", "PMID": 589512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2907", "title": "Inheritance of Q and C band polymorphisms.", "content": "Sequential Q and C banding of chromosomes from 36 individuals in three unrelated families revealed Q band variants on 6 different chromosomes and C band variants on 14 different chromosomes. These variants were inherited in Mendelian fashion with one excpetion in which a C band variant absent in the parents was found in a child. Although some of the Q band variants were also detected with C banding, there was no consistent correlation between the intensity of variant Q and C bands.", "contents": "Inheritance of Q and C band polymorphisms. Sequential Q and C banding of chromosomes from 36 individuals in three unrelated families revealed Q band variants on 6 different chromosomes and C band variants on 14 different chromosomes. These variants were inherited in Mendelian fashion with one excpetion in which a C band variant absent in the parents was found in a child. Although some of the Q band variants were also detected with C banding, there was no consistent correlation between the intensity of variant Q and C bands.", "PMID": 589513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2908", "title": "Structural rearrangements of chromosomes in the domestic chicken: experimental production by X-irradiation of spermatozoa.", "content": "In order to produce chicks heterozygous for structural aberrations of chromosomes, 67 hens were inseminated with semen that had been exposed to 1200 R of X-rays. A sample of 204 chicks was hatched and survived. Among these, 18 (8.9%) contained rearrangements comprising 19 translocations and one pericentric inversion. All 10 males and eight females heterozygous for rearrangements were fertile and transmitted these rearrangements to approximately half their hatched progeny. Each of the major chromosomes of the chicken karyotype, except number 6, was involved in one or more of the translocations. The pericentric inversion was of a segment of chromosome number 2.", "contents": "Structural rearrangements of chromosomes in the domestic chicken: experimental production by X-irradiation of spermatozoa. In order to produce chicks heterozygous for structural aberrations of chromosomes, 67 hens were inseminated with semen that had been exposed to 1200 R of X-rays. A sample of 204 chicks was hatched and survived. Among these, 18 (8.9%) contained rearrangements comprising 19 translocations and one pericentric inversion. All 10 males and eight females heterozygous for rearrangements were fertile and transmitted these rearrangements to approximately half their hatched progeny. Each of the major chromosomes of the chicken karyotype, except number 6, was involved in one or more of the translocations. The pericentric inversion was of a segment of chromosome number 2.", "PMID": 589515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2909", "title": "Trisomy 12 mosaicism in an infertile man.", "content": "Cytological studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes from an infertile man revealed the presence of a mosaic trisomy 12. To our knowledge this has not been previously reported in patients. The clinical manifestations in this case enhance the interest of the cytological findings.", "contents": "Trisomy 12 mosaicism in an infertile man. Cytological studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes from an infertile man revealed the presence of a mosaic trisomy 12. To our knowledge this has not been previously reported in patients. The clinical manifestations in this case enhance the interest of the cytological findings.", "PMID": 589516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2910", "title": "Evaluation of intraoperative biopsy of the pancreas.", "content": "The authors carried out a retrospective review of intraoperative biopsy of the head of pancreas in 47 patients. Vim-Silverman needle biopsy (32 patients), or wedge biopsy (9 patients), or both (5 patients) were used. The correct diagnosis in the 34 patients with carcinoma was made in 76% by paraffin section and in 65% by frozen section. Diagnositic accuracy was 77% with needle biopsy and 38% with wedge biopsy. Complications occurred in six patients and consisted of pancreatitis, fistula and hemorrhage. Two patients required reoperation because of hemorrhage. The case of one patient who died of a pancreaticoperitoneal leak at the biopsy site is described in detail. The overall complication rate was 15%. These results indicate that wedge biopsy carries significant risks and frequently does not detect carcinoma. Needle biopsy is relatively safe and is more likely to provide an accurate diagnosis of carcinoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of intraoperative biopsy of the pancreas. The authors carried out a retrospective review of intraoperative biopsy of the head of pancreas in 47 patients. Vim-Silverman needle biopsy (32 patients), or wedge biopsy (9 patients), or both (5 patients) were used. The correct diagnosis in the 34 patients with carcinoma was made in 76% by paraffin section and in 65% by frozen section. Diagnositic accuracy was 77% with needle biopsy and 38% with wedge biopsy. Complications occurred in six patients and consisted of pancreatitis, fistula and hemorrhage. Two patients required reoperation because of hemorrhage. The case of one patient who died of a pancreaticoperitoneal leak at the biopsy site is described in detail. The overall complication rate was 15%. These results indicate that wedge biopsy carries significant risks and frequently does not detect carcinoma. Needle biopsy is relatively safe and is more likely to provide an accurate diagnosis of carcinoma.", "PMID": 589520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2911", "title": "Rupture of the diaphragm resulting from blunt trauma in children.", "content": "Rupture of the diaphragm due to blunt trauma is rare in the pediatric age group. This article describes six such cases. This life-threatening condition should be suspected in the case of any serious thoracoabdominal trauma, even in the presence of negative radiographic findings on initial evaluation. In the very sick child, horizontal beam, lateral radiographs of the chest and abdomen have been extremely useful in establishing the diagnosis. The suspicion and investigation of associated diaphragmatic injury will result in earlier diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Rupture of the diaphragm resulting from blunt trauma in children. Rupture of the diaphragm due to blunt trauma is rare in the pediatric age group. This article describes six such cases. This life-threatening condition should be suspected in the case of any serious thoracoabdominal trauma, even in the presence of negative radiographic findings on initial evaluation. In the very sick child, horizontal beam, lateral radiographs of the chest and abdomen have been extremely useful in establishing the diagnosis. The suspicion and investigation of associated diaphragmatic injury will result in earlier diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 589521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2912", "title": "Epidermoid cysts of the spleen.", "content": "The authors report three cases of epidermoid cyst of the spleen. A squamous cell lining was found in all three. One patient had a history of antecedent trauma, and in the surgical specimen the gross and histologic features were compatiible with splenic damage. No hematologic alteration was recognized on presentation. Angiography and spleen scanning were valuable aids in the diagnosis. All three patients were well 1 year after operation.", "contents": "Epidermoid cysts of the spleen. The authors report three cases of epidermoid cyst of the spleen. A squamous cell lining was found in all three. One patient had a history of antecedent trauma, and in the surgical specimen the gross and histologic features were compatiible with splenic damage. No hematologic alteration was recognized on presentation. Angiography and spleen scanning were valuable aids in the diagnosis. All three patients were well 1 year after operation.", "PMID": 589522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2913", "title": "Intestinal obstruction due to a defect in the omentum.", "content": "An unusual cause of instestinal obstruction is described in a 46-year-old woman thought before operation to have Crohn's disease. The right colon and terminal ileum had passed through a defect that had developed spontaneously in the greater omentum and had remained in that position for at least 1 year. The bowel was reduced and the multiple defects in the omentum were repaired.", "contents": "Intestinal obstruction due to a defect in the omentum. An unusual cause of instestinal obstruction is described in a 46-year-old woman thought before operation to have Crohn's disease. The right colon and terminal ileum had passed through a defect that had developed spontaneously in the greater omentum and had remained in that position for at least 1 year. The bowel was reduced and the multiple defects in the omentum were repaired.", "PMID": 589523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2914", "title": "Evolution of emergency cardiac care in Canada.", "content": "Acute myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in Canada. Most deaths occur within the first 2 hours of the onset of symptoms, before the person seeks or is able to obtain medical aid, and are due to arrhythmias rather than massive myocardial damage. Effective electrical and drug treatment of arrhythmias has reduced the hospital mortality but not the community mortality. If mortality from acute myocardial infarction and other causes of sudden unexpected death is to be reduced substantially a major reorganization of emergency medical services is needed so that the benefits of the modern coronary care unit can be provided to the patient as rapidly as possible. Public education in basic life support procedures to sustain life until advanced life support aid arrives is the first step towards the development of a more effective system of emergency cardiac care.", "contents": "Evolution of emergency cardiac care in Canada. Acute myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in Canada. Most deaths occur within the first 2 hours of the onset of symptoms, before the person seeks or is able to obtain medical aid, and are due to arrhythmias rather than massive myocardial damage. Effective electrical and drug treatment of arrhythmias has reduced the hospital mortality but not the community mortality. If mortality from acute myocardial infarction and other causes of sudden unexpected death is to be reduced substantially a major reorganization of emergency medical services is needed so that the benefits of the modern coronary care unit can be provided to the patient as rapidly as possible. Public education in basic life support procedures to sustain life until advanced life support aid arrives is the first step towards the development of a more effective system of emergency cardiac care.", "PMID": 589537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2915", "title": "Relation between pulsus paradoxus and pulmonary function in patients with chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "The relation of pulsus paradoxus to chronic, stable obstructive disease of the airways has not previously been described. Pulsus paradoxus was observed in 66% of 68 patients with such disease but in none of 14 healthy individuals. There was a significant correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in the subgroup of patients with bronchial asthma but not in the subgroup with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, or both. There was no correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the degree of hyperinflation in either group. Hence factors other than hyperinflation contribute importantly to the decrease in systolic pressure that occurs at full inflation of the lungs.", "contents": "Relation between pulsus paradoxus and pulmonary function in patients with chronic airways obstruction. The relation of pulsus paradoxus to chronic, stable obstructive disease of the airways has not previously been described. Pulsus paradoxus was observed in 66% of 68 patients with such disease but in none of 14 healthy individuals. There was a significant correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in the subgroup of patients with bronchial asthma but not in the subgroup with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, or both. There was no correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the degree of hyperinflation in either group. Hence factors other than hyperinflation contribute importantly to the decrease in systolic pressure that occurs at full inflation of the lungs.", "PMID": 589538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2916", "title": "Isolated odontogenic keratocyst.", "content": "Although odontogenic keratocysts are benign they are often locally destructive and tend to recur after conservative surgical treatment. They must therefore be distinguished from other cysts of the jaw. Keratocysts possess outpouchings and microscopic daughter cysts from which recurrences may arise. Histologic examination is essential for diagnosis since the appearances on roentgenograms and at operation usually do not reveal the true nature of the lesion. Since many nondental surgeons and pathologists are unaware of odontogenic keratocysts a case is presented in which surgical treatment was originally conservative and finally relatively radical.", "contents": "Isolated odontogenic keratocyst. Although odontogenic keratocysts are benign they are often locally destructive and tend to recur after conservative surgical treatment. They must therefore be distinguished from other cysts of the jaw. Keratocysts possess outpouchings and microscopic daughter cysts from which recurrences may arise. Histologic examination is essential for diagnosis since the appearances on roentgenograms and at operation usually do not reveal the true nature of the lesion. Since many nondental surgeons and pathologists are unaware of odontogenic keratocysts a case is presented in which surgical treatment was originally conservative and finally relatively radical.", "PMID": 589539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2917", "title": "Heart-Alert: emergency resuscitation training in the community.", "content": "One approach to reducing avoidable mortality from coronary artery disease is to provide resuscitation capability in the community. In Manitoba this is the function of the Heart-Alert program, sponsored by the Manitoba Heart Foundation. The program is based on public and professional education dealing with the recognition and immediate care of cardiac emergencies, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The three components to the program are (a) training in basic CPR for all health care and community rescue groups; (b) training in definitive CPR for physicians, critical care nurses and advanced emergency medical technicians; and (c) education of the public to recognize the signs of impending or actual cardiac emergencies and to take appropriate action to summon quickly an emergency rescue team.The initial emphasis of the program has been on developing an organizational structure and a training network for basic CPR. A corps of instructor-trainers and instructors has been certified to implement CPR training in the medical and community target groups. Developmental problems include problems of quality control, of providing for self-sustaining and continued expansion, and of evaluation of the overall results.It is suggested that widespread implementation of CPR training is facilitated by the incorporation of CPR into existing training activities, particularly those of the medical, nursing and other health care disciplines, those of community protection agencies such as police, fire and ambulance departments, and those of volunteer groups concerned with rescue work and first-aid. If the impetus, organizational structure and instructor training are provided by a strategic agency, wide dissemination of CPR training is then possible at relatively modest cost.", "contents": "Heart-Alert: emergency resuscitation training in the community. One approach to reducing avoidable mortality from coronary artery disease is to provide resuscitation capability in the community. In Manitoba this is the function of the Heart-Alert program, sponsored by the Manitoba Heart Foundation. The program is based on public and professional education dealing with the recognition and immediate care of cardiac emergencies, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The three components to the program are (a) training in basic CPR for all health care and community rescue groups; (b) training in definitive CPR for physicians, critical care nurses and advanced emergency medical technicians; and (c) education of the public to recognize the signs of impending or actual cardiac emergencies and to take appropriate action to summon quickly an emergency rescue team.The initial emphasis of the program has been on developing an organizational structure and a training network for basic CPR. A corps of instructor-trainers and instructors has been certified to implement CPR training in the medical and community target groups. Developmental problems include problems of quality control, of providing for self-sustaining and continued expansion, and of evaluation of the overall results.It is suggested that widespread implementation of CPR training is facilitated by the incorporation of CPR into existing training activities, particularly those of the medical, nursing and other health care disciplines, those of community protection agencies such as police, fire and ambulance departments, and those of volunteer groups concerned with rescue work and first-aid. If the impetus, organizational structure and instructor training are provided by a strategic agency, wide dissemination of CPR training is then possible at relatively modest cost.", "PMID": 589540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2918", "title": "Health problems and health care for adolescents in residential facilities in Quebec.", "content": "The health problems of 160 adolescents in four residential facilities of the Quebec social welfare court were studied. At the time of admission 44% had at least one problem requiring consultation with a specialist and 80% had an average of two problems requiring primary care. The medical records of 106 youngsters in two re-education centres were also reviewed and similar results were noted. The health services available, particularly physical examination and laboratory testing at the time of admission and arrangements for referral and follow-up were judged to be insufficient in most centres. Although society has taken custody of these adolescents, no one is responsible for their health care. Since February 1976 the social welfare court residential facilities and the network involved in the care of socially disturbed youngsters have been undergoing reorganization. Health programs and services ought to be part of this reorganization, and private physicians, hospitals and government each should have a role in the establishment and functioning of these programs.", "contents": "Health problems and health care for adolescents in residential facilities in Quebec. The health problems of 160 adolescents in four residential facilities of the Quebec social welfare court were studied. At the time of admission 44% had at least one problem requiring consultation with a specialist and 80% had an average of two problems requiring primary care. The medical records of 106 youngsters in two re-education centres were also reviewed and similar results were noted. The health services available, particularly physical examination and laboratory testing at the time of admission and arrangements for referral and follow-up were judged to be insufficient in most centres. Although society has taken custody of these adolescents, no one is responsible for their health care. Since February 1976 the social welfare court residential facilities and the network involved in the care of socially disturbed youngsters have been undergoing reorganization. Health programs and services ought to be part of this reorganization, and private physicians, hospitals and government each should have a role in the establishment and functioning of these programs.", "PMID": 589541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2919", "title": "General anesthesia in Eisenmenger's syndrome.", "content": "The anesthetic management of a woman with Eisenmenger's syndrome undergoing abdominal hysterectomy with general anesthesia is described. Proper anesthetic management of patients with this syndrome depends on a knowledge of the pathophysiologic process and associated complications. The potential problems of systemic hypotension, pulmonary embolism and infective endocarditis are outlined. Sudden death is a common and pregnancy is a major hazard.", "contents": "General anesthesia in Eisenmenger's syndrome. The anesthetic management of a woman with Eisenmenger's syndrome undergoing abdominal hysterectomy with general anesthesia is described. Proper anesthetic management of patients with this syndrome depends on a knowledge of the pathophysiologic process and associated complications. The potential problems of systemic hypotension, pulmonary embolism and infective endocarditis are outlined. Sudden death is a common and pregnancy is a major hazard.", "PMID": 589542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2920", "title": "Utilization of an evening/night hospital: first two years of operation.", "content": "This study examined the utilization of an integrated evening/night hospital by 234 psychiatric patients referred to the hospital during its first two years of operation. Neither age, sex, marital status, referral source or diagnosis were related to utilization. However, patients whose previous treatment involved traditional psychiatric care, either inpatient or outpatient, were less frequently admitted and less likely to complete the program once admitted, than were those patients reporting either day hospitalization or no treatment prior to their admission. There were steady increases in the number of referrals, number of different referring agents, average length of stay and average daily census as the program matured during the first two years of operation. While these data indicated an increase in the utilization of the evening portion of the program, there was a commensurate decrease in the utilization of the night portion of the program. As a result, the provision of overnight accommodation has been discontinued altogether.", "contents": "Utilization of an evening/night hospital: first two years of operation. This study examined the utilization of an integrated evening/night hospital by 234 psychiatric patients referred to the hospital during its first two years of operation. Neither age, sex, marital status, referral source or diagnosis were related to utilization. However, patients whose previous treatment involved traditional psychiatric care, either inpatient or outpatient, were less frequently admitted and less likely to complete the program once admitted, than were those patients reporting either day hospitalization or no treatment prior to their admission. There were steady increases in the number of referrals, number of different referring agents, average length of stay and average daily census as the program matured during the first two years of operation. While these data indicated an increase in the utilization of the evening portion of the program, there was a commensurate decrease in the utilization of the night portion of the program. As a result, the provision of overnight accommodation has been discontinued altogether.", "PMID": 589548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2921", "title": "Moral judgement and moral conduct in the psychopath.", "content": "The relationship between moral conduct and moral judgment was investigated by comparing moral reasoning of a psychopathic sample from a maximum security hospital for the criminal offender with a similar inmate, nonpsychopathic sample, and a group of \"normals\". Psychopaths obtained significantly higher scores on the Kohlberg scale of moral judgment than either of the other groups, for whom no differences were found. Results suggest the hypothesis that lack of guilt feelings in psychopaths facilitate the achievement of higher levels of moral judgment.", "contents": "Moral judgement and moral conduct in the psychopath. The relationship between moral conduct and moral judgment was investigated by comparing moral reasoning of a psychopathic sample from a maximum security hospital for the criminal offender with a similar inmate, nonpsychopathic sample, and a group of \"normals\". Psychopaths obtained significantly higher scores on the Kohlberg scale of moral judgment than either of the other groups, for whom no differences were found. Results suggest the hypothesis that lack of guilt feelings in psychopaths facilitate the achievement of higher levels of moral judgment.", "PMID": 589549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2922", "title": "On being therapeutic.", "content": "Psychotherapy is both an art and a science. The art deserves as careful study as does the science. In this paper the author puts forward the view that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is dependent to a marked degree upon certain innate characteristics of the therapist: these include his character structure, his personal values, and his spontaneous personality style. In order to explore this thesis, the author examines what has been written about some successful and well-known psychotherapists, by their patients, their colleagues, and their friends. He concludes that these therapists strongly evidenced the following characteristics: empathy and concern, caring and protectiveness, warmth, therapeutic forcefulness, expectation of improvement, freedom from despair, reliability, friendliness and respectfulness. It is felt that such factors in the therapist must be taken into account in order to achieve a view of psychotherapy which is not reductionistic.", "contents": "On being therapeutic. Psychotherapy is both an art and a science. The art deserves as careful study as does the science. In this paper the author puts forward the view that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is dependent to a marked degree upon certain innate characteristics of the therapist: these include his character structure, his personal values, and his spontaneous personality style. In order to explore this thesis, the author examines what has been written about some successful and well-known psychotherapists, by their patients, their colleagues, and their friends. He concludes that these therapists strongly evidenced the following characteristics: empathy and concern, caring and protectiveness, warmth, therapeutic forcefulness, expectation of improvement, freedom from despair, reliability, friendliness and respectfulness. It is felt that such factors in the therapist must be taken into account in order to achieve a view of psychotherapy which is not reductionistic.", "PMID": 589551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2923", "title": "Combination therapy for multiple myeloma.", "content": "The effect of six different chemotherapy regimens were evaluated in 462 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. In comparison with other treatments, drug combinations that included vincristine and were given at 3-week intervals were associated with higher response rates and longer survival times. No gain was noted from the use of Adriamycin or from combinations of alkylating agents unless vincristine was given and the treatment intervals were short. Seventy-one responding patients were allocated at random to maintenance treatment with intermittent courses of either azathioprine--prednisone or a combination of melphalan--cyclophosphamide--carmustine (BCNU)--prednisone. The survival time was not prolonged with either maintenance treatment in comparison with that for responding patients continued on other therapies or on no therapy in previous studies. Attempts to reduce tumor was maximally with a change in the therapeutic modality, such as with immunotherapy or radiotherapy, remain to be evaluated.", "contents": "Combination therapy for multiple myeloma. The effect of six different chemotherapy regimens were evaluated in 462 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. In comparison with other treatments, drug combinations that included vincristine and were given at 3-week intervals were associated with higher response rates and longer survival times. No gain was noted from the use of Adriamycin or from combinations of alkylating agents unless vincristine was given and the treatment intervals were short. Seventy-one responding patients were allocated at random to maintenance treatment with intermittent courses of either azathioprine--prednisone or a combination of melphalan--cyclophosphamide--carmustine (BCNU)--prednisone. The survival time was not prolonged with either maintenance treatment in comparison with that for responding patients continued on other therapies or on no therapy in previous studies. Attempts to reduce tumor was maximally with a change in the therapeutic modality, such as with immunotherapy or radiotherapy, remain to be evaluated.", "PMID": 589554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2924", "title": "Lack of effectiveness of combined 5- fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU therapy in advanced colorectal cancer.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with a combination of 5-Fluorouracil (FU) plus methyl-1,3-cis (2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). The treatment schedule program consisted of 5-FU, 300 mg/m2 i.v. bolus, daily for 5 days, repeated at 5-week cycles. MeCCNU was administered at a dose of 150 mg/m2 orally on day 1 of the initial 5-day course of FU and repeated at 10-week intervals. Eighty-four percent (44/52) of the patients with advanced measurable disease developed progressive disease by 4 months or one and a half cycles of therapy. Only two patients had definite partial regression of tumor over the period of observation. The median survival of all patients measured from the onset of treatment was 9 months and is comparable to literature reports of untreated advanced colorectal cancer. This therapeutic trial of combined FU and MeCCNU, employing a dose-schedule distinct from but comparable to previous studies has failed to confirm the substantial response rate reported by other investigators and reinforces the need for exploring new drugs and combinations of drugs in advanced colorectal cancer. The use of sequential plasma CEA determinations as a primary monitor of therapy is discussed in relationship to clinical trials and guidelines for determining significant quantitative changes in plasma CEA levels are recommended.", "contents": "Lack of effectiveness of combined 5- fluorouracil and methyl-CCNU therapy in advanced colorectal cancer. Fifty-two patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with a combination of 5-Fluorouracil (FU) plus methyl-1,3-cis (2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). The treatment schedule program consisted of 5-FU, 300 mg/m2 i.v. bolus, daily for 5 days, repeated at 5-week cycles. MeCCNU was administered at a dose of 150 mg/m2 orally on day 1 of the initial 5-day course of FU and repeated at 10-week intervals. Eighty-four percent (44/52) of the patients with advanced measurable disease developed progressive disease by 4 months or one and a half cycles of therapy. Only two patients had definite partial regression of tumor over the period of observation. The median survival of all patients measured from the onset of treatment was 9 months and is comparable to literature reports of untreated advanced colorectal cancer. This therapeutic trial of combined FU and MeCCNU, employing a dose-schedule distinct from but comparable to previous studies has failed to confirm the substantial response rate reported by other investigators and reinforces the need for exploring new drugs and combinations of drugs in advanced colorectal cancer. The use of sequential plasma CEA determinations as a primary monitor of therapy is discussed in relationship to clinical trials and guidelines for determining significant quantitative changes in plasma CEA levels are recommended.", "PMID": 589555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2925", "title": "A phase I study of pyrazofurin.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with advanced disseminated cancer were given progressively increasing doses of pyrazofurin to evaluate toxicity patterns and to establish the dosage that produces maximum therapeutic effect with clinically tolerable toxicity. The drug was given by intravenous injection over 5-day courses repeated every 2--3 weeks. Toxic reactions included stomatitis, myelosuppression, skin rash, erythema, proctitis, and occasional nausea and vomiting. Stomatitis was the dose-limiting toxicity and it occurred in 32 patients. Myelosuppression was mild to moderate. Of 75 evaluable courses for marrow toxicity, leukopenia occurred in 14 and thrombocytopenia in 28. Thrombocytopenia was apparently dose-independet. Marrow recovery was complete by day 21 of therapy. Twelve patients developed mild or severe cutaneous toxicity depending on dose. When mild, the skin changes consisted of self-limited erythema or rash, and when severe, bullous lesions and skin ulcers were also observed. Proctitis occurred in six patients and was associated with severe stomatitis. Nausea and vomiting were occasional and mild. There was no evidence of liver or renal toxicity. All toxic manifestations other than marrow toxicity were dose-related. No responses were observed. A reasonable dose schedule is 45 mg/m2/day X 5 repeated every 3 weeks. We recommend that Phase II studies be pursued particularly in diseases that have been shown to be sensitive to the drug.", "contents": "A phase I study of pyrazofurin. Sixty-one patients with advanced disseminated cancer were given progressively increasing doses of pyrazofurin to evaluate toxicity patterns and to establish the dosage that produces maximum therapeutic effect with clinically tolerable toxicity. The drug was given by intravenous injection over 5-day courses repeated every 2--3 weeks. Toxic reactions included stomatitis, myelosuppression, skin rash, erythema, proctitis, and occasional nausea and vomiting. Stomatitis was the dose-limiting toxicity and it occurred in 32 patients. Myelosuppression was mild to moderate. Of 75 evaluable courses for marrow toxicity, leukopenia occurred in 14 and thrombocytopenia in 28. Thrombocytopenia was apparently dose-independet. Marrow recovery was complete by day 21 of therapy. Twelve patients developed mild or severe cutaneous toxicity depending on dose. When mild, the skin changes consisted of self-limited erythema or rash, and when severe, bullous lesions and skin ulcers were also observed. Proctitis occurred in six patients and was associated with severe stomatitis. Nausea and vomiting were occasional and mild. There was no evidence of liver or renal toxicity. All toxic manifestations other than marrow toxicity were dose-related. No responses were observed. A reasonable dose schedule is 45 mg/m2/day X 5 repeated every 3 weeks. We recommend that Phase II studies be pursued particularly in diseases that have been shown to be sensitive to the drug.", "PMID": 589556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2926", "title": "Carcinoma of the pinna.", "content": "Ninety-seven consecutive cases of carcinoma of the pinna are reviewed in this report. Fifty-six of the tumors were basal cell and thirty-nine squamous cell carcinoma. Fifty patients were surgically treated and forty-five irradiated. Small and/or peripheral lesions were excised and the large and/or centrally located lesions referred for irradiation. Analysis of the results shows no difference in tumor control rate, and the complication rate was also comparable with both modalities. Although chondritis was seen in three cases after irradiation, it also occurred in one case after excision. Our results indicate that neither modality should be used with total exclusion of the other. Initial resection would seem preferable in small lesions where primary closure is possible and in extensive lesions where a good cosmetic result is precluded by the destruction of normal tissue. Radiotherapy seems of value in those lesions in which resection would result in objectionable cosmetic defect.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pinna. Ninety-seven consecutive cases of carcinoma of the pinna are reviewed in this report. Fifty-six of the tumors were basal cell and thirty-nine squamous cell carcinoma. Fifty patients were surgically treated and forty-five irradiated. Small and/or peripheral lesions were excised and the large and/or centrally located lesions referred for irradiation. Analysis of the results shows no difference in tumor control rate, and the complication rate was also comparable with both modalities. Although chondritis was seen in three cases after irradiation, it also occurred in one case after excision. Our results indicate that neither modality should be used with total exclusion of the other. Initial resection would seem preferable in small lesions where primary closure is possible and in extensive lesions where a good cosmetic result is precluded by the destruction of normal tissue. Radiotherapy seems of value in those lesions in which resection would result in objectionable cosmetic defect.", "PMID": 589557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2927", "title": "Extended field radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease: analysis of failures.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 116 primary cases of stage I, II and III-A Hodgkin's disease demonstrated 27 failures, fourteen confirmed by biopsy. Twenty of the 27 (74%) were in lymph node areas only and seven had extranodal extensions. The most frequent site of failure was the hilar nodes and contiguous lung. The majority of failures (78%) occurred within 30 months of treatment and the cause of failure determined in 23 (85%), sixteen of which were due to technical errors of irradiation. Analysis of the dosimetry in the mediastinal, hilar nodes and contiguous lung failures revealed three factors which may have contributed to a low dose. These factors are: 1) the equivalent square, 2) off-axis beam diminution, and 3) the anteroposterior dose profile. Combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy was more effective than either modality alone in the treatment of these failures.", "contents": "Extended field radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease: analysis of failures. A retrospective analysis of 116 primary cases of stage I, II and III-A Hodgkin's disease demonstrated 27 failures, fourteen confirmed by biopsy. Twenty of the 27 (74%) were in lymph node areas only and seven had extranodal extensions. The most frequent site of failure was the hilar nodes and contiguous lung. The majority of failures (78%) occurred within 30 months of treatment and the cause of failure determined in 23 (85%), sixteen of which were due to technical errors of irradiation. Analysis of the dosimetry in the mediastinal, hilar nodes and contiguous lung failures revealed three factors which may have contributed to a low dose. These factors are: 1) the equivalent square, 2) off-axis beam diminution, and 3) the anteroposterior dose profile. Combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy was more effective than either modality alone in the treatment of these failures.", "PMID": 589558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2928", "title": "Breast cancer following irradiation of the breast.", "content": "During the period 1927--1957 1,115 women were treated at Radiumhemmet, Sweden with ionizing radiation for different non-neoplastic conditions of the breast. The average follow-up period was 31.5 years. The number of breast cancers occurring after irradiation was found to be four times the expected number and the breast cancer incidence rate in the irradiated breasts is dependent on the age of the patient at the first irradiation.", "contents": "Breast cancer following irradiation of the breast. During the period 1927--1957 1,115 women were treated at Radiumhemmet, Sweden with ionizing radiation for different non-neoplastic conditions of the breast. The average follow-up period was 31.5 years. The number of breast cancers occurring after irradiation was found to be four times the expected number and the breast cancer incidence rate in the irradiated breasts is dependent on the age of the patient at the first irradiation.", "PMID": 589559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2929", "title": "Intralymphatic BCG in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies: a phase I study.", "content": "Thirteen patients with a variety of advanced gynecologic malignancies were administered BCG via the dorsal lymphatics of the lower extremity in addition to standard accepted forms of therapy. Prolonged febrile courses, lymphangitis and suppurative adenitis were observed along the lymphatic pathway of the injected lower limbs. There was no correlation between reaction to a standard anergy panel and survival. There was also no correlation between reaction to a standard anergy panel and the inflammatory response to intralymphatic BCG (ILP-BCG). There was, however, a positive correlation between the inflammatory response to ILP-BCG and survival. Intralymphatic administration of immunostimulants may conceivably be of value as ancillary therapy for use in gynecologic malignancy. However, complications of this approach to immunotherapy are significant and the method should not be used until complications are decreased.", "contents": "Intralymphatic BCG in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies: a phase I study. Thirteen patients with a variety of advanced gynecologic malignancies were administered BCG via the dorsal lymphatics of the lower extremity in addition to standard accepted forms of therapy. Prolonged febrile courses, lymphangitis and suppurative adenitis were observed along the lymphatic pathway of the injected lower limbs. There was no correlation between reaction to a standard anergy panel and survival. There was also no correlation between reaction to a standard anergy panel and the inflammatory response to intralymphatic BCG (ILP-BCG). There was, however, a positive correlation between the inflammatory response to ILP-BCG and survival. Intralymphatic administration of immunostimulants may conceivably be of value as ancillary therapy for use in gynecologic malignancy. However, complications of this approach to immunotherapy are significant and the method should not be used until complications are decreased.", "PMID": 589560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2930", "title": "Studies on carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen was determined before treatment in 101 patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus. If 2.5 ng/ml is accepted as the upper normal value, 34% of the patients with cancer of the corpus had elevated levels. Only 7% had values exceeding 5 ng/ml. The highest recorded value in endometrial carcinoma was 8.5 ng/ml. In adenocarcinoma of the cervix 68% had values over 2.5 ng/ml and a direct correlation between nodal metastases and plasma elevation of CEA was found. The highest recorded value for endocervical cancer was 108 ng/ml. No patient with localized disease had a value over 4.0 ng/ml. It is concluded that adenocarcinomas of the cervix and corpus have different biological properties, and that in adenocarcinoma of the cervix determination of CEA is a reliable indicator of the extent of disease.", "contents": "Studies on carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus. Carcinoembryonic antigen was determined before treatment in 101 patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterus. If 2.5 ng/ml is accepted as the upper normal value, 34% of the patients with cancer of the corpus had elevated levels. Only 7% had values exceeding 5 ng/ml. The highest recorded value in endometrial carcinoma was 8.5 ng/ml. In adenocarcinoma of the cervix 68% had values over 2.5 ng/ml and a direct correlation between nodal metastases and plasma elevation of CEA was found. The highest recorded value for endocervical cancer was 108 ng/ml. No patient with localized disease had a value over 4.0 ng/ml. It is concluded that adenocarcinomas of the cervix and corpus have different biological properties, and that in adenocarcinoma of the cervix determination of CEA is a reliable indicator of the extent of disease.", "PMID": 589561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2931", "title": "The reversible behavior of locally invasive endometrial carcinoma in a chromosomally mosaic (45,X/46,Xr(X)) young woman treated with Clomid.", "content": "A 22 year-old phenotypic female with a 45,x/46,x, r(x) mosaic complement had anovulatory cycles, histologically normal ovaries, and atypical endometrial hyperplasia which, when clinically followed by repeated biopsies, was found to progress to locally invasive endometrial carcinoma. This was successfully managed by the induction of ovulation with Clomid, which resulted in conversion of the endometrium to a normal secretory pattern for two subsequent years.", "contents": "The reversible behavior of locally invasive endometrial carcinoma in a chromosomally mosaic (45,X/46,Xr(X)) young woman treated with Clomid. A 22 year-old phenotypic female with a 45,x/46,x, r(x) mosaic complement had anovulatory cycles, histologically normal ovaries, and atypical endometrial hyperplasia which, when clinically followed by repeated biopsies, was found to progress to locally invasive endometrial carcinoma. This was successfully managed by the induction of ovulation with Clomid, which resulted in conversion of the endometrium to a normal secretory pattern for two subsequent years.", "PMID": 589562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2932", "title": "Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma.", "content": "Fifty examples of a distinctive clinicopathologic entity occurred in 49 patients who ranged in age from 8 to 70 (median 46) years. Forty-nine tumors were on the face, mainly the cheek, chin and forehead; most were present one to five years, and 85% of the patients were female. The growths varied in size from 3 to 8 mm; many were hard and annular, with a raised border and depressed nonulcerated center. Histologically, narrow strands of basaloid cells and epidermoid cyts infiltrated a fibrotic stroma. This tumor, which we have named desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, must be differentiated histologically from morphealike basal cell carcinoma, desmoplastic cutaneous metastasis, and certain benign adnexal neoplasms.", "contents": "Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. Fifty examples of a distinctive clinicopathologic entity occurred in 49 patients who ranged in age from 8 to 70 (median 46) years. Forty-nine tumors were on the face, mainly the cheek, chin and forehead; most were present one to five years, and 85% of the patients were female. The growths varied in size from 3 to 8 mm; many were hard and annular, with a raised border and depressed nonulcerated center. Histologically, narrow strands of basaloid cells and epidermoid cyts infiltrated a fibrotic stroma. This tumor, which we have named desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, must be differentiated histologically from morphealike basal cell carcinoma, desmoplastic cutaneous metastasis, and certain benign adnexal neoplasms.", "PMID": 589563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2933", "title": "Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Twelve cases of ovarian clear cell carcinoma were studied histologically. Four cases were examined electron microscopically and compared with other conditions. Five tumors were directly connected with ovarian endometriosis. They were histologically classified into a tubular type with hobnail cells and a solid type without tubular pattern or hobnail cells. Electron microscopic figures of the tumor cells are identical having large nuclei, abundant glycogen, lamellated RER, few lipid droplets, and sparse but well-developed microvilli. The basophilic dark cells frequently encountered in the tubular type are morphologically quite similar to clear cells excepting for sparsity of glycogen and lipid droplets. Alveolar arrangement of 6 to 10 tubular structures (honeycomb structure) resembling alveolate structure seen in late secretory endometrium was found in tumor cells of one case. Ultrastructural feature of clear cell carcinoma closely resemble those of Arias-Stella endometrium and clear cell carcinoma of endocervix suggesting their Muellerian origin.", "contents": "Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: light and electron microscopic studies. Twelve cases of ovarian clear cell carcinoma were studied histologically. Four cases were examined electron microscopically and compared with other conditions. Five tumors were directly connected with ovarian endometriosis. They were histologically classified into a tubular type with hobnail cells and a solid type without tubular pattern or hobnail cells. Electron microscopic figures of the tumor cells are identical having large nuclei, abundant glycogen, lamellated RER, few lipid droplets, and sparse but well-developed microvilli. The basophilic dark cells frequently encountered in the tubular type are morphologically quite similar to clear cells excepting for sparsity of glycogen and lipid droplets. Alveolar arrangement of 6 to 10 tubular structures (honeycomb structure) resembling alveolate structure seen in late secretory endometrium was found in tumor cells of one case. Ultrastructural feature of clear cell carcinoma closely resemble those of Arias-Stella endometrium and clear cell carcinoma of endocervix suggesting their Muellerian origin.", "PMID": 589565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2934", "title": "Extradural metastatic breast carcinoma detected on a bone scan.", "content": "A patient with an untreated breast carcinoma and a clinically minimally symptomatic, extradural spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic disease is described. The observation of an abnormally distended urinary bladder on a bone scan led to the prompt diagnosis and successful treatment of a total spinal cord block.", "contents": "Extradural metastatic breast carcinoma detected on a bone scan. A patient with an untreated breast carcinoma and a clinically minimally symptomatic, extradural spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic disease is described. The observation of an abnormally distended urinary bladder on a bone scan led to the prompt diagnosis and successful treatment of a total spinal cord block.", "PMID": 589566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2935", "title": "Dysplasias of uterine cervix: epidemiological aspects: role of age at first coitus and use of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Age at first coitus and use of oral contraceptives were studied in a highly homogeneous population (French Canadian) during a cytologic cervical cancer screening program. Both factors were known in 84,540 women without cervical lesions and in 2017 patients with mild and moderate dysplasia. Highly significant correlations were found between: early onset of sexual activity and occurrence of dysplasia; oral contraceptive use and occurrence of dysplasia; early age at first coitus and oral contraceptive use. When correlated for age at first coitus, there was a significant excess of dysplasias in oral contraceptive users. Dysplasia of the uterine cervix behaves epidemiologically like carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma, that is, essentially as a venereal disease. It remains to be seen whether all dysplasias form one continuum or whether there are two morphologically similar but biologically distinct forms of dysplasia: one more frequent, regressing spontaneously, the other relatively rare, progressing to carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Dysplasias of uterine cervix: epidemiological aspects: role of age at first coitus and use of oral contraceptives. Age at first coitus and use of oral contraceptives were studied in a highly homogeneous population (French Canadian) during a cytologic cervical cancer screening program. Both factors were known in 84,540 women without cervical lesions and in 2017 patients with mild and moderate dysplasia. Highly significant correlations were found between: early onset of sexual activity and occurrence of dysplasia; oral contraceptive use and occurrence of dysplasia; early age at first coitus and oral contraceptive use. When correlated for age at first coitus, there was a significant excess of dysplasias in oral contraceptive users. Dysplasia of the uterine cervix behaves epidemiologically like carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma, that is, essentially as a venereal disease. It remains to be seen whether all dysplasias form one continuum or whether there are two morphologically similar but biologically distinct forms of dysplasia: one more frequent, regressing spontaneously, the other relatively rare, progressing to carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 589567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2936", "title": "A solitary functioning osseous metastasis from a malignant pheochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl.", "content": "A case of a malignant phenochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl is reported. There was a solitary functional metastasis in the left femur, which was treated by hip disarticulation after removal of the primary. The patient is asymptomatic and free of further metastases after 3 years. Other reported cases of solitary metastases from malignant pheochromocytomas are cited. These occurred most frequently in the skeleton system, which is the most common site of distant metastases in malignant pheochromocytoma. The reported case and the review of the literature indicate that solitary or limited metastatic lesions should be treated surgically by partial or, when possible, complete resection.", "contents": "A solitary functioning osseous metastasis from a malignant pheochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl. A case of a malignant phenochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl is reported. There was a solitary functional metastasis in the left femur, which was treated by hip disarticulation after removal of the primary. The patient is asymptomatic and free of further metastases after 3 years. Other reported cases of solitary metastases from malignant pheochromocytomas are cited. These occurred most frequently in the skeleton system, which is the most common site of distant metastases in malignant pheochromocytoma. The reported case and the review of the literature indicate that solitary or limited metastatic lesions should be treated surgically by partial or, when possible, complete resection.", "PMID": 589568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2937", "title": "Comparison of the classification by microscopic level (stage) of malignant melanoma by three independent groups of pathologists.", "content": "The ability of groups of pathologists to classify and stage malignant melanoma varies with their familiarity with the new nomenclature proposed for that process. Primary lesions of malignant melanoma from 79 patients were independently examined and classified by community pathologists, university pathologists, and a referee pathologist all without access to each others diagnoses. The diagnoses of these groups were compared for agreement in variety of melanoma as well as depth of dermal penetration (stage or level). Greatest success (agreement with the referee) of both the community pathologists and the university pathologists was achieved when assessment of level of invasion (+/- 1) of the referee was compared (community pathologists = 94% +/- 12% agreement, university pathologists = 99% +/- 2% agreement). Our survey demonstrates that only a relatively small number of community pathologists (23%) employ the new nomenclature, but they do so with a facility equal to that of the university pathologists. Based upon this study and our continuing experiences, we recommend the review of all primary lesions of malignant melanoma by a pathologist or group experienced in the diagnosis and microscopic staging of the disease.", "contents": "Comparison of the classification by microscopic level (stage) of malignant melanoma by three independent groups of pathologists. The ability of groups of pathologists to classify and stage malignant melanoma varies with their familiarity with the new nomenclature proposed for that process. Primary lesions of malignant melanoma from 79 patients were independently examined and classified by community pathologists, university pathologists, and a referee pathologist all without access to each others diagnoses. The diagnoses of these groups were compared for agreement in variety of melanoma as well as depth of dermal penetration (stage or level). Greatest success (agreement with the referee) of both the community pathologists and the university pathologists was achieved when assessment of level of invasion (+/- 1) of the referee was compared (community pathologists = 94% +/- 12% agreement, university pathologists = 99% +/- 2% agreement). Our survey demonstrates that only a relatively small number of community pathologists (23%) employ the new nomenclature, but they do so with a facility equal to that of the university pathologists. Based upon this study and our continuing experiences, we recommend the review of all primary lesions of malignant melanoma by a pathologist or group experienced in the diagnosis and microscopic staging of the disease.", "PMID": 589569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2938", "title": "Epidemiologic and histologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease in blacks.", "content": "The epidemiologic pattern for Hodgkin's disease in blacks from two different communities in the United States was characterized by higher childhood rates and significantly lower rates in the young adult and older age groups than for whites. In addition, a significantly greater number of black patients belonged to low occupational groups. These observations and the different epidemiologic patterns for blacks in Southern Transvaal, South Africa, and other countries suggest that the natural history of Hodgkin's disease might be strongly influenced by social milieu. The variability in Rye subtype distribution, particularly for whites and blacks in the young adult and other age groups raise the possibility that age related environmental factors might be important in the histologic reactivity of the host.", "contents": "Epidemiologic and histologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease in blacks. The epidemiologic pattern for Hodgkin's disease in blacks from two different communities in the United States was characterized by higher childhood rates and significantly lower rates in the young adult and older age groups than for whites. In addition, a significantly greater number of black patients belonged to low occupational groups. These observations and the different epidemiologic patterns for blacks in Southern Transvaal, South Africa, and other countries suggest that the natural history of Hodgkin's disease might be strongly influenced by social milieu. The variability in Rye subtype distribution, particularly for whites and blacks in the young adult and other age groups raise the possibility that age related environmental factors might be important in the histologic reactivity of the host.", "PMID": 589570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2939", "title": "Systemic thermotherapy: description of a method and physiologic tolerance in clinical subjects.", "content": "A safe, effective method of inducing total body hyperthermia to 42 degrees C (108 degrees F) has been developed and applied to clinical subjects with advanced malignancy. Physiological and biochemical parameters have been studied to determine tolerance and detect toxicity. Treatments were well tolerated with appropriate life support measures, mainly fluid and electrolyte replacement. Occasional arrhythmias and superficial cutaneous burns were the major complications. No evidence of central nervous system dysfunction was detected. Serum enzyme elevations after treatment appeared to indicate hepatic cellular injury but no clinical problems resulted. Renal, pulmonary, and hematologic parameters showed no significant changes from baseline values. Two early deaths occurred in patients with massive liver replacement with tumor and such patients may not be appropriate subjects for hyperthermia.", "contents": "Systemic thermotherapy: description of a method and physiologic tolerance in clinical subjects. A safe, effective method of inducing total body hyperthermia to 42 degrees C (108 degrees F) has been developed and applied to clinical subjects with advanced malignancy. Physiological and biochemical parameters have been studied to determine tolerance and detect toxicity. Treatments were well tolerated with appropriate life support measures, mainly fluid and electrolyte replacement. Occasional arrhythmias and superficial cutaneous burns were the major complications. No evidence of central nervous system dysfunction was detected. Serum enzyme elevations after treatment appeared to indicate hepatic cellular injury but no clinical problems resulted. Renal, pulmonary, and hematologic parameters showed no significant changes from baseline values. Two early deaths occurred in patients with massive liver replacement with tumor and such patients may not be appropriate subjects for hyperthermia.", "PMID": 589572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2940", "title": "Benign blue nevus of the vagina.", "content": "Pigmented lesions of the vagina are very rare. A benign blue nevus of the vagina in a 73-year-old woman, diagnosed clinically as malignant melanoma, is presented. Although 15 cases of blue nevi of the uterine cervix have been reported, this is the first case of blue nevus located exclusively in the vagina.", "contents": "Benign blue nevus of the vagina. Pigmented lesions of the vagina are very rare. A benign blue nevus of the vagina in a 73-year-old woman, diagnosed clinically as malignant melanoma, is presented. Although 15 cases of blue nevi of the uterine cervix have been reported, this is the first case of blue nevus located exclusively in the vagina.", "PMID": 589575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2941", "title": "A school screening program that works.", "content": "Between 1974 and 1976, school nurses in Montreal screened 26,947 children in grades seven and eight for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Of these, 4.6% had scoliosis positively diagnosed by radiographic examination; 4.5% were idiopathic in nature. The nurses were part of the Shriners School Scoliosis Program--a program that has proven to be a clinically sound, cost effective way of detecting early scoliosis, providing consistent follow-up and treatment and preventing progression of the condition. What follows is a description of how cooperation and planning among existing health institutions can make a preventive program work.", "contents": "A school screening program that works. Between 1974 and 1976, school nurses in Montreal screened 26,947 children in grades seven and eight for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Of these, 4.6% had scoliosis positively diagnosed by radiographic examination; 4.5% were idiopathic in nature. The nurses were part of the Shriners School Scoliosis Program--a program that has proven to be a clinically sound, cost effective way of detecting early scoliosis, providing consistent follow-up and treatment and preventing progression of the condition. What follows is a description of how cooperation and planning among existing health institutions can make a preventive program work.", "PMID": 589576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2942", "title": "Epipodophyllotoxin VM-26 in the treatment of childhood neuroblastoma.", "content": "Thirteen children with disseminated neuroblastoma that had become refractory to conventional chemotherapy were treated with the epipodophyllotoxin VM-26. Three patients developed partial responses (greater than 50% reductions in tumors and in the proportion of tumor cells in bone marrow). Acute nonhematologic toxicity after treatment was minimal. Hematologic toxicity was observed but could not be assessed accurately since most patients had abnormal hematopoiesis due to extensive tumor involvement of bone marrow. These results demonstrate that VM-26, as a single agent, can produce measurable tumor responses in children with neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Epipodophyllotoxin VM-26 in the treatment of childhood neuroblastoma. Thirteen children with disseminated neuroblastoma that had become refractory to conventional chemotherapy were treated with the epipodophyllotoxin VM-26. Three patients developed partial responses (greater than 50% reductions in tumors and in the proportion of tumor cells in bone marrow). Acute nonhematologic toxicity after treatment was minimal. Hematologic toxicity was observed but could not be assessed accurately since most patients had abnormal hematopoiesis due to extensive tumor involvement of bone marrow. These results demonstrate that VM-26, as a single agent, can produce measurable tumor responses in children with neuroblastoma.", "PMID": 589594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2943", "title": "Implications of the 99mTc diphosphonate bone scan on treatment of primary breast cancer.", "content": "The 99mTc diphosphonate scan is important in the study of primary breast cancer. The short-term prognosis for scan-positive patients is poor. Serial bone scans provide a safe and reliable prognostic index in patients following mastectomy. By correlating the scan with biochemical tumor markers, a matrix of diagnostic tests may be developed that is capable of identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from systemic therapy.", "contents": "Implications of the 99mTc diphosphonate bone scan on treatment of primary breast cancer. The 99mTc diphosphonate scan is important in the study of primary breast cancer. The short-term prognosis for scan-positive patients is poor. Serial bone scans provide a safe and reliable prognostic index in patients following mastectomy. By correlating the scan with biochemical tumor markers, a matrix of diagnostic tests may be developed that is capable of identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from systemic therapy.", "PMID": 589595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2944", "title": "5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in a group of 15 patients with advanced mammary carcinoma significantly increased during weekly treatment with 5-fluorouracil, whereas serum free thyroxine levels and serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels were unchanged. No clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in these treated patients have been observed.", "contents": "5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in a group of 15 patients with advanced mammary carcinoma significantly increased during weekly treatment with 5-fluorouracil, whereas serum free thyroxine levels and serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels were unchanged. No clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in these treated patients have been observed.", "PMID": 589596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2945", "title": "Differential distribution of antitumor agents in primary and secondary tumors.", "content": "The differential distribution of a series of antineoplastic agents in metastatic tissues compared to their respective primary tumors has been investigated in one rat and two mouse experimental tumor systems, ie, the intramuscular Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) of C57BL/6 mice, which gives rise to spontaneous lung metastases, the intratibial Sarcoma 180 (S180) of CD1 mice, which induces macroscopic metastases to the lymph nodes, and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma of CD rats, which also metastasizes to the lymph nodes. The results described in this paper show that the concentrations of adriamycin, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide and its alkylating metabolites, hydroxyurea, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and 6-mercaptopurine are much higher in the pulmonary metastases of 3LL and/or in the lymph node metastases of S180 than the concentrations measured in the primary tumor. In the Walker 256 tumor system the distribution of adriamycin appears to follow the same pattern observed for the mouse tumors. Only for methotrexate (in the 3LL tumor) is the difference in the concentrations at the two sites not so evident. These findings are discussed in relation to the comparatively greater sensitivity of metastases to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Differential distribution of antitumor agents in primary and secondary tumors. The differential distribution of a series of antineoplastic agents in metastatic tissues compared to their respective primary tumors has been investigated in one rat and two mouse experimental tumor systems, ie, the intramuscular Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) of C57BL/6 mice, which gives rise to spontaneous lung metastases, the intratibial Sarcoma 180 (S180) of CD1 mice, which induces macroscopic metastases to the lymph nodes, and the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma of CD rats, which also metastasizes to the lymph nodes. The results described in this paper show that the concentrations of adriamycin, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide and its alkylating metabolites, hydroxyurea, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and 6-mercaptopurine are much higher in the pulmonary metastases of 3LL and/or in the lymph node metastases of S180 than the concentrations measured in the primary tumor. In the Walker 256 tumor system the distribution of adriamycin appears to follow the same pattern observed for the mouse tumors. Only for methotrexate (in the 3LL tumor) is the difference in the concentrations at the two sites not so evident. These findings are discussed in relation to the comparatively greater sensitivity of metastases to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 589598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2946", "title": "Tetrahydrouridine: Physiologic disposition and effect upon deamination of cytosine arabinoside in man.", "content": "[14C]-tetrahydrouridine (THU), a strong inhibitor of cytidine (CR) deaminase, was, after iv administration, rapidly and quantitatively cleared from the blood with a plasma half-life of about 1 hour. The main pathway of excretion was through the kidneys: most of a dose of 50 mg/kg was excreted within 12 hours and excretion was essentially complete within 48 hours. Oral administration of the same dose revealed absorption of about 10% from the gastrointestinal tract. THU at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg given 15 minutes before [3H]-cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) at a dose of 0.003 mg/kg produced about a two fold increase in ara-C blood levels at all times measured from 5 minutes to 4 hours, with only slight increases in the half-life of ara-C. A dose-related effect of THU upon the deamination of ara-C was obvious only during the time from 15 minutes to 1 hour after the injection of 3H-ara-C. The inhibitory effect of THU upon CR deaminase was also reflected in a considerably increased ratio of ara-C/uracil arabinoside in the urine.", "contents": "Tetrahydrouridine: Physiologic disposition and effect upon deamination of cytosine arabinoside in man. [14C]-tetrahydrouridine (THU), a strong inhibitor of cytidine (CR) deaminase, was, after iv administration, rapidly and quantitatively cleared from the blood with a plasma half-life of about 1 hour. The main pathway of excretion was through the kidneys: most of a dose of 50 mg/kg was excreted within 12 hours and excretion was essentially complete within 48 hours. Oral administration of the same dose revealed absorption of about 10% from the gastrointestinal tract. THU at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg given 15 minutes before [3H]-cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) at a dose of 0.003 mg/kg produced about a two fold increase in ara-C blood levels at all times measured from 5 minutes to 4 hours, with only slight increases in the half-life of ara-C. A dose-related effect of THU upon the deamination of ara-C was obvious only during the time from 15 minutes to 1 hour after the injection of 3H-ara-C. The inhibitory effect of THU upon CR deaminase was also reflected in a considerably increased ratio of ara-C/uracil arabinoside in the urine.", "PMID": 589600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2947", "title": "Combinations of tetrahydrouridine and cytosine arabinoside in mouse tumors.", "content": "Thirteen experimental mouse neoplasms were tested by cytidine (CR)-deaminase and deoxycytidine (dCR)-kinase levels. Four neoplasms, Sarcoma T241, Adenocarcinoma E0771, Lewis lung carcinoma (LL), and Sarcoma 180 Japan (S180J), considered to have high deaminase and sufficient dCR-kinase activities, were tested in vivo for combination chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and the CR-deaminase inhibitor, tetrahydrouridine (THU). THU did not significantly improve the growth inhibition of ara-C in a wide range of combinations in T241, E0771, LL, and the solid form of S180J, but more than doubled the survival time of the S180J ascites-bearing animals. Toxicity in the form of weight loss and toxic deaths was observed in some but not all groups, especially at high dosages of ara-C and THU. Tissue distribution of [3H]-ara-C and [14C]-THU in T241-bearing mice revealed an accelerated clearance of ara-C-derived radioactivity under the influence of THU in the tumor and five host tissues, but not in the small intestines. With the exception of the small intestines, clearance of THU-derived radioactivity was faster in all tissues studied compared to the clearance of [3H]-ara-C-derived radioactivity. Intracellular CR-deaminase levels were inhibited significantly, ie, dose dependent, in tumor and host kidney after a single ip injection of THU to E0771--bearing mice. In the solid S180J, with or without simultaneous ip administration of THU, [3H]-ara-C was not converted to 5'-di- and tri-phosphates at all. In mice bearing the ascites form of S180J, [3H]-ara-C was extensively converted to ara-C 5'-di- and tri-phosphates. THU increased both overall ara-C-derived radioactivity and the relative amounts of ara-C 5'-di- and tri-phosphates.", "contents": "Combinations of tetrahydrouridine and cytosine arabinoside in mouse tumors. Thirteen experimental mouse neoplasms were tested by cytidine (CR)-deaminase and deoxycytidine (dCR)-kinase levels. Four neoplasms, Sarcoma T241, Adenocarcinoma E0771, Lewis lung carcinoma (LL), and Sarcoma 180 Japan (S180J), considered to have high deaminase and sufficient dCR-kinase activities, were tested in vivo for combination chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and the CR-deaminase inhibitor, tetrahydrouridine (THU). THU did not significantly improve the growth inhibition of ara-C in a wide range of combinations in T241, E0771, LL, and the solid form of S180J, but more than doubled the survival time of the S180J ascites-bearing animals. Toxicity in the form of weight loss and toxic deaths was observed in some but not all groups, especially at high dosages of ara-C and THU. Tissue distribution of [3H]-ara-C and [14C]-THU in T241-bearing mice revealed an accelerated clearance of ara-C-derived radioactivity under the influence of THU in the tumor and five host tissues, but not in the small intestines. With the exception of the small intestines, clearance of THU-derived radioactivity was faster in all tissues studied compared to the clearance of [3H]-ara-C-derived radioactivity. Intracellular CR-deaminase levels were inhibited significantly, ie, dose dependent, in tumor and host kidney after a single ip injection of THU to E0771--bearing mice. In the solid S180J, with or without simultaneous ip administration of THU, [3H]-ara-C was not converted to 5'-di- and tri-phosphates at all. In mice bearing the ascites form of S180J, [3H]-ara-C was extensively converted to ara-C 5'-di- and tri-phosphates. THU increased both overall ara-C-derived radioactivity and the relative amounts of ara-C 5'-di- and tri-phosphates.", "PMID": 589601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2948", "title": "Adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer: a review of experimental and clinical data.", "content": "Animal and human studies of adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer are reviewed and discussed. From the animal data it is concluded that the activity of levamisole is dose-dependent, more effective on slow-growing tumors, affects metastasis formation, preferentially is best when levamisole is used as an adjuvant to the usual cytoreductive treatments and that tumor enhancement is not expected. Clinical findings are put into perspective of the animal data and the most appropriate clinical situations are indicated.", "contents": "Adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer: a review of experimental and clinical data. Animal and human studies of adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer are reviewed and discussed. From the animal data it is concluded that the activity of levamisole is dose-dependent, more effective on slow-growing tumors, affects metastasis formation, preferentially is best when levamisole is used as an adjuvant to the usual cytoreductive treatments and that tumor enhancement is not expected. Clinical findings are put into perspective of the animal data and the most appropriate clinical situations are indicated.", "PMID": 589606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2949", "title": "Fibrinolysis and antifibrinolytic drugs in the growth and spread of tumours.", "content": "In the last few years increased release of fibrinolytic enzymes from malignant cells has been observed, but the significance of this property in relation to malignant growth is still not fully understood. Antifibrinolytic drugs decrease the growth rate of some experimental tumours and might have a similar effect on human malignant tumours. Antifibrinolytic drugs might also decrease the intravascular shedding of tumour cells from primary tumours, but might on the other hand enhance the lodgement of those metastatic tumour cells already in the vascular bed of recipient organs.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis and antifibrinolytic drugs in the growth and spread of tumours. In the last few years increased release of fibrinolytic enzymes from malignant cells has been observed, but the significance of this property in relation to malignant growth is still not fully understood. Antifibrinolytic drugs decrease the growth rate of some experimental tumours and might have a similar effect on human malignant tumours. Antifibrinolytic drugs might also decrease the intravascular shedding of tumour cells from primary tumours, but might on the other hand enhance the lodgement of those metastatic tumour cells already in the vascular bed of recipient organs.", "PMID": 589607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2950", "title": "Klebsiella serotype-13 capsular polysaccharide: primary structure and depolymerization by a bacteriophage-borne glycanase.", "content": "Periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, methylation analysis including uronic acid degradation, partial hydrolysis with acid, bacteriophage degradation, and p.m.r. spectroscopy have been used to elucidate the primary structure of the Klebsiella serotype-13 capsular polysaccharide. The polymer consists of pentasaccharide repeating-units comprising a 4)-beta-D-Manp-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to chain with a 3,4-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-GlcAp-(1 leads to branch at position 3 of the mannose. It is shown that there is a glycanase activity associated with particles of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 13, which catalyses hydrolysis of chain beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-Manp linkages in the type-13 polysaccharide. The chemical basis of some serological cross-reactions of the Klebsiella K13 antigen is discussed.", "contents": "Klebsiella serotype-13 capsular polysaccharide: primary structure and depolymerization by a bacteriophage-borne glycanase. Periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, methylation analysis including uronic acid degradation, partial hydrolysis with acid, bacteriophage degradation, and p.m.r. spectroscopy have been used to elucidate the primary structure of the Klebsiella serotype-13 capsular polysaccharide. The polymer consists of pentasaccharide repeating-units comprising a 4)-beta-D-Manp-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to chain with a 3,4-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-GlcAp-(1 leads to branch at position 3 of the mannose. It is shown that there is a glycanase activity associated with particles of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 13, which catalyses hydrolysis of chain beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-Manp linkages in the type-13 polysaccharide. The chemical basis of some serological cross-reactions of the Klebsiella K13 antigen is discussed.", "PMID": 589608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2951", "title": "The kinetocardiogram during the isoproterenol test for the assessment of coronary heart disease.", "content": "50 patients, 20 without heart disease and 30 with coronary heart disease (CHD), were studied by kinetocardiography (KCG), before and after administration of isoproterenol (initial dose 2 microgram/min, maximum dose 6 microgram/min). In the control subjects the KCG was unaffected by the drug. In contrast, in most of the patients with CHD isoproterenol induced the appearance or the increase of paradoxical systolic bulges, which are regarded as the expression of ventricular dyskinesia resulting from isoproterenol-induced transient regional ischemia. This test is recommended as a valuable noninvasive method for the diagnosis of ischemic ventricular dyskinesia.", "contents": "The kinetocardiogram during the isoproterenol test for the assessment of coronary heart disease. 50 patients, 20 without heart disease and 30 with coronary heart disease (CHD), were studied by kinetocardiography (KCG), before and after administration of isoproterenol (initial dose 2 microgram/min, maximum dose 6 microgram/min). In the control subjects the KCG was unaffected by the drug. In contrast, in most of the patients with CHD isoproterenol induced the appearance or the increase of paradoxical systolic bulges, which are regarded as the expression of ventricular dyskinesia resulting from isoproterenol-induced transient regional ischemia. This test is recommended as a valuable noninvasive method for the diagnosis of ischemic ventricular dyskinesia.", "PMID": 589610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2952", "title": "Cardiac output monitoring during the acute phase of myocardial infarction: accuracy and precision of the thermodilution method.", "content": "A triple human catheter was used for the determination of cardiac output during the acute phase of moycardial infarction in 23 patients. The correlation coefficient between thermodilution and the Fick method was 0.91. Precision of the method assessed by multiple repeated determinations was 4.8 or 5.6%. Quadruplicate determinations allowed to detect variations of cardiac output in the range of 0.465 1/min. Variation between two successive determinations of more than 9.4% can probably be attributed to a technical error.", "contents": "Cardiac output monitoring during the acute phase of myocardial infarction: accuracy and precision of the thermodilution method. A triple human catheter was used for the determination of cardiac output during the acute phase of moycardial infarction in 23 patients. The correlation coefficient between thermodilution and the Fick method was 0.91. Precision of the method assessed by multiple repeated determinations was 4.8 or 5.6%. Quadruplicate determinations allowed to detect variations of cardiac output in the range of 0.465 1/min. Variation between two successive determinations of more than 9.4% can probably be attributed to a technical error.", "PMID": 589611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2953", "title": "Postural effects on the noninvasive baselines of ventricular performance.", "content": "The effects of posture on time-based noninvasive measurements were determined utilizing the sequence supine-sitting-standing in a formal protocol in which observer biases were eliminated by blinding the measurement and calculation phases. Compared to the supine posture, the sitting and standing postures produced significant increases in heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, pre-ejection period and pre-ejection periog/left-ventricular ejection time and significant decreases in ejection time and ejection time index. The response patterns are consistent with their hemodynamic correlates cited in the literature which show increased adrenergic activity and decreased venous return in the sitting and standing postures, the effect on venous return being dominant.", "contents": "Postural effects on the noninvasive baselines of ventricular performance. The effects of posture on time-based noninvasive measurements were determined utilizing the sequence supine-sitting-standing in a formal protocol in which observer biases were eliminated by blinding the measurement and calculation phases. Compared to the supine posture, the sitting and standing postures produced significant increases in heart rate, isovolumic contraction time, pre-ejection period and pre-ejection periog/left-ventricular ejection time and significant decreases in ejection time and ejection time index. The response patterns are consistent with their hemodynamic correlates cited in the literature which show increased adrenergic activity and decreased venous return in the sitting and standing postures, the effect on venous return being dominant.", "PMID": 589612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2954", "title": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintiphotos in patients admitted to rule out acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) cardiac scintiphotos were performed on 101 of 221 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit to rule out acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Criteria were defined for the diagnosis of AMI, variant angina and unstable angina. 42 patients were diagnosed as having had an AMI. 22 patients had transmural and 20 patients had nontransmural AMI. 40 of the 42 patients with AMI (95%) had positive scintophotos; 2 (5%) had negative scintiphotos. 59 patients did not have an AMI; (97%) had negative scintiphotos. Four of these 59 patients had variant angina; all had negative scintiphotos. Seven of these 59 patients had unstable angina; 2 had positive scintiphotos. Tc-PYP scintiphotos have high sensitivity and specificity and are accurate in correctly classifying patients as having or not having AMI.", "contents": "Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintiphotos in patients admitted to rule out acute myocardial infarction. Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) cardiac scintiphotos were performed on 101 of 221 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit to rule out acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Criteria were defined for the diagnosis of AMI, variant angina and unstable angina. 42 patients were diagnosed as having had an AMI. 22 patients had transmural and 20 patients had nontransmural AMI. 40 of the 42 patients with AMI (95%) had positive scintophotos; 2 (5%) had negative scintiphotos. 59 patients did not have an AMI; (97%) had negative scintiphotos. Four of these 59 patients had variant angina; all had negative scintiphotos. Seven of these 59 patients had unstable angina; 2 had positive scintiphotos. Tc-PYP scintiphotos have high sensitivity and specificity and are accurate in correctly classifying patients as having or not having AMI.", "PMID": 589613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2955", "title": "On the frequency of early systolic clicks in mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Phonocardiography was performed in 74 patients with mitral valve prolapse. 24 patients had early systolic clicks (less than 80 msec from S1). Four of them had associated systolic murmurs. 30 patients had mid or late systolic clicks (greater than 80 msec from S1). A systolic murmur followed the click in 13 of these patients. Both an early and mid/late systolic click were noted in three patients. 17 patients did not have systolic murmurs. Seven patients had 'silent' mitral valve prolapse. In summary, early systolic clicks are common  in mitral valve prolapse. In many instances the early click is not accompanied by a murmur. Echocardiography is recommended in patients with chest pain or arrhythmia of uncertain etiology, even if characteristic signs of mitral valve prolapse are absent.", "contents": "On the frequency of early systolic clicks in mitral valve prolapse. Phonocardiography was performed in 74 patients with mitral valve prolapse. 24 patients had early systolic clicks (less than 80 msec from S1). Four of them had associated systolic murmurs. 30 patients had mid or late systolic clicks (greater than 80 msec from S1). A systolic murmur followed the click in 13 of these patients. Both an early and mid/late systolic click were noted in three patients. 17 patients did not have systolic murmurs. Seven patients had 'silent' mitral valve prolapse. In summary, early systolic clicks are common  in mitral valve prolapse. In many instances the early click is not accompanied by a murmur. Echocardiography is recommended in patients with chest pain or arrhythmia of uncertain etiology, even if characteristic signs of mitral valve prolapse are absent.", "PMID": 589614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2956", "title": "The action of theophylline on potassium uptake in cardiac purkinje fibers.", "content": "The effect of theophylline on potassium uptake of cardiac Purkinje fibers was studied under different conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) theophylline decreases K uptake and enhances Purkinje fiber automaticity; (2) norepinephrine and high [Ca]0 counteract the decrease in K uptake induced by theophylline; (3) adrenergic receptor blockers do not modify the effect of theophylline on K uptake; (4) norepinephrine increases K uptake and this effect is potentiated by theophylline and is little affected by imidazole and acetylcholine. It is concluded that theophylline may depress K uptake by releasing intracellular calcium and thereby inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump. However, theophylline potentiates the effect of norepinephrine on K uptake probably by enhancing the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.", "contents": "The action of theophylline on potassium uptake in cardiac purkinje fibers. The effect of theophylline on potassium uptake of cardiac Purkinje fibers was studied under different conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) theophylline decreases K uptake and enhances Purkinje fiber automaticity; (2) norepinephrine and high [Ca]0 counteract the decrease in K uptake induced by theophylline; (3) adrenergic receptor blockers do not modify the effect of theophylline on K uptake; (4) norepinephrine increases K uptake and this effect is potentiated by theophylline and is little affected by imidazole and acetylcholine. It is concluded that theophylline may depress K uptake by releasing intracellular calcium and thereby inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump. However, theophylline potentiates the effect of norepinephrine on K uptake probably by enhancing the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 589615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2957", "title": "Simultaneous atrial and A-V junctional tachycardia.", "content": "Three cases of simultaneous atrial and a-v junctional tachycardia, related to the administration of digitalis and occurring in a short period of 16 months, are reported. Severe myocardial damage, anoxia and shock may decrease markedly the tolerance of the myocardium to digitalis, and thus predispose to the occurrence of simultaneous atrial and a-v junctional tachycardia.", "contents": "Simultaneous atrial and A-V junctional tachycardia. Three cases of simultaneous atrial and a-v junctional tachycardia, related to the administration of digitalis and occurring in a short period of 16 months, are reported. Severe myocardial damage, anoxia and shock may decrease markedly the tolerance of the myocardium to digitalis, and thus predispose to the occurrence of simultaneous atrial and a-v junctional tachycardia.", "PMID": 589616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2958", "title": "Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical spectrum and coronary arterial distribution.", "content": "Coronary angiograms were reviewed in 31 patients with idiopathic prolapse of the posterior mitral leaflet. There were 19 males and 12 females, ranging in age from 33 to 69. The coronary artery which supplied the posterior descending branch was designated as dominant. There were 27 dominant right coronary arteries and 4 dominant left coronary arteries. Attention was paid to whether the origin of the vessel which courses in the posterior atrioventricular groove branch was from the right coronary artery or the left circumflex. In the dominant right coronary artery group, the arterioventricular groove branch arose from the right coronary artery alone in 6 and from the left circumflex alone in 1 patient, and in 20 patients, from both. In the dominant left coronary artery group, the atrioventricular groove branch arose from the left coronary artery in all 4 patients. The frequency of dominant right coronary artery and left coronary and the origin of the atrioventricular groove branch did not differ in the patients with prolapse of the mitral valve from a control group of 30 patients similarly analyzed. In all instances, the atrioventricular groove branch arose from either the right coronary artery ro the left circumflex, or both. In no case was the arterioventricular groove branch totally absent. The results of this investigation do not support the thesis, previously advanced by others, that prolapse of the mitral valve is related to absence of the left circumflex coronary artery, but indicate a normal range of variation in coronary arterial distribution.", "contents": "Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical spectrum and coronary arterial distribution. Coronary angiograms were reviewed in 31 patients with idiopathic prolapse of the posterior mitral leaflet. There were 19 males and 12 females, ranging in age from 33 to 69. The coronary artery which supplied the posterior descending branch was designated as dominant. There were 27 dominant right coronary arteries and 4 dominant left coronary arteries. Attention was paid to whether the origin of the vessel which courses in the posterior atrioventricular groove branch was from the right coronary artery or the left circumflex. In the dominant right coronary artery group, the arterioventricular groove branch arose from the right coronary artery alone in 6 and from the left circumflex alone in 1 patient, and in 20 patients, from both. In the dominant left coronary artery group, the atrioventricular groove branch arose from the left coronary artery in all 4 patients. The frequency of dominant right coronary artery and left coronary and the origin of the atrioventricular groove branch did not differ in the patients with prolapse of the mitral valve from a control group of 30 patients similarly analyzed. In all instances, the atrioventricular groove branch arose from either the right coronary artery ro the left circumflex, or both. In no case was the arterioventricular groove branch totally absent. The results of this investigation do not support the thesis, previously advanced by others, that prolapse of the mitral valve is related to absence of the left circumflex coronary artery, but indicate a normal range of variation in coronary arterial distribution.", "PMID": 589618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2959", "title": "His bundle electrocardiography in the Wolff-Parkinson-syndrome. Evidence for combination of James and Mahaim conduction.", "content": "His bundle electrographic studies with atrial pacing in 2 of 8 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome demonstrated evidence for the combination of a James tract and Mahaim fibers. During normal sinus rhythm these 2 patients had P-H intervals of 65 and 75 msec and H-Q intervals of 15 and 35 msec, respectively. On atrial pacing, the P-H intervals showed a small increase with the H-Q intervals remaining constant. The QRS duration, delta-wave duration and P-J intervals remained relatively constant. These observations strikingly contrasted with the findings typical of Kenty-type conduction in the remaining 6 patients in whom during sinus rhythm, the His depolarization occurred simultaneously with the onset of the delta-wave on the surface ECG. During atrial pacing (ranges 85-174/min), in these 6 patients, there was a progressive increase in the duration of the delta-wave, gradual increase in the P-H and Q-H intervals, and an increase in the QRS duration. 5 of these 6 patients showed a progressive increase in the P-J intervals. These observations suggest a practival method for determining in the individual patient whether anomalous conduction is occurring via a Kent-type pathway or a combination of a James tract and Mahaim fibers arranged in series.", "contents": "His bundle electrocardiography in the Wolff-Parkinson-syndrome. Evidence for combination of James and Mahaim conduction. His bundle electrographic studies with atrial pacing in 2 of 8 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome demonstrated evidence for the combination of a James tract and Mahaim fibers. During normal sinus rhythm these 2 patients had P-H intervals of 65 and 75 msec and H-Q intervals of 15 and 35 msec, respectively. On atrial pacing, the P-H intervals showed a small increase with the H-Q intervals remaining constant. The QRS duration, delta-wave duration and P-J intervals remained relatively constant. These observations strikingly contrasted with the findings typical of Kenty-type conduction in the remaining 6 patients in whom during sinus rhythm, the His depolarization occurred simultaneously with the onset of the delta-wave on the surface ECG. During atrial pacing (ranges 85-174/min), in these 6 patients, there was a progressive increase in the duration of the delta-wave, gradual increase in the P-H and Q-H intervals, and an increase in the QRS duration. 5 of these 6 patients showed a progressive increase in the P-J intervals. These observations suggest a practival method for determining in the individual patient whether anomalous conduction is occurring via a Kent-type pathway or a combination of a James tract and Mahaim fibers arranged in series.", "PMID": 589619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2960", "title": "Evaluation of the exercise test in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease.", "content": "100 male patients with at least 75% obstruction of one or more coronary arteries were subjected to submaximal exercise tests. Among the 73 subjects who had positive tests, 92% of those with one-vessel obstruction had an ST depression of 1 mm, none having more than 2 mm; by contrast, 44% of those with three-vessel disease had an ST depression of more than 2 mm and only 27% on ST depression of 1 mm. Left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure exceeded 15 mm Hg in 86% of the patients who had an ST depression of more than 2 mm but only in 33% of those with a depression of 1 mm; impaired contractility was found in 81% of the former and in 36% of the latter. 92% of those with one-vessel obstruction were able to perform work of 75 and 100 W/min while only 25% of those with three-vessel disease were able to perform the same amount of work. The peak exercise heart rate and systolic blood pressure also decreased with the increase in the number of affected vessels.", "contents": "Evaluation of the exercise test in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. 100 male patients with at least 75% obstruction of one or more coronary arteries were subjected to submaximal exercise tests. Among the 73 subjects who had positive tests, 92% of those with one-vessel obstruction had an ST depression of 1 mm, none having more than 2 mm; by contrast, 44% of those with three-vessel disease had an ST depression of more than 2 mm and only 27% on ST depression of 1 mm. Left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure exceeded 15 mm Hg in 86% of the patients who had an ST depression of more than 2 mm but only in 33% of those with a depression of 1 mm; impaired contractility was found in 81% of the former and in 36% of the latter. 92% of those with one-vessel obstruction were able to perform work of 75 and 100 W/min while only 25% of those with three-vessel disease were able to perform the same amount of work. The peak exercise heart rate and systolic blood pressure also decreased with the increase in the number of affected vessels.", "PMID": 589620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2961", "title": "Clinical and electrocardiographic correlations in pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale).", "content": "It is now possible to diagnose early cor pulmonale by utilizing electrocardiographic fluctuations which are the result of moderate pulmonary hypertension and the accompanying effect upon right ventricular function. This holds whether the ECG alterations are produced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or by the rarer forms of obliterative lung disease. The late stage of cor pulmonale, in which right ventricular hypertrophy is manifest, should now be rarely encountered in view of our improved understanding of cor pulmonale and more rational therapeutic approaches to the underlying disorders.", "contents": "Clinical and electrocardiographic correlations in pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale). It is now possible to diagnose early cor pulmonale by utilizing electrocardiographic fluctuations which are the result of moderate pulmonary hypertension and the accompanying effect upon right ventricular function. This holds whether the ECG alterations are produced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or by the rarer forms of obliterative lung disease. The late stage of cor pulmonale, in which right ventricular hypertrophy is manifest, should now be rarely encountered in view of our improved understanding of cor pulmonale and more rational therapeutic approaches to the underlying disorders.", "PMID": 589625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2962", "title": "XYZ electrocardiography: correlations with conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram.", "content": "This brief describes (1) the significance of deflections recorded by the XYZ leads, (2) important diagnostic features of the XYZ leads in different normal and abnormal conditions, and (3) some of the discrepancies between the conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram and the XYZ leads.", "contents": "XYZ electrocardiography: correlations with conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram. This brief describes (1) the significance of deflections recorded by the XYZ leads, (2) important diagnostic features of the XYZ leads in different normal and abnormal conditions, and (3) some of the discrepancies between the conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram and the XYZ leads.", "PMID": 589627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2963", "title": "Changes in phasic femoral artery flow induced by various stimuli: a study with percutaneous pulsed Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Transcutaneous blood flow measurements were performed by means of pulsed Doppler ultrasound flowmeter in the femoral artery of healthy subjects. The pulsatile flow pattern was changed characteristically from resting state by postocclusive reactive hyperaemia, by the application of amyl nitrite, xanthinol nicotinate, and angiotensin amide. During reactive hyperaemia systolic flow was increased, diastolic reverse flow was abolished, and the forward flow continued throughout diastole. Amyl nitrite augmented thenegative flow phase and reduced mean flow, while xanthinol nicotinate decreased the negative component and augmented mean flow. Angiotensin amide produced enhancement of the average flow by elevating systolic and diastolic flow equally over the base line. In each of these interventions the changes in flow were determined mainly by variations during the diastolic flow phase.", "contents": "Changes in phasic femoral artery flow induced by various stimuli: a study with percutaneous pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Transcutaneous blood flow measurements were performed by means of pulsed Doppler ultrasound flowmeter in the femoral artery of healthy subjects. The pulsatile flow pattern was changed characteristically from resting state by postocclusive reactive hyperaemia, by the application of amyl nitrite, xanthinol nicotinate, and angiotensin amide. During reactive hyperaemia systolic flow was increased, diastolic reverse flow was abolished, and the forward flow continued throughout diastole. Amyl nitrite augmented thenegative flow phase and reduced mean flow, while xanthinol nicotinate decreased the negative component and augmented mean flow. Angiotensin amide produced enhancement of the average flow by elevating systolic and diastolic flow equally over the base line. In each of these interventions the changes in flow were determined mainly by variations during the diastolic flow phase.", "PMID": 589631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2964", "title": "Electrophysiological changes in the canine atrium and ventricle during progressive hyperkalaemia: electrocardiographical correlates and the in vivo validation of in vitro predictions.", "content": "The electrophysiological response to hyperkalaemia was reinvestigated in the whole dog for several reasons including: the paucity of comparative electrophysiological and electrocardiographical studies in which atrial and ventricular tissues were simultaneously investigated; the contrast between the clarity of findings in previous in vitro studies as compared with the rather conflicting results in earlier in vivo investigations; and the difficulty in validating the extrapolation from in vitro results and theory to the in vivo situation because of deficiences in the literature. Biphasic alterations in atrial and ventricular conduction times as well as excitability in response to progressively increasing hyperkalaemia were documented. The alterations in conduction times were reflected quite accurately by relevant electrocardiographical changes. Experiments in the whole animal were designed to test predictions based on membrane theory: the results offering strong support for the validity of extrapolating from the in vitro to the in vivo situation. The results of this study should help clarify and render interpretable many of the seemingly conflicting results in the literature.", "contents": "Electrophysiological changes in the canine atrium and ventricle during progressive hyperkalaemia: electrocardiographical correlates and the in vivo validation of in vitro predictions. The electrophysiological response to hyperkalaemia was reinvestigated in the whole dog for several reasons including: the paucity of comparative electrophysiological and electrocardiographical studies in which atrial and ventricular tissues were simultaneously investigated; the contrast between the clarity of findings in previous in vitro studies as compared with the rather conflicting results in earlier in vivo investigations; and the difficulty in validating the extrapolation from in vitro results and theory to the in vivo situation because of deficiences in the literature. Biphasic alterations in atrial and ventricular conduction times as well as excitability in response to progressively increasing hyperkalaemia were documented. The alterations in conduction times were reflected quite accurately by relevant electrocardiographical changes. Experiments in the whole animal were designed to test predictions based on membrane theory: the results offering strong support for the validity of extrapolating from the in vitro to the in vivo situation. The results of this study should help clarify and render interpretable many of the seemingly conflicting results in the literature.", "PMID": 589632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2965", "title": "Effects of isolated right and left ventricular stretch on regional arteriolar resistance.", "content": "In order to evaluate right and left ventricular stretch receptors without concomitantly stimulating those of the contralateral ventricle, 12 dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloons connected to compliant reservoirs were introduced into the right and left ventricles. Changes in systemic, gracilis muscle, and paw perfusion pressure at a constant flow were used as indices of systemic, muscle, and cutaneous vascular resistance. To induce left ventricular stretch, the balloon in that chanber was rapidly inflated from a mean pressure of 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) to a mean pressure of 7.32 kPa (55 mmHg) for 15s (6.00 kPa [45mmHg] increment). For right ventricular stretch, the pressure was increased from 0.67 to 4.00 kPa (5 to 30 mmHg) for 30 s (3.34 kPa [25 mmHg] increment). Both left and right ventricular stretch produced a significant fall in systemic (-4.92 kPa [-37 mmHg], -36%) and gracilis muscle (-5.59 kPa [-42 mmHg], -30%) perfusion pressure, with only minimal changes in cutaneous vascular resistance (-0.80 kPa [-6 mmHg], -4%). This reflex was found to be vagally mediated, to have a low threshold for stimulation (left ventricle, 0.67 kPa [5 mmHg] increment; right ventricle, 1.33 kPa [10 mmHg] increment), and to have a neurogenic sympathetic alpha-adrenergic efferent limb. The low threshold for stimulation suggests that these reflexes may play a physiological role with changes in body position and may be important in such pathological conditions as semilunar valvular stenosis and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effects of isolated right and left ventricular stretch on regional arteriolar resistance. In order to evaluate right and left ventricular stretch receptors without concomitantly stimulating those of the contralateral ventricle, 12 dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloons connected to compliant reservoirs were introduced into the right and left ventricles. Changes in systemic, gracilis muscle, and paw perfusion pressure at a constant flow were used as indices of systemic, muscle, and cutaneous vascular resistance. To induce left ventricular stretch, the balloon in that chanber was rapidly inflated from a mean pressure of 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) to a mean pressure of 7.32 kPa (55 mmHg) for 15s (6.00 kPa [45mmHg] increment). For right ventricular stretch, the pressure was increased from 0.67 to 4.00 kPa (5 to 30 mmHg) for 30 s (3.34 kPa [25 mmHg] increment). Both left and right ventricular stretch produced a significant fall in systemic (-4.92 kPa [-37 mmHg], -36%) and gracilis muscle (-5.59 kPa [-42 mmHg], -30%) perfusion pressure, with only minimal changes in cutaneous vascular resistance (-0.80 kPa [-6 mmHg], -4%). This reflex was found to be vagally mediated, to have a low threshold for stimulation (left ventricle, 0.67 kPa [5 mmHg] increment; right ventricle, 1.33 kPa [10 mmHg] increment), and to have a neurogenic sympathetic alpha-adrenergic efferent limb. The low threshold for stimulation suggests that these reflexes may play a physiological role with changes in body position and may be important in such pathological conditions as semilunar valvular stenosis and myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 589633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2966", "title": "An autoperfusion technique for nonsteady-state vascular pressure-flow analysis in the rat.", "content": "A technique was developed to measure pressure-flow relationships in the autoperfused intact subclavian vascular bed of areflexic rats. Changes in blood flow and perfusion pressure were produced by occlusion of the aortic arch. This perfusion technique is suitable for evaluating vascular distensibility and responsiveness in the rat.", "contents": "An autoperfusion technique for nonsteady-state vascular pressure-flow analysis in the rat. A technique was developed to measure pressure-flow relationships in the autoperfused intact subclavian vascular bed of areflexic rats. Changes in blood flow and perfusion pressure were produced by occlusion of the aortic arch. This perfusion technique is suitable for evaluating vascular distensibility and responsiveness in the rat.", "PMID": 589634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2967", "title": "Reversal of aconitine-induced tachycardia by prostaglandins in the rabbit Langendorff preparation.", "content": "The ability of PGA2, E1, E2, and F2alpha to alter: (a) the refractory period (as judged by the maximal driving frequency); (b) the rate of automatically beating aconitine-treated papillary muscles; and (c) the rate of both untreated and aconitine-treated Langendorff preparations, was studied. The addition of PGA2 (3.0 mumol), PGE2 (2.84 mumol), and PGF2alpha (2.1 mumol) to the perfusate returned heart rate to pre-aconitine levels in the Langendorff preparation, but this action was frequently accompanied by atrioventricular dissociation. In contrast, PGE1 (2.82 mumol) was ineffective in antagonising aconitine-induced tachycardia. In the normally beating rabbit Langendorff, PGF2alpha (2.1 mumol) produced a slight but statistically significant negative chronotropic effect. Neither cardiac contractile force nor maximal driving frequency was altered by the addition of prostaglandins. These results suggest that PGA2, PGE2, and especially PGF2alpha may exert antiarrhythmic activity by direct action(s) upon in vitro rabbit myocardial preparations.", "contents": "Reversal of aconitine-induced tachycardia by prostaglandins in the rabbit Langendorff preparation. The ability of PGA2, E1, E2, and F2alpha to alter: (a) the refractory period (as judged by the maximal driving frequency); (b) the rate of automatically beating aconitine-treated papillary muscles; and (c) the rate of both untreated and aconitine-treated Langendorff preparations, was studied. The addition of PGA2 (3.0 mumol), PGE2 (2.84 mumol), and PGF2alpha (2.1 mumol) to the perfusate returned heart rate to pre-aconitine levels in the Langendorff preparation, but this action was frequently accompanied by atrioventricular dissociation. In contrast, PGE1 (2.82 mumol) was ineffective in antagonising aconitine-induced tachycardia. In the normally beating rabbit Langendorff, PGF2alpha (2.1 mumol) produced a slight but statistically significant negative chronotropic effect. Neither cardiac contractile force nor maximal driving frequency was altered by the addition of prostaglandins. These results suggest that PGA2, PGE2, and especially PGF2alpha may exert antiarrhythmic activity by direct action(s) upon in vitro rabbit myocardial preparations.", "PMID": 589635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2968", "title": "Diagnosis of valvular heart disease using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "An ultrasonic Doppler instrument capable of measuring mean and maximum velocities inside a small sample volume is presented. The instrument has been used for determining velocities in normal and diseased heart valves. A method is described for identifying the different heart valves, based on their relation to one another as well as the form of the velocity curve. The pressure drop across the mitral valve can be determined from the maximum velocity and the mean velocity can be used to determine the degree of aortic insufficiency. Recordings of mean and maximum velocities can give an indication of the form of the whole spectrum, thus making complete frequency analysis unnecessary for most purposes.", "contents": "Diagnosis of valvular heart disease using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound. An ultrasonic Doppler instrument capable of measuring mean and maximum velocities inside a small sample volume is presented. The instrument has been used for determining velocities in normal and diseased heart valves. A method is described for identifying the different heart valves, based on their relation to one another as well as the form of the velocity curve. The pressure drop across the mitral valve can be determined from the maximum velocity and the mean velocity can be used to determine the degree of aortic insufficiency. Recordings of mean and maximum velocities can give an indication of the form of the whole spectrum, thus making complete frequency analysis unnecessary for most purposes.", "PMID": 589636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2969", "title": "A method of left ventricular ejection fraction estimation from cineangiocardiograms employing a special-purpose calculator.", "content": "A special-purpose calculator is described which computes the left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume (and thus stroke and end-systolic volumes) from single-plane cineangiocardiograms. A pair of manual callipers is used to convert the length information of angiographic projections into digital form for processing by the calculator. Volumes are estimated by means of a first order numerical integration method assuming circular cross-section. The angiograms of 42 patients were analysed using both the calculator and a conventional method. The results of the 2 methods correlated very closely (r = 0.99) with a slope within 1% of unity. The calculator is suggested as a practical and cheaper alternative to computer-based systems.", "contents": "A method of left ventricular ejection fraction estimation from cineangiocardiograms employing a special-purpose calculator. A special-purpose calculator is described which computes the left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume (and thus stroke and end-systolic volumes) from single-plane cineangiocardiograms. A pair of manual callipers is used to convert the length information of angiographic projections into digital form for processing by the calculator. Volumes are estimated by means of a first order numerical integration method assuming circular cross-section. The angiograms of 42 patients were analysed using both the calculator and a conventional method. The results of the 2 methods correlated very closely (r = 0.99) with a slope within 1% of unity. The calculator is suggested as a practical and cheaper alternative to computer-based systems.", "PMID": 589637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2970", "title": "Innervation of heart and alary muscles in Sphinx ligustri L. (Lepidoptera). A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "The origin and orientation of the heart nerves in Sphinx ligustri and Ephestia kuehniella were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using a special technique which involved pinning the dissected specimens on a stabilizing metal pad. The heart and alary muscles in Sphinx particularly their caudal extremity were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. The alary muscles form an incomplete sheath around the heart with a mainly longitudinal fibre orientation, e.i. antagonistically to the fibres of the heart itself. The heart and alary muscles are multiterminally innervated by branches of the transverse segmental nerves. All branches contain a single electron lucent axon; the thickest branches also possess several neurosecretory axons. Swellings of the segmental nerves may indicate the position of nerve cell bodies. There are no lateral heart nerves. Only one type of neuromuscular junction is abundant in the alary muscles but less frequently found in the heart. The terminals originate from the central axon only. They are capped by glial cells, which interdigitate with the muscle cells. They penetrate into the T-system toward the Z-discs and form a complex intercellular space system. Exocytosis of dense-cored vesicles into this \"perisynaptic reticulum\" seems likely. Sites of neurohaemal release are distributed along the nerve branches and special nerve endings occur at the level of the ostia. The possible nervous influence upon heart activity is discussed.", "contents": "Innervation of heart and alary muscles in Sphinx ligustri L. (Lepidoptera). A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. The origin and orientation of the heart nerves in Sphinx ligustri and Ephestia kuehniella were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using a special technique which involved pinning the dissected specimens on a stabilizing metal pad. The heart and alary muscles in Sphinx particularly their caudal extremity were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. The alary muscles form an incomplete sheath around the heart with a mainly longitudinal fibre orientation, e.i. antagonistically to the fibres of the heart itself. The heart and alary muscles are multiterminally innervated by branches of the transverse segmental nerves. All branches contain a single electron lucent axon; the thickest branches also possess several neurosecretory axons. Swellings of the segmental nerves may indicate the position of nerve cell bodies. There are no lateral heart nerves. Only one type of neuromuscular junction is abundant in the alary muscles but less frequently found in the heart. The terminals originate from the central axon only. They are capped by glial cells, which interdigitate with the muscle cells. They penetrate into the T-system toward the Z-discs and form a complex intercellular space system. Exocytosis of dense-cored vesicles into this \"perisynaptic reticulum\" seems likely. Sites of neurohaemal release are distributed along the nerve branches and special nerve endings occur at the level of the ostia. The possible nervous influence upon heart activity is discussed.", "PMID": 589655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2971", "title": "Ultrastructural observations suggesting merocrine secretion in the initial segment of the mammalian epididymis.", "content": "Principal cells in the initial segment of the epididymis in horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, and rabbits have an abundant, partly rough, endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex. Small vacuoles with opaque content seem to be formed by the Golgi complex and move to the cell apex, where they empty their contents into the lumen by a merocrine mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations suggesting merocrine secretion in the initial segment of the mammalian epididymis. Principal cells in the initial segment of the epididymis in horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, and rabbits have an abundant, partly rough, endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex. Small vacuoles with opaque content seem to be formed by the Golgi complex and move to the cell apex, where they empty their contents into the lumen by a merocrine mechanism.", "PMID": 589656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2972", "title": "Circadian rhythm in the number of granulated vesicles in the pinealocytes of mice. Effects of sympathectomy and melatonin treatment.", "content": "Adult, Charles River CD-1, male mice were housed in an environmental control chamber under strict conditions of controlled light (12D/12L) and temperature. The mice were sacrificed at various times throughout the twenty-four hour clock and their pineals prepared routinely for electron microscopy. The number of dense-cored or granulated vesicles present in the polar terminals of pinealocytes were quantitated in thin cross sections through pericapillary areas. A distinct circadian rhythm was observed in the number of granulated vesicles with a three- to four-fold difference between late photoperiod maximum and late dark period minimum. The rhythm was abolished by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the granulated vesicles are synthesized and stored in the pinealocytic cytoplasm during the photoperiod under the tropic influence of norepinephrine, and are released during the dark period when melatonin synthesis is greatest. Melatonin, administered as daily intraperitoneal doses of 50 microgram over a period of five days, was observed to increase markedly the number of pinealocytic granulated vesicles during the light period, but led during the dark period to a decrease in their numbers to levels below that of diluent-treated controls. It may be that melatonin stimulates the synthesis and/or release of granulated vesicles which represent the packaged form of a major secretory product.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm in the number of granulated vesicles in the pinealocytes of mice. Effects of sympathectomy and melatonin treatment. Adult, Charles River CD-1, male mice were housed in an environmental control chamber under strict conditions of controlled light (12D/12L) and temperature. The mice were sacrificed at various times throughout the twenty-four hour clock and their pineals prepared routinely for electron microscopy. The number of dense-cored or granulated vesicles present in the polar terminals of pinealocytes were quantitated in thin cross sections through pericapillary areas. A distinct circadian rhythm was observed in the number of granulated vesicles with a three- to four-fold difference between late photoperiod maximum and late dark period minimum. The rhythm was abolished by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the granulated vesicles are synthesized and stored in the pinealocytic cytoplasm during the photoperiod under the tropic influence of norepinephrine, and are released during the dark period when melatonin synthesis is greatest. Melatonin, administered as daily intraperitoneal doses of 50 microgram over a period of five days, was observed to increase markedly the number of pinealocytic granulated vesicles during the light period, but led during the dark period to a decrease in their numbers to levels below that of diluent-treated controls. It may be that melatonin stimulates the synthesis and/or release of granulated vesicles which represent the packaged form of a major secretory product.", "PMID": 589657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2973", "title": "The structure and differentiation of granulated metrial gland cells of the pregnant mouse uterus.", "content": "A study was made with the light and electron microscopes of the granulated metrial gland cells of the decidua basalis of the pregnant mouse uterus, up to day 11 of pregnancy. The granulated metrial gland cells are large, up to 50 mu in diameter, mono- or binucleate and the glycogen rich cytoplasm typically contains many large glycoprotein granules which may be up to 5 mu in diameter. Morphological evidence is described in support of a lymphocyte-like cell being the precursor to the granulated metrial gland cell. This differentiation sequence is similar to that already proposed in the rat but differences between the ultrastructure of the mature metrial gland cells of rats and mice were noted.", "contents": "The structure and differentiation of granulated metrial gland cells of the pregnant mouse uterus. A study was made with the light and electron microscopes of the granulated metrial gland cells of the decidua basalis of the pregnant mouse uterus, up to day 11 of pregnancy. The granulated metrial gland cells are large, up to 50 mu in diameter, mono- or binucleate and the glycogen rich cytoplasm typically contains many large glycoprotein granules which may be up to 5 mu in diameter. Morphological evidence is described in support of a lymphocyte-like cell being the precursor to the granulated metrial gland cell. This differentiation sequence is similar to that already proposed in the rat but differences between the ultrastructure of the mature metrial gland cells of rats and mice were noted.", "PMID": 589658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2974", "title": "Observations on the gastric epithelium of ascidians with special reference to Styela clava.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy shows the gastric epithelium of Styela clava to comprise at least three distinct cell types. Ciliated mucous cells which form the crest of each stomach ridge produce mucus by an unexpected route. Vacuolated cells lining the ridge sides appear to be absorptive in function. Gastric enzymes are produced by typical protein secreting cells scattered amongst the vacuolated cells. Undifferentiated cells are found in the crypts between ridges. The structure and function of the gastric epithelium in Styela is discussed with special reference to the wider concepts of ascidian gut organization.", "contents": "Observations on the gastric epithelium of ascidians with special reference to Styela clava. Transmission electron microscopy shows the gastric epithelium of Styela clava to comprise at least three distinct cell types. Ciliated mucous cells which form the crest of each stomach ridge produce mucus by an unexpected route. Vacuolated cells lining the ridge sides appear to be absorptive in function. Gastric enzymes are produced by typical protein secreting cells scattered amongst the vacuolated cells. Undifferentiated cells are found in the crypts between ridges. The structure and function of the gastric epithelium in Styela is discussed with special reference to the wider concepts of ascidian gut organization.", "PMID": 589659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2975", "title": "Fine structure and peroxidatic activity of rat blood monocytes.", "content": "Rat blood monocytes contain granules of two types, primary and secondary granules, which can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Secondary granules have a halo between the limiting membrane and the matrix; primary granules have no halo and are generally more elongate than the secondary granules. In addition, there are differences in the distribution of the diameters of these two types of granules. The cytochemical characteristics of the peroxidatic activity of these granules were investigated by using different prefixation conditions in combination with a number of DAB media differing in pH and H2O2 concentration. Prolongation of the prefixation and increasing the pH of the incubation medium increased the staining intensity of the secondary granules and decreased the staining intensity of the primary granules. In unfixed cells peroxidatic activity could be demonstrated only in the primary granules. It is concluded from the present findings that peroxidase occurs in primary granules and not in secondary granules, whereas catalase is present in secondary granules but probably not in primary granules. No evidence was found for the presence of microperoxisomes in rat blood monocytes.", "contents": "Fine structure and peroxidatic activity of rat blood monocytes. Rat blood monocytes contain granules of two types, primary and secondary granules, which can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Secondary granules have a halo between the limiting membrane and the matrix; primary granules have no halo and are generally more elongate than the secondary granules. In addition, there are differences in the distribution of the diameters of these two types of granules. The cytochemical characteristics of the peroxidatic activity of these granules were investigated by using different prefixation conditions in combination with a number of DAB media differing in pH and H2O2 concentration. Prolongation of the prefixation and increasing the pH of the incubation medium increased the staining intensity of the secondary granules and decreased the staining intensity of the primary granules. In unfixed cells peroxidatic activity could be demonstrated only in the primary granules. It is concluded from the present findings that peroxidase occurs in primary granules and not in secondary granules, whereas catalase is present in secondary granules but probably not in primary granules. No evidence was found for the presence of microperoxisomes in rat blood monocytes.", "PMID": 589660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2976", "title": "Further observations of transport within paddle cilia.", "content": "Rhabdopleura has densely ciliated tentacles and cephalic shield. These cilia are of two sorts, ordinary cilia and those bearing paddle-like swellings. These swellings, about 1 micron across, are in the ciliary membrane. The axoneme bundle within the cilium remains intact, keeping the usual spatial arrangements, except that in the swelling its overall diameter is reduced. It is suggested that the mechanism for moving the paddle-like swellings along the length of the cilium is the releasing and reattaching of the side filaments from the axoneme to the ciliary membrane.", "contents": "Further observations of transport within paddle cilia. Rhabdopleura has densely ciliated tentacles and cephalic shield. These cilia are of two sorts, ordinary cilia and those bearing paddle-like swellings. These swellings, about 1 micron across, are in the ciliary membrane. The axoneme bundle within the cilium remains intact, keeping the usual spatial arrangements, except that in the swelling its overall diameter is reduced. It is suggested that the mechanism for moving the paddle-like swellings along the length of the cilium is the releasing and reattaching of the side filaments from the axoneme to the ciliary membrane.", "PMID": 589661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2977", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural evidence of alterations in prolactin secretion related to external salinity in a teleost fish (Poecilia latipinna).", "content": "Quantitative ultrastructural morphometric studies were made on the prolactin cells of Poecilia latipinna adapted to freshwater (FW), one-third seawater (1/3 SW) and full-strength seawater (SW), and at various times after transfers between 1/3 SW and FW. In fully-adapted fish the rates of prolactin (PRL) synthesis and PRL release are inversely related to environmental salinity. During adaptation to a new salinity the two rates are temporarily uncoordinated, with release increasing or decreasing more readily than synthesis. Synthesis appears to take 30 h or longer to come into balance with the increased release rate following transfer from 1/3 SW to FW, and 72 h or longer to adjust to the reduction in release rate that follows the reverse transfer. The excess PRL granules that accumulate in the latter situation appear to be removed by lysosomal digestion. As in other teleosts, in fish adapted to the external medium the size of the stored PRL granules is inversely related to external salinity, but this relationship breaks down during adaptation to a new salinity. The stellate cells which penetrate between the PRL cells are more prominent, more extensively ramified, and appear more metabolically active in FW-adapted fish than in the other groups. These cells seem to be closely related in function to the secretory activity of the PRL cells.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural evidence of alterations in prolactin secretion related to external salinity in a teleost fish (Poecilia latipinna). Quantitative ultrastructural morphometric studies were made on the prolactin cells of Poecilia latipinna adapted to freshwater (FW), one-third seawater (1/3 SW) and full-strength seawater (SW), and at various times after transfers between 1/3 SW and FW. In fully-adapted fish the rates of prolactin (PRL) synthesis and PRL release are inversely related to environmental salinity. During adaptation to a new salinity the two rates are temporarily uncoordinated, with release increasing or decreasing more readily than synthesis. Synthesis appears to take 30 h or longer to come into balance with the increased release rate following transfer from 1/3 SW to FW, and 72 h or longer to adjust to the reduction in release rate that follows the reverse transfer. The excess PRL granules that accumulate in the latter situation appear to be removed by lysosomal digestion. As in other teleosts, in fish adapted to the external medium the size of the stored PRL granules is inversely related to external salinity, but this relationship breaks down during adaptation to a new salinity. The stellate cells which penetrate between the PRL cells are more prominent, more extensively ramified, and appear more metabolically active in FW-adapted fish than in the other groups. These cells seem to be closely related in function to the secretory activity of the PRL cells.", "PMID": 589662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2978", "title": "Cytochemical study of the lamellar bodies in the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsanus tau L.", "content": "The columnar epithelial cells of the gas gland in the swimbladder of the toadfish, Opsanus tau L., contain lamellar bodies that resemble the lamellar bodies found in epithelial cells of vertebrate lungs. Cytochemical assays indicate that swimbladder lamellar bodies are soluble in chloroform-methanol solution, react with tricomplex flocculation solution (indicating a phospholipid component), exhibit a positive reaction for cholesterol when exposed to digitonin, and contain acid phosphatase. The anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder is lined by an extracellular layer. Digitonin-cholesterol crystals are found in this layer when the swimbladder is treated with digitonin. A ruthenium red positive layer is also present in the anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder. The structure and cytochemistry of swimbladder lamellar bodies are compared with those of vertebrate lung lamellar bodies. Similarities between the extracellular layer in the swimbladder and the extracellular layer in lungs are also noted.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of the lamellar bodies in the swimbladder of the toadfish Opsanus tau L. The columnar epithelial cells of the gas gland in the swimbladder of the toadfish, Opsanus tau L., contain lamellar bodies that resemble the lamellar bodies found in epithelial cells of vertebrate lungs. Cytochemical assays indicate that swimbladder lamellar bodies are soluble in chloroform-methanol solution, react with tricomplex flocculation solution (indicating a phospholipid component), exhibit a positive reaction for cholesterol when exposed to digitonin, and contain acid phosphatase. The anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder is lined by an extracellular layer. Digitonin-cholesterol crystals are found in this layer when the swimbladder is treated with digitonin. A ruthenium red positive layer is also present in the anterior chamber of the toadfish swimbladder. The structure and cytochemistry of swimbladder lamellar bodies are compared with those of vertebrate lung lamellar bodies. Similarities between the extracellular layer in the swimbladder and the extracellular layer in lungs are also noted.", "PMID": 589664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2979", "title": "The subcellular distribution of zinc in dog prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of zinc in ultrathin sections of dog prostate was performed by electron microscope microanalysis using the potassium pyroantimonate method of preparation. Prostates of both mature and immature dogs were examined and the metal was found to be localised primarily in the nucleolus, nuclear chromatin and secretory granules of epithelial cells. Differences in zinc concentrations were observed between mature and immature tissues, particularly in the nuclear chromatin. The metal was also incorporated into epithelial secretions, lysosomes and fibromuscular stroma. Variable binding of zinc to tissue components was revealed by a combination of histochemical precipitation and subcellular analysis.", "contents": "The subcellular distribution of zinc in dog prostate studied by x-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis of zinc in ultrathin sections of dog prostate was performed by electron microscope microanalysis using the potassium pyroantimonate method of preparation. Prostates of both mature and immature dogs were examined and the metal was found to be localised primarily in the nucleolus, nuclear chromatin and secretory granules of epithelial cells. Differences in zinc concentrations were observed between mature and immature tissues, particularly in the nuclear chromatin. The metal was also incorporated into epithelial secretions, lysosomes and fibromuscular stroma. Variable binding of zinc to tissue components was revealed by a combination of histochemical precipitation and subcellular analysis.", "PMID": 589665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2980", "title": "Liposolubility as an aspect of nitrosamine carcinogenicity: quantitative correlations and qualitative observations.", "content": "Carcinogenicity data for a number of nitrosamines have been examined for possible structure-activity correlations with liposolubility by the method of Hansch. Correlations were found in two cases which support a previous mechanistic suggestion and which also suggest a possible difference between the action of nitrosopiperidines and dinitrosopiperazines in inducing olfactory carcinomas. No correlations were found for non-cyclic nitrosamines.", "contents": "Liposolubility as an aspect of nitrosamine carcinogenicity: quantitative correlations and qualitative observations. Carcinogenicity data for a number of nitrosamines have been examined for possible structure-activity correlations with liposolubility by the method of Hansch. Correlations were found in two cases which support a previous mechanistic suggestion and which also suggest a possible difference between the action of nitrosopiperidines and dinitrosopiperazines in inducing olfactory carcinomas. No correlations were found for non-cyclic nitrosamines.", "PMID": 589698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2981", "title": "Sex- and strain-dependent hepatic microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylation in mice: the roles of type I binding and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.", "content": "The roles of type I binding and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in ethylmorphine demethylation were investigated in two strains of mice, using sex differences in these activities as a tool. In the CPB-SE strain, females metabolize ethylmorphine faster than males. Sex differences in cytochrome P-450 content and endogenous NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity were too small to account for this. On the other hand, the differences in the magnitudes of type I spectra and ethylmorphine-induced enhancement of cytochrome P-450 reduction were considerable larger than those in the rates of demethylation. All parameters, except endogenous cytochrome P-450 reduction, were modified in a similar way by testosterone pretreatment: in females they were depressed to the male level, whereas in males they remained unchanged. Castration had no effect in females and enhanced the activities in males. The CPB-V strain exhibited little or no sex differences in ethylmorphine demethylation, cytochrome P-450 content and endogenous cytochrome P-450 reduction. Testosterone pretreatment had little or no influence on these activities. Type I binding and reductase stimulation, however, showed sex differences, comparable to those observed in the CPB-SE strain, which were also abolished by testosterone. A relationship between reductase stimulation and type I binding was observed, which was, apparently, independent of sex or strain. It is concluded that androgen primarily influences the amount of cytochrome P-450-substrate complex formed, but that the reduction of this complex is not rate-limiting in the demethylation of ethylmorphine.", "contents": "Sex- and strain-dependent hepatic microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylation in mice: the roles of type I binding and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The roles of type I binding and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in ethylmorphine demethylation were investigated in two strains of mice, using sex differences in these activities as a tool. In the CPB-SE strain, females metabolize ethylmorphine faster than males. Sex differences in cytochrome P-450 content and endogenous NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity were too small to account for this. On the other hand, the differences in the magnitudes of type I spectra and ethylmorphine-induced enhancement of cytochrome P-450 reduction were considerable larger than those in the rates of demethylation. All parameters, except endogenous cytochrome P-450 reduction, were modified in a similar way by testosterone pretreatment: in females they were depressed to the male level, whereas in males they remained unchanged. Castration had no effect in females and enhanced the activities in males. The CPB-V strain exhibited little or no sex differences in ethylmorphine demethylation, cytochrome P-450 content and endogenous cytochrome P-450 reduction. Testosterone pretreatment had little or no influence on these activities. Type I binding and reductase stimulation, however, showed sex differences, comparable to those observed in the CPB-SE strain, which were also abolished by testosterone. A relationship between reductase stimulation and type I binding was observed, which was, apparently, independent of sex or strain. It is concluded that androgen primarily influences the amount of cytochrome P-450-substrate complex formed, but that the reduction of this complex is not rate-limiting in the demethylation of ethylmorphine.", "PMID": 589699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2982", "title": "[Mutagenicity of dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester, possible metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide Trichlorphon].", "content": "Dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester which are formed solvolytically from desmethyltrichlorphone, an in vivo metabolite of the organophosphorus pesticide Trichlorphone, show in the dominant lethal test in mice at equimolar dosage (1.6 mmol/kg) a mutagenic activity comparable with that of Trichlorphon. Therefore it cannot be ruled out that the genetic effects of this pesticide may be due in part to the action of its degradation products.", "contents": "[Mutagenicity of dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester, possible metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide Trichlorphon]. Dichloroacetaldehyde and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-dihydroxy-ethanephosphonic acid methyl ester which are formed solvolytically from desmethyltrichlorphone, an in vivo metabolite of the organophosphorus pesticide Trichlorphone, show in the dominant lethal test in mice at equimolar dosage (1.6 mmol/kg) a mutagenic activity comparable with that of Trichlorphon. Therefore it cannot be ruled out that the genetic effects of this pesticide may be due in part to the action of its degradation products.", "PMID": 589701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2983", "title": "Study of prolonged hyposensitization with D. pteronyssinus extract in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Sixty-six Chinese patients with rhinitis, with or without asthma, were randomly allocated to a course of injections either with E. pteronyssi-us extract or placebo. The course consisted of 18--22 weekly injections, followed by monthly maintenance injections with the highest concentration for 1 year. Progress was evaluated by a patient's daily diary and monthly assessments by the physician, by comparisons of skin and nasal challenge tests and by the specific serum IgE concentration, before treatment, at the end of the weekly course, and once during the maintenance course. No improvement was detected at the end of the weekly course, but during maintenance there was a consistent benefit to the patients receiving the D. pteronyssinus extract both in the diary and the physician's assessment, especially the former. There was no consistent change in the skin or nasal challenge tests and there was a trivial fall in the serum IgE levels in the patients on the extract. Adverse reactions were much more common in the patients on the extract, but most were trivial. The different methods of assessment used and the role of hyposensitization with D. pteronyssinus are discussed.", "contents": "Study of prolonged hyposensitization with D. pteronyssinus extract in allergic rhinitis. Sixty-six Chinese patients with rhinitis, with or without asthma, were randomly allocated to a course of injections either with E. pteronyssi-us extract or placebo. The course consisted of 18--22 weekly injections, followed by monthly maintenance injections with the highest concentration for 1 year. Progress was evaluated by a patient's daily diary and monthly assessments by the physician, by comparisons of skin and nasal challenge tests and by the specific serum IgE concentration, before treatment, at the end of the weekly course, and once during the maintenance course. No improvement was detected at the end of the weekly course, but during maintenance there was a consistent benefit to the patients receiving the D. pteronyssinus extract both in the diary and the physician's assessment, especially the former. There was no consistent change in the skin or nasal challenge tests and there was a trivial fall in the serum IgE levels in the patients on the extract. Adverse reactions were much more common in the patients on the extract, but most were trivial. The different methods of assessment used and the role of hyposensitization with D. pteronyssinus are discussed.", "PMID": 589769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2984", "title": "Correlation between skin tests, inhalation tests and specific IgE in a study of 120 subjects allergic to house dust and Dermatophago\u00efdes pteronyssinus.", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test was compared with currently accepted allergy diagnostic techniques in seventy-four controls and 120 patients with a clinical history of allergy to house dust and Dermatophago\u00efdes pteronyssinus. The results obtained with D. pteronyssinus allergen extract show a close correlation between the size of the cutaneous reactions and the serum level of allegen-specific IgE. On the other hand, highly positive skin tests to house dust were not always correlated with a positive RAST response for house dust. Similar results were found with inhalation tests. When a purified D. pteronyssinus extract was used, a stronger relationship was observed between RAST, cutaneous and inhalation tests. It can be assumed that RAST for house dust is not of value in patients with house dust and mite allergy. Our findings indicate that the correlations between RAST results and other in vivo test results depend on the purity of the allergen extracts and the selection of patients.", "contents": "Correlation between skin tests, inhalation tests and specific IgE in a study of 120 subjects allergic to house dust and Dermatophago\u00efdes pteronyssinus. The radioallergosorbent test was compared with currently accepted allergy diagnostic techniques in seventy-four controls and 120 patients with a clinical history of allergy to house dust and Dermatophago\u00efdes pteronyssinus. The results obtained with D. pteronyssinus allergen extract show a close correlation between the size of the cutaneous reactions and the serum level of allegen-specific IgE. On the other hand, highly positive skin tests to house dust were not always correlated with a positive RAST response for house dust. Similar results were found with inhalation tests. When a purified D. pteronyssinus extract was used, a stronger relationship was observed between RAST, cutaneous and inhalation tests. It can be assumed that RAST for house dust is not of value in patients with house dust and mite allergy. Our findings indicate that the correlations between RAST results and other in vivo test results depend on the purity of the allergen extracts and the selection of patients.", "PMID": 589770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2985", "title": "Delayed asthmatic response to inhalant allergen: cantharidine beetle, case report.", "content": "A case history of an asthmatic patient who developed delayed responses to intradermal and inhalation provocation tests with whole body allergen of a common beetle (cantharidine) is presented. The response was maximal at 48 hr after the test and it took almost a week for complete resolution. Prior administration of sodium cromoglycate failed to inhibit this response, whereas corticosteroid treatment completely inhibited it. An asthmatic response which appears 48 h after inhalation challenge with an insect allergen is a new variety and the mechanism needs study.", "contents": "Delayed asthmatic response to inhalant allergen: cantharidine beetle, case report. A case history of an asthmatic patient who developed delayed responses to intradermal and inhalation provocation tests with whole body allergen of a common beetle (cantharidine) is presented. The response was maximal at 48 hr after the test and it took almost a week for complete resolution. Prior administration of sodium cromoglycate failed to inhibit this response, whereas corticosteroid treatment completely inhibited it. An asthmatic response which appears 48 h after inhalation challenge with an insect allergen is a new variety and the mechanism needs study.", "PMID": 589772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2986", "title": "The variability of skin test hypersensitivity reactions in cystic fibrosis and asthma.", "content": "Cystic fibrosis (CF) children had a greater variability of skin prick test response compared with asthmatic children, when the tests were performed on two occasions. This suggests that there is a different cause for the allergy in the two groups, perhaps because the asthmatics have a transient period of susceptibility to sensitization in infancy and the CF children a persistent vulnerability. Amongst the asthmatic children, clinical improvement was associated with loss of some skin prick test reactions, and clinical deterioration with an increase in the number of positive reactions. Thus continuing allergic reactions may maintain a mucosal defect, resulting in a persistence of susceptibility to allergen sensitization, and control of the reactions may re-establish normal mucosal defence mechanisms.", "contents": "The variability of skin test hypersensitivity reactions in cystic fibrosis and asthma. Cystic fibrosis (CF) children had a greater variability of skin prick test response compared with asthmatic children, when the tests were performed on two occasions. This suggests that there is a different cause for the allergy in the two groups, perhaps because the asthmatics have a transient period of susceptibility to sensitization in infancy and the CF children a persistent vulnerability. Amongst the asthmatic children, clinical improvement was associated with loss of some skin prick test reactions, and clinical deterioration with an increase in the number of positive reactions. Thus continuing allergic reactions may maintain a mucosal defect, resulting in a persistence of susceptibility to allergen sensitization, and control of the reactions may re-establish normal mucosal defence mechanisms.", "PMID": 589773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2987", "title": "Grass pollen content of the air in the Bristol Channel region in 1976.", "content": "The grass pollen content of the air at four sites bordering the Bristol Channel (at Bristol, Cardiff, Penarth and Penmaen) was studied. The trap at Penmaen was situated at an official climatological station which provided the meteorological data used in the surveys. Although at certain times large differences could be seen between the concentrations of grass pollen at the different sites, overall the findings for the four sites were similar. Changes in the atmospheric pollen concentration related to variations in meteorological conditions. At the peak of the season high concentrations of grass pollen persisted throughout the night.", "contents": "Grass pollen content of the air in the Bristol Channel region in 1976. The grass pollen content of the air at four sites bordering the Bristol Channel (at Bristol, Cardiff, Penarth and Penmaen) was studied. The trap at Penmaen was situated at an official climatological station which provided the meteorological data used in the surveys. Although at certain times large differences could be seen between the concentrations of grass pollen at the different sites, overall the findings for the four sites were similar. Changes in the atmospheric pollen concentration related to variations in meteorological conditions. At the peak of the season high concentrations of grass pollen persisted throughout the night.", "PMID": 589774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2988", "title": "Familial human short-term sensitizing (IgG S-TS) antibody.", "content": "Skin tests on a middle-aged English housewife (the initial case) with a history of seasonal grass pollen rhinitis and asthma showed strong immediate and late reactions to grass pollens. Early in the grass pollen season, 1976, RAST showed normal levels of IgE antibodies in the serum. Passive transfer in Rhesus monkey skin was also negative for heat-labile IgE but gave a very vigorous reaction for short-term sensitizing heat-stable IgG antibody (IgG S-TS Ab). Skin tests and studies on sera from other members of the family showed that another five also formed IgG S-TS Ab, and indicated that the ability to form this antibody was familial. One member of the family had only an immediate reaction on skin testing, and much IgE to grass pollen. Towards the end of the grass pollen season the IgE titre in the initial case had been tripled and the IgG S-TS Ab had disappeared. By September the specific IgE titre had risen even further.", "contents": "Familial human short-term sensitizing (IgG S-TS) antibody. Skin tests on a middle-aged English housewife (the initial case) with a history of seasonal grass pollen rhinitis and asthma showed strong immediate and late reactions to grass pollens. Early in the grass pollen season, 1976, RAST showed normal levels of IgE antibodies in the serum. Passive transfer in Rhesus monkey skin was also negative for heat-labile IgE but gave a very vigorous reaction for short-term sensitizing heat-stable IgG antibody (IgG S-TS Ab). Skin tests and studies on sera from other members of the family showed that another five also formed IgG S-TS Ab, and indicated that the ability to form this antibody was familial. One member of the family had only an immediate reaction on skin testing, and much IgE to grass pollen. Towards the end of the grass pollen season the IgE titre in the initial case had been tripled and the IgG S-TS Ab had disappeared. By September the specific IgE titre had risen even further.", "PMID": 589775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2989", "title": "A dietary free from additives in the management of allergic disease.", "content": "Some patients who suffer from asthma, rhinitis or urticaria undergo exacerbation of symptoms following ingestion of foods or beverages containing azo dyes, sulphur dioxide or benzoates, which are used as preservatives. These patients may be mistakenly thought to be suffering from specific food allergies. A dietary is presented which is free from these additives. Drugs and their coatings and capsules may also contain azo dyes and these should be avoided by patients on an additive-free diet. Four cases are reported illustrating recovery, one from asthma and three from chronic urticaria after commencing this diet.", "contents": "A dietary free from additives in the management of allergic disease. Some patients who suffer from asthma, rhinitis or urticaria undergo exacerbation of symptoms following ingestion of foods or beverages containing azo dyes, sulphur dioxide or benzoates, which are used as preservatives. These patients may be mistakenly thought to be suffering from specific food allergies. A dietary is presented which is free from these additives. Drugs and their coatings and capsules may also contain azo dyes and these should be avoided by patients on an additive-free diet. Four cases are reported illustrating recovery, one from asthma and three from chronic urticaria after commencing this diet.", "PMID": 589776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2990", "title": "Allergic drug reactions: an in vitro model using a mixed function oxidase complex to demonstrate antibodies with specificity for a practolol metabolite.", "content": "Reactive metabolite products of the drug practolol were generated in vitro using the rat liver mixed function oxidase complex. The metabolites were spontaneously coupled to a non-agglutinating rabbit antibody to human O red blood cells, so forming a metabolite-antibody reagent. This reagent was then used to passively sensitize human O red cells which subsequently acted as indicator cells for detecting anti-metabolite antibodies.", "contents": "Allergic drug reactions: an in vitro model using a mixed function oxidase complex to demonstrate antibodies with specificity for a practolol metabolite. Reactive metabolite products of the drug practolol were generated in vitro using the rat liver mixed function oxidase complex. The metabolites were spontaneously coupled to a non-agglutinating rabbit antibody to human O red blood cells, so forming a metabolite-antibody reagent. This reagent was then used to passively sensitize human O red cells which subsequently acted as indicator cells for detecting anti-metabolite antibodies.", "PMID": 589777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2991", "title": "Selective isolation of allergens. I. Reaction of house dust mite extracts with tridacnin and concanavalin A and examination of the allergenicity of the isolated components.", "content": "Tridacnin, a lectin from the clam Tridacna maxima was found to precipitate with crude extracts from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Using tridacnin in direct precipitation and affinity chromatography studies, a carbohydrate-rich preparation of high molecular weight was isolated from D. farinae extracts. The isolated preparation gave one precipitin line when used with tridacnin in gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments but two bands were seen on polyacrylamide disc gels after electrophoresis at pH 8.9. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies demonstrated that the isolated material reacted strongly with sera from human subjects allergic to house dust mites and accounted for a significant proportion of the IgE binding capacity of the crude D. farinae extracts. Only one out of fifteen mite-allergic subjects gave a positive response when prick tested with the isolated preparation at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. A possible explanation for the discrepancy observed between RAST and skin test results is discussed. Concanavalin A also precipitated with D. farinae extracts but the material isolated with this lectin did not react with tridacnin and reacted weakly in the RAST with sera from mite-allergic subjects. We suggest that the high molecular weight component(s) which react with tridacnin may be useful for immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy.", "contents": "Selective isolation of allergens. I. Reaction of house dust mite extracts with tridacnin and concanavalin A and examination of the allergenicity of the isolated components. Tridacnin, a lectin from the clam Tridacna maxima was found to precipitate with crude extracts from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Using tridacnin in direct precipitation and affinity chromatography studies, a carbohydrate-rich preparation of high molecular weight was isolated from D. farinae extracts. The isolated preparation gave one precipitin line when used with tridacnin in gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis experiments but two bands were seen on polyacrylamide disc gels after electrophoresis at pH 8.9. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies demonstrated that the isolated material reacted strongly with sera from human subjects allergic to house dust mites and accounted for a significant proportion of the IgE binding capacity of the crude D. farinae extracts. Only one out of fifteen mite-allergic subjects gave a positive response when prick tested with the isolated preparation at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. A possible explanation for the discrepancy observed between RAST and skin test results is discussed. Concanavalin A also precipitated with D. farinae extracts but the material isolated with this lectin did not react with tridacnin and reacted weakly in the RAST with sera from mite-allergic subjects. We suggest that the high molecular weight component(s) which react with tridacnin may be useful for immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy.", "PMID": 589778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2992", "title": "IgE, parasites and asthma in Tanzanian children.", "content": "Two rural Tanzanian primary schools were surveyed to test the hypothesis that parasitic infestation prevents the development of asthma. 242 pupils were interviewed to determine the prevalence of pupils with recurrent episodes of wheezing. The nineteen pupils so discovered had more exercise-induced bronchial lability than equivalently exercised controls. More girls (12.8%) than boys (3.3%) had asthma. In one school, 77% of the controls had faecal parasites, mainly Ascaris spp., and in the other school 55% of the controls had Schistosoma haematobium in their urine. Parasites were found in similar proportions in the asthmatics. The mean serum IgE for the whole population was 3174 u/ml with no demonstrable difference between the asthmatics and controls. There was no difference in immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity to twenty-two allergens between the asthmatics and controls. These findings suggest that parasitic infestation does not prevent the development of asthma.", "contents": "IgE, parasites and asthma in Tanzanian children. Two rural Tanzanian primary schools were surveyed to test the hypothesis that parasitic infestation prevents the development of asthma. 242 pupils were interviewed to determine the prevalence of pupils with recurrent episodes of wheezing. The nineteen pupils so discovered had more exercise-induced bronchial lability than equivalently exercised controls. More girls (12.8%) than boys (3.3%) had asthma. In one school, 77% of the controls had faecal parasites, mainly Ascaris spp., and in the other school 55% of the controls had Schistosoma haematobium in their urine. Parasites were found in similar proportions in the asthmatics. The mean serum IgE for the whole population was 3174 u/ml with no demonstrable difference between the asthmatics and controls. There was no difference in immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity to twenty-two allergens between the asthmatics and controls. These findings suggest that parasitic infestation does not prevent the development of asthma.", "PMID": 589779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2993", "title": "Predictive value of serum IgE levels during rush hyposensitization.", "content": "Thirty children with hay fever were studied with in vivo and in vitro tests during rush hyposensitization with Timothy pollen. Clinical assessment was made with the aid of diaries during one season before, and three seasons after, the start of the immunotherapy. When the serum level of IgE increased more than 10% during the first week of the therapy, symptoms were mostly alleviated during the following seasons. An alleviation was rarely found in children with decreasing or unchanged serum IgE levels. No predictive information as to the clinical effect of the immunotherapy was obtained from skin or provocation tests, nor from Timothy-specific antibodies of the IgG or IgE classes. It is proposed that serum IgE determinations should be performed before, and 1 week after, the start of rush hyposensitization in order to find probable therapeutic failures.", "contents": "Predictive value of serum IgE levels during rush hyposensitization. Thirty children with hay fever were studied with in vivo and in vitro tests during rush hyposensitization with Timothy pollen. Clinical assessment was made with the aid of diaries during one season before, and three seasons after, the start of the immunotherapy. When the serum level of IgE increased more than 10% during the first week of the therapy, symptoms were mostly alleviated during the following seasons. An alleviation was rarely found in children with decreasing or unchanged serum IgE levels. No predictive information as to the clinical effect of the immunotherapy was obtained from skin or provocation tests, nor from Timothy-specific antibodies of the IgG or IgE classes. It is proposed that serum IgE determinations should be performed before, and 1 week after, the start of rush hyposensitization in order to find probable therapeutic failures.", "PMID": 589780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2994", "title": "Immunoglobulin E specific to wheat and rye flour proteins.", "content": "We have used the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to determine IgE antibodies specific to wheat flour proteins in the sera of seven groups of patients. In some cases rye-specific IgE was also determined. Wheat and rye RAST scores showed a good correlation, presumably due to cross-reactions. Among bakers with asthma, positive scores, 0.5-3, occurred with a prevalence of 43%, and among children with eczema, scores in the range 0.5-4 were found with a prevalence of 54%. A score of 0.5 was a marginal value which was also occasionally encountered with sera from patient groups with no history of immediate hypersensitivity to wheat or rye. These groups included adults and children with allergic rhinitis and asthma, children from the general population and children with coeliac disease. The RAST appeared useful in the diagnosis of allergy to inhaled flour dust among bakers. Among children with eczema, positive wheat and rye RAST results were a common finding, which only occasionally could be linked to strong and unequivocal reactions to the foods in question. Both in bakers and children with eczema, wheat and rye RAST results showed good agreement with intracutaneous skin test results.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E specific to wheat and rye flour proteins. We have used the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to determine IgE antibodies specific to wheat flour proteins in the sera of seven groups of patients. In some cases rye-specific IgE was also determined. Wheat and rye RAST scores showed a good correlation, presumably due to cross-reactions. Among bakers with asthma, positive scores, 0.5-3, occurred with a prevalence of 43%, and among children with eczema, scores in the range 0.5-4 were found with a prevalence of 54%. A score of 0.5 was a marginal value which was also occasionally encountered with sera from patient groups with no history of immediate hypersensitivity to wheat or rye. These groups included adults and children with allergic rhinitis and asthma, children from the general population and children with coeliac disease. The RAST appeared useful in the diagnosis of allergy to inhaled flour dust among bakers. Among children with eczema, positive wheat and rye RAST results were a common finding, which only occasionally could be linked to strong and unequivocal reactions to the foods in question. Both in bakers and children with eczema, wheat and rye RAST results showed good agreement with intracutaneous skin test results.", "PMID": 589781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2995", "title": "Haemostatic and complement changes in a family with 'allergic' disorders.", "content": "A family with allergic manifestations, haemostatic disturbances, total absence of haemolytic activity of the complement system and low IgG levels is described. It is suggested that this functional abnormality of the complement system and the decreased level of immunoglobulin G may be due to immune complex reactions.", "contents": "Haemostatic and complement changes in a family with 'allergic' disorders. A family with allergic manifestations, haemostatic disturbances, total absence of haemolytic activity of the complement system and low IgG levels is described. It is suggested that this functional abnormality of the complement system and the decreased level of immunoglobulin G may be due to immune complex reactions.", "PMID": 589782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2996", "title": "Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity.", "content": "Non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity is a feature of most patients with asthma. We have measured non-allergic bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and methacholine in thirteen asthmatic subjects before and after allergen inhalation in the laboratory. The allergen inhalation produced mild early asthmatic responses (19-40% FEV1 fall) in all thirteen, additional definite late asthmatic responses (17-29% FEV1 fall) in four, and equivocal late asthmatic responses (5-11% FEV1 fall) in five. Following allergen inhalation, non-allergic bronchial reactivity increased in seven for up to 7 days. The seven included all four with definite late asthmatic responses and three of the five with equivocal late asthmatic responses. We conclude that allergens make asthma worse, partly through non-allergic mechanisms, and that avoidance of allergens is important in reducing non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity.", "contents": "Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity. Non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity is a feature of most patients with asthma. We have measured non-allergic bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and methacholine in thirteen asthmatic subjects before and after allergen inhalation in the laboratory. The allergen inhalation produced mild early asthmatic responses (19-40% FEV1 fall) in all thirteen, additional definite late asthmatic responses (17-29% FEV1 fall) in four, and equivocal late asthmatic responses (5-11% FEV1 fall) in five. Following allergen inhalation, non-allergic bronchial reactivity increased in seven for up to 7 days. The seven included all four with definite late asthmatic responses and three of the five with equivocal late asthmatic responses. We conclude that allergens make asthma worse, partly through non-allergic mechanisms, and that avoidance of allergens is important in reducing non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity.", "PMID": 589783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2997", "title": "Fungal antigens as a source of sensitization and respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers.", "content": "Mycological and serological studies were carried out as part of a survey of respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers. 70% of stained sputum smears from 574 workers showed the presence of higher plant cells and/or myclelia, and the spores of common environmental fungi. Penicillium spp. (90%), Rhizopus stolonifer (48%) and yeasts (53%) were the dominant fungi in 699 sputum cultures, and showed a similar proportional distribution in 327 samples of grain, malt, culms and dusts from fifty-six maltings. 57% of 711 men were serologically positive for fungi, 22% for Aspergillus fumigatus, 20% for A. clavatus, 10% for A. niger, 16% for Cladosporium herbarum and over 3% for Rhizopus stolonifer, 6% of 132 men were positive for Penicillium cyclopium. No precipitating antibodies to antigens from Alternaria tenuis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula glutinis or Trichoderma viride were detected in tests of forty sera. Sera from the 5.2% of men with symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis showed increased reactivity to mycelial antigens from Aspergillus clavatus. The fungus was cultured from 21% of maltings, 7% of all environmental samples and from the sputa of 8% of maltworkers.", "contents": "Fungal antigens as a source of sensitization and respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers. Mycological and serological studies were carried out as part of a survey of respiratory disease in Scottish maltworkers. 70% of stained sputum smears from 574 workers showed the presence of higher plant cells and/or myclelia, and the spores of common environmental fungi. Penicillium spp. (90%), Rhizopus stolonifer (48%) and yeasts (53%) were the dominant fungi in 699 sputum cultures, and showed a similar proportional distribution in 327 samples of grain, malt, culms and dusts from fifty-six maltings. 57% of 711 men were serologically positive for fungi, 22% for Aspergillus fumigatus, 20% for A. clavatus, 10% for A. niger, 16% for Cladosporium herbarum and over 3% for Rhizopus stolonifer, 6% of 132 men were positive for Penicillium cyclopium. No precipitating antibodies to antigens from Alternaria tenuis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula glutinis or Trichoderma viride were detected in tests of forty sera. Sera from the 5.2% of men with symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis showed increased reactivity to mycelial antigens from Aspergillus clavatus. The fungus was cultured from 21% of maltings, 7% of all environmental samples and from the sputa of 8% of maltworkers.", "PMID": 589785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2998", "title": "Comparison of salbutamol Rotahaler with conventional pressurized aerosol.", "content": "Salbutamol in a powder aerosol from the Rotahaler insufflator was compared, with equal doses of the conventional pressurized aerosol by dose-response curves and in a 1 month open trial, in the treatment of asthma patients with good inhalation technique. Results were not significantly different in either study. A further group of asthma patients, who were known to be incapable of using pressurized aerosols effectively, were shown to benefit from treatment with the Rotahaler. This device should increase the value of the sympathomimetic drugs to the minority of asthma patients who cannot use conventional aerosols correctly.", "contents": "Comparison of salbutamol Rotahaler with conventional pressurized aerosol. Salbutamol in a powder aerosol from the Rotahaler insufflator was compared, with equal doses of the conventional pressurized aerosol by dose-response curves and in a 1 month open trial, in the treatment of asthma patients with good inhalation technique. Results were not significantly different in either study. A further group of asthma patients, who were known to be incapable of using pressurized aerosols effectively, were shown to benefit from treatment with the Rotahaler. This device should increase the value of the sympathomimetic drugs to the minority of asthma patients who cannot use conventional aerosols correctly.", "PMID": 589786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_2999", "title": "Unusual pattern of metabolites in the urine of child with tyrosinemia: glyceraldehyde.", "content": "An unusual metabolite has been found in the acidic fraction of the urine of a child with tyrosinemia. This compound has been identified as glyceraldehyde, in addition to phenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, on the basis of gas chromatograph-mass spectral data and comparison with authentic samples.", "contents": "Unusual pattern of metabolites in the urine of child with tyrosinemia: glyceraldehyde. An unusual metabolite has been found in the acidic fraction of the urine of a child with tyrosinemia. This compound has been identified as glyceraldehyde, in addition to phenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, on the basis of gas chromatograph-mass spectral data and comparison with authentic samples.", "PMID": 589791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3000", "title": "A simple colorimetric method for determination of serum triglycerides with lipoprotein lipase and glycerol dehydrogenase.", "content": "A simplified enzymic procedure to determine accurately serum triglycerides is described. Serum triglycerides are hydrolyzed completely to free fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The released glycerol is oxidized with glycerol dehydrogenase from Erwinia aroideae in the presence of NAD+, were the reduction of the enzyme-linked NAD+ is coupled to the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as a chromogenic indicator with phenazine methosulfate serving as an intermediate electron carrier of NADH. The absorbance at 570 nm is measured. The method requies only 20 microliter of serum and a 10-min incubation and is rapid and simple. The present method offers the measurement of a high concentration of triglyceride up to 1000 mg/dl serum. The results obtained by the present method show good correlation with those obtained by the glycerol kinase method (correlation coefficient, 0.989) or the acetylacetone method (correlation coefficient, 0.979). These results suggest that the proposed method will be utilized as a method or routine clinical test.", "contents": "A simple colorimetric method for determination of serum triglycerides with lipoprotein lipase and glycerol dehydrogenase. A simplified enzymic procedure to determine accurately serum triglycerides is described. Serum triglycerides are hydrolyzed completely to free fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The released glycerol is oxidized with glycerol dehydrogenase from Erwinia aroideae in the presence of NAD+, were the reduction of the enzyme-linked NAD+ is coupled to the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as a chromogenic indicator with phenazine methosulfate serving as an intermediate electron carrier of NADH. The absorbance at 570 nm is measured. The method requies only 20 microliter of serum and a 10-min incubation and is rapid and simple. The present method offers the measurement of a high concentration of triglyceride up to 1000 mg/dl serum. The results obtained by the present method show good correlation with those obtained by the glycerol kinase method (correlation coefficient, 0.989) or the acetylacetone method (correlation coefficient, 0.979). These results suggest that the proposed method will be utilized as a method or routine clinical test.", "PMID": 589792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3001", "title": "Determination of red blood cell superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in newborns in relation to neonatal hemolysis.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities have been determined in newborns. Their mean values are approximately the same as in normal adults. In some cases a low content of superoxide dismutase and/or a high (superoxide dismutase/glutathione peroxidase) ratio are associated with hematological symptoms. In addition, a low superoxide dismutase activity is associated with hyperbilirubinemia and is present in two of the three cases showing maximal acetylphenylhdrazine-induced hemoloysis.", "contents": "Determination of red blood cell superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in newborns in relation to neonatal hemolysis. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities have been determined in newborns. Their mean values are approximately the same as in normal adults. In some cases a low content of superoxide dismutase and/or a high (superoxide dismutase/glutathione peroxidase) ratio are associated with hematological symptoms. In addition, a low superoxide dismutase activity is associated with hyperbilirubinemia and is present in two of the three cases showing maximal acetylphenylhdrazine-induced hemoloysis.", "PMID": 589793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3002", "title": "Enzyme thermistor determination of glucose in serum using immobilized glucose oxidase.", "content": "An enzyme thermistor assay for serum glucose is described. The glucose present in the sample is reacted in a small column containing glucose oxidase immobilized to controlled pore glass (single thermistor device). The heat produced in the primary reaction is measured directly in the column without any need for coupling reactions. The useful linear range is 0.01-0.45 mM glucose, permitting 50-fold dilution of serum samples. Advantages are low enzyme cost, due to the immobilization, insensitivity for the color or any turbidity of the sample, and no requirement for coenzyme or any ancillary reaction. Improved sensitivity and extended linear range (0.01--0.9 mM) can be attained through a secondary reaction using catalase. The application to glucose analysis of a split-flow enzyme thermistor equipped with a reference column to eliminate unspecific heat effects is also described. The enzyme thermistor determinations were also compared with a spectrophotometric continuous flow technique using a small column with immobilized glucose oxidase and 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol as color reagents.", "contents": "Enzyme thermistor determination of glucose in serum using immobilized glucose oxidase. An enzyme thermistor assay for serum glucose is described. The glucose present in the sample is reacted in a small column containing glucose oxidase immobilized to controlled pore glass (single thermistor device). The heat produced in the primary reaction is measured directly in the column without any need for coupling reactions. The useful linear range is 0.01-0.45 mM glucose, permitting 50-fold dilution of serum samples. Advantages are low enzyme cost, due to the immobilization, insensitivity for the color or any turbidity of the sample, and no requirement for coenzyme or any ancillary reaction. Improved sensitivity and extended linear range (0.01--0.9 mM) can be attained through a secondary reaction using catalase. The application to glucose analysis of a split-flow enzyme thermistor equipped with a reference column to eliminate unspecific heat effects is also described. The enzyme thermistor determinations were also compared with a spectrophotometric continuous flow technique using a small column with immobilized glucose oxidase and 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol as color reagents.", "PMID": 589796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3003", "title": "[Determination of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Studies on the precipitation of beta-lipoproteins by dextran sulphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Uncertainties in assays of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) are generally related to the degree of isotopic equilibrium obtained by rapid exchange of unesterified cholesterol between the different lipoproteins. A new method is presented based on the precipitation of serum beta-lipoprotein with sulfated polysaccharides prior to the LCAT determination. In the absence of Beta-lipoproteins, more than 7 per cent of serum free cholesterol is esterified in the first hour and the reaction rate is linear for about 2 h. LCAT activities with normal serum expressed as cholesterol esterified per microliter mol/1/h are lower than the values reported by others. The reason for this discrepancy is that free cholesterol specific activity in total serum does not reflect the true specific activity of LCAT cholesterol substrate.", "contents": "[Determination of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Studies on the precipitation of beta-lipoproteins by dextran sulphate (author's transl)]. Uncertainties in assays of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) are generally related to the degree of isotopic equilibrium obtained by rapid exchange of unesterified cholesterol between the different lipoproteins. A new method is presented based on the precipitation of serum beta-lipoprotein with sulfated polysaccharides prior to the LCAT determination. In the absence of Beta-lipoproteins, more than 7 per cent of serum free cholesterol is esterified in the first hour and the reaction rate is linear for about 2 h. LCAT activities with normal serum expressed as cholesterol esterified per microliter mol/1/h are lower than the values reported by others. The reason for this discrepancy is that free cholesterol specific activity in total serum does not reflect the true specific activity of LCAT cholesterol substrate.", "PMID": 589797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3004", "title": "A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) assay for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol and vanilmandelic acid in human serum.", "content": "Procedure for the quantification of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) and vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in human serum are described. MHPG was selectively acetylated then determined as its 4-acetyl-di-trifluoroacetyl derivative and VMA as its di-pentabluoropropionyl-methyl ester. Deuterium-labeled MHPG and VMA were used as internal standards. Each of these metabolities and the resprective internal standards was recorded by double ion monitoring respectively, and the ratios were determined for specificity. Assay sensitivities of 1.0 ng/ml for MHPG and 2.0 ng/ml for VMA were achieved using 0.5 ml of serum. Total and free MHPG concentrations in human serum were determined to be 16.5 ng/ml +/- 4.4 (S.D.) and 4.6 ng/ml +/- 1.0 respectively from 10 normal male subjects. Free VMA concentrations were 7.0 ng/ml +/- 1.5; thus the ratio of MHPG/VMA was calculated to be 2.4 +/- 0.7 in these subjects. Of these two major normal metabolites of norepinephrine, MHPG is regarded to be largely derived from the central nervous system while VMA is from the periphery. The procedures are highly specific as well as simple and sensitive enough to permit simultaneous measurement of these two metabolites in a series of multiple samples from an individual.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) assay for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol and vanilmandelic acid in human serum. Procedure for the quantification of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) and vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in human serum are described. MHPG was selectively acetylated then determined as its 4-acetyl-di-trifluoroacetyl derivative and VMA as its di-pentabluoropropionyl-methyl ester. Deuterium-labeled MHPG and VMA were used as internal standards. Each of these metabolities and the resprective internal standards was recorded by double ion monitoring respectively, and the ratios were determined for specificity. Assay sensitivities of 1.0 ng/ml for MHPG and 2.0 ng/ml for VMA were achieved using 0.5 ml of serum. Total and free MHPG concentrations in human serum were determined to be 16.5 ng/ml +/- 4.4 (S.D.) and 4.6 ng/ml +/- 1.0 respectively from 10 normal male subjects. Free VMA concentrations were 7.0 ng/ml +/- 1.5; thus the ratio of MHPG/VMA was calculated to be 2.4 +/- 0.7 in these subjects. Of these two major normal metabolites of norepinephrine, MHPG is regarded to be largely derived from the central nervous system while VMA is from the periphery. The procedures are highly specific as well as simple and sensitive enough to permit simultaneous measurement of these two metabolites in a series of multiple samples from an individual.", "PMID": 589798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3005", "title": "Assay of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity in human liver using carbon-labeled ornithine and thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) activity in human liver homogenates has been measured using 14C-labeled ornithine and unlabeled carbamoyl phosphate. A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) procedure is used to separate the radioactive substrate and product, ornithine and citrulline, respectively, and the regions of the chromatogram corresponding to ornithine and citrulline are cut out and counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer. The method has the following advantages: (1) the radioactive substrate ornithine is more stable in solution than carbamoyl phosphate, (2) 14C-labeled ornithine is available in higher specific activity than carbamoyl phosphate, (3) all radioactivity may be accounted for by using the TLC system, (4) the developed thin-layer chromatogram is stable indefinitely, (5) in contrast to colorimetric assays, other compounds in the raction mixture do not interfere with the citrulline determination, and (6) most importantly, the rate of the enzyme reaction at various time intervals can be determined by taking aliquots from the same incubation tube.", "contents": "Assay of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity in human liver using carbon-labeled ornithine and thin-layer chromatography. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3) activity in human liver homogenates has been measured using 14C-labeled ornithine and unlabeled carbamoyl phosphate. A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) procedure is used to separate the radioactive substrate and product, ornithine and citrulline, respectively, and the regions of the chromatogram corresponding to ornithine and citrulline are cut out and counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer. The method has the following advantages: (1) the radioactive substrate ornithine is more stable in solution than carbamoyl phosphate, (2) 14C-labeled ornithine is available in higher specific activity than carbamoyl phosphate, (3) all radioactivity may be accounted for by using the TLC system, (4) the developed thin-layer chromatogram is stable indefinitely, (5) in contrast to colorimetric assays, other compounds in the raction mixture do not interfere with the citrulline determination, and (6) most importantly, the rate of the enzyme reaction at various time intervals can be determined by taking aliquots from the same incubation tube.", "PMID": 589799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3006", "title": "Accurate photodensitometric measurement of the lecithin: sphingomyelin ration after elimination of the acidic phospholipids from extracts of amniotic fluid specimens.", "content": "Treatment of human amniotic fluid lipids dissolved in a chloroform/methanol (9:1, v/v) mixture by batchwise addition of diethylaminoethyl cellulose in a dry state proved to be an easy and rapid procedure for the removal of the acidic phospholipids which may interfere in the photodensitometric evaluation of the lecithin: spingomyelin ratio on a thin-layer chromatogram. This method was used for the measurement of the lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio in a series of normal and abnormal pregnancies. Ratios higher than expected from gestational age were observed in stressed pregnancies. A significant elevation of the ratio was also observed under treatment by dexamethasone.", "contents": "Accurate photodensitometric measurement of the lecithin: sphingomyelin ration after elimination of the acidic phospholipids from extracts of amniotic fluid specimens. Treatment of human amniotic fluid lipids dissolved in a chloroform/methanol (9:1, v/v) mixture by batchwise addition of diethylaminoethyl cellulose in a dry state proved to be an easy and rapid procedure for the removal of the acidic phospholipids which may interfere in the photodensitometric evaluation of the lecithin: spingomyelin ratio on a thin-layer chromatogram. This method was used for the measurement of the lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio in a series of normal and abnormal pregnancies. Ratios higher than expected from gestational age were observed in stressed pregnancies. A significant elevation of the ratio was also observed under treatment by dexamethasone.", "PMID": 589800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3007", "title": "Outcome of sub-total thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis in Iceland and Northeast Scotland.", "content": "A comparative study of the outcome of surgical treatment for thyrotoxicosis was carried out in two countries with dissimilar dietary iodine levels. In the area with a high iodine level (Iceland) the prevalence of post-operative hypothyroidism was five times lower, but recurrent hyperthyroidism was five times higher, than in the area with lower iodine levels (northeast Scotland). The total morbidity reached comparable levels in the two samples. The prevalence of positive thyroid antibody tests and serum thyrotrophin levels was lower and the functional capacity of the thyroid remnant higher in the area with the higher dietary iodine intake. The study provides further evidence that there are important regional differences in the prevalence of factors known to influence the response to surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis which should be taken into account when planning treatment services.", "contents": "Outcome of sub-total thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis in Iceland and Northeast Scotland. A comparative study of the outcome of surgical treatment for thyrotoxicosis was carried out in two countries with dissimilar dietary iodine levels. In the area with a high iodine level (Iceland) the prevalence of post-operative hypothyroidism was five times lower, but recurrent hyperthyroidism was five times higher, than in the area with lower iodine levels (northeast Scotland). The total morbidity reached comparable levels in the two samples. The prevalence of positive thyroid antibody tests and serum thyrotrophin levels was lower and the functional capacity of the thyroid remnant higher in the area with the higher dietary iodine intake. The study provides further evidence that there are important regional differences in the prevalence of factors known to influence the response to surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis which should be taken into account when planning treatment services.", "PMID": 589802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3008", "title": "Thyroid function in normal subjects in Iceland and Northeast Scotland.", "content": "A comparative study was made of thyroid function in samples of 'well' subjects, from separate geographical areas with dissimilar dietary iodine levels. In the area with the higher iodine level, Iceland, the prevalence of positive thyroid antibody tests and serum thyrotrophin levels were lower, while the capacity of the thyroid to respond to exogenous thyrotrophin was higher than in NE Scotland, an area with lower iodine levels. In contrast the prevalence of positive tests for another organ-specific antibody, gastric parietal cell antibody, was higher in Iceland. These observations are consistent with the reported differences in the incidence rates for thyrotoxicosis and gastric carcinoma in the areas studied. The results are in agreement with our findings in two groups of post-thyroidectomy patients from the same populations. This study provides support for the view that differences in the prevalence of constitutional and environmental factors in different populations contribute to the variation in reported outcome of treatment for thyroid disease.", "contents": "Thyroid function in normal subjects in Iceland and Northeast Scotland. A comparative study was made of thyroid function in samples of 'well' subjects, from separate geographical areas with dissimilar dietary iodine levels. In the area with the higher iodine level, Iceland, the prevalence of positive thyroid antibody tests and serum thyrotrophin levels were lower, while the capacity of the thyroid to respond to exogenous thyrotrophin was higher than in NE Scotland, an area with lower iodine levels. In contrast the prevalence of positive tests for another organ-specific antibody, gastric parietal cell antibody, was higher in Iceland. These observations are consistent with the reported differences in the incidence rates for thyrotoxicosis and gastric carcinoma in the areas studied. The results are in agreement with our findings in two groups of post-thyroidectomy patients from the same populations. This study provides support for the view that differences in the prevalence of constitutional and environmental factors in different populations contribute to the variation in reported outcome of treatment for thyroid disease.", "PMID": 589803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3009", "title": "Thyroid function in dietary amenorrhoea.", "content": "Abnormalities of thyroid function are well known to occur in anorexia nervosa. A commoner problem is the patient with secondary amenorrhoea due to weight loss, who does not have true anorexia nervosa. Eight such patients were studied and compared to a normal control group. Total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine were found to be significantly lower in the amenorrhoea patients. No difference in basal thyroid stimulating hormone or reverse triiodothyronine levels were found. In three of four patients who had thyrotrophin releasing hormone tests performed a prolonged response was found. These results indicate that abnormal thyroid function tests may be found in this milder form of the disease. In addition, the normal reverse triiodothyronine levels suggest the possibility of two mechanisms existing, whereby T3 levels may be lowered in nutritional disorders.", "contents": "Thyroid function in dietary amenorrhoea. Abnormalities of thyroid function are well known to occur in anorexia nervosa. A commoner problem is the patient with secondary amenorrhoea due to weight loss, who does not have true anorexia nervosa. Eight such patients were studied and compared to a normal control group. Total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine were found to be significantly lower in the amenorrhoea patients. No difference in basal thyroid stimulating hormone or reverse triiodothyronine levels were found. In three of four patients who had thyrotrophin releasing hormone tests performed a prolonged response was found. These results indicate that abnormal thyroid function tests may be found in this milder form of the disease. In addition, the normal reverse triiodothyronine levels suggest the possibility of two mechanisms existing, whereby T3 levels may be lowered in nutritional disorders.", "PMID": 589804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3010", "title": "Electrolaryngography in laryngeal disorders.", "content": "This study was designed to analyse recordings of vocal fold vibrations using the laryngograph, a machine which measures the change in electrical impedance across the larynx. Recordings were made of each patient reading a standard text. The output was analysed in two ways: by study of waveform, and by production of a frequency distribution curve, this last being performed by a PDP 12 computer. Analysis shows an increase in the low frequencies and irregular curve associated with hoarseness but no pattern specific for different diseases. After operation and speech therapy an objective measure of success or failure is provided. But for practical use other than in research a less time consuming method of analysis is necessary. Production of this is being considered.", "contents": "Electrolaryngography in laryngeal disorders. This study was designed to analyse recordings of vocal fold vibrations using the laryngograph, a machine which measures the change in electrical impedance across the larynx. Recordings were made of each patient reading a standard text. The output was analysed in two ways: by study of waveform, and by production of a frequency distribution curve, this last being performed by a PDP 12 computer. Analysis shows an increase in the low frequencies and irregular curve associated with hoarseness but no pattern specific for different diseases. After operation and speech therapy an objective measure of success or failure is provided. But for practical use other than in research a less time consuming method of analysis is necessary. Production of this is being considered.", "PMID": 589832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3011", "title": "The clinical use of radiological examination of the maxillary sinuses.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-six patients were exposed to puncture and irrigation of 468 maxillary sinuses after completion of radiological examination. The radiological interpretations were made by the same radiologist and related to the clinical rate of demonstrable antral fluid in fully and not fully developed sinuses. Radiologically normal sinuses contained fluid in patients over the age of twelve in 15.3% and when under that age in 39%. The radiological findings should not override one's clinical judgment, and the age of the patient should be considered when conclusions are to be drawn from the radiological findings.", "contents": "The clinical use of radiological examination of the maxillary sinuses. Two hundred and eighty-six patients were exposed to puncture and irrigation of 468 maxillary sinuses after completion of radiological examination. The radiological interpretations were made by the same radiologist and related to the clinical rate of demonstrable antral fluid in fully and not fully developed sinuses. Radiologically normal sinuses contained fluid in patients over the age of twelve in 15.3% and when under that age in 39%. The radiological findings should not override one's clinical judgment, and the age of the patient should be considered when conclusions are to be drawn from the radiological findings.", "PMID": 589833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3012", "title": "Evaluation of patients with bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Results of diagnostic procedures are presented on 259 successive patients with bronchial cancer at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-73. The most common tumours were epidermoid (56%), 'small cell' (20.5%) and adenocarcinoma (9.5%). In 106 patients (41%) chest radiography suggested a tumour, though bronchoscopy was normal, and in 22 cases (8.5%) the radiograph was normal but bronchoscopy revealed a tumour. In 10 (4%) both the radiological and the bronchoscopic findings were normal. A definite histopathological diagnosis was reached by bronchoscopy in 144 patients (44%), by mediastinoscopy in 14 (5%), by fine needle biopsy in 28 (11%) and operatively in 103 (40%). Using all methods of treatment prognosis was significantly better in the group that had been diagnosed by mass miniature radiography, or accidentally (29% alive) as compared with those who had symptoms of the disease (6%).", "contents": "Evaluation of patients with bronchial carcinoma. Results of diagnostic procedures are presented on 259 successive patients with bronchial cancer at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-73. The most common tumours were epidermoid (56%), 'small cell' (20.5%) and adenocarcinoma (9.5%). In 106 patients (41%) chest radiography suggested a tumour, though bronchoscopy was normal, and in 22 cases (8.5%) the radiograph was normal but bronchoscopy revealed a tumour. In 10 (4%) both the radiological and the bronchoscopic findings were normal. A definite histopathological diagnosis was reached by bronchoscopy in 144 patients (44%), by mediastinoscopy in 14 (5%), by fine needle biopsy in 28 (11%) and operatively in 103 (40%). Using all methods of treatment prognosis was significantly better in the group that had been diagnosed by mass miniature radiography, or accidentally (29% alive) as compared with those who had symptoms of the disease (6%).", "PMID": 589834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3013", "title": "The use of Proplast in experimental middle ear surgery.", "content": "The results of the use of Proplast, a new alloplastic material, in experimental middle ear surgery are described. This material was tested for cavity obliteration, closure of bony defects and as a columella between the tympanic membrane and the medial wall of the middle ear. Proplast was well tolerated in the middle ear cavity even in cases with inflammation of the middle ear. The implants were integrated within the recipient tissue by fibrous ingrowth occurring within one week. Bony ingrowth was observed in those cases where the implant contacted the bony wall within 3 weeks. Proplast which supported the tympanic membrane was infiltrated by fibrous tissue and incorporated in the lamina propria. No significant side effects were observed in a 6-month follow-up period although a possible influence on bone remodelling could not be fully excluded.", "contents": "The use of Proplast in experimental middle ear surgery. The results of the use of Proplast, a new alloplastic material, in experimental middle ear surgery are described. This material was tested for cavity obliteration, closure of bony defects and as a columella between the tympanic membrane and the medial wall of the middle ear. Proplast was well tolerated in the middle ear cavity even in cases with inflammation of the middle ear. The implants were integrated within the recipient tissue by fibrous ingrowth occurring within one week. Bony ingrowth was observed in those cases where the implant contacted the bony wall within 3 weeks. Proplast which supported the tympanic membrane was infiltrated by fibrous tissue and incorporated in the lamina propria. No significant side effects were observed in a 6-month follow-up period although a possible influence on bone remodelling could not be fully excluded.", "PMID": 589835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3014", "title": "Temporal bone pathology in an active case of glue ear.", "content": "A child aged 3 1/2 died from a cardiac condition after many and prolonged antibiotic courses: bilateral glue ear had been treated for the previous 18 months. Histopathology showed cholesterol granulomata in the mastoid air cells, with evidence of old hemorrhage, and of former inflammation of bone. The exudate was histiocytic with some giant cells. An 'orange spot' on the tympanic membrane was hyperaemic middle-ear mucosa, heavily infiltrated by plasma cells, lymphocytes and histiocytes. There was no evidence of hypersecretion. Some of the most abnormal areas were around the stapedial niche and the round window.", "contents": "Temporal bone pathology in an active case of glue ear. A child aged 3 1/2 died from a cardiac condition after many and prolonged antibiotic courses: bilateral glue ear had been treated for the previous 18 months. Histopathology showed cholesterol granulomata in the mastoid air cells, with evidence of old hemorrhage, and of former inflammation of bone. The exudate was histiocytic with some giant cells. An 'orange spot' on the tympanic membrane was hyperaemic middle-ear mucosa, heavily infiltrated by plasma cells, lymphocytes and histiocytes. There was no evidence of hypersecretion. Some of the most abnormal areas were around the stapedial niche and the round window.", "PMID": 589836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3015", "title": "Loss of taste in the elderly: sex differences.", "content": "The sensation of taste was tested in 280 normal people of all ages and both sexes. The sensitivity for the basic tastes decreased with increasing age, but more in men than in women; there was no sex difference in people under the age of 40. The different smoking habits of men and women did not explain this finding. It is suggested that there is a sex-specific decrease in the taste sensitivity with aging.", "contents": "Loss of taste in the elderly: sex differences. The sensation of taste was tested in 280 normal people of all ages and both sexes. The sensitivity for the basic tastes decreased with increasing age, but more in men than in women; there was no sex difference in people under the age of 40. The different smoking habits of men and women did not explain this finding. It is suggested that there is a sex-specific decrease in the taste sensitivity with aging.", "PMID": 589838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3016", "title": "Late voice function after surgical injury to the recurrent nerve.", "content": "In the period 1960 to 1970, a total of 213 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for benign cervical toxic goitre. Postoperatively, immobile vocal cord indicating paralysis of the recurrent nerve was found in 17 patients. In 8 patients, immobility of the vocal cord was permanent. Seven of the 17 patients received voice training which was initiated within 3 weeks after operation. After a period of 5-10 years, on an average 8 years, the 17 patients had a clinical and a comprehensive objective examination of the voice function comprising stroboscopy, electroglottography, phono-oscillometry, voice range, phonation time, peak-flow and pitch. Only a few complaints were ciliated whereas the objective examination of the voice function revealed abnormal findings in all but one patient. The findings were less abnormal in patients who had received early voice training. It is concluded that despite abnormal objective findings, all 17 patients found their voice function satisfactory. Moreover, early voice training seemed to offer a fair chance of minimizing late voice problems, whether the paralysis was permanent or transitory.", "contents": "Late voice function after surgical injury to the recurrent nerve. In the period 1960 to 1970, a total of 213 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for benign cervical toxic goitre. Postoperatively, immobile vocal cord indicating paralysis of the recurrent nerve was found in 17 patients. In 8 patients, immobility of the vocal cord was permanent. Seven of the 17 patients received voice training which was initiated within 3 weeks after operation. After a period of 5-10 years, on an average 8 years, the 17 patients had a clinical and a comprehensive objective examination of the voice function comprising stroboscopy, electroglottography, phono-oscillometry, voice range, phonation time, peak-flow and pitch. Only a few complaints were ciliated whereas the objective examination of the voice function revealed abnormal findings in all but one patient. The findings were less abnormal in patients who had received early voice training. It is concluded that despite abnormal objective findings, all 17 patients found their voice function satisfactory. Moreover, early voice training seemed to offer a fair chance of minimizing late voice problems, whether the paralysis was permanent or transitory.", "PMID": 589839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3017", "title": "Irradiation-induced changes in human salivary glands.", "content": "Salivary tissue shows inflammatory changes, atrophy, replacement fibrosis, marked pleomorphism and atypia of the acinar epithelium and oncocytic metaplasia in the months following irradiation. The ductular epithelium undergoes squamous changes and within the ductular lumina, secretions become inspissated. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms for these late irradiation induced changes may be the combination of a direct irradiation effect on acinar epithelium in association with post-obstructive inflammation and ischaemia, secondary to irradiation-induced endarteritis; however, these morphological changes observed may only be the result of an unusual repair phenomenon that salivary tissue is known to go through after any form of noxious stimulation. These histological alterations may lead to a possible misdiagnosis of malignancy in surgical specimens.", "contents": "Irradiation-induced changes in human salivary glands. Salivary tissue shows inflammatory changes, atrophy, replacement fibrosis, marked pleomorphism and atypia of the acinar epithelium and oncocytic metaplasia in the months following irradiation. The ductular epithelium undergoes squamous changes and within the ductular lumina, secretions become inspissated. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms for these late irradiation induced changes may be the combination of a direct irradiation effect on acinar epithelium in association with post-obstructive inflammation and ischaemia, secondary to irradiation-induced endarteritis; however, these morphological changes observed may only be the result of an unusual repair phenomenon that salivary tissue is known to go through after any form of noxious stimulation. These histological alterations may lead to a possible misdiagnosis of malignancy in surgical specimens.", "PMID": 589840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3018", "title": "The place of cryosurgery in the treatment of subglottic angiomas of the infant.", "content": "The treatment of subglottic angiomas of the infant is not clear since radiotherapy was rejected. Tracheotomy is very often indicated. Spontaneous recovery of angioma may be hoped for, but it is slow. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen using a 2.5 mm cryoprobe has cured, in a few stages, 3 cases. It has to be employed carefully.", "contents": "The place of cryosurgery in the treatment of subglottic angiomas of the infant. The treatment of subglottic angiomas of the infant is not clear since radiotherapy was rejected. Tracheotomy is very often indicated. Spontaneous recovery of angioma may be hoped for, but it is slow. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen using a 2.5 mm cryoprobe has cured, in a few stages, 3 cases. It has to be employed carefully.", "PMID": 589841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3019", "title": "Electrocochleographic changes in acoustic neuroma: some experimental findings.", "content": "Reversible experimental lesions were produced in the central end of the cochlear nerve at the IAM of guinea pigs by various procedures, including the instillation of KCl (0.1 or 0.01 M). As a result the usual diphasic AP waveforms seen in guinea pigs (when click stimuli are used) were transformed into monophasic, widened negative waves. This change, attributed to a neural block, was reversible, e.g. when the instilled KCl was dispersed by irrigation with normal saline. It is suggested that the widened monophasic negative AP's observed at ECochG in cases of acoustic neuroma or similar lesions, are produced in this way.", "contents": "Electrocochleographic changes in acoustic neuroma: some experimental findings. Reversible experimental lesions were produced in the central end of the cochlear nerve at the IAM of guinea pigs by various procedures, including the instillation of KCl (0.1 or 0.01 M). As a result the usual diphasic AP waveforms seen in guinea pigs (when click stimuli are used) were transformed into monophasic, widened negative waves. This change, attributed to a neural block, was reversible, e.g. when the instilled KCl was dispersed by irrigation with normal saline. It is suggested that the widened monophasic negative AP's observed at ECochG in cases of acoustic neuroma or similar lesions, are produced in this way.", "PMID": 589842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3020", "title": "Congenital malformation of the feet with low body height. A new syndrome, caused by an autosomal dominant gene.", "content": "Among 75 members of a Danish family, 12 were found with a syndrome not previously described. Clinically, the syndrome consists of low body height and rigid flat feet, with weight-bearing pain in the feet. Radiologically, the deformation of the feet is a medial synostosis between the talus and the calcaneus combined with ankle joint dysplasia. The cause of the syndrome is most probably an autosomal dominant gene with complete penetrance. No linkage was found of the gene to 18 marker genes.", "contents": "Congenital malformation of the feet with low body height. A new syndrome, caused by an autosomal dominant gene. Among 75 members of a Danish family, 12 were found with a syndrome not previously described. Clinically, the syndrome consists of low body height and rigid flat feet, with weight-bearing pain in the feet. Radiologically, the deformation of the feet is a medial synostosis between the talus and the calcaneus combined with ankle joint dysplasia. The cause of the syndrome is most probably an autosomal dominant gene with complete penetrance. No linkage was found of the gene to 18 marker genes.", "PMID": 589846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3021", "title": "Short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism and dento-skeletal abnormalities in a large kindred. A variant of K.B.G. syndrome or a new mental retardation syndrome.", "content": "A possibly new mental retardation syndrome is described in a large family. The major features of the syndrome are: short statue, craniofacial dysmorphism and dento-skeletal abnormalities. The mode of inheritance of this syndrome appears to be autosomal dominant with a variable degree of expressivity. The possible similarity to another autosomally dominant inherited mental retardation syndrome, \"the K.B.G. syndrome\" as described by Hermann et al. (1975), is discussed.", "contents": "Short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism and dento-skeletal abnormalities in a large kindred. A variant of K.B.G. syndrome or a new mental retardation syndrome. A possibly new mental retardation syndrome is described in a large family. The major features of the syndrome are: short statue, craniofacial dysmorphism and dento-skeletal abnormalities. The mode of inheritance of this syndrome appears to be autosomal dominant with a variable degree of expressivity. The possible similarity to another autosomally dominant inherited mental retardation syndrome, \"the K.B.G. syndrome\" as described by Hermann et al. (1975), is discussed.", "PMID": 589847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3022", "title": "Cytogenetic study of 10 cases of infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of 10 cases of infectious mononucleosis has revealed increased damage in the form of chromosome breakage and aberrations typical of viral infection, but in addition a few cells were consistently found to harbour a deleted number 22, similar tsponse to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin is suggested. This inhibitor appears to have a reversible action on the patient's own lymphocytes but no inhibitory effect on control lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytogenetic study of 10 cases of infectious mononucleosis. Cytogenetic analysis of 10 cases of infectious mononucleosis has revealed increased damage in the form of chromosome breakage and aberrations typical of viral infection, but in addition a few cells were consistently found to harbour a deleted number 22, similar tsponse to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin is suggested. This inhibitor appears to have a reversible action on the patient's own lymphocytes but no inhibitory effect on control lymphocytes.", "PMID": 589848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3023", "title": "C-bands in seven cases of accessory small chromosomes.", "content": "The C-bands of two cases of familial, genetically inactive, accessory small chromosomes and five cases of genetically active chromosomes were examined. Inactive chromosomes consist of constitutive heterochromatin and satellites only. In active chromosomes, euchromatin was present. These chromosomes contained two, one or no C-bands, although all these chromosomes were morphologically monocentric. C-banding is more informative than other banding methods for this category of chromosomes.", "contents": "C-bands in seven cases of accessory small chromosomes. The C-bands of two cases of familial, genetically inactive, accessory small chromosomes and five cases of genetically active chromosomes were examined. Inactive chromosomes consist of constitutive heterochromatin and satellites only. In active chromosomes, euchromatin was present. These chromosomes contained two, one or no C-bands, although all these chromosomes were morphologically monocentric. C-banding is more informative than other banding methods for this category of chromosomes.", "PMID": 589849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3024", "title": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum, infantile spasms, spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly and severe mental retardation in three siblings.", "content": "A sibship consisting of three siblings, one male and two females with unrelated parents, showed a clinical syndrome including: infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia, microcephaly, severe mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia. The pneumoencephalogram performed in two sibs showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and aqueductal stenosis with tri-ventricular dilatation. The disorder did not show a progressive course with deterioration of mental and neurologic functions. No biochemical or cytogenetic defect could be identified. Complement fixation for cytomegalovirus was negative. This syndrome complex is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical and the genetic aspects of the syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Agenesis of the corpus callosum, infantile spasms, spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly and severe mental retardation in three siblings. A sibship consisting of three siblings, one male and two females with unrelated parents, showed a clinical syndrome including: infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia, microcephaly, severe mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia. The pneumoencephalogram performed in two sibs showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and aqueductal stenosis with tri-ventricular dilatation. The disorder did not show a progressive course with deterioration of mental and neurologic functions. No biochemical or cytogenetic defect could be identified. Complement fixation for cytomegalovirus was negative. This syndrome complex is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical and the genetic aspects of the syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 589850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3025", "title": "alpha-l-Fucosidase of human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Cultured amniotic fluid cells had a higher level of alpha-L-fucosidase than skin fibroblasts. The early passages of amniotic fluid cells had a higher activity than later passages, whilst skin fibroblast activity was unrelated to passage. For both cell types alpha-L-fucosidase activity fell on subculture, rising again at confluency.", "contents": "alpha-l-Fucosidase of human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells in tissue culture. Cultured amniotic fluid cells had a higher level of alpha-L-fucosidase than skin fibroblasts. The early passages of amniotic fluid cells had a higher activity than later passages, whilst skin fibroblast activity was unrelated to passage. For both cell types alpha-L-fucosidase activity fell on subculture, rising again at confluency.", "PMID": 589851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3026", "title": "Meiotic consequences of an intrachromosomal insertion of chromosome No 1: a family pedigree.", "content": "In three generations of the proband's patrilineal relatives, 14 subjects were found to be carriers of a \"shift\" insertional chromosome No. 1 (46XX or XY, ins(1)(p32q25q31)). The proband and three female relatives, who were mild to moderate mental retardates with minor congenital anomalies, were trisomic for the insertional segment, (1)q25q31. Another subject, who was a markedly immature female abortus with congenital abnormalities, was found to be monosomic for this same chromosomal segment. The cytogenetic evidence suggests that each of these unbalanced recombinant progeny was the result of a single crossing over in the noninsertional loop of a paternal pachytene bivalent of the balanced insertional chromosome No. 1.", "contents": "Meiotic consequences of an intrachromosomal insertion of chromosome No 1: a family pedigree. In three generations of the proband's patrilineal relatives, 14 subjects were found to be carriers of a \"shift\" insertional chromosome No. 1 (46XX or XY, ins(1)(p32q25q31)). The proband and three female relatives, who were mild to moderate mental retardates with minor congenital anomalies, were trisomic for the insertional segment, (1)q25q31. Another subject, who was a markedly immature female abortus with congenital abnormalities, was found to be monosomic for this same chromosomal segment. The cytogenetic evidence suggests that each of these unbalanced recombinant progeny was the result of a single crossing over in the noninsertional loop of a paternal pachytene bivalent of the balanced insertional chromosome No. 1.", "PMID": 589852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3027", "title": "Translocation Y/5 resulting in Cri du Chat syndrome.", "content": "A case of 45,X,del(5)(p14/45,X,t(Y;5)(q11;p14) mosaicism is described. The patient displays the clinical features of the Cri du Chat syndrome, together with gross malformation of the distal left arm. The presence of male sex development is consistent with the location of factor(s) controlling the male sex determination in the paracentromeric area of the Y chromosome.", "contents": "Translocation Y/5 resulting in Cri du Chat syndrome. A case of 45,X,del(5)(p14/45,X,t(Y;5)(q11;p14) mosaicism is described. The patient displays the clinical features of the Cri du Chat syndrome, together with gross malformation of the distal left arm. The presence of male sex development is consistent with the location of factor(s) controlling the male sex determination in the paracentromeric area of the Y chromosome.", "PMID": 589854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3028", "title": "Cystinuria and mental deficiency.", "content": "Several studies have shown that the incidence of cystinuria in mentally retarded populations is higher than it is in the general population. The present study found that a group of cystinurics did not differ significantly in their intelligence from their normal siblings or intelligence test norms. Since cystinuria is a heterogeneous disease, the findings of the present study could be reconciled with previous findings by supposing that only certain genotypes for cystinuria lead to mental retardation.", "contents": "Cystinuria and mental deficiency. Several studies have shown that the incidence of cystinuria in mentally retarded populations is higher than it is in the general population. The present study found that a group of cystinurics did not differ significantly in their intelligence from their normal siblings or intelligence test norms. Since cystinuria is a heterogeneous disease, the findings of the present study could be reconciled with previous findings by supposing that only certain genotypes for cystinuria lead to mental retardation.", "PMID": 589855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3029", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: studies with the oyster ciliary assay.", "content": "Bioassays using ciliary systems have detected a factor or factors in cystic fibrosis (CF) sera and tissue culture medium derived from CF cells. The typical shortcomings of an assay measuring biological activity have been studied, and the means to overcome the weaknesses of the oyster gill cilia assay have been established. The presence of the cystic fibrosis mucociliary inhibitor (CFMI) in experimental fractions may be determined by accepting data from only those assays in which authentic CF and normal (non-CF) fractions give defined reactions, by measuring the reaction of each sample at least three times, and by examining each experimental sample at a protein concentration greater than the minimum established in this study. The relative concentrations of the CFMI present in the first steps of purification of serum and medium have been calculated in terms of units of inhibition. Generally, the units of inhibition present in serum and medium fractions from heterozygotes are close to one-half of that in fractions from homozygous sources. Analogous fractions concentrated from a normal (non-CF) source never inhibited mucociliary activity, even when tested at nearly 100 times the CF concentration. Ciliary assays utilizing oyster gills are essential for monitoring fractionation procedures aimed at purifying the CFMI, and have been shown to be capable and reliable enough to do so.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: studies with the oyster ciliary assay. Bioassays using ciliary systems have detected a factor or factors in cystic fibrosis (CF) sera and tissue culture medium derived from CF cells. The typical shortcomings of an assay measuring biological activity have been studied, and the means to overcome the weaknesses of the oyster gill cilia assay have been established. The presence of the cystic fibrosis mucociliary inhibitor (CFMI) in experimental fractions may be determined by accepting data from only those assays in which authentic CF and normal (non-CF) fractions give defined reactions, by measuring the reaction of each sample at least three times, and by examining each experimental sample at a protein concentration greater than the minimum established in this study. The relative concentrations of the CFMI present in the first steps of purification of serum and medium have been calculated in terms of units of inhibition. Generally, the units of inhibition present in serum and medium fractions from heterozygotes are close to one-half of that in fractions from homozygous sources. Analogous fractions concentrated from a normal (non-CF) source never inhibited mucociliary activity, even when tested at nearly 100 times the CF concentration. Ciliary assays utilizing oyster gills are essential for monitoring fractionation procedures aimed at purifying the CFMI, and have been shown to be capable and reliable enough to do so.", "PMID": 589856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3030", "title": "Central nervous system arteriovenous malformations in multiple generations of a family with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described in four generations of a kinship. The family is unique in that three generations manifest central nervous system vascular disease, which was pathologically confirmed in two generations. Genetic linkage was not identified for 32 genetic markers studied. The literature is reviewed for patients with central nervous system arteriovenous malformations and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed, and therapeutic modalities are considered.", "contents": "Central nervous system arteriovenous malformations in multiple generations of a family with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described in four generations of a kinship. The family is unique in that three generations manifest central nervous system vascular disease, which was pathologically confirmed in two generations. Genetic linkage was not identified for 32 genetic markers studied. The literature is reviewed for patients with central nervous system arteriovenous malformations and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed, and therapeutic modalities are considered.", "PMID": 589858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3031", "title": "Persistent glomerulonephritis following the haemolytic-uremic syndrome. Immunopathological and morphological studies.", "content": "Immunopathological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on kidney biopsies of eight children with a persistent nephropathy (PN) following the haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Significant amounts of in vivo-bound immunoglobulins and C3 were demonstrated by immunofluorescence methods in the glomeruli of all the cases, with a nodular pattern along the capillary walls. In four cases studied, C1q and C4 were also demonstrated, with an identical distribution. Transmission electron-microscope studies revealed a marked thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, and the existence of an electron-dense material with an intramembranous and subepithelial localization. With the exception of one case, serum complement studies did not present major modifications. Coagulation studies reveal that alterations observed in acute HUS were not present in the PN. Results of the present study suggest that an immune mechanism of glomerular damage operates in the pathogenesis of the PN observed after HUS, leading to a normocomplementemic, chronic glomerulonephritis. Although a hypothetical antigen (or perhaps several antigens) remains to be demonstrated, immunofluorescence and electron-microscope studies suggest the deposition of immune complexes in the renal lesions.", "contents": "Persistent glomerulonephritis following the haemolytic-uremic syndrome. Immunopathological and morphological studies. Immunopathological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on kidney biopsies of eight children with a persistent nephropathy (PN) following the haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Significant amounts of in vivo-bound immunoglobulins and C3 were demonstrated by immunofluorescence methods in the glomeruli of all the cases, with a nodular pattern along the capillary walls. In four cases studied, C1q and C4 were also demonstrated, with an identical distribution. Transmission electron-microscope studies revealed a marked thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, and the existence of an electron-dense material with an intramembranous and subepithelial localization. With the exception of one case, serum complement studies did not present major modifications. Coagulation studies reveal that alterations observed in acute HUS were not present in the PN. Results of the present study suggest that an immune mechanism of glomerular damage operates in the pathogenesis of the PN observed after HUS, leading to a normocomplementemic, chronic glomerulonephritis. Although a hypothetical antigen (or perhaps several antigens) remains to be demonstrated, immunofluorescence and electron-microscope studies suggest the deposition of immune complexes in the renal lesions.", "PMID": 589859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3032", "title": "The detection of circulating immune complexes in children with recurrent infections and their treatment with human immunoglobulins.", "content": "In a study of thirty-nine children with recurrent infections, circulating antigens, either free or in the form of immune complexes, were detected in thirty. The ability of sera to inhibit the agglutination of latex by rheumatoid factor or the C1q component of complement was used as a test for the presence of immune complexes. The children were treated by three injections of the same preparation of human immunoglobulin as that used for the serological tests, and a marked and sustained improvement in twenty-one patients was observed. In nineteen of these, circulating antigens reacted in vitro with antibodies in the immunoglobulin preparation, whereas of the eighteen children who did not improve with treatment, the sera of thirteen failed to react in vitro with the immunoglobulin preparation.", "contents": "The detection of circulating immune complexes in children with recurrent infections and their treatment with human immunoglobulins. In a study of thirty-nine children with recurrent infections, circulating antigens, either free or in the form of immune complexes, were detected in thirty. The ability of sera to inhibit the agglutination of latex by rheumatoid factor or the C1q component of complement was used as a test for the presence of immune complexes. The children were treated by three injections of the same preparation of human immunoglobulin as that used for the serological tests, and a marked and sustained improvement in twenty-one patients was observed. In nineteen of these, circulating antigens reacted in vitro with antibodies in the immunoglobulin preparation, whereas of the eighteen children who did not improve with treatment, the sera of thirteen failed to react in vitro with the immunoglobulin preparation.", "PMID": 589860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3033", "title": "Quantification of the lymphocytic infiltrate in jejunal epithelium in giardiasis.", "content": "The intraepithelial lymphocytes of the jejunal mucosa from patients with giardiasis and from control patients were counted in coded serial sections. Patients with giardiasis and normal intestinal absorption and control patients who had lived and travelled in tropical areas had similar counts, which were higher than those reported for controls from temperate areas. Where giardiasis was accompanied by malabsorption of one substance the mean count was significantly higher than that of controls (P less than 0.02). In those patients with giardiasis and malabsorption of two or three substances the mean count was significantly higher than that of controls (P less than 0.02) and that of patients with giardiasis and normal absorption (P less than 0.05). After treatment, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts declined consistently in patients with malabsorption. An association between raised intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and malabsorption is indicated. The possible significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Quantification of the lymphocytic infiltrate in jejunal epithelium in giardiasis. The intraepithelial lymphocytes of the jejunal mucosa from patients with giardiasis and from control patients were counted in coded serial sections. Patients with giardiasis and normal intestinal absorption and control patients who had lived and travelled in tropical areas had similar counts, which were higher than those reported for controls from temperate areas. Where giardiasis was accompanied by malabsorption of one substance the mean count was significantly higher than that of controls (P less than 0.02). In those patients with giardiasis and malabsorption of two or three substances the mean count was significantly higher than that of controls (P less than 0.02) and that of patients with giardiasis and normal absorption (P less than 0.05). After treatment, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts declined consistently in patients with malabsorption. An association between raised intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and malabsorption is indicated. The possible significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 589861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3034", "title": "A test for antigen--antibody complexes in human sera using IgM of rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulins.", "content": "A simple semi-quantitative test for soluble antigen--antibody complexes using characterized non-human reagents and permitting analysis of their constituents is described. The agglutination of immunoglobulin-coated latex particles by rabbit IgM antibodies to the immunoglobulin is inhibited by complex-containing sera. No inhibition is obtained with monomer immunoglobulins. Semi-quantitative measurement of complexes may be made by electronically counting residual unagglutinated latex particles. The new method of linking proteins to latex by DNP coupling permits the technique to be applied to all constituents of complexes; immunoglobulins, complement and antigens. A new method of decomplementing sera by EDTA-Sigma cell-IgG absorption allows analysis of sera without the false positives and false negatives other methods give. The test gave positive results for IgG complexes in most of twenty-four patients with SLE nephritis. IgA complexes were identified in a patient with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis.", "contents": "A test for antigen--antibody complexes in human sera using IgM of rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulins. A simple semi-quantitative test for soluble antigen--antibody complexes using characterized non-human reagents and permitting analysis of their constituents is described. The agglutination of immunoglobulin-coated latex particles by rabbit IgM antibodies to the immunoglobulin is inhibited by complex-containing sera. No inhibition is obtained with monomer immunoglobulins. Semi-quantitative measurement of complexes may be made by electronically counting residual unagglutinated latex particles. The new method of linking proteins to latex by DNP coupling permits the technique to be applied to all constituents of complexes; immunoglobulins, complement and antigens. A new method of decomplementing sera by EDTA-Sigma cell-IgG absorption allows analysis of sera without the false positives and false negatives other methods give. The test gave positive results for IgG complexes in most of twenty-four patients with SLE nephritis. IgA complexes were identified in a patient with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis.", "PMID": 589862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3035", "title": "Absence of a receptor for fixed C3 on the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "By the use of a rosette test employing yeast particles coated with C3 activated by the alternative pathway, we have demonstrated that the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) do not possess a receptor for C3. It is also shown that hairy cells display a consistently lower percentage of rosette formation with ox EAC than with ox EA IgM and this is attributed to varying degrees of steric hindrance of IgM or incomplete coating by complement. Blocking with monomeric IgM confirmed this interpretation. These results are used to reconcile previously conflicting reports concerning the presence or absence of a receptor for C3 on the hairy cells of LRE, and to suggest that the disease is accompanied by a severe reduction of normal B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Absence of a receptor for fixed C3 on the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. By the use of a rosette test employing yeast particles coated with C3 activated by the alternative pathway, we have demonstrated that the hairy cells of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) do not possess a receptor for C3. It is also shown that hairy cells display a consistently lower percentage of rosette formation with ox EAC than with ox EA IgM and this is attributed to varying degrees of steric hindrance of IgM or incomplete coating by complement. Blocking with monomeric IgM confirmed this interpretation. These results are used to reconcile previously conflicting reports concerning the presence or absence of a receptor for C3 on the hairy cells of LRE, and to suggest that the disease is accompanied by a severe reduction of normal B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 589863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3036", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan.", "content": "Serum-immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) have been studied in white and metis (Cree Indian) communities in Saskatchewan. The levels of IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE were higher in the metis than in the whites. Both IgG and IgM were higher in females than in males. IgG and IgA levels rose progressively with age. IgM levels rose rapidly during the first year to almost adult levels, and then fell gradually after the age of 30. IgE levels also rose rapidly during the first 3 years of life, were higher on average in children than in adults, and fell to adult levels at puberty. Low levels of IgA were associated with high levels of IgG; they were not associated with either high levels of IgE or an increase in the prevalence of asthma.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan. Serum-immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) have been studied in white and metis (Cree Indian) communities in Saskatchewan. The levels of IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE were higher in the metis than in the whites. Both IgG and IgM were higher in females than in males. IgG and IgA levels rose progressively with age. IgM levels rose rapidly during the first year to almost adult levels, and then fell gradually after the age of 30. IgE levels also rose rapidly during the first 3 years of life, were higher on average in children than in adults, and fell to adult levels at puberty. Low levels of IgA were associated with high levels of IgG; they were not associated with either high levels of IgE or an increase in the prevalence of asthma.", "PMID": 589864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3037", "title": "Enhancement of human lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens in vitro by incubation at elevated temperatures.", "content": "Incubation of human lymphocytes with PHA or Con A at 39 degrees C for 3 days caused a consistent, statistically significant, increase in [3H]thymidine uptake, compared with cultures incubated at 37 degrees C. The responses were also significantly increased after 2 days of incubation, suggesting that hyperthermia not only enhanced, but also caused an earlier onset of the mitogen response.", "contents": "Enhancement of human lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens in vitro by incubation at elevated temperatures. Incubation of human lymphocytes with PHA or Con A at 39 degrees C for 3 days caused a consistent, statistically significant, increase in [3H]thymidine uptake, compared with cultures incubated at 37 degrees C. The responses were also significantly increased after 2 days of incubation, suggesting that hyperthermia not only enhanced, but also caused an earlier onset of the mitogen response.", "PMID": 589865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3038", "title": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. II. Inhibition of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin by serum of T. pallidum-infected rabbits.", "content": "Serum inhibitors of lymphocyte response to PHA were found in T. pallidum-infected rabbits. The humoral inhibitors could be detected as early as 10 days after infection and persisted for at least 6 months. The factors also suppressed the allogeneic lymphocyte response. Control, or normal, rabbit sera likewise contain serum inhibitors, but in much lower concentration. The detection of the humoral inhibitors depended on the susceptibility of the indicator lymphocytes. Cells of some rabbits were more sensitive to the inhibitors than others. In addition to serum inhibitors, lymphocytes of T. pallidum-infected animals seem to be impaired and responded to PHA less vigorously than cells of normal rabbits. The inhibitory activity is most likely the result of a complex group of substances with different physicochemical characteristics; some pre-exist and others are newly formed after infection. Problems associated with the detection of such inhibitors are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. II. Inhibition of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin by serum of T. pallidum-infected rabbits. Serum inhibitors of lymphocyte response to PHA were found in T. pallidum-infected rabbits. The humoral inhibitors could be detected as early as 10 days after infection and persisted for at least 6 months. The factors also suppressed the allogeneic lymphocyte response. Control, or normal, rabbit sera likewise contain serum inhibitors, but in much lower concentration. The detection of the humoral inhibitors depended on the susceptibility of the indicator lymphocytes. Cells of some rabbits were more sensitive to the inhibitors than others. In addition to serum inhibitors, lymphocytes of T. pallidum-infected animals seem to be impaired and responded to PHA less vigorously than cells of normal rabbits. The inhibitory activity is most likely the result of a complex group of substances with different physicochemical characteristics; some pre-exist and others are newly formed after infection. Problems associated with the detection of such inhibitors are discussed.", "PMID": 589866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3039", "title": "The effect of PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function.", "content": "The effect of PHA-activated mononuclear-cell (MN) supernatants on various polymorphonuclear-leucocyte (PMN) functions were assessed. Treatment of PMN with PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants resulted in greater electrophoretic mobility, indicating an increase in the negative surface charge. PMN directional motility was inhibited in the presence of active supernatants but was not affected by a pulse exposure of the PMN to these supernatants. Neither control nor active supernatants were chemotactic for PMN, but treatment of these cells with active supernatants produced an increase in their phagocytic activity, their ability to reduce NBT and in their glucose oxidation through the hexosemonophosphate shunt. Bactericidal capacity of these PMN was unaltered. Specific loss of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) activity from supernatants of PHA-activated MN cells followed their absorption with PMN cells but not with human MN cells or guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells. Furthermore, acquired inhibition of migration of the absorbing PMN was observed.", "contents": "The effect of PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function. The effect of PHA-activated mononuclear-cell (MN) supernatants on various polymorphonuclear-leucocyte (PMN) functions were assessed. Treatment of PMN with PHA-activated MN-cell supernatants resulted in greater electrophoretic mobility, indicating an increase in the negative surface charge. PMN directional motility was inhibited in the presence of active supernatants but was not affected by a pulse exposure of the PMN to these supernatants. Neither control nor active supernatants were chemotactic for PMN, but treatment of these cells with active supernatants produced an increase in their phagocytic activity, their ability to reduce NBT and in their glucose oxidation through the hexosemonophosphate shunt. Bactericidal capacity of these PMN was unaltered. Specific loss of leucocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) activity from supernatants of PHA-activated MN cells followed their absorption with PMN cells but not with human MN cells or guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells. Furthermore, acquired inhibition of migration of the absorbing PMN was observed.", "PMID": 589867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3040", "title": "An experimental comparison of radioactive labels with potential application to lymphocyte migration studies in patients.", "content": "The suitability of two radionuclides (99mTc, 111In) for labelling lymphocytes have been evaluated in rats by comparison with a standard method using 51Cr. For the study of lymphocyte migration in patients labelling with 111In-labelled oxine is clearly the most promising because both in vivo and in vitro it remains associated with lymphocytes and the labelled cells migrate normally into lymphoid tissues. The physical characteristics of 111In are also favourable. Not only does 99mTc rapidly dissociate from lymphocytes but also it compromises their ability to recirculate from blood to lymph.", "contents": "An experimental comparison of radioactive labels with potential application to lymphocyte migration studies in patients. The suitability of two radionuclides (99mTc, 111In) for labelling lymphocytes have been evaluated in rats by comparison with a standard method using 51Cr. For the study of lymphocyte migration in patients labelling with 111In-labelled oxine is clearly the most promising because both in vivo and in vitro it remains associated with lymphocytes and the labelled cells migrate normally into lymphoid tissues. The physical characteristics of 111In are also favourable. Not only does 99mTc rapidly dissociate from lymphocytes but also it compromises their ability to recirculate from blood to lymph.", "PMID": 589868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3041", "title": "The mechanism behind the effect of ALG on platelets in vivo.", "content": "Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and antiplatelet globulin (APG) were injected in dogs whose autologous platelets were labelled with 51Cr. APG injection resulted in almost complete and irreversible disappearance of labelled platelets. ALG produced thrombocytopenia of the same degree, but this was to a large extent reversible. After injection of ALG the platelets were reversibly trapped in the lung during the time when platelet count in peripheral blood was low. Such trapping was not seen after administration of APG. This suggests an antiplatelet mechanism of ALG quite different from that of APG. Platelet-absorbed ALG and non-platelet-absorbed ALG produced thrombocytopenia of the same degree and pattern, making it less likely that the thrombocytopenia was caused by specific platelet antibodies. Also platelet-absorbed APG induced thrombocytopenia, but this was reversible and 'ALG-like'. The mechanism behind the platelet reaction after an ALG injection is well explained in terms of complement C3 adherence and/or Fc receptor-induced aggregation.", "contents": "The mechanism behind the effect of ALG on platelets in vivo. Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and antiplatelet globulin (APG) were injected in dogs whose autologous platelets were labelled with 51Cr. APG injection resulted in almost complete and irreversible disappearance of labelled platelets. ALG produced thrombocytopenia of the same degree, but this was to a large extent reversible. After injection of ALG the platelets were reversibly trapped in the lung during the time when platelet count in peripheral blood was low. Such trapping was not seen after administration of APG. This suggests an antiplatelet mechanism of ALG quite different from that of APG. Platelet-absorbed ALG and non-platelet-absorbed ALG produced thrombocytopenia of the same degree and pattern, making it less likely that the thrombocytopenia was caused by specific platelet antibodies. Also platelet-absorbed APG induced thrombocytopenia, but this was reversible and 'ALG-like'. The mechanism behind the platelet reaction after an ALG injection is well explained in terms of complement C3 adherence and/or Fc receptor-induced aggregation.", "PMID": 589869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3042", "title": "Sensitivity changes in guinea-pig atria and ileum following subacute administration of dyflos.", "content": "1. Subacute administration of dyflos to guinea-pigs (1.2 mg/kg, s.c., daily for 10 days) led to the development of subsensitivity to carbachol in the ileum but not in the electrically stimulated left atrium. 2. Atria from dyflos-pretreated animals became supersensitive to acetylcholine but the ileum became subsensitive to this agonist despite marked inhibition of cholinesterases. The degree of subsensitivity was less than that for carbachol. 3. Subsensitivity also developed to histamine and was of a similar order to that observed for carbachol supporting the suggestion that subsensitivity is a nonspecific post-receptor mechanism. 4. Other changes which occurred in the ileum, together with the increase in the EC50 value to agonists were an increase in tissue mass, an increase in the slope of the concentration-response curve to agonists and an increase in the maximal response to agonists.", "contents": "Sensitivity changes in guinea-pig atria and ileum following subacute administration of dyflos. 1. Subacute administration of dyflos to guinea-pigs (1.2 mg/kg, s.c., daily for 10 days) led to the development of subsensitivity to carbachol in the ileum but not in the electrically stimulated left atrium. 2. Atria from dyflos-pretreated animals became supersensitive to acetylcholine but the ileum became subsensitive to this agonist despite marked inhibition of cholinesterases. The degree of subsensitivity was less than that for carbachol. 3. Subsensitivity also developed to histamine and was of a similar order to that observed for carbachol supporting the suggestion that subsensitivity is a nonspecific post-receptor mechanism. 4. Other changes which occurred in the ileum, together with the increase in the EC50 value to agonists were an increase in tissue mass, an increase in the slope of the concentration-response curve to agonists and an increase in the maximal response to agonists.", "PMID": 589870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3043", "title": "Modifying effect of bradykinin on motor activity in the guinea-pig gall bladder.", "content": "1. The interaction of bradykinin and cholecystokinin preparations was investigated on the guinea-pig isolated gall bladder. Bradykinin (1-100 ng/ml) induced dose-dependent contractile effects which were considerably smaller than those produced by cholecystokinin octapeptide. Bradykinin in a low concentration (1.0 ng/ml) caused a significant increase of the contraction induced by cholecystokinin octapeptide (P less than 0.001) and natural cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (P less than 0.01), and also augmented the effects of acetylcholine on this preparation. Therefore these effects are probably not specific for cholecystokinin.", "contents": "Modifying effect of bradykinin on motor activity in the guinea-pig gall bladder. 1. The interaction of bradykinin and cholecystokinin preparations was investigated on the guinea-pig isolated gall bladder. Bradykinin (1-100 ng/ml) induced dose-dependent contractile effects which were considerably smaller than those produced by cholecystokinin octapeptide. Bradykinin in a low concentration (1.0 ng/ml) caused a significant increase of the contraction induced by cholecystokinin octapeptide (P less than 0.001) and natural cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (P less than 0.01), and also augmented the effects of acetylcholine on this preparation. Therefore these effects are probably not specific for cholecystokinin.", "PMID": 589871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3044", "title": "The effects of sodium chloride, urea and mannitol on the permeability in vitro fo rat papillary collecting ducts to THO, 14C-urea and 22Na.", "content": "1. The diffusional permeabilities of collecting duct membranes to THO, 14C-urea and 22Na+ have been measured at different concentrations of urea, NaCl and mannitol. 2. In the absence of urea in perfusate and bath or in its presence in low concentrations, the diffusional permeability to urea was 2.0 (s.e.m. = 0.15, n = 58) micrometer s-1, compared with 0.87 (s.e.m. = 0.06, n = 29) microgram s-1 when 200 mmol/l urea was present. The permeability of the collecting ducts to THO or Na+ was not affected by the different urea concentrations. 3. High concentrations of sodium chloride increased the diffusional permeability of collecting ducts to water and urea but did not affect the diffusional permeability of the collecting duct to Na+. 4. Mannitol had effects similar to those of sodium chloride. 5. In all media tested there was an increase in THO and urea permeability when supramaximal amounts of antidiuretic hormone were added. The increases in the various media for each substance were similar, despite widely different starting permeabilities. 6. The results suggest that solutes and water move across collecting duct epithelium by several pathways that respond differently to various stimuli.", "contents": "The effects of sodium chloride, urea and mannitol on the permeability in vitro fo rat papillary collecting ducts to THO, 14C-urea and 22Na. 1. The diffusional permeabilities of collecting duct membranes to THO, 14C-urea and 22Na+ have been measured at different concentrations of urea, NaCl and mannitol. 2. In the absence of urea in perfusate and bath or in its presence in low concentrations, the diffusional permeability to urea was 2.0 (s.e.m. = 0.15, n = 58) micrometer s-1, compared with 0.87 (s.e.m. = 0.06, n = 29) microgram s-1 when 200 mmol/l urea was present. The permeability of the collecting ducts to THO or Na+ was not affected by the different urea concentrations. 3. High concentrations of sodium chloride increased the diffusional permeability of collecting ducts to water and urea but did not affect the diffusional permeability of the collecting duct to Na+. 4. Mannitol had effects similar to those of sodium chloride. 5. In all media tested there was an increase in THO and urea permeability when supramaximal amounts of antidiuretic hormone were added. The increases in the various media for each substance were similar, despite widely different starting permeabilities. 6. The results suggest that solutes and water move across collecting duct epithelium by several pathways that respond differently to various stimuli.", "PMID": 589872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3045", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on the frequency-force relationship of the isolated dog atrium.", "content": "1. The effects of acetylcholine on the frequency-force relationship in isolated atria of the dog were investigated in spontaneously beating and electrically paced preparations, which were suspended in a bath perfused with arterial blood from a carotid artery of a heparinized donor dog. 2. The developed tension at low frequencies of stimulation was less suppressed than at higher frequencies by an infusion of a relatively low dose level (1-2 microgram/min) of acetylcholine. At higher doses (4-10 microgram/min), acetylcholine suppressed the tension development at any given frequency.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on the frequency-force relationship of the isolated dog atrium. 1. The effects of acetylcholine on the frequency-force relationship in isolated atria of the dog were investigated in spontaneously beating and electrically paced preparations, which were suspended in a bath perfused with arterial blood from a carotid artery of a heparinized donor dog. 2. The developed tension at low frequencies of stimulation was less suppressed than at higher frequencies by an infusion of a relatively low dose level (1-2 microgram/min) of acetylcholine. At higher doses (4-10 microgram/min), acetylcholine suppressed the tension development at any given frequency.", "PMID": 589873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3046", "title": "Evaluation of drug-induced reno-renal vasomotor reflex in the dog.", "content": "1. Renal arterial infusions of endogenous vasoactive compounds were administered, and elctromagnetic flow probes were used to measure simultaneous ipsilateral and contralateral renal blood flow. 2. The expected ipsilateral renal blood flow changes resulting from infusions of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, angiotension II, bradykinin and PGE2 were observed. There were no transient, phasic or sustained contralateral renal blood flow changes. 3. These results suggest that a previously hypothesized reno-renal vasomotor reflex communication does not exist. The discrepancies between these present studies and previous ones proposing such a reflex may be due to the methods chosen for measurement of renal blood flow.", "contents": "Evaluation of drug-induced reno-renal vasomotor reflex in the dog. 1. Renal arterial infusions of endogenous vasoactive compounds were administered, and elctromagnetic flow probes were used to measure simultaneous ipsilateral and contralateral renal blood flow. 2. The expected ipsilateral renal blood flow changes resulting from infusions of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, angiotension II, bradykinin and PGE2 were observed. There were no transient, phasic or sustained contralateral renal blood flow changes. 3. These results suggest that a previously hypothesized reno-renal vasomotor reflex communication does not exist. The discrepancies between these present studies and previous ones proposing such a reflex may be due to the methods chosen for measurement of renal blood flow.", "PMID": 589874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3047", "title": "A comparative study of antipyrine pharmacokinetics in saliva and plasma using a colourimetric method of antipyrine analysis.", "content": "1. Half-life, apparent volume of distribution and metabolic clearance rate for antipyrine elimination were reliably estimated from either plasma or saliva samples. 2. Pharmacokinetic analysis of antipyrine from saliva utilizing a simple and sensitive colourimetric technique provided a convenient method for assessing the activity of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "A comparative study of antipyrine pharmacokinetics in saliva and plasma using a colourimetric method of antipyrine analysis. 1. Half-life, apparent volume of distribution and metabolic clearance rate for antipyrine elimination were reliably estimated from either plasma or saliva samples. 2. Pharmacokinetic analysis of antipyrine from saliva utilizing a simple and sensitive colourimetric technique provided a convenient method for assessing the activity of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 589875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3048", "title": "Effects of ultrafiltration on solute clearances in parallel plate dialyzers.", "content": "Clearances of small and large solutes were measured at increasing transmembrane pressure in 3 types of parallel plate dialyzers. Both laboratory and clinical studies were performed. As in previously reported studies in coils, diffusive transport appears to decrease as transmembrane pressure increases. This may reflect blood channel widening, bath channeling, and/or membrane masking by mesh support. For small solutes, decreases in diffusive transport were enough to offset gains by solvent drag and total clearances decreased. In some studies, decreases in small solute clearances with increasing ultrafiltration were large enough to compromise dialysis efficiency.", "contents": "Effects of ultrafiltration on solute clearances in parallel plate dialyzers. Clearances of small and large solutes were measured at increasing transmembrane pressure in 3 types of parallel plate dialyzers. Both laboratory and clinical studies were performed. As in previously reported studies in coils, diffusive transport appears to decrease as transmembrane pressure increases. This may reflect blood channel widening, bath channeling, and/or membrane masking by mesh support. For small solutes, decreases in diffusive transport were enough to offset gains by solvent drag and total clearances decreased. In some studies, decreases in small solute clearances with increasing ultrafiltration were large enough to compromise dialysis efficiency.", "PMID": 589876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3049", "title": "IgA nephropathy: a syndrome of uniform morphology, diverse clinical features and uncertain prognosis.", "content": "Isolated glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits was the most common single finding encountered in a large biopsy series in an Australian community and was found in 50 patients, 18% of those presenting for the investigation of primary glomerular disease. A uniform histopathological picture of mesangial enlargement, with or without focal and segmental features was present. A tendency to progression was suggested by the frequent presence of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial scarring and vascular hyalinization. Because of the uniform histological immunofluorescence and ultrastructural appearances, the term IgA nephropathy has been used for this condition. The clinical picture, however, was heterogenous. Presenting symptoms included macroscopic hematuria (34%), proteinuria (32%) acute nephritis (10%), nephrotic syndrome (6%), malignant hypertension (8%), acute renal failure (6%) and chronic renal failure (4%). There was a striking correlation of increased blood pressure and decreased renal function with increasing age. While the period of follow-up was too short to assess individual patient data, a gradual and progressive decrease in renal function over several decades is suspected in patients with this condition.", "contents": "IgA nephropathy: a syndrome of uniform morphology, diverse clinical features and uncertain prognosis. Isolated glomerulonephritis with mesangial IgA deposits was the most common single finding encountered in a large biopsy series in an Australian community and was found in 50 patients, 18% of those presenting for the investigation of primary glomerular disease. A uniform histopathological picture of mesangial enlargement, with or without focal and segmental features was present. A tendency to progression was suggested by the frequent presence of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial scarring and vascular hyalinization. Because of the uniform histological immunofluorescence and ultrastructural appearances, the term IgA nephropathy has been used for this condition. The clinical picture, however, was heterogenous. Presenting symptoms included macroscopic hematuria (34%), proteinuria (32%) acute nephritis (10%), nephrotic syndrome (6%), malignant hypertension (8%), acute renal failure (6%) and chronic renal failure (4%). There was a striking correlation of increased blood pressure and decreased renal function with increasing age. While the period of follow-up was too short to assess individual patient data, a gradual and progressive decrease in renal function over several decades is suspected in patients with this condition.", "PMID": 589877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3050", "title": "Depressant action of acetate upon the human cardiovascular system.", "content": "The effect of regular hemodialysis (HD) with dialyzate containing acetate was evaluated in 20 patients. After dialysis, a significant increase in limb blood flow was found (P less than 0.01) while the mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged indicating a significant decrease in peripheral vascular resistance after HD (P less than 0.01). Cardiac function was evaluated using the ratio of the preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/ET); this value showed a significant increase after HD suggesting depression of cardiac function (P less than 0.001). The study was repeated substituting bicarbonate for acetate in 13 of the 20 patients. Under these conditions, limb blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance showed no significant change though mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). The ratio, PEP/ET, showed a significant increase after HD (P less than 0.01), but the value was significantly lower than that found after HD with dialyzate containing acetate (P less than 0.05). Changes in the serum levels of calcium, potassium, pH and body weight could not explain the differences found after HD with the two kinds of dialyzate. The results of the present study suggest strongly that acetate exerts a depressant action on the cardio-vascular system.", "contents": "Depressant action of acetate upon the human cardiovascular system. The effect of regular hemodialysis (HD) with dialyzate containing acetate was evaluated in 20 patients. After dialysis, a significant increase in limb blood flow was found (P less than 0.01) while the mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged indicating a significant decrease in peripheral vascular resistance after HD (P less than 0.01). Cardiac function was evaluated using the ratio of the preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/ET); this value showed a significant increase after HD suggesting depression of cardiac function (P less than 0.001). The study was repeated substituting bicarbonate for acetate in 13 of the 20 patients. Under these conditions, limb blood flow and peripheral vascular resistance showed no significant change though mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). The ratio, PEP/ET, showed a significant increase after HD (P less than 0.01), but the value was significantly lower than that found after HD with dialyzate containing acetate (P less than 0.05). Changes in the serum levels of calcium, potassium, pH and body weight could not explain the differences found after HD with the two kinds of dialyzate. The results of the present study suggest strongly that acetate exerts a depressant action on the cardio-vascular system.", "PMID": 589878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3051", "title": "Hemolysis and blood loss in children with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Erythrocyte life span was determined in 19 children with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment and in 12 children on regular hemodialysis. Erythrocytes were labeled with 111Indium. Blood loss was measured using a special counting chamber. Erythrocyte life span decreased with increasing blood urea nitrogen. Blood loss into the intestine and into the dialysis equipment was found to be a major cause for anemia of children with chronic renal failure. Daily intestinal blood loss amounted to 6 ml/m2 BSA on conservative treatment and 11 ml/m2 on hemodialysis. Mean blood loss in the dialysis equipment was 8 ml/m2 per dialysis, almost half being lost in the connecting tubing systems.", "contents": "Hemolysis and blood loss in children with chronic renal failure. Erythrocyte life span was determined in 19 children with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment and in 12 children on regular hemodialysis. Erythrocytes were labeled with 111Indium. Blood loss was measured using a special counting chamber. Erythrocyte life span decreased with increasing blood urea nitrogen. Blood loss into the intestine and into the dialysis equipment was found to be a major cause for anemia of children with chronic renal failure. Daily intestinal blood loss amounted to 6 ml/m2 BSA on conservative treatment and 11 ml/m2 on hemodialysis. Mean blood loss in the dialysis equipment was 8 ml/m2 per dialysis, almost half being lost in the connecting tubing systems.", "PMID": 589879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3052", "title": "Plasma drug level monitoring in pregnancy.", "content": "During pregnancy a number of continuously changing circumstances exist which might be expected to modify the relation between plasma drug levels and drug dosage. Alimentary tract motility may be decreased, the distribution of many drugs may be altered, glomerular filtration rate is greater and biotransformation capacity may be changed as pregnancy  advances. However, relatively little has been published on the monitoring of plasma drug levels during pregnancy. It has been established that, in the presence of constant drug doses, plasma levels of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and certain other anticonvulsants tend to fall during pregnancy and rise again during the puerperium. Plasma lithium and possibly digoxin levels also fall relative to drug dose as pregnancy progress, and rise again in the puerperium. While the changes in lithium and digoxin levels are probably chiefly due to increased rate of glomerular filtration during pregnancy, the altered anticonvulsant requirement is more likely to depend mainly on an increased rate of biotransformation. Anticonvulsant plasma levels should be monitored regularly from the outset of pregnancy and more frequently after birth.", "contents": "Plasma drug level monitoring in pregnancy. During pregnancy a number of continuously changing circumstances exist which might be expected to modify the relation between plasma drug levels and drug dosage. Alimentary tract motility may be decreased, the distribution of many drugs may be altered, glomerular filtration rate is greater and biotransformation capacity may be changed as pregnancy  advances. However, relatively little has been published on the monitoring of plasma drug levels during pregnancy. It has been established that, in the presence of constant drug doses, plasma levels of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and certain other anticonvulsants tend to fall during pregnancy and rise again during the puerperium. Plasma lithium and possibly digoxin levels also fall relative to drug dose as pregnancy progress, and rise again in the puerperium. While the changes in lithium and digoxin levels are probably chiefly due to increased rate of glomerular filtration during pregnancy, the altered anticonvulsant requirement is more likely to depend mainly on an increased rate of biotransformation. Anticonvulsant plasma levels should be monitored regularly from the outset of pregnancy and more frequently after birth.", "PMID": 589881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3053", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil: inter-relationship with biochemical kinetics in monitoring therapy.", "content": "The major difficulty in using pharmacokinetic concepts for monitoring individual therapy with 5-fluorouracil is based on the mostly intracellular location of the active nucleotide metabolites of 5-fluorouracil with no clear correlation of plasma levels of the drug. In addition, the basic biochemical mechanism of 'thymine-less cell death' following inhibition of de novo thymidylate synthesis by 2'-deoxy-5-flurouridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) is poorly understood, and only some of the biochemical determinants of therapeutic response to 5-fluorouracil are known. Individualised therapy with 5-fluorouracil requires an intergrated approach which should include methods of pharmacokinetics and biochemical kinetics. 5-Fluorouracil stands as an example for most of the pyrimidine and purine metabolites to which similar consideration apply in monitoring of cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil: inter-relationship with biochemical kinetics in monitoring therapy. The major difficulty in using pharmacokinetic concepts for monitoring individual therapy with 5-fluorouracil is based on the mostly intracellular location of the active nucleotide metabolites of 5-fluorouracil with no clear correlation of plasma levels of the drug. In addition, the basic biochemical mechanism of 'thymine-less cell death' following inhibition of de novo thymidylate synthesis by 2'-deoxy-5-flurouridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) is poorly understood, and only some of the biochemical determinants of therapeutic response to 5-fluorouracil are known. Individualised therapy with 5-fluorouracil requires an intergrated approach which should include methods of pharmacokinetics and biochemical kinetics. 5-Fluorouracil stands as an example for most of the pyrimidine and purine metabolites to which similar consideration apply in monitoring of cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 589882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3054", "title": "The role of ultrasound in the assessment and treatment of abdominal metastases from testicular tumours.", "content": "The para-aortic region has been investigated with ultrasound in 95 patients with testicular teratoma seen in the testicular tumour unit between 1973 and 1976. The liver was assessed in 110 patients. The technique has provided useful and reliable information. Para-aortic ultrasound can provide more information than existing diagnostic methods and is particularly useful for defining the volume of metastatic nodal masses. Its role should be regarded as complementary to that of lymphography. Ultrasonography is particularly useful to the radiotherapist since it can define the volume and limits of the tumour and thus influence choice of therapeutic approach and radiation planning technique. Ultrasound is also valuable in the assessment of response to treatment and in monitoring the patient during the subsequent follow-up period.", "contents": "The role of ultrasound in the assessment and treatment of abdominal metastases from testicular tumours. The para-aortic region has been investigated with ultrasound in 95 patients with testicular teratoma seen in the testicular tumour unit between 1973 and 1976. The liver was assessed in 110 patients. The technique has provided useful and reliable information. Para-aortic ultrasound can provide more information than existing diagnostic methods and is particularly useful for defining the volume of metastatic nodal masses. Its role should be regarded as complementary to that of lymphography. Ultrasonography is particularly useful to the radiotherapist since it can define the volume and limits of the tumour and thus influence choice of therapeutic approach and radiation planning technique. Ultrasound is also valuable in the assessment of response to treatment and in monitoring the patient during the subsequent follow-up period.", "PMID": 589897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3055", "title": "Ascending uretero-pyelography in renal failure.", "content": "Ascending uretero-pyelography has been carried out over a period of 13 years in 97 consecutive patients with undiagnosed renal failure. Sixty-nine were in a non-obstructive uropathy group while 26 had ureteric obstructions. There were two failures. Over 60% of examinations were performed under local anaesthesia, each examination taking an average of 20 min. There has been no mortality and two anaesthetic complications have been the only significant morbidity. Ureteric injury, urinary infection and renal function have all been investigated and recorded. Five per cent of patients developed urinary infection following AUP but without any major consequences. No significant ureteric injury occurred and no late sequelae were noted. Neither any reaction to contrast medium nor any further deterioration in renal function was observed; AUP was diagnostic in 46% of patients. In the remainder it ruled out obstructive uropathy and gave useful information about the kidneys, ureters and bladder. In experienced hands and with proper facilities AUP is safe and can be helpful in the diagnosis and management of patients in renal failure.", "contents": "Ascending uretero-pyelography in renal failure. Ascending uretero-pyelography has been carried out over a period of 13 years in 97 consecutive patients with undiagnosed renal failure. Sixty-nine were in a non-obstructive uropathy group while 26 had ureteric obstructions. There were two failures. Over 60% of examinations were performed under local anaesthesia, each examination taking an average of 20 min. There has been no mortality and two anaesthetic complications have been the only significant morbidity. Ureteric injury, urinary infection and renal function have all been investigated and recorded. Five per cent of patients developed urinary infection following AUP but without any major consequences. No significant ureteric injury occurred and no late sequelae were noted. Neither any reaction to contrast medium nor any further deterioration in renal function was observed; AUP was diagnostic in 46% of patients. In the remainder it ruled out obstructive uropathy and gave useful information about the kidneys, ureters and bladder. In experienced hands and with proper facilities AUP is safe and can be helpful in the diagnosis and management of patients in renal failure.", "PMID": 589898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3056", "title": "Pre-treatment 3H-TdR labelling of cervical biopsies: histology, staging and tumour response to radiotherapy.", "content": "Pre-treatment data from tumour biopsies labelled in vitro with tritiated thymidine are reported for 54 patients undergoing radical radiotherapy by 137Cs or Cathetron 60Co intracavitary insertions plus external irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Labelling indices were obtained ranging from 1.8 to 27.8%. No correlation was observed between mean labelling indices and the histological type of tumour or its degree of differentiation. Comparison of data obtained in this study with previously reported data for carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma indicate that with increasing clinical stage of the disease, a considerable lengthening of the potential doubling time of the tumour cells, from less than 1 to 8 days, occurs. The degree of vaginal spread of the tumour was directly related to the degree of parametrial involvement. The mean time taken for the vaginal component of the tumour to resolve following radiotherapy was related to its initial spread and the pre-treatment labelling index. The greater the spread of the tumour, the lower the labelling index and the longer the time taken for resolution. Up to 1 year following radiotherapy the incidence of locally recurrent, or metastatic disease was unrelated to the pre-treatment labelling index.", "contents": "Pre-treatment 3H-TdR labelling of cervical biopsies: histology, staging and tumour response to radiotherapy. Pre-treatment data from tumour biopsies labelled in vitro with tritiated thymidine are reported for 54 patients undergoing radical radiotherapy by 137Cs or Cathetron 60Co intracavitary insertions plus external irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Labelling indices were obtained ranging from 1.8 to 27.8%. No correlation was observed between mean labelling indices and the histological type of tumour or its degree of differentiation. Comparison of data obtained in this study with previously reported data for carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma indicate that with increasing clinical stage of the disease, a considerable lengthening of the potential doubling time of the tumour cells, from less than 1 to 8 days, occurs. The degree of vaginal spread of the tumour was directly related to the degree of parametrial involvement. The mean time taken for the vaginal component of the tumour to resolve following radiotherapy was related to its initial spread and the pre-treatment labelling index. The greater the spread of the tumour, the lower the labelling index and the longer the time taken for resolution. Up to 1 year following radiotherapy the incidence of locally recurrent, or metastatic disease was unrelated to the pre-treatment labelling index.", "PMID": 589899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3057", "title": "Spontaneous regression of metastases from testicular tumours. A report of six cases from one centre.", "content": "In a review of the cases of testicular tumours treated at the Christie Hospital between 1961 and 1974 there are six cases with spontaneous regression of metastases, which are now reported. In this period, 827 cases of testicular tumour have been treated giving an incidence of spontaneous regression of 0.72%, which is considerably higher than previously reported. One of the cases appears to be pure seminoma; spontaneous regression of metastases from seminoma has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of metastases from testicular tumours. A report of six cases from one centre. In a review of the cases of testicular tumours treated at the Christie Hospital between 1961 and 1974 there are six cases with spontaneous regression of metastases, which are now reported. In this period, 827 cases of testicular tumour have been treated giving an incidence of spontaneous regression of 0.72%, which is considerably higher than previously reported. One of the cases appears to be pure seminoma; spontaneous regression of metastases from seminoma has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 589900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3058", "title": "Radiotherapy in the management of Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria.", "content": "Although Kaposi's sarcoma is now known to be far more common in the black African than was originally thought, it is rare in Nigeria. Facilities for radiotherapy are not available in areas of Africa where this condition occurs frequently. Various chemotherapeutic agents have been used either singly or in combination, with different results. In the locally confined lesions, it is believed that radiotherapy has an edge over the use of cytotoxic drugs. Five patients were seen and treated with radiation at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in five years. They were all males, adults and came from the southern part of the country. All had histological confirmation of their disease as well as full investigations. Their histories are briefly reported. Response to chemotherapy from the literature has been discussed in order to highlight similar peculiarities attending the use of radiation on the normal tissues of the limbs. Ten different dose--time relationships were used on the five patients and these were plotted on double log scale. The results show that good response to curative radiotherapy varies inversely with the duration of the disease.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the management of Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigeria. Although Kaposi's sarcoma is now known to be far more common in the black African than was originally thought, it is rare in Nigeria. Facilities for radiotherapy are not available in areas of Africa where this condition occurs frequently. Various chemotherapeutic agents have been used either singly or in combination, with different results. In the locally confined lesions, it is believed that radiotherapy has an edge over the use of cytotoxic drugs. Five patients were seen and treated with radiation at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital in five years. They were all males, adults and came from the southern part of the country. All had histological confirmation of their disease as well as full investigations. Their histories are briefly reported. Response to chemotherapy from the literature has been discussed in order to highlight similar peculiarities attending the use of radiation on the normal tissues of the limbs. Ten different dose--time relationships were used on the five patients and these were plotted on double log scale. The results show that good response to curative radiotherapy varies inversely with the duration of the disease.", "PMID": 589901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3059", "title": "Thyroid dysfunction following external irradiation to the neck for Hodgkin's disease in childhood.", "content": "Thyroid function was studied in 32 patients who had received neck irradiation during childhood for Hodgkin's disease. All except one patient received a dose of 2500-3000 rad over a period of 19-25 days. In 12 patients lymphangiography was performed. Clinically all patients were considered euthyroid. One had a thyroid swelling which was cystic in nature. Five (16%) patients were biochemically hypothyroid, 17 (53%) were euthyroid with an elevated basal serum TSH concentration and a further seven (22%) were euthyroid with a normal basal serum TSH level but an augmented thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Only three (9%) patients had completely normal thyroid function tests. The basal serum TSH concentration and the peak serum TSH response to TRH were significantly greater in the patients who received neck irradiation and lymphangiography than in those who received neck irradiation alone. In addition the free thyroxine index decreased significantly as the time interval between treatment and study increased in the lymphangiography group. These data demonstrate that the normal thyroid gland is vulnerable to the damaging effects of external irradiation, and that the combination of neck irradiation and lymphangiography is more likely to result in thyroid dysfunction than is neck irradiation alone. Furthermore, in view of the deterioration in thyroid function with time, periodic clinical and biochemical assessment of thyroid function is clearly indicated.", "contents": "Thyroid dysfunction following external irradiation to the neck for Hodgkin's disease in childhood. Thyroid function was studied in 32 patients who had received neck irradiation during childhood for Hodgkin's disease. All except one patient received a dose of 2500-3000 rad over a period of 19-25 days. In 12 patients lymphangiography was performed. Clinically all patients were considered euthyroid. One had a thyroid swelling which was cystic in nature. Five (16%) patients were biochemically hypothyroid, 17 (53%) were euthyroid with an elevated basal serum TSH concentration and a further seven (22%) were euthyroid with a normal basal serum TSH level but an augmented thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Only three (9%) patients had completely normal thyroid function tests. The basal serum TSH concentration and the peak serum TSH response to TRH were significantly greater in the patients who received neck irradiation and lymphangiography than in those who received neck irradiation alone. In addition the free thyroxine index decreased significantly as the time interval between treatment and study increased in the lymphangiography group. These data demonstrate that the normal thyroid gland is vulnerable to the damaging effects of external irradiation, and that the combination of neck irradiation and lymphangiography is more likely to result in thyroid dysfunction than is neck irradiation alone. Furthermore, in view of the deterioration in thyroid function with time, periodic clinical and biochemical assessment of thyroid function is clearly indicated.", "PMID": 589902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3060", "title": "Cranial isotopic section scanning.", "content": "Some results of isotopic cranial section scanning are presented from a busy neurosurgical practice. Isotopes have been used for parenchymal lesions and also CSF pathway imaging. Comparisons with information yielded by other neuroradiological techniques have indicated that tomographic sections are a worthwhile addition to rectilinear isotope scans. In particular comparison with X-ray transmission (EMI) scans has confirmed the anatomical accuracy of the method and the two techniques have proved complementary in patient management.", "contents": "Cranial isotopic section scanning. Some results of isotopic cranial section scanning are presented from a busy neurosurgical practice. Isotopes have been used for parenchymal lesions and also CSF pathway imaging. Comparisons with information yielded by other neuroradiological techniques have indicated that tomographic sections are a worthwhile addition to rectilinear isotope scans. In particular comparison with X-ray transmission (EMI) scans has confirmed the anatomical accuracy of the method and the two techniques have proved complementary in patient management.", "PMID": 589903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3061", "title": "Indications for contrast medium enhancement in computed tomography of the brain.", "content": "The use of contrast medium enhancement in computed tomography almost doubles the duration of each examination. As the clinical demand is far greater than the scanning time available, it is desirable to use contrast medium with discrimination. The following indications are suggested for extended examinations with contrast: 1. Lesions shown by alternative neuroradiological investigations. 2. Local abnormality shown on plain scan. 3. Suspected posterior fossa lesions. 4. Suspected suprasellar lesions. In a retrospective review of 3000 patient examinations, 430 patients falling outside the above criteria had been given contrast medium. In only one patient in this latter group was an abnormality shown after contrast enhancement. In the other 429 patients, no additional information was obtained. These figures support the indications suggested for the use of contrast enhancement.", "contents": "Indications for contrast medium enhancement in computed tomography of the brain. The use of contrast medium enhancement in computed tomography almost doubles the duration of each examination. As the clinical demand is far greater than the scanning time available, it is desirable to use contrast medium with discrimination. The following indications are suggested for extended examinations with contrast: 1. Lesions shown by alternative neuroradiological investigations. 2. Local abnormality shown on plain scan. 3. Suspected posterior fossa lesions. 4. Suspected suprasellar lesions. In a retrospective review of 3000 patient examinations, 430 patients falling outside the above criteria had been given contrast medium. In only one patient in this latter group was an abnormality shown after contrast enhancement. In the other 429 patients, no additional information was obtained. These figures support the indications suggested for the use of contrast enhancement.", "PMID": 589905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3062", "title": "Epithelial (inverted) papilloma: a correlated radiological--histological study.", "content": "The radiological and pathological features in 14 cases of epithelial papilloma are described. The typical radiological findings are a mass in the nares and sinus opacification, usually on the same side. Occasionally, extension of the mass into the nasopharynx is observed. Bone destruction may be present in epithelial papilloma, possibly due to pressure erosion. In the presence of carcinoma, bone destruction may be due to direct invasion.", "contents": "Epithelial (inverted) papilloma: a correlated radiological--histological study. The radiological and pathological features in 14 cases of epithelial papilloma are described. The typical radiological findings are a mass in the nares and sinus opacification, usually on the same side. Occasionally, extension of the mass into the nasopharynx is observed. Bone destruction may be present in epithelial papilloma, possibly due to pressure erosion. In the presence of carcinoma, bone destruction may be due to direct invasion.", "PMID": 589906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3063", "title": "Abdominal lymphography in thalassaemia major.", "content": "The appearances are described of abdominal lymphography in seven patients with thalassaemia major. All were severely and chronically anaemic. An abnormal course of lymphatic channels was seen in only one case. Nodal filling defects were found in all patients, lying centrally and peripherally, in para-aortic and iliac glands. The findings correlate well with the microscopic features of lymph nodes removed at therapeutic splenectomy. These show haemosiderin deposition and foci of extramedullary erythropoeisis.", "contents": "Abdominal lymphography in thalassaemia major. The appearances are described of abdominal lymphography in seven patients with thalassaemia major. All were severely and chronically anaemic. An abnormal course of lymphatic channels was seen in only one case. Nodal filling defects were found in all patients, lying centrally and peripherally, in para-aortic and iliac glands. The findings correlate well with the microscopic features of lymph nodes removed at therapeutic splenectomy. These show haemosiderin deposition and foci of extramedullary erythropoeisis.", "PMID": 589907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3064", "title": "Radiodiagnostic signs in pseudoxanthoma elasticum generalisatum (dysgenesis elastofibrillaris mineralisans).", "content": "The clinical symptomatology of patients suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum and the radiodiagnostic signs in four patients suffering from this disease have been reviewed. In these patients four groups of previously unpublished radiodiagnostic abnormalities were found. These are calcification of a number of ligaments; changes in the wall of brachiocephalic trunk, the right common, internal and external carotid arteries; fibro-osseous metaplasia of the long bones; dysplasia of the vertebrae. The authors believe that these changes are explicable by the general disorder of connective tissue and its derivatives which occurs in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "contents": "Radiodiagnostic signs in pseudoxanthoma elasticum generalisatum (dysgenesis elastofibrillaris mineralisans). The clinical symptomatology of patients suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum and the radiodiagnostic signs in four patients suffering from this disease have been reviewed. In these patients four groups of previously unpublished radiodiagnostic abnormalities were found. These are calcification of a number of ligaments; changes in the wall of brachiocephalic trunk, the right common, internal and external carotid arteries; fibro-osseous metaplasia of the long bones; dysplasia of the vertebrae. The authors believe that these changes are explicable by the general disorder of connective tissue and its derivatives which occurs in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "PMID": 589908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3065", "title": "Obscure stenosing aortitis and arteritis associated with perivascular lymphadenitis--combined angiographic and lymphographic evaluation.", "content": "A series of eleven cases of an obscure occlusive type of aortitis and arteritis is reported. These are characterised by chronic nonspecific perivascular lymphadenitis and fibrosis, constricting the lumen of the vessels. Subsequent spread of the inflammatory process produces irreversible changes in the vessel wall. Timely excision of the nodes, release of fibrous strands and decompression of the vessels may result in a permanent cure; The inflammatory process is nonspecific in nature. The etiology is obscure and is subject to speculation. Tuberculous inflammation of the lymph nodes appears to be unlikely while filarial lymphadenitis is probable. The disease is not a primary panarteritis as observed in Takayusu's disease or allergic vasculitis. Males are predominantly affected and present invariably with clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral vascular obliterative disease of the lower extremities.", "contents": "Obscure stenosing aortitis and arteritis associated with perivascular lymphadenitis--combined angiographic and lymphographic evaluation. A series of eleven cases of an obscure occlusive type of aortitis and arteritis is reported. These are characterised by chronic nonspecific perivascular lymphadenitis and fibrosis, constricting the lumen of the vessels. Subsequent spread of the inflammatory process produces irreversible changes in the vessel wall. Timely excision of the nodes, release of fibrous strands and decompression of the vessels may result in a permanent cure; The inflammatory process is nonspecific in nature. The etiology is obscure and is subject to speculation. Tuberculous inflammation of the lymph nodes appears to be unlikely while filarial lymphadenitis is probable. The disease is not a primary panarteritis as observed in Takayusu's disease or allergic vasculitis. Males are predominantly affected and present invariably with clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral vascular obliterative disease of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 589909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3066", "title": "Computerised tomography and the liver.", "content": "Computerised tomography produces an excellent image of the liver. The author discusses the relevant technical factors such as the use of window levels and window widths, tissue attenuation values and filtering. The importance of the applied anatomy and the use of contrast agents are discussed and then the findings on computed tomography in clinical practice are presented. The lesions that can be visualised include cysts, abscesses, primary tumours, metastases, fatty liver, subphrenic abscess, dilated bile ducts and cholelithiasis as well as surrounding ascites. These appearances are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Computerised tomography and the liver. Computerised tomography produces an excellent image of the liver. The author discusses the relevant technical factors such as the use of window levels and window widths, tissue attenuation values and filtering. The importance of the applied anatomy and the use of contrast agents are discussed and then the findings on computed tomography in clinical practice are presented. The lesions that can be visualised include cysts, abscesses, primary tumours, metastases, fatty liver, subphrenic abscess, dilated bile ducts and cholelithiasis as well as surrounding ascites. These appearances are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 589911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3067", "title": "The impact of CT scanning and ultrasonography on orbital diagnosis.", "content": "New methods of soft tissue imaging have revolutionised the investigation of the orbit. The impact of CT scanning and ultrasonography is considered in relationship to established techniques including angiography. The importance of plain X-ray examination and conventional tomography is stressed for the exclusion of non-orbital causes of exophthalmos. In the orbit CT scanning is the best method of establishing the presence of a mass lesion; ultrasonography is useful principally for the investigation of optic nerve problems. Venography is still required in most patients to diagnose and establish the extent of a venous malformation in the orbit; it also has an important part to play in the diagnosis of inflammatory processes. Carotid angiography is now only required in patients with highly vascular orbital tumours, or with suspected arteriovenous anomalies. Plain X-ray examination, CT scanning and venography are regarded as the dominant investigations with conventional tomography, ultrasound, and arteriography playing a subsidiary role.", "contents": "The impact of CT scanning and ultrasonography on orbital diagnosis. New methods of soft tissue imaging have revolutionised the investigation of the orbit. The impact of CT scanning and ultrasonography is considered in relationship to established techniques including angiography. The importance of plain X-ray examination and conventional tomography is stressed for the exclusion of non-orbital causes of exophthalmos. In the orbit CT scanning is the best method of establishing the presence of a mass lesion; ultrasonography is useful principally for the investigation of optic nerve problems. Venography is still required in most patients to diagnose and establish the extent of a venous malformation in the orbit; it also has an important part to play in the diagnosis of inflammatory processes. Carotid angiography is now only required in patients with highly vascular orbital tumours, or with suspected arteriovenous anomalies. Plain X-ray examination, CT scanning and venography are regarded as the dominant investigations with conventional tomography, ultrasound, and arteriography playing a subsidiary role.", "PMID": 589912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3068", "title": "The intrapancreatic anatomy as an index of adequacy of pancreatic arteriography.", "content": "Analysis of 100 pancreatic arteriograms in respect of intrapancreatic arteries shown has been performed. The results have been compared with Michels' classic series of 200 cadaveric dissections. Excellent correlation has been found. The degree of demonstration of small intrapancreatic arteries in our view is an index of the adequancy of pancreatic arteriography.", "contents": "The intrapancreatic anatomy as an index of adequacy of pancreatic arteriography. Analysis of 100 pancreatic arteriograms in respect of intrapancreatic arteries shown has been performed. The results have been compared with Michels' classic series of 200 cadaveric dissections. Excellent correlation has been found. The degree of demonstration of small intrapancreatic arteries in our view is an index of the adequancy of pancreatic arteriography.", "PMID": 589913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3069", "title": "Aphthoid ulcers in Crohn's colitis.", "content": "Aphthoid ulceration is a strong indication and the earliest radiographic sign of Crohn's colitis. These small discrete ulcers were found by double contrast barium enema examination in 40 out of 91 patients with Crohn's colitis. Seen en face each ulcer appears as a central fleck of barium surrounded by a translucent halo set amidst a patch of normal mucosa. Their detection gives a more accurate assessment of the extent of disease. This information is required in order to plan medical or surgical treatment and can only be provided by meticulous double contrast examination or colonoscopy. Aphthoid ulceration has been demonstrated prior to the onset of bowel symptoms, and several years before the advent of severe colonic disease. The appearance of aphthoid ulcers in established quiescent disease has been observed to herald a relapse. The radiographic demonstration of the evolution of ulceration, which is illustrated, closely reflects what is seen on macroscopic examination of excised specimens and explains the characteristic patchiness and discontinuity of disease.", "contents": "Aphthoid ulcers in Crohn's colitis. Aphthoid ulceration is a strong indication and the earliest radiographic sign of Crohn's colitis. These small discrete ulcers were found by double contrast barium enema examination in 40 out of 91 patients with Crohn's colitis. Seen en face each ulcer appears as a central fleck of barium surrounded by a translucent halo set amidst a patch of normal mucosa. Their detection gives a more accurate assessment of the extent of disease. This information is required in order to plan medical or surgical treatment and can only be provided by meticulous double contrast examination or colonoscopy. Aphthoid ulceration has been demonstrated prior to the onset of bowel symptoms, and several years before the advent of severe colonic disease. The appearance of aphthoid ulcers in established quiescent disease has been observed to herald a relapse. The radiographic demonstration of the evolution of ulceration, which is illustrated, closely reflects what is seen on macroscopic examination of excised specimens and explains the characteristic patchiness and discontinuity of disease.", "PMID": 589914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3070", "title": "Localised giant pseudopolyposis secondary to ulcerative or granulomatous colitis.", "content": "Pseudopolyps which represent polypoid oedematous tags, regenerating mucosal islands between ulcerations or heaped-up granulation tissue covered by epithelium, are a common sequela of ulcerative colitis and may also occur secondary to granulomatous colitis. Occasionally, a large discrete mass of pseudopolyps occurs simulating a villous-like or polypoid neoplasm and the term 'localised giant pseudopolyposis' has been applied to this phenomenon. In this paper the radiological appearances of localised giant pseudopolyposis secondary to ulcerative or granulomatous colitis are described and illustrated. The differential diagnosis is discussed and four new cases are added to eight previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "Localised giant pseudopolyposis secondary to ulcerative or granulomatous colitis. Pseudopolyps which represent polypoid oedematous tags, regenerating mucosal islands between ulcerations or heaped-up granulation tissue covered by epithelium, are a common sequela of ulcerative colitis and may also occur secondary to granulomatous colitis. Occasionally, a large discrete mass of pseudopolyps occurs simulating a villous-like or polypoid neoplasm and the term 'localised giant pseudopolyposis' has been applied to this phenomenon. In this paper the radiological appearances of localised giant pseudopolyposis secondary to ulcerative or granulomatous colitis are described and illustrated. The differential diagnosis is discussed and four new cases are added to eight previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 589915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3071", "title": "The distribution of gastric ulcers: double contrast barium meal and endoscopy findings.", "content": "One thousand consecutive double contrast barium meals and 424 consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations have been reviewed. 70 gastric ulcers were found radiologically in 56 patients and 82 gastric ulcers endoscopically in 70 patients. 55% of radiological and 53.6% of endoscopic ulcers were located in the mid or upper body of the stomach. The distribution is contrary to previous radiological findings with the traditional barium meal. Age did not seem to be a major factor. The double contrast meal and in particular the left anterior oblique view with the head elevated, display en face the lesser curve of the upper body around the cardia where many benign ulcers and carcinomas arise.", "contents": "The distribution of gastric ulcers: double contrast barium meal and endoscopy findings. One thousand consecutive double contrast barium meals and 424 consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations have been reviewed. 70 gastric ulcers were found radiologically in 56 patients and 82 gastric ulcers endoscopically in 70 patients. 55% of radiological and 53.6% of endoscopic ulcers were located in the mid or upper body of the stomach. The distribution is contrary to previous radiological findings with the traditional barium meal. Age did not seem to be a major factor. The double contrast meal and in particular the left anterior oblique view with the head elevated, display en face the lesser curve of the upper body around the cardia where many benign ulcers and carcinomas arise.", "PMID": 589916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3072", "title": "A comparative study of double contrast and single contrast barium meals with endoscopic arbitration in the diagnosis of peptic ulcer.", "content": "The study compares the ability of a simple double contrast technique with our standard single contrast barium meal to diagnose peptic ulceration. Two hundred and six patients were randomly allocated to either examination. Endoscopy was used as the definitive diagnostic procedure. Deformity of the duodenal cap was more accurately detected by the double contrast technique (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in the detection rates for duodenal ulcer. False positive or false negative diagnoses of duodenal pathology were similar by both techniques. The incidence of gastric ulceration in the series was too low for statistical analysis.", "contents": "A comparative study of double contrast and single contrast barium meals with endoscopic arbitration in the diagnosis of peptic ulcer. The study compares the ability of a simple double contrast technique with our standard single contrast barium meal to diagnose peptic ulceration. Two hundred and six patients were randomly allocated to either examination. Endoscopy was used as the definitive diagnostic procedure. Deformity of the duodenal cap was more accurately detected by the double contrast technique (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in the detection rates for duodenal ulcer. False positive or false negative diagnoses of duodenal pathology were similar by both techniques. The incidence of gastric ulceration in the series was too low for statistical analysis.", "PMID": 589917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3073", "title": "The two-film barium meal in the exclusion of coeliac disease.", "content": "Prospective experience over five years is described in assessing the two-film barium meal as a test for the exclusion of untreated celiac disease in children in order to try to make jejunal biopsy unnecessary. 287 meals were examined in children between 3 months and 10 years of age with a variety of gastro-intestinal symptoms and signs that might be attributed to celiac disease. From the two-film barium meal the calibre and transverse mucosal folds of the upper small bowel were measured. In 48 children with untreated coeliace disease there were only three (6%) with negative two-film barium meals. In 45 children with malabsorption from causes other than coeliac disease, there were four (9%) with negative two-film barium meals. It is concluded that the two-film barium meal is a reasonably reliable test for the exclusion of untreated coeliac disease in children. It is simple, cheap, safe and economical of radiological time, and it compares favourably in accuracy with other screening tests, other than jejunal biopsy.", "contents": "The two-film barium meal in the exclusion of coeliac disease. Prospective experience over five years is described in assessing the two-film barium meal as a test for the exclusion of untreated celiac disease in children in order to try to make jejunal biopsy unnecessary. 287 meals were examined in children between 3 months and 10 years of age with a variety of gastro-intestinal symptoms and signs that might be attributed to celiac disease. From the two-film barium meal the calibre and transverse mucosal folds of the upper small bowel were measured. In 48 children with untreated coeliace disease there were only three (6%) with negative two-film barium meals. In 45 children with malabsorption from causes other than coeliac disease, there were four (9%) with negative two-film barium meals. It is concluded that the two-film barium meal is a reasonably reliable test for the exclusion of untreated coeliac disease in children. It is simple, cheap, safe and economical of radiological time, and it compares favourably in accuracy with other screening tests, other than jejunal biopsy.", "PMID": 589918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3074", "title": "Milk chocolate as the fatty meal in oral cholecystography.", "content": "Four hundred and fifty cholecystograms were assessed regarding the effectiveness of various agents used as the fatty meal. 200 patients were given Arachis oil emulsion, 100 chocolate-Sorbitol preparation, 100 46 g of milk chocolate, and 50 26 g of milk chocolate. The films were assessed for degree of contraction, improvement in opacification, and visualisation of the biliary ducts. No statistically significant difference was found between any of the groups. It is concluded that milk chocolate is an effective palatable and cheap form of fatty meal.", "contents": "Milk chocolate as the fatty meal in oral cholecystography. Four hundred and fifty cholecystograms were assessed regarding the effectiveness of various agents used as the fatty meal. 200 patients were given Arachis oil emulsion, 100 chocolate-Sorbitol preparation, 100 46 g of milk chocolate, and 50 26 g of milk chocolate. The films were assessed for degree of contraction, improvement in opacification, and visualisation of the biliary ducts. No statistically significant difference was found between any of the groups. It is concluded that milk chocolate is an effective palatable and cheap form of fatty meal.", "PMID": 589919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3075", "title": "The ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Experience with ultrasound compound 'B' scanning in 18 cases of hydatidiform mole is presented. The scan appearances are analysed with respect to the presence or absence of transonic areas, and to the uniformity of echogenicity elsewhere in the uterus. The differential diagnosis is discussed. The commonest appearance seen in a hydatidiform mole is the combination of multiple small transonic areas with uneven echogenicity in the remainder of the uterine cavity. The condition most likely to cause diagnostic confusion is early normal pregnancy with a bulky decidua, but incomplete abortion and uterine fibroid may also be confused with hydatidiform mole.", "contents": "The ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. Experience with ultrasound compound 'B' scanning in 18 cases of hydatidiform mole is presented. The scan appearances are analysed with respect to the presence or absence of transonic areas, and to the uniformity of echogenicity elsewhere in the uterus. The differential diagnosis is discussed. The commonest appearance seen in a hydatidiform mole is the combination of multiple small transonic areas with uneven echogenicity in the remainder of the uterine cavity. The condition most likely to cause diagnostic confusion is early normal pregnancy with a bulky decidua, but incomplete abortion and uterine fibroid may also be confused with hydatidiform mole.", "PMID": 589920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3076", "title": "99Tcm-Sn pyrophosphate scanning in suspected acute myocardial infarction using a mobile rectilinear scanner.", "content": "99Tcm stannous pyrophosphate injected intravenously gives a positive image of freshly damaged myocardium but not of normal or scarred myocardium. It is safe, cheap and generally available. One hundred and forty patients admitted to hospital with possible myocardial infarction were scanned with a mobile rectilinear scanner of the type available in most district general hospitals. When the diagnosis of infarction was definite on clinical, electrocardiographic and enzyme criteria the anterior scan was positive in 31 out of 36 patients (86%); and when it was probable, the scan was positive in 28 out of 41 (68%) and when it was doubtful the scan was positive in 23 out of 63 (37%). The optimum time for scanning was between the second and seventh days. Pyrophosphate scanning is a very valuable investigation even though it is not an absolute discriminator of myocardial infarction. It is useful in assessing patients with atypical or doubtful symptoms of infarction where the ECG is already abnormal or where there are other causes of raised enzyme concentrations. False negative scans are not common, but a negative scan does not outweigh strong alternative evidence of infarction. Positive scans occur in some patients with unstable angina without confirmatory evidence of infarction. Positive scans due to extracardiac lesions are distinguished readily.", "contents": "99Tcm-Sn pyrophosphate scanning in suspected acute myocardial infarction using a mobile rectilinear scanner. 99Tcm stannous pyrophosphate injected intravenously gives a positive image of freshly damaged myocardium but not of normal or scarred myocardium. It is safe, cheap and generally available. One hundred and forty patients admitted to hospital with possible myocardial infarction were scanned with a mobile rectilinear scanner of the type available in most district general hospitals. When the diagnosis of infarction was definite on clinical, electrocardiographic and enzyme criteria the anterior scan was positive in 31 out of 36 patients (86%); and when it was probable, the scan was positive in 28 out of 41 (68%) and when it was doubtful the scan was positive in 23 out of 63 (37%). The optimum time for scanning was between the second and seventh days. Pyrophosphate scanning is a very valuable investigation even though it is not an absolute discriminator of myocardial infarction. It is useful in assessing patients with atypical or doubtful symptoms of infarction where the ECG is already abnormal or where there are other causes of raised enzyme concentrations. False negative scans are not common, but a negative scan does not outweigh strong alternative evidence of infarction. Positive scans occur in some patients with unstable angina without confirmatory evidence of infarction. Positive scans due to extracardiac lesions are distinguished readily.", "PMID": 589921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3077", "title": "The lymphogram in abdominal tuberculosis.", "content": "Lymphograms of 11 patients with histologically proven abdominal tuberculosis have been assessed in an attempt to define a typical pattern of appearance in retroperitoneal lymph glands. Glandular enlargement, poor glandular filling and lymphovascular obstruction were present. A gradient of abnormality with more marked adenopathy in the upper para-aortic chain extending to a lesser involvement below in the iliac chain was demonstrated in keeping with a retrograde spread of the tuberculosis process from the abdominal lymphatics cauded along the retroperitoneal chain. Lymphography may be valuable in cases where data from clinical observations and routine radiological studies is inconclusive in cases of vague abdominal disease.", "contents": "The lymphogram in abdominal tuberculosis. Lymphograms of 11 patients with histologically proven abdominal tuberculosis have been assessed in an attempt to define a typical pattern of appearance in retroperitoneal lymph glands. Glandular enlargement, poor glandular filling and lymphovascular obstruction were present. A gradient of abnormality with more marked adenopathy in the upper para-aortic chain extending to a lesser involvement below in the iliac chain was demonstrated in keeping with a retrograde spread of the tuberculosis process from the abdominal lymphatics cauded along the retroperitoneal chain. Lymphography may be valuable in cases where data from clinical observations and routine radiological studies is inconclusive in cases of vague abdominal disease.", "PMID": 589922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3078", "title": "Contrast nasopharyngography.", "content": "Contrast nasopharyngography was performed in 25 cases of nasopharyngeal lesions, 15 of which were carcinoma, six malignant lymphoma, and four benign lesions including neurofibroma, haemangioma, angiofibroma and tuberculosis. Nasopharyngography was also performed in 22 cases with extranasopharyngeal lesions, including nine of head and neck malignant lymphoma and 13 of tumours originating in adjacent organs. To describe the extent and site of the tumour, the nasopharyngeal walls were labelled segment 1 to 15 on axial and lateral views. The lateral skull films were negative in five of eight small malignancies involving no more than five wall segments, and also negative in six of 10 cases of unilateral involvement. Small lesions involving the unilateral fossa of Rosenmueller and/or the superolateral wall were frequently undetected. Nasopharyngography is indicated in cases where clinical suspicions of a lesion remain after a normal straight film. When malignancies were treated with radiation therapy a pre-irradiation nasopharyngogram clearly depicted the site and extent of the disease, and a post-irradiation study showed a marked shrinkage of the tumour mass and/or markedly improved raggedness of the wall of the nasopharynx. Four benign lesions showed large space-occupying lesions. In the case of tuberculosis, for example, the nasopharyngeal cavity was totally obliterated by the granulomatous tissue. In nine cases of malignant lymphoma involving the neck nodes or the palatine tonsil, the nasopharyngogram was normal.", "contents": "Contrast nasopharyngography. Contrast nasopharyngography was performed in 25 cases of nasopharyngeal lesions, 15 of which were carcinoma, six malignant lymphoma, and four benign lesions including neurofibroma, haemangioma, angiofibroma and tuberculosis. Nasopharyngography was also performed in 22 cases with extranasopharyngeal lesions, including nine of head and neck malignant lymphoma and 13 of tumours originating in adjacent organs. To describe the extent and site of the tumour, the nasopharyngeal walls were labelled segment 1 to 15 on axial and lateral views. The lateral skull films were negative in five of eight small malignancies involving no more than five wall segments, and also negative in six of 10 cases of unilateral involvement. Small lesions involving the unilateral fossa of Rosenmueller and/or the superolateral wall were frequently undetected. Nasopharyngography is indicated in cases where clinical suspicions of a lesion remain after a normal straight film. When malignancies were treated with radiation therapy a pre-irradiation nasopharyngogram clearly depicted the site and extent of the disease, and a post-irradiation study showed a marked shrinkage of the tumour mass and/or markedly improved raggedness of the wall of the nasopharynx. Four benign lesions showed large space-occupying lesions. In the case of tuberculosis, for example, the nasopharyngeal cavity was totally obliterated by the granulomatous tissue. In nine cases of malignant lymphoma involving the neck nodes or the palatine tonsil, the nasopharyngogram was normal.", "PMID": 589923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3079", "title": "Intrathoracic goitre: a cause of the superior vena cava syndrome.", "content": "Benign lesions of the mediastinum rarely produce obstruction of the innominate vessels. Two patients with intrathoracic goitre are described who presented with the superior vena cava syndrome. Venography in each case demonstrated the extent of obstruction and degree of collateral circulation. Early recognition of the association of intrathoracic goitre and superior vena caval obstruction may lead to clinical improvement with surgical treatment.", "contents": "Intrathoracic goitre: a cause of the superior vena cava syndrome. Benign lesions of the mediastinum rarely produce obstruction of the innominate vessels. Two patients with intrathoracic goitre are described who presented with the superior vena cava syndrome. Venography in each case demonstrated the extent of obstruction and degree of collateral circulation. Early recognition of the association of intrathoracic goitre and superior vena caval obstruction may lead to clinical improvement with surgical treatment.", "PMID": 589924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3080", "title": "Respiratory muscle fatigue: a cause of respiratory failure?", "content": "1. The question whether respiratory muscle fatigue ever causes respiratory failure is over 40 years old, but we still have no definitive answer to this question. Skeletal muscle fatigue occurs when the rate of energy consumption of the muscle is greater than the energy supplied, so that energy stores are utilized and eventually become depleted. 2. Five factors which are important in the development of muscle fatigue (a, the tension developed by the muscle; b, the maximum tension the muscle can develop; c, the energy stored within the muscle; d, the energy supplied to the muscle; e, the efficiency of the muscle). These can be affected in many diseases, so disposing to fatigue, thus respiratory muscle fatigue is likely to be a common occurrence. 3. Respiratory muscle fatigue can in principle easily be diagnosed at the bedside by application of a simple electromyographic technique used to detect fatigue in other skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Respiratory muscle fatigue: a cause of respiratory failure? 1. The question whether respiratory muscle fatigue ever causes respiratory failure is over 40 years old, but we still have no definitive answer to this question. Skeletal muscle fatigue occurs when the rate of energy consumption of the muscle is greater than the energy supplied, so that energy stores are utilized and eventually become depleted. 2. Five factors which are important in the development of muscle fatigue (a, the tension developed by the muscle; b, the maximum tension the muscle can develop; c, the energy stored within the muscle; d, the energy supplied to the muscle; e, the efficiency of the muscle). These can be affected in many diseases, so disposing to fatigue, thus respiratory muscle fatigue is likely to be a common occurrence. 3. Respiratory muscle fatigue can in principle easily be diagnosed at the bedside by application of a simple electromyographic technique used to detect fatigue in other skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 589926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3081", "title": "Detection of Na+ and K+ in the rat adrenal cortex with the electron microprobe.", "content": "1. In order to demonstrate whether modification of aldosterone secretion is mediated by parallel changes of K+ in the adrenal zona glomerulosa, the total (intracellular+extracellular) Na+ and K+ content of the rat adrenal cortex was determined with the electron microprobe. 2. Groups of rats were submitted to one of the following dietary regimens: standard, low Na+, high K+ or high Na+. 3. Distribution of Na+ and K+ across the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata was compared. Standards of known electrolyte concentration were also analysed. 4. The [Na+] was found to be greater in the zona glomerulosa than in the zona fasciculata but K+ was distributed evenly in both zones. This was independent of dietary regimen. 5. Aldosterone production, assessed by plasma aldosterone concentrations, could not be correlated with zona glomerulosa K+ content.", "contents": "Detection of Na+ and K+ in the rat adrenal cortex with the electron microprobe. 1. In order to demonstrate whether modification of aldosterone secretion is mediated by parallel changes of K+ in the adrenal zona glomerulosa, the total (intracellular+extracellular) Na+ and K+ content of the rat adrenal cortex was determined with the electron microprobe. 2. Groups of rats were submitted to one of the following dietary regimens: standard, low Na+, high K+ or high Na+. 3. Distribution of Na+ and K+ across the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata was compared. Standards of known electrolyte concentration were also analysed. 4. The [Na+] was found to be greater in the zona glomerulosa than in the zona fasciculata but K+ was distributed evenly in both zones. This was independent of dietary regimen. 5. Aldosterone production, assessed by plasma aldosterone concentrations, could not be correlated with zona glomerulosa K+ content.", "PMID": 589927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3082", "title": "Vitamin D metabolism in adult rats at low and normal calcium intake and the effect of cadmium exposure.", "content": "1. Chromatography measurements indicated that adult rats converted 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol at a lower rate than that reported earlier for young animals. In serum, less-polar metabolites were found which probably represented vitamin D esters and vitamin D3. 2. A low dietary intake of calcium resulted in an evident increase in the fraction corresponding to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidneys and also in the intestinal mucosa and serum. 3. Inclusion of 0.67 mmol of cadmium/l of drinking water at a low dietary intake of calcium resulted in an increased accumulation of both cadmium and zinc in the kidneys and liver compared with values at a normal dietary calcium intake. 4. At a normal dietary calcium intake, cadmium exposure caused inhibited production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidneys and an increased accumulation of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D3 and vitamin D esters in the serum. 5. The inhibitory effect of cadmium on the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was almost completely counteracted by a simultaneous low dietary calcium intake. Cadmium-exposed, calcium-deficient animals also showed a maintained accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Vitamin D metabolism in adult rats at low and normal calcium intake and the effect of cadmium exposure. 1. Chromatography measurements indicated that adult rats converted 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol at a lower rate than that reported earlier for young animals. In serum, less-polar metabolites were found which probably represented vitamin D esters and vitamin D3. 2. A low dietary intake of calcium resulted in an evident increase in the fraction corresponding to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidneys and also in the intestinal mucosa and serum. 3. Inclusion of 0.67 mmol of cadmium/l of drinking water at a low dietary intake of calcium resulted in an increased accumulation of both cadmium and zinc in the kidneys and liver compared with values at a normal dietary calcium intake. 4. At a normal dietary calcium intake, cadmium exposure caused inhibited production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidneys and an increased accumulation of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D3 and vitamin D esters in the serum. 5. The inhibitory effect of cadmium on the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was almost completely counteracted by a simultaneous low dietary calcium intake. Cadmium-exposed, calcium-deficient animals also showed a maintained accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 589928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3083", "title": "Decreased plasma renin activity and renin release in rats with phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "1. We have examined the response of renin to chronic low and high sodium chloride intake in rats with transplanted phaeochromocytoma. 2. Phaeochromocytoma suppressed the usual elevated plasma renin activity observed during sodium deprivation. 3. Studies in isolated perfused kidneys indicated that sodium-deprived phaeochromocytoma rats released substantially less renin than sodium-deprived control rats despite an almost identical renal renin content in both sets of animals. In addition, low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) failed to stimulate renin release in kidneys from these phaeochromocytoma rats. 4. Additional experiments demonstrated that chronic sodium chloride loading suppressed plasma renin activity, renin content and renin release in both phaeochromocytoma and control rats. Both sodium-loaded phaeochromocytoma and sodium-loaded control rats were unresponsive to low perfusion pressure. 5. We conclude that noradrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma impairs the response of plasma renin activity in the rat by inhibiting renin release. We also conclude that chronic sodium chloride loading has a similar effect, but the mechanisms remain to be determined.", "contents": "Decreased plasma renin activity and renin release in rats with phaeochromocytoma. 1. We have examined the response of renin to chronic low and high sodium chloride intake in rats with transplanted phaeochromocytoma. 2. Phaeochromocytoma suppressed the usual elevated plasma renin activity observed during sodium deprivation. 3. Studies in isolated perfused kidneys indicated that sodium-deprived phaeochromocytoma rats released substantially less renin than sodium-deprived control rats despite an almost identical renal renin content in both sets of animals. In addition, low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) failed to stimulate renin release in kidneys from these phaeochromocytoma rats. 4. Additional experiments demonstrated that chronic sodium chloride loading suppressed plasma renin activity, renin content and renin release in both phaeochromocytoma and control rats. Both sodium-loaded phaeochromocytoma and sodium-loaded control rats were unresponsive to low perfusion pressure. 5. We conclude that noradrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma impairs the response of plasma renin activity in the rat by inhibiting renin release. We also conclude that chronic sodium chloride loading has a similar effect, but the mechanisms remain to be determined.", "PMID": 589929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3084", "title": "Some aspects of sodium movement across porcine aortic walls in vitro.", "content": "1. Sodium movement across the porcine aortic arch in vitro is greater from the intimal to the medial surface than in the reverse direction. 2. A short-circuit current can be measured across the aortic arch and the calculated energy is greater than the energy required to support the net outward sodium movement, suggesting the possibility of active transport of other ions. 3. Net sodium movement is not significantly altered by an adverse gradient on the outside (medial side) but is reduced by a gradient in the opposite direction. 4. Sodium retention within the tissue is increased by a gradient on the medial side. 5. The movement of [14C]inulin is greater from the medial to the intimal surface, suggesting greater porosity on the medial side. A slight rise in both total tissue fluid and extracellular fluid occurred when the sodium concentration on the medial side of the preparation was increased. This did not occur with the sodium concentration increased on the intimal side. The changes were only significant statistically for total tissue fluid. 6. The short-circuit current can be enhanced by adrenaline and reduced by a variety of beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents. 7. It appears that aortic tissue can actively transport sodium and it is suggested that this mechanism could play a part in blood pressure control.", "contents": "Some aspects of sodium movement across porcine aortic walls in vitro. 1. Sodium movement across the porcine aortic arch in vitro is greater from the intimal to the medial surface than in the reverse direction. 2. A short-circuit current can be measured across the aortic arch and the calculated energy is greater than the energy required to support the net outward sodium movement, suggesting the possibility of active transport of other ions. 3. Net sodium movement is not significantly altered by an adverse gradient on the outside (medial side) but is reduced by a gradient in the opposite direction. 4. Sodium retention within the tissue is increased by a gradient on the medial side. 5. The movement of [14C]inulin is greater from the medial to the intimal surface, suggesting greater porosity on the medial side. A slight rise in both total tissue fluid and extracellular fluid occurred when the sodium concentration on the medial side of the preparation was increased. This did not occur with the sodium concentration increased on the intimal side. The changes were only significant statistically for total tissue fluid. 6. The short-circuit current can be enhanced by adrenaline and reduced by a variety of beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agents. 7. It appears that aortic tissue can actively transport sodium and it is suggested that this mechanism could play a part in blood pressure control.", "PMID": 589930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3085", "title": "Effects of analgesics and related compounds on renal metabolism in rats.", "content": "1. The metabolic effects of p-aminophenol have been compared with those of paracetamol and other analgesics in studies of rat liver and kidney in vitro. 2. p-Aminophenol injected into rats inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate in renal cortical tubules, but not in isolated hepatocytes, and reduced kidney ATP content without affecting the ATP content of liver. Perfused kidneys from rats previously injected with p-aminophenol showed a 50% reduction of ATP content, severe inhibition of Na+ reabsorption and reduction of inulin clearance without significant inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. 3. Paracetamol, p-phenetidine, phenazone and aspirin, when given intravenously to rats, had no effect on renal tubular glucose synthesis from lactate or pyruvate. Paracetamol and aspirin both slightly inhibited renal glucose synthesis from several different substrates when added directly to tubules. 4. Paracetamol (4 mmol/l) inhibited glucose synthesis from lactate and other substrates by 50% or more in isolated hepatocytes. Glucose synthesis from lactate was inhibited 30% by concentrations of paracetamol as low as 0.5 mmol/l. 5. These results indicate that p-aminophenol is a potent inhibitor of proximal tubular function, with its main site of action the inhibition of ATP synthesis and energy production, and they confirm the primary hepatotoxic effect of paracetamol.", "contents": "Effects of analgesics and related compounds on renal metabolism in rats. 1. The metabolic effects of p-aminophenol have been compared with those of paracetamol and other analgesics in studies of rat liver and kidney in vitro. 2. p-Aminophenol injected into rats inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate in renal cortical tubules, but not in isolated hepatocytes, and reduced kidney ATP content without affecting the ATP content of liver. Perfused kidneys from rats previously injected with p-aminophenol showed a 50% reduction of ATP content, severe inhibition of Na+ reabsorption and reduction of inulin clearance without significant inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. 3. Paracetamol, p-phenetidine, phenazone and aspirin, when given intravenously to rats, had no effect on renal tubular glucose synthesis from lactate or pyruvate. Paracetamol and aspirin both slightly inhibited renal glucose synthesis from several different substrates when added directly to tubules. 4. Paracetamol (4 mmol/l) inhibited glucose synthesis from lactate and other substrates by 50% or more in isolated hepatocytes. Glucose synthesis from lactate was inhibited 30% by concentrations of paracetamol as low as 0.5 mmol/l. 5. These results indicate that p-aminophenol is a potent inhibitor of proximal tubular function, with its main site of action the inhibition of ATP synthesis and energy production, and they confirm the primary hepatotoxic effect of paracetamol.", "PMID": 589932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3086", "title": "Collagen of Dupuytren's disease.", "content": "1. In contrast to collagen from the aponeurosis of normal adult subjects, the nodules, contractures and apparently unaffected aponeurosis from patients with Dupuytren's disease contained substantial amounts of type III collagen. 2. The presence of type III collagen supports the previous proposal that the initial response to injury is the synthesis of an increased proportion of this form of collagen. The increased amounts in the apparently unaffected aponeurosis indicate the disease is not strictly focal but more systemic than is usually considered.", "contents": "Collagen of Dupuytren's disease. 1. In contrast to collagen from the aponeurosis of normal adult subjects, the nodules, contractures and apparently unaffected aponeurosis from patients with Dupuytren's disease contained substantial amounts of type III collagen. 2. The presence of type III collagen supports the previous proposal that the initial response to injury is the synthesis of an increased proportion of this form of collagen. The increased amounts in the apparently unaffected aponeurosis indicate the disease is not strictly focal but more systemic than is usually considered.", "PMID": 589933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3087", "title": "Excretion of salt and water by patients with sickle-cell anaemia: effect of a diuretic and solute diuresis.", "content": "1. Patients with sickle-cell anaemia were unable to increase free water reabsorption (TcH2O) in response to intravenous hypertonic sodium chloride solution. 2. Ethacrynic acid caused a brisk natriuresis in patients with sickle-cell anaemia but fractional sodium excretion was lower in these patients. 3. These findings could be explained by abnormal function of the loop of Henle.", "contents": "Excretion of salt and water by patients with sickle-cell anaemia: effect of a diuretic and solute diuresis. 1. Patients with sickle-cell anaemia were unable to increase free water reabsorption (TcH2O) in response to intravenous hypertonic sodium chloride solution. 2. Ethacrynic acid caused a brisk natriuresis in patients with sickle-cell anaemia but fractional sodium excretion was lower in these patients. 3. These findings could be explained by abnormal function of the loop of Henle.", "PMID": 589937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3088", "title": "Anaemia, iron deficiency and exercise: extended studies in human subjects.", "content": "1. Ventilation and cardiac frequency were measured during repeated treadmill exercise in three healthy subjects over 36 weeks, before, during and after iron-deficiency anaemia was produced and after iron treatment. The haemoglobin and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and the oxygen-binding (P50) were measured. 2. There was an inverse relationship between the haemoglobin concentrations and the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and the P50 values. 3. The mean cardiac frequencies during the fourth to tenth minutes of exercise showed a negative correlation with the haemoglobin concentrations in all three subjects, and the mean minute ventilations in two of them.", "contents": "Anaemia, iron deficiency and exercise: extended studies in human subjects. 1. Ventilation and cardiac frequency were measured during repeated treadmill exercise in three healthy subjects over 36 weeks, before, during and after iron-deficiency anaemia was produced and after iron treatment. The haemoglobin and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and the oxygen-binding (P50) were measured. 2. There was an inverse relationship between the haemoglobin concentrations and the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and the P50 values. 3. The mean cardiac frequencies during the fourth to tenth minutes of exercise showed a negative correlation with the haemoglobin concentrations in all three subjects, and the mean minute ventilations in two of them.", "PMID": 589938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3089", "title": "Changes in the proportions of plasma insulin, proinsulin and a higher-molecular-weight insulin during pre- and post-operative glucose-infusion tests.", "content": "1. Glucose-infusion tests were performed on patients admitted for elective upper abdominal surgery 1 day before and 1 day after operation. In addition to insulin and proinsulin, a third immunoreactive insulin species of mol. wt. 20 000--30 000 was detected in plasma from two patients. The heterogeneity of plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and the need to consider the effects of all forms, including proinsulin and the high-molecular-weight species, is emphasized. 2. During preoperative glucose infusions there was an increase in the percentage of the total plasma IRI present as high-molecular-weight forms (i.e. proinsulin plus the species of mol. wt. 20 000--30 000) from 3.9% to 10.8%. On the first postoperative morning all patients showed an increase in the amounts of the heavier IRI types, which accounted for 13.9% of the total plasma IRI. 3. The changes in insulin and proinsulin are consistent with the release from the pancreas of an insulin/proinsulin mixture of constant proportions, and the longer circulating half-life of proinsulin. 4. Increases in the amounts of high-molecular-weight IRI species after surgery may have a partial role in the development of insulin resistance but are probably not a major determinant of the insulin-resistant state.", "contents": "Changes in the proportions of plasma insulin, proinsulin and a higher-molecular-weight insulin during pre- and post-operative glucose-infusion tests. 1. Glucose-infusion tests were performed on patients admitted for elective upper abdominal surgery 1 day before and 1 day after operation. In addition to insulin and proinsulin, a third immunoreactive insulin species of mol. wt. 20 000--30 000 was detected in plasma from two patients. The heterogeneity of plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and the need to consider the effects of all forms, including proinsulin and the high-molecular-weight species, is emphasized. 2. During preoperative glucose infusions there was an increase in the percentage of the total plasma IRI present as high-molecular-weight forms (i.e. proinsulin plus the species of mol. wt. 20 000--30 000) from 3.9% to 10.8%. On the first postoperative morning all patients showed an increase in the amounts of the heavier IRI types, which accounted for 13.9% of the total plasma IRI. 3. The changes in insulin and proinsulin are consistent with the release from the pancreas of an insulin/proinsulin mixture of constant proportions, and the longer circulating half-life of proinsulin. 4. Increases in the amounts of high-molecular-weight IRI species after surgery may have a partial role in the development of insulin resistance but are probably not a major determinant of the insulin-resistant state.", "PMID": 589939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3090", "title": "Subcellular localization of enterokinase in human duodenal mucosa.", "content": "1. Specimens of human duodenal mucosa were obtained at duodenotomy. Superficial mucosal scrapings were homogenized in isotonic sucrose solution and fractionated by differential centrifugation. The distribution of organelles among the subcellular fractions was monitored by assay of suitable marker enzymes. 2. Enterokinase was recovered predominantly in the nuclear+brush-border fraction and 80% of the total activity was found to be particulate; approximately 20% of the enzyme was present in the soluble fraction, compared with 1% of the brush-border markers sucrase and alkaline phosphatase. 3. The brush-border-containing fraction was subfractionated by treatment with hypertonic Tris followed by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Enterokinase was distributed among the subfractions in parallel with brush-border markers and was concentrated in a subfraction which was highly enriched in microvillous membranes. 4. It was concluded that enterokinase is localized primarily to the microvillous membrane of the epithelial cell brush border in man, but that in addition a proportion of the enzyme may be present in a soluble or easily released form in the duodenal mucosa.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of enterokinase in human duodenal mucosa. 1. Specimens of human duodenal mucosa were obtained at duodenotomy. Superficial mucosal scrapings were homogenized in isotonic sucrose solution and fractionated by differential centrifugation. The distribution of organelles among the subcellular fractions was monitored by assay of suitable marker enzymes. 2. Enterokinase was recovered predominantly in the nuclear+brush-border fraction and 80% of the total activity was found to be particulate; approximately 20% of the enzyme was present in the soluble fraction, compared with 1% of the brush-border markers sucrase and alkaline phosphatase. 3. The brush-border-containing fraction was subfractionated by treatment with hypertonic Tris followed by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Enterokinase was distributed among the subfractions in parallel with brush-border markers and was concentrated in a subfraction which was highly enriched in microvillous membranes. 4. It was concluded that enterokinase is localized primarily to the microvillous membrane of the epithelial cell brush border in man, but that in addition a proportion of the enzyme may be present in a soluble or easily released form in the duodenal mucosa.", "PMID": 589940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3091", "title": "The renin-aldosterone system in exaggerated natriuresis of essential hypertension.", "content": "1. The effect of intravenous loading with 500 ml of sodium chloride solution (50 g/l) on plasma renin concentration, plasma aldosterone concentration, urinary sodium excretion and mean blood pressure was studied in 15 young patients with mild essential hypertension and 10 healthy normotensive control subjects. 2. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were suppressed to the same degree during loading in both the hypertensive and normotensive groups. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects. Mean blood pressure increased slightly in both groups. 3. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were significantly correlated in both groups before sodium loading. The increase in urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated to the suppression of plasma aldosterone concentration in the hypertensive, but not in the normotensive, group. No correlation was found between changes in urinary sodium excretion and changes in plasma renin concentration or mean blood pressure. 4. The results indicate that the suppressibility of the renin-aldosterone system by hyperosmotic sodium chloride solution is normal in young patients with mild essential hypertension. It is suggested that the changes in plasma aldosterone concentration induced by sodium loading might be involved in the regulation of exaggerated natriuresis in essential hypertension.", "contents": "The renin-aldosterone system in exaggerated natriuresis of essential hypertension. 1. The effect of intravenous loading with 500 ml of sodium chloride solution (50 g/l) on plasma renin concentration, plasma aldosterone concentration, urinary sodium excretion and mean blood pressure was studied in 15 young patients with mild essential hypertension and 10 healthy normotensive control subjects. 2. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were suppressed to the same degree during loading in both the hypertensive and normotensive groups. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects. Mean blood pressure increased slightly in both groups. 3. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were significantly correlated in both groups before sodium loading. The increase in urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated to the suppression of plasma aldosterone concentration in the hypertensive, but not in the normotensive, group. No correlation was found between changes in urinary sodium excretion and changes in plasma renin concentration or mean blood pressure. 4. The results indicate that the suppressibility of the renin-aldosterone system by hyperosmotic sodium chloride solution is normal in young patients with mild essential hypertension. It is suggested that the changes in plasma aldosterone concentration induced by sodium loading might be involved in the regulation of exaggerated natriuresis in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 589941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3092", "title": "A \"superactive\" charcoal for antidotal use in poisonings.", "content": "Amoco Grade PX-21 powdered activated charcoal was found to adsorb nearly three times as much sodium salicylate from simulated gastric fluid than did another charcoal (Norit A), which is representative of the best of all other charcoals heretofore available. This indicates the potential superior effectiveness of the Amoco charcoal as an oral antidote in poisonings.", "contents": "A \"superactive\" charcoal for antidotal use in poisonings. Amoco Grade PX-21 powdered activated charcoal was found to adsorb nearly three times as much sodium salicylate from simulated gastric fluid than did another charcoal (Norit A), which is representative of the best of all other charcoals heretofore available. This indicates the potential superior effectiveness of the Amoco charcoal as an oral antidote in poisonings.", "PMID": 589951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3093", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity.", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressants are dibenzazepine derivatives with adrenergic, anticholinergic, and direct cardio-depressant activity. Double-blind clinical studies show TCAD to be efficacious for two-thirds of depressed patients. Cardiac toxicity is significant, especially on diseased myocardium. Serious arrhythmias and intracardiac blocks have been reported on therapeutic doses. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose is a serious condition which is becoming progressively more common. The agents' principal toxicities are to the nervous system and the heart. The syndrome can be divided into three stages of varying severity. The vast majority of cases are in the mild Stage I. Some patients reach Stage II with major CNS effects and increasing intracardiac block. Stage III, which encompassed less than 5% of poisonings, is a potentially fatal situation with respiratory arrest, convulsions, and ventricular arrhythmias. Prevention is extremely important in poisoning therapy. Supportive measures are all that is generally needed for mild poisoning. Moderate and severe overdoses will require respiratory support, anticonvulsants, physostigmine, and beta-blockers. Cardioversion and pacing may be necessary.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Tricyclic antidepressants are dibenzazepine derivatives with adrenergic, anticholinergic, and direct cardio-depressant activity. Double-blind clinical studies show TCAD to be efficacious for two-thirds of depressed patients. Cardiac toxicity is significant, especially on diseased myocardium. Serious arrhythmias and intracardiac blocks have been reported on therapeutic doses. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose is a serious condition which is becoming progressively more common. The agents' principal toxicities are to the nervous system and the heart. The syndrome can be divided into three stages of varying severity. The vast majority of cases are in the mild Stage I. Some patients reach Stage II with major CNS effects and increasing intracardiac block. Stage III, which encompassed less than 5% of poisonings, is a potentially fatal situation with respiratory arrest, convulsions, and ventricular arrhythmias. Prevention is extremely important in poisoning therapy. Supportive measures are all that is generally needed for mild poisoning. Moderate and severe overdoses will require respiratory support, anticonvulsants, physostigmine, and beta-blockers. Cardioversion and pacing may be necessary.", "PMID": 589952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3094", "title": "Ventilation and acid-base changes in deep coma due to barbiturate or tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "content": "Forty-two adults in deep coma due to uncomplicated overdosage with barbiturates or tricyclic antidepressants were studied to determine the effects of the drugs and the depth of coma on ventilation and acid-base balance. All the patients were breathing spontaneously. The usual acid-base disturbance was a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis. No differences in effects of barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants could be demonstrated in either grade of coma studied. Patients who were completely unresponsive to painful stimuli were significantly more acidemic (arterial [H+] 51.4 nmole/liter c.f. 44.4 mole/liter) and hypoxic (PaO2 6.6 kPa c.f. 10.5 kPa) than those who showed a minimal response to pain. These findings could not be explained by differences in alveolar ventilation, and it is suggested that they are due to ventilation/perfusion imbalance.", "contents": "Ventilation and acid-base changes in deep coma due to barbiturate or tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Forty-two adults in deep coma due to uncomplicated overdosage with barbiturates or tricyclic antidepressants were studied to determine the effects of the drugs and the depth of coma on ventilation and acid-base balance. All the patients were breathing spontaneously. The usual acid-base disturbance was a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis. No differences in effects of barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants could be demonstrated in either grade of coma studied. Patients who were completely unresponsive to painful stimuli were significantly more acidemic (arterial [H+] 51.4 nmole/liter c.f. 44.4 mole/liter) and hypoxic (PaO2 6.6 kPa c.f. 10.5 kPa) than those who showed a minimal response to pain. These findings could not be explained by differences in alveolar ventilation, and it is suggested that they are due to ventilation/perfusion imbalance.", "PMID": 589953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3095", "title": "Potentiation of tricyclic antidepressant toxicity by physostigmine in mice.", "content": "Subtoxic doses of physostigmine have been found to potentiate the convulsive toxicity and lethality of amitriptyline and imipramine in CD1 and B6A mice. Neostigmine failed to potentiate the toxicity and lethality of imipramine. Physostigmine tended to protect mice against atropine-induced lethality. These data suggest the site of toxicity of this drug-drug interaction between the tricyclic antidepressants and physostigmine may be occurring in the CNS through a mechanism distinct from the anticholinergic actions of the antidepressants.", "contents": "Potentiation of tricyclic antidepressant toxicity by physostigmine in mice. Subtoxic doses of physostigmine have been found to potentiate the convulsive toxicity and lethality of amitriptyline and imipramine in CD1 and B6A mice. Neostigmine failed to potentiate the toxicity and lethality of imipramine. Physostigmine tended to protect mice against atropine-induced lethality. These data suggest the site of toxicity of this drug-drug interaction between the tricyclic antidepressants and physostigmine may be occurring in the CNS through a mechanism distinct from the anticholinergic actions of the antidepressants.", "PMID": 589954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3096", "title": "Human intoxication following inhalation exposure to synthetic jet lubricating oil.", "content": "A previously healthy member of an aircraft flight crew was acutely incapacitated during flight with neurologic impairment and gastrointestinal distress. His clinical status returned to normal within 24 hr. The etiology of his symptoms was related to an inhalation exposure to aerosolized or vaporized synthetic lubricating oil arising from a jet engine of his aircraft.", "contents": "Human intoxication following inhalation exposure to synthetic jet lubricating oil. A previously healthy member of an aircraft flight crew was acutely incapacitated during flight with neurologic impairment and gastrointestinal distress. His clinical status returned to normal within 24 hr. The etiology of his symptoms was related to an inhalation exposure to aerosolized or vaporized synthetic lubricating oil arising from a jet engine of his aircraft.", "PMID": 589955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3097", "title": "Isothermal gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of carbamazepine (\"tegretol\") as its TMS derivative.", "content": "A rapid, simple isothermal gas chromatographic (GC) method for the quantitation of carbamazepine (\"Tegretol\") in serum as its trimethylsilyl derivative has been developed. A single chloroform extraction using 1.0 ml of serum, a 10-min derivatization step, and analysis on a 3% OV-1 (methyl silicone) GC column gives a linear response to a carbamazepine concentration up to 25 mg/liter. A non-drug internal standard (tetracosane) compensates for variables in extraction, injection, and instrumental changes occurring during analysis. This method was found to be free of interferences from endogenous substances in the serum, as well as from toxic concentrations of commonly used drugs. Day-to-day precision at concentration levels of 2, 5, and 10 mg/liter ranged from 2.9 to 4.4% (CV). Standard addition studies of carbamazepine added to serum resulted in a mean recovery of 95%. To ensure accurate results, all standards were prepared in serum.", "contents": "Isothermal gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of carbamazepine (\"tegretol\") as its TMS derivative. A rapid, simple isothermal gas chromatographic (GC) method for the quantitation of carbamazepine (\"Tegretol\") in serum as its trimethylsilyl derivative has been developed. A single chloroform extraction using 1.0 ml of serum, a 10-min derivatization step, and analysis on a 3% OV-1 (methyl silicone) GC column gives a linear response to a carbamazepine concentration up to 25 mg/liter. A non-drug internal standard (tetracosane) compensates for variables in extraction, injection, and instrumental changes occurring during analysis. This method was found to be free of interferences from endogenous substances in the serum, as well as from toxic concentrations of commonly used drugs. Day-to-day precision at concentration levels of 2, 5, and 10 mg/liter ranged from 2.9 to 4.4% (CV). Standard addition studies of carbamazepine added to serum resulted in a mean recovery of 95%. To ensure accurate results, all standards were prepared in serum.", "PMID": 589957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3098", "title": "Pipazethate--acute childhood poisoning.", "content": "A previously healthy child who who had accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of 20-mg tablets of pipazethate developed severe acute poisoning with neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular disturbances. She recovered with symptomatic and supportive therapy.", "contents": "Pipazethate--acute childhood poisoning. A previously healthy child who who had accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of 20-mg tablets of pipazethate developed severe acute poisoning with neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular disturbances. She recovered with symptomatic and supportive therapy.", "PMID": 589958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3099", "title": "Treatment dropouts in hindsight: a follow-up study.", "content": "In a comprehensive rehabilitation center serving the mentally ill 64 dropouts and 42 successful terminees were interviewed monthly for 18 months following termination. The interview schedules elicited information about employment, heterosexual adjustment, living conditions, rent payment, social preferences, intimate friendships, and rehospitalization episodes. Analysis revealed that dropouts and successful terminees typically differed significantly on these variables for at least part of the follow-up period, but that by the end of the follow-up period there were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the variables, whether or not rehospitalization was controlled for. This hindsight examination of dropouts in comparison with successful terminees shows the concept of \"dropping out\" to be a time-limited concept.", "contents": "Treatment dropouts in hindsight: a follow-up study. In a comprehensive rehabilitation center serving the mentally ill 64 dropouts and 42 successful terminees were interviewed monthly for 18 months following termination. The interview schedules elicited information about employment, heterosexual adjustment, living conditions, rent payment, social preferences, intimate friendships, and rehospitalization episodes. Analysis revealed that dropouts and successful terminees typically differed significantly on these variables for at least part of the follow-up period, but that by the end of the follow-up period there were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the variables, whether or not rehospitalization was controlled for. This hindsight examination of dropouts in comparison with successful terminees shows the concept of \"dropping out\" to be a time-limited concept.", "PMID": 589976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3100", "title": "The structure of attrition during appraisal.", "content": "Most attrition research has focused on dropping out once the patient has arrived at the clinic. However, many potential patients, who are in need of service, do not contact clinics. Such patients are said to be in the appraisal stage of treatment. Discontinuation of appraisal, for whatever reason, can be termed \"attrition.\" Such attrition has not received adequate attention. A conceptual model of the appraisal process is given, and a review is made of current research bearing on the conditions under which appraisals continued or discontinued by an individual. Recommendations for future research are made.", "contents": "The structure of attrition during appraisal. Most attrition research has focused on dropping out once the patient has arrived at the clinic. However, many potential patients, who are in need of service, do not contact clinics. Such patients are said to be in the appraisal stage of treatment. Discontinuation of appraisal, for whatever reason, can be termed \"attrition.\" Such attrition has not received adequate attention. A conceptual model of the appraisal process is given, and a review is made of current research bearing on the conditions under which appraisals continued or discontinued by an individual. Recommendations for future research are made.", "PMID": 589978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3101", "title": "Primary prevention in community mental health centers: a survey of current activity.", "content": "About half of the current activity in consultation and education services of community mental health centers can be classified as primary prevention. Using a framework that distinguishes between institutional-level interventions (caretaker training and program consultation) and individual-level interventions (dealing with developmental or situational crises) data are presented from 43 community mental health centers on (a) specific target populations that are tapped by primary-prevention activities and (b) content of the activities. Illustrative activities are described and explanations of current trends are posited. Current programming trends in primary prevention reflect the \"state of the art\" today and the findings in this paper have implications for the future promotion of primary prevention activity.", "contents": "Primary prevention in community mental health centers: a survey of current activity. About half of the current activity in consultation and education services of community mental health centers can be classified as primary prevention. Using a framework that distinguishes between institutional-level interventions (caretaker training and program consultation) and individual-level interventions (dealing with developmental or situational crises) data are presented from 43 community mental health centers on (a) specific target populations that are tapped by primary-prevention activities and (b) content of the activities. Illustrative activities are described and explanations of current trends are posited. Current programming trends in primary prevention reflect the \"state of the art\" today and the findings in this paper have implications for the future promotion of primary prevention activity.", "PMID": 589980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3102", "title": "Social work attitudes toward birth control for teenagers.", "content": "The current high level of teenage sexual activity has important consequences for the psychological and social well-being of both individuals and the community. Because social workers often have professional contact with teenagers who are in need of contraceptive services, a nationwide survey was conducted to ascertain the attitudes of social work faculty and students toward birth control for teenagers. Both students and faculty were found to have positive attitudes. They are willing to provide service in this area within the bounds suggested by a realistic assessment of their preparation for this field of activity.", "contents": "Social work attitudes toward birth control for teenagers. The current high level of teenage sexual activity has important consequences for the psychological and social well-being of both individuals and the community. Because social workers often have professional contact with teenagers who are in need of contraceptive services, a nationwide survey was conducted to ascertain the attitudes of social work faculty and students toward birth control for teenagers. Both students and faculty were found to have positive attitudes. They are willing to provide service in this area within the bounds suggested by a realistic assessment of their preparation for this field of activity.", "PMID": 589981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3103", "title": "Histological aspects of skin reactions to propylene glycol.", "content": "In view of the increased use of dermatological preparations containing a high concentration of propylene glycol (PG) for use under occlusive dressings, patch tests were performed with pure PG in a group of 98 out-patients at a skin clinic. No indication of a possible allergic contact dermatitis to PG could be found in the history of any of these patients. In 11 of them, the patch test reactions after a 48-h application were positive. In eight cases the reaction was scored as one plus, in two cases as two plus, and in the remaining case a three plus reaction was observed. In view of the negative history of all patients, the observed reactions were considered to be of a primary irritant nature. Histological examination of the positive patch tests revealed some definite quantitative differences between one and two plus reactions on the one hand and a three plus reaction on the other. The findings suggest that the application of high concentrations of PG under occlusive dressings may give rise to skin reactions of a primary irritant character which may closely simulate an allergic reaction.", "contents": "Histological aspects of skin reactions to propylene glycol. In view of the increased use of dermatological preparations containing a high concentration of propylene glycol (PG) for use under occlusive dressings, patch tests were performed with pure PG in a group of 98 out-patients at a skin clinic. No indication of a possible allergic contact dermatitis to PG could be found in the history of any of these patients. In 11 of them, the patch test reactions after a 48-h application were positive. In eight cases the reaction was scored as one plus, in two cases as two plus, and in the remaining case a three plus reaction was observed. In view of the negative history of all patients, the observed reactions were considered to be of a primary irritant nature. Histological examination of the positive patch tests revealed some definite quantitative differences between one and two plus reactions on the one hand and a three plus reaction on the other. The findings suggest that the application of high concentrations of PG under occlusive dressings may give rise to skin reactions of a primary irritant character which may closely simulate an allergic reaction.", "PMID": 589983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3104", "title": "Immediate reactions to patch tests with balsam of Peru.", "content": "Closed patch tests with balsam of Peru gave rise to nine immediate reactions among 121 patients with different dermatoses and to 10 reactions among 57 patients with chronic urticaria. Among compounds of balsam of Peru, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid benzoic acid and benzaldehyde also gave the same reactions. The reactions could not passively be transferred with serum from patients. They were abolished by antihistamine given before testing, and by pretreatment with compound 48/80. Balsam of Peru and cinnamic aldehyde did not provoke new symptoms when given orally to patients.", "contents": "Immediate reactions to patch tests with balsam of Peru. Closed patch tests with balsam of Peru gave rise to nine immediate reactions among 121 patients with different dermatoses and to 10 reactions among 57 patients with chronic urticaria. Among compounds of balsam of Peru, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid benzoic acid and benzaldehyde also gave the same reactions. The reactions could not passively be transferred with serum from patients. They were abolished by antihistamine given before testing, and by pretreatment with compound 48/80. Balsam of Peru and cinnamic aldehyde did not provoke new symptoms when given orally to patients.", "PMID": 589984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3105", "title": "A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. II. Factors which affect the phototoxic reaction induced by bergamot oil and psoralen derivatives.", "content": "Using a standardized open photopatch test technique, the phototoxic reactions produced by bergamot oil bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) the active component of the oil, and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) were studied. The reaction was affected by a range of factors such as the vehicle (PMF or ethanol), the concentration of ethanol in the vehicle, the skin site, the interval between application of the psoralen and irradiation, the hydration of the skin, and the degree of natural or sun-induced pigmentation. Repeated photopatch testing at the same skin site produced an increase in sensitivity. Eye colour, natural susceptibility to suntanning, age, and sex, had no effect on the phototoxic response to psoralens.", "contents": "A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. II. Factors which affect the phototoxic reaction induced by bergamot oil and psoralen derivatives. Using a standardized open photopatch test technique, the phototoxic reactions produced by bergamot oil bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) the active component of the oil, and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) were studied. The reaction was affected by a range of factors such as the vehicle (PMF or ethanol), the concentration of ethanol in the vehicle, the skin site, the interval between application of the psoralen and irradiation, the hydration of the skin, and the degree of natural or sun-induced pigmentation. Repeated photopatch testing at the same skin site produced an increase in sensitivity. Eye colour, natural susceptibility to suntanning, age, and sex, had no effect on the phototoxic response to psoralens.", "PMID": 589995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3106", "title": "Sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol.", "content": "Positive patch test reactions to isopropyl alcohol in connection with proved allergy to ethyl alcohol have already been published. A case of allergy to isopropyl alcohol with positive reactions to isopropanol (unpurified test material) and negative reactions to ethanol and methanol has also been reported. We report a case of a occupationally acquired sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol in which, on testing with gas chromatographically purified material, positive patch test reactions were found to 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol and methanal (formaldehyde) but not to the primary alcohols methanol, ethanol and amyl alcohol; not to the aldehydes acetal (acetaldehyde) and butanal; nor to the ketones acetone, butanon and isobutyl ketone, nor to methanoic (formic)acid. A tentative explanation for this peculiar pattern of reactions is given.", "contents": "Sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol. Positive patch test reactions to isopropyl alcohol in connection with proved allergy to ethyl alcohol have already been published. A case of allergy to isopropyl alcohol with positive reactions to isopropanol (unpurified test material) and negative reactions to ethanol and methanol has also been reported. We report a case of a occupationally acquired sensitivity to isopropyl alcohol in which, on testing with gas chromatographically purified material, positive patch test reactions were found to 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol and methanal (formaldehyde) but not to the primary alcohols methanol, ethanol and amyl alcohol; not to the aldehydes acetal (acetaldehyde) and butanal; nor to the ketones acetone, butanon and isobutyl ketone, nor to methanoic (formic)acid. A tentative explanation for this peculiar pattern of reactions is given.", "PMID": 589996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3107", "title": "Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and coal tar dyes.", "content": "Patch tests and photopatch tests with various cosmetics, coal tar dyes, perfumes, lanolin preparations and parabens-mix were performed in 53 patients with pigmented cosmetic dermatitis similar in clinical appearance to Riehl's melanosis. The results showed that coal tar dyes, particularly brilliant lake red R, were closely related to the cause of the disease. In patch testing and photopatch testing with coal tar dyes, the incidence of positive responses to the brilliant lake red R was found to be significantly higher than that to the other coal tar colors (22/38 = 57.9%). The relevance of ultraviolet light to the disease was found to be much less than the ratio expected (14/47 = 29.8%). A high incidence of positive responses to fragrances was also found, but it is considered to play a secondary role in the etiology of the disease.", "contents": "Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and coal tar dyes. Patch tests and photopatch tests with various cosmetics, coal tar dyes, perfumes, lanolin preparations and parabens-mix were performed in 53 patients with pigmented cosmetic dermatitis similar in clinical appearance to Riehl's melanosis. The results showed that coal tar dyes, particularly brilliant lake red R, were closely related to the cause of the disease. In patch testing and photopatch testing with coal tar dyes, the incidence of positive responses to the brilliant lake red R was found to be significantly higher than that to the other coal tar colors (22/38 = 57.9%). The relevance of ultraviolet light to the disease was found to be much less than the ratio expected (14/47 = 29.8%). A high incidence of positive responses to fragrances was also found, but it is considered to play a secondary role in the etiology of the disease.", "PMID": 589997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3108", "title": "Sodium lauryl sulfate irritant patch tests: degree of inflammation at various times.", "content": "Irritant reactions were induced on the forearms of 10 normal subjects with 10% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate under patch test occlusion for 24 h. Test sites were observed at 24, 26, 28, 30, 48, 72 and 96 h and the degree of inflammation recorded. Inflammation was most prominent at 28 h and decreased in intensity over the time course of the study. Inflammation at 48 and 72 h was similar to when patches were removed. This suggests that inflammatory responses in skin for at least certain irritants like sodium lauryl sulfate do slowly decrease in intensity after 48 h. However, the inflammatory response may initially accelerate after patch test removal and remain intense for at least 48 h. Fading of irritant reactions by 48 or 72 h may not reliably distinguish irritant from allergic patch test reactions. This does not refute the usefulness of a delayed (96 h) reading since inflammation from sodium lauryl sulfate had decreased significantly by this time.", "contents": "Sodium lauryl sulfate irritant patch tests: degree of inflammation at various times. Irritant reactions were induced on the forearms of 10 normal subjects with 10% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate under patch test occlusion for 24 h. Test sites were observed at 24, 26, 28, 30, 48, 72 and 96 h and the degree of inflammation recorded. Inflammation was most prominent at 28 h and decreased in intensity over the time course of the study. Inflammation at 48 and 72 h was similar to when patches were removed. This suggests that inflammatory responses in skin for at least certain irritants like sodium lauryl sulfate do slowly decrease in intensity after 48 h. However, the inflammatory response may initially accelerate after patch test removal and remain intense for at least 48 h. Fading of irritant reactions by 48 or 72 h may not reliably distinguish irritant from allergic patch test reactions. This does not refute the usefulness of a delayed (96 h) reading since inflammation from sodium lauryl sulfate had decreased significantly by this time.", "PMID": 589998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3109", "title": "The measurement of the work of breathing for the clinical assessment of ventilator dependence.", "content": "The work of breathing was measured in 10 normal subjects and in 28 critically ill patients with acute complications of obstructive pulmonary disease treated with assisted ventilation. The measurement of the work of breathing was found to be a useful objective variable for determining the capability for independent ventilation. Dependence on mechanical ventilation was observed when the respiratory work was greater than or equal to 1.7 kg-m/min. Patients were ordinarily capable of spontaneous ventilation when the respiratory work was less than or equal to 1.0 kg-m/min. Discontinuation of assisted ventilation was likely to be successful in those patients whose respiratory work was less than or equal to 1.5 kg-m/min if the patient was able to increase and maintain his work capability by a factor of two when breathing against an inspiratory resistance of 5 cm H2O for 10 min. Failure to increase the respiratory work when breathing against an inspiratory resistance indicated limitations in respiratory mechanics and was associated with the need for prolonged assisted ventilation. The measurement of the work of breathing against an inspiratory resistance of 5 cm H2O was useful in the identification and quantification of ventilatory reserve in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "The measurement of the work of breathing for the clinical assessment of ventilator dependence. The work of breathing was measured in 10 normal subjects and in 28 critically ill patients with acute complications of obstructive pulmonary disease treated with assisted ventilation. The measurement of the work of breathing was found to be a useful objective variable for determining the capability for independent ventilation. Dependence on mechanical ventilation was observed when the respiratory work was greater than or equal to 1.7 kg-m/min. Patients were ordinarily capable of spontaneous ventilation when the respiratory work was less than or equal to 1.0 kg-m/min. Discontinuation of assisted ventilation was likely to be successful in those patients whose respiratory work was less than or equal to 1.5 kg-m/min if the patient was able to increase and maintain his work capability by a factor of two when breathing against an inspiratory resistance of 5 cm H2O for 10 min. Failure to increase the respiratory work when breathing against an inspiratory resistance indicated limitations in respiratory mechanics and was associated with the need for prolonged assisted ventilation. The measurement of the work of breathing against an inspiratory resistance of 5 cm H2O was useful in the identification and quantification of ventilatory reserve in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 590015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3110", "title": "How noisy is intensive care?", "content": "Expense, noise, and bright lighting have been acknowledged disadvantages of ICU's since their establishment. Data are available regarding the first, but not the latter two disadvantages. Background sound levels were measured in four units and found to be comparable to the hospital cafeteria at noon, and only somewhat less noisy than the boiler room. Sound levels generated by numerous components of the environment were measured and related to the total noise level. Noise levels generated by seven different nebulizers, each used at three different settings, were found to show noteworthy differences. High noise levels have been shown to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on patients and on the errorproneness of intensive care personnel. If noise generation is a consideration in selection of equipment, industry can respond appropriately. Further studies can lead to measures that will reduce the noise level in ICU's.", "contents": "How noisy is intensive care? Expense, noise, and bright lighting have been acknowledged disadvantages of ICU's since their establishment. Data are available regarding the first, but not the latter two disadvantages. Background sound levels were measured in four units and found to be comparable to the hospital cafeteria at noon, and only somewhat less noisy than the boiler room. Sound levels generated by numerous components of the environment were measured and related to the total noise level. Noise levels generated by seven different nebulizers, each used at three different settings, were found to show noteworthy differences. High noise levels have been shown to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on patients and on the errorproneness of intensive care personnel. If noise generation is a consideration in selection of equipment, industry can respond appropriately. Further studies can lead to measures that will reduce the noise level in ICU's.", "PMID": 590016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3111", "title": "The effect of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability and on phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Ten maturity-onset diabetics with chronic vascular disease were treated with 400 mg pentoxifylline 3-times daily for 14 days. Erythrocyte deformability (using a filtration technique for whole blood) and phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane were measured before and after the treatment period. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the erythrocyte filtration rate had increased significantly by the end of treatment (2alpha = 0.02), and that there were only slight changes in erythrocyte membrane phosphatide fatty acid levels. The drug was well tolerated, and there were no adverse laboratory findings in the parameters measured. On the basis of results described by other investigators, theimprovement in erythrocyte deformability was attributed to an increase in erythrocyte ATP levels. The authors discuss the importance of red cell fluidity for capillary perfusion.", "contents": "The effect of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability and on phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane. Ten maturity-onset diabetics with chronic vascular disease were treated with 400 mg pentoxifylline 3-times daily for 14 days. Erythrocyte deformability (using a filtration technique for whole blood) and phosphatide fatty acid distribution in the erythrocyte membrane were measured before and after the treatment period. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the erythrocyte filtration rate had increased significantly by the end of treatment (2alpha = 0.02), and that there were only slight changes in erythrocyte membrane phosphatide fatty acid levels. The drug was well tolerated, and there were no adverse laboratory findings in the parameters measured. On the basis of results described by other investigators, theimprovement in erythrocyte deformability was attributed to an increase in erythrocyte ATP levels. The authors discuss the importance of red cell fluidity for capillary perfusion.", "PMID": 590022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3112", "title": "A new mechanical method to influence pulmonary perfusion in critically ill patients.", "content": "A new device, the Roto-Rest bed, has been used in critically ill patients to effect lateral to lateral position changes and continuous rotation to influence distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Selection of extreme lateral position can be made particularly in cases of respiratory failure with primarily unilateral involvement. Dependent positioning of the uninvolved lung to match ventilation and perfusion can be accomplished simply. Rapid resolution of a large pulmonary contusion serves to illustrate the clinical use of the apparatus.", "contents": "A new mechanical method to influence pulmonary perfusion in critically ill patients. A new device, the Roto-Rest bed, has been used in critically ill patients to effect lateral to lateral position changes and continuous rotation to influence distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Selection of extreme lateral position can be made particularly in cases of respiratory failure with primarily unilateral involvement. Dependent positioning of the uninvolved lung to match ventilation and perfusion can be accomplished simply. Rapid resolution of a large pulmonary contusion serves to illustrate the clinical use of the apparatus.", "PMID": 590017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3113", "title": "Prazosin combined with thiazide diuretic and beta-blocker in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "In a study of 10 patients suffering from hypertension the results showed that combination treatment with prazosin, cyclopenthiazide and a beta-blocker produced a significant fall in blood pressure. Side-effects such as palpitations, headache, syncope and drowsiness which may occur with prazosin alone were obviated by combining prazosin with a beta-blocker.", "contents": "Prazosin combined with thiazide diuretic and beta-blocker in the treatment of hypertension. In a study of 10 patients suffering from hypertension the results showed that combination treatment with prazosin, cyclopenthiazide and a beta-blocker produced a significant fall in blood pressure. Side-effects such as palpitations, headache, syncope and drowsiness which may occur with prazosin alone were obviated by combining prazosin with a beta-blocker.", "PMID": 590023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3114", "title": "Fluspirilene in the treatment of non-hospitalized schizophrenic patients.", "content": "A study was carried out to assess the efficacy of fluspirilene, a long-acting psychotropic agent, in the treatment of 29 non-hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Patients received an initial weekly injection of 6 mg to 10 mg fluspirlene, depending on the severity of the illness, and this was increased by 2 mg weekly as necessary to achieve control without side-effects. The mean weekly dose after stabilization was 9.2 +/- 3.4 mg (range 6 mg to 20 mg). Global assessment of patients' response to treatment showed a significant improvement in schizophrenic symptoms within 4 weeks in 20 of the 29 patients, and in 24 of 29 by the end of the 12-week trial period. Four patients were unable to be controlled in the community and were admitted to hospital. Side-effects were minimal and led to withdrawal of treatment in only 1 patient. It is suggested that fluspirilene is a useful drug in the treatment of schizophrenics without having to admit them to hospital initially.", "contents": "Fluspirilene in the treatment of non-hospitalized schizophrenic patients. A study was carried out to assess the efficacy of fluspirilene, a long-acting psychotropic agent, in the treatment of 29 non-hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Patients received an initial weekly injection of 6 mg to 10 mg fluspirlene, depending on the severity of the illness, and this was increased by 2 mg weekly as necessary to achieve control without side-effects. The mean weekly dose after stabilization was 9.2 +/- 3.4 mg (range 6 mg to 20 mg). Global assessment of patients' response to treatment showed a significant improvement in schizophrenic symptoms within 4 weeks in 20 of the 29 patients, and in 24 of 29 by the end of the 12-week trial period. Four patients were unable to be controlled in the community and were admitted to hospital. Side-effects were minimal and led to withdrawal of treatment in only 1 patient. It is suggested that fluspirilene is a useful drug in the treatment of schizophrenics without having to admit them to hospital initially.", "PMID": 590024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3115", "title": "Acute hallucinosis due to clonidine.", "content": "A case is reported of a 54-year old man who developed acute hallucinosis while being treated for hypertension with clonidine. The history revealed a similar previous episode which also cleared on discontinuation of the drug.", "contents": "Acute hallucinosis due to clonidine. A case is reported of a 54-year old man who developed acute hallucinosis while being treated for hypertension with clonidine. The history revealed a similar previous episode which also cleared on discontinuation of the drug.", "PMID": 590025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3116", "title": "Clinical results of photochemotherapy. The Cleveland Clinic experience.", "content": "PUVA therapy has proved to be beneficial for dermatologic conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and mycosis fungoides. Attempts have been made to treat other diseases with the modality; five patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris were treated, with only a partial response noted in one. A poor to fair response was seen in treating a small group of patients with cystic acne, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. As might be expected, no response was seen in one patient with Darier's disease. At present, photochemotherapy must be viewed with cautious optimism. Strict adherence to a rational treatment approach and close longterm follow-up observations are essential for determining the safety of this modality.", "contents": "Clinical results of photochemotherapy. The Cleveland Clinic experience. PUVA therapy has proved to be beneficial for dermatologic conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and mycosis fungoides. Attempts have been made to treat other diseases with the modality; five patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris were treated, with only a partial response noted in one. A poor to fair response was seen in treating a small group of patients with cystic acne, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. As might be expected, no response was seen in one patient with Darier's disease. At present, photochemotherapy must be viewed with cautious optimism. Strict adherence to a rational treatment approach and close longterm follow-up observations are essential for determining the safety of this modality.", "PMID": 590029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3117", "title": "Essentials for PUVA therapy. Guidelines for photochemotherapy.", "content": "PUVA therapy is a promising new entity for treatment of a number of dermatologic diseases including psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, and vitiligo. A safe and rational approach to the management of a phototherapy center has been presented, and is intended to serve as a personal guideline for those treating patients with this modality.", "contents": "Essentials for PUVA therapy. Guidelines for photochemotherapy. PUVA therapy is a promising new entity for treatment of a number of dermatologic diseases including psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, and vitiligo. A safe and rational approach to the management of a phototherapy center has been presented, and is intended to serve as a personal guideline for those treating patients with this modality.", "PMID": 590031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3118", "title": "Psoriasis with oral manifestations.", "content": "A forty-seven year old woman had skin and oral lesions of three year's duration. The skin lesions were clinically and microscopically diagnosed as psoriasis. Oral examination revealed extensive involvement of the entire mucosa with white, elevated, circinate lesions. Biopsies of oral mucosa were interpreted as histologically similar to the characteristic dermal findings in psoriasis. Anesthetic mouth rinses afforded symptomatic relief; however, although there was definite improvement, the oral lesions have persisted.", "contents": "Psoriasis with oral manifestations. A forty-seven year old woman had skin and oral lesions of three year's duration. The skin lesions were clinically and microscopically diagnosed as psoriasis. Oral examination revealed extensive involvement of the entire mucosa with white, elevated, circinate lesions. Biopsies of oral mucosa were interpreted as histologically similar to the characteristic dermal findings in psoriasis. Anesthetic mouth rinses afforded symptomatic relief; however, although there was definite improvement, the oral lesions have persisted.", "PMID": 590035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3119", "title": "Porokeratosis plantaris discreta.", "content": "Sire the basis for this study. All cases were clinically diagnosed as porokeratosis plantaris discreta (PPD). Biopsies were done in fifteen cases. Of these, eleven were confirmed as PPD and four had histopathologic features of a wart. Porokeratosis plantaris dicreta is a localized plantar hyperkeratosis that is resistant to therapy. It is often mistaken for a wart. PPD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of keratotic lesions on the sole.", "contents": "Porokeratosis plantaris discreta. Sire the basis for this study. All cases were clinically diagnosed as porokeratosis plantaris discreta (PPD). Biopsies were done in fifteen cases. Of these, eleven were confirmed as PPD and four had histopathologic features of a wart. Porokeratosis plantaris dicreta is a localized plantar hyperkeratosis that is resistant to therapy. It is often mistaken for a wart. PPD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of keratotic lesions on the sole.", "PMID": 590036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3120", "title": "The health status of foster children.", "content": "A study of the health care and needs of foster children in the New York City area indicated a prevalence of serious physical, mental and developmental problems. The level of pathology was roughly comparable to that of other disadvantaged child populations.", "contents": "The health status of foster children. A study of the health care and needs of foster children in the New York City area indicated a prevalence of serious physical, mental and developmental problems. The level of pathology was roughly comparable to that of other disadvantaged child populations.", "PMID": 590042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3121", "title": "Case reopening: an emerging issue in child welfare services.", "content": "A retrospective longitudinal study of the frequency and correlates of case reopening in a child welfare population revealed that one-third of all closed cases were reopened. Predictors of reopening were the child's age, ethnicity and prior agency experience.", "contents": "Case reopening: an emerging issue in child welfare services. A retrospective longitudinal study of the frequency and correlates of case reopening in a child welfare population revealed that one-third of all closed cases were reopened. Predictors of reopening were the child's age, ethnicity and prior agency experience.", "PMID": 590043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3122", "title": "Observations on going coed in a correctional center.", "content": "When a school for delinquent girls converts to a coeducational program it faces major problems, including staff attitudes, residents' reactions, and the control of destructiveness, sexual acting out, and drugs.", "contents": "Observations on going coed in a correctional center. When a school for delinquent girls converts to a coeducational program it faces major problems, including staff attitudes, residents' reactions, and the control of destructiveness, sexual acting out, and drugs.", "PMID": 590044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3123", "title": "Complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunting and a critical comparison of the three-piece and one-piece systems.", "content": "This is a report of our experience with ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, the treatment of congenital and secondary hydrocephalus. It includes a detailed listing of all complications and an analysis of the number of complications per patient and per procedure in patients in whom either a three-piece or a one-piece shunt system has been inserted. A total of 161 patients were in the one-piece series and 196 patients in the three-piece series, with the follow-up being a minimum of 6 months. There were 598 procedures in 196 patients in the three-piece series and 302 procedures in 161 patients in the one-piece series, so that the average number of operations per child in the three-piece series was 3.1 and only 1.9 in the one-iece series. There were 106 instances of ventriculitis in the three-piece series only 22 in the one-piece series, and 47 non-ventriculitis related complications in the three-piece series, but only 17 in the one-piece series. Data are presented descriptively with listing of specific complications and as computer analysis statistical printouts for categories (disconnections, infections, obstructions) comparing the three-piece and one-piece systems.", "contents": "Complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunting and a critical comparison of the three-piece and one-piece systems. This is a report of our experience with ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, the treatment of congenital and secondary hydrocephalus. It includes a detailed listing of all complications and an analysis of the number of complications per patient and per procedure in patients in whom either a three-piece or a one-piece shunt system has been inserted. A total of 161 patients were in the one-piece series and 196 patients in the three-piece series, with the follow-up being a minimum of 6 months. There were 598 procedures in 196 patients in the three-piece series and 302 procedures in 161 patients in the one-piece series, so that the average number of operations per child in the three-piece series was 3.1 and only 1.9 in the one-iece series. There were 106 instances of ventriculitis in the three-piece series only 22 in the one-piece series, and 47 non-ventriculitis related complications in the three-piece series, but only 17 in the one-piece series. Data are presented descriptively with listing of specific complications and as computer analysis statistical printouts for categories (disconnections, infections, obstructions) comparing the three-piece and one-piece systems.", "PMID": 590045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3124", "title": "Displacement of the superior sagittal sinus associated with a brain tumor.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl with an 11 1/2-year history of seizures, was found to have a brain tumor and contralateral displacement of the superior sagittal sinus and falx. The rarity and possible mechanisms of sagittal sinus displacement are discussed.", "contents": "Displacement of the superior sagittal sinus associated with a brain tumor. A 13-year-old girl with an 11 1/2-year history of seizures, was found to have a brain tumor and contralateral displacement of the superior sagittal sinus and falx. The rarity and possible mechanisms of sagittal sinus displacement are discussed.", "PMID": 590046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3125", "title": "[Influence of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of skin wounds in rats].", "content": "Skin wounds of rats were treated by 14C-labeled collagen from guinea pig skin. The main portion of the applied collagen persisted in the wound area. In the neutral salt soluble collagen maximal specific activity was measured on day 4 after treatment, in the citric acid soluble and in the insoluble collagen at later times. On day 4 after treatment 3.42% of the applied label was found in the neutral salt soluble, 1.43% in the citric acid soluble and 1.40% in the insoluble collagen. The findings suggest that the stimulation of wound healing which is reported by various authors is caused by the incorporation of the applied collagen into the regenerating connective tissue.", "contents": "[Influence of exogenous collagen on the metabolism of skin wounds in rats]. Skin wounds of rats were treated by 14C-labeled collagen from guinea pig skin. The main portion of the applied collagen persisted in the wound area. In the neutral salt soluble collagen maximal specific activity was measured on day 4 after treatment, in the citric acid soluble and in the insoluble collagen at later times. On day 4 after treatment 3.42% of the applied label was found in the neutral salt soluble, 1.43% in the citric acid soluble and 1.40% in the insoluble collagen. The findings suggest that the stimulation of wound healing which is reported by various authors is caused by the incorporation of the applied collagen into the regenerating connective tissue.", "PMID": 590049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3126", "title": "[Radiation protection measurements at the intensive care unit and in the operating room].", "content": "For chest X-ray in the ward and for intraoperative cholangiography the registered doses were low. A limitation of the exposures or the operations was not necessary. For osteosynthesis operations the doses for the patient and the staff could be kept low by preparing the operation adequately, by using modern image-intensifer units with grid and automatic regulation in fluoroscopy, and with discipline in using fluoroscopy. During one week a surgeon could do eight osteosynthesis operations without reaching legally imposed dose limit. The control area could be restricted to a space around the patient with a radius of two meters.", "contents": "[Radiation protection measurements at the intensive care unit and in the operating room]. For chest X-ray in the ward and for intraoperative cholangiography the registered doses were low. A limitation of the exposures or the operations was not necessary. For osteosynthesis operations the doses for the patient and the staff could be kept low by preparing the operation adequately, by using modern image-intensifer units with grid and automatic regulation in fluoroscopy, and with discipline in using fluoroscopy. During one week a surgeon could do eight osteosynthesis operations without reaching legally imposed dose limit. The control area could be restricted to a space around the patient with a radius of two meters.", "PMID": 590050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3127", "title": "[The functionally defective Roux Y-loop in biliodigestive anastomoses].", "content": "In comparison to common radiologic methods hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy proves superior in the investigation of the choledocho-(hepatico-)jejunostomy Roux-en-Y. The functional behavior of the jejunal-(Roux-en-Y-) loop is demonstrated. After biliary-intestinal anastomoses, 15 healthy patients showed normal dynamic studies with unimpeded bile passage. Hypotonic loops with intrahepatic bile stasis responsible for cholangitis were seen in 2 patients. A strangulation phenomenon on the level of the mesocolon hiatus responsible for upper abdominal pain is demonstrated in one case.", "contents": "[The functionally defective Roux Y-loop in biliodigestive anastomoses]. In comparison to common radiologic methods hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy proves superior in the investigation of the choledocho-(hepatico-)jejunostomy Roux-en-Y. The functional behavior of the jejunal-(Roux-en-Y-) loop is demonstrated. After biliary-intestinal anastomoses, 15 healthy patients showed normal dynamic studies with unimpeded bile passage. Hypotonic loops with intrahepatic bile stasis responsible for cholangitis were seen in 2 patients. A strangulation phenomenon on the level of the mesocolon hiatus responsible for upper abdominal pain is demonstrated in one case.", "PMID": 590051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3128", "title": "[Selection of procedure in the management of recurrent juvenile and aneurismatic bone cysts].", "content": "Aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts are characterized by frequent recurrence and pathological fractures caused by such bone cysts also recur frequently. Curettage of the cyst and spongiosaplasty is often unsuccessful. According to our experience, excochleation must be followed by drilling the cyst wall and fraising off the compact substance. Densely packed homologous spongiosa must then be implanted. In case of recurrence or if the cyst increases in size, radical en-bloc resection is indicated and the defect must be bridged by osteoplastic and osteosynthetic methods. We have treated four difficult cases successfully with this procedure. In one case, resection with limb shortening lead to full recovery.", "contents": "[Selection of procedure in the management of recurrent juvenile and aneurismatic bone cysts]. Aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts are characterized by frequent recurrence and pathological fractures caused by such bone cysts also recur frequently. Curettage of the cyst and spongiosaplasty is often unsuccessful. According to our experience, excochleation must be followed by drilling the cyst wall and fraising off the compact substance. Densely packed homologous spongiosa must then be implanted. In case of recurrence or if the cyst increases in size, radical en-bloc resection is indicated and the defect must be bridged by osteoplastic and osteosynthetic methods. We have treated four difficult cases successfully with this procedure. In one case, resection with limb shortening lead to full recovery.", "PMID": 590052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3129", "title": "[Results in surgically managed severe hip-dislocation fractures].", "content": "Following operative reconstruction in 11 German clinics working together on questions concerning osteosynthesis, 190 fractures of the hip socket were examined. The total results of all fracture types showed, with 60% very good to good, 15% satisfactory and 25% poor results, clear improvement as compared with purely conservative therapy. Practically two-thirds of the unsatisfactory results were due to traumatic injury followed by necrosis of the ball of the femoral head. Additional improvement of the results is possible by refined operative techniques, broader differentiation of the indications, and especially by a shortening of the interval between the time of accident and the osteosynthesis of the acetabulum.", "contents": "[Results in surgically managed severe hip-dislocation fractures]. Following operative reconstruction in 11 German clinics working together on questions concerning osteosynthesis, 190 fractures of the hip socket were examined. The total results of all fracture types showed, with 60% very good to good, 15% satisfactory and 25% poor results, clear improvement as compared with purely conservative therapy. Practically two-thirds of the unsatisfactory results were due to traumatic injury followed by necrosis of the ball of the femoral head. Additional improvement of the results is possible by refined operative techniques, broader differentiation of the indications, and especially by a shortening of the interval between the time of accident and the osteosynthesis of the acetabulum.", "PMID": 590053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3130", "title": "EEG in benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "A retrospective study of standard EEG's obtained from 26 patients with benign intracranial hypertension was done with particular emphasis on the effect of age on the EEG findings. Abnormal EEG's were found in 10 patients, all were less than 20 years of age. Although no consistent pattern of EEG abnormality could be identified, there appears to be a difference between the immature and adult brain in the EEG response to intracranial hypertension.", "contents": "EEG in benign intracranial hypertension. A retrospective study of standard EEG's obtained from 26 patients with benign intracranial hypertension was done with particular emphasis on the effect of age on the EEG findings. Abnormal EEG's were found in 10 patients, all were less than 20 years of age. Although no consistent pattern of EEG abnormality could be identified, there appears to be a difference between the immature and adult brain in the EEG response to intracranial hypertension.", "PMID": 590056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3131", "title": "Psychiatric illness and non-cancer hysterectomy.", "content": "Forty-nine randomly selected women who received hysterectomy for reasons other than cancer were studied preoperatively with systematic interviews and record reviews, and were diagnosed using the explicit criteria of Feighner, et al. Fifty-seven percent were found to be psychiatrically ill, with 27% suffering from hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome), and 18% from primary depression. Recently some investigators have attributed a \"post-hysterectomy syndrome\" characterized by multiple psychologic and somatic symptoms to the surgery itself. However, a high pre-operative prevalence of psychiatric illness, particularly hysteria, must be considered when evaluating symptoms in a post-hysterectomy population.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness and non-cancer hysterectomy. Forty-nine randomly selected women who received hysterectomy for reasons other than cancer were studied preoperatively with systematic interviews and record reviews, and were diagnosed using the explicit criteria of Feighner, et al. Fifty-seven percent were found to be psychiatrically ill, with 27% suffering from hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome), and 18% from primary depression. Recently some investigators have attributed a \"post-hysterectomy syndrome\" characterized by multiple psychologic and somatic symptoms to the surgery itself. However, a high pre-operative prevalence of psychiatric illness, particularly hysteria, must be considered when evaluating symptoms in a post-hysterectomy population.", "PMID": 590058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3132", "title": "Predicting alcohol treatment program drop-outs.", "content": "The feasibility of using psychological tests to predict patient drop-outs from an alcohol treatment program was studied. Eighty-four alcoholic male veterans being treated in an inpatient program were administrered the Rotter Locus of Control scale (I-E) and the MMPI-168 at the beginning of the treatment. Those patients who completed an 8 week inpatient program and a one year outpatient program were compared to those patients who completed the inpatient phase, but dropped out during the outpatient phase on the five MMPI-168 factors and the total I-E score. The two groups differed significantly only on the I-E. The data was also subjected to a discriminant analysis to generate a prediction equation. The prediction equation correctly classified 82% of the drop-outs.", "contents": "Predicting alcohol treatment program drop-outs. The feasibility of using psychological tests to predict patient drop-outs from an alcohol treatment program was studied. Eighty-four alcoholic male veterans being treated in an inpatient program were administrered the Rotter Locus of Control scale (I-E) and the MMPI-168 at the beginning of the treatment. Those patients who completed an 8 week inpatient program and a one year outpatient program were compared to those patients who completed the inpatient phase, but dropped out during the outpatient phase on the five MMPI-168 factors and the total I-E score. The two groups differed significantly only on the I-E. The data was also subjected to a discriminant analysis to generate a prediction equation. The prediction equation correctly classified 82% of the drop-outs.", "PMID": 590059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3133", "title": "Depression in medical outpatients: use of the Zung scale.", "content": "Sixty-nine randomly selected medical outpatients were clinically evaluated for depressive illness. A Zung Self-Rating Depressive Scale (SDS) was also administered to each patient. The prevalence of depression in the sample was 42%. The SDS picked up 30% of those depressed while missing those whose depression was presented under the guise of somatic illness. The SDS is thus a suitable instrument only in screening of the non-depressed medical patients.", "contents": "Depression in medical outpatients: use of the Zung scale. Sixty-nine randomly selected medical outpatients were clinically evaluated for depressive illness. A Zung Self-Rating Depressive Scale (SDS) was also administered to each patient. The prevalence of depression in the sample was 42%. The SDS picked up 30% of those depressed while missing those whose depression was presented under the guise of somatic illness. The SDS is thus a suitable instrument only in screening of the non-depressed medical patients.", "PMID": 590060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3134", "title": "Deanol in minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "The literature on minimal brain dysfunction is confused, confusing and controversial. The statements that the condition exists, needs treatment, and that treatment may be pharmacological, are more expressions of faith than accepted fact. We believe they are true (within limits not discussed in the article). Furthermore, there is evidence that some patients with MBD are hypo-aroused, while others are not. The role of deanol in the treatment of MBD is still unclear, because of the complexities of identifying appropriate patients in terms of levels of arousal, as well as identifying appropriate measures of response. There is sufficient support for an effect of deanol in the literature to justify further investigation. Further studies should attend to important methodological problems as discussed.", "contents": "Deanol in minimal brain dysfunction. The literature on minimal brain dysfunction is confused, confusing and controversial. The statements that the condition exists, needs treatment, and that treatment may be pharmacological, are more expressions of faith than accepted fact. We believe they are true (within limits not discussed in the article). Furthermore, there is evidence that some patients with MBD are hypo-aroused, while others are not. The role of deanol in the treatment of MBD is still unclear, because of the complexities of identifying appropriate patients in terms of levels of arousal, as well as identifying appropriate measures of response. There is sufficient support for an effect of deanol in the literature to justify further investigation. Further studies should attend to important methodological problems as discussed.", "PMID": 590062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3135", "title": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate (Deaner) in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "A total of twenty-nine patients have thus far been treated with deanol in various dosage levels for periods ranging from five to thirty days. Clinical response has been pronounced, even dramatic, in seven patients, moderate but significant in nine patients, and slight to insignificant in thirteen others. Videotape rating and quantitative accelerometry, to the extent that they constitute novel and stress-inducing experiences may not be representative of global clinical changes. Deanol did not produce the anticipated elevation in choline levels postulated to be one mechanism of its action. The failure of deanol to achieve this effect may most probably be attributed to interval after last dose, to inadequate level of deanol or to some alteration in choline metabolism in the presence of deanol. The etiology of tardive dyskinesia at biochemical and structural levels is complex. For some patients improvement has been dramatic and clearly associated with deanol. Others appear to exhibit minimal response which cannot be differentiated from placebo or environmental effects. Our present strategy, in common with that of other authors includes the administration of a \"challenge\" dose of rapid acting injectable cholinomimetic agents (e.g. physostigmine) and dopamine-blocking agents (e.g. haloperidol) with placebo controls. In this manner therapy may be more rationally selected for long-term use and may logically include deanol. The correlation of such predictive challenges with response to long-term treatment is an area for much more well controlled study.", "contents": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate (Deaner) in tardive dyskinesia. A total of twenty-nine patients have thus far been treated with deanol in various dosage levels for periods ranging from five to thirty days. Clinical response has been pronounced, even dramatic, in seven patients, moderate but significant in nine patients, and slight to insignificant in thirteen others. Videotape rating and quantitative accelerometry, to the extent that they constitute novel and stress-inducing experiences may not be representative of global clinical changes. Deanol did not produce the anticipated elevation in choline levels postulated to be one mechanism of its action. The failure of deanol to achieve this effect may most probably be attributed to interval after last dose, to inadequate level of deanol or to some alteration in choline metabolism in the presence of deanol. The etiology of tardive dyskinesia at biochemical and structural levels is complex. For some patients improvement has been dramatic and clearly associated with deanol. Others appear to exhibit minimal response which cannot be differentiated from placebo or environmental effects. Our present strategy, in common with that of other authors includes the administration of a \"challenge\" dose of rapid acting injectable cholinomimetic agents (e.g. physostigmine) and dopamine-blocking agents (e.g. haloperidol) with placebo controls. In this manner therapy may be more rationally selected for long-term use and may logically include deanol. The correlation of such predictive challenges with response to long-term treatment is an area for much more well controlled study.", "PMID": 590063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3136", "title": "[No free water in the treatment of \"hyperosmolar diabetic coma\": treatment control by comparing serum and CSF (author's transl)].", "content": "Some serum and CSF concentrations were measured in five patients with severe hyperosmolar coma (mean blood sugar = 58.9 mmol/l; osmolarity = 406 mosmol/l). A gradual decrease of serum osmolarity prevented the development of an osmotic gradient between CSF and extracellular space. Insulin treatment (1-20 IU/h) with a motor infusion pump and infusion of hypertonic solutions decreased serum osmolarity by 2-4 mosmol/l X h. The faster fall of glucose in the extracellular space was compensated by hypertonic saline infusions (up to 365 mosmol/l). All patients survived.", "contents": "[No free water in the treatment of \"hyperosmolar diabetic coma\": treatment control by comparing serum and CSF (author's transl)]. Some serum and CSF concentrations were measured in five patients with severe hyperosmolar coma (mean blood sugar = 58.9 mmol/l; osmolarity = 406 mosmol/l). A gradual decrease of serum osmolarity prevented the development of an osmotic gradient between CSF and extracellular space. Insulin treatment (1-20 IU/h) with a motor infusion pump and infusion of hypertonic solutions decreased serum osmolarity by 2-4 mosmol/l X h. The faster fall of glucose in the extracellular space was compensated by hypertonic saline infusions (up to 365 mosmol/l). All patients survived.", "PMID": 590092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3137", "title": "[The effect of radiotherapy on various immunological features in genital and breast carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation under phytohaemegglutinin (PHA), spontaneous rosette formation and immunoglobulin concentration were measured in women with genital or breast carcinoma. It was found that (1) DNA synthesis of lymphocytes under PHA was normal in women with stage I and II cervical carcinoma, slightly decreased in stage III; (2) DNA synthesis of lymphocytes under PHA was slightly but significantly decreased in untreated patients with breast carcinoma; (3) after radiotherapy, both for cervical and body of the uterus carcinoma, there was a significant decrease of PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis of lymphocytes compared with healthy females and with patients at the same stage of tumour spread not treated by radiotherapy; (4) there was no significant difference in spontaneous rosette formation between radiated patients with cervical or breast carcinoma, on the one hand, and healthy controls and non-radiated patients, on the other; (5) IgG levels were slightly but significantly decreased in patients with ovarian carcinoma while in cervical, breast and body of the uterus carcinoma they were normal, IgA and IgM levels were significantly raised.", "contents": "[The effect of radiotherapy on various immunological features in genital and breast carcinoma (author's transl)]. Lymphocyte transformation under phytohaemegglutinin (PHA), spontaneous rosette formation and immunoglobulin concentration were measured in women with genital or breast carcinoma. It was found that (1) DNA synthesis of lymphocytes under PHA was normal in women with stage I and II cervical carcinoma, slightly decreased in stage III; (2) DNA synthesis of lymphocytes under PHA was slightly but significantly decreased in untreated patients with breast carcinoma; (3) after radiotherapy, both for cervical and body of the uterus carcinoma, there was a significant decrease of PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis of lymphocytes compared with healthy females and with patients at the same stage of tumour spread not treated by radiotherapy; (4) there was no significant difference in spontaneous rosette formation between radiated patients with cervical or breast carcinoma, on the one hand, and healthy controls and non-radiated patients, on the other; (5) IgG levels were slightly but significantly decreased in patients with ovarian carcinoma while in cervical, breast and body of the uterus carcinoma they were normal, IgA and IgM levels were significantly raised.", "PMID": 590094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3138", "title": "[Eight years of gardner's syndrome in a family (author's transl)].", "content": "In all affected members of a family with Gardner's syndrome the complete triad of skin tumours, osteomas and polyps of the colon has developed since 1968 when examination revealed an apparently bisymptomatic variant of Gardner's syndrome. In this family bony changes consisting of circumscript osteomas, diffuse sclerosing zones within certain bones, and ridge-like widening of the corticalis were noted, having developed during puberty but remaining constant thereafter. Similarly, no significant new skin tumours appeared after puberty. Most colonic polyps however, occurred in adolescence or thereafter, with malignant transformation after a variable interval of several years. The necessity of long-term observation of the colon, also in patients presenting with a bi- or monosymptomatic form, is stressed. Coloscopy has proven to be more useful diagnostically than radiological methods.", "contents": "[Eight years of gardner's syndrome in a family (author's transl)]. In all affected members of a family with Gardner's syndrome the complete triad of skin tumours, osteomas and polyps of the colon has developed since 1968 when examination revealed an apparently bisymptomatic variant of Gardner's syndrome. In this family bony changes consisting of circumscript osteomas, diffuse sclerosing zones within certain bones, and ridge-like widening of the corticalis were noted, having developed during puberty but remaining constant thereafter. Similarly, no significant new skin tumours appeared after puberty. Most colonic polyps however, occurred in adolescence or thereafter, with malignant transformation after a variable interval of several years. The necessity of long-term observation of the colon, also in patients presenting with a bi- or monosymptomatic form, is stressed. Coloscopy has proven to be more useful diagnostically than radiological methods.", "PMID": 590095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3139", "title": "[Differentiation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: immunological, cell-kinetic, and physical methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of division and cell density, expression and motility of certain surface structures were studied on lymphocytes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high and low degrees of malignancy. The neoplastic lymphocytes of the two lymphoma types differed in these aspects.", "contents": "[Differentiation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: immunological, cell-kinetic, and physical methods (author's transl)]. Some aspects of division and cell density, expression and motility of certain surface structures were studied on lymphocytes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high and low degrees of malignancy. The neoplastic lymphocytes of the two lymphoma types differed in these aspects.", "PMID": 590104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3140", "title": "[Primary and secondary exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy was performed on 275 patients with hisologically confirmed Hodgkin's disease. In 188 patients the laparotomy was a primary one to determine more precisely the state of the disease. A secondary laparotomy was performed in 87 patients 1-12 years after diagnosis and radiotherapy. In 17.5% of patients the state had to be revised after laparotomy with splenectomy. In 38 the disease had further progressed, while in ten it had slighty regressed. In four cases clinical stage I proved to be stage III. Even prognostically more favourable forms may have progressed at first diagnosis. There was no correlation between B-symptoms and histological type, but there was between B-symptoms and spread of the disease. Calculated spleen weight provided no clue as to spleen involvement. There was no clear relationship between spleen involvement and histological subclassification. Risk-effect analysis indicate that laparotomy with splenectomy was useful because it makes optimal treatment possible.", "contents": "[Primary and secondary exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy was performed on 275 patients with hisologically confirmed Hodgkin's disease. In 188 patients the laparotomy was a primary one to determine more precisely the state of the disease. A secondary laparotomy was performed in 87 patients 1-12 years after diagnosis and radiotherapy. In 17.5% of patients the state had to be revised after laparotomy with splenectomy. In 38 the disease had further progressed, while in ten it had slighty regressed. In four cases clinical stage I proved to be stage III. Even prognostically more favourable forms may have progressed at first diagnosis. There was no correlation between B-symptoms and histological type, but there was between B-symptoms and spread of the disease. Calculated spleen weight provided no clue as to spleen involvement. There was no clear relationship between spleen involvement and histological subclassification. Risk-effect analysis indicate that laparotomy with splenectomy was useful because it makes optimal treatment possible.", "PMID": 590105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3141", "title": "[Haemofiltration in the treatment of acute left heart failure in anuric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with acute left heart failure refractory to diuretics were treated by haemofiltration. Used conventionally the filtration membranes need a high pressure gradient. But the hollow-fibre kidney use in the last three patients required merely normal arterial venous pressure gradients. During an average heaemofiltration period of four hours 1000-2300 ml of plasma water were obtained. Pulmonary congestion improved in all patients; in five the arterial pressure returned to normal. Spontaneous diuresis was resumed in three. The clinical course was not influenced by haemofiltration in three instances. The advantages of haemofiltration are: reliable control of volume withdrawal, immediate effectiveness, technical simplicity, and absence of side effects.", "contents": "[Haemofiltration in the treatment of acute left heart failure in anuric patients (author's transl)]. Eight patients with acute left heart failure refractory to diuretics were treated by haemofiltration. Used conventionally the filtration membranes need a high pressure gradient. But the hollow-fibre kidney use in the last three patients required merely normal arterial venous pressure gradients. During an average heaemofiltration period of four hours 1000-2300 ml of plasma water were obtained. Pulmonary congestion improved in all patients; in five the arterial pressure returned to normal. Spontaneous diuresis was resumed in three. The clinical course was not influenced by haemofiltration in three instances. The advantages of haemofiltration are: reliable control of volume withdrawal, immediate effectiveness, technical simplicity, and absence of side effects.", "PMID": 590106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3142", "title": "[Incidence of obesity in hospitalised patients 1933-1972 (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 31 686 patient records for obesity among hospitalised patients in the Second Medical Clinic of D\u00fcsseldorf University between 1952 and 1972 demonstrated a steep rise to a plateau of 24 +/- 2% in 1956-1972. Adding a corresponding analysis from the Bonn Medical University Clinic some 66 000 hospitalised patients could be included for a period of 40 years. Socio-economic conditions in the war and post-war period produced a marked fall in obesity to a minimum of 2% in 1946. The mean incidence before 1935 was 10%, by 1958 it had increased two-and-a-half fold. It is thought that this had been due not to a corresponding higher calorie intake by the population but rather a general reduction in physical activity. The increase in obesity among the population, reflected in these hospital statistics, is likely to lead to a parallel increase in cardiovascular risk factors and with it the ever-rising curve of death from cardiovascular disease in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "contents": "[Incidence of obesity in hospitalised patients 1933-1972 (author's transl)]. Analysis of 31 686 patient records for obesity among hospitalised patients in the Second Medical Clinic of D\u00fcsseldorf University between 1952 and 1972 demonstrated a steep rise to a plateau of 24 +/- 2% in 1956-1972. Adding a corresponding analysis from the Bonn Medical University Clinic some 66 000 hospitalised patients could be included for a period of 40 years. Socio-economic conditions in the war and post-war period produced a marked fall in obesity to a minimum of 2% in 1946. The mean incidence before 1935 was 10%, by 1958 it had increased two-and-a-half fold. It is thought that this had been due not to a corresponding higher calorie intake by the population but rather a general reduction in physical activity. The increase in obesity among the population, reflected in these hospital statistics, is likely to lead to a parallel increase in cardiovascular risk factors and with it the ever-rising curve of death from cardiovascular disease in the Federal Republic of Germany.", "PMID": 590116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3143", "title": "[Serum and total body potassium during treatment with chlortalidone and hydrochlorothiazide. Influence of triamterene (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum and total body potassium was investigated in 25 patients with non-congestive cardaic failure before and during saluretic treatment. Treatment with triamterene (100 mg/d; n = 10) over a period of 3 weeks led to an increase of serum potassium (from 4.1 +/- 0.65 to 4.7 +/- 0.51 mmol/l) and of total body potassium (by 110 mmol). After treatment with chlortalidon for 7 days (100 mg/d; n = 6) serum potassium concentration decreased from 4.38 \"/- 0.37 to 3.30 +/- 0.46 mmol/l (approximately 25%). The total body potassium decreased by 240 mmol (approximately 10%). Continuation of the treatment with a combination of chlortalidon (50 mg/d) and triamterene (150 mg/d) led to correction of the extra- and intracellular potassium loss after 1 to 2 weeks. No significant change of serum and total body potassium was found during and after 6 months of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/d) and triamterene (100 mg/d; n = 9). The results demonstrate the potassium loss which occurs in the early stage of saluretic treatment and show the antikaluretic potency of triamterene.", "contents": "[Serum and total body potassium during treatment with chlortalidone and hydrochlorothiazide. Influence of triamterene (author's transl)]. The serum and total body potassium was investigated in 25 patients with non-congestive cardaic failure before and during saluretic treatment. Treatment with triamterene (100 mg/d; n = 10) over a period of 3 weeks led to an increase of serum potassium (from 4.1 +/- 0.65 to 4.7 +/- 0.51 mmol/l) and of total body potassium (by 110 mmol). After treatment with chlortalidon for 7 days (100 mg/d; n = 6) serum potassium concentration decreased from 4.38 \"/- 0.37 to 3.30 +/- 0.46 mmol/l (approximately 25%). The total body potassium decreased by 240 mmol (approximately 10%). Continuation of the treatment with a combination of chlortalidon (50 mg/d) and triamterene (150 mg/d) led to correction of the extra- and intracellular potassium loss after 1 to 2 weeks. No significant change of serum and total body potassium was found during and after 6 months of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/d) and triamterene (100 mg/d; n = 9). The results demonstrate the potassium loss which occurs in the early stage of saluretic treatment and show the antikaluretic potency of triamterene.", "PMID": 590117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3144", "title": "[Models of community participation in health programs].", "content": "Study of some Latin American experiences of community participation in health programs permit consideration of the following as minimum requirements for the establishment of interrelationships between local health agencies and the community: a local health system; a participating health team; respect for the community; contact with community organizations; and contact with private and governmental organizations at a local level. The models for community participation in health are manifold and the experiences have been countless. For teaching purposes and based on Latin American experiences several considerations are made regarding: community health volunteers; local health councils; local councils for community development; and health brigades. Finally, it is stressed that active and organized community participation in health activities is the best guarantee of success in implementing integral health programs.", "contents": "[Models of community participation in health programs]. Study of some Latin American experiences of community participation in health programs permit consideration of the following as minimum requirements for the establishment of interrelationships between local health agencies and the community: a local health system; a participating health team; respect for the community; contact with community organizations; and contact with private and governmental organizations at a local level. The models for community participation in health are manifold and the experiences have been countless. For teaching purposes and based on Latin American experiences several considerations are made regarding: community health volunteers; local health councils; local councils for community development; and health brigades. Finally, it is stressed that active and organized community participation in health activities is the best guarantee of success in implementing integral health programs.", "PMID": 590172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3145", "title": "[Effect of ionophore Brx537A on catecholamine liberation from chromaffin granules].", "content": "In the present paper the author studies the action of bromine analog of carboxil ionophore X-537A on the transport mechanism of catecholamines from isolated chromaffine granules. The transfer of catecholamines through artificial membranes was explained by the ability of ionophore and its bromine derivative to raise their permeability in organic solvents and to transfer them through the organic phase. A model for the action of Brx 537A on isolated granules was constructed. It was established that the ionophorex acted as a carrier, enhancing the transport of the protonated form of catecholamines, which in general diffuse slightly. The model transport system could explain the differences in releasing catecholamines and the favourable effect of cations in the transport through the membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of ionophore Brx537A on catecholamine liberation from chromaffin granules]. In the present paper the author studies the action of bromine analog of carboxil ionophore X-537A on the transport mechanism of catecholamines from isolated chromaffine granules. The transfer of catecholamines through artificial membranes was explained by the ability of ionophore and its bromine derivative to raise their permeability in organic solvents and to transfer them through the organic phase. A model for the action of Brx 537A on isolated granules was constructed. It was established that the ionophorex acted as a carrier, enhancing the transport of the protonated form of catecholamines, which in general diffuse slightly. The model transport system could explain the differences in releasing catecholamines and the favourable effect of cations in the transport through the membranes.", "PMID": 590173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3146", "title": "[Nuclear bodies of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of guinea pigs treated with phytohemagglutinin in vivo].", "content": "Nuclear bodies (NB) were studied in guinea pigs regional lymph node cells after a single subcutaneous application of Phytohaemagglutinin Difco (PHA). A distinct reaction of the lymph node cells was established on the 3rd, 6th and 9th days consisting of increased number of lymphoblasts and large basophilic cells (LBC). Ultrastructural descriptive and morphometric methods were used. Authors revealed nuclear bodies to be present mostly in activated lymph node cells (lymphoblasts and LBC). Predominance of NB having RNP particles (complex type NB) was found. Simple NB (without RNP particles) had been seen rarely in small (resting lymphocytes. It was established NB to be larger, but leis im member. It is discussed on the participation of NB (Complex type) in the nuclear part of the protein synthesis.", "contents": "[Nuclear bodies of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of guinea pigs treated with phytohemagglutinin in vivo]. Nuclear bodies (NB) were studied in guinea pigs regional lymph node cells after a single subcutaneous application of Phytohaemagglutinin Difco (PHA). A distinct reaction of the lymph node cells was established on the 3rd, 6th and 9th days consisting of increased number of lymphoblasts and large basophilic cells (LBC). Ultrastructural descriptive and morphometric methods were used. Authors revealed nuclear bodies to be present mostly in activated lymph node cells (lymphoblasts and LBC). Predominance of NB having RNP particles (complex type NB) was found. Simple NB (without RNP particles) had been seen rarely in small (resting lymphocytes. It was established NB to be larger, but leis im member. It is discussed on the participation of NB (Complex type) in the nuclear part of the protein synthesis.", "PMID": 590175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3147", "title": "[Experimental hypertension in rats and their adrenal activity].", "content": "The authors examined dynamically the arterial pressure and plasma activity of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in two groups of rats with pure hypertension and with hypertension on the background of beta-adrenergic activity. There was an elevation of arterial pressure in both groups, less manifested in the rats, treated with beta blocker. The values after six months were equally high in both groups. The content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was increased with a maximum at the sixth month. The authors make an inference that beta blocker-obsidan lowers blood pressure, but does not affect the level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroidids in plasma.", "contents": "[Experimental hypertension in rats and their adrenal activity]. The authors examined dynamically the arterial pressure and plasma activity of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in two groups of rats with pure hypertension and with hypertension on the background of beta-adrenergic activity. There was an elevation of arterial pressure in both groups, less manifested in the rats, treated with beta blocker. The values after six months were equally high in both groups. The content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was increased with a maximum at the sixth month. The authors make an inference that beta blocker-obsidan lowers blood pressure, but does not affect the level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroidids in plasma.", "PMID": 590176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3148", "title": "[Effect of the preparations amiodarone, pexid and CERM-1978 on sinus rhythm and atrioventricular conduction in unanesthetized dogs].", "content": "The author examined the influence of Amiodarone, Perexiline maliate (Pexid) and the preparation CERM-1978 (Bepiridil) on the sinus rhythm and atrioventriular conduction of trained dogs with preliminary implanted electrodes for electrostimulation of the right atrium under the conditions of chronic experiment. The three preparations in doses of 2,5 and 5 mg/kg of body weight prolonged the refractory period of the atrioventricular zone, estimated by the method of \"the maximal atrioventricular frequency\". The br dicaric effect was also present, more manifested in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. The established negative chrono- and dromotropic action had their maximum 15 minutes after the administration and lasted more than 2 hours.", "contents": "[Effect of the preparations amiodarone, pexid and CERM-1978 on sinus rhythm and atrioventricular conduction in unanesthetized dogs]. The author examined the influence of Amiodarone, Perexiline maliate (Pexid) and the preparation CERM-1978 (Bepiridil) on the sinus rhythm and atrioventriular conduction of trained dogs with preliminary implanted electrodes for electrostimulation of the right atrium under the conditions of chronic experiment. The three preparations in doses of 2,5 and 5 mg/kg of body weight prolonged the refractory period of the atrioventricular zone, estimated by the method of \"the maximal atrioventricular frequency\". The br dicaric effect was also present, more manifested in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. The established negative chrono- and dromotropic action had their maximum 15 minutes after the administration and lasted more than 2 hours.", "PMID": 590177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3149", "title": "[Neurophoarmacologic profile of an aminotetraline derivative].", "content": "The authors examined the effect of the piperasine derivative of 2-aminotetraline N-(trans-3-hydroxy--1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthl)--N--(3-oxy-3-phenyl 1--2 methyl propyl)--piperasine (P11) on nobred white mice and rats of the Wistar strain and found interesting and specific neuropharmacological activity. The compound P11 inhibits the central nervous system, diminishes the muscular tonus, attenuates aggressiveness, potentiates hexobarbital sleep, possesses its own analgetic activity, but weakens the morphine analgesia. Without changing spontaneous motor activity the compound sharply lowers the motor activity, raised by phenamine as well as phenamine toxicity. P11 enhances the reserpine and apomomorphine hypothermia and phenamine hyperthermia. The neurological effects of the compound P11 are discussed, taking into consideration its structural similarity with dopamine and its manifested beta adrenoblocking properties.", "contents": "[Neurophoarmacologic profile of an aminotetraline derivative]. The authors examined the effect of the piperasine derivative of 2-aminotetraline N-(trans-3-hydroxy--1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthl)--N--(3-oxy-3-phenyl 1--2 methyl propyl)--piperasine (P11) on nobred white mice and rats of the Wistar strain and found interesting and specific neuropharmacological activity. The compound P11 inhibits the central nervous system, diminishes the muscular tonus, attenuates aggressiveness, potentiates hexobarbital sleep, possesses its own analgetic activity, but weakens the morphine analgesia. Without changing spontaneous motor activity the compound sharply lowers the motor activity, raised by phenamine as well as phenamine toxicity. P11 enhances the reserpine and apomomorphine hypothermia and phenamine hyperthermia. The neurological effects of the compound P11 are discussed, taking into consideration its structural similarity with dopamine and its manifested beta adrenoblocking properties.", "PMID": 590178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3150", "title": "[Electrophysiologic shifts in the functional antagonism between phosphororganic pesticides and their antidotes].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on 18 nonanesthetised and anesthetised cats under the conditions of complete imobilization with tricuran and under artificial respiration and examined the temporary consequence of the effects on the spontaneous and induced cerebral activity after poisoning with lethal doses of phosdrine and treatment with Doline, which is the therapeutic antidote of phosphorganic pesticides. The authors established that after lethal poisoning with phosdrin the secondary induced cerebral hypoxia enhanced deepening of the disintegration in the intercerebral interrelationships, which caused the appearence of epileptiform activity. The antidote Doline within 1-2 minutes, after its muscular administration abolished effectively the generalized epileptic seizure and repaired quickly the electrophysiological indices-peculiar for the normal EEG.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic shifts in the functional antagonism between phosphororganic pesticides and their antidotes]. The authors carried out studies on 18 nonanesthetised and anesthetised cats under the conditions of complete imobilization with tricuran and under artificial respiration and examined the temporary consequence of the effects on the spontaneous and induced cerebral activity after poisoning with lethal doses of phosdrine and treatment with Doline, which is the therapeutic antidote of phosphorganic pesticides. The authors established that after lethal poisoning with phosdrin the secondary induced cerebral hypoxia enhanced deepening of the disintegration in the intercerebral interrelationships, which caused the appearence of epileptiform activity. The antidote Doline within 1-2 minutes, after its muscular administration abolished effectively the generalized epileptic seizure and repaired quickly the electrophysiological indices-peculiar for the normal EEG.", "PMID": 590179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3151", "title": "[Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on acid-base balance in experimental hypertension].", "content": "On rats with experimental hypertension by method of Selye, modified by Kolarova, distributed in two groups--treated by obsidan and untreated, the following parameters on the 1st and the 3rd month after the operation were studied: pH, BB, SB, AB, BE, PaCO2, TCO2, PaO2, and SaO2. In the hypertonic animals we establish a decompensated metabolic acidosis on the 1st month and a metabolic acidosis with a marked respiratory compensation on the 3rd month. The hypertonic animals, treated by obsidan, demonstrate a sharp tendency to normalise the parameters of the acid-base status on the 1st month and normal values on the 3rd. The protective obsidan effect observed on the hypertonic rat we discuss as a result of metabolic and functional influences of the beta-adrenergic blockers.", "contents": "[Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on acid-base balance in experimental hypertension]. On rats with experimental hypertension by method of Selye, modified by Kolarova, distributed in two groups--treated by obsidan and untreated, the following parameters on the 1st and the 3rd month after the operation were studied: pH, BB, SB, AB, BE, PaCO2, TCO2, PaO2, and SaO2. In the hypertonic animals we establish a decompensated metabolic acidosis on the 1st month and a metabolic acidosis with a marked respiratory compensation on the 3rd month. The hypertonic animals, treated by obsidan, demonstrate a sharp tendency to normalise the parameters of the acid-base status on the 1st month and normal values on the 3rd. The protective obsidan effect observed on the hypertonic rat we discuss as a result of metabolic and functional influences of the beta-adrenergic blockers.", "PMID": 590180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3152", "title": "Effect of testosterone on compensatory renal hypertrophy in the rat.", "content": "The effect of testosterone on compensatory renal hypertrophy (CRH) remains controversial. We therefore examined the effect of exogenous testosterone on CRH in adult male and female rats after unilateral nephrectomy. The influence of endogenous testosterone was studied by comparing the degree of CRH in normal male, castrated male, and in testosterone receptor deficient male pseudohermaphrodite rats. Furthermore, serial determinations of serum testosterone levels were performed after unilateral nephrectomy in male rats. Compensatory renal hypertrophy was comparable between male rats--with or without exogenous testosterone administration--and between normal male, castrated male, and psuedohermaphrodite male rats. In contrast, exogenous testosterone administration in female rats enhanced CRH. Serum testosterone levels fell markedly after unilateral nephrectomy or sham surgery, but increased to 183% and 234% of control values at 1 and 2 days after surgery in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats. At no time, however, did they exceed the range of normal values. The results indicate a different effect of testosterone on CRH in male and female rats.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone on compensatory renal hypertrophy in the rat. The effect of testosterone on compensatory renal hypertrophy (CRH) remains controversial. We therefore examined the effect of exogenous testosterone on CRH in adult male and female rats after unilateral nephrectomy. The influence of endogenous testosterone was studied by comparing the degree of CRH in normal male, castrated male, and in testosterone receptor deficient male pseudohermaphrodite rats. Furthermore, serial determinations of serum testosterone levels were performed after unilateral nephrectomy in male rats. Compensatory renal hypertrophy was comparable between male rats--with or without exogenous testosterone administration--and between normal male, castrated male, and psuedohermaphrodite male rats. In contrast, exogenous testosterone administration in female rats enhanced CRH. Serum testosterone levels fell markedly after unilateral nephrectomy or sham surgery, but increased to 183% and 234% of control values at 1 and 2 days after surgery in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats. At no time, however, did they exceed the range of normal values. The results indicate a different effect of testosterone on CRH in male and female rats.", "PMID": 590183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3153", "title": "Direction of estradiol metabolism as a control of its hormonal action--uterotrophic activity of estradiol metabolites.", "content": "The uterotrophic activities of the catechol metabolites of estradiol 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol were measured under conditions of continuous administration of sc implanted paraffin pellets. The activity of these estrogens was compared to that of estradiol-17beta and its other principal metabolites estrone, estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol). The major catechol estrogens, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestrone, and the pregnancy metabolite, 15alpha-hydroxyestriol, exhibited no uterotrophic activity. The minor catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxyestradiol, showed some activity whose character was different from that exhibited by implants of estradiol, estrone and estriol all of which were equipotent uterotrophic agents. Implants of 2-hydroxyestrone in the presence of estradiol or estriol pellets did not diminish the response to the latter indicating that the 2-hydroxyestrone is not antiestrogenic under these conditions. It is concluded that the direction of estradiol metabolism can have a profound influence on the expression of peripheral hormonal activity with hydroxylation at C-2 terminating and hydroxylation at C-16 extending it.", "contents": "Direction of estradiol metabolism as a control of its hormonal action--uterotrophic activity of estradiol metabolites. The uterotrophic activities of the catechol metabolites of estradiol 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol were measured under conditions of continuous administration of sc implanted paraffin pellets. The activity of these estrogens was compared to that of estradiol-17beta and its other principal metabolites estrone, estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol). The major catechol estrogens, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestrone, and the pregnancy metabolite, 15alpha-hydroxyestriol, exhibited no uterotrophic activity. The minor catecholestrogen, 2-hydroxyestradiol, showed some activity whose character was different from that exhibited by implants of estradiol, estrone and estriol all of which were equipotent uterotrophic agents. Implants of 2-hydroxyestrone in the presence of estradiol or estriol pellets did not diminish the response to the latter indicating that the 2-hydroxyestrone is not antiestrogenic under these conditions. It is concluded that the direction of estradiol metabolism can have a profound influence on the expression of peripheral hormonal activity with hydroxylation at C-2 terminating and hydroxylation at C-16 extending it.", "PMID": 590186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3154", "title": "Bioassay for prolactin: densitometric analysis on polyacrylamide gels of milk protein production by mammary explants in vitro.", "content": "Mammary explants from mice in midpregnancy cultured in a synthetic medium containing insulin and hydrocortisone respond to the addition of prolactin by the synthesis of milk proteins. The secretory response in alveolar lumina has served as a histologic endpoint in a sensitive bioassay for prolactin developed by Kleinberg and Frantz (J Clin Invest 50: 1557, 1971). This report demonstrates that the quantitative densitometric analysis of stained milk proteins (caseins) made in response to prolactin is a useful modification of that bioassay. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins extracted from the explants permits a quantitative estimate of casein content. The amount of casein present after 5 days of incubation was found to be a measure of the prolactin concentration in the medium. No radioactive isotopes are used. The use of electrophoretic analysis has practical advantages over the histologic scoring used earlier, and has approximately the same range of sensitivity.", "contents": "Bioassay for prolactin: densitometric analysis on polyacrylamide gels of milk protein production by mammary explants in vitro. Mammary explants from mice in midpregnancy cultured in a synthetic medium containing insulin and hydrocortisone respond to the addition of prolactin by the synthesis of milk proteins. The secretory response in alveolar lumina has served as a histologic endpoint in a sensitive bioassay for prolactin developed by Kleinberg and Frantz (J Clin Invest 50: 1557, 1971). This report demonstrates that the quantitative densitometric analysis of stained milk proteins (caseins) made in response to prolactin is a useful modification of that bioassay. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins extracted from the explants permits a quantitative estimate of casein content. The amount of casein present after 5 days of incubation was found to be a measure of the prolactin concentration in the medium. No radioactive isotopes are used. The use of electrophoretic analysis has practical advantages over the histologic scoring used earlier, and has approximately the same range of sensitivity.", "PMID": 590192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3155", "title": "Preprolactin represents the initial product of prolactin mRNA translation.", "content": "mRNA isolated from a line of functional rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3) added to a cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat embryo directed the biosynthesis of only one protein which is immunoprecipitated by prolactin antiserum. This protein, 2000--3,000 daltons heavier than prolactin and referred to as preprolactin, appeared to represent the initial, authentic product of translation since [35S]methionine donated by initiator Met-tRNAi was documented to be incorporated into the N-terminal portion; the molar ratio of leucine: initiator methionine was estimated to be 25--28:1, while prolactin contains 22 leucine residues. The mRNA coding for preprolactin was demonstrated to migrate at approximately 12--13S using rate zonal centrifugation. These data are compatible with the postulate that preprolactin represents the intact, initial product of prolactin mRNA translation.", "contents": "Preprolactin represents the initial product of prolactin mRNA translation. mRNA isolated from a line of functional rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3) added to a cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat embryo directed the biosynthesis of only one protein which is immunoprecipitated by prolactin antiserum. This protein, 2000--3,000 daltons heavier than prolactin and referred to as preprolactin, appeared to represent the initial, authentic product of translation since [35S]methionine donated by initiator Met-tRNAi was documented to be incorporated into the N-terminal portion; the molar ratio of leucine: initiator methionine was estimated to be 25--28:1, while prolactin contains 22 leucine residues. The mRNA coding for preprolactin was demonstrated to migrate at approximately 12--13S using rate zonal centrifugation. These data are compatible with the postulate that preprolactin represents the intact, initial product of prolactin mRNA translation.", "PMID": 590193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3156", "title": "Osmotic control of vasopressin release by rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants in organ culture.", "content": "The rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) in organ culture has been used as an in vitro system for studying the osmotic control of vasopressin (VP) release. The HNS retains osmotically sensitive components as demonstrated by changes in the rate of VP release following alterations in the osmolality of the culture medium. Increasing the osmolality from 295 to 305 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of NaCl resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in VP release. VP release was significantly decreased subsequent to reducing the osmolality from 295 to 280 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of distilled water. Also, VP release was stimulated when the osmolality was increased to 300 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of mannitol, but not by additions of urea or glucose which resulted in comparable increases in the tonicity of the culture medium. These studies demonstrate that the HNS in organ culture responds appropriately to osmotic challenges within the physiological range, and support Verney's concept of an osmoreceptor inasmuch as both NaCl and mannitol were effective osmotic agents.", "contents": "Osmotic control of vasopressin release by rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants in organ culture. The rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) in organ culture has been used as an in vitro system for studying the osmotic control of vasopressin (VP) release. The HNS retains osmotically sensitive components as demonstrated by changes in the rate of VP release following alterations in the osmolality of the culture medium. Increasing the osmolality from 295 to 305 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of NaCl resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in VP release. VP release was significantly decreased subsequent to reducing the osmolality from 295 to 280 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of distilled water. Also, VP release was stimulated when the osmolality was increased to 300 mosmol/kg H2O by the addition of mannitol, but not by additions of urea or glucose which resulted in comparable increases in the tonicity of the culture medium. These studies demonstrate that the HNS in organ culture responds appropriately to osmotic challenges within the physiological range, and support Verney's concept of an osmoreceptor inasmuch as both NaCl and mannitol were effective osmotic agents.", "PMID": 590195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3157", "title": "Properties of the cytoplasmic progestin-binding protein in the rabbit uterus.", "content": "An exchange assay for the measurement of total cytoplasmic progestin binding sites has been developed on rabbit uterine cytosol using the highly potent progestin, R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) labelled to a high specific activity. This compound has several advantages over progesterone: it is not bound by plasma corticosteroid binding globulin; it has high affinity for the progestin receptor; it binds virtually as fast as progesterone to the receptor, but the complex formed dissociated 8 times slower; its binding is not displaced by more than 2% by compounds devoid of progestational activity (estrogens, testosterone, dexamethasone, aldosterone). Bound endogenous progesterone was exchanged by tritiated R 5020 in a time compatible with receptor stability. At 0 C, total exchange of filled sites occurred in less than 4 h; at this temperature the R 5020-receptor complex was stable for at least 28 h. The conformation of the R 5020-receptor complex was investigated in sucrose density gradients under various experimental conditions. Unlike progesterone, it was possible to detect a 7S peak in uterine cytosol obtained from rabbits injected with a tracer dose of [3H]R 5020 1 h prior to sacrifice.", "contents": "Properties of the cytoplasmic progestin-binding protein in the rabbit uterus. An exchange assay for the measurement of total cytoplasmic progestin binding sites has been developed on rabbit uterine cytosol using the highly potent progestin, R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) labelled to a high specific activity. This compound has several advantages over progesterone: it is not bound by plasma corticosteroid binding globulin; it has high affinity for the progestin receptor; it binds virtually as fast as progesterone to the receptor, but the complex formed dissociated 8 times slower; its binding is not displaced by more than 2% by compounds devoid of progestational activity (estrogens, testosterone, dexamethasone, aldosterone). Bound endogenous progesterone was exchanged by tritiated R 5020 in a time compatible with receptor stability. At 0 C, total exchange of filled sites occurred in less than 4 h; at this temperature the R 5020-receptor complex was stable for at least 28 h. The conformation of the R 5020-receptor complex was investigated in sucrose density gradients under various experimental conditions. Unlike progesterone, it was possible to detect a 7S peak in uterine cytosol obtained from rabbits injected with a tracer dose of [3H]R 5020 1 h prior to sacrifice.", "PMID": 590197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3158", "title": "Estrogen receptors in different target tissues: similarities of form--dissimilarities of transformation.", "content": "The time-related uptake, retention and intracellular distribution of estrogen by different target tissues of the intact immature female rat were studied. The cytoplasmic compartment of the uterus, hypothalamus and pituitary was shown to have a primary hormone receptor complex sedimenting as 8S by sucrose density gradient analysis. Nuclear extracts from all three target tissues contained two forms of estrogen receptor complex; a 5--6S form and a more slowly sedimenting 4S species. The heavier nuclear form accumulated subsequent to the 4S complex in a time-dependent manner which differed according to target tissue. The observed intranuclear differences in properties of the estrogen receptor system may be related to the physiologic responses which characterize dissimilar estrogen target tissues. The tissue content of such serum estrogen-binding proteins as alpha1-fetoprotein and albumin were also determined. The observed levels were evaluated as possible factors in tissue estrogen retention.", "contents": "Estrogen receptors in different target tissues: similarities of form--dissimilarities of transformation. The time-related uptake, retention and intracellular distribution of estrogen by different target tissues of the intact immature female rat were studied. The cytoplasmic compartment of the uterus, hypothalamus and pituitary was shown to have a primary hormone receptor complex sedimenting as 8S by sucrose density gradient analysis. Nuclear extracts from all three target tissues contained two forms of estrogen receptor complex; a 5--6S form and a more slowly sedimenting 4S species. The heavier nuclear form accumulated subsequent to the 4S complex in a time-dependent manner which differed according to target tissue. The observed intranuclear differences in properties of the estrogen receptor system may be related to the physiologic responses which characterize dissimilar estrogen target tissues. The tissue content of such serum estrogen-binding proteins as alpha1-fetoprotein and albumin were also determined. The observed levels were evaluated as possible factors in tissue estrogen retention.", "PMID": 590198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3159", "title": "Insuppressibility of plasma glucagon by orally or intravenously administered glucose in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In order to study the response of pancreatic alpha cells to the change blood glucose, plasma pancreatic glucagon levels were measured after glucose loading given orally (50g) or intravenously (25g) in twenty-two normal controls and eighty untreated diabetics. Basal plasma pancreatic glucagon levels did not differ significantly in the two groups. However, oral or intravenous glucose administration caused a decrease in plasma pancreatic glucagon in normal subjects but not in diabetics. In \"moderate\" or \"severe\" diabetics, plasma pancreatic glucagon tended to increase paradoxically following oral glucose loading. To evaluate the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha cells to glucose, we calculated the index, -sigma delta IRG/sigma delta BS, after oral glucose loading. It was 1.96 +/- 0.57 in normal subjects, and significantly higher than in \"mild\" (0.11 +/- 0.05), \"moderate\" (-0.002 +/- 0.06) and \"severe\" (-0.09 +/- 0.07) diabetics. These results demonstrate the insensitivity of alpha cells to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus as compared with normal subjects.", "contents": "Insuppressibility of plasma glucagon by orally or intravenously administered glucose in diabetes mellitus. In order to study the response of pancreatic alpha cells to the change blood glucose, plasma pancreatic glucagon levels were measured after glucose loading given orally (50g) or intravenously (25g) in twenty-two normal controls and eighty untreated diabetics. Basal plasma pancreatic glucagon levels did not differ significantly in the two groups. However, oral or intravenous glucose administration caused a decrease in plasma pancreatic glucagon in normal subjects but not in diabetics. In \"moderate\" or \"severe\" diabetics, plasma pancreatic glucagon tended to increase paradoxically following oral glucose loading. To evaluate the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha cells to glucose, we calculated the index, -sigma delta IRG/sigma delta BS, after oral glucose loading. It was 1.96 +/- 0.57 in normal subjects, and significantly higher than in \"mild\" (0.11 +/- 0.05), \"moderate\" (-0.002 +/- 0.06) and \"severe\" (-0.09 +/- 0.07) diabetics. These results demonstrate the insensitivity of alpha cells to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus as compared with normal subjects.", "PMID": 590199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3160", "title": "Studies on diabetic syndrome and influences of long-term tolbutamide administration in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Sixty-seven mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), which seem to resemble the sand rats in the manifestation of diabetic syndrome, were used for observations on the development of diabetic process and on the effect of the long term administration of tolbutamide on it. The mean blood glucose (158.2 +/- 14.7 mg/100 ml), mean serum NEFA (0.70 +/- 0.34 mEq/l) and mean serum IRI (68.9 +/- 10.2 muU/ml) in mongolian gerbils were relatively higher than those in rats. Diabetes-like processes found in the pancreas of mongolian gerbils were roughly grouped into two main types: (1) the histopathological process in which the fibrosis, initially prominent at perivascular space, spread to the islets, finally producing the islet's cell degeneration, and (2) the process of diffuse islet's hyperplasia. These two processes were considered to differ from each other, the former being affected by tolbutamide and the latter remaining unaffected. After breeding on the diet containing 0.1 -0.2% tolbutamide for 6 months, there was a general inclination of an increase of cases of severe pathological findings, and the distribution probabilities of the cases carrying the severe fibrotic process in heart, that is, the process from endothelial cell swelling, medial fibrosis and obliterative changes in cardiac arteries which was resulting in the focal degeneration of cardiac muscle, was significantly higher than in the non-treated group. It was concluded that mongolian gerbil might be recommended as a model of experimental diabetes and that tolbutamide seemed to have some harmful effects on the diabetes-like process in mongolian gerbils.", "contents": "Studies on diabetic syndrome and influences of long-term tolbutamide administration in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Sixty-seven mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), which seem to resemble the sand rats in the manifestation of diabetic syndrome, were used for observations on the development of diabetic process and on the effect of the long term administration of tolbutamide on it. The mean blood glucose (158.2 +/- 14.7 mg/100 ml), mean serum NEFA (0.70 +/- 0.34 mEq/l) and mean serum IRI (68.9 +/- 10.2 muU/ml) in mongolian gerbils were relatively higher than those in rats. Diabetes-like processes found in the pancreas of mongolian gerbils were roughly grouped into two main types: (1) the histopathological process in which the fibrosis, initially prominent at perivascular space, spread to the islets, finally producing the islet's cell degeneration, and (2) the process of diffuse islet's hyperplasia. These two processes were considered to differ from each other, the former being affected by tolbutamide and the latter remaining unaffected. After breeding on the diet containing 0.1 -0.2% tolbutamide for 6 months, there was a general inclination of an increase of cases of severe pathological findings, and the distribution probabilities of the cases carrying the severe fibrotic process in heart, that is, the process from endothelial cell swelling, medial fibrosis and obliterative changes in cardiac arteries which was resulting in the focal degeneration of cardiac muscle, was significantly higher than in the non-treated group. It was concluded that mongolian gerbil might be recommended as a model of experimental diabetes and that tolbutamide seemed to have some harmful effects on the diabetes-like process in mongolian gerbils.", "PMID": 590200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3161", "title": "Heterogeneity of rat luteinizing hormone revealed by radioimmunoassay and electrofocusing studies.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of rat luteinizing hormone (LH) in the sera and the anterior pituitaries of normal and castrated males and proestrous females employing different batches of anti-LH sera gave the results suggesting heterogeneity of immunoreactive LH (IR-LH). Gel filtration analyses of anterior pituitary extract and pooled sera failed to give positive evidence for the heterogeneity. But when the extracts of normal rat anterior pituitaries were electrofocused and the fractions were assayed, the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, LH, FSH and TSH, were found to consist of several components with different isoelectric points. In electrofocusing patterns of IR-LH, distinct peaks were observed at pH 8.5 (component A), 8.8 (component B), 9.1 (component C) and 9.3-9.4 (component D), and less distinct peaks were observed at pH 7.9 (component A'), 9.6 (component E) and 9.8 (component F). There seemed to be some sexual difference in the relative amounts of these components. Orchiectomy caused marked changes in electrofocusing patterns of IR-LH, i.e., increase of components A', A, B, C and D. The blockade of LH release by estradiol benzoate and progesterone treatment in orchiectomized rats caused a marked increase of component A. At the proestrous LH surge, IR-LH components were evenly released. Radioimmunoassay of IR-LH components with multiple antisera indicated that these antisera had different affinities to these components.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of rat luteinizing hormone revealed by radioimmunoassay and electrofocusing studies. Radioimmunoassay of rat luteinizing hormone (LH) in the sera and the anterior pituitaries of normal and castrated males and proestrous females employing different batches of anti-LH sera gave the results suggesting heterogeneity of immunoreactive LH (IR-LH). Gel filtration analyses of anterior pituitary extract and pooled sera failed to give positive evidence for the heterogeneity. But when the extracts of normal rat anterior pituitaries were electrofocused and the fractions were assayed, the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, LH, FSH and TSH, were found to consist of several components with different isoelectric points. In electrofocusing patterns of IR-LH, distinct peaks were observed at pH 8.5 (component A), 8.8 (component B), 9.1 (component C) and 9.3-9.4 (component D), and less distinct peaks were observed at pH 7.9 (component A'), 9.6 (component E) and 9.8 (component F). There seemed to be some sexual difference in the relative amounts of these components. Orchiectomy caused marked changes in electrofocusing patterns of IR-LH, i.e., increase of components A', A, B, C and D. The blockade of LH release by estradiol benzoate and progesterone treatment in orchiectomized rats caused a marked increase of component A. At the proestrous LH surge, IR-LH components were evenly released. Radioimmunoassay of IR-LH components with multiple antisera indicated that these antisera had different affinities to these components.", "PMID": 590201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3162", "title": "A possible involvement of adrenaline in the facilitation of lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "In order to examine a possible role of adrenaline (AD) or noradrenaline (NA) in the control of lordosis behavior, lordosis quotient (LQ) was observed daily for 8 consecutive days in the ovariectomized rat given daily 1 or 2 microgram/0.1 ml oil of estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or together with 100 microgram/0.1 ml saline of AD or NA. AD but not NA treated together with EB caused a greater change in the daily LQ than the same dose of EB alone and the change in the daily LQ by daily treatment with both 1 microgram EB and 100 microgram AD was equivalent to that by daily treatment with 2 microgram EB alone. A half mg progesterone (P) could induce the lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat treated 48 hr prior with both 1 microgram EB and 50 or 100 microgram AD, but not in the one treated with 1 microgram EB alone. While 50, 100 or 200 microgram NA or 10 microgram AD had no effect, 50 or 100 microgram AD pretreated together with 2 microgram EB produced a markedly higher LQ after P than 2 microgram EB alone in the ovariectomized rat. This effect of AD on the induction of lordosis behavior was produced only when AD was pretreated simultaneously with EB and AD priming 24 or 43 hr after EB failed to elicit the effect. Therefore, it is suggested that a change of the brain target site in the estrogen sensitivity produced by AD plays a part in the control of lordosis behavior.", "contents": "A possible involvement of adrenaline in the facilitation of lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat. In order to examine a possible role of adrenaline (AD) or noradrenaline (NA) in the control of lordosis behavior, lordosis quotient (LQ) was observed daily for 8 consecutive days in the ovariectomized rat given daily 1 or 2 microgram/0.1 ml oil of estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or together with 100 microgram/0.1 ml saline of AD or NA. AD but not NA treated together with EB caused a greater change in the daily LQ than the same dose of EB alone and the change in the daily LQ by daily treatment with both 1 microgram EB and 100 microgram AD was equivalent to that by daily treatment with 2 microgram EB alone. A half mg progesterone (P) could induce the lordosis behavior in the ovariectomized rat treated 48 hr prior with both 1 microgram EB and 50 or 100 microgram AD, but not in the one treated with 1 microgram EB alone. While 50, 100 or 200 microgram NA or 10 microgram AD had no effect, 50 or 100 microgram AD pretreated together with 2 microgram EB produced a markedly higher LQ after P than 2 microgram EB alone in the ovariectomized rat. This effect of AD on the induction of lordosis behavior was produced only when AD was pretreated simultaneously with EB and AD priming 24 or 43 hr after EB failed to elicit the effect. Therefore, it is suggested that a change of the brain target site in the estrogen sensitivity produced by AD plays a part in the control of lordosis behavior.", "PMID": 590202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3163", "title": "Ovarian 32P uptake in the homoplastic hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis as an end point for gonadotropin bioassay.", "content": "Ovarian 32P incorporation in hypophysectomized Heteropneustes fossilis in response to pituitary gland extract pooled from same species and mammalian gonadotropic preparations were studied. Maximum 32P uptake by ovary was obtained when a tracer dose of radiophosphorus was given 30 minutes after LH injection and fish were sacrificed 12 hours after the tracer shot. A log-dose response was observed between ovarian 32P uptake and gonadotropic content of pituitary extract or LH in hypophysectomized H. fossilis. This response was specific because FSH, TSH, prolactin and growth hormone injections failed to induce dose dependent and significant 32P uptake by ovary in similar assay recipients. However, FSH along with LH at higher dosage yielded an additive response. Also a parallelism of log-dose response was obtained between fish pituitary gonadotropin and ovine LH. Index of precision (lambda) was less than 0.214. Since donors and recipients were of the same species this bioassay of 12.5 hours for estimation of total gonadotropic potency seems to be rapid, reliable, sensitive and free from phylogenetic species specificity interaction between hormone and its receptor.", "contents": "Ovarian 32P uptake in the homoplastic hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis as an end point for gonadotropin bioassay. Ovarian 32P incorporation in hypophysectomized Heteropneustes fossilis in response to pituitary gland extract pooled from same species and mammalian gonadotropic preparations were studied. Maximum 32P uptake by ovary was obtained when a tracer dose of radiophosphorus was given 30 minutes after LH injection and fish were sacrificed 12 hours after the tracer shot. A log-dose response was observed between ovarian 32P uptake and gonadotropic content of pituitary extract or LH in hypophysectomized H. fossilis. This response was specific because FSH, TSH, prolactin and growth hormone injections failed to induce dose dependent and significant 32P uptake by ovary in similar assay recipients. However, FSH along with LH at higher dosage yielded an additive response. Also a parallelism of log-dose response was obtained between fish pituitary gonadotropin and ovine LH. Index of precision (lambda) was less than 0.214. Since donors and recipients were of the same species this bioassay of 12.5 hours for estimation of total gonadotropic potency seems to be rapid, reliable, sensitive and free from phylogenetic species specificity interaction between hormone and its receptor.", "PMID": 590203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3164", "title": "Relation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue to adipocyte volume and its influence in hypertriglyceridemia pathogenesis.", "content": "In the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 20 normal weight and overweight subjects with normo- or hypertriglyceridemia, the relation is examined between the lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) per gram adipose tissue and adipocyte volume. The following findings were obtained: 1. Significant positive correlations between the LPLA per gram adipose tissue and the adipocyte volume were ascertained in the groups of subjects having normal triglyceridemia or exhibiting hypertriglyceridemia. 2. The negative relation between the LPLA in the adipose tissue and the triglyceride level in serum described in literature could not be verified. Across a glyceride span of 76 to 600 mg% in serum we found a correlation coefficient of +0.34. 3. It can therefore be assumed that the LPLA per gram adipose tissue with increasing adipocyte volume does not represent an inhibiting factor to the triglyceride in serum breakdown in the development of hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "Relation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue to adipocyte volume and its influence in hypertriglyceridemia pathogenesis. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 20 normal weight and overweight subjects with normo- or hypertriglyceridemia, the relation is examined between the lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) per gram adipose tissue and adipocyte volume. The following findings were obtained: 1. Significant positive correlations between the LPLA per gram adipose tissue and the adipocyte volume were ascertained in the groups of subjects having normal triglyceridemia or exhibiting hypertriglyceridemia. 2. The negative relation between the LPLA in the adipose tissue and the triglyceride level in serum described in literature could not be verified. Across a glyceride span of 76 to 600 mg% in serum we found a correlation coefficient of +0.34. 3. It can therefore be assumed that the LPLA per gram adipose tissue with increasing adipocyte volume does not represent an inhibiting factor to the triglyceride in serum breakdown in the development of hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 590204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3165", "title": "Blood sugar and immunoreactive insulin in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity. Part I.", "content": "There were 46 women included in this experiment: 18 with simple obesity, 7 with maternal obesity, 8 with hypothalamic obesity and 13 of the control group (non-obese women). Changes of glycaemia and insulinaemia in blood serum during a test of oral glucose administration were ascertained. A plain handicap of glucose tolerance in simple obesity and maternal obesity groups was observed. In the case of the women with simple obesity an insulin increased secretion with one peak of the hormone release was found following the glucose administration. In the hypothalamic obesity group two peaks of insulin release were noted, and in the maternal obesity group a bigger maximal output of insulin was noted after the glucose administration together with two release peaks and a positive correlation between the total insulin area and anthropometric indices of excessive body weight.", "contents": "Blood sugar and immunoreactive insulin in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity. Part I. There were 46 women included in this experiment: 18 with simple obesity, 7 with maternal obesity, 8 with hypothalamic obesity and 13 of the control group (non-obese women). Changes of glycaemia and insulinaemia in blood serum during a test of oral glucose administration were ascertained. A plain handicap of glucose tolerance in simple obesity and maternal obesity groups was observed. In the case of the women with simple obesity an insulin increased secretion with one peak of the hormone release was found following the glucose administration. In the hypothalamic obesity group two peaks of insulin release were noted, and in the maternal obesity group a bigger maximal output of insulin was noted after the glucose administration together with two release peaks and a positive correlation between the total insulin area and anthropometric indices of excessive body weight.", "PMID": 590205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3166", "title": "Growth hormone secretion in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity. Part II.", "content": "Dynamic quality of HGH secretion in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity has been examined by means of the following tests: 1. glucose loading 2. hypoglycaemia following the insulin administration. Comparisons have been made with regard to normal, non-obese women. In all the obese women HGH mobilization was noted to be handicapped under the influence of the after-insulin hypoglycaemia. In some patients of all the obesity groups a paradoxical response of HGH secretion after the glucose administration was noted. In some cases of the hypothalamic and simple obesity groups there occurred a paradoxical response of HGH secretion relating to the insulin hypotlycaemia test. Differences discovered in the dynamics of HGH secretion with appropriateness to the etiopathogenetic forms of obesity are slight: their significance is rather quantitative than qualitative.", "contents": "Growth hormone secretion in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity. Part II. Dynamic quality of HGH secretion in women with hypothalamic, maternal and simple obesity has been examined by means of the following tests: 1. glucose loading 2. hypoglycaemia following the insulin administration. Comparisons have been made with regard to normal, non-obese women. In all the obese women HGH mobilization was noted to be handicapped under the influence of the after-insulin hypoglycaemia. In some patients of all the obesity groups a paradoxical response of HGH secretion after the glucose administration was noted. In some cases of the hypothalamic and simple obesity groups there occurred a paradoxical response of HGH secretion relating to the insulin hypotlycaemia test. Differences discovered in the dynamics of HGH secretion with appropriateness to the etiopathogenetic forms of obesity are slight: their significance is rather quantitative than qualitative.", "PMID": 590206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3167", "title": "[Effect of insulin on stimulated lipolysis in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and unimpaired thyroid function].", "content": "The effect of intravenous injection of 0.1 I.U./kg insulin on blood glucose response and on lipolysis, induced by intravenous infusion of 0.2 microgram/kg - min norepinephrine, were studied in 12 normal subjects and 17 obese patients with normal 50 g oral glucose tolerance test and normal thyroid function. In the obese group the insulin-induced hypoglycemia during norepinephrine-infusion was significantly less than in normal subjects. Moreover, the inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated FFA and glycerol-release by insulin was significantly less in obesity as compared with the non-obese group. It is concluded that in obesity the action of insulin is decreased both in carbohydrate metabolism and in lipolysis. These results provide arguments for the role of an impaired antilipolytic insulin effect in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinism in obesity.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on stimulated lipolysis in obesity with normal carbohydrate tolerance and unimpaired thyroid function]. The effect of intravenous injection of 0.1 I.U./kg insulin on blood glucose response and on lipolysis, induced by intravenous infusion of 0.2 microgram/kg - min norepinephrine, were studied in 12 normal subjects and 17 obese patients with normal 50 g oral glucose tolerance test and normal thyroid function. In the obese group the insulin-induced hypoglycemia during norepinephrine-infusion was significantly less than in normal subjects. Moreover, the inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated FFA and glycerol-release by insulin was significantly less in obesity as compared with the non-obese group. It is concluded that in obesity the action of insulin is decreased both in carbohydrate metabolism and in lipolysis. These results provide arguments for the role of an impaired antilipolytic insulin effect in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinism in obesity.", "PMID": 590207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3168", "title": "\"Upright hyperkalemia\" in selective hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "A new phenomenon, increase of serum potassium in response to the upright posture in patients with selective hypoaldosteronism is described in the present preliminary report. Further studies are in progress concerning its possible clinical and pathophysiological significance.", "contents": "\"Upright hyperkalemia\" in selective hypoaldosteronism. A new phenomenon, increase of serum potassium in response to the upright posture in patients with selective hypoaldosteronism is described in the present preliminary report. Further studies are in progress concerning its possible clinical and pathophysiological significance.", "PMID": 590208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3169", "title": "Diagnostic value of nasopharyngeal endoscopy for the early recognition of tumours.", "content": "It is reported on own experiences gathered with the endoscopy of the nasopharyngeal space by means of an angular optic according to Hopkins (70 degrees). The nasopharyngeal endoscopy is indicated for an early diagnosis of malignant tumour growth and clears up a clinically uncertain nasopharyngeal picture. In addition to the generally known examination methods, the endoscopy of the nasopharynx enables a direct local finding.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of nasopharyngeal endoscopy for the early recognition of tumours. It is reported on own experiences gathered with the endoscopy of the nasopharyngeal space by means of an angular optic according to Hopkins (70 degrees). The nasopharyngeal endoscopy is indicated for an early diagnosis of malignant tumour growth and clears up a clinically uncertain nasopharyngeal picture. In addition to the generally known examination methods, the endoscopy of the nasopharynx enables a direct local finding.", "PMID": 590209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3170", "title": "Dilatation of benign esophageal strictures by peroral fiberendoscopic bougienage.", "content": "A low risk procedure for dilation of esophageal strictures is peroral bougienage under direct endoscopic vision with a flexible fiberscope. First the stricture is inspected using the foreward lens of the fiberscope, and then dilated with conventional bougies according to its nature and size under direct visual control. In this paper we report on the treatment of 16 patients with inoperable advanced benign stenosis. In a total of 86 sittings an average of three bougienages each were performed without complication.", "contents": "Dilatation of benign esophageal strictures by peroral fiberendoscopic bougienage. A low risk procedure for dilation of esophageal strictures is peroral bougienage under direct endoscopic vision with a flexible fiberscope. First the stricture is inspected using the foreward lens of the fiberscope, and then dilated with conventional bougies according to its nature and size under direct visual control. In this paper we report on the treatment of 16 patients with inoperable advanced benign stenosis. In a total of 86 sittings an average of three bougienages each were performed without complication.", "PMID": 590210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3171", "title": "Non-surgical treatment of cardio-esophageal obstruction--role of endoscopy.", "content": "The role of fiberendoscopy with regard to various dilatatory procedures is discussed. In particular detailed information is given for dilatation of tight asymmetrical fibrous strictures, with metal olives, for dilatation of advanced achalasia and for dilatation of obstructing gastro-esophageal malignancy, followed by positioning of a plastic prosthesis under endoscopic control.", "contents": "Non-surgical treatment of cardio-esophageal obstruction--role of endoscopy. The role of fiberendoscopy with regard to various dilatatory procedures is discussed. In particular detailed information is given for dilatation of tight asymmetrical fibrous strictures, with metal olives, for dilatation of advanced achalasia and for dilatation of obstructing gastro-esophageal malignancy, followed by positioning of a plastic prosthesis under endoscopic control.", "PMID": 590211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3172", "title": "Foreign body removal with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Intrabronchial foreign bodies are occasionally encountered in adults but most available information in humans consists only of reports evaluating one or two cases. We surveyed our experience and found seven patients with intrabronchial foreign bodies who had been examined with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, six of whom were managed successfully. Nine cases have been identified in the literature. Although there were no major complications in either our cases or those in the literature, several problems were identified which under other circumstances could have caused significant complications. We assessed all of these cases for situations which presented potential risk to the patient. These risks were grouped into the following problem categories: 1. selection of appropriate bronchoscope, 2. availability of appropriate instruments, 3. control of the foreign body, and 4. unexpected foreign bodies. Endoscopists planning to use the FFB in foreign body removal should be aware of the problems and hazards which may ensue if improperly managed, and should attempt to gain experience either in the animal laboratory or in models prior to approaching patients with foreign bodies with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "contents": "Foreign body removal with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Intrabronchial foreign bodies are occasionally encountered in adults but most available information in humans consists only of reports evaluating one or two cases. We surveyed our experience and found seven patients with intrabronchial foreign bodies who had been examined with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, six of whom were managed successfully. Nine cases have been identified in the literature. Although there were no major complications in either our cases or those in the literature, several problems were identified which under other circumstances could have caused significant complications. We assessed all of these cases for situations which presented potential risk to the patient. These risks were grouped into the following problem categories: 1. selection of appropriate bronchoscope, 2. availability of appropriate instruments, 3. control of the foreign body, and 4. unexpected foreign bodies. Endoscopists planning to use the FFB in foreign body removal should be aware of the problems and hazards which may ensue if improperly managed, and should attempt to gain experience either in the animal laboratory or in models prior to approaching patients with foreign bodies with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "PMID": 590212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3173", "title": "Acute multiple gastric ulcers in the pyloric antrum.", "content": "Acute prepyloric hemorrhagic erosions occasionally progress to symmetrical ulcers. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were frequently seen, a history of alimentary allergens, excessive alcohol intake or coffee drinking was common. Hyperchlorhydria which decreased spontaneously was found in 89% during the acute attack.", "contents": "Acute multiple gastric ulcers in the pyloric antrum. Acute prepyloric hemorrhagic erosions occasionally progress to symmetrical ulcers. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were frequently seen, a history of alimentary allergens, excessive alcohol intake or coffee drinking was common. Hyperchlorhydria which decreased spontaneously was found in 89% during the acute attack.", "PMID": 590213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3174", "title": "Value of coloscopy in the detection of sigmoid malignancy in patients with diverticular disease.", "content": "Coloscopy was accurate in 83% of patients referred because of a radiological suspicion of malignancy in a diverticula-bearing sigmoid colon. In 17% the sigmoid could not be reached or inspected because of deformity or stenosis. All 13 coexisting carcinomas were correctly diagnosed endoscopically except for one which could not be reached. Coloscopy is therefore a valuable adjunct in detecting or eliminating cancer in colonic diverticular disease.", "contents": "Value of coloscopy in the detection of sigmoid malignancy in patients with diverticular disease. Coloscopy was accurate in 83% of patients referred because of a radiological suspicion of malignancy in a diverticula-bearing sigmoid colon. In 17% the sigmoid could not be reached or inspected because of deformity or stenosis. All 13 coexisting carcinomas were correctly diagnosed endoscopically except for one which could not be reached. Coloscopy is therefore a valuable adjunct in detecting or eliminating cancer in colonic diverticular disease.", "PMID": 590214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3175", "title": "Colposcopy in the management of early cervical neoplasia.", "content": "An outline of the capacity of colposcopy in detection of early neoplastic changes at the ectocervix and the cervical os is given. Figures are presented of results reached by combined use of colposcopy and cytology in 6,536 women (divided into age groups of over and under 30 years) including histological findings. The results emphasize the need to use colposcopy as an additional method in cervical cancer detection.", "contents": "Colposcopy in the management of early cervical neoplasia. An outline of the capacity of colposcopy in detection of early neoplastic changes at the ectocervix and the cervical os is given. Figures are presented of results reached by combined use of colposcopy and cytology in 6,536 women (divided into age groups of over and under 30 years) including histological findings. The results emphasize the need to use colposcopy as an additional method in cervical cancer detection.", "PMID": 590215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3176", "title": "A newly devised cutting probe for endoscopic sphincterotomy of the ampulla of vater.", "content": "A new diathermy cutting probe for endoscopic sphincterotomy has been devised. This consisted of a standard Teflon catheter with a diathermy wire and a metal-marked long tip. Using an Olympus duodenoscope and this cutting probe, endoscopic sphincterotomy has been successfully performed in 38 out of 40 patients with common bile duct stones without any serious complications. Advantages and clinical results of this instrument are presented.", "contents": "A newly devised cutting probe for endoscopic sphincterotomy of the ampulla of vater. A new diathermy cutting probe for endoscopic sphincterotomy has been devised. This consisted of a standard Teflon catheter with a diathermy wire and a metal-marked long tip. Using an Olympus duodenoscope and this cutting probe, endoscopic sphincterotomy has been successfully performed in 38 out of 40 patients with common bile duct stones without any serious complications. Advantages and clinical results of this instrument are presented.", "PMID": 590216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3177", "title": "Endoscopic treatment of stenosized anastomosis after gastrectomy.", "content": "Reflux-induced strictures of anastomoses are well-known complications of total gastrectomys. Since 1974 ten patients with postoperative dysphagia were treated by endoscopy. The enlargement of the obstructed anastomotic ring was done with the unopened diathermy-snare. This simple and uncomplicated method removed the heavy complaints of the patients immediately; no complications were registered until now. Follow-up was 3 to 32 months.", "contents": "Endoscopic treatment of stenosized anastomosis after gastrectomy. Reflux-induced strictures of anastomoses are well-known complications of total gastrectomys. Since 1974 ten patients with postoperative dysphagia were treated by endoscopy. The enlargement of the obstructed anastomotic ring was done with the unopened diathermy-snare. This simple and uncomplicated method removed the heavy complaints of the patients immediately; no complications were registered until now. Follow-up was 3 to 32 months.", "PMID": 590217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3178", "title": "Villous adenoma of the duodenum. Endoscopic diagnosis and resection.", "content": "The authors report a new case of villous adenoma of the duodenum diagnosed by X-ray examination and duodenoscopy. Endoscopic removal allows an accurate histologic diagnosis. This endoscopic resection relieves symptoms and spares the patient a laparotomy. It seems to be an acceptable treatment of benign duodenal tumors.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the duodenum. Endoscopic diagnosis and resection. The authors report a new case of villous adenoma of the duodenum diagnosed by X-ray examination and duodenoscopy. Endoscopic removal allows an accurate histologic diagnosis. This endoscopic resection relieves symptoms and spares the patient a laparotomy. It seems to be an acceptable treatment of benign duodenal tumors.", "PMID": 590218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3179", "title": "Pancreas abscess: a fatal complication of endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a popular and extremely useful technique for investigating the pancreatico-biliary tree. While the mortality is low, rare complications i.e., pancreatic abscess, may prove lethal. Surgical backup must be available to obviate recognized complications following ERCP.", "contents": "Pancreas abscess: a fatal complication of endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a popular and extremely useful technique for investigating the pancreatico-biliary tree. While the mortality is low, rare complications i.e., pancreatic abscess, may prove lethal. Surgical backup must be available to obviate recognized complications following ERCP.", "PMID": 590219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3180", "title": "Reduction of duration and severity of megimide seizures in rats on a folic acid deficient diet.", "content": "Folic acid deficient diet reduces the duration and severity of intravenous megimide seizures in the rat after 6 months of diet. Plasma and serum folate levels are strongly reduced after that period. The difference between Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis activity in brain show a slight, but not significant, decrease after 12 months of diet.", "contents": "Reduction of duration and severity of megimide seizures in rats on a folic acid deficient diet. Folic acid deficient diet reduces the duration and severity of intravenous megimide seizures in the rat after 6 months of diet. Plasma and serum folate levels are strongly reduced after that period. The difference between Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis activity in brain show a slight, but not significant, decrease after 12 months of diet.", "PMID": 590220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3181", "title": "Effects of change in dietary folic acid content on pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in rat.", "content": "Pentylenetetrazol (PT) eeg thresholds were measured in rats on a folic acid (FA) deficient diet, normal diet, and a diet supplemented with large amounts of folic acid. The intraperitoneal dose per kilogram body weight of PT is significantly higher in the FA deficient group and significantly lower in the FA supplemented group than in rats on a normal diet. This indicates an effect of FA metabolism on PT epilepsy. The Lactobacillus casei minus Streptococcus faecalis activity of the brain is decreased in the FA deficient and increased in the FA supplemented group. The relation between brain folate metabolism and epilepsy is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of change in dietary folic acid content on pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in rat. Pentylenetetrazol (PT) eeg thresholds were measured in rats on a folic acid (FA) deficient diet, normal diet, and a diet supplemented with large amounts of folic acid. The intraperitoneal dose per kilogram body weight of PT is significantly higher in the FA deficient group and significantly lower in the FA supplemented group than in rats on a normal diet. This indicates an effect of FA metabolism on PT epilepsy. The Lactobacillus casei minus Streptococcus faecalis activity of the brain is decreased in the FA deficient and increased in the FA supplemented group. The relation between brain folate metabolism and epilepsy is discussed.", "PMID": 590221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3182", "title": "Suppression of an eplieptiform type of electrocortical activity in the rat by stimulation in the vicinity of locus coeruleus.", "content": "Stimulation of the locus coeruleus, or in the vicinity of this nucleus or of its ascending tracts, could markedly suppress the appearance of epileptiform-like ECoG bursts. The latter were induced in rats by a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol. Electrode sites were identified histologically. A unilateral stimulus suppressed bursts bilaterally. An individual burst already in progress could be aborted, stopping within less than 0.5-1 sec after onset of a stimulus train. The antiepileptiform actions occurred with no evidence of any desynchronizing effect of the stimulus on the resting ECoG; they appear to be different in sites of origin and nature from those reported for stimulation of the reticular activating system. It is proposed that stimulation of the ascending noradrenergic system in the brain stem may limit the development and spread of hyperexcitatory, epileptiform states.", "contents": "Suppression of an eplieptiform type of electrocortical activity in the rat by stimulation in the vicinity of locus coeruleus. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus, or in the vicinity of this nucleus or of its ascending tracts, could markedly suppress the appearance of epileptiform-like ECoG bursts. The latter were induced in rats by a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazol. Electrode sites were identified histologically. A unilateral stimulus suppressed bursts bilaterally. An individual burst already in progress could be aborted, stopping within less than 0.5-1 sec after onset of a stimulus train. The antiepileptiform actions occurred with no evidence of any desynchronizing effect of the stimulus on the resting ECoG; they appear to be different in sites of origin and nature from those reported for stimulation of the reticular activating system. It is proposed that stimulation of the ascending noradrenergic system in the brain stem may limit the development and spread of hyperexcitatory, epileptiform states.", "PMID": 590223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3183", "title": "Comparison of effects of bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin with those of pentylenetetrazol on photically evoked afterdischarges.", "content": "The effects of bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin on photically evoked afterdischarges (PhADs) in rat visual cortex were compared with those of pentylenetetrazol (a known PhAD potentiator) and a diazepam (a known PhAD suppressor) challenge. Bicuculline was found to augment PhADs in a manner similar to that found with pentylenetetrazol, with the exception that potentiation only occurred at convulsive levels whereas pentylenetetrazol augmentation occurred at both subconvulsive and convulsive levels. Diazepam suppressed bicuculline-potentiated PhADs. Picrotoxin was found to have some limited augmenting effect on PhAD activity but in a manner unlike that observed with either bicuculline or pentylenetetrazol. Strychnine had no systematic augmenting effect on PhADs. These results were discussed in terms of the possible role of GABA in thalamic systems responsible for PhAD production.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin with those of pentylenetetrazol on photically evoked afterdischarges. The effects of bicuculline, strychnine, and picrotoxin on photically evoked afterdischarges (PhADs) in rat visual cortex were compared with those of pentylenetetrazol (a known PhAD potentiator) and a diazepam (a known PhAD suppressor) challenge. Bicuculline was found to augment PhADs in a manner similar to that found with pentylenetetrazol, with the exception that potentiation only occurred at convulsive levels whereas pentylenetetrazol augmentation occurred at both subconvulsive and convulsive levels. Diazepam suppressed bicuculline-potentiated PhADs. Picrotoxin was found to have some limited augmenting effect on PhAD activity but in a manner unlike that observed with either bicuculline or pentylenetetrazol. Strychnine had no systematic augmenting effect on PhADs. These results were discussed in terms of the possible role of GABA in thalamic systems responsible for PhAD production.", "PMID": 590224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3184", "title": "Ictal tonic postural changes and automatisms of the upper limb during epileptic parietal lobe discharges.", "content": "Tonic postural changes of the upper limb accompanied by epileptic parietal lobe discharges are not well known. The authors report 3 such cases. In the 3 patients, a total of 18 spontaneous seizures were recorded, 12 by telemetry, from either scalp electrodes or stereotactically implanted electrodes. Of these 18 seizures, 14 included tonic postural changes of the upper limb accompanied by a contralateral parietal discharge. Combining these 3 cases with the 4 such cases in the literature, the authors found that the clinical pattern consisted of a tonic postural change in one upper limb associated with automatisms of the opposite upper limb. It was also found that the same patient might have automatisms involving the upper limb in some seizures and upper limb postural changes in other seizures, both accompanied by the same electrical discharge. It is concluded that tonic postural changes and automatisms in the upper limb may be interchangeable.", "contents": "Ictal tonic postural changes and automatisms of the upper limb during epileptic parietal lobe discharges. Tonic postural changes of the upper limb accompanied by epileptic parietal lobe discharges are not well known. The authors report 3 such cases. In the 3 patients, a total of 18 spontaneous seizures were recorded, 12 by telemetry, from either scalp electrodes or stereotactically implanted electrodes. Of these 18 seizures, 14 included tonic postural changes of the upper limb accompanied by a contralateral parietal discharge. Combining these 3 cases with the 4 such cases in the literature, the authors found that the clinical pattern consisted of a tonic postural change in one upper limb associated with automatisms of the opposite upper limb. It was also found that the same patient might have automatisms involving the upper limb in some seizures and upper limb postural changes in other seizures, both accompanied by the same electrical discharge. It is concluded that tonic postural changes and automatisms in the upper limb may be interchangeable.", "PMID": 590226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3185", "title": "Distribution characteristics of ethosuximide in discrete areas of rat brain.", "content": "The distribution properties of ethosuximide in four regions of the rat brain--cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, and pons-medulla--were investigated following chronic intraperitoneal administration of the drug (every 12 hr for 108 hr) at four dose levels (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg). A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to quantitate ethosuximide levels in these tissues and plasma. The mean tissue/plasma ratios were 0.917, 0.942, 0.902, and 0.903 for cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, and pons-medulla, respectively. The distribution ratio for midbrain was significantly greater than that observed for cerebellum. For each brain region, the distribution ratio was independent of dose (20 to 80 mg/kg) and plasma concentration (8 to 135 microgram/ml).", "contents": "Distribution characteristics of ethosuximide in discrete areas of rat brain. The distribution properties of ethosuximide in four regions of the rat brain--cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, and pons-medulla--were investigated following chronic intraperitoneal administration of the drug (every 12 hr for 108 hr) at four dose levels (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg). A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to quantitate ethosuximide levels in these tissues and plasma. The mean tissue/plasma ratios were 0.917, 0.942, 0.902, and 0.903 for cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, and pons-medulla, respectively. The distribution ratio for midbrain was significantly greater than that observed for cerebellum. For each brain region, the distribution ratio was independent of dose (20 to 80 mg/kg) and plasma concentration (8 to 135 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 590227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3186", "title": "Action of adenosine hosphates on the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase from human and rat lymphocytes.", "content": "Differences in the action of adenosine phosphates on the release of intracellular enzymes from human and  rat lymphocytes have been studied. The protective effect of ATP on the human cells was found to be less than on the rat cells. The greatest discrepancy was exhibited by AMP which exerted a protective effect on human lymphocytes, but increased enzyme efflux from rat lymphocytes. The activities of adenosine kinase, adenylate kinase, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase and creatine kinase were compared in the cells of both species. Although significant differences were observed, they were too small to suggest the presence of a mechanism for the conversion of AMP into ATP in human lymphocytes not found in the rat cells. It seems therefore that the protective effect exerted by AMP on the human cells is not mediated by its conversion into ATP, and hence that some factor other than the intracellular energy content is concerned in controlling the release of intracellular enzymes from human cells.", "contents": "Action of adenosine hosphates on the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase from human and rat lymphocytes. Differences in the action of adenosine phosphates on the release of intracellular enzymes from human and  rat lymphocytes have been studied. The protective effect of ATP on the human cells was found to be less than on the rat cells. The greatest discrepancy was exhibited by AMP which exerted a protective effect on human lymphocytes, but increased enzyme efflux from rat lymphocytes. The activities of adenosine kinase, adenylate kinase, phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase and creatine kinase were compared in the cells of both species. Although significant differences were observed, they were too small to suggest the presence of a mechanism for the conversion of AMP into ATP in human lymphocytes not found in the rat cells. It seems therefore that the protective effect exerted by AMP on the human cells is not mediated by its conversion into ATP, and hence that some factor other than the intracellular energy content is concerned in controlling the release of intracellular enzymes from human cells.", "PMID": 590237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3187", "title": "On newborn hypothalamic phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.", "content": "Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity of rat hypothalami was assayed. The enzyme was present at birth, in traces, and gradually increased during the first 2 postnatal months. Exposure to recurrent stressful situations increased PNMT activity in a statistically significant manner. Persistence of exposure to stressful events resulted in higher adult PNMT activity. Assays of hypothalamic tissue cultures revealed that part of PNMT activity increase was due to temporary potentiation by local factors, and partly to increase of tissue concentration of enzyme by increased protein synthesis. One of the submolecular chain reactions generated by stress (and able to induce protein synthesis) was identified as: release of ACTH during stress, activation of local adenylate cyclase by ACTH to synthesize cyclic AMP. When released, this cyclic AMP increased the local cyclic AMP: cyclic GMP ratio, a process known to induce protein synthesis. A potent and selective competitive inhibitor, SK&F 64139, when added to tissue cultures, prevented increase of PNMT activity by prolonged stimulation.", "contents": "On newborn hypothalamic phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity of rat hypothalami was assayed. The enzyme was present at birth, in traces, and gradually increased during the first 2 postnatal months. Exposure to recurrent stressful situations increased PNMT activity in a statistically significant manner. Persistence of exposure to stressful events resulted in higher adult PNMT activity. Assays of hypothalamic tissue cultures revealed that part of PNMT activity increase was due to temporary potentiation by local factors, and partly to increase of tissue concentration of enzyme by increased protein synthesis. One of the submolecular chain reactions generated by stress (and able to induce protein synthesis) was identified as: release of ACTH during stress, activation of local adenylate cyclase by ACTH to synthesize cyclic AMP. When released, this cyclic AMP increased the local cyclic AMP: cyclic GMP ratio, a process known to induce protein synthesis. A potent and selective competitive inhibitor, SK&F 64139, when added to tissue cultures, prevented increase of PNMT activity by prolonged stimulation.", "PMID": 590238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3188", "title": "Effects of thyroid hormones on the evolution of monoamine oxidase activity in the brain and heart of the developing rat.", "content": "The evolution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity towards tryptamine has been studied from birth to 20 days post-natal in the brain and heart of male rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by thyroxine injections and hypothyroidism by PTU administration. The results are expressed per unit of fresh weight and per unit of protein weight. Cardiac MAO is higher in the hyperthyroid animals than in controls as soon as 5 days following birth; the difference between the 2 groups increases until 20 days. The deficiency in thyroid hormones, on the other hand, was followed by a slight decrease in the cardiac enzyme, this decrease reflecting the general deficit in protein synthesis. Brain MAO is not affected by hyperthyroidism, but a clear deficit follows PTU administration. This deficit is significant beginning at 10 days and the difference between the 2 groups increases up to 20 days. The effects of PTU-induced hypothyroidism can be corrected by thyroxine injections. Except for the decrease in the level of cardiac enzyme in hypothyroid animals, all the effects on MAO activity are independent of the total protein content of both organs.", "contents": "Effects of thyroid hormones on the evolution of monoamine oxidase activity in the brain and heart of the developing rat. The evolution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity towards tryptamine has been studied from birth to 20 days post-natal in the brain and heart of male rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by thyroxine injections and hypothyroidism by PTU administration. The results are expressed per unit of fresh weight and per unit of protein weight. Cardiac MAO is higher in the hyperthyroid animals than in controls as soon as 5 days following birth; the difference between the 2 groups increases until 20 days. The deficiency in thyroid hormones, on the other hand, was followed by a slight decrease in the cardiac enzyme, this decrease reflecting the general deficit in protein synthesis. Brain MAO is not affected by hyperthyroidism, but a clear deficit follows PTU administration. This deficit is significant beginning at 10 days and the difference between the 2 groups increases up to 20 days. The effects of PTU-induced hypothyroidism can be corrected by thyroxine injections. Except for the decrease in the level of cardiac enzyme in hypothyroid animals, all the effects on MAO activity are independent of the total protein content of both organs.", "PMID": 590239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3189", "title": "Purification of L-type pyruvate kinase from human liver by affinity chromatography on Blue-Dextran-Sepharose column.", "content": "L-type pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.40) was purified from human liver by an original method. This purification included toluene extraction, a-monium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex bactchwise, CM-Sephadex batchwise with elective elution by ATP and affinity chromatography on a Blud Dextran-Sepharose column with specific elution by fructose 1, 6-diphosphate. This purification procedure allowed us to obtain 6 mg protein with a specific activity of 420 IU/mg protein, i.e. 2,690-fold purification with an overall yield of 34%. This preparation was homogeneous as judged by immuno-diffusion, acrylamide and sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Purification of L-type pyruvate kinase from human liver by affinity chromatography on Blue-Dextran-Sepharose column. L-type pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.40) was purified from human liver by an original method. This purification included toluene extraction, a-monium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex bactchwise, CM-Sephadex batchwise with elective elution by ATP and affinity chromatography on a Blud Dextran-Sepharose column with specific elution by fructose 1, 6-diphosphate. This purification procedure allowed us to obtain 6 mg protein with a specific activity of 420 IU/mg protein, i.e. 2,690-fold purification with an overall yield of 34%. This preparation was homogeneous as judged by immuno-diffusion, acrylamide and sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 590240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3190", "title": "Lipid composition and enzyme activities of human arteriosclerotic femoral and iliac arteries.", "content": "Lipid composition and the activities of lipolytic enzymes and cholesterol acyltransferase have been examined in femoral and iliac arteries of surgically treated patients suffering from arteriosclerosis obliterans. Negative correlations for the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and for the ratios of triglyceride/cholesterol ester contents and cholesterol acyltransferase/cholesterol esterase activities, were found.", "contents": "Lipid composition and enzyme activities of human arteriosclerotic femoral and iliac arteries. Lipid composition and the activities of lipolytic enzymes and cholesterol acyltransferase have been examined in femoral and iliac arteries of surgically treated patients suffering from arteriosclerosis obliterans. Negative correlations for the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and for the ratios of triglyceride/cholesterol ester contents and cholesterol acyltransferase/cholesterol esterase activities, were found.", "PMID": 590241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3191", "title": "Comparison of aldolase isozymes in placenta, HeLa cells, and human fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The aldolase specific activity of the human carcinoma cell line, HeLa, against fructose 1,6-diphosphate as substrate is 4- to 5-fold greater than the specific activity of diploid human fibroblast cultures derived from skin and lung. HeLa aldolase is isozyme is predominantly the A type and its substrate preferences resemble human placenta. These findings provide further support for the oncofetal enzyme consitution of HeLa cells.", "contents": "Comparison of aldolase isozymes in placenta, HeLa cells, and human fibroblast cultures. The aldolase specific activity of the human carcinoma cell line, HeLa, against fructose 1,6-diphosphate as substrate is 4- to 5-fold greater than the specific activity of diploid human fibroblast cultures derived from skin and lung. HeLa aldolase is isozyme is predominantly the A type and its substrate preferences resemble human placenta. These findings provide further support for the oncofetal enzyme consitution of HeLa cells.", "PMID": 590242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3192", "title": "Change of protein reactivity in mammalian ribosomal subunits as a function of temperature.", "content": "Reductive methylation of rat liver ribosomal subunits was carried out at different temperatures and the reaction was followed as a function of time. The percentage of protein lysine residues which were methylated reached a definite plateau for each temperature, and was considerably increased by heating (four times at 40 degrees C). This increase was not observed when free ribosomal proteins were heated under the same conditions. Ribosomal subunits kept their biological activity (elongation steps of protein synthesis) even when methylated to a high extent. Half of the subunit activity was still found when 67% of the lysine residues were methylated. Proteins were divided into different classes on the basis of their alkylation in response to temperature. Those which reacted poorly within subunits even at high temperature should interact directly with rRNA. The results suggest that the protein reactivity modifications induced by heating (up to 37 degrees C), which were often totally or partially reversible, reflect a conformational change of the proteins themselves within the subunits. Besides protein unfolding, higher temperatures produced structural modification and inactivation of the subunits, which were restrained by the presence of aminoacyl tRNA.", "contents": "Change of protein reactivity in mammalian ribosomal subunits as a function of temperature. Reductive methylation of rat liver ribosomal subunits was carried out at different temperatures and the reaction was followed as a function of time. The percentage of protein lysine residues which were methylated reached a definite plateau for each temperature, and was considerably increased by heating (four times at 40 degrees C). This increase was not observed when free ribosomal proteins were heated under the same conditions. Ribosomal subunits kept their biological activity (elongation steps of protein synthesis) even when methylated to a high extent. Half of the subunit activity was still found when 67% of the lysine residues were methylated. Proteins were divided into different classes on the basis of their alkylation in response to temperature. Those which reacted poorly within subunits even at high temperature should interact directly with rRNA. The results suggest that the protein reactivity modifications induced by heating (up to 37 degrees C), which were often totally or partially reversible, reflect a conformational change of the proteins themselves within the subunits. Besides protein unfolding, higher temperatures produced structural modification and inactivation of the subunits, which were restrained by the presence of aminoacyl tRNA.", "PMID": 590263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3193", "title": "Phosphorylation from inorganic phosphate and ATP synthesis of sarcoplasmic membranes.", "content": "The incorporation of inorganic phosphate in the fragmented sarcoplasmic membranes induced by the removal of calcium ions bound to high affinity binding sites at the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes gives rise to the formation of two species of phosphoenzyme. The properties of the phosphoproteins formed depend on the absence or the presence of a gradient of calcium ions across the membranes. The phosphoenzymes differ by the affinity of the protein for phosphate, the enthalpy of formation, the kinetics of phosphate incorporation, and by the sensitivity to ionophores and ADP. In the absence of a calcium gradient less than 0.5 nmol phosphoenzyme per mg protein are formed in media containing less than 5 mM phosphate at pH7 and 10 degrees C. Under the same conditions approximately 2 nmol of phosphoenzyme per mg protein are formed with an initial rate of 0.5 nmol mg-1-s-1 when a calcium gradient exists. When the gradient is abolished by the addition of the ionophore X537A, the level of phosphoprotein drops to the same value as observed in the absence of a gradient. On addition of ADP at concentrations increasing from 0.3 to 10 muM continuous ATP formation is activated to its maximum rate, and simultaneously, the level of phosphoprotein declines. These concentrations of ADP scarcely affect phosphoprotein formed in the absence of a gradient, the phosphoryl residue of which is displaced when the concentration of ADP exceeds 10 micrometer without the formation of an equivalent amount of ATP. Minimum mechanisms for the formation of gradient-independent and gradient-dependent phosphoprotein are discussed.", "contents": "Phosphorylation from inorganic phosphate and ATP synthesis of sarcoplasmic membranes. The incorporation of inorganic phosphate in the fragmented sarcoplasmic membranes induced by the removal of calcium ions bound to high affinity binding sites at the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes gives rise to the formation of two species of phosphoenzyme. The properties of the phosphoproteins formed depend on the absence or the presence of a gradient of calcium ions across the membranes. The phosphoenzymes differ by the affinity of the protein for phosphate, the enthalpy of formation, the kinetics of phosphate incorporation, and by the sensitivity to ionophores and ADP. In the absence of a calcium gradient less than 0.5 nmol phosphoenzyme per mg protein are formed in media containing less than 5 mM phosphate at pH7 and 10 degrees C. Under the same conditions approximately 2 nmol of phosphoenzyme per mg protein are formed with an initial rate of 0.5 nmol mg-1-s-1 when a calcium gradient exists. When the gradient is abolished by the addition of the ionophore X537A, the level of phosphoprotein drops to the same value as observed in the absence of a gradient. On addition of ADP at concentrations increasing from 0.3 to 10 muM continuous ATP formation is activated to its maximum rate, and simultaneously, the level of phosphoprotein declines. These concentrations of ADP scarcely affect phosphoprotein formed in the absence of a gradient, the phosphoryl residue of which is displaced when the concentration of ADP exceeds 10 micrometer without the formation of an equivalent amount of ATP. Minimum mechanisms for the formation of gradient-independent and gradient-dependent phosphoprotein are discussed.", "PMID": 590264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3194", "title": "[Small-angle X-ray-scattering investigation and structural-model study of the fatty-acid synthetase from pig liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of the fatty acid synthetase from pig liver was studied on models based upon structural and functional properties selected from pertinent results available from numerous investigations carried out with fatty acid synthetases from this and other sources. When comparing small-angle X-ray-scattering curves calculated with these models and curves obtained from small-angle X-ray-scattering experiments carried out with the pig-liver enzyme, we tried to select a model which would lead to an acceptable correlation between the calculated and the experimental curves and at the same time fulfil the known structural and functional requirements. The comparison of the curves was started with a model of low complexity. The observed discrepancy, together with arguments from the structural and the functional properties, helped decide which is the next most reasonable model to be considered. This procedure was repeated for five models of increasing complexity. In the model which led to the best fit the multienzyme complex is composed of two halves in an assymetric conformation including hollow spaces. This highly anisotropic model would imply that the two halves change their conformation each time a synthetic cycle is completed and that the growing fatty acid is handed over from one half to the other.", "contents": "[Small-angle X-ray-scattering investigation and structural-model study of the fatty-acid synthetase from pig liver (author's transl)]. The structure of the fatty acid synthetase from pig liver was studied on models based upon structural and functional properties selected from pertinent results available from numerous investigations carried out with fatty acid synthetases from this and other sources. When comparing small-angle X-ray-scattering curves calculated with these models and curves obtained from small-angle X-ray-scattering experiments carried out with the pig-liver enzyme, we tried to select a model which would lead to an acceptable correlation between the calculated and the experimental curves and at the same time fulfil the known structural and functional requirements. The comparison of the curves was started with a model of low complexity. The observed discrepancy, together with arguments from the structural and the functional properties, helped decide which is the next most reasonable model to be considered. This procedure was repeated for five models of increasing complexity. In the model which led to the best fit the multienzyme complex is composed of two halves in an assymetric conformation including hollow spaces. This highly anisotropic model would imply that the two halves change their conformation each time a synthetic cycle is completed and that the growing fatty acid is handed over from one half to the other.", "PMID": 590265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3195", "title": "The peptidoglycan crosslinking enzyme system in Streptomyces strains R61, K15 and rimosus.", "content": "The DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase enzyme system in Streptomyces strain K15 consists of: (1) a membrane-bound transpeptidase capable of performing low DD-carboxypeptidase activity; and (2) a set of DD-carboxypeptidases: (a) membrane-bound, (b) lysozyme-releasable and (c) exocellular, having low transpeptidase activities in aqueous media and at low acceptor concentrations. The DD-carboxypeptidases are related to each other and may belong to the same pathway leading to enzyme excretion. A similar enzyme system occurs in Streptomyces strain R61 except that the membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase activity is low when compared with the membrane-bound transpeptidase activity. In Streptomyces rimosus the enzyme system consists almost exclusively of the membrane-bound transpeptidase and the levels of membrane-bound, lysozyme-releasable and exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases are very low.", "contents": "The peptidoglycan crosslinking enzyme system in Streptomyces strains R61, K15 and rimosus. The DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase enzyme system in Streptomyces strain K15 consists of: (1) a membrane-bound transpeptidase capable of performing low DD-carboxypeptidase activity; and (2) a set of DD-carboxypeptidases: (a) membrane-bound, (b) lysozyme-releasable and (c) exocellular, having low transpeptidase activities in aqueous media and at low acceptor concentrations. The DD-carboxypeptidases are related to each other and may belong to the same pathway leading to enzyme excretion. A similar enzyme system occurs in Streptomyces strain R61 except that the membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase activity is low when compared with the membrane-bound transpeptidase activity. In Streptomyces rimosus the enzyme system consists almost exclusively of the membrane-bound transpeptidase and the levels of membrane-bound, lysozyme-releasable and exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases are very low.", "PMID": 590266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3196", "title": "A 31P-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharide and lipid A from Salmonella.", "content": "Untreated and partially deacylated lipopolysaccharides from various P- and P+ strains of Salmonella were studied with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by conventional analytical methods. The spectral signals were assigned to various phosphate groups in the lipid A moiety and in the oligosaccharide part. A signal at +2.3 ppm could be assigned to a phosphodiester linkage formed between 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose linked via the glycosidic hydroxyl group to the 4'-phosphate group of the glucosamine disaccharide in the lipid A moiety. A strong pyrophosphate signal at +11 ppm in P- strains was identified as a pyrophosphoryl ethanolamine group at the glycosidic end of this glucosamine disaccharide unit. No evidence was found for phosphodiester or pyrophosphodiester bonds crosslinking lipopolysaccharide 'subunits'. A revised version of the lipid A structure of Salmonella is presented. By a combination of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and conventional analytical methods the extent to which the lipopolysaccharides are substituted by various phosphate groups on the lipid A and the oligosaccharide moiety could be estimated. It was thus shown that substantial heterogeneity, leading to several molecular species of lipopolysaccharides is caused by addition or omission of certain groups. Since changes in substitution were found to be dependent on the growth conditions, it is thought possible that the overall negative surface charge of Salmonella can be modified by addition or omission of neutralising amino groups from ethanolamine and/or 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, and can thus be adapted to the environment.", "contents": "A 31P-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharide and lipid A from Salmonella. Untreated and partially deacylated lipopolysaccharides from various P- and P+ strains of Salmonella were studied with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by conventional analytical methods. The spectral signals were assigned to various phosphate groups in the lipid A moiety and in the oligosaccharide part. A signal at +2.3 ppm could be assigned to a phosphodiester linkage formed between 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose linked via the glycosidic hydroxyl group to the 4'-phosphate group of the glucosamine disaccharide in the lipid A moiety. A strong pyrophosphate signal at +11 ppm in P- strains was identified as a pyrophosphoryl ethanolamine group at the glycosidic end of this glucosamine disaccharide unit. No evidence was found for phosphodiester or pyrophosphodiester bonds crosslinking lipopolysaccharide 'subunits'. A revised version of the lipid A structure of Salmonella is presented. By a combination of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and conventional analytical methods the extent to which the lipopolysaccharides are substituted by various phosphate groups on the lipid A and the oligosaccharide moiety could be estimated. It was thus shown that substantial heterogeneity, leading to several molecular species of lipopolysaccharides is caused by addition or omission of certain groups. Since changes in substitution were found to be dependent on the growth conditions, it is thought possible that the overall negative surface charge of Salmonella can be modified by addition or omission of neutralising amino groups from ethanolamine and/or 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, and can thus be adapted to the environment.", "PMID": 590267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3197", "title": "The peptidoglycan crosslinking enzyme system in Streptomyces strains R61, K15 and rimosus. Kinetic coefficients involved in the interactions of the membrane-bound transpeptidase with peptide substrates and beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The transpeptidation reaction performed by the membranes of Streptomyces strain R61 fits the general rate equation for an enzyme-catalysed bimolecular reaction. The same membranes (E) interact with beta-lactams (I) to form inactive penicillin-enzyme-membrane complexes (EI) of rather high stability, which subsequently break down (E + I leads to EI leads to E + degradation products). The enzyme is regenerated and the antibiotic is released in the form of an inactive metabolite. With benzylpenicillin, the degradation product is benzylpenicilloic acid. The reaction is heat-labile. The first step of the reaction (E + I leads to EI) is characterized by a second-order rate constant (kformation in M-1 s-1) and the second step (EI leads to E + degradation products) by a first-order rate constant (kbreakdown in s-1). The effects in vitro of various beta-lactams on the membrane-bound transpeptidase, as expressed by the relevant kformation and kbreakdown values, parallel the effects in vivo of the same antibiotics as expressed by their ability to prevent the germination and growth of conidiospores. The kinetic parameters of the transpeptidase that was solubilized with N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide with respect to its interaction with both peptide substrates and beta-lactam antibiotics are quantitatively different from those of the membrane-bound enzyme. Moreover, the solubilized enzyme fragments benzylpenicillin with formation of phenylacetylglycine, a reaction which is similar to that catalysed by the exocellular R61 enzyme. The membranes of Streptomyces strains rimosus and K15 possess an active 'classic' penicillinase. They were not studied but the kinetic coefficients of the corresponding solubilized transpeptidases were determined and compared with those of the solubilized enzyme from strain R61.", "contents": "The peptidoglycan crosslinking enzyme system in Streptomyces strains R61, K15 and rimosus. Kinetic coefficients involved in the interactions of the membrane-bound transpeptidase with peptide substrates and beta-lactam antibiotics. The transpeptidation reaction performed by the membranes of Streptomyces strain R61 fits the general rate equation for an enzyme-catalysed bimolecular reaction. The same membranes (E) interact with beta-lactams (I) to form inactive penicillin-enzyme-membrane complexes (EI) of rather high stability, which subsequently break down (E + I leads to EI leads to E + degradation products). The enzyme is regenerated and the antibiotic is released in the form of an inactive metabolite. With benzylpenicillin, the degradation product is benzylpenicilloic acid. The reaction is heat-labile. The first step of the reaction (E + I leads to EI) is characterized by a second-order rate constant (kformation in M-1 s-1) and the second step (EI leads to E + degradation products) by a first-order rate constant (kbreakdown in s-1). The effects in vitro of various beta-lactams on the membrane-bound transpeptidase, as expressed by the relevant kformation and kbreakdown values, parallel the effects in vivo of the same antibiotics as expressed by their ability to prevent the germination and growth of conidiospores. The kinetic parameters of the transpeptidase that was solubilized with N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide with respect to its interaction with both peptide substrates and beta-lactam antibiotics are quantitatively different from those of the membrane-bound enzyme. Moreover, the solubilized enzyme fragments benzylpenicillin with formation of phenylacetylglycine, a reaction which is similar to that catalysed by the exocellular R61 enzyme. The membranes of Streptomyces strains rimosus and K15 possess an active 'classic' penicillinase. They were not studied but the kinetic coefficients of the corresponding solubilized transpeptidases were determined and compared with those of the solubilized enzyme from strain R61.", "PMID": 590269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3198", "title": "An evaluation of fitting methods for the sum of two hyperbolas: application to uptake studies.", "content": "Analysis of data in terms of the sum of two rectangular hyperbolas is frequently required in solute uptake studies. Four methods for such analysis have been compared. Three are based on least-squares fitting whereas the fourth (partition method I) is an extension of a single hyperbola fitting procedure based on non-parametric statistics. The four methods were tested using data sets which had been generated with two primary types of random, normal error in the dependent variable: one of constant error variance and the other of constant coefficient of variation. The methods were tested on further data sets which were obtained by incorporating single 10% bias errors at different positions in the original two sets. Partition method I consistently gave good estimates for the four parameters defining the double hyperbola and was highly insensitive to the bias errors. The least-squares procedures performed well under conditions satisfying the least-squares assumptions regarding error distribution, but frequently gave poor estimates when these assumptions did not hold. Our conclusion is that in view of the errors inherent in many solute uptake experiments it would usually be preferable to analyse data by a method such as partition method I rather than to rely on a least-squares procedure.", "contents": "An evaluation of fitting methods for the sum of two hyperbolas: application to uptake studies. Analysis of data in terms of the sum of two rectangular hyperbolas is frequently required in solute uptake studies. Four methods for such analysis have been compared. Three are based on least-squares fitting whereas the fourth (partition method I) is an extension of a single hyperbola fitting procedure based on non-parametric statistics. The four methods were tested using data sets which had been generated with two primary types of random, normal error in the dependent variable: one of constant error variance and the other of constant coefficient of variation. The methods were tested on further data sets which were obtained by incorporating single 10% bias errors at different positions in the original two sets. Partition method I consistently gave good estimates for the four parameters defining the double hyperbola and was highly insensitive to the bias errors. The least-squares procedures performed well under conditions satisfying the least-squares assumptions regarding error distribution, but frequently gave poor estimates when these assumptions did not hold. Our conclusion is that in view of the errors inherent in many solute uptake experiments it would usually be preferable to analyse data by a method such as partition method I rather than to rely on a least-squares procedure.", "PMID": 590270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3199", "title": "Aspects of microenvironmental compartmentation. An evaluation of the influence of restricted diffusion, exclusion effects, and enzyme proximity on the overall efficiency of the sequential two-enzyme system malate dehydrogenase--citrate synthase in its soluble and immobilized form.", "content": "Soluble bifunctional enzyme aggregates have been prepared by cross-linking the sequential enzymes malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) using glutaraldehyde. The kinetic behaviour of this two-enzyme system in its aggregated and non-aggregated form was studied both in free solution and immobilized on Sepharose beads. This study was undertaken in order to distinguish between the following two factors which may account for the increased efficiency found in general in co-immobilized consecutive two-enzyme systems: (a) closer proximity between the participating enzymes and (b) establishment of a favourable microenvironment (such as higher local intermediate concentration caused by increased diffusional hindrance in the gel phase). It was found that in spite of a reduction of the distance between the two enzymes in the aggregated form by an estimated factor of 10(3), no kinetic advantage (shorter lag phase or higher steady-state rate) could be detected compared to the corresponding system with the two enzymes not linked to each other. However, both systems immobilized to Sepharose reached the steady-state rate of citrate formation almost immediately, in contrast to the corresponding free systems which exhibited pronounced lag phase. These results indicate that, at least in the above systems and under the conditions given, diffusional hindrance in the gel phase of the intermediate oxaloacetate, which is present in rate-limiting concentrations, is the dominant cause of the observed higher efficiency in immobilized systems.", "contents": "Aspects of microenvironmental compartmentation. An evaluation of the influence of restricted diffusion, exclusion effects, and enzyme proximity on the overall efficiency of the sequential two-enzyme system malate dehydrogenase--citrate synthase in its soluble and immobilized form. Soluble bifunctional enzyme aggregates have been prepared by cross-linking the sequential enzymes malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) using glutaraldehyde. The kinetic behaviour of this two-enzyme system in its aggregated and non-aggregated form was studied both in free solution and immobilized on Sepharose beads. This study was undertaken in order to distinguish between the following two factors which may account for the increased efficiency found in general in co-immobilized consecutive two-enzyme systems: (a) closer proximity between the participating enzymes and (b) establishment of a favourable microenvironment (such as higher local intermediate concentration caused by increased diffusional hindrance in the gel phase). It was found that in spite of a reduction of the distance between the two enzymes in the aggregated form by an estimated factor of 10(3), no kinetic advantage (shorter lag phase or higher steady-state rate) could be detected compared to the corresponding system with the two enzymes not linked to each other. However, both systems immobilized to Sepharose reached the steady-state rate of citrate formation almost immediately, in contrast to the corresponding free systems which exhibited pronounced lag phase. These results indicate that, at least in the above systems and under the conditions given, diffusional hindrance in the gel phase of the intermediate oxaloacetate, which is present in rate-limiting concentrations, is the dominant cause of the observed higher efficiency in immobilized systems.", "PMID": 590271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3200", "title": "Properties of the complex between histone H1 and poly(ADP-ribose synthesised in HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "Preparations of H1 histone from HeLa cell nuclei incubated with [3H]NAD to permit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The incorporated radioactivity migrated as a sharply defined peak in association with a protein band which moved more slowly than H1, the major protein component. The following observations indicate that this complex is composed of two molecules of H1 and a single chain of poly(ADP-ribose) with one detectable covalent linkage of polymer to protein. 1. The [14C]arginine/[3H]lysine ratio is identical in H1 histone and in the protein moiety of the complex. 2. Protein is displaced from H1 histone to the complex during poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. At least 90% of the protein in the complex (stainable protein and labelled protein) is derived from H1. 3. Sedimentation rate studies indicate a molecular weight of the complex about twice that of H1 histone. 4. The average chain length of the polymer is 15 ADP-ribose units and there are 7--8 ADP-ribose units for each molecule of H1 histone in the 'complex'. 5. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, which hydrolyses the polymer exoglycosidically from the AMP terminus, degrades the complex producing ADP-ribose and mono-ADP-ribosylated H1 histone which co-electrophoreses with unmodified H1. Although only one covalent linkage between protein and polymer has been detected, the 'complex' does not dissociate when electrophoresed on dodecylsulfate gels. Nor can the noncovalently linked H1 histone of the complex readily exchange with free H1. Complex formation does not occur when purified poly(ADP-ribose) and H1 are mixed.", "contents": "Properties of the complex between histone H1 and poly(ADP-ribose synthesised in HeLa cell nuclei. Preparations of H1 histone from HeLa cell nuclei incubated with [3H]NAD to permit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The incorporated radioactivity migrated as a sharply defined peak in association with a protein band which moved more slowly than H1, the major protein component. The following observations indicate that this complex is composed of two molecules of H1 and a single chain of poly(ADP-ribose) with one detectable covalent linkage of polymer to protein. 1. The [14C]arginine/[3H]lysine ratio is identical in H1 histone and in the protein moiety of the complex. 2. Protein is displaced from H1 histone to the complex during poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. At least 90% of the protein in the complex (stainable protein and labelled protein) is derived from H1. 3. Sedimentation rate studies indicate a molecular weight of the complex about twice that of H1 histone. 4. The average chain length of the polymer is 15 ADP-ribose units and there are 7--8 ADP-ribose units for each molecule of H1 histone in the 'complex'. 5. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, which hydrolyses the polymer exoglycosidically from the AMP terminus, degrades the complex producing ADP-ribose and mono-ADP-ribosylated H1 histone which co-electrophoreses with unmodified H1. Although only one covalent linkage between protein and polymer has been detected, the 'complex' does not dissociate when electrophoresed on dodecylsulfate gels. Nor can the noncovalently linked H1 histone of the complex readily exchange with free H1. Complex formation does not occur when purified poly(ADP-ribose) and H1 are mixed.", "PMID": 590272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3201", "title": "Serum zinc concentration during childhood.", "content": "Serum zinc concentrations in subjects of different ages were estimated by neutron activation analysis to obtain reliable reference values for the diagnosis of primary or secondary zinc deficiency during childhood. In these healthy individuals a small age-dependent variation of the mean values was found. Serum zinc concentrations were lower in cord blood (mean value: 880 X 10(-9) g/ml) and in infant;s (mean value: 820 X 10(-9) g/ml) than in adults (mean value 1178 X 10(-9) g/ml). In comparison to these values, the serum zinc concentration in a patient with secondary zinc deficiency and 4 patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica was reduced to about 25% of normal.", "contents": "Serum zinc concentration during childhood. Serum zinc concentrations in subjects of different ages were estimated by neutron activation analysis to obtain reliable reference values for the diagnosis of primary or secondary zinc deficiency during childhood. In these healthy individuals a small age-dependent variation of the mean values was found. Serum zinc concentrations were lower in cord blood (mean value: 880 X 10(-9) g/ml) and in infant;s (mean value: 820 X 10(-9) g/ml) than in adults (mean value 1178 X 10(-9) g/ml). In comparison to these values, the serum zinc concentration in a patient with secondary zinc deficiency and 4 patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica was reduced to about 25% of normal.", "PMID": 590273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3202", "title": "The ontogeny of sensory perception in preterm infants.", "content": "The extra- vs intrauterine development of both visual and auditory cortical evoked response patterns was compared at 33, 37 and 40 weeks conceptional age. The maturation of visual cortical evoked responses is retarded in infants at 37 and 40 weeks conceptional age when born with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks, which thus implies a long extrauterine life span. The maturation of the auditory cortical evoked responses is not influenced by premature exposure to the extrauterine environment. The results are explained on the basis of the particular central nervous system growth spurt periods and a thus defined vulnerable period of different brain structures.", "contents": "The ontogeny of sensory perception in preterm infants. The extra- vs intrauterine development of both visual and auditory cortical evoked response patterns was compared at 33, 37 and 40 weeks conceptional age. The maturation of visual cortical evoked responses is retarded in infants at 37 and 40 weeks conceptional age when born with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks, which thus implies a long extrauterine life span. The maturation of the auditory cortical evoked responses is not influenced by premature exposure to the extrauterine environment. The results are explained on the basis of the particular central nervous system growth spurt periods and a thus defined vulnerable period of different brain structures.", "PMID": 590274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3203", "title": "Persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea.", "content": "Clinical, biochemical, and gastroenterological data have been examined im 48 patients in two age groups, one under 12 months of age, the other between 12 and 30 months with persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea. In these patients, the illness consisted of chronic diarrhoea which followed acute enteritis. It brought about a mild malabsorption syndrome with impairment of growth, particularly in infants under one year of age. Chronic inflammation with mucosal damage due to alteration of the intestinal microflora by inappropriate diets and therapy seemed to be the cause of persistent diarrhoea in these patients.", "contents": "Persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea. Clinical, biochemical, and gastroenterological data have been examined im 48 patients in two age groups, one under 12 months of age, the other between 12 and 30 months with persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea. In these patients, the illness consisted of chronic diarrhoea which followed acute enteritis. It brought about a mild malabsorption syndrome with impairment of growth, particularly in infants under one year of age. Chronic inflammation with mucosal damage due to alteration of the intestinal microflora by inappropriate diets and therapy seemed to be the cause of persistent diarrhoea in these patients.", "PMID": 590275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3204", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in epileptic children receving anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "In 40 epileptic children on long-term anticonvulsant treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes were separated semiquantitatively using a combination of L-phenylalanine inhibition and heat inactivation. Though mean total serum AP activity was significantly increased compared to age matched controls, only 4 individual values exceeded the upper limit (mean + 2SD) of the reference sample. In epileptics the mean activity of the heat-sensitive non L-phenylalanine sensitive AP fraction (non-LPSAP) was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-value (i.e. percentage ratio of heat-stable non-LPSAP/non-LPSAP) was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05), thus indicating an enhancement of the bone isoenzymes during anticonvulsant treatment. In 4 patients the isoenzyme pattern was abnormal although total serum AP activity was normal and in 3 of them the deviation indicated enhanced bone isoenzyme. The data provide evidence that in anticonvulsant treated children the bone isoenzyme, rather than hepatobiliary isoenzyme fraction, may be increased even when total serum AP activity is normal. Thus, semiquantitative separation of serum AP isoenzymes may be a helpful guide as to whether or not an eplieptic child should be given vitamin D.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in epileptic children receving anticonvulsant drugs. In 40 epileptic children on long-term anticonvulsant treatment, serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes were separated semiquantitatively using a combination of L-phenylalanine inhibition and heat inactivation. Though mean total serum AP activity was significantly increased compared to age matched controls, only 4 individual values exceeded the upper limit (mean + 2SD) of the reference sample. In epileptics the mean activity of the heat-sensitive non L-phenylalanine sensitive AP fraction (non-LPSAP) was significantly increased (P less than 0.01) and the mean Q-value (i.e. percentage ratio of heat-stable non-LPSAP/non-LPSAP) was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05), thus indicating an enhancement of the bone isoenzymes during anticonvulsant treatment. In 4 patients the isoenzyme pattern was abnormal although total serum AP activity was normal and in 3 of them the deviation indicated enhanced bone isoenzyme. The data provide evidence that in anticonvulsant treated children the bone isoenzyme, rather than hepatobiliary isoenzyme fraction, may be increased even when total serum AP activity is normal. Thus, semiquantitative separation of serum AP isoenzymes may be a helpful guide as to whether or not an eplieptic child should be given vitamin D.", "PMID": 590276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3205", "title": "Comparison of RNA and DNA synthesis, spontaneous and PHa induced, between blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. A study of scintillation counting and by autoradiography.", "content": "Spontaneous and PHA induced RNA and DNA synthesis was measured qualitatively by autoradiography and quantitatively by scintillation counting in blood lymphoic cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. Spontaneous RNA synthesis was found in transitional cells, large phagocytic lymphoid cells and lymphocytes. Transitional cells and phagocytic lymphoid cells also synthesized DNA spontaneously. Quantitatively, spontaneous RNA synthesis was active in both newborn infants and in adults, but significantly less so in older infants. PHA stimulation for 18 h increased RNA synthesis significantly in blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants and adults, and to a much lesser but still significant degree in older infants. Spontaneous DNA synthesis was significantly greater in newborn infants than in older infants and adults. PHA stimulation for 18 h had no effect on thymidine incorporation in any of the groups studied.", "contents": "Comparison of RNA and DNA synthesis, spontaneous and PHa induced, between blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. A study of scintillation counting and by autoradiography. Spontaneous and PHA induced RNA and DNA synthesis was measured qualitatively by autoradiography and quantitatively by scintillation counting in blood lymphoic cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. Spontaneous RNA synthesis was found in transitional cells, large phagocytic lymphoid cells and lymphocytes. Transitional cells and phagocytic lymphoid cells also synthesized DNA spontaneously. Quantitatively, spontaneous RNA synthesis was active in both newborn infants and in adults, but significantly less so in older infants. PHA stimulation for 18 h increased RNA synthesis significantly in blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants and adults, and to a much lesser but still significant degree in older infants. Spontaneous DNA synthesis was significantly greater in newborn infants than in older infants and adults. PHA stimulation for 18 h had no effect on thymidine incorporation in any of the groups studied.", "PMID": 590277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3206", "title": "Negative impact of growth-hormone deficiency on psychological functioning in dwarfed children and adolescents.", "content": "This study compares the psychological findings in three groups of dwarfed children and adolescents, namely those suffering from isolated growth-hormone deficiency, from multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, and without endocrine disease. The study is based on psychometric data from one multifactorial intelligence test and several personality questionnaires. It was found that growth hormone deficiency had no impact on the psychological variables.", "contents": "Negative impact of growth-hormone deficiency on psychological functioning in dwarfed children and adolescents. This study compares the psychological findings in three groups of dwarfed children and adolescents, namely those suffering from isolated growth-hormone deficiency, from multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, and without endocrine disease. The study is based on psychometric data from one multifactorial intelligence test and several personality questionnaires. It was found that growth hormone deficiency had no impact on the psychological variables.", "PMID": 590279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3207", "title": "Generalized oedema of newborn associated with the administration of dipyrone.", "content": "In fourteen infants, aged 9--60 days, with generalized oedema seen during a one year period the common denominator was the administration of dipyrone one to two days prior to the development of oedema. None of the other causes of oedema in early life could be incriminated in any of these babies. Pediatricians should be aware of this iatrogenic cause whenever they encounter a young infant with generalized oedema. Oedema disappeared in all the cases following discontinuation of dipyrone but anuria lasted for more than four days in one case. This stydy re-emphasizes the need to without this potentially dangerous drug, especially during the neonatal period.", "contents": "Generalized oedema of newborn associated with the administration of dipyrone. In fourteen infants, aged 9--60 days, with generalized oedema seen during a one year period the common denominator was the administration of dipyrone one to two days prior to the development of oedema. None of the other causes of oedema in early life could be incriminated in any of these babies. Pediatricians should be aware of this iatrogenic cause whenever they encounter a young infant with generalized oedema. Oedema disappeared in all the cases following discontinuation of dipyrone but anuria lasted for more than four days in one case. This stydy re-emphasizes the need to without this potentially dangerous drug, especially during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 590280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3208", "title": "Intelligence level of patients with the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy (pmd-d).", "content": "The I.Q. of 129 patients with PMD-D and 27 patients suffering from Werdnig-Hoffmann disease were estimated. Among the patients with PMD-D there was one group without any complicating factors and 3 other groups with additional factors that might influence the intelligence level. Comparing mean values and distribution of I.Q. for all these groups, one can conclude that, besides additional unfavourable pathological and environmental factors in all cases, PMD-D itself causes a small decrease of the I.Q. by about 1 SD. The frequent changes of the EEG record in these patients could reflect involvement of the CNS by the pathological process.", "contents": "Intelligence level of patients with the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy (pmd-d). The I.Q. of 129 patients with PMD-D and 27 patients suffering from Werdnig-Hoffmann disease were estimated. Among the patients with PMD-D there was one group without any complicating factors and 3 other groups with additional factors that might influence the intelligence level. Comparing mean values and distribution of I.Q. for all these groups, one can conclude that, besides additional unfavourable pathological and environmental factors in all cases, PMD-D itself causes a small decrease of the I.Q. by about 1 SD. The frequent changes of the EEG record in these patients could reflect involvement of the CNS by the pathological process.", "PMID": 590281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3209", "title": "Mexiletine in the management of ventricular dysrhythmias.", "content": "Mexiletine administered either intravenously or orally was found to be an effective antiarrhythmic agent. Unfortunately, important adverse effects occurred in approximately half of the patients. Adverse effects which appeared during oral therapy were dose related. Mexiletine controlled lignocaine-resistant ventricular dysrhythmias in more than half of the patients treated. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation occurred at plasma concentrations which were not significantly different from those associated with severe side-effects, suggesting that when mexiletine is used to control these major dysrhythmias the incidence of important side effects will be high.", "contents": "Mexiletine in the management of ventricular dysrhythmias. Mexiletine administered either intravenously or orally was found to be an effective antiarrhythmic agent. Unfortunately, important adverse effects occurred in approximately half of the patients. Adverse effects which appeared during oral therapy were dose related. Mexiletine controlled lignocaine-resistant ventricular dysrhythmias in more than half of the patients treated. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation occurred at plasma concentrations which were not significantly different from those associated with severe side-effects, suggesting that when mexiletine is used to control these major dysrhythmias the incidence of important side effects will be high.", "PMID": 590296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3210", "title": "A noninvasive study of the response of ischemic heart to exercise.", "content": "The response to exercise during increasing workloads (supine bicycling), was studied in 105 men, of whom 70 had ischemic heart disease and 35 did not, clinically classed into 6 groups. Heart rates, blood pressures and systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in relation to exercise tolerance and capacity. The ischemic heart disease (IHD) subjects differed from the nonischemic by an increased PEP/LVET ratio at rest and by a tendency of the diastolic blood pressure to increase upon exercise. Two main types of abnormal reaction of STI to workload were ascertained: (1) prolonged LVETc with respect to controls (prevailing in angina pectoris), and (2) prolonged PEPEc together with shorter LVETc (typical for left ventricular failure). The dominant feature appears to be the depressed contractility in the latter and a decreased compliance (or rate of relaxation) in the former. Estimation of STI may contribute to the evaluation of the exercise tolerance test in long-term examination of ischemic patients.", "contents": "A noninvasive study of the response of ischemic heart to exercise. The response to exercise during increasing workloads (supine bicycling), was studied in 105 men, of whom 70 had ischemic heart disease and 35 did not, clinically classed into 6 groups. Heart rates, blood pressures and systolic time intervals (STI) were measured in relation to exercise tolerance and capacity. The ischemic heart disease (IHD) subjects differed from the nonischemic by an increased PEP/LVET ratio at rest and by a tendency of the diastolic blood pressure to increase upon exercise. Two main types of abnormal reaction of STI to workload were ascertained: (1) prolonged LVETc with respect to controls (prevailing in angina pectoris), and (2) prolonged PEPEc together with shorter LVETc (typical for left ventricular failure). The dominant feature appears to be the depressed contractility in the latter and a decreased compliance (or rate of relaxation) in the former. Estimation of STI may contribute to the evaluation of the exercise tolerance test in long-term examination of ischemic patients.", "PMID": 590297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3211", "title": "Figure-of-eight circulation in thoracopagus conjoined twins with a shared heart.", "content": "A pair of thoracopagus conjoined twins is described in whom a common heart with atrial and ventricular conjunction was demonstrated by cardiac catheterization and at autopsy. Each twin had an independent noncommunicating single ventricle with separate origins of the aorta and pulmonary arteries. A complex pattern of pulmonary and systemic venous return resulted in a fugure-of-eight circulation not previously described which precluded surgical intervention. This report demonstrates the feasibility of detailed hemodynamic assessment in thoracopagus twins and the value of selective ventricular angiography with careful observation of the venous phase in determining an accurate preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Figure-of-eight circulation in thoracopagus conjoined twins with a shared heart. A pair of thoracopagus conjoined twins is described in whom a common heart with atrial and ventricular conjunction was demonstrated by cardiac catheterization and at autopsy. Each twin had an independent noncommunicating single ventricle with separate origins of the aorta and pulmonary arteries. A complex pattern of pulmonary and systemic venous return resulted in a fugure-of-eight circulation not previously described which precluded surgical intervention. This report demonstrates the feasibility of detailed hemodynamic assessment in thoracopagus twins and the value of selective ventricular angiography with careful observation of the venous phase in determining an accurate preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 590292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3212", "title": "Quantitative nuclear angiocardiography in valvular heart disease.", "content": "A noninvasive method of quantitative nuclear angiocardiography was developed using a camera system and a computer. The investigation, which can be performed on an out-patient basis within 10-15 min, includes the following steps: injection of 10 mCi 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin into a femoral vein, and external recording of the passage of the bolus through the central circulation by a sequence of scintigraphic frames taken during diastole. From time--activity curves over the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle, peak-to-peak times and mean circulation times were calculated. The method was applied to 424 patients with valvular heart disease proven by heart catherization. The following results were obtained: (1) The method proved to be highly sensitive in stating whether there was a hemodynamically significant valvular disease or not. But differential diagnosis concerning the different forms of valvular disease was not possible. (2) The prolongation of the circulation times correlated with the hemodynamic severity of the disease. (3) The circulation times were directly related to the cardiac index, the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle and the pressures in the pulmonary vascular system. (4) The method could be used to evaluate the effect of surgery and for follow-up after operation. Quantitative nuclear cardiography may help to fill the gap between the nonquantitative, rather unspecific and the specific but invasive methods of cardiologic investigation.", "contents": "Quantitative nuclear angiocardiography in valvular heart disease. A noninvasive method of quantitative nuclear angiocardiography was developed using a camera system and a computer. The investigation, which can be performed on an out-patient basis within 10-15 min, includes the following steps: injection of 10 mCi 99mTc-labelled human serum albumin into a femoral vein, and external recording of the passage of the bolus through the central circulation by a sequence of scintigraphic frames taken during diastole. From time--activity curves over the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle, peak-to-peak times and mean circulation times were calculated. The method was applied to 424 patients with valvular heart disease proven by heart catherization. The following results were obtained: (1) The method proved to be highly sensitive in stating whether there was a hemodynamically significant valvular disease or not. But differential diagnosis concerning the different forms of valvular disease was not possible. (2) The prolongation of the circulation times correlated with the hemodynamic severity of the disease. (3) The circulation times were directly related to the cardiac index, the enddiastolic volume of the left ventricle and the pressures in the pulmonary vascular system. (4) The method could be used to evaluate the effect of surgery and for follow-up after operation. Quantitative nuclear cardiography may help to fill the gap between the nonquantitative, rather unspecific and the specific but invasive methods of cardiologic investigation.", "PMID": 590298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3213", "title": "Radionuclide imaging of the heart in myocardial infarction and acute ischemia by 99mtechnetium diphosphonate.", "content": "99mtechnetium diphosphonate was used in 81 patients for myocardial imaging. 46 of the patients suffered, 2-6 days prior to the test, from an acute transmural infarction provided by clinical, ECG, and enzymatic evidence; the scintigram was definitely positive in 43, equivocal in 2, and negative in 1. In 16 patients with subendocardial infarctions, in 9 the scintigram showed a positive result, in 1 it was equivocal, and in6 patients negative. In 6 other patients who suffered from acute chest pain, followed by enzyme changes, but no ECG evidence of infarction throughout the hospitalization period, the scan was positive in all. In 13 patients with acute ischemia (unstable 'crescendo' angina), 9 had a positive, 1 an equivocal, and 3 a negative scan. We conclude that radionuclide imaging is a valuable addition to the methods already available for diagnosis of myocardial infarction. With the use of diphosphonate as the tracer, we found that acutely ischemic myocardium that later may recover, gives also positive imaging.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging of the heart in myocardial infarction and acute ischemia by 99mtechnetium diphosphonate. 99mtechnetium diphosphonate was used in 81 patients for myocardial imaging. 46 of the patients suffered, 2-6 days prior to the test, from an acute transmural infarction provided by clinical, ECG, and enzymatic evidence; the scintigram was definitely positive in 43, equivocal in 2, and negative in 1. In 16 patients with subendocardial infarctions, in 9 the scintigram showed a positive result, in 1 it was equivocal, and in6 patients negative. In 6 other patients who suffered from acute chest pain, followed by enzyme changes, but no ECG evidence of infarction throughout the hospitalization period, the scan was positive in all. In 13 patients with acute ischemia (unstable 'crescendo' angina), 9 had a positive, 1 an equivocal, and 3 a negative scan. We conclude that radionuclide imaging is a valuable addition to the methods already available for diagnosis of myocardial infarction. With the use of diphosphonate as the tracer, we found that acutely ischemic myocardium that later may recover, gives also positive imaging.", "PMID": 590293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3214", "title": "Angina pectoris in presumably healthy middle-aged men. Validation of two questionnaire methods in making the diagnosis of angina pectoris.", "content": "In 2014 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 yr the prevalence of previously undiagnosed angina pectoris was assessed by two angina questionnaires: (1) World Health Organization Questionnaire (WHO-Q) and (2) Greater New York Health Insurance Plan Survey Questionnaire (NY-Q). The angina prevalence given by the questionnaires singly or in combination varied between 1.15 and 4.7% (lowest prevalence by the WHO-Q interview version (WHO-Qi) and highest by the WHO-Q self-administered version and the NY-Q in combination), indicating a considerable variation in prevalence with variation in criteria used. Validation of the questionnaires by means of (1) coronary angiography, and (2) follow-up in selected cases, indicated NY-Q superiority over WHO-Q in predicting the presence of coronary heart disease (CHD). WHO-Qi had a particularly low sensitivity without being more specific. However, CHD-risk factor patterns in subgroups of individuals classified as angina-positive or -negative by the respective questionnaires were similar.", "contents": "Angina pectoris in presumably healthy middle-aged men. Validation of two questionnaire methods in making the diagnosis of angina pectoris. In 2014 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 yr the prevalence of previously undiagnosed angina pectoris was assessed by two angina questionnaires: (1) World Health Organization Questionnaire (WHO-Q) and (2) Greater New York Health Insurance Plan Survey Questionnaire (NY-Q). The angina prevalence given by the questionnaires singly or in combination varied between 1.15 and 4.7% (lowest prevalence by the WHO-Q interview version (WHO-Qi) and highest by the WHO-Q self-administered version and the NY-Q in combination), indicating a considerable variation in prevalence with variation in criteria used. Validation of the questionnaires by means of (1) coronary angiography, and (2) follow-up in selected cases, indicated NY-Q superiority over WHO-Q in predicting the presence of coronary heart disease (CHD). WHO-Qi had a particularly low sensitivity without being more specific. However, CHD-risk factor patterns in subgroups of individuals classified as angina-positive or -negative by the respective questionnaires were similar.", "PMID": 590299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3215", "title": "Attempted suicide with verapamil.", "content": "A 28-yr-old woman was admitted to hospital after a suicide attempt in which she had taken 5600 mg verapamil. On admission she exhibited bradycardia and pronounced hypotension; ECG revealed AV dissociation which persisted for 7 1/2 h after admission. She was discharged well 36 h later.", "contents": "Attempted suicide with verapamil. A 28-yr-old woman was admitted to hospital after a suicide attempt in which she had taken 5600 mg verapamil. On admission she exhibited bradycardia and pronounced hypotension; ECG revealed AV dissociation which persisted for 7 1/2 h after admission. She was discharged well 36 h later.", "PMID": 590294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3216", "title": "Paroxysmal reciprocating sinus tachycardia.", "content": "We present clinical and electrophysiological data on 9 patients with paroxysmal reciprocating sinus tachycardia (PRST) of whom only 6 described palpitations. Sinus node disease was present in 5 and cardiac ischemia and/or hypertension in another 3; the remaining case had apparently coincidental Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. PRST could be initiated in all cases, and terminated in the 4 in whom it was sustained, by suitably timed atrial premature beats over a zone that was dependent on the effective atrial extrastimulus coupling interval (A1-A2) in the high right atrium (HRA). The sequence of atrial depolarization during PRST was similar to that of sinus beats although minor changes in both the P wave and the configuration of the HRA electrogram were observed in half the cases. During paroxysms, cycle length variation and sensitivity to alterations in vagal tone were common. In 6, paroxysms could be initiated by moderately rapid atrial pacing. Repetitive attacks were usually initiated by increases in the sinus rate and not be an antecedent premature atrial extrasystole. Verapamil suppressed sinus node reentry in 5 patients while small doses of atropine favored initiation in 3. PRST was seen in association with AV reentry tachycardias in the patient who had the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Paroxysmal reciprocating sinus tachycardia. We present clinical and electrophysiological data on 9 patients with paroxysmal reciprocating sinus tachycardia (PRST) of whom only 6 described palpitations. Sinus node disease was present in 5 and cardiac ischemia and/or hypertension in another 3; the remaining case had apparently coincidental Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. PRST could be initiated in all cases, and terminated in the 4 in whom it was sustained, by suitably timed atrial premature beats over a zone that was dependent on the effective atrial extrastimulus coupling interval (A1-A2) in the high right atrium (HRA). The sequence of atrial depolarization during PRST was similar to that of sinus beats although minor changes in both the P wave and the configuration of the HRA electrogram were observed in half the cases. During paroxysms, cycle length variation and sensitivity to alterations in vagal tone were common. In 6, paroxysms could be initiated by moderately rapid atrial pacing. Repetitive attacks were usually initiated by increases in the sinus rate and not be an antecedent premature atrial extrasystole. Verapamil suppressed sinus node reentry in 5 patients while small doses of atropine favored initiation in 3. PRST was seen in association with AV reentry tachycardias in the patient who had the WPW syndrome.", "PMID": 590295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3217", "title": "Treatment of hypertension successively with a diuretic, clonidine or a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine.", "content": "The present study was carried out in an homogenous group of 49 untreated hypertensive patients, all aged 45 years. Diastolic blood pressure was equal to or greater than 110 mmHg in successive measurements; eleven patients were classified as WHO group II, and the others as WHO group I. An initial placebo period of 3 weeks was followed by cyclothiazide medication with a good response in 6 patients. The remaining patients were given either clonidine or practolol, and by adjustment of the dose a good response was obtained in 31 patients. In these cases the treatment was exchanged after 6 weeks. The antihypertensive effect of relatively small doses of clonidine was equal to that of practolol. Since completion of the study practolol has been withdrawn because of the emergence of long term toxic effects. In 12 cases, hydralazine had to be added to obtain a satisfactory response. Mild side-effects were common, especially at the beginning of clonidine treatment, but they did not necessitate discontinuation of treatment. Further comparative studies of clonidine and beta-blockers should be carried out and more experience with the combination of clonidine and vasodilators in the treatment of hypertension is necessary.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension successively with a diuretic, clonidine or a beta-blocking agent and hydralazine. The present study was carried out in an homogenous group of 49 untreated hypertensive patients, all aged 45 years. Diastolic blood pressure was equal to or greater than 110 mmHg in successive measurements; eleven patients were classified as WHO group II, and the others as WHO group I. An initial placebo period of 3 weeks was followed by cyclothiazide medication with a good response in 6 patients. The remaining patients were given either clonidine or practolol, and by adjustment of the dose a good response was obtained in 31 patients. In these cases the treatment was exchanged after 6 weeks. The antihypertensive effect of relatively small doses of clonidine was equal to that of practolol. Since completion of the study practolol has been withdrawn because of the emergence of long term toxic effects. In 12 cases, hydralazine had to be added to obtain a satisfactory response. Mild side-effects were common, especially at the beginning of clonidine treatment, but they did not necessitate discontinuation of treatment. Further comparative studies of clonidine and beta-blockers should be carried out and more experience with the combination of clonidine and vasodilators in the treatment of hypertension is necessary.", "PMID": 590301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3218", "title": "Adverse reactions to practolol in hospitalized patients: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "Adverse reactions to practolol were studied in 198 prospectively monitored hospitalized medical patients. The mean age of the practolol recipients was 57 years; angina and cardiac arrhythmias were the most common indications for therapy. Adverse reactions were attributed to practolol in 20 patients (10%). Fifteen of these twenty reactions involved impairment of cardiac function (bradyarrhythmias, heart block, congestive heart failure, hypotension), and in three instances the reaction was considered life-threatening. Three additional patients had cutaneous reactions attributed to the drug. Adverse reactions to practolol were not dose-related, but toxicity appeared to be more frequent among patients concurrently receiving quinidine. The frequency of cardiovascular complications of propranolol in a similar series of patients was nearly identical. However, no skin reactions were attributed to propranolol. The findings suggest that practolol and propranolol produce unwanted cardiovascular effects with nearly equal frequency among hospitalized patients. Cutaneous reactions to practolol are evident even during short-term use.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to practolol in hospitalized patients: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Adverse reactions to practolol were studied in 198 prospectively monitored hospitalized medical patients. The mean age of the practolol recipients was 57 years; angina and cardiac arrhythmias were the most common indications for therapy. Adverse reactions were attributed to practolol in 20 patients (10%). Fifteen of these twenty reactions involved impairment of cardiac function (bradyarrhythmias, heart block, congestive heart failure, hypotension), and in three instances the reaction was considered life-threatening. Three additional patients had cutaneous reactions attributed to the drug. Adverse reactions to practolol were not dose-related, but toxicity appeared to be more frequent among patients concurrently receiving quinidine. The frequency of cardiovascular complications of propranolol in a similar series of patients was nearly identical. However, no skin reactions were attributed to propranolol. The findings suggest that practolol and propranolol produce unwanted cardiovascular effects with nearly equal frequency among hospitalized patients. Cutaneous reactions to practolol are evident even during short-term use.", "PMID": 590302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3219", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients with renal impairment.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, were determined following both acute and chronic dosing in 33 hypertensive patients with widely differing levels of renal impairment. In patients with normal renal function the atenolol half-life was calculated to be about six hours following single 100  mg oral doses. This value increased markedly in patients with renal insufficiency and the blood clearance of atenolol was found to have a significant correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. This demonstrated the importance of the kidneys in the elimination of the drug. After 8 weeks oral treatment with atenolol (100 mg twice daily) a significant decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity was observed, but no correlation was established between the blood levels of atenolol and any of its pharmacodynamic effects. A positive correlation was found however between the anti-hypertensive action of atenolol and the pretreatment value of the plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients with renal impairment. The pharmacokinetics of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, were determined following both acute and chronic dosing in 33 hypertensive patients with widely differing levels of renal impairment. In patients with normal renal function the atenolol half-life was calculated to be about six hours following single 100  mg oral doses. This value increased markedly in patients with renal insufficiency and the blood clearance of atenolol was found to have a significant correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. This demonstrated the importance of the kidneys in the elimination of the drug. After 8 weeks oral treatment with atenolol (100 mg twice daily) a significant decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity was observed, but no correlation was established between the blood levels of atenolol and any of its pharmacodynamic effects. A positive correlation was found however between the anti-hypertensive action of atenolol and the pretreatment value of the plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 590303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3220", "title": "Intestinal propulsive action of oxetoron.", "content": "In a double blind placebo controlled study of 40 patients, oxetoron was shown significantly to shorten the time required for movement of a small intestinal biopsy capsule up to the angle of Treitz.", "contents": "Intestinal propulsive action of oxetoron. In a double blind placebo controlled study of 40 patients, oxetoron was shown significantly to shorten the time required for movement of a small intestinal biopsy capsule up to the angle of Treitz.", "PMID": 590305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3221", "title": "Human experience of cetiedil, a new vasodilator with anticholinergic properties.", "content": "Cetiedil, a new vasodilating drug with anticholinergic properties, was shown to be metabolised very rapidly in man after intravenous and oral administration of the 14C-compound. Higher concentrations of labelled compound after oral than after intravenous administration at the same sampling time, and proportional differences in urinary excretion, suggest that metabolic handling of the drug differs depending on the route of administration. Experiments in which inhibition of saliva secretion was measured indicated that (an) active metabolite(s) probably was (were) responsible for the action of the drug. As an anticholinergic drug, cetiedil is at least 400 times weaker than atropine.", "contents": "Human experience of cetiedil, a new vasodilator with anticholinergic properties. Cetiedil, a new vasodilating drug with anticholinergic properties, was shown to be metabolised very rapidly in man after intravenous and oral administration of the 14C-compound. Higher concentrations of labelled compound after oral than after intravenous administration at the same sampling time, and proportional differences in urinary excretion, suggest that metabolic handling of the drug differs depending on the route of administration. Experiments in which inhibition of saliva secretion was measured indicated that (an) active metabolite(s) probably was (were) responsible for the action of the drug. As an anticholinergic drug, cetiedil is at least 400 times weaker than atropine.", "PMID": 590306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3222", "title": "Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of prednisolone.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone elimination have been studied in both arthritic patients and normal volunteers using tritiated prednisolone alone, and in conjunction with unlabelled prednisolone in doses of 0.15 mg-kg-1 and 0.3 mg-kg-1 body weight. With increasing dose there is prolongation of the plasma half-life and increase in the volume of distribution and plasma clearance of prednisolone. It is proposed that these changes in pharmacokinetic parameters may be associated with non-linear binding of the steroid to plasma proteins.", "contents": "Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone elimination have been studied in both arthritic patients and normal volunteers using tritiated prednisolone alone, and in conjunction with unlabelled prednisolone in doses of 0.15 mg-kg-1 and 0.3 mg-kg-1 body weight. With increasing dose there is prolongation of the plasma half-life and increase in the volume of distribution and plasma clearance of prednisolone. It is proposed that these changes in pharmacokinetic parameters may be associated with non-linear binding of the steroid to plasma proteins.", "PMID": 590308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3223", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous injection.", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic which is stable to most beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria, was given by bolus intravenous injection to six volunteers in doses of 500 mg and 750 mg. The concentrations of cefuroxime in serum and urine were measured at pre-determined times after injection and the data analysed by a two-compartment open system model. A serum concentration of 8 microgram/ml was exceeded for 100.3 min (+/- 18.3) after a 500 mg dose and for 144.5 min (+/- 19.8) after 750 mg. The ultimate serum half-life was 1.1 h. Excretion of cefuroxime in the urine was almost complete in 24 h, the clearance being 150 ml/min/1.73m2. About 45% was excreted through the renal tubules. The injections were well tolerated and no changes in haematological or biochemical values were seen. The resulting data are compared with those published for some other cephalosporins. It is concluded that the favourable pharmacokinetics, especially the high concentrations of unbound cefuroxime in the serum, are likely to aid effective therapy of human infection caused by sensitive bacteria.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous injection. Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic which is stable to most beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria, was given by bolus intravenous injection to six volunteers in doses of 500 mg and 750 mg. The concentrations of cefuroxime in serum and urine were measured at pre-determined times after injection and the data analysed by a two-compartment open system model. A serum concentration of 8 microgram/ml was exceeded for 100.3 min (+/- 18.3) after a 500 mg dose and for 144.5 min (+/- 19.8) after 750 mg. The ultimate serum half-life was 1.1 h. Excretion of cefuroxime in the urine was almost complete in 24 h, the clearance being 150 ml/min/1.73m2. About 45% was excreted through the renal tubules. The injections were well tolerated and no changes in haematological or biochemical values were seen. The resulting data are compared with those published for some other cephalosporins. It is concluded that the favourable pharmacokinetics, especially the high concentrations of unbound cefuroxime in the serum, are likely to aid effective therapy of human infection caused by sensitive bacteria.", "PMID": 590309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3224", "title": "Dose dependence of the 14C-aminopyrine breath test. Intrasubject comparison of tracer and pharmacological doses.", "content": "Although the aminopyrine breath test has received much attention, the question has not yet been settled whether pharmacological or tracer doses of the drug should be used. Nine volunteers were given 14C-aminopyrine 9 mg/kg or a tracer amount, in a randomized sequence and according to a crossover design. The specific activity of 14CO2 in breath was significantly different only during the first hour. Up to the 8th hour the disappearance of 14CO2 from breath was smaller after the pharmacological (28.5 +/- SD 5.4%/h) than after the tracer dose (36.2 +/- 10.6%/h; p less than 0.05). The over-all disappearance of 14C-atoms from the subjects was significantly slower after the higher dose. In view of the smaller radiation exposure and the decreased risk of agranulocytosis, the use of a tracer dose appears preferable.", "contents": "Dose dependence of the 14C-aminopyrine breath test. Intrasubject comparison of tracer and pharmacological doses. Although the aminopyrine breath test has received much attention, the question has not yet been settled whether pharmacological or tracer doses of the drug should be used. Nine volunteers were given 14C-aminopyrine 9 mg/kg or a tracer amount, in a randomized sequence and according to a crossover design. The specific activity of 14CO2 in breath was significantly different only during the first hour. Up to the 8th hour the disappearance of 14CO2 from breath was smaller after the pharmacological (28.5 +/- SD 5.4%/h) than after the tracer dose (36.2 +/- 10.6%/h; p less than 0.05). The over-all disappearance of 14C-atoms from the subjects was significantly slower after the higher dose. In view of the smaller radiation exposure and the decreased risk of agranulocytosis, the use of a tracer dose appears preferable.", "PMID": 590310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3225", "title": "Improved method for comparative evaluation of aldosterone antagonists in healthy man.", "content": "A method of assessing the qualitative and quantitative activity of competitive aldosterone antagonists in healthy man is described. It requires intravenous infusion of aldosterone (0.5 mg/6 h), iv and oral water loading for six hours and fractionated collection of urine over eight hours. Aldosterone antagonists were administered orally 1.5 h before the start of the infusion (spironolactone 50, 200 or 800 mg) or added to the infused solution (potassium cnarenoate 300, 600 or 1000-1200 mg). The effect was assessed by changes in urinary sodium and potassium excretion and in urinary Na+/K+ ratio. The plasma levels and urinary excretion of canrenone, canrenoate and canrenoate ester glucuronide, respectively, were determined after administration of spironolactone and potassium canrenoate. Between 4-8 h (spironolactone) or 2-8 h (potassium canrenoate) after commencement of the infusion there was linear dose-dependent reversal of the mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention and/or decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio. The plasma levels and urinary excretion of the metabolites measured were also dose-dependent. The method appears suitable for comparison of the potency of aldosterone antagonists and for defining the time course of drug action within the observation period employed.", "contents": "Improved method for comparative evaluation of aldosterone antagonists in healthy man. A method of assessing the qualitative and quantitative activity of competitive aldosterone antagonists in healthy man is described. It requires intravenous infusion of aldosterone (0.5 mg/6 h), iv and oral water loading for six hours and fractionated collection of urine over eight hours. Aldosterone antagonists were administered orally 1.5 h before the start of the infusion (spironolactone 50, 200 or 800 mg) or added to the infused solution (potassium cnarenoate 300, 600 or 1000-1200 mg). The effect was assessed by changes in urinary sodium and potassium excretion and in urinary Na+/K+ ratio. The plasma levels and urinary excretion of canrenone, canrenoate and canrenoate ester glucuronide, respectively, were determined after administration of spironolactone and potassium canrenoate. Between 4-8 h (spironolactone) or 2-8 h (potassium canrenoate) after commencement of the infusion there was linear dose-dependent reversal of the mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention and/or decrease in the Na+/K+ ratio. The plasma levels and urinary excretion of the metabolites measured were also dose-dependent. The method appears suitable for comparison of the potency of aldosterone antagonists and for defining the time course of drug action within the observation period employed.", "PMID": 590311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3226", "title": "The influence of prolonged treatment with D-penicillamine on the immune response in Wilson's disease.", "content": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity were studied in a group of patients with Wilson's disease not previously treated with D-penicillamine, and in a group of patients treated with the drug for more than two years. The previously untreated patients showed an exaggerated humoral immune response, i. e. increased levels of IgG and, IgM, higher titer of antibodies to Kunin's antigen, and depression of cell-mediated immunity, namely a decreased response to DNCB, decreased lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with Con A, PPD, Candida and streptokinase and a reduced response to streptokinase in the MIF test. After treatment the humoral response returned to normal, and in the case of IgA and antibodies to S. typhi O antigen, it even dropped below normal values. The cell-mediated immune response returned to normal with the exception of lymphocyte transformation by PHA and Candida albicans. In in vitro studies it was found that D-penicillamine had no influence on lymphocyte transformation when PHA and Con A were used as mitogens. With PPD as antigen, lymphocyte stimulation and migration inhibition were inhibited by concentrations of penicillamine ranging from 6 to 1000 microgram/ml.", "contents": "The influence of prolonged treatment with D-penicillamine on the immune response in Wilson's disease. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity were studied in a group of patients with Wilson's disease not previously treated with D-penicillamine, and in a group of patients treated with the drug for more than two years. The previously untreated patients showed an exaggerated humoral immune response, i. e. increased levels of IgG and, IgM, higher titer of antibodies to Kunin's antigen, and depression of cell-mediated immunity, namely a decreased response to DNCB, decreased lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with Con A, PPD, Candida and streptokinase and a reduced response to streptokinase in the MIF test. After treatment the humoral response returned to normal, and in the case of IgA and antibodies to S. typhi O antigen, it even dropped below normal values. The cell-mediated immune response returned to normal with the exception of lymphocyte transformation by PHA and Candida albicans. In in vitro studies it was found that D-penicillamine had no influence on lymphocyte transformation when PHA and Con A were used as mitogens. With PPD as antigen, lymphocyte stimulation and migration inhibition were inhibited by concentrations of penicillamine ranging from 6 to 1000 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 590312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3227", "title": "Effect of lidocaine on the absorption, disposition and tolerance of intramuscularly administered cefoxitin.", "content": "The use of lidocaine HCL solution at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% to reconstitute sodium cefoxitin relieves the pain associated with intramuscular injections of the antibiotic. Cefoxitin absorption by the intramuscular route is initially rapid and is virtually complete. Peak serum concentrations, corresponding to about one-half those of a comparable intravenous infusion, are achieved in 30 min. Continuing absorption tends to maintain higher serum concentrations for longer times. Renal clearance and serum half-life of cefoxitin do not appear to be affected by lidocaine at its effective anaesthetic concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of lidocaine on the absorption, disposition and tolerance of intramuscularly administered cefoxitin. The use of lidocaine HCL solution at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% to reconstitute sodium cefoxitin relieves the pain associated with intramuscular injections of the antibiotic. Cefoxitin absorption by the intramuscular route is initially rapid and is virtually complete. Peak serum concentrations, corresponding to about one-half those of a comparable intravenous infusion, are achieved in 30 min. Continuing absorption tends to maintain higher serum concentrations for longer times. Renal clearance and serum half-life of cefoxitin do not appear to be affected by lidocaine at its effective anaesthetic concentrations.", "PMID": 590313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3228", "title": "Influence of nutritional status on plasma levels and relative bioavailability of tetracycline.", "content": "Relative bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose and Cmin levels of tetracycline in plasma after multiple doses were determined in groups of well-nourished and under-nourished subjects. The relative bioavailability of tetracycline, assessed by the area under serum concentration time-curves, did not differ in under-nourished and well-nourished patients. The plasma levels were not different in the two groups after the conventional dose of tetracycline HCL 250 mg at 6 hour intervals. However, in these studies under-nourished subjects received a higher dose per kg body weight, which could have compensated for any effect of a shortened half life of the drug. When the dose per kg body weight was reduced, the Cmin levels were lower. On the other hand, with the same dose per kg body weight at more frequent intervals, the plasma concentrations were similar to those in well-nourished subjects. These studies indicate that the dosage regimen should be based both on body weight and on the nutritional status of the individual.", "contents": "Influence of nutritional status on plasma levels and relative bioavailability of tetracycline. Relative bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose and Cmin levels of tetracycline in plasma after multiple doses were determined in groups of well-nourished and under-nourished subjects. The relative bioavailability of tetracycline, assessed by the area under serum concentration time-curves, did not differ in under-nourished and well-nourished patients. The plasma levels were not different in the two groups after the conventional dose of tetracycline HCL 250 mg at 6 hour intervals. However, in these studies under-nourished subjects received a higher dose per kg body weight, which could have compensated for any effect of a shortened half life of the drug. When the dose per kg body weight was reduced, the Cmin levels were lower. On the other hand, with the same dose per kg body weight at more frequent intervals, the plasma concentrations were similar to those in well-nourished subjects. These studies indicate that the dosage regimen should be based both on body weight and on the nutritional status of the individual.", "PMID": 590314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3229", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in childhood.", "content": "In 14 neonates 1-4 weeks old, 30 babies aged 1-12 months, and 7 infants of 1-5 years of age, the serum levels of phenobarbital were determined by a gas chromatographic micro-method after intravenous injection of phenobarbital 5-10 mg per kg body weight. It was possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters using a two compartment open model. The distribution volumes within the individual age groups and the rate constants k12 and k21 showed no significant differences, but the elimination half-life was significantly longer in neonates (118.6+/-16.1h) than in babies (62.9+/-5.2h) or infants (68.5+/-3.2h).", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in childhood. In 14 neonates 1-4 weeks old, 30 babies aged 1-12 months, and 7 infants of 1-5 years of age, the serum levels of phenobarbital were determined by a gas chromatographic micro-method after intravenous injection of phenobarbital 5-10 mg per kg body weight. It was possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters using a two compartment open model. The distribution volumes within the individual age groups and the rate constants k12 and k21 showed no significant differences, but the elimination half-life was significantly longer in neonates (118.6+/-16.1h) than in babies (62.9+/-5.2h) or infants (68.5+/-3.2h).", "PMID": 590316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3230", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in man after single and multiple oral doses.", "content": "The doses of fluoride (F) recommended in the literature for caries prevention and for the treatment of osteoporosis vary. This partly reflects inadequate knowledge of F pharmacokinetics. In the present study various single and multiple oral doses of F were given to eight volunteers, who had a strictly controlled F intake in the diet. The resulting plasma and parotid saliva concentrations as well as urinary output of F were measured. The plasma data fitted a two-compartment open model with a beta-slope half-life ranging between 2 and 9 h. Plasma clearance was 0.15+/-0.02 (SD) liter/kg/h. Data from the highest dose (10 mg) were fitted to both two- and three-compartment models, and there was no significant difference between them. Multiple doses of F 3.0 Or 4.5 mg yielded steady state concentrations ranging from 54 to 145 ng/ml. About 50 per cent of the given dose was recovered in the urine, which is indicative of considerable accumulation in the body. The saliva F/plasma F concentration ratio was 0.64 with a coefficient of variation of 5%.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in man after single and multiple oral doses. The doses of fluoride (F) recommended in the literature for caries prevention and for the treatment of osteoporosis vary. This partly reflects inadequate knowledge of F pharmacokinetics. In the present study various single and multiple oral doses of F were given to eight volunteers, who had a strictly controlled F intake in the diet. The resulting plasma and parotid saliva concentrations as well as urinary output of F were measured. The plasma data fitted a two-compartment open model with a beta-slope half-life ranging between 2 and 9 h. Plasma clearance was 0.15+/-0.02 (SD) liter/kg/h. Data from the highest dose (10 mg) were fitted to both two- and three-compartment models, and there was no significant difference between them. Multiple doses of F 3.0 Or 4.5 mg yielded steady state concentrations ranging from 54 to 145 ng/ml. About 50 per cent of the given dose was recovered in the urine, which is indicative of considerable accumulation in the body. The saliva F/plasma F concentration ratio was 0.64 with a coefficient of variation of 5%.", "PMID": 590317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3231", "title": "Immunological properties of two related fragments from human and equine growth hormones.", "content": "The immunological properties of a synthetic human growth hormone fragment comprising the amino acids 73 through 128 and of the homologous natural horse growth fragment formed by amino acids 73 through 123, have been comparatively studied. Antisera obtained in rabbits inoculated with the native human hormone or with the fragments, were used. By hemagglutination experiments both fragments have the same reactivity toward the anti-human growth hormone serum, but complement fixation curves detect the existence of at least two populations of antibodies presumably originated against the sequence 73-128 of human growth hormone. Of these, only one of the corresponding antigenic areas is present in the homologous region of equine growth hormone. The known cross-reactivity detected between both hormones is thus partially explained.", "contents": "Immunological properties of two related fragments from human and equine growth hormones. The immunological properties of a synthetic human growth hormone fragment comprising the amino acids 73 through 128 and of the homologous natural horse growth fragment formed by amino acids 73 through 123, have been comparatively studied. Antisera obtained in rabbits inoculated with the native human hormone or with the fragments, were used. By hemagglutination experiments both fragments have the same reactivity toward the anti-human growth hormone serum, but complement fixation curves detect the existence of at least two populations of antibodies presumably originated against the sequence 73-128 of human growth hormone. Of these, only one of the corresponding antigenic areas is present in the homologous region of equine growth hormone. The known cross-reactivity detected between both hormones is thus partially explained.", "PMID": 590319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3232", "title": "Identification of the effector cells in human blood displaying spontaneous cytotoxicity to chicken erythrocytes.", "content": "By combining velocity and linear density fractionations as well as target cell rosetting techniques we have isolated and morphologically identified the human effector cell type responsible for spontaneous, trypsin-augmentable cytotoxicity against chicken red cells and human myeloma cell line targets. This cell is a large lymphoid cell with strong alpha-naphthyl esterase activity concentrated in a limited area in the cytoplasm usually at the indentation site of a slightly reniform nucleus. Cells with this morphology also formed plaques on chicken erythrocyte monolayers. The cell is nonphagocytic and nonadherent, it carries Fc receptors but no complement receptors on its surface, and shows a weak affinity to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The frequency of these cells based on morphological analysis is 3 x 10(4)--6 x 10(4)/ml in normal human blood. This cell shows similarities (surface Ig-, Fc+, C3-) with the human natural killer (NK) cells lytic to hematopoetic target cell lines but differs in that the cytotoxicity is augmentable by trypsin and the affinity to SRBC is lower. Therefore, we postulate that these two killer populations represent different subpopulations of human NK cells.", "contents": "Identification of the effector cells in human blood displaying spontaneous cytotoxicity to chicken erythrocytes. By combining velocity and linear density fractionations as well as target cell rosetting techniques we have isolated and morphologically identified the human effector cell type responsible for spontaneous, trypsin-augmentable cytotoxicity against chicken red cells and human myeloma cell line targets. This cell is a large lymphoid cell with strong alpha-naphthyl esterase activity concentrated in a limited area in the cytoplasm usually at the indentation site of a slightly reniform nucleus. Cells with this morphology also formed plaques on chicken erythrocyte monolayers. The cell is nonphagocytic and nonadherent, it carries Fc receptors but no complement receptors on its surface, and shows a weak affinity to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The frequency of these cells based on morphological analysis is 3 x 10(4)--6 x 10(4)/ml in normal human blood. This cell shows similarities (surface Ig-, Fc+, C3-) with the human natural killer (NK) cells lytic to hematopoetic target cell lines but differs in that the cytotoxicity is augmentable by trypsin and the affinity to SRBC is lower. Therefore, we postulate that these two killer populations represent different subpopulations of human NK cells.", "PMID": 590320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3233", "title": "Autoagglutinin produced by organ fragment cultures of mouse spleen.", "content": "Mouse spleen fragment microcultures produced a heat-labile substance which agglutinated syngeneic erythrocytes. The substance reacted with an antigen present on some strains of mouse erythrocytes and on rat erythrocytes, but absent from other strains of mouse erythrocytes and from guinea pig, rabbit or sheep erythrocytes. Agglutination was inhibited by antisera to mouse immunoglobulins except for antisera specific to mouse IgM which enhanced agglutination. The agglutinin sedimented with 19 S Ig on ultracentrifugation and was destroyed by pretreatment with mercaptoethanol. Using a rosette assay increased numbers of cells, specifically binding syngeneic erythrocytes by means of a surface Ig receptor were demonstrated in spleen fragment microcultures. It is considered that the agglutinin is a noncomplement-activating IgM autoantibody and that the precursors of the cells producing the autoantibody are detected by the rosette assay.", "contents": "Autoagglutinin produced by organ fragment cultures of mouse spleen. Mouse spleen fragment microcultures produced a heat-labile substance which agglutinated syngeneic erythrocytes. The substance reacted with an antigen present on some strains of mouse erythrocytes and on rat erythrocytes, but absent from other strains of mouse erythrocytes and from guinea pig, rabbit or sheep erythrocytes. Agglutination was inhibited by antisera to mouse immunoglobulins except for antisera specific to mouse IgM which enhanced agglutination. The agglutinin sedimented with 19 S Ig on ultracentrifugation and was destroyed by pretreatment with mercaptoethanol. Using a rosette assay increased numbers of cells, specifically binding syngeneic erythrocytes by means of a surface Ig receptor were demonstrated in spleen fragment microcultures. It is considered that the agglutinin is a noncomplement-activating IgM autoantibody and that the precursors of the cells producing the autoantibody are detected by the rosette assay.", "PMID": 590321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3234", "title": "Natriuretic and phosphaturic response to diuretics after parathyroidectomy in dogs.", "content": "Intact and acutely parathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs were studied during hydropenia, volume expansion (VE), volume expansion plus ethacrynic acid (EA), and volume expansion plus acetazolamide (AZ). In intact dogs, VE produced marked increases in both Na+ and phosphate (Pi) excretion; in TPTX dogs, Na+ excretion increased but phosphaturia was minimal. Addition of EA increased Na+ but not Pi excretion in both groups. Discontinuing EA and substituting AZ in intact dogs produced a marked increase in Pi excretion compared to both VE and VE + EA. In TPTX dogs, AZ failed to increase Pi excretion compared to VE alone. The results suggest that increased distal Pi absorption in acutely TPTX dogs is not associated with NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle or may occur at an alternative nephron site. Furthermore, the increased distal Pi reabsorptive capacity revealed by TPTX can overcome the increased distal Pi delivery produced by the superimposition of AZ on VE.", "contents": "Natriuretic and phosphaturic response to diuretics after parathyroidectomy in dogs. Intact and acutely parathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs were studied during hydropenia, volume expansion (VE), volume expansion plus ethacrynic acid (EA), and volume expansion plus acetazolamide (AZ). In intact dogs, VE produced marked increases in both Na+ and phosphate (Pi) excretion; in TPTX dogs, Na+ excretion increased but phosphaturia was minimal. Addition of EA increased Na+ but not Pi excretion in both groups. Discontinuing EA and substituting AZ in intact dogs produced a marked increase in Pi excretion compared to both VE and VE + EA. In TPTX dogs, AZ failed to increase Pi excretion compared to VE alone. The results suggest that increased distal Pi absorption in acutely TPTX dogs is not associated with NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle or may occur at an alternative nephron site. Furthermore, the increased distal Pi reabsorptive capacity revealed by TPTX can overcome the increased distal Pi delivery produced by the superimposition of AZ on VE.", "PMID": 590323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3235", "title": "An evaluation of the coronary constriction following propranolol.", "content": "This study attempts to determine whether a direct coronary vasoconstriction follows beta blockade with propranolol. Coronary blood flow was varied with the aid of a pump. When myocardial contractile force was plotted as a function of coronary blood flow a characteristic biphasic curve resulted. Autoperfusion without the pump resulted in a flow rate which fell on the knee of that curve. Any direct vasomotion therefore should shift that autoperfused flow rate off of that knee. When propranolol was given intravenously at 0.5 mg/kg a new contractile force--flow curve resulted but the autoperfused coronary blood flow remained at the knee of the curve. Since these data indicate that coronary flow fell precisely in proportion to myocardial metabolism it is concluded that all coronary vasoconstriction following propranolol is secondary to changes in metabolism.", "contents": "An evaluation of the coronary constriction following propranolol. This study attempts to determine whether a direct coronary vasoconstriction follows beta blockade with propranolol. Coronary blood flow was varied with the aid of a pump. When myocardial contractile force was plotted as a function of coronary blood flow a characteristic biphasic curve resulted. Autoperfusion without the pump resulted in a flow rate which fell on the knee of that curve. Any direct vasomotion therefore should shift that autoperfused flow rate off of that knee. When propranolol was given intravenously at 0.5 mg/kg a new contractile force--flow curve resulted but the autoperfused coronary blood flow remained at the knee of the curve. Since these data indicate that coronary flow fell precisely in proportion to myocardial metabolism it is concluded that all coronary vasoconstriction following propranolol is secondary to changes in metabolism.", "PMID": 590324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3236", "title": "Effect of prolonged treatment with adrenergic neuron blocking drugs on sympathoadrenal reactivity in rats.", "content": "The effects of repeated high doses of the adrenergic neuron blocking drug guanethidine or a hexahydropyrazinoindole compound (2-guanyl-1,2,3,10,10a, hexahydro-1,2,a-pyrazinoindole, EMD 21192) (30 mg/kg i.p., 21.5 mg/kg i.p. respectively, equimolar doses) on sympathoadrenal activity were investigated in normotensive adult rats. During treatment for 5 weeks with either guanethidine or EMD 21192 the systemic blood pressure fell steadily. Noradrenaline content in the heart and vas deferens were decreased markedly by guanethidine and to a much less degree by EMD 21192. EMD 21192 markedly lowers the catecholamine content of the adrenal medulla, presumably as a result of inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The plasma catecholamine concentrations reflected the different sites of action of the drugs in the sympathoadrenal system, i.e. guanethidine mainly reduced circulating norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by more than 50%, whereas EMD 21192 decreased considerably by the total catecholamines (mainly epinephrine) without altering significantly in the plasma norepinephrine. Disappearance or reduction of fluorescent nerve endings in the iris and the heart and a decrease of the intensity of fluorescence in chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland caused by the drugs were consistent with the biochemical alteration. Whereas the repeated doses of guanethidine caused degeneration of sympathetic nerves, destruction of adrenergic neurons was not found after prolonged treatment with EMD 21192.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged treatment with adrenergic neuron blocking drugs on sympathoadrenal reactivity in rats. The effects of repeated high doses of the adrenergic neuron blocking drug guanethidine or a hexahydropyrazinoindole compound (2-guanyl-1,2,3,10,10a, hexahydro-1,2,a-pyrazinoindole, EMD 21192) (30 mg/kg i.p., 21.5 mg/kg i.p. respectively, equimolar doses) on sympathoadrenal activity were investigated in normotensive adult rats. During treatment for 5 weeks with either guanethidine or EMD 21192 the systemic blood pressure fell steadily. Noradrenaline content in the heart and vas deferens were decreased markedly by guanethidine and to a much less degree by EMD 21192. EMD 21192 markedly lowers the catecholamine content of the adrenal medulla, presumably as a result of inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The plasma catecholamine concentrations reflected the different sites of action of the drugs in the sympathoadrenal system, i.e. guanethidine mainly reduced circulating norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by more than 50%, whereas EMD 21192 decreased considerably by the total catecholamines (mainly epinephrine) without altering significantly in the plasma norepinephrine. Disappearance or reduction of fluorescent nerve endings in the iris and the heart and a decrease of the intensity of fluorescence in chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland caused by the drugs were consistent with the biochemical alteration. Whereas the repeated doses of guanethidine caused degeneration of sympathetic nerves, destruction of adrenergic neurons was not found after prolonged treatment with EMD 21192.", "PMID": 590325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3237", "title": "3H-metaraminol releasing action of mescaline from rat hypothalamus in vitro.", "content": "The amine releasing action of mescaline was investigated in rat isolated hypothalamus labeled with 3H-metaraminol. Mescaline had no effect on the uptake of 3H-metaraminol but produced its release in a concentration-related manner. 4 x 10(-4) M mescaline, which produced submaximal effects was used for subsequent experiments. 3 x 10(-5) M cocaine had no effect on the 3H-metaraminol releasing action of mescaline. Mescaline was fully effective in Ca2+-free medium while 6 x 10(-2) M KCl was ineffective. 3 x 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin or 6 x 10(-5) M lidocaine partially blocked mescaline-induced release but substantially or completely blocked 3 x 10(-2) M KCl-induced release. Prior exposure of hypothalamus to 3 x 10(-4) M tyramine reduced the releasing action of mescaline. Thus, mescaline appears to release 3H-metaraminol both by Ca2+-independent (tyramine-like) and Ca2+-dependent (lidocaine-sensitive) mechanisms. 3 x 10(-4) M tyramine and 6 x 10(-2) M KCl released 14C from control hypothalamus labelled with 14C-mescaline, but not from reserpinized hypothalamus. The amounts of 14C recovered in 14C-mescaline labeled control and reserpinized hypothalamus at the end of 50 min of efflux were similar suggesting a poor retention of 14C-mescaline by storage particles.", "contents": "3H-metaraminol releasing action of mescaline from rat hypothalamus in vitro. The amine releasing action of mescaline was investigated in rat isolated hypothalamus labeled with 3H-metaraminol. Mescaline had no effect on the uptake of 3H-metaraminol but produced its release in a concentration-related manner. 4 x 10(-4) M mescaline, which produced submaximal effects was used for subsequent experiments. 3 x 10(-5) M cocaine had no effect on the 3H-metaraminol releasing action of mescaline. Mescaline was fully effective in Ca2+-free medium while 6 x 10(-2) M KCl was ineffective. 3 x 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin or 6 x 10(-5) M lidocaine partially blocked mescaline-induced release but substantially or completely blocked 3 x 10(-2) M KCl-induced release. Prior exposure of hypothalamus to 3 x 10(-4) M tyramine reduced the releasing action of mescaline. Thus, mescaline appears to release 3H-metaraminol both by Ca2+-independent (tyramine-like) and Ca2+-dependent (lidocaine-sensitive) mechanisms. 3 x 10(-4) M tyramine and 6 x 10(-2) M KCl released 14C from control hypothalamus labelled with 14C-mescaline, but not from reserpinized hypothalamus. The amounts of 14C recovered in 14C-mescaline labeled control and reserpinized hypothalamus at the end of 50 min of efflux were similar suggesting a poor retention of 14C-mescaline by storage particles.", "PMID": 590326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3238", "title": "Inability of naloxone to change brain morphine levels in tolerant mice.", "content": "The effect of naloxone on brain morphine concentrations was measured in naive and morphine-dependent mice using radioimmunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography. No displacement of morphine from the brain by naloxone could be observed in naive mice acutely injected with morphine or in pellet-implanted mice at increasing intervals after removal of the morphine pellets. The suggestion of a change in affinity of opiate receptors during the development of tolerance/dependence, which had been made on the basis of the displacement of morphine by naloxone found by other workers, is thus not supported by the present results.", "contents": "Inability of naloxone to change brain morphine levels in tolerant mice. The effect of naloxone on brain morphine concentrations was measured in naive and morphine-dependent mice using radioimmunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography. No displacement of morphine from the brain by naloxone could be observed in naive mice acutely injected with morphine or in pellet-implanted mice at increasing intervals after removal of the morphine pellets. The suggestion of a change in affinity of opiate receptors during the development of tolerance/dependence, which had been made on the basis of the displacement of morphine by naloxone found by other workers, is thus not supported by the present results.", "PMID": 590327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3239", "title": "Direct or indirect action of histamine on dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum?", "content": "Intraventricular administration of 500 microgram of 2-pyridylethylamine, an agonist of the histamine (Hi) H1-receptor, produced a 20% increase of striatal HVA in the rat while the Hi H2-receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine had no influence on HVA and DOPAC levels. L-Histidine (1.5 g/kg) or amodiaquine (60 mg/kg) given i.p. increased HVA and DOPAC levels to the same extent as did pyridylethylamine. Histidine combined with tremorine had an additive effect with respect to the increase of DA acidic metabolites while mepyramine slightly attenuated the tremorine-induced rise of HVA.", "contents": "Direct or indirect action of histamine on dopamine metabolism in the rat striatum? Intraventricular administration of 500 microgram of 2-pyridylethylamine, an agonist of the histamine (Hi) H1-receptor, produced a 20% increase of striatal HVA in the rat while the Hi H2-receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine had no influence on HVA and DOPAC levels. L-Histidine (1.5 g/kg) or amodiaquine (60 mg/kg) given i.p. increased HVA and DOPAC levels to the same extent as did pyridylethylamine. Histidine combined with tremorine had an additive effect with respect to the increase of DA acidic metabolites while mepyramine slightly attenuated the tremorine-induced rise of HVA.", "PMID": 590328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3240", "title": "Increased dopamine release from rat striatal slices by inhibitors of GABA-aminotransferase.", "content": "The effects were examined of two inhibitors of GABA-aminotransferase, amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and RMI-71645-16, on depolarization-induced (30 mM K+) dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices. When added to the medium, these drugs increased the release of radiolabeled DA, either accumulated by high-affinity uptake or synthesized from 14C-tyrosine. AOAA did not modify the release of 14C-acetylcholine from striatal slices or 3H-noradrenaline from cortical slices. Moreover, 3H-DA release from substantia nigra was not affected. The data suggest the possibility that the effects of GABA-T inhibitors on striatal DA release are mediated by intrinsic GABA-ergic neurons.", "contents": "Increased dopamine release from rat striatal slices by inhibitors of GABA-aminotransferase. The effects were examined of two inhibitors of GABA-aminotransferase, amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and RMI-71645-16, on depolarization-induced (30 mM K+) dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices. When added to the medium, these drugs increased the release of radiolabeled DA, either accumulated by high-affinity uptake or synthesized from 14C-tyrosine. AOAA did not modify the release of 14C-acetylcholine from striatal slices or 3H-noradrenaline from cortical slices. Moreover, 3H-DA release from substantia nigra was not affected. The data suggest the possibility that the effects of GABA-T inhibitors on striatal DA release are mediated by intrinsic GABA-ergic neurons.", "PMID": 590329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3241", "title": "Biphasic nature of the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on body temperature and brain amines of the rat.", "content": "The effects of i.v. injected delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on behaviour, body temperature and levels of brain monoamines, measured spectrophotofluorimetrically, of the rat were determined. Doses of delta9-THC in the range of 0.05--5.0 mg/kg produced biphasic changes in behaviour, body temperature and levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The whole brain levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were not altered by delta9-THC. The subjective behavioural biphasic responses did not appear to be dose related, whereas the biphasic changes in body temperature and brain levels of 5-HIAA were dose-related. Low doses of delta9-THC (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) caused hyperthermia, while doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg induced hypothermia. On the other hand, 0.05 mg/kg delta9-THC significantly reduced, whereas doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg significantly increased the 5-HIAA levels in a dose-related manner. It is concluded that an inverse relationship exists between delta9-THC-induced changes in body temperature and alterations in brain 5-HIAA levels.", "contents": "Biphasic nature of the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on body temperature and brain amines of the rat. The effects of i.v. injected delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on behaviour, body temperature and levels of brain monoamines, measured spectrophotofluorimetrically, of the rat were determined. Doses of delta9-THC in the range of 0.05--5.0 mg/kg produced biphasic changes in behaviour, body temperature and levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The whole brain levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were not altered by delta9-THC. The subjective behavioural biphasic responses did not appear to be dose related, whereas the biphasic changes in body temperature and brain levels of 5-HIAA were dose-related. Low doses of delta9-THC (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) caused hyperthermia, while doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg induced hypothermia. On the other hand, 0.05 mg/kg delta9-THC significantly reduced, whereas doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg significantly increased the 5-HIAA levels in a dose-related manner. It is concluded that an inverse relationship exists between delta9-THC-induced changes in body temperature and alterations in brain 5-HIAA levels.", "PMID": 590330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3242", "title": "The interaction between noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the isolated perfused rat hindlimb.", "content": "The vascular response to bolus injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) over the range 0.01-10.0 microgram was measured in isolated perfused rat hindlimbs. The hindlimb vasculature displayed a vasoconstrictor response to 5HT, which was potentiated by the addition of 0.01 microgram/ml noradrenaline (NA) to the perfusate at all doses tested. The response to 5HT was also enhanced by the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, tranylcypromine (0.05 mg/ml), suggesting that MAO located in the vascular wall is involved in the termination of the response to 5HT in the peripheral circulation. MAO inhibition abolishes the potentiation of 5HT by NA, indicating that this potentiation results from competition for MAO by both amines, leaving more amine intact to activate membrane receptors. Corticosterone (0.01 mg/ml), catecholamine extraneuronal uptake inhibitor, did not alter the response to 5HT, nor the increase of this response by NA, it thus appears that 5HT and NA have different membrane transport systems in the peripheral vasculature.", "contents": "The interaction between noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the isolated perfused rat hindlimb. The vascular response to bolus injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) over the range 0.01-10.0 microgram was measured in isolated perfused rat hindlimbs. The hindlimb vasculature displayed a vasoconstrictor response to 5HT, which was potentiated by the addition of 0.01 microgram/ml noradrenaline (NA) to the perfusate at all doses tested. The response to 5HT was also enhanced by the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, tranylcypromine (0.05 mg/ml), suggesting that MAO located in the vascular wall is involved in the termination of the response to 5HT in the peripheral circulation. MAO inhibition abolishes the potentiation of 5HT by NA, indicating that this potentiation results from competition for MAO by both amines, leaving more amine intact to activate membrane receptors. Corticosterone (0.01 mg/ml), catecholamine extraneuronal uptake inhibitor, did not alter the response to 5HT, nor the increase of this response by NA, it thus appears that 5HT and NA have different membrane transport systems in the peripheral vasculature.", "PMID": 590332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3243", "title": "Adrenergic regulation of the plasma levels of purine metabolites in the rat.", "content": "The effects of i.v. infusions of catecholamines on the plasma levels of uric acid and allantoin were investigated in the conscious rat. Isoproterenol and epinephrine, in this decreasing order of potency, remarkably elevated both uric and allantoin levels. Norepinephrine did not affect these purine metabolite levels. These effects of isoproterenol and epinephrine were completely abolished by propranolol. Phentolamine, on the contrary, slightly potentiated the effects of epinephrine. In contrast to i.v. fusion, s.c. injection of epinephrine had no effect, but, after prior treatment of animals with phentolamine, elicited striking increases in the plasma purine metabolite levels. Catecholamines thus caused hyperuricemia with a rise in plasma allantoin, both effects being mediated via beta-adrenoceptors and alpha-adrenergic mechanism sometimes functions in such a manner as to mask or inhibit this beta-mediated response.", "contents": "Adrenergic regulation of the plasma levels of purine metabolites in the rat. The effects of i.v. infusions of catecholamines on the plasma levels of uric acid and allantoin were investigated in the conscious rat. Isoproterenol and epinephrine, in this decreasing order of potency, remarkably elevated both uric and allantoin levels. Norepinephrine did not affect these purine metabolite levels. These effects of isoproterenol and epinephrine were completely abolished by propranolol. Phentolamine, on the contrary, slightly potentiated the effects of epinephrine. In contrast to i.v. fusion, s.c. injection of epinephrine had no effect, but, after prior treatment of animals with phentolamine, elicited striking increases in the plasma purine metabolite levels. Catecholamines thus caused hyperuricemia with a rise in plasma allantoin, both effects being mediated via beta-adrenoceptors and alpha-adrenergic mechanism sometimes functions in such a manner as to mask or inhibit this beta-mediated response.", "PMID": 590333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3244", "title": "Biphasic effects of amphetamine on striatal dopamine dynamics.", "content": "S(+)-Amphetamine (AMPH) was administered to rats over the dose range 0.15-10.0 mg/kg (1.74(3)mumoles/kg) at various times before sacrifice. 15 min before sacrifice rats received an intraventricular injection of 3H-tyrosine, and the accumulation of striatal 3H-dopamine (DA) was assessed as an index of striatal DA formation and utilization. 3H-DA formation exhibited a biphasic dose response to AMPH. At 16 and 31 min after AMPH administration, 3H-DA accumulation increased linearly in response to AMPH to a maximal rate of 200% of control values at 1.0 mg/kg, then declined to less than 50% of control values at AMPH doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. As a function of time, low doses of AMPH (to 2.0 mg/kg)) only increased 3H-DA accumulation, whereas high doses of AMPH (greater than 2.5 mg/kg) only decreased 3H-DA accumulation. All doses of AMPH increased endogenous levels of striatal DA. The data are discussed in terms of compensatory adaptive mechanisms of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.", "contents": "Biphasic effects of amphetamine on striatal dopamine dynamics. S(+)-Amphetamine (AMPH) was administered to rats over the dose range 0.15-10.0 mg/kg (1.74(3)mumoles/kg) at various times before sacrifice. 15 min before sacrifice rats received an intraventricular injection of 3H-tyrosine, and the accumulation of striatal 3H-dopamine (DA) was assessed as an index of striatal DA formation and utilization. 3H-DA formation exhibited a biphasic dose response to AMPH. At 16 and 31 min after AMPH administration, 3H-DA accumulation increased linearly in response to AMPH to a maximal rate of 200% of control values at 1.0 mg/kg, then declined to less than 50% of control values at AMPH doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. As a function of time, low doses of AMPH (to 2.0 mg/kg)) only increased 3H-DA accumulation, whereas high doses of AMPH (greater than 2.5 mg/kg) only decreased 3H-DA accumulation. All doses of AMPH increased endogenous levels of striatal DA. The data are discussed in terms of compensatory adaptive mechanisms of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.", "PMID": 590334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3245", "title": "Evidence for an inhibitory action of methyldopa on spinal sympathetic reflexes.", "content": "The antihypertensive activity of methyldopa is mediated primarily by effects on the central nervous system. A number of centrally acting hypotensive substances has recently been shown to depress spinal pathways and reflexes as well as inhibiting supraspinal areas. The present series of experiments evaluated the potential influence of methyldopa on spinal mechanisms. Stimulation of an intercostal nerve evoked a two-component response (early and late) in the splanchnic nerve of anesthetized cats. The \"late\" phase involves supraspinal neurons, whereas, the \"early\" component involves only spinal pathways. The i.v. administration of 100 mg/kg of methyldopa reduced systemic blood pressure and both components of the evoked potential progressively. These experiments indicate that methyldopa exerts an effect of spinal sympathetic mechanisms which may contribute to the antihypertensive response to the compound.", "contents": "Evidence for an inhibitory action of methyldopa on spinal sympathetic reflexes. The antihypertensive activity of methyldopa is mediated primarily by effects on the central nervous system. A number of centrally acting hypotensive substances has recently been shown to depress spinal pathways and reflexes as well as inhibiting supraspinal areas. The present series of experiments evaluated the potential influence of methyldopa on spinal mechanisms. Stimulation of an intercostal nerve evoked a two-component response (early and late) in the splanchnic nerve of anesthetized cats. The \"late\" phase involves supraspinal neurons, whereas, the \"early\" component involves only spinal pathways. The i.v. administration of 100 mg/kg of methyldopa reduced systemic blood pressure and both components of the evoked potential progressively. These experiments indicate that methyldopa exerts an effect of spinal sympathetic mechanisms which may contribute to the antihypertensive response to the compound.", "PMID": 590335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3246", "title": "Effect of pancuronium bromide on the adrenergic reactivity of the isolated rat vas deferens.", "content": "Pancuronium bromide (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) failed to produce contraction of the isolated rat vas deferens. Also, no contractions were seen when the animals were pretreated with an MAO inhibitor (iproniazid 80 mg/kg, p.o.). On the other hand, pancuronium bromide (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) produced 1.62- to 2.65-fold increases in the sensitivity of the vas deferens to noradrenaline. This rules out an indirect adrenergic effect in this preparation and suggests an inhibitory effect on catecholamine uptake.", "contents": "Effect of pancuronium bromide on the adrenergic reactivity of the isolated rat vas deferens. Pancuronium bromide (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) failed to produce contraction of the isolated rat vas deferens. Also, no contractions were seen when the animals were pretreated with an MAO inhibitor (iproniazid 80 mg/kg, p.o.). On the other hand, pancuronium bromide (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) produced 1.62- to 2.65-fold increases in the sensitivity of the vas deferens to noradrenaline. This rules out an indirect adrenergic effect in this preparation and suggests an inhibitory effect on catecholamine uptake.", "PMID": 590336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3247", "title": "Conversion between configurational states of the muscarinic receptor in rat brain.", "content": "Reductive alkylation of neural membranes by N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) converts muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from a state of low to high affinity for receptor agonists. Interactions of muscarinic antagonists with the receptor are unaffected by this treatment. Muscarinic receptors from the rat telencephalon in the high agonist affinity state are increased from 34.2 to 53.4% of the total receptor population and the Ki for carbamylcholine inhibition of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate binding is decreased from 1.2 X 10(-4) to 6.9 X 10(-5) M by NEM treatment.", "contents": "Conversion between configurational states of the muscarinic receptor in rat brain. Reductive alkylation of neural membranes by N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) converts muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from a state of low to high affinity for receptor agonists. Interactions of muscarinic antagonists with the receptor are unaffected by this treatment. Muscarinic receptors from the rat telencephalon in the high agonist affinity state are increased from 34.2 to 53.4% of the total receptor population and the Ki for carbamylcholine inhibition of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate binding is decreased from 1.2 X 10(-4) to 6.9 X 10(-5) M by NEM treatment.", "PMID": 590337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3248", "title": "Involvement of central GABA receptors in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular (i.c.c.) injections of muscimol (0.03-3 microgram/kg) and GABA (30-1000 microgram/kg) caused dose-related reductions in blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats whereas glycine (30-3000 microgram/kg) was much less effective. I.v. administration of muscimol or GABA had little or no effect. Renal sympathetic nerve discharge was also reduced by central GABA receptor stimulation. The effects of both muscimol and GABA were reversed by either picrotoxin or bicuculline administered intravenously. The results suggest an important role for GABA receptors in the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate.", "contents": "Involvement of central GABA receptors in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.c.) injections of muscimol (0.03-3 microgram/kg) and GABA (30-1000 microgram/kg) caused dose-related reductions in blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized cats whereas glycine (30-3000 microgram/kg) was much less effective. I.v. administration of muscimol or GABA had little or no effect. Renal sympathetic nerve discharge was also reduced by central GABA receptor stimulation. The effects of both muscimol and GABA were reversed by either picrotoxin or bicuculline administered intravenously. The results suggest an important role for GABA receptors in the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate.", "PMID": 590338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3249", "title": "An effect of beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) on alpha-motoneurones of cat spinal cord.", "content": "Actions of beta-MSH and of melatonin on the recovery cycle of single spinal neurones were studied in the decerebrate-spinal cat. beta-MSH facilitated the rate of post-excitation recovery of alpha-motoneurones and some internuncial neurones, and melatonin inhibited the rate of post-excitation recovery. These observations provide additional evidence that beta-MSH functions in the nervous system as a modulator, and may help explain actions of beta-MSH in modifying acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses as well as its interaction with drugs such as morphine.", "contents": "An effect of beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) on alpha-motoneurones of cat spinal cord. Actions of beta-MSH and of melatonin on the recovery cycle of single spinal neurones were studied in the decerebrate-spinal cat. beta-MSH facilitated the rate of post-excitation recovery of alpha-motoneurones and some internuncial neurones, and melatonin inhibited the rate of post-excitation recovery. These observations provide additional evidence that beta-MSH functions in the nervous system as a modulator, and may help explain actions of beta-MSH in modifying acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses as well as its interaction with drugs such as morphine.", "PMID": 590341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3250", "title": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of morphine upon intestinal motility in rat and its antagonism with naloxone.", "content": "Morphine, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered to rats, inhibited intestinal propulsion as tested by a charcoal meal. Such an inhibition was shown to be linearly related to the log of administered doses for both routes of administration and the two linear regressions are parallel, so that morphine was calculated to be 206 times more potent when administered i.c.v. than i.p. A dose of morphine fully active by the i.c.v. route was completely inactive when injected by the i.v., i.p., i.m. and s.c. routes. Naloxone, administered i.c.v., blocked the antipropulsive effect of morphine i.c.v. or i.p. The pA2 of naloxone versus morphine, both administered i.c.v. was determined and calculated to be 7.14 (6.76-7.62).", "contents": "Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of morphine upon intestinal motility in rat and its antagonism with naloxone. Morphine, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered to rats, inhibited intestinal propulsion as tested by a charcoal meal. Such an inhibition was shown to be linearly related to the log of administered doses for both routes of administration and the two linear regressions are parallel, so that morphine was calculated to be 206 times more potent when administered i.c.v. than i.p. A dose of morphine fully active by the i.c.v. route was completely inactive when injected by the i.v., i.p., i.m. and s.c. routes. Naloxone, administered i.c.v., blocked the antipropulsive effect of morphine i.c.v. or i.p. The pA2 of naloxone versus morphine, both administered i.c.v. was determined and calculated to be 7.14 (6.76-7.62).", "PMID": 590342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3251", "title": "A pharmacologic comparison of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog.", "content": "MDA (2.0 and 2.2 mg/kg) was compared to LSD (10 microgram/kg) and d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) in single dose, antagonism, cross tolerance and appetite suppression studies. In single doses MDA specifically resembled d-amphetamine by producing marked mydriasis, nictitating membrane retraction, stereotypy and darting eye movements and LSD by markedly facilitating the flex or reflex, producing continuous stepping, whining and eye tracking movements. LSD and MDA increased respiration, body temperature and the latency of the skin twitch reflex and produced behavioral arousal. Cyproheptadine antagonized the effects of LSD but was ineffective against MDA. Phenoxybenzamine antagonized the respiratory, pupillary and hyperthermic effects of MDA and the respiratory effect of LSD. Chlorpromazine antagonized many of the effects of LSD and MDA. Spinal dogs were made tolerant to the behavioral and physiologic effects of LSD. Cross tolerance developed to some but not all of the effects of MDA. In intact dogs MDA was 1/10 as potent as d-amphetamine in suppressing appetite. It is concluded that MDA has properties resembling both LSD and amphetamine.", "contents": "A pharmacologic comparison of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog. MDA (2.0 and 2.2 mg/kg) was compared to LSD (10 microgram/kg) and d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) in single dose, antagonism, cross tolerance and appetite suppression studies. In single doses MDA specifically resembled d-amphetamine by producing marked mydriasis, nictitating membrane retraction, stereotypy and darting eye movements and LSD by markedly facilitating the flex or reflex, producing continuous stepping, whining and eye tracking movements. LSD and MDA increased respiration, body temperature and the latency of the skin twitch reflex and produced behavioral arousal. Cyproheptadine antagonized the effects of LSD but was ineffective against MDA. Phenoxybenzamine antagonized the respiratory, pupillary and hyperthermic effects of MDA and the respiratory effect of LSD. Chlorpromazine antagonized many of the effects of LSD and MDA. Spinal dogs were made tolerant to the behavioral and physiologic effects of LSD. Cross tolerance developed to some but not all of the effects of MDA. In intact dogs MDA was 1/10 as potent as d-amphetamine in suppressing appetite. It is concluded that MDA has properties resembling both LSD and amphetamine.", "PMID": 590343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3252", "title": "Differential regional development of tolerance to increase in dopamine turnover upon repeated neuroleptic administration.", "content": "Repeated treatment with haloperidol and sulpiride induced tolerance to the increases in homovanillic and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acids in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium and frontal cortex of the rat. The threshold dose inducing this effect appeared to be lower in the striatum than in the limbic regions. Similar results were found in the frontal cortex by measuring dopamine utilization. Moreover, tolerance developed earlier in the striatum than in the limbic areas. The possible reasons are discussed for the differential development of tolerance in the various DA areas investigated.", "contents": "Differential regional development of tolerance to increase in dopamine turnover upon repeated neuroleptic administration. Repeated treatment with haloperidol and sulpiride induced tolerance to the increases in homovanillic and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acids in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium and frontal cortex of the rat. The threshold dose inducing this effect appeared to be lower in the striatum than in the limbic regions. Similar results were found in the frontal cortex by measuring dopamine utilization. Moreover, tolerance developed earlier in the striatum than in the limbic areas. The possible reasons are discussed for the differential development of tolerance in the various DA areas investigated.", "PMID": 590344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3253", "title": "3H-Spiroperidol labels dopamine receptors in pituitary and brain.", "content": "3H-Spiroperidol of high specific radioactivity labels dopamine receptors in membranes of bovine caudate nucleus and anterior pituitary. The saturation and kinetic properties of 3H-spiroperidol binding are similar in the two tissues. In both caudate and pituitary 3H-spiroperidol displays very high affinity with a dissociation constant of 0.2-0.3 nM. The relative potencies of numerous dopamine agonists and antagonists in competing for 3H-spiroperidol binding are closely similar in anterior pituitary and caudate.", "contents": "3H-Spiroperidol labels dopamine receptors in pituitary and brain. 3H-Spiroperidol of high specific radioactivity labels dopamine receptors in membranes of bovine caudate nucleus and anterior pituitary. The saturation and kinetic properties of 3H-spiroperidol binding are similar in the two tissues. In both caudate and pituitary 3H-spiroperidol displays very high affinity with a dissociation constant of 0.2-0.3 nM. The relative potencies of numerous dopamine agonists and antagonists in competing for 3H-spiroperidol binding are closely similar in anterior pituitary and caudate.", "PMID": 590345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3254", "title": "Anticonvulsant action of thiabendazole.", "content": "Thiabendazole was found to be specifically effective against maximal electroshock seizures in albino rats. It produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the duration of the tonic extensor phase of hind legs. The ED50 was similar for oral or s.c. administration. PTZ-induced convulsions were unaffected by lower doses but aggravated by the higher dose studied.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant action of thiabendazole. Thiabendazole was found to be specifically effective against maximal electroshock seizures in albino rats. It produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the duration of the tonic extensor phase of hind legs. The ED50 was similar for oral or s.c. administration. PTZ-induced convulsions were unaffected by lower doses but aggravated by the higher dose studied.", "PMID": 590346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3255", "title": "Selective inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin uptake by C 49802-B-Ba and CGP 6085 A.", "content": "The effects of two new compounds, 1-(1-methylamino-2-hydroxy-3-propyl)-dibenzo[b,e]bicyclo[2,2,2]octadiene-HCl (C 49802-B-Ba) and 4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl) piperidine HCl (CGP 6085 A), on noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) uptake were investigated in different test systems, CGP 6085 A is a very potent and selective inhibitor of 5-HT uptake in rat brain (ED50 1-4 mg/kg p.o., depending on test system). Doses up to 1000 mg/kg p.o. did not inhibit NA uptake. C 49802-B-Ba is a potent and selective inhibitor of NA uptake in rat brain (ED50 5-10 mg/kg p.o. depending on test system) and heart (ED50 1.5 mg/kg p.o.). At 300 mg/kg p.o., this compound caused no inhibition of 5-HT uptake.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin uptake by C 49802-B-Ba and CGP 6085 A. The effects of two new compounds, 1-(1-methylamino-2-hydroxy-3-propyl)-dibenzo[b,e]bicyclo[2,2,2]octadiene-HCl (C 49802-B-Ba) and 4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl) piperidine HCl (CGP 6085 A), on noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) uptake were investigated in different test systems, CGP 6085 A is a very potent and selective inhibitor of 5-HT uptake in rat brain (ED50 1-4 mg/kg p.o., depending on test system). Doses up to 1000 mg/kg p.o. did not inhibit NA uptake. C 49802-B-Ba is a potent and selective inhibitor of NA uptake in rat brain (ED50 5-10 mg/kg p.o. depending on test system) and heart (ED50 1.5 mg/kg p.o.). At 300 mg/kg p.o., this compound caused no inhibition of 5-HT uptake.", "PMID": 590347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3256", "title": "[Maintenance of mice in automatic rearing system. I. Rearing tests with ICR mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Female ICR:JCL mice were reared in wire-mesh cages with nozzles for automatic water supply on a battery with an automatic washing system, and the evaluation of this system was made in comparison with the conventional feeding system with water bottles, alumite cages and changes of the bedding. In weight gains, feed intakes, water consumption, leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, hematocrit values or vaious organ weights during the period from 3 to 14 weeks of age, animals maintained by the automatic rearing system showed no significant difference as compared with those maintained by the conventional system, providing evidence for a conspicuous labor saving with the automatic control system.", "contents": "[Maintenance of mice in automatic rearing system. I. Rearing tests with ICR mice (author's transl)]. Female ICR:JCL mice were reared in wire-mesh cages with nozzles for automatic water supply on a battery with an automatic washing system, and the evaluation of this system was made in comparison with the conventional feeding system with water bottles, alumite cages and changes of the bedding. In weight gains, feed intakes, water consumption, leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, hematocrit values or vaious organ weights during the period from 3 to 14 weeks of age, animals maintained by the automatic rearing system showed no significant difference as compared with those maintained by the conventional system, providing evidence for a conspicuous labor saving with the automatic control system.", "PMID": 590349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3257", "title": "[Artificial insemination in the mouse with special reference to the effect of sperm numbers on the conception rate and litter size (author's transl)].", "content": "Mature female mice (ICR-JCL), 8 to 12 weeks of age, were artificially inseminated at 8:30-9:30 a. m. on the day of estrus vaginal smear (about 3-7 hr after ovulation) with 3.18 X 10(6), 1.83 X 10(6) and 1.15 X 10(6) sperms from four, two and one cauda epididymidis, respectively, of adult males which were suspended in 50 microliter of a modified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution and incubated at 37 degrees C was under 5% CO2 in air for an hour. Immediately after insemination, pseudopregnancy induced by an artificial penis and a vaginal tampon. Out of 13 females inseminated with 3.18 X 10(6) sperms, 9 females showed placental signs and 8 of them gave birth to the mean 10.5+/-2.20 (M+/-S.D.) young at term. Four of 13 females having received 1.83 X 10(6) sperms became pregnant giving birth to the mean 4.3+/-2.1 (M+/-S.D.) young at term. On the other hand, 5 out of 6 females failed to become pregnant following insemination with 1.15 X 10(6) sperms, and only one showed a placental sign and gave birth to twelve young at term. It is concluded that the conception rate and litter size are both dependent on the number of sperms inseminated and that more than 3 X 10(6) sperms are necessary to get the conception rate and the litter size comparable to those in natural mating.", "contents": "[Artificial insemination in the mouse with special reference to the effect of sperm numbers on the conception rate and litter size (author's transl)]. Mature female mice (ICR-JCL), 8 to 12 weeks of age, were artificially inseminated at 8:30-9:30 a. m. on the day of estrus vaginal smear (about 3-7 hr after ovulation) with 3.18 X 10(6), 1.83 X 10(6) and 1.15 X 10(6) sperms from four, two and one cauda epididymidis, respectively, of adult males which were suspended in 50 microliter of a modified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution and incubated at 37 degrees C was under 5% CO2 in air for an hour. Immediately after insemination, pseudopregnancy induced by an artificial penis and a vaginal tampon. Out of 13 females inseminated with 3.18 X 10(6) sperms, 9 females showed placental signs and 8 of them gave birth to the mean 10.5+/-2.20 (M+/-S.D.) young at term. Four of 13 females having received 1.83 X 10(6) sperms became pregnant giving birth to the mean 4.3+/-2.1 (M+/-S.D.) young at term. On the other hand, 5 out of 6 females failed to become pregnant following insemination with 1.15 X 10(6) sperms, and only one showed a placental sign and gave birth to twelve young at term. It is concluded that the conception rate and litter size are both dependent on the number of sperms inseminated and that more than 3 X 10(6) sperms are necessary to get the conception rate and the litter size comparable to those in natural mating.", "PMID": 590350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3258", "title": "[Fluctuation and distribution of animal room temperature and the temperature in cages (author's transl)].", "content": "The temperature of various positions in an occupied animal room (mice, rats) including inside of cages were measured using a 50 channels thermal data recorder (step time 0.5 sec, 5 min intermittent through 24 hr and continuous) in a summer day. Any short periodical fluctuation of room temperature had practically no influence on the inside temperature of plastic cages. Against small diurnal fluctuations, stable vertical gradients (about 1 degree C between tops and bottoms of racks) were observed among one hour averages of room air temperatures. Air temperature in the cage fluctuated in larger scale. (up to 3 degrees C) For controlling animal room temperature, each of short periodical fractuation, diurnal change and spasal distribution should be separately concerrned.", "contents": "[Fluctuation and distribution of animal room temperature and the temperature in cages (author's transl)]. The temperature of various positions in an occupied animal room (mice, rats) including inside of cages were measured using a 50 channels thermal data recorder (step time 0.5 sec, 5 min intermittent through 24 hr and continuous) in a summer day. Any short periodical fluctuation of room temperature had practically no influence on the inside temperature of plastic cages. Against small diurnal fluctuations, stable vertical gradients (about 1 degree C between tops and bottoms of racks) were observed among one hour averages of room air temperatures. Air temperature in the cage fluctuated in larger scale. (up to 3 degrees C) For controlling animal room temperature, each of short periodical fractuation, diurnal change and spasal distribution should be separately concerrned.", "PMID": 590351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3259", "title": "[Simplified methods in sampling and shipping of individual sera from mice and rats for serological checking of infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of simplified techniques in sampling of individual mouse and rat sera and their shipping in wet state for serological checking of infections were described.", "contents": "[Simplified methods in sampling and shipping of individual sera from mice and rats for serological checking of infections (author's transl)]. The usefulness of simplified techniques in sampling of individual mouse and rat sera and their shipping in wet state for serological checking of infections were described.", "PMID": 590352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3260", "title": "Analysis of receptor mechanisms involved in the hemopoietic effects of androgens: use of the Tfm mutant.", "content": "The insensitivity of Tfm mutant mice to androgens is due to a greatly diminished ability to bind 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to androgen-binding receptors in the cytoplasm of target tissues. Testosterone stimulates hemopoiesis through several mechanisms. The Tfm mutant mouse was used in an attempt to delineate hemopoietic effects of androgens that are mediated by androgen-binding receptors from those that require other cellular mechanisms. Mice of the Tfm mutant and related (androgen-binding) genotypes were treated with multiple doses of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The Tfm mutant was not stimulated to incorporate 59Fe, suggesting that androgen-binding receptors mediate this hemopoietic action of 5alpha-DHT. In contrast, the mutation did not block the ability of a single dose of 5alpha-DHT to increase the absolute number of committed granulocyte/macrophage precursors (CFU-C) in the femurs of mutant mice. The latter finding suggests that androgen-binding receptors are not involved in the mechanisms that lead to amplification of the CFU-C population by 5alpha-DHT. Tfm mutant mice respond to nonandrogenic stimuli of erythropoiesis. These findings emphasize the specificity of the diminished ability of the Tfm mutant mouse to respond erythropoietically to androgen. Accordingly, the Tfm mutant mouse appears to be a useful analytical tool for studying mechanisms underlying the hematopoietic effects of testosterone and related steroids.", "contents": "Analysis of receptor mechanisms involved in the hemopoietic effects of androgens: use of the Tfm mutant. The insensitivity of Tfm mutant mice to androgens is due to a greatly diminished ability to bind 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to androgen-binding receptors in the cytoplasm of target tissues. Testosterone stimulates hemopoiesis through several mechanisms. The Tfm mutant mouse was used in an attempt to delineate hemopoietic effects of androgens that are mediated by androgen-binding receptors from those that require other cellular mechanisms. Mice of the Tfm mutant and related (androgen-binding) genotypes were treated with multiple doses of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The Tfm mutant was not stimulated to incorporate 59Fe, suggesting that androgen-binding receptors mediate this hemopoietic action of 5alpha-DHT. In contrast, the mutation did not block the ability of a single dose of 5alpha-DHT to increase the absolute number of committed granulocyte/macrophage precursors (CFU-C) in the femurs of mutant mice. The latter finding suggests that androgen-binding receptors are not involved in the mechanisms that lead to amplification of the CFU-C population by 5alpha-DHT. Tfm mutant mice respond to nonandrogenic stimuli of erythropoiesis. These findings emphasize the specificity of the diminished ability of the Tfm mutant mouse to respond erythropoietically to androgen. Accordingly, the Tfm mutant mouse appears to be a useful analytical tool for studying mechanisms underlying the hematopoietic effects of testosterone and related steroids.", "PMID": 590404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3261", "title": "Phagocytosis of 'old' red blood cells by macrophages from syngeneic mice in vitro.", "content": "We have studied in vitro the interaction of peritoneal macrophages with 'old' and 'young' RBC, as well as with enzymatically treated 'old' and 'young' RBC from syngeneic mice. 'Old' RBC were recognized and phagocytized by macrophages, whereas 'young' RBC were not. Neuraminidase treatment of both 'young' and 'old' RBC had little effect on the extent of phagocytosis. Trypsin treatment, on the other hand, markedly reduced the phagocytosis of 'old' RBC and had no effect on the phagocytosis of 'young' RBC. The level of phagocytosis of 'old' RBC by macrophages from mineral-oil treated mouse peritoneal cavities was roughly half that of macrophages from untreated mice. It is postualted that 'old' RBC could be recognized due to the presence of cytophilic antibodies on the surface of the macrophages. The specificity of these hypothetical cytophilic antibodies is believed to be directed towards sites which are absent or shielded in 'young' RBC, and exposed in 'old' RBC. Trypsin treatment of 'old' RBC appears to remove these antigenic sites from the 'old' RBC. The lower level of phagocytosis of 'old' RBC by mineral-oil induced macrophages could be due to the previous phagocytic activity of these cells, and their relatively uncoated, newly form plasma membrane, lacking cytophilic antibodies. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that trypsin treatment of macrophages resulted in a markedly decreased phagocytosis of 'old' RBC.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of 'old' red blood cells by macrophages from syngeneic mice in vitro. We have studied in vitro the interaction of peritoneal macrophages with 'old' and 'young' RBC, as well as with enzymatically treated 'old' and 'young' RBC from syngeneic mice. 'Old' RBC were recognized and phagocytized by macrophages, whereas 'young' RBC were not. Neuraminidase treatment of both 'young' and 'old' RBC had little effect on the extent of phagocytosis. Trypsin treatment, on the other hand, markedly reduced the phagocytosis of 'old' RBC and had no effect on the phagocytosis of 'young' RBC. The level of phagocytosis of 'old' RBC by macrophages from mineral-oil treated mouse peritoneal cavities was roughly half that of macrophages from untreated mice. It is postualted that 'old' RBC could be recognized due to the presence of cytophilic antibodies on the surface of the macrophages. The specificity of these hypothetical cytophilic antibodies is believed to be directed towards sites which are absent or shielded in 'young' RBC, and exposed in 'old' RBC. Trypsin treatment of 'old' RBC appears to remove these antigenic sites from the 'old' RBC. The lower level of phagocytosis of 'old' RBC by mineral-oil induced macrophages could be due to the previous phagocytic activity of these cells, and their relatively uncoated, newly form plasma membrane, lacking cytophilic antibodies. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that trypsin treatment of macrophages resulted in a markedly decreased phagocytosis of 'old' RBC.", "PMID": 590405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3262", "title": "Effect of a low dose of vincristine on platelet production in mice.", "content": "The effect of a single low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of vincristine (VCR) on platelet production was investigated in C57B1 mice. A parallel increase of circulating platelets and (75Se)-selenomethionine (Se-Met) uptake was observed. The total megakaryocyte count decreased insignificantly 6 hours after VCR injection, followed by an increase after 18 hours. Plasma taken from mice 24 hours after VCR injection was tested for thrombopoietic activity. The post-VCR plasma caused a significant thrombocytosis, increased Se-Met uptake and increased protein synthesis of the platelets, indicating an active overproduction of platelets. These results suggest that the thrombocytosis induced by a low dose of VCR is mediated by a thrombopoietin-like substance.", "contents": "Effect of a low dose of vincristine on platelet production in mice. The effect of a single low dose (0.1 mg/kg) of vincristine (VCR) on platelet production was investigated in C57B1 mice. A parallel increase of circulating platelets and (75Se)-selenomethionine (Se-Met) uptake was observed. The total megakaryocyte count decreased insignificantly 6 hours after VCR injection, followed by an increase after 18 hours. Plasma taken from mice 24 hours after VCR injection was tested for thrombopoietic activity. The post-VCR plasma caused a significant thrombocytosis, increased Se-Met uptake and increased protein synthesis of the platelets, indicating an active overproduction of platelets. These results suggest that the thrombocytosis induced by a low dose of VCR is mediated by a thrombopoietin-like substance.", "PMID": 590406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3263", "title": "Oxymetholone and erythropoiesis: failure to detect an effect in fetal mouse liver cell cultures.", "content": "Oxymetholone, a steroid of proven clinical value in the treatment of refractory anemia, was without effect on endogenous or erythropoietin-mediated heme synthesis in fetal mouse liver cell cultures. This conclusion applied both when the cells were exposed to oxymetholone prior to culturing with erythropoietin and when the steroid was present in the cultures simultaneously with erythropoietin. Unlike those steroids having a direct effect on erythroid cells, oxymetholone also failed to increase the proportion of erythropoietin responsive cells in DNA synthesis. The relevance of these observations to the therapeutic benefit of oxymetholone is discussed. While the possibility that oxymetholone has to be metabolized to an active form cannot be excluded, the results suggest that oxymetholone does not seem to be erythropoietically active by a direct effect on erythroid cells. The fact that it is a successful therapeutic agent in some patients with aplastic anemia may be due to its proven ability to increase endogenous erythropoietin levels or to reduce ineffective erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Oxymetholone and erythropoiesis: failure to detect an effect in fetal mouse liver cell cultures. Oxymetholone, a steroid of proven clinical value in the treatment of refractory anemia, was without effect on endogenous or erythropoietin-mediated heme synthesis in fetal mouse liver cell cultures. This conclusion applied both when the cells were exposed to oxymetholone prior to culturing with erythropoietin and when the steroid was present in the cultures simultaneously with erythropoietin. Unlike those steroids having a direct effect on erythroid cells, oxymetholone also failed to increase the proportion of erythropoietin responsive cells in DNA synthesis. The relevance of these observations to the therapeutic benefit of oxymetholone is discussed. While the possibility that oxymetholone has to be metabolized to an active form cannot be excluded, the results suggest that oxymetholone does not seem to be erythropoietically active by a direct effect on erythroid cells. The fact that it is a successful therapeutic agent in some patients with aplastic anemia may be due to its proven ability to increase endogenous erythropoietin levels or to reduce ineffective erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 590407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3264", "title": "The adaptation of a reflex response to the ongoing phase of locomotion in fish.", "content": "The reflex response to stimulation of the tail fin has been studied in the swimming fish, by bilateral electromyographical (EMG) recordings in several segments along the body. The response varies with the phase of swimming. When the muscles on one side (segment) are active, a large response will occur on this side but no response on the contralateral side at the same level. When the other side becomes active an identical stimulus will cause an activation of this side but no response on the previously active side. When the movements were filmed a powerful mechanical effect was demonstrated with an augmentation of the ongoing movement, that would result in an instantaneous increase in speed. The stimulus causes in addition a shortening of the duration of the swimming cycle and its components. Most of the results were obtained on spinal dogfish, which also exhibits spontaneous locomotion after a spinal transection. Mainly electrical bipolar stimulation of the tail fin was used. Identical stimuli applied in different phases on an ongoing movement, thus give a reflex response that changes dramatically with the phase of the movement. This phase dependent reflex reversal is functionally meaningful; it is fast and due to spinal mechanisms.", "contents": "The adaptation of a reflex response to the ongoing phase of locomotion in fish. The reflex response to stimulation of the tail fin has been studied in the swimming fish, by bilateral electromyographical (EMG) recordings in several segments along the body. The response varies with the phase of swimming. When the muscles on one side (segment) are active, a large response will occur on this side but no response on the contralateral side at the same level. When the other side becomes active an identical stimulus will cause an activation of this side but no response on the previously active side. When the movements were filmed a powerful mechanical effect was demonstrated with an augmentation of the ongoing movement, that would result in an instantaneous increase in speed. The stimulus causes in addition a shortening of the duration of the swimming cycle and its components. Most of the results were obtained on spinal dogfish, which also exhibits spontaneous locomotion after a spinal transection. Mainly electrical bipolar stimulation of the tail fin was used. Identical stimuli applied in different phases on an ongoing movement, thus give a reflex response that changes dramatically with the phase of the movement. This phase dependent reflex reversal is functionally meaningful; it is fast and due to spinal mechanisms.", "PMID": 590408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3265", "title": "Receptive field types of area 18 neurones in the cat.", "content": "In cats, 131 area 18 units with receptive fields 10-50 degrees from the visual axis, were recorded and tested with moving stimuli. These stimuli included light slits, dark bars, single edges, gratings and a random square pattern. 94% of the units were responsive to visual motion. 106 neurones could be classified by a screening procedure based on responses to a moving standard grating and a moving random square pattern. When testing with moving stimuli, the criteria for distinguishing between simple and complex cells in area 17 (Pettigrew et al., 1968; Bishopel al., 1971a,b, 1973 Goodwin and Henry, 1975, Sherman et al., 1976) also apply to area 18 neurones. No tests with stationary stimuli were made in distinguishing simple from complex cells. In addition to simple (50%) and complex (18%) cells, area 18 contains other cell types as hypercomplex cells (11%), cells with a radially symmetric RF (6%) and amplitude specific cells (10%). Six cells (5%) were unclassified. A special battery of tests was designed to study the RF of the very sophisticated amplitude specific cells. Their RF appears to consist of a discharge region preceded by a trigger area and of two flanking inhibitory regions.", "contents": "Receptive field types of area 18 neurones in the cat. In cats, 131 area 18 units with receptive fields 10-50 degrees from the visual axis, were recorded and tested with moving stimuli. These stimuli included light slits, dark bars, single edges, gratings and a random square pattern. 94% of the units were responsive to visual motion. 106 neurones could be classified by a screening procedure based on responses to a moving standard grating and a moving random square pattern. When testing with moving stimuli, the criteria for distinguishing between simple and complex cells in area 17 (Pettigrew et al., 1968; Bishopel al., 1971a,b, 1973 Goodwin and Henry, 1975, Sherman et al., 1976) also apply to area 18 neurones. No tests with stationary stimuli were made in distinguishing simple from complex cells. In addition to simple (50%) and complex (18%) cells, area 18 contains other cell types as hypercomplex cells (11%), cells with a radially symmetric RF (6%) and amplitude specific cells (10%). Six cells (5%) were unclassified. A special battery of tests was designed to study the RF of the very sophisticated amplitude specific cells. Their RF appears to consist of a discharge region preceded by a trigger area and of two flanking inhibitory regions.", "PMID": 590409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3266", "title": "Influence of movement parameters on area 18 neurones in the cat.", "content": "In cats, 107 area 18 neurones with identified FR type, 10-50 degrees from the visual axis, were tested for the influence of direction, velocity and amplitude of movement. These three parameters are believed to be the primary parameters of a movement analysing system. 94% of the neurones were influenced by the direction of movement, all of them by the angular velocity and 16% by the amplitude of movement. For each of the primary parameters, tuning curves were established. Angular velocity influenced not only the response magnitude but also the response latency and the direction bias. By preparing response amplitude functions at different velocities the influence of movement duration was ruled out. The association of functional properties and RF organization suggests a model of information processing in area 18 of the cat.", "contents": "Influence of movement parameters on area 18 neurones in the cat. In cats, 107 area 18 neurones with identified FR type, 10-50 degrees from the visual axis, were tested for the influence of direction, velocity and amplitude of movement. These three parameters are believed to be the primary parameters of a movement analysing system. 94% of the neurones were influenced by the direction of movement, all of them by the angular velocity and 16% by the amplitude of movement. For each of the primary parameters, tuning curves were established. Angular velocity influenced not only the response magnitude but also the response latency and the direction bias. By preparing response amplitude functions at different velocities the influence of movement duration was ruled out. The association of functional properties and RF organization suggests a model of information processing in area 18 of the cat.", "PMID": 590410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3267", "title": "A cerebellar projection onto the pontine nuclei in the albino rat.", "content": "Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.", "contents": "A cerebellar projection onto the pontine nuclei in the albino rat. Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.", "PMID": 590412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3268", "title": "Nuclear enlargement and DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis treated with carcinogen and promotor.", "content": "An autoradiographic investigation was made into the causes of nuclear size increase observed in the mouse epidermis within a few days of topical benzpyrene treatment. The effects of croton oil pretreatment of posttreatment in combination with benzpyrene were examined to see what effect a growth stimulus had on this response. The degree of nuclear size increase induced in the epidermis suggested that some ploidy level increase resulted from combined croton oil and benzpyrene treatment and evidence was found of a G2 block occurring in association with this. Enhancement of nuclear size increase by croton oil highlighted the importance of a growth stimulus in carcinogen induced nuclear enlargement and the implications of this are discussed. Disappearance of enlarged nuclei was seen when mice were kept for 5 days after combined croton oil and benzpyrene treatment in spite of a reduced cell loss compared with croton oil treatment alone.", "contents": "Nuclear enlargement and DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis treated with carcinogen and promotor. An autoradiographic investigation was made into the causes of nuclear size increase observed in the mouse epidermis within a few days of topical benzpyrene treatment. The effects of croton oil pretreatment of posttreatment in combination with benzpyrene were examined to see what effect a growth stimulus had on this response. The degree of nuclear size increase induced in the epidermis suggested that some ploidy level increase resulted from combined croton oil and benzpyrene treatment and evidence was found of a G2 block occurring in association with this. Enhancement of nuclear size increase by croton oil highlighted the importance of a growth stimulus in carcinogen induced nuclear enlargement and the implications of this are discussed. Disappearance of enlarged nuclei was seen when mice were kept for 5 days after combined croton oil and benzpyrene treatment in spite of a reduced cell loss compared with croton oil treatment alone.", "PMID": 590424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3269", "title": "Electronmicroscopical investigations of the effects of heparin upon the structural elements of the rat glomerulus.", "content": "In this study the ultrastructure of the renal glomeruli was investigated 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of heparin. It was observed that the matrix and fibrillary structure became more abundant in the mesangial cells and also in the epicytes; it was noted that the Golgi apparatus was active and the granular endoplasmic reticulum was very enlarged, partially containing structures of a particular shape. Furthermore, there was a general thickening and a dense accumulation of matter in the basement membrane. It was thought that this was due to the migration of structural elements of the mesangial cells and epicytes to the basement membrane and not because of heparin storage. Therefore we have postulated that these structural changes observed in the glomeruli were not associated with the extrarenal effects (antiinflammatory; anticoagulating and anticomplementary activities) of heparin but that they could be related to its cyto-hormonal action upon the epicytes and mesangial cells.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopical investigations of the effects of heparin upon the structural elements of the rat glomerulus. In this study the ultrastructure of the renal glomeruli was investigated 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of heparin. It was observed that the matrix and fibrillary structure became more abundant in the mesangial cells and also in the epicytes; it was noted that the Golgi apparatus was active and the granular endoplasmic reticulum was very enlarged, partially containing structures of a particular shape. Furthermore, there was a general thickening and a dense accumulation of matter in the basement membrane. It was thought that this was due to the migration of structural elements of the mesangial cells and epicytes to the basement membrane and not because of heparin storage. Therefore we have postulated that these structural changes observed in the glomeruli were not associated with the extrarenal effects (antiinflammatory; anticoagulating and anticomplementary activities) of heparin but that they could be related to its cyto-hormonal action upon the epicytes and mesangial cells.", "PMID": 590425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3270", "title": "Rheological studies of matrix--special reference on the mobility of leucocytes in relation to the rheological characters of experimental matrix.", "content": "The rheological characteristics of a model matrix, consisting of Bacto-agar, were correlated with the ability of the matrix to permit cellular penetration, using a rheolometer and the agar bullet method. The most important rheologic characteristic that affected cellular mobility was found to be the viscosity rate. A viscosity rate under 1,000 X 10(4) dyne sec/cm2 was needed to permit cellular mobility.", "contents": "Rheological studies of matrix--special reference on the mobility of leucocytes in relation to the rheological characters of experimental matrix. The rheological characteristics of a model matrix, consisting of Bacto-agar, were correlated with the ability of the matrix to permit cellular penetration, using a rheolometer and the agar bullet method. The most important rheologic characteristic that affected cellular mobility was found to be the viscosity rate. A viscosity rate under 1,000 X 10(4) dyne sec/cm2 was needed to permit cellular mobility.", "PMID": 590426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3271", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in the ultrastructure of the dog heart after temporary ischaemia and coronary reperfusion.", "content": "A total ischaemia of one area of the myocardium was produced by ligature of a coronary artery in dogs. After 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs the ligature was loosened and the artery was for 1--2 hrs reperfused up to 4--7 days. At the end of the ischaemia and after reperfusion the ultrastructure of the myocardium was qualitatively and morphometrically investigated. The findings concerned: loss of glycogen (partly glycogen accumulation), mitochondrial swellings and fusions and development of megamitochondria, loss of cristae, rupture of the mitochondrial outer membranes, relaxation or supercontraction of the myofibrils, vesicular and vacuolar changes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, oedema of the sarcoplasm, rupture of the sarcolemma. No significant differences of the quantitative parameters could be observed during the ischaemia from 30 min to 4 hrs: myofibrils 53.65--59.74%, mitochondria 26.51--33.59%, sarcoplasm 8.22--11.86%, sarcoplasmic reticulum 1.41--2.63%, lipofuscin 0.05--0.87%, lipids 0.01--0.10%. In comparing the data of the single animals we could determine significant differences between some parameters at the ends of the ischaemic phase and of the reperfusion phase, but as far as the findings are concerned both increases and decreases could be observed. The investigations show that the limit of the reversibility of damages in myocardial cells is about 45 min; in special cases a longer survival time may be taken into account. Reperfusion has different, though not always positive, effects.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in the ultrastructure of the dog heart after temporary ischaemia and coronary reperfusion. A total ischaemia of one area of the myocardium was produced by ligature of a coronary artery in dogs. After 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs the ligature was loosened and the artery was for 1--2 hrs reperfused up to 4--7 days. At the end of the ischaemia and after reperfusion the ultrastructure of the myocardium was qualitatively and morphometrically investigated. The findings concerned: loss of glycogen (partly glycogen accumulation), mitochondrial swellings and fusions and development of megamitochondria, loss of cristae, rupture of the mitochondrial outer membranes, relaxation or supercontraction of the myofibrils, vesicular and vacuolar changes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, oedema of the sarcoplasm, rupture of the sarcolemma. No significant differences of the quantitative parameters could be observed during the ischaemia from 30 min to 4 hrs: myofibrils 53.65--59.74%, mitochondria 26.51--33.59%, sarcoplasm 8.22--11.86%, sarcoplasmic reticulum 1.41--2.63%, lipofuscin 0.05--0.87%, lipids 0.01--0.10%. In comparing the data of the single animals we could determine significant differences between some parameters at the ends of the ischaemic phase and of the reperfusion phase, but as far as the findings are concerned both increases and decreases could be observed. The investigations show that the limit of the reversibility of damages in myocardial cells is about 45 min; in special cases a longer survival time may be taken into account. Reperfusion has different, though not always positive, effects.", "PMID": 590419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3272", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human antral G cells during fasting.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the human antral G cells was examined in gastrobiopsies of 7 healthy volunteers fasting 24 to 240 hours. In contrast to the animals gastric C cells during fasting, the dissolution of the substance of gastrin granules (but not emiocytosis of granules) was observed in the human antral G cells during long fasting. The authors consider the possibility of artificially inducing the dissolution of the substance of the granules only the technique of gastrobiopsy itself.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human antral G cells during fasting. The ultrastructure of the human antral G cells was examined in gastrobiopsies of 7 healthy volunteers fasting 24 to 240 hours. In contrast to the animals gastric C cells during fasting, the dissolution of the substance of gastrin granules (but not emiocytosis of granules) was observed in the human antral G cells during long fasting. The authors consider the possibility of artificially inducing the dissolution of the substance of the granules only the technique of gastrobiopsy itself.", "PMID": 590417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3273", "title": "Influence of starving on the rat gastric mucosa -- light and electron microscopical findings.", "content": "The histology and ultrastructure of the rat gastric mucosa were investigated during 168 hours of starvation. An increased desquamation of individual foveolar cells was found. In the preserved cells of the foveolae, the content of the PAS positive mucosubstances did not change during starvation, and no changes took place in the appearance and in the amount of the mucous granules at the electron microscopic investigation. The number of lipid droplets increased in the mucous foveolar cells within 24 and 48 hours. During starvation the mitochondria (mainly in the parietal cells) were enlarged and contained rare mitochondrial cristae. Some mitochondria were distintegrated and removed by lysosomes. The number of lysosomes (mainly cytosergresomes) was markedly increased n parietal cells. A collapse of the intracellular canaliculi occurred as well as a narrowing in the tubulovesicular profiles. In chief cells the profiles of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were reduced. It was shown that the ultrastructural changes induced by starvation can be interpreted functionally in changed histochemical parameters of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Influence of starving on the rat gastric mucosa -- light and electron microscopical findings. The histology and ultrastructure of the rat gastric mucosa were investigated during 168 hours of starvation. An increased desquamation of individual foveolar cells was found. In the preserved cells of the foveolae, the content of the PAS positive mucosubstances did not change during starvation, and no changes took place in the appearance and in the amount of the mucous granules at the electron microscopic investigation. The number of lipid droplets increased in the mucous foveolar cells within 24 and 48 hours. During starvation the mitochondria (mainly in the parietal cells) were enlarged and contained rare mitochondrial cristae. Some mitochondria were distintegrated and removed by lysosomes. The number of lysosomes (mainly cytosergresomes) was markedly increased n parietal cells. A collapse of the intracellular canaliculi occurred as well as a narrowing in the tubulovesicular profiles. In chief cells the profiles of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were reduced. It was shown that the ultrastructural changes induced by starvation can be interpreted functionally in changed histochemical parameters of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 590416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3274", "title": "Heart infarction-like effect induced by natural catecholamines in vitro.", "content": "Isolated rat hearts were perfused using retrograde technique under constant perfusion pressure or under constant coronary flow. The addition of L-epinephrine or L-nor-epinephrine (1 microgram per ml) into the perfusion medium for one hour caused visible and irreversible morphological changes. They became apparent usually after 4 hours of perfusion in the form of small, pale, opaque spots of streaks gradually enlarging on the surface or on the transverse section of myocardium. Light microscope and electron microscope examination showed the disintegration process analogous to myocardial infarction but lacking the infiltration with blood elements. The structural changes were preceeded by increased release of lactate dehydrogenase into the effluent, the most characteristic metabolic change a accompanying myocardial injury. Although the underlying mechanism of cardiotoxic action catecholamines remains to be clarified, several factors under consideration could be eliminated like hyperlipidemia, thrombogenic process or reduced total coronary inflow rate.", "contents": "Heart infarction-like effect induced by natural catecholamines in vitro. Isolated rat hearts were perfused using retrograde technique under constant perfusion pressure or under constant coronary flow. The addition of L-epinephrine or L-nor-epinephrine (1 microgram per ml) into the perfusion medium for one hour caused visible and irreversible morphological changes. They became apparent usually after 4 hours of perfusion in the form of small, pale, opaque spots of streaks gradually enlarging on the surface or on the transverse section of myocardium. Light microscope and electron microscope examination showed the disintegration process analogous to myocardial infarction but lacking the infiltration with blood elements. The structural changes were preceeded by increased release of lactate dehydrogenase into the effluent, the most characteristic metabolic change a accompanying myocardial injury. Although the underlying mechanism of cardiotoxic action catecholamines remains to be clarified, several factors under consideration could be eliminated like hyperlipidemia, thrombogenic process or reduced total coronary inflow rate.", "PMID": 590420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3275", "title": "[Serological and histological investigations as well as studies on changed food uptake during adrenaline application by intraperitoneal depot capsule].", "content": "The authors have developed a method for long-term permanent application of water soluble substances by a intraperitoneal depot capsule [KLINGENBERG et al., Exp. Path. 13, 302-311 (1977)]. The present study deals with the effects on the liver and several metabolic processes induced by continuous long-term adrenaline application by means of such a depot capsule.", "contents": "[Serological and histological investigations as well as studies on changed food uptake during adrenaline application by intraperitoneal depot capsule]. The authors have developed a method for long-term permanent application of water soluble substances by a intraperitoneal depot capsule [KLINGENBERG et al., Exp. Path. 13, 302-311 (1977)]. The present study deals with the effects on the liver and several metabolic processes induced by continuous long-term adrenaline application by means of such a depot capsule.", "PMID": 590427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3276", "title": "Sex differences in renal damage induced in the mouse by Amanita virosa.", "content": "The sensitivity of male and female mice to Amanita virosa was compared. Dried, homogenized mushroom was given orally by stomach tubing at doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight. Both in males and in females, the kidneys were the only organs showing macroscopical changes. The dose of 100 mg/kg caused renal damage in females, whereas in males the first signs of kidney damage were seen at the dose of 400 mg/kg. The renal lesions observed in the males were located in the cortex, while in the females they were limited to the outer stripe of the outer medullary zone. Testectomy diminished the nephrotoxicity of A. virosa in male mice and caused changes in the localization of renal lesions.", "contents": "Sex differences in renal damage induced in the mouse by Amanita virosa. The sensitivity of male and female mice to Amanita virosa was compared. Dried, homogenized mushroom was given orally by stomach tubing at doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight. Both in males and in females, the kidneys were the only organs showing macroscopical changes. The dose of 100 mg/kg caused renal damage in females, whereas in males the first signs of kidney damage were seen at the dose of 400 mg/kg. The renal lesions observed in the males were located in the cortex, while in the females they were limited to the outer stripe of the outer medullary zone. Testectomy diminished the nephrotoxicity of A. virosa in male mice and caused changes in the localization of renal lesions.", "PMID": 590418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3277", "title": "Vascular chronic-fibrosing pancreatitis of the rat after 5/6-nephrectomy.", "content": "The pancreases of 77 uremic rats of a Wistar strain were investigated light-microscopically in groups of 5 animals at 11 different times between one day and ten weeks after 5/6-nephrectomy. The serum concentration of urea reached a maximum mean value of 375 mg% after three days; during the stage of chronic uremia the mean value was found to be 175 mg%. The blood pressure increased in the third week after 5/6-nephrectomy and reached in the course of the experiment values of up to 200 mm Hg and more. Histologically, after an initial acute interstitial pancreatitis with focal dystrophies of the exocrine parenchyma which was virtually cured by the 14th day of the experiment, an increasing proliferative-exudative and granulomatous vasculopathy appeared at the end of the third week. This was followed by a perivascular transmitted chronic-fibrosing pancreatitis which may be regarded as a model of vascularly induced pancreatitis. Early damage by uremia and initial pancreatitis, the rapidly developing hypertension and allergical and autoallergical reactions are discussed as aetiological complex for the vascular alterations. The typical findings of the uremic pancreatopathy, well-known in human pathology, are not reproducible.", "contents": "Vascular chronic-fibrosing pancreatitis of the rat after 5/6-nephrectomy. The pancreases of 77 uremic rats of a Wistar strain were investigated light-microscopically in groups of 5 animals at 11 different times between one day and ten weeks after 5/6-nephrectomy. The serum concentration of urea reached a maximum mean value of 375 mg% after three days; during the stage of chronic uremia the mean value was found to be 175 mg%. The blood pressure increased in the third week after 5/6-nephrectomy and reached in the course of the experiment values of up to 200 mm Hg and more. Histologically, after an initial acute interstitial pancreatitis with focal dystrophies of the exocrine parenchyma which was virtually cured by the 14th day of the experiment, an increasing proliferative-exudative and granulomatous vasculopathy appeared at the end of the third week. This was followed by a perivascular transmitted chronic-fibrosing pancreatitis which may be regarded as a model of vascularly induced pancreatitis. Early damage by uremia and initial pancreatitis, the rapidly developing hypertension and allergical and autoallergical reactions are discussed as aetiological complex for the vascular alterations. The typical findings of the uremic pancreatopathy, well-known in human pathology, are not reproducible.", "PMID": 590415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3278", "title": "Metabolism in porifera. VII. Conversion of [7,7-3H2]-fucosterol into calysterol by the sponge Calyx niceaensis.", "content": "The sponge Calyx niceaensis metabolizes administered [7,7--(3)H2]-fucosterol to produce labelled calysterol, the principal sterol component of the sponge, possessing the unique feature of a cyclopropene ring bridging C23,24.", "contents": "Metabolism in porifera. VII. Conversion of [7,7-3H2]-fucosterol into calysterol by the sponge Calyx niceaensis. The sponge Calyx niceaensis metabolizes administered [7,7--(3)H2]-fucosterol to produce labelled calysterol, the principal sterol component of the sponge, possessing the unique feature of a cyclopropene ring bridging C23,24.", "PMID": 590430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3279", "title": "Electron microscopic study of infantile renal biopsy specimens.", "content": "Out of 54 open renal biopsies performed on children, 17 were selected and studied not only by light microscopy but also by electron microscopy. Statistical-mathematical analysis of basement membrane thickness-measurements was carried out. It is concluded that electron microscopic investigation of the renal biopsy material is required in selected cases involving diagnostic or therapeutic problems. In nephrotic syndrome it may help above all to separate minimal changes from early forms or glomerular lesion of the focal sclerosing type. Electron microscopy can also be useful in any of the mono- and oligosymptomatic renal diseases. In those cases only electron microscopy makes it possible to provide exact morphological diagnosis which is necessary to the proper therapy.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of infantile renal biopsy specimens. Out of 54 open renal biopsies performed on children, 17 were selected and studied not only by light microscopy but also by electron microscopy. Statistical-mathematical analysis of basement membrane thickness-measurements was carried out. It is concluded that electron microscopic investigation of the renal biopsy material is required in selected cases involving diagnostic or therapeutic problems. In nephrotic syndrome it may help above all to separate minimal changes from early forms or glomerular lesion of the focal sclerosing type. Electron microscopy can also be useful in any of the mono- and oligosymptomatic renal diseases. In those cases only electron microscopy makes it possible to provide exact morphological diagnosis which is necessary to the proper therapy.", "PMID": 590422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3280", "title": "Completion of the natural groups of ergot alkaloids: syntheses and pharmacological profiles of beta-ergosine and beta-ergoptine.", "content": "The syntheses and pharmacological potencies of beta-ergosine and beta-ergoptine, the missing links in the natural groups of ergot peptide alkaloids are described.", "contents": "Completion of the natural groups of ergot alkaloids: syntheses and pharmacological profiles of beta-ergosine and beta-ergoptine. The syntheses and pharmacological potencies of beta-ergosine and beta-ergoptine, the missing links in the natural groups of ergot peptide alkaloids are described.", "PMID": 590431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3281", "title": "New tigliane and daphnane derivatives from Pimelea prostrata and Pimelea simplex.", "content": "From the methanol extract of Pimelea prostrata, prostratin (I) and 2 autoxidation products have been isolated. They are tigliane derivatives and relatively nonirritant on the mouse ear. The irritant pimelea factor P5 (IIa) also with a tigliane skeleton and related to mancinellin (IIb), as well as the irritant diterpene ester pimelea factor P1 (IIa, simplexin) with daphnane skeleton, were found to be present in both P. prostrata and P. simplex. Further the irritant homologue of simplexin, pimela factor IIIb was detected in P. prostrata. Some biogenetic consequences of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "New tigliane and daphnane derivatives from Pimelea prostrata and Pimelea simplex. From the methanol extract of Pimelea prostrata, prostratin (I) and 2 autoxidation products have been isolated. They are tigliane derivatives and relatively nonirritant on the mouse ear. The irritant pimelea factor P5 (IIa) also with a tigliane skeleton and related to mancinellin (IIb), as well as the irritant diterpene ester pimelea factor P1 (IIa, simplexin) with daphnane skeleton, were found to be present in both P. prostrata and P. simplex. Further the irritant homologue of simplexin, pimela factor IIIb was detected in P. prostrata. Some biogenetic consequences of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 590432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3282", "title": "Procainized murine macrophages fail in the agglutination of opsonized isologous erythrocytes.", "content": "Murine peritoneal macrophages exhibit numerous slender microvilli and several invaginations of the cell membrane. By treatment with isotonic 2.10(-2) M procain-PBS the surface of macrophages is smoothed significantly. Isolated macrophages agglutinate opsonized isologous erythrocytes. Procainizing of macrophages inhibits this agglutination. The finding provides evidence for typing of macrophage receptors whether or not sensitive to procain treatment.", "contents": "Procainized murine macrophages fail in the agglutination of opsonized isologous erythrocytes. Murine peritoneal macrophages exhibit numerous slender microvilli and several invaginations of the cell membrane. By treatment with isotonic 2.10(-2) M procain-PBS the surface of macrophages is smoothed significantly. Isolated macrophages agglutinate opsonized isologous erythrocytes. Procainizing of macrophages inhibits this agglutination. The finding provides evidence for typing of macrophage receptors whether or not sensitive to procain treatment.", "PMID": 590423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3283", "title": "Methionine metabolism in apple tissue.", "content": "A metabolic intermediate isolated from apple tissue fed either methionine or 5'-methylthioadenosine has been tentatively identified as a methionine-pyridoxal Schiff base. The formation of this compound is discussed in relation to ethylene biosynthesis.", "contents": "Methionine metabolism in apple tissue. A metabolic intermediate isolated from apple tissue fed either methionine or 5'-methylthioadenosine has been tentatively identified as a methionine-pyridoxal Schiff base. The formation of this compound is discussed in relation to ethylene biosynthesis.", "PMID": 590433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3284", "title": "Identification of thromboxane B2 in guinea-pig uterine homogenates.", "content": "On the basis of gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric evidence, thromboxane B2 has been identified in incubates of homogenised guinea-pig uterus.", "contents": "Identification of thromboxane B2 in guinea-pig uterine homogenates. On the basis of gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric evidence, thromboxane B2 has been identified in incubates of homogenised guinea-pig uterus.", "PMID": 590434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3285", "title": "[Analysis of a population of Cannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France (author's transl)].", "content": "Cannabinoid content of a population of Cannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France is studied. The statistical analysis of results shows how difficult it is to obtain homogenous and representative samples. This problem is correlated to genetic heterogeneity of seeds.", "contents": "[Analysis of a population of Cannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France (author's transl)]. Cannabinoid content of a population of Cannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France is studied. The statistical analysis of results shows how difficult it is to obtain homogenous and representative samples. This problem is correlated to genetic heterogeneity of seeds.", "PMID": 590435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3286", "title": "Synthesis and some characteristics of [13C]-specially enriched tetragastrin and the related compound.", "content": "[13C]-enriched tetragastrin and the related compound were synthesized in solution. Conversion of S-[13C]methylated tetragastrin to the enriched tetragastrin gave 10.5 ppm upfield chemical shift of Cepsilon resonance. The potency of the synthetic tetragastrin to stimulate gastric acid secretion was virtually identical with that of pentagastrin (ICI).", "contents": "Synthesis and some characteristics of [13C]-specially enriched tetragastrin and the related compound. [13C]-enriched tetragastrin and the related compound were synthesized in solution. Conversion of S-[13C]methylated tetragastrin to the enriched tetragastrin gave 10.5 ppm upfield chemical shift of Cepsilon resonance. The potency of the synthetic tetragastrin to stimulate gastric acid secretion was virtually identical with that of pentagastrin (ICI).", "PMID": 590436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3287", "title": "Red cell metabolism in red and grey kangaroos.", "content": "Glucose utilization, lactate production and glutathione regeneration were measured in the red blood cells of 2 species of Australian Marsupials, Eastern grey Kangaroo (Macropus gigantus) and red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), and were found to be significantly lower in the red blood cells from grey than that of red kangaroos.", "contents": "Red cell metabolism in red and grey kangaroos. Glucose utilization, lactate production and glutathione regeneration were measured in the red blood cells of 2 species of Australian Marsupials, Eastern grey Kangaroo (Macropus gigantus) and red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), and were found to be significantly lower in the red blood cells from grey than that of red kangaroos.", "PMID": 590437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3288", "title": "[Peroxidase isoenzymes in cress seedlings (Lepidium sativum L.) and their inhibition by silybin, silydianin and silychristin].", "content": "Seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. contain 4 peroxidase isoenzymes. Their de-novo-synthesis is significantly depressed in the presence of 3.10(-3) moles/1 silybin, silydianin and silychristin in the incubation medium respectively.", "contents": "[Peroxidase isoenzymes in cress seedlings (Lepidium sativum L.) and their inhibition by silybin, silydianin and silychristin]. Seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. contain 4 peroxidase isoenzymes. Their de-novo-synthesis is significantly depressed in the presence of 3.10(-3) moles/1 silybin, silydianin and silychristin in the incubation medium respectively.", "PMID": 590438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3289", "title": "Cytosine deaminase: structural modifications studies.", "content": "Structural modification studies have been shown that a cysteine, a histidine and possibly an arginine residue are involved in the catalytic process. The enzyme gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the amino acid analysis showed it to contain a high proportion of hydrophobic residues, which was in agreement with the chemical modification results.", "contents": "Cytosine deaminase: structural modifications studies. Structural modification studies have been shown that a cysteine, a histidine and possibly an arginine residue are involved in the catalytic process. The enzyme gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the amino acid analysis showed it to contain a high proportion of hydrophobic residues, which was in agreement with the chemical modification results.", "PMID": 590439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3290", "title": "A highly active glutathione peroxidase in red blood cells of normal and acatalasemic mice.", "content": "The activities of catalase (E.C.1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9) were compared in red blood cells from humans, ducks and normal and acatalasemic mice. In the cells from both strains of mice, an equally high activity of GSH-Px was found which could be inhibited completely by iodoacetate but was not sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide.", "contents": "A highly active glutathione peroxidase in red blood cells of normal and acatalasemic mice. The activities of catalase (E.C.1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9) were compared in red blood cells from humans, ducks and normal and acatalasemic mice. In the cells from both strains of mice, an equally high activity of GSH-Px was found which could be inhibited completely by iodoacetate but was not sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide.", "PMID": 590440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3291", "title": "Metabolic energy requirements during teleost melanophore adaptations.", "content": "Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by 2,4-dinitrophenol or sodium cyanide promotes complete melanosome aggregation in teleost melanophores. This aggregation is not promoted via the alpha-sympathetic receptor sites because it occurs in the presence of tolazoline hydrochloride, an alpha-receptor blocking agent. Interpretation of these results suggests metabolic energy release is required in the centrifugal direction only.", "contents": "Metabolic energy requirements during teleost melanophore adaptations. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by 2,4-dinitrophenol or sodium cyanide promotes complete melanosome aggregation in teleost melanophores. This aggregation is not promoted via the alpha-sympathetic receptor sites because it occurs in the presence of tolazoline hydrochloride, an alpha-receptor blocking agent. Interpretation of these results suggests metabolic energy release is required in the centrifugal direction only.", "PMID": 590441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3292", "title": "The effects of chronic peroxide intake on the peroxide metabolism enzyme activities of rat organs.", "content": "In rats receiving a dilute aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide for a prolonged period, the activity of the peroxide metabolising enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, is significantly increased in most tissues.", "contents": "The effects of chronic peroxide intake on the peroxide metabolism enzyme activities of rat organs. In rats receiving a dilute aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide for a prolonged period, the activity of the peroxide metabolising enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, is significantly increased in most tissues.", "PMID": 590442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3293", "title": "Variation of glutamate decarboxylase activity and gamma-amino butyric acid content of wheat embryos during ripening of seeds.", "content": "GAD activity and gamma-ABA content of wheat embryos at 7 ripening stages were verified with the aim of studying the metabolic activity of embryo during dehydration and quiescence of caryopsis. Data showed that in the early stage of ripening GAD activity is very low, increases rapidly at dough-stage, remaining constant up to waxy-stage, and decreases in the last fully-ripe embryos. gamma-ABA content appears to be roughly parallel to the variations of GAD activity.", "contents": "Variation of glutamate decarboxylase activity and gamma-amino butyric acid content of wheat embryos during ripening of seeds. GAD activity and gamma-ABA content of wheat embryos at 7 ripening stages were verified with the aim of studying the metabolic activity of embryo during dehydration and quiescence of caryopsis. Data showed that in the early stage of ripening GAD activity is very low, increases rapidly at dough-stage, remaining constant up to waxy-stage, and decreases in the last fully-ripe embryos. gamma-ABA content appears to be roughly parallel to the variations of GAD activity.", "PMID": 590443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3294", "title": "On the phospholipids of adult Ancylostoma caninum.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of Ancylostoma caninum has been examined. Phospholipids amounted to 0.9% of the wet weight of the parasite. Ethanolamine and choline containing lipids comprised about 76% of the total phospholipids. Lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine were present in minor amounts. Cerebrosides and sulfatides were also identified.", "contents": "On the phospholipids of adult Ancylostoma caninum. The phospholipid composition of Ancylostoma caninum has been examined. Phospholipids amounted to 0.9% of the wet weight of the parasite. Ethanolamine and choline containing lipids comprised about 76% of the total phospholipids. Lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine were present in minor amounts. Cerebrosides and sulfatides were also identified.", "PMID": 590444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3295", "title": "Suppression and enhancement of humoral immune response to Toxoplasma gondii by passive antibody.", "content": "Anti-toxoplasma antibodies administered passively to mice may lead to suppression of enhancement (reported for the first time with Protozoan parasites) of subsequent antibody response when these animals are later infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The outcome is dependent on infecting strain of Toxoplasma and the antigen-antibody ratio.", "contents": "Suppression and enhancement of humoral immune response to Toxoplasma gondii by passive antibody. Anti-toxoplasma antibodies administered passively to mice may lead to suppression of enhancement (reported for the first time with Protozoan parasites) of subsequent antibody response when these animals are later infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The outcome is dependent on infecting strain of Toxoplasma and the antigen-antibody ratio.", "PMID": 590445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3296", "title": "Villus growth and cell replacement in the small intestine of the neonatal pig.", "content": "Cells produced in the crypts of newborn pig ileum migrate onto villi during development. There is little or no corresponding loss of cells from villus tips during the first week of postnatal life. Villus growth during this period is largely responsible for the slow rate of cellular renewal seen to take place.", "contents": "Villus growth and cell replacement in the small intestine of the neonatal pig. Cells produced in the crypts of newborn pig ileum migrate onto villi during development. There is little or no corresponding loss of cells from villus tips during the first week of postnatal life. Villus growth during this period is largely responsible for the slow rate of cellular renewal seen to take place.", "PMID": 590446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3297", "title": "Effect of histones from brain on DNA-synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The results of these experiments demonstrate that histones from brain inhibit the replication of DNA in vitro. A similar effect is observed with polylysine or polyarginine. The reversion of inhibition by polyglutamic acid or acidic proteins is completed in all cases except when the DNA is previously complexed with histones, polyarginine or polylysine. This suggest that histones masking of DNA towards the polymerases involves electrostatic forces.", "contents": "Effect of histones from brain on DNA-synthesis in vitro. The results of these experiments demonstrate that histones from brain inhibit the replication of DNA in vitro. A similar effect is observed with polylysine or polyarginine. The reversion of inhibition by polyglutamic acid or acidic proteins is completed in all cases except when the DNA is previously complexed with histones, polyarginine or polylysine. This suggest that histones masking of DNA towards the polymerases involves electrostatic forces.", "PMID": 590447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3298", "title": "Satellite heterophagosomes.", "content": "An incidental observation made during a recent ultrastructural study shows that after ingestion of an erythrocyte by a Kupffer  cell surface budding occurred from the heterophagosome leading to the formation of smaller satellite or daughter heterophagosomes. It is suggested that an entire erythrocyte may be too large to digest in a single heterolysosome and that fragmentation into smaller units facilitates digestion by bringing about better contact between the enzymes and substrates.", "contents": "Satellite heterophagosomes. An incidental observation made during a recent ultrastructural study shows that after ingestion of an erythrocyte by a Kupffer  cell surface budding occurred from the heterophagosome leading to the formation of smaller satellite or daughter heterophagosomes. It is suggested that an entire erythrocyte may be too large to digest in a single heterolysosome and that fragmentation into smaller units facilitates digestion by bringing about better contact between the enzymes and substrates.", "PMID": 590448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3299", "title": "Transport of the synthetic peptide DSIP through the blood-brain barrier in rabbit.", "content": "The synthetic delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) passes the blood-brain barrier, since i.v. injection in free moving rabbits (30 nmoles/kg) significantly increases the cortical delta activity and decreases the motor activity during 5 h.", "contents": "Transport of the synthetic peptide DSIP through the blood-brain barrier in rabbit. The synthetic delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) passes the blood-brain barrier, since i.v. injection in free moving rabbits (30 nmoles/kg) significantly increases the cortical delta activity and decreases the motor activity during 5 h.", "PMID": 590449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3300", "title": "Postnatal development of adrenergic and cholinergic sensitivity in the isolated rat atria.", "content": "The sensitivity to adrenergic drugs in isolated rat atria increased with the postnatal development. The cholinergic chronotropic sensitivity did not further change after birth.", "contents": "Postnatal development of adrenergic and cholinergic sensitivity in the isolated rat atria. The sensitivity to adrenergic drugs in isolated rat atria increased with the postnatal development. The cholinergic chronotropic sensitivity did not further change after birth.", "PMID": 590450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3301", "title": "Changes of hormonal status in young mice by restricted caloric diet. Relation to lifespan extension. Preliminary results.", "content": "The maintainance of mice on a reduced caloric diet for 6 weeks starting from weaning time produces persistent changes in their hormonal status as reflected by differences in blood levels of gonadal and adrenal steroids. The changes might express a permanently different hypothalamic regulation. This might account for a prolongation of their life span.", "contents": "Changes of hormonal status in young mice by restricted caloric diet. Relation to lifespan extension. Preliminary results. The maintainance of mice on a reduced caloric diet for 6 weeks starting from weaning time produces persistent changes in their hormonal status as reflected by differences in blood levels of gonadal and adrenal steroids. The changes might express a permanently different hypothalamic regulation. This might account for a prolongation of their life span.", "PMID": 590451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3302", "title": "The effect of dehydration on the neurohypophyseal blood flow in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Neurohypophyseal blood flow increases in water-deprived rats. This increase is independent of vasopressin release, since it occurs even in rats with hereditary defect of hypothalamic vasopressin synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of dehydration on the neurohypophyseal blood flow in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. Neurohypophyseal blood flow increases in water-deprived rats. This increase is independent of vasopressin release, since it occurs even in rats with hereditary defect of hypothalamic vasopressin synthesis.", "PMID": 590452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3303", "title": "Vitamin C and gallstone formation: a preliminary report.", "content": "Gallstone formation in hypovitaminotic C guinea-pig fed a high cholesterol diet was associated with qualitative changes in the gallbladder bile, namely, a high cholesterol concentration, a lowered bile acid content and diminished phospholipid-to-cholesterol and bile acid-to-cholesterol ratio.", "contents": "Vitamin C and gallstone formation: a preliminary report. Gallstone formation in hypovitaminotic C guinea-pig fed a high cholesterol diet was associated with qualitative changes in the gallbladder bile, namely, a high cholesterol concentration, a lowered bile acid content and diminished phospholipid-to-cholesterol and bile acid-to-cholesterol ratio.", "PMID": 590453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3304", "title": "Influence of metiamide and atropine on pepsinogen secretion in the conscious rat.", "content": "Activity of peptic cells is influenced directly by cholinolytic or cholinergic agents. Histamine H2-antagonists influence the activity of the chief cells through changes of acidity of gastric juice.", "contents": "Influence of metiamide and atropine on pepsinogen secretion in the conscious rat. Activity of peptic cells is influenced directly by cholinolytic or cholinergic agents. Histamine H2-antagonists influence the activity of the chief cells through changes of acidity of gastric juice.", "PMID": 590454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3305", "title": "The levels of metallothionein-like proteins in animal tissues.", "content": "The level of metallothionein-like proteins was determined in different tissues of 6 animal species. The highest concentrations were found in pig and rat tissues. The organs richest in metallothionein-like proteins included: kidneys (101-305 microgram/g), intestine (127-257 microgram/g) and liver (54-496 microgram/g).", "contents": "The levels of metallothionein-like proteins in animal tissues. The level of metallothionein-like proteins was determined in different tissues of 6 animal species. The highest concentrations were found in pig and rat tissues. The organs richest in metallothionein-like proteins included: kidneys (101-305 microgram/g), intestine (127-257 microgram/g) and liver (54-496 microgram/g).", "PMID": 590455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3306", "title": "Central effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) on the temperature in the conscious rabbit.", "content": "Hyperthermia induced by arachidonic acid in rabbit was attenuated by phenoxybenzamine, cyproheptadine and indomethacin. The reduction in arachidonic acid hyperthermia, after 6-OH-DA and the failure of PCPA to reduce this rise, indicates the involvement of noradrenaline in arachidonic acid hyperthermia.", "contents": "Central effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) on the temperature in the conscious rabbit. Hyperthermia induced by arachidonic acid in rabbit was attenuated by phenoxybenzamine, cyproheptadine and indomethacin. The reduction in arachidonic acid hyperthermia, after 6-OH-DA and the failure of PCPA to reduce this rise, indicates the involvement of noradrenaline in arachidonic acid hyperthermia.", "PMID": 590456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3307", "title": "Chlorinated benzene induction of hepatic porphyria.", "content": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were compared with hexachlorobenzene which is known to cause porphyria. Although hexachlorobenzene administration resulted in a manyfold increase in liver porphyrin levels and urinary excretion of porphyrins, the lesser chlorinated compounds did not do so.", "contents": "Chlorinated benzene induction of hepatic porphyria. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were compared with hexachlorobenzene which is known to cause porphyria. Although hexachlorobenzene administration resulted in a manyfold increase in liver porphyrin levels and urinary excretion of porphyrins, the lesser chlorinated compounds did not do so.", "PMID": 590457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3308", "title": "The opposed influences of beta-adrenergic stimulation and adenosine on the frequency-force relationship of isolated left atria of guinea-pigs.", "content": "The normal frequency-force relationship of left guinea-pig atria can be largely suspended when strong beta-adrenergic stimulation by orciprenaline is antagonized by the negative inotropic effect of adenosine, so that contraction amplitude is nearly equal at an intermediate level over a wide range of stimulation rates. Curves obtained with new method for recording continuous frequency-force loops are presented.", "contents": "The opposed influences of beta-adrenergic stimulation and adenosine on the frequency-force relationship of isolated left atria of guinea-pigs. The normal frequency-force relationship of left guinea-pig atria can be largely suspended when strong beta-adrenergic stimulation by orciprenaline is antagonized by the negative inotropic effect of adenosine, so that contraction amplitude is nearly equal at an intermediate level over a wide range of stimulation rates. Curves obtained with new method for recording continuous frequency-force loops are presented.", "PMID": 590458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3309", "title": "Interaction between aldosterone and renomedullary prostaglandins. Competitive action between aspirin and spironolactone.", "content": "Aldosterone injected i.m. decreased the release of renomedullary PGEs and the index (urinary Na/K ratio) in conscious normotensive intact and adrenalectomized rats. Coadministration of spironolactone increased the release of PGEs as well as the index (urinary Na/K ratio). The effect of spironolactone was partly inhibited by aspirin injected in a ratio 5:1 (aspirin:spironolactone), and effect which could be reversed by the infusion of a synthetic prostaglandin (PGA2) in a subhypotensive dose.", "contents": "Interaction between aldosterone and renomedullary prostaglandins. Competitive action between aspirin and spironolactone. Aldosterone injected i.m. decreased the release of renomedullary PGEs and the index (urinary Na/K ratio) in conscious normotensive intact and adrenalectomized rats. Coadministration of spironolactone increased the release of PGEs as well as the index (urinary Na/K ratio). The effect of spironolactone was partly inhibited by aspirin injected in a ratio 5:1 (aspirin:spironolactone), and effect which could be reversed by the infusion of a synthetic prostaglandin (PGA2) in a subhypotensive dose.", "PMID": 590459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3310", "title": "The effect of methaqualone on prenatal development in the rat.", "content": "Methaqualone treatment of pregnant rats in doses of 100-200 mg/kg day produces resorption and a series of anomalies whose incidence increases with the dose-level employed.", "contents": "The effect of methaqualone on prenatal development in the rat. Methaqualone treatment of pregnant rats in doses of 100-200 mg/kg day produces resorption and a series of anomalies whose incidence increases with the dose-level employed.", "PMID": 590460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3311", "title": "Precocious retina development caused by receptor cell independent light effect.", "content": "In the retina of the mouth-brooding teleost Tilapia leucosticta, light causes and accelerated development of ganglion cells. This effect is presumably not mediated by receptor and interneuronal cells.", "contents": "Precocious retina development caused by receptor cell independent light effect. In the retina of the mouth-brooding teleost Tilapia leucosticta, light causes and accelerated development of ganglion cells. This effect is presumably not mediated by receptor and interneuronal cells.", "PMID": 590461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3312", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural modifications of mice endometrium, vagina and pituitary following zeranol treatment.", "content": "The histochemical and ultrastructural changes produced by zeranol treatment on the endometrium and the gonadotropic FSH cells of the adenohypophysis have been investigated in mice at the prepuberal and virginal stages. Modifications similar to those induced by estrogen treatment were observed. It is concluded that both estrogens and zeranol share the same activity on the tissues examined.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural modifications of mice endometrium, vagina and pituitary following zeranol treatment. The histochemical and ultrastructural changes produced by zeranol treatment on the endometrium and the gonadotropic FSH cells of the adenohypophysis have been investigated in mice at the prepuberal and virginal stages. Modifications similar to those induced by estrogen treatment were observed. It is concluded that both estrogens and zeranol share the same activity on the tissues examined.", "PMID": 590462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3313", "title": "A morphometric study of nuclei, nucleoli and nuclear bodies in goitres and papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "Significant positive correlations were found between the nuclear surface-to-volume ratio and the volumetric density of nucleoli, as well as between the volumetric density of nucleoli and the volumetric and numerical densities of complex nuclear bodies in goitres and papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "contents": "A morphometric study of nuclei, nucleoli and nuclear bodies in goitres and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Significant positive correlations were found between the nuclear surface-to-volume ratio and the volumetric density of nucleoli, as well as between the volumetric density of nucleoli and the volumetric and numerical densities of complex nuclear bodies in goitres and papillary thyroid carcinomas.", "PMID": 590463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3314", "title": "Association of asymmetric unit membrane plaque formation in the urinary bladder of adult humans with therapeutic radiation.", "content": "Asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) is a component of the luminal membrane of urinary bladder in many species. In normal human adults it is inconspicuous, but it becomes prominent following incidental exposure to therapeutic irradiation.", "contents": "Association of asymmetric unit membrane plaque formation in the urinary bladder of adult humans with therapeutic radiation. Asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) is a component of the luminal membrane of urinary bladder in many species. In normal human adults it is inconspicuous, but it becomes prominent following incidental exposure to therapeutic irradiation.", "PMID": 590464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3315", "title": "Gliogenesis during embryonic development in the rat.", "content": "With the aid of thymidine-H3 autoradiography gliogenesis in the rat brain was seen to start during embryonic stages, which might continue into the postnatal stages of development. Gliogenesis followed a caudo-rostral gradient closely following neurogenesis. Ependymogenesis was found to occur in parallel with gliogenesis.", "contents": "Gliogenesis during embryonic development in the rat. With the aid of thymidine-H3 autoradiography gliogenesis in the rat brain was seen to start during embryonic stages, which might continue into the postnatal stages of development. Gliogenesis followed a caudo-rostral gradient closely following neurogenesis. Ependymogenesis was found to occur in parallel with gliogenesis.", "PMID": 590465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3316", "title": "Comparison of native and microwave irradiated DNA.", "content": "Chemical changes induced in the testicular DNA of irradiated Swiss male mice are described. Parameters quantified were hyperchromocity and melting temperature. The data supports the possibility that microwave causes strand separation.", "contents": "Comparison of native and microwave irradiated DNA. Chemical changes induced in the testicular DNA of irradiated Swiss male mice are described. Parameters quantified were hyperchromocity and melting temperature. The data supports the possibility that microwave causes strand separation.", "PMID": 590466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3317", "title": "Differences in cytochalasin D-induced surface alterations between chronic lymphocytic leukaemic and normal lymphocytes.", "content": "Cytochalasin D (CD) causes an unusual surface alteration in normal lymphocytes consisting of the formation of focal irregular club-shaped cell processes. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemic cases did not show this change on exposure to CD. There was either no surface change or, in some cases, clear double-membrane lined vesicles were formed and appeared to be discharged from the cell. This difference in response may be related to the changes in cell membranes known to occur in malignant transformation.", "contents": "Differences in cytochalasin D-induced surface alterations between chronic lymphocytic leukaemic and normal lymphocytes. Cytochalasin D (CD) causes an unusual surface alteration in normal lymphocytes consisting of the formation of focal irregular club-shaped cell processes. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemic cases did not show this change on exposure to CD. There was either no surface change or, in some cases, clear double-membrane lined vesicles were formed and appeared to be discharged from the cell. This difference in response may be related to the changes in cell membranes known to occur in malignant transformation.", "PMID": 590467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3318", "title": "The immunopotentiating effect of thiosulphate in vivo.", "content": "Sodium thiosulphate injected i.v. into mice causes a marked increase in concentration of several serum proteins, particularly immunoglobulins. When given together with antigen, it significantly potentiates the T-dependent humoral responses.", "contents": "The immunopotentiating effect of thiosulphate in vivo. Sodium thiosulphate injected i.v. into mice causes a marked increase in concentration of several serum proteins, particularly immunoglobulins. When given together with antigen, it significantly potentiates the T-dependent humoral responses.", "PMID": 590468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3319", "title": "Methemoglobin in hypoxic rats.", "content": "Methemoglobin levels have been found to vary with altitude and to shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. In this study, hematocrits and methemoglobin levels were monitored in rats exposed to hypoxia (420 torr absolute) for various intervals. Hematocrits gradually increased throughout the period of hypoxia, while methemoglobin levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 24 h and returned to control level by day 6. These data, in the context of other work, suggest that increased methemoglobin is important in acclimation to hypoxia.", "contents": "Methemoglobin in hypoxic rats. Methemoglobin levels have been found to vary with altitude and to shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. In this study, hematocrits and methemoglobin levels were monitored in rats exposed to hypoxia (420 torr absolute) for various intervals. Hematocrits gradually increased throughout the period of hypoxia, while methemoglobin levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 24 h and returned to control level by day 6. These data, in the context of other work, suggest that increased methemoglobin is important in acclimation to hypoxia.", "PMID": 590469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3320", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of some hormones simultaneously measured in serum and breast cyst fluid.", "content": "Blood and breast cyst fluid were drawn simultaneously for hormonal determination. There was no difference between serum and cyst fluid values of PRL and TSH. A significant difference was noted for LH (p less than 0.01) and FSH (p less than 0.05), serum concentrations being higher than cyst fluid concentrations.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of some hormones simultaneously measured in serum and breast cyst fluid. Blood and breast cyst fluid were drawn simultaneously for hormonal determination. There was no difference between serum and cyst fluid values of PRL and TSH. A significant difference was noted for LH (p less than 0.01) and FSH (p less than 0.05), serum concentrations being higher than cyst fluid concentrations.", "PMID": 590470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3321", "title": "Production of porcine antibodies with high specificity to [8-D-arginine] deamino-vasopressin (dDAVP).", "content": "The development of a specific radioimmunoassay for [8-D-arginine] deamino-vasopressin (dDAVP) is described.", "contents": "Production of porcine antibodies with high specificity to [8-D-arginine] deamino-vasopressin (dDAVP). The development of a specific radioimmunoassay for [8-D-arginine] deamino-vasopressin (dDAVP) is described.", "PMID": 590471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3322", "title": "Divorce therapy: an in-depth survey of therapists' views.", "content": "In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 highly experienced therapists on the criteria of a constructive divorce, the obstacles to achieving such a divorce, and the strategies and tactics of divorce therapy. The primary criterion of a constructive divorce was the successful completion of the process of psychic separation and the protection of the welfare of minor children. Therapy may focus on the decision to get divorced and/or the negotiation of the terms of a divorce settlement. Three types of therapeutic strategies were identified: reflexive intervention by which the therapist orients himself to the marital problems and attempts to gain the trust and confidence of the partners; contextual interventions by which he tries to promote a climate conducive to decision-making; and substantive interventions intended to produce resolution on terms the therapist has come to believe are inevitable or necessary. The nascent state of divorce therapy as an area of therapeutic specialization is noted. The problem of diagnostic criteria for divorce, the relationship between therapists and lawyers, the nature and consequence of therapist impartiality, and the degree to which therapists should mediate the terms of divorce are considered central issues meriting further study.", "contents": "Divorce therapy: an in-depth survey of therapists' views. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 highly experienced therapists on the criteria of a constructive divorce, the obstacles to achieving such a divorce, and the strategies and tactics of divorce therapy. The primary criterion of a constructive divorce was the successful completion of the process of psychic separation and the protection of the welfare of minor children. Therapy may focus on the decision to get divorced and/or the negotiation of the terms of a divorce settlement. Three types of therapeutic strategies were identified: reflexive intervention by which the therapist orients himself to the marital problems and attempts to gain the trust and confidence of the partners; contextual interventions by which he tries to promote a climate conducive to decision-making; and substantive interventions intended to produce resolution on terms the therapist has come to believe are inevitable or necessary. The nascent state of divorce therapy as an area of therapeutic specialization is noted. The problem of diagnostic criteria for divorce, the relationship between therapists and lawyers, the nature and consequence of therapist impartiality, and the degree to which therapists should mediate the terms of divorce are considered central issues meriting further study.", "PMID": 590472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3323", "title": "Family rituals a powerful tool in family therapy.", "content": "The use of systemic models in family therapy obliged our team to devise therapeutic tasks involving the entire family. Among these, one was found to be extremely effective: the prescribing of a family ritual. This article gives details of on such example aimed at the destruction of a myth that had been created by three generations of a family. In order that the reader may have a adequate understanding of this ritual, were shall fully describe the story of the family and of the transgenerational evolution of this myth. In the description of the treatment of the family, certain errors were made by the therapists that will come to light-errors that, as usual, were far more instructive than the actual successes. Eventually, it was the very understanding of these errors and their repercussions that led us to the successful prescription of the ritual. Finally, detailed analysis of the substance and aim of the ritual will illustrate and explain exactly what we mean by the term ritual.", "contents": "Family rituals a powerful tool in family therapy. The use of systemic models in family therapy obliged our team to devise therapeutic tasks involving the entire family. Among these, one was found to be extremely effective: the prescribing of a family ritual. This article gives details of on such example aimed at the destruction of a myth that had been created by three generations of a family. In order that the reader may have a adequate understanding of this ritual, were shall fully describe the story of the family and of the transgenerational evolution of this myth. In the description of the treatment of the family, certain errors were made by the therapists that will come to light-errors that, as usual, were far more instructive than the actual successes. Eventually, it was the very understanding of these errors and their repercussions that led us to the successful prescription of the ritual. Finally, detailed analysis of the substance and aim of the ritual will illustrate and explain exactly what we mean by the term ritual.", "PMID": 590473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3324", "title": "A systems theory approach to a case of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Systems theory views mental and psychosomatic illness as the natural consequences of a dysfunctional human interactional group. The symptom chosen is affected by the symptom carrier's age, sex, and unique individual characteristics. However, the reason the symptom develops and is maintained is to be found in the system(s) of which the symptom carrier is a part. A human system consist of two or more individuals who have an ongoing, often goal-directed, relationship with each other. The most important human system today is undoubtedly the family. The welfare of the individual is usually related to membership in a vital, well-adjusted family. A dysfunctional family easily becomes dependent on mental or behavioral deviations in one of its members as a means of preventing disintegration. We hope this article's description of a typical treatment situation will demonstrate how a systems theory approach differs from other forms of family therapy in its evaluations and techniques.", "contents": "A systems theory approach to a case of anorexia nervosa. Systems theory views mental and psychosomatic illness as the natural consequences of a dysfunctional human interactional group. The symptom chosen is affected by the symptom carrier's age, sex, and unique individual characteristics. However, the reason the symptom develops and is maintained is to be found in the system(s) of which the symptom carrier is a part. A human system consist of two or more individuals who have an ongoing, often goal-directed, relationship with each other. The most important human system today is undoubtedly the family. The welfare of the individual is usually related to membership in a vital, well-adjusted family. A dysfunctional family easily becomes dependent on mental or behavioral deviations in one of its members as a means of preventing disintegration. We hope this article's description of a typical treatment situation will demonstrate how a systems theory approach differs from other forms of family therapy in its evaluations and techniques.", "PMID": 590474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3325", "title": "Parental focus of attention in a videotape feedback task as a function of hypothesized risk for offspring schizophrenia.", "content": "The families of 29 disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents were observed in a structured task in which they discussed their reactions to viewing themselves interacting on videotape. Measures derived from the Singer-Wynne concenpt of transactional style deviance were applied to the parental behaviors and related to prior assessments of parental communication disorder based on individual parental TAT protocols. The results confirm the Singer-Wynne hypothesis of the cross-situational stability of transactional style deviance. The most striking finding, however, is that an index of positive focusing behavior differentiates more strongly parents of adolescents hypothesized to be at varying leves of risk for schizophrenia than does the measure of transactional style deviance.", "contents": "Parental focus of attention in a videotape feedback task as a function of hypothesized risk for offspring schizophrenia. The families of 29 disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents were observed in a structured task in which they discussed their reactions to viewing themselves interacting on videotape. Measures derived from the Singer-Wynne concenpt of transactional style deviance were applied to the parental behaviors and related to prior assessments of parental communication disorder based on individual parental TAT protocols. The results confirm the Singer-Wynne hypothesis of the cross-situational stability of transactional style deviance. The most striking finding, however, is that an index of positive focusing behavior differentiates more strongly parents of adolescents hypothesized to be at varying leves of risk for schizophrenia than does the measure of transactional style deviance.", "PMID": 590475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3326", "title": "Family therapy training for paraprofessionals in a community mental health center.", "content": "An ecologically oriented family therapy training program is advocated for teaching paraprofessionals to work with high-risk clients in a community mental health setting. The context of training as well as the particular abilities and needs of beginning paraprofessional family therapists are explored in order to design a flexible and effective program in the face of limited resources. This paper describes a variety of educational and supervisory formats such as group supervision, peer supervision, and live supervision. The usefulness of these of different models in facilitating skill development and growth in paraprofessionals is evaluated. Recommendations are made to trainers concerning problems encountered in teaching paraprofessionals and in implementing family systems training in community mental health centers.", "contents": "Family therapy training for paraprofessionals in a community mental health center. An ecologically oriented family therapy training program is advocated for teaching paraprofessionals to work with high-risk clients in a community mental health setting. The context of training as well as the particular abilities and needs of beginning paraprofessional family therapists are explored in order to design a flexible and effective program in the face of limited resources. This paper describes a variety of educational and supervisory formats such as group supervision, peer supervision, and live supervision. The usefulness of these of different models in facilitating skill development and growth in paraprofessionals is evaluated. Recommendations are made to trainers concerning problems encountered in teaching paraprofessionals and in implementing family systems training in community mental health centers.", "PMID": 590476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3327", "title": "On the reclaiming of denied affects in family therapy.", "content": "A central developmental task of the family is to help its members develop the capacity to cope with the grief attendant on separation and loss. In order to work through such feelings, each member must first be able to acknowledge the affect as present, internal, and belonging to the self. Depending on the degree of intrapsychic differentiation, and the dread of abandonment, family members may seek to avoid awareness of such feelings within themselves. The disclaimed emotions remain powerful unconscious motivators of behavior, exerting their influence despite their denial. Some typical clinical illustrations of this are provided. Excerpts from conjoint family therapy are then presented to illustrate the therapeutic interventions made in assisting a family to acknowledge denied grief over the separation of one of its members along with unspoken tender feelings within the family. This paper affirms the continued relevance of a psychodynamic, interpretative approach for families struggling with unresolved grief.", "contents": "On the reclaiming of denied affects in family therapy. A central developmental task of the family is to help its members develop the capacity to cope with the grief attendant on separation and loss. In order to work through such feelings, each member must first be able to acknowledge the affect as present, internal, and belonging to the self. Depending on the degree of intrapsychic differentiation, and the dread of abandonment, family members may seek to avoid awareness of such feelings within themselves. The disclaimed emotions remain powerful unconscious motivators of behavior, exerting their influence despite their denial. Some typical clinical illustrations of this are provided. Excerpts from conjoint family therapy are then presented to illustrate the therapeutic interventions made in assisting a family to acknowledge denied grief over the separation of one of its members along with unspoken tender feelings within the family. This paper affirms the continued relevance of a psychodynamic, interpretative approach for families struggling with unresolved grief.", "PMID": 590477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3328", "title": "The effects of family presence and brief family intervention on global outcome for hospitalized schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Virtually all modern inpatient psychiatric units operate on the assumptions that family presence, when the identified patient has schizophrenia, does affect outcome and that adding brief family intervention to the treatment prescription will enhance hospital and posthospital outcome. Often the family intervention is believed not adequate in terms of duration or frequency or quality (since trainees are the family therapists), given the standards of some experienced family clinicians. This report addresses these issues by comparing outcome measures for hospitalized patients with schizophrenia by (a) presence of a family and (b) amount and/or kind of family intervention. Most importantly, we wished to learn if global outcome would show change by virtue of family therapy (within the constraints imposed by the above limitations of family intervention).", "contents": "The effects of family presence and brief family intervention on global outcome for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Virtually all modern inpatient psychiatric units operate on the assumptions that family presence, when the identified patient has schizophrenia, does affect outcome and that adding brief family intervention to the treatment prescription will enhance hospital and posthospital outcome. Often the family intervention is believed not adequate in terms of duration or frequency or quality (since trainees are the family therapists), given the standards of some experienced family clinicians. This report addresses these issues by comparing outcome measures for hospitalized patients with schizophrenia by (a) presence of a family and (b) amount and/or kind of family intervention. Most importantly, we wished to learn if global outcome would show change by virtue of family therapy (within the constraints imposed by the above limitations of family intervention).", "PMID": 590478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3329", "title": "Factors influencing indomethacin toxicity in the rat.", "content": "The influence of various experimental conditions, such as nature of the diet, feeding schedule, sex and castration on indomethacin toxicity in the rat has been determined. In general, the following conclusions can be drawn: a) Independently of feeding schedule, sex or castration, indomethacin is significantly more toxic in animals on regular (RD) than in those on fat-free diet (FFD). b) Regardless of sex or castration, fasting significantly reduces indomethacin toxicity in RD fed animals. c) With the exception of RD unfasted animals, indomethacin is significantly more toxic in males than in females. d) Incidence and degree of intestinal ulceration are not sex dependent. e) Independently of the kind of diet and of the feeding schedule, castration reduces indomethacin toxicity in males but does not modify it in females. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Factors influencing indomethacin toxicity in the rat. The influence of various experimental conditions, such as nature of the diet, feeding schedule, sex and castration on indomethacin toxicity in the rat has been determined. In general, the following conclusions can be drawn: a) Independently of feeding schedule, sex or castration, indomethacin is significantly more toxic in animals on regular (RD) than in those on fat-free diet (FFD). b) Regardless of sex or castration, fasting significantly reduces indomethacin toxicity in RD fed animals. c) With the exception of RD unfasted animals, indomethacin is significantly more toxic in males than in females. d) Incidence and degree of intestinal ulceration are not sex dependent. e) Independently of the kind of diet and of the feeding schedule, castration reduces indomethacin toxicity in males but does not modify it in females. These findings are discussed.", "PMID": 590493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3330", "title": "New curare alkaloids. II. New bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grisebachii (Menispermaceae).", "content": "From Abuta grisebachii Triana & Planchon, Menispermacea used by Sanama tribe for the preparation of curare, five bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been isolated; four of them are tertiary (peinamine and three new alkaloids, 7-O-demethylpeinamine, N-methyl,7-O-demethylpeinamine and macolidine) and one is a new quaternary alkaloid called macoline. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of chemical reactions and spectroscopic data.", "contents": "New curare alkaloids. II. New bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grisebachii (Menispermaceae). From Abuta grisebachii Triana & Planchon, Menispermacea used by Sanama tribe for the preparation of curare, five bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been isolated; four of them are tertiary (peinamine and three new alkaloids, 7-O-demethylpeinamine, N-methyl,7-O-demethylpeinamine and macolidine) and one is a new quaternary alkaloid called macoline. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of chemical reactions and spectroscopic data.", "PMID": 590494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3331", "title": "1,3-dicyclohexyl-5-alkyl-5-aminomethylbarbituric acids as potential antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The synthesis and the structure of 1,3-dicyclohexyl-5-alkyl-5-aminomethylbarbituric acids, obtained by the Mannich reaction, are described. Some of the obtained compounds showed a strong antiinflammatory activity in biological tests.", "contents": "1,3-dicyclohexyl-5-alkyl-5-aminomethylbarbituric acids as potential antiinflammatory agents. The synthesis and the structure of 1,3-dicyclohexyl-5-alkyl-5-aminomethylbarbituric acids, obtained by the Mannich reaction, are described. Some of the obtained compounds showed a strong antiinflammatory activity in biological tests.", "PMID": 590495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3332", "title": "[Insulin-poietic effect of pentagastrin after beta-adrenergic block in the anesthesized dog].", "content": "Infusion of pentagastrin (5-G) into the femoral vein of anaesthesized dogs, in doses of 0.20 microgram/kg/min for 30 minutes, causes a prompt and significant increase in plasma IRI. The insulin-secretory effect of the peptide was not affected by 0.5 mg/kg i.v. of propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocking agent) or by 1.3 mg/kg i.v. of practolol (a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking agent). These results show that the action of 5-G on the pancreatic beta-cells could be not related to the beta-adrenergic system.", "contents": "[Insulin-poietic effect of pentagastrin after beta-adrenergic block in the anesthesized dog]. Infusion of pentagastrin (5-G) into the femoral vein of anaesthesized dogs, in doses of 0.20 microgram/kg/min for 30 minutes, causes a prompt and significant increase in plasma IRI. The insulin-secretory effect of the peptide was not affected by 0.5 mg/kg i.v. of propranolol (a beta-adrenergic blocking agent) or by 1.3 mg/kg i.v. of practolol (a selective beta1-adrenergic blocking agent). These results show that the action of 5-G on the pancreatic beta-cells could be not related to the beta-adrenergic system.", "PMID": 590496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3333", "title": "[Oposite effects of audiogenic stress on the liver and adrenal dehydrogenase of the HMP shunt].", "content": "The effects of audiogenic stress (92 dB at 2000 Hz) on the liver and adrenal levels of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase (6-PGD) were studied in adult male rats. Blood glucose and liver glycogen were also measured. In liver of stressed rats the levels of glycogen, G6-PD and 6-PGD were lower in comparison with controls. On the contrary, a significant increase of the measured enzymatic activities was shown in the adrenals. The mechanism and biological meaning of such modifications are discussed.", "contents": "[Oposite effects of audiogenic stress on the liver and adrenal dehydrogenase of the HMP shunt]. The effects of audiogenic stress (92 dB at 2000 Hz) on the liver and adrenal levels of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase (6-PGD) were studied in adult male rats. Blood glucose and liver glycogen were also measured. In liver of stressed rats the levels of glycogen, G6-PD and 6-PGD were lower in comparison with controls. On the contrary, a significant increase of the measured enzymatic activities was shown in the adrenals. The mechanism and biological meaning of such modifications are discussed.", "PMID": 590497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3334", "title": "Preparation and characterization of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 1:1 molecular compound.", "content": "Physico-chemical properties of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 1:1 molecular compound were investigated by DSC, X-ray diffraction patterns and I.R. spectroscopy. The phase diagram of the binary system was drawn and the possible nature of bonding between the components was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 1:1 molecular compound. Physico-chemical properties of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 1:1 molecular compound were investigated by DSC, X-ray diffraction patterns and I.R. spectroscopy. The phase diagram of the binary system was drawn and the possible nature of bonding between the components was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 590498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3335", "title": "[Direct effect of reserpine. II. Response of the rat vas deferens to calcium].", "content": "It has been shown that reserpine competitively antagonises the response of the isolated rat vas deferens to Ca2+. It has also been shown that reserpine does not modify uptake of Ca2+ from the external medium. On the basis of the results obtained and bearing in mind the uncoupling effect of reserpine on oxidative phosphorylation, it is suggested that reserpine owes its \"direct\" action to reduced availability of Ca2+ for contraction due to metabolic block.", "contents": "[Direct effect of reserpine. II. Response of the rat vas deferens to calcium]. It has been shown that reserpine competitively antagonises the response of the isolated rat vas deferens to Ca2+. It has also been shown that reserpine does not modify uptake of Ca2+ from the external medium. On the basis of the results obtained and bearing in mind the uncoupling effect of reserpine on oxidative phosphorylation, it is suggested that reserpine owes its \"direct\" action to reduced availability of Ca2+ for contraction due to metabolic block.", "PMID": 590499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3336", "title": "The use of gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease.", "content": "Ten infertile patients with polycystic ovarian disease were treated with 18 cycles of \"pure\" human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-FSH) and 10 cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) consisting of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a 1:1 ratio. Human chorionic gonadotropin was used to trigger ovulation when optimal follicular development was achieved as judged by urinary estrogen determinations. Of the 18 cycles utilizing HP-FSH, 14 were presumptively ovulatory, 2 were conceptual, and in 5 cycles ovarian enlargement was noted. Of the 10 HMG cycles, none was ovulatory, no conceptions resulted, and 6 instances of hyperstimulation were noted. Pretreatment serum LH levels were significantly higher than normal follicular phase values. These observations suggest that endogenous LH levels in patients with polycystic ovaries are quite adequate for follicular development so that the administration of exogenous LH is unwarranted. Furthermore, the data suggest that HP-FSH or low-LH-containing HMG may prove to be an additional safe and effective nonsurgical treatment modality for patients who are anovulatory because of polycystic ovaries.", "contents": "The use of gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Ten infertile patients with polycystic ovarian disease were treated with 18 cycles of \"pure\" human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-FSH) and 10 cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) consisting of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a 1:1 ratio. Human chorionic gonadotropin was used to trigger ovulation when optimal follicular development was achieved as judged by urinary estrogen determinations. Of the 18 cycles utilizing HP-FSH, 14 were presumptively ovulatory, 2 were conceptual, and in 5 cycles ovarian enlargement was noted. Of the 10 HMG cycles, none was ovulatory, no conceptions resulted, and 6 instances of hyperstimulation were noted. Pretreatment serum LH levels were significantly higher than normal follicular phase values. These observations suggest that endogenous LH levels in patients with polycystic ovaries are quite adequate for follicular development so that the administration of exogenous LH is unwarranted. Furthermore, the data suggest that HP-FSH or low-LH-containing HMG may prove to be an additional safe and effective nonsurgical treatment modality for patients who are anovulatory because of polycystic ovaries.", "PMID": 590534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3337", "title": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate for the evaluation of hypertestosteronism in hirsute women.", "content": "Twenty-three women with moderately elevated plasma testosterone levels (77 to 240 ng/dl) received 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) orally, three times daily, for 3 months or more. The testosterone levels were reduced to normal (less than 70 ng/dl) in 21 patients, suppressed partially in 1 patient, and unchanged in 1 patient. The removal of an ovarian teratoma normalized the testosterone level in the patient whose levels had failed to suppress with MPA. On therapy, the mean plasma testosterone concentration decreased 60%, apparent free testosterone decreased 31%, and dihydrotesterone decreased 34% (P less than 0.001, P = 0.05, and P = 0.01, respectively). A small decrease in the testosterone-binding capacity did not reach statistical significance. Experience with this simple trial suggests that extensive diagnostic testing may not be required in women with hirsutism and moderately elevated testosterone levels.", "contents": "Medroxyprogesterone acetate for the evaluation of hypertestosteronism in hirsute women. Twenty-three women with moderately elevated plasma testosterone levels (77 to 240 ng/dl) received 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) orally, three times daily, for 3 months or more. The testosterone levels were reduced to normal (less than 70 ng/dl) in 21 patients, suppressed partially in 1 patient, and unchanged in 1 patient. The removal of an ovarian teratoma normalized the testosterone level in the patient whose levels had failed to suppress with MPA. On therapy, the mean plasma testosterone concentration decreased 60%, apparent free testosterone decreased 31%, and dihydrotesterone decreased 34% (P less than 0.001, P = 0.05, and P = 0.01, respectively). A small decrease in the testosterone-binding capacity did not reach statistical significance. Experience with this simple trial suggests that extensive diagnostic testing may not be required in women with hirsutism and moderately elevated testosterone levels.", "PMID": 590535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3338", "title": "The cervical factor in infertility: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen women with an abnormal fractional postcoital test (PCT) and no other demonstrable cause of female infertility were included in this study. By utilizing the results of the postcoital test, it was possible to divide the patients into three major groups: (1) those with anatomical cervical defect, (2) those with abnormal cervical mucus, and (3) those with an abnormal PCT and normal cervical mucus. In the latter group the abnormality was due to either an abnormal male factor or an undetermined factor. The treatment used in all cases was either steroidal (diethylstibestrol) or mechanical (cervical cup insemination). In 53 of the patients there was an improvement in the PCT as a direct result of therapy. Twenty-three of these patients became pregnant--a pregnancy rate of 43%. Of the entire group of 110 patients (excluding 4 patients whose husbands had azoospermia), only 21% became pregnant. Of the 57 patients who failed to respond to therapy, 41 have been followed for 1 year, and only 2 pregnancies have been noted without therapy. No correlation was found between an abnormal PCT and the immunologic factor.", "contents": "The cervical factor in infertility: diagnosis and treatment. One hundred and fourteen women with an abnormal fractional postcoital test (PCT) and no other demonstrable cause of female infertility were included in this study. By utilizing the results of the postcoital test, it was possible to divide the patients into three major groups: (1) those with anatomical cervical defect, (2) those with abnormal cervical mucus, and (3) those with an abnormal PCT and normal cervical mucus. In the latter group the abnormality was due to either an abnormal male factor or an undetermined factor. The treatment used in all cases was either steroidal (diethylstibestrol) or mechanical (cervical cup insemination). In 53 of the patients there was an improvement in the PCT as a direct result of therapy. Twenty-three of these patients became pregnant--a pregnancy rate of 43%. Of the entire group of 110 patients (excluding 4 patients whose husbands had azoospermia), only 21% became pregnant. Of the 57 patients who failed to respond to therapy, 41 have been followed for 1 year, and only 2 pregnancies have been noted without therapy. No correlation was found between an abnormal PCT and the immunologic factor.", "PMID": 590536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3339", "title": "Inhibition of sperm migration through cervical mucus in vitro.", "content": "The effectiveness of inhibiting bovine sperm migration through cervical mucus in vitro by prior treatment of semen with 45 to 150 micrograms of soybean trypsin inhibitor, univalent (papain-digested, nonagglutinating) and bivalent (undigested) rabbit anti-bovine sperm immunoglobulin, and heat-treated heifer serum was studied. Sperm head-to-head agglutination resulted from treatment of semen with bivalent immune antibody and heat-treated heifer serum. Migration through cervical mucus was inhibited only by treatment resulting in spermagglutination. It is postulated that in vivo inhibition of sperm migration may be influenced by secretory immunoglobulins from the cervix.", "contents": "Inhibition of sperm migration through cervical mucus in vitro. The effectiveness of inhibiting bovine sperm migration through cervical mucus in vitro by prior treatment of semen with 45 to 150 micrograms of soybean trypsin inhibitor, univalent (papain-digested, nonagglutinating) and bivalent (undigested) rabbit anti-bovine sperm immunoglobulin, and heat-treated heifer serum was studied. Sperm head-to-head agglutination resulted from treatment of semen with bivalent immune antibody and heat-treated heifer serum. Migration through cervical mucus was inhibited only by treatment resulting in spermagglutination. It is postulated that in vivo inhibition of sperm migration may be influenced by secretory immunoglobulins from the cervix.", "PMID": 590537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3340", "title": "The new improved silastic band for ligation of fallopian tubes.", "content": "Twelve different sizes of elastic bands were tried in animal experimentation for tubal sterilization. Reversible sterilization was not successful in any of the animals after removal of the various-sized bands. A new elastic Silastic band is reported which is larger and wider than those previously described. Over a 4-year period, no serious complications have been reported and extremely low pregnancy rates have been achieved by utilizing the new, wider bands and our applicators for human sterilization.", "contents": "The new improved silastic band for ligation of fallopian tubes. Twelve different sizes of elastic bands were tried in animal experimentation for tubal sterilization. Reversible sterilization was not successful in any of the animals after removal of the various-sized bands. A new elastic Silastic band is reported which is larger and wider than those previously described. Over a 4-year period, no serious complications have been reported and extremely low pregnancy rates have been achieved by utilizing the new, wider bands and our applicators for human sterilization.", "PMID": 590538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3341", "title": "Frequency distribution of sperm counts in fertile and infertile males.", "content": "In this study the frequency distribution of sperm counts and total sperm counts from more than 4000 allegedly fertile males were compared with those of husbands in 1000 infertile couples. Significant differences were observed only at the lower end of the scale (sperm counts below 10 million/ml and total sperm counts below 25 million/ejaculate). Frequency distributions of sperm counts above 10 million/ml or total sperm counts above 25 million/ejaculate revealed little difference between the fertile and infertile groups. These data suggest that, unless other parameters are found to be abnormal, sperm counts and total sperm counts above 10 million/ml and 25 million/ejaculate, respectively, probably are not major factors in a couple's infertility.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of sperm counts in fertile and infertile males. In this study the frequency distribution of sperm counts and total sperm counts from more than 4000 allegedly fertile males were compared with those of husbands in 1000 infertile couples. Significant differences were observed only at the lower end of the scale (sperm counts below 10 million/ml and total sperm counts below 25 million/ejaculate). Frequency distributions of sperm counts above 10 million/ml or total sperm counts above 25 million/ejaculate revealed little difference between the fertile and infertile groups. These data suggest that, unless other parameters are found to be abnormal, sperm counts and total sperm counts above 10 million/ml and 25 million/ejaculate, respectively, probably are not major factors in a couple's infertility.", "PMID": 590539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3342", "title": "Relation between indices of semen analysis and pregnancy rate in infertile couples.", "content": "Both partners of 198 consecutive infertile couples were evaluated. Studies in the female included clinical evaluation of ovulation for a minimum of two menstrual cycles, investigation of tubal patency, and evaluation of sperm survival in cervical mucus. Six semen specimens were analyzed from each male. Laparoscopy, scrotal exploration, and testicular biopsies were performed as required. Where indicated, the female was treated intensively. The only therapy offered to the males was ligation of varicoceles, if present. The couples were grouped on the basis of sperm counts, total sperm counts, motile sperm counts, and total motile sperm counts, and the incidence of pregnancy was computed. Pregnancy rates of approximately 50% occurred in couples where sperm counts or total sperm counts were in the range of 5 to 60 million/ml or 25 to 200 million/ejaculate, respectively. When sperm counts were over 60 million/ml or total sperm counts over 200 million/ejaculate, pregnancy rates increased to above 70%. These observations emphasize the importance of considering infertility as a problem of a couple rather than as a specific disorder of one of the partners. These data also demonstrate a lack of direct correlation between sperm density in the ranges of 5 to 60 million/ml and pregnancy rates in couples where the wife is treated intensively.", "contents": "Relation between indices of semen analysis and pregnancy rate in infertile couples. Both partners of 198 consecutive infertile couples were evaluated. Studies in the female included clinical evaluation of ovulation for a minimum of two menstrual cycles, investigation of tubal patency, and evaluation of sperm survival in cervical mucus. Six semen specimens were analyzed from each male. Laparoscopy, scrotal exploration, and testicular biopsies were performed as required. Where indicated, the female was treated intensively. The only therapy offered to the males was ligation of varicoceles, if present. The couples were grouped on the basis of sperm counts, total sperm counts, motile sperm counts, and total motile sperm counts, and the incidence of pregnancy was computed. Pregnancy rates of approximately 50% occurred in couples where sperm counts or total sperm counts were in the range of 5 to 60 million/ml or 25 to 200 million/ejaculate, respectively. When sperm counts were over 60 million/ml or total sperm counts over 200 million/ejaculate, pregnancy rates increased to above 70%. These observations emphasize the importance of considering infertility as a problem of a couple rather than as a specific disorder of one of the partners. These data also demonstrate a lack of direct correlation between sperm density in the ranges of 5 to 60 million/ml and pregnancy rates in couples where the wife is treated intensively.", "PMID": 590540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3343", "title": "Levels of L-carnitine and L-O-acetylcarnitine in normal and infertile human semen: a lower level of L-O-acetycarnitine in infertile semen.", "content": "The level of total L-carnitine was determined in normal human seminal plasma and sperm. Most of the L-carnitine is concentrated in the seminal plasma and its level is about 10 times higher than that in blood plasma. About 50% of total L-carnitine in normal human seminal plasma exists in the form of acetylcarnitine. Similar studies were also carried out in oligospermic and azoospermic human seminal plasma. The level of L-O-acetylcarnitine in both types of infertile samples is significantly lower than that in normal samples. On the other hand, the level of free L-carnitine is the same in fertile and infertile seminal plasma.", "contents": "Levels of L-carnitine and L-O-acetylcarnitine in normal and infertile human semen: a lower level of L-O-acetycarnitine in infertile semen. The level of total L-carnitine was determined in normal human seminal plasma and sperm. Most of the L-carnitine is concentrated in the seminal plasma and its level is about 10 times higher than that in blood plasma. About 50% of total L-carnitine in normal human seminal plasma exists in the form of acetylcarnitine. Similar studies were also carried out in oligospermic and azoospermic human seminal plasma. The level of L-O-acetylcarnitine in both types of infertile samples is significantly lower than that in normal samples. On the other hand, the level of free L-carnitine is the same in fertile and infertile seminal plasma.", "PMID": 590542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3344", "title": "Turbidimetric analysis of human sperm motility.", "content": "A turbidimetric method has been developed for determining rapidly the fraction of sperm in human ejaculates which show the most vigorous motility. The method is based on the fact that sperm cells so endowed will be the first to swim upward into clear medium from a concentrated cell suspension at the bottom of an optical cuvette. This results in a time-dependent increase in turbidity in the medium which is recorded spectrophotometrically as an increase in absorbance. The determination requires 10 minutes and yields both the fraction of rapidly moving sperm, FRM, and their average velocity, VRM. Examination of 25 samples yielded FRM values of 10% or lower, whereas values for VRM averaged about 100 microns/second. These vigorously motile cells may be the best candidates for fertilization, and samples with a high fraction of such cells should have high fertilizing capacity. It is suggested that this simple turbidimetric test be used in evaluation of human semen as a possible indicator of fertilizing capacity.", "contents": "Turbidimetric analysis of human sperm motility. A turbidimetric method has been developed for determining rapidly the fraction of sperm in human ejaculates which show the most vigorous motility. The method is based on the fact that sperm cells so endowed will be the first to swim upward into clear medium from a concentrated cell suspension at the bottom of an optical cuvette. This results in a time-dependent increase in turbidity in the medium which is recorded spectrophotometrically as an increase in absorbance. The determination requires 10 minutes and yields both the fraction of rapidly moving sperm, FRM, and their average velocity, VRM. Examination of 25 samples yielded FRM values of 10% or lower, whereas values for VRM averaged about 100 microns/second. These vigorously motile cells may be the best candidates for fertilization, and samples with a high fraction of such cells should have high fertilizing capacity. It is suggested that this simple turbidimetric test be used in evaluation of human semen as a possible indicator of fertilizing capacity.", "PMID": 590543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3345", "title": "Fundamental comments on cell polarography according to Velazquez and Rosado.", "content": "Some fundamental comments are made on cell polarography according to Vel\u00e1zquez and Rosado (Fertil Steril 23:562, 1972). The results which they have obtained cannot be reliable because fundamental mistakes are made against the principles of the electroanalytic techniques used. We comment upon the conductometry, the amperometric titrations, and the alternating-current polarography as carried out by Vel\u00e1zquez and Rosado.", "contents": "Fundamental comments on cell polarography according to Velazquez and Rosado. Some fundamental comments are made on cell polarography according to Vel\u00e1zquez and Rosado (Fertil Steril 23:562, 1972). The results which they have obtained cannot be reliable because fundamental mistakes are made against the principles of the electroanalytic techniques used. We comment upon the conductometry, the amperometric titrations, and the alternating-current polarography as carried out by Vel\u00e1zquez and Rosado.", "PMID": 590544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3346", "title": "Proteins of human vaginal fluid.", "content": "Proteins of vaginal fluid from normal and hysterectomized women were identified and compared with those of cervical mucus. Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, beta-lipoprotein, orosomucoid, ceruloplasmin, gamma chains, gamma G. K. (Bence Jones), and immunoglobulins G, A, and M were present in both vaginal fluid and cervical mucus. Fibrin and C-reactive protein were not found in the vaginal fluid but were identified in cervical mucus. alpha2-Haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, beta-lipoprotein, orosomucoid, and immunoglobulin M were absent in the vaginal fluid of hysterectomized women, indicating that their presence in the vaginal secretion of normal women may be due to contamination from cervical mucus.", "contents": "Proteins of human vaginal fluid. Proteins of vaginal fluid from normal and hysterectomized women were identified and compared with those of cervical mucus. Albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, beta-lipoprotein, orosomucoid, ceruloplasmin, gamma chains, gamma G. K. (Bence Jones), and immunoglobulins G, A, and M were present in both vaginal fluid and cervical mucus. Fibrin and C-reactive protein were not found in the vaginal fluid but were identified in cervical mucus. alpha2-Haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, beta-lipoprotein, orosomucoid, and immunoglobulin M were absent in the vaginal fluid of hysterectomized women, indicating that their presence in the vaginal secretion of normal women may be due to contamination from cervical mucus.", "PMID": 590545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3347", "title": "The effect of aminopterin-induced folic acid deficiency on spermatogenesis.", "content": "Folic acid deficiency was produced by injecting aminopterin into adult male albino rats, resulting in inhibition of spermatogenesis. Bone marrow smears were studied to serve as an index of folic acid deficiency; however, changes in spermatogenesis were noticed earlier than the bone marrow changes. Meiotic division was affected more than mitotic division. The nuclei of spermatogenic cells showed degenerative changes. Chromosomal abnormalities, chiefly sticky chromosomes, were noticed in squashed preparations of seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "The effect of aminopterin-induced folic acid deficiency on spermatogenesis. Folic acid deficiency was produced by injecting aminopterin into adult male albino rats, resulting in inhibition of spermatogenesis. Bone marrow smears were studied to serve as an index of folic acid deficiency; however, changes in spermatogenesis were noticed earlier than the bone marrow changes. Meiotic division was affected more than mitotic division. The nuclei of spermatogenic cells showed degenerative changes. Chromosomal abnormalities, chiefly sticky chromosomes, were noticed in squashed preparations of seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 590546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3348", "title": "Pharmacologic modification of the time course of ovum transport in guinea pigs.", "content": "Various agents were examined for their effects on ovum transport in the guinea pig. Estrogen significantly accelerated ovum transport in this species. The experiments further demonstrated that estrogen did not act by inducing prostaglandin synthesis, nor by altering plasma progesterone levels. The estrogen-induced acceleration was significantly antagonized by tamoxifen, an antiestrogen that acts by interfering with estrogen receptor synthesis. Cycloheximide also antagonized the effects of estrogen on ovum transport. These data suggest that the modification of ovum transport by estrogen is due to the entrance of estrogen into the nuclei of target cells, and subsequent protein synthesis. Although we assume that this action occurs at the level of the oviduct, our experiments do not prove this assumption.", "contents": "Pharmacologic modification of the time course of ovum transport in guinea pigs. Various agents were examined for their effects on ovum transport in the guinea pig. Estrogen significantly accelerated ovum transport in this species. The experiments further demonstrated that estrogen did not act by inducing prostaglandin synthesis, nor by altering plasma progesterone levels. The estrogen-induced acceleration was significantly antagonized by tamoxifen, an antiestrogen that acts by interfering with estrogen receptor synthesis. Cycloheximide also antagonized the effects of estrogen on ovum transport. These data suggest that the modification of ovum transport by estrogen is due to the entrance of estrogen into the nuclei of target cells, and subsequent protein synthesis. Although we assume that this action occurs at the level of the oviduct, our experiments do not prove this assumption.", "PMID": 590547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3349", "title": "A comparison of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and plasma estradiol measurements in the monitoring of clomiphene and gonadotropin therapy.", "content": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and plasma estradiol (E2) were measured in 56 infertile women treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and in 21 infertile women treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and hCG. Plasma LAP scores were found to correlate significantly with plasma E2 levels in both clomiphene- and hMG-stimulated patients, reflecting the depdence of LAP on the level of circulating plasma estrogens. However, the plasma LAP score failed to distinguish the difference between normal stimulated and hyperstimulated cycles following hMG administration. We conclude that plasma LAP measurements have little value in monitoring ovulation induction therapy.", "contents": "A comparison of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and plasma estradiol measurements in the monitoring of clomiphene and gonadotropin therapy. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and plasma estradiol (E2) were measured in 56 infertile women treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and in 21 infertile women treated with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and hCG. Plasma LAP scores were found to correlate significantly with plasma E2 levels in both clomiphene- and hMG-stimulated patients, reflecting the depdence of LAP on the level of circulating plasma estrogens. However, the plasma LAP score failed to distinguish the difference between normal stimulated and hyperstimulated cycles following hMG administration. We conclude that plasma LAP measurements have little value in monitoring ovulation induction therapy.", "PMID": 590548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3350", "title": "Hemorrhage induced by intrauterine devices: control by local proteinase inhibition.", "content": "The intrauterine application of proteinase inhibitors, tranexaminc acid and the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Trasylol), reduces or eliminates menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding (spotting) produced by an intrauterine device (IUD). A decrease in pain and vaginal (cervical) discharge is also frequently observed. A single application is usually sufficient, more than three never being required. The effect lasts for an average of three cycles. In addition to the clinical use of these agents for the treatment of uterine hemorrhage, the slow release of proteinase inhibitors from an IUD may well be useful in minimizing its side effects without interfering with its contraceptive activity.", "contents": "Hemorrhage induced by intrauterine devices: control by local proteinase inhibition. The intrauterine application of proteinase inhibitors, tranexaminc acid and the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Trasylol), reduces or eliminates menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding (spotting) produced by an intrauterine device (IUD). A decrease in pain and vaginal (cervical) discharge is also frequently observed. A single application is usually sufficient, more than three never being required. The effect lasts for an average of three cycles. In addition to the clinical use of these agents for the treatment of uterine hemorrhage, the slow release of proteinase inhibitors from an IUD may well be useful in minimizing its side effects without interfering with its contraceptive activity.", "PMID": 590549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3351", "title": "[Effect of GABA and phenybut on the neuronal activity of the cortex and potentials of the spinal roots].", "content": "The effects of GABA AND PHENYBUT (BEta-phenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) on the dorsal (DRP) and ventral (VPR) root potentials were studied in the isolated frog spinal cord. The direct action of these agents on the neuronal membranes was studied by means of the microiontophoretic method in the cat cerebral cortex. Phenybut, like GABA, SUPPRESSES DRP and VRP at the spinal cord level, but it prolongs the duration of DRP and VRP rising phase and at the same time depresses the VR reflexes. Phenybut microiontophoretic application does not considerably affect the neuronal activity whereas GABA exerts an obvious inhibitory action. Differences in the mechanisms of GABA and phenybut actions on the c. n. s. elements are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of GABA and phenybut on the neuronal activity of the cortex and potentials of the spinal roots]. The effects of GABA AND PHENYBUT (BEta-phenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) on the dorsal (DRP) and ventral (VPR) root potentials were studied in the isolated frog spinal cord. The direct action of these agents on the neuronal membranes was studied by means of the microiontophoretic method in the cat cerebral cortex. Phenybut, like GABA, SUPPRESSES DRP and VRP at the spinal cord level, but it prolongs the duration of DRP and VRP rising phase and at the same time depresses the VR reflexes. Phenybut microiontophoretic application does not considerably affect the neuronal activity whereas GABA exerts an obvious inhibitory action. Differences in the mechanisms of GABA and phenybut actions on the c. n. s. elements are discussed.", "PMID": 590565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3352", "title": "[Relationship between blood flow in the motor cortex and neuronal and total bioelectrical activity of the rabbit brain].", "content": "In unrestrained rabbits, the local blood flow (LBF), the unit activity in the motor cortex, the EEG, and the EMG of forelimbs were simultaneously recorded during different kinds of stimulation. The EEG arousal response and the increase in the firing rate of unspecific neurons were only followed by the increase in the LBF on adequate stimulation or movement, whereas on inadequate stimulation it was the decrease in the LBF. With the specific neurons, the increase or decrease in their firing rate corresponded either to enhancement or to reduction of the LBF on adequate and inadequate stimulation. The above correlations were only revealed at the normal functional state of the cerebral cortex. The energy expenditure of specific neurons is suggested to be the main factor in the mechanism for the LBF control.", "contents": "[Relationship between blood flow in the motor cortex and neuronal and total bioelectrical activity of the rabbit brain]. In unrestrained rabbits, the local blood flow (LBF), the unit activity in the motor cortex, the EEG, and the EMG of forelimbs were simultaneously recorded during different kinds of stimulation. The EEG arousal response and the increase in the firing rate of unspecific neurons were only followed by the increase in the LBF on adequate stimulation or movement, whereas on inadequate stimulation it was the decrease in the LBF. With the specific neurons, the increase or decrease in their firing rate corresponded either to enhancement or to reduction of the LBF on adequate and inadequate stimulation. The above correlations were only revealed at the normal functional state of the cerebral cortex. The energy expenditure of specific neurons is suggested to be the main factor in the mechanism for the LBF control.", "PMID": 590566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3353", "title": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of the inhibitory neuromuscular synapses of the crayfish with different rhythms of activity].", "content": "By means of intracellular recording, the IPSP's parameters and the characteristics of inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the dactylopod-opener muscle, were studied at different rhythms of activity. The presynaptic character of the high-frequency (pessimal) blockade of inhibitory system was shown. Transformation of the stimulation rhythm was correlated with the drop in the velocity of conduction along the inhibitory axon and/or its branches. At high-frequency stimulation, the mean quantae content of IPSP's on the potentiation plateau prior to transformation was lower than at lower frequencies. No signs of the depletion of the mediator store was revealed during the high-frequency activity. The mechanism of the inhibitory mediator secretion seems to be more reliable than the function of conduction of the presynaptic neural impulse.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of the inhibitory neuromuscular synapses of the crayfish with different rhythms of activity]. By means of intracellular recording, the IPSP's parameters and the characteristics of inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the dactylopod-opener muscle, were studied at different rhythms of activity. The presynaptic character of the high-frequency (pessimal) blockade of inhibitory system was shown. Transformation of the stimulation rhythm was correlated with the drop in the velocity of conduction along the inhibitory axon and/or its branches. At high-frequency stimulation, the mean quantae content of IPSP's on the potentiation plateau prior to transformation was lower than at lower frequencies. No signs of the depletion of the mediator store was revealed during the high-frequency activity. The mechanism of the inhibitory mediator secretion seems to be more reliable than the function of conduction of the presynaptic neural impulse.", "PMID": 590567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3354", "title": "[Adaptational characteristics of muscle stretch receptors of the dynamic type].", "content": "In cats with deefferented m. triceps, some stretch receptors of the dynamic type were shown to adapt rapidly after stretching of the muscle and keeping it at the new length, whereas other receptors revealed rapid and slow components of the adaptation. The units with different kinds of adaptation coexist in the same muscle, their afferents being related mainly to the group I, although overlapping with the group II afferents does exist. The above differences are revealed at high values of the muscle initial stretch. It seems that the adaptation slow component is based on a mechanical factor depending on the viscous-elastic properties of the tissue in the area of sensitive nerve terminals.", "contents": "[Adaptational characteristics of muscle stretch receptors of the dynamic type]. In cats with deefferented m. triceps, some stretch receptors of the dynamic type were shown to adapt rapidly after stretching of the muscle and keeping it at the new length, whereas other receptors revealed rapid and slow components of the adaptation. The units with different kinds of adaptation coexist in the same muscle, their afferents being related mainly to the group I, although overlapping with the group II afferents does exist. The above differences are revealed at high values of the muscle initial stretch. It seems that the adaptation slow component is based on a mechanical factor depending on the viscous-elastic properties of the tissue in the area of sensitive nerve terminals.", "PMID": 590569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3355", "title": "[Activation mechanisms of the contractile cells of cerebral arteries and veins].", "content": "In isolated strips of internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery in humans, spontaneous electric and contractile activities were revealed. Low (35 degrees C) and high (40--41 degrees C) temperatures inhibited the development of spontaneous contractions. Under depolarization of the cells' membranes by potassium ions, no development of spontaneous electric or contractile waves occurred, while contractions of the tonic type were observed in arterial preparations. No spontaneous contractions were found in the cerebral veins.", "contents": "[Activation mechanisms of the contractile cells of cerebral arteries and veins]. In isolated strips of internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery in humans, spontaneous electric and contractile activities were revealed. Low (35 degrees C) and high (40--41 degrees C) temperatures inhibited the development of spontaneous contractions. Under depolarization of the cells' membranes by potassium ions, no development of spontaneous electric or contractile waves occurred, while contractions of the tonic type were observed in arterial preparations. No spontaneous contractions were found in the cerebral veins.", "PMID": 590572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3356", "title": "[Morphologic basis for the common action of the nervous and hormonal control of gastric activity].", "content": "In adult dogs and white Wistar rats, relationships between the automonic nerve endings, mucosal endocrine cells, mast cells, and blood capillaries in the gastric wall were studied with the aid of electron microscopy. A close association of 3 components of the regulatory mechanisms: neural, hormonal, and humoral, in the form of the triad comprising endocrine cells, autonomic nerve endings, and blood capillaries, was revealed, with no true synapses between them. Accumulations of the granules of the endocrine cells, synaptic vesicles of the autonomic nerves, and the pinocytose vesicles of the capillary endothelium were seen at inner surface of the cells' membranes which is the morphological indication of the physiological function. The data obtained suggest that the interaction between the 3 above components is realised through the diffuse synapses, and indicate that the interstitium of the digestive tract wall is the area of integration of the neural and the hormonal links of neuro-homoral visceral reflexes.", "contents": "[Morphologic basis for the common action of the nervous and hormonal control of gastric activity]. In adult dogs and white Wistar rats, relationships between the automonic nerve endings, mucosal endocrine cells, mast cells, and blood capillaries in the gastric wall were studied with the aid of electron microscopy. A close association of 3 components of the regulatory mechanisms: neural, hormonal, and humoral, in the form of the triad comprising endocrine cells, autonomic nerve endings, and blood capillaries, was revealed, with no true synapses between them. Accumulations of the granules of the endocrine cells, synaptic vesicles of the autonomic nerves, and the pinocytose vesicles of the capillary endothelium were seen at inner surface of the cells' membranes which is the morphological indication of the physiological function. The data obtained suggest that the interaction between the 3 above components is realised through the diffuse synapses, and indicate that the interstitium of the digestive tract wall is the area of integration of the neural and the hormonal links of neuro-homoral visceral reflexes.", "PMID": 590573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3357", "title": "[Influence of adaptation of hypoxia on the relationship between tissue respiration, temperature and oxygen tension in vitro].", "content": "The effect of adaptation to hypoxia on rat tissue respiration at different pO2 and temperature in vitro was studied. The temperature coefficient Q10 and the Michaelis constant Km for oxygen were estimated. The tissue sensitivity to low pO2 and low temperature obviously decreased while the tissue affinity for oxygen and the direct temperature dependence on Km increased in animals adapted to hypoxia. A functional interrelationship between adaptational changes of Q10 and Km of tissue respiration in different organs was revealed. The data obtained suggest participation of cellular oxidation changes in adaptive increase of oxygen affinity.", "contents": "[Influence of adaptation of hypoxia on the relationship between tissue respiration, temperature and oxygen tension in vitro]. The effect of adaptation to hypoxia on rat tissue respiration at different pO2 and temperature in vitro was studied. The temperature coefficient Q10 and the Michaelis constant Km for oxygen were estimated. The tissue sensitivity to low pO2 and low temperature obviously decreased while the tissue affinity for oxygen and the direct temperature dependence on Km increased in animals adapted to hypoxia. A functional interrelationship between adaptational changes of Q10 and Km of tissue respiration in different organs was revealed. The data obtained suggest participation of cellular oxidation changes in adaptive increase of oxygen affinity.", "PMID": 590576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3358", "title": "[The mechanism of follicle growth. II. The mode of action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on follicle growth (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on ovarian follicle growth was studied in hypophysectomized rats using the histologic, autoradiographic and histochemical techniques. The follicle growth was stimulated by the administration of both FSH and estrogen. The histologic finding of the follicle growth induced by the two hormones was different. Namely, after the administration of FSH, the theca layer was thick, but after the administration of estrogen, it was thin. 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine were used to investigate cell division in a growing follicle. The uptake of 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine by the theca layer was enhanced remarkably by FSH. On the other hand, the uptake of 3H-thymidine by the granulosa layer was enhanced by FSH or estrogen, while the grain count of granulosa cells was increased only by the administration of estrogen. Moreover, the administration of FSH resulted in an increase of the enzyme activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), DELTA5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) in the theca layer. Furthermore, the administration of FSH caused an increase in the serum estradiol and estriol of rats, whereas the administration of estrogen did not. It seems possible, therefore, that FSH stimulated proliferation of theca cells and produced estrogen. The results suggest that the estrogen produced by the theca cells might stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells; consequently, follicle growth might be induced.", "contents": "[The mechanism of follicle growth. II. The mode of action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on follicle growth (author's transl)]. The mode of action of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on ovarian follicle growth was studied in hypophysectomized rats using the histologic, autoradiographic and histochemical techniques. The follicle growth was stimulated by the administration of both FSH and estrogen. The histologic finding of the follicle growth induced by the two hormones was different. Namely, after the administration of FSH, the theca layer was thick, but after the administration of estrogen, it was thin. 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine were used to investigate cell division in a growing follicle. The uptake of 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine by the theca layer was enhanced remarkably by FSH. On the other hand, the uptake of 3H-thymidine by the granulosa layer was enhanced by FSH or estrogen, while the grain count of granulosa cells was increased only by the administration of estrogen. Moreover, the administration of FSH resulted in an increase of the enzyme activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), DELTA5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) in the theca layer. Furthermore, the administration of FSH caused an increase in the serum estradiol and estriol of rats, whereas the administration of estrogen did not. It seems possible, therefore, that FSH stimulated proliferation of theca cells and produced estrogen. The results suggest that the estrogen produced by the theca cells might stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells; consequently, follicle growth might be induced.", "PMID": 590582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3359", "title": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of dothiepin and northiaden in human plasma and serum.", "content": "A method has been developed for the separation and measurement of dothiepin and the N-demethyl metabolites, northiaden, in human plasma or serum by high performance liquid chromatography. The method uses a structurally-related drug, amitriptyline, as an internal standard and provides a limit of detection of about 10 ng/ml for each component. At a concentration of 20 ng/ml, northiaden and dothiepin could be measured with +/-11% and +/- 6% of the mean respectively and at 200 ng/ml within +/-3% and 1% of the mean. The method has been applied to the analysis of serum from patients undergoing dothiepin therapy.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatographic determination of dothiepin and northiaden in human plasma and serum. A method has been developed for the separation and measurement of dothiepin and the N-demethyl metabolites, northiaden, in human plasma or serum by high performance liquid chromatography. The method uses a structurally-related drug, amitriptyline, as an internal standard and provides a limit of detection of about 10 ng/ml for each component. At a concentration of 20 ng/ml, northiaden and dothiepin could be measured with +/-11% and +/- 6% of the mean respectively and at 200 ng/ml within +/-3% and 1% of the mean. The method has been applied to the analysis of serum from patients undergoing dothiepin therapy.", "PMID": 590596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3360", "title": "Steady-state serum concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden after two dosage regimens of dothiepin hydrochloride (Prothiaden).", "content": "Five healthy volunteers took part in a crossover study which examined the serum concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden after a 25 mg three times a day and a 75 mg once a day dosage regimen of Prothiaden. The inter-individual variation of serum levels was large after either schedule which is to be expected with this group of drugs. The minimum steady-state level of dothiepin tended to be lower after the single daily dose, but the differences were small and not statistically significant. The approximate maximum steady-state levels of dothiepin showed large intra-and inter-subject variation and no obvious trend. The values of the desmethylated metabolite, norhiaden, tended to follow the dothiepin concentrations but were lower than the parent drug. Average steady-state levels tended, with one exception, to be very similar after both regimens with no evidence with no evidence fo any trend when comparing the two regiments. The study showed that the two regimens yielded similar steady-state serum concentrations both of drug and metabolite but inter-individual differences were large.", "contents": "Steady-state serum concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden after two dosage regimens of dothiepin hydrochloride (Prothiaden). Five healthy volunteers took part in a crossover study which examined the serum concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden after a 25 mg three times a day and a 75 mg once a day dosage regimen of Prothiaden. The inter-individual variation of serum levels was large after either schedule which is to be expected with this group of drugs. The minimum steady-state level of dothiepin tended to be lower after the single daily dose, but the differences were small and not statistically significant. The approximate maximum steady-state levels of dothiepin showed large intra-and inter-subject variation and no obvious trend. The values of the desmethylated metabolite, norhiaden, tended to follow the dothiepin concentrations but were lower than the parent drug. Average steady-state levels tended, with one exception, to be very similar after both regimens with no evidence with no evidence fo any trend when comparing the two regiments. The study showed that the two regimens yielded similar steady-state serum concentrations both of drug and metabolite but inter-individual differences were large.", "PMID": 590597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3361", "title": "The interactions of ticlopidine and aspirin in normal subjects.", "content": "This trial was performed on 24 health volunteers in order to study the possible interactions between aspirin and ticlopidine. The results confirm the inhibitory activity of aspirin on collagen-induced aggregation and that of ticlopidine on ADP-induced aggregation. If aspirin does not modify the inhibitory effect of ticlopidine on ADP-induced aggregation, ticlopidine on the other hand potentiates the effect of aspirin on collagen-induced aggregation.", "contents": "The interactions of ticlopidine and aspirin in normal subjects. This trial was performed on 24 health volunteers in order to study the possible interactions between aspirin and ticlopidine. The results confirm the inhibitory activity of aspirin on collagen-induced aggregation and that of ticlopidine on ADP-induced aggregation. If aspirin does not modify the inhibitory effect of ticlopidine on ADP-induced aggregation, ticlopidine on the other hand potentiates the effect of aspirin on collagen-induced aggregation.", "PMID": 590598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3362", "title": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in the treatment of amoebic liver abscess.", "content": "Tinidazole, a new drug effective against E histolytica, was studied in patients with amoebic liver abscess proved by aspiration of pus. A preliminary open evaluation in fourteen patients provided a cure in all cases. A subsequent comparative study against metronidazole in another twenty-two patients led to a cure in all eleven patients treated with tinidazole and in ten out of eleven patients treated with metronidazole. The response was faster in patients treated with tinidazole. Tinidazole was totally free from side-effects. Tinidazole is a noteworthy addition to anti-amoebic therapy.", "contents": "Tinidazole and metronidazole in the treatment of amoebic liver abscess. Tinidazole, a new drug effective against E histolytica, was studied in patients with amoebic liver abscess proved by aspiration of pus. A preliminary open evaluation in fourteen patients provided a cure in all cases. A subsequent comparative study against metronidazole in another twenty-two patients led to a cure in all eleven patients treated with tinidazole and in ten out of eleven patients treated with metronidazole. The response was faster in patients treated with tinidazole. Tinidazole was totally free from side-effects. Tinidazole is a noteworthy addition to anti-amoebic therapy.", "PMID": 590599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3363", "title": "A comparison of a short course of single daily dosage therapy of tinidazole with metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis.", "content": "Sixty patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis were treated for 3 days with a single dose of 2 g of either tinidazole or metronidazole respectively by random order. Tinidazole cured 90% of patients (27/30) an metronidazole cured 53.3% of patients (16/30). The difference was significant (p less than 0-01). Mild side-effect were reported by 26-7% of patients (8/30) in the tinidazole group as compared to mild to moderated side-effects reported by 53.3% of patients (16/30) in the metronidazole group. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0-05). As the average patient has only a limited understanding and toleration of extended treatment courses, the advantages of a short course employing a single daily dose are obvious. With such a regimen, tinidazole was found to be superior to metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis.", "contents": "A comparison of a short course of single daily dosage therapy of tinidazole with metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis. Sixty patients with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis were treated for 3 days with a single dose of 2 g of either tinidazole or metronidazole respectively by random order. Tinidazole cured 90% of patients (27/30) an metronidazole cured 53.3% of patients (16/30). The difference was significant (p less than 0-01). Mild side-effect were reported by 26-7% of patients (8/30) in the tinidazole group as compared to mild to moderated side-effects reported by 53.3% of patients (16/30) in the metronidazole group. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0-05). As the average patient has only a limited understanding and toleration of extended treatment courses, the advantages of a short course employing a single daily dose are obvious. With such a regimen, tinidazole was found to be superior to metronidazole in intestinal amoebiasis.", "PMID": 590600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3364", "title": "Single-dose treatment of trichomonal vaginitis: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole.", "content": "A randomized, comparative trial was carried out in 100 patients with trichomonal vaginitis to compare the efficacy and toleration of a single 2 g dose of tinidazole and metronidazole. Tinidazole produced parasitological cure in 94% of patients (47/50) and a satisfactory clinical response in 96% of patients (48/50); for metronidazole the figures were 64% (32/50) and 72% (36/50) respectively. Side-effects were reported by 52% of patients (25/50) on tinidazole and 82% of patients (41/50) on metronidazole. Severity of side-effects and their frequency per patient were significantly less (p less than 0-045 to 0-01) with tinidazole than with metronidazole. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that tinidazole was significantly better than metronidzole with respect parasitological cure (p less 0-01) and clinical improvement (p less than 0-01) and also with regard to the incidence and intensity of side-effects (p less than 0-01).", "contents": "Single-dose treatment of trichomonal vaginitis: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. A randomized, comparative trial was carried out in 100 patients with trichomonal vaginitis to compare the efficacy and toleration of a single 2 g dose of tinidazole and metronidazole. Tinidazole produced parasitological cure in 94% of patients (47/50) and a satisfactory clinical response in 96% of patients (48/50); for metronidazole the figures were 64% (32/50) and 72% (36/50) respectively. Side-effects were reported by 52% of patients (25/50) on tinidazole and 82% of patients (41/50) on metronidazole. Severity of side-effects and their frequency per patient were significantly less (p less than 0-045 to 0-01) with tinidazole than with metronidazole. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that tinidazole was significantly better than metronidzole with respect parasitological cure (p less 0-01) and clinical improvement (p less than 0-01) and also with regard to the incidence and intensity of side-effects (p less than 0-01).", "PMID": 590601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3365", "title": "The use of loperamide for treatment of \"difficult to manage\" chronic diarrhoea in adults.", "content": "An open study of loperamide in seven chronic diarrhoea patients who were inadequately controlled by previous anti-diarrhoeal therapy is reported. All patients were well controlled by small amounts of loperamide and most could not eat a normal diet. No side-effect were reported.", "contents": "The use of loperamide for treatment of \"difficult to manage\" chronic diarrhoea in adults. An open study of loperamide in seven chronic diarrhoea patients who were inadequately controlled by previous anti-diarrhoeal therapy is reported. All patients were well controlled by small amounts of loperamide and most could not eat a normal diet. No side-effect were reported.", "PMID": 590602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3366", "title": "Once daily administration of pindolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "An open study was carried out in general practice on patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension to assess the effectiveness of treatment with pindolol on a single daily dose regimen. In twenty-two previously untreated cases given a single daily dosage of pindolol (mean 13-0 mg, range 5 mg- 30 mg), adequate blood pressure control was achieved within five weeks and maintained in the nineteen patients examined at Week 25. Of eleven previously treated patients whose blood pressure was adequately controlled by divided daily doses of pindolol, a change-over to a single daily dosage of pindolol (mean 13-2 mg, range 10 mg-20 mg) did not result in any loss of control over a twenty-five week study period. Few side-effects were reported, and only one patient was withdrawn from the study.", "contents": "Once daily administration of pindolol in the treatment of hypertension. An open study was carried out in general practice on patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension to assess the effectiveness of treatment with pindolol on a single daily dose regimen. In twenty-two previously untreated cases given a single daily dosage of pindolol (mean 13-0 mg, range 5 mg- 30 mg), adequate blood pressure control was achieved within five weeks and maintained in the nineteen patients examined at Week 25. Of eleven previously treated patients whose blood pressure was adequately controlled by divided daily doses of pindolol, a change-over to a single daily dosage of pindolol (mean 13-2 mg, range 10 mg-20 mg) did not result in any loss of control over a twenty-five week study period. Few side-effects were reported, and only one patient was withdrawn from the study.", "PMID": 590603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3367", "title": "Standards of cleansing and sterilization of infant feeding utensils in the home.", "content": "Microbiological standards achieved by mothers when sterilizing babies' feeding utensils in the home were studied in the Slough area in England. Results indicated a marked improvement in this aspect of baby hygiene when compared to results of a similar survey conducted in the town of Reading, England, in 1970. Previously, 78% of bottles and 70% of the teats were recorded as being satisfactorily sterilized. During this study the number of sterile bottles had risen to 98.1%, sterile teats to 90-6%. These improved standards may be an indication of better education of mothers.", "contents": "Standards of cleansing and sterilization of infant feeding utensils in the home. Microbiological standards achieved by mothers when sterilizing babies' feeding utensils in the home were studied in the Slough area in England. Results indicated a marked improvement in this aspect of baby hygiene when compared to results of a similar survey conducted in the town of Reading, England, in 1970. Previously, 78% of bottles and 70% of the teats were recorded as being satisfactorily sterilized. During this study the number of sterile bottles had risen to 98.1%, sterile teats to 90-6%. These improved standards may be an indication of better education of mothers.", "PMID": 590604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3368", "title": "Efficacy, side-effects, plasma and blood levels of maprotiline (Ludiomil).", "content": "Two trials of maprotiline (Ludiomil) were performed in general practice. In the first study depressed patients were given either 75 mg of maprotiline in a single dose or 25 mg three times daily. Assessments of the severity of depression and of side-effects were made initially and following 1, 2 and 4 weeks' treatment. At each assessment measurements of plasma levels of maprotiline were made. A second trial was performed in which some patients receiving 75 mg single dose of maprotiline had whole blood levels of maprotiline assayed. Steady-state levels of maprotiline were achieved after one week but these levels showed considerable individual variability. No clear correlation emerged between clinical response, side-effects and plasma or blood levels. Some of the factors which may be responsible are discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy, side-effects, plasma and blood levels of maprotiline (Ludiomil). Two trials of maprotiline (Ludiomil) were performed in general practice. In the first study depressed patients were given either 75 mg of maprotiline in a single dose or 25 mg three times daily. Assessments of the severity of depression and of side-effects were made initially and following 1, 2 and 4 weeks' treatment. At each assessment measurements of plasma levels of maprotiline were made. A second trial was performed in which some patients receiving 75 mg single dose of maprotiline had whole blood levels of maprotiline assayed. Steady-state levels of maprotiline were achieved after one week but these levels showed considerable individual variability. No clear correlation emerged between clinical response, side-effects and plasma or blood levels. Some of the factors which may be responsible are discussed.", "PMID": 590605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3369", "title": "The treatment of Depression comparing divided and single doses of maprotiline (Ludiomil).", "content": "A clinical trial of seventy-five patients suffering from depressive illness and treated with maprotiline (Ludiomil) is reported. Twenty-eight patients were given a single nightly dose of 75 mg and twenty-six patients were treated with 25 mg three times daily. Twenty-one patients withdrew from the trial. It was found that those patients on the nocte regime made greater improvement than those on the divided dosage. Sleep disturbances and mood swings were significantly improved on the nocte dosage. Both regimes were equally well tolerated. Special care was taken in recording any adverse drug effects in order to distinguish these from pre-existing symptoms of the illness.", "contents": "The treatment of Depression comparing divided and single doses of maprotiline (Ludiomil). A clinical trial of seventy-five patients suffering from depressive illness and treated with maprotiline (Ludiomil) is reported. Twenty-eight patients were given a single nightly dose of 75 mg and twenty-six patients were treated with 25 mg three times daily. Twenty-one patients withdrew from the trial. It was found that those patients on the nocte regime made greater improvement than those on the divided dosage. Sleep disturbances and mood swings were significantly improved on the nocte dosage. Both regimes were equally well tolerated. Special care was taken in recording any adverse drug effects in order to distinguish these from pre-existing symptoms of the illness.", "PMID": 590606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3370", "title": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a report of a monitored release study in general practice.", "content": "In a three-week study of 10,000 general practice patients with depressive illness, a once nightly dose of maprotiline 75 mg (Ludiomil) was effective therapy in three-quarters of the patients who completed the study. At this dose the drug was well tolerated, and troublesome side-effects presented in only a small percentage of patients. Drowsiness was the most commonly reported side-effect, and the main reason for stopping treatment. The drug was acceptable to most physicians, and in this study was used in a wide age range of patients and over a broad spectrum of depressive illness.", "contents": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a report of a monitored release study in general practice. In a three-week study of 10,000 general practice patients with depressive illness, a once nightly dose of maprotiline 75 mg (Ludiomil) was effective therapy in three-quarters of the patients who completed the study. At this dose the drug was well tolerated, and troublesome side-effects presented in only a small percentage of patients. Drowsiness was the most commonly reported side-effect, and the main reason for stopping treatment. The drug was acceptable to most physicians, and in this study was used in a wide age range of patients and over a broad spectrum of depressive illness.", "PMID": 590607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3371", "title": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a multicentre assessment of onset of action, efficacy and tolerability.", "content": "Although open studies have a built-in bias of optimism the results from this study, made valid by the large numbers of patients involved, support the findings reported with smaller numbers in controlled series of studies showing an early onset of action with maprotiline (Ludiomil). The method used in this study to detect unwanted effects indicates that maprotiline is well tolerated. In summary, the efficacy of once daily dosage, the good response in differing types of depressive illness, the early onset of effectiveness without serious side-effects in a wide age range of patients suggests that this drug will be a useful addition for the treatment of depressive illness in general practice.", "contents": "Maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depression: a multicentre assessment of onset of action, efficacy and tolerability. Although open studies have a built-in bias of optimism the results from this study, made valid by the large numbers of patients involved, support the findings reported with smaller numbers in controlled series of studies showing an early onset of action with maprotiline (Ludiomil). The method used in this study to detect unwanted effects indicates that maprotiline is well tolerated. In summary, the efficacy of once daily dosage, the good response in differing types of depressive illness, the early onset of effectiveness without serious side-effects in a wide age range of patients suggests that this drug will be a useful addition for the treatment of depressive illness in general practice.", "PMID": 590608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3372", "title": "A comparison of Ludiomil, Tryptizol and Lentizol.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-six patients were admitted to an open, multicentre, comparative trial of Ludiomil, Tryptizol SR and Lentizol, each administered in a dose of 75 mg at night. Fifty-seven patients received Tryptizol SR, 60 received Lentizol and 59 received Ludiomil. Nine patients on Tryptizol SR, 10 patients on Lentizol and 6 patients on Ludiomil dropped out for a variety of reasons. A seventeen-symptom rating scale was used and the symptoms analyzed individually. A greater response in the severity and number of symptoms was seen in the first week of treatment on Ludiomil though the differences rarely reached the acceptable level of statistical significance. Global assessments did not reveal any differences between the groups. Side-effects were also similar. Only dry mouth and drowsiness were persistent problems.", "contents": "A comparison of Ludiomil, Tryptizol and Lentizol. One hundred and seventy-six patients were admitted to an open, multicentre, comparative trial of Ludiomil, Tryptizol SR and Lentizol, each administered in a dose of 75 mg at night. Fifty-seven patients received Tryptizol SR, 60 received Lentizol and 59 received Ludiomil. Nine patients on Tryptizol SR, 10 patients on Lentizol and 6 patients on Ludiomil dropped out for a variety of reasons. A seventeen-symptom rating scale was used and the symptoms analyzed individually. A greater response in the severity and number of symptoms was seen in the first week of treatment on Ludiomil though the differences rarely reached the acceptable level of statistical significance. Global assessments did not reveal any differences between the groups. Side-effects were also similar. Only dry mouth and drowsiness were persistent problems.", "PMID": 590610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3373", "title": "Synthesis and release of gonadotropins and their subunits by long-term organ cultures of human fetal hypophyses.", "content": "From weeks 13 to 26 of fetal life human hypophyses disclosed a constant content of radioimmunoassayable FSH. Although present already before this period, LH content increased considerably at week 17, along with the appearance of free beta-LH. In long-term organ culture experiments such early differentiating pituitaries proved to be endowed with autonomous synthesis and release of FSH and of free alpha-subunit, while LH, beta-LH and TSH declined to very low levels within a few weeks. Supplementation of the medium with LH-RH (12 ng/ml) significantly increased FSH synthesis and release but was not sufficient to sustain production of beta-LH and LH. It is suggested that other factors than LH-RH are required for differentiation of beta-LH biosynthesis and thus for production of LH.", "contents": "Synthesis and release of gonadotropins and their subunits by long-term organ cultures of human fetal hypophyses. From weeks 13 to 26 of fetal life human hypophyses disclosed a constant content of radioimmunoassayable FSH. Although present already before this period, LH content increased considerably at week 17, along with the appearance of free beta-LH. In long-term organ culture experiments such early differentiating pituitaries proved to be endowed with autonomous synthesis and release of FSH and of free alpha-subunit, while LH, beta-LH and TSH declined to very low levels within a few weeks. Supplementation of the medium with LH-RH (12 ng/ml) significantly increased FSH synthesis and release but was not sufficient to sustain production of beta-LH and LH. It is suggested that other factors than LH-RH are required for differentiation of beta-LH biosynthesis and thus for production of LH.", "PMID": 590615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3374", "title": "Separation of non-melatonin antiovulatory substances from bovine pineal powder by ultrafiltration.", "content": "An attempt was made to partially separate substances which inhibit the induced ovulation by PMS and hCG in immature mice from the sodium borate buffer extract of bovine pineal powder by means of ultramembrane filtration. The antiovulatory activities were concentrated in fractions which possess materials of a molecular weight greater than 10,000 and also in fractions containing substances of a molecular weight less than 1000. The proteinaceous large inhibitor was thermostable while the small inhibitor, which is different from melatonin or arginine vasotocin, was inactivated by heating.", "contents": "Separation of non-melatonin antiovulatory substances from bovine pineal powder by ultrafiltration. An attempt was made to partially separate substances which inhibit the induced ovulation by PMS and hCG in immature mice from the sodium borate buffer extract of bovine pineal powder by means of ultramembrane filtration. The antiovulatory activities were concentrated in fractions which possess materials of a molecular weight greater than 10,000 and also in fractions containing substances of a molecular weight less than 1000. The proteinaceous large inhibitor was thermostable while the small inhibitor, which is different from melatonin or arginine vasotocin, was inactivated by heating.", "PMID": 590617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3375", "title": "Biological and immunological characterization of human luteinizing hormone: II. A comparison of the immunological and biological activities of pituitary extracts after electrofocusing using different standard preparations.", "content": "The profile of immunologically active human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was determined in aqueous pituitary extracts after electrofocusing using two radioimmunoassay systems and the estimates for each fraction were compared to those obtained by an in vitro bioassay method. Similar biological and immunological profiles were obtained in the pH 7.0-9.0 region, where most of the biological activity was present. Biological to immunological (B/I) ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 (mean ratio 1.01; n = 21) were found in the major biologically active fractions of this pH region when a highly purified human pituitary LH preparation (68/40) was used as standard in both types of assays. The close proximity of these ratios to unity indicates a similar composition of biological and immunological activities in all these fractions in relation to that of the highly purified standard. However, marked discrepancies were observed in the pH region 3.0-7.0 where the B/I ratios ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, indicating the presence of immunological activity associated with relatively little biological activity. When impure human LH preparations of pituitary (69/104) and urinary (hMG 2nd IRP) origin were used as standards for the bioassay and radioimmunoassay of the hLH present in the major fractions of the pH region 7.0-9.0, significantly higher B/I ratios were obtained than with the use of the highly purified standard (68/40). These elevated B/I ratios are attributed to the presence in the impure standard preparations of immunological activity, which is associated with little or no biological activity. These observations may provide an explanation for the differences in B/I ratios which were reported for hLH in plasma, using different standard preparations.", "contents": "Biological and immunological characterization of human luteinizing hormone: II. A comparison of the immunological and biological activities of pituitary extracts after electrofocusing using different standard preparations. The profile of immunologically active human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was determined in aqueous pituitary extracts after electrofocusing using two radioimmunoassay systems and the estimates for each fraction were compared to those obtained by an in vitro bioassay method. Similar biological and immunological profiles were obtained in the pH 7.0-9.0 region, where most of the biological activity was present. Biological to immunological (B/I) ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 (mean ratio 1.01; n = 21) were found in the major biologically active fractions of this pH region when a highly purified human pituitary LH preparation (68/40) was used as standard in both types of assays. The close proximity of these ratios to unity indicates a similar composition of biological and immunological activities in all these fractions in relation to that of the highly purified standard. However, marked discrepancies were observed in the pH region 3.0-7.0 where the B/I ratios ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, indicating the presence of immunological activity associated with relatively little biological activity. When impure human LH preparations of pituitary (69/104) and urinary (hMG 2nd IRP) origin were used as standards for the bioassay and radioimmunoassay of the hLH present in the major fractions of the pH region 7.0-9.0, significantly higher B/I ratios were obtained than with the use of the highly purified standard (68/40). These elevated B/I ratios are attributed to the presence in the impure standard preparations of immunological activity, which is associated with little or no biological activity. These observations may provide an explanation for the differences in B/I ratios which were reported for hLH in plasma, using different standard preparations.", "PMID": 590618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3376", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in an urbanized, isolated Polynesian population. The Funafuti survey.", "content": "An epidemiologic study of diabetes in the urbanized Polynesian population of Funafuti has established a prevalence of 8 per cent in subjects aged 10 years and over. Of these, 0.9 per cent were known diabetics, and the remainder were diagnosed on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg./100 ml. two hours after a 75 gm. glucose load. A further 5.9 per cent had borderline diabetes as judged by a two-hour postload plasma glucose of 140-159 mg./100 ml. In those aged 20 years and over, the prevalence of diabetes was 10.1 per cent, similar to that reported in other acculturated Polynesian groups. The prevalence of both borderline diabetes and frank diabetes was twice as high in the females as in males. This difference appeared to be related to the greater degree of obesity in the females, but the prevalence was not related to parity. The increase in frequency of diabetes among these islanders coincides with a change of traditional island life style to that of urbanized Western populations. The results suggest that there may be 10 times the actual number of known diabetics in some Pacific populations.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in an urbanized, isolated Polynesian population. The Funafuti survey. An epidemiologic study of diabetes in the urbanized Polynesian population of Funafuti has established a prevalence of 8 per cent in subjects aged 10 years and over. Of these, 0.9 per cent were known diabetics, and the remainder were diagnosed on the basis of a plasma glucose level of at least 160 mg./100 ml. two hours after a 75 gm. glucose load. A further 5.9 per cent had borderline diabetes as judged by a two-hour postload plasma glucose of 140-159 mg./100 ml. In those aged 20 years and over, the prevalence of diabetes was 10.1 per cent, similar to that reported in other acculturated Polynesian groups. The prevalence of both borderline diabetes and frank diabetes was twice as high in the females as in males. This difference appeared to be related to the greater degree of obesity in the females, but the prevalence was not related to parity. The increase in frequency of diabetes among these islanders coincides with a change of traditional island life style to that of urbanized Western populations. The results suggest that there may be 10 times the actual number of known diabetics in some Pacific populations.", "PMID": 590635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3377", "title": "Insulin and brain metabolism. Absence of direct action of insulin on K+ and Na+ transport in normal rabbit brain.", "content": "In fed, unanesthetized rabbits, regular zinc insulin, 50 U./kg. intravenously, decreased plasma glucose levels 52 per cent, p = 0.002, 35 minutes after injection. In 15-hour-fasted, unanesthetized animals, the same dose of insulin decreased plasma glucose levels 68 per cent, p less than 0.001. Plasma K+ concentration was not affected by insulin injection in the fed animals; in fasted rabbits, plasma K+ levels fell 26 per cent, p = 0.006. Despite this unequivocal evidence of insulin action in both sets of animals, there was no change in the K+, Na+, or H2O content in the brains of the same animals 35 minutes after insulin injection. These results, which give no evidence of a direct effect of insulin on electrolyte transport in brain, are in sharp contrast with those found in anesthetized rabbits, which suggested that insulin affects brain potassium and water content before any change in plasma glucose occurs.", "contents": "Insulin and brain metabolism. Absence of direct action of insulin on K+ and Na+ transport in normal rabbit brain. In fed, unanesthetized rabbits, regular zinc insulin, 50 U./kg. intravenously, decreased plasma glucose levels 52 per cent, p = 0.002, 35 minutes after injection. In 15-hour-fasted, unanesthetized animals, the same dose of insulin decreased plasma glucose levels 68 per cent, p less than 0.001. Plasma K+ concentration was not affected by insulin injection in the fed animals; in fasted rabbits, plasma K+ levels fell 26 per cent, p = 0.006. Despite this unequivocal evidence of insulin action in both sets of animals, there was no change in the K+, Na+, or H2O content in the brains of the same animals 35 minutes after insulin injection. These results, which give no evidence of a direct effect of insulin on electrolyte transport in brain, are in sharp contrast with those found in anesthetized rabbits, which suggested that insulin affects brain potassium and water content before any change in plasma glucose occurs.", "PMID": 590636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3378", "title": "Bone mass and bone density in maturity-type diabetics measured by the 125I photon-absorption technique.", "content": "Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density (BMC/W) of the radius were measured in 138 maturity-type diabetics with the Norland-Cameron bone mineral analyzer and compared with the results of age- and sex-matched controls. In some age groups the mean cortical and trabecular bone mass and density seemed to be significantly higher among diabetic patients, especially in those treated with oral antidiabetic agents. Individual analysis reveals the existence of two distinct diabetic populations--a small group with a tendency to bone loss and a large group with bone gain--when compared with nondiabetic subjects. The higher body weight in the second group can be the origin of this difference. A survey of the already published papers on this subject shows that comparison of the results is impossible because of the heterogeneity in the methodology of material and methods used by the different authors.", "contents": "Bone mass and bone density in maturity-type diabetics measured by the 125I photon-absorption technique. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density (BMC/W) of the radius were measured in 138 maturity-type diabetics with the Norland-Cameron bone mineral analyzer and compared with the results of age- and sex-matched controls. In some age groups the mean cortical and trabecular bone mass and density seemed to be significantly higher among diabetic patients, especially in those treated with oral antidiabetic agents. Individual analysis reveals the existence of two distinct diabetic populations--a small group with a tendency to bone loss and a large group with bone gain--when compared with nondiabetic subjects. The higher body weight in the second group can be the origin of this difference. A survey of the already published papers on this subject shows that comparison of the results is impossible because of the heterogeneity in the methodology of material and methods used by the different authors.", "PMID": 590637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3379", "title": "Autonomic neuropathy and painless myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Histologic evidence of their relationship.", "content": "Myocardial infarction is considered the prime cause of death among adult diabetic patients. In a great number of cases, during myocardial infarction the patients don't feel pain or it is atypical. Diagnosis can be neglected, and mortality increases. In search of an explanation for the absence of pain in these patients, the authors studied the autonomic nerve fibers of the heart muscle with argentic and combined techniques, looking for lesions in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve fibers that conduct pain. In the five cases of painless myocardial infarction studied, the nerve fibers showed typical lesions of diabetic neuropathy: beaded thickenings, spindle-shaped thickenings, fragmentation of fibers, and diminution of the number of fibers in the nerves. The patients in the control group (five diabetics with painful infarction, five diabetics with infarction, five nondiabetics with painful infarction, and five nondiabetics without infarction) had no lesions. These facts led us to assume that the absence of pain in diabetics with myocardial infarction could be due to a lesion of the afferent nerves that conduct pain.", "contents": "Autonomic neuropathy and painless myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Histologic evidence of their relationship. Myocardial infarction is considered the prime cause of death among adult diabetic patients. In a great number of cases, during myocardial infarction the patients don't feel pain or it is atypical. Diagnosis can be neglected, and mortality increases. In search of an explanation for the absence of pain in these patients, the authors studied the autonomic nerve fibers of the heart muscle with argentic and combined techniques, looking for lesions in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve fibers that conduct pain. In the five cases of painless myocardial infarction studied, the nerve fibers showed typical lesions of diabetic neuropathy: beaded thickenings, spindle-shaped thickenings, fragmentation of fibers, and diminution of the number of fibers in the nerves. The patients in the control group (five diabetics with painful infarction, five diabetics with infarction, five nondiabetics with painful infarction, and five nondiabetics without infarction) had no lesions. These facts led us to assume that the absence of pain in diabetics with myocardial infarction could be due to a lesion of the afferent nerves that conduct pain.", "PMID": 590638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3380", "title": "Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates.", "content": "We have studied the effects of dextrose, rice, potato, corn, and bread on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses in 16 subjects. All carbohydrate loads were calculated to contain 50 gm. of glucose. The data demonstrate (1) that dextrose and potato elicited similar plasma glucose responses whereas rice, corn, and bread elicited lower responses; (2) similarly, dextrose and potato elicited similar and greater plasma insulin responses than rice and corn, with the response to bread being intermediate; (3) when the study group was divided in half, on the basis of each subject's one-hour plasma glucose response to dextrose, the differences in the plasma glucose and insulin responses were greater in the subjects with the highest glucose response to dextrose than in the low responders. In conclusion, there is a range of plasma-glucose and insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates, with rice and corn producing the lowest response curves. Furthermore, these differences are accentuated in patients with reduced glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates. We have studied the effects of dextrose, rice, potato, corn, and bread on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses in 16 subjects. All carbohydrate loads were calculated to contain 50 gm. of glucose. The data demonstrate (1) that dextrose and potato elicited similar plasma glucose responses whereas rice, corn, and bread elicited lower responses; (2) similarly, dextrose and potato elicited similar and greater plasma insulin responses than rice and corn, with the response to bread being intermediate; (3) when the study group was divided in half, on the basis of each subject's one-hour plasma glucose response to dextrose, the differences in the plasma glucose and insulin responses were greater in the subjects with the highest glucose response to dextrose than in the low responders. In conclusion, there is a range of plasma-glucose and insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates, with rice and corn producing the lowest response curves. Furthermore, these differences are accentuated in patients with reduced glucose tolerance.", "PMID": 590639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3381", "title": "Deranged insulin-secretory dynamics in offspring of two diabetic parents after double stimulation with intravenous glucose.", "content": "Nine offspring of two diabetic parents and 18 normals were studied with two intravenous glucose loads (o.5 gm./kg. body weight), 60 minutes apart. By thus stressing the beta cell, subtle defects could be identified in the prediabetics: (1) An inverse relationship between insulin peak response and insulin concentration 60 minutes postglucose was seen, a phenomenon exactly the opposite to that seen in normals. (2) Insulin peak response was delayed slightly after the first pulse and significantly after the second. (3) A less effective handling of the glucose load when compared with normals was brought out by the second stimulation. (4) There was a significant reduction in the insulin response per unit change in glucose after the first glucose pulse that was accentuated after the second pulse. This double-stimulation technique amplifies previously detected slight but significant defects in insulin secretion that might help to identify a diabetes-prone population.", "contents": "Deranged insulin-secretory dynamics in offspring of two diabetic parents after double stimulation with intravenous glucose. Nine offspring of two diabetic parents and 18 normals were studied with two intravenous glucose loads (o.5 gm./kg. body weight), 60 minutes apart. By thus stressing the beta cell, subtle defects could be identified in the prediabetics: (1) An inverse relationship between insulin peak response and insulin concentration 60 minutes postglucose was seen, a phenomenon exactly the opposite to that seen in normals. (2) Insulin peak response was delayed slightly after the first pulse and significantly after the second. (3) A less effective handling of the glucose load when compared with normals was brought out by the second stimulation. (4) There was a significant reduction in the insulin response per unit change in glucose after the first glucose pulse that was accentuated after the second pulse. This double-stimulation technique amplifies previously detected slight but significant defects in insulin secretion that might help to identify a diabetes-prone population.", "PMID": 590640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3382", "title": "The monocyte as a model for the study of insulin receptors in man.", "content": "We have characterized the cellular composition of preparations isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll-Isopaque gradient centrifugation. 125I-insulin binding to every cell type was measured. A highly significantly positive correlation between specific cell binding fraction and the monocyte concentration of the heterogeneous cell suspension was demonstrated. Depletion of monocytes reduced the insulin binding approximately 80%, which confirms previous findings by other investigators. The granulocytes possessed the second highest binding ability, but only one fourteenth of that of monocytes. Compared to the lymphocyte the monocyte had about 25 times greater insulin binding. Also thrombocytes bound insulin and contamination with these meant that their contribution to the total specific cell binding was not negligible. A reduction in these contaminants is essential. We found that insulin binding to erythrocytes was insignificant. A method of calculating the specific insulin binding to monocytes alone is introduced. The monocyte-insulin-receptor possesses specificity. Only an insignificant degradation of receptor bound insulin could be shown. Evidence of negative cooperativity between receptors was found. Consequently monocytes are considered a useful model for insulin receptor studies in man.", "contents": "The monocyte as a model for the study of insulin receptors in man. We have characterized the cellular composition of preparations isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll-Isopaque gradient centrifugation. 125I-insulin binding to every cell type was measured. A highly significantly positive correlation between specific cell binding fraction and the monocyte concentration of the heterogeneous cell suspension was demonstrated. Depletion of monocytes reduced the insulin binding approximately 80%, which confirms previous findings by other investigators. The granulocytes possessed the second highest binding ability, but only one fourteenth of that of monocytes. Compared to the lymphocyte the monocyte had about 25 times greater insulin binding. Also thrombocytes bound insulin and contamination with these meant that their contribution to the total specific cell binding was not negligible. A reduction in these contaminants is essential. We found that insulin binding to erythrocytes was insignificant. A method of calculating the specific insulin binding to monocytes alone is introduced. The monocyte-insulin-receptor possesses specificity. Only an insignificant degradation of receptor bound insulin could be shown. Evidence of negative cooperativity between receptors was found. Consequently monocytes are considered a useful model for insulin receptor studies in man.", "PMID": 590649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3383", "title": "Receptor binding and biological effect of insulin in human adipocytes.", "content": "The binding of 125I-labelled insulin to human adipocytes was studied at 37 degrees C. The precipitability of the 125I-labelled insulin preparation (0.03 nmol/l) in trichloroacetic acid and the concentration of biologically active insulin (7.5 nmol/l) remained constant in buffer incubated with human adipocytes (100 microliter cells/ml suspension) for 30--60 minutes at 37 degrees C, whereas more than half of the insulin was inactivated by rat fat cells under the same conditions. A constant level of binding of 125I-labelled insulin (0.03 nmol/l) to human adipocytes was obtained after 45 minutes. The apparent dissociation constant of receptor binding was about 0.2 nmol/l as compared to about 2 nmol/l for rat adipocytes. Conversion of [UP14C]glucose to lipids was stimulated half-maximally by about 0.05 nmol/l of insulin (similar to rat adipocytes). Thus, half-maximal stimulation of human adipocytes was obtained with a recptor occupancy of about 20--30 per cent.", "contents": "Receptor binding and biological effect of insulin in human adipocytes. The binding of 125I-labelled insulin to human adipocytes was studied at 37 degrees C. The precipitability of the 125I-labelled insulin preparation (0.03 nmol/l) in trichloroacetic acid and the concentration of biologically active insulin (7.5 nmol/l) remained constant in buffer incubated with human adipocytes (100 microliter cells/ml suspension) for 30--60 minutes at 37 degrees C, whereas more than half of the insulin was inactivated by rat fat cells under the same conditions. A constant level of binding of 125I-labelled insulin (0.03 nmol/l) to human adipocytes was obtained after 45 minutes. The apparent dissociation constant of receptor binding was about 0.2 nmol/l as compared to about 2 nmol/l for rat adipocytes. Conversion of [UP14C]glucose to lipids was stimulated half-maximally by about 0.05 nmol/l of insulin (similar to rat adipocytes). Thus, half-maximal stimulation of human adipocytes was obtained with a recptor occupancy of about 20--30 per cent.", "PMID": 590650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3384", "title": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the Chinese hamster. Biochemical and endocrine disorders.", "content": "Streptozotocin treatment (125 mg/kg) in the Chinese hamster induced hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglucagonaemia and changes in body, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and adipose tissue weights. The pancreatic reserves of insulin and glucagon in the diabetic animals were low, but stomach glucagon high. These animals showed high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low levels of glucokinase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but normal levels of pyruvate kinase in the liver. Increases in lactate dehydrogenase subunit B and isozymes 2, 3 and 4 were also observed in the liver, but not in the epididymal fat pad, of the diabetic animals. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was elevated in plasma, liver and heart, but not in the kidney of the treated animals. Renal alpha-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase were depressed, whereas beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase remained essentially normal. These features indicated that there were considerable differences between the biochemical disorders associated with streptozotocin-diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the published observations in the rat.", "contents": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the Chinese hamster. Biochemical and endocrine disorders. Streptozotocin treatment (125 mg/kg) in the Chinese hamster induced hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglucagonaemia and changes in body, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and adipose tissue weights. The pancreatic reserves of insulin and glucagon in the diabetic animals were low, but stomach glucagon high. These animals showed high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low levels of glucokinase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but normal levels of pyruvate kinase in the liver. Increases in lactate dehydrogenase subunit B and isozymes 2, 3 and 4 were also observed in the liver, but not in the epididymal fat pad, of the diabetic animals. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was elevated in plasma, liver and heart, but not in the kidney of the treated animals. Renal alpha-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase were depressed, whereas beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase remained essentially normal. These features indicated that there were considerable differences between the biochemical disorders associated with streptozotocin-diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the published observations in the rat.", "PMID": 590651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3385", "title": "The effects of energy and carbohydrate restriction in patients with chronic diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Thirty-five freshly presenting, diabetic patients received 5 hour, 100 g oral glucose tolerance tests when first seen and after a period of carbohydrate and energy restriction. After treatment, the significant improvement in glucose tolerance was accompanied by increased insulin secretion and lower concentrations of blood ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, FFA, triglycerides, cholesterol and pre-beta lipoprotein. There were no significant changes in serum growth hormone or blood pyruvate concentrations. Improvement in glucose tolerance was greater in patients who were obese (greater than 115% of desirable body weight for height) on presentation and was related to the improvement in insulin secretion and the diminished lipolysis. An hypothesis to explain the changes in insulin secretion is prosposed. Eleven out of the 35 patients showed sufficient improvement in glucose tolerance to require no treatment other than diet.", "contents": "The effects of energy and carbohydrate restriction in patients with chronic diabetes mellitus. Thirty-five freshly presenting, diabetic patients received 5 hour, 100 g oral glucose tolerance tests when first seen and after a period of carbohydrate and energy restriction. After treatment, the significant improvement in glucose tolerance was accompanied by increased insulin secretion and lower concentrations of blood ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, FFA, triglycerides, cholesterol and pre-beta lipoprotein. There were no significant changes in serum growth hormone or blood pyruvate concentrations. Improvement in glucose tolerance was greater in patients who were obese (greater than 115% of desirable body weight for height) on presentation and was related to the improvement in insulin secretion and the diminished lipolysis. An hypothesis to explain the changes in insulin secretion is prosposed. Eleven out of the 35 patients showed sufficient improvement in glucose tolerance to require no treatment other than diet.", "PMID": 590652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3386", "title": "Effect of insulin on glycogen and protein synthesis in monolayer cultures of hepatocytes from normal and alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "The effects of insulin on net glycogen synthesis and amino acid incorporation into protein were studied in cultured hepatocytes from adult normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Insulin stimulated glycogen synthesis in monolayer cells throughout a four day culture period and enhanced leucine incorporation into protein more effectively in normal cells with high glycogen levels than in cultured diabetic cells. These differences correlate well with the observed cellular ultrastructures which were maintained much better in the presence of insulin. Restoration of the morphological changes of alloxan diabetic hepatocytes to normal liver cell structures can be observed at any time during the culture period by giving insulin continuously.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on glycogen and protein synthesis in monolayer cultures of hepatocytes from normal and alloxan diabetic rats. The effects of insulin on net glycogen synthesis and amino acid incorporation into protein were studied in cultured hepatocytes from adult normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Insulin stimulated glycogen synthesis in monolayer cells throughout a four day culture period and enhanced leucine incorporation into protein more effectively in normal cells with high glycogen levels than in cultured diabetic cells. These differences correlate well with the observed cellular ultrastructures which were maintained much better in the presence of insulin. Restoration of the morphological changes of alloxan diabetic hepatocytes to normal liver cell structures can be observed at any time during the culture period by giving insulin continuously.", "PMID": 590653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3387", "title": "Hypoglycin stimulates insulin secretion.", "content": "Hypoglycin A(0.01--1.0 mmol/l) stimulated insulin release from pieces of rabbit pancreas in vitro in the presence or absence of extracellular glucose. The relevance of this finding to the hypoglycaemia of Jamaican vomiting sickness is discussed.", "contents": "Hypoglycin stimulates insulin secretion. Hypoglycin A(0.01--1.0 mmol/l) stimulated insulin release from pieces of rabbit pancreas in vitro in the presence or absence of extracellular glucose. The relevance of this finding to the hypoglycaemia of Jamaican vomiting sickness is discussed.", "PMID": 590655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3388", "title": "DNA synthetic capabilities of differentiating sperm cells.", "content": "Spermatogenic cells separated by velocity sedimentation were analysed by a micro-procedure for differentiation-associated changes in DNA synthetic capabilities. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is maximal in premeiotic and meiotic cells, sequentially declines in progressively more differentiated spermiogenic cells to a minimum value in testicular spermatozoa which is 1/14 of the maximum. No further decrease of activity is observed during the subsequent process of sperm cell maturation and, at the end-differentiated state, the potential of sperm cells for DNA synthesis is demonstrated by the presence of substantial activities of thymidine and thymidylate kinases as well as DNA polymerase activity, as determined by in vitro assay, are polymerase. Although levels of DNA polymerase activity, as determined by in vitro assay, are negatively correlated with the state of differentiation, the findings support the hypothesis that, in this cell system, DNA synthetic enzymes may not be limiting factors in the control of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "DNA synthetic capabilities of differentiating sperm cells. Spermatogenic cells separated by velocity sedimentation were analysed by a micro-procedure for differentiation-associated changes in DNA synthetic capabilities. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is maximal in premeiotic and meiotic cells, sequentially declines in progressively more differentiated spermiogenic cells to a minimum value in testicular spermatozoa which is 1/14 of the maximum. No further decrease of activity is observed during the subsequent process of sperm cell maturation and, at the end-differentiated state, the potential of sperm cells for DNA synthesis is demonstrated by the presence of substantial activities of thymidine and thymidylate kinases as well as DNA polymerase activity, as determined by in vitro assay, are polymerase. Although levels of DNA polymerase activity, as determined by in vitro assay, are negatively correlated with the state of differentiation, the findings support the hypothesis that, in this cell system, DNA synthetic enzymes may not be limiting factors in the control of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 590657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3389", "title": "Studies on the action of the nuclear factor promoting actinomycin D-binding capacity of chromatin.", "content": "It is well known that actinomycin D binds to C-G pairs of DNA. The amount of actinomycin D bound to chromatin thus depends directly on the demasked sites of chromatin DNA. The actinomycin D binding of rat liver chromatin, obtained by the method of Dingman and Sporn, was studied in the presence and absence of liver and kidney nuclear extracts (NE). The actinomycin D binding of liver chromatin increases greatly under the action of liver nuclear extract. No changes occur in liver chromatin actinomycin D binding capacity after the action of kidney NE. The removal of protein or RNA from liver NE removes its ability to change the actinomycin D binding capacity of the liver chromatin. According to the obtained results it may be assumed that the nuclear extract contains the factor which plays a role in controlling cell differentiation.", "contents": "Studies on the action of the nuclear factor promoting actinomycin D-binding capacity of chromatin. It is well known that actinomycin D binds to C-G pairs of DNA. The amount of actinomycin D bound to chromatin thus depends directly on the demasked sites of chromatin DNA. The actinomycin D binding of rat liver chromatin, obtained by the method of Dingman and Sporn, was studied in the presence and absence of liver and kidney nuclear extracts (NE). The actinomycin D binding of liver chromatin increases greatly under the action of liver nuclear extract. No changes occur in liver chromatin actinomycin D binding capacity after the action of kidney NE. The removal of protein or RNA from liver NE removes its ability to change the actinomycin D binding capacity of the liver chromatin. According to the obtained results it may be assumed that the nuclear extract contains the factor which plays a role in controlling cell differentiation.", "PMID": 590658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3390", "title": "Perturbance analysis of nuclear determination in Tetrahymena I: background, rationale, and illustrative example, employing temperature responses.", "content": "A model based on comparative considerations, is presented for the nuclear determination of mating type in Tetrahymena thermophila. The model proposes a system of three binary control elements, each capable of stable persistence in one of two states. A general method is proposed for evaluating the model and for assigning particular mating types to particular compound states. Preliminary assignments of mating types are made from the responses of nuclei to temperature differentials.", "contents": "Perturbance analysis of nuclear determination in Tetrahymena I: background, rationale, and illustrative example, employing temperature responses. A model based on comparative considerations, is presented for the nuclear determination of mating type in Tetrahymena thermophila. The model proposes a system of three binary control elements, each capable of stable persistence in one of two states. A general method is proposed for evaluating the model and for assigning particular mating types to particular compound states. Preliminary assignments of mating types are made from the responses of nuclei to temperature differentials.", "PMID": 590659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3391", "title": "Modification of pigmentation patterns in allophenic mice by the W gene.", "content": "Mouse embryos heterozygous at the W locus were combined with embryos which were wild type at this locus but homozygous for albino. The resulting allophenics displayed an unusual pigmentation phenotype consisting of entirely white fur and ruby-coloured eyes. Microscopic examination showed the eye pigment to be located exclusively in the retinal epithelium, which was a mosaic of black and white sectors. This ruby-eyed white pattern corresponds to what would have been expected for WWCC in equilibrium wwcc mosaics but not for WwCC in equlibrium wwcc mice. WW mice are black-eyed whites, but Ww mice have black eyes and black fur, except for a small ventral white spot. These results suggest that melanocytes of the Ww genotype, although capable of producting normally pigmented fur in Ww animals, fail to populate hair follicles when the competition with wwcc (albino) melanocytes that are wild type at the W locus. The genotype of these WwCC in equilibrium wwcc alophenes was proved by progeny testing. This is apparently the first report of a single gene change affecting the competitive ability of cells in allophenic mice, and suggests that such changes may play a significant role in the clonal selection of embryonic cells during development.", "contents": "Modification of pigmentation patterns in allophenic mice by the W gene. Mouse embryos heterozygous at the W locus were combined with embryos which were wild type at this locus but homozygous for albino. The resulting allophenics displayed an unusual pigmentation phenotype consisting of entirely white fur and ruby-coloured eyes. Microscopic examination showed the eye pigment to be located exclusively in the retinal epithelium, which was a mosaic of black and white sectors. This ruby-eyed white pattern corresponds to what would have been expected for WWCC in equilibrium wwcc mosaics but not for WwCC in equlibrium wwcc mice. WW mice are black-eyed whites, but Ww mice have black eyes and black fur, except for a small ventral white spot. These results suggest that melanocytes of the Ww genotype, although capable of producting normally pigmented fur in Ww animals, fail to populate hair follicles when the competition with wwcc (albino) melanocytes that are wild type at the W locus. The genotype of these WwCC in equilibrium wwcc alophenes was proved by progeny testing. This is apparently the first report of a single gene change affecting the competitive ability of cells in allophenic mice, and suggests that such changes may play a significant role in the clonal selection of embryonic cells during development.", "PMID": 590660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3392", "title": "Fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro of mouse eggs obtained following stimulation with different doses of pregnant mare serum: a comparison of the responses in two strains.", "content": "Unfertilized eggs were recovered from TO and (C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 females, induced to ovulate with 0.75--10.0 IU PMS and 5.0 IU HCG/mouse, and mixed with TO sperm in vitro. Among the groups of F1 eggs, there were no significant differences in either fertilization or development to the blastocyst stage in vitro. With TO eggs, however, there was significantly lower fertility in the 0.74 and 1.5 IU PMS groups than in the higher PMS dose groups. Conversely, preimplantation development was significantly better withe low doses. To determine whether polyploidy migh affect viability in vitro, digynic polyploidy was experimentally induced in both F1 and TO eggs with cytochalasin B. Development of polyploid F1 X TO embryos to the blastocyst stage did not differ significantly form that of untreated embryos. Development of polyploid TO X TO embryos obtained from eggs stimulated with 1.5 IU PMS was still higher than that for eggs stimulated with 7.5 IU PMS. This suggests that cytoplasmic inadequacies, rather than genome imbalance, are responsible for the reduced ability of the eggs stimulated with high doses of PMS to reach the blastocyst stage in vitro.", "contents": "Fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro of mouse eggs obtained following stimulation with different doses of pregnant mare serum: a comparison of the responses in two strains. Unfertilized eggs were recovered from TO and (C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 females, induced to ovulate with 0.75--10.0 IU PMS and 5.0 IU HCG/mouse, and mixed with TO sperm in vitro. Among the groups of F1 eggs, there were no significant differences in either fertilization or development to the blastocyst stage in vitro. With TO eggs, however, there was significantly lower fertility in the 0.74 and 1.5 IU PMS groups than in the higher PMS dose groups. Conversely, preimplantation development was significantly better withe low doses. To determine whether polyploidy migh affect viability in vitro, digynic polyploidy was experimentally induced in both F1 and TO eggs with cytochalasin B. Development of polyploid F1 X TO embryos to the blastocyst stage did not differ significantly form that of untreated embryos. Development of polyploid TO X TO embryos obtained from eggs stimulated with 1.5 IU PMS was still higher than that for eggs stimulated with 7.5 IU PMS. This suggests that cytoplasmic inadequacies, rather than genome imbalance, are responsible for the reduced ability of the eggs stimulated with high doses of PMS to reach the blastocyst stage in vitro.", "PMID": 590661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3393", "title": "Effect of methylnitrosocyanamide on cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Effect of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC) on a cultured mammalian cell line was examined in comparison with that of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). It was observed that MNC was about 3 times more potent than MNNG in the experiments on toxicity and inducibility of chromosome aberration and mutation. An increase in toxicity of MNNG was observed by minimizing the elevation of pH, while toxicity of MNC was more potent in the serum-free condition than in the presence of serum. Further, MNC was shown to be extremely rapid-acting, that is, 10 min was enough to exert its toxic effect.", "contents": "Effect of methylnitrosocyanamide on cultured mammalian cells. Effect of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC) on a cultured mammalian cell line was examined in comparison with that of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). It was observed that MNC was about 3 times more potent than MNNG in the experiments on toxicity and inducibility of chromosome aberration and mutation. An increase in toxicity of MNNG was observed by minimizing the elevation of pH, while toxicity of MNC was more potent in the serum-free condition than in the presence of serum. Further, MNC was shown to be extremely rapid-acting, that is, 10 min was enough to exert its toxic effect.", "PMID": 590679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3394", "title": "Protective effect of syngeneic antitumor serum on mammary tumor in a syngeneic host.", "content": "The possibility of passive immunotherapy was examined using syngeneic antitumor serum, which could lyse tumor cells in co-operation with immune or activated macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of syngeneic antiserum into mice soon after inoculation of MM46 tumor cells clearly suppressed peritoneal or subcutaneous tumor growth. However, the antiserum did not suppress an established tumor. The tumor-specific synantibody responsible for the protection was shown by gel filtration to be in the IgG fraction, not the IgM fraction.", "contents": "Protective effect of syngeneic antitumor serum on mammary tumor in a syngeneic host. The possibility of passive immunotherapy was examined using syngeneic antitumor serum, which could lyse tumor cells in co-operation with immune or activated macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of syngeneic antiserum into mice soon after inoculation of MM46 tumor cells clearly suppressed peritoneal or subcutaneous tumor growth. However, the antiserum did not suppress an established tumor. The tumor-specific synantibody responsible for the protection was shown by gel filtration to be in the IgG fraction, not the IgM fraction.", "PMID": 590680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3395", "title": "Passive immunotherapy of established tumors with syngeneic antitumor serum in combination with immunopotentiators.", "content": "The possibility of passive therapy of 6 approximately 8-day established tumors with syngeneic antitumor antiserum was tested using (1) combination  of the antiserum and immunopotentiators, (2) combination of the antiserum and inflammatory agents, and (3) repeated injections of antiserum. Therapeutic effect on an ascites tumor was seen using antiserum in combination with BCG or lipopolysaccharide, or less clearly with carrageenan. Combinations of antiserum and PS-K, histamine, or croton oil did not have a synergistic therapeutic effect, but repeated injection of a small amount of antiserum did have a therapeutic effect on established peritoneal and subcutaneous tumors.", "contents": "Passive immunotherapy of established tumors with syngeneic antitumor serum in combination with immunopotentiators. The possibility of passive therapy of 6 approximately 8-day established tumors with syngeneic antitumor antiserum was tested using (1) combination  of the antiserum and immunopotentiators, (2) combination of the antiserum and inflammatory agents, and (3) repeated injections of antiserum. Therapeutic effect on an ascites tumor was seen using antiserum in combination with BCG or lipopolysaccharide, or less clearly with carrageenan. Combinations of antiserum and PS-K, histamine, or croton oil did not have a synergistic therapeutic effect, but repeated injection of a small amount of antiserum did have a therapeutic effect on established peritoneal and subcutaneous tumors.", "PMID": 590681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3396", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and fission neutron irradiation in rats.", "content": "Examinations were made on the carcinogenic effects of a chemical compound, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and a physical carcinogen, whole-body irradiation with fission neutrons, on the gastrointestinal tract of male albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The carcinogens were used singly and together in order to investigate their possible synergistic effects on the induction of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and small intestine. Of the 13 animals treated with the chemical, MNNG, and living more than 9 months, 9 showed gross tumors (5 gastric and 4 duodenal), confirming the high incidence of gastrointestinal carcinomas induced by MNNG in the rat. There were no gastrointestinal tumors found after neutron exposure. When the 2 carcinogens were combined, no additivity or synergism occurred. After neutron irradiation, a dental syndrome with loss of incisor teeth was observed. The effect of neutron irradiation on subgingival pathology of the teeth is being investigated.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and fission neutron irradiation in rats. Examinations were made on the carcinogenic effects of a chemical compound, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and a physical carcinogen, whole-body irradiation with fission neutrons, on the gastrointestinal tract of male albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The carcinogens were used singly and together in order to investigate their possible synergistic effects on the induction of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and small intestine. Of the 13 animals treated with the chemical, MNNG, and living more than 9 months, 9 showed gross tumors (5 gastric and 4 duodenal), confirming the high incidence of gastrointestinal carcinomas induced by MNNG in the rat. There were no gastrointestinal tumors found after neutron exposure. When the 2 carcinogens were combined, no additivity or synergism occurred. After neutron irradiation, a dental syndrome with loss of incisor teeth was observed. The effect of neutron irradiation on subgingival pathology of the teeth is being investigated.", "PMID": 590682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3397", "title": "Isozymic changes of acid phosphatase and esterase in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy in relation to cell differentiation.", "content": "Activities and isozyme patterns of acid phosphatase and esterase were studied in rat liver at different intervals after partial hepatectomy to clarify the grade of immaturity of normal regenerating liver cells as a control for the unlimited proliferation of hepatoma cells. Acid phosphatase and esterase activities in the liver were elevated during a 12-hr period after hepatectomy, while their isozyme patterns did not change from those of immature liver. Similar findings were also observed in the liver of sham-operated rats. Eighteen hours after the operation, at the S phase before cell division, the isozyme pattern of these enzymes began to shift from an adult liver-type to an immature one resembling those of the infant liver 3 weeks after birth rather than those of newborn or fetal liver. Two or three days after partial hepatectomy, the isozymes characteristic of an immature liver type were more apparent. Although enzyme activities mostly returned to the normal adult level one week after the operation, the isozyme patterns did not completely return to those of an adult liver. These results indicate that despite the rapid proliferation of liver cells, the grade of cell differentiation of the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy is much nearer to that of the normal adult liver rather than that of the fetal liver.", "contents": "Isozymic changes of acid phosphatase and esterase in regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy in relation to cell differentiation. Activities and isozyme patterns of acid phosphatase and esterase were studied in rat liver at different intervals after partial hepatectomy to clarify the grade of immaturity of normal regenerating liver cells as a control for the unlimited proliferation of hepatoma cells. Acid phosphatase and esterase activities in the liver were elevated during a 12-hr period after hepatectomy, while their isozyme patterns did not change from those of immature liver. Similar findings were also observed in the liver of sham-operated rats. Eighteen hours after the operation, at the S phase before cell division, the isozyme pattern of these enzymes began to shift from an adult liver-type to an immature one resembling those of the infant liver 3 weeks after birth rather than those of newborn or fetal liver. Two or three days after partial hepatectomy, the isozymes characteristic of an immature liver type were more apparent. Although enzyme activities mostly returned to the normal adult level one week after the operation, the isozyme patterns did not completely return to those of an adult liver. These results indicate that despite the rapid proliferation of liver cells, the grade of cell differentiation of the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy is much nearer to that of the normal adult liver rather than that of the fetal liver.", "PMID": 590683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3398", "title": "Induction of rectal carcinoma in mice by local x-irradiation.", "content": "The pelvic region of random bred female ICR-JCL mice and CF1 mice was irradiated with various doses of X-rays at 1-week intervals to determine the relationship between the X-ray dose and induction of rectal carcinoma. The incidence of rectal carcinoma in ICR mice was zero after a single dose of 2,000 rad of X-rays, but 31% after a single dose of 3,000 rad, 6% after 2 doses of 1,500 rad, 25% after 3 doses of 1,500 rad, 42% after 2 doses of 2,000 rad, and 95% after 3 doses of 2,000 rad. This cancer developed in 70% of CF1 mice exposed to 2 doses of 2,000 rad. No case of this tumor was observed in the control animals not exposed to X-rays. The development of this tumor was found to depend on the X-ray exposure dose. Local X-irradiation of the pelvic region is one of the effective methods for inducing rectal carcinoma in mice. Rectal cancers induced by X-irradiation were adenocarcinoma of the tubular, papillary, and mucinous type, and frequently showed invasive growth into the deep layers of the rectal wall.", "contents": "Induction of rectal carcinoma in mice by local x-irradiation. The pelvic region of random bred female ICR-JCL mice and CF1 mice was irradiated with various doses of X-rays at 1-week intervals to determine the relationship between the X-ray dose and induction of rectal carcinoma. The incidence of rectal carcinoma in ICR mice was zero after a single dose of 2,000 rad of X-rays, but 31% after a single dose of 3,000 rad, 6% after 2 doses of 1,500 rad, 25% after 3 doses of 1,500 rad, 42% after 2 doses of 2,000 rad, and 95% after 3 doses of 2,000 rad. This cancer developed in 70% of CF1 mice exposed to 2 doses of 2,000 rad. No case of this tumor was observed in the control animals not exposed to X-rays. The development of this tumor was found to depend on the X-ray exposure dose. Local X-irradiation of the pelvic region is one of the effective methods for inducing rectal carcinoma in mice. Rectal cancers induced by X-irradiation were adenocarcinoma of the tubular, papillary, and mucinous type, and frequently showed invasive growth into the deep layers of the rectal wall.", "PMID": 590684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3399", "title": "Differentiation by colchicine and vincristine sulphate of regenerative hepatocellular mitosis and tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis.", "content": "Colchicine and vincristine sulphate differentiate sharply between hepatocyte mitosis associated with the Ehrlich ascites tumour, and regenerative (post-CCl4 necrosis) hepatocyte mitosis. In the former case there is a gross depression of prophase index and a marked lowering of the overall mitotic index. In the latter, although a degree of prophase depression is evident, this is insufficient to prevent an overall substantial elevation of mitotic index due to accumulation at metaphase. Very low doses of colchicine claimed to be effective in stathmokinesis of hepatocytes under influence of hepatomitogenic tumour brei and tumour extracts, produced no discernible effect on the mitotic pattern of hepatocytes in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice nor in post-CCl4 regenerating livers. The results are discussed in the context of known features of tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis.", "contents": "Differentiation by colchicine and vincristine sulphate of regenerative hepatocellular mitosis and tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis. Colchicine and vincristine sulphate differentiate sharply between hepatocyte mitosis associated with the Ehrlich ascites tumour, and regenerative (post-CCl4 necrosis) hepatocyte mitosis. In the former case there is a gross depression of prophase index and a marked lowering of the overall mitotic index. In the latter, although a degree of prophase depression is evident, this is insufficient to prevent an overall substantial elevation of mitotic index due to accumulation at metaphase. Very low doses of colchicine claimed to be effective in stathmokinesis of hepatocytes under influence of hepatomitogenic tumour brei and tumour extracts, produced no discernible effect on the mitotic pattern of hepatocytes in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice nor in post-CCl4 regenerating livers. The results are discussed in the context of known features of tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis.", "PMID": 590685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3400", "title": "Radioactive components in the acid-soluble fraction of mouse liver cytosol after dimethylnitrosamine[methyl-14C] administration.", "content": "The acid-soluble components of mouse-liver cytosol, prepared at time intervals after intragastric administration of a single carcinogenic dose of 14C-dimethylnitrosamine, were separated by column chromatography. The columns were calibrated with known in vitro metabolites of the nitrosamine, and the elution profiles were compared with those of the mouse-liver system. The results suggest that the 14C-methyl label is transferred to many of the same compounds as identified in vitro, but that numerous other labeled compounds are also present. The possible significance of these metabolites to the pathogenic processes induced by dimethylnitrosamine has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Radioactive components in the acid-soluble fraction of mouse liver cytosol after dimethylnitrosamine[methyl-14C] administration. The acid-soluble components of mouse-liver cytosol, prepared at time intervals after intragastric administration of a single carcinogenic dose of 14C-dimethylnitrosamine, were separated by column chromatography. The columns were calibrated with known in vitro metabolites of the nitrosamine, and the elution profiles were compared with those of the mouse-liver system. The results suggest that the 14C-methyl label is transferred to many of the same compounds as identified in vitro, but that numerous other labeled compounds are also present. The possible significance of these metabolites to the pathogenic processes induced by dimethylnitrosamine has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 590686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3401", "title": "Antitumor effect of combined use of OK-432 and yeast cell wall with mitomycin-C in mice.", "content": "Tumor-inhibitory effect of combined use of mitomycin-C and streptococcal preparation (OK-432) or yeast cell wall (YCW) was examined. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of Ehrlich carcinoma cells, combination therapy was carried out and tumor growth was observed for 40 days. About one-half of mice treated with yeast cell wall at a single dose of 1 mg survived free of tumor. Mitomycin-C at a single dose of 2 microgram was not effective. However, in combination with yeast cell wall, tumor suppression was observed in 70% of the mice. This tumor-inhibitory effect was enhanced by subsequent treatment with OK-432 or yeast cell wall. When these materials were injected separately or in combination with mitomycin-C, the number of peritoneal exudate cells increased about 3 to 6 times after 3 days and these cells exhibited cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. Hemagglutinating antibody to sheep erythrocytes was hardly affected by the combination therapy.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of combined use of OK-432 and yeast cell wall with mitomycin-C in mice. Tumor-inhibitory effect of combined use of mitomycin-C and streptococcal preparation (OK-432) or yeast cell wall (YCW) was examined. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of Ehrlich carcinoma cells, combination therapy was carried out and tumor growth was observed for 40 days. About one-half of mice treated with yeast cell wall at a single dose of 1 mg survived free of tumor. Mitomycin-C at a single dose of 2 microgram was not effective. However, in combination with yeast cell wall, tumor suppression was observed in 70% of the mice. This tumor-inhibitory effect was enhanced by subsequent treatment with OK-432 or yeast cell wall. When these materials were injected separately or in combination with mitomycin-C, the number of peritoneal exudate cells increased about 3 to 6 times after 3 days and these cells exhibited cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. Hemagglutinating antibody to sheep erythrocytes was hardly affected by the combination therapy.", "PMID": 590687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3402", "title": "Reappraisal of cholesterol solubilization in bile salt-lecithin solution and the stability of bile.", "content": "On the basis obtained in a preceding study, cholesterol solubilization in aqueous bile salt-lecithin solution was investigated. The alteration of mixing sequence was found to yield differences not only in the rate but also in the magnitude of cholesterol solubilization. Both the rate and the magnitude were remarkably bigger in the system solubilizing cholesterol and lecithin mixture by bile salt than that solubilizing cholesterol crystal by bile salt with solubilized lecithin. A linear relation between the quantity of solubilized cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt except for lower concentration range was obtained for every bile salt-lecithin system. Values of k, the slope of the partial straight line, determined for cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and equimolar cholate-deoxycholate systems were 5.85 X 10(-2), 7.60 X 10(-2), 9.50 X 10(-2) and 7.17 X 10(-2), respectively. Cholesterol solubilizing power of bile salt was thus enhanced by the addition of lecithin. Since the solubilizing power could be given by the ratio of the solubilizate to the solubilizer, it was expressed graphically by the ratio of cholesterol to bile salt as ordinate and the concentration of bile salt as abscissa. The saturability of cholesterol solubilization in bile was purposefully exhibited in this graph by plotting assayed data of biliary lipid components.", "contents": "Reappraisal of cholesterol solubilization in bile salt-lecithin solution and the stability of bile. On the basis obtained in a preceding study, cholesterol solubilization in aqueous bile salt-lecithin solution was investigated. The alteration of mixing sequence was found to yield differences not only in the rate but also in the magnitude of cholesterol solubilization. Both the rate and the magnitude were remarkably bigger in the system solubilizing cholesterol and lecithin mixture by bile salt than that solubilizing cholesterol crystal by bile salt with solubilized lecithin. A linear relation between the quantity of solubilized cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt except for lower concentration range was obtained for every bile salt-lecithin system. Values of k, the slope of the partial straight line, determined for cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and equimolar cholate-deoxycholate systems were 5.85 X 10(-2), 7.60 X 10(-2), 9.50 X 10(-2) and 7.17 X 10(-2), respectively. Cholesterol solubilizing power of bile salt was thus enhanced by the addition of lecithin. Since the solubilizing power could be given by the ratio of the solubilizate to the solubilizer, it was expressed graphically by the ratio of cholesterol to bile salt as ordinate and the concentration of bile salt as abscissa. The saturability of cholesterol solubilization in bile was purposefully exhibited in this graph by plotting assayed data of biliary lipid components.", "PMID": 590697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3403", "title": "Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and pancreozymin secretin test.", "content": "Eighy cases with carcinoma of the pancreas were divided into 10 groups according to the location and size of the tumor. Drip infusion cholangiography, percutaneous transphepatic cholangiography, hypotonic duodenography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were employed for this classification. Comparison of cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) with results of the biliary and pancreatic secretory function assessed by pancreozymin secretin test (PS test clarifies secretory capacity of the exocrine pancreas. But combination of ERCP and PS test with cytology is necessary for the correct diagnosis of the pancreatic cancer and it is hoped that the combination may excavate the disease in the early stage.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and pancreozymin secretin test. Eighy cases with carcinoma of the pancreas were divided into 10 groups according to the location and size of the tumor. Drip infusion cholangiography, percutaneous transphepatic cholangiography, hypotonic duodenography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were employed for this classification. Comparison of cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) with results of the biliary and pancreatic secretory function assessed by pancreozymin secretin test (PS test clarifies secretory capacity of the exocrine pancreas. But combination of ERCP and PS test with cytology is necessary for the correct diagnosis of the pancreatic cancer and it is hoped that the combination may excavate the disease in the early stage.", "PMID": 590698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3404", "title": "Serum amylase isozymes in patients with chronic pancreatitis with hyperamylasemia.", "content": "In order to clarify the relationship between hyperamylasemia and clinical states in chronic pancreatitis, serum amylase isozymes were studied in 39 cases of chronic pancreatitis including 13 cases of alcoholic pancreatitis. Hyperamylasemia in chronic pancreatitis is generally due to high pancreatic type isoamylase (P-amylase) activity in acute exacerbation, sometimes accompanied by a transient elevation in salivary type isoamylase (S-amylase). On remission, however, hyperamylasemia due to high S-amylase activity has been found. These were cases of advanced alcoholic pancreatitis, which exhibited a characteristic pattern of low serum P-amylase and high serum S-amylase activities while the clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr) was normal despite high S-amylase activity. It should be noted that hyperamylasemia in chronic pancreatitis may be caused by high S-amylase activity in addition to high P-amylase activity, especially in alcoholic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Serum amylase isozymes in patients with chronic pancreatitis with hyperamylasemia. In order to clarify the relationship between hyperamylasemia and clinical states in chronic pancreatitis, serum amylase isozymes were studied in 39 cases of chronic pancreatitis including 13 cases of alcoholic pancreatitis. Hyperamylasemia in chronic pancreatitis is generally due to high pancreatic type isoamylase (P-amylase) activity in acute exacerbation, sometimes accompanied by a transient elevation in salivary type isoamylase (S-amylase). On remission, however, hyperamylasemia due to high S-amylase activity has been found. These were cases of advanced alcoholic pancreatitis, which exhibited a characteristic pattern of low serum P-amylase and high serum S-amylase activities while the clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr) was normal despite high S-amylase activity. It should be noted that hyperamylasemia in chronic pancreatitis may be caused by high S-amylase activity in addition to high P-amylase activity, especially in alcoholic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 590699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3405", "title": "An extraluminal force transducer for recording contractile activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in the conscious dogs: its construction and implantation.", "content": "An extraluminal strain-gauge force transducer has been developed for recording contractile activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The details of its construction and implantation were described. The transducer unit allows for continuous long-term recordings (more the 5 months) from conscious experimental animals. It could be constructed in any laboratory and easily implanted in animals if it is done in aseptic technique. Since it is sutured onto the outside of the gut, it does not interfere passage of the contents. The only disadvantages are that it only measures muscle contractions and it is hard to determine movements of intraluminal contents especially in the digestive state.", "contents": "An extraluminal force transducer for recording contractile activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in the conscious dogs: its construction and implantation. An extraluminal strain-gauge force transducer has been developed for recording contractile activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The details of its construction and implantation were described. The transducer unit allows for continuous long-term recordings (more the 5 months) from conscious experimental animals. It could be constructed in any laboratory and easily implanted in animals if it is done in aseptic technique. Since it is sutured onto the outside of the gut, it does not interfere passage of the contents. The only disadvantages are that it only measures muscle contractions and it is hard to determine movements of intraluminal contents especially in the digestive state.", "PMID": 590700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3406", "title": "Inhibitory effect of pentagastrin and feeding natural and motilin-induced interdigestive contractions in the stomach of conscious dogs.", "content": "The interaction between motilin, pentagastrin and feeding was investigated during the interdigestive gastric motor state in 4 healthy conscious dogs. We confirmed previous reports that an i.v. infusion of synthetic motilin always induced a pattern precisely like that of the naturally-occurring interdigestive contractions of the stomach. Pentagastrin inhibited the occurrence of the interdigestive contractions at dose between 0.2-1.6 microgram/kg-hr; this inhibition had a dose-related relationship to the occurrence of the motilin-induced contractions. The ingestion of food strongly inhibited the occurrence of not only the natually-occurring contractions but also the motilin-induced contractions in the stomach and changed the motor pattern to the digestive one. These findings strongly support our hypothesis that the interdigestive contractions in the dog are, at least in part, under the control of motilin. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that pentagastrin not always stimulates gastric motor activity but conversely, in the interdigestive state it inhibits movements characteristic of that condition and replaces them with the digestive pattern.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of pentagastrin and feeding natural and motilin-induced interdigestive contractions in the stomach of conscious dogs. The interaction between motilin, pentagastrin and feeding was investigated during the interdigestive gastric motor state in 4 healthy conscious dogs. We confirmed previous reports that an i.v. infusion of synthetic motilin always induced a pattern precisely like that of the naturally-occurring interdigestive contractions of the stomach. Pentagastrin inhibited the occurrence of the interdigestive contractions at dose between 0.2-1.6 microgram/kg-hr; this inhibition had a dose-related relationship to the occurrence of the motilin-induced contractions. The ingestion of food strongly inhibited the occurrence of not only the natually-occurring contractions but also the motilin-induced contractions in the stomach and changed the motor pattern to the digestive one. These findings strongly support our hypothesis that the interdigestive contractions in the dog are, at least in part, under the control of motilin. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that pentagastrin not always stimulates gastric motor activity but conversely, in the interdigestive state it inhibits movements characteristic of that condition and replaces them with the digestive pattern.", "PMID": 590701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3407", "title": "Congenital dilatation of the biliary tract; new classification and study with particular reference to anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts.", "content": "Yotsuyanagi's theory is often quoted in the discussion of the etiology of congenital dilatation of the biliary duct (CDBD), but there has been no established etiology as yet. With particular reference to the relationship between anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts and CDBD, Babbit collected 19 cases of CDBD. The authors also observed the anomalous arrangement in 10 of 24 cases of CDBD (42 percent). Analysis of 570 CDBD cases collected in Japan disclosed that the anomalous arrangement was present in 183 of them (33 percent), dilation of the intraheptic bile ducts in 236 (42 percent), and narrowing and malformation of the bile duct in the hepatic hilum in 58 (10 percent). The authors have proposed a new classification, including these morphologic anomalies of the whole pancreaticobiliary ductal system. This classification provides useful indices in selecting the surgical procedures. The effect of the anomalous arrangement was pathophysiologically studied on dogs. The static internal pressure of the dog pancreatic duct was 14.6 + or - 5.5 cm H2O, and that of the dog bile duct, 8.9 + or - 3.4 cm H2O. Puppies were then operated on by shunting the pancreaticobiliary ducts. As the result, the biliary  tract was devastated by pancreatic juice, giving rise to similar pathologic changes to those clinically observed.", "contents": "Congenital dilatation of the biliary tract; new classification and study with particular reference to anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts. Yotsuyanagi's theory is often quoted in the discussion of the etiology of congenital dilatation of the biliary duct (CDBD), but there has been no established etiology as yet. With particular reference to the relationship between anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ducts and CDBD, Babbit collected 19 cases of CDBD. The authors also observed the anomalous arrangement in 10 of 24 cases of CDBD (42 percent). Analysis of 570 CDBD cases collected in Japan disclosed that the anomalous arrangement was present in 183 of them (33 percent), dilation of the intraheptic bile ducts in 236 (42 percent), and narrowing and malformation of the bile duct in the hepatic hilum in 58 (10 percent). The authors have proposed a new classification, including these morphologic anomalies of the whole pancreaticobiliary ductal system. This classification provides useful indices in selecting the surgical procedures. The effect of the anomalous arrangement was pathophysiologically studied on dogs. The static internal pressure of the dog pancreatic duct was 14.6 + or - 5.5 cm H2O, and that of the dog bile duct, 8.9 + or - 3.4 cm H2O. Puppies were then operated on by shunting the pancreaticobiliary ducts. As the result, the biliary  tract was devastated by pancreatic juice, giving rise to similar pathologic changes to those clinically observed.", "PMID": 590702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3408", "title": "Ultrastructure of botryoid sarcoma of the common bile duct.", "content": "A case of botryoid sarcoma of the common bile duct in a 4-year-old girl was reported. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the neoplasm consisted of three types of cells: polygonal, elongated, and small cells. The former two contained moderate to large amounts of poorly developed myofibriles in the cytoplasm with occasional A, I and Z-bands. The small cells contained mitochondria and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum but few myofilaments. Deposits of glycogen granules were constant components of the neoplastic cells. Mitosis was striking in the small cells. Abnormal multilaminar endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the small cells in the mitotic stage.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of botryoid sarcoma of the common bile duct. A case of botryoid sarcoma of the common bile duct in a 4-year-old girl was reported. Electron microscopic examination disclosed that the neoplasm consisted of three types of cells: polygonal, elongated, and small cells. The former two contained moderate to large amounts of poorly developed myofibriles in the cytoplasm with occasional A, I and Z-bands. The small cells contained mitochondria and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum but few myofilaments. Deposits of glycogen granules were constant components of the neoplastic cells. Mitosis was striking in the small cells. Abnormal multilaminar endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the small cells in the mitotic stage.", "PMID": 590703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3409", "title": "Duplication cyst of the duodenum in the adult.", "content": "A duodenal duplication cyst in a 45-year-old male is reported. A hypotonic duodenography showed a smooth spherical defect in the descending portion of the duodenum. A fiberoptic duodenoscopy disclosed a smooth well-defined tumor which was located orally from the ampulla of Vater. A retrograde pancreatocholangiography indicated the tumor was not in communication with the pancreatic duct or biliary tract. At operation, a cystic spherical mass, 3 cm in diameter, was located in the posterior wall of the duodenum corresponding to the above described diagnosis. The combination of a greater awareness of this condition as well as improved X-ray and endoscopic techniques has made preoperative diagnosis more accurate.", "contents": "Duplication cyst of the duodenum in the adult. A duodenal duplication cyst in a 45-year-old male is reported. A hypotonic duodenography showed a smooth spherical defect in the descending portion of the duodenum. A fiberoptic duodenoscopy disclosed a smooth well-defined tumor which was located orally from the ampulla of Vater. A retrograde pancreatocholangiography indicated the tumor was not in communication with the pancreatic duct or biliary tract. At operation, a cystic spherical mass, 3 cm in diameter, was located in the posterior wall of the duodenum corresponding to the above described diagnosis. The combination of a greater awareness of this condition as well as improved X-ray and endoscopic techniques has made preoperative diagnosis more accurate.", "PMID": 590704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3410", "title": "Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis in a man with an enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode.", "content": "A case report of a 55-year-old male, who was seen with epigastric pain and hyperamylasemia, is to be presented. He failed to respond to the intensive antibiotic therapy, and subsequently acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis fully developed. At laparotomy, an inflammatory enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode, which apparently compressed the common bile duct, was found. To our knowledge, no prior case of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis provoked by an enlarged lymphnode has been reported. A plea is made for attention to lymphnodes involved by inflammatory or neoplastic disorders, as well as common provoking agents such as calculi.", "contents": "Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis in a man with an enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode. A case report of a 55-year-old male, who was seen with epigastric pain and hyperamylasemia, is to be presented. He failed to respond to the intensive antibiotic therapy, and subsequently acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis fully developed. At laparotomy, an inflammatory enlarged inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymphnode, which apparently compressed the common bile duct, was found. To our knowledge, no prior case of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis provoked by an enlarged lymphnode has been reported. A plea is made for attention to lymphnodes involved by inflammatory or neoplastic disorders, as well as common provoking agents such as calculi.", "PMID": 590705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3411", "title": "[Evolutionary myology as a research method in the morphological evolution of human muscles].", "content": "The author presents the evolutionary myology as a complex research method by which the morphological transformation of human muscles could be proved. This process of muscle transformation is elucidated by 3 investigation types: 1. Morphological macroscopic investigation of the variations of certain human muscle. 2. Comparative anatomic investigation of the same muscle. 3. Muscle organogenetic study of human embryos and fetuses. The macroscopic morphological investigation of the variations of any human muscle enables the examination of the variability in its complete versatility and volume if a sufficient number of preparations are investigated. A line of successive muscle variations could be composed from the established variants, arranged one after another. Furthermore, the frequency of each variation could be determined in per cents. The material for comparative-anatomic investigation must be selected according to the contemporary zoology. The variation line of human material can be properly directed due to that examination. Now it is possible to understand which is the initial form, the transitional forms and the final form of the transformation process. Thus the direction of transformation process could be understand. The muscle organogenetic investigation must be carried out on human embryos and fetuses of different ages. In this way muscle and tendion primordium could be observed directly and in the same time the important factors about the primordium maturity and its eventual shifting could be established. The example described refers to the transformation of m. abductor pollicis longus. It reveals how the evolutionary myology can be used to prove the morphological evolution of any muscle.", "contents": "[Evolutionary myology as a research method in the morphological evolution of human muscles]. The author presents the evolutionary myology as a complex research method by which the morphological transformation of human muscles could be proved. This process of muscle transformation is elucidated by 3 investigation types: 1. Morphological macroscopic investigation of the variations of certain human muscle. 2. Comparative anatomic investigation of the same muscle. 3. Muscle organogenetic study of human embryos and fetuses. The macroscopic morphological investigation of the variations of any human muscle enables the examination of the variability in its complete versatility and volume if a sufficient number of preparations are investigated. A line of successive muscle variations could be composed from the established variants, arranged one after another. Furthermore, the frequency of each variation could be determined in per cents. The material for comparative-anatomic investigation must be selected according to the contemporary zoology. The variation line of human material can be properly directed due to that examination. Now it is possible to understand which is the initial form, the transitional forms and the final form of the transformation process. Thus the direction of transformation process could be understand. The muscle organogenetic investigation must be carried out on human embryos and fetuses of different ages. In this way muscle and tendion primordium could be observed directly and in the same time the important factors about the primordium maturity and its eventual shifting could be established. The example described refers to the transformation of m. abductor pollicis longus. It reveals how the evolutionary myology can be used to prove the morphological evolution of any muscle.", "PMID": 590713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3412", "title": "[An algol program for the computation of empiric regressions].", "content": "An explanation is given about the meaning of empirical regression and on the domain of application of this biomathematical-statistical procedure. It may be helpful in data handling after the measurements and in a first stage of data processing especially if there is a large amount of datas. An empirical regression can provide the basis for a functional relationship analysis by giving hints for the choice of empirical mathematical functions. This will be useful and necessary in such cases where the measured values have a greater dispersion and one wants to get an analytical expression for the course of measured points. In the appendix a program listing of the ALGOL-program for empirical regression is presented. Detailed remarks are made in the text concerning the program structure, the data input and output resp. the program control parameters to enable the biological or medical user to adapt the program to their special problems without the help by a mathematician, and neither with deeper knowledge of mathematics nor with detailed insight to computer technical aspects of data processing.", "contents": "[An algol program for the computation of empiric regressions]. An explanation is given about the meaning of empirical regression and on the domain of application of this biomathematical-statistical procedure. It may be helpful in data handling after the measurements and in a first stage of data processing especially if there is a large amount of datas. An empirical regression can provide the basis for a functional relationship analysis by giving hints for the choice of empirical mathematical functions. This will be useful and necessary in such cases where the measured values have a greater dispersion and one wants to get an analytical expression for the course of measured points. In the appendix a program listing of the ALGOL-program for empirical regression is presented. Detailed remarks are made in the text concerning the program structure, the data input and output resp. the program control parameters to enable the biological or medical user to adapt the program to their special problems without the help by a mathematician, and neither with deeper knowledge of mathematics nor with detailed insight to computer technical aspects of data processing.", "PMID": 590714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3413", "title": "Observations on the lateral-line sense organs of the Salamander Neurergus crocatus crocatus Cope (Amphibia: Urodela).", "content": "The lateral-line system of the subadult and adult Neurergus crocatus crocatus Cope is retained throughout the life. It is constructed of pear-shaped sense organs or neuromasts which in the subadults are confined entirely to the epidermis with their apices opening distally to the exterior at the general level of the epidermal surface whereas in the adults they are embedded proximally more than halfway in the dermis with their distal apices opening into shallow grooves slightly below the regular epidermal surface. Dimensional differences are also observed between these organs in both stages. The neuromasts are constructed of 4 distinct cell types: sense cells, basal cells, sustentacular cells and mantle cells. These cells differ morphologically, structurally, topographically and functionally. The sense cells are clup-shaped, sensory, central in position and couched among the extremely elongated supporting basal and sustentacular cells, all of which are covered laterally by the extremely slender protective mantle cells. In both the mature and larvae, differences are observed among these cells in their size, number, location and arrangement. The sense organs are richly-supplied and well-nourished with vascular and nervous supplies.", "contents": "Observations on the lateral-line sense organs of the Salamander Neurergus crocatus crocatus Cope (Amphibia: Urodela). The lateral-line system of the subadult and adult Neurergus crocatus crocatus Cope is retained throughout the life. It is constructed of pear-shaped sense organs or neuromasts which in the subadults are confined entirely to the epidermis with their apices opening distally to the exterior at the general level of the epidermal surface whereas in the adults they are embedded proximally more than halfway in the dermis with their distal apices opening into shallow grooves slightly below the regular epidermal surface. Dimensional differences are also observed between these organs in both stages. The neuromasts are constructed of 4 distinct cell types: sense cells, basal cells, sustentacular cells and mantle cells. These cells differ morphologically, structurally, topographically and functionally. The sense cells are clup-shaped, sensory, central in position and couched among the extremely elongated supporting basal and sustentacular cells, all of which are covered laterally by the extremely slender protective mantle cells. In both the mature and larvae, differences are observed among these cells in their size, number, location and arrangement. The sense organs are richly-supplied and well-nourished with vascular and nervous supplies.", "PMID": 590716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3414", "title": "A new sequence-specific endonuclease (Bsp) from Bacillus sphaericus.", "content": "A new restriction endonuclease has been isolated from Bacillus sphaericus R. The purification procedure includes Bio-Gel filtration, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and phosphocellulose chromatography. After the phosphocellulose step the enzyme preparation is free of non-specific nucleases. Bsp cleaves double-stranded DNA with the same specificity as Bacillus subtilis (Bsu) and Haemophilus aegyptius (HaeIII) restriction endonucleases, as concluded from digests and double-digests of phiX174 replicative form DNA with Bsu and Bsp. The 5'-terminal nucleotide of the cleavage products was shown to be C. Bacillus sphaericus R produces Bsp in extremely large quantities and the enzyme can be easily purified in high yield.", "contents": "A new sequence-specific endonuclease (Bsp) from Bacillus sphaericus. A new restriction endonuclease has been isolated from Bacillus sphaericus R. The purification procedure includes Bio-Gel filtration, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and phosphocellulose chromatography. After the phosphocellulose step the enzyme preparation is free of non-specific nucleases. Bsp cleaves double-stranded DNA with the same specificity as Bacillus subtilis (Bsu) and Haemophilus aegyptius (HaeIII) restriction endonucleases, as concluded from digests and double-digests of phiX174 replicative form DNA with Bsu and Bsp. The 5'-terminal nucleotide of the cleavage products was shown to be C. Bacillus sphaericus R produces Bsp in extremely large quantities and the enzyme can be easily purified in high yield.", "PMID": 590742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3415", "title": "Chemical synthesis of two deoxyribododecanucleotides for the attachment of restriction termini to an artificial minigene.", "content": "In order to permit in vivo cloning of an artificial minigene designed to code for a modified S-peptide, the phosphodiester method for the chemical synthesis of two dodecadeoxyribonucleotides is described. Each of the latter possesses antiparallel complementarity to one of the two minigene strands and to the single-stranded EcoRI-generated end. They can thus serve as cohesive termini (\"splints\") for polynucleotide ligase joining.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of two deoxyribododecanucleotides for the attachment of restriction termini to an artificial minigene. In order to permit in vivo cloning of an artificial minigene designed to code for a modified S-peptide, the phosphodiester method for the chemical synthesis of two dodecadeoxyribonucleotides is described. Each of the latter possesses antiparallel complementarity to one of the two minigene strands and to the single-stranded EcoRI-generated end. They can thus serve as cohesive termini (\"splints\") for polynucleotide ligase joining.", "PMID": 590743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3416", "title": "Distamycin A and its analogs as agents for blocking of endo R. EcoRI activity.", "content": "Distamycin A (Dst) and its analogs protect the lambda phage DNA from cleavage with endoR. EcoRI and show selective affinity for different recognition sites of endoR. EcoRI on this DNA producing enlarged DNA fragments of various composition and length. The affinity of the antibiotic for DNA is influenced by the number of pyrrol carboxamide units in Dst molecule and does not strongly depend on the substitution of the N-methyl group by the N-propyl one. Since in the complex with DNA the antibiotics of the Dst type are localized in its minor groove a conclusion can be made that the minor groove of DNA is needed for the interaction of the restriction endonuclease with DNA.", "contents": "Distamycin A and its analogs as agents for blocking of endo R. EcoRI activity. Distamycin A (Dst) and its analogs protect the lambda phage DNA from cleavage with endoR. EcoRI and show selective affinity for different recognition sites of endoR. EcoRI on this DNA producing enlarged DNA fragments of various composition and length. The affinity of the antibiotic for DNA is influenced by the number of pyrrol carboxamide units in Dst molecule and does not strongly depend on the substitution of the N-methyl group by the N-propyl one. Since in the complex with DNA the antibiotics of the Dst type are localized in its minor groove a conclusion can be made that the minor groove of DNA is needed for the interaction of the restriction endonuclease with DNA.", "PMID": 590744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3417", "title": "Correlation of variations in intraluminal pressure and potential differences in the perfused colen.", "content": "To investigate the nature of variations in the large intestine potential differences, a continuous perfusion of isotonic saline was carried out in the colon of 14 rats. Intraluminal pressure and potential differences between the lumen and the peritoneal cavity were continuously and simultaneously recorded, while impedance of the system and respiration were also constantly monitored. To obtain a quantitative evaluation of the data, Fast Fouier Transform was performed on the signals and their derivatives which were auto- and cross-correlated. While there was no obvious relation between pressure and potential in the unperfused colon, there was clear visual qualirative evidence that, during steady state conditions of perfusion, an increase in intraluminal pressure was accompanied by a decrease in potential differences, while impedance of the recording system remained unchanged. Computer analysis disclosed four narrow ranges of stable frequencies for both pressure and potential. They were centred around 0-3, 1-75, 10-7, and 75 cycles per minute, the latter being synchronous with respiration. It is concluded that the variations of potential differences recorded during perfusion, a well-know phenomenon, are not electrical artefacts: the fast rhythm is probably induced by respiration, which increases intracolonic pressure and that, in turn, reduces the absolute value of potential differences, which remain negative mucosa versus serosa. The slower rhythms are synchronous for pressure and potential. Mechanisms responsible for the decrease in potential related to the increase in pressure remain unknown.", "contents": "Correlation of variations in intraluminal pressure and potential differences in the perfused colen. To investigate the nature of variations in the large intestine potential differences, a continuous perfusion of isotonic saline was carried out in the colon of 14 rats. Intraluminal pressure and potential differences between the lumen and the peritoneal cavity were continuously and simultaneously recorded, while impedance of the system and respiration were also constantly monitored. To obtain a quantitative evaluation of the data, Fast Fouier Transform was performed on the signals and their derivatives which were auto- and cross-correlated. While there was no obvious relation between pressure and potential in the unperfused colon, there was clear visual qualirative evidence that, during steady state conditions of perfusion, an increase in intraluminal pressure was accompanied by a decrease in potential differences, while impedance of the recording system remained unchanged. Computer analysis disclosed four narrow ranges of stable frequencies for both pressure and potential. They were centred around 0-3, 1-75, 10-7, and 75 cycles per minute, the latter being synchronous with respiration. It is concluded that the variations of potential differences recorded during perfusion, a well-know phenomenon, are not electrical artefacts: the fast rhythm is probably induced by respiration, which increases intracolonic pressure and that, in turn, reduces the absolute value of potential differences, which remain negative mucosa versus serosa. The slower rhythms are synchronous for pressure and potential. Mechanisms responsible for the decrease in potential related to the increase in pressure remain unknown.", "PMID": 590835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3418", "title": "Use of an elemental diet (Vivonex) in the management of bile acid-induced diarrhoea.", "content": "The effect of a low fat containing elemental diet (Vivonex) on faecal bile acid excretion was studied in six patients with cholerheic diarrhoea, two normal controls, and four patients with non-cholerheic diarrhoea. The total faecal bile acid excretion for the patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea was significantly reduced fron 6-37+/- 1-64 mmol/24 h (mean +/- SEM) to 2-70 +/- 1-12 mmol/24 h during Vivonex treatment (p less than 0-05). A marked improvement in the diarrhoea of these patients occurred; the number of stools per day decreased and there was less urgency associated with the diarrhoea. No significant reduction in faecal bile acid excretion was observed for the control and non-cholerheic diarrhoea groups. An elemental diet of this type may be of value in the management of patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea unresponsive to other forms of therapy, and may be of particular value in patients with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Use of an elemental diet (Vivonex) in the management of bile acid-induced diarrhoea. The effect of a low fat containing elemental diet (Vivonex) on faecal bile acid excretion was studied in six patients with cholerheic diarrhoea, two normal controls, and four patients with non-cholerheic diarrhoea. The total faecal bile acid excretion for the patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea was significantly reduced fron 6-37+/- 1-64 mmol/24 h (mean +/- SEM) to 2-70 +/- 1-12 mmol/24 h during Vivonex treatment (p less than 0-05). A marked improvement in the diarrhoea of these patients occurred; the number of stools per day decreased and there was less urgency associated with the diarrhoea. No significant reduction in faecal bile acid excretion was observed for the control and non-cholerheic diarrhoea groups. An elemental diet of this type may be of value in the management of patients with bile acid-induced diarrhoea unresponsive to other forms of therapy, and may be of particular value in patients with Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 590836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3419", "title": "Stagnant loop syndrome in patients with continent ileostomy (intra-abdominal ileal reservoir).", "content": "Intestinal absorption and bacteriology of the ileal contents were compared in seven patients with continent ileostomy and seven patients with conventional ileostomy. The absorption of vitamin B12 was reduced in five patients with continent ileostomy and subnormal in two patients with conventional ileostomy. Steatorrhoea was present in four patients with continent and one patient with conventional ileostomy. Increased concentrations of total anaerobic bacteria and Bacteroides were found in the ileum of the patients with continent ileostomy. After an oral dose of (1-14C) glycocholic acid there was no difference in the faecal excretion of radioactivity, whereas the 14CO2-expiration was increased in two patients with continent ileostomy. In four patients with continent ileostomy and malabsorption of B12, there was evidence of a stagnant loopsyndrome as oral lincomycin treatment resulted in increased absorption of B12 decreased excretion of faecal fat, and decreased concentrations of Bacteroides in the ileum.", "contents": "Stagnant loop syndrome in patients with continent ileostomy (intra-abdominal ileal reservoir). Intestinal absorption and bacteriology of the ileal contents were compared in seven patients with continent ileostomy and seven patients with conventional ileostomy. The absorption of vitamin B12 was reduced in five patients with continent ileostomy and subnormal in two patients with conventional ileostomy. Steatorrhoea was present in four patients with continent and one patient with conventional ileostomy. Increased concentrations of total anaerobic bacteria and Bacteroides were found in the ileum of the patients with continent ileostomy. After an oral dose of (1-14C) glycocholic acid there was no difference in the faecal excretion of radioactivity, whereas the 14CO2-expiration was increased in two patients with continent ileostomy. In four patients with continent ileostomy and malabsorption of B12, there was evidence of a stagnant loopsyndrome as oral lincomycin treatment resulted in increased absorption of B12 decreased excretion of faecal fat, and decreased concentrations of Bacteroides in the ileum.", "PMID": 590837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3420", "title": "Jejunal villous atrophy and granulomatous inflammation responding to a gluten--free diet.", "content": "A 48 year old female patient with intestinal malabsorption and subtotal to total jejunal villous atrophy also had granulomatous inflammation characterised by numerous epitheloid and giant cell granulomas in the stomach, the jejunum, and the liver, On a gluten-free diet a complete remission was achieved that included disappearance of the granulomatous inflammation. It is suggested that the granulomas in this case were manifestations of the gluten intolerance.", "contents": "Jejunal villous atrophy and granulomatous inflammation responding to a gluten--free diet. A 48 year old female patient with intestinal malabsorption and subtotal to total jejunal villous atrophy also had granulomatous inflammation characterised by numerous epitheloid and giant cell granulomas in the stomach, the jejunum, and the liver, On a gluten-free diet a complete remission was achieved that included disappearance of the granulomatous inflammation. It is suggested that the granulomas in this case were manifestations of the gluten intolerance.", "PMID": 590839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3421", "title": "Effects of long chain fatty acids on solute absorption: perfusion studies in the human jejunum.", "content": "Perfusion studies were performed in healthy volunteers to test the hypothesis that net fluid secretion induced by fatty acids is accompanied by parallel reduction in solute transport. Ricinoleic acid provoked a marked net secretion of fluid and concomitantly inhibited the absorption of all solutes tested; these included glucose, xylose, L-leucine, L-lysine, Folic acid, and 2-mono-olein. Oleic acid also reduced net fluid and solute transport, but was less potent in reducing solute absorption than was ricinoleic acid. When fluid secretion was induced osmotically with mannitol, glucose and xylose absorption was not affected. The mechanism for this generalised effect of fatty acids on solute absorption is uncertain, possibly nonspecific, and might be related to mucosal damage and altered mucosal permeability induced by these agents.", "contents": "Effects of long chain fatty acids on solute absorption: perfusion studies in the human jejunum. Perfusion studies were performed in healthy volunteers to test the hypothesis that net fluid secretion induced by fatty acids is accompanied by parallel reduction in solute transport. Ricinoleic acid provoked a marked net secretion of fluid and concomitantly inhibited the absorption of all solutes tested; these included glucose, xylose, L-leucine, L-lysine, Folic acid, and 2-mono-olein. Oleic acid also reduced net fluid and solute transport, but was less potent in reducing solute absorption than was ricinoleic acid. When fluid secretion was induced osmotically with mannitol, glucose and xylose absorption was not affected. The mechanism for this generalised effect of fatty acids on solute absorption is uncertain, possibly nonspecific, and might be related to mucosal damage and altered mucosal permeability induced by these agents.", "PMID": 590838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3422", "title": "Gastric epithelial cell turnover, mucus production, and healing of gastric ulcers with carbenoxolone.", "content": "Nineteen healthy subjects were studied and 17 patients with gastric ulcer before and after ulcer healing with carbenoxolone. Gastric deoxytibonucleic acid (DNA) loss was measured as an index of epithelial cell turnover, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) content of gastric juice as an index of mucus secretion. In normal subjects there was a negative correlation (p less that 0-025) between gastric DNA loss and NANA secretion; the lower the cell turnover the higher the NANA production. In gastric ulcer patients DNA loss or turnover was significantly (p less than 0-01) higher than normal, and fell significantly (p less than 0-01) after four weeks' treatment with carbenoxolone when 16 of the 17 ulcers had healed. At the same time NANA output increased significantly (p less than 0-01). It is suggested that patients with gastric ulcer lose cells at a high rate, a state of affairs which is returned towards normal by carbenoxolone, thus allowing the epithelial cells to mature within the mucosa and produce more mucus.", "contents": "Gastric epithelial cell turnover, mucus production, and healing of gastric ulcers with carbenoxolone. Nineteen healthy subjects were studied and 17 patients with gastric ulcer before and after ulcer healing with carbenoxolone. Gastric deoxytibonucleic acid (DNA) loss was measured as an index of epithelial cell turnover, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) content of gastric juice as an index of mucus secretion. In normal subjects there was a negative correlation (p less that 0-025) between gastric DNA loss and NANA secretion; the lower the cell turnover the higher the NANA production. In gastric ulcer patients DNA loss or turnover was significantly (p less than 0-01) higher than normal, and fell significantly (p less than 0-01) after four weeks' treatment with carbenoxolone when 16 of the 17 ulcers had healed. At the same time NANA output increased significantly (p less than 0-01). It is suggested that patients with gastric ulcer lose cells at a high rate, a state of affairs which is returned towards normal by carbenoxolone, thus allowing the epithelial cells to mature within the mucosa and produce more mucus.", "PMID": 590840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3423", "title": "Maximum acid output to graded doses of pentagastrin and its relation to parietal cell mass in Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In groups of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer and controls, increasing the dose of pentagastrin from the standard dose of 6 ug/kg or 12 ug/kg did not result in any change in the maximum acid output (MAO). Comparison of the MAO thus obtained with that reported in series of Occidental subjects suggested that the Chinese subjects had smaller MAO. Using the method of Card and Marks (1960), the parietal cells of resected stomachs were counted in a group of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer. It was found that the parietal cell mass (PCM) correlated with the MAO, both PCM and MAO were significantly small in the Chinese series as compared with the Scottish series, but the acid output per unit parietal cell mass (MAO per 10(9) parietal cells) was not different in the two groups. These observations suggested that the Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer had smaller parietal cell mass compared with the Westerners.", "contents": "Maximum acid output to graded doses of pentagastrin and its relation to parietal cell mass in Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer. In groups of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer and controls, increasing the dose of pentagastrin from the standard dose of 6 ug/kg or 12 ug/kg did not result in any change in the maximum acid output (MAO). Comparison of the MAO thus obtained with that reported in series of Occidental subjects suggested that the Chinese subjects had smaller MAO. Using the method of Card and Marks (1960), the parietal cells of resected stomachs were counted in a group of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer. It was found that the parietal cell mass (PCM) correlated with the MAO, both PCM and MAO were significantly small in the Chinese series as compared with the Scottish series, but the acid output per unit parietal cell mass (MAO per 10(9) parietal cells) was not different in the two groups. These observations suggested that the Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer had smaller parietal cell mass compared with the Westerners.", "PMID": 590841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3424", "title": "Effect of cigarette smoking on the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "content": "Observations on the effect of smoking on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) are based on station pull-through techniques of eosophageal manometry and recent studies have suggested that these techniques are inaccurate. Reproducible measurements of LOSP may be achieved with a rapid pull-through (RPT) method of manometry. This method was used to determine the effect of cigarette smoking on LOSP in 10 asymptomatic volunteers and in a group of 10 patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Basal LOSP measurements in the two groups were not significantly different but LOSP was reduced by 19% in asymptomatic subjects (p less than 0-01) and by 21% in symptomatic patients (p less than 0-02) during cigarette smoking. The results suggest that smoking should be avoided in the clinical management of gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Effect of cigarette smoking on the lower oesophageal sphincter. Observations on the effect of smoking on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) are based on station pull-through techniques of eosophageal manometry and recent studies have suggested that these techniques are inaccurate. Reproducible measurements of LOSP may be achieved with a rapid pull-through (RPT) method of manometry. This method was used to determine the effect of cigarette smoking on LOSP in 10 asymptomatic volunteers and in a group of 10 patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Basal LOSP measurements in the two groups were not significantly different but LOSP was reduced by 19% in asymptomatic subjects (p less than 0-01) and by 21% in symptomatic patients (p less than 0-02) during cigarette smoking. The results suggest that smoking should be avoided in the clinical management of gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 590842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3425", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis in the study of gallstones.", "content": "Detailed information on the structure and composition of gallstones was obtained using an electron probe microanalyser in conjunction with the other methods. Gallstones were studied layer by layer without greatly disturbing the arrangement of the materials present. Elements, including trace elements such as copper, iron, and manganese, were identified and their distributions mapped. The range of the method was extended to determine the character and distribution of certain chemical groups present by treating sections of gallstone with reagents which contained easily detected elements. The nature of the bonding of the sulphur in the stones was studied by examining the sulphur-X-ray spectrum. Pigmented sulphur-containing deposits were found to contain sulphur in a low valence state but taurine conjugates and the sulphate groups of mucosubstances were not detected. Microcrystalline apatite present in the stones contained some manganese and seemed to be implicated in the absorption of the low valence sulphur compound and in the nucleation of some stones.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis in the study of gallstones. Detailed information on the structure and composition of gallstones was obtained using an electron probe microanalyser in conjunction with the other methods. Gallstones were studied layer by layer without greatly disturbing the arrangement of the materials present. Elements, including trace elements such as copper, iron, and manganese, were identified and their distributions mapped. The range of the method was extended to determine the character and distribution of certain chemical groups present by treating sections of gallstone with reagents which contained easily detected elements. The nature of the bonding of the sulphur in the stones was studied by examining the sulphur-X-ray spectrum. Pigmented sulphur-containing deposits were found to contain sulphur in a low valence state but taurine conjugates and the sulphate groups of mucosubstances were not detected. Microcrystalline apatite present in the stones contained some manganese and seemed to be implicated in the absorption of the low valence sulphur compound and in the nucleation of some stones.", "PMID": 590843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3426", "title": "Mechanism of hypogonadism in cirrhotic males.", "content": "Men with chronic liver disease frequently develop clinical signs of hypogonadism and overt feminisation. Associated with these features, they have been found to have a reduced production of testosterone with low plasma concentrations, but only a minority of cirrhotic men would seem to have a marginal increase in circulating biologically potent oestrogens. Furthermore, this latter finding does not correlate with the presence of clinical feminisation. The original hypothesis to explain these changes now seems less likely to be true and no other single hypothesis has, on its own, been found to provide an adequate explanation for all the clinical and biochemical features found in cirrhotic men. It may be that the pathogenesis of endocrine changes in cirrhotic men is multifactorial--for instance, a combination of decreased hepatic clearance of some oestrogenic compounds, an autoimmune mediated primary testicular defect, and a specific potentiation effect by alcohol. Alternatively, it may be that none of these suggested mechanisms is of importance and that the endocrine changes are mediated instead by other mechanisms which remain, as yet, undiscovered or unconsidered. The fascination which this problem has held for clinicians and biochemists for many years seems likely to persist for some time to come.", "contents": "Mechanism of hypogonadism in cirrhotic males. Men with chronic liver disease frequently develop clinical signs of hypogonadism and overt feminisation. Associated with these features, they have been found to have a reduced production of testosterone with low plasma concentrations, but only a minority of cirrhotic men would seem to have a marginal increase in circulating biologically potent oestrogens. Furthermore, this latter finding does not correlate with the presence of clinical feminisation. The original hypothesis to explain these changes now seems less likely to be true and no other single hypothesis has, on its own, been found to provide an adequate explanation for all the clinical and biochemical features found in cirrhotic men. It may be that the pathogenesis of endocrine changes in cirrhotic men is multifactorial--for instance, a combination of decreased hepatic clearance of some oestrogenic compounds, an autoimmune mediated primary testicular defect, and a specific potentiation effect by alcohol. Alternatively, it may be that none of these suggested mechanisms is of importance and that the endocrine changes are mediated instead by other mechanisms which remain, as yet, undiscovered or unconsidered. The fascination which this problem has held for clinicians and biochemists for many years seems likely to persist for some time to come.", "PMID": 590844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3427", "title": "Anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae.", "content": "The anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae were studied in human and pig specimens and it was shown that the double contrast barium meal demonstrates a true picture of the undulating gastric mucosa, which is distinctive in appearance in the antrum body and fundus of the pig stomach. The importance of the type of barium used and the thickness of barrier mucus in the demonstration of the areae pattern is emphasised and the high incidence of duodenal ulcer in the grade 4 pattern and the low incidence in the non-coater is described. A knowledge of the anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae pattern is central to the interpretation of the double contrast barium meal.", "contents": "Anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae. The anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae were studied in human and pig specimens and it was shown that the double contrast barium meal demonstrates a true picture of the undulating gastric mucosa, which is distinctive in appearance in the antrum body and fundus of the pig stomach. The importance of the type of barium used and the thickness of barrier mucus in the demonstration of the areae pattern is emphasised and the high incidence of duodenal ulcer in the grade 4 pattern and the low incidence in the non-coater is described. A knowledge of the anatomy and radiology of the areae gastricae pattern is central to the interpretation of the double contrast barium meal.", "PMID": 590845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3428", "title": "Unstirred layer and kinetics of electrogenic glucose absorption in the human jejunum in situ.", "content": "Using an electrical technique we estimated the thickness of the unstirred layer in the human jejunum during kinetic studies of electrogenic glucose absorption. The unstirred layer in seven healthy volunteers (632 +/- 24 mum: mean +/- SEM) was significantly thicker than in 10 patients with active coeliac disease (442 +/- 23 mum) but not significantly different in seven patients who had responded to treatment by gluten withdrawal (585 +/- 49 mum). There were similar differences in the values of ;Apparent Km' for electrogenic glucose absorption between healthy control subjects (36 +/- 6 mM) active coeliac patients (11 +/- 1 mM) and treated coeliac patients (31 +/- 5 mM). The changes in PDmax however, showed a different pattern. The PDmax in the active coeliac group (6.8 +/- 0.7 mV) was lower than in controls (7.6 +/- 0.6 mV) but not significantly so, while the PDmax in the treated coeliac group (10.6 +/- 0.9 mV) was significantly higher than in both the active coeliac and control groups. It should be noted that both operational kinetic parameters obtained in the present study are much lower than those obtained previously (Read et al., 1976b) because of the use of siphonage. Analysis of the results using a computer simulation indicates that the reduction in Apparent Km in active coeliac disease can be caused by the interaction of the decreased maximal absorption rate for glucose (Jmax) with the attenuated unstirred layer. In these circumstances it is not necessary to postulate any change in the affinity of the transport mechanism for glucose (;Real Km'). It is remarkable that the disease process produces an Apparent Km which is much closer to the Real Km than that found in health.", "contents": "Unstirred layer and kinetics of electrogenic glucose absorption in the human jejunum in situ. Using an electrical technique we estimated the thickness of the unstirred layer in the human jejunum during kinetic studies of electrogenic glucose absorption. The unstirred layer in seven healthy volunteers (632 +/- 24 mum: mean +/- SEM) was significantly thicker than in 10 patients with active coeliac disease (442 +/- 23 mum) but not significantly different in seven patients who had responded to treatment by gluten withdrawal (585 +/- 49 mum). There were similar differences in the values of ;Apparent Km' for electrogenic glucose absorption between healthy control subjects (36 +/- 6 mM) active coeliac patients (11 +/- 1 mM) and treated coeliac patients (31 +/- 5 mM). The changes in PDmax however, showed a different pattern. The PDmax in the active coeliac group (6.8 +/- 0.7 mV) was lower than in controls (7.6 +/- 0.6 mV) but not significantly so, while the PDmax in the treated coeliac group (10.6 +/- 0.9 mV) was significantly higher than in both the active coeliac and control groups. It should be noted that both operational kinetic parameters obtained in the present study are much lower than those obtained previously (Read et al., 1976b) because of the use of siphonage. Analysis of the results using a computer simulation indicates that the reduction in Apparent Km in active coeliac disease can be caused by the interaction of the decreased maximal absorption rate for glucose (Jmax) with the attenuated unstirred layer. In these circumstances it is not necessary to postulate any change in the affinity of the transport mechanism for glucose (;Real Km'). It is remarkable that the disease process produces an Apparent Km which is much closer to the Real Km than that found in health.", "PMID": 590846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3429", "title": "Role of gastrointestinal hormones in the response to massive resection of the small bowel.", "content": "Hypersecretion of gastric acid and accelerated intestinal transit are largely unexplained consequences of massive resection of the small bowel; several postulated humoral mechanisms remain unsubstantiated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 75% resection of the distal small bowel in dogs on circulating levels of a range of gastrointestinal hormones. Basal and meal-stimulated concentrations of insulin, secretin, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, and total glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques. After resection, significant depletions of basal and stimulated total GLI (p less than 0.05 -- p less than 0.001) and a significant rise of stimulated gastrin (p less than 0.05) were discovered. These hormonal alterations may produce an important imbalance of humoral influences on gastrointestinal function. It is suggested that these changes may hold a key to the aetiology of the complications of massive resection of the small bowel.", "contents": "Role of gastrointestinal hormones in the response to massive resection of the small bowel. Hypersecretion of gastric acid and accelerated intestinal transit are largely unexplained consequences of massive resection of the small bowel; several postulated humoral mechanisms remain unsubstantiated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 75% resection of the distal small bowel in dogs on circulating levels of a range of gastrointestinal hormones. Basal and meal-stimulated concentrations of insulin, secretin, gastrin, pancreatic glucagon, and total glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques. After resection, significant depletions of basal and stimulated total GLI (p less than 0.05 -- p less than 0.001) and a significant rise of stimulated gastrin (p less than 0.05) were discovered. These hormonal alterations may produce an important imbalance of humoral influences on gastrointestinal function. It is suggested that these changes may hold a key to the aetiology of the complications of massive resection of the small bowel.", "PMID": 590847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3430", "title": "Increased tissue concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the duodenal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease.", "content": "Tissue concentrations of 5-HT have been measured in the duodenal mucosa of adults and children with coeliac disease and were found to be significantly higher than those from a control group. This finding may be associated with hyperactivity or hyperplasia of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the duodenum of patients with coeliac disease and could also be directly related to described abnormalities of 5-HT metabolism in this disease.", "contents": "Increased tissue concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the duodenal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease. Tissue concentrations of 5-HT have been measured in the duodenal mucosa of adults and children with coeliac disease and were found to be significantly higher than those from a control group. This finding may be associated with hyperactivity or hyperplasia of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the duodenum of patients with coeliac disease and could also be directly related to described abnormalities of 5-HT metabolism in this disease.", "PMID": 590848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3431", "title": "Nippostronglylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency and dexamethasone on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics.", "content": "Malnutrition, anaemia, and gut parasites are commonly interrelated. Using the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-rat model, the effect of iron and protein deficiency on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics was studied. It was demonstrated that the anthelmintics mebendazole and fenbendazole were significantly less effective in eradicating parasites when animals were deficient in iron and protein. This decreased efficacy of anthelmintics in iron and protein deficiency could not be overcome by intraperitoneal administration of the drug. Since nutritional deficiencies may act via impairment of the immune response, anthelmintic efficacy was determined in adequately nourished rats treated with the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone. A similar decrease in efficacy of mebendazole was shown when these animals were treated with dexamethasone. Thus it is possible that lowered anthelmintic efficacy in iron and protein deficient animals is mediated by immune deficiency. These findings may be relevant to anthelmintic programmes in malnourished communities.", "contents": "Nippostronglylus brasiliensis infection in the rat: effect of iron and protein deficiency and dexamethasone on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics. Malnutrition, anaemia, and gut parasites are commonly interrelated. Using the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-rat model, the effect of iron and protein deficiency on the efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics was studied. It was demonstrated that the anthelmintics mebendazole and fenbendazole were significantly less effective in eradicating parasites when animals were deficient in iron and protein. This decreased efficacy of anthelmintics in iron and protein deficiency could not be overcome by intraperitoneal administration of the drug. Since nutritional deficiencies may act via impairment of the immune response, anthelmintic efficacy was determined in adequately nourished rats treated with the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone. A similar decrease in efficacy of mebendazole was shown when these animals were treated with dexamethasone. Thus it is possible that lowered anthelmintic efficacy in iron and protein deficient animals is mediated by immune deficiency. These findings may be relevant to anthelmintic programmes in malnourished communities.", "PMID": 590849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3432", "title": "Platelet function in fulminant hepatic failure and effect of charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "In 34 patients with fulminant hepatic failure, platelets, in addition to being reduced in numbers, were smaller than those of healthy controls. In keeping with this, capillary bleeding times were significantly longer than could be accounted for by reduction in numbers alone. In a small group of these patients use of charcoal haemoperfusion for temporary liver support produced a doubling of the capillary bleeding time despite only a small drop in arterial platelet counts. This disproportionate prolongation of bleeding time was almost certainly caused by the loss of larger platelets in the charcoal columns during perfusion, as the mean median volume also fell during perfusion. Rises in screen filtration pressure of blood leaving the columns were found during some perfusions and thought to be indicative of platelet aggregates. Release of vasoactive substances from platelets could account for the hypotension often found at this time.", "contents": "Platelet function in fulminant hepatic failure and effect of charcoal haemoperfusion. In 34 patients with fulminant hepatic failure, platelets, in addition to being reduced in numbers, were smaller than those of healthy controls. In keeping with this, capillary bleeding times were significantly longer than could be accounted for by reduction in numbers alone. In a small group of these patients use of charcoal haemoperfusion for temporary liver support produced a doubling of the capillary bleeding time despite only a small drop in arterial platelet counts. This disproportionate prolongation of bleeding time was almost certainly caused by the loss of larger platelets in the charcoal columns during perfusion, as the mean median volume also fell during perfusion. Rises in screen filtration pressure of blood leaving the columns were found during some perfusions and thought to be indicative of platelet aggregates. Release of vasoactive substances from platelets could account for the hypotension often found at this time.", "PMID": 590850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3433", "title": "Association of abnormal fibrin polymerisation with severe liver disease.", "content": "The frequent occurrence of abnormal fibrin polymerisation in patients with liver disease has recently been reported. To investigate this further, fibrin polymerisation was studied in 68 patients with cirrhosis or chronic active liver disease. Thirty-three of these patients demonstrated impairment of this phase of blood coagulation. When other tests of liver function were compared in patients demonstrating this abnormality and those in whom fibrin polymerisation was normal, it was found that the former group demonstrated significantly reduced albumin concentrations (p less than 0.0002), raised bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels (p less than 0.0006 and less than 0.003 respectively), and greater prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time (p less than 0.001) with more marked reduction in factor VII levels (p less than 0.002) compared with the latter patients. It is concluded that defective fibrin polymerisation occurring in patients with liver disease indicates the presence of severely impaired hepatocellular function. This might account for the grave prognosis reported in cirrhotic patients with abnormal fibrin polymerisation who also suffer bleeding from gastro-oesophageal varices.", "contents": "Association of abnormal fibrin polymerisation with severe liver disease. The frequent occurrence of abnormal fibrin polymerisation in patients with liver disease has recently been reported. To investigate this further, fibrin polymerisation was studied in 68 patients with cirrhosis or chronic active liver disease. Thirty-three of these patients demonstrated impairment of this phase of blood coagulation. When other tests of liver function were compared in patients demonstrating this abnormality and those in whom fibrin polymerisation was normal, it was found that the former group demonstrated significantly reduced albumin concentrations (p less than 0.0002), raised bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase levels (p less than 0.0006 and less than 0.003 respectively), and greater prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time (p less than 0.001) with more marked reduction in factor VII levels (p less than 0.002) compared with the latter patients. It is concluded that defective fibrin polymerisation occurring in patients with liver disease indicates the presence of severely impaired hepatocellular function. This might account for the grave prognosis reported in cirrhotic patients with abnormal fibrin polymerisation who also suffer bleeding from gastro-oesophageal varices.", "PMID": 590852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3434", "title": "Serum bile acids in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "The value of serum bile acids (SBA) in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease has been investigated. A modified GLC method was used, with an overall coefficient of variation of +/- 11% in the control range. Serum was obtained after a 12 hour fast, and two hours after a fatty meal from 73 patients and 14 control subjects. In controls the total fasting SBA of 2.17 +/- 0.86 mumol/l increased significantly (p less than 0.001) to 3.81 +/- 1.14 mumol/l after a meal. All icteric patients had raised SBA, but in 23 anicteric patients there was no significant difference in the detection of chronic liver disease by fasting SBA, postprandial SBA, AST, or gamma GTP. Compared with controls, serum in patients contained proportionately less deoxycholic acid (p less than 0.001), there was proportionately more cholic acid in extrahepatic obstruction (p less than 0.001), and proportionately more chenodeoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, and neoplasia (p less than 0.001). In control subjects, the fasting cholic:chenodeoxycholic acid ratio ranged from 0.5-1.0, and differed significantly (p less than 0.001) from patients with extrahepatic obstruction 0.96-3.6, and cirrhosis 0.1-0.5. It is concluded that serum bile acids measured by sensitive methods can provide useful diagnostic information.", "contents": "Serum bile acids in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease. The value of serum bile acids (SBA) in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease has been investigated. A modified GLC method was used, with an overall coefficient of variation of +/- 11% in the control range. Serum was obtained after a 12 hour fast, and two hours after a fatty meal from 73 patients and 14 control subjects. In controls the total fasting SBA of 2.17 +/- 0.86 mumol/l increased significantly (p less than 0.001) to 3.81 +/- 1.14 mumol/l after a meal. All icteric patients had raised SBA, but in 23 anicteric patients there was no significant difference in the detection of chronic liver disease by fasting SBA, postprandial SBA, AST, or gamma GTP. Compared with controls, serum in patients contained proportionately less deoxycholic acid (p less than 0.001), there was proportionately more cholic acid in extrahepatic obstruction (p less than 0.001), and proportionately more chenodeoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, and neoplasia (p less than 0.001). In control subjects, the fasting cholic:chenodeoxycholic acid ratio ranged from 0.5-1.0, and differed significantly (p less than 0.001) from patients with extrahepatic obstruction 0.96-3.6, and cirrhosis 0.1-0.5. It is concluded that serum bile acids measured by sensitive methods can provide useful diagnostic information.", "PMID": 590851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3435", "title": "Device for obtaining multiple simultaneous samples of intestinal contents during perfusion studies in man.", "content": "A system is described for obtaining frequent simultaneous samples from three jejunal sites. It can be easily made from materials ordinarily available in any laboratory.", "contents": "Device for obtaining multiple simultaneous samples of intestinal contents during perfusion studies in man. A system is described for obtaining frequent simultaneous samples from three jejunal sites. It can be easily made from materials ordinarily available in any laboratory.", "PMID": 590853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3436", "title": "Identifying the sexually abused child in a medical setting.", "content": "From January to April 1975, 40 patients treated for gonorrhea in a Pediatric Emergency Clinic were studied to explore the problem of sexual abuse of children. Presented in this article is a review of that study and the resulting method for identifying sexually abused children in the medical setting.", "contents": "Identifying the sexually abused child in a medical setting. From January to April 1975, 40 patients treated for gonorrhea in a Pediatric Emergency Clinic were studied to explore the problem of sexual abuse of children. Presented in this article is a review of that study and the resulting method for identifying sexually abused children in the medical setting.", "PMID": 590862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3437", "title": "Children in limbo: a study of New York City \"boarder babies\".", "content": "Some children not in need of medical care are living on hospital wards-some spend a few days, some, many years. This article presents the findings of a pilot study made to find out who these children are and why they are there. It suggests that stigmatizing labels as well as bureaucratic indifference may contribute to the denial of alternate care for these children.", "contents": "Children in limbo: a study of New York City \"boarder babies\". Some children not in need of medical care are living on hospital wards-some spend a few days, some, many years. This article presents the findings of a pilot study made to find out who these children are and why they are there. It suggests that stigmatizing labels as well as bureaucratic indifference may contribute to the denial of alternate care for these children.", "PMID": 590863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3438", "title": "Lawyer and social worker as collaborators in the medical setting.", "content": "Part of the role of the social worker in a medical setting should be to determine if a patient has reviewed his legal status concerning wills, insurance, and estate planning. If not, the worker should encourage the patient and his family to seek legal advice so that the patient can receive medical treatment free of legal and financial concerns.", "contents": "Lawyer and social worker as collaborators in the medical setting. Part of the role of the social worker in a medical setting should be to determine if a patient has reviewed his legal status concerning wills, insurance, and estate planning. If not, the worker should encourage the patient and his family to seek legal advice so that the patient can receive medical treatment free of legal and financial concerns.", "PMID": 590864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3439", "title": "Consumer participation in Health Maintenance Organizations.", "content": "Recent health legislation, particularly the Health Maintenance Organization Act, appears to invite the participation of consumers in the governance of health care programs. This represents an opportunity for the community organizer to influence the role of the consumer in health care systems. This paper examines federal policy relating to consumer participation, discusses resulting issues and dilemmas, and offers suggestions for programs to strengthen consumer participation in HMOs.", "contents": "Consumer participation in Health Maintenance Organizations. Recent health legislation, particularly the Health Maintenance Organization Act, appears to invite the participation of consumers in the governance of health care programs. This represents an opportunity for the community organizer to influence the role of the consumer in health care systems. This paper examines federal policy relating to consumer participation, discusses resulting issues and dilemmas, and offers suggestions for programs to strengthen consumer participation in HMOs.", "PMID": 590868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3440", "title": "Sexuality in the aging woman.", "content": "The sexuality of the older woman is often ignored by therapists, families, and even the woman herself, but studies have shown that menopause does not signal the end of sexuality. In practice with older women, the social worker must take into account their continuing need for intimacy.", "contents": "Sexuality in the aging woman. The sexuality of the older woman is often ignored by therapists, families, and even the woman herself, but studies have shown that menopause does not signal the end of sexuality. In practice with older women, the social worker must take into account their continuing need for intimacy.", "PMID": 590869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3441", "title": "Treatment for adults with psychosomatic symptoms.", "content": "Patients frequently ask their physicians to advise them about problems that are psychological in origin and would, in fact, be more appropriately treated by a social worker. This article presents a model of cooperation between a family physician and a social worker that enabled the two to provide effective counseling services to adults with psychosomatic symptoms and their families.", "contents": "Treatment for adults with psychosomatic symptoms. Patients frequently ask their physicians to advise them about problems that are psychological in origin and would, in fact, be more appropriately treated by a social worker. This article presents a model of cooperation between a family physician and a social worker that enabled the two to provide effective counseling services to adults with psychosomatic symptoms and their families.", "PMID": 590870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3442", "title": "A study on long-term prognosis of epilepsy.", "content": "Of 631 epileptic patients examined in our seizure clinic in the period between January 1961 and December 1966, 97 (15.4%) have been treated until September 1976, when the long-term prognosis was evaluated. The \"good prognosis (completely controlled)\" were found in 59% of grand mal, in 55% of focal motor seizure, in 42% of psychomotor and in 33% of the mixed seizure in which more than two types of seizures were combined; in 49% (48 cases) on the average. Seventy-nine percent of the cases of the mixed seizure were combined with psychomotor seizures. In the psychomotor and the mixed seizure groups, the presence of personality disorders tended to lead them to \"poor prognosis\" which meant that the seizures were not well controlled. Twelve cases manifested psychotic (paranoid) state: a schizophrenic, a case with chronic paranoid-hallucinatory state, and 10 patients with episodic paranoid state, whose episodes may be identified with the paranoid reactions. Out of the 49 \"poor prognosis\" cases, 17 (35%) had had seizure-free periods for more than three years in the past course of their treatment.", "contents": "A study on long-term prognosis of epilepsy. Of 631 epileptic patients examined in our seizure clinic in the period between January 1961 and December 1966, 97 (15.4%) have been treated until September 1976, when the long-term prognosis was evaluated. The \"good prognosis (completely controlled)\" were found in 59% of grand mal, in 55% of focal motor seizure, in 42% of psychomotor and in 33% of the mixed seizure in which more than two types of seizures were combined; in 49% (48 cases) on the average. Seventy-nine percent of the cases of the mixed seizure were combined with psychomotor seizures. In the psychomotor and the mixed seizure groups, the presence of personality disorders tended to lead them to \"poor prognosis\" which meant that the seizures were not well controlled. Twelve cases manifested psychotic (paranoid) state: a schizophrenic, a case with chronic paranoid-hallucinatory state, and 10 patients with episodic paranoid state, whose episodes may be identified with the paranoid reactions. Out of the 49 \"poor prognosis\" cases, 17 (35%) had had seizure-free periods for more than three years in the past course of their treatment.", "PMID": 590875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3443", "title": "A retrospective study on the prognosis of aged patients with epilepsy.", "content": "A retrospective follow-up study on the prognosis of 90 patients with epilepsy above 40 years of age has resulted in: 1. In the aged patients, the duration of epilepsy (mean: 23 years) was longer than the period of treatment they underwent (mean: 14 years). The delayed commencement and/or interrupted medication along with the patients' incompliance of taking drugs accounted for the main reasons for at least 70% of the patients. 2. The partial epilepsy (80%) especially with complex symptomatology (55%) were predominating in the aged group. And also, that the tonic-clonic seizures were liable to convert to the complex partial seizures in their thirties and forties, was found in this study. 3. Although almost all the patients (97%) had more or less clinical attacks even at the time of survey, 75% or more decrease in seizure frequency have been exerted for one and a half year, regardless of the seizure types in the majority of the patients (81%). This seems to offer an explanation that an appropriate sociomedical strategy is necessitated for patients with long-standing epilepsies.", "contents": "A retrospective study on the prognosis of aged patients with epilepsy. A retrospective follow-up study on the prognosis of 90 patients with epilepsy above 40 years of age has resulted in: 1. In the aged patients, the duration of epilepsy (mean: 23 years) was longer than the period of treatment they underwent (mean: 14 years). The delayed commencement and/or interrupted medication along with the patients' incompliance of taking drugs accounted for the main reasons for at least 70% of the patients. 2. The partial epilepsy (80%) especially with complex symptomatology (55%) were predominating in the aged group. And also, that the tonic-clonic seizures were liable to convert to the complex partial seizures in their thirties and forties, was found in this study. 3. Although almost all the patients (97%) had more or less clinical attacks even at the time of survey, 75% or more decrease in seizure frequency have been exerted for one and a half year, regardless of the seizure types in the majority of the patients (81%). This seems to offer an explanation that an appropriate sociomedical strategy is necessitated for patients with long-standing epilepsies.", "PMID": 590876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3444", "title": "Electroclinical studies of seizures in the newborn.", "content": "Electroclinical features of neonatal seizures were studied in 215 neonates who developed seizures during the first three weeks of life. In 62 of them, clinical fits occurred during the actual polygraphic recording. The electro-clinical correlations were very variable, although there were some statistically significant associations between certain types of seizures and electrical discharges. The relation between seizures and sleep states was investigated in 40 infants who had more than three fits during the recording. The state in which more than 70% of seizures occurred was active sleep in 28% of the cases, quiet sleep in 13%, indeterminate sleep in 8%, and wakefulness in 8%. In 50%, seizures did not tend to occur in a given state. The authors thank Professor Suzuki for his continued interest and encouragement.", "contents": "Electroclinical studies of seizures in the newborn. Electroclinical features of neonatal seizures were studied in 215 neonates who developed seizures during the first three weeks of life. In 62 of them, clinical fits occurred during the actual polygraphic recording. The electro-clinical correlations were very variable, although there were some statistically significant associations between certain types of seizures and electrical discharges. The relation between seizures and sleep states was investigated in 40 infants who had more than three fits during the recording. The state in which more than 70% of seizures occurred was active sleep in 28% of the cases, quiet sleep in 13%, indeterminate sleep in 8%, and wakefulness in 8%. In 50%, seizures did not tend to occur in a given state. The authors thank Professor Suzuki for his continued interest and encouragement.", "PMID": 590877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3445", "title": "The studies of the attacks of abnormal eye movement in a case of infantile spasms.", "content": "We observed the attacks of nystagmus in a case of infantile spasms and carried out overnight sleep polygraphy. The following findings were obtained: (1) Awake time was prolonged to 56% of TIB, while sleep time was markedly shortened to 44% of TIB. Also REM sleep time was reduced to 20% of SPT and deep slow sleep (stage N3) was absent. (2) Attacks of nystagmus were observed only during wakefulness. At first, fast wave bursts appeared in the right occipital area, and were followed by left-upward deviations of eyeballs, and then the attacks of counterclockwise right-downward rotatory nystagmus. Also the fast wave bursts were succeeded by spreading of fast waves to adjacent areas. At the same time, EMG exhibited elevated muscle action potentials of mentalis and biceps femoris. During the attacks of nystagmus, there was alteration of respiratory movements. In NREM sleep, both fast wave bursts and the attacks of nystagmus were not observed. In REM sleep, the fast wave bursts and eye movements were observed but the attacks of nystagmus did not appear. During the fast wave bursts, alteration of respiratory movements were observed. From the results of this study, it was presumed that the brain lesions of this case were extended with severe degree of damage in the great parts of brain containing cerebral cortex and brain stem.", "contents": "The studies of the attacks of abnormal eye movement in a case of infantile spasms. We observed the attacks of nystagmus in a case of infantile spasms and carried out overnight sleep polygraphy. The following findings were obtained: (1) Awake time was prolonged to 56% of TIB, while sleep time was markedly shortened to 44% of TIB. Also REM sleep time was reduced to 20% of SPT and deep slow sleep (stage N3) was absent. (2) Attacks of nystagmus were observed only during wakefulness. At first, fast wave bursts appeared in the right occipital area, and were followed by left-upward deviations of eyeballs, and then the attacks of counterclockwise right-downward rotatory nystagmus. Also the fast wave bursts were succeeded by spreading of fast waves to adjacent areas. At the same time, EMG exhibited elevated muscle action potentials of mentalis and biceps femoris. During the attacks of nystagmus, there was alteration of respiratory movements. In NREM sleep, both fast wave bursts and the attacks of nystagmus were not observed. In REM sleep, the fast wave bursts and eye movements were observed but the attacks of nystagmus did not appear. During the fast wave bursts, alteration of respiratory movements were observed. From the results of this study, it was presumed that the brain lesions of this case were extended with severe degree of damage in the great parts of brain containing cerebral cortex and brain stem.", "PMID": 590878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3446", "title": "Ictal clinical patterns and ictal EEG in a case of partial seizures of frontotemporal origin associated with complex symptomatology.", "content": "The patient was a 35-year-old, unmarried male whose epileptic psychomotor fits persisted since the age of 13. The author has observed the case for about 12 years, so that incomplete information concerning epileptic symptoms was considered to be compensated considerably by longitudinal observation, including ictal seizure and ictal EEG's. In this patient seizure with impaired consciousness which correspond rhythmic slow waves of EEG tracing might be a nuclear sign; several kinds of automatism then might be considered as postictal phenomenon. The most important of all was tonic seizure of psychomotor epilepsy particularly in the face which was not seen in the petit mal epilepsy. With observation of ictal period as well as ictal EEG, differential identification of centrencephalic epilepsy and psychomotor epilepsy may not be totally impossible. The case also showed a typical productive psychotic episodes of Landolt, which could be treated favorably by 10 mg of intravenous Haloperidol. This method, named as \"pathologization\" of Helmchen, was found by the present author as a useful treatmental means of choice.", "contents": "Ictal clinical patterns and ictal EEG in a case of partial seizures of frontotemporal origin associated with complex symptomatology. The patient was a 35-year-old, unmarried male whose epileptic psychomotor fits persisted since the age of 13. The author has observed the case for about 12 years, so that incomplete information concerning epileptic symptoms was considered to be compensated considerably by longitudinal observation, including ictal seizure and ictal EEG's. In this patient seizure with impaired consciousness which correspond rhythmic slow waves of EEG tracing might be a nuclear sign; several kinds of automatism then might be considered as postictal phenomenon. The most important of all was tonic seizure of psychomotor epilepsy particularly in the face which was not seen in the petit mal epilepsy. With observation of ictal period as well as ictal EEG, differential identification of centrencephalic epilepsy and psychomotor epilepsy may not be totally impossible. The case also showed a typical productive psychotic episodes of Landolt, which could be treated favorably by 10 mg of intravenous Haloperidol. This method, named as \"pathologization\" of Helmchen, was found by the present author as a useful treatmental means of choice.", "PMID": 590879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3447", "title": "A case of musicogenic epilepsy.", "content": "1) A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tume has been presented. 2) The EEG features of the seizure are such as are often seen in psychomotor seizures. 3) Auditory evoked response may be left out of consideration. 4) There is no appreciable relationship between the disease and the life history of the patient. The attempt of our patient to cure herself by making use of conditioned reflex proved to be a failure. The patient is more liable to the disease when she is on the strain while hearing a tune. 5) Our consideration of the mechanism of the disease has led to the presumptive conclusion that hyperacusis, conditioned reflexes and the impact of life history may be involved, and the fragility of the memory function of the temporal lobe underlie the genesis of the disease.", "contents": "A case of musicogenic epilepsy. 1) A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tume has been presented. 2) The EEG features of the seizure are such as are often seen in psychomotor seizures. 3) Auditory evoked response may be left out of consideration. 4) There is no appreciable relationship between the disease and the life history of the patient. The attempt of our patient to cure herself by making use of conditioned reflex proved to be a failure. The patient is more liable to the disease when she is on the strain while hearing a tune. 5) Our consideration of the mechanism of the disease has led to the presumptive conclusion that hyperacusis, conditioned reflexes and the impact of life history may be involved, and the fragility of the memory function of the temporal lobe underlie the genesis of the disease.", "PMID": 590880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3448", "title": "Brain catecholamine concentrations and convulsions in E1 mice.", "content": "Brain dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations of \"stimulated\" E1 mice were lower than those of \"non-stimulated\" control E1 mice. Furthermore, the pre-convulsive stage showed lower concentrations of these catecholamines than the resting stage.", "contents": "Brain catecholamine concentrations and convulsions in E1 mice. Brain dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations of \"stimulated\" E1 mice were lower than those of \"non-stimulated\" control E1 mice. Furthermore, the pre-convulsive stage showed lower concentrations of these catecholamines than the resting stage.", "PMID": 590881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3449", "title": "Functional changes in the caudate and accumbens nuclei during amygdaloid and hippocampal seizure development in kindled cats.", "content": "Electroencephalographic changes were examined in the caudate nucleus and accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development in eight kindled cat preparations. The emergence of self-sustained after-discharge and interictal discharge was demonstrated in the accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development. This finding suggests secondary epileptogenic functional alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems. Moreover, the epileptiform responses triggered from the accumbens and caudate nuclei increased markedly with progressive limbic seizure development. These results suggest that a limbic seizure could produce a secondary functional reorganization of the brain dopaminergic neuron systems, especially of the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems that has been reported to play an important role in the manifestation of psychotic symptom.", "contents": "Functional changes in the caudate and accumbens nuclei during amygdaloid and hippocampal seizure development in kindled cats. Electroencephalographic changes were examined in the caudate nucleus and accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development in eight kindled cat preparations. The emergence of self-sustained after-discharge and interictal discharge was demonstrated in the accumbens nucleus during limbic seizure development. This finding suggests secondary epileptogenic functional alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems. Moreover, the epileptiform responses triggered from the accumbens and caudate nuclei increased markedly with progressive limbic seizure development. These results suggest that a limbic seizure could produce a secondary functional reorganization of the brain dopaminergic neuron systems, especially of the mesolimbic dopamine neuron systems that has been reported to play an important role in the manifestation of psychotic symptom.", "PMID": 590882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3450", "title": "A method for provoking EEG abnormalities by administration of nialamide.", "content": "Nialamide, a kind of monoamine oxydase inhibitor, was used for provoking centrencephalic EEG abnormalities and 6-14 Hz positive spikes. It was assumed that these EEG abnormalities have close relationship with dysfunctions of the brainstem which is rich in monoamines and monoamine oxydase. The nialamide provocation was carried out on 49 inpatients who had centrencephalic discharges in their EEG reports. These patients consisted of four cases of epilepsy, one case of anorexia nervosa, two cases of narcolepsy and 42 cases of diencephalosis. Another series of 22 patients suffering from other diseases, in whome EEG no centrencephalic EEG abnormallities were detected, were examined with nialamide. Out of the 49 patients, 35 cases (71.4+) showed increased EEG abnormalities following the administration of nialamide. It was noteworthy that this drug had provocative effect not only for EEG abnormalities, but also for the symptoms from which patients were suffering. In 26 out of 49 patients, both EEG abnormalities and clinical symptoms were provoked by nialamide. And the nialamide administration resulted in negative on all 22 patients who did not register centrencephalic EEG abnormalities. The mechanism and characteristics of this provocative procedure by the use of nialamide were evaluated.", "contents": "A method for provoking EEG abnormalities by administration of nialamide. Nialamide, a kind of monoamine oxydase inhibitor, was used for provoking centrencephalic EEG abnormalities and 6-14 Hz positive spikes. It was assumed that these EEG abnormalities have close relationship with dysfunctions of the brainstem which is rich in monoamines and monoamine oxydase. The nialamide provocation was carried out on 49 inpatients who had centrencephalic discharges in their EEG reports. These patients consisted of four cases of epilepsy, one case of anorexia nervosa, two cases of narcolepsy and 42 cases of diencephalosis. Another series of 22 patients suffering from other diseases, in whome EEG no centrencephalic EEG abnormallities were detected, were examined with nialamide. Out of the 49 patients, 35 cases (71.4+) showed increased EEG abnormalities following the administration of nialamide. It was noteworthy that this drug had provocative effect not only for EEG abnormalities, but also for the symptoms from which patients were suffering. In 26 out of 49 patients, both EEG abnormalities and clinical symptoms were provoked by nialamide. And the nialamide administration resulted in negative on all 22 patients who did not register centrencephalic EEG abnormalities. The mechanism and characteristics of this provocative procedure by the use of nialamide were evaluated.", "PMID": 590883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3451", "title": "A histochemical study of mucosubstances in the bovine respiratory tract with special reference to cuffing pneumonia.", "content": "The mucosubstances of the bronchial epithelial goblet cells in non-pneumonic calves were almost exclusively sulphomucin; neutral mucin, sialomucin and sulphomucin were produced by the submucosal glands. Calves with lesions of cuffing pneumonia from which M. dispar was frequently cultured had increased numbers of epithelial goblet cells extending into the peripheral airways as far as the bronchioles. These pneumonic animals had epithelial goblet cells, some of which contained sialomucin, while in the gland a switch from neutral to acid mucosubstance in the form of increased sulphomucins and sialomucins was detected.", "contents": "A histochemical study of mucosubstances in the bovine respiratory tract with special reference to cuffing pneumonia. The mucosubstances of the bronchial epithelial goblet cells in non-pneumonic calves were almost exclusively sulphomucin; neutral mucin, sialomucin and sulphomucin were produced by the submucosal glands. Calves with lesions of cuffing pneumonia from which M. dispar was frequently cultured had increased numbers of epithelial goblet cells extending into the peripheral airways as far as the bronchioles. These pneumonic animals had epithelial goblet cells, some of which contained sialomucin, while in the gland a switch from neutral to acid mucosubstance in the form of increased sulphomucins and sialomucins was detected.", "PMID": 590884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3452", "title": "The immune response of the chicken to vaccination against Newcastle disease with live virus and killed emulsified virus in relation to the length of time between two vaccinations.", "content": "Chicks with no specific antibodies were initially y vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 21 days old with the live 'La Sota' strain or beta-propiolactone-killed virus emulsified in mineral oils. After a second vaccination 15 or 21 days later with the live \"La Sota' strain, the interference produced by the first vaccination on the antibody production induced by the second vaccination was investigated. It was found that the live virus vaccine used for the second immunization was affected by the antibodies induced by the first vaccination, as shown in previous work utilizing 1-day-old chicks.", "contents": "The immune response of the chicken to vaccination against Newcastle disease with live virus and killed emulsified virus in relation to the length of time between two vaccinations. Chicks with no specific antibodies were initially y vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 21 days old with the live 'La Sota' strain or beta-propiolactone-killed virus emulsified in mineral oils. After a second vaccination 15 or 21 days later with the live \"La Sota' strain, the interference produced by the first vaccination on the antibody production induced by the second vaccination was investigated. It was found that the live virus vaccine used for the second immunization was affected by the antibodies induced by the first vaccination, as shown in previous work utilizing 1-day-old chicks.", "PMID": 590885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3453", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of some organs from pigs with swine fever.", "content": "Six pigs were experimentally infected with swine fever (SF) virus and their organs (tonsils, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and popliteal lymph nodes) were examined by electron microscopy. The study was designed to detect the presence of SF virus in the tissues examined. Particles that were probably SF virus were demonstrated. Paracrystalline aggregates and microtubular structures were also found.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of some organs from pigs with swine fever. Six pigs were experimentally infected with swine fever (SF) virus and their organs (tonsils, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and popliteal lymph nodes) were examined by electron microscopy. The study was designed to detect the presence of SF virus in the tissues examined. Particles that were probably SF virus were demonstrated. Paracrystalline aggregates and microtubular structures were also found.", "PMID": 590886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3454", "title": "[Acute injuries to peripheral nerves. 1. Diagnosis and principles for therapy].", "content": "A simple scheme for the identification of the most frequent lesions of single peripheral nerves is given. The scheme is based on a few--mostly two--characteristic features of each lesion. The significance of the degree of the nerve lesion for the choice of therapy is stressed.", "contents": "[Acute injuries to peripheral nerves. 1. Diagnosis and principles for therapy]. A simple scheme for the identification of the most frequent lesions of single peripheral nerves is given. The scheme is based on a few--mostly two--characteristic features of each lesion. The significance of the degree of the nerve lesion for the choice of therapy is stressed.", "PMID": 590899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3455", "title": "[Diagnostic measures in bronchial asthma].", "content": "The diagnostic steps for in five groups divided forms of bronchial asthma are listed and are discussed. The diagnosis includes: 1. the anamnesis. 2. the clinical examination including X-ray, lung function tests, bronchologic inspection a.s.o., 3. special examinations for allergy including skin tests, provocation tests and pharmacodynamic tests, 4. serological-immunological methods of examination including determination of total IgE, specific IgE and several serum proteins.", "contents": "[Diagnostic measures in bronchial asthma]. The diagnostic steps for in five groups divided forms of bronchial asthma are listed and are discussed. The diagnosis includes: 1. the anamnesis. 2. the clinical examination including X-ray, lung function tests, bronchologic inspection a.s.o., 3. special examinations for allergy including skin tests, provocation tests and pharmacodynamic tests, 4. serological-immunological methods of examination including determination of total IgE, specific IgE and several serum proteins.", "PMID": 590903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3456", "title": "[Beta-sitosterin in the treatment of essential type II hyperlipoproteinemias].", "content": "The effect of Beta-Sitosterol (Sitosterin Delalande) on plasma lipids in 20 pretreated patients with type IIa and IIb familial hyperlipoproteinemia is reported. 6-18 g of the drug were given for a time of two to twelve months. In 11 patients the plasma cholesterol level decreased between 10 and 30%. Since Beta-Sitosterol has no effect on plasma triglycerides, an additional hypertriglyceridemia must be taken care of and treated if necessary. Beta-Sitosterol can be called an effective substance in the treatment of hypercholesterinemia. In addition the diet cure becomes easier.", "contents": "[Beta-sitosterin in the treatment of essential type II hyperlipoproteinemias]. The effect of Beta-Sitosterol (Sitosterin Delalande) on plasma lipids in 20 pretreated patients with type IIa and IIb familial hyperlipoproteinemia is reported. 6-18 g of the drug were given for a time of two to twelve months. In 11 patients the plasma cholesterol level decreased between 10 and 30%. Since Beta-Sitosterol has no effect on plasma triglycerides, an additional hypertriglyceridemia must be taken care of and treated if necessary. Beta-Sitosterol can be called an effective substance in the treatment of hypercholesterinemia. In addition the diet cure becomes easier.", "PMID": 590905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3457", "title": "[CEA blood level in patients with Crohn's disease with reference to localization, duration and severity of the disease].", "content": "CEA-serum-levels were determined in 24 patients with Crohn's disease over a period up to 35 months. 13 patients showed elevated CEA-Levels (greater than 3 ng/ml). A positive correlation between the extent of the lesion and the CEA-serum-level could be demonstrated. This correlation could not be demonstrated in regard to the duration of the disease. The attempt to utilize CEA-serum-levels for the estimation of the activity of Crohn's disease showed a good correlation between the activity and CEA-levels in a few cases; the activity was measured by means of the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), which was recommended in the National Crohn's Disease Study in the United States.", "contents": "[CEA blood level in patients with Crohn's disease with reference to localization, duration and severity of the disease]. CEA-serum-levels were determined in 24 patients with Crohn's disease over a period up to 35 months. 13 patients showed elevated CEA-Levels (greater than 3 ng/ml). A positive correlation between the extent of the lesion and the CEA-serum-level could be demonstrated. This correlation could not be demonstrated in regard to the duration of the disease. The attempt to utilize CEA-serum-levels for the estimation of the activity of Crohn's disease showed a good correlation between the activity and CEA-levels in a few cases; the activity was measured by means of the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), which was recommended in the National Crohn's Disease Study in the United States.", "PMID": 590906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3458", "title": "[Community psychiatry. An empirical study].", "content": "Aim of the present study was the analysis of the situation of fulltime and partime stationary psychiatric services, as well as clinic-administered out-patient services for a geographically defined population group in a large city (Hannover) over a period of serveral years. For this purpose an analysis was made of the clinical, social and demographic characteristics of all patients from a particular part of the city (sector), which had been admitted for treatment into the psychiatric hospitals of Wunstorf, Ilten, the municipal clinic in Hannover-Langenhagen and the psychiatric department of the Medical University of Hannover.", "contents": "[Community psychiatry. An empirical study]. Aim of the present study was the analysis of the situation of fulltime and partime stationary psychiatric services, as well as clinic-administered out-patient services for a geographically defined population group in a large city (Hannover) over a period of serveral years. For this purpose an analysis was made of the clinical, social and demographic characteristics of all patients from a particular part of the city (sector), which had been admitted for treatment into the psychiatric hospitals of Wunstorf, Ilten, the municipal clinic in Hannover-Langenhagen and the psychiatric department of the Medical University of Hannover.", "PMID": 590908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3459", "title": "Failure of exogenous insulin to inhibit insulin secretion in man.", "content": "In order to explore whether or not the negative feedback mechanism of insulin per se on insulin secretion exists in man, changes in plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR), as an index of pancreatic B cells secretory function, were studied in 6 nonobese healthy volunteers in the presence of high circulating levels of exogenous insulin. 10% glucose was infused concurrently so as to maintain blood sugar at the basal level. The insulin-glucose infusion was maintained for 120 minutes, achieving mean plasma levels of 140-180 mu1/ml. After this period, the insulin infusion was continued at the same rate for an additional 10 minutes while the glucose was omitted. Despite the elevated level of circulating insulin, no significant change in plasma CPR concentration was observed so long as the blood sugar was maintained at the basal levels. Following cessation of the glucose infusion, the plasma CPR levels declined with a decrease in blood sugar level. Under the conditions of the present study, no inhibitory effect of exogenous insulin on the secretory function of the B cells was noticed.", "contents": "Failure of exogenous insulin to inhibit insulin secretion in man. In order to explore whether or not the negative feedback mechanism of insulin per se on insulin secretion exists in man, changes in plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR), as an index of pancreatic B cells secretory function, were studied in 6 nonobese healthy volunteers in the presence of high circulating levels of exogenous insulin. 10% glucose was infused concurrently so as to maintain blood sugar at the basal level. The insulin-glucose infusion was maintained for 120 minutes, achieving mean plasma levels of 140-180 mu1/ml. After this period, the insulin infusion was continued at the same rate for an additional 10 minutes while the glucose was omitted. Despite the elevated level of circulating insulin, no significant change in plasma CPR concentration was observed so long as the blood sugar was maintained at the basal levels. Following cessation of the glucose infusion, the plasma CPR levels declined with a decrease in blood sugar level. Under the conditions of the present study, no inhibitory effect of exogenous insulin on the secretory function of the B cells was noticed.", "PMID": 590917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3460", "title": "A possible role for gut GLI: an inhibitor of lipolysis.", "content": "Duck gut GLI was incubated a) alone and b) with the lipolytically active duck pancreatic GLI and the intestinal factors peak 2 and 3, and the glycerol released from duck adipocytes measured. Intestinal GLI was non-lipolytic, but not inert: it reduced the lipolysis induced by pancreatic GLI and peak 2.", "contents": "A possible role for gut GLI: an inhibitor of lipolysis. Duck gut GLI was incubated a) alone and b) with the lipolytically active duck pancreatic GLI and the intestinal factors peak 2 and 3, and the glycerol released from duck adipocytes measured. Intestinal GLI was non-lipolytic, but not inert: it reduced the lipolysis induced by pancreatic GLI and peak 2.", "PMID": 590920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3461", "title": "Decreased sensitivity to insulin in white adipose tissue from adrenalectomised rats.", "content": "The ability of insulin to increase both [14C]-glucose incorporation into fatty acids and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in incubated rat epididymal adipose tissues was considerably lessened after adrenalectomy. Insulin antagonism of adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells was abolished after adrenalectomy. Percentage stimulation of lipolysis above basal by adrenaline was not appreciably altered by adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Decreased sensitivity to insulin in white adipose tissue from adrenalectomised rats. The ability of insulin to increase both [14C]-glucose incorporation into fatty acids and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in incubated rat epididymal adipose tissues was considerably lessened after adrenalectomy. Insulin antagonism of adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells was abolished after adrenalectomy. Percentage stimulation of lipolysis above basal by adrenaline was not appreciably altered by adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 590921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3462", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on prolactin secretion in man.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) secretion was studied after i.m. administration of Metoclopramide (alone or with a pretreatment with 5-Br-2alpha-ergo-cryptine) and after i.m. administration of Sulpiride. The results obtained evidenced a considerable hPRL increase after Metoclopramide administration, similar to that observed with Sulpiride, completely abolished by 5-Br-2alpha-ergocryptine. On the basis of these data it seems evident a strong and specific effect of Metoclopramide on hPRL secretion, probably more potent than Sulpiride.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on prolactin secretion in man. Prolactin (PRL) secretion was studied after i.m. administration of Metoclopramide (alone or with a pretreatment with 5-Br-2alpha-ergo-cryptine) and after i.m. administration of Sulpiride. The results obtained evidenced a considerable hPRL increase after Metoclopramide administration, similar to that observed with Sulpiride, completely abolished by 5-Br-2alpha-ergocryptine. On the basis of these data it seems evident a strong and specific effect of Metoclopramide on hPRL secretion, probably more potent than Sulpiride.", "PMID": 590923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3463", "title": "Effects of aldosterone on the urinary excretion of total and non-dialyzable hydroxyproline.", "content": "In order to explore the role of mineralocorticoids on collagen metabolism, the effects of aldosterone on the urinary excretion of total and non dialyzable hydroxyproline (HYPRO) was studied in rats. The administration of aldosterone in sesame oil, 75 microgram/100 g body weight to adrenalectomized rats maintained on 1% NaCl solution as drinking fluid and 1 mg of cortisone subcutaneously daily, provoked elevation of total and non dialyzable HYPRO in urine (P less than 0.001), when compared to similarly treated adrenalectomized rats receiving sesame oil but no aldosterone. Both groups showed a normal growth curve and had similar urinary excretion of creatinine. The effects of aldosterone are opposed to the known lowering effects of glucocorticoids on HYPRO excretion and may suggest an effect of aldosterone on collagen turnover. Alternatively, aldosterone may modify the metabolism or excretion of HYPRO in an opposite manner to that of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Effects of aldosterone on the urinary excretion of total and non-dialyzable hydroxyproline. In order to explore the role of mineralocorticoids on collagen metabolism, the effects of aldosterone on the urinary excretion of total and non dialyzable hydroxyproline (HYPRO) was studied in rats. The administration of aldosterone in sesame oil, 75 microgram/100 g body weight to adrenalectomized rats maintained on 1% NaCl solution as drinking fluid and 1 mg of cortisone subcutaneously daily, provoked elevation of total and non dialyzable HYPRO in urine (P less than 0.001), when compared to similarly treated adrenalectomized rats receiving sesame oil but no aldosterone. Both groups showed a normal growth curve and had similar urinary excretion of creatinine. The effects of aldosterone are opposed to the known lowering effects of glucocorticoids on HYPRO excretion and may suggest an effect of aldosterone on collagen turnover. Alternatively, aldosterone may modify the metabolism or excretion of HYPRO in an opposite manner to that of glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 590925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3464", "title": "Hormonal regulation of the number and activity of ribosomes in mammary gland explants of mice.", "content": "Possible effects of insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin on the number and activity of ribosomes enganged in protein biosynthesis in mammary gland explants were explored. The rate and extent of [3H]-puromycin attachment to nascent peptides was used to assess, respectively, the activity and number of ribosomes engaged in protein biosynthesis. None of the hormones altered the number of ribosomes engaged in protein biosynthesis. In addition, of the hormones tested, only insulin appeared to accelerate the rate at which ribosomes carried out the translocation process. The early (1 hr) effect of insulin on protein biosynthesis in the mammary gland would therefore appear to occur via an activation of ribosomal activity. In contrast, the early (6 hr.) effect of prolactin on protein biosynthesis would appear to be exclusively via an RNA-DNA dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of the number and activity of ribosomes in mammary gland explants of mice. Possible effects of insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin on the number and activity of ribosomes enganged in protein biosynthesis in mammary gland explants were explored. The rate and extent of [3H]-puromycin attachment to nascent peptides was used to assess, respectively, the activity and number of ribosomes engaged in protein biosynthesis. None of the hormones altered the number of ribosomes engaged in protein biosynthesis. In addition, of the hormones tested, only insulin appeared to accelerate the rate at which ribosomes carried out the translocation process. The early (1 hr) effect of insulin on protein biosynthesis in the mammary gland would therefore appear to occur via an activation of ribosomal activity. In contrast, the early (6 hr.) effect of prolactin on protein biosynthesis would appear to be exclusively via an RNA-DNA dependent mechanism.", "PMID": 590926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3465", "title": "Isolation of a protease inhibitor from tissues resistant to tumor invasion.", "content": "We have purified to homogeneity the major trypsin inhibitors from both bovine cartilage and aorta, two tissues reported to be highly resistant to invasion. The two inhibitors appear to be identical and they resemble the Kunitz inhibitor with respect to molecular weight, amino acid composition, range of susceptible proteases, and antigenicity. Each of these inhibitors accounts for 100% of the antitrypsin activity found in extracts of bovine cartilage and aorta.", "contents": "Isolation of a protease inhibitor from tissues resistant to tumor invasion. We have purified to homogeneity the major trypsin inhibitors from both bovine cartilage and aorta, two tissues reported to be highly resistant to invasion. The two inhibitors appear to be identical and they resemble the Kunitz inhibitor with respect to molecular weight, amino acid composition, range of susceptible proteases, and antigenicity. Each of these inhibitors accounts for 100% of the antitrypsin activity found in extracts of bovine cartilage and aorta.", "PMID": 590934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3466", "title": "Glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase in rat liver cytosol. Purification, properties and identity with alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.", "content": "After cortisone injection, virtually identical increases in rat liver cytosol alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase activities were observed. The two activities were co-purified to homogeneity from rat liver cytosol. The purified enzyme was specific for L-alanine with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. With glyoxylate, however, the enzyme utilized various L-amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: glutamate greater than alanine greater than glutamine greater than methionine. The ratio of alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity to glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. These results suggest that glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase is identical with alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Evidence was obtained that the two enzyme activities in the cytosol of dog, cat and human liver are also properties of the same protein.", "contents": "Glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase in rat liver cytosol. Purification, properties and identity with alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. After cortisone injection, virtually identical increases in rat liver cytosol alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase activities were observed. The two activities were co-purified to homogeneity from rat liver cytosol. The purified enzyme was specific for L-alanine with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. With glyoxylate, however, the enzyme utilized various L-amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: glutamate greater than alanine greater than glutamine greater than methionine. The ratio of alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity to glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase activity remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. These results suggest that glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase is identical with alanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Evidence was obtained that the two enzyme activities in the cytosol of dog, cat and human liver are also properties of the same protein.", "PMID": 590935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3467", "title": "Preparation of highly purified human somatotropin (growth hormone).", "content": "A method for preparation of highly purified human somatotropin on large-scale basis is described. Starting from deep-frozen pituitary gland, less time is needed to obtain highly purified hormone than with other published methods for preparation of human somatotropin. The hormone obtained in this fasion is chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous; it shows high biological and radioimmunological growth hormone activity and is free of other pituitary hormone activities. The effects of various experimental conditions upon aggregation of somatotropin are critically evaluated.", "contents": "Preparation of highly purified human somatotropin (growth hormone). A method for preparation of highly purified human somatotropin on large-scale basis is described. Starting from deep-frozen pituitary gland, less time is needed to obtain highly purified hormone than with other published methods for preparation of human somatotropin. The hormone obtained in this fasion is chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous; it shows high biological and radioimmunological growth hormone activity and is free of other pituitary hormone activities. The effects of various experimental conditions upon aggregation of somatotropin are critically evaluated.", "PMID": 590938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3468", "title": "[Modification of arginine residues in pyruvate kinase (author's transl)].", "content": "Pyruvate kinase from pig heart is inactivated by the specific arginyl reagent phenylglyoxal. The loss of activity is caused by the reaction of a single molecule of phenylglyoxal per subunit of enzyme. During inactivation 3 - 6 arginyl residues are modified dependent on the concentration of phenylglyoxal used for modification. The solubility of the protein is reduced by the modification. ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate protect against inactivation. A single arginine is less subject to chemical modification in their presence. Therefore we assume that an arginine is essential at the substrate binding site. The activating ion K does not affectinactivation, where as Mg2 diminishes inactivation. Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle is modified by phenylglyoxal in a similar manner.", "contents": "[Modification of arginine residues in pyruvate kinase (author's transl)]. Pyruvate kinase from pig heart is inactivated by the specific arginyl reagent phenylglyoxal. The loss of activity is caused by the reaction of a single molecule of phenylglyoxal per subunit of enzyme. During inactivation 3 - 6 arginyl residues are modified dependent on the concentration of phenylglyoxal used for modification. The solubility of the protein is reduced by the modification. ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate protect against inactivation. A single arginine is less subject to chemical modification in their presence. Therefore we assume that an arginine is essential at the substrate binding site. The activating ion K does not affectinactivation, where as Mg2 diminishes inactivation. Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle is modified by phenylglyoxal in a similar manner.", "PMID": 590939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3469", "title": "Structure and activity of insulin, XV[1-5]. Further evidence for the importance of arginine residue B22 in the activity of insulin. Semisyntheses of despentapeptide-(B23 - 30)-insulins varied in B22 using desnonapeptide-(B22 - 30)-insulin and tetrapeptides.", "content": "Insulin hexamethyl ester was digested by trypsin. The resulting desoctapeptide-(B23 - 30)-insulin pentamethyl ester was purified. This compound was digested by carboxypeptidase B to remove the arginine residue B22 at the end of the B chain. Then the N-terminal amino groups of the remaining desnonapeptide-(B22 - 30)-insulin pentamethyl ester were protected with the Boc residue. The free carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue B21 of this product was coupled to the following synthetic tetrapeptide esters: Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Lys(Boc)-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Orn(Boc)-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Cit-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Ala-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe and Gly-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe. The syntheses of these peptide esters are described. After removal of all protecting groups, despentapeptide-insulin (B22-Arg) and analogues of this product with variation in position B22 could be obtained. They were purified by column chromatography. The biological activities of these components were determined by the mouse fall test. In the case of despentapeptide insulin (C-terminus Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe), the activity rose to the expected value of 34%. The insulin variants with amino acid residues other than arginine in position B22 had much lower activities: with lysine 13%, with ornithine 12%, with citrulline 9%, with alanine 8% and with glycine 6%. Desnonapeptide-insulin by itself posses an activity of 3%. These results demonstrate once more the essential nature of arginine residue B22 for insulin activity.", "contents": "Structure and activity of insulin, XV[1-5]. Further evidence for the importance of arginine residue B22 in the activity of insulin. Semisyntheses of despentapeptide-(B23 - 30)-insulins varied in B22 using desnonapeptide-(B22 - 30)-insulin and tetrapeptides. Insulin hexamethyl ester was digested by trypsin. The resulting desoctapeptide-(B23 - 30)-insulin pentamethyl ester was purified. This compound was digested by carboxypeptidase B to remove the arginine residue B22 at the end of the B chain. Then the N-terminal amino groups of the remaining desnonapeptide-(B22 - 30)-insulin pentamethyl ester were protected with the Boc residue. The free carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue B21 of this product was coupled to the following synthetic tetrapeptide esters: Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Lys(Boc)-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Orn(Boc)-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Cit-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe, Ala-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe and Gly-Gly-Phe-Phe-OMe. The syntheses of these peptide esters are described. After removal of all protecting groups, despentapeptide-insulin (B22-Arg) and analogues of this product with variation in position B22 could be obtained. They were purified by column chromatography. The biological activities of these components were determined by the mouse fall test. In the case of despentapeptide insulin (C-terminus Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe), the activity rose to the expected value of 34%. The insulin variants with amino acid residues other than arginine in position B22 had much lower activities: with lysine 13%, with ornithine 12%, with citrulline 9%, with alanine 8% and with glycine 6%. Desnonapeptide-insulin by itself posses an activity of 3%. These results demonstrate once more the essential nature of arginine residue B22 for insulin activity.", "PMID": 590940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3470", "title": "Kinetics of the appearance of nuclear estrogen binding sites in chicken liver.", "content": "A single injection of estradiol to immature male chickens results in a very rapid increase in the number of both soluble and tightly bound nuclear estrogen binding sites. After an intermediate levelling off, a second longer lasting increase in binding sites is observed. Whereas the first rapid increase seems to be independent of RNA and protein synthesis, the second one obviously requires intact RNA and protein synthesis. From these results we conclude that there is a pool of cytoplasmic estrogen binding sites, which supplies the precursor for the nuclear binding sites. After this pool is exhausted, it is replenished by new synthesis of binding sites. However, although several laboratories have attempted to demonstrate directly the existence of such a cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in the chicken liver, all have so far been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Kinetics of the appearance of nuclear estrogen binding sites in chicken liver. A single injection of estradiol to immature male chickens results in a very rapid increase in the number of both soluble and tightly bound nuclear estrogen binding sites. After an intermediate levelling off, a second longer lasting increase in binding sites is observed. Whereas the first rapid increase seems to be independent of RNA and protein synthesis, the second one obviously requires intact RNA and protein synthesis. From these results we conclude that there is a pool of cytoplasmic estrogen binding sites, which supplies the precursor for the nuclear binding sites. After this pool is exhausted, it is replenished by new synthesis of binding sites. However, although several laboratories have attempted to demonstrate directly the existence of such a cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in the chicken liver, all have so far been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 590941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3471", "title": "Purification and characterization of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and its subunit sigma from Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus can be isolated from cell extracts after removal of an excess of nucleic acids by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, followed by two consecutive gel filtrations through agarose and chromatography on cellulose phospate. Either homogeneous holoenzyme or a mixture of core and holoenzyme is obtained in this way, as is indicated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the absence of detergent, where core enzyme migrates ahead of holoenzyme. Homogeneous core enzyme can be isolated from holoenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Core enzyme contains the subunits alpha, beta and beta' previously described [U.I. Lill et al., (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 52, 411-420] in a molar ratio of 2:1:1. Holoenzyme contains an additional subunit sigma of 80 000 molecular weight (molar subunit composition alpha2 betabeta' sigma) and two relatively small polypeptides (molecular weight 14 000 and 25 000, respectively). Subunit sigma may be isolated from holoenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.9 in the presence of low concentrations of glycerol. The behaviour of holoenzyme during sedimentation in a glycerol gradient at low ionic strength indicates its occurrence as a dimer of the alpha2betabeta'sigma-protomer, whereas the monomeric form is preferred by core enzyme. Holoenzyme is much more active than core enzyme in RNA synthesis on bacteriophage T4DNA as template. The activity of the latter is stimulated by isolated sigma. M. luteus sigma as well as holoenzyme enhances also the activity of core enzyme fro- Escherichia coli. The formation of a hybrid between micrococcal sigma and E. coli core polymerase is also suggested by the influence of sigma on the oligomerisation of the enzyme from E. coli.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and its subunit sigma from Micrococcus luteus. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus can be isolated from cell extracts after removal of an excess of nucleic acids by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, followed by two consecutive gel filtrations through agarose and chromatography on cellulose phospate. Either homogeneous holoenzyme or a mixture of core and holoenzyme is obtained in this way, as is indicated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the absence of detergent, where core enzyme migrates ahead of holoenzyme. Homogeneous core enzyme can be isolated from holoenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Core enzyme contains the subunits alpha, beta and beta' previously described [U.I. Lill et al., (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 52, 411-420] in a molar ratio of 2:1:1. Holoenzyme contains an additional subunit sigma of 80 000 molecular weight (molar subunit composition alpha2 betabeta' sigma) and two relatively small polypeptides (molecular weight 14 000 and 25 000, respectively). Subunit sigma may be isolated from holoenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.9 in the presence of low concentrations of glycerol. The behaviour of holoenzyme during sedimentation in a glycerol gradient at low ionic strength indicates its occurrence as a dimer of the alpha2betabeta'sigma-protomer, whereas the monomeric form is preferred by core enzyme. Holoenzyme is much more active than core enzyme in RNA synthesis on bacteriophage T4DNA as template. The activity of the latter is stimulated by isolated sigma. M. luteus sigma as well as holoenzyme enhances also the activity of core enzyme fro- Escherichia coli. The formation of a hybrid between micrococcal sigma and E. coli core polymerase is also suggested by the influence of sigma on the oligomerisation of the enzyme from E. coli.", "PMID": 590942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3472", "title": "Demonstration of 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid in brain gangliosides from various vertebrates including man.", "content": "Ganglioside fractions were isolated from brains of man, cow, horse, pig, sheep, cat, rabbit, rat, chicken and codfish. The acylneuraminic acid residues, liberated from these gangliosides by treatment with dilute aqueous acid or neuraminidase, were analysed by the thin-layer chromatography and combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Small amounts (up to 20%) of 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, and in bovine and porcine brain gangliosides also traces of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, were found in addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid.", "contents": "Demonstration of 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid in brain gangliosides from various vertebrates including man. Ganglioside fractions were isolated from brains of man, cow, horse, pig, sheep, cat, rabbit, rat, chicken and codfish. The acylneuraminic acid residues, liberated from these gangliosides by treatment with dilute aqueous acid or neuraminidase, were analysed by the thin-layer chromatography and combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Small amounts (up to 20%) of 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, and in bovine and porcine brain gangliosides also traces of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, were found in addition to N-acetylneuraminic acid.", "PMID": 590943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3473", "title": "Bovine fetal fluid cells in vitro: fate and fetal sex prediction accuracy.", "content": "The in vitro fate of bovine fetal fluid cells and the efficiency of fetal sex predication from cultures of these cells are studied using aspirates from live animals and pregnant uteri collected from the  slaughterhouse. Over 70 percent of bovine amniotic fluid samples aspirated from pregnant uteri at the time of slaughter yielded cultures adequate for chromosome analysis whereas only 10 percent of allantoic fluid samples produced growth of cells satisfactory for chromosome analysis. Fetal sexing accuracy was 100 percent in all samples studied. Seven readily recognizable cell types were noted in cultures of fetal fluid cells obtained at various stages of gestation. In a majority of cases, the in vitro morphology of cells from both fetal cavities was similar to that observed in primary human amniotic fluid cell cultures.", "contents": "Bovine fetal fluid cells in vitro: fate and fetal sex prediction accuracy. The in vitro fate of bovine fetal fluid cells and the efficiency of fetal sex predication from cultures of these cells are studied using aspirates from live animals and pregnant uteri collected from the  slaughterhouse. Over 70 percent of bovine amniotic fluid samples aspirated from pregnant uteri at the time of slaughter yielded cultures adequate for chromosome analysis whereas only 10 percent of allantoic fluid samples produced growth of cells satisfactory for chromosome analysis. Fetal sexing accuracy was 100 percent in all samples studied. Seven readily recognizable cell types were noted in cultures of fetal fluid cells obtained at various stages of gestation. In a majority of cases, the in vitro morphology of cells from both fetal cavities was similar to that observed in primary human amniotic fluid cell cultures.", "PMID": 590970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3474", "title": "Effect of CO2 on short-term human lymphocyte culture in vitro.", "content": "There was no significant difference in the mitotic indices of the cultures maintained at different CO2 concentrations, i.e. 0 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent. However, considerable variation was recorded among different individuals.", "contents": "Effect of CO2 on short-term human lymphocyte culture in vitro. There was no significant difference in the mitotic indices of the cultures maintained at different CO2 concentrations, i.e. 0 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent. However, considerable variation was recorded among different individuals.", "PMID": 590972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3475", "title": "[Viral haemorrhagic fever].", "content": "Two outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever caused by a Marburg-like virus occurred in the Sudan and Zaire from August to November 1976. The inital epidemiological investigations and emergency control measures were carried out by Sudanese and Zairian health personnel and several of them unfortunately died in the course of their duties. In view of the unusual gravity of the outbreaks and the unknown nature of the agent, assistance was provided by a WHO team in the Sudan and a multinational team in Zaire. A consultation arranged by WHO was held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in January 1977 to review the experience acquired during these outbreaks and to make recommendations which, to a large extent, may be applicable to other outbreaks of suspected viral haemorrhagic fever. Because it is felt that this information would be of value to many health administrations, large abstracts of the report of this consultation are given here.", "contents": "[Viral haemorrhagic fever]. Two outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever caused by a Marburg-like virus occurred in the Sudan and Zaire from August to November 1976. The inital epidemiological investigations and emergency control measures were carried out by Sudanese and Zairian health personnel and several of them unfortunately died in the course of their duties. In view of the unusual gravity of the outbreaks and the unknown nature of the agent, assistance was provided by a WHO team in the Sudan and a multinational team in Zaire. A consultation arranged by WHO was held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in January 1977 to review the experience acquired during these outbreaks and to make recommendations which, to a large extent, may be applicable to other outbreaks of suspected viral haemorrhagic fever. Because it is felt that this information would be of value to many health administrations, large abstracts of the report of this consultation are given here.", "PMID": 590991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3476", "title": "Morphology of the spleen and lymph nodes in fatal visceral leishmaniasis.", "content": "Histological appearances of the spleen and lymph nodes were analysed in twenty fatal cases of human visceral leishmaniasis from Sudan. Marked atrophy of the splenic white pulp was associated with necrosis and fibrosis of thymus-dependent area, accumulation of parasite-containing histiocytes and plasma cell hyperplasia. Depletion of small lymphocytes in the paracortical areas of the lymph nodes was accomplained by proliferation of plasma cells and histiocytes in the paracortex. Depletion of small lymphocytes in thymus-dependent regions of lymph nodes and spleen is viewed as arising from immune suppression associated with antigen overloading or other factors, which may impair those aspects of lymphocyte-macrophage cooperation that are presumably necessary to kill the invading parasites.", "contents": "Morphology of the spleen and lymph nodes in fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Histological appearances of the spleen and lymph nodes were analysed in twenty fatal cases of human visceral leishmaniasis from Sudan. Marked atrophy of the splenic white pulp was associated with necrosis and fibrosis of thymus-dependent area, accumulation of parasite-containing histiocytes and plasma cell hyperplasia. Depletion of small lymphocytes in the paracortical areas of the lymph nodes was accomplained by proliferation of plasma cells and histiocytes in the paracortex. Depletion of small lymphocytes in thymus-dependent regions of lymph nodes and spleen is viewed as arising from immune suppression associated with antigen overloading or other factors, which may impair those aspects of lymphocyte-macrophage cooperation that are presumably necessary to kill the invading parasites.", "PMID": 590992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3477", "title": "Effect of X irradiation on homocytotropic and agglutinating antibody production in mice.", "content": "The effect of X irradiation on homocytotropic and agglutinating antibody production was studied in mice exposed to 400 rad either before or after immunization with dinitrophenylated  Ascaris plus aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant. The adjuvant effect of irradiation was also determined in animals receiving antigen alone. Irradiation 1 day before immunization with adjuvant enhanced IgE and slightly enhanced IgM-antibody formation, although the onset was delayed, but partially suppressed IgG-antibody formation. When the same treatment followed antigen priming, there was a similar enhancement of IgE production which varied with the time between the two procedures. IgG AND IgM production, however, were fairly resistant under the same conditions. Irradiation preceding immunization with soluble antigen had no significant adjuvant effect on IgE-, IgG- or IgM-antibody production. On the contrary, it suppressed production of the latter two classes. The results may indicate that production of IgE and IgG and IgM antibodies in the mouse is regulated by separate mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of X irradiation on homocytotropic and agglutinating antibody production in mice. The effect of X irradiation on homocytotropic and agglutinating antibody production was studied in mice exposed to 400 rad either before or after immunization with dinitrophenylated  Ascaris plus aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant. The adjuvant effect of irradiation was also determined in animals receiving antigen alone. Irradiation 1 day before immunization with adjuvant enhanced IgE and slightly enhanced IgM-antibody formation, although the onset was delayed, but partially suppressed IgG-antibody formation. When the same treatment followed antigen priming, there was a similar enhancement of IgE production which varied with the time between the two procedures. IgG AND IgM production, however, were fairly resistant under the same conditions. Irradiation preceding immunization with soluble antigen had no significant adjuvant effect on IgE-, IgG- or IgM-antibody production. On the contrary, it suppressed production of the latter two classes. The results may indicate that production of IgE and IgG and IgM antibodies in the mouse is regulated by separate mechanisms.", "PMID": 590993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3478", "title": "Effect of early bursectomy on germinal centre and immunoglobulin production in chickens.", "content": "Chickens were bursectomized in ovo on days 18, 19 or 20 of incubation or within 6 h of hatch and immunized at day 28 after hatch by an intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The immune response in the blood was measured by haemagglutination tests on the serum and by immunocyto-adherence tests for enumeration of rosette-forming cells with SRBC. Total serum 19S and 7S immunoglobulins were determined by radial immunodiffusion and the number of germinal centres per mm2 of fixed and stained spleen tissue sections was determined. In ovo bursectomy produced undetectably low serum levels of haemagglutinins, a reduction in SRBC rosette-forming cells with normal or increased 19S and reduced 7S immunoglobulins together with a complete disappearance (absence) of germinal centres in the spleen. The role of 19S antibody in the generation of germinal centres is discussed. The finding that birds which are equipped with serum 19S but no 7S Ig lack splenic germinal centres casts doubt on the hypothesis that the switch 19S leads to 7S Ig is necessarily an intrabursal event.", "contents": "Effect of early bursectomy on germinal centre and immunoglobulin production in chickens. Chickens were bursectomized in ovo on days 18, 19 or 20 of incubation or within 6 h of hatch and immunized at day 28 after hatch by an intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The immune response in the blood was measured by haemagglutination tests on the serum and by immunocyto-adherence tests for enumeration of rosette-forming cells with SRBC. Total serum 19S and 7S immunoglobulins were determined by radial immunodiffusion and the number of germinal centres per mm2 of fixed and stained spleen tissue sections was determined. In ovo bursectomy produced undetectably low serum levels of haemagglutinins, a reduction in SRBC rosette-forming cells with normal or increased 19S and reduced 7S immunoglobulins together with a complete disappearance (absence) of germinal centres in the spleen. The role of 19S antibody in the generation of germinal centres is discussed. The finding that birds which are equipped with serum 19S but no 7S Ig lack splenic germinal centres casts doubt on the hypothesis that the switch 19S leads to 7S Ig is necessarily an intrabursal event.", "PMID": 590995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3479", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice.", "content": "Mice given cyclophosphamide 2-3 days before a single subcutaneous infection with Staphylococcus aures on cotton dust develop much more delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) than normal. The enhancement is due to removal of rapidly dividing cells from the spleen. Passive transfer experiments before infection or before challenge show that immune serum suppresses the induction but not the expression but do not prevent induction. There may therefore be 2 suppressor or regulating systems involved. Cell commitment to suppressor function may be self-limiting. The results explain why DTH to staphylococci is only fully established after repeated infections and support the view that the suppressor system may function as a check on the excessive and potentially harmful development of DTH.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Mice given cyclophosphamide 2-3 days before a single subcutaneous infection with Staphylococcus aures on cotton dust develop much more delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) than normal. The enhancement is due to removal of rapidly dividing cells from the spleen. Passive transfer experiments before infection or before challenge show that immune serum suppresses the induction but not the expression but do not prevent induction. There may therefore be 2 suppressor or regulating systems involved. Cell commitment to suppressor function may be self-limiting. The results explain why DTH to staphylococci is only fully established after repeated infections and support the view that the suppressor system may function as a check on the excessive and potentially harmful development of DTH.", "PMID": 590996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3480", "title": "Neutralization of tetanus toxin by human and rabbit immunoglobulin classes and subunits.", "content": "This investigation found that the human antibody class of importance in neutralizing tetanus toxin in mice was IgG, and that toxin neutralization was retained by the F(ab')2 and Fab' subunits of the human IgG class. Although human IgM and IgA classes appeared to neutralize tetanus toxin at very low levels, evidence was obtained that this neutralization was probably due to IgG contamination. Human Fabmu isolated from the IgM class did not neutralize tetanus toxin. Human antibodies of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes reacted with tetanus toxoid in the indirect haemagglutination (HA) test with IgG giving the highest HA titre. Rabbit antibodies of the IgG class also neutralized tetanus toxin, with neutralization being retained by the F(ab')2 and Fab' subunits of the rabbit IgG class. Absorption of several rabbit antisera to tetanus toxoid with goat-antirabbit Fc which is specific for absorption of IgG from antiserum, rendered them incapable of neutralizing tetanus toxin.", "contents": "Neutralization of tetanus toxin by human and rabbit immunoglobulin classes and subunits. This investigation found that the human antibody class of importance in neutralizing tetanus toxin in mice was IgG, and that toxin neutralization was retained by the F(ab')2 and Fab' subunits of the human IgG class. Although human IgM and IgA classes appeared to neutralize tetanus toxin at very low levels, evidence was obtained that this neutralization was probably due to IgG contamination. Human Fabmu isolated from the IgM class did not neutralize tetanus toxin. Human antibodies of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes reacted with tetanus toxoid in the indirect haemagglutination (HA) test with IgG giving the highest HA titre. Rabbit antibodies of the IgG class also neutralized tetanus toxin, with neutralization being retained by the F(ab')2 and Fab' subunits of the rabbit IgG class. Absorption of several rabbit antisera to tetanus toxoid with goat-antirabbit Fc which is specific for absorption of IgG from antiserum, rendered them incapable of neutralizing tetanus toxin.", "PMID": 590997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3481", "title": "Relationships between different functional properties of human monocytes.", "content": "Various methods for measuring monocyte numbers and function in human blood are compared. The assays used were: phagocytosis of antibody-sensitized sheep red cells; staining for diffuse non-specific esterase activity; capacity to adhere to polystyrene and ability to lyse human A1 red cells sensitized with allogeneic anti-A1 antibody. The following conclusions are drawn from the results: (1) Previous observations showing that sensitized A1 red cells are lysed by phagocytic cells and not K cells are confirmed. (2) Granulocytes lyse sensitized A1 red cells more rapidly than monocytes and this assay is only useful for assessing monocyte function if granulocytes are first removed from preparations. (3) Phagocytosis is important in the lysis of sensitized A1 red cells by monocytes. (4) Esterase positive cells correlate significantly with the number of cells phagocytosing sensitized sheep red blood cells, r = 0.83 (P less than 0.001) and with the number of cells adhering to polystyrene, r = 0.53 (P less than 0.05). (5) The lysis of sensitized A1 red cells correlated significantly with esterase positive cell numbers, r = 0.57 (P less than 0.001) and phagocytosis of sensitized sheep red cells, r = 0.50 (P less than 0.01 but not with the numbers of adherent cells, r = 0.34 (P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Relationships between different functional properties of human monocytes. Various methods for measuring monocyte numbers and function in human blood are compared. The assays used were: phagocytosis of antibody-sensitized sheep red cells; staining for diffuse non-specific esterase activity; capacity to adhere to polystyrene and ability to lyse human A1 red cells sensitized with allogeneic anti-A1 antibody. The following conclusions are drawn from the results: (1) Previous observations showing that sensitized A1 red cells are lysed by phagocytic cells and not K cells are confirmed. (2) Granulocytes lyse sensitized A1 red cells more rapidly than monocytes and this assay is only useful for assessing monocyte function if granulocytes are first removed from preparations. (3) Phagocytosis is important in the lysis of sensitized A1 red cells by monocytes. (4) Esterase positive cells correlate significantly with the number of cells phagocytosing sensitized sheep red blood cells, r = 0.83 (P less than 0.001) and with the number of cells adhering to polystyrene, r = 0.53 (P less than 0.05). (5) The lysis of sensitized A1 red cells correlated significantly with esterase positive cell numbers, r = 0.57 (P less than 0.001) and phagocytosis of sensitized sheep red cells, r = 0.50 (P less than 0.01 but not with the numbers of adherent cells, r = 0.34 (P greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 591000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3482", "title": "Transfer of anaphylactic antibodies from mother to young in the rat.", "content": "The transfer of anaphylactic antibodies of classes IgE and IgGa from immunized female rats to babies was examined during primary and secondary immunization by injection, and also in rats infested with Trichinella spiralis. IgE antibodies were never detected in the blood of the babies, although they were sometimes detected in the milk in their stomachs. Similarly, no IgE antibodies were found in the serum of babies from mothers infested with Trichinella spiralis during pregnancy. IgGa antibodies were present in the serum and milk of the mothers following secondary immunization, and were readily absorbed through the intestine of the babies.", "contents": "Transfer of anaphylactic antibodies from mother to young in the rat. The transfer of anaphylactic antibodies of classes IgE and IgGa from immunized female rats to babies was examined during primary and secondary immunization by injection, and also in rats infested with Trichinella spiralis. IgE antibodies were never detected in the blood of the babies, although they were sometimes detected in the milk in their stomachs. Similarly, no IgE antibodies were found in the serum of babies from mothers infested with Trichinella spiralis during pregnancy. IgGa antibodies were present in the serum and milk of the mothers following secondary immunization, and were readily absorbed through the intestine of the babies.", "PMID": 591001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3483", "title": "Dimethyl diotadecyl ammonium bromide as adjuvant for delayed hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Immunization of mice with antigen mixed with cationic surface active lipid dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) produced delayed type hypersensitivity (DH), measured as a footpad swelling. The DH to sheep red blood cells or dinitrophenyl conjugated with bovine serum albumin (DNP28-BSA) in DDA exceeded the response of the same antigens in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) significantly. Treatment of mice with CY 8 hr prior to the injection of antigen in FCA or DDA resulted in delay of the onset of footpad swelling past day 5 and in elimination of the differences in the response due to the adjuvants. Immunization with carrier or hapten-carrier complexes with different epitope density in DDA and elicitation with the homologous and heterologous antigens revealed that the DH was DNP-specific. In vivo priming with DNP28-BSA in DDA and in vitro stimulation with the same antigen resulted in peak responses which were twice as high and were reached almost twice as fast as the earlier found response following immunization in FCA. The advantages of DDA as adjuvant over covalently linked fatty acid chains and over FCA are discussed.", "contents": "Dimethyl diotadecyl ammonium bromide as adjuvant for delayed hypersensitivity in mice. Immunization of mice with antigen mixed with cationic surface active lipid dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) produced delayed type hypersensitivity (DH), measured as a footpad swelling. The DH to sheep red blood cells or dinitrophenyl conjugated with bovine serum albumin (DNP28-BSA) in DDA exceeded the response of the same antigens in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) significantly. Treatment of mice with CY 8 hr prior to the injection of antigen in FCA or DDA resulted in delay of the onset of footpad swelling past day 5 and in elimination of the differences in the response due to the adjuvants. Immunization with carrier or hapten-carrier complexes with different epitope density in DDA and elicitation with the homologous and heterologous antigens revealed that the DH was DNP-specific. In vivo priming with DNP28-BSA in DDA and in vitro stimulation with the same antigen resulted in peak responses which were twice as high and were reached almost twice as fast as the earlier found response following immunization in FCA. The advantages of DDA as adjuvant over covalently linked fatty acid chains and over FCA are discussed.", "PMID": 591002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3484", "title": "Chemotaxis for polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by soluble antigen- antibody complexes.", "content": "Guinea-pig soluble immune complexes formed either by simply mixing antibody and antigen in excess or by redissolving a washed immune precipitate with antigen, after incubation with fresh serum, could induce a migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. This chemotactic effect of soluble complexes, although less than that of insoluble complexes, persisted despite experimental changes in the specificity, the dose and the class of antibodies. Soluble complexes of various molecular compositions induced chemotaxis but the most efficient complex was of Ab 1 Ag 1 formula. Unlike larger complexes, the Ab 1 Ag 1 complexes induced little or no complement fixation. Another source of chemotactic mediators was needed, apparently related to the esterases of the contact system of coagulation.", "contents": "Chemotaxis for polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by soluble antigen- antibody complexes. Guinea-pig soluble immune complexes formed either by simply mixing antibody and antigen in excess or by redissolving a washed immune precipitate with antigen, after incubation with fresh serum, could induce a migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. This chemotactic effect of soluble complexes, although less than that of insoluble complexes, persisted despite experimental changes in the specificity, the dose and the class of antibodies. Soluble complexes of various molecular compositions induced chemotaxis but the most efficient complex was of Ab 1 Ag 1 formula. Unlike larger complexes, the Ab 1 Ag 1 complexes induced little or no complement fixation. Another source of chemotactic mediators was needed, apparently related to the esterases of the contact system of coagulation.", "PMID": 591003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3485", "title": "A comparison of internal fixation and prosthetic replacement in the treatment of displaced subcapital fractures.", "content": "This paper presents a retrospective review of 348 operations performed for subcapital fractures of the neck of the femur. A similar proportion of satisfactory results was obtained with internal fixation and prosthetic replacement. The mortality was higher in those treated by prosthetic replacement and careful selection of patients for this treatment is required.", "contents": "A comparison of internal fixation and prosthetic replacement in the treatment of displaced subcapital fractures. This paper presents a retrospective review of 348 operations performed for subcapital fractures of the neck of the femur. A similar proportion of satisfactory results was obtained with internal fixation and prosthetic replacement. The mortality was higher in those treated by prosthetic replacement and careful selection of patients for this treatment is required.", "PMID": 591026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3486", "title": "A new external fixation device for treatment of complicated fractures of the leg.", "content": "An external fixation device has been designed for rigid fixation of fragments of bone. It can be used in operations to lengthen the tibia and can be adapted to the compression fixation of fractures. This paper describes the apparatus and its use in the treatment of 10 complicated fractures.", "contents": "A new external fixation device for treatment of complicated fractures of the leg. An external fixation device has been designed for rigid fixation of fragments of bone. It can be used in operations to lengthen the tibia and can be adapted to the compression fixation of fractures. This paper describes the apparatus and its use in the treatment of 10 complicated fractures.", "PMID": 591027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3487", "title": "Mechanical stability and post-traumatic osteitis: an experimental evaluation of the relation between infection of bone and internal fixation.", "content": "Stable and unstable internal fixation of fractures was performed in rabbits. After inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus, clinically manifest osteitis occurred only in the very unstable fractures. Abscesses, sinuses and sequestra developed in 45 per cent of the unstable fractures, whereas clinically manifest osteitis did not occur after rigid fixation. With rigid fixation there was no significant difference in the time to bony union between the infected and uninfected fractures. It seems that the development of osteitis and the healing of a fracture are both related to the degree of rigidity, but remain independent of each other. The significance of these findings in the management of posttraumatic osteitis is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanical stability and post-traumatic osteitis: an experimental evaluation of the relation between infection of bone and internal fixation. Stable and unstable internal fixation of fractures was performed in rabbits. After inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus, clinically manifest osteitis occurred only in the very unstable fractures. Abscesses, sinuses and sequestra developed in 45 per cent of the unstable fractures, whereas clinically manifest osteitis did not occur after rigid fixation. With rigid fixation there was no significant difference in the time to bony union between the infected and uninfected fractures. It seems that the development of osteitis and the healing of a fracture are both related to the degree of rigidity, but remain independent of each other. The significance of these findings in the management of posttraumatic osteitis is discussed.", "PMID": 591028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3488", "title": "The operative management of the difficult supracondylar fracture of the humerus in the child.", "content": "A series of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children is presented. The majority was reduced by closed manipulation. The difficult fractures were defined as those in which adequate reduction either could not be achieved by manipulation or was not maintained, or those in which neurological or vascular complications occurred. Such cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. The results were assessed with regard to loss of elbow movement, deformity and symptoms. The results of the operative series were comparable with those achieved by closed manipulation in the easier cases. No secondary corrective procedures were necessary. It is concluded that closed manipulation should be used routinely as the method of treatment for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, except in the difficult case, for which operative treatment should be undertaken. Stiffness or deformity does not follow open reduction and internal fixation.", "contents": "The operative management of the difficult supracondylar fracture of the humerus in the child. A series of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children is presented. The majority was reduced by closed manipulation. The difficult fractures were defined as those in which adequate reduction either could not be achieved by manipulation or was not maintained, or those in which neurological or vascular complications occurred. Such cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. The results were assessed with regard to loss of elbow movement, deformity and symptoms. The results of the operative series were comparable with those achieved by closed manipulation in the easier cases. No secondary corrective procedures were necessary. It is concluded that closed manipulation should be used routinely as the method of treatment for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, except in the difficult case, for which operative treatment should be undertaken. Stiffness or deformity does not follow open reduction and internal fixation.", "PMID": 591029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3489", "title": "A comparison of the treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur by internal fixation with a nail plate and the Ender technique.", "content": "In our experience, trochanteric fractures fixed with Ender nails achieved a degree of success similar to those treated by nail plating, but the risk of wound infection was much less with the former method. The results of 78 trochanteric fractures of the femur internally fixed with Ender nails have been analysed and compared with the results in 100 similar patients treated by nail plate fixation. The Ender method has advantages over existing operative methods, in that in our series the infection rate was zero and we found that the operation produced less shock. We consider that this method, although technically more difficult, can be used for most intertrochanteric fractures and merits further trial.", "contents": "A comparison of the treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur by internal fixation with a nail plate and the Ender technique. In our experience, trochanteric fractures fixed with Ender nails achieved a degree of success similar to those treated by nail plating, but the risk of wound infection was much less with the former method. The results of 78 trochanteric fractures of the femur internally fixed with Ender nails have been analysed and compared with the results in 100 similar patients treated by nail plate fixation. The Ender method has advantages over existing operative methods, in that in our series the infection rate was zero and we found that the operation produced less shock. We consider that this method, although technically more difficult, can be used for most intertrochanteric fractures and merits further trial.", "PMID": 591030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3490", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the ankylosed thoracic spine.", "content": "A patient with a fracture of an ankylosed thoracic spine was treated initially along conservative lines. Subsequently the fracture displaced, causing paraplegia. Internal fixation proved difficult but stability was obtained by wiring two Sherman plates to the posterior elements. This succeeded in holding the fracture until the death of the patient 13 days postoperatively. The difficulties in the management of these fractures are discussed.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the ankylosed thoracic spine. A patient with a fracture of an ankylosed thoracic spine was treated initially along conservative lines. Subsequently the fracture displaced, causing paraplegia. Internal fixation proved difficult but stability was obtained by wiring two Sherman plates to the posterior elements. This succeeded in holding the fracture until the death of the patient 13 days postoperatively. The difficulties in the management of these fractures are discussed.", "PMID": 591033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3491", "title": "A case of gastrojejunal rupture.", "content": "Rupture of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum are well-recognized complications of non-penetrating abdominal trauma. This case is thought to be the first recorded injury of its kind.", "contents": "A case of gastrojejunal rupture. Rupture of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum are well-recognized complications of non-penetrating abdominal trauma. This case is thought to be the first recorded injury of its kind.", "PMID": 591034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3492", "title": "An unusual cause of blocked reduction of the Galeazzi injury.", "content": "Two cases of the Galeazzi lesion are described, in which a mechanical block to closed reduction of the dislocated inferior radio-ulnar joint was encountered. This does not seem to have been described before.", "contents": "An unusual cause of blocked reduction of the Galeazzi injury. Two cases of the Galeazzi lesion are described, in which a mechanical block to closed reduction of the dislocated inferior radio-ulnar joint was encountered. This does not seem to have been described before.", "PMID": 591035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3493", "title": "Angiography after paint-gun injury of the hand: a case report.", "content": "Because the severity and extent of vascular damage may determine the surgical treatment, angiography may be an important preoperative investigation of injection injuries. An example of a paint-gun injury to the hand, in which serious vascular damage was confirmed by angiography, is described.", "contents": "Angiography after paint-gun injury of the hand: a case report. Because the severity and extent of vascular damage may determine the surgical treatment, angiography may be an important preoperative investigation of injection injuries. An example of a paint-gun injury to the hand, in which serious vascular damage was confirmed by angiography, is described.", "PMID": 591038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3494", "title": "Dislocation of both interphalangeal joints of one finger.", "content": "A rare type of dislocation involving both interphalangeal joints of one finger is described. The mechanism of injury is discussed, and the importance of immobilizing the finger in the correct position is stressed.", "contents": "Dislocation of both interphalangeal joints of one finger. A rare type of dislocation involving both interphalangeal joints of one finger is described. The mechanism of injury is discussed, and the importance of immobilizing the finger in the correct position is stressed.", "PMID": 591039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3495", "title": "Accuracy of reduction of femoral subcapital fractures.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with recent subcapital fractures of the femur underwent a Flynn reduction manoeuvre and are compared with 68 patients who were treated by a different method of reduction. Analysis of the postoperative radiographs showed no significant difference in the accuracy of reduction (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). The Flynn reduction manoeuvre is recommended as a method which compares favourably with other manoeuvres.", "contents": "Accuracy of reduction of femoral subcapital fractures. Fifty-four patients with recent subcapital fractures of the femur underwent a Flynn reduction manoeuvre and are compared with 68 patients who were treated by a different method of reduction. Analysis of the postoperative radiographs showed no significant difference in the accuracy of reduction (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). The Flynn reduction manoeuvre is recommended as a method which compares favourably with other manoeuvres.", "PMID": 591040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3496", "title": "Abdominal injuries due to blank cartridges.", "content": "Blank cartridges may produce serious injury and the recognition of this hazard must be borne in mind when treating these wounds. This paper reports two cases of complicated abdominal injury inflicted by a blank cartridge.", "contents": "Abdominal injuries due to blank cartridges. Blank cartridges may produce serious injury and the recognition of this hazard must be borne in mind when treating these wounds. This paper reports two cases of complicated abdominal injury inflicted by a blank cartridge.", "PMID": 591041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3497", "title": "The infra-isthmal fracture of the shaft of the femur.", "content": "The common infra-isthmal fracture of the shaft of the femur is defined. The difficulties in its management are discussed and various methods of treatment are critically reviewed. The operative treatment of 21 such fractures with a single plate by the AO method is described. Strict adherence to every detail of the operative and postoperative technique and a cooperative patient are essential for a successful result.", "contents": "The infra-isthmal fracture of the shaft of the femur. The common infra-isthmal fracture of the shaft of the femur is defined. The difficulties in its management are discussed and various methods of treatment are critically reviewed. The operative treatment of 21 such fractures with a single plate by the AO method is described. Strict adherence to every detail of the operative and postoperative technique and a cooperative patient are essential for a successful result.", "PMID": 591042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3498", "title": "Multiple intramedullary nailing of pertrochanteric fractures with elastic nails: operative procedure and results.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-six pertrochanteric fractures were operated on using intramedullary fixation according to the method of Ender and Simon-Weidner. Evaluation of both early and late results prove it to be a method with a low complication rate and a high incidence of functional recovery.", "contents": "Multiple intramedullary nailing of pertrochanteric fractures with elastic nails: operative procedure and results. Two hundred and sixty-six pertrochanteric fractures were operated on using intramedullary fixation according to the method of Ender and Simon-Weidner. Evaluation of both early and late results prove it to be a method with a low complication rate and a high incidence of functional recovery.", "PMID": 591043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3499", "title": "Displaced radial neck fractures in children.", "content": "Forty-eight children with displaced fractures of the radial neck were studied. Five types of injury were seen, that associated with a valgus strain being the most common. Good results were obtained in just over one-half of the cases. It is concluded that treatment of these fractures should be by closed means whenever possible. It is generally unwise to attempt operative correction unless the radial head remains displaced or the residual angulation approaches 45 degrees. Open reduction should be checked by intraoperative radiographs. Internal fixation is seldom necessary and has its complications. Late manipulation of the fracture causes additonal trauma and the results are bad. Avascular necrosis and radio-ulnar synostosis were the two most disabling complication encountered.", "contents": "Displaced radial neck fractures in children. Forty-eight children with displaced fractures of the radial neck were studied. Five types of injury were seen, that associated with a valgus strain being the most common. Good results were obtained in just over one-half of the cases. It is concluded that treatment of these fractures should be by closed means whenever possible. It is generally unwise to attempt operative correction unless the radial head remains displaced or the residual angulation approaches 45 degrees. Open reduction should be checked by intraoperative radiographs. Internal fixation is seldom necessary and has its complications. Late manipulation of the fracture causes additonal trauma and the results are bad. Avascular necrosis and radio-ulnar synostosis were the two most disabling complication encountered.", "PMID": 591044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3500", "title": "Fractures in previously abnormal parts.", "content": "This paper discussed fractures in defective or deformed bones, in stiff, wasted or anaesthetic limbs and at the ends of metal implants. Suggestions are made as to how treatment should be modified in these situations.", "contents": "Fractures in previously abnormal parts. This paper discussed fractures in defective or deformed bones, in stiff, wasted or anaesthetic limbs and at the ends of metal implants. Suggestions are made as to how treatment should be modified in these situations.", "PMID": 591045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3501", "title": "Lumbosacral fracture-dislocation: a case managed conservatively, with return to heavy work.", "content": "A 41-year-old agricultural sustained a lumbosacral fracture-dislocation when a tree fell across his back. The initial anterior displacement of half the depth of the body of L5 progressed to three-quarters of the body over a 2-year period. Neurological deficit was minimal and the management was conservative. Spontaneous arrest of the displacement occurred by anterior sacral buttressing and the patient has returned to his previous heavy work.", "contents": "Lumbosacral fracture-dislocation: a case managed conservatively, with return to heavy work. A 41-year-old agricultural sustained a lumbosacral fracture-dislocation when a tree fell across his back. The initial anterior displacement of half the depth of the body of L5 progressed to three-quarters of the body over a 2-year period. Neurological deficit was minimal and the management was conservative. Spontaneous arrest of the displacement occurred by anterior sacral buttressing and the patient has returned to his previous heavy work.", "PMID": 591046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3502", "title": "The jammed K\u00fcntscher nail: a method of releasing the nail and report of a case.", "content": "A case of jamming of a K\u00fcntscher nail is presented and the technique of longitudinal splitting of the femur by which the nail was released is described. The possible causes of jamming are summarized and some precautions are suggested to avoid this dilemma. Other methods of dealing with a jammed nail are reviewed.", "contents": "The jammed K\u00fcntscher nail: a method of releasing the nail and report of a case. A case of jamming of a K\u00fcntscher nail is presented and the technique of longitudinal splitting of the femur by which the nail was released is described. The possible causes of jamming are summarized and some precautions are suggested to avoid this dilemma. Other methods of dealing with a jammed nail are reviewed.", "PMID": 591047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3503", "title": "Unstable dorsal fractrue-dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal jont.", "content": "Four cases of unstable fracture-dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are reproted, including 3 isolated dorsal fracture-dislocation and 1 dorsal fracture-dislocation associated with a fracture of the fourth metacarpal bone. All cases required open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation which resulted in good function. Attention is drawn to the frequent delay in diagnosis. The applied anatomy is discussed.", "contents": "Unstable dorsal fractrue-dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal jont. Four cases of unstable fracture-dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are reproted, including 3 isolated dorsal fracture-dislocation and 1 dorsal fracture-dislocation associated with a fracture of the fourth metacarpal bone. All cases required open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation which resulted in good function. Attention is drawn to the frequent delay in diagnosis. The applied anatomy is discussed.", "PMID": 591048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3504", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "Nineteen ruptures of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muslce are described. These were caused by sudden overstretching of the muscle though concomitant ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension. Surgical exploration in 12 patients verified rupture of the musculotendinous junction. A 2-year follow-up showed that the surgical approach with suture of the muscle gave better results than conservative treatment, especially in the younger and athletic patients.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle. Nineteen ruptures of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muslce are described. These were caused by sudden overstretching of the muscle though concomitant ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension. Surgical exploration in 12 patients verified rupture of the musculotendinous junction. A 2-year follow-up showed that the surgical approach with suture of the muscle gave better results than conservative treatment, especially in the younger and athletic patients.", "PMID": 591049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3505", "title": "The effect of haemorrhage on renal blood flow and intrarenal flow distribution.", "content": "Bleeding of dogs to constant arterial pressure of 90 mm/g and 60 mmHg respectively decreased renal blood flow in proportion to pressure reduction. There was no evidence of autoregulation of renal blood flow or of selective renal vasoconstriction. With the radioactive microsphere technique a moderate shift of blood flow from the outer to the inner cortex was observed. In the renal 133Xe wash-out curves exponent 1(attributed to the elimination of the indicator from the cortex) was more reduced than exponents 2 and 3 (medulla). These findings may not indicate a redistribution of renal blood flow through resistance changes in specific parts of the renal vasculature but may represent the consequences of focal cortical ischaemia, most prominent in the outer cortex.", "contents": "The effect of haemorrhage on renal blood flow and intrarenal flow distribution. Bleeding of dogs to constant arterial pressure of 90 mm/g and 60 mmHg respectively decreased renal blood flow in proportion to pressure reduction. There was no evidence of autoregulation of renal blood flow or of selective renal vasoconstriction. With the radioactive microsphere technique a moderate shift of blood flow from the outer to the inner cortex was observed. In the renal 133Xe wash-out curves exponent 1(attributed to the elimination of the indicator from the cortex) was more reduced than exponents 2 and 3 (medulla). These findings may not indicate a redistribution of renal blood flow through resistance changes in specific parts of the renal vasculature but may represent the consequences of focal cortical ischaemia, most prominent in the outer cortex.", "PMID": 591050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3506", "title": "Spinal injuries in belt-wearing car occupants killed by head-on collisions.", "content": "In 34 post-mortem examinations of car occupants wearing seat belts and killed in straight or oblique head-on collisions, a thorough investigation of the spine was performed. The autopsy results were correlated with the findings in the cars in order to reconstruct the events when the occupant's body struck the interior of the car. In 2 cases the victims had worn lap belts, in 15 cases shoulder belts and in 17 cases combined shoulder-lap belts (three-point belts). In victims involved in head-on collisions while wearing lap belts, fractures of the neural arch of the axis were found which were probably due to flexion of the neck pivoting round the lower part of the impacting face and simultaneous stretching of the neck. Severe injuries to the cervical spine in those victims wearing shoulder belts were mainly due to the occupant sliding under the belt which then caught the neck and mandible. Such injuries were also caused by the impact of the head against forward parts of the car. In those wearing shoulder-lap belts injuries to the upper part of the cervical spine resulted from the impact of the head against internal parts of the car. When a slight impact of the head occurred minor injuries to the lower cervical spine were seen. Injuries to the thoracolumbar spine in the cases examined were the consequence of a violent extension between the upper part of the trunk held back by the shoulder belt and the pelvis restrained by the lap belt or by the knees striking the fascia panel. In front seat occupants this extension can be increased if either rear seat occupants without belts or heavy objects on the rear seat are projected forwards against their backs.", "contents": "Spinal injuries in belt-wearing car occupants killed by head-on collisions. In 34 post-mortem examinations of car occupants wearing seat belts and killed in straight or oblique head-on collisions, a thorough investigation of the spine was performed. The autopsy results were correlated with the findings in the cars in order to reconstruct the events when the occupant's body struck the interior of the car. In 2 cases the victims had worn lap belts, in 15 cases shoulder belts and in 17 cases combined shoulder-lap belts (three-point belts). In victims involved in head-on collisions while wearing lap belts, fractures of the neural arch of the axis were found which were probably due to flexion of the neck pivoting round the lower part of the impacting face and simultaneous stretching of the neck. Severe injuries to the cervical spine in those victims wearing shoulder belts were mainly due to the occupant sliding under the belt which then caught the neck and mandible. Such injuries were also caused by the impact of the head against forward parts of the car. In those wearing shoulder-lap belts injuries to the upper part of the cervical spine resulted from the impact of the head against internal parts of the car. When a slight impact of the head occurred minor injuries to the lower cervical spine were seen. Injuries to the thoracolumbar spine in the cases examined were the consequence of a violent extension between the upper part of the trunk held back by the shoulder belt and the pelvis restrained by the lap belt or by the knees striking the fascia panel. In front seat occupants this extension can be increased if either rear seat occupants without belts or heavy objects on the rear seat are projected forwards against their backs.", "PMID": 591051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3507", "title": "Fractures of the humerus from arm wrestling.", "content": "Two cases of humeral shaft fracture following 'arm wrestling' are described. Only one has previously been reported from Great Britain. The literature is reviewed and the mechanism of the injury discussed.", "contents": "Fractures of the humerus from arm wrestling. Two cases of humeral shaft fracture following 'arm wrestling' are described. Only one has previously been reported from Great Britain. The literature is reviewed and the mechanism of the injury discussed.", "PMID": 591052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3508", "title": "Bull horn injury: a clinical study.", "content": "Seventy-three cases of bull horn injury from a predominantly rural population around Allahabad were admitted to our unit between 1966 and 1975. Injury to the deep viscera is uncommon and the possible explanations of this pattern of injury are discussed. The abdomen was the commonest site of injury with prolapse of loops of small intestine in 60 per cent of cases. Management differs from other penetrating abdominal wounds and simple cleansing and careful examination of the bowel is sufficient in those injuries with prolapse of the intestine.", "contents": "Bull horn injury: a clinical study. Seventy-three cases of bull horn injury from a predominantly rural population around Allahabad were admitted to our unit between 1966 and 1975. Injury to the deep viscera is uncommon and the possible explanations of this pattern of injury are discussed. The abdomen was the commonest site of injury with prolapse of loops of small intestine in 60 per cent of cases. Management differs from other penetrating abdominal wounds and simple cleansing and careful examination of the bowel is sufficient in those injuries with prolapse of the intestine.", "PMID": 591053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3509", "title": "Rectal tear causing prolapsed ileum after closed abdominal injury.", "content": "A case of prolapsed ileum through a tear in the rectal wall, passing through a tear in the rectal wall, passing through the anal canal, after a blunt injury to the abdomen in a child is presented. The cause and management of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Rectal tear causing prolapsed ileum after closed abdominal injury. A case of prolapsed ileum through a tear in the rectal wall, passing through a tear in the rectal wall, passing through the anal canal, after a blunt injury to the abdomen in a child is presented. The cause and management of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 591054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3510", "title": "Early protected weight bearing in African patients with fractures of the femur.", "content": "Among 100 cases of closed fracture of the femur admitted to a Nigerian hospital during the years 1954--71, and treated by skin or skeletal traction, the mean time to clinical union was 6 weeks and to discharge on protected weight bearing 7 weeks. There were no cases on non-union. It is suggested that the traditional recommendation of 12-14 weeks in traction to ensure clinical union of a fracture of the femur should be revised, at least in African patients.", "contents": "Early protected weight bearing in African patients with fractures of the femur. Among 100 cases of closed fracture of the femur admitted to a Nigerian hospital during the years 1954--71, and treated by skin or skeletal traction, the mean time to clinical union was 6 weeks and to discharge on protected weight bearing 7 weeks. There were no cases on non-union. It is suggested that the traditional recommendation of 12-14 weeks in traction to ensure clinical union of a fracture of the femur should be revised, at least in African patients.", "PMID": 591056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3511", "title": "Fractures of the tibial shaft: is medical audit possible?", "content": "Eight reports dealing with fractures of the tibial shaft have been examined to ascertain whether an audit of the results could be made. This was possible in only two instances owing to wide variations in the systems of classification of fractures, in definitions of certain terms and in presentation of results. Histograms in the form of frequency distribution curves of healing time were not helpful for making comparisons but the presentation of the results in the form of cumulative percentage curves appears to have advantages as a simple visual means of comparison. Statistical analysis is then still necessary. Little useful information is gained by attempting to compare reports which incorporate different systems of classification and definition as well as different methods of presenting results. A medical audit of different methods of treatment will only be made possible by standardization in these matters. A system of classification is required which will subclassify serious fractures so that specific problem fracture types can be studies on a multicentre basis.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial shaft: is medical audit possible? Eight reports dealing with fractures of the tibial shaft have been examined to ascertain whether an audit of the results could be made. This was possible in only two instances owing to wide variations in the systems of classification of fractures, in definitions of certain terms and in presentation of results. Histograms in the form of frequency distribution curves of healing time were not helpful for making comparisons but the presentation of the results in the form of cumulative percentage curves appears to have advantages as a simple visual means of comparison. Statistical analysis is then still necessary. Little useful information is gained by attempting to compare reports which incorporate different systems of classification and definition as well as different methods of presenting results. A medical audit of different methods of treatment will only be made possible by standardization in these matters. A system of classification is required which will subclassify serious fractures so that specific problem fracture types can be studies on a multicentre basis.", "PMID": 591057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3512", "title": "Demonstration of cross-protection between Pasteurella multocida type A and Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1.", "content": "Mice immunized with the potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1, were found to resist a challenge infection of P. multocida type A, thus demonstrating cross-protection. This finding was further supported by the finding that an antiserum directed against the potassium thiocyanate extract of P. haemolytica was bactericidal to P. multocida and vice versa.", "contents": "Demonstration of cross-protection between Pasteurella multocida type A and Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1. Mice immunized with the potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica, serotype 1, were found to resist a challenge infection of P. multocida type A, thus demonstrating cross-protection. This finding was further supported by the finding that an antiserum directed against the potassium thiocyanate extract of P. haemolytica was bactericidal to P. multocida and vice versa.", "PMID": 591058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3513", "title": "Effect of serum from various animal species on erythrocyte attachment of endotoxins and other bacterial antigens.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide O antigens (endotoxins) and other bacterial antigens readily attach to erythrocytes in vitro. This attachment is prevented by certain mammalian and avian sera. In this study, the inhibitory capacity of sera from lower animals was compared with that of higher animals for a total of 30 species. Antigens and the corresponding antisera included both crude O antigens and purified lipopolysaccharide preparations, the common enterobacterial antigen from Escherichia coli O14, the Vi antigen from Citrobacter ballerup, the polyribose-phosphate antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type b, and the crude teichoic acid antigen from Staphylococcus aureus. Antigen and serum mixtures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min and used for erythrocyte modification; failure of hemagglutination by homologous bacterial antiserum provided evidence of inhibitory capacity. Sera from the classes Mammalia and Aves were very strong inhibitors; those of Reptilia and Osteichthyes were moderate in activity, displaying variation within the classes; those of Amphibia and Chondrichthyes were minimal inhibitors; and those of Merostomata, Crustacea, and Lamellibranchiata displayed questionable or no inhibitory capacity. Inhibitory sera were active with all antigens tested. The findings suggest evolution of inhibitory factors consistent with the theory of two diverging lines of animal phylogeny based on embryological criteria and closely parallel the observations of an endotoxin-altering capacity in vertebrate sera that is not found in invertebrate sera or hemolymph.", "contents": "Effect of serum from various animal species on erythrocyte attachment of endotoxins and other bacterial antigens. Lipopolysaccharide O antigens (endotoxins) and other bacterial antigens readily attach to erythrocytes in vitro. This attachment is prevented by certain mammalian and avian sera. In this study, the inhibitory capacity of sera from lower animals was compared with that of higher animals for a total of 30 species. Antigens and the corresponding antisera included both crude O antigens and purified lipopolysaccharide preparations, the common enterobacterial antigen from Escherichia coli O14, the Vi antigen from Citrobacter ballerup, the polyribose-phosphate antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type b, and the crude teichoic acid antigen from Staphylococcus aureus. Antigen and serum mixtures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min and used for erythrocyte modification; failure of hemagglutination by homologous bacterial antiserum provided evidence of inhibitory capacity. Sera from the classes Mammalia and Aves were very strong inhibitors; those of Reptilia and Osteichthyes were moderate in activity, displaying variation within the classes; those of Amphibia and Chondrichthyes were minimal inhibitors; and those of Merostomata, Crustacea, and Lamellibranchiata displayed questionable or no inhibitory capacity. Inhibitory sera were active with all antigens tested. The findings suggest evolution of inhibitory factors consistent with the theory of two diverging lines of animal phylogeny based on embryological criteria and closely parallel the observations of an endotoxin-altering capacity in vertebrate sera that is not found in invertebrate sera or hemolymph.", "PMID": 591059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3514", "title": "Distribution of dextransucrase in Streptococcus mutans and observations on the effect of soluble dextran on dextransucrase activities.", "content": "Total and insoluble dextransucrase activities were measured in cell-associated and supernatant fractions of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 grown in several media. Although the amount of cell-associated and supernatant activity varied greatly as a function of medium, the total activity appeared constant. The distribution of dextransucrase could be altered without changing the total dextransucrase activity. This indicates that the distribution of the enzyme can be regulated independently of its synthesis. Strain GS-5 had significant cell-associated activity in media devoid of sucrose. In all cases, the ratio of insoluble to total dextransucrase activity was higher in the cell-associated fractions than in the cell-free supernatants. It is also demonstrated that exogenous soluble dextran caused a decrease in insoluble dextransucrase activity and an increase in soluble dextransucrase activity in both the cell-associated fraction and the culture supernatant. The stimulation of soluble dextran-synthesizing activity was not due to de novo synthesis. The inhibition of insoluble dextran-synthesizing activity is shown to be noncompetitive. These results support a physical rather than metabolic mechanism for the effect of soluble dextran on dextransucrase activities.", "contents": "Distribution of dextransucrase in Streptococcus mutans and observations on the effect of soluble dextran on dextransucrase activities. Total and insoluble dextransucrase activities were measured in cell-associated and supernatant fractions of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 grown in several media. Although the amount of cell-associated and supernatant activity varied greatly as a function of medium, the total activity appeared constant. The distribution of dextransucrase could be altered without changing the total dextransucrase activity. This indicates that the distribution of the enzyme can be regulated independently of its synthesis. Strain GS-5 had significant cell-associated activity in media devoid of sucrose. In all cases, the ratio of insoluble to total dextransucrase activity was higher in the cell-associated fractions than in the cell-free supernatants. It is also demonstrated that exogenous soluble dextran caused a decrease in insoluble dextransucrase activity and an increase in soluble dextransucrase activity in both the cell-associated fraction and the culture supernatant. The stimulation of soluble dextran-synthesizing activity was not due to de novo synthesis. The inhibition of insoluble dextran-synthesizing activity is shown to be noncompetitive. These results support a physical rather than metabolic mechanism for the effect of soluble dextran on dextransucrase activities.", "PMID": 591060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3515", "title": "Induction and expression of immunity after BCG immunization.", "content": "The induction and expression of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after BCG immunization by intravenous, subcutaneous, and pulmonary routes has been investigated in mice. The speed with which protective immunity was engendered was a function of inoculum size; the immunization route was a less influential factor. Tuberculin hypersensitivity varied both with the inoculim size and immunization route, being least after pulmonary immunization. Once immunity was established, a steady state ensued in which the number of sensitized lymphocytes in the spleen was similar, regardless of the route or dose of vaccination. Actively immunized animals controlled intravenous and subcutaneous challenge infections, regardless of the method of vaccination. However, pulmonary challenge was resisted most efficiently by mice immunized by the pulmonary route. Adoptive immunity was well expressed in the spleen only, but the lungs were no more deficient in this regard than the footpad. It is suggested that enhanced immunity in the lungs depends on a population of resident sensitized lymphocytes.", "contents": "Induction and expression of immunity after BCG immunization. The induction and expression of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after BCG immunization by intravenous, subcutaneous, and pulmonary routes has been investigated in mice. The speed with which protective immunity was engendered was a function of inoculum size; the immunization route was a less influential factor. Tuberculin hypersensitivity varied both with the inoculim size and immunization route, being least after pulmonary immunization. Once immunity was established, a steady state ensued in which the number of sensitized lymphocytes in the spleen was similar, regardless of the route or dose of vaccination. Actively immunized animals controlled intravenous and subcutaneous challenge infections, regardless of the method of vaccination. However, pulmonary challenge was resisted most efficiently by mice immunized by the pulmonary route. Adoptive immunity was well expressed in the spleen only, but the lungs were no more deficient in this regard than the footpad. It is suggested that enhanced immunity in the lungs depends on a population of resident sensitized lymphocytes.", "PMID": 591061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3516", "title": "Effects of streptolysin O on transport of amino acids, nucleosides, and glucose analogs in mammalian cells.", "content": "The transport of several amino acids, nucleosides, and glucose analogs was studies in HeLa cells treated with sublethal concentrations of streptolysin O. A differential effect of toxin on the various solutes tested was observed. The uptake of the neutral amino acids alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, leucine, and phenylalanine was reduced by 60 about to 70%. Less inhibition of transport was observed with acidic and basic amino acids, and the uptake of nucleosides and glucose analogs was reduced by 20% or less. The decreased uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid could be explained by the inability of toxin-treated cells to retain this amino acid. The altered transport of phenylalanine and lysine, however, appeared to be due to decreased initial rates of uptake rather than to the loss of these amino acids from intracellular pools in toxin-treated cells. After treatment with sublethal concentrations of streptolysin O, the cells recovered their ability to transport and accumulate alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in about 4 h. The data suggest that the alterations in membrane transport observed in toxin-treated cells are due to an effect of streptolysin O on specific transport systems, rather than to the production of holes or pores in the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of streptolysin O on transport of amino acids, nucleosides, and glucose analogs in mammalian cells. The transport of several amino acids, nucleosides, and glucose analogs was studies in HeLa cells treated with sublethal concentrations of streptolysin O. A differential effect of toxin on the various solutes tested was observed. The uptake of the neutral amino acids alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, leucine, and phenylalanine was reduced by 60 about to 70%. Less inhibition of transport was observed with acidic and basic amino acids, and the uptake of nucleosides and glucose analogs was reduced by 20% or less. The decreased uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid could be explained by the inability of toxin-treated cells to retain this amino acid. The altered transport of phenylalanine and lysine, however, appeared to be due to decreased initial rates of uptake rather than to the loss of these amino acids from intracellular pools in toxin-treated cells. After treatment with sublethal concentrations of streptolysin O, the cells recovered their ability to transport and accumulate alpha-aminoisobutyric acid in about 4 h. The data suggest that the alterations in membrane transport observed in toxin-treated cells are due to an effect of streptolysin O on specific transport systems, rather than to the production of holes or pores in the membrane.", "PMID": 591062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3517", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis in juvenile periodontitis.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated in nine patients with juvenile periodontitis, with normal subjects and patients with the adult form of periodontitis as controls. Defective chemotactic responses were observed in neutrophils from seven of nine juvenile patients, and a reduced level of complement-derived chemotactic activity was demonstrated in serum from four patients. These determinations were normal in all the patients with adult periodontitis. Serum from five of the juvenile patients contained a heat-stable, non-dialyzable factor that markedly inhibited the chemotaxis of normal neutrophils. Thus the characteristic tissue destruction seen in juvenile periodontitis may be, at least in part, a consequence of a failure of host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis in juvenile periodontitis. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated in nine patients with juvenile periodontitis, with normal subjects and patients with the adult form of periodontitis as controls. Defective chemotactic responses were observed in neutrophils from seven of nine juvenile patients, and a reduced level of complement-derived chemotactic activity was demonstrated in serum from four patients. These determinations were normal in all the patients with adult periodontitis. Serum from five of the juvenile patients contained a heat-stable, non-dialyzable factor that markedly inhibited the chemotaxis of normal neutrophils. Thus the characteristic tissue destruction seen in juvenile periodontitis may be, at least in part, a consequence of a failure of host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 591063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3518", "title": "Adherence of Veillonella species mediated by extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus salivarius.", "content": "The effect of extracellular products from Streptococcus salivarius on sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces by other oral bacteria was studied in vitro. Strains of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Veillonella parvula without innate ability to adhere to a steel wire were able to do so when incubated with sucrose and cell-free culture fluid from S. salivarius strains 9759, 25975, CNII, and MEPI. These culture fluids synthesized more adherent material and water-insoluble glucan than those from Streptococcus mutans C67-1 and seven other S. salivarius strains. Among the S. salivarius strains, glucosyltransferase (GT; dextransucrase, EC 2.4.1.5) activity varied more than 100-fold. Cells of Veillonella and S. mitis S3 that had been incubated in culture fluids from S. salivarius 25975 and 9759, respectively, and then washed adhered upon subsequent incubation with sucrose. This was due to adsorbed GT because (i) the adherence was sensitive to dextranase; (ii) it was observed only with the high-GT culture fluids; (iii) it was dependent on sucrose; and (iv) the washed Veillonella cells synthesized glucan, but not fructan, from sucrose. These results suggest that sucrose-dependent adherence of bacteria without such innate ability can be mediated by (i) entrapment in insoluble glucan synthesized by S. salivarius culture fluids, and (ii) prior adsorption of GT from S. salivarius culture fluids. The possibility that GT formed by high-yield strains of S. salivarius is distributed through the mouth by the action of salivary flow and contributes to sucrose-dependent adherence and plaque formation is considered.", "contents": "Adherence of Veillonella species mediated by extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus salivarius. The effect of extracellular products from Streptococcus salivarius on sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth surfaces by other oral bacteria was studied in vitro. Strains of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Veillonella parvula without innate ability to adhere to a steel wire were able to do so when incubated with sucrose and cell-free culture fluid from S. salivarius strains 9759, 25975, CNII, and MEPI. These culture fluids synthesized more adherent material and water-insoluble glucan than those from Streptococcus mutans C67-1 and seven other S. salivarius strains. Among the S. salivarius strains, glucosyltransferase (GT; dextransucrase, EC 2.4.1.5) activity varied more than 100-fold. Cells of Veillonella and S. mitis S3 that had been incubated in culture fluids from S. salivarius 25975 and 9759, respectively, and then washed adhered upon subsequent incubation with sucrose. This was due to adsorbed GT because (i) the adherence was sensitive to dextranase; (ii) it was observed only with the high-GT culture fluids; (iii) it was dependent on sucrose; and (iv) the washed Veillonella cells synthesized glucan, but not fructan, from sucrose. These results suggest that sucrose-dependent adherence of bacteria without such innate ability can be mediated by (i) entrapment in insoluble glucan synthesized by S. salivarius culture fluids, and (ii) prior adsorption of GT from S. salivarius culture fluids. The possibility that GT formed by high-yield strains of S. salivarius is distributed through the mouth by the action of salivary flow and contributes to sucrose-dependent adherence and plaque formation is considered.", "PMID": 591064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3519", "title": "Effect of alveolar macrophages on Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "As pulmonary involvement can occur in disseminated toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients, studies were initiated to define local mechanisms of resistance of the lung to Toxoplasma gondii. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from normal mice and mice chronically infected with T. gondii by bronchopulmonary lavage and cultured in vitro. Although normal alveolar macrophages were difficult to infect with Toxoplasma, they supported intracellular multiplication of this organism. When exposed to Toxoplasma that had been pretreated with heat-inactivated serum containing specific antibody, the number of intracellular organisms increased remarkably, and the macrophages destroyed the coated parasites. After development of chronic infections with Toxoplasma, there was a transient period during which a striking increase in numbers of alveolar macrophages was observed in lavage specimens. These macrophages differed from those of normal alveolar macrophages. There was a greater percentage of large cells, a greater tendency to spread on glass, and an increased number of intracellular Toxoplasma, and the cells were activated to kill or inhibit multiplication of the parasite. During the period when activated macrophages were demonstrable in bronchopulmonary washings, histological changes in the lungs revealed a marked mononuclear cell infiltrate. These studies support a role for the activated alveolar macrophage as an effector in resistance of the lung to infection with Toxoplasma.", "contents": "Effect of alveolar macrophages on Toxoplasma gondii. As pulmonary involvement can occur in disseminated toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients, studies were initiated to define local mechanisms of resistance of the lung to Toxoplasma gondii. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from normal mice and mice chronically infected with T. gondii by bronchopulmonary lavage and cultured in vitro. Although normal alveolar macrophages were difficult to infect with Toxoplasma, they supported intracellular multiplication of this organism. When exposed to Toxoplasma that had been pretreated with heat-inactivated serum containing specific antibody, the number of intracellular organisms increased remarkably, and the macrophages destroyed the coated parasites. After development of chronic infections with Toxoplasma, there was a transient period during which a striking increase in numbers of alveolar macrophages was observed in lavage specimens. These macrophages differed from those of normal alveolar macrophages. There was a greater percentage of large cells, a greater tendency to spread on glass, and an increased number of intracellular Toxoplasma, and the cells were activated to kill or inhibit multiplication of the parasite. During the period when activated macrophages were demonstrable in bronchopulmonary washings, histological changes in the lungs revealed a marked mononuclear cell infiltrate. These studies support a role for the activated alveolar macrophage as an effector in resistance of the lung to infection with Toxoplasma.", "PMID": 591065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3520", "title": "Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: recovery of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and its possible role in pathogenesis.", "content": "Clinical, microbiological, serological, histological, and therapeutic aspects of two separate outbreaks of caprine keratoconjunctivitis are described. The disease was characterized by a high rate of contagion, rapid onset, intense lacrimation, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal opacity with neovascularization. In addition, many of the animals developed respiratory illness during the second epidemic. The only organism consistentlyisolated was Mycoplasma conjunctivae. A total of 23 strains were isolated from 18 inflamed conjunctivae, one normal conjunctiva, and the nasal secretions of four goats with concomitant respiratory illness. The convalescent sera of goats in the first outbreak had neutralizing antibody titers to M. conjunctivae that ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the milder second outbreak the antibody titers ranged from 1:4 to 1:32 in animals with only ocular disease and from 1:4 to 1:64 in animals with only respiratory disease. Whereas little change was noted in antibody titers of goats with only localized eye disease, 43% of the goats with respiratory disease showed significant fourfold rises. The histological picture was consistent with acute corneal infection. Animals requiring antibiotic treatment appeared to respond favorably to a combination of oxytetracycline and polymyxin B, but not to penicillin. These findings suggest that M. conjunctivae is one cause of epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: recovery of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and its possible role in pathogenesis. Clinical, microbiological, serological, histological, and therapeutic aspects of two separate outbreaks of caprine keratoconjunctivitis are described. The disease was characterized by a high rate of contagion, rapid onset, intense lacrimation, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal opacity with neovascularization. In addition, many of the animals developed respiratory illness during the second epidemic. The only organism consistentlyisolated was Mycoplasma conjunctivae. A total of 23 strains were isolated from 18 inflamed conjunctivae, one normal conjunctiva, and the nasal secretions of four goats with concomitant respiratory illness. The convalescent sera of goats in the first outbreak had neutralizing antibody titers to M. conjunctivae that ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the milder second outbreak the antibody titers ranged from 1:4 to 1:32 in animals with only ocular disease and from 1:4 to 1:64 in animals with only respiratory disease. Whereas little change was noted in antibody titers of goats with only localized eye disease, 43% of the goats with respiratory disease showed significant fourfold rises. The histological picture was consistent with acute corneal infection. Animals requiring antibiotic treatment appeared to respond favorably to a combination of oxytetracycline and polymyxin B, but not to penicillin. These findings suggest that M. conjunctivae is one cause of epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis.", "PMID": 591066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3521", "title": "Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: experimentally induced disease with a pure culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae.", "content": "The induction of caprine keratoconjunctivitis by the subconjunctival inoculation of a cloned culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae is described. The clinical course of the experimental disease was similar to that noted in naturally occurring outbreaks of \"pink-eye\" among goats, and biopsies of inflamed conjunctivae showed similar histological response. M. conjunctivae was consistently recovered from the inflamed conjunctival tissues of inoculated animals that developed ocular disease, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates and establishing this organism as an etiological agent of caprine keratoconjunctivitis. Immunological studies suggested that cellular immune mechanisms may play a role in protecting animals from disease produced by this mycoplasma.", "contents": "Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: experimentally induced disease with a pure culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae. The induction of caprine keratoconjunctivitis by the subconjunctival inoculation of a cloned culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae is described. The clinical course of the experimental disease was similar to that noted in naturally occurring outbreaks of \"pink-eye\" among goats, and biopsies of inflamed conjunctivae showed similar histological response. M. conjunctivae was consistently recovered from the inflamed conjunctival tissues of inoculated animals that developed ocular disease, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates and establishing this organism as an etiological agent of caprine keratoconjunctivitis. Immunological studies suggested that cellular immune mechanisms may play a role in protecting animals from disease produced by this mycoplasma.", "PMID": 591067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3522", "title": "Experimental Rat model for Corynebacterium renale-induced pyelonephritis.", "content": "The laboratory rat was able to serve as a model for ascending pyelonephritis after implantation of a zinc disk coated with Corynebacterium renale into the urinary bladder because it satisfied three different criteria for infection. The production of an alkaline urine and the presence of significant numbers of C. renale in the kidneys, as well as distinct pyelonephritic lesions as revealed by histological examination, were observed in all rats infected with C. renale. Control rats that harbored sterile disks in their urinary bladders exhibited none of the above effects.", "contents": "Experimental Rat model for Corynebacterium renale-induced pyelonephritis. The laboratory rat was able to serve as a model for ascending pyelonephritis after implantation of a zinc disk coated with Corynebacterium renale into the urinary bladder because it satisfied three different criteria for infection. The production of an alkaline urine and the presence of significant numbers of C. renale in the kidneys, as well as distinct pyelonephritic lesions as revealed by histological examination, were observed in all rats infected with C. renale. Control rats that harbored sterile disks in their urinary bladders exhibited none of the above effects.", "PMID": 591068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3523", "title": "Serum and tissue lysozyme in leprosy.", "content": "Mean serum lysozyme values were found to be elevated in untreated leprosy patients. Statistically significant elevations were present in each of the three major categories of leprosy, tuberculoid, borderline, and lepromatous. Values were particularly high in patients with severe reversal reactions or Lucio's phenomenon. Prolonged sulfone therapy was associated with a fall in serum lysozyme values. With an immunoperoxidase method to localize lysozyme in leprous tissues, two distinct staining patterns were found, granular and saccular. The grandular pattern of lysozymal staining was found in epithelioid cells and in giant cells, and the intensity of staining showed a positive correlation with serum lysozyme levels. Conversely, a saccular pattern of lysozymal staining was found in lepromatous histiocytes, buth the intensity of staining was unrelated to serum lysozyme levels; the saccular structures contained dense aggregates of Mycobacterium leprae. These two patterns of staining probably represent different functional responses of monocyte-derived granuloma cells, whereas the serum levels reflect, to a varying degree, both the absolute number of such cells and the rate of secretory activity of this cell population as a whole.", "contents": "Serum and tissue lysozyme in leprosy. Mean serum lysozyme values were found to be elevated in untreated leprosy patients. Statistically significant elevations were present in each of the three major categories of leprosy, tuberculoid, borderline, and lepromatous. Values were particularly high in patients with severe reversal reactions or Lucio's phenomenon. Prolonged sulfone therapy was associated with a fall in serum lysozyme values. With an immunoperoxidase method to localize lysozyme in leprous tissues, two distinct staining patterns were found, granular and saccular. The grandular pattern of lysozymal staining was found in epithelioid cells and in giant cells, and the intensity of staining showed a positive correlation with serum lysozyme levels. Conversely, a saccular pattern of lysozymal staining was found in lepromatous histiocytes, buth the intensity of staining was unrelated to serum lysozyme levels; the saccular structures contained dense aggregates of Mycobacterium leprae. These two patterns of staining probably represent different functional responses of monocyte-derived granuloma cells, whereas the serum levels reflect, to a varying degree, both the absolute number of such cells and the rate of secretory activity of this cell population as a whole.", "PMID": 591069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3524", "title": "The in vitro effects of calcium and potassium in resensitization of tracheal smooth muscles of the allergized guinea pig.", "content": "Tracheal smooth muscle obtained from allergized guinea pigs gives rise in vitro to two-phase cycles of responsiveness to antigen administration desensitization produced immediately after a conditioning antigen dose, followed by resensitization within 4 h. As in the case of resensitization to a drug, resensitization to an antigen is a Ca++- and K+-dependent phenomenon. A comprehensive receptor model of the chemical excitatory action of antigen in cells is consistent with a Ca++-dependent resensitization phenomenon in the allergized systems. On the other hand, the results bear weight against both a 'pharmacological mediator-depletion theory' and an 'antibody saturation-desaturation theory', which have been invoked to explain desensitization and resensitization to antigen in allergized systems.", "contents": "The in vitro effects of calcium and potassium in resensitization of tracheal smooth muscles of the allergized guinea pig. Tracheal smooth muscle obtained from allergized guinea pigs gives rise in vitro to two-phase cycles of responsiveness to antigen administration desensitization produced immediately after a conditioning antigen dose, followed by resensitization within 4 h. As in the case of resensitization to a drug, resensitization to an antigen is a Ca++- and K+-dependent phenomenon. A comprehensive receptor model of the chemical excitatory action of antigen in cells is consistent with a Ca++-dependent resensitization phenomenon in the allergized systems. On the other hand, the results bear weight against both a 'pharmacological mediator-depletion theory' and an 'antibody saturation-desaturation theory', which have been invoked to explain desensitization and resensitization to antigen in allergized systems.", "PMID": 591094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3525", "title": "Suppression of the IgE antibody response in mice to kentucky blue grass pollen allergens.", "content": "Reagins in murine strains A/HeJ, RF/J C3H/HeJ and B6D2F1 were induced by immunization, in the presence of A1(OH)3, with the retentate (R) obtained by dialysis from the aqueous extract of Kentucky blue grass pollen (KBG-Aq. ext.). Administration of doses of R ranging from 50-200 microgram resulted in IgE antibody responses which were sustained for periods of the order of 6 months. The possibility of suppressing the anti-R IgE antibody response in sensitized A/HeJ mice was tested by the administration into these animals for a period of 14 weeks, biweekly injections of a skin-active, immunogenic fraction (DI) isolated from the dialysate of KBG-Aq. ext. This treatment effectively suppressed the secondary IgE antibody response to R and markedly increased levels of hemagglutinating antibodies. On the basis of the fact that DI comprised only 1.5% of the parent fraction KBG-Aq. ext. and since it was capable of modulating the immune response to R as described, it is suggested that DI may prove to be a useful agent for the immunotherapy of allergies to KBG pollen.", "contents": "Suppression of the IgE antibody response in mice to kentucky blue grass pollen allergens. Reagins in murine strains A/HeJ, RF/J C3H/HeJ and B6D2F1 were induced by immunization, in the presence of A1(OH)3, with the retentate (R) obtained by dialysis from the aqueous extract of Kentucky blue grass pollen (KBG-Aq. ext.). Administration of doses of R ranging from 50-200 microgram resulted in IgE antibody responses which were sustained for periods of the order of 6 months. The possibility of suppressing the anti-R IgE antibody response in sensitized A/HeJ mice was tested by the administration into these animals for a period of 14 weeks, biweekly injections of a skin-active, immunogenic fraction (DI) isolated from the dialysate of KBG-Aq. ext. This treatment effectively suppressed the secondary IgE antibody response to R and markedly increased levels of hemagglutinating antibodies. On the basis of the fact that DI comprised only 1.5% of the parent fraction KBG-Aq. ext. and since it was capable of modulating the immune response to R as described, it is suggested that DI may prove to be a useful agent for the immunotherapy of allergies to KBG pollen.", "PMID": 591095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3526", "title": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. I. Chemical properties.", "content": "A purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen (Phleum pratense) was characterized with respect to chemical properties in comparison with a commercially available crude extract, Timothy O, from the same pollen material. In Timothy N about 94% of the protein and 99% of both hexoses and pentoses were removed during the purification. Timothy N contains a limited number of proteins with molecular weights of about 15,000 and 30,000. A Timothy N solution of 0.010 mg/ml will have an allergenic activity of 1 HEP.", "contents": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. I. Chemical properties. A purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen (Phleum pratense) was characterized with respect to chemical properties in comparison with a commercially available crude extract, Timothy O, from the same pollen material. In Timothy N about 94% of the protein and 99% of both hexoses and pentoses were removed during the purification. Timothy N contains a limited number of proteins with molecular weights of about 15,000 and 30,000. A Timothy N solution of 0.010 mg/ml will have an allergenic activity of 1 HEP.", "PMID": 591096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3527", "title": "Decreased antibody response following immunization with enantiomorphic synthetic polypeptides.", "content": "The ability to decrease the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the DA and PVG strains of rats by prior immunization with its D-amino acid enantiomorph poly(DGlu48DLys38DTyr14) was tested as part of a continuing investigation into the role of optical isomerism in the ability of an antigen to induce an antibody response. The results showed that prior immunization with the D-amino acid polymer decreased the immune response to the isomeric L-polypeptide in both strains.", "contents": "Decreased antibody response following immunization with enantiomorphic synthetic polypeptides. The ability to decrease the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the DA and PVG strains of rats by prior immunization with its D-amino acid enantiomorph poly(DGlu48DLys38DTyr14) was tested as part of a continuing investigation into the role of optical isomerism in the ability of an antigen to induce an antibody response. The results showed that prior immunization with the D-amino acid polymer decreased the immune response to the isomeric L-polypeptide in both strains.", "PMID": 591097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3528", "title": "Serum complement changes in W/Fu rats inoculated with syngeneic (C58NT) D lymphoma cells.", "content": "Weanling W/Fu rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 X 10(6) to 1 X 10(7) (C58NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells. Sera obtained 7 days later showed moderate to marked depressions of overall hemolytic activity, C1, C3 and properdin. These changes were not observed in uninjected W/Fu rats or in animals inoculated with syngeneic normal spleen cells. In the latter group and in the tumor-bearing animals, factor B levels were also depressed. Evidence of complement utilization was also observed in the ascitic fluids of the tumor-bearing W/Fu rats.", "contents": "Serum complement changes in W/Fu rats inoculated with syngeneic (C58NT) D lymphoma cells. Weanling W/Fu rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 X 10(6) to 1 X 10(7) (C58NT)D Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells. Sera obtained 7 days later showed moderate to marked depressions of overall hemolytic activity, C1, C3 and properdin. These changes were not observed in uninjected W/Fu rats or in animals inoculated with syngeneic normal spleen cells. In the latter group and in the tumor-bearing animals, factor B levels were also depressed. Evidence of complement utilization was also observed in the ascitic fluids of the tumor-bearing W/Fu rats.", "PMID": 591098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3529", "title": "Significance of Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII) for neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis.", "content": "Neutrophils separated from Hageman factor-deficient blood exhibit normal random and directional locomotion. No defect in cytotaxin formation could be demonstrated in Hageman factor-deficient plasma, nor did kallikrein inhibitor interfere with the chemotactic activity of normal immune complex-activated human plasma. The results suggest that the chemotactic activity which is detectable in unfractionated human plasma is not derived from Hageman factor-dependent pathways.", "contents": "Significance of Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII) for neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis. Neutrophils separated from Hageman factor-deficient blood exhibit normal random and directional locomotion. No defect in cytotaxin formation could be demonstrated in Hageman factor-deficient plasma, nor did kallikrein inhibitor interfere with the chemotactic activity of normal immune complex-activated human plasma. The results suggest that the chemotactic activity which is detectable in unfractionated human plasma is not derived from Hageman factor-dependent pathways.", "PMID": 591099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3530", "title": "The role of hyperemia in cellular hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "The three physiological processes vascular permeability, blood flow and lymphocyte migration were all enhanced in tuberculin reactions induced in guinea pigs and sheep and also in normal lymphocyte transfer reactions in sheep. Microspheres labelled with 85Sr were used to measure blood flow to dermal sites and it was found that cellular hypersensitivity  reactions had blood flows 7-25 times that of normal skin at the reaction peak. Vascular permeability was measured as an increase in the flow rate of afferent lymph or, in guinea pigs, as the enhanced leakage of intravascular 125I-albumin. When the permeability-inducing peptide bradykinin was injected directly into tuberculin reaction, the resulting permeability was greater than the sum of the tuberculin and bradykinin permeability taken individually and it was concluded that the hyperemia enhanced the permeability-inducing capacity of bradykinin. When the traffic of lymphocytes through hypersensitivity lesions was measured in sheep by cannulating the regional afferent lymph vessels and continuously collecting the lymph, the increase in lymphocyte traffic was of the same order of magnitude as the increase in blood flow. It is suggested than the antigen-induced enhancement of blood flow caused the increase in lymphocyte traffic and that the mechanism was similar to that occurring within lymph nodes during the immune response to all antigens.", "contents": "The role of hyperemia in cellular hypersensitivity reactions. The three physiological processes vascular permeability, blood flow and lymphocyte migration were all enhanced in tuberculin reactions induced in guinea pigs and sheep and also in normal lymphocyte transfer reactions in sheep. Microspheres labelled with 85Sr were used to measure blood flow to dermal sites and it was found that cellular hypersensitivity  reactions had blood flows 7-25 times that of normal skin at the reaction peak. Vascular permeability was measured as an increase in the flow rate of afferent lymph or, in guinea pigs, as the enhanced leakage of intravascular 125I-albumin. When the permeability-inducing peptide bradykinin was injected directly into tuberculin reaction, the resulting permeability was greater than the sum of the tuberculin and bradykinin permeability taken individually and it was concluded that the hyperemia enhanced the permeability-inducing capacity of bradykinin. When the traffic of lymphocytes through hypersensitivity lesions was measured in sheep by cannulating the regional afferent lymph vessels and continuously collecting the lymph, the increase in lymphocyte traffic was of the same order of magnitude as the increase in blood flow. It is suggested than the antigen-induced enhancement of blood flow caused the increase in lymphocyte traffic and that the mechanism was similar to that occurring within lymph nodes during the immune response to all antigens.", "PMID": 591100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3531", "title": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. II. Allergenic in vivo and vitro properties.", "content": "A purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen and a crude commercial extract, Timothy O, prepared from the same pollen material, were tested in tenfold dilutions on 59 adults with allergic rhinitis and on 29 children with bronchial asthma. All patients were allergic to grass pollen. Using the prick and intracutaneous methods, dose-response tablets were established for the two preparations showing a good correlation. Nasal provocation tests on the adult patients and bronchial provocation tests on the children gave positive reactions in all cases when using Timothy N. No irritant effect resulting in non specific reactions were elicited. The availability of stable, freeze-dried and purified allergen preparations supplied in different vials with defined allergenic activities fulfils the clinical demands for a modern diagnostic allergen preparation.", "contents": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. II. Allergenic in vivo and vitro properties. A purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen and a crude commercial extract, Timothy O, prepared from the same pollen material, were tested in tenfold dilutions on 59 adults with allergic rhinitis and on 29 children with bronchial asthma. All patients were allergic to grass pollen. Using the prick and intracutaneous methods, dose-response tablets were established for the two preparations showing a good correlation. Nasal provocation tests on the adult patients and bronchial provocation tests on the children gave positive reactions in all cases when using Timothy N. No irritant effect resulting in non specific reactions were elicited. The availability of stable, freeze-dried and purified allergen preparations supplied in different vials with defined allergenic activities fulfils the clinical demands for a modern diagnostic allergen preparation.", "PMID": 591101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3532", "title": "Increase in the severity of allergic-type bronchospasm in sensitized and challenged cats treated with cortisone.", "content": "The feline model of immediate hypersensitivity to intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization, followed 65 days later by intravenous challenge, was used in this study to determine the effect of cortisone acetate administration on the severity of allergic bronchospasm. Cortisone acetate given intramuscularly prior to, during and immediately after sensitization increased the severity of the allergic response. Comparison of the respiratory, blood pressure and heart rate responses in cortisone-treated animals with nontreated controls indicated a significantly increased challenge reaction among the treated group. Of 7 cats receiving cortisone treatment, 5 died during the 30-min challenge monitoring period. None of the nontreated control group died. It is hypothesized that cortisone treatment impaired the activity of the cortisone-sensitive thymus-derived (T) cells.", "contents": "Increase in the severity of allergic-type bronchospasm in sensitized and challenged cats treated with cortisone. The feline model of immediate hypersensitivity to intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization, followed 65 days later by intravenous challenge, was used in this study to determine the effect of cortisone acetate administration on the severity of allergic bronchospasm. Cortisone acetate given intramuscularly prior to, during and immediately after sensitization increased the severity of the allergic response. Comparison of the respiratory, blood pressure and heart rate responses in cortisone-treated animals with nontreated controls indicated a significantly increased challenge reaction among the treated group. Of 7 cats receiving cortisone treatment, 5 died during the 30-min challenge monitoring period. None of the nontreated control group died. It is hypothesized that cortisone treatment impaired the activity of the cortisone-sensitive thymus-derived (T) cells.", "PMID": 591103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3533", "title": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. III. Immunological properties in the human immunoglobulin E system.", "content": "The following methods were used in vitro to characterize and quantitate the allergenic activity of a purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen: radioallergosorbent test (RAST), direct-titration RAST and RAST inhibition. Vials containing freeze-dried and standardized quantities of this preparation showed good uniformity and accuracy with regard to the allergenic activity. The stability of the preparation in solution and in the freeze-dried state was tested by RAST inhibition and was found to be acceptable. Using the same method, the allergenic activity of Timothy N was compared to the allergenic activity of a crude extract, Timothy O, indicating a discrepancy which was not observed in vivo.", "contents": "A new well-characterized, purified allergen preparation from timothy pollen. III. Immunological properties in the human immunoglobulin E system. The following methods were used in vitro to characterize and quantitate the allergenic activity of a purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen: radioallergosorbent test (RAST), direct-titration RAST and RAST inhibition. Vials containing freeze-dried and standardized quantities of this preparation showed good uniformity and accuracy with regard to the allergenic activity. The stability of the preparation in solution and in the freeze-dried state was tested by RAST inhibition and was found to be acceptable. Using the same method, the allergenic activity of Timothy N was compared to the allergenic activity of a crude extract, Timothy O, indicating a discrepancy which was not observed in vivo.", "PMID": 591105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3534", "title": "Autoallergic states. Tumor immunology. Impaired function of peripheral lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "DNA synthesis by peripheral lymphocytes from active non-treated SLE patients and matched normal donors was assessed at various times after stimulation with high and low doses of PHA, PWM and ConA and in non-stimulated control cultures. The time response curve of SLE lymphocytes stimulated with a suboptimal dose of PHA, and with both optimal and suboptimal doses of PWM and ConA was markedly depressed, while their spontaneous DNA synthesis was significantly increased. Preincubation of the cells to remove putative coating antibodies did not revert the response of patients' lymphocytes to normal values. The antibody-induced cell-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labelled chicken results demonstrate that cellular factors contribute to the depressed in vitro responses in active SLE, suggesting a wide defect of lymphocyte populations in this disease.", "contents": "Autoallergic states. Tumor immunology. Impaired function of peripheral lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. DNA synthesis by peripheral lymphocytes from active non-treated SLE patients and matched normal donors was assessed at various times after stimulation with high and low doses of PHA, PWM and ConA and in non-stimulated control cultures. The time response curve of SLE lymphocytes stimulated with a suboptimal dose of PHA, and with both optimal and suboptimal doses of PWM and ConA was markedly depressed, while their spontaneous DNA synthesis was significantly increased. Preincubation of the cells to remove putative coating antibodies did not revert the response of patients' lymphocytes to normal values. The antibody-induced cell-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labelled chicken results demonstrate that cellular factors contribute to the depressed in vitro responses in active SLE, suggesting a wide defect of lymphocyte populations in this disease.", "PMID": 591106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3535", "title": "Relationship of serum total IgE and cell-mediated immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes have been shown to play a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis in the rat. Both anergy and elevated serum IgE levels may be present in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated by measurement of delayed skin test reactions with five common antigens. Serum IgE levels were determined at the same time. Impaired CMI was more prevalent in patients in stage III (13 of 15) and IV (15 of 19), as compared to patients in stage I and II (9 of 17). All 12 patients with elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 300 U/ml) had impaired CMI. These findings strongly suggest a relationship between impaired CMI and serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease patients.", "contents": "Relationship of serum total IgE and cell-mediated immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Thymus-derived lymphocytes have been shown to play a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis in the rat. Both anergy and elevated serum IgE levels may be present in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated by measurement of delayed skin test reactions with five common antigens. Serum IgE levels were determined at the same time. Impaired CMI was more prevalent in patients in stage III (13 of 15) and IV (15 of 19), as compared to patients in stage I and II (9 of 17). All 12 patients with elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 300 U/ml) had impaired CMI. These findings strongly suggest a relationship between impaired CMI and serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease patients.", "PMID": 591107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3536", "title": "Antineoplastic effects of long-term Trichinella spiralis infection on B-16 melanoma.", "content": "Oral infection of mice with Trichinella spiralis has been shown to induce a potentiation of the delayed hypersensitive (DTH) response to BCG. The present investigation was initiated to determine whether nematode-induced potentiation of DTH influenced the induction and progression of a transplantable mouse tumor. B6D2F1/J mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae 176 days preceding subcutaneous administration of 5 X 10(5) viable B-16 melanoma cells. The antineoplastic effects of long-term nematode infection were assessed by daily observation of the animals monitoring development and progression of neoplastic nodules. Control mice developed tumors by day 28 following tumor challenge, while none of the corresponding T. spiralis-infected animals demonstrated any signs of neoplasia. All control mice died within 60 days, while none of the nematode-infected animals developed detectable neoplasms. This phenomenon suggested that the presence of well-established larval cysts was capable of stimulating host antineoplastic activity.", "contents": "Antineoplastic effects of long-term Trichinella spiralis infection on B-16 melanoma. Oral infection of mice with Trichinella spiralis has been shown to induce a potentiation of the delayed hypersensitive (DTH) response to BCG. The present investigation was initiated to determine whether nematode-induced potentiation of DTH influenced the induction and progression of a transplantable mouse tumor. B6D2F1/J mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae 176 days preceding subcutaneous administration of 5 X 10(5) viable B-16 melanoma cells. The antineoplastic effects of long-term nematode infection were assessed by daily observation of the animals monitoring development and progression of neoplastic nodules. Control mice developed tumors by day 28 following tumor challenge, while none of the corresponding T. spiralis-infected animals demonstrated any signs of neoplasia. All control mice died within 60 days, while none of the nematode-infected animals developed detectable neoplasms. This phenomenon suggested that the presence of well-established larval cysts was capable of stimulating host antineoplastic activity.", "PMID": 591108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3537", "title": "In vitro responses of spleen cells from Trichinella spiralis-infected mice.", "content": "The in vitro cellular immune responses of spleen cells from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis and immunized with BCG have been investigated. ICR/CD-1 mice were originally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae 22 days prior to infection with 4 X 10(6) viable or heat-killed mycobacteria. Analysis of the splenic cell populations indicated that significant increases in adherent cells (macrophages) were noted only in groups previously infected with the nematode; the concentration of non-adherent cells (lymphocytes) did not vary insignificantly among any of the experimental groups. Assay of blast cell transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation demonstrated the ability of T. spiralis infection to potentiate in vitro cellular immune reactions. These findings support earlier in vivo studies concerning nematode-induced immunopotentiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and provide additional evidence that infection with this nematode enhances the immune capabilities of both stimulated lymphocytes and nonspecific phagocytic cells.", "contents": "In vitro responses of spleen cells from Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. The in vitro cellular immune responses of spleen cells from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis and immunized with BCG have been investigated. ICR/CD-1 mice were originally infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae 22 days prior to infection with 4 X 10(6) viable or heat-killed mycobacteria. Analysis of the splenic cell populations indicated that significant increases in adherent cells (macrophages) were noted only in groups previously infected with the nematode; the concentration of non-adherent cells (lymphocytes) did not vary insignificantly among any of the experimental groups. Assay of blast cell transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation demonstrated the ability of T. spiralis infection to potentiate in vitro cellular immune reactions. These findings support earlier in vivo studies concerning nematode-induced immunopotentiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and provide additional evidence that infection with this nematode enhances the immune capabilities of both stimulated lymphocytes and nonspecific phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 591109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3538", "title": "Host response to Treponema pallidum infection. I. Quantitative changes of lipids in rabbit organs.", "content": "Levels of phospholipids, glycolipids and cardiolipin were determined in various organs of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. The phospholipid levels on the second week of infection decreased significantly in the spleen but remained unchanged in other organs. During the same time, glycolipids decreased significantly in both kidney and heart. 3 days after infection, a brief but significant increase of cardiolipin in the spleen was observed. Heat-killed T. pallidum but not Treponema reiteri caused a similar effect. The possible implication of these changes in the immunopathology of syphilis is discussed.", "contents": "Host response to Treponema pallidum infection. I. Quantitative changes of lipids in rabbit organs. Levels of phospholipids, glycolipids and cardiolipin were determined in various organs of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. The phospholipid levels on the second week of infection decreased significantly in the spleen but remained unchanged in other organs. During the same time, glycolipids decreased significantly in both kidney and heart. 3 days after infection, a brief but significant increase of cardiolipin in the spleen was observed. Heat-killed T. pallidum but not Treponema reiteri caused a similar effect. The possible implication of these changes in the immunopathology of syphilis is discussed.", "PMID": 591110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3539", "title": "In vitro infection of murine macrophage by Leishmania brasiliensis. Mechanism of penetration.", "content": "The in vitro infection of peritoneal murine macrophages by a cultured pathogenic strain of Leishmania brasiliensis was studied. By phase contrast and light microscopy it could be observed that L. brasiliensis is rapidly endocytosed by the macrophages and localized in the cytoplasm in a vacuole inside which it multiplies. By phase contrast and electron microscopy it was observed that L. brasiliensis enters the macrophage by the anterior end through which it first attaches to the cell membrane. This penetration involves invagination of the cell membrane around the entering flagellum and parasite body. A mechanism of entry involving and active participation of the parasite membrane through receptor sites and membrane activity by the microfilament system is presented.", "contents": "In vitro infection of murine macrophage by Leishmania brasiliensis. Mechanism of penetration. The in vitro infection of peritoneal murine macrophages by a cultured pathogenic strain of Leishmania brasiliensis was studied. By phase contrast and light microscopy it could be observed that L. brasiliensis is rapidly endocytosed by the macrophages and localized in the cytoplasm in a vacuole inside which it multiplies. By phase contrast and electron microscopy it was observed that L. brasiliensis enters the macrophage by the anterior end through which it first attaches to the cell membrane. This penetration involves invagination of the cell membrane around the entering flagellum and parasite body. A mechanism of entry involving and active participation of the parasite membrane through receptor sites and membrane activity by the microfilament system is presented.", "PMID": 591111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3540", "title": "Specific antibody levels in the intestinal perfusates of Heligosomoides polygyrus-infected mice.", "content": "Radial immunodiffusion analysis was performed on intestinal perfusates from ICR/CD1 mice following oral infection and challenge with viable Heligosomoides polygyrus larvae. Infection of these mice resulted in an alteration in the amount and class of immunoglobulins, as well as anti-parasitic antibody. Specific IgA peaked at 3 days post-infection and then showed a gradual decline until day 21. This rapid elevation in IgA levels was temporally associated with early events in the parasite life cycle, and the increase in IgA was significantly higher in mice infected twice with H. polygyrus prior to challenge. Differences in both the concentrations and kinetics of specific IgA and IgG1 were also observed in the perfusates from these mice when compared to those noted for animals infected only once.", "contents": "Specific antibody levels in the intestinal perfusates of Heligosomoides polygyrus-infected mice. Radial immunodiffusion analysis was performed on intestinal perfusates from ICR/CD1 mice following oral infection and challenge with viable Heligosomoides polygyrus larvae. Infection of these mice resulted in an alteration in the amount and class of immunoglobulins, as well as anti-parasitic antibody. Specific IgA peaked at 3 days post-infection and then showed a gradual decline until day 21. This rapid elevation in IgA levels was temporally associated with early events in the parasite life cycle, and the increase in IgA was significantly higher in mice infected twice with H. polygyrus prior to challenge. Differences in both the concentrations and kinetics of specific IgA and IgG1 were also observed in the perfusates from these mice when compared to those noted for animals infected only once.", "PMID": 591112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3541", "title": "Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigens.", "content": "A profound and long-lasting state of specific immune unresponsiveness may be induced in adult inbred mice given a single dose of protein immunogens--such as ovalbumin or hemocyanin--by the digestive route. The degree of unresponsiveness induced by intragastric exposure to ovalbumin could not be achieved by intravenous injection of deaggregated ovalbumin solutions across a wide range of doses. Unresponsiveness induced by intragastric exposure to hapten-protein conjugates is specific to the carrier protein.", "contents": "Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigens. A profound and long-lasting state of specific immune unresponsiveness may be induced in adult inbred mice given a single dose of protein immunogens--such as ovalbumin or hemocyanin--by the digestive route. The degree of unresponsiveness induced by intragastric exposure to ovalbumin could not be achieved by intravenous injection of deaggregated ovalbumin solutions across a wide range of doses. Unresponsiveness induced by intragastric exposure to hapten-protein conjugates is specific to the carrier protein.", "PMID": 591113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3542", "title": "Reaginic immune response to tree pollen antigen in LBN rats.", "content": "The immunogenicity and cross-antigenicity of ten common tree pollen allergens were studied in LBN rats. The rats produced IgE antibodies to each of the allergens used (maple, willow, poplar, ash, oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, birch, and elm), yet the allergens had extremely limited cross-reactivity. The possible explanation for the limited cross-antigenicity is discussed.", "contents": "Reaginic immune response to tree pollen antigen in LBN rats. The immunogenicity and cross-antigenicity of ten common tree pollen allergens were studied in LBN rats. The rats produced IgE antibodies to each of the allergens used (maple, willow, poplar, ash, oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, birch, and elm), yet the allergens had extremely limited cross-reactivity. The possible explanation for the limited cross-antigenicity is discussed.", "PMID": 591114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3543", "title": "Multiple myeloma, IgA cryoglobulinemia and serum hyperviscosity in a dog.", "content": "Clinical signs of hyperviscosity syndrome in a 6-year-old dog included listlessness, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, and recurrent bleeding from the gums. Fundoscopy showed the typical retinal changes associated with this syndrome. A polymeric IgA cryoglobulin characterized in the dog's serum was later isolated and structurally studied. It was found to contain J chain but no secretory component. The heavy and light chains were covalently bound.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma, IgA cryoglobulinemia and serum hyperviscosity in a dog. Clinical signs of hyperviscosity syndrome in a 6-year-old dog included listlessness, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, and recurrent bleeding from the gums. Fundoscopy showed the typical retinal changes associated with this syndrome. A polymeric IgA cryoglobulin characterized in the dog's serum was later isolated and structurally studied. It was found to contain J chain but no secretory component. The heavy and light chains were covalently bound.", "PMID": 591115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3544", "title": "Anaphylactoid responses in rats.", "content": "The relative activities of dextran, mannan and ovomucoid as agents inducing anaphylactoid responses in rats vary with the route of injection, mannan being the most active especially by the intradermal route. All of these responses are potentiated by pretreatment with insulin and inhibited by glucose. Carrageenan and concanavalin A are also active but only by the subcutaneous route. Whereas the concanavalin A response is potentiated by insulin, that of carrageenan is reduced. There are therefore at least three classes of agents capable of inducing anaphylactoid responses in rats.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid responses in rats. The relative activities of dextran, mannan and ovomucoid as agents inducing anaphylactoid responses in rats vary with the route of injection, mannan being the most active especially by the intradermal route. All of these responses are potentiated by pretreatment with insulin and inhibited by glucose. Carrageenan and concanavalin A are also active but only by the subcutaneous route. Whereas the concanavalin A response is potentiated by insulin, that of carrageenan is reduced. There are therefore at least three classes of agents capable of inducing anaphylactoid responses in rats.", "PMID": 591116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3545", "title": "HLA in primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigen typing was carried out in 50 Caucasian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 50 Caucasian ocular-normotensive subjects. HLA-A 3 was present in 46%, B7 in 52%, B12 in 50%, and either B7 or B12 in 88% of p,tients with POAG. These prevalences in POAG patients were significantly greater than in ocular-normotensive subjects (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.0005, p less than 0.001, and p less than less than 0.0005, respectively). The prevalences of A 3-B 7, A 3-B 12 and either combination were also significantly greater in POAG patients than in the ocular normotensives (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, and p less than 0.0005, respectively). HLA-BW 35 was noted to be in deficit in Caucasian POAG patients (8%) as compared to Caucasian ocular normotensives (32%; p less than 0.01).", "contents": "HLA in primary open-angle glaucoma. Histocompatibility antigen typing was carried out in 50 Caucasian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 50 Caucasian ocular-normotensive subjects. HLA-A 3 was present in 46%, B7 in 52%, B12 in 50%, and either B7 or B12 in 88% of p,tients with POAG. These prevalences in POAG patients were significantly greater than in ocular-normotensive subjects (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.0005, p less than 0.001, and p less than less than 0.0005, respectively). The prevalences of A 3-B 7, A 3-B 12 and either combination were also significantly greater in POAG patients than in the ocular normotensives (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, and p less than 0.0005, respectively). HLA-BW 35 was noted to be in deficit in Caucasian POAG patients (8%) as compared to Caucasian ocular normotensives (32%; p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 591117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3546", "title": "Effect of thymectomy on lymphocyte subpopulations in the pig. Demonstration of a thymus-dependent 'null' cell.", "content": "Thymectomy in neonatal pigs results in marked lymphopenia. Surface Ig immunofluorescence, Fc rosettes and SRBC rosettes have been used to identify blood lymphocyte subpopulations. There was no marked reduction in numbers of cells in these subpopulations after thymectomy, although their proportion increased. This change was explained by a 90% reduction in 'null' lymphocytes, defined as those lacking sIg and Dextran SRBC receptor, which comprised 30-45% of blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of thymectomy on lymphocyte subpopulations in the pig. Demonstration of a thymus-dependent 'null' cell. Thymectomy in neonatal pigs results in marked lymphopenia. Surface Ig immunofluorescence, Fc rosettes and SRBC rosettes have been used to identify blood lymphocyte subpopulations. There was no marked reduction in numbers of cells in these subpopulations after thymectomy, although their proportion increased. This change was explained by a 90% reduction in 'null' lymphocytes, defined as those lacking sIg and Dextran SRBC receptor, which comprised 30-45% of blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 591118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3547", "title": "A method of fitting non-symmetric Gompertz functions for characterising malignant growth.", "content": "A basic symmetrically asymptotic Gompertz equation was extended to account for more complex growth and life-table data. This extended Gompertz or non-symmetric asymptotic regression equation was found to be suitable for fitting a large variety of data exhibiting growth and experimentally-induced regression effects expressed in the same curve. The statistical and computational properties of this fitting function are discussed in theory and example.", "contents": "A method of fitting non-symmetric Gompertz functions for characterising malignant growth. A basic symmetrically asymptotic Gompertz equation was extended to account for more complex growth and life-table data. This extended Gompertz or non-symmetric asymptotic regression equation was found to be suitable for fitting a large variety of data exhibiting growth and experimentally-induced regression effects expressed in the same curve. The statistical and computational properties of this fitting function are discussed in theory and example.", "PMID": 591119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3548", "title": "Hospital activity analysis: a source of information about serial hospital admissions.", "content": "This paper describes a method for linking serial hospital admissions for the same patient on the basis of existing Hospital Activity Analysis data. Details are given of a linkage procedure suitable for use with a computer, which takes account of possible errors in the recording of items of personal information. Applications of the procedure to give the clinician better access to information about previous hospital admissions and as a basis for monitoring the effectiveness of particular hospital-based procedures are described.", "contents": "Hospital activity analysis: a source of information about serial hospital admissions. This paper describes a method for linking serial hospital admissions for the same patient on the basis of existing Hospital Activity Analysis data. Details are given of a linkage procedure suitable for use with a computer, which takes account of possible errors in the recording of items of personal information. Applications of the procedure to give the clinician better access to information about previous hospital admissions and as a basis for monitoring the effectiveness of particular hospital-based procedures are described.", "PMID": 591120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3549", "title": "Application of Kendall's partial tau to a problem in accident analysis.", "content": "Kendall's partial rank correlation coefficient is suggested as a method of nonparametric analysis of covariance when the independent variable of interest is dichotomous.", "contents": "Application of Kendall's partial tau to a problem in accident analysis. Kendall's partial rank correlation coefficient is suggested as a method of nonparametric analysis of covariance when the independent variable of interest is dichotomous.", "PMID": 591121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3550", "title": "On the visualisation of nonstationarities in point processes.", "content": "A method is described for graphically presenting interval data, such as neural interspike intervals or electrocardiographic R-R intervals, in a form that facilitates the identification of nonstationaries. The method is essentially a plot of isoprobability contours of the cumulative interval histogram, as functions of time. A sequential algorithm is used for updating the contour-line positions. This display is used in an interactive system for visually identifying nonstationarities, and for subsequently comparing selected segments of the data quantitatively using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.", "contents": "On the visualisation of nonstationarities in point processes. A method is described for graphically presenting interval data, such as neural interspike intervals or electrocardiographic R-R intervals, in a form that facilitates the identification of nonstationaries. The method is essentially a plot of isoprobability contours of the cumulative interval histogram, as functions of time. A sequential algorithm is used for updating the contour-line positions. This display is used in an interactive system for visually identifying nonstationarities, and for subsequently comparing selected segments of the data quantitatively using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.", "PMID": 591122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3551", "title": "Automatisation of a localising technique in aphasia based upon averaged evoked potentials.", "content": "Averaged evoked potentials were utilised as a localising technique in aphasia. Based on a set of measurements extracted from various evoked potentials, subjects from four diagnostic categories were correctly classified in more than 70% of the cases. The measurements were derived from amplitudes and latencies of significant peaks which were selected by human judgement from plots of the recorded evoked potentials. An algorithm has been developed which simulates the manual procedure and reduces the processing time per patient by several magnitudes. The automated method yields results which are more consistent with expected results than those from the manual method. The percentage of correct classification is in both cases essentially the same.", "contents": "Automatisation of a localising technique in aphasia based upon averaged evoked potentials. Averaged evoked potentials were utilised as a localising technique in aphasia. Based on a set of measurements extracted from various evoked potentials, subjects from four diagnostic categories were correctly classified in more than 70% of the cases. The measurements were derived from amplitudes and latencies of significant peaks which were selected by human judgement from plots of the recorded evoked potentials. An algorithm has been developed which simulates the manual procedure and reduces the processing time per patient by several magnitudes. The automated method yields results which are more consistent with expected results than those from the manual method. The percentage of correct classification is in both cases essentially the same.", "PMID": 591123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3552", "title": "Increase in immunogenicity of a pulmonary squamous-cell carcinoma, propagated in vitro.", "content": "The chemically induced, non-immunogenic lung squamous-cell carcinoma (MSC-10) propagated in vitro gradually loses tumorigenicity in immunocompetent hosts with increasing in vitro passage. This was found to be related to an increase in antigenicity, since immunosuppressed hosts (thymectomy plus 600 rads whole body X-irradiation) supported the growth of tumor cells, whereas immunocompetent recipients did not. The antigens involved in rejection are not heterologous serum proteins present in culture media since the cell line grown in isologous serum is also rejected. Immunization with the in vitro tumor line partially protected against the parental in vivo line, therefore the antigens involved must be present on both tumor lines. Inoculation of the cultured cell line into normal or immunosuppressed hosts produced tumors with the same histological characteristics as those of the in vivo tumor line. We concluded that by in vitro culture the weakly antigenic carcinoma becomes more immunogenic and thereby capable of inducing transplantation resistance. The cultured tumor cells retain their antigenic specificity and histologic characteristics while increasing their antigenic potency.", "contents": "Increase in immunogenicity of a pulmonary squamous-cell carcinoma, propagated in vitro. The chemically induced, non-immunogenic lung squamous-cell carcinoma (MSC-10) propagated in vitro gradually loses tumorigenicity in immunocompetent hosts with increasing in vitro passage. This was found to be related to an increase in antigenicity, since immunosuppressed hosts (thymectomy plus 600 rads whole body X-irradiation) supported the growth of tumor cells, whereas immunocompetent recipients did not. The antigens involved in rejection are not heterologous serum proteins present in culture media since the cell line grown in isologous serum is also rejected. Immunization with the in vitro tumor line partially protected against the parental in vivo line, therefore the antigens involved must be present on both tumor lines. Inoculation of the cultured cell line into normal or immunosuppressed hosts produced tumors with the same histological characteristics as those of the in vivo tumor line. We concluded that by in vitro culture the weakly antigenic carcinoma becomes more immunogenic and thereby capable of inducing transplantation resistance. The cultured tumor cells retain their antigenic specificity and histologic characteristics while increasing their antigenic potency.", "PMID": 591125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3553", "title": "Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates.", "content": "The high incidence of lung cancer in Chinese females in Singapore, especially among those belonging to the Cantonese dialect group, and the relatively high rates in Chinese males have been studied by means of interviews of cases and controls. A significant dose-response effect of cigarette smoking was found for all male and female groups, but neither smoking nor any other exposure explains the high incidence of lung cancer observed in Cantonese females who exhibit high rates of adenocarcinoma appraently unrelated to smoking. In general, persons with a low consumption of green vegetables were at higher risk for lung cancer. This finding might be due to an increased susceptibility in the presence of a relative deficiency of vitamin A.", "contents": "Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates. The high incidence of lung cancer in Chinese females in Singapore, especially among those belonging to the Cantonese dialect group, and the relatively high rates in Chinese males have been studied by means of interviews of cases and controls. A significant dose-response effect of cigarette smoking was found for all male and female groups, but neither smoking nor any other exposure explains the high incidence of lung cancer observed in Cantonese females who exhibit high rates of adenocarcinoma appraently unrelated to smoking. In general, persons with a low consumption of green vegetables were at higher risk for lung cancer. This finding might be due to an increased susceptibility in the presence of a relative deficiency of vitamin A.", "PMID": 591126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3554", "title": "In vitro assessment of immunocompetence in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Ninety-four patients with malignant melanoma and 96 healthy controls were tested for lymphocyte proliferative capacity in a microblastogenesis assay. Each lymphocyte sample was assayed for incorporation of (3H)thymidine after stimulation with PHA, PWM, Con A (two doses), PPD, and allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC). MLC was the only assay that revealed a substantial and significant difference between the melanoma patients and controls. Almost all assays showed lower values in patients with more advanced disease. However, it was not possible to accurately predict clinical outcome from data obtained from in vitro immunocompetence tests. These results indicate the relatively limited clinical usefulness of assays of lymphocyte proliferative capacity in melanoma patients.", "contents": "In vitro assessment of immunocompetence in patients with malignant melanoma. Ninety-four patients with malignant melanoma and 96 healthy controls were tested for lymphocyte proliferative capacity in a microblastogenesis assay. Each lymphocyte sample was assayed for incorporation of (3H)thymidine after stimulation with PHA, PWM, Con A (two doses), PPD, and allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC). MLC was the only assay that revealed a substantial and significant difference between the melanoma patients and controls. Almost all assays showed lower values in patients with more advanced disease. However, it was not possible to accurately predict clinical outcome from data obtained from in vitro immunocompetence tests. These results indicate the relatively limited clinical usefulness of assays of lymphocyte proliferative capacity in melanoma patients.", "PMID": 591127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3555", "title": "Human tumour--lymphocyte interaction in vitro. V. Comparison of the reactivity of tumour-infiltrating, blood and lymph-node lymphocytes with autologous tumour cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes prepared from the blood, tumour-draining lymph node and tumour were tested for immune reactivity with freshly isolated autologous tumour cells from biopsies. Reactivity was assessed by the autologous tumour stimulation assay and by lymphocytotoxicity. Activity was found in 6/11 blood preparations, 7/10 lymph nodes and 1/7 tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in tumour stimulation assays and in 6/19 blood, 8/18 lymph-node and 5/20 tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cytotoxicity assays. Tests with material from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma showed a higher frequency of cytotoxicity in the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes than in other solid tumours. There was a correlation between results of the two assays when performed on the same preparations and between the levels of reactivity in lymph node and blood from the same patient. Cytotoxicity in the lymph nodes showed specificity in that cells from a long-term culture (K562) known to be sensitive to natural killer activity and from allogeneic tumour biopsies were only rarely damaged. Cytotoxicity against K562 was more frequently determined in blood lymphocytes. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were non-reactive in patients when the blood and lymph-node lymphocytes were active.", "contents": "Human tumour--lymphocyte interaction in vitro. V. Comparison of the reactivity of tumour-infiltrating, blood and lymph-node lymphocytes with autologous tumour cells. Lymphocytes prepared from the blood, tumour-draining lymph node and tumour were tested for immune reactivity with freshly isolated autologous tumour cells from biopsies. Reactivity was assessed by the autologous tumour stimulation assay and by lymphocytotoxicity. Activity was found in 6/11 blood preparations, 7/10 lymph nodes and 1/7 tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in tumour stimulation assays and in 6/19 blood, 8/18 lymph-node and 5/20 tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cytotoxicity assays. Tests with material from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma showed a higher frequency of cytotoxicity in the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes than in other solid tumours. There was a correlation between results of the two assays when performed on the same preparations and between the levels of reactivity in lymph node and blood from the same patient. Cytotoxicity in the lymph nodes showed specificity in that cells from a long-term culture (K562) known to be sensitive to natural killer activity and from allogeneic tumour biopsies were only rarely damaged. Cytotoxicity against K562 was more frequently determined in blood lymphocytes. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were non-reactive in patients when the blood and lymph-node lymphocytes were active.", "PMID": 591128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3556", "title": "C. parvum immuntherapy of transplanted rat tumours.", "content": "C.parvum (Wellcome CN 6134) has been tested for tumour suppression against a range of syngeneically transplanted rat tumours, both carcinogen-induced and of spontaneous origin. Subcutaneous growth was not prevented by distant subcutaneous or intravenous injection of the preparation, although growth rates were sometimes depressed or accelerated. In contrast, C. parvum injected in admixture with tumour cells consistently suppressed their growth and with highly immunogenic tumours induced systemic tumour immunity, C. parvum injected intravenously retarded development of pulmonary tumour deposits, and intrapleural injection suppressed growth of pleural tumours and malignant effusions. Host immunosuppression failed to abrogate the tumour-suppressive effect of locally applied C. parvum, but host macrophage depletion with silica totally abolished the response. These studies indicate that in the rat, tumour suppression is most consistently achieved by regional application of C. parvum, and that this response is more dependent upon local macrophage stimulation than generation of systemic immune responses.", "contents": "C. parvum immuntherapy of transplanted rat tumours. C.parvum (Wellcome CN 6134) has been tested for tumour suppression against a range of syngeneically transplanted rat tumours, both carcinogen-induced and of spontaneous origin. Subcutaneous growth was not prevented by distant subcutaneous or intravenous injection of the preparation, although growth rates were sometimes depressed or accelerated. In contrast, C. parvum injected in admixture with tumour cells consistently suppressed their growth and with highly immunogenic tumours induced systemic tumour immunity, C. parvum injected intravenously retarded development of pulmonary tumour deposits, and intrapleural injection suppressed growth of pleural tumours and malignant effusions. Host immunosuppression failed to abrogate the tumour-suppressive effect of locally applied C. parvum, but host macrophage depletion with silica totally abolished the response. These studies indicate that in the rat, tumour suppression is most consistently achieved by regional application of C. parvum, and that this response is more dependent upon local macrophage stimulation than generation of systemic immune responses.", "PMID": 591131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3557", "title": "The effect of chronic protozoan infection by Babesia rodhaini on leukemogenesis in mice.", "content": "The effect of chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Babesia rodhaini on the subsequent development of mouse leukemia was investigated in three different murine leukemia-lymphoma model systems: congenital lymphoma (in AKR mice), irradiation-induced lymphoma (in C57BL mice), and Rauscher-virus-induced leukemia in NMRI mice. Leukemia incidence was significantly greater than in controls in Babesia-infected (NMRI strain) mice that had been infected with an adjusted dose of Rauscher leukemia virus.", "contents": "The effect of chronic protozoan infection by Babesia rodhaini on leukemogenesis in mice. The effect of chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Babesia rodhaini on the subsequent development of mouse leukemia was investigated in three different murine leukemia-lymphoma model systems: congenital lymphoma (in AKR mice), irradiation-induced lymphoma (in C57BL mice), and Rauscher-virus-induced leukemia in NMRI mice. Leukemia incidence was significantly greater than in controls in Babesia-infected (NMRI strain) mice that had been infected with an adjusted dose of Rauscher leukemia virus.", "PMID": 591132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3558", "title": "Is on-site urine testing of therapeutic value in a methadone treatment program?", "content": "Patients in a methadone maintenance clinic were randomly assigned to two groups: one to have urine tests on-site (by the EMIT system) with immediate feedback of results to patients and staff; the other to have urine specimens sent away to an offsite laboratory for testing by thin-layer chromatography. Although other advantages might justify the adoption of on-site testing in methadone programs, the method appeared to have little or no therapeutic advantage over customary off-site testing. There were negligibly small differences between the groups with respect to illicit drug use.", "contents": "Is on-site urine testing of therapeutic value in a methadone treatment program? Patients in a methadone maintenance clinic were randomly assigned to two groups: one to have urine tests on-site (by the EMIT system) with immediate feedback of results to patients and staff; the other to have urine specimens sent away to an offsite laboratory for testing by thin-layer chromatography. Although other advantages might justify the adoption of on-site testing in methadone programs, the method appeared to have little or no therapeutic advantage over customary off-site testing. There were negligibly small differences between the groups with respect to illicit drug use.", "PMID": 591135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3559", "title": "An investigation of the feasibility of predicting outcome indices in the treatment of heroid addiction.", "content": "An exploratory study employing multiple linear regression techniques was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting outcome indices in the treatment of heroin addiction. Demographic and biographic intake variables were obtained for heroin addicts prior to treatment in one of two different types of residential treatment programs. Length of treatment, further categorized into \"split-stay\" categories, was chosen as the criterion because of its importance from the standpoint of program management. Subsequent stepwise regression procedures resulted in 11 variables of sufficient predictability to account for approximately 30% of the variability in the split-stay criterion. The employment of the derived equation resulted in correct classification in approximately 75% of the cases. This was beyond what could have been predicted by chance alone or from the knowledge of the observed split-stay ratio. A clear demonstration of the feasibility of the model was obtained; however, as to its utility, implementation in the actual treatment setting would be required. Implications for the use of this type of prediction model were discussed.", "contents": "An investigation of the feasibility of predicting outcome indices in the treatment of heroid addiction. An exploratory study employing multiple linear regression techniques was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting outcome indices in the treatment of heroin addiction. Demographic and biographic intake variables were obtained for heroin addicts prior to treatment in one of two different types of residential treatment programs. Length of treatment, further categorized into \"split-stay\" categories, was chosen as the criterion because of its importance from the standpoint of program management. Subsequent stepwise regression procedures resulted in 11 variables of sufficient predictability to account for approximately 30% of the variability in the split-stay criterion. The employment of the derived equation resulted in correct classification in approximately 75% of the cases. This was beyond what could have been predicted by chance alone or from the knowledge of the observed split-stay ratio. A clear demonstration of the feasibility of the model was obtained; however, as to its utility, implementation in the actual treatment setting would be required. Implications for the use of this type of prediction model were discussed.", "PMID": 591136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3560", "title": "Behavior therapy: a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice.", "content": "Behavior therapy appears a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice, reporting effective pilot studies utilizing such techniques as token economy, aversive conditioning, relaxation training, contract writing, covert conditioning, and combinative approaches. Behavior therapy appears to merit considerable investment of funds, time, and facilities to design and to execute carefully controlled research studies with systematic follow-up. Behavioral research and treatment is also consistent with presently available diagnostic techniques--the highly structured interview and the Synanon Game--and seems eminently applicable in specific work sites, to problems of staff selection and training, and to patient screening problems.", "contents": "Behavior therapy: a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice. Behavior therapy appears a promising drug abuse treatment and research approach of choice, reporting effective pilot studies utilizing such techniques as token economy, aversive conditioning, relaxation training, contract writing, covert conditioning, and combinative approaches. Behavior therapy appears to merit considerable investment of funds, time, and facilities to design and to execute carefully controlled research studies with systematic follow-up. Behavioral research and treatment is also consistent with presently available diagnostic techniques--the highly structured interview and the Synanon Game--and seems eminently applicable in specific work sites, to problems of staff selection and training, and to patient screening problems.", "PMID": 591137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3561", "title": "Construction of outcome scales measuring addicts' community functioning.", "content": "The current status of research in chemical abuse has depended heavily on unreliable cure rate as a criterion measure. This study was designed to construct reliable and valid quantitative outcome scales. One hundred and eighteen true-false items, all indicating changeable criterion behaviors, were written and administered to 154 hospitalized chemical abusers and 93 staff members. Clinical and factorial manipulation were employed to delete unwanted items. Tentatively, three scales of 41 items were derived, namely, Personal/Economic Independence, Chemical Use, and Job Satisfaction.", "contents": "Construction of outcome scales measuring addicts' community functioning. The current status of research in chemical abuse has depended heavily on unreliable cure rate as a criterion measure. This study was designed to construct reliable and valid quantitative outcome scales. One hundred and eighteen true-false items, all indicating changeable criterion behaviors, were written and administered to 154 hospitalized chemical abusers and 93 staff members. Clinical and factorial manipulation were employed to delete unwanted items. Tentatively, three scales of 41 items were derived, namely, Personal/Economic Independence, Chemical Use, and Job Satisfaction.", "PMID": 591138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3562", "title": "Problems of methadone diversion and implications for control.", "content": "With the expansion of methadone maintenance there has been an increase in accidental ingestion and related deaths. This is at least partially due to programs involving take-home methadone. The use of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), a congener of methadone that suppresses withdrawal for up to 72 hours, may reduce diversion and accidental overdose.", "contents": "Problems of methadone diversion and implications for control. With the expansion of methadone maintenance there has been an increase in accidental ingestion and related deaths. This is at least partially due to programs involving take-home methadone. The use of 1-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), a congener of methadone that suppresses withdrawal for up to 72 hours, may reduce diversion and accidental overdose.", "PMID": 591140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3563", "title": "Detoxification from methadone maintenance: the state of the art.", "content": "The reasons for successful withdrawal from methadone maintenance remain to be clarified. The theories, methods, and outcome of methadone maintenance withdrawal are reviewed, and it is concluded that successful withdrawal is possible for at least a sizable minority.", "contents": "Detoxification from methadone maintenance: the state of the art. The reasons for successful withdrawal from methadone maintenance remain to be clarified. The theories, methods, and outcome of methadone maintenance withdrawal are reviewed, and it is concluded that successful withdrawal is possible for at least a sizable minority.", "PMID": 591141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3564", "title": "Evaluation methodology.", "content": "The results of several large methadone maintenance programs are reviewed and the outcome measures used are analyzed. Criteria measures were often vague and sometimes not defined. Many studies base their findings on unverified patient self-reports because costs for more reliable and systematic data collection are prohibitive. Available data does not allow for resolution of the pro- or antimethadone maintenance views for treatment of heroin addiction.", "contents": "Evaluation methodology. The results of several large methadone maintenance programs are reviewed and the outcome measures used are analyzed. Criteria measures were often vague and sometimes not defined. Many studies base their findings on unverified patient self-reports because costs for more reliable and systematic data collection are prohibitive. Available data does not allow for resolution of the pro- or antimethadone maintenance views for treatment of heroin addiction.", "PMID": 591142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3565", "title": "Clinical aspects of the use of narcotic antagonists: the state of the art.", "content": "The clinical application of narcotic antagonists would theoretically be of value to several major groups of users. However, while it is clear that supportive services are needed, these services have not been defined by controlled studies.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of the use of narcotic antagonists: the state of the art. The clinical application of narcotic antagonists would theoretically be of value to several major groups of users. However, while it is clear that supportive services are needed, these services have not been defined by controlled studies.", "PMID": 591143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3566", "title": "Prospects, problems, side effects, and safety of narcotic antagonists.", "content": "The use of the narcotic antagonists naltrexone, naloxone, and cyclazocine is reviewed with attention being given to their prospects, problems, side effects, and safety.", "contents": "Prospects, problems, side effects, and safety of narcotic antagonists. The use of the narcotic antagonists naltrexone, naloxone, and cyclazocine is reviewed with attention being given to their prospects, problems, side effects, and safety.", "PMID": 591144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3567", "title": "Heroin detoxification with acupuncture and electrical stimulation.", "content": "Acupuncture with electrical stimulation is a feasible nonchemical method for detoxification of heroin addicts, with particular limitations as regards to heavy users. Short-term follow-up seems to indicate reversion to heroin is comparable to other detoxification methods. It could be of great interest to study the effect of easily available postdetoxification maintenance acupuncture as an alternative to heroin. Withdrawal symptoms are relieved in a hierarchial manner with apparent parasympathetically mediated symptoms subsiding first, and frequently with incomplete resolution of bone and joint pain.", "contents": "Heroin detoxification with acupuncture and electrical stimulation. Acupuncture with electrical stimulation is a feasible nonchemical method for detoxification of heroin addicts, with particular limitations as regards to heavy users. Short-term follow-up seems to indicate reversion to heroin is comparable to other detoxification methods. It could be of great interest to study the effect of easily available postdetoxification maintenance acupuncture as an alternative to heroin. Withdrawal symptoms are relieved in a hierarchial manner with apparent parasympathetically mediated symptoms subsiding first, and frequently with incomplete resolution of bone and joint pain.", "PMID": 591145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3568", "title": "Evaluation of the 21-day outpatient heroin detoxification.", "content": "There is a paucity of studies in the literature documenting failure rates of outpatient detoxification from heroin. This study reports on the results of the 21-day ambulatory treatment program at the Miami Veterans Administration Hospital. Heroin users with less than a 2-year history of opiate use must complete the detoxification process within 21 days according to federal regulations. The results of this study indicate 100% \"unsuccessful drug rehabilitation\" utilizing the 21-day outpatient detoxification treatment modality, a finding similar to studies conducted to evaluate results of inpatient methadone treatment programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of the 21-day outpatient heroin detoxification. There is a paucity of studies in the literature documenting failure rates of outpatient detoxification from heroin. This study reports on the results of the 21-day ambulatory treatment program at the Miami Veterans Administration Hospital. Heroin users with less than a 2-year history of opiate use must complete the detoxification process within 21 days according to federal regulations. The results of this study indicate 100% \"unsuccessful drug rehabilitation\" utilizing the 21-day outpatient detoxification treatment modality, a finding similar to studies conducted to evaluate results of inpatient methadone treatment programs.", "PMID": 591146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3569", "title": "The causes of heroin addiction-- a review of the literature. Part II.", "content": "Theories on the causes of heroin addiction are reviewed in this two part article. Part II reviews the literature that considers the family of the addict and the stepping stone theory.", "contents": "The causes of heroin addiction-- a review of the literature. Part II. Theories on the causes of heroin addiction are reviewed in this two part article. Part II reviews the literature that considers the family of the addict and the stepping stone theory.", "PMID": 591147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3570", "title": "Treatment experiences of alcoholic patients: an analysis of five residential alcoholism programs.", "content": "Five different residential alcoholism programs were studied to determine the influence of patient attributes on the treatment process. The relationship between patient characteristics and treatment experiences was analyzed separately for each of the five programs. There was no systematic relationship between patient characteristics and the kind or extent of treatment patients received or length of patient stay in treatment. The authors recommend more attention be paid to the type and intensity of treatment in relation to patient characteristics and a routine evaluation of program effectiveness.", "contents": "Treatment experiences of alcoholic patients: an analysis of five residential alcoholism programs. Five different residential alcoholism programs were studied to determine the influence of patient attributes on the treatment process. The relationship between patient characteristics and treatment experiences was analyzed separately for each of the five programs. There was no systematic relationship between patient characteristics and the kind or extent of treatment patients received or length of patient stay in treatment. The authors recommend more attention be paid to the type and intensity of treatment in relation to patient characteristics and a routine evaluation of program effectiveness.", "PMID": 591148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3571", "title": "The believability of the media as sources of information on drugs.", "content": "Based on an analysis of data gathered by a school drug survey given to junior and senior high school students in a middle-class community in the spring 1974, important differences were found to exist in the believability of various sources of drug information. Overall, comparisons indicate that friend, expert (e.g., doctor, staff member of a drug program), and ex-user drug information sources are perceived to be more credible than pamphlets, newspapers/magazines, radio, and television. Among the media, pamphlets were felt to be most believable. Examination of the believability in the media as sources of drug information by youngsters with varying substance use behavior found that the more students are involved with substances, the less credible they percieve the media to be.", "contents": "The believability of the media as sources of information on drugs. Based on an analysis of data gathered by a school drug survey given to junior and senior high school students in a middle-class community in the spring 1974, important differences were found to exist in the believability of various sources of drug information. Overall, comparisons indicate that friend, expert (e.g., doctor, staff member of a drug program), and ex-user drug information sources are perceived to be more credible than pamphlets, newspapers/magazines, radio, and television. Among the media, pamphlets were felt to be most believable. Examination of the believability in the media as sources of drug information by youngsters with varying substance use behavior found that the more students are involved with substances, the less credible they percieve the media to be.", "PMID": 591149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3572", "title": "Dimensions of marijuana use in a midwest Catholic university: subcultural considerations.", "content": "Theorists and researchers for over two decades have indicated repeatedly that marijuana use by college students has a subculture base. Crucial here is the impact that the subculture has on its members' identities, values, attitudes, and belief patterns. While it may be true that not all members of a subculture evidence the same commitment to a subculture's attitudinal and normative patterns, nonetheless they share common patterns and the more an individual becomes involved, the more he manifests these subcultural patterns. Explorations of this subculture rationale are conducted utilizing a trichotomy of marijuana type users. The findings lend support more to the theoretical notion of subculture intervention as a threshold variable than a continuum variable.", "contents": "Dimensions of marijuana use in a midwest Catholic university: subcultural considerations. Theorists and researchers for over two decades have indicated repeatedly that marijuana use by college students has a subculture base. Crucial here is the impact that the subculture has on its members' identities, values, attitudes, and belief patterns. While it may be true that not all members of a subculture evidence the same commitment to a subculture's attitudinal and normative patterns, nonetheless they share common patterns and the more an individual becomes involved, the more he manifests these subcultural patterns. Explorations of this subculture rationale are conducted utilizing a trichotomy of marijuana type users. The findings lend support more to the theoretical notion of subculture intervention as a threshold variable than a continuum variable.", "PMID": 591150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3573", "title": "Computerized EEG analysis for studying the effect of drugs on the central nervous system.", "content": "Samples of our experience in quantitative pharmaco-EEG are reviewed to discuss and define its applicability and limits. Simple processing systems, such as the computation of Hjorth's descriptors, are useful for on-line monitoring of drug-induced EEG modifications which are evident also at the visual visual analysis. Power spectral analysis is suitable to identify and quantify EEG effects not evident at the visual inspection. It demonstrated how the EEG effects of compounds in a long-acting formulation vary according to the sampling time and the explored cerebral area. EEG modifications not detected by power spectral analysis can be defined by comparing statistically (F test) the spectral values of the EEG from a single lead at the different samples (longitudinal comparison), or the spectral values from different leads at any sample (intrahemispheric comparison). The presently available procedures of quantitative pharmaco-EEG are effective when applied to the study of mutltilead EEG recordings in a statistically significant sample of population. They do not seem reliable in the monitoring of directing of neuropyschiatric therapies in single patients, due to individual variability of drug effects.", "contents": "Computerized EEG analysis for studying the effect of drugs on the central nervous system. Samples of our experience in quantitative pharmaco-EEG are reviewed to discuss and define its applicability and limits. Simple processing systems, such as the computation of Hjorth's descriptors, are useful for on-line monitoring of drug-induced EEG modifications which are evident also at the visual visual analysis. Power spectral analysis is suitable to identify and quantify EEG effects not evident at the visual inspection. It demonstrated how the EEG effects of compounds in a long-acting formulation vary according to the sampling time and the explored cerebral area. EEG modifications not detected by power spectral analysis can be defined by comparing statistically (F test) the spectral values of the EEG from a single lead at the different samples (longitudinal comparison), or the spectral values from different leads at any sample (intrahemispheric comparison). The presently available procedures of quantitative pharmaco-EEG are effective when applied to the study of mutltilead EEG recordings in a statistically significant sample of population. They do not seem reliable in the monitoring of directing of neuropyschiatric therapies in single patients, due to individual variability of drug effects.", "PMID": 591161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3574", "title": "[Effect of chlortetracycline on the peptide spectrum of rat serum].", "content": "Application of chlortetracycline in rats resulted in the occurence of certain peptides in the blood-serum, which could not be detected in the serum of an untreated control group. These results were obtained by means of high voltage electrophoresis and paper electrophoresis of the serum of rats which was analyzed 1,3, and 13 hours respectively after a single dose of 50 mg chlortetracycline per 100 g body weight in comparison to an untreated control group. The new peptides could be found in the slight alkaline range 1 and 3 hours after application of chlortetracycline and in the strong acidic area of the electrochromatogram 13 hours thereafter. A more detailed investigation of the new peptides could demonstrate that the number of the following amino acids was reduced in the peptide chains after chlortetracycline: leucine, valine, serine, arginine, and lysine. On the other hand, amino acids, such as citrulline, sarcosine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, and ornithine, could be found which are normally not present in proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of chlortetracycline on the peptide spectrum of rat serum]. Application of chlortetracycline in rats resulted in the occurence of certain peptides in the blood-serum, which could not be detected in the serum of an untreated control group. These results were obtained by means of high voltage electrophoresis and paper electrophoresis of the serum of rats which was analyzed 1,3, and 13 hours respectively after a single dose of 50 mg chlortetracycline per 100 g body weight in comparison to an untreated control group. The new peptides could be found in the slight alkaline range 1 and 3 hours after application of chlortetracycline and in the strong acidic area of the electrochromatogram 13 hours thereafter. A more detailed investigation of the new peptides could demonstrate that the number of the following amino acids was reduced in the peptide chains after chlortetracycline: leucine, valine, serine, arginine, and lysine. On the other hand, amino acids, such as citrulline, sarcosine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, and ornithine, could be found which are normally not present in proteins.", "PMID": 591162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3575", "title": "The structure of urban mortality. A methodological study of Hannover, Germany. Part II.", "content": "An extension is made of a prior analysis of the relation of density to cause-specific mortality in small areas of Hannover, Germany. The analysis was designed to impose statistical controls for certain socio-demographic characteristics of these small areas under a model where all of the effects of density were assumed to operate on mortality only indrectly by affecting the residential decisions of select socio-demographic groups. It was found that, despite the sizeable effects of socio-demographic factors on cause-specific mortality, density retained a direct effect on five of 14 cause-specific rates. Implications of these results for modelling density-mortality relations are discussed.", "contents": "The structure of urban mortality. A methodological study of Hannover, Germany. Part II. An extension is made of a prior analysis of the relation of density to cause-specific mortality in small areas of Hannover, Germany. The analysis was designed to impose statistical controls for certain socio-demographic characteristics of these small areas under a model where all of the effects of density were assumed to operate on mortality only indrectly by affecting the residential decisions of select socio-demographic groups. It was found that, despite the sizeable effects of socio-demographic factors on cause-specific mortality, density retained a direct effect on five of 14 cause-specific rates. Implications of these results for modelling density-mortality relations are discussed.", "PMID": 591167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3576", "title": "Lead Absorption in a community of potters in Barbados.", "content": "In a community of potters in Barbados where lead glazes traditionally have been used, a survey of 12 potters, 19 of their family members, and 24 controls revealed elevated blood lead levels in the potters, their family members, and the neighbours who used pottery for culinary purposes. Dust from the potters' homes and work areas contained lead in concentrations up to 320,000 ppm. Pottery was found to have lead release levels up to 3,125 microgram/ml. Six people had upper extremity tremor associated with elevated blood lead levels. This survey demonstrates the risk of using lead glazes in pottery production to family members of potters as well as the potters themselves and emphasizes the need for surveillance of occupational hazards in developing countries.", "contents": "Lead Absorption in a community of potters in Barbados. In a community of potters in Barbados where lead glazes traditionally have been used, a survey of 12 potters, 19 of their family members, and 24 controls revealed elevated blood lead levels in the potters, their family members, and the neighbours who used pottery for culinary purposes. Dust from the potters' homes and work areas contained lead in concentrations up to 320,000 ppm. Pottery was found to have lead release levels up to 3,125 microgram/ml. Six people had upper extremity tremor associated with elevated blood lead levels. This survey demonstrates the risk of using lead glazes in pottery production to family members of potters as well as the potters themselves and emphasizes the need for surveillance of occupational hazards in developing countries.", "PMID": 591168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3577", "title": "Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population.", "content": "Stool samples were collected from 2,099 persons and examined for parasites: 9.5 percent were infected with Entamoeba histolytica, 7.9 percent were infected with Giardia intestinalis and 15.5 percent were infected with Iodamoeba butschlii. The infections with E. histolytica and I. butschlii occurred more frequently in females than in males and adults were also more frequently infected than children. Infection with G. intestinalis, on the other hand, was more prevalent in males than in females and children were more frequently infected than adults with the highest incidence of infection (13.8 percent) in the age-group 1-5 years.", "contents": "Age and sex distribution of infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis in the Lagos population. Stool samples were collected from 2,099 persons and examined for parasites: 9.5 percent were infected with Entamoeba histolytica, 7.9 percent were infected with Giardia intestinalis and 15.5 percent were infected with Iodamoeba butschlii. The infections with E. histolytica and I. butschlii occurred more frequently in females than in males and adults were also more frequently infected than children. Infection with G. intestinalis, on the other hand, was more prevalent in males than in females and children were more frequently infected than adults with the highest incidence of infection (13.8 percent) in the age-group 1-5 years.", "PMID": 591169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3578", "title": "A household study of illness prevalence and health care preferences in a rural district of Cameroon.", "content": "This report gives the results of a health interview survey using a recall interval of one month, in Rural Cameroon carried out between 5 November 1973 and 7 March 1974 on a random selection of 1886 families with 9362 individuals. The disease prevalence in the study area (a positive illness rate of 27.8 percent for a four-week recall period) is analysed by age, sex and treatment preference. People under the age of 15 years suffered predominantly from respiratory (20 percent), digestive (29 percent) and parasitic (12.5 percent) diseases for which Western treatment was preferred (average of 65 percent). In adults musculoskeletal, digestive diseases and generalized body pains were responsible for 63.0 percent of diseases in the age-group 45 and over. The treatment choice was partly Western (50 percent) and partly traditional (20 percent). Traditional treatment was generally preferred for seizures (65 percent) and mental illnesses (87 percent) except for children under four years who received 50.6 percent treatment for seizures from traditional sources and 49.4 percent from Western sources.", "contents": "A household study of illness prevalence and health care preferences in a rural district of Cameroon. This report gives the results of a health interview survey using a recall interval of one month, in Rural Cameroon carried out between 5 November 1973 and 7 March 1974 on a random selection of 1886 families with 9362 individuals. The disease prevalence in the study area (a positive illness rate of 27.8 percent for a four-week recall period) is analysed by age, sex and treatment preference. People under the age of 15 years suffered predominantly from respiratory (20 percent), digestive (29 percent) and parasitic (12.5 percent) diseases for which Western treatment was preferred (average of 65 percent). In adults musculoskeletal, digestive diseases and generalized body pains were responsible for 63.0 percent of diseases in the age-group 45 and over. The treatment choice was partly Western (50 percent) and partly traditional (20 percent). Traditional treatment was generally preferred for seizures (65 percent) and mental illnesses (87 percent) except for children under four years who received 50.6 percent treatment for seizures from traditional sources and 49.4 percent from Western sources.", "PMID": 591170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3579", "title": "A retrospective study of physical activity and coronary deaths.", "content": "For a series of 568 married white men aged 30-70 years who died from coronary heart diseases, (CHD), and a matched sample of living neighbourhood controls, information was collected on a large number of variables, including physical activity, (PA), classified according to the Health Insurance Plan Study criteria. Increased leisure PA was associated with a decreased risk of coronary death (p less than .001) but there was no association between job activity and coronary deaths. Step-up multiple regression, based on within-pair differences, was used to control for the possible confounding effects of all variables studied. Even when these variables were controlled for there was still a significant association between increased leisure PA and decreased risk of death due to CHD (P less than .001). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased leisure PA can contribute to the prevention of death from CHD.", "contents": "A retrospective study of physical activity and coronary deaths. For a series of 568 married white men aged 30-70 years who died from coronary heart diseases, (CHD), and a matched sample of living neighbourhood controls, information was collected on a large number of variables, including physical activity, (PA), classified according to the Health Insurance Plan Study criteria. Increased leisure PA was associated with a decreased risk of coronary death (p less than .001) but there was no association between job activity and coronary deaths. Step-up multiple regression, based on within-pair differences, was used to control for the possible confounding effects of all variables studied. Even when these variables were controlled for there was still a significant association between increased leisure PA and decreased risk of death due to CHD (P less than .001). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased leisure PA can contribute to the prevention of death from CHD.", "PMID": 591171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3580", "title": "Mortality of male members of the Danish Semi-skilled Unskilled Workers' Union in 1973.", "content": "The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate contemporary age and cause specific mortalities of a large group of employed men. The population is the 228,612 male members, aged 20-64, of Denmark's largest trade union, the Semi-skilled and Unskilled Workers' Union (SID). A Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR) of 93.9 compared to all men in Denmark is found. However, the distribution of mortality by age does not resemble that found in many other studies, and is usually said to result from the 'healthy worker effect'. Excess mortality is found in the younger age groups, while the opposite is the case in the older groups, mainly because of a deficit of deaths from chronic illness. Notably higher age and cause specific SMRs are found for violent and unnatural deaths, and higher SMRs for cancer of the lungs and of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues. Regional variations are found, but no correlation found between mortality and size of union 'local'. However, cancer mortality is higher among members of specialized locals, which are situated in larger urban area. The excess mortality of members of the largest locals in the Copenhagen area is due to deaths by cancer and by violent and unnatural causes. Findings and problems will be examined further in an ongoing cohort study and in other specialized studies under preparation.", "contents": "Mortality of male members of the Danish Semi-skilled Unskilled Workers' Union in 1973. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate contemporary age and cause specific mortalities of a large group of employed men. The population is the 228,612 male members, aged 20-64, of Denmark's largest trade union, the Semi-skilled and Unskilled Workers' Union (SID). A Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR) of 93.9 compared to all men in Denmark is found. However, the distribution of mortality by age does not resemble that found in many other studies, and is usually said to result from the 'healthy worker effect'. Excess mortality is found in the younger age groups, while the opposite is the case in the older groups, mainly because of a deficit of deaths from chronic illness. Notably higher age and cause specific SMRs are found for violent and unnatural deaths, and higher SMRs for cancer of the lungs and of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissues. Regional variations are found, but no correlation found between mortality and size of union 'local'. However, cancer mortality is higher among members of specialized locals, which are situated in larger urban area. The excess mortality of members of the largest locals in the Copenhagen area is due to deaths by cancer and by violent and unnatural causes. Findings and problems will be examined further in an ongoing cohort study and in other specialized studies under preparation.", "PMID": 591172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3581", "title": "Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in epidemiology.", "content": "There is much historical evidence of the spread of disease through human mobility. Today in spite of medical advances and international health measures there is still much cause for concern. There is now more mobility, facilitated by modern transport and sometimes precipitated by major natural and man-made disasters. Redistribution of population is occuring in the developing world, particularly massive rural-urban movements. Population mobility has contributed to the transmission of malaria and prejudiced programmes for control and eradication; but mobility and other human factors have not been adequately studied. Parasites and vectors receive more attention than do people. Epidemiological studies need to pay greater attention to the nature and variety of population movements and to their differing impacts upon disease and health. It is essential to distinguish between migration (involving change of residence) and circulation (movement away from residence with sebsequent return). In tropical Africa various spatial and temporal dimensions can be applied to differentiate within these two major categories of mobility. In turn there are various associated physical and psychological health hazards.", "contents": "Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in epidemiology. There is much historical evidence of the spread of disease through human mobility. Today in spite of medical advances and international health measures there is still much cause for concern. There is now more mobility, facilitated by modern transport and sometimes precipitated by major natural and man-made disasters. Redistribution of population is occuring in the developing world, particularly massive rural-urban movements. Population mobility has contributed to the transmission of malaria and prejudiced programmes for control and eradication; but mobility and other human factors have not been adequately studied. Parasites and vectors receive more attention than do people. Epidemiological studies need to pay greater attention to the nature and variety of population movements and to their differing impacts upon disease and health. It is essential to distinguish between migration (involving change of residence) and circulation (movement away from residence with sebsequent return). In tropical Africa various spatial and temporal dimensions can be applied to differentiate within these two major categories of mobility. In turn there are various associated physical and psychological health hazards.", "PMID": 591173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3582", "title": "A study on the stability of diphenylindenonesulphonyl derivatives of amino acids to acid hydrolyses.", "content": "The stability of the diphenylindenonesulphonyl (disyl) derivatives of tryptophan, proline, hydroxyproline, histidine, serine, threonine and aspartic acid, as well as of glycine, alanine, alpha-amino butyric acid, phenylalanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine to acid hydrolysis is studied. The results indicate that the disyl derivatives are much more stable in comparison with the corresponding DNP- and DNS-derivatives. Hence, the dysil-chloride method possesses definite advantages over these widely used methods for determination of N-terminal groups, not only because of its higher sensitivity, but also because of the higher stability of the disyl derivatives of amino acids to acid hydrolysis.", "contents": "A study on the stability of diphenylindenonesulphonyl derivatives of amino acids to acid hydrolyses. The stability of the diphenylindenonesulphonyl (disyl) derivatives of tryptophan, proline, hydroxyproline, histidine, serine, threonine and aspartic acid, as well as of glycine, alanine, alpha-amino butyric acid, phenylalanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine to acid hydrolysis is studied. The results indicate that the disyl derivatives are much more stable in comparison with the corresponding DNP- and DNS-derivatives. Hence, the dysil-chloride method possesses definite advantages over these widely used methods for determination of N-terminal groups, not only because of its higher sensitivity, but also because of the higher stability of the disyl derivatives of amino acids to acid hydrolysis.", "PMID": 591175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3583", "title": "Physical properties of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and its glycopolypeptide.", "content": "The molecular weight of the constituent glycopolypeptide chain of T-H glycoprotein was determined by sedimentation equilibrium under two entirely different sets of denaturing conditions. For both sets of denaturing conditions, the average molecular weight estimated for T-H glycopolypeptide was 74,000. The gel chromatographic behavior in 6M guanidium chloride of T-H glycopolypeptide with disulfide bonds intact as compared with its gel chromatographic behavior with disulfide bonds broken indicated that the glycopolypeptide is highly constrained by intrachain disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Physical properties of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and its glycopolypeptide. The molecular weight of the constituent glycopolypeptide chain of T-H glycoprotein was determined by sedimentation equilibrium under two entirely different sets of denaturing conditions. For both sets of denaturing conditions, the average molecular weight estimated for T-H glycopolypeptide was 74,000. The gel chromatographic behavior in 6M guanidium chloride of T-H glycopolypeptide with disulfide bonds intact as compared with its gel chromatographic behavior with disulfide bonds broken indicated that the glycopolypeptide is highly constrained by intrachain disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 591176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3584", "title": "Conformational stability of a snake cardiotoxin.", "content": "A snake cardiotoxin from the venom of the Formosan cobra, Naja naja atra, is a basic polypeptide. The protein can be denatured in 6.0 M guanidine hydrochloride or at elevated temperatures. Its conformation remains virtually the same in solvents of lower polarity than water such as 1, 2-ethanediol or 1-propanol and 1, 2-ethanediol (1:1 v/v). The circular dichroism spectrum is atypical in water in that the peptide chromophores show a small negative CD band at 214 nm and a large positive one at 195 nm. To some extent the CD pattern resembles that of the beta-form but differs in specific positions and magnitudes. Considering that the theoretical CD of the reverse beta-bend and the characteristics of model polypeptides in beta-form manifest a similar pattern, we suggest that cobra cardiotoxin is rich in beta structure including beta pleated-sheets and beta reverse-turns.", "contents": "Conformational stability of a snake cardiotoxin. A snake cardiotoxin from the venom of the Formosan cobra, Naja naja atra, is a basic polypeptide. The protein can be denatured in 6.0 M guanidine hydrochloride or at elevated temperatures. Its conformation remains virtually the same in solvents of lower polarity than water such as 1, 2-ethanediol or 1-propanol and 1, 2-ethanediol (1:1 v/v). The circular dichroism spectrum is atypical in water in that the peptide chromophores show a small negative CD band at 214 nm and a large positive one at 195 nm. To some extent the CD pattern resembles that of the beta-form but differs in specific positions and magnitudes. Considering that the theoretical CD of the reverse beta-bend and the characteristics of model polypeptides in beta-form manifest a similar pattern, we suggest that cobra cardiotoxin is rich in beta structure including beta pleated-sheets and beta reverse-turns.", "PMID": 591177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3585", "title": "Conformations of proline-containing cyclic peptides. 1H and 13C n.m.r. evidence for a solvent stabilized All-Cis X-Pro conformer of Cyclo-(Pro-Gly-Gly-Pro)2.", "content": "As inferred from 13C, 1H n.m.r. data, CD measurements and ion-binding experiments, the title molecule can assume two major C2 symmetric conformations. One of these has an all-trans X-Pro peptide backbone and two 1 comes from 4 intramolecular H-bonds and represents the predominant (greater than or equal to 95%) form in D2O and nonpolar (CD3CN) solvents. Stabilized by specific solvent-solute interactions, the other conformer becomes competitive (45%) in DMSO solution. It is shown to possess a four-cis X-Pro skeleton and no intramolecular H-bonds. The Mg++ complex of the cyclic peptide in CD3CN is again C2 symmetric and its formation proceeds via a slow trans leads to cis isomerization of two X-Pro peptide bonds.", "contents": "Conformations of proline-containing cyclic peptides. 1H and 13C n.m.r. evidence for a solvent stabilized All-Cis X-Pro conformer of Cyclo-(Pro-Gly-Gly-Pro)2. As inferred from 13C, 1H n.m.r. data, CD measurements and ion-binding experiments, the title molecule can assume two major C2 symmetric conformations. One of these has an all-trans X-Pro peptide backbone and two 1 comes from 4 intramolecular H-bonds and represents the predominant (greater than or equal to 95%) form in D2O and nonpolar (CD3CN) solvents. Stabilized by specific solvent-solute interactions, the other conformer becomes competitive (45%) in DMSO solution. It is shown to possess a four-cis X-Pro skeleton and no intramolecular H-bonds. The Mg++ complex of the cyclic peptide in CD3CN is again C2 symmetric and its formation proceeds via a slow trans leads to cis isomerization of two X-Pro peptide bonds.", "PMID": 591178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3586", "title": "Synthesis, biological activity, and tritiation of L-3, 4-dehydroproline-containing peptides.", "content": "A series of analogs of thyroliberin (TRH) ([L-delta3Pro3]-TRH, [D-delta3Pro3]-TRH, [L-3-MeHis2, L-delta3Pro3]-TRH) in which proline was replaced by L- or D-3, 4-dehydroproline was synthesized. The analogs exhibited approximately the same biological activity as the corresponding proline-containing peptides. These analogs and others in which 3, 4-dehydroproline is present at the NH2-terminal, COOH-terminal or internal positions in the peptide were successfully reduced with deuterium or tritium to provide the 3, 4-2H2-proline or 3,4-3H2-proline analogs, respectively, with near theoretical values of substitution. A novel procedure for the chemical resolution of DL-3, 4-dehydroproline is also described.", "contents": "Synthesis, biological activity, and tritiation of L-3, 4-dehydroproline-containing peptides. A series of analogs of thyroliberin (TRH) ([L-delta3Pro3]-TRH, [D-delta3Pro3]-TRH, [L-3-MeHis2, L-delta3Pro3]-TRH) in which proline was replaced by L- or D-3, 4-dehydroproline was synthesized. The analogs exhibited approximately the same biological activity as the corresponding proline-containing peptides. These analogs and others in which 3, 4-dehydroproline is present at the NH2-terminal, COOH-terminal or internal positions in the peptide were successfully reduced with deuterium or tritium to provide the 3, 4-2H2-proline or 3,4-3H2-proline analogs, respectively, with near theoretical values of substitution. A novel procedure for the chemical resolution of DL-3, 4-dehydroproline is also described.", "PMID": 591179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3587", "title": "Quantitation of the beta-elimination reaction as used on glycoproteins.", "content": "The carbohydrate side chains of mucus-type glycoproteins are O-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylgalactosamine to the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine in the protein core. The alkaline catalyzed beta-elimination reaction, in the presence of sodium borohydride, is used for determining the number of side chains. The present paper presents a study of the quantitativeness of the alkaline borohydride procedure, using four parameters: the loss of seryl and threonyl residues, the formation of alanine and 2-aminobutanoic acid; the decrease in N-acetylhexosamine and the recovery of the amino sugar alcohols. Bovine, ovine and porcine submandibular glycoproteins were studied. Evidence is presented for the existence of N-acetylglucosamine involvement in O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine. Results for the relative rates of beta-elimination indicate that serine-linked glycosides are released more rapidly than threonine-linked glycosides.", "contents": "Quantitation of the beta-elimination reaction as used on glycoproteins. The carbohydrate side chains of mucus-type glycoproteins are O-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylgalactosamine to the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine in the protein core. The alkaline catalyzed beta-elimination reaction, in the presence of sodium borohydride, is used for determining the number of side chains. The present paper presents a study of the quantitativeness of the alkaline borohydride procedure, using four parameters: the loss of seryl and threonyl residues, the formation of alanine and 2-aminobutanoic acid; the decrease in N-acetylhexosamine and the recovery of the amino sugar alcohols. Bovine, ovine and porcine submandibular glycoproteins were studied. Evidence is presented for the existence of N-acetylglucosamine involvement in O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine. Results for the relative rates of beta-elimination indicate that serine-linked glycosides are released more rapidly than threonine-linked glycosides.", "PMID": 591180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3588", "title": "Cyclic peptides. II. Synthesis of AM-Toxin I.", "content": "To confirm the structure of AM-toxin I (a phytotoxic cyclotetradepsipeptide) the proposed peptide was prepared by a conventional method. The synthetic peptide and natural AM-toxin I were identical as regards t.l.c., u.v., mass spectra and biological activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves. A prepared dimer of AM-toxin I showed extremely weak activity; the relationship between the ring size and biological activity of AM-toxin I is discussed.", "contents": "Cyclic peptides. II. Synthesis of AM-Toxin I. To confirm the structure of AM-toxin I (a phytotoxic cyclotetradepsipeptide) the proposed peptide was prepared by a conventional method. The synthetic peptide and natural AM-toxin I were identical as regards t.l.c., u.v., mass spectra and biological activity in causing necrosis on apple leaves. A prepared dimer of AM-toxin I showed extremely weak activity; the relationship between the ring size and biological activity of AM-toxin I is discussed.", "PMID": 591181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3589", "title": "On some methods for EEG pattern discrimination.", "content": "Two methods of statistical inference for EEG pattern discrimination are described with examples of their application. One concerns whether an arbitrary EEG pattern belongs to a standard EEG group or not, and the other concerns whether a group of EEG belongs to the standard EEG group.", "contents": "On some methods for EEG pattern discrimination. Two methods of statistical inference for EEG pattern discrimination are described with examples of their application. One concerns whether an arbitrary EEG pattern belongs to a standard EEG group or not, and the other concerns whether a group of EEG belongs to the standard EEG group.", "PMID": 591192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3590", "title": "D-Amphetamine thermal effects, metabolic rate and motor activity in rats.", "content": "The effect of d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia among rats maintained at a cold ambient temperature is related to its ability to release dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway. However, the physiological mechanisms which mediate the hypothermia (heat loss or a decrease in heat production) are not known. Since we have failed to demonstrate effects induced by d-amphetamine on food intake or on heat sensors on the rat's tail we conclude that these are not the mechanisms involved in hypothermia. Effects of d-amphetamine on O2 consumption and CO2 production of rats kept at various ambient temperatures were investigated in order to find out if there is any relation between a decrease in body temperature and a decrease in the Basal Metabolic Rate. Neither such relations nor any relations between levels of body temperatures and levels of motor activity were found. The problem of the peripheral mechanisms involved in d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia remain as yet unidentified.", "contents": "D-Amphetamine thermal effects, metabolic rate and motor activity in rats. The effect of d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia among rats maintained at a cold ambient temperature is related to its ability to release dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway. However, the physiological mechanisms which mediate the hypothermia (heat loss or a decrease in heat production) are not known. Since we have failed to demonstrate effects induced by d-amphetamine on food intake or on heat sensors on the rat's tail we conclude that these are not the mechanisms involved in hypothermia. Effects of d-amphetamine on O2 consumption and CO2 production of rats kept at various ambient temperatures were investigated in order to find out if there is any relation between a decrease in body temperature and a decrease in the Basal Metabolic Rate. Neither such relations nor any relations between levels of body temperatures and levels of motor activity were found. The problem of the peripheral mechanisms involved in d-amphetamine-induced hypothermia remain as yet unidentified.", "PMID": 591193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3591", "title": "A configuration of cortical coupling differentiating good from poor readers.", "content": "Thirty-one children, aged 8-5 to 10-11 years, were divided into three groups according to reading levels (poor, borderline, and good), and EEGs were recorded during conditions of rest, light flash, click, and flash/click. The hypothesis that cortical coupling patterns in the left angular gyrus differentiate good and poor readers was supported.", "contents": "A configuration of cortical coupling differentiating good from poor readers. Thirty-one children, aged 8-5 to 10-11 years, were divided into three groups according to reading levels (poor, borderline, and good), and EEGs were recorded during conditions of rest, light flash, click, and flash/click. The hypothesis that cortical coupling patterns in the left angular gyrus differentiate good and poor readers was supported.", "PMID": 591194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3592", "title": "Neural modeling of human behavior: a proposal for a new type of modifiable synapse.", "content": "Presently published neural models for the stimulation of human behavior have reached a limit in terms of their ability to account for the complexity and magnitude of such behavior. In this paper, these limitations are explored, and a new model is presented which overcomes them. The model employs a new type of modifiable synapse which allows for the integration of three separate bits of information rather than the conventional two bits.", "contents": "Neural modeling of human behavior: a proposal for a new type of modifiable synapse. Presently published neural models for the stimulation of human behavior have reached a limit in terms of their ability to account for the complexity and magnitude of such behavior. In this paper, these limitations are explored, and a new model is presented which overcomes them. The model employs a new type of modifiable synapse which allows for the integration of three separate bits of information rather than the conventional two bits.", "PMID": 591195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3593", "title": "The effects of d-amphetamine and temperature on p-cresol and pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions.", "content": "Each of twelve (12) rats were subjected to temperatures of 37c, 20c, and 4c in an environmental chamber. Seizure responses to p-cresol injections produced a U-shaped function, with minimal seizures occuring at 20c. Subsequent administration of d-amphetamine eliminated seizures, except at 4c, at which temperature only stereotyped behavior was observed. Environmental temperature effects on metrazol injections in a second group (N=72) seemed to increase linearly with respect to seizure susceptibility and mortality, although latency to first seizure was also a U-shaped function. The findings are discussed in the context of developing a model of epilepsy appropriate for behavioral research.", "contents": "The effects of d-amphetamine and temperature on p-cresol and pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions. Each of twelve (12) rats were subjected to temperatures of 37c, 20c, and 4c in an environmental chamber. Seizure responses to p-cresol injections produced a U-shaped function, with minimal seizures occuring at 20c. Subsequent administration of d-amphetamine eliminated seizures, except at 4c, at which temperature only stereotyped behavior was observed. Environmental temperature effects on metrazol injections in a second group (N=72) seemed to increase linearly with respect to seizure susceptibility and mortality, although latency to first seizure was also a U-shaped function. The findings are discussed in the context of developing a model of epilepsy appropriate for behavioral research.", "PMID": 591196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3594", "title": "Effects of light-deprivation on visual discrimination in adult rats.", "content": "The effects of light-deprication on light flux discrimination by adult rats were tested by a conditioned lick-suppression technique. Total binocular light-deprication for a period of 37-38 days leads to decreased discrimination of the CS (a reduction of 0.64 log units in illumination) by adult rats. The argument is made that these data indicate sensory deficit in the adult animals resulting from binocular light-deprivation.", "contents": "Effects of light-deprivation on visual discrimination in adult rats. The effects of light-deprication on light flux discrimination by adult rats were tested by a conditioned lick-suppression technique. Total binocular light-deprication for a period of 37-38 days leads to decreased discrimination of the CS (a reduction of 0.64 log units in illumination) by adult rats. The argument is made that these data indicate sensory deficit in the adult animals resulting from binocular light-deprivation.", "PMID": 591197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3595", "title": "Ocular-motor effects on the human electroencephalogram.", "content": "In response to the findings that gross vertical and horizontal eye deviation can be associated with facilitation of the human EEG alpha rhythm, an hypothesis is suggested that the deviation of gaze which exceeds a critical angle and results in a loss of subjective ocular stability is related to the occurrence of the paradoxical alpha effect.", "contents": "Ocular-motor effects on the human electroencephalogram. In response to the findings that gross vertical and horizontal eye deviation can be associated with facilitation of the human EEG alpha rhythm, an hypothesis is suggested that the deviation of gaze which exceeds a critical angle and results in a loss of subjective ocular stability is related to the occurrence of the paradoxical alpha effect.", "PMID": 591198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3596", "title": "Characterization of self-stimulation elicited from rat dorsolateral pariaqueductal gray.", "content": "Rats were stereotaxically implanted with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at the periaqueductal central gray (PCG) and were subsequently tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior. Consistent and reliable ICSS behavior was elicited from both the midventral and dorsolateral portions of the PCG, the latter result occurring in loci previously reported as predominantly aversive. Midventral PCG ICSS rates were significantly higher than dorsolateral PCG ICSS rates. The higher rates were not accounted for by either current intensity used or motor artifacts. Moreover, both sites displayed reliable ICSS behavior characterized by regular low-variability rates and no seizure activity, seen with other brainstem ICSS sites, but unlike diencephalic and telencephalic ICSS behavior which is characterized by irregular bursts of responding which are highly variable and sometimes accompanied by seizures. The differential ICSS responsivity between PCG structures suggests that they may be mediated by different anatomically-localizable substrates.", "contents": "Characterization of self-stimulation elicited from rat dorsolateral pariaqueductal gray. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at the periaqueductal central gray (PCG) and were subsequently tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior. Consistent and reliable ICSS behavior was elicited from both the midventral and dorsolateral portions of the PCG, the latter result occurring in loci previously reported as predominantly aversive. Midventral PCG ICSS rates were significantly higher than dorsolateral PCG ICSS rates. The higher rates were not accounted for by either current intensity used or motor artifacts. Moreover, both sites displayed reliable ICSS behavior characterized by regular low-variability rates and no seizure activity, seen with other brainstem ICSS sites, but unlike diencephalic and telencephalic ICSS behavior which is characterized by irregular bursts of responding which are highly variable and sometimes accompanied by seizures. The differential ICSS responsivity between PCG structures suggests that they may be mediated by different anatomically-localizable substrates.", "PMID": 591199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3597", "title": "Component activities in the autoregressive activity of physiological systems.", "content": "The higher-order autoregressive (AR) activity of a physiological system (Sato 1975a,b; Sato et al., 1977) was decomposed into first- and second-order activities. The former time-pattern displays a fast rise and an exponential decay, while the latter exhibits a damped sine wave. Application of this component analysis to EEG showed the first-order activity to coincide with the nonoscillatory delta component. The frequency distribution of the natural, damped and resonance frequencies of the second-order activities was found to show one, two or three modes in each frequency range of the delta, theta and beta rhythms in ninety normal adult EEGs. Hence, the second-order activities agree with the oscillatory delta, theta, alpha and beta rhythms. Some changes were induced not only in the frequency of theta and beta rhythms but also in that of alpha rhythm by over-breathing for about three minutes.", "contents": "Component activities in the autoregressive activity of physiological systems. The higher-order autoregressive (AR) activity of a physiological system (Sato 1975a,b; Sato et al., 1977) was decomposed into first- and second-order activities. The former time-pattern displays a fast rise and an exponential decay, while the latter exhibits a damped sine wave. Application of this component analysis to EEG showed the first-order activity to coincide with the nonoscillatory delta component. The frequency distribution of the natural, damped and resonance frequencies of the second-order activities was found to show one, two or three modes in each frequency range of the delta, theta and beta rhythms in ninety normal adult EEGs. Hence, the second-order activities agree with the oscillatory delta, theta, alpha and beta rhythms. Some changes were induced not only in the frequency of theta and beta rhythms but also in that of alpha rhythm by over-breathing for about three minutes.", "PMID": 591200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3598", "title": "Effect of ethanol administration on thiamine metabolism and transketolase activity in rats.", "content": "To clarify the effect of ethanol on thiamine metabolism and activity of transketolase, a thiamine dependent enzyme, in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out. For the in vivo experiment, rats were separated into four groups: Group 1, thiamine sufficient diet with no ethanol administered; group 2, thiamine sufficient diet and ethanol administered by stomach tube; group 3, thiamine deficient diet with no ethanol administered; group 4, thiamine deficient diet and ethanol administered. After three weeks, the rats were killed, then thiamine levels and the activity of transketolase were assayed. Thiamine concentration in brains and livers of ethanol fed rats were lower than that in control rats. Urinary thiamine was higher in ethanol administered rats than in controls. The increase in the liver transketolase activity by the in vitro addition of cocarboxylase (TPP effect) was higher in group 3 than in group 4 although original transketolase activity was lower in group 4. For the in vitro experiment, various amounts of ethanol or acetaldehyde were added to the supernatant of brain and liver of intact rats, and transketolase activity was determined. Inhibition by acetaldehyde to transketolas was about 10 times higher than that by ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol administration on thiamine metabolism and transketolase activity in rats. To clarify the effect of ethanol on thiamine metabolism and activity of transketolase, a thiamine dependent enzyme, in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out. For the in vivo experiment, rats were separated into four groups: Group 1, thiamine sufficient diet with no ethanol administered; group 2, thiamine sufficient diet and ethanol administered by stomach tube; group 3, thiamine deficient diet with no ethanol administered; group 4, thiamine deficient diet and ethanol administered. After three weeks, the rats were killed, then thiamine levels and the activity of transketolase were assayed. Thiamine concentration in brains and livers of ethanol fed rats were lower than that in control rats. Urinary thiamine was higher in ethanol administered rats than in controls. The increase in the liver transketolase activity by the in vitro addition of cocarboxylase (TPP effect) was higher in group 3 than in group 4 although original transketolase activity was lower in group 4. For the in vitro experiment, various amounts of ethanol or acetaldehyde were added to the supernatant of brain and liver of intact rats, and transketolase activity was determined. Inhibition by acetaldehyde to transketolas was about 10 times higher than that by ethanol.", "PMID": 591201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3599", "title": "Thiamine status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged.", "content": "Thiamine status of 196 institutionalised (in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling) and non-institutionalised Caucasian aged subjects was assessed by combined dietary, biochemical and clinical studies. Fourteen subjects (7.1 per cent) consumed less than two-thirds of recommended vitamin B1/DAY. Erythrocyte transketolas activity coefficient (a) test indicated biochemical deficiency of thiamine in 17.6 per cent males and 12.5 per cent females. The incidence of deficiency was highest in subjects of sheltered dwelling. Multivitamin supplementation failed to raise the biochemical thiamine status to normal in 2.9 per cent subjects. No characteristic clinical features of thiamine deficiency were noted, though extreme loss of appetite was reported by 3 subject with activity coefficient greater than 1.30. Dietary intake was not always associated with deficient biochemical indices. The possible factors such as alcohol intake and low folate status affecting the biochemical status of thiamine are discussed.", "contents": "Thiamine status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged. Thiamine status of 196 institutionalised (in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling) and non-institutionalised Caucasian aged subjects was assessed by combined dietary, biochemical and clinical studies. Fourteen subjects (7.1 per cent) consumed less than two-thirds of recommended vitamin B1/DAY. Erythrocyte transketolas activity coefficient (a) test indicated biochemical deficiency of thiamine in 17.6 per cent males and 12.5 per cent females. The incidence of deficiency was highest in subjects of sheltered dwelling. Multivitamin supplementation failed to raise the biochemical thiamine status to normal in 2.9 per cent subjects. No characteristic clinical features of thiamine deficiency were noted, though extreme loss of appetite was reported by 3 subject with activity coefficient greater than 1.30. Dietary intake was not always associated with deficient biochemical indices. The possible factors such as alcohol intake and low folate status affecting the biochemical status of thiamine are discussed.", "PMID": 591202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3600", "title": "Riboflavin status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged.", "content": "A combined dietary, biochemical and clinical study was carried out on 196 aged subjects residing at home and institutions (hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling) to evaluate the nutritional status of riboflavin and to assess the effect of regular vitamin supplementation. The dietary intake of vitamin B2 was below two-thirds of the recommended in 33.3 per cent males and 17l9 per cent females. Biochemical deficiency of riboflavin was noted in 7.1 per cent subjects by erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activity coefficient (AC) test. An association between activity coefficient and low intake was found when the coefficient was greater than or equal to 1.30. There was no significant correlation between activity coefficient and dietary vitamin B2/day or vitamin B2/100 g protein. Regular oral administration of multivitamin (containing 2.5 mg vitamin B2) prevented biochemical deficiency of the vitamin. Clinical signs of riboflavin deficiency were not seen except in one female subject of sheltered dwelling.", "contents": "Riboflavin status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged. A combined dietary, biochemical and clinical study was carried out on 196 aged subjects residing at home and institutions (hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling) to evaluate the nutritional status of riboflavin and to assess the effect of regular vitamin supplementation. The dietary intake of vitamin B2 was below two-thirds of the recommended in 33.3 per cent males and 17l9 per cent females. Biochemical deficiency of riboflavin was noted in 7.1 per cent subjects by erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activity coefficient (AC) test. An association between activity coefficient and low intake was found when the coefficient was greater than or equal to 1.30. There was no significant correlation between activity coefficient and dietary vitamin B2/day or vitamin B2/100 g protein. Regular oral administration of multivitamin (containing 2.5 mg vitamin B2) prevented biochemical deficiency of the vitamin. Clinical signs of riboflavin deficiency were not seen except in one female subject of sheltered dwelling.", "PMID": 591203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3601", "title": "Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the 32P turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds of the rat lens.", "content": "In order to clarify the role of riboflavin in phosphorylation in the lens, the authors have attempted to investigate the 32P turnover in the macromolecule fraction in the lens supernatant from riboflavin deficient rats. 32P turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds was reduced remarkably. The macromolecular phosphate compounds in the lens supernatant which was separated by Sephadex G-50 was identified as RNA. These findings reveal that there are close relationships between reduced RNA turnover in the lens and riboflavin deficiency. This concept may contribute greatly to clarifying the pathogenesis of ariboflavinosis in general.", "contents": "Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the 32P turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds of the rat lens. In order to clarify the role of riboflavin in phosphorylation in the lens, the authors have attempted to investigate the 32P turnover in the macromolecule fraction in the lens supernatant from riboflavin deficient rats. 32P turnover in the macromolecular phosphate compounds was reduced remarkably. The macromolecular phosphate compounds in the lens supernatant which was separated by Sephadex G-50 was identified as RNA. These findings reveal that there are close relationships between reduced RNA turnover in the lens and riboflavin deficiency. This concept may contribute greatly to clarifying the pathogenesis of ariboflavinosis in general.", "PMID": 591204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3602", "title": "Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the metabolism of the red blood cell.", "content": "Red blood cells from control and riboflavin-deficient rats were separated into fractions of different mean age. Measurement of haemoglobin in the red cell fractions showed a progressive reduction in the number of young cells as the severity of deficiency increased and a corresponding increase in the old cells. The red cells from the deficient animals were significantly more fragile in all fractions than their comparable fractions in the control animals when exposed to a peroxide generating system. The increased fragility of the red cell in the riboflavin deficient rat may be due to the reduced level of red cell reduced glutathione since this substance is a necessary substrate for flutathione peroxidase which functions to destroy peroxides. Reduced glutathione is also necessary to convert methaemoglobin to haemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels were increased in red blood cells from deficient animals. Thus riboflavin deficiency through its control of the activity of glutathione reductase appears to influence red cell fragility in the rat but there is no evidence yet to suggest that the life span of the erythrocyte is reduced.", "contents": "Effect of riboflavin deficiency on the metabolism of the red blood cell. Red blood cells from control and riboflavin-deficient rats were separated into fractions of different mean age. Measurement of haemoglobin in the red cell fractions showed a progressive reduction in the number of young cells as the severity of deficiency increased and a corresponding increase in the old cells. The red cells from the deficient animals were significantly more fragile in all fractions than their comparable fractions in the control animals when exposed to a peroxide generating system. The increased fragility of the red cell in the riboflavin deficient rat may be due to the reduced level of red cell reduced glutathione since this substance is a necessary substrate for flutathione peroxidase which functions to destroy peroxides. Reduced glutathione is also necessary to convert methaemoglobin to haemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels were increased in red blood cells from deficient animals. Thus riboflavin deficiency through its control of the activity of glutathione reductase appears to influence red cell fragility in the rat but there is no evidence yet to suggest that the life span of the erythrocyte is reduced.", "PMID": 591205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3603", "title": "A photodecomposition fluorimetric method for determination of riboflavin in the various constitutents of blood.", "content": "The photodecomposition fluorimetric method has been modified for determination of small quantities of whole blood, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and plasma. The method is accurate in each constituent and contains a test of specificity in each determination. Automation of the method is described. In 13 normal subjects riboflavin in whole blood was range 14.5-24.2, mean 17.7 +/- 2.7 microgram %, in corresponding erythrocytes was range 21.0-44.0, mean 33.7 +/- 6.6 microgram%.", "contents": "A photodecomposition fluorimetric method for determination of riboflavin in the various constitutents of blood. The photodecomposition fluorimetric method has been modified for determination of small quantities of whole blood, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and plasma. The method is accurate in each constituent and contains a test of specificity in each determination. Automation of the method is described. In 13 normal subjects riboflavin in whole blood was range 14.5-24.2, mean 17.7 +/- 2.7 microgram %, in corresponding erythrocytes was range 21.0-44.0, mean 33.7 +/- 6.6 microgram%.", "PMID": 591206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3604", "title": "Distribution of riboflavin in blood: in women and in prenates.", "content": "The reliability of the photodecomposition method for riboflavin in various constituents of blood is demonstrated by recovery tests in vivo. In normal subjects no significant rise in whole blood, erythrocyte or plasma riboflavin is detected 2 hours after oral treatment. With intervenous therapy a rise occurs in plasma riboflavin and not in erythrocytes. In kidney disease after oral riboflavin unusually high sustained plasma levels are recorded with no change in erythrocyte levels. Correspondingly higher erythrocyte riboflavin concentration in cord blood as compared to that of maternal blood may indicate greater avidity of new fetal cells for riboflavin.", "contents": "Distribution of riboflavin in blood: in women and in prenates. The reliability of the photodecomposition method for riboflavin in various constituents of blood is demonstrated by recovery tests in vivo. In normal subjects no significant rise in whole blood, erythrocyte or plasma riboflavin is detected 2 hours after oral treatment. With intervenous therapy a rise occurs in plasma riboflavin and not in erythrocytes. In kidney disease after oral riboflavin unusually high sustained plasma levels are recorded with no change in erythrocyte levels. Correspondingly higher erythrocyte riboflavin concentration in cord blood as compared to that of maternal blood may indicate greater avidity of new fetal cells for riboflavin.", "PMID": 591207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3605", "title": "Vitamin B6 status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged.", "content": "The vitamin B6 status of 196 aged subjects living at home and institutionalised in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling was studied. Subjects receiving multivitamins were grouped separately and the effect of regular vitamin supplementation on the vitamin B6 status was assessed. The mean dietary intake of vitamin B6 was less than 2 mg/day in all the groups. The biochemical deficiency, as evaluated by erythrocyte glutamic pyruvic transaminase (EGPT) index, was observed in 42.3 per cent of the total subjects; the highest incidence was in subjects of sheltered dwelling. Twenty per cent of the subjects receiving multivitamin also had deficient biochemical levels. Anaemia was noted in 1.3 per cent of the vitamin B6 deficient subjects. Clinical signs of deficiency were noted in one female subject of sheltered dwelling.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged. The vitamin B6 status of 196 aged subjects living at home and institutionalised in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling was studied. Subjects receiving multivitamins were grouped separately and the effect of regular vitamin supplementation on the vitamin B6 status was assessed. The mean dietary intake of vitamin B6 was less than 2 mg/day in all the groups. The biochemical deficiency, as evaluated by erythrocyte glutamic pyruvic transaminase (EGPT) index, was observed in 42.3 per cent of the total subjects; the highest incidence was in subjects of sheltered dwelling. Twenty per cent of the subjects receiving multivitamin also had deficient biochemical levels. Anaemia was noted in 1.3 per cent of the vitamin B6 deficient subjects. Clinical signs of deficiency were noted in one female subject of sheltered dwelling.", "PMID": 591208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3606", "title": "Stabilization of flow properties of blood with phenylbenzo-gama-pyrone derivatives (flavonoids).", "content": "An investigation conducted on erythrocytes suspension in plasma revealed an instability caused by apparent sensitivity of erythrocytes to aggregation due to slight changes in normal plasma constituents. There is evidence that low level intravascular aggregation and so-called normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of apparently healthy people may be caused by undue sensitivity of erythrocytes to aggregation by plasma constituents as they vary within accepted normal ranges. Certain flavones, particularly methoxylated compounds, which may occur in the diet, increase resistance of erythrocytes to aggregation by shifts in plasma constituents. The stabilizing and apparent regulatory action of flavonoids on parameters important in the rheology of blood supports the concept that these compounds are necessary in the diet.", "contents": "Stabilization of flow properties of blood with phenylbenzo-gama-pyrone derivatives (flavonoids). An investigation conducted on erythrocytes suspension in plasma revealed an instability caused by apparent sensitivity of erythrocytes to aggregation due to slight changes in normal plasma constituents. There is evidence that low level intravascular aggregation and so-called normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of apparently healthy people may be caused by undue sensitivity of erythrocytes to aggregation by plasma constituents as they vary within accepted normal ranges. Certain flavones, particularly methoxylated compounds, which may occur in the diet, increase resistance of erythrocytes to aggregation by shifts in plasma constituents. The stabilizing and apparent regulatory action of flavonoids on parameters important in the rheology of blood supports the concept that these compounds are necessary in the diet.", "PMID": 591209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3607", "title": "On the absorption of ascorbic acid in man.", "content": "The daily intake of ascorbic acid with the diet was strongly restricted in seven healthy non-smoking males and 90 to 180 mg of ascorbic acid were orally supplemented. After an equilibration period of three weeks about 5 muCi of (1-14C) ascorbic acid was orally administered with carrier (30 mg or 60 mg). The daily intake was then increased to 4 X 1000 mg and the cumulative excretion of radioactivity in the urine measured over a period of 10 days. The average absorption was estimated to amount to 80-90% of the dose.", "contents": "On the absorption of ascorbic acid in man. The daily intake of ascorbic acid with the diet was strongly restricted in seven healthy non-smoking males and 90 to 180 mg of ascorbic acid were orally supplemented. After an equilibration period of three weeks about 5 muCi of (1-14C) ascorbic acid was orally administered with carrier (30 mg or 60 mg). The daily intake was then increased to 4 X 1000 mg and the cumulative excretion of radioactivity in the urine measured over a period of 10 days. The average absorption was estimated to amount to 80-90% of the dose.", "PMID": 591210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3608", "title": "Hematological studies in vitamin A deficient children.", "content": "Hematological studies were carried out in 110 children with varying levels of plasma retinol to investigate the relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia. In children with plasma retinol levels below 20 microgram/100 ml, the mean levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were lower than those in children who had retinol levels above 20 microgram/100 ml. Following supplementation of vitamin A, there was a significant increase in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma iron. These findings suggest that apart from deficiency of iron, vitamin A deficiency may also have a contributory role in the development of anemia in children.", "contents": "Hematological studies in vitamin A deficient children. Hematological studies were carried out in 110 children with varying levels of plasma retinol to investigate the relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia. In children with plasma retinol levels below 20 microgram/100 ml, the mean levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were lower than those in children who had retinol levels above 20 microgram/100 ml. Following supplementation of vitamin A, there was a significant increase in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma iron. These findings suggest that apart from deficiency of iron, vitamin A deficiency may also have a contributory role in the development of anemia in children.", "PMID": 591211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3609", "title": "Abdominal complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in Nigerians.", "content": "During a period of 12 years, 154 hydrocephalic children were treated with ventriculoperitoneal CSF shunting operations. The abdominal complications thus far encountered include development of a peritoneal fibrous pouch, deliberate extraction of the tube by mothers who mistook it for an Ascaris worm, failure of CSF absorption by the peritoneum giving rise to ascites, spontaneous extrusion of the abdominal tube, bowel perforation and volvulus.", "contents": "Abdominal complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in Nigerians. During a period of 12 years, 154 hydrocephalic children were treated with ventriculoperitoneal CSF shunting operations. The abdominal complications thus far encountered include development of a peritoneal fibrous pouch, deliberate extraction of the tube by mothers who mistook it for an Ascaris worm, failure of CSF absorption by the peritoneum giving rise to ascites, spontaneous extrusion of the abdominal tube, bowel perforation and volvulus.", "PMID": 591214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3610", "title": "Effect of estrogen therapy on metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Forty-one patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (stage IV) were treated with diethylstilbestrol or bilateral orchidectomy or both and followed for a period of two years. The effect of treatment was determined every six months and was based on the size and consistency of the primary lesions on rectal palpation, the effects on pain, obstructive symptoms, osseous metastases, level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase and on the overall clinical evaluation of the patient. Bilateral orchidectomy was as effective as a combination of bilateral orchidectomy and diethylstilbestrol therapy. Diethylstilbestrol given alone was less effective. The poorer results obtained were attributed to the failure of many patients to adhere strictly to their estrogen regimen. Rectal digital palpation of the prostate as well as an estimation of the level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase is recommended in developing countries for all male patients over 50 years of age seen at the hospital.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen therapy on metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Forty-one patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (stage IV) were treated with diethylstilbestrol or bilateral orchidectomy or both and followed for a period of two years. The effect of treatment was determined every six months and was based on the size and consistency of the primary lesions on rectal palpation, the effects on pain, obstructive symptoms, osseous metastases, level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase and on the overall clinical evaluation of the patient. Bilateral orchidectomy was as effective as a combination of bilateral orchidectomy and diethylstilbestrol therapy. Diethylstilbestrol given alone was less effective. The poorer results obtained were attributed to the failure of many patients to adhere strictly to their estrogen regimen. Rectal digital palpation of the prostate as well as an estimation of the level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase is recommended in developing countries for all male patients over 50 years of age seen at the hospital.", "PMID": 591215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3611", "title": "Urogenital tuberculosis in Israel.", "content": "Forty-four patients were treated for urogenital tuberculosis in our ward from 1956 to 1975. Four patients were Israeli born and all the others were immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Immigration greatly influences local morbidity, and tuberculosis is no exception. The highly developed preventive and social medicine of Israel has excellent results, and prognosis is more than favorable. Only one death was registered in our material, and this was due to renal failure of long duration.", "contents": "Urogenital tuberculosis in Israel. Forty-four patients were treated for urogenital tuberculosis in our ward from 1956 to 1975. Four patients were Israeli born and all the others were immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Immigration greatly influences local morbidity, and tuberculosis is no exception. The highly developed preventive and social medicine of Israel has excellent results, and prognosis is more than favorable. Only one death was registered in our material, and this was due to renal failure of long duration.", "PMID": 591216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3612", "title": "Benign perineal masses in the male.", "content": "Benign perineal masses in the male are rare. To date 11 cases of benign tumors of the male perineum have been reported. Two unusual cases, both benign tumor masses, are reported. A brief review of the pertinent pathology is included. No similar encapsulated lesions have been previously reported.", "contents": "Benign perineal masses in the male. Benign perineal masses in the male are rare. To date 11 cases of benign tumors of the male perineum have been reported. Two unusual cases, both benign tumor masses, are reported. A brief review of the pertinent pathology is included. No similar encapsulated lesions have been previously reported.", "PMID": 591218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3613", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the kidney.", "content": "A patient with a congenital arteriovenous fistula has been presented. The peculiar anomalous vascular pattern is the first to be described in the literature.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous fistula of the kidney. A patient with a congenital arteriovenous fistula has been presented. The peculiar anomalous vascular pattern is the first to be described in the literature.", "PMID": 591219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3614", "title": "Evaluation of bacteria and biliary tract diseases.", "content": "Bile specimens were taken for culture from 100 patients who had disease originating in the biliary tract. Routine cases of chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis were found to have a low incidence of infected bile. An acute process appears to be needed in order to produce infected bile, and an acute obstruction of the bile duct due to gallstones produced infected bile. An effort should be made to select these patients and begin antibiotic therapy as soon as possible.", "contents": "Evaluation of bacteria and biliary tract diseases. Bile specimens were taken for culture from 100 patients who had disease originating in the biliary tract. Routine cases of chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis were found to have a low incidence of infected bile. An acute process appears to be needed in order to produce infected bile, and an acute obstruction of the bile duct due to gallstones produced infected bile. An effort should be made to select these patients and begin antibiotic therapy as soon as possible.", "PMID": 591228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3615", "title": "Thyroid lymphography.", "content": "We have presented the lymphographic findings in 13 patients with thyroid enlargement due to various disorders and discussed the diagnostic accuracy of this procedure. It is possible to diagnose uncommon thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's disease and retrosternal goiter by thyroid lymphography. We recommend more regular use of this useful diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Thyroid lymphography. We have presented the lymphographic findings in 13 patients with thyroid enlargement due to various disorders and discussed the diagnostic accuracy of this procedure. It is possible to diagnose uncommon thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's disease and retrosternal goiter by thyroid lymphography. We recommend more regular use of this useful diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 591231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3616", "title": "Teratoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "A case of teratoma of the thyroid gland in a 3-month-old child is reported. Present since birth, it presented as an acute respiratory emergency. This was relieved by surgical removal. The tumor showed normal thyroid tissue flanking the mass and at surgery was seen to derive its blood supply from the main thyroid vessels.", "contents": "Teratoma of the thyroid gland. A case of teratoma of the thyroid gland in a 3-month-old child is reported. Present since birth, it presented as an acute respiratory emergency. This was relieved by surgical removal. The tumor showed normal thyroid tissue flanking the mass and at surgery was seen to derive its blood supply from the main thyroid vessels.", "PMID": 591232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3617", "title": "Operative treatment of megaureter in adults.", "content": "After a general outline of ideas about surgery of the megaureter, the author presents one-year postoperative results for 3 adult patients with megaureter, operated on by Prof. Hardy Hendren during his visit to Warsaw. The tapering of the ureters and reimplantation were done in all 3 cases. Though the presented material is too small to draw a definite conclusion, the results obtained in adults by a world-renowned specialist of surgery of megaureter in children can be helpful in the choice of a line of conduct in this difficult urological problem.", "contents": "Operative treatment of megaureter in adults. After a general outline of ideas about surgery of the megaureter, the author presents one-year postoperative results for 3 adult patients with megaureter, operated on by Prof. Hardy Hendren during his visit to Warsaw. The tapering of the ureters and reimplantation were done in all 3 cases. Though the presented material is too small to draw a definite conclusion, the results obtained in adults by a world-renowned specialist of surgery of megaureter in children can be helpful in the choice of a line of conduct in this difficult urological problem.", "PMID": 591238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3618", "title": "External carotid ligature: posterior approach (behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle).", "content": "Because of difficulties encountered in the ligation of the external carotid artery, both anteriorly and retrovascularly (internal jugular vein), we propose a posterior approach based on anatomic principles. This approach to the external carotid artery is especially useful when structural alterations of the anterolateral neck are present. Surgical details are presented in three patients and the results demonstrate its practicability.", "contents": "External carotid ligature: posterior approach (behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle). Because of difficulties encountered in the ligation of the external carotid artery, both anteriorly and retrovascularly (internal jugular vein), we propose a posterior approach based on anatomic principles. This approach to the external carotid artery is especially useful when structural alterations of the anterolateral neck are present. Surgical details are presented in three patients and the results demonstrate its practicability.", "PMID": 591235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3619", "title": "Simultaneous double contrast cystography and modified polycystography in the evaluation of bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Accurate knowledge about the morphology and degree of infiltration of a bladder tumor is an essential prerequisite to correctly plan, and forecast the results of, the treatment of these tumors. Among the radiological investigations double contrast cystography is superior to excretory cystogram or conventional cystogram in delineating the morphology of bladder tumors. Polycystography demonstrates, radiologically, the degree of infiltration of a bladder tumor. By simultaneously performing these procedures, the information necessary for planning the treatment is obtained in a single sitting, with one catheterization. This procedure was performed in 15 patients, in good correlation with other parameters such as cystoscopy, bimanual examination under general anesthesia and biopsy.", "contents": "Simultaneous double contrast cystography and modified polycystography in the evaluation of bladder carcinoma. Accurate knowledge about the morphology and degree of infiltration of a bladder tumor is an essential prerequisite to correctly plan, and forecast the results of, the treatment of these tumors. Among the radiological investigations double contrast cystography is superior to excretory cystogram or conventional cystogram in delineating the morphology of bladder tumors. Polycystography demonstrates, radiologically, the degree of infiltration of a bladder tumor. By simultaneously performing these procedures, the information necessary for planning the treatment is obtained in a single sitting, with one catheterization. This procedure was performed in 15 patients, in good correlation with other parameters such as cystoscopy, bimanual examination under general anesthesia and biopsy.", "PMID": 591240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3620", "title": "Contribution to the etiopathogenesis of orthostatic proteinuria in children.", "content": "The results of sequential scintigraphy of the kidneys of 22 children with orthostatic proteinuria and of 25 patients with nephritis or nephrotic syndrome, respectively, have been evaluated. At particular time intervals significant differences have been found between the two groups. On the basis of the visual method of evaluation of scintiscans and by bilateral comparison the authors conclude that in children with orthostatic proteinuria the frequency of asymmetry of the kidneys was significantly higher. These changes were most likely due to spasms or other disturbances of the function of excretory urinary passages in the calyx-pelvis system as responses to unfavourable emotional inpulses (intravenous application of the substance, etc.) and to the sitting position during the examination.", "contents": "Contribution to the etiopathogenesis of orthostatic proteinuria in children. The results of sequential scintigraphy of the kidneys of 22 children with orthostatic proteinuria and of 25 patients with nephritis or nephrotic syndrome, respectively, have been evaluated. At particular time intervals significant differences have been found between the two groups. On the basis of the visual method of evaluation of scintiscans and by bilateral comparison the authors conclude that in children with orthostatic proteinuria the frequency of asymmetry of the kidneys was significantly higher. These changes were most likely due to spasms or other disturbances of the function of excretory urinary passages in the calyx-pelvis system as responses to unfavourable emotional inpulses (intravenous application of the substance, etc.) and to the sitting position during the examination.", "PMID": 591242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3621", "title": "Transerythrocytic concentrations of urea and creatinine in normals and in azotemic patients.", "content": "Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggested alterations in the distribution of urea and creatinine between red cells and plasma in azotemic patients, as compared to normal controls. The present studies compare plasma erythrocyte concentrations of urea and creatinine in azotemic patients and in control subjects. Effects of adding exogenous urea and creatinine to the blood of control subjects were also studied. The findings suggest alterations of solute distribution patterns in azotemic blood. Specifically, the proportions of the solutes in cells appear reduced in azotemia.", "contents": "Transerythrocytic concentrations of urea and creatinine in normals and in azotemic patients. Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggested alterations in the distribution of urea and creatinine between red cells and plasma in azotemic patients, as compared to normal controls. The present studies compare plasma erythrocyte concentrations of urea and creatinine in azotemic patients and in control subjects. Effects of adding exogenous urea and creatinine to the blood of control subjects were also studied. The findings suggest alterations of solute distribution patterns in azotemic blood. Specifically, the proportions of the solutes in cells appear reduced in azotemia.", "PMID": 591243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3622", "title": "Ureteroneocystostomy without dissection of the submucosal tunnel.", "content": "A technique of ureteroneocystostomy with fixation of the ureter to the bladder musculature denuded from the mucosa was studied in dogs. The intravesical portion of the ureter shrank to half its original length after the operation. This portion preserved its muscular structure and was overgrown by the bladder mucosa to more than half its circumference. The submucous canal thus formed for the ureter prevented reflux in every animal. The technique avoids the formation of strictures. It is recommended if direct dissection of a submucous canal is impracticable.", "contents": "Ureteroneocystostomy without dissection of the submucosal tunnel. A technique of ureteroneocystostomy with fixation of the ureter to the bladder musculature denuded from the mucosa was studied in dogs. The intravesical portion of the ureter shrank to half its original length after the operation. This portion preserved its muscular structure and was overgrown by the bladder mucosa to more than half its circumference. The submucous canal thus formed for the ureter prevented reflux in every animal. The technique avoids the formation of strictures. It is recommended if direct dissection of a submucous canal is impracticable.", "PMID": 591244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3623", "title": "Plasma renin substrate during lithium treatment.", "content": "Inspired from experiments in animals, plasma renin substrate was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In a longitudinal study, renin substrate was determined in 9 patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. In a transversal study, 18 patients on lithium treatment for 2--20 years were compared with 11 control persons. In the longitudinal study, plasma renin substrate values did not, during lithium treatment, deviate significantly from pretreatment values. In the transversal study, values in the lithium-treated patients did not differ significantly from values in the control group. There were no correlations between serum lithium concentrations and plasma renin substrate values. Our study indicates that plasma renin substrate remains unaffected by lithium treatment of manic-depressive patients.", "contents": "Plasma renin substrate during lithium treatment. Inspired from experiments in animals, plasma renin substrate was determined in patients given lithium treatment. In a longitudinal study, renin substrate was determined in 9 patients before the start of lithium treatment and at intervals during 3 months of treatment. In a transversal study, 18 patients on lithium treatment for 2--20 years were compared with 11 control persons. In the longitudinal study, plasma renin substrate values did not, during lithium treatment, deviate significantly from pretreatment values. In the transversal study, values in the lithium-treated patients did not differ significantly from values in the control group. There were no correlations between serum lithium concentrations and plasma renin substrate values. Our study indicates that plasma renin substrate remains unaffected by lithium treatment of manic-depressive patients.", "PMID": 591245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3624", "title": "Rupture of a hydatid cyst of the liver into the biliary tract.", "content": "Rupture of a hydatid cyst into the biliary tract occurs in 5% to 10% of patients with hydatid disease of the liver. The communication between the hydatid cyst cavity and the biliary tree may produce intermittent or progressive obstructive jaundice. The presence of such jaundice complicates the diagnosis since it resembles other biliary disorders such as stone or infection. We treated six patients with hepatic hydatid cysts, four with minute fissures and two with wide ruptures into the biliary tract. The pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnostic procedures and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Rupture of a hydatid cyst of the liver into the biliary tract. Rupture of a hydatid cyst into the biliary tract occurs in 5% to 10% of patients with hydatid disease of the liver. The communication between the hydatid cyst cavity and the biliary tree may produce intermittent or progressive obstructive jaundice. The presence of such jaundice complicates the diagnosis since it resembles other biliary disorders such as stone or infection. We treated six patients with hepatic hydatid cysts, four with minute fissures and two with wide ruptures into the biliary tract. The pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnostic procedures and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 591236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3625", "title": "Umbilical adenoma.", "content": "Sixteen cases of umbilical adenoma have been presented. Surgical exploration revealed significant intraperitoneal findings (various yolk-stalk anomalies) in six of ten patients. There were no postoperative complications. Hence, we recommend complete surgical exploration of patients with umbilical adenomas. Anything less usually results in recurrence.", "contents": "Umbilical adenoma. Sixteen cases of umbilical adenoma have been presented. Surgical exploration revealed significant intraperitoneal findings (various yolk-stalk anomalies) in six of ten patients. There were no postoperative complications. Hence, we recommend complete surgical exploration of patients with umbilical adenomas. Anything less usually results in recurrence.", "PMID": 591237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3626", "title": "The effect of acute pulmonary edema on pulmonary vascular resistance: significance for the interpretation of dilated upper lobe vessels on chest radiographs.", "content": "Dilation of upper lobe pulmonary vessels is an important radiographic sign of acute, left heart failure. A prominent theory is that perivascular edema causes increased resistance at the lung bases and inverts the normal perfusion gradient such that upper lobe blood flow exceeds lower lobe flow. This theoretical increase in flow is thought to cause dilatation of upper lobe vessels. Previous experimental studies determined indirectly changes in resistance from changes in the perfusion gradient: Results were contradictory. We measured directly the effect of edema on resistance in isolated canine lungs. Resistance increased linearly with edema. The magnitude of increase was small, however, and insufficient to cause inversion of the perfusion gradient. Our data indicate that interstitial pulmonary edema does not cause significant redistribution of blood flow. We suggest that dilated upper lobe vessels are veins acting as pulmonary venous manometers, reflecting elevated left atrial pressure, not increased blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of acute pulmonary edema on pulmonary vascular resistance: significance for the interpretation of dilated upper lobe vessels on chest radiographs. Dilation of upper lobe pulmonary vessels is an important radiographic sign of acute, left heart failure. A prominent theory is that perivascular edema causes increased resistance at the lung bases and inverts the normal perfusion gradient such that upper lobe blood flow exceeds lower lobe flow. This theoretical increase in flow is thought to cause dilatation of upper lobe vessels. Previous experimental studies determined indirectly changes in resistance from changes in the perfusion gradient: Results were contradictory. We measured directly the effect of edema on resistance in isolated canine lungs. Resistance increased linearly with edema. The magnitude of increase was small, however, and insufficient to cause inversion of the perfusion gradient. Our data indicate that interstitial pulmonary edema does not cause significant redistribution of blood flow. We suggest that dilated upper lobe vessels are veins acting as pulmonary venous manometers, reflecting elevated left atrial pressure, not increased blood flow.", "PMID": 591249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3627", "title": "Clinical experience with saralasin infusion in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Renal arteriography gives a reliable anatomic delineation of the renal vasculature. However, the presence of renal arterial disease does not determine the physiologic significance of the lesion. The intravenous  infusion of saralasin, a specific angiotensin II antagonist, has been investigated as a method for identifying patients with hypertension dependent upon excessive angiotensin II activity. Correlations between the blood pressure response to saralasin infusion, peripheral and differential renal vein plasma renin levels and renal angiography have been obtained in 35 hypertensive patients. The results suggest that a hypotensive response to saralasin infusion provides an adjunct to renin determinations for recognizing angiotensinogenic renovascular hypertension. However, false negative responses to saralasin occur. The reasons for these negative responses need to be determined before saralasin infusion can be employed as the sole screening test for renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Clinical experience with saralasin infusion in hypertensive patients. Renal arteriography gives a reliable anatomic delineation of the renal vasculature. However, the presence of renal arterial disease does not determine the physiologic significance of the lesion. The intravenous  infusion of saralasin, a specific angiotensin II antagonist, has been investigated as a method for identifying patients with hypertension dependent upon excessive angiotensin II activity. Correlations between the blood pressure response to saralasin infusion, peripheral and differential renal vein plasma renin levels and renal angiography have been obtained in 35 hypertensive patients. The results suggest that a hypotensive response to saralasin infusion provides an adjunct to renin determinations for recognizing angiotensinogenic renovascular hypertension. However, false negative responses to saralasin occur. The reasons for these negative responses need to be determined before saralasin infusion can be employed as the sole screening test for renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 591250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3628", "title": "Successive abdominal roentgenograms: a new method of evaluating postoperative small bowel activity.", "content": "The technique of two successive abdominal roentgenograms at a five minute interval is proposed as a new method of evaluating small bowel activity in the presence of postoperative intestinal distention. One hundred and forty-four cases of postoperative small bowel distention were studied with this technique and correlated with the clinical evaluation of the bowel sounds and with the development of a variety of postoperative complications. Correlation with the bowel sounds was fairly good, except in the presence of a clinical description of hypoactive sounds. Reduced activity on the successive roentgenograms after the third postoperative day was frequently associated with postoperative complications, while persistent small bowel distention in the presence of significant roentgen activity usually indicated mechanical small bowel obstruction. This method for determination of small bowel activity thus appears to be useful in evaluating postoperative problems.", "contents": "Successive abdominal roentgenograms: a new method of evaluating postoperative small bowel activity. The technique of two successive abdominal roentgenograms at a five minute interval is proposed as a new method of evaluating small bowel activity in the presence of postoperative intestinal distention. One hundred and forty-four cases of postoperative small bowel distention were studied with this technique and correlated with the clinical evaluation of the bowel sounds and with the development of a variety of postoperative complications. Correlation with the bowel sounds was fairly good, except in the presence of a clinical description of hypoactive sounds. Reduced activity on the successive roentgenograms after the third postoperative day was frequently associated with postoperative complications, while persistent small bowel distention in the presence of significant roentgen activity usually indicated mechanical small bowel obstruction. This method for determination of small bowel activity thus appears to be useful in evaluating postoperative problems.", "PMID": 591253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3629", "title": "Transluminal dilatation and stent placement in obstructed ureters in dogs through the use of percutaneous nephropyelostomy.", "content": "Through an artificially created ureteral obstruction in the dog, a ureteral stent was placed with the aid of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. The stent was removed after two weeks. This resulted in permanent relief of the obstruction in the treated animals. In contrast to this, the control animals remained completely obstructed with resultant hydronephrosis and loss of kidney. It is proposed that this method can be used in humans where nephropyelostomy had been placed and where surgical correction of the obstructed ureter is not feasible.", "contents": "Transluminal dilatation and stent placement in obstructed ureters in dogs through the use of percutaneous nephropyelostomy. Through an artificially created ureteral obstruction in the dog, a ureteral stent was placed with the aid of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. The stent was removed after two weeks. This resulted in permanent relief of the obstruction in the treated animals. In contrast to this, the control animals remained completely obstructed with resultant hydronephrosis and loss of kidney. It is proposed that this method can be used in humans where nephropyelostomy had been placed and where surgical correction of the obstructed ureter is not feasible.", "PMID": 591255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3630", "title": "Recirculation of iopanoic acid after conjugation in the liver.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine if an enterohepatic recirculation occurred for the metabolite of iopanoic acid. The major metabolite of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) in dog bile is the glucuronide conjugate. The identification and quantitation of glucuronide conjugate was accomplished by elemental analysis, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, fluorescent excitation analysis, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The stability of iopanoic acid glucuronide in refrigerated dog bile was confirmed. Known amounts of the glucuronide conjugate were instilled into the duodenum of 8 awake adult dogs, and bile collected for 8 hours. Between 19% and 53% (average 31%) of the administered dose was recovered in bile, thereby documenting the presence of an enterohepatic recirculation of conjugated iopanoic acid. The slow rise and plateau of the excretion curve suggests that either the compound is absorbed slowly, or that absorption depends upon deconjugation in the gut. The implications are discussed.", "contents": "Recirculation of iopanoic acid after conjugation in the liver. The purpose of the investigation was to determine if an enterohepatic recirculation occurred for the metabolite of iopanoic acid. The major metabolite of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) in dog bile is the glucuronide conjugate. The identification and quantitation of glucuronide conjugate was accomplished by elemental analysis, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, fluorescent excitation analysis, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The stability of iopanoic acid glucuronide in refrigerated dog bile was confirmed. Known amounts of the glucuronide conjugate were instilled into the duodenum of 8 awake adult dogs, and bile collected for 8 hours. Between 19% and 53% (average 31%) of the administered dose was recovered in bile, thereby documenting the presence of an enterohepatic recirculation of conjugated iopanoic acid. The slow rise and plateau of the excretion curve suggests that either the compound is absorbed slowly, or that absorption depends upon deconjugation in the gut. The implications are discussed.", "PMID": 591256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3631", "title": "Comparison of CT scanning with photon absorptiometric measurement of bone mineral content in the appendicular skeleton.", "content": "Traditional methods of bone mineral analysis were compared to a new technique using computerized tomography (or CT scanning). The correlation between the CT values for long bones in the dog and actual calcium content was 0.9942. The correlation between two photon absorptiometric techniques and CT values were also 0.9981 and 0.9962. The precision of repeated scans was +/-2%. It is suggested that the CT scanner will allow bone mineral analysis to be performed with accuracy and precision.", "contents": "Comparison of CT scanning with photon absorptiometric measurement of bone mineral content in the appendicular skeleton. Traditional methods of bone mineral analysis were compared to a new technique using computerized tomography (or CT scanning). The correlation between the CT values for long bones in the dog and actual calcium content was 0.9942. The correlation between two photon absorptiometric techniques and CT values were also 0.9981 and 0.9962. The precision of repeated scans was +/-2%. It is suggested that the CT scanner will allow bone mineral analysis to be performed with accuracy and precision.", "PMID": 591257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3632", "title": "Reaction of the vesical wall to bacterial penetration: resistance to attachment, desquamation, and leukocytic activity.", "content": "To determine the contribution of the bladder wall to defense against infection we designed a series of experiments wherein movement of introduced bacteria and inflammatory processes (cystitis) were observed by autoradiographic technique. As a first defense line, the bladder mucosal surface showed strong resistance against bacterial attachment and penetration. Moreover, epithelial cells gripped and penetrated by bacteria were desquamated and eliminated through voiding, thus arresting deeper invasion into the bladder wall. When organisms did penetrate the bladder wall, they were phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the submucosa and muscularis. In contrast, once leukocytes had migrated into the urine within the bladder, they no longer participated in phagocytosis. Organisms also entered the veins, or the lymphatics, or both, and disappeared rapidly from the local site through the action of the reticuloendothelial system. These observations indicate that--in addition to mechanical emptying--resistance to bacterial attachment, desquamation of invaded cells, activity of leukocytes and macrophages, and disappearance of bacteria from local site are four mechanisms whereby the bladder resists and fights infection.", "contents": "Reaction of the vesical wall to bacterial penetration: resistance to attachment, desquamation, and leukocytic activity. To determine the contribution of the bladder wall to defense against infection we designed a series of experiments wherein movement of introduced bacteria and inflammatory processes (cystitis) were observed by autoradiographic technique. As a first defense line, the bladder mucosal surface showed strong resistance against bacterial attachment and penetration. Moreover, epithelial cells gripped and penetrated by bacteria were desquamated and eliminated through voiding, thus arresting deeper invasion into the bladder wall. When organisms did penetrate the bladder wall, they were phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the submucosa and muscularis. In contrast, once leukocytes had migrated into the urine within the bladder, they no longer participated in phagocytosis. Organisms also entered the veins, or the lymphatics, or both, and disappeared rapidly from the local site through the action of the reticuloendothelial system. These observations indicate that--in addition to mechanical emptying--resistance to bacterial attachment, desquamation of invaded cells, activity of leukocytes and macrophages, and disappearance of bacteria from local site are four mechanisms whereby the bladder resists and fights infection.", "PMID": 591263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3633", "title": "Quantitative bone mineral analysis using dual energy computed tomography.", "content": "This preliminary evaluation indicates that CT scanning permits measurement of cancellous, cortical or integral bone. With the single energy technique, precision is high and with mode, CT scanning may prove an important tool for assessing the axial skeleton is osteoporotic conditions.", "contents": "Quantitative bone mineral analysis using dual energy computed tomography. This preliminary evaluation indicates that CT scanning permits measurement of cancellous, cortical or integral bone. With the single energy technique, precision is high and with mode, CT scanning may prove an important tool for assessing the axial skeleton is osteoporotic conditions.", "PMID": 591258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3634", "title": "Morphologic changes in the arterial bed of the penis with aging. Relationship to the pathogenesis of impotence.", "content": "The arterial vascular bed of the penis has been studied histologically in postmortem material from 30 males in the age range 19 to 85 years, mean 57. Fifteen of these propositi had had diabetes mellitus of average duration of 13 years. In all males more than 38 years old, there was fibrous substitution of the longitudinal smooth muscle in the Ebner pads. Later this was complemented by fibrous proliferation of the intima, medial fibrosis, calcification, and narrowing of the lumen to obilteration from thrombi. The extent of the pathology was apparently related to both age and diabetes mellitus. The nature and extent of the changes indicate that they must necessarily lead to a limitation of the basic function of this arterial tree, i.e., to increase essentially the flow of blood to the cavernous bodies at the time of the erection. These changes can play a decisive role in explaining impotence that occurs with aging, particularly in diabetics.", "contents": "Morphologic changes in the arterial bed of the penis with aging. Relationship to the pathogenesis of impotence. The arterial vascular bed of the penis has been studied histologically in postmortem material from 30 males in the age range 19 to 85 years, mean 57. Fifteen of these propositi had had diabetes mellitus of average duration of 13 years. In all males more than 38 years old, there was fibrous substitution of the longitudinal smooth muscle in the Ebner pads. Later this was complemented by fibrous proliferation of the intima, medial fibrosis, calcification, and narrowing of the lumen to obilteration from thrombi. The extent of the pathology was apparently related to both age and diabetes mellitus. The nature and extent of the changes indicate that they must necessarily lead to a limitation of the basic function of this arterial tree, i.e., to increase essentially the flow of blood to the cavernous bodies at the time of the erection. These changes can play a decisive role in explaining impotence that occurs with aging, particularly in diabetics.", "PMID": 591264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3635", "title": "The effects of vasectomy on the testis and accessory sex glands of the Hartley strain guinea pig.", "content": "The short term effects of bilateral vasectomy on the testis and the accessory sex glands of the guinea pig were compared with the effects of sham operation and unilateral vasectomy at 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after operation. The testis weights, sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, histology, epididymal sperm number, and motility were recorded. Accessory sex glands were weighed and chemically analyzed for fructose and citric acid content. The citric acid concentration of the dorsolateral prostate of the bilateral vasectomy group was significantly higher than concentrations in sham-operated and unilateral vasectomy groups at 3 weeks only. This may indicate transient hormonal derangement as a result of vasectomy. No significant differences were noted between testes of vasectomy and sham-operated groups. The unligated side testes of the unilateral vasectomy group were different from the testes of vasectomy and sham-operated groups. We conclude that interruption and ligation of the vas deferens itself has no effect on the testis of the guinea pig. Furthermore, all vasectomy experiments should include sham-operated controls.", "contents": "The effects of vasectomy on the testis and accessory sex glands of the Hartley strain guinea pig. The short term effects of bilateral vasectomy on the testis and the accessory sex glands of the guinea pig were compared with the effects of sham operation and unilateral vasectomy at 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after operation. The testis weights, sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, histology, epididymal sperm number, and motility were recorded. Accessory sex glands were weighed and chemically analyzed for fructose and citric acid content. The citric acid concentration of the dorsolateral prostate of the bilateral vasectomy group was significantly higher than concentrations in sham-operated and unilateral vasectomy groups at 3 weeks only. This may indicate transient hormonal derangement as a result of vasectomy. No significant differences were noted between testes of vasectomy and sham-operated groups. The unligated side testes of the unilateral vasectomy group were different from the testes of vasectomy and sham-operated groups. We conclude that interruption and ligation of the vas deferens itself has no effect on the testis of the guinea pig. Furthermore, all vasectomy experiments should include sham-operated controls.", "PMID": 591265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3636", "title": "Androgen concentrations in prostate and serum of the male and female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis.", "content": "The levels of androgens in the male prostate, seminal vesicles, and serum, as well as in the female prostate and serum, were measured in the rodent Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. Measurements were made in different age groups of both males and females using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The results showed that the values for serum testosterone were 10 times greater in the male than the female. The concentration of serum dihydrotestosterone in the male was approximately one-tenth of the concentration of testosterone. The recovery of dihydrotestosterone from the prostate in the female and seminal vesicle in the male was low and these values were not considered. The concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the male prostate were 8.3 +/- 0.5 and 20.0 +/- 2.4 ng per g of wet tissue, respectively. The concentration of testosterone in the female prostate, 7.1 +/- 0.5 ng per g of wet tissue, was similar to that in the male. These studies have shown that the female Mastomys has a prostate which exists in a low androgen environment; it is suggested that this could be used as an experimental model for studying hormonal effects on the prostate.", "contents": "Androgen concentrations in prostate and serum of the male and female Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. The levels of androgens in the male prostate, seminal vesicles, and serum, as well as in the female prostate and serum, were measured in the rodent Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis. Measurements were made in different age groups of both males and females using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The results showed that the values for serum testosterone were 10 times greater in the male than the female. The concentration of serum dihydrotestosterone in the male was approximately one-tenth of the concentration of testosterone. The recovery of dihydrotestosterone from the prostate in the female and seminal vesicle in the male was low and these values were not considered. The concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the male prostate were 8.3 +/- 0.5 and 20.0 +/- 2.4 ng per g of wet tissue, respectively. The concentration of testosterone in the female prostate, 7.1 +/- 0.5 ng per g of wet tissue, was similar to that in the male. These studies have shown that the female Mastomys has a prostate which exists in a low androgen environment; it is suggested that this could be used as an experimental model for studying hormonal effects on the prostate.", "PMID": 591266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3637", "title": "Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow through a Pudenz 12 mm or a standard Rickham reservoir: phantom experiments.", "content": "We have investigated the assessment of fluid flow through a Pudenz and a Rickham shunt using radioactive tracer. Experimentally, the radioactivity clearance curve obtained, using either shunt, is defined by two exponents. The relationship between flow-rate (F) and clearance half-time (T1/2) of the first component is identical with the clearance formula (formula: see text) or log10(F) =-LOG10(T1/2) + LOG100.693V using the physical volume. The value of the second component in a Pudenz 12 mm and a standard Rickman reservoir is log10(F) = -1.3LOG10(T1/2) + 0.087 and log 10(F) =-1.8log10(T1/2) + 0.019 respectively. In clinical practice, the first component may not be recorded adequately because the interval between appearance of the first and second components is very short. To calculate the CSF flow, we recommend referring to the line of \"radioactivity clearance half-time and flow-rate\" of the second component instead of the calculation based on clearance formula using a physical volume.", "contents": "Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow through a Pudenz 12 mm or a standard Rickham reservoir: phantom experiments. We have investigated the assessment of fluid flow through a Pudenz and a Rickham shunt using radioactive tracer. Experimentally, the radioactivity clearance curve obtained, using either shunt, is defined by two exponents. The relationship between flow-rate (F) and clearance half-time (T1/2) of the first component is identical with the clearance formula (formula: see text) or log10(F) =-LOG10(T1/2) + LOG100.693V using the physical volume. The value of the second component in a Pudenz 12 mm and a standard Rickman reservoir is log10(F) = -1.3LOG10(T1/2) + 0.087 and log 10(F) =-1.8log10(T1/2) + 0.019 respectively. In clinical practice, the first component may not be recorded adequately because the interval between appearance of the first and second components is very short. To calculate the CSF flow, we recommend referring to the line of \"radioactivity clearance half-time and flow-rate\" of the second component instead of the calculation based on clearance formula using a physical volume.", "PMID": 591259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3638", "title": "Treatment of oral estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) in prostatic carcinoma: influences on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.", "content": "Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt), a combination of estradiol and nitrogen mustard given to males with prostatic carcinoma, had the same effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and serum phosphoglyceride fatty acid composition as ethynyl estradiol (Etivex). The characteristic effects on serum lipids caused by both drugs, i.e., a reduction in serum cholesterol and an increase in serum phospholipids, were apparently expressions for reduced low density lipoproteins and increased alpha-lipoproteins. Serum lecithin fatty acid composition revealed during the administration of both drugs a characteristic increase in palmitic acid (16:0) and a decrease in stearic acid (18:0), interpreted as evidence for a cholestatic, although subclinical, liver involvement. Similar changes have earlier been revealed in women given ethynyl estradiol; however, the increase in serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in young women was not duplicated in aged males with prostatic carcinoma. Furthermore, in aged males, the administration of these estrogens did not change carbohydrate metabolism but did produce an increase in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "Treatment of oral estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) in prostatic carcinoma: influences on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt), a combination of estradiol and nitrogen mustard given to males with prostatic carcinoma, had the same effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and serum phosphoglyceride fatty acid composition as ethynyl estradiol (Etivex). The characteristic effects on serum lipids caused by both drugs, i.e., a reduction in serum cholesterol and an increase in serum phospholipids, were apparently expressions for reduced low density lipoproteins and increased alpha-lipoproteins. Serum lecithin fatty acid composition revealed during the administration of both drugs a characteristic increase in palmitic acid (16:0) and a decrease in stearic acid (18:0), interpreted as evidence for a cholestatic, although subclinical, liver involvement. Similar changes have earlier been revealed in women given ethynyl estradiol; however, the increase in serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in young women was not duplicated in aged males with prostatic carcinoma. Furthermore, in aged males, the administration of these estrogens did not change carbohydrate metabolism but did produce an increase in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 591268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3639", "title": "Ex vivo perfusion of the canine and human prostate gland.", "content": "It has been shown that the perfused canine prostate is capable of responding to pilocarpine stimulation in vitro producing prostatic secretions similar in quantity and quality to those observed in the living dog with a prostatic fistula. Furthermore, the perfused gland is capable of metabolizing testosterone. This perfusion technique has been extended to a human prostate gland harvested from a beating heart cadaver and shows the feasibility of this procedure for future studies in the human.", "contents": "Ex vivo perfusion of the canine and human prostate gland. It has been shown that the perfused canine prostate is capable of responding to pilocarpine stimulation in vitro producing prostatic secretions similar in quantity and quality to those observed in the living dog with a prostatic fistula. Furthermore, the perfused gland is capable of metabolizing testosterone. This perfusion technique has been extended to a human prostate gland harvested from a beating heart cadaver and shows the feasibility of this procedure for future studies in the human.", "PMID": 591269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3640", "title": "Development of the ureterovesical junction in human fetus: in consideration of the vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "The ureterovesical junctions in human fetuses from 11 to 27 weeks of age were studied histologically. Anatomical relationships and origins of the periureteral sheaths, intravesical ureteral muscles, and trigonal muscles were shown. The superficial periureteral sheath arising from the vesical wall was not the source of the trigonal muscles; the deep periureteral sheath arising from the intravesical ureteral wall formed the deep trigonal muscles. The muscles of the intravesical ureter were differentiated longitudinally and formed the superficial trigonal muscles. The development of the two trigonal muscles--superficial and deep--depends on the development of the deep periureteral sheath and the intravesical ureteral muscles. From the finding that both trigonal muscles are present in fetuses compared with both periureteral sheaths or intravesical ureteral muscles in the latest stage, the ability to maintain the valve mechanism in the ureterovesical junction in the human fetus is based on the periureteral sheaths and intravesical ureter--not on the trigone.", "contents": "Development of the ureterovesical junction in human fetus: in consideration of the vesicoureteral reflux. The ureterovesical junctions in human fetuses from 11 to 27 weeks of age were studied histologically. Anatomical relationships and origins of the periureteral sheaths, intravesical ureteral muscles, and trigonal muscles were shown. The superficial periureteral sheath arising from the vesical wall was not the source of the trigonal muscles; the deep periureteral sheath arising from the intravesical ureteral wall formed the deep trigonal muscles. The muscles of the intravesical ureter were differentiated longitudinally and formed the superficial trigonal muscles. The development of the two trigonal muscles--superficial and deep--depends on the development of the deep periureteral sheath and the intravesical ureteral muscles. From the finding that both trigonal muscles are present in fetuses compared with both periureteral sheaths or intravesical ureteral muscles in the latest stage, the ability to maintain the valve mechanism in the ureterovesical junction in the human fetus is based on the periureteral sheaths and intravesical ureter--not on the trigone.", "PMID": 591270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3641", "title": "Experimental study with the Scurasil ureteral prosthesis.", "content": "The latest generation of Scurasil (dimethylpolisoxane) ureteral prosthesis was used in six dogs as a model for internal urinary diversion in patients with metastatic disease. It was found to cause minimal reaction but carried a high complication rate, including stone formation, end-stage pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis. Although technically easy to use, modifications in design are necessary prior to use in humans.", "contents": "Experimental study with the Scurasil ureteral prosthesis. The latest generation of Scurasil (dimethylpolisoxane) ureteral prosthesis was used in six dogs as a model for internal urinary diversion in patients with metastatic disease. It was found to cause minimal reaction but carried a high complication rate, including stone formation, end-stage pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis. Although technically easy to use, modifications in design are necessary prior to use in humans.", "PMID": 591271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3642", "title": "Gated computed tomography of the human heart.", "content": "Production of in vivo images of the human heart, with delineation of the individual cardiac chambers and myocardial wall thickness, was accomplished by coupling a relatively simple electrocardiographic gating device to a translate-rotate type of computed body tomographic scanner. Differentiation between the myocardial wall and the intracardiac blood pool was attainable in the patient with a normal hematocrit only when intravenous iodinated contrast media was used.", "contents": "Gated computed tomography of the human heart. Production of in vivo images of the human heart, with delineation of the individual cardiac chambers and myocardial wall thickness, was accomplished by coupling a relatively simple electrocardiographic gating device to a translate-rotate type of computed body tomographic scanner. Differentiation between the myocardial wall and the intracardiac blood pool was attainable in the patient with a normal hematocrit only when intravenous iodinated contrast media was used.", "PMID": 591261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3643", "title": "Control of ureteral peristalsis during changes in intravesical pressure.", "content": "Studies of the ureteral response to changes in intravesical pressure (IP) have been conducted by surgically altering the neural and hydrodynamic integrity of canine ureters. Ureteral function was assessed by acute and chronic recordings of ongoing electrical activity. Intact control ureters responded (acute to 56 per cent; chronic to 83 per cent) to elevated IP with immediate increases and to decreases in IP with slowing or cessation of activity. Acute ureteral ligation mimicked the effects of increased IP, except the responses were much slower. Ureterotomy and the resultant extravasation of urine did not alter the ureteral response. Disruption of renal nerves, whether by selective sectioning or by nephrectomy, was associated with exaggerated ureteral frequency responses which were delayed in onset. Ureters lacking neural connections with the bladder responded with bursts of multiple spikes and increases in the force of peristalsis. These observations are discussed in terms of the myogenic and neurogenic control of ureteral peristalsis.", "contents": "Control of ureteral peristalsis during changes in intravesical pressure. Studies of the ureteral response to changes in intravesical pressure (IP) have been conducted by surgically altering the neural and hydrodynamic integrity of canine ureters. Ureteral function was assessed by acute and chronic recordings of ongoing electrical activity. Intact control ureters responded (acute to 56 per cent; chronic to 83 per cent) to elevated IP with immediate increases and to decreases in IP with slowing or cessation of activity. Acute ureteral ligation mimicked the effects of increased IP, except the responses were much slower. Ureterotomy and the resultant extravasation of urine did not alter the ureteral response. Disruption of renal nerves, whether by selective sectioning or by nephrectomy, was associated with exaggerated ureteral frequency responses which were delayed in onset. Ureters lacking neural connections with the bladder responded with bursts of multiple spikes and increases in the force of peristalsis. These observations are discussed in terms of the myogenic and neurogenic control of ureteral peristalsis.", "PMID": 591272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3644", "title": "The use of the CO2 laser for partial nephrectomy: an experimental study.", "content": "The CO2- laser knife was used for partial nephrectomy in an experimental study of 20 mongrel cats. Of these, 16 survived, two died of peritonitis, and two died of unrelated causes. The inherent characteristics of precision and hemostasis of this modality, already found useful in controlling complications in other fields of surgery, proved to be a safe and effective method for partial nephrectomy as shown by angiography and histopathologic examinations of the operated kidneys at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 90 days after surgery. Complications such as hemorrhage or urinary fistula were nonexistent.", "contents": "The use of the CO2 laser for partial nephrectomy: an experimental study. The CO2- laser knife was used for partial nephrectomy in an experimental study of 20 mongrel cats. Of these, 16 survived, two died of peritonitis, and two died of unrelated causes. The inherent characteristics of precision and hemostasis of this modality, already found useful in controlling complications in other fields of surgery, proved to be a safe and effective method for partial nephrectomy as shown by angiography and histopathologic examinations of the operated kidneys at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 90 days after surgery. Complications such as hemorrhage or urinary fistula were nonexistent.", "PMID": 591273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3645", "title": "Syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Study of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients with chronic mild to moderate renal failure presenting with unexplained hyperkalemia were studied, and found to have hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Hyperkalemia, generally uncommon in nonoliguric stable renal failure, resulted from the combination of apparent insensitivity of the diseased kidney to aldosterone and variable degrees of impairment in the reninaldosterone axis. The clinical picture, the methods of establishing the diagnosis, the therapeutic alternatives and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved are described.", "contents": "Syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Study of two cases and review of the literature. Two patients with chronic mild to moderate renal failure presenting with unexplained hyperkalemia were studied, and found to have hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Hyperkalemia, generally uncommon in nonoliguric stable renal failure, resulted from the combination of apparent insensitivity of the diseased kidney to aldosterone and variable degrees of impairment in the reninaldosterone axis. The clinical picture, the methods of establishing the diagnosis, the therapeutic alternatives and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved are described.", "PMID": 591294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3646", "title": "Viroimmunoassay utilizing a synthetic peptide: a test equivalent to the carcinoembryonic antigen radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A recently developed immunoassay which utilizes the synthetic fragment CEA(1-11), corresponding to the N-terminal segment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was used for the evaluation of human sera. The various sera were tested for their capacity to inhibit the inactivation of the modified bacteriophage preparation CEA(1-11)-T4 by antiserum prepared against the bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate CEA(1-11)-BSA. In this immunological system both the free synthetic peptide and a semipurified preparation of intact CEA serve as inhibitors. Sera from a large proportion (85%) of patients with adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, including the pancrease, gave 50 to 88% inhibition. Sera from patients with other cancers, particularly of breast and ovary, also caused inhibition, although it was less marked in both incidence and level. Most normal sera gave less than 40% inhibition, which was considered as the cutoff point. This assay, like the CEA radioimmunoassay, is not suitable for mass screening nor can it be the primary criterion for diagnosis of cancer, but it might be of value as a follow-up procedure for postoperative diagnosis and prognosis.", "contents": "Viroimmunoassay utilizing a synthetic peptide: a test equivalent to the carcinoembryonic antigen radioimmunoassay. A recently developed immunoassay which utilizes the synthetic fragment CEA(1-11), corresponding to the N-terminal segment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was used for the evaluation of human sera. The various sera were tested for their capacity to inhibit the inactivation of the modified bacteriophage preparation CEA(1-11)-T4 by antiserum prepared against the bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate CEA(1-11)-BSA. In this immunological system both the free synthetic peptide and a semipurified preparation of intact CEA serve as inhibitors. Sera from a large proportion (85%) of patients with adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, including the pancrease, gave 50 to 88% inhibition. Sera from patients with other cancers, particularly of breast and ovary, also caused inhibition, although it was less marked in both incidence and level. Most normal sera gave less than 40% inhibition, which was considered as the cutoff point. This assay, like the CEA radioimmunoassay, is not suitable for mass screening nor can it be the primary criterion for diagnosis of cancer, but it might be of value as a follow-up procedure for postoperative diagnosis and prognosis.", "PMID": 591295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3647", "title": "\"Coronary\" T waves in the presence of complete left bundle-branch block: a normal variant?", "content": "The case report of a patient with an ECG pattern of intermittent left bundle-branch block, presenting inverted and symmetric (\"coronary\") T waves in leads V1 to V3 during periods of normal intraventricular conduction, is presented. The patient was followed up for eight years during which time no relevant symptoms appeared while extensive noninvasive investigations repeatedly failed to reveal any organic basis for the ECG changes. It is stressed that inverted, symmetric T waves in right-sided chest leads may be encountered in young, otherwise healthy subjects with intermittent left bundle-branch block during periods of normal intraventricular conduction. Knowledge of this fact is important in order to avoid iatrogenic cardiac invalidism in such cases.", "contents": "\"Coronary\" T waves in the presence of complete left bundle-branch block: a normal variant? The case report of a patient with an ECG pattern of intermittent left bundle-branch block, presenting inverted and symmetric (\"coronary\") T waves in leads V1 to V3 during periods of normal intraventricular conduction, is presented. The patient was followed up for eight years during which time no relevant symptoms appeared while extensive noninvasive investigations repeatedly failed to reveal any organic basis for the ECG changes. It is stressed that inverted, symmetric T waves in right-sided chest leads may be encountered in young, otherwise healthy subjects with intermittent left bundle-branch block during periods of normal intraventricular conduction. Knowledge of this fact is important in order to avoid iatrogenic cardiac invalidism in such cases.", "PMID": 591296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3648", "title": "Role of synovectomy in hemophilic arthropathy.", "content": "Fifteen knee synovectomies performed in severe hemophiliacs between 1969 and 1971 were reevaluated after a follow-up period ranging from five to seven years. In the majority of cases (53%) there was no recurrence of hemarthrosis; in the others the condition was reduced (40%) or unchanged (7%) and joint scintiscans carried out with 99mTc showed a significant uptake of the tracer. Joint motion was markedly impaired in eight cases despite prolonged and intensive physiotherapy. The majority of patients expressed satisfaction with the operation, which had reduced the frequency and severity of joint bleeding and allowed them to lead more active lives. It is suggested that the possibilities of the conservative treatment presently available should be more extensively explored before establishing the indications for synovectomy.", "contents": "Role of synovectomy in hemophilic arthropathy. Fifteen knee synovectomies performed in severe hemophiliacs between 1969 and 1971 were reevaluated after a follow-up period ranging from five to seven years. In the majority of cases (53%) there was no recurrence of hemarthrosis; in the others the condition was reduced (40%) or unchanged (7%) and joint scintiscans carried out with 99mTc showed a significant uptake of the tracer. Joint motion was markedly impaired in eight cases despite prolonged and intensive physiotherapy. The majority of patients expressed satisfaction with the operation, which had reduced the frequency and severity of joint bleeding and allowed them to lead more active lives. It is suggested that the possibilities of the conservative treatment presently available should be more extensively explored before establishing the indications for synovectomy.", "PMID": 591298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3649", "title": "Reconstructive surgery in the lower limb in hemophiliacs.", "content": "During the years 1973-76, we performed 76 operations on the lower limbs of hemophiliacs in an attempt to correct the disability due to intraarticular hemorrhages. The ways in which rehabilitative surgery can improve function and retard further damage are discussed in the light of the pathogenesis of disability due to intraarticular and intramuscular hemorrhage. Three particularly successful operative procedures are discussed: 1) supracondylar correction of knock-knee, 2) intertrochanteric correction of coxa valga, and 3) evacuation of iliacus hematoma in patients with paralysis of the femoral nerve.", "contents": "Reconstructive surgery in the lower limb in hemophiliacs. During the years 1973-76, we performed 76 operations on the lower limbs of hemophiliacs in an attempt to correct the disability due to intraarticular hemorrhages. The ways in which rehabilitative surgery can improve function and retard further damage are discussed in the light of the pathogenesis of disability due to intraarticular and intramuscular hemorrhage. Three particularly successful operative procedures are discussed: 1) supracondylar correction of knock-knee, 2) intertrochanteric correction of coxa valga, and 3) evacuation of iliacus hematoma in patients with paralysis of the femoral nerve.", "PMID": 591299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3650", "title": "Drug utilization and adverse drug reactions in medical patients: comparison of two periods, 1969--72 and 1973--76.", "content": "A study of drug usage and adverse drug reactions was carried out on 2,771 hospitalized medical patients during 1969--76. Comparison of data between 1969--72 and 1973--76 shows an 11% reduction in the average number of drugs per patient, and a 59% decrease in the incidence of adverse effects, calculated as percent of all exposures. The number of patients affected by adverse reactions during the second period fell by 61%. These data seem to indicate that there was considerable improvement in habits of drug usage in the monitored ward.", "contents": "Drug utilization and adverse drug reactions in medical patients: comparison of two periods, 1969--72 and 1973--76. A study of drug usage and adverse drug reactions was carried out on 2,771 hospitalized medical patients during 1969--76. Comparison of data between 1969--72 and 1973--76 shows an 11% reduction in the average number of drugs per patient, and a 59% decrease in the incidence of adverse effects, calculated as percent of all exposures. The number of patients affected by adverse reactions during the second period fell by 61%. These data seem to indicate that there was considerable improvement in habits of drug usage in the monitored ward.", "PMID": 591300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3651", "title": "The Jerusalem perinatal study: the first decade 1964--73.", "content": "This paper summarizes the main findings concerning Jewish births in the record-linked Jerusalem Perinatal Study. In the decade 1964--73 there were 63,638 births in which the birth weight was at least 1,000 g. The late fetal mortality rate was 9.1/1,000, and the neonatal and infant death rates were 10.1 and 15.5/1,000, respectively. The demographic characteristics of births changed over the decade, with a decrease in the proportion of high birth orders, of mothers with little education, of immigrants from Asia and North Africa, and of marriages within the same group of origin. Fertility fell, especially at the extremes of reproductive life. Illegitimacy was 1.2%. Year-by-year variations in mortality are discussed and the relationship of mortality to maternal age and education, birth order, social class, group of origin and birth weight are described. Frequencies of specific congenital malformations, infant and child admissions to hospital and various obstetric complications are also reported. Changes in obstetric interventions over the decade included an increasing proportion of induced labors, cesarean sections, forceps and vacuum deliveries, and interventions in the third stage of labor. The paper briefly indicates ways in which the data bank of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study is being exploited for a wide variety of health studies.", "contents": "The Jerusalem perinatal study: the first decade 1964--73. This paper summarizes the main findings concerning Jewish births in the record-linked Jerusalem Perinatal Study. In the decade 1964--73 there were 63,638 births in which the birth weight was at least 1,000 g. The late fetal mortality rate was 9.1/1,000, and the neonatal and infant death rates were 10.1 and 15.5/1,000, respectively. The demographic characteristics of births changed over the decade, with a decrease in the proportion of high birth orders, of mothers with little education, of immigrants from Asia and North Africa, and of marriages within the same group of origin. Fertility fell, especially at the extremes of reproductive life. Illegitimacy was 1.2%. Year-by-year variations in mortality are discussed and the relationship of mortality to maternal age and education, birth order, social class, group of origin and birth weight are described. Frequencies of specific congenital malformations, infant and child admissions to hospital and various obstetric complications are also reported. Changes in obstetric interventions over the decade included an increasing proportion of induced labors, cesarean sections, forceps and vacuum deliveries, and interventions in the third stage of labor. The paper briefly indicates ways in which the data bank of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study is being exploited for a wide variety of health studies.", "PMID": 591301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3652", "title": "Relationship between food intake and insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test in short lean children.", "content": "Based on diet questionnaires and food intake analysis, a study was made of the eating habits of 35 lean children and adolescents with constitutional familial short stature. The children were divided into four groups according to their plasma insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test (normal or low) and to the season during which the test was given. No statistically significant differences in caloric intake were found. The overall total caloric intake in all groups was 166 to 190% of the recommended dietary allowances set by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. It is concluded that the insulin response to the oral glucose tolerance test is not related to caloric intake.", "contents": "Relationship between food intake and insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test in short lean children. Based on diet questionnaires and food intake analysis, a study was made of the eating habits of 35 lean children and adolescents with constitutional familial short stature. The children were divided into four groups according to their plasma insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test (normal or low) and to the season during which the test was given. No statistically significant differences in caloric intake were found. The overall total caloric intake in all groups was 166 to 190% of the recommended dietary allowances set by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. It is concluded that the insulin response to the oral glucose tolerance test is not related to caloric intake.", "PMID": 591302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3653", "title": "Semiquantitative cytochemical estimation of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral lymphocytes in healthy human subjects.", "content": "A semiquantitative cytochemical evaluation of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral lymphocytes in 123 normal sybjects was made. It was found that the enzymatic activity was influenced by age but not by sex. Activity was weak in newborn infants but increased with age and reached maximal values in old subjects. Age should therefore be taken into consideration when the enzyme activity is evaluated.", "contents": "Semiquantitative cytochemical estimation of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral lymphocytes in healthy human subjects. A semiquantitative cytochemical evaluation of beta-glucuronidase activity in peripheral lymphocytes in 123 normal sybjects was made. It was found that the enzymatic activity was influenced by age but not by sex. Activity was weak in newborn infants but increased with age and reached maximal values in old subjects. Age should therefore be taken into consideration when the enzyme activity is evaluated.", "PMID": 591303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3654", "title": "Renal amyloidosis: immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens of 15 patients with renal amyloidosis were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. The amyloidosis was associated with chronic pulmonary disease in five, rheumatoid arthritis in one, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in one, and familial Mediterranean fever in five patients. In three patients no associated condition could be determined although the pattern of organ involvement resembled that of secondary amyloidosis. IgG and complement (C3) were demonstrated in the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium in all patients. The pattern of the deposits was neither granular nor linear. Ig and C3 appeared as large confluent masses or broad ribbon-like segments. In the six patients studied by electron microscopy the fibrillary formation of amyloid was seen in the mesangium and the glomerular capillary walls corresponding to the Ig deposits. No immunofluorescence or ultrastructural differences were observed among the patients with secondary, inherited and leukemia-associated amyloidosis included in this study.", "contents": "Renal amyloidosis: immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies. Renal biopsy specimens of 15 patients with renal amyloidosis were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. The amyloidosis was associated with chronic pulmonary disease in five, rheumatoid arthritis in one, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in one, and familial Mediterranean fever in five patients. In three patients no associated condition could be determined although the pattern of organ involvement resembled that of secondary amyloidosis. IgG and complement (C3) were demonstrated in the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium in all patients. The pattern of the deposits was neither granular nor linear. Ig and C3 appeared as large confluent masses or broad ribbon-like segments. In the six patients studied by electron microscopy the fibrillary formation of amyloid was seen in the mesangium and the glomerular capillary walls corresponding to the Ig deposits. No immunofluorescence or ultrastructural differences were observed among the patients with secondary, inherited and leukemia-associated amyloidosis included in this study.", "PMID": 591304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3655", "title": "Self-poisoning with digitalis glycosides: successful treatment of three cases.", "content": "Three patients who attempted suicide with massive digoxin overdoses are described. Peak plasma digoxin levels in the three patients reached 21, 8.2 and 6.2 ng/ml. The clinical condition of the patients was correlated with their plasma digoxin levels. Control of digitalis-induced arrhythmias was achieved with i.v. diphenylhydantoin.", "contents": "Self-poisoning with digitalis glycosides: successful treatment of three cases. Three patients who attempted suicide with massive digoxin overdoses are described. Peak plasma digoxin levels in the three patients reached 21, 8.2 and 6.2 ng/ml. The clinical condition of the patients was correlated with their plasma digoxin levels. Control of digitalis-induced arrhythmias was achieved with i.v. diphenylhydantoin.", "PMID": 591305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3656", "title": "Physician productivity and returns to scale.", "content": "Cobb-Douglas production functions are used to estimate returns to scale in a sample of solo and group medical practices stratified by size and type of practice. Solo practices and small single-specialty groups are stratified by specialty, and large multispecialty groups are stratified as general practice-general surgery or comprehensive-care groups. Output measures used are gross revenue, total patient visits, and office visits; input measures reflecting practice scale are number of physicians, number of rooms, and number of nonphysician office personnel. Results indicate increasing returns to scale for solo and small group practices but decreasing returns to scale for very large groups. Possible reasons for inefficiency in large practices and the implications of the findings for public policy on health maintenance organizations are discussed.", "contents": "Physician productivity and returns to scale. Cobb-Douglas production functions are used to estimate returns to scale in a sample of solo and group medical practices stratified by size and type of practice. Solo practices and small single-specialty groups are stratified by specialty, and large multispecialty groups are stratified as general practice-general surgery or comprehensive-care groups. Output measures used are gross revenue, total patient visits, and office visits; input measures reflecting practice scale are number of physicians, number of rooms, and number of nonphysician office personnel. Results indicate increasing returns to scale for solo and small group practices but decreasing returns to scale for very large groups. Possible reasons for inefficiency in large practices and the implications of the findings for public policy on health maintenance organizations are discussed.", "PMID": 591349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3657", "title": "Implementation of a model for census prediction and control.", "content": "A model is described that predicts hospital census and computes, for each day, the number of elective admissions that will maximize the census over the short run, subject to constraints on the probability of overflow. Where a computer is available the model provides detailed predictions of census in units as small as 10 beds; used with manual computation the model allows production of tables of the recommended numbers of elective admissions to the hospital as a whole. The model has been tested in five hospitals and is part of the admissions system in two of them; implementation is described, and the results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "Implementation of a model for census prediction and control. A model is described that predicts hospital census and computes, for each day, the number of elective admissions that will maximize the census over the short run, subject to constraints on the probability of overflow. Where a computer is available the model provides detailed predictions of census in units as small as 10 beds; used with manual computation the model allows production of tables of the recommended numbers of elective admissions to the hospital as a whole. The model has been tested in five hospitals and is part of the admissions system in two of them; implementation is described, and the results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 591350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3658", "title": "A unified model for scheduling elective admissions.", "content": "A model is presented that deals with two problems not previously solved: it handles the random arrival of requests for admission and permits continuous updating of scheduling decisions in a dynamic process, and it provides global long-term optimization of patient census rather than a series of suboptimal short-term solutions. The model can be used either for continuous dynamic scheduling or for periodic static scheduling. It is usable with many different system objectives and levels of computer resources, although an on-line computer is needed for its most effective use in the dynamic mode.", "contents": "A unified model for scheduling elective admissions. A model is presented that deals with two problems not previously solved: it handles the random arrival of requests for admission and permits continuous updating of scheduling decisions in a dynamic process, and it provides global long-term optimization of patient census rather than a series of suboptimal short-term solutions. The model can be used either for continuous dynamic scheduling or for periodic static scheduling. It is usable with many different system objectives and levels of computer resources, although an on-line computer is needed for its most effective use in the dynamic mode.", "PMID": 591351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3659", "title": "Level-load retrieval time: a new criterion for EMS facility sites.", "content": "A new optimization criterion for locating emergency medical care facilities, level-load retrieval time, is described and applied to Los Angeles County. Results are compared with those obtained by optimizing mean retrieval time. The new cirterion combines retrieval times from demand points served by each facility and patient load on each facility; it yields facility sets with average retrieval times 5 to 10 percent longer, but with much more uniform patient loads, than the sets obtained by optimizing mean retrieval time. The new criterion can be used as a complement to other planning criteria and may help reduce excessive demand on the emergency care services of overloaded facilities.", "contents": "Level-load retrieval time: a new criterion for EMS facility sites. A new optimization criterion for locating emergency medical care facilities, level-load retrieval time, is described and applied to Los Angeles County. Results are compared with those obtained by optimizing mean retrieval time. The new cirterion combines retrieval times from demand points served by each facility and patient load on each facility; it yields facility sets with average retrieval times 5 to 10 percent longer, but with much more uniform patient loads, than the sets obtained by optimizing mean retrieval time. The new criterion can be used as a complement to other planning criteria and may help reduce excessive demand on the emergency care services of overloaded facilities.", "PMID": 591352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3660", "title": "Psychometric modeling of consumer decisions in primary health care.", "content": "A psychometric technique, functional measurement, was used to measure the preferences of 77 persons for hypothetical health care providers identified by various levels of cost, travel time, and waiting time; responses were subjected to analysis of variance and graphic analysis to determine the functional relation by which respondents combined the three attributes in arriving at their preferences. Both modes of analysis suggested multiplicative decision models, but these yielded lower values of R2 than did linear models derived for comparison. Respondents were grouped by the proportion of response variance that was explained by each of the three attributes, and decision models were derived for each group. Discriminant analysis of socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents identified the variables that distinguished the groups and contributed to forming their preferences.", "contents": "Psychometric modeling of consumer decisions in primary health care. A psychometric technique, functional measurement, was used to measure the preferences of 77 persons for hypothetical health care providers identified by various levels of cost, travel time, and waiting time; responses were subjected to analysis of variance and graphic analysis to determine the functional relation by which respondents combined the three attributes in arriving at their preferences. Both modes of analysis suggested multiplicative decision models, but these yielded lower values of R2 than did linear models derived for comparison. Respondents were grouped by the proportion of response variance that was explained by each of the three attributes, and decision models were derived for each group. Discriminant analysis of socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents identified the variables that distinguished the groups and contributed to forming their preferences.", "PMID": 591353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3661", "title": "Temporomandibular joint dysplasia and open-mouth jaw locking in the dog.", "content": "In 2 Basset Hounds, the condyloid processes of the mandible became subluxated when the mouth was opened widely, resulting in repeated episodes of locking of the coronoid process lateral to the zygomatic arch. Locking was prevented by osteotomy of a ventral portion of the zygomatic arch.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint dysplasia and open-mouth jaw locking in the dog. In 2 Basset Hounds, the condyloid processes of the mandible became subluxated when the mouth was opened widely, resulting in repeated episodes of locking of the coronoid process lateral to the zygomatic arch. Locking was prevented by osteotomy of a ventral portion of the zygomatic arch.", "PMID": 591420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3662", "title": "Black-hair follicular dysplasia in dogs.", "content": "Black-hair follicular dysplasia in dogs of mixed breeding was delineated by hypotrichosis and dullness of most black regions of the coat. White regions remained full and lustrous. The abnormality was not grossly visible at birth but became evident after the 1st month of life. Among 15 offspring from 2 matings of an affected pair of dogs, each of 12 spotted pups developed the disorder in black regions; the remaining 3 were all white and appeared normal.", "contents": "Black-hair follicular dysplasia in dogs. Black-hair follicular dysplasia in dogs of mixed breeding was delineated by hypotrichosis and dullness of most black regions of the coat. White regions remained full and lustrous. The abnormality was not grossly visible at birth but became evident after the 1st month of life. Among 15 offspring from 2 matings of an affected pair of dogs, each of 12 spotted pups developed the disorder in black regions; the remaining 3 were all white and appeared normal.", "PMID": 591423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3663", "title": "A numerical relationship between chromaffin-positive and small intensely fluorescent cells in sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "A statistical analysis of counts of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) and chromaffin-positive (CH+) cells in superior cervical, thoracic and coeliac-mesenteric ganglia of rats at various ages (Santer et al. 1975) has been carried out. The results indicate that the numerical distribution of CH+ cells closely follows that of yellow SIF cells but not that of green SIF cells. This relationship holds both for different ganglia and for different ages.", "contents": "A numerical relationship between chromaffin-positive and small intensely fluorescent cells in sympathetic ganglia. A statistical analysis of counts of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) and chromaffin-positive (CH+) cells in superior cervical, thoracic and coeliac-mesenteric ganglia of rats at various ages (Santer et al. 1975) has been carried out. The results indicate that the numerical distribution of CH+ cells closely follows that of yellow SIF cells but not that of green SIF cells. This relationship holds both for different ganglia and for different ages.", "PMID": 591425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3664", "title": "Syncytial knots and intervillous bridges in the human placenta: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "An electron microscopic study has shown that the syncytial knots of the villi of the human placenta contain aggregated nuclei which exhibit marked degenerative changes; within the cytoplasm there is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments and many stacks of annulate lamellae. It is suggested that syncytial knots are a sequestration phenomenon in which senescent nuclear material is aggregated and removed from metabolically active areas of the syncytiotrophoblast. Intervillous bridges appear to be formed chiefly by fusion of syncytial knots from adjacent villi, and it seems reasonable that the effete material in a syncytial knot should be used for this purpose. The intervillous bridges hava a fine structure which suggests that they have a mechanical function, and this lends support to the theory that they form an internal strut system within the placenta.", "contents": "Syncytial knots and intervillous bridges in the human placenta: an ultrastructural study. An electron microscopic study has shown that the syncytial knots of the villi of the human placenta contain aggregated nuclei which exhibit marked degenerative changes; within the cytoplasm there is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments and many stacks of annulate lamellae. It is suggested that syncytial knots are a sequestration phenomenon in which senescent nuclear material is aggregated and removed from metabolically active areas of the syncytiotrophoblast. Intervillous bridges appear to be formed chiefly by fusion of syncytial knots from adjacent villi, and it seems reasonable that the effete material in a syncytial knot should be used for this purpose. The intervillous bridges hava a fine structure which suggests that they have a mechanical function, and this lends support to the theory that they form an internal strut system within the placenta.", "PMID": 591426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3665", "title": "The sheep trophoblast and placental function: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Both the uninucleate cubiodal epithelial cells and the binucleate giant cells of the sheep trophoblast undergo marked structural modifications during pregnancy. Uninucleate epithelial cells show ultrastructural features which may be correlated in temporal order, with the secretion of steroid hormones, the production of ovine placental lactogen, and the performance of normal non-endocrine placental activities. The binucleate cells appear to be of two main types, one concerned with glycogen storage, and the other with the synthesis of a glycoprotein secretory substance. The binucleate cells are always enclosed by a thin continuous lamina of cuboidal cell cytoplasm which separates them completely from the maternal syncytium and the fetal connective tissue. The cuboidal epithelial and binucleate giant cells may either be closely apposed or else separated by canals or spaces of varying complexity. The presence of these interfacial canals indicates that the ovine trophoblast is another example of an epithelium in which the local movement of water and solutes is mediated by standing gradient osmotic flow systems. Such flow systems may well be an integral part of eutherian placental transport mechanisms.", "contents": "The sheep trophoblast and placental function: an ultrastructural study. Both the uninucleate cubiodal epithelial cells and the binucleate giant cells of the sheep trophoblast undergo marked structural modifications during pregnancy. Uninucleate epithelial cells show ultrastructural features which may be correlated in temporal order, with the secretion of steroid hormones, the production of ovine placental lactogen, and the performance of normal non-endocrine placental activities. The binucleate cells appear to be of two main types, one concerned with glycogen storage, and the other with the synthesis of a glycoprotein secretory substance. The binucleate cells are always enclosed by a thin continuous lamina of cuboidal cell cytoplasm which separates them completely from the maternal syncytium and the fetal connective tissue. The cuboidal epithelial and binucleate giant cells may either be closely apposed or else separated by canals or spaces of varying complexity. The presence of these interfacial canals indicates that the ovine trophoblast is another example of an epithelium in which the local movement of water and solutes is mediated by standing gradient osmotic flow systems. Such flow systems may well be an integral part of eutherian placental transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 591427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3666", "title": "Diaphysial nutrient foramina in human metacarpals and metatarsals.", "content": "728 metacarpals and 691 metatarsals of unknown sex, and 120 metacarpals and metatarsals, each of known sex, were studied for the number, position, direction and symmetry of the diaphysial nutrient foramina. It was found that, in general, these bones had one nutrient foramen which was situated in the middle third of the shaft (over 90%). Few bones had no foramina and some had two. In the first and second metacarpals the foramina were mostly situated on the medial surface, and in the other metacarpals mostly on the lateral surface; whereas in the first three metatarsals the foramina were mostly situated on the lateral surface and in the remaining metatarsals mostly on the medial surface. There was a good deal of bilateral symmetry in the foramina. Without any exception, the foramina were directed away from the growing end. The various theories put forward to account for the direction of the nutrient foramina have been considered. The findings favour the 'growing-end' theory.", "contents": "Diaphysial nutrient foramina in human metacarpals and metatarsals. 728 metacarpals and 691 metatarsals of unknown sex, and 120 metacarpals and metatarsals, each of known sex, were studied for the number, position, direction and symmetry of the diaphysial nutrient foramina. It was found that, in general, these bones had one nutrient foramen which was situated in the middle third of the shaft (over 90%). Few bones had no foramina and some had two. In the first and second metacarpals the foramina were mostly situated on the medial surface, and in the other metacarpals mostly on the lateral surface; whereas in the first three metatarsals the foramina were mostly situated on the lateral surface and in the remaining metatarsals mostly on the medial surface. There was a good deal of bilateral symmetry in the foramina. Without any exception, the foramina were directed away from the growing end. The various theories put forward to account for the direction of the nutrient foramina have been considered. The findings favour the 'growing-end' theory.", "PMID": 591428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3667", "title": "Stereological analysis of the mitochondrial compartment of the rabbit parotid gland before and after isoprenaline-induced degranulation.", "content": "A stereological analysis of the mitochondrial compartment of the rabbit parotid gland has been carried out before and after isoprenaline-induced degranulation. Normally, mitochondria constitute about 5% of acinar cell volume, 6% of intercalcate duct cell volume and 16% of striated duct cell volume. The ratio of inner electron transport membrane to outer limiting membrane is in the range 2.3:1. Two hours after the induction of secretion by isoprenaline a significant (P less than 0.10) increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria in acinar and intercalated duct cells was noted and this may reflect increased oxidative phosphorylation at this time. Other parameters measured suggest that there is some rounding up of mitochondria Another significant feature was an increase in the number of damaged mitochondrial profiles (+80% to +250%, P less than 0.05) after isoprenaline treatment. This finding is discussed in the context of changes in mitochondrial enzyme levels which have been reported in similar situations.", "contents": "Stereological analysis of the mitochondrial compartment of the rabbit parotid gland before and after isoprenaline-induced degranulation. A stereological analysis of the mitochondrial compartment of the rabbit parotid gland has been carried out before and after isoprenaline-induced degranulation. Normally, mitochondria constitute about 5% of acinar cell volume, 6% of intercalcate duct cell volume and 16% of striated duct cell volume. The ratio of inner electron transport membrane to outer limiting membrane is in the range 2.3:1. Two hours after the induction of secretion by isoprenaline a significant (P less than 0.10) increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria in acinar and intercalated duct cells was noted and this may reflect increased oxidative phosphorylation at this time. Other parameters measured suggest that there is some rounding up of mitochondria Another significant feature was an increase in the number of damaged mitochondrial profiles (+80% to +250%, P less than 0.05) after isoprenaline treatment. This finding is discussed in the context of changes in mitochondrial enzyme levels which have been reported in similar situations.", "PMID": 591430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3668", "title": "Structure of the intra-chorionic blood sinus in the chick embryo.", "content": "Portions of the chorio-allantoic membranes from 15 day old chick embryos were processed for electron microscopical examination. The analysis of both 1 micrometer thick sections stained with toluidine blue, and of thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, showed that the lumen of the intraepithelial vascular spaces in the chorion constitutes a single cavity extending over the whole membrane. The vascular arrangement can thus best be described as a single blood sinus, and not as a network of capillaries or sinusoids. The large lumen of the sinus is interrupted by cylindrical columns connecting its floor with its roof. Each column is enveloped in a layer of endothelium, a basal lamina intervening. The core of the column is formed by cytoplasm from two to five different cells ('villuscavity' cells, 'capillary-covering' cells or various combinations of both).", "contents": "Structure of the intra-chorionic blood sinus in the chick embryo. Portions of the chorio-allantoic membranes from 15 day old chick embryos were processed for electron microscopical examination. The analysis of both 1 micrometer thick sections stained with toluidine blue, and of thin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, showed that the lumen of the intraepithelial vascular spaces in the chorion constitutes a single cavity extending over the whole membrane. The vascular arrangement can thus best be described as a single blood sinus, and not as a network of capillaries or sinusoids. The large lumen of the sinus is interrupted by cylindrical columns connecting its floor with its roof. Each column is enveloped in a layer of endothelium, a basal lamina intervening. The core of the column is formed by cytoplasm from two to five different cells ('villuscavity' cells, 'capillary-covering' cells or various combinations of both).", "PMID": 591432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3669", "title": "Cutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses present in the tail but absent from the ear of the rat.", "content": "Histological evidence has been presented for the existence of arteriovenous anastomoses in the rat tail. Similar structures, however, could not be found in the rat ear. The validity of the histological techniques was proved by the demonstration of an abundance of arteriovenous anastomoses in the rabbit's ear. In view of this and other recent evidence, it is concluded that the rat could be a useful model for comparative studies of blood flow in skin with and without arteriovenous anastomoses.", "contents": "Cutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses present in the tail but absent from the ear of the rat. Histological evidence has been presented for the existence of arteriovenous anastomoses in the rat tail. Similar structures, however, could not be found in the rat ear. The validity of the histological techniques was proved by the demonstration of an abundance of arteriovenous anastomoses in the rabbit's ear. In view of this and other recent evidence, it is concluded that the rat could be a useful model for comparative studies of blood flow in skin with and without arteriovenous anastomoses.", "PMID": 591433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3670", "title": "Formation of concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the adrenal gland of the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "All cortical cells appeared alike in fetal gerbils of both sexes though glomerulosa cells were distinguishable at the time of birth. Fenestrated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in all cortical cells of fetal gerbils, but smooth endoplasmic reticulum predominated. Concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum first appeared in adrenocortical cells at 42 days of age. The whorls developed within cells having abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and which were located in the region between the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Cells with whorls possibly serve as reserve cells which transform into actively secreting steroid cells in times of stress.", "contents": "Formation of concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the adrenal gland of the Mongolian gerbil. All cortical cells appeared alike in fetal gerbils of both sexes though glomerulosa cells were distinguishable at the time of birth. Fenestrated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in all cortical cells of fetal gerbils, but smooth endoplasmic reticulum predominated. Concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum first appeared in adrenocortical cells at 42 days of age. The whorls developed within cells having abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and which were located in the region between the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Cells with whorls possibly serve as reserve cells which transform into actively secreting steroid cells in times of stress.", "PMID": 591434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3671", "title": "Cytochemistry of blood cells in peripheral smears of some West African reptiles.", "content": "The distributions of lipid, glycogen, peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase have been studied in the cells of peripheral smears from the wall ghecko and the crocodile. The erythrocytes react differently from those of mammalian erythrocytes with regard to peroxidase reactivity. The need to take such species differences into consideration when engaged in histochemical investigations is stressed.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of blood cells in peripheral smears of some West African reptiles. The distributions of lipid, glycogen, peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucuronidase and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase have been studied in the cells of peripheral smears from the wall ghecko and the crocodile. The erythrocytes react differently from those of mammalian erythrocytes with regard to peroxidase reactivity. The need to take such species differences into consideration when engaged in histochemical investigations is stressed.", "PMID": 591435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3672", "title": "The proliferation of elastic fibres after skin incisions in albino mice and rats: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The replacement of elastic fibres in healing skin wounds in mice and rats was studied with light and electron microscopy. New elastic fibres were seen 1 week post-wounding in the deepest regions of the scar. By 3 weeks post-wounding they could be found in the regenerating dermis. There followed a proliferation of these fibres to numbers far greater than those in unwounded skin. These elevated numbers persisted for the duration of the experiment (4 months). The common notion that elastic fibre formation is not a component of the repair of skin wounds is clearly erroneous.", "contents": "The proliferation of elastic fibres after skin incisions in albino mice and rats: a light and electron microscopic study. The replacement of elastic fibres in healing skin wounds in mice and rats was studied with light and electron microscopy. New elastic fibres were seen 1 week post-wounding in the deepest regions of the scar. By 3 weeks post-wounding they could be found in the regenerating dermis. There followed a proliferation of these fibres to numbers far greater than those in unwounded skin. These elevated numbers persisted for the duration of the experiment (4 months). The common notion that elastic fibre formation is not a component of the repair of skin wounds is clearly erroneous.", "PMID": 591436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3673", "title": "Subsegmentation of the human liver.", "content": "Subsegmental patterns in 85 human livers have been studied after preparing corrosion casts of the hepatic duct, hepatic artery and portal vein by injecting coloured butyl butyrate solution. A subsegment was identified by the independence of its vessels and ducts from those of its neighbours. In the present study nine hepatic subsegments have been observed: (1) posterior superior, (2) posterior inferior, (3) anterior superior, (4) anterior inferior, (5) medial superior, (6) medial inferior, (7) lateral superior, (8) lateral inferior, (9) caudate (the caudate lobe and process form a spearate subsegment on the basis of the pattern of their blood supply and biliary drainage). The sizes of the subsegments were very similar in 41 cases (48.23%). In the others, some increase or decrease in the size of one or more subsegments at the expense of neighbouring subsegments was observed. These variations are illustrated.", "contents": "Subsegmentation of the human liver. Subsegmental patterns in 85 human livers have been studied after preparing corrosion casts of the hepatic duct, hepatic artery and portal vein by injecting coloured butyl butyrate solution. A subsegment was identified by the independence of its vessels and ducts from those of its neighbours. In the present study nine hepatic subsegments have been observed: (1) posterior superior, (2) posterior inferior, (3) anterior superior, (4) anterior inferior, (5) medial superior, (6) medial inferior, (7) lateral superior, (8) lateral inferior, (9) caudate (the caudate lobe and process form a spearate subsegment on the basis of the pattern of their blood supply and biliary drainage). The sizes of the subsegments were very similar in 41 cases (48.23%). In the others, some increase or decrease in the size of one or more subsegments at the expense of neighbouring subsegments was observed. These variations are illustrated.", "PMID": 591437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3674", "title": "Observations on the fusion of chick embryo myoblasts in culture.", "content": "Chick embryo myoblasts were grown as monolayers in culture. The formation of myotubes from myoblasts occurred over a 15 hour period in vitro. Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to study the behaviour of myoblasts during fusion and particular attention was paid to the way in which myoblasts aligned themselves. It was found that fusion tended to follow end-to-end rather than side-to-side alignment of myoblasts. This observation suggests that cell orientation is an important factor in myogenesis. Branched myotubes were frequently observed in culture; an explanation of this is offered.", "contents": "Observations on the fusion of chick embryo myoblasts in culture. Chick embryo myoblasts were grown as monolayers in culture. The formation of myotubes from myoblasts occurred over a 15 hour period in vitro. Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to study the behaviour of myoblasts during fusion and particular attention was paid to the way in which myoblasts aligned themselves. It was found that fusion tended to follow end-to-end rather than side-to-side alignment of myoblasts. This observation suggests that cell orientation is an important factor in myogenesis. Branched myotubes were frequently observed in culture; an explanation of this is offered.", "PMID": 591438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3675", "title": "A reappraisal of the ultrastructure of the human respiratory nasal mucosa.", "content": "A study of the ultrastructure of human respiratory nasal mucosa using specimens of simple mucous polyps showed features essentially identical to those described in the lower respiratory tract. Minor forms of epithelial specialization seen in the nasal lining of the other mammalian species are not demonstrable in man. Inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes, form an integral constituent of the epithelium, and are in close apposition to the epithelial cells. A marked increase in the epithelial surface area is achieved through ridging and clefting, irregularity of the cell's surface and the presence of microvilli. Branching microvilli are admixed with more conventional structures.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the ultrastructure of the human respiratory nasal mucosa. A study of the ultrastructure of human respiratory nasal mucosa using specimens of simple mucous polyps showed features essentially identical to those described in the lower respiratory tract. Minor forms of epithelial specialization seen in the nasal lining of the other mammalian species are not demonstrable in man. Inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes, form an integral constituent of the epithelium, and are in close apposition to the epithelial cells. A marked increase in the epithelial surface area is achieved through ridging and clefting, irregularity of the cell's surface and the presence of microvilli. Branching microvilli are admixed with more conventional structures.", "PMID": 591439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3676", "title": "Growth pattern of the rabbit snout dorsum: a serial cephalometric radiographic study with radiopaque implants.", "content": "Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each (left and right) frontal bone in five female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right snout including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each frontal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16 weeks tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6 weeks tracing. The difference in the two established outlines of the snout represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10 weeks period. The mean increase was 17.91 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 4.95 mm at the lateral border, and 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the lateral border of the snout was about 3 1/2 times that of the lateral border.", "contents": "Growth pattern of the rabbit snout dorsum: a serial cephalometric radiographic study with radiopaque implants. Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each (left and right) frontal bone in five female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right snout including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each frontal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16 weeks tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6 weeks tracing. The difference in the two established outlines of the snout represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10 weeks period. The mean increase was 17.91 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 4.95 mm at the lateral border, and 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the lateral border of the snout was about 3 1/2 times that of the lateral border.", "PMID": 591441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3677", "title": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. I. Production, isolation and properties.", "content": "The unusual actinomycetes strain No. E465-94 produced a complex of new glycopeptide antibiotics tallysomycin, which was separated by CM-Sephadex chromatography into two major components, A (C68H107N21O27S2) and B (C62H95N19O26S2). They were isolated first in a copper-chelated form and showed physico-chemical properties similar to those of the bleomycin-group of antibiotics. Tallysomycin exhibited broad antibacterial and antifungal activity, and was highly active in vivo against bacterial infections in mice. Tallysomycins A and B demonstrated potent activity in the prophage induction of lysogenic bacteria.", "contents": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. I. Production, isolation and properties. The unusual actinomycetes strain No. E465-94 produced a complex of new glycopeptide antibiotics tallysomycin, which was separated by CM-Sephadex chromatography into two major components, A (C68H107N21O27S2) and B (C62H95N19O26S2). They were isolated first in a copper-chelated form and showed physico-chemical properties similar to those of the bleomycin-group of antibiotics. Tallysomycin exhibited broad antibacterial and antifungal activity, and was highly active in vivo against bacterial infections in mice. Tallysomycins A and B demonstrated potent activity in the prophage induction of lysogenic bacteria.", "PMID": 591443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3678", "title": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. II. Structure determination of tallysomycins A and B.", "content": "The structures of tallysomycins A and B, two major components of a new antitumor antibiotic complex, have been determined. They are glycopeptide antibiotics structurally related to bleomycin: four amino acid moieties and a disaccharide fragment which are the constituents of bleomycin molecule are also present in the tallysomycins. Tallysomycins A and B contain two new amino acids and a unique amino sugar, 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-talose, which have not been hitherto found in the phleomycin-bleomycin group of antibiotics. In addition tallysomycin A has an additional amino acid, L-beta-lysine, and thus a longer peptide chain than bleomycin or tallysomycin B. Tallysomycins A and B have the same terminal amine moiety, spermidine.", "contents": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. II. Structure determination of tallysomycins A and B. The structures of tallysomycins A and B, two major components of a new antitumor antibiotic complex, have been determined. They are glycopeptide antibiotics structurally related to bleomycin: four amino acid moieties and a disaccharide fragment which are the constituents of bleomycin molecule are also present in the tallysomycins. Tallysomycins A and B contain two new amino acids and a unique amino sugar, 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-talose, which have not been hitherto found in the phleomycin-bleomycin group of antibiotics. In addition tallysomycin A has an additional amino acid, L-beta-lysine, and thus a longer peptide chain than bleomycin or tallysomycin B. Tallysomycins A and B have the same terminal amine moiety, spermidine.", "PMID": 591444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3679", "title": "Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics. II. Use of high efficiency small particle columns.", "content": "Improved methods for the separation and quantitation of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and several miscellaneous antibiotics by reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography are presented. The methods have been improved significantly by the substitution of high efficiency, small particle (approximately 10 micrometer reverse phase columns in place of the previously used medium efficiency, pellicular columns. The conditions and procedures described here illustrate that considerable improvements in separation and sensitivity of detection of antibiotics are achieved. Pure compounds, complex mixtures of antibiotics in a variety of dosage forms and fermentation broths are routinely analyzed by the described procedures.", "contents": "Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics. II. Use of high efficiency small particle columns. Improved methods for the separation and quantitation of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and several miscellaneous antibiotics by reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography are presented. The methods have been improved significantly by the substitution of high efficiency, small particle (approximately 10 micrometer reverse phase columns in place of the previously used medium efficiency, pellicular columns. The conditions and procedures described here illustrate that considerable improvements in separation and sensitivity of detection of antibiotics are achieved. Pure compounds, complex mixtures of antibiotics in a variety of dosage forms and fermentation broths are routinely analyzed by the described procedures.", "PMID": 591445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3680", "title": "The aminoglycoside antibiotics. I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of an analog of gentamicin.", "content": "The synthesis of 2-deoxy-4-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythrohexopyranosyl)-6-O-(3-deoxy-3-methylamino-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-streptamine (1), an analog of gentamicin A, from diideoxyneamine and methyl 3-methylamino-3-deoxy-beta-D-xylopyranoside is described. The product was characterized by its 13C nmr spectrum and was found to exhibit broad spectrum antibacterial activity.", "contents": "The aminoglycoside antibiotics. I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of an analog of gentamicin. The synthesis of 2-deoxy-4-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythrohexopyranosyl)-6-O-(3-deoxy-3-methylamino-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-streptamine (1), an analog of gentamicin A, from diideoxyneamine and methyl 3-methylamino-3-deoxy-beta-D-xylopyranoside is described. The product was characterized by its 13C nmr spectrum and was found to exhibit broad spectrum antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 591446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3681", "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial activities of 1-N [(S)-omega-amino-2-hydroxyalkyl] kanamycin A derivatives.", "content": "Four 1-N-aminohydroxy-alkyl derivatives of kanamycin A were prepared and their in vitro activities against aminoglycoside-sensitive and aminoglycoside-resistant organisms were compared with amikacin. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyl] kanamycin A (Fig. 1, compound 2, code no. UK-18,892) was equipotent to amikacin in all these tests and in mouse protection studies.", "contents": "Synthesis and antibacterial activities of 1-N [(S)-omega-amino-2-hydroxyalkyl] kanamycin A derivatives. Four 1-N-aminohydroxy-alkyl derivatives of kanamycin A were prepared and their in vitro activities against aminoglycoside-sensitive and aminoglycoside-resistant organisms were compared with amikacin. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyl] kanamycin A (Fig. 1, compound 2, code no. UK-18,892) was equipotent to amikacin in all these tests and in mouse protection studies.", "PMID": 591447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3682", "title": "Ring formation in a pentapeptide with alternating L and D residues: an analogy to cyclization in the biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics.", "content": "Acetylation of L-isoleucyl-D-alanyl-D-alanyl-L-valyl-D-leucine with acetic anhydride followed by methylation with diazomethane yielded the expected acetylpentapeptide methyl ester with molecular weight 541, but also resulted in the formation of a by-product with molecular weight 555. The incorporation of the mass corresponding to CH2 seems to be due to ring closure--via a mixed anhydride--and methylation of the cyclol derivative thus formed. A preferred, ring-like conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds that in turn are the consequences of the alternation of D- and L- residues in the sequence, is invoked as explanation for the unexpected cyclization. This assumption is supported by the conversion of the pentapeptide methyl ester to desthiomalformain in molten imidazole.", "contents": "Ring formation in a pentapeptide with alternating L and D residues: an analogy to cyclization in the biosynthesis of peptide antibiotics. Acetylation of L-isoleucyl-D-alanyl-D-alanyl-L-valyl-D-leucine with acetic anhydride followed by methylation with diazomethane yielded the expected acetylpentapeptide methyl ester with molecular weight 541, but also resulted in the formation of a by-product with molecular weight 555. The incorporation of the mass corresponding to CH2 seems to be due to ring closure--via a mixed anhydride--and methylation of the cyclol derivative thus formed. A preferred, ring-like conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds that in turn are the consequences of the alternation of D- and L- residues in the sequence, is invoked as explanation for the unexpected cyclization. This assumption is supported by the conversion of the pentapeptide methyl ester to desthiomalformain in molten imidazole.", "PMID": 591448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3683", "title": "Mutalomycin, a new polyether antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization.", "content": "Mutalomycin is a new metal-complexing polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces mutabilis NRRL 8088. The metabolite, a monocarboxylic acid, was isolated as the sodium salt C41H69NaO12. The structure of this polyether was established by X-ray analysis of its potassium salt C41H69KO12. Mutalomycin contains six heterocyclic rings and is structurally related to nigericin. The metabolite is active against gram-positive bacteria and Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).", "contents": "Mutalomycin, a new polyether antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. Mutalomycin is a new metal-complexing polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces mutabilis NRRL 8088. The metabolite, a monocarboxylic acid, was isolated as the sodium salt C41H69NaO12. The structure of this polyether was established by X-ray analysis of its potassium salt C41H69KO12. Mutalomycin contains six heterocyclic rings and is structurally related to nigericin. The metabolite is active against gram-positive bacteria and Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).", "PMID": 591458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3684", "title": "New antitumor antibiotics, OS-4742 A1, A2, B1 and B2 produced by a strain of Streptomyces.", "content": "New antibiotics, OS-4742 A1, A2, B1 and B2, were isolated from the culture broth of the strain OS-4742, which was designated as Streptomyces matensis subsp. vineus. These compounds have anthracycline chromophores and sugar moieties, but do not contain nitrogen. They possess antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and antitumor activities against S-180 solid tumor on mice.", "contents": "New antitumor antibiotics, OS-4742 A1, A2, B1 and B2 produced by a strain of Streptomyces. New antibiotics, OS-4742 A1, A2, B1 and B2, were isolated from the culture broth of the strain OS-4742, which was designated as Streptomyces matensis subsp. vineus. These compounds have anthracycline chromophores and sugar moieties, but do not contain nitrogen. They possess antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and antitumor activities against S-180 solid tumor on mice.", "PMID": 591459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3685", "title": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic VI. Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution in animals.", "content": "The absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, were studied in various animals. When nocardicin A was given intramuscularly in single doses of 20 mg/kg to rats, rabbits, and dogs, the peak serum levels of nocardicin A were about 1.6 similar to 2.8 times higher than those of carbenicillin in all animals though the levels varied among the species tested. The serum half-life of nocardicin A in these animals was about twice that of carbenicillin. The 24-hour urinary recovery rate of nocardicin A after intramuscular injection was 68.5 percent in rabbits and 77.0 percent in dogs, but was low in rats; i.e., 0.7 percent. When nocardicin A was given intravenously in single doses of 20 mg/kg to these animals, the peak serum levels varied widely among the test species; i.e. about 3 times higher than those of carbenicillin in rabbits and dogs, similar to those in rats. The peak serum and tissue levels of nocardicin A after intramuscular to intravenous injection were the highest in the kidneys, followed by the liver, serum, lungs, heart and spleen. The levels in the liver were prolonged. Nocardicin A, and traces of unknown substances less active than nocardicin A were observed as active substances in the urine recovered after injection of nocardicin A.", "contents": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic VI. Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution in animals. The absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, were studied in various animals. When nocardicin A was given intramuscularly in single doses of 20 mg/kg to rats, rabbits, and dogs, the peak serum levels of nocardicin A were about 1.6 similar to 2.8 times higher than those of carbenicillin in all animals though the levels varied among the species tested. The serum half-life of nocardicin A in these animals was about twice that of carbenicillin. The 24-hour urinary recovery rate of nocardicin A after intramuscular injection was 68.5 percent in rabbits and 77.0 percent in dogs, but was low in rats; i.e., 0.7 percent. When nocardicin A was given intravenously in single doses of 20 mg/kg to these animals, the peak serum levels varied widely among the test species; i.e. about 3 times higher than those of carbenicillin in rabbits and dogs, similar to those in rats. The peak serum and tissue levels of nocardicin A after intramuscular to intravenous injection were the highest in the kidneys, followed by the liver, serum, lungs, heart and spleen. The levels in the liver were prolonged. Nocardicin A, and traces of unknown substances less active than nocardicin A were observed as active substances in the urine recovered after injection of nocardicin A.", "PMID": 591460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3686", "title": "Metabolites of gentamicin-producing Micromonospora species I. Isolation and identification of metabolites.", "content": "From the cultural broth of a Micromonospora species 25 aminocyclitol antibiotics were isolated by repeated ion-exchange chromatographic processes. The main components of the metabolites were identified as gentamicin C1, C2, and C1a. The other previously reported gentamicin type antibiotics and some other degradation products including gentamicin A, B, B1, X2, sisomicin, garamine, gentamines etc., were identified by chemical, PMR, and mass spectroscopic studies. Besides these, seven new gentamicin type antibiotics were isolated and characterized.", "contents": "Metabolites of gentamicin-producing Micromonospora species I. Isolation and identification of metabolites. From the cultural broth of a Micromonospora species 25 aminocyclitol antibiotics were isolated by repeated ion-exchange chromatographic processes. The main components of the metabolites were identified as gentamicin C1, C2, and C1a. The other previously reported gentamicin type antibiotics and some other degradation products including gentamicin A, B, B1, X2, sisomicin, garamine, gentamines etc., were identified by chemical, PMR, and mass spectroscopic studies. Besides these, seven new gentamicin type antibiotics were isolated and characterized.", "PMID": 591461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3687", "title": "Synthesis of a 125I-labelled derivative of the antibiotic griseofulvin.", "content": "A derivative of griseofulvin has been synthesised, in which the 2'-O-methyl group is replaced by a 2'-(2-iodoethoxy), 125I-labelled group. This derivative is at least as potent as griseofulvin itself, when assayed for inhibition of growth on the Myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.", "contents": "Synthesis of a 125I-labelled derivative of the antibiotic griseofulvin. A derivative of griseofulvin has been synthesised, in which the 2'-O-methyl group is replaced by a 2'-(2-iodoethoxy), 125I-labelled group. This derivative is at least as potent as griseofulvin itself, when assayed for inhibition of growth on the Myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.", "PMID": 591462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3688", "title": "The enhancement of beta-lactam antibiotic therapy by novobiocin.", "content": "Novobiocin demonstrates an effect similar to that of probenecid (the \"probenecid effect\") in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics excreted mainly by the renal tubules. The ability of cefoxitin, cephalexin, cephalothin and penicillin G to protect mice against infection with Salmonella schottmuelleri was enhanced 2- to 3-fold when the animals were given oral doses of either probenecid or of novobiocin. The efficacy of cephaloridine, excreted mainly by glomerular filtration, was not enhanced by either probenecid or by novobiocin.", "contents": "The enhancement of beta-lactam antibiotic therapy by novobiocin. Novobiocin demonstrates an effect similar to that of probenecid (the \"probenecid effect\") in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics excreted mainly by the renal tubules. The ability of cefoxitin, cephalexin, cephalothin and penicillin G to protect mice against infection with Salmonella schottmuelleri was enhanced 2- to 3-fold when the animals were given oral doses of either probenecid or of novobiocin. The efficacy of cephaloridine, excreted mainly by glomerular filtration, was not enhanced by either probenecid or by novobiocin.", "PMID": 591464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3689", "title": "Studies on mycobacillin derivatives. IV. O-methylation of the antibiotic and identification of the active tyrosine residue.", "content": "Methylation of myocobacillin with dimethyl sulfate and methyl iodide produced respectively mono- and di-methyl derivatives. the products were inactive against fungal spores and erythrocytes. Tyrosine hydroxyl groups only were methylated; in the monomethyl derivative, the hydroxyl of the tyrosine residue in position 6 is methylated, whereas the hydroxyl of the tyrosine in position 4 remains free; both hydroxyl groups are methylated in the dimethyl derivative. The results indicate that the hydroxyl group of the tyrosine residue in position 6 is essential for the biological activity of mycobacillin.", "contents": "Studies on mycobacillin derivatives. IV. O-methylation of the antibiotic and identification of the active tyrosine residue. Methylation of myocobacillin with dimethyl sulfate and methyl iodide produced respectively mono- and di-methyl derivatives. the products were inactive against fungal spores and erythrocytes. Tyrosine hydroxyl groups only were methylated; in the monomethyl derivative, the hydroxyl of the tyrosine residue in position 6 is methylated, whereas the hydroxyl of the tyrosine in position 4 remains free; both hydroxyl groups are methylated in the dimethyl derivative. The results indicate that the hydroxyl group of the tyrosine residue in position 6 is essential for the biological activity of mycobacillin.", "PMID": 591465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3690", "title": "Synthesis of carbon-14 and tritium labeled sagamicin.", "content": "Sagamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was labeled with tritium by means of a platinum catalyzed hydrogen exchange reaction and by carbon-14 in two biosynthetic procedures. 14C-Methyl-L-methionine was used as the radioactive precursor in these biological processes involving Micromonospora sagamiensis. The distribution of radioactivity in 14C-sagamicin and gentamicin C1 was studied by mild acid hydrolysis and Hofmann degradation. The results showed that both C- and N-methyl groups were derived from methionine. One of the biosynthetic processes involved the conversion of gentamicin into sagamicin with resting cells and labeled methionine.", "contents": "Synthesis of carbon-14 and tritium labeled sagamicin. Sagamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was labeled with tritium by means of a platinum catalyzed hydrogen exchange reaction and by carbon-14 in two biosynthetic procedures. 14C-Methyl-L-methionine was used as the radioactive precursor in these biological processes involving Micromonospora sagamiensis. The distribution of radioactivity in 14C-sagamicin and gentamicin C1 was studied by mild acid hydrolysis and Hofmann degradation. The results showed that both C- and N-methyl groups were derived from methionine. One of the biosynthetic processes involved the conversion of gentamicin into sagamicin with resting cells and labeled methionine.", "PMID": 591466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3691", "title": "Anti-G suit effect of cardiovascular dynamic changes due to +GZ stress.", "content": "Lightly anesthetized dogs underwent 1-min exposure to +Gz acceleration without and with a bladder-type anti-G suit. Prior chronic instrumentation permitted through evaluation of cardiac dynamics. During +3 Gz acceleration all recorded dynamic variables were lowered and transient tachycardia occurred. After acceleration ceases, all pressures and dP/dt exceeded control levels. Inflation of the anti-G suit during +3 Gz eliminated the dramatic effects observed during and after acceleration stress. During +6 Gz with the anti-G suit inflated, arterial pressure and dP/dt were maintained whereas left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance were much elevated and heart rate was lower. At the onset of G stress, internal diameter of the heart always fell transiently. Otherwise, diameter was not significantly affected by any of the experimental conditions. The results suggest that the anti-G suit maintains perfusion pressure at high sustained G; however, with the anti-G suit inflated at +6 Gz, central venous pressure is dramatically elevated and heart rate depressed. Thus, beneficial effects which provide tolerance to high G are accompanied by potentially detrimental effects.", "contents": "Anti-G suit effect of cardiovascular dynamic changes due to +GZ stress. Lightly anesthetized dogs underwent 1-min exposure to +Gz acceleration without and with a bladder-type anti-G suit. Prior chronic instrumentation permitted through evaluation of cardiac dynamics. During +3 Gz acceleration all recorded dynamic variables were lowered and transient tachycardia occurred. After acceleration ceases, all pressures and dP/dt exceeded control levels. Inflation of the anti-G suit during +3 Gz eliminated the dramatic effects observed during and after acceleration stress. During +6 Gz with the anti-G suit inflated, arterial pressure and dP/dt were maintained whereas left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance were much elevated and heart rate was lower. At the onset of G stress, internal diameter of the heart always fell transiently. Otherwise, diameter was not significantly affected by any of the experimental conditions. The results suggest that the anti-G suit maintains perfusion pressure at high sustained G; however, with the anti-G suit inflated at +6 Gz, central venous pressure is dramatically elevated and heart rate depressed. Thus, beneficial effects which provide tolerance to high G are accompanied by potentially detrimental effects.", "PMID": 591467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3692", "title": "Hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways in the rat.", "content": "The cutaneous blood flow (mbl), rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2), rectal (Tre) and cutaneous (Tsk) temperatures, and shivering activity were measured in unanthetized male rats during a 2-h exposure to 26, 33, or 5 degrees C 2 wk after selective bilateral hypothalamic microknife cuts. Animals with preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) junction cuts 1.5 or 3.0 mm lateral to the midline, as well as parasagittal cuts which separated connections between the PO/AH and medial forebrain bundle exhibited a higher mbl at 26 degrees C than did sham-operated rats. At 5 degrees C the extended (3.0 mm) PO/AH cuts as well as the parasagittal cuts prevented cutaneous vasoconstriction but had no effect on shivering activity; hence Tre was not maintained. None of the cuts demonstrably impaired thermoregulation in the 33 degrees C environment. These results suggest that different sites in the hypothalamus may separately control cold-induced skin vasoconstriction and shivering activity, as well as heat-induced skin vasodilation. It would seem therefore that the integrity of the PO/AH is indispensable in rats for cold-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction but not for cold thermogenesis, and also not for heat-induced cutaneous vasodilation.", "contents": "Hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways in the rat. The cutaneous blood flow (mbl), rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2), rectal (Tre) and cutaneous (Tsk) temperatures, and shivering activity were measured in unanthetized male rats during a 2-h exposure to 26, 33, or 5 degrees C 2 wk after selective bilateral hypothalamic microknife cuts. Animals with preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) junction cuts 1.5 or 3.0 mm lateral to the midline, as well as parasagittal cuts which separated connections between the PO/AH and medial forebrain bundle exhibited a higher mbl at 26 degrees C than did sham-operated rats. At 5 degrees C the extended (3.0 mm) PO/AH cuts as well as the parasagittal cuts prevented cutaneous vasoconstriction but had no effect on shivering activity; hence Tre was not maintained. None of the cuts demonstrably impaired thermoregulation in the 33 degrees C environment. These results suggest that different sites in the hypothalamus may separately control cold-induced skin vasoconstriction and shivering activity, as well as heat-induced skin vasodilation. It would seem therefore that the integrity of the PO/AH is indispensable in rats for cold-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction but not for cold thermogenesis, and also not for heat-induced cutaneous vasodilation.", "PMID": 591468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3693", "title": "Cardiopulmonary function in dogs during lung lavage and unilateral hypoxia.", "content": "Changes in cardiopulmonary function in Beagle dogs were studied during two methods of lung lavage and during unilateral hypoxia. In one method of lavage, dogs were hyperventilated and saline was instilled relatively rapidly through a single-lumen tracheal tube. In another lavage method, a double-lumen tube separated right and left bronchi and saline was instilled more slowly into the dog's right lung. Unilateral hypoxia was produced by directing right lung airflow to a rebreathing bag. Few blood gas or venous admixture changes occurred during single-lumen lavage, but blood oxygen decreased and venous admixture increased during both double-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia. Heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic arterial pressure decreased during single-lumen lavage, but not during double-lumen lavage or unilateral hypoxia. Apparently, most alveoli were gas filled during single-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia was not imposed. Similar changes during double-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia suggested that unilateral hypoxia was a major change-producing factor during double-lumen lavage.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary function in dogs during lung lavage and unilateral hypoxia. Changes in cardiopulmonary function in Beagle dogs were studied during two methods of lung lavage and during unilateral hypoxia. In one method of lavage, dogs were hyperventilated and saline was instilled relatively rapidly through a single-lumen tracheal tube. In another lavage method, a double-lumen tube separated right and left bronchi and saline was instilled more slowly into the dog's right lung. Unilateral hypoxia was produced by directing right lung airflow to a rebreathing bag. Few blood gas or venous admixture changes occurred during single-lumen lavage, but blood oxygen decreased and venous admixture increased during both double-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia. Heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic arterial pressure decreased during single-lumen lavage, but not during double-lumen lavage or unilateral hypoxia. Apparently, most alveoli were gas filled during single-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia was not imposed. Similar changes during double-lumen lavage and unilateral hypoxia suggested that unilateral hypoxia was a major change-producing factor during double-lumen lavage.", "PMID": 591469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3694", "title": "Effects of acute prolonged hypoxia on cardiovascular dynamics in dogs.", "content": "Intact anesthetized dogs were exposed for 75 min to either 5.75, 9.0, or 12.0% oxygen in nitrogen. Although pulmonary artery pressures were significantly elevated in all hypoxic exposures, systemic hypertension occurred only at the onset of severe hypoxia(5.75% O2). Coronary blood flow increased from an average of 130 during normoxia to a peak of 400 ml/100 g per min during inhalation of 5.75% O2, and coronary sinus oxygen tensions of 8 Torr and oxygen contents of 1.1 ml/100 ml were sustained for 75 min without biochemical, functional, or electrophysiological evidence of myocardial ischemia. Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly only during severe hypoxia (5.75% O2) with the greatest elevation after 30 min. Subsequently, CI decreased concomitantly with a 27% elevation in arterial hemoglobin concentration and oxygen-carrying capacity. It is concluded that the hypoxic threshold for significant elevations of cardiac output is between 6.0 and 9.0% O2.", "contents": "Effects of acute prolonged hypoxia on cardiovascular dynamics in dogs. Intact anesthetized dogs were exposed for 75 min to either 5.75, 9.0, or 12.0% oxygen in nitrogen. Although pulmonary artery pressures were significantly elevated in all hypoxic exposures, systemic hypertension occurred only at the onset of severe hypoxia(5.75% O2). Coronary blood flow increased from an average of 130 during normoxia to a peak of 400 ml/100 g per min during inhalation of 5.75% O2, and coronary sinus oxygen tensions of 8 Torr and oxygen contents of 1.1 ml/100 ml were sustained for 75 min without biochemical, functional, or electrophysiological evidence of myocardial ischemia. Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly only during severe hypoxia (5.75% O2) with the greatest elevation after 30 min. Subsequently, CI decreased concomitantly with a 27% elevation in arterial hemoglobin concentration and oxygen-carrying capacity. It is concluded that the hypoxic threshold for significant elevations of cardiac output is between 6.0 and 9.0% O2.", "PMID": 591470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3695", "title": "Altered control of skin blood flow during exercise at high internal temperatures.", "content": "We have investigated further the behavior of skin blood flow (SkBF) as internal temperature (measured as esophageal temperature (Tes)) rises in a heated exercising man. A previous study showed that when skin temperature (Tsk) is driven up in exercising men, the increase in SkBF is less than that found for the same Tes and Tsk in a resting man. In this study, we extended our observations into the range of higher Tes to see if SkBF (measured plethysmographically as changes in forearm blood flow) could be driven to higher levels despite competition with skeletal muscle for cardiac output. After Tsk was elevated to 38 degrees C by means of water-perfused suits, subjects exercised at 525-900 kp.m/min (86-147 W) for 17-30 min while Tsk was held at 38 degrees C. We found that SkBF increase per unit increase in Tes is attenuated at higher Tes. In seven men, the average slope obtained from linear regression of FBF on Tes below 38 degrees C was 7.6 flow units/degrees C. Above 38 degrees C, the average was 2.12 flow units/degrees C. In some subjects, the FBF response appeared virtually saturated at a plateau despite a steady rate of increase in Tes with time. Clearly, SkBF does not increase in direct proportion to Tes without bound. Other stimuli (presumably related to blood pressure regulation) interact either to reduce the rate of SkBF increase or to prevent any further increase after Tes exceeds 38 degrees C.", "contents": "Altered control of skin blood flow during exercise at high internal temperatures. We have investigated further the behavior of skin blood flow (SkBF) as internal temperature (measured as esophageal temperature (Tes)) rises in a heated exercising man. A previous study showed that when skin temperature (Tsk) is driven up in exercising men, the increase in SkBF is less than that found for the same Tes and Tsk in a resting man. In this study, we extended our observations into the range of higher Tes to see if SkBF (measured plethysmographically as changes in forearm blood flow) could be driven to higher levels despite competition with skeletal muscle for cardiac output. After Tsk was elevated to 38 degrees C by means of water-perfused suits, subjects exercised at 525-900 kp.m/min (86-147 W) for 17-30 min while Tsk was held at 38 degrees C. We found that SkBF increase per unit increase in Tes is attenuated at higher Tes. In seven men, the average slope obtained from linear regression of FBF on Tes below 38 degrees C was 7.6 flow units/degrees C. Above 38 degrees C, the average was 2.12 flow units/degrees C. In some subjects, the FBF response appeared virtually saturated at a plateau despite a steady rate of increase in Tes with time. Clearly, SkBF does not increase in direct proportion to Tes without bound. Other stimuli (presumably related to blood pressure regulation) interact either to reduce the rate of SkBF increase or to prevent any further increase after Tes exceeds 38 degrees C.", "PMID": 591471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3696", "title": "Catecholamines in coronary sinus during exercise in man before and after training.", "content": "Coronary patients exercised on an ergometric bicycle before and after physical training. Plasma catecholamines were sampled simultaneously at the arterial and coronary sinus levels and assayed with a radioenzymatic method. The increase in the level of coronary sinus catecholamines exceeded the increase in the arterial level, indicating a liberation of catecholamines by the myocardium and an activation of the peripheral sympathetic fibers during exercise. With high work loads, these values no longer differed, suggesting that the additional increase in circulating catecholamines originate from extra-myocardial stores, presumably the adrenal medulla. Arterial catecholamine levels were significantly correlated with work loads, heart rate, changes in systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product. After physical training, arterial catecholamine increases for various work loads were lower; these lower elevations were associated with diminished responses in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, resulting in a lower rate-pressure product. Physical training results in diminished sympathetic responses for a given level of exercise, which could be associated with the clinical improvement of these patients.", "contents": "Catecholamines in coronary sinus during exercise in man before and after training. Coronary patients exercised on an ergometric bicycle before and after physical training. Plasma catecholamines were sampled simultaneously at the arterial and coronary sinus levels and assayed with a radioenzymatic method. The increase in the level of coronary sinus catecholamines exceeded the increase in the arterial level, indicating a liberation of catecholamines by the myocardium and an activation of the peripheral sympathetic fibers during exercise. With high work loads, these values no longer differed, suggesting that the additional increase in circulating catecholamines originate from extra-myocardial stores, presumably the adrenal medulla. Arterial catecholamine levels were significantly correlated with work loads, heart rate, changes in systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product. After physical training, arterial catecholamine increases for various work loads were lower; these lower elevations were associated with diminished responses in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, resulting in a lower rate-pressure product. Physical training results in diminished sympathetic responses for a given level of exercise, which could be associated with the clinical improvement of these patients.", "PMID": 591472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3697", "title": "Volume of isoflow: effect of distribution of ventilation.", "content": "Volume of isoflow was determined in smokers and nonsmokers following one (VisoV1) and three (VisoV3) inhalations 80% helium 20% oxygen. In addition, distribution of ventilation was measured by single breath nitrogen washout and end-tidal helium concentration was determined following 1-3 breaths of a helium-oxygen mixture. In all subjects (smokers and non smokers), VisoV1 was significantly higher than VisoV3. Furthermore, VisoV1 was abnormal in 55.6% of smokers, whereas VisoV3 was abnormal in only 38.9%. Differences between VisoV1 and VisoV3 (VisoV1 - VisoV3 = deltaVisoV) were significantly larger in smokers. Non-uniform distribution of ventilation was associated with larger values of delta VisoV and lower end-tidal helium concentrations. VisoV1 is a more effective method than VisoV3 in distinguishing smokers with small airways obstruction from nonsmokers. This enhanced sensitivity can be explained by the observation that the effects of maldistribution of ventilation upon helium concentration in the late expirate are minimized after three breaths of a helium-oxygen mixture.", "contents": "Volume of isoflow: effect of distribution of ventilation. Volume of isoflow was determined in smokers and nonsmokers following one (VisoV1) and three (VisoV3) inhalations 80% helium 20% oxygen. In addition, distribution of ventilation was measured by single breath nitrogen washout and end-tidal helium concentration was determined following 1-3 breaths of a helium-oxygen mixture. In all subjects (smokers and non smokers), VisoV1 was significantly higher than VisoV3. Furthermore, VisoV1 was abnormal in 55.6% of smokers, whereas VisoV3 was abnormal in only 38.9%. Differences between VisoV1 and VisoV3 (VisoV1 - VisoV3 = deltaVisoV) were significantly larger in smokers. Non-uniform distribution of ventilation was associated with larger values of delta VisoV and lower end-tidal helium concentrations. VisoV1 is a more effective method than VisoV3 in distinguishing smokers with small airways obstruction from nonsmokers. This enhanced sensitivity can be explained by the observation that the effects of maldistribution of ventilation upon helium concentration in the late expirate are minimized after three breaths of a helium-oxygen mixture.", "PMID": 591473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3698", "title": "Response of medullary respiratory neurons to hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia.", "content": "Single-unit activity was monitored extracellularly from medullary respiratory neurons and nonspecified neurons of decerebrate cats which were paralyzed, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated. Hypercapnia consistently resulted in increased discharge frequencies and decreased modal interspike intervals for respiratory units; peak integrated phrenic discharge heights increased concomitantly. Although isocapnic hypoxia usually resulted in comparable changes, the firing frequency of some respiratory units was depressed. Moreover, this depression was frequently observed simultaneously with a hypoxia-induced increase in phrenic discharge. Nonrespiratory unit discharge was mainly unaltered by hypercapnia or hypoxia. Following bilateral carotid sinus nerve section, hypercapnia-induced increases in respiratory neuronal and phrenic activities were still obtained; hypoxia depressed these activities. It is concluded that central chemoreceptor afferent influences are ubiquitously distributed to the medullary respiratory complex whereas peripheral chemoreceptor afferents produce only a discrete and unequal excitation of respiratory units. Hypoxia-induced ventilatory changes are further concluded to be the net result of peripheral chemoreceptor excitation of respiratory units and a direct depression of the brain stem respiratory complex by hypoxia.", "contents": "Response of medullary respiratory neurons to hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia. Single-unit activity was monitored extracellularly from medullary respiratory neurons and nonspecified neurons of decerebrate cats which were paralyzed, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated. Hypercapnia consistently resulted in increased discharge frequencies and decreased modal interspike intervals for respiratory units; peak integrated phrenic discharge heights increased concomitantly. Although isocapnic hypoxia usually resulted in comparable changes, the firing frequency of some respiratory units was depressed. Moreover, this depression was frequently observed simultaneously with a hypoxia-induced increase in phrenic discharge. Nonrespiratory unit discharge was mainly unaltered by hypercapnia or hypoxia. Following bilateral carotid sinus nerve section, hypercapnia-induced increases in respiratory neuronal and phrenic activities were still obtained; hypoxia depressed these activities. It is concluded that central chemoreceptor afferent influences are ubiquitously distributed to the medullary respiratory complex whereas peripheral chemoreceptor afferents produce only a discrete and unequal excitation of respiratory units. Hypoxia-induced ventilatory changes are further concluded to be the net result of peripheral chemoreceptor excitation of respiratory units and a direct depression of the brain stem respiratory complex by hypoxia.", "PMID": 591474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3699", "title": "Increase in sweating sensitivity by endurance conditioning in man.", "content": "Sweating sensitivity has been evaluated at rest in 10 competitive athletes (cross-country skiers and swimmers). Three sedentary men underwent a 3-mo period of endurance training in a temperate climate, (dry bulb temperature (Tdb): 18 degrees C) and had their sweating sensitivity measured before and after the training period. Mean maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2max, ml.min(-1).kg(-1)) was: skiers: 66.5; swimmers 65.8; sedentary men, pretraining 40.9; posttraining: 48.3 (+18%). Sweat output of athletes under a given stress (passive heating) was markedly higher than that of sedentary men. Skiers exhibited a high level of heat tolerance and were better acclimatized than swimmers, although they had never experienced exposure to heat. The increase in Vo2max of sedentary men was accompanied by 1) an increase in sweating sensitivity with a decrease of body heat storage at steady state (pretraining: 5.4 kJ.kg(-1); posttraining: 3.5 kJ.kg(-1); P less than 0.05); 2) significant shift down the temperature scale with reduced rectal temperature (Tre) for sweat onset; 3) an increase of gain constants of sweating (W.m-2 degrees C(-1) (pretraining: 168; posttraining: 269; gain constant of swimmers: 222). It was suggested that endurance training in cold or temperate conditions with significant increase of Vo2max could act on the thermoregulatory function in a way similar to body heating procedures, such as work in heat, and could contribute to heat acclimatization.", "contents": "Increase in sweating sensitivity by endurance conditioning in man. Sweating sensitivity has been evaluated at rest in 10 competitive athletes (cross-country skiers and swimmers). Three sedentary men underwent a 3-mo period of endurance training in a temperate climate, (dry bulb temperature (Tdb): 18 degrees C) and had their sweating sensitivity measured before and after the training period. Mean maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2max, ml.min(-1).kg(-1)) was: skiers: 66.5; swimmers 65.8; sedentary men, pretraining 40.9; posttraining: 48.3 (+18%). Sweat output of athletes under a given stress (passive heating) was markedly higher than that of sedentary men. Skiers exhibited a high level of heat tolerance and were better acclimatized than swimmers, although they had never experienced exposure to heat. The increase in Vo2max of sedentary men was accompanied by 1) an increase in sweating sensitivity with a decrease of body heat storage at steady state (pretraining: 5.4 kJ.kg(-1); posttraining: 3.5 kJ.kg(-1); P less than 0.05); 2) significant shift down the temperature scale with reduced rectal temperature (Tre) for sweat onset; 3) an increase of gain constants of sweating (W.m-2 degrees C(-1) (pretraining: 168; posttraining: 269; gain constant of swimmers: 222). It was suggested that endurance training in cold or temperate conditions with significant increase of Vo2max could act on the thermoregulatory function in a way similar to body heating procedures, such as work in heat, and could contribute to heat acclimatization.", "PMID": 591475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3700", "title": "Effects of increased plasma fatty acids on glycogen utilization and endurance.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased availability of fatty acids could increase endurance by slowing the rate of glycogen depletion. Rats were given corn oil by stomach tube, and 3 h later an injection of heparin was given to raise their plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The rats with raised FFA were able to run approximately 1 h longer than otherwise comparable control animals before becoming exhausted (181 +/- 8 vs. 118 +/- 8 min, P less than 0.001). At the point of exhaustion, both groups were hypoglycemic and had low muscle glycogen concentrations. The fall in blood glucose occurred less rapidly in the animals with raised FFA; these rats also had significantly higher blood glycerol and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations than the controls. Glycogen concencentration decreased less rapidly in all three types of skeletal muscle and in liver in the animals with raised FFA than in the controls. We conclude that increased availability of fatty acids delays the development of exhaustion in rats subjected to prolonged running. It appears likely that the carbohydrate-sparing effect of fatty acids is largely responsible for the increase in endurance.", "contents": "Effects of increased plasma fatty acids on glycogen utilization and endurance. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased availability of fatty acids could increase endurance by slowing the rate of glycogen depletion. Rats were given corn oil by stomach tube, and 3 h later an injection of heparin was given to raise their plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The rats with raised FFA were able to run approximately 1 h longer than otherwise comparable control animals before becoming exhausted (181 +/- 8 vs. 118 +/- 8 min, P less than 0.001). At the point of exhaustion, both groups were hypoglycemic and had low muscle glycogen concentrations. The fall in blood glucose occurred less rapidly in the animals with raised FFA; these rats also had significantly higher blood glycerol and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations than the controls. Glycogen concencentration decreased less rapidly in all three types of skeletal muscle and in liver in the animals with raised FFA than in the controls. We conclude that increased availability of fatty acids delays the development of exhaustion in rats subjected to prolonged running. It appears likely that the carbohydrate-sparing effect of fatty acids is largely responsible for the increase in endurance.", "PMID": 591476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3701", "title": "Factors relating to the strength of male adolescents.", "content": "Factors relating to the strength of 53 postpubertal adolescent males have been examined. A strength index, composed of left and right handgrip and back strengths, was related to the following: anthropometric measurements and their derivatives; level of habitual activity; body shape as characterized by Heath-Carter and Sheldonian somatotype ratings; and anthropometric ratios. Strength was found to be positively related to all anthropometric measurements with the exception of skinfold thicknesses. When body weight was held constant, strength was positively related to arm circumference, bicondylar diameters of the humerus and femur, thigh volume, and biacromial diameter, and negatively related to percentage of fat. Strength was not related to the level of habitual activity. The relative contributions of overall body size and body shape to predictions of strength are approximately 57 and 47%. Measures of overall size appear to make no independent contribution to strength, beyond that contributed by limb segment volumes, or a combination of linear limb dimensions and measures of body shape.", "contents": "Factors relating to the strength of male adolescents. Factors relating to the strength of 53 postpubertal adolescent males have been examined. A strength index, composed of left and right handgrip and back strengths, was related to the following: anthropometric measurements and their derivatives; level of habitual activity; body shape as characterized by Heath-Carter and Sheldonian somatotype ratings; and anthropometric ratios. Strength was found to be positively related to all anthropometric measurements with the exception of skinfold thicknesses. When body weight was held constant, strength was positively related to arm circumference, bicondylar diameters of the humerus and femur, thigh volume, and biacromial diameter, and negatively related to percentage of fat. Strength was not related to the level of habitual activity. The relative contributions of overall body size and body shape to predictions of strength are approximately 57 and 47%. Measures of overall size appear to make no independent contribution to strength, beyond that contributed by limb segment volumes, or a combination of linear limb dimensions and measures of body shape.", "PMID": 591477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3702", "title": "Effect of SO2 on control of breathing in anesthetized cats.", "content": "In seven anesthetized tracheotomized cats we studied the acute respiratory effects of SO2 inhalation at different steady-state levels of arterial CO2 tension (Paco2). During room air breathing, SO2 (0.05%) addition caused a progressive reduction in tidal volume (VT) and increases in both respiratory frequency (f) and pulmonary resistance (RL). Atropine sulfate abolished the bronchoconstriction response to SO2 and thus permitted the study of the influence of SO2 on VT and f in the absence of constricted airways. Despite marked reductions in the VT VS. PaCO2 relationships with SO2 exposure after atropine, the relationship between pulmonary ventilation (VE) and PaCO2 was not signifcantly altered. This was the case since SO2 caused solely a reduction in inspiratory duration (Ti), affecting neither the mean rate of rise of inspiratory activity (i.e., VT/Ti) nor the relationship between Ti and breath duration. Thus, airways irritation with SO2 produced rapid, shallow breathing characterized by a shortening of inspiratory and total respiratory cycle times with no change in the rate of development of inspiratory activity. The findings suggest an influence exclusively concerned with the timing of inspiration. Perhaps premature onset of inspiratory activity accounts for the observed effects.", "contents": "Effect of SO2 on control of breathing in anesthetized cats. In seven anesthetized tracheotomized cats we studied the acute respiratory effects of SO2 inhalation at different steady-state levels of arterial CO2 tension (Paco2). During room air breathing, SO2 (0.05%) addition caused a progressive reduction in tidal volume (VT) and increases in both respiratory frequency (f) and pulmonary resistance (RL). Atropine sulfate abolished the bronchoconstriction response to SO2 and thus permitted the study of the influence of SO2 on VT and f in the absence of constricted airways. Despite marked reductions in the VT VS. PaCO2 relationships with SO2 exposure after atropine, the relationship between pulmonary ventilation (VE) and PaCO2 was not signifcantly altered. This was the case since SO2 caused solely a reduction in inspiratory duration (Ti), affecting neither the mean rate of rise of inspiratory activity (i.e., VT/Ti) nor the relationship between Ti and breath duration. Thus, airways irritation with SO2 produced rapid, shallow breathing characterized by a shortening of inspiratory and total respiratory cycle times with no change in the rate of development of inspiratory activity. The findings suggest an influence exclusively concerned with the timing of inspiration. Perhaps premature onset of inspiratory activity accounts for the observed effects.", "PMID": 591478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3703", "title": "Saturation kinetics for steady-state pulmonary CO transfer.", "content": "Steady-state diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was measured in 13 anesthetized, paralyzed dogs ventilated at constant tidal volume and rate, using four different inspired CO levels (190, 600, 1,110, and 2,000 ppm). DLCO increased and reached a maximum as the inspired CO level was raised from 190 to 600 ppm. Further increases in inspired CO concentration were accompanied by a decrease in inspired CO concentration were accompanied by a decrease in DLCO. CO dead space and Pao2 remained constant at all inspired O2 levels. In some experiments a second set of measurements was made, the results of which were similar to those of the first set. The results cannot be explained by changes in CO back pressure, pulmonary capillary volume, or reaction rate of CO with hemoglobin, but can be explained if there is carrier-mediated CO transport in the alveolar capillary membrane.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics for steady-state pulmonary CO transfer. Steady-state diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was measured in 13 anesthetized, paralyzed dogs ventilated at constant tidal volume and rate, using four different inspired CO levels (190, 600, 1,110, and 2,000 ppm). DLCO increased and reached a maximum as the inspired CO level was raised from 190 to 600 ppm. Further increases in inspired CO concentration were accompanied by a decrease in inspired CO concentration were accompanied by a decrease in DLCO. CO dead space and Pao2 remained constant at all inspired O2 levels. In some experiments a second set of measurements was made, the results of which were similar to those of the first set. The results cannot be explained by changes in CO back pressure, pulmonary capillary volume, or reaction rate of CO with hemoglobin, but can be explained if there is carrier-mediated CO transport in the alveolar capillary membrane.", "PMID": 591479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3704", "title": "Placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and oxygen in unanesthetized sheep.", "content": "We measured placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DpCO) in 10 unanesthetized sheep with catheters chronically implanted in maternal and fetal vessels. Serially measured DpCO during the last third of gestation averaged 0.55 +/- 0.02 (SEM) ml.(min.Torr.kg fetal wt)-1, essentially the same value as that previously reported in anesthetized, acutely operated animals. While placental CO diffusing capacity increased as a function of gestational age when expressed as ml.(min.Torr)(-1), it remained constant when calculated per kg fetal wt. In eight experiments, DpCO showed no change following the administration of several drugs which combine with cytochrome P450. We interpret this as evidence against the carrier hypothesis for placental CO exchange. We calculated the placental diffusing capacity for oxygen to be 0.68 ml.(min.Torr.kg)-1 and the mean maternal-to-fetal capillary Po2 difference to be 10 Torr. Caculations predict that maternal and fetal oxygen partial pressures equilibrate in end-capillary blood during the course of a single transit in placental exchange vessels; thus placental oxygen exchange is not limited by diffusion.", "contents": "Placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and oxygen in unanesthetized sheep. We measured placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DpCO) in 10 unanesthetized sheep with catheters chronically implanted in maternal and fetal vessels. Serially measured DpCO during the last third of gestation averaged 0.55 +/- 0.02 (SEM) ml.(min.Torr.kg fetal wt)-1, essentially the same value as that previously reported in anesthetized, acutely operated animals. While placental CO diffusing capacity increased as a function of gestational age when expressed as ml.(min.Torr)(-1), it remained constant when calculated per kg fetal wt. In eight experiments, DpCO showed no change following the administration of several drugs which combine with cytochrome P450. We interpret this as evidence against the carrier hypothesis for placental CO exchange. We calculated the placental diffusing capacity for oxygen to be 0.68 ml.(min.Torr.kg)-1 and the mean maternal-to-fetal capillary Po2 difference to be 10 Torr. Caculations predict that maternal and fetal oxygen partial pressures equilibrate in end-capillary blood during the course of a single transit in placental exchange vessels; thus placental oxygen exchange is not limited by diffusion.", "PMID": 591480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3705", "title": "Proportions of dog lung lymph in the thoracic and right lymph ducts.", "content": "We studied the external lymphatic drainage of the lung in anesthetized dogs, by simultaneously measuring lymph flows from the thoracic duct (TD) and right lymph duct (RLD) during base line and during pulmonary edema. We measured lymph flow for a 2-h base-line period, for 2 h after tying off the thoracic duct above the diaphragm to eliminate nonthoracic lymph contributions, and after giving alloxan. Following alloxan, all dogs developed moderately severe pulmonary edema. In eight dogs the average TD flows were 24.0, 0.9, and 8.2 ml/h and RLD flows were 1.1, 1.3, and 8.4 ml/h, respectively. If we assume that all increases in lymph flow after giving alloxan are due to increased lung lymph flow, then, on the average, 50% of lung lymph drains into the TD and 50% into the RLD. However, among the eight dogs, four had significant increases in TD flow after alloxan (8.9-24.6 ml/h), and four did not. RLD flow increased in all dogs following alloxan. It appears the fraction of lung lymph draining into the TD and RLD can vary greatly amone individual dogs but, on the average, the TD and RLD receive about equal fractions of the pulmonary lymph. In shamoperated control animals TD and RLD lymph flows did not change over a 5-h period.", "contents": "Proportions of dog lung lymph in the thoracic and right lymph ducts. We studied the external lymphatic drainage of the lung in anesthetized dogs, by simultaneously measuring lymph flows from the thoracic duct (TD) and right lymph duct (RLD) during base line and during pulmonary edema. We measured lymph flow for a 2-h base-line period, for 2 h after tying off the thoracic duct above the diaphragm to eliminate nonthoracic lymph contributions, and after giving alloxan. Following alloxan, all dogs developed moderately severe pulmonary edema. In eight dogs the average TD flows were 24.0, 0.9, and 8.2 ml/h and RLD flows were 1.1, 1.3, and 8.4 ml/h, respectively. If we assume that all increases in lymph flow after giving alloxan are due to increased lung lymph flow, then, on the average, 50% of lung lymph drains into the TD and 50% into the RLD. However, among the eight dogs, four had significant increases in TD flow after alloxan (8.9-24.6 ml/h), and four did not. RLD flow increased in all dogs following alloxan. It appears the fraction of lung lymph draining into the TD and RLD can vary greatly amone individual dogs but, on the average, the TD and RLD receive about equal fractions of the pulmonary lymph. In shamoperated control animals TD and RLD lymph flows did not change over a 5-h period.", "PMID": 591481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3706", "title": "Improved method for cannulation of the right lymph duct in dogs.", "content": "We have developed a relatively simple technique for cannulating the right lymph duct in the dog. We have successfully cannulated 19 of 20 dogs and have obtained stable lymph flows for up to 6 h. We make a skin incision over the origin of the pectoralis superficialis muscle and extend it laterally and cephalically until it is parallel and lateral to the external jugular vein. Using the cephalic vein as a landmark, we identify the cervical lymphatic which lies deep to the external jugular vein. We trace the cervical lymphatic posteriorly to the lymphatic ampulla, which is located at the external jugular and axillary venous junction. The ampulla receives the cervical, axillary, and right lymph ducts. We place a ligature around the ampulla and tie it off, forming a lymphatic pouch and obstruction lymph flow into the vein. We then cannulate the cervical lymphatic and advance the catheter into the ampulla and tie it in place. All lymphatic branches draining into the ampulla, except the right lymph duct, are ligated, enabling us to collect lymph form only the right duct. The high success rate is due, we believe, to the fact that we approach the right duct high in the neck and cannulate via the cervical lymphatic. We avoid direct dissection over the right lymph duct, and usually we do not have to cannulate the right duct directly.", "contents": "Improved method for cannulation of the right lymph duct in dogs. We have developed a relatively simple technique for cannulating the right lymph duct in the dog. We have successfully cannulated 19 of 20 dogs and have obtained stable lymph flows for up to 6 h. We make a skin incision over the origin of the pectoralis superficialis muscle and extend it laterally and cephalically until it is parallel and lateral to the external jugular vein. Using the cephalic vein as a landmark, we identify the cervical lymphatic which lies deep to the external jugular vein. We trace the cervical lymphatic posteriorly to the lymphatic ampulla, which is located at the external jugular and axillary venous junction. The ampulla receives the cervical, axillary, and right lymph ducts. We place a ligature around the ampulla and tie it off, forming a lymphatic pouch and obstruction lymph flow into the vein. We then cannulate the cervical lymphatic and advance the catheter into the ampulla and tie it in place. All lymphatic branches draining into the ampulla, except the right lymph duct, are ligated, enabling us to collect lymph form only the right duct. The high success rate is due, we believe, to the fact that we approach the right duct high in the neck and cannulate via the cervical lymphatic. We avoid direct dissection over the right lymph duct, and usually we do not have to cannulate the right duct directly.", "PMID": 591482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3707", "title": "Metabolism in rat lung tissue slices: technical factors.", "content": "We compared several sets of conditions used to estimate metabolism in rat lung slices. 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose, oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glucose consumption were used as measures of metabolic activity. The calculated results differed when we used 1) different techniques for estimating tissue weight, 2) tissue slices of 0.3-, 0.5-, 0.7-, and 1.0-mm thickness, 3) 95% air or 95% oxygen with 5% CO2 4) a delay after slice preparation and 4 degrees C and room temperature or periods of anoxia before incubation, 5) shaking rates of 60, 90, 120, or 150/min, 6) phosphate or bicarbonate buffers. Conditions of maximal activity were found using 95% O2 with 1.0-mm tissue slices, shaking at 120/min in phosphate buffer without periods of hypoxia or undue delays before incubation. Tissue weight should be obtained without exposure to aqueous solutions or dehydration by contact with cotton gauze or filter paper.", "contents": "Metabolism in rat lung tissue slices: technical factors. We compared several sets of conditions used to estimate metabolism in rat lung slices. 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose, oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glucose consumption were used as measures of metabolic activity. The calculated results differed when we used 1) different techniques for estimating tissue weight, 2) tissue slices of 0.3-, 0.5-, 0.7-, and 1.0-mm thickness, 3) 95% air or 95% oxygen with 5% CO2 4) a delay after slice preparation and 4 degrees C and room temperature or periods of anoxia before incubation, 5) shaking rates of 60, 90, 120, or 150/min, 6) phosphate or bicarbonate buffers. Conditions of maximal activity were found using 95% O2 with 1.0-mm tissue slices, shaking at 120/min in phosphate buffer without periods of hypoxia or undue delays before incubation. Tissue weight should be obtained without exposure to aqueous solutions or dehydration by contact with cotton gauze or filter paper.", "PMID": 591483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3708", "title": "Measurement of digital blood pressure after local cooling.", "content": "A double-inlet plastic cuff was designed for local cooling and systolic blood pressure measurement on the middle phalanx of the fingers. With a tourniquet on the proximal phalanx of one finger, cooling for 5 min made the digital artery temperature equal the skin temperature. The difference between the systolic pressure in a control finger and in the cooled finger give the reopening pressure in the digital arteries. At 30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 degrees C, respectively the percent decrease of the finger pressure was 0.2 (0.2), 1.5 (2.5), 8.5 (3.7), 11.4 (3.4), and 15.3 (3.1) in normal young women. In patients with primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, the arterial tone showed an abrupt increase that most often led to complete closure of the digital arteries. The pathological response was expressed as an increased threshold temperature or a well-defined closing temperature that showed only small variations during standardized conditions.", "contents": "Measurement of digital blood pressure after local cooling. A double-inlet plastic cuff was designed for local cooling and systolic blood pressure measurement on the middle phalanx of the fingers. With a tourniquet on the proximal phalanx of one finger, cooling for 5 min made the digital artery temperature equal the skin temperature. The difference between the systolic pressure in a control finger and in the cooled finger give the reopening pressure in the digital arteries. At 30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 degrees C, respectively the percent decrease of the finger pressure was 0.2 (0.2), 1.5 (2.5), 8.5 (3.7), 11.4 (3.4), and 15.3 (3.1) in normal young women. In patients with primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, the arterial tone showed an abrupt increase that most often led to complete closure of the digital arteries. The pathological response was expressed as an increased threshold temperature or a well-defined closing temperature that showed only small variations during standardized conditions.", "PMID": 591484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3709", "title": "Acoustic helium analyzer for closing volume measurement.", "content": "An acoustic gas analyzer was developed to measure helium during the closing volume (CV) test. It is based on the principle that altering the composition of a gas mixture will change the velocity at which sound is transmitted through the gas. The change in transit time for an acoustic burst across an in-line (breathe-through) cell is measured as a function of He concentration in the expired air during the CV test. Although CO2 and H2O vapor affect the signal, so it is not specific for He, the system provides good records of CV. A comparison of measurements in 21 normal subjects demonstrated no differences for CV measured in the same breath by the bolus technique using the acoustic gas analyzer and by the resident gas method using a nitrogen analyzer. Differences in closing volumes measured by the He bolus technique and the resident gas method might exist in patients with some kinds of pulmonary disease, and the suggestion is made that CV measurements by the two methods might assist in describing pulmonary alterations in patients with bronchopulmonary disease.", "contents": "Acoustic helium analyzer for closing volume measurement. An acoustic gas analyzer was developed to measure helium during the closing volume (CV) test. It is based on the principle that altering the composition of a gas mixture will change the velocity at which sound is transmitted through the gas. The change in transit time for an acoustic burst across an in-line (breathe-through) cell is measured as a function of He concentration in the expired air during the CV test. Although CO2 and H2O vapor affect the signal, so it is not specific for He, the system provides good records of CV. A comparison of measurements in 21 normal subjects demonstrated no differences for CV measured in the same breath by the bolus technique using the acoustic gas analyzer and by the resident gas method using a nitrogen analyzer. Differences in closing volumes measured by the He bolus technique and the resident gas method might exist in patients with some kinds of pulmonary disease, and the suggestion is made that CV measurements by the two methods might assist in describing pulmonary alterations in patients with bronchopulmonary disease.", "PMID": 591485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3710", "title": "Dimer formation of bromocresol purple anions on the phosphorylated intermediate of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The mechanism of spectral shift and absorption intensity change of the divalent bromocresol purple (BCP) anion was further investigated and it was characterized as a spectrophotometric membrane probe. At high concentrations (1-40 mM), the absorption intensity of th BCP anion at 590 nm (monomer band) decreased markedly with increase of the dye concentration, while another absorption band appeared at 554 nm. Analysis of the change of absorption intensity showed that the mared decrease resulted from dimer formation of BCP (polymer formation at concentrations higher than 20 mM). Wavelengths of maximum absorption (lambdamax) of the BCP anion were determined in various solvents and comparison of these lambdamax's with lambdamax of the BCP anion bound to SR showed that the hydrophobicity of the area of BCP anion binding to SR corresponded to a refractive index of 1.429. While the BCP anion bound to SR showed a monomer spectrum, a dimer band appeared for the BCP anion bound to SR-Pi (phosphorylated protein) with a marked decrease in the absorption intensity at the monomer band, indicating that two polar groups, binding sites for the BCP anions, closely approached each other in the SR-Pi configuration.", "contents": "Dimer formation of bromocresol purple anions on the phosphorylated intermediate of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The mechanism of spectral shift and absorption intensity change of the divalent bromocresol purple (BCP) anion was further investigated and it was characterized as a spectrophotometric membrane probe. At high concentrations (1-40 mM), the absorption intensity of th BCP anion at 590 nm (monomer band) decreased markedly with increase of the dye concentration, while another absorption band appeared at 554 nm. Analysis of the change of absorption intensity showed that the mared decrease resulted from dimer formation of BCP (polymer formation at concentrations higher than 20 mM). Wavelengths of maximum absorption (lambdamax) of the BCP anion were determined in various solvents and comparison of these lambdamax's with lambdamax of the BCP anion bound to SR showed that the hydrophobicity of the area of BCP anion binding to SR corresponded to a refractive index of 1.429. While the BCP anion bound to SR showed a monomer spectrum, a dimer band appeared for the BCP anion bound to SR-Pi (phosphorylated protein) with a marked decrease in the absorption intensity at the monomer band, indicating that two polar groups, binding sites for the BCP anions, closely approached each other in the SR-Pi configuration.", "PMID": 591495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3711", "title": "The states of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues in a protein proteinase inhibitor (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor.", "content": "The states of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues of a dimeric protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (Sato, S & Murao, S. (1973), Agric. Biol. Chem. 37, 1067) were studies by solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy with methanol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and deuterium oxide as perturbants, and by spectrophotometric titration at alkaline pH. It appeared that all three tyrosyl residues per monomer of the inhibitor were exposed on the surface of the molecule, and their apparent pK values were estimated separately to be 9.58, 11.10, and 12.42. The single tryptophyl residue per monomer of the inhibitor appeared to be partially buried in the protein molecule.", "contents": "The states of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues in a protein proteinase inhibitor (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. The states of tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues of a dimeric protein proteinase inhibitor, Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (Sato, S & Murao, S. (1973), Agric. Biol. Chem. 37, 1067) were studies by solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy with methanol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and deuterium oxide as perturbants, and by spectrophotometric titration at alkaline pH. It appeared that all three tyrosyl residues per monomer of the inhibitor were exposed on the surface of the molecule, and their apparent pK values were estimated separately to be 9.58, 11.10, and 12.42. The single tryptophyl residue per monomer of the inhibitor appeared to be partially buried in the protein molecule.", "PMID": 591497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3712", "title": "Phospholipase C from Clostridium novyi type A. II. Factors influencing the enzyme activity.", "content": "The apparent activity of phospholipase C[EC 3.1.4.3] of Clostridium novyi type A toward phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine increased in the presence of sodium deoxycholate (SDC). The effects of divalent cations on phospholipase C activity were examined in detail at various concentrations of these cations. These effects varied with substrate. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by this enzyme significantly increased in the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+. Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin was inhibited by Ca2+, but increased in the presence of Mg2+. Phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing activity increased only slightly in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Zn2+ rather inhibited hydrolysis of these substrates. The effects of divalent cations and detergent appear to be directly related to the physical state of the phospholipid micelles used as substrates. When phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylethanolamine was used as a substrate, phospholipase C activity was completely inhibited by 2.5 mM EDTA or o-phenanthroline (concentration in the final incubation mixture: 0.5 mM), and was fully restored by Zn2+ alone. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ were ineffective for reactivation. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.1 +/- 0.1.", "contents": "Phospholipase C from Clostridium novyi type A. II. Factors influencing the enzyme activity. The apparent activity of phospholipase C[EC 3.1.4.3] of Clostridium novyi type A toward phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine increased in the presence of sodium deoxycholate (SDC). The effects of divalent cations on phospholipase C activity were examined in detail at various concentrations of these cations. These effects varied with substrate. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by this enzyme significantly increased in the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+. Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin was inhibited by Ca2+, but increased in the presence of Mg2+. Phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing activity increased only slightly in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Zn2+ rather inhibited hydrolysis of these substrates. The effects of divalent cations and detergent appear to be directly related to the physical state of the phospholipid micelles used as substrates. When phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylethanolamine was used as a substrate, phospholipase C activity was completely inhibited by 2.5 mM EDTA or o-phenanthroline (concentration in the final incubation mixture: 0.5 mM), and was fully restored by Zn2+ alone. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ were ineffective for reactivation. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.1 +/- 0.1.", "PMID": 591498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3713", "title": "Studies on the surface structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane in the photosynthetic purple bacterium Chromatium vinosum by means of chemical modification.", "content": "By means of a chemical modification technique, the surface structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane (chromatophores) of the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum was investigated. Trinitrobenzenesulfonate was employed to modify the primary amino groups of phosphatidylethanolamine and proteins. The experimental results indicate that upon the chemical modification of intact cells, the amino groups on the inner surface of the chromatophores are trinitrophenylated, while upon the modification of isolated chromatophores, the amino groups of the outer surface are trinitrophenylated. Phosphatidylethanolamine is essentially equally distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the chromatophores, while most proteins exist at the outer surface. In particular, a protein fraction, which is soluble in a mixture of chloroform/methanol, is located at the outer surface exposing a part of the amino groups in the aqueous phase.", "contents": "Studies on the surface structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane in the photosynthetic purple bacterium Chromatium vinosum by means of chemical modification. By means of a chemical modification technique, the surface structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane (chromatophores) of the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum was investigated. Trinitrobenzenesulfonate was employed to modify the primary amino groups of phosphatidylethanolamine and proteins. The experimental results indicate that upon the chemical modification of intact cells, the amino groups on the inner surface of the chromatophores are trinitrophenylated, while upon the modification of isolated chromatophores, the amino groups of the outer surface are trinitrophenylated. Phosphatidylethanolamine is essentially equally distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the chromatophores, while most proteins exist at the outer surface. In particular, a protein fraction, which is soluble in a mixture of chloroform/methanol, is located at the outer surface exposing a part of the amino groups in the aqueous phase.", "PMID": 591499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3714", "title": "Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh-water bivalves. IV. Structure of a branched globoside containing mannose from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii.", "content": "1. A second novel globoside, provisionally named Lipid II in the previous study, was obtained from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii. The structure of this globoside was established by the results of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation studies, and oxidation with chromium trioxide. 2. The structure was shown to be GlcNAcbeta(1 leads to 2)Manbeta(1 leads to 3)[Xylbeta(1 leads to 2)]Manbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcbeta-(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. It is structurally related to the previously described globoside (Lipid I), except that a branched xylose is linked to the heterooligo saccharide chain of the latter lipid. 3. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acids, and octadeca-4-sphingenine was the principal base, amounting to 70% of the total. The fatty acid and long-chain base compositions show nearly the same distribution in both of these globosides.", "contents": "Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh-water bivalves. IV. Structure of a branched globoside containing mannose from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii. 1. A second novel globoside, provisionally named Lipid II in the previous study, was obtained from spermatozoa of the fresh-water bivalve, Hyriopsis schlegelii. The structure of this globoside was established by the results of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation studies, and oxidation with chromium trioxide. 2. The structure was shown to be GlcNAcbeta(1 leads to 2)Manbeta(1 leads to 3)[Xylbeta(1 leads to 2)]Manbeta(1 leads to 4)Glcbeta-(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. It is structurally related to the previously described globoside (Lipid I), except that a branched xylose is linked to the heterooligo saccharide chain of the latter lipid. 3. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acids, and octadeca-4-sphingenine was the principal base, amounting to 70% of the total. The fatty acid and long-chain base compositions show nearly the same distribution in both of these globosides.", "PMID": 591501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3715", "title": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. I. The isolation and characterization of ceramide mono- and di-hexosides.", "content": "Ceramide mono- and di-hexosides were isolated from the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. These glycolipids had both a novel ceramide which contained almost entirely phytosphingosines (long-chain bases) and a high content of 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The long-chain base composition of the glycolipids shows an unusual pattern with both branched bases (iso-C16, iso-C17, iso-C18, anteiso-C17, and anteiso-C18) and normal ones (C16, C17, and C18). Of these, iso-C16- and anteiso-C18-phytosphingosines had been undetected up to now. The glycolipids were identified as glucosyl and lactosyl ceramides. Lactosyl ceramide had not been previously reported in starfish, although the wide occurrence of this glycolipid has been demonstrated in other organisms.", "contents": "Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. I. The isolation and characterization of ceramide mono- and di-hexosides. Ceramide mono- and di-hexosides were isolated from the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. These glycolipids had both a novel ceramide which contained almost entirely phytosphingosines (long-chain bases) and a high content of 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The long-chain base composition of the glycolipids shows an unusual pattern with both branched bases (iso-C16, iso-C17, iso-C18, anteiso-C17, and anteiso-C18) and normal ones (C16, C17, and C18). Of these, iso-C16- and anteiso-C18-phytosphingosines had been undetected up to now. The glycolipids were identified as glucosyl and lactosyl ceramides. Lactosyl ceramide had not been previously reported in starfish, although the wide occurrence of this glycolipid has been demonstrated in other organisms.", "PMID": 591503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3716", "title": "Effect of estradiol-17beta on the metabolism of bile acids in the rat.", "content": "The effect of estradiol-17beta on the metabolism of bile acids has been studied in male rats. 1. A 3-day acute treatment with 100 microgram/100 g body weight of the hormone caused a decrease in serum cholesterole and an increase in hepatic cholesterol. A chronic treatment with the same quantity twice a week for 3 weeks induced hypercholesteremia, which continued for 10 days after the final dosage, but there was no change in hepatic total cholesterol. 2. Fistula bile of both groups of treated rats collected during 30 min was analyzed for bile acid components. Hyodeoxycholic acid and/or chenodeoxycholic acid increased relative to cholic acid in both groups, as compared with the controls. 3. Kinetic study of the metabolism of bile acids in the chronically treated rats revealed a more than twofold enlargement of the pool size but an almost unchanged half-life of chenodeoxycholic acid. As for cholic acid, essentially no change in pool size or half-life was observed. 4. These results indicate that chronic treatment of male rats with estradiol-17beta causes an increase in elimination of hepatic cholesterol via the bile acid pathway.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol-17beta on the metabolism of bile acids in the rat. The effect of estradiol-17beta on the metabolism of bile acids has been studied in male rats. 1. A 3-day acute treatment with 100 microgram/100 g body weight of the hormone caused a decrease in serum cholesterole and an increase in hepatic cholesterol. A chronic treatment with the same quantity twice a week for 3 weeks induced hypercholesteremia, which continued for 10 days after the final dosage, but there was no change in hepatic total cholesterol. 2. Fistula bile of both groups of treated rats collected during 30 min was analyzed for bile acid components. Hyodeoxycholic acid and/or chenodeoxycholic acid increased relative to cholic acid in both groups, as compared with the controls. 3. Kinetic study of the metabolism of bile acids in the chronically treated rats revealed a more than twofold enlargement of the pool size but an almost unchanged half-life of chenodeoxycholic acid. As for cholic acid, essentially no change in pool size or half-life was observed. 4. These results indicate that chronic treatment of male rats with estradiol-17beta causes an increase in elimination of hepatic cholesterol via the bile acid pathway.", "PMID": 591505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3717", "title": "Na+-dependent activation of NADH oxidase in membrane fractions from halophilic Vibrio alginolyticus and V. costicolus.", "content": "Membrane-bound NADH oxidase activities from slightly halophilic marine Vibrio alginolyticus and moderately halophilic V. costicolus required 0.3 and 0.5 M Na+, respectively, for maximum activity; other cations such as Li+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Mg2+, and Ca2+ were relatively ineffective as replacements for Na+. The concentration of Na+ required to give half-maximum activity with the NADH oxidase from V. alginolyticus was 82 mN. This value was reduced to 6.4 and 13.8 mM in the presence of 400 mM K+ and 10 mM Mg2+, respectively, indicating that K+ and Mg2+ cooperated with Na+ for activation. The same pattern of cation dependence was observed with the NADH oxidase from V. costicolus. The NADH oxidase from nonhalophilic Escherichia coli, however, had no specific requirement for Na+. Thus, Na+-dependent activation of NADH oxidase appeared to be a characteristic feature of these halophilic bacteria. All NADH oxidases examined were influenced by the species of anion present and the order of activating effect followed the lyotropic series:SO4(2-), CH3COO- greater than Cl- greater than NO3- greater than SCN-. Chaotropic anions such as NO3- and SCN- were inhibitory to the NADH oxidases, irrespective of the halophilic nature of the bacterial source.", "contents": "Na+-dependent activation of NADH oxidase in membrane fractions from halophilic Vibrio alginolyticus and V. costicolus. Membrane-bound NADH oxidase activities from slightly halophilic marine Vibrio alginolyticus and moderately halophilic V. costicolus required 0.3 and 0.5 M Na+, respectively, for maximum activity; other cations such as Li+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Mg2+, and Ca2+ were relatively ineffective as replacements for Na+. The concentration of Na+ required to give half-maximum activity with the NADH oxidase from V. alginolyticus was 82 mN. This value was reduced to 6.4 and 13.8 mM in the presence of 400 mM K+ and 10 mM Mg2+, respectively, indicating that K+ and Mg2+ cooperated with Na+ for activation. The same pattern of cation dependence was observed with the NADH oxidase from V. costicolus. The NADH oxidase from nonhalophilic Escherichia coli, however, had no specific requirement for Na+. Thus, Na+-dependent activation of NADH oxidase appeared to be a characteristic feature of these halophilic bacteria. All NADH oxidases examined were influenced by the species of anion present and the order of activating effect followed the lyotropic series:SO4(2-), CH3COO- greater than Cl- greater than NO3- greater than SCN-. Chaotropic anions such as NO3- and SCN- were inhibitory to the NADH oxidases, irrespective of the halophilic nature of the bacterial source.", "PMID": 591506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3718", "title": "Biogenesis of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, in rat liver cells. I. Subcellular localization, biosynthesis, and intracellular translocation of glutamate dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. The presence of glutamate dehydrogenase in the microsomal fraction of rat liver was confirmed. The identities of mitochondrial and microsomal glutamate dehydrogenases were proved by immunochemical methods and by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified enzymes. 2. Synthesis of glutamate dehydrogenase by the membrane-bound ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum was determined. Newly synthesized enzyme molecules were discharged on the cytoplasmic surface of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. 3. A precursor-product relationship was found between microsomal and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenases. About six hours were needed for the transport of glutamate dehydrogenase from the site of synthesis to mitochondria. 4. The half-life of glutamate dehydrogenase was about 5.5 days, which was somewhat longer than that of mitochondrial total protein determined in the same experiment. 5. Mitochondrial-type malate dehydrogenase was also present in the microsomal fraction. Subfractionation of smooth microsomes revealed the existence of particular light microsomal vesicles in which both glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were concentrated. These vesicles may participate in intracellular transport of matrix enzymes from microsomes to mitochondria.", "contents": "Biogenesis of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, in rat liver cells. I. Subcellular localization, biosynthesis, and intracellular translocation of glutamate dehydrogenase. 1. The presence of glutamate dehydrogenase in the microsomal fraction of rat liver was confirmed. The identities of mitochondrial and microsomal glutamate dehydrogenases were proved by immunochemical methods and by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified enzymes. 2. Synthesis of glutamate dehydrogenase by the membrane-bound ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum was determined. Newly synthesized enzyme molecules were discharged on the cytoplasmic surface of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. 3. A precursor-product relationship was found between microsomal and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenases. About six hours were needed for the transport of glutamate dehydrogenase from the site of synthesis to mitochondria. 4. The half-life of glutamate dehydrogenase was about 5.5 days, which was somewhat longer than that of mitochondrial total protein determined in the same experiment. 5. Mitochondrial-type malate dehydrogenase was also present in the microsomal fraction. Subfractionation of smooth microsomes revealed the existence of particular light microsomal vesicles in which both glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were concentrated. These vesicles may participate in intracellular transport of matrix enzymes from microsomes to mitochondria.", "PMID": 591507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3719", "title": "Biogenesis of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, in rat liver cells. II. Significance of binding of glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomal membrane.", "content": "1. Glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase solubilized from liver microsomes were able to rebind to microsomal vesicles while the corresponding dehydrogenases extracted from mitochondria showed no affinity for microsomes. 2. Competition was noticed between microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase and microsomal malate dehydrogenase in the binding to microsomal membranes. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase or bovine serum albumin did not inhibit the binding of microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomes. 3. Binding of microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomal membranes decreased when microsomes was preincubated with trypsin. 4. Rough microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase was more efficiently bound to rough microsomes than smooth microsomes. Conversely, smooth microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase had higher affinity for smooth microsomes than for rough microsomes. 5. A difference was noticed among the glutamate dehydrogenase isolated from rough and smooth microsomes, and from mitochondria, which suggested the possibility of minor post-translational modification of enzyme molecules in the transport from the site of synthesis to mitochondria.", "contents": "Biogenesis of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase, in rat liver cells. II. Significance of binding of glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomal membrane. 1. Glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase solubilized from liver microsomes were able to rebind to microsomal vesicles while the corresponding dehydrogenases extracted from mitochondria showed no affinity for microsomes. 2. Competition was noticed between microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase and microsomal malate dehydrogenase in the binding to microsomal membranes. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase or bovine serum albumin did not inhibit the binding of microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomes. 3. Binding of microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase to microsomal membranes decreased when microsomes was preincubated with trypsin. 4. Rough microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase was more efficiently bound to rough microsomes than smooth microsomes. Conversely, smooth microsomal glutamate dehydrogenase had higher affinity for smooth microsomes than for rough microsomes. 5. A difference was noticed among the glutamate dehydrogenase isolated from rough and smooth microsomes, and from mitochondria, which suggested the possibility of minor post-translational modification of enzyme molecules in the transport from the site of synthesis to mitochondria.", "PMID": 591508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3720", "title": "Distribution of neuraminidase in Arthrobacter and its purification by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Neuraminidase [sialidase, EC 3.2.1.18] was found to be widely distributed in bacteria belonging to Arthrobacter. Among these bacteria, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, A. oxydans, and A. aurescens produced relatively potent neuraminidase activities. For the production of this enzyme, not only colominic acid, a homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid, but also N-acetylneuraminic acid, the reaction product of this enzyme, are effective as sources of carbon. An affinity adsorbent specific for neuraminidase was prepared by cross-linking colominic acid with soluble starch by means of epichlorohydrin. Neuraminidase from A. ureafaciens could be purified on this affinity column. The purified neuraminidase was shown to be free from protease, N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase, phospholipase C, and glycosidases. Aminoff's assay procedure for sialic acid was modified to avoid the centrifugation step. The modified procedure gave a higher molecular extinction coefficient.", "contents": "Distribution of neuraminidase in Arthrobacter and its purification by affinity chromatography. Neuraminidase [sialidase, EC 3.2.1.18] was found to be widely distributed in bacteria belonging to Arthrobacter. Among these bacteria, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, A. oxydans, and A. aurescens produced relatively potent neuraminidase activities. For the production of this enzyme, not only colominic acid, a homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid, but also N-acetylneuraminic acid, the reaction product of this enzyme, are effective as sources of carbon. An affinity adsorbent specific for neuraminidase was prepared by cross-linking colominic acid with soluble starch by means of epichlorohydrin. Neuraminidase from A. ureafaciens could be purified on this affinity column. The purified neuraminidase was shown to be free from protease, N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase, phospholipase C, and glycosidases. Aminoff's assay procedure for sialic acid was modified to avoid the centrifugation step. The modified procedure gave a higher molecular extinction coefficient.", "PMID": 591509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3721", "title": "Bacteriophage phiNS11: a lipid-containing phage of acidophilic thermophilic bacteria. II. Purification and some properties of the phage.", "content": "An improved procedure for the purification of a lipid-containing acidophilic thermophilic bacteriophage, phiNS11, is described. The procedure involves Cs2SO4 discontinuous density gradient, Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient and sucrose gradient centrifugations. The phage has an icosahedral shape, 75 nm in diameter, with spike-like structures radiating from the vertices. It contained about 12% by weight of lipid, 13--14% of DNA and 74--75% of protein. The phage was stable between pH 2 and 5, but rapidly inactivated above pH 6. It was highly sensitive to organic solvents and detergents. Some other basic properties such as the buoyant density and UV spectrum of the purified phage are also described.", "contents": "Bacteriophage phiNS11: a lipid-containing phage of acidophilic thermophilic bacteria. II. Purification and some properties of the phage. An improved procedure for the purification of a lipid-containing acidophilic thermophilic bacteriophage, phiNS11, is described. The procedure involves Cs2SO4 discontinuous density gradient, Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient and sucrose gradient centrifugations. The phage has an icosahedral shape, 75 nm in diameter, with spike-like structures radiating from the vertices. It contained about 12% by weight of lipid, 13--14% of DNA and 74--75% of protein. The phage was stable between pH 2 and 5, but rapidly inactivated above pH 6. It was highly sensitive to organic solvents and detergents. Some other basic properties such as the buoyant density and UV spectrum of the purified phage are also described.", "PMID": 591510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3722", "title": "Bacteriophage phiNS11: a lipid-containing phage of acidophilic thermophilic bacteria. III. Characterization of viral components.", "content": "Components of a lipid-containing phage phiNS11 were characterized. The phage had five protein components, the molecular weights of which were 59,000, 44,000, 33,000, 23,000, and 18,000. Viral lipid consisted of six components, which were also found in the host bacterial lipid. The relative amounts of these viral lipid components were very similar to those of the bacterial lipid. The phage contained omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids characteristic of Bacillus acidocaldarius as the main fatty acids. The phage nucleic acid was a linear double-stranded DNA, the molecular weight of which was 9.3--9.4 X 10(6) daltons. The guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be about 52% from chemical analysis, buoyant density (1.711 g/cm3 in CsCl) and melting temperature (90.6 degrees C in 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate). The phage contained two kinds of polyamine; spermidine and spermine.", "contents": "Bacteriophage phiNS11: a lipid-containing phage of acidophilic thermophilic bacteria. III. Characterization of viral components. Components of a lipid-containing phage phiNS11 were characterized. The phage had five protein components, the molecular weights of which were 59,000, 44,000, 33,000, 23,000, and 18,000. Viral lipid consisted of six components, which were also found in the host bacterial lipid. The relative amounts of these viral lipid components were very similar to those of the bacterial lipid. The phage contained omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids characteristic of Bacillus acidocaldarius as the main fatty acids. The phage nucleic acid was a linear double-stranded DNA, the molecular weight of which was 9.3--9.4 X 10(6) daltons. The guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be about 52% from chemical analysis, buoyant density (1.711 g/cm3 in CsCl) and melting temperature (90.6 degrees C in 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate). The phage contained two kinds of polyamine; spermidine and spermine.", "PMID": 591511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3723", "title": "Affinity chromatography of trypsin and related enzymes. IV. Quantitative comparison of affinity adsorbents containing various arginine peptides.", "content": "In order to study the mechanism of substrate binding of trypsin by affinity chromatography, we synthesized various L-arginine-terminated oligopeptides having different chain length and amino acid sequences, and immobilized them on agarose gel. The interaction of beta-trypsin with these adsorbents was studied by a quantitative affinity chromatographic procedure which gave the dissociation constant (Kd) of the trypsin-immobilized ligand complex. This procedure proved to be very useful and to give information equivalent to that obtained by kinetic procedures. The contribution of the amino acid residue at P2 of the ligands to the affinity was studied by using tripeptide (Gly-X-Arg) Sepharoses, and alanine was found to be more effective than glycine or valine. This conclusion was supported by a kinetic experiment in which Ki values of the corresponding soluble tripeptides (Ac-Gly-X-Arg) were determined. A significant decrease in Kd was observed when the ligand was elongated from dipeptide to tripeptide. However, Kd decreased only slightly when the ligand was elongated further. This suggests that a tripeptide is sufficiently long as a ligand. On the basis of these results, the mode of substrate binding of trypsin is discussed.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of trypsin and related enzymes. IV. Quantitative comparison of affinity adsorbents containing various arginine peptides. In order to study the mechanism of substrate binding of trypsin by affinity chromatography, we synthesized various L-arginine-terminated oligopeptides having different chain length and amino acid sequences, and immobilized them on agarose gel. The interaction of beta-trypsin with these adsorbents was studied by a quantitative affinity chromatographic procedure which gave the dissociation constant (Kd) of the trypsin-immobilized ligand complex. This procedure proved to be very useful and to give information equivalent to that obtained by kinetic procedures. The contribution of the amino acid residue at P2 of the ligands to the affinity was studied by using tripeptide (Gly-X-Arg) Sepharoses, and alanine was found to be more effective than glycine or valine. This conclusion was supported by a kinetic experiment in which Ki values of the corresponding soluble tripeptides (Ac-Gly-X-Arg) were determined. A significant decrease in Kd was observed when the ligand was elongated from dipeptide to tripeptide. However, Kd decreased only slightly when the ligand was elongated further. This suggests that a tripeptide is sufficiently long as a ligand. On the basis of these results, the mode of substrate binding of trypsin is discussed.", "PMID": 591512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3724", "title": "Bovine platelet myosin. II. Fluorescence of the tryptophanyl groups.", "content": "The intrinsic fluorescence of bovine platelet myosin was found to change upon addition of the substrate or its analogs in a manner similar to that of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The result suggests that the mechanism of ATP cleavage is analogous for myosins from diverse origins.", "contents": "Bovine platelet myosin. II. Fluorescence of the tryptophanyl groups. The intrinsic fluorescence of bovine platelet myosin was found to change upon addition of the substrate or its analogs in a manner similar to that of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. The result suggests that the mechanism of ATP cleavage is analogous for myosins from diverse origins.", "PMID": 591513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3725", "title": "New fluorogenic substrates for alpha-thrombin, factor Xa, kallikreins, and urokinase.", "content": "Twenty peptide-4-methylcoumarin amides (MCA) were newly synthesized and tested as possible substrates for alpha-thrombin, factor Xa, kallikreins, urokinase, and plasmin. These fluorogenic peptides contained arginine-MCA as the carboxyl-terminus. Release of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin was determined fluorometrically. Of these peptides, the following were found to be specific substrates for individual enzymes: Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA for alpha-thrombin, Boc-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-MCA, and Boc-Ser-Gly-Arg-MCA for factor Xa, Z-Phe-Arg-MCA for plasma kallikrein, Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA for pancreatic and urinary kallikreins, and glutaryl-Gly-Arg-MCA for urokinase. Moreover, these peptide-MCA substrates were resistant to plasmin.", "contents": "New fluorogenic substrates for alpha-thrombin, factor Xa, kallikreins, and urokinase. Twenty peptide-4-methylcoumarin amides (MCA) were newly synthesized and tested as possible substrates for alpha-thrombin, factor Xa, kallikreins, urokinase, and plasmin. These fluorogenic peptides contained arginine-MCA as the carboxyl-terminus. Release of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin was determined fluorometrically. Of these peptides, the following were found to be specific substrates for individual enzymes: Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA for alpha-thrombin, Boc-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-MCA, and Boc-Ser-Gly-Arg-MCA for factor Xa, Z-Phe-Arg-MCA for plasma kallikrein, Pro-Phe-Arg-MCA for pancreatic and urinary kallikreins, and glutaryl-Gly-Arg-MCA for urokinase. Moreover, these peptide-MCA substrates were resistant to plasmin.", "PMID": 591514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3726", "title": "Structure of two glycoasparagines isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU).", "content": "The structures of two glycoasparagines composed of one mole each of N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and asparagine were determined by periodate oxidation, enzymatic degradation, and methylation analysis. The structures were NANAalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta leads to Asn and NANAalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta leads to Asn, respectively.", "contents": "Structure of two glycoasparagines isolated from the urine of patients with aspartylglycosylaminuria (AGU). The structures of two glycoasparagines composed of one mole each of N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and asparagine were determined by periodate oxidation, enzymatic degradation, and methylation analysis. The structures were NANAalpha2 leads to 3Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta leads to Asn and NANAalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta leads to Asn, respectively.", "PMID": 591515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3727", "title": "Skin replacement with Bioplast fibrin in Ophthalmology.", "content": "The study includes 40 cases of skin replacement performed by an ophthalmologist over a period of 4 years. An absorbable implant material, Bioplast fibrin, was used as a graft following the extirpation of 12 eyelid tumors, the treatment of eight fresh, destructive skin injuries, and the removal of deforming scars around the eyes, in 20 cases. The biocompatible implant provided barrier properties preventing infection or excessive fluid loss. The resorption rate was adjusted to 3-4 weeks. These grafts were gradually replaced by new epithelial tissue growing in from the periphery of the wound edge. The new tissue had the elasticity and cosmetic appearance of surrounding skin. Thus, small periorbital skin tumors can now be removed without the necessity of doing a split thickness skin graft to cover the defect.", "contents": "Skin replacement with Bioplast fibrin in Ophthalmology. The study includes 40 cases of skin replacement performed by an ophthalmologist over a period of 4 years. An absorbable implant material, Bioplast fibrin, was used as a graft following the extirpation of 12 eyelid tumors, the treatment of eight fresh, destructive skin injuries, and the removal of deforming scars around the eyes, in 20 cases. The biocompatible implant provided barrier properties preventing infection or excessive fluid loss. The resorption rate was adjusted to 3-4 weeks. These grafts were gradually replaced by new epithelial tissue growing in from the periphery of the wound edge. The new tissue had the elasticity and cosmetic appearance of surrounding skin. Thus, small periorbital skin tumors can now be removed without the necessity of doing a split thickness skin graft to cover the defect.", "PMID": 591523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3728", "title": "Tolerance of mouse macrophages in vitro to barium sulfate used in orthopedic bone cement.", "content": "Barium sulfate, used as a radio-opaque marker in some orthopedic bone cements, has been shown to escape into the surrounding tissues. This may present a potential hazard. In particular, phagocytic cells may be exposed to relatively high internal levels of barium once the particles have been phagocytosed. Mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to barium sulfate for periods up to 144 hr showed a marked cytoplasmic vacuolization from which they recovered only partially. Barium sulfate did not appear to damage the cell membrane as judged by lactice dehydrogenase release. In the relatively low doses and with the periods of exposure described here, barium sulfate does not appear to present a serious toxic hazard in the short term. It is possible, however, that longer exposures and larger doses may result in the death of phagocytic cells which have ingested barium sulfate.", "contents": "Tolerance of mouse macrophages in vitro to barium sulfate used in orthopedic bone cement. Barium sulfate, used as a radio-opaque marker in some orthopedic bone cements, has been shown to escape into the surrounding tissues. This may present a potential hazard. In particular, phagocytic cells may be exposed to relatively high internal levels of barium once the particles have been phagocytosed. Mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to barium sulfate for periods up to 144 hr showed a marked cytoplasmic vacuolization from which they recovered only partially. Barium sulfate did not appear to damage the cell membrane as judged by lactice dehydrogenase release. In the relatively low doses and with the periods of exposure described here, barium sulfate does not appear to present a serious toxic hazard in the short term. It is possible, however, that longer exposures and larger doses may result in the death of phagocytic cells which have ingested barium sulfate.", "PMID": 591525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3729", "title": "Human platelet and fluorochemical interaction.", "content": "Since the fluorochemicals have become of interest for the development of artificial red blood cells, oxygenators, liquid breathing, and as a radiographic contrast medium, their interaction with biological substances is of importance. Fresh human platelets were placed in contact with four different fluorochemicals for a period of 50 min. The platelet function as measured by aggregation was determined before and after fluorochemical contact. Appropriate controls were also evaluated. No significant differences were found between the aggregation of platelets contacted with fluorochemicals and the aggregation of platelets from the same donor unexposed to fluorochemicals.", "contents": "Human platelet and fluorochemical interaction. Since the fluorochemicals have become of interest for the development of artificial red blood cells, oxygenators, liquid breathing, and as a radiographic contrast medium, their interaction with biological substances is of importance. Fresh human platelets were placed in contact with four different fluorochemicals for a period of 50 min. The platelet function as measured by aggregation was determined before and after fluorochemical contact. Appropriate controls were also evaluated. No significant differences were found between the aggregation of platelets contacted with fluorochemicals and the aggregation of platelets from the same donor unexposed to fluorochemicals.", "PMID": 591526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3730", "title": "Clinical influences on bone cement monomer release.", "content": "Monomer losses for two self-curing acrylic cements were similar via laboratory serial weighing experiments. Both the P/L ratio and mixing duration substantially influenced subsequent monomer losses, but ambient temperature variation during mixing had little effect. Greater losses were encountered during the mixing and setting intervals than during the molding interval. Patient potential exposure to monomer occurs during the molding and setting intervals; therefore, handling procedures reducing losses in these intervals are important to the surgeon. The least monomer loss during both molding and setting occurred at the manufacturers' recommended P/L ratio, which strongly indicated the need to mix all contents supplied. Mixing loss increased with amount of spatulation. However, once the mass was well mixed (about 300 steady spatulations), no further decreases in the molding and setting interval losses were promoted by overmixing. Because of the lower monomer loss rate during the molding interval, postponed cement insertion may not be warranted in light of losing mechanical locking efficiency. The actual ramifications of a threefold reduction in potential patient exposure (3.5 down to 1.2 wt% of total monomer) via modified handling techniques have not yet been clinically evaluated.", "contents": "Clinical influences on bone cement monomer release. Monomer losses for two self-curing acrylic cements were similar via laboratory serial weighing experiments. Both the P/L ratio and mixing duration substantially influenced subsequent monomer losses, but ambient temperature variation during mixing had little effect. Greater losses were encountered during the mixing and setting intervals than during the molding interval. Patient potential exposure to monomer occurs during the molding and setting intervals; therefore, handling procedures reducing losses in these intervals are important to the surgeon. The least monomer loss during both molding and setting occurred at the manufacturers' recommended P/L ratio, which strongly indicated the need to mix all contents supplied. Mixing loss increased with amount of spatulation. However, once the mass was well mixed (about 300 steady spatulations), no further decreases in the molding and setting interval losses were promoted by overmixing. Because of the lower monomer loss rate during the molding interval, postponed cement insertion may not be warranted in light of losing mechanical locking efficiency. The actual ramifications of a threefold reduction in potential patient exposure (3.5 down to 1.2 wt% of total monomer) via modified handling techniques have not yet been clinically evaluated.", "PMID": 591527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3731", "title": "Membrane permeability for inorganic phosphate ion.", "content": "The need for a more efficient removal of inorganic phosphate ions from the blood of uremic patients has led to the quest for blood-compatible semipermeable membranes with a high permeability for phosphate ions. Commercial hemodialysis membranes, various hydrogel-type membranes and a number of collodionbased charged membranes were compared. Positively charged collodion membranes were found most promising for future application in hemodialysis or hemoperfusion systems.", "contents": "Membrane permeability for inorganic phosphate ion. The need for a more efficient removal of inorganic phosphate ions from the blood of uremic patients has led to the quest for blood-compatible semipermeable membranes with a high permeability for phosphate ions. Commercial hemodialysis membranes, various hydrogel-type membranes and a number of collodionbased charged membranes were compared. Positively charged collodion membranes were found most promising for future application in hemodialysis or hemoperfusion systems.", "PMID": 591528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3732", "title": "Open reduction of unstable thoracolumbar spinal injuries and fixation with Harrington rods.", "content": "The results of treatment of sixteen patients with unstable thoracolumbar spinal injuries are recorded. Early open reduction, stabilization with Harrington rods, spine fusion, application of a plaster jacket until consolidation, and early mobilization was the treatment. Distraction rods were used in twelve patients and compression rods, in four. Nine patients with incomplete paraplegia showed marked neurological recovery, while five with complete paraplegia regained only some sensation. Two patients had no neurological involvement. Solid fusion was achieved in fifteen patients after a minimum of three months of plaster-cast immobilization. In one patient stabilization failed. There was a loss of 5 degrees on average (range, 2 to 23 degrees) in the correction of the kyphosis. Lateral angulation after surgery did not occur. The treatment allowed easier postoperative nursing and early mobilization of the patient.", "contents": "Open reduction of unstable thoracolumbar spinal injuries and fixation with Harrington rods. The results of treatment of sixteen patients with unstable thoracolumbar spinal injuries are recorded. Early open reduction, stabilization with Harrington rods, spine fusion, application of a plaster jacket until consolidation, and early mobilization was the treatment. Distraction rods were used in twelve patients and compression rods, in four. Nine patients with incomplete paraplegia showed marked neurological recovery, while five with complete paraplegia regained only some sensation. Two patients had no neurological involvement. Solid fusion was achieved in fifteen patients after a minimum of three months of plaster-cast immobilization. In one patient stabilization failed. There was a loss of 5 degrees on average (range, 2 to 23 degrees) in the correction of the kyphosis. Lateral angulation after surgery did not occur. The treatment allowed easier postoperative nursing and early mobilization of the patient.", "PMID": 591529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3733", "title": "Spinal injury at the level of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae from football.", "content": "Acute traumatic lesions of the spine at the third and fourth cervical levels without associated fracture are not common. The eight lesions in this report occurred as a result of injuries sustained during tackle football. They included acute intervertebral disc herniation, anterior subluxation of the third cervical vertebra on the fourth, unilateral dislocation of the joint between the articular processes, and bilateral dislocation of the joints between the articular processes. The mechanism of injury was the use of the top or crown of the helmet as the primary point of contact in a high-impact collision when blocking, tackling, or head-butting. To avoid a seemingly inevitable increase in the incidence of these lesions occurring from tackle football, coaches and officials will have to modify the current techniques of blocking tackling, and head-butting.", "contents": "Spinal injury at the level of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae from football. Acute traumatic lesions of the spine at the third and fourth cervical levels without associated fracture are not common. The eight lesions in this report occurred as a result of injuries sustained during tackle football. They included acute intervertebral disc herniation, anterior subluxation of the third cervical vertebra on the fourth, unilateral dislocation of the joint between the articular processes, and bilateral dislocation of the joints between the articular processes. The mechanism of injury was the use of the top or crown of the helmet as the primary point of contact in a high-impact collision when blocking, tackling, or head-butting. To avoid a seemingly inevitable increase in the incidence of these lesions occurring from tackle football, coaches and officials will have to modify the current techniques of blocking tackling, and head-butting.", "PMID": 591530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3734", "title": "Scoliosis in chickens.", "content": "Scoliosis developed in 55 per cent of sexually mature birds (68 per cent of male and 46 per cent of female birds) in a highly inbred line of chickens originally produced from white Leghorns. The curve could first be detected at five to six weeks of age and progressed until spontaneous fusion of the thoracic vertebrae occurred. Studies of these chickens indicated that abnormalities of growth and development of the spine are not the primary cause of the scoliosis. Preliminary studies of the paravertebral musculature also indicated that simple muscle imbalance is not responsible for the curve. Initial studies of collagen extracted from the scoliotic line of chickens showed it to be more soluble than similar collagen extracted from white Leghorn controls.", "contents": "Scoliosis in chickens. Scoliosis developed in 55 per cent of sexually mature birds (68 per cent of male and 46 per cent of female birds) in a highly inbred line of chickens originally produced from white Leghorns. The curve could first be detected at five to six weeks of age and progressed until spontaneous fusion of the thoracic vertebrae occurred. Studies of these chickens indicated that abnormalities of growth and development of the spine are not the primary cause of the scoliosis. Preliminary studies of the paravertebral musculature also indicated that simple muscle imbalance is not responsible for the curve. Initial studies of collagen extracted from the scoliotic line of chickens showed it to be more soluble than similar collagen extracted from white Leghorn controls.", "PMID": 591531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3735", "title": "Herbert total knee prosthesis: combined laboratory and clinical assessment.", "content": "We tested the Herbert knee prosthesis, which was designed to restore intrinsic stability with limited degrees of freedom for rotation to severely damaged or deformed knees, in a knee simulator. These tests indicated a tendency for the prosthesis to fracture through the medial femoral housing after cycling for the equivalent of one to three years of normal use. In a clinical series of thirty-five knees treated with the prosthesis, there were five failures similar to those produced by laboratory testing. On the basis of this combined study, the Herbert prosthesis appears to have design characteristics that seriously limit its usefulness for long-term knee replacement. Testing in a knee simulator in this case appeared to be a valid predictor of clinical failure.", "contents": "Herbert total knee prosthesis: combined laboratory and clinical assessment. We tested the Herbert knee prosthesis, which was designed to restore intrinsic stability with limited degrees of freedom for rotation to severely damaged or deformed knees, in a knee simulator. These tests indicated a tendency for the prosthesis to fracture through the medial femoral housing after cycling for the equivalent of one to three years of normal use. In a clinical series of thirty-five knees treated with the prosthesis, there were five failures similar to those produced by laboratory testing. On the basis of this combined study, the Herbert prosthesis appears to have design characteristics that seriously limit its usefulness for long-term knee replacement. Testing in a knee simulator in this case appeared to be a valid predictor of clinical failure.", "PMID": 591532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3736", "title": "Femoral stem failure in total hip replacement.", "content": "Reported here are four fractured femoral components from a consecutive series of 200 total hip reconstructions. All four had been placed in patients who weighed ninety-one kilograms or more and who were more than 1.8 meters tall. In each patient, roentgenograms made prior to the time of failure of the prosthesis revealed roentgenographic lucency, which was interpreted as cement failure. Metallurgical examination revealed fatigue failure and some abnormality in each prosthetic stem. Review of all 200 total hip replacements suggested that there was failure to position the prosthesis in strong valgus in there four hips and in thirty others. In the four failures, the contributing influences of large size of patients, inadequate valgus positioning of the prosthesis, inadequate support by cement, and metallurgical inadequacies of the prosthesis used are discussed.", "contents": "Femoral stem failure in total hip replacement. Reported here are four fractured femoral components from a consecutive series of 200 total hip reconstructions. All four had been placed in patients who weighed ninety-one kilograms or more and who were more than 1.8 meters tall. In each patient, roentgenograms made prior to the time of failure of the prosthesis revealed roentgenographic lucency, which was interpreted as cement failure. Metallurgical examination revealed fatigue failure and some abnormality in each prosthetic stem. Review of all 200 total hip replacements suggested that there was failure to position the prosthesis in strong valgus in there four hips and in thirty others. In the four failures, the contributing influences of large size of patients, inadequate valgus positioning of the prosthesis, inadequate support by cement, and metallurgical inadequacies of the prosthesis used are discussed.", "PMID": 591533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3737", "title": "Deep infection following total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Deep sepsis is a serious postoperative complication of total hip arthroplasty, causing additional suffering, loss of function, need for additional treatment, and possibly early death. In a series of sixteen patients, the only effective treatment was complete extirpation of all implants combined with appropriate long-term administration of antibiotics. In fifteen patients the original operative objectives were not achieved.", "contents": "Deep infection following total hip arthroplasty. Deep sepsis is a serious postoperative complication of total hip arthroplasty, causing additional suffering, loss of function, need for additional treatment, and possibly early death. In a series of sixteen patients, the only effective treatment was complete extirpation of all implants combined with appropriate long-term administration of antibiotics. In fifteen patients the original operative objectives were not achieved.", "PMID": 591534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3738", "title": "Multicentric giant-cell tumor of bone.", "content": "The presence of more than one distinct giant-cell tumor in the same patient is rare; seven cases have been reported in the literature. The present series involves eleven patients with thirty-five individual tumors. Multifocal giant-cell tumors may pose a diagnostic problem. It is difficult to distinguish a multicentric giant-cell tumor from a primary giant-cell tumor with metastatic spread. This problem is magnified when the second lesion is not noted at the onset or is metaphyseal in location. Moreover, these lesions present a therapeutic challenge to the surgeon. Multiple lesions tend to exhibit the same aggressive clinical behavior as a solitary giant-cell tumor. A high recurrence rate after curettage indicates that aggressive surgical management is necessary.", "contents": "Multicentric giant-cell tumor of bone. The presence of more than one distinct giant-cell tumor in the same patient is rare; seven cases have been reported in the literature. The present series involves eleven patients with thirty-five individual tumors. Multifocal giant-cell tumors may pose a diagnostic problem. It is difficult to distinguish a multicentric giant-cell tumor from a primary giant-cell tumor with metastatic spread. This problem is magnified when the second lesion is not noted at the onset or is metaphyseal in location. Moreover, these lesions present a therapeutic challenge to the surgeon. Multiple lesions tend to exhibit the same aggressive clinical behavior as a solitary giant-cell tumor. A high recurrence rate after curettage indicates that aggressive surgical management is necessary.", "PMID": 591535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3739", "title": "Arterial thromboembolism in patients receiving systemic heparin therapy: a complication associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Arterial thromboembolism is a recognized complication of systemic heparin therapy. Characteristic of the entity is arterial occlusion by platelet-fibrin thrombi with distal ischemia occurring four to twenty days after the initiation of heparin therapy, preceded by profound thrombocytopenia with platelet counts in the range of 30,000 to 40,000 per cubic millimeter. The clinically apparent occlusion may be preceded by gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal symptoms that appear to be ischemic in origin, and might serve to warn the clinician of these complications. Previous reports of these phenomena as well as recent studies of the effect of heparin are reviewed. The common factor relating thromboembolism and thrombocytopenia is heparin-induced platelet aggregation. Appropriate treatment consists of discontinuation of heparin, and anticoagulation with sodium warfarin if necessary. Vascular procedures are performed as indicated.", "contents": "Arterial thromboembolism in patients receiving systemic heparin therapy: a complication associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arterial thromboembolism is a recognized complication of systemic heparin therapy. Characteristic of the entity is arterial occlusion by platelet-fibrin thrombi with distal ischemia occurring four to twenty days after the initiation of heparin therapy, preceded by profound thrombocytopenia with platelet counts in the range of 30,000 to 40,000 per cubic millimeter. The clinically apparent occlusion may be preceded by gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal symptoms that appear to be ischemic in origin, and might serve to warn the clinician of these complications. Previous reports of these phenomena as well as recent studies of the effect of heparin are reviewed. The common factor relating thromboembolism and thrombocytopenia is heparin-induced platelet aggregation. Appropriate treatment consists of discontinuation of heparin, and anticoagulation with sodium warfarin if necessary. Vascular procedures are performed as indicated.", "PMID": 591536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3740", "title": "Turnover of collagen in the adult rat after denervation.", "content": "Unilateral denervation of the hind limb in a group of adult rats prelabeled with radioactive proline induced a significant turnover of collagen in tendons, ligaments, menisci, and bones. After two or three months of disuse, there were significant losses (15 to 29 per cent) of old collagen from the four structures studied. Dilution of the radioactivity of the old collagen with new collagen involved partial to complete replacement of 3 to 20 per cent. The incomplete replacement of destroyed collagen with new collagen resulted in a net decrease of collagen mass ranging from 5 to 14 per cent. A significant turnover of collagen in two-year-old rats that showed little loss in collagen mass means that the new collagen produced would have fewer cross-links and would probably be weaker than the old, mature collagen.", "contents": "Turnover of collagen in the adult rat after denervation. Unilateral denervation of the hind limb in a group of adult rats prelabeled with radioactive proline induced a significant turnover of collagen in tendons, ligaments, menisci, and bones. After two or three months of disuse, there were significant losses (15 to 29 per cent) of old collagen from the four structures studied. Dilution of the radioactivity of the old collagen with new collagen involved partial to complete replacement of 3 to 20 per cent. The incomplete replacement of destroyed collagen with new collagen resulted in a net decrease of collagen mass ranging from 5 to 14 per cent. A significant turnover of collagen in two-year-old rats that showed little loss in collagen mass means that the new collagen produced would have fewer cross-links and would probably be weaker than the old, mature collagen.", "PMID": 591537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3741", "title": "Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact.", "content": "Survival characteristics of forty-three specimens of living human bone and articular cartilage from the knees of eight renal-transplant donors were studied, using a drop-tower device. Autoradiography and light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no evidence of chondrocyte death or structural damage until stress levels of twenty-five newtons per square millimeter were reached, corresponding to strains on the order of 20 to 30 per cent and involving energy absorption of one millijoule per cubic millimeter. The data for strain rates of 500 and 1000 s-1 suggest that impact loads sufficient to fracture a femoral shaft of an automobile occupant are nearly sufficient to cause chondrocyte death and fissuring in the articular cartilage of either the knee or the hip if the load-bearing areas measure less than 500 square millimeters.", "contents": "Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact. Survival characteristics of forty-three specimens of living human bone and articular cartilage from the knees of eight renal-transplant donors were studied, using a drop-tower device. Autoradiography and light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no evidence of chondrocyte death or structural damage until stress levels of twenty-five newtons per square millimeter were reached, corresponding to strains on the order of 20 to 30 per cent and involving energy absorption of one millijoule per cubic millimeter. The data for strain rates of 500 and 1000 s-1 suggest that impact loads sufficient to fracture a femoral shaft of an automobile occupant are nearly sufficient to cause chondrocyte death and fissuring in the articular cartilage of either the knee or the hip if the load-bearing areas measure less than 500 square millimeters.", "PMID": 591538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3742", "title": "The ultrastructure of the growth plate in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Core biopsy specimens of the proximal femoral growth plate from three patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis were studied by light and electron microscopy. In the resting zone, the cartilage matrix was composed of large, densely packed collagen fibrils. The cartilage matrix in the zones of chondrocyte hypertrophy where the slippage occurred contained only scattered fine collagen fibrils in a homogeneous ground substance. The change in composition of cartilage matrix in the distal region of the epiphyseal plate may predispose that region to slippage.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the growth plate in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Core biopsy specimens of the proximal femoral growth plate from three patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis were studied by light and electron microscopy. In the resting zone, the cartilage matrix was composed of large, densely packed collagen fibrils. The cartilage matrix in the zones of chondrocyte hypertrophy where the slippage occurred contained only scattered fine collagen fibrils in a homogeneous ground substance. The change in composition of cartilage matrix in the distal region of the epiphyseal plate may predispose that region to slippage.", "PMID": 591539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3743", "title": "Double innominate osteotomy.", "content": "We performed double innominate osteotomy in twenty-five patients with acetabular insufficiency resulting from congenital dislocation of the hip and other lesions. Following iliac (Salter) osteotomy, the second osteotomy was carried out medial to the obturator foramen in the interval between the symphysis pubis and the pubic tubercle. In children more than six years old, adolescents, and adults, addition of the pubic osteotomy increased the amount of acetabular rotation and coverage of the femoral head that could be achieved. An additional benefit was that the femoral head could be shifted medially, decreasing the length of the femoral lever arm. The improvement in center-edge angle in the twenty-five patients averaged 27 degrees, and the acetabular index decreased an average of 19.5 degrees. The center of the head shifted medially an average of 1.5 centimeters. Hip stability was achieved in twenty-three of the patients.", "contents": "Double innominate osteotomy. We performed double innominate osteotomy in twenty-five patients with acetabular insufficiency resulting from congenital dislocation of the hip and other lesions. Following iliac (Salter) osteotomy, the second osteotomy was carried out medial to the obturator foramen in the interval between the symphysis pubis and the pubic tubercle. In children more than six years old, adolescents, and adults, addition of the pubic osteotomy increased the amount of acetabular rotation and coverage of the femoral head that could be achieved. An additional benefit was that the femoral head could be shifted medially, decreasing the length of the femoral lever arm. The improvement in center-edge angle in the twenty-five patients averaged 27 degrees, and the acetabular index decreased an average of 19.5 degrees. The center of the head shifted medially an average of 1.5 centimeters. Hip stability was achieved in twenty-three of the patients.", "PMID": 591540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3744", "title": "The painful migrated ununited greater trochanter in total hip replacement.", "content": "The migrated painful ununited trochanter following total hip replacement can provoke a significant degree of functional disability. Although this condition is infrequently observed after total hip replacement, its occurrence causes definite problems for its operative management. A technique employing the trochanteric bolt for reattachment of the migrated painful trochanteric fragment is described. The results of this approach in five patients to date are relief from pain and decreased disability in all five. The factors promoting migration of the osteotomized fragment include the quality of the trochanteric bone, the stresses placed on the osteotomy site by the patient during the postoperative period, and the precise method of reattachment of the trochanter at the time of total hip replacement.", "contents": "The painful migrated ununited greater trochanter in total hip replacement. The migrated painful ununited trochanter following total hip replacement can provoke a significant degree of functional disability. Although this condition is infrequently observed after total hip replacement, its occurrence causes definite problems for its operative management. A technique employing the trochanteric bolt for reattachment of the migrated painful trochanteric fragment is described. The results of this approach in five patients to date are relief from pain and decreased disability in all five. The factors promoting migration of the osteotomized fragment include the quality of the trochanteric bone, the stresses placed on the osteotomy site by the patient during the postoperative period, and the precise method of reattachment of the trochanter at the time of total hip replacement.", "PMID": 591541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3745", "title": "Joint d\u00e9bridement--a complement to high tibial osteotomy in the treatment of degenerative arthritis of the knee.", "content": "The management of unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee by high tibial osteotomy is enhanced by an associated joint d\u00e9bridement. A review of 120 patients who underwent the combined procedure, with follow-up to thirteen years, indicated that good or satisfactory results may be achieved in 82 per cent and that such results may be maintained over a prolonged period of review. This paper summarizes a long-term review of a series of one of us (D. L. M.), who since 1961 has practiced the combined procedure of tibial osteotomy and open joint d\u00e9bridement. The patient group was reviewed by him one year following surgery and then independently by the second author (R. P. W) in 1974, when 105 of the original 120 patients were available for detailed follow-up. Controversy surrounds the role of d\u00e9bridement when associated with osteotomy. This paper discusses both the rationale for and the results of combining these procedures. The over-all results confirm that these procedures are indeed complementary.", "contents": "Joint d\u00e9bridement--a complement to high tibial osteotomy in the treatment of degenerative arthritis of the knee. The management of unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee by high tibial osteotomy is enhanced by an associated joint d\u00e9bridement. A review of 120 patients who underwent the combined procedure, with follow-up to thirteen years, indicated that good or satisfactory results may be achieved in 82 per cent and that such results may be maintained over a prolonged period of review. This paper summarizes a long-term review of a series of one of us (D. L. M.), who since 1961 has practiced the combined procedure of tibial osteotomy and open joint d\u00e9bridement. The patient group was reviewed by him one year following surgery and then independently by the second author (R. P. W) in 1974, when 105 of the original 120 patients were available for detailed follow-up. Controversy surrounds the role of d\u00e9bridement when associated with osteotomy. This paper discusses both the rationale for and the results of combining these procedures. The over-all results confirm that these procedures are indeed complementary.", "PMID": 591542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3746", "title": "Cervical facet fusion for control of instability following laminectomy.", "content": "Cervical laminectomy may compromise the stability of the spine. Posterolateral facet fusion can be used to stabilize the spine after laminectomy and prevent progressive deformity. The procedure includes passing wires through drill holes in the articular processes and binding two longitudinal struts of bone to the posterior columns of the articular processes. Sixty-three p atients with cervical laminectomy and facet fusion were reviewed, and fifty-two of them were followed for one to seventeen years. The reasons for fusion were to control overt spinal instability and deformity or to eliminate motion which may contribute to spondylosis. Solid fusion occurred in fifty of fifty-two patients at a mean of 6.5 months and provided continuing stability without progressive deformity. Although facet fusion is a complex procedure, it provides secure stabilization, does not interfere with decompression, and permits early mobilization of the patient.", "contents": "Cervical facet fusion for control of instability following laminectomy. Cervical laminectomy may compromise the stability of the spine. Posterolateral facet fusion can be used to stabilize the spine after laminectomy and prevent progressive deformity. The procedure includes passing wires through drill holes in the articular processes and binding two longitudinal struts of bone to the posterior columns of the articular processes. Sixty-three p atients with cervical laminectomy and facet fusion were reviewed, and fifty-two of them were followed for one to seventeen years. The reasons for fusion were to control overt spinal instability and deformity or to eliminate motion which may contribute to spondylosis. Solid fusion occurred in fifty of fifty-two patients at a mean of 6.5 months and provided continuing stability without progressive deformity. Although facet fusion is a complex procedure, it provides secure stabilization, does not interfere with decompression, and permits early mobilization of the patient.", "PMID": 591550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3747", "title": "Treatment of sick sinus syndrome with permanent cardiac pacemaker. (Sick sinus syndrome and artificial pacemaker).", "content": "Twenty nine patients with sick sinus syndrome were treated from November, 1972 through July, 1976. Six cases had sinus bradycardia, 14 cases had sinoatrial block/sinus arrest and 9 cases had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Twenty five patients received the implantation pacemaker with good result. There was found that an adequate pacing of the heart was effective for the control of the attack of tachyarrhythmia in the case with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of sick sinus syndrome with permanent cardiac pacemaker. (Sick sinus syndrome and artificial pacemaker). Twenty nine patients with sick sinus syndrome were treated from November, 1972 through July, 1976. Six cases had sinus bradycardia, 14 cases had sinoatrial block/sinus arrest and 9 cases had bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Twenty five patients received the implantation pacemaker with good result. There was found that an adequate pacing of the heart was effective for the control of the attack of tachyarrhythmia in the case with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "PMID": 591551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3748", "title": "Pseudotumor of the heart: subepicardial hematoma of the right atrium.", "content": "A 28-year-old man with a huge subepicardial hematoma of the right atrium, which is so rare that a review of the literature has failed to disclose similar case, is reported. Suspecting of rhabdomyoma, we excised free wall of the right atrium and a part of lateral wall of the superior vena cava. The excised part was reconstructed with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore tex). This synthetic material has a few merit and application of this one to the reconstruction in the venous system seems more promising. He was discharged with a regular sinus rhythm, normal heart size three months after the operation. The histologic examination of the excised material revealed amorphous blood clots and chronic granulation tissue containing hemosiderin-cells. The cause of the hematoma was not clarified even by microscopic examination.", "contents": "Pseudotumor of the heart: subepicardial hematoma of the right atrium. A 28-year-old man with a huge subepicardial hematoma of the right atrium, which is so rare that a review of the literature has failed to disclose similar case, is reported. Suspecting of rhabdomyoma, we excised free wall of the right atrium and a part of lateral wall of the superior vena cava. The excised part was reconstructed with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore tex). This synthetic material has a few merit and application of this one to the reconstruction in the venous system seems more promising. He was discharged with a regular sinus rhythm, normal heart size three months after the operation. The histologic examination of the excised material revealed amorphous blood clots and chronic granulation tissue containing hemosiderin-cells. The cause of the hematoma was not clarified even by microscopic examination.", "PMID": 591552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3749", "title": "Cor triatriatum associated with large atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Case report.", "content": "A rare variant of cor triatriatum is presented with a large true atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return into the right atrium. The correct diagnosis was made at the operation and abnormal left atrial septum was excised completely and a new interatrial septum was created with pericardial patch in such a position that the abnormally drained right upper pulmonary vein was left in the left atrium. It was thought to use the abnormal left atrial septum to close the atrial septal defect by excising only the right lateral border of this abnormal septum and resuturing it to the right atrial wall to close the true atrial septal defect. This thought could not be realized because of the small size of this abnormal septum and large size of the atrial septal defect. This technique can be realized in small or medium sized atrial septal defects associated with cor triatriatum.", "contents": "Cor triatriatum associated with large atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Case report. A rare variant of cor triatriatum is presented with a large true atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return into the right atrium. The correct diagnosis was made at the operation and abnormal left atrial septum was excised completely and a new interatrial septum was created with pericardial patch in such a position that the abnormally drained right upper pulmonary vein was left in the left atrium. It was thought to use the abnormal left atrial septum to close the atrial septal defect by excising only the right lateral border of this abnormal septum and resuturing it to the right atrial wall to close the true atrial septal defect. This thought could not be realized because of the small size of this abnormal septum and large size of the atrial septal defect. This technique can be realized in small or medium sized atrial septal defects associated with cor triatriatum.", "PMID": 591554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3750", "title": "Isolated mitral valve injury from non-penetrating cardiac trauma. Report of a case with successful repair.", "content": "Isolated mitral valve injury from non-penetrating cardiac trauma was low in incidence. A successfully operated case of a patient with acute mitral insufficiency from non-penetrating cardiac injury due to a traffic accident was reported and discussed. This isolated mitral valve lesion, of which the posterior leaflet was torn away from the annulus with intact chordae tendineae and papillary muscle, was very rare in the literature. And, particularly, the preoperative non-invasive findings such as echocardiogram and ACG were mostly useful and important in our case. This case was the fourth successful repaired case on blunt isolated mitral valve injury in the literature.", "contents": "Isolated mitral valve injury from non-penetrating cardiac trauma. Report of a case with successful repair. Isolated mitral valve injury from non-penetrating cardiac trauma was low in incidence. A successfully operated case of a patient with acute mitral insufficiency from non-penetrating cardiac injury due to a traffic accident was reported and discussed. This isolated mitral valve lesion, of which the posterior leaflet was torn away from the annulus with intact chordae tendineae and papillary muscle, was very rare in the literature. And, particularly, the preoperative non-invasive findings such as echocardiogram and ACG were mostly useful and important in our case. This case was the fourth successful repaired case on blunt isolated mitral valve injury in the literature.", "PMID": 591553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3751", "title": "Ascending aorta to femoral arteries bypass without opening the abdominal cavity. Choice treatment in cases of complete occlusion of the infrarenal aorta.", "content": "In two cases which needed a revascularization of the inferior limbs, it was possible to utilize the subrenal aorta (the first case was affected by an infrarenal aortic occlusion; the second by an infection of a previously inserted aortofemoral graft), the AA. elected to perform a bypass with a dacron graft between the ascending aorta and femoral arteries according to the technique already proposed by Kaplitt. Having accomplished the proximal anastomoses to the ascending aorta through a midsternal incision, the graft was placed into a properitoneal tunnel down to both inguinal regions. This tunnel was obtained in the anterior abdominal wall by a blind blunt dissection entering the properitoneal space at the inferior end of the sternal incision. In this way the opening of the abdomen is avoided. On account of its poor risk, this procedure is advisable not only in cases of infrarenal aortic occlusion but almost in all aged and poor risk patients who require a revascularization of the inferior limbs.", "contents": "Ascending aorta to femoral arteries bypass without opening the abdominal cavity. Choice treatment in cases of complete occlusion of the infrarenal aorta. In two cases which needed a revascularization of the inferior limbs, it was possible to utilize the subrenal aorta (the first case was affected by an infrarenal aortic occlusion; the second by an infection of a previously inserted aortofemoral graft), the AA. elected to perform a bypass with a dacron graft between the ascending aorta and femoral arteries according to the technique already proposed by Kaplitt. Having accomplished the proximal anastomoses to the ascending aorta through a midsternal incision, the graft was placed into a properitoneal tunnel down to both inguinal regions. This tunnel was obtained in the anterior abdominal wall by a blind blunt dissection entering the properitoneal space at the inferior end of the sternal incision. In this way the opening of the abdomen is avoided. On account of its poor risk, this procedure is advisable not only in cases of infrarenal aortic occlusion but almost in all aged and poor risk patients who require a revascularization of the inferior limbs.", "PMID": 591556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3752", "title": "Effects of multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) on AIB transport into myoblast and myotube cultures.", "content": "The effects of a somatomedian analog, Temin's multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), on amino acid transport into muscle cells have been characterized in a series of experiments on myoblasts and myotubes in culture. Addition of MSA to serum-starved L6 myoblasts increased the rate of aminoisobutyrate (AIB) uptake 50-150% within five hours. This early effect on transport was followed by increases in cell number, protein content and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Kinetic analyses indicated that MSA increased the maximal velocity of AIB uptake but had no effect on the KM for AIB. When myoblasts were allowed to fuse (and dividing cells eliminated by addition of 10(-4) M cytosine arabinoside) the AIB transport system(s) remained similarly responsive to MSA. In myoblasts and in myotubes, both the basal and MSA-stimulated rate of AIB uptake were sodium-dependent processes; little stimrulation occurred if sodium was absent from the labeling medium. Further suggesting the involvement of cations in response to hormone, MSA stimulated uptake of the potassium analog, 86Rb+, and increase net intracellular potassium in both myoblasts and myotubes. MSA was active at concentrations equivalent to in vivo levels of somatomedins; neither insulin nor growth hormone had any effect at or near physiological concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) on AIB transport into myoblast and myotube cultures. The effects of a somatomedian analog, Temin's multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), on amino acid transport into muscle cells have been characterized in a series of experiments on myoblasts and myotubes in culture. Addition of MSA to serum-starved L6 myoblasts increased the rate of aminoisobutyrate (AIB) uptake 50-150% within five hours. This early effect on transport was followed by increases in cell number, protein content and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Kinetic analyses indicated that MSA increased the maximal velocity of AIB uptake but had no effect on the KM for AIB. When myoblasts were allowed to fuse (and dividing cells eliminated by addition of 10(-4) M cytosine arabinoside) the AIB transport system(s) remained similarly responsive to MSA. In myoblasts and in myotubes, both the basal and MSA-stimulated rate of AIB uptake were sodium-dependent processes; little stimrulation occurred if sodium was absent from the labeling medium. Further suggesting the involvement of cations in response to hormone, MSA stimulated uptake of the potassium analog, 86Rb+, and increase net intracellular potassium in both myoblasts and myotubes. MSA was active at concentrations equivalent to in vivo levels of somatomedins; neither insulin nor growth hormone had any effect at or near physiological concentrations.", "PMID": 591562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3753", "title": "Popliteal artery entrapment. (Report of a case).", "content": "A case of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome caused by an anomalous gastrocnemius muscle is described. The diagnosis, made before operation, was facilitated mainly by the presence of a \"hot knee\" in the affected leg. The etiology of this clinical sign is described and its diagnostic value, especially in obscure cases is accentuated. In this respect the usefulness of thermometric study and of thermography is presented. The literature of the condition is reviewed.", "contents": "Popliteal artery entrapment. (Report of a case). A case of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome caused by an anomalous gastrocnemius muscle is described. The diagnosis, made before operation, was facilitated mainly by the presence of a \"hot knee\" in the affected leg. The etiology of this clinical sign is described and its diagnostic value, especially in obscure cases is accentuated. In this respect the usefulness of thermometric study and of thermography is presented. The literature of the condition is reviewed.", "PMID": 591557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3754", "title": "Prognostic factors in peripheral vascular injuries.", "content": "A series of 73 patients suffering from peripheral vascular injuries is presented. The injury had been severe in most patients and associated injuries were present in a high percentage of cases. 46% of patients had long bone fractures, 52% had a major peripheral vein injured and 41% had peripheral nerve injuries. End to end anastomosis of the artery had been used in 51% of the cases and vein graft interposition in 46%. 71 patients survived the injury and 56 patients had a viable limb on discharge, or a success rate of 76.7%. Factors which weighed heavily on the prognosis are analyzed. The deleterious effect of the tourniquet is emphasized. Bleeding and shock were more severe in patients with an associated major peripheral vein injury. The latter had a definite influence on limb survival and was responsible for frequent thromboembolic complications. The associated fracture too weighed heavily on the prognosis, as well as infection, and loss of tissue. The associated injuries had a major influence on the final functional result. Function was poor in 10% of patients because of severe neurological deficits or extensive destruction and loss of tissue.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in peripheral vascular injuries. A series of 73 patients suffering from peripheral vascular injuries is presented. The injury had been severe in most patients and associated injuries were present in a high percentage of cases. 46% of patients had long bone fractures, 52% had a major peripheral vein injured and 41% had peripheral nerve injuries. End to end anastomosis of the artery had been used in 51% of the cases and vein graft interposition in 46%. 71 patients survived the injury and 56 patients had a viable limb on discharge, or a success rate of 76.7%. Factors which weighed heavily on the prognosis are analyzed. The deleterious effect of the tourniquet is emphasized. Bleeding and shock were more severe in patients with an associated major peripheral vein injury. The latter had a definite influence on limb survival and was responsible for frequent thromboembolic complications. The associated fracture too weighed heavily on the prognosis, as well as infection, and loss of tissue. The associated injuries had a major influence on the final functional result. Function was poor in 10% of patients because of severe neurological deficits or extensive destruction and loss of tissue.", "PMID": 591558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3755", "title": "Free fibosomes and growth stimulation in human peripheral lymphocytes: activation of free ribisomes as an essential event in growth induction.", "content": "During the initial ten hours of growth in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, the cells are converted from a state in which over 70% of all ribosomes are inactive free ribosomes, to one in which over 80% of ribosomes are in polysomes or in native ribosomal subunits. In this initial period, there was a neglible increase in total ribosomal RNA due to increased RNA synthesis, and abolition of ribosomal RNA synthesis with low concentrations of actinomycin D did not interfere with polysome formation. Therefore, the conversion is accomplished by the activation of existing free ribosomes rather than by accumulation of newly synthesized particles. The large free ribosome pool of resting lymphocytes is thus an essential source of components for accelerated protein synthesis early in lymphocyte activation, before increased synthesis can provide a sufficient number of new ribosomes. Free ribosomes accumulate once more after 24 to 48 hours of growth, when RNA and DNA synthetic activity are maximal. This reaccumulation of inactive ribosomes at the peak of growth activity may represent preparation for a return to the resting state where cells are again susceptible to stimulation. Activation of free ribosomes to form polysomes appears to involve modification of at least two steps: (a) dissociation of free ribosomes with stabilization as native subunits, and (b) adjustment of a rate-limiting step at initiation.", "contents": "Free fibosomes and growth stimulation in human peripheral lymphocytes: activation of free ribisomes as an essential event in growth induction. During the initial ten hours of growth in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, the cells are converted from a state in which over 70% of all ribosomes are inactive free ribosomes, to one in which over 80% of ribosomes are in polysomes or in native ribosomal subunits. In this initial period, there was a neglible increase in total ribosomal RNA due to increased RNA synthesis, and abolition of ribosomal RNA synthesis with low concentrations of actinomycin D did not interfere with polysome formation. Therefore, the conversion is accomplished by the activation of existing free ribosomes rather than by accumulation of newly synthesized particles. The large free ribosome pool of resting lymphocytes is thus an essential source of components for accelerated protein synthesis early in lymphocyte activation, before increased synthesis can provide a sufficient number of new ribosomes. Free ribosomes accumulate once more after 24 to 48 hours of growth, when RNA and DNA synthetic activity are maximal. This reaccumulation of inactive ribosomes at the peak of growth activity may represent preparation for a return to the resting state where cells are again susceptible to stimulation. Activation of free ribosomes to form polysomes appears to involve modification of at least two steps: (a) dissociation of free ribosomes with stabilization as native subunits, and (b) adjustment of a rate-limiting step at initiation.", "PMID": 591563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3756", "title": "Transvenous instrumental dilatation for obstruction of the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "In this report, we shall describe a new nonoperative method of treatment for membranous obstruction of the hepatic protion of the inferior vena cava. A specially designed instrument similar to a Tubbs' dilator was inserted through the peripheral vein and advanced to the portion of obstruction along the previously placed Fogarty catheter under fluoroscopic control. The fracture of obstruction was successfully performed in two patients.", "contents": "Transvenous instrumental dilatation for obstruction of the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. In this report, we shall describe a new nonoperative method of treatment for membranous obstruction of the hepatic protion of the inferior vena cava. A specially designed instrument similar to a Tubbs' dilator was inserted through the peripheral vein and advanced to the portion of obstruction along the previously placed Fogarty catheter under fluoroscopic control. The fracture of obstruction was successfully performed in two patients.", "PMID": 591559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3757", "title": "Osmotic properties of human lymphocyte.", "content": "The osmotic properties of human lymphocytes isolated from 15 ml of venous blood were examined. Measurements of the permeability of the membrane to water under an osmotic gradient were also made. The Boyle-Van't Hoff relation held very well for the human lymphocyte when the cells were shrunken in hyperosmotic media to concentrations twice isosmotic. The volume of osmotically inactive material or \"b\" value averaged 32% of the mean corpuscular volume. These values were independent of temperature. Ponder's R ranged between 0.8 and 0.9. The average value for Lp, the hydralic coefficient was 0.46 mu/min atm +/- 0.02 (S.E.M.) at 25 degrees C. No significant effect of age, sex, or race was noted. The effect of temperature between 10 degrees C and 37 degrees C was measured and heats of activation between 11.1 and 17.4 kcal/mole were calculated with a mean of 14.1 kcal/mole +/- 1.6 (S.E.M.). Concanavalin A at 10 microgram/1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes produced blastogenesis of 25% or more of the lymphocytes without clumping, agglutination, or toxicity. The mean corpuscular volume increased by 21% after 72 hours due to an increase in the \"b\" value which increased by 80%. The volume of free water remained constant. Histograms of the distribution of cell volumes showed that volume changes were uniform throughout the population with no evidence of agglutination of clumping. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of membrane fluidity and the state of intracellular water.", "contents": "Osmotic properties of human lymphocyte. The osmotic properties of human lymphocytes isolated from 15 ml of venous blood were examined. Measurements of the permeability of the membrane to water under an osmotic gradient were also made. The Boyle-Van't Hoff relation held very well for the human lymphocyte when the cells were shrunken in hyperosmotic media to concentrations twice isosmotic. The volume of osmotically inactive material or \"b\" value averaged 32% of the mean corpuscular volume. These values were independent of temperature. Ponder's R ranged between 0.8 and 0.9. The average value for Lp, the hydralic coefficient was 0.46 mu/min atm +/- 0.02 (S.E.M.) at 25 degrees C. No significant effect of age, sex, or race was noted. The effect of temperature between 10 degrees C and 37 degrees C was measured and heats of activation between 11.1 and 17.4 kcal/mole were calculated with a mean of 14.1 kcal/mole +/- 1.6 (S.E.M.). Concanavalin A at 10 microgram/1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes produced blastogenesis of 25% or more of the lymphocytes without clumping, agglutination, or toxicity. The mean corpuscular volume increased by 21% after 72 hours due to an increase in the \"b\" value which increased by 80%. The volume of free water remained constant. Histograms of the distribution of cell volumes showed that volume changes were uniform throughout the population with no evidence of agglutination of clumping. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of membrane fluidity and the state of intracellular water.", "PMID": 591564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3758", "title": "Gel filtration analysis of vanadium in Ascidia nigra blood cell lysate.", "content": "Fractions from a Sephadex gel filtration of homogenized Ascidia nigra blood cell lysate were analyzed for vanadium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were unaffected by temperature from 4-21 degrees C, and by ionic strength in the range 0.09-1.0 M (NaCl). Appreciable loss of vanadium in the supernatant was experienced above pH 2.2. Experiments at pH 2.1 under anaerobic conditions show that the green chromogen and the vanadium-containing bands elute separately. Under these experimental conditions, the vanadium-containing species is of relatively low (congruent to 1,000) molecular weight.", "contents": "Gel filtration analysis of vanadium in Ascidia nigra blood cell lysate. Fractions from a Sephadex gel filtration of homogenized Ascidia nigra blood cell lysate were analyzed for vanadium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were unaffected by temperature from 4-21 degrees C, and by ionic strength in the range 0.09-1.0 M (NaCl). Appreciable loss of vanadium in the supernatant was experienced above pH 2.2. Experiments at pH 2.1 under anaerobic conditions show that the green chromogen and the vanadium-containing bands elute separately. Under these experimental conditions, the vanadium-containing species is of relatively low (congruent to 1,000) molecular weight.", "PMID": 591565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3759", "title": "Cytotoxicity of commonly used solvents at elevated temperatures.", "content": "At 43 degrees C (but not at 41 degrees C), organic solvents used to dissolve water-insoluble chemotherapeutic agents become themselves lethal to cells. This finding is not unique to Chinese hamster cells (HA-1); mouse mammary sarcoma cells (EMT-6) behave similarly. The solvent concentrations involved are in the range of those needed to make drug solutions. Hence experiments measuring drug-cell interactions at elevated temperatures must include controls which independently measure solvent effects.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of commonly used solvents at elevated temperatures. At 43 degrees C (but not at 41 degrees C), organic solvents used to dissolve water-insoluble chemotherapeutic agents become themselves lethal to cells. This finding is not unique to Chinese hamster cells (HA-1); mouse mammary sarcoma cells (EMT-6) behave similarly. The solvent concentrations involved are in the range of those needed to make drug solutions. Hence experiments measuring drug-cell interactions at elevated temperatures must include controls which independently measure solvent effects.", "PMID": 591566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3760", "title": "Haemodynamics at rest and under effort in chronic arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs).", "content": "Latero-lateral femoro-femoral arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) were surgically created in mongrel dogs. After 7-9 months during which the dogs were trained on a treadmill, devices suitable for recording arterial pressure and aortic and coronary flow were chronically implanted. Haemodynamic parameters of the dogs were controlled either at rest or after effort, keeping AVFs open or manually closed. The results, when statistically processed, showed that haemodynamic changes induced by occlusion of AVFs at rest and under effort are similar from a qualitative point of view, but considerably more marked after muscular exercise. Under effort the shunt index calculated rose to a higher extent than cardiac output. The decrease in heart rate after AVFs occlusion was significantly correlated with flow in the fistulae. However, the Nicoladoni-Branham phenomenon ought to be used for indirect evaluation of the shunt flow.", "contents": "Haemodynamics at rest and under effort in chronic arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs). Latero-lateral femoro-femoral arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) were surgically created in mongrel dogs. After 7-9 months during which the dogs were trained on a treadmill, devices suitable for recording arterial pressure and aortic and coronary flow were chronically implanted. Haemodynamic parameters of the dogs were controlled either at rest or after effort, keeping AVFs open or manually closed. The results, when statistically processed, showed that haemodynamic changes induced by occlusion of AVFs at rest and under effort are similar from a qualitative point of view, but considerably more marked after muscular exercise. Under effort the shunt index calculated rose to a higher extent than cardiac output. The decrease in heart rate after AVFs occlusion was significantly correlated with flow in the fistulae. However, the Nicoladoni-Branham phenomenon ought to be used for indirect evaluation of the shunt flow.", "PMID": 591561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3761", "title": "Use of homologous vein grafts for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The Authors propose using of homologous saphenous vein grafts, coming from a normal saphenectomy by stripping in patients affected by primary varicose veins. The graft is preserved in a particular solution at 4 degrees C in a normal refrigerator and transplanted in uremic patients, which have no more vessels suitable for creating a conventional arteriovenous fistula.", "contents": "Use of homologous vein grafts for chronic hemodialysis. The Authors propose using of homologous saphenous vein grafts, coming from a normal saphenectomy by stripping in patients affected by primary varicose veins. The graft is preserved in a particular solution at 4 degrees C in a normal refrigerator and transplanted in uremic patients, which have no more vessels suitable for creating a conventional arteriovenous fistula.", "PMID": 591560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3762", "title": "The effect of histamine on the growth of cultured fibroblasts isolated from normal and keloid tissue.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts derived from human keloid tissue are presented as a possible model system for studying the genetic regulation of cell growth. Histamine is shown to have a marked effect on the growth of cultured fibroblasts. A small increase in growth rate is seen during the log phase of the culture cycle and a 50% increase in cell number is observed during the plateau phase. Differences in the extent of growth stimulation are observed between strains isolated from different individuals. While most strains showed approximately 50% stimulation, a few were not stimulated and some strains gave a 100% or greater increase in cell number due to histamine. This phenotypic difference in extent of growth stimulation in response to histamine cannot be attributed to the gene or genes for keloid formation. However, elevated levels of histamine in vivo may be a contributing factor to the abnormal cell growth observed in this disorder. The extent of growth stimulation due to histamine decreases with repeated subculturing.", "contents": "The effect of histamine on the growth of cultured fibroblasts isolated from normal and keloid tissue. Cultured fibroblasts derived from human keloid tissue are presented as a possible model system for studying the genetic regulation of cell growth. Histamine is shown to have a marked effect on the growth of cultured fibroblasts. A small increase in growth rate is seen during the log phase of the culture cycle and a 50% increase in cell number is observed during the plateau phase. Differences in the extent of growth stimulation are observed between strains isolated from different individuals. While most strains showed approximately 50% stimulation, a few were not stimulated and some strains gave a 100% or greater increase in cell number due to histamine. This phenotypic difference in extent of growth stimulation in response to histamine cannot be attributed to the gene or genes for keloid formation. However, elevated levels of histamine in vivo may be a contributing factor to the abnormal cell growth observed in this disorder. The extent of growth stimulation due to histamine decreases with repeated subculturing.", "PMID": 591568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3763", "title": "Mass isolation ofpolytene nuclei from Chironomus salivary glands.", "content": "In this paper we describe a method for the rapid mass isolation of polytene nuclei from Chironomus salivary glands. The procedure for the isolation of glands involves 5 principal steps; (a) freezing Chironomus larvae in liquid propane; (b) breaking open frozen animals in a pre-cooled mortar; (c) thawing the fragments in sucrose medium, free of divalent cations; (d) pressing the suspension of broken animals through a system of regularly spaced capillary constrictions of free organs; and (e) enrichment of glands by differential sedimentation and removal of contaminating material under a dissecting microscope. The nuclear isolation procedure is a large scale modification of a method previously described by Robert, using digitonin as a non-ionic detergent to solubilize cytoplasma and secretion without affecting the nuclear membrane. Nuclei obtained by this method show structural integrity and an unchanged chromosomal banding pattern. Their incorporation of UTP is within the same range as reported by other authors for nuclei by hand dissection.", "contents": "Mass isolation ofpolytene nuclei from Chironomus salivary glands. In this paper we describe a method for the rapid mass isolation of polytene nuclei from Chironomus salivary glands. The procedure for the isolation of glands involves 5 principal steps; (a) freezing Chironomus larvae in liquid propane; (b) breaking open frozen animals in a pre-cooled mortar; (c) thawing the fragments in sucrose medium, free of divalent cations; (d) pressing the suspension of broken animals through a system of regularly spaced capillary constrictions of free organs; and (e) enrichment of glands by differential sedimentation and removal of contaminating material under a dissecting microscope. The nuclear isolation procedure is a large scale modification of a method previously described by Robert, using digitonin as a non-ionic detergent to solubilize cytoplasma and secretion without affecting the nuclear membrane. Nuclei obtained by this method show structural integrity and an unchanged chromosomal banding pattern. Their incorporation of UTP is within the same range as reported by other authors for nuclei by hand dissection.", "PMID": 591571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3764", "title": "Influence of the time in culture on cellular and neuronal properties of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. With an appendix, mathematical description of the kinetics of the loss in cell volume.", "content": "The stability of a clonal mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line was examined. Cell volume and cellular content of DNA and protein were measured as functions of the passage number. They decreased with the number of serial subcultivations. Cellular volume was linearly related to cellular DNA and protein. Thus, measurements of cell volume can be used to monitor the loss of DNA from hybrid cells. After about 60 passages a stable population of hybrid cells arose, as judged by the constancy of cellular volume and by the decreased coefficient of variation of the cell volume distribution. A mathematical model for the kinetics of the simultaneous loss of cellular volume, DNA and protein is introduced. Several neuronal properties were investigated. The specific activity of the neurotransmitter enzyme choline acetyltransferase decreased by more than 50% during 56 passages. After 70 subcultivations, the hybrid cells were still capable of extending processes, action potentials could still be elicited electrically or by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, and the cells still responded to prostaglandin E1 as they do at low passage number.", "contents": "Influence of the time in culture on cellular and neuronal properties of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. With an appendix, mathematical description of the kinetics of the loss in cell volume. The stability of a clonal mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line was examined. Cell volume and cellular content of DNA and protein were measured as functions of the passage number. They decreased with the number of serial subcultivations. Cellular volume was linearly related to cellular DNA and protein. Thus, measurements of cell volume can be used to monitor the loss of DNA from hybrid cells. After about 60 passages a stable population of hybrid cells arose, as judged by the constancy of cellular volume and by the decreased coefficient of variation of the cell volume distribution. A mathematical model for the kinetics of the simultaneous loss of cellular volume, DNA and protein is introduced. Several neuronal properties were investigated. The specific activity of the neurotransmitter enzyme choline acetyltransferase decreased by more than 50% during 56 passages. After 70 subcultivations, the hybrid cells were still capable of extending processes, action potentials could still be elicited electrically or by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, and the cells still responded to prostaglandin E1 as they do at low passage number.", "PMID": 591572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3765", "title": "Effects of colchicine and vinblastine on the phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of lymphocytes.", "content": "The effects of 2 microtubular-disruptive drugs, colchicine and vinblastine, on the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced blast transformation and mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes were studied. Both drugs markedly inhibited cell growth and DNA synthesis and lowered the mitotic index. No microtubules were seen with the electron microscope in cells treated with PHA plus colchicine or vinblastine. Moreover, the PHA-induced development of all organelles was partially inhibited by these drugs, especially that of the Golgi complex. As compared to cells treated with PHA alone, the dictyosomes were fewer, not so clearly localized in one area of the cytoplasm, and contained a decreased number of cisternae and an increased number of vacuoles. These results indicate that cytoplasmic microtubules play an important role in the PHA-induced blast transformation and mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function in the structural organization of the cell and particularly the Golgi complex. In the drug-induced absence of microtubules this and other organelle systems do not respond as usual to PHA stimulation, which could largely explain the decreased cell growth. This in turn suggests that lowered mitotic activity is a result of inhibition of cell growth, as a critical amount of G1-associated cell growth is believed to be required for the initiation of DNA synthesis and thus mitosis.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine and vinblastine on the phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of lymphocytes. The effects of 2 microtubular-disruptive drugs, colchicine and vinblastine, on the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced blast transformation and mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes were studied. Both drugs markedly inhibited cell growth and DNA synthesis and lowered the mitotic index. No microtubules were seen with the electron microscope in cells treated with PHA plus colchicine or vinblastine. Moreover, the PHA-induced development of all organelles was partially inhibited by these drugs, especially that of the Golgi complex. As compared to cells treated with PHA alone, the dictyosomes were fewer, not so clearly localized in one area of the cytoplasm, and contained a decreased number of cisternae and an increased number of vacuoles. These results indicate that cytoplasmic microtubules play an important role in the PHA-induced blast transformation and mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function in the structural organization of the cell and particularly the Golgi complex. In the drug-induced absence of microtubules this and other organelle systems do not respond as usual to PHA stimulation, which could largely explain the decreased cell growth. This in turn suggests that lowered mitotic activity is a result of inhibition of cell growth, as a critical amount of G1-associated cell growth is believed to be required for the initiation of DNA synthesis and thus mitosis.", "PMID": 591573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3766", "title": "Changes in the surface properties of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes, induced by bacteria and bacterial endotoxin.", "content": "Rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes were induced to aggregate by a variety of bacterial species. In the absence of serum, Gram-negative bacteria were more effective at inducing aggregation than Gram-positive. The most effective micro-organism tested, Acinetobacter sp. 199A, was readily phagocytosed and also induced extracellular secretion of the granule enzymes peroxidase and lysozyme. Isolated endotoxin from this bacterial species was highly effective in inducing aggregation and granule enzyme release. Endotoxin-induced aggregation was associated with a large increase in the amount of lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of surface protein. Only one iodinatable protein was detected, of molecular weight 150 000. It is postulated that phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria, followed by granule enzyme release, accelerates the rate of membrane recycling and that this brings new adhesive protein to the surface more rapidly.", "contents": "Changes in the surface properties of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes, induced by bacteria and bacterial endotoxin. Rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes were induced to aggregate by a variety of bacterial species. In the absence of serum, Gram-negative bacteria were more effective at inducing aggregation than Gram-positive. The most effective micro-organism tested, Acinetobacter sp. 199A, was readily phagocytosed and also induced extracellular secretion of the granule enzymes peroxidase and lysozyme. Isolated endotoxin from this bacterial species was highly effective in inducing aggregation and granule enzyme release. Endotoxin-induced aggregation was associated with a large increase in the amount of lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of surface protein. Only one iodinatable protein was detected, of molecular weight 150 000. It is postulated that phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria, followed by granule enzyme release, accelerates the rate of membrane recycling and that this brings new adhesive protein to the surface more rapidly.", "PMID": 591574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3767", "title": "A light- and electron-microscope study of nuclear structure throughout the cell cycle in the euglenoid Astasia longa (Jahn).", "content": "The structure of nuclei of Astasia longa in synchronized cultures was examined at the light- and electron-microscope levels. Three types of nuclei, differing mainly in chromatin conformation, were observed during interphase and were tentatively classed in the G1, S and G2-periods. The fibrillar nucleolar regions exhibited a most complex organization and appeared to consist of convoluted, coarse filaments or nucleolonemata approximately 0.15 micrometer in diameter. Chromosome condensation was evidenced first by the longer, thicker profiles of chromatin observed in late prophase. Furthermore, the nucleolus, that persists throughout mitosis, began to elongate at late prophase. Furthermore, the nucleolus, that persists thorughout mitosis, began to elongate at this stage, simultaneously with the appearance of short, unoriented profiles of intranuclear microtubules. Chromosome condensation was complete by mid-metaphase and the nucleolus was elongated into a cylindrical shape with irregular extremities. Microtubule profiles were longer than in prophase; they were now oriented parallel to the nucleolus and frequently lay closely appressed to its sides. In anaphase, the chromosomes segregated into 2 groups, one towards each extremity of the dumb-bell-shaped nucleolus. The telophase chromosomes assumed a random orientation with respect to the still intact nucleolus. Throughout the division stages the persiting nucleolus maintained its ultrastructural organization and consisted partly of conspicuous nucleolonemal profiles which tended to be oriented along the major axis of this organelle. Nucleolar separation into 2 fragments occurred late in telophase and was followed by a reformation of daughter nuclei and initiation of cell fission during cytokinesis.", "contents": "A light- and electron-microscope study of nuclear structure throughout the cell cycle in the euglenoid Astasia longa (Jahn). The structure of nuclei of Astasia longa in synchronized cultures was examined at the light- and electron-microscope levels. Three types of nuclei, differing mainly in chromatin conformation, were observed during interphase and were tentatively classed in the G1, S and G2-periods. The fibrillar nucleolar regions exhibited a most complex organization and appeared to consist of convoluted, coarse filaments or nucleolonemata approximately 0.15 micrometer in diameter. Chromosome condensation was evidenced first by the longer, thicker profiles of chromatin observed in late prophase. Furthermore, the nucleolus, that persists throughout mitosis, began to elongate at late prophase. Furthermore, the nucleolus, that persists thorughout mitosis, began to elongate at this stage, simultaneously with the appearance of short, unoriented profiles of intranuclear microtubules. Chromosome condensation was complete by mid-metaphase and the nucleolus was elongated into a cylindrical shape with irregular extremities. Microtubule profiles were longer than in prophase; they were now oriented parallel to the nucleolus and frequently lay closely appressed to its sides. In anaphase, the chromosomes segregated into 2 groups, one towards each extremity of the dumb-bell-shaped nucleolus. The telophase chromosomes assumed a random orientation with respect to the still intact nucleolus. Throughout the division stages the persiting nucleolus maintained its ultrastructural organization and consisted partly of conspicuous nucleolonemal profiles which tended to be oriented along the major axis of this organelle. Nucleolar separation into 2 fragments occurred late in telophase and was followed by a reformation of daughter nuclei and initiation of cell fission during cytokinesis.", "PMID": 591575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3768", "title": "Structural cross-bridges between microtubules and mitochondria in central axons of an insect (Periplaneta americana).", "content": "The distribution of microtubules and mitochondria in central axons of an insect (Periplaneta americana) is assessed by comparison between counts on micrographs and computed axon random 'models'. These studies show that the observed multiple association of microtubules with individual mitochondria is statistically highly significant. Electron micrographs of thin sections show that linkage is effected by physical cross-bridge, possibly comprising components from the microtubule and mitochondrion. Linear particle arrays are described on the outer mitochondrial membrane in freeze-fracture replicas, and tentatively related to the bridges seen in thin sections. The results are discussed in terms of proposed roles of microtubules in neurons and other cells.", "contents": "Structural cross-bridges between microtubules and mitochondria in central axons of an insect (Periplaneta americana). The distribution of microtubules and mitochondria in central axons of an insect (Periplaneta americana) is assessed by comparison between counts on micrographs and computed axon random 'models'. These studies show that the observed multiple association of microtubules with individual mitochondria is statistically highly significant. Electron micrographs of thin sections show that linkage is effected by physical cross-bridge, possibly comprising components from the microtubule and mitochondrion. Linear particle arrays are described on the outer mitochondrial membrane in freeze-fracture replicas, and tentatively related to the bridges seen in thin sections. The results are discussed in terms of proposed roles of microtubules in neurons and other cells.", "PMID": 591577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3769", "title": "Ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex in frozen thin sections.", "content": "Pieces of both unfixed and fixed rat adrenal cortex were frozen and cut with a cryoultramicrotome. In unstained frozen sections of unfixed adrenals patches of heterochromatin were seen in the nucleus, while numerous round uniformly dense structures, the mitochondria, could be identified in the cytoplasm. Lipid droplets appear as small ligh round areas. Staining the sections with potassium permanganate, phosphotungstic acid, or uranyl acetate, or immersing them in glutaraldehyde, increased the contrast of cell organelles. In frozen sections of fixed material, membranes became visible in negative contrast. Mitochondria display vesicular cristae, whereas the Golgi complex, lysosomes and peroxisomes are easily recognizable. The possibility of cutting frozen sections of unfixed material with reasonable morphological preservation allows the fine-structural localization of steroids in adrenal cells after applying autoradiographic emulsion to the sections.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex in frozen thin sections. Pieces of both unfixed and fixed rat adrenal cortex were frozen and cut with a cryoultramicrotome. In unstained frozen sections of unfixed adrenals patches of heterochromatin were seen in the nucleus, while numerous round uniformly dense structures, the mitochondria, could be identified in the cytoplasm. Lipid droplets appear as small ligh round areas. Staining the sections with potassium permanganate, phosphotungstic acid, or uranyl acetate, or immersing them in glutaraldehyde, increased the contrast of cell organelles. In frozen sections of fixed material, membranes became visible in negative contrast. Mitochondria display vesicular cristae, whereas the Golgi complex, lysosomes and peroxisomes are easily recognizable. The possibility of cutting frozen sections of unfixed material with reasonable morphological preservation allows the fine-structural localization of steroids in adrenal cells after applying autoradiographic emulsion to the sections.", "PMID": 591579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3770", "title": "Behaviour of kinetochore fibres in Haemanthus katherinae during anaphase movements of chromosomes.", "content": "A laser light source along with a new method of preparing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae for differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy has led to increased visibility of kinetochore fibres. Little information is available concerning the behaviour of these fibres during anaphase in living cells. In metaphase, kinetochore fibres are seen as distinct bundles of microtubules, here referred to as 'filaments', extending from the kinetochore to the 'diffuse' pole. They possess an apparent globular substructure which corresponds to the moving 'particles or states' described previously from cin\u00e9 films. In early anaphase, the filaments of each kinetochore fibre lose their parallel orientation characteristic of metaphase and splay out so that the more peripheral filaments intermingle with those of other kinetochore fibres. This process begins at the poles and proceeds as a wave toward the kinetochores as chromosomal movement progresses. This behaviour has been examined in relation to a number of proposed models for the mechanism of chromosome movement and has been found to place some constraints on some models but to be consistent with any model that hypothesizes that chromosomes move as a consequence of cumulative cohesive lateral interactions of microtubules.", "contents": "Behaviour of kinetochore fibres in Haemanthus katherinae during anaphase movements of chromosomes. A laser light source along with a new method of preparing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae for differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy has led to increased visibility of kinetochore fibres. Little information is available concerning the behaviour of these fibres during anaphase in living cells. In metaphase, kinetochore fibres are seen as distinct bundles of microtubules, here referred to as 'filaments', extending from the kinetochore to the 'diffuse' pole. They possess an apparent globular substructure which corresponds to the moving 'particles or states' described previously from cin\u00e9 films. In early anaphase, the filaments of each kinetochore fibre lose their parallel orientation characteristic of metaphase and splay out so that the more peripheral filaments intermingle with those of other kinetochore fibres. This process begins at the poles and proceeds as a wave toward the kinetochores as chromosomal movement progresses. This behaviour has been examined in relation to a number of proposed models for the mechanism of chromosome movement and has been found to place some constraints on some models but to be consistent with any model that hypothesizes that chromosomes move as a consequence of cumulative cohesive lateral interactions of microtubules.", "PMID": 591580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3771", "title": "Localization of histone gene transcripts in newt lampbrush chromosomes by in situ hybridization.", "content": "Denatured 3H-labelled DNAs containing histone gene sequences originating from the echinoderms Psammechinus miliaris, Echimus esculentus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus have been in situ hybridized to RNA transcripts on newt lampbrush chromosomes. Autoradiographs of the hybridized lampbrush preparations show labelling restricted to four or fewer lateral loop pairs all lying within the heteromorphic regions of chromosome I, also one or two loop pairs on chromosome VI, one loop pair on chromosome X and one loop pair on chromosome XI. For oocytes from a single newt, coincident label distribution is found with DNA's of diverse echinoderm origin; however different newts show some specific individual diversity in label distribution, including heterozygosity in the case of loops on bivalents VI and X. The more conspicuously labelled loops, particularly those on chromosome I, show a pattern of labelling which is explicable if the newt histone DNA sequences are confined to short intercepts of lateral loop axis. Transcription is initiated prior to the histone DNA sequences, proceeds through the histone DNA sequences, and beyond, and the histone RNA sequences are cut from the transcripts before the termination of transcription.", "contents": "Localization of histone gene transcripts in newt lampbrush chromosomes by in situ hybridization. Denatured 3H-labelled DNAs containing histone gene sequences originating from the echinoderms Psammechinus miliaris, Echimus esculentus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus have been in situ hybridized to RNA transcripts on newt lampbrush chromosomes. Autoradiographs of the hybridized lampbrush preparations show labelling restricted to four or fewer lateral loop pairs all lying within the heteromorphic regions of chromosome I, also one or two loop pairs on chromosome VI, one loop pair on chromosome X and one loop pair on chromosome XI. For oocytes from a single newt, coincident label distribution is found with DNA's of diverse echinoderm origin; however different newts show some specific individual diversity in label distribution, including heterozygosity in the case of loops on bivalents VI and X. The more conspicuously labelled loops, particularly those on chromosome I, show a pattern of labelling which is explicable if the newt histone DNA sequences are confined to short intercepts of lateral loop axis. Transcription is initiated prior to the histone DNA sequences, proceeds through the histone DNA sequences, and beyond, and the histone RNA sequences are cut from the transcripts before the termination of transcription.", "PMID": 591581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3772", "title": "Development of a chemical use classification system to facilitate reporting under the Toxic Substances Control Act.", "content": "A classification system was developed to enable manufacturers and processors of industrial chemicals to report categories of proposed categories of use of such chemicals to the Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with the Toxic Substances Control Act. To accommodate the two aspects of chemical use (i.e., function and application), a faceted classification scheme was designed. The function facet contains categories denoting the action for which a chemical is specially fitted or used, for example, adhesives or fuels. The application facet contains categories denoting the process or product in which a chemical is used, such as synthetic rubber manufacture. Linking these two facets in a single notation code provides a comprehensive indication of a chemical's use or uses. A variety of existing relevant classification schemes and reference tools were used as input sources for the chemical use classification. The practicability of the classification system was tested using a small sample of manufacturing and processing companies.", "contents": "Development of a chemical use classification system to facilitate reporting under the Toxic Substances Control Act. A classification system was developed to enable manufacturers and processors of industrial chemicals to report categories of proposed categories of use of such chemicals to the Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with the Toxic Substances Control Act. To accommodate the two aspects of chemical use (i.e., function and application), a faceted classification scheme was designed. The function facet contains categories denoting the action for which a chemical is specially fitted or used, for example, adhesives or fuels. The application facet contains categories denoting the process or product in which a chemical is used, such as synthetic rubber manufacture. Linking these two facets in a single notation code provides a comprehensive indication of a chemical's use or uses. A variety of existing relevant classification schemes and reference tools were used as input sources for the chemical use classification. The practicability of the classification system was tested using a small sample of manufacturing and processing companies.", "PMID": 591586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3773", "title": "CHEMFILE: an in-house information system for the chemical indexing of Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants (HEEP).", "content": "The inclusion of a Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number index in HEEP has led to the need for a special database designed to link substance names with their appropriate CAS chemical compound Registry Numbers. Begun in 1968 as a tape record with batch mode updates and few record modification capabilities, the information system, which we call CHEMFILE, has evolved to its current form of disk storage with on-line access for file maintenance.", "contents": "CHEMFILE: an in-house information system for the chemical indexing of Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants (HEEP). The inclusion of a Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number index in HEEP has led to the need for a special database designed to link substance names with their appropriate CAS chemical compound Registry Numbers. Begun in 1968 as a tape record with batch mode updates and few record modification capabilities, the information system, which we call CHEMFILE, has evolved to its current form of disk storage with on-line access for file maintenance.", "PMID": 591587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3774", "title": "Database development in a regulatory agency.", "content": "A general discussion of the history and problems associated with the collection of information and the development of a database in a regulatory agency is presented. The proceedings of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission for obtaining chemical formulation information for specified consumer products is discussed. Guidelines for database administrators faced with data collection activities in a regulatory agency are provided.", "contents": "Database development in a regulatory agency. A general discussion of the history and problems associated with the collection of information and the development of a database in a regulatory agency is presented. The proceedings of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission for obtaining chemical formulation information for specified consumer products is discussed. Guidelines for database administrators faced with data collection activities in a regulatory agency are provided.", "PMID": 591588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3775", "title": "[Replacement of the extra-hepatic common bile duct in the dog by an elastomere silicone prosthesis. Its possible application in biliary surgery].", "content": "From an experimental study of the prosthetic replacement of the common bile duct in the dog by an silicone elestomere prothesis, according to the technic of double intubation with a 2 1/2 year follow up in the oldest cases, and complete reconstitution of a well-structured new bile duct, the author propose using a similar prosthesis in biliary surgery: --firstly, the carcinoma of the bile ducts, using an internal prosthesis hepatico-gastric, hepatico-jejunal or duodenal, which is eliminated internally; --secondly, in stenosis or operative wounds of the bile ducts, using either removable tutor prosthesis, or segmental prostheses lost internally.", "contents": "[Replacement of the extra-hepatic common bile duct in the dog by an elastomere silicone prosthesis. Its possible application in biliary surgery]. From an experimental study of the prosthetic replacement of the common bile duct in the dog by an silicone elestomere prothesis, according to the technic of double intubation with a 2 1/2 year follow up in the oldest cases, and complete reconstitution of a well-structured new bile duct, the author propose using a similar prosthesis in biliary surgery: --firstly, the carcinoma of the bile ducts, using an internal prosthesis hepatico-gastric, hepatico-jejunal or duodenal, which is eliminated internally; --secondly, in stenosis or operative wounds of the bile ducts, using either removable tutor prosthesis, or segmental prostheses lost internally.", "PMID": 591589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3776", "title": "[Results of a series of 100 highly selective vagotomies for duodenal ulcer (follow up of 6 months to 5 years) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse a series of 100 highly selective vagotomies for duodenal ulcer; 92 operated patients were followed up for 6 months to 5 years. The mortality was nil, the digestive sequelae were rare or mild. The recurrence rate was 4.4 p. cent and the proportion of good or very good results according to Visick's classification was 87 p. cent. The authors emphasise the necessity for broad dissection of the cardia for complete vagotomy.", "contents": "[Results of a series of 100 highly selective vagotomies for duodenal ulcer (follow up of 6 months to 5 years) (author's transl)]. The authors analyse a series of 100 highly selective vagotomies for duodenal ulcer; 92 operated patients were followed up for 6 months to 5 years. The mortality was nil, the digestive sequelae were rare or mild. The recurrence rate was 4.4 p. cent and the proportion of good or very good results according to Visick's classification was 87 p. cent. The authors emphasise the necessity for broad dissection of the cardia for complete vagotomy.", "PMID": 591591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3777", "title": "[Comparative anatomical result of conservative treatment and surgery in severe recent sprains of the ankle (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe recent sprains involving the lateral ligament of the ankle have been the object of numerous publications in recent years. Most authors have recommended the extension of the indications for open surgery. This lesion which was previously treated by immobilisation or even immediate physiotherapy is now operated on by numerous surgeons. In view of the very subjective character of the patient's opinion, and of the opinion of surgeons, it seemed logical to compare the radiological result in two series of similar severity operated on or treated by simple plaster immobilisation. One may note that the results observed are very similar, even when the accident gives rise to considerable separation of the tibio-talus joint line. Perhaps the figures published here will contribute to make surgery less often indicated.", "contents": "[Comparative anatomical result of conservative treatment and surgery in severe recent sprains of the ankle (author's transl)]. Severe recent sprains involving the lateral ligament of the ankle have been the object of numerous publications in recent years. Most authors have recommended the extension of the indications for open surgery. This lesion which was previously treated by immobilisation or even immediate physiotherapy is now operated on by numerous surgeons. In view of the very subjective character of the patient's opinion, and of the opinion of surgeons, it seemed logical to compare the radiological result in two series of similar severity operated on or treated by simple plaster immobilisation. One may note that the results observed are very similar, even when the accident gives rise to considerable separation of the tibio-talus joint line. Perhaps the figures published here will contribute to make surgery less often indicated.", "PMID": 591592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3778", "title": "[Original surgical technic for the treatment of flail chest (author's transl)].", "content": "Solid internal fixation of fractures of the ribs and thorax producing a flail chest is described using a new technic which permits early mobilisation of the patient, immediate spontaneous respiration, abolition of pain, early respiratory physiotherapy, and reduces the danger of respiratory complications due to artificial ventilation, and permenent sequelae due to a secondary deformity of the thoracic cage. Our experience of the method has permitted us to determine its indications and limits.", "contents": "[Original surgical technic for the treatment of flail chest (author's transl)]. Solid internal fixation of fractures of the ribs and thorax producing a flail chest is described using a new technic which permits early mobilisation of the patient, immediate spontaneous respiration, abolition of pain, early respiratory physiotherapy, and reduces the danger of respiratory complications due to artificial ventilation, and permenent sequelae due to a secondary deformity of the thoracic cage. Our experience of the method has permitted us to determine its indications and limits.", "PMID": 591593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3779", "title": "[Enzymatic changes in the lymph in the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct during extracorporeal circulation in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analysed the various enzymes in the lymph of the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct in a series of 15 dogs submitted to extracorporeal circulation, the experimentors noted a series of diffuse cellular lesions which involved transiently the main organs. This lesion seems only to occur at first; independent of the duration of the by-pass, probably due to hypoxia following the rapid and massive introduction of priming. Our conclusion from this research is that lymph analysis is more revealing for knowledge of enzyme behaviour than blood analysis. A differential study of lymph in the right lymphatic duct and in the thoracic duct is surprisingly much less important.", "contents": "[Enzymatic changes in the lymph in the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct during extracorporeal circulation in the dog (author's transl)]. The authors analysed the various enzymes in the lymph of the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct in a series of 15 dogs submitted to extracorporeal circulation, the experimentors noted a series of diffuse cellular lesions which involved transiently the main organs. This lesion seems only to occur at first; independent of the duration of the by-pass, probably due to hypoxia following the rapid and massive introduction of priming. Our conclusion from this research is that lymph analysis is more revealing for knowledge of enzyme behaviour than blood analysis. A differential study of lymph in the right lymphatic duct and in the thoracic duct is surprisingly much less important.", "PMID": 591594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3780", "title": "[Stenosing odditis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of 109 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Stenosing odditis represents only 4.5 p. cent of all benign lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Their diagnosis is made by peroperative radiomanometry, but clinically they are suggested by a past history and serious clinical signs. The pancreatic involvement is rarely macroscopic (10 p. cent of cases of which 5 p. cent are severe) and acute pancreatitis due to stricture of the sphincter without gall stones is exceptional. Associated biliary lesions are frequent; in 50 p. cent of cases, of lithiasis of the common bile duct or pancreatitis, in 66 p. cent of cases of residual odditis. The treatment is surgical. Sphincterotomy should be reserved for young subjects with a slightly dilated common bile duct, or when necessary to extract a gall stone from the lower end of the bile duct. Biliary by pass operations are all the more indicated when the patient is elderly or the common bile duct more dilated. Local complications are the most frequent and the most serious after sphincterotomy; the local complications of biliary by pass operations are usually very simple. The late results of biliary by-pass operations are better than those of sphincterotomy, which confirms that the pancreatic complications of odditis are rare or well tolerated. The presence of chronic pancreatitis in association is not an aggravating factor.", "contents": "[Stenosing odditis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of 109 cases (author's transl)]. Stenosing odditis represents only 4.5 p. cent of all benign lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Their diagnosis is made by peroperative radiomanometry, but clinically they are suggested by a past history and serious clinical signs. The pancreatic involvement is rarely macroscopic (10 p. cent of cases of which 5 p. cent are severe) and acute pancreatitis due to stricture of the sphincter without gall stones is exceptional. Associated biliary lesions are frequent; in 50 p. cent of cases, of lithiasis of the common bile duct or pancreatitis, in 66 p. cent of cases of residual odditis. The treatment is surgical. Sphincterotomy should be reserved for young subjects with a slightly dilated common bile duct, or when necessary to extract a gall stone from the lower end of the bile duct. Biliary by pass operations are all the more indicated when the patient is elderly or the common bile duct more dilated. Local complications are the most frequent and the most serious after sphincterotomy; the local complications of biliary by pass operations are usually very simple. The late results of biliary by-pass operations are better than those of sphincterotomy, which confirms that the pancreatic complications of odditis are rare or well tolerated. The presence of chronic pancreatitis in association is not an aggravating factor.", "PMID": 591595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3781", "title": "[Surgery of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Operative results in 47 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report personal experience of surgical treatment of 47 aneurysms of the thoracic aorta, showing that the symptoms, the etiology, the treatment and the prognosis are variable depending on the site of the aneurysm. One may note regression of syphilis as a cause and an increase in the number of degenerative and traumatic aneurysms. In aneurysms of the ascending aorta, total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries, according to a simplified technic, seems to give the best immediate and long term results.", "contents": "[Surgery of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Operative results in 47 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report personal experience of surgical treatment of 47 aneurysms of the thoracic aorta, showing that the symptoms, the etiology, the treatment and the prognosis are variable depending on the site of the aneurysm. One may note regression of syphilis as a cause and an increase in the number of degenerative and traumatic aneurysms. In aneurysms of the ascending aorta, total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries, according to a simplified technic, seems to give the best immediate and long term results.", "PMID": 591596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3782", "title": "[Hepatic adenoma and oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a new case of hepatic adenoma apparently related to oral contraception continued for more than 9 years with a pill containing mestranol. The clinical presentation suggested an attack of hepatic colic with swollen gall bladder. The preoperative diagnosis of a tumour of segment VI of the liver was made by radiological examination of neighbouring organs. Hepatic arteriography, hepatic radioisotope scan using technetium phytate and echotomography. Surgical removal of segment VI confirmed by histological study showed that it was an adenoma with multiple foci, associated with hepatic involvement. One of the tumours was the site of central included hemorrhage, responsible for the clinical syndrome. In connection with this case the authors review the possible relationship between hepatic adenoma and oral contraception.", "contents": "[Hepatic adenoma and oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. The authors report a new case of hepatic adenoma apparently related to oral contraception continued for more than 9 years with a pill containing mestranol. The clinical presentation suggested an attack of hepatic colic with swollen gall bladder. The preoperative diagnosis of a tumour of segment VI of the liver was made by radiological examination of neighbouring organs. Hepatic arteriography, hepatic radioisotope scan using technetium phytate and echotomography. Surgical removal of segment VI confirmed by histological study showed that it was an adenoma with multiple foci, associated with hepatic involvement. One of the tumours was the site of central included hemorrhage, responsible for the clinical syndrome. In connection with this case the authors review the possible relationship between hepatic adenoma and oral contraception.", "PMID": 591597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3783", "title": "[Peroperative cholangiography in liver trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Peroperative cholangiography is the simplest means of assessing pedicular lesions situated in the depth of a traumatic breach in the liver. Its interest is illustrated by a series of 13 cholangiographies which greatly facilitated the therapeutic indications, conservative operation or partial liver removal depending on the lesions encountered. Its use should be more widespread and should reduce the frequency of reoperations following initially inadequate surgical exploration.", "contents": "[Peroperative cholangiography in liver trauma (author's transl)]. Peroperative cholangiography is the simplest means of assessing pedicular lesions situated in the depth of a traumatic breach in the liver. Its interest is illustrated by a series of 13 cholangiographies which greatly facilitated the therapeutic indications, conservative operation or partial liver removal depending on the lesions encountered. Its use should be more widespread and should reduce the frequency of reoperations following initially inadequate surgical exploration.", "PMID": 591598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3784", "title": "[Treatment of post-traumatic dislocation of the patella. Critical study of 29 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of post-traumatic dislocation of the patella depends on careful examination. One should propose surgery in most cases, for not only one may leave a foreign body within the joint, but above all correction of the extensor apparatus is necessary in more than 50 p. cent of cases, to avoid a recurrence. The quality of the results depends on the preoperative analysis of the knee. Our study of 29 cases confirmed this.", "contents": "[Treatment of post-traumatic dislocation of the patella. Critical study of 29 cases (author's transl)]. The treatment of post-traumatic dislocation of the patella depends on careful examination. One should propose surgery in most cases, for not only one may leave a foreign body within the joint, but above all correction of the extensor apparatus is necessary in more than 50 p. cent of cases, to avoid a recurrence. The quality of the results depends on the preoperative analysis of the knee. Our study of 29 cases confirmed this.", "PMID": 591599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3785", "title": "[Eosinophil ileitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Eosinophilic ileitis is observed mainly in three coastal areas: Holland, Japan and Brittany. It presents in the form of a parietal inflammation, stenosing the intestinal lumen or a sessile tumour of limited volume. The symptoms are generally those of appendicitis but a past history of allergy and the discovery of eosinophilia greater than 10 p. cent may lead to the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma which only histology can confirm. Surgical treatment consists of segmental resection of the small intestine. The pathogenesis of the granuloma, which was for long attributed to the presence in the wall of the intestine of ascaris larvae, is at present debated. Are there non-parasitic eosinophilic granulomas? The case reported here is perhaps an example.", "contents": "[Eosinophil ileitis (author's transl)]. Eosinophilic ileitis is observed mainly in three coastal areas: Holland, Japan and Brittany. It presents in the form of a parietal inflammation, stenosing the intestinal lumen or a sessile tumour of limited volume. The symptoms are generally those of appendicitis but a past history of allergy and the discovery of eosinophilia greater than 10 p. cent may lead to the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma which only histology can confirm. Surgical treatment consists of segmental resection of the small intestine. The pathogenesis of the granuloma, which was for long attributed to the presence in the wall of the intestine of ascaris larvae, is at present debated. Are there non-parasitic eosinophilic granulomas? The case reported here is perhaps an example.", "PMID": 591600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3786", "title": "Determination of theophylline and its metabolites by liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the separation and quantitation of theophylline and its metabolites (1-methyl uric acid, 3-methyl xanthine, and 1,3-dimethyl uric acid), theobromine, and dyphylline in biological fluids, viz. human serum, urine, and saliva. The serum has been rendered protein-free by passage through a filter with a nominal molecular weight limit of 10,000. The filtrate is injected onto a reverse-phase column and the separation achieved by utilizing a polar mobile phase and dyphylline (dihydroxypropyl theophylline) as the internal standard. The results for two normal subjects are included to illustrate the applicability of the technique.", "contents": "Determination of theophylline and its metabolites by liquid chromatography. A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the separation and quantitation of theophylline and its metabolites (1-methyl uric acid, 3-methyl xanthine, and 1,3-dimethyl uric acid), theobromine, and dyphylline in biological fluids, viz. human serum, urine, and saliva. The serum has been rendered protein-free by passage through a filter with a nominal molecular weight limit of 10,000. The filtrate is injected onto a reverse-phase column and the separation achieved by utilizing a polar mobile phase and dyphylline (dihydroxypropyl theophylline) as the internal standard. The results for two normal subjects are included to illustrate the applicability of the technique.", "PMID": 591601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3787", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of the incomplete forms of androgen resistance in man.", "content": "The affinity and turnover of the specific dihydrotestosterone binding protein have been assessed in fibroblasts cultured from genital skin from a variety of control subjects and from 4 patients with incomplete hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance (incomplete testicular feminization and Reifenstein syndrome). Whereas the amount of dihydrotestosterone binding in the 4 mutant cell strains is low, both the affinity of the protein for dihydrotestosterone as assessed by the concentration at which half-maximal binding occurs (averaging 0.2 nM) and the turnover of the binding protein (average half-life of 11--13 h) are within the normal range. Since no qualitative abnormality could be detected, these data suggest that the mutations in these two disorders affect the synthesis of the dihydrotestosterone binding protein.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of the incomplete forms of androgen resistance in man. The affinity and turnover of the specific dihydrotestosterone binding protein have been assessed in fibroblasts cultured from genital skin from a variety of control subjects and from 4 patients with incomplete hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance (incomplete testicular feminization and Reifenstein syndrome). Whereas the amount of dihydrotestosterone binding in the 4 mutant cell strains is low, both the affinity of the protein for dihydrotestosterone as assessed by the concentration at which half-maximal binding occurs (averaging 0.2 nM) and the turnover of the binding protein (average half-life of 11--13 h) are within the normal range. Since no qualitative abnormality could be detected, these data suggest that the mutations in these two disorders affect the synthesis of the dihydrotestosterone binding protein.", "PMID": 591611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3788", "title": "Differential effects of L-dopa and apomorphine on glucagon secretion in man: evidence against central dopaminergic stimulation of glucagon.", "content": "In 6 normal subjects, L-dopa (500 mg PO) and apomorphine (0.6 mg sc) increased circulating growth hormone and suppressed prolactin levels in a parallel and quantitatively similar fashion, but only L-dopa induced a rise in plasma glucagon, glucose, and insulin levels. The failure of apomorphine to affect glucagon secretion, despite a substantial effect on growth hormone and prolactin, was also observed in insulin-dependent diabetics known to exhibit A-cell hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. In view of the highly dissimilar molecular and pharmacologic characteristics of L-dopa and apomorphine, these data do not exclude a local dopaminergic effect of L-dopa at the pancreatic level, but strongly militate against a central dopaminergic pathway for glucagon stimulation.", "contents": "Differential effects of L-dopa and apomorphine on glucagon secretion in man: evidence against central dopaminergic stimulation of glucagon. In 6 normal subjects, L-dopa (500 mg PO) and apomorphine (0.6 mg sc) increased circulating growth hormone and suppressed prolactin levels in a parallel and quantitatively similar fashion, but only L-dopa induced a rise in plasma glucagon, glucose, and insulin levels. The failure of apomorphine to affect glucagon secretion, despite a substantial effect on growth hormone and prolactin, was also observed in insulin-dependent diabetics known to exhibit A-cell hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. In view of the highly dissimilar molecular and pharmacologic characteristics of L-dopa and apomorphine, these data do not exclude a local dopaminergic effect of L-dopa at the pancreatic level, but strongly militate against a central dopaminergic pathway for glucagon stimulation.", "PMID": 591612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3789", "title": "Anti-insulin IgE in diabetics.", "content": "Anti-insulin IgE and IgG were estimated in sera of diabetic patients. Using a paper radioimmunosorbent technique, detectable titers of anti-insulin IgE were found in all insulin-treated diabetics who were non-allergic to insulin. Patients with generalized insulin allergy, and immune-type insulin-resistance had higher titers of anti-insulin IgE. Anti-insulin IgG was present in all insulin-treated patients. The titers were significantly higher in insulin-resistant diabetics. Four of the 12 cases with insulin allergy had undetectable anti-insulin IgG titers. The ratios of 125I-insulin bound by IgE and IgG were significantly higher in 11 (91%) patients with systemic insulin-allergy. It is suggested that a relative excess of anti-insulin IgE may be associated with the insulin allergic state.", "contents": "Anti-insulin IgE in diabetics. Anti-insulin IgE and IgG were estimated in sera of diabetic patients. Using a paper radioimmunosorbent technique, detectable titers of anti-insulin IgE were found in all insulin-treated diabetics who were non-allergic to insulin. Patients with generalized insulin allergy, and immune-type insulin-resistance had higher titers of anti-insulin IgE. Anti-insulin IgG was present in all insulin-treated patients. The titers were significantly higher in insulin-resistant diabetics. Four of the 12 cases with insulin allergy had undetectable anti-insulin IgG titers. The ratios of 125I-insulin bound by IgE and IgG were significantly higher in 11 (91%) patients with systemic insulin-allergy. It is suggested that a relative excess of anti-insulin IgE may be associated with the insulin allergic state.", "PMID": 591613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3790", "title": "The placental transfer of propylthiouracil, methimazole and carbimazole.", "content": "The placental transfer of 35S-labelled methimazole (MMI), carbimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU) has been examined in the rat in late pregnancy and in patients undergoing therapeutic abortion. Although rapid equilibrium of fetal and maternal serum radioactivity (FS:MS ratio 1:1) occurred after iv administration of 35S-carbimazole or 35S-MMI in rats, a persistent fetal to maternal ratio of less than one was observed after 35S-PTU administration. Results from human studies after a single oral dose indicate that, as in the rat, the placenta appeared to be more permeable to 35S-MMI than to 35S-PTU as shown by the marked difference in fetal serum:maternal serum ratios and amounts accumulated in the fetus. Localization of radioactivity in the human fetal thyroid was also observed after administration of 35S-labelled MMI, carbimazole or PTU.", "contents": "The placental transfer of propylthiouracil, methimazole and carbimazole. The placental transfer of 35S-labelled methimazole (MMI), carbimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU) has been examined in the rat in late pregnancy and in patients undergoing therapeutic abortion. Although rapid equilibrium of fetal and maternal serum radioactivity (FS:MS ratio 1:1) occurred after iv administration of 35S-carbimazole or 35S-MMI in rats, a persistent fetal to maternal ratio of less than one was observed after 35S-PTU administration. Results from human studies after a single oral dose indicate that, as in the rat, the placenta appeared to be more permeable to 35S-MMI than to 35S-PTU as shown by the marked difference in fetal serum:maternal serum ratios and amounts accumulated in the fetus. Localization of radioactivity in the human fetal thyroid was also observed after administration of 35S-labelled MMI, carbimazole or PTU.", "PMID": 591614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3791", "title": "Cushing's syndrome associated with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypothyroidism: a primary hypothalamic disorder.", "content": "A 19-year-old woman presented with a unique constellation of endocrinopathies, including Cushing's disease, post-partum galactorrhea, hypothalamic hypothyroidism and hypothalamic amenorrhea. There was no evidence of granulomatous or neoplastic disease in pituitary or hypothalamus. The potential role of excess glucocorticoids and disturbances in normal hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary function in the pathophysiology of this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome associated with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypothyroidism: a primary hypothalamic disorder. A 19-year-old woman presented with a unique constellation of endocrinopathies, including Cushing's disease, post-partum galactorrhea, hypothalamic hypothyroidism and hypothalamic amenorrhea. There was no evidence of granulomatous or neoplastic disease in pituitary or hypothalamus. The potential role of excess glucocorticoids and disturbances in normal hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary function in the pathophysiology of this syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 591615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3792", "title": "Serum albumin and antibodies in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer.", "content": "Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies, serum thyroglobulin, and carcinoembryonic antigen were assayed in sera of patients with a history of thyroid irradiation and in patients with thyroid cancer. In irradiated patients, the frequency of positive results for each test was increased above the frequency found in a control population, with a significant increase at P less than .05 for TGHA and TG levels. However, the tests (with the exception of serum thyroglobulin) did not clearly segregate irradiated patients with benign or malignant lesions from those with no clinically detectable abnormalities. Elevations of serum thyroglobulin above 300 ng/ml were found only in patients with thyroid cancer, but in these patients the diagnosis was usually clinically obvious.", "contents": "Serum albumin and antibodies in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies, serum thyroglobulin, and carcinoembryonic antigen were assayed in sera of patients with a history of thyroid irradiation and in patients with thyroid cancer. In irradiated patients, the frequency of positive results for each test was increased above the frequency found in a control population, with a significant increase at P less than .05 for TGHA and TG levels. However, the tests (with the exception of serum thyroglobulin) did not clearly segregate irradiated patients with benign or malignant lesions from those with no clinically detectable abnormalities. Elevations of serum thyroglobulin above 300 ng/ml were found only in patients with thyroid cancer, but in these patients the diagnosis was usually clinically obvious.", "PMID": 591616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3793", "title": "The effect of flutamide on testosterone metabolism and the plasma levels of androgens and gonadotropins.", "content": "Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, was given to 11 men with prostate cancer, in doses of 750 to 1500 mg daily for 0.5--7 months. Four patients had a clinical remission and seven showed no response. All the patients showed a profound change in the peripheral metabolism of testosterone: markedly increased conversion to androsterone (A) and correspondingly decreased conversion to etiocholanolone (E); the A/E ratio rose to levels never before observed consistently in any group of healthy or diseased humans. This change was probably due to alteration by flutamide of the relative activities of steroid 5alpha and 5beta reductase in favor of the former. 24-Hour mean plasma testosterone was increased in five of the six patients studied for this parameter, for the group as a whole, testosterone rose from 279 ng/dl to 484 ng/dl (P less than .05). 24-Hour mean values for plasma dihydrotestosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, LH and FSH showed no significant change, for the group as a whole, in the same six patients. Since flutamide did not change the metabolic clearance rate or volume of distribution of testosterone tracers, the increased plasma levels of the hormone were probably due to increased production.", "contents": "The effect of flutamide on testosterone metabolism and the plasma levels of androgens and gonadotropins. Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, was given to 11 men with prostate cancer, in doses of 750 to 1500 mg daily for 0.5--7 months. Four patients had a clinical remission and seven showed no response. All the patients showed a profound change in the peripheral metabolism of testosterone: markedly increased conversion to androsterone (A) and correspondingly decreased conversion to etiocholanolone (E); the A/E ratio rose to levels never before observed consistently in any group of healthy or diseased humans. This change was probably due to alteration by flutamide of the relative activities of steroid 5alpha and 5beta reductase in favor of the former. 24-Hour mean plasma testosterone was increased in five of the six patients studied for this parameter, for the group as a whole, testosterone rose from 279 ng/dl to 484 ng/dl (P less than .05). 24-Hour mean values for plasma dihydrotestosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, LH and FSH showed no significant change, for the group as a whole, in the same six patients. Since flutamide did not change the metabolic clearance rate or volume of distribution of testosterone tracers, the increased plasma levels of the hormone were probably due to increased production.", "PMID": 591617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3794", "title": "Cyproheptadine inhibition of stimulated plasma renin activity.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was stimulated by oral frusemide (60 mg) in 4 normal male subjects. Cyproheptadine (Periactin), a serotonin antagonist, was then administered (2 mg orally four times daily) for 7 days and the PRA response to frusemide re-evaluated in the 4 subjects. A highly significant mean inhibition (P less than 0.01) of frusemide stimulated PRA was demonstrated after cyproheptadine administration. Our results show that serotonin, presumably acting via central pathways, may play a role in renin regulation and that this pathway can be inhibited by cyproheptadine.", "contents": "Cyproheptadine inhibition of stimulated plasma renin activity. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was stimulated by oral frusemide (60 mg) in 4 normal male subjects. Cyproheptadine (Periactin), a serotonin antagonist, was then administered (2 mg orally four times daily) for 7 days and the PRA response to frusemide re-evaluated in the 4 subjects. A highly significant mean inhibition (P less than 0.01) of frusemide stimulated PRA was demonstrated after cyproheptadine administration. Our results show that serotonin, presumably acting via central pathways, may play a role in renin regulation and that this pathway can be inhibited by cyproheptadine.", "PMID": 591619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3795", "title": "Efficacy of intravaginal and intranasal administration of micronized estradiol-17beta.", "content": "Absorption of micronized 17beta-estradiol (E2), after intravaginal administration of 1 mg dose, suspended in saline, is extremely rapid and sustained. A mean peak increment of circulating E2 concentrations of more than 110 times the basal level is achieved at 2 h and remains elevated more than 6 times the basal level even at 24 h. Increments in estrone (E1) are smaller and slower than those of E2 with a mean peak concentration of less than 10% of E2 and remain 3 times the basal level at 24 h. With 0.5 mg dose, the incremental changes in E2 and E1 as well as the degree of gonadotropin suppression are essentially the same. In contrast, intranasal administration of E2 of 1 mg dose induces a rapid but short-lasting increase in both serum E2 and E1 levels. The mean increments of E1 exhibited a higher and sustained elevation with a rise in mean E1/E2 ratio well above unity beginning 1 hr after intranasal application. These findings indicate intravaginal but not intranasal routes of E2 absorption are quantitatively much greater and circumvent the local conversion of E2 to E1 observed after oral administration of E2, and thus represent a practical and highly effective means of delivering E2 into the circulation.", "contents": "Efficacy of intravaginal and intranasal administration of micronized estradiol-17beta. Absorption of micronized 17beta-estradiol (E2), after intravaginal administration of 1 mg dose, suspended in saline, is extremely rapid and sustained. A mean peak increment of circulating E2 concentrations of more than 110 times the basal level is achieved at 2 h and remains elevated more than 6 times the basal level even at 24 h. Increments in estrone (E1) are smaller and slower than those of E2 with a mean peak concentration of less than 10% of E2 and remain 3 times the basal level at 24 h. With 0.5 mg dose, the incremental changes in E2 and E1 as well as the degree of gonadotropin suppression are essentially the same. In contrast, intranasal administration of E2 of 1 mg dose induces a rapid but short-lasting increase in both serum E2 and E1 levels. The mean increments of E1 exhibited a higher and sustained elevation with a rise in mean E1/E2 ratio well above unity beginning 1 hr after intranasal application. These findings indicate intravaginal but not intranasal routes of E2 absorption are quantitatively much greater and circumvent the local conversion of E2 to E1 observed after oral administration of E2, and thus represent a practical and highly effective means of delivering E2 into the circulation.", "PMID": 591620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3796", "title": "Inhibition of exaggerated gastrointestinal glucagon responses in chronic pancreatitis by somatostatin.", "content": "Oral glucose administration caused an exaggerated release of cross-reacting gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and a slight early rise in immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) concentration in patients with chronic pancreatitis, who have impaired insulin release. Intravenous administration of 200 microgram of somatostatin, followed by infusion of 200 microgram over 2 1/2 h, abolished the GLI and insulin responses, but did not change glucose tolerance. This contrasts with the relatively minor effects of somatostatin on GLI responses in control subjects where the clear deterioration in glucose tolerance may relate to inhibition of insulin release.", "contents": "Inhibition of exaggerated gastrointestinal glucagon responses in chronic pancreatitis by somatostatin. Oral glucose administration caused an exaggerated release of cross-reacting gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and a slight early rise in immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) concentration in patients with chronic pancreatitis, who have impaired insulin release. Intravenous administration of 200 microgram of somatostatin, followed by infusion of 200 microgram over 2 1/2 h, abolished the GLI and insulin responses, but did not change glucose tolerance. This contrasts with the relatively minor effects of somatostatin on GLI responses in control subjects where the clear deterioration in glucose tolerance may relate to inhibition of insulin release.", "PMID": 591621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3797", "title": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and their subunits in tissue culture media from normal and adenomatous, human pituitary fragments.", "content": "Fragments from 4 human pituitaries removed at surgery from one gonadectomized man and three women (one with Nelson's syndrome, one with Forbes Albright syndrome and one with chromophobe adenoma) were grown in tissue culture. The tissue culture medium was changed at weekly intervals, pooled and applied to a Sephadex G-100 column for gel filtration. In each eluate luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), alpha subunit and the beta subunits of LH and FSH were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. For comparison the pituitary standard LER 907 was similarly studied. LH and FSH were measurable in all studies. LH eluted over a broad area whereas FSH eluted as a much sharper peak. In all culture media and in LER 907 large quantities of alpha subunit were detected. The beta subunits of LH and FSH were not present in the LER 907 standard. LHbeta subunit was present in the culture medium of the pituitary fragments from the castrated man and from the women with Nelson's syndrome and Forbes Albright syndrome but not in that of the woman with chromophobe adenoma. FSHbeta subunit was detectable only in the latter case.", "contents": "Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and their subunits in tissue culture media from normal and adenomatous, human pituitary fragments. Fragments from 4 human pituitaries removed at surgery from one gonadectomized man and three women (one with Nelson's syndrome, one with Forbes Albright syndrome and one with chromophobe adenoma) were grown in tissue culture. The tissue culture medium was changed at weekly intervals, pooled and applied to a Sephadex G-100 column for gel filtration. In each eluate luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), alpha subunit and the beta subunits of LH and FSH were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. For comparison the pituitary standard LER 907 was similarly studied. LH and FSH were measurable in all studies. LH eluted over a broad area whereas FSH eluted as a much sharper peak. In all culture media and in LER 907 large quantities of alpha subunit were detected. The beta subunits of LH and FSH were not present in the LER 907 standard. LHbeta subunit was present in the culture medium of the pituitary fragments from the castrated man and from the women with Nelson's syndrome and Forbes Albright syndrome but not in that of the woman with chromophobe adenoma. FSHbeta subunit was detectable only in the latter case.", "PMID": 591622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3798", "title": "Renin-renin substrate kinetic constants in the plasma of normal and estrogen-treated humans.", "content": "The renin-renin substrate Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were determined in the plasmas of normal subjects. The mean Km was 0.7 microgram/ml. Under these conditions, the in vitro reaction of renin with physiologic concentrations of renin substrate will proceed at only 70% of its maximal velocity. Following estrogen administration, Km doubled to a value of 1.3 microgram/ml. Vmas increased by 81%. Analysis of the changes induced in the in vitro reaction velocity demonstrated that estrogen-induced acceleration of the renin reaction is dependent upon both an increase in renin substrate concentration as well as an increase in Vmas. The latter appears to be quantitatively more important. These findings suggest the emergence of modifying factors in the renin-renin substrate interaction following estrogen administration.", "contents": "Renin-renin substrate kinetic constants in the plasma of normal and estrogen-treated humans. The renin-renin substrate Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were determined in the plasmas of normal subjects. The mean Km was 0.7 microgram/ml. Under these conditions, the in vitro reaction of renin with physiologic concentrations of renin substrate will proceed at only 70% of its maximal velocity. Following estrogen administration, Km doubled to a value of 1.3 microgram/ml. Vmas increased by 81%. Analysis of the changes induced in the in vitro reaction velocity demonstrated that estrogen-induced acceleration of the renin reaction is dependent upon both an increase in renin substrate concentration as well as an increase in Vmas. The latter appears to be quantitatively more important. These findings suggest the emergence of modifying factors in the renin-renin substrate interaction following estrogen administration.", "PMID": 591623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3799", "title": "Effect of starvation on the production and metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese patients.", "content": "The metabolic clearance and production rates of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in 9 obese euthyroid patients prior to and during prolonged starvation. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and serum concentrations of T4, and, therefore, the metabolic degradation or production rates of T4 were unchanged during starvation. Serum T3 concentrations decreased strikingly during starvation, from 145 +/- 7 ng/dl (mean +/- SE) to 66 +/- 9 ng/dl (P < 0.001), while the mean MCR of T3 was unchanged, with the result that T3 degradation or production rates were markedly decreased (36.4 +/- 4.5 \u03bcg/d vs. 11.2 +/- 0.7 \u03bcg/d; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the decrease in serum T3 concentration observed during starvation results from a decrease in the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on the production and metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese patients. The metabolic clearance and production rates of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in 9 obese euthyroid patients prior to and during prolonged starvation. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and serum concentrations of T4, and, therefore, the metabolic degradation or production rates of T4 were unchanged during starvation. Serum T3 concentrations decreased strikingly during starvation, from 145 +/- 7 ng/dl (mean +/- SE) to 66 +/- 9 ng/dl (P < 0.001), while the mean MCR of T3 was unchanged, with the result that T3 degradation or production rates were markedly decreased (36.4 +/- 4.5 \u03bcg/d vs. 11.2 +/- 0.7 \u03bcg/d; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the decrease in serum T3 concentration observed during starvation results from a decrease in the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "PMID": 591624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3800", "title": "Failure of L-tryptophan to stimulate prolactin secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of oral L-tryptophan (90 mg/kg BW) on prolactin secretion in eight normal women studied either in the early or late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was compared to the effect of a placebo alone. Plasma prolactin levels were measured before and at frequent intervals over a period of 240 min after the administration of the amino acid or placebo. Plasma free L-tryptophan concentrations were determined prior to and 60 min after ingestion of the amino acid in two of the women. Despite a 25-fold increase in plasma free L-tryptophan levels following the administration of this amino acid, the prolactin response to L-tryptophan was not significantly different from a placebo.", "contents": "Failure of L-tryptophan to stimulate prolactin secretion in man. The effect of oral L-tryptophan (90 mg/kg BW) on prolactin secretion in eight normal women studied either in the early or late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was compared to the effect of a placebo alone. Plasma prolactin levels were measured before and at frequent intervals over a period of 240 min after the administration of the amino acid or placebo. Plasma free L-tryptophan concentrations were determined prior to and 60 min after ingestion of the amino acid in two of the women. Despite a 25-fold increase in plasma free L-tryptophan levels following the administration of this amino acid, the prolactin response to L-tryptophan was not significantly different from a placebo.", "PMID": 591625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3801", "title": "Metoclopramide increases plasma aldosterone concentration in man.", "content": "Plasma Aldosterone (PA) response to metoclopramide (10 mg i.v.) was studied in 11 normal, 2 hypophysectomized subjects and in one patient with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. All the subjects were kept on a normal sodium and potassium intake. Four normal subjects were pretreated with 1 mg of dexamethasone in order to inhibit endogenous ACTH. In all subjects metoclopramide elicited a prompt rise of PA comparable to that obtained with angiotensions or ACTH. No significant change of blood pressure, serum electrolytes, plasma renin activity, Plasma Cortisol (PC) was detected. The lack of PC response to metoclopramide and the PA increase in dexamethasone pretreated subjects rule out an ACTH mediated effect. The increase of PA in hypophysectomized subjects, in whom metoclopramide did not stimulate any prolactin release, rules out a prolactin mediated effect. Metoclopramide increases plasma aldosterone concentration probably via a direct action on the adrenal glomerular zone or throught another unknown mechanism.", "contents": "Metoclopramide increases plasma aldosterone concentration in man. Plasma Aldosterone (PA) response to metoclopramide (10 mg i.v.) was studied in 11 normal, 2 hypophysectomized subjects and in one patient with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. All the subjects were kept on a normal sodium and potassium intake. Four normal subjects were pretreated with 1 mg of dexamethasone in order to inhibit endogenous ACTH. In all subjects metoclopramide elicited a prompt rise of PA comparable to that obtained with angiotensions or ACTH. No significant change of blood pressure, serum electrolytes, plasma renin activity, Plasma Cortisol (PC) was detected. The lack of PC response to metoclopramide and the PA increase in dexamethasone pretreated subjects rule out an ACTH mediated effect. The increase of PA in hypophysectomized subjects, in whom metoclopramide did not stimulate any prolactin release, rules out a prolactin mediated effect. Metoclopramide increases plasma aldosterone concentration probably via a direct action on the adrenal glomerular zone or throught another unknown mechanism.", "PMID": 591626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3802", "title": "Detection of circulating antigen during acute infections with Toxoplasma gondii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis is usually based on demonstration of antibodies by means of different serological methods. However, for confirmation of active toxoplasmosis, examination of paired sera is still needed. In this study a description is given of a sensitive enzyme method (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) with which it is possible to detect circulating antigens during the acute stage of mouse and human toxoplasmosis. Preliminary investigations of human sera suggested that circulating antigens are only found during a short period (active phase) of the toxoplasma infection and that they can be found in cases of fresh infections as well as during reinfections. The possible clinical relevance is discussed.", "contents": "Detection of circulating antigen during acute infections with Toxoplasma gondii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis is usually based on demonstration of antibodies by means of different serological methods. However, for confirmation of active toxoplasmosis, examination of paired sera is still needed. In this study a description is given of a sensitive enzyme method (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) with which it is possible to detect circulating antigens during the acute stage of mouse and human toxoplasmosis. Preliminary investigations of human sera suggested that circulating antigens are only found during a short period (active phase) of the toxoplasma infection and that they can be found in cases of fresh infections as well as during reinfections. The possible clinical relevance is discussed.", "PMID": 591627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3803", "title": "Nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by two O-serotypes of Providencia stuartii in one hospital.", "content": "Providencia stuartii nosocomial urinary tract infections occurring in the same hospital over an 18-month period of retrospective study were shown, by serotyping and biotyping, to have been caused by two endemic strains. Two episodes, involving 38 patients in one ward and 11 patients in another, were caused by a mannitol-positive strain of serotype O55. Transmission of the strain through the movements of one patient appeared to have been the basis for the introduction of the agent from one ward to the other. In another episode, involving two patients in a third ward, the infections were caused by a mannitol-negative strain of serotype O49. The study demonstrated the usefulness of serotyping and biotyping in epidemiological studies of infections caused by P. stuartii.", "contents": "Nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by two O-serotypes of Providencia stuartii in one hospital. Providencia stuartii nosocomial urinary tract infections occurring in the same hospital over an 18-month period of retrospective study were shown, by serotyping and biotyping, to have been caused by two endemic strains. Two episodes, involving 38 patients in one ward and 11 patients in another, were caused by a mannitol-positive strain of serotype O55. Transmission of the strain through the movements of one patient appeared to have been the basis for the introduction of the agent from one ward to the other. In another episode, involving two patients in a third ward, the infections were caused by a mannitol-negative strain of serotype O49. The study demonstrated the usefulness of serotyping and biotyping in epidemiological studies of infections caused by P. stuartii.", "PMID": 591628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3804", "title": "Comparisons of Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with chicken antibodies.", "content": "Twenty strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus inoculated intravenously in large doses into roosters produced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies detectable in plasmas within 7 to 10 days. No signs of illness occurred, and there was no evidence of viral growth in tissues since blood concentrations of infectious virus steadily decreased after inoculation. HI antibodies in early plasmas were specific for VE virus and did not cross-react significantly with two other North American alphaviruses, eastern and western encephalitis viruses. VE virus strains could be distinquished by virus-dilution, short-incubation HI, but not by plasma-dilution neutralization tests, by using early rooster antibodies. The distinctions by HI test were similar with some strains to, but different with other strains from, those described by Young and Johnson with the spiny rat antisera used to establish their subtype classifications of VE virus (14, 28). Nevertheless, results of HI tests with rooster antibodies correlated with equine virulence, as did results with spiny rat antibodies, and distinguished the new strains of virus that appeared in Middle America during the VE outbreak of 1969 from preexisting strains.", "contents": "Comparisons of Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with chicken antibodies. Twenty strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus inoculated intravenously in large doses into roosters produced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies detectable in plasmas within 7 to 10 days. No signs of illness occurred, and there was no evidence of viral growth in tissues since blood concentrations of infectious virus steadily decreased after inoculation. HI antibodies in early plasmas were specific for VE virus and did not cross-react significantly with two other North American alphaviruses, eastern and western encephalitis viruses. VE virus strains could be distinquished by virus-dilution, short-incubation HI, but not by plasma-dilution neutralization tests, by using early rooster antibodies. The distinctions by HI test were similar with some strains to, but different with other strains from, those described by Young and Johnson with the spiny rat antisera used to establish their subtype classifications of VE virus (14, 28). Nevertheless, results of HI tests with rooster antibodies correlated with equine virulence, as did results with spiny rat antibodies, and distinguished the new strains of virus that appeared in Middle America during the VE outbreak of 1969 from preexisting strains.", "PMID": 591629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3805", "title": "Presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic bacteremia by gas-liquid chromatography of blood cultures.", "content": "By quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of glucose-containing blood cultures at the moment of first signs of growth, a presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic bacteremia could be made in 24 out of 26 cultures yielding obligate anaerobes upon subsequent culture. With Bacteroides sp. (20 strains isolated), elevated levels of isovaleric acid (greater than or equal to 0.1 mumol/ml) and/or succinic acid (greater than or equal to 5 mumol/ml) were detected in the medium used. An exception to this were two strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that did not produce sufficient quantities of these acids. In the case of butyrate-producing gram-positive cocci (four strains), butyric acid in amounts of greater than or equal to 0.8 mumol/ml was detected. Propionibacteria (five strains) produced propionic acid in amounts of greater than or equal to 3.9 mumol/ml. No false positive results were found in 103 blood cultures with growth of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria only.", "contents": "Presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic bacteremia by gas-liquid chromatography of blood cultures. By quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of glucose-containing blood cultures at the moment of first signs of growth, a presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic bacteremia could be made in 24 out of 26 cultures yielding obligate anaerobes upon subsequent culture. With Bacteroides sp. (20 strains isolated), elevated levels of isovaleric acid (greater than or equal to 0.1 mumol/ml) and/or succinic acid (greater than or equal to 5 mumol/ml) were detected in the medium used. An exception to this were two strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that did not produce sufficient quantities of these acids. In the case of butyrate-producing gram-positive cocci (four strains), butyric acid in amounts of greater than or equal to 0.8 mumol/ml was detected. Propionibacteria (five strains) produced propionic acid in amounts of greater than or equal to 3.9 mumol/ml. No false positive results were found in 103 blood cultures with growth of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria only.", "PMID": 591630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3806", "title": "Canine brucellosis: bacteriological and serological investigation of naturally infected dogs in Mexico City.", "content": "Bacteriological investigation of canine brucellosis in Mexico City revealed a high rate (11.8%) of Brucella canis infection in a sampling of 59 stray dogs. When conservative criteria were employed in the interpretation of serological test results, there was general agreement between the serological and bacteriological findings; however, some animals with localized male genital tract infections could not be judged as infected solely by serological tests. All Mexican field isolates were identified as B. canis; however, some diversity was observed as regards nitrate reduction, growth in the presence of basic fuchsine, and the degree of mucoidness. The seemingly high prevalence of B. canis infection in Mexico City dogs suggests the need for further inquiry into the possible public health significance.", "contents": "Canine brucellosis: bacteriological and serological investigation of naturally infected dogs in Mexico City. Bacteriological investigation of canine brucellosis in Mexico City revealed a high rate (11.8%) of Brucella canis infection in a sampling of 59 stray dogs. When conservative criteria were employed in the interpretation of serological test results, there was general agreement between the serological and bacteriological findings; however, some animals with localized male genital tract infections could not be judged as infected solely by serological tests. All Mexican field isolates were identified as B. canis; however, some diversity was observed as regards nitrate reduction, growth in the presence of basic fuchsine, and the degree of mucoidness. The seemingly high prevalence of B. canis infection in Mexico City dogs suggests the need for further inquiry into the possible public health significance.", "PMID": 591631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3807", "title": "Occurrence of e antigen in acute hepatitis B.", "content": "The occurrence of e antigen in 44 patients with acute hepatitis B was studied in order to determine if e was related to the outcome of the illness. In 13.6% of cases e was detected, and in none of these did the carrier state develop. The HBsAg carrier state developed in 4.6% of the patients and in none of these was e antigen detected. Anti-e was detected in only three cases. Only in the very early acute phase of illness e was detected and the time serum samples were taken for the detection of e was considered to be very significant. The occurrence of e was not found to affect the duration of HBs antigenaemia in those patients who recovered completely.", "contents": "Occurrence of e antigen in acute hepatitis B. The occurrence of e antigen in 44 patients with acute hepatitis B was studied in order to determine if e was related to the outcome of the illness. In 13.6% of cases e was detected, and in none of these did the carrier state develop. The HBsAg carrier state developed in 4.6% of the patients and in none of these was e antigen detected. Anti-e was detected in only three cases. Only in the very early acute phase of illness e was detected and the time serum samples were taken for the detection of e was considered to be very significant. The occurrence of e was not found to affect the duration of HBs antigenaemia in those patients who recovered completely.", "PMID": 591632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3808", "title": "Streptococcus milleri in the appendix.", "content": "The appendix was investigated as a possible habitat of Streptococcus milleri. Both normal and inflamed appendices were examined and the isolation rates compared. S. milleri was present in a quarter of the normal appendices and more than half of those associated with apendicitis--a difference that was statistically highly significant. The isolation rates throughout were indepencent of age. There was a pronounced connection between the presence of S. milleri in the appendix and the purulent manifestations of appendicitis. S. milleri was isolated from other abdominal sites associated with appendicitis. The frequency of isolation was increased by culture in an enrichment broth containing nalidixic acid and sulphadimidine.", "contents": "Streptococcus milleri in the appendix. The appendix was investigated as a possible habitat of Streptococcus milleri. Both normal and inflamed appendices were examined and the isolation rates compared. S. milleri was present in a quarter of the normal appendices and more than half of those associated with apendicitis--a difference that was statistically highly significant. The isolation rates throughout were indepencent of age. There was a pronounced connection between the presence of S. milleri in the appendix and the purulent manifestations of appendicitis. S. milleri was isolated from other abdominal sites associated with appendicitis. The frequency of isolation was increased by culture in an enrichment broth containing nalidixic acid and sulphadimidine.", "PMID": 591633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3809", "title": "Prolonged erythrocyte T-polyagglutination in two children with bowel disorders.", "content": "In vivo erythrocyte polyagglutination of microbial origin is usually a transient condition. In two children with bowel disorders, erythrocyte T-polyagglutination persisted for 12 months in one case and for seven months in the other. Both cultures required both transfusions to support surgery. Washed red cell concentrates were transfused instead of whole blood to prevent dangerous destruction of T-transformed erythrocytes by anti-T antibodies normally present in the plasma of blood donors.", "contents": "Prolonged erythrocyte T-polyagglutination in two children with bowel disorders. In vivo erythrocyte polyagglutination of microbial origin is usually a transient condition. In two children with bowel disorders, erythrocyte T-polyagglutination persisted for 12 months in one case and for seven months in the other. Both cultures required both transfusions to support surgery. Washed red cell concentrates were transfused instead of whole blood to prevent dangerous destruction of T-transformed erythrocytes by anti-T antibodies normally present in the plasma of blood donors.", "PMID": 591634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3810", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: a comparative assessment of skin and bowel abnormality.", "content": "We reviewed 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis who were being treated with dapsone and were on an unrestricted diet. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding IgA deposits in the dermal papillae of unaffected skin. Dapsone was discontinued and biopsy of affected skin was carried out when the typical rash reappeared. The biopsy findings were graded according to the severity of the histological changes. Small bowel tissue from each patient was examined and graded by stereo- and routine microscopy. Thirteen specimens (72%) were stereomicroscopically abnormal; all 18 showed villous atrophy, either partial or subtotal; and in 13 (72%) the interepithelial lymphocyte count was increased. No correlation was found between the histological severity of the skin and the small bowel lesions. Seemingly the severity of the skin rash in dermatitis herpetiformis is no guide to the degree of small bowel abnormality.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: a comparative assessment of skin and bowel abnormality. We reviewed 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis who were being treated with dapsone and were on an unrestricted diet. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding IgA deposits in the dermal papillae of unaffected skin. Dapsone was discontinued and biopsy of affected skin was carried out when the typical rash reappeared. The biopsy findings were graded according to the severity of the histological changes. Small bowel tissue from each patient was examined and graded by stereo- and routine microscopy. Thirteen specimens (72%) were stereomicroscopically abnormal; all 18 showed villous atrophy, either partial or subtotal; and in 13 (72%) the interepithelial lymphocyte count was increased. No correlation was found between the histological severity of the skin and the small bowel lesions. Seemingly the severity of the skin rash in dermatitis herpetiformis is no guide to the degree of small bowel abnormality.", "PMID": 591635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3811", "title": "A comparative study for the enumeration of peripheral blood white cell counts below 2.0 x 10(9)/1 using counting chambers and the Coulter Counter model \"S\".", "content": "Low white cell counts are performed in many laboratories by a visual method as the method of choice. In this study, the visual count has been compared to that obtained by the Coulter Model \"S\". The results obtained by the two methods show very close correlation, thus allowing the Coulter Model \"S\" to be used with confidence for all low white cell counts provided certain precautions are taken.", "contents": "A comparative study for the enumeration of peripheral blood white cell counts below 2.0 x 10(9)/1 using counting chambers and the Coulter Counter model \"S\". Low white cell counts are performed in many laboratories by a visual method as the method of choice. In this study, the visual count has been compared to that obtained by the Coulter Model \"S\". The results obtained by the two methods show very close correlation, thus allowing the Coulter Model \"S\" to be used with confidence for all low white cell counts provided certain precautions are taken.", "PMID": 591637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3812", "title": "Evaluation of a new test system for rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies.", "content": "A recently available kit for the determination of rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (Rubindex, Ortho diagnostics) was was compared with the method used routinely in this laboratory. Rubindex compared favourably in that no significant difference in titre was found in 95.1% of 287 sera tested. Difficulty occurred with some sera from cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and a small number of normal sera containing human \"O\" cell agglutinins. This was overcome by treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol. Rubindex had the advantage that all reagents were provided in kit form and the trypsinised human \"O\" cells provided had a longer shelf life than chick erythrocytes.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new test system for rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. A recently available kit for the determination of rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (Rubindex, Ortho diagnostics) was was compared with the method used routinely in this laboratory. Rubindex compared favourably in that no significant difference in titre was found in 95.1% of 287 sera tested. Difficulty occurred with some sera from cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and a small number of normal sera containing human \"O\" cell agglutinins. This was overcome by treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol. Rubindex had the advantage that all reagents were provided in kit form and the trypsinised human \"O\" cells provided had a longer shelf life than chick erythrocytes.", "PMID": 591638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3813", "title": "Light inactivation of metronidazole sensitivity discs.", "content": "We found that daylight inactivated metronidazole sensitivity discs. They should therefore be stored in light-proof containers.", "contents": "Light inactivation of metronidazole sensitivity discs. We found that daylight inactivated metronidazole sensitivity discs. They should therefore be stored in light-proof containers.", "PMID": 591639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3814", "title": "Endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium hominis.", "content": "A case of bacterial endocarditis was caused by Cardiobacterium hominis in a 41-year-old man with mitral and aortic incompetence due to a previous episode of rheumatic fever. The main distinguishing characteristics of C. hominis are described, and the incidence of endocarditis is reviewed. After six weeks of treatment with effective bactericidal chemotherapy a microbiological cure was achieved and the patient successfully underwent mitral valve replacement and aortic valve plication.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium hominis. A case of bacterial endocarditis was caused by Cardiobacterium hominis in a 41-year-old man with mitral and aortic incompetence due to a previous episode of rheumatic fever. The main distinguishing characteristics of C. hominis are described, and the incidence of endocarditis is reviewed. After six weeks of treatment with effective bactericidal chemotherapy a microbiological cure was achieved and the patient successfully underwent mitral valve replacement and aortic valve plication.", "PMID": 591640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3815", "title": "Catecholamines and free fatty acids in myocardial infarction and angina.", "content": "Total urinary catecholamines and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were estimated serially in 50 patients with myocardial infarction (A) and in 27 cases of angina (B). A group of 24 normal healthy subjects (C) were also studied as controls. Catecholamines were significantly high (p is less than 0.001) in group A in the first 48 hours after infarction as compared to group C. Group B did not show significant variation from the normals (C). FFA also tended to increase only in group A in the first 48 hours. Both the parameters had returned to normal by 72 hours. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Catecholamines and free fatty acids in myocardial infarction and angina. Total urinary catecholamines and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were estimated serially in 50 patients with myocardial infarction (A) and in 27 cases of angina (B). A group of 24 normal healthy subjects (C) were also studied as controls. Catecholamines were significantly high (p is less than 0.001) in group A in the first 48 hours after infarction as compared to group C. Group B did not show significant variation from the normals (C). FFA also tended to increase only in group A in the first 48 hours. Both the parameters had returned to normal by 72 hours. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 591641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3816", "title": "Aminopyrine breath test in alcoholic liver disease and in patients on enzyme-inducing drugs.", "content": "The 14C-aminopyrine breath test was used to measure liver function in 14 normal subjects, 16 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and 29 patients taking a variety of drugs. The normal value for the breath test was 8.6 +/- 1.5%, whereas it was significantly lower (5.1 +/- 3.8%) in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Higher than normal values were found in some alcoholic patients without cirrhosis and in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs, such as phenobarbitone. There was a significant correlation between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and breath test in these groups. Some patients with alcoholic cirrhosis may also be capable of enzyme induction.", "contents": "Aminopyrine breath test in alcoholic liver disease and in patients on enzyme-inducing drugs. The 14C-aminopyrine breath test was used to measure liver function in 14 normal subjects, 16 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 alcoholics without cirrhosis, and 29 patients taking a variety of drugs. The normal value for the breath test was 8.6 +/- 1.5%, whereas it was significantly lower (5.1 +/- 3.8%) in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Higher than normal values were found in some alcoholic patients without cirrhosis and in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs, such as phenobarbitone. There was a significant correlation between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and breath test in these groups. Some patients with alcoholic cirrhosis may also be capable of enzyme induction.", "PMID": 591642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3817", "title": "Serum protein changes in breast cancer: a prospective study.", "content": "Sixty women admitted to the King's College Hospital group for biopsy of a lump in the breast have been followed sequentially for one year. Thirty women had early operable breast cancer and 30 had benign breast disease. Each patient had 10 serum proteins measured preoperatively and postoperatively at three months and at one year. The patients with breast cancer had significantly higher levels of beta2 glycoprotein preoperatively and caeruloplasmin at one year postoperatively than those with benign breast disease. There were a number of significant correlations between serum protein levels and the progression of breast cancer as measured by the clinical score. There were significant correlations with caeruloplasmin preoperatively and at three months postoperatively. Prealbumin and haemopexin showed correlations preoperatively; alpha1 antitrypsin and beta2 glycoprotein only correlated at three months postoperatively. A longer follow-up will be required to establish the value of serum protein changes which could predict the development of metastases in patients with breast cancer.", "contents": "Serum protein changes in breast cancer: a prospective study. Sixty women admitted to the King's College Hospital group for biopsy of a lump in the breast have been followed sequentially for one year. Thirty women had early operable breast cancer and 30 had benign breast disease. Each patient had 10 serum proteins measured preoperatively and postoperatively at three months and at one year. The patients with breast cancer had significantly higher levels of beta2 glycoprotein preoperatively and caeruloplasmin at one year postoperatively than those with benign breast disease. There were a number of significant correlations between serum protein levels and the progression of breast cancer as measured by the clinical score. There were significant correlations with caeruloplasmin preoperatively and at three months postoperatively. Prealbumin and haemopexin showed correlations preoperatively; alpha1 antitrypsin and beta2 glycoprotein only correlated at three months postoperatively. A longer follow-up will be required to establish the value of serum protein changes which could predict the development of metastases in patients with breast cancer.", "PMID": 591643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3818", "title": "Technique for microdissection and measurement in biopsies of human small intestine.", "content": "A microdissection and measurement technique has been adapted for biopsy of human small intestine. Specimens fixed in alcohol and acetic acid are Schiff stained in bulk. Villi and crypts are then dissected out under a dissecting microscope, placed under a coverslip, examined, measured, and the number of mitoses in individual crypts counted. With this method specimens of normal small intestine have been found to have villi 500 microns to 1100 microns long and crypts 150 microns to 300 microns. These values were double those obtained when measuring sections of the same specimens stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The mean number of mitoses per crypt in normal duodenum and jejunum ranged from 1 to 12 and most of the cells in mitosis were in prophase or telophase. This rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive technique complements the available methods of measuring small intestinal architecture.", "contents": "Technique for microdissection and measurement in biopsies of human small intestine. A microdissection and measurement technique has been adapted for biopsy of human small intestine. Specimens fixed in alcohol and acetic acid are Schiff stained in bulk. Villi and crypts are then dissected out under a dissecting microscope, placed under a coverslip, examined, measured, and the number of mitoses in individual crypts counted. With this method specimens of normal small intestine have been found to have villi 500 microns to 1100 microns long and crypts 150 microns to 300 microns. These values were double those obtained when measuring sections of the same specimens stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The mean number of mitoses per crypt in normal duodenum and jejunum ranged from 1 to 12 and most of the cells in mitosis were in prophase or telophase. This rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive technique complements the available methods of measuring small intestinal architecture.", "PMID": 591644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3819", "title": "Report filing in histopathology.", "content": "An assessment of alternative methods of filing histopathology report forms in alphabetical order showed that orthodox card index filing is satisfactory up to about 100000 reports but, because of the need for long-term retrieval, when the reports filed exceed this number they should be copied on jacketed microfilm and a new card index file begun.", "contents": "Report filing in histopathology. An assessment of alternative methods of filing histopathology report forms in alphabetical order showed that orthodox card index filing is satisfactory up to about 100000 reports but, because of the need for long-term retrieval, when the reports filed exceed this number they should be copied on jacketed microfilm and a new card index file begun.", "PMID": 591645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3820", "title": "Renal histopathological changes in a child with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome.", "content": "This report describes a case of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome identified in a 24-month-old boy. Significant renal involvement was present with right-sided vesicoureteral reflux, cystocele, urinary tract infections, and growth arrest of the right kidney. After the development of hypertension a left renal biopsy was performed to determine if bilateral renal disease was present. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the left kidney are described. These changes appear to be unrelated to pyelonephritis or hypertension and to be most consistent with the nephropathy of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome.", "contents": "Renal histopathological changes in a child with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. This report describes a case of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome identified in a 24-month-old boy. Significant renal involvement was present with right-sided vesicoureteral reflux, cystocele, urinary tract infections, and growth arrest of the right kidney. After the development of hypertension a left renal biopsy was performed to determine if bilateral renal disease was present. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the left kidney are described. These changes appear to be unrelated to pyelonephritis or hypertension and to be most consistent with the nephropathy of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome.", "PMID": 591646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3821", "title": "Evaluation of the Hemalog D differential leucocyte counter.", "content": "The main objectives of the evaluation were to (1) establish 'normal values' for the Hemalog D, (2) compare the Hemalog D with existing manual procedures, and (3) assess the machine's reliability. It proved to be a practical machine in a routine haematology laboratory. Comparison with established techniques showed systematic differences in the total white blood cell count and percentages of lymphocytes. An existing laboratory computer system was used to collect and file the data.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Hemalog D differential leucocyte counter. The main objectives of the evaluation were to (1) establish 'normal values' for the Hemalog D, (2) compare the Hemalog D with existing manual procedures, and (3) assess the machine's reliability. It proved to be a practical machine in a routine haematology laboratory. Comparison with established techniques showed systematic differences in the total white blood cell count and percentages of lymphocytes. An existing laboratory computer system was used to collect and file the data.", "PMID": 591649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3822", "title": "Cell proliferation in the Lichen planus infiltrate. Investigations by light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "In seven patients suffering from lichen planus (LP) light- and electron-microscopic 3H-thymidine (3HT) labeling studies were performed and the following results were obtained. 1. Using the light-microscope, a large number of 3HT labeled cells can be observed in the dermal infiltrate of LP. Most of the labeled nuclei belong to mononuclear, 'round cells' while isolated endothelial cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes and mast cells could be found labeled. 2. The mean labeling index of 'round cells' in our patients was 4.27 +/- 1.57%. 3. The evaluation of the electron microscopic autoradiographs showed that, as far as 'round' cells were concerned, exclusively nuclei of cells showing the morphological criteria of stimulated lymphocytes were labeled. These findings support the view that in LP, as in allergic contact dermatitis, a high proliferative activity of lymphocytes takes place.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in the Lichen planus infiltrate. Investigations by light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography. In seven patients suffering from lichen planus (LP) light- and electron-microscopic 3H-thymidine (3HT) labeling studies were performed and the following results were obtained. 1. Using the light-microscope, a large number of 3HT labeled cells can be observed in the dermal infiltrate of LP. Most of the labeled nuclei belong to mononuclear, 'round cells' while isolated endothelial cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes and mast cells could be found labeled. 2. The mean labeling index of 'round cells' in our patients was 4.27 +/- 1.57%. 3. The evaluation of the electron microscopic autoradiographs showed that, as far as 'round' cells were concerned, exclusively nuclei of cells showing the morphological criteria of stimulated lymphocytes were labeled. These findings support the view that in LP, as in allergic contact dermatitis, a high proliferative activity of lymphocytes takes place.", "PMID": 591660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3823", "title": "Effect of thiocyanate on mammary gland growth in rats.", "content": "In growing rats from 3 weeks to 3 months old, 0.1% potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) decreased the plasma protein-bound iodine level by 47% and the total DNA in the mammary gland by 11%, but had no effect on the total RNA. Administration of thiocyanate in the form of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% KSCN during pregnancy and 14 d of lactation lowered the protein-bound iodine level by 48-66%, the total DNA by 11-47% and the total RNA by 14-63%, depending on the KSCN dosage. The 14-d-old litters of rats receiving thiocyanate weighed 4-41% less than those in the control group.", "contents": "Effect of thiocyanate on mammary gland growth in rats. In growing rats from 3 weeks to 3 months old, 0.1% potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) decreased the plasma protein-bound iodine level by 47% and the total DNA in the mammary gland by 11%, but had no effect on the total RNA. Administration of thiocyanate in the form of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% KSCN during pregnancy and 14 d of lactation lowered the protein-bound iodine level by 48-66%, the total DNA by 11-47% and the total RNA by 14-63%, depending on the KSCN dosage. The 14-d-old litters of rats receiving thiocyanate weighed 4-41% less than those in the control group.", "PMID": 591663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3824", "title": "Recent advances in the pharmacology of catecholamines.", "content": "The availability of dopamine and dobutamine and the possibility of combined use of sympathomimetic amines provides a broad spectrum of haemodynamic effects available for therapy. As shown in Table 2, isoproterenol produces the greatest vasodilation and norepinephrine, the greatest vasoconstriction with dobutamine and dopamine in intermediate positions. Greater flexibility can be obtained by conjoint administration of sympathomimetic amines or by administering alpha-adrenergic blocking agents or nitroprusside with dopamine or norepinephrine.", "contents": "Recent advances in the pharmacology of catecholamines. The availability of dopamine and dobutamine and the possibility of combined use of sympathomimetic amines provides a broad spectrum of haemodynamic effects available for therapy. As shown in Table 2, isoproterenol produces the greatest vasodilation and norepinephrine, the greatest vasoconstriction with dobutamine and dopamine in intermediate positions. Greater flexibility can be obtained by conjoint administration of sympathomimetic amines or by administering alpha-adrenergic blocking agents or nitroprusside with dopamine or norepinephrine.", "PMID": 591672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3825", "title": "Description of the measurement of an individual's continuous sound exposure during a 31-day period.", "content": "A dosimeter based on the equal energy rule with range from 55 to 110 dB was used to monitor continuously the noise exposure of one subject. The subject, who is the second author of this report, works in a relatively quiet laboratory area. The daily A-weighted average sound level was measured for each 24-h period [L(eq(24))] beginning at approximately 8:00 a.m. During the day the noise exposure associated with specific activities was noted. The 31-day average sound level was 76 dB while the daily L(eq)(24)) values varied from a low of 59 dB to a high of 83 dB. The type of activity that contributed most of the subject's total sound dose was night-time parties at private homes or nightclubs. Five such parties accounted for 42% of his total sound dose. One exposure at an automobile hobby shop and three outings at a bowling alley contributed another 27% to the total sound dose. If these outside recreational activities had been avoided, the 31-day average sound level would have been reduced to 71 dB. The problems involved in monitoring a 24-h noise exposure as well as future plans for more elaborate studies are discussed.", "contents": "Description of the measurement of an individual's continuous sound exposure during a 31-day period. A dosimeter based on the equal energy rule with range from 55 to 110 dB was used to monitor continuously the noise exposure of one subject. The subject, who is the second author of this report, works in a relatively quiet laboratory area. The daily A-weighted average sound level was measured for each 24-h period [L(eq(24))] beginning at approximately 8:00 a.m. During the day the noise exposure associated with specific activities was noted. The 31-day average sound level was 76 dB while the daily L(eq)(24)) values varied from a low of 59 dB to a high of 83 dB. The type of activity that contributed most of the subject's total sound dose was night-time parties at private homes or nightclubs. Five such parties accounted for 42% of his total sound dose. One exposure at an automobile hobby shop and three outings at a bowling alley contributed another 27% to the total sound dose. If these outside recreational activities had been avoided, the 31-day average sound level would have been reduced to 71 dB. The problems involved in monitoring a 24-h noise exposure as well as future plans for more elaborate studies are discussed.", "PMID": 591677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3826", "title": "Signal-processing techniques in a computerized hearing aid test system.", "content": "General background is given to describe the factors leading up to the implementation of a computerized hearing aid test system in a production environment. The digital measurement methods for determination of the required acoustal components such as fundamental, rms, distortion, etc., in the presence of noise are discussed. The use of the concept of the average cycle for repetitive signals is described with its advantages in a Fourier type system. An algorithm for measuring rms for nonrepetitive signals that trades off resolution for memory size is described. Features and advantages of computerized testing of hearing aids are listed.", "contents": "Signal-processing techniques in a computerized hearing aid test system. General background is given to describe the factors leading up to the implementation of a computerized hearing aid test system in a production environment. The digital measurement methods for determination of the required acoustal components such as fundamental, rms, distortion, etc., in the presence of noise are discussed. The use of the concept of the average cycle for repetitive signals is described with its advantages in a Fourier type system. An algorithm for measuring rms for nonrepetitive signals that trades off resolution for memory size is described. Features and advantages of computerized testing of hearing aids are listed.", "PMID": 591678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3827", "title": "Minimum auditory movement angle: binaural localization of moving sound sources.", "content": "In the first experiment, subjects were asked to discriminate whether a sound was emanating from a moving or stationary source. The minimum audible movement angle (MAMA) thus defined was observed to increase as the source velocity increased. MAMA ranged from a low of 8.3 degrees with the slowest velocity employed (90 degrees/s) to a high of 21.2 degrees with the fastest velocity (360 degrees/s). In the second experiment, subjects were asked to localize where the moving source was, at signal on and offset. The results indicate that the apparent onset is displaced in the direction of motion and the amount of this displacement is directly related to source velocity. Less consistent results were observed with signal offset. The present results suggest that the binaural system is relatively insensitive to motion.", "contents": "Minimum auditory movement angle: binaural localization of moving sound sources. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to discriminate whether a sound was emanating from a moving or stationary source. The minimum audible movement angle (MAMA) thus defined was observed to increase as the source velocity increased. MAMA ranged from a low of 8.3 degrees with the slowest velocity employed (90 degrees/s) to a high of 21.2 degrees with the fastest velocity (360 degrees/s). In the second experiment, subjects were asked to localize where the moving source was, at signal on and offset. The results indicate that the apparent onset is displaced in the direction of motion and the amount of this displacement is directly related to source velocity. Less consistent results were observed with signal offset. The present results suggest that the binaural system is relatively insensitive to motion.", "PMID": 591679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3828", "title": "Piecewise--planar representation of vowel formant frequencies.", "content": "The first three formant frequencies for 778 steady-state tokens of 30 nonretroflex vowel types uttered by a female speaker are found to lie close to a piecewise-planar surface (expressed numerically as 0.634F1 +0.603F2 -- 0.485F3 -- 366 = 0, for F2 greater than 0.027F1 +1692 and 0.686F1 -- 0.528F2 -- 0.501F3 +1569 = 0, otherwise). The rms distance of the vowels from this surface is only 86 Hz. The intersection between the two planes is a line of nearly constant F2, corresponding closely to the F2 of a uniform vocal tract of the same length as our speaker's. The piecewise-planar representation also suggests a way to test the hypotheses of uniform and nonuniform formant-frequency scaling between speakers.", "contents": "Piecewise--planar representation of vowel formant frequencies. The first three formant frequencies for 778 steady-state tokens of 30 nonretroflex vowel types uttered by a female speaker are found to lie close to a piecewise-planar surface (expressed numerically as 0.634F1 +0.603F2 -- 0.485F3 -- 366 = 0, for F2 greater than 0.027F1 +1692 and 0.686F1 -- 0.528F2 -- 0.501F3 +1569 = 0, otherwise). The rms distance of the vowels from this surface is only 86 Hz. The intersection between the two planes is a line of nearly constant F2, corresponding closely to the F2 of a uniform vocal tract of the same length as our speaker's. The piecewise-planar representation also suggests a way to test the hypotheses of uniform and nonuniform formant-frequency scaling between speakers.", "PMID": 591680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3829", "title": "The future of Blue Cross.", "content": "This paper analyzes the reasons for the rise and decline of Blue Cross, a unique American institution. Its inability to respond to the crisis in today's health system is described as nothing more than the failure of the ailing American health system to cure itself. The early rise of Blue Cross is attributed to its success in addressing pressing social needs: helping patients afford the costs of hospitalization and helping hospitals meet expenses. Its later decline is traced to several factors: the striking increase in the costs of health care; the rise of the state insurance commissioner; the anticipated passage of national health insurance; and the increased competition from commerical insurance carriers, specialty health care data and management firms and state governments. In concluding, the question is raised whether society should invest further in the future Blue Cross, a social institution which may have irrevocably lost the confidence of the general public, government and the health provider community. Four possible futures for Blue Cross are set forth: the outright collapse of several plans, a \"Lockheed-type\" bailout, a \"Naderist\" organization strongly allied with consumers, and a quasi-governmental agency.", "contents": "The future of Blue Cross. This paper analyzes the reasons for the rise and decline of Blue Cross, a unique American institution. Its inability to respond to the crisis in today's health system is described as nothing more than the failure of the ailing American health system to cure itself. The early rise of Blue Cross is attributed to its success in addressing pressing social needs: helping patients afford the costs of hospitalization and helping hospitals meet expenses. Its later decline is traced to several factors: the striking increase in the costs of health care; the rise of the state insurance commissioner; the anticipated passage of national health insurance; and the increased competition from commerical insurance carriers, specialty health care data and management firms and state governments. In concluding, the question is raised whether society should invest further in the future Blue Cross, a social institution which may have irrevocably lost the confidence of the general public, government and the health provider community. Four possible futures for Blue Cross are set forth: the outright collapse of several plans, a \"Lockheed-type\" bailout, a \"Naderist\" organization strongly allied with consumers, and a quasi-governmental agency.", "PMID": 591701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3830", "title": "Public policy for health manpower: nursing student loans.", "content": "This paper seeks to determine the extent to which the Nursing Student Loan program (NSL) has accomplished its primary objectives of increasing the supply and effecting a more equitable geographic distribution of nurses. The history and provisions of the program are discussed and data from a survey of nursing schools on students' incomes, borrowing practices and withdrawal rates are analyzed. The major conclusion of the paper is that although NSL has fallen far short of its principal goals, it has produced some secondary benefits. A review of the program is recommended as a means of determining which activities should be emphasized to maximize its overall effectiveness.", "contents": "Public policy for health manpower: nursing student loans. This paper seeks to determine the extent to which the Nursing Student Loan program (NSL) has accomplished its primary objectives of increasing the supply and effecting a more equitable geographic distribution of nurses. The history and provisions of the program are discussed and data from a survey of nursing schools on students' incomes, borrowing practices and withdrawal rates are analyzed. The major conclusion of the paper is that although NSL has fallen far short of its principal goals, it has produced some secondary benefits. A review of the program is recommended as a means of determining which activities should be emphasized to maximize its overall effectiveness.", "PMID": 591702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3831", "title": "Self-concept and psychological adjustment differences between self-identified male transsexuals and male homosexuals.", "content": "Self-concept and adjustment data from anatomical males seeking sexual reassignment surgery were compared with that from a male homosexual group. Findings indicated that the homosexual group had a better self-image and was better adjusted than the sex change group. Other findings are presented that reinforce the view that the norm violations in homosexuality and transsexualism do not necessarily imply serious character damage.", "contents": "Self-concept and psychological adjustment differences between self-identified male transsexuals and male homosexuals. Self-concept and adjustment data from anatomical males seeking sexual reassignment surgery were compared with that from a male homosexual group. Findings indicated that the homosexual group had a better self-image and was better adjusted than the sex change group. Other findings are presented that reinforce the view that the norm violations in homosexuality and transsexualism do not necessarily imply serious character damage.", "PMID": 591709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3832", "title": "Permanent partner priorities: gay and straight.", "content": "Based on a design used in previous research with heterosexuals, this study assessed the permanent partner priorities of gay and straight men and women, as well as the perception of those priorities by each gender and sexual orientation. Heterosexuals and homosexuals did not differ in their rank-ordered priorities, but tended to misperceive the priorities of their own and the other groups studied. Differentials of misperception were explained by varying societal pressures experienced by homo- and heterosexual men and women. Implications based on the difference between the competitive nature of courtship and the cooperative nature of permanent pairing were drawn from the findings.", "contents": "Permanent partner priorities: gay and straight. Based on a design used in previous research with heterosexuals, this study assessed the permanent partner priorities of gay and straight men and women, as well as the perception of those priorities by each gender and sexual orientation. Heterosexuals and homosexuals did not differ in their rank-ordered priorities, but tended to misperceive the priorities of their own and the other groups studied. Differentials of misperception were explained by varying societal pressures experienced by homo- and heterosexual men and women. Implications based on the difference between the competitive nature of courtship and the cooperative nature of permanent pairing were drawn from the findings.", "PMID": 591710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3833", "title": "Tolerance as a correlate of experience with stigma: the case of the homosexual.", "content": "Scales measuring attitudes toward various unconventional groups were presented to 100 college students and 51 homosexual respondents. Homosexual respondents expressed significantly more tolerant attitudes toward deviantly labeled groups than did student respondents. Homosexuals were also significantly less likely to place social restrictions on those who opted for unconventional alternatives. However, differences between student and homosexual respondents were smaller on the public tolerance scale. The findings suggest that although gays expressed a significantly higher amount of tolerance for other unconventional groups, they appeared to have reservations in terms of total personal acceptance.", "contents": "Tolerance as a correlate of experience with stigma: the case of the homosexual. Scales measuring attitudes toward various unconventional groups were presented to 100 college students and 51 homosexual respondents. Homosexual respondents expressed significantly more tolerant attitudes toward deviantly labeled groups than did student respondents. Homosexuals were also significantly less likely to place social restrictions on those who opted for unconventional alternatives. However, differences between student and homosexual respondents were smaller on the public tolerance scale. The findings suggest that although gays expressed a significantly higher amount of tolerance for other unconventional groups, they appeared to have reservations in terms of total personal acceptance.", "PMID": 591711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3834", "title": "Components of sexual identity.", "content": "This paper examines the four components of sexual identity: biological sex, gender identity, social sex-role, and sexual orientation. Theories about the development of each component and how they combine and conflict to form the individual's sexual identity are discussed. As defined here, social sex-role includes the individual's femininity and masculinity. Sexual orientation includes the individual's physical and affectional sexual preferences for relationships with members of the same and/or opposite biological sex. This paper may help to clarify meanings of the following terms used in research on sexual identity; sex, gender, femininity, masculinity, heterosexuality, and homosexuality.", "contents": "Components of sexual identity. This paper examines the four components of sexual identity: biological sex, gender identity, social sex-role, and sexual orientation. Theories about the development of each component and how they combine and conflict to form the individual's sexual identity are discussed. As defined here, social sex-role includes the individual's femininity and masculinity. Sexual orientation includes the individual's physical and affectional sexual preferences for relationships with members of the same and/or opposite biological sex. This paper may help to clarify meanings of the following terms used in research on sexual identity; sex, gender, femininity, masculinity, heterosexuality, and homosexuality.", "PMID": 591712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3835", "title": "Going public: a study in the sociology of homosexual liberation.", "content": "The complete process of resolving and announcing one's sexual orientation as \"homosexual\" is analyzed into three stages: signification, coming out, and going public. Each stage is further subdivided into steps. Not everyone passes through every step, and most persons stop well short of going public. However, the general process is found to be the same for 24 persons (the author and 23 respondents), all of whom have reached the final stage. Management of self-presentation in this process is discussed, using Goffman's concepts for \"spoiled identity\" (stigma). The motivation for going public is analyzed, using C. W. Mills' \"vocabularies of motives.\"", "contents": "Going public: a study in the sociology of homosexual liberation. The complete process of resolving and announcing one's sexual orientation as \"homosexual\" is analyzed into three stages: signification, coming out, and going public. Each stage is further subdivided into steps. Not everyone passes through every step, and most persons stop well short of going public. However, the general process is found to be the same for 24 persons (the author and 23 respondents), all of whom have reached the final stage. Management of self-presentation in this process is discussed, using Goffman's concepts for \"spoiled identity\" (stigma). The motivation for going public is analyzed, using C. W. Mills' \"vocabularies of motives.\"", "PMID": 591713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3836", "title": "Wastage of edible food in the home: a preliminary study.", "content": "The potentially edible food which was wasted in 52 well-motivated households in and around London was collected and analysed. It contained 5 per cent of the food (and rather more of the fat) estimated to have been used during the week, although wide variations were found. Significant amounts of food were also given to animals and birds in some homes, but, when averaged over the whole sample, this only increased the wastage to 6 per cent. Wastage appeared to be related to household size with each person contributing, in effect, about 400 kJ (95 kcal) per day.", "contents": "Wastage of edible food in the home: a preliminary study. The potentially edible food which was wasted in 52 well-motivated households in and around London was collected and analysed. It contained 5 per cent of the food (and rather more of the fat) estimated to have been used during the week, although wide variations were found. Significant amounts of food were also given to animals and birds in some homes, but, when averaged over the whole sample, this only increased the wastage to 6 per cent. Wastage appeared to be related to household size with each person contributing, in effect, about 400 kJ (95 kcal) per day.", "PMID": 591717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3837", "title": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for a component of mouse casein.", "content": "Mouse casein (m.w. 22,000 daltons) has been purified by employing Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies. A sensitive radioimmunoassay method has been developed by using [125I]-labelled casein and antiserum elicited in rabbits after injection of glutaraldehyde-treated casein. The assay method is capable of detecting as little as 0.1 ng of casein. The use of the present radioimmunoassay method in detecting casein production in cultured mouse mammary explants has also been demonstrated.", "contents": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for a component of mouse casein. Mouse casein (m.w. 22,000 daltons) has been purified by employing Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies. A sensitive radioimmunoassay method has been developed by using [125I]-labelled casein and antiserum elicited in rabbits after injection of glutaraldehyde-treated casein. The assay method is capable of detecting as little as 0.1 ng of casein. The use of the present radioimmunoassay method in detecting casein production in cultured mouse mammary explants has also been demonstrated.", "PMID": 591722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3838", "title": "New method for obtaining IgA-specific protease.", "content": "A simple method for obtaining an active preparation of IgA-specific protease from a bacterial source is presented. In this method Streptococcus sanguis was inoculated onto the surface of a dialysis membrane on nutrient agar. Following growth, the membrane was removed from the agar surface and washed in a small volume of buffer. A solution with protease activity against IgA1 monoclonal proteins was obtained by clarification of the wash and appeared to be similar to enzyme preparations obtained by other methods.", "contents": "New method for obtaining IgA-specific protease. A simple method for obtaining an active preparation of IgA-specific protease from a bacterial source is presented. In this method Streptococcus sanguis was inoculated onto the surface of a dialysis membrane on nutrient agar. Following growth, the membrane was removed from the agar surface and washed in a small volume of buffer. A solution with protease activity against IgA1 monoclonal proteins was obtained by clarification of the wash and appeared to be similar to enzyme preparations obtained by other methods.", "PMID": 591723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3839", "title": "Enhanced antibody responses to antigens presented on autologous erythrocytes.", "content": "On a dose basis, antigen coupled to autologous red blood cells is 1,000--10,000-fold more efficient at inducing an antibody response than the soluble form. More than one antigen can be coupled simultaneously to the same red blood cells. Under these circumstances, prior immunization with one antigen enhances the antibody response to the other antigen, provided both antigens are coupled to the same red cell. Thus, the technique of coupling antigens to red blood cells is a means of producing high-titred antisera without the use of adjuvant and also represents a useful procedure for preparing composite antigens for probing cell-cell interaction in the immune response.", "contents": "Enhanced antibody responses to antigens presented on autologous erythrocytes. On a dose basis, antigen coupled to autologous red blood cells is 1,000--10,000-fold more efficient at inducing an antibody response than the soluble form. More than one antigen can be coupled simultaneously to the same red blood cells. Under these circumstances, prior immunization with one antigen enhances the antibody response to the other antigen, provided both antigens are coupled to the same red cell. Thus, the technique of coupling antigens to red blood cells is a means of producing high-titred antisera without the use of adjuvant and also represents a useful procedure for preparing composite antigens for probing cell-cell interaction in the immune response.", "PMID": 591724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3840", "title": "125I protein A: applications to the quantitative determination of fluid phase and cell-bound IgG.", "content": "An improved method for the preparation of 125I-labelled Protein A (125I PA) of high specific and functional activity is described. 125I PA has been used in combination with purified rabbit IgG bound to a solid support to develop a competitive binding assay capable of detecting Protein A or human, rabbit and guinea pig IgG at the nanogram level. An optimal set of assay conditions was established and levels of IgG measured in normal human, rabbit and strain-2 guinea pig serum. 125I PA has also been used to detect IgG anti-Forssman antibody bound to sheep erythrocytes and to line-1 and line-10 tumor cells and as an indirect assay for tumor associated antigen in the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing guinea pigs.", "contents": "125I protein A: applications to the quantitative determination of fluid phase and cell-bound IgG. An improved method for the preparation of 125I-labelled Protein A (125I PA) of high specific and functional activity is described. 125I PA has been used in combination with purified rabbit IgG bound to a solid support to develop a competitive binding assay capable of detecting Protein A or human, rabbit and guinea pig IgG at the nanogram level. An optimal set of assay conditions was established and levels of IgG measured in normal human, rabbit and strain-2 guinea pig serum. 125I PA has also been used to detect IgG anti-Forssman antibody bound to sheep erythrocytes and to line-1 and line-10 tumor cells and as an indirect assay for tumor associated antigen in the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing guinea pigs.", "PMID": 591725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3841", "title": "A method of increasing EA positive cells in mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "Treatment of mouse spleen lymphocytes with a high concentration of trypsin (1 mg/ml) increases the number of EA positive cells to include nearly all the B lymphocytes. It seems that all B lymphocytes express Fc receptors but in some cells these are hidden by other proteins present on the cell surfaces.", "contents": "A method of increasing EA positive cells in mouse spleen lymphocytes. Treatment of mouse spleen lymphocytes with a high concentration of trypsin (1 mg/ml) increases the number of EA positive cells to include nearly all the B lymphocytes. It seems that all B lymphocytes express Fc receptors but in some cells these are hidden by other proteins present on the cell surfaces.", "PMID": 591726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3842", "title": "Otoadmittance measurements in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Analysis of middle ear function has for many years been accomplished by acoustic impedance measurements and this has proved of great clinical value. The vectors which contribute to impedance are functions of mass, stiffness and resistance of the system and information about these components may be obtained by use of the otoadmittance meter. The shape of the tympanogram may be altered both by pathologies which change the relative magnitude of the vectors and by variation in the probe tone frequency. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (55 ears) were compared with a series of controls (50 ears); 38% of 'rheumatoid ears' demonstrated a marked notch on the 660 Hz susceptance curve whilst only 8% of the control group showed this abnormality. The pattern suggests a decrease in the stiffness of the transducer mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Otoadmittance measurements in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of middle ear function has for many years been accomplished by acoustic impedance measurements and this has proved of great clinical value. The vectors which contribute to impedance are functions of mass, stiffness and resistance of the system and information about these components may be obtained by use of the otoadmittance meter. The shape of the tympanogram may be altered both by pathologies which change the relative magnitude of the vectors and by variation in the probe tone frequency. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (55 ears) were compared with a series of controls (50 ears); 38% of 'rheumatoid ears' demonstrated a marked notch on the 660 Hz susceptance curve whilst only 8% of the control group showed this abnormality. The pattern suggests a decrease in the stiffness of the transducer mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 591778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3843", "title": "A multiple electrode cochlear implant.", "content": "The University of Melbourne Departments of Otolaryngology and Electrical Engineering (UMDOLEE) receiving and stimulating component of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis produces constant stimulation. It has a stimulating pulse shape that minimizes the production of toxic substances and loss of metal from the electrodes, and this is achieved with a biphasic rectangular waveform where the first phase is negative with respect to ground. The duration of each stimulus phase in 180 msec, which is long enough to allow low levels of current stimulation, and short enough to permit rates of 1000 pulses/second to be achieved. In order to be consistent with our present understanding of the perception of pitch, the device permits the independent stimulation of a number of electrodes. Furthermore, to electrically isolate the stimulus to small areas, there is the capacity to vary the current and set the threshold independently at individual electrodes. The phase and amplitude of the pulses to neighbouring electrodes with also be varied to assist in localizing the current flow. The pattern to stimulation to individual or groups of electrodes can also be altered to enable studies to be carried out to determine ways of conveying frequency and intensity information over a more normal dynamic range.", "contents": "A multiple electrode cochlear implant. The University of Melbourne Departments of Otolaryngology and Electrical Engineering (UMDOLEE) receiving and stimulating component of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant hearing prosthesis produces constant stimulation. It has a stimulating pulse shape that minimizes the production of toxic substances and loss of metal from the electrodes, and this is achieved with a biphasic rectangular waveform where the first phase is negative with respect to ground. The duration of each stimulus phase in 180 msec, which is long enough to allow low levels of current stimulation, and short enough to permit rates of 1000 pulses/second to be achieved. In order to be consistent with our present understanding of the perception of pitch, the device permits the independent stimulation of a number of electrodes. Furthermore, to electrically isolate the stimulus to small areas, there is the capacity to vary the current and set the threshold independently at individual electrodes. The phase and amplitude of the pulses to neighbouring electrodes with also be varied to assist in localizing the current flow. The pattern to stimulation to individual or groups of electrodes can also be altered to enable studies to be carried out to determine ways of conveying frequency and intensity information over a more normal dynamic range.", "PMID": 591780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3844", "title": "Tympanometric diagnosis of middle ear effusions.", "content": "A review of medical records of unselected children in whom the otoscopic diagnosis of middle ear effusion was uncertain, showed that tympanometry resolved the diagnostic uncertainty with an accuracy of 88 per cent for the prediction of a dry middle ear and an accuracy of 85 per cent for predicting fluid in the middle ear. Tympanometry itself gave inconclusive findings in II per cent of cases. Tympanometry can greatly reduce the need for diagnostic aspiration of the middle ear.", "contents": "Tympanometric diagnosis of middle ear effusions. A review of medical records of unselected children in whom the otoscopic diagnosis of middle ear effusion was uncertain, showed that tympanometry resolved the diagnostic uncertainty with an accuracy of 88 per cent for the prediction of a dry middle ear and an accuracy of 85 per cent for predicting fluid in the middle ear. Tympanometry itself gave inconclusive findings in II per cent of cases. Tympanometry can greatly reduce the need for diagnostic aspiration of the middle ear.", "PMID": 591781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3845", "title": "A posterior pharyngeal web in sideropenic dysphagia.", "content": "A case is presented in which a post-cricoid web was shown arising posteriorly instead of in the almost invariable anterior situation. The patient was not anaemic and some brief comments are made on the inconstant relationship between anaemia and the presence of a web.", "contents": "A posterior pharyngeal web in sideropenic dysphagia. A case is presented in which a post-cricoid web was shown arising posteriorly instead of in the almost invariable anterior situation. The patient was not anaemic and some brief comments are made on the inconstant relationship between anaemia and the presence of a web.", "PMID": 591783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3846", "title": "The onset and establishment of spermatogenesis in rats in relation to gonadotrophin and testosterone levels.", "content": "The concentrations of LH and FSH in the plasma and pituitary gland, and testosterone in the plasma and testes were measured in individual rats between 21 and 180 days of age. Spermatogenesis was quantitated in the same animals and correlations between the various parameters were calculated. The numbers of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells up to pathytene spermatocytes increased in parallel with the peripheral levels of FSH up to days 33 or 35. The concentration of FSH in the plasma started to decrease after day 55, but this decrease could not be correlated with the appearance of any cell type in the testes of the same animals; it was probably due to the high levels of peripheral testosterone at this age. Testicular and plasma levels of testosterone were closely correlated in all age groups studied. The first significant increase occurred between days 39 and 41 and coincided with an increased growth rate of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate gland. The increase in the concentration of testosterone occurred 10 days after the concentration of LH in the plasma rose to a measurable level. Spermatogenesis had proceeded up to step 16 spermatids at this age.", "contents": "The onset and establishment of spermatogenesis in rats in relation to gonadotrophin and testosterone levels. The concentrations of LH and FSH in the plasma and pituitary gland, and testosterone in the plasma and testes were measured in individual rats between 21 and 180 days of age. Spermatogenesis was quantitated in the same animals and correlations between the various parameters were calculated. The numbers of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells up to pathytene spermatocytes increased in parallel with the peripheral levels of FSH up to days 33 or 35. The concentration of FSH in the plasma started to decrease after day 55, but this decrease could not be correlated with the appearance of any cell type in the testes of the same animals; it was probably due to the high levels of peripheral testosterone at this age. Testicular and plasma levels of testosterone were closely correlated in all age groups studied. The first significant increase occurred between days 39 and 41 and coincided with an increased growth rate of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate gland. The increase in the concentration of testosterone occurred 10 days after the concentration of LH in the plasma rose to a measurable level. Spermatogenesis had proceeded up to step 16 spermatids at this age.", "PMID": 591809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3847", "title": "Gonadotrophins, testosterone and spermatogenesis in neonatally irradiated male rats: evidence for a role of the Sertoli cell in follicle-stimulating hormone feedback.", "content": "Peripheral concentrations of FSH in the male rat seem to be regulated in part by a protein hormone, inhibin, which originates from the testes. In an attempt to ascertain which type of testicular cell secretes inhibin, groups of male rats were irradiated prenatally or on days 4, 6 or 8 of postnatal life, and killed at 21, 51 or 81 days of age together with castrated and intact controls. The concentrations of FSH and LH in the pituitary gland, and FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were estimated for each animal, and the numbers of each class of intratubular cell in the testes were calculated. Rats irradiated neonatally had fewer Sertoli cells than controls at all ages studied, while the numbers of Sertoli cells in rats irradiated prenatally were higher than those in controls on day 21. The number of spermatogenic cells was usually decreased in rats irradiated postnatally. In the rats irradiated prenatally normal numbers of spermatogenic cells were found at day 51. Numbers of spermatogenic cells were significantly correlated with the number of Sertoli cells at the ages of 51 and 81 days. The concentrations of FSH in the plasma usually increased in the postnatally irradiated animals on days 21 and 51, but not on day 81; prenatal irradiation did not result in altered levels of FSH at any age. Peripheral levels of LH and testosterone were not affected by irradiation. The concentration of FSH in the plasma was negatively correlated with the number of Sertoli cells in all age groups, whereas significant correlations between the level of FSH and the number of spermatogenic cells were only found at days 51 and 81. It is concluded from these data that the Sertoli cell is the most likely source of inhibin.", "contents": "Gonadotrophins, testosterone and spermatogenesis in neonatally irradiated male rats: evidence for a role of the Sertoli cell in follicle-stimulating hormone feedback. Peripheral concentrations of FSH in the male rat seem to be regulated in part by a protein hormone, inhibin, which originates from the testes. In an attempt to ascertain which type of testicular cell secretes inhibin, groups of male rats were irradiated prenatally or on days 4, 6 or 8 of postnatal life, and killed at 21, 51 or 81 days of age together with castrated and intact controls. The concentrations of FSH and LH in the pituitary gland, and FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma were estimated for each animal, and the numbers of each class of intratubular cell in the testes were calculated. Rats irradiated neonatally had fewer Sertoli cells than controls at all ages studied, while the numbers of Sertoli cells in rats irradiated prenatally were higher than those in controls on day 21. The number of spermatogenic cells was usually decreased in rats irradiated postnatally. In the rats irradiated prenatally normal numbers of spermatogenic cells were found at day 51. Numbers of spermatogenic cells were significantly correlated with the number of Sertoli cells at the ages of 51 and 81 days. The concentrations of FSH in the plasma usually increased in the postnatally irradiated animals on days 21 and 51, but not on day 81; prenatal irradiation did not result in altered levels of FSH at any age. Peripheral levels of LH and testosterone were not affected by irradiation. The concentration of FSH in the plasma was negatively correlated with the number of Sertoli cells in all age groups, whereas significant correlations between the level of FSH and the number of spermatogenic cells were only found at days 51 and 81. It is concluded from these data that the Sertoli cell is the most likely source of inhibin.", "PMID": 591810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3848", "title": "Measurement of thyroid hormone in experimental thyroid tumours in rats.", "content": "Rats treated with 131I and propylthiouracil were shown to develop thyroid tumours 7--9 months after treatment. In this group, the levels of total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine, and free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the serum were low, and that of TSH was raised. In a group of rats treated with 131I and then propylthiouracil and thyroxine, thyroid tumours were found despite normal concentrations of total and free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the serum. The level of TSH in the serum was significantly raised in this group. Thyroid tumours were not found in the various control groups of rats.", "contents": "Measurement of thyroid hormone in experimental thyroid tumours in rats. Rats treated with 131I and propylthiouracil were shown to develop thyroid tumours 7--9 months after treatment. In this group, the levels of total thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine, and free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the serum were low, and that of TSH was raised. In a group of rats treated with 131I and then propylthiouracil and thyroxine, thyroid tumours were found despite normal concentrations of total and free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the serum. The level of TSH in the serum was significantly raised in this group. Thyroid tumours were not found in the various control groups of rats.", "PMID": 591811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3849", "title": "A monohydroxylated metabolite of tamoxifen with potent antioestrogenic activity.", "content": "The oestrogenic and antioestrogenic properties of tamoxifen and its monohydroxylated (monohydroxytamoxifen) and dihydroxylated (dihydroxytamoxifen) metabolites have been investigated in the immature rat. Whether administered orally or subcutaneously, monohydroxytamoxifen was more active than tamoxifen as an antioestrogen. Dihydroxytamoxifen was less active than tamoxifen as an antioestrogen, but this derivative alone was unable to induce a uterotrophic response. Both metabolites of tamoxifen were potent inhibitors of the binding of [3H]oestradiol to oestrogen receptors in vitro. It is possible that the metabolites play a supportive role in the antioestrogenic activity of tamoxifen. The potent activity of monohydroxytamoxifen in vivo and in vitro suggests that this compound could be an important new tool for the subcellular investigation of oestrogenic and antioestrogenic events.", "contents": "A monohydroxylated metabolite of tamoxifen with potent antioestrogenic activity. The oestrogenic and antioestrogenic properties of tamoxifen and its monohydroxylated (monohydroxytamoxifen) and dihydroxylated (dihydroxytamoxifen) metabolites have been investigated in the immature rat. Whether administered orally or subcutaneously, monohydroxytamoxifen was more active than tamoxifen as an antioestrogen. Dihydroxytamoxifen was less active than tamoxifen as an antioestrogen, but this derivative alone was unable to induce a uterotrophic response. Both metabolites of tamoxifen were potent inhibitors of the binding of [3H]oestradiol to oestrogen receptors in vitro. It is possible that the metabolites play a supportive role in the antioestrogenic activity of tamoxifen. The potent activity of monohydroxytamoxifen in vivo and in vitro suggests that this compound could be an important new tool for the subcellular investigation of oestrogenic and antioestrogenic events.", "PMID": 591813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3850", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone in the anterior pituitary gland and the central nervous system of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris).", "content": "The metabolism of testosterone was studied in vitro in anterior pituitary, hypothalamic and hyperstriatal tissues taken from male European starlings in the autumn. In all the tissues studied, testosterone was converted into 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5alpha-DHT), 5beta-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5beta-DHT), 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (5beta-THT), 5beta-androstane-3,-17-dione and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The 5alpha-DHT was produced in significantly greater amounts by the pituitary gland than by the hypothalamus and hyperstriatum. The amount of 5alpha-DHT produced, however, was very low in comparison with the amounts of 5beta-reduced metabolites. The amount of 5beta-reductase was also higher in the pituitary gland than in the two nervous tissues. The ratios between the production of 5beta-DHT, 5beta-THT and 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione were, however, different in the three tissues: 5beta-DHT was produced in the greatest quantities by the hyperstriatum, while the production of 5beta-THT, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was greatest in pituitary tissue. The role of 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced metabolites in the pituitary gland and in the brain of birds is unknown, but some possibilities arising from the present results are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone in the anterior pituitary gland and the central nervous system of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). The metabolism of testosterone was studied in vitro in anterior pituitary, hypothalamic and hyperstriatal tissues taken from male European starlings in the autumn. In all the tissues studied, testosterone was converted into 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5alpha-DHT), 5beta-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (5beta-DHT), 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (5beta-THT), 5beta-androstane-3,-17-dione and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The 5alpha-DHT was produced in significantly greater amounts by the pituitary gland than by the hypothalamus and hyperstriatum. The amount of 5alpha-DHT produced, however, was very low in comparison with the amounts of 5beta-reduced metabolites. The amount of 5beta-reductase was also higher in the pituitary gland than in the two nervous tissues. The ratios between the production of 5beta-DHT, 5beta-THT and 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione were, however, different in the three tissues: 5beta-DHT was produced in the greatest quantities by the hyperstriatum, while the production of 5beta-THT, 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was greatest in pituitary tissue. The role of 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced metabolites in the pituitary gland and in the brain of birds is unknown, but some possibilities arising from the present results are discussed.", "PMID": 591837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3851", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone by forehead skin of the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus).", "content": "Roebucks have a specialized region of skin on the forehead which contains sebaceous and apocrine glands that produce secretions used in territorial marking. These glands enlarge during the breeding season and regress after the rut as the testes regress. The metabolism of testosterone by this forehead skin in vitro was studied in two captive roebucks over the period of glandular enlargement and subsequent regression, and compared with that of dorsal skin. In May, June and July, both areas of skin actively metabolized testosterone and the metabolites detected were androstenedione, androstanedione, dihydrotestosterone, epiandrosterone, androsterone and 5alpha-androstanediols. There were no major differences in testosterone metabolism between the two body sites, although dorsal skin appeared to be more active in total metabolism than forehead skin. There was a peak in the extent of metabolism in June/July, with a subsequent gradual decline to December. The decline in metabolism occurred at a time when the associated glands were still enlarged, which suggests that the availability of androgen to the skin glands is determined not only by the amount of testosterone in the circulation, but also by a decrease in the metabolizing capacity of the tissue.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone by forehead skin of the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). Roebucks have a specialized region of skin on the forehead which contains sebaceous and apocrine glands that produce secretions used in territorial marking. These glands enlarge during the breeding season and regress after the rut as the testes regress. The metabolism of testosterone by this forehead skin in vitro was studied in two captive roebucks over the period of glandular enlargement and subsequent regression, and compared with that of dorsal skin. In May, June and July, both areas of skin actively metabolized testosterone and the metabolites detected were androstenedione, androstanedione, dihydrotestosterone, epiandrosterone, androsterone and 5alpha-androstanediols. There were no major differences in testosterone metabolism between the two body sites, although dorsal skin appeared to be more active in total metabolism than forehead skin. There was a peak in the extent of metabolism in June/July, with a subsequent gradual decline to December. The decline in metabolism occurred at a time when the associated glands were still enlarged, which suggests that the availability of androgen to the skin glands is determined not only by the amount of testosterone in the circulation, but also by a decrease in the metabolizing capacity of the tissue.", "PMID": 591841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3852", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on masculine sexual behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Intracerebral infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) facilitated copulatory behaviour of long-term castrated rats. Castrated rats were given daily systemic injections of testosterone propionate (50 microgram) or oil vehicle, and then 30 min before behavioural testing they received an intrahypothalamic infusion of either PGE2 or saline. Rats receiving PGE2 in addition to systemic testosterone showed more copulatory behaviour than those receiving PGE2 or testosterone alone.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on masculine sexual behaviour in the rat. Intracerebral infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) facilitated copulatory behaviour of long-term castrated rats. Castrated rats were given daily systemic injections of testosterone propionate (50 microgram) or oil vehicle, and then 30 min before behavioural testing they received an intrahypothalamic infusion of either PGE2 or saline. Rats receiving PGE2 in addition to systemic testosterone showed more copulatory behaviour than those receiving PGE2 or testosterone alone.", "PMID": 591844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3853", "title": "Effects of adrenalectomy on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and the onset of puberty in female rats.", "content": "The involvement of the adrenal gland in the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty in female rats was studied. Two and four days after adrenalectomy (ADX) on either day 5 or 10 after birth, a significant decrease in the concentration of FSH was found; 4 days after ADX on either day 15 or 20, FSH concentrations had increased significantly compared with sham-operated and/or intact controls. However, in the rats adrenalectomized on day 15 or 20, the body weights were lower than in control rats. Relative uterine weights (mg/100 g body wt) in adrenalectomized rats never differed from those of control rats. A delay in the time at which vaginal opening and the first oestrus occurred was found in rats adrenalectomized at 20 or 25 days of age; however this delay was accompanied in these rats by a retardation in the gain in body weight. It is argued that the effects of ADX on both the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty are primarily, and presumably exclusively, due to the effects on general bodily development (expressed in body weight). The lack of effect of ADX on uterine weight supports the hypothesis that 'oestrogen-like' products from the adrenal gland are not biologically active as oestrogens.", "contents": "Effects of adrenalectomy on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and the onset of puberty in female rats. The involvement of the adrenal gland in the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty in female rats was studied. Two and four days after adrenalectomy (ADX) on either day 5 or 10 after birth, a significant decrease in the concentration of FSH was found; 4 days after ADX on either day 15 or 20, FSH concentrations had increased significantly compared with sham-operated and/or intact controls. However, in the rats adrenalectomized on day 15 or 20, the body weights were lower than in control rats. Relative uterine weights (mg/100 g body wt) in adrenalectomized rats never differed from those of control rats. A delay in the time at which vaginal opening and the first oestrus occurred was found in rats adrenalectomized at 20 or 25 days of age; however this delay was accompanied in these rats by a retardation in the gain in body weight. It is argued that the effects of ADX on both the release of gonadotrophins and the onset of puberty are primarily, and presumably exclusively, due to the effects on general bodily development (expressed in body weight). The lack of effect of ADX on uterine weight supports the hypothesis that 'oestrogen-like' products from the adrenal gland are not biologically active as oestrogens.", "PMID": 591848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3854", "title": "Concentration of transcortin in the pregnant rat and its foetuses.", "content": "The concentration of transcortin in serum from foetal, neonatal, pregnant and lactating rats was measured by a single radial immunodiffusion method. A decrease in transcortin concentration in sera from foetuses and pregnant rats occurred starting on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy respectively. A more pronounced fall in transcortin concentration in foetal and maternal serum was observed after treating pregnant rats with dexamethasone. These results suggest that corticosterone may be responsible for the observed changes in transcortin concentration.", "contents": "Concentration of transcortin in the pregnant rat and its foetuses. The concentration of transcortin in serum from foetal, neonatal, pregnant and lactating rats was measured by a single radial immunodiffusion method. A decrease in transcortin concentration in sera from foetuses and pregnant rats occurred starting on days 19 and 20 of pregnancy respectively. A more pronounced fall in transcortin concentration in foetal and maternal serum was observed after treating pregnant rats with dexamethasone. These results suggest that corticosterone may be responsible for the observed changes in transcortin concentration.", "PMID": 591850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3855", "title": "The role of Schwann cells in paradoxical regeneration in the axolotl.", "content": "The experiments described here examine further the conditions under which paradoxical regeneration occurs and provide support for the hypothesis that a proximal migration of Schwann cells is responsible for the phenomenon. When only the hand is shielded from irradiation and the limb is denervated, amputation through the forearm or upper arm sometimes results in regeneration. The effects of variation in the time interval between denervation and amputation, the level of amputation and the method and number of denervations on the incidence of regeneration were investigated. The presence or absecce of viable Schwann cells at the amputation plane was deduced from the remyelination of nerves under conditions which do or do not permit paradoxical regeneration. The nerves of totally irradiated and denervated limbs remain unmyelinated following regrowth of axons and such limbs do not regenerate after amputation. When only the hand was shielded from irradiation before the limbs were denervated, the new axons became completely remyelinated and some of these limbs regenerated when amputated. It is suggested that under these conditions Schwann cells can migrate proximally and can then proliferate further to form a blastema, since they would be the only unirradiated tissue present at the amputation plane.", "contents": "The role of Schwann cells in paradoxical regeneration in the axolotl. The experiments described here examine further the conditions under which paradoxical regeneration occurs and provide support for the hypothesis that a proximal migration of Schwann cells is responsible for the phenomenon. When only the hand is shielded from irradiation and the limb is denervated, amputation through the forearm or upper arm sometimes results in regeneration. The effects of variation in the time interval between denervation and amputation, the level of amputation and the method and number of denervations on the incidence of regeneration were investigated. The presence or absecce of viable Schwann cells at the amputation plane was deduced from the remyelination of nerves under conditions which do or do not permit paradoxical regeneration. The nerves of totally irradiated and denervated limbs remain unmyelinated following regrowth of axons and such limbs do not regenerate after amputation. When only the hand was shielded from irradiation before the limbs were denervated, the new axons became completely remyelinated and some of these limbs regenerated when amputated. It is suggested that under these conditions Schwann cells can migrate proximally and can then proliferate further to form a blastema, since they would be the only unirradiated tissue present at the amputation plane.", "PMID": 591863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3856", "title": "Growth of opossum embryos in vitro during organogenesis.", "content": "Opossum embryos, explanted between primitive streak and late fetal stages, were grown in culture for periods of 20-30 H. Many of the explants had a good heartbeat and blood circulation in embryo and yolk sac after 12 h, and a few after 24 h. Growth of the embryos included formation of the neural tube and body flexures, increase in the number of somites, differentiation of the limbs and digits, and development of the amnion and allantois. Embryos explanted during the last day of gestation showed persistent and vigorous body movements in culture, particularly of the forelimbs, head and tongue.", "contents": "Growth of opossum embryos in vitro during organogenesis. Opossum embryos, explanted between primitive streak and late fetal stages, were grown in culture for periods of 20-30 H. Many of the explants had a good heartbeat and blood circulation in embryo and yolk sac after 12 h, and a few after 24 h. Growth of the embryos included formation of the neural tube and body flexures, increase in the number of somites, differentiation of the limbs and digits, and development of the amnion and allantois. Embryos explanted during the last day of gestation showed persistent and vigorous body movements in culture, particularly of the forelimbs, head and tongue.", "PMID": 591864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3857", "title": "The effects of thalidomide and two analogues on the regenerating forelimb of the newt.", "content": "Oral administration (3 mg/day) of thalidomide during the dedifferentiation and early limb-bud stages of newt forelimb regeneration produced a variety of specific limb deformities. Proximal and preaxial skeletal elements were the most severely malformed, e.g. preaxial hemimelia, severe proximal deformities, and preaxial polydactyly. Likewise, oral, daily doses (3 mg) of the teratogenic analogue, EM12, on days 7 and 8 following bilateral amputation caused the same incidence and type of forelimb abnormalities as did thalidomide. Conversely, the non-teratogenic analogue, EM87, when orally administered (3 mg/day) on days 7 and 8 post-amputation resulted in a low rate of limb deformities, similar in type to those seen in control regenerates. The type of limb deformities observed in the regenerating newt forelimb following thalidomide treatment nearly mimic those seen in the human and monkey syndromes. Therefore, the newt represents a possible model for investigating some of the problems associated with thalidomide teratogenesis.", "contents": "The effects of thalidomide and two analogues on the regenerating forelimb of the newt. Oral administration (3 mg/day) of thalidomide during the dedifferentiation and early limb-bud stages of newt forelimb regeneration produced a variety of specific limb deformities. Proximal and preaxial skeletal elements were the most severely malformed, e.g. preaxial hemimelia, severe proximal deformities, and preaxial polydactyly. Likewise, oral, daily doses (3 mg) of the teratogenic analogue, EM12, on days 7 and 8 following bilateral amputation caused the same incidence and type of forelimb abnormalities as did thalidomide. Conversely, the non-teratogenic analogue, EM87, when orally administered (3 mg/day) on days 7 and 8 post-amputation resulted in a low rate of limb deformities, similar in type to those seen in control regenerates. The type of limb deformities observed in the regenerating newt forelimb following thalidomide treatment nearly mimic those seen in the human and monkey syndromes. Therefore, the newt represents a possible model for investigating some of the problems associated with thalidomide teratogenesis.", "PMID": 591865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3858", "title": "Regulation of the deficiencies along the proximal distal axis of the chick wing-bud: a quantitative analysis.", "content": "The wing-bud shows zero regulation following removal of a whole slice of the proximal-distal axis from stage 22 or later. Prior to this it is possible that it may show some regulation. Some of the apparent regulation may be explained by the way in which the limb grows. The bud never shows perfect size regulation or morphallaxis. The proximal-distal axis of the bud between shoulder and wrist expands uniformly from stage 20.", "contents": "Regulation of the deficiencies along the proximal distal axis of the chick wing-bud: a quantitative analysis. The wing-bud shows zero regulation following removal of a whole slice of the proximal-distal axis from stage 22 or later. Prior to this it is possible that it may show some regulation. Some of the apparent regulation may be explained by the way in which the limb grows. The bud never shows perfect size regulation or morphallaxis. The proximal-distal axis of the bud between shoulder and wrist expands uniformly from stage 20.", "PMID": 591866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3859", "title": "Waves and periodic events during primitive streak formation in the chick.", "content": "Morphogenetic movements occurring during formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo are of a periodic nature, with a mean frequency of one pulse every 2.6 min. The period of the oscillatory movement is shown to be temperature-dependent. The onset of these pulses of movement can be seen as a slow wave starting at the posterior end of the embryo and making its way towards the anterior end. An interpretation of this behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Waves and periodic events during primitive streak formation in the chick. Morphogenetic movements occurring during formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo are of a periodic nature, with a mean frequency of one pulse every 2.6 min. The period of the oscillatory movement is shown to be temperature-dependent. The onset of these pulses of movement can be seen as a slow wave starting at the posterior end of the embryo and making its way towards the anterior end. An interpretation of this behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 591867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3860", "title": "Cytological and cytochemical studies of the necrotic area of the bulbus of the chick embryo heart: phagocytosis by developing myocardial cells.", "content": "The muscular wall of the bulbus cordis of the chick embryo was studied by electron microscopy during H. H. stages 27--31. Results show that the muscle cells of the bulbus undergo necrosis during these stages. The morphology of dead cells in this area is similar to that described in other embryonic myogenic tissues. Although dead myocytes appear acid-phosphatase-negative, lysosomes may well be involved in this necrotic process as there is a significant number of cells with autolytic lesions among the neighbouring healthy muscle cells. The phagocytosis of the cell detritus resulting from the degenerative process appears to be carried out by neighbouring myocytes and by macrophages. The significance of these results is discussed both from the cytological and from the morphogenetic point of view.", "contents": "Cytological and cytochemical studies of the necrotic area of the bulbus of the chick embryo heart: phagocytosis by developing myocardial cells. The muscular wall of the bulbus cordis of the chick embryo was studied by electron microscopy during H. H. stages 27--31. Results show that the muscle cells of the bulbus undergo necrosis during these stages. The morphology of dead cells in this area is similar to that described in other embryonic myogenic tissues. Although dead myocytes appear acid-phosphatase-negative, lysosomes may well be involved in this necrotic process as there is a significant number of cells with autolytic lesions among the neighbouring healthy muscle cells. The phagocytosis of the cell detritus resulting from the degenerative process appears to be carried out by neighbouring myocytes and by macrophages. The significance of these results is discussed both from the cytological and from the morphogenetic point of view.", "PMID": 591868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3861", "title": "Mesodermal expansion after arrest of the edge in the area vasculosa of the chick.", "content": "To investigate whether mesodermal expansion in the area vasculosa is caused by tension produced by outward migration of cells either in the somatic mesoderm or at the mesodermal edge on an ectodermal substratum, stage 18--20 embryos were transferred to a culture dish. There mesodermal expansion proximal to an arrested edge could be compared with that proximal to a moving edge by measuring the amount of vascular elongation occurring in each. A proximo-distal gradient in vascular elongation rate was detected both in normal embryos in ovo and in explants. This gradient was reversed following arrest of the edge, and the rate of vascular elongation proximal to the arrested edge decreased to 60--70% of that proximal to a moving edge. Nearly all of the mesoderm producing this expansion was located in the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa, where vascular elongation rate on the stopped side of the explant was not significantly different from that on the moving side. Similar results were obtained in the absence of the ectoderm, and when liquid culture medium was used instead of semisolid medium. It is concluded that tensile force derived from mesodermal migration plays no role in expansion of the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa mesoderm.", "contents": "Mesodermal expansion after arrest of the edge in the area vasculosa of the chick. To investigate whether mesodermal expansion in the area vasculosa is caused by tension produced by outward migration of cells either in the somatic mesoderm or at the mesodermal edge on an ectodermal substratum, stage 18--20 embryos were transferred to a culture dish. There mesodermal expansion proximal to an arrested edge could be compared with that proximal to a moving edge by measuring the amount of vascular elongation occurring in each. A proximo-distal gradient in vascular elongation rate was detected both in normal embryos in ovo and in explants. This gradient was reversed following arrest of the edge, and the rate of vascular elongation proximal to the arrested edge decreased to 60--70% of that proximal to a moving edge. Nearly all of the mesoderm producing this expansion was located in the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa, where vascular elongation rate on the stopped side of the explant was not significantly different from that on the moving side. Similar results were obtained in the absence of the ectoderm, and when liquid culture medium was used instead of semisolid medium. It is concluded that tensile force derived from mesodermal migration plays no role in expansion of the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa mesoderm.", "PMID": 591869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3862", "title": "The development of functional innervation in the chick wing-bud following truncations and deletions of the proximal-distal axis.", "content": "Selections of the proximal-distal axis were removed so as to produce wings lacking entire skeletal levels. The innervation of the resulting limb from the appropriate spinal nerves was tested by electrophysiological recording, gross dissection and serial sections. Ther nerves form repeatable and ordered patterns in the modified limbs which can be readily related to the normal pattern. In general the segmental nerves only innervate their appropriate territory irrespective of its location; the route followed by the nerves is characteristic for the skeletal level they traverse. If a target is missing then so is the normal nerve branch to that region.", "contents": "The development of functional innervation in the chick wing-bud following truncations and deletions of the proximal-distal axis. Selections of the proximal-distal axis were removed so as to produce wings lacking entire skeletal levels. The innervation of the resulting limb from the appropriate spinal nerves was tested by electrophysiological recording, gross dissection and serial sections. Ther nerves form repeatable and ordered patterns in the modified limbs which can be readily related to the normal pattern. In general the segmental nerves only innervate their appropriate territory irrespective of its location; the route followed by the nerves is characteristic for the skeletal level they traverse. If a target is missing then so is the normal nerve branch to that region.", "PMID": 591870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3863", "title": "Development of interspecific hybrids of Mus.", "content": "Artificial insemination has been used to produce interspecific mouse hybrids. Mus musculus x Mus cervicolor cervicolor hybrids failed to complete more than a few cleavage divisions but both M. musculus x M. dunni and M. musculus x M. caroli hybrids completed preimplantation development. These hybrid embryos are heterozygous for various X-linked enzymes and may provide a useful genetic system for studying X-chromosome inactivation during early development. Further development of M. muscuius x M. caroli hybrids was studied: several completed foetal development; a few survived to maturity but none has yet reproduced.", "contents": "Development of interspecific hybrids of Mus. Artificial insemination has been used to produce interspecific mouse hybrids. Mus musculus x Mus cervicolor cervicolor hybrids failed to complete more than a few cleavage divisions but both M. musculus x M. dunni and M. musculus x M. caroli hybrids completed preimplantation development. These hybrid embryos are heterozygous for various X-linked enzymes and may provide a useful genetic system for studying X-chromosome inactivation during early development. Further development of M. muscuius x M. caroli hybrids was studied: several completed foetal development; a few survived to maturity but none has yet reproduced.", "PMID": 591872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3864", "title": "Limb-somite relationship: origin of the limb musculature.", "content": "Quail-to-chick grafting experiments performed during the third day of incubation demonstrate that somites can contribute to limb development. In orthotopic recombinations, migrating cells originating from the grafted unsegmented or segmented somitic mesoderm adjacent to the wing or leg field end up in the musculature respectively of the wing or the leg, where they express exclusively myogenic properties. Thus, in these heterospecific recombinations, the anatomical muscle has a double origin: muscle bulk of somitic origin; tendons and connective tissues of somatopleural origin. Similar features are observed in heterotopic recombinations with (segmented or unsegmented) somitic mesoderm located cranially or caudally to the limb levels. In the reverse chick-to-quail grafting experiments, the somitc participation to the limb mesoderm can also be observed. But it is less regular than that obtained in the quail-to-chick recombinations, and the muscle bulk is made up in various proportions of graft-originated somitic cells and of host somatopleural cells. The possible existence of juxtaposed and interdigitated myogenic and tendinogenic compartments is discussed in view of the dissimilarity between the results of the two kinds of heterospecific recombinations.", "contents": "Limb-somite relationship: origin of the limb musculature. Quail-to-chick grafting experiments performed during the third day of incubation demonstrate that somites can contribute to limb development. In orthotopic recombinations, migrating cells originating from the grafted unsegmented or segmented somitic mesoderm adjacent to the wing or leg field end up in the musculature respectively of the wing or the leg, where they express exclusively myogenic properties. Thus, in these heterospecific recombinations, the anatomical muscle has a double origin: muscle bulk of somitic origin; tendons and connective tissues of somatopleural origin. Similar features are observed in heterotopic recombinations with (segmented or unsegmented) somitic mesoderm located cranially or caudally to the limb levels. In the reverse chick-to-quail grafting experiments, the somitc participation to the limb mesoderm can also be observed. But it is less regular than that obtained in the quail-to-chick recombinations, and the muscle bulk is made up in various proportions of graft-originated somitic cells and of host somatopleural cells. The possible existence of juxtaposed and interdigitated myogenic and tendinogenic compartments is discussed in view of the dissimilarity between the results of the two kinds of heterospecific recombinations.", "PMID": 591873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3865", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide treatment before implantation on the development of rat embryos after implantation.", "content": "After treatment of pregnant rats 24 h before implantation with a single injection of cyclophosphamide (20--80 mg/kg), a dose-dependent increase in resorption was observed at term but no malformed fetuses could be found. The lowest cyclophosphamide dose that caused 100% resoprtion was 60 mg/kg. Somite number and wet weight indicated retardation of about 24 h during organogenesis. Determination of the time of implantation revealed that the developmental retardation in treated embryos was not due to delayed implantation. At implantation, 24 h after cyclophosphamide treatment, a significant and dose-dependent decrease of the cell number of blastocysts was found. Embryo transplantation experiments showed that early cyclophosphamide treatment interfered with the subsequent development of both the embryo and the mother. The decidual reaction seemed to be more affected by the treatment than the embryos. Most teratologists hold that mouse embryos after treatment in the preimplantation period either die before implantation or survive to term without being malformed. The present study, however, proves that the reaction of drugs at this early stage of pregnancy is more complex than is generally assumed.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide treatment before implantation on the development of rat embryos after implantation. After treatment of pregnant rats 24 h before implantation with a single injection of cyclophosphamide (20--80 mg/kg), a dose-dependent increase in resorption was observed at term but no malformed fetuses could be found. The lowest cyclophosphamide dose that caused 100% resoprtion was 60 mg/kg. Somite number and wet weight indicated retardation of about 24 h during organogenesis. Determination of the time of implantation revealed that the developmental retardation in treated embryos was not due to delayed implantation. At implantation, 24 h after cyclophosphamide treatment, a significant and dose-dependent decrease of the cell number of blastocysts was found. Embryo transplantation experiments showed that early cyclophosphamide treatment interfered with the subsequent development of both the embryo and the mother. The decidual reaction seemed to be more affected by the treatment than the embryos. Most teratologists hold that mouse embryos after treatment in the preimplantation period either die before implantation or survive to term without being malformed. The present study, however, proves that the reaction of drugs at this early stage of pregnancy is more complex than is generally assumed.", "PMID": 591879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3866", "title": "Factors affecting the time of formation of the mouse blastocoele.", "content": "In normal mouse embryos developing in vivo, the first appearance of the blastocyst cavity was found to be associated more closely with developmental age, judged by cell number, than with chronological age, i.e. elapsed time since ovulation. When development was slowed by in vitro culture, formation of the blastocoele was delayed. However, cell number itself was not a critical factor, since the number of cells per embryo could be doubled or tripled or halved by experimental manipulation without substantially affecting the timing of blastocoele formation. Experiments in which one cell division was suppressed with cytochalasin-B, leading to tetraploidy, showed that the number of cell divisions since fertilization was also not critical. A possible role is suggested either for nucleocytoplasmic ratio, or for the number of nuclear or chromosomal divisions or DNA replications since fertilization, all of which increase during cleavage.", "contents": "Factors affecting the time of formation of the mouse blastocoele. In normal mouse embryos developing in vivo, the first appearance of the blastocyst cavity was found to be associated more closely with developmental age, judged by cell number, than with chronological age, i.e. elapsed time since ovulation. When development was slowed by in vitro culture, formation of the blastocoele was delayed. However, cell number itself was not a critical factor, since the number of cells per embryo could be doubled or tripled or halved by experimental manipulation without substantially affecting the timing of blastocoele formation. Experiments in which one cell division was suppressed with cytochalasin-B, leading to tetraploidy, showed that the number of cell divisions since fertilization was also not critical. A possible role is suggested either for nucleocytoplasmic ratio, or for the number of nuclear or chromosomal divisions or DNA replications since fertilization, all of which increase during cleavage.", "PMID": 591880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3867", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 8: the individual patient's medical record.", "content": "This is the last in a series of eight articles describing an integrated system of recording medical data as developed and used by the Family Medicine Program at the University of Rochester-Highland Hospital. Compatability of manual and automated systems has been described. The total system allows the practicing family physician to assess morbidity patterns within his/her practice more effectively, to record and monitor patient care, to perform audit, and to conduct research in primary care.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 8: the individual patient's medical record. This is the last in a series of eight articles describing an integrated system of recording medical data as developed and used by the Family Medicine Program at the University of Rochester-Highland Hospital. Compatability of manual and automated systems has been described. The total system allows the practicing family physician to assess morbidity patterns within his/her practice more effectively, to record and monitor patient care, to perform audit, and to conduct research in primary care.", "PMID": 591881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3868", "title": "Use of a rectal hook for perirectal abscess drainage.", "content": "Drainage of various types of perirectal abscesses can be facilitated by the use of a rectal hook, allowing many of these infections to be easily handled in the outpatient setting. Several types of abscesses, including ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses, although usually originating at the crypts of Morgagni, cannot be drained adequately by this technique. Differential diagnosis of anal pain is considered.", "contents": "Use of a rectal hook for perirectal abscess drainage. Drainage of various types of perirectal abscesses can be facilitated by the use of a rectal hook, allowing many of these infections to be easily handled in the outpatient setting. Several types of abscesses, including ischiorectal and pelvirectal abscesses, although usually originating at the crypts of Morgagni, cannot be drained adequately by this technique. Differential diagnosis of anal pain is considered.", "PMID": 591882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3869", "title": "Can perinatal regionalization be reconciled with family-centered maternal care?", "content": "Perinatal regionalization is necessary because of the enhanced quality of the outcome of high-risk pregnancies in hospitals that either have their own units or who use such centers regularly. Antenatal transfer of high-risk mothers is necessary but creates potential problems relating to separation from spouse and family. These can be minimized through closer working relationships between family physicians and perinatologists. The family physician has a responsibility to help the perinatal center increase its sensitivity to the needs of families that wish to be more involved in maternal care--even in a high-risk situation. Separation of the sick neonate from mother and family raises a set of similar but more severe problems that can also be modified by active involvement of the family physician with the perinatal team. Awareness of the interactional issues consequent to separation and attachment failures will help the family physician to anticipate and modify these unfortunate consequences of both the high-risk pregnancy itself and the neonate separated from the mother/family.", "contents": "Can perinatal regionalization be reconciled with family-centered maternal care? Perinatal regionalization is necessary because of the enhanced quality of the outcome of high-risk pregnancies in hospitals that either have their own units or who use such centers regularly. Antenatal transfer of high-risk mothers is necessary but creates potential problems relating to separation from spouse and family. These can be minimized through closer working relationships between family physicians and perinatologists. The family physician has a responsibility to help the perinatal center increase its sensitivity to the needs of families that wish to be more involved in maternal care--even in a high-risk situation. Separation of the sick neonate from mother and family raises a set of similar but more severe problems that can also be modified by active involvement of the family physician with the perinatal team. Awareness of the interactional issues consequent to separation and attachment failures will help the family physician to anticipate and modify these unfortunate consequences of both the high-risk pregnancy itself and the neonate separated from the mother/family.", "PMID": 591888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3870", "title": "The development of a \"statement of policy regarding consultations\".", "content": "The use of consultations in family medicine has often been misunderstood by both the persons seeking the consultations and the persons acting as consultants. A policy regarding the use of consultants has been written by the Department of Family Medicine and Practice at the Center for Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin. The statement includes a definition of \"consultation,\" the reasons and goals for consultation, and the manner in which consultations are obtained. The policy includes the family practice residents, faculty, and patients in the decision-making process prior to all consultations.", "contents": "The development of a \"statement of policy regarding consultations\". The use of consultations in family medicine has often been misunderstood by both the persons seeking the consultations and the persons acting as consultants. A policy regarding the use of consultants has been written by the Department of Family Medicine and Practice at the Center for Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin. The statement includes a definition of \"consultation,\" the reasons and goals for consultation, and the manner in which consultations are obtained. The policy includes the family practice residents, faculty, and patients in the decision-making process prior to all consultations.", "PMID": 591889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3871", "title": "An in-training assessment examination in family medicine: report of a pilot project.", "content": "A family medicine in-training assessment examination was developed and piloted in 20 programs across the country. Core Content Review questions were used for the examination. Reporting of scores used both the traditional, normative-referenced approach, and a criterion-referenced approach. The latter permitted family medicine faculty to set passing standards for the examination. The pilot project was well received and the examination will be offered to all family medicine residency programs this year.", "contents": "An in-training assessment examination in family medicine: report of a pilot project. A family medicine in-training assessment examination was developed and piloted in 20 programs across the country. Core Content Review questions were used for the examination. Reporting of scores used both the traditional, normative-referenced approach, and a criterion-referenced approach. The latter permitted family medicine faculty to set passing standards for the examination. The pilot project was well received and the examination will be offered to all family medicine residency programs this year.", "PMID": 591890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3872", "title": "Family utilization of a medical center.", "content": "This study shows that \"high utilization families\" do exist and demonstrates a method, based on the calculation of expected contact rates for individuals and families, for identifying them. The high utilization families are not composed of chance combinations of high utilization individuals. This trend becomes apparent in two member families and is statistically significant for families of three or more. High utilization families were shown to have greater numbers of social problems, economic problems, and health maintenance problems when compared to a control group.", "contents": "Family utilization of a medical center. This study shows that \"high utilization families\" do exist and demonstrates a method, based on the calculation of expected contact rates for individuals and families, for identifying them. The high utilization families are not composed of chance combinations of high utilization individuals. This trend becomes apparent in two member families and is statistically significant for families of three or more. High utilization families were shown to have greater numbers of social problems, economic problems, and health maintenance problems when compared to a control group.", "PMID": 591891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3873", "title": "The Age/Sex Register: estimation of the practice population.", "content": "Determination of the number of patients served by a family practice is important for health services delivery and research. A sound estimate of the practice population should enhance the patient management responsibilities of the family physician. This methodology uses the Age/Sex Register to provide a series of estimations of a \"teaching\" unit population. Results of a sample survey indicate that 21.3% of \"inactive patients\" (those who have not received services from the practice in two years) still consider themselves under the care of the practice. Replication of this approach is suggested for other practices to improve planning and resource allocation.", "contents": "The Age/Sex Register: estimation of the practice population. Determination of the number of patients served by a family practice is important for health services delivery and research. A sound estimate of the practice population should enhance the patient management responsibilities of the family physician. This methodology uses the Age/Sex Register to provide a series of estimations of a \"teaching\" unit population. Results of a sample survey indicate that 21.3% of \"inactive patients\" (those who have not received services from the practice in two years) still consider themselves under the care of the practice. Replication of this approach is suggested for other practices to improve planning and resource allocation.", "PMID": 591892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3874", "title": "Orientation and behavior of epithelial cell muscle processes during Hydra budding.", "content": "The reorientation of the muscle processes of the ectodermal epithelial cells in Hydra attenuata has been examined during bud morphogenesis and in grafts inserted at right angles to their original orientation. The muscle processes were observed in histological preparations after staining with Mallory's Triple Stain and, in freshly fixed hydra, with polarization microscopy. Since the bud forms as an outpocketing from the parent, the ectodermal muscle processes, which run longitudinally, must reorient at some stage in order to be in the proper orientation on the bud. During the early stages of bud development, the reorientation of the ectodermal muscle processes is a passive result of the deformation of the parental tissue. Later, active reorientation occurs. The means by which muscle processes are able to reorient was studied further in rectangular grafts placed at right angles to their original orientation. In these grafts, muscle processes become aligned with those of the host in two ways: (1) in groups through the rotation of the whole graft or (2) individually, probably by retracting and then reextending in the new direction.", "contents": "Orientation and behavior of epithelial cell muscle processes during Hydra budding. The reorientation of the muscle processes of the ectodermal epithelial cells in Hydra attenuata has been examined during bud morphogenesis and in grafts inserted at right angles to their original orientation. The muscle processes were observed in histological preparations after staining with Mallory's Triple Stain and, in freshly fixed hydra, with polarization microscopy. Since the bud forms as an outpocketing from the parent, the ectodermal muscle processes, which run longitudinally, must reorient at some stage in order to be in the proper orientation on the bud. During the early stages of bud development, the reorientation of the ectodermal muscle processes is a passive result of the deformation of the parental tissue. Later, active reorientation occurs. The means by which muscle processes are able to reorient was studied further in rectangular grafts placed at right angles to their original orientation. In these grafts, muscle processes become aligned with those of the host in two ways: (1) in groups through the rotation of the whole graft or (2) individually, probably by retracting and then reextending in the new direction.", "PMID": 591893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3875", "title": "An allelic variant of the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-X) isozyme in humans.", "content": "An unusual pattern of LDH isozymes was observed by gel electrophoresis of an extract of a human testis. This isozyme composition is consistent with an allelic variant of Ldh-c.", "contents": "An allelic variant of the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-X) isozyme in humans. An unusual pattern of LDH isozymes was observed by gel electrophoresis of an extract of a human testis. This isozyme composition is consistent with an allelic variant of Ldh-c.", "PMID": 591895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3876", "title": "Motility patterns in mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation.", "content": "The motility patterns of mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation are described. The latter is very characteristic, with spermatozoa describing a figure-8 pattern while remaining relatively stationary within a 3-dimensional space.", "contents": "Motility patterns in mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation. The motility patterns of mouse spermatozoa before and after capacitation are described. The latter is very characteristic, with spermatozoa describing a figure-8 pattern while remaining relatively stationary within a 3-dimensional space.", "PMID": 591896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3877", "title": "Inactivation of the sodium channel. I. Sodium current experiments.", "content": "Inactivation of sodium conductance has been studied in squid axons with voltage clamp techniques and with the enzyme pronase which selectively destroys inactivation. Comparison of the sodium current before and after pronase treatment shows a lag of several hundred microseconds in the onset of inactivation after depolarization. This lag can of several hundred microseconds in the onset of inactivation after polarization. This lag can also be demonstrated with double-pulse experiments. When the membrane potential is hyperpolarized to -140 mV before depolarization, both activation and inactivation are delayed. These findings suggest that inactivation occurs only after activation are delayed. These findings suggest that inactivation occurs only after activation; i.e. that the channels must open before they can inactivate. The time constant of inactivation measured with two pulses (tau(c)) is the same as the one measured from the decay of the sodium current during a single pulse (tau(h)). For large depolarizations, steady-state inactivation becomes more incomplete as voltage increases; but it is relatively complete and appears independent of voltage when determined with a two- pulse method. This result confirms the existence of a second open state for Na channels, as proposed by Chandler and Meves (1970. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 211:653-678). The time constant of recovery from inactivation is voltage dependent and decreases as the membrane potential is made more negative. A model for Na channels is presented which has voltage-dependent transitions between the closed and open states, and a voltage-independent transition between the open and the inactivated state. In this model the voltage dependence of inactivation is a consequence of coupling to the activation process.", "contents": "Inactivation of the sodium channel. I. Sodium current experiments. Inactivation of sodium conductance has been studied in squid axons with voltage clamp techniques and with the enzyme pronase which selectively destroys inactivation. Comparison of the sodium current before and after pronase treatment shows a lag of several hundred microseconds in the onset of inactivation after depolarization. This lag can of several hundred microseconds in the onset of inactivation after polarization. This lag can also be demonstrated with double-pulse experiments. When the membrane potential is hyperpolarized to -140 mV before depolarization, both activation and inactivation are delayed. These findings suggest that inactivation occurs only after activation are delayed. These findings suggest that inactivation occurs only after activation; i.e. that the channels must open before they can inactivate. The time constant of inactivation measured with two pulses (tau(c)) is the same as the one measured from the decay of the sodium current during a single pulse (tau(h)). For large depolarizations, steady-state inactivation becomes more incomplete as voltage increases; but it is relatively complete and appears independent of voltage when determined with a two- pulse method. This result confirms the existence of a second open state for Na channels, as proposed by Chandler and Meves (1970. J. Physiol. [Lond.]. 211:653-678). The time constant of recovery from inactivation is voltage dependent and decreases as the membrane potential is made more negative. A model for Na channels is presented which has voltage-dependent transitions between the closed and open states, and a voltage-independent transition between the open and the inactivated state. In this model the voltage dependence of inactivation is a consequence of coupling to the activation process.", "PMID": 591911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3878", "title": "Inactivation of the sodium channel. II. Gating current experiments.", "content": "Gating current (Ig) has been studied in relation to inactivation of Na channels. No component of Ig has the time course of inactivation; apparently little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement during a pulse and comparing it to OFF charge after the pulse. The OFF:ON ratio is near 1 for a pulse so short that no inactivation occurs, and the ratio drops to about one-third with a time course that parallels inactivation. Other correlations between inactivation and immobilization are that: (a) they have the same voltage dependence; (b) charge movement recovers with the time coures of recovery from inactivation. We interpret this to mean that the immobilized charge returns slowly to \"off\" position with the time course of recovery from inactivation, and that the small current generated is lost in base-line noise. At -150 mV recover is very rapid, and the immobilized charge forms a distinct slow component of current as it returns to off position. After destruction of inactivation by pronase, there is no immobilization of charge. A model is presented in which inactivation gains its voltage dependence by coupling to the activation gate.", "contents": "Inactivation of the sodium channel. II. Gating current experiments. Gating current (Ig) has been studied in relation to inactivation of Na channels. No component of Ig has the time course of inactivation; apparently little or no charge movement is associated with this step. Inactivation nonetheless affects Ig by immobilizing about two-thirds of gating charge. Immobilization can be followed by measuring ON charge movement during a pulse and comparing it to OFF charge after the pulse. The OFF:ON ratio is near 1 for a pulse so short that no inactivation occurs, and the ratio drops to about one-third with a time course that parallels inactivation. Other correlations between inactivation and immobilization are that: (a) they have the same voltage dependence; (b) charge movement recovers with the time coures of recovery from inactivation. We interpret this to mean that the immobilized charge returns slowly to \"off\" position with the time course of recovery from inactivation, and that the small current generated is lost in base-line noise. At -150 mV recover is very rapid, and the immobilized charge forms a distinct slow component of current as it returns to off position. After destruction of inactivation by pronase, there is no immobilization of charge. A model is presented in which inactivation gains its voltage dependence by coupling to the activation gate.", "PMID": 591912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3879", "title": "A quantitative comparison of the effects of intracellular calcium injection and light adaptation on the photoresponse of Limulus ventral photoreceptors.", "content": "Calcium ions were iontophoretically injected into ventral photoreceptors of Limulus by passing current between two intracellular pipettes. Changes in sensitivity and photoresponse time course were measured for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection. We found for some photoreceptors that there was no significant difference in the photoresponse time course for desensitization produced by light adaptation or by Ca++ injection. In other photoreceptors, the time delay of photoresponse for Ca++ injection was slightly longer than for light adaptation. The variability of threshold response amplitude and time delay decreases when the photoreceptor is desensitized by either light adaptation or Ca++ injection. The peak amplitude versus log stimulus intensity relationships for controls, light adaptation, and Ca++ injection all could be described very closely by a single template curve shifted along the log intensity axis. A 40- to 50-fold change in sensitivity is associated with a 2-fold change in photoresponse time delay for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison of the effects of intracellular calcium injection and light adaptation on the photoresponse of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Calcium ions were iontophoretically injected into ventral photoreceptors of Limulus by passing current between two intracellular pipettes. Changes in sensitivity and photoresponse time course were measured for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection. We found for some photoreceptors that there was no significant difference in the photoresponse time course for desensitization produced by light adaptation or by Ca++ injection. In other photoreceptors, the time delay of photoresponse for Ca++ injection was slightly longer than for light adaptation. The variability of threshold response amplitude and time delay decreases when the photoreceptor is desensitized by either light adaptation or Ca++ injection. The peak amplitude versus log stimulus intensity relationships for controls, light adaptation, and Ca++ injection all could be described very closely by a single template curve shifted along the log intensity axis. A 40- to 50-fold change in sensitivity is associated with a 2-fold change in photoresponse time delay for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection.", "PMID": 591913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3880", "title": "Increased intracellular sodium mimics some but not all aspects of photoreceptor adaptation in the ventral eye of Limulus.", "content": "The effects of the intracellular iontophoretic injection of Na+ ions have been quantitatively compared with adaptation in ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. We find that: (a) both light adaptation and sodium injection are associated with a decrease in the variability of the threshold response amplitued; (b) both light adaptation and sodium injection are associated with a decrease in the absolute value of the temporal dispersion of the threshold response time delay; (c) the same template curve adequately fits the intensity response relationships measured under light adaptation and Na+ injection; (d) both light adaptation and Na+ injection produce a fourfold decrease in response time delay for a desensitization of 3 log units; (e) the time coures of light adaptation and dark adaptation is significantly faster than the onset of and recovery from desensitization produced by Na+ injection; (f) unlike local illumination, Na+ injection does not produce localized desensitization of the photoreceptor. These findings suggest that a rise in intracellular Na+ concentration makes at most only a minor contribution (probably less than 5%) to the total adaptation of these receptors in the intensity range we have examined (up to 3 log units above absolute threshold). However, changes in intracellular Na+ concentration may contribute to certain components of light and dark adaptation in these receptors.", "contents": "Increased intracellular sodium mimics some but not all aspects of photoreceptor adaptation in the ventral eye of Limulus. The effects of the intracellular iontophoretic injection of Na+ ions have been quantitatively compared with adaptation in ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. We find that: (a) both light adaptation and sodium injection are associated with a decrease in the variability of the threshold response amplitued; (b) both light adaptation and sodium injection are associated with a decrease in the absolute value of the temporal dispersion of the threshold response time delay; (c) the same template curve adequately fits the intensity response relationships measured under light adaptation and Na+ injection; (d) both light adaptation and Na+ injection produce a fourfold decrease in response time delay for a desensitization of 3 log units; (e) the time coures of light adaptation and dark adaptation is significantly faster than the onset of and recovery from desensitization produced by Na+ injection; (f) unlike local illumination, Na+ injection does not produce localized desensitization of the photoreceptor. These findings suggest that a rise in intracellular Na+ concentration makes at most only a minor contribution (probably less than 5%) to the total adaptation of these receptors in the intensity range we have examined (up to 3 log units above absolute threshold). However, changes in intracellular Na+ concentration may contribute to certain components of light and dark adaptation in these receptors.", "PMID": 591914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3881", "title": "Electrophysiological measurement of the number of rhodopsin molecules in single Limulus photoreceptors.", "content": "Two partly independent electrophysiological methods are described for measuring the number of rhodopsin molecules (R) in single ventral photoreceptors. Method 1 is based on measurements of the relative intensity required to elicit a quantal response and the relative intensity required to half-saturate the early receptor potential (ERP). Method 2 is based on measurements of the absolute intensity required to elicit a quantal response. Both methods give values of R approximately equal to 10(9). From these and other measurements, estimates are derived for the surface density of rhodopsin (8,000/micrometer2), the charge movement during the ERP per isomerized rhodopsin (20 X 10(-21) C), and the half-time for thermal isomerization of rhodopsin (36yr).", "contents": "Electrophysiological measurement of the number of rhodopsin molecules in single Limulus photoreceptors. Two partly independent electrophysiological methods are described for measuring the number of rhodopsin molecules (R) in single ventral photoreceptors. Method 1 is based on measurements of the relative intensity required to elicit a quantal response and the relative intensity required to half-saturate the early receptor potential (ERP). Method 2 is based on measurements of the absolute intensity required to elicit a quantal response. Both methods give values of R approximately equal to 10(9). From these and other measurements, estimates are derived for the surface density of rhodopsin (8,000/micrometer2), the charge movement during the ERP per isomerized rhodopsin (20 X 10(-21) C), and the half-time for thermal isomerization of rhodopsin (36yr).", "PMID": 591915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3882", "title": "Accelerating effect of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol on the glycolytic rate of human red cells.", "content": "A number of instantaneous changes occurred when picrate was added to a suspension of human red cells in steady state with respect to glycolysis and ion distribution across the membrane at pH 7.40. The rate of glycolysis increased, without change in glycolytic quotient, to a new steady-state value, the effect reaching a maximum of 1.75 times the rate of the control at 0.5 mM picrate. Inorganic phosphate (P(i)) was released at a relatively constant rate, increasing with picrate concentration to 1.0 mmol P(i)/liter cells x h at 5-6 mM picrate. The steady- state concentrations of ATP and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-DPG) decreased to new stable values within 15-45 min after the addition of picrate. The ATP level was affected only at picrate concentrations of 1 mM or more, and the level of ATP stabilized at 75 percent of the control values at 4 mM of picrate. In contrast, 1,3-DPG concentrations decreased to 40 percent of the control value of 0.5 mM picrate. Higher concentrations of picrate resulted in only a small additional decrease in the stationary concentration of 1,3-DGP. A net efflux of cellular potassium at constant rate took place. This net efflux was an almost linear function of picrate concentration in the range of 0.1-3 mM. At the latter concentration the net efflux amounted to about 2.7 meq/liter cells x h and a further increase in picrate concentration caused only a minor increase in the potassium efflux. Possible mechanisms for the effects of picrate on human red cell glycolysis are discussed.", "contents": "Accelerating effect of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol on the glycolytic rate of human red cells. A number of instantaneous changes occurred when picrate was added to a suspension of human red cells in steady state with respect to glycolysis and ion distribution across the membrane at pH 7.40. The rate of glycolysis increased, without change in glycolytic quotient, to a new steady-state value, the effect reaching a maximum of 1.75 times the rate of the control at 0.5 mM picrate. Inorganic phosphate (P(i)) was released at a relatively constant rate, increasing with picrate concentration to 1.0 mmol P(i)/liter cells x h at 5-6 mM picrate. The steady- state concentrations of ATP and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-DPG) decreased to new stable values within 15-45 min after the addition of picrate. The ATP level was affected only at picrate concentrations of 1 mM or more, and the level of ATP stabilized at 75 percent of the control values at 4 mM of picrate. In contrast, 1,3-DPG concentrations decreased to 40 percent of the control value of 0.5 mM picrate. Higher concentrations of picrate resulted in only a small additional decrease in the stationary concentration of 1,3-DGP. A net efflux of cellular potassium at constant rate took place. This net efflux was an almost linear function of picrate concentration in the range of 0.1-3 mM. At the latter concentration the net efflux amounted to about 2.7 meq/liter cells x h and a further increase in picrate concentration caused only a minor increase in the potassium efflux. Possible mechanisms for the effects of picrate on human red cell glycolysis are discussed.", "PMID": 591916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3883", "title": "A mechanism for Na/Ca transport.", "content": "A model is developed which requires the binding of 4 Na+ to a carrier before a Ca binding site is induced on the opposite side of the membrane. Upon binding Ca, this carrier translocates Na and Ca. The existence of partially Na-loaded but nonmobile forms for the carrier (NaX, Na2X, Na3X) suffices to explain both the activating and the inhibitory effects of Na on the Ca transport reaction. Analytical expressions for Ca efflux and influx in terms of [Na]o, [Na]i, [Ca]o, [Ca]i, and Em are developed for the Na/Ca exchange system at equilibrium; these provide for a quantitative description of Ca fluxes. Under nonequilibrium conditions, appropriate modifications of the flux equations can be developed. These show a dependence of Ca efflux on [Ca]o and of Ca influx on [Ca]i. The large effect of internal ATP on Ca efflux and influx in squid axons, with no change in net Ca flux, can be understood on the single assumption that ATP changes the affinity of the carrier for Na at both faces of the membrane without providing an energy input to the transport reaction.", "contents": "A mechanism for Na/Ca transport. A model is developed which requires the binding of 4 Na+ to a carrier before a Ca binding site is induced on the opposite side of the membrane. Upon binding Ca, this carrier translocates Na and Ca. The existence of partially Na-loaded but nonmobile forms for the carrier (NaX, Na2X, Na3X) suffices to explain both the activating and the inhibitory effects of Na on the Ca transport reaction. Analytical expressions for Ca efflux and influx in terms of [Na]o, [Na]i, [Ca]o, [Ca]i, and Em are developed for the Na/Ca exchange system at equilibrium; these provide for a quantitative description of Ca fluxes. Under nonequilibrium conditions, appropriate modifications of the flux equations can be developed. These show a dependence of Ca efflux on [Ca]o and of Ca influx on [Ca]i. The large effect of internal ATP on Ca efflux and influx in squid axons, with no change in net Ca flux, can be understood on the single assumption that ATP changes the affinity of the carrier for Na at both faces of the membrane without providing an energy input to the transport reaction.", "PMID": 591918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3884", "title": "Mechanical control of the rising phase of contraction of frog skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "The effect of shortening on contractile activity was studied in experiments in which shortening during the rising phase of an isotonic contraction was suddenly stopped. At the same muscle length and the same time after stimulation the rise in tension was much faster, if preceded by shortening, than during an isometric contraction, demonstrating an increase in contractile activity. In this experiment the rate of tension rise determined in various phases of contraction was proportional to the rate of isotonic shortening at the same time after stimulation. Therefore, the time course of the isotonic rising phase could be derived from the tension rise after shortening. The rate of isotonic shortening was found to be unrelated to the tension generated at various lengths and to correspond closely to the activation process induced by shortening. The length response explains differences between isotonic and isometric contractions with regard to energy release (Fenn effect) and time relations. These results extend previous work which showed that shortening during later phases of a twitch prolongs, while lengthening abbreviates contraction. Thus the length responses, which have been called shortening activation and lengthening deactivation, control activity throughout an isotonic twitch.", "contents": "Mechanical control of the rising phase of contraction of frog skeletal and cardiac muscle. The effect of shortening on contractile activity was studied in experiments in which shortening during the rising phase of an isotonic contraction was suddenly stopped. At the same muscle length and the same time after stimulation the rise in tension was much faster, if preceded by shortening, than during an isometric contraction, demonstrating an increase in contractile activity. In this experiment the rate of tension rise determined in various phases of contraction was proportional to the rate of isotonic shortening at the same time after stimulation. Therefore, the time course of the isotonic rising phase could be derived from the tension rise after shortening. The rate of isotonic shortening was found to be unrelated to the tension generated at various lengths and to correspond closely to the activation process induced by shortening. The length response explains differences between isotonic and isometric contractions with regard to energy release (Fenn effect) and time relations. These results extend previous work which showed that shortening during later phases of a twitch prolongs, while lengthening abbreviates contraction. Thus the length responses, which have been called shortening activation and lengthening deactivation, control activity throughout an isotonic twitch.", "PMID": 591919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3885", "title": "Sodium ions as blocking agents and charge carriers in the potassium channel of the squid giant axon.", "content": "Instantaneous K channel current-voltage (I-V) relations were determined by using internally perfused squid axons. When K was the only internal cation, the I-V relation was linear for outward currents at membrane potentials up to +240 mV inside. With 25-200 mM Na plus 300 mM K in the internal solution, an N-shaped I-V curve was seen. Voltage-dependent blocking of the K channels by Na produces a region of negative slope in the I-V plot (F. Bezanilla and C. M. Armstrong. 1972. J. Gen Physiol, 60: 588). At higher voltages (greater than or equal to 160 mV) we observed a second region of increasing current and a decrease in the fraction of the K conductance blocked by Na. Internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked currents over the whole voltage range. In a second series of experiments with K-free, Na-containing internal solutions, the I-V curve turned sharply upward about +160 mV. The current at high voltages increased with increasing internal Na concentration was largely blocked by internal TEA. These data suggest that the K channel becomes substantially more permeable to Na at high voltages. This change is apparently responsible for the relief, at high transmembrane voltages, of the blocking effect seen in axons perfused with Na plus K mixtures. Each time a Na ion passed through, vacating the blocking site, the channel would transiently allow K ions to pass through freely.", "contents": "Sodium ions as blocking agents and charge carriers in the potassium channel of the squid giant axon. Instantaneous K channel current-voltage (I-V) relations were determined by using internally perfused squid axons. When K was the only internal cation, the I-V relation was linear for outward currents at membrane potentials up to +240 mV inside. With 25-200 mM Na plus 300 mM K in the internal solution, an N-shaped I-V curve was seen. Voltage-dependent blocking of the K channels by Na produces a region of negative slope in the I-V plot (F. Bezanilla and C. M. Armstrong. 1972. J. Gen Physiol, 60: 588). At higher voltages (greater than or equal to 160 mV) we observed a second region of increasing current and a decrease in the fraction of the K conductance blocked by Na. Internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked currents over the whole voltage range. In a second series of experiments with K-free, Na-containing internal solutions, the I-V curve turned sharply upward about +160 mV. The current at high voltages increased with increasing internal Na concentration was largely blocked by internal TEA. These data suggest that the K channel becomes substantially more permeable to Na at high voltages. This change is apparently responsible for the relief, at high transmembrane voltages, of the blocking effect seen in axons perfused with Na plus K mixtures. Each time a Na ion passed through, vacating the blocking site, the channel would transiently allow K ions to pass through freely.", "PMID": 591920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3886", "title": "Two levels of resting potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "In an appropriate ionic environment, the resting potential of canine cardiac purkinje fibers may have either of two value. By changing the external K concentration, [K](0), in small steps, it was shown that, in the low (1 mM) Cl, Na-containing solutions used in this study, the two levels of resting potential could be obtained only within a narrow range of [K](0) values; that range was usually found between 1 and 4 mM. Within the critical [K](0) range the resting potential could be shifted from either level to the other by the application of small current pulses. It was shown that under these conditions the steady-state current- voltage relationship was \"N-shaped,\" and that a region of both negative slope, and negative chord conductance lay between the two stable zero-current potentials. The negative chord conductance was largely due to inward sodium current, only part of which was sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). Under appropriate conditions, the negative chord conductance could be abolished by several experimental interventions and the membrane potential thereby shifted from the lower to the higher resting level: those interventions which were effective by presumably diminishing the steady-state inward current included reducing the external sodium concentration, adding TTX, or adding lidocaine; those which presumably increased the steady-state outward current included small increases in [K](0), brief depolarizations to around -20 mV, or the addition of acetylcholine chloride.", "contents": "Two levels of resting potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers. In an appropriate ionic environment, the resting potential of canine cardiac purkinje fibers may have either of two value. By changing the external K concentration, [K](0), in small steps, it was shown that, in the low (1 mM) Cl, Na-containing solutions used in this study, the two levels of resting potential could be obtained only within a narrow range of [K](0) values; that range was usually found between 1 and 4 mM. Within the critical [K](0) range the resting potential could be shifted from either level to the other by the application of small current pulses. It was shown that under these conditions the steady-state current- voltage relationship was \"N-shaped,\" and that a region of both negative slope, and negative chord conductance lay between the two stable zero-current potentials. The negative chord conductance was largely due to inward sodium current, only part of which was sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). Under appropriate conditions, the negative chord conductance could be abolished by several experimental interventions and the membrane potential thereby shifted from the lower to the higher resting level: those interventions which were effective by presumably diminishing the steady-state inward current included reducing the external sodium concentration, adding TTX, or adding lidocaine; those which presumably increased the steady-state outward current included small increases in [K](0), brief depolarizations to around -20 mV, or the addition of acetylcholine chloride.", "PMID": 591921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3887", "title": "The growth and respiration of bacterial colonies.", "content": "Young colonies of two swarming organisms, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris, grew about as quickly on solid media as in liquid culture whilst four non-swarming organisms, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus, all grew slower on solid than in liquid media. Oxygen uptake by young colonies of B. subtilis, followed manometrically, increased exponentially at about the same rate as unrestricted aerobic growth. All other colonies demonstrated accelerating respiration which was either not strictly exponential or, in the case of S. albus, definitely biphasic, with a fast then a slow exponential rate of increase. Actual and potential respiration was determined for each species by measuring oxygen uptake before and after resuspending the colony in liquid medium. The ratio of actual to potential respiration was largest in the flat, spreading B. subtilis and smallest in the small, hemispherical S. albus. Calculations suggest that oxygen penetrates between 31 and 41 micron into colonies of B. cereus, Ent. cloacae and E. coli and only 9 micron into colonies of S. albus.", "contents": "The growth and respiration of bacterial colonies. Young colonies of two swarming organisms, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris, grew about as quickly on solid media as in liquid culture whilst four non-swarming organisms, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus, all grew slower on solid than in liquid media. Oxygen uptake by young colonies of B. subtilis, followed manometrically, increased exponentially at about the same rate as unrestricted aerobic growth. All other colonies demonstrated accelerating respiration which was either not strictly exponential or, in the case of S. albus, definitely biphasic, with a fast then a slow exponential rate of increase. Actual and potential respiration was determined for each species by measuring oxygen uptake before and after resuspending the colony in liquid medium. The ratio of actual to potential respiration was largest in the flat, spreading B. subtilis and smallest in the small, hemispherical S. albus. Calculations suggest that oxygen penetrates between 31 and 41 micron into colonies of B. cereus, Ent. cloacae and E. coli and only 9 micron into colonies of S. albus.", "PMID": 591923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3888", "title": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). IV. Attitude of persons seeking counselling and reliability of the counsel (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, from their personal experience arising from 766 consultations, show that the percentages of marriages or procreations in subjects themselves suffering from a disorder, or with affected relatives, are independent of the risk estimated for their offspring. The procreation rate in couples with affected children is lower in high risk cases and depends also on the family composition. It appears that this procreation is voluntary in the great majority of cases because there were very few terminations of pregnancy among the couples seen before procreation. The estimated risks correspond to the risks observed but the authors insist that there is a relatively high proportion (4.4 per cent) of children born with a disorder different from that which motivated the consultation.", "contents": "[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). IV. Attitude of persons seeking counselling and reliability of the counsel (author's transl)]. The authors, from their personal experience arising from 766 consultations, show that the percentages of marriages or procreations in subjects themselves suffering from a disorder, or with affected relatives, are independent of the risk estimated for their offspring. The procreation rate in couples with affected children is lower in high risk cases and depends also on the family composition. It appears that this procreation is voluntary in the great majority of cases because there were very few terminations of pregnancy among the couples seen before procreation. The estimated risks correspond to the risks observed but the authors insist that there is a relatively high proportion (4.4 per cent) of children born with a disorder different from that which motivated the consultation.", "PMID": 591924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3889", "title": "[Bloom's syndrome. Discussion of the diagnosis concerning two cases of terminal leukemia in a sibship (author's transl)].", "content": "Two brothers developed acute leukemia, one at the age of 7 months and the other at the age of 14 months. Both suffered from a staturoponderal retardation and the same malformation syndrome. The karyotype carried out only on the second child revealed breaks and chromatid changes. A diagnosis of Fanconi's anaemia can be discarbed since no blood cytopenia preceded the leukemia. Finally, the diagnosis of Bloom's syndrome prevailed despite the absence of telangiectatic erythema and the atypical chromosomal anomalies.", "contents": "[Bloom's syndrome. Discussion of the diagnosis concerning two cases of terminal leukemia in a sibship (author's transl)]. Two brothers developed acute leukemia, one at the age of 7 months and the other at the age of 14 months. Both suffered from a staturoponderal retardation and the same malformation syndrome. The karyotype carried out only on the second child revealed breaks and chromatid changes. A diagnosis of Fanconi's anaemia can be discarbed since no blood cytopenia preceded the leukemia. Finally, the diagnosis of Bloom's syndrome prevailed despite the absence of telangiectatic erythema and the atypical chromosomal anomalies.", "PMID": 591925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3890", "title": "[Cerebral gigantism: report on two familial cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of cerebral gigantism occurring in related boys (cousins of 3rd degree) are discussed. It is difficult to argue from these cases in favour of a precise type of hereditary transmission. The hypothesis of a dominant trait with weak penetrance cannot be excluded. A genetic heterogeneity of the Sotos syndrome is very likely.", "contents": "[Cerebral gigantism: report on two familial cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of cerebral gigantism occurring in related boys (cousins of 3rd degree) are discussed. It is difficult to argue from these cases in favour of a precise type of hereditary transmission. The hypothesis of a dominant trait with weak penetrance cannot be excluded. A genetic heterogeneity of the Sotos syndrome is very likely.", "PMID": 591926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3891", "title": "Trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No. 10.", "content": "To the authors knowledge there is a single previous report of confirmed trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No 10 (Hustinx et al., 1974). In this paper we present a further case of trisomy 10p, resulting from 3 : 1 segregation of maternal balanced translocation, t(3;10)(q;11), in a female infant aged 7 months and showing numerous somatic anomalies.", "contents": "Trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No. 10. To the authors knowledge there is a single previous report of confirmed trisomy for the short arm of chromosome No 10 (Hustinx et al., 1974). In this paper we present a further case of trisomy 10p, resulting from 3 : 1 segregation of maternal balanced translocation, t(3;10)(q;11), in a female infant aged 7 months and showing numerous somatic anomalies.", "PMID": 591928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3892", "title": "Visual perspective role-taking and field-independence among Anglo American and Mexican American children of two ages.", "content": "Ability to take the perspective of another was studied among 97 5 to 6- and 7 to 9-year-old Anglo American and Mexican American boys and girls. These children were administered seven perceptual role-taking tasks and the Children's Embedded Figures Test of field-independence. Results indicated no significant cultural differences. Results were contrary to previous findings in three aspects: (a) children were able to take the role of another younger than originally theorized by Piaget; (b) role-taking and field-independence were not significantly related when age is controlled; and (c) low and inconsistent correlations among the visual perspective role-taking tasks indicate that visual perspective role-taking is not an established unidimensional construct.", "contents": "Visual perspective role-taking and field-independence among Anglo American and Mexican American children of two ages. Ability to take the perspective of another was studied among 97 5 to 6- and 7 to 9-year-old Anglo American and Mexican American boys and girls. These children were administered seven perceptual role-taking tasks and the Children's Embedded Figures Test of field-independence. Results indicated no significant cultural differences. Results were contrary to previous findings in three aspects: (a) children were able to take the role of another younger than originally theorized by Piaget; (b) role-taking and field-independence were not significantly related when age is controlled; and (c) low and inconsistent correlations among the visual perspective role-taking tasks indicate that visual perspective role-taking is not an established unidimensional construct.", "PMID": 591929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3893", "title": "Attitudes towards school among early and late maturing adolescent girls.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that early developing adolescent girls have a less favorable attitude towards school than late developers. The Ss were 104 grammar school girls of mean age 14 years 1 month. All Ss were given Fitt's test of attitude towards school. Twenty-two pairs of early and late developers, matched for chronological age, IQ, and social class, were compared with regard to their mean attitude score and their responses to individual items of the attitude scale. The early developers were found to have a significantly less favorable mean attitude score. There was also a tendency for more early developers to endorse unfavorable items and for more late developers to endorse favorable items.", "contents": "Attitudes towards school among early and late maturing adolescent girls. The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that early developing adolescent girls have a less favorable attitude towards school than late developers. The Ss were 104 grammar school girls of mean age 14 years 1 month. All Ss were given Fitt's test of attitude towards school. Twenty-two pairs of early and late developers, matched for chronological age, IQ, and social class, were compared with regard to their mean attitude score and their responses to individual items of the attitude scale. The early developers were found to have a significantly less favorable mean attitude score. There was also a tendency for more early developers to endorse unfavorable items and for more late developers to endorse favorable items.", "PMID": 591930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3894", "title": "Depressive mood and adolescent illicit drug use: a longitudinal analysis.", "content": "Through the technique of Goodman's log linear method, longitudinal data are analyzed to clarify the relationship between depressive mood and illicit drug use among youths. A representative sample of adolescents (N = 8206) from New York State secondary schools was followed over one academic year. At one point in time, users of illicit drugs other than marihuana (multiple drug users) were significantly more depressed than either nonusers or users of marihuana only. Differing interactive relationships were found over time depending upon the drugs involved. Depressive mood was related to the onset of marihuana use among nonusers and to the termination of marihuana use among users. Depressive mood also predicted the use of other illicit drugs by marihuana users. While the beginning use of illicit drugs other than marihuana was positively associated with increased depressive mood, continued multiple drug use was related to reduced depressive mood.", "contents": "Depressive mood and adolescent illicit drug use: a longitudinal analysis. Through the technique of Goodman's log linear method, longitudinal data are analyzed to clarify the relationship between depressive mood and illicit drug use among youths. A representative sample of adolescents (N = 8206) from New York State secondary schools was followed over one academic year. At one point in time, users of illicit drugs other than marihuana (multiple drug users) were significantly more depressed than either nonusers or users of marihuana only. Differing interactive relationships were found over time depending upon the drugs involved. Depressive mood was related to the onset of marihuana use among nonusers and to the termination of marihuana use among users. Depressive mood also predicted the use of other illicit drugs by marihuana users. While the beginning use of illicit drugs other than marihuana was positively associated with increased depressive mood, continued multiple drug use was related to reduced depressive mood.", "PMID": 591931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3895", "title": "Marijuana and memory intrusions.", "content": "Sixteen college-educated male subjects were tested on free-recall lists during intoxication with marijuana extract calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and during placebo conditions. On each testing day subjects studied six lists using a regular overt rehearsal procedure and six lists using an association-overt rehearsal procedure in which they were to rehearse alound both list items and associations to those items. Both marijuana and the association-rehearsal procedure reduced the number of correct recalls and increased the number of intrusions (nonlist items which were incorrectly recalled as having been on the list to be learned). The intrusions were divided into three categories: a) words found on prior lists; b) associates spoken during the rehearsal; or c) totally new works not previously mentioned. Marijuana significantly increased the number of new intrusions; the association-rehearsal procedure did not. This result suggests that one of the effects of marijuana on cognitive functions in humans is to increase the number of intrusive thoughts and this may be the mechanism involved in some of the thought disorder observed with marijuana intoxication.", "contents": "Marijuana and memory intrusions. Sixteen college-educated male subjects were tested on free-recall lists during intoxication with marijuana extract calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and during placebo conditions. On each testing day subjects studied six lists using a regular overt rehearsal procedure and six lists using an association-overt rehearsal procedure in which they were to rehearse alound both list items and associations to those items. Both marijuana and the association-rehearsal procedure reduced the number of correct recalls and increased the number of intrusions (nonlist items which were incorrectly recalled as having been on the list to be learned). The intrusions were divided into three categories: a) words found on prior lists; b) associates spoken during the rehearsal; or c) totally new works not previously mentioned. Marijuana significantly increased the number of new intrusions; the association-rehearsal procedure did not. This result suggests that one of the effects of marijuana on cognitive functions in humans is to increase the number of intrusive thoughts and this may be the mechanism involved in some of the thought disorder observed with marijuana intoxication.", "PMID": 591936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3896", "title": "The stress-buffering role of social support. Problems and prospects for systematic investigation.", "content": "Over the pase 20 years, a sizable body of literature has developed which serves to establish that stressful life events are associated with the onset, incidence, and prevalence of a wide range of physical and psychiatric disorders. As measured by the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale, or similar instruments, the stressful life events are fundamentally sociological in nature. Yet, paradoxically, the research has been largely limited in the relevant basic sociological theory and data brought to or yielded from investigation. Recently, however, several prominent researchers have emphasized the importance of studying the role of social support systems as possible buffers or mediators of stress. The most basic objective of this paper is to contribute to the advancement of such studies by clearly identifying key empirical, theoretical and methodological problems and suggesting some approaches to their resolution. Specifically, this paper offers: a) a selective review of the essential status of empirical knowledge; b) an examination of the nature and significance of social support systems; c) clarification of methodological and theoretical problems; and d) detailed proposals for approaching problems of measurement and research design.", "contents": "The stress-buffering role of social support. Problems and prospects for systematic investigation. Over the pase 20 years, a sizable body of literature has developed which serves to establish that stressful life events are associated with the onset, incidence, and prevalence of a wide range of physical and psychiatric disorders. As measured by the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale, or similar instruments, the stressful life events are fundamentally sociological in nature. Yet, paradoxically, the research has been largely limited in the relevant basic sociological theory and data brought to or yielded from investigation. Recently, however, several prominent researchers have emphasized the importance of studying the role of social support systems as possible buffers or mediators of stress. The most basic objective of this paper is to contribute to the advancement of such studies by clearly identifying key empirical, theoretical and methodological problems and suggesting some approaches to their resolution. Specifically, this paper offers: a) a selective review of the essential status of empirical knowledge; b) an examination of the nature and significance of social support systems; c) clarification of methodological and theoretical problems; and d) detailed proposals for approaching problems of measurement and research design.", "PMID": 591939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3897", "title": "Personality connotations of psychiatric diagnoses. Implications for a similarity model.", "content": "The major concern of this study was to identify the personality traits connotated by a number of diagnostic labels such as paranoid, schizoid, hysterical, and cyclothymic. Twenty psychiatrists were given a list of nonpsychotic personality disorders and were asked to indicate what personality traits were typically associated with them. Results showed good agreement among psychiatrists on the personality traits they believed to be implied by the diagnostic terms. A factor analysis of the ratings showed a circular configuration of relative similarity among the different diagnoses. The results are interpreted as indicating that diagnostic labels are types of codes for various sectors of an implicit space of traits, signs, and symptoms.", "contents": "Personality connotations of psychiatric diagnoses. Implications for a similarity model. The major concern of this study was to identify the personality traits connotated by a number of diagnostic labels such as paranoid, schizoid, hysterical, and cyclothymic. Twenty psychiatrists were given a list of nonpsychotic personality disorders and were asked to indicate what personality traits were typically associated with them. Results showed good agreement among psychiatrists on the personality traits they believed to be implied by the diagnostic terms. A factor analysis of the ratings showed a circular configuration of relative similarity among the different diagnoses. The results are interpreted as indicating that diagnostic labels are types of codes for various sectors of an implicit space of traits, signs, and symptoms.", "PMID": 591940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3898", "title": "Mood change and magnesium. A possible interaction between magnesium and lithium?", "content": "Magnesium and lithium are chemically related. Magnesium is an essential ion in many enzyme systems and lithium is of value in the treatment of manic-depressive disease. A significant sex difference in mean plasma magnesium levels is reported in 44 depressed patients. It is suggested that further studies of magnesium metabolism are indicated and that they may provide a better understanding of manic-depressive disease and the mode of action of lithium.", "contents": "Mood change and magnesium. A possible interaction between magnesium and lithium? Magnesium and lithium are chemically related. Magnesium is an essential ion in many enzyme systems and lithium is of value in the treatment of manic-depressive disease. A significant sex difference in mean plasma magnesium levels is reported in 44 depressed patients. It is suggested that further studies of magnesium metabolism are indicated and that they may provide a better understanding of manic-depressive disease and the mode of action of lithium.", "PMID": 591941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3899", "title": "Strumpell's pure familial spastic paraplegia: case study and review of the literature.", "content": "A family with pure Strumpell's familial paraplegia is presented. There were 11 afflicted members involving three generations. The mode of inheritance was dominant, the onset in the first decade, and in this family the disease was mild. Literature data from 104 families with 536 members dating from 1880 are tabulated. This report confirms others regarding mode of inheritance, age of onset, distribution between sexes, and disease manifestations. However, contrary to other reports, we found the dominant and recessive form of pure Strumpell's familial spastic paraplegia to be similar in severity. There are now clinical and pathological data supporting the separation of pure Strumpell's familial spastic paraplegia from the other heredodegenerative diseases of the nervous system.", "contents": "Strumpell's pure familial spastic paraplegia: case study and review of the literature. A family with pure Strumpell's familial paraplegia is presented. There were 11 afflicted members involving three generations. The mode of inheritance was dominant, the onset in the first decade, and in this family the disease was mild. Literature data from 104 families with 536 members dating from 1880 are tabulated. This report confirms others regarding mode of inheritance, age of onset, distribution between sexes, and disease manifestations. However, contrary to other reports, we found the dominant and recessive form of pure Strumpell's familial spastic paraplegia to be similar in severity. There are now clinical and pathological data supporting the separation of pure Strumpell's familial spastic paraplegia from the other heredodegenerative diseases of the nervous system.", "PMID": 591968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3900", "title": "Pattern reversal evoked visual potential in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The pattern reversal evoked visual potential (VEP) was recorded in 37 normal subjects and in 186 patients in whom a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was established or suspected. Taking the upper limit of normal as the mean +2.5 SD (111 ms), prolonged latency was found in 75% of definite cases of MS, 58% of probable cases, and 38% of possible cases. A smaller number of patients without prolonged latency had abnormal asymmetry of latency or low amplitude potentials. In patients with a single acute episode of neurological disease resembling MS the incidence of abnormal VEP was very low. In patients examined within three months of an episode of retrobulbar neuritis (RBN), latency was prolonged in 81% of affected eyes, a similar proportion being found in patients with a more remote history of RBN. The importance of establishing the normal for every laboratory engaged on this investigation is emphasised. Prolonged latency of the VEP is common in established MS but has not yet been shown to be a sensitive diagnostic test of the early case.", "contents": "Pattern reversal evoked visual potential in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The pattern reversal evoked visual potential (VEP) was recorded in 37 normal subjects and in 186 patients in whom a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was established or suspected. Taking the upper limit of normal as the mean +2.5 SD (111 ms), prolonged latency was found in 75% of definite cases of MS, 58% of probable cases, and 38% of possible cases. A smaller number of patients without prolonged latency had abnormal asymmetry of latency or low amplitude potentials. In patients with a single acute episode of neurological disease resembling MS the incidence of abnormal VEP was very low. In patients examined within three months of an episode of retrobulbar neuritis (RBN), latency was prolonged in 81% of affected eyes, a similar proportion being found in patients with a more remote history of RBN. The importance of establishing the normal for every laboratory engaged on this investigation is emphasised. Prolonged latency of the VEP is common in established MS but has not yet been shown to be a sensitive diagnostic test of the early case.", "PMID": 591969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3901", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid absorption in primary hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid absorption has been studied in a patient with primary hypoparathyroidism, papilloedema, and epilepsy. A marked reduction of cerebrospinal fluid transport into plasma was demonstrated which returned to normal after correction of the hypocalcaemia.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid absorption in primary hypoparathyroidism. Cerebrospinal fluid absorption has been studied in a patient with primary hypoparathyroidism, papilloedema, and epilepsy. A marked reduction of cerebrospinal fluid transport into plasma was demonstrated which returned to normal after correction of the hypocalcaemia.", "PMID": 591970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3902", "title": "Mood disorder as a specific complication of stroke.", "content": "In an effort to discern whether cerebral vascular injuries provoke specific emotional disturbances, 20 consecutively admitted stroke patients were compared with 10 orthopaedic patients. Both groups were examined for functional disabilities (Activities of Daily Living) and for psychiatric symptoms. Reliable and valid instruments, the Hamilton Rating Scale, the Visual Analogue Mood Scale, the Present State Exam, and the Mini-Mental State Exam were employed to display the psychopathology. More of stroke patients than orthopaedic patients were depressed (45% versus 10%) even though the level of functional disability in both groups were the same. Patients with right hemisphere stroke seemed particularly vulnerable and and displayed a syndrome of irritability, loss of interest, and difficulty in concentration, in addition to depression of mood (70% of right hemisphere stroke patients versus 0% left hemisphere stroke patients and 0% orthopaedic patients). We conclude that mood disorder is a more specific complication of stroke than simply a response to the motor disability. We suggest that a controlled trial of antidepressant medication is indicated for patients with this complication.", "contents": "Mood disorder as a specific complication of stroke. In an effort to discern whether cerebral vascular injuries provoke specific emotional disturbances, 20 consecutively admitted stroke patients were compared with 10 orthopaedic patients. Both groups were examined for functional disabilities (Activities of Daily Living) and for psychiatric symptoms. Reliable and valid instruments, the Hamilton Rating Scale, the Visual Analogue Mood Scale, the Present State Exam, and the Mini-Mental State Exam were employed to display the psychopathology. More of stroke patients than orthopaedic patients were depressed (45% versus 10%) even though the level of functional disability in both groups were the same. Patients with right hemisphere stroke seemed particularly vulnerable and and displayed a syndrome of irritability, loss of interest, and difficulty in concentration, in addition to depression of mood (70% of right hemisphere stroke patients versus 0% left hemisphere stroke patients and 0% orthopaedic patients). We conclude that mood disorder is a more specific complication of stroke than simply a response to the motor disability. We suggest that a controlled trial of antidepressant medication is indicated for patients with this complication.", "PMID": 591971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3903", "title": "Cerebrovascular incidents after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Pathological studies show a high correlation between the degree of atheroma in coronary, cerebral, and carotid arteries. Necropsy evidence of myocardial infarction also shows a high prevalence of severe atheroma in the carotid arteries. A further pathological finding is that obstruction in cerebral and carotid circulations is commonly due to embolism from the heart. In contrast, long-term follow-up of survivors of myocardial infarction indicates a low prevalence of cerebrovascular disease. To test if this low prevalence is due to lack of clinical ascertainment, a study was made of 260 survivors of myocardial infarction followed for five years. Specific attention was given to eliciting any clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease. In this study it was confirmed that in survivors of myocardial infarction the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease is surprisingly low: completed strokes 4%, transient cerebral ischaemic attacks 2%. A possible explanation of the low prevalence is that after the acute episode of myocardial infarction attacks of cardiac dysrhythmia predisposing to systemic embolism become infrequent.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular incidents after myocardial infarction. Pathological studies show a high correlation between the degree of atheroma in coronary, cerebral, and carotid arteries. Necropsy evidence of myocardial infarction also shows a high prevalence of severe atheroma in the carotid arteries. A further pathological finding is that obstruction in cerebral and carotid circulations is commonly due to embolism from the heart. In contrast, long-term follow-up of survivors of myocardial infarction indicates a low prevalence of cerebrovascular disease. To test if this low prevalence is due to lack of clinical ascertainment, a study was made of 260 survivors of myocardial infarction followed for five years. Specific attention was given to eliciting any clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease. In this study it was confirmed that in survivors of myocardial infarction the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease is surprisingly low: completed strokes 4%, transient cerebral ischaemic attacks 2%. A possible explanation of the low prevalence is that after the acute episode of myocardial infarction attacks of cardiac dysrhythmia predisposing to systemic embolism become infrequent.", "PMID": 591972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3904", "title": "Clinical signs in diffuse cerebral dysfunction.", "content": "Abnormal responses to 13 questions from a typical mental status examination and 32 signs of neurological dysfunction were correlated with increasing degrees of cognitive impairment as measured by the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Thirteen of these factors were found to be useful predictors of diffuse cerebral dysfunction when combined into a brief screening examination for application at the bedside.", "contents": "Clinical signs in diffuse cerebral dysfunction. Abnormal responses to 13 questions from a typical mental status examination and 32 signs of neurological dysfunction were correlated with increasing degrees of cognitive impairment as measured by the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Thirteen of these factors were found to be useful predictors of diffuse cerebral dysfunction when combined into a brief screening examination for application at the bedside.", "PMID": 591973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3905", "title": "Measurement of prostaglandin E2 in cerebrospinal fluid in patients suffering from stroke.", "content": "In 16 patients suffering from cerebrovascular events, prostaglandin (PG) E2 was measured in their cerebrospinal fluid and correlated with their clinical status and evolution. Prostaglandin E2 ranged from 200-3000 pg (picogram)/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. A positive correlation was found between PG E2 levels and the severity and clinical outcome of the stroke.", "contents": "Measurement of prostaglandin E2 in cerebrospinal fluid in patients suffering from stroke. In 16 patients suffering from cerebrovascular events, prostaglandin (PG) E2 was measured in their cerebrospinal fluid and correlated with their clinical status and evolution. Prostaglandin E2 ranged from 200-3000 pg (picogram)/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. A positive correlation was found between PG E2 levels and the severity and clinical outcome of the stroke.", "PMID": 591974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3906", "title": "Excitability of lower limb myotatic reflex arcs under the influence of caloric labyrinthine stimulation. Analysis of the postural effects in man.", "content": "The excitability changes of myotatic reflex arcs have been investigated in 36 volunteers by two methods (tendon reflex and tonic vibration reflex) in a bilateral invertigation of soleus, quadriceps, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior after caloric stimulation of the labyrinth. The extensor myotatic reflexes are facilated during the irrigation and the nystagmus phases. Contrary to the soleus, quadriceps facilitation is not symmetrical during the phase of nystagmus but predominates on the side opposite to the expected axial deviation. The short biceps femoris reflexes are slightly facilitated. The postural modifications arise from differences in the degree of bilateral facilitation of the extensors.", "contents": "Excitability of lower limb myotatic reflex arcs under the influence of caloric labyrinthine stimulation. Analysis of the postural effects in man. The excitability changes of myotatic reflex arcs have been investigated in 36 volunteers by two methods (tendon reflex and tonic vibration reflex) in a bilateral invertigation of soleus, quadriceps, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior after caloric stimulation of the labyrinth. The extensor myotatic reflexes are facilated during the irrigation and the nystagmus phases. Contrary to the soleus, quadriceps facilitation is not symmetrical during the phase of nystagmus but predominates on the side opposite to the expected axial deviation. The short biceps femoris reflexes are slightly facilitated. The postural modifications arise from differences in the degree of bilateral facilitation of the extensors.", "PMID": 591975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3907", "title": "Is malignant hyperpyrexia muscle denervated?", "content": "To test the hypothesis that human muscular dystrophies may be secondary to denervation, the responses in vitro of muscle in human malignant hyperpyrexia to electrical and pharmacological stimuli have been compared with those of the denervated mouse soleus muscle. The results suggest that the muscle abnormality in malignant hyperpyrexia is different from that produced by denervation. This must cast doubt on the concept that other human muscular dystrophies are secondary to denervation.", "contents": "Is malignant hyperpyrexia muscle denervated? To test the hypothesis that human muscular dystrophies may be secondary to denervation, the responses in vitro of muscle in human malignant hyperpyrexia to electrical and pharmacological stimuli have been compared with those of the denervated mouse soleus muscle. The results suggest that the muscle abnormality in malignant hyperpyrexia is different from that produced by denervation. This must cast doubt on the concept that other human muscular dystrophies are secondary to denervation.", "PMID": 591976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3908", "title": "Increased myofibrillar protein catabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion in the urine.", "content": "Myofibrillar protein catabolic rate was calculated in seven patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy from the amount of 3-methylhistidine excreted in the urine, and found to be over three times that found in a control series when expresses as the percentage of myofibrillar protein catabolised per day. It is suggested that measurement of myofibrillar protein catabolic rate may add a useful parameter in the study of muscle disorders.", "contents": "Increased myofibrillar protein catabolism in Duchenne muscular dystrophy measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion in the urine. Myofibrillar protein catabolic rate was calculated in seven patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy from the amount of 3-methylhistidine excreted in the urine, and found to be over three times that found in a control series when expresses as the percentage of myofibrillar protein catabolised per day. It is suggested that measurement of myofibrillar protein catabolic rate may add a useful parameter in the study of muscle disorders.", "PMID": 591977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3909", "title": "Haemorrhage into pituitary adenomas.", "content": "Seventy cases of pituitary adenoma were analysed for evidence of haemorrhage. It was present in 18 cases. These are classified into four groups, acute, acute on chronic, chronic, and late sequelae of pituitary apoplexy, and an example of a patient in each group is given. The diagnosis and management are discussed.", "contents": "Haemorrhage into pituitary adenomas. Seventy cases of pituitary adenoma were analysed for evidence of haemorrhage. It was present in 18 cases. These are classified into four groups, acute, acute on chronic, chronic, and late sequelae of pituitary apoplexy, and an example of a patient in each group is given. The diagnosis and management are discussed.", "PMID": 591978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3910", "title": "Eccentric head positions reveal disorders of conjugate eye movement.", "content": "The effect of head position on conjugate horizontal gaze was studied in healthy adults, in patients with multiple sclerosis without eye movement signs, and in patients with downbeat nystagmus indicative of low brain stem lesions. Displacements of gaze from primary position to 30 degrees left and right were recorded using the electro-oculogram, with the head in the primary position, and turned voluntarily to the left and right (in yaw). The quality of eye movements was noted and peak velocities of saccades were measured. The head turning test trebled the incidence of abnormal eye movements found in the multiple sclerosis patients and increased it by tenfold in the patients with downbeat nystagmus. Disorders of eye movement were also found in approximately 20--30% of healthy subjects tested. Weakness of abduction was the most common eye movement defect and appeared to be posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. A hypothesis is made which unifies the theoretical explanations of anterior and posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The most likely cause of the disorders of eye movement observed is vertebrobasilar ischaemia induced by stretching and compression of the vertebral arteries during eccentric head posture.", "contents": "Eccentric head positions reveal disorders of conjugate eye movement. The effect of head position on conjugate horizontal gaze was studied in healthy adults, in patients with multiple sclerosis without eye movement signs, and in patients with downbeat nystagmus indicative of low brain stem lesions. Displacements of gaze from primary position to 30 degrees left and right were recorded using the electro-oculogram, with the head in the primary position, and turned voluntarily to the left and right (in yaw). The quality of eye movements was noted and peak velocities of saccades were measured. The head turning test trebled the incidence of abnormal eye movements found in the multiple sclerosis patients and increased it by tenfold in the patients with downbeat nystagmus. Disorders of eye movement were also found in approximately 20--30% of healthy subjects tested. Weakness of abduction was the most common eye movement defect and appeared to be posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. A hypothesis is made which unifies the theoretical explanations of anterior and posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The most likely cause of the disorders of eye movement observed is vertebrobasilar ischaemia induced by stretching and compression of the vertebral arteries during eccentric head posture.", "PMID": 591979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3911", "title": "Analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements at the elbow in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Patients with Parkinson's disease performed several different stereotyped elbow flexion tasks, and the electromyographic (EMG) patterns from biceps and triceps were compared with previously established normal standards. The EMG pattern during a smooth flexion task was almost always abnormal and was characterized by alternating activity in biceps and triceps. The EMG patterns during a fast flexion task were also usually abnormal although they were always composed of bursts of EMG activity of normal duration appearing alternately in the agonist and antagonist muscles. These bursts, associated with movements of the limb, have a superficially similar appearance to the EMG bursts seen with tremor-at-rest, but certain physiological differences are demonstrated. This study demonstrates that both slow (ramp) and fast (ballistic) movements are clearly abnormal in these patients with disease of the basal ganglia. In a task designed to investigate antagonist inhibition before agonist activity, a majority of the patients performed normally. This suggests that, contrary to previous claims, slowness of movement (akinesia/bradykinesia) is not due either to failure to relax or to rigidity of antagonist muscle.", "contents": "Analysis of stereotyped voluntary movements at the elbow in patients with Parkinson's disease. Patients with Parkinson's disease performed several different stereotyped elbow flexion tasks, and the electromyographic (EMG) patterns from biceps and triceps were compared with previously established normal standards. The EMG pattern during a smooth flexion task was almost always abnormal and was characterized by alternating activity in biceps and triceps. The EMG patterns during a fast flexion task were also usually abnormal although they were always composed of bursts of EMG activity of normal duration appearing alternately in the agonist and antagonist muscles. These bursts, associated with movements of the limb, have a superficially similar appearance to the EMG bursts seen with tremor-at-rest, but certain physiological differences are demonstrated. This study demonstrates that both slow (ramp) and fast (ballistic) movements are clearly abnormal in these patients with disease of the basal ganglia. In a task designed to investigate antagonist inhibition before agonist activity, a majority of the patients performed normally. This suggests that, contrary to previous claims, slowness of movement (akinesia/bradykinesia) is not due either to failure to relax or to rigidity of antagonist muscle.", "PMID": 591980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3912", "title": "CSF studies on the relationship between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in Parkinsonism and other movement disorders.", "content": "In Parkinson's disease, the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) was reduced in lumbar CSF from patients with idiopathic Parkinsonism (n = 54, P less than 0.05) and post-encephalitic Parkinsonism (n = 19, P less than 0.01). The reduction in the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) was not significant, and there was no alteration in the levels of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG). Treatment with L-dopa increased the concentration of HVA in the CSF (P less than 0.05) but had no effect on the levels of 5-HIAA and MHPG. Carbidopa given in combinations with L-dopa produced similar CSF concentrations of dopa as did L-dopa alone but caused less than half the rise in HVA. Fourteen patients who became functionally independent on treatment with L-dopa had higher 5-HIAA levels than 23 patients  who showed no such improvement (P less than 0.001), suggesting that intact 5-hydroxyltryptamine neurones may be important in the therapeutic response to L-dopa. In a variety of movement disorders, the levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG were not significantly different from age-matched controls. Treatment with tetrabenazine did not significantly alter the metabolite levels in patients in whom it produced either improvement, or side effects.", "contents": "CSF studies on the relationship between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in Parkinsonism and other movement disorders. In Parkinson's disease, the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) was reduced in lumbar CSF from patients with idiopathic Parkinsonism (n = 54, P less than 0.05) and post-encephalitic Parkinsonism (n = 19, P less than 0.01). The reduction in the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) was not significant, and there was no alteration in the levels of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG). Treatment with L-dopa increased the concentration of HVA in the CSF (P less than 0.05) but had no effect on the levels of 5-HIAA and MHPG. Carbidopa given in combinations with L-dopa produced similar CSF concentrations of dopa as did L-dopa alone but caused less than half the rise in HVA. Fourteen patients who became functionally independent on treatment with L-dopa had higher 5-HIAA levels than 23 patients  who showed no such improvement (P less than 0.001), suggesting that intact 5-hydroxyltryptamine neurones may be important in the therapeutic response to L-dopa. In a variety of movement disorders, the levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG were not significantly different from age-matched controls. Treatment with tetrabenazine did not significantly alter the metabolite levels in patients in whom it produced either improvement, or side effects.", "PMID": 591981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3913", "title": "Bromocriptine alone or associated with L-dopa plus benserazide in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Twenty-six patients affected by Parkinson's disease were treated with a 2-Br-alpha-ergocriptine (CB 154): 14 cases were given CB 154 alone, and 12 were given CB 154 along with L-dopa plus benserazide (Madopar). Both CB 154 and combined therapy (CB 154+Madopar) induced a significant improvement in total disability score, tremor, rigidity, akinesia, self-sufficiency, and some motor performance tests (dynamic tests). No significant difference was found between results obtained with CB 154 therapy and with Madopar treatment, while the improvement induced by combined therapy (CB 154+Madopar) was significantly higher than that obtained by Madopar alone. The averse reactions caused by CB 154 alone or associated with Madopar are similar to those observed during other dopaminergic treatment. CB 154 alone or combined with Madopar appears to be a useful advance in the management of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Bromocriptine alone or associated with L-dopa plus benserazide in Parkinson's disease. Twenty-six patients affected by Parkinson's disease were treated with a 2-Br-alpha-ergocriptine (CB 154): 14 cases were given CB 154 alone, and 12 were given CB 154 along with L-dopa plus benserazide (Madopar). Both CB 154 and combined therapy (CB 154+Madopar) induced a significant improvement in total disability score, tremor, rigidity, akinesia, self-sufficiency, and some motor performance tests (dynamic tests). No significant difference was found between results obtained with CB 154 therapy and with Madopar treatment, while the improvement induced by combined therapy (CB 154+Madopar) was significantly higher than that obtained by Madopar alone. The averse reactions caused by CB 154 alone or associated with Madopar are similar to those observed during other dopaminergic treatment. CB 154 alone or combined with Madopar appears to be a useful advance in the management of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 591982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3914", "title": "Further motor unit studies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Numbers of functioning motor units have been estimated in 124 muscles of boys with Duchenne dystrophy; some of the patients were studied on several occasions. In the distal muscles examined (extensor digitorum brevis, thenar, and hypothenar muscles) the losses of units were probably present at birth and did not decrease with age. In contrast, the numbers of units and of excitable muscle fibres in the soleus muscles declined significantly, especially between the ages of 9 and 12 years.", "contents": "Further motor unit studies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Numbers of functioning motor units have been estimated in 124 muscles of boys with Duchenne dystrophy; some of the patients were studied on several occasions. In the distal muscles examined (extensor digitorum brevis, thenar, and hypothenar muscles) the losses of units were probably present at birth and did not decrease with age. In contrast, the numbers of units and of excitable muscle fibres in the soleus muscles declined significantly, especially between the ages of 9 and 12 years.", "PMID": 591983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3915", "title": "Implications of longitudinal muscle fibre splitting in neurogenic and myopathic disorders.", "content": "Histological and electromyographic studies indicate that longitudinal muscle fibre splitting is a common finding in neuromuscular disorders. Separated fragments derived by splitting may undergo degeneration or enlarge to become separate, innervated fibres, thus leading to an increased number of fibres within motor units. Splitting may, therefore, lead to the formation of clusters of fibres of uniform histochemical type, but of variable diameter and length, both in neurogenic and in myopathic disorders. Fibre splitting is thus a factor leading to functional compensation in these disorders.", "contents": "Implications of longitudinal muscle fibre splitting in neurogenic and myopathic disorders. Histological and electromyographic studies indicate that longitudinal muscle fibre splitting is a common finding in neuromuscular disorders. Separated fragments derived by splitting may undergo degeneration or enlarge to become separate, innervated fibres, thus leading to an increased number of fibres within motor units. Splitting may, therefore, lead to the formation of clusters of fibres of uniform histochemical type, but of variable diameter and length, both in neurogenic and in myopathic disorders. Fibre splitting is thus a factor leading to functional compensation in these disorders.", "PMID": 591984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3916", "title": "Electrophysiological findings in pressure palsy of the brachial plexus.", "content": "Two patients with signs and symptoms of paralysis of the brachial plexus, caused by compression during surgery in one (case 1) and by a knapsack in the other (case 2), were examined. The characteristic electrophysiological findings were: (i) severe attenuation of amplitude of motor and sensory nerve action potentials evoked or recorded above the site of nerve injury compared to those evoked or recorded below, and (ii) slowing of motor and sensory conduction across the damaged area. Case 1 made a complete recovery clinically and electrophysiologically; EMG in case 2 suggested the presence of Wallerian degeneration. The palsies were classified as a local demyelinating block alone (case 1) or combined with axonal loss (case 2).", "contents": "Electrophysiological findings in pressure palsy of the brachial plexus. Two patients with signs and symptoms of paralysis of the brachial plexus, caused by compression during surgery in one (case 1) and by a knapsack in the other (case 2), were examined. The characteristic electrophysiological findings were: (i) severe attenuation of amplitude of motor and sensory nerve action potentials evoked or recorded above the site of nerve injury compared to those evoked or recorded below, and (ii) slowing of motor and sensory conduction across the damaged area. Case 1 made a complete recovery clinically and electrophysiologically; EMG in case 2 suggested the presence of Wallerian degeneration. The palsies were classified as a local demyelinating block alone (case 1) or combined with axonal loss (case 2).", "PMID": 591985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3917", "title": "Bilateral occlusion of basilar artery branches.", "content": "In a case in which the patient became totally paralysed except for blinking and vertical eye movements, microscopic serial sections of the pons showed bilateral infarcts which were due to occlusion of two small basilar branch arteries, one on each side. One basilar branch was occluded by an atheroma lying at its junction with the basilar artery and the other by an intramural dissection within the wall of the basilar artery. This case provides the clinico-pathological correlation for two further basilar branch infarcts. An unusual finding was that one of the branch arteries supplied the basis pontis and medulla bilaterally.", "contents": "Bilateral occlusion of basilar artery branches. In a case in which the patient became totally paralysed except for blinking and vertical eye movements, microscopic serial sections of the pons showed bilateral infarcts which were due to occlusion of two small basilar branch arteries, one on each side. One basilar branch was occluded by an atheroma lying at its junction with the basilar artery and the other by an intramural dissection within the wall of the basilar artery. This case provides the clinico-pathological correlation for two further basilar branch infarcts. An unusual finding was that one of the branch arteries supplied the basis pontis and medulla bilaterally.", "PMID": 591986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3918", "title": "Abducens nerve palsy as initial symptom of trigeminal schwannoma.", "content": "The insidious onset and slow progression of symptoms may cause delay in the recognition of trigeminal schwannomas. Two cases with abducens nerve palsy as an initial symptom are reported, in both of whom the tumour was growing mainly below and anterior to the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Early detection of clinical symptoms and thorough radiological investigations are important in the early diagnosis of these lesions.", "contents": "Abducens nerve palsy as initial symptom of trigeminal schwannoma. The insidious onset and slow progression of symptoms may cause delay in the recognition of trigeminal schwannomas. Two cases with abducens nerve palsy as an initial symptom are reported, in both of whom the tumour was growing mainly below and anterior to the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Early detection of clinical symptoms and thorough radiological investigations are important in the early diagnosis of these lesions.", "PMID": 591987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3919", "title": "Passive ocular proptosis.", "content": "Two patients with oculomotor neuropathy demonstrated passive ocular proptosis. In both instances, there was no evidence of a pathological process exerting a vector of force through the orbital opening. The proptosis is caused by a combination of the loss of the normal backward force exerted by the ocular recti muscles and the presence of a small anteriorly directed force exerted by the ocular obliques. Computerized tomography of the orbital and retro-orbital regions was of value in establishing the diagnosis and excluding orbital disease in one patient. The role of computerized tomography in the evaluation of the patient with ocular proptosis is discussed.", "contents": "Passive ocular proptosis. Two patients with oculomotor neuropathy demonstrated passive ocular proptosis. In both instances, there was no evidence of a pathological process exerting a vector of force through the orbital opening. The proptosis is caused by a combination of the loss of the normal backward force exerted by the ocular recti muscles and the presence of a small anteriorly directed force exerted by the ocular obliques. Computerized tomography of the orbital and retro-orbital regions was of value in establishing the diagnosis and excluding orbital disease in one patient. The role of computerized tomography in the evaluation of the patient with ocular proptosis is discussed.", "PMID": 591988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3920", "title": "Histopathological variability in 'standardised' spinal cord trauma.", "content": "Feline spinal cords were traumatised by the weight dropping technique. Five trauma groups were studied (5 g X 80 cm, 10 g X 40 cm, 20 g X 20 cm, 40 g X 10 cm, and 80 g X 5 cm), each having a 'standardised' injury of '400 g--cm.' The spinal cords were sectioned serially two hours after contusion and examined by light microscopy. Relative to the larger weights falling from lesser heights, the smaller weights falling from greater heights were associated with less haemorrhage, oedema, axonal disruption, and myelin fragmentation as well as a smaller volume of grey matter containing altered anterior horn cells. In all trauma groups the cortical evoked responses disappeared at the time of the injury and did not reappear. Even though each trauma group received a '400 g--cm' contusion, each weight--height combination was associated with differing degrees of histopathological alterations. A plea is made for more accurate quantitation of experimental spinal cord trauma than the 'g--cm' unit.", "contents": "Histopathological variability in 'standardised' spinal cord trauma. Feline spinal cords were traumatised by the weight dropping technique. Five trauma groups were studied (5 g X 80 cm, 10 g X 40 cm, 20 g X 20 cm, 40 g X 10 cm, and 80 g X 5 cm), each having a 'standardised' injury of '400 g--cm.' The spinal cords were sectioned serially two hours after contusion and examined by light microscopy. Relative to the larger weights falling from lesser heights, the smaller weights falling from greater heights were associated with less haemorrhage, oedema, axonal disruption, and myelin fragmentation as well as a smaller volume of grey matter containing altered anterior horn cells. In all trauma groups the cortical evoked responses disappeared at the time of the injury and did not reappear. Even though each trauma group received a '400 g--cm' contusion, each weight--height combination was associated with differing degrees of histopathological alterations. A plea is made for more accurate quantitation of experimental spinal cord trauma than the 'g--cm' unit.", "PMID": 591989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3921", "title": "Head injuries in children: a prospective five year follow-up.", "content": "A five year follow-up study was conducted with two groups of head-injuried children. 131 younger than 9 years old at time of injury and 100 older than 9 years. The four aspects studied were neuropsychological function, neurological status, EEG status, and school progress. There was an extended recovery process over time, as well as evidence of a differential rate of recovery for the four aspects measured.", "contents": "Head injuries in children: a prospective five year follow-up. A five year follow-up study was conducted with two groups of head-injuried children. 131 younger than 9 years old at time of injury and 100 older than 9 years. The four aspects studied were neuropsychological function, neurological status, EEG status, and school progress. There was an extended recovery process over time, as well as evidence of a differential rate of recovery for the four aspects measured.", "PMID": 591990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3922", "title": "Intraspinal bleeding in haemophilia: successful treatment with factor VIII concentrate.", "content": "A severely affected haemophilic boy became tetraparetic as a result of a spontaneously occurring intraspinal haematoma. Myelography defined the extent of the lesion and showed it to be extradural in site. Infusion of large doses of factor VIII concentrate led to dramatic improvement and avoided the need to operate.", "contents": "Intraspinal bleeding in haemophilia: successful treatment with factor VIII concentrate. A severely affected haemophilic boy became tetraparetic as a result of a spontaneously occurring intraspinal haematoma. Myelography defined the extent of the lesion and showed it to be extradural in site. Infusion of large doses of factor VIII concentrate led to dramatic improvement and avoided the need to operate.", "PMID": 591991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3923", "title": "Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man.", "content": "Three patients with well-mapped, circumscribed ablations of the medial part of the frontal lobe are reported. A specific clinical evolution in 3 stages was observed: (1) post-operatively there was global akinesia, more prominent contralaterally, with an arrest of speech; (2) recovery occurred suddenly but even then there was severe reduction of spontaneous motor activity contralaterally, an emotional type facial palsy and a reduction of spontaneous speech; (3) long after the operation the only sequela was disturbance of the alternating movements of the hands. The anatomical basis of these disorders appears to be a lesion of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Three main points have been discussed, namely: (1) the nature of the motor disorder which may be a disturbance of the function of the SMA in initiating and sustaining spontaneous and automatic motor activity; (2) the nature of the arrest of speech which appears not to be aphasic; the studies reported in the present paper do not support a left cerebral dominance for the SMA as suggested by previous studies; (3) the method of clinical examination appears to be important in distinguishing between spontaneous and voluntary motor and speech performance. Differences in method may account for differences between our findings and those reported in previous studies.", "contents": "Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man. Three patients with well-mapped, circumscribed ablations of the medial part of the frontal lobe are reported. A specific clinical evolution in 3 stages was observed: (1) post-operatively there was global akinesia, more prominent contralaterally, with an arrest of speech; (2) recovery occurred suddenly but even then there was severe reduction of spontaneous motor activity contralaterally, an emotional type facial palsy and a reduction of spontaneous speech; (3) long after the operation the only sequela was disturbance of the alternating movements of the hands. The anatomical basis of these disorders appears to be a lesion of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Three main points have been discussed, namely: (1) the nature of the motor disorder which may be a disturbance of the function of the SMA in initiating and sustaining spontaneous and automatic motor activity; (2) the nature of the arrest of speech which appears not to be aphasic; the studies reported in the present paper do not support a left cerebral dominance for the SMA as suggested by previous studies; (3) the method of clinical examination appears to be important in distinguishing between spontaneous and voluntary motor and speech performance. Differences in method may account for differences between our findings and those reported in previous studies.", "PMID": 591992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3924", "title": "Vacuolar myopathy associated with chloroquine, lupus erythematosus and thymoma. Report of a case with unusual mitochondrial changes and lipid accumulation in muscle.", "content": "Pathological and biochemical observations are presented in a 55-year-old woman with lupus erythematosus and thymoma who developed a vacuolar myopathy while being treated with chloroquine. Electromyography showed prominent spontaneous muscle activity including myotonic discharges. Vacuoles were present in all fibre types but, in contrast to previous cases of chloroquine myopathy, were most prominent in intermediate fibres. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic sequestration by membranes in proximity to the t-system, many autophagic vacuoles, tubular networks, and a variety of membranous bodies, some identical to those found in certain forms of cerebral lipidosis. Other features not previously described in chloroquine myopathy included prominent mitochondrial vacuolation and sequestration of glycogen within mitochondria. Thin-layer chromatography of muscle homogenates showed an increase in all major neutral and phospholipid fractions.", "contents": "Vacuolar myopathy associated with chloroquine, lupus erythematosus and thymoma. Report of a case with unusual mitochondrial changes and lipid accumulation in muscle. Pathological and biochemical observations are presented in a 55-year-old woman with lupus erythematosus and thymoma who developed a vacuolar myopathy while being treated with chloroquine. Electromyography showed prominent spontaneous muscle activity including myotonic discharges. Vacuoles were present in all fibre types but, in contrast to previous cases of chloroquine myopathy, were most prominent in intermediate fibres. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic sequestration by membranes in proximity to the t-system, many autophagic vacuoles, tubular networks, and a variety of membranous bodies, some identical to those found in certain forms of cerebral lipidosis. Other features not previously described in chloroquine myopathy included prominent mitochondrial vacuolation and sequestration of glycogen within mitochondria. Thin-layer chromatography of muscle homogenates showed an increase in all major neutral and phospholipid fractions.", "PMID": 591993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3925", "title": "[Hemispheric asymmetries of the human brain].", "content": "The authors studied 181 brains, 103 of which were dissected. They observed a \"T1-T2 bridge\" over the first temporal and second temporal gyri more often on the left side than on the right. This asymmetry was more frequent in males than in females. The maximal width of the superior aspect of the second temporal gyrus was greater on the right side in the majority of cases. By contrast, the fusiform gyrus was found wider on the left side in most subjects. The length of the precuneus was greater on the right. The greater size of the left planum temporale could be correlated with the sectional area of the anterior white commissure. The same correlation was found between the length of the precuneus and the area of the latter commissure. Anatomical asymmetries of the two cerebral hemispheres in man seem to be numerous. The interpretation of these asymmetries is difficult; some are likely to be related to functional asymmetries. In the future, the study of morphological asymmetries in routine neuropathology, in patients who have been submitted to detailed neuropsychological examination, would appear to be desirable.", "contents": "[Hemispheric asymmetries of the human brain]. The authors studied 181 brains, 103 of which were dissected. They observed a \"T1-T2 bridge\" over the first temporal and second temporal gyri more often on the left side than on the right. This asymmetry was more frequent in males than in females. The maximal width of the superior aspect of the second temporal gyrus was greater on the right side in the majority of cases. By contrast, the fusiform gyrus was found wider on the left side in most subjects. The length of the precuneus was greater on the right. The greater size of the left planum temporale could be correlated with the sectional area of the anterior white commissure. The same correlation was found between the length of the precuneus and the area of the latter commissure. Anatomical asymmetries of the two cerebral hemispheres in man seem to be numerous. The interpretation of these asymmetries is difficult; some are likely to be related to functional asymmetries. In the future, the study of morphological asymmetries in routine neuropathology, in patients who have been submitted to detailed neuropsychological examination, would appear to be desirable.", "PMID": 591994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3926", "title": "Electron microscopic development of neuroglia in epiretinal portion of post-natal rabbits.", "content": "The development of epiretinal and optic nerve neuroglial cells has been studied ultrastructurally in 1-20-day post-natal rabbits. Two morphologically distinct neuroglial cells were observed, a dense \"spider\" type which is present from day one and a light-staining \"crab\" type of cell which appears on the 4th day in the epiretinal strip. \"Crab\" cells myelinate many axons and mature into typical dense oligodendrocytes. \"Spider\" cells have ultrastructural features of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte and each cell also myelinates many axons. Many of these cells attach their processes to basement membrane of blood vessels and mature into a typical astrocyte. In 10-15-day-old animals these cells may be located at a distance of 15 micrometer or more from the axon which they enwrap. Most of these processes are sufficiently fine and tortuous to obscure the continuity in single thin sections from adult animals.", "contents": "Electron microscopic development of neuroglia in epiretinal portion of post-natal rabbits. The development of epiretinal and optic nerve neuroglial cells has been studied ultrastructurally in 1-20-day post-natal rabbits. Two morphologically distinct neuroglial cells were observed, a dense \"spider\" type which is present from day one and a light-staining \"crab\" type of cell which appears on the 4th day in the epiretinal strip. \"Crab\" cells myelinate many axons and mature into typical dense oligodendrocytes. \"Spider\" cells have ultrastructural features of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte and each cell also myelinates many axons. Many of these cells attach their processes to basement membrane of blood vessels and mature into a typical astrocyte. In 10-15-day-old animals these cells may be located at a distance of 15 micrometer or more from the axon which they enwrap. Most of these processes are sufficiently fine and tortuous to obscure the continuity in single thin sections from adult animals.", "PMID": 591995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3927", "title": "The neurological basis of motor asymmetry following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine brain lesions in the rat: the effect of motor decortication.", "content": "The role of the motor cortex in the mediation of asymmetric movement after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) brain lesions has been examined in the rat. The effect of unilateral and bilateral sensorimotor decortication upon spontaneous and drug (apomorphine and amphetamine)-induced motor asymmetry has been studied following unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the lateral hypothalamus. Both bilateral decortication and unilateral decortication on the side of the 6-OHDA lesion caused a transient reversal of the spontaneous motor asymmetry normally seen in 6-OHDA lesioned animals. Neither unilateral nor bilateral sensorimotor decortication abolished drug-induced turning behaviour. It is postulated that subcortical basal ganglia efferent pathways may be involved in the mediation of motor asymmetry after unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection.", "contents": "The neurological basis of motor asymmetry following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine brain lesions in the rat: the effect of motor decortication. The role of the motor cortex in the mediation of asymmetric movement after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) brain lesions has been examined in the rat. The effect of unilateral and bilateral sensorimotor decortication upon spontaneous and drug (apomorphine and amphetamine)-induced motor asymmetry has been studied following unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the lateral hypothalamus. Both bilateral decortication and unilateral decortication on the side of the 6-OHDA lesion caused a transient reversal of the spontaneous motor asymmetry normally seen in 6-OHDA lesioned animals. Neither unilateral nor bilateral sensorimotor decortication abolished drug-induced turning behaviour. It is postulated that subcortical basal ganglia efferent pathways may be involved in the mediation of motor asymmetry after unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection.", "PMID": 591996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3928", "title": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein in different brain areas of rat, subjected to enriched and restricted environment.", "content": "The incorporation of [14C]valine into acid-insoluble brain material from rats living in enriched and restricted environment, respectively, was studied. Quantitative estimations showed higher incorporation into brain protein of frontal, entorhinal, cerebellar and visual cortex and the hippocampus in enriched environment animals compared to restricted environment animals. This finding was confirmed by autoradiography.", "contents": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein in different brain areas of rat, subjected to enriched and restricted environment. The incorporation of [14C]valine into acid-insoluble brain material from rats living in enriched and restricted environment, respectively, was studied. Quantitative estimations showed higher incorporation into brain protein of frontal, entorhinal, cerebellar and visual cortex and the hippocampus in enriched environment animals compared to restricted environment animals. This finding was confirmed by autoradiography.", "PMID": 591997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3929", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials. Diagnostic criteria and abnormalities in cerebral lesions.", "content": "In order to advance the practical application of measuring evoked cortical responses following electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist (SEP) in clinical neurology, diagnostic criteria, consisting of the onset latency, peak latency and 2 indices of the first 3 negative components, and their left-and-right differences, were proposed and applied to 65 patients with cerebral lesions of various aetiologies. The criteria used were shown to be very useful in distinguishing between normal subjects and patients with cerebral lesions. The N1 and N2 components were related to the involvement of sensory pathways and were commonly associated with sensory impairment of all modalities or of deep proprioceptive and cortical modalities. The N3 component, on the other hand, was related to the presence of lesions and non-specific sites as well as non-specific symptomatology. SEP, judged by the present criteria, was shown to be useful as a complementary diagnostic aid in localizing the sites of lesions in sensory pathways and in evaluating sensory function, especially when used in combination with clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials. Diagnostic criteria and abnormalities in cerebral lesions. In order to advance the practical application of measuring evoked cortical responses following electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist (SEP) in clinical neurology, diagnostic criteria, consisting of the onset latency, peak latency and 2 indices of the first 3 negative components, and their left-and-right differences, were proposed and applied to 65 patients with cerebral lesions of various aetiologies. The criteria used were shown to be very useful in distinguishing between normal subjects and patients with cerebral lesions. The N1 and N2 components were related to the involvement of sensory pathways and were commonly associated with sensory impairment of all modalities or of deep proprioceptive and cortical modalities. The N3 component, on the other hand, was related to the presence of lesions and non-specific sites as well as non-specific symptomatology. SEP, judged by the present criteria, was shown to be useful as a complementary diagnostic aid in localizing the sites of lesions in sensory pathways and in evaluating sensory function, especially when used in combination with clinical symptomatology.", "PMID": 591999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3930", "title": "Cause specific mortality of coal miners.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the cause specific mortality of the U.S. coal miner to the mortality of the total U.S. male population. A 10% sample was taken of those men covered by the United Mine Workers Health and Retirement Funds on January 1, 1959, and the resultant 23,232 miners were followed through December 31, 1971. The overall SMR was 102.1, and there was higher than expected mortality in several categories of nonmalignant respiratory disease, accidents and stomach cancer. The excess in stomach cancer occurred only for those men 70 years of age or older.", "contents": "Cause specific mortality of coal miners. The purpose of this study was to compare the cause specific mortality of the U.S. coal miner to the mortality of the total U.S. male population. A 10% sample was taken of those men covered by the United Mine Workers Health and Retirement Funds on January 1, 1959, and the resultant 23,232 miners were followed through December 31, 1971. The overall SMR was 102.1, and there was higher than expected mortality in several categories of nonmalignant respiratory disease, accidents and stomach cancer. The excess in stomach cancer occurred only for those men 70 years of age or older.", "PMID": 592001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3931", "title": "Utilization of medical information systems in American occupational medicine. A committee report.", "content": "In an attempt to define the nature of medical programs and the extent of utilization of information systems in occupational medicine, a questionnaire was directed to 230 corporate medical directors of the largest employers in the USA. Responses were received from 163 (nearly 70%) of those contacted. While industrial injury data and sickness absence statistics are the principal areas of present computer analysis, respondents indicated that future plans called for a shift in emphasis to the analysis and correlation of human medical data with work exposure data. Nearly three-quarters of the respondents are planning more extensive medical information systems. It is concluded that there is an apparent need for both trained personnel to develop appropriate systems and enhanced communication between the users and suppliers of the required computer technology.", "contents": "Utilization of medical information systems in American occupational medicine. A committee report. In an attempt to define the nature of medical programs and the extent of utilization of information systems in occupational medicine, a questionnaire was directed to 230 corporate medical directors of the largest employers in the USA. Responses were received from 163 (nearly 70%) of those contacted. While industrial injury data and sickness absence statistics are the principal areas of present computer analysis, respondents indicated that future plans called for a shift in emphasis to the analysis and correlation of human medical data with work exposure data. Nearly three-quarters of the respondents are planning more extensive medical information systems. It is concluded that there is an apparent need for both trained personnel to develop appropriate systems and enhanced communication between the users and suppliers of the required computer technology.", "PMID": 592005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3932", "title": "Degenerative joint disease in the mouse knee; histological observations.", "content": "The knee joints from males of two strains (CBA/ORT and STR/ORT) were studied histologically. The incidence of degenerative joint disease was very high in the STR/ORT strain. Degeneration of the cartilage invariably occurred first at the interface of the cruciate ligament and articular cartilage of the tibia. Lesions were only seen on the medial tibial and later the medial femoral condyles. Blocks of fibrillated, uncalcified cartilage were gradually lost across the condyle, leaving the tidemark as a secondary articulating surface. Meanwhile the subchondral bone thickened and erosion continued through the calcified cartilage into the underlying bone. A statistically significant relationship was found between the development of the lesion and (a) medial dislocation of the patella, (b) calcification and ossification of the medial collateral ligament. Patella dislocation gave rise to extensive cartilaginous and bony metaplasia of the synovial tissue. In joints with advanced degeneration there was often evidence of a slight lateral subluxation of the femur relative to the tibia.", "contents": "Degenerative joint disease in the mouse knee; histological observations. The knee joints from males of two strains (CBA/ORT and STR/ORT) were studied histologically. The incidence of degenerative joint disease was very high in the STR/ORT strain. Degeneration of the cartilage invariably occurred first at the interface of the cruciate ligament and articular cartilage of the tibia. Lesions were only seen on the medial tibial and later the medial femoral condyles. Blocks of fibrillated, uncalcified cartilage were gradually lost across the condyle, leaving the tidemark as a secondary articulating surface. Meanwhile the subchondral bone thickened and erosion continued through the calcified cartilage into the underlying bone. A statistically significant relationship was found between the development of the lesion and (a) medial dislocation of the patella, (b) calcification and ossification of the medial collateral ligament. Patella dislocation gave rise to extensive cartilaginous and bony metaplasia of the synovial tissue. In joints with advanced degeneration there was often evidence of a slight lateral subluxation of the femur relative to the tibia.", "PMID": 592015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3933", "title": "The role of smooth muscle cells and hematogenous macrophages in atheroma.", "content": "Two types of lipid-containing cells were found in diet-induced atheromata of rabbits. The cells of the first type contained little acid esterase activity, were situated mainly in the deep and middle layers of the intima and constituted the overwhelming majority of foam cells. The lipid contained in them was bulky, indicating inefficient lipid emulsification and metabolism. The cells of the second type were rich in acid esterase activity and were situated in the superficial layer of the intima, often in subendothelial rows. These cells contained lipid which was finely emulsified and present in much smaller amounts than the lipid present in the first type of cell. The localisation of the two types of cells, the observation that only the second type of cell exhibited marked AS-D acetate esterase activity and the study of Adams and Bayliss (1976) indicate that, while the cells of the first type are myogenous, the cells of the second type are hematogenous macrophages. It is proposed that relative insufficiency of acid esterase activity in the myocytes is an important factor in the formation of atheroma. The intense acid esterase activity in the macrophages may play a major role in the healing of atheroma and its transformation into a fibrous plaque.", "contents": "The role of smooth muscle cells and hematogenous macrophages in atheroma. Two types of lipid-containing cells were found in diet-induced atheromata of rabbits. The cells of the first type contained little acid esterase activity, were situated mainly in the deep and middle layers of the intima and constituted the overwhelming majority of foam cells. The lipid contained in them was bulky, indicating inefficient lipid emulsification and metabolism. The cells of the second type were rich in acid esterase activity and were situated in the superficial layer of the intima, often in subendothelial rows. These cells contained lipid which was finely emulsified and present in much smaller amounts than the lipid present in the first type of cell. The localisation of the two types of cells, the observation that only the second type of cell exhibited marked AS-D acetate esterase activity and the study of Adams and Bayliss (1976) indicate that, while the cells of the first type are myogenous, the cells of the second type are hematogenous macrophages. It is proposed that relative insufficiency of acid esterase activity in the myocytes is an important factor in the formation of atheroma. The intense acid esterase activity in the macrophages may play a major role in the healing of atheroma and its transformation into a fibrous plaque.", "PMID": 592016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3934", "title": "Capillary telangiectasis of the brain in chimpanzee.", "content": "The occurrence of capillary telangiectasis of the brain in a chimpanzee is reported. The telangiectases were multiple and diffusely scattered throughout the brain although the cerebral and cerebellar cortex were particulary affected. Hemorrhage into surrounding gliotic parenchyma was present. The were associated neuroligic sings, most significantly paralysis and convulsions, and the outcome was fatal. A Case of this nature has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Capillary telangiectasis of the brain in chimpanzee. The occurrence of capillary telangiectasis of the brain in a chimpanzee is reported. The telangiectases were multiple and diffusely scattered throughout the brain although the cerebral and cerebellar cortex were particulary affected. Hemorrhage into surrounding gliotic parenchyma was present. The were associated neuroligic sings, most significantly paralysis and convulsions, and the outcome was fatal. A Case of this nature has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 592017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3935", "title": "Degenerative joint disease in the mouse knee; radiological and morphological observations.", "content": "Gross anatomical and radioligical techniques have been used to investigate the form and incidence of degenerative joint disease in the knee joint of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). The disease was seen radiographically as a thickening of the subchondral bone in the medial tibial and femoral condyles predominantly in the males. In fresh and macerated joints only advanced lesions could be seen with light microscopy and these appeared as concave (tibial) or flattened (femoral) erosions with hard shiny eburnated surfaces. Medial patella dislocation was a common feature of the arthrotic joints and there was associated widespread periarticular heterotopic calcification. These growths started as peripheral exostoses from the patella and as small loci of mineralisation within the synovial tissue but later enlarged into plaques of calcified tissue. Ossific centres within the menisci were present in all knees but became greatly enlarged in the osteoarthrotic joints. Calcification of the collateral ligaments occurred in non-arthrotic joints, especially laterally, but progressed to thick ossification in the medial ligament of arthrotic knees. Eventually all these enlarging sites of calcification and ossification began to fuse together, thus limiting the degree of movement of the joint. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between the severe arthropathy and (a) marked patella dislocation and (b) the presence of calcification in the medial collateral ligament.", "contents": "Degenerative joint disease in the mouse knee; radiological and morphological observations. Gross anatomical and radioligical techniques have been used to investigate the form and incidence of degenerative joint disease in the knee joint of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). The disease was seen radiographically as a thickening of the subchondral bone in the medial tibial and femoral condyles predominantly in the males. In fresh and macerated joints only advanced lesions could be seen with light microscopy and these appeared as concave (tibial) or flattened (femoral) erosions with hard shiny eburnated surfaces. Medial patella dislocation was a common feature of the arthrotic joints and there was associated widespread periarticular heterotopic calcification. These growths started as peripheral exostoses from the patella and as small loci of mineralisation within the synovial tissue but later enlarged into plaques of calcified tissue. Ossific centres within the menisci were present in all knees but became greatly enlarged in the osteoarthrotic joints. Calcification of the collateral ligaments occurred in non-arthrotic joints, especially laterally, but progressed to thick ossification in the medial ligament of arthrotic knees. Eventually all these enlarging sites of calcification and ossification began to fuse together, thus limiting the degree of movement of the joint. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between the severe arthropathy and (a) marked patella dislocation and (b) the presence of calcification in the medial collateral ligament.", "PMID": 592018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3936", "title": "The pathology of Sandhoff's disease.", "content": "We have presented the morbid anatomy of a case of Sandhoff's disease and have attempted to outline morphologic differences which distinguish this entity from other GM2 gangliosidoses. Yet, it may be well to maintain a sceptical eye. The anatomic differences among Tay-Sachs disease and its variants are more quantitative than qualitative and are overshadowed by the similarities. For these reasons, a definitive diagnosis must rest with the biochemist. Nevertheless, if many bizarre MCB's are encountered, the enzyme defect may be expected to differ from that of classical Tay-Sachs disease and, when seen in endothelial cells, they favour Sandhoff's disease. More importantly, if prominent visceral storage is found, and especially if it extends beyond the reticuloendothelial system to involve such selective sites as the kidneys and pancreas, Sandhoff's disease should immediately come to mind. For the pathologist, it is this latter point which more readily sets apart Sandhoff's disease from related GM2 gangliosidoses.", "contents": "The pathology of Sandhoff's disease. We have presented the morbid anatomy of a case of Sandhoff's disease and have attempted to outline morphologic differences which distinguish this entity from other GM2 gangliosidoses. Yet, it may be well to maintain a sceptical eye. The anatomic differences among Tay-Sachs disease and its variants are more quantitative than qualitative and are overshadowed by the similarities. For these reasons, a definitive diagnosis must rest with the biochemist. Nevertheless, if many bizarre MCB's are encountered, the enzyme defect may be expected to differ from that of classical Tay-Sachs disease and, when seen in endothelial cells, they favour Sandhoff's disease. More importantly, if prominent visceral storage is found, and especially if it extends beyond the reticuloendothelial system to involve such selective sites as the kidneys and pancreas, Sandhoff's disease should immediately come to mind. For the pathologist, it is this latter point which more readily sets apart Sandhoff's disease from related GM2 gangliosidoses.", "PMID": 592019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3937", "title": "The effect of inflammatory stimuli on the stroma of neoplasms: the involvement of mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "The phlogistic response of the stroma supporting a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma and the ability of animals bearing a neoplasm to mount an inflammatory reaction to non-specific stimuli were investigated. In the unstimulated neoplasm the concentration of macrophages in the stroma was similar to that of normal connective tissue. The mononuclear exudate induced by cotton pellets or glass coverslips implanted in the neoplastic tissue, however, was reduced when compared with that in normal connective tissues at both 7 and 14 days after implantation of these foreign bodies. Since the emigration of radioactively labelled monocytes in both inflamed normal connective tissue and inflamed stromal tissue in the neoplasm proved to be similar, the assumption has been made that neoplastic cells inhibit the local accumulation of the newly emigrated monocytes. This macrophage dispersing effect only occurs in the neoplasm and there is no systemic action. The only systemic effect detected is an anti-inflammatory action which was significant only between the 1st and the 2nd wk after transplantation of the neoplasm into neonatal recipients.", "contents": "The effect of inflammatory stimuli on the stroma of neoplasms: the involvement of mononuclear phagocytes. The phlogistic response of the stroma supporting a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma and the ability of animals bearing a neoplasm to mount an inflammatory reaction to non-specific stimuli were investigated. In the unstimulated neoplasm the concentration of macrophages in the stroma was similar to that of normal connective tissue. The mononuclear exudate induced by cotton pellets or glass coverslips implanted in the neoplastic tissue, however, was reduced when compared with that in normal connective tissues at both 7 and 14 days after implantation of these foreign bodies. Since the emigration of radioactively labelled monocytes in both inflamed normal connective tissue and inflamed stromal tissue in the neoplasm proved to be similar, the assumption has been made that neoplastic cells inhibit the local accumulation of the newly emigrated monocytes. This macrophage dispersing effect only occurs in the neoplasm and there is no systemic action. The only systemic effect detected is an anti-inflammatory action which was significant only between the 1st and the 2nd wk after transplantation of the neoplasm into neonatal recipients.", "PMID": 592021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3938", "title": "Cell death in developing skeletal muscle: histochemistry and ultrastructure.", "content": "The histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of cell death in the normal human foetus are described. The age range of the foetuses was 7 to 16 wk. Cell death was observed in all foetuses between 10 and 16 wk. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that disintegration of cell membrane may be a crucial factor in this process. Acid phosphatase activity and phagocytosis of cell debris are evidently not the main means of disposal of degenerate cell products. The possible relevance of cell death in embryogenesis for dystrophic processes is discussed.", "contents": "Cell death in developing skeletal muscle: histochemistry and ultrastructure. The histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of cell death in the normal human foetus are described. The age range of the foetuses was 7 to 16 wk. Cell death was observed in all foetuses between 10 and 16 wk. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that disintegration of cell membrane may be a crucial factor in this process. Acid phosphatase activity and phagocytosis of cell debris are evidently not the main means of disposal of degenerate cell products. The possible relevance of cell death in embryogenesis for dystrophic processes is discussed.", "PMID": 592022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3939", "title": "LDH isoenzyme pattern in a meningioma with pulmonary metastases.", "content": "The case is presented of an intraspinal meningioma in a 14-yr-old female. After surgical exploration pulmonary metastases became apparent. At necropsy the tumour had increased proportions of the cathodal isoenzymes LDH-4 and 5. This pattern has previously been observed in malignant meningiomas and may be used at the time of biopsy to assess malignancy.", "contents": "LDH isoenzyme pattern in a meningioma with pulmonary metastases. The case is presented of an intraspinal meningioma in a 14-yr-old female. After surgical exploration pulmonary metastases became apparent. At necropsy the tumour had increased proportions of the cathodal isoenzymes LDH-4 and 5. This pattern has previously been observed in malignant meningiomas and may be used at the time of biopsy to assess malignancy.", "PMID": 592023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3940", "title": "Clinical and post-mortem assessment of the cause of death.", "content": "Analysis of the clinical and post-mortem assessment of the underlying cause of death in 742 autopsies showed that over- and underdiagnosis cancelled each other out in the majority of the main diagnostic groups, so there was little difference in the total number of cases recorded in the different groups after clinical and post-mortem investigation. However, in the individual case the reliability of the clinical diagnosis varied greatly with the nature of the diagnosis and its degree of certainty. Reliability was for example high with clinically certain arteriosclerotic heart disease and low with cerebrovascular disease. Underdiagnosis of lung cancer is still a problem. Lack of interest in autopsy investigation may be reflection of lack of clinical involvement or therapeutic frustration rather than the use of sophisticated diagnostic procedures, as has been assumed by previous authors. It is suggested that the idea of selection of cases for autopsy should be replaced by selection of autopsies for microscopic investigation on the basis of the macroscopic post-mortem findings. It is suggested also that clinicians might profitably attend autopsies on patients in their sphere of interest that were not admitted under their care.", "contents": "Clinical and post-mortem assessment of the cause of death. Analysis of the clinical and post-mortem assessment of the underlying cause of death in 742 autopsies showed that over- and underdiagnosis cancelled each other out in the majority of the main diagnostic groups, so there was little difference in the total number of cases recorded in the different groups after clinical and post-mortem investigation. However, in the individual case the reliability of the clinical diagnosis varied greatly with the nature of the diagnosis and its degree of certainty. Reliability was for example high with clinically certain arteriosclerotic heart disease and low with cerebrovascular disease. Underdiagnosis of lung cancer is still a problem. Lack of interest in autopsy investigation may be reflection of lack of clinical involvement or therapeutic frustration rather than the use of sophisticated diagnostic procedures, as has been assumed by previous authors. It is suggested that the idea of selection of cases for autopsy should be replaced by selection of autopsies for microscopic investigation on the basis of the macroscopic post-mortem findings. It is suggested also that clinicians might profitably attend autopsies on patients in their sphere of interest that were not admitted under their care.", "PMID": 592024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3941", "title": "Apoptosis in the small intestine of zinc-deficient and fasted rats.", "content": "The number of apoptotic bodies found in the small intestine of control non-fasted rats was low. Apoptotic bodies were found in the crypt region of zinc-deficient rats and were present in very large numbers in half the animals examined. Increased numbers of apoptotic bodies were found in the crypt and fundic regions of fasted rats. The failure of cellular DNA synthesis which may occur in both zinc deficiency and fasting is considered as a possible cause of cell death by apoptosis.", "contents": "Apoptosis in the small intestine of zinc-deficient and fasted rats. The number of apoptotic bodies found in the small intestine of control non-fasted rats was low. Apoptotic bodies were found in the crypt region of zinc-deficient rats and were present in very large numbers in half the animals examined. Increased numbers of apoptotic bodies were found in the crypt and fundic regions of fasted rats. The failure of cellular DNA synthesis which may occur in both zinc deficiency and fasting is considered as a possible cause of cell death by apoptosis.", "PMID": 592026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3942", "title": "Scanning electron-microscope studies of the endothelium of aortic allografts in the rabbit: morphological observations.", "content": "Segments of aorta were transplanted between male rabbits using a cuff technique for anastomosis. The endothelial surfaces of recipient and donor aortas were observed by scanning electron microscopy following silver staining and pressure fixation at 1/2, 5, 24, 48 hr and 10 and 20 days after transplantation. Five hours after transplantation the endothelium was intact and only occasional cells were adherent to the surface. After 24 hr the endothelium was still intact, but showed breaks and small holes in the intercellular junction. There were many round cells adherent to the surface and lying in the sub-endothelium especially in association with the holes. Light microscopy showed that the intima was packed with cells, but they had not penetrated the internal elastic lamella into the media. Twenty days after transplantation the outlines of endothelial cells were no longer discernible and the surface was carpeted by leukocytes, platelets and thrombotic material.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscope studies of the endothelium of aortic allografts in the rabbit: morphological observations. Segments of aorta were transplanted between male rabbits using a cuff technique for anastomosis. The endothelial surfaces of recipient and donor aortas were observed by scanning electron microscopy following silver staining and pressure fixation at 1/2, 5, 24, 48 hr and 10 and 20 days after transplantation. Five hours after transplantation the endothelium was intact and only occasional cells were adherent to the surface. After 24 hr the endothelium was still intact, but showed breaks and small holes in the intercellular junction. There were many round cells adherent to the surface and lying in the sub-endothelium especially in association with the holes. Light microscopy showed that the intima was packed with cells, but they had not penetrated the internal elastic lamella into the media. Twenty days after transplantation the outlines of endothelial cells were no longer discernible and the surface was carpeted by leukocytes, platelets and thrombotic material.", "PMID": 592027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3943", "title": "Synovial haemangioma of the knee: light and electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Venous haemangioma of the synovium of one knee also involved adjacent, skin and muscle of the leg in a 4-yr-old girl. Phleboliths were seen in the knee on X-ray. Histologically, the synovium contained large venous channels and was laden with haemosiderin. On electron microscopy, the synovial cells were morpholgically most like synthetic (B) cells. Erythrocytes were ingested and broken down, stepwise, to siderosomes. The synovial cell cytoplasm also contained electron-dense punctate iron deposits. The synovial response appeared to represent chronic haemarthrosis.", "contents": "Synovial haemangioma of the knee: light and electron microscopic findings. Venous haemangioma of the synovium of one knee also involved adjacent, skin and muscle of the leg in a 4-yr-old girl. Phleboliths were seen in the knee on X-ray. Histologically, the synovium contained large venous channels and was laden with haemosiderin. On electron microscopy, the synovial cells were morpholgically most like synthetic (B) cells. Erythrocytes were ingested and broken down, stepwise, to siderosomes. The synovial cell cytoplasm also contained electron-dense punctate iron deposits. The synovial response appeared to represent chronic haemarthrosis.", "PMID": 592028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3944", "title": "Ultrastructure of Pharyngostomoides procyonis Harkema 1942 (Diplostomatidae). II. The female reproductive system.", "content": "Several components of the female reproductive system of Pharyngostomoides procyonis, including the vitellaria and vitelline duct, ovary and oviduct, Laurer's canal, and Mehlis' gland and associated ducts, were observed with the electron microscope. Vitelline follicles contain cells in various stages of development. Mature vitelline cells contain membrane-delimited clusters of vitelline globules near the plasma membrane. Cilia are present in the vitelline duct. The ovary contains germ cells in various stages of maturation. Oogonia are found in the peripheral region. Mature oocytes contain numerous dense bodies near the plasmalemma. Also included in the cytoplasm of mature oocytes are \"nucleolus-like bodies,\" myelin-like bodies, and mitochondria containing dense granules and few cristae. The epithelium of the oviduct is ciliated. Sperm are present in the oviduct and in Laurer's canal. Two types of secretory cells found in Mehlis' gland are described.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Pharyngostomoides procyonis Harkema 1942 (Diplostomatidae). II. The female reproductive system. Several components of the female reproductive system of Pharyngostomoides procyonis, including the vitellaria and vitelline duct, ovary and oviduct, Laurer's canal, and Mehlis' gland and associated ducts, were observed with the electron microscope. Vitelline follicles contain cells in various stages of development. Mature vitelline cells contain membrane-delimited clusters of vitelline globules near the plasma membrane. Cilia are present in the vitelline duct. The ovary contains germ cells in various stages of maturation. Oogonia are found in the peripheral region. Mature oocytes contain numerous dense bodies near the plasmalemma. Also included in the cytoplasm of mature oocytes are \"nucleolus-like bodies,\" myelin-like bodies, and mitochondria containing dense granules and few cristae. The epithelium of the oviduct is ciliated. Sperm are present in the oviduct and in Laurer's canal. Two types of secretory cells found in Mehlis' gland are described.", "PMID": 592030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3945", "title": "Metacercarial cyst formation in vitro of Echinostoma paraensei.", "content": "Cercariae of Echinostoma paraensei Lie and Basch 1968 encysted normally in the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata embryo (Bge) cells in culture, partially in culture conditioned medium, and not at all in fresh culture medium alone. At the ultrastructural level the cyst is composed of 2 well defined regions. The outer cyst wall (OCW) is particulate to fibrous in nature, formed from secretory granules released from the cercarial tegument. Membranous scrolls or rodlets secreted from the subtegumental cystogenous gland cells are then added to this layer, forming the inner cyst wall (ICW). After 24 hr the cultured cyst is enclosed by a thin cellular capsule similar to that found around cysts in the snail host. The capsule also contains collagen fibers, not found elsewhere in Bge cell cultures.", "contents": "Metacercarial cyst formation in vitro of Echinostoma paraensei. Cercariae of Echinostoma paraensei Lie and Basch 1968 encysted normally in the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata embryo (Bge) cells in culture, partially in culture conditioned medium, and not at all in fresh culture medium alone. At the ultrastructural level the cyst is composed of 2 well defined regions. The outer cyst wall (OCW) is particulate to fibrous in nature, formed from secretory granules released from the cercarial tegument. Membranous scrolls or rodlets secreted from the subtegumental cystogenous gland cells are then added to this layer, forming the inner cyst wall (ICW). After 24 hr the cultured cyst is enclosed by a thin cellular capsule similar to that found around cysts in the snail host. The capsule also contains collagen fibers, not found elsewhere in Bge cell cultures.", "PMID": 592031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3946", "title": "Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in Echinostoma revolutum metacercariae cultured in vitro.", "content": "Excysted metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum cultured in vitro in the defined medium, NCTC 135 supplemented with 20% hens' egg yolk, doubled their mean relative body area and showed significant sucker growth within 14 days. Histochemical Oil Red O staining showed neutral fat mainly in the excretory system of excysted metacercariae and in adults grown in the domestic chick. In vitro cultured worms showed neutral fat in the intestine, parenchyma, and excretory system. As detected by TLC the major neutral lipid fractions were free fatty acids for excysted metacercariae; free sterols for adults grown in chicks; and triglycerides, free fatty acids, and free sterols for cultured worms. Excysted metacercariae excreted free fatty acids into a nonnutrient incubation medium, whereas cultured worms excreted diglycerides, triglycerides, and free fatty acids into the medium.", "contents": "Histochemical and thin layer chromatographic analyses of neutral lipids in Echinostoma revolutum metacercariae cultured in vitro. Excysted metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum cultured in vitro in the defined medium, NCTC 135 supplemented with 20% hens' egg yolk, doubled their mean relative body area and showed significant sucker growth within 14 days. Histochemical Oil Red O staining showed neutral fat mainly in the excretory system of excysted metacercariae and in adults grown in the domestic chick. In vitro cultured worms showed neutral fat in the intestine, parenchyma, and excretory system. As detected by TLC the major neutral lipid fractions were free fatty acids for excysted metacercariae; free sterols for adults grown in chicks; and triglycerides, free fatty acids, and free sterols for cultured worms. Excysted metacercariae excreted free fatty acids into a nonnutrient incubation medium, whereas cultured worms excreted diglycerides, triglycerides, and free fatty acids into the medium.", "PMID": 592032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3947", "title": "Host-parasite relationships of Fasciola hepatica in the white mouse. VIII. Successful vaccination with culture incubate antigens and antigens from sonic disruption of immature worms.", "content": "Mice were successfully vaccinated using culture incubate and sonicate antigens from 16-day-old flukes. Various injection schedules using the culture incubate antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 54 to 86%. The best results were achieved when the culture incubate was injected at 12 and 24 hr of incubation. Host mortality in the natural immunity controls ranged from 33 to 42%, and in the vaccinated animals from 12.5 to 25%. Functional antigens were present by 12 hr of incubation. A single immunizing injection with the sonicate antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 86%. Two immunizing injections with this antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 82%. However, the pathologic process in the liver was more severe than in animals that received a single injection.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationships of Fasciola hepatica in the white mouse. VIII. Successful vaccination with culture incubate antigens and antigens from sonic disruption of immature worms. Mice were successfully vaccinated using culture incubate and sonicate antigens from 16-day-old flukes. Various injection schedules using the culture incubate antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 54 to 86%. The best results were achieved when the culture incubate was injected at 12 and 24 hr of incubation. Host mortality in the natural immunity controls ranged from 33 to 42%, and in the vaccinated animals from 12.5 to 25%. Functional antigens were present by 12 hr of incubation. A single immunizing injection with the sonicate antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 86%. Two immunizing injections with this antigen decreased challenge worm counts by 82%. However, the pathologic process in the liver was more severe than in animals that received a single injection.", "PMID": 592034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3948", "title": "Fascioloides magna in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): observations on the pairing tendency.", "content": "Fascioloides magna (Bassi 1875) was recovered from 227 of 312 (73%) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Texas between 1971 and 1975. Deer from age classes more than 1 year old had infection rates of from 64 to 84%. Few dead flukes were found. Flukes occurred exclusively in the livers of infected animals and were paired in 256 of 301 (85%) fibrous hepatic capsules. The prevalence of immature flukes with an average of one immature per infected liver was similar in all age classes, suggesting a relationship between fluke pairing and maturation.", "contents": "Fascioloides magna in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): observations on the pairing tendency. Fascioloides magna (Bassi 1875) was recovered from 227 of 312 (73%) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southern Texas between 1971 and 1975. Deer from age classes more than 1 year old had infection rates of from 64 to 84%. Few dead flukes were found. Flukes occurred exclusively in the livers of infected animals and were paired in 256 of 301 (85%) fibrous hepatic capsules. The prevalence of immature flukes with an average of one immature per infected liver was similar in all age classes, suggesting a relationship between fluke pairing and maturation.", "PMID": 592035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3949", "title": "Besnoitia darlingi (Protozoa: Toxoplasmatinae): cyclic transmission by cats.", "content": "Two of five opossums examined from the Kansas City area were found to be infected with Besnoitia darlingi. Inoculation of cysts resulted in acute lethal infections in mice and hamsters. Chronic infections with development of tissue cysts were obtained in mice by prophylaxis with sulfadiazine. Cysts were fed to cats and a dog which resulted in the shedding of isosporoid oocysts by cats. The prepatent period was 11 to 14 days. Unsporulated oocysts averaged 11.9 by 12.3 micrometer and sporulated in 48 to 72 hr. Mouse-to-mouse tramsmission was achieved by injecting triturated tissue containing cysts. This is the third species of Besonitia to be cyclically transmitted by cats.", "contents": "Besnoitia darlingi (Protozoa: Toxoplasmatinae): cyclic transmission by cats. Two of five opossums examined from the Kansas City area were found to be infected with Besnoitia darlingi. Inoculation of cysts resulted in acute lethal infections in mice and hamsters. Chronic infections with development of tissue cysts were obtained in mice by prophylaxis with sulfadiazine. Cysts were fed to cats and a dog which resulted in the shedding of isosporoid oocysts by cats. The prepatent period was 11 to 14 days. Unsporulated oocysts averaged 11.9 by 12.3 micrometer and sporulated in 48 to 72 hr. Mouse-to-mouse tramsmission was achieved by injecting triturated tissue containing cysts. This is the third species of Besonitia to be cyclically transmitted by cats.", "PMID": 592037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3950", "title": "Search for the presence of lectin-binding sites on Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Evidence for the presence of carbohydrate on the surface membrane of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites and on the cell wall of toxoplasma brain cysts was sought by fluorescent lectin staining. Using FITC-conjugated preparations of Concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), or soy bean agglutinin (SBA), we have failed to obtain evidence for the binding of these lectins on the surface of T. gondii trophozoites. In contrast, the three test lectins bound effectively and specifically to the wall of toxoplasma brain cysts. Prefixation of cysts with glutaraldehyde or brief trypsinization of cysts did not affect the intensity of cyst wall fluorescence when stained with FITC-conjugated Con A, SBA, or WGA. The results are interpreted to indicate that whereas exposed Con A, SBA, and WGA binding sites are associated with the wall of toxoplasma brain cysts, such lectin-binding saccharide residues are not present on the surface of trophozoites in exposed or reactive form.", "contents": "Search for the presence of lectin-binding sites on Toxoplasma gondii. Evidence for the presence of carbohydrate on the surface membrane of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites and on the cell wall of toxoplasma brain cysts was sought by fluorescent lectin staining. Using FITC-conjugated preparations of Concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), or soy bean agglutinin (SBA), we have failed to obtain evidence for the binding of these lectins on the surface of T. gondii trophozoites. In contrast, the three test lectins bound effectively and specifically to the wall of toxoplasma brain cysts. Prefixation of cysts with glutaraldehyde or brief trypsinization of cysts did not affect the intensity of cyst wall fluorescence when stained with FITC-conjugated Con A, SBA, or WGA. The results are interpreted to indicate that whereas exposed Con A, SBA, and WGA binding sites are associated with the wall of toxoplasma brain cysts, such lectin-binding saccharide residues are not present on the surface of trophozoites in exposed or reactive form.", "PMID": 592038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3951", "title": "Experimental infection with Plasmodium chabaudi in rats: antigen and antibody associated with anemia and glomerulonephritis of acute infection.", "content": "Rat-adapted Plasmodium chabaudi caused a syndrome characterized by hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. All rats recovered and appeared normal after 4 weeks despite persistence of proteinuria. Serologic studies on the malarious rats revealed that the infection was associated with a soluble antigen which was present concurrently with antibody in plasma, in material eluted from blood cells, in extracts of kidney tissues, and in the urine. This antigen appeared to be identical with one extracted from P. chabaudi parasites and did not cross-react with antigens of Plasmodium gallinaceum. Tests for the cold-active hemagglutin (CAH) and the globulin associated serum antigen (SA) previously associated with acute malaria, revealed that CAH, but not SA, was present. From these observations it is suggested that soluble complexes of the parasite antigen and its antibody may have been causal in this syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Plasmodium chabaudi in rats: antigen and antibody associated with anemia and glomerulonephritis of acute infection. Rat-adapted Plasmodium chabaudi caused a syndrome characterized by hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. All rats recovered and appeared normal after 4 weeks despite persistence of proteinuria. Serologic studies on the malarious rats revealed that the infection was associated with a soluble antigen which was present concurrently with antibody in plasma, in material eluted from blood cells, in extracts of kidney tissues, and in the urine. This antigen appeared to be identical with one extracted from P. chabaudi parasites and did not cross-react with antigens of Plasmodium gallinaceum. Tests for the cold-active hemagglutin (CAH) and the globulin associated serum antigen (SA) previously associated with acute malaria, revealed that CAH, but not SA, was present. From these observations it is suggested that soluble complexes of the parasite antigen and its antibody may have been causal in this syndrome.", "PMID": 592039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3952", "title": "The genus Speleocola lipovsky (Acari: Trombiculidae) with descriptions of two new species from Venezuela.", "content": "Speleocola Lipovsky 1952 is redescribed. New species S. clangula off Rhipidomys sp., Venezuela, and S. nolae off Peropteryx kappleri, Venezuela, are described. A key to the 5 included species is given.", "contents": "The genus Speleocola lipovsky (Acari: Trombiculidae) with descriptions of two new species from Venezuela. Speleocola Lipovsky 1952 is redescribed. New species S. clangula off Rhipidomys sp., Venezuela, and S. nolae off Peropteryx kappleri, Venezuela, are described. A key to the 5 included species is given.", "PMID": 592040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3953", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a diploid cell line from the tick, Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae).", "content": "Establishment of a continuous cell line (RML-14) from embryonic tissues of the tick Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann is reported. The culture medium employed consisted of a combination (2:1) of Eagle's and L-15 (Leibovitz) media supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 10% tryptose phosphate broth, and 0.1% bovine plasma albumin. At the 8th passage, 99% of dividing cells had the female chromosome complement, among which more than 70% had a diploid chromosome number of 22. At the 13th passage, cell population showed approximately a 3-fold increase during the first 8 days of culture. As of December 1976, had been subcultured 40 times.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a diploid cell line from the tick, Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae). Establishment of a continuous cell line (RML-14) from embryonic tissues of the tick Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann is reported. The culture medium employed consisted of a combination (2:1) of Eagle's and L-15 (Leibovitz) media supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 10% tryptose phosphate broth, and 0.1% bovine plasma albumin. At the 8th passage, 99% of dividing cells had the female chromosome complement, among which more than 70% had a diploid chromosome number of 22. At the 13th passage, cell population showed approximately a 3-fold increase during the first 8 days of culture. As of December 1976, had been subcultured 40 times.", "PMID": 592041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3954", "title": "Cytology, reproduction, and sex determination of Strongyloides ransomi and S. papillosus.", "content": "Parasitic females of Strongyloides ransomi and Strongyloides papillosus have 4 chromosomes and reproduce exclusively by mitotic (apomictic) parthenogenesis. The free-living generation includes females and males. The females have 2 pairs of chromosomes of unequal size and reproduce by meiotic parthenogenesis following obligatory pseudofertilization (gynogenesis). The males undergo spermatogenesis by the regular meiotic process and have the same chromosomal complement as the females. During prophase I, however, a portion of one homologue of the large bivalent breaks free and subsequently is diminished, as in S. ransomi, or it rejoins the original homologue, as in S. papillosus. This behavior of meiotic chromosomes during spermatogenesis suggests that the karyotype of these species has evolved from a karyotype analogous to that of Strongyloides ratti with 2 pairs of autosomes and a pair of X chromosomes, following fusion of the X chromosome with an autosome and the formation of a Neo-X and a Neo-Y chromosome. The female karyotype of S. ransomi and S. papillosus thus may be 2A + 2 Neo-X. The males are phenotypic males and have the same karyotype as the females, but their functional karyotype may be 2A + Neo-X + Neo-Y.", "contents": "Cytology, reproduction, and sex determination of Strongyloides ransomi and S. papillosus. Parasitic females of Strongyloides ransomi and Strongyloides papillosus have 4 chromosomes and reproduce exclusively by mitotic (apomictic) parthenogenesis. The free-living generation includes females and males. The females have 2 pairs of chromosomes of unequal size and reproduce by meiotic parthenogenesis following obligatory pseudofertilization (gynogenesis). The males undergo spermatogenesis by the regular meiotic process and have the same chromosomal complement as the females. During prophase I, however, a portion of one homologue of the large bivalent breaks free and subsequently is diminished, as in S. ransomi, or it rejoins the original homologue, as in S. papillosus. This behavior of meiotic chromosomes during spermatogenesis suggests that the karyotype of these species has evolved from a karyotype analogous to that of Strongyloides ratti with 2 pairs of autosomes and a pair of X chromosomes, following fusion of the X chromosome with an autosome and the formation of a Neo-X and a Neo-Y chromosome. The female karyotype of S. ransomi and S. papillosus thus may be 2A + 2 Neo-X. The males are phenotypic males and have the same karyotype as the females, but their functional karyotype may be 2A + Neo-X + Neo-Y.", "PMID": 592051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3955", "title": "Repeated low-level infection of white-tailed deer with Parelaphostrongylus andersoni.", "content": "Two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were given 5 infective larvae of Parelaphostrongylus andersoni each weekday for 13 weeks. At 23 weeks one of these deer and a control were challenged with single doses of 200 third-stage larvae. Repeated low-level infection of P. andersoni resulted in a sustained leukocytosis with an absolute eosinophilia which declined only after administration of larvae ceased, partial failure of worms to become established in the musculature, reduced numbers and reduced viability of eggs in the lungs, and an apparent active immunity which enabled the deer to resist challenge. The results of this study suggest that wild deer become infected with P. andersoni by isolated chance encounters with infected gastropods.", "contents": "Repeated low-level infection of white-tailed deer with Parelaphostrongylus andersoni. Two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were given 5 infective larvae of Parelaphostrongylus andersoni each weekday for 13 weeks. At 23 weeks one of these deer and a control were challenged with single doses of 200 third-stage larvae. Repeated low-level infection of P. andersoni resulted in a sustained leukocytosis with an absolute eosinophilia which declined only after administration of larvae ceased, partial failure of worms to become established in the musculature, reduced numbers and reduced viability of eggs in the lungs, and an apparent active immunity which enabled the deer to resist challenge. The results of this study suggest that wild deer become infected with P. andersoni by isolated chance encounters with infected gastropods.", "PMID": 592052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3956", "title": "Transovarially-transmitted intracellular microorganisms in adult and larval stages of Brugia malayi.", "content": "Observation of intracellular organisms in the lateral chords of Brugia malayi adults initiated further studies to determine the prevalence of these organisms within the tissues of adult worms and of larvae. The organisms were found in the lateral chords of adult males and females, microfilariae, first-, second-, third-, and fourth-stage larvae. In the females, they were present in the oogonia, oocytes, and developing eggs, suggesting transovarial transmission within the life cycle of the filarid. The organisms may have a developmental cycle consisting of more than one stage, including a small spheroidal stage up to 0.6 micrometer in size and a larger form up to 1.5 micrometer in length, all of which occur in the cytoplasm within a vesicle formed of host membrane. Each stage lacks a definite cell wall, being bound by 2 trilaminate membranes. The bacterial entities in B. malayi resemble both in morphology and development the organisms found in other filarids, but whether they affect the vertebrate host in any way remains to be determined. Their presence within certain cells of the developing eggs could be exploited as intracellular markers for the organogenesis of the lateral chords and the ovary.", "contents": "Transovarially-transmitted intracellular microorganisms in adult and larval stages of Brugia malayi. Observation of intracellular organisms in the lateral chords of Brugia malayi adults initiated further studies to determine the prevalence of these organisms within the tissues of adult worms and of larvae. The organisms were found in the lateral chords of adult males and females, microfilariae, first-, second-, third-, and fourth-stage larvae. In the females, they were present in the oogonia, oocytes, and developing eggs, suggesting transovarial transmission within the life cycle of the filarid. The organisms may have a developmental cycle consisting of more than one stage, including a small spheroidal stage up to 0.6 micrometer in size and a larger form up to 1.5 micrometer in length, all of which occur in the cytoplasm within a vesicle formed of host membrane. Each stage lacks a definite cell wall, being bound by 2 trilaminate membranes. The bacterial entities in B. malayi resemble both in morphology and development the organisms found in other filarids, but whether they affect the vertebrate host in any way remains to be determined. Their presence within certain cells of the developing eggs could be exploited as intracellular markers for the organogenesis of the lateral chords and the ovary.", "PMID": 592054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3957", "title": "Surgical repair of the injured spleen.", "content": "Fatal sepsis has been reported with increasing frequency following splenectomy for trauma. Efforts to save the spleen were made in 17 children with blunt abdominal trauma. Two patients required splenectomy, but 15 were managed successfully by splenic repair. No patient required reoperation, and there were no complications. Follow-up scans were remarkably normal. It is concluded that splenic lacerations are usually amenable to suture repair, and splenorrhaphy, not splenectomy, is the treatment of choice for splenic injury.", "contents": "Surgical repair of the injured spleen. Fatal sepsis has been reported with increasing frequency following splenectomy for trauma. Efforts to save the spleen were made in 17 children with blunt abdominal trauma. Two patients required splenectomy, but 15 were managed successfully by splenic repair. No patient required reoperation, and there were no complications. Follow-up scans were remarkably normal. It is concluded that splenic lacerations are usually amenable to suture repair, and splenorrhaphy, not splenectomy, is the treatment of choice for splenic injury.", "PMID": 592056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3958", "title": "Replantation of the upper extremity in children.", "content": "Since Malt and McKhann performed the first successful replantation of a traumatically amputated extremity in 1962, there has been a flurry of case reports and articles debating the pros and cons of the various technical aspects of replantation. There have been three case reports of children, under the age of 15, who have successfully undergone replantation of the upper extremity transected throught the humerus. The first case report in this article is the fourth. The factors involved in selecting replantation or amputation, and the technical aspects of the operation which are felt to be important, are briefly reviewed. Because the mechanics of limb replantation are rather straightforward, we feel that the pediatric surgeon should be familar with the preoperative and intraoperative factors to be weight, and that this alternative to stump closure be carefully considered when one is presented with an upper extremity transection.", "contents": "Replantation of the upper extremity in children. Since Malt and McKhann performed the first successful replantation of a traumatically amputated extremity in 1962, there has been a flurry of case reports and articles debating the pros and cons of the various technical aspects of replantation. There have been three case reports of children, under the age of 15, who have successfully undergone replantation of the upper extremity transected throught the humerus. The first case report in this article is the fourth. The factors involved in selecting replantation or amputation, and the technical aspects of the operation which are felt to be important, are briefly reviewed. Because the mechanics of limb replantation are rather straightforward, we feel that the pediatric surgeon should be familar with the preoperative and intraoperative factors to be weight, and that this alternative to stump closure be carefully considered when one is presented with an upper extremity transection.", "PMID": 592057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3959", "title": "Gastric volvulus in children: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of gastric volvulus in children are reported, one acute and one chronic. The diagnosis should be suspected as an unusual cause of chronic recurring upper abdominal pain or in acute gastric obstruction. The radiographic appearances of these patients are presented. Anterior gastropexy has produced good results in both the patients described.", "contents": "Gastric volvulus in children: report of two cases. Two cases of gastric volvulus in children are reported, one acute and one chronic. The diagnosis should be suspected as an unusual cause of chronic recurring upper abdominal pain or in acute gastric obstruction. The radiographic appearances of these patients are presented. Anterior gastropexy has produced good results in both the patients described.", "PMID": 592058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3960", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst mimicking Ewing's sarcoma of the rib.", "content": "A cantaloupe-sized intrathoracic tumor destroying the eighth rib with a pleural effusion is ominous. This case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of a rib mimicking a malignant chest wall tumor was both interesting and instructive.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst mimicking Ewing's sarcoma of the rib. A cantaloupe-sized intrathoracic tumor destroying the eighth rib with a pleural effusion is ominous. This case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of a rib mimicking a malignant chest wall tumor was both interesting and instructive.", "PMID": 592060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3961", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bile ducts.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract. Including all the historical recent probable, and established cases that are carefully classified by Hayes and Synder, only 24 cases have been reported to date. Because of the extreme rarity of this tumor in this location, correct diagnosis was not made until second laparotomy or autopsy in several reported cases. The present report describes a child who recently underwent excision of such a tumor at our institution.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bile ducts. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract. Including all the historical recent probable, and established cases that are carefully classified by Hayes and Synder, only 24 cases have been reported to date. Because of the extreme rarity of this tumor in this location, correct diagnosis was not made until second laparotomy or autopsy in several reported cases. The present report describes a child who recently underwent excision of such a tumor at our institution.", "PMID": 592061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3962", "title": "Presidential address: E pluribus unum.", "content": "To promote the best possible overall pediatric surgical care, I think that this may be the time that we should consider making common cause with other surgical specialists who work in the pediatric age range. This will need cooperative organization in our hospitals, medical schools, and on the national level. We now need a combined strong voice to deal with the large organizations through which the policies and the funding are being decided. We must now \"hang together, or we (and our patients) may all hang separately\".", "contents": "Presidential address: E pluribus unum. To promote the best possible overall pediatric surgical care, I think that this may be the time that we should consider making common cause with other surgical specialists who work in the pediatric age range. This will need cooperative organization in our hospitals, medical schools, and on the national level. We now need a combined strong voice to deal with the large organizations through which the policies and the funding are being decided. We must now \"hang together, or we (and our patients) may all hang separately\".", "PMID": 592062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3963", "title": "The effect of various resuscitative regimens on hemorrhagic shock in puppies.", "content": "Since shock secondary to hemorrhage is not infrequently encountered in the pediatric patient, a puppy model was devised to help measure and monitor cardiovascular and metabolic changes that occur before and after resuscitation from hypovolemic shock (mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg for 1 hr). Three resuscitation protocols were compared: whole blood (replacement:shed) 1:1, 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate 1:1; and Ringer's lactate 3:1. All dogs survived the experiment and responded similarly during the shock period. Thermal dilution cardiac output rose in all groups after resuscitation; however, in the Ringer's lactate and 5% albumin groups, cardiac output was statistically greater than that observed in the blood group. In all groups, pH and blood pressure approached but did not return completely to baseline levels after resuscitation. In addition, early resuscitation demonstrated a further decrease pH (\"hidden acidosis\") before it began to return toward normal as resuscitation progressed. This study suggests that the infusion of large volumes of Ringer's lactate or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate are equally efficacious in the treatment of hemorrhage. However, 5% albumin seems to be preferable because it allows infusion of a smaller quantity of electrolyte solution with equivalent physiologic benefits.", "contents": "The effect of various resuscitative regimens on hemorrhagic shock in puppies. Since shock secondary to hemorrhage is not infrequently encountered in the pediatric patient, a puppy model was devised to help measure and monitor cardiovascular and metabolic changes that occur before and after resuscitation from hypovolemic shock (mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg for 1 hr). Three resuscitation protocols were compared: whole blood (replacement:shed) 1:1, 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate 1:1; and Ringer's lactate 3:1. All dogs survived the experiment and responded similarly during the shock period. Thermal dilution cardiac output rose in all groups after resuscitation; however, in the Ringer's lactate and 5% albumin groups, cardiac output was statistically greater than that observed in the blood group. In all groups, pH and blood pressure approached but did not return completely to baseline levels after resuscitation. In addition, early resuscitation demonstrated a further decrease pH (\"hidden acidosis\") before it began to return toward normal as resuscitation progressed. This study suggests that the infusion of large volumes of Ringer's lactate or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate are equally efficacious in the treatment of hemorrhage. However, 5% albumin seems to be preferable because it allows infusion of a smaller quantity of electrolyte solution with equivalent physiologic benefits.", "PMID": 592063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3964", "title": "Complications and sequelae of temporal artery catheterization in the high-risk newborn.", "content": "One hundred high-risk newborns underwent a total of 115 temporal artery catheterizations using direct arterial exposure. Early catheter-related complications occurred in 10 patients: retrograde thrombosis of the posterior auricular artery (6), small area of skin slough at catheterization site (2), and positive blood cultures. (2). Twenty-five surviving infants were examined 6-10 mo after catheter removal: 5 patients showed scarring of minor cosmetic importance; 20 patients had barely perceptible incisional scars; and 21 patients had a return of pulsatile flow in the catheterized temporal artery.", "contents": "Complications and sequelae of temporal artery catheterization in the high-risk newborn. One hundred high-risk newborns underwent a total of 115 temporal artery catheterizations using direct arterial exposure. Early catheter-related complications occurred in 10 patients: retrograde thrombosis of the posterior auricular artery (6), small area of skin slough at catheterization site (2), and positive blood cultures. (2). Twenty-five surviving infants were examined 6-10 mo after catheter removal: 5 patients showed scarring of minor cosmetic importance; 20 patients had barely perceptible incisional scars; and 21 patients had a return of pulsatile flow in the catheterized temporal artery.", "PMID": 592065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3965", "title": "Experience with in-service examinations of pediatric surgical trainees.", "content": "A formal examination is an effective device for assessing certain aspects of a resident's competence. Participation by outside examiners is advisable. Generalizations on the basis of 2 yr of experience may be premature, however, the oral examination, strengthened by outside examiners and complemented by a written clinical problem-solving test, has provided insight into the candidates' abilities and into their progress from the first to the second year. In addition, this process has identified strengths and weaknesses in the training program, which has led to modifications of the surgical curriculum. It is concluded that comprehensive oral and written examination of pediatric surgical trainees at the completion of their first year and again at the end of their second year yields information that is of importance to the trainee and to the faculty.", "contents": "Experience with in-service examinations of pediatric surgical trainees. A formal examination is an effective device for assessing certain aspects of a resident's competence. Participation by outside examiners is advisable. Generalizations on the basis of 2 yr of experience may be premature, however, the oral examination, strengthened by outside examiners and complemented by a written clinical problem-solving test, has provided insight into the candidates' abilities and into their progress from the first to the second year. In addition, this process has identified strengths and weaknesses in the training program, which has led to modifications of the surgical curriculum. It is concluded that comprehensive oral and written examination of pediatric surgical trainees at the completion of their first year and again at the end of their second year yields information that is of importance to the trainee and to the faculty.", "PMID": 592066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3966", "title": "Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction in esophageal atresia: nocturnal regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia.", "content": "The association between lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence, gastroesophageal reflux, and recurrent pneumonia in patients who have undergone successful repair of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula is demonstrated in this study. The efficacy of esophageal manometric examination in the evaluation of the LES in young children after EA repair is documented. This study also provides evidence that infants and children with LES incompetence associated with EA may have LES responsiveness to bethanechol. Once established by manometry, this responsiveness may be used to manage the patient until surgical repair would be advantageous.", "contents": "Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction in esophageal atresia: nocturnal regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia. The association between lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence, gastroesophageal reflux, and recurrent pneumonia in patients who have undergone successful repair of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula is demonstrated in this study. The efficacy of esophageal manometric examination in the evaluation of the LES in young children after EA repair is documented. This study also provides evidence that infants and children with LES incompetence associated with EA may have LES responsiveness to bethanechol. Once established by manometry, this responsiveness may be used to manage the patient until surgical repair would be advantageous.", "PMID": 592067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3967", "title": "Management of major hemoptysis in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Although bronchoscopy remains the best definitive method for localization of the site of hemorrhage in patients who have massive hemopytsis, angiography remains an important adjunct to this localization. When combined with embolization of the bleeding bronchial artery, it is an effective method of therapy for the management of massive hemoptysis in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Management of major hemoptysis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Although bronchoscopy remains the best definitive method for localization of the site of hemorrhage in patients who have massive hemopytsis, angiography remains an important adjunct to this localization. When combined with embolization of the bleeding bronchial artery, it is an effective method of therapy for the management of massive hemoptysis in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 592068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3968", "title": "\"Acquired\" lobar emphysema: a complication of respiratory distress in premature infants.", "content": "Ten premature infants with respiratory distress developed a type of pulmonary lobar emphysema that is clinically and histologically distinct from interstitial or congenital lobar emphysema. In eight patients emphysema was noted in the right lower lobe, while in two the left upper lobe was affected. Five infants exhibited nonresolution of the emphysema and an inability to be weaned from ventilator support. Lung scans in these five infants showed absent or markedly decreased perfusion of the involved lobe. Lobectomy was necessary. Postoperatively, their respiratory status improved and they were successfully weaned from the ventilator. Five premature infants with identical radiographic emphysematous changes had normal lung scans. These infants did not require lobectomy and were also successfully weaned from the ventilator. Radiographic changes of lobar emphysema in these five infants completely resolved. Pathologic changes in the excised lobes were characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and obstructive intraalveolar emphysema. The long-term effects of positive pressure ventilation, oxygen, and suctioning techniques directed toward the right lower lobe may play an important role in the etiology of \"acquired\" lobar emphysema.", "contents": "\"Acquired\" lobar emphysema: a complication of respiratory distress in premature infants. Ten premature infants with respiratory distress developed a type of pulmonary lobar emphysema that is clinically and histologically distinct from interstitial or congenital lobar emphysema. In eight patients emphysema was noted in the right lower lobe, while in two the left upper lobe was affected. Five infants exhibited nonresolution of the emphysema and an inability to be weaned from ventilator support. Lung scans in these five infants showed absent or markedly decreased perfusion of the involved lobe. Lobectomy was necessary. Postoperatively, their respiratory status improved and they were successfully weaned from the ventilator. Five premature infants with identical radiographic emphysematous changes had normal lung scans. These infants did not require lobectomy and were also successfully weaned from the ventilator. Radiographic changes of lobar emphysema in these five infants completely resolved. Pathologic changes in the excised lobes were characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and obstructive intraalveolar emphysema. The long-term effects of positive pressure ventilation, oxygen, and suctioning techniques directed toward the right lower lobe may play an important role in the etiology of \"acquired\" lobar emphysema.", "PMID": 592069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3969", "title": "Management of pulmonary insufficiency in diaphragmatic hernia using extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO).", "content": "Persistent fetal circulation (PFC) causes severe pulmonary insufficiency in patients who have demonstrated adequate lung function following diaphragmatic hernia repair. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation corrects this condition, but carries the risk of sudden right ventricular failure. Pharmacologic reversal of PFC may be attempted, and if unsuccessful, prolonged venoarterial bypass becomes necessary to provide effective pulmonary support. PDA ligation can then be performed safely and maturation of the pulmonary vasculature allowed to occur. Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring is essential.", "contents": "Management of pulmonary insufficiency in diaphragmatic hernia using extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO). Persistent fetal circulation (PFC) causes severe pulmonary insufficiency in patients who have demonstrated adequate lung function following diaphragmatic hernia repair. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation corrects this condition, but carries the risk of sudden right ventricular failure. Pharmacologic reversal of PFC may be attempted, and if unsuccessful, prolonged venoarterial bypass becomes necessary to provide effective pulmonary support. PDA ligation can then be performed safely and maturation of the pulmonary vasculature allowed to occur. Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring is essential.", "PMID": 592070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3970", "title": "Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in persistent fetal circulation (PFC).", "content": "The use of the Swan-Ganz catheter to monitor pulmonary artery pressure in adults with cardiopulmonary failure has become commonplace. Our meager experience was with four neonates diagnosed as having persistent fetal circulation monitored by the use of this PA catheter. Tolazoline was infused directly into the pulmonary circulation via the catheter. Pulmonary artery pressure was temporarily reduced by tolazoline administration, with a marked increase in PaO2. More experience is required to define the role of the Swan-Ganz catheter in neonatal physiologic monitoring.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in persistent fetal circulation (PFC). The use of the Swan-Ganz catheter to monitor pulmonary artery pressure in adults with cardiopulmonary failure has become commonplace. Our meager experience was with four neonates diagnosed as having persistent fetal circulation monitored by the use of this PA catheter. Tolazoline was infused directly into the pulmonary circulation via the catheter. Pulmonary artery pressure was temporarily reduced by tolazoline administration, with a marked increase in PaO2. More experience is required to define the role of the Swan-Ganz catheter in neonatal physiologic monitoring.", "PMID": 592071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3971", "title": "Increased meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin after extensive small bowel resection in puppies.", "content": "In six beagle puppies provided with vagally denervated pouches of the oxyntic gland area, the effects of massive resection of the small intestine on acid secretion and serum gastrin induced by feeding were studied. The enterectomies produced significant postprandial hypersecretion of acid and hypergastrinemia. A linear correlation existed between the increased acid output and serum gastrin level.", "contents": "Increased meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin after extensive small bowel resection in puppies. In six beagle puppies provided with vagally denervated pouches of the oxyntic gland area, the effects of massive resection of the small intestine on acid secretion and serum gastrin induced by feeding were studied. The enterectomies produced significant postprandial hypersecretion of acid and hypergastrinemia. A linear correlation existed between the increased acid output and serum gastrin level.", "PMID": 592072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3972", "title": "Laparoscopy in infants and children.", "content": "Laparoscopy has been performed in 60 infants and children over a 32-mo period. Indications included: the problem of possible appendicitis, chronic abdominal pain, possible regional enteritis, possible biliary atresia, and liver biopsy. Fifty-two per cent of patients were spared laparotomy, while in 32% the need for operation was established. There were 2 errors in diagnosis, 3 failures, and 1 complication. Laparoscopy is considered to be a safe, effective, and economical diagnostic procedure that deserves wider application in the pediatric patient.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in infants and children. Laparoscopy has been performed in 60 infants and children over a 32-mo period. Indications included: the problem of possible appendicitis, chronic abdominal pain, possible regional enteritis, possible biliary atresia, and liver biopsy. Fifty-two per cent of patients were spared laparotomy, while in 32% the need for operation was established. There were 2 errors in diagnosis, 3 failures, and 1 complication. Laparoscopy is considered to be a safe, effective, and economical diagnostic procedure that deserves wider application in the pediatric patient.", "PMID": 592073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3973", "title": "The use of glucagon in the diagnosis and management of illeocolic intussusception.", "content": "Twenty-one of 25 episodes of ileocolic intussusception were successfully reduced by the barium enema hydrostatic technique supplemented by glucagon. No apparent serious complications occurred from the use of this drug. The comfort of the children and the ease of filling the colon and small bowel seemed enhanced by the glucagon.", "contents": "The use of glucagon in the diagnosis and management of illeocolic intussusception. Twenty-one of 25 episodes of ileocolic intussusception were successfully reduced by the barium enema hydrostatic technique supplemented by glucagon. No apparent serious complications occurred from the use of this drug. The comfort of the children and the ease of filling the colon and small bowel seemed enhanced by the glucagon.", "PMID": 592074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3974", "title": "Surgical manifestations of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient.", "content": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, occurs in one of 10,000 admissions to this Children's Hospital. We had added 4 cases to the 11 retrieved from a literature review. The inflammation is characterized by mature eosinophils predominating a transmural process which may produce pain, obstruction, perforation, bleeding, or fistulae. All levels of the gastrointestinal tract are involved, but stomach (25.9%) and small bowel (66.7%) lesions are most common. Eosinophilia occurs in 61% of children and allergy in 13%. X-rays may demonstrate a diffuse or localized process. Operative intervention may be necessary to exclude tumors or regional enteritis, and at times to extirpate complications of local disease, but conservative therapy is the treatment of choice for this exacerbating-remitting disease.", "contents": "Surgical manifestations of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, occurs in one of 10,000 admissions to this Children's Hospital. We had added 4 cases to the 11 retrieved from a literature review. The inflammation is characterized by mature eosinophils predominating a transmural process which may produce pain, obstruction, perforation, bleeding, or fistulae. All levels of the gastrointestinal tract are involved, but stomach (25.9%) and small bowel (66.7%) lesions are most common. Eosinophilia occurs in 61% of children and allergy in 13%. X-rays may demonstrate a diffuse or localized process. Operative intervention may be necessary to exclude tumors or regional enteritis, and at times to extirpate complications of local disease, but conservative therapy is the treatment of choice for this exacerbating-remitting disease.", "PMID": 592075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3975", "title": "Peritoneal drainage under local anesthesia for perforations from necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "During 1974 and 1975, five newborn infants weighing between 760 and 1600 g developed severe intraabdominal complications of NEC due to necrotic bowel with perforation and peritonitis. Because these tiny neonates were very ill with sepsis and other severe medical problems, no attempt at laparotomy under general anesthesia was carried out. Instead, using local anesthesia, the contaminated peritoneal cavity was drained via a small incision, usually in the right lower quadrant. This permitted evacuation of air, pus, and stool. In all babies there was improvement evident in the abdomen within one wk, although two of the five newborns died from other causes. The three survivors are well and have normally functioning intestinal tracts 1-2 yr following surgery. One of these surviving babies developed a bowel stricture which subsequently required resection. We feel this method is preferable in the handling of the tiny sick neonate with a bowel perforation from NEC.", "contents": "Peritoneal drainage under local anesthesia for perforations from necrotizing enterocolitis. During 1974 and 1975, five newborn infants weighing between 760 and 1600 g developed severe intraabdominal complications of NEC due to necrotic bowel with perforation and peritonitis. Because these tiny neonates were very ill with sepsis and other severe medical problems, no attempt at laparotomy under general anesthesia was carried out. Instead, using local anesthesia, the contaminated peritoneal cavity was drained via a small incision, usually in the right lower quadrant. This permitted evacuation of air, pus, and stool. In all babies there was improvement evident in the abdomen within one wk, although two of the five newborns died from other causes. The three survivors are well and have normally functioning intestinal tracts 1-2 yr following surgery. One of these surviving babies developed a bowel stricture which subsequently required resection. We feel this method is preferable in the handling of the tiny sick neonate with a bowel perforation from NEC.", "PMID": 592076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3976", "title": "Differentiation of intramural ganglia in the dissociated rectosigmoid of the rat: an organ culture study.", "content": "The distal rectosigmoid of the developing embryonic rat was studied on each gestational day from 12 to 21. Circular muscle was first recognized on day 16 and ganglion cells on day 17. When in vitro dissociated colon from as early as the day 12 embryo reached a maturational age of 17 days (embryonic age plus days in culture), circular muscle, ganglia, and peristalsis could be detected. This indicates that neuroblasts must have migrated to the indifferent mesenchyme before day 12 of gestation. Anti-nerve growth factor immunoglobulin-G ( IgG) did not inhibit differentiation of ganglia in vitro. As a result of this study we designed an in vitro assay that can serve as a useful means to study isolated ganglion cell development.", "contents": "Differentiation of intramural ganglia in the dissociated rectosigmoid of the rat: an organ culture study. The distal rectosigmoid of the developing embryonic rat was studied on each gestational day from 12 to 21. Circular muscle was first recognized on day 16 and ganglion cells on day 17. When in vitro dissociated colon from as early as the day 12 embryo reached a maturational age of 17 days (embryonic age plus days in culture), circular muscle, ganglia, and peristalsis could be detected. This indicates that neuroblasts must have migrated to the indifferent mesenchyme before day 12 of gestation. Anti-nerve growth factor immunoglobulin-G ( IgG) did not inhibit differentiation of ganglia in vitro. As a result of this study we designed an in vitro assay that can serve as a useful means to study isolated ganglion cell development.", "PMID": 592077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3977", "title": "Biliary Atresia: histopathologic observations and reflections upon its natural history.", "content": "Operative liver biopsies and specimens of the extrahepatic ducts and porta hepatis have been studied in 12 cases of biliary atresia. In all cases, the liver showed giant cell transformation and inflammation with mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Most had other features of neonatal hepatitis, including necrosis of hepatocytes. In the intrahepatic bile ducts of all cases but one, the hepatic ducts and glands at the porta hepatis, and in the extrahepatic ducts where epithelium remained, there was degeneration of the epithelium and intramural inflammation. In the ducts at the porta hepatis and in 6 of 8 extrahepatic ducts where epithelium remained, there was extensive mural fibrosis compromising the diameter of the duct lumens. Three cases showed the inflammatory changes distal to sites of closure of the extrahepatic ducts. These findings demonstrate that in biliary atresia, hepatitis, intrahepatic cholangitis, and sclerosing cholangitis of the extrahepatic ducts all interact to produce acquired obstruction to bile flow.", "contents": "Biliary Atresia: histopathologic observations and reflections upon its natural history. Operative liver biopsies and specimens of the extrahepatic ducts and porta hepatis have been studied in 12 cases of biliary atresia. In all cases, the liver showed giant cell transformation and inflammation with mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Most had other features of neonatal hepatitis, including necrosis of hepatocytes. In the intrahepatic bile ducts of all cases but one, the hepatic ducts and glands at the porta hepatis, and in the extrahepatic ducts where epithelium remained, there was degeneration of the epithelium and intramural inflammation. In the ducts at the porta hepatis and in 6 of 8 extrahepatic ducts where epithelium remained, there was extensive mural fibrosis compromising the diameter of the duct lumens. Three cases showed the inflammatory changes distal to sites of closure of the extrahepatic ducts. These findings demonstrate that in biliary atresia, hepatitis, intrahepatic cholangitis, and sclerosing cholangitis of the extrahepatic ducts all interact to produce acquired obstruction to bile flow.", "PMID": 592078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3978", "title": "Quantitative estimation of ventilation in newborn infants using the impedance pneumogram.", "content": "Impedance pneumography is potentially a non-invasive method of measuring infant tidal volumes. In order to evaluate the accuracy of impedance pneumography, eight healthy infants (weighing from 709 to 3506 grams) were randomly chosen and studied. Simultaneous measurements of tidal volumes were made by calibrated spirometry and by transthoracic impedance pneumography. The results were statistically compared. Transthoracic impedance pneumography provided a reliable estimate of tidal and minute volumes in these newborn infants.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of ventilation in newborn infants using the impedance pneumogram. Impedance pneumography is potentially a non-invasive method of measuring infant tidal volumes. In order to evaluate the accuracy of impedance pneumography, eight healthy infants (weighing from 709 to 3506 grams) were randomly chosen and studied. Simultaneous measurements of tidal volumes were made by calibrated spirometry and by transthoracic impedance pneumography. The results were statistically compared. Transthoracic impedance pneumography provided a reliable estimate of tidal and minute volumes in these newborn infants.", "PMID": 592082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3979", "title": "Perception of hostility in the TAT as a function of defensive style.", "content": "Groups of male and female students with high, intermediate, and low scores on Byrne's Scale of Repression-Sensitization judged the amount of hostility and the darkness of 10 TAT cards, including the blank. The groups' judgments for each card were expressed in terms of the statistic E, a non-parametric index of discriminability derived on the basis of the theory of signal detection. Subjects with low scores on the scale showed significantly lower E values for hostility (p less than .05), but not for darkness, than the other two groups. It was concluded that differences in sensitivity to affective stimulation underlie the dimension of Repression-Sensitization.", "contents": "Perception of hostility in the TAT as a function of defensive style. Groups of male and female students with high, intermediate, and low scores on Byrne's Scale of Repression-Sensitization judged the amount of hostility and the darkness of 10 TAT cards, including the blank. The groups' judgments for each card were expressed in terms of the statistic E, a non-parametric index of discriminability derived on the basis of the theory of signal detection. Subjects with low scores on the scale showed significantly lower E values for hostility (p less than .05), but not for darkness, than the other two groups. It was concluded that differences in sensitivity to affective stimulation underlie the dimension of Repression-Sensitization.", "PMID": 592087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3980", "title": "Multidimensional scaling of the TAT and the measurement of achievement motivation.", "content": "Subjects rated all pairs of eight TAT cards and ten Rorschach cards for similarity. They were also scored for n-Ach using imagery scoring on stories to TAT cards. Two similarity dimensions were found for the TAT stimuli, identified as number of persons and degree of strong affect. Those high and low on need for achievement for both sexes differed significantly on degree of salience afforded to each dimension, those high weighting the affect dimension more, and those low the person dimension more. Dimensions of the Rorschach found by Wainer et al. (1976) were replicated, but did not discriminate individuals on need for achievement. The results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of the dimensions, the possible relationship of affect to achievement motivation, and the possible practical implications for the use and measurement properties of projective tests.", "contents": "Multidimensional scaling of the TAT and the measurement of achievement motivation. Subjects rated all pairs of eight TAT cards and ten Rorschach cards for similarity. They were also scored for n-Ach using imagery scoring on stories to TAT cards. Two similarity dimensions were found for the TAT stimuli, identified as number of persons and degree of strong affect. Those high and low on need for achievement for both sexes differed significantly on degree of salience afforded to each dimension, those high weighting the affect dimension more, and those low the person dimension more. Dimensions of the Rorschach found by Wainer et al. (1976) were replicated, but did not discriminate individuals on need for achievement. The results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of the dimensions, the possible relationship of affect to achievement motivation, and the possible practical implications for the use and measurement properties of projective tests.", "PMID": 592088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3981", "title": "A measure of interpersonal dependency.", "content": "Interpersonal dependency refers to a complex of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors revolving around needs to associate closely with valued other people. Its conceptual sources include the psychoanalytic theory of object relations, social learning theories of dependency, and the ethological theory of attachment. A review of existing self-report inventories revealed none that adequately assessed interpersonal dependency. A new 48-item self-report inventory which assesses interpersonal dependency in adults was developed using a sample of 220 normals and 180 psychiatric patients. It was cross-validated on two additional samples. Three components of interpersonal dependency emerged: emotional reliance on another person, lack of social self-confidence, and assertion of autonomy. The relationship of these components with normals and patients was discussed, as well as with the concepts of attachment and dependency.", "contents": "A measure of interpersonal dependency. Interpersonal dependency refers to a complex of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors revolving around needs to associate closely with valued other people. Its conceptual sources include the psychoanalytic theory of object relations, social learning theories of dependency, and the ethological theory of attachment. A review of existing self-report inventories revealed none that adequately assessed interpersonal dependency. A new 48-item self-report inventory which assesses interpersonal dependency in adults was developed using a sample of 220 normals and 180 psychiatric patients. It was cross-validated on two additional samples. Three components of interpersonal dependency emerged: emotional reliance on another person, lack of social self-confidence, and assertion of autonomy. The relationship of these components with normals and patients was discussed, as well as with the concepts of attachment and dependency.", "PMID": 592089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3982", "title": "a comparison of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the PRF ANDRO Scale.", "content": "The Bem Sex Role Inventory and the PRF ANDRO Scales were administered to 158 (59 males, 99 females) undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Data analysis was carried out by examining the amount of agreement between the BSRI and the PRF ANDRO Scale in terms of assignment of sex-role outcome. When both sexes are combined, only 66 of 158 (42%) subjects fell in the same sex-role category.", "contents": "a comparison of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the PRF ANDRO Scale. The Bem Sex Role Inventory and the PRF ANDRO Scales were administered to 158 (59 males, 99 females) undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Data analysis was carried out by examining the amount of agreement between the BSRI and the PRF ANDRO Scale in terms of assignment of sex-role outcome. When both sexes are combined, only 66 of 158 (42%) subjects fell in the same sex-role category.", "PMID": 592090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3983", "title": "Relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and psychiatric subclassification.", "content": "Examined the ability of a self-report measure of attentional and interpersonal characteristics to discriminate between groups of psychiatric patients and normal controls. Seventy-eight psychiatric patients and 30 nonpsychiatric medical inpatients completed the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). Discriminant analyses of TAIS scores showed that: (a) psychiatric patients in comparison with normal controls described themselves as more overloaded by external and internal stimuli and as less effective in narrowing their attentional focus to task-relevant stimuli; (b) good premorbid schizophrenics appeared more externally overloaded and less able to narrow attentional focus than poor premorbid schizophrenics; and (c) psychotics and neurotics described themselves as more introverted and less pleasant in social encounters, while individuals diagnosed as character or personality disorders tended to be more extroverted and impulsive. The results were compatible with past experimental work and clinical reports identifying attentional and interpersonal differences among psychiatric subgroups.", "contents": "Relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and psychiatric subclassification. Examined the ability of a self-report measure of attentional and interpersonal characteristics to discriminate between groups of psychiatric patients and normal controls. Seventy-eight psychiatric patients and 30 nonpsychiatric medical inpatients completed the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). Discriminant analyses of TAIS scores showed that: (a) psychiatric patients in comparison with normal controls described themselves as more overloaded by external and internal stimuli and as less effective in narrowing their attentional focus to task-relevant stimuli; (b) good premorbid schizophrenics appeared more externally overloaded and less able to narrow attentional focus than poor premorbid schizophrenics; and (c) psychotics and neurotics described themselves as more introverted and less pleasant in social encounters, while individuals diagnosed as character or personality disorders tended to be more extroverted and impulsive. The results were compatible with past experimental work and clinical reports identifying attentional and interpersonal differences among psychiatric subgroups.", "PMID": 592091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3984", "title": "The Eysenck Personality Inventory lie scale--some further Australian data.", "content": "The lie scale of the EPI has been the subject of sparse and equivocal results. No age-related effects of the L scale have been reported. The scale is widely used in Australia as a screening instrument for entry into nursing schools. This study found significant differences in L scale performance between young and mature female nurses. This difference was demonstrated both in the higher frequency with which the mature group scored above the cut-off point for acceptance, and in the higher L scoring of this group even within the category of acceptable returns.", "contents": "The Eysenck Personality Inventory lie scale--some further Australian data. The lie scale of the EPI has been the subject of sparse and equivocal results. No age-related effects of the L scale have been reported. The scale is widely used in Australia as a screening instrument for entry into nursing schools. This study found significant differences in L scale performance between young and mature female nurses. This difference was demonstrated both in the higher frequency with which the mature group scored above the cut-off point for acceptance, and in the higher L scoring of this group even within the category of acceptable returns.", "PMID": 592092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3985", "title": "Inventory and expressive measures of locus control and academic performance: a 5-year outcome study.", "content": "Inventory and expressive measures of locus of control were used in a effort to assess their long term potential for predicting academic performance. Thus 45 male graduate students from three diverse major areas and 45 male high ability undergraduates were initially administered Rotter locus of control and Autobiography locus of control scales. Academic data regarding grade point average and baccalaureal or doctoral degree attainment were gathered five years later. The hypotheses were supported to the extent that low to moderate significant correlations were found between the two locus of control scales and subsequent academic performance. The strongest relationships were found between locus of control and graduate degree attainment, with graduate student internals significantly more likely to earn the doctorate within 5-year period than externals. It was speculated that the externals might be a more persistent group, but the internals were more likely to either attain the degree within 5 years, or drop out. And within this study's restricted ability ranges, locus of control personality measures proved to be better predictors of degree attainment than conventional ability scales.", "contents": "Inventory and expressive measures of locus control and academic performance: a 5-year outcome study. Inventory and expressive measures of locus of control were used in a effort to assess their long term potential for predicting academic performance. Thus 45 male graduate students from three diverse major areas and 45 male high ability undergraduates were initially administered Rotter locus of control and Autobiography locus of control scales. Academic data regarding grade point average and baccalaureal or doctoral degree attainment were gathered five years later. The hypotheses were supported to the extent that low to moderate significant correlations were found between the two locus of control scales and subsequent academic performance. The strongest relationships were found between locus of control and graduate degree attainment, with graduate student internals significantly more likely to earn the doctorate within 5-year period than externals. It was speculated that the externals might be a more persistent group, but the internals were more likely to either attain the degree within 5 years, or drop out. And within this study's restricted ability ranges, locus of control personality measures proved to be better predictors of degree attainment than conventional ability scales.", "PMID": 592093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3986", "title": "Can we describe an individual's personality? agreement of stereotype versus individual attributes.", "content": "Group members described other members of their group (known for at least a year) by four different procedures (free-descriptive phrases, free-descriptive adjectives, an adjective checklist, and a rating scale) at weekly intervals. As expected, the agreement between pairs of observers, as measured by overlap of content, increased from the free to the structured tasks. However, observers, agreement by chance and on group stereotypes, assessed by counting overlap between their descriptions of two separate persons, also increased. When chance and stereotype-associated aggreement were subtracted from overall agreement, the remaining, \"person-specific\" agreement averaged about 5%. Agreement measured separately by a matching procedure averaged 14%. No significant increase in person-specific agreement was foud between the free-descriptive and standard tasks. The findings indicate that agreement on individuating features of a person is very low and is not appreciably improved by providing observers with standard descriptive tasks.", "contents": "Can we describe an individual's personality? agreement of stereotype versus individual attributes. Group members described other members of their group (known for at least a year) by four different procedures (free-descriptive phrases, free-descriptive adjectives, an adjective checklist, and a rating scale) at weekly intervals. As expected, the agreement between pairs of observers, as measured by overlap of content, increased from the free to the structured tasks. However, observers, agreement by chance and on group stereotypes, assessed by counting overlap between their descriptions of two separate persons, also increased. When chance and stereotype-associated aggreement were subtracted from overall agreement, the remaining, \"person-specific\" agreement averaged about 5%. Agreement measured separately by a matching procedure averaged 14%. No significant increase in person-specific agreement was foud between the free-descriptive and standard tasks. The findings indicate that agreement on individuating features of a person is very low and is not appreciably improved by providing observers with standard descriptive tasks.", "PMID": 592094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3987", "title": "Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged.", "content": "Elderly nursing home residents who were tested as part of an intervention designed to increase feelings of choice and personal responsibility over daily events were reevaluated 18 month later. Nurses' ratings and health and mortality indicators suggest that the experimental treatment and /or the processes that it set in motion had sustained beneficial effects.", "contents": "Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged. Elderly nursing home residents who were tested as part of an intervention designed to increase feelings of choice and personal responsibility over daily events were reevaluated 18 month later. Nurses' ratings and health and mortality indicators suggest that the experimental treatment and /or the processes that it set in motion had sustained beneficial effects.", "PMID": 592095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3988", "title": "Morphology and responses to light of the somata, axons, and terminal regions of individual photoreceptors of the giant barnacle.", "content": "1. The median eye of the giant barnacle, B. nubilus, comprises four large photoreceptor neurones which are visible under the dissecting microscope for almost their entire length. We have studied the structure of, and the responses to light recorded in, the somata, axons, and terminal regions of these neurones.2. The photoreceptor somata, each 40-70 mum in diameter, extend numerous light-sensitive dendritic processes whose membranes form rhabdomeric microvilli. Recordings from the soma show that dim light evokes a steady, noisy depolarization; brighter light elicits a transient depolarization which decays to a maintained plateau, followed by a hyperpolarization when the light is turned off.3. Light-induced voltage changes spread decrementally along the photoreceptor axons, which average 10 mm in length and 25 mum in diameter. In distal parts of the axon, near the presynaptic terminals, depolarizations and hyperpolarizations can be as large as 50% or more of their values in the soma.4. There is no demonstrable electrical coupling between photoreceptor neurones as shown by simultaneous recordings from two receptor somata or axons.5. Each photoreceptor axon enters the mid line commissure of the supraoesophageal ganglion, bifurcates, and arborizes in a restricted zone of neuropil in each hemiganglion. The large size of the terminal processes of these neurones and their characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions enable one to trace them with the electron microscope as they branch in the neuropil.6. The terminal processes subdivide and end in 1-3 mum diameter branches which are the sites of apparently chemical synapses. Vesicle-containing, presynaptic loci on these processes of the receptor cell are invariably apposed to two post-synaptic processes from cells as yet unidentified.", "contents": "Morphology and responses to light of the somata, axons, and terminal regions of individual photoreceptors of the giant barnacle. 1. The median eye of the giant barnacle, B. nubilus, comprises four large photoreceptor neurones which are visible under the dissecting microscope for almost their entire length. We have studied the structure of, and the responses to light recorded in, the somata, axons, and terminal regions of these neurones.2. The photoreceptor somata, each 40-70 mum in diameter, extend numerous light-sensitive dendritic processes whose membranes form rhabdomeric microvilli. Recordings from the soma show that dim light evokes a steady, noisy depolarization; brighter light elicits a transient depolarization which decays to a maintained plateau, followed by a hyperpolarization when the light is turned off.3. Light-induced voltage changes spread decrementally along the photoreceptor axons, which average 10 mm in length and 25 mum in diameter. In distal parts of the axon, near the presynaptic terminals, depolarizations and hyperpolarizations can be as large as 50% or more of their values in the soma.4. There is no demonstrable electrical coupling between photoreceptor neurones as shown by simultaneous recordings from two receptor somata or axons.5. Each photoreceptor axon enters the mid line commissure of the supraoesophageal ganglion, bifurcates, and arborizes in a restricted zone of neuropil in each hemiganglion. The large size of the terminal processes of these neurones and their characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions enable one to trace them with the electron microscope as they branch in the neuropil.6. The terminal processes subdivide and end in 1-3 mum diameter branches which are the sites of apparently chemical synapses. Vesicle-containing, presynaptic loci on these processes of the receptor cell are invariably apposed to two post-synaptic processes from cells as yet unidentified.", "PMID": 592112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3989", "title": "The organization of the salivary gland microcirculation.", "content": "1. The microvasculature of the rabbit submandibular salivary gland has been investigated employing in vivo microscopy, blood flow measurements, latex casts, microsphere injections and examination of fixed sections of the gland.2. Two principal microcirculations were distinguished in the living gland, one supplying the acini and the other the intralobular ducts. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation (2, 5 or 10 sec(-1)) elicited different responses in each of the two microcirculations. Flow in the capillaries around the acini slowed initially before increasing. In contrast, flow in the intralobular duct capillaries increased soon after beginning stimulation.3. In some experiments both whole gland flow and microvascular flow were monitored simultaneously. Whole gland flow increased at the same time as flow in the acinar capillaries was decreasing and as flow in the intralobular duct capillaries increased. Flow in acinar capillaries increased about 5 sec after glandular flow started to increase.4. These observations could be explained if either the vascular beds of the acini and the intralobular ducts were arranged in parallel or if arteriovenous anastomoses were to shunt the acinar circulation. No such anastomoses were found in latex casts made of the gland vasculature, and microspheres injected into the artery supplying the gland were not found in the venous effluent.5. The intraglandular distribution of microspheres was measured in histological sections of the injected glands to give an estimate of the distribution of blood flow between the duct and acinar microcirculations. At rest and during maintained stimulation about 55% of the blood flow passed through the intralobular duct microcirculations, whilst during this initial 15 sec of stimulation this proportion was increased to over 70%. This finding is consistent with a parallel arrangement of the two microcirculations.6. The conclusions drawn from these observations are that the duct and acinar microcirculations are arranged in parallel, that there are differences in the way the vasodilatation is mediated in these circulations, and that arterio-venous anastomoses play no significant role in this gland.", "contents": "The organization of the salivary gland microcirculation. 1. The microvasculature of the rabbit submandibular salivary gland has been investigated employing in vivo microscopy, blood flow measurements, latex casts, microsphere injections and examination of fixed sections of the gland.2. Two principal microcirculations were distinguished in the living gland, one supplying the acini and the other the intralobular ducts. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation (2, 5 or 10 sec(-1)) elicited different responses in each of the two microcirculations. Flow in the capillaries around the acini slowed initially before increasing. In contrast, flow in the intralobular duct capillaries increased soon after beginning stimulation.3. In some experiments both whole gland flow and microvascular flow were monitored simultaneously. Whole gland flow increased at the same time as flow in the acinar capillaries was decreasing and as flow in the intralobular duct capillaries increased. Flow in acinar capillaries increased about 5 sec after glandular flow started to increase.4. These observations could be explained if either the vascular beds of the acini and the intralobular ducts were arranged in parallel or if arteriovenous anastomoses were to shunt the acinar circulation. No such anastomoses were found in latex casts made of the gland vasculature, and microspheres injected into the artery supplying the gland were not found in the venous effluent.5. The intraglandular distribution of microspheres was measured in histological sections of the injected glands to give an estimate of the distribution of blood flow between the duct and acinar microcirculations. At rest and during maintained stimulation about 55% of the blood flow passed through the intralobular duct microcirculations, whilst during this initial 15 sec of stimulation this proportion was increased to over 70%. This finding is consistent with a parallel arrangement of the two microcirculations.6. The conclusions drawn from these observations are that the duct and acinar microcirculations are arranged in parallel, that there are differences in the way the vasodilatation is mediated in these circulations, and that arterio-venous anastomoses play no significant role in this gland.", "PMID": 592119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3990", "title": "Passive signal propagation and membrane properties in median photoreceptors of the giant barnacle.", "content": "1. The light-induced electrical responses of barnacle photoreceptors spread decrementally along the cells' axons. The decay of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components of the visual signal was studied by recording intracellularly from single receptor axons of the median ocellus of the giant barnacle.2. The resistance of the photoreceptor neurone decreases markedly when the cell is depolarized with respect to its dark resting potential of -60 mV. This rectification results in differential attenuation of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components of the visual signal as they spread down the axon. Consequently, the visual signal entering the synaptic region is conspicuously distorted.3. Bathing the photoreceptor axons in sodium-free or calcium-free saline or in isotonic sucrose does not significantly affect the spread of the visual signal to the terminals. Thus the signal is not amplified by an ionic mechanism along the axon.4. Membrane characteristics of the photoreceptor for hyperpolarizing voltage changes were estimated from (a) the ratio of the amplitudes of the visual signals recorded simultaneously in the axon and in the soma, (b) the time constant, and (c) the input resistance of the cell. All three independent measurements are consistent with a length constant 1 to 2 times the total length of the cell (lambda = 10-18 mm) and an unusually high membrane resistivity of about 300 kOmega cm(2). This resistivity enables the receptor potential to spread passively to the terminal region.5. Electron microscopic examination of receptor axons reveals an investment of glial lamellae, but demonstrates neither unusual structures which would lead to a high apparent membrane resistivity, nor junctions between cells which would seal off the extracellular space. Thus the observed high resistivity appears to be an intrinsic property of the receptor membrane.", "contents": "Passive signal propagation and membrane properties in median photoreceptors of the giant barnacle. 1. The light-induced electrical responses of barnacle photoreceptors spread decrementally along the cells' axons. The decay of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components of the visual signal was studied by recording intracellularly from single receptor axons of the median ocellus of the giant barnacle.2. The resistance of the photoreceptor neurone decreases markedly when the cell is depolarized with respect to its dark resting potential of -60 mV. This rectification results in differential attenuation of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components of the visual signal as they spread down the axon. Consequently, the visual signal entering the synaptic region is conspicuously distorted.3. Bathing the photoreceptor axons in sodium-free or calcium-free saline or in isotonic sucrose does not significantly affect the spread of the visual signal to the terminals. Thus the signal is not amplified by an ionic mechanism along the axon.4. Membrane characteristics of the photoreceptor for hyperpolarizing voltage changes were estimated from (a) the ratio of the amplitudes of the visual signals recorded simultaneously in the axon and in the soma, (b) the time constant, and (c) the input resistance of the cell. All three independent measurements are consistent with a length constant 1 to 2 times the total length of the cell (lambda = 10-18 mm) and an unusually high membrane resistivity of about 300 kOmega cm(2). This resistivity enables the receptor potential to spread passively to the terminal region.5. Electron microscopic examination of receptor axons reveals an investment of glial lamellae, but demonstrates neither unusual structures which would lead to a high apparent membrane resistivity, nor junctions between cells which would seal off the extracellular space. Thus the observed high resistivity appears to be an intrinsic property of the receptor membrane.", "PMID": 592129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3991", "title": "Changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance during the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in the pregnant rabbit.", "content": "1. The reflex cardiovascular effects of changes in pressure within the isolated carotid sinus have been examined in sixteen anaesthetized pregnant rabbits. 2. Comparison of the mean results at sinus pressures of 40 and 200 mmHg showed that heart rate fell by 32.1 beats min-1 and arterial pressure was reduced by 48.2 mmHg. Cardiac output, measured by thermal dilution, fell by 25.7 ml. min-1.kg-1 and total peripheral resistance was reduced by 0-292 mmHg. ml.-1 min. kg. 3. The corresponding changes previously reported in a group of seventeen non-pregnant female rabbits were a similar fall in heart rate of 34.5 beats min-1 but significantly greater reductions in arterial pressure of 69-8 mmHg and in total peripheral resistance of 0-432 mmHg. ml.-1 min.kg. However, the fall in cardiac output of 12.6 ml.min-1.kg-1 was significantly smaller. 4. These observations show that the smaller blood pressure response of the pregnant rabbit to alterations in sinus pressure is due to a reduced change in total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance during the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex in the pregnant rabbit. 1. The reflex cardiovascular effects of changes in pressure within the isolated carotid sinus have been examined in sixteen anaesthetized pregnant rabbits. 2. Comparison of the mean results at sinus pressures of 40 and 200 mmHg showed that heart rate fell by 32.1 beats min-1 and arterial pressure was reduced by 48.2 mmHg. Cardiac output, measured by thermal dilution, fell by 25.7 ml. min-1.kg-1 and total peripheral resistance was reduced by 0-292 mmHg. ml.-1 min. kg. 3. The corresponding changes previously reported in a group of seventeen non-pregnant female rabbits were a similar fall in heart rate of 34.5 beats min-1 but significantly greater reductions in arterial pressure of 69-8 mmHg and in total peripheral resistance of 0-432 mmHg. ml.-1 min.kg. However, the fall in cardiac output of 12.6 ml.min-1.kg-1 was significantly smaller. 4. These observations show that the smaller blood pressure response of the pregnant rabbit to alterations in sinus pressure is due to a reduced change in total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 592143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3992", "title": "Properties of different functional types of neurones in the cat's rostral trigeminal nuclei responding to sinus hair stimulation.", "content": "1. Properties of neurones in the trigeminal nuclei principalis and oralis responding to movements of facial sinus hairs were studied in cats anaesthetized by I. V. infusion of pentobarbitone.2. Using electrophysiological methods trigeminal neurones were classified into primary afferent fibres, trigeminothalamic relay neurones, interneurones and other unspecified higher order neurones.3. When receptive fields of synaptically activated neurones were compared with those of primary afferent fibres, an often extensive convergence from first order on to higher order neurones was established. Out of 119 relay neurones six received input from one sinus hair only. Spontaneous activity was encountered about twice as often in synaptically activated neurones than in primary afferent fibres.4. The responsiveness of single neurones was unstable over time in about one fifth of the population and then the total number of impulses discharged in successive responses could vary by as much as 500%. Unstable responsiveness occurred sometimes alone but was often accompanied by marked changes in the size or the configuration of the receptive field. Such instabilities were observed in all kinds of synaptically activated neurones but not in primary afferent fibres.5. Afferent inhibition in relay neurones could be elicited from within the excitatory receptive field and appeared to be related to the activation of distinct receptor populations responding to specific stimulus parameters. Inhibition was also seen in interneurones following both mechanical stimulation of the skin and electrical stimulation of lemniscal fibre terminals in the contralateral ventromedial thalamus.6. The results are discussed and compared with previous findings about sinus hair representation in the trigeminal nucleus and the ascending lemniscal projection. The findings indicate that the concept of the ;static properties' of relay neurones is not adequate for all trigeminothalamic relay neurones and may require a critical reconsideration.7. It is suggested that the afferent input from sinus hairs is effectively controlled at the level of the rostral trigeminal nuclei. This control may affect the spatial input to relay neurones, the temporal components of their responses and the intensity dimension of their transmission capacity. It is postulated that by these mechanisms tactile information from the sinus hair system is modulated according to the instantaneous sensory requirements of the behaving cat.", "contents": "Properties of different functional types of neurones in the cat's rostral trigeminal nuclei responding to sinus hair stimulation. 1. Properties of neurones in the trigeminal nuclei principalis and oralis responding to movements of facial sinus hairs were studied in cats anaesthetized by I. V. infusion of pentobarbitone.2. Using electrophysiological methods trigeminal neurones were classified into primary afferent fibres, trigeminothalamic relay neurones, interneurones and other unspecified higher order neurones.3. When receptive fields of synaptically activated neurones were compared with those of primary afferent fibres, an often extensive convergence from first order on to higher order neurones was established. Out of 119 relay neurones six received input from one sinus hair only. Spontaneous activity was encountered about twice as often in synaptically activated neurones than in primary afferent fibres.4. The responsiveness of single neurones was unstable over time in about one fifth of the population and then the total number of impulses discharged in successive responses could vary by as much as 500%. Unstable responsiveness occurred sometimes alone but was often accompanied by marked changes in the size or the configuration of the receptive field. Such instabilities were observed in all kinds of synaptically activated neurones but not in primary afferent fibres.5. Afferent inhibition in relay neurones could be elicited from within the excitatory receptive field and appeared to be related to the activation of distinct receptor populations responding to specific stimulus parameters. Inhibition was also seen in interneurones following both mechanical stimulation of the skin and electrical stimulation of lemniscal fibre terminals in the contralateral ventromedial thalamus.6. The results are discussed and compared with previous findings about sinus hair representation in the trigeminal nucleus and the ascending lemniscal projection. The findings indicate that the concept of the ;static properties' of relay neurones is not adequate for all trigeminothalamic relay neurones and may require a critical reconsideration.7. It is suggested that the afferent input from sinus hairs is effectively controlled at the level of the rostral trigeminal nuclei. This control may affect the spatial input to relay neurones, the temporal components of their responses and the intensity dimension of their transmission capacity. It is postulated that by these mechanisms tactile information from the sinus hair system is modulated according to the instantaneous sensory requirements of the behaving cat.", "PMID": 592153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3993", "title": "Quantitative aspects of responses in trigeminal relay neurones and interneurones following mechanical stimulation of sinus hairs and skin in the cat.", "content": "1. Stimulus-response relationships in discharges of trigeminal relay- and interneurones were investigated in the barbiturate anaesthetized cat using controlled sinus hair or skin displacements.2. In comparison with discharges in slowly adapting primary afferent fibres the responses in all higher order neurones were considerably reduced in firing rate and often revealed modifications suggesting the interaction of mechanisms actively modulating the afferent input.3. In relay neurones with or without a tonic discharge component the ;dynamic on' response during a trapezoidal displacement of sinus hairs was found to be determined entirely or predominantly by the movement velocity and to be independent of the deflexion angle of a stimulus. In contrast, the static response in tonic relay neurones was determined by both the movement velocity and the displacement amplitude.4. Spatial summation of afferent input caused either only quantitative changes in the responses of relay neurones leaving the general discharge properties unaltered or caused both qualitative and quantitative changes in the responses.5. Interneurones consisted of two functional groups. In about 25% of them the responses were not or only slightly dependent on the intensity of the applied stimulus, often burstlike and of an all or nothing character. In the second group of interneurones the responses showed a quantitative dependence on the applied stimuli. In this group of interneurones responses often increased with the spatial extension of the peripheral stimulus revealing spatial summation of the afferent input.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of responses in trigeminal relay neurones and interneurones following mechanical stimulation of sinus hairs and skin in the cat. 1. Stimulus-response relationships in discharges of trigeminal relay- and interneurones were investigated in the barbiturate anaesthetized cat using controlled sinus hair or skin displacements.2. In comparison with discharges in slowly adapting primary afferent fibres the responses in all higher order neurones were considerably reduced in firing rate and often revealed modifications suggesting the interaction of mechanisms actively modulating the afferent input.3. In relay neurones with or without a tonic discharge component the ;dynamic on' response during a trapezoidal displacement of sinus hairs was found to be determined entirely or predominantly by the movement velocity and to be independent of the deflexion angle of a stimulus. In contrast, the static response in tonic relay neurones was determined by both the movement velocity and the displacement amplitude.4. Spatial summation of afferent input caused either only quantitative changes in the responses of relay neurones leaving the general discharge properties unaltered or caused both qualitative and quantitative changes in the responses.5. Interneurones consisted of two functional groups. In about 25% of them the responses were not or only slightly dependent on the intensity of the applied stimulus, often burstlike and of an all or nothing character. In the second group of interneurones the responses showed a quantitative dependence on the applied stimuli. In this group of interneurones responses often increased with the spatial extension of the peripheral stimulus revealing spatial summation of the afferent input.", "PMID": 592176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3994", "title": "Voltage noise observed in rods of the turtle retina.", "content": "1. Intracellular voltage was recorded from rods in isolated retinae of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. The voltage was observed during darkness or during uniform illumination of a large retinal area. During darkness the voltage fluctuated continuously about a mean level. The spontaneous fluctuation is termed ;noise'. During illumination the amplitude of the noise was reduced.2. The noise observed during darkness could also be reduced by injecting a hyperpolarizing current into the impaled rod. The noise could be increased by a depolarizing current. The component of the noise that could be altered by polarizing the rod is termed ;voltage-sensitive noise'.3. When voltage-sensitive noise was first minimized by a continuous hyperpolarizing current, bright light produced an additional decrease in the noise. The component of the noise that was eliminated by light, but not eliminated by the injection of current, is termed ;light-sensitive noise'.4. The power density spectrum of voltage-sensitive noise, G(v)(f), could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] tau(M) was approximately 7 msec, which is in good agreement with an apparent membrane time constant of 5-8 msec. The largest value of alpha(v) was 2.1 x 10(-9) V(2) sec.5. The power density spectrum of light-sensitive noise could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] tau(L) was approximately 200-300 msec. The largest value of alpha(L) was 8.0 x 10(-9) V(2) sec.6. The potential maintained during darkness could be altered by superfusing a retina with artificial media of different compositions. Depolarizing the rods by changing the extracellular calcium concentration from 1 to 5 mM increased the voltage-sensitive noise. A similar effect was observed after adding 2 mM lanthanum.7. In contrast, 5 mM cobalt produced a small hyperpolarization and suppressed the voltage-sensitive noise. Injecting a depolarizing current, after exposure to cobalt, re-initiated the voltage-sensitive noise. The ability to elicit voltage-sensitive noise in the presence of cobalt indicates that it was not of synaptic origin.8. The results are consistent with the noise present during dark being produced by two types of channel in the rod membrane. One is controlled by the phototransduction process; each individual channel of this type may be described as having a mean open time of 200-300 msec and a conductance of approx. 6 x 10(-13) Omega(-1). The absorption of one photon closes approx. 100-300 of these channels. The other type of channel is controlled by membrane potential; each individual channel of this type has a mean open time which is less than the membrane time constant of 8 msec.", "contents": "Voltage noise observed in rods of the turtle retina. 1. Intracellular voltage was recorded from rods in isolated retinae of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. The voltage was observed during darkness or during uniform illumination of a large retinal area. During darkness the voltage fluctuated continuously about a mean level. The spontaneous fluctuation is termed ;noise'. During illumination the amplitude of the noise was reduced.2. The noise observed during darkness could also be reduced by injecting a hyperpolarizing current into the impaled rod. The noise could be increased by a depolarizing current. The component of the noise that could be altered by polarizing the rod is termed ;voltage-sensitive noise'.3. When voltage-sensitive noise was first minimized by a continuous hyperpolarizing current, bright light produced an additional decrease in the noise. The component of the noise that was eliminated by light, but not eliminated by the injection of current, is termed ;light-sensitive noise'.4. The power density spectrum of voltage-sensitive noise, G(v)(f), could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] tau(M) was approximately 7 msec, which is in good agreement with an apparent membrane time constant of 5-8 msec. The largest value of alpha(v) was 2.1 x 10(-9) V(2) sec.5. The power density spectrum of light-sensitive noise could be described by an equation of the form [Formula: see text] tau(L) was approximately 200-300 msec. The largest value of alpha(L) was 8.0 x 10(-9) V(2) sec.6. The potential maintained during darkness could be altered by superfusing a retina with artificial media of different compositions. Depolarizing the rods by changing the extracellular calcium concentration from 1 to 5 mM increased the voltage-sensitive noise. A similar effect was observed after adding 2 mM lanthanum.7. In contrast, 5 mM cobalt produced a small hyperpolarization and suppressed the voltage-sensitive noise. Injecting a depolarizing current, after exposure to cobalt, re-initiated the voltage-sensitive noise. The ability to elicit voltage-sensitive noise in the presence of cobalt indicates that it was not of synaptic origin.8. The results are consistent with the noise present during dark being produced by two types of channel in the rod membrane. One is controlled by the phototransduction process; each individual channel of this type may be described as having a mean open time of 200-300 msec and a conductance of approx. 6 x 10(-13) Omega(-1). The absorption of one photon closes approx. 100-300 of these channels. The other type of channel is controlled by membrane potential; each individual channel of this type has a mean open time which is less than the membrane time constant of 8 msec.", "PMID": 592191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3995", "title": "The dynamics of the pi 1 colour mechanism: further evidence for two sites of adaptation.", "content": "1. The visual pathway that determines Stiles's Pi(1) colour mechanism was isolated by the auxiliary field technique and studied under dynamic conditions of light adaptation and recovery by threshold measurements.2. The time courses of adaptation to Pi(1)-equated short wave-length (mu </= 500 nm) and long wave-length (mu >/= 550 nm) fields are very distinct: a large and relatively long-enduring transient threshold elevation occurs at the onset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.3. Similarly, the time courses of recovery from Pi(1)-equated long and short wave-length fields are quite distinctive: a large and relatively long enduring transient (;transient tritanopia') occurs at the offset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.4. The wave-lengths of the fields which cause the adaptation transients coincide with those shown previously (Pugh, 1976) to combine non-additively with mu = 430 nm fields in effecting Pi(1) adaptation. The failure of the time course of Pi(1) adaptation to be spectrally ;univariant' combines with the failures of field-additivity to demonstrate that signals from the long and/or middle wave-length sensitive cones affect the adaptation state of the Pi(1) pathway.5. The adaptation transients are not observed in the pathways that determine Pi(4) and Pi(5). Thus, instantaneous signals from the middle and/or long wave-length sensitive cones are not the cause of the transients. Rather the cause must lie in the path by which those cones transmit their signals to the Pi(1) pathway or in the Pi(1) pathway itself.6. The off-transient can be diminished by adding an adequately intense short wave-length field to a long wave-length field that would normally cause it. The Pi(1) pathway must receive chromatically opponent signals.", "contents": "The dynamics of the pi 1 colour mechanism: further evidence for two sites of adaptation. 1. The visual pathway that determines Stiles's Pi(1) colour mechanism was isolated by the auxiliary field technique and studied under dynamic conditions of light adaptation and recovery by threshold measurements.2. The time courses of adaptation to Pi(1)-equated short wave-length (mu </= 500 nm) and long wave-length (mu >/= 550 nm) fields are very distinct: a large and relatively long-enduring transient threshold elevation occurs at the onset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.3. Similarly, the time courses of recovery from Pi(1)-equated long and short wave-length fields are quite distinctive: a large and relatively long enduring transient (;transient tritanopia') occurs at the offset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.4. The wave-lengths of the fields which cause the adaptation transients coincide with those shown previously (Pugh, 1976) to combine non-additively with mu = 430 nm fields in effecting Pi(1) adaptation. The failure of the time course of Pi(1) adaptation to be spectrally ;univariant' combines with the failures of field-additivity to demonstrate that signals from the long and/or middle wave-length sensitive cones affect the adaptation state of the Pi(1) pathway.5. The adaptation transients are not observed in the pathways that determine Pi(4) and Pi(5). Thus, instantaneous signals from the middle and/or long wave-length sensitive cones are not the cause of the transients. Rather the cause must lie in the path by which those cones transmit their signals to the Pi(1) pathway or in the Pi(1) pathway itself.6. The off-transient can be diminished by adding an adequately intense short wave-length field to a long wave-length field that would normally cause it. The Pi(1) pathway must receive chromatically opponent signals.", "PMID": 592192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3996", "title": "Movement of labelled decamethonium in muscle fibres of the rat.", "content": "1. Tritium-labelled decamethonium accumulated in diaphragm muscles of the rat in vitro with a peak at the end-plate region and the distributions were fitted by Gaussian curves. 2. Prolonged wash in physiological saline (10 hr) produced some loss in radioactivity but no detectable spread of the labelled compound along the fibres, which indicated that the decamethonium was not in a mobile form. 3. Rats injected with labelled decamethonium showed radioactivity in the diaphragm muscles after 21 days. 4. A slow spread of the labelled compound along the fibres was detected, and from the widening of the Gaussian curves the apparent diffusion coefficient was 1.2 X 10(-8) cm2sec-1, which is less than 1/500 of that in free solution.", "contents": "Movement of labelled decamethonium in muscle fibres of the rat. 1. Tritium-labelled decamethonium accumulated in diaphragm muscles of the rat in vitro with a peak at the end-plate region and the distributions were fitted by Gaussian curves. 2. Prolonged wash in physiological saline (10 hr) produced some loss in radioactivity but no detectable spread of the labelled compound along the fibres, which indicated that the decamethonium was not in a mobile form. 3. Rats injected with labelled decamethonium showed radioactivity in the diaphragm muscles after 21 days. 4. A slow spread of the labelled compound along the fibres was detected, and from the widening of the Gaussian curves the apparent diffusion coefficient was 1.2 X 10(-8) cm2sec-1, which is less than 1/500 of that in free solution.", "PMID": 592193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3997", "title": "Sodium entry in rat diaphragm induced by depolarizing drugs.", "content": "1. An increased uptake of labelled sodium was found in the end-plate region of rat diaphragm following brief exposure to solution containing (24)Na plus carbachol (100 muM), with a wash in inactive saline. Tetrodotoxin (0.1 muM) was also present. Comparable results were obtained with decamethonium and suberyldicholine.2. With carbachol (100 muM) the influx of labelled sodium at the end-plate region was increased by a factor of at least three as compared with that at the end of the fibres.3. After entry the labelled sodium spread along the fibres with an apparent diffusion coefficient which was half that expected in the external solution.4. The dose-response curve for the effect of carbachol gave a half-maximal value of 72 muM.5. In muscles depolarized by potassium methyl sulphate the effect of carbachol on the entry of sodium was reduced although demonstrable.6. The entry of labelled sodium at the end-plate was maintained during prolonged exposure to carbachol (100 muM) or decamethonium (100 muM).7. The rate of entry of (24)Na obtained with carbachol, after corrections for the wash, was estimated as 1.5 x 10(3) ions channel(-1) sec(-1), measured over a period of 15 sec.8. Labelled decamethonium and labelled carbachol also accumulated at the end-plate region. After extrapolation to allow for the effects of the wash the entry of decamethonium when expressed as a clearance (pl. mg(-1) sec(-1)) was comparable to that of sodium, as expected if decamethonium and sodium enter through the same channels.", "contents": "Sodium entry in rat diaphragm induced by depolarizing drugs. 1. An increased uptake of labelled sodium was found in the end-plate region of rat diaphragm following brief exposure to solution containing (24)Na plus carbachol (100 muM), with a wash in inactive saline. Tetrodotoxin (0.1 muM) was also present. Comparable results were obtained with decamethonium and suberyldicholine.2. With carbachol (100 muM) the influx of labelled sodium at the end-plate region was increased by a factor of at least three as compared with that at the end of the fibres.3. After entry the labelled sodium spread along the fibres with an apparent diffusion coefficient which was half that expected in the external solution.4. The dose-response curve for the effect of carbachol gave a half-maximal value of 72 muM.5. In muscles depolarized by potassium methyl sulphate the effect of carbachol on the entry of sodium was reduced although demonstrable.6. The entry of labelled sodium at the end-plate was maintained during prolonged exposure to carbachol (100 muM) or decamethonium (100 muM).7. The rate of entry of (24)Na obtained with carbachol, after corrections for the wash, was estimated as 1.5 x 10(3) ions channel(-1) sec(-1), measured over a period of 15 sec.8. Labelled decamethonium and labelled carbachol also accumulated at the end-plate region. After extrapolation to allow for the effects of the wash the entry of decamethonium when expressed as a clearance (pl. mg(-1) sec(-1)) was comparable to that of sodium, as expected if decamethonium and sodium enter through the same channels.", "PMID": 592194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3998", "title": "Synaptic actions of individual vestibular neurones on cat neck motoneurones.", "content": "1. Unitary synaptic potentials evoked by the activity of single vestibulocollic neurones were recorded by means of spike-triggered signal averaging in neck extensor motoneurones of decerebrate cats. Properties of the vestibulocollic neurones which produced the potentials were examined.2. Vestibulocollic neurones were first identified as projecting to the C3 grey matter by antidromic microstimulation within the C3 extensor motoneurone pool. The spontaneous or glutamate-driven activity of the vestibulocollic neurones was then used to trigger the averaging computer. In this way ten inhibitory and two excitatory neurones were identified (20% of neurones tested).3. Action potentials in local branches of vestibulocollic neurones were usually recorded in the vicinity of motoneurones. Mean orthodromic conduction time from the foot of the extracellular spike, recorded in the vestibular nuclei, that triggered the averager was 0.72 msec. Mean synaptic delay was 0.4 msec.4. I.p.s.p.s had a mean time to peak of 0.81 msec and were readily reversed by injection of hyperpolarizing current. These data, together with the shape indices of i.p.s.p.s indicate that they are generated proximally on motoneurones.5. All vestibulocollic neurones making synapses with motoneurones were monosynaptically driven by stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Four out of seven tested were inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nerve (commissural inhibition).6. Two excitatory neurones were located in Deiters' nucleus or on the Deiters'-descending border. Inhibitory neurones were found relatively medially in the vestibular complex in the medial, descending and Deiters' nuclei.7. Vestibulocollic neurones acting on motoneurones were tested for axon branching to more caudal levels of the spinal cord with electrodes placed at C5-7. Both of the excitatory and two out of nine inhibitory neurones branched.", "contents": "Synaptic actions of individual vestibular neurones on cat neck motoneurones. 1. Unitary synaptic potentials evoked by the activity of single vestibulocollic neurones were recorded by means of spike-triggered signal averaging in neck extensor motoneurones of decerebrate cats. Properties of the vestibulocollic neurones which produced the potentials were examined.2. Vestibulocollic neurones were first identified as projecting to the C3 grey matter by antidromic microstimulation within the C3 extensor motoneurone pool. The spontaneous or glutamate-driven activity of the vestibulocollic neurones was then used to trigger the averaging computer. In this way ten inhibitory and two excitatory neurones were identified (20% of neurones tested).3. Action potentials in local branches of vestibulocollic neurones were usually recorded in the vicinity of motoneurones. Mean orthodromic conduction time from the foot of the extracellular spike, recorded in the vestibular nuclei, that triggered the averager was 0.72 msec. Mean synaptic delay was 0.4 msec.4. I.p.s.p.s had a mean time to peak of 0.81 msec and were readily reversed by injection of hyperpolarizing current. These data, together with the shape indices of i.p.s.p.s indicate that they are generated proximally on motoneurones.5. All vestibulocollic neurones making synapses with motoneurones were monosynaptically driven by stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Four out of seven tested were inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral vestibular nerve (commissural inhibition).6. Two excitatory neurones were located in Deiters' nucleus or on the Deiters'-descending border. Inhibitory neurones were found relatively medially in the vestibular complex in the medial, descending and Deiters' nuclei.7. Vestibulocollic neurones acting on motoneurones were tested for axon branching to more caudal levels of the spinal cord with electrodes placed at C5-7. Both of the excitatory and two out of nine inhibitory neurones branched.", "PMID": 592195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_3999", "title": "The variability of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting recumbent man.", "content": "1. Pulse synchronous bursts of multi-unit sympathetic activity was recorded from median or peroneal muscle nerve fascicles in fourteen subjects resting in the recumbent position. The neural activity was quantitated in terms of burst incidence, i.e. the number of bursts in the mean voltage neurogram/100 heart beats, during successive rest periods of 2-4 min.2. For each individual the burst incidence was fairly constant between different rest periods but the mean burst incidence varied widely between individuals, the range being from less than 10 to more than 90 bursts/100 heart beats.3. Simultaneous double nerve recordings were made on one subject from median and peroneal nerves and on eight subjects from the two peroneal nerves. There was always close similarity between the two records in such experiments regardless of which muscles the nerve fascicles innervated. When analysed separately the difference in burst incidence between the two sides ranged from 0.7 to 5.1 bursts/100 heart beats. The findings suggest that sympathetic neurones destined to skeletal muscles are subjected to a homogenous central drive and that contributions to the activity from ganglionic or segmental sources are of lesser importance.4. On seven subjects repeated recordings at rest were made with intervals of 3 weeks-21 months between recordings. In each subject mean burst incidences were similar in all recordings (range of differences 0.5-11.2 bursts/100 heart beats) suggesting an individually constant level of sympathetic activity in muscle nerves.5. For each individual the variability of burst amplitudes in the mean voltage neurogram was described by burst amplitude spectra. Most subjects had a relatively larger proportion of small than high amplitude bursts, but there was a tendency for more even amplitude distributions in subjects with high burst incidence. The finding may be an indication of interindividual differences in the average number of impulses/burst.6. It is concluded that the multi-unit recording technique can be used for comparisons of the level of muscle nerve ;sympathetic tone' between different subjects.", "contents": "The variability of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting recumbent man. 1. Pulse synchronous bursts of multi-unit sympathetic activity was recorded from median or peroneal muscle nerve fascicles in fourteen subjects resting in the recumbent position. The neural activity was quantitated in terms of burst incidence, i.e. the number of bursts in the mean voltage neurogram/100 heart beats, during successive rest periods of 2-4 min.2. For each individual the burst incidence was fairly constant between different rest periods but the mean burst incidence varied widely between individuals, the range being from less than 10 to more than 90 bursts/100 heart beats.3. Simultaneous double nerve recordings were made on one subject from median and peroneal nerves and on eight subjects from the two peroneal nerves. There was always close similarity between the two records in such experiments regardless of which muscles the nerve fascicles innervated. When analysed separately the difference in burst incidence between the two sides ranged from 0.7 to 5.1 bursts/100 heart beats. The findings suggest that sympathetic neurones destined to skeletal muscles are subjected to a homogenous central drive and that contributions to the activity from ganglionic or segmental sources are of lesser importance.4. On seven subjects repeated recordings at rest were made with intervals of 3 weeks-21 months between recordings. In each subject mean burst incidences were similar in all recordings (range of differences 0.5-11.2 bursts/100 heart beats) suggesting an individually constant level of sympathetic activity in muscle nerves.5. For each individual the variability of burst amplitudes in the mean voltage neurogram was described by burst amplitude spectra. Most subjects had a relatively larger proportion of small than high amplitude bursts, but there was a tendency for more even amplitude distributions in subjects with high burst incidence. The finding may be an indication of interindividual differences in the average number of impulses/burst.6. It is concluded that the multi-unit recording technique can be used for comparisons of the level of muscle nerve ;sympathetic tone' between different subjects.", "PMID": 592196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4000", "title": "Postural effects on muscle nerve sympathetic activity in man.", "content": "1. Pulse-synchronous bursts of multi-unit sympathetic activity (MSA) were recorded in peroneal muscle nerve fascicles in eight healthy subjects when lying, sitting and standing. The sympathetic activity was quantitated by counting the number of bursts in the mean voltage neurogram/min. Postural changes were analysed by considering the total activity to be a product of the number of bursts in relation to the number of heart beats (burst incidence) and the heart rate.2. In lying there were large interindividual differences in total activity, but for all subjects the activity increased when going from lying to sitting and from sitting to standing. With a few exceptions the increase between the lying and sitting postures was associated with an increase in both burst incidence and heart rate whereas between the sitting and standing postures there was an increase in heart rate but on the average no change in burst incidence.3. When going from lying to sitting or from sitting to standing the magnitude of the change in burst incidence was inversely related to the initial burst incidence so that subjects with low initial values usually showed greater increases in burst incidence than subjects with high initial values. Some subjects with high initial values decreased their burst incidence.4. With changes in postures there was an inverse linear relationship between the fraction of the change in MSA associated with a change in burst incidence and the fraction associated with a change in heart rate. An increase in total activity could be obtained by changing only burst incidence, by increasing heart rate without changing burst incidence, or by appropriate changes in both parameters. The slope of the regression line was -0.53 indicating that for adequate postural compensation fewer additional bursts were required when the compensatory response involved an increase in heart rate rather than an increase in only burst incidence.5. It is suggested that an impairment of the ability to regulate heart rate will make subjects with high burst incidence in the lying position orthostatically more vulnerable than those with low burst incidence.6. Shortly after standing up one subject developed bradycardia and subsequently fainted. The nerve recording was maintained until the subject collapsed. During the initial bradycardia no sympathetic bursts occurred suggesting that the syncope was associated with an interruption of normal baroreflex feedback between blood pressure and sympathetic outflow.", "contents": "Postural effects on muscle nerve sympathetic activity in man. 1. Pulse-synchronous bursts of multi-unit sympathetic activity (MSA) were recorded in peroneal muscle nerve fascicles in eight healthy subjects when lying, sitting and standing. The sympathetic activity was quantitated by counting the number of bursts in the mean voltage neurogram/min. Postural changes were analysed by considering the total activity to be a product of the number of bursts in relation to the number of heart beats (burst incidence) and the heart rate.2. In lying there were large interindividual differences in total activity, but for all subjects the activity increased when going from lying to sitting and from sitting to standing. With a few exceptions the increase between the lying and sitting postures was associated with an increase in both burst incidence and heart rate whereas between the sitting and standing postures there was an increase in heart rate but on the average no change in burst incidence.3. When going from lying to sitting or from sitting to standing the magnitude of the change in burst incidence was inversely related to the initial burst incidence so that subjects with low initial values usually showed greater increases in burst incidence than subjects with high initial values. Some subjects with high initial values decreased their burst incidence.4. With changes in postures there was an inverse linear relationship between the fraction of the change in MSA associated with a change in burst incidence and the fraction associated with a change in heart rate. An increase in total activity could be obtained by changing only burst incidence, by increasing heart rate without changing burst incidence, or by appropriate changes in both parameters. The slope of the regression line was -0.53 indicating that for adequate postural compensation fewer additional bursts were required when the compensatory response involved an increase in heart rate rather than an increase in only burst incidence.5. It is suggested that an impairment of the ability to regulate heart rate will make subjects with high burst incidence in the lying position orthostatically more vulnerable than those with low burst incidence.6. Shortly after standing up one subject developed bradycardia and subsequently fainted. The nerve recording was maintained until the subject collapsed. During the initial bradycardia no sympathetic bursts occurred suggesting that the syncope was associated with an interruption of normal baroreflex feedback between blood pressure and sympathetic outflow.", "PMID": 592197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4001", "title": "Human tactile detection thresholds: modification by inputs from specific tactile receptor classes.", "content": "1. Human detection thresholds for a vibratory stimulus applied to the volar surface of the index finger were examined under conditions where afferents from specific tactile receptor classes were simultaneously activated from the thenar eminence. The experiments were designed to test whether stimuli which have been shown previously to induce afferent inhibition of ;tactile' neurones in the cuneate nucleus of the cat could modify human subjective performance in a tactile detection task. Conditioning stimuli to the thenar eminence were usually of three forms; steady indentation to engage slowly adapting tactile receptors; 300 Hz vibration to engage Pacinian corpuscles; and 30 Hz vibration to engage the intradermal, rapidly adapting tactile receptors which are thought to be Meissner's corpuscles.2. In ten subjects the mean detection threshold for a 30 Hz test stimulus in the absence of conditioning stimulation was 8.6 +/- 1.0 mum (S.E.). Detection thresholds were increased substantially in the presence of a 300 Hz, 100 mum conditioning stimulus (mean increase 11.1 +/- 2.0 mum), whereas minor or insignificant effects were seen with conditioning stimuli consisting of (a) 30 Hz, 100 mum (mean increase 1.4 +/- 0.8 mum), (b) steady indentation, 1.5 mm in amplitude (mean increase 1.3 +/- 0.7 mum) or (c) 300 Hz, 100 mum to the contralateral thenar eminence (mean increase 0.4 +/- 0.5 mum).3. The 300 Hz conditioning stimulus to the ipsilateral thenar eminence caused a marked increase in detection thresholds at all test stimulus frequencies over the range 10-450 Hz. The effects of the conditioning stimulation therefore operated on inputs from Pacinian corpuscles, which are responsible for vibration detection at 80-450 Hz, and on inputs from the intradermal, rapidly adapting receptors which are responsible for vibration detection at 10-80 Hz.4. The band width of conditioning vibratory frequencies which was effective at amplitudes of 100 mum in bringing about increases in detection threshold extended from 50-80 Hz to 300 Hz, the maximum tested.5. Whereas amplitudes of 1-2 mum produced clear increases in detection thresholds with conditioning stimuli of 300 Hz, amplitudes of > 200 mum were needed at 30 Hz.6. The observed elevations in detection threshold are consistent with an afferent-induced inhibitory action exerted at synaptic relays of the sensory pathway by tactile inputs arising exclusively or predominantly from Pacinian corpuscles.", "contents": "Human tactile detection thresholds: modification by inputs from specific tactile receptor classes. 1. Human detection thresholds for a vibratory stimulus applied to the volar surface of the index finger were examined under conditions where afferents from specific tactile receptor classes were simultaneously activated from the thenar eminence. The experiments were designed to test whether stimuli which have been shown previously to induce afferent inhibition of ;tactile' neurones in the cuneate nucleus of the cat could modify human subjective performance in a tactile detection task. Conditioning stimuli to the thenar eminence were usually of three forms; steady indentation to engage slowly adapting tactile receptors; 300 Hz vibration to engage Pacinian corpuscles; and 30 Hz vibration to engage the intradermal, rapidly adapting tactile receptors which are thought to be Meissner's corpuscles.2. In ten subjects the mean detection threshold for a 30 Hz test stimulus in the absence of conditioning stimulation was 8.6 +/- 1.0 mum (S.E.). Detection thresholds were increased substantially in the presence of a 300 Hz, 100 mum conditioning stimulus (mean increase 11.1 +/- 2.0 mum), whereas minor or insignificant effects were seen with conditioning stimuli consisting of (a) 30 Hz, 100 mum (mean increase 1.4 +/- 0.8 mum), (b) steady indentation, 1.5 mm in amplitude (mean increase 1.3 +/- 0.7 mum) or (c) 300 Hz, 100 mum to the contralateral thenar eminence (mean increase 0.4 +/- 0.5 mum).3. The 300 Hz conditioning stimulus to the ipsilateral thenar eminence caused a marked increase in detection thresholds at all test stimulus frequencies over the range 10-450 Hz. The effects of the conditioning stimulation therefore operated on inputs from Pacinian corpuscles, which are responsible for vibration detection at 80-450 Hz, and on inputs from the intradermal, rapidly adapting receptors which are responsible for vibration detection at 10-80 Hz.4. The band width of conditioning vibratory frequencies which was effective at amplitudes of 100 mum in bringing about increases in detection threshold extended from 50-80 Hz to 300 Hz, the maximum tested.5. Whereas amplitudes of 1-2 mum produced clear increases in detection thresholds with conditioning stimuli of 300 Hz, amplitudes of > 200 mum were needed at 30 Hz.6. The observed elevations in detection threshold are consistent with an afferent-induced inhibitory action exerted at synaptic relays of the sensory pathway by tactile inputs arising exclusively or predominantly from Pacinian corpuscles.", "PMID": 592198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4002", "title": "Analysis of electrical noise in turtle cones.", "content": "1. Properties of the light-sensitive voltage noise in cones in the retina of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, have been studied by intracellular recording.2. Suppression of the noise by light was a function of the hyperpolarizing response of a cone but not of the size or pattern of illumination.3. Power density spectra of the noise were fitted in many cones by the product of two Lorentzians with characteristic time constants tau(1) and tau(2) averaging 40 and 7 msec respectively. The spectra of some cells were peaked and could be fitted by a resonance curve.4. Spectra in dim light exhibited decreased low frequency power. They could often be fitted by a product of two Lorentzians using the same value of tau(2) as used in darkness but decreasing tau(1) and the zero frequency asymptote. An e-fold reduction in tau(1) occurred with lights which hyperpolarized by 4-7 mV.5. Injection of hyperpolarizing currents of about 0.1-0.2 nA into weakly coupled cones reduced the noise, and also reduced the sensitivity to dim flashes.6. The variance-voltage relation during steady illumination of different intensities differed from cone to cone. Dim lights increased the noise in some cells and decreased it in others, but moderately bright lights which gave steady responses of more than about one third maximal reduced the noise in all cells.7. When the cell was transiently depolarized during the differentiated component following steady illumination, the noise was less than it was after prolonged darkness.8. In the after-effect of bright light, the time course of recovery of noise was the same as that of flash sensitivity and voltage. The noise was reduced e-fold for hyperpolarizations averaging 3 mV while for sensitivity this reduction occurred for 1.3 mV. For a given hyperpolarization the noise was lower during the after-effect than during steady dim illumination.9. When a series of dim flashes was delivered to a cone, no significant increase in variance over the dark noise was detected during the photo-response. This implies that each photoisomerization evokes no more than about 1.5 muV at the peak of the response in a coupled cone, corresponding to about 50 muV in an isolated cone.10. The elementary shot events underlying the noise are about 100 muV in amplitude in an isolated cone, have a characteristic time constant of 16-60 msec and reflect unit conductance fluctuations of about 16 pS (S, Siemen identical with Omega(-1)).11. It is concluded that the noise source is internal to the cones. We postulate that the noise arises from opening and closing of the light-sensitive ionic channels in the outer segment, and that in darkness there is a residual concentration of the blocking substance which on average closes up to about one third of the channels. It seems likely that the unit event involves a considerable number of blocking molecules and ionic channels.", "contents": "Analysis of electrical noise in turtle cones. 1. Properties of the light-sensitive voltage noise in cones in the retina of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, have been studied by intracellular recording.2. Suppression of the noise by light was a function of the hyperpolarizing response of a cone but not of the size or pattern of illumination.3. Power density spectra of the noise were fitted in many cones by the product of two Lorentzians with characteristic time constants tau(1) and tau(2) averaging 40 and 7 msec respectively. The spectra of some cells were peaked and could be fitted by a resonance curve.4. Spectra in dim light exhibited decreased low frequency power. They could often be fitted by a product of two Lorentzians using the same value of tau(2) as used in darkness but decreasing tau(1) and the zero frequency asymptote. An e-fold reduction in tau(1) occurred with lights which hyperpolarized by 4-7 mV.5. Injection of hyperpolarizing currents of about 0.1-0.2 nA into weakly coupled cones reduced the noise, and also reduced the sensitivity to dim flashes.6. The variance-voltage relation during steady illumination of different intensities differed from cone to cone. Dim lights increased the noise in some cells and decreased it in others, but moderately bright lights which gave steady responses of more than about one third maximal reduced the noise in all cells.7. When the cell was transiently depolarized during the differentiated component following steady illumination, the noise was less than it was after prolonged darkness.8. In the after-effect of bright light, the time course of recovery of noise was the same as that of flash sensitivity and voltage. The noise was reduced e-fold for hyperpolarizations averaging 3 mV while for sensitivity this reduction occurred for 1.3 mV. For a given hyperpolarization the noise was lower during the after-effect than during steady dim illumination.9. When a series of dim flashes was delivered to a cone, no significant increase in variance over the dark noise was detected during the photo-response. This implies that each photoisomerization evokes no more than about 1.5 muV at the peak of the response in a coupled cone, corresponding to about 50 muV in an isolated cone.10. The elementary shot events underlying the noise are about 100 muV in amplitude in an isolated cone, have a characteristic time constant of 16-60 msec and reflect unit conductance fluctuations of about 16 pS (S, Siemen identical with Omega(-1)).11. It is concluded that the noise source is internal to the cones. We postulate that the noise arises from opening and closing of the light-sensitive ionic channels in the outer segment, and that in darkness there is a residual concentration of the blocking substance which on average closes up to about one third of the channels. It seems likely that the unit event involves a considerable number of blocking molecules and ionic channels.", "PMID": 592199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4003", "title": "A radiological study of gastric (abomasal) emptying in calves before and after vagotomy.", "content": "1. Gastric emptying has been studied in the conscious, standing calf by lateral radiography and fluoroscopy of radiopaque meals instilled into the abomasum before and after vagotomy. 2. Bilateral cervical vagotomy proved to be the only certain way of achieving total vagal transection. By instillation of milk into the abomasum through a cannula calves were maintained in normal, healthy condition for up to 36 days after vagotomy. 3. Motility of the antrum was not impaired by vagotomy so that some movement of gastric chyme to the duodenum occurred within minutes of instillation into the abomasum. Complete transference of the test meal was, however, delayed after vagotomy. 4. The greatest effect of vagotomy appeared to be on the abomasal body so that inadequate amounts of chyme were transferred to the antrum for pumping to the duodenum. 5. Delay in passage of contrast material through the intestine was related to delay in gastric emptying although vagotomy may have affected the intestine directly. 6. Following vagotomy the abomasum showed a resumption of normal motility and emptying after 7-29 days. This effect of vagotomy is similar to that seen in the simple stomach and is probably due to the establishment of intrinsic gastric control.", "contents": "A radiological study of gastric (abomasal) emptying in calves before and after vagotomy. 1. Gastric emptying has been studied in the conscious, standing calf by lateral radiography and fluoroscopy of radiopaque meals instilled into the abomasum before and after vagotomy. 2. Bilateral cervical vagotomy proved to be the only certain way of achieving total vagal transection. By instillation of milk into the abomasum through a cannula calves were maintained in normal, healthy condition for up to 36 days after vagotomy. 3. Motility of the antrum was not impaired by vagotomy so that some movement of gastric chyme to the duodenum occurred within minutes of instillation into the abomasum. Complete transference of the test meal was, however, delayed after vagotomy. 4. The greatest effect of vagotomy appeared to be on the abomasal body so that inadequate amounts of chyme were transferred to the antrum for pumping to the duodenum. 5. Delay in passage of contrast material through the intestine was related to delay in gastric emptying although vagotomy may have affected the intestine directly. 6. Following vagotomy the abomasum showed a resumption of normal motility and emptying after 7-29 days. This effect of vagotomy is similar to that seen in the simple stomach and is probably due to the establishment of intrinsic gastric control.", "PMID": 592200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4004", "title": "Analysis of the onset phase of olfactory bulb unit responses to odour pulses in the salamander.", "content": "1. A method for delivering odour pulses of controlled onset, steady plateau and abrupt termination, has been developed and applied to a single unit study of mitral cell responses in the olfactory bulb of the salamander. The pulses have been monitored during the experiments near the site of stimulation on the olfactory mucosa.2. Responses have been categorized as excitatory or suppressive based on the initial response to the odour pulse.3. Initially excitatory responses had sustained discharges near threshold. With increasing concentration, the discharge changed to a brief burst followed by suppression. The briefest latency of a unit response was 120 msec, using stimulation of medium concentration, after the start of the pulse; the majority of units appeared to be excited within 200-300 msec. Ramp stimuli gave increasing periods of excitation as the rise time of the odour front became less abrupt.4. Initially suppressive responses showed suppression at all levels of concentration. The majority of units appeared to have an onset of suppression about 300-400 msec after the start of the pulse.5. These basic responses, involving suppression or excitatory-suppressive sequences, can be correlated with some basic properties of the synaptic circuits in the olfactory bulb. The time courses of the initial responses appear to be within the time periods of the inhalation cycle of the salamander, and therefore may reflect mechanisms of processing of natural olfactory stimuli.", "contents": "Analysis of the onset phase of olfactory bulb unit responses to odour pulses in the salamander. 1. A method for delivering odour pulses of controlled onset, steady plateau and abrupt termination, has been developed and applied to a single unit study of mitral cell responses in the olfactory bulb of the salamander. The pulses have been monitored during the experiments near the site of stimulation on the olfactory mucosa.2. Responses have been categorized as excitatory or suppressive based on the initial response to the odour pulse.3. Initially excitatory responses had sustained discharges near threshold. With increasing concentration, the discharge changed to a brief burst followed by suppression. The briefest latency of a unit response was 120 msec, using stimulation of medium concentration, after the start of the pulse; the majority of units appeared to be excited within 200-300 msec. Ramp stimuli gave increasing periods of excitation as the rise time of the odour front became less abrupt.4. Initially suppressive responses showed suppression at all levels of concentration. The majority of units appeared to have an onset of suppression about 300-400 msec after the start of the pulse.5. These basic responses, involving suppression or excitatory-suppressive sequences, can be correlated with some basic properties of the synaptic circuits in the olfactory bulb. The time courses of the initial responses appear to be within the time periods of the inhalation cycle of the salamander, and therefore may reflect mechanisms of processing of natural olfactory stimuli.", "PMID": 592201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4005", "title": "The entrainment of breathing frequency by exercise rhythm.", "content": "1. The incidence of entrainment of breathing frequency by the rhythm of exercise was detected by a cross-correlation of the two frequencies. 2. During moderate, steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 50 rev/min, eight of fifteen volunteers (53%) showed entrainment when pedalling speed was kept constant with a metronome, and three of fifteen volunteers (20%) showed entrainment when pedalling speed was kept constant with a speedometer. 3. At 70 rev/min, in a second group of fifteen volunteers, the results were nine of fifteen (60%) and five of fifteen (33%) respectively. 4. During moderate, steady state exercise on a treadmill, in a third group of fifteen volunteers, eight of 15 volunteers (53%) showed entrainment while walking, and twelve of fifteen volunteers (80%) showed entrainment while running. 5. It is concluded that the rhythm of exercise is likely to affect the rhythm of breathing and that this controlling factor must be considered during studies of breathing pattern in exercise.", "contents": "The entrainment of breathing frequency by exercise rhythm. 1. The incidence of entrainment of breathing frequency by the rhythm of exercise was detected by a cross-correlation of the two frequencies. 2. During moderate, steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 50 rev/min, eight of fifteen volunteers (53%) showed entrainment when pedalling speed was kept constant with a metronome, and three of fifteen volunteers (20%) showed entrainment when pedalling speed was kept constant with a speedometer. 3. At 70 rev/min, in a second group of fifteen volunteers, the results were nine of fifteen (60%) and five of fifteen (33%) respectively. 4. During moderate, steady state exercise on a treadmill, in a third group of fifteen volunteers, eight of 15 volunteers (53%) showed entrainment while walking, and twelve of fifteen volunteers (80%) showed entrainment while running. 5. It is concluded that the rhythm of exercise is likely to affect the rhythm of breathing and that this controlling factor must be considered during studies of breathing pattern in exercise.", "PMID": 592202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4006", "title": "Developmental changes in nephron number, proximal tubular length and superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate of rats.", "content": "1. Post-natal development of single nephron glomerular filtration rate, superficial proximal tubular length, nephron number and kidney weight have been studied in Sprague Dawley and in Wistar rats. 2. Superficial tubular length is a non-linear function of body weight or age. There seems to be a rapid growth until animals weigh about 150 g in Wistar rats. In this strain, growth is slower thereafter. This difference is not as evident in Sprague Dawley rats. 3. Nephron numbers increase over the same period at which rapid tubular growth occurs. 4. Sprague Dawley rats have somewhat fewer, but longer, proximal tubules than do Wistar rats. 5. In all animals weighing more than 100 g, SNGFR is linearly related to weight. For younger, smaller Sprague Dawley rats, the same linearity holds over the age range studied--older than 20 days of age. In Wistar rats, SNGFR relative to weight is less in young animals. 6. By relating SNGFR to total kidney GFR, evidence is obtained that maturation of renal function also involves a greater increase in filtration by superficial than by juxtamedullary nephrons.", "contents": "Developmental changes in nephron number, proximal tubular length and superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate of rats. 1. Post-natal development of single nephron glomerular filtration rate, superficial proximal tubular length, nephron number and kidney weight have been studied in Sprague Dawley and in Wistar rats. 2. Superficial tubular length is a non-linear function of body weight or age. There seems to be a rapid growth until animals weigh about 150 g in Wistar rats. In this strain, growth is slower thereafter. This difference is not as evident in Sprague Dawley rats. 3. Nephron numbers increase over the same period at which rapid tubular growth occurs. 4. Sprague Dawley rats have somewhat fewer, but longer, proximal tubules than do Wistar rats. 5. In all animals weighing more than 100 g, SNGFR is linearly related to weight. For younger, smaller Sprague Dawley rats, the same linearity holds over the age range studied--older than 20 days of age. In Wistar rats, SNGFR relative to weight is less in young animals. 6. By relating SNGFR to total kidney GFR, evidence is obtained that maturation of renal function also involves a greater increase in filtration by superficial than by juxtamedullary nephrons.", "PMID": 592203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4007", "title": "The relation between tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times during steady-state carbon dioxide inhalation in man.", "content": "1. Ambiguities and discrepancies in the published descriptions of the patterns of breathing in man have been re-investigated.Steady-state hyperpnoea during rest was induced in normal subjects of both sexes by means of CO(2) inhalation, usually in high O(2), but sometimes in low (P(A, O2) approximately 200 and 55 torr respectively).2. The relations between mean tidal volume V(T) and mean times for inspiration T(I) and expiration T(E) were satisfactorily divided into lower and upper parts (ranges 1 and 2) in nineteen out of thirty-three experiments using an objective least-squares method, and polynomials were fitted separately to each of the following pairs of variables V(T,lower), T(I); V(T,lower), T(E); V(T,upper), T(I); V(T,upper), T(E).3. The breakpoints occurred when V(T) was about one third of vital capacity, but there was much variation between subjects.4. In range 2, V(T) was inversely related to both T(I) and T(E) and there appeared to be linkage between T(I) and T(E), all as described by Clark & Euler (1972). The relation suggested by Hey, Lloyd, Cunningham, Jukes & Bolton (1966) over range 2 was not confirmed.5. The main part of the relation described by Hey et al. (1966) is concerned with range 1. Here the relation between V(T) and T(I) was variable; slight, but significant negative correlation predominated. V(T) was, on the other hand, strongly and inversely related to T(E), and plots of (T(E) - T(I)) against V(T) over both ranges showed even less scatter. Hence (a) T(E) is probably related to V(T) through two mechanisms, one involving a link with T(I) and another prominent one being quite independent of T(I), (b) most changes of respiratory frequency in normal man are brought about by change of T(E) rather than of T(I), and (c) there is no region of constant frequency as implied by Clark & Euler (1972).", "contents": "The relation between tidal volume and inspiratory and expiratory times during steady-state carbon dioxide inhalation in man. 1. Ambiguities and discrepancies in the published descriptions of the patterns of breathing in man have been re-investigated.Steady-state hyperpnoea during rest was induced in normal subjects of both sexes by means of CO(2) inhalation, usually in high O(2), but sometimes in low (P(A, O2) approximately 200 and 55 torr respectively).2. The relations between mean tidal volume V(T) and mean times for inspiration T(I) and expiration T(E) were satisfactorily divided into lower and upper parts (ranges 1 and 2) in nineteen out of thirty-three experiments using an objective least-squares method, and polynomials were fitted separately to each of the following pairs of variables V(T,lower), T(I); V(T,lower), T(E); V(T,upper), T(I); V(T,upper), T(E).3. The breakpoints occurred when V(T) was about one third of vital capacity, but there was much variation between subjects.4. In range 2, V(T) was inversely related to both T(I) and T(E) and there appeared to be linkage between T(I) and T(E), all as described by Clark & Euler (1972). The relation suggested by Hey, Lloyd, Cunningham, Jukes & Bolton (1966) over range 2 was not confirmed.5. The main part of the relation described by Hey et al. (1966) is concerned with range 1. Here the relation between V(T) and T(I) was variable; slight, but significant negative correlation predominated. V(T) was, on the other hand, strongly and inversely related to T(E), and plots of (T(E) - T(I)) against V(T) over both ranges showed even less scatter. Hence (a) T(E) is probably related to V(T) through two mechanisms, one involving a link with T(I) and another prominent one being quite independent of T(I), (b) most changes of respiratory frequency in normal man are brought about by change of T(E) rather than of T(I), and (c) there is no region of constant frequency as implied by Clark & Euler (1972).", "PMID": 592204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4008", "title": "A quantitative description of the pattern of breathing during steady-state CO2 inhalation in man, with special emphasis on expiration.", "content": "1. Quantitative data on the pattern of breathing in normal men and women (Gardner, 1977) have been used to derive expressions that are based on known physiological mechanisms.2. The relations between the applied chemical drive to breathing (expressed as DeltaP(A, CO2) in high O(2)) and the several components of the volume-time patterns described in the companion paper were examined. Neither mean tidal volume (V(T)), nor mean inspiratory nor mean expiratory times (T(I), T(E)) were uniquely related to the chemical drive across the breakpoint, which could be demonstrated in two and suspected in the third of these plots.3. Mean inspiratory flow (V(T)/T(I)) was linearly related to P(A, CO2) over the whole range and, like minute ventilation (V), showed no breakpoint. The mean relation was V(T)/T(I) = 0.11 (P(A, CO2) - 35.2). V(T)/T(I) was highly correlated with V; in individuals with healthy lungs and under relatively stable conditions of compliance and resistance it may be accepted as a wholly inspiratory alternative to V as an index, on the efferent side, of the total prevailing chemical drive.4. The description of the relation between T(I) and V(T) was essentially the same as that of Clark & Euler (1972): in range 1, T(I) = either 1.29 - 0.07 V(T)or the constant 1.24 sec, and in range 2, T(I) = 0.65/(V(T) - 0.88) + 0.59.5. Expiration was described by an equation based on the inverse linkage between T(E) and chemical drive and the direct link between both mean and breath-by-breath values of T(I) and T(E): T(E) = pT(I) + q/(drive - r) in which p was 0.64 +/- 0.09, q was 11.1 +/- 2.64 sec. (torr CO(2))(-1) and r was -2.73 +/- 1.09 torr CO(2). All three parameters were necessary for an adequate description.6. It is argued that the first term of the T(E) equation represents influences related to lung volume exerted through the vagus, and that the second represents the effects of over-all chemical stimulation exerted through other pathways.", "contents": "A quantitative description of the pattern of breathing during steady-state CO2 inhalation in man, with special emphasis on expiration. 1. Quantitative data on the pattern of breathing in normal men and women (Gardner, 1977) have been used to derive expressions that are based on known physiological mechanisms.2. The relations between the applied chemical drive to breathing (expressed as DeltaP(A, CO2) in high O(2)) and the several components of the volume-time patterns described in the companion paper were examined. Neither mean tidal volume (V(T)), nor mean inspiratory nor mean expiratory times (T(I), T(E)) were uniquely related to the chemical drive across the breakpoint, which could be demonstrated in two and suspected in the third of these plots.3. Mean inspiratory flow (V(T)/T(I)) was linearly related to P(A, CO2) over the whole range and, like minute ventilation (V), showed no breakpoint. The mean relation was V(T)/T(I) = 0.11 (P(A, CO2) - 35.2). V(T)/T(I) was highly correlated with V; in individuals with healthy lungs and under relatively stable conditions of compliance and resistance it may be accepted as a wholly inspiratory alternative to V as an index, on the efferent side, of the total prevailing chemical drive.4. The description of the relation between T(I) and V(T) was essentially the same as that of Clark & Euler (1972): in range 1, T(I) = either 1.29 - 0.07 V(T)or the constant 1.24 sec, and in range 2, T(I) = 0.65/(V(T) - 0.88) + 0.59.5. Expiration was described by an equation based on the inverse linkage between T(E) and chemical drive and the direct link between both mean and breath-by-breath values of T(I) and T(E): T(E) = pT(I) + q/(drive - r) in which p was 0.64 +/- 0.09, q was 11.1 +/- 2.64 sec. (torr CO(2))(-1) and r was -2.73 +/- 1.09 torr CO(2). All three parameters were necessary for an adequate description.6. It is argued that the first term of the T(E) equation represents influences related to lung volume exerted through the vagus, and that the second represents the effects of over-all chemical stimulation exerted through other pathways.", "PMID": 592205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4009", "title": "Re-innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.", "content": "1. The ability of preganglionic axons to re-establish their normal pattern of synaptic connexions with superior cervical ganglion cells has been studied after section of the cervical sympathetic trunk.2. In vivo stimulation of the last cervical (C8) and the first seven thoracic ventral roots (T1-T7) 3-4 months after section of the trunk produced end-organ responses similar to those observed in normal animals.3. The pattern of innervation of individual neurones, determined by intracellular recording of synaptic potentials 4-9 months after cutting the sympathetic trunk, was also similar to that observed in normal neurones. Both normal and re-innervated ganglion cells were contacted by pre-ganglionic axons arising from C8 to T7, and each neurone was usually innervated by a contiguous subset of these segments.4. Re-innervated neurones, as normal cells, were typically dominated by the innervation from a particular spinal cord segment, with the adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that decreased as a function of distance from the dominant segment. This was true whether the amplitude of the post-synaptic potential, or the estimated number of contributing axons, was used as the criterion of segmental dominance.5. Re-innervated neurones, however, showed some abnormalities. The average number of ventral roots contributing innervation to each neurone was reduced from 4.1 to 3.0, and discontinuities in the sequence of innervating segments were more frequent than in normal neurones. Moreover, fewer preganglionic axons contacted each neurone after regeneration.6. A further difference between normal and re-innervated neurones during the period covered by these experiments was that axons from the more caudal spinal cord segments were less successful in re-establishing contacts with ganglion cells than those from the rostral segments. The more caudal the position of the preganglionic neurones, the more pronounced was this relative deficiency.7. Although anomalies of ganglion cell innervation were apparent, the basis for the restoration of normal functional effects appears to be the re-establishment of a pattern of innervation of individual neurones similar to that observed in normal ganglia.", "contents": "Re-innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord. 1. The ability of preganglionic axons to re-establish their normal pattern of synaptic connexions with superior cervical ganglion cells has been studied after section of the cervical sympathetic trunk.2. In vivo stimulation of the last cervical (C8) and the first seven thoracic ventral roots (T1-T7) 3-4 months after section of the trunk produced end-organ responses similar to those observed in normal animals.3. The pattern of innervation of individual neurones, determined by intracellular recording of synaptic potentials 4-9 months after cutting the sympathetic trunk, was also similar to that observed in normal neurones. Both normal and re-innervated ganglion cells were contacted by pre-ganglionic axons arising from C8 to T7, and each neurone was usually innervated by a contiguous subset of these segments.4. Re-innervated neurones, as normal cells, were typically dominated by the innervation from a particular spinal cord segment, with the adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that decreased as a function of distance from the dominant segment. This was true whether the amplitude of the post-synaptic potential, or the estimated number of contributing axons, was used as the criterion of segmental dominance.5. Re-innervated neurones, however, showed some abnormalities. The average number of ventral roots contributing innervation to each neurone was reduced from 4.1 to 3.0, and discontinuities in the sequence of innervating segments were more frequent than in normal neurones. Moreover, fewer preganglionic axons contacted each neurone after regeneration.6. A further difference between normal and re-innervated neurones during the period covered by these experiments was that axons from the more caudal spinal cord segments were less successful in re-establishing contacts with ganglion cells than those from the rostral segments. The more caudal the position of the preganglionic neurones, the more pronounced was this relative deficiency.7. Although anomalies of ganglion cell innervation were apparent, the basis for the restoration of normal functional effects appears to be the re-establishment of a pattern of innervation of individual neurones similar to that observed in normal ganglia.", "PMID": 592206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4010", "title": "Effects of related sensory inputs on motor performances in man studied through changes in perceived heaviness.", "content": "1. The perception of the heaviness of lifted objects was studied using a weight-matching task when sensory inputs from parts related to the lifting task were altered.2. A weight lifted by flexing the index finger feels heavier when the thumb is anaesthetized and lighter when the thumb is electrically stimulated. A weight lifted by flexing the distal joint of the thumb feels heavier when the sensory input from the skin and joint of the thumb is abolished by anaesthesia. It also feels heavier when the index (but not the little) finger is anaesthetized, and lighter when the index (but not the little) finger is electrically stimulated.3. A weight lifted by extending the thumb feels lighter when the sensory input from the thumb is abolished.4. The perceived heaviness of a weight lifted by flexing the thumb is increased during anaesthesia of the thumb when the flexor of the thumb is the prime mover but not when it is acting simply as a postural fixator to support the weight.5. The sensation of the heaviness of lifted objects derives from the effort or centrally generated voluntary motor command employed in the lift. Our results indicate that the motor commands to either thumb or index finger flexors are facilitated by sensory inputs arising from a wide sensory field usually involved in co-operative motor performances carried out by both muscle groups together.", "contents": "Effects of related sensory inputs on motor performances in man studied through changes in perceived heaviness. 1. The perception of the heaviness of lifted objects was studied using a weight-matching task when sensory inputs from parts related to the lifting task were altered.2. A weight lifted by flexing the index finger feels heavier when the thumb is anaesthetized and lighter when the thumb is electrically stimulated. A weight lifted by flexing the distal joint of the thumb feels heavier when the sensory input from the skin and joint of the thumb is abolished by anaesthesia. It also feels heavier when the index (but not the little) finger is anaesthetized, and lighter when the index (but not the little) finger is electrically stimulated.3. A weight lifted by extending the thumb feels lighter when the sensory input from the thumb is abolished.4. The perceived heaviness of a weight lifted by flexing the thumb is increased during anaesthesia of the thumb when the flexor of the thumb is the prime mover but not when it is acting simply as a postural fixator to support the weight.5. The sensation of the heaviness of lifted objects derives from the effort or centrally generated voluntary motor command employed in the lift. Our results indicate that the motor commands to either thumb or index finger flexors are facilitated by sensory inputs arising from a wide sensory field usually involved in co-operative motor performances carried out by both muscle groups together.", "PMID": 592207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4011", "title": "Changes in motor commands, as shown by changes in perceived heaviness, during partial curarization and peripheral anaesthesia in man.", "content": "1. The centrally generated ;effort' or direct voluntary command to motoneurones required to lift a weight was studied using a simple weight-matching task when the muscles lifting a reference weight were weakened. This centrally generated input to motoneurones was increased when the lifting muscles were partially paralysed with curare or decamethonium as judged by the increased perceived heaviness of a reference weight lifted by the weakened muscles.2. If subjects were asked simply to make matching isometric contractions when the lifting muscles were weakened the isometric tension produced by a weakened muscle was over-estimated.3. When subjects matched weights by flexing the distal joint of the thumb the perceived heaviness of a reference weight during a control partial curarization was compared with its perceived heaviness during a similar partial curarization when the thumb was also anaesthetized. At any level of maximal strength during curarization the perceived heaviness (which reflects the motor command to lifting motoneurones) was increased when the thumb was anaesthetized.4. This increased voluntary command to lifting motoneurones may be required because automatic reflex assistance provided by apparent servo action from the long flexor of the thumb is suppressed by anaesthesia of the thumb (Marsden, Merton & Morton, 1971, 1973, 1976a; Dyhre-Poulsen & Dj\u00f8rup, 1976).", "contents": "Changes in motor commands, as shown by changes in perceived heaviness, during partial curarization and peripheral anaesthesia in man. 1. The centrally generated ;effort' or direct voluntary command to motoneurones required to lift a weight was studied using a simple weight-matching task when the muscles lifting a reference weight were weakened. This centrally generated input to motoneurones was increased when the lifting muscles were partially paralysed with curare or decamethonium as judged by the increased perceived heaviness of a reference weight lifted by the weakened muscles.2. If subjects were asked simply to make matching isometric contractions when the lifting muscles were weakened the isometric tension produced by a weakened muscle was over-estimated.3. When subjects matched weights by flexing the distal joint of the thumb the perceived heaviness of a reference weight during a control partial curarization was compared with its perceived heaviness during a similar partial curarization when the thumb was also anaesthetized. At any level of maximal strength during curarization the perceived heaviness (which reflects the motor command to lifting motoneurones) was increased when the thumb was anaesthetized.4. This increased voluntary command to lifting motoneurones may be required because automatic reflex assistance provided by apparent servo action from the long flexor of the thumb is suppressed by anaesthesia of the thumb (Marsden, Merton & Morton, 1971, 1973, 1976a; Dyhre-Poulsen & Dj\u00f8rup, 1976).", "PMID": 592208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4012", "title": "Respiratory modulation of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes affecting heart rate through the sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "1. Brief stimuli were delivered to the carotid body chemoreceptors or the carotid sinus baroreceptors at different phases of the respiratory cycle in anaesthetized dogs. Chemoreceptor stimulation was achieved by injecting small volumes (0.2-0.5 ml.) of warmed saline equilibrated with CO(2) near to the carotid bodies on both sides. Baroreceptor stimulation was achieved by injecting larger volumes (2-5 ml.) of saline equilibrated with air into the region of the carotid bifurcation on both sides, after first clamping the common carotid arteries.2. When the vagus nerves were intact, but sympathetic nervous effects on heart rate were blocked by administration of propranolol, there was a prompt and pronounced bradycardia evoked when either baroreceptor or chemoreceptor stimuli were given in expiration, but little or no change in heart rate when they were given in inspiration.3. When the vagus nerves were cut, but sympathetic nervous function was intact, respiratory modulation of both baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex effects on heart rate could still be demonstrated. The bradycardia evoked by either stimulus was more marked for stimuli given in expiration than for stimuli given in inspiration. A complementary response pattern for brief decreases in baroreceptor stimulation (carotid occlusions) was demonstrated: the tachycardia evoked by occlusions timed during inspiration was greater than that evoked by occlusions timed during expiration. All the reflex effects were mediated by the sympathetic system because they were abolished by administration of propranolol.4. Typically, the sympathetic reflex effects were slight in comparison with the vagal reflexes evoked by either chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli.", "contents": "Respiratory modulation of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes affecting heart rate through the sympathetic nervous system. 1. Brief stimuli were delivered to the carotid body chemoreceptors or the carotid sinus baroreceptors at different phases of the respiratory cycle in anaesthetized dogs. Chemoreceptor stimulation was achieved by injecting small volumes (0.2-0.5 ml.) of warmed saline equilibrated with CO(2) near to the carotid bodies on both sides. Baroreceptor stimulation was achieved by injecting larger volumes (2-5 ml.) of saline equilibrated with air into the region of the carotid bifurcation on both sides, after first clamping the common carotid arteries.2. When the vagus nerves were intact, but sympathetic nervous effects on heart rate were blocked by administration of propranolol, there was a prompt and pronounced bradycardia evoked when either baroreceptor or chemoreceptor stimuli were given in expiration, but little or no change in heart rate when they were given in inspiration.3. When the vagus nerves were cut, but sympathetic nervous function was intact, respiratory modulation of both baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex effects on heart rate could still be demonstrated. The bradycardia evoked by either stimulus was more marked for stimuli given in expiration than for stimuli given in inspiration. A complementary response pattern for brief decreases in baroreceptor stimulation (carotid occlusions) was demonstrated: the tachycardia evoked by occlusions timed during inspiration was greater than that evoked by occlusions timed during expiration. All the reflex effects were mediated by the sympathetic system because they were abolished by administration of propranolol.4. Typically, the sympathetic reflex effects were slight in comparison with the vagal reflexes evoked by either chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimuli.", "PMID": 592209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4013", "title": "Reflexes in cat ankle muscles after landing from falls.", "content": "1. Electrical activity and length of ankle muscles were recorded by telemetry during free fall and landing in cats. 2. After foot contact, there was a delay in onset of stretch of ankle extensors of between 8 and 11 ms. High-speed cinematography showed the delay to be associated with rapid initial dorsiflexion of the toes. 3. Electromyograms (e.m.g.) from lateral gastrocnemius increased in amplitude prior to landing. An early depression of lateral gastrocnemius e.m.g. commenced at 8 ms after foot contact, and was followed by a large peak of activity commencing some 8 ms after the first increase in lateral gastrocnemius length. 4. Local anaesthesia of the plantar cushion did not alter this pattern of response. 5. The early inhibition of lateral gastrocnemius was attributed to the action on lateral gastrocnemius motoneurones of non-cutaneous afferents responding to the initial toe dorsiflexion. Additional autogenetic inhibition may also have contributed. 6. The subsequent peak of e.m.g. was at a latenty consistent with a rapid stretch reflex, and occurred soon enough for the resulting active tension to contribute significantly to the extensor force during body deceleration.", "contents": "Reflexes in cat ankle muscles after landing from falls. 1. Electrical activity and length of ankle muscles were recorded by telemetry during free fall and landing in cats. 2. After foot contact, there was a delay in onset of stretch of ankle extensors of between 8 and 11 ms. High-speed cinematography showed the delay to be associated with rapid initial dorsiflexion of the toes. 3. Electromyograms (e.m.g.) from lateral gastrocnemius increased in amplitude prior to landing. An early depression of lateral gastrocnemius e.m.g. commenced at 8 ms after foot contact, and was followed by a large peak of activity commencing some 8 ms after the first increase in lateral gastrocnemius length. 4. Local anaesthesia of the plantar cushion did not alter this pattern of response. 5. The early inhibition of lateral gastrocnemius was attributed to the action on lateral gastrocnemius motoneurones of non-cutaneous afferents responding to the initial toe dorsiflexion. Additional autogenetic inhibition may also have contributed. 6. The subsequent peak of e.m.g. was at a latenty consistent with a rapid stretch reflex, and occurred soon enough for the resulting active tension to contribute significantly to the extensor force during body deceleration.", "PMID": 592210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4014", "title": "Antagonism by indomethacin of neurogenic hyperthermia produced by unilateral puncture of the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region.", "content": "1. In unanaesthetized rats, restrained at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C, the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic (AH/PO) region was lesioned unilaterally by acute mechanical puncture.2. In control (no pre-treatment) rats, unilateral AH/PO puncture produced a neurogenic hyperthermia which began immediately, reached its peak magnitude (mean peak magnitude = +2.3 degrees C) within 60-90 min and persisted usually for 8-16 hr. At defervescence, core temperature fell to a level near that of the pre-lesioning base line.3. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, administered I.P. at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg 1 hr before puncture of the AH/PO region, attenuated the lesion-induced hyperthermia in a dose dependent fashion. The higher dose reduced peak magnitude by 80% and the 6 hr Fever Index by 88%. The vehicle used to dissolve the indomethacin (60% DMSO/40% saline) did not significantly attenuate the hyperthermia.4. In rats that were hyperthermic after AH/PO damage, indomethacin (10-15 mg/kg I.P.) caused core temperature to fall promptly to near the prelesion base line. Reversal occurred whether the indomethacin was injected while core temperature was still rising or late in the plateau phase of the hyperthermia.5. It is suggested that the neurogenic hyperthermia elicited by unilateral lesioning of the AH/PO region was mediated by prostaglandins released from injured tissue and possibly from extravasated blood. Evidence is cited indicating that the most likely sites of action of the released prostaglandins are the surviving portion of the AH/PO region on the punctured side and the intact contralateral AH/PO region.", "contents": "Antagonism by indomethacin of neurogenic hyperthermia produced by unilateral puncture of the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic region. 1. In unanaesthetized rats, restrained at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C, the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic (AH/PO) region was lesioned unilaterally by acute mechanical puncture.2. In control (no pre-treatment) rats, unilateral AH/PO puncture produced a neurogenic hyperthermia which began immediately, reached its peak magnitude (mean peak magnitude = +2.3 degrees C) within 60-90 min and persisted usually for 8-16 hr. At defervescence, core temperature fell to a level near that of the pre-lesioning base line.3. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, administered I.P. at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg 1 hr before puncture of the AH/PO region, attenuated the lesion-induced hyperthermia in a dose dependent fashion. The higher dose reduced peak magnitude by 80% and the 6 hr Fever Index by 88%. The vehicle used to dissolve the indomethacin (60% DMSO/40% saline) did not significantly attenuate the hyperthermia.4. In rats that were hyperthermic after AH/PO damage, indomethacin (10-15 mg/kg I.P.) caused core temperature to fall promptly to near the prelesion base line. Reversal occurred whether the indomethacin was injected while core temperature was still rising or late in the plateau phase of the hyperthermia.5. It is suggested that the neurogenic hyperthermia elicited by unilateral lesioning of the AH/PO region was mediated by prostaglandins released from injured tissue and possibly from extravasated blood. Evidence is cited indicating that the most likely sites of action of the released prostaglandins are the surviving portion of the AH/PO region on the punctured side and the intact contralateral AH/PO region.", "PMID": 592211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4015", "title": "The role of acetylcholine in the regulation of ion transport by rat colon mucosa.", "content": "1. Acetylcholine increases the potential difference across rat proximal colon both in vivo and in vitro.2. There is a sigmoid relationship between the change in potential difference and the logarithm of the dose of acetylcholine. The dose-response curve is shifted to the left by neostigmine and to the right by atropine, suggesting that the action of acetylcholine is mediated by a muscarinic type of receptor.3. The dose-response curve for acetylcholine in vivo is not altered by the ganglion-blocking agents hexamethonium and pentolinium, suggesting a direct effect of this transmitter on the colon.4. Acetylcholine causes an increase in potential difference, a small decrease in resistance and hence a rise in the current generated by both normal and stripped everted sacs of rat colon.5. In the absence of sodium, the calculated current change produced by acetylcholine is reduced, and the removal of chloride has a similar inhibitory effect. The absence of bicarbonate does not significantly affect the response.6. Acetylcholine virtually abolished net sodium movement and induced net chloride secretion and these changes accounted for the increased short-circuit current.7. Acetylcholine had no effect on oxygen consumption by rings of colon.8. Tracts staining for acetylcholinesterase were observed running from the submucous plexus towards the mucosal epithelium.9. This study shows that acetylcholine can influence ion movement by rat colonic mucosa and suggests that the autonomic nervous system might be involved in the regulation of transport mechanisms in this tissue.", "contents": "The role of acetylcholine in the regulation of ion transport by rat colon mucosa. 1. Acetylcholine increases the potential difference across rat proximal colon both in vivo and in vitro.2. There is a sigmoid relationship between the change in potential difference and the logarithm of the dose of acetylcholine. The dose-response curve is shifted to the left by neostigmine and to the right by atropine, suggesting that the action of acetylcholine is mediated by a muscarinic type of receptor.3. The dose-response curve for acetylcholine in vivo is not altered by the ganglion-blocking agents hexamethonium and pentolinium, suggesting a direct effect of this transmitter on the colon.4. Acetylcholine causes an increase in potential difference, a small decrease in resistance and hence a rise in the current generated by both normal and stripped everted sacs of rat colon.5. In the absence of sodium, the calculated current change produced by acetylcholine is reduced, and the removal of chloride has a similar inhibitory effect. The absence of bicarbonate does not significantly affect the response.6. Acetylcholine virtually abolished net sodium movement and induced net chloride secretion and these changes accounted for the increased short-circuit current.7. Acetylcholine had no effect on oxygen consumption by rings of colon.8. Tracts staining for acetylcholinesterase were observed running from the submucous plexus towards the mucosal epithelium.9. This study shows that acetylcholine can influence ion movement by rat colonic mucosa and suggests that the autonomic nervous system might be involved in the regulation of transport mechanisms in this tissue.", "PMID": 592212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4016", "title": "Direct excitatory interactions between spinal motoneurones of the cat.", "content": "1. Ninety-seven spinal motoneurones were identified by their antidromic invasion following stimulation of the muscle nerve and submitted to a series of four tests to reveal a possible direct excitation between motoneurones. 2. Threshold differentiation, refractoriness, hyperpolarization and collision revealed antidromically induced depolarizations in fourteen of the ninety-seven tested motoneurones. 3. The parameters of the antidromically induced depolarizations indicate a short latency, a low amplitude and independence with regard to the membrane polarization. 4. It is concluded that the antidromically induced depolarizations reached the impaled motoneurone via a route other than its own axon. 5. The mechanism may involve either electrotonic interactions between neighbouring motoneurones or excitatory recurrent collaterals between synergist motoneurones.", "contents": "Direct excitatory interactions between spinal motoneurones of the cat. 1. Ninety-seven spinal motoneurones were identified by their antidromic invasion following stimulation of the muscle nerve and submitted to a series of four tests to reveal a possible direct excitation between motoneurones. 2. Threshold differentiation, refractoriness, hyperpolarization and collision revealed antidromically induced depolarizations in fourteen of the ninety-seven tested motoneurones. 3. The parameters of the antidromically induced depolarizations indicate a short latency, a low amplitude and independence with regard to the membrane polarization. 4. It is concluded that the antidromically induced depolarizations reached the impaled motoneurone via a route other than its own axon. 5. The mechanism may involve either electrotonic interactions between neighbouring motoneurones or excitatory recurrent collaterals between synergist motoneurones.", "PMID": 592213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4017", "title": "Fatigue of long duration in human skeletal muscle after exercise.", "content": "1. After severe muscular contraction in man recovery of force is largely complete in a few minutes, but is not wholly so for many hours. The long-lasting element of fatigue is found to occur primarily for low frequencies of stimulation (e.g. 20/sec), and is much less pronounced, or absent, at high frequencies (80/sec). The twitch force is an unreliable measure of the state of fatigue. 2. The long-lasting element of fatigue is not due to depletion of high-energy phosphate nor is it due to failure of electrical activity as recorded from surface electrodes. It is probably the result of an impairment of the process of excitation-contraction coupling. Its practical importance for man could be significant as an explanation of the subjective feelings of weakness following exercise.", "contents": "Fatigue of long duration in human skeletal muscle after exercise. 1. After severe muscular contraction in man recovery of force is largely complete in a few minutes, but is not wholly so for many hours. The long-lasting element of fatigue is found to occur primarily for low frequencies of stimulation (e.g. 20/sec), and is much less pronounced, or absent, at high frequencies (80/sec). The twitch force is an unreliable measure of the state of fatigue. 2. The long-lasting element of fatigue is not due to depletion of high-energy phosphate nor is it due to failure of electrical activity as recorded from surface electrodes. It is probably the result of an impairment of the process of excitation-contraction coupling. Its practical importance for man could be significant as an explanation of the subjective feelings of weakness following exercise.", "PMID": 592214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4018", "title": "The morphology of hair follicle afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat.", "content": "1. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into single axons that innervated hair follicle receptors to study the morphology of their collaterals in the dorsal horn of the cord. The axons were impaled near the dorsal root entrance zone in the lumbosacral spinal cord of anaesthetized cats and HRP injected by passing current through the intra-axonal micro-electrode. The morphology was revealed by subsequent histochemistry.2. Thirteen hair-follicle afferent fibres were stained including six that innervated tylotrichs (type T hair follicle afferent units) and one that innervated guard hairs (type G unit). The remaining six axons were not classified according to hair type, but, on the basis of their axonal conduction velocities, would have been either type G or T.3. Eleven axons could be traced back into the dorsal roots. Eight of these, upon entering the cord, turned and ran towards the brain. They did not divide into rostral and caudal branches. Three of the eleven did divide and gave rise to both rostral and caudal branches.4. Sixty-three collaterals were given off the thirteen stained axons. All well-filled collaterals had a strikingly similar morphology. They descended through laminae I-III of the dorsal horn into the deeper parts of lamina IV or into lamina V, before turning and ascending back into superficial lamina IV and lamina III where they branched profusely to give rise to their terminal arborizations. Terminal boutons, most commonly of the ;en passant' type, were numerous in lamina III, but were also seen in the dorsal part of lamina IV and in ventral lamina II. None were observed in dorsal lamina II or near the junction of the grey and white matter (lamina I) or in lamina V.5. The terminal arborizations of collaterals from a single hair follicle afferent fibre were in line with one another in the longitudinal axis of the cord. In the better-stained preparations the terminal arborizations of adjacent collaterals from a single axon formed a continuous longitudinal column through the dorsal horn. There was a gradual shift of the column of arborizations from lateral to medial as the more rostral collaterals were given off.6. The hair-follicle afferent fibre collaterals are now identified as the ;collaterales grosses et profondes de la substance de Rolando' of Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1909) which give rise to the ;flame-shaped arbors' of Scheibel & Scheibel (1968).7. The importance of the longitudinal organization of the terminal arborizations for an understanding of the topographical properties of dorsal horn neurones is discussed.", "contents": "The morphology of hair follicle afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat. 1. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into single axons that innervated hair follicle receptors to study the morphology of their collaterals in the dorsal horn of the cord. The axons were impaled near the dorsal root entrance zone in the lumbosacral spinal cord of anaesthetized cats and HRP injected by passing current through the intra-axonal micro-electrode. The morphology was revealed by subsequent histochemistry.2. Thirteen hair-follicle afferent fibres were stained including six that innervated tylotrichs (type T hair follicle afferent units) and one that innervated guard hairs (type G unit). The remaining six axons were not classified according to hair type, but, on the basis of their axonal conduction velocities, would have been either type G or T.3. Eleven axons could be traced back into the dorsal roots. Eight of these, upon entering the cord, turned and ran towards the brain. They did not divide into rostral and caudal branches. Three of the eleven did divide and gave rise to both rostral and caudal branches.4. Sixty-three collaterals were given off the thirteen stained axons. All well-filled collaterals had a strikingly similar morphology. They descended through laminae I-III of the dorsal horn into the deeper parts of lamina IV or into lamina V, before turning and ascending back into superficial lamina IV and lamina III where they branched profusely to give rise to their terminal arborizations. Terminal boutons, most commonly of the ;en passant' type, were numerous in lamina III, but were also seen in the dorsal part of lamina IV and in ventral lamina II. None were observed in dorsal lamina II or near the junction of the grey and white matter (lamina I) or in lamina V.5. The terminal arborizations of collaterals from a single hair follicle afferent fibre were in line with one another in the longitudinal axis of the cord. In the better-stained preparations the terminal arborizations of adjacent collaterals from a single axon formed a continuous longitudinal column through the dorsal horn. There was a gradual shift of the column of arborizations from lateral to medial as the more rostral collaterals were given off.6. The hair-follicle afferent fibre collaterals are now identified as the ;collaterales grosses et profondes de la substance de Rolando' of Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1909) which give rise to the ;flame-shaped arbors' of Scheibel & Scheibel (1968).7. The importance of the longitudinal organization of the terminal arborizations for an understanding of the topographical properties of dorsal horn neurones is discussed.", "PMID": 592215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4019", "title": "Atrial receptors in the dog and rabbit.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded from slips of the cervical vagi in anaesthetized dogs and rabbits. Single functional units with atrial patterns of discharge (Paintal Type A, B and intermediate) were obtained and then attempts were made to alter (i.e. convert) their patterns of discharge. Finally the points of origin of these action potentials were located.2. Thirty unselected units were investigated in thirty dogs. Twenty-seven of these were located in the endocardium of the vein-atrial system and the ratio of the type A, type B and intermediate type receptors was 1:16:10; three units were located elsewhere in the chest. Conversion of the pattern of discharge was achieved in twenty of the twenty-seven units; conversion was achieved in the single type A unit.3. In a second series of experiments in dogs, eight Paintal Type A units were selectively studied in fifteen animals. Four of these were located in the endocardium and all were converted. The remaining four were located outside the endocardium and conversion could not be achieved in two of these. Thus in the entire investigation, the ;type A' units which could not be converted were all located at sites other than the atrial endocardium.4. In the corresponding unselected study in the rabbit, eleven units were studied in eleven animals. Nine of these units were located in the atrial endocardium and the ratio of the type A, type B and intermediate type receptors was 2:1:6. Conversion was achieved in both type A units, the sole type B unit and two of the intermediate units. One of the two units found outside the atrial endocardium was a ;type A' unit and could not be converted.5. The present investigation has shown that the atrial receptors with a Paintal Type A pattern of discharge are relatively rare in both dogs and rabbits. Conversion of the pattern of discharge is a relatively common phenomenon. Evidence for the proposition that there is one basic type of atrial receptor whose pattern of discharge is determined by its precise location in the vein-atrial system is discussed.", "contents": "Atrial receptors in the dog and rabbit. 1. Action potentials were recorded from slips of the cervical vagi in anaesthetized dogs and rabbits. Single functional units with atrial patterns of discharge (Paintal Type A, B and intermediate) were obtained and then attempts were made to alter (i.e. convert) their patterns of discharge. Finally the points of origin of these action potentials were located.2. Thirty unselected units were investigated in thirty dogs. Twenty-seven of these were located in the endocardium of the vein-atrial system and the ratio of the type A, type B and intermediate type receptors was 1:16:10; three units were located elsewhere in the chest. Conversion of the pattern of discharge was achieved in twenty of the twenty-seven units; conversion was achieved in the single type A unit.3. In a second series of experiments in dogs, eight Paintal Type A units were selectively studied in fifteen animals. Four of these were located in the endocardium and all were converted. The remaining four were located outside the endocardium and conversion could not be achieved in two of these. Thus in the entire investigation, the ;type A' units which could not be converted were all located at sites other than the atrial endocardium.4. In the corresponding unselected study in the rabbit, eleven units were studied in eleven animals. Nine of these units were located in the atrial endocardium and the ratio of the type A, type B and intermediate type receptors was 2:1:6. Conversion was achieved in both type A units, the sole type B unit and two of the intermediate units. One of the two units found outside the atrial endocardium was a ;type A' unit and could not be converted.5. The present investigation has shown that the atrial receptors with a Paintal Type A pattern of discharge are relatively rare in both dogs and rabbits. Conversion of the pattern of discharge is a relatively common phenomenon. Evidence for the proposition that there is one basic type of atrial receptor whose pattern of discharge is determined by its precise location in the vein-atrial system is discussed.", "PMID": 592216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4020", "title": "[The role of the Scanner in traumatic cerebral pathology (author transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the tomodensitometric characteristics of various traumatic cerebral lesions: extradural haematoma, subdural haematoma, contusion. In the acute phase, traumatic lesions are characterised by the typical absorption pattern of the bloody effusion and perilesional oedema. In association with these specific densitometric signs there is naturally an alteration in normal cerebral anatomy. The course of traumatic lesions may be followed using the scanner. The signs alter with resorption of the haemorrhage and the regression of oedema, as well as with the secondary development of a focal atrophic process. The advantages of the scanner over oconventional neuroradiology are considerable, not only from a medical and technical standpoint, but also for ethical and medicolegal considerations.", "contents": "[The role of the Scanner in traumatic cerebral pathology (author transl)]. The authors describe the tomodensitometric characteristics of various traumatic cerebral lesions: extradural haematoma, subdural haematoma, contusion. In the acute phase, traumatic lesions are characterised by the typical absorption pattern of the bloody effusion and perilesional oedema. In association with these specific densitometric signs there is naturally an alteration in normal cerebral anatomy. The course of traumatic lesions may be followed using the scanner. The signs alter with resorption of the haemorrhage and the regression of oedema, as well as with the secondary development of a focal atrophic process. The advantages of the scanner over oconventional neuroradiology are considerable, not only from a medical and technical standpoint, but also for ethical and medicolegal considerations.", "PMID": 592232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4021", "title": "[Radiological study of arthrogryphosis. 20 cases (author transl)].", "content": "Arthrogryphosis, a disease of unknown nature, is accompanied by radiological manifestations which involve essentially the limbs and spine. A distribution involving all four limbs is the most common. The commonest radiological abnormalities are equinovarus clubfoot, clubhand in ulnar deviation, scoliosis and dislocation of the hip. The radiologist examines such children in order to assess the extent of their disease and follow such orthopaedic problems as they may develop.", "contents": "[Radiological study of arthrogryphosis. 20 cases (author transl)]. Arthrogryphosis, a disease of unknown nature, is accompanied by radiological manifestations which involve essentially the limbs and spine. A distribution involving all four limbs is the most common. The commonest radiological abnormalities are equinovarus clubfoot, clubhand in ulnar deviation, scoliosis and dislocation of the hip. The radiologist examines such children in order to assess the extent of their disease and follow such orthopaedic problems as they may develop.", "PMID": 592233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4022", "title": "[Osteosclerosis in the phalanges in sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteosclerosis in the phalanges is a frequent finding in sarcoidosis and its incidence appears higher then that of the osteolytic lesions. Of 19 patients with histological diagnosis of sarcoidosis areas of bone sclerosis in the phalanges were found in 6 cases (31, 5 percent).", "contents": "[Osteosclerosis in the phalanges in sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Osteosclerosis in the phalanges is a frequent finding in sarcoidosis and its incidence appears higher then that of the osteolytic lesions. Of 19 patients with histological diagnosis of sarcoidosis areas of bone sclerosis in the phalanges were found in 6 cases (31, 5 percent).", "PMID": 592234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4023", "title": "[Radioclinical aspects of tibio-tibial diaphyseal toxo-pachyosteosis. Weismann-Netter and Stuhl disease. Two new cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report two cases of individuals sufferring from bow-leggedness, which they attribute to tibio-fibular thoxo-pachyosteosis. On the basis of these new cases, they review the radioclinical characteristics of the diagnosis of Weismann-Netter and Stuhl tibio-fibular toxo-pachy-osteosis. This dysmorphic syndrome is usually familial, very likely of genetic origin, and characterised by the small stature of those affected with curving of the tibia and fibula with an anterior convexity and thickening of the posterior cortex of the bony diaphysis. This clinical and radiological individuality permits its differential diagnosis from rickets and congenital syphilis, with which it was long confused. This dysmorphy causes no problems and therefore requires no general treatment.", "contents": "[Radioclinical aspects of tibio-tibial diaphyseal toxo-pachyosteosis. Weismann-Netter and Stuhl disease. Two new cases (author's transl)]. The authors report two cases of individuals sufferring from bow-leggedness, which they attribute to tibio-fibular thoxo-pachyosteosis. On the basis of these new cases, they review the radioclinical characteristics of the diagnosis of Weismann-Netter and Stuhl tibio-fibular toxo-pachy-osteosis. This dysmorphic syndrome is usually familial, very likely of genetic origin, and characterised by the small stature of those affected with curving of the tibia and fibula with an anterior convexity and thickening of the posterior cortex of the bony diaphysis. This clinical and radiological individuality permits its differential diagnosis from rickets and congenital syphilis, with which it was long confused. This dysmorphy causes no problems and therefore requires no general treatment.", "PMID": 592235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4024", "title": "[Inversion of intraheptic portal flow in contusions of the liver: a new concept of traumatic arterioportal fistulas (author's transl)].", "content": "Inversion of the intrahepatic flow is a phenomenon commonly observed during the initial days of a liver contusion. Its symptomatology combines one direct sign: segmentary, peripheral arterioportal reflux; and two indirect signs: arteriolar hypervascularization and a functional amputation of portal flow on selective arteriography of the superior mesenteric artery in the same territory. The direct sign may be absent, and may not be visualized in the absence of a selective injection. Both indirect signs are always present and enable the diagnosis. In most cases it is a question of a transient phenomenon secondary to a inflammatory reaction released by the contusion of the liver parenchyma; it may be the only sign of liver trauma. It may be a sign of a benign contusion and is not alone an indication for surgery. This concerns a hemodynamic phenomenon which must be clearly differentiated from arterioportal fistulas with which it is often confused.", "contents": "[Inversion of intraheptic portal flow in contusions of the liver: a new concept of traumatic arterioportal fistulas (author's transl)]. Inversion of the intrahepatic flow is a phenomenon commonly observed during the initial days of a liver contusion. Its symptomatology combines one direct sign: segmentary, peripheral arterioportal reflux; and two indirect signs: arteriolar hypervascularization and a functional amputation of portal flow on selective arteriography of the superior mesenteric artery in the same territory. The direct sign may be absent, and may not be visualized in the absence of a selective injection. Both indirect signs are always present and enable the diagnosis. In most cases it is a question of a transient phenomenon secondary to a inflammatory reaction released by the contusion of the liver parenchyma; it may be the only sign of liver trauma. It may be a sign of a benign contusion and is not alone an indication for surgery. This concerns a hemodynamic phenomenon which must be clearly differentiated from arterioportal fistulas with which it is often confused.", "PMID": 592236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4025", "title": "[Pathogenetic left tracheal bronchus. A review of the literature in connection with four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The so-called left \"tracheal\" bronchus is usually found to be a transposition of the segmental apicoposterior bronchus of the upper left lobe onto the terminal portion of the main trunk. This systematisation abnormality is less common on the left than on the right. In our experience, based on 1,500 bronchographs carried out on adults and children, we have discovered seven left \"tracheal\" bronchi four of them associated with an obstructive emphysema in the same area. Although this malformation is rarely encountered in the etiologies of interlobular or poly-segmental emphysemas in children, it does however appear that an upper left emphysema has two etiologies which are peculiar to it: segmental bronchial atresia and left \"tracheal\" bronchi. Why the left \"tracheal\" bronchi is more often pathogenetic in comparison with the right is open to speculation. As in many other examples of tracheo-bronchial compression for vascular reasons, the close contact between the hyperarterial ectopic bronchi and the left pulmonary artery seems, logically, to be the culprit.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic left tracheal bronchus. A review of the literature in connection with four cases (author's transl)]. The so-called left \"tracheal\" bronchus is usually found to be a transposition of the segmental apicoposterior bronchus of the upper left lobe onto the terminal portion of the main trunk. This systematisation abnormality is less common on the left than on the right. In our experience, based on 1,500 bronchographs carried out on adults and children, we have discovered seven left \"tracheal\" bronchi four of them associated with an obstructive emphysema in the same area. Although this malformation is rarely encountered in the etiologies of interlobular or poly-segmental emphysemas in children, it does however appear that an upper left emphysema has two etiologies which are peculiar to it: segmental bronchial atresia and left \"tracheal\" bronchi. Why the left \"tracheal\" bronchi is more often pathogenetic in comparison with the right is open to speculation. As in many other examples of tracheo-bronchial compression for vascular reasons, the close contact between the hyperarterial ectopic bronchi and the left pulmonary artery seems, logically, to be the culprit.", "PMID": 592237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4026", "title": "[Lower limb lymphography where there is no lymph circulatory disorder. Normal conditions and their limits (author's transl)].", "content": "Further lymphangiography for the lymphatic system dependent on the internal saphenous vein carried out on 70 patients to establish a lymphographical record of the pelvi-abdominal ganglia, simplified the counting of opacified vessels, and assessment of the development of the vascular system and the fragility of the walls and their calibre and pathway. The various aspects were assessed in relation to the anatomical situation (leg, thigh), age group and sex of the patients. Computerised analysis of the information lead to the conclusion that, even under normal conditions, there are statistical differences in the number of opacified vessels in the legs and in vascular fragility of the pre-inguinal region according to age group. The authors discuss the implications of the limits of the normal appearance of the lymphatic vessels.", "contents": "[Lower limb lymphography where there is no lymph circulatory disorder. Normal conditions and their limits (author's transl)]. Further lymphangiography for the lymphatic system dependent on the internal saphenous vein carried out on 70 patients to establish a lymphographical record of the pelvi-abdominal ganglia, simplified the counting of opacified vessels, and assessment of the development of the vascular system and the fragility of the walls and their calibre and pathway. The various aspects were assessed in relation to the anatomical situation (leg, thigh), age group and sex of the patients. Computerised analysis of the information lead to the conclusion that, even under normal conditions, there are statistical differences in the number of opacified vessels in the legs and in vascular fragility of the pre-inguinal region according to age group. The authors discuss the implications of the limits of the normal appearance of the lymphatic vessels.", "PMID": 592239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4027", "title": "[Lymphographic pictures in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, which has been recently individualized, is seen clinically as a stade III or IV haematosarcoma. Its etiopathogeny is mysterious and histological diagnosis is often difficult. Lymphography can assist diagnosis for, in an appreciable number of cases, the pictures which appear in association make it possible to distinguish between haematosarcomas occurring in Hodgkin's disease and others.", "contents": "[Lymphographic pictures in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (author's transl)]. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, which has been recently individualized, is seen clinically as a stade III or IV haematosarcoma. Its etiopathogeny is mysterious and histological diagnosis is often difficult. Lymphography can assist diagnosis for, in an appreciable number of cases, the pictures which appear in association make it possible to distinguish between haematosarcomas occurring in Hodgkin's disease and others.", "PMID": 592240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4028", "title": "[Analysis of one thousand liver scans carried out using technetium phytate (author's transl)].", "content": "One thousand liver scans were carried out using technetium phytate. This soluble compound is transformed in the circulating blood into a colloid by chelation of serum calcium, thereby forming a macromolecular phytate of calcium and technetium. The presenting symptoms are compared with the isotopic findings. This microcolloid has the advantages common to all technetium tracers and, in addition, is easy to prepare and has the advantage of a distribution between the liver, spleen and bone of the same type as that seen with colloidal gold 198 without the dosimetric problems associated with the latter. Although it has a level of hepatic fixation which is less than that of certain sulphide complexes of technetium, the authors feel that it appears to provide a better relfection of the colloidopexic function of the liver.", "contents": "[Analysis of one thousand liver scans carried out using technetium phytate (author's transl)]. One thousand liver scans were carried out using technetium phytate. This soluble compound is transformed in the circulating blood into a colloid by chelation of serum calcium, thereby forming a macromolecular phytate of calcium and technetium. The presenting symptoms are compared with the isotopic findings. This microcolloid has the advantages common to all technetium tracers and, in addition, is easy to prepare and has the advantage of a distribution between the liver, spleen and bone of the same type as that seen with colloidal gold 198 without the dosimetric problems associated with the latter. Although it has a level of hepatic fixation which is less than that of certain sulphide complexes of technetium, the authors feel that it appears to provide a better relfection of the colloidopexic function of the liver.", "PMID": 592241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4029", "title": "[Retroperitoneal haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The author's present a case of left retroperitoneal haemangiopericytoma with a malignant potential. They emphasise the value of angiography in the assessment of this rare disorder.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal haemangiopericytoma (author's transl)]. The author's present a case of left retroperitoneal haemangiopericytoma with a malignant potential. They emphasise the value of angiography in the assessment of this rare disorder.", "PMID": 592242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4030", "title": "[A rare case of double biliary fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a rare case of a double cholecysto-duodenal and cholecysto-colic fistula.", "contents": "[A rare case of double biliary fistula (author's transl)]. The authors report a rare case of a double cholecysto-duodenal and cholecysto-colic fistula.", "PMID": 592243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4031", "title": "[Value of the Chiba needle in the technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. 20 cases. (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors used the Chiba needle for percutaneous trasphepatic cholangiography in 20 patients. Catheterisation of non-dilated biliary canals is easy with this new piece of equipment, making it possible to confirm or eliminate the presence of an obstruction. There were no severe complications. The authors report a certain number of incidents which were troublesome during the examination and in the interpretation of the results: intraparenchymatous injection, sub-capsular injection, defective filling.", "contents": "[Value of the Chiba needle in the technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. 20 cases. (author's transl)]. The authors used the Chiba needle for percutaneous trasphepatic cholangiography in 20 patients. Catheterisation of non-dilated biliary canals is easy with this new piece of equipment, making it possible to confirm or eliminate the presence of an obstruction. There were no severe complications. The authors report a certain number of incidents which were troublesome during the examination and in the interpretation of the results: intraparenchymatous injection, sub-capsular injection, defective filling.", "PMID": 592244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4032", "title": "[Thyroid carcinomas. Critical study about 138 observations. Therapeutic deductions (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1952 and 1973, 138 patients with thyro\u00efd carcinoma have been recorded. From the critical study of these cases, the pathological, etiological and clinical features have been studied. Different therapeutic modalities are evaluated from these cases. Surgery was always used when possible. A hemithyro\u00efdectomy was realised most often. We stress that sterilisation was obtained by 131I treatment in plurifocal metastasis, particularly in pulmonary metastasis, only when the iodine uptake was sufficient. Survival has been evaluated according to the pathology: papillary and vesicular carcinomas have a good prognosis (the papillary and vesicular survival rate at 10 years reaches respectively: 65% and 64%). Anaplastic carcinomas have a bad prognosis (the survival rate at 5 years is 18%, at 10 years, 0%. These results are similar to those published by differents authors. At the opposite, trabecular carcinomas have a very short survival (8% at 5 years, 7% at 10 years) which is very unusual in well differentiated thyro\u00efd carcinomas. It has to be isolated from the others.", "contents": "[Thyroid carcinomas. Critical study about 138 observations. Therapeutic deductions (author's transl)]. Between 1952 and 1973, 138 patients with thyro\u00efd carcinoma have been recorded. From the critical study of these cases, the pathological, etiological and clinical features have been studied. Different therapeutic modalities are evaluated from these cases. Surgery was always used when possible. A hemithyro\u00efdectomy was realised most often. We stress that sterilisation was obtained by 131I treatment in plurifocal metastasis, particularly in pulmonary metastasis, only when the iodine uptake was sufficient. Survival has been evaluated according to the pathology: papillary and vesicular carcinomas have a good prognosis (the papillary and vesicular survival rate at 10 years reaches respectively: 65% and 64%). Anaplastic carcinomas have a bad prognosis (the survival rate at 5 years is 18%, at 10 years, 0%. These results are similar to those published by differents authors. At the opposite, trabecular carcinomas have a very short survival (8% at 5 years, 7% at 10 years) which is very unusual in well differentiated thyro\u00efd carcinomas. It has to be isolated from the others.", "PMID": 592245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4033", "title": "[Technical record in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The term \"technical record in radiotherapy\" is used to describe collected information relative to treatment using radiation. The subject of this session of the chapter of Radiotherapy of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Radiologie was the intrinsic functions of this record and its extrinsic limitations. The extreme diversity of the current state of the record is a known fact. A majority of participants express the desire for uniformisation of the collection of data or even, as a second stage, to have a common record. A library of technical records was set up under the responsibility of the Centre Georges-Fran\u00e7ois Leclerc at Dijon (J.C. Horiot). One broad conclusion was seen to emerge: the creation of a minimum common record including essential information to which could be added the more specific data of each radiotherapist and at each time of use. Prior agreement will be necessary with regard to the standardisation of apparatus and the expression of the dose. This session was of necessity merely a reflection of future needs and it is to be hoped that the good will which was obvious during the course of the discussion may produce concrete results in the months to come.", "contents": "[Technical record in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The term \"technical record in radiotherapy\" is used to describe collected information relative to treatment using radiation. The subject of this session of the chapter of Radiotherapy of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Radiologie was the intrinsic functions of this record and its extrinsic limitations. The extreme diversity of the current state of the record is a known fact. A majority of participants express the desire for uniformisation of the collection of data or even, as a second stage, to have a common record. A library of technical records was set up under the responsibility of the Centre Georges-Fran\u00e7ois Leclerc at Dijon (J.C. Horiot). One broad conclusion was seen to emerge: the creation of a minimum common record including essential information to which could be added the more specific data of each radiotherapist and at each time of use. Prior agreement will be necessary with regard to the standardisation of apparatus and the expression of the dose. This session was of necessity merely a reflection of future needs and it is to be hoped that the good will which was obvious during the course of the discussion may produce concrete results in the months to come.", "PMID": 592248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4034", "title": "[Scanning of bone metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "The Centers against cancer of Caen, Angers, Montpellier, Strasbourg and \"the Curie Foundation\" have confronted their experience in detection of bone metastases by total body scanning. From the investigation by this procedure, of 1,467 patients with cancer, it results: --the confrontation between radio and scanning shows a rate of false positive and false negative identical to the literature ones; --the countage scanning allows to reduce the number of false positive; --scanning allows to direct bone biopsy and to improve efficiency of histological examination.", "contents": "[Scanning of bone metastases (author's transl)]. The Centers against cancer of Caen, Angers, Montpellier, Strasbourg and \"the Curie Foundation\" have confronted their experience in detection of bone metastases by total body scanning. From the investigation by this procedure, of 1,467 patients with cancer, it results: --the confrontation between radio and scanning shows a rate of false positive and false negative identical to the literature ones; --the countage scanning allows to reduce the number of false positive; --scanning allows to direct bone biopsy and to improve efficiency of histological examination.", "PMID": 592250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4035", "title": "[Optimalization of radiotherapy of skin epitheliomas: role of the NSD].", "content": "After integration of chronological factors according to Ellis' formula and of B.R.E. for various energies of radiation, the reference dose at the deep limit of the tumor and the surface hyperdosage are kept constant. The values which have been adopted after a very large clinical experience are the following: --reference dose: 6000 rads (N.S.D. 1760). --surface dose: 8400 rads (N.S.D. 2200). The choice of the energy of radiation is the only variation, depending on the thickness of the tumor. A few schemes of equivalent chronological factors are presented, giving less than 1 p. 100 risk of recurrence and a small risk of late radiolesions for normal tissues.", "contents": "[Optimalization of radiotherapy of skin epitheliomas: role of the NSD]. After integration of chronological factors according to Ellis' formula and of B.R.E. for various energies of radiation, the reference dose at the deep limit of the tumor and the surface hyperdosage are kept constant. The values which have been adopted after a very large clinical experience are the following: --reference dose: 6000 rads (N.S.D. 1760). --surface dose: 8400 rads (N.S.D. 2200). The choice of the energy of radiation is the only variation, depending on the thickness of the tumor. A few schemes of equivalent chronological factors are presented, giving less than 1 p. 100 risk of recurrence and a small risk of late radiolesions for normal tissues.", "PMID": 592256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4036", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of tumoral lipomatosis of the renal sinus. The role of arteriography (author's transl)].", "content": "In twenty cases of pseudo-tumoral sinusal lipomatosis for which the patients had undergone renal arteriography, the authors investigated the urographical and arteriographical clinical signs by comparing them with the previously published data. After reviewing these various elements and considering the various possible diagnoses, they came to the conclusion that, although the arteriographic signs are quite distinctive, they are not absolutely essential for diagnosis of this disorder--which it should be possible to confirm unreservedly from the urographical data in all cases in which there are considerable anatomical lesions. A well-managed urographical technique and careful assessment of the facts should allow arteriography to be discarded, indications for this only being justified where there is an associated symptomatology, especially haematuria.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of tumoral lipomatosis of the renal sinus. The role of arteriography (author's transl)]. In twenty cases of pseudo-tumoral sinusal lipomatosis for which the patients had undergone renal arteriography, the authors investigated the urographical and arteriographical clinical signs by comparing them with the previously published data. After reviewing these various elements and considering the various possible diagnoses, they came to the conclusion that, although the arteriographic signs are quite distinctive, they are not absolutely essential for diagnosis of this disorder--which it should be possible to confirm unreservedly from the urographical data in all cases in which there are considerable anatomical lesions. A well-managed urographical technique and careful assessment of the facts should allow arteriography to be discarded, indications for this only being justified where there is an associated symptomatology, especially haematuria.", "PMID": 592259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4037", "title": "[Contribution of arteriography to diagnosis of secondary arterio-digestive fistulas. Intestinal haemorrhage due to ilio-ileal fistula, a complication in vascular reconstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of secondary ilio-ileal fistula revealed by an intestinal haemorrhage which occurred ten years after vascular reconstruction. They stress the importance of arteriography which shows up the pseudo-aneurysm causing the fistularisation and vascular contrast material escaping into the digestive lumen. A complete review of the literature on arterio-colonic fistulas, and more particularly, ileo-ileal fistulas, shows that they usually express themselves clinically in the form of digestive haemorrhages occurring generally after vascular graft and after a variable lapse of time. The association of digestive haemorrhage and a previous vascular reconstruction should suggest the diagnosis of arterio-digestive fistula and should lead to early angiography to enable coherent surgical strategy to be put into operation.", "contents": "[Contribution of arteriography to diagnosis of secondary arterio-digestive fistulas. Intestinal haemorrhage due to ilio-ileal fistula, a complication in vascular reconstruction (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of secondary ilio-ileal fistula revealed by an intestinal haemorrhage which occurred ten years after vascular reconstruction. They stress the importance of arteriography which shows up the pseudo-aneurysm causing the fistularisation and vascular contrast material escaping into the digestive lumen. A complete review of the literature on arterio-colonic fistulas, and more particularly, ileo-ileal fistulas, shows that they usually express themselves clinically in the form of digestive haemorrhages occurring generally after vascular graft and after a variable lapse of time. The association of digestive haemorrhage and a previous vascular reconstruction should suggest the diagnosis of arterio-digestive fistula and should lead to early angiography to enable coherent surgical strategy to be put into operation.", "PMID": 592260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4038", "title": "[Lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine associated with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia in the adult. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a clear radiological syndrome of lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine associated with hypogammaglobulinaemia in the adult, this association having first been described in 1966. This hyperplasia does not alter the course of the disease and, although not invariably present, should be familiar to radiologists as being indicative of, amongst other diagnoses, of primary hypogammaglobulinaemia of the adult.", "contents": "[Lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine associated with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia in the adult. One case (author's transl)]. The authors present a clear radiological syndrome of lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine associated with hypogammaglobulinaemia in the adult, this association having first been described in 1966. This hyperplasia does not alter the course of the disease and, although not invariably present, should be familiar to radiologists as being indicative of, amongst other diagnoses, of primary hypogammaglobulinaemia of the adult.", "PMID": 592262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4039", "title": "Short-latency effect of testosterone on copulatory behaviour and ejaculation in sexually experienced intact male rats.", "content": "The effect of a single injection of testosterone on the number of stimuli required to trigger ejaculation and on copulatory behaviour was investigated in sexually experienced intact male rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 100 microgram free testosterone 1 h before testing facilitated the copulatory behaviour and decreased the number of mounts and intromissions needed for ejaculation; the latter effect was obtained in a test in which a constant interval was kept between each intromission.", "contents": "Short-latency effect of testosterone on copulatory behaviour and ejaculation in sexually experienced intact male rats. The effect of a single injection of testosterone on the number of stimuli required to trigger ejaculation and on copulatory behaviour was investigated in sexually experienced intact male rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 100 microgram free testosterone 1 h before testing facilitated the copulatory behaviour and decreased the number of mounts and intromissions needed for ejaculation; the latter effect was obtained in a test in which a constant interval was kept between each intromission.", "PMID": 592287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4040", "title": "Fertilization and development capability of bovine follicular oocytes matured in vitro and in vivo and transferred to the oviducts of rabbits and cows.", "content": "Follicular oocytes were cultured for 24 h in vitro or obtained 6-24 h after HCG injection from cows pretreated with PMSG, and transferred to the oviducts of oestrous rabbits or heifers, inseminated with bull spermatozoa, to determine their capability for normal development. More than 65% of oocytes cultured in fetal calf serum, equilibrated with 5% CO2 + 5%O2 + 90% N2, matured to metaphase II within 24 h. Fertilization was not obtained in the rabbit oviduct but about 8% of oocytes matured in vitro underwent parthenogenetic cleavage. Sperm penetration was observed in 49% of oocytes in the cow oviduct, but although 47% had undergone development 96 h after transfer few developed to morulae and blastocysts, confirming the impaired ability of oocytes matured in vitro, as assessed by nuclear change, to develop normally. Oocytes obtained from heifers slaughtered 24 h after HCG developed normally when transferred to the oviduct of inseminated heifers. Of the oocytes with an activated cumulus, 39% developed to blastocysts and of 16 blastocysts transferred to suitable recipients, 13 developed to normal fetuses at 13-17 weeks gestation.", "contents": "Fertilization and development capability of bovine follicular oocytes matured in vitro and in vivo and transferred to the oviducts of rabbits and cows. Follicular oocytes were cultured for 24 h in vitro or obtained 6-24 h after HCG injection from cows pretreated with PMSG, and transferred to the oviducts of oestrous rabbits or heifers, inseminated with bull spermatozoa, to determine their capability for normal development. More than 65% of oocytes cultured in fetal calf serum, equilibrated with 5% CO2 + 5%O2 + 90% N2, matured to metaphase II within 24 h. Fertilization was not obtained in the rabbit oviduct but about 8% of oocytes matured in vitro underwent parthenogenetic cleavage. Sperm penetration was observed in 49% of oocytes in the cow oviduct, but although 47% had undergone development 96 h after transfer few developed to morulae and blastocysts, confirming the impaired ability of oocytes matured in vitro, as assessed by nuclear change, to develop normally. Oocytes obtained from heifers slaughtered 24 h after HCG developed normally when transferred to the oviduct of inseminated heifers. Of the oocytes with an activated cumulus, 39% developed to blastocysts and of 16 blastocysts transferred to suitable recipients, 13 developed to normal fetuses at 13-17 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 592286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4041", "title": "Differences in the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin on rabbit myometrial activity and a possible mediation of prostaglandins.", "content": "Uterine responses to vasopressin and oxytocin were monitored in non-pregnant and 3- or 6-8-day-pregnant rabbits by recording the intrauterine pressure. Oxytocin stimulated uterine activity in all groups, but the effect of vasopressin was stimulatory in non-pregnant animals, inhibitory in those 3 days post coitum and weakly stimulatory in those later in pregnancy. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, by the administration of indomethacin, reduced the spontaneous uterine activity as well as the responses to oxytocin and vasopressin in the non-pregnant rabbits, but had little effect in the pregnant animals. During infusion of PGF-2alpha, PGE-1 or PGE-2 in 6-8-day-pregnant rabbits, the stimulatory response to vasopressin, although slight before the infusion, was inhibited whereas the stimulatory response to oxytocin remained virtually unchanged. The results suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin under certain hormonal conditions, are able to activated the uterine contractions by mechanisms in which the involvement of PG is not obligatory.", "contents": "Differences in the effects of vasopressin and oxytocin on rabbit myometrial activity and a possible mediation of prostaglandins. Uterine responses to vasopressin and oxytocin were monitored in non-pregnant and 3- or 6-8-day-pregnant rabbits by recording the intrauterine pressure. Oxytocin stimulated uterine activity in all groups, but the effect of vasopressin was stimulatory in non-pregnant animals, inhibitory in those 3 days post coitum and weakly stimulatory in those later in pregnancy. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, by the administration of indomethacin, reduced the spontaneous uterine activity as well as the responses to oxytocin and vasopressin in the non-pregnant rabbits, but had little effect in the pregnant animals. During infusion of PGF-2alpha, PGE-1 or PGE-2 in 6-8-day-pregnant rabbits, the stimulatory response to vasopressin, although slight before the infusion, was inhibited whereas the stimulatory response to oxytocin remained virtually unchanged. The results suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin under certain hormonal conditions, are able to activated the uterine contractions by mechanisms in which the involvement of PG is not obligatory.", "PMID": 592288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4042", "title": "Influence of genetic factors on the fertilization of mouse ova in vitro.", "content": "In-vitro fertilization was studied in F1 hybrids, 4 inbred and outbred strains of mice. Experiments were performed with intact ova (Series I) and denuded ova (Series II). In Series I the highest percentages of fertilization were obtained with gametes of F1 hybrids (86.7%) and of the CBA strain (87.5%). The KP, KE, and particularly the C57 strains, which in vivo give less than 100% fertilization, also gave low indices in vitro (42.9, 26.0 and 8.6% respectively). Testing gametes of these inbred strains with F1 gametes showed that spermatozoa and ova are responsible for the low percentages of fertilization. The rate of fertilization was mainly dependent on the genotype of the spermatozoon. In Series II, high percentages of fertilization (97-100%) were regularly obtained in all groups, indicating that differences between strains pertained mainly to binding of spermatozoa with the zona pellucida. The incidence of polyspermy, which did not exceed 5% in Series I and reached 58% in Series II, was dependent on the genotype of both gametes.", "contents": "Influence of genetic factors on the fertilization of mouse ova in vitro. In-vitro fertilization was studied in F1 hybrids, 4 inbred and outbred strains of mice. Experiments were performed with intact ova (Series I) and denuded ova (Series II). In Series I the highest percentages of fertilization were obtained with gametes of F1 hybrids (86.7%) and of the CBA strain (87.5%). The KP, KE, and particularly the C57 strains, which in vivo give less than 100% fertilization, also gave low indices in vitro (42.9, 26.0 and 8.6% respectively). Testing gametes of these inbred strains with F1 gametes showed that spermatozoa and ova are responsible for the low percentages of fertilization. The rate of fertilization was mainly dependent on the genotype of the spermatozoon. In Series II, high percentages of fertilization (97-100%) were regularly obtained in all groups, indicating that differences between strains pertained mainly to binding of spermatozoa with the zona pellucida. The incidence of polyspermy, which did not exceed 5% in Series I and reached 58% in Series II, was dependent on the genotype of both gametes.", "PMID": 592289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4043", "title": "Assessment of spermicides by a stripping technique against human spermatozoa.", "content": "Fifty-two (52) compounds were tested for spermicidal activity by titration against human spermatozoa. The gradual decrease in mean sperm size was measured against increasing concentration of spermicide and the end-point was taken as the point at which all the peripheral cytoplasm had been removed and only the sperm core of nucleus and tail fibres remained. There were 14 compounds that produced this total effect. All were detergents, of various types, and the effect was purely physical. The most potent compounds caused complete stripping at 0.5-50 pmol/cell and most are already used in spermicidal preparations. A further 11 compounds, including sodium hypochlorite and some phenols, caused partial stripping, while 4 compounds caused sperm swelling. The test was not suitable for assessment of metabolic cell poisons.", "contents": "Assessment of spermicides by a stripping technique against human spermatozoa. Fifty-two (52) compounds were tested for spermicidal activity by titration against human spermatozoa. The gradual decrease in mean sperm size was measured against increasing concentration of spermicide and the end-point was taken as the point at which all the peripheral cytoplasm had been removed and only the sperm core of nucleus and tail fibres remained. There were 14 compounds that produced this total effect. All were detergents, of various types, and the effect was purely physical. The most potent compounds caused complete stripping at 0.5-50 pmol/cell and most are already used in spermicidal preparations. A further 11 compounds, including sodium hypochlorite and some phenols, caused partial stripping, while 4 compounds caused sperm swelling. The test was not suitable for assessment of metabolic cell poisons.", "PMID": 592290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4044", "title": "Mechanism of action of oxidized polyamines on the metabolism of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Oxidized spermine, an iminoaldehyde (N,N'-bis (3-propionaldehyde) 1,4-diaminobutane), is a non-competitive inhibitor of fructolysis by human spermatozoa. The inhibition constant is about 0.3 mM. In experiments with [U-14C]fructose the iminoaldehyde caused a more pronounced depression of the formation of CO2 than of lactate. The iminoaldehyde was without influence on the conversion of fructose to lactate by cell-free extracts of spermatozoa, but it markedly decreased the uptake of fructose and lactate by spermatozoa. These findings strongly suggest that inhibition of the fructose metabolism of intact spermatozoa was due to interaction of the iminoaldehyde with sperm membranes and not to inhibition of any enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. Several aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were also tested for their ability to inhibit sugar utilization of human spermatozoa: only n-hexanal exerted an inhibitory effect, the extent of which approached that of oxidized spermine.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of oxidized polyamines on the metabolism of human spermatozoa. Oxidized spermine, an iminoaldehyde (N,N'-bis (3-propionaldehyde) 1,4-diaminobutane), is a non-competitive inhibitor of fructolysis by human spermatozoa. The inhibition constant is about 0.3 mM. In experiments with [U-14C]fructose the iminoaldehyde caused a more pronounced depression of the formation of CO2 than of lactate. The iminoaldehyde was without influence on the conversion of fructose to lactate by cell-free extracts of spermatozoa, but it markedly decreased the uptake of fructose and lactate by spermatozoa. These findings strongly suggest that inhibition of the fructose metabolism of intact spermatozoa was due to interaction of the iminoaldehyde with sperm membranes and not to inhibition of any enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. Several aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were also tested for their ability to inhibit sugar utilization of human spermatozoa: only n-hexanal exerted an inhibitory effect, the extent of which approached that of oxidized spermine.", "PMID": 592291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4045", "title": "Changes in myometrial and placental 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase with ovine parturition: production of prostaglandin metabolites in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was measured in vitro in myometrium and maternal cotyledons from 6 sheep and in fetal cotyledons from 3 sheep before and after parturition. Maternal cotyledons contained more PGDH than fetal cotyledons or myometrium. At parturition, PGDH activity decreased in myometrium but increased in fetal and maternal placental tissue. The enzymatic activity observed in vitro did not result in a large, consistent release of prostaglandin F metabolites into the utero-ovarian vein in vivo, and such activity may have a strictly localized effect in ovine parturition.", "contents": "Changes in myometrial and placental 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase with ovine parturition: production of prostaglandin metabolites in vitro and in vivo. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was measured in vitro in myometrium and maternal cotyledons from 6 sheep and in fetal cotyledons from 3 sheep before and after parturition. Maternal cotyledons contained more PGDH than fetal cotyledons or myometrium. At parturition, PGDH activity decreased in myometrium but increased in fetal and maternal placental tissue. The enzymatic activity observed in vitro did not result in a large, consistent release of prostaglandin F metabolites into the utero-ovarian vein in vivo, and such activity may have a strictly localized effect in ovine parturition.", "PMID": 592292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4046", "title": "A study of peroxidase levels in human cervical mucus as an index of ovulation.", "content": "Fourteen healthy women were screened for the following parameters throughout one complete menstrual cycle: levels of urinary oestrogens and pregnanediol; levels of plasma and urinary gonadotrophins; and pH, protein content and levels of peroxidase in the cervical mucus. It was found that concentrations of peroxidase in the cervical mucus were not a reliable index of ovulation.", "contents": "A study of peroxidase levels in human cervical mucus as an index of ovulation. Fourteen healthy women were screened for the following parameters throughout one complete menstrual cycle: levels of urinary oestrogens and pregnanediol; levels of plasma and urinary gonadotrophins; and pH, protein content and levels of peroxidase in the cervical mucus. It was found that concentrations of peroxidase in the cervical mucus were not a reliable index of ovulation.", "PMID": 592293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4047", "title": "The distribution of events in the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "Daily reports of 85 married couples concerning their sexual behaviour for about 3 menstrual cycles per couple were organized according to menstrual events by using six techniques of aggregation. While there were some similarities among the different displays, including an apparent peak about 6 days before mid-cycle, different methods of aggregation produce widely different frequency curves. It is concluded that there is no single method of display of events of the menstrual cycle which will fit all investigations.", "contents": "The distribution of events in the human menstrual cycle. Daily reports of 85 married couples concerning their sexual behaviour for about 3 menstrual cycles per couple were organized according to menstrual events by using six techniques of aggregation. While there were some similarities among the different displays, including an apparent peak about 6 days before mid-cycle, different methods of aggregation produce widely different frequency curves. It is concluded that there is no single method of display of events of the menstrual cycle which will fit all investigations.", "PMID": 592294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4048", "title": "Studies on the equine placenta. III. Ultrastructure of the uterine glands and the overlying trophoblast.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of the uterine glands at intervals during pregnancy in the mare show that secretory activity continues after formation of the placental exchange units. The nature of the glandular secretion appeared initially to be proteinaceous, but cellular debris was also present during the last third of gestation. These secretions were absorbed by the trophoblast overlying the mouths of the glands. The fate secretions and their significance for the fetus and placenta are unknown.", "contents": "Studies on the equine placenta. III. Ultrastructure of the uterine glands and the overlying trophoblast. Ultrastructural studies of the uterine glands at intervals during pregnancy in the mare show that secretory activity continues after formation of the placental exchange units. The nature of the glandular secretion appeared initially to be proteinaceous, but cellular debris was also present during the last third of gestation. These secretions were absorbed by the trophoblast overlying the mouths of the glands. The fate secretions and their significance for the fetus and placenta are unknown.", "PMID": 592295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4049", "title": "The blood-testis barrier and temperature damage to the testis of the rat.", "content": "The integrity of the blood-testis barrier was investigated during and after local heating of rat testes sufficient to produce a temporary cessation of spermatogenesis. The flow, ionic composition and protein content of rete testis fluid (RTF) collected from testes maintained at 33 or 41 degrees C were unaffected either at the time of treatment or up to 2 days later when the major cytological consequences of heating occurred. The normally low rate of transfer of albumin from blood to RTF was unaffected during and after heating. Transfer constants for radioactive K, Rb, Na and lysine consistently increased during heating although there were time-dependent differences between the patterns of response for each molecule. The normally rapid transfer of testosterone was unaffected by heating, but the entry rates of radioactivity into RTF after the infusion of more slowly diffusing steroids were enhanced at 41 degrees C. The clearest effects of heating were an approximate doubling in the uptake of oxygen and decrease in the net synthesis of protein by the testis. It is concluded that heating sufficient to damage spermatogenesis was not associated with dramatic alterations in the integrity of the blood-testis barrier but more with changes in testicular metabolism.", "contents": "The blood-testis barrier and temperature damage to the testis of the rat. The integrity of the blood-testis barrier was investigated during and after local heating of rat testes sufficient to produce a temporary cessation of spermatogenesis. The flow, ionic composition and protein content of rete testis fluid (RTF) collected from testes maintained at 33 or 41 degrees C were unaffected either at the time of treatment or up to 2 days later when the major cytological consequences of heating occurred. The normally low rate of transfer of albumin from blood to RTF was unaffected during and after heating. Transfer constants for radioactive K, Rb, Na and lysine consistently increased during heating although there were time-dependent differences between the patterns of response for each molecule. The normally rapid transfer of testosterone was unaffected by heating, but the entry rates of radioactivity into RTF after the infusion of more slowly diffusing steroids were enhanced at 41 degrees C. The clearest effects of heating were an approximate doubling in the uptake of oxygen and decrease in the net synthesis of protein by the testis. It is concluded that heating sufficient to damage spermatogenesis was not associated with dramatic alterations in the integrity of the blood-testis barrier but more with changes in testicular metabolism.", "PMID": 592296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4050", "title": "Electrophoretic protein profiles of rat gonads during differentiation.", "content": "The protein patterns of fetal rat gonads (14 1/2-21 1/2 days of gestation) were examined by SDS gel electrophoresis. Male gonads contained more protein components at all stages.", "contents": "Electrophoretic protein profiles of rat gonads during differentiation. The protein patterns of fetal rat gonads (14 1/2-21 1/2 days of gestation) were examined by SDS gel electrophoresis. Male gonads contained more protein components at all stages.", "PMID": 592308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4051", "title": "A reexamination of endometriosis after pregnancy.", "content": "Endometriosis retards the process of conception, but conception does not retard the progression of this disease. When a series of patients with endometriosis after pregnancy were examined, sites of endometriotic involvement and presenting symptoms appeared unchanged. It seems that the effect of pregnancy on this disease is only temporary.", "contents": "A reexamination of endometriosis after pregnancy. Endometriosis retards the process of conception, but conception does not retard the progression of this disease. When a series of patients with endometriosis after pregnancy were examined, sites of endometriotic involvement and presenting symptoms appeared unchanged. It seems that the effect of pregnancy on this disease is only temporary.", "PMID": 592310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4052", "title": "Trisomy-18 and antepartal fetal distress.", "content": "Two cases are presented wherein cesarean section was performed because of evidence of intrauterine growth retardation and antepartal fetal distress. Both infants had the trisomy-18 syndrome. Attention is drawn to the fact that the combination of growth retardation and fetal distress sometimes heralds the presence of severe anomalies in the fetus, and it is suggested that cesarean section should not be performed before one attempts to rule out such life-threatening abnormalities.", "contents": "Trisomy-18 and antepartal fetal distress. Two cases are presented wherein cesarean section was performed because of evidence of intrauterine growth retardation and antepartal fetal distress. Both infants had the trisomy-18 syndrome. Attention is drawn to the fact that the combination of growth retardation and fetal distress sometimes heralds the presence of severe anomalies in the fetus, and it is suggested that cesarean section should not be performed before one attempts to rule out such life-threatening abnormalities.", "PMID": 592311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4053", "title": "Synthesis and body distribution of several iodine-131 labeled centrally acting drugs.", "content": "1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (3B), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3A), and 1-(4-iodo-2,5, dimethoxyhenyl)-2-aminobutane (3C) have been synthesized with 131I. Labeled iodine monochloride reacts with the appropriately substituted phthalimide at the aromatic 4 position, and the phthalic acid group is removed with hydrazine. Body distribution was measured in rats; the most prominent difference between the three compounds was a much greater concentration in the lung with 3b than with 3a or 3c. gamma-Ray scintigraphs of 3a-c in rats and of 3b in a dog indicate an uptake by the brain similar to that of the bromine analogue of 3b (DOB) in humans. [82Br]-DOB has been suggested as a potential brain scanning agent for nuclear medicine; 3b would have the advantage over DOB of providing the superior gamma-ray imaging properties of 131I or 123I.", "contents": "Synthesis and body distribution of several iodine-131 labeled centrally acting drugs. 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (3B), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3A), and 1-(4-iodo-2,5, dimethoxyhenyl)-2-aminobutane (3C) have been synthesized with 131I. Labeled iodine monochloride reacts with the appropriately substituted phthalimide at the aromatic 4 position, and the phthalic acid group is removed with hydrazine. Body distribution was measured in rats; the most prominent difference between the three compounds was a much greater concentration in the lung with 3b than with 3a or 3c. gamma-Ray scintigraphs of 3a-c in rats and of 3b in a dog indicate an uptake by the brain similar to that of the bromine analogue of 3b (DOB) in humans. [82Br]-DOB has been suggested as a potential brain scanning agent for nuclear medicine; 3b would have the advantage over DOB of providing the superior gamma-ray imaging properties of 131I or 123I.", "PMID": 592317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4054", "title": "Contragestational agents. 1. Steroidal O-aryloximes.", "content": "The preparation of a series of O-aryloximes of various steroids by two different routes is described. These compounds were prepared by reacting a keto steroid with a substituted O-arylhydroxylamine in the presence of an acid catalyst or, alternatively, by the reaction of a steroidal oxime with a substituted aryl halide in the presence of a suitable base. These compounds were examined for their ability to interrupt postimplantive gestation in female rats. The most significant contragestational activity was seen with compounds in which the basic steroid structure was a 5alpha-androstane and the 3-oxime was of the p-nitrophenyl series. One of the most active compounds in the series (16) was shown to have the ability to terminate pregnancy, when orally administered to rats at 2.5 mg/kg on days 9-12 of gestation. This compound was found to be devoid of androgenic activity at this dose level.", "contents": "Contragestational agents. 1. Steroidal O-aryloximes. The preparation of a series of O-aryloximes of various steroids by two different routes is described. These compounds were prepared by reacting a keto steroid with a substituted O-arylhydroxylamine in the presence of an acid catalyst or, alternatively, by the reaction of a steroidal oxime with a substituted aryl halide in the presence of a suitable base. These compounds were examined for their ability to interrupt postimplantive gestation in female rats. The most significant contragestational activity was seen with compounds in which the basic steroid structure was a 5alpha-androstane and the 3-oxime was of the p-nitrophenyl series. One of the most active compounds in the series (16) was shown to have the ability to terminate pregnancy, when orally administered to rats at 2.5 mg/kg on days 9-12 of gestation. This compound was found to be devoid of androgenic activity at this dose level.", "PMID": 592318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4055", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 15. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-11-deoxy-15- or 16-alkylprostaglandins.", "content": "The synthesis of dl-11-doxy-15- or 16-alkylprostaglandins by the conjugate addition of appropriately substituted lithium alanate or lithium cuprate reagents to several cyclopentenones is described as is the preparation of the requisite intermediate (E)-1-iodo-1-alkenyl compounds 4, 22, 23, and 31. The bronchodilator activity of these prostaglandin congeners is presented.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 15. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-11-deoxy-15- or 16-alkylprostaglandins. The synthesis of dl-11-doxy-15- or 16-alkylprostaglandins by the conjugate addition of appropriately substituted lithium alanate or lithium cuprate reagents to several cyclopentenones is described as is the preparation of the requisite intermediate (E)-1-iodo-1-alkenyl compounds 4, 22, 23, and 31. The bronchodilator activity of these prostaglandin congeners is presented.", "PMID": 592319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4056", "title": "Dibenztroponeacetic and -propionic acids. Potent new antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The syntheses and antiinflammatory assays of some dibenztroponeacetic and -propionic acids and derivatives are described. The most potent compound, d-2-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-on-2-yl)propionic acid, has a potency of ca, 70 times phenylbutazone in the rat carrageenan paw assay and two to three times indomethacin in long-term animal assays. Some beta-dialkylaminoethyl esters of this compound also show high antiinflammatory activity.", "contents": "Dibenztroponeacetic and -propionic acids. Potent new antiinflammatory agents. The syntheses and antiinflammatory assays of some dibenztroponeacetic and -propionic acids and derivatives are described. The most potent compound, d-2-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-on-2-yl)propionic acid, has a potency of ca, 70 times phenylbutazone in the rat carrageenan paw assay and two to three times indomethacin in long-term animal assays. Some beta-dialkylaminoethyl esters of this compound also show high antiinflammatory activity.", "PMID": 592320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4057", "title": "Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 4-substituted 3-mercaptopicolinic acids.", "content": "3-Mercapto-4-methylpicolinic acid one of very few compounds derived from 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA) to have hypoglycemic activity. In an effort to find compounds with greater potency than 3-MPA, several 4-substituted 3-mercaptopicolinic acids (4-OMe, OC6H5, SMe, SH, Cl, NH2, Et; 1-7) were prepared and tested in 48-h fasted rats. None was hypoglycemic in this test system after oral dosing of 150 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 4-substituted 3-mercaptopicolinic acids. 3-Mercapto-4-methylpicolinic acid one of very few compounds derived from 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA) to have hypoglycemic activity. In an effort to find compounds with greater potency than 3-MPA, several 4-substituted 3-mercaptopicolinic acids (4-OMe, OC6H5, SMe, SH, Cl, NH2, Et; 1-7) were prepared and tested in 48-h fasted rats. None was hypoglycemic in this test system after oral dosing of 150 mg/kg.", "PMID": 592321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4058", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 1. N-Protected vinyl, 1,2-dihaloethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of phenylalanine.", "content": "A series of N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dihaloethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of phenylalanine was synthesized and these compounds were evaluated for antitumor activity against the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in CF1 male mice (33 mg/kg/day), Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in Sprague-Dawley male rats (2.5 mg/kg/day), and P388 lymphocytic leukemia in DBA/2 mice (20 mg/kg/day). Structure-activity relationships were evaluated and acute toxicity studies (LD50 determinations) in male CF1 mice were also carried out on selected compounds. Carbobenzoxy-L0phenylalanine vinyl ester (5), N-carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester (12), and N-carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl ester (8) were found to be very potent inhibitors of Ehrlich ascites tumor growth at nontoxic doses cited above. Compounds 5 and 12 also tripled survival time in the Walker 256 system. LD50 values for compounds 5, 12, and 8 were greater than 2000 mg/kg (greater than 6.15 mmol/kg), 74 mg/kg (0.15 mmol/kg), and 150 mg/kg (0.44 mmol/kg), respectively.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 1. N-Protected vinyl, 1,2-dihaloethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of phenylalanine. A series of N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dihaloethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of phenylalanine was synthesized and these compounds were evaluated for antitumor activity against the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in CF1 male mice (33 mg/kg/day), Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in Sprague-Dawley male rats (2.5 mg/kg/day), and P388 lymphocytic leukemia in DBA/2 mice (20 mg/kg/day). Structure-activity relationships were evaluated and acute toxicity studies (LD50 determinations) in male CF1 mice were also carried out on selected compounds. Carbobenzoxy-L0phenylalanine vinyl ester (5), N-carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester (12), and N-carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine cyanomethyl ester (8) were found to be very potent inhibitors of Ehrlich ascites tumor growth at nontoxic doses cited above. Compounds 5 and 12 also tripled survival time in the Walker 256 system. LD50 values for compounds 5, 12, and 8 were greater than 2000 mg/kg (greater than 6.15 mmol/kg), 74 mg/kg (0.15 mmol/kg), and 150 mg/kg (0.44 mmol/kg), respectively.", "PMID": 592322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4059", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 2. Structure-activity studies on N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several amino acids.", "content": "Previously reported work on N-protected activated esters of phenylalanine has been extended to include N-protected vinyl, dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several other amino acids. These compounds have been synthesized and evaluated in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and and P388 lymphocytic leukemia tests. Among compounds tested were derivatives of tyrosine, tryptophan, glycine, leucine, proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid. Compounds of greatest potential interest from this study are N-carbobenzoxyglycine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester and N-carbobenzoxy-L-leucine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester. Both compounds were highly active in Ehrlich ascites test systems (33 mg/kg/day). The glycine derivative was also active in the Walker 256 test (2.5 mg/kg/day. Values for LD50's in mice were 148 mg/kg (0.37 mmol/kg) and 225 mg/kg (0.50 mmol/kg) for glycine and leucine derivatives, respectively; therefore, these compounds do not appear to be toxic at effective dose levels.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 2. Structure-activity studies on N-protected vinyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several amino acids. Previously reported work on N-protected activated esters of phenylalanine has been extended to include N-protected vinyl, dibromoethyl, and cyanomethyl esters of several other amino acids. These compounds have been synthesized and evaluated in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and and P388 lymphocytic leukemia tests. Among compounds tested were derivatives of tyrosine, tryptophan, glycine, leucine, proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid. Compounds of greatest potential interest from this study are N-carbobenzoxyglycine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester and N-carbobenzoxy-L-leucine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester. Both compounds were highly active in Ehrlich ascites test systems (33 mg/kg/day). The glycine derivative was also active in the Walker 256 test (2.5 mg/kg/day. Values for LD50's in mice were 148 mg/kg (0.37 mmol/kg) and 225 mg/kg (0.50 mmol/kg) for glycine and leucine derivatives, respectively; therefore, these compounds do not appear to be toxic at effective dose levels.", "PMID": 592323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4060", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance investigations into the interactions of bisulfite with pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides.", "content": "Carbon-13 NMR is utilized to demonstrate the attack of bisulfite anion on uridine, 5-fluorouridine, and uridine 5'-monophosphate. The attack produces a pair of diastereomeric adducts similar in structure to those seen in the uracil series. Intensity data from the equilibrium system give an estimate for the individual equilibrium constants. Thymidine and thymidine 5'-monophosphate show no evidence of nucleophilic attack by bisulfite. This evidence indicates that bisulfite addition to nucleosides and nucleotides models the enzymatic methylation of uridine by the enzyme thymidylate synthetase better than the uracil bisulfite system.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance investigations into the interactions of bisulfite with pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides. Carbon-13 NMR is utilized to demonstrate the attack of bisulfite anion on uridine, 5-fluorouridine, and uridine 5'-monophosphate. The attack produces a pair of diastereomeric adducts similar in structure to those seen in the uracil series. Intensity data from the equilibrium system give an estimate for the individual equilibrium constants. Thymidine and thymidine 5'-monophosphate show no evidence of nucleophilic attack by bisulfite. This evidence indicates that bisulfite addition to nucleosides and nucleotides models the enzymatic methylation of uridine by the enzyme thymidylate synthetase better than the uracil bisulfite system.", "PMID": 592324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4061", "title": "Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 1. Glycolates.", "content": "The 38 esters in Table I were prepared from the four isomeric 2-tropanols and a variety of racemic glycolic acids and their optical isomers. Anticholinergic activity in mice was measured in the peripheral nervous system (mydriasis) and in the central nervous system (anti-tremorine) and compared with that of atropine, scopolamine, and racemic 2-quinuclidinyl benzilate. The results (Table III) showed that several esters (such as 8, 12, 14, and 21) had significantly greater activity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems than did the reference compounds. Esters of (+)-2alpha-tropanol were more potent than those of either its epimer (-)-2beta-tropanol or its optical isomer(-)-2alpha-tropanol. Esters derived from (-)-glycolic acids were uniformly more potent than those from the (+)-glycolic acids. Esters of (+)-2alpha-notropanol and five of its N-substituted derivatives had markedly decreased activity. Peripheral/central activity ratios and time-activity profiles for five active compounds are discussed and compared with those of the reference compounds.", "contents": "Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 1. Glycolates. The 38 esters in Table I were prepared from the four isomeric 2-tropanols and a variety of racemic glycolic acids and their optical isomers. Anticholinergic activity in mice was measured in the peripheral nervous system (mydriasis) and in the central nervous system (anti-tremorine) and compared with that of atropine, scopolamine, and racemic 2-quinuclidinyl benzilate. The results (Table III) showed that several esters (such as 8, 12, 14, and 21) had significantly greater activity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems than did the reference compounds. Esters of (+)-2alpha-tropanol were more potent than those of either its epimer (-)-2beta-tropanol or its optical isomer(-)-2alpha-tropanol. Esters derived from (-)-glycolic acids were uniformly more potent than those from the (+)-glycolic acids. Esters of (+)-2alpha-notropanol and five of its N-substituted derivatives had markedly decreased activity. Peripheral/central activity ratios and time-activity profiles for five active compounds are discussed and compared with those of the reference compounds.", "PMID": 592326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4062", "title": "Potent reversible anticholinesterase agents. Bis- and mono-N-substituted benzoquinolinium halides.", "content": "A number of bis- and mono-N-substituted benzoquinolinium salts and their analogues were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). These compounds were also used to help identify some of the morphologic characteristics of the surface at or near the active sites of the cholinesterases. The shape, size, configuration, and conformation of the onium moieties of the quaternary ammonium compounds were found to be the important factors in their anticholinesterase activity. A high concentration of the positive charge of the quaternary ammonium compound is not a critical factor for the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The order of decreasing potency of cholinesterase inhibition of the benzoquinolinium compounds was found to be acridinium greater than phenanthridinium greater than 5,6-benzoquinolinium greater than 7,8-benzoquinolinium. The inhibitory activity of the monobenzoquinolinium halides against cholinesterases is influenced by the N-substituent. A bis-quaternary ammonium compound with a flexible bridge that links the two nitrogen atoms was found to be more potent in inhibiting AcChE and less potent in inhibiting BuChE than a bis-quaternary ammonium compound with a rigid bridge. The acridinium and phenanthridinium derivatives of the benzoquinolinium compounds are very potent reversible inhibitors against both AcChE and BuChE.", "contents": "Potent reversible anticholinesterase agents. Bis- and mono-N-substituted benzoquinolinium halides. A number of bis- and mono-N-substituted benzoquinolinium salts and their analogues were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). These compounds were also used to help identify some of the morphologic characteristics of the surface at or near the active sites of the cholinesterases. The shape, size, configuration, and conformation of the onium moieties of the quaternary ammonium compounds were found to be the important factors in their anticholinesterase activity. A high concentration of the positive charge of the quaternary ammonium compound is not a critical factor for the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The order of decreasing potency of cholinesterase inhibition of the benzoquinolinium compounds was found to be acridinium greater than phenanthridinium greater than 5,6-benzoquinolinium greater than 7,8-benzoquinolinium. The inhibitory activity of the monobenzoquinolinium halides against cholinesterases is influenced by the N-substituent. A bis-quaternary ammonium compound with a flexible bridge that links the two nitrogen atoms was found to be more potent in inhibiting AcChE and less potent in inhibiting BuChE than a bis-quaternary ammonium compound with a rigid bridge. The acridinium and phenanthridinium derivatives of the benzoquinolinium compounds are very potent reversible inhibitors against both AcChE and BuChE.", "PMID": 592327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4063", "title": "Molecular structure of thyroxine analogues. Crystal structure of 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic and 3,5,3',5'-tetraoiodothyroacetic acid N-diethanolamine (1:1) complexes.", "content": "Crystallographic data demonstrated that conformations of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in which the phenyl rings are either skewed (phi,phi'; +/-90,0 degrees) or twist-skewed (phi,phi'; +/-108, +/-28 degrees) are energetically favored. Acetic acid metabolites are consistently observed in the skewed conformation whereas their parent hormones are observed in the twist-skewed conformation. These preferences are manifestations of long-range conformational transmission and together with plasma protein binding data may indicate a site-specific preference for the skewed vs. twist-skewed conformation. These findings result in part from the crystal structure determinations of the N-diethanolamine (1:1) complexes of the active thyroxine metabolites 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (T3AA) and 3,5,3'5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (T4AA) which are reported here. The conformation of the 3'-iodine in the hypocholestermic agent T3AA is distal, the biologically preferred conformation, and the overall conformation of T3AA is transoid, while that of T4AA is cisoid.", "contents": "Molecular structure of thyroxine analogues. Crystal structure of 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic and 3,5,3',5'-tetraoiodothyroacetic acid N-diethanolamine (1:1) complexes. Crystallographic data demonstrated that conformations of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in which the phenyl rings are either skewed (phi,phi'; +/-90,0 degrees) or twist-skewed (phi,phi'; +/-108, +/-28 degrees) are energetically favored. Acetic acid metabolites are consistently observed in the skewed conformation whereas their parent hormones are observed in the twist-skewed conformation. These preferences are manifestations of long-range conformational transmission and together with plasma protein binding data may indicate a site-specific preference for the skewed vs. twist-skewed conformation. These findings result in part from the crystal structure determinations of the N-diethanolamine (1:1) complexes of the active thyroxine metabolites 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (T3AA) and 3,5,3'5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (T4AA) which are reported here. The conformation of the 3'-iodine in the hypocholestermic agent T3AA is distal, the biologically preferred conformation, and the overall conformation of T3AA is transoid, while that of T4AA is cisoid.", "PMID": 592328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4064", "title": "Structure-activity studies on hallucinogenic amphetamines using molecular connectivity.", "content": "A series of ring-substituted hallucinogenic amphetamines has been analyzed using molecular connectivity. A correlating equation has been found between potency and connectivity terms. The equation permits an interpretation of SAR. The equation is capable of predicting potency for amphetamines not in the list and mescalines and tryptamines.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies on hallucinogenic amphetamines using molecular connectivity. A series of ring-substituted hallucinogenic amphetamines has been analyzed using molecular connectivity. A correlating equation has been found between potency and connectivity terms. The equation permits an interpretation of SAR. The equation is capable of predicting potency for amphetamines not in the list and mescalines and tryptamines.", "PMID": 592329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4065", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 16. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-11-doexy-3-thiaprostaglandins.", "content": "The interesting bronchodilator activity of certain dl-11-deoxy-3-thiaprostaglandins and their preparation by the conjugate addition of appropriately substituted (E)-1-alkenyllithio cuprate reagents to requisite cyclopentenones are described.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners. 16. Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of dl-11-doexy-3-thiaprostaglandins. The interesting bronchodilator activity of certain dl-11-deoxy-3-thiaprostaglandins and their preparation by the conjugate addition of appropriately substituted (E)-1-alkenyllithio cuprate reagents to requisite cyclopentenones are described.", "PMID": 592330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4066", "title": "3-(3-Substituted prop-1-enyl)cephalosporins.", "content": "The synthesis of cephalosporin derivatives possessing a 3-substituted prop-1-enyl group at the 3 position is described. This was achieved using the reaction of vinylmagnesium chloride with the 3-formyl derivatives 1 to give a vinylcarbinol which readily underwent allylic rearrangements to give the desired side chains. The new derivatives exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity.", "contents": "3-(3-Substituted prop-1-enyl)cephalosporins. The synthesis of cephalosporin derivatives possessing a 3-substituted prop-1-enyl group at the 3 position is described. This was achieved using the reaction of vinylmagnesium chloride with the 3-formyl derivatives 1 to give a vinylcarbinol which readily underwent allylic rearrangements to give the desired side chains. The new derivatives exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 592331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4067", "title": "Analogues of sparteine. 5. Antiarrhythmic activity of selected N,N'-disubstituted bispidines.", "content": "A series of seven N,N'-disubstituted bispidines, structurally analogous to the inner (B and C) rings of sparteine (1) and encompassing a range of lipophilicity in which 1 was centered, has been compared to 1 in regard to antiarrhythmic potency and acute toxicity. Several of the bispidines were of comparable potency, and all but one were somewhat less toxic than 1. The ability of the mononitrate salts of 1 and bispidines 6 and 7 to bind calcium and magnesium cations in Me2SO-d6 solvent has been evaluated by proton magnetic resonance analysis. No binding could be demonstrated under these conditions, which suggested that pharmacologic effects of these compounds may be due to properties other than direct binding of these cations.", "contents": "Analogues of sparteine. 5. Antiarrhythmic activity of selected N,N'-disubstituted bispidines. A series of seven N,N'-disubstituted bispidines, structurally analogous to the inner (B and C) rings of sparteine (1) and encompassing a range of lipophilicity in which 1 was centered, has been compared to 1 in regard to antiarrhythmic potency and acute toxicity. Several of the bispidines were of comparable potency, and all but one were somewhat less toxic than 1. The ability of the mononitrate salts of 1 and bispidines 6 and 7 to bind calcium and magnesium cations in Me2SO-d6 solvent has been evaluated by proton magnetic resonance analysis. No binding could be demonstrated under these conditions, which suggested that pharmacologic effects of these compounds may be due to properties other than direct binding of these cations.", "PMID": 592332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4068", "title": "Potential histidine decarboxylase inhibitors. 1. alpha- and beta-substituted histidine analogues.", "content": "Histidine analogues with alkyl substitution at Calpha and Cbeta were prepared as potential inhibitors of specific histidine decarboxylase. Activity was assessed in vitro using extracts of rat pyloric stomach and a radioisotopic assay of 14CO2 evolved from carboxyl-14C-labeled histidine. alpha-Substituted analogues (C2-C4) including 2-hydroxyethyl were less potent than alpha-methylhistidine; the alpha-n-butyl analogue was completely inactive at 10(-3) M. Similarly, beta,beta-dimethylhistidine and homohistidine failed to exhibit activity at 10(-3) M.", "contents": "Potential histidine decarboxylase inhibitors. 1. alpha- and beta-substituted histidine analogues. Histidine analogues with alkyl substitution at Calpha and Cbeta were prepared as potential inhibitors of specific histidine decarboxylase. Activity was assessed in vitro using extracts of rat pyloric stomach and a radioisotopic assay of 14CO2 evolved from carboxyl-14C-labeled histidine. alpha-Substituted analogues (C2-C4) including 2-hydroxyethyl were less potent than alpha-methylhistidine; the alpha-n-butyl analogue was completely inactive at 10(-3) M. Similarly, beta,beta-dimethylhistidine and homohistidine failed to exhibit activity at 10(-3) M.", "PMID": 592333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4069", "title": "Potential carcinostatics. Synthesis and biological properties of d- and 1-beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid and beta,beta-difluoroasparagine.", "content": "Di-tert-butyl beta,beta-difluorooxaloacetate, prepared by fluorination of di-tert-butyl oxaloacetate with perchloryl fluoride, was converted to di-tert-butyl beta,beta-difluoroaspartate via its O-methyl oxime, followed by reduction. The tert-butyl ester was hydrolyzed to give a mixture of dl-beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid, which was resolved via its brucine salts. dl-Difluoroaspartic acid was converted into beta,beta-difluoroasparagine by monoesterification and subsequent ammonolysis. Racemic beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid inhibits aspartate aminotransferase. Cell growth of 3T3-F cells was slightly inhibited by l-beta,beta-difluoraspartic acid while the d enantiomer was without effect in this test system.", "contents": "Potential carcinostatics. Synthesis and biological properties of d- and 1-beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid and beta,beta-difluoroasparagine. Di-tert-butyl beta,beta-difluorooxaloacetate, prepared by fluorination of di-tert-butyl oxaloacetate with perchloryl fluoride, was converted to di-tert-butyl beta,beta-difluoroaspartate via its O-methyl oxime, followed by reduction. The tert-butyl ester was hydrolyzed to give a mixture of dl-beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid, which was resolved via its brucine salts. dl-Difluoroaspartic acid was converted into beta,beta-difluoroasparagine by monoesterification and subsequent ammonolysis. Racemic beta,beta-difluoroaspartic acid inhibits aspartate aminotransferase. Cell growth of 3T3-F cells was slightly inhibited by l-beta,beta-difluoraspartic acid while the d enantiomer was without effect in this test system.", "PMID": 592334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4070", "title": "Bradykinin potentiating and sensitizing activities of new synthetic analogues of snake venom peptides.", "content": "The structural requirements for prolonged residual (\"sensitizing\") activity in bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPP's) were investigated through a study of seven synthetic BPP's including three not previously described: [Lys6]-BPP9a, [Gly6]potentiator B, and [Lys6,Gln8]potentiator B. The quantitation of the sensitizing activities in the isolated guinea pig ileum indicated that the structural requirements for bradykinin potentiation and for sensitization were not the same. The most potent sensitizers were potentiator B and [Lys6]-BPP9a.", "contents": "Bradykinin potentiating and sensitizing activities of new synthetic analogues of snake venom peptides. The structural requirements for prolonged residual (\"sensitizing\") activity in bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPP's) were investigated through a study of seven synthetic BPP's including three not previously described: [Lys6]-BPP9a, [Gly6]potentiator B, and [Lys6,Gln8]potentiator B. The quantitation of the sensitizing activities in the isolated guinea pig ileum indicated that the structural requirements for bradykinin potentiation and for sensitization were not the same. The most potent sensitizers were potentiator B and [Lys6]-BPP9a.", "PMID": 592335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4071", "title": "(+)- and (-)-3-Methoxycyproheptadine. A comparative evaluation of the antiserotonin, antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and orexigenic properties with cyproheptadine.", "content": "The synthesis and resolution of (+/-)-3-methoxycyproheptadine [(+/-)-4] are described. As a peripheral serotonin antagonist, (+/-)-4 was found to be one-half as potent as cyproheptadine (1b). The peripheral anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities as well as the orexigenic property of (+/-)-4 are less than those of 1b. A further comparison of the enantiomers (+)-4 and (-)-4 shows that all of the anticholinergic activity of (+/-)-4 resides solely in the dextrorotatory enantiomer, (+)-4, while the antiserotonin activity, which is similar to that of 1b, resides in the levorotatory enantiomer, (-)-4. Antihistaminic and orexigenic activity also resides in (-)-4 but these properties are reduced compared to those of 1b.", "contents": "(+)- and (-)-3-Methoxycyproheptadine. A comparative evaluation of the antiserotonin, antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and orexigenic properties with cyproheptadine. The synthesis and resolution of (+/-)-3-methoxycyproheptadine [(+/-)-4] are described. As a peripheral serotonin antagonist, (+/-)-4 was found to be one-half as potent as cyproheptadine (1b). The peripheral anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities as well as the orexigenic property of (+/-)-4 are less than those of 1b. A further comparison of the enantiomers (+)-4 and (-)-4 shows that all of the anticholinergic activity of (+/-)-4 resides solely in the dextrorotatory enantiomer, (+)-4, while the antiserotonin activity, which is similar to that of 1b, resides in the levorotatory enantiomer, (-)-4. Antihistaminic and orexigenic activity also resides in (-)-4 but these properties are reduced compared to those of 1b.", "PMID": 592336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4072", "title": "Aminobenzoic acid diuretics. 9. 3,4-Disubstituted 5-acylaminobenzoic acids and related compounds.", "content": "A number of 3,4-disubstituted 5-acylamino-, 5-alkylamino-, and 5-ureidobenzoic acids corresponding to previously described 3,4-disubstituted 5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid diuretics were prepared and screened for their diuretic properties in dogs. The tabulated results reveal that several 3,4-disubstituted 5-formamido and 5-acetamidobenzoic acids possess considerable diuretic potency demonstrating that a 5-sulfamoyl or 5-methylsulfonyl substituent is not a necessity for potent diuretic activity of 3,4-disubstituted benzoic acids. 4-Benzoyl-3-benzyloxy-5-formamidobenzoic acid, one of the mo-t potent compounds of the present series, is approximately one-tenth as potent as bumetanide. The dose response and diuretic pattern indicate high-ceiling diuretic activity and suggest a mode of action similar to that of bumetanide.", "contents": "Aminobenzoic acid diuretics. 9. 3,4-Disubstituted 5-acylaminobenzoic acids and related compounds. A number of 3,4-disubstituted 5-acylamino-, 5-alkylamino-, and 5-ureidobenzoic acids corresponding to previously described 3,4-disubstituted 5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid diuretics were prepared and screened for their diuretic properties in dogs. The tabulated results reveal that several 3,4-disubstituted 5-formamido and 5-acetamidobenzoic acids possess considerable diuretic potency demonstrating that a 5-sulfamoyl or 5-methylsulfonyl substituent is not a necessity for potent diuretic activity of 3,4-disubstituted benzoic acids. 4-Benzoyl-3-benzyloxy-5-formamidobenzoic acid, one of the mo-t potent compounds of the present series, is approximately one-tenth as potent as bumetanide. The dose response and diuretic pattern indicate high-ceiling diuretic activity and suggest a mode of action similar to that of bumetanide.", "PMID": 592337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4073", "title": "Antileukemic activity of derivatives of 1-phenyl-2,5-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate).", "content": "Treatment of N-aryl-N-acetylalanine derivatives, 3, with acetic anhydride-dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave the dimethyl N-aryl-2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylates, 4. Reduction of 4 and acylation of 5 gave 2a-j and 6. All of the title compounds 2a-j and 6 showed significant reproducible activity in the P388 in vivo antileukemic assay.", "contents": "Antileukemic activity of derivatives of 1-phenyl-2,5-dimethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole bis(N-methylcarbamate). Treatment of N-aryl-N-acetylalanine derivatives, 3, with acetic anhydride-dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave the dimethyl N-aryl-2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylates, 4. Reduction of 4 and acylation of 5 gave 2a-j and 6. All of the title compounds 2a-j and 6 showed significant reproducible activity in the P388 in vivo antileukemic assay.", "PMID": 592338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4074", "title": "Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 81. s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines by oxidative cyclization of hydrazones.", "content": "s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines bearing various substituents in the 1 position were prepared by oxidative cyclization of the appropriate aldehyde hydrazones of 2-hydrazinobenzodiazepines. Diethyl azodicarboxylate and activated manganese dioxide were used as oxidizing agents. The new triazolo compounds were active in the CNS tests but none of them reached the potency of the known triazolobenzodiazepines.", "contents": "Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. 81. s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines by oxidative cyclization of hydrazones. s-Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines bearing various substituents in the 1 position were prepared by oxidative cyclization of the appropriate aldehyde hydrazones of 2-hydrazinobenzodiazepines. Diethyl azodicarboxylate and activated manganese dioxide were used as oxidizing agents. The new triazolo compounds were active in the CNS tests but none of them reached the potency of the known triazolobenzodiazepines.", "PMID": 592339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4075", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of cancer. 3. Analytical measurement of chemical half-lives of monofunctional alkylators.", "content": "The objective of this study is the measurement of the rates of hydrolysis of a series of chloroethyl sulfide derivatives, under stimulated physiological conditions. Interferences encountered with the conventional spectrophotometric method prompted the use of a rapid-response, chloride selective electrode. This probe was readily capable of monitoring the hydrolytic rate, which is identical with the rate of chloride ion formation. Since the desired subsecond half-lives were not achieved by any of the compounds, factors influencing the rates were investigated. The results suggest that the rate-controlling cyclization step may be inhibited, due to coordination of undissociated protonic functional groups on the aromatic portions of the structures with the lone-pair electrons on sulfur.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of cancer. 3. Analytical measurement of chemical half-lives of monofunctional alkylators. The objective of this study is the measurement of the rates of hydrolysis of a series of chloroethyl sulfide derivatives, under stimulated physiological conditions. Interferences encountered with the conventional spectrophotometric method prompted the use of a rapid-response, chloride selective electrode. This probe was readily capable of monitoring the hydrolytic rate, which is identical with the rate of chloride ion formation. Since the desired subsecond half-lives were not achieved by any of the compounds, factors influencing the rates were investigated. The results suggest that the rate-controlling cyclization step may be inhibited, due to coordination of undissociated protonic functional groups on the aromatic portions of the structures with the lone-pair electrons on sulfur.", "PMID": 592340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4076", "title": "Synthesis of carboxyarylindoles and benzofurans as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "2-Carboxyaryl-substituted dihydrobenz[e]indoles, tetrahydroindoles, and tetrahydrobenzofurans have been synthesized as structural analogues of fendosal, a new antiinflammatory agent, and tested in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Two of these, 2-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydrobenz[e]indole and 1-(n-butyl)-2-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole, were found to have significant activity, albeit of a lower order than fendosal.", "contents": "Synthesis of carboxyarylindoles and benzofurans as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2-Carboxyaryl-substituted dihydrobenz[e]indoles, tetrahydroindoles, and tetrahydrobenzofurans have been synthesized as structural analogues of fendosal, a new antiinflammatory agent, and tested in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Two of these, 2-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydrobenz[e]indole and 1-(n-butyl)-2-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole, were found to have significant activity, albeit of a lower order than fendosal.", "PMID": 592341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4077", "title": "Hypolipidemic activity of 5-aryl-3-methylvaleric acid derivatives.", "content": "Several 5-aryl-3-methylvaleric acid derivatives have been shown to be more potent hypolipidemic agents than the previously reported 5-(4-biphenylyl)-3-methylvaleric acid (1). The most active compound in this series was 5-(4-phenylsulfonylphenyl)-3-methylvaleric acid (10) which lowered serum cholesterol levels 45% and serum triglyceride levels 60% in normal rats. Significant lowering of the serum triglyceride levels was the predominant effect noted with most of the compounds tested.", "contents": "Hypolipidemic activity of 5-aryl-3-methylvaleric acid derivatives. Several 5-aryl-3-methylvaleric acid derivatives have been shown to be more potent hypolipidemic agents than the previously reported 5-(4-biphenylyl)-3-methylvaleric acid (1). The most active compound in this series was 5-(4-phenylsulfonylphenyl)-3-methylvaleric acid (10) which lowered serum cholesterol levels 45% and serum triglyceride levels 60% in normal rats. Significant lowering of the serum triglyceride levels was the predominant effect noted with most of the compounds tested.", "PMID": 592342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4078", "title": "H-Y antigen and the growth of the dominant gonad.", "content": "The evolutionary conservation of H-Y antigen and its expression in the heterogametic sex regardless of whether this is male or female must mean that the antigen is associated with a common denominator underlying the development of mammalian testes and avian ovaries. It is suggested that one such common denominator is an enhanced growth rate of the dominant heterogametic gonad at a critical stage of its development.", "contents": "H-Y antigen and the growth of the dominant gonad. The evolutionary conservation of H-Y antigen and its expression in the heterogametic sex regardless of whether this is male or female must mean that the antigen is associated with a common denominator underlying the development of mammalian testes and avian ovaries. It is suggested that one such common denominator is an enhanced growth rate of the dominant heterogametic gonad at a critical stage of its development.", "PMID": 592349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4079", "title": "Lead levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births.", "content": "Placental lead levels were studied in a series of Birmingham births classified by stillbirth, neonatal death, or survival beyond one week. There was an appreciable range of lead levels even in normal births (0.15-3.56 microgram/g) but nevertheless average results showed a pronounced excess of lead in those who failed to survive both birth and the neonatal period. There was no association of placental lead with impaired birthweight among survivors but, in common with other authors, we noted a seasonal variation. The placentae from Indian women had similar lead levels to those from European women and lower values were found in the normal sibs of stillbirths and neonatal deaths. The possibility is discussed that under conditions of impaired fetal health in late pregnancy the placenta may concentrate lead.", "contents": "Lead levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births. Placental lead levels were studied in a series of Birmingham births classified by stillbirth, neonatal death, or survival beyond one week. There was an appreciable range of lead levels even in normal births (0.15-3.56 microgram/g) but nevertheless average results showed a pronounced excess of lead in those who failed to survive both birth and the neonatal period. There was no association of placental lead with impaired birthweight among survivors but, in common with other authors, we noted a seasonal variation. The placentae from Indian women had similar lead levels to those from European women and lower values were found in the normal sibs of stillbirths and neonatal deaths. The possibility is discussed that under conditions of impaired fetal health in late pregnancy the placenta may concentrate lead.", "PMID": 592350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4080", "title": "Severe lower limb malformation associated with other deformities and death in infancy in two brothers.", "content": "Two brothers with severe and rare lower limb malformations but normal upper limbs are described. Both brothers had glans hypospadias and they died in early infancy. In the first brother the limb malformation was a severe deformity of the right foot which was split and of rockerbottom shape with oligosyndactyly. In the second brother the right limb below the knee was more severely deformed while only the toes were involved in the left limb. Details of the clinical and pathological findings are described. The most likely mode of inheritance of this rare syndrome is autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive with variable expressivity.", "contents": "Severe lower limb malformation associated with other deformities and death in infancy in two brothers. Two brothers with severe and rare lower limb malformations but normal upper limbs are described. Both brothers had glans hypospadias and they died in early infancy. In the first brother the limb malformation was a severe deformity of the right foot which was split and of rockerbottom shape with oligosyndactyly. In the second brother the right limb below the knee was more severely deformed while only the toes were involved in the left limb. Details of the clinical and pathological findings are described. The most likely mode of inheritance of this rare syndrome is autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive with variable expressivity.", "PMID": 592351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4081", "title": "Maxillofacial dysostosis.", "content": "Four individuals in a single family affected with maxillofacial dysostosis are reported. Maxillary hypoplasia, delayed onset of speech, and poor development of language skills without associated hearing loss are the main characteristics of the syndrome which is transmitted as an autosomal dominant. Cephalometric analysis and speech and hearing evaluation of our patients confirmed the above findings.", "contents": "Maxillofacial dysostosis. Four individuals in a single family affected with maxillofacial dysostosis are reported. Maxillary hypoplasia, delayed onset of speech, and poor development of language skills without associated hearing loss are the main characteristics of the syndrome which is transmitted as an autosomal dominant. Cephalometric analysis and speech and hearing evaluation of our patients confirmed the above findings.", "PMID": 592352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4082", "title": "Probable autosomal recessive Marfan syndrome.", "content": "A probable autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is described in a family with two affected sisters. The sisters showed the typical picture of Marfan syndrome and were of normal intelligence. Both parents and all four grandparents were personally examined and found to be normal. Homocystinuria was ruled out on repeated examinations. This family suggests genetic heterogeneity in Marfan syndrome and that in some rare families the mode of inheritance may be autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Probable autosomal recessive Marfan syndrome. A probable autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is described in a family with two affected sisters. The sisters showed the typical picture of Marfan syndrome and were of normal intelligence. Both parents and all four grandparents were personally examined and found to be normal. Homocystinuria was ruled out on repeated examinations. This family suggests genetic heterogeneity in Marfan syndrome and that in some rare families the mode of inheritance may be autosomal recessive.", "PMID": 592353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4083", "title": "Two pericentric inversions of human chromosome 11.", "content": "A pericentric inv(11) (pl5q23) detectable by G-, Q-, and R-banding and occuring in 1 member of each of 3 generations of a family is described. In another family studied by several banding methods in search of chromosomal markers, a pericentric inv(11) (p11q11) was found. It was detectable only by C-banding, the darkly staining band being located on the short-arm side of the centromere. The reasons for defining this aberration as an inversion rather than a location variant are outlined. This inversion occurred in 9 members of 3 generations of a large family. There was no clear-cut evidence of any clinical consequences of these inversions either in heterozygotes or their offspring.", "contents": "Two pericentric inversions of human chromosome 11. A pericentric inv(11) (pl5q23) detectable by G-, Q-, and R-banding and occuring in 1 member of each of 3 generations of a family is described. In another family studied by several banding methods in search of chromosomal markers, a pericentric inv(11) (p11q11) was found. It was detectable only by C-banding, the darkly staining band being located on the short-arm side of the centromere. The reasons for defining this aberration as an inversion rather than a location variant are outlined. This inversion occurred in 9 members of 3 generations of a large family. There was no clear-cut evidence of any clinical consequences of these inversions either in heterozygotes or their offspring.", "PMID": 592354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4084", "title": "Mosaicism presumably related to a Y/6 translocation in a boy with multiple congenital abnormalities.", "content": "A 3 1/2-year-old boy was referred for chromosomal evaluation because of mental and developmental retardation, peculiar facies, and abnormalities of the extremities. Karyotype analysis disclosed the presence of 46 and 47 chromosome cell lines. The 46 chromosome line contained 4 normal G group chromosomes and an abnormally small Y identified by G banding. Further investigation with Q and C band techniques revealed that the missing segment of the Y, the distal long arm, had been translocated to the end of the long arm of a number 6 chromosome. This de novo rearrangement appeared to be balanced and was found in all cells examined. The 47 chromosome line, which had a frequency of 10% in the patient's leucocytes, was identical to the 46 line except for the presence of an additional copy of the small chromosome. The morphology and banding patterns of the two small acrocentrics in the aneuploid line were found to correspond to those of the der (derivative) Y in the euploid line. The cytogenetic findings suggest that the translocation was followed by non-disjunction of one of its products resulting in mosaicism. Possible causes for the clinical and karyotypic abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Mosaicism presumably related to a Y/6 translocation in a boy with multiple congenital abnormalities. A 3 1/2-year-old boy was referred for chromosomal evaluation because of mental and developmental retardation, peculiar facies, and abnormalities of the extremities. Karyotype analysis disclosed the presence of 46 and 47 chromosome cell lines. The 46 chromosome line contained 4 normal G group chromosomes and an abnormally small Y identified by G banding. Further investigation with Q and C band techniques revealed that the missing segment of the Y, the distal long arm, had been translocated to the end of the long arm of a number 6 chromosome. This de novo rearrangement appeared to be balanced and was found in all cells examined. The 47 chromosome line, which had a frequency of 10% in the patient's leucocytes, was identical to the 46 line except for the presence of an additional copy of the small chromosome. The morphology and banding patterns of the two small acrocentrics in the aneuploid line were found to correspond to those of the der (derivative) Y in the euploid line. The cytogenetic findings suggest that the translocation was followed by non-disjunction of one of its products resulting in mosaicism. Possible causes for the clinical and karyotypic abnormalities are discussed.", "PMID": 592355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4085", "title": "A dicentric no. 15 chromosome with two satellite regions.", "content": "A case of an inherited chromosome no. 15 with two centromeres and two satellite regions is described and its origin postulated. The chromosome appears to have no clinical significance.", "contents": "A dicentric no. 15 chromosome with two satellite regions. A case of an inherited chromosome no. 15 with two centromeres and two satellite regions is described and its origin postulated. The chromosome appears to have no clinical significance.", "PMID": 592356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4086", "title": "Leprechaunism with mosaicism 46, XX/47, XX extra ring chromosome.", "content": "A case of leprechaunism with a chromosomal abnormality is reported. The patient was a female infant, born to healthy, consanguineous young parents. Her course was one of extreme marasmus, with death at 3 months of age. She presented the classical features of the syndrome and chromosome mosaicism 46, XX/47, XX, +r(?). It was not possible to identify the origin of the extra ring chromosome. It is difficult to establish the role of such a cytogenetic finding in the aetiology of the syndrome.", "contents": "Leprechaunism with mosaicism 46, XX/47, XX extra ring chromosome. A case of leprechaunism with a chromosomal abnormality is reported. The patient was a female infant, born to healthy, consanguineous young parents. Her course was one of extreme marasmus, with death at 3 months of age. She presented the classical features of the syndrome and chromosome mosaicism 46, XX/47, XX, +r(?). It was not possible to identify the origin of the extra ring chromosome. It is difficult to establish the role of such a cytogenetic finding in the aetiology of the syndrome.", "PMID": 592357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4087", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-dried aortic elastin.", "content": "As part of a larger project aimed at claryfying some of the uncertainties that exist concerning the structural basis for an explanation of the mechanical behaviour of elastin, an examination was made of purified porcine aortic elastin under the scanning electron microscopy. In order to avoid structural changes caused by impregnation with organic solvents, specimens were prepared directly from their water-saturated state by either air-drying of freeze-drying processes. Comparison of the results obtained by these techniques demonstrates that freeze-drying of elastin has the advantage of enhancing fine detail, minimizing distortion and reducing specimen shrinkage.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-dried aortic elastin. As part of a larger project aimed at claryfying some of the uncertainties that exist concerning the structural basis for an explanation of the mechanical behaviour of elastin, an examination was made of purified porcine aortic elastin under the scanning electron microscopy. In order to avoid structural changes caused by impregnation with organic solvents, specimens were prepared directly from their water-saturated state by either air-drying of freeze-drying processes. Comparison of the results obtained by these techniques demonstrates that freeze-drying of elastin has the advantage of enhancing fine detail, minimizing distortion and reducing specimen shrinkage.", "PMID": 592359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4088", "title": "Ultrastructure of unfixed plasma membranes in ultrathin frozen sections.", "content": "Ultrathin sections of unfixed kidney tubular cells were obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy using the 'wet' method. The results showed that extremely thin sections permit high resolution studies on unfixed plasma membranes. Structural units on the inner surface of the plasma membrane could be detected.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of unfixed plasma membranes in ultrathin frozen sections. Ultrathin sections of unfixed kidney tubular cells were obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy using the 'wet' method. The results showed that extremely thin sections permit high resolution studies on unfixed plasma membranes. Structural units on the inner surface of the plasma membrane could be detected.", "PMID": 592360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4089", "title": "The free swimming Pipa larvae, with a review of pipid larvae and pipid phylogeny (Anura: Pipidae).", "content": "This paper describes the morphology of the free swimming Pipa larvae, compares them with Xenopus, Hymenochirus, and to some extent, Rhinophrynus larvae, and presents a morphological diagnosis of pipid larvae. Pipa and Xenopus have very similar chondrocrania. Hymenochirus is superficially different but has the same diagnostic features. The differences appear related to its small size and predatory habitus. Other aspects of anatomy, especially the filter apparatus are very different in each genus. The filter apparatus of Pipa is somewhat reduced and seems modified for the retention of relatively large (20+ microns) particles. Similar adaptations may have been annectant to predations in Hymenochirus, which lacks a filter apparatus. However, varying states of seven character complexes, which cut across the varying ecology, show that there are two basic pipid lineages, each currently confined to Africa or South America, respectively. Recent finds of fossil South American Xenopus indicate that these two lineages separated before the continents did. This does not warrant the recognition of two subfamilies because Xenopus and Hymenochirus are too different. Pseudhymenochirus is not an intermediate between them; it is primitive Hymenochirus. Eight character states separate pipid and rhynophrynid larvae.", "contents": "The free swimming Pipa larvae, with a review of pipid larvae and pipid phylogeny (Anura: Pipidae). This paper describes the morphology of the free swimming Pipa larvae, compares them with Xenopus, Hymenochirus, and to some extent, Rhinophrynus larvae, and presents a morphological diagnosis of pipid larvae. Pipa and Xenopus have very similar chondrocrania. Hymenochirus is superficially different but has the same diagnostic features. The differences appear related to its small size and predatory habitus. Other aspects of anatomy, especially the filter apparatus are very different in each genus. The filter apparatus of Pipa is somewhat reduced and seems modified for the retention of relatively large (20+ microns) particles. Similar adaptations may have been annectant to predations in Hymenochirus, which lacks a filter apparatus. However, varying states of seven character complexes, which cut across the varying ecology, show that there are two basic pipid lineages, each currently confined to Africa or South America, respectively. Recent finds of fossil South American Xenopus indicate that these two lineages separated before the continents did. This does not warrant the recognition of two subfamilies because Xenopus and Hymenochirus are too different. Pseudhymenochirus is not an intermediate between them; it is primitive Hymenochirus. Eight character states separate pipid and rhynophrynid larvae.", "PMID": 592407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4090", "title": "Nucleolar reorganization in cells of the kidney of the rat and its relation to aging.", "content": "A process of nucleolar reorganization apparently identical to that encountered in intestinal epithelial cells (Adamstone and Taylor, '72) develops in kidney cells of aging rats. The polymorphic nucleoli of young tubule cells soon change to amphinucloeli and, while terminal nucleolar reorganization is delayed in cells of collecting tubules, in the nephrons nucleoli soon begin to undergo terminal reorganization becoming bipartite structures with separate plasmosomes and karyosomes. This suggests disruption of the DNA-dependent RNA protein transcription system and failure to maintain the flow of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Old cells are not discarded immediately from the kidney tubules and they retain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polysomes and large plasmosomes. Thus a high RNA concentration is known to develop in old kidney tissue while protein synthesis is also known to be low (Kanungo et al., '70; Buetow and Ghandi, '73). Nucleolar counts show gradual increase in bipartite nucleoli at the expense of amphinucleoli and in the senescent kidney bipartite nucleoli predominate. It is suggested that nucleolar reorganization, with final separation of plasmosomes and karyosomes, includes the process of nucleolar segregation and is triggered by some innate nucleolar mechanism in response to encoded genetic information stored in the nucleolus during nucleogenesis. At this time both DNA and RNA are incorporated into the developing nucleolus. It is also to be noted that two shifts in nucleolar dominance occur with advancing age. These may be fundamental to the process of aging and to the onset of senescence. Furthermore, the changes in dominant nucleolar types are the direct result of the process of nucleolar reorganization.", "contents": "Nucleolar reorganization in cells of the kidney of the rat and its relation to aging. A process of nucleolar reorganization apparently identical to that encountered in intestinal epithelial cells (Adamstone and Taylor, '72) develops in kidney cells of aging rats. The polymorphic nucleoli of young tubule cells soon change to amphinucloeli and, while terminal nucleolar reorganization is delayed in cells of collecting tubules, in the nephrons nucleoli soon begin to undergo terminal reorganization becoming bipartite structures with separate plasmosomes and karyosomes. This suggests disruption of the DNA-dependent RNA protein transcription system and failure to maintain the flow of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Old cells are not discarded immediately from the kidney tubules and they retain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polysomes and large plasmosomes. Thus a high RNA concentration is known to develop in old kidney tissue while protein synthesis is also known to be low (Kanungo et al., '70; Buetow and Ghandi, '73). Nucleolar counts show gradual increase in bipartite nucleoli at the expense of amphinucleoli and in the senescent kidney bipartite nucleoli predominate. It is suggested that nucleolar reorganization, with final separation of plasmosomes and karyosomes, includes the process of nucleolar segregation and is triggered by some innate nucleolar mechanism in response to encoded genetic information stored in the nucleolus during nucleogenesis. At this time both DNA and RNA are incorporated into the developing nucleolus. It is also to be noted that two shifts in nucleolar dominance occur with advancing age. These may be fundamental to the process of aging and to the onset of senescence. Furthermore, the changes in dominant nucleolar types are the direct result of the process of nucleolar reorganization.", "PMID": 592409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4091", "title": "Infrared spectral characterization of peptidic material produced by ionizing radiation in aqueous cyanides.", "content": "Oligomers formed by ionizing radiation in aqueous cyanide solutions, under various experimental conditions, have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy. IR bands appear in the region known to be characteristic for amides and peptides. The results are discussed in relation to radiation-induced formation of peptidic material and the potential role of ionizing radiation as an energy source for some processes in prebiotic molecular evolution.", "contents": "Infrared spectral characterization of peptidic material produced by ionizing radiation in aqueous cyanides. Oligomers formed by ionizing radiation in aqueous cyanide solutions, under various experimental conditions, have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy. IR bands appear in the region known to be characteristic for amides and peptides. The results are discussed in relation to radiation-induced formation of peptidic material and the potential role of ionizing radiation as an energy source for some processes in prebiotic molecular evolution.", "PMID": 592418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4092", "title": "Evolutionary changes of alpha-crystallin and the phylogeny of mammalian orders.", "content": "The sequences of the A chains of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin from seventeen mammalian species were compared. They showed a generally slow rate of evolution, but with marked variations in different lineages. Most substitutions have occurred in the C-terminal part of the chain, which probably forms part of the surface of the alpha-crystallin aggregate. The ancestral sequence method of Dayhoff revealed interesting indications about the phylogenetic relationships between the eleven mammalian orders that were represented by the investigated species. Most evident was the divergence of marsupial and placental orders. A notable resemblance between the hyrax and elephant sequences was observed, setting them apart from the ungulates, including whale. Primates, rodents, lagomorphs, insectivores and tupaiids seem to derive from a common stem group. These phylogenetic inferences are discussed in relation to current palaeontological and taxonomical opinions, and compared to evidence from other protein sequence data.", "contents": "Evolutionary changes of alpha-crystallin and the phylogeny of mammalian orders. The sequences of the A chains of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin from seventeen mammalian species were compared. They showed a generally slow rate of evolution, but with marked variations in different lineages. Most substitutions have occurred in the C-terminal part of the chain, which probably forms part of the surface of the alpha-crystallin aggregate. The ancestral sequence method of Dayhoff revealed interesting indications about the phylogenetic relationships between the eleven mammalian orders that were represented by the investigated species. Most evident was the divergence of marsupial and placental orders. A notable resemblance between the hyrax and elephant sequences was observed, setting them apart from the ungulates, including whale. Primates, rodents, lagomorphs, insectivores and tupaiids seem to derive from a common stem group. These phylogenetic inferences are discussed in relation to current palaeontological and taxonomical opinions, and compared to evidence from other protein sequence data.", "PMID": 592419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4093", "title": "Formation of nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates under potentially prebiological conditions.", "content": "Adenosine 5'-phosphoramidates form when solutions containing adenosine 5'-polyphosphates pnA (n greater than or equal to 3) or P1, P2-diadenosine 5'-diphosphate and amines are allowed to dry out. Mg ions catalyze these reactions. We have studied systems containing ammonia, imidazole, glycine, ethylenediamine and histamine. The yields of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidates range from 10-50% based on the nucleotide. The prebiotic significance of the reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates under potentially prebiological conditions. Adenosine 5'-phosphoramidates form when solutions containing adenosine 5'-polyphosphates pnA (n greater than or equal to 3) or P1, P2-diadenosine 5'-diphosphate and amines are allowed to dry out. Mg ions catalyze these reactions. We have studied systems containing ammonia, imidazole, glycine, ethylenediamine and histamine. The yields of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidates range from 10-50% based on the nucleotide. The prebiotic significance of the reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 592420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4094", "title": "On the cysteine and cystine content of proteins. Differences between intracellular and extracellular proteins.", "content": "Analysis of published data on the cysteine and half-cystine content of proteins indicates that most intracellular proteins may be classified as sulfhydryl proteins (those containing cysteine but little or no half-cystine) and that such sulfhydryl proteins have a low cysteine content. The mean systeine content found for 32 intracellular mammalian proteins was 1.6% and intracellular proteins of many bacteria have similar or lower values. Extracellular mammalian proteins are primarily disulfide proteins (those containing half-cystine but little or no cysteine) have a high half-cystine content, the mean value found for some 34 extracellular mammalian proteins being 4.1%. This is contrasted with many of the extracellular proteins from facultative bacteria which are cyst(e)ine-free proteins, being lacking in both cysteine and half-cystine. These and related observations are interpreted in terms of the evolution of life in a reducing atmosphere and the subsequent transition to an oxidizing environment. It is suggested that disulfide proteins evolved primarily after the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.", "contents": "On the cysteine and cystine content of proteins. Differences between intracellular and extracellular proteins. Analysis of published data on the cysteine and half-cystine content of proteins indicates that most intracellular proteins may be classified as sulfhydryl proteins (those containing cysteine but little or no half-cystine) and that such sulfhydryl proteins have a low cysteine content. The mean systeine content found for 32 intracellular mammalian proteins was 1.6% and intracellular proteins of many bacteria have similar or lower values. Extracellular mammalian proteins are primarily disulfide proteins (those containing half-cystine but little or no cysteine) have a high half-cystine content, the mean value found for some 34 extracellular mammalian proteins being 4.1%. This is contrasted with many of the extracellular proteins from facultative bacteria which are cyst(e)ine-free proteins, being lacking in both cysteine and half-cystine. These and related observations are interpreted in terms of the evolution of life in a reducing atmosphere and the subsequent transition to an oxidizing environment. It is suggested that disulfide proteins evolved primarily after the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.", "PMID": 592421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4095", "title": "Stereoselective crystallization induced by traces of dissolved optically active impurities.", "content": "Isothermal crystallization of D,L-sodium-ammonium tartrate with traces of different impurities admixed shows that the added chiral contaminations produce a preferential crystallization of the tartrate isomer of same handedness. The critical lowest concentration of effective seeding agents is 0.1-0.5%. 1% optically active excess material induces 1.0-3.6% optical purity in the deposited crystals. An analysis of the relevant data reported so far gives similar figures in different crystallization systems. The relation of the results to the suggested lattice energy difference between enantiomers is discussed.", "contents": "Stereoselective crystallization induced by traces of dissolved optically active impurities. Isothermal crystallization of D,L-sodium-ammonium tartrate with traces of different impurities admixed shows that the added chiral contaminations produce a preferential crystallization of the tartrate isomer of same handedness. The critical lowest concentration of effective seeding agents is 0.1-0.5%. 1% optically active excess material induces 1.0-3.6% optical purity in the deposited crystals. An analysis of the relevant data reported so far gives similar figures in different crystallization systems. The relation of the results to the suggested lattice energy difference between enantiomers is discussed.", "PMID": 592422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4096", "title": "Molecular evolution of snake venom toxins.", "content": "Phylogenetic trees were constructed for 62 venom toxins of snakes of Proteroglyphae suborder using matrix method. The resulting tree from Minimum Spanning Tree-Cluster Analysis technique had the lowest \"percent deviation\" (8.55). The taxonomic relationship of these toxins agrees very well with zoological opinions. However, the appearance of the tree did not directly provide a plausible evolutionary model for the toxins. A model was derived from nodal ancestral sequence calculations, comparisons between intra- and intergenerical rates of amino acid change, and generally held ideas about protein evolution. According to the model, short neurotoxin is the ancient form of snake venom toxins. The courses of evolution leading to the present intraspecific homologous toxins are explained by gene duplication and allelomorphism.", "contents": "Molecular evolution of snake venom toxins. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for 62 venom toxins of snakes of Proteroglyphae suborder using matrix method. The resulting tree from Minimum Spanning Tree-Cluster Analysis technique had the lowest \"percent deviation\" (8.55). The taxonomic relationship of these toxins agrees very well with zoological opinions. However, the appearance of the tree did not directly provide a plausible evolutionary model for the toxins. A model was derived from nodal ancestral sequence calculations, comparisons between intra- and intergenerical rates of amino acid change, and generally held ideas about protein evolution. According to the model, short neurotoxin is the ancient form of snake venom toxins. The courses of evolution leading to the present intraspecific homologous toxins are explained by gene duplication and allelomorphism.", "PMID": 592423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4097", "title": "Endosymbionts and mitochondrial origins.", "content": "The possibility is put forth that the mitochondrion did not originate from an endosymbiosis, 1-2 billion years ago, involving an aerobic bacterium. Rather, it arose by endosymbiosis in a much early, anaerobic period, and was initially a photosynthetic organelle, analogous to the modern chloroplast. This suggestion arises from a reconsideration of the nature of endosymbiosis. It explains the remarkable diversity in mitochondrial information storage and processing systems.", "contents": "Endosymbionts and mitochondrial origins. The possibility is put forth that the mitochondrion did not originate from an endosymbiosis, 1-2 billion years ago, involving an aerobic bacterium. Rather, it arose by endosymbiosis in a much early, anaerobic period, and was initially a photosynthetic organelle, analogous to the modern chloroplast. This suggestion arises from a reconsideration of the nature of endosymbiosis. It explains the remarkable diversity in mitochondrial information storage and processing systems.", "PMID": 592424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4098", "title": "The restriction of codon ambiguity on the basis of known variants.", "content": "The genetic code may be used to formulate the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA from the known amino acid sequence of a protein. Unfortunately, the degeneracy of the code means that there will be ambiguity in the nucleotide assignments in a third or more of the positions. A simple procedure is given that utilizes the information of known genetic variants to reduce that ambiguity. Problems associated with silent polymorphism are treated. The human alpha and beta hemoglobins are used to exemplify the technique. A total of 68 nucleotides in the two sequences are thereby made less ambiguous. One reduction leads to a nucleotide inconsistent with the result of the recently published beta hemoglobin sequence.", "contents": "The restriction of codon ambiguity on the basis of known variants. The genetic code may be used to formulate the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA from the known amino acid sequence of a protein. Unfortunately, the degeneracy of the code means that there will be ambiguity in the nucleotide assignments in a third or more of the positions. A simple procedure is given that utilizes the information of known genetic variants to reduce that ambiguity. Problems associated with silent polymorphism are treated. The human alpha and beta hemoglobins are used to exemplify the technique. A total of 68 nucleotides in the two sequences are thereby made less ambiguous. One reduction leads to a nucleotide inconsistent with the result of the recently published beta hemoglobin sequence.", "PMID": 592425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4099", "title": "The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle as a model for sex therapy.", "content": "Conceptual models and treatment modalities generally used in Gestalt therapy are specifically applicable to sex therapy. Healthy sexual functioning requires self-regulation in which the person becomes aware of the dominant need in the situation and expresses himself to satisfy that need and to complete the Gestalt. The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle is a model for understanding both the processes of sexual functioning and dysfunction and of the therapeutic encounter. The concepts of awareness, excitement, action, and contact as components of the cycle are related conceptually both to modes and points of interruption of self-regulation and to specific treatment modalities and methods. Three major modalities of Gestalt therapy, awareness, experiment, and contactful encounter, and illustrative Gestalt methods are introduced in the context of sex therapy.", "contents": "The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle as a model for sex therapy. Conceptual models and treatment modalities generally used in Gestalt therapy are specifically applicable to sex therapy. Healthy sexual functioning requires self-regulation in which the person becomes aware of the dominant need in the situation and expresses himself to satisfy that need and to complete the Gestalt. The Gestalt awareness-expression cycle is a model for understanding both the processes of sexual functioning and dysfunction and of the therapeutic encounter. The concepts of awareness, excitement, action, and contact as components of the cycle are related conceptually both to modes and points of interruption of self-regulation and to specific treatment modalities and methods. Three major modalities of Gestalt therapy, awareness, experiment, and contactful encounter, and illustrative Gestalt methods are introduced in the context of sex therapy.", "PMID": 592426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4100", "title": "The evaluation of sexual health services in a medical setting.", "content": "An interdisciplinary Sexual Health Services unit has been established at the University of Minnesota Medical School that offers counseling and treatment programs for a wide variety of sex-related concerns and problems. The programs are based on the principles of responsibility for self, permission to be sexual, the use of reeducation, the facilitation of increased awareness in clients, and structured behavior change. The programs have been evaluated according to client satisfaction with the extent to which they have met pretreatment goals and according to results of pre/posttesting with objective instruments. One year follow-up results from 131 clients and immediate posttreatment results from 411 clients show positive change in a large majority of cases.", "contents": "The evaluation of sexual health services in a medical setting. An interdisciplinary Sexual Health Services unit has been established at the University of Minnesota Medical School that offers counseling and treatment programs for a wide variety of sex-related concerns and problems. The programs are based on the principles of responsibility for self, permission to be sexual, the use of reeducation, the facilitation of increased awareness in clients, and structured behavior change. The programs have been evaluated according to client satisfaction with the extent to which they have met pretreatment goals and according to results of pre/posttesting with objective instruments. One year follow-up results from 131 clients and immediate posttreatment results from 411 clients show positive change in a large majority of cases.", "PMID": 592427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4101", "title": "Factors influencing contraceptive behavior of single college students.", "content": "This study investigated the premarital contraceptive behavior of 222 male and female college students. Contraceptive practice was examined in relation to dating patterns, level of emotional involvement with the sex partner was heightened, the intercourse was planned, and the individual and prior sexual experience.", "contents": "Factors influencing contraceptive behavior of single college students. This study investigated the premarital contraceptive behavior of 222 male and female college students. Contraceptive practice was examined in relation to dating patterns, level of emotional involvement with the sex partner was heightened, the intercourse was planned, and the individual and prior sexual experience.", "PMID": 592428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4102", "title": "Use of statistics when examining lifetime studies in rodents to detect carcinogenicity.", "content": "The lifetime assay for carcinogenicity that subjects groups of 50 animals per sex per dose to three doses and a control is examined for its statistical properties. Using the standard formulation of tests of hypothesis, it is shown that there is a 20-50% chance of having a false positive and that it is possible to define a \"weak carcinogen\" in terms of the degree of effect that would produce a false negative less than 5% of the time. Whether hypothesis testing is a proper use of statistics in this context is questioned, and alternatives are proposed.", "contents": "Use of statistics when examining lifetime studies in rodents to detect carcinogenicity. The lifetime assay for carcinogenicity that subjects groups of 50 animals per sex per dose to three doses and a control is examined for its statistical properties. Using the standard formulation of tests of hypothesis, it is shown that there is a 20-50% chance of having a false positive and that it is possible to define a \"weak carcinogen\" in terms of the degree of effect that would produce a false negative less than 5% of the time. Whether hypothesis testing is a proper use of statistics in this context is questioned, and alternatives are proposed.", "PMID": 592429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4103", "title": "A fast-screening procedure for testing the effects of pollutants in mammals.", "content": "A compartmental analysis of r the radiorespirometric study of the metabolism of [14C]glucose is described. The model is applied to the study of the effects of CH3HgCl on this metabolism. Implications of the agreement between experiment and the mathematical model for the development of fast-screening experiments for detecting in vivo effects of pollutants and toxins are discussed.", "contents": "A fast-screening procedure for testing the effects of pollutants in mammals. A compartmental analysis of r the radiorespirometric study of the metabolism of [14C]glucose is described. The model is applied to the study of the effects of CH3HgCl on this metabolism. Implications of the agreement between experiment and the mathematical model for the development of fast-screening experiments for detecting in vivo effects of pollutants and toxins are discussed.", "PMID": 592432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4104", "title": "Effects of chlordane isomers administered to female mice during the neonatal period.", "content": "In consideration of the influence that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides may exert on mammalian physiology, the present study was performed to investigate the effects of neonatal chlordane administration on body growth and endocrine development in female mice. Mice receiving 0.075 or 0.15 mg of alpha or gamma chlordane on day 2, 3, and 4 of life were observed to have growth rates depressed to varying extents depending on the concentration or the type of isomer that was utilized. Eye and vaginal opening in the neonatally treated mice were observed to be delayed to varying degrees, which were dependent on which isomer was used. The total effects observed in the neonatally treated mice were not found to reflect a dose-related response.", "contents": "Effects of chlordane isomers administered to female mice during the neonatal period. In consideration of the influence that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides may exert on mammalian physiology, the present study was performed to investigate the effects of neonatal chlordane administration on body growth and endocrine development in female mice. Mice receiving 0.075 or 0.15 mg of alpha or gamma chlordane on day 2, 3, and 4 of life were observed to have growth rates depressed to varying extents depending on the concentration or the type of isomer that was utilized. Eye and vaginal opening in the neonatally treated mice were observed to be delayed to varying degrees, which were dependent on which isomer was used. The total effects observed in the neonatally treated mice were not found to reflect a dose-related response.", "PMID": 592433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4105", "title": "Endrin: effects on the entire life cycle of a saltwater fish, Cyprinodon variegatus.", "content": "The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was continuously exposed for 23 wk to the organochlorine insecticide endrin, from the embryonic state through hatching until adulthood and spawing. The resultant progeny were monitored to determine the effects of the toxicant on their survival, growth, and reproduction. Average measured exposure concentrations were O (control), 0.027, 0.077, 0.12, 0.31, and 0.72 microgram/liter. Embryos exposed to 0.31 and 0.72 microgram/liter hatched early; all fry exposed to 0.72 microgram/liter died by day 9 of exposure. At 0.31 microgram/liter, fry were initially stunted and some died. Survivors seemed unaffected until maturity, when some females died during spawning; fewer eggs were fertile and survival of exposed progeny decreased. No significant effects were observed th roughout this fish's life cycle at an exposure concentration of 0.12 microgram/liter. Four-week-old juvenile fish accumulated 2,500 times the concentration of endrin in the exposure water; adults, 6,400 times; and their eggs, 5,700 times. The specific application factor (calculated by dividing the limits on the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration, greater than 0.12 and less than 0.31 microgram/liter, by the concentration lethal to 50% of the juvenile fish in 96 hr, 0.34 microgram/liter) ranged from 0.35 to 0.91. To our knowledge this is the first toxicity test carried out through the entire life cycle of an oviporous esturarine fish. Data from this experiment and from experiments with another estuarine fish and four freshwater fish all demonstrate that there is little difference between endrin concentrations that produce acute effects and concentrations that do not affect the fish in chronic exposures lasting four or more weeks.", "contents": "Endrin: effects on the entire life cycle of a saltwater fish, Cyprinodon variegatus. The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was continuously exposed for 23 wk to the organochlorine insecticide endrin, from the embryonic state through hatching until adulthood and spawing. The resultant progeny were monitored to determine the effects of the toxicant on their survival, growth, and reproduction. Average measured exposure concentrations were O (control), 0.027, 0.077, 0.12, 0.31, and 0.72 microgram/liter. Embryos exposed to 0.31 and 0.72 microgram/liter hatched early; all fry exposed to 0.72 microgram/liter died by day 9 of exposure. At 0.31 microgram/liter, fry were initially stunted and some died. Survivors seemed unaffected until maturity, when some females died during spawning; fewer eggs were fertile and survival of exposed progeny decreased. No significant effects were observed th roughout this fish's life cycle at an exposure concentration of 0.12 microgram/liter. Four-week-old juvenile fish accumulated 2,500 times the concentration of endrin in the exposure water; adults, 6,400 times; and their eggs, 5,700 times. The specific application factor (calculated by dividing the limits on the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration, greater than 0.12 and less than 0.31 microgram/liter, by the concentration lethal to 50% of the juvenile fish in 96 hr, 0.34 microgram/liter) ranged from 0.35 to 0.91. To our knowledge this is the first toxicity test carried out through the entire life cycle of an oviporous esturarine fish. Data from this experiment and from experiments with another estuarine fish and four freshwater fish all demonstrate that there is little difference between endrin concentrations that produce acute effects and concentrations that do not affect the fish in chronic exposures lasting four or more weeks.", "PMID": 592434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4106", "title": "High levels of endogenous 1,3-butanediol in the blood of a man after ethanol ingestion.", "content": "A young man was found to have 1,3-butanediol in his blood, much more after ethanol ingestion. This substance reacted in the enzyme procedure for measuring blood alcohol, giving falsely high values. The 1,3-butanediol was detected by gas chromatography.", "contents": "High levels of endogenous 1,3-butanediol in the blood of a man after ethanol ingestion. A young man was found to have 1,3-butanediol in his blood, much more after ethanol ingestion. This substance reacted in the enzyme procedure for measuring blood alcohol, giving falsely high values. The 1,3-butanediol was detected by gas chromatography.", "PMID": 592435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4107", "title": "Tissue toxicity of antiseptic solutions. A study of rabbit articular and periarticular tissues.", "content": "The gross, histologic, and biochemical effects of four commercially available antiseptic solutions on rabbit knee articular and periarticular connective tissues were investigated. Rabbit knee joints were injected with 2.0 cc of either Betadine prep solution, Betadine scrub solution, pHisohex or 3% hexachlorophene. The opposite knees were injected with sterile saline. All animals were injected three times at 48-hour intervals and sacrificed 10 days after the last injection. The solutions containing detergents, Betadine scrub, and pHisohex caused severe gross and histologic damage to articular cartilage, synovia, and muscle. The hexachlorophene loss solution caused moderate histologic damage, but caused articular cartilage ground substance. Betadine prep solution caused only minimal gross and histologic damage, without any biochemical evidence of articular cartilage damage. If antiseptic solutions are to be used in irrigating or packing joint injuries, the use of Betadine prep is recommended.", "contents": "Tissue toxicity of antiseptic solutions. A study of rabbit articular and periarticular tissues. The gross, histologic, and biochemical effects of four commercially available antiseptic solutions on rabbit knee articular and periarticular connective tissues were investigated. Rabbit knee joints were injected with 2.0 cc of either Betadine prep solution, Betadine scrub solution, pHisohex or 3% hexachlorophene. The opposite knees were injected with sterile saline. All animals were injected three times at 48-hour intervals and sacrificed 10 days after the last injection. The solutions containing detergents, Betadine scrub, and pHisohex caused severe gross and histologic damage to articular cartilage, synovia, and muscle. The hexachlorophene loss solution caused moderate histologic damage, but caused articular cartilage ground substance. Betadine prep solution caused only minimal gross and histologic damage, without any biochemical evidence of articular cartilage damage. If antiseptic solutions are to be used in irrigating or packing joint injuries, the use of Betadine prep is recommended.", "PMID": 592436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4108", "title": "Hang gliding injuries in California.", "content": "Hang gliding continues to grow rapidly despite an increasing awareness of inherent risks. This report describes 144 injuries and 37 deaths in California during the period 1973 through 1975. More accidents were caused by inflight errors of judgment than by equipment failure. Nonfatal injuries showed a surprising number of severe upper extremity and spine injuries, while fatally injured pilots had combined head, neck, and chest trauma. A distinction between pilot education and experience is important. Improved safety equipment and education are recommended.", "contents": "Hang gliding injuries in California. Hang gliding continues to grow rapidly despite an increasing awareness of inherent risks. This report describes 144 injuries and 37 deaths in California during the period 1973 through 1975. More accidents were caused by inflight errors of judgment than by equipment failure. Nonfatal injuries showed a surprising number of severe upper extremity and spine injuries, while fatally injured pilots had combined head, neck, and chest trauma. A distinction between pilot education and experience is important. Improved safety equipment and education are recommended.", "PMID": 592437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4109", "title": "An immunosuppressive factor from serum of thermally traumatized patients.", "content": "An immunosuppressive factor was isolated and partially purified from a fraction of the serum of acute thermally traumatized patients which contained primarily albumins. The factor proved to be either a small protein or a peptide of molecular weight less than 10,000. It inhibited migration of peripheral blood leukocytes of thermally traumatized patients, and of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. In the presence of the serum, it caused the lysis of peripheral lymphocytes from thermally traumatized patients, and depressed mitogenic stimulation of normal human peripheral lymphocytes. It had no effect on migration, and did not lyse peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy subjects.", "contents": "An immunosuppressive factor from serum of thermally traumatized patients. An immunosuppressive factor was isolated and partially purified from a fraction of the serum of acute thermally traumatized patients which contained primarily albumins. The factor proved to be either a small protein or a peptide of molecular weight less than 10,000. It inhibited migration of peripheral blood leukocytes of thermally traumatized patients, and of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. In the presence of the serum, it caused the lysis of peripheral lymphocytes from thermally traumatized patients, and depressed mitogenic stimulation of normal human peripheral lymphocytes. It had no effect on migration, and did not lyse peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy subjects.", "PMID": 592439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4110", "title": "Relationship between trauma to the extremities and stomach motility.", "content": "Rate of emptying of the stomach before and after injury was studied by feeding dogs with barium and taking X-rays at regular intervals before and following injury. The injured extremity was not protected in the first group of dogs, and was protected by a cast or splint in the second group. The dogs in a third group were sedated with Nembutal. As compared to control the emptying of the stomach after trauma was markedly delayed or even stopped in the first group and was accelerated in the second group. It was very slow before and after trauma in the Nembutal group. The delay noted in the first group was not related to the time of trauma, but to the time of developing severe pain, swelling, and shock. Mechanical immobilization appeared to be the most important method of preventing the delay of emptying of the stomach after injury; sedation slowed down normal function of the stomach.", "contents": "Relationship between trauma to the extremities and stomach motility. Rate of emptying of the stomach before and after injury was studied by feeding dogs with barium and taking X-rays at regular intervals before and following injury. The injured extremity was not protected in the first group of dogs, and was protected by a cast or splint in the second group. The dogs in a third group were sedated with Nembutal. As compared to control the emptying of the stomach after trauma was markedly delayed or even stopped in the first group and was accelerated in the second group. It was very slow before and after trauma in the Nembutal group. The delay noted in the first group was not related to the time of trauma, but to the time of developing severe pain, swelling, and shock. Mechanical immobilization appeared to be the most important method of preventing the delay of emptying of the stomach after injury; sedation slowed down normal function of the stomach.", "PMID": 592440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4111", "title": "Fractures of the femoral neck in childhood. Results of conservative treatment.", "content": "Experience with nine patients with fracture of the femoral neck in childhood, eight of whom were treated conservatively by closed reduction and fixation with a plaster cast, and one in whom Steinmann pins and open reposition had to be employed to accomplish fixation, is presented in brief. In six children the results were evaluated as good and in three (including the one case of open reduction) as fair. No serious complications were observed. The problem of nonsurgical versus surgical approach is discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It is suggested that while there can be no set rule as to which treatment should be used, conservative management yields results which are comparable with those attained with a more aggressive approach.", "contents": "Fractures of the femoral neck in childhood. Results of conservative treatment. Experience with nine patients with fracture of the femoral neck in childhood, eight of whom were treated conservatively by closed reduction and fixation with a plaster cast, and one in whom Steinmann pins and open reposition had to be employed to accomplish fixation, is presented in brief. In six children the results were evaluated as good and in three (including the one case of open reduction) as fair. No serious complications were observed. The problem of nonsurgical versus surgical approach is discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It is suggested that while there can be no set rule as to which treatment should be used, conservative management yields results which are comparable with those attained with a more aggressive approach.", "PMID": 592442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4112", "title": "Burn epidemiology: a basis for burn prevention.", "content": "An appreciation of the causes of burn injury is essential in order to direct burn prevention programs. Toward this goal, 1,564 patients treated at the UCI Burn Center were studied. There were 699 patients admitted acutely and 865 outpatients. The most common cause of thermal injury in both adults and children was scalding. In children scald burns accounted for 42% of the total number of children treated. In children under 4 years old scalds caused 75% of all burn injuries, most in the kitchen. Flammable liquids were responsible for the majority of the severe burns in the adult group (19% of acute admissions). Housefires, while accounting for only 5% of the adults treated, were responsible for 44% of the adult deaths. Continued public education in safety practices at home especially in the kitchen and bath, and with automobiles and outdoor stoves and fires is recommended, as well as planned escapes from homes and use of smoke detectors.", "contents": "Burn epidemiology: a basis for burn prevention. An appreciation of the causes of burn injury is essential in order to direct burn prevention programs. Toward this goal, 1,564 patients treated at the UCI Burn Center were studied. There were 699 patients admitted acutely and 865 outpatients. The most common cause of thermal injury in both adults and children was scalding. In children scald burns accounted for 42% of the total number of children treated. In children under 4 years old scalds caused 75% of all burn injuries, most in the kitchen. Flammable liquids were responsible for the majority of the severe burns in the adult group (19% of acute admissions). Housefires, while accounting for only 5% of the adults treated, were responsible for 44% of the adult deaths. Continued public education in safety practices at home especially in the kitchen and bath, and with automobiles and outdoor stoves and fires is recommended, as well as planned escapes from homes and use of smoke detectors.", "PMID": 592443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4113", "title": "Multiple cardiac injuries secondary to a single stab wound.", "content": "A case of multiple cardiac injuries secondary to a single stab wound is described. The extent of the injury was not fully appreciated at the initial surgical intervention and typical clinical manifestations were delayed in appearance. Cardiac catheterization was necessary to confirm the correct diagnosis. After the correct diagnosis was made, surgical repair was successfully performed.", "contents": "Multiple cardiac injuries secondary to a single stab wound. A case of multiple cardiac injuries secondary to a single stab wound is described. The extent of the injury was not fully appreciated at the initial surgical intervention and typical clinical manifestations were delayed in appearance. Cardiac catheterization was necessary to confirm the correct diagnosis. After the correct diagnosis was made, surgical repair was successfully performed.", "PMID": 592446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4114", "title": "Rupture of the thoracic esophagus from blunt trauma.", "content": "A young man with severe multiple injuries following a motorcycle accident was admitted with head and mandible fractures, coma, fracture dislocation at C5-C6 resulting in total leg paralysis, partial paralysis of the right arm and intercostal muscles, and closed chest injury with possible pulmonary contusion. On the fourth day he developed fulminating mediastinitis and massive empyema, and was found to have a ruptured esophagus. Recovery became possible with surgical drainage of the pleural cavity and mediastinum, proximal and distal decompression of the esophagus, antimicrobial therapy, irrigation of the pleural cavity, complete intravenous hyperalimentation, and infusions of salt-poor albumin. The patient was discharged after 95 days, and 7 months after injury is neurologically intact except for a partial right wrist drop. This rare esophageal rupture should be suspected in any chest injury patients, especially those characterized by extreme cyanosis, dyspnea, shock, and prostration incompatible with thoracic cage injury.", "contents": "Rupture of the thoracic esophagus from blunt trauma. A young man with severe multiple injuries following a motorcycle accident was admitted with head and mandible fractures, coma, fracture dislocation at C5-C6 resulting in total leg paralysis, partial paralysis of the right arm and intercostal muscles, and closed chest injury with possible pulmonary contusion. On the fourth day he developed fulminating mediastinitis and massive empyema, and was found to have a ruptured esophagus. Recovery became possible with surgical drainage of the pleural cavity and mediastinum, proximal and distal decompression of the esophagus, antimicrobial therapy, irrigation of the pleural cavity, complete intravenous hyperalimentation, and infusions of salt-poor albumin. The patient was discharged after 95 days, and 7 months after injury is neurologically intact except for a partial right wrist drop. This rare esophageal rupture should be suspected in any chest injury patients, especially those characterized by extreme cyanosis, dyspnea, shock, and prostration incompatible with thoracic cage injury.", "PMID": 592447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4115", "title": "Traumatic rupture of a renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "After sustaining very minor trauma, a man presented with flank pain and fever. A complete clinical and radiological evaluation led to exploration for suspected ruptured renal carbuncle with perinephric abscess. A ruptured renal cell carcinoma was found. Differential diagnostic considerations include renal tumor, abscess, cyst, and hydronephrotic kidney. Radical nephrectomy is indicated if the contralateral kidney can sustain life. The patient shows no sign of recurrence or metastases 4 months following antibiotic treatment and nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy and radiation of the renal bed.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of a renal cell carcinoma. After sustaining very minor trauma, a man presented with flank pain and fever. A complete clinical and radiological evaluation led to exploration for suspected ruptured renal carbuncle with perinephric abscess. A ruptured renal cell carcinoma was found. Differential diagnostic considerations include renal tumor, abscess, cyst, and hydronephrotic kidney. Radical nephrectomy is indicated if the contralateral kidney can sustain life. The patient shows no sign of recurrence or metastases 4 months following antibiotic treatment and nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy and radiation of the renal bed.", "PMID": 592448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4116", "title": "Traumatic aneurysm of the intrathoracic left carotid artery with cerebral embolization.", "content": "The presentation and management of a young male patient with a traumatic aneurysm of the intrathoracic portion of the left common carotid artery from a football injury, complicated by cerebral embolization, is detailed. At operation 6 weeks afterward the aneurysm was isolated and ligated and the patient was discharged 19 days postoperation with plans for physical and speech rehabilitation. At 14 months a chronic subdural hematoma which caused some seizures was removed, and the patient's neurologic status is continuing to improve. This appears to be the first report of an isolated blunt injury to this branch of the aortic arch.", "contents": "Traumatic aneurysm of the intrathoracic left carotid artery with cerebral embolization. The presentation and management of a young male patient with a traumatic aneurysm of the intrathoracic portion of the left common carotid artery from a football injury, complicated by cerebral embolization, is detailed. At operation 6 weeks afterward the aneurysm was isolated and ligated and the patient was discharged 19 days postoperation with plans for physical and speech rehabilitation. At 14 months a chronic subdural hematoma which caused some seizures was removed, and the patient's neurologic status is continuing to improve. This appears to be the first report of an isolated blunt injury to this branch of the aortic arch.", "PMID": 592449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4117", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary artery.", "content": "A rare case of arteriovenous fistula of the left internal mammary artery after blunt chest trauma is described. The patient was seen 3 weeks later because of a pulsating mass which varied in size, over the left midsternal area. Aortography and arteriography showed an aneurysmal sac draining into a vein in the left chest wall and then into the left axillary and neck veins. The fistula was ligated and excised followed by complete recovery. The literature is reviewed and differential diagnosis from congenital heart conditions, A-V shunts of other thoracic wall vessels, and vascular tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the internal mammary artery. A rare case of arteriovenous fistula of the left internal mammary artery after blunt chest trauma is described. The patient was seen 3 weeks later because of a pulsating mass which varied in size, over the left midsternal area. Aortography and arteriography showed an aneurysmal sac draining into a vein in the left chest wall and then into the left axillary and neck veins. The fistula was ligated and excised followed by complete recovery. The literature is reviewed and differential diagnosis from congenital heart conditions, A-V shunts of other thoracic wall vessels, and vascular tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 592450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4118", "title": "Cervical cytology screening of high-risk patients in Ondo General Hospital, Nigeria.", "content": "A prospective study of the cervical smears of 215 women in the high risk group of patients in Ondo General Hospital is analysed, of which 25 (12.0%) had trichomonal vaginitis, 35 (16.2%) had chronic cervicitis, and 25 (12.0%) had atypical smears. This was the first time cervical cancer screening had been performed in this hospital.", "contents": "Cervical cytology screening of high-risk patients in Ondo General Hospital, Nigeria. A prospective study of the cervical smears of 215 women in the high risk group of patients in Ondo General Hospital is analysed, of which 25 (12.0%) had trichomonal vaginitis, 35 (16.2%) had chronic cervicitis, and 25 (12.0%) had atypical smears. This was the first time cervical cancer screening had been performed in this hospital.", "PMID": 592451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4119", "title": "Comparative single/dose treatment of hookworm and roundworm infections with levamisole, pyrantel and bephenium*.", "content": "One-hundred and forty-five farmers aged 7-45 years who were infected with Ancylostoma duodenale and/or ascaris were treated with a single dose of levamisole, pyrantel, or bephenium. The percentage cure rates were ascaris 100 per cent ahd hookworm 93 per cent for levamisole; ascaris 90 per cent and hookworm 78 per cent for pyrantel; and ascaris 73 per cent and hookworm 81 per cent for bephenium. The 3 drugs were well tolerated. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy or The Egyptian Ministry of Healty.", "contents": "Comparative single/dose treatment of hookworm and roundworm infections with levamisole, pyrantel and bephenium*. One-hundred and forty-five farmers aged 7-45 years who were infected with Ancylostoma duodenale and/or ascaris were treated with a single dose of levamisole, pyrantel, or bephenium. The percentage cure rates were ascaris 100 per cent ahd hookworm 93 per cent for levamisole; ascaris 90 per cent and hookworm 78 per cent for pyrantel; and ascaris 73 per cent and hookworm 81 per cent for bephenium. The 3 drugs were well tolerated. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy or The Egyptian Ministry of Healty.", "PMID": 592453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4120", "title": "Incidence of hypertension in Ahmadu Bello University Hospital Kaduna--Nigeria.", "content": "The incidence and pattern of hypertension in General Out Patient Department of Ahmadu Nello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna have been described. Two thousand nine hundred and fifty adult patients with 1,636 males and 1,314 females, aged 20 to 70 years were examined in this study. One hundred and twelve patients (3.79%) with 47 males (2.87%) and 65 females (4.94%) were found to be suffering from hypertension. The incidence in females was significantly more than in males. The mode of presentation of 112 cases with hypertension has been discussed. Thirty four (30.35%) with 14 males and 20 females were asymptomatic. Sixteen (14.28%) with 7 males and 9 females presented with cardiac failure. Contrary to previous opinion this study has shown that hypertension is probably more common in Northern Nigeria than was previously realized. There appears to be ample justification for further and more detailed study of hypertension in the rural and urban communities in this area.", "contents": "Incidence of hypertension in Ahmadu Bello University Hospital Kaduna--Nigeria. The incidence and pattern of hypertension in General Out Patient Department of Ahmadu Nello University Teaching Hospital, Kaduna have been described. Two thousand nine hundred and fifty adult patients with 1,636 males and 1,314 females, aged 20 to 70 years were examined in this study. One hundred and twelve patients (3.79%) with 47 males (2.87%) and 65 females (4.94%) were found to be suffering from hypertension. The incidence in females was significantly more than in males. The mode of presentation of 112 cases with hypertension has been discussed. Thirty four (30.35%) with 14 males and 20 females were asymptomatic. Sixteen (14.28%) with 7 males and 9 females presented with cardiac failure. Contrary to previous opinion this study has shown that hypertension is probably more common in Northern Nigeria than was previously realized. There appears to be ample justification for further and more detailed study of hypertension in the rural and urban communities in this area.", "PMID": 592454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4121", "title": "Neuro-psychiatric manifestations of typhoid.", "content": "The clinical pattern of typhoid fever is changing, and in particular the incidence of neuro-psychiartic manifestations is on the increase. In 246 cases of enteric fever we found 124 with confusional states, delirium, coma, generalized myoclonus, Parkinsonian rigidity or psychoses. We further distinguished two major sub-groups with an acute and an insidious onset. The apparent increase in the frequency of neuro-psychiatric complications of typhoid could represent a change in the pathogenicity of S. typhi or the increasing recognition of a biochemical defect caused by a bacterial endotoxins and provoked by poor nutrition.", "contents": "Neuro-psychiatric manifestations of typhoid. The clinical pattern of typhoid fever is changing, and in particular the incidence of neuro-psychiartic manifestations is on the increase. In 246 cases of enteric fever we found 124 with confusional states, delirium, coma, generalized myoclonus, Parkinsonian rigidity or psychoses. We further distinguished two major sub-groups with an acute and an insidious onset. The apparent increase in the frequency of neuro-psychiatric complications of typhoid could represent a change in the pathogenicity of S. typhi or the increasing recognition of a biochemical defect caused by a bacterial endotoxins and provoked by poor nutrition.", "PMID": 592455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4122", "title": "The rapid diagnosis of cholera.", "content": "A simple method is described for the diagnosis of cholera, literally within seconds, and for the typing of the organism within minutes. Diagnosis is made directly by the microscopical examination of a drop of rice-water stool, using immersion dark-ground illumination, with no adjustment whatever of the lighting, condenser, or objective. It uses the miniature microscope, either in the laboratory, or held in the hand in the absence of a bench, for example at the bedside or in the field. The method depends on the characteristic movement of Vibrio cholerae, on this being instantly visible, under the most difficult conditions if necessary, by the automatic adjustment of the immersion dark ground condenser of the miniature microscope, and on the cessation of the movement of the organism within five minutes of adding a drop of the appropriate antiserum. The method is proving of value in remote areas where cholera is unexpected, where time would be lost in sending a specimen to a properly equipped laboratory, and where isolation of a case may be vital; but it is also claimed to be of value even where cholera is expected and where proper laboratory facilities already exist.", "contents": "The rapid diagnosis of cholera. A simple method is described for the diagnosis of cholera, literally within seconds, and for the typing of the organism within minutes. Diagnosis is made directly by the microscopical examination of a drop of rice-water stool, using immersion dark-ground illumination, with no adjustment whatever of the lighting, condenser, or objective. It uses the miniature microscope, either in the laboratory, or held in the hand in the absence of a bench, for example at the bedside or in the field. The method depends on the characteristic movement of Vibrio cholerae, on this being instantly visible, under the most difficult conditions if necessary, by the automatic adjustment of the immersion dark ground condenser of the miniature microscope, and on the cessation of the movement of the organism within five minutes of adding a drop of the appropriate antiserum. The method is proving of value in remote areas where cholera is unexpected, where time would be lost in sending a specimen to a properly equipped laboratory, and where isolation of a case may be vital; but it is also claimed to be of value even where cholera is expected and where proper laboratory facilities already exist.", "PMID": 592456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4123", "title": "Incidence of renal amyloidosis in pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Incidences of renal amyloidosis were studied in patients who were in various stages of pulmonary tuberculosis and a three year follow-up gave some opportunity to study the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis treatment on the course of renal amyloidosis. It was concluded that 9 to 11 per cent of all patients with pulmonary tuberculosis will eventually develop proteinuria due to renal amyloidosis after a certain period of time. It has been postulated that once amyloidosis has extensively involved the kidneys, anti-tuberculous treatment will not cause any regression in the course of renal amyloidosis.", "contents": "Incidence of renal amyloidosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. Incidences of renal amyloidosis were studied in patients who were in various stages of pulmonary tuberculosis and a three year follow-up gave some opportunity to study the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis treatment on the course of renal amyloidosis. It was concluded that 9 to 11 per cent of all patients with pulmonary tuberculosis will eventually develop proteinuria due to renal amyloidosis after a certain period of time. It has been postulated that once amyloidosis has extensively involved the kidneys, anti-tuberculous treatment will not cause any regression in the course of renal amyloidosis.", "PMID": 592458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4124", "title": "Argemone oil poisoning.", "content": "A family of three suffering from Argemone oil poisoning was investigated. The effects of the oil and its toxic alkaloid sanguinarine have been discussed. A test for detecting sanguinarine has been described.", "contents": "Argemone oil poisoning. A family of three suffering from Argemone oil poisoning was investigated. The effects of the oil and its toxic alkaloid sanguinarine have been discussed. A test for detecting sanguinarine has been described.", "PMID": 592459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4125", "title": "Haemoglobin genotype, ABO blood groups and carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Genetic factors have been suggested as having a possible aetiological role in the incidence of carcinoma of the cervix. With the high frequency of carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan as well as the high incidence of sickle-cell trait, the haemoglobin genotypes and ABO blood groups were analysed in patients managed for carcinoma of the cervix uteri in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. No significant association was found between any haemoglobin genotype or blood group and carcinoma of the cervix. The protection afforded against malaria by the haemoglobin S trait does not seem to protect against the development of invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Haemoglobin genotype, ABO blood groups and carcinoma of the cervix. Genetic factors have been suggested as having a possible aetiological role in the incidence of carcinoma of the cervix. With the high frequency of carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan as well as the high incidence of sickle-cell trait, the haemoglobin genotypes and ABO blood groups were analysed in patients managed for carcinoma of the cervix uteri in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. No significant association was found between any haemoglobin genotype or blood group and carcinoma of the cervix. The protection afforded against malaria by the haemoglobin S trait does not seem to protect against the development of invasive carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 592460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4126", "title": "Osteomyelitis in Nigerian children (a review of 40 cases).", "content": "A retrospective study of 40 children with osteomyelitis revealed that the patients presented in hospital late. Therefore chronic osteomyelitis is prevalent in Nigerian children. Sickle cell anaemia is commonly associated with osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus is the comonest organism but salmonella is associated with sicklers.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in Nigerian children (a review of 40 cases). A retrospective study of 40 children with osteomyelitis revealed that the patients presented in hospital late. Therefore chronic osteomyelitis is prevalent in Nigerian children. Sickle cell anaemia is commonly associated with osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus is the comonest organism but salmonella is associated with sicklers.", "PMID": 592462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4127", "title": "Surgical wound infection: a comparison between dressed and undressed wounds.", "content": "At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, the conventional method of surgical wound dressing is the use of air-tight and relatively water-tight cotton-gauze-elastoplast dressing. This is usually left in place for seven to ten days unless there is evidence of wound infection, in which case the wound is inspected and redressed using the time-consuming sterile technique, in which a box of sterile instruments may have to be shared amongst about 25 surgical patients. A group of 100 patients was randomly selected and this group divided into two. In the first group, A, the surgical wounds were dressed in the usual manner and dressings left for seven to ten days unless there was any evidence of infection. In the second group, B, the wound was left undressed and \"uncared\" for 24 to 36 hours after surgery. The comparison of the two groups shows that the time-consuming aseptic method of changing and dressing surgically incised wounds 24 to 36 hours after surgery, does not cut down on the rate of wound infection and is probably unnecessary. This may be due to early formation of fibrin at the wound site which offers a protection against invasion of the wound by bacteria. Typhoid perforation of the terminal ileum gave rise to wound infection in all the cases (100%) in the two groups.", "contents": "Surgical wound infection: a comparison between dressed and undressed wounds. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, the conventional method of surgical wound dressing is the use of air-tight and relatively water-tight cotton-gauze-elastoplast dressing. This is usually left in place for seven to ten days unless there is evidence of wound infection, in which case the wound is inspected and redressed using the time-consuming sterile technique, in which a box of sterile instruments may have to be shared amongst about 25 surgical patients. A group of 100 patients was randomly selected and this group divided into two. In the first group, A, the surgical wounds were dressed in the usual manner and dressings left for seven to ten days unless there was any evidence of infection. In the second group, B, the wound was left undressed and \"uncared\" for 24 to 36 hours after surgery. The comparison of the two groups shows that the time-consuming aseptic method of changing and dressing surgically incised wounds 24 to 36 hours after surgery, does not cut down on the rate of wound infection and is probably unnecessary. This may be due to early formation of fibrin at the wound site which offers a protection against invasion of the wound by bacteria. Typhoid perforation of the terminal ileum gave rise to wound infection in all the cases (100%) in the two groups.", "PMID": 592463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4128", "title": "A seriological investigation of Q fever in clinical patients.", "content": "Results of a serological survey of 507 patients, 301 males and 206 females at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital indicated a total 20.5 per cent, or 21.3 per cent in males and 19.4 per cent females, had been exposed to Q fever agent and had circulating antibody against Coxiella burnetii. Most of the positive sera were from patients whose clinical diagnoses were typhoid and pyrexia of unknown origin though these generally are the commonest clinical diagnoses in the hospital. Titres varied from 1:4 to 1:1028 indicating old infections in some patients and acute in others. The results of normal blood donors also showed a 22 per cent positive. It is suggested that the presumptive evidence of the serological tests results be substantiated by isolation of the agent so that a correlation between clinical signs and evidence of Q fever infection be established.", "contents": "A seriological investigation of Q fever in clinical patients. Results of a serological survey of 507 patients, 301 males and 206 females at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital indicated a total 20.5 per cent, or 21.3 per cent in males and 19.4 per cent females, had been exposed to Q fever agent and had circulating antibody against Coxiella burnetii. Most of the positive sera were from patients whose clinical diagnoses were typhoid and pyrexia of unknown origin though these generally are the commonest clinical diagnoses in the hospital. Titres varied from 1:4 to 1:1028 indicating old infections in some patients and acute in others. The results of normal blood donors also showed a 22 per cent positive. It is suggested that the presumptive evidence of the serological tests results be substantiated by isolation of the agent so that a correlation between clinical signs and evidence of Q fever infection be established.", "PMID": 592464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4129", "title": "Fatal herpes zoster in Burkitt's lymphoma following contact with chicken pox.", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma presented atypically in a six-year-old Nigerian girl with back pain, oliguria and facial oedema following a fall at school. Two weeks later, she developed bilateral ptosis, hepatomegaly and ascites. Burkitt's lymphoma cells were found in both ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids. She was successfully treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide and intrathecal methotrexate but later developed fatal herpes zoster at the same time as the resident doctor developed chicken pox. Chart's review showed that she had been in brief contact with chicken pox during a short stay in a transit ward prior to full admission.", "contents": "Fatal herpes zoster in Burkitt's lymphoma following contact with chicken pox. Burkitt's lymphoma presented atypically in a six-year-old Nigerian girl with back pain, oliguria and facial oedema following a fall at school. Two weeks later, she developed bilateral ptosis, hepatomegaly and ascites. Burkitt's lymphoma cells were found in both ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids. She was successfully treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide and intrathecal methotrexate but later developed fatal herpes zoster at the same time as the resident doctor developed chicken pox. Chart's review showed that she had been in brief contact with chicken pox during a short stay in a transit ward prior to full admission.", "PMID": 592465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4130", "title": "Suppression of gene 49 mutations of bacteriophage T4 by a second mutation in gene X: structure of pseudorevertant DNA.", "content": "Mutations in gene 49 of bacteriophage T4 were suppressed by a second mutation in gene X. Mapping studies located gene X between genes 41 and 42. Complementation results indicated that mutations in FdsA gene (a suppressor of gene 49 mutants) were in gene X. The intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was examined for unusual properties which could explain its successful encapsidation. After the in vivo inactivation of a temperature-sensitive gene 32 (DNA unwinding) protein, the intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was converted into DNA pieces of approximately genome size. A similar conversion was observed after in vitro digestion of pseudorevertant DNA with single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease. Appreciable quantities of oligomeric intermediates were not produced during this conversion process. These data indicate that pseudorevertant DNA contains sizable single-stranded gaps and has a conformation similar to that of wild-type DNA. The results further suggest that the suppression of gene 49 mutant abnormal DNA phenotype and the encapsidation defect by a second mutation in gene X is associated with the formation of sizable single-stranded gaps. These studies raise the possibility that single-stranded gaps may be involved directly in the DNA encapsidation process, or may act indirectly as a consequence of their effect on the organization of intracellular DNA.", "contents": "Suppression of gene 49 mutations of bacteriophage T4 by a second mutation in gene X: structure of pseudorevertant DNA. Mutations in gene 49 of bacteriophage T4 were suppressed by a second mutation in gene X. Mapping studies located gene X between genes 41 and 42. Complementation results indicated that mutations in FdsA gene (a suppressor of gene 49 mutants) were in gene X. The intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was examined for unusual properties which could explain its successful encapsidation. After the in vivo inactivation of a temperature-sensitive gene 32 (DNA unwinding) protein, the intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was converted into DNA pieces of approximately genome size. A similar conversion was observed after in vitro digestion of pseudorevertant DNA with single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease. Appreciable quantities of oligomeric intermediates were not produced during this conversion process. These data indicate that pseudorevertant DNA contains sizable single-stranded gaps and has a conformation similar to that of wild-type DNA. The results further suggest that the suppression of gene 49 mutant abnormal DNA phenotype and the encapsidation defect by a second mutation in gene X is associated with the formation of sizable single-stranded gaps. These studies raise the possibility that single-stranded gaps may be involved directly in the DNA encapsidation process, or may act indirectly as a consequence of their effect on the organization of intracellular DNA.", "PMID": 592466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4131", "title": "Synthesis and glycosylation of polyprotein precursors to the internal core proteins of Friend murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Synthesis and post-translational processing of murine leukemia virus proteins were analyzed in a murine cell line (Eveline) that produces large amounts of Friend lymphatic leukemia virus. Immunoprecipitation of l-[(35)S]methionine-labeled cell extracts demonstrated that several different virus-specific proteins antigenically related to the virion core (gag) proteins p12 and p30 become radioactive within 1 min of labeling and exhibit labeling kinetics characteristic of primary translation products. The most abundant of these were proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 65,000. There were, in addition, two large glycosylated polyproteins with apparent molecular weights of 220,000 and 230,000, which were precipitated by antisera to p30 or p12 but not by antiserum to the major envelope glycoproteins gp69/71. Several lines of evidence, including labeling with d-[(3)H]glucosamine and binding to insolubilized lectins, suggested that the 75,000-dalton internal core polyprotein is slowly processed to form a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 93,000. On the contrary, the 65,000-dalton protein appeared to be an immediate precursor to the virion core proteins. Its processing can involve intermediates containing p30 and p12 antigens with molecular weights of 50,000 and 40,000; however, the latter did not appear to be obligatory intermediates. The detection of the 40,000-dalton protein suggested that the genes for p30 and p12 are adjacent on the viral genome. These results indicated that there are several pathways of synthesis and post-translational processing of polyprotein precursors to the gag proteins and that several of these polyproteins are glycosylated. A comparison of gag precursor processing in rapidly growing, slowly growing, and stationary cells indicated that different pathways are favored under different conditions of cell growth. Our analysis of envelope glycoprotein synthesis has confirmed the existence of two rapidly labeled 90,000-dalton glycoproteins, which appear to be precursors to the envelope glycoproteins gp69/71.", "contents": "Synthesis and glycosylation of polyprotein precursors to the internal core proteins of Friend murine leukemia virus. Synthesis and post-translational processing of murine leukemia virus proteins were analyzed in a murine cell line (Eveline) that produces large amounts of Friend lymphatic leukemia virus. Immunoprecipitation of l-[(35)S]methionine-labeled cell extracts demonstrated that several different virus-specific proteins antigenically related to the virion core (gag) proteins p12 and p30 become radioactive within 1 min of labeling and exhibit labeling kinetics characteristic of primary translation products. The most abundant of these were proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 65,000. There were, in addition, two large glycosylated polyproteins with apparent molecular weights of 220,000 and 230,000, which were precipitated by antisera to p30 or p12 but not by antiserum to the major envelope glycoproteins gp69/71. Several lines of evidence, including labeling with d-[(3)H]glucosamine and binding to insolubilized lectins, suggested that the 75,000-dalton internal core polyprotein is slowly processed to form a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 93,000. On the contrary, the 65,000-dalton protein appeared to be an immediate precursor to the virion core proteins. Its processing can involve intermediates containing p30 and p12 antigens with molecular weights of 50,000 and 40,000; however, the latter did not appear to be obligatory intermediates. The detection of the 40,000-dalton protein suggested that the genes for p30 and p12 are adjacent on the viral genome. These results indicated that there are several pathways of synthesis and post-translational processing of polyprotein precursors to the gag proteins and that several of these polyproteins are glycosylated. A comparison of gag precursor processing in rapidly growing, slowly growing, and stationary cells indicated that different pathways are favored under different conditions of cell growth. Our analysis of envelope glycoprotein synthesis has confirmed the existence of two rapidly labeled 90,000-dalton glycoproteins, which appear to be precursors to the envelope glycoproteins gp69/71.", "PMID": 592467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4132", "title": "Formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.", "content": "Wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of BHK cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC for their respective L, M, and S virion RNA species. This evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reassortment of the competent genome pieces of the parental viruses. The SSH/LAC/SSH recombinant appears, from polypeptide analysis, to have the SSH type of nucleocapsid protein (N), whereas the SSH/LAC/LAC recombinant has the LAC nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that the viral S RNA codes for the N protein.", "contents": "Formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. Wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of BHK cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC for their respective L, M, and S virion RNA species. This evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reassortment of the competent genome pieces of the parental viruses. The SSH/LAC/SSH recombinant appears, from polypeptide analysis, to have the SSH type of nucleocapsid protein (N), whereas the SSH/LAC/LAC recombinant has the LAC nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that the viral S RNA codes for the N protein.", "PMID": 592468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4133", "title": "Transient association of Semliki Forest virus capsid protein with ribosomes.", "content": "HeLa cells infected with Semliki Forest virus were exposed to [35S]methionine for 1 min and chased for various periods. The analysis of labeled ribonucleoproteins showed that the viral capsid protein associated first with the large ribosomal subunit in polysomes, from which it was chased to assembling nucleocapsids and to free monosomes.", "contents": "Transient association of Semliki Forest virus capsid protein with ribosomes. HeLa cells infected with Semliki Forest virus were exposed to [35S]methionine for 1 min and chased for various periods. The analysis of labeled ribonucleoproteins showed that the viral capsid protein associated first with the large ribosomal subunit in polysomes, from which it was chased to assembling nucleocapsids and to free monosomes.", "PMID": 592469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4134", "title": "Quantitative analysis of left ventricular ejection phase by means of left ventricular cineangiography.", "content": "The left ventricular systolic ejection phase was cineangiographically analyzed in an attempt to evaluate left ventricular performance. Forty-eight patients were classified into five groups: (1) 9 controls; (2) 5 patients with PMD (congestive type) (COCM); (3) 9 patients with PMD hypertrophic type) (HCM), (4) 9 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD); and (5) 16 patients with mitral stenosis (MS). The rate of volume change (deltaV/deltat) and the volume change as a percentage of stroke volume (deltaV/SV) in patients with COCM and IHD were lower in the early systole and higher in the mid-systole as compared with the control group. Normalized systolic ejection rate (NSER) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) for the early and late systole were significantly lower in patients with COCM and IHD than in the control group. In two patients with IHD in whom normal indices of left ventricular performance and no asynergy were observed, NSER and Vcf were normal in the late systole but were significantly lower in the early systole. In all 48 patients, deltaV/deltat, deltaV/SV, NSER and Vcf were compared statistically with conventional ejection phase indices and isometric phase indices. delthV/SV for the midstystole showed a negative correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. NSER and Vcf for all three phases showed a good correlation with Vmax, max dp/dt and R-max dp/dt but a better correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. It was concluded that NSER and Vcf for the early systole were sensitive indices of left ventricular performance and may be utilized to detect subtle depression of left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of left ventricular ejection phase by means of left ventricular cineangiography. The left ventricular systolic ejection phase was cineangiographically analyzed in an attempt to evaluate left ventricular performance. Forty-eight patients were classified into five groups: (1) 9 controls; (2) 5 patients with PMD (congestive type) (COCM); (3) 9 patients with PMD hypertrophic type) (HCM), (4) 9 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD); and (5) 16 patients with mitral stenosis (MS). The rate of volume change (deltaV/deltat) and the volume change as a percentage of stroke volume (deltaV/SV) in patients with COCM and IHD were lower in the early systole and higher in the mid-systole as compared with the control group. Normalized systolic ejection rate (NSER) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) for the early and late systole were significantly lower in patients with COCM and IHD than in the control group. In two patients with IHD in whom normal indices of left ventricular performance and no asynergy were observed, NSER and Vcf were normal in the late systole but were significantly lower in the early systole. In all 48 patients, deltaV/deltat, deltaV/SV, NSER and Vcf were compared statistically with conventional ejection phase indices and isometric phase indices. delthV/SV for the midstystole showed a negative correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. NSER and Vcf for all three phases showed a good correlation with Vmax, max dp/dt and R-max dp/dt but a better correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. It was concluded that NSER and Vcf for the early systole were sensitive indices of left ventricular performance and may be utilized to detect subtle depression of left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 592471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4135", "title": "Studies on the normal polarcardiograms using the inferosuperior axis as the polar axis.", "content": "Polarcardiography made possible not only to let us know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors, which vary as function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. Especially it was difficult to grasp the time-related curves of the polar coordinates of ST segment and T wave by means of the conventional electrocardiography and vector-cardiography. QRS waves, ST segments and T waves of the spatial magnitude ECG and I-S latitude ECG in normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.", "contents": "Studies on the normal polarcardiograms using the inferosuperior axis as the polar axis. Polarcardiography made possible not only to let us know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors, which vary as function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. Especially it was difficult to grasp the time-related curves of the polar coordinates of ST segment and T wave by means of the conventional electrocardiography and vector-cardiography. QRS waves, ST segments and T waves of the spatial magnitude ECG and I-S latitude ECG in normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.", "PMID": 592472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4136", "title": "Cyclical reduction in blood flow of partially constricted coronary artery in dogs. II. An arteriographic study.", "content": "Mechanisms for cyclical reduction in peripheral blood pressure and flow of partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dogs has been examined. In 64 of 97 preparations, cyclical reduction in coronary blood pressure and flow developed 3 to 32 min after the beginning of constriction. Period duration of the cyclical reduction ranged from 1 to 32 min. The cyclical reduction was frequently associated with elevation of the ST segment of surface electrocardiogram, systolic bulge of the left ventricle and excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. In the preparations in which cyclical reduction was not produced by constriction, a brief stretching of the constricted portion provoked the cyclical reduction. Segmental or diffuse narrowing of the constricted coronary artery which occurred during the reduction in pressure and flow was demonstrated by selective arteriography. Also, segmental spasm in the constricted coronary artery was demonstrated by photography. No obvious difference in the constricted of the artery was observed histologically between the preparations in which cyclical reduction developed and those in which cyclical reduction was not produced. The results indicate participation of vasospasm in the cyclical reduction of blood pressure and flow in partially constricted coronary artery.", "contents": "Cyclical reduction in blood flow of partially constricted coronary artery in dogs. II. An arteriographic study. Mechanisms for cyclical reduction in peripheral blood pressure and flow of partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dogs has been examined. In 64 of 97 preparations, cyclical reduction in coronary blood pressure and flow developed 3 to 32 min after the beginning of constriction. Period duration of the cyclical reduction ranged from 1 to 32 min. The cyclical reduction was frequently associated with elevation of the ST segment of surface electrocardiogram, systolic bulge of the left ventricle and excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. In the preparations in which cyclical reduction was not produced by constriction, a brief stretching of the constricted portion provoked the cyclical reduction. Segmental or diffuse narrowing of the constricted coronary artery which occurred during the reduction in pressure and flow was demonstrated by selective arteriography. Also, segmental spasm in the constricted coronary artery was demonstrated by photography. No obvious difference in the constricted of the artery was observed histologically between the preparations in which cyclical reduction developed and those in which cyclical reduction was not produced. The results indicate participation of vasospasm in the cyclical reduction of blood pressure and flow in partially constricted coronary artery.", "PMID": 592474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4137", "title": "Near-maximal exercise responses in health and disease in middle-aged Chinese men.", "content": "Cardiovascular, aerobic, and ventilatory responses to a multistage treadmill test of near-maximal exercise were determined in 208 middle-aged Chinese men to provide standards in health, and to identify differences in relation to hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease and stroke. Except in patients with hypertension, exercise duration was shortened and symptom-limited oxygen uptake was reduced in all disease groups. Unexpectedly, stroke patients exhibited lower heart rate responses to exercise than did patients with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Near-maximal exercise responses in health and disease in middle-aged Chinese men. Cardiovascular, aerobic, and ventilatory responses to a multistage treadmill test of near-maximal exercise were determined in 208 middle-aged Chinese men to provide standards in health, and to identify differences in relation to hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease and stroke. Except in patients with hypertension, exercise duration was shortened and symptom-limited oxygen uptake was reduced in all disease groups. Unexpectedly, stroke patients exhibited lower heart rate responses to exercise than did patients with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 592476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4138", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6436 and S-6437 are preparations of sustained release cefalexin, which consist of 30% of nonenteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones. With oral administration of those preparations at b.i.d. regimen, good efficacies can be expected. Those preparations were orally given to 39 patients with skin and soft tissue infections and 4 patients with other infections at the dose levels of 1,000 approximately 2,000 mg/day (20 approximately 50 mg/day in children) at 2 divided doses. Excellent effect was observed in 30 patients and good effect was found in 13 patients. In 11 patients, usefulness of b.i.d. regimen was recognized. No side effects were observed. From the above. S-6436 and S-6437 are considered to be unique and useful preparations.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (author's transl)]. S-6436 and S-6437 are preparations of sustained release cefalexin, which consist of 30% of nonenteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones. With oral administration of those preparations at b.i.d. regimen, good efficacies can be expected. Those preparations were orally given to 39 patients with skin and soft tissue infections and 4 patients with other infections at the dose levels of 1,000 approximately 2,000 mg/day (20 approximately 50 mg/day in children) at 2 divided doses. Excellent effect was observed in 30 patients and good effect was found in 13 patients. In 11 patients, usefulness of b.i.d. regimen was recognized. No side effects were observed. From the above. S-6436 and S-6437 are considered to be unique and useful preparations.", "PMID": 592481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4139", "title": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in acute pyelonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6436 (a preparation consisting of 30% of non-enteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones) was orally administered to the patients with acute pyelonephritis, and the following results were obtained: 1. Subjective symptoms: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 1, fair in 2 and poor in 4. 2. Urine finding: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 3 and poor in 4. 3. Disappearance of causative organisms: Organisms which were identified in the first examination were 17 strains of E. coli, one each of Pr. vulgalis, Klebsiella and Staph. epidermidis, 3 of Strept. faecalis, and 3 of mixed infections. Very good effect was observed in 16 cases, good in 1, fair in 1 and poor in 2. 4. Total evaluation: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 4 (20%) and poor in 3 (15%). 5. Slight discomfort in abdomen was observed in only one patient, but disappeared by administration of digestive. 6. S-6436 was given to the patients with acute pyelonephritis twice a day expecting that the drug has satisfactory clinical efficacy.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in acute pyelonephritis (author's transl)]. S-6436 (a preparation consisting of 30% of non-enteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones) was orally administered to the patients with acute pyelonephritis, and the following results were obtained: 1. Subjective symptoms: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 1, fair in 2 and poor in 4. 2. Urine finding: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 3 and poor in 4. 3. Disappearance of causative organisms: Organisms which were identified in the first examination were 17 strains of E. coli, one each of Pr. vulgalis, Klebsiella and Staph. epidermidis, 3 of Strept. faecalis, and 3 of mixed infections. Very good effect was observed in 16 cases, good in 1, fair in 1 and poor in 2. 4. Total evaluation: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 4 (20%) and poor in 3 (15%). 5. Slight discomfort in abdomen was observed in only one patient, but disappeared by administration of digestive. 6. S-6436 was given to the patients with acute pyelonephritis twice a day expecting that the drug has satisfactory clinical efficacy.", "PMID": 592482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4140", "title": "[Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) and genitourinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Forty (40) patients with comparatively simply urinary tract infections were orally administered 1 g/day of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 14 days, and 20 patients complicated with chronic urinary tract infections or epididymitis were orally given 2 g/day of the drug in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 28 days. Thirty six (90%) patients of the 40 receiving 1 g/day and seventeen (85%) of the 20 with 2 g/day satisfactorily responded to the drug. 2) Disappearance of organisms was observed in 43 patients (75.4%) of the 57 with urinary tract infections on whom bacteriological examination was conducted. Three (7.0%) of the 43, however, recurred within 7 days after the treatment. In six patients (10.5%) of the 57, the organisms were replaced. 3) Side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance, allergic reactions, abnormality of blood picture, and impairments of renal and hepatic functions were examined and no such side effects were found except uriticaria in whole body was observed in only one patient with 1 g/day, which disappeared after discontinuation of the administration of the drug.", "contents": "[Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) and genitourinary tract infection (author's transl)]. 1) Forty (40) patients with comparatively simply urinary tract infections were orally administered 1 g/day of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 14 days, and 20 patients complicated with chronic urinary tract infections or epididymitis were orally given 2 g/day of the drug in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 28 days. Thirty six (90%) patients of the 40 receiving 1 g/day and seventeen (85%) of the 20 with 2 g/day satisfactorily responded to the drug. 2) Disappearance of organisms was observed in 43 patients (75.4%) of the 57 with urinary tract infections on whom bacteriological examination was conducted. Three (7.0%) of the 43, however, recurred within 7 days after the treatment. In six patients (10.5%) of the 57, the organisms were replaced. 3) Side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance, allergic reactions, abnormality of blood picture, and impairments of renal and hepatic functions were examined and no such side effects were found except uriticaria in whole body was observed in only one patient with 1 g/day, which disappeared after discontinuation of the administration of the drug.", "PMID": 592483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4141", "title": "[Clinical efficacy of S-6436 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6436 was orally given to the patients mainly with uncomplicated acute cystitis at two divided doses for 7 days with the following results: 1) One or 2g/day of S-6436 were administered to the patients with 93.7% of effectiveness. There is almost no difference in effectiveness between 1 g and 2g dosages. 2) Bacteria in urine disappeared in 74% of the patients treated and superinfection occurred in 22%. The disappearance of the bacteria was observed in 83.3% of the patients with E. coli and 60% with Staph. epidermidis. The superinfection however was observed in 16.5% with E. coli and 33.3% with Staph. epidermidis. The disappearance of bacteria was observed in each one case with Klebsiella, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. The superinfection was observed in 2 cases with Proteus. 3) Sensitivity tests on the organisms indicated that 94.4% of E. coli, 40% of Staph. epidermidis, Klebsiella and Staph. aureus were susceptible to the drug but Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa were not susceptible. 4) No remarkable side effects were observed, though digestive was used in several patients. From the above results, S-6436 is considered to be a useful drug which is expected to have as much effectiveness as regular cephalexin at two divided doses after breakfast and dinner.", "contents": "[Clinical efficacy of S-6436 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. S-6436 was orally given to the patients mainly with uncomplicated acute cystitis at two divided doses for 7 days with the following results: 1) One or 2g/day of S-6436 were administered to the patients with 93.7% of effectiveness. There is almost no difference in effectiveness between 1 g and 2g dosages. 2) Bacteria in urine disappeared in 74% of the patients treated and superinfection occurred in 22%. The disappearance of the bacteria was observed in 83.3% of the patients with E. coli and 60% with Staph. epidermidis. The superinfection however was observed in 16.5% with E. coli and 33.3% with Staph. epidermidis. The disappearance of bacteria was observed in each one case with Klebsiella, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. The superinfection was observed in 2 cases with Proteus. 3) Sensitivity tests on the organisms indicated that 94.4% of E. coli, 40% of Staph. epidermidis, Klebsiella and Staph. aureus were susceptible to the drug but Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa were not susceptible. 4) No remarkable side effects were observed, though digestive was used in several patients. From the above results, S-6436 is considered to be a useful drug which is expected to have as much effectiveness as regular cephalexin at two divided doses after breakfast and dinner.", "PMID": 592484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4142", "title": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6436 is a new preparation of sustained release cephalexin. Twenty-eight patients with urinary tract infections were orally given 500mg of S-6436 twice a day for about 7 days, and the following results were obtained: 1) Excellent clinical responses were observed in 8 cases, good in 18 cases and failure in 2 cases. Effectiveness was 93%. 2) As for the side effect, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in one case out of 28 cases, but they disappeared after the completion of the treatment. No other side effects due to S-6436 were observed. S-6436 has as much effectiveness and safety as compared with usual cephalexin preparations. The frequency of the administration of S-6436 is twice a day, which means that S-6436 is more convenient in giving it to patients than usual cephalexin preparations.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with S-6436 in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. S-6436 is a new preparation of sustained release cephalexin. Twenty-eight patients with urinary tract infections were orally given 500mg of S-6436 twice a day for about 7 days, and the following results were obtained: 1) Excellent clinical responses were observed in 8 cases, good in 18 cases and failure in 2 cases. Effectiveness was 93%. 2) As for the side effect, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in one case out of 28 cases, but they disappeared after the completion of the treatment. No other side effects due to S-6436 were observed. S-6436 has as much effectiveness and safety as compared with usual cephalexin preparations. The frequency of the administration of S-6436 is twice a day, which means that S-6436 is more convenient in giving it to patients than usual cephalexin preparations.", "PMID": 592485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4143", "title": "[Excretion in bile and clinical study of T-1220 (piperacillin) in biliary tract diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The excretion of T-1220 in bile was evaluated in 4 patients with biliary tract diseases. The bile was collected for 6 hours after intravenous injection of T-1220. The maximal concentration in bile was 1,600 mcg/ml at 0.5 approximately 1 hour after administration of 1 g of T-1220 to 1 case. In 3 cases treated with 2 g, the maximal concentration was 155 approximately 1,115 mcg/ml at 2 approximately 3 hours after administration. Total excretion rates in bile after 0 approximately 6 hours were 0.5 approximately 7.2%. T-1220 was applied clinically to 3 patients with biliary tract infections. Clinical results obtained were good in all cases. No side effect was observed in all cases.", "contents": "[Excretion in bile and clinical study of T-1220 (piperacillin) in biliary tract diseases (author's transl)]. The excretion of T-1220 in bile was evaluated in 4 patients with biliary tract diseases. The bile was collected for 6 hours after intravenous injection of T-1220. The maximal concentration in bile was 1,600 mcg/ml at 0.5 approximately 1 hour after administration of 1 g of T-1220 to 1 case. In 3 cases treated with 2 g, the maximal concentration was 155 approximately 1,115 mcg/ml at 2 approximately 3 hours after administration. Total excretion rates in bile after 0 approximately 6 hours were 0.5 approximately 7.2%. T-1220 was applied clinically to 3 patients with biliary tract infections. Clinical results obtained were good in all cases. No side effect was observed in all cases.", "PMID": 592486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4144", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6437) for pediatric use in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6437 is a preparation of sustained release cefalexin consisting of non-enteric coated granules and enteric coates ones and it is reported that the drug shows good effectiveness with b.i.d. regimen. Various infections in pediatrics were treated with S-6437 and the following results were obtained. Dose used was 40 approximately 100 mg/kg/day at 2 divided doses after breakfast and dinner. 1) Twenty patients (87.0%) of the 23 with respiratory tract infections and 3 (60.0%) of the 5 with the other infections responded to the drug. Overall effectiveness was 82.1% (23/28 cases). 2) As for side effects, tentative diarrhea was observed in 5 patients (17.2%) of the 29 but no other severe side effects were found. 3) S-6437 is considered to be a drug which overcomes inconvenience of giving regular cefalexin four times a day.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6437) for pediatric use in pediatrics (author's transl)]. S-6437 is a preparation of sustained release cefalexin consisting of non-enteric coated granules and enteric coates ones and it is reported that the drug shows good effectiveness with b.i.d. regimen. Various infections in pediatrics were treated with S-6437 and the following results were obtained. Dose used was 40 approximately 100 mg/kg/day at 2 divided doses after breakfast and dinner. 1) Twenty patients (87.0%) of the 23 with respiratory tract infections and 3 (60.0%) of the 5 with the other infections responded to the drug. Overall effectiveness was 82.1% (23/28 cases). 2) As for side effects, tentative diarrhea was observed in 5 patients (17.2%) of the 29 but no other severe side effects were found. 3) S-6437 is considered to be a drug which overcomes inconvenience of giving regular cefalexin four times a day.", "PMID": 592488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4145", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (X-6437) (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) was administered to 24 pediatric patients. Daily dose used was 18 approximately 60 mg/kg, which was divided into two doses and given after breakfast and dinner. The following are the results of the study. Out of 24 patients, 6 showed very good response, 10 good response, 6 fair, 1 poor and 1 unknown, Ratio of effectiveness was 69.6%. Two patients were reluctant to receive the drug and, therefore, they took other drugs. The other 22 patients, however, were easily given. No remarkable side effects due to S-6437 were found. From the above results, it was recognized that S-6437 has good effectiveness and safety, and it is convenient to give to children because the frequency of the drug administration is only twice a day.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (X-6437) (author's transl)]. Oral sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) was administered to 24 pediatric patients. Daily dose used was 18 approximately 60 mg/kg, which was divided into two doses and given after breakfast and dinner. The following are the results of the study. Out of 24 patients, 6 showed very good response, 10 good response, 6 fair, 1 poor and 1 unknown, Ratio of effectiveness was 69.6%. Two patients were reluctant to receive the drug and, therefore, they took other drugs. The other 22 patients, however, were easily given. No remarkable side effects due to S-6437 were found. From the above results, it was recognized that S-6437 has good effectiveness and safety, and it is convenient to give to children because the frequency of the drug administration is only twice a day.", "PMID": 592489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4146", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6436) in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) was studied in 23 outpatients (20 males, 3 females) who visited surgery of our hospital. The summary of the study is as follows: 1) The drug was administered for 2 approximately 8 days and the average was 3.5 days. Clinical effectiveness was 87.0% with the following breakdown: excellent 4, good 16, and poor 3. 2) Causative organisms isolated from the patients showing excellent effectiveness were all staphylococci. 3) No side effects were observed in any patients receiving the drug. From the above results, it is expected that S-6436 has good effectiveness and can be used as a first choice drug to outpatients with mild infections such as superficial infections who want to go to the office or school over their receiving the treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6436) in surgery (author's transl)]. Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) was studied in 23 outpatients (20 males, 3 females) who visited surgery of our hospital. The summary of the study is as follows: 1) The drug was administered for 2 approximately 8 days and the average was 3.5 days. Clinical effectiveness was 87.0% with the following breakdown: excellent 4, good 16, and poor 3. 2) Causative organisms isolated from the patients showing excellent effectiveness were all staphylococci. 3) No side effects were observed in any patients receiving the drug. From the above results, it is expected that S-6436 has good effectiveness and can be used as a first choice drug to outpatients with mild infections such as superficial infections who want to go to the office or school over their receiving the treatment.", "PMID": 592490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4147", "title": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in urology (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical studies of S-6436 were conducted in 30 urinary tract infection patients in urology with the following conclusion. The patients received the drug twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 1. Of the 30 patiens, excellent efficacy was observed in 9 patients, good efficacy in 14, fair in 5 and poor in 2. The effectiveness (excellent or good) was 76.7%. 2. Twenty-seven (27) strains were isolated from the 30 patients and 23 strains (85.2%) of the 27 disappeared with the administration of the drug. 3. Side effects were found in 3 patients (10%) of the 30. The incidence was almost similar to that of regular cephalexin. No remarkable changes in laboratory data were observed. 4. S-6436 which requires the administration of only twice a day is a preparation which is more convenient for patients than regular cephalexin which requires the administration of four times a day.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in urology (author's transl)]. Clinical studies of S-6436 were conducted in 30 urinary tract infection patients in urology with the following conclusion. The patients received the drug twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 1. Of the 30 patiens, excellent efficacy was observed in 9 patients, good efficacy in 14, fair in 5 and poor in 2. The effectiveness (excellent or good) was 76.7%. 2. Twenty-seven (27) strains were isolated from the 30 patients and 23 strains (85.2%) of the 27 disappeared with the administration of the drug. 3. Side effects were found in 3 patients (10%) of the 30. The incidence was almost similar to that of regular cephalexin. No remarkable changes in laboratory data were observed. 4. S-6436 which requires the administration of only twice a day is a preparation which is more convenient for patients than regular cephalexin which requires the administration of four times a day.", "PMID": 592491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4148", "title": "[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) in tonsillitis and pharyngitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) was conducted with the following results: 1) Pediatric patients with 1.5 approximately 12 years of age having acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis were orally administered 500 approximately 1,000 mg/day of S-6435 or S-6436 divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. Out of 21 patients receiving the preparations, 19 patients satisfactorily responded to them and 2 fairly did. 2) In only one patient of the 21, rash was observed during the treatment. The side effect, however, disappeared 2 days after the initiation of the treatment, and was considered to be due to underlying disease of the patient. No other side effects were observed. Since it has become our concern to conduct injectable therapy in children, oral therapy should first be recommended to them. However, oral drugs, like a regular cephalexin, requiring q.i.d. regimen are inconvenient in giving the drugs to patients because they have to take the drugs once at midnight. S-6435 and S-6436, however, have no such disadvantages and prove to have as much effectiveness and safety as regular cephalexin has.", "contents": "[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) in tonsillitis and pharyngitis (author's transl)]. Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) was conducted with the following results: 1) Pediatric patients with 1.5 approximately 12 years of age having acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis were orally administered 500 approximately 1,000 mg/day of S-6435 or S-6436 divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. Out of 21 patients receiving the preparations, 19 patients satisfactorily responded to them and 2 fairly did. 2) In only one patient of the 21, rash was observed during the treatment. The side effect, however, disappeared 2 days after the initiation of the treatment, and was considered to be due to underlying disease of the patient. No other side effects were observed. Since it has become our concern to conduct injectable therapy in children, oral therapy should first be recommended to them. However, oral drugs, like a regular cephalexin, requiring q.i.d. regimen are inconvenient in giving the drugs to patients because they have to take the drugs once at midnight. S-6435 and S-6436, however, have no such disadvantages and prove to have as much effectiveness and safety as regular cephalexin has.", "PMID": 592492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4149", "title": "[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436, S-6437) in dermatology (author's transl)].", "content": "S-6436 or S-6437 was orally administered to 30 patients with bacterial infections including some patients with secondary infections. The following results were obtained: 21 patients had excellent effect, good 5, fair 2 and poor 2. The effectiveness was 86.7%. One gram (potency)/day of sustained release cephalexin was given to most of the patients divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. This b.i.d. regimen was popular among outpatients as well. Staph. aureus isolated from 73.3% of the patients disappeared. Overall bacteriological effectiveness was 72.2%. In only 2 patients, side effects were observed. One had a mild pain in stomach and the other had aggravation of itching in complication of eczema. No abnormalities in laboratory studies which were conducted in some patients were found.", "contents": "[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436, S-6437) in dermatology (author's transl)]. S-6436 or S-6437 was orally administered to 30 patients with bacterial infections including some patients with secondary infections. The following results were obtained: 21 patients had excellent effect, good 5, fair 2 and poor 2. The effectiveness was 86.7%. One gram (potency)/day of sustained release cephalexin was given to most of the patients divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. This b.i.d. regimen was popular among outpatients as well. Staph. aureus isolated from 73.3% of the patients disappeared. Overall bacteriological effectiveness was 72.2%. In only 2 patients, side effects were observed. One had a mild pain in stomach and the other had aggravation of itching in complication of eczema. No abnormalities in laboratory studies which were conducted in some patients were found.", "PMID": 592493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4150", "title": "Relation of occupations to the regional differences of lung cancer motality in Fukuoka Prefecture.", "content": "Geographic pattern of lung cancer mortality in Fukuoka Prefecture showed elevated mortalities among males in the Chikuho district where many coal-mines had long been operated as one of the biggest coal-mining areas in Japan. The analysis in relations of occupations to lung cancer mortality revealed that consistently significant correlations exist between lung cancer mortality, and mining and quarrying occupations in every census year after World War II. No other occupations showed consistent relations to lung cancer though a few significant correlations were found only in the recent years. The results appear to suggest that elevated risk of lung cancer among coal-mining workers may exist and deserve further analytical study.", "contents": "Relation of occupations to the regional differences of lung cancer motality in Fukuoka Prefecture. Geographic pattern of lung cancer mortality in Fukuoka Prefecture showed elevated mortalities among males in the Chikuho district where many coal-mines had long been operated as one of the biggest coal-mining areas in Japan. The analysis in relations of occupations to lung cancer mortality revealed that consistently significant correlations exist between lung cancer mortality, and mining and quarrying occupations in every census year after World War II. No other occupations showed consistent relations to lung cancer though a few significant correlations were found only in the recent years. The results appear to suggest that elevated risk of lung cancer among coal-mining workers may exist and deserve further analytical study.", "PMID": 592541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4151", "title": "[Determination of a small amount of acrylamide in air (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the recently published \"Guidebook of Measuring Method for Environmental Atmosphere\" edited by the Department of Safety and Health Labour Administration of Japan, it is recommended to determine acrylamide (AAM) in air by sampling with glass fiber filter, extracting into methanol and injecting in the FID gaschromatograph (GC). Although acrylamide particle may be measured by this method, it is questionable whether a small amount of gaseous acrylamide could be determined together. We have investigated the determination of a small amount of acrylamide monomer in air by sampling it on solid adsorbent packed in a specially designed sampling tube. We concluded that it is capable to determine a small amount of acrylamide in air, by using the above mentioned sampling tube packed with Flusin-F (treated with phosphoric acid; 30--60 mesh) as the solid adsorbent, at the concentration range from 1.0 to 0.01 ppm (v/v), and the recovery rate of 82--83%.", "contents": "[Determination of a small amount of acrylamide in air (author's transl)]. According to the recently published \"Guidebook of Measuring Method for Environmental Atmosphere\" edited by the Department of Safety and Health Labour Administration of Japan, it is recommended to determine acrylamide (AAM) in air by sampling with glass fiber filter, extracting into methanol and injecting in the FID gaschromatograph (GC). Although acrylamide particle may be measured by this method, it is questionable whether a small amount of gaseous acrylamide could be determined together. We have investigated the determination of a small amount of acrylamide monomer in air by sampling it on solid adsorbent packed in a specially designed sampling tube. We concluded that it is capable to determine a small amount of acrylamide in air, by using the above mentioned sampling tube packed with Flusin-F (treated with phosphoric acid; 30--60 mesh) as the solid adsorbent, at the concentration range from 1.0 to 0.01 ppm (v/v), and the recovery rate of 82--83%.", "PMID": 592542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4152", "title": "[Comparison of descriptive expressions between ILO U/C international classification of radiographs of pneumoconiosis 1971 and Japanese classification of pneumoconiosis law in Japan 1960 in pulmonary asbestosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the explanatory text of the ILO U/C International classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) sent to Japan in 1973, items of its expression on pulmonary asbestosis were analyzed by the author. On the other hand, items of Japanese Asbestosis Classification of Pneumoconiosis Law were also analyzed. The ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) have some confused words. As to pulmonary asbestosis, an expression of irregular opacities is used, but the fundamental X-ray opacities such as linear opacities are forgot in the description. The X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis are divided into 3 types as s, t and u. It is, however, difficult in practice to divide X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis into such types. The classification of X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis in the Japanese Pneumoconiosis Law is based on the classification worked out by many investigators i; the past, providing for simplicity and ease of handling.", "contents": "[Comparison of descriptive expressions between ILO U/C international classification of radiographs of pneumoconiosis 1971 and Japanese classification of pneumoconiosis law in Japan 1960 in pulmonary asbestosis (author's transl)]. In the explanatory text of the ILO U/C International classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) sent to Japan in 1973, items of its expression on pulmonary asbestosis were analyzed by the author. On the other hand, items of Japanese Asbestosis Classification of Pneumoconiosis Law were also analyzed. The ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) have some confused words. As to pulmonary asbestosis, an expression of irregular opacities is used, but the fundamental X-ray opacities such as linear opacities are forgot in the description. The X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis are divided into 3 types as s, t and u. It is, however, difficult in practice to divide X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis into such types. The classification of X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis in the Japanese Pneumoconiosis Law is based on the classification worked out by many investigators i; the past, providing for simplicity and ease of handling.", "PMID": 592545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4153", "title": "Cardiovascular activity of Carnigen in normotone and in experimentally hypotone dogs.", "content": "Activity of Carnigen on the cardiovascular system, following intraduodenal and intravenous application, was investigated in normotone and hypotone dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, 35-40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Intraduodenal application of 1 and 3 mg Carnigen/kg caused an increase in blood pressure and tachycardia. The total peripheral resistance was lessened, in normotone as well as hypotone dogs, whereas the cardiac output and stroke volume were augmented. A rise in myocardial inotrophy and cardiac work in combination  with a moderate increase in left ventricular O2 consumption also occurred as result of the action of Carnigen. An increase in the central and peripheral venous pressure was registered during continuous infusion of Carnigen. Coronary flow was also raised, in a dose dependent manner within the range of 0.1 to 1 mg Carnigen/kg i.v. The rise in arterial blood pressure is due to an increase in cardiac output, resulting from the positive inotropic action of this compound on the myocardium. The reduction in arterial resistance can be explained on the basis of a possible interaction between the inosine, released from Carnigen, and the adenosine already present in the system.", "contents": "Cardiovascular activity of Carnigen in normotone and in experimentally hypotone dogs. Activity of Carnigen on the cardiovascular system, following intraduodenal and intravenous application, was investigated in normotone and hypotone dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, 35-40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Intraduodenal application of 1 and 3 mg Carnigen/kg caused an increase in blood pressure and tachycardia. The total peripheral resistance was lessened, in normotone as well as hypotone dogs, whereas the cardiac output and stroke volume were augmented. A rise in myocardial inotrophy and cardiac work in combination  with a moderate increase in left ventricular O2 consumption also occurred as result of the action of Carnigen. An increase in the central and peripheral venous pressure was registered during continuous infusion of Carnigen. Coronary flow was also raised, in a dose dependent manner within the range of 0.1 to 1 mg Carnigen/kg i.v. The rise in arterial blood pressure is due to an increase in cardiac output, resulting from the positive inotropic action of this compound on the myocardium. The reduction in arterial resistance can be explained on the basis of a possible interaction between the inosine, released from Carnigen, and the adenosine already present in the system.", "PMID": 592555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4154", "title": "Comparative studies on anti-nicotinic action of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine in the guinea pig isolated ileum.", "content": "The mechanism of anti-nicotinic actions of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine was investigated in guinea pig isolated ileum. Mecamylamine shifted the dose-response curves for nicotine to the right with a gradual depression. On the other hand, hexamethonium shifted the curves to the right without a depression and adenosine made only a gradual depression, suggesting the different modes of their antinicotinic actions. The transmurally-stimulated twitch response was unaffected, partially inhibited and abolis hed by hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine, respectively. These three compounds also had little effect on direct muscle response to acetylcholine and on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the ileum. From these results, it is suggested that the antagonism to the effect of nicotine shown by mecamylamine does not appear to be a simple competitive blockade of ganglionic receptors as is the case with hexamethonium and that adenosine may antagonize the effect of nicotine non-competitively. The mechanism by which mecamylamine and adenosine showed anti-nicotinic action is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative studies on anti-nicotinic action of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine in the guinea pig isolated ileum. The mechanism of anti-nicotinic actions of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine was investigated in guinea pig isolated ileum. Mecamylamine shifted the dose-response curves for nicotine to the right with a gradual depression. On the other hand, hexamethonium shifted the curves to the right without a depression and adenosine made only a gradual depression, suggesting the different modes of their antinicotinic actions. The transmurally-stimulated twitch response was unaffected, partially inhibited and abolis hed by hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine, respectively. These three compounds also had little effect on direct muscle response to acetylcholine and on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the ileum. From these results, it is suggested that the antagonism to the effect of nicotine shown by mecamylamine does not appear to be a simple competitive blockade of ganglionic receptors as is the case with hexamethonium and that adenosine may antagonize the effect of nicotine non-competitively. The mechanism by which mecamylamine and adenosine showed anti-nicotinic action is discussed.", "PMID": 592556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4155", "title": "Natriuresis of fasting in intact and adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of fasting-induced natriuresis in conscious rats. Female animals were given low sodium diet and saline in a fixed concentration for at least three days, and deprived of food thereafter. The sodium balance significantly shifted to negative independently of potassium supply in intact rats. Such was also observed in the dexamethasone-replaced, adrenalectomized rats and was not affected by further administration of  aldosterone. In addition, the diuretic effect of insulin in fasted intact rats was not evident in the fed diabetic rats in which diabetes had been induced by streptozotocin. Such findings suggested participation of factors other than insulin. The natriuresis of fasting in intact rats appears to involve two factors, one of which is independent of the sodium intake level. Dependence on the sodium intake level may be derived from alteration of the solute diuresis-like effect of drinking saline w hen animals are fasted. These results suggest that neither aldosterone nor insulin is a major causal factor involved in fasting-induced natriuresis.", "contents": "Natriuresis of fasting in intact and adrenalectomized rats. Experiments were carried out in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of fasting-induced natriuresis in conscious rats. Female animals were given low sodium diet and saline in a fixed concentration for at least three days, and deprived of food thereafter. The sodium balance significantly shifted to negative independently of potassium supply in intact rats. Such was also observed in the dexamethasone-replaced, adrenalectomized rats and was not affected by further administration of  aldosterone. In addition, the diuretic effect of insulin in fasted intact rats was not evident in the fed diabetic rats in which diabetes had been induced by streptozotocin. Such findings suggested participation of factors other than insulin. The natriuresis of fasting in intact rats appears to involve two factors, one of which is independent of the sodium intake level. Dependence on the sodium intake level may be derived from alteration of the solute diuresis-like effect of drinking saline w hen animals are fasted. These results suggest that neither aldosterone nor insulin is a major causal factor involved in fasting-induced natriuresis.", "PMID": 592557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4156", "title": "Effects of a 2-substituted adenosine derivative, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-adenosine (CV-1674) on coronary and cardiohemodynamics, and myocardial energetics.", "content": "In dogs, intracoronary doses of CV-1674, adenosine ( ADS) and 2-Cl-ADS for doubling coronary flow were estimated as 5.0, 2.0 and 0.4 microgram/dog, and i.v. doses 31, 71 and 2.5 microgram/kg, respectively. ADS and 2-Cl-ADS decreased, while CV-1674 increased LV dp/dt. Intravenous infusion (30 min) of CV-1674 (10 microgram/kg per min) and ADS (700 microgram/kg per min) decreased coronary resistance to approximately the same extent. Decreases in blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and myocardial O2 concumption with ADS were more prominent than those with CV-1674. ADS produced a marked bradycardia that was not evident with CV-1674. Neither agent had a significant influence on myocardial efficiency. In guinea pig atria, ADS and 2-Cl-ADS exerted negative effects while those with CV-1674 were positive inotropic and chronotropic. In cats, intraduodenal ADS (10 mg/kg) produced no effects on cardiohemodynamic parameters.  CV-1674 (250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased myocardial tissue blood flow (MBF) with a slight hypotension in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 2-Cl-ADS (100, 250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased MBF only with the highest dose concomitantly with marked hypotension and bradycardia. These results suggest that CV-1674 induces selective coronary vasodilation with less depression on cardiohemodynamics, and is relatively well absorbed from the intestinal tract. The pharmacological profile of the compound, therefore, differs from that of ADS and 2-Cl-ADS.", "contents": "Effects of a 2-substituted adenosine derivative, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-adenosine (CV-1674) on coronary and cardiohemodynamics, and myocardial energetics. In dogs, intracoronary doses of CV-1674, adenosine ( ADS) and 2-Cl-ADS for doubling coronary flow were estimated as 5.0, 2.0 and 0.4 microgram/dog, and i.v. doses 31, 71 and 2.5 microgram/kg, respectively. ADS and 2-Cl-ADS decreased, while CV-1674 increased LV dp/dt. Intravenous infusion (30 min) of CV-1674 (10 microgram/kg per min) and ADS (700 microgram/kg per min) decreased coronary resistance to approximately the same extent. Decreases in blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and myocardial O2 concumption with ADS were more prominent than those with CV-1674. ADS produced a marked bradycardia that was not evident with CV-1674. Neither agent had a significant influence on myocardial efficiency. In guinea pig atria, ADS and 2-Cl-ADS exerted negative effects while those with CV-1674 were positive inotropic and chronotropic. In cats, intraduodenal ADS (10 mg/kg) produced no effects on cardiohemodynamic parameters.  CV-1674 (250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased myocardial tissue blood flow (MBF) with a slight hypotension in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 2-Cl-ADS (100, 250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased MBF only with the highest dose concomitantly with marked hypotension and bradycardia. These results suggest that CV-1674 induces selective coronary vasodilation with less depression on cardiohemodynamics, and is relatively well absorbed from the intestinal tract. The pharmacological profile of the compound, therefore, differs from that of ADS and 2-Cl-ADS.", "PMID": 592558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4157", "title": "Effect of erabutoxin on respiration of rabbits.", "content": "The effect of erabutoxin (ETX) was examined on respiration of rabbits. A single dose of 15 microgram/kg or 25 microgram/kg of ETX did not cause respiratory paralysis, but repeated administration of 15 microgram/kg of ETX at 3 hour intervals (three times) or 25 microgram/kg at 4 hour intervals (twice) caused fatal respiratory paralysis. Furthermore, a single administration of 50 microgram/kg of ETX caused fatal respiratory paralysis within 2 hours after the administration in all animals. This respiratory paralysis caused by ETX was reversible and of long duration (10-20 hour). This respiratory paralysis was not blocked by the administration of anticurare agents (neostigmine, edrophonium) or respiratory stimulants (nikethamide, picrotoxin, dimorpholamine). Since ETX had no influence on the circulatory system, death caused by ETX was prevented with application of artificial respiration.", "contents": "Effect of erabutoxin on respiration of rabbits. The effect of erabutoxin (ETX) was examined on respiration of rabbits. A single dose of 15 microgram/kg or 25 microgram/kg of ETX did not cause respiratory paralysis, but repeated administration of 15 microgram/kg of ETX at 3 hour intervals (three times) or 25 microgram/kg at 4 hour intervals (twice) caused fatal respiratory paralysis. Furthermore, a single administration of 50 microgram/kg of ETX caused fatal respiratory paralysis within 2 hours after the administration in all animals. This respiratory paralysis caused by ETX was reversible and of long duration (10-20 hour). This respiratory paralysis was not blocked by the administration of anticurare agents (neostigmine, edrophonium) or respiratory stimulants (nikethamide, picrotoxin, dimorpholamine). Since ETX had no influence on the circulatory system, death caused by ETX was prevented with application of artificial respiration.", "PMID": 592560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4158", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in rats.", "content": "The absorption and tissue distribution of ochratoxin A (OCT A) following a single oral dose of OCT A were investigated in adult, male Wistar rats. In experiments concerning excretory patterns of OCT A, 14C-OCT A was used. A relatively large amount of OCT A was found in the circulating blood 48 hours after dosing. The patterns of absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of OCT A were affected by acute catarrhal enteritis produced by OCT A and/or ochratoxin alpha(OCT alpha). Quantitative data show that OCT A is distributed mostly in the kidney and this finding is closely associated with the tissue specifity of OCT A-induced nephrotoxicity. OCT A was found to be hydrolyzed to its major metabolite, OCT alpha by addition of the homogenate of pancreas, duodenum and ileum. Approximately 56% of OCT A administered was excreted in both urine and feces as the unchanged toxin and OCT alpha during 120 hours following dosing. A relatively larger amount of OCT alpha was detected as compared with that of OCT A.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in rats. The absorption and tissue distribution of ochratoxin A (OCT A) following a single oral dose of OCT A were investigated in adult, male Wistar rats. In experiments concerning excretory patterns of OCT A, 14C-OCT A was used. A relatively large amount of OCT A was found in the circulating blood 48 hours after dosing. The patterns of absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of OCT A were affected by acute catarrhal enteritis produced by OCT A and/or ochratoxin alpha(OCT alpha). Quantitative data show that OCT A is distributed mostly in the kidney and this finding is closely associated with the tissue specifity of OCT A-induced nephrotoxicity. OCT A was found to be hydrolyzed to its major metabolite, OCT alpha by addition of the homogenate of pancreas, duodenum and ileum. Approximately 56% of OCT A administered was excreted in both urine and feces as the unchanged toxin and OCT alpha during 120 hours following dosing. A relatively larger amount of OCT alpha was detected as compared with that of OCT A.", "PMID": 592561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4159", "title": "[Spatial properties on the contralateral suppressive field in binocular rivalry (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper was to examine the spatial extent of the Contralateral Suppressive Field by using a probe stimulus (20' in diameter) method. It was found that (a) the suppressive effect, measured by frequency of phenomenal disappearance of the probe stimulus, declined sharply in proportion to the distance from the contour of the suppressor, and it declined more sharply near the center of the visual field and (b) the same effect increased in proportion to the contrast of the suppressor, but was independent of the width of the suppressor.", "contents": "[Spatial properties on the contralateral suppressive field in binocular rivalry (author's transl)]. This paper was to examine the spatial extent of the Contralateral Suppressive Field by using a probe stimulus (20' in diameter) method. It was found that (a) the suppressive effect, measured by frequency of phenomenal disappearance of the probe stimulus, declined sharply in proportion to the distance from the contour of the suppressor, and it declined more sharply near the center of the visual field and (b) the same effect increased in proportion to the contrast of the suppressor, but was independent of the width of the suppressor.", "PMID": 592564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4160", "title": "Hemispheric differences in a categorization matching task.", "content": "The laterality difference in the execution of the higher-order cognitive task, categorization utilizing a superordinate concept, was examined. The subjects decided whether the two stimuli serially presented in the right or left visual field came under an identical category. In Exp. I, outline drawing stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in latency in the \"same\" response and LVF condition superiority in the \"different\" responses were demonstrated. These results were similar to those in the previous physical matching task and suggested that a superordinate concept was not in use to execute the present task. In Exp. II, vertically written verbal stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in both the \"same\" and the \"different\" responses were demonstrated. These results would suggest the superiority of the left hemisphere in the higher-order cognitive tasks.", "contents": "Hemispheric differences in a categorization matching task. The laterality difference in the execution of the higher-order cognitive task, categorization utilizing a superordinate concept, was examined. The subjects decided whether the two stimuli serially presented in the right or left visual field came under an identical category. In Exp. I, outline drawing stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in latency in the \"same\" response and LVF condition superiority in the \"different\" responses were demonstrated. These results were similar to those in the previous physical matching task and suggested that a superordinate concept was not in use to execute the present task. In Exp. II, vertically written verbal stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in both the \"same\" and the \"different\" responses were demonstrated. These results would suggest the superiority of the left hemisphere in the higher-order cognitive tasks.", "PMID": 592565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4161", "title": "[Occipital blindness in juvenile, spongiform glio-neuronal dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 17-year-old patient with spongiform glioneuronal dystrophy is described. Symptoms of a severe infection at the onset of this disease give an insight on the unknown etiology. Occipital visual disturbances were the main signs in this case. 5 years after the onset of the disease death occured. The pathological-anatomical findings were: necrosis of ganglion cells in the visual cortex, severe loss of Purkinje- and granular cells of the cerebellum with spongy changes and cavities in the occipital lobe. Slight loss of ganglion cells was to be seen in the striata area, thalamus, dentate nucleus, and in the inferior olive. In addition, there was a demyelinisation of the posterior funiculi.", "contents": "[Occipital blindness in juvenile, spongiform glio-neuronal dystrophy (author's transl)]. A 17-year-old patient with spongiform glioneuronal dystrophy is described. Symptoms of a severe infection at the onset of this disease give an insight on the unknown etiology. Occipital visual disturbances were the main signs in this case. 5 years after the onset of the disease death occured. The pathological-anatomical findings were: necrosis of ganglion cells in the visual cortex, severe loss of Purkinje- and granular cells of the cerebellum with spongy changes and cavities in the occipital lobe. Slight loss of ganglion cells was to be seen in the striata area, thalamus, dentate nucleus, and in the inferior olive. In addition, there was a demyelinisation of the posterior funiculi.", "PMID": 592642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4162", "title": "[Factors influencing the urgency of repair of retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "An earlier publication (1974) described the urgency for surgical repair of some retinal detachments. The presurgical state of the macula provides a basis for categorizing detachments into 5 prognostic groups. Due to different degrees of macular detachment a statistical significance was present in the postsurgical visual acuity. The following clinical findings define the urgency for repair of a retinal detachment: 1. the macula attached but threatened by an approaching bullous, 2. the macula partially detached, 3. the macula detached for 1 day but less than 1 week, and 4. the macula detached in an old or highly myopic patient.", "contents": "[Factors influencing the urgency of repair of retinal detachment (author's transl)]. An earlier publication (1974) described the urgency for surgical repair of some retinal detachments. The presurgical state of the macula provides a basis for categorizing detachments into 5 prognostic groups. Due to different degrees of macular detachment a statistical significance was present in the postsurgical visual acuity. The following clinical findings define the urgency for repair of a retinal detachment: 1. the macula attached but threatened by an approaching bullous, 2. the macula partially detached, 3. the macula detached for 1 day but less than 1 week, and 4. the macula detached in an old or highly myopic patient.", "PMID": 592643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4163", "title": "[Sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs in the therapy of glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The basis of sympathetic impulse transmission are summarised. Sympathomimetics and sympatholytics are discussed with regard to their mode of action, clinical use and contra-indications. We found that a 1% solution of adrenaline twice a day together with miotics is most suitable for long-term treatment. With the beta-blockers Bupranolol and Timolol tried by us can a massive pressure reduction be obtained, but which is of short duration with the concentrations used up till now. Adrenergic potentiators can not be recommended.", "contents": "[Sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs in the therapy of glaucoma (author's transl)]. The basis of sympathetic impulse transmission are summarised. Sympathomimetics and sympatholytics are discussed with regard to their mode of action, clinical use and contra-indications. We found that a 1% solution of adrenaline twice a day together with miotics is most suitable for long-term treatment. With the beta-blockers Bupranolol and Timolol tried by us can a massive pressure reduction be obtained, but which is of short duration with the concentrations used up till now. Adrenergic potentiators can not be recommended.", "PMID": 592644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4164", "title": "[The consideration of topographic anatomy in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The fistulizing operations can be classified with regard to their topography to the Schlemm's canal into the precanalicular Elliot's trephining, the trephining in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (goniotrephining with scleral flap), the sclerectomy in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (trabeculectomy). If the trephining is performed retrocanalicularly, the scleral spur and the ciliary muscle are involved. Iridodialysis and haemorrhage from the circulus arteriosus iridis major may occur in the peripheral iridorhexis, which is recommended for the iridencleisis and for the iridectomy in acute glaucoma. The proof for the decompression of the intrascleral optical canal in central vein thrombosis by the surgical procedure reported by Vasco-Posada cannot be deduced when the topographic-anatomical circumstances are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[The consideration of topographic anatomy in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. The fistulizing operations can be classified with regard to their topography to the Schlemm's canal into the precanalicular Elliot's trephining, the trephining in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (goniotrephining with scleral flap), the sclerectomy in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (trabeculectomy). If the trephining is performed retrocanalicularly, the scleral spur and the ciliary muscle are involved. Iridodialysis and haemorrhage from the circulus arteriosus iridis major may occur in the peripheral iridorhexis, which is recommended for the iridencleisis and for the iridectomy in acute glaucoma. The proof for the decompression of the intrascleral optical canal in central vein thrombosis by the surgical procedure reported by Vasco-Posada cannot be deduced when the topographic-anatomical circumstances are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 592645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4165", "title": "[Benign angiofollicular lymphoma of the eyelid (author's transl)].", "content": "The first case of benign angiofollicular lymphoma (Castleman) of the lower and upper eyelid is reported. The patient was a 79-year-old woman. The multifocal tumor was removed in two operations. The patient has since been free of complaints and the tumor has not recurred. This observation shows that Castleman's tumor must be included in the differential diagnosis of ophthalmologic benign and malignant lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. The diversity in nomenclature of this tumor expresses the varying pathogenetic and etiologic concepts. As in the present case, the majority of extrathoracal angiofollicular lymphomas of the hyaline-vascular type is obviously best interpreted as being hamartomas or choristomas. This does not exclude a poly-etiology, especially of the plasma cell type which is associated with general clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Benign angiofollicular lymphoma of the eyelid (author's transl)]. The first case of benign angiofollicular lymphoma (Castleman) of the lower and upper eyelid is reported. The patient was a 79-year-old woman. The multifocal tumor was removed in two operations. The patient has since been free of complaints and the tumor has not recurred. This observation shows that Castleman's tumor must be included in the differential diagnosis of ophthalmologic benign and malignant lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. The diversity in nomenclature of this tumor expresses the varying pathogenetic and etiologic concepts. As in the present case, the majority of extrathoracal angiofollicular lymphomas of the hyaline-vascular type is obviously best interpreted as being hamartomas or choristomas. This does not exclude a poly-etiology, especially of the plasma cell type which is associated with general clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 592646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4166", "title": "[Ophthalmological long-term effects of malar fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1964 to 1974 138 patients with malar fractures were treated by operation. After follow-up examination on an average of 3 years and 10 months after the operations the occuring complications in 61 patients were revealed. On the first stationary admission to hospital 14 patients complained of diplopia; on the follow-up examination only 5 paresiae were found. On the first examination after the accident 35 patients had hypoaesthesiae, anaesthesiae or paraesthesiae in the area of supply of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves. It is remarkable that in the follow-up examination 29 patients complained still of these disturbances. Perforating injuries were not found in these patients. 2 patients had however traumatic macular foramina. 2 further patients had partial optic atrophy, a result of fracture in the region of the optic canal.", "contents": "[Ophthalmological long-term effects of malar fractures (author's transl)]. In the years 1964 to 1974 138 patients with malar fractures were treated by operation. After follow-up examination on an average of 3 years and 10 months after the operations the occuring complications in 61 patients were revealed. On the first stationary admission to hospital 14 patients complained of diplopia; on the follow-up examination only 5 paresiae were found. On the first examination after the accident 35 patients had hypoaesthesiae, anaesthesiae or paraesthesiae in the area of supply of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves. It is remarkable that in the follow-up examination 29 patients complained still of these disturbances. Perforating injuries were not found in these patients. 2 patients had however traumatic macular foramina. 2 further patients had partial optic atrophy, a result of fracture in the region of the optic canal.", "PMID": 592647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4167", "title": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye. 2. Drainage of lymph-dependent radioactive substances from the anterior chamber. (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study lymph drainage from the eye colloid solutions (198Au-colloid and 99mTc-sulfur-colloid) were injected into the right anterior chamber of the eye in 12 rabbits. The distribution of the radioactivity was measured in vivo with an Anger-type camera and in vitro with a sodium iodine crystal well-counter after dissection. The drainage of radioactivity from the anterior chamber had an average half-life of 36 min. The drained activity could be found mainly in blood, liver, kidney, and bone tissue. Moreover, a concentration of radioactivity significantly surpassing the concentration in blood was measured in the right retrobulbar space in 75% of the cases and in the cervical lymph nodes in 50% of the cases. These findings substantiate a communication between the anterior chamber of the eye and the retrobulbar space in the form of a lymphatic or a prelymphatic-lymphatic flow.", "contents": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye. 2. Drainage of lymph-dependent radioactive substances from the anterior chamber. (author's transl)]. In order to study lymph drainage from the eye colloid solutions (198Au-colloid and 99mTc-sulfur-colloid) were injected into the right anterior chamber of the eye in 12 rabbits. The distribution of the radioactivity was measured in vivo with an Anger-type camera and in vitro with a sodium iodine crystal well-counter after dissection. The drainage of radioactivity from the anterior chamber had an average half-life of 36 min. The drained activity could be found mainly in blood, liver, kidney, and bone tissue. Moreover, a concentration of radioactivity significantly surpassing the concentration in blood was measured in the right retrobulbar space in 75% of the cases and in the cervical lymph nodes in 50% of the cases. These findings substantiate a communication between the anterior chamber of the eye and the retrobulbar space in the form of a lymphatic or a prelymphatic-lymphatic flow.", "PMID": 592648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4168", "title": "[Dangers of ocusert therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "According to many publications, patients who wear Ocusert often loosed their medicamental pocket. We observed a case, who developed an acute angle-block-glaucoma. This was a reason for us, to represent the dangers of Ocusert-therapy. A glaucoma with narrow angle of the anterior chamber should be regarded as a contraindication.", "contents": "[Dangers of ocusert therapy (author's transl)]. According to many publications, patients who wear Ocusert often loosed their medicamental pocket. We observed a case, who developed an acute angle-block-glaucoma. This was a reason for us, to represent the dangers of Ocusert-therapy. A glaucoma with narrow angle of the anterior chamber should be regarded as a contraindication.", "PMID": 592649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4169", "title": "[Closure of the central artery of the retina in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper a case of generalized scleroderma with concomitant central arterial occlusion is reported. To our knowledge this coincidence of generalized scleroderma and central arterial occlusion has not been described so far. As fibrinoid necrosis and proliferative changes of the choroidal vessels occur with generalized scleroderma the possibility is discussed that the central arterial occlusion may be an effect of the scleroderma.", "contents": "[Closure of the central artery of the retina in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)]. In the present paper a case of generalized scleroderma with concomitant central arterial occlusion is reported. To our knowledge this coincidence of generalized scleroderma and central arterial occlusion has not been described so far. As fibrinoid necrosis and proliferative changes of the choroidal vessels occur with generalized scleroderma the possibility is discussed that the central arterial occlusion may be an effect of the scleroderma.", "PMID": 592650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4170", "title": "[Intraocular (subretinal) echinococcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a 2-year-old boy with a young subretinal hydatid cyst in his left eye. Without inflammation. Secondary convergent strabismus was present. The diagnosis was made by positive intracutan-test by Casoni.", "contents": "[Intraocular (subretinal) echinococcosis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a 2-year-old boy with a young subretinal hydatid cyst in his left eye. Without inflammation. Secondary convergent strabismus was present. The diagnosis was made by positive intracutan-test by Casoni.", "PMID": 592651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4171", "title": "[Macular function after successful surgery of retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "Following successful surgery 20 cases of retinal detachment with previous separation of the macular area were submitted to examination of visual acuity, colour perception and metamorphopsia. Improvement of visual acuity usually developed during the 12-week-period of supervision; this improvement was related to the preoperative duration of the detachment. The disturbance of colour sense was confined to the perception of yellow and blue, beeing independent of the duration of the retinal detachment; as a rule a tendency to improvement was found during the time of observation. Labile postoperative metamorphopsias were more pronounced in the spoke-test than in the Amsler-test. No evident connexions between the duration of retinal detachment and the intensity of metamorpoptic distortions could be found. In cases with retinal tears in the posterior segment cured with a high plombade effect stable visual distortions occurred in the Amsler-test only. Such distortions seem to be due to mechanical factors and cannot be considered real metamorphopsias.", "contents": "[Macular function after successful surgery of retinal detachment (author's transl)]. Following successful surgery 20 cases of retinal detachment with previous separation of the macular area were submitted to examination of visual acuity, colour perception and metamorphopsia. Improvement of visual acuity usually developed during the 12-week-period of supervision; this improvement was related to the preoperative duration of the detachment. The disturbance of colour sense was confined to the perception of yellow and blue, beeing independent of the duration of the retinal detachment; as a rule a tendency to improvement was found during the time of observation. Labile postoperative metamorphopsias were more pronounced in the spoke-test than in the Amsler-test. No evident connexions between the duration of retinal detachment and the intensity of metamorpoptic distortions could be found. In cases with retinal tears in the posterior segment cured with a high plombade effect stable visual distortions occurred in the Amsler-test only. Such distortions seem to be due to mechanical factors and cannot be considered real metamorphopsias.", "PMID": 592652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4172", "title": "[The drug treatment of \"myopia syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "46 patients with myopia syndrome were treated for over two years with Difrarel E and Neosynephrin 5%. Three patients discontinued treatment. Only in one case deterioration occured. All remaining patients showed none or only slight changes of the refraction during the treatment period.", "contents": "[The drug treatment of \"myopia syndrome\" (author's transl)]. 46 patients with myopia syndrome were treated for over two years with Difrarel E and Neosynephrin 5%. Three patients discontinued treatment. Only in one case deterioration occured. All remaining patients showed none or only slight changes of the refraction during the treatment period.", "PMID": 592656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4173", "title": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the results of immunsuppressive therapy in 6 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. A combined regimen of azathioprine and cortisone improved the course of the disease and diminished the number of recidives. In order to prevent irreversible damage to the eye early immunosuppressive therapy is advocated. Because of possible side-effects of azathioprine the necessity of further treatment should be reevaluated after several months without symptoms and then gradually terminated.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease (author's transl)]. Report on the results of immunsuppressive therapy in 6 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. A combined regimen of azathioprine and cortisone improved the course of the disease and diminished the number of recidives. In order to prevent irreversible damage to the eye early immunosuppressive therapy is advocated. Because of possible side-effects of azathioprine the necessity of further treatment should be reevaluated after several months without symptoms and then gradually terminated.", "PMID": 592657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4174", "title": "[The significance of central, peripheral and binocular vision for parachute jumping (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study personal observations during parachute jumping under various visual conditions are recorded. Jumps were executed with reduced visual acuity, monocular vision, and hemianopic defects of the visual fields. The conclusions regarding admission to parachute jumping drawn from the author's personal observations are discussed.", "contents": "[The significance of central, peripheral and binocular vision for parachute jumping (author's transl)]. In this study personal observations during parachute jumping under various visual conditions are recorded. Jumps were executed with reduced visual acuity, monocular vision, and hemianopic defects of the visual fields. The conclusions regarding admission to parachute jumping drawn from the author's personal observations are discussed.", "PMID": 592658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4175", "title": "[A simple method to perform conjunctivorhinostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "We have done conjunctivorhinostomy with a new and more simple method than that of Chandler et al. (1974/1975). A venous cannule is pushed through the conjunctiva via ductus nasolacrimalis to the nose. When dye-marked physiological salt solution can be injected through the needle into the nose, we can be sure to have the right position. Now the needle is pulled away and the plastic cannula sutured to the conjunctiva. We have made this new operation only a few times and we are expecting good results.", "contents": "[A simple method to perform conjunctivorhinostomy (author's transl)]. We have done conjunctivorhinostomy with a new and more simple method than that of Chandler et al. (1974/1975). A venous cannule is pushed through the conjunctiva via ductus nasolacrimalis to the nose. When dye-marked physiological salt solution can be injected through the needle into the nose, we can be sure to have the right position. Now the needle is pulled away and the plastic cannula sutured to the conjunctiva. We have made this new operation only a few times and we are expecting good results.", "PMID": 592659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4176", "title": "[The prognostic value of the laser-interference-fringe-test with cataract patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The retinal visual acuity of 198 cataractous eyes was tested with interference-fringes and compared with the post-operative visual acuity. A new method of creating interference-fringes was used. The interference-fringe technique showed its special clinical value with immature cataracts. It is of certain value also with premature cataracts. With mature and hypermature cataracts no results of clinical value could be obtained. The method seems to have its value with congenital and juvenile cataracts.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of the laser-interference-fringe-test with cataract patients (author's transl)]. The retinal visual acuity of 198 cataractous eyes was tested with interference-fringes and compared with the post-operative visual acuity. A new method of creating interference-fringes was used. The interference-fringe technique showed its special clinical value with immature cataracts. It is of certain value also with premature cataracts. With mature and hypermature cataracts no results of clinical value could be obtained. The method seems to have its value with congenital and juvenile cataracts.", "PMID": 592660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4177", "title": "[Dopamin-beta-hydroxylaseaktivit\u00e4t im Plasma von Dialysepatienten (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma dopamin-b-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in 70 healthy control persons and in 37 hemodialysed patients. Basal DBH in controls corresponded to 50.0 +/- 29.3 IU. There was was no significant difference between males (53.9 +/1 33.8 IU) and females (47.4 +/- 25 IU); no correlation could be found between age and plasma DBH. In hemodialysed patients basal DBH levels were significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased (32.5 %/- 17.6 IU), suggesting lowered sympathetic activity and/or abnormalities in release, distribution space, or metabolism of DBH. During hemodialysis plasma DBH activity rose during ultrafiltration. This finding indicates a directionally appropriate sympathetic reflex response to volume depletion in dialysed patients.", "contents": "[Dopamin-beta-hydroxylaseaktivit\u00e4t im Plasma von Dialysepatienten (author's transl)]. Plasma dopamin-b-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in 70 healthy control persons and in 37 hemodialysed patients. Basal DBH in controls corresponded to 50.0 +/- 29.3 IU. There was was no significant difference between males (53.9 +/1 33.8 IU) and females (47.4 +/- 25 IU); no correlation could be found between age and plasma DBH. In hemodialysed patients basal DBH levels were significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased (32.5 %/- 17.6 IU), suggesting lowered sympathetic activity and/or abnormalities in release, distribution space, or metabolism of DBH. During hemodialysis plasma DBH activity rose during ultrafiltration. This finding indicates a directionally appropriate sympathetic reflex response to volume depletion in dialysed patients.", "PMID": 592677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4178", "title": "Morphological findings of different areas of gastric mucosa in patients with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria, normochlorhydria and their relationship to serum gastrin levels: evidence for two different types of gastritis.", "content": "The morphological changes of gastric mucosa taken from different areas has been studied in patients of approximately the same age with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria and normochlorhydria. The serum gastrin level and parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric patients. In the latter the diffuse gastritis was localized in the corpus-fundic area, while the changes in the antral region were few and occurred mostly in the superficial zone. In normochlorhydric patients however, the diffuse gastritis was localized in the antral region, with only few changes at the corpus-fundic area. In patients with extreme hypochlorhydira either the fundic or the antral region was involved. Besides the diffuse gastritis intestinal metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and atrophy of mucosa were also observed, although much less commonly. The increase of gastrin level could not be related to a definite morphological pattern in the gastric mucosa. It can be assumed that each of the two types of gastritis has a different natural history; the antral site of gastrititis cannot be transformed into the fundic site, nor can the fundic site be transformed into the antral site.", "contents": "Morphological findings of different areas of gastric mucosa in patients with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria, normochlorhydria and their relationship to serum gastrin levels: evidence for two different types of gastritis. The morphological changes of gastric mucosa taken from different areas has been studied in patients of approximately the same age with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria and normochlorhydria. The serum gastrin level and parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric patients. In the latter the diffuse gastritis was localized in the corpus-fundic area, while the changes in the antral region were few and occurred mostly in the superficial zone. In normochlorhydric patients however, the diffuse gastritis was localized in the antral region, with only few changes at the corpus-fundic area. In patients with extreme hypochlorhydira either the fundic or the antral region was involved. Besides the diffuse gastritis intestinal metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and atrophy of mucosa were also observed, although much less commonly. The increase of gastrin level could not be related to a definite morphological pattern in the gastric mucosa. It can be assumed that each of the two types of gastritis has a different natural history; the antral site of gastrititis cannot be transformed into the fundic site, nor can the fundic site be transformed into the antral site.", "PMID": 592678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4179", "title": "[Ferritin. Radioimmunological determination in serum and clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Ferritin is an iron storage protein which has been shown to be present in blood serum only recently. An immunoradiometric determination of ferritin in 324 subjects with different iron stores is reported. In healthy men and women a ferritin concentration of 131 microgram/l (SD: 1,59) and 67 microgram/l (SD: 1,79) was found respectively. In male and female blood donors as well as patients with iron deficiency and iron overload significant differences of serum ferritin concentration could be demonstrated. In clinical practice the determination of serum ferritin is a valuable method for the estimation of body iron stores.", "contents": "[Ferritin. Radioimmunological determination in serum and clinical significance (author's transl)]. Ferritin is an iron storage protein which has been shown to be present in blood serum only recently. An immunoradiometric determination of ferritin in 324 subjects with different iron stores is reported. In healthy men and women a ferritin concentration of 131 microgram/l (SD: 1,59) and 67 microgram/l (SD: 1,79) was found respectively. In male and female blood donors as well as patients with iron deficiency and iron overload significant differences of serum ferritin concentration could be demonstrated. In clinical practice the determination of serum ferritin is a valuable method for the estimation of body iron stores.", "PMID": 592679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4180", "title": "[Serumferritin in patients with malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum of 70 patients with malignant lymphoma was tested for concentration of ferritin by immunoradiometric assay. Serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease showed an apparently increased ferritin concentration only in the stage III and IV. Concentration of serum ferritin was found normal in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low malignancy. Among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphome of high malignancy only one who suffered from advanced immunoblastic sarcoma showed increased concentration of serum ferritin. Patients with elevated concentration of serum ferritin had a decreased level of serum iron and showed also anemia. Their bone marrow reticulum was rich in dyeing iron. These results suggest that hyperferritinemia in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease is related to a lack of release of iron from reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "[Serumferritin in patients with malignant lymphomas (author's transl)]. Serum of 70 patients with malignant lymphoma was tested for concentration of ferritin by immunoradiometric assay. Serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease showed an apparently increased ferritin concentration only in the stage III and IV. Concentration of serum ferritin was found normal in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low malignancy. Among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphome of high malignancy only one who suffered from advanced immunoblastic sarcoma showed increased concentration of serum ferritin. Patients with elevated concentration of serum ferritin had a decreased level of serum iron and showed also anemia. Their bone marrow reticulum was rich in dyeing iron. These results suggest that hyperferritinemia in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease is related to a lack of release of iron from reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 592680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4181", "title": "[Arteriovenous haemofiltration: a new and simple method for treatment of over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics].", "content": "Fluid withdrawal in over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics was obtained by means of a capillary haemofilter, using the arterio-venous pressure gradient for blood perfusion at a rate of 100 ml/min. The ultrafiltration rate was 200-600 ml/h and could be maintained as long as 48 h without changing the haemofilter. This method, which needs no technical investment, is easy and simple to handle for the physician, bears only a very low risk for the patient, and ensures a negative fluid balance even at a mean blood pressure of only 60 mm Hg.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous haemofiltration: a new and simple method for treatment of over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics]. Fluid withdrawal in over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics was obtained by means of a capillary haemofilter, using the arterio-venous pressure gradient for blood perfusion at a rate of 100 ml/min. The ultrafiltration rate was 200-600 ml/h and could be maintained as long as 48 h without changing the haemofilter. This method, which needs no technical investment, is easy and simple to handle for the physician, bears only a very low risk for the patient, and ensures a negative fluid balance even at a mean blood pressure of only 60 mm Hg.", "PMID": 592681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4182", "title": "[Man and his environment. Introduction with historical analysis].", "content": "This historical analysis, given at the 109th Meeting of the German Society of Naturalists, Scientists and Physicians was intended as an introduction to the day assigned to the Medical Section of the Society. The following topics were dealt with: (1) the claim of science and scientists of the 19th Century to establish absolute norms by scientific methods, (2) the change of paradigm of modern sciences during the last hundred years, (3) the profound changes concerning \"Man and His Environment\", which was the general topic of the meeting.", "contents": "[Man and his environment. Introduction with historical analysis]. This historical analysis, given at the 109th Meeting of the German Society of Naturalists, Scientists and Physicians was intended as an introduction to the day assigned to the Medical Section of the Society. The following topics were dealt with: (1) the claim of science and scientists of the 19th Century to establish absolute norms by scientific methods, (2) the change of paradigm of modern sciences during the last hundred years, (3) the profound changes concerning \"Man and His Environment\", which was the general topic of the meeting.", "PMID": 592682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4183", "title": "[Detection of genetic defects by amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the view of the obstetrician the development of prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases is the consequent continuation of preventive measures for mother and child during prenatal care. In vitro cultivation of fetal cells after amniocentesis in the beginning second trimester enabled the use of those cells for cytogenetic and biochemical analyses. In doing so, chromosomal anomalies, an increasing number of inborn metabolic diseases and open neural tube defects can be detected or excluded in early pregnancy. We are today in a position to encourage carrier families suffering from hereditary defects to have children in cases which have so far been dissuaded from pregnancy. Due to the fact that in approximately 95% of the cases an inborn anomaly can be excluded prenatal diagnosis of congenital defects has got a positive effect on the ongoing pregnancy and over all family planning. Based on our studies of 1000 amniocenteses indications, risks and results are being presented. The diagnostic possibilities of the fetoscopy are being discussed in the light of the first own experiences.", "contents": "[Detection of genetic defects by amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)]. In the view of the obstetrician the development of prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases is the consequent continuation of preventive measures for mother and child during prenatal care. In vitro cultivation of fetal cells after amniocentesis in the beginning second trimester enabled the use of those cells for cytogenetic and biochemical analyses. In doing so, chromosomal anomalies, an increasing number of inborn metabolic diseases and open neural tube defects can be detected or excluded in early pregnancy. We are today in a position to encourage carrier families suffering from hereditary defects to have children in cases which have so far been dissuaded from pregnancy. Due to the fact that in approximately 95% of the cases an inborn anomaly can be excluded prenatal diagnosis of congenital defects has got a positive effect on the ongoing pregnancy and over all family planning. Based on our studies of 1000 amniocenteses indications, risks and results are being presented. The diagnostic possibilities of the fetoscopy are being discussed in the light of the first own experiences.", "PMID": 592683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4184", "title": "[Human tolerance to repeated +Gz loads].", "content": "Centrifugation experiments were carried out to study human tolerance to repeated acceleration +Gz of 7.5 and 8.5 G as maximal and 1.2 and 3.0 G as minimal values. The exposures were no longer than II min with the onset rate of 0.3 to 0.8 G/sec. Repeated exposures to acceleration changed their tolerance by test subjects. Further study of the effects of repeated exposures to +Gz is needed under the conditions similar to those of a real flight.", "contents": "[Human tolerance to repeated +Gz loads]. Centrifugation experiments were carried out to study human tolerance to repeated acceleration +Gz of 7.5 and 8.5 G as maximal and 1.2 and 3.0 G as minimal values. The exposures were no longer than II min with the onset rate of 0.3 to 0.8 G/sec. Repeated exposures to acceleration changed their tolerance by test subjects. Further study of the effects of repeated exposures to +Gz is needed under the conditions similar to those of a real flight.", "PMID": 592702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4185", "title": "[Water-salt metabolism in white rats following a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "As a result of a combined effect of prolonged weightlessness and ionizing radiation at a dose of 800 rad aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690, the recovery time of certain parameters of fluid-electrolyte metabolism (hydration of the body, balance of sodium, potassium, calcium) was longer than that for the animals which flew abroad the biosatellite Cosmos-605.", "contents": "[Water-salt metabolism in white rats following a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite]. As a result of a combined effect of prolonged weightlessness and ionizing radiation at a dose of 800 rad aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690, the recovery time of certain parameters of fluid-electrolyte metabolism (hydration of the body, balance of sodium, potassium, calcium) was longer than that for the animals which flew abroad the biosatellite Cosmos-605.", "PMID": 592704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4186", "title": "[Clinical aspects of a change in the nervous system after 49-day head-down hypokinesis].", "content": "Clinical and neurological methods were used to investigate the state of the central nervous system of 9 healthy male test subjects during a 49-day head-down (at an angle of 4-6 degrees) bed rest experiment. Beginning with the 4-5th week polymorphic changes in the nervous state emerged and developed. They can be divided into three clinical syndromes: astheno-neurotic syndrome that of autonomic dysfunction and the syndrome of neuromuscular (trophic) and statokinetic disorders. In comparison with the clinostatic bed rest, head-down tilting brought about changes in the nervous system earlier and with a more distinct \"acute\" phase. This is in favour of the concept that hemodynamic changes in the brain and the upper body play a very important part in the pathogenetic mechanism that underlies most disorders accompanying bed rest.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of a change in the nervous system after 49-day head-down hypokinesis]. Clinical and neurological methods were used to investigate the state of the central nervous system of 9 healthy male test subjects during a 49-day head-down (at an angle of 4-6 degrees) bed rest experiment. Beginning with the 4-5th week polymorphic changes in the nervous state emerged and developed. They can be divided into three clinical syndromes: astheno-neurotic syndrome that of autonomic dysfunction and the syndrome of neuromuscular (trophic) and statokinetic disorders. In comparison with the clinostatic bed rest, head-down tilting brought about changes in the nervous system earlier and with a more distinct \"acute\" phase. This is in favour of the concept that hemodynamic changes in the brain and the upper body play a very important part in the pathogenetic mechanism that underlies most disorders accompanying bed rest.", "PMID": 592705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4187", "title": "[Effect of prolonged weightlessness on protein metabolism in rat red and white skeletal muscles].", "content": "With the aid of C14-leucine incorporation into proteins the protein synthesis in the red (m. soleus) and white (m. extensor dig. longus) skeletal muscles of flight and synchronous rats from the Cosmos-605 experiment was investigated. On the 2nd postflight day the total synthesis of proteins (as calculated per whole muscle) in the red muscle of flight rats remained unaltered. Therefore, distinct atrophy of this muscle that was seen only in flight rats can be attributed to increased degradation of proteins. On the 2nd postflight day the white muscle of both flight and synchronous rats showed moderate atrophy, not only increased protein degradation but also inhibited protein synthesis contributes to this.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged weightlessness on protein metabolism in rat red and white skeletal muscles]. With the aid of C14-leucine incorporation into proteins the protein synthesis in the red (m. soleus) and white (m. extensor dig. longus) skeletal muscles of flight and synchronous rats from the Cosmos-605 experiment was investigated. On the 2nd postflight day the total synthesis of proteins (as calculated per whole muscle) in the red muscle of flight rats remained unaltered. Therefore, distinct atrophy of this muscle that was seen only in flight rats can be attributed to increased degradation of proteins. On the 2nd postflight day the white muscle of both flight and synchronous rats showed moderate atrophy, not only increased protein degradation but also inhibited protein synthesis contributes to this.", "PMID": 592703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4188", "title": "[State of the muscle motor neuron apparatus in rats with limited mobility].", "content": "Neurohistochemical examinations of the motor nerve endings in the soleus and gastrochemius muscles of rats kept from 7 to 65 days under hypokinetic conditions were performed. The study of the soleus muscle revealed changes which resulted in the formation of the so-called target fibers and partial death of muscle fibers as well as changes in the nerve endings. These changes seemed to be destructive throughout the 7-15-hypokinetic day period and reparative during 30-65 hypokinetic days. The study of the gastrochemius muscle, where atrophic changes normally developed, did not demonstrate any structural changes in motor patches. It is suggested that disorders in the motor nerve endings of the soleus muscle are induced by circulation disturbances in the muscular tissue at early hypokinesia.", "contents": "[State of the muscle motor neuron apparatus in rats with limited mobility]. Neurohistochemical examinations of the motor nerve endings in the soleus and gastrochemius muscles of rats kept from 7 to 65 days under hypokinetic conditions were performed. The study of the soleus muscle revealed changes which resulted in the formation of the so-called target fibers and partial death of muscle fibers as well as changes in the nerve endings. These changes seemed to be destructive throughout the 7-15-hypokinetic day period and reparative during 30-65 hypokinetic days. The study of the gastrochemius muscle, where atrophic changes normally developed, did not demonstrate any structural changes in motor patches. It is suggested that disorders in the motor nerve endings of the soleus muscle are induced by circulation disturbances in the muscular tissue at early hypokinesia.", "PMID": 592707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4189", "title": "[Daily changes in the activity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal system in animals with varying individual radiosensitivity].", "content": "Circadian variations in the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system of Wistar rats with different individual radiosensitivity were studied. The latter was measured using an adrenaline test. The rats that differed in their radiosensitivity showed dissimilar circadian changes which included the amplitude, position of acrophases, pattern of periodic processes in the HPA system. Radioresistant rats exhibited a smaller amplitude of changes in the HPA system and a significantly larger amplitude of variations of the effectors.", "contents": "[Daily changes in the activity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal system in animals with varying individual radiosensitivity]. Circadian variations in the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system of Wistar rats with different individual radiosensitivity were studied. The latter was measured using an adrenaline test. The rats that differed in their radiosensitivity showed dissimilar circadian changes which included the amplitude, position of acrophases, pattern of periodic processes in the HPA system. Radioresistant rats exhibited a smaller amplitude of changes in the HPA system and a significantly larger amplitude of variations of the effectors.", "PMID": 592709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4190", "title": "Changes in thymus size observed radiographically during the course of spontaneous lymphoma in the AKR/J mouse.", "content": "Previous means of diagnosing AKR lymphoma only detected mice in fairly advanced stages of the disease. Since the first organ to be affected is usually the thymus, a study was made of the feasibility of diagnosing the disease and following its course by observing changes in thymus size radiographically. Rapid exposure of unanesthetized AKR/J mice to relatively soft X rays provided adequate radiographs with negligible doses to the mice (3-4 mrad). Planimeter measurements made of the cross-sectional area around the heart and thymus in side view radiographs of the individually housed mice provided a quantitative and reproducible measure of the thymus size for thymuses greater than 100 mg. When these measurements were added to the palpation scores of spleen and lymph nodes, all leukemic mice were detected. Thymus size increases were not detected until late in the disease, and decrease in thymus size was seen in approximately half of the mice prior to death. This precluded direct correlation of size to time of death. There was no relationship between the preterminal decrease in thymus size and increasing or decreasing blood leukocyte counts or leukocyte size.", "contents": "Changes in thymus size observed radiographically during the course of spontaneous lymphoma in the AKR/J mouse. Previous means of diagnosing AKR lymphoma only detected mice in fairly advanced stages of the disease. Since the first organ to be affected is usually the thymus, a study was made of the feasibility of diagnosing the disease and following its course by observing changes in thymus size radiographically. Rapid exposure of unanesthetized AKR/J mice to relatively soft X rays provided adequate radiographs with negligible doses to the mice (3-4 mrad). Planimeter measurements made of the cross-sectional area around the heart and thymus in side view radiographs of the individually housed mice provided a quantitative and reproducible measure of the thymus size for thymuses greater than 100 mg. When these measurements were added to the palpation scores of spleen and lymph nodes, all leukemic mice were detected. Thymus size increases were not detected until late in the disease, and decrease in thymus size was seen in approximately half of the mice prior to death. This precluded direct correlation of size to time of death. There was no relationship between the preterminal decrease in thymus size and increasing or decreasing blood leukocyte counts or leukocyte size.", "PMID": 592716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4191", "title": "Hormonal regulation of rapid eosinopenia in the rat.", "content": "The stress of handling and taking blood samples from adult male Sprague Dawley rats every 10 minutes for 60 minutes resulted in eosinopenia within 10 minutes. The fall in eosinophils reached a nadir of 63% of the nonstressed sample by 40 minutes. This eosinopenia was mediated by way of the adrenocortical steroids as indicated by the failure of both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats to react to the stress of handling and sampling with an eosinopenic response similar to the intact controls. The response was not dependent on the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine since propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, failed to produce any diminution of the eosinopenic response.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of rapid eosinopenia in the rat. The stress of handling and taking blood samples from adult male Sprague Dawley rats every 10 minutes for 60 minutes resulted in eosinopenia within 10 minutes. The fall in eosinophils reached a nadir of 63% of the nonstressed sample by 40 minutes. This eosinopenia was mediated by way of the adrenocortical steroids as indicated by the failure of both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats to react to the stress of handling and sampling with an eosinopenic response similar to the intact controls. The response was not dependent on the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine since propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, failed to produce any diminution of the eosinopenic response.", "PMID": 592717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4192", "title": "[Toxicology of 1-4-dioxane].", "content": "Toxic parameters of 1-4 dioxan were estimated to be for white rats during 4 hr inhalation LC16 = 40 mg/l LC50 = 46 (42.2 +/- 50.1) mg/l; LC84 = 52 mg/l; for white mice during 2 hr inhalation LC16 = 61 mg/l; LC50 = 65 (61.3 +/- 68.2) mg/l; LC84 = 69.5 mg/l. As a result of single and repeated application, 1-4 dioxan did not induce skin changes, it was rapidly absorbed into the blood, and led to acute poisoning and irritation of the eye mucosa. A 24 hr exposure of white rats to 1-4 dioxan at concentrations of 4 and 20 mg/m3 for 90 days brought about their delayed weight gain, increased activity of glutamate-aspartate and glutamate-alanine transminases, prolonged duration of narcotic sleep, elevated content of protein in the urine, decreased diuresis, changed content of chlorides and altered motor chronaxia. The above concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 produced slight threshold changes.", "contents": "[Toxicology of 1-4-dioxane]. Toxic parameters of 1-4 dioxan were estimated to be for white rats during 4 hr inhalation LC16 = 40 mg/l LC50 = 46 (42.2 +/- 50.1) mg/l; LC84 = 52 mg/l; for white mice during 2 hr inhalation LC16 = 61 mg/l; LC50 = 65 (61.3 +/- 68.2) mg/l; LC84 = 69.5 mg/l. As a result of single and repeated application, 1-4 dioxan did not induce skin changes, it was rapidly absorbed into the blood, and led to acute poisoning and irritation of the eye mucosa. A 24 hr exposure of white rats to 1-4 dioxan at concentrations of 4 and 20 mg/m3 for 90 days brought about their delayed weight gain, increased activity of glutamate-aspartate and glutamate-alanine transminases, prolonged duration of narcotic sleep, elevated content of protein in the urine, decreased diuresis, changed content of chlorides and altered motor chronaxia. The above concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 produced slight threshold changes.", "PMID": 592711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4193", "title": "[Effect of physical loads on lipid and carbohydrate metabolic indices in hypokinesis].", "content": "Experiments on 140 white rats kept under hypokinetic conditions for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days showed a significant decrease of the glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles, acceleration of lipolysis in the adipose tissue, progressive increase of the content of nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies and cholesterol in the blood, decrease of the content of total lipids and increase of the cholesterol content in the skeletal muscles and liver. Hypokinetic rats exposed to exercises (swimming) also exhibited changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; however the content of ketone bodies in the blood increased a little, the glycogen content in tissues decreased to a lesser extent, the cholesterol level in the and skeletal muscles increased only on the 15th day, remained at the control level at later stages and even decreased in the skeletal muscles. Thus, during an exposure to hypokinesia and its combination with exercises the role of lipids on the energy balance of the animal body increases. Exercises facilitate better utilization of lipids, thus delaying adverse effects of hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Effect of physical loads on lipid and carbohydrate metabolic indices in hypokinesis]. Experiments on 140 white rats kept under hypokinetic conditions for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days showed a significant decrease of the glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles, acceleration of lipolysis in the adipose tissue, progressive increase of the content of nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies and cholesterol in the blood, decrease of the content of total lipids and increase of the cholesterol content in the skeletal muscles and liver. Hypokinetic rats exposed to exercises (swimming) also exhibited changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; however the content of ketone bodies in the blood increased a little, the glycogen content in tissues decreased to a lesser extent, the cholesterol level in the and skeletal muscles increased only on the 15th day, remained at the control level at later stages and even decreased in the skeletal muscles. Thus, during an exposure to hypokinesia and its combination with exercises the role of lipids on the energy balance of the animal body increases. Exercises facilitate better utilization of lipids, thus delaying adverse effects of hypokinesia.", "PMID": 592708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4194", "title": "Age related changes in serum throxine and 125I-triiodothyronine resin sponge uptake in the young dog.", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations and 125I-labelled triiodothyronine resin sponge uptakes (T3-RSU) were determined in young dogs every 10 days between 3 and 103 days of age. When compared to the adult mean of 1.7 microgram T4/100 ml serum, the T4 in young dogs was elevated throughout the ages studied. The serum T4 concentration was twice the adult value at 3 days of age, rose to over five times the adult value in the 1st month of life, and declined again to twice the adult mean by 103 days of age. Serum T3-RSU values decreased from 52% at 3 days (approximately equal to the adult mean) to about 30% from 13 to 23 days, indicating an increase in the thyroid hormone binding capacity of serum proteins in the first few weeks of life. Thereafter, T3-RSU rose to near 50% again. The change in binding capacity appeared to explain, at least in part, the apparent hyperthyroid-like T4 concentrations of the young dog.", "contents": "Age related changes in serum throxine and 125I-triiodothyronine resin sponge uptake in the young dog. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations and 125I-labelled triiodothyronine resin sponge uptakes (T3-RSU) were determined in young dogs every 10 days between 3 and 103 days of age. When compared to the adult mean of 1.7 microgram T4/100 ml serum, the T4 in young dogs was elevated throughout the ages studied. The serum T4 concentration was twice the adult value at 3 days of age, rose to over five times the adult value in the 1st month of life, and declined again to twice the adult mean by 103 days of age. Serum T3-RSU values decreased from 52% at 3 days (approximately equal to the adult mean) to about 30% from 13 to 23 days, indicating an increase in the thyroid hormone binding capacity of serum proteins in the first few weeks of life. Thereafter, T3-RSU rose to near 50% again. The change in binding capacity appeared to explain, at least in part, the apparent hyperthyroid-like T4 concentrations of the young dog.", "PMID": 592719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4195", "title": "[Functional state of the rat liver exposed to the primary damaging action of impact G forces].", "content": "White rats were exposed to undamaging and producing the primary damage (focal hemorrhages in the lung tissue) effects of impact acceleration. Biochemical parameters of the blood characterizing the functional state of the liver parenchyma were studied. Histological and histochemical changes in this organ were also investigated. It was demonstrated that impact acceleration that induced microlesions of the lung tissue damaged the liver parenchyma as well. However, in contrast to lesions located in the lung tissue, liver damages cannot be discerned visually since they mainly involve metabolic changes. These changes are suggested by blood biochemistries indicating alteration or inhibition of specific functions of the liver: biosynthesis of cholesterol, urea, etc. Thus, a study of partial functions of the liver is a promising procedure to help evaluate possible effects of an exposure and, first of all, differentiate in vivo undamaging and damaging (pathological) effects of impact acceleration.", "contents": "[Functional state of the rat liver exposed to the primary damaging action of impact G forces]. White rats were exposed to undamaging and producing the primary damage (focal hemorrhages in the lung tissue) effects of impact acceleration. Biochemical parameters of the blood characterizing the functional state of the liver parenchyma were studied. Histological and histochemical changes in this organ were also investigated. It was demonstrated that impact acceleration that induced microlesions of the lung tissue damaged the liver parenchyma as well. However, in contrast to lesions located in the lung tissue, liver damages cannot be discerned visually since they mainly involve metabolic changes. These changes are suggested by blood biochemistries indicating alteration or inhibition of specific functions of the liver: biosynthesis of cholesterol, urea, etc. Thus, a study of partial functions of the liver is a promising procedure to help evaluate possible effects of an exposure and, first of all, differentiate in vivo undamaging and damaging (pathological) effects of impact acceleration.", "PMID": 592710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4196", "title": "Computer record keeping in a large rodent colony.", "content": "An automated information system was developed to aid in the record keeping of inbred rodent breeding colonies. The system had keyboard terminals in each breeding room linked to a local mini-computer for data collection, editing, and short-term storage; and a remote, large computer center for permanent storage and report generation. The system allowed an animal technician to record all the activities associated with an inbred rodent breeding colony such as recording births of litters, weanings, assignment of animals, disposition of animals, and health observations. The information collected was available in daily reports provided within 24 hours after observations were recorded; weekly compilations that summarized the daily events; and special reports such as pedigrees, which were available on request.", "contents": "Computer record keeping in a large rodent colony. An automated information system was developed to aid in the record keeping of inbred rodent breeding colonies. The system had keyboard terminals in each breeding room linked to a local mini-computer for data collection, editing, and short-term storage; and a remote, large computer center for permanent storage and report generation. The system allowed an animal technician to record all the activities associated with an inbred rodent breeding colony such as recording births of litters, weanings, assignment of animals, disposition of animals, and health observations. The information collected was available in daily reports provided within 24 hours after observations were recorded; weekly compilations that summarized the daily events; and special reports such as pedigrees, which were available on request.", "PMID": 592720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4197", "title": "A simple and inexpensive method for maintaining a defined flora mouse colony.", "content": "The use of autoclaved cages, feed, bedding, water, and filter caps combined with aseptic techniques of animal husbandry in an existing mouse colony was ineffective in maintaining a defined flora colony. The addition of a laminar air flow bench equipped with a high efficiency particulate air filter provided a sterile environment in which to manipulate mice when the filter caps were removed. The installation of a duct to direct all air entering the room through the bench filter reduced the airborne bacterial counts in the room. This modification combined with the culling or marking of infected cages so that no future breeders would be taken from these cages eliminated a number of bacterial contaminants (Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, and streptococci) from the colony.", "contents": "A simple and inexpensive method for maintaining a defined flora mouse colony. The use of autoclaved cages, feed, bedding, water, and filter caps combined with aseptic techniques of animal husbandry in an existing mouse colony was ineffective in maintaining a defined flora colony. The addition of a laminar air flow bench equipped with a high efficiency particulate air filter provided a sterile environment in which to manipulate mice when the filter caps were removed. The installation of a duct to direct all air entering the room through the bench filter reduced the airborne bacterial counts in the room. This modification combined with the culling or marking of infected cages so that no future breeders would be taken from these cages eliminated a number of bacterial contaminants (Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, and streptococci) from the colony.", "PMID": 592721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4198", "title": "Ulcerative dermatitis in the rat.", "content": "Ulcerative dermatitis observed in several shipments of rats was found to be limited to one strain (Sprague Dawley) provided by one supplier from two specific breeding areas. The incidence of lesions was higher in males than in females. Rats receiving an agar base diet also appeared to have a higher incidence of the lesions. The lesion consisted of a moist ulcer usually involving the lateral aspect of the shoulder and often the sides of the neck. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from lesions of affected rats and from the skin of unaffected rats. Inoculation of S aureus into susceptible animals resulted in lesions in 25-40% of the rats, but usually at sites other than the site of inoculation. Serum neutralization tests for sialodacryoadenitis virus indicated that about half the rats with lesions and half the rats without lesions were positive. Toenail clipping of the hind feet of affected rats reduced the severity of the lesions. Efforts to isolate fungi and ectoparasites were unsuccessful. The selective procurement of rats from specified breeding areas, eliminated the population susceptible to or harboring the etiologic agent or agents responsible for the development of the ulcerative dermatitis described.", "contents": "Ulcerative dermatitis in the rat. Ulcerative dermatitis observed in several shipments of rats was found to be limited to one strain (Sprague Dawley) provided by one supplier from two specific breeding areas. The incidence of lesions was higher in males than in females. Rats receiving an agar base diet also appeared to have a higher incidence of the lesions. The lesion consisted of a moist ulcer usually involving the lateral aspect of the shoulder and often the sides of the neck. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from lesions of affected rats and from the skin of unaffected rats. Inoculation of S aureus into susceptible animals resulted in lesions in 25-40% of the rats, but usually at sites other than the site of inoculation. Serum neutralization tests for sialodacryoadenitis virus indicated that about half the rats with lesions and half the rats without lesions were positive. Toenail clipping of the hind feet of affected rats reduced the severity of the lesions. Efforts to isolate fungi and ectoparasites were unsuccessful. The selective procurement of rats from specified breeding areas, eliminated the population susceptible to or harboring the etiologic agent or agents responsible for the development of the ulcerative dermatitis described.", "PMID": 592722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4199", "title": "Poditis in the rat as a complication of experiments in exercise physiology.", "content": "Experiments using the rat to study the effect of forced exercise on various physiologic and biochemical processes were complicated by the occurrence of poditis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from two affected rats and a tentative diagnosis of staphylococcal pododermatitis was made. In a subsequent study, poditis again occurred and S aureus was isolated from the rats, cages, exercise wheels, and attendants. Subcutaneous inoculation of six rats with the organism failed to reproduce the disease. The isolation of S aureus, and the apparent response to hygienic and therapeutic procedures and a change in exercise apparatus, suggested a traumatic and infectious etiology. However, the respective roles of trauma and S aureus or other microorganisms were not resolved.", "contents": "Poditis in the rat as a complication of experiments in exercise physiology. Experiments using the rat to study the effect of forced exercise on various physiologic and biochemical processes were complicated by the occurrence of poditis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from two affected rats and a tentative diagnosis of staphylococcal pododermatitis was made. In a subsequent study, poditis again occurred and S aureus was isolated from the rats, cages, exercise wheels, and attendants. Subcutaneous inoculation of six rats with the organism failed to reproduce the disease. The isolation of S aureus, and the apparent response to hygienic and therapeutic procedures and a change in exercise apparatus, suggested a traumatic and infectious etiology. However, the respective roles of trauma and S aureus or other microorganisms were not resolved.", "PMID": 592723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4200", "title": "An in vivo preparation (Thiry-Vella fistula) suitable for the measurement of intestinal absorption in the guinea pig.", "content": "A thiry-Vella isolated intestinal loop was constructed in the guinea pig. The procedure consisted of removal of a 30-cm segment of the jejunem, restoration of intestinal continuity by a jejunojejunostomy, and exteriorization of the segment through stomata sutured to the skin. The procedure was performed on seven guinea pigs of which three survived. The three survivors remained normal in maintenance of hair, feeding, and weight gain over a long period.", "contents": "An in vivo preparation (Thiry-Vella fistula) suitable for the measurement of intestinal absorption in the guinea pig. A thiry-Vella isolated intestinal loop was constructed in the guinea pig. The procedure consisted of removal of a 30-cm segment of the jejunem, restoration of intestinal continuity by a jejunojejunostomy, and exteriorization of the segment through stomata sutured to the skin. The procedure was performed on seven guinea pigs of which three survived. The three survivors remained normal in maintenance of hair, feeding, and weight gain over a long period.", "PMID": 592724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4201", "title": "An improved method of tracheal intubation in the rabbit.", "content": "A rabbit to be intubated was anesthetized and placed in a supine position with its head back at a 45 degree angle. A speculum made of spring steel and cord was used to hold the mouth open. The tongue was held to one side, an infant size laryngoscope was inserted in the direction of the larynx, and an uncuffed nasal/oral tube was introduced into the mouth. The tube was then passed into the larynx during inspiration and held in place in the mouth and a specially designed bit.", "contents": "An improved method of tracheal intubation in the rabbit. A rabbit to be intubated was anesthetized and placed in a supine position with its head back at a 45 degree angle. A speculum made of spring steel and cord was used to hold the mouth open. The tongue was held to one side, an infant size laryngoscope was inserted in the direction of the larynx, and an uncuffed nasal/oral tube was introduced into the mouth. The tube was then passed into the larynx during inspiration and held in place in the mouth and a specially designed bit.", "PMID": 592725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4202", "title": "The retired breeder rat as a new model for antiplatelet drug discovery.", "content": "Spontaneous circulating platelet aggregates were observed in male retired breeder rats but in nonbred males of the same age and strain. Fasting serum lipid, platelet serotonin, and platelet rich plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were similar in retired breeders and nonbred rats. The in vitro response of platelets from retired breeder and nonbred rats to adenosine diphosphate and collagen were also similar. Administration of prostaglandin E1 and antiplatelet drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole) reduced the number of circulating platelet aggregates in the breeder rats. It was concluded that the retired breeder rat may be a useful model for identification of new anti-platelet drugs.", "contents": "The retired breeder rat as a new model for antiplatelet drug discovery. Spontaneous circulating platelet aggregates were observed in male retired breeder rats but in nonbred males of the same age and strain. Fasting serum lipid, platelet serotonin, and platelet rich plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were similar in retired breeders and nonbred rats. The in vitro response of platelets from retired breeder and nonbred rats to adenosine diphosphate and collagen were also similar. Administration of prostaglandin E1 and antiplatelet drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole) reduced the number of circulating platelet aggregates in the breeder rats. It was concluded that the retired breeder rat may be a useful model for identification of new anti-platelet drugs.", "PMID": 592727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4203", "title": "The hamster as a model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man.", "content": "Male hamster weighing 100-140 g were exposed to 50-500 microgram purified elastrase per 100 g body weight by intratracheal injection. The hamster were killed at intervals up to 12 months after treatment, and their lungs were examined grossly and microscopically. At 8 days after treatment, the lungs appeared to have a greater volume than the controls. At 16 days, the lungs remained inflated when the pleural cavity was opened. Alveolar size was increased in proportion to the dose of elastase. From 16 days onward, the emphysematous lesion was well established. The number of goblet cells in the bronchi also increased. Counts of goblet cells as a proportion of all bronchial lining cells showed that goblet cells more than doubled in number in elastase treated hamsters as compared with controls. The mechanism for the two lesions caused by elastase was not clear. It was concluded that the elastase treated hamster is a useful model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man.", "contents": "The hamster as a model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man. Male hamster weighing 100-140 g were exposed to 50-500 microgram purified elastrase per 100 g body weight by intratracheal injection. The hamster were killed at intervals up to 12 months after treatment, and their lungs were examined grossly and microscopically. At 8 days after treatment, the lungs appeared to have a greater volume than the controls. At 16 days, the lungs remained inflated when the pleural cavity was opened. Alveolar size was increased in proportion to the dose of elastase. From 16 days onward, the emphysematous lesion was well established. The number of goblet cells in the bronchi also increased. Counts of goblet cells as a proportion of all bronchial lining cells showed that goblet cells more than doubled in number in elastase treated hamsters as compared with controls. The mechanism for the two lesions caused by elastase was not clear. It was concluded that the elastase treated hamster is a useful model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man.", "PMID": 592728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4204", "title": "Experimental spironucleosis (hexamitiasis) in the nude mouse as a model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies.", "content": "Experimental infection of the nude (nu/nu) mouse with the intestinal flagellate, Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris, was used as animal model for immunologic studies and for the testing of protozoa cides. The fecal discharge of cysts was shown to correlate with the immune status of the host. It was dependent on the strain, presence of the thymus (nu/nu and nu/+), and age (immunologic maturity). Four protozoacides (dimetridazole, metronidazole, tinidazole, and chlormethoxyacridylamino-diethylaminopropanol-dihydrochloride) were tested in infected mice. All lowered or suppressed the fecal discharge of cysts during treatment; however, the cysts reappeared in the feces when treatment, lasting 1-3 weeks, was terminated. It was concluded that experimental infection of the nude mouse with S muris was an excellent model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies.", "contents": "Experimental spironucleosis (hexamitiasis) in the nude mouse as a model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies. Experimental infection of the nude (nu/nu) mouse with the intestinal flagellate, Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris, was used as animal model for immunologic studies and for the testing of protozoa cides. The fecal discharge of cysts was shown to correlate with the immune status of the host. It was dependent on the strain, presence of the thymus (nu/nu and nu/+), and age (immunologic maturity). Four protozoacides (dimetridazole, metronidazole, tinidazole, and chlormethoxyacridylamino-diethylaminopropanol-dihydrochloride) were tested in infected mice. All lowered or suppressed the fecal discharge of cysts during treatment; however, the cysts reappeared in the feces when treatment, lasting 1-3 weeks, was terminated. It was concluded that experimental infection of the nude mouse with S muris was an excellent model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies.", "PMID": 592729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4205", "title": "The guinea pig as an animal model of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Spontaneous diabetes mellitus, observed in a colony of guinea pigs, parallels in many ways the syndrome known as juvenile diabetes mellitus in man: elevated blood glucose levels; reproductive dysfunction in the female; degranulation and severe cytoplasmic vacuolation of beta cells, severe fatty degeneration of acinar cells, and hyperplasia of the islets of the pancreas; and a high frequency of abnormal pancreatic secretions. Islet-cell necrosis and insulinitis usually seen in viral infections was not observed. Microangiopathy, another characteristic of juvenile diabetes mellitus in man was demonstrated as a significant increase in the thickness of the basal membranes in peripheral capillaries. A glomerular lesion encountered in some of the diabetic guinea pigs was shown to be similar to the glomerular sclerosis seen in human diabetics. Although a definitive etiologic agent was not identified, the disease was clearly contagious in origin.", "contents": "The guinea pig as an animal model of diabetes mellitus. Spontaneous diabetes mellitus, observed in a colony of guinea pigs, parallels in many ways the syndrome known as juvenile diabetes mellitus in man: elevated blood glucose levels; reproductive dysfunction in the female; degranulation and severe cytoplasmic vacuolation of beta cells, severe fatty degeneration of acinar cells, and hyperplasia of the islets of the pancreas; and a high frequency of abnormal pancreatic secretions. Islet-cell necrosis and insulinitis usually seen in viral infections was not observed. Microangiopathy, another characteristic of juvenile diabetes mellitus in man was demonstrated as a significant increase in the thickness of the basal membranes in peripheral capillaries. A glomerular lesion encountered in some of the diabetic guinea pigs was shown to be similar to the glomerular sclerosis seen in human diabetics. Although a definitive etiologic agent was not identified, the disease was clearly contagious in origin.", "PMID": 592730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4206", "title": "The guinea pig as a model for the asymptomatic human typhoid carrier.", "content": "Studies were designed to develop an animal model which mimics the asymptomatic carrier state of typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi infection, in man. The gallbladder of the guinea pig [Can (HA)] was surgically cannulated to provide a route for infection and bile sampling. Organisms (2 X 10(8) S typh:) were introduced by way of the cannula and samples of bile removed and analyzed periodically. Salmonella typhi was recovered from the bile and feces of infected, yet apparently normal, guinea pigs for periods of up to 5 months thus mimicking the human symptomeles carrier. Some guinea pigs were treated with chloramphenicol after infection. Antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol did not eliminate the carrier state. Microabscesses of the liver were induced by S typhi both in untreated and treated animals (cultures were positive from these abscesses). When blood antibiotic levels dropped, the organism was found in the bile fluid and was again excreted. Vaccinated guinea pigs developed elevated levels of 0 and H serum antibody, but were not protected against infection of the gallbladder with S typhi (2 X 10(8) organisms). Similarly, vaccination failed to eliminate the carrier state.", "contents": "The guinea pig as a model for the asymptomatic human typhoid carrier. Studies were designed to develop an animal model which mimics the asymptomatic carrier state of typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi infection, in man. The gallbladder of the guinea pig [Can (HA)] was surgically cannulated to provide a route for infection and bile sampling. Organisms (2 X 10(8) S typh:) were introduced by way of the cannula and samples of bile removed and analyzed periodically. Salmonella typhi was recovered from the bile and feces of infected, yet apparently normal, guinea pigs for periods of up to 5 months thus mimicking the human symptomeles carrier. Some guinea pigs were treated with chloramphenicol after infection. Antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol did not eliminate the carrier state. Microabscesses of the liver were induced by S typhi both in untreated and treated animals (cultures were positive from these abscesses). When blood antibiotic levels dropped, the organism was found in the bile fluid and was again excreted. Vaccinated guinea pigs developed elevated levels of 0 and H serum antibody, but were not protected against infection of the gallbladder with S typhi (2 X 10(8) organisms). Similarly, vaccination failed to eliminate the carrier state.", "PMID": 592731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4207", "title": "Utility of selected line (SEA) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for the discovery of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs.", "content": "A special line of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was developed by selective breeding to screen for new drugs that are effective in either preventing or reversing atherosclerosis. By the fourth or fifth generation, approximately 95% of the males of the selected line developed aortic atherosclerosis in response to a 2% cholesterol atherogenic diet. The arterial cholesterol level was significantly elevated after 1 week on the diet and was 14 times the control level after 14 weeks. Significant macroscopic lesions developed as early as 4 weeks. Neither arterial cholesterol nor grossly visible fatty plaques regressed after return to a normal diet for 8 weeks. After 2 weeks on the atherogenic diet, both serum cholesterol and heparin precipitating lipoproteins were maximally elevated. Serum cholecterol returned to normal within 1 month after removal from the diet, and by 2 months, the heparin precipitating lipoproteins had almost returned to baseline values. The male of the selected line of Japanese quail was shown to be an economical and practical animal model for the screening of anti-atherosclerosis drugs; it is small, inexpensive, and readily develops atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Utility of selected line (SEA) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for the discovery of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs. A special line of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was developed by selective breeding to screen for new drugs that are effective in either preventing or reversing atherosclerosis. By the fourth or fifth generation, approximately 95% of the males of the selected line developed aortic atherosclerosis in response to a 2% cholesterol atherogenic diet. The arterial cholesterol level was significantly elevated after 1 week on the diet and was 14 times the control level after 14 weeks. Significant macroscopic lesions developed as early as 4 weeks. Neither arterial cholesterol nor grossly visible fatty plaques regressed after return to a normal diet for 8 weeks. After 2 weeks on the atherogenic diet, both serum cholesterol and heparin precipitating lipoproteins were maximally elevated. Serum cholecterol returned to normal within 1 month after removal from the diet, and by 2 months, the heparin precipitating lipoproteins had almost returned to baseline values. The male of the selected line of Japanese quail was shown to be an economical and practical animal model for the screening of anti-atherosclerosis drugs; it is small, inexpensive, and readily develops atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 592732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4208", "title": "Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of the Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya).", "content": "Eggs of the Yucatan octopus, Octopus maya, were collected at Campeche, Mexico, transported to Hawaii, and incubated in glass funnels. Benthic juveniles hatched from the large (17-mm) eggs and were reared on a variety of live and frozen foods. As many as 200 animals were reared for the first month in a 20-liter aquarium. No disease or parasite problems were encountered and nearly all well-fed juveniles survived to sexual maturity. The species was reared through four generations in the laboratory. Animals weighed 0.1 g at hatching and within 8.5 months attained an average weight of 3231 g. Mating was promiscuous and sperm were stored in the oviducts until spawning. Spawning occurred at 8-9 months of age. Up to 5,000 eggs were laid by large females and nearly 100% of fertilized eggs developed to hatching. Females brooded eggs during the 45-day period of development but artificial was as successful as natural incubation by the mother. Pos-reproductive senescent decline of both males and females was rapid and average life span was 300 days from hatching. Areas of biomedical research in which O maya could be a useful model were suggested and included neurobiology, comparative psychology, ontogeny of behavior, immunology, endocrinology, and studies of aging.", "contents": "Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of the Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya). Eggs of the Yucatan octopus, Octopus maya, were collected at Campeche, Mexico, transported to Hawaii, and incubated in glass funnels. Benthic juveniles hatched from the large (17-mm) eggs and were reared on a variety of live and frozen foods. As many as 200 animals were reared for the first month in a 20-liter aquarium. No disease or parasite problems were encountered and nearly all well-fed juveniles survived to sexual maturity. The species was reared through four generations in the laboratory. Animals weighed 0.1 g at hatching and within 8.5 months attained an average weight of 3231 g. Mating was promiscuous and sperm were stored in the oviducts until spawning. Spawning occurred at 8-9 months of age. Up to 5,000 eggs were laid by large females and nearly 100% of fertilized eggs developed to hatching. Females brooded eggs during the 45-day period of development but artificial was as successful as natural incubation by the mother. Pos-reproductive senescent decline of both males and females was rapid and average life span was 300 days from hatching. Areas of biomedical research in which O maya could be a useful model were suggested and included neurobiology, comparative psychology, ontogeny of behavior, immunology, endocrinology, and studies of aging.", "PMID": 592733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4209", "title": "Animal model of spontaneous neoplasia based on lymph and cells collected from thoracic duct of normal dogs and dogs with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph from normal dogs and dogs with a leukemic malignant lymphoma were compared for total and differential leukocyte count and lymph flow rate. Except for higher numbers of circulating atypical lymphocytes, the blood leukocyte count as well as the lymph cell count and flow rate were similar in both groups. Lymph cell differential pattersn in lymphoma dogs had higher numbers of lymphoblasts and minor cell types, plasmacytes, monocytes, and reticulum cells, plus degenerating and mitotic cells. There was a five-fold increase in the lymph leukocyte count shortly after irradiation in two lymphomatous dosg. Stained preparations of this lymph showed signs of 100% cell mortality. It was concluded that the thoracic duct lymph is a practical source of normal and cancerous lymphoid cells, and that the lymph and cells collected from dogs with malignant lymphoma are excellent models for certain studies of spontaneous neoplasia.", "contents": "Animal model of spontaneous neoplasia based on lymph and cells collected from thoracic duct of normal dogs and dogs with malignant lymphoma. Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph from normal dogs and dogs with a leukemic malignant lymphoma were compared for total and differential leukocyte count and lymph flow rate. Except for higher numbers of circulating atypical lymphocytes, the blood leukocyte count as well as the lymph cell count and flow rate were similar in both groups. Lymph cell differential pattersn in lymphoma dogs had higher numbers of lymphoblasts and minor cell types, plasmacytes, monocytes, and reticulum cells, plus degenerating and mitotic cells. There was a five-fold increase in the lymph leukocyte count shortly after irradiation in two lymphomatous dosg. Stained preparations of this lymph showed signs of 100% cell mortality. It was concluded that the thoracic duct lymph is a practical source of normal and cancerous lymphoid cells, and that the lymph and cells collected from dogs with malignant lymphoma are excellent models for certain studies of spontaneous neoplasia.", "PMID": 592734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4210", "title": "Reaction in leprosy complicated by filariasis.", "content": "Five cases of reaction in leprosy with filariasis have been presented to emphasise the coexistance of the two conditions in the areas endemic to filariasis and leprosy. One may modify the clinical features of the other. Necessity of recognising filariasis as an important precipitating factor for lepra reaction in tropical countries has been highlighted for proper management of rather protracted and resistant cases.", "contents": "Reaction in leprosy complicated by filariasis. Five cases of reaction in leprosy with filariasis have been presented to emphasise the coexistance of the two conditions in the areas endemic to filariasis and leprosy. One may modify the clinical features of the other. Necessity of recognising filariasis as an important precipitating factor for lepra reaction in tropical countries has been highlighted for proper management of rather protracted and resistant cases.", "PMID": 592738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4211", "title": "Monitoring self administration of dapsone by patients.", "content": "The Urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios in the supervised in-patients and out-patients attending the C.L.T. & R.I., clinic were compared. The subjects of this study were receiving dapsone at the daily dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg or bi-weekly dosage of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 mgs. The mean urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios from out-patients were significantly lower than those of the in-patients in both dosage schedules of treatment and suggest that a certain percentage of out-patients have been irregular in the intake of dapsone in the period immediately prior to the collection of urine specimens. The estimated percentage of gross irregularity of intake is markedly higher in the bi-weekly as compared with the daily dosage schedule. The gross irregularity of intake was particularly marked in the higher dosage groups such as 100 mg daily or bi-weekly and 200 mg bi-weekly. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Monitoring self administration of dapsone by patients. The Urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios in the supervised in-patients and out-patients attending the C.L.T. & R.I., clinic were compared. The subjects of this study were receiving dapsone at the daily dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg or bi-weekly dosage of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 mgs. The mean urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios from out-patients were significantly lower than those of the in-patients in both dosage schedules of treatment and suggest that a certain percentage of out-patients have been irregular in the intake of dapsone in the period immediately prior to the collection of urine specimens. The estimated percentage of gross irregularity of intake is markedly higher in the bi-weekly as compared with the daily dosage schedule. The gross irregularity of intake was particularly marked in the higher dosage groups such as 100 mg daily or bi-weekly and 200 mg bi-weekly. The implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 592739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4212", "title": "A comparison of low and conventional dosages of dapsone in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "A therapeutic trial using two dosages of Dapsone with a schedule of administration of the drug once a week was undertaken at the Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chingleput. Adult males with active lepromatous leprosy who were either previously untreated, or who had no specific treatment for at least three months immediately prior to their inclusion into this study, were the subjects of this trial. Two dosages, viz., 10 mg. per kg. body weight/week, and 3.3 mg. per kg. body weight/week, were employed in this trial. It was found that Dapsone administered orally as a single dose once a week was therapeutically effective in most of the patients, and improvement, clinical or bacteriological, was directly related to the duration of treatment, irrespective of the dosage of Dapsone. Blood levels of Dapsone in these patients were in general commensurate with the dose of the drug in either group. No adverse effects on any of the visceral functions were encountered during the prolonged use of this schedule of treatment with Dapsone.", "contents": "A comparison of low and conventional dosages of dapsone in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy. A therapeutic trial using two dosages of Dapsone with a schedule of administration of the drug once a week was undertaken at the Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chingleput. Adult males with active lepromatous leprosy who were either previously untreated, or who had no specific treatment for at least three months immediately prior to their inclusion into this study, were the subjects of this trial. Two dosages, viz., 10 mg. per kg. body weight/week, and 3.3 mg. per kg. body weight/week, were employed in this trial. It was found that Dapsone administered orally as a single dose once a week was therapeutically effective in most of the patients, and improvement, clinical or bacteriological, was directly related to the duration of treatment, irrespective of the dosage of Dapsone. Blood levels of Dapsone in these patients were in general commensurate with the dose of the drug in either group. No adverse effects on any of the visceral functions were encountered during the prolonged use of this schedule of treatment with Dapsone.", "PMID": 592740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4213", "title": "Self-healing in non-lepromatous leprosy in the area of the ELEP Leprosy Control Project Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu).", "content": "A study to assess the evolution of the disease in non-lepromatous group, who have taken no treatment in a six year period 1970-1975, was undertaken. Among the 714 patients who did not take treatment, only 432 cases (60.5%) could be examined. The majority of these patients (425) had single lesions. The study revealed that nearly 74% of these \"N\" patients became self-healed.", "contents": "Self-healing in non-lepromatous leprosy in the area of the ELEP Leprosy Control Project Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu). A study to assess the evolution of the disease in non-lepromatous group, who have taken no treatment in a six year period 1970-1975, was undertaken. Among the 714 patients who did not take treatment, only 432 cases (60.5%) could be examined. The majority of these patients (425) had single lesions. The study revealed that nearly 74% of these \"N\" patients became self-healed.", "PMID": 592741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4214", "title": "A survey of leprosy deformities among the patients of Hyderabad city.", "content": "Neuropathic deformity is a major problem among the patients of Hyderabad city. Nearly 44.3% of the patients have one or the other kind of deformity of the hand, foot or face. 29.1% of the upper limbs, 30.7% of the lower limbs and 5.2% of the faces were affected. The patients with Lepromatous Leprosy showed greater tendency to deformity (66.4%). Patients with simply anaesthesia in hands and feet formed the majority among the deformity cases, a total of 41.6%. Education of the patients in the hand and foot care is an essential feature of the clinic physiotherapy technician.", "contents": "A survey of leprosy deformities among the patients of Hyderabad city. Neuropathic deformity is a major problem among the patients of Hyderabad city. Nearly 44.3% of the patients have one or the other kind of deformity of the hand, foot or face. 29.1% of the upper limbs, 30.7% of the lower limbs and 5.2% of the faces were affected. The patients with Lepromatous Leprosy showed greater tendency to deformity (66.4%). Patients with simply anaesthesia in hands and feet formed the majority among the deformity cases, a total of 41.6%. Education of the patients in the hand and foot care is an essential feature of the clinic physiotherapy technician.", "PMID": 592742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4215", "title": "Accessibility of the carbohydrate moiety of membrane-boound rhodopsin to enzymatic and chemical modification.", "content": "Galactose was specifically inserted into the carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin by incubating retinal disk membranes with UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase. The stoichiometry of labeling ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 (average = 1.5) residues of galactose per molecule of rhodopsin, indicating that some or all of the oligosaccharide chains of membrane-bound rhodopsin are readily accessible to enzymatic modification. These modified membranes were treated with galactose oxidase to generate an aldehyde at the C-6 position of the inserted galactose units. The enzymatically-oxidized membranes were then reacted with dansyl hydrazide to yield a fluorescent hydrazone which is sufficiently stable to permit spectroscopic analysis. This procedure for the specific attachment of a spectroscopic probe should be applicable to a wide variety of membrane glycoproteins.", "contents": "Accessibility of the carbohydrate moiety of membrane-boound rhodopsin to enzymatic and chemical modification. Galactose was specifically inserted into the carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin by incubating retinal disk membranes with UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase. The stoichiometry of labeling ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 (average = 1.5) residues of galactose per molecule of rhodopsin, indicating that some or all of the oligosaccharide chains of membrane-bound rhodopsin are readily accessible to enzymatic modification. These modified membranes were treated with galactose oxidase to generate an aldehyde at the C-6 position of the inserted galactose units. The enzymatically-oxidized membranes were then reacted with dansyl hydrazide to yield a fluorescent hydrazone which is sufficiently stable to permit spectroscopic analysis. This procedure for the specific attachment of a spectroscopic probe should be applicable to a wide variety of membrane glycoproteins.", "PMID": 592816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4216", "title": "The sub-membrane reticulum of the human erythrocyte: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "A web-like reticulum underlying the human erythrocyte membrane was studied at a resolution of 5-10 nm by means of scanning electron microscope. The network was visualized in isolated membranes (ghosts) torn open to reveal their interior space and in residues derived from ghosts extracted with Triton X-100. It formed a continuous (rather than patchy) cover over the entire cytoplasmic surface, except where lifted off or torn away. Filaments (5-40 nm in diameter), annular figures (40-60 nm in diameter), and nodes (30-100 nm in diameter) were prominent in different networks. The dimensions of the filaments and the interstices in the reticulum varied with conditions, suggesting that the network has elastic properties. This reticulum is probably related to the erythrocyte membrane proteins spectrin and actin.", "contents": "The sub-membrane reticulum of the human erythrocyte: a scanning electron microscope study. A web-like reticulum underlying the human erythrocyte membrane was studied at a resolution of 5-10 nm by means of scanning electron microscope. The network was visualized in isolated membranes (ghosts) torn open to reveal their interior space and in residues derived from ghosts extracted with Triton X-100. It formed a continuous (rather than patchy) cover over the entire cytoplasmic surface, except where lifted off or torn away. Filaments (5-40 nm in diameter), annular figures (40-60 nm in diameter), and nodes (30-100 nm in diameter) were prominent in different networks. The dimensions of the filaments and the interstices in the reticulum varied with conditions, suggesting that the network has elastic properties. This reticulum is probably related to the erythrocyte membrane proteins spectrin and actin.", "PMID": 592817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4217", "title": "Thermodynamics, the structure of integral membrane proteins, and transport.", "content": "Membranes are structures whose lipid and protein components are at, or close to, equilibrium in the plane of the membrane, but are not at equilibrium across the membrane. The thermodynamic tendency of ionic and highly polar molecules to be in contact with water rather than with nonpolar media (hydrophilic interactions) is important in determining these equilibrium and nonequilibrium states. In this paper, we speculate about the structures and orientations of integral proteins in a membrane, and about how the equilibrium and nonequilibrium features of such structures and orientations might be influenced by the special mechanisms of biosynthesis, processing, and membrane insertion of these proteins. The relevance of these speculations to the mechanisms of the translocation event in membrane transport is discussed, and specific protein models of transport that have been proposed are analyzed.", "contents": "Thermodynamics, the structure of integral membrane proteins, and transport. Membranes are structures whose lipid and protein components are at, or close to, equilibrium in the plane of the membrane, but are not at equilibrium across the membrane. The thermodynamic tendency of ionic and highly polar molecules to be in contact with water rather than with nonpolar media (hydrophilic interactions) is important in determining these equilibrium and nonequilibrium states. In this paper, we speculate about the structures and orientations of integral proteins in a membrane, and about how the equilibrium and nonequilibrium features of such structures and orientations might be influenced by the special mechanisms of biosynthesis, processing, and membrane insertion of these proteins. The relevance of these speculations to the mechanisms of the translocation event in membrane transport is discussed, and specific protein models of transport that have been proposed are analyzed.", "PMID": 592818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4218", "title": "Control of amino acid transport in the mammary gland of the pregnant mouse.", "content": "The regulation of the uptake of the amino acid analog alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was studied in diced mammary glands from pregnant mice. Stimulation of uptake by insulin was not prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis; protein synthesis inhibitors decreased uptake by 20%; this response occurred more promptly in insulin-treated tissues. Elimination of extracellular amino acids led to a substantial increase in transport which was not abolished by inhibitors of protein synthesis. These results indicate that insulin does not increase amino acid transport in this system by altering synthesis and degradation of transport protein. They are consistent with a model in which the activity of the existing amino acid transport protein in subject to negative feedback regulation from the intracellular amino acid pool.", "contents": "Control of amino acid transport in the mammary gland of the pregnant mouse. The regulation of the uptake of the amino acid analog alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was studied in diced mammary glands from pregnant mice. Stimulation of uptake by insulin was not prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis; protein synthesis inhibitors decreased uptake by 20%; this response occurred more promptly in insulin-treated tissues. Elimination of extracellular amino acids led to a substantial increase in transport which was not abolished by inhibitors of protein synthesis. These results indicate that insulin does not increase amino acid transport in this system by altering synthesis and degradation of transport protein. They are consistent with a model in which the activity of the existing amino acid transport protein in subject to negative feedback regulation from the intracellular amino acid pool.", "PMID": 592819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4219", "title": "Microbial carbohydrate specific antibodies distinguish between different stages of differentiating mouse cerebellum.", "content": "High titered anticarbohydrate antibodies were used to identify cell surface carbohydrates during different stages in histogenesis of mouse cerebellum in a micro tissue-culture system which mimics selected features of in vivo cerebellum development. Blockage of fiber formation within the first few days in vitro and inhibition of cell migrations by carbohydrate-specific antibodies served as an assay system for possible contributions of surface carbohydrates to the behavior of developing cerebellar cells. Microbial strains were selected on the basis of carbohydrate structures of their cell wall antigens, and anticarbohydrate antibodies were raised against treated whole bacteria and yeast in rabbits. We found that antibodies to mannan were active at all stages of development tested (embryonic day 13, E13; the day of birth, PO; and postnatal day 7, P7). Antibodies to sialic acids prepared against strains B and C of Neisseria meningitidis distinguish different subterminal structures: anti-B reacted with E13 and PO cerebellar cells, and anti-C mostly with cells older than P7. Antifetuin antibody recognized E13 and PO but not P7 cell populations. Pneumococcus C strain R36A-specific antibodies were effective only after coating cells to C type carbohydrate before application of the antibody. The results demonstrate that antimicrobiol carbohydrate antibodies cross-react with mammalian cell surface carbohydrate structures and therefore can be used as a powerful tool in tissue culture to analyse those structures which might control cell behaviors pertinent to cerebellar development.", "contents": "Microbial carbohydrate specific antibodies distinguish between different stages of differentiating mouse cerebellum. High titered anticarbohydrate antibodies were used to identify cell surface carbohydrates during different stages in histogenesis of mouse cerebellum in a micro tissue-culture system which mimics selected features of in vivo cerebellum development. Blockage of fiber formation within the first few days in vitro and inhibition of cell migrations by carbohydrate-specific antibodies served as an assay system for possible contributions of surface carbohydrates to the behavior of developing cerebellar cells. Microbial strains were selected on the basis of carbohydrate structures of their cell wall antigens, and anticarbohydrate antibodies were raised against treated whole bacteria and yeast in rabbits. We found that antibodies to mannan were active at all stages of development tested (embryonic day 13, E13; the day of birth, PO; and postnatal day 7, P7). Antibodies to sialic acids prepared against strains B and C of Neisseria meningitidis distinguish different subterminal structures: anti-B reacted with E13 and PO cerebellar cells, and anti-C mostly with cells older than P7. Antifetuin antibody recognized E13 and PO but not P7 cell populations. Pneumococcus C strain R36A-specific antibodies were effective only after coating cells to C type carbohydrate before application of the antibody. The results demonstrate that antimicrobiol carbohydrate antibodies cross-react with mammalian cell surface carbohydrate structures and therefore can be used as a powerful tool in tissue culture to analyse those structures which might control cell behaviors pertinent to cerebellar development.", "PMID": 592820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4220", "title": "The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes characterized by two-two-dimensional electrophoresis.", "content": "A brush border membrane enriched fraction was isolated from human full-term placenta. This membrane fraction exhibited large membrane fragments with microvilli projecting from the basal membrane in electron micrographs and was enriched tenfold in alkaline phosphatase, a brush border enzyme marker. The sialoglycoproteins associated with this membrane fraction were tritiated by mild periodate oxidation of sialic acid and reduction with tritiated NaBH4. The membranes were solubilized in 8 M urea, 2 percent Triton X-100, and the tritiated glycoprotein subunits were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and characterized by 2-dimensional poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a method similar to that described by O'Farrell and Bhakdi, Kn\u00fcferman, and Wallach. The tritiated subunits were detected in the gels by autofluorography. The 2-dimensional subunit \"maps\" resolved at least 17 major sialoglycoprotein subunits whereas only 10 major periodate-Schiff reagent staining components were resolved by 1-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) was identified on the subunit maps by inclusion of 32P-labeled PAP in the tritiated membrane sample. The 32P-labeled PAP corresponded to a major tritiated sialoglycoprotein subunit, which was heterogeneous with respect to charge as demonstrated by 3 closely running spots of the same molecular weight.", "contents": "The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes characterized by two-two-dimensional electrophoresis. A brush border membrane enriched fraction was isolated from human full-term placenta. This membrane fraction exhibited large membrane fragments with microvilli projecting from the basal membrane in electron micrographs and was enriched tenfold in alkaline phosphatase, a brush border enzyme marker. The sialoglycoproteins associated with this membrane fraction were tritiated by mild periodate oxidation of sialic acid and reduction with tritiated NaBH4. The membranes were solubilized in 8 M urea, 2 percent Triton X-100, and the tritiated glycoprotein subunits were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and characterized by 2-dimensional poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a method similar to that described by O'Farrell and Bhakdi, Kn\u00fcferman, and Wallach. The tritiated subunits were detected in the gels by autofluorography. The 2-dimensional subunit \"maps\" resolved at least 17 major sialoglycoprotein subunits whereas only 10 major periodate-Schiff reagent staining components were resolved by 1-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) was identified on the subunit maps by inclusion of 32P-labeled PAP in the tritiated membrane sample. The 32P-labeled PAP corresponded to a major tritiated sialoglycoprotein subunit, which was heterogeneous with respect to charge as demonstrated by 3 closely running spots of the same molecular weight.", "PMID": 592821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4221", "title": "Carbon-13 as a tool for the study of carbohydrate structures, conformations and interactions.", "content": "The application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to problems involving the structures and interactions of carbohydrates is described. Both 13C-enriched and natural abundance compounds were used and some advantages of the use of the stable isotope are described. Carbon-carbon and carbon-proton coupling constants obtained from 1-13C enriched carbohydrates were employed in the assignment of their chemical shifts and to establish solution conformation. In all cases studied thus far, C-3 couples to C-1 only in the beta-anomers while C-5 couples to C-1 only in the alpha-anomers. C-6 and C-2 always couple to C-1 in both anomeric species. The alkaline degradation of glucose [1-13C] to saccharinic acids was followed by 13C-NMR. The conversion of glucose [1-13C] to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate [1, 6-13C] by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway was shown as an example of the use of 13C-enriched carbohydrates to elucidate biochemical pathways. In a large number of glycosyl phosphates the 31P to H-1 and 31P to C-2 coupling constants demonstrate that in the preferred conformation and phosphate group lies between the O-5 and the H-1 of the pyranose ring. The influence of paramagnetic Mn2 + ions on the proton decoupled 13C-NMR spectra of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine indicates that the Mn2 + interacts strongly with the pyrophosphate moiety and with the carbonyl groups of the uracil and N-acetyl groups.", "contents": "Carbon-13 as a tool for the study of carbohydrate structures, conformations and interactions. The application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to problems involving the structures and interactions of carbohydrates is described. Both 13C-enriched and natural abundance compounds were used and some advantages of the use of the stable isotope are described. Carbon-carbon and carbon-proton coupling constants obtained from 1-13C enriched carbohydrates were employed in the assignment of their chemical shifts and to establish solution conformation. In all cases studied thus far, C-3 couples to C-1 only in the beta-anomers while C-5 couples to C-1 only in the alpha-anomers. C-6 and C-2 always couple to C-1 in both anomeric species. The alkaline degradation of glucose [1-13C] to saccharinic acids was followed by 13C-NMR. The conversion of glucose [1-13C] to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate [1, 6-13C] by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway was shown as an example of the use of 13C-enriched carbohydrates to elucidate biochemical pathways. In a large number of glycosyl phosphates the 31P to H-1 and 31P to C-2 coupling constants demonstrate that in the preferred conformation and phosphate group lies between the O-5 and the H-1 of the pyranose ring. The influence of paramagnetic Mn2 + ions on the proton decoupled 13C-NMR spectra of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine indicates that the Mn2 + interacts strongly with the pyrophosphate moiety and with the carbonyl groups of the uracil and N-acetyl groups.", "PMID": 592822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4222", "title": "The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequence of bovine rhodopsin.", "content": "The amino terminus of bovine rhodopsin is blocked and has the sequence x-Met-Asn(CHO)-Gly-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Val-Pro-Phe-Ser-Asn(CHO)-Lys-Thr-Gly-Val-Val-Arg, where CHO represents sites of carbohydrate attachment. The carboxyl-terminal sequence of rhodopsin is Val-Ser-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Pro-Ala. Upon short-term digestion of rod outer segment (ROS) membranes with thermolysin, opsin (similar to 35,000 daltons) is converted to a membrane-bound fragment O' (similar to 30,500 daltons) and 2 peptides containing 12 amino acids are released from the carboxyl terminus of rhodopsin into the supernatant. Upon long-term digestion of ROS with thermolysin, opsin and O' are replaced by the membrane-bound fragments F1 (similar to 25,000 daltons), and F2 (similar 9,500 daltons). When 32P-ROS are digested, F2 carries the 32P. Both O' and F1 contain the amino-terminal glycopeptide.", "contents": "The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequence of bovine rhodopsin. The amino terminus of bovine rhodopsin is blocked and has the sequence x-Met-Asn(CHO)-Gly-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Val-Pro-Phe-Ser-Asn(CHO)-Lys-Thr-Gly-Val-Val-Arg, where CHO represents sites of carbohydrate attachment. The carboxyl-terminal sequence of rhodopsin is Val-Ser-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Pro-Ala. Upon short-term digestion of rod outer segment (ROS) membranes with thermolysin, opsin (similar to 35,000 daltons) is converted to a membrane-bound fragment O' (similar to 30,500 daltons) and 2 peptides containing 12 amino acids are released from the carboxyl terminus of rhodopsin into the supernatant. Upon long-term digestion of ROS with thermolysin, opsin and O' are replaced by the membrane-bound fragments F1 (similar to 25,000 daltons), and F2 (similar 9,500 daltons). When 32P-ROS are digested, F2 carries the 32P. Both O' and F1 contain the amino-terminal glycopeptide.", "PMID": 592823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4223", "title": "Sialic acid uptake by BHK cells and subsequent incorporation into glycoproteins and glycolipids.", "content": "BHK cells can be grown in the presence of growth medium to which radiolabeled sialic acid has been added. After 24 h, 85 percent of the radioactivity in the cells is covalently bound to glycoproteins and glycolipids. No metabolism of the radiolabeled sialic acid could be detected.", "contents": "Sialic acid uptake by BHK cells and subsequent incorporation into glycoproteins and glycolipids. BHK cells can be grown in the presence of growth medium to which radiolabeled sialic acid has been added. After 24 h, 85 percent of the radioactivity in the cells is covalently bound to glycoproteins and glycolipids. No metabolism of the radiolabeled sialic acid could be detected.", "PMID": 592824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4224", "title": "Temporal information processing by alcoholics.", "content": "In time-discrimination tests using visual and auditory stimuli, more information was transmitted by social drinkers than by alcoholics, and cognitively unimpaired alcoholics transmitted more information than did cognitively impaired alcoholics.", "contents": "Temporal information processing by alcoholics. In time-discrimination tests using visual and auditory stimuli, more information was transmitted by social drinkers than by alcoholics, and cognitively unimpaired alcoholics transmitted more information than did cognitively impaired alcoholics.", "PMID": 592827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4225", "title": "Visuoperceptive deficits in long-term alcoholics and alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis.", "content": "Compared with control subjects, alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis were significantly impaired in performance on the digit-symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and in four tasks assessing related processes. Other alcoholics showed similar, but not as severe, visuoperceptive deficits when compared with controls.", "contents": "Visuoperceptive deficits in long-term alcoholics and alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis. Compared with control subjects, alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis were significantly impaired in performance on the digit-symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and in four tasks assessing related processes. Other alcoholics showed similar, but not as severe, visuoperceptive deficits when compared with controls.", "PMID": 592828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4226", "title": "Effects of stress on autonomic reactivity in alcoholics. Pupillometric studies. i.", "content": "Pupillary contraction and dilation during rest, stress and homeostatic recovery occurred more slowly in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics.", "contents": "Effects of stress on autonomic reactivity in alcoholics. Pupillometric studies. i. Pupillary contraction and dilation during rest, stress and homeostatic recovery occurred more slowly in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics.", "PMID": 592829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4227", "title": "Stimulus intensity modulation and alcohol consumption.", "content": "In a study of men alcoholics, cortical average evoked response proved to be a good indicator of subsequent alcohol acquisition and consumption behavior in the laboratory.", "contents": "Stimulus intensity modulation and alcohol consumption. In a study of men alcoholics, cortical average evoked response proved to be a good indicator of subsequent alcohol acquisition and consumption behavior in the laboratory.", "PMID": 592830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4228", "title": "Effect of alcohol and monetary reward on visually evoked potentials and reaction time.", "content": "A dose of alcohol producing a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.09% slowed the peak of later components of visually evoked potentials recorded from the occipital scalp. Simple visuomotor reaction time was also slower in a low-motivation nonreward condition.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol and monetary reward on visually evoked potentials and reaction time. A dose of alcohol producing a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.09% slowed the peak of later components of visually evoked potentials recorded from the occipital scalp. Simple visuomotor reaction time was also slower in a low-motivation nonreward condition.", "PMID": 592831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4229", "title": "Counseling homosexual alcoholics. Ten case histories.", "content": "The case histories of 10 male homosexual alcoholics are presented, and psychoanalytic theories about the link between homosexuality and alcoholism are reviewed.", "contents": "Counseling homosexual alcoholics. Ten case histories. The case histories of 10 male homosexual alcoholics are presented, and psychoanalytic theories about the link between homosexuality and alcoholism are reviewed.", "PMID": 592832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4230", "title": "Locus of control in alcoholics and treatment outcome.", "content": "Belief in external control by chance, rather than control by powerful others or internal control, appears to be associated with unfavorable treatment outcome in male alcoholics receiving inpatient and outpatient therapy.", "contents": "Locus of control in alcoholics and treatment outcome. Belief in external control by chance, rather than control by powerful others or internal control, appears to be associated with unfavorable treatment outcome in male alcoholics receiving inpatient and outpatient therapy.", "PMID": 592833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4231", "title": "Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "Propranolol alone was more effective than either chlordiazepoxide or a combination of chlordiazepoxide and propranolol in alleviating the symptoms of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal. Propranolol alone was more effective than either chlordiazepoxide or a combination of chlordiazepoxide and propranolol in alleviating the symptoms of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 592834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4232", "title": "Stigmatization of men and women problem drinkers and their spouses. Differential perception and leveling of sex differences.", "content": "Ratings on semantic differential scales indicate strong stigmatization of alcoholic and drink men and women, weaker stigmatization of the spouses of alcoholics and a leveling of sex differences.", "contents": "Stigmatization of men and women problem drinkers and their spouses. Differential perception and leveling of sex differences. Ratings on semantic differential scales indicate strong stigmatization of alcoholic and drink men and women, weaker stigmatization of the spouses of alcoholics and a leveling of sex differences.", "PMID": 592835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4233", "title": "Drinking patterns and drinking problems of college students.", "content": "Compared with the findings of previous studies, a recent survey of students at 13 U.S. colleges found that more women are drinking, fewer Black men are heavy drinkers, there are fewer differences in the drinking patterns of freshmen and seniors, and there has been no increase in the incidence of drinking-related problems.", "contents": "Drinking patterns and drinking problems of college students. Compared with the findings of previous studies, a recent survey of students at 13 U.S. colleges found that more women are drinking, fewer Black men are heavy drinkers, there are fewer differences in the drinking patterns of freshmen and seniors, and there has been no increase in the incidence of drinking-related problems.", "PMID": 592836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4234", "title": "Introduction of low alcohol content beer. A test of the addition-substitution hypothesis.", "content": "Survey results indicate that most use of a low-alcohol-content beer is in place of other alcoholic beverages; the beer is also being used in situations in which formerly no alcoholic beverage had been consumed.", "contents": "Introduction of low alcohol content beer. A test of the addition-substitution hypothesis. Survey results indicate that most use of a low-alcohol-content beer is in place of other alcoholic beverages; the beer is also being used in situations in which formerly no alcoholic beverage had been consumed.", "PMID": 592837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4235", "title": "Screening alcoholics for medical problems with the Cornell Medical Index.", "content": "Scores on the Cornell Medical Index were not useful in distinguishing alcoholic patients who required medical attention from those who did not.", "contents": "Screening alcoholics for medical problems with the Cornell Medical Index. Scores on the Cornell Medical Index were not useful in distinguishing alcoholic patients who required medical attention from those who did not.", "PMID": 592838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4236", "title": "On the reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index.", "content": "The test-retest reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index is found consistent with the process model of alcoholism.", "contents": "On the reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index. The test-retest reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index is found consistent with the process model of alcoholism.", "PMID": 592839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4237", "title": "Drinking on television; a preliminary study with emphasis on method.", "content": "A procedure designed to assess the frequency of alcohol-related events in television shows and commercials is described.", "contents": "Drinking on television; a preliminary study with emphasis on method. A procedure designed to assess the frequency of alcohol-related events in television shows and commercials is described.", "PMID": 592840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4238", "title": "Tattooing for preservation of oral and oropharyngeal cancer resection margins.", "content": "En bloc composite cancer surgery for head and neck tumors is now available with reconstruction. Preoperative adjuvant therapy threatens the concept of wide resection because of alteration of tumor margins. Pre-irradiation tattooing at resection margins will preserve this fundamental surgical doctrine.", "contents": "Tattooing for preservation of oral and oropharyngeal cancer resection margins. En bloc composite cancer surgery for head and neck tumors is now available with reconstruction. Preoperative adjuvant therapy threatens the concept of wide resection because of alteration of tumor margins. Pre-irradiation tattooing at resection margins will preserve this fundamental surgical doctrine.", "PMID": 592842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4239", "title": "The treatment of lung cancer: perspectives and critique.", "content": "Future improvements in the therapy of lung cancer most probably will result from new treatment approaches that combine all existing modalities. This paper discusses the applications and, in particular, the shortcomings of present knowledge in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these modalities as they relate to the growing problem of treatment in lung cancer.", "contents": "The treatment of lung cancer: perspectives and critique. Future improvements in the therapy of lung cancer most probably will result from new treatment approaches that combine all existing modalities. This paper discusses the applications and, in particular, the shortcomings of present knowledge in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these modalities as they relate to the growing problem of treatment in lung cancer.", "PMID": 592843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4240", "title": "The therapeutic dilemma of carcinomas of unknown origin.", "content": "The charts of 23 patients with metastatic carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively in hospitalized patients who had no apparent primary lesion. Eleven patients eventually had autopsies. The primary became apparent in 8 patients either pre- or post mortem. Treatment by operative intervention, and/or radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy are discussed. The discussion reviews mechanisms of metastasis, problems in pathological interpretation, and considerations for evaluation of such patients.", "contents": "The therapeutic dilemma of carcinomas of unknown origin. The charts of 23 patients with metastatic carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively in hospitalized patients who had no apparent primary lesion. Eleven patients eventually had autopsies. The primary became apparent in 8 patients either pre- or post mortem. Treatment by operative intervention, and/or radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy are discussed. The discussion reviews mechanisms of metastasis, problems in pathological interpretation, and considerations for evaluation of such patients.", "PMID": 592844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4241", "title": "Decreased incidence of renal tumors in DMN treated Balb/C mice after orchiectomy.", "content": "Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced a significant incidence (45.5%) of kidney epithelial tumors in adult male Balb/C mice. The proportion of mice with renal tumors orchiectomized after DMN injection was reduced to 25.6%; whereas the proportion of tumor bearing animals at other sites, such as lung, liver, and lymphatic tissue, increased compared to intact DMN treated animals and controls. This experiment confirms other studies in rats and mice showing that androgens play a role in initiation and progression of nitrosamine induced renal cancer, paralleling the finding of increased male susceptibility in human renal cancer.", "contents": "Decreased incidence of renal tumors in DMN treated Balb/C mice after orchiectomy. Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced a significant incidence (45.5%) of kidney epithelial tumors in adult male Balb/C mice. The proportion of mice with renal tumors orchiectomized after DMN injection was reduced to 25.6%; whereas the proportion of tumor bearing animals at other sites, such as lung, liver, and lymphatic tissue, increased compared to intact DMN treated animals and controls. This experiment confirms other studies in rats and mice showing that androgens play a role in initiation and progression of nitrosamine induced renal cancer, paralleling the finding of increased male susceptibility in human renal cancer.", "PMID": 592845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4242", "title": "Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate: effect of schedule of administration on metastasis of 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Metastasizing mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 in female Fischer rats has been used as a model for studying postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, using methotrexate (Mtx) and 5-fluouracil (5FU) either singly or in combinations. All animals that received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy of 5FU alone, 5FU and Mtx simultaneously, or Mtx followed by 5FU had significant improvement of survivals. Methotrexate alone was ineffective in treating the visceral metastasis. The addition of Mtx at the time of 5FU administration actually decreased the therapeutic effectiveness of 5FU given by itself. Fluorouracil alone improved survival of rats with small or large tumors, whereas Mtx followed by 5FU was better than 5FU alone in rats with smaller tumors. Among all rats treated with chemotherapy, those rats that got Mtx followed by 5FU had the lowest amount of lung metastasis, and concomitant administration of nonspecific BCG immunotherapy delayed death from visceral metastasis only for rats receiving drugs according to this schedule.", "contents": "Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate: effect of schedule of administration on metastasis of 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma. Metastasizing mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 in female Fischer rats has been used as a model for studying postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, using methotrexate (Mtx) and 5-fluouracil (5FU) either singly or in combinations. All animals that received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy of 5FU alone, 5FU and Mtx simultaneously, or Mtx followed by 5FU had significant improvement of survivals. Methotrexate alone was ineffective in treating the visceral metastasis. The addition of Mtx at the time of 5FU administration actually decreased the therapeutic effectiveness of 5FU given by itself. Fluorouracil alone improved survival of rats with small or large tumors, whereas Mtx followed by 5FU was better than 5FU alone in rats with smaller tumors. Among all rats treated with chemotherapy, those rats that got Mtx followed by 5FU had the lowest amount of lung metastasis, and concomitant administration of nonspecific BCG immunotherapy delayed death from visceral metastasis only for rats receiving drugs according to this schedule.", "PMID": 592846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4243", "title": "Acinic cell tumor of the palate.", "content": "A rare acinic cell carcinoma of the soft palate is reported and its potential for recurrence and metastasis discussed. A wide ablation created a speech-crippling defect that was reconstructed with an island flap from the opposite side and a pharyngeal flap for nasal lining and an island flap from the same side for oral cover. Speech is again normal.", "contents": "Acinic cell tumor of the palate. A rare acinic cell carcinoma of the soft palate is reported and its potential for recurrence and metastasis discussed. A wide ablation created a speech-crippling defect that was reconstructed with an island flap from the opposite side and a pharyngeal flap for nasal lining and an island flap from the same side for oral cover. Speech is again normal.", "PMID": 592847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4244", "title": "Radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer.", "content": "The experience with radical mastectomy in the treatment of 152 cases of operable breast cancer at the Hadassah University Hospital has been analyzed. An overall 5 year survival of 75% and a 10 year survival of 62% are reported and compared with results from other methods of treatment. Based on the excellent survival rates achieved and the low incidence of local recurrence (9.8%), the present study suggests that radical mastectomy is still the most suitable surgical procedure in the treatment of operable breast cancer.", "contents": "Radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer. The experience with radical mastectomy in the treatment of 152 cases of operable breast cancer at the Hadassah University Hospital has been analyzed. An overall 5 year survival of 75% and a 10 year survival of 62% are reported and compared with results from other methods of treatment. Based on the excellent survival rates achieved and the low incidence of local recurrence (9.8%), the present study suggests that radical mastectomy is still the most suitable surgical procedure in the treatment of operable breast cancer.", "PMID": 592848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4245", "title": "The adverse effects of elemental diets on tolerance for 5-FU toxicity in the rat.", "content": "The effects of a group of elemental diets on the gastrointestinal toxicity of 5-FU in the Sprague-Dawley rat were evaluated. Diarrhea, stomatitis, hypoalbuminemia, and early deaths were more frequent in the animals on elemental diets than in those consuming standard rat chow. Sepsis and hypoalbuminemia were directly related to the extent of protein hydrolysis of the particular elemental diet.", "contents": "The adverse effects of elemental diets on tolerance for 5-FU toxicity in the rat. The effects of a group of elemental diets on the gastrointestinal toxicity of 5-FU in the Sprague-Dawley rat were evaluated. Diarrhea, stomatitis, hypoalbuminemia, and early deaths were more frequent in the animals on elemental diets than in those consuming standard rat chow. Sepsis and hypoalbuminemia were directly related to the extent of protein hydrolysis of the particular elemental diet.", "PMID": 592849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4246", "title": "An unusual presentation of carcinoma of the lung: 26 patients with cervical node metastases.", "content": "Carcinoma of the lung should be considered in the search for an unknown primary lesion when there is evidence of cervical lymph node involvement. Of 1,686 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma seen during a 10-year period at the University of Louisville Hospitals, 26 presented one or more clinically positive cervical nodes. The frequency of lung cancer in such instances varies from 1.5% (in the present report) to 32%, possibly because the term \"cervical node\" is used without clarification. More precise description of such metastases is urged.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of carcinoma of the lung: 26 patients with cervical node metastases. Carcinoma of the lung should be considered in the search for an unknown primary lesion when there is evidence of cervical lymph node involvement. Of 1,686 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma seen during a 10-year period at the University of Louisville Hospitals, 26 presented one or more clinically positive cervical nodes. The frequency of lung cancer in such instances varies from 1.5% (in the present report) to 32%, possibly because the term \"cervical node\" is used without clarification. More precise description of such metastases is urged.", "PMID": 592850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4247", "title": "The role of stress factors in the postoperative course of patients with rectal cancer.", "content": "The authors studied 82 patients with rectal cancer who underwent radical surgical treatment at the N.N. Petrov Oncological Research Institute of the Ministry of Health of the USSR in 1974-1975. They defined the markedness of patients' psychogenic disturbances in the pre- and postoperative period and measured the level of catecholamines in urine and that of 11-oxycorticosteroids in blood. The findings showed the highest frequency of postoperative complications (68%) in the group of patients who evidenced severe psychic reactions when they were admitted to the clinic. These data correlated with a higher level of catecholamines in the urine and of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood before surgery, and with a marked decrease of catecholamine excretion on the sixth day after the operation. This may indicate sympathetic-adrenal system exhaustion and play a certain part in the development of postoperative complications.", "contents": "The role of stress factors in the postoperative course of patients with rectal cancer. The authors studied 82 patients with rectal cancer who underwent radical surgical treatment at the N.N. Petrov Oncological Research Institute of the Ministry of Health of the USSR in 1974-1975. They defined the markedness of patients' psychogenic disturbances in the pre- and postoperative period and measured the level of catecholamines in urine and that of 11-oxycorticosteroids in blood. The findings showed the highest frequency of postoperative complications (68%) in the group of patients who evidenced severe psychic reactions when they were admitted to the clinic. These data correlated with a higher level of catecholamines in the urine and of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood before surgery, and with a marked decrease of catecholamine excretion on the sixth day after the operation. This may indicate sympathetic-adrenal system exhaustion and play a certain part in the development of postoperative complications.", "PMID": 592851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4248", "title": "The combined effect of radiotherapy and neuraminidase-treated tumor cells on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Active immunotherapy with tumor cells treated in vitro with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) plus mitomycin C augments the antitumor effects of local x irradiation in the treatment of firmly established methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, MC-43, in syngeneic C3H/HeJ female mice. In most experiments, the inhibition of tumor growth was greater when VCN-treated tumor cells were combined with local irradiation than could be achieved with VCN-treated tumor cells or local irradiation alone. Even in those experiments in which the immunotherapeutic effect of VCN-treated cells was negligible, the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy appeared to be greater than irradiation alone. Similarly, total permanent regression of established tumors occurred more frequently after combined therapy than after immunotherapy or radiation therapy alone.", "contents": "The combined effect of radiotherapy and neuraminidase-treated tumor cells on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. Active immunotherapy with tumor cells treated in vitro with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) plus mitomycin C augments the antitumor effects of local x irradiation in the treatment of firmly established methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, MC-43, in syngeneic C3H/HeJ female mice. In most experiments, the inhibition of tumor growth was greater when VCN-treated tumor cells were combined with local irradiation than could be achieved with VCN-treated tumor cells or local irradiation alone. Even in those experiments in which the immunotherapeutic effect of VCN-treated cells was negligible, the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy appeared to be greater than irradiation alone. Similarly, total permanent regression of established tumors occurred more frequently after combined therapy than after immunotherapy or radiation therapy alone.", "PMID": 592852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4249", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a study of 153 cases.", "content": "The incidence of esophageal carcinoma in the United States is relatively low; total estimated cases annually are about 7,000 (Ca, 1975). The overall cure rate, however, is about the worst among all malignant diseases and is reported to be 3% (Ca, 1975). We reviewed cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute to understand the clinicopathologic features in order to improve our therapeutic results.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a study of 153 cases. The incidence of esophageal carcinoma in the United States is relatively low; total estimated cases annually are about 7,000 (Ca, 1975). The overall cure rate, however, is about the worst among all malignant diseases and is reported to be 3% (Ca, 1975). We reviewed cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute to understand the clinicopathologic features in order to improve our therapeutic results.", "PMID": 592853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4250", "title": "Serum polyamine alterations in surgical patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Polyamines, by virture of their regulatory role in the cellular synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein, are potential indicators of malignant growth. In view of this, serum polyamine levels of patients with colorectal carcinoma or benign bowel disease were examined. Of 53 patients with colorectal carcinoma, 35 (66%) showed elevations of 1 or more polyamines. Nine patients with benign bowel disease (villous adenoma, Gardner's syndrome, familial polyposis, and diverticulitis) showed normal serum polyamine levels except 1 patient with a villous adenoma. Patients with colorectal carcinoma were designated stage A, B, C, or D depending on the progression of their disease. All patients classified as D showed elevation of 1 or more polyamines. Serum polyamines became elevated following surgery in patients with colorectal carcinoma as well as those with benign bowel diseases, suggesting a relationship to the surgical procedure. Preliminary longitudinal studies of patients with colorectal carcinoma (B stage) undergoing curable surgical procedures show normal polyamine levels and no evidence of disease at 15 months.", "contents": "Serum polyamine alterations in surgical patients with colorectal carcinoma. Polyamines, by virture of their regulatory role in the cellular synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein, are potential indicators of malignant growth. In view of this, serum polyamine levels of patients with colorectal carcinoma or benign bowel disease were examined. Of 53 patients with colorectal carcinoma, 35 (66%) showed elevations of 1 or more polyamines. Nine patients with benign bowel disease (villous adenoma, Gardner's syndrome, familial polyposis, and diverticulitis) showed normal serum polyamine levels except 1 patient with a villous adenoma. Patients with colorectal carcinoma were designated stage A, B, C, or D depending on the progression of their disease. All patients classified as D showed elevation of 1 or more polyamines. Serum polyamines became elevated following surgery in patients with colorectal carcinoma as well as those with benign bowel diseases, suggesting a relationship to the surgical procedure. Preliminary longitudinal studies of patients with colorectal carcinoma (B stage) undergoing curable surgical procedures show normal polyamine levels and no evidence of disease at 15 months.", "PMID": 592854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4251", "title": "Hibernoma: report of two cases.", "content": "Hibernomas are rare tumors of fat which are most often benign. Arteriographic fingings may be misleading with respect to the diagnosis of malignancy preoperatively. These uncommon tumors may be confused prior to surgery with lipomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and hemangiomas.", "contents": "Hibernoma: report of two cases. Hibernomas are rare tumors of fat which are most often benign. Arteriographic fingings may be misleading with respect to the diagnosis of malignancy preoperatively. These uncommon tumors may be confused prior to surgery with lipomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and hemangiomas.", "PMID": 592855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4252", "title": "Hematoma of liver: a lesion-mimicking hepatic neoplasm.", "content": "A plethora of case reports of women on birth control agents who present with hepatic masses and who are ultimately found to have liver neoplasms have overshadowed the clinicians' awareness of other possible diagnoses in patients who present in a similar fashion. Hematomas of the liver, secondary to vascular lesions induced by these agents, must be considered and preoperative attempts to make the diagnosis must be ensured by obtaining appropriate studies.", "contents": "Hematoma of liver: a lesion-mimicking hepatic neoplasm. A plethora of case reports of women on birth control agents who present with hepatic masses and who are ultimately found to have liver neoplasms have overshadowed the clinicians' awareness of other possible diagnoses in patients who present in a similar fashion. Hematomas of the liver, secondary to vascular lesions induced by these agents, must be considered and preoperative attempts to make the diagnosis must be ensured by obtaining appropriate studies.", "PMID": 592856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4253", "title": "Estrogen receptor levels in hormonally progressive mammary tumors.", "content": "Tumor samples from 4 different stages of hormonal progression in the MT-W9 series of rat mammary tumors were analyzed for estrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method in order to further explore the clinical implications of the estrogen receptor assay. The findings indicate that although the presence of estrogen receptors is not an exclusive characteristic of hormonal dependency, their absence is indicative of a later stage of hormonal progression which might be of more immediate clinical consequence because hormonally autonomous tumors have faster growth rates than hormonally dependent tumors. It is also suggested that it may be necessary to initiate chemotherapy as an adjuvant to endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients with hormonally dependent tumors in order to avoid the eventual proliferation of hormonally autonomous tumor cells which are present in hormonally dependent tumors.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor levels in hormonally progressive mammary tumors. Tumor samples from 4 different stages of hormonal progression in the MT-W9 series of rat mammary tumors were analyzed for estrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method in order to further explore the clinical implications of the estrogen receptor assay. The findings indicate that although the presence of estrogen receptors is not an exclusive characteristic of hormonal dependency, their absence is indicative of a later stage of hormonal progression which might be of more immediate clinical consequence because hormonally autonomous tumors have faster growth rates than hormonally dependent tumors. It is also suggested that it may be necessary to initiate chemotherapy as an adjuvant to endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients with hormonally dependent tumors in order to avoid the eventual proliferation of hormonally autonomous tumor cells which are present in hormonally dependent tumors.", "PMID": 592857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4254", "title": "Nonsurgical treatment of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: a case report.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old male child with rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate was treated with radiation of the pelvis, consisting of 5,600 rads in 7 1/2 weeks, and combination chemotherapy of Vincristine and Actinomycin D. Surgery had been refused. The child is alive and disease-free more than 5 years after diagnosis, and over 2 years following the cessation of all therapy. Recent advances in radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy have significantly improved the outlook in this aggressive childhood neoplasm and have made a less aggressive and less mutilating surgical approach often desirable. This, in turn, holds out the prospect of improved quality of survival in children so afflicted.", "contents": "Nonsurgical treatment of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: a case report. A 2 1/2-year-old male child with rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate was treated with radiation of the pelvis, consisting of 5,600 rads in 7 1/2 weeks, and combination chemotherapy of Vincristine and Actinomycin D. Surgery had been refused. The child is alive and disease-free more than 5 years after diagnosis, and over 2 years following the cessation of all therapy. Recent advances in radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy have significantly improved the outlook in this aggressive childhood neoplasm and have made a less aggressive and less mutilating surgical approach often desirable. This, in turn, holds out the prospect of improved quality of survival in children so afflicted.", "PMID": 592858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4255", "title": "Cancer of the Colon: 32 years of experience in Bombay, India.", "content": "Incidence rate of colon cancer is low in India compared to the Western countries. The dietary habits may be the protective factor in our population. During a 32 year period (1941-1972), 555 cases of colonic cancer were recorded at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. Among the social groups utilizing this hospital, the Parsis (Zoroastrians) have the highest incidence of colonic cancer. The frequency of cancer of the caecum and sigmoid are almost equal. Cancer of splenic and hepatic flexures are predominantly seen in men. Of the resected cases 50% survived for 5 years and 40% for 10 years. When cancer was localised, the 5 year survival rate was 64%. The 5 year survival rat among transverse colon cancer patients was 70%. The skin was the commonest site of a second cancer among colon cancer patients; the possible etiological association of these two cancers appears very intriguing.", "contents": "Cancer of the Colon: 32 years of experience in Bombay, India. Incidence rate of colon cancer is low in India compared to the Western countries. The dietary habits may be the protective factor in our population. During a 32 year period (1941-1972), 555 cases of colonic cancer were recorded at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay. Among the social groups utilizing this hospital, the Parsis (Zoroastrians) have the highest incidence of colonic cancer. The frequency of cancer of the caecum and sigmoid are almost equal. Cancer of splenic and hepatic flexures are predominantly seen in men. Of the resected cases 50% survived for 5 years and 40% for 10 years. When cancer was localised, the 5 year survival rate was 64%. The 5 year survival rat among transverse colon cancer patients was 70%. The skin was the commonest site of a second cancer among colon cancer patients; the possible etiological association of these two cancers appears very intriguing.", "PMID": 592859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4256", "title": "Prognostic significance of blood vessel invasion in carcinoma of the breast in women.", "content": "Prognostic significance of blood vessel invasion in carcinoma of the female breast has been evaluated by study of 242 cases of radical mastectomy done at the Tata Memorial Hospital. The significance of axillary node involvement with the disease has been simultaneously evaluated. In the absence of blood vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis the 5 year survival rate was 98%. Compared with this, 5 year survival rate was reduced to 59% when the blood vessel invasion was present but no lymph node metastasis. Only 12% survived for 5 years when both blood vessels and lymph nodes were involved with the disease. The study indicated that blood vessel invasion in the primary breast carcinoma is more significant than lymph node metastasis.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of blood vessel invasion in carcinoma of the breast in women. Prognostic significance of blood vessel invasion in carcinoma of the female breast has been evaluated by study of 242 cases of radical mastectomy done at the Tata Memorial Hospital. The significance of axillary node involvement with the disease has been simultaneously evaluated. In the absence of blood vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis the 5 year survival rate was 98%. Compared with this, 5 year survival rate was reduced to 59% when the blood vessel invasion was present but no lymph node metastasis. Only 12% survived for 5 years when both blood vessels and lymph nodes were involved with the disease. The study indicated that blood vessel invasion in the primary breast carcinoma is more significant than lymph node metastasis.", "PMID": 592860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4257", "title": "Lymphography in the assessment of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Extracutaneous manifestations of mycosis fungoides imply a bad prognosis and are a major cause of death. Benign dermatopathic lymphadenopathy is associated with mycosis fungoides and often precedes lymphomatous infiltration. In this study, 10 patients in the early stages of mycosis fungoides underwent clinical and lymphographical examinations. In one the lymphoma was already present in lymph nodes. Six had signs of dermatopathic adenopathy which was verified by lymph node biopsy in 5. In one of these the disease later progressed to a malignant lymphoma. The frequent occurrence of lymph node involvement justifies the use of lymphography collaterally with staging laparotomy to determine the presence of pathologic retroperitoneal lymph nodes.", "contents": "Lymphography in the assessment of mycosis fungoides. Extracutaneous manifestations of mycosis fungoides imply a bad prognosis and are a major cause of death. Benign dermatopathic lymphadenopathy is associated with mycosis fungoides and often precedes lymphomatous infiltration. In this study, 10 patients in the early stages of mycosis fungoides underwent clinical and lymphographical examinations. In one the lymphoma was already present in lymph nodes. Six had signs of dermatopathic adenopathy which was verified by lymph node biopsy in 5. In one of these the disease later progressed to a malignant lymphoma. The frequent occurrence of lymph node involvement justifies the use of lymphography collaterally with staging laparotomy to determine the presence of pathologic retroperitoneal lymph nodes.", "PMID": 592885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4258", "title": "Allergic reaction to Patent Blue Violet during lymphography.", "content": "A case of an allergic reaction to Patent Blue Violet dye used for the purpose of lymphangiography is reported. The clinical findings were urticarial reaction, edema of the eyelids and lips, and hypotension. Previous sensitization to triphenylmethane dyes, in drugs and other chemicals was likely, but not proven. Such commonly used compounds have been compiled in a Table. History of a previous hypersensitivity reaction to these compounds is not a contraindication for lymphangiography but should call for emergency planning and possible premedication.", "contents": "Allergic reaction to Patent Blue Violet during lymphography. A case of an allergic reaction to Patent Blue Violet dye used for the purpose of lymphangiography is reported. The clinical findings were urticarial reaction, edema of the eyelids and lips, and hypotension. Previous sensitization to triphenylmethane dyes, in drugs and other chemicals was likely, but not proven. Such commonly used compounds have been compiled in a Table. History of a previous hypersensitivity reaction to these compounds is not a contraindication for lymphangiography but should call for emergency planning and possible premedication.", "PMID": 592887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4259", "title": "Effect of transient intestinal ischaemia on the thoracic duct lymph absorption of endotoxin.", "content": "One-hour intestinal ischaemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and interrupting the intramural collaterals was produced in 8 dogs. Thoracic duct lymph, mesenteric venous blood and arterial blood were examined before and during intestinal ischaemia and after revascularization of the small bowel. Venous blood was the major route of transport of lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase from the ischaemic bowel. Endotoxin activity determined by the limulus test was found in the lymph before the induction of intestinal ischaemia in 4 of 6 dogs while it was absent in arterial blood. After one hour lasting revascularization endotoxin was present in the lymph of all dogs and in 3 and 4 dogs in arterial and mesenteric venous blood respectively. It was demonstrated that limulus-positive substances escape from the intestine both via the lymph and blood.", "contents": "Effect of transient intestinal ischaemia on the thoracic duct lymph absorption of endotoxin. One-hour intestinal ischaemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and interrupting the intramural collaterals was produced in 8 dogs. Thoracic duct lymph, mesenteric venous blood and arterial blood were examined before and during intestinal ischaemia and after revascularization of the small bowel. Venous blood was the major route of transport of lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase from the ischaemic bowel. Endotoxin activity determined by the limulus test was found in the lymph before the induction of intestinal ischaemia in 4 of 6 dogs while it was absent in arterial blood. After one hour lasting revascularization endotoxin was present in the lymph of all dogs and in 3 and 4 dogs in arterial and mesenteric venous blood respectively. It was demonstrated that limulus-positive substances escape from the intestine both via the lymph and blood.", "PMID": 592888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4260", "title": "Lymphatic pathways and rate of absorption of 131I-albumin from pericardium of dogs.", "content": "Labeled albumin diluted to 4.0 ml with normal saline solution was instilled into the pericardium of 14 dogs. Lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RD) and thoracic duct (TD) was collected at intervals as well as blood samples, and radioactivity measured.", "contents": "Lymphatic pathways and rate of absorption of 131I-albumin from pericardium of dogs. Labeled albumin diluted to 4.0 ml with normal saline solution was instilled into the pericardium of 14 dogs. Lymph from the right lymphatic duct (RD) and thoracic duct (TD) was collected at intervals as well as blood samples, and radioactivity measured.", "PMID": 592889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4261", "title": "Detection and localization of occult lesions with brainstem auditory responses.", "content": "Seven vertex-positive potentials--the brainstem auditory response--can be recorded from the human scalp within 10 milliseconds of an appropriate acoustic stimulus. The first of these potentials is generated in the acoustic nerve, the third in the pons, and the fifth in the midbrain. Measurement of the relative latencies and amplitudes of these potentials allowed detection of subclinical lesions in 37 (53 percent) of 70 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis who had no signs or symptoms of brainstem involvement by the disease. Abnormalities in the brainstem auditory response provided the first evidence of the pressence of multiple lesions in 14 (35 percent) of 40 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis who had clinical evidence of only a single spinal or cerebral lesion. Response  abnormalities also suggested the presence of tumors of the posterior fossa in three patients with nonspecific symptoms and normal neurologic examinations, the test indicated the need for contrast studies, which then led to the correct diagnosis of infratentorial neoplasm.", "contents": "Detection and localization of occult lesions with brainstem auditory responses. Seven vertex-positive potentials--the brainstem auditory response--can be recorded from the human scalp within 10 milliseconds of an appropriate acoustic stimulus. The first of these potentials is generated in the acoustic nerve, the third in the pons, and the fifth in the midbrain. Measurement of the relative latencies and amplitudes of these potentials allowed detection of subclinical lesions in 37 (53 percent) of 70 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis who had no signs or symptoms of brainstem involvement by the disease. Abnormalities in the brainstem auditory response provided the first evidence of the pressence of multiple lesions in 14 (35 percent) of 40 patients with suspected multiple sclerosis who had clinical evidence of only a single spinal or cerebral lesion. Response  abnormalities also suggested the presence of tumors of the posterior fossa in three patients with nonspecific symptoms and normal neurologic examinations, the test indicated the need for contrast studies, which then led to the correct diagnosis of infratentorial neoplasm.", "PMID": 592890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4262", "title": "Function of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene laminated trileaflet valves in animals.", "content": "A stent-mounted trileaflet cardiac valve prosthesis has been developed in which the valve leaflets were fabricated from 0.003-mm films of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene laminated in 4 to 15 layers. A total of 28 valves of varying leaflet thickness were implanted in the tricuspid position in dogs. Cardiac catheterization performed during the follow-up period between 1 week and 15 months after valve replacement in 20 surviving animals showed that the initial good function was maintained in 12 dogs for up to 15 months, whereas valve dysfunction developed in 8 other dogs within 6 months. Autopsy revealed that the cause of valve dysfunction among the eight dogs was cusp stiffening with or without retraction in six, dehiscence of the suture ring in one, and strut entrapment in one. This study demonstrated that the thickness of the leaflet material is an important factor affecting the long-term function in vivo.", "contents": "Function of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene laminated trileaflet valves in animals. A stent-mounted trileaflet cardiac valve prosthesis has been developed in which the valve leaflets were fabricated from 0.003-mm films of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene laminated in 4 to 15 layers. A total of 28 valves of varying leaflet thickness were implanted in the tricuspid position in dogs. Cardiac catheterization performed during the follow-up period between 1 week and 15 months after valve replacement in 20 surviving animals showed that the initial good function was maintained in 12 dogs for up to 15 months, whereas valve dysfunction developed in 8 other dogs within 6 months. Autopsy revealed that the cause of valve dysfunction among the eight dogs was cusp stiffening with or without retraction in six, dehiscence of the suture ring in one, and strut entrapment in one. This study demonstrated that the thickness of the leaflet material is an important factor affecting the long-term function in vivo.", "PMID": 592891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4263", "title": "Cardiac lymphatic obstruction: ultrastructure of acute-phase myocardial injury in dogs.", "content": "Cardiac lymphatics exist as a network of intercommunicating channels in the myocardium and heart valves, and chronic obstruction of these vessels may result in endomyocardial fibrosis and mucoid degeneration of heart valves. The acute effects of experimental cardiac lymphatic obstruction were studied in the dog. Subendocardial edema and hemorrhage occurred within 150 minutes of the ligation of cardiac lymphatics. Ischemia-type myocardial injury was also observed. Attional changes detectable ultrastructurally included lymphangiectasia, myofibrillar degeneration, disruption of Z-band and intercalated disks, and various mitochondrial derangements. The spottiness of the changes was attributable to the known anatomic variability of lymphatic distribution in the heart. The findings reinforce the belief that greater attention should be focused on the role of cardiac lymphatics in the pathogenesis of a multitude of myocardial and vavular heart diseases.", "contents": "Cardiac lymphatic obstruction: ultrastructure of acute-phase myocardial injury in dogs. Cardiac lymphatics exist as a network of intercommunicating channels in the myocardium and heart valves, and chronic obstruction of these vessels may result in endomyocardial fibrosis and mucoid degeneration of heart valves. The acute effects of experimental cardiac lymphatic obstruction were studied in the dog. Subendocardial edema and hemorrhage occurred within 150 minutes of the ligation of cardiac lymphatics. Ischemia-type myocardial injury was also observed. Attional changes detectable ultrastructurally included lymphangiectasia, myofibrillar degeneration, disruption of Z-band and intercalated disks, and various mitochondrial derangements. The spottiness of the changes was attributable to the known anatomic variability of lymphatic distribution in the heart. The findings reinforce the belief that greater attention should be focused on the role of cardiac lymphatics in the pathogenesis of a multitude of myocardial and vavular heart diseases.", "PMID": 592892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4264", "title": "Psychiatric consultation in the chronic pain patient.", "content": "A process and technique for psychiatric evaluation of chronic pain patients are discussed. It is the task of a psychiatrist to rule in or rule out a psychiatric component rather than to assume the existence of \"psychogenic\" pain when there is a negative medical and surgical examination. Accurate communications about any psychiatric components to the referring physician, without premature judgment on \"cause\" of pain, lead to themost accurate decisions about future treatment.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation in the chronic pain patient. A process and technique for psychiatric evaluation of chronic pain patients are discussed. It is the task of a psychiatrist to rule in or rule out a psychiatric component rather than to assume the existence of \"psychogenic\" pain when there is a negative medical and surgical examination. Accurate communications about any psychiatric components to the referring physician, without premature judgment on \"cause\" of pain, lead to themost accurate decisions about future treatment.", "PMID": 592893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4265", "title": "The value of gastroscopy in clinical diagnosis: a computer-assisted study.", "content": "The additional information obtained by gastroscopy in patients already examined by upper gastrointestinal roentgenography was assessed. For this purpose, a data sheet for computer analysis was filled in at the time of gastroscopy and again at patient dismissal. Overall, gastroscopy resulted in an altered diagnosis in 18 percent of 1, 368 examinations, and in another 7 percent of cases there were findings of possible clinical significance. Gastroscopic findings differed significantly from x-ray findings in 7 to 35 percent of cases, depending on the indication for the procedure.", "contents": "The value of gastroscopy in clinical diagnosis: a computer-assisted study. The additional information obtained by gastroscopy in patients already examined by upper gastrointestinal roentgenography was assessed. For this purpose, a data sheet for computer analysis was filled in at the time of gastroscopy and again at patient dismissal. Overall, gastroscopy resulted in an altered diagnosis in 18 percent of 1, 368 examinations, and in another 7 percent of cases there were findings of possible clinical significance. Gastroscopic findings differed significantly from x-ray findings in 7 to 35 percent of cases, depending on the indication for the procedure.", "PMID": 592894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4266", "title": "Penetration of the small intestinal mucosa by asbestos fibers.", "content": "Amosite asbestos fibers suspended in saline were placed in an isolated segment of rat jejunum in vivo. One hour later, segments of jejunal mucosa were taken for examination in three of the five rats exposed to the amosite suspension. Fibers also were presented in the lamina propria.", "contents": "Penetration of the small intestinal mucosa by asbestos fibers. Amosite asbestos fibers suspended in saline were placed in an isolated segment of rat jejunum in vivo. One hour later, segments of jejunal mucosa were taken for examination in three of the five rats exposed to the amosite suspension. Fibers also were presented in the lamina propria.", "PMID": 592895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4267", "title": "Medical sociology for whom?", "content": "This article defines the role of a medical sociologist in a medical institution concerned with health care delivery. The role in applied research and teaching is also discussed. The distinction is made between sociology in medicine and sociology of medicine. Five broad areas of research included under the category of sociology of medicine are the consumer of health care; the social, cultural, and economic enviroments as they relate to health and illness; health and illness behavior; patient education; and the evaluation of services provided to the consumer. Research methodologies utilized by sociologists are briefly presented, and research issues of concern in the sociology of medicine are outlined. The knowledge and information provided by a medical sociologist are supplemental to the physician's practice and are expressed ultimately as a benefit for the patient.", "contents": "Medical sociology for whom? This article defines the role of a medical sociologist in a medical institution concerned with health care delivery. The role in applied research and teaching is also discussed. The distinction is made between sociology in medicine and sociology of medicine. Five broad areas of research included under the category of sociology of medicine are the consumer of health care; the social, cultural, and economic enviroments as they relate to health and illness; health and illness behavior; patient education; and the evaluation of services provided to the consumer. Research methodologies utilized by sociologists are briefly presented, and research issues of concern in the sociology of medicine are outlined. The knowledge and information provided by a medical sociologist are supplemental to the physician's practice and are expressed ultimately as a benefit for the patient.", "PMID": 592896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4268", "title": "Movement of horseradish peroxidase in submandibular glands of dogs after ductal injection.", "content": "Small volumes of solutions of a tracer enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), have been injected retrogradely via the main duct of submandibular glands in dogs, and the distribution of the peroxidase reaction product within the glands has been studied light microscopically and electron microscopically at different times after the injection. Tissue taken immediately after injections of 0.25 ml, given over 10 sec, showed that HRP had penetrated into the interstitial spaces of the gland. It was usually irregularly distributed and appeared to have reached the interstices of the gland by passing through the intercellular junctions of adjacent acinar cells. In time the tracer gradually disappeared from the interstices of the gland. Most of this removal was probably via lymphatic and blood vessels, into both of which peroxidase rapidly passed after ductal injection. At 5 hours after the HRP injection only very weak interstitial staining was present and at later times none was detected. An inflammatory reaction occurred in the gland, starting within minutes after the injection of this foreign protein and reaching a peak after about 12 hours. The events in dogs and those occurring in rabbits under similar experimental conditions have been compared. This study has given some indication how foreign substances may be distributed after retrograde injection into salivary glands.", "contents": "Movement of horseradish peroxidase in submandibular glands of dogs after ductal injection. Small volumes of solutions of a tracer enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), have been injected retrogradely via the main duct of submandibular glands in dogs, and the distribution of the peroxidase reaction product within the glands has been studied light microscopically and electron microscopically at different times after the injection. Tissue taken immediately after injections of 0.25 ml, given over 10 sec, showed that HRP had penetrated into the interstitial spaces of the gland. It was usually irregularly distributed and appeared to have reached the interstices of the gland by passing through the intercellular junctions of adjacent acinar cells. In time the tracer gradually disappeared from the interstices of the gland. Most of this removal was probably via lymphatic and blood vessels, into both of which peroxidase rapidly passed after ductal injection. At 5 hours after the HRP injection only very weak interstitial staining was present and at later times none was detected. An inflammatory reaction occurred in the gland, starting within minutes after the injection of this foreign protein and reaching a peak after about 12 hours. The events in dogs and those occurring in rabbits under similar experimental conditions have been compared. This study has given some indication how foreign substances may be distributed after retrograde injection into salivary glands.", "PMID": 592901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4269", "title": "Activation of adenylate cyclase from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium by adenosine.", "content": "Adenosine caused a dose-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium (200 and 300% stimulation by 100 muM adenosine). The effect of adenosine was not antagonized by haloperidol. Subcellular fractionation suggested that adenosine stimulates a different adenylate cyclase than dopamine. Basal adenylate cyclase activity in freshly prepared homogenates was reduced by dialysis and by the addition of adenosine deaminase. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was enchanced by papaverine and dipyridamole, but reduced by theophylline and isobutylmethylxanthine. The results are compatible with the opinion that endogenous adenosine is capable of activating adenylate cyclase in these areas of the rat brain.", "contents": "Activation of adenylate cyclase from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium by adenosine. Adenosine caused a dose-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium (200 and 300% stimulation by 100 muM adenosine). The effect of adenosine was not antagonized by haloperidol. Subcellular fractionation suggested that adenosine stimulates a different adenylate cyclase than dopamine. Basal adenylate cyclase activity in freshly prepared homogenates was reduced by dialysis and by the addition of adenosine deaminase. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was enchanced by papaverine and dipyridamole, but reduced by theophylline and isobutylmethylxanthine. The results are compatible with the opinion that endogenous adenosine is capable of activating adenylate cyclase in these areas of the rat brain.", "PMID": 592902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4270", "title": "Effect of prolonged beta-blockade on energy metabolism and adrenergic responses in the rat.", "content": "Rats were treated by daily alprenolol (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) injections for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. At 20--21 degrees C alprenolol treatment retarded the weight gain of the animals and increased the weight of the adrenals. These changes were not seen at 29 degrees C. The reduction in size and fat content of the interscapular brovin adipose tissue in drug-treated rats was independent of experimental temperature. At 20--21 degrees C prolonged beta-blockade did not cause any changes in the enzymes of the energy metabolism. At 29 degrees C, however, alprenolol treatment antagonized the decrease in activity of oxidative enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase) and the decrease in protein concentration of the cardiac muscle. In skeletal muscle alprenolol treatment significantly decreased the activities of oxidative enzymes and antagonized the rise in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase resulting from warm acclimation. The increased activities of oxidative enzymes in interscapular brown adipose tissue of aprenolol treated rats were coupled with an increase in protein concentration of the tissue. Although these changes were more marked at 29 degree C they were observable at 20--21 degree C, too. The difference in the drug effects at 20--21 degrees C and 29 degrees C can be accounted for by the compensatory catecholamine release at the lower temperature, due to impaired thermoregulatory capacity after alprenolol. Prolonged beta blockade decreased the exercise tolerance and cold tolerance of the rats. An increased response of the diastolic blood pressure to an alpha-adrenergic drug, noradrenaline, and a decreased response to a beta-adrenergic drug, isoprenaline, in alprenolol-treated rats indicates a shift from beta- to alpha-receptors.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged beta-blockade on energy metabolism and adrenergic responses in the rat. Rats were treated by daily alprenolol (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) injections for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. At 20--21 degrees C alprenolol treatment retarded the weight gain of the animals and increased the weight of the adrenals. These changes were not seen at 29 degrees C. The reduction in size and fat content of the interscapular brovin adipose tissue in drug-treated rats was independent of experimental temperature. At 20--21 degrees C prolonged beta-blockade did not cause any changes in the enzymes of the energy metabolism. At 29 degrees C, however, alprenolol treatment antagonized the decrease in activity of oxidative enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase) and the decrease in protein concentration of the cardiac muscle. In skeletal muscle alprenolol treatment significantly decreased the activities of oxidative enzymes and antagonized the rise in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase resulting from warm acclimation. The increased activities of oxidative enzymes in interscapular brown adipose tissue of aprenolol treated rats were coupled with an increase in protein concentration of the tissue. Although these changes were more marked at 29 degree C they were observable at 20--21 degree C, too. The difference in the drug effects at 20--21 degrees C and 29 degrees C can be accounted for by the compensatory catecholamine release at the lower temperature, due to impaired thermoregulatory capacity after alprenolol. Prolonged beta blockade decreased the exercise tolerance and cold tolerance of the rats. An increased response of the diastolic blood pressure to an alpha-adrenergic drug, noradrenaline, and a decreased response to a beta-adrenergic drug, isoprenaline, in alprenolol-treated rats indicates a shift from beta- to alpha-receptors.", "PMID": 592903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4271", "title": "The role of the nurse-practitioner in a pediatric team: patient definitions.", "content": "Patient conceptions and evaluations of the nurse-practitioner role were explored in a random sample of families who attended a pediatric office team comprising a pediatrician and a nurse-practitioner. Patients do not perceive the nurse to have expertise in an exclusive domain of health problems. Thus, the majority of patients do not consider her addition to the office to have improved on the doctor services. Although many patients took advantage of the opportunity to discuss with the nurse issues they regarded unworthy of the doctor's time, they did not value time spent with the nurse as meriting dispensing with some of the doctor time or the payment of an additional fee. The low value placed by patients on the diffuse area of \"care\" as opposed to the application of medical science hinders the prospects of public recognition of the nurse-practitioner. This applies particularly to the nurse-practitioner as a team member, where an explicit attempt is made to articulate the unique domains and boundaries of the various professionals.", "contents": "The role of the nurse-practitioner in a pediatric team: patient definitions. Patient conceptions and evaluations of the nurse-practitioner role were explored in a random sample of families who attended a pediatric office team comprising a pediatrician and a nurse-practitioner. Patients do not perceive the nurse to have expertise in an exclusive domain of health problems. Thus, the majority of patients do not consider her addition to the office to have improved on the doctor services. Although many patients took advantage of the opportunity to discuss with the nurse issues they regarded unworthy of the doctor's time, they did not value time spent with the nurse as meriting dispensing with some of the doctor time or the payment of an additional fee. The low value placed by patients on the diffuse area of \"care\" as opposed to the application of medical science hinders the prospects of public recognition of the nurse-practitioner. This applies particularly to the nurse-practitioner as a team member, where an explicit attempt is made to articulate the unique domains and boundaries of the various professionals.", "PMID": 592912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4272", "title": "A method for analyzing resource use in ambulatory care settings.", "content": "The major objective of this research is to develop a methodological framework to help analyze the use of resources in ambulatory care environments. Emphasis is placed on trying to understand reasons for variation in treatment patterns. Important methodological considerations include: 1) the selection of a set of medical problems appropriate for evaluating the interaction effects of the variables being considered; 2) the development of problem-specific computerized routines for defining episodes of care based on patient visit information; and 3) the selection of appropriate measures of utilization. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) was used as a study setting. FNS is a primary health care service and training center located in Leslie County in eastern Kentucky. an area that covers 1,000 square miles with a population of approximately 15,000. The analysis indicates that for common primary care problems, the level of provider training as well as accessibility of services significantly influence patterns of care.", "contents": "A method for analyzing resource use in ambulatory care settings. The major objective of this research is to develop a methodological framework to help analyze the use of resources in ambulatory care environments. Emphasis is placed on trying to understand reasons for variation in treatment patterns. Important methodological considerations include: 1) the selection of a set of medical problems appropriate for evaluating the interaction effects of the variables being considered; 2) the development of problem-specific computerized routines for defining episodes of care based on patient visit information; and 3) the selection of appropriate measures of utilization. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) was used as a study setting. FNS is a primary health care service and training center located in Leslie County in eastern Kentucky. an area that covers 1,000 square miles with a population of approximately 15,000. The analysis indicates that for common primary care problems, the level of provider training as well as accessibility of services significantly influence patterns of care.", "PMID": 592913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4273", "title": "A controlled trial of the impact of the family practice nurse on volume, quality, and cost of rural health services.", "content": "Rural Newfoundland communities with and without expanded role nurses were compared on a before and after basis. The rural communities are located in a geographically isolated area served by a 40-bed hospital staffed by salaried physicians. Primary care visits within the community increased by 186 per cent after establishment of the family practice nurse community clinic and attendance at the hospital decreased by 35 per cent. Acute care days in hospital decreased 5 per cent in the experimental group and increased by 39 per cent in the control group. A major portion of the community based visits provided to the experimental group were classed as preventive. The total annual health service cost per 1,000 persons in the experimental group increased slightly more than in the control group (26 versus 21 per cent). Adequate management of certain indicator conditions and drugs was maintained by the family practice nurse when compared to the adequacy rating for the physician during the same time period.", "contents": "A controlled trial of the impact of the family practice nurse on volume, quality, and cost of rural health services. Rural Newfoundland communities with and without expanded role nurses were compared on a before and after basis. The rural communities are located in a geographically isolated area served by a 40-bed hospital staffed by salaried physicians. Primary care visits within the community increased by 186 per cent after establishment of the family practice nurse community clinic and attendance at the hospital decreased by 35 per cent. Acute care days in hospital decreased 5 per cent in the experimental group and increased by 39 per cent in the control group. A major portion of the community based visits provided to the experimental group were classed as preventive. The total annual health service cost per 1,000 persons in the experimental group increased slightly more than in the control group (26 versus 21 per cent). Adequate management of certain indicator conditions and drugs was maintained by the family practice nurse when compared to the adequacy rating for the physician during the same time period.", "PMID": 592915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4274", "title": "[Current surgical management of mammary carcinoma in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of mammary carcinoma in Austria remains constant. Follow-up examinations of 6000 cancer patients, representing approximately one-third of all patients operated on during the period 1960 to 1974, show that the proportion of early stages is relatively low. This is evidenced by a five-year survival rate above and a ten-year survival rate below average. The operative procedure was almost exclusively the Rotter-Halsted operation; during the last few years, the modified radical mastectomy was preferred. Results of partial resections, performed in once center only, were unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Current surgical management of mammary carcinoma in Austria (author's transl)]. The incidence of mammary carcinoma in Austria remains constant. Follow-up examinations of 6000 cancer patients, representing approximately one-third of all patients operated on during the period 1960 to 1974, show that the proportion of early stages is relatively low. This is evidenced by a five-year survival rate above and a ten-year survival rate below average. The operative procedure was almost exclusively the Rotter-Halsted operation; during the last few years, the modified radical mastectomy was preferred. Results of partial resections, performed in once center only, were unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 592957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4275", "title": "[Mammary carcinoma in Switzerland (author's transl)].", "content": "Combined surgical, radiotherapeutic, and sometimes chemotherapeutic treatment of early stages of operable mammary cancer results in 5-year survival without recurrence in a similar percentage of cases as modified radical mastectomy does. This is demonstrated with 1296 patients of two French and one American groups using comparable indication and therapeutic principles. No controlled studies of long-term results using these principles are thus far available. Preliminary results of a Swiss adjuvant polychemotherapy study after mastectomy show a significant favorable effect only in patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Mammary carcinoma in Switzerland (author's transl)]. Combined surgical, radiotherapeutic, and sometimes chemotherapeutic treatment of early stages of operable mammary cancer results in 5-year survival without recurrence in a similar percentage of cases as modified radical mastectomy does. This is demonstrated with 1296 patients of two French and one American groups using comparable indication and therapeutic principles. No controlled studies of long-term results using these principles are thus far available. Preliminary results of a Swiss adjuvant polychemotherapy study after mastectomy show a significant favorable effect only in patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.", "PMID": 592958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4276", "title": "[Management of early breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of clinical trials for early cancer of the breast were assessed in terms of survival, morbidity, and the rate of local recurrance. Simple mastectomy appeared to be the operation of choice because survival following this procedure was equal to that following more radical operations, but the morbidity was less. Partial mastectomy was found to be an unsatisfactory method of treatment. Simple mastectomy should be combined with removal of the lower axillary nodes to allow accurate staging of the disease. Postoperative radiotherapy did not influence survival, but did increase morbidity. It may be best to restrict its use to the treatment of local recurrance. Improvement in survival figures may be seen by use of adjuvant chemotherapy, or by more widespread use of screening programmes.", "contents": "[Management of early breast cancer (author's transl)]. The results of clinical trials for early cancer of the breast were assessed in terms of survival, morbidity, and the rate of local recurrance. Simple mastectomy appeared to be the operation of choice because survival following this procedure was equal to that following more radical operations, but the morbidity was less. Partial mastectomy was found to be an unsatisfactory method of treatment. Simple mastectomy should be combined with removal of the lower axillary nodes to allow accurate staging of the disease. Postoperative radiotherapy did not influence survival, but did increase morbidity. It may be best to restrict its use to the treatment of local recurrance. Improvement in survival figures may be seen by use of adjuvant chemotherapy, or by more widespread use of screening programmes.", "PMID": 592959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4277", "title": "[Indications for plastic surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with the three main areas of indications for plastic surgery: 1. Reconstructive plastic surgery or treatment of defects resulting from trauma or disease. 2. Constructive plastic surgery or treatment of innate defects. 3. Anaplastic surgery or treatment of disfunction of appearance. By defining these different branches of plastic surgery criteria are elaborated that govern all plastic surgery. Differences between the general surgical approach and the plastic surgical approach are explained and emphasis is put on the patients' subjective situation and possible pressures from outside as well as environmental influences that may have bearing on the indication.", "contents": "[Indications for plastic surgery (author's transl)]. The paper deals with the three main areas of indications for plastic surgery: 1. Reconstructive plastic surgery or treatment of defects resulting from trauma or disease. 2. Constructive plastic surgery or treatment of innate defects. 3. Anaplastic surgery or treatment of disfunction of appearance. By defining these different branches of plastic surgery criteria are elaborated that govern all plastic surgery. Differences between the general surgical approach and the plastic surgical approach are explained and emphasis is put on the patients' subjective situation and possible pressures from outside as well as environmental influences that may have bearing on the indication.", "PMID": 592960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4278", "title": "[Lipectomy and lipexhaeresia in the area of the lower extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Lokalized fat can be removed for pathologic but also for purely aesthetic reasons. Lipexhaeresia is a method that enables one to do this without leaving any significant scars. Certain principles of approach must be observed if aesthetically satisfactory results are to be obtained. Experience shows that there are no limits as to indication. Combination with dermolipectomy in the area of the buttocks increases the range of application.", "contents": "[Lipectomy and lipexhaeresia in the area of the lower extremities (author's transl)]. Lokalized fat can be removed for pathologic but also for purely aesthetic reasons. Lipexhaeresia is a method that enables one to do this without leaving any significant scars. Certain principles of approach must be observed if aesthetically satisfactory results are to be obtained. Experience shows that there are no limits as to indication. Combination with dermolipectomy in the area of the buttocks increases the range of application.", "PMID": 592961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4279", "title": "[Lipectomy of the abdominal region (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications and operative techniques for dermolipectomies in the abdominal and lumbar region are discussed including resections of excess skin after weight reduction, intestinal bypass, and pregnancy. Dangers and complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Lipectomy of the abdominal region (author's transl)]. Indications and operative techniques for dermolipectomies in the abdominal and lumbar region are discussed including resections of excess skin after weight reduction, intestinal bypass, and pregnancy. Dangers and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 592962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4280", "title": "[Surgical disconnection of the small intestine as a contribution to plastic surgery].", "content": "The limitations of conservative therapy of extreme obesity compel the patient to seek a surgeon. He can do the following: Resect deposits of fat, create a condition of malabsorption by jejunoileostomy or perform a gastric by-pass, which reduces the capacity of the stomach. The gastric by-pass is the method of choice for treating the adipose child. We perform the jejunoileostomy only on patients with more than 100% overweight. With the weight reduction the pathologic metabolism is normalized. A plastic correction of pendant skin is necessary.", "contents": "[Surgical disconnection of the small intestine as a contribution to plastic surgery]. The limitations of conservative therapy of extreme obesity compel the patient to seek a surgeon. He can do the following: Resect deposits of fat, create a condition of malabsorption by jejunoileostomy or perform a gastric by-pass, which reduces the capacity of the stomach. The gastric by-pass is the method of choice for treating the adipose child. We perform the jejunoileostomy only on patients with more than 100% overweight. With the weight reduction the pathologic metabolism is normalized. A plastic correction of pendant skin is necessary.", "PMID": 592963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4281", "title": "[Operative correction of leg length discrepancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Differences in the lengths of limbs can alter the appearance of the human body. A discrepancy in the lengths of the lower limbs, which eventually leads to difficulties in gait, can be corrected surgically either by shortening the sound limb or by gradual lengthening of the foreshortened leg. The advantages of lengthening are that the body's total height and normal proportions are maintained. Bilateral shortening or lengthenings can be done in exceptional cases for correction of the body height.", "contents": "[Operative correction of leg length discrepancy (author's transl)]. Differences in the lengths of limbs can alter the appearance of the human body. A discrepancy in the lengths of the lower limbs, which eventually leads to difficulties in gait, can be corrected surgically either by shortening the sound limb or by gradual lengthening of the foreshortened leg. The advantages of lengthening are that the body's total height and normal proportions are maintained. Bilateral shortening or lengthenings can be done in exceptional cases for correction of the body height.", "PMID": 592964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4282", "title": "[Funnel chest deformities: operative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of chest deformities is 1:100; operative treatment, however, is necessary in only 1:1000 patients with such a deformity. The most frequent deformity--in 91%--is the funnel chest. Chicken breast, combined types, and fissures of the sternum are seldom seen. Indications for operative treatment are: deformity of more than 25% of the normal sagittal diameter of the chest; heart failure and the degree of pathologic signs on the EKG; alterations of the vertebral column; psychologic aspects. Our operative procedure consists of double cartilage incision and stabilization of the chest with a metal strut.", "contents": "[Funnel chest deformities: operative treatment (author's transl)]. The frequency of chest deformities is 1:100; operative treatment, however, is necessary in only 1:1000 patients with such a deformity. The most frequent deformity--in 91%--is the funnel chest. Chicken breast, combined types, and fissures of the sternum are seldom seen. Indications for operative treatment are: deformity of more than 25% of the normal sagittal diameter of the chest; heart failure and the degree of pathologic signs on the EKG; alterations of the vertebral column; psychologic aspects. Our operative procedure consists of double cartilage incision and stabilization of the chest with a metal strut.", "PMID": 592966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4283", "title": "[Pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Anyone who claims to have discovered the ideal procedure in the treatment of gastric ulcer, should be considered immodest.\" These words by Schnitzler (1914) are in principle still valid. The pathogenesis and operative procedure are not identical. There is still no conclusive proof of the pathogenesis. The disclosure of other pathogenetic factors and facts is gradual. Locally active chemical noxae (e.g., propionitril) are responsible for the development of duodenal ulcer. Gastric ulcer is caused by the reflux of duodenal juice (e.g., lysolecithin, which is capable of corroding the mucosal barrier of the stomach. The current pathogenetic mechanisms of ulcer of the usual locations are specified.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. \"Anyone who claims to have discovered the ideal procedure in the treatment of gastric ulcer, should be considered immodest.\" These words by Schnitzler (1914) are in principle still valid. The pathogenesis and operative procedure are not identical. There is still no conclusive proof of the pathogenesis. The disclosure of other pathogenetic factors and facts is gradual. Locally active chemical noxae (e.g., propionitril) are responsible for the development of duodenal ulcer. Gastric ulcer is caused by the reflux of duodenal juice (e.g., lysolecithin, which is capable of corroding the mucosal barrier of the stomach. The current pathogenetic mechanisms of ulcer of the usual locations are specified.", "PMID": 592967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4284", "title": "[Peptic ulcer: indication for surgical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer has been improved by proxmial gastric vagotomy and the H2 antagonist cimetidine. These new types of treatment may also be useful in gastric ulcer. Thus, new guidelines for the elective surgery and the treatment of bleeding ulcer are needed. These guidelines are obtained by a compromise between the conflicting viewpoints of a surgeon and an internist.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer: indication for surgical treatment (author's transl)]. Treatment of duodenal ulcer has been improved by proxmial gastric vagotomy and the H2 antagonist cimetidine. These new types of treatment may also be useful in gastric ulcer. Thus, new guidelines for the elective surgery and the treatment of bleeding ulcer are needed. These guidelines are obtained by a compromise between the conflicting viewpoints of a surgeon and an internist.", "PMID": 592968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4285", "title": "[Gastroduodenal ulcer: resection procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years vagotomy has become more and more prefered in ulcer surgery. Based on the results of prospective trials, gastric resection should be abandoned as treatment of uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Resections are still indicated for most ulcer complications, such as bleeding, penetration of chronic ulcer, and in recurrent ulcers after vagotomy. The same is true for gastric ulcer type I. Questionnaires indicate, however, that German surgeons still favor the two-thirds resection.", "contents": "[Gastroduodenal ulcer: resection procedures (author's transl)]. In recent years vagotomy has become more and more prefered in ulcer surgery. Based on the results of prospective trials, gastric resection should be abandoned as treatment of uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. Resections are still indicated for most ulcer complications, such as bleeding, penetration of chronic ulcer, and in recurrent ulcers after vagotomy. The same is true for gastric ulcer type I. Questionnaires indicate, however, that German surgeons still favor the two-thirds resection.", "PMID": 592969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4286", "title": "[The technique of proximal selective vagotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A standard technique of proximal selective vagotomy is described (PSV) that has proved reliable and safe in a broad multicenter clinical trial. We proceed in six steps: (1) determination of the antral-fundic boundary by anatomic criteria; (2) preliminary vagomotor electrotest; (3) identification of the nerve trunks and branches to be preserved; (4) dissection of the lesser curvature; (5) dissection of the cardia and of the intraabdominal esophagus up to 6 cm above the cardia; and (6) intraoperative assessment of completeness by the vagomotor electrotest. PSV is usually carried out without a drainage procedure.", "contents": "[The technique of proximal selective vagotomy (author's transl)]. A standard technique of proximal selective vagotomy is described (PSV) that has proved reliable and safe in a broad multicenter clinical trial. We proceed in six steps: (1) determination of the antral-fundic boundary by anatomic criteria; (2) preliminary vagomotor electrotest; (3) identification of the nerve trunks and branches to be preserved; (4) dissection of the lesser curvature; (5) dissection of the cardia and of the intraabdominal esophagus up to 6 cm above the cardia; and (6) intraoperative assessment of completeness by the vagomotor electrotest. PSV is usually carried out without a drainage procedure.", "PMID": 592970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4287", "title": "[Proximal selectivive Vagotomie. Intra-operative Vollst\u00e4ndigkeitskintrolle].", "content": "In the treatment of peptic gastroduodenal ulcers the modified vagomotor electrotest according to Burge has yielded remarkably good results as an intraoperative test for the completeness of proximal selective vagotomy (PSV). The test is as useful for the surgeon in training as for the expert in vagotomy. Moreover the clinical value of the test is demonstrated. If, according to this test, vagotomy is complete, an extreme reduction of gastric acid and a very low rate of relapsing ulcers are seen in our patients. We cannot recommend performing the PSV without this test.", "contents": "[Proximal selectivive Vagotomie. Intra-operative Vollst\u00e4ndigkeitskintrolle]. In the treatment of peptic gastroduodenal ulcers the modified vagomotor electrotest according to Burge has yielded remarkably good results as an intraoperative test for the completeness of proximal selective vagotomy (PSV). The test is as useful for the surgeon in training as for the expert in vagotomy. Moreover the clinical value of the test is demonstrated. If, according to this test, vagotomy is complete, an extreme reduction of gastric acid and a very low rate of relapsing ulcers are seen in our patients. We cannot recommend performing the PSV without this test.", "PMID": 592971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4288", "title": "[Proximal selective vagotomy: results of a prospective study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 728 patients operated on because of gastroduodenal ulcers there were early complications in 7.6% and a lethality of 0.13%. Primary drainage operation was performed in 9.5%, secondary drainage in 0.9%. One year after operation, reduction of BAO was 60% and of PAO 50%, in cases of recurrence only 35 and 30%. Postoperative recurrence of duodenal ulcer was seen in 3.1% after one year and in 5.5% after two years. Recurrence of gastric ulcer became apparent in 9.3% after one year and in 3.4% after two years. Reoperation for recurrence was performed in 1.3%.", "contents": "[Proximal selective vagotomy: results of a prospective study (author's transl)]. In 728 patients operated on because of gastroduodenal ulcers there were early complications in 7.6% and a lethality of 0.13%. Primary drainage operation was performed in 9.5%, secondary drainage in 0.9%. One year after operation, reduction of BAO was 60% and of PAO 50%, in cases of recurrence only 35 and 30%. Postoperative recurrence of duodenal ulcer was seen in 3.1% after one year and in 5.5% after two years. Recurrence of gastric ulcer became apparent in 9.3% after one year and in 3.4% after two years. Reoperation for recurrence was performed in 1.3%.", "PMID": 592972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4289", "title": "[Gastroduodenal ulcer: surgical therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In evaluating results after surgical therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer, lethality and recurrency rate are important criteria, but a third \"quality of life\" should be considered equally important. Proximal selective vagotomy seems to carry a very small lethality risk and extremely good \"qualities of postoperative life.\" A minority of patients may need two \"surgical steps\" to achieve a good end result. The modified Burge test has been found useful in a prospective study. As to technical details, the denudation of the subdiaphragmatic esophagus over a distance of 5--6 cm seems paramount for achieving a good proximal vagal denervation of the acid-secreting area of the stomach.", "contents": "[Gastroduodenal ulcer: surgical therapy (author's transl)]. In evaluating results after surgical therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer, lethality and recurrency rate are important criteria, but a third \"quality of life\" should be considered equally important. Proximal selective vagotomy seems to carry a very small lethality risk and extremely good \"qualities of postoperative life.\" A minority of patients may need two \"surgical steps\" to achieve a good end result. The modified Burge test has been found useful in a prospective study. As to technical details, the denudation of the subdiaphragmatic esophagus over a distance of 5--6 cm seems paramount for achieving a good proximal vagal denervation of the acid-secreting area of the stomach.", "PMID": 592973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4290", "title": "[Reintervention for recurrent ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1967 to 1976, 158 patients were operated on for recurrent ulcer; of these, 75 patients had an ulcus pepticum jejuni after Billroth II. The most common causes of the p. op. ulcer arose from inadequate surgical techniques, i.e., incomplete vagotomy, retained gastric antrum, too large gastric remnant, or palliative primary intervention, such as simple closure. The results of retrospective analysis do not permit a comparison of the different procedures. Vagotomy (p.s.V.), however, is recommended because of lower mortality. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome must be ruled out before any reintervention for recurrent ulcer is undertaken.", "contents": "[Reintervention for recurrent ulcer (author's transl)]. From 1967 to 1976, 158 patients were operated on for recurrent ulcer; of these, 75 patients had an ulcus pepticum jejuni after Billroth II. The most common causes of the p. op. ulcer arose from inadequate surgical techniques, i.e., incomplete vagotomy, retained gastric antrum, too large gastric remnant, or palliative primary intervention, such as simple closure. The results of retrospective analysis do not permit a comparison of the different procedures. Vagotomy (p.s.V.), however, is recommended because of lower mortality. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome must be ruled out before any reintervention for recurrent ulcer is undertaken.", "PMID": 592974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4291", "title": "[Retrograde endoscopic diagnosis and therapy in diseases of the bile papillae and the bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenoscopy with retrograde cholangiopancreatography including associated methods (cytology, manometry, endoscopic sphincterotomy, etc.) allows, with little risk, a more precise differentiation of jaundice. Considering the therapeutic consequences, the effort seems relatively small. Diagnostic improvements lead to more differentiated therapy. Therapeutic endoscopy is being substituted for classic therapeutic methods of internal medicine and surgery.", "contents": "[Retrograde endoscopic diagnosis and therapy in diseases of the bile papillae and the bile ducts (author's transl)]. Duodenoscopy with retrograde cholangiopancreatography including associated methods (cytology, manometry, endoscopic sphincterotomy, etc.) allows, with little risk, a more precise differentiation of jaundice. Considering the therapeutic consequences, the effort seems relatively small. Diagnostic improvements lead to more differentiated therapy. Therapeutic endoscopy is being substituted for classic therapeutic methods of internal medicine and surgery.", "PMID": 592975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4292", "title": "[Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy is a further development of endoscopic cholangiography. This therapeutic procedure was successful in 516 (94.7%) of 545 cases. Choledocholithiasis (405 cases) and papillary stenosis (97) were the main indications for the procedure. Of 405 patients with choledocholithiasis, 376 (93%) are now free of stones. There were 38 (7.4%) complications and 5 (1%) of these had a lethal outcome with (11) (2%) requiring emergency laparotomy. Cholangitis was the most serious complication. It is becoming increasingly evident that the endoscopic papillotomy is replacing reoperation in many cases of choledocholithiasis.", "contents": "[Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)]. Endoscopic papillotomy is a further development of endoscopic cholangiography. This therapeutic procedure was successful in 516 (94.7%) of 545 cases. Choledocholithiasis (405 cases) and papillary stenosis (97) were the main indications for the procedure. Of 405 patients with choledocholithiasis, 376 (93%) are now free of stones. There were 38 (7.4%) complications and 5 (1%) of these had a lethal outcome with (11) (2%) requiring emergency laparotomy. Cholangitis was the most serious complication. It is becoming increasingly evident that the endoscopic papillotomy is replacing reoperation in many cases of choledocholithiasis.", "PMID": 592976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4293", "title": "[Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography is indicated in suspected malformations, chronic inflammation, and tumors of the pancreas. It is contraindicated in acute inflammation and severe obstruction of the main duct. The signs of chronic inflammation are deformities of the ductal system and/or intraductal calculi. Diffuse changes with beading were prominent in 51 patients studied. Malignant tumors cause stenosis, obstruction, tapering, or cavernous deformation of the ductal systm. Complete obstruction of the main duct was seen in the majority of 67 patients studied.", "contents": "[Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)]. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography is indicated in suspected malformations, chronic inflammation, and tumors of the pancreas. It is contraindicated in acute inflammation and severe obstruction of the main duct. The signs of chronic inflammation are deformities of the ductal system and/or intraductal calculi. Diffuse changes with beading were prominent in 51 patients studied. Malignant tumors cause stenosis, obstruction, tapering, or cavernous deformation of the ductal systm. Complete obstruction of the main duct was seen in the majority of 67 patients studied.", "PMID": 592977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4294", "title": "[Endoscopy in the diagnosis and therapy of surgical diseases. Colonoscopic diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Fibroscopes and the techniques of introducing them are now so highly developed that, except for an impassable stenosis, the entire colon can be inspected in every case and the adjacent small intestine in 90% of the cases. Indisputable advantages as compared with indirect methods such as radiology are the direct inspection of the mucosa, the possibility of reliably differentiating between pathological findings and residual stool, the detection of minute lesions that escape radiological examination, and the possibility of removing tissue samples (forceps biopsy, big-particle biopsy, polypectomy). Thus it is possible for the first time to confirm diagnosis morphologically prior to surgery.", "contents": "[Endoscopy in the diagnosis and therapy of surgical diseases. Colonoscopic diagnosis (author's transl)]. Fibroscopes and the techniques of introducing them are now so highly developed that, except for an impassable stenosis, the entire colon can be inspected in every case and the adjacent small intestine in 90% of the cases. Indisputable advantages as compared with indirect methods such as radiology are the direct inspection of the mucosa, the possibility of reliably differentiating between pathological findings and residual stool, the detection of minute lesions that escape radiological examination, and the possibility of removing tissue samples (forceps biopsy, big-particle biopsy, polypectomy). Thus it is possible for the first time to confirm diagnosis morphologically prior to surgery.", "PMID": 592978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4295", "title": "[Coloscopic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment by coloscopy is almost exclusively identical to endoscopic polypectomy. From a technical standpoint, coloscopic polypectomy can be regarded as a sophisticated method: risks are minimal. Of a total of 1236 polyps resected endoscopically over a period of 4 years, two-thirds were resected with a coloscope. Almost 70% of the polyps were adenomas; 10 polyps proved to be carcinomas (without parts of an adenoma); 64 out of 797 polypous adenomas were associated with focal carcinomas. Indications for coloscopic polypectomy are all stalked polyps and those broad-based sessile polyps up to a diameter of about 3 cm.", "contents": "[Coloscopic treatment (author's transl)]. Treatment by coloscopy is almost exclusively identical to endoscopic polypectomy. From a technical standpoint, coloscopic polypectomy can be regarded as a sophisticated method: risks are minimal. Of a total of 1236 polyps resected endoscopically over a period of 4 years, two-thirds were resected with a coloscope. Almost 70% of the polyps were adenomas; 10 polyps proved to be carcinomas (without parts of an adenoma); 64 out of 797 polypous adenomas were associated with focal carcinomas. Indications for coloscopic polypectomy are all stalked polyps and those broad-based sessile polyps up to a diameter of about 3 cm.", "PMID": 592979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4296", "title": "[Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies and intraoperative endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Foreign bodies of the upper GIT are regularly extracted with endoscopes, provided, that they have neither left the pylorus, changed their form, nor perforated the wall. Endoscopic extraction is recommended when safe and spontaneous discharge is uncertain. Impacted rectal foreign bodies usually need proctologic or abdominal surgery. Intraoperative endoscopy should be limited to those organs that are not attainable by preoperative inspection like cholangioscopy and peroral jejunoileoscopy.", "contents": "[Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies and intraoperative endoscopy (author's transl)]. Foreign bodies of the upper GIT are regularly extracted with endoscopes, provided, that they have neither left the pylorus, changed their form, nor perforated the wall. Endoscopic extraction is recommended when safe and spontaneous discharge is uncertain. Impacted rectal foreign bodies usually need proctologic or abdominal surgery. Intraoperative endoscopy should be limited to those organs that are not attainable by preoperative inspection like cholangioscopy and peroral jejunoileoscopy.", "PMID": 592980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4297", "title": "[Biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical lesions of the gastrointestinal tract are usually of an ulcerous or polypoid nature. The macroscopic pathologic changes can be given a clinical diagnosis only after the histologic findings are known. Endoscopic biopsy meets this purpose. Furthermore, endoscopic snare biopsy can be a curative therapeutic procedure. Cytology should only be used as a method of second choice, for example when stenosis proximal to the lesion hinders biopsy.", "contents": "[Biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases (author's transl)]. Surgical lesions of the gastrointestinal tract are usually of an ulcerous or polypoid nature. The macroscopic pathologic changes can be given a clinical diagnosis only after the histologic findings are known. Endoscopic biopsy meets this purpose. Furthermore, endoscopic snare biopsy can be a curative therapeutic procedure. Cytology should only be used as a method of second choice, for example when stenosis proximal to the lesion hinders biopsy.", "PMID": 592981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4298", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolism and therapy. Introduction].", "content": "One-third of all surgical patients develop a deep phlebothrombosis. This frequency of thrombosis after injuries of the lower extremities is estimated at 65%. Most of the thromboses do not become clinically manifest. Ninety-two percent of all fatal pulmonary embolisms originate from a clinically inapparent thrombosis. The ideal prophylaxis should compensate for the undesired effects of an operation or injury on the coagulation system, without subjecting the patient to the danger of elevated tendency to bleed. The discussion of this subject should help to clarify the present successes and risks of thromboembolism prophylaxis and therapy.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolism and therapy. Introduction]. One-third of all surgical patients develop a deep phlebothrombosis. This frequency of thrombosis after injuries of the lower extremities is estimated at 65%. Most of the thromboses do not become clinically manifest. Ninety-two percent of all fatal pulmonary embolisms originate from a clinically inapparent thrombosis. The ideal prophylaxis should compensate for the undesired effects of an operation or injury on the coagulation system, without subjecting the patient to the danger of elevated tendency to bleed. The discussion of this subject should help to clarify the present successes and risks of thromboembolism prophylaxis and therapy.", "PMID": 592982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4299", "title": "[Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathophysiology of venous thrombosis is determined mainly by the triad of Virchow (hypocirculation, endothelial lesion of vessels, coagulation disturbances). Various predisposing factors are known. Thrombocytes are of utmost importance in the initial phase of thrombus formation, while fibrin and red cells influence the length of the clot and the extent of pulmonary embolism. Postoperative venous thrombosis occurs more frequently and earlier than hitherto thought (radiofibrinogen test). General prophylaxis is indicated for its effective prevention.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis (author's transl)]. The pathophysiology of venous thrombosis is determined mainly by the triad of Virchow (hypocirculation, endothelial lesion of vessels, coagulation disturbances). Various predisposing factors are known. Thrombocytes are of utmost importance in the initial phase of thrombus formation, while fibrin and red cells influence the length of the clot and the extent of pulmonary embolism. Postoperative venous thrombosis occurs more frequently and earlier than hitherto thought (radiofibrinogen test). General prophylaxis is indicated for its effective prevention.", "PMID": 592983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4300", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of thromboembolic complications. 125I fibrinogen test, thermography, ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "Early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in all patients operated upon does not make sense. Prevention is better. Should dvt occur, phlebography is mandatory. The only other reliable objective method is the fibrinogen test, which is ideal for clinical research. Peripheral pulmonary emboli (pe) are more common than most people assume. Many are asymptomatic and lyse spontaneously, but often they are precursors of dangerous pe. Combined perfusion-ventilation scintigrams are often diagnostic. The combination of dyspnea, tachypnea, low pO2, and low pCO2 in the presence of a nearly normal chest X-ray makes a diagnosis of massive pe most likely. In all unclear situations pulmonary angiography is important.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of thromboembolic complications. 125I fibrinogen test, thermography, ultrasound (author's transl)]. Early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in all patients operated upon does not make sense. Prevention is better. Should dvt occur, phlebography is mandatory. The only other reliable objective method is the fibrinogen test, which is ideal for clinical research. Peripheral pulmonary emboli (pe) are more common than most people assume. Many are asymptomatic and lyse spontaneously, but often they are precursors of dangerous pe. Combined perfusion-ventilation scintigrams are often diagnostic. The combination of dyspnea, tachypnea, low pO2, and low pCO2 in the presence of a nearly normal chest X-ray makes a diagnosis of massive pe most likely. In all unclear situations pulmonary angiography is important.", "PMID": 592984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4301", "title": "[Prevention and treatment of thromboembolism: diagnosis by roentgenology (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30% of our patients, thrombotic disease was an indication for phlebography. Visualization of veins was performed preferably by taking X-ray films of the ascending contrast medium. The radiologic findings of the acute stages include filling defects, irregular margins, and convex delineation. Post-thrombotic signs include lesions of the valves, recanalization, and collateralization. In cases of occluded inferior vena cava and axillary vein (Paget-von Schroetter Syndrome) collateral circulation occurs. In 80% of cases, phlebography provides important information following medical or surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Prevention and treatment of thromboembolism: diagnosis by roentgenology (author's transl)]. In 30% of our patients, thrombotic disease was an indication for phlebography. Visualization of veins was performed preferably by taking X-ray films of the ascending contrast medium. The radiologic findings of the acute stages include filling defects, irregular margins, and convex delineation. Post-thrombotic signs include lesions of the valves, recanalization, and collateralization. In cases of occluded inferior vena cava and axillary vein (Paget-von Schroetter Syndrome) collateral circulation occurs. In 80% of cases, phlebography provides important information following medical or surgical therapy.", "PMID": 592985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4302", "title": "[Physical possibilities for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimal physical prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis is to ride a \"bed bicycle\" with elevated legs and elastic stockings, when lying in bed. The venous velocities achieved in legs and pelvis are 3--4 times faster than those evoked by walking, the method usually used. The incidence of thrombosis (125I fibrinogen test) up to the 5th postoperative day was 7.7%; in the control group, 38.5%. In patients who were weak, paralyzed, unconscious, relaxed, or with one leg, we obtained with \"motor cycle\" exercises the same success. The frequency of pulmonary embolism (autopsy findings) was reduced from 2.5 to 0.2%.", "contents": "[Physical possibilities for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. The optimal physical prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis is to ride a \"bed bicycle\" with elevated legs and elastic stockings, when lying in bed. The venous velocities achieved in legs and pelvis are 3--4 times faster than those evoked by walking, the method usually used. The incidence of thrombosis (125I fibrinogen test) up to the 5th postoperative day was 7.7%; in the control group, 38.5%. In patients who were weak, paralyzed, unconscious, relaxed, or with one leg, we obtained with \"motor cycle\" exercises the same success. The frequency of pulmonary embolism (autopsy findings) was reduced from 2.5 to 0.2%.", "PMID": 592986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4303", "title": "[Carcinoma of the breast: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "In the German Federal Republic, carcinoma of the breast and colon lie close together as the second und third most tumors. We owe to our surgical forefathers of 100 years ago, Dieffenbach, Rotter, and Halsted, the decisive therapeutic advance whereby as a result of a better understanding of the anatomy of lymphatic drainage, excision of axillary glands and pectoralis muscle was first undertaken. Neither increasing the extent of the operation (superradical excision) nor reducing it (enucleation, partial mastectomy) has so far with any certainly proved as effective as radical mastectomy. The prevalence of various operations used in the western world was ascertained from a survey of about 1000 surgical clinics. With less extensive operations (enucleation) there is the special danger that the understandable desire to strive for a cosmetic result may vitiate the chance of cure.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the breast: introduction (author's transl)]. In the German Federal Republic, carcinoma of the breast and colon lie close together as the second und third most tumors. We owe to our surgical forefathers of 100 years ago, Dieffenbach, Rotter, and Halsted, the decisive therapeutic advance whereby as a result of a better understanding of the anatomy of lymphatic drainage, excision of axillary glands and pectoralis muscle was first undertaken. Neither increasing the extent of the operation (superradical excision) nor reducing it (enucleation, partial mastectomy) has so far with any certainly proved as effective as radical mastectomy. The prevalence of various operations used in the western world was ascertained from a survey of about 1000 surgical clinics. With less extensive operations (enucleation) there is the special danger that the understandable desire to strive for a cosmetic result may vitiate the chance of cure.", "PMID": 592987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4304", "title": "[Anticoagulant-induced prophylaxis of thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In postoperative and posttraumatic states, thromboembolic prophylaxis results in tenfold lower occurrence of pulmonary embolism and venous thrombisis--on which the postthrombotic syndrome is based--without a determinable increase of bleeding risk. Heparin is the treatment of choice. The dosage should be calculated on the basis of body weight. A minimal laboratory program of control measurements can diminish side effects.", "contents": "[Anticoagulant-induced prophylaxis of thrombosis (author's transl)]. In postoperative and posttraumatic states, thromboembolic prophylaxis results in tenfold lower occurrence of pulmonary embolism and venous thrombisis--on which the postthrombotic syndrome is based--without a determinable increase of bleeding risk. Heparin is the treatment of choice. The dosage should be calculated on the basis of body weight. A minimal laboratory program of control measurements can diminish side effects.", "PMID": 592988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4305", "title": "[Prevention of thromboembolism with antiaggregants (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental investigations have shown that antiaggregants affect the size rather than the rate of venous thrombosis, while clinical trials with prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid have indicated primarily a reduced incidence of pulmonary embolism. Current experiences with acetylsalicylic acid in combination with dipyridamole or low-dose heparin suggest that the incidence of pathology diagnosed by 125I-fibrinogen and of deep vein thrombosis is equally reduced.", "contents": "[Prevention of thromboembolism with antiaggregants (author's transl)]. Experimental investigations have shown that antiaggregants affect the size rather than the rate of venous thrombosis, while clinical trials with prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid have indicated primarily a reduced incidence of pulmonary embolism. Current experiences with acetylsalicylic acid in combination with dipyridamole or low-dose heparin suggest that the incidence of pathology diagnosed by 125I-fibrinogen and of deep vein thrombosis is equally reduced.", "PMID": 592989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4306", "title": "[Dextran for the prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Dextran has a well-documented antithrombotic effect that is due to a reduction in platelet adhesions, increased lysability of thrombi, and improved blood flow. Anaphylactoid reactions may occur during the first 30--50 ccm of dextran infusion. They have an incidence of 1:80000 during anesthesia. The main advantage of dextran prophylaxis is the lack of bleeding complications. It is extremely effective in lowering the incidence of lethal pulmonary embolisms.", "contents": "[Dextran for the prophylaxis of postoperative thromboembolism (author's transl)]. Dextran has a well-documented antithrombotic effect that is due to a reduction in platelet adhesions, increased lysability of thrombi, and improved blood flow. Anaphylactoid reactions may occur during the first 30--50 ccm of dextran infusion. They have an incidence of 1:80000 during anesthesia. The main advantage of dextran prophylaxis is the lack of bleeding complications. It is extremely effective in lowering the incidence of lethal pulmonary embolisms.", "PMID": 592990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4307", "title": "[Medical treatment of venous thromboembolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of recent developments in thrombolytic therapy and in vascular surgery, practical treatment schedules are proposed for both superficial and deep venous thromboses of the leg and acute pulmonary embolism. The optimal selection and combination of physical, medical, and surgical measures are advocated.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of venous thromboembolism (author's transl)]. In view of recent developments in thrombolytic therapy and in vascular surgery, practical treatment schedules are proposed for both superficial and deep venous thromboses of the leg and acute pulmonary embolism. The optimal selection and combination of physical, medical, and surgical measures are advocated.", "PMID": 592991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4308", "title": "[Operative therapy: thrombectomy, umbrella filter, caval ligation (author's transl)].", "content": "The goals of our therapeutic trials in acute leg and pelvic vein thrombosis are to 1. Prevent embolism, 2. Salvage the limb, 3. Prevent the postthrombotic syndrome. Early surgical thrombectomy guarantees salvage of the limb in most cases; the frequency of pulmonary embolism can be significantly reduced compared to the spontaneous course and frequency of the postthrombotic syndrome. For recidivistic pulmonary embolism the umbrella filter of Mobin-Uddin, which is implanted via a transjugular pathway, is today the treatment of choice. Further embolisms are rare. For massive lung embolism, extracorporal circulation is necessary: The formerly used Trendelenburg operation is no longer justified.", "contents": "[Operative therapy: thrombectomy, umbrella filter, caval ligation (author's transl)]. The goals of our therapeutic trials in acute leg and pelvic vein thrombosis are to 1. Prevent embolism, 2. Salvage the limb, 3. Prevent the postthrombotic syndrome. Early surgical thrombectomy guarantees salvage of the limb in most cases; the frequency of pulmonary embolism can be significantly reduced compared to the spontaneous course and frequency of the postthrombotic syndrome. For recidivistic pulmonary embolism the umbrella filter of Mobin-Uddin, which is implanted via a transjugular pathway, is today the treatment of choice. Further embolisms are rare. For massive lung embolism, extracorporal circulation is necessary: The formerly used Trendelenburg operation is no longer justified.", "PMID": 592992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4309", "title": "[Recent injuries of the femoral condyles (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a multicenter study comprising 210 operated distal femoral fractures are reported and conclusions for the technique of internal fixation are outlined: After discussion of some details in osteosynthesis of easy supracondylar and condylar fractures, the stabilization of comminuted supracondylar fractures is described. The special steps in reconstruction of comminuted condyles are reported exactly, and the use of the condyle buttress plate is recommended.", "contents": "[Recent injuries of the femoral condyles (author's transl)]. The results of a multicenter study comprising 210 operated distal femoral fractures are reported and conclusions for the technique of internal fixation are outlined: After discussion of some details in osteosynthesis of easy supracondylar and condylar fractures, the stabilization of comminuted supracondylar fractures is described. The special steps in reconstruction of comminuted condyles are reported exactly, and the use of the condyle buttress plate is recommended.", "PMID": 592993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4310", "title": "[Injury of the patella (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures of the patella account for about 1% of all fractures. They result from the impact of direct or indirect forces. Various fracture types are distinguished. Treatment of simple transverse or oblique fractures consists of anatomic reduction, with special attention to perfect reconstruction of the retro-patellar gliding surface. Tension banding is used for fixation to achieve functional stability. Comminuted fractures in the pole region may require partial resection along with careful reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. In cases of complete communition of the patella, early patellectomy is recommended and gives better results than late patellectomy.", "contents": "[Injury of the patella (author's transl)]. Fractures of the patella account for about 1% of all fractures. They result from the impact of direct or indirect forces. Various fracture types are distinguished. Treatment of simple transverse or oblique fractures consists of anatomic reduction, with special attention to perfect reconstruction of the retro-patellar gliding surface. Tension banding is used for fixation to achieve functional stability. Comminuted fractures in the pole region may require partial resection along with careful reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. In cases of complete communition of the patella, early patellectomy is recommended and gives better results than late patellectomy.", "PMID": 592994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4311", "title": "[Injuries to the tibial plateau (author's transl)].", "content": "Conservative management of considerably displaced tibial head fractures tends to stretch the ligaments and damage the soft tissue. Plateau steps impair mobility and lead to secondary osteoarthritis. Therefore operative procedures are prefered: A buttressing plate supports the displaced condyle after exposure and immaculate reduction. Impacted fragments call for elevation and underlining by cancellous graft. Postoperatively, early active motion and late weight bearing is the rule. Operative procedures will only produce satisfactory results when performed by an experienced surgeon.", "contents": "[Injuries to the tibial plateau (author's transl)]. Conservative management of considerably displaced tibial head fractures tends to stretch the ligaments and damage the soft tissue. Plateau steps impair mobility and lead to secondary osteoarthritis. Therefore operative procedures are prefered: A buttressing plate supports the displaced condyle after exposure and immaculate reduction. Impacted fragments call for elevation and underlining by cancellous graft. Postoperatively, early active motion and late weight bearing is the rule. Operative procedures will only produce satisfactory results when performed by an experienced surgeon.", "PMID": 592995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4312", "title": "[Diagnosis of chondral injury in trauma of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnosis of chondral lesions as the only injury in knee trauma is difficult: Lesions of the cartilage were found by arthroscopy, months or years after trauma, in 153 patients; the diagnosis was never suspected immediately after injury. Chondral lesions may be suspected from clinical examination but never proved. Contrast arthography may reveal the injury in exceptional cases. Only arthroscopy or arthrotomy can really prove or exclude injury to the cartilage. Arthoscopy is to he preferred because of the far lower morbidity and is more reliable because of a better view of the articular surfaces.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of chondral injury in trauma of the knee joint (author's transl)]. Diagnosis of chondral lesions as the only injury in knee trauma is difficult: Lesions of the cartilage were found by arthroscopy, months or years after trauma, in 153 patients; the diagnosis was never suspected immediately after injury. Chondral lesions may be suspected from clinical examination but never proved. Contrast arthography may reveal the injury in exceptional cases. Only arthroscopy or arthrotomy can really prove or exclude injury to the cartilage. Arthoscopy is to he preferred because of the far lower morbidity and is more reliable because of a better view of the articular surfaces.", "PMID": 592996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4313", "title": "[Acute traumatic cartilage damage--therapy and results].", "content": "There is a high incidence of articular cartilage lesions together with other injuries of the knee joint. Single lesions are far more seldom. Difficulties in diagnosing cartilage lesions and the slow tendency toward recovery cause severe problems in treating this type of knee disorder. Elimination of enzymatic and mechanical interference and restoration of normal metabolic processes should be the therapeutic result. The plan of treatment depends on the pattern of the lesion. Conservative procedures or surgical intervention are possible methods of treatment. Both forms of therapy should avoid any immobilization of the knee joint whatsoever. Intraarticular injections are not indicated.", "contents": "[Acute traumatic cartilage damage--therapy and results]. There is a high incidence of articular cartilage lesions together with other injuries of the knee joint. Single lesions are far more seldom. Difficulties in diagnosing cartilage lesions and the slow tendency toward recovery cause severe problems in treating this type of knee disorder. Elimination of enzymatic and mechanical interference and restoration of normal metabolic processes should be the therapeutic result. The plan of treatment depends on the pattern of the lesion. Conservative procedures or surgical intervention are possible methods of treatment. Both forms of therapy should avoid any immobilization of the knee joint whatsoever. Intraarticular injections are not indicated.", "PMID": 592997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4314", "title": "[Experimental studies on the pathophysiology of knee ligament lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The cruciates and the collateral ligaments of the knee compare well with a crossed four-joint chain. In surgery of the ligamentous lesions of the knee it is essential to reinsert the ligaments exactly at their anatomic position. Studies of cadaver knees have demonstrated that the medial collateral ligament ensures medial rotational stability to a greater degree than the meniscofemoral and meniscotibial bands. In every stage of medial and anterior ligamentous lesions, external rotation in 90 degrees of flexion shows the same amount of anterior laxity of the medial tibial condyle as the test of Slocum. In contrast to Nicholas the pivot point in anteromedial complex instability is situated posterolaterally.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the pathophysiology of knee ligament lesions (author's transl)]. The cruciates and the collateral ligaments of the knee compare well with a crossed four-joint chain. In surgery of the ligamentous lesions of the knee it is essential to reinsert the ligaments exactly at their anatomic position. Studies of cadaver knees have demonstrated that the medial collateral ligament ensures medial rotational stability to a greater degree than the meniscofemoral and meniscotibial bands. In every stage of medial and anterior ligamentous lesions, external rotation in 90 degrees of flexion shows the same amount of anterior laxity of the medial tibial condyle as the test of Slocum. In contrast to Nicholas the pivot point in anteromedial complex instability is situated posterolaterally.", "PMID": 592998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4315", "title": "[Breast cancer--evaluation of diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The different diagnostic procedures used in the diagnosis of breast cancer are discussed. Clinical examination and mammography are the most important diagnostic steps. Needle biopsy with cytology is a very helpful further diagnostic procedure for the so-called triple diagnosis. The most important diagnostic procedure should be the diagnostic extirpation of the tumor with examination by frozen resection.", "contents": "[Breast cancer--evaluation of diagnostic procedures (author's transl)]. The different diagnostic procedures used in the diagnosis of breast cancer are discussed. Clinical examination and mammography are the most important diagnostic steps. Needle biopsy with cytology is a very helpful further diagnostic procedure for the so-called triple diagnosis. The most important diagnostic procedure should be the diagnostic extirpation of the tumor with examination by frozen resection.", "PMID": 592999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4316", "title": "[Quality control of surgical care (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on studies carried on for more than ten years, various methods for voluntary quality control of surgical care are proposed. Besides short-term measures (e.g., \"strategy of therapy\"), a long-term pilot study would permit detection of defects and errors in surgical care through the recording of comparable data. An organization (similar to the Dutch \"Concilium chirurgicum\") should sponser visitations to various surgical centers. These two, strictly voluntary measures should form the basis for quality control that boots self-esteem of surgeons and does away with the need for state-sponsored measures.", "contents": "[Quality control of surgical care (author's transl)]. Based on studies carried on for more than ten years, various methods for voluntary quality control of surgical care are proposed. Besides short-term measures (e.g., \"strategy of therapy\"), a long-term pilot study would permit detection of defects and errors in surgical care through the recording of comparable data. An organization (similar to the Dutch \"Concilium chirurgicum\") should sponser visitations to various surgical centers. These two, strictly voluntary measures should form the basis for quality control that boots self-esteem of surgeons and does away with the need for state-sponsored measures.", "PMID": 593000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4317", "title": "[Explanations to the patients: a proposed method (author's transl)].", "content": "A stepwise explanatory process is proposed: through a brochure in which the type, significance, and, for the cautious patient, the major as well as minor risks are described (1st step), through a conference in which the individual circumstances are considered and the patient has the opportunity to ask more detailed questions (2nd step). The patient should guarantee in writing that he received the brochure, that he does or does not wish further explanation of the risks, that he consents to the operation and to necessary changes or elaborations.", "contents": "[Explanations to the patients: a proposed method (author's transl)]. A stepwise explanatory process is proposed: through a brochure in which the type, significance, and, for the cautious patient, the major as well as minor risks are described (1st step), through a conference in which the individual circumstances are considered and the patient has the opportunity to ask more detailed questions (2nd step). The patient should guarantee in writing that he received the brochure, that he does or does not wish further explanation of the risks, that he consents to the operation and to necessary changes or elaborations.", "PMID": 593001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4318", "title": "[Prospects in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A discussion of prospects suffers from the fact that preduction of the future must be based on current modes of thinking. However, without prospects, i.e., without rational planning, the individual is left to chance. Reasoning governs the careful estimation of prospects and is applied to the following areas of interest: The importance of history in surgery, the necessity of supervised studies, operative training, instructing young surgeons, rotation, assessment of position, anthropologic nosology and surgical consequences, assistance in decisions about surgical work, the kind and function of linguistics in medicine and surgery, and the relationships between surgical colleagues.", "contents": "[Prospects in surgery (author's transl)]. A discussion of prospects suffers from the fact that preduction of the future must be based on current modes of thinking. However, without prospects, i.e., without rational planning, the individual is left to chance. Reasoning governs the careful estimation of prospects and is applied to the following areas of interest: The importance of history in surgery, the necessity of supervised studies, operative training, instructing young surgeons, rotation, assessment of position, anthropologic nosology and surgical consequences, assistance in decisions about surgical work, the kind and function of linguistics in medicine and surgery, and the relationships between surgical colleagues.", "PMID": 593002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4319", "title": "[Regional anesthesia today--possibilities and limits: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The various procedures of regional anesthesia were widely used before the introduction of intratracheal anesthesia; thereafter, it was replaced by the today commonly used general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia nonetheless plays an important role, primarily in outpatient treatment, because a large number of surgical departments still have no anesthesiologist on the staff. Often the surgeon is responsible for both the operation and the anesthesia. Indications, risks, and complications including legal problems related to regional anesthesia are discussed.", "contents": "[Regional anesthesia today--possibilities and limits: introduction (author's transl)]. The various procedures of regional anesthesia were widely used before the introduction of intratracheal anesthesia; thereafter, it was replaced by the today commonly used general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia nonetheless plays an important role, primarily in outpatient treatment, because a large number of surgical departments still have no anesthesiologist on the staff. Often the surgeon is responsible for both the operation and the anesthesia. Indications, risks, and complications including legal problems related to regional anesthesia are discussed.", "PMID": 593003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4320", "title": "[Indications and contraindications of regional anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "A short introduction about common techniques of regional anesthesia and statistical data about the percentage of such procedures carried out in our institute are presented. Important techniques and aims of regional anesthesia are clearly pointed out. The results of our study are discussed in detail, as are the advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications of regional anesthesia. Finally the paper concludes with our impression of regional anesthesia, its significance and status in China.", "contents": "[Indications and contraindications of regional anesthesia (author's transl)]. A short introduction about common techniques of regional anesthesia and statistical data about the percentage of such procedures carried out in our institute are presented. Important techniques and aims of regional anesthesia are clearly pointed out. The results of our study are discussed in detail, as are the advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications of regional anesthesia. Finally the paper concludes with our impression of regional anesthesia, its significance and status in China.", "PMID": 593004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4321", "title": "[Interdisciplinary limits of jurisdiction and responsibility from a legal viewpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "In the interdisciplinary cooperation between the surgeon and the anesthetist, the following factors are in effect: the principle of strict division of labor; each brings the functions of his specialty and carries complete responsibility for them; the principle of trust: each can depend on the meticulousness of the other, as long as no obvious qualification deficiencies are apparent; obligation for coordination: each must accommodate himself to the requirements of the other specialty.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary limits of jurisdiction and responsibility from a legal viewpoint (author's transl)]. In the interdisciplinary cooperation between the surgeon and the anesthetist, the following factors are in effect: the principle of strict division of labor; each brings the functions of his specialty and carries complete responsibility for them; the principle of trust: each can depend on the meticulousness of the other, as long as no obvious qualification deficiencies are apparent; obligation for coordination: each must accommodate himself to the requirements of the other specialty.", "PMID": 593005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4322", "title": "[New aspects of field blocks and peripheral nerve blocks (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been no new developments concerning field blocks. The need for limiting the dosage of local anesthetic agents is stressed. Two methods for perivascular block are described and the use of CO2 containing local anesthetic solutions is discussed as well as the employment of peripheral nerve stimulators.", "contents": "[New aspects of field blocks and peripheral nerve blocks (author's transl)]. There have been no new developments concerning field blocks. The need for limiting the dosage of local anesthetic agents is stressed. Two methods for perivascular block are described and the use of CO2 containing local anesthetic solutions is discussed as well as the employment of peripheral nerve stimulators.", "PMID": 593006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4323", "title": "[Experiences with brachial plexus blocks (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences and results of 7212 brachial plexus blocks by the supraclavicular and 404 by the axillary approach are reported. The times of onset and duration of several local anesthetics are compared. The incidence of pneumothorax was 0.42% (30 cases) when the supraclavicular approach was used. Therefore the axillary technique is recommended to avoid this serious complication.", "contents": "[Experiences with brachial plexus blocks (author's transl)]. Experiences and results of 7212 brachial plexus blocks by the supraclavicular and 404 by the axillary approach are reported. The times of onset and duration of several local anesthetics are compared. The incidence of pneumothorax was 0.42% (30 cases) when the supraclavicular approach was used. Therefore the axillary technique is recommended to avoid this serious complication.", "PMID": 593007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4324", "title": "[Epidural anesthesia: indications and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness and indications for epidural anesthesia have progressed in the last two decades. Better techniques, new long-acting local anesthetics, and better understanding of pathophysiologic changes after epidural block made this technique widely used and rather safe. Nowadays, limitations of epidural block include the absolute and relative contraindications, the lack of pharmacologic and pathophysiologic knowledge, and insufficient techniques and equipment. In experienced hands, epidural block is one of the safest techniques for surgical anesthesia.", "contents": "[Epidural anesthesia: indications and limitations (author's transl)]. The effectiveness and indications for epidural anesthesia have progressed in the last two decades. Better techniques, new long-acting local anesthetics, and better understanding of pathophysiologic changes after epidural block made this technique widely used and rather safe. Nowadays, limitations of epidural block include the absolute and relative contraindications, the lack of pharmacologic and pathophysiologic knowledge, and insufficient techniques and equipment. In experienced hands, epidural block is one of the safest techniques for surgical anesthesia.", "PMID": 593008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4325", "title": "[Intravenous regional anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences, with about 1500 cases of intravenous regional anesthesia in outpatient surgery of the limbs over 10 years are reported. In 1975, 158 operations out of 5960 were done using this technique. Intravenous regional anesthesia is suitable for surgery of the limbs, but time of operation should not exceed 90 min, nor should hemostasis be a major problem to consider and the course of surgery should be predictable. Contraindications for this type of anesthesia are hypertonia, lack of accessible veins, heart failure, children, as well as surgery of undefinite extent or for local sepsis. When these rules were followed, no serious complications were seen.", "contents": "[Intravenous regional anesthesia (author's transl)]. Experiences, with about 1500 cases of intravenous regional anesthesia in outpatient surgery of the limbs over 10 years are reported. In 1975, 158 operations out of 5960 were done using this technique. Intravenous regional anesthesia is suitable for surgery of the limbs, but time of operation should not exceed 90 min, nor should hemostasis be a major problem to consider and the course of surgery should be predictable. Contraindications for this type of anesthesia are hypertonia, lack of accessible veins, heart failure, children, as well as surgery of undefinite extent or for local sepsis. When these rules were followed, no serious complications were seen.", "PMID": 593009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4326", "title": "[Hygiene and asepsis in surgery: introduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the development of asepsis and clinical hygiene by European and American surgeons in the second half of the nineteenth century, the prevention of infection has been one of the most important concerns of surgical practice. However, owing to the rapid expansion of therapeutic methods, medical practice now makes greater demands on clinical hygiene than has hitherto been the case; it has not always been possible for developments in clinical hygiene to keep pace in this respect, and the closing of the resulting gap represents one of the most urgent tasks confronting medicine today.", "contents": "[Hygiene and asepsis in surgery: introduction (author's transl)]. Since the development of asepsis and clinical hygiene by European and American surgeons in the second half of the nineteenth century, the prevention of infection has been one of the most important concerns of surgical practice. However, owing to the rapid expansion of therapeutic methods, medical practice now makes greater demands on clinical hygiene than has hitherto been the case; it has not always been possible for developments in clinical hygiene to keep pace in this respect, and the closing of the resulting gap represents one of the most urgent tasks confronting medicine today.", "PMID": 593012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4327", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the mammary carcinoma according to stage (author's transl)].", "content": "Improvement of the results of treatment was achieved only when an increased number of patients were diagnosed in stage I. The prerequisite for limitation of radical surgery is histomorphologic classification of the stages. The central axillary group of lymph nodes appears to be representative of lymph node involvement. Differentiated methods of operations range from local excision to mastectomy in case of precancer. In histologic stage I, modified radical mastectomy; is the treatment of choices; operations with further limitations are recommended only within the scope of controlled studies. In stage II, the classical ablation is still the safest procedure.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the mammary carcinoma according to stage (author's transl)]. Improvement of the results of treatment was achieved only when an increased number of patients were diagnosed in stage I. The prerequisite for limitation of radical surgery is histomorphologic classification of the stages. The central axillary group of lymph nodes appears to be representative of lymph node involvement. Differentiated methods of operations range from local excision to mastectomy in case of precancer. In histologic stage I, modified radical mastectomy; is the treatment of choices; operations with further limitations are recommended only within the scope of controlled studies. In stage II, the classical ablation is still the safest procedure.", "PMID": 593011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4328", "title": "[Surgical and hospital hygiene (author's transl)].", "content": "The decades-old rules of surgical asepsis and antisepsis are more valid than ever before. The responsibility for hygiene must be clearly established: in his particular area, the surgeon, and he alone, is responsible. Patients with an increased susceptibility to infection as well as human and personnel inadequacies represent the greatest stumbling blocks in efforts to improve the status of hygiene.", "contents": "[Surgical and hospital hygiene (author's transl)]. The decades-old rules of surgical asepsis and antisepsis are more valid than ever before. The responsibility for hygiene must be clearly established: in his particular area, the surgeon, and he alone, is responsible. Patients with an increased susceptibility to infection as well as human and personnel inadequacies represent the greatest stumbling blocks in efforts to improve the status of hygiene.", "PMID": 593013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4329", "title": "[Clinical hygiene: practice vs. theory (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of clinical (hospital) hygiene is to prevent health hazards, above all hospital-acquired infections, and thereby to support the clinician. Its measures are always applicable in hospitals and clinics where clinical hygiene is considered important. Clinical hygiene procedures are not practical if the necessary though inconvenient changes in personnel practices have not been established. Personnel requirements are hard to meet in that there is still a shortage of qualified individuals, i.e., hygienists, etc. Expensive constructional changes are worthwhile only if the clinical staff is prepared to observe the hygiene measures as closely as possible.", "contents": "[Clinical hygiene: practice vs. theory (author's transl)]. The purpose of clinical (hospital) hygiene is to prevent health hazards, above all hospital-acquired infections, and thereby to support the clinician. Its measures are always applicable in hospitals and clinics where clinical hygiene is considered important. Clinical hygiene procedures are not practical if the necessary though inconvenient changes in personnel practices have not been established. Personnel requirements are hard to meet in that there is still a shortage of qualified individuals, i.e., hygienists, etc. Expensive constructional changes are worthwhile only if the clinical staff is prepared to observe the hygiene measures as closely as possible.", "PMID": 593014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4330", "title": "[Urological and nephrological complications after general surgery. Urological complications. Kidney and ureter].", "content": "Urologic complications can result from abdominal, gynecologic, and retroperitoneal operations. As a result, surgical treatment of colonic tumors, genital tumors, the vertebral column, the lymphatic system, and the aortoiliacal vessels assumes a greater importance. Immediate therapy is possible as a result of intraoperative diagnosis. The postoperative diagnosis may become manifest as early or late symptoms. Certain criteria for avoiding such complications are mentioned. Following diagnosis of a urologic complication, immediate therapy seems to produce the best results and the shortest period of hospitalization.", "contents": "[Urological and nephrological complications after general surgery. Urological complications. Kidney and ureter]. Urologic complications can result from abdominal, gynecologic, and retroperitoneal operations. As a result, surgical treatment of colonic tumors, genital tumors, the vertebral column, the lymphatic system, and the aortoiliacal vessels assumes a greater importance. Immediate therapy is possible as a result of intraoperative diagnosis. The postoperative diagnosis may become manifest as early or late symptoms. Certain criteria for avoiding such complications are mentioned. Following diagnosis of a urologic complication, immediate therapy seems to produce the best results and the shortest period of hospitalization.", "PMID": 593015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4331", "title": "[Disturbances of micturition after general surgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Impaired micturition after general surgical operations can be due to three causes, which occur individually or in combination. The first comprises side effects of anesthetics upon the autonomic nervous system. Inhibition of the abdominopelvic reflex, initiating micturition, due to the operative trauma represents the scond cause. Both the vegetative and the mechanical traumas, lead to decompensation of the urinary bladder, whose function is impaired by neuropathic factors and outflow obstruction. Pulmonary, cerebral, and abdominal insufficiency prolong the effects of both traumas. The third cause is direct operative injury of the sacroplexus pelvus.--Approximately 25% of all patients undergoing surgery will shown voiding disturbances in the postoperative period. The treatment consists sympatholytic therapy. In cases of neuropathic and obstructed bladders, the treatment of choice is transurethral correction of the bladder outlet.", "contents": "[Disturbances of micturition after general surgical operations (author's transl)]. Impaired micturition after general surgical operations can be due to three causes, which occur individually or in combination. The first comprises side effects of anesthetics upon the autonomic nervous system. Inhibition of the abdominopelvic reflex, initiating micturition, due to the operative trauma represents the scond cause. Both the vegetative and the mechanical traumas, lead to decompensation of the urinary bladder, whose function is impaired by neuropathic factors and outflow obstruction. Pulmonary, cerebral, and abdominal insufficiency prolong the effects of both traumas. The third cause is direct operative injury of the sacroplexus pelvus.--Approximately 25% of all patients undergoing surgery will shown voiding disturbances in the postoperative period. The treatment consists sympatholytic therapy. In cases of neuropathic and obstructed bladders, the treatment of choice is transurethral correction of the bladder outlet.", "PMID": 593016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4332", "title": "[Urologic complications after general surgical procedures: genitalia].", "content": "Atrophy of the testicles after herniorrhaphy is the most frequent (1.8%) urologic complication in general surgical procedures. In two-thirds of the cases the damage is bilateral. Tips are pointed out to avoid the loss of penile erection after amputation of the rectum or evisceration of the pelvis, as well as to avoid complications after Bernardi-Ivanissevich or Palomo procedures and sterilizing vasectomy.", "contents": "[Urologic complications after general surgical procedures: genitalia]. Atrophy of the testicles after herniorrhaphy is the most frequent (1.8%) urologic complication in general surgical procedures. In two-thirds of the cases the damage is bilateral. Tips are pointed out to avoid the loss of penile erection after amputation of the rectum or evisceration of the pelvis, as well as to avoid complications after Bernardi-Ivanissevich or Palomo procedures and sterilizing vasectomy.", "PMID": 593017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4333", "title": "[Renal complications after general surgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Oliguria, an easily recognizable symptom of postoperative acute renal failure, is analyzed schematically in terms of various diagnostic aspects and a pragmatic therapeutic procedure. Differentiation among pre-, intra-, and postrenal disturbances is important. Acute renal failure caused by simultaneous and often severe insufficiency of other organs, especially in combination with septicemia, still has a bad prognosis. Prophylaxis in the form of adequate volume substitution and shock therapy is urgent in each case.", "contents": "[Renal complications after general surgical operations (author's transl)]. Oliguria, an easily recognizable symptom of postoperative acute renal failure, is analyzed schematically in terms of various diagnostic aspects and a pragmatic therapeutic procedure. Differentiation among pre-, intra-, and postrenal disturbances is important. Acute renal failure caused by simultaneous and often severe insufficiency of other organs, especially in combination with septicemia, still has a bad prognosis. Prophylaxis in the form of adequate volume substitution and shock therapy is urgent in each case.", "PMID": 593018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4334", "title": "[Breast cancer: postoperative care (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty percent of breast cancer patients show postoperative morbidity due to local recurrence or metastases. For these women and those who suffer from therapy-dependent somatic or psychologic disorders, organized postoperative care is necessary. Mode of action and organization of the Heidelberg postoperative care unit are described. An evaluation of postoperative care programs in Germany, Austria and Switzerland reveals the necessity of increasing our activities. An interdisciplinary approach in this field is of great importance.", "contents": "[Breast cancer: postoperative care (author's transl)]. Sixty percent of breast cancer patients show postoperative morbidity due to local recurrence or metastases. For these women and those who suffer from therapy-dependent somatic or psychologic disorders, organized postoperative care is necessary. Mode of action and organization of the Heidelberg postoperative care unit are described. An evaluation of postoperative care programs in Germany, Austria and Switzerland reveals the necessity of increasing our activities. An interdisciplinary approach in this field is of great importance.", "PMID": 593019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4335", "title": "[Carcinoma of the breast. Reconstructive surgery].", "content": "Every year in the German Federal Republic there are 15000 new cases of carcinoma of the breast in woman. In those cases in which metastases in the lymph nodes have not appeared, the rate of recovery is so high that a rehabilitation is worth careful consideration in each case. Methods of operation have been worked out over years of experimentation, with results that are now so good that not only breast-like forms, but genuine female breasts are created. With the reconstruction possibilities, the quality of the patients' survival time is improved.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the breast. Reconstructive surgery]. Every year in the German Federal Republic there are 15000 new cases of carcinoma of the breast in woman. In those cases in which metastases in the lymph nodes have not appeared, the rate of recovery is so high that a rehabilitation is worth careful consideration in each case. Methods of operation have been worked out over years of experimentation, with results that are now so good that not only breast-like forms, but genuine female breasts are created. With the reconstruction possibilities, the quality of the patients' survival time is improved.", "PMID": 593020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4336", "title": "[Malignant tumors of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumors of the small intestine are rare as compared to other tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; clinical symptoms are unrevealing for long time, thwarting an early diagnosis. Detection of these tumors by x-ray examination is successful often only after several attempts. Case reports are given of 7 patients and difficulties of making a diagnosis are discussed. Radiological methods are described; differential diagnosis of x-ray findings is expecially difficult. A histological diagnosis by endoscopic or intraoperative biopsy should always be tried. Surgery is necessary in every case in order to restore normal passage.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of the small intestine (author's transl)]. Tumors of the small intestine are rare as compared to other tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; clinical symptoms are unrevealing for long time, thwarting an early diagnosis. Detection of these tumors by x-ray examination is successful often only after several attempts. Case reports are given of 7 patients and difficulties of making a diagnosis are discussed. Radiological methods are described; differential diagnosis of x-ray findings is expecially difficult. A histological diagnosis by endoscopic or intraoperative biopsy should always be tried. Surgery is necessary in every case in order to restore normal passage.", "PMID": 593024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4337", "title": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The eosinophilic granuloma of the intestine is a rare disease and is difficult to classify as far as etiology and pathogenesis are concerned. Unexplained, recurrent colicky obstipation and diarrhea accompained by anemia should induce x-ray examination of the small intestine and selective angiography in case of acute bleeding. Therapy with corticosteroids is justified in cases with diffuse involvement of the intestine without stenoses or ulcerations. Otherwise surgical removal of the involved segments with cure the disease, which is always benign.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. The eosinophilic granuloma of the intestine is a rare disease and is difficult to classify as far as etiology and pathogenesis are concerned. Unexplained, recurrent colicky obstipation and diarrhea accompained by anemia should induce x-ray examination of the small intestine and selective angiography in case of acute bleeding. Therapy with corticosteroids is justified in cases with diffuse involvement of the intestine without stenoses or ulcerations. Otherwise surgical removal of the involved segments with cure the disease, which is always benign.", "PMID": 593025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4338", "title": "[Demonstration of a bile fistula caused by liver biopsy by way of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "ERP may be indicated in hepatic disease with or without cholestasis. A complete display of the bile duct system has to be achieved, if cysts or tumors are to be detected, by direct or indirect involvement of the bile ducts. A case is reported of a bile fistula caused by liver biopsy.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a bile fistula caused by liver biopsy by way of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)]. ERP may be indicated in hepatic disease with or without cholestasis. A complete display of the bile duct system has to be achieved, if cysts or tumors are to be detected, by direct or indirect involvement of the bile ducts. A case is reported of a bile fistula caused by liver biopsy.", "PMID": 593026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4339", "title": "[Corrosive lesions of the upper intestinal tract in gastrectomized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract caused by acid or alkaline solutions are generally limited to the esophagus and the stomach, because of physiological blocking mechanisms. In patients partially gastrectomized noxious solutions however can enter into lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract and cause severe lesions. Among 74 patients observed with corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract two had undergone partial gastrectomy (Billroth II) previously. In these 2 patients very severe lesions of the intestinal mucosa were initiated; one of these patients died in spite of two resections of parts of the small intestine after massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These additional complications have to be foreseen in gastrectomized patients with corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Corrosive lesions of the upper intestinal tract in gastrectomized patients (author's transl)]. Lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract caused by acid or alkaline solutions are generally limited to the esophagus and the stomach, because of physiological blocking mechanisms. In patients partially gastrectomized noxious solutions however can enter into lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract and cause severe lesions. Among 74 patients observed with corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract two had undergone partial gastrectomy (Billroth II) previously. In these 2 patients very severe lesions of the intestinal mucosa were initiated; one of these patients died in spite of two resections of parts of the small intestine after massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These additional complications have to be foreseen in gastrectomized patients with corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 593027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4340", "title": "[Inhibition of histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system of human gastric mucosa by cimetidine (author's transl)].", "content": "Human gastric mucosa contains a histamin-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. The activation of this enzyme system by histamine is competititively inhibited by the H2-receptor blocking agent cimetidine. Our results underscore the rational basis for the use 0f H2-receptor antagonists in the therapy of peptic ulcer.", "contents": "[Inhibition of histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system of human gastric mucosa by cimetidine (author's transl)]. Human gastric mucosa contains a histamin-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. The activation of this enzyme system by histamine is competititively inhibited by the H2-receptor blocking agent cimetidine. Our results underscore the rational basis for the use 0f H2-receptor antagonists in the therapy of peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 593028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4341", "title": "[Tolerance of carbenoxolone sodium in elderly patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen elderly patients (average age 72.3 years) suffering from cardiac failure and from chronic gastric ulcers received carbenoxolone sodium, the risk of surgery being considered too high. The effects of this medical treatment were followed up closely. Side-effects were observed in 12 patients. In 9 patients these effects had to be taken care of (hypokalemia in 5 cases, rise of blood pressure in 3 cases, edema in 3 cases). In 2 cases treatment had to be stopped. The side effects observed in elderly patients with cardiac insufficiency make it mandatory to administer carbenoxolone sodium to this group only during hospitalization, which allows, frequent controls of body weight, blood pressure, serum potassium and transaminases. In most cases side effects can be detected early enough and treated.", "contents": "[Tolerance of carbenoxolone sodium in elderly patients (author's transl)]. Eighteen elderly patients (average age 72.3 years) suffering from cardiac failure and from chronic gastric ulcers received carbenoxolone sodium, the risk of surgery being considered too high. The effects of this medical treatment were followed up closely. Side-effects were observed in 12 patients. In 9 patients these effects had to be taken care of (hypokalemia in 5 cases, rise of blood pressure in 3 cases, edema in 3 cases). In 2 cases treatment had to be stopped. The side effects observed in elderly patients with cardiac insufficiency make it mandatory to administer carbenoxolone sodium to this group only during hospitalization, which allows, frequent controls of body weight, blood pressure, serum potassium and transaminases. In most cases side effects can be detected early enough and treated.", "PMID": 593029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4342", "title": "The medicolegal investigation: evaluation of cases with potential medical litigation.", "content": "A medicolegal autopsy protocol must serve as something more than an esoteric scientific document. It will be read by all persons interested in knowing how and of what the person died, and these readers might include family members, insurance representatives, police officials, attorneys, judges, and juries.... The writing of a medicolegal autopsy protocol is a difficult task since it must not only enable the author to recapture the details of the event at a later date if he is called to testify, but it must also provide necessary and understandable information to a variety of other individuals with varying backgrounds whose understanding of the findings is essential to a final disposition of the case.", "contents": "The medicolegal investigation: evaluation of cases with potential medical litigation. A medicolegal autopsy protocol must serve as something more than an esoteric scientific document. It will be read by all persons interested in knowing how and of what the person died, and these readers might include family members, insurance representatives, police officials, attorneys, judges, and juries.... The writing of a medicolegal autopsy protocol is a difficult task since it must not only enable the author to recapture the details of the event at a later date if he is called to testify, but it must also provide necessary and understandable information to a variety of other individuals with varying backgrounds whose understanding of the findings is essential to a final disposition of the case.", "PMID": 593030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4343", "title": "The medicolegal investigation of operating room associated deaths.", "content": "For those medicolegal investigative systems charged by statute with the responsibility of investigating and examining known or suspected iatrogenic deaths--whether in a perioperative or operative situation, or in some other relationship to medical intervention--there is usually little doubt that these types of investigations constitute the most difficult, often perplexing, and far-reaching investigation, examination, and reporting problems of any of the types of cases referred. Much of this difficulty derives from the changing attitude of the public at large, including the medical and the legal community. In the United States, as recently as 15 years ago, the loss of life or injury subsequent to a therapeutic or operative procedure, with rare exception, was accepted virtually as an act of God.", "contents": "The medicolegal investigation of operating room associated deaths. For those medicolegal investigative systems charged by statute with the responsibility of investigating and examining known or suspected iatrogenic deaths--whether in a perioperative or operative situation, or in some other relationship to medical intervention--there is usually little doubt that these types of investigations constitute the most difficult, often perplexing, and far-reaching investigation, examination, and reporting problems of any of the types of cases referred. Much of this difficulty derives from the changing attitude of the public at large, including the medical and the legal community. In the United States, as recently as 15 years ago, the loss of life or injury subsequent to a therapeutic or operative procedure, with rare exception, was accepted virtually as an act of God.", "PMID": 593034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4344", "title": "Leucine and isoleucine as in vitro precursors for lipid synthesis by rat aorta.", "content": "The in vitro conversion of 14C-labeled leucine, isoleucine, and pyruvate to specific lipids was compared in rat aorta, diaphragm, anf fat pad. Total lipid specific radioactivity from all precursors was greatest in aorta. The ratio of label incorporated into polar lipids vs. neutral lipids by aorta was generally several-fold that incorporated by muscle and fat pad. The labeling of sterols in the aorta from 14C-leucine and pyruvate was equivalent. It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial precursor to polar lipids and to sterols in rat aorta.", "contents": "Leucine and isoleucine as in vitro precursors for lipid synthesis by rat aorta. The in vitro conversion of 14C-labeled leucine, isoleucine, and pyruvate to specific lipids was compared in rat aorta, diaphragm, anf fat pad. Total lipid specific radioactivity from all precursors was greatest in aorta. The ratio of label incorporated into polar lipids vs. neutral lipids by aorta was generally several-fold that incorporated by muscle and fat pad. The labeling of sterols in the aorta from 14C-leucine and pyruvate was equivalent. It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial precursor to polar lipids and to sterols in rat aorta.", "PMID": 593068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4345", "title": "Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the alpha-linolenic series on the development of rat testicles.", "content": "The effect of 22:6 omega 3 acid provided by dietary fish oil on the development of germinal tissue of rat testes, fatty acid composition of lipids, and linoleic or alpha-linolenic acid delta 6 desaturation capacity was investigated. Results were compared to those obtained in animals fed methyl palmitate and sunflower seed oil (linoleate). At 7 and 9 weeks of age, development of germinal tissue of animals fed fish oil was normal. The fatty acid composition showed a decrease in 22:5 omega 6 acid content and an increase in 22:6 omega 3 acid in triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid delta 6 desaturation capacity of testicules microsomes was increased. It is suggested that 22:6 omega 3 acid may functionally replace 22:5 omega 6 acid in germinal tissue.", "contents": "Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the alpha-linolenic series on the development of rat testicles. The effect of 22:6 omega 3 acid provided by dietary fish oil on the development of germinal tissue of rat testes, fatty acid composition of lipids, and linoleic or alpha-linolenic acid delta 6 desaturation capacity was investigated. Results were compared to those obtained in animals fed methyl palmitate and sunflower seed oil (linoleate). At 7 and 9 weeks of age, development of germinal tissue of animals fed fish oil was normal. The fatty acid composition showed a decrease in 22:5 omega 6 acid content and an increase in 22:6 omega 3 acid in triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid delta 6 desaturation capacity of testicules microsomes was increased. It is suggested that 22:6 omega 3 acid may functionally replace 22:5 omega 6 acid in germinal tissue.", "PMID": 593069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4346", "title": "A simplified colorimetric micromethod for determination of serum cholesterol.", "content": "A simple and rapid micromethod is described for quantitation of cholesterol in 5-10 microliter of serum using uranyl acetate to deproteinize the serum and o-phthalaldehyde reagent to develop color. Independent analyses of serum samples by the present method and by two reference methods, Abell-Kendall and automated colorimetric method, indicated accuracy of the micromethod (r = 0.99). Use of capillary blood specimens makes this procedure applicable for screening infants and small children.", "contents": "A simplified colorimetric micromethod for determination of serum cholesterol. A simple and rapid micromethod is described for quantitation of cholesterol in 5-10 microliter of serum using uranyl acetate to deproteinize the serum and o-phthalaldehyde reagent to develop color. Independent analyses of serum samples by the present method and by two reference methods, Abell-Kendall and automated colorimetric method, indicated accuracy of the micromethod (r = 0.99). Use of capillary blood specimens makes this procedure applicable for screening infants and small children.", "PMID": 593071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4347", "title": "Fatty acid and sterol synthesis by rat small intestine in vitro.", "content": "Slices of rat jejunum were incubated with [2(-14)C] pyruvate, [1(-14)C] acetate, or [3H]H2O to determine lipogenic activity. Under all conditions studied, pyruvate acted as a better precursor than acetate for fatty acid synthesis but not for the synthesis of sterol. Exogenous glucose significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased the conversion of both pyruvate and acetate to fatty acids. By contrast fasting resulted in a decrease (p less than or equal to 0.05) in lipogenic activity. The highest levels of lipogenesis were observed when [3H]H2O + glucose at a concentration of 20 mM was used. From such experiments, the absolute rate of fatty acid synthesis in the tissue preparation was calculated: 734 +/- 54 nmoles acetyl units incorporated into fatty acids/g tissue/hr.", "contents": "Fatty acid and sterol synthesis by rat small intestine in vitro. Slices of rat jejunum were incubated with [2(-14)C] pyruvate, [1(-14)C] acetate, or [3H]H2O to determine lipogenic activity. Under all conditions studied, pyruvate acted as a better precursor than acetate for fatty acid synthesis but not for the synthesis of sterol. Exogenous glucose significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased the conversion of both pyruvate and acetate to fatty acids. By contrast fasting resulted in a decrease (p less than or equal to 0.05) in lipogenic activity. The highest levels of lipogenesis were observed when [3H]H2O + glucose at a concentration of 20 mM was used. From such experiments, the absolute rate of fatty acid synthesis in the tissue preparation was calculated: 734 +/- 54 nmoles acetyl units incorporated into fatty acids/g tissue/hr.", "PMID": 593072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4348", "title": "Triglyceride composition of bovine milk fat with elevated levels of linoleic acid.", "content": "The effect of increasing the linoleic acid (18:2) content of milk fat on the composition and structure of the triglycerides (TG) was investigated. Protected sunflower seed supplement was added to the diet of a cow grazing on pasture, and the structure and composition of the milk fat compared with the milk fat from its monozygous twin which had been fed a control diet. The relative proportions of TG fractions of high, medium, and low molecular weight in the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 (15.5% 18:2) were 43.0, 19.5, and 37.5 moles %, respectively, compared with 36.1, 19.7, and 44.2 moles %, respectively in the milk fat from the cow fed the control diet. Separation of these three TG fractions of each milk fat into TG classes with different levels of unsaturation showed that the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 contained higher proportions of diene, triene, and tetraene TG and correspondingly lower proportions of saturated and, to a lesser extent, monoene TG. The saturated and monoene TG from the two milk fats had similar fatty acid compositions. However, the diene TG of the 18:2-rich milk fat included high proportions of the combination of 18:2 with two saturated fatty acids (FA) which are minor constituents of normal milk fats. Likewise, the triene TG reflected the presence of 18:2 in combination with 18:1 and a saturated FA.", "contents": "Triglyceride composition of bovine milk fat with elevated levels of linoleic acid. The effect of increasing the linoleic acid (18:2) content of milk fat on the composition and structure of the triglycerides (TG) was investigated. Protected sunflower seed supplement was added to the diet of a cow grazing on pasture, and the structure and composition of the milk fat compared with the milk fat from its monozygous twin which had been fed a control diet. The relative proportions of TG fractions of high, medium, and low molecular weight in the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 (15.5% 18:2) were 43.0, 19.5, and 37.5 moles %, respectively, compared with 36.1, 19.7, and 44.2 moles %, respectively in the milk fat from the cow fed the control diet. Separation of these three TG fractions of each milk fat into TG classes with different levels of unsaturation showed that the milk fat with elevated levels of 18:2 contained higher proportions of diene, triene, and tetraene TG and correspondingly lower proportions of saturated and, to a lesser extent, monoene TG. The saturated and monoene TG from the two milk fats had similar fatty acid compositions. However, the diene TG of the 18:2-rich milk fat included high proportions of the combination of 18:2 with two saturated fatty acids (FA) which are minor constituents of normal milk fats. Likewise, the triene TG reflected the presence of 18:2 in combination with 18:1 and a saturated FA.", "PMID": 593073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4349", "title": "Capacity of young males and females for running in desert heat.", "content": "Tolerance for sustained activity in the desert at about 40 degrees C was assessed on high school students, mostly athletically oriented and scholastically superior. The 14 males compared with the 12 females had an aerobic capacity greater by about one-half and a percentage of body fat smaller by about one-half. Each sex attained about the same percentage of aerobic capacity in their maximal sustained effort. This involved an increase in metabolic rate of 3 to 5 fold in females and 6 to 8 fold in males. In maximal sustained effort responses of males and females were alike in respect to rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate. At a rate at which nearly all walked for one hour, 100 m/min, there were no significant differences in metabolic rate, sweat rate nor in composition of sweat. Running at 120 m/min required maximal effort by most females; their maximal sweat rates ranged from 7.4 to 14.2 ml/m2.min. Most males were able to run at 160 m/min for one-half hor to one hour; their maximal sweat rates ranged from 11.3 to 14.6 m/m2.min. Superior capacity of males over females for sustained exercise in desert heat is related to their higher aerobic capacity and not to a difference in capacity for thermoregulation.", "contents": "Capacity of young males and females for running in desert heat. Tolerance for sustained activity in the desert at about 40 degrees C was assessed on high school students, mostly athletically oriented and scholastically superior. The 14 males compared with the 12 females had an aerobic capacity greater by about one-half and a percentage of body fat smaller by about one-half. Each sex attained about the same percentage of aerobic capacity in their maximal sustained effort. This involved an increase in metabolic rate of 3 to 5 fold in females and 6 to 8 fold in males. In maximal sustained effort responses of males and females were alike in respect to rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate. At a rate at which nearly all walked for one hour, 100 m/min, there were no significant differences in metabolic rate, sweat rate nor in composition of sweat. Running at 120 m/min required maximal effort by most females; their maximal sweat rates ranged from 7.4 to 14.2 ml/m2.min. Most males were able to run at 160 m/min for one-half hor to one hour; their maximal sweat rates ranged from 11.3 to 14.6 m/m2.min. Superior capacity of males over females for sustained exercise in desert heat is related to their higher aerobic capacity and not to a difference in capacity for thermoregulation.", "PMID": 593074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4350", "title": "Cardiac outputs of post-myocardial infarction patients during swimming and cyclic.", "content": "We compared the cardiovascular response of post myocardial-infarction (MI) patients and inactive normal subjects at submaximum and maximum intensities of tethered swimming and upright cycling. At any given oxygen uptake (VO2), the inactive normals had similar cardiac outputs (Q) and heart rates (HR) during swimming and cycling, whereas the post-MI patients had lower Q's and higher HR's during swimming compared to cycling. The maximum response of inactive normals were not significantly different during swimming and cycling, but during swimming the post-MI patients had a 21% lower VO2. The lower VO2 swimming was due to a lower Q. While swimming at any exercise rate including maximum, the stroke volume (VS) of the post-MI patients did not increase above resting VS seated. Therefore, any increase in Q during swimming was due solely to increases in HR. Since the HR's of the post-MI patients were not significantly different during maximum effort swimming and cycling, the intensity of swimming can be safely prescribed from the maximum HR achieved cycling.", "contents": "Cardiac outputs of post-myocardial infarction patients during swimming and cyclic. We compared the cardiovascular response of post myocardial-infarction (MI) patients and inactive normal subjects at submaximum and maximum intensities of tethered swimming and upright cycling. At any given oxygen uptake (VO2), the inactive normals had similar cardiac outputs (Q) and heart rates (HR) during swimming and cycling, whereas the post-MI patients had lower Q's and higher HR's during swimming compared to cycling. The maximum response of inactive normals were not significantly different during swimming and cycling, but during swimming the post-MI patients had a 21% lower VO2. The lower VO2 swimming was due to a lower Q. While swimming at any exercise rate including maximum, the stroke volume (VS) of the post-MI patients did not increase above resting VS seated. Therefore, any increase in Q during swimming was due solely to increases in HR. Since the HR's of the post-MI patients were not significantly different during maximum effort swimming and cycling, the intensity of swimming can be safely prescribed from the maximum HR achieved cycling.", "PMID": 593075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4351", "title": "Exercise-induced changes in blood, red cell, and plasma volumes in man.", "content": "Changes in blood (BV), red cell (RCV), and plasma (PV) volumes were computed from hemoglobin and hematocrit values during submaximal treadmill exercise at 5 work intensities (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% VO2 max) in 5 male subjects. RCV remained constant under all conditions. Changes in BV (hemoconcentration) could, therefore, be accounted for entirely by decreases in PV at all work levels. PV was a linear function of work intensity from rest through 60% VO2 max. However, a \"break\" occurred at that point in the data. Modeling of this break was accomplished by the use of one model (the \"Fold\" catastrophe) taken from the generalized catastrophe therory. However, several limitations to the acceptance of the model are presented, including the need to demonstrate a hysteresis in PV occurring at about 65% VO2 max.", "contents": "Exercise-induced changes in blood, red cell, and plasma volumes in man. Changes in blood (BV), red cell (RCV), and plasma (PV) volumes were computed from hemoglobin and hematocrit values during submaximal treadmill exercise at 5 work intensities (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% VO2 max) in 5 male subjects. RCV remained constant under all conditions. Changes in BV (hemoconcentration) could, therefore, be accounted for entirely by decreases in PV at all work levels. PV was a linear function of work intensity from rest through 60% VO2 max. However, a \"break\" occurred at that point in the data. Modeling of this break was accomplished by the use of one model (the \"Fold\" catastrophe) taken from the generalized catastrophe therory. However, several limitations to the acceptance of the model are presented, including the need to demonstrate a hysteresis in PV occurring at about 65% VO2 max.", "PMID": 593077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4352", "title": "Hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise after dehydration and rehydration in high school wrestlers.", "content": "Cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stoke volume (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVD) were measured in 16 high school wrestlers during submaximal work (65%Vo2 Max) at normal weight (T1), after a four or five percent weight loss (T2), and following one hour of rehydration (T3). Weight losses were accomplished over 48 hours by fluid and food restriction as well as intermittent exercise. An ad libitum volume and commercial glucose-electrolyte solution was used to rehydrate the subjects. At T2 the mean weight loss was 4.6%, with the average plasma deficit estimated to be 4.9%. Under these conditions significantly higher HR and lower SV were observed during standardized exercise. Although Q was 7.8% lower and AVD was 7.3% higher after dehydration, neither change was statistically significant. Following rehydration all dependent variables returned to near T1 levels. It was concluded that despite a short rehydration period, the cardiovascular dynamics of these high school wrestlers rapidly returned to normal during moderately heavy work because of the small plasma changes that accompanied the 48-hour weight loss.", "contents": "Hemodynamic response to submaximal exercise after dehydration and rehydration in high school wrestlers. Cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stoke volume (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVD) were measured in 16 high school wrestlers during submaximal work (65%Vo2 Max) at normal weight (T1), after a four or five percent weight loss (T2), and following one hour of rehydration (T3). Weight losses were accomplished over 48 hours by fluid and food restriction as well as intermittent exercise. An ad libitum volume and commercial glucose-electrolyte solution was used to rehydrate the subjects. At T2 the mean weight loss was 4.6%, with the average plasma deficit estimated to be 4.9%. Under these conditions significantly higher HR and lower SV were observed during standardized exercise. Although Q was 7.8% lower and AVD was 7.3% higher after dehydration, neither change was statistically significant. Following rehydration all dependent variables returned to near T1 levels. It was concluded that despite a short rehydration period, the cardiovascular dynamics of these high school wrestlers rapidly returned to normal during moderately heavy work because of the small plasma changes that accompanied the 48-hour weight loss.", "PMID": 593078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4353", "title": "The exercise electrocardiogram in trained and untrained adolescent males.", "content": "Exercise electrocardiograms (Ex ECG) were performed on both trained and untrained adolescent males to determine whether a difference exists between the normal adolescent and normal adult male. Exercise was performed on a mechanically braked bicycle ergometer using an intermittent work load protocol, and the Ex ECG's were analyzed according to J-point displacement and ST segment slope. No J-point depression was seen and the ST segment slope was positive during exercise in both trained and untrained subjects. There was no difference in the J-point displacement or the ST segment slope between the trained and untrained subjects. This study suggests that any J-point depression during exercise may be abnormal in the adolescent male. Training does not have an effect on the J-point or ST segment at maximum exercise.", "contents": "The exercise electrocardiogram in trained and untrained adolescent males. Exercise electrocardiograms (Ex ECG) were performed on both trained and untrained adolescent males to determine whether a difference exists between the normal adolescent and normal adult male. Exercise was performed on a mechanically braked bicycle ergometer using an intermittent work load protocol, and the Ex ECG's were analyzed according to J-point displacement and ST segment slope. No J-point depression was seen and the ST segment slope was positive during exercise in both trained and untrained subjects. There was no difference in the J-point displacement or the ST segment slope between the trained and untrained subjects. This study suggests that any J-point depression during exercise may be abnormal in the adolescent male. Training does not have an effect on the J-point or ST segment at maximum exercise.", "PMID": 593079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4354", "title": "The psychobiological model and multiple discriminant function analysis of high-calibre oarsmen.", "content": "Candidates for New Zealand rowing teams (N = 181) were given a battery of physiological, performance, anthropometric and psychological tests in order to test the psychobiological model for prediction of athletic success. A series of stepwise multiple discriminant function analyses were conducted on both separate sub-sets of variables and their combinations. The expectation that the model would not differentiate between the three age categories of oarsmen (Juniors, Colt and Senior) except for age-related factors was upheld. A more specific test of the model was an examination of the accuracy of discrimination within each age group between those who were selected for New Zealand teams and those who were not selected. The results indicated that such differentiation was best when the biological and psychological variables were used in concert. The major discriminators between selected and nonselected oarsmen on the psychobiological functions were certain anthropometric and psychological variables. Further support for the notion of the existence of a rowing stereotype was provided by testing the Senior discriminant function on the other two groups. It was concluded that the results were in accordance with the multidisciplinary psychobiological model.", "contents": "The psychobiological model and multiple discriminant function analysis of high-calibre oarsmen. Candidates for New Zealand rowing teams (N = 181) were given a battery of physiological, performance, anthropometric and psychological tests in order to test the psychobiological model for prediction of athletic success. A series of stepwise multiple discriminant function analyses were conducted on both separate sub-sets of variables and their combinations. The expectation that the model would not differentiate between the three age categories of oarsmen (Juniors, Colt and Senior) except for age-related factors was upheld. A more specific test of the model was an examination of the accuracy of discrimination within each age group between those who were selected for New Zealand teams and those who were not selected. The results indicated that such differentiation was best when the biological and psychological variables were used in concert. The major discriminators between selected and nonselected oarsmen on the psychobiological functions were certain anthropometric and psychological variables. Further support for the notion of the existence of a rowing stereotype was provided by testing the Senior discriminant function on the other two groups. It was concluded that the results were in accordance with the multidisciplinary psychobiological model.", "PMID": 593081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4355", "title": "Parameters of injury reporting in skiing.", "content": "An injury survey of 505 skiers from the 1971-72 and 5,459 skiers from thh 1972-73 season collected 601 time loss injries for a rate of 9.31000 skier days. Forty percent of these injuries were reported to a ski patrol and almost 60 to physicians. Fractures and lacerations were reported to the patrol more frequently than other injury types, bruises and strains less commonly. Injuries not reported to patrols and physicians were primarily bruises, sprains and strains. Although fractures were almost invariably reported to physicians, one in four was not seen by the ski patrol. Patrol-only or physician only reported injuries thus do not represent the full spectrum of time loss skiing injuries.", "contents": "Parameters of injury reporting in skiing. An injury survey of 505 skiers from the 1971-72 and 5,459 skiers from thh 1972-73 season collected 601 time loss injries for a rate of 9.31000 skier days. Forty percent of these injuries were reported to a ski patrol and almost 60 to physicians. Fractures and lacerations were reported to the patrol more frequently than other injury types, bruises and strains less commonly. Injuries not reported to patrols and physicians were primarily bruises, sprains and strains. Although fractures were almost invariably reported to physicians, one in four was not seen by the ski patrol. Patrol-only or physician only reported injuries thus do not represent the full spectrum of time loss skiing injuries.", "PMID": 593082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4356", "title": "Metabolic responses to interval training programs of high and low power output.", "content": "The metabolic responses of 30 college-aged males were compared following high power (30-sec runs with 19 repetitions-Group HP) and low power (120-sec runs with 7 repetitions-Group LP) interval training programs (8-wk, 3 days/wk). Measurements included: maximal aerobic power (Vo2max, open circuit spirometry); maximal lactacid capacity (net-LAmax, blood LA accumulation following exhaustive exercise); net energy production (net Vo2 and netLA) following a 2-min run that was exhaustive before but not following training; and maximal muscular power (stair-climbing procedure). The results indicated: 1) significant but equal increases in Vo2 max in both groups; 2) no change in either group in netLAmax; 3) net Vo2 during the 2-min run was unchanged, however, netLA was significantly greater in Group LP; 4) no changes in either group in muscular power. It was concluded that low power and high power output interval training programs elicit similar changes in maximal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and that the physiological and or biochemical changes responsible for lowered lactic acid production during heavy, but submaximal exercise following training are produced to a greater extent by the low power program.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to interval training programs of high and low power output. The metabolic responses of 30 college-aged males were compared following high power (30-sec runs with 19 repetitions-Group HP) and low power (120-sec runs with 7 repetitions-Group LP) interval training programs (8-wk, 3 days/wk). Measurements included: maximal aerobic power (Vo2max, open circuit spirometry); maximal lactacid capacity (net-LAmax, blood LA accumulation following exhaustive exercise); net energy production (net Vo2 and netLA) following a 2-min run that was exhaustive before but not following training; and maximal muscular power (stair-climbing procedure). The results indicated: 1) significant but equal increases in Vo2 max in both groups; 2) no change in either group in netLAmax; 3) net Vo2 during the 2-min run was unchanged, however, netLA was significantly greater in Group LP; 4) no changes in either group in muscular power. It was concluded that low power and high power output interval training programs elicit similar changes in maximal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and that the physiological and or biochemical changes responsible for lowered lactic acid production during heavy, but submaximal exercise following training are produced to a greater extent by the low power program.", "PMID": 593083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4357", "title": "[\"DKS4T-01 Monitor\" complex for the control of the status of critically ill patients].", "content": "To exercise control over the condition of critically ill patients a monitoring unit DKC4T-01 which permits it to measure the cardio- and hemodynamic parameters is recommended. The monitoring unit signals \"alarm\" when the pertinent indicators deviate from the permissible values. The block-wise design of the unit allows also the separate use of individual instruments and devices of this complex setup.", "contents": "[\"DKS4T-01 Monitor\" complex for the control of the status of critically ill patients]. To exercise control over the condition of critically ill patients a monitoring unit DKC4T-01 which permits it to measure the cardio- and hemodynamic parameters is recommended. The monitoring unit signals \"alarm\" when the pertinent indicators deviate from the permissible values. The block-wise design of the unit allows also the separate use of individual instruments and devices of this complex setup.", "PMID": 593097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4358", "title": "[Comparative study of different artificial heart designs].", "content": "The results subsequent to investigations of 3 artificial heart constructions effected on a hydrodynamic stand are reported. The values of the artificial heart resistances during the systole and diastole were determined, these being shown to stand close to one another in all of the designs under review.", "contents": "[Comparative study of different artificial heart designs]. The results subsequent to investigations of 3 artificial heart constructions effected on a hydrodynamic stand are reported. The values of the artificial heart resistances during the systole and diastole were determined, these being shown to stand close to one another in all of the designs under review.", "PMID": 593102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4359", "title": "[Universal broadband ultrasonic apparatus for use with biological objects].", "content": "To obtain bacterial and medicinal aerosols and to study the action of an ultrasonic field on various biological objects an all-purpose broad-band ultrasonic set-up, operating within a frequency range of 0.2-5.0 MHz has been constructed.", "contents": "[Universal broadband ultrasonic apparatus for use with biological objects]. To obtain bacterial and medicinal aerosols and to study the action of an ultrasonic field on various biological objects an all-purpose broad-band ultrasonic set-up, operating within a frequency range of 0.2-5.0 MHz has been constructed.", "PMID": 593106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4360", "title": "[Device for studying the kinematics of movement of closing elements in artificial heart valves].", "content": "A device designed for studying the motion kinematics of locking elements in the artificial cardiac valves is described. The principle of its operation is based on the photoelectric registration with subsequent electronic differentiation of the electric displacement signal. The length of measurable linear displacement is 0+20 mm. The amplitudinal-frequency characteristics of the differentiator is linear within the range of 0+120 Hz. The error of the displacement and speed error--not more than 5 per cent.", "contents": "[Device for studying the kinematics of movement of closing elements in artificial heart valves]. A device designed for studying the motion kinematics of locking elements in the artificial cardiac valves is described. The principle of its operation is based on the photoelectric registration with subsequent electronic differentiation of the electric displacement signal. The length of measurable linear displacement is 0+20 mm. The amplitudinal-frequency characteristics of the differentiator is linear within the range of 0+120 Hz. The error of the displacement and speed error--not more than 5 per cent.", "PMID": 593105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4361", "title": "[Universal electrocardiographic belt for precordial leads].", "content": "For recording ECG in precardial leads sucker electrodes which have a limited application and short service life are employed most often. A construction of an elastic belt for precardial leads, suitable for examination of adults and children in any patient's posture, is proposed. The belt is distinguished by its long service life and it cuts in half the time needed for examination of the patients.", "contents": "[Universal electrocardiographic belt for precordial leads]. For recording ECG in precardial leads sucker electrodes which have a limited application and short service life are employed most often. A construction of an elastic belt for precardial leads, suitable for examination of adults and children in any patient's posture, is proposed. The belt is distinguished by its long service life and it cuts in half the time needed for examination of the patients.", "PMID": 593107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4362", "title": "[Method of bench testing an artificial heart].", "content": "A procedure for bench trials of the artificial heart (AH), that comes to determining the relationship between the AH performance and the duration of the systole with constant pressure differentials at the in- and outlets of the AH and pulse rate. The results of the AH trials by the proposed procedure are described.", "contents": "[Method of bench testing an artificial heart]. A procedure for bench trials of the artificial heart (AH), that comes to determining the relationship between the AH performance and the duration of the systole with constant pressure differentials at the in- and outlets of the AH and pulse rate. The results of the AH trials by the proposed procedure are described.", "PMID": 593101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4363", "title": "[Apparatus for electric stimulation of the neuromuscular apparatus].", "content": "The application of the unit for electric stimulation of the neuro-muscular system with the use of a selected stimulus permits it to produce contraction of the muscles with the minimal energy of the stimulus and the least possible pain sensation. As such a stimulus serves a radio-pulse with a carrier frequency of 10 kHz and having a form enveloping the impulse emerging in the motor fiber. These stimuli are produced in electric stimulators of the type \"Bion\".", "contents": "[Apparatus for electric stimulation of the neuromuscular apparatus]. The application of the unit for electric stimulation of the neuro-muscular system with the use of a selected stimulus permits it to produce contraction of the muscles with the minimal energy of the stimulus and the least possible pain sensation. As such a stimulus serves a radio-pulse with a carrier frequency of 10 kHz and having a form enveloping the impulse emerging in the motor fiber. These stimuli are produced in electric stimulators of the type \"Bion\".", "PMID": 593108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4364", "title": "[Test of the \"Biopulse-3\" aortic balloon pumping apparatus].", "content": "Experiments on a specially constructed laboratory stand were set up with a view to determining power and dynamic possibilities of the translatory motion drive in the \"Biopulse-3\" unit when operating an intra-aortic ball-pump and also assessing the service properties of individual unit-blocks intended for injection, measurement and registration. Trial testing showed the drive to the suitable for using in the intra-aortic ballooning.", "contents": "[Test of the \"Biopulse-3\" aortic balloon pumping apparatus]. Experiments on a specially constructed laboratory stand were set up with a view to determining power and dynamic possibilities of the translatory motion drive in the \"Biopulse-3\" unit when operating an intra-aortic ball-pump and also assessing the service properties of individual unit-blocks intended for injection, measurement and registration. Trial testing showed the drive to the suitable for using in the intra-aortic ballooning.", "PMID": 593103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4365", "title": "[Dimethylpolysiloxane reinforced film in a membrane oxygenator].", "content": "With the purpose of diffuse membranous oxygenation of blood the possibility of employing a Soviet-made dimethylpolyxyloxane-reinforced film \"Sigma\" was investigated. The test-trials were carried out with a membranous oxygenator of the \"Sandwich\" type. In 15 acute tests on dogs a partial cardio-pulmonary pass-by shunting with oxygenation of the blood after the veno-venous or veno-arterial perfusion was performed. With the mass-exchange area of 1.15 m2 the oxygen transport in different tests varied within a range of 20-50 ml/min and depended upon the arterio-venous difference and the circulation rate. No disruptions in the elimination of carbon dioxide were in evidence. In the course of investigations the \"Sigma\" material was found to be strong, impermeable to liquids and is not subject to swelling following its long-term use.", "contents": "[Dimethylpolysiloxane reinforced film in a membrane oxygenator]. With the purpose of diffuse membranous oxygenation of blood the possibility of employing a Soviet-made dimethylpolyxyloxane-reinforced film \"Sigma\" was investigated. The test-trials were carried out with a membranous oxygenator of the \"Sandwich\" type. In 15 acute tests on dogs a partial cardio-pulmonary pass-by shunting with oxygenation of the blood after the veno-venous or veno-arterial perfusion was performed. With the mass-exchange area of 1.15 m2 the oxygen transport in different tests varied within a range of 20-50 ml/min and depended upon the arterio-venous difference and the circulation rate. No disruptions in the elimination of carbon dioxide were in evidence. In the course of investigations the \"Sigma\" material was found to be strong, impermeable to liquids and is not subject to swelling following its long-term use.", "PMID": 593112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4366", "title": "[Working organs of actuating devices for assisted circulation].", "content": "Business ends of operating mechanisms for assisted circulation, based on the principle of contrapulsation, must satisfy a number of requirements on which the safety and the effectiveness of their performance depend. Among these of particular importance are the working volume of the arrangement, correct conformity of the balloon and aorta diameters and also the duty cycle of the arrangement.", "contents": "[Working organs of actuating devices for assisted circulation]. Business ends of operating mechanisms for assisted circulation, based on the principle of contrapulsation, must satisfy a number of requirements on which the safety and the effectiveness of their performance depend. Among these of particular importance are the working volume of the arrangement, correct conformity of the balloon and aorta diameters and also the duty cycle of the arrangement.", "PMID": 593109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4367", "title": "[Blood microfilters].", "content": "In preserved blood and during extracorporeal circulation there become formed micro-aggregates which fail to be entrapped by standard filters. The emerging there-from microembolisms provoke functional disorders in vital organs and account for unfavourable outcomes of the treatment. Basic trends in the microfiltration of the blood are analyzed, a classification of microfilters according to their design features and purpose is given, along with the medico-technical requirements they have also to meet the performance characteristics of the most wildly used microfilter models, are listed.", "contents": "[Blood microfilters]. In preserved blood and during extracorporeal circulation there become formed micro-aggregates which fail to be entrapped by standard filters. The emerging there-from microembolisms provoke functional disorders in vital organs and account for unfavourable outcomes of the treatment. Basic trends in the microfiltration of the blood are analyzed, a classification of microfilters according to their design features and purpose is given, along with the medico-technical requirements they have also to meet the performance characteristics of the most wildly used microfilter models, are listed.", "PMID": 593111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4368", "title": "[Hydrodynamic stands for testing assisted circulation and artificial heart apparatus].", "content": "Problems arising in devising the assisted circulation apparatus and artificial heart can be solved only with investigations conducted on hydrodynamic models of the circulation system--the stands. An analysis of literature sources dealing with test stands justifies their classification according to the purpose, the types of tests, the specific structure and basic characteristics. It is necessary to proceed with further improvement of the stand equipment in the direction of creating a sufficiently accurate imitation of the anatomic structure and resilient properties of major arteries and veins, of constructing a geometrical and elastic model of the aorta, of pressure and flow control instruments at different points of the vessels, of the ones regulating the energy parameters, as well as of working out criteria for effectiveness of the devices to be used.", "contents": "[Hydrodynamic stands for testing assisted circulation and artificial heart apparatus]. Problems arising in devising the assisted circulation apparatus and artificial heart can be solved only with investigations conducted on hydrodynamic models of the circulation system--the stands. An analysis of literature sources dealing with test stands justifies their classification according to the purpose, the types of tests, the specific structure and basic characteristics. It is necessary to proceed with further improvement of the stand equipment in the direction of creating a sufficiently accurate imitation of the anatomic structure and resilient properties of major arteries and veins, of constructing a geometrical and elastic model of the aorta, of pressure and flow control instruments at different points of the vessels, of the ones regulating the energy parameters, as well as of working out criteria for effectiveness of the devices to be used.", "PMID": 593110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4369", "title": "[Efficiency of a new blood membrane oxygenator].", "content": "Three modifications of a stationary membranous oxygenator (SMO) with utilization of new selective compositional membranes were developed. Test procedures for the SMO in the system gas-gas and gas-blood on a stand and in acute experiments on animals are described. The results obtained demonstrated that as concerns the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as the stability in operation it is the model with the projections coincidently positioned on the upper and lower membranes whereby the peripheral blood is fed most efficiently.", "contents": "[Efficiency of a new blood membrane oxygenator]. Three modifications of a stationary membranous oxygenator (SMO) with utilization of new selective compositional membranes were developed. Test procedures for the SMO in the system gas-gas and gas-blood on a stand and in acute experiments on animals are described. The results obtained demonstrated that as concerns the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as the stability in operation it is the model with the projections coincidently positioned on the upper and lower membranes whereby the peripheral blood is fed most efficiently.", "PMID": 593114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4370", "title": "[Activity of beta-glucuronidase in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats subjected to subacute benzene vapor poisoning].", "content": "The work presents the results of investigations on the activity of beta-glucoronidase (B-GR) in neutrophiles and lymphocytes of peripheral blood in rats of Wistar strain exposed to benzene vapours of the concentration 27000 mg/m3, 6 hrs daily for 10 consecutive days. The activity of the enzyme in both types of cells was determined by cytochemical method; Hayashi et al. After an exposure to benzene, a statistically significant reduction of the number of granulocytes and lymphocytes was found. The activity of B-GR in granulocytes was lowered 5--times compared with the initial value (before exposure). The per cent of B-GR--positive lymphocytes was not changed. Instead, apparent changes in proportional values of individual types of enzyme--positive cells were found. The per cent of granular lymphocytes decreased, and at the same time the per cent of granular--diffusive and diffusive lymphocytes increased. The authors think that benzene affects granulocytes cells depressively and that it is an active labilisator of lysosomal lymphocytes. They set their hopes on the observed phenomenon to elaborate an exposure test to benzene.", "contents": "[Activity of beta-glucuronidase in peripheral blood leukocytes in rats subjected to subacute benzene vapor poisoning]. The work presents the results of investigations on the activity of beta-glucoronidase (B-GR) in neutrophiles and lymphocytes of peripheral blood in rats of Wistar strain exposed to benzene vapours of the concentration 27000 mg/m3, 6 hrs daily for 10 consecutive days. The activity of the enzyme in both types of cells was determined by cytochemical method; Hayashi et al. After an exposure to benzene, a statistically significant reduction of the number of granulocytes and lymphocytes was found. The activity of B-GR in granulocytes was lowered 5--times compared with the initial value (before exposure). The per cent of B-GR--positive lymphocytes was not changed. Instead, apparent changes in proportional values of individual types of enzyme--positive cells were found. The per cent of granular lymphocytes decreased, and at the same time the per cent of granular--diffusive and diffusive lymphocytes increased. The authors think that benzene affects granulocytes cells depressively and that it is an active labilisator of lysosomal lymphocytes. They set their hopes on the observed phenomenon to elaborate an exposure test to benzene.", "PMID": 593137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4371", "title": "[Epidemiological examinations of peptic ulcer in coal miners. III. The course of peptic ulcer and its effect on work efficiency].", "content": "These examinations are based on an individual questionnaire and medicinal documentation of 8302 miners employed in 3-coal mines. In the previous parts an influence of occupational factors and socio-living conditions upon the occurrence of peptic ulcer in miners was presented. At present, on the ground of an analysis of 657 cases of peptic ulcer found among the examined population, considerable differences in the course of the disease in individual employed groups were found. In underground miners the cases with frequent recurrences were more frequent, compared with the staff employed on the surface. The amount of sick leaves caused by peptic ulcer was five times greater; the rate of absenteeism was the greatest. Recent cases (lasting no longer than 5 years), prevailed. Among the surface workers, as opposed to the under-round staff, almost all the cases of peptic ulcer called for hospital treatment. The percentage of chronic cases was much greater, the amount of complications and operations was twice as great. Sickness absenteeism caused both by peptic ulcer and other diseases was incresed. Hence it is evident that the work underground is too strenuous for those suffering from gastric ulcer and the miners with a heavy course of the disease most probably change the work i.e. they are transferred to the surface.", "contents": "[Epidemiological examinations of peptic ulcer in coal miners. III. The course of peptic ulcer and its effect on work efficiency]. These examinations are based on an individual questionnaire and medicinal documentation of 8302 miners employed in 3-coal mines. In the previous parts an influence of occupational factors and socio-living conditions upon the occurrence of peptic ulcer in miners was presented. At present, on the ground of an analysis of 657 cases of peptic ulcer found among the examined population, considerable differences in the course of the disease in individual employed groups were found. In underground miners the cases with frequent recurrences were more frequent, compared with the staff employed on the surface. The amount of sick leaves caused by peptic ulcer was five times greater; the rate of absenteeism was the greatest. Recent cases (lasting no longer than 5 years), prevailed. Among the surface workers, as opposed to the under-round staff, almost all the cases of peptic ulcer called for hospital treatment. The percentage of chronic cases was much greater, the amount of complications and operations was twice as great. Sickness absenteeism caused both by peptic ulcer and other diseases was incresed. Hence it is evident that the work underground is too strenuous for those suffering from gastric ulcer and the miners with a heavy course of the disease most probably change the work i.e. they are transferred to the surface.", "PMID": 593138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4372", "title": "[Myocardiopathy and arterial hypertension in coal miners in the Rybnik region].", "content": "Examinations were carried out on the frequency of the occurrence of myocardiopathy and arterial hypertension in 492 miners and 175 manual workers employed on mines surface. Physical symptoms of cardiac muscle degeneration were found in 7,3%, electrocardiographical symptoms in 11,1%, whereas in 9,9% miners hypertension was found. No significant difference between the frequency of these diseases in pit miners, as compared with those manual workers working on the surface of the mines, was found.", "contents": "[Myocardiopathy and arterial hypertension in coal miners in the Rybnik region]. Examinations were carried out on the frequency of the occurrence of myocardiopathy and arterial hypertension in 492 miners and 175 manual workers employed on mines surface. Physical symptoms of cardiac muscle degeneration were found in 7,3%, electrocardiographical symptoms in 11,1%, whereas in 9,9% miners hypertension was found. No significant difference between the frequency of these diseases in pit miners, as compared with those manual workers working on the surface of the mines, was found.", "PMID": 593139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4373", "title": "[ECG picture in persons exposed to carbon disulfide].", "content": "Electrocardiograms were examined in 121 persons exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2). The control group consisted of 77 persons, employed in the divisions whose activity range is similar to that of exposed workers. A more frequent occurrence of abnormal electrocardiograms was found in the workers exposed to CS2, compared with the control group. Most frequently they comprised dysrythmia, disturbances in conduction, and occurrence of focal changes of cardiac muscle--which were not found in the subjects of control group. The occurrence of changes in ECG picture should be connected with the occurrence of premature atherosclerosis in the workers exposed to CS2. A permanent observation of ECG picture in those exposed to CS2 will allow an earlier prophylaxis of carbon disulphide intoxications.", "contents": "[ECG picture in persons exposed to carbon disulfide]. Electrocardiograms were examined in 121 persons exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2). The control group consisted of 77 persons, employed in the divisions whose activity range is similar to that of exposed workers. A more frequent occurrence of abnormal electrocardiograms was found in the workers exposed to CS2, compared with the control group. Most frequently they comprised dysrythmia, disturbances in conduction, and occurrence of focal changes of cardiac muscle--which were not found in the subjects of control group. The occurrence of changes in ECG picture should be connected with the occurrence of premature atherosclerosis in the workers exposed to CS2. A permanent observation of ECG picture in those exposed to CS2 will allow an earlier prophylaxis of carbon disulphide intoxications.", "PMID": 593140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4374", "title": "[Relations between working conditions and occurrence of vibration disease in forestry workers. I].", "content": "The level of mechanic vibrations intensity of 20 motor saws of the BK-3a type and 5 saws of the Partner R-11 type was determined and the evaluation of 460 motorsawers' vibration exposure--in case of working on these types of saws--was performed. The evaluation covered saws of various technical conditions, with which felling, cross-cutting and trimming of soft and hard timber were performed. The vibration measured exceeds 3--5 times Soviet hygienic normatives and ISO, especially in octave frequencies of 63 and 125 Hz. The intensity level of vibrations was significantly dependent on the technical conditions of the saw, activities performed with it and the hardness of timber. The evaluation of the woodcutters' exposure to vibration in a day, a year and the whole employment period was performed on the basis of the test-checking, the ammount of timber produced, fuel used for the saw and days of saw-work. Daily exposure to vibration was 2,4 +/- 1,2 hours and was of intermittent, irregular character. Motor-sawers worked with saws from 31 to 296 days a year, producing yearly from 973 to 10.503 m3 of timber as m3 of timber felled.", "contents": "[Relations between working conditions and occurrence of vibration disease in forestry workers. I]. The level of mechanic vibrations intensity of 20 motor saws of the BK-3a type and 5 saws of the Partner R-11 type was determined and the evaluation of 460 motorsawers' vibration exposure--in case of working on these types of saws--was performed. The evaluation covered saws of various technical conditions, with which felling, cross-cutting and trimming of soft and hard timber were performed. The vibration measured exceeds 3--5 times Soviet hygienic normatives and ISO, especially in octave frequencies of 63 and 125 Hz. The intensity level of vibrations was significantly dependent on the technical conditions of the saw, activities performed with it and the hardness of timber. The evaluation of the woodcutters' exposure to vibration in a day, a year and the whole employment period was performed on the basis of the test-checking, the ammount of timber produced, fuel used for the saw and days of saw-work. Daily exposure to vibration was 2,4 +/- 1,2 hours and was of intermittent, irregular character. Motor-sawers worked with saws from 31 to 296 days a year, producing yearly from 973 to 10.503 m3 of timber as m3 of timber felled.", "PMID": 593141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4375", "title": "[Effect of organic solvents on the state of the periodontium and oral cavity in workers employed in pigment and paint industries].", "content": "Stomatological examinations were conducted among 270 workers employed at pigment and paint industry, exposed to organic solvents and other gaseous substances developed during the thermal conversion of oils. In the control group of one hundred persons employed in whom the detrimental action of chemical compounds does not exist, stomatological examination did not show any special variations from the normal average. Comparing the two groups it was evident that the hygiene of the oral cavity was significantly worse in the group of workers exposed to organic solvents and other chemical compounds than in the control one. Statistical analysis of the obtained results pointed out that the average index of intensity of changes in paradontium and the susceptibility to changes evaluated according to DMF index also shows higher values in the examined group as compared with the control. The frequency of occurrence of various pathological changes including leukoplakia of the mucosa was presented in detail. All collected data were divided into five groups of different exposure to the chemicals.", "contents": "[Effect of organic solvents on the state of the periodontium and oral cavity in workers employed in pigment and paint industries]. Stomatological examinations were conducted among 270 workers employed at pigment and paint industry, exposed to organic solvents and other gaseous substances developed during the thermal conversion of oils. In the control group of one hundred persons employed in whom the detrimental action of chemical compounds does not exist, stomatological examination did not show any special variations from the normal average. Comparing the two groups it was evident that the hygiene of the oral cavity was significantly worse in the group of workers exposed to organic solvents and other chemical compounds than in the control one. Statistical analysis of the obtained results pointed out that the average index of intensity of changes in paradontium and the susceptibility to changes evaluated according to DMF index also shows higher values in the examined group as compared with the control. The frequency of occurrence of various pathological changes including leukoplakia of the mucosa was presented in detail. All collected data were divided into five groups of different exposure to the chemicals.", "PMID": 593142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4376", "title": "[Determination of mandelic acid in urine by means of gas chromatography].", "content": "The method of determining mandelic acid in urine after Engst\u00f6m was examined. It was stated that supplementing the procedure by introducing an internal standard (a-naphthol) improves the accurary of the method. In case of a full procedure for mandelic acid solutions in urine we get the range of 80 to 800 mg/l +/- 7,13%. This method detectability is sufficient for an industrial evaluation of the exposure to styrene or ethylbenzene.", "contents": "[Determination of mandelic acid in urine by means of gas chromatography]. The method of determining mandelic acid in urine after Engst\u00f6m was examined. It was stated that supplementing the procedure by introducing an internal standard (a-naphthol) improves the accurary of the method. In case of a full procedure for mandelic acid solutions in urine we get the range of 80 to 800 mg/l +/- 7,13%. This method detectability is sufficient for an industrial evaluation of the exposure to styrene or ethylbenzene.", "PMID": 593143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4377", "title": "[Determination of O-isopropoxyaniline in the air].", "content": "One worked out a method for determining o--isopropoxyaniline in the air, based on the principle of absorbing vapours of this compound in water, and then subjecting it to the reaction of diazotization and coupling with salt R. The obtained coloured powder was determined calorimetrically with the wavelength 500 millimicron. Experimentally checked aeration constant for o--isopropoxyaniline from water solution--at room temperature is 0,325 X 10(-4), and absorption capacity in water--97,55%. Detectability of the method after taking 30 l air is 0,35 mg/m3. Relative standard deviation of the method--0,025.", "contents": "[Determination of O-isopropoxyaniline in the air]. One worked out a method for determining o--isopropoxyaniline in the air, based on the principle of absorbing vapours of this compound in water, and then subjecting it to the reaction of diazotization and coupling with salt R. The obtained coloured powder was determined calorimetrically with the wavelength 500 millimicron. Experimentally checked aeration constant for o--isopropoxyaniline from water solution--at room temperature is 0,325 X 10(-4), and absorption capacity in water--97,55%. Detectability of the method after taking 30 l air is 0,35 mg/m3. Relative standard deviation of the method--0,025.", "PMID": 593144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4378", "title": "[Condition of the oral cavity in workers of Siarkopol in Gda\u0144sk].", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical state of the mucosa of the oral cavity, the paradontium and dentition in workers of Siarkopol in Gda\u0144sk. Stomatologic examinations were performed in 105 workers who had been exposed to the action of sulphur dust. The subjects examined, showed inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the oral cavity (72,4%) and nontypical erosion of tooth enamel (11,4%). 74,28% of the subjects examined showed changes in the paradontium. The oral cavity of all Siarkopol workers was found to be in a poor state of hygiene.", "contents": "[Condition of the oral cavity in workers of Siarkopol in Gda\u0144sk]. The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical state of the mucosa of the oral cavity, the paradontium and dentition in workers of Siarkopol in Gda\u0144sk. Stomatologic examinations were performed in 105 workers who had been exposed to the action of sulphur dust. The subjects examined, showed inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the oral cavity (72,4%) and nontypical erosion of tooth enamel (11,4%). 74,28% of the subjects examined showed changes in the paradontium. The oral cavity of all Siarkopol workers was found to be in a poor state of hygiene.", "PMID": 593145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4379", "title": "[Laryngological evaluation of the state of health of workers in brown coal mines at Be\u0142chat\u00f3w].", "content": "Laryngological examinations were carried out in 528 workers and candidates for work in the mine. In 64 persons examined (12,1%) a temporary or permanent contraindications for employment were ascertained. They were referred to hospital treatment or proposed a change of work-post so as to fit it to health state.", "contents": "[Laryngological evaluation of the state of health of workers in brown coal mines at Be\u0142chat\u00f3w]. Laryngological examinations were carried out in 528 workers and candidates for work in the mine. In 64 persons examined (12,1%) a temporary or permanent contraindications for employment were ascertained. They were referred to hospital treatment or proposed a change of work-post so as to fit it to health state.", "PMID": 593146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4380", "title": "Autoionography.", "content": "A technique has been established for the autoradiography of beta-emitting radionuclides distributed on thin-layer chromatograms. The technique is derived from medical ionography and produces an electrostatic latent image of the distribution of radioactivity by using a planeparallel ionization chamber filled with a suitable gas. The latent image is formed on a highly insulating plastic sheet which covers one electrode of the ionization chamber and is made visible by methods employed in Xerography or related electrophotographic processes. An introduction to the theoretical basis of autoionography is presented and results of application of the technique are shown for prototype imaging chambers operating at pressures of from 1 to 100 atmospheres. The present sensitivity of autoionography compares favorably with that reported in the recent literature for film or film-fluorographic methods. An advantage of ionography is the simplicity and very low cost involved in producing each ionograph.", "contents": "Autoionography. A technique has been established for the autoradiography of beta-emitting radionuclides distributed on thin-layer chromatograms. The technique is derived from medical ionography and produces an electrostatic latent image of the distribution of radioactivity by using a planeparallel ionization chamber filled with a suitable gas. The latent image is formed on a highly insulating plastic sheet which covers one electrode of the ionization chamber and is made visible by methods employed in Xerography or related electrophotographic processes. An introduction to the theoretical basis of autoionography is presented and results of application of the technique are shown for prototype imaging chambers operating at pressures of from 1 to 100 atmospheres. The present sensitivity of autoionography compares favorably with that reported in the recent literature for film or film-fluorographic methods. An advantage of ionography is the simplicity and very low cost involved in producing each ionograph.", "PMID": 593156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4381", "title": "[Cell image analysis on the PDP-12 computer: a software system for processing the image information from a scanning microscope photometer (author's transl)].", "content": "A system of computer programs is introduced which allows image analyzing of cytological or histological preparations. The software system was especially developed for a microprocessor (PDP-12, Digital Equipment Corporation) which is often implied in connection with microscope photometers (SMP 05, Carl Zeiss). Users need not to know anything about computer programming because the computer gives the necessary orders via CRT-display or printer. The different descriptors as they are available after different cytochemical or histochemical staining procedures are combined to a pattern vector which is to be a numerical equivalent of cell morphology. A novel method in numerically describing the fine structure of cell nuclei is emphasized. Different cell populations are compared by means of a simplified multivariate discrimiatory analysis. All programs are written in assembler language and they are stored on LINC tapes (Digital Equipment Corporation). Copies of system tapes respectively tapes with the source programs are available from the authors on sending of blank magnetic tapes (2,000 blocks marked). Description and print out of individual programs are published in the dissertation cited in References. Changes and additions of the system which have been done mean-while will be summarized, and lateron such summaries are available on request.", "contents": "[Cell image analysis on the PDP-12 computer: a software system for processing the image information from a scanning microscope photometer (author's transl)]. A system of computer programs is introduced which allows image analyzing of cytological or histological preparations. The software system was especially developed for a microprocessor (PDP-12, Digital Equipment Corporation) which is often implied in connection with microscope photometers (SMP 05, Carl Zeiss). Users need not to know anything about computer programming because the computer gives the necessary orders via CRT-display or printer. The different descriptors as they are available after different cytochemical or histochemical staining procedures are combined to a pattern vector which is to be a numerical equivalent of cell morphology. A novel method in numerically describing the fine structure of cell nuclei is emphasized. Different cell populations are compared by means of a simplified multivariate discrimiatory analysis. All programs are written in assembler language and they are stored on LINC tapes (Digital Equipment Corporation). Copies of system tapes respectively tapes with the source programs are available from the authors on sending of blank magnetic tapes (2,000 blocks marked). Description and print out of individual programs are published in the dissertation cited in References. Changes and additions of the system which have been done mean-while will be summarized, and lateron such summaries are available on request.", "PMID": 593157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4382", "title": "Imaging of incoherent extended objects by a polarizing microscope with crossed polarizers.", "content": "Diffraction images of incoherent objects such as line, edge and disk have been evaluated by carrying out integration of the point spread function over appropriate limits. The resulting expressions have been computed numerically and the results are in agreement with those obtained previously using optical transfer function approach.", "contents": "Imaging of incoherent extended objects by a polarizing microscope with crossed polarizers. Diffraction images of incoherent objects such as line, edge and disk have been evaluated by carrying out integration of the point spread function over appropriate limits. The resulting expressions have been computed numerically and the results are in agreement with those obtained previously using optical transfer function approach.", "PMID": 593158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4383", "title": "Preparation of ultrathin frozen sections in electron microscopy: specimen supported by polyethylene glycol.", "content": "A method was worked out for supporting biological specimens with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the preparation of ultrathin frozen sections. This method was used in the preparation of ultra-thin cryosections of various tissues and of human diploid cell suspensions infected with vaccina and Herpes simplex viruses. In such preparations it was possible to study stages of virus particle formation under the electron microscope.", "contents": "Preparation of ultrathin frozen sections in electron microscopy: specimen supported by polyethylene glycol. A method was worked out for supporting biological specimens with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the preparation of ultrathin frozen sections. This method was used in the preparation of ultra-thin cryosections of various tissues and of human diploid cell suspensions infected with vaccina and Herpes simplex viruses. In such preparations it was possible to study stages of virus particle formation under the electron microscope.", "PMID": 593159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4384", "title": "A reliable method of preparing undecalcified human bone biopsies for electron microscopic investigation.", "content": "Undecalcified preparation of bone tissue for electron microscopic investigation depends on an adequate embedding method. A low viscosity resin proved to comply with the particular conditions as there is good infiltration of specimen by the monomer medium and also sufficient hardness of the polymerization product. Both properties stabilize the transition of soft tissue to mineralized bone surface; thus reproducible results of good quality are obtained in ultra-thin sectioning. A special preparation technique of human bone biopsies for simultaneous light and electron microscopic investigation has been developed. The method is based on experiences with approximately 300 iliac crest biopsies in metabolic and endocrine bone disorders.", "contents": "A reliable method of preparing undecalcified human bone biopsies for electron microscopic investigation. Undecalcified preparation of bone tissue for electron microscopic investigation depends on an adequate embedding method. A low viscosity resin proved to comply with the particular conditions as there is good infiltration of specimen by the monomer medium and also sufficient hardness of the polymerization product. Both properties stabilize the transition of soft tissue to mineralized bone surface; thus reproducible results of good quality are obtained in ultra-thin sectioning. A special preparation technique of human bone biopsies for simultaneous light and electron microscopic investigation has been developed. The method is based on experiences with approximately 300 iliac crest biopsies in metabolic and endocrine bone disorders.", "PMID": 593160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4385", "title": "Electron microscopic study of hemadsorption on vaccinia virus infected cells.", "content": "Hemadsorption (HAD) induced in HEp-2 cells infected with vaccinia virus was observed. In ultrathin sections, binding of 36 red blood cells (RBCs) was examined in detail and 3 types of HAD were observed: (1) direct and close binding of RBCs to infected HEp-2 cells (cyto-HAD) was observed in cross sections of 27 RBCs (2) binding of RBCs through microvilli of infected cells was found in 11 RBCs, and (3) five RBCs were distorted to form tentacle-like projections by which they were bound to the HEp-2 cell surface. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that more than 30% of the RBCs were bound to microvilli of vaccinia virus-infected HEp-2 cells, and that the number of microvilli twined round each RBC was over ten, RBCs were attached to certain microvilli through swollen sucker-like tips which were not observable in non-infected HEp-2 cells. RBCs sometimes revealed a polygonal shape at regions of binding to microvilli. Virion-mediated RBC HEp-2 cell binding could not be observed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of hemadsorption on vaccinia virus infected cells. Hemadsorption (HAD) induced in HEp-2 cells infected with vaccinia virus was observed. In ultrathin sections, binding of 36 red blood cells (RBCs) was examined in detail and 3 types of HAD were observed: (1) direct and close binding of RBCs to infected HEp-2 cells (cyto-HAD) was observed in cross sections of 27 RBCs (2) binding of RBCs through microvilli of infected cells was found in 11 RBCs, and (3) five RBCs were distorted to form tentacle-like projections by which they were bound to the HEp-2 cell surface. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that more than 30% of the RBCs were bound to microvilli of vaccinia virus-infected HEp-2 cells, and that the number of microvilli twined round each RBC was over ten, RBCs were attached to certain microvilli through swollen sucker-like tips which were not observable in non-infected HEp-2 cells. RBCs sometimes revealed a polygonal shape at regions of binding to microvilli. Virion-mediated RBC HEp-2 cell binding could not be observed.", "PMID": 593170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4386", "title": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. III. Comparative studies between Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "Comparative studies on pathogenicity between Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were performed using experimental infection systems in vivo and in vitro. All of thestra ins of both species successfully produced experimental enterocolitis in rabbits although the severity varied with the strains challenged. The changes were characterized by granulomatous lesions with necrobiotic centers in reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen. These strains uniformly had the ability to penetrate HeLa cells and to survive or multiply within cultured rabbit peritoneal macrophages. In addition, in infections with strain TP-2 or PST-III of Y. pseudotuberculosis, catarrhal inflammation all over the small intestine and/or focal necrosis and parenchymatous degeneration in the liver were observed, along with the granulomatous lesions. These strains, at the same time, exhibited cytotoxic effects on the cultured cells. The pathogenic factors of Y. enterocolitica are discussed in comparison with those of Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica. III. Comparative studies between Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Comparative studies on pathogenicity between Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were performed using experimental infection systems in vivo and in vitro. All of thestra ins of both species successfully produced experimental enterocolitis in rabbits although the severity varied with the strains challenged. The changes were characterized by granulomatous lesions with necrobiotic centers in reticuloendothelial tissues of the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen. These strains uniformly had the ability to penetrate HeLa cells and to survive or multiply within cultured rabbit peritoneal macrophages. In addition, in infections with strain TP-2 or PST-III of Y. pseudotuberculosis, catarrhal inflammation all over the small intestine and/or focal necrosis and parenchymatous degeneration in the liver were observed, along with the granulomatous lesions. These strains, at the same time, exhibited cytotoxic effects on the cultured cells. The pathogenic factors of Y. enterocolitica are discussed in comparison with those of Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "PMID": 593171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4387", "title": "The problem of entry to the medical course in Belgium.", "content": "Belgium already has a very high ratio of doctors to population. The output of new graduates is higher than can be justified by employment prospects. Applicants to university must be admitted if they have passed the school 'maturity examination'. The standard of this is set by the individual school, and the pass rate is unrelated to university requirements. Consequently the rate of entry to medical studies is very high and there is a very high failure rate (nearly half). The climate of opinion is against radical reform of this system. The author believes that under present circumstances a strongly selective examination at the end of the first university year is the least unsatisfactory solution.", "contents": "The problem of entry to the medical course in Belgium. Belgium already has a very high ratio of doctors to population. The output of new graduates is higher than can be justified by employment prospects. Applicants to university must be admitted if they have passed the school 'maturity examination'. The standard of this is set by the individual school, and the pass rate is unrelated to university requirements. Consequently the rate of entry to medical studies is very high and there is a very high failure rate (nearly half). The climate of opinion is against radical reform of this system. The author believes that under present circumstances a strongly selective examination at the end of the first university year is the least unsatisfactory solution.", "PMID": 593175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4388", "title": "Doctors' estimates of the percentage of patients whose problems do not require medical attention.", "content": "A total of 248 doctors replied to the question 'About what per cent of your patients present problems that do not really require medical attention (problems that would take care of themselves)?' The answers given ranged from 0 to 90%, with a mean of 20.61 and standard deviation of 23.81 The estimates given by the doctors were related to their own performance as pre-medical and medical students, and to personal qualities and dispositions as indicated by psychological assessment. Doctors whose estimates were higher than the average for the group tended to have better pre-medical scholastic records than their peers, to attain superior scores on the Science subtest of the Medical College Admission Test, and to prefer rational to intuitive methods of problem-solving.", "contents": "Doctors' estimates of the percentage of patients whose problems do not require medical attention. A total of 248 doctors replied to the question 'About what per cent of your patients present problems that do not really require medical attention (problems that would take care of themselves)?' The answers given ranged from 0 to 90%, with a mean of 20.61 and standard deviation of 23.81 The estimates given by the doctors were related to their own performance as pre-medical and medical students, and to personal qualities and dispositions as indicated by psychological assessment. Doctors whose estimates were higher than the average for the group tended to have better pre-medical scholastic records than their peers, to attain superior scores on the Science subtest of the Medical College Admission Test, and to prefer rational to intuitive methods of problem-solving.", "PMID": 593176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4389", "title": "Some new methods for the evaluation of medical school sex education curricula.", "content": "This study proposes new ways of evaluating medical school sex education curricula which may be used not only to determine the best educational methods, but also to understand what skills and competence are important for a doctor to have in order to assist patients with their sexual problems. Since present evaluation tools are limited, the theoretical base from which human sexuality programmes are developed is based on unsupported personal judgement. Good research with improved techniques is a requisite for improving this situation.", "contents": "Some new methods for the evaluation of medical school sex education curricula. This study proposes new ways of evaluating medical school sex education curricula which may be used not only to determine the best educational methods, but also to understand what skills and competence are important for a doctor to have in order to assist patients with their sexual problems. Since present evaluation tools are limited, the theoretical base from which human sexuality programmes are developed is based on unsupported personal judgement. Good research with improved techniques is a requisite for improving this situation.", "PMID": 593177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4390", "title": "Medical students talking to patients.", "content": "Observations were made of 108 pre-clinical medical students interviewing patients carefully selected by general practitioner tutors, under strict supervision in an audio-visual studio. Videotape replay allowed immediate feed-back to the student, and this was supplemented by direct comment from the patient. The consultations were also used for small group teaching (by CCTV). Although most students viewed the exercise as threatening, they appeared to find it a helpful experience. The method uncovered students with major defects in communicating at the personal level. Detailed analyses of the content of the interviews are being carried out, and will be the subject of a separate communication.", "contents": "Medical students talking to patients. Observations were made of 108 pre-clinical medical students interviewing patients carefully selected by general practitioner tutors, under strict supervision in an audio-visual studio. Videotape replay allowed immediate feed-back to the student, and this was supplemented by direct comment from the patient. The consultations were also used for small group teaching (by CCTV). Although most students viewed the exercise as threatening, they appeared to find it a helpful experience. The method uncovered students with major defects in communicating at the personal level. Detailed analyses of the content of the interviews are being carried out, and will be the subject of a separate communication.", "PMID": 593178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4391", "title": "A problem-oriented independent studies programme in basic medical sciences.", "content": "An independent studies programme (ISP) in the basic medical sciences has been developed at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry which involves sixteen students as a learning team working with ten medical teachers as a teaching team. The teachers serve as guides to learning rather than as sources of expert information and function as generalists in their educational roles. The programme, which is preferred by some students, has provided an alternative to the lecture-laboratory-conference format of the traditional curriculum. Some of the advantages of such an ISP are discussed and its effectiveness assessed.", "contents": "A problem-oriented independent studies programme in basic medical sciences. An independent studies programme (ISP) in the basic medical sciences has been developed at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry which involves sixteen students as a learning team working with ten medical teachers as a teaching team. The teachers serve as guides to learning rather than as sources of expert information and function as generalists in their educational roles. The programme, which is preferred by some students, has provided an alternative to the lecture-laboratory-conference format of the traditional curriculum. Some of the advantages of such an ISP are discussed and its effectiveness assessed.", "PMID": 593179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4392", "title": "The immunoregulatory role of cholesterol and other lipids: a hypothesis.", "content": "Membrane lipids play an important role in cellular responses to exogenous signals. In immunocompetent lymphocytes, marked changes in the concentrations of membrane lipids occur following cell-antigen interaction. These changes lead to an increase in membrane fluidity, thus facilitating the microaggregation of receptor-antigen complexes. This event constitutes the inductive signal for lymphocytes. Lipid profile alterations leading to increased concentration of membrane cholesterol, of polyunsaturated lipids, or of both, bring about a decrease in membrane fluidity. The latter interferes with receptor displacement preventing delivery of an inductive signal to the responding cell. Interference with microaggregation is readily brought about in interactions involving low affinity antigens, such as tumoral antigens. We postulate that in hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic states there is decreased immune responsiveness to weak antigens due to the aformentioned lipid profile alterations in the membranes of immunocompetent cells. The manner in which an increase in the concentration of the lipids mentioned can lead to decreased immune responsiveness and hence to an increased incidence of malignancies in hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic states is the hypothesis presented in this paper.", "contents": "The immunoregulatory role of cholesterol and other lipids: a hypothesis. Membrane lipids play an important role in cellular responses to exogenous signals. In immunocompetent lymphocytes, marked changes in the concentrations of membrane lipids occur following cell-antigen interaction. These changes lead to an increase in membrane fluidity, thus facilitating the microaggregation of receptor-antigen complexes. This event constitutes the inductive signal for lymphocytes. Lipid profile alterations leading to increased concentration of membrane cholesterol, of polyunsaturated lipids, or of both, bring about a decrease in membrane fluidity. The latter interferes with receptor displacement preventing delivery of an inductive signal to the responding cell. Interference with microaggregation is readily brought about in interactions involving low affinity antigens, such as tumoral antigens. We postulate that in hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic states there is decreased immune responsiveness to weak antigens due to the aformentioned lipid profile alterations in the membranes of immunocompetent cells. The manner in which an increase in the concentration of the lipids mentioned can lead to decreased immune responsiveness and hence to an increased incidence of malignancies in hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic states is the hypothesis presented in this paper.", "PMID": 593182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4393", "title": "[The clinical significance of the oxytocin challenge test (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to test the function of fetoplacental unit 398 oxytocin challenge tests were performed on 280 patients who had exceeded the calculated date of delivery or where factors of risk were involved. 8% of the tests performed showed a positive result, 1% was suspect and 91% were negative. The figure of 20% of false-positive test results was relatively high compared to only 1.6% in the case of false-negative test results. In cases where the calculated date of delivery has been exceeded, pregnant women who showed a negative test result are kept under observation by us as out-patients, whilst patients whose oxytocin challenge test was positive are kept under close observation in hospital.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of the oxytocin challenge test (author's transl)]. In order to test the function of fetoplacental unit 398 oxytocin challenge tests were performed on 280 patients who had exceeded the calculated date of delivery or where factors of risk were involved. 8% of the tests performed showed a positive result, 1% was suspect and 91% were negative. The figure of 20% of false-positive test results was relatively high compared to only 1.6% in the case of false-negative test results. In cases where the calculated date of delivery has been exceeded, pregnant women who showed a negative test result are kept under observation by us as out-patients, whilst patients whose oxytocin challenge test was positive are kept under close observation in hospital.", "PMID": 593188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4394", "title": "A proposal that malignancies represent genetic changes in cell surface RNA.", "content": "A great number of experimental studies have now been performed with malignant cells. The mass of data generated presents a confusing and often apparently contradictory picture of the fundamental molecular biological defect which most scientists sense must be the cause of transformation of a normal cell into a malignant one. This paper proposes the hypothesis that RNA on the exterior of the cell membrane organizes the various functional molecular aggregates such as transport complexes (permeases), lectin receptor sites, transmembrane microfilament attachment sites, hormone receptor complexes, and the elusive contact inhibition components. Furthermore it is proposed that a defect in the production of or competition for the assembly of exterior-organizer RNA (exoRNA) complexes is the primary molecular defect inherent in all malignancies. The defect could be caused by deletion of a chromosome region producing or controlling exoRNA, mutation of the genes involved in exoRNA production or by insertion of viral genetic material into the genome thereby producing an incomplete viral RNA (vRNA) which competes for exoRNA binding sites in cell surface complexes. Such changes would be genetically transmitted and could represent a range of genetic change between chromosomal deletion and point mutation. Several experiments are suggested to directly test the hypothesis.", "contents": "A proposal that malignancies represent genetic changes in cell surface RNA. A great number of experimental studies have now been performed with malignant cells. The mass of data generated presents a confusing and often apparently contradictory picture of the fundamental molecular biological defect which most scientists sense must be the cause of transformation of a normal cell into a malignant one. This paper proposes the hypothesis that RNA on the exterior of the cell membrane organizes the various functional molecular aggregates such as transport complexes (permeases), lectin receptor sites, transmembrane microfilament attachment sites, hormone receptor complexes, and the elusive contact inhibition components. Furthermore it is proposed that a defect in the production of or competition for the assembly of exterior-organizer RNA (exoRNA) complexes is the primary molecular defect inherent in all malignancies. The defect could be caused by deletion of a chromosome region producing or controlling exoRNA, mutation of the genes involved in exoRNA production or by insertion of viral genetic material into the genome thereby producing an incomplete viral RNA (vRNA) which competes for exoRNA binding sites in cell surface complexes. Such changes would be genetically transmitted and could represent a range of genetic change between chromosomal deletion and point mutation. Several experiments are suggested to directly test the hypothesis.", "PMID": 593181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4395", "title": "[Problems of hospital-delivery with the presence of the husband (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have interviewed 740 women and their husbands after delivery about their attitude towards the presence of the husband at the time of delivery. Besides of traditional prejudices local circumstances in a hospital and shortage of staff make it difficult for the husband to attend to the delivery-room. Every woman would need in this case a room of her own for delivery; the number of midwifes or nurses would require a considerable increase. One problem might arise if the husband gets suspicious about certain events or actions during delivery and suspects malpractice; this might create new cases in court against the doctor. On the other hand it can be expected that prejudices and suspicions are decreased by the simple fact that the delivery room is opened to the husband. Most of the couples who were questioned replied positively; the results are summarized in tables. If the husband is allowed to attend to the delivery, it will become easier and more human. This point appears to be very important, as the hospital-delivery turns into a mere technical and impersonal service. If the husband can be present some \"idyllic\" aspects of the previous home-delivery are called back. Practical hints are given how the problem can be mastered.", "contents": "[Problems of hospital-delivery with the presence of the husband (author's transl)]. The authors have interviewed 740 women and their husbands after delivery about their attitude towards the presence of the husband at the time of delivery. Besides of traditional prejudices local circumstances in a hospital and shortage of staff make it difficult for the husband to attend to the delivery-room. Every woman would need in this case a room of her own for delivery; the number of midwifes or nurses would require a considerable increase. One problem might arise if the husband gets suspicious about certain events or actions during delivery and suspects malpractice; this might create new cases in court against the doctor. On the other hand it can be expected that prejudices and suspicions are decreased by the simple fact that the delivery room is opened to the husband. Most of the couples who were questioned replied positively; the results are summarized in tables. If the husband is allowed to attend to the delivery, it will become easier and more human. This point appears to be very important, as the hospital-delivery turns into a mere technical and impersonal service. If the husband can be present some \"idyllic\" aspects of the previous home-delivery are called back. Practical hints are given how the problem can be mastered.", "PMID": 593189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4396", "title": "Calcium and cancer.", "content": "For many years the calcium ion has repeatedly cropped up in research work concerning the transformation of the normal cell to the malignant state. When these results are collected together they indicate that calcium may hold the key to the solution of many of the problems concerning the cancer cell.", "contents": "Calcium and cancer. For many years the calcium ion has repeatedly cropped up in research work concerning the transformation of the normal cell to the malignant state. When these results are collected together they indicate that calcium may hold the key to the solution of many of the problems concerning the cancer cell.", "PMID": 593184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4397", "title": "[Candidiasis of vagina and anus among women (author's transl)].", "content": "From 566 patients who attended a special clinic for diagnosis and treatment of vaginal fluor 1698 smears from urethra, vagina, and anus were taken. In 121 cases Candida was found. In 16 out of 111 patients (14%) the fungus was isolated only from the ano-rectal area. A rectal smear is very essential in case of suspected candidiasis. It should be done in general practice if a recurrence of the infection is observed or if the candidiasis appears resistant to treatment.", "contents": "[Candidiasis of vagina and anus among women (author's transl)]. From 566 patients who attended a special clinic for diagnosis and treatment of vaginal fluor 1698 smears from urethra, vagina, and anus were taken. In 121 cases Candida was found. In 16 out of 111 patients (14%) the fungus was isolated only from the ano-rectal area. A rectal smear is very essential in case of suspected candidiasis. It should be done in general practice if a recurrence of the infection is observed or if the candidiasis appears resistant to treatment.", "PMID": 593190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4398", "title": "Differential intermittent radiation therapy: a conceptual model.", "content": "Cell membranes are made up of repeating units and subunits of various chemical moieties. It is proposed that these repeating units give each type of cell membrane a natural resonant frequency characteristic of that particular cell. It is further stipulated that this natural resonance is modified by attached antigens, and that this modification is unique to each different tumor type and patient. A signal that is of the same frequency as the natural resonance of the cell membrane may then be used to excite the cell membrane to its natural or modified resonant frequency and lyse it, as well as any metastases with the same characteristic. This resonant frequency must first be determined by growing tumor cells in culture, and is likely to be unique to each patient. Possible other uses of an excitatory signal may be to break apart chemical moieties. The only requirement is that this excitatory signal be matched to the resonant frequency of the cell wall or moiety to be lysed. The excitatory signal may come from various sources-sonic, electrical, x-ray, radio frequency, laser or nuclear. But the problem which must be solved is devising a method for determining the resonant frequencies of cell membranes.", "contents": "Differential intermittent radiation therapy: a conceptual model. Cell membranes are made up of repeating units and subunits of various chemical moieties. It is proposed that these repeating units give each type of cell membrane a natural resonant frequency characteristic of that particular cell. It is further stipulated that this natural resonance is modified by attached antigens, and that this modification is unique to each different tumor type and patient. A signal that is of the same frequency as the natural resonance of the cell membrane may then be used to excite the cell membrane to its natural or modified resonant frequency and lyse it, as well as any metastases with the same characteristic. This resonant frequency must first be determined by growing tumor cells in culture, and is likely to be unique to each patient. Possible other uses of an excitatory signal may be to break apart chemical moieties. The only requirement is that this excitatory signal be matched to the resonant frequency of the cell wall or moiety to be lysed. The excitatory signal may come from various sources-sonic, electrical, x-ray, radio frequency, laser or nuclear. But the problem which must be solved is devising a method for determining the resonant frequencies of cell membranes.", "PMID": 593187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4399", "title": "[Lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of lymphocytic infiltration in 490 cases of infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and dysplasias of the cervix was studied. 204 cases did not show any lymphocytic infiltration at the site of dysplasias, carcinoma in situ, and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. The degree of lymphocytic infiltration was furthermore not related to the grade of dysplasia. Taking into account all cases it was found that 75% of carcinoma in situ and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma remained without or with only sparse lymphocytic infiltrations.", "contents": "[Lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. The degree of lymphocytic infiltration in 490 cases of infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and dysplasias of the cervix was studied. 204 cases did not show any lymphocytic infiltration at the site of dysplasias, carcinoma in situ, and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. The degree of lymphocytic infiltration was furthermore not related to the grade of dysplasia. Taking into account all cases it was found that 75% of carcinoma in situ and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma remained without or with only sparse lymphocytic infiltrations.", "PMID": 593191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4400", "title": "[Gestonoroncapronate and carbohydrate metabolism during radiotherapie of female patients suffering from cancer of the genitals (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose tolerance test (oral standard glucose tolerance test) was carried out--before starting radiotherapy--in 99 female patients suffering from inoperable cancer of the genitals. 47 of these patients were administered gestonoroncapronate (600 mg/week) during radiotherapy. Glucose tolerance was tested anew after the last irradiation. During the first hour after the second glucose tolerance test, an improvement of glucose tolerance was stated in the patients' group treated with gestonoroncapronate, whereas during the second hour a deterioration of glucose tolerance was found. The patients' collective treated without gestonoroncapronate demonstrated an improved glucose tolerance during the entire second course of the test. A decrease of capacity of the islet cell organ, induced by gestonoroncapronate, is discussed.", "contents": "[Gestonoroncapronate and carbohydrate metabolism during radiotherapie of female patients suffering from cancer of the genitals (author's transl)]. Glucose tolerance test (oral standard glucose tolerance test) was carried out--before starting radiotherapy--in 99 female patients suffering from inoperable cancer of the genitals. 47 of these patients were administered gestonoroncapronate (600 mg/week) during radiotherapy. Glucose tolerance was tested anew after the last irradiation. During the first hour after the second glucose tolerance test, an improvement of glucose tolerance was stated in the patients' group treated with gestonoroncapronate, whereas during the second hour a deterioration of glucose tolerance was found. The patients' collective treated without gestonoroncapronate demonstrated an improved glucose tolerance during the entire second course of the test. A decrease of capacity of the islet cell organ, induced by gestonoroncapronate, is discussed.", "PMID": 593192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4401", "title": "Surfactants and atherogenesis.", "content": "In previous publications (1,2) the hypothesis was put forward that atheroma is caused by some pathogen or metabolic fault which impairs the transportability of cholesterol in the plasma. The lipoproteins containing the faulty metabolites are assumed to be incapable of traversing the capillary endothelium and continue to circulate uselessly in the blood stream, possibly giving rise to hypercholesterolaemia, until captured by lipophages which, if they can successfully complete their journey, void them into the gall bladder. The present paper takes the argument a step further by pointing out that the types of substances most likely to cause the described impairment are surfactants. A surfactant finding its way into the plasma could separate cholesterol from its carrier protein and itself become its carrier. The complex would still be kept in suspension in the plasma, but unable to cross biological barriers like the capillary endothelium. An important argument in favour of the hypothesis is that it can offer an explanation of the long-standing medical mystery of the connection between atheroma and the hardness or softness of the water supply. Infant deaths from coronary occlusion present a similar enigma. The paper points out that surfactants can conceivably find their way into infants' feeding bottles.", "contents": "Surfactants and atherogenesis. In previous publications (1,2) the hypothesis was put forward that atheroma is caused by some pathogen or metabolic fault which impairs the transportability of cholesterol in the plasma. The lipoproteins containing the faulty metabolites are assumed to be incapable of traversing the capillary endothelium and continue to circulate uselessly in the blood stream, possibly giving rise to hypercholesterolaemia, until captured by lipophages which, if they can successfully complete their journey, void them into the gall bladder. The present paper takes the argument a step further by pointing out that the types of substances most likely to cause the described impairment are surfactants. A surfactant finding its way into the plasma could separate cholesterol from its carrier protein and itself become its carrier. The complex would still be kept in suspension in the plasma, but unable to cross biological barriers like the capillary endothelium. An important argument in favour of the hypothesis is that it can offer an explanation of the long-standing medical mystery of the connection between atheroma and the hardness or softness of the water supply. Infant deaths from coronary occlusion present a similar enigma. The paper points out that surfactants can conceivably find their way into infants' feeding bottles.", "PMID": 593183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4402", "title": "The anesthetic agent as an extra-integumentary foreign body in the respiratory tract. A new theory of general anesthesia.", "content": "Two cases are cited of patients who sometimes exhibited a condition of temporary unconsciousness which proceeded to spontaneous recovery without harmful sequelae. This type of cerebral arrest is frequently called general anesthesia:however, these patients had not received any drugs. What they did have was an irritant in the respiratory passages as shown by coughing. Three cases of general anesthesia are described wherein the duration of the phenomenon appeared to be partly due to the presence of an extra-integumentary foreign body, confined to the respiratory passages. In this trio there was evidence that the drugs did not affect the patients in any unusual way, whatever their effects on whichever side of the alveolar walls. Many anesthetic agents act like unabsorbable foreign bodies, in that they enter and leave the body unchanged, despite the fact that they do pierce the integument. Of course, almost everything, except inspirable and expirable air, but including anesthetic agents, is a foreign body in the respiratory tract. On the basis of these considerations, I suggest that one way, in which general anesthetic agents work, is an extra-integumentary foreign bodies, causing Reflex Coma by irritating or stimulating the trigger points in the walls of the respiratory tract, thereby arresting the cerebrum.", "contents": "The anesthetic agent as an extra-integumentary foreign body in the respiratory tract. A new theory of general anesthesia. Two cases are cited of patients who sometimes exhibited a condition of temporary unconsciousness which proceeded to spontaneous recovery without harmful sequelae. This type of cerebral arrest is frequently called general anesthesia:however, these patients had not received any drugs. What they did have was an irritant in the respiratory passages as shown by coughing. Three cases of general anesthesia are described wherein the duration of the phenomenon appeared to be partly due to the presence of an extra-integumentary foreign body, confined to the respiratory passages. In this trio there was evidence that the drugs did not affect the patients in any unusual way, whatever their effects on whichever side of the alveolar walls. Many anesthetic agents act like unabsorbable foreign bodies, in that they enter and leave the body unchanged, despite the fact that they do pierce the integument. Of course, almost everything, except inspirable and expirable air, but including anesthetic agents, is a foreign body in the respiratory tract. On the basis of these considerations, I suggest that one way, in which general anesthetic agents work, is an extra-integumentary foreign bodies, causing Reflex Coma by irritating or stimulating the trigger points in the walls of the respiratory tract, thereby arresting the cerebrum.", "PMID": 593186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4403", "title": "[Contraceptive efficiency of triphasic inhibitors (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of two newly developed triphasic preparations with a sequence of 6/5/10 and a reduced content of the total dose of oestrogen per cycle on the parameters of cycle function were studied in 10 young women with normal phasic cycles using a randomized trial design. Cervical function, spinnbarkeit and crystallisation of cervical secretion and the karyopyknotic index were monitored and LH,E2 and progesterone levels in serum radioimmunologically determined in a pretreatment control cycle, the immediately following 1st treatment cycle, the 3rd treatment cycle and a subsequent treatment-free cycle. Both preparations brought about suppression of ovulation already in the 1st treatment cycle with the periphery (cervical barrier) greatly reduced but still reactive. The results of the study show that by adapting the ratio of active substances to the phases of the normal cycle, not only good cycle control and tolerance are achieved but also inhibition of ovulation.", "contents": "[Contraceptive efficiency of triphasic inhibitors (author's transl)]. The effects of two newly developed triphasic preparations with a sequence of 6/5/10 and a reduced content of the total dose of oestrogen per cycle on the parameters of cycle function were studied in 10 young women with normal phasic cycles using a randomized trial design. Cervical function, spinnbarkeit and crystallisation of cervical secretion and the karyopyknotic index were monitored and LH,E2 and progesterone levels in serum radioimmunologically determined in a pretreatment control cycle, the immediately following 1st treatment cycle, the 3rd treatment cycle and a subsequent treatment-free cycle. Both preparations brought about suppression of ovulation already in the 1st treatment cycle with the periphery (cervical barrier) greatly reduced but still reactive. The results of the study show that by adapting the ratio of active substances to the phases of the normal cycle, not only good cycle control and tolerance are achieved but also inhibition of ovulation.", "PMID": 593193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4404", "title": "Paradoxical position of vertebral veins in cancer carriage.", "content": "A new era dawned in 1940 when Batson published the theory that the vertebral venous system plays an important role in cancer carriage. He emphasized that this route comes into play with any natural movement such as coughing. Now, cough is a prominent feature of lung cancer. Therefore, this tumor is optimally positioned for utilizing the vertebral venous route of spread. However, when three major distribution patterns of lung cancer are examined critically, expectations from Batson's theory are not confirmed. If this paradox is recognized and explained, the prospects for solving the mysteries of human cancer metastasis will probably improve.", "contents": "Paradoxical position of vertebral veins in cancer carriage. A new era dawned in 1940 when Batson published the theory that the vertebral venous system plays an important role in cancer carriage. He emphasized that this route comes into play with any natural movement such as coughing. Now, cough is a prominent feature of lung cancer. Therefore, this tumor is optimally positioned for utilizing the vertebral venous route of spread. However, when three major distribution patterns of lung cancer are examined critically, expectations from Batson's theory are not confirmed. If this paradox is recognized and explained, the prospects for solving the mysteries of human cancer metastasis will probably improve.", "PMID": 593185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4405", "title": "[Excessive hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue and Wernicke's encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 52 year old woman with a history of mild pancreatitis had a palpable mass in the upper abdomen. She died in an unexplained coma. The autopsy revealed an excessive hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue resulting in the largest pancreas ever reported (254 gramm). This hyperplasia was accompanied by a chronic pancreatitis. In the central nervous system a Wernick's encephalopathy had developed; severe loss of neurons was stated in the thalamus; extensive degeneration was found in the upper vermis of the cerebellum. The discussion of this case includes the relationship between the diseases of the pancreas and neuropsychiatric and neuropathologic findings. It is assumed that the hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue could only be an additional factor in the occurence of post alcoholic complications. This hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue is considered to be a hamartom-like formation and it should therefore be distinguished from other pancreatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "[Excessive hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue and Wernicke's encephalopathy (author's transl)]. A 52 year old woman with a history of mild pancreatitis had a palpable mass in the upper abdomen. She died in an unexplained coma. The autopsy revealed an excessive hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue resulting in the largest pancreas ever reported (254 gramm). This hyperplasia was accompanied by a chronic pancreatitis. In the central nervous system a Wernick's encephalopathy had developed; severe loss of neurons was stated in the thalamus; extensive degeneration was found in the upper vermis of the cerebellum. The discussion of this case includes the relationship between the diseases of the pancreas and neuropsychiatric and neuropathologic findings. It is assumed that the hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue could only be an additional factor in the occurence of post alcoholic complications. This hyperplasia of the exocrine pancreatic tissue is considered to be a hamartom-like formation and it should therefore be distinguished from other pancreatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 593198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4406", "title": "[Cytodiagnosis of the stomach: a comparative survey of cytological and histological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The consideration was the center of our comparative survey: early diagnosis of gastric cancer by combination of gastroscopy, gastrobiopsy and gastrocytology. We are filled with dismay that this simple method is not yet used in every case of wellfounded suspicion of gastric cancer. In our own material cytological findings of cancer could be proved in 88% and verified histologically. 2% of cytological diagnosis were false negative because the brush samples were not taken from the right location by the gastroscopists. Simultaneously with the evaluation of the dignity, a diagnosis of the different forms of gastritis was made. A vast conformity with pathohistological results could be achieved. In stenosing processes of the stomach and also in diagnosis of lesions in the cardia, the use of a cell brush would be of great advantage toward gastrobiopsy.", "contents": "[Cytodiagnosis of the stomach: a comparative survey of cytological and histological investigations (author's transl)]. The consideration was the center of our comparative survey: early diagnosis of gastric cancer by combination of gastroscopy, gastrobiopsy and gastrocytology. We are filled with dismay that this simple method is not yet used in every case of wellfounded suspicion of gastric cancer. In our own material cytological findings of cancer could be proved in 88% and verified histologically. 2% of cytological diagnosis were false negative because the brush samples were not taken from the right location by the gastroscopists. Simultaneously with the evaluation of the dignity, a diagnosis of the different forms of gastritis was made. A vast conformity with pathohistological results could be achieved. In stenosing processes of the stomach and also in diagnosis of lesions in the cardia, the use of a cell brush would be of great advantage toward gastrobiopsy.", "PMID": 593199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4407", "title": "[Investigation with FPI in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The term irritable bowel syndrome denotes a variety of colonic function, which occurs mainly at times of life-stress and emotional tension. For the management of irritable bowel syndrome it is of interest, if the basic attitude of the patients is a \"forcing\" one or an anxious, depressive mood, a \"giving up\"-behaviour. 50 healthy persons have been compared with 50 persons suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. The basic testprogram was the F.P.I. As result there is a statistically significant difference in the item-pools: nervousness, depression and unstableness of emotions.", "contents": "[Investigation with FPI in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (author's transl)]. The term irritable bowel syndrome denotes a variety of colonic function, which occurs mainly at times of life-stress and emotional tension. For the management of irritable bowel syndrome it is of interest, if the basic attitude of the patients is a \"forcing\" one or an anxious, depressive mood, a \"giving up\"-behaviour. 50 healthy persons have been compared with 50 persons suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. The basic testprogram was the F.P.I. As result there is a statistically significant difference in the item-pools: nervousness, depression and unstableness of emotions.", "PMID": 593200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4408", "title": "Preliminary observations on orgotein treatment of canine cataract.", "content": "In 2 clinical studies of canine cataract, mostly bilateral, intraocular injection of orgotein (Palosein: Diagnostic Data) was followed by varying degrees of clearing of lens opacity and return of functional vision in 39 of 56 dogs, most of which were given 1 injection (1.25 mg). First evidence of sight return and lens clearing was observed at 3-14 weeks post-treatment. In 2 dogs, clearing of cataract was followed by recurrence, and repeat treatment in one of these effected improvement. Although these results must be considered preliminary, in part because they relate to clinical cases not susceptible to controlled study, the apparent success rate suggests the feasibility of larger-scale studies under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on orgotein treatment of canine cataract. In 2 clinical studies of canine cataract, mostly bilateral, intraocular injection of orgotein (Palosein: Diagnostic Data) was followed by varying degrees of clearing of lens opacity and return of functional vision in 39 of 56 dogs, most of which were given 1 injection (1.25 mg). First evidence of sight return and lens clearing was observed at 3-14 weeks post-treatment. In 2 dogs, clearing of cataract was followed by recurrence, and repeat treatment in one of these effected improvement. Although these results must be considered preliminary, in part because they relate to clinical cases not susceptible to controlled study, the apparent success rate suggests the feasibility of larger-scale studies under controlled conditions.", "PMID": 593253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4409", "title": "Continuing education: how much & what type?", "content": "A representative sampling of practitioners indicated journal reading, textbooks and informal contact with colleagues as preferred forms of continuing education. Meetings and short courses are widely attended, though some of these can be criticized for lack of relevancy to practice, problem-solving interchange, and ability to assess improving competence. These forms of CE also require considerable expenditure of time and money, and in some areas they are not readily available. The time and money involved probably account for a return to school being unpopular, despite its being acknowledged as one of the best types of CE. Closed circuit TV and videotape may become more widely used as access to them becomes easier. More than half of those surveyed favored mandatory CE requirements being tied to periodic license renewal, a significant shift in attitude compared to only a decade or so ago. The majority opinion appears to be that if we don't take appropriate steps to ensure our competence, some government agency will.", "contents": "Continuing education: how much & what type? A representative sampling of practitioners indicated journal reading, textbooks and informal contact with colleagues as preferred forms of continuing education. Meetings and short courses are widely attended, though some of these can be criticized for lack of relevancy to practice, problem-solving interchange, and ability to assess improving competence. These forms of CE also require considerable expenditure of time and money, and in some areas they are not readily available. The time and money involved probably account for a return to school being unpopular, despite its being acknowledged as one of the best types of CE. Closed circuit TV and videotape may become more widely used as access to them becomes easier. More than half of those surveyed favored mandatory CE requirements being tied to periodic license renewal, a significant shift in attitude compared to only a decade or so ago. The majority opinion appears to be that if we don't take appropriate steps to ensure our competence, some government agency will.", "PMID": 593259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4410", "title": "In vitrocleavage of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA and of giant heterogeneous RNA extracted from human leukemic cells.", "content": "45S ribosomal precursor RNA and large heterogeneous RNA molecules (greater than 45S) extracted from human leukemic cells were incubated in vitro with purified RNase III, which specifically attacks double-helical RNA regions. About 50% of the ribosomal precursor was cleaved into two major fragments sedimenting at 28S and 32S respectively. A limited number of cleavages was also introduced in about 40% of heterogeneous RNA molecules sedimenting faster than 45S, causing a partial 'shift' to a polydisperse distribution in the 10S-45S range.", "contents": "In vitrocleavage of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA and of giant heterogeneous RNA extracted from human leukemic cells. 45S ribosomal precursor RNA and large heterogeneous RNA molecules (greater than 45S) extracted from human leukemic cells were incubated in vitro with purified RNase III, which specifically attacks double-helical RNA regions. About 50% of the ribosomal precursor was cleaved into two major fragments sedimenting at 28S and 32S respectively. A limited number of cleavages was also introduced in about 40% of heterogeneous RNA molecules sedimenting faster than 45S, causing a partial 'shift' to a polydisperse distribution in the 10S-45S range.", "PMID": 593270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4411", "title": "Cleavage of pm7G from mRNA 5' terminal cap structures by pyrophosphatase activity in embryonic chick lens cells.", "content": "The presence of pyrophosphatase activity in embryonic lens cells which cleaves pm7G and ppGm from m7G(5')pppGm was demonstrated. It was also found that m7G(5')pppG, but not G(5')pppG, was hydrolyzed, and conversion of m7GpppG to m7G*pppG, in which the 5-membered ring of the m7G moiety is open, abolished its hydrolysis. For the caps hydrolyzed, pm7G was released only in the presence of lens cellular fraction; pm7G inhibited cap hydrolysis.", "contents": "Cleavage of pm7G from mRNA 5' terminal cap structures by pyrophosphatase activity in embryonic chick lens cells. The presence of pyrophosphatase activity in embryonic lens cells which cleaves pm7G and ppGm from m7G(5')pppGm was demonstrated. It was also found that m7G(5')pppG, but not G(5')pppG, was hydrolyzed, and conversion of m7GpppG to m7G*pppG, in which the 5-membered ring of the m7G moiety is open, abolished its hydrolysis. For the caps hydrolyzed, pm7G was released only in the presence of lens cellular fraction; pm7G inhibited cap hydrolysis.", "PMID": 593271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4412", "title": "Stabilization of mRNA following serum-induction of quiescent 3T3 cells.", "content": "The stability of mRNA has been measured in 3T3 cells in the resting and the growing states, and also during the transition from the resting to the growing state. Pulse labled poly (A)+ mRNA chased with uridine and cytidine supplemented growth medium decayed with a half-life of 6.5 hr in the resting state, 26 hr during the transition from the resting to the growing condition, and 18 hr during serum-stimulated growth. The half-life of poly(A)+ mRNA determined by steady state labeling yielded similar results in resting and serum-stimulated 3T3 cells. Thus during the transition from resting to serum-stimulated growth in 3T3 cells poly(A)+ mRNA becomes more stable.", "contents": "Stabilization of mRNA following serum-induction of quiescent 3T3 cells. The stability of mRNA has been measured in 3T3 cells in the resting and the growing states, and also during the transition from the resting to the growing state. Pulse labled poly (A)+ mRNA chased with uridine and cytidine supplemented growth medium decayed with a half-life of 6.5 hr in the resting state, 26 hr during the transition from the resting to the growing condition, and 18 hr during serum-stimulated growth. The half-life of poly(A)+ mRNA determined by steady state labeling yielded similar results in resting and serum-stimulated 3T3 cells. Thus during the transition from resting to serum-stimulated growth in 3T3 cells poly(A)+ mRNA becomes more stable.", "PMID": 593272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4413", "title": "Low molecular weight peptides controlling transcription are present in the calf thymus chromatin structure.", "content": "A calf thymus peptide fraction controlling DNA and chromatin template has been purified by DNA-cellulose and Dowex 50 WX2 chromatography and its amino acid composition determined. The active peptide fraction can be extracted in high pH buffer from calf thymus native chromatin previously deproteinized by chloroform-isamyl alcohol and phenol. These data demonstrate that the thymic peptide(s) is (are) a chromatin protein constituent strongly linked to DNA. The specificity in association of the peptide(s) to DNA has also been considered.", "contents": "Low molecular weight peptides controlling transcription are present in the calf thymus chromatin structure. A calf thymus peptide fraction controlling DNA and chromatin template has been purified by DNA-cellulose and Dowex 50 WX2 chromatography and its amino acid composition determined. The active peptide fraction can be extracted in high pH buffer from calf thymus native chromatin previously deproteinized by chloroform-isamyl alcohol and phenol. These data demonstrate that the thymic peptide(s) is (are) a chromatin protein constituent strongly linked to DNA. The specificity in association of the peptide(s) to DNA has also been considered.", "PMID": 593273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4414", "title": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of the transducing bacteriophage lambda RIF d18.", "content": "The lambda rif d 18 bacteriophage carries essential parts of the E. coli genome which can not be mapped by conventional methods. The phage DNA was analysed with four restriction endonucleases (endo R. BamHI, Sall, Hpal and EcoRI) and a physical map was constructed.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of the transducing bacteriophage lambda RIF d18. The lambda rif d 18 bacteriophage carries essential parts of the E. coli genome which can not be mapped by conventional methods. The phage DNA was analysed with four restriction endonucleases (endo R. BamHI, Sall, Hpal and EcoRI) and a physical map was constructed.", "PMID": 593274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4415", "title": "Effect of ethionine on the rough endoplasmic reticulum from male and female rat liver.", "content": "Ethionine causes a decrease in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver, the effect being greater in female than in male rats. Rough endoplasmic reticulum isolated from rat liver 24 hr after ethionine injection and stripped of its ribosomes partially lost its in vitro ribosome binding capacity. However, no differences were detected between the binding affinities of ribosomes, isolated from either untreated animals or intoxicated rats, to stripped rough membranes derived from normal rats. Structural changes occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the ethionine treated rats, while the ribosomes are still bound to the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of ethionine on the rough endoplasmic reticulum from male and female rat liver. Ethionine causes a decrease in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver, the effect being greater in female than in male rats. Rough endoplasmic reticulum isolated from rat liver 24 hr after ethionine injection and stripped of its ribosomes partially lost its in vitro ribosome binding capacity. However, no differences were detected between the binding affinities of ribosomes, isolated from either untreated animals or intoxicated rats, to stripped rough membranes derived from normal rats. Structural changes occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the ethionine treated rats, while the ribosomes are still bound to the membrane.", "PMID": 593275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4416", "title": "[Management of severe asthma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Generally the severe attack of asthma can be diagnosed without problems. Before the beginning of treatment a short history should be taken, laboratory tests should be started and a chest X-ray be ordered. The administered drugs are supposed to treat the obstruction of the airways. The inspissated endotracheal secretions are liquified and mobilised by a consequent intravenous therapy. A selective beta-2-receptor stimulans and xanthines are administered to relax the bronchospasm. In severe cases glucocorticoids are given at the same time to diminish the inflammatory edema of the bronchiolar mucosa. Antibiotics are only used if indicated, nor routinely. Sedatives should be administered very cautiously.", "contents": "[Management of severe asthma in childhood (author's transl)]. Generally the severe attack of asthma can be diagnosed without problems. Before the beginning of treatment a short history should be taken, laboratory tests should be started and a chest X-ray be ordered. The administered drugs are supposed to treat the obstruction of the airways. The inspissated endotracheal secretions are liquified and mobilised by a consequent intravenous therapy. A selective beta-2-receptor stimulans and xanthines are administered to relax the bronchospasm. In severe cases glucocorticoids are given at the same time to diminish the inflammatory edema of the bronchiolar mucosa. Antibiotics are only used if indicated, nor routinely. Sedatives should be administered very cautiously.", "PMID": 593276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4417", "title": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in premature infants (author's transl)].", "content": "19 preterm and 2 newborn infants received gentamicin in dosages of 2.5 mg/kg every 12 h. Successive determinations of serum concentrations show, that the levels of gentamicin are adequate for therapy even in preterm infants with low birth weight. Concentrations 30 min after injection (c30min) and base-line-concentrations vary widely. 74% of the 30 min-serum levels are observed within the desired therapeutic range, between 3 and 10 microgram/ml. 16% of the levels measured 30 min after intravenous or intraarterial injection are higher than the known range for potential ototoxicity of 10 microgram/ml. 10% of the 30 min-levels are around 2 microgram/ml, so that the therapeutic efficacy during the following interval of application is doubtful. There is no evidence of accumulation of the drug for periods of treatment up to 7--20 days. The average serum half-life in premature infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks and a birth-weight of less than 2000 g is 5--6,7 h. Those with a gestational age of greater than 32 weeks and a birth-weight of greater than 2000 g, and full-term infants show a gentamicin half-life of 2.9h. To determine the actual serum concentration of gentamicin, the rapid and easy disc-agarose-diffusion test using B. subtilis is useful and suitable for routine therapy control.", "contents": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in premature infants (author's transl)]. 19 preterm and 2 newborn infants received gentamicin in dosages of 2.5 mg/kg every 12 h. Successive determinations of serum concentrations show, that the levels of gentamicin are adequate for therapy even in preterm infants with low birth weight. Concentrations 30 min after injection (c30min) and base-line-concentrations vary widely. 74% of the 30 min-serum levels are observed within the desired therapeutic range, between 3 and 10 microgram/ml. 16% of the levels measured 30 min after intravenous or intraarterial injection are higher than the known range for potential ototoxicity of 10 microgram/ml. 10% of the 30 min-levels are around 2 microgram/ml, so that the therapeutic efficacy during the following interval of application is doubtful. There is no evidence of accumulation of the drug for periods of treatment up to 7--20 days. The average serum half-life in premature infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks and a birth-weight of less than 2000 g is 5--6,7 h. Those with a gestational age of greater than 32 weeks and a birth-weight of greater than 2000 g, and full-term infants show a gentamicin half-life of 2.9h. To determine the actual serum concentration of gentamicin, the rapid and easy disc-agarose-diffusion test using B. subtilis is useful and suitable for routine therapy control.", "PMID": 593277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4418", "title": "[Early diagnosis of severe brain damage of premature and newborn infants under intensive care. A polygraphic study (author's transl)].", "content": "24 premature and newborn infants under intensive care (intubation and artificial respiration) were subjected to a polygraphic examination in order to diagnose severe brain damage already in the acute stage of a disease. The results collected in the polygraphic recording were correlated to the further development and progress of the infant. Nine infants die within one week--all of these underwent a post-Mortem examination. Diagnosis of brain damage was confirmed by post-mortem examination or by a clinical neurological follow-up examination. All infants with severe brain damage showed pathological polygraphic recordings. In contrast to this, clinical neurological examination at the time of the polygraphic recording did not reveal such pathological results in all of these infants. Important was the EEG, supplemented by determining the bioelectric brain maturation, the differentiation of sleep states and the correlation of these derived parameter to the behavior pattern of the infant. The heart rate frequency and variability could not be used to make an useful diagnostic statement.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of severe brain damage of premature and newborn infants under intensive care. A polygraphic study (author's transl)]. 24 premature and newborn infants under intensive care (intubation and artificial respiration) were subjected to a polygraphic examination in order to diagnose severe brain damage already in the acute stage of a disease. The results collected in the polygraphic recording were correlated to the further development and progress of the infant. Nine infants die within one week--all of these underwent a post-Mortem examination. Diagnosis of brain damage was confirmed by post-mortem examination or by a clinical neurological follow-up examination. All infants with severe brain damage showed pathological polygraphic recordings. In contrast to this, clinical neurological examination at the time of the polygraphic recording did not reveal such pathological results in all of these infants. Important was the EEG, supplemented by determining the bioelectric brain maturation, the differentiation of sleep states and the correlation of these derived parameter to the behavior pattern of the infant. The heart rate frequency and variability could not be used to make an useful diagnostic statement.", "PMID": 593278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4419", "title": "[Energy and nutrient supply during childhood. I. Food intake and energy supply (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1965--1975 the food intake and energy supply of children aged 2--14 years in families of different social classes were studied with the precise weighing method. The individual child was surveyed on an average of 21--42 successive days. Energy intake increased from 1450 for boys aged 2--3 years to 2600 kcal/day for boys aged 12--14 years, girls of the same age had an energy intake between 1300 to 2400 kcal/day. The differences between boys and girls regarding energy intake, absolute and per kg body weight, are shown. Our results of the energy intake are representative for children of the same age groups in other highly industrialized countries. The energy intake of preschool-children was equally distributed among 4 meals per day, whereas in school-children it was distributed among 5 meals with different energy contents. 35--50% of the energy supply is of animal origin, 60--65% of vegetable origin. The contribution of different food groups to the energy supply and the differences in the intake of these food groups between pre-school-and school-children are demonstrated. For the individual child a survey period of 21--28 days is necessary to obtain its individual average energy intake with the maximum standard deviation. The significance of general averages for the energy supply of age groups regarding the individual child is discussed. The day to day variations of energy intake in children are shown. The significance of these variations for nutrition in health and disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Energy and nutrient supply during childhood. I. Food intake and energy supply (author's transl)]. From 1965--1975 the food intake and energy supply of children aged 2--14 years in families of different social classes were studied with the precise weighing method. The individual child was surveyed on an average of 21--42 successive days. Energy intake increased from 1450 for boys aged 2--3 years to 2600 kcal/day for boys aged 12--14 years, girls of the same age had an energy intake between 1300 to 2400 kcal/day. The differences between boys and girls regarding energy intake, absolute and per kg body weight, are shown. Our results of the energy intake are representative for children of the same age groups in other highly industrialized countries. The energy intake of preschool-children was equally distributed among 4 meals per day, whereas in school-children it was distributed among 5 meals with different energy contents. 35--50% of the energy supply is of animal origin, 60--65% of vegetable origin. The contribution of different food groups to the energy supply and the differences in the intake of these food groups between pre-school-and school-children are demonstrated. For the individual child a survey period of 21--28 days is necessary to obtain its individual average energy intake with the maximum standard deviation. The significance of general averages for the energy supply of age groups regarding the individual child is discussed. The day to day variations of energy intake in children are shown. The significance of these variations for nutrition in health and disease is discussed.", "PMID": 593279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4420", "title": "[Glucose in the newborn. A kinetic study (author's transl)].", "content": "At birth, serum glucose concentration in the newborn is correlated to the maternal glucose level. In the following hours glucose concentration declines to a low level and remains there for some days. Intravenous glucose loading five hours after delivery leads to a decrease of the glucose level in the same pattern as is found immediately after birth. Compared to older children the turnover rate of glucose in the newborn is reduced. Therefore the decrease of serum glucose concentration immediately after birth cannot be explained by an increased glucose consumption. At birth there is a stop of the glucose supply via the umbilical cord. The results show that the decreasing glucose concentration after birth can be explained as an adaptation of the steady state from the higher maternal level to a lower newborn level.", "contents": "[Glucose in the newborn. A kinetic study (author's transl)]. At birth, serum glucose concentration in the newborn is correlated to the maternal glucose level. In the following hours glucose concentration declines to a low level and remains there for some days. Intravenous glucose loading five hours after delivery leads to a decrease of the glucose level in the same pattern as is found immediately after birth. Compared to older children the turnover rate of glucose in the newborn is reduced. Therefore the decrease of serum glucose concentration immediately after birth cannot be explained by an increased glucose consumption. At birth there is a stop of the glucose supply via the umbilical cord. The results show that the decreasing glucose concentration after birth can be explained as an adaptation of the steady state from the higher maternal level to a lower newborn level.", "PMID": 593280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4421", "title": "[Treacher-Collins-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The Treacher-Collins syndrome is characterised by an anti-mongoloid slant of the eyes, hypoplasia of the facial bones, in particular the the mandible, and malformations of the external and middle ear with hearing loss. Early diagnosis of hearing defects is of prime importance as nowadays suitable treatment can prevent the resulting delay in speech development and secondary intellectual retardation.", "contents": "[Treacher-Collins-syndrome (author's transl)]. The Treacher-Collins syndrome is characterised by an anti-mongoloid slant of the eyes, hypoplasia of the facial bones, in particular the the mandible, and malformations of the external and middle ear with hearing loss. Early diagnosis of hearing defects is of prime importance as nowadays suitable treatment can prevent the resulting delay in speech development and secondary intellectual retardation.", "PMID": 593281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4422", "title": "Phage yield during W-reactivation of bacteriophage.", "content": "Phage production in liquid medium during W-reactivation parallels the extent of W-reactivation of infective centres on plates. The mean burst size is independent of W-reactivation; thus the reactivated phage yields a normal burst. As 8 plates, the lex- mutant shows no W-reactivation in liquid medium. It is concluded that W-reactivation is a consequence of an induced DNA repair which reactivates the damaged parental phage DNA to its full biological activity.", "contents": "Phage yield during W-reactivation of bacteriophage. Phage production in liquid medium during W-reactivation parallels the extent of W-reactivation of infective centres on plates. The mean burst size is independent of W-reactivation; thus the reactivated phage yields a normal burst. As 8 plates, the lex- mutant shows no W-reactivation in liquid medium. It is concluded that W-reactivation is a consequence of an induced DNA repair which reactivates the damaged parental phage DNA to its full biological activity.", "PMID": 593283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4423", "title": "Molecular-genetic effects of cadmium chloride.", "content": "We studied the effect of cadmium chloride on: (1) the DNA of human cells; (2) the mutagenic effect of reproducing Kilham virus; (3) the synthesis of virus-induced interferon, and (4) the reproduction of oncogenic (mammalian leucosis) virus. Cadmium chloride caused degradation of DNA in human- and rat-embryo cells. Culture infected by the virus in the presence of cadmium sulphate had the highest yield of cells with chromosomal aberrations. Cadmium chloride caused marked inhibition of the virus-induced synthesis of interferon. The introduction of cadmium chloride into diploid cells infected by the leucosis virus caused a 3-4 fold increase in the yield of virus-induced transformation foci.", "contents": "Molecular-genetic effects of cadmium chloride. We studied the effect of cadmium chloride on: (1) the DNA of human cells; (2) the mutagenic effect of reproducing Kilham virus; (3) the synthesis of virus-induced interferon, and (4) the reproduction of oncogenic (mammalian leucosis) virus. Cadmium chloride caused degradation of DNA in human- and rat-embryo cells. Culture infected by the virus in the presence of cadmium sulphate had the highest yield of cells with chromosomal aberrations. Cadmium chloride caused marked inhibition of the virus-induced synthesis of interferon. The introduction of cadmium chloride into diploid cells infected by the leucosis virus caused a 3-4 fold increase in the yield of virus-induced transformation foci.", "PMID": 593284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4424", "title": "Evaluation of genetic risks of alkylating agents. III. Alkylation of haemoglobin after metabolic conversion of ethene to ethene oxide in vivo.", "content": "Male CBA mice, exposed to air contaminated with [14C] labelled ethene, were able to metabolize this olefine to ethene oxide. The amount of epoxide formed was quantitatively determined from the degree of alkylation of cysteine and histidine in haemoglobin. These hydroxyethylated amino acids were determined by ion-exchange chromatography of the labelled products. In a separate experiment the formation of S-(2-hydroxyethyl) cysteine was verified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. In addition this cysteine derivative was determined in urine by thin-layer chromatography. For unknown reasons, uninduced mice varied strongly in the extent to which they converted ethene to epoxide.", "contents": "Evaluation of genetic risks of alkylating agents. III. Alkylation of haemoglobin after metabolic conversion of ethene to ethene oxide in vivo. Male CBA mice, exposed to air contaminated with [14C] labelled ethene, were able to metabolize this olefine to ethene oxide. The amount of epoxide formed was quantitatively determined from the degree of alkylation of cysteine and histidine in haemoglobin. These hydroxyethylated amino acids were determined by ion-exchange chromatography of the labelled products. In a separate experiment the formation of S-(2-hydroxyethyl) cysteine was verified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. In addition this cysteine derivative was determined in urine by thin-layer chromatography. For unknown reasons, uninduced mice varied strongly in the extent to which they converted ethene to epoxide.", "PMID": 593285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4425", "title": "The radiosensitivity of chromosomes of rabbit lymphocytes.", "content": "Dicentrics were induced in human and rabbit lymphocytes in vitro by exposure to X-irradiation. The yields were compared with data reported in the literature. To elucidate the reasons for the different findings we have evaluated the parameters for the different models by maximum likelihood methods. From this analysis it can be concluded that the earlier claim of Bajerska and Liniecki [1] that both species have the same radiosensitivity must be discounted, and that their similarity was due to the abnormally low values these investigators observed in irradiated human lymphocytes.", "contents": "The radiosensitivity of chromosomes of rabbit lymphocytes. Dicentrics were induced in human and rabbit lymphocytes in vitro by exposure to X-irradiation. The yields were compared with data reported in the literature. To elucidate the reasons for the different findings we have evaluated the parameters for the different models by maximum likelihood methods. From this analysis it can be concluded that the earlier claim of Bajerska and Liniecki [1] that both species have the same radiosensitivity must be discounted, and that their similarity was due to the abnormally low values these investigators observed in irradiated human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 593286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4426", "title": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in xeroderma pigmentosum cells after exposure to ultraviolet light.", "content": "The role of DNA repair mechanisms in the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) after exposure to ultraviolet radiation was investigated in xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Cells from different excision-deficient XP strains, representing the 5 complementation groups in XP, A, B, C, D and E, and from excision-proficient XP variant strains were irradiated with low doses of UVR (0-3.5 J/m2). The number of SCE was counted after two cycles in the presence of BUdR. In cells of the complementation groups A, B, C and D the number of SCE was significantly higher than in UV-exposed control cells. The frequencies of SCE in group E cells and in XP varient cells were not different from those in control cells. Treatment with caffeine (0-200 microgram/ml) did not result in a different response of variant cells compared with normal cells. A simple correlation between SCE frequency and residual excision-repair activity was not observed. The response of the excision-repair deficient cells suggest that unrepaired damage, produced by UVR is involved in the production of SCE.", "contents": "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in xeroderma pigmentosum cells after exposure to ultraviolet light. The role of DNA repair mechanisms in the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) after exposure to ultraviolet radiation was investigated in xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Cells from different excision-deficient XP strains, representing the 5 complementation groups in XP, A, B, C, D and E, and from excision-proficient XP variant strains were irradiated with low doses of UVR (0-3.5 J/m2). The number of SCE was counted after two cycles in the presence of BUdR. In cells of the complementation groups A, B, C and D the number of SCE was significantly higher than in UV-exposed control cells. The frequencies of SCE in group E cells and in XP varient cells were not different from those in control cells. Treatment with caffeine (0-200 microgram/ml) did not result in a different response of variant cells compared with normal cells. A simple correlation between SCE frequency and residual excision-repair activity was not observed. The response of the excision-repair deficient cells suggest that unrepaired damage, produced by UVR is involved in the production of SCE.", "PMID": 593287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4427", "title": "A fluence response study of lethality and mutagenicity of white, black, and blue fluorescent light, sunlamp, and sunlight irradiation in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Under a set of defined experimental conditions, the fluence response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to various light sources was studied by measuring single-cell survival and mutation to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance. Fluorescent white, black, and blue lights were sightly lethal and mutagenic. Sunlamp light was highly lethal and mutagenic, exhibiting these biological effects within 15 sec of exposure under conditions recommended by the manufacturer for human use. Lethal and mutagenic effects were observed after 5 min of sunlight exposure; responses varied with hourly and daily variations in solar radiation. Sunlight-induced TG-resistant variants possessed less than 5% of parental cellular hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme activity, suggesting that the mutation induction occurs at this locus. The cell survival and mutation-induction curves generated by exposure of cells to both sunlamp and sunlight were similar to those obtained by the use of a standard far-UV lamp.", "contents": "A fluence response study of lethality and mutagenicity of white, black, and blue fluorescent light, sunlamp, and sunlight irradiation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Under a set of defined experimental conditions, the fluence response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to various light sources was studied by measuring single-cell survival and mutation to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance. Fluorescent white, black, and blue lights were sightly lethal and mutagenic. Sunlamp light was highly lethal and mutagenic, exhibiting these biological effects within 15 sec of exposure under conditions recommended by the manufacturer for human use. Lethal and mutagenic effects were observed after 5 min of sunlight exposure; responses varied with hourly and daily variations in solar radiation. Sunlight-induced TG-resistant variants possessed less than 5% of parental cellular hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme activity, suggesting that the mutation induction occurs at this locus. The cell survival and mutation-induction curves generated by exposure of cells to both sunlamp and sunlight were similar to those obtained by the use of a standard far-UV lamp.", "PMID": 593289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4428", "title": "Ataxia telangiectasia: the effects of chemical mutagens and x-rays on sister chromatid exchanges in blood lymphocytes.", "content": "It is now possible to examine in detail exchanges between sister chromatids (SCEs) and to attempt to investigate the relationships of such exchanges to aberration formation and DNA-repair mechanisms. The frequency of SCEs is dramatically increased by chemical mutagens and may reflect the level of DNA damage. Lymphocytes from patients with ataxia telangiectasis (AT) show high levels of spontaneous chromosome damage and are hypersentive to ionising radiations and it was of interest to examine the levels of SCE induced in these cells by various mutagens. The frequencies of SCE after treatment with X=rays or three chemical mutagens were equivalent to those in normal cells. The effects of fluorodeoxyuridine and deoxycytidine on SCE frequencies were also tested.", "contents": "Ataxia telangiectasia: the effects of chemical mutagens and x-rays on sister chromatid exchanges in blood lymphocytes. It is now possible to examine in detail exchanges between sister chromatids (SCEs) and to attempt to investigate the relationships of such exchanges to aberration formation and DNA-repair mechanisms. The frequency of SCEs is dramatically increased by chemical mutagens and may reflect the level of DNA damage. Lymphocytes from patients with ataxia telangiectasis (AT) show high levels of spontaneous chromosome damage and are hypersentive to ionising radiations and it was of interest to examine the levels of SCE induced in these cells by various mutagens. The frequencies of SCE after treatment with X=rays or three chemical mutagens were equivalent to those in normal cells. The effects of fluorodeoxyuridine and deoxycytidine on SCE frequencies were also tested.", "PMID": 593290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4429", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in rat lymphocytes treated in vivo with 1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene and n-nitrosomorpholine. A further report on a possible method for carcinogenicity screening.", "content": "This paper reports the results of screening two carcinogens, N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) and 1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene (PDT), for their ability to cause an increase in chromosomal aberrations in rat lymphocytes cultured in vitro after treatment in vivo. NM is a hepatocarcinogen and PDT induces tumours mainly of the central and peripheral nervous system. Both these chemicals gave only weakly positive results in certain other established short term screening tests for carcinogenicity, despite having been shown to cause a significant increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations after a single administration of doses of 250 mg/kg and above. These aberrations were mainly of the isolocus type as opposed to the chromatid type. Significant increases in the number of aberrations of both the isolocus and chromatid types were found after single applications of PDT of 35 and 50 mg/kg. The results obtained are compared with those of other workers using the same compounds in different test systems. Modifications of the system to increase its sensitivity are suggested.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in rat lymphocytes treated in vivo with 1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene and n-nitrosomorpholine. A further report on a possible method for carcinogenicity screening. This paper reports the results of screening two carcinogens, N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) and 1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene (PDT), for their ability to cause an increase in chromosomal aberrations in rat lymphocytes cultured in vitro after treatment in vivo. NM is a hepatocarcinogen and PDT induces tumours mainly of the central and peripheral nervous system. Both these chemicals gave only weakly positive results in certain other established short term screening tests for carcinogenicity, despite having been shown to cause a significant increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations after a single administration of doses of 250 mg/kg and above. These aberrations were mainly of the isolocus type as opposed to the chromatid type. Significant increases in the number of aberrations of both the isolocus and chromatid types were found after single applications of PDT of 35 and 50 mg/kg. The results obtained are compared with those of other workers using the same compounds in different test systems. Modifications of the system to increase its sensitivity are suggested.", "PMID": 593292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4430", "title": "Absence of Chromosome Damage in the bone marrow of rats fed detergent actives for 90 days.", "content": "Four detergent actives, sodium lauryl sulphate, DOBS 055, Dobanol 25 sulphate LCU and Dobanol 25 sulphate HCB, were fed to rats in the diet for 90 days at the maximum tolerated dose, 1.13 percent active ingredient in each case. Sodium lauryl sulphate and DOBS 055 were also fed at half this concentration. Chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow and scored for the presence of rearrangements, chromatid gaps and breaks and isochromatid gaps and breaks. The four detergent actives were found to have no effect on the chromosomes of rat bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Absence of Chromosome Damage in the bone marrow of rats fed detergent actives for 90 days. Four detergent actives, sodium lauryl sulphate, DOBS 055, Dobanol 25 sulphate LCU and Dobanol 25 sulphate HCB, were fed to rats in the diet for 90 days at the maximum tolerated dose, 1.13 percent active ingredient in each case. Sodium lauryl sulphate and DOBS 055 were also fed at half this concentration. Chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow and scored for the presence of rearrangements, chromatid gaps and breaks and isochromatid gaps and breaks. The four detergent actives were found to have no effect on the chromosomes of rat bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 593293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4431", "title": "Human sister chromatid exchange caused by methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "content": "The incidence of sister chromatid exchange was determined in human leucocyte cultures treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate. In all individuals examined, treated cultures manifested a significantly higher frequency of sister chromatid exchanges than controls. Two concentrations of MAM AC were tested in blood cultures from nine individuals. The concentrations varied from individual to individual since they were determined by means of individual dose-response curves, which involved [3H]-thymidine incorporation in PHA-stimulated short-term lymphocyte cultures versus MAM AC contraction. The lower concentration was less than the TD50 dose. Compared to control cultures, the lower concentration caused a higher incidence of sister chromatid exchange in eight of nine individuals. The cumulative mean value for all control cultures was 5.32 exchanges per cell while that for cultures treated with the higher concentration was 10.73.", "contents": "Human sister chromatid exchange caused by methylazoxymethanol acetate. The incidence of sister chromatid exchange was determined in human leucocyte cultures treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate. In all individuals examined, treated cultures manifested a significantly higher frequency of sister chromatid exchanges than controls. Two concentrations of MAM AC were tested in blood cultures from nine individuals. The concentrations varied from individual to individual since they were determined by means of individual dose-response curves, which involved [3H]-thymidine incorporation in PHA-stimulated short-term lymphocyte cultures versus MAM AC contraction. The lower concentration was less than the TD50 dose. Compared to control cultures, the lower concentration caused a higher incidence of sister chromatid exchange in eight of nine individuals. The cumulative mean value for all control cultures was 5.32 exchanges per cell while that for cultures treated with the higher concentration was 10.73.", "PMID": 593294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4432", "title": "Effects of some ergot derivatives in bone marrow of mice.", "content": "The in vivo chromosomal damaging properties of some ergot derivatives were investigated following their administration to male mice. Dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide were injected in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Significant numbers of aberrations were observed in bone marrow preparations after treatment with the higher doses. Almost all the damage was in the form of chromatid aberrations. No exchange figures were observed, neither were other anamalies, such as nondisjunction or anti-mitotic activity. This frequency of damage was about 7- to 10-fold less than that produced by the powerful alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide. Thus the ergot derivatives were concluded to have weak chromosomal damaging effects in vivo only in very high doses.", "contents": "Effects of some ergot derivatives in bone marrow of mice. The in vivo chromosomal damaging properties of some ergot derivatives were investigated following their administration to male mice. Dihydroergotoxine, ergotamine and methysergide were injected in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Significant numbers of aberrations were observed in bone marrow preparations after treatment with the higher doses. Almost all the damage was in the form of chromatid aberrations. No exchange figures were observed, neither were other anamalies, such as nondisjunction or anti-mitotic activity. This frequency of damage was about 7- to 10-fold less than that produced by the powerful alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide. Thus the ergot derivatives were concluded to have weak chromosomal damaging effects in vivo only in very high doses.", "PMID": 593295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4433", "title": "High rate of endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations in hamster cells treated with sodium nitrite in vitro.", "content": "As shown by results in this paper, NaNO2 induced endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations as well as malignant transformation, in hamster cells in vitro, although the carcinogenic action of NaNO2 has not been reported in animals. The mode of action of NaNO2 in mammalian cells requires further investigation.", "contents": "High rate of endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations in hamster cells treated with sodium nitrite in vitro. As shown by results in this paper, NaNO2 induced endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations as well as malignant transformation, in hamster cells in vitro, although the carcinogenic action of NaNO2 has not been reported in animals. The mode of action of NaNO2 in mammalian cells requires further investigation.", "PMID": 593296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4434", "title": "Chromosome analyses of children after ecological lead exposure.", "content": "In the present work chromosome analysis was performed in a group of 30 children living in a town with a lead plant. Due to the emission of the smelter the individual lead uptake through food, drinking water and inhalation was increased. They were selected out of 1600 children whose blood lead level, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the erythrocytes and erythrocyte porphyrine level was measured. In the investigated group of children the values of these parameters showed to be indicative for a significant lead exposure. A total of 10,000 cells was scored after 48 h culture time. Despite a significantly increased lead load as compared with two groups of 10 children from a suburb and the isle of Helgoland there was neither evidence for a higher number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations, nor for an increased aberration yield.", "contents": "Chromosome analyses of children after ecological lead exposure. In the present work chromosome analysis was performed in a group of 30 children living in a town with a lead plant. Due to the emission of the smelter the individual lead uptake through food, drinking water and inhalation was increased. They were selected out of 1600 children whose blood lead level, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the erythrocytes and erythrocyte porphyrine level was measured. In the investigated group of children the values of these parameters showed to be indicative for a significant lead exposure. A total of 10,000 cells was scored after 48 h culture time. Despite a significantly increased lead load as compared with two groups of 10 children from a suburb and the isle of Helgoland there was neither evidence for a higher number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations, nor for an increased aberration yield.", "PMID": 593297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4435", "title": "Swelling of Penicillium digitatum conidia by a Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 metabolite.", "content": "Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 produces an antifungal metabolite that causes incubating conidia of several Penicillium species to swell 5-10 diameters while inhibiting germination. The swollen conidia are spherical, translucent, nonviable and easily shattered with a slight physical pressure; however, they remain resistant to osmotic shock. This antibiotic has been identified as a cyclic peptide composed of alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine and tyrosine.", "contents": "Swelling of Penicillium digitatum conidia by a Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 metabolite. Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 produces an antifungal metabolite that causes incubating conidia of several Penicillium species to swell 5-10 diameters while inhibiting germination. The swollen conidia are spherical, translucent, nonviable and easily shattered with a slight physical pressure; however, they remain resistant to osmotic shock. This antibiotic has been identified as a cyclic peptide composed of alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine and tyrosine.", "PMID": 593300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4436", "title": "Separation of membrane currents using a Paramecium mutant.", "content": "The net membrane current of the electrically excitable membrane of Paramecium during step depolarisations was measured using voltage-clamp techniques. The mutant, pawn B, lacks a functional Ca channel. Thus the difference between the total current measured in the wild type and the leakage and rectification currents measured in the pawn mutant is the Ca current. These findings were confirmed by ion substitution experiments. The possibility that inactivation may be apparent only, and caused by a hypothetical, superposed, Ca-induced, rectifying K+ current was eliminated.", "contents": "Separation of membrane currents using a Paramecium mutant. The net membrane current of the electrically excitable membrane of Paramecium during step depolarisations was measured using voltage-clamp techniques. The mutant, pawn B, lacks a functional Ca channel. Thus the difference between the total current measured in the wild type and the leakage and rectification currents measured in the pawn mutant is the Ca current. These findings were confirmed by ion substitution experiments. The possibility that inactivation may be apparent only, and caused by a hypothetical, superposed, Ca-induced, rectifying K+ current was eliminated.", "PMID": 593305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4437", "title": "Spatial configuration of mRNA 5'-terminus.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation has revealed that the 5'-terminus m7G5'ppp5'Am of mRNA displays a spatial configuration in which the bases form stacked arrays. Details of the conformation as derived from coupling constants, shift trends and ring current considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Spatial configuration of mRNA 5'-terminus. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation has revealed that the 5'-terminus m7G5'ppp5'Am of mRNA displays a spatial configuration in which the bases form stacked arrays. Details of the conformation as derived from coupling constants, shift trends and ring current considerations are discussed.", "PMID": 593339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4438", "title": "Evolution of ageing.", "content": "An evolutionary view of ageing suggests that mortality may be due to an energy-saving strategy of reduced error regulation in somatic cells. This supports Orgel's 'error catastrophe' hypothesis and offers a new basis for the study of normal and abnormal ageing syndromes and of apparently immortal transformed cell lines.", "contents": "Evolution of ageing. An evolutionary view of ageing suggests that mortality may be due to an energy-saving strategy of reduced error regulation in somatic cells. This supports Orgel's 'error catastrophe' hypothesis and offers a new basis for the study of normal and abnormal ageing syndromes and of apparently immortal transformed cell lines.", "PMID": 593350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4439", "title": "Ovalbumin gene is split in chicken DNA.", "content": "The ovalbumin gene, is split in chicken DNA. Two interruptions in the sequences coding for ovalbumin mRNA have been detected, at least one of them lying in the protein coding sequence. The unexpected gene organisation is present both in oviduct cells highly specialised in ovalbumin synthesis and in erythrocytes.", "contents": "Ovalbumin gene is split in chicken DNA. The ovalbumin gene, is split in chicken DNA. Two interruptions in the sequences coding for ovalbumin mRNA have been detected, at least one of them lying in the protein coding sequence. The unexpected gene organisation is present both in oviduct cells highly specialised in ovalbumin synthesis and in erythrocytes.", "PMID": 593351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4440", "title": "Construction and analysis of recombinant DNA for human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "content": "DNA complementary to mRNA coding for the human polypeptide hormone, chorionic somatomammotropin, has been purified by specific restriction endonuclease digestion and religation before cloning into bacterial plasmids. The primary structure of a major portion of this mRNA species is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant DNA.", "contents": "Construction and analysis of recombinant DNA for human chorionic somatomammotropin. DNA complementary to mRNA coding for the human polypeptide hormone, chorionic somatomammotropin, has been purified by specific restriction endonuclease digestion and religation before cloning into bacterial plasmids. The primary structure of a major portion of this mRNA species is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant DNA.", "PMID": 593368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4441", "title": "The multi-disciplinary role of 'pion factories'.", "content": "The multi-disciplinary role of intermediate energy proton accelerators in pure and applied nuclear physics is discussed with particular reference to the experimental programmes at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) and SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research, Zurich).", "contents": "The multi-disciplinary role of 'pion factories'. The multi-disciplinary role of intermediate energy proton accelerators in pure and applied nuclear physics is discussed with particular reference to the experimental programmes at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) and SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research, Zurich).", "PMID": 593390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4442", "title": "Basic and applied research at the TRIUMF meson factory.", "content": "The TRIUMF 520 MeV H- cyclotron produces intense beams of protons, pions and muons supporting basic research in nuclear, particle and solid-state physics, nuclear chemistry and biomedicine, and applied research in electromagnetic breeding of nuclear fuel, proton radiography, radioisotope production and cancer treatment.", "contents": "Basic and applied research at the TRIUMF meson factory. The TRIUMF 520 MeV H- cyclotron produces intense beams of protons, pions and muons supporting basic research in nuclear, particle and solid-state physics, nuclear chemistry and biomedicine, and applied research in electromagnetic breeding of nuclear fuel, proton radiography, radioisotope production and cancer treatment.", "PMID": 593391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4443", "title": "[Trend reversal in drug research].", "content": "The author gives a breakdown of costs for industrial drug research and development of seven German drug companies. Trends of development and fields of interdisciplinary pharmaceutical research are described. Increasing expenditures and requirements for safety and efficacy reduce the chances of innovation.", "contents": "[Trend reversal in drug research]. The author gives a breakdown of costs for industrial drug research and development of seven German drug companies. Trends of development and fields of interdisciplinary pharmaceutical research are described. Increasing expenditures and requirements for safety and efficacy reduce the chances of innovation.", "PMID": 593414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4444", "title": "The electromotor system of Torpedo. A model cholinergic system.", "content": "The electric organ of Torpedo, besides providing abundant amounts of cholinoceptive post-synaptic membrane for the isolation of the acetylcholine receptor protein, is a rich source of cholinergic nerve terminals. Using perfused, innervated tissue blocks from which synaptic vesicles in different functional states can be isolated, much information can be obtained about synaptic-vesicle dynamics. So far this is consistent with the view that the synaptic vesicles are the source of transmitter released on stimulation and that uptake of newly synthesized transmitter by the vesicles is dependent on their having discharged their previous charge of transmitter in at least one cycle of exo- and endocytosis. Studies of the protein composition of the vesicle membrane, especially when combined with similar information about the external presynaptic membrane, purified samples of which are now available from synaptosome (T-sac) preparations, promise to throw new light on the molecular mechanism underlying vesicle exo-/endocytosis.", "contents": "The electromotor system of Torpedo. A model cholinergic system. The electric organ of Torpedo, besides providing abundant amounts of cholinoceptive post-synaptic membrane for the isolation of the acetylcholine receptor protein, is a rich source of cholinergic nerve terminals. Using perfused, innervated tissue blocks from which synaptic vesicles in different functional states can be isolated, much information can be obtained about synaptic-vesicle dynamics. So far this is consistent with the view that the synaptic vesicles are the source of transmitter released on stimulation and that uptake of newly synthesized transmitter by the vesicles is dependent on their having discharged their previous charge of transmitter in at least one cycle of exo- and endocytosis. Studies of the protein composition of the vesicle membrane, especially when combined with similar information about the external presynaptic membrane, purified samples of which are now available from synaptosome (T-sac) preparations, promise to throw new light on the molecular mechanism underlying vesicle exo-/endocytosis.", "PMID": 593415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4445", "title": "Methoxytyrosine formation as an indicator of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in rat liver in vivo.", "content": "The O-methyl derivative methoxytyrosine accumulated rapidly in rat liver after an intraperitoneal injection of L-dopa (50 mg/kg) in combination with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, an inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Methoxytyrosine levels reached a plateau 40--60 min after i.p. injection of L-dopa, of which the tissue concentration declined monoexponentially. Injection of various doses of L-dopa revealed that methoxytyrosine formation was saturable and followed enzyme kinetics in rat liver. The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors pyrogallol, tropolone and alpha-propyldopacetamide as well as the inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase benserazide inhibited the formation of methoxytyrosine dose-dependently and concomitantly increased the tissue concentration of dopa. The accumulation of methoxytyrosine from exogeneously applied L-dopa appears to be a reliable indicator of the in vivo activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase.", "contents": "Methoxytyrosine formation as an indicator of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in rat liver in vivo. The O-methyl derivative methoxytyrosine accumulated rapidly in rat liver after an intraperitoneal injection of L-dopa (50 mg/kg) in combination with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, an inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Methoxytyrosine levels reached a plateau 40--60 min after i.p. injection of L-dopa, of which the tissue concentration declined monoexponentially. Injection of various doses of L-dopa revealed that methoxytyrosine formation was saturable and followed enzyme kinetics in rat liver. The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors pyrogallol, tropolone and alpha-propyldopacetamide as well as the inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase benserazide inhibited the formation of methoxytyrosine dose-dependently and concomitantly increased the tissue concentration of dopa. The accumulation of methoxytyrosine from exogeneously applied L-dopa appears to be a reliable indicator of the in vivo activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase.", "PMID": 593428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4446", "title": "Ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac anaphylaxis.", "content": "Arrhythmogenic effects of anaphylaxis and histamine were studied in guinea pigs by measuring changes of transmembrane potentials from isolated papillary muscles. Antigenic challenge of preparations obtained from passively sensitized animals induced ventricular automaticity in 1/3 of the experiments. The arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac anaphylaxis could be reproduced by exogenous histamine. Abnormal automaticity was associated with a stable diastolic membrane potential in most of the ventricular fibres and only occasionally ectopic pacemaker potentials were observed in fibres near the ventricular septum. The effective refractory period, maximum rate of depolarization of the action potential and electrical threshold were not significantly changed in ventricular anaphylaxis but in the presence of histamine the refractory time was shortened. Ventricular arrhythmias induced by histamine were increased at high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and inhibited by Mn2+ and D 600 but were only moderately antagonized by tetrodotoxin. Pretreatment with reserpine had no effect on the abnormal automaticity. Spontaneous ventricular activity caused by histamine was markedly inhibited by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist burimamide and also by the antiarrhythmic drug, prajmalium bitartrate. The H1-receptor antagonist brompheniramine, hydrocortisone and propranolol had little or no antiarrhythmic effect.", "contents": "Ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac anaphylaxis. Arrhythmogenic effects of anaphylaxis and histamine were studied in guinea pigs by measuring changes of transmembrane potentials from isolated papillary muscles. Antigenic challenge of preparations obtained from passively sensitized animals induced ventricular automaticity in 1/3 of the experiments. The arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac anaphylaxis could be reproduced by exogenous histamine. Abnormal automaticity was associated with a stable diastolic membrane potential in most of the ventricular fibres and only occasionally ectopic pacemaker potentials were observed in fibres near the ventricular septum. The effective refractory period, maximum rate of depolarization of the action potential and electrical threshold were not significantly changed in ventricular anaphylaxis but in the presence of histamine the refractory time was shortened. Ventricular arrhythmias induced by histamine were increased at high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and inhibited by Mn2+ and D 600 but were only moderately antagonized by tetrodotoxin. Pretreatment with reserpine had no effect on the abnormal automaticity. Spontaneous ventricular activity caused by histamine was markedly inhibited by the histamine H2-receptor antagonist burimamide and also by the antiarrhythmic drug, prajmalium bitartrate. The H1-receptor antagonist brompheniramine, hydrocortisone and propranolol had little or no antiarrhythmic effect.", "PMID": 593433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4447", "title": "Neurotoxicity of apamin and MCD peptide upon central application.", "content": "Besides apamin, the structurally related MCD peptide (mast cell degranulating peptide; peptide 401) is another centrally acting peptide from bee venom. In contrast to apamin, it is hardly neurotoxic upon intravenous injection in mice. Following intraventricular injection, as little as 0.3 microgram/animal produce convulsions and respiratory arrest in mice. The clinical picture differs from that elicited by apamin, and apamin is about 10 times more potent than MCD peptide when given intraventricularly. Apamin and MCD peptide injected into the spinal cord of rats in nanogram amounts, produce circumscript hyperexcitation lasting more than one day, however with complete recovery following sublethal doses. Local apamin poisoning differs from local tetanus (elicited by the same way) by its faster time course.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of apamin and MCD peptide upon central application. Besides apamin, the structurally related MCD peptide (mast cell degranulating peptide; peptide 401) is another centrally acting peptide from bee venom. In contrast to apamin, it is hardly neurotoxic upon intravenous injection in mice. Following intraventricular injection, as little as 0.3 microgram/animal produce convulsions and respiratory arrest in mice. The clinical picture differs from that elicited by apamin, and apamin is about 10 times more potent than MCD peptide when given intraventricularly. Apamin and MCD peptide injected into the spinal cord of rats in nanogram amounts, produce circumscript hyperexcitation lasting more than one day, however with complete recovery following sublethal doses. Local apamin poisoning differs from local tetanus (elicited by the same way) by its faster time course.", "PMID": 593441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4448", "title": "Temperature dependence of phalloidin response in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Below 21 degrees C isolated hepatocytes are insensitive to phalloidin. Between 21 and 30 degrees C the amount of affected cells increases to nearly maximal values, whereas a further rise of the temperature has little additional effect. These findings suggest that phase transition of membranal lipids might be responsible for the unusual temperature characteristics. The fluidity of lipids seems to control an early step of the phalloidin response.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of phalloidin response in isolated rat hepatocytes. Below 21 degrees C isolated hepatocytes are insensitive to phalloidin. Between 21 and 30 degrees C the amount of affected cells increases to nearly maximal values, whereas a further rise of the temperature has little additional effect. These findings suggest that phase transition of membranal lipids might be responsible for the unusual temperature characteristics. The fluidity of lipids seems to control an early step of the phalloidin response.", "PMID": 593442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4449", "title": "[Sensory input to neurons of the motor area of the biceps in cat cortex].", "content": "Correlation between activity of cortical neurons in the biceps motor area and a conditioning movement of the contralateral forelimb was studied in chronic experiments of two male cats. In the group of neurons related to the movement sensory inputs were not found in 68.1% of neurons, in the group not related to the movement in 97.9% of neurons. 24.2% of neurons from the first group had cutaneous receptive fields on the dorsal surface of the distal part of the moving forelimb, in this group 5 neurons had inputs from the forelimb joints.", "contents": "[Sensory input to neurons of the motor area of the biceps in cat cortex]. Correlation between activity of cortical neurons in the biceps motor area and a conditioning movement of the contralateral forelimb was studied in chronic experiments of two male cats. In the group of neurons related to the movement sensory inputs were not found in 68.1% of neurons, in the group not related to the movement in 97.9% of neurons. 24.2% of neurons from the first group had cutaneous receptive fields on the dorsal surface of the distal part of the moving forelimb, in this group 5 neurons had inputs from the forelimb joints.", "PMID": 593452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4450", "title": "[Characteristics of residual neurons during retrograde degeneration in the lateral geniculate bodies of cats].", "content": "The daynamics of functional-structural characteristics of residual neurons was studied in the degenerated lateral geniculate body (LGB) in various periods of time (4-12 months) after neuronal isolation of the neocortex under which all geniculo-cortical connections were cut. Background and evoked spike activity in the degenerated geniculate body were studied as well as the number of persisting cells and their diameters. Neuronal receptive fields were found to undergo destruction along with the prolongation of postoperative period. A gradual diminution in the quantity of light sensitive cells was revealed. Background spike activity was predominantly of a simple type. Progressing decrease in cell number and cell diameters was observed under the morphological examination. Special features inherent in geniculate interneuronal relations are discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of residual neurons during retrograde degeneration in the lateral geniculate bodies of cats]. The daynamics of functional-structural characteristics of residual neurons was studied in the degenerated lateral geniculate body (LGB) in various periods of time (4-12 months) after neuronal isolation of the neocortex under which all geniculo-cortical connections were cut. Background and evoked spike activity in the degenerated geniculate body were studied as well as the number of persisting cells and their diameters. Neuronal receptive fields were found to undergo destruction along with the prolongation of postoperative period. A gradual diminution in the quantity of light sensitive cells was revealed. Background spike activity was predominantly of a simple type. Progressing decrease in cell number and cell diameters was observed under the morphological examination. Special features inherent in geniculate interneuronal relations are discussed.", "PMID": 593454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4451", "title": "[Convergence of preganglionic fibers on the vasomotor neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of cats].", "content": "By means of intracellular recordings from the neurons of isolated lumbar ganglia III-IV it is shown that B1-, B2- and C-preganglionic fibres widely converge on these neurons. The neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of muscular and cutaneous branches were identified as vasomotor ones. The latter had distinct features of preganglionic fibre convergence. Only B2- and C-preganglionic fibres were able to activate them, but the efficacy of the B2-fibres excitatory action was considerably higher. The vasomotor neurons had a lower conduction velocity in its axons (0.95 +/- 0.05 m/s) as compared to other postganglionic neurons (1.30 +/- 0.15 m/s).", "contents": "[Convergence of preganglionic fibers on the vasomotor neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of cats]. By means of intracellular recordings from the neurons of isolated lumbar ganglia III-IV it is shown that B1-, B2- and C-preganglionic fibres widely converge on these neurons. The neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of muscular and cutaneous branches were identified as vasomotor ones. The latter had distinct features of preganglionic fibre convergence. Only B2- and C-preganglionic fibres were able to activate them, but the efficacy of the B2-fibres excitatory action was considerably higher. The vasomotor neurons had a lower conduction velocity in its axons (0.95 +/- 0.05 m/s) as compared to other postganglionic neurons (1.30 +/- 0.15 m/s).", "PMID": 593455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4452", "title": "[Impulse flow structure following exposure of a cutaneous nerve to nociceptive solutions of potassium chloride].", "content": "Using the cross-correlation method, the pattern of impulses flow coding a nociceptive signal is studied in the n. saphenus of the cat. It is found that nociceptive solutions of KCl (125-1000 mM) stimulate both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibres. The flow density increases with time of the stimulation action, reaching a level sufficient for the appearance of nociceptive pressure reflexes. The maximum of these reflexes coincides with the appearance of synchronous pulsations in the group of non-myelinated fibres. Thus a nociceptive signal caused directly by the exposure of the nerve to strong solutions of KCl is coded by a high density of the impulse flow, in which synchronous pulsations are likely to be found.", "contents": "[Impulse flow structure following exposure of a cutaneous nerve to nociceptive solutions of potassium chloride]. Using the cross-correlation method, the pattern of impulses flow coding a nociceptive signal is studied in the n. saphenus of the cat. It is found that nociceptive solutions of KCl (125-1000 mM) stimulate both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibres. The flow density increases with time of the stimulation action, reaching a level sufficient for the appearance of nociceptive pressure reflexes. The maximum of these reflexes coincides with the appearance of synchronous pulsations in the group of non-myelinated fibres. Thus a nociceptive signal caused directly by the exposure of the nerve to strong solutions of KCl is coded by a high density of the impulse flow, in which synchronous pulsations are likely to be found.", "PMID": 593456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4453", "title": "[Modulation of the endogenous activity of the snail bursting neuron].", "content": "It is found that remarkable depolarization of the bursting neuron membrane may occur periodically with a frequency of about several minutes. The clamp potential method leads to detecting slow depolarizing currents. It is shown that the frequency is independent of the holding potential. The equilibrium potential of depolarizing current is about +45 mV. During the development of slow depolarizing current the negative conductance region arises in the steady-state voltage-current curve of the membrane. It is suggested that the slow depolarizing currents observed are related to the existence of secretorial transfer in the snail nervous system.", "contents": "[Modulation of the endogenous activity of the snail bursting neuron]. It is found that remarkable depolarization of the bursting neuron membrane may occur periodically with a frequency of about several minutes. The clamp potential method leads to detecting slow depolarizing currents. It is shown that the frequency is independent of the holding potential. The equilibrium potential of depolarizing current is about +45 mV. During the development of slow depolarizing current the negative conductance region arises in the steady-state voltage-current curve of the membrane. It is suggested that the slow depolarizing currents observed are related to the existence of secretorial transfer in the snail nervous system.", "PMID": 593457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4454", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the axo-dendritic synapses of the leech following excitatory conduction block in a medium with decreased ionic concentration].", "content": "Reactive changes in the synaptic apparatus of the leech neuropile were studied in low ionic strength media using supravital methylene blue staining. Special preparation developed in the laboratory permitted obtaining clearly identified axodendritic synapses in the leech. It was shown that the reactive changes were pronounced during a decrease in the electrical conductance and block in the abdominal chain. Certain correlations between the structural alterations in axodendritic synapses and phasic reactive changes in axosomatic synapses were observed.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the axo-dendritic synapses of the leech following excitatory conduction block in a medium with decreased ionic concentration]. Reactive changes in the synaptic apparatus of the leech neuropile were studied in low ionic strength media using supravital methylene blue staining. Special preparation developed in the laboratory permitted obtaining clearly identified axodendritic synapses in the leech. It was shown that the reactive changes were pronounced during a decrease in the electrical conductance and block in the abdominal chain. Certain correlations between the structural alterations in axodendritic synapses and phasic reactive changes in axosomatic synapses were observed.", "PMID": 593458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4455", "title": "[Spontaneous rhythmic discharges in the motor nerves of posterior limbs of decerebrate immobilized cats].", "content": "Spontaneous rhythmic discharges (fictitious locomotion) were recorded in motor hindlimb nerves of decerebrated animals with intact caudal hypothalamic region. Stimulation of this region led to the appearance of fictitious locomotion. Spontaneous discharges did no-appear after decerebration at lower levels and in spinalized cats. A conclusion is made on the presence of structures in the caudal hypothalamus which are necessary for the activation of lower locomotor centres and the production of spontaneous rhythmic discharges in motor nerves.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rhythmic discharges in the motor nerves of posterior limbs of decerebrate immobilized cats]. Spontaneous rhythmic discharges (fictitious locomotion) were recorded in motor hindlimb nerves of decerebrated animals with intact caudal hypothalamic region. Stimulation of this region led to the appearance of fictitious locomotion. Spontaneous discharges did no-appear after decerebration at lower levels and in spinalized cats. A conclusion is made on the presence of structures in the caudal hypothalamus which are necessary for the activation of lower locomotor centres and the production of spontaneous rhythmic discharges in motor nerves.", "PMID": 593460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4456", "title": "[Sequence of discharge appearance in nerves to different hindlimb muscles during fictitious locomotion of thalamic cats].", "content": "The sequence of discharges in nerves to 22 hindlimb muscles during fictitious locomotion was investigated on immobilized thalamic cats. It is shown that for most hindlimb muscles the central locomotor program is rather simple and consists of alternating activation of flexors and extensors. A conclusion is made on the existence of interneuronal flexor and extensor centres in each half of the spinal cord, working in turns during locomotion. More complex discharges were recorded from the nerves to Edb and Per. tert. and also from the nerves to biarticular muscles (St, P. bic., Ten.). It is suggested that motoneurons of these muscles are connected to the flexor and extensor centres in a more complex way.", "contents": "[Sequence of discharge appearance in nerves to different hindlimb muscles during fictitious locomotion of thalamic cats]. The sequence of discharges in nerves to 22 hindlimb muscles during fictitious locomotion was investigated on immobilized thalamic cats. It is shown that for most hindlimb muscles the central locomotor program is rather simple and consists of alternating activation of flexors and extensors. A conclusion is made on the existence of interneuronal flexor and extensor centres in each half of the spinal cord, working in turns during locomotion. More complex discharges were recorded from the nerves to Edb and Per. tert. and also from the nerves to biarticular muscles (St, P. bic., Ten.). It is suggested that motoneurons of these muscles are connected to the flexor and extensor centres in a more complex way.", "PMID": 593461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4457", "title": "[Study of the natural activity of nerve fibers using the method of multi-channel coherent recording].", "content": "Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded with a six channel amplifier from the intact vagal nerve (cervical area) of the cat in acute experiments. The records obtained were summated using different delays between them induced by a computer for differentiation of the afferent activity from the efferent one and estimation of the proper conduction velocity. It is found that the most active afferent fibres have conduction velocity about 25 m/s.", "contents": "[Study of the natural activity of nerve fibers using the method of multi-channel coherent recording]. Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded with a six channel amplifier from the intact vagal nerve (cervical area) of the cat in acute experiments. The records obtained were summated using different delays between them induced by a computer for differentiation of the afferent activity from the efferent one and estimation of the proper conduction velocity. It is found that the most active afferent fibres have conduction velocity about 25 m/s.", "PMID": 593463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4458", "title": "[Separation of ionic currents responsible for action potential generation in isolated neurons of frog spinal ganglia].", "content": "The technique was developed for isolating neurons from the frog spinal ganglia. The isolated cells completely preserved electrical excitability and were investigated under intracellular dialysis conditions. Fast and slow inward current components were found. They were separated by TTX and cadmium: the fast inward current component was blocked by TTX, while the slow inward current was blocked by cadmium. Slow inward current diminished in Na-free solution and calcium ions are supposed to participate in its transfer.", "contents": "[Separation of ionic currents responsible for action potential generation in isolated neurons of frog spinal ganglia]. The technique was developed for isolating neurons from the frog spinal ganglia. The isolated cells completely preserved electrical excitability and were investigated under intracellular dialysis conditions. Fast and slow inward current components were found. They were separated by TTX and cadmium: the fast inward current component was blocked by TTX, while the slow inward current was blocked by cadmium. Slow inward current diminished in Na-free solution and calcium ions are supposed to participate in its transfer.", "PMID": 593464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4459", "title": "[Analysis of current fluctuations shunted from small portions of the membrane of a nerve cell soma].", "content": "A method was developed to allow the registration of ionic current through the small areas of the membrane (10 mu2). The aim of the method is to obtain information on the properties of single ionic channels by the fluctuation analysis. The current through single Ca channel while transferring Ba (130 mM in the external media) is 0.21 +/- 0.06 X 10(-12) A according to tentative estimation. The corresponding value for Ca transfer is 0.1 X 10(-12) A. The upper limit for the single Ca channel conductance value is gCa less than or equal to 0.6 X 10(-12) PHI-1.", "contents": "[Analysis of current fluctuations shunted from small portions of the membrane of a nerve cell soma]. A method was developed to allow the registration of ionic current through the small areas of the membrane (10 mu2). The aim of the method is to obtain information on the properties of single ionic channels by the fluctuation analysis. The current through single Ca channel while transferring Ba (130 mM in the external media) is 0.21 +/- 0.06 X 10(-12) A according to tentative estimation. The corresponding value for Ca transfer is 0.1 X 10(-12) A. The upper limit for the single Ca channel conductance value is gCa less than or equal to 0.6 X 10(-12) PHI-1.", "PMID": 593465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4460", "title": "[Study of the H-reflex of human hand muscles using the post-stimulus histogram method].", "content": "The method of post-stimulus histograms of the single motor unit  potentials permits the under-threshold facilitation to be revealed and the antidromic blocking of H-reflex to be avoided up to sub-maximal for M-response stimuli. The H-reflex was revealed only under abnormal conditions and was not observed in the noraml subjects. In the experiments the motoneurons responded to impulses from above, therefore the inhibition of the motoneurons itself cannot be a mechanism of the H-reflex inhibition. The alternative explanation is the presynaptic inhibition.", "contents": "[Study of the H-reflex of human hand muscles using the post-stimulus histogram method]. The method of post-stimulus histograms of the single motor unit  potentials permits the under-threshold facilitation to be revealed and the antidromic blocking of H-reflex to be avoided up to sub-maximal for M-response stimuli. The H-reflex was revealed only under abnormal conditions and was not observed in the noraml subjects. In the experiments the motoneurons responded to impulses from above, therefore the inhibition of the motoneurons itself cannot be a mechanism of the H-reflex inhibition. The alternative explanation is the presynaptic inhibition.", "PMID": 593466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4461", "title": "Cancer mortality in a region with endemic nephropathy.", "content": "Cancer mortality in endemic and non-endemic villages from a region with endemic nephropathy (EN) of Vratza district, Bulgaria has been compared for the period 1965--1974. The total and for all cancer sites mortality rates in all studied villages were comparable to European and world standards except a very high mortality from tumors of urinary organs in the endemic villages. Age-adjusted to world population rates/10(5) population in hyperendemic villages have been estimated as 16.8 for males and 14.9 for females in case of kidney tumors and as 7.1 in males and 10.2 for females in case of urinary bladder tumors. On village group basis a very close correlation between mortality rates from urinary system tumors and EN incidence rates has been disclosed although endemic and non-endemic villages are neighbouring and are very similar in ecological and cultural terms.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in a region with endemic nephropathy. Cancer mortality in endemic and non-endemic villages from a region with endemic nephropathy (EN) of Vratza district, Bulgaria has been compared for the period 1965--1974. The total and for all cancer sites mortality rates in all studied villages were comparable to European and world standards except a very high mortality from tumors of urinary organs in the endemic villages. Age-adjusted to world population rates/10(5) population in hyperendemic villages have been estimated as 16.8 for males and 14.9 for females in case of kidney tumors and as 7.1 in males and 10.2 for females in case of urinary bladder tumors. On village group basis a very close correlation between mortality rates from urinary system tumors and EN incidence rates has been disclosed although endemic and non-endemic villages are neighbouring and are very similar in ecological and cultural terms.", "PMID": 593467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4462", "title": "Prognostic significance of skin reactivity in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma grouped according to the TNM classification.", "content": "Untreated patients with bronchogenic carcinoma of the epidermoid type showed a marked depression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to DNCB, PPD and Varidase. As compared to a control group of healthy individuals and to a control group of patients with non-malignant chest diseases, 46% of cases responded to the DNCB skin test, 56% to the PPD skin test and 39% to the Varidase skin test. The patients were subsequently divided according to the TNM classification in stage I, II and III groups. Correlation of the skin test positivity to the stage of the disease and to the survival of patients was followed.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of skin reactivity in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma grouped according to the TNM classification. Untreated patients with bronchogenic carcinoma of the epidermoid type showed a marked depression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to DNCB, PPD and Varidase. As compared to a control group of healthy individuals and to a control group of patients with non-malignant chest diseases, 46% of cases responded to the DNCB skin test, 56% to the PPD skin test and 39% to the Varidase skin test. The patients were subsequently divided according to the TNM classification in stage I, II and III groups. Correlation of the skin test positivity to the stage of the disease and to the survival of patients was followed.", "PMID": 593468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4463", "title": "Cranial eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "Investigations were carried out on 27 cases of cranial eosinophilic granuloma: 16 males (59%) and 11 females (41%). The mean age was 25 years, the extremes being 2 years and 65 years. The location in 21 cases (80%) was exclusively in the calvarium (9 frontal, 8 parietal, three occipital and 1 temporal), orbital in two cases, fronto-orbital one case, base of the skull in the left parasellar region one case, left frontal subdural with chronic subdural haematoma one case and one case left occipital and petrosal bone. All the cases were diagnosed histologically. In 18 cases the tumour was removed at operation. Recurrences occurred in four of these cases (15%), three of whom died (11-5%). Four of the patients received steroid therapy and four steroid therapy combined with X-ray therapy. The evolution was favourable in all these cases.", "contents": "Cranial eosinophilic granuloma. Investigations were carried out on 27 cases of cranial eosinophilic granuloma: 16 males (59%) and 11 females (41%). The mean age was 25 years, the extremes being 2 years and 65 years. The location in 21 cases (80%) was exclusively in the calvarium (9 frontal, 8 parietal, three occipital and 1 temporal), orbital in two cases, fronto-orbital one case, base of the skull in the left parasellar region one case, left frontal subdural with chronic subdural haematoma one case and one case left occipital and petrosal bone. All the cases were diagnosed histologically. In 18 cases the tumour was removed at operation. Recurrences occurred in four of these cases (15%), three of whom died (11-5%). Four of the patients received steroid therapy and four steroid therapy combined with X-ray therapy. The evolution was favourable in all these cases.", "PMID": 593478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4464", "title": "[Comparison of myelographic and operative findings in lumbar disk lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the myelographic, clinical and operative findings in 140 patients with lumbar disk lesions. The myelographic and operative findings corresponded in 95%. The L 4-5 disk was the most frequently affected. With regard to the operation, some of the most important technical points are discussed. A myelography is strongly recommended before every disk operation.", "contents": "[Comparison of myelographic and operative findings in lumbar disk lesions (author's transl)]. A comparative study has been made of the myelographic, clinical and operative findings in 140 patients with lumbar disk lesions. The myelographic and operative findings corresponded in 95%. The L 4-5 disk was the most frequently affected. With regard to the operation, some of the most important technical points are discussed. A myelography is strongly recommended before every disk operation.", "PMID": 593479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4465", "title": "Magnetic lock suspension and remote control microdriver for operating microscope.", "content": "Frequent adjustment of the angle and the focus of the operating microscope is the most important but troublesome manoeuvre during microneurosurgery. We have designed a new suspension and control system for the operating microscope. There is a magnetic lock system of all joints and axes for gross movement of the microscope and the other facility is a remote control microdriving system for fine adjustment of the focus either with the hand or a pedal control box. This system could effectively save operating time as well as surgeon's physical exertion.", "contents": "Magnetic lock suspension and remote control microdriver for operating microscope. Frequent adjustment of the angle and the focus of the operating microscope is the most important but troublesome manoeuvre during microneurosurgery. We have designed a new suspension and control system for the operating microscope. There is a magnetic lock system of all joints and axes for gross movement of the microscope and the other facility is a remote control microdriving system for fine adjustment of the focus either with the hand or a pedal control box. This system could effectively save operating time as well as surgeon's physical exertion.", "PMID": 593480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4466", "title": "Hydatid disease of the spine.", "content": "In 42 cases of hydatid diseases of the spine the preoperative diagnosis was as follows: hydatid disease--19, benign tumour--8, Tuberculosis--6, malignant disease--4, herniated disk--3, syringomyelia--1, infectious spondylitis--1. The site of the hydatid lesion in these patients was as follows: cervical--5, thoracic (T6-T12)--26, lumbosacral--11. Seven of these cases had previously been operated on for a hydatid cyst in other organs. We had eight recurrences of which five did not respond completely to surgical intervention.", "contents": "Hydatid disease of the spine. In 42 cases of hydatid diseases of the spine the preoperative diagnosis was as follows: hydatid disease--19, benign tumour--8, Tuberculosis--6, malignant disease--4, herniated disk--3, syringomyelia--1, infectious spondylitis--1. The site of the hydatid lesion in these patients was as follows: cervical--5, thoracic (T6-T12)--26, lumbosacral--11. Seven of these cases had previously been operated on for a hydatid cyst in other organs. We had eight recurrences of which five did not respond completely to surgical intervention.", "PMID": 593481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4467", "title": "[Lesions of the cauda equina after dimer-X myelography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe five cases of an uncommon complication after Dimer X Myelography consisting in a more or less complete lesion of the caudia equina. Up to the present only seven similar cases have been reported in the literature. The evolution and the clinical symptoms of these cases were similar to those reported by others. While in the cases presented the clinical outcome was favourable, with complete recovery in all cases, less favourable evolutions with definitive neurological symptoms are described by others.", "contents": "[Lesions of the cauda equina after dimer-X myelography (author's transl)]. The authors describe five cases of an uncommon complication after Dimer X Myelography consisting in a more or less complete lesion of the caudia equina. Up to the present only seven similar cases have been reported in the literature. The evolution and the clinical symptoms of these cases were similar to those reported by others. While in the cases presented the clinical outcome was favourable, with complete recovery in all cases, less favourable evolutions with definitive neurological symptoms are described by others.", "PMID": 593482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4468", "title": "[Surgical results in prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas (a propos of 40 personal observations)].", "content": "The authors present a serie of 40 histologically verified prolactin secreting adenomas. Thirty-four women and six men were explored using the usual techniques and operated by the transphenoidal approach with biological follow-up 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Results were a function of tumor size and invasive potential. Although amelioration of the tumoral syndrome always resulted, fonctional and biological normalization were inconstant. Complementary anti-prolactin treatment (C.B. 154) was begun in the non-normalized patients, especially in the cases of invasive adenoma. --Normalization was achieved in 95% of enclosed adenomas, --In 61% of invasion adenomas. In those patients normalized following surgery a return to normal rythmic prolactin secretion was observed.", "contents": "[Surgical results in prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas (a propos of 40 personal observations)]. The authors present a serie of 40 histologically verified prolactin secreting adenomas. Thirty-four women and six men were explored using the usual techniques and operated by the transphenoidal approach with biological follow-up 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Results were a function of tumor size and invasive potential. Although amelioration of the tumoral syndrome always resulted, fonctional and biological normalization were inconstant. Complementary anti-prolactin treatment (C.B. 154) was begun in the non-normalized patients, especially in the cases of invasive adenoma. --Normalization was achieved in 95% of enclosed adenomas, --In 61% of invasion adenomas. In those patients normalized following surgery a return to normal rythmic prolactin secretion was observed.", "PMID": 593483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4469", "title": "[Attempt at explaining decompensation of hydrocephalus by modifications of reticular activity].", "content": "A correlative study is done between observation of cases of shunted hydrocephalus with mesencephalic signs such as Parinaud's syndrome and a multiunitary recording of mesencephalic and bulbar reticular formation activities during acute and chronic intracranial hypertension in cats. Clinical and experimental data are first separately analysed and then superimposed. This results in analysing the evolution of such intracranial hypertension in three stages: first stage of \"tolerance\" with minimal clinical signs and no change of reticular activity; second stage of \"uncompensation\" when mesencephalic signs appear and with increased mesencephalic activity and unchanged bulbar activity; third stage of \"exhaustion\" where can be noted disorders of consciousness, decerebration fits, and cardiorespiratory disorders; mesencephalic activity falls down to lower levels than basal ones, bulbar activity increases first and then also decreases rapidly. This suggests a mechanism of exhausting stocks of monoamines but also of change of the local cerebral blood flow. Increase and then fall of the reticular activity may be the general way, even without any herniation, of evolution of any intracranial hypertension of traumatic or tumoral origin.", "contents": "[Attempt at explaining decompensation of hydrocephalus by modifications of reticular activity]. A correlative study is done between observation of cases of shunted hydrocephalus with mesencephalic signs such as Parinaud's syndrome and a multiunitary recording of mesencephalic and bulbar reticular formation activities during acute and chronic intracranial hypertension in cats. Clinical and experimental data are first separately analysed and then superimposed. This results in analysing the evolution of such intracranial hypertension in three stages: first stage of \"tolerance\" with minimal clinical signs and no change of reticular activity; second stage of \"uncompensation\" when mesencephalic signs appear and with increased mesencephalic activity and unchanged bulbar activity; third stage of \"exhaustion\" where can be noted disorders of consciousness, decerebration fits, and cardiorespiratory disorders; mesencephalic activity falls down to lower levels than basal ones, bulbar activity increases first and then also decreases rapidly. This suggests a mechanism of exhausting stocks of monoamines but also of change of the local cerebral blood flow. Increase and then fall of the reticular activity may be the general way, even without any herniation, of evolution of any intracranial hypertension of traumatic or tumoral origin.", "PMID": 593484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4470", "title": "[Inseparable prognostic value of spinothalamic and corticospinal functions in severe spinal cord injuries].", "content": "In severe spinal cord trauma with initial complete paraplegia or tetraplegia, even the smallest recovery of sensibility to pain or motor function has an obvious prognostical value as it results from the study of 112 spinal injuries. For the motor aspect it is well known from experimental work and in man that even a small part of a single pyramidal tract in the spinal cord can take in charge the bilateral motricity of the limbs. It remains exceptional in severe spinal cord injury that recovery of motricity is not followed by a return of pain sens. In the lateral funiculus of the cord the sensitive and pyramidal tracts belongs to a same anastomotic vascular area between the central and peripherical circulatory streams. In physiological conditions this intermediate circulatory stream is poorly functional. But in severe spinal cord trauma with reduction of central blood flow the adjacent spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts survive in couple on the basis of the same anastomotic vascular area: from this results the prognostical unity that belongs to pain sens and motricity.", "contents": "[Inseparable prognostic value of spinothalamic and corticospinal functions in severe spinal cord injuries]. In severe spinal cord trauma with initial complete paraplegia or tetraplegia, even the smallest recovery of sensibility to pain or motor function has an obvious prognostical value as it results from the study of 112 spinal injuries. For the motor aspect it is well known from experimental work and in man that even a small part of a single pyramidal tract in the spinal cord can take in charge the bilateral motricity of the limbs. It remains exceptional in severe spinal cord injury that recovery of motricity is not followed by a return of pain sens. In the lateral funiculus of the cord the sensitive and pyramidal tracts belongs to a same anastomotic vascular area between the central and peripherical circulatory streams. In physiological conditions this intermediate circulatory stream is poorly functional. But in severe spinal cord trauma with reduction of central blood flow the adjacent spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts survive in couple on the basis of the same anastomotic vascular area: from this results the prognostical unity that belongs to pain sens and motricity.", "PMID": 593485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4471", "title": "[Large partially thrombosed pseudo-tumoral aneurysm of the aqueductal area].", "content": "Authors are reporting a case of a giant sylvian aneurism partially thrombosed which had given some tumor like symptoms. The Peumography performed, just before an angiography showed the exact size and the malformation's relations with the lateral ventricle. During the operation, the complete removal of the aneurismatic mass had been done. The follow up was good.", "contents": "[Large partially thrombosed pseudo-tumoral aneurysm of the aqueductal area]. Authors are reporting a case of a giant sylvian aneurism partially thrombosed which had given some tumor like symptoms. The Peumography performed, just before an angiography showed the exact size and the malformation's relations with the lateral ventricle. During the operation, the complete removal of the aneurismatic mass had been done. The follow up was good.", "PMID": 593486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4472", "title": "[Intracerebellar schwannoma].", "content": "Only some rare examples of schwannomas localized in the medullary parenchyma are cited in the literature. The first was described by Kernohan in 1933; 9 cases were rapported in the thirty following years. For Brain a few observations about one case were cited by David (1965), Gibson (1966), New (1972) and Ghatak (1975). The authors relate one case of isolated schwannoma in superior vermis. That was a 15 years old young man who had a low evoluting I.C.P. syndrome. The pre-operating neurological investigation revealed a small cerebellar syndrome. The neuroradiological record allowed to localize an expansive median affection in the posterior fossa on a level with the Sylvius aqueduct. The neurosurgical operation allowed to carry off a tumor from the superior vermis; schwannoma tissue was the conclusion of the histological study. The evolution has been good and no cranial nerves were involved. Different theoris about the localisation of Schwann cells in this region are described.", "contents": "[Intracerebellar schwannoma]. Only some rare examples of schwannomas localized in the medullary parenchyma are cited in the literature. The first was described by Kernohan in 1933; 9 cases were rapported in the thirty following years. For Brain a few observations about one case were cited by David (1965), Gibson (1966), New (1972) and Ghatak (1975). The authors relate one case of isolated schwannoma in superior vermis. That was a 15 years old young man who had a low evoluting I.C.P. syndrome. The pre-operating neurological investigation revealed a small cerebellar syndrome. The neuroradiological record allowed to localize an expansive median affection in the posterior fossa on a level with the Sylvius aqueduct. The neurosurgical operation allowed to carry off a tumor from the superior vermis; schwannoma tissue was the conclusion of the histological study. The evolution has been good and no cranial nerves were involved. Different theoris about the localisation of Schwann cells in this region are described.", "PMID": 593487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4473", "title": "[Development of grasping and manipulatory function in the paretic hand in hemiparetic children].", "content": "In the light of observation of 60 children aged from 4 months to 8 years followed for 4--6 years the author studied the stages of functional development of the paretic hand in hemiparesis in infantile cerebral palsy. It is concluded that the development of the functions of grasping and manipulation is retarded and disturbed in these patients. Rehabilitation treatment started in the 1st year or life provides best conditions for functional improvement.", "contents": "[Development of grasping and manipulatory function in the paretic hand in hemiparetic children]. In the light of observation of 60 children aged from 4 months to 8 years followed for 4--6 years the author studied the stages of functional development of the paretic hand in hemiparesis in infantile cerebral palsy. It is concluded that the development of the functions of grasping and manipulation is retarded and disturbed in these patients. Rehabilitation treatment started in the 1st year or life provides best conditions for functional improvement.", "PMID": 593500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4474", "title": "[Radiographic and scintigraphic studies of cranial bones].", "content": "The authors described 9 cases of pathological changes in cranial bones of the type of osteolytic foci of changed osseous structure, post-traumatic lesions and postoperative changes of cranial bones as well as fibrous degeneration of bones which were found during routine scintigraphic investigations of the brain with 99mTc. In 7 cases it was possible to obtain the correct diagnosis after comparing with plain skull films, in 2 cases scintigraphy had to be supplemented with angiography (in one case it was necessary for ruling out paracerebral haematoma in presence of skull fracture, in the other case it was done for demonstrating the vessels supplying frontal bone haemangioma). In none of these cases it was necessary to supplement this investigation with administration of radioisotope markers accumulating selectively in bones.", "contents": "[Radiographic and scintigraphic studies of cranial bones]. The authors described 9 cases of pathological changes in cranial bones of the type of osteolytic foci of changed osseous structure, post-traumatic lesions and postoperative changes of cranial bones as well as fibrous degeneration of bones which were found during routine scintigraphic investigations of the brain with 99mTc. In 7 cases it was possible to obtain the correct diagnosis after comparing with plain skull films, in 2 cases scintigraphy had to be supplemented with angiography (in one case it was necessary for ruling out paracerebral haematoma in presence of skull fracture, in the other case it was done for demonstrating the vessels supplying frontal bone haemangioma). In none of these cases it was necessary to supplement this investigation with administration of radioisotope markers accumulating selectively in bones.", "PMID": 593501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4475", "title": "[Sensory nerve conduction of upper extremity nerves in degenerative cervical vertebral disease].", "content": "Sensory conduction was measured in the median, ulnar and radial nerves in patients with clinical and radiological evidence of degenerative disease of cervical spine. A significant reduction of conduction velocity and decreased amplitude of action potentials in nerves were demonstrated. In the group of 50 patients in only one case no changes in sensory conduction in upper extremity nerves were found. In the remaining 49 cases reduction of conduction velocity in sensory nerves or decreased amplitude of nerve action potentials were found in at least one of these nerves. Since evident disturbances in sensory conduction were observed even in the extremities without any subjective or objective abnormalities it may be supposed that determination of sensory nerve conduction in upper extremities may be an adjunct method in early diagnosis of degenerative cervical vertebral disease.", "contents": "[Sensory nerve conduction of upper extremity nerves in degenerative cervical vertebral disease]. Sensory conduction was measured in the median, ulnar and radial nerves in patients with clinical and radiological evidence of degenerative disease of cervical spine. A significant reduction of conduction velocity and decreased amplitude of action potentials in nerves were demonstrated. In the group of 50 patients in only one case no changes in sensory conduction in upper extremity nerves were found. In the remaining 49 cases reduction of conduction velocity in sensory nerves or decreased amplitude of nerve action potentials were found in at least one of these nerves. Since evident disturbances in sensory conduction were observed even in the extremities without any subjective or objective abnormalities it may be supposed that determination of sensory nerve conduction in upper extremities may be an adjunct method in early diagnosis of degenerative cervical vertebral disease.", "PMID": 593503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4476", "title": "[Effect of hydantoins on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid].", "content": "The investigations were carried out in 10 patients with epileptic seizures. The obtained results were compared with those in a control group of 20 healthy subjects. The 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-HIAA efore hydantoinal and on the 1st, 2dn and 3rd days of hydantoinal administration was determined by the method of Udenfried et al. as modified by McFarlane et al. It was found that healthy subjects excreted significantly more 5-HIAA before and after hydantoinal load. Administration of this drug increased significantly the excretion of this metabolite with urine, in healthy subjects but in epileptics it had no significant effect on 5-HIAA level in 24-hour urine.", "contents": "[Effect of hydantoins on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid]. The investigations were carried out in 10 patients with epileptic seizures. The obtained results were compared with those in a control group of 20 healthy subjects. The 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-HIAA efore hydantoinal and on the 1st, 2dn and 3rd days of hydantoinal administration was determined by the method of Udenfried et al. as modified by McFarlane et al. It was found that healthy subjects excreted significantly more 5-HIAA before and after hydantoinal load. Administration of this drug increased significantly the excretion of this metabolite with urine, in healthy subjects but in epileptics it had no significant effect on 5-HIAA level in 24-hour urine.", "PMID": 593504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4477", "title": "[Serum diphenylhydantoin in epileptic patients (preliminary report)].", "content": "Serum DPH level was determined in previously untreated epileptics who were receiving one dose of 300 mg of DPH daily (Phenytoin--Polfa) during 21 days. The DPH level was determined on the 1st, 10th and 21st days after starting treatment. The obtained results show significant individual differences in absorption of DPH. In 5 patients lower therapeutic range was achieved, in one patient the level was very high and in two cases the therapeutic concentration could not have been achieved. This indicates the necessity of control serum DPH determinations for establishing the individual therapeutic dose of the drug.", "contents": "[Serum diphenylhydantoin in epileptic patients (preliminary report)]. Serum DPH level was determined in previously untreated epileptics who were receiving one dose of 300 mg of DPH daily (Phenytoin--Polfa) during 21 days. The DPH level was determined on the 1st, 10th and 21st days after starting treatment. The obtained results show significant individual differences in absorption of DPH. In 5 patients lower therapeutic range was achieved, in one patient the level was very high and in two cases the therapeutic concentration could not have been achieved. This indicates the necessity of control serum DPH determinations for establishing the individual therapeutic dose of the drug.", "PMID": 593505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4478", "title": "[False signs in intraspinal tumors. Evaluation of tumor's position in relation to meninges and spinal cord].", "content": "The author discusses in detail the value of different diagnostic elements (history data, isolated neurological symptoms and signs, cerebrospinal fluid changes and dynamic CSF tests, plain films of the spine and contrast myelography) in a material of 204 patients operated upon for intraspinal tumours in the years 1948-1973. Certain signs of intraspinal tumours are discussed which had been the cause of erroneous conclusions in some cases regarding the situation of the tumour in relation to the meninges and spinal cord.", "contents": "[False signs in intraspinal tumors. Evaluation of tumor's position in relation to meninges and spinal cord]. The author discusses in detail the value of different diagnostic elements (history data, isolated neurological symptoms and signs, cerebrospinal fluid changes and dynamic CSF tests, plain films of the spine and contrast myelography) in a material of 204 patients operated upon for intraspinal tumours in the years 1948-1973. Certain signs of intraspinal tumours are discussed which had been the cause of erroneous conclusions in some cases regarding the situation of the tumour in relation to the meninges and spinal cord.", "PMID": 593507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4479", "title": "[Course of cerebral cysticercosis].", "content": "In the light of 4 cases of cerebral cysticercosis observed in the period 1970-1976 in Zabrze the authors call attention to the possibility of a very long, lasting even tens of years, time period preceding development of intracranial hypertension and to the diagnostic difficulties in this period. If immunological reactions are negative and the cerebrospinal fluid is normal, presence of calcified cysts in skeletal muscles visible on radiograms may be helpful. An uncertain syndrome of cerebral manifestations in a patient with occupational exposure (butchers) requires ruling out of cysticercosis. Three of these patients were butchers. In 2 plain radiograms showed calcified cysticerci in the muscles, in one they were present in the brain.", "contents": "[Course of cerebral cysticercosis]. In the light of 4 cases of cerebral cysticercosis observed in the period 1970-1976 in Zabrze the authors call attention to the possibility of a very long, lasting even tens of years, time period preceding development of intracranial hypertension and to the diagnostic difficulties in this period. If immunological reactions are negative and the cerebrospinal fluid is normal, presence of calcified cysts in skeletal muscles visible on radiograms may be helpful. An uncertain syndrome of cerebral manifestations in a patient with occupational exposure (butchers) requires ruling out of cysticercosis. Three of these patients were butchers. In 2 plain radiograms showed calcified cysticerci in the muscles, in one they were present in the brain.", "PMID": 593506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4480", "title": "Symptomatology of the Opalski syndrome.", "content": "The authors observed a case with favourable outcome in which besides the axial signs of Opalski syndrome crossed paresis of extremities and bladder disturbances were present. The substrate of clinical manifestations was a submedullary focus spreading to invole pyramid decussation.", "contents": "Symptomatology of the Opalski syndrome. The authors observed a case with favourable outcome in which besides the axial signs of Opalski syndrome crossed paresis of extremities and bladder disturbances were present. The substrate of clinical manifestations was a submedullary focus spreading to invole pyramid decussation.", "PMID": 593508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4481", "title": "[Basilar artery thrombosis with atypical course].", "content": "The authors report a 49-year-old man in whom continuous left-sided headaches increasing recently in intensity suggested presence of brain tumour. Sudden clinical deterioration on the 7th day of hospital observation was supposed to be due to brain-stem herniation. On autopsy a thrombus was found filling the basilar artery and the proximal parts of the posterior cerebral arteries with foci of softening in the right hemisphere, brain stem and left cerebellar hemisphere. The authors suppose that headaches were of vascular origin.", "contents": "[Basilar artery thrombosis with atypical course]. The authors report a 49-year-old man in whom continuous left-sided headaches increasing recently in intensity suggested presence of brain tumour. Sudden clinical deterioration on the 7th day of hospital observation was supposed to be due to brain-stem herniation. On autopsy a thrombus was found filling the basilar artery and the proximal parts of the posterior cerebral arteries with foci of softening in the right hemisphere, brain stem and left cerebellar hemisphere. The authors suppose that headaches were of vascular origin.", "PMID": 593509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4482", "title": "[Encephalomyelitis of atypical course probably caused by Echovirus 7].", "content": "The authors report a cases of encephalomyelytis caused probably by ECHO7 virus which was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid after 45 days of disease. During 120 days 4 relapses of the disease were observed associated with severe general and neurological signs and cerebral coma which ultimately was the cause of death.", "contents": "[Encephalomyelitis of atypical course probably caused by Echovirus 7]. The authors report a cases of encephalomyelytis caused probably by ECHO7 virus which was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid after 45 days of disease. During 120 days 4 relapses of the disease were observed associated with severe general and neurological signs and cerebral coma which ultimately was the cause of death.", "PMID": 593511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4483", "title": "[Favorable effect of cingulotomy on gastric crisis pain].", "content": "Among the patients subjected to cingulotomy in the years 1969-1976 we observed a particularly interesting case of late syphilis with attacks of gastric crisis-type pains. Prolonged pharmacological treatment and subsequent surgery (laparatomy, chordotomy) as well as the use of large doses of narcotic drugs did not stop these attacks. The patient exhibited psychic disturbances such as emotional instability and aggressive behaviour. He had not been able to work and was granted a pension. Cingulotomy was performed and the attacks disappeared. During the six-year follow-up period the beneficial effects of the operation were preserved. There was no need to administer narcotic drugs. The patient's family and social life improved markedly.", "contents": "[Favorable effect of cingulotomy on gastric crisis pain]. Among the patients subjected to cingulotomy in the years 1969-1976 we observed a particularly interesting case of late syphilis with attacks of gastric crisis-type pains. Prolonged pharmacological treatment and subsequent surgery (laparatomy, chordotomy) as well as the use of large doses of narcotic drugs did not stop these attacks. The patient exhibited psychic disturbances such as emotional instability and aggressive behaviour. He had not been able to work and was granted a pension. Cingulotomy was performed and the attacks disappeared. During the six-year follow-up period the beneficial effects of the operation were preserved. There was no need to administer narcotic drugs. The patient's family and social life improved markedly.", "PMID": 593512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4484", "title": "[Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma developing after direct aneurysmal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma developing after direct aneurysmal surgery were presented. All patients were males and heavy drinkers. There was no history of head injury after craniotomy. In two of the three cases, the angiography was performed on the 12th postoperative day. An avascular area was already revealed on the postoperative angiograms, but there were no disorders at that time. The intervals between the aneurysmal surgery and the onset of symptoms of chronic subdural hematoma ranged from about two to three months. In this report, the diagnostic criteria for the chronic subdural hematoma resulted from intracranial surgery were also discussed with a consideration on the pathogenesis of this condition.", "contents": "[Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma developing after direct aneurysmal surgery (author's transl)]. Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma developing after direct aneurysmal surgery were presented. All patients were males and heavy drinkers. There was no history of head injury after craniotomy. In two of the three cases, the angiography was performed on the 12th postoperative day. An avascular area was already revealed on the postoperative angiograms, but there were no disorders at that time. The intervals between the aneurysmal surgery and the onset of symptoms of chronic subdural hematoma ranged from about two to three months. In this report, the diagnostic criteria for the chronic subdural hematoma resulted from intracranial surgery were also discussed with a consideration on the pathogenesis of this condition.", "PMID": 593519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4485", "title": "[Parkinsonism following lethargic encephalitis].", "content": "A 41-year-old man is described in whom after a febrile disease with disturbances of sleep rhytm and exessive somnolence, extrapyramidal signs appeared increasing progressively in intensity, with a hypertonic-hypokinetic syndrome with evidence of right-sided spastic hemiparesis and hypaesthesia. After treatment with Viregyt and low doses of L-Dopa a striking improvement was obtained. Parkinsonism following lethargic encephalitis was diagnosed.", "contents": "[Parkinsonism following lethargic encephalitis]. A 41-year-old man is described in whom after a febrile disease with disturbances of sleep rhytm and exessive somnolence, extrapyramidal signs appeared increasing progressively in intensity, with a hypertonic-hypokinetic syndrome with evidence of right-sided spastic hemiparesis and hypaesthesia. After treatment with Viregyt and low doses of L-Dopa a striking improvement was obtained. Parkinsonism following lethargic encephalitis was diagnosed.", "PMID": 593510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4486", "title": "[Congenital carotid-sinus cervical-sagittal fistula].", "content": "The reported case presented an unusual form of congenital carotid-sagittal communication. Clinical findings included: except vascular murmur over the skull a characteristic syndrome consisting of of epleptic seizures, hemiparesis, aphasia and dementia. The communication was excised radically in its central and peripheral parts. The segment corresponding to the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery was narrowed by means of bipolar coagulation. Postoperative angiography and disappearance of most neurological signs after the operation showed that the chronically ischaemic parts of the brain resumed their functions.", "contents": "[Congenital carotid-sinus cervical-sagittal fistula]. The reported case presented an unusual form of congenital carotid-sagittal communication. Clinical findings included: except vascular murmur over the skull a characteristic syndrome consisting of of epleptic seizures, hemiparesis, aphasia and dementia. The communication was excised radically in its central and peripheral parts. The segment corresponding to the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery was narrowed by means of bipolar coagulation. Postoperative angiography and disappearance of most neurological signs after the operation showed that the chronically ischaemic parts of the brain resumed their functions.", "PMID": 593513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4487", "title": "[Pituitary apoplexy of giant pituitary adenoma--case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Pituitary apoplexy, characterized by sudden onset or acute progression of signs and symptoms of pituitary adenoma, is rare yet well-known. One such case is presented with clinical course, neuroradiological findings and autopsy. A 53-year-old female complained of sudden onset of severe headache, and rapidly deteriorated in the level of consciousness. Five days later, she became comatose and was admitted to National Sendai Hospital. Plain skull films and carotid angiograms revealed a remarkably large mass in the pituitary fossa. Death came ten hours after admission. Autopsy revealed a giant tumor (10 X 5 X 7.5 cm) destroying the sella turcica and protruding toward both the nasopharyngeal cavity and the hypothalamic region. Microscopically, diagnosis was made as chromophobe adenoma with fresh hemorrhage in the tumor.", "contents": "[Pituitary apoplexy of giant pituitary adenoma--case report (author's transl)]. Pituitary apoplexy, characterized by sudden onset or acute progression of signs and symptoms of pituitary adenoma, is rare yet well-known. One such case is presented with clinical course, neuroradiological findings and autopsy. A 53-year-old female complained of sudden onset of severe headache, and rapidly deteriorated in the level of consciousness. Five days later, she became comatose and was admitted to National Sendai Hospital. Plain skull films and carotid angiograms revealed a remarkably large mass in the pituitary fossa. Death came ten hours after admission. Autopsy revealed a giant tumor (10 X 5 X 7.5 cm) destroying the sella turcica and protruding toward both the nasopharyngeal cavity and the hypothalamic region. Microscopically, diagnosis was made as chromophobe adenoma with fresh hemorrhage in the tumor.", "PMID": 593522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4488", "title": "[Syringobulbia treated surgically].", "content": "The authors describe a case of syringobulbia in a 52-year-old patient treated surgically. Atlanto-occipital decompression and longitudinal medullotomy was done. A significant clinical improvement followed, deglutition disturbances disappeared and the general locomotor activity became much better.", "contents": "[Syringobulbia treated surgically]. The authors describe a case of syringobulbia in a 52-year-old patient treated surgically. Atlanto-occipital decompression and longitudinal medullotomy was done. A significant clinical improvement followed, deglutition disturbances disappeared and the general locomotor activity became much better.", "PMID": 593514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4489", "title": "[Medulloblastoma with intractable ascites treated by carboquone--a complication of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (author's transl)].", "content": "Although complication occasionally occur in the use of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VP-shunt), the occurrence of intractable ascites and extracranial metastasis through the shunt are uncommon. Recently intractable ascites occurred in a two years old girl in whom a left VP-shunt had been placed before four month for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to medulloblastoma. Paracentesis was performed with recovery of clear, straw-colored fluid with a specific gravity of 1012, a protein content of 0.3 gm/L and many of mononuclear cell on microscopic examination. Liver-scan and enzyme profile gave normal results. During 3 weeks, 6 times paracentesis were performed and total volumes of ascites were 3850 ml. At 5 and 6 times paracentesis, Carboquone 1 mg was injected into peritoneal cavity and 0.1 mg into ventricle cavity through flashing device. After these injection, intractable ascites were cured, no metastasis can be seen in peritoneal cavity when died 4 month later. No precise explanation can be offered for occurrence of this intractable ascites. It is said that chronic irritation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum or sub-clinical peritonitis may cause peritoneal malabsorption. In our case, antitumor agent was very effective, so this treatment will be recommended to try for intractable ascites.", "contents": "[Medulloblastoma with intractable ascites treated by carboquone--a complication of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (author's transl)]. Although complication occasionally occur in the use of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VP-shunt), the occurrence of intractable ascites and extracranial metastasis through the shunt are uncommon. Recently intractable ascites occurred in a two years old girl in whom a left VP-shunt had been placed before four month for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to medulloblastoma. Paracentesis was performed with recovery of clear, straw-colored fluid with a specific gravity of 1012, a protein content of 0.3 gm/L and many of mononuclear cell on microscopic examination. Liver-scan and enzyme profile gave normal results. During 3 weeks, 6 times paracentesis were performed and total volumes of ascites were 3850 ml. At 5 and 6 times paracentesis, Carboquone 1 mg was injected into peritoneal cavity and 0.1 mg into ventricle cavity through flashing device. After these injection, intractable ascites were cured, no metastasis can be seen in peritoneal cavity when died 4 month later. No precise explanation can be offered for occurrence of this intractable ascites. It is said that chronic irritation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum or sub-clinical peritonitis may cause peritoneal malabsorption. In our case, antitumor agent was very effective, so this treatment will be recommended to try for intractable ascites.", "PMID": 593523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4490", "title": "Serum prolactin and hypothalamic dopamine in rat strains selectively bred for differences in susceptibility to stress.", "content": "Rat strains selectively bred for behavioral differences in susceptibility to mild stress exhibited differences in serum prolactin (Prl) and hypothalamic dopamine (DA). Male rats from the Maudsley Reactive (MR) strain had higher levels of serum Prl and hypothalamic DA than rats from the Maudsley Non-Reactive (MNRA) strain. MR rats also showed a greater percentage increase in serum Prl 1 h after blockade of catecholamine synthesis by administration of alpha-methylparatyrosine (alphaMpT). The correlation of basal serum Prl levels with individual susceptibility to stress constitutes further evidence that Prl may play a functional role in the organism's response to stress. Strain differences in hypothalamic DA function may play a role in the etiology of strain differences in serum Prl.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and hypothalamic dopamine in rat strains selectively bred for differences in susceptibility to stress. Rat strains selectively bred for behavioral differences in susceptibility to mild stress exhibited differences in serum prolactin (Prl) and hypothalamic dopamine (DA). Male rats from the Maudsley Reactive (MR) strain had higher levels of serum Prl and hypothalamic DA than rats from the Maudsley Non-Reactive (MNRA) strain. MR rats also showed a greater percentage increase in serum Prl 1 h after blockade of catecholamine synthesis by administration of alpha-methylparatyrosine (alphaMpT). The correlation of basal serum Prl levels with individual susceptibility to stress constitutes further evidence that Prl may play a functional role in the organism's response to stress. Strain differences in hypothalamic DA function may play a role in the etiology of strain differences in serum Prl.", "PMID": 593524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4491", "title": "Pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat during the 24-hour day.", "content": "Blood samples were taken every 5 min for a 2-h period commencing at 09.00 h or epsilon 13.00 h from long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats under regular lighting conditions (lights on 05.00-19.00 h), and commencing at 09.30 h or 14.00 h from long-term OVX rats under reversed lighting conditions (lights on 18.00-08.00 h), the latter equivalent to starting sampling at 20.30 h or 01.00 h under regular lighting. Five rats were used in each group, and luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in duplicate aliquots of each sample by radioimmunoassay. Pulsatile increases in plasma LH concentrations were observed in all 20 animals, and mean, peak, and nadir plasma LH concentrations for each group did not differ between sampling periods. Similarly, the time of day did not affect the frequency at which pulsatile discharges of LH occurred. These data suggest that pulsatile discharges of LH in long-term OVX rats occur throughout the 24-h day.", "contents": "Pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat during the 24-hour day. Blood samples were taken every 5 min for a 2-h period commencing at 09.00 h or epsilon 13.00 h from long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats under regular lighting conditions (lights on 05.00-19.00 h), and commencing at 09.30 h or 14.00 h from long-term OVX rats under reversed lighting conditions (lights on 18.00-08.00 h), the latter equivalent to starting sampling at 20.30 h or 01.00 h under regular lighting. Five rats were used in each group, and luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in duplicate aliquots of each sample by radioimmunoassay. Pulsatile increases in plasma LH concentrations were observed in all 20 animals, and mean, peak, and nadir plasma LH concentrations for each group did not differ between sampling periods. Similarly, the time of day did not affect the frequency at which pulsatile discharges of LH occurred. These data suggest that pulsatile discharges of LH in long-term OVX rats occur throughout the 24-h day.", "PMID": 593525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4492", "title": "Plasma luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels and hypothalamic catecholamine synthesis in steroid-treated ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on synthesis rates and endogenous levels of hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were determined in individual ovariectomized (OVX) rats. 3H-tyrosine (3H-T) was injected intra-arterially and the rate of its incorporation into 3H-DA and 3H-NE was determined at 10, 15, 30, and 45 min. Steroid treatment for 2 days effectively decreased plasma LH levels and elevated plasma prolactin (Prl) levels while endogenous levels of NE and DA were not affected. NE synthesis was not affected by steroid treatment. A significant increase in DA synthesis was correlated with low plasma LH levels, suggesting that DA inhibits LH release. The elevated plasma Prl levels seen in steroid-treated rats were correlated with increased DA synthesis in the hypothalamus. This may indicate that elevated plasma Prl levels stimulate dopaminergic neurons in a short-loop negative feedback fashion.", "contents": "Plasma luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels and hypothalamic catecholamine synthesis in steroid-treated ovariectomized rats. The effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on synthesis rates and endogenous levels of hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were determined in individual ovariectomized (OVX) rats. 3H-tyrosine (3H-T) was injected intra-arterially and the rate of its incorporation into 3H-DA and 3H-NE was determined at 10, 15, 30, and 45 min. Steroid treatment for 2 days effectively decreased plasma LH levels and elevated plasma prolactin (Prl) levels while endogenous levels of NE and DA were not affected. NE synthesis was not affected by steroid treatment. A significant increase in DA synthesis was correlated with low plasma LH levels, suggesting that DA inhibits LH release. The elevated plasma Prl levels seen in steroid-treated rats were correlated with increased DA synthesis in the hypothalamus. This may indicate that elevated plasma Prl levels stimulate dopaminergic neurons in a short-loop negative feedback fashion.", "PMID": 593526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4493", "title": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by isolated platelets in childhood schizophrenia and autism.", "content": "Previous work indicated a platelet abnormality in the in vitro accumulation of serotonin in childhood schizophrenia, especially infantile autism. The present report validates this further in cases of infantile autism and shows that the abnormality seems to be due to the platelets. The defect is apparently associated with the platelet and not the plasma.", "contents": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by isolated platelets in childhood schizophrenia and autism. Previous work indicated a platelet abnormality in the in vitro accumulation of serotonin in childhood schizophrenia, especially infantile autism. The present report validates this further in cases of infantile autism and shows that the abnormality seems to be due to the platelets. The defect is apparently associated with the platelet and not the plasma.", "PMID": 593539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4494", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow during voluntary movements of the hand. A rheoencephalography study.", "content": "Cerebral impedance changes (F changes) indicating cerebral blood flow variations in the central and precentral areas were measured with a rheographic technique in normal subjects preparing for and carrying out a motor task. The time course of the F changes was studied and several significant correlations were established between the amount of F changes, their distribution and the motor performance. Our findings confirm that frontal and premotor regions play an important part in decision making.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow during voluntary movements of the hand. A rheoencephalography study. Cerebral impedance changes (F changes) indicating cerebral blood flow variations in the central and precentral areas were measured with a rheographic technique in normal subjects preparing for and carrying out a motor task. The time course of the F changes was studied and several significant correlations were established between the amount of F changes, their distribution and the motor performance. Our findings confirm that frontal and premotor regions play an important part in decision making.", "PMID": 593540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4495", "title": "Descending tentorial herniation: findings on computed tomography.", "content": "Descending tentorial herniation (DTH) can be diagnosed by computed tomography. Encroachment upon the lateral aspect of the suprasellar cistern is an early sign of impending tentorial herniation. Actual herniation is evidenced by rotation and shift of the brain stem with consequent widening of the crural and ambient cisterns on the side of the space-occupying lesion. In a more advanced stage of herniation, obliteration of cisternal spaces at the tentorial level will occur. Aqueductal compression secondary to the herniation will cause increased intraventricular pressure with widening of those parts of the lateral ventricles that are not exposed to the compression by the mass; a characteristic finding is widening of the temporal horn on the side opposite the space-occupying lesion. Infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery may complicate DTH.", "contents": "Descending tentorial herniation: findings on computed tomography. Descending tentorial herniation (DTH) can be diagnosed by computed tomography. Encroachment upon the lateral aspect of the suprasellar cistern is an early sign of impending tentorial herniation. Actual herniation is evidenced by rotation and shift of the brain stem with consequent widening of the crural and ambient cisterns on the side of the space-occupying lesion. In a more advanced stage of herniation, obliteration of cisternal spaces at the tentorial level will occur. Aqueductal compression secondary to the herniation will cause increased intraventricular pressure with widening of those parts of the lateral ventricles that are not exposed to the compression by the mass; a characteristic finding is widening of the temporal horn on the side opposite the space-occupying lesion. Infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery may complicate DTH.", "PMID": 593541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4496", "title": "Dependent layering of contrast medium in cystic astrocytomas.", "content": "Dependent layering of contrast enhanced fluid in cystic astrocytomas has not been described on computed tomograms. Two children in which this phenomenon occurred are described and its significance is discussed. In a third cystic lesion contrast layering was confirmed by head tilting.", "contents": "Dependent layering of contrast medium in cystic astrocytomas. Dependent layering of contrast enhanced fluid in cystic astrocytomas has not been described on computed tomograms. Two children in which this phenomenon occurred are described and its significance is discussed. In a third cystic lesion contrast layering was confirmed by head tilting.", "PMID": 593542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4497", "title": "Gonadal thermoluminiscence dosimetry in cranial computed tomography with the EMI scanner.", "content": "A cranial computed tomographic examination (CT) consisting of four scans with the water bag equipped Mark I EMI scanner will expose the adult male gonads to a radiation dose of approximately 2 millir\u00f6ntgen (mR).", "contents": "Gonadal thermoluminiscence dosimetry in cranial computed tomography with the EMI scanner. A cranial computed tomographic examination (CT) consisting of four scans with the water bag equipped Mark I EMI scanner will expose the adult male gonads to a radiation dose of approximately 2 millir\u00f6ntgen (mR).", "PMID": 593543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4498", "title": "Angiographic manifestations of intracerebral cavernous hemangioma.", "content": "A case of intraventricular cavernous hemangioma is reported, with a review of the literature, especially that dealing with angiography of intracerebral lesions. Dense venous poolings and a localized area of venous stain were observed in this case.", "contents": "Angiographic manifestations of intracerebral cavernous hemangioma. A case of intraventricular cavernous hemangioma is reported, with a review of the literature, especially that dealing with angiography of intracerebral lesions. Dense venous poolings and a localized area of venous stain were observed in this case.", "PMID": 593544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4499", "title": "Serial CT studies of a metastatic pinealoma with reference to the radiotherapeutic problems.", "content": "Serial CT studies performed for 1 year on a female patient suffering from a pinealoma are reported. Under cobalt therapy (5000 rads) a remission of the pinealoma was achieved. A short time later, metastases developed and cobalt therapy was repeated (6000 rads). Rapid tumor remission was seen again, but rapid occurrence of probable metastases too. The question whether radionecrosis or metastases were present cannot be answered.", "contents": "Serial CT studies of a metastatic pinealoma with reference to the radiotherapeutic problems. Serial CT studies performed for 1 year on a female patient suffering from a pinealoma are reported. Under cobalt therapy (5000 rads) a remission of the pinealoma was achieved. A short time later, metastases developed and cobalt therapy was repeated (6000 rads). Rapid tumor remission was seen again, but rapid occurrence of probable metastases too. The question whether radionecrosis or metastases were present cannot be answered.", "PMID": 593545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4500", "title": "Routine neuroradiological diagnosis with the EMI 5005 body scanner.", "content": "The experience with the EMI 5005 body scanner in the neuroradiological diagnosis of about 500 cerebral and 30 spinal examinations is reported. The advantages and disadvantages of this machine are discussed.", "contents": "Routine neuroradiological diagnosis with the EMI 5005 body scanner. The experience with the EMI 5005 body scanner in the neuroradiological diagnosis of about 500 cerebral and 30 spinal examinations is reported. The advantages and disadvantages of this machine are discussed.", "PMID": 593546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4501", "title": "Visualization of the craniocervical subarachnoid spaces.", "content": "A very simple procedure is described which leads to adequate visualization of the structures in the craniocervical area that are otherwise often very insufficiently investigated during myelography routinely performed with metrizamide.", "contents": "Visualization of the craniocervical subarachnoid spaces. A very simple procedure is described which leads to adequate visualization of the structures in the craniocervical area that are otherwise often very insufficiently investigated during myelography routinely performed with metrizamide.", "PMID": 593547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4502", "title": "Tumor blush with intracranial extensions of carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Two malignant intracranial tumors that originated in the paranasal sinuses are described. The patients in both cases were investigated for neurological disorders and had no relevant history of sinus disease. Cerebral angiography demonstrated tumor vascularity identical to meningioma.", "contents": "Tumor blush with intracranial extensions of carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Two malignant intracranial tumors that originated in the paranasal sinuses are described. The patients in both cases were investigated for neurological disorders and had no relevant history of sinus disease. Cerebral angiography demonstrated tumor vascularity identical to meningioma.", "PMID": 593548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4503", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of cervical extradural meningioma.", "content": "The diagnosis of a cervical extradural meningioma was made preoperatively on the basis of angiographic criteria. The entire extent of the tumor that partially encircled the dural sac could be demonstrated with regional spinal angiography.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of cervical extradural meningioma. The diagnosis of a cervical extradural meningioma was made preoperatively on the basis of angiographic criteria. The entire extent of the tumor that partially encircled the dural sac could be demonstrated with regional spinal angiography.", "PMID": 593549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4504", "title": "[Ultrasonics in the surgical diagnosis of thyroid diseases].", "content": "Echography enables a useful diagnostic distinction to be drawn between solid structures and cysts in the thyroid. Cold nodes measuring 1-5 cm in diameter, cysts (rarely malignant), and solid formations (more commonly malignant) can be differentiated to facilitate diagnosis, while changes in the size of a node can be followed without interrupting drug treatment to determine whether they are due to haemorrhage, resolution of a process, or an increase in node tissue. There is no risk to the patient and the cost of the examination is negligible. Its utility in the initial and subsequent investigation of such nodes is asserted.", "contents": "[Ultrasonics in the surgical diagnosis of thyroid diseases]. Echography enables a useful diagnostic distinction to be drawn between solid structures and cysts in the thyroid. Cold nodes measuring 1-5 cm in diameter, cysts (rarely malignant), and solid formations (more commonly malignant) can be differentiated to facilitate diagnosis, while changes in the size of a node can be followed without interrupting drug treatment to determine whether they are due to haemorrhage, resolution of a process, or an increase in node tissue. There is no risk to the patient and the cost of the examination is negligible. Its utility in the initial and subsequent investigation of such nodes is asserted.", "PMID": 593574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4505", "title": "[Subtotal parathyroidectomy. Indications and technic].", "content": "A close examination of recent views concerning metabolic diseases connected with uraemia is followed by an account of the therapeutic efficacy of subtotal parathyroidectomy, its indications, and the best technique to employ. A personal series is described.", "contents": "[Subtotal parathyroidectomy. Indications and technic]. A close examination of recent views concerning metabolic diseases connected with uraemia is followed by an account of the therapeutic efficacy of subtotal parathyroidectomy, its indications, and the best technique to employ. A personal series is described.", "PMID": 593575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4506", "title": "[Diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The results of 38 cases of laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease are presented. After describing the results obtained, and modifications due to preoperative classification of Hodgkin's disease, the diagnosis and surgical treatment are shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease]. The results of 38 cases of laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease are presented. After describing the results obtained, and modifications due to preoperative classification of Hodgkin's disease, the diagnosis and surgical treatment are shortly discussed.", "PMID": 593577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4507", "title": "[Varicothrombophlebitis of the lower limbs. Medical or surgical therapy?].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis of varicothrombophlebitis and its frequency in terms of age and sex are examined in the light of the leading discussions in the literature. The prevention and treatment of its main complications are also discussed. Clinical and statistical data drawn from a personal series collected over a period of about 8 yr are presented. A personal opinion is expressed on the question of treatment. It is felt that the steps taken in any given situation will depend on the extent of the process. Immediate surgery (extended preventive crossectomy, or radical management of thrombotic varices) must be accompanied by suitable general and local medical management.", "contents": "[Varicothrombophlebitis of the lower limbs. Medical or surgical therapy?]. The aetiopathogenesis of varicothrombophlebitis and its frequency in terms of age and sex are examined in the light of the leading discussions in the literature. The prevention and treatment of its main complications are also discussed. Clinical and statistical data drawn from a personal series collected over a period of about 8 yr are presented. A personal opinion is expressed on the question of treatment. It is felt that the steps taken in any given situation will depend on the extent of the process. Immediate surgery (extended preventive crossectomy, or radical management of thrombotic varices) must be accompanied by suitable general and local medical management.", "PMID": 593579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4508", "title": "[Use of chlorhexidine in surgery].", "content": "The extensive literature on the efficacy of chlorhexidine is reviewed. Personal experience with the substance in the daily and preoperative disinfection of the hands of medical and paramedical personnel in a surgical department, and the medication of surgical wounds, over a period of one year confirmed its low toxicity and long effectiveness against notoriously intractable Gram-negative forms.", "contents": "[Use of chlorhexidine in surgery]. The extensive literature on the efficacy of chlorhexidine is reviewed. Personal experience with the substance in the daily and preoperative disinfection of the hands of medical and paramedical personnel in a surgical department, and the medication of surgical wounds, over a period of one year confirmed its low toxicity and long effectiveness against notoriously intractable Gram-negative forms.", "PMID": 593580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4509", "title": "[Melena due to malignant leiomyoma of the small intestine. Clinical case].", "content": "A case of malignant leiomyoma of the small intestine is reported. Emphasis is laid on the problem of diagnosing such tumours because of their abdominal symptomatology and the fact that they are sometimes associated with intermittent intestinal haemorrhage.", "contents": "[Melena due to malignant leiomyoma of the small intestine. Clinical case]. A case of malignant leiomyoma of the small intestine is reported. Emphasis is laid on the problem of diagnosing such tumours because of their abdominal symptomatology and the fact that they are sometimes associated with intermittent intestinal haemorrhage.", "PMID": 593581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4510", "title": "[Anthocyanosides and the walls of the microvessels: further aspects of the mechanism of action of their protective effect in syndromes due to abnormal capillary fragility].", "content": "On the basis of previous biochemical observations, which have demonstrated the formation of complexes between anthocyanosides and some phospholipids, the AA. investigate the modifications induced by local and general administration of anthocyanosides 1) on the foreign body granuloma and 2) on the composition of the protein fractions in the exudate from the capillaries of the granulation tissue, growing on post-thromboflebitic or varicose leg ulcerations. The biochemical and histochemical data may show that the anthocyanosides protect the altered capillary walls with a double mechanism: a) increasing the endothelium barrier-effect through a stabilisation of the membrane phospholipids and b) increasing the biosynthetic processes of the acid mucopolysaccharides of the connective ground substance, by restoring the altered mucopolysaccharidic pericapillary sheat. This last effect may explain the marked increase of new-formed capillaries and collagen fibrils induced by the anthocyanosides.", "contents": "[Anthocyanosides and the walls of the microvessels: further aspects of the mechanism of action of their protective effect in syndromes due to abnormal capillary fragility]. On the basis of previous biochemical observations, which have demonstrated the formation of complexes between anthocyanosides and some phospholipids, the AA. investigate the modifications induced by local and general administration of anthocyanosides 1) on the foreign body granuloma and 2) on the composition of the protein fractions in the exudate from the capillaries of the granulation tissue, growing on post-thromboflebitic or varicose leg ulcerations. The biochemical and histochemical data may show that the anthocyanosides protect the altered capillary walls with a double mechanism: a) increasing the endothelium barrier-effect through a stabilisation of the membrane phospholipids and b) increasing the biosynthetic processes of the acid mucopolysaccharides of the connective ground substance, by restoring the altered mucopolysaccharidic pericapillary sheat. This last effect may explain the marked increase of new-formed capillaries and collagen fibrils induced by the anthocyanosides.", "PMID": 593582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4511", "title": "[Experience with chemotherapy in peritoneal carcinosis].", "content": "5-FU i.v. and Ptc i.v. and intraperitoneally were used to treat 8 patients in the Ancona Oncology Centre suffering from metastatic peritoneal carcinosis. Tolerance was generally good and where side-effects were observed they were the same as those habitually encountered in patients treated with 5-FU and Ptc.  Ascitic effusion disappeared or reduced by more than 50% in almost all cases. General condition thus improved.", "contents": "[Experience with chemotherapy in peritoneal carcinosis]. 5-FU i.v. and Ptc i.v. and intraperitoneally were used to treat 8 patients in the Ancona Oncology Centre suffering from metastatic peritoneal carcinosis. Tolerance was generally good and where side-effects were observed they were the same as those habitually encountered in patients treated with 5-FU and Ptc.  Ascitic effusion disappeared or reduced by more than 50% in almost all cases. General condition thus improved.", "PMID": 593583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4512", "title": "[Chemotherapeutic results in 62 cases of breast cancer in conjunction with several clinical variables].", "content": "Alkylating drugs, alkylating drugs + antimetabolites, and alkylating drugs + antimetabolites + Vinblastine were used to treat 62 patients. The results were assessed in terms of Karnofsky's classes and related to the following parameters: age, free interval, menopausal status, results of prior endocrine management, site of dominant metastases, length of survival. 44 failures (71%) and 18 objective responses (29%) were noted. A mean survival of 17.3 months was noted for the entire series. Subjects who failed to respond survived an average of 14 months, as opposed to 25.5 months for the responders. This difference was just significant. No relation could be shown between the results and the other parameters, whereas that between the results and the length of survival was highly significant. It is clear that the variables considered cannot be relied upon in predicting the outcome of chemotherapeutical management. If the latter is effective, however, survival will almost certainly be prolonged.", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutic results in 62 cases of breast cancer in conjunction with several clinical variables]. Alkylating drugs, alkylating drugs + antimetabolites, and alkylating drugs + antimetabolites + Vinblastine were used to treat 62 patients. The results were assessed in terms of Karnofsky's classes and related to the following parameters: age, free interval, menopausal status, results of prior endocrine management, site of dominant metastases, length of survival. 44 failures (71%) and 18 objective responses (29%) were noted. A mean survival of 17.3 months was noted for the entire series. Subjects who failed to respond survived an average of 14 months, as opposed to 25.5 months for the responders. This difference was just significant. No relation could be shown between the results and the other parameters, whereas that between the results and the length of survival was highly significant. It is clear that the variables considered cannot be relied upon in predicting the outcome of chemotherapeutical management. If the latter is effective, however, survival will almost certainly be prolonged.", "PMID": 593584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4513", "title": "[Renal tubular acidosis during a course of liver cirrhosis].", "content": "In a group of 23 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis, metabolic acidosis was always observed, in most cases corrected by respiratory alkalosis. In 8,6% of cases a tubular renal acidosis (type I), in 8,6% (type II) and 8,6% a loss of urinary bicarbonate without acidosis were observed.", "contents": "[Renal tubular acidosis during a course of liver cirrhosis]. In a group of 23 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis, metabolic acidosis was always observed, in most cases corrected by respiratory alkalosis. In 8,6% of cases a tubular renal acidosis (type I), in 8,6% (type II) and 8,6% a loss of urinary bicarbonate without acidosis were observed.", "PMID": 593585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4514", "title": "[Local regional recurrences after radical mastectomy. Studies of 50 cases].", "content": "Resection of locoregional recurrences was performed after mastectomy in 50 cases in the period 1961-1974. An incidence of 2% to 35% is reported for such recurrences, which are due to a variety of factors. In the present series, attention was directed to age at mastectomy and at recurrence, size of primary tumour, presence of axillary metastases, and details of menarche, menopause and pregnancy. Mean age at mastectomy was 50 yr and at recurrence 53 yr. Tumour diameter ranged from 2 to 5 cm in 73% of cases. Lympho node metastases were present in 42%. In 80%, the recurrence was paracicatricial, in 13% parasternal, and in 7% axillary. Treatment consisted of resection, radiochemotherapy or endocrino-ablative management.", "contents": "[Local regional recurrences after radical mastectomy. Studies of 50 cases]. Resection of locoregional recurrences was performed after mastectomy in 50 cases in the period 1961-1974. An incidence of 2% to 35% is reported for such recurrences, which are due to a variety of factors. In the present series, attention was directed to age at mastectomy and at recurrence, size of primary tumour, presence of axillary metastases, and details of menarche, menopause and pregnancy. Mean age at mastectomy was 50 yr and at recurrence 53 yr. Tumour diameter ranged from 2 to 5 cm in 73% of cases. Lympho node metastases were present in 42%. In 80%, the recurrence was paracicatricial, in 13% parasternal, and in 7% axillary. Treatment consisted of resection, radiochemotherapy or endocrino-ablative management.", "PMID": 593586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4515", "title": "[Epidemiological study of diabetes in the occupational environment].", "content": "Fasting blood sugar was determined in 277 subjects with early forms of silicosis during statutory outpatient examinations. Values were related to the clinical and occupational history and objective and blood chemistry parameters. The results showed that epidemiological examination is useful in the prevention and early diagnosis of diabetes in occupational environments.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of diabetes in the occupational environment]. Fasting blood sugar was determined in 277 subjects with early forms of silicosis during statutory outpatient examinations. Values were related to the clinical and occupational history and objective and blood chemistry parameters. The results showed that epidemiological examination is useful in the prevention and early diagnosis of diabetes in occupational environments.", "PMID": 593587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4516", "title": "[Acupunctural electric anesthesia. Comparison between the traditional Chinese technic and combined technic. Preliminary notes].", "content": "This preliminary note presents the anaesthetic results obtained in a series of general surgical operations using electro-acupuncture. Comparison between operations carried out under pure acupuncture analgesia of Chinese type and those under combined or mixed electroacupunctural anaesthesia (which involves induction with low doses of drugs and maintenance only by means of acupuncture), shows the evident advantages of the second type in almost all operations.", "contents": "[Acupunctural electric anesthesia. Comparison between the traditional Chinese technic and combined technic. Preliminary notes]. This preliminary note presents the anaesthetic results obtained in a series of general surgical operations using electro-acupuncture. Comparison between operations carried out under pure acupuncture analgesia of Chinese type and those under combined or mixed electroacupunctural anaesthesia (which involves induction with low doses of drugs and maintenance only by means of acupuncture), shows the evident advantages of the second type in almost all operations.", "PMID": 593598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4517", "title": "[Use of common glass in radiation protection].", "content": "The X-ray absorption meter (Diagnostic energy between 20-60 Kev) of common place-glass has been studied. The possibility of replacing lead glass with a reinforced type, also very cheap, has been examined.", "contents": "[Use of common glass in radiation protection]. The X-ray absorption meter (Diagnostic energy between 20-60 Kev) of common place-glass has been studied. The possibility of replacing lead glass with a reinforced type, also very cheap, has been examined.", "PMID": 593603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4518", "title": "[HBsAg in the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. General notes and data on the incidence in Umbria].", "content": "What is known about HBsAg and its usefulness in the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis is briefly discussed. Personal data concerning its presence in the population of Umbria by application of electrosyneresis and inverse haemagglutination techniques are presented. As usual, the latter technique proved more reliable.", "contents": "[HBsAg in the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. General notes and data on the incidence in Umbria]. What is known about HBsAg and its usefulness in the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis is briefly discussed. Personal data concerning its presence in the population of Umbria by application of electrosyneresis and inverse haemagglutination techniques are presented. As usual, the latter technique proved more reliable.", "PMID": 593604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4519", "title": "[Home dialysis. Review of clinical organizational and management problems encountered in more than 6 years of activity].", "content": "Together with other forms of self-dialysis (including limited assistance and self-service), home dialysis keeps down cost to much lower levels than those ruling within the hospital. Self-management, which is a common factor of various types of extra-hospital dialysis, also enables the patient to fit in better to society and, in the majority of cases, offers complete working rehabilitation by way of deeper consciousness of his disease and of the various treatments for it. Personal experience of home dialysis covering 6 years activity in the sector is reported. 91 patients have been trained in self-management and 65 of these have already been sent home or are about to be. The most important problems tackled over this period are examined and the experience analysed. Particular reference is made to clinical, organizational and management problems. The paper thus forms a practical guide for those wishing to direct their efforts towards a home dialysis programme.", "contents": "[Home dialysis. Review of clinical organizational and management problems encountered in more than 6 years of activity]. Together with other forms of self-dialysis (including limited assistance and self-service), home dialysis keeps down cost to much lower levels than those ruling within the hospital. Self-management, which is a common factor of various types of extra-hospital dialysis, also enables the patient to fit in better to society and, in the majority of cases, offers complete working rehabilitation by way of deeper consciousness of his disease and of the various treatments for it. Personal experience of home dialysis covering 6 years activity in the sector is reported. 91 patients have been trained in self-management and 65 of these have already been sent home or are about to be. The most important problems tackled over this period are examined and the experience analysed. Particular reference is made to clinical, organizational and management problems. The paper thus forms a practical guide for those wishing to direct their efforts towards a home dialysis programme.", "PMID": 593605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4520", "title": "[Case of bullous pneumopathy in an adult].", "content": "A case of bullous pneumopathy in an elderly subject is reported. The particular localization of the pneumonic process at the base of the left lung led to an initial suspicion of diaphragmatic relaxation. Subsequent development and the onset of pneumatoceles within the non-infiltrated pulmonary parenchyma led to a definite diagnosis of bullous pneumopathy which, from its clinico-radiological course, was attributed to a staphylococcic aetiology. Toxic-infective state with leucocytosis and polynucleosis; variability of radiological pictures; early pleural picture; sensitivity to Cephaloridine (which in the present case probably confined the condition to the left lung only); the benign course of the disease; all these elements pointed to staphylococcic bullous pneumopathy in the absence of any cultural demonstration. The different disease conditions in which pneumatoceles occur are reviewed along with the possible mechanisms for their formation.", "contents": "[Case of bullous pneumopathy in an adult]. A case of bullous pneumopathy in an elderly subject is reported. The particular localization of the pneumonic process at the base of the left lung led to an initial suspicion of diaphragmatic relaxation. Subsequent development and the onset of pneumatoceles within the non-infiltrated pulmonary parenchyma led to a definite diagnosis of bullous pneumopathy which, from its clinico-radiological course, was attributed to a staphylococcic aetiology. Toxic-infective state with leucocytosis and polynucleosis; variability of radiological pictures; early pleural picture; sensitivity to Cephaloridine (which in the present case probably confined the condition to the left lung only); the benign course of the disease; all these elements pointed to staphylococcic bullous pneumopathy in the absence of any cultural demonstration. The different disease conditions in which pneumatoceles occur are reviewed along with the possible mechanisms for their formation.", "PMID": 593606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4521", "title": "Tumoristatic effects of nonimmune BALB/c peritoneal macrophages on syngeneic lymphoma cells in vitro.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from unstimulated nonimmune BALB/c mice exerted nonspecific cytostatic effects of tumor cells in vitro. Incubation of syngeneic B40 lymphoma or allogeneic B16 melanoma cells with peritoneal macrophages or with macrophage culture supernatant fluids (SF) resulted in decreased target cell DNA synthesis and growth; in contrast, nontumorigenic syngeneic 3T3 fibroblasts were stimulated by macrophages but SF exerted no significant effects. Lipopolysaccharide activation of macrophages did not induce cytotoxicity for any target cell tested, and did not enhance the observed tumoristatic effects. The level of tumor inhibition associated with macrophage culture SF was dependent upon the concentration of fetal calf serum present in the medium as well as upon the numbers of macrophages cultured. Inhibitory SF could be harvested continuously from macrophage cultures for at least 7 days with no appreciable loss of activity.", "contents": "Tumoristatic effects of nonimmune BALB/c peritoneal macrophages on syngeneic lymphoma cells in vitro. Peritoneal macrophages from unstimulated nonimmune BALB/c mice exerted nonspecific cytostatic effects of tumor cells in vitro. Incubation of syngeneic B40 lymphoma or allogeneic B16 melanoma cells with peritoneal macrophages or with macrophage culture supernatant fluids (SF) resulted in decreased target cell DNA synthesis and growth; in contrast, nontumorigenic syngeneic 3T3 fibroblasts were stimulated by macrophages but SF exerted no significant effects. Lipopolysaccharide activation of macrophages did not induce cytotoxicity for any target cell tested, and did not enhance the observed tumoristatic effects. The level of tumor inhibition associated with macrophage culture SF was dependent upon the concentration of fetal calf serum present in the medium as well as upon the numbers of macrophages cultured. Inhibitory SF could be harvested continuously from macrophage cultures for at least 7 days with no appreciable loss of activity.", "PMID": 593652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4522", "title": "Characterisation of human malignant melanoma cell lines. VI. Inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake by normal stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured human malignant melanoma cells, when added to normal human lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate by mitogen or antigen, were found to inhibit the uptake of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) by the lymphocytes. A heat-labile factor present in the supernatants of the melanoma cultures is responsible for inhibition. Cell viability and blastogenesis are unimpaired in the lymphocyte cultures containing the inhibitor. Inhibition of 3H-deoxyuridine uptake was also noted indicating that both salvage and de novo pathways of DNA synthesis are involved. Lymphocytes appear to be preferentially affected as cultured colon cancer cells take up 3H-T normally in the presence of the inhibitor. Normal mitotic indices and biochemical estimation of DNA content in lymphocyte cultures containing the inhibitory factor indicate that DNA synthesis does proceed normally. The mechanisms of action of the inhibitor would appear to involve alteration of exogenous nucleoside rather than a metabolic inhibition of intracellular nucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Characterisation of human malignant melanoma cell lines. VI. Inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake by normal stimulated lymphocytes. Cultured human malignant melanoma cells, when added to normal human lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate by mitogen or antigen, were found to inhibit the uptake of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) by the lymphocytes. A heat-labile factor present in the supernatants of the melanoma cultures is responsible for inhibition. Cell viability and blastogenesis are unimpaired in the lymphocyte cultures containing the inhibitor. Inhibition of 3H-deoxyuridine uptake was also noted indicating that both salvage and de novo pathways of DNA synthesis are involved. Lymphocytes appear to be preferentially affected as cultured colon cancer cells take up 3H-T normally in the presence of the inhibitor. Normal mitotic indices and biochemical estimation of DNA content in lymphocyte cultures containing the inhibitory factor indicate that DNA synthesis does proceed normally. The mechanisms of action of the inhibitor would appear to involve alteration of exogenous nucleoside rather than a metabolic inhibition of intracellular nucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 593653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4523", "title": "Colonic neoplasms in mice produced with six injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "A highly effective but reduced injection schedule for the induction of the colon cancer in CF1 female mice is reported using 6 subcutaneous inoculations of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine at a dose level of 20 mg/kg body weight. Between the 20th and 45th week of the experiment, 83% of the animals were tumor-bearing with a frequency of 2.1 colonic neoplasms macroscopically visible per mouse. Tumors were isolated in nature and primarily located in the distal large bowel. Some degree of carpeting of the colonic mucosa and uncountable numbers fo tumors occurred in 30% of mice and these areas of confluent neoplasms also occurred predominantly in the distal colon. This spectrum of distribution of tumors closely parallels that seen in man thus enhancing the value of this time conserving colon tumor model.", "contents": "Colonic neoplasms in mice produced with six injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. A highly effective but reduced injection schedule for the induction of the colon cancer in CF1 female mice is reported using 6 subcutaneous inoculations of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine at a dose level of 20 mg/kg body weight. Between the 20th and 45th week of the experiment, 83% of the animals were tumor-bearing with a frequency of 2.1 colonic neoplasms macroscopically visible per mouse. Tumors were isolated in nature and primarily located in the distal large bowel. Some degree of carpeting of the colonic mucosa and uncountable numbers fo tumors occurred in 30% of mice and these areas of confluent neoplasms also occurred predominantly in the distal colon. This spectrum of distribution of tumors closely parallels that seen in man thus enhancing the value of this time conserving colon tumor model.", "PMID": 593654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4524", "title": "Hypersplenism in Hodgkin's disease: a report of three cases presenting with cytopenias.", "content": "A review of the last seventy-eight consecutive cases of Hodgkin's disease seen at our hospital revealed that two presented several hematologic cytopenias. These two cases and a similar case first seen at an associated hospital revealed pancytopenia in two and leukopenia in the third. All responded to splenectomy with hematologic improvement. All met the criteria for hypersplenism. This report illustrates that Hodgkin's disease can present cytopenias due to hypersplenism, and that early splenectomy can lead to hematologic improvement and tolerance of subsequent chemotherapy.", "contents": "Hypersplenism in Hodgkin's disease: a report of three cases presenting with cytopenias. A review of the last seventy-eight consecutive cases of Hodgkin's disease seen at our hospital revealed that two presented several hematologic cytopenias. These two cases and a similar case first seen at an associated hospital revealed pancytopenia in two and leukopenia in the third. All responded to splenectomy with hematologic improvement. All met the criteria for hypersplenism. This report illustrates that Hodgkin's disease can present cytopenias due to hypersplenism, and that early splenectomy can lead to hematologic improvement and tolerance of subsequent chemotherapy.", "PMID": 593655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4525", "title": "Crouzon disease in twins. Clinical and pathological contribution.", "content": "After a survey of cases in the literature reported, two cases of Crouzon disease, in monovular twins are described. The observation in twins and the opportunity of histologic examination of optic nerve, permitted some considerations in order to help in understanding this syndrome.", "contents": "Crouzon disease in twins. Clinical and pathological contribution. After a survey of cases in the literature reported, two cases of Crouzon disease, in monovular twins are described. The observation in twins and the opportunity of histologic examination of optic nerve, permitted some considerations in order to help in understanding this syndrome.", "PMID": 593656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4526", "title": "The close interrelationship between increased vascular retinal permeability and blood pressure level. Evidence from retinal fluorangiography.", "content": "A long-term study was done by means of interative fluorangiography on microvascular retinal permeability versus the blood pressure control carried out in 11 patients with a diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg and with retinal exudates, haemorrhages and oedema. No matter what the original disease was (i.e., essential, renovascular, endocrine hypertension or chronic nephropathy with terminal renal failure) the increased permeability appeared to be critically connected with the blood pressure level. Our results confirm that hypertension per se might be the cause of vascular permeability changes.", "contents": "The close interrelationship between increased vascular retinal permeability and blood pressure level. Evidence from retinal fluorangiography. A long-term study was done by means of interative fluorangiography on microvascular retinal permeability versus the blood pressure control carried out in 11 patients with a diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg and with retinal exudates, haemorrhages and oedema. No matter what the original disease was (i.e., essential, renovascular, endocrine hypertension or chronic nephropathy with terminal renal failure) the increased permeability appeared to be critically connected with the blood pressure level. Our results confirm that hypertension per se might be the cause of vascular permeability changes.", "PMID": 593657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4527", "title": "Ultrasonographic study of 100 emmetropic eyes.", "content": "The results of the ultrasonographic measurements of the ocular components in 100 emmetropic eyes of nearly the same age, are presented and the possible relations between the various ocular parameters are discussed. A definite correlation was found (1) between the eye length and the curvature radius of the anterior corneal surface; (2) between the eye length and the anterior chamber depth, and (3) between the eye length and the vitreous length. No correlation could be demonstrated between the lens thickness and the eye length. This fact shows that in the wide range of axial eye lengths in emmetropic eyes, the emmetropization effect of the lens can only be provided by a change in the curvature radius of the lens surfaces. The mean eye length of 100 emmetropic eyes was 23.37 mm.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic study of 100 emmetropic eyes. The results of the ultrasonographic measurements of the ocular components in 100 emmetropic eyes of nearly the same age, are presented and the possible relations between the various ocular parameters are discussed. A definite correlation was found (1) between the eye length and the curvature radius of the anterior corneal surface; (2) between the eye length and the anterior chamber depth, and (3) between the eye length and the vitreous length. No correlation could be demonstrated between the lens thickness and the eye length. This fact shows that in the wide range of axial eye lengths in emmetropic eyes, the emmetropization effect of the lens can only be provided by a change in the curvature radius of the lens surfaces. The mean eye length of 100 emmetropic eyes was 23.37 mm.", "PMID": 593658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4528", "title": "Catecholamine content of the lacrimal fluid of healthy people and glaucoma patients.", "content": "The level of catecholamines was determined in the lacrimal fluid since it may serve as an index of the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. 86 persons aged between 35 and 65 years were studied. Of these, 49 were glaucoma patients, 16 patients had preglaucoma, and 21 practically healthy subjects served as a control. The results of the study showed that dopa and catecholamines: dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline can be determined in the lacrimal fluid of healthy people. Preglaucoma patients were found to have a reduced level of dopamine and its precursor dopa. Glaucoma patients were found to have reduced levels of dopa and noradrenaline. Determination of the level of catecholamine and dopa is considered to be an immediate index of the state of the sympathoadrenal system in the initial glaucoma. Determination of catecholamines and dopa in the lacrimal fluid can serve as a test in glaucoma diagnosis.", "contents": "Catecholamine content of the lacrimal fluid of healthy people and glaucoma patients. The level of catecholamines was determined in the lacrimal fluid since it may serve as an index of the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. 86 persons aged between 35 and 65 years were studied. Of these, 49 were glaucoma patients, 16 patients had preglaucoma, and 21 practically healthy subjects served as a control. The results of the study showed that dopa and catecholamines: dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline can be determined in the lacrimal fluid of healthy people. Preglaucoma patients were found to have a reduced level of dopamine and its precursor dopa. Glaucoma patients were found to have reduced levels of dopa and noradrenaline. Determination of the level of catecholamine and dopa is considered to be an immediate index of the state of the sympathoadrenal system in the initial glaucoma. Determination of catecholamines and dopa in the lacrimal fluid can serve as a test in glaucoma diagnosis.", "PMID": 593659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4529", "title": "How an American plaintiff's lawyer presents the spinal cord injury resulting from trauma.", "content": "The author, a lawyer, describes how he learns the full implications of how spinal cord injury has affected his client. He teaches this to the jury and by describing the economic effects of the injury and its effect of the patient and his family, he obtains the maximum financial compensation.", "contents": "How an American plaintiff's lawyer presents the spinal cord injury resulting from trauma. The author, a lawyer, describes how he learns the full implications of how spinal cord injury has affected his client. He teaches this to the jury and by describing the economic effects of the injury and its effect of the patient and his family, he obtains the maximum financial compensation.", "PMID": 593707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4530", "title": "Survival in marriage in the paraplegic couple: psychological study.", "content": "In the study of sexual functions and marital relations in 16 couples involving a normal female and a paraplegic male, married following the injury, it was found that a major source of dissatisfaction on the part of the wives was their inability to become pregnant and bear children. Sexual relations were surprisingly of secondary importance. Common in all 16 couples was the almost total lack of knowledge on the part of the woman about the man's sexual capabilities and the effect of his injury on fertility. Premarital counselling seems to be of primary importance in assuring the survival of such marriages. It may be useful to suggest they have premarital experience. Later, counselling should include the importance and advantages of artificial insemination donor treatment as a solution to infertility.", "contents": "Survival in marriage in the paraplegic couple: psychological study. In the study of sexual functions and marital relations in 16 couples involving a normal female and a paraplegic male, married following the injury, it was found that a major source of dissatisfaction on the part of the wives was their inability to become pregnant and bear children. Sexual relations were surprisingly of secondary importance. Common in all 16 couples was the almost total lack of knowledge on the part of the woman about the man's sexual capabilities and the effect of his injury on fertility. Premarital counselling seems to be of primary importance in assuring the survival of such marriages. It may be useful to suggest they have premarital experience. Later, counselling should include the importance and advantages of artificial insemination donor treatment as a solution to infertility.", "PMID": 593708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4531", "title": "Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord lesions.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with acute traumatic spinal cord lesions, who were admitted to our spinal unit during 1974, have been treated with calcium heparin, using a dosage of 5000-7500 i.u. at 12-hourly intervals from the first days after the lesion until the use of a wheelchair, as a prophylactic measure in order to prevent venous thromboembolism. Of these 21 patients 18 received this treatment continuously, with a resulting 0 per cent of venous thrombosis and 0 per cent of pulmonary embolisms. In the three remaining cases, treatment had to be temporarily interrupted and in one case clinical thrombo-phlebitis was clearly evident. No case of pulmonary embolism was registered. We consider this technique to be very useful in the prophylaxis of thrombo-embolic complications in this type of patient. The use of this type of prophylactic therapy, results and conclusions are discussed.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord lesions. Twenty-one patients with acute traumatic spinal cord lesions, who were admitted to our spinal unit during 1974, have been treated with calcium heparin, using a dosage of 5000-7500 i.u. at 12-hourly intervals from the first days after the lesion until the use of a wheelchair, as a prophylactic measure in order to prevent venous thromboembolism. Of these 21 patients 18 received this treatment continuously, with a resulting 0 per cent of venous thrombosis and 0 per cent of pulmonary embolisms. In the three remaining cases, treatment had to be temporarily interrupted and in one case clinical thrombo-phlebitis was clearly evident. No case of pulmonary embolism was registered. We consider this technique to be very useful in the prophylaxis of thrombo-embolic complications in this type of patient. The use of this type of prophylactic therapy, results and conclusions are discussed.", "PMID": 593709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4532", "title": "Is positive-contrast myelography of value in acute cervical spinal cord injury?", "content": "Positive-contrast myelography in 30 patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury has not provided any information of clinical value. Reference to the literature does not provide a definite set of indications for myelography in acute spinal cord injury. An attempt has therefore been made to evaluate the indications for this procedure. The potential hazards of myelography in patients with acute spinal cord injury are discussed. Specific contra-indications are described. Difficulties in the radiological interpretation of the usual myelographic appearances in spinal cord injury are mentioned. The advantages of negative-contrast myelography are briefly described. It is concluded that there is a very limited indication for positive-contrast myelography in acute spinal cord injury.", "contents": "Is positive-contrast myelography of value in acute cervical spinal cord injury? Positive-contrast myelography in 30 patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury has not provided any information of clinical value. Reference to the literature does not provide a definite set of indications for myelography in acute spinal cord injury. An attempt has therefore been made to evaluate the indications for this procedure. The potential hazards of myelography in patients with acute spinal cord injury are discussed. Specific contra-indications are described. Difficulties in the radiological interpretation of the usual myelographic appearances in spinal cord injury are mentioned. The advantages of negative-contrast myelography are briefly described. It is concluded that there is a very limited indication for positive-contrast myelography in acute spinal cord injury.", "PMID": 593710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4533", "title": "Flexion and supination deformities of the elbow in tetraplegics.", "content": "Fixed flexion and supination deformities of the elbow occur occasionally in tetraplegics. The patients in whom this was seen were those who following injury had a neurological level at C5 and who subsequently developed radial wrist extension and brachioradialis function. They were generally patients who spent long hours with their elbows flexed and supinated. A simple effective method of biceps tenotomy and plaster correction is described. Recurrence of deformity was seen if the flexion supination posture was continued. Strength of elbow flexion was not reduced. Patients maintained correction if they refrained from poor elbow posture and wore a simple plastic splint. The procedure of correction is not difficult and because of its simplicity it can be repeated if deformity recurs.", "contents": "Flexion and supination deformities of the elbow in tetraplegics. Fixed flexion and supination deformities of the elbow occur occasionally in tetraplegics. The patients in whom this was seen were those who following injury had a neurological level at C5 and who subsequently developed radial wrist extension and brachioradialis function. They were generally patients who spent long hours with their elbows flexed and supinated. A simple effective method of biceps tenotomy and plaster correction is described. Recurrence of deformity was seen if the flexion supination posture was continued. Strength of elbow flexion was not reduced. Patients maintained correction if they refrained from poor elbow posture and wore a simple plastic splint. The procedure of correction is not difficult and because of its simplicity it can be repeated if deformity recurs.", "PMID": 593711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4534", "title": "Topical or no anaesthesia for external urethral sphincterotomy in neurogenic vesical dysfunction due to spinal injury.", "content": "Considerable controversy exists regarding the ideal anaesthetic coverage for external urethral sphincterotomy in spinal injury patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. From this preliminary experience on 34 patients in whom this procedure was indicated and then attempted under topical (urethral instillation of 20 ml of 2 per cent Lignocaine jelly) or no anaesthesia, we are encouraged into believing that these patients may not require general or regional anaesthesia for this operation.", "contents": "Topical or no anaesthesia for external urethral sphincterotomy in neurogenic vesical dysfunction due to spinal injury. Considerable controversy exists regarding the ideal anaesthetic coverage for external urethral sphincterotomy in spinal injury patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. From this preliminary experience on 34 patients in whom this procedure was indicated and then attempted under topical (urethral instillation of 20 ml of 2 per cent Lignocaine jelly) or no anaesthesia, we are encouraged into believing that these patients may not require general or regional anaesthesia for this operation.", "PMID": 593712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4535", "title": "Some observations of 31 spinal cord injury patients on whom the Bricker procedure was performed.", "content": "Only one-half of 31 spinal cord injury patients had good to fair results following cutaneous uretero-ileostomy. Poor results and deaths with urinary complications were more prevalent in the cervical and upper thoracic than in the more caudad cord lesions. There was a spread of 1/2 to 19 years in time interval from onset of spinal cord injury to performance of the Bricker procedure. A tendency for unsatisfactory postoperative courses was more associated with the longer time intervals.", "contents": "Some observations of 31 spinal cord injury patients on whom the Bricker procedure was performed. Only one-half of 31 spinal cord injury patients had good to fair results following cutaneous uretero-ileostomy. Poor results and deaths with urinary complications were more prevalent in the cervical and upper thoracic than in the more caudad cord lesions. There was a spread of 1/2 to 19 years in time interval from onset of spinal cord injury to performance of the Bricker procedure. A tendency for unsatisfactory postoperative courses was more associated with the longer time intervals.", "PMID": 593713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4536", "title": "Electrodiagnostic investigation of motor neuron and spinal reflex arch (H-reflex) in spinal cord injury.", "content": "Twenty patients with spinal cord injury underwent serial electromyographic examinations. Fibrillation potentials and positive waves were noted in six patients in the spinal shock phase. In another subject, these potentials were found 27 months after injury. Our finding of significant slowing in the NCV of both nerves, indicates that lower motor neurons are indeed affected by upper motor neuron lesions. The H-reflex studies showed an increase in the mean H/M ratio. This may indicate an increase of reflex motor neuron excitability. No clear correlation was found between this increase and the degree of clinical spasticity. With repeat investigations, after a period of physical activity, a trend to reduction of the H/M ratio was noted with no clinical confirmation of reduction in spasticity. These findings emphasise the need for not assigning diagnostic terms to EMC abnormalities, but rather identifying them as neurophysiological changes which must be interpreted in the light of the clinical picture.", "contents": "Electrodiagnostic investigation of motor neuron and spinal reflex arch (H-reflex) in spinal cord injury. Twenty patients with spinal cord injury underwent serial electromyographic examinations. Fibrillation potentials and positive waves were noted in six patients in the spinal shock phase. In another subject, these potentials were found 27 months after injury. Our finding of significant slowing in the NCV of both nerves, indicates that lower motor neurons are indeed affected by upper motor neuron lesions. The H-reflex studies showed an increase in the mean H/M ratio. This may indicate an increase of reflex motor neuron excitability. No clear correlation was found between this increase and the degree of clinical spasticity. With repeat investigations, after a period of physical activity, a trend to reduction of the H/M ratio was noted with no clinical confirmation of reduction in spasticity. These findings emphasise the need for not assigning diagnostic terms to EMC abnormalities, but rather identifying them as neurophysiological changes which must be interpreted in the light of the clinical picture.", "PMID": 593714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4537", "title": "The flow-volume loop in tetraplegics.", "content": "We have studied the FVC and maximum flow-volume loop in 20 tetraplegics and the results have been compared with the predicted normal values. The FVC in sitting position is reduced at approximately half the normal predicted values and is significantly lower than in supine and Trendelenburg. At high lung volumes the flows are reduced at half the normal values. At low lung volumes the reduction is smaller (71.5 per cent).", "contents": "The flow-volume loop in tetraplegics. We have studied the FVC and maximum flow-volume loop in 20 tetraplegics and the results have been compared with the predicted normal values. The FVC in sitting position is reduced at approximately half the normal predicted values and is significantly lower than in supine and Trendelenburg. At high lung volumes the flows are reduced at half the normal values. At low lung volumes the reduction is smaller (71.5 per cent).", "PMID": 593715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4538", "title": "The use of multistage exercise testing with wheelchair ergometry and arm cranking in subjects with spinal cord lesions.", "content": "The primary aim of this investigation was to compare maximum wheelchair performance with arm cranking using a multistage progressive work load protocol. In five subjects with a wide range of neurological disability and two normal males the differences observed in maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate and ventilation during two forms of upper limbs exercise, were not significant.", "contents": "The use of multistage exercise testing with wheelchair ergometry and arm cranking in subjects with spinal cord lesions. The primary aim of this investigation was to compare maximum wheelchair performance with arm cranking using a multistage progressive work load protocol. In five subjects with a wide range of neurological disability and two normal males the differences observed in maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate and ventilation during two forms of upper limbs exercise, were not significant.", "PMID": 593716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4539", "title": "Histological and hormonal testicular changes in spinal cord patients.", "content": "Hormonal dosages and testicular biopsy are discussed in paraplegic patients of several neurological levels. There are no absolute biological criteria but histology showed slowing of spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Histological and hormonal testicular changes in spinal cord patients. Hormonal dosages and testicular biopsy are discussed in paraplegic patients of several neurological levels. There are no absolute biological criteria but histology showed slowing of spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 593717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4540", "title": "[Effect of the digestive process on the survival of the plague agent in Xenopsylla gerbilli Minax fleas].", "content": "Hystological investigations of experimentally infected X. gerbilli minax have shown that at the early stages of the digestion, while in the intestine compact clots of non-digested blood, are preserved, proceeds the reproduction of the plague agent. With the decay of the alimentary clot it changes into the dying off of the microbe population and after the ceasing of digestion the accumulation of bacteria renews again. Simultaneously with the changes in the number of microbes their morphology varies. At the initial stage of blood digestion bacilli typical for the agent are dominant. With the decay of the alimentary clot they are replaced by ovoid and spheroid forms. After the ceasing of the digestion cycle the microbe mass is represented by small coccobacteria. During the decrease in the plague agent abundance bacteria are absent mostly often from the midgut and posterior parts of the alimentary canal. Most favourable conditions for their preservation exist in this period in the proventriculus and in adjoining to it oesophagus part.", "contents": "[Effect of the digestive process on the survival of the plague agent in Xenopsylla gerbilli Minax fleas]. Hystological investigations of experimentally infected X. gerbilli minax have shown that at the early stages of the digestion, while in the intestine compact clots of non-digested blood, are preserved, proceeds the reproduction of the plague agent. With the decay of the alimentary clot it changes into the dying off of the microbe population and after the ceasing of digestion the accumulation of bacteria renews again. Simultaneously with the changes in the number of microbes their morphology varies. At the initial stage of blood digestion bacilli typical for the agent are dominant. With the decay of the alimentary clot they are replaced by ovoid and spheroid forms. After the ceasing of the digestion cycle the microbe mass is represented by small coccobacteria. During the decrease in the plague agent abundance bacteria are absent mostly often from the midgut and posterior parts of the alimentary canal. Most favourable conditions for their preservation exist in this period in the proventriculus and in adjoining to it oesophagus part.", "PMID": 593719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4541", "title": "[Suspecies criterion in ectoparasites (based on the example of bird lice)].", "content": "It has been proved on Mallophaga that the notion \"hostal subspecies\" can be applied at the level of intraspecies categories to constant parasites possessing, distinct specificity. The notion should be applied in those cases when there are but small differences between groups of parasites from different hosts (e. g. in sizes) and when hosts belong to different species of the same genus.", "contents": "[Suspecies criterion in ectoparasites (based on the example of bird lice)]. It has been proved on Mallophaga that the notion \"hostal subspecies\" can be applied at the level of intraspecies categories to constant parasites possessing, distinct specificity. The notion should be applied in those cases when there are but small differences between groups of parasites from different hosts (e. g. in sizes) and when hosts belong to different species of the same genus.", "PMID": 593718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4542", "title": "[Culicoides (Avaritia) sanguisuga, a new species of biting midges for the fauna of the USSR].", "content": "The occurrence in the USSR of C. (A.) sanguisuga Coq., a species recorded earlier only from North America has been stated. The species seems to have a wide distribution throughout the USSR. The description and figures of females and males collected in the south of Krasnojorsk territory are given. In the author's opinion the male of C. sanguisuga was repeatedly described in the Soviet literature but under other names (C. obsoletus, C. seimi). Morphological characters of females of four species of the subgenus Avaritia (C. sanguisuga, C. sinanoensis, C. chiopterus and C. filicinus) recorded from the region of observations are described.", "contents": "[Culicoides (Avaritia) sanguisuga, a new species of biting midges for the fauna of the USSR]. The occurrence in the USSR of C. (A.) sanguisuga Coq., a species recorded earlier only from North America has been stated. The species seems to have a wide distribution throughout the USSR. The description and figures of females and males collected in the south of Krasnojorsk territory are given. In the author's opinion the male of C. sanguisuga was repeatedly described in the Soviet literature but under other names (C. obsoletus, C. seimi). Morphological characters of females of four species of the subgenus Avaritia (C. sanguisuga, C. sinanoensis, C. chiopterus and C. filicinus) recorded from the region of observations are described.", "PMID": 593720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4543", "title": "[Sensory apparatus of the cercaria of 2 species of the genus Apatemon (Trematoda: Strigeidae)].", "content": "The sensory apparatus of cercariae of two species of trematodes (A. cobitidis and A. minor) is described. The species differ both morphologically and biologically. The only common feature in the sensory apparatus of the above species is the topography of sensillae in the posterior half of the lateral complex of the caudal trunk and of the furcal complex.", "contents": "[Sensory apparatus of the cercaria of 2 species of the genus Apatemon (Trematoda: Strigeidae)]. The sensory apparatus of cercariae of two species of trematodes (A. cobitidis and A. minor) is described. The species differ both morphologically and biologically. The only common feature in the sensory apparatus of the above species is the topography of sensillae in the posterior half of the lateral complex of the caudal trunk and of the furcal complex.", "PMID": 593721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4544", "title": "[Chromosomal apparatus of trematodes of the general Diplostomum and Tylodelphys (Strigeidida, Diplostomatidae) and its taxonomic significance].", "content": "The chromosomal apparatus of three species of trematodes of Diplostomum (D. spathaceum, D. indistinctum, D. mergi) and one species Tylodelphys (T. clavata) is described. It has been suggested that karyological investigations can be used for taxonomic purposes. The opinion has been expressed that the number of chromosomes in the karyotype of these trematodes plays no taxonomic role. Of great taxonomic significance are the size and morphology of chromosomes. Differences in karyotypes of trematodes belonging to different species and genera were revealed by these characters. The absence of close dependence between morphology of adult and specific peculiarities of karyotypes in species of the same genus enables in some cases the use of chromosomal apparatus as a most reliable criterion for a differentiation of close species.", "contents": "[Chromosomal apparatus of trematodes of the general Diplostomum and Tylodelphys (Strigeidida, Diplostomatidae) and its taxonomic significance]. The chromosomal apparatus of three species of trematodes of Diplostomum (D. spathaceum, D. indistinctum, D. mergi) and one species Tylodelphys (T. clavata) is described. It has been suggested that karyological investigations can be used for taxonomic purposes. The opinion has been expressed that the number of chromosomes in the karyotype of these trematodes plays no taxonomic role. Of great taxonomic significance are the size and morphology of chromosomes. Differences in karyotypes of trematodes belonging to different species and genera were revealed by these characters. The absence of close dependence between morphology of adult and specific peculiarities of karyotypes in species of the same genus enables in some cases the use of chromosomal apparatus as a most reliable criterion for a differentiation of close species.", "PMID": 593722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4545", "title": "Eimeria stiedai in rabbits: the presence of an oocyst residuum.", "content": "Observations on 5 different isolates of Eimeria stiedai from pure infections in laboratory-reared rabbits have confirmed the presence of an oocyst residuum. This structure was seen in 89--100% of the oocytes in cultures prepared both from the liver and from the faeces at different times during the patent period. The residuum consisted of 1--7 or more granules situated centrally in the oocyst and partially concealed by 4 sporocysts. The differential diagnosis of E. stiedai and E. coecicola is discussed.", "contents": "Eimeria stiedai in rabbits: the presence of an oocyst residuum. Observations on 5 different isolates of Eimeria stiedai from pure infections in laboratory-reared rabbits have confirmed the presence of an oocyst residuum. This structure was seen in 89--100% of the oocytes in cultures prepared both from the liver and from the faeces at different times during the patent period. The residuum consisted of 1--7 or more granules situated centrally in the oocyst and partially concealed by 4 sporocysts. The differential diagnosis of E. stiedai and E. coecicola is discussed.", "PMID": 593726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4546", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: differential cell death associated with in vitro culture and treatment with Astiban (Roche).", "content": "A simple technique for the maintenance in vitro of mature Schistosoma mansoni is described and critically assessed at the ultrastructural level. Females were cultured for 4--6 days with no apparent ultrastructural change, but after this period changes appeared in the cells of the ovary and vitelline gland. At a later stage (10--12 days) lipid bodies appeared in the parenchyma cells. These changes occurred in worms which were active, paired with males and were egg-laying. Thus the activity, pairing behaviour and egg-laying characteristics are not adequate to reveal the true morphological condition and presumably the physiological and biochemical status of cultured worms. This technique was used to study the effect of Astiban on females and the results were compared with worms treated in vivo. Astiban concentrations greater than 30 microgram/ml killed worms within 7--20 h and acted non-selectively. Astiban at low concentrations (10 microgram/ml) during short-term culture (1--3 h) resulted in a selective action of the drug on maturing vitelline cells. Thus, although the degree of cell damage caused by drug treatment was more severe and occurred earlier than the effects observed in worms cultured in vitro without drugs, both treatments resulted in differential cell death.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: differential cell death associated with in vitro culture and treatment with Astiban (Roche). A simple technique for the maintenance in vitro of mature Schistosoma mansoni is described and critically assessed at the ultrastructural level. Females were cultured for 4--6 days with no apparent ultrastructural change, but after this period changes appeared in the cells of the ovary and vitelline gland. At a later stage (10--12 days) lipid bodies appeared in the parenchyma cells. These changes occurred in worms which were active, paired with males and were egg-laying. Thus the activity, pairing behaviour and egg-laying characteristics are not adequate to reveal the true morphological condition and presumably the physiological and biochemical status of cultured worms. This technique was used to study the effect of Astiban on females and the results were compared with worms treated in vivo. Astiban concentrations greater than 30 microgram/ml killed worms within 7--20 h and acted non-selectively. Astiban at low concentrations (10 microgram/ml) during short-term culture (1--3 h) resulted in a selective action of the drug on maturing vitelline cells. Thus, although the degree of cell damage caused by drug treatment was more severe and occurred earlier than the effects observed in worms cultured in vitro without drugs, both treatments resulted in differential cell death.", "PMID": 593727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4547", "title": "[Parasitic fauna of the muskrat from the Upper Ob' pine forest].", "content": "The gamasid mites Laelaps multispinosus and Hirstionyssus isabellinus, flea Ceratophyllus (Megabotris) rectangulatus, trematodes Plagiorchis proximus, P. eutamiatis, P. obensis, P. multiglandularis, Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis and Opisthorchis felineus, cestodes Aprostotandria macrocephala and Alveococcus multilocularis, larvae, were found in 78 specimens of Ondatra zibethica from water bodies of the Upper Ob pine forest. The mite L. multispinosus is reported as the most abundant ectoparasite of this population of the muskrat. As to helminths most abundant and frequently encountered are Q. Quinqueserialis and A. macrocephala which at high infection intensity can cause decrease in the muskrat abundance.", "contents": "[Parasitic fauna of the muskrat from the Upper Ob' pine forest]. The gamasid mites Laelaps multispinosus and Hirstionyssus isabellinus, flea Ceratophyllus (Megabotris) rectangulatus, trematodes Plagiorchis proximus, P. eutamiatis, P. obensis, P. multiglandularis, Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis and Opisthorchis felineus, cestodes Aprostotandria macrocephala and Alveococcus multilocularis, larvae, were found in 78 specimens of Ondatra zibethica from water bodies of the Upper Ob pine forest. The mite L. multispinosus is reported as the most abundant ectoparasite of this population of the muskrat. As to helminths most abundant and frequently encountered are Q. Quinqueserialis and A. macrocephala which at high infection intensity can cause decrease in the muskrat abundance.", "PMID": 593723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4548", "title": "Uptake of [14C]oxamniquine by Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The uptake and retention of drug-related material by Schistosoma mansoni was studied in the mouse host following a single oral or intramuscular dose (50 mg/kg) of [14C]oxamniquine. Male worms took up more labelled material than did female worms but the amount in each particular sex of worm was found to be similar after both routes of administration. Exposure of worms was therefore independent of the route of administration. Six days after drug administration, at the time of an hepatic shift, significantly more drug-related material was present in male worms than in female worms. Examination of worms recovered from mice 4 h after treatment showed that metabolites of oxamniquine constituted 70--90% of the drug-related material present in the worms. Both sexes of worms were able to take up metabolites of oxamniquine in vitro.", "contents": "Uptake of [14C]oxamniquine by Schistosoma mansoni. The uptake and retention of drug-related material by Schistosoma mansoni was studied in the mouse host following a single oral or intramuscular dose (50 mg/kg) of [14C]oxamniquine. Male worms took up more labelled material than did female worms but the amount in each particular sex of worm was found to be similar after both routes of administration. Exposure of worms was therefore independent of the route of administration. Six days after drug administration, at the time of an hepatic shift, significantly more drug-related material was present in male worms than in female worms. Examination of worms recovered from mice 4 h after treatment showed that metabolites of oxamniquine constituted 70--90% of the drug-related material present in the worms. Both sexes of worms were able to take up metabolites of oxamniquine in vitro.", "PMID": 593728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4549", "title": "Impairment of primary expulsion of Trichuris muris in mice concurrently infected with Nematospiroides dubius.", "content": "Primary immune expulsion of Trichuris muris was markedly delayed by concurrent infection with Nematospiroides dubius. Maximum delay of expulsion was dependent on size and timing of N. dubius infection relative to T. muris infection. In NIH mice infection with 400 N. dubius larvae immediately before or after T. muris infection was found to be most effective in suppressing expulsion. Infection on day 8 of T. muris infection, when mice are sensitized to T. muris, also impaired expulsion. From this evidence it is suggested that the larvae of N. dubius are immunosuppressive and that the efferent role of the immune response to T. muris is inhibited. The results are discussed in terms of non-specific immunosuppression and their relevance to the tropical disease situation is emphasized.", "contents": "Impairment of primary expulsion of Trichuris muris in mice concurrently infected with Nematospiroides dubius. Primary immune expulsion of Trichuris muris was markedly delayed by concurrent infection with Nematospiroides dubius. Maximum delay of expulsion was dependent on size and timing of N. dubius infection relative to T. muris infection. In NIH mice infection with 400 N. dubius larvae immediately before or after T. muris infection was found to be most effective in suppressing expulsion. Infection on day 8 of T. muris infection, when mice are sensitized to T. muris, also impaired expulsion. From this evidence it is suggested that the larvae of N. dubius are immunosuppressive and that the efferent role of the immune response to T. muris is inhibited. The results are discussed in terms of non-specific immunosuppression and their relevance to the tropical disease situation is emphasized.", "PMID": 593729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4550", "title": "Effect of the expulsion phase of Trichinella spiralis on Hymenolepis diminuta infection in mice.", "content": "The rapid elimination of the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis in NIH mice is associated with progressive inflammation of the intestinal tract. The non-specific effects of this inflammation were studied in mice concurrently infected with an unrelated parasite, Hymenolepis diminuta, which does not stimulate a visible inflammatory response but is also immunologically rejected by this strain of mice. It was demonstrated that the rejection phase of T. spiralis infection had a marked effect upon the growth and survival of H. diminuta. The cestode either failed to establish or to grow; if the worms were already strobilate when inflammation developed then destrobilation occurred. There was no cross-immunity between the parasites, nor was the interaction a direct consequence of inter-specific competition.", "contents": "Effect of the expulsion phase of Trichinella spiralis on Hymenolepis diminuta infection in mice. The rapid elimination of the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis in NIH mice is associated with progressive inflammation of the intestinal tract. The non-specific effects of this inflammation were studied in mice concurrently infected with an unrelated parasite, Hymenolepis diminuta, which does not stimulate a visible inflammatory response but is also immunologically rejected by this strain of mice. It was demonstrated that the rejection phase of T. spiralis infection had a marked effect upon the growth and survival of H. diminuta. The cestode either failed to establish or to grow; if the worms were already strobilate when inflammation developed then destrobilation occurred. There was no cross-immunity between the parasites, nor was the interaction a direct consequence of inter-specific competition.", "PMID": 593730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4551", "title": "Experimental investigations on the behaviour of the cercariae of an ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense: general activity patterns.", "content": "The activity patterns of the cercariae of Transversotrema patialense have been examined by monitoring the behaviour of individual larvae. Records of three different behavioural modes, namely active, tail-first swimming, passive dropping and resting periods were made separately. The age- and temperature-dependence of the activity patterns during the spontaneously active life of the cercariae were examined and estimates made of the absolute speeds of swimming and dropping. Through the temperature range 25--32 degrees C, the spontaneously active life of cercariae declined from about 18 h to about 6 h. Within this interval, after an initial period of high activity rates, a gradual decline in activity followed. The decline was a result of a decreasing frequency of swimming events rather than any change in the durations of such events. The neural control and energetic significance of the cercarial activity patterns are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on the behaviour of the cercariae of an ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense: general activity patterns. The activity patterns of the cercariae of Transversotrema patialense have been examined by monitoring the behaviour of individual larvae. Records of three different behavioural modes, namely active, tail-first swimming, passive dropping and resting periods were made separately. The age- and temperature-dependence of the activity patterns during the spontaneously active life of the cercariae were examined and estimates made of the absolute speeds of swimming and dropping. Through the temperature range 25--32 degrees C, the spontaneously active life of cercariae declined from about 18 h to about 6 h. Within this interval, after an initial period of high activity rates, a gradual decline in activity followed. The decline was a result of a decreasing frequency of swimming events rather than any change in the durations of such events. The neural control and energetic significance of the cercarial activity patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 593731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4552", "title": "[Teredoika aspectabilis sp. n., a new endoparasitic copepod from the gastropod mollusc, Clinopegma unicum, in the Sea of Okhotsk].", "content": "A new species of the genus Teredoika Stock, 1959 is described. T. aspectabilis sp. n., the second species of the genus, was found in the kidney of Clinopegma unicum in the Okhotsk Sea while the type species is known from the stomach of the shipworm Teredo utriculus caught in the Gulf of Naples.", "contents": "[Teredoika aspectabilis sp. n., a new endoparasitic copepod from the gastropod mollusc, Clinopegma unicum, in the Sea of Okhotsk]. A new species of the genus Teredoika Stock, 1959 is described. T. aspectabilis sp. n., the second species of the genus, was found in the kidney of Clinopegma unicum in the Okhotsk Sea while the type species is known from the stomach of the shipworm Teredo utriculus caught in the Gulf of Naples.", "PMID": 593725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4553", "title": "Pathological changes in the appendix: a review of 1000 cases.", "content": "The pathological changes occurring in a series of 1000 consecutive appendicectomies are reviewed. Normal appendix was diagnosed in 14% of cases, while 561 (56%) exhibited acute appendicitis; 53 (5%) had chronic inflammatory infiltrate associated with obliteration of the lumen of the tip of the appendix. Epithelial abnormalities included carcinoid tumours (1.4%), and primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma (1 case). There were a large variety of other abnormalities found and each one is briefly described.", "contents": "Pathological changes in the appendix: a review of 1000 cases. The pathological changes occurring in a series of 1000 consecutive appendicectomies are reviewed. Normal appendix was diagnosed in 14% of cases, while 561 (56%) exhibited acute appendicitis; 53 (5%) had chronic inflammatory infiltrate associated with obliteration of the lumen of the tip of the appendix. Epithelial abnormalities included carcinoid tumours (1.4%), and primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma (1 case). There were a large variety of other abnormalities found and each one is briefly described.", "PMID": 593732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4554", "title": "Secretory (juvenile) carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A case of secretory (juvenile) carcinoma of the breast is reported in a 26-year-old multiparous woman who had been taking oral contraceptives for 7 months. The tumour recurred 8 months after local resection and axillary metastases were found at radical mastectomy. No further recurrence has been detected but the follow-up period is only 8 months. It is emphasized that secretory carcinoma of the breast originally described in children occurs also in adults. Early reports stressed the slow rate of growth, often with intervals of many years before recurrence, and the small risk of metastatic spread, many cases being cured by local resection. However, axillary metastases have been found in approximately 15% of the recorded cases. Consequently it is recommended that the initial treatment should be simple mastectomy with at least a low axillary resection.", "contents": "Secretory (juvenile) carcinoma of the breast. A case of secretory (juvenile) carcinoma of the breast is reported in a 26-year-old multiparous woman who had been taking oral contraceptives for 7 months. The tumour recurred 8 months after local resection and axillary metastases were found at radical mastectomy. No further recurrence has been detected but the follow-up period is only 8 months. It is emphasized that secretory carcinoma of the breast originally described in children occurs also in adults. Early reports stressed the slow rate of growth, often with intervals of many years before recurrence, and the small risk of metastatic spread, many cases being cured by local resection. However, axillary metastases have been found in approximately 15% of the recorded cases. Consequently it is recommended that the initial treatment should be simple mastectomy with at least a low axillary resection.", "PMID": 593733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4555", "title": "Lymphangiomyoma.", "content": "A case report is presented of the incidental finding of a lymphangiomyoma in a 50-year-old woman who underwent total hysterectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The condition seems to occur only in women after puberty and so far, has been mainly reported in association with chylothorax or chylous ascites. There is no evidence of any clinical complication more than 2 years after removal of the lesion. The lesion is most likely a hamartoma although the term lymphangiomyoma is acceptable. The term lymphangiomyomatosis is best reserved for the fully developed clinico-pathological syndrome.", "contents": "Lymphangiomyoma. A case report is presented of the incidental finding of a lymphangiomyoma in a 50-year-old woman who underwent total hysterectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The condition seems to occur only in women after puberty and so far, has been mainly reported in association with chylothorax or chylous ascites. There is no evidence of any clinical complication more than 2 years after removal of the lesion. The lesion is most likely a hamartoma although the term lymphangiomyoma is acceptable. The term lymphangiomyomatosis is best reserved for the fully developed clinico-pathological syndrome.", "PMID": 593734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4556", "title": "Multiple biogenic amine-secreting 'carcinoid' tumour of the stomach: a case report.", "content": "An unusual case of a gastric carcinoid tumour producing multiple biogenic amines is described in a patient with pernicious anaemia. Electron microscopy demonstrated two distinct types of secretory granules.", "contents": "Multiple biogenic amine-secreting 'carcinoid' tumour of the stomach: a case report. An unusual case of a gastric carcinoid tumour producing multiple biogenic amines is described in a patient with pernicious anaemia. Electron microscopy demonstrated two distinct types of secretory granules.", "PMID": 593735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4557", "title": "Human temporal behavior and discrimination-reversal learning.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that a relationship exists between individual differences in temporal behavior and individual differences in human discrimination-reversal learning behavior. When the results of performance on a time-estimation task employing the method of reproduction are compared with the results of acquisition performance on a complex form of discrimination-reversal learning task is can be demonstrated that underestimation of time is associated with faster learning and overestimation of time is associated with slower learning of the discrimination task. The experimental design was based on the historical fact that the Sechenov-Pavlov and Spence-Hull formulations assigned a primary role in learning to excitation and inhibition as intervening variables between the input of stimulation and output of response. The present study also used the tasks of time estimation and discrimination learning as dependent variables; and the concept that underestimation of time is associated with and underlying predominance of excitatory processes as a hypothetical construct. The conclusion was reached that one of the many theoretical processes which may be used to explain discrimination learning is the concept that acquisition of the correct response may be viewed as a function of the individual rates at which excitatory processes come to be conditioned to a predominance over existing inhibitory processes.", "contents": "Human temporal behavior and discrimination-reversal learning. The present study demonstrates that a relationship exists between individual differences in temporal behavior and individual differences in human discrimination-reversal learning behavior. When the results of performance on a time-estimation task employing the method of reproduction are compared with the results of acquisition performance on a complex form of discrimination-reversal learning task is can be demonstrated that underestimation of time is associated with faster learning and overestimation of time is associated with slower learning of the discrimination task. The experimental design was based on the historical fact that the Sechenov-Pavlov and Spence-Hull formulations assigned a primary role in learning to excitation and inhibition as intervening variables between the input of stimulation and output of response. The present study also used the tasks of time estimation and discrimination learning as dependent variables; and the concept that underestimation of time is associated with and underlying predominance of excitatory processes as a hypothetical construct. The conclusion was reached that one of the many theoretical processes which may be used to explain discrimination learning is the concept that acquisition of the correct response may be viewed as a function of the individual rates at which excitatory processes come to be conditioned to a predominance over existing inhibitory processes.", "PMID": 593736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4558", "title": "Studies of the glycine cleavage enzyme system in brain from infants with glycine encephalopathy.", "content": "Glycine content and enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage system were compared in autopsied brain from five infants dying with glycine encephalopathy and four control infants, including two with other types of hyperglycinemia. Glycine content was elevated 2- to 8-fold and glycine cleavage enzyme activity was undetectable in the brains of the glycine encephalopathy patients. Glycine content and enzyme activity were normal in the brains of the control patients, including one with ketotic hyperglycinemia secondary to methylmalonic acidemia. Prolonged dialysis failed to restore glycine cleavage enzyme activity in brain homogenates of glycine encephalopathy patients, and these homogenates failed to inhibit enzyme activity when added to homogenates of control brain. Radioactive bicarbonate was converted to radioactive glycine by control brain, but not by glycine encephalopathy brain. This finding, together with the results of recombination experiments between solubilized human brain enzymes and purified protein components of the bacterial glycine cleavage system of Arthrobacter globiformis, indicates that the enzyme defect in glycine encephalopathy involves at least the second or H protein of the 4-protein glycine cleavage enzyme system.", "contents": "Studies of the glycine cleavage enzyme system in brain from infants with glycine encephalopathy. Glycine content and enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage system were compared in autopsied brain from five infants dying with glycine encephalopathy and four control infants, including two with other types of hyperglycinemia. Glycine content was elevated 2- to 8-fold and glycine cleavage enzyme activity was undetectable in the brains of the glycine encephalopathy patients. Glycine content and enzyme activity were normal in the brains of the control patients, including one with ketotic hyperglycinemia secondary to methylmalonic acidemia. Prolonged dialysis failed to restore glycine cleavage enzyme activity in brain homogenates of glycine encephalopathy patients, and these homogenates failed to inhibit enzyme activity when added to homogenates of control brain. Radioactive bicarbonate was converted to radioactive glycine by control brain, but not by glycine encephalopathy brain. This finding, together with the results of recombination experiments between solubilized human brain enzymes and purified protein components of the bacterial glycine cleavage system of Arthrobacter globiformis, indicates that the enzyme defect in glycine encephalopathy involves at least the second or H protein of the 4-protein glycine cleavage enzyme system.", "PMID": 593763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4559", "title": "Visual motion detection models: features and frequency filters.", "content": "Two kinds of models have been proposed for taking into account the sensory processes at work in the detection of visual motion: the feature model and the frequency-filter model. The problem of the complementarity of these models is raised. On the basis of empirical data, it is proposed that they are consistent.", "contents": "Visual motion detection models: features and frequency filters. Two kinds of models have been proposed for taking into account the sensory processes at work in the detection of visual motion: the feature model and the frequency-filter model. The problem of the complementarity of these models is raised. On the basis of empirical data, it is proposed that they are consistent.", "PMID": 593785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4560", "title": "Area 18 of the cat: the first step in processing visual movement information.", "content": "In cats, responses of area 18 neurons to different moving patterns were measured. The influence of three movement parameters--direction, angular velocity, and amplitude of movement--were tested. The results indicate that in area 18 no ideal movement detector exists, but that simple and complex cells each perform complementary operations of primary visual areas, i.e. analysis and detection of movement.", "contents": "Area 18 of the cat: the first step in processing visual movement information. In cats, responses of area 18 neurons to different moving patterns were measured. The influence of three movement parameters--direction, angular velocity, and amplitude of movement--were tested. The results indicate that in area 18 no ideal movement detector exists, but that simple and complex cells each perform complementary operations of primary visual areas, i.e. analysis and detection of movement.", "PMID": 593786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4561", "title": "Developmental constraints of motion detection mechanisms in the kitten.", "content": "The influence of deprivation procedures on the development of motion detection mechanisms has been studied in twenty-two kittens. Superior colliculus neurons did not acquire direction selectivity and normal ocular dominance in animals reared in the dark or in stroboscopic light; Neuron immaturity persisted in spite of a five week additional recovery period in normal conditions. Exposure to unidirectional visual motion for 10 h during the fifth week ofpostnatal age produced an asymmetric development of the two superior colliculi. Finally, unilateral neonatal ablation of visual cortex permanently impaired development of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. In the same or in different animals, development of optokinetic nystagmus, a typical visuomotor response, was similarly influenced by the global or selective deprivation procedures. These results suggest that motion detection mechanisms (both afferent and efferent) strongly depend upon constraints imposed by the visual world during the first weeks of life.", "contents": "Developmental constraints of motion detection mechanisms in the kitten. The influence of deprivation procedures on the development of motion detection mechanisms has been studied in twenty-two kittens. Superior colliculus neurons did not acquire direction selectivity and normal ocular dominance in animals reared in the dark or in stroboscopic light; Neuron immaturity persisted in spite of a five week additional recovery period in normal conditions. Exposure to unidirectional visual motion for 10 h during the fifth week ofpostnatal age produced an asymmetric development of the two superior colliculi. Finally, unilateral neonatal ablation of visual cortex permanently impaired development of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. In the same or in different animals, development of optokinetic nystagmus, a typical visuomotor response, was similarly influenced by the global or selective deprivation procedures. These results suggest that motion detection mechanisms (both afferent and efferent) strongly depend upon constraints imposed by the visual world during the first weeks of life.", "PMID": 593787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4562", "title": "Perceptual grouping in audition.", "content": "The present experiments evaluated the effect of relative frequency as a determinant of the figure-ground organization of sequences of auditory tones. Observers counted sequences of 20 ms tones that were presented at the same frequency or that alternated between two different frequencies. The alternating tones differed in frequency by one whole tone, seven tones, or nineteen tones. Counting accuracy increased with increases in the silent interval between the tones. When the alternating tones differed by seven or nineteen tones, counting was disrupted at rates of presentation of eight tones per second or slower. In contrast to this decrement in the counting of tones that alternated by over an octave, very little decrement was observed when the tones alternated by just one whole tone. The best subjects counted these alternating tones more accurately than the tones presented at the same frequency. The poorest subjects showed a small decrement even when the tones alternated by just one whole tone. The results were discussed in terms of determinants of figure-ground organization in auditory information processing.", "contents": "Perceptual grouping in audition. The present experiments evaluated the effect of relative frequency as a determinant of the figure-ground organization of sequences of auditory tones. Observers counted sequences of 20 ms tones that were presented at the same frequency or that alternated between two different frequencies. The alternating tones differed in frequency by one whole tone, seven tones, or nineteen tones. Counting accuracy increased with increases in the silent interval between the tones. When the alternating tones differed by seven or nineteen tones, counting was disrupted at rates of presentation of eight tones per second or slower. In contrast to this decrement in the counting of tones that alternated by over an octave, very little decrement was observed when the tones alternated by just one whole tone. The best subjects counted these alternating tones more accurately than the tones presented at the same frequency. The poorest subjects showed a small decrement even when the tones alternated by just one whole tone. The results were discussed in terms of determinants of figure-ground organization in auditory information processing.", "PMID": 593788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4563", "title": "The perception of musical rhythm and metre.", "content": "The occurrence of relatively long notes, and the repetition of melodic phrases are important cues to the metre, or regular beat, of a piece of music. A model of how people use this information to infer the metre of unaccompanied melodies is described here. The model is in the form of a computer program, and involves a definition of melodic repetition which encompasses repetitions that include certain kinds of variation. The program has been applied to the task of analysing the metric structure of the forty-eight fugue subjects of the Well-Tempered Clavier by J S Bach. The program is discussed in relation to other models both of musical understanding and of sequential concept learning.", "contents": "The perception of musical rhythm and metre. The occurrence of relatively long notes, and the repetition of melodic phrases are important cues to the metre, or regular beat, of a piece of music. A model of how people use this information to infer the metre of unaccompanied melodies is described here. The model is in the form of a computer program, and involves a definition of melodic repetition which encompasses repetitions that include certain kinds of variation. The program has been applied to the task of analysing the metric structure of the forty-eight fugue subjects of the Well-Tempered Clavier by J S Bach. The program is discussed in relation to other models both of musical understanding and of sequential concept learning.", "PMID": 593789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4564", "title": "Expanding angles? Systematic distortions of space involving angular figures.", "content": "Using simple, single angular figures, including figures containing only one line, we have shown systematic misestimations of distance defined by these figures. These misestimations are not related to the absolute distance per se, but are related both to the size of the angle defining the distance, and to the part of the angle defining it. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Expanding angles? Systematic distortions of space involving angular figures. Using simple, single angular figures, including figures containing only one line, we have shown systematic misestimations of distance defined by these figures. These misestimations are not related to the absolute distance per se, but are related both to the size of the angle defining the distance, and to the part of the angle defining it. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 593790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4565", "title": "Visual stimuli for strabismic suppression.", "content": "The effects of orientation and spatial frequency of grating stimuli upon suppression were examined with a binocular rivalry paradigm in a group of ten strabismic patients and in a control normal group. Duration, frequency, and period of rivalry were examined as functions of differences in orientation and spatial frequency of dichoptic achromatic sinusoidal gratings. Records were made of responses by the sighting and by the nonsighting eye as well as responses during periods of combined binocular vision. Strabismic subjects reported normal binocular rivalry when presented with gratings of dissimilar orientation. Suppression of the deviating eye in strabismic subjects occurred with stimuli of similar orientation and was unaffected by spatial-frequency differences between dichoptic stimuli. Suppression was most intense under conditions that normally stimulate stereopsis and sensory fusion.", "contents": "Visual stimuli for strabismic suppression. The effects of orientation and spatial frequency of grating stimuli upon suppression were examined with a binocular rivalry paradigm in a group of ten strabismic patients and in a control normal group. Duration, frequency, and period of rivalry were examined as functions of differences in orientation and spatial frequency of dichoptic achromatic sinusoidal gratings. Records were made of responses by the sighting and by the nonsighting eye as well as responses during periods of combined binocular vision. Strabismic subjects reported normal binocular rivalry when presented with gratings of dissimilar orientation. Suppression of the deviating eye in strabismic subjects occurred with stimuli of similar orientation and was unaffected by spatial-frequency differences between dichoptic stimuli. Suppression was most intense under conditions that normally stimulate stereopsis and sensory fusion.", "PMID": 593791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4566", "title": "Perceived bending motions from a quadrangle changing form.", "content": "In an earlier study by Jansson and Johansson it was found that rotation of a rigid object is perceptually preferred over bending motion, and that bending motion in turn is preferred over two-dimensional stretching. The aim of the present experiment was to study if the same preference order is retained also when the proximal stimuli are changing in a physically more complex way. The stimuli were quadrangular outline figures with two stationary and two moving corners; the figures differed in degree of phase lag between the motions of the two corners. The result was that the preference order found earlier was retained. It was also found that the relative frequency of two subcategories of bending motion, bending proper and folding, varied with phase lag. The relation of the result to a principle of minimum object change was discussed.", "contents": "Perceived bending motions from a quadrangle changing form. In an earlier study by Jansson and Johansson it was found that rotation of a rigid object is perceptually preferred over bending motion, and that bending motion in turn is preferred over two-dimensional stretching. The aim of the present experiment was to study if the same preference order is retained also when the proximal stimuli are changing in a physically more complex way. The stimuli were quadrangular outline figures with two stationary and two moving corners; the figures differed in degree of phase lag between the motions of the two corners. The result was that the preference order found earlier was retained. It was also found that the relative frequency of two subcategories of bending motion, bending proper and folding, varied with phase lag. The relation of the result to a principle of minimum object change was discussed.", "PMID": 593792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4567", "title": "Illusory line linking solid rods.", "content": "A solid object--a frame enclosing rods--can be seen as having an illusory 'line' joining the tips of the rods.", "contents": "Illusory line linking solid rods. A solid object--a frame enclosing rods--can be seen as having an illusory 'line' joining the tips of the rods.", "PMID": 593793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4568", "title": "Pleuropneumonia in swine caused by Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. A study of the epidemiology of the infection.", "content": "Haemophilus parahaemolyticus infection was studied in a herd with continuous production, i.e., continuous introduction of stock to replace animals delivered for slaughter. None of 30 seronegative pigs contracted the infection when exposed to contact with two pigs that were seropositive after inoculation with H. Parahaemolyticus three weeks earlier. After aerosol infection had been applied in the building an acute outbreak with a morbidity rate of 100 per cent developed in less than 24 hours. Following recovery the majority of the 16 pigs present became seropositive, and when 30 seronegative pigs were introduced 7 weeks later, antibody response occurred in three of them. The persistence of H. parahaemolyticus in pigs that had been infected during the acute outbreak was confirmed at slaughter, in that the organism was re-isolated from the tonsils of 2 of these pigs. Most serum titres persisted for several months, but some animals showed just a transient antibody response.", "contents": "Pleuropneumonia in swine caused by Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. A study of the epidemiology of the infection. Haemophilus parahaemolyticus infection was studied in a herd with continuous production, i.e., continuous introduction of stock to replace animals delivered for slaughter. None of 30 seronegative pigs contracted the infection when exposed to contact with two pigs that were seropositive after inoculation with H. Parahaemolyticus three weeks earlier. After aerosol infection had been applied in the building an acute outbreak with a morbidity rate of 100 per cent developed in less than 24 hours. Following recovery the majority of the 16 pigs present became seropositive, and when 30 seronegative pigs were introduced 7 weeks later, antibody response occurred in three of them. The persistence of H. parahaemolyticus in pigs that had been infected during the acute outbreak was confirmed at slaughter, in that the organism was re-isolated from the tonsils of 2 of these pigs. Most serum titres persisted for several months, but some animals showed just a transient antibody response.", "PMID": 593808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4569", "title": "Herd distribution of seropositive reagents to Chlamydia in Danish cattle.", "content": "19% of 733 cows and heifers in 25 Danish milking herds had CF antibodies against Chlamydia. The number of seropositive reagents in the individual herds varied from 0-45%. In one herd especially studied, the majority of reagents were among calves, while the number of reagents was reduced with increasing age, which indicated a coherence with enzootic pneumonia in calves. Apart from this and few cases of sporadic abortions, seropositive reactions could not be connected with any known chlamydial syndromes. A few old cows suffering from paresis puerperalis had titre increase or comparable high titres, indicating outbreak of a persistent infection. The demonstrated differences in serological results from individual herds and areas (Table II) may reflect a difference in the age of animals tested.", "contents": "Herd distribution of seropositive reagents to Chlamydia in Danish cattle. 19% of 733 cows and heifers in 25 Danish milking herds had CF antibodies against Chlamydia. The number of seropositive reagents in the individual herds varied from 0-45%. In one herd especially studied, the majority of reagents were among calves, while the number of reagents was reduced with increasing age, which indicated a coherence with enzootic pneumonia in calves. Apart from this and few cases of sporadic abortions, seropositive reactions could not be connected with any known chlamydial syndromes. A few old cows suffering from paresis puerperalis had titre increase or comparable high titres, indicating outbreak of a persistent infection. The demonstrated differences in serological results from individual herds and areas (Table II) may reflect a difference in the age of animals tested.", "PMID": 593809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4570", "title": "Effects of atropine, isoprenaline, neostigmine and practocol on cardiac arrhythmias induced by potassium in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Either atropine, isoprenaline, neostigmine or practolol was given intravenously in therapeutic doses to dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. Cardiac arrhythmias were induced by potassium chloride intravenously as a bolus injection in a dose of 0.3 mmol/kg. The standard electrocardiographic lead II was recorded continuously. pH, Po2 and Pco2 were checked from arterial blood samples before and after the injection. The isoprenaline treated dogs showed the smallest amount of arrhythmias and all the dogs survived. More severe arrhythmias were seen in the neostigmine and practolol treated dogs and the most severe occurrences were encountered in the atropine treated dogs.", "contents": "Effects of atropine, isoprenaline, neostigmine and practocol on cardiac arrhythmias induced by potassium in anesthetized dogs. Either atropine, isoprenaline, neostigmine or practolol was given intravenously in therapeutic doses to dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. Cardiac arrhythmias were induced by potassium chloride intravenously as a bolus injection in a dose of 0.3 mmol/kg. The standard electrocardiographic lead II was recorded continuously. pH, Po2 and Pco2 were checked from arterial blood samples before and after the injection. The isoprenaline treated dogs showed the smallest amount of arrhythmias and all the dogs survived. More severe arrhythmias were seen in the neostigmine and practolol treated dogs and the most severe occurrences were encountered in the atropine treated dogs.", "PMID": 593810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4571", "title": "[The influence of estrogen therapy on triglycerides. Importance of the choice of substance and the route of administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the percutaneous administration of estradiol in circulating lipid levels (triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipids) were studied in 53 post-menopausal women. During treatment, plasma estradiol rose from 20 +/- 15 to 82 +/- 30 microgram/ml, a value identical to that in the normal woman during the follicular phase. Despite this increase in plasma estradion, no increase in blood triglyceride levels was noted. In addition, in the 11 cases where triglycerides were high under basal conditions (1.65 +/- 0.32 g/l) there was a significant fall during the course of treatment from that value to 0.97 +/- 0.16 g/l (p less than 0.001). These changes in triglycerides under the influence of percutaneous estradiol may be contrasted with the hypertriglyceridaemia usually seen in association with the oral administration of synthetic estrogens. The physiopathological implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of estrogen therapy on triglycerides. Importance of the choice of substance and the route of administration (author's transl)]. The effects of the percutaneous administration of estradiol in circulating lipid levels (triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipids) were studied in 53 post-menopausal women. During treatment, plasma estradiol rose from 20 +/- 15 to 82 +/- 30 microgram/ml, a value identical to that in the normal woman during the follicular phase. Despite this increase in plasma estradion, no increase in blood triglyceride levels was noted. In addition, in the 11 cases where triglycerides were high under basal conditions (1.65 +/- 0.32 g/l) there was a significant fall during the course of treatment from that value to 0.97 +/- 0.16 g/l (p less than 0.001). These changes in triglycerides under the influence of percutaneous estradiol may be contrasted with the hypertriglyceridaemia usually seen in association with the oral administration of synthetic estrogens. The physiopathological implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 593814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4572", "title": "[Coronary thrombosis on oral contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of myocardial infarction observed in a 27 years old female taking an oestrogen-progestogen combination for contraception, who died suddenly two months after the resection of a left ventricular aneurysm, provided unprecedented anatomical documents. Their histological examination allowed to state the thrombotic mechanism of the coronary occlusion and brought arguments in favour of an alteration of the coronary arterial wall in the form of thickening of the intima, likely to have been the starting point of this thrombosis.", "contents": "[Coronary thrombosis on oral contraception (author's transl)]. A case of myocardial infarction observed in a 27 years old female taking an oestrogen-progestogen combination for contraception, who died suddenly two months after the resection of a left ventricular aneurysm, provided unprecedented anatomical documents. Their histological examination allowed to state the thrombotic mechanism of the coronary occlusion and brought arguments in favour of an alteration of the coronary arterial wall in the form of thickening of the intima, likely to have been the starting point of this thrombosis.", "PMID": 593815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4573", "title": "[HLA markers and periodic disease [familial Mediterranean fever (F.M.F.)] (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-one unrelated patients, 15-52 years old, were typed by microlymphocytotoxicity for 27 alleles of the HLA system. In addition, 12 families including 1 or more patient were also analysed. This criteria for diagnosis were those of Sohar et all. (Am. Intern. Med., 1967, 43, 227-253). All patients were of Israelite-Sephardin origin except two (Armenian and French); they were from North-Africa (Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria) and Isra\u00ebl. The results were compared to the antigen frequencies of 3 reference normal populations. The frequencies of the studied alleles do not differ from those of controls, except for HL-A28 and B14 slightly increased when compared to the normal frequencies. The study of 7 families with at least two sibs suffering from FMF shows a random distribution of the genotypes : 2 HLA identical, 6 different and 10 haploidentical diseased sibs. This distribution differs significantly (p less than 0.01) from that expected in the case of a recessive inheritance. These data do not support the hypothesis of a linkage between genes controlling FMF and HLA genes.", "contents": "[HLA markers and periodic disease [familial Mediterranean fever (F.M.F.)] (author's transl)]. Thirty-one unrelated patients, 15-52 years old, were typed by microlymphocytotoxicity for 27 alleles of the HLA system. In addition, 12 families including 1 or more patient were also analysed. This criteria for diagnosis were those of Sohar et all. (Am. Intern. Med., 1967, 43, 227-253). All patients were of Israelite-Sephardin origin except two (Armenian and French); they were from North-Africa (Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria) and Isra\u00ebl. The results were compared to the antigen frequencies of 3 reference normal populations. The frequencies of the studied alleles do not differ from those of controls, except for HL-A28 and B14 slightly increased when compared to the normal frequencies. The study of 7 families with at least two sibs suffering from FMF shows a random distribution of the genotypes : 2 HLA identical, 6 different and 10 haploidentical diseased sibs. This distribution differs significantly (p less than 0.01) from that expected in the case of a recessive inheritance. These data do not support the hypothesis of a linkage between genes controlling FMF and HLA genes.", "PMID": 593830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4574", "title": "[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with hyperthyroidism resulting in cachexia, severe cardiac complications and functional renal failure, and a second case of hyperthyroidism refractory to carbimazole as a result of iodine overload, the administration of 1 to 3 g of lithium gluconate every 1 to 3 days, in association with carbimazole, led to persistent clinical and biological improvement in 8 to 16 days. In the first case, the course was complicated by neurological intolerance (blood lithium 0.98 mEq/l) which responded to the temporary interruption of treatment and by a transient escape of thyroid function from the effects of lithium which disappeared after a slight adjustment in the dose. In the second case, the course under treatment was favourable from the outset. Thus in forms of hyperthyroidism in which usual forms of treatment are inadequate and where there is a risk of \"acute crises\", lithium may be valuable as adjuvant therapy. If the dose is regularly modified in order to obtain a daily blood lithium level of less than 0.60 mEq/l, and on condition of close clinical, electrocardiographic and ionic surveillance, cardiac and renal failure and neuropsychiatric disturbances do not prevent the use of lithium, which the authors feel to be of irreplaceable value.", "contents": "[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)]. In a patient with hyperthyroidism resulting in cachexia, severe cardiac complications and functional renal failure, and a second case of hyperthyroidism refractory to carbimazole as a result of iodine overload, the administration of 1 to 3 g of lithium gluconate every 1 to 3 days, in association with carbimazole, led to persistent clinical and biological improvement in 8 to 16 days. In the first case, the course was complicated by neurological intolerance (blood lithium 0.98 mEq/l) which responded to the temporary interruption of treatment and by a transient escape of thyroid function from the effects of lithium which disappeared after a slight adjustment in the dose. In the second case, the course under treatment was favourable from the outset. Thus in forms of hyperthyroidism in which usual forms of treatment are inadequate and where there is a risk of \"acute crises\", lithium may be valuable as adjuvant therapy. If the dose is regularly modified in order to obtain a daily blood lithium level of less than 0.60 mEq/l, and on condition of close clinical, electrocardiographic and ionic surveillance, cardiac and renal failure and neuropsychiatric disturbances do not prevent the use of lithium, which the authors feel to be of irreplaceable value.", "PMID": 593831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4575", "title": "[The possibility of the detection of His bundle potentials using thoracic surface electrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Under certain conditions, it is possible to record His bundle potentials from thoracic surface electrodes. These potentials, which are extremely weak on the chest wall, must be extracted from the \"background noise\" using an averaging method. The required signal being situated before the R wave, and at a constant distance from the latter, the potentials collected from the thoracic electrodes are amplified, numerised and despatched to a memory which retains only the values preceeding the R wave and produces a summation of successive cycles, causing them to coincide using a synchronisation signal. This is achieved with the aid of a correlator. Amongst 66 patients studied, a signal which most likely corresponded to His bundle activity was obtained in 1/3 of cases. Correlation obtained in 7 cases by the use of invasive techniques indicated that the principal source of error was the \"after potential\" of the P wave when the PR interval is short. This was seen in one case, correlation in the other 6 being good. The method will require further work before being available for clinical use, where its primary indication would seem to be the study of long PR intervals.", "contents": "[The possibility of the detection of His bundle potentials using thoracic surface electrodes (author's transl)]. Under certain conditions, it is possible to record His bundle potentials from thoracic surface electrodes. These potentials, which are extremely weak on the chest wall, must be extracted from the \"background noise\" using an averaging method. The required signal being situated before the R wave, and at a constant distance from the latter, the potentials collected from the thoracic electrodes are amplified, numerised and despatched to a memory which retains only the values preceeding the R wave and produces a summation of successive cycles, causing them to coincide using a synchronisation signal. This is achieved with the aid of a correlator. Amongst 66 patients studied, a signal which most likely corresponded to His bundle activity was obtained in 1/3 of cases. Correlation obtained in 7 cases by the use of invasive techniques indicated that the principal source of error was the \"after potential\" of the P wave when the PR interval is short. This was seen in one case, correlation in the other 6 being good. The method will require further work before being available for clinical use, where its primary indication would seem to be the study of long PR intervals.", "PMID": 593832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4576", "title": "[The course of hydatidiform moles, followed by the radio-immunological estimation of choriogonadotrophin (author's transl)].", "content": "The evolution of 50 hydatidiform moles was followed through repeated radioimmunoassays of choriogonadotropin (hCG), either in urine or plasma. In 37 cases a spontaneous regular decrease was observed, but it generally slowed down after the first week. In fact, only 30% of the total number of moles examined cleared up spontaneously within a month and 54% within 8 weeks. In 12 cases a diagnosis of retention of trophoblastic tissue was made: three times during the first month of evolution on the basis of a stagnation of the decreasing curve. In the 9 cases without radioimmunoassay of hCG between the 10th and 40th days after evacuation, the diagnosis was not made until after two months. The specific assay of hCG with an anti beta-hCG antiserum enables the resolution of diagnostic problems raised by the cross-reaction of hypopituitary LH when using the classic antiserum and particularly the differential diagnosis between the retention of trophoblastic tissue and a beginning pregnancy immediately following a mole, or a high level of LH after castration.", "contents": "[The course of hydatidiform moles, followed by the radio-immunological estimation of choriogonadotrophin (author's transl)]. The evolution of 50 hydatidiform moles was followed through repeated radioimmunoassays of choriogonadotropin (hCG), either in urine or plasma. In 37 cases a spontaneous regular decrease was observed, but it generally slowed down after the first week. In fact, only 30% of the total number of moles examined cleared up spontaneously within a month and 54% within 8 weeks. In 12 cases a diagnosis of retention of trophoblastic tissue was made: three times during the first month of evolution on the basis of a stagnation of the decreasing curve. In the 9 cases without radioimmunoassay of hCG between the 10th and 40th days after evacuation, the diagnosis was not made until after two months. The specific assay of hCG with an anti beta-hCG antiserum enables the resolution of diagnostic problems raised by the cross-reaction of hypopituitary LH when using the classic antiserum and particularly the differential diagnosis between the retention of trophoblastic tissue and a beginning pregnancy immediately following a mole, or a high level of LH after castration.", "PMID": 593833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4577", "title": "[Short choledochus. Attempted systematization].", "content": "It is necessary to clearly characterize: -- The short choledochus which, in fact, is a long cystic duct joining the ampulla of Vater (4 obs.). -- The choledochus with a high implantation, above the end part of the duodenum (4 obs.). -- The choledochus shortened by the retraction of the duodenum, more often than not induced by a distant duodenal ulcer (1 obs.). The long cystic must be removed if possible. The high implanted choledochus, when associated with a duodenal ulcer leads to etiological (-- mutual action of the two diseases --) and practical problems: it seems preferable, in this case, to leave the ulcer and cure it by an indirect operation.", "contents": "[Short choledochus. Attempted systematization]. It is necessary to clearly characterize: -- The short choledochus which, in fact, is a long cystic duct joining the ampulla of Vater (4 obs.). -- The choledochus with a high implantation, above the end part of the duodenum (4 obs.). -- The choledochus shortened by the retraction of the duodenum, more often than not induced by a distant duodenal ulcer (1 obs.). The long cystic must be removed if possible. The high implanted choledochus, when associated with a duodenal ulcer leads to etiological (-- mutual action of the two diseases --) and practical problems: it seems preferable, in this case, to leave the ulcer and cure it by an indirect operation.", "PMID": 593834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4578", "title": "[Alcoholic cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 108 patients suffering from congestive type cardiomyopathy, there were 42 alcoholics and 66 non-alcoholics. Comparisons between the two groups were made on the basis of clinical data, paraclinical investigations and prognosis. It was possible to distinguish an alcoholic cardiomyopathy which differs from primary cardiomyopathies by the greater severity of the clinical picture and a gloomier prognosis.", "contents": "[Alcoholic cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. In 108 patients suffering from congestive type cardiomyopathy, there were 42 alcoholics and 66 non-alcoholics. Comparisons between the two groups were made on the basis of clinical data, paraclinical investigations and prognosis. It was possible to distinguish an alcoholic cardiomyopathy which differs from primary cardiomyopathies by the greater severity of the clinical picture and a gloomier prognosis.", "PMID": 593849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4579", "title": "[Secretion of a beta lipotropine type substances by a corticomelanotropic adenoma in Nelson's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay of human melanotropic hormone (beta-MSH), were studied in one female patient with Nelson's syndrome the properties of the immunoreactive beta-MSH (beta-MSH-IR) secreted in the circulation in vitro by a pituitary adenoma. With Sephadex G-50 gel, beta-MSH-IR of plasma or from a culture mediium is eluted in greater part in a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of some 6,000 to 10,000. In the radioimmunological systems employed, the dilution curve of beta-MSH-IR in a culture medium is not parallel to that of synthetic human beta-MSH; by contrast, it is parallel to that a lipotropine, purified human beta-LPH.", "contents": "[Secretion of a beta lipotropine type substances by a corticomelanotropic adenoma in Nelson's syndrome (author's transl)]. Using radioimmunoassay of human melanotropic hormone (beta-MSH), were studied in one female patient with Nelson's syndrome the properties of the immunoreactive beta-MSH (beta-MSH-IR) secreted in the circulation in vitro by a pituitary adenoma. With Sephadex G-50 gel, beta-MSH-IR of plasma or from a culture mediium is eluted in greater part in a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of some 6,000 to 10,000. In the radioimmunological systems employed, the dilution curve of beta-MSH-IR in a culture medium is not parallel to that of synthetic human beta-MSH; by contrast, it is parallel to that a lipotropine, purified human beta-LPH.", "PMID": 593850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4580", "title": "[Routine examination for the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies. Practical consequences with regard to indications for transfusion in a surgical context (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine examination in pre-operative patients revealed the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in 1.23 per cent of cases. Such examination made it possible to avoid, despite strict compability in ABO Rhesus groups, a transfusional immunological conflict in 0.45 per cent of cases, i.e. 7 patients in one year. This provides preventive cover wihich would seem, in surgical context, to be the easiest ti undertake, the most reliable and, in fact, the most economical: widened application of examinations for anti-erythrocyte antibodies together with the avoidance of all unnecessary transfusions.", "contents": "[Routine examination for the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies. Practical consequences with regard to indications for transfusion in a surgical context (author's transl)]. Routine examination in pre-operative patients revealed the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in 1.23 per cent of cases. Such examination made it possible to avoid, despite strict compability in ABO Rhesus groups, a transfusional immunological conflict in 0.45 per cent of cases, i.e. 7 patients in one year. This provides preventive cover wihich would seem, in surgical context, to be the easiest ti undertake, the most reliable and, in fact, the most economical: widened application of examinations for anti-erythrocyte antibodies together with the avoidance of all unnecessary transfusions.", "PMID": 593851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4581", "title": "[Rupture of an infective aneurysm of the sub-renal abdominal aorta into the inferior vena cava. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "An aorto-caval fistula developed in a 62-year-old woman secondary to the rupture of an infective aneurysm of the aortic bifurcation. Treatment in relation to local and, above all, general infection is discussed, emphasising the value of epiplooplasty and prolonged appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, adequate follow-up is essential in order to be able to affirm cure, recurrence of the infectious process always being possible, even late.", "contents": "[Rupture of an infective aneurysm of the sub-renal abdominal aorta into the inferior vena cava. One case (author's transl)]. An aorto-caval fistula developed in a 62-year-old woman secondary to the rupture of an infective aneurysm of the aortic bifurcation. Treatment in relation to local and, above all, general infection is discussed, emphasising the value of epiplooplasty and prolonged appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, adequate follow-up is essential in order to be able to affirm cure, recurrence of the infectious process always being possible, even late.", "PMID": 593852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4582", "title": "[Essential flat foot in the child. Definition, diagnosis and therapeutic indications (author's transl)].", "content": "There exists considerable confusion in the definition and classification of essential flat foot in the child. In an attempt to put an end to this confusion, the authors define the radiological characteristics and course of the abnormality. The latter is defined radiologically on lateral films of the foot whilst weight bearing by study of the angle of the calcaneum over the horizontal (Angle C) and by the measurement of the angle of talo-calcaneal divergence (Angle T.C.D.). Three groups may be distinguished on this basis: Group I - of minimal gravity; Group II - which may correct itself spontaneously and is, in general, well tolerated; Group III - which alone requires surgical correction. Treatment is only surgical in severe forms and is based upon the \"Horseman\" operation, orthopaedic treatment by special soles being rarely indicated.", "contents": "[Essential flat foot in the child. Definition, diagnosis and therapeutic indications (author's transl)]. There exists considerable confusion in the definition and classification of essential flat foot in the child. In an attempt to put an end to this confusion, the authors define the radiological characteristics and course of the abnormality. The latter is defined radiologically on lateral films of the foot whilst weight bearing by study of the angle of the calcaneum over the horizontal (Angle C) and by the measurement of the angle of talo-calcaneal divergence (Angle T.C.D.). Three groups may be distinguished on this basis: Group I - of minimal gravity; Group II - which may correct itself spontaneously and is, in general, well tolerated; Group III - which alone requires surgical correction. Treatment is only surgical in severe forms and is based upon the \"Horseman\" operation, orthopaedic treatment by special soles being rarely indicated.", "PMID": 593853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4583", "title": "[Monitoring of the pulmonary artery pressure after open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A monitoring technic of recording the pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output after cardiac surgery (valvular prothesis or aortocoronary bypass) is described. This monitoring is realised by introduction of catheter into pulmonary infundibulum during surgery, emerging through a cutaneous incision. This method was applied to 60 patients with two accidents at the beginning of the procedure. The technic's indications and cares are discussed.", "contents": "[Monitoring of the pulmonary artery pressure after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. A monitoring technic of recording the pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output after cardiac surgery (valvular prothesis or aortocoronary bypass) is described. This monitoring is realised by introduction of catheter into pulmonary infundibulum during surgery, emerging through a cutaneous incision. This method was applied to 60 patients with two accidents at the beginning of the procedure. The technic's indications and cares are discussed.", "PMID": 593854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4584", "title": "[Treatment of a case of grave orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager's syndrome) by an association of L-dopa and mono-amine-oxidase inhibitor (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of grave orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager's syndrome) with major postural disturbances. The biological test confirmed a catecholaminergic deficiency. After several drugs were tried unsucessfully, an association of L-Dopa and fractionated doses of mono-amine-oxydase inhibitor was proposed. The increase blood pressure was sufficient to block the diturbances of postural adaptation, without inducing hypertensive jerks. The functionnal result have been stable for three years, while the parkinsonian syndrome have shown little progression.", "contents": "[Treatment of a case of grave orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager's syndrome) by an association of L-dopa and mono-amine-oxidase inhibitor (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of grave orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager's syndrome) with major postural disturbances. The biological test confirmed a catecholaminergic deficiency. After several drugs were tried unsucessfully, an association of L-Dopa and fractionated doses of mono-amine-oxydase inhibitor was proposed. The increase blood pressure was sufficient to block the diturbances of postural adaptation, without inducing hypertensive jerks. The functionnal result have been stable for three years, while the parkinsonian syndrome have shown little progression.", "PMID": 593867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4585", "title": "[Immobilisation hypercalcaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypercalcaemia would seem to be rare during immobilisation, whilst osteoporosis and hypercalciuria are constant. In fact, it often goes unnoticed. The case presented here confirms its predominance in the adolescent male. The reason for immobilisation seems to be irrelevant. The clinical symptoms are very variable: polydipsia, nausea, headache, apathy, anorexia. Blood calcium levels are raised, up to 14 mg%. This hypercalcaemia is due to very marked bone loss in adolescents, secondary to hyper-resorption and a temporary stoppage in osseous formation. The differential diagnosis from primary hyperparathyroidism is sometimes difficult but is aided by laboratory and histological findings. The essential is to consider the possibility of immobilisation hypercalcaemia in the presence of any suggestive symptoms in an immobilised adolescent. Treatment includes a return to weight bearing, adequate water intake and the administration of phosphorus, calcitonin, furosemide, and corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Immobilisation hypercalcaemia (author's transl)]. Hypercalcaemia would seem to be rare during immobilisation, whilst osteoporosis and hypercalciuria are constant. In fact, it often goes unnoticed. The case presented here confirms its predominance in the adolescent male. The reason for immobilisation seems to be irrelevant. The clinical symptoms are very variable: polydipsia, nausea, headache, apathy, anorexia. Blood calcium levels are raised, up to 14 mg%. This hypercalcaemia is due to very marked bone loss in adolescents, secondary to hyper-resorption and a temporary stoppage in osseous formation. The differential diagnosis from primary hyperparathyroidism is sometimes difficult but is aided by laboratory and histological findings. The essential is to consider the possibility of immobilisation hypercalcaemia in the presence of any suggestive symptoms in an immobilised adolescent. Treatment includes a return to weight bearing, adequate water intake and the administration of phosphorus, calcitonin, furosemide, and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 593868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4586", "title": "[Extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance of the intestinal bacterial flora. II. The role of resistance acquired by endogenous intestinal bacterial flora (author's transl)].", "content": "In a previous paper, we have shown that multiple resistant bacteria in the human gut flora may have two origins: firstly, through food which carries resistant bacteria and secondly, our present study, resident intestinal bacteria which become resistant to antibiotics, either because they are chromosomic mutant or because they acquire resistance plasmid from an exogen strain. In all cases these resistant bacteria can implant and multiply in the gut only if there are disorders in the normal bacterial equilibrium. Antibiotherapy can create this inbalance and especially if it is not carefully followed up: it selects resistant bacteria, allows their implantation, and promotes plasmid R transfer. The resistant bacteria are able, in some cases, to spread out from the intestinal tract and give rise to further infections.", "contents": "[Extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance of the intestinal bacterial flora. II. The role of resistance acquired by endogenous intestinal bacterial flora (author's transl)]. In a previous paper, we have shown that multiple resistant bacteria in the human gut flora may have two origins: firstly, through food which carries resistant bacteria and secondly, our present study, resident intestinal bacteria which become resistant to antibiotics, either because they are chromosomic mutant or because they acquire resistance plasmid from an exogen strain. In all cases these resistant bacteria can implant and multiply in the gut only if there are disorders in the normal bacterial equilibrium. Antibiotherapy can create this inbalance and especially if it is not carefully followed up: it selects resistant bacteria, allows their implantation, and promotes plasmid R transfer. The resistant bacteria are able, in some cases, to spread out from the intestinal tract and give rise to further infections.", "PMID": 593869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4587", "title": "Interactions of norharman and harman with DNA.", "content": "The interactions of norharman (9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole) and harman (1-methyl-9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole) with DNA were studied. DNA caused remarkable fluorescence quenching and change in the absorption spectra of the dyes. Scatchard plots obtained by optical titration gave Kd values of 2.2 X 10(-5)M and 7.7 X 10(-6)M, and apparent numbers of binding sites of 0.13/base and 0.12/base for norharman and harman, respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis of circular DNA, closed in the presence or absence of norharman revealed that the dye intercalates DNA, thereby causing 17 +/- 3 degrees unwinding of the double helix.", "contents": "Interactions of norharman and harman with DNA. The interactions of norharman (9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole) and harman (1-methyl-9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole) with DNA were studied. DNA caused remarkable fluorescence quenching and change in the absorption spectra of the dyes. Scatchard plots obtained by optical titration gave Kd values of 2.2 X 10(-5)M and 7.7 X 10(-6)M, and apparent numbers of binding sites of 0.13/base and 0.12/base for norharman and harman, respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis of circular DNA, closed in the presence or absence of norharman revealed that the dye intercalates DNA, thereby causing 17 +/- 3 degrees unwinding of the double helix.", "PMID": 593881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4588", "title": "Interaction of chromosomal proteins with BrdU substituted DNA as determined by chromatin-DNA competition.", "content": "Chromatin-DNA competition has been utilized to examine the general nature of chromosomal proteins interacting more strongly with BrdU substituted DNA. When chromatin is incubated with an excess of purified DNA, a portion of the chromosomal proteins will exchange to the purified DNA. These two complexes can then be separated on Metrizamide gradients due to their differing protein/DNA ratios. Using this technique we observe that most nonhistone chromosomal proteins will exchange to a competitor DNA, the extent of exchange being directly dependent upon the competitor DNA being present in excess. While essentially the same proteins will migrate to either unsubstituted or BrdU substituted DNA, the substituted DNA is found to be a quantitatively better competitor and its effectiveness as a competitor is directly related to the level of BrdU substitution.", "contents": "Interaction of chromosomal proteins with BrdU substituted DNA as determined by chromatin-DNA competition. Chromatin-DNA competition has been utilized to examine the general nature of chromosomal proteins interacting more strongly with BrdU substituted DNA. When chromatin is incubated with an excess of purified DNA, a portion of the chromosomal proteins will exchange to the purified DNA. These two complexes can then be separated on Metrizamide gradients due to their differing protein/DNA ratios. Using this technique we observe that most nonhistone chromosomal proteins will exchange to a competitor DNA, the extent of exchange being directly dependent upon the competitor DNA being present in excess. While essentially the same proteins will migrate to either unsubstituted or BrdU substituted DNA, the substituted DNA is found to be a quantitatively better competitor and its effectiveness as a competitor is directly related to the level of BrdU substitution.", "PMID": 593882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4589", "title": "Mapping and cloning of Eco RI-fragments of bacteriophage T5+ DNA.", "content": "The Eco RI-fragments of bacteriophage T5 DNA were mapped using a technique which involves primarily length measurements of molecules observed in the electron microscope. Since Eco RI cleavage generates termini with 4-nucleotide long cohesive ends, fragments of complete and partial Eco RI digests were covalently circularized with DNA ligase at dilute DNA concentrations before measuring relative to internal length standards. This established the order of the internal Eco RI fragments. The two external Eco RI fragments, which had only one Eco RI terminus, were positioned relative to the internal fragments by identifying the location of some of the naturally-occurring nicks in partially denatured linear Eco RI fragments. An attempt was made to clone each of the internal Eco RI-fragments of T5 DNA via transformation into E. coli after ligation in vitro with the plasmid pMB 9. Only one fragment could be cloned and this fragment did not specify any new polypeptides in minicells of either the E. coli EK1 host, X1411, or the EK 2 host, X1776.", "contents": "Mapping and cloning of Eco RI-fragments of bacteriophage T5+ DNA. The Eco RI-fragments of bacteriophage T5 DNA were mapped using a technique which involves primarily length measurements of molecules observed in the electron microscope. Since Eco RI cleavage generates termini with 4-nucleotide long cohesive ends, fragments of complete and partial Eco RI digests were covalently circularized with DNA ligase at dilute DNA concentrations before measuring relative to internal length standards. This established the order of the internal Eco RI fragments. The two external Eco RI fragments, which had only one Eco RI terminus, were positioned relative to the internal fragments by identifying the location of some of the naturally-occurring nicks in partially denatured linear Eco RI fragments. An attempt was made to clone each of the internal Eco RI-fragments of T5 DNA via transformation into E. coli after ligation in vitro with the plasmid pMB 9. Only one fragment could be cloned and this fragment did not specify any new polypeptides in minicells of either the E. coli EK1 host, X1411, or the EK 2 host, X1776.", "PMID": 593883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4590", "title": "Intramolecular base composition heterogeneity of human DNA.", "content": "The intramolecular base composition heterogeneity of human DNA has been investigated by electron microscopic observations of partially denatured structures and by equilibrium solution thermal denaturation techniques. DNA sequences having an average length of less than 2000 base pairs are found to be heterogeneous in base composition. These heterogeneous sequences occupy a minimum of 67 to 81% of the human genome.", "contents": "Intramolecular base composition heterogeneity of human DNA. The intramolecular base composition heterogeneity of human DNA has been investigated by electron microscopic observations of partially denatured structures and by equilibrium solution thermal denaturation techniques. DNA sequences having an average length of less than 2000 base pairs are found to be heterogeneous in base composition. These heterogeneous sequences occupy a minimum of 67 to 81% of the human genome.", "PMID": 593884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4591", "title": "A low resolution model for the chromatin core particle by neutron scattering.", "content": "Neutron scattering studies have been applied to chromatin core particles in solution, using the contrast variation technique. On the basis of the contrast dependance of the radius of gyration and the radial distribution function it is shown that the core particle consists of a core containing most of the histone around which is wound the DNA helix,following a path with a mean radius of 4.5 nm,in association with a small proportion of the histones. Separation of the shape from the internal structure, followed by model calculations shows that the overall shape of the particle is that of a flat cylinder with dimensions ca. 11x11x6 nm. Further details of the precise folding of the DNA cannot be deduced from the data, but detailed model calculations support concurrent results from crystallographic studies(25).Images", "contents": "A low resolution model for the chromatin core particle by neutron scattering. Neutron scattering studies have been applied to chromatin core particles in solution, using the contrast variation technique. On the basis of the contrast dependance of the radius of gyration and the radial distribution function it is shown that the core particle consists of a core containing most of the histone around which is wound the DNA helix,following a path with a mean radius of 4.5 nm,in association with a small proportion of the histones. Separation of the shape from the internal structure, followed by model calculations shows that the overall shape of the particle is that of a flat cylinder with dimensions ca. 11x11x6 nm. Further details of the precise folding of the DNA cannot be deduced from the data, but detailed model calculations support concurrent results from crystallographic studies(25).Images", "PMID": 593885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4592", "title": "Determination of the sequence homology between the four RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus by hybridization analysis with complementary DNA.", "content": "The method of Taylor etal., (11) has been used to transcribe complementary DNA probes from the four major RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus (RNAs 1 - 4 in order of decreasing molecular weight). Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of these probes in homologous and heterologous complementary DNA-RNA hybridization reactions has shown that the sequence of the smallest RNA (RNA 4), which contains the coat protein gene, is present within RNA 3. RNAs 1 and 2 are unique RNA molecules while each has a region of approximately 300 nucleotides in common with RNA 4.Images", "contents": "Determination of the sequence homology between the four RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus by hybridization analysis with complementary DNA. The method of Taylor etal., (11) has been used to transcribe complementary DNA probes from the four major RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus (RNAs 1 - 4 in order of decreasing molecular weight). Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of these probes in homologous and heterologous complementary DNA-RNA hybridization reactions has shown that the sequence of the smallest RNA (RNA 4), which contains the coat protein gene, is present within RNA 3. RNAs 1 and 2 are unique RNA molecules while each has a region of approximately 300 nucleotides in common with RNA 4.Images", "PMID": 593886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4593", "title": "Characterization of a unique enzyme complex composed of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-tRNA-methyltransferase and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities.", "content": "S-adenosyl-L-methionine-tRNA methyltransferases of a murine leukemia cell line were found to exist in a high molecular weight enzyme complex. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity always co-chromatographed and co-sedimented with methyltransferase activity in evidence of a unique association of these two groups of enzymes. Molecular weight studies showed a probable molecular weight of 9 X 10(5) daltsons for the intact complex which dissociates to complexes of 6 X 10(5) and 3 X 10(5) daltons. The complexes contain discrete polypeptides of 25,000-90,000 daltons as determined from SDS-gel electrophoresis. High resolution fatty acid analysis showed that only very small amounts of saponifiable lipids were associated with the purified enzyme complex. Similarly very little protein-bound sugars was found within the complex indicating that neither lipids nor sugars were involved in the protein-protein interactions of the complex. Analysis of tRNA methylated in vitro indicated the presence of most methyltransferase activities in the purified complex. Of note was the absence from the complex of the methyltransferase responsible for the production of ribo Tp.", "contents": "Characterization of a unique enzyme complex composed of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-tRNA-methyltransferase and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. S-adenosyl-L-methionine-tRNA methyltransferases of a murine leukemia cell line were found to exist in a high molecular weight enzyme complex. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity always co-chromatographed and co-sedimented with methyltransferase activity in evidence of a unique association of these two groups of enzymes. Molecular weight studies showed a probable molecular weight of 9 X 10(5) daltsons for the intact complex which dissociates to complexes of 6 X 10(5) and 3 X 10(5) daltons. The complexes contain discrete polypeptides of 25,000-90,000 daltons as determined from SDS-gel electrophoresis. High resolution fatty acid analysis showed that only very small amounts of saponifiable lipids were associated with the purified enzyme complex. Similarly very little protein-bound sugars was found within the complex indicating that neither lipids nor sugars were involved in the protein-protein interactions of the complex. Analysis of tRNA methylated in vitro indicated the presence of most methyltransferase activities in the purified complex. Of note was the absence from the complex of the methyltransferase responsible for the production of ribo Tp.", "PMID": 593887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4594", "title": "Urea-induced structural changes in chromatin obtained by sedimentation.", "content": "Sedimentation coefficients have been determined for fractionated preparations of whole and stripped (depleted of very lysine-rich histones and non-histone proteins) chicken erythrocyte chromatin fragments in 0-10 M urea. Significant differences in urea effects are observed between these preparations; differences which can be interpreted structurally by use of Kirkwood's dynamical theory of the translational frictional coefficient. This type of analysis implies that urea-induced chain-swelling in stripped chromatin is due largely to the urea effect upon the constituent nu-bodies, whereas the much larger swelling observed in whole chromatin appears to involve also the effect of urea upon the region between adjacent nu-bodies.", "contents": "Urea-induced structural changes in chromatin obtained by sedimentation. Sedimentation coefficients have been determined for fractionated preparations of whole and stripped (depleted of very lysine-rich histones and non-histone proteins) chicken erythrocyte chromatin fragments in 0-10 M urea. Significant differences in urea effects are observed between these preparations; differences which can be interpreted structurally by use of Kirkwood's dynamical theory of the translational frictional coefficient. This type of analysis implies that urea-induced chain-swelling in stripped chromatin is due largely to the urea effect upon the constituent nu-bodies, whereas the much larger swelling observed in whole chromatin appears to involve also the effect of urea upon the region between adjacent nu-bodies.", "PMID": 593888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4595", "title": "Structural transition in chromatin induced by ions in solution.", "content": "Structural transition in chromatin was measured as a function of counter ions in solution (NaCl or MgCl(2)) and of histones bound on the DNA. The addition of counter ions to aqueous solutions of chromatin, partially dehistonized chromatin, and DNA caused a drastic reduction in viscosity and a significant increase in sedimentation coefficient. Transitions occurred primarily at about 2 x 10(-3) M NaCl and 1 x 10(-5) M MgCl(2) and are interpreted as a change in structure of chromatin induced by tight binding of cations (Na(+) or Mg(++)) to DNA, either free or bound by histones, and is an intrinsic property of DNA rather than of the type of histone bound. At a given ionic condition, removal of histone H1 from chromatin had only a minor effect on the hydrodynamic properties of chromatin while removal of other histones caused a drastic change in these properties. An increase in the sedimentation coefficient of DNA was observed also for protamine. DNA complexes wherein the bound protein contains only unordered coil rather than the alpha-helices found in histones.", "contents": "Structural transition in chromatin induced by ions in solution. Structural transition in chromatin was measured as a function of counter ions in solution (NaCl or MgCl(2)) and of histones bound on the DNA. The addition of counter ions to aqueous solutions of chromatin, partially dehistonized chromatin, and DNA caused a drastic reduction in viscosity and a significant increase in sedimentation coefficient. Transitions occurred primarily at about 2 x 10(-3) M NaCl and 1 x 10(-5) M MgCl(2) and are interpreted as a change in structure of chromatin induced by tight binding of cations (Na(+) or Mg(++)) to DNA, either free or bound by histones, and is an intrinsic property of DNA rather than of the type of histone bound. At a given ionic condition, removal of histone H1 from chromatin had only a minor effect on the hydrodynamic properties of chromatin while removal of other histones caused a drastic change in these properties. An increase in the sedimentation coefficient of DNA was observed also for protamine. DNA complexes wherein the bound protein contains only unordered coil rather than the alpha-helices found in histones.", "PMID": 593889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4596", "title": "Stereochemical model for proflavin intercalation in A-DNA.", "content": "Linked-atom molecular modelling was employed to determine the steric and torsional requirements for intercalation of proflavine into a double-stranded region of DNA compatible with adjacent regions of cohelical A-DNA. The optimum intercalation conformation is characterized by the dihedral angles xi and psi becoming trans, with all sugars retaining the characteristics C3'-endo pucker. This extended conformation results in virtually no helical unwinding, suggesting it may be an appropriate model for an intercalative intermediary in mutagenesis by virtue of its similarity to standard helical DNA.", "contents": "Stereochemical model for proflavin intercalation in A-DNA. Linked-atom molecular modelling was employed to determine the steric and torsional requirements for intercalation of proflavine into a double-stranded region of DNA compatible with adjacent regions of cohelical A-DNA. The optimum intercalation conformation is characterized by the dihedral angles xi and psi becoming trans, with all sugars retaining the characteristics C3'-endo pucker. This extended conformation results in virtually no helical unwinding, suggesting it may be an appropriate model for an intercalative intermediary in mutagenesis by virtue of its similarity to standard helical DNA.", "PMID": 593890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4597", "title": "Steady state kinetic studies of initiation of RNA synthesis on T7 DNA in the presence of rifampicin.", "content": "The steady state kinetics of initiation of T7 DNA transcription by RNA polymerase holo enzyme from E. coli in the presence of rifampicin and the two substrates ATP and UTP were studied. Under these conditions, the enzyme catalyzes exclusively the promotor specific synthesis of pppApU. The kinetic data are in agreement with the mechanism of a truly ordered reaction. Binding of the initiating nucleotide ATP to the transcriptional complex occurs prior to the binding of the substrate UTP. Release of pppApU is most probably the rate limitinig step. Km constants were found to be 0.6 mM for ATP and 0.31 mM for UTP, respectively. The substrate inhibition pattern indicated that the substrate site exhibits a finite affinity for incorrect nucleoside triphosphate (Ki = 2.3 mM). A similar non specific binding to the 3-OH site could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Steady state kinetic studies of initiation of RNA synthesis on T7 DNA in the presence of rifampicin. The steady state kinetics of initiation of T7 DNA transcription by RNA polymerase holo enzyme from E. coli in the presence of rifampicin and the two substrates ATP and UTP were studied. Under these conditions, the enzyme catalyzes exclusively the promotor specific synthesis of pppApU. The kinetic data are in agreement with the mechanism of a truly ordered reaction. Binding of the initiating nucleotide ATP to the transcriptional complex occurs prior to the binding of the substrate UTP. Release of pppApU is most probably the rate limitinig step. Km constants were found to be 0.6 mM for ATP and 0.31 mM for UTP, respectively. The substrate inhibition pattern indicated that the substrate site exhibits a finite affinity for incorrect nucleoside triphosphate (Ki = 2.3 mM). A similar non specific binding to the 3-OH site could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 593891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4598", "title": "Subunit associations among chromatin particles.", "content": "The self-association of oligonucleosomal chromatin particles in solution has been studied by light scattering and sedimentation. In the absence of magnesium ions no association is observed. In the presence of 70mM sodium or 2mM magnesium ions mono, di, tri and tetranucleosomes self-associate only if they contain bound histone 1. This association leads to the formation of compact aggregates and is continuous and non-cooperative. The relevance to higher order arrangements of nucleosomes is discussed.", "contents": "Subunit associations among chromatin particles. The self-association of oligonucleosomal chromatin particles in solution has been studied by light scattering and sedimentation. In the absence of magnesium ions no association is observed. In the presence of 70mM sodium or 2mM magnesium ions mono, di, tri and tetranucleosomes self-associate only if they contain bound histone 1. This association leads to the formation of compact aggregates and is continuous and non-cooperative. The relevance to higher order arrangements of nucleosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 593892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4599", "title": "Purification and properties of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase of rat liver.", "content": "Purification of rat liver tyrosine tRNA synthetase yields two protein fractions A and B and both fractions are required for charging of tyrosine to tRNAtyr. Fraction B catalyzes the activation of tyrosine. Fractions A and B have been purified to near homogeneity and they are composed of single polypeptide chains of 62,000 daltons each. Gel filtration studies suggest a molecular weight of 120,000 for the synthetase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase of rat liver. Purification of rat liver tyrosine tRNA synthetase yields two protein fractions A and B and both fractions are required for charging of tyrosine to tRNAtyr. Fraction B catalyzes the activation of tyrosine. Fractions A and B have been purified to near homogeneity and they are composed of single polypeptide chains of 62,000 daltons each. Gel filtration studies suggest a molecular weight of 120,000 for the synthetase.", "PMID": 593893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4600", "title": "Nucleosome mono, di, tri-, and tetramers from chicken embryo chromatin.", "content": "The fractionation of gram quantities of nuclease digested chromatin from chicken embryos into nucleosome mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramers is described in detail. Each of these nucleosomal species contains a fraction soluble in 0-1 M KC1 that decreases with increasing repeat number. Less histone H1 is associated with the nucleosome fractions soluble as compared to the respective fractions precipitated in 0.1 M KC1. Thermal denaturation profiles of the four nucleosomal species are monophasic. The same Tm of 78 degrees C has been determined for the KC1-soluble nucleosomes and for the KC1-insoluble monomer. The Tm of the KC1-insoluble oligomers is 79.8 degrees C. Multiphasic melting curves were recorded for nucleosomal material that was concentrated by lyophilisation or stored at 4 degrees C in 0.25 mM EDTA. Total nucleosome mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramers (consisting of both the fraction soluble and insoluble in 0.1 M KC1) have been analyzed concerning their sedimentation, diffusion, partial specific volume, and molecular weight and compared with the sedimentation and molecular weight data of KC1-soluble nucleosome mono- and tetramers.", "contents": "Nucleosome mono, di, tri-, and tetramers from chicken embryo chromatin. The fractionation of gram quantities of nuclease digested chromatin from chicken embryos into nucleosome mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramers is described in detail. Each of these nucleosomal species contains a fraction soluble in 0-1 M KC1 that decreases with increasing repeat number. Less histone H1 is associated with the nucleosome fractions soluble as compared to the respective fractions precipitated in 0.1 M KC1. Thermal denaturation profiles of the four nucleosomal species are monophasic. The same Tm of 78 degrees C has been determined for the KC1-soluble nucleosomes and for the KC1-insoluble monomer. The Tm of the KC1-insoluble oligomers is 79.8 degrees C. Multiphasic melting curves were recorded for nucleosomal material that was concentrated by lyophilisation or stored at 4 degrees C in 0.25 mM EDTA. Total nucleosome mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramers (consisting of both the fraction soluble and insoluble in 0.1 M KC1) have been analyzed concerning their sedimentation, diffusion, partial specific volume, and molecular weight and compared with the sedimentation and molecular weight data of KC1-soluble nucleosome mono- and tetramers.", "PMID": 593894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4601", "title": "Metrizamide dissociates nuclear particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "content": "Metrizamide gradients were tested for the possible fractionation of the constitutive units of nuclear particles. Material from 35-55 S monoparticles was indeed distributed along the gradient but rerun experiments, CsCl density determinations, formaldehyde fixation prior to centrifugation suggested that the separation was due to dissociation or (and) action of endogeneous ribonucleases rather than to monoparticle fractionation. That dissociation had indeed occured was confirmed by the study of 60-110 S polyparticles. They were dissociated into ribonucleoproteins rich in phosphoproteins and into free proteins. These products were essentially similar to those obtained after NaCl treatment of the particles though the modes of action of metrizamide and NaCl are likely to be different. The loss of proteins from particles reaches 60-70% and we conclude that metrizamide gradients are not utilizable for the fractionation of the units of nuclear particles.", "contents": "Metrizamide dissociates nuclear particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Metrizamide gradients were tested for the possible fractionation of the constitutive units of nuclear particles. Material from 35-55 S monoparticles was indeed distributed along the gradient but rerun experiments, CsCl density determinations, formaldehyde fixation prior to centrifugation suggested that the separation was due to dissociation or (and) action of endogeneous ribonucleases rather than to monoparticle fractionation. That dissociation had indeed occured was confirmed by the study of 60-110 S polyparticles. They were dissociated into ribonucleoproteins rich in phosphoproteins and into free proteins. These products were essentially similar to those obtained after NaCl treatment of the particles though the modes of action of metrizamide and NaCl are likely to be different. The loss of proteins from particles reaches 60-70% and we conclude that metrizamide gradients are not utilizable for the fractionation of the units of nuclear particles.", "PMID": 593895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4602", "title": "Polynucleotide recognition by DNA alpha-polymerase.", "content": "In a survey of template-primer preference of a mouse myeloma DNA alpha-polymerase, the fastest rate of DNA synthesis was with poly(dT) as template and (rA)24 as primer. Such a preference for poly(dT).oligo(rA) was not observed with other DNA polymerases of mouse origin. DNA synthesis in this system resulted in formation of oligo(dA) chains, not template-length poly(dA); thus, the average enzyme molecule bound to a poly(dT).(rA)24 complex and initiated a new oligo(dA) chain many times during the incubation. Binding experiments revealed that the alpha-polymerase had high affinity for poly(dT). Although the alpha-polymerase did not bind to poly(dl) and failed to replicate it inreactions with a base pair complementary primer, poly(dl) was replicated after a (dT) block had been grafted to its 3'-end and the oligo(rA) primer had been added. In similar experiments, the (dT) block was found to be much more effective than other 3'-terminal blocks in promoting replication of denatured calf thymus DNA. The results indicate that specific base sequences may regulate initiation of DNA syntehsis by this alpha-polymerase.", "contents": "Polynucleotide recognition by DNA alpha-polymerase. In a survey of template-primer preference of a mouse myeloma DNA alpha-polymerase, the fastest rate of DNA synthesis was with poly(dT) as template and (rA)24 as primer. Such a preference for poly(dT).oligo(rA) was not observed with other DNA polymerases of mouse origin. DNA synthesis in this system resulted in formation of oligo(dA) chains, not template-length poly(dA); thus, the average enzyme molecule bound to a poly(dT).(rA)24 complex and initiated a new oligo(dA) chain many times during the incubation. Binding experiments revealed that the alpha-polymerase had high affinity for poly(dT). Although the alpha-polymerase did not bind to poly(dl) and failed to replicate it inreactions with a base pair complementary primer, poly(dl) was replicated after a (dT) block had been grafted to its 3'-end and the oligo(rA) primer had been added. In similar experiments, the (dT) block was found to be much more effective than other 3'-terminal blocks in promoting replication of denatured calf thymus DNA. The results indicate that specific base sequences may regulate initiation of DNA syntehsis by this alpha-polymerase.", "PMID": 593896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4603", "title": "A 13C NMR study of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) and its monomers: evidence of alpha-(1'' leads to 2') ribofuranosy1 ribofuranoside risidue.", "content": "The 13C NMR spectra of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose), ribosyl adenosine 5', 5''-bis(phosphate) and related compounds were analyzed. The structure of the ribose-ribose linkage was determined as alpha-(1'' leads to 2')ribofuranosyl ribofuranoside, from the 13C chemical shifts of methyl-alpha- and methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosides, and from the downfield displacements of 13C NMR signals by glycosidic bond formation.", "contents": "A 13C NMR study of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) and its monomers: evidence of alpha-(1'' leads to 2') ribofuranosy1 ribofuranoside risidue. The 13C NMR spectra of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose), ribosyl adenosine 5', 5''-bis(phosphate) and related compounds were analyzed. The structure of the ribose-ribose linkage was determined as alpha-(1'' leads to 2')ribofuranosyl ribofuranoside, from the 13C chemical shifts of methyl-alpha- and methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosides, and from the downfield displacements of 13C NMR signals by glycosidic bond formation.", "PMID": 593897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4604", "title": "Repair of ionizing radiation induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes exhibit a 20 fold increase in DNA repair synthesis following ionizing radiation damage compared to the level of repair in unstimulated cells. The peak of repair synthesis coincides with that for DNA replication. Stimulated lymphocytes provide a relatively simple assay for ionizing radiation repair defects.", "contents": "Repair of ionizing radiation induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes exhibit a 20 fold increase in DNA repair synthesis following ionizing radiation damage compared to the level of repair in unstimulated cells. The peak of repair synthesis coincides with that for DNA replication. Stimulated lymphocytes provide a relatively simple assay for ionizing radiation repair defects.", "PMID": 593898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4605", "title": "Sequence data handling by computer.", "content": "The speed of the new DNA sequencing techniques has created a need for computer programs to handle the data produced. This paper describes simple programs designed specifically for use by people with little or no computer experience. The programs are for use on small computers and provide facilities for storage, editing and analysis of both DNA and amino acid sequences. A magnetic tape containing these programs is available on request.", "contents": "Sequence data handling by computer. The speed of the new DNA sequencing techniques has created a need for computer programs to handle the data produced. This paper describes simple programs designed specifically for use by people with little or no computer experience. The programs are for use on small computers and provide facilities for storage, editing and analysis of both DNA and amino acid sequences. A magnetic tape containing these programs is available on request.", "PMID": 593900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4606", "title": "Purification and properties of rabbit uterus preuteroglobin mRNA.", "content": "The mRNA for preuteroglobin, a precursor of the hormonally induced protein uteroglobin, has been partially purified from the endometrium of progesterone treated rabbits. The purification procedure starts with total endometrial polysomes and involves treatment with proteinase K and dodecylsulfate, chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing dodecylsulfate, and a second absorption to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The final mRNA preparation codes exclusively for preuteroglobin in a wheat germ cell-free system and migrates as a single band in polyacrylamide gels containing 99% formanide. The average length of the poly(A) segment is 60 nucleotides and the translation of the preuteroglobin mRNA is inhibited by m7G(5')ppp(5')A, indicating that it contains a \"capped\" 5'-terminus. Comparison with known standards yields a molecular weight of 200,000 (600 nucleotides) for preuteroglobin mRNA, approximately twice as many nucleotides as required for encoding the 90 aminoacids of its cell-free product.", "contents": "Purification and properties of rabbit uterus preuteroglobin mRNA. The mRNA for preuteroglobin, a precursor of the hormonally induced protein uteroglobin, has been partially purified from the endometrium of progesterone treated rabbits. The purification procedure starts with total endometrial polysomes and involves treatment with proteinase K and dodecylsulfate, chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing dodecylsulfate, and a second absorption to oligo(dT)-cellulose. The final mRNA preparation codes exclusively for preuteroglobin in a wheat germ cell-free system and migrates as a single band in polyacrylamide gels containing 99% formanide. The average length of the poly(A) segment is 60 nucleotides and the translation of the preuteroglobin mRNA is inhibited by m7G(5')ppp(5')A, indicating that it contains a \"capped\" 5'-terminus. Comparison with known standards yields a molecular weight of 200,000 (600 nucleotides) for preuteroglobin mRNA, approximately twice as many nucleotides as required for encoding the 90 aminoacids of its cell-free product.", "PMID": 593899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4607", "title": "Specific fragmentation of T7 phage DNA at low-melting sites.", "content": "A method has been developed for selective fragmentation of T7 DNA at AT-rich regions. The molecules have been subjected to complete digestion with single-strand-specific SI endonuclease after fixation of DNA AT-rich regions in the denatured state by glyoxal. The treatment resulted in three fragments having molecular weights of 13.6 +/- 0.4, 8.2 +/- 0.4 and 3.5 +/- 0.16 megadaltons as determined by electron microscopy. The position of these fragments along the T7 DNA molecule has been determined by means of analysis of the intermediates during SI-cleavage.", "contents": "Specific fragmentation of T7 phage DNA at low-melting sites. A method has been developed for selective fragmentation of T7 DNA at AT-rich regions. The molecules have been subjected to complete digestion with single-strand-specific SI endonuclease after fixation of DNA AT-rich regions in the denatured state by glyoxal. The treatment resulted in three fragments having molecular weights of 13.6 +/- 0.4, 8.2 +/- 0.4 and 3.5 +/- 0.16 megadaltons as determined by electron microscopy. The position of these fragments along the T7 DNA molecule has been determined by means of analysis of the intermediates during SI-cleavage.", "PMID": 593901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4608", "title": "[Isotope angiographic measurement of blood flow velocity in the human aorta and major arteries. I. Methodology and physiological considerations].", "content": "A special 8-channel detector arrangement was used to determine atraumatically the mean blood flow velocities in the aorta and the large arteries of the lower extremities in man. Following intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate time-activity curves were recorded over defined measuring points over the arteries, from these the appearance times of the tracer determined, and the mean blood flow velocities calculated from the differences between appearance times (the minimal transit times) and the distances between measuring points. The simultaneous determination of the minimal transit times between the vena cava inferior and the root of the aorta, which correspond closely to the total cardiac transit times, permits recognition of cases in whom blood flow velocity is reduced as a result of cardiac disease.", "contents": "[Isotope angiographic measurement of blood flow velocity in the human aorta and major arteries. I. Methodology and physiological considerations]. A special 8-channel detector arrangement was used to determine atraumatically the mean blood flow velocities in the aorta and the large arteries of the lower extremities in man. Following intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate time-activity curves were recorded over defined measuring points over the arteries, from these the appearance times of the tracer determined, and the mean blood flow velocities calculated from the differences between appearance times (the minimal transit times) and the distances between measuring points. The simultaneous determination of the minimal transit times between the vena cava inferior and the root of the aorta, which correspond closely to the total cardiac transit times, permits recognition of cases in whom blood flow velocity is reduced as a result of cardiac disease.", "PMID": 593903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4609", "title": "[Automated method of determining blood circulation time in nuclear medicine cardiology].", "content": "In this paper a method of computer-assisted evaluation of circulation times using a scintillation camera is described. Eight segments of the central circulation are defined on a graphic display unit. Then the analysis of time-activity curves and the normalization of circulation times to hear rate is performed. The automatic analysis is based upon the hydrodynamic meaning of the first inflection point of a time-activity curve. The differences between inflection points are nearly identical with appearance time differences under the experimental conditions used in 131 cases. A mathematical model is presented to defined the conditions for this behaviour and to explain some deviations observed if time differences exceeded a certain value. It can be shown that the method described is largely independent of extraneous influences. It offers haemodynamically relevant parameters that correspond to the minimal cardiac transit times.", "contents": "[Automated method of determining blood circulation time in nuclear medicine cardiology]. In this paper a method of computer-assisted evaluation of circulation times using a scintillation camera is described. Eight segments of the central circulation are defined on a graphic display unit. Then the analysis of time-activity curves and the normalization of circulation times to hear rate is performed. The automatic analysis is based upon the hydrodynamic meaning of the first inflection point of a time-activity curve. The differences between inflection points are nearly identical with appearance time differences under the experimental conditions used in 131 cases. A mathematical model is presented to defined the conditions for this behaviour and to explain some deviations observed if time differences exceeded a certain value. It can be shown that the method described is largely independent of extraneous influences. It offers haemodynamically relevant parameters that correspond to the minimal cardiac transit times.", "PMID": 593904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4610", "title": "[Trend scintigraphy].", "content": "Focal changes in activity concentration for given time function. The increase per time interval is calculated for each pixel and arranged into a result matrix. Areas with increasing activity are displayed in a \"positive trend scintigramm\", those with decreasing activity in a \"negative trend scintigram\", using a gray scale of color format. Statistical fluctuations are suppressed using this method; the data smoothing over the chosen time period and the fact that several individual pictures are included in the calculations provide displays with increased informational content as compared to serial imaging methods. The clinical interpretation of localized changes in activity concentration during a specific time interval is facilitated. The method is simple, can be adapted to different camera and computer systems, and requires no additional examination procedures on the patient.", "contents": "[Trend scintigraphy]. Focal changes in activity concentration for given time function. The increase per time interval is calculated for each pixel and arranged into a result matrix. Areas with increasing activity are displayed in a \"positive trend scintigramm\", those with decreasing activity in a \"negative trend scintigram\", using a gray scale of color format. Statistical fluctuations are suppressed using this method; the data smoothing over the chosen time period and the fact that several individual pictures are included in the calculations provide displays with increased informational content as compared to serial imaging methods. The clinical interpretation of localized changes in activity concentration during a specific time interval is facilitated. The method is simple, can be adapted to different camera and computer systems, and requires no additional examination procedures on the patient.", "PMID": 593906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4611", "title": "201Thallium scintigraphy--a new method for radionuclide imaging of the uterus.", "content": "A new radionuclide method for uterus imaging is described. After intravenous application of 201Tl chloride the myometrium can be displayed by means of a gamma camera and a small digital computer. Early results suggest that Tl accumulation by the uterus depends on its histopathologic structure. After intra-uterine injection of 133Xe in saline demarcation between myometrium and uterine cavity is possible.", "contents": "201Thallium scintigraphy--a new method for radionuclide imaging of the uterus. A new radionuclide method for uterus imaging is described. After intravenous application of 201Tl chloride the myometrium can be displayed by means of a gamma camera and a small digital computer. Early results suggest that Tl accumulation by the uterus depends on its histopathologic structure. After intra-uterine injection of 133Xe in saline demarcation between myometrium and uterine cavity is possible.", "PMID": 593907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4612", "title": "The effect of apomorphine injection into caudate nucleus on electrical activity of some structures of the rabbit brain.", "content": "The studies were carried out on rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes and cannulas. Apomorphine, dopamine, or haloperidol were injected into the caudate nucleus of wakeful rabbits at a volume of 2 microliter. EEG was recorded from gyrus cinguli anterior, nucleus dorsalis raphe, and dorsal part of hippocampal formation. Apomorhine produced a dose-dependent desynchronization of EEG in the structure tested. This effect did not appear when dopaminergic receptors were blocked by previous systemic (1.2 mg/kg) or intracaudal (10microgram) injection of heloperidol.", "contents": "The effect of apomorphine injection into caudate nucleus on electrical activity of some structures of the rabbit brain. The studies were carried out on rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes and cannulas. Apomorphine, dopamine, or haloperidol were injected into the caudate nucleus of wakeful rabbits at a volume of 2 microliter. EEG was recorded from gyrus cinguli anterior, nucleus dorsalis raphe, and dorsal part of hippocampal formation. Apomorhine produced a dose-dependent desynchronization of EEG in the structure tested. This effect did not appear when dopaminergic receptors were blocked by previous systemic (1.2 mg/kg) or intracaudal (10microgram) injection of heloperidol.", "PMID": 593964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4613", "title": "Dependence of pentobarbital kinetics upon the dose of the drug and its pharmacodynamic effects.", "content": "Pentobarbital (PB), at dose range of 20--50 mg/kg, displays in rabbits non-linear, dose-dependent kinetics. Pharmacokinetics parameters of drug elimination depend largely upon the dose, while the distribution phase is dose-independent. The rate of disappearance of PB from the central compartment (plasma) decreases with the increase of the dose. The analysis of pharmacodynamic parameters has shown that this dose-dependent retardation of PB elimination is probably caused by an impairment of metabolic processes, resulting from disturbance of the circulatory system. A close correlation has been found between the hypotensive effect of PB and the elimination constant, k13, and also between the hypotensive effect and beta.Vd(extrap), a coefficient proportional to the rate of metabolism of PB [23, 29]. The results indicate the necessity of considering the changes in the functional state of the organism, related to the action of a drug, in pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Dependence of pentobarbital kinetics upon the dose of the drug and its pharmacodynamic effects. Pentobarbital (PB), at dose range of 20--50 mg/kg, displays in rabbits non-linear, dose-dependent kinetics. Pharmacokinetics parameters of drug elimination depend largely upon the dose, while the distribution phase is dose-independent. The rate of disappearance of PB from the central compartment (plasma) decreases with the increase of the dose. The analysis of pharmacodynamic parameters has shown that this dose-dependent retardation of PB elimination is probably caused by an impairment of metabolic processes, resulting from disturbance of the circulatory system. A close correlation has been found between the hypotensive effect of PB and the elimination constant, k13, and also between the hypotensive effect and beta.Vd(extrap), a coefficient proportional to the rate of metabolism of PB [23, 29]. The results indicate the necessity of considering the changes in the functional state of the organism, related to the action of a drug, in pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 593966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4614", "title": "Binding of sulfonylurea derivatives to bovine serum albumin: part II. The relationship of binding to albumin, chemical structure, and hypoglycemic activity of sulfonamide derivatives of 2-pyrazoline-1-carboxamide.", "content": "The relationship of binding to protein and hypoglycemic activity of 11 sulfonamide derivatives of 2-pyrazoline-1-carboxamide was tested. It has been shown that the hypoglycemic effect of the most potent compound of the series, SPC-703, is related to the unbound, but not to the total concentration of the drug in the rat serum. Binding to albumin increased with the increase of hydrophobic properties of the compounds investigated. The increased affinity to albumin may be responsible for low hypoglycemic activity of some of the compounds tested.", "contents": "Binding of sulfonylurea derivatives to bovine serum albumin: part II. The relationship of binding to albumin, chemical structure, and hypoglycemic activity of sulfonamide derivatives of 2-pyrazoline-1-carboxamide. The relationship of binding to protein and hypoglycemic activity of 11 sulfonamide derivatives of 2-pyrazoline-1-carboxamide was tested. It has been shown that the hypoglycemic effect of the most potent compound of the series, SPC-703, is related to the unbound, but not to the total concentration of the drug in the rat serum. Binding to albumin increased with the increase of hydrophobic properties of the compounds investigated. The increased affinity to albumin may be responsible for low hypoglycemic activity of some of the compounds tested.", "PMID": 593965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4615", "title": "Quantitative comparison of the anticholinergic and antiarrhytmic actions of disopyramide and quinidine.", "content": "With the purpose of estimating quantitative differences between disopyramide and quinidine two experimental series were designed. In order to establish the atropinic potency of both drugs, pA2 values were determined in rabbits right atria, using acetylcholine as agonist. The capacity to prevent ventricular fibrillation in albino mice subjected to chloroform apnea was also tested using various doses of the drugs. An effective median dose (ED50) to each of the drugs was calculated and the relative antiarrhythmic potency was compared. Disopyramide showed in both experimental series to be a more potent agent than quinidine.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of the anticholinergic and antiarrhytmic actions of disopyramide and quinidine. With the purpose of estimating quantitative differences between disopyramide and quinidine two experimental series were designed. In order to establish the atropinic potency of both drugs, pA2 values were determined in rabbits right atria, using acetylcholine as agonist. The capacity to prevent ventricular fibrillation in albino mice subjected to chloroform apnea was also tested using various doses of the drugs. An effective median dose (ED50) to each of the drugs was calculated and the relative antiarrhythmic potency was compared. Disopyramide showed in both experimental series to be a more potent agent than quinidine.", "PMID": 593967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4616", "title": "Soluble biomedical polymers.", "content": "The first part of the paper is a review of literature data on the uses of synthetic soluble polymers in medicine. The second part is devoted to a discussion of the trend of investigation of medical polymers with a special attention to the development of new types of carriers of biologically active compounds.", "contents": "Soluble biomedical polymers. The first part of the paper is a review of literature data on the uses of synthetic soluble polymers in medicine. The second part is devoted to a discussion of the trend of investigation of medical polymers with a special attention to the development of new types of carriers of biologically active compounds.", "PMID": 593972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4617", "title": "Free fatty acids and lipolytic activity of the pancreas of irradiated rats.", "content": "The effect of X-ray irradiation (800 R) on the lipolytic activity of pancreas was studied in rats. Lipase activity was assayed in the granules of zymogenmitochrondial fraction and in the perfusion fluid and free fatty acids (FFA) content was determined in blood serum, pancreatic homogenates and in perfusion fluid. The irradiation caused a marked increase of the activity of lipase released from zymogen-mitochondrial fraction. In the perfusate the enhancement of lipase activity accompanied by a simultaneous increase of FFA content. Irradiation resulted in an increase of FFA in pancreatic homogenates and a decrease of their content in blood serum.", "contents": "Free fatty acids and lipolytic activity of the pancreas of irradiated rats. The effect of X-ray irradiation (800 R) on the lipolytic activity of pancreas was studied in rats. Lipase activity was assayed in the granules of zymogenmitochrondial fraction and in the perfusion fluid and free fatty acids (FFA) content was determined in blood serum, pancreatic homogenates and in perfusion fluid. The irradiation caused a marked increase of the activity of lipase released from zymogen-mitochondrial fraction. In the perfusate the enhancement of lipase activity accompanied by a simultaneous increase of FFA content. Irradiation resulted in an increase of FFA in pancreatic homogenates and a decrease of their content in blood serum.", "PMID": 593968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4618", "title": "Search for potential anticonvulsant drugs: part I. Synthesis of 2-phenyl-3-benzimidazolyl/-alkyl (alkyl-aryl)--quinazolin (3H) -4-one.", "content": "By the condensation of 2-phenyl-3-carboxy alkyl/aryl-quinazolin (3H)-4-one and substituted (unsubstituted o-phenylenediamine, fifteen new 2-phenyl-3-benzimidazolyl(-alkyl/alkyl-aryl) -quinazolin (3H)-4-ones were prepared. All the fifteen compounds were tested for anticonvulsant activity in mice against pentylenetetrazol. A good protection was obtained by most of the compounds.", "contents": "Search for potential anticonvulsant drugs: part I. Synthesis of 2-phenyl-3-benzimidazolyl/-alkyl (alkyl-aryl)--quinazolin (3H) -4-one. By the condensation of 2-phenyl-3-carboxy alkyl/aryl-quinazolin (3H)-4-one and substituted (unsubstituted o-phenylenediamine, fifteen new 2-phenyl-3-benzimidazolyl(-alkyl/alkyl-aryl) -quinazolin (3H)-4-ones were prepared. All the fifteen compounds were tested for anticonvulsant activity in mice against pentylenetetrazol. A good protection was obtained by most of the compounds.", "PMID": 593969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4619", "title": "Potential biologically active agents. X. Synthesis of 3-arylimino-2-indolinones, and their 1-methyl- and 1-morpholino/piperidinomethyl derivatives as excystment and cysticidal agents against Schizopyrenus russelli.", "content": "Isatin and N -methylisatin have been condensed with alkylaminobenzoates to furnish 3-arylimino-2-indolinones and 1-methyl-3-arylimino-2-indolinones respectively. 3-Arylimino-2-indolinones were then subjected to Mannich reaction conditions to yield 1-morpholino/piperidinomethyl-3-arylimino-2-indolinones. The compounds thus synthesised were evaluated for their ability to cause excystment and cysticidal activity against Schizopyrenus russelli.", "contents": "Potential biologically active agents. X. Synthesis of 3-arylimino-2-indolinones, and their 1-methyl- and 1-morpholino/piperidinomethyl derivatives as excystment and cysticidal agents against Schizopyrenus russelli. Isatin and N -methylisatin have been condensed with alkylaminobenzoates to furnish 3-arylimino-2-indolinones and 1-methyl-3-arylimino-2-indolinones respectively. 3-Arylimino-2-indolinones were then subjected to Mannich reaction conditions to yield 1-morpholino/piperidinomethyl-3-arylimino-2-indolinones. The compounds thus synthesised were evaluated for their ability to cause excystment and cysticidal activity against Schizopyrenus russelli.", "PMID": 593970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4620", "title": "Prevention of infection in nurseries for the newborn.", "content": "Prevention of infection in nurseries involves consideration of the design of hospitals, wards and equipment, the study of nursing and domestic procedures, the monitoring of environmental flora and the planning of antiseptic and antibiotic policies. These subjects cannot be considered in isolation from each other and are most suitably managed by a Control of Infection Committee. Ultimately the safety of infants in nurseries rests upon the degree to which each individual involved in their care pays attention to the agreed policies of general and personal hygiene.", "contents": "Prevention of infection in nurseries for the newborn. Prevention of infection in nurseries involves consideration of the design of hospitals, wards and equipment, the study of nursing and domestic procedures, the monitoring of environmental flora and the planning of antiseptic and antibiotic policies. These subjects cannot be considered in isolation from each other and are most suitably managed by a Control of Infection Committee. Ultimately the safety of infants in nurseries rests upon the degree to which each individual involved in their care pays attention to the agreed policies of general and personal hygiene.", "PMID": 593976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4621", "title": "Chlamydial, gonococcal, and herpes virus infections in neonates.", "content": "The incidence, type of lesions, portal of entry and treatment of chlamydial, gonococcal, and herpetic infections of neonates are briefly discussed. Herpes neonatorum is potentially the most serious of these conditions and major efforts in its prophylaxis are called for.", "contents": "Chlamydial, gonococcal, and herpes virus infections in neonates. The incidence, type of lesions, portal of entry and treatment of chlamydial, gonococcal, and herpetic infections of neonates are briefly discussed. Herpes neonatorum is potentially the most serious of these conditions and major efforts in its prophylaxis are called for.", "PMID": 593977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4622", "title": "Maternal genital chlamydial infection as a cause of neonatal conjunctivitis.", "content": "Infections of the cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis are common, at least in those groups of sexually active women of child-bearing age who are seen in STD (sexually-transmitted diseases) clinics. Persistent untreated infection presents a hazard to the women themselves during pregnancy and to their infants who may develop chlamydial conjunctivitis. The clinical and laboratory findings in 1009 women and in 103 infants with conjunctivitis are presented. Practical problems of diagnosis and control of neonatal chlaymdial conjunctivitis are described. A possible association between prematurity and chlamydial infection is discussed.", "contents": "Maternal genital chlamydial infection as a cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. Infections of the cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis are common, at least in those groups of sexually active women of child-bearing age who are seen in STD (sexually-transmitted diseases) clinics. Persistent untreated infection presents a hazard to the women themselves during pregnancy and to their infants who may develop chlamydial conjunctivitis. The clinical and laboratory findings in 1009 women and in 103 infants with conjunctivitis are presented. Practical problems of diagnosis and control of neonatal chlaymdial conjunctivitis are described. A possible association between prematurity and chlamydial infection is discussed.", "PMID": 593978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4623", "title": "Neonatal meningitis.", "content": "Some of the main features of neonatal meningitis, studied in a defined population of infants, are reviewed. The incidence rate was twenty-six cases per 100 000 live-births. The case fatality rate was 43%. Gram-negative intestinal bacilli were the commonest infecting organisms. Streptococci accounted for an important minority of cases. It is stressed that neonatal meningitis usually presents as a non-specific illness, without the clinical signs of meningitis which are familiar in older patients. Twenty-three of the seventy-six infants in this study (30%) weighed 2500 g or less at birth. Another eight infants were born to mothers whose membranes had been ruptured for 24 hr or more.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis. Some of the main features of neonatal meningitis, studied in a defined population of infants, are reviewed. The incidence rate was twenty-six cases per 100 000 live-births. The case fatality rate was 43%. Gram-negative intestinal bacilli were the commonest infecting organisms. Streptococci accounted for an important minority of cases. It is stressed that neonatal meningitis usually presents as a non-specific illness, without the clinical signs of meningitis which are familiar in older patients. Twenty-three of the seventy-six infants in this study (30%) weighed 2500 g or less at birth. Another eight infants were born to mothers whose membranes had been ruptured for 24 hr or more.", "PMID": 593979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4624", "title": "Toxoplasmosis in the perinatal period.", "content": "Although many of the fundamental biological features of toxoplasmosis are today well appreciated, the practical problem of prevention of its most serious consequence--disabling congenital disease, remains unsolved. The reasons vary in different communities, but are concerned with detection of the chief mode of spread, assessment of incidence, delineation of vulnerable antenatal women in latently infected populations, and assessment of the risks of therapeutics. The results of some of the approaches to these problems in Scotland are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis in the perinatal period. Although many of the fundamental biological features of toxoplasmosis are today well appreciated, the practical problem of prevention of its most serious consequence--disabling congenital disease, remains unsolved. The reasons vary in different communities, but are concerned with detection of the chief mode of spread, assessment of incidence, delineation of vulnerable antenatal women in latently infected populations, and assessment of the risks of therapeutics. The results of some of the approaches to these problems in Scotland are reported and discussed.", "PMID": 593980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4625", "title": "Listeriosis.", "content": "The incidence, clinical picture, natural history, epidemiology and sequelae of perinatal listeriosis are discussed along with treatment and diagnosis.", "contents": "Listeriosis. The incidence, clinical picture, natural history, epidemiology and sequelae of perinatal listeriosis are discussed along with treatment and diagnosis.", "PMID": 593981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4626", "title": "The carpal tunnel syndrome in congestive cardiac failure.", "content": "A case of the carpal tunnel syndrome is described which occurred simultaneously with congestive cardiac failure. As the cardiac failure responded to treatment the carpal tunnel syndrome improved dramatically.", "contents": "The carpal tunnel syndrome in congestive cardiac failure. A case of the carpal tunnel syndrome is described which occurred simultaneously with congestive cardiac failure. As the cardiac failure responded to treatment the carpal tunnel syndrome improved dramatically.", "PMID": 593982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4627", "title": "Naevus striatus unguis.", "content": "Three patients presented with an asymptomatic longitudinal pigmented band in a nail. A junctional melanocytic naevus in the nail matrix was suspected; this was confirmed by histological examination in each case. Differential diagnosis and management are discussed, together with a review of the literature. Local excision is considered to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Naevus striatus unguis. Three patients presented with an asymptomatic longitudinal pigmented band in a nail. A junctional melanocytic naevus in the nail matrix was suspected; this was confirmed by histological examination in each case. Differential diagnosis and management are discussed, together with a review of the literature. Local excision is considered to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 593983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4628", "title": "Hereditary angio-oedema with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A patient with hereditary angio-oedema (HAO) developed mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) under observation. HAO is characterized by an inherited defect of complement-deficiency of C1 esterase. MCGN is often associated with another complement abnormality which leads to depression of serum C3 and there is some evidence that the complement abnormality precedes the nephritis. The coincidence of these two rare diseases in the present patient, and in one previously described, suggests that other complement abnormalities may predispose to the development of MCGN.", "contents": "Hereditary angio-oedema with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. A patient with hereditary angio-oedema (HAO) developed mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) under observation. HAO is characterized by an inherited defect of complement-deficiency of C1 esterase. MCGN is often associated with another complement abnormality which leads to depression of serum C3 and there is some evidence that the complement abnormality precedes the nephritis. The coincidence of these two rare diseases in the present patient, and in one previously described, suggests that other complement abnormalities may predispose to the development of MCGN.", "PMID": 593984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4629", "title": "Prostaglandins and the lung.", "content": "Evidence exists implicating prostaglandins as mediators of asthma and of chronic inflammation in the lung. In addition to their spasmogenic effects, PGs are also potent in vitro regulators of mediator secretion by basophils, mast cells, or lymphocytes. These regulatory effects of E-series PGs may have considerable significance in drug design and evaluation in both asthma and chronic inflammation.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the lung. Evidence exists implicating prostaglandins as mediators of asthma and of chronic inflammation in the lung. In addition to their spasmogenic effects, PGs are also potent in vitro regulators of mediator secretion by basophils, mast cells, or lymphocytes. These regulatory effects of E-series PGs may have considerable significance in drug design and evaluation in both asthma and chronic inflammation.", "PMID": 593987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4630", "title": "Inflammation in human skin induced by ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Pharmacologically active mediators of inflammation were obtained from suction bullae raised on normal and ultraviolet B (290-320 nm) inflamed human abdominal skin. The exudates obtained from the bullae were examined by superfusion cascade bioassay, by radioimmunoassay for PGF2alpha and by column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet B (u.v.-B) irradiation of human skin produced an erythema which appeared after 2 hr, increased in severity up to 24 hr and persisted for more than 48 hr. Bioassayable and radioimmunoassayable prostaglandin activity was elevated at 6 hr, was maximal at 24 hr and had returned to normal 48 hr. Topical application of indomethacin suppressed both the erythema and the increased concentration of PGF2alpha as measured by radioimmunoassay. Chromatographic studies confirmed increased prostaglandin activity at 6 and 24 hr and in addition demonstrated an increase in arachidonic acid-like activity. The results suggest that prostaglandins may play an important role between 6 and 24 hr of u.v.-B-induced erythema. Whether the reduction of erythema by indomethacin can be partially or wholly attributable to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis is uncertain.", "contents": "Inflammation in human skin induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Pharmacologically active mediators of inflammation were obtained from suction bullae raised on normal and ultraviolet B (290-320 nm) inflamed human abdominal skin. The exudates obtained from the bullae were examined by superfusion cascade bioassay, by radioimmunoassay for PGF2alpha and by column, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet B (u.v.-B) irradiation of human skin produced an erythema which appeared after 2 hr, increased in severity up to 24 hr and persisted for more than 48 hr. Bioassayable and radioimmunoassayable prostaglandin activity was elevated at 6 hr, was maximal at 24 hr and had returned to normal 48 hr. Topical application of indomethacin suppressed both the erythema and the increased concentration of PGF2alpha as measured by radioimmunoassay. Chromatographic studies confirmed increased prostaglandin activity at 6 and 24 hr and in addition demonstrated an increase in arachidonic acid-like activity. The results suggest that prostaglandins may play an important role between 6 and 24 hr of u.v.-B-induced erythema. Whether the reduction of erythema by indomethacin can be partially or wholly attributable to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis is uncertain.", "PMID": 593989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4631", "title": "Oedema and vasodilatation in inflammation: the relevance of prostaglandins.", "content": "The role of prostaglandins in inflammation is still disputed. Some workers have attempted to fit prostaglandins into a simple model, i.e. inflammatory leads to chemical mediator leads to vascular response. Recent work has shown that this approach may be misleading. An alternative model is proposed, involving the interaction of two chemical agents, i.e. a vascular permeability-increasing mediator (such as histamine or bradykinin) and a vasodilator (prostaglandin) which potentiates the plasma exudation produced by the permeability-increasing mediator. The results obtained in testing this model support the further proposal that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds suppress inflammatory swelling by inhibiting vasodilatation.", "contents": "Oedema and vasodilatation in inflammation: the relevance of prostaglandins. The role of prostaglandins in inflammation is still disputed. Some workers have attempted to fit prostaglandins into a simple model, i.e. inflammatory leads to chemical mediator leads to vascular response. Recent work has shown that this approach may be misleading. An alternative model is proposed, involving the interaction of two chemical agents, i.e. a vascular permeability-increasing mediator (such as histamine or bradykinin) and a vasodilator (prostaglandin) which potentiates the plasma exudation produced by the permeability-increasing mediator. The results obtained in testing this model support the further proposal that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds suppress inflammatory swelling by inhibiting vasodilatation.", "PMID": 593990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4632", "title": "Prostaglandins and model aspects of thrombosis.", "content": "The possible role of prostaglandins (PGs) in thrombosis was determined by examining their effects in models of thrombosis which included platelet aggregation (in vitro), blood flow (in vivo) and thrombus formation (in vivo). It was found that blood flow and thrombosis can be effectively modulated by the various types of prostaglandins produced by the blood and the vascular tissue.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and model aspects of thrombosis. The possible role of prostaglandins (PGs) in thrombosis was determined by examining their effects in models of thrombosis which included platelet aggregation (in vitro), blood flow (in vivo) and thrombus formation (in vivo). It was found that blood flow and thrombosis can be effectively modulated by the various types of prostaglandins produced by the blood and the vascular tissue.", "PMID": 593991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4633", "title": "The coagulopathy associated with aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The authors in this article record their experience with eight-four patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Twenty-seven patients (32%) presented with ruptured aneurysms with an overall mortality of 56%. Of the unruptured aneurysms, 67% were operable with a mortality of 5.3%. The highest mortality amongst the patients with ruptured aneurysms was in the group who was shocked. In the group with ruptured aneurysms, of those in whom platelet counts were performed, 50% were abnormally low, and 56% had evidence of abnormal coagulation. Seventy per cent of those with coagulation abnormalities died. In the unruptured group 28.2% had thrombocytopenia but no other abnormalities of coagulation. All patients undergoint aneurysm resection should have a platelet count and a full clotting screen. Therapy should be directed to normalization of the coagulation system.", "contents": "The coagulopathy associated with aortic aneurysms. The authors in this article record their experience with eight-four patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Twenty-seven patients (32%) presented with ruptured aneurysms with an overall mortality of 56%. Of the unruptured aneurysms, 67% were operable with a mortality of 5.3%. The highest mortality amongst the patients with ruptured aneurysms was in the group who was shocked. In the group with ruptured aneurysms, of those in whom platelet counts were performed, 50% were abnormally low, and 56% had evidence of abnormal coagulation. Seventy per cent of those with coagulation abnormalities died. In the unruptured group 28.2% had thrombocytopenia but no other abnormalities of coagulation. All patients undergoint aneurysm resection should have a platelet count and a full clotting screen. Therapy should be directed to normalization of the coagulation system.", "PMID": 593992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4634", "title": "A temporary biological dressing in the treatment of varicose ulcers and skin defects.", "content": "Corethium 2 has been known to be a valuable biological dressing which encourages re-epithelization in cases of tissue loss, especially in varicose ulcers. It ensures a superior quality of healed tissue even in difficult chronic cases. It also reduces the overall treatment time and can be used as an out-patient dressing.", "contents": "A temporary biological dressing in the treatment of varicose ulcers and skin defects. Corethium 2 has been known to be a valuable biological dressing which encourages re-epithelization in cases of tissue loss, especially in varicose ulcers. It ensures a superior quality of healed tissue even in difficult chronic cases. It also reduces the overall treatment time and can be used as an out-patient dressing.", "PMID": 593993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4635", "title": "Placental transfer of lead and its effects on the newborn.", "content": "Following delivery, blood was taken from 122 mothers and their infants' cords for estimation of lead, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. All were resident in Kasanda, a township within a radius of 3000 metres of Brokin Hill Lead Mine and Smelter, Zambia, where the annual mean atmospheric lead concentration was 9.6 microgram/m3 and the soil lead concentration 100-9400 p.p.m. Their mean blood levels were high, being 41.2 microgram and 37 microgram/dl for mothers and infants respectively, with a significant correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001). Thus an infant's blood lead at birth closely follows that of its mother even at high values. The increased lead level transfer, however, did not appear adversely to affect the birth weight or red cell values of the newborn. Cord blood lead levels are being used in Broken Hill to monitor a community's exposure to lead.", "contents": "Placental transfer of lead and its effects on the newborn. Following delivery, blood was taken from 122 mothers and their infants' cords for estimation of lead, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. All were resident in Kasanda, a township within a radius of 3000 metres of Brokin Hill Lead Mine and Smelter, Zambia, where the annual mean atmospheric lead concentration was 9.6 microgram/m3 and the soil lead concentration 100-9400 p.p.m. Their mean blood levels were high, being 41.2 microgram and 37 microgram/dl for mothers and infants respectively, with a significant correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001). Thus an infant's blood lead at birth closely follows that of its mother even at high values. The increased lead level transfer, however, did not appear adversely to affect the birth weight or red cell values of the newborn. Cord blood lead levels are being used in Broken Hill to monitor a community's exposure to lead.", "PMID": 593994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4636", "title": "The effects of supplementary nicotine in regular cigarette smokers.", "content": "Blood nicotine levels were measured in eight subjects over a 5-week period, while smoking normally, while smoking and chewing gum containing 2 mg nicotine, and while smoking and chewing placebo gum. Despite a small but significant rise in blood nicotine levels during the period of the nicotine gum chewing (mean 35.3 ng/ml) compared with placebo (mean 28.9 ng/ml) and control (mean 26.3 ng/ml), cigarette consumption butt lengths, filter nicotine and blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels did not change indicating that there had been no significant changes in smoking patterns. The reasons for this failure to demonstrate an effect are discussed. It is concluded that the dose of nicotine used was probably not adequate to produce an effect.", "contents": "The effects of supplementary nicotine in regular cigarette smokers. Blood nicotine levels were measured in eight subjects over a 5-week period, while smoking normally, while smoking and chewing gum containing 2 mg nicotine, and while smoking and chewing placebo gum. Despite a small but significant rise in blood nicotine levels during the period of the nicotine gum chewing (mean 35.3 ng/ml) compared with placebo (mean 28.9 ng/ml) and control (mean 26.3 ng/ml), cigarette consumption butt lengths, filter nicotine and blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels did not change indicating that there had been no significant changes in smoking patterns. The reasons for this failure to demonstrate an effect are discussed. It is concluded that the dose of nicotine used was probably not adequate to produce an effect.", "PMID": 593995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4637", "title": "Severe meprobamate poisoning: successful treatment with haemoperfusion.", "content": "Charcoal haemoperfusion used to treat a 56-year-old woman who had taken a very large overdose of meprobamate was followed by fully recovery. The plasma clearance of meprobamate was 153 ml/min and this compares favourably with values obtained for haemodialysis. The indications for haemoperfusion are reviewed.", "contents": "Severe meprobamate poisoning: successful treatment with haemoperfusion. Charcoal haemoperfusion used to treat a 56-year-old woman who had taken a very large overdose of meprobamate was followed by fully recovery. The plasma clearance of meprobamate was 153 ml/min and this compares favourably with values obtained for haemodialysis. The indications for haemoperfusion are reviewed.", "PMID": 593997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4638", "title": "Papilloedema associated with respiratory failure.", "content": "A case of papilloedema secondary to respiratory failure is reported which caused considerable diagnostic difficulty and led to extensive neurological investigation. Neurological complaints of headache and visual impairment overshadowed respiratory symptoms and were associated with gross haemorrhagic papilloedema. The case is compared with previous reports and the pathogenesis of papilloedema in respiratory failure is reviewed briefly. The similarity between the pathogenesis of this condition and benign intracranial hypertension is discussed.", "contents": "Papilloedema associated with respiratory failure. A case of papilloedema secondary to respiratory failure is reported which caused considerable diagnostic difficulty and led to extensive neurological investigation. Neurological complaints of headache and visual impairment overshadowed respiratory symptoms and were associated with gross haemorrhagic papilloedema. The case is compared with previous reports and the pathogenesis of papilloedema in respiratory failure is reviewed briefly. The similarity between the pathogenesis of this condition and benign intracranial hypertension is discussed.", "PMID": 593998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4639", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis.", "content": "A patient with concurrent miliary tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis is described.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis. A patient with concurrent miliary tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis is described.", "PMID": 593999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4640", "title": "[A complementary experimental method to study agents with mucolytic activity].", "content": "The resins endothelial injection in the rat right lung allows to appreciate quantitatively the state of the broncheal tree. Associated to a technic showing the quality of mucoids retentions this method is useful for the showing of products with a mucolytic activity.", "contents": "[A complementary experimental method to study agents with mucolytic activity]. The resins endothelial injection in the rat right lung allows to appreciate quantitatively the state of the broncheal tree. Associated to a technic showing the quality of mucoids retentions this method is useful for the showing of products with a mucolytic activity.", "PMID": 594000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4641", "title": "[Severe bronchiolitis in the newborn (apropos of 13 cases)].", "content": "Bronchiolitis in newborns is a frequent infection, usually with a good prognosis. But there are also more severe forms, better known now, endangering the vital prognosis. The authors report the experience of an infant intensive care unit, where 13 cases of severe bronchiolitis were treated. After considering the etiological circumstances, they envisage the physio-pathological problems. Clinical and paraclinical signs are described. The authors particularly insist on the treatment of severe bronchiolitis using respiratory reanimation. In many cases, assisted ventilation with tracheal intubation helps to get over the worst part. Treatment of severe bronchiolitis remains today essentially symptomatic, but the practice of the appropriate treatment enables in most cases to cure the disease.", "contents": "[Severe bronchiolitis in the newborn (apropos of 13 cases)]. Bronchiolitis in newborns is a frequent infection, usually with a good prognosis. But there are also more severe forms, better known now, endangering the vital prognosis. The authors report the experience of an infant intensive care unit, where 13 cases of severe bronchiolitis were treated. After considering the etiological circumstances, they envisage the physio-pathological problems. Clinical and paraclinical signs are described. The authors particularly insist on the treatment of severe bronchiolitis using respiratory reanimation. In many cases, assisted ventilation with tracheal intubation helps to get over the worst part. Treatment of severe bronchiolitis remains today essentially symptomatic, but the practice of the appropriate treatment enables in most cases to cure the disease.", "PMID": 594001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4642", "title": "[Pseudo-tumoral round atelectasis without known pleural history (apropos of 2 cases)].", "content": "The authors recall two cases of round atelectasis without any known pleural past-record. The first showed, on successive X rays, an increase in size of the image. In the second case a pleural effusion occurred after the discovery of a round opacity. They stress the various small radiological signs as a way of including the etiology of a purely mechanical atelectasis among the difficult diagnosis of intraparenchymal round opacities.", "contents": "[Pseudo-tumoral round atelectasis without known pleural history (apropos of 2 cases)]. The authors recall two cases of round atelectasis without any known pleural past-record. The first showed, on successive X rays, an increase in size of the image. In the second case a pleural effusion occurred after the discovery of a round opacity. They stress the various small radiological signs as a way of including the etiology of a purely mechanical atelectasis among the difficult diagnosis of intraparenchymal round opacities.", "PMID": 594002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4643", "title": "[Osteosynthesis of metastatic fractures of bronchial origin. Analysis of a series of 18 cases].", "content": "The authors present a series of 18 femoral and humeral metastases of bronchial origin treated by surgery. They study the results and recommend \"closed wound\" osteosynthesis, underlying the antalgic character of the intervention which does not modify the already limited survival.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis of metastatic fractures of bronchial origin. Analysis of a series of 18 cases]. The authors present a series of 18 femoral and humeral metastases of bronchial origin treated by surgery. They study the results and recommend \"closed wound\" osteosynthesis, underlying the antalgic character of the intervention which does not modify the already limited survival.", "PMID": 594003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4644", "title": "[Tracheal compression revealing a cold mediastinal abscess of Pott's disease origin].", "content": "The authors report the observation of a cold mediastinal abscess during a dorsal Pott disease, revealed by a tracheal compression. In relation with the unusual localization, they recall the main characteristics of cold chest abscesses, secondary or apparently primitive, deep or superficial, parietal but rarely mediastinal, and discuss as to their origin : bone, rib vertebra or lymph node. Modes of medical, or surgical treatment are envisaged.", "contents": "[Tracheal compression revealing a cold mediastinal abscess of Pott's disease origin]. The authors report the observation of a cold mediastinal abscess during a dorsal Pott disease, revealed by a tracheal compression. In relation with the unusual localization, they recall the main characteristics of cold chest abscesses, secondary or apparently primitive, deep or superficial, parietal but rarely mediastinal, and discuss as to their origin : bone, rib vertebra or lymph node. Modes of medical, or surgical treatment are envisaged.", "PMID": 594004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4645", "title": "[Intrapulmonary solitary round opacities. Diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "The authors envisage the practical problems brought by unexpected intraparenchymal single round images seen on X ray. Thirty to 40% of these opacities proved to be malignant; the proportion rising over 50% in patients more than 50 years old. The great majority of these malignant tumours are primitive and the earlier the exeresis, the better the prognosis. The criteria of benignity (age under 35, presence of calcification amidst the opacity) are not always absolute. For fear of overlooking a malignant tumour, exploring thoracotomy is recommended.", "contents": "[Intrapulmonary solitary round opacities. Diagnosis and therapy]. The authors envisage the practical problems brought by unexpected intraparenchymal single round images seen on X ray. Thirty to 40% of these opacities proved to be malignant; the proportion rising over 50% in patients more than 50 years old. The great majority of these malignant tumours are primitive and the earlier the exeresis, the better the prognosis. The criteria of benignity (age under 35, presence of calcification amidst the opacity) are not always absolute. For fear of overlooking a malignant tumour, exploring thoracotomy is recommended.", "PMID": 594005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4646", "title": "[Femoral embolism during cardiothyrosis].", "content": "This is a case of a systemic embolism during an auricular fibrillation because of a toxic thyroid adenoma in a 73 years old man with latent coronaropathy. The femoral obstruction and the adenoma were successfully operated. The study of the pathogenic factors of the embolism complications, in spite of the rarity of published cases, suggests an anticoagulant treatment in certain cases : auricular fibrillation with periodic returns to sinusal rhythm, the patient's old age.", "contents": "[Femoral embolism during cardiothyrosis]. This is a case of a systemic embolism during an auricular fibrillation because of a toxic thyroid adenoma in a 73 years old man with latent coronaropathy. The femoral obstruction and the adenoma were successfully operated. The study of the pathogenic factors of the embolism complications, in spite of the rarity of published cases, suggests an anticoagulant treatment in certain cases : auricular fibrillation with periodic returns to sinusal rhythm, the patient's old age.", "PMID": 594006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4647", "title": "[Asbestosis. Apropos of one case].", "content": "Having reported a very complete observation of a patient with asbestosis, as well as silicosis, hitherto undiscovered tuberculosis and a pleural mesothelioma, the authors sum up our present knowledge on the consequences of inhaling asbestos dust. Clinical signs are numerous, benign or malignant, the risks of pleural and broncho-pulmonary cancer being greater in people exposed to asbestos. Diagnosis rests mainly on professional anamnesis and on the presence of great quantities of asbestos bodies in the sputum. Any pleural thickening on X ray should always suggest the development of a mesothelioma. As it now gives right to legal compensation, it is recommended to authentify the malignancy of the thickening by surgery.", "contents": "[Asbestosis. Apropos of one case]. Having reported a very complete observation of a patient with asbestosis, as well as silicosis, hitherto undiscovered tuberculosis and a pleural mesothelioma, the authors sum up our present knowledge on the consequences of inhaling asbestos dust. Clinical signs are numerous, benign or malignant, the risks of pleural and broncho-pulmonary cancer being greater in people exposed to asbestos. Diagnosis rests mainly on professional anamnesis and on the presence of great quantities of asbestos bodies in the sputum. Any pleural thickening on X ray should always suggest the development of a mesothelioma. As it now gives right to legal compensation, it is recommended to authentify the malignancy of the thickening by surgery.", "PMID": 594007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4648", "title": "[Monitoring of cardio-pulmonary parameters in cases of severe multiple injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic parameters were monitored for one week (in greatest detail during the first 24 hours) in 35 severely injured persons who had been admitted for treatment within one hour after the accident and, as judged by the type of injury, had probably lost more than 1 1/2 litres of blood. The estimations included not only blood pressure, heart rate and shock index; but the cardiac index, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure and parameters of oxygen transport were also determined with the aid of Swan-Ganz catheters. The importance of the data as guide-lines for the correct type of intensive therapy and their prognostic significance are discussed. The evidence provided by the cardiac index, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressure and the parameters of oxygen transport are of particular importance in these cases. A list is added of the values of some haemodynamic factors which should be taken into account in the initial treatment of severely injured persons.", "contents": "[Monitoring of cardio-pulmonary parameters in cases of severe multiple injuries (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic parameters were monitored for one week (in greatest detail during the first 24 hours) in 35 severely injured persons who had been admitted for treatment within one hour after the accident and, as judged by the type of injury, had probably lost more than 1 1/2 litres of blood. The estimations included not only blood pressure, heart rate and shock index; but the cardiac index, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure and parameters of oxygen transport were also determined with the aid of Swan-Ganz catheters. The importance of the data as guide-lines for the correct type of intensive therapy and their prognostic significance are discussed. The evidence provided by the cardiac index, pulmonary arterial and capillary pressure and the parameters of oxygen transport are of particular importance in these cases. A list is added of the values of some haemodynamic factors which should be taken into account in the initial treatment of severely injured persons.", "PMID": 594028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4649", "title": "[Disturbances of the clotting mechanism in severe cerebro-cranial injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Factors II, V, X, VIII, thrombin time, platelet count and the thrombelastogram were estimated in 58 persons who had suffered cerebrocranial injuries of varying degree of severity. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate whether and to what extent the injury affected these parameters and whether the destruction of brain tissue could be regarded as the sole cause of the impairment of the clotting mechanism. First estimations in cases of cerebrocranial trauma uncomplicated by other injuries and in cases of cerebrocranial trauma complicated by moderately severe other injuries showed changes in factors II, V, X, VII as well as a pathological thrombelastogram, viz.: hypercoagulability. More pronounced changes were observed in cases where the cerebrocranial injuries were associated with severe complicating lesions: factors II, V, VII, X and the platelet count were reduced by 50-70 per cent of their normal values. Subsequent estimations carried out over a period of 15 days showed that the clotting mechanism had returned to nearly normal within 6-10 days. The use of heparin for normalizing disturbances of the clotting mechanism in cerebrocranial injuries is discussed.", "contents": "[Disturbances of the clotting mechanism in severe cerebro-cranial injuries (author's transl)]. Factors II, V, X, VIII, thrombin time, platelet count and the thrombelastogram were estimated in 58 persons who had suffered cerebrocranial injuries of varying degree of severity. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate whether and to what extent the injury affected these parameters and whether the destruction of brain tissue could be regarded as the sole cause of the impairment of the clotting mechanism. First estimations in cases of cerebrocranial trauma uncomplicated by other injuries and in cases of cerebrocranial trauma complicated by moderately severe other injuries showed changes in factors II, V, X, VII as well as a pathological thrombelastogram, viz.: hypercoagulability. More pronounced changes were observed in cases where the cerebrocranial injuries were associated with severe complicating lesions: factors II, V, VII, X and the platelet count were reduced by 50-70 per cent of their normal values. Subsequent estimations carried out over a period of 15 days showed that the clotting mechanism had returned to nearly normal within 6-10 days. The use of heparin for normalizing disturbances of the clotting mechanism in cerebrocranial injuries is discussed.", "PMID": 594029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4650", "title": "[Hygienic problems in intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "Microbiological tests have established that intensive care units act as a reservoir from which hospital infections spread. The mode of their spread is reviewed. The increased incidence of nosocomial infections to intensive care wards is attributable partly to deficient antisepsis and asepsis and partly to inadequate planning of the building and organization of these wards. Plans for two intensive care wards are put forward which would reduce the risk of contact, smear and air-borne infections. In the planning of these units greater attention than has so far been the case should be paid to preventing the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms.", "contents": "[Hygienic problems in intensive care units (author's transl)]. Microbiological tests have established that intensive care units act as a reservoir from which hospital infections spread. The mode of their spread is reviewed. The increased incidence of nosocomial infections to intensive care wards is attributable partly to deficient antisepsis and asepsis and partly to inadequate planning of the building and organization of these wards. Plans for two intensive care wards are put forward which would reduce the risk of contact, smear and air-borne infections. In the planning of these units greater attention than has so far been the case should be paid to preventing the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms.", "PMID": 594030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4651", "title": "[The epidemiology of blastomyces infections with special reference to postoperative intensive care wards (author's transl)].", "content": "230 strains of Blastomyces were isolated during a nine month's period in the course of routine laboratory examinations of faecal and other specimens. Candida albicans was the most frequently present (151), followed by Candida tropicalis (39) and Torulopsis glabrata (16). During an environmental study in a postoperative intensive care unit 426 swabs were taken. 88 strains of Blastomyces were cultured from 75 swabs. The observations indicate that Candida albicans as a free-living organism lacks favourable conditions for multiplication in sick rooms and wards, and that it does not play the same role in cross-infection as does, e.g., Psudeomonas aeruginosa or strains of Klebsiella. The same apparently also applies to Candida tropicalis and Torulopsis. Measures to prevent infection with yeast-like fungi in hospitals are reviewed.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of blastomyces infections with special reference to postoperative intensive care wards (author's transl)]. 230 strains of Blastomyces were isolated during a nine month's period in the course of routine laboratory examinations of faecal and other specimens. Candida albicans was the most frequently present (151), followed by Candida tropicalis (39) and Torulopsis glabrata (16). During an environmental study in a postoperative intensive care unit 426 swabs were taken. 88 strains of Blastomyces were cultured from 75 swabs. The observations indicate that Candida albicans as a free-living organism lacks favourable conditions for multiplication in sick rooms and wards, and that it does not play the same role in cross-infection as does, e.g., Psudeomonas aeruginosa or strains of Klebsiella. The same apparently also applies to Candida tropicalis and Torulopsis. Measures to prevent infection with yeast-like fungi in hospitals are reviewed.", "PMID": 594031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4652", "title": "[Long-term intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "Establishment of a clear airway has become increasingly frequent and is of high importance, especially in patients with severe injuries, head injuries or intoxications. Though the endotracheal intubation-technique has been improved and soft intubation-tubes are now available, tracheostomy is not rendered unnecessary. However, its indications have changed and have become restricted. This trend was proved by the own experiences in 841 patients. The presuppositions for nasal long-term intubation are described in details.", "contents": "[Long-term intubation (author's transl)]. Establishment of a clear airway has become increasingly frequent and is of high importance, especially in patients with severe injuries, head injuries or intoxications. Though the endotracheal intubation-technique has been improved and soft intubation-tubes are now available, tracheostomy is not rendered unnecessary. However, its indications have changed and have become restricted. This trend was proved by the own experiences in 841 patients. The presuppositions for nasal long-term intubation are described in details.", "PMID": 594032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4653", "title": "[Complications of resuscitative measures with special regard to liver damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Dissection material comprising 71 cases (total material evaluated: 3,082 post-mortem examinations) in which resuscitation measures are known to have been carried out in the case history showed 46.5% resuscitation damage, including an incidence of liver ruptures of 8.5% (6 cases), which are given special prominence. In the event of substantial haemascos and temporarily successful resuscitation rupture of the liver has been found to be a significant factor in the advent of death. Liver rupture cannot always be avoided during external cardiac massage even if performed professionally. The fact that the ruptured liver is attributable to resuscitation does not warrant the conclusion that external cardiac massage has been carried out incompetently.", "contents": "[Complications of resuscitative measures with special regard to liver damage (author's transl)]. Dissection material comprising 71 cases (total material evaluated: 3,082 post-mortem examinations) in which resuscitation measures are known to have been carried out in the case history showed 46.5% resuscitation damage, including an incidence of liver ruptures of 8.5% (6 cases), which are given special prominence. In the event of substantial haemascos and temporarily successful resuscitation rupture of the liver has been found to be a significant factor in the advent of death. Liver rupture cannot always be avoided during external cardiac massage even if performed professionally. The fact that the ruptured liver is attributable to resuscitation does not warrant the conclusion that external cardiac massage has been carried out incompetently.", "PMID": 594034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4654", "title": "[Prostaglandins. Various clinical, physiological and chemical aspects].", "content": "The prostaglandins (PTGs) are compounds derived  of the essential lipids of diet. The name was received by isolation of the prostate, however, subsequent investigations demonstrate its existence in all tissues investigated, in every species of animals studied and in the mariner choral Plexaura homamalla, that is important fountain of PTGs for investigation. For its localization, action's mechanisms and diverse effects in apparatus and systems they promise to be potent therapeutic arms in diverse diseases. The literature relationed to PTGs is extense, there exist excellent reviews about it.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins. Various clinical, physiological and chemical aspects]. The prostaglandins (PTGs) are compounds derived  of the essential lipids of diet. The name was received by isolation of the prostate, however, subsequent investigations demonstrate its existence in all tissues investigated, in every species of animals studied and in the mariner choral Plexaura homamalla, that is important fountain of PTGs for investigation. For its localization, action's mechanisms and diverse effects in apparatus and systems they promise to be potent therapeutic arms in diverse diseases. The literature relationed to PTGs is extense, there exist excellent reviews about it.", "PMID": 594047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4655", "title": "[Visceral multiple angiomatosis. Clinical case and review of the literature].", "content": "It is presented a case of a 62-year old male, with an illness of two months duration suggestive of an hepatic abscess; six months prior to admission he had surgery done because of a suspected cholelitiasis. Because of treatment failure and taking into account the result of the hepatic punctures (dark blood) with decreasing size of the liver, it was assumed to be a case of angioma. His intrahospital evolution was poor and died in hypovolemic shock complicated with acute pulmonary edema despite medical efforts. The post mortem study showed: a 13 cm. cavernous hepatic angioma, variable number of mesenteric, intestinal and cerebral angiomas. The surgical specimen of the gallbladder showed also angiomatosis. A brief review of the literature is done and particular emphasis is placed upon the clinical and angiographic studies of value to reach the diagnosis. The present case is similar to those in the literature because of the confusing clinical picture and fatal outcome.", "contents": "[Visceral multiple angiomatosis. Clinical case and review of the literature]. It is presented a case of a 62-year old male, with an illness of two months duration suggestive of an hepatic abscess; six months prior to admission he had surgery done because of a suspected cholelitiasis. Because of treatment failure and taking into account the result of the hepatic punctures (dark blood) with decreasing size of the liver, it was assumed to be a case of angioma. His intrahospital evolution was poor and died in hypovolemic shock complicated with acute pulmonary edema despite medical efforts. The post mortem study showed: a 13 cm. cavernous hepatic angioma, variable number of mesenteric, intestinal and cerebral angiomas. The surgical specimen of the gallbladder showed also angiomatosis. A brief review of the literature is done and particular emphasis is placed upon the clinical and angiographic studies of value to reach the diagnosis. The present case is similar to those in the literature because of the confusing clinical picture and fatal outcome.", "PMID": 594053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4656", "title": "Etorphine and shuttle-box self-stimulation in the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained to turn rewarding electrical brain stimulation on and off by crossing back and forth in a shuttle-box. Moderate doses of the narcotic analgesic, etorphine, increased mean ON times while having little effect on OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to the reward enhancement action over five consecutive days of injections. This paradigm seems valuable for exploration of the reinforcing properties of narcotic drugs.", "contents": "Etorphine and shuttle-box self-stimulation in the rat. Rats were trained to turn rewarding electrical brain stimulation on and off by crossing back and forth in a shuttle-box. Moderate doses of the narcotic analgesic, etorphine, increased mean ON times while having little effect on OFF times. Tolerance did not develop to the reward enhancement action over five consecutive days of injections. This paradigm seems valuable for exploration of the reinforcing properties of narcotic drugs.", "PMID": 594088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4657", "title": "Dose-response effects of alcohol upon rat strains bred for differences in reactivity to alcohol.", "content": "Two rat strains, designated LA and MA, selectively bred for differential impairment of motor activity following an injection of alcohol, were tested in stabilmeters and compared over a range of ethanol doses. As expected, increasing doses of ethanol produced progressively greater activity decrements in both strains; however, the same dose of ethanol induced a more pronounced decrement in the MA strain than in LA strain at all doses. At the highest alcohol dose (2.25 g/kg), the LA animals were twice as active as were the MA strain at the 1.5 g/kg dose. This strain difference in impairment was evident within 3 min postinjection and remained throughout the 30 min test session. The results are discussed in terms of differential neural and behavioral toelrance to ethanol in the two strains.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of alcohol upon rat strains bred for differences in reactivity to alcohol. Two rat strains, designated LA and MA, selectively bred for differential impairment of motor activity following an injection of alcohol, were tested in stabilmeters and compared over a range of ethanol doses. As expected, increasing doses of ethanol produced progressively greater activity decrements in both strains; however, the same dose of ethanol induced a more pronounced decrement in the MA strain than in LA strain at all doses. At the highest alcohol dose (2.25 g/kg), the LA animals were twice as active as were the MA strain at the 1.5 g/kg dose. This strain difference in impairment was evident within 3 min postinjection and remained throughout the 30 min test session. The results are discussed in terms of differential neural and behavioral toelrance to ethanol in the two strains.", "PMID": 594089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4658", "title": "Selective facilitation of memory attributes by strychnine.", "content": "In two experiments, the effects of strychnine on the specific memory attributes of prior discrimination training were assessed in terms of subjects' performance under various discrimination reversal conditions. Mice were trained in a discrimination task with two redundant relevant cues. Immediately after their last training trial, subjects were administered an intraperitoneal injection of either strychnine (1.0 mg/kg) or saline. When both training cues were reversed (Experiment 1), strychnine treated subjects were observed to exhibit greater performance decrements than saline-treated subjects upon initial exposure to reversal conditions, suggesting that strychnine had enhanced the memory of a relatively specific stimulus-response association. When subjects were tested under partial cue-reveraal conditions (Experiment 2) strychnine treated animals exhibited treater utilization of one of the redundant relevant stimuli than the other, while saline-treated animals exhibited no preference.", "contents": "Selective facilitation of memory attributes by strychnine. In two experiments, the effects of strychnine on the specific memory attributes of prior discrimination training were assessed in terms of subjects' performance under various discrimination reversal conditions. Mice were trained in a discrimination task with two redundant relevant cues. Immediately after their last training trial, subjects were administered an intraperitoneal injection of either strychnine (1.0 mg/kg) or saline. When both training cues were reversed (Experiment 1), strychnine treated subjects were observed to exhibit greater performance decrements than saline-treated subjects upon initial exposure to reversal conditions, suggesting that strychnine had enhanced the memory of a relatively specific stimulus-response association. When subjects were tested under partial cue-reveraal conditions (Experiment 2) strychnine treated animals exhibited treater utilization of one of the redundant relevant stimuli than the other, while saline-treated animals exhibited no preference.", "PMID": 594090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4659", "title": "Restraint alters the effects of morphine and heroin on core temperature in the rat.", "content": "The importance of restraint in determining the magnitude of alteration in the rat's core temperature (Tc) after the administration of morphine sulphate (M) and heroin hydrochloride (H) was investigated. M, in doses of 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg, or H, in doses of 0.1, 1 and 5 mg/kg was administered IP to either the restrained or free-moving rats as Tc was measured. After the administration of 5 mg/kg of H or 30 mg/kg of M to the restrained rat, a marked hypothermia was observed which reached a maximum mean depth of 3.1 and 4.5 degrees C below the baseline Tc, respectively. Conversely, a mean increase in Tc of 1.5 and 1.9 degrees C occurred following the administration of these same doses of M and H in the unrestrained animal. Furthermore, the hypothermic effect of the highest dose of M was not observed when the third of 3 consecutive injections of M, administered at 48-hr intervals, was administered to the restrained rat. On the other hand, when M was repeatedly administered to the free-moving rat, the hyperthermic response was consistently observed. Pretreatment with naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg IP) effectively blocked the opiate-induced hypothermia in the restrained animal, but a total dose of 10 mg/kg was necessary to completely block the hyperthermic response in the free-moving rat. Although the factor of restraint itself did not alter the rat's Tc, it did dramatically alter the action of M and H on the body temperature of the rat.", "contents": "Restraint alters the effects of morphine and heroin on core temperature in the rat. The importance of restraint in determining the magnitude of alteration in the rat's core temperature (Tc) after the administration of morphine sulphate (M) and heroin hydrochloride (H) was investigated. M, in doses of 5, 15 and 30 mg/kg, or H, in doses of 0.1, 1 and 5 mg/kg was administered IP to either the restrained or free-moving rats as Tc was measured. After the administration of 5 mg/kg of H or 30 mg/kg of M to the restrained rat, a marked hypothermia was observed which reached a maximum mean depth of 3.1 and 4.5 degrees C below the baseline Tc, respectively. Conversely, a mean increase in Tc of 1.5 and 1.9 degrees C occurred following the administration of these same doses of M and H in the unrestrained animal. Furthermore, the hypothermic effect of the highest dose of M was not observed when the third of 3 consecutive injections of M, administered at 48-hr intervals, was administered to the restrained rat. On the other hand, when M was repeatedly administered to the free-moving rat, the hyperthermic response was consistently observed. Pretreatment with naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg IP) effectively blocked the opiate-induced hypothermia in the restrained animal, but a total dose of 10 mg/kg was necessary to completely block the hyperthermic response in the free-moving rat. Although the factor of restraint itself did not alter the rat's Tc, it did dramatically alter the action of M and H on the body temperature of the rat.", "PMID": 594091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4660", "title": "Effect of substance P on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation in rats following intracerebral administration.", "content": "The effect of Substance P infused intracerebrally via chronically implanted electrode-cannulae on self-stimulation induced from the same site was studied in rats. Substance P caused a significant depression of self-stimulation at 60 and 120 microgram/rat. Morphine infused into this site also caused significant depression of self-stimulation, but the doses were considerably lower than those of Substance P (5 and 10 microgram/rat). Pretreatment with naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, significantly antagonized the effects of Substance P on self-stimulation. It is proposed that Substance P modulates self-stimulation by the release of an endogenous morphine-like substance, but the possibility of a direct effect of Substance P was not ruled out.", "contents": "Effect of substance P on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation in rats following intracerebral administration. The effect of Substance P infused intracerebrally via chronically implanted electrode-cannulae on self-stimulation induced from the same site was studied in rats. Substance P caused a significant depression of self-stimulation at 60 and 120 microgram/rat. Morphine infused into this site also caused significant depression of self-stimulation, but the doses were considerably lower than those of Substance P (5 and 10 microgram/rat). Pretreatment with naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, significantly antagonized the effects of Substance P on self-stimulation. It is proposed that Substance P modulates self-stimulation by the release of an endogenous morphine-like substance, but the possibility of a direct effect of Substance P was not ruled out.", "PMID": 594092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4661", "title": "Effect of chlordiazepoxide on the partial reinforcement extinction effect.", "content": "Rats were trained to run in a straight alley under conditions of partial or continuous reinforcement. Extinction was slower after partial reinforcement. Chlordiazepoxide, administered during acquisition only, had no effect on acquisition but abolished the partial reinforcement extinction effect. The results support the hypothesis that chlordiazepoxide acts by attenuating the effects of averisive stimuli.", "contents": "Effect of chlordiazepoxide on the partial reinforcement extinction effect. Rats were trained to run in a straight alley under conditions of partial or continuous reinforcement. Extinction was slower after partial reinforcement. Chlordiazepoxide, administered during acquisition only, had no effect on acquisition but abolished the partial reinforcement extinction effect. The results support the hypothesis that chlordiazepoxide acts by attenuating the effects of averisive stimuli.", "PMID": 594093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4662", "title": "Drug discrimination and generalization in pigeons.", "content": "In a three-key operant conditioning situation six pigeons were trained to select the response key which was associated with each of three drug treatment conditions: d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5 mg/kg), and saline. Thus, the drug state served as a discriminative stimulus for food reinforcement. After 20 sessions of discrimination training in each of the three conditions, more than 90% of the responses were correctly emitted in the presence of the appropriate drug or saline stimulus. Acquisition of the discrimination progressed at approximately equal rates for the three treatments. Subsequent to discrimination training, generalization gradients were obtained for several doses of the training drugs and for dose ranges of cocaine, morphine, and methocarbamol. The pigeons responded to morphine by choosing the key paired with pentobarbital during training; further, cocaine administration resulted in choice of the amphetamine key. However, metocarbamol, over the doses used, produced responding more characteristic of saline than of the other training drugs. The data suggest that a three-key operant discrimination procedure using pigeons provides a sensitive method for investigating the stimulus properties of relatively low doses of behaviorally relevant drugs.", "contents": "Drug discrimination and generalization in pigeons. In a three-key operant conditioning situation six pigeons were trained to select the response key which was associated with each of three drug treatment conditions: d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5 mg/kg), and saline. Thus, the drug state served as a discriminative stimulus for food reinforcement. After 20 sessions of discrimination training in each of the three conditions, more than 90% of the responses were correctly emitted in the presence of the appropriate drug or saline stimulus. Acquisition of the discrimination progressed at approximately equal rates for the three treatments. Subsequent to discrimination training, generalization gradients were obtained for several doses of the training drugs and for dose ranges of cocaine, morphine, and methocarbamol. The pigeons responded to morphine by choosing the key paired with pentobarbital during training; further, cocaine administration resulted in choice of the amphetamine key. However, metocarbamol, over the doses used, produced responding more characteristic of saline than of the other training drugs. The data suggest that a three-key operant discrimination procedure using pigeons provides a sensitive method for investigating the stimulus properties of relatively low doses of behaviorally relevant drugs.", "PMID": 594094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4663", "title": "Effect of tetraethyl lead and restricted food intake on locomotor activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of tetraethyl lead (TEL) and restricted food intake on spontaneous locomotor activity in male albino rats was investigated. Forty animals were injected intraperitoneally with 4, 7, 10 or 13 mg/kg body weight of TEL in peanut oil, or a peanut oil placebo. Forty additional animals were food yoked to lead treated animals as a control procedure to hold food intake constant between lead treated and lead free animals. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment measures revealed significant decreases in food intake and increases in activity levels at dosages of 7, 10 and 13 mg/kg of TEL. In addition, food intake and activity were significantly correlated in both lead treated and yoked groups. The issue of factors associated with reduced food intake playing a role in observed activity level increases was raised.", "contents": "Effect of tetraethyl lead and restricted food intake on locomotor activity in the rat. The effect of tetraethyl lead (TEL) and restricted food intake on spontaneous locomotor activity in male albino rats was investigated. Forty animals were injected intraperitoneally with 4, 7, 10 or 13 mg/kg body weight of TEL in peanut oil, or a peanut oil placebo. Forty additional animals were food yoked to lead treated animals as a control procedure to hold food intake constant between lead treated and lead free animals. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment measures revealed significant decreases in food intake and increases in activity levels at dosages of 7, 10 and 13 mg/kg of TEL. In addition, food intake and activity were significantly correlated in both lead treated and yoked groups. The issue of factors associated with reduced food intake playing a role in observed activity level increases was raised.", "PMID": 594095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4664", "title": "Cholinergic mechanisms involved in head-shaking of infant rats.", "content": "Central cholinergic mechanisms involved in D-amphetamine induced head-shaking (H-S) were explored in 9-day-old albino rats using anticholinergic, anticholinesterase and cholinomimetic drugs. Scopolamine (5 mg/kg, IP) blocks both spontaneous and D-amphetamine induced H-S. Physostigmine (0.10 mg/kg, IP), but not neostigmine, increases D-amphetamine induced H-S up to 400%. Pilocarpine (1-10 mg/kg, IP) per se induces H-S and strongly potentiates the amphetamine H-S effect. Cholinergic--catecholaminergic interactions in the CNS are discussed in relation to the expression of this motor item.", "contents": "Cholinergic mechanisms involved in head-shaking of infant rats. Central cholinergic mechanisms involved in D-amphetamine induced head-shaking (H-S) were explored in 9-day-old albino rats using anticholinergic, anticholinesterase and cholinomimetic drugs. Scopolamine (5 mg/kg, IP) blocks both spontaneous and D-amphetamine induced H-S. Physostigmine (0.10 mg/kg, IP), but not neostigmine, increases D-amphetamine induced H-S up to 400%. Pilocarpine (1-10 mg/kg, IP) per se induces H-S and strongly potentiates the amphetamine H-S effect. Cholinergic--catecholaminergic interactions in the CNS are discussed in relation to the expression of this motor item.", "PMID": 594096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4665", "title": "GABA stimulation and blockade in the hypothalamus and midbrain: effects on feeding and locomotor activity.", "content": "Microinjections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BM) (100 ng), into the anterolateral hypothalamus (LH) increased ingestion of sweet milk. A subsequent injection of BM 48 hrs. later produced a type of kindling effect consisting of feeding related automatisms, such as gnawing and biting. The behavioral effects of injections of 100 ng of GABA into the LH were variable. GABA injections into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reliably increased food intake. GABA injections into the origin of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) suppressed it. Similar injections into the origin of the mesolimbic DA cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) had no effect on feeding behavior. Following BM injections into the SN, a moderate increase in tilt box activity was observed. A second injection of the GABA blocker 6 days later exaggerated this effect. Short latency extreme hyperactivation was accompanied by unidirectional barrel rolling which persisted until blocked by local injections of GABA.", "contents": "GABA stimulation and blockade in the hypothalamus and midbrain: effects on feeding and locomotor activity. Microinjections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BM) (100 ng), into the anterolateral hypothalamus (LH) increased ingestion of sweet milk. A subsequent injection of BM 48 hrs. later produced a type of kindling effect consisting of feeding related automatisms, such as gnawing and biting. The behavioral effects of injections of 100 ng of GABA into the LH were variable. GABA injections into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reliably increased food intake. GABA injections into the origin of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) suppressed it. Similar injections into the origin of the mesolimbic DA cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) had no effect on feeding behavior. Following BM injections into the SN, a moderate increase in tilt box activity was observed. A second injection of the GABA blocker 6 days later exaggerated this effect. Short latency extreme hyperactivation was accompanied by unidirectional barrel rolling which persisted until blocked by local injections of GABA.", "PMID": 594097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4666", "title": "Endorphin analogs with potent and long-lasting analgesic effects.", "content": "The analgesic effects of intracerebroventricular administration of alpha, gamma, and beta-endorphin and their D-Ala2-analogs were examined in the rat using the tail-flick test. Analgesia was produced by all substances. The actions of D-Ala2-alpha and -beta-endorphin were considerably greater than the parent forms, whereas D-Ala2-gamma-endorphin was approximately equivalent to the parent compound. The marked analgesia was dose dependent and prolonged for all analogs. Since these effects were reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone, it was concluded that opiate receptors mediate the action of these analogs. It is suggested that these analogs may be useful in behavioral tests when a longer duration of action is desirable.", "contents": "Endorphin analogs with potent and long-lasting analgesic effects. The analgesic effects of intracerebroventricular administration of alpha, gamma, and beta-endorphin and their D-Ala2-analogs were examined in the rat using the tail-flick test. Analgesia was produced by all substances. The actions of D-Ala2-alpha and -beta-endorphin were considerably greater than the parent forms, whereas D-Ala2-gamma-endorphin was approximately equivalent to the parent compound. The marked analgesia was dose dependent and prolonged for all analogs. Since these effects were reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone, it was concluded that opiate receptors mediate the action of these analogs. It is suggested that these analogs may be useful in behavioral tests when a longer duration of action is desirable.", "PMID": 594098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4667", "title": "Effects of cocaine and fenfluramine on progressive-ratio performance.", "content": "Pigeons obtained food on a progressive-ratio schedule that required 8 additional responses for each successive reinforcement. The number of responses in the final completed ratio of the session was defined as the breaking point. When cocaine was administered (IM, 5 min presession), the breaking point increased and then decreased as a function of increasing doses (0.3-10 mg/kg). In contrast, across the same range of doses of fenfluramine, the breaking point only decreased. At doses of each drug that decreased the breaking point, the high running rate of responding was interrupted by pauses. At doses of cocaine that increased the breaking point, the running rate was also disrupted, but the disruption was characterized by lower, irregular rates rather than pausing. The increases in breaking point observed at 3 mg/kg of cocaine were no longer seen when fenfluramine was administered at the same time.", "contents": "Effects of cocaine and fenfluramine on progressive-ratio performance. Pigeons obtained food on a progressive-ratio schedule that required 8 additional responses for each successive reinforcement. The number of responses in the final completed ratio of the session was defined as the breaking point. When cocaine was administered (IM, 5 min presession), the breaking point increased and then decreased as a function of increasing doses (0.3-10 mg/kg). In contrast, across the same range of doses of fenfluramine, the breaking point only decreased. At doses of each drug that decreased the breaking point, the high running rate of responding was interrupted by pauses. At doses of cocaine that increased the breaking point, the running rate was also disrupted, but the disruption was characterized by lower, irregular rates rather than pausing. The increases in breaking point observed at 3 mg/kg of cocaine were no longer seen when fenfluramine was administered at the same time.", "PMID": 594099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4668", "title": "The pneumatic syringe: a simple apparatus for self-administration of drugs by rats.", "content": "Drug solution is delivered by a syringe operated by a pneumatic cylinder. Recommended delivery volumes are from 10 to 200 microliter. A solid-state control unit is described which can operate two syringes (drug injection and flush), has outputs for recording responses and injections, and can be programmed to provide several schedules of reinforcement. All components are readily commercially available.", "contents": "The pneumatic syringe: a simple apparatus for self-administration of drugs by rats. Drug solution is delivered by a syringe operated by a pneumatic cylinder. Recommended delivery volumes are from 10 to 200 microliter. A solid-state control unit is described which can operate two syringes (drug injection and flush), has outputs for recording responses and injections, and can be programmed to provide several schedules of reinforcement. All components are readily commercially available.", "PMID": 594100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4669", "title": "Technique for assessing visual discrimination learning in mice.", "content": "An automated technique for the study of visual discrimination learning in mice has been developed. The technique utilizes a nose-poke as the operant response. The nose-poke response requires no shaping, has a relatively high operant level and can be used to measure preacquisition exploratory behavior. CD-1 mice acquired a simultaneous brightness discrimination readily but a successive brightness discrimination proved more difficult. A 20 sec intertrial interval was optimal for acquisition of the simultaneous discrimination. Reversal learning was slow. This procedure should prove useful in the study of the effects of pharmacologic and toxic agents on learning and performance in both weanlings and adult mice.", "contents": "Technique for assessing visual discrimination learning in mice. An automated technique for the study of visual discrimination learning in mice has been developed. The technique utilizes a nose-poke as the operant response. The nose-poke response requires no shaping, has a relatively high operant level and can be used to measure preacquisition exploratory behavior. CD-1 mice acquired a simultaneous brightness discrimination readily but a successive brightness discrimination proved more difficult. A 20 sec intertrial interval was optimal for acquisition of the simultaneous discrimination. Reversal learning was slow. This procedure should prove useful in the study of the effects of pharmacologic and toxic agents on learning and performance in both weanlings and adult mice.", "PMID": 594101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4670", "title": "Circadian variation in an amphetamine induced motor response.", "content": "Significant diurnal variation in occurrence and duration of D-amphetamine induced head-shaking were observed in 9-day-old rats. The lowest values were obtained near noon, and the highest around midnight. These variations should be considered if head-shaking is to be used as a quantitative neuropharmacological test.", "contents": "Circadian variation in an amphetamine induced motor response. Significant diurnal variation in occurrence and duration of D-amphetamine induced head-shaking were observed in 9-day-old rats. The lowest values were obtained near noon, and the highest around midnight. These variations should be considered if head-shaking is to be used as a quantitative neuropharmacological test.", "PMID": 594102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4671", "title": "Effects of amphetamine and nembutal on social exploration in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Male Mongolian gerbils were injected intraperitoneally with amphetamine, nembutal, or saline and placed in a preference chamber one side of which contained a female gerbil. Amphetamine significantly decreased amount of time in contact with the females. Although the amphetamine effect held for both novel and familiar females, it was more marked for novel than for familiar females.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine and nembutal on social exploration in the Mongolian gerbil. Male Mongolian gerbils were injected intraperitoneally with amphetamine, nembutal, or saline and placed in a preference chamber one side of which contained a female gerbil. Amphetamine significantly decreased amount of time in contact with the females. Although the amphetamine effect held for both novel and familiar females, it was more marked for novel than for familiar females.", "PMID": 594103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4672", "title": "Potentiometric determination of acid-base contaminations in drugs.", "content": "A potentiometric method for the determination of impurities in pharmaceuticals with acid-base behaviour is proposed. Based on proton balance condition, appropriate equations for the treatment of the data are derived. The latter in combination with Gran's equations allow the determination of acid-base impurities in pharmaceuticals--weak protolytes. The proposed method is quick, accurate and precise. It is suitable both for technical control and for analyses according to the pharmacopoeias.", "contents": "Potentiometric determination of acid-base contaminations in drugs. A potentiometric method for the determination of impurities in pharmaceuticals with acid-base behaviour is proposed. Based on proton balance condition, appropriate equations for the treatment of the data are derived. The latter in combination with Gran's equations allow the determination of acid-base impurities in pharmaceuticals--weak protolytes. The proposed method is quick, accurate and precise. It is suitable both for technical control and for analyses according to the pharmacopoeias.", "PMID": 594106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4673", "title": "Photometric extraction method for determination of cefalotin.", "content": "A selective, accurate and precise photometric method for the determination of cefalotin (1) is proposed. The method is based on a preliminary hydrolysis of the antibiotic in a strong sulphuric acid medium at 100  degrees C for 15 min. The 2-thienylacetic acid (2) formed as degradation product is determined photometrically with ninhydrin in strongly acidic solution. In these conditions 2 forms a yellow reaction product, which is extracted with chloroform and the absorbance measured at 423 nm. The reaction is practically specific as none of the initial substances used in the preparation of cefalotin or of its degradation products (except 2) reacts with ninhydrin under these conditions. The only other antibiotic which also gives a coloured product with ninhydrin in this strongly acidic medium is cefalexin. The latter however does not interfere at its coloured product absorbs at 520 nm. The method is simple, fast and with sufficient accuracy and precision (coefficient of variation 0,57--0,88% and relative error 0,41--0,64%).", "contents": "Photometric extraction method for determination of cefalotin. A selective, accurate and precise photometric method for the determination of cefalotin (1) is proposed. The method is based on a preliminary hydrolysis of the antibiotic in a strong sulphuric acid medium at 100  degrees C for 15 min. The 2-thienylacetic acid (2) formed as degradation product is determined photometrically with ninhydrin in strongly acidic solution. In these conditions 2 forms a yellow reaction product, which is extracted with chloroform and the absorbance measured at 423 nm. The reaction is practically specific as none of the initial substances used in the preparation of cefalotin or of its degradation products (except 2) reacts with ninhydrin under these conditions. The only other antibiotic which also gives a coloured product with ninhydrin in this strongly acidic medium is cefalexin. The latter however does not interfere at its coloured product absorbs at 520 nm. The method is simple, fast and with sufficient accuracy and precision (coefficient of variation 0,57--0,88% and relative error 0,41--0,64%).", "PMID": 594112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4674", "title": "Kinetics of drug decomposition. Part 50: Graphic method for calculation of zero-order rate constants of sequential reaction of indometacine photodegradation.", "content": "Calculation of partial zero-order rate constants for a sequential reaction was presented following indometacine photochemical degradation according to the equation A k1 leads to B k2 leads to C k3 leads to D. When zero-order rate constants k1 not equal to k2 not equal to k3 and absorptivity coefficients a not equal to b not equal to c not equal to d, then individuell zero-order rate constants can be obtained from simple equations: k1 = [A]0/tA, k2 = [A]0/tB, k3 = [A]0/tC, where [A]0 is the initial concentration of a substrate, and tA, tB, tC are the starting times of the steps of the sequential reaction, which can be read from the plots for a relationship A = f(t).", "contents": "Kinetics of drug decomposition. Part 50: Graphic method for calculation of zero-order rate constants of sequential reaction of indometacine photodegradation. Calculation of partial zero-order rate constants for a sequential reaction was presented following indometacine photochemical degradation according to the equation A k1 leads to B k2 leads to C k3 leads to D. When zero-order rate constants k1 not equal to k2 not equal to k3 and absorptivity coefficients a not equal to b not equal to c not equal to d, then individuell zero-order rate constants can be obtained from simple equations: k1 = [A]0/tA, k2 = [A]0/tB, k3 = [A]0/tC, where [A]0 is the initial concentration of a substrate, and tA, tB, tC are the starting times of the steps of the sequential reaction, which can be read from the plots for a relationship A = f(t).", "PMID": 594111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4675", "title": "A contribution to the kinetics of dissolution of some modern drugs.", "content": "A report is presented on the investigation of some drugs being used in modern therapy from the point of view of dissolution kinetics in aqueous and in aqueous micellar solutions. It has been established that the dissolution (saturation) process, in accordance with previous assumptions, is kinetically of the first order both in aqueous and in aqueous micellar solutions. The rate constants describing these processes are nearly identical for the same drug, hence the saturation rates are nearly identical. The amount of drug dissolved within the unit of time decreases in the case of drotaverine and \"RJ-64\" in direct proportion to the concentration of the surfanctant, whereas in the case of the other drugs examined an increase occurred. The interpretation of the process for drotaverine and \"RJ-64\" needs further experimental clarification. The importance of kinetic concepts in pharmaceutical technology is emphasized.", "contents": "A contribution to the kinetics of dissolution of some modern drugs. A report is presented on the investigation of some drugs being used in modern therapy from the point of view of dissolution kinetics in aqueous and in aqueous micellar solutions. It has been established that the dissolution (saturation) process, in accordance with previous assumptions, is kinetically of the first order both in aqueous and in aqueous micellar solutions. The rate constants describing these processes are nearly identical for the same drug, hence the saturation rates are nearly identical. The amount of drug dissolved within the unit of time decreases in the case of drotaverine and \"RJ-64\" in direct proportion to the concentration of the surfanctant, whereas in the case of the other drugs examined an increase occurred. The interpretation of the process for drotaverine and \"RJ-64\" needs further experimental clarification. The importance of kinetic concepts in pharmaceutical technology is emphasized.", "PMID": 594114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4676", "title": "Physical parameters of chlorphenamine maleate suppositories and its release as a function of particle size, concentration and nature of the base.", "content": "Suppositories of chlorphenamine maleate were formulated. The influence of particle size and percentage concentration of chlorphenamine maleate on the physical standards of its suppositories as well as the release of the drug from oily base (cacao butter), water-soluble base (carbowax) and emulsifying base (Witepsol) has been investigated.", "contents": "Physical parameters of chlorphenamine maleate suppositories and its release as a function of particle size, concentration and nature of the base. Suppositories of chlorphenamine maleate were formulated. The influence of particle size and percentage concentration of chlorphenamine maleate on the physical standards of its suppositories as well as the release of the drug from oily base (cacao butter), water-soluble base (carbowax) and emulsifying base (Witepsol) has been investigated.", "PMID": 594118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4677", "title": "Long acting methadone formulation. Part 3: Preparation and in vivo evaluation of tablets containing methadone salts and methadone-naloxone combinations.", "content": "The preparation and in vivo evaluation of the methadone salts, methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate and methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate, and a number of methadone-naloxone formulations, in the form of three layered slowly eroding tablets, were examined. Male albino rats of the Wistar strain were used as experimental animals and the results indicated that a prolongation of the resistance to pain threshold was attained, though severe side-effects were observed. A number of animals died during these experimental procedures.", "contents": "Long acting methadone formulation. Part 3: Preparation and in vivo evaluation of tablets containing methadone salts and methadone-naloxone combinations. The preparation and in vivo evaluation of the methadone salts, methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate and methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate, and a number of methadone-naloxone formulations, in the form of three layered slowly eroding tablets, were examined. Male albino rats of the Wistar strain were used as experimental animals and the results indicated that a prolongation of the resistance to pain threshold was attained, though severe side-effects were observed. A number of animals died during these experimental procedures.", "PMID": 594119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4678", "title": "Failure of ergotamine to alter the lipolytic effect of somatotropin in dogs.", "content": "Hypophysectomized dogs were injected intravenously with bovine somatotropin (GH), and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured over a period of 2 h. The response consisted of an initial reduction in the concentration of plasma FFA followed by a rebound and a delayed rise above baseline values. When the animals were given a single intravenous injection of ergotamine tartrate 30 min prior to the administration of GH, the biphasic pattern with the sluggish rise in plasma FFA was retained. This finding is contrary to the results of identical experiments conducted by us with dihydroergotamine, which proved to be a potent amplifier of the lipolytic effect of GH. Since the only difference between these two compounds is the presence or absence of the double bond at C9 and C10 of the lysergic acid moiety, it appears that unless this bond is saturated the alkaloid is not capable of functioning as a biological amplifier.", "contents": "Failure of ergotamine to alter the lipolytic effect of somatotropin in dogs. Hypophysectomized dogs were injected intravenously with bovine somatotropin (GH), and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured over a period of 2 h. The response consisted of an initial reduction in the concentration of plasma FFA followed by a rebound and a delayed rise above baseline values. When the animals were given a single intravenous injection of ergotamine tartrate 30 min prior to the administration of GH, the biphasic pattern with the sluggish rise in plasma FFA was retained. This finding is contrary to the results of identical experiments conducted by us with dihydroergotamine, which proved to be a potent amplifier of the lipolytic effect of GH. Since the only difference between these two compounds is the presence or absence of the double bond at C9 and C10 of the lysergic acid moiety, it appears that unless this bond is saturated the alkaloid is not capable of functioning as a biological amplifier.", "PMID": 594135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4679", "title": "Effect of derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole on the histamine H1- and H2-receptors.", "content": "Derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole similar to histamine have been resynthesized and studied. Four well-known effects of histamine have been considered (the contractions of an isolated guinea pig terminal ileum, dog gastric acid secretion, contractile frequency of an isolated guinea pig right atrium, blood pressure lowering effect in cats). Newly synthesized compounds IEM-813 and IEM-759 exerted some selective effects of H1 and H2-receptors: IEM-813 showed greater affinity for gut-isolated H1-receptors than for stomach and atrium H2-receptors, while IEM-759 mainly influenced H2-receptors. Accordingly, the influence of 1,2,4-triazole analogues on H1- and H2-receptors is subject to structural demands.", "contents": "Effect of derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole on the histamine H1- and H2-receptors. Derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole similar to histamine have been resynthesized and studied. Four well-known effects of histamine have been considered (the contractions of an isolated guinea pig terminal ileum, dog gastric acid secretion, contractile frequency of an isolated guinea pig right atrium, blood pressure lowering effect in cats). Newly synthesized compounds IEM-813 and IEM-759 exerted some selective effects of H1 and H2-receptors: IEM-813 showed greater affinity for gut-isolated H1-receptors than for stomach and atrium H2-receptors, while IEM-759 mainly influenced H2-receptors. Accordingly, the influence of 1,2,4-triazole analogues on H1- and H2-receptors is subject to structural demands.", "PMID": 594136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4680", "title": "Consequence of solubility alteration by salt effect on dissolution enhancement and biological response of a solid dispersion of an experimental antianginal drug.", "content": "Improvement of dissolution of a poorly water-soluble experimental antianginal drug has been obtained by solid dispersion preparation. Its solubility decreased with rising chloride ion concentration and biological responses in dogs varied with the gastrointestinal administration site. A correlation seemed to exist between the apparent solubility and the heart rate activity.", "contents": "Consequence of solubility alteration by salt effect on dissolution enhancement and biological response of a solid dispersion of an experimental antianginal drug. Improvement of dissolution of a poorly water-soluble experimental antianginal drug has been obtained by solid dispersion preparation. Its solubility decreased with rising chloride ion concentration and biological responses in dogs varied with the gastrointestinal administration site. A correlation seemed to exist between the apparent solubility and the heart rate activity.", "PMID": 594137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4681", "title": "Bone mass measurement using a xenon-filled multiwire proportional counter as detector.", "content": "The application of a xenon-filled multiwire proportional counter to photon absorptiometry of bone mass is described. Performance characteristics obtained from a prototype system are discussed and future developments indicated.", "contents": "Bone mass measurement using a xenon-filled multiwire proportional counter as detector. The application of a xenon-filled multiwire proportional counter to photon absorptiometry of bone mass is described. Performance characteristics obtained from a prototype system are discussed and future developments indicated.", "PMID": 594138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4682", "title": "The early detection of osteoporosis by Compton gamma ray spectroscopy.", "content": "The density of the distal end of the radius is one of the parameters used to determine the presence and degree of osteoporosis in patients. In this work the bone density has been determined by measuring the intensity of the Compton scattered photons, since this is proportional to the absolute density of the scatterer, in materials for which Z/A is constant. A collimated beam from a 500 mCi 137Cs source was used and the intensity of the scattered radiation measured at an angle of 90 degrees. The exact point of measurement was determined by a two-dimensional scanning technique. A plastic water phantom was used to calculate the correction needed for absorption and backscatter by the surrounding tissue. Bone density was measured by this method in 50 subjects. A good correlation was found between density of the radius and the degree of morphological change in the vertebrae. In a number of cases a low bone density was discovered without signs of osteoporosis in the spine. These findings were considered indicative of early osteoporotic change, not definable by routine X-ray techniques. This technique may be of value in the follow-up of patients and in controlling the effect of various treatment schedules.", "contents": "The early detection of osteoporosis by Compton gamma ray spectroscopy. The density of the distal end of the radius is one of the parameters used to determine the presence and degree of osteoporosis in patients. In this work the bone density has been determined by measuring the intensity of the Compton scattered photons, since this is proportional to the absolute density of the scatterer, in materials for which Z/A is constant. A collimated beam from a 500 mCi 137Cs source was used and the intensity of the scattered radiation measured at an angle of 90 degrees. The exact point of measurement was determined by a two-dimensional scanning technique. A plastic water phantom was used to calculate the correction needed for absorption and backscatter by the surrounding tissue. Bone density was measured by this method in 50 subjects. A good correlation was found between density of the radius and the degree of morphological change in the vertebrae. In a number of cases a low bone density was discovered without signs of osteoporosis in the spine. These findings were considered indicative of early osteoporotic change, not definable by routine X-ray techniques. This technique may be of value in the follow-up of patients and in controlling the effect of various treatment schedules.", "PMID": 594139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4683", "title": "A facility for in vivo measurement of kidney and liver cadmium by neutron capture prompt gamma ray analysis.", "content": "An in vivo method for the determination of Cd levels in human kidney and liver has been developed. The method allows detection of absolute quantities of Cd in the left kidney and Cd concentration in the liver. The limit of detection of cadmium is 2.5 mg for the left kidney and 1.8 microgram/g (wet weight) for the liver, for a localized dose of 670 mrem. The effects of patient positioning, organ geometry and liver-kidney interference on the measurement have been investigated using an Alderson phantom.", "contents": "A facility for in vivo measurement of kidney and liver cadmium by neutron capture prompt gamma ray analysis. An in vivo method for the determination of Cd levels in human kidney and liver has been developed. The method allows detection of absolute quantities of Cd in the left kidney and Cd concentration in the liver. The limit of detection of cadmium is 2.5 mg for the left kidney and 1.8 microgram/g (wet weight) for the liver, for a localized dose of 670 mrem. The effects of patient positioning, organ geometry and liver-kidney interference on the measurement have been investigated using an Alderson phantom.", "PMID": 594140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4684", "title": "An intercomparison of computer assisted data processing and display methods in radioisotope scintigraphy using mathematical tumours.", "content": "Several computer assisted processing and display methods are evaluated using a series of 100 normal brain scintigrams, 50 of which have had single 'mathematical tumours' superimposed. Using a standard rating system, or in some cases quantitative estimation, LROC curves are generated for each method and compared.", "contents": "An intercomparison of computer assisted data processing and display methods in radioisotope scintigraphy using mathematical tumours. Several computer assisted processing and display methods are evaluated using a series of 100 normal brain scintigrams, 50 of which have had single 'mathematical tumours' superimposed. Using a standard rating system, or in some cases quantitative estimation, LROC curves are generated for each method and compared.", "PMID": 594141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4685", "title": "Laser iridectomy.", "content": "The laser energy required to achieve an iridectomy in the human eye is calculated as a function of laser beam radius and pulse duration. Two widely different models of the stromal pigment distribution are used in order to embrace the range of coloured irides encountered in practice. The attendant hazards to the cornea, lens and retina are also considered, resulting both from self absorption and also by thermal conduction from the heated iris. These calculations are used to interpret experimental iridectomies attempted over the last ten years and to provide a theoretical foundation for the specialized techniques of iridectomy currently employed. Finally, a new single pulse technique, suggested by these calculations, is formulated and results of preliminary dye laser experiments presented. These results are very encouraging because full-thickness iridectomies were formed in both blue- and brown-eyed rabbits with only 40 mJ of incident laser energy. It was found that the threshold laser energy required for iridectomy was sensibly constant over the visible spectrum for the brown-eyed rabbit. However, for the blue-eyed rabbit the energy had a pronounced minimum in the yellow portion of the spectrum.", "contents": "Laser iridectomy. The laser energy required to achieve an iridectomy in the human eye is calculated as a function of laser beam radius and pulse duration. Two widely different models of the stromal pigment distribution are used in order to embrace the range of coloured irides encountered in practice. The attendant hazards to the cornea, lens and retina are also considered, resulting both from self absorption and also by thermal conduction from the heated iris. These calculations are used to interpret experimental iridectomies attempted over the last ten years and to provide a theoretical foundation for the specialized techniques of iridectomy currently employed. Finally, a new single pulse technique, suggested by these calculations, is formulated and results of preliminary dye laser experiments presented. These results are very encouraging because full-thickness iridectomies were formed in both blue- and brown-eyed rabbits with only 40 mJ of incident laser energy. It was found that the threshold laser energy required for iridectomy was sensibly constant over the visible spectrum for the brown-eyed rabbit. However, for the blue-eyed rabbit the energy had a pronounced minimum in the yellow portion of the spectrum.", "PMID": 594142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4686", "title": "Lyoluminescence dosimetry in photon and fast neutron beams.", "content": "The lyoluminescence (LL) technique using mannose, a monosaccharide, is described. Dose-response curves for 60Co-gamma-rays (5 rad to 120 krad), fission neutrons, 5.3 MeV and 15 MeV neutrons (100 rad to 20 krad) have been measured. The close tissue-equivalence of mannose makes this material well suited for dosimetric use in low energy X-ray fields for radiotherapy and radiobiology. It also provides a cheap, simple and reproducible dosemeter in industrial applications of radiation (sprouting inhibition of onions and potatoes; control of insect infestation). After correction for the gamma contamination of the neutron beam the LL signal per rad in ICRU muscle tissue from the neutron irradiations has been derived and the relative effectiveness of the LL signal for fast neutrons in mannose has been calculated as 0.34 +/- 0.03 (fission neutrons), 0.63 +/- 0.07 (5.3 MeV neutrons) and 0.74 +/- 0.05 (15 MeV neutrons). These results are compared with data from other systems. It is concluded that mannose can be used as a transfer system in neutron dosimetry, if its variation in sensitivity with neutron energy is taken into account.", "contents": "Lyoluminescence dosimetry in photon and fast neutron beams. The lyoluminescence (LL) technique using mannose, a monosaccharide, is described. Dose-response curves for 60Co-gamma-rays (5 rad to 120 krad), fission neutrons, 5.3 MeV and 15 MeV neutrons (100 rad to 20 krad) have been measured. The close tissue-equivalence of mannose makes this material well suited for dosimetric use in low energy X-ray fields for radiotherapy and radiobiology. It also provides a cheap, simple and reproducible dosemeter in industrial applications of radiation (sprouting inhibition of onions and potatoes; control of insect infestation). After correction for the gamma contamination of the neutron beam the LL signal per rad in ICRU muscle tissue from the neutron irradiations has been derived and the relative effectiveness of the LL signal for fast neutrons in mannose has been calculated as 0.34 +/- 0.03 (fission neutrons), 0.63 +/- 0.07 (5.3 MeV neutrons) and 0.74 +/- 0.05 (15 MeV neutrons). These results are compared with data from other systems. It is concluded that mannose can be used as a transfer system in neutron dosimetry, if its variation in sensitivity with neutron energy is taken into account.", "PMID": 594143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4687", "title": "Effect of positive external pressure on calf volume and local venous haemodynamics.", "content": "The pressure external to the calf was increased suddenly in 11 normal subjects and the resulting change in calf volume (considered to be mainly a change of calf vein blood volume) was followed using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. For a small increase of pressure the volume decreased exponentially and increased linearly when the pressure was suddenly released. A simple theory was developed which treats the calf veins as a single volume with a single compliance and a single outflow resistance. Using the theory, the following average results were obtained from measured values: effective venous compliance 1-1%kPa (SD 0.3); effective venous outflow resistance 3.8 s kPa/% (SD 1-3); and total flow into the veins from themicrocirculation 0.054%/s (SD 0.020) (% refers to a change in volume expressed as a percentage of the initial volume of the calf). The significance of the findings is considered with special reference to the occurrence of calf vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Effect of positive external pressure on calf volume and local venous haemodynamics. The pressure external to the calf was increased suddenly in 11 normal subjects and the resulting change in calf volume (considered to be mainly a change of calf vein blood volume) was followed using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. For a small increase of pressure the volume decreased exponentially and increased linearly when the pressure was suddenly released. A simple theory was developed which treats the calf veins as a single volume with a single compliance and a single outflow resistance. Using the theory, the following average results were obtained from measured values: effective venous compliance 1-1%kPa (SD 0.3); effective venous outflow resistance 3.8 s kPa/% (SD 1-3); and total flow into the veins from themicrocirculation 0.054%/s (SD 0.020) (% refers to a change in volume expressed as a percentage of the initial volume of the calf). The significance of the findings is considered with special reference to the occurrence of calf vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 594144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4688", "title": "Five-component dielectric dispersion in bovine serum albumin solution.", "content": "Dielectric measurements were made on aqueous solutions of native BSA monomers at three concentrations and at about eighty separate frequencies in the range 0.03-800 MHz. All measurements were made at 25 degrees C on solutions of pH = 5.0, this being near the isoelectric point. The analysis shows the presence of a double component beta dispersion at frequencies below 10 MHz plus two delta dispersions with relaxation frequencies of around 15 MHz and 100 MHz. The origin at a molecular level of the beta and the higher frequency delta dispersion can be established with confidence but the remaining delta dispersion cannot be interpreted unambiguously. With the inclusion of the well known gamma dispersion at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz the measurements indicate the existence of five clearly separated dispersion regions. This is one more dispersion than previously suggested in the literature for a protein solution of this nature.", "contents": "Five-component dielectric dispersion in bovine serum albumin solution. Dielectric measurements were made on aqueous solutions of native BSA monomers at three concentrations and at about eighty separate frequencies in the range 0.03-800 MHz. All measurements were made at 25 degrees C on solutions of pH = 5.0, this being near the isoelectric point. The analysis shows the presence of a double component beta dispersion at frequencies below 10 MHz plus two delta dispersions with relaxation frequencies of around 15 MHz and 100 MHz. The origin at a molecular level of the beta and the higher frequency delta dispersion can be established with confidence but the remaining delta dispersion cannot be interpreted unambiguously. With the inclusion of the well known gamma dispersion at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz the measurements indicate the existence of five clearly separated dispersion regions. This is one more dispersion than previously suggested in the literature for a protein solution of this nature.", "PMID": 594145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4689", "title": "The assessment of late effects on a population exposed to activity released into the environment.", "content": "The long term effects resulting from an accidental release of radioactive material are considered. The magnitude of the release is defined in terms of the percentage of total excess cancer mortalities relative to the number that would have been expected in the same population had the accident not occurred. The increased risk is expressed as the change in life expectancy as a function of age at the time of exposure. Loss of life-years per person is calculated for an increase of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100% in cancer deaths and are quoted for ages 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years at time of exposure. The variation of the effect with age may be summarised using the ratio of the reduced life expectancy to the reduced life expectancy for a person aged zero at the time of the accident. For the initial external dose, this ratio exhibits a linear decrease up to about age 45 years at the rate of about 2% per year so, for example, the increased risk for a person aged 40 at exposure is 20% of the increased risk of a child just born. Similar estimates are made for a dose which is prolonged over 50 years, to represent doses from internally incorporated radionuclides.", "contents": "The assessment of late effects on a population exposed to activity released into the environment. The long term effects resulting from an accidental release of radioactive material are considered. The magnitude of the release is defined in terms of the percentage of total excess cancer mortalities relative to the number that would have been expected in the same population had the accident not occurred. The increased risk is expressed as the change in life expectancy as a function of age at the time of exposure. Loss of life-years per person is calculated for an increase of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100% in cancer deaths and are quoted for ages 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years at time of exposure. The variation of the effect with age may be summarised using the ratio of the reduced life expectancy to the reduced life expectancy for a person aged zero at the time of the accident. For the initial external dose, this ratio exhibits a linear decrease up to about age 45 years at the rate of about 2% per year so, for example, the increased risk for a person aged 40 at exposure is 20% of the increased risk of a child just born. Similar estimates are made for a dose which is prolonged over 50 years, to represent doses from internally incorporated radionuclides.", "PMID": 594146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4690", "title": "[Syntagmatic typology of phonemes (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the recent developments of the distributional calculus of HARARY and PAPER, a method is proposed to discover the constructional mechanism underlying the phonemic distribution of a language. The phonemes are classified hierarchically and the mutual interdependence of their distributional characteristics is studied. To this end, the technics of correlation and regression are being used. In this way, a 'typology' of phonemes in the sense of HEMPEL and OPPENHEIM is arrived at.", "contents": "[Syntagmatic typology of phonemes (author's transl)]. Based on the recent developments of the distributional calculus of HARARY and PAPER, a method is proposed to discover the constructional mechanism underlying the phonemic distribution of a language. The phonemes are classified hierarchically and the mutual interdependence of their distributional characteristics is studied. To this end, the technics of correlation and regression are being used. In this way, a 'typology' of phonemes in the sense of HEMPEL and OPPENHEIM is arrived at.", "PMID": 594154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4691", "title": "Intonation in discourse analysis. With material from Finnish, English, Alemannic German.", "content": "intonation is not additional, but essential to the composition of texts. even pathological (written) texts can be made to sound normal when read with a good intonation; even well-formed (written) texts cannot be put across when read with a poor intonation; loss of intonation, in aphasia, is coupled with inability to handle texts, and inversely. intonation is analysed either as phonological pattern or as a constituent of texts. The lexical meaning of intonations (such as question, statement) is spurious; social tradition makes available certain (spoken) rhetorical topoi for use in standard situations; their use ensures textual meaning. It is not predictable in any given instance.", "contents": "Intonation in discourse analysis. With material from Finnish, English, Alemannic German. intonation is not additional, but essential to the composition of texts. even pathological (written) texts can be made to sound normal when read with a good intonation; even well-formed (written) texts cannot be put across when read with a poor intonation; loss of intonation, in aphasia, is coupled with inability to handle texts, and inversely. intonation is analysed either as phonological pattern or as a constituent of texts. The lexical meaning of intonations (such as question, statement) is spurious; social tradition makes available certain (spoken) rhetorical topoi for use in standard situations; their use ensures textual meaning. It is not predictable in any given instance.", "PMID": 594155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4692", "title": "Tonal distinctions in Cantonese.", "content": "The experiment reported here is a perceptual study of the six contrastive tones of Cantonese. The monosyllable  was synthesized, and a large number of closely spaced Fo contours were applied to it. Listeners were asked to identify each synthetic stimulus as one of six Cantonese words which all have the segmental shape  and differ only in tone. The response data were used to compare two impressionistic accounts of the tonal distinctions and determine which reflects actual Fo more accurately. In general, the results accord fairly well with straightforward predictions made from the impressionistic accounts, but there is one major exception. It appears that something in addition to differences in Fo is involved in distinguishing the low-low tone from the other tones.", "contents": "Tonal distinctions in Cantonese. The experiment reported here is a perceptual study of the six contrastive tones of Cantonese. The monosyllable  was synthesized, and a large number of closely spaced Fo contours were applied to it. Listeners were asked to identify each synthetic stimulus as one of six Cantonese words which all have the segmental shape  and differ only in tone. The response data were used to compare two impressionistic accounts of the tonal distinctions and determine which reflects actual Fo more accurately. In general, the results accord fairly well with straightforward predictions made from the impressionistic accounts, but there is one major exception. It appears that something in addition to differences in Fo is involved in distinguishing the low-low tone from the other tones.", "PMID": 594156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4693", "title": "[Intonational phonology of Basel German (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper attempts a new departure both in German dialectology and in phonemic analysis: (i) It is based on an open corpus of spontaneous, colloquial speech. (ii) The segmentals (phonemes and clusters) are integrated into the hierarchy of supra-segmentals (syllable types, shape types, intonation contours). (iii) Phonemic variability is recognized within the dialect. Its major isoglosses are restated in terms of phoneme correlations. (iv) Certain unstressed words do occur in isolation. (v) Vowel length is recognized as redundant, but the difference between the dental /t/ and the alveolar /\u0163/ is distinctive. (vi) The inventories of stressed and unstressed vowels differ radically, the unstressed suffixes containing the vowels /i e/ only. (vii) The peripheral status is analyzed of the aspirates (other than /kh/), of the affricates /\u0163s kchi/, and of the lenis /t s eta/, but none of these phonemes is limited to loanwords. (viii) The fusion is analyzed of adjacent stops in initial k- and \u0163-clusters.", "contents": "[Intonational phonology of Basel German (author's transl)]. This paper attempts a new departure both in German dialectology and in phonemic analysis: (i) It is based on an open corpus of spontaneous, colloquial speech. (ii) The segmentals (phonemes and clusters) are integrated into the hierarchy of supra-segmentals (syllable types, shape types, intonation contours). (iii) Phonemic variability is recognized within the dialect. Its major isoglosses are restated in terms of phoneme correlations. (iv) Certain unstressed words do occur in isolation. (v) Vowel length is recognized as redundant, but the difference between the dental /t/ and the alveolar /\u0163/ is distinctive. (vi) The inventories of stressed and unstressed vowels differ radically, the unstressed suffixes containing the vowels /i e/ only. (vii) The peripheral status is analyzed of the aspirates (other than /kh/), of the affricates /\u0163s kchi/, and of the lenis /t s eta/, but none of these phonemes is limited to loanwords. (viii) The fusion is analyzed of adjacent stops in initial k- and \u0163-clusters.", "PMID": 594157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4694", "title": "Emphasis in Telugu.", "content": "The phenomenon of emphasis is studied with regard to the phonetic variation of the vowel and consonant units of the word structure in Telugu, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in South India. The electro-aerometer and the mingograph are used to provide phonetic evidence. The study reveals that different means are used to emphasise words of different structures so that the phonological structure is not disturbed.", "contents": "Emphasis in Telugu. The phenomenon of emphasis is studied with regard to the phonetic variation of the vowel and consonant units of the word structure in Telugu, a Dravidian language spoken mainly in South India. The electro-aerometer and the mingograph are used to provide phonetic evidence. The study reveals that different means are used to emphasise words of different structures so that the phonological structure is not disturbed.", "PMID": 594158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4695", "title": "English stops after /s/ at medial word-boundary.", "content": "Subjects listened to a speech perception test. It consisted of a series of items obtained by tape splicing from one recorded English utterance it's still. The subjects assigned one of four possible English utterance choices to each item. Combined duration of the /s/ friction and closure of the following stop account for their choice between it's dill, it still or it's still. A delay in voice onset of the stop is primarily responsible for items consistently heard as it's till. There is no difference in closure duration between the traditionally fortis and lenis stops following the /s/.", "contents": "English stops after /s/ at medial word-boundary. Subjects listened to a speech perception test. It consisted of a series of items obtained by tape splicing from one recorded English utterance it's still. The subjects assigned one of four possible English utterance choices to each item. Combined duration of the /s/ friction and closure of the following stop account for their choice between it's dill, it still or it's still. A delay in voice onset of the stop is primarily responsible for items consistently heard as it's till. There is no difference in closure duration between the traditionally fortis and lenis stops following the /s/.", "PMID": 594159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4696", "title": "Tenseness in vowels: an ultrasonic study.", "content": "Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the distance from the external neck wall to the anterior pharyngeal wall (APW). Measurements were made in the centre of the vocalic segment of 50 CVC syllables. 5 'tense' and 5 'lax' vowels of Standard American English were used. The APW was shown to position itself according to a combination of tongue height, frontness and 'tenseness' of the vowel, and coarticulation effects of neighbouring consonants. Tense vowels showed APW advancement compared to lax vowels having similar tongue height and frontness. Coarticulation effects depend on voicing and place of articulation. The ultrasonic equipment used is described briefly. Implications for distinctive feature theory are mentioned.", "contents": "Tenseness in vowels: an ultrasonic study. Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the distance from the external neck wall to the anterior pharyngeal wall (APW). Measurements were made in the centre of the vocalic segment of 50 CVC syllables. 5 'tense' and 5 'lax' vowels of Standard American English were used. The APW was shown to position itself according to a combination of tongue height, frontness and 'tenseness' of the vowel, and coarticulation effects of neighbouring consonants. Tense vowels showed APW advancement compared to lax vowels having similar tongue height and frontness. Coarticulation effects depend on voicing and place of articulation. The ultrasonic equipment used is described briefly. Implications for distinctive feature theory are mentioned.", "PMID": 594169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4697", "title": "[A photoelectric investigation of velar height during vowel articulation: first applications of the velograph (author's transl)].", "content": "Some methodological aspects of the main physiological techniques for investigating the velopharyngeal closure mechanism are discussed. A new instrument for optical registration of velar movement is described. The possibilities and limits arising from its mode of operation are discussed. First results corroborate the relation between velar height and tongue height in vowels, which has been established by cineradiographic research. It is argued that the velograph records relative velar height in the speech continuum with reasonable accuracy. Two ways of calibrating the device are proposed so as to allow the measurement of absolute velar elevation (from rest position).", "contents": "[A photoelectric investigation of velar height during vowel articulation: first applications of the velograph (author's transl)]. Some methodological aspects of the main physiological techniques for investigating the velopharyngeal closure mechanism are discussed. A new instrument for optical registration of velar movement is described. The possibilities and limits arising from its mode of operation are discussed. First results corroborate the relation between velar height and tongue height in vowels, which has been established by cineradiographic research. It is argued that the velograph records relative velar height in the speech continuum with reasonable accuracy. Two ways of calibrating the device are proposed so as to allow the measurement of absolute velar elevation (from rest position).", "PMID": 594170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4698", "title": "Andegerebenha vowel phonology.", "content": "The most common vowel system in Australian languages and the system ancestral to other Australian vowel systems is the triangular system /i-u-a/, with or without phonemic length. This paper shows that this is not appropriate for Andegerebenha, considers the suitability of a two-vowel system /e-a/, and rejects this in favour of one vowel plus length /a-a-/. The short vowel is greatly influenced in quality by the adjacent consonants; the longer one much less so. The consonant inventory is augmented by the addition of a number of labialised consonants, which embody the rounding of earlier *u. Conversely, the phenome/V/, a velar glide, was introduced when an earlier *w acquired the feature [-round] of adjacent vowels.", "contents": "Andegerebenha vowel phonology. The most common vowel system in Australian languages and the system ancestral to other Australian vowel systems is the triangular system /i-u-a/, with or without phonemic length. This paper shows that this is not appropriate for Andegerebenha, considers the suitability of a two-vowel system /e-a/, and rejects this in favour of one vowel plus length /a-a-/. The short vowel is greatly influenced in quality by the adjacent consonants; the longer one much less so. The consonant inventory is augmented by the addition of a number of labialised consonants, which embody the rounding of earlier *u. Conversely, the phenome/V/, a velar glide, was introduced when an earlier *w acquired the feature [-round] of adjacent vowels.", "PMID": 594171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4699", "title": "Studies on a rat liver subcellular poly A-rich RNA fraction with glutamate dehydrogenase template activity.", "content": "A heterogeneous poly A-mRNA fraction was isolated from rat liver microsomes by phenol:chloroform extraction, millipore filtration, and poly U-agarose affinity chromatography. The fractions were characterized by their secondary structures and poly A contents. From translational studies, the isolated fraction was found to have high glutamate dehydrogenase template activity in cell-free systems containing microsomes or polysomes. A spectrophotometric procedure for following enzyme biosynthesis was also developed.", "contents": "Studies on a rat liver subcellular poly A-rich RNA fraction with glutamate dehydrogenase template activity. A heterogeneous poly A-mRNA fraction was isolated from rat liver microsomes by phenol:chloroform extraction, millipore filtration, and poly U-agarose affinity chromatography. The fractions were characterized by their secondary structures and poly A contents. From translational studies, the isolated fraction was found to have high glutamate dehydrogenase template activity in cell-free systems containing microsomes or polysomes. A spectrophotometric procedure for following enzyme biosynthesis was also developed.", "PMID": 594188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4700", "title": "Thallium and cesium in muscle cells compete for the adsorption sites normally occupied by K+.", "content": "It was shown that Tl+ can stoichiometrically displace K+ in frog muscle cells. This displacement is independent of the function of cell membrane and postulated pumps and of a macroscopic electric charge or Donnan effect. It follows that Cs+ and Tl+ compete for the adsorption sites normally occupied by K+. On this basis, the association-induction hypothesis predicts that Cs+ and Tl+, like K+, should be primarily localized in the A-band of the muscle myofibrils.", "contents": "Thallium and cesium in muscle cells compete for the adsorption sites normally occupied by K+. It was shown that Tl+ can stoichiometrically displace K+ in frog muscle cells. This displacement is independent of the function of cell membrane and postulated pumps and of a macroscopic electric charge or Donnan effect. It follows that Cs+ and Tl+ compete for the adsorption sites normally occupied by K+. On this basis, the association-induction hypothesis predicts that Cs+ and Tl+, like K+, should be primarily localized in the A-band of the muscle myofibrils.", "PMID": 594189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4701", "title": "A binding protein from rat nerve.", "content": "Leucine has been found to bind competitively to a soluble protein (molecular weight 97,000 daltons) from rat sciatic nerve under certain experimental conditions to form a high molecular weight aggregate (MW greater than 302,000). Kinetic study showed that the equilibrium constant for leucine-binding is 1.33 X 10(4) l/m and the rate constants for binding and unbinding are k1 = 0.424 l/m/sec and k-1 = 3.18 X 10(5) sec-1 respectively. The binding reaction is accompanied by an endothermic enthalpy change of 5,000 cal/mole and the favorable equilibrium appears to be due to the large positive (35.3 eu) entropy of binding. L-Proline, thymidine, and succinic acid were also found to bind, non-competitively with leucine, to proteins in the same fraction. Binding of those compounds and leucine was enhanced by the presence of Mg2+. Rat muscle and plasma proteins did not significantly bind leucine under these experimental conditions. The presence of this binding protein in rat nerve suggests an additional mechanism in the metabolism and in the transport of amino acids for incorporation into a protein structure in nerve.", "contents": "A binding protein from rat nerve. Leucine has been found to bind competitively to a soluble protein (molecular weight 97,000 daltons) from rat sciatic nerve under certain experimental conditions to form a high molecular weight aggregate (MW greater than 302,000). Kinetic study showed that the equilibrium constant for leucine-binding is 1.33 X 10(4) l/m and the rate constants for binding and unbinding are k1 = 0.424 l/m/sec and k-1 = 3.18 X 10(5) sec-1 respectively. The binding reaction is accompanied by an endothermic enthalpy change of 5,000 cal/mole and the favorable equilibrium appears to be due to the large positive (35.3 eu) entropy of binding. L-Proline, thymidine, and succinic acid were also found to bind, non-competitively with leucine, to proteins in the same fraction. Binding of those compounds and leucine was enhanced by the presence of Mg2+. Rat muscle and plasma proteins did not significantly bind leucine under these experimental conditions. The presence of this binding protein in rat nerve suggests an additional mechanism in the metabolism and in the transport of amino acids for incorporation into a protein structure in nerve.", "PMID": 594190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4702", "title": "Desulfuration of l-cysteine through transamination and transsulfuration in rat liver.", "content": "Desulfuration of L-cysteine by rat liver via a pathway of transamination followed by transsulfuration was studied using cyanide as a sulfur acceptor. More than a 5-fold increase in formation of thiocyanate from L-cysteine and cyanide was observed in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate. L-Cysteine aminotransferase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in the same preparations were also determined. It was concluded that L-cysteine was desulfurated through transamination and transsulfuration of the resulting 3-mercaptopyruvate, and that the rate-limiting step appears to be the transamination reaction.", "contents": "Desulfuration of l-cysteine through transamination and transsulfuration in rat liver. Desulfuration of L-cysteine by rat liver via a pathway of transamination followed by transsulfuration was studied using cyanide as a sulfur acceptor. More than a 5-fold increase in formation of thiocyanate from L-cysteine and cyanide was observed in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate. L-Cysteine aminotransferase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in the same preparations were also determined. It was concluded that L-cysteine was desulfurated through transamination and transsulfuration of the resulting 3-mercaptopyruvate, and that the rate-limiting step appears to be the transamination reaction.", "PMID": 594191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4703", "title": "Cooperative interactions in nerve membrane potential and in photosynthesis, evidenced by non-linear Arrhenius plots and critical exponents.", "content": "The resting membrane potential of Aplysia nerve and the rate of photosynthesis by intact Chlorella cells have temperature dependences characterized by curved Arrhenius plots, for which the logarithm of the activation energy is a linear function of temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric systems show similar curves, which suggests that the above two biological systems are governed by cooperative interactions between adjacent molecular sites. Critical exponent analysis suggests the same conclusion.", "contents": "Cooperative interactions in nerve membrane potential and in photosynthesis, evidenced by non-linear Arrhenius plots and critical exponents. The resting membrane potential of Aplysia nerve and the rate of photosynthesis by intact Chlorella cells have temperature dependences characterized by curved Arrhenius plots, for which the logarithm of the activation energy is a linear function of temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric systems show similar curves, which suggests that the above two biological systems are governed by cooperative interactions between adjacent molecular sites. Critical exponent analysis suggests the same conclusion.", "PMID": 594192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4704", "title": "A relation between myocardial taurine contest and pulmonary wedge pressure in dogs with heart failure.", "content": "Myocardial taurine levels were correlated with pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). Heart failure was induced by creating an infrarenal aortocaval fistula. PWP ranged from 6.6 to 28 mm Hg, suggesting a wide range in severity of heart failure in those dogs. Compared to taurine levels of normal dogs, levels of the CHF group were significantly elevated in both left and right ventricles. Linear regression analysis of ventricular taurine content yielded a highly significant direct relation to PWP. The results suggest that myocardial taurine content increases as heart failure becomes more severe.", "contents": "A relation between myocardial taurine contest and pulmonary wedge pressure in dogs with heart failure. Myocardial taurine levels were correlated with pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). Heart failure was induced by creating an infrarenal aortocaval fistula. PWP ranged from 6.6 to 28 mm Hg, suggesting a wide range in severity of heart failure in those dogs. Compared to taurine levels of normal dogs, levels of the CHF group were significantly elevated in both left and right ventricles. Linear regression analysis of ventricular taurine content yielded a highly significant direct relation to PWP. The results suggest that myocardial taurine content increases as heart failure becomes more severe.", "PMID": 594193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4705", "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from different fiber types of chicken muscles.", "content": "Isolated mitochondria from different types of muscle fibers from chickens 3 to 5 weeks were studied to evaluate the comparative oxidation of various substrates. Pectoralis (alphaW fibers), lateral adductor (betaR fibers), and medial adductor (alphaR fibers) were the muscles used. Oxygen consumption rates, RCR, and ADP/O ratios were measured to study mitochondrial function. Mitochondria from pectoralis muscle utilized pyruvate, succinate, L-glutamate, alpha-glycerophosphate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Mitochondria from the other two muscle types utilized all of those substrates except alpha-glycerophosphate. In each muscle type utilization of NADH was minimum and was not coupled with phosphorylation of ADP. Thus, in alphaW muscles oxidation of alpha-glycerophosphate may play an important role in transport of cytoplasmic NADH to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In alphaR and betaR muscles \"shuttle\" systems other than alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation, e.g., beta-hydroxybutyrate, may perform that important role.", "contents": "Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from different fiber types of chicken muscles. Isolated mitochondria from different types of muscle fibers from chickens 3 to 5 weeks were studied to evaluate the comparative oxidation of various substrates. Pectoralis (alphaW fibers), lateral adductor (betaR fibers), and medial adductor (alphaR fibers) were the muscles used. Oxygen consumption rates, RCR, and ADP/O ratios were measured to study mitochondrial function. Mitochondria from pectoralis muscle utilized pyruvate, succinate, L-glutamate, alpha-glycerophosphate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Mitochondria from the other two muscle types utilized all of those substrates except alpha-glycerophosphate. In each muscle type utilization of NADH was minimum and was not coupled with phosphorylation of ADP. Thus, in alphaW muscles oxidation of alpha-glycerophosphate may play an important role in transport of cytoplasmic NADH to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In alphaR and betaR muscles \"shuttle\" systems other than alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation, e.g., beta-hydroxybutyrate, may perform that important role.", "PMID": 594194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4706", "title": "The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia in alcoholics.", "content": "The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 7 alcoholic in-patients who had been abstinent for 2-11 days and in 10 normal controls. Blood samples were taken at intervals after the injection of soluble insulin (0-1 U/kg body weight). The growth hormone response was impaired in 4 of the alcoholics and the depression was not related to differences in blood glucose or plasma free fatty acids. The cortisol response was also impaired in the alcoholics. We conclude that alcoholics observed after alcohol withdrawal may have a depression of hypothalamic/pituitary function.", "contents": "The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia in alcoholics. The growth hormone response to insulin induced hypoglycaemia was studied in 7 alcoholic in-patients who had been abstinent for 2-11 days and in 10 normal controls. Blood samples were taken at intervals after the injection of soluble insulin (0-1 U/kg body weight). The growth hormone response was impaired in 4 of the alcoholics and the depression was not related to differences in blood glucose or plasma free fatty acids. The cortisol response was also impaired in the alcoholics. We conclude that alcoholics observed after alcohol withdrawal may have a depression of hypothalamic/pituitary function.", "PMID": 594241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4707", "title": "Schizophrenia succeeded by affective illness; catamnestic study and statistical enquiry.", "content": "On the basis of data derived from a long-term follow-up of 12 cases and a 2-year follow-up of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia it is suggested that some patients with remitting schizophrenic illnesses can subsequently present clear-cut affective disorders. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Schizophrenia succeeded by affective illness; catamnestic study and statistical enquiry. On the basis of data derived from a long-term follow-up of 12 cases and a 2-year follow-up of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia it is suggested that some patients with remitting schizophrenic illnesses can subsequently present clear-cut affective disorders. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 594242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4708", "title": "Spontaneous length of depression and response to ECT.", "content": "Electro-convulsive treatment (ECT) was therapeutically ineffective in 27 (20%) of 136 depressed patients. Failure to respond occurred in long-lasting depressions and in patients with a history of long-lasting depressions. In these cases the depression lasted at least 6 months. The hypothesis is proposed that ECT is effective only when given within 6 months of thespontaneous end of the depression. Clinical and nosological implications are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous length of depression and response to ECT. Electro-convulsive treatment (ECT) was therapeutically ineffective in 27 (20%) of 136 depressed patients. Failure to respond occurred in long-lasting depressions and in patients with a history of long-lasting depressions. In these cases the depression lasted at least 6 months. The hypothesis is proposed that ECT is effective only when given within 6 months of thespontaneous end of the depression. Clinical and nosological implications are discussed.", "PMID": 594243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4709", "title": "Mental distress in mothers of pre-school children in inner London.", "content": "The level of mental 'distress' was assessed for a sample of mothers with pre-school children in Inner London. Fifty-two per cent of mothers had a moderate or severe distress problem in the 12 months prior to interview. Variables correlating with distress were identified and replicated in a second sample. Social class was not found to be related, and the question of the general relationship between social class and distress is considered.", "contents": "Mental distress in mothers of pre-school children in inner London. The level of mental 'distress' was assessed for a sample of mothers with pre-school children in Inner London. Fifty-two per cent of mothers had a moderate or severe distress problem in the 12 months prior to interview. Variables correlating with distress were identified and replicated in a second sample. Social class was not found to be related, and the question of the general relationship between social class and distress is considered.", "PMID": 594244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4710", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity and hostility in hypertension.", "content": "In a large survey of subjects aged between 35 and 64, no difference was detected in the amount of psychiatric morbidity, determined by response to the General Health Questionnaire, between those with hypertension and those with normal pressure. This finding also obtained if only those subjects ignorant of their own blood pressure level were considered for the same comparison. As a result of administration of a standardized psychiatric interview and a hostility questionnaire to 108 hypertensive and normotensive subjects of a special study, differences in the expression of hostility were demonstrated between the 2 groups. Subjects with hypertension appear to demonstrate more hostility and be less self-critical than a normotensive group. This finding could reflect the effect of recent diagnosis and treatment of hypertension or be associated with the hypertensive state itself.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity and hostility in hypertension. In a large survey of subjects aged between 35 and 64, no difference was detected in the amount of psychiatric morbidity, determined by response to the General Health Questionnaire, between those with hypertension and those with normal pressure. This finding also obtained if only those subjects ignorant of their own blood pressure level were considered for the same comparison. As a result of administration of a standardized psychiatric interview and a hostility questionnaire to 108 hypertensive and normotensive subjects of a special study, differences in the expression of hostility were demonstrated between the 2 groups. Subjects with hypertension appear to demonstrate more hostility and be less self-critical than a normotensive group. This finding could reflect the effect of recent diagnosis and treatment of hypertension or be associated with the hypertensive state itself.", "PMID": 594245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4711", "title": "The contribution of psychological features to the symptoms of treated hypertensive patients.", "content": "Twenty-seven symptoms of 859 treated hypertensive patients were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire and correlated with the depression (DEP), free-floating anxiety (FFA), phobic anxiety (PHO), obsessionality (OBS) and extraversion (HYS) scores of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. The psychological features were associated with 24 of the 27 symptoms, and the extent to which these measurements determined the presence of a symptom was calculated. DEP and FFA were correlated with most of the symptoms, PHO with weak limbs, blurred vision, slow walking pace, nocturia and a lessened interest in sex. HYS was positively associated with the frequency of sexual intercourse in men and negatively with complaints of dyspnoea, tingling in the limbs and a slow walking pace. OBS was only associated with diarrhoea.", "contents": "The contribution of psychological features to the symptoms of treated hypertensive patients. Twenty-seven symptoms of 859 treated hypertensive patients were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire and correlated with the depression (DEP), free-floating anxiety (FFA), phobic anxiety (PHO), obsessionality (OBS) and extraversion (HYS) scores of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. The psychological features were associated with 24 of the 27 symptoms, and the extent to which these measurements determined the presence of a symptom was calculated. DEP and FFA were correlated with most of the symptoms, PHO with weak limbs, blurred vision, slow walking pace, nocturia and a lessened interest in sex. HYS was positively associated with the frequency of sexual intercourse in men and negatively with complaints of dyspnoea, tingling in the limbs and a slow walking pace. OBS was only associated with diarrhoea.", "PMID": 594246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4712", "title": "Migration, culture and mental health.", "content": "The former belief that immigrants always suffer from an excess of mental disorder is no longer valid, and the old rivalry between social selection and social causation hypotheses has lost much of its relevance. The mental health of a migrant group is determined by factors relating to the society of origin, factors relating to the migration itself, and factors operating in the society of resettlement; and all three sets need to be considered if one seeks to reduce or merely to understand the level of mental disorder in any immigrant group. Illustrations from each set of factors are presented, with indications of whether they appear to have general relevance or be related to specific mental disorders.", "contents": "Migration, culture and mental health. The former belief that immigrants always suffer from an excess of mental disorder is no longer valid, and the old rivalry between social selection and social causation hypotheses has lost much of its relevance. The mental health of a migrant group is determined by factors relating to the society of origin, factors relating to the migration itself, and factors operating in the society of resettlement; and all three sets need to be considered if one seeks to reduce or merely to understand the level of mental disorder in any immigrant group. Illustrations from each set of factors are presented, with indications of whether they appear to have general relevance or be related to specific mental disorders.", "PMID": 594247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4713", "title": "Previous occupational stability as a predictor of employment after psychiatric rehabilitation.", "content": "Several indices of occupational stability are discussed and the importance of controlling for age in assessing occupational stability emphasized. The ability of 6 indices to predict the stable resettlement of psychiatric patients at work after a course of rehabilitation was examined. Though mean job length was a significant predictor, indices based on change of occupation rather than change of job were more successful. Stable resettlement at work was related to how much time people had spent in long jobs but not to how little time they had spent in short jobs. The amount of unemployment during the 2 years before hospital admission predicted return to work immediately after discharge, but did not predict stable resettlement at work.", "contents": "Previous occupational stability as a predictor of employment after psychiatric rehabilitation. Several indices of occupational stability are discussed and the importance of controlling for age in assessing occupational stability emphasized. The ability of 6 indices to predict the stable resettlement of psychiatric patients at work after a course of rehabilitation was examined. Though mean job length was a significant predictor, indices based on change of occupation rather than change of job were more successful. Stable resettlement at work was related to how much time people had spent in long jobs but not to how little time they had spent in short jobs. The amount of unemployment during the 2 years before hospital admission predicted return to work immediately after discharge, but did not predict stable resettlement at work.", "PMID": 594248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4714", "title": "The rating of symptoms by a psychiatrist and a non-psychiatrist: a study of patients referred from general practice.", "content": "A psychologist interviewing patients referred to the psychiatric service of a health centre rated twice as much morbidity, measured by total PSE score, as a psychiatrist interviewing equivalent patients. Scores on the self-rated GHQ showed no difference between the 2 groups. It is suggested that such differences could be avoided by giving careful attention to training interviewers.", "contents": "The rating of symptoms by a psychiatrist and a non-psychiatrist: a study of patients referred from general practice. A psychologist interviewing patients referred to the psychiatric service of a health centre rated twice as much morbidity, measured by total PSE score, as a psychiatrist interviewing equivalent patients. Scores on the self-rated GHQ showed no difference between the 2 groups. It is suggested that such differences could be avoided by giving careful attention to training interviewers.", "PMID": 594249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4715", "title": "Lowered responsiveness and auditory signal detectability during depression.", "content": "Ten depressed patients were assessed on an auditory signal detection task; testing was repeated on remission. The patients' clinical state was monitored by means of the Hamilton rating scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The task was performed under three conditions: 2 button (Yes/No); 1 button (Yes); 1 button (No). The findings indicated lower motor responsiveness during depression, consistent with Seligman's learned helplessness model. The measure of auditory sensitivity was also lowered during depression, possibly attributable to attentional disturbance. It is suggested that the lowered initiation of voluntary responses may be an important factor in the assessment of cognitive functioning during depression; such deficits may be reduced if the task does not permit the omission of a response.", "contents": "Lowered responsiveness and auditory signal detectability during depression. Ten depressed patients were assessed on an auditory signal detection task; testing was repeated on remission. The patients' clinical state was monitored by means of the Hamilton rating scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The task was performed under three conditions: 2 button (Yes/No); 1 button (Yes); 1 button (No). The findings indicated lower motor responsiveness during depression, consistent with Seligman's learned helplessness model. The measure of auditory sensitivity was also lowered during depression, possibly attributable to attentional disturbance. It is suggested that the lowered initiation of voluntary responses may be an important factor in the assessment of cognitive functioning during depression; such deficits may be reduced if the task does not permit the omission of a response.", "PMID": 594250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4716", "title": "A study of the symptomatology and course of manic illness using a new scale.", "content": "Sixteen manic patients were rated fortnightly on the Present State Examination and a new manic rating scale. After 4 weeks of treatment a high proportion of symptoms had decreased significantly, but some symptoms likely to affect social functioning persisted. The group displayed many depressive and anxiety symptoms in addition to recognized manic symptoms.", "contents": "A study of the symptomatology and course of manic illness using a new scale. Sixteen manic patients were rated fortnightly on the Present State Examination and a new manic rating scale. After 4 weeks of treatment a high proportion of symptoms had decreased significantly, but some symptoms likely to affect social functioning persisted. The group displayed many depressive and anxiety symptoms in addition to recognized manic symptoms.", "PMID": 594251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4717", "title": "Deconditioning of exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The majority of asthmatic children develop a significant degree of bronchospasm after a moderate amount of exercise. Etiology of this phenomenon has remained unknown. Pulmonary function tests, measurements of blood gases, and immunological assessments have been essentially normal. This study was designed to investigate the role of conditioning process in the development of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Fifty asthmatic children, between the ages of 8 and 15, were subjected to a standardized test of exercise. Thirty-six of the children who developed EIB were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental procedure was designed as a classical extinction procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (exercise) was presented without the occurrence of conditioned response of EIB. Only the experimental group received isoproterenol inhalation before the exercise to prevent the occurrence of EIB, while the control groups received plain air in a similar manner. The experimental group showed a significant improvement after the extinction procedure. A 6 month follow-up indicated that the majority of the children in the experimental group maintained the gains that were acquired during the experimental procedure.", "contents": "Deconditioning of exercise-induced asthma. The majority of asthmatic children develop a significant degree of bronchospasm after a moderate amount of exercise. Etiology of this phenomenon has remained unknown. Pulmonary function tests, measurements of blood gases, and immunological assessments have been essentially normal. This study was designed to investigate the role of conditioning process in the development of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Fifty asthmatic children, between the ages of 8 and 15, were subjected to a standardized test of exercise. Thirty-six of the children who developed EIB were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental procedure was designed as a classical extinction procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (exercise) was presented without the occurrence of conditioned response of EIB. Only the experimental group received isoproterenol inhalation before the exercise to prevent the occurrence of EIB, while the control groups received plain air in a similar manner. The experimental group showed a significant improvement after the extinction procedure. A 6 month follow-up indicated that the majority of the children in the experimental group maintained the gains that were acquired during the experimental procedure.", "PMID": 594284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4718", "title": "Psychosocial stimuli and human plasma renin activity.", "content": "The effects of several types of acute psychosocial stimuli on plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in normotensive healthy subjects. Puzzle-solving produced an increase in blood pressure but no significant change in PRA, although two of seven subjects did respond with large increases in PRA. Watching a disturbing movie also raised blood pressure, but did not alter PRA. In contrast, a combination of novelty, fear, and/or anticipation did constitute a significant stimulus for renin secretion; this was evidenced by the fact that naive subjects (who were not told in advance what to expect) had significantly higher PRAs on the first day of the 2-day puzzle-solving study. PRA on this day correlated strongly with anxiety proneness, as did the decrease from day 1 to day 2. We conclude that meaningful psychosocial stimuli can enhance renin secretion in susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Psychosocial stimuli and human plasma renin activity. The effects of several types of acute psychosocial stimuli on plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in normotensive healthy subjects. Puzzle-solving produced an increase in blood pressure but no significant change in PRA, although two of seven subjects did respond with large increases in PRA. Watching a disturbing movie also raised blood pressure, but did not alter PRA. In contrast, a combination of novelty, fear, and/or anticipation did constitute a significant stimulus for renin secretion; this was evidenced by the fact that naive subjects (who were not told in advance what to expect) had significantly higher PRAs on the first day of the 2-day puzzle-solving study. PRA on this day correlated strongly with anxiety proneness, as did the decrease from day 1 to day 2. We conclude that meaningful psychosocial stimuli can enhance renin secretion in susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 594285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4719", "title": "Life event questionnaires for measuring presumptive stress.", "content": "Cumulative stress from the impact of life events has become an important variable in psychosomatic and psychological research. This article provides both short and long life events questionnaires that add to incidence information the remoteness or recency in time of a given experience. In the weight assignment system that leads to a single presumptive stress score, events remote in time have less influence than recent events. The reliability of weight assignment was checked in subject groups that differed by sex, age, and status. Women weighted life events as more stressful than did men; other differences in groups were less important. In spite of the sex differential, review of these data suggests use of the same weight assignments for all subgroups rather than differential weighting by sex and age. Reliability was also checked by test and retest methods in contrast to common sense expectation, a disappointingly low level of reliability was found. The implications for investigative use of life events questionnaires are discussed.", "contents": "Life event questionnaires for measuring presumptive stress. Cumulative stress from the impact of life events has become an important variable in psychosomatic and psychological research. This article provides both short and long life events questionnaires that add to incidence information the remoteness or recency in time of a given experience. In the weight assignment system that leads to a single presumptive stress score, events remote in time have less influence than recent events. The reliability of weight assignment was checked in subject groups that differed by sex, age, and status. Women weighted life events as more stressful than did men; other differences in groups were less important. In spite of the sex differential, review of these data suggests use of the same weight assignments for all subgroups rather than differential weighting by sex and age. Reliability was also checked by test and retest methods in contrast to common sense expectation, a disappointingly low level of reliability was found. The implications for investigative use of life events questionnaires are discussed.", "PMID": 594286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4720", "title": "Ultradian cardiac rhthms in surgical intensive care unit patients.", "content": "Several reports have suggested that heart rate may be regulated by an ultradian biological rhythm with a period of about 90--100 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were collected from 10 Surgical Intensive Care patients at 5-min intervals and analyzed by computer. No 90-min rhthms were found, indicating this rhythm has no significant influence on heart rate or blood pressure in postsurgical patients.", "contents": "Ultradian cardiac rhthms in surgical intensive care unit patients. Several reports have suggested that heart rate may be regulated by an ultradian biological rhythm with a period of about 90--100 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were collected from 10 Surgical Intensive Care patients at 5-min intervals and analyzed by computer. No 90-min rhthms were found, indicating this rhythm has no significant influence on heart rate or blood pressure in postsurgical patients.", "PMID": 594287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4721", "title": "Factors influencing serum potassium in treated hypertension.", "content": "A retrospective survey of serum potassium measurements in a blood pressure clinic provided evidence that potassium supplements averaging 24 mmol daily were effective in elevating serum potassium concentration and reducing the incidence of hypokalaemia in diuretic-treated hypertensives. In patients treated with bendrofluazide the serum potassium concentration was related to the dose of diuretic, but not to age, sex, body weight, supine blood pressure or serum creatinine. There was no evidence that drugs other than diuretics or potassium (including beta-adrenergic blockers) had a clinically significant influence on serum potassium. The major part of the variation in serum potassium between patients could not be explained by the variables examined.", "contents": "Factors influencing serum potassium in treated hypertension. A retrospective survey of serum potassium measurements in a blood pressure clinic provided evidence that potassium supplements averaging 24 mmol daily were effective in elevating serum potassium concentration and reducing the incidence of hypokalaemia in diuretic-treated hypertensives. In patients treated with bendrofluazide the serum potassium concentration was related to the dose of diuretic, but not to age, sex, body weight, supine blood pressure or serum creatinine. There was no evidence that drugs other than diuretics or potassium (including beta-adrenergic blockers) had a clinically significant influence on serum potassium. The major part of the variation in serum potassium between patients could not be explained by the variables examined.", "PMID": 594295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4722", "title": "Progressive airway obliteration in adults and its association with rheumatoid disease.", "content": "Six patients with rapidly progressive airway obliteration in the absence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema are reported. Because this pattern of lung disease is very uncommon and five of the six patients had classical rheumatoid arthritis an association between the two diseases is suggested. The patients presented with rapidly developing breathlessness, and r\u00e2les and a high-pitched mid-inspiratory squeak were heard over the lung fields. Chest radiographs showed distended lungs but were otherwise normal. Tests of lung fuction showed airflow obstruction, most marked at low lung volumes, with air trapping. The carbon monoxide gas transfer coefficient, maximum static recoil pressure and static compliance were normal. In spite of treatment with antibiotics, bronchodilators and corticosteroids, five died in respiratory failure five to 18 months after first becoming breathless. Post-mortem examination in four patients showed an obliterative bronchiolitis but no mucous gland hypertrophy or significant emphysema.", "contents": "Progressive airway obliteration in adults and its association with rheumatoid disease. Six patients with rapidly progressive airway obliteration in the absence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema are reported. Because this pattern of lung disease is very uncommon and five of the six patients had classical rheumatoid arthritis an association between the two diseases is suggested. The patients presented with rapidly developing breathlessness, and r\u00e2les and a high-pitched mid-inspiratory squeak were heard over the lung fields. Chest radiographs showed distended lungs but were otherwise normal. Tests of lung fuction showed airflow obstruction, most marked at low lung volumes, with air trapping. The carbon monoxide gas transfer coefficient, maximum static recoil pressure and static compliance were normal. In spite of treatment with antibiotics, bronchodilators and corticosteroids, five died in respiratory failure five to 18 months after first becoming breathless. Post-mortem examination in four patients showed an obliterative bronchiolitis but no mucous gland hypertrophy or significant emphysema.", "PMID": 594297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4723", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in England in the 1970's: a review of 70 patients.", "content": "The features of 70 cases of bacterial endocarditis are reported. Streptococcus viridans was the cause in 45 per cent, staphylococci in 27 per cent, and enterococci in 7 per cent. Rheumatic heart disease was the predisposing factor in less than one quarter of patients and in almost half there was no obvious pre-existing cardiac disease. Apart from cardiac murmurs and pyrexia, the classical features of infective endocarditis were uncommon, haematuria being observed in less than one-third. Most patients were over the age of 30, one-third more than 60 years of age and the peak incidence occurred in the seventh decade. The mortality was 34 per cent, being highest in infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Adverse prognostic features included cardiac failure, advanced age and peripheral embolization. One-third of infections were caused by bacteria resistant to penicillin.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in England in the 1970's: a review of 70 patients. The features of 70 cases of bacterial endocarditis are reported. Streptococcus viridans was the cause in 45 per cent, staphylococci in 27 per cent, and enterococci in 7 per cent. Rheumatic heart disease was the predisposing factor in less than one quarter of patients and in almost half there was no obvious pre-existing cardiac disease. Apart from cardiac murmurs and pyrexia, the classical features of infective endocarditis were uncommon, haematuria being observed in less than one-third. Most patients were over the age of 30, one-third more than 60 years of age and the peak incidence occurred in the seventh decade. The mortality was 34 per cent, being highest in infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Adverse prognostic features included cardiac failure, advanced age and peripheral embolization. One-third of infections were caused by bacteria resistant to penicillin.", "PMID": 594299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4724", "title": "Aplastic anaemia: a study of prognosis and the effect of androgen therapy.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-nine Chinese patients with aplastic anaemia, were studied. In ten it was induced by drugs, one followed hepatitis and the remainder were of unkown cause. Mortality within the first six months was 47.3 per cent. Features associated with poor prognosis included a short duration of symptoms of three months or less, neutropenia of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/l and severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, some preservation of erythroid activity of the bone marrow was associated with long survival. Remission occurred in 47 patients and this was associated with androgen therapy in 33. Remission was complete in 18 and partial in 29. In the latter group, persistent thrombocytopenia was the main abnormality and treatment with calusterone led to an increase in platelets although the effect was not sustained after its withdrawal. Hepatotoxicity was seen in 16.0 per cent of patients treated with androgens and this occurred even with non-17alpha-alkylated compounds. It is concluded that androgen therapy was useful and should be started as early as possible after diagnosis. Hepatic intolerance to androgens may be an indication for bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia: a study of prognosis and the effect of androgen therapy. One hundred and twenty-nine Chinese patients with aplastic anaemia, were studied. In ten it was induced by drugs, one followed hepatitis and the remainder were of unkown cause. Mortality within the first six months was 47.3 per cent. Features associated with poor prognosis included a short duration of symptoms of three months or less, neutropenia of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/l and severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, some preservation of erythroid activity of the bone marrow was associated with long survival. Remission occurred in 47 patients and this was associated with androgen therapy in 33. Remission was complete in 18 and partial in 29. In the latter group, persistent thrombocytopenia was the main abnormality and treatment with calusterone led to an increase in platelets although the effect was not sustained after its withdrawal. Hepatotoxicity was seen in 16.0 per cent of patients treated with androgens and this occurred even with non-17alpha-alkylated compounds. It is concluded that androgen therapy was useful and should be started as early as possible after diagnosis. Hepatic intolerance to androgens may be an indication for bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 594300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4725", "title": "Localised nodular myositis: a clinical and pathological variant of polymyositis.", "content": "Three cases of a painful, inflammatory, nodular myopathy in young and middle-aged adult males are described. In two of the cases the nodular process gradually evolved into a diffuse proximal myopathy accompanied by dysphagia, and manifesting the so-called \"facioscapulohumeral syndrome\". The electromyogram (EMG) in all three cases was \"myopathic\" in type and in two cases abnormalities consistent with an inflammatory muscle disorder were seen. Muscle biopsy revealed a consistent pattern of intense, predominantly interstitial, pleomorphic infiltration of muscle with scattered foci of muscle fibre destruction and regeneration, which resembled muscle infarcts. It is suggested that this syndrome, whilst readily recognizable from both the clinical and pathological standpoints, is not a nosological entity in its own right but rather an unusual presentation of polymyositis.", "contents": "Localised nodular myositis: a clinical and pathological variant of polymyositis. Three cases of a painful, inflammatory, nodular myopathy in young and middle-aged adult males are described. In two of the cases the nodular process gradually evolved into a diffuse proximal myopathy accompanied by dysphagia, and manifesting the so-called \"facioscapulohumeral syndrome\". The electromyogram (EMG) in all three cases was \"myopathic\" in type and in two cases abnormalities consistent with an inflammatory muscle disorder were seen. Muscle biopsy revealed a consistent pattern of intense, predominantly interstitial, pleomorphic infiltration of muscle with scattered foci of muscle fibre destruction and regeneration, which resembled muscle infarcts. It is suggested that this syndrome, whilst readily recognizable from both the clinical and pathological standpoints, is not a nosological entity in its own right but rather an unusual presentation of polymyositis.", "PMID": 594301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4726", "title": "[The kaolin-activated recalcification test in the screening of coagulation disorders and in the control of anticoagulant therapy].", "content": "The AA. have standardized a method for determining the kaolin activated plasma recalcification time (TRA) and have fixed its normal range between 33 and 60 seconds (average +/- 3 DS) testing 2000 normal subjects. By this method they have been able to demonstrate that TRA is more sensitive than PTT during the haemorrhagic manifestations in thrombocytopenic patients and in monitoring heparin therapy, while it shows a behaviour similar to PTT in detecting coagulation defects. It has also been found that TRA had remarkably increased its values in thrombocytopatic non thrombocytopenic patients, when PTT was normal. TRA does not seem to be useful in coumarin or indanedione therapy, since its values are constantly but not proportionally increased only when prothromsitive than PTT during the haemorrhagic manifestations in thrombocytopenic pabin time is very prolonged. Finally TRA can advantageusly substitute the whole blood clotting time and the non activated recalcification time for its easy performance, remarkable precision and low cost.", "contents": "[The kaolin-activated recalcification test in the screening of coagulation disorders and in the control of anticoagulant therapy]. The AA. have standardized a method for determining the kaolin activated plasma recalcification time (TRA) and have fixed its normal range between 33 and 60 seconds (average +/- 3 DS) testing 2000 normal subjects. By this method they have been able to demonstrate that TRA is more sensitive than PTT during the haemorrhagic manifestations in thrombocytopenic patients and in monitoring heparin therapy, while it shows a behaviour similar to PTT in detecting coagulation defects. It has also been found that TRA had remarkably increased its values in thrombocytopatic non thrombocytopenic patients, when PTT was normal. TRA does not seem to be useful in coumarin or indanedione therapy, since its values are constantly but not proportionally increased only when prothromsitive than PTT during the haemorrhagic manifestations in thrombocytopenic pabin time is very prolonged. Finally TRA can advantageusly substitute the whole blood clotting time and the non activated recalcification time for its easy performance, remarkable precision and low cost.", "PMID": 594303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4727", "title": "[Study of a family with a slow type of bisalbuminemia and of 2 other familial cases].", "content": "The AA. illustrate cases of slow type bisalbuminaemia that they happen to observe on three different family one of which, on a family of north italian origin, has been particularly developed. The cases have been studied on the various components of each family living and to be found, on serum and urine, using electrophoretic methods on cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel and also using the immunoelectrophoretic and cromatographic method on serum after hydrolysis. Cases taken in account, together with results of investigation, add up to those already given to the litterature.", "contents": "[Study of a family with a slow type of bisalbuminemia and of 2 other familial cases]. The AA. illustrate cases of slow type bisalbuminaemia that they happen to observe on three different family one of which, on a family of north italian origin, has been particularly developed. The cases have been studied on the various components of each family living and to be found, on serum and urine, using electrophoretic methods on cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel and also using the immunoelectrophoretic and cromatographic method on serum after hydrolysis. Cases taken in account, together with results of investigation, add up to those already given to the litterature.", "PMID": 594304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4728", "title": "[Infrared spectroscopy in the quantitative determination of urinary calculi constituents (author's transl)].", "content": "Infrared spectroscopy of urinary calculi can be used for the quantitative determination of the major constituents in mixed stones; the method is simple and consists in area-measurements of specific absorption peaks of the spectrum of each compound. In the area-measurement method the average error is +/- 2,5% in calcium-oxalate-apatite and +/- 2% in ammonium magnesium phosphate-carboapatite mixtures; within these limits the calculus matrix do not affect significantly the value of areas. An investigation of 64 mixed renal stones shows that in 57% of the samples, apatite is present in the nucleus; uric acid and calcium-oxalate are the most frequent superficial compounds, while the external layer of ammonium magnesium phosphate and the mixture uric acid-calcium phosphate are rare events. In calcium-oxalate-apatite and ammonium magnesium phosphate-carboapatite calculi the quantitative composition of the nucleus and the external layer differ significantly. The proposed method of analysis of internal and external structures in renal calculi can be useful for the study of etiology, for the prevention and the treatment of urolithiasis.", "contents": "[Infrared spectroscopy in the quantitative determination of urinary calculi constituents (author's transl)]. Infrared spectroscopy of urinary calculi can be used for the quantitative determination of the major constituents in mixed stones; the method is simple and consists in area-measurements of specific absorption peaks of the spectrum of each compound. In the area-measurement method the average error is +/- 2,5% in calcium-oxalate-apatite and +/- 2% in ammonium magnesium phosphate-carboapatite mixtures; within these limits the calculus matrix do not affect significantly the value of areas. An investigation of 64 mixed renal stones shows that in 57% of the samples, apatite is present in the nucleus; uric acid and calcium-oxalate are the most frequent superficial compounds, while the external layer of ammonium magnesium phosphate and the mixture uric acid-calcium phosphate are rare events. In calcium-oxalate-apatite and ammonium magnesium phosphate-carboapatite calculi the quantitative composition of the nucleus and the external layer differ significantly. The proposed method of analysis of internal and external structures in renal calculi can be useful for the study of etiology, for the prevention and the treatment of urolithiasis.", "PMID": 594305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4729", "title": "[The nephelometric method in the study of the hyperlipoproteinaemia: comparative analysis with chemical and electrophoretic methods (author's transl)].", "content": "On 814 subjects the cholesterolemia, the triglyceridemia and serum lipoproteins were determined; also the nephelometric analysis of the serum was conducted. The statistical analysis of the results allowed the following conclusions. 1) Approximately 98% of the pathological results are found in 3 types: type IV (about 49%), IIa (about 40%), IIb (about 11%). 2) The nephelometric determination of the M particles is particularly useful in the distinction between types IIa and IIb, because in type IIb there are pathologically increased values also when the triglycerides are normal or almost normal. There exists a significant correlation between the M particles determined by nephelometric analysis and the triglycerides determined by chemical methods.", "contents": "[The nephelometric method in the study of the hyperlipoproteinaemia: comparative analysis with chemical and electrophoretic methods (author's transl)]. On 814 subjects the cholesterolemia, the triglyceridemia and serum lipoproteins were determined; also the nephelometric analysis of the serum was conducted. The statistical analysis of the results allowed the following conclusions. 1) Approximately 98% of the pathological results are found in 3 types: type IV (about 49%), IIa (about 40%), IIb (about 11%). 2) The nephelometric determination of the M particles is particularly useful in the distinction between types IIa and IIb, because in type IIb there are pathologically increased values also when the triglycerides are normal or almost normal. There exists a significant correlation between the M particles determined by nephelometric analysis and the triglycerides determined by chemical methods.", "PMID": 594306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4730", "title": "[The SGLDH determination with the Jung's method in differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "SGLDH activity, determined according to Jung, was studied in different classes of hepato-biliary diseases. The discriminant effectiveness of this test, alone or in association with transaminase determination, was evaluated. The ratio of Schmidt and Schmidt and the ratio of Filippa were also calculated and their effectiveness was estimated. The determination of SGLDH activity, performed with the Jung's method (this method is considered the most sensitive among the clinical methods), was proved to offer no advantages neither alone nor in association with the determinations of the SGOT and SGPT.", "contents": "[The SGLDH determination with the Jung's method in differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases (author's transl)]. SGLDH activity, determined according to Jung, was studied in different classes of hepato-biliary diseases. The discriminant effectiveness of this test, alone or in association with transaminase determination, was evaluated. The ratio of Schmidt and Schmidt and the ratio of Filippa were also calculated and their effectiveness was estimated. The determination of SGLDH activity, performed with the Jung's method (this method is considered the most sensitive among the clinical methods), was proved to offer no advantages neither alone nor in association with the determinations of the SGOT and SGPT.", "PMID": 594307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4731", "title": "[Relations between hepatitis B surface antigen and parasitic diseases: observations in patients with ancylostomiasis and schistosomiasis].", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen carriage was studied in Somalia in 155 patients with ancylostomiasis, with urinary schistosomiasis and with leprosy (lepromatosus and tuberculoid type and leprosy with schistosomiasis). The results have showed a significantly (p less than 0,001) higher frequency of HBsAg among the patients with ancylostomiasis (33,33%) and with urinary schistosomiasis (25,92%) than either the leprosy patients (9,67% in the L type and 6,89% in the T type) or the controls (11,11%); in the leprosy patients with schistosomiasis the frequency was 40,0%. The role of some penetrating skin parasites in the epidemiology of hepatitis B was discussed.", "contents": "[Relations between hepatitis B surface antigen and parasitic diseases: observations in patients with ancylostomiasis and schistosomiasis]. Hepatitis B antigen carriage was studied in Somalia in 155 patients with ancylostomiasis, with urinary schistosomiasis and with leprosy (lepromatosus and tuberculoid type and leprosy with schistosomiasis). The results have showed a significantly (p less than 0,001) higher frequency of HBsAg among the patients with ancylostomiasis (33,33%) and with urinary schistosomiasis (25,92%) than either the leprosy patients (9,67% in the L type and 6,89% in the T type) or the controls (11,11%); in the leprosy patients with schistosomiasis the frequency was 40,0%. The role of some penetrating skin parasites in the epidemiology of hepatitis B was discussed.", "PMID": 594309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4732", "title": "[Aggregation of blood platelets: changes in Breddin's method (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of the blood platelets aggregation, by means of Breddin's method, is rather long and, moreover, the subjective elements connected with the microscopist's experience, fall on it. The AA. have verified, through sixty cases, a great correlation between this method and change prepared by them, whied avoids the inconveniences before mentioned.", "contents": "[Aggregation of blood platelets: changes in Breddin's method (author's transl)]. The evaluation of the blood platelets aggregation, by means of Breddin's method, is rather long and, moreover, the subjective elements connected with the microscopist's experience, fall on it. The AA. have verified, through sixty cases, a great correlation between this method and change prepared by them, whied avoids the inconveniences before mentioned.", "PMID": 594310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4733", "title": "A proposal for revision of the quality factor.", "content": "As a result of recent radiobiological research it has become evident that the RBE of neurons can at low absorbed doses reach values that are substantially higher than the values of the quality factor (Q) currently adopted for radiation protection. There is theoretical and observational evidence that such high RBE values are the rule rather than the exception and that they apply to at least one radiation effect on humans. New values as well as different formulations are proposed for the factor that is employed in radiation protection to weight absorbed doses for their biological effectiveness.", "contents": "A proposal for revision of the quality factor. As a result of recent radiobiological research it has become evident that the RBE of neurons can at low absorbed doses reach values that are substantially higher than the values of the quality factor (Q) currently adopted for radiation protection. There is theoretical and observational evidence that such high RBE values are the rule rather than the exception and that they apply to at least one radiation effect on humans. New values as well as different formulations are proposed for the factor that is employed in radiation protection to weight absorbed doses for their biological effectiveness.", "PMID": 594313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4734", "title": "Radiosensitivity and recovery of mouse L cells during the cell cycle.", "content": "Mouse fibroblasts, subline L-929 F were synchronized by mitotic detachment. The synchronized cell cultures were irradiated with 200 kVp X-rays at different time after mitosis, and age response functions and dose effect curves were determined using the colony test. The cell age in the mitotic cycle was obtained from a computer analysis of flow cytometric DNA histograms. Both intrinsic radiosensitivity 1/D0 and extrapolation number n were found to vary during the cell cycle. The D0 has a maximum value of 176 +/- 1 rad in the middle of G1 phase and minimum of 71 +/- 1 rad at the S/G2 transition, while the extrapolation number is rather constant from the beginning of G1 phase (1.9 +/- 0.1) to the middle of S phase (2.3 +/- 0.1) and reaches a steep maximum of 9.3 +/- 1.1 at S/G2 transition. The values of n in the various phases of cell cycle are compared with the respective values of the recovery factor gamma determined after fractionated irradiation. --Cell survival after a single dose of 616 rad has minima for irradiation at G1/S transition and in early G2 phase; the survival in early G2 being about 40 times smaller than in early G1 phase. Implications for a cell cycle specific therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity and recovery of mouse L cells during the cell cycle. Mouse fibroblasts, subline L-929 F were synchronized by mitotic detachment. The synchronized cell cultures were irradiated with 200 kVp X-rays at different time after mitosis, and age response functions and dose effect curves were determined using the colony test. The cell age in the mitotic cycle was obtained from a computer analysis of flow cytometric DNA histograms. Both intrinsic radiosensitivity 1/D0 and extrapolation number n were found to vary during the cell cycle. The D0 has a maximum value of 176 +/- 1 rad in the middle of G1 phase and minimum of 71 +/- 1 rad at the S/G2 transition, while the extrapolation number is rather constant from the beginning of G1 phase (1.9 +/- 0.1) to the middle of S phase (2.3 +/- 0.1) and reaches a steep maximum of 9.3 +/- 1.1 at S/G2 transition. The values of n in the various phases of cell cycle are compared with the respective values of the recovery factor gamma determined after fractionated irradiation. --Cell survival after a single dose of 616 rad has minima for irradiation at G1/S transition and in early G2 phase; the survival in early G2 being about 40 times smaller than in early G1 phase. Implications for a cell cycle specific therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 594314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4735", "title": "Light-induced binding of riboflavin to lysozyme.", "content": "The photodynamic inactivation of lysozyme in air saturated H2O and D2O (phosphate buffer 0.05 M, pH 7.0) in the presence of methylene blue and riboflavin has been studied. When H2O was replaced by D2O a great increase in the rate of photoinactivation of lysozyme was observed. This finding, together with the fact that photooxidation is inhibited by singlet oxygen quenchers like NaN3, suggests that these reactions occur via a singlet oxygen mechanism. During the course of the studies of the riboflavin sensitized photoinactivation of lysozyme, it was found that riboflavin is strongly bound to the enzyme as a result of illumination. This finding would explain the higher quantum yield observed when riboflavin is used, although this dye is bleached during irradiation.", "contents": "Light-induced binding of riboflavin to lysozyme. The photodynamic inactivation of lysozyme in air saturated H2O and D2O (phosphate buffer 0.05 M, pH 7.0) in the presence of methylene blue and riboflavin has been studied. When H2O was replaced by D2O a great increase in the rate of photoinactivation of lysozyme was observed. This finding, together with the fact that photooxidation is inhibited by singlet oxygen quenchers like NaN3, suggests that these reactions occur via a singlet oxygen mechanism. During the course of the studies of the riboflavin sensitized photoinactivation of lysozyme, it was found that riboflavin is strongly bound to the enzyme as a result of illumination. This finding would explain the higher quantum yield observed when riboflavin is used, although this dye is bleached during irradiation.", "PMID": 594315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4736", "title": "The effects of gamma-irradiation on the hydration characteristics of DNA and polynucleotides. III. A comparative NMR study of frozen and liquid solutions.", "content": "The effects of gamma-irradiation and changes in the macromolecular structure on the water proton resonance spectra observed in frozen and liwuid solutions have been compared for the DNA and polynucleotide solutions, using H2O or mixed H2O/D2O solvents. The results indicate that in order to obtain information concerning the role of hydration water in mediating the overall radiation damage, the NMR studies must be performed in the frozen state.", "contents": "The effects of gamma-irradiation on the hydration characteristics of DNA and polynucleotides. III. A comparative NMR study of frozen and liquid solutions. The effects of gamma-irradiation and changes in the macromolecular structure on the water proton resonance spectra observed in frozen and liwuid solutions have been compared for the DNA and polynucleotide solutions, using H2O or mixed H2O/D2O solvents. The results indicate that in order to obtain information concerning the role of hydration water in mediating the overall radiation damage, the NMR studies must be performed in the frozen state.", "PMID": 594316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4737", "title": "Changes of adenine nucleotides content and release reaction of human blood platelets following gamma irradiation.", "content": "The aim of this work was to examine the effect of gamma irradiation on the energy metabolism and physiological functions of blood platelets. Blood platelets were irradiated with a 60Co-source in the range of 0.5--8.0 krad. Before and after irradiation, the free nucleotide content of platelets and the ability of platelets to perform their hemostatic functions (the release reaction with thrombin) were determined. The obtained results demonstrated that: 1. ATP, ADP and AMP content reached minimum values at 1.5--2.0 krad. 2. The ability of platelets to perform the release reaction correlates with the ATP level at doses of 1.5--2.0 krad. At higher doses (6.0--8.0) disturbances of the release reaction, indicating damage to the platelet plasma membranes, were observed.", "contents": "Changes of adenine nucleotides content and release reaction of human blood platelets following gamma irradiation. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of gamma irradiation on the energy metabolism and physiological functions of blood platelets. Blood platelets were irradiated with a 60Co-source in the range of 0.5--8.0 krad. Before and after irradiation, the free nucleotide content of platelets and the ability of platelets to perform their hemostatic functions (the release reaction with thrombin) were determined. The obtained results demonstrated that: 1. ATP, ADP and AMP content reached minimum values at 1.5--2.0 krad. 2. The ability of platelets to perform the release reaction correlates with the ATP level at doses of 1.5--2.0 krad. At higher doses (6.0--8.0) disturbances of the release reaction, indicating damage to the platelet plasma membranes, were observed.", "PMID": 594317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4738", "title": "Effects of antibiotics on UV-stimulated tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen.", "content": "Studies were made to investigate the effects of different antibiotics on unirradiated pollen and on pollen with enhanced tube growth, stimulated by low doses of UV-light. The antibiotics mitomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, penicillin, nystatin and carbony-cyanid phenylhydrazon were not able to suppress tube growth stimulation of pine pollen. The data obtained are discussed in view of the stimulation mechanism of low doses of UVP-light.", "contents": "Effects of antibiotics on UV-stimulated tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. Studies were made to investigate the effects of different antibiotics on unirradiated pollen and on pollen with enhanced tube growth, stimulated by low doses of UV-light. The antibiotics mitomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, penicillin, nystatin and carbony-cyanid phenylhydrazon were not able to suppress tube growth stimulation of pine pollen. The data obtained are discussed in view of the stimulation mechanism of low doses of UVP-light.", "PMID": 594318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4739", "title": "Radiation dose to the eyes of patients during petrous bone tomography--a comparative survey.", "content": "Some investigation has been made in recent years of radiation dose to the eye during radiological procedures. A comparative survey has been made of eye dose during petrous bone tomography in different departments on different tomographic units and during different types of examination. Doses of up to 4 rad per exposure have been recorded and various methods of reducing the dose have been investigated, the most successful being the use of 1 mm lead eyeshields or examining the patient in the posteroanterior position.", "contents": "Radiation dose to the eyes of patients during petrous bone tomography--a comparative survey. Some investigation has been made in recent years of radiation dose to the eye during radiological procedures. A comparative survey has been made of eye dose during petrous bone tomography in different departments on different tomographic units and during different types of examination. Doses of up to 4 rad per exposure have been recorded and various methods of reducing the dose have been investigated, the most successful being the use of 1 mm lead eyeshields or examining the patient in the posteroanterior position.", "PMID": 594345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4740", "title": "[Anatomical and physiological fundamentals of cerebrospinal fluid production and drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "After presenting some incontestable facts of CSF-physiology the actual and quite controversial opinions on ventricular and extraventricular sources of CSF as well as the mechanism of CSF-absorption are discussed. Finally the important role of the CSF sytem in the brain-metabolism is opposed to the well known function of brain support and protection.", "contents": "[Anatomical and physiological fundamentals of cerebrospinal fluid production and drainage (author's transl)]. After presenting some incontestable facts of CSF-physiology the actual and quite controversial opinions on ventricular and extraventricular sources of CSF as well as the mechanism of CSF-absorption are discussed. Finally the important role of the CSF sytem in the brain-metabolism is opposed to the well known function of brain support and protection.", "PMID": 594357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4741", "title": "[Nuclear medicine diagnostic in hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Some of the main questions about hydrocephalus, its origin and classification are reviewed. Routine radioisotope studies of the CSF pathways during 11 years has brought many valuable criteria for defining pathological cases. Attention is focused on the various states of balance between production and resorption of the CSF in hydrocephalus in order to find the right time for placing a shunting device. Radioisotope studies can provide clear images, patterns and criteria. In most instances hydrocephalus may be defined whether compensated or not. They also give a true representation of this unsteady dynamic state which constitute hydrocephalus. Dubious or intermediary cases still exist for which only dubious or intermediary cases still exist for which only dubious results are to be expected. The \"pattern recognition\" problem is emphasized while technical problems, so important they may be, are only summarized. Radioisotope studies still remain the most valuable and informative test for stuying the third circulation in men. The successive imaging of the various cisterns in different planes must be clinically interpreted, and may be repeated in dubious cases according to the clinical status.", "contents": "[Nuclear medicine diagnostic in hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Some of the main questions about hydrocephalus, its origin and classification are reviewed. Routine radioisotope studies of the CSF pathways during 11 years has brought many valuable criteria for defining pathological cases. Attention is focused on the various states of balance between production and resorption of the CSF in hydrocephalus in order to find the right time for placing a shunting device. Radioisotope studies can provide clear images, patterns and criteria. In most instances hydrocephalus may be defined whether compensated or not. They also give a true representation of this unsteady dynamic state which constitute hydrocephalus. Dubious or intermediary cases still exist for which only dubious or intermediary cases still exist for which only dubious results are to be expected. The \"pattern recognition\" problem is emphasized while technical problems, so important they may be, are only summarized. Radioisotope studies still remain the most valuable and informative test for stuying the third circulation in men. The successive imaging of the various cisterns in different planes must be clinically interpreted, and may be repeated in dubious cases according to the clinical status.", "PMID": 594358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4742", "title": "[Csf ex vacuo (author's transl)].", "content": "CSF ex vacuo is a proposed designation for abnormal collection of CSF replacing brain tissue which has been lost by trauma, infection, hemorrhage etc., or which has not been developed e.g. in aplasia of the temporal lobe. Such collections are known as arachnoid, leptomeningeal or porencephalic cysts. Under certain, however unsufficiently understood, conditions CSF ex vacuo may develop expansive tendencies, most obvious in growing fracture of the skull vault or base. In unexplained recurrent meningitis the presence of a frontobasal CSF collection should be looked for.", "contents": "[Csf ex vacuo (author's transl)]. CSF ex vacuo is a proposed designation for abnormal collection of CSF replacing brain tissue which has been lost by trauma, infection, hemorrhage etc., or which has not been developed e.g. in aplasia of the temporal lobe. Such collections are known as arachnoid, leptomeningeal or porencephalic cysts. Under certain, however unsufficiently understood, conditions CSF ex vacuo may develop expansive tendencies, most obvious in growing fracture of the skull vault or base. In unexplained recurrent meningitis the presence of a frontobasal CSF collection should be looked for.", "PMID": 594359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4743", "title": "[Clinical signs and therapy of intermittent normotensive hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) has been continuously recorded for several days in a series of 9 patients with Intermittently Normotensive Hydrocephalus. This entity can be diagnosed with a reasonable degree of certainty by this method, due to the occurrence of periodic increases of VFP--mainly of ramp-waves as described in the paper. Thus, the designation Intermittently Normotensive Hydrocephalus appears to be more exact. Therapy by means of CSF-shunting procedures is more successful in cases with clearcut periodic rises in VFP.", "contents": "[Clinical signs and therapy of intermittent normotensive hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) has been continuously recorded for several days in a series of 9 patients with Intermittently Normotensive Hydrocephalus. This entity can be diagnosed with a reasonable degree of certainty by this method, due to the occurrence of periodic increases of VFP--mainly of ramp-waves as described in the paper. Thus, the designation Intermittently Normotensive Hydrocephalus appears to be more exact. Therapy by means of CSF-shunting procedures is more successful in cases with clearcut periodic rises in VFP.", "PMID": 594360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4744", "title": "[Posttraumatic alterations demonstrated by isotope cisternography (author's transl)].", "content": "Survey on the diagnostic value of scintigraphy of the spinal and cranial liquor spaces as demostrated by case reports.", "contents": "[Posttraumatic alterations demonstrated by isotope cisternography (author's transl)]. Survey on the diagnostic value of scintigraphy of the spinal and cranial liquor spaces as demostrated by case reports.", "PMID": 594361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4745", "title": "The synthesis of 13-cis-dl-erythro-15,16-dihydroxyprostaglandins.", "content": "Both pairs of dl-11-desoxy- and dl-13-cis-erythro-15,16-dihydroxyprostaglandins have been synthesized via 1,4-conjugate additions of an appropriately functionalized cis-vinyl cuprate to the requisite cyclopentenone. These prostaglandin analogs are considerably less potent than PGE2 as gastric secretion inhibitors or as bronchodilators.", "contents": "The synthesis of 13-cis-dl-erythro-15,16-dihydroxyprostaglandins. Both pairs of dl-11-desoxy- and dl-13-cis-erythro-15,16-dihydroxyprostaglandins have been synthesized via 1,4-conjugate additions of an appropriately functionalized cis-vinyl cuprate to the requisite cyclopentenone. These prostaglandin analogs are considerably less potent than PGE2 as gastric secretion inhibitors or as bronchodilators.", "PMID": 594366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4746", "title": "Identification of prostaglandin D2 as a major prostaglandin in homogenates of rat brain.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) E2, D2, F2alpha and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were determined in homogenates of rat brain by gas-chromatography--mass spectrometry. The level of PGD2 was 735 +/- 19 ng/g, of PGF2alpha 150 +/- 13 ng/g, of TxB2 112 ng/g and of PGE2 86 +/- 8 ng/g. The same relative proportions of cyclooxygenase products were found in incubates of unstimulated sliced rat brain. 14C-PGH2 was converted in high yield into PGD2 by enzyme(s) present in the soluble fraction of the homogenate. These results indicate that PGD2 is the major cyclooxygenase product in the central nervous system of the rat.", "contents": "Identification of prostaglandin D2 as a major prostaglandin in homogenates of rat brain. Prostaglandin (PG) E2, D2, F2alpha and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were determined in homogenates of rat brain by gas-chromatography--mass spectrometry. The level of PGD2 was 735 +/- 19 ng/g, of PGF2alpha 150 +/- 13 ng/g, of TxB2 112 ng/g and of PGE2 86 +/- 8 ng/g. The same relative proportions of cyclooxygenase products were found in incubates of unstimulated sliced rat brain. 14C-PGH2 was converted in high yield into PGD2 by enzyme(s) present in the soluble fraction of the homogenate. These results indicate that PGD2 is the major cyclooxygenase product in the central nervous system of the rat.", "PMID": 594367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4747", "title": "Dose dependent inhibition of B-16 melanoma growth in vivo by a synthetic analogue of PGE2.", "content": "Daily intratumor administration of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester in two different dosages inhibited tumor growth in C57Bl/6J mice bearing subcutaneous B-16 melanomas. The larger dose (20 microgram/day/mouse) produced a 68% decrease in tumor volume, a 69% decrease in tumor weight and a 60% decrease in the number of cells in mitotic phase. The smaller dose (10microgram/day/mouse) was one fifth less effective than the 20microgram dose but produced similar changes. Histological examination of tumors revealed no significant differences either in the inflammatory cell population or the amount of necrosis in the control and di-M-PGE2-treated tumors.", "contents": "Dose dependent inhibition of B-16 melanoma growth in vivo by a synthetic analogue of PGE2. Daily intratumor administration of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester in two different dosages inhibited tumor growth in C57Bl/6J mice bearing subcutaneous B-16 melanomas. The larger dose (20 microgram/day/mouse) produced a 68% decrease in tumor volume, a 69% decrease in tumor weight and a 60% decrease in the number of cells in mitotic phase. The smaller dose (10microgram/day/mouse) was one fifth less effective than the 20microgram dose but produced similar changes. Histological examination of tumors revealed no significant differences either in the inflammatory cell population or the amount of necrosis in the control and di-M-PGE2-treated tumors.", "PMID": 594368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4748", "title": "Non-specific prostaglandin antagonism by 8-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-PGA1-ethyl ester (HR 546) on some smooth muscle preparations in vitro.", "content": "The ability of 8-ethoxycarbonyl-10, 11 dihydro-A-prostaglandin(HR 546) to antagonise smooth muscle contracting effect of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on isolated preparations of rat and hamster stomach fundus, guinea pig ileum and gerbil colon has been studied. HR 546 was found to be a potent, non-specific, probably competitive, prostaglandin antagonist on these four smooth muscle preparations.", "contents": "Non-specific prostaglandin antagonism by 8-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-PGA1-ethyl ester (HR 546) on some smooth muscle preparations in vitro. The ability of 8-ethoxycarbonyl-10, 11 dihydro-A-prostaglandin(HR 546) to antagonise smooth muscle contracting effect of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on isolated preparations of rat and hamster stomach fundus, guinea pig ileum and gerbil colon has been studied. HR 546 was found to be a potent, non-specific, probably competitive, prostaglandin antagonist on these four smooth muscle preparations.", "PMID": 594369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4749", "title": "Interactions between prostaglandins and calcium: the importance of bell-shaped dose-response curves.", "content": "Biological responses to PGs show two basic forms of dose/response relationship, plateau and bell-types. Although bell-shaped dose/response curves are well documented their possible occurrence is almost always ignored in the design and interpretation of experiments on PGs and related substances. This may lead to serious errors, several types of which are described. The ignoring of a well-documented phenomenon may take place because there is no accepted hypothesis which attempts to explain the bell-type curves. A hypothesis is proposed which accounts for both plateau and bell type responses. It is developed primarily with respect to PG-calcium interactions but may be applicable to some PG-cyclic nucleotide interactions as well. The model leads to precise predictions which can be experimentally tested in many systems.", "contents": "Interactions between prostaglandins and calcium: the importance of bell-shaped dose-response curves. Biological responses to PGs show two basic forms of dose/response relationship, plateau and bell-types. Although bell-shaped dose/response curves are well documented their possible occurrence is almost always ignored in the design and interpretation of experiments on PGs and related substances. This may lead to serious errors, several types of which are described. The ignoring of a well-documented phenomenon may take place because there is no accepted hypothesis which attempts to explain the bell-type curves. A hypothesis is proposed which accounts for both plateau and bell type responses. It is developed primarily with respect to PG-calcium interactions but may be applicable to some PG-cyclic nucleotide interactions as well. The model leads to precise predictions which can be experimentally tested in many systems.", "PMID": 594370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4750", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 production by renal inner medullary tissue slices: effect of metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Increasing oxygen from 5 to 95% has previously been shown to increase prostaglandin (PG) production in renal inner medullary slices. The possible role of oxidative phosphorylation in this process was investigated. The oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, dinitrophenol (DNP), oligomycin, and cyanide were evaluted for their effects on PGE2 production and ATP levels. None of the inhibitors affected PGE2 synthesis, although they lowered ATP levels at the concentrations tested. In contrast, incubation of inner medullary tissue slices with 0% oxygen resulted in decreases both in PGE2 and ATP levels. This suggests that the effect of oxygen on prostaglandin synthesis may be due to substrate limiting effects rather than an effect on oxidative phosphorylation. When 22 mM 2-deoxyglucose was added to the incubation medium or when glucose was omitted, PGE2 levels increased. Sodium fluoride, presumably acting as a glycolytic inhibitor, increased PGE2 levels, with a maximal effect at 10 mM. ATP levels were 37% of control values with 20 mM NaF. This indicates that glucose may inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These results indicate that oxygen (substrate) availability can limit inner medullary PGE2 production. In view of the low pO2 in the inner medulla, especially during antidiuresis, oxygen can potentially regulate prostaglandin production in this tissue.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 production by renal inner medullary tissue slices: effect of metabolic inhibitors. Increasing oxygen from 5 to 95% has previously been shown to increase prostaglandin (PG) production in renal inner medullary slices. The possible role of oxidative phosphorylation in this process was investigated. The oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, dinitrophenol (DNP), oligomycin, and cyanide were evaluted for their effects on PGE2 production and ATP levels. None of the inhibitors affected PGE2 synthesis, although they lowered ATP levels at the concentrations tested. In contrast, incubation of inner medullary tissue slices with 0% oxygen resulted in decreases both in PGE2 and ATP levels. This suggests that the effect of oxygen on prostaglandin synthesis may be due to substrate limiting effects rather than an effect on oxidative phosphorylation. When 22 mM 2-deoxyglucose was added to the incubation medium or when glucose was omitted, PGE2 levels increased. Sodium fluoride, presumably acting as a glycolytic inhibitor, increased PGE2 levels, with a maximal effect at 10 mM. ATP levels were 37% of control values with 20 mM NaF. This indicates that glucose may inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These results indicate that oxygen (substrate) availability can limit inner medullary PGE2 production. In view of the low pO2 in the inner medulla, especially during antidiuresis, oxygen can potentially regulate prostaglandin production in this tissue.", "PMID": 594371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4751", "title": "Prostaglandin A2 and 35S uptake in connective tissue.", "content": "Rats deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA) incorporated lesser amounts of radioactive sulfate into lung, kidney, spleen, heart, costal cartilage, long bone and skull bone than did normal control animals. Administration of prostaglandin A2 stimulated 35S uptake by lung, kidney and aorta while 35S levels in costal cartilage, tibial cap and long bone were strikingly reduced. Comments are presented suggesting that this metabolic mechanism may explain, in part, cartilage and bone resorption in areas of inflammation, such as arthritis, both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.", "contents": "Prostaglandin A2 and 35S uptake in connective tissue. Rats deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA) incorporated lesser amounts of radioactive sulfate into lung, kidney, spleen, heart, costal cartilage, long bone and skull bone than did normal control animals. Administration of prostaglandin A2 stimulated 35S uptake by lung, kidney and aorta while 35S levels in costal cartilage, tibial cap and long bone were strikingly reduced. Comments are presented suggesting that this metabolic mechanism may explain, in part, cartilage and bone resorption in areas of inflammation, such as arthritis, both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 594372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4752", "title": "Increased collagen metabolism in granulomata induced in rats deficient in endogenous prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "Collagen metabolism was measured (in terms of various hydroxyproline (HP), DNA and protein ratios) in granulomata obtained after s.c. implantation of carrageenan-impregnated and untreated polyether sponges into normal and essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats for 8 and 15 days. Collagen synthesis (HP/protein) in day 8 and 15 untreated granulomata was the same for both normal and EFAD rats, though collagen breakdown (total HP) appeared to be greater in EFAD granulomata on day 15. With carrageenan-impregnated sponges, collagen synthesis in EFAD granulomata was much greater than in normal granulomata on both day 8 and day 15. Ratios of protein and/or HP to DNA (probably indicative of cellular infiltration) were increased in EFAD rats with both sponge types, though this increase was less pronounced with carrageenan-impregnated sponges. It is suggested that endogenous prostaglandin (PG) production (marledly reduced during EFA deficiency) may exert a negative feedback effect on collagen metabolism during proliferative inflammation.", "contents": "Increased collagen metabolism in granulomata induced in rats deficient in endogenous prostaglandin precursors. Collagen metabolism was measured (in terms of various hydroxyproline (HP), DNA and protein ratios) in granulomata obtained after s.c. implantation of carrageenan-impregnated and untreated polyether sponges into normal and essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats for 8 and 15 days. Collagen synthesis (HP/protein) in day 8 and 15 untreated granulomata was the same for both normal and EFAD rats, though collagen breakdown (total HP) appeared to be greater in EFAD granulomata on day 15. With carrageenan-impregnated sponges, collagen synthesis in EFAD granulomata was much greater than in normal granulomata on both day 8 and day 15. Ratios of protein and/or HP to DNA (probably indicative of cellular infiltration) were increased in EFAD rats with both sponge types, though this increase was less pronounced with carrageenan-impregnated sponges. It is suggested that endogenous prostaglandin (PG) production (marledly reduced during EFA deficiency) may exert a negative feedback effect on collagen metabolism during proliferative inflammation.", "PMID": 594373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4753", "title": "Mechanism of relaxant action of prostaglandin F2alpha on the guinea-pig isolated trachea.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha consistently produced a dose-related triphasic response in guinea-pig isolated tracheal chain preparations. The response consisted of an initial transient contraction followed by a transient relaxation, followed by a further contraction. The relaxant action was not due to adrenergic or histaminergic transmission, but might be due to a PG-like material released by the PGF 2alpha-induced contraction.", "contents": "Mechanism of relaxant action of prostaglandin F2alpha on the guinea-pig isolated trachea. Prostaglandin F2alpha consistently produced a dose-related triphasic response in guinea-pig isolated tracheal chain preparations. The response consisted of an initial transient contraction followed by a transient relaxation, followed by a further contraction. The relaxant action was not due to adrenergic or histaminergic transmission, but might be due to a PG-like material released by the PGF 2alpha-induced contraction.", "PMID": 594374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4754", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by the ductus arteriosus of the bovine fetus.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated that prostaglandins are local or tissue hormones which can be released from blood vessel walls. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of bovine ductus arteriosus to synthetize prostaglandins in vitro. After incubation of slices of ductus arteriosus in Krebs' solution with (1-14C) arachidonic acid for 3 hours, more than 40% of the radiolabeled material recovered from the incubating medium were metabolites of arachidonic acid. The major product was indistinguishable from 6 keto-PGF1alpha as determined by its chromatographic motility and resistance to alkaline conversion to PGB. The PGI2 synthetic capacity of the ductus arteriosus, as revealed by the predominance of its major metabolite 6 keto-PGF1alpha, suggests that this metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid may contribute to the hemodynamic changes occurring during fetal life and at birth.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by the ductus arteriosus of the bovine fetus. Previous studies demonstrated that prostaglandins are local or tissue hormones which can be released from blood vessel walls. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of bovine ductus arteriosus to synthetize prostaglandins in vitro. After incubation of slices of ductus arteriosus in Krebs' solution with (1-14C) arachidonic acid for 3 hours, more than 40% of the radiolabeled material recovered from the incubating medium were metabolites of arachidonic acid. The major product was indistinguishable from 6 keto-PGF1alpha as determined by its chromatographic motility and resistance to alkaline conversion to PGB. The PGI2 synthetic capacity of the ductus arteriosus, as revealed by the predominance of its major metabolite 6 keto-PGF1alpha, suggests that this metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid may contribute to the hemodynamic changes occurring during fetal life and at birth.", "PMID": 594375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4755", "title": "Utility of d4-PGE2 as an internal standard to quantify endogenous levels of PGE1, PGE2, 19OH PGE1 and 19OH PGE2 in human seminal fluid by GC-MS-SIM.", "content": "Four prostaglandins-PGE1, PGE2, 19OH PGE1 and 19OH PGE2-were quantified in human seminal fluid by GC-MS-SIM using only the internal standard, d4-PGE2. Methods and calculations were developed to minimize errors inherent in using only one internal standard for quantifying four closely related prostaglandins. Preliminary data concerning the statistical significance of the difference found between PGE and 19OH PGE levels in fertile, azospermic and oligospermic men are reported.", "contents": "Utility of d4-PGE2 as an internal standard to quantify endogenous levels of PGE1, PGE2, 19OH PGE1 and 19OH PGE2 in human seminal fluid by GC-MS-SIM. Four prostaglandins-PGE1, PGE2, 19OH PGE1 and 19OH PGE2-were quantified in human seminal fluid by GC-MS-SIM using only the internal standard, d4-PGE2. Methods and calculations were developed to minimize errors inherent in using only one internal standard for quantifying four closely related prostaglandins. Preliminary data concerning the statistical significance of the difference found between PGE and 19OH PGE levels in fertile, azospermic and oligospermic men are reported.", "PMID": 594376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4756", "title": "Uterine activity and prostaglandin production following intraamniotic hyperosmolar urea.", "content": "The relationship between endogenous prostaglandin (PG) production and uterine activity was studied in hyperosmolar urea induced abortion patients. Polygraphic recordings of intraamniotic pressure were obtained at periodic intervals following intraamniotic injection of 80 gm urea. At 0, 0.25, 1, 4 and 8 hours amniotic fluid and blood samples were obtained for PGE, PGF and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin of abortion. In eight patients studied, uterine tone was elevated by 0.25 hour although no rhythmic contractions were observed by 1 hour. At 4 hours, amniotic fluid PGF concentration increased significantly (P less than .01) over the pre-injection value and continued to increase at 8 hours. Amniotic fluid PGE, PGFM and all plasma PG's showed no change during the 8 hour period following urea administration. At time of abortion the plasma PGFM concentration was significantly. At time of abortion the injection (238 +/- 54.4 vs. 86.7 +/- 7.3 pg/ml). There was no significant concentrations. In the present study, there is no evidence that increased prostaglandin production precedes urea induced contractions. The possible role of PG's in uterine contractions is discussed.", "contents": "Uterine activity and prostaglandin production following intraamniotic hyperosmolar urea. The relationship between endogenous prostaglandin (PG) production and uterine activity was studied in hyperosmolar urea induced abortion patients. Polygraphic recordings of intraamniotic pressure were obtained at periodic intervals following intraamniotic injection of 80 gm urea. At 0, 0.25, 1, 4 and 8 hours amniotic fluid and blood samples were obtained for PGE, PGF and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin of abortion. In eight patients studied, uterine tone was elevated by 0.25 hour although no rhythmic contractions were observed by 1 hour. At 4 hours, amniotic fluid PGF concentration increased significantly (P less than .01) over the pre-injection value and continued to increase at 8 hours. Amniotic fluid PGE, PGFM and all plasma PG's showed no change during the 8 hour period following urea administration. At time of abortion the plasma PGFM concentration was significantly. At time of abortion the injection (238 +/- 54.4 vs. 86.7 +/- 7.3 pg/ml). There was no significant concentrations. In the present study, there is no evidence that increased prostaglandin production precedes urea induced contractions. The possible role of PG's in uterine contractions is discussed.", "PMID": 594377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4757", "title": "In vitro response of relaxin-treated rat uterus to prostaglandins and oxytocin.", "content": "Paired segments of rat uterus were treated in vitro with relaxin (W1164-3, 150 GPU/mg) until the amplitude of contraction was reduced to at least 50% of the pre-treatment amplitude. Test segments then received 100 ng of either PGE1, PGE2, PGF2alpha or 250 uU of oxytocin. Control segments remained untreated. There was a significant increase in contraction amplitude in response to the spasmogens (P less than 0.05) but no increase was seen in controls.", "contents": "In vitro response of relaxin-treated rat uterus to prostaglandins and oxytocin. Paired segments of rat uterus were treated in vitro with relaxin (W1164-3, 150 GPU/mg) until the amplitude of contraction was reduced to at least 50% of the pre-treatment amplitude. Test segments then received 100 ng of either PGE1, PGE2, PGF2alpha or 250 uU of oxytocin. Control segments remained untreated. There was a significant increase in contraction amplitude in response to the spasmogens (P less than 0.05) but no increase was seen in controls.", "PMID": 594378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4758", "title": "Termination of early gestation with a vaginal polysiloxane device impregnated with (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methylester.", "content": "An investigation of the abortifacient activity of (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester released from a vaginal polysiloxane device was performed in eleven pregnant women of 49 days gestation or less. Bleeding and contractions were induced in all women, but only seven aborted their pregnancies. Five subjects received a vaginal device impregnated with 3 mg of drug and two aborted fetal tissue. Six women were given a vaginal device containing 5 mg of drug and five aborted fetal tissue. Ten of the patients had significant side effects, nausea, emesis, diarrhea and chills. Six women expelled the device prior to the termination of therapy. This prostaglandin analogue, when administered from a vaginal polysiloxane device in early gestation was an effective abortifacient but was accompanied by systemic side effects and a high incidence of expulsion of the device prior to its scheduled removal.", "contents": "Termination of early gestation with a vaginal polysiloxane device impregnated with (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methylester. An investigation of the abortifacient activity of (15S)-15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester released from a vaginal polysiloxane device was performed in eleven pregnant women of 49 days gestation or less. Bleeding and contractions were induced in all women, but only seven aborted their pregnancies. Five subjects received a vaginal device impregnated with 3 mg of drug and two aborted fetal tissue. Six women were given a vaginal device containing 5 mg of drug and five aborted fetal tissue. Ten of the patients had significant side effects, nausea, emesis, diarrhea and chills. Six women expelled the device prior to the termination of therapy. This prostaglandin analogue, when administered from a vaginal polysiloxane device in early gestation was an effective abortifacient but was accompanied by systemic side effects and a high incidence of expulsion of the device prior to its scheduled removal.", "PMID": 594379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4759", "title": "Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester).", "content": "ONO-802 was infused into the uterine cavity for the termination of early pregnancy in 45 healthy volunteers. Forty two (93%) of the 45 cases had complete abortions and two had incomplete abortions. Nine (20%) of the 45 volunteers complained of nausea, 7 (16%) vomited and 5 (11%) complained of abdominal pain. Neither diarrhea nor weakness was observed. These results suggest that ONO-802 is more acceptable for the termination of early pregnancy than is PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester). ONO-802 was infused into the uterine cavity for the termination of early pregnancy in 45 healthy volunteers. Forty two (93%) of the 45 cases had complete abortions and two had incomplete abortions. Nine (20%) of the 45 volunteers complained of nausea, 7 (16%) vomited and 5 (11%) complained of abdominal pain. Neither diarrhea nor weakness was observed. These results suggest that ONO-802 is more acceptable for the termination of early pregnancy than is PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 594380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4760", "title": "Prostaglandins in fetal tracheal and amniotic fluid from late pregnant sheep.", "content": "Concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) have been measured in fetal tracheal and amniotic fluid from chronically catheterized sheep during late pregnancy. Amniotic fluid contained significantly greater concentrations of these prostaglandins than tracheal fluid (p less than 0.01); there was no correlation between the level of prostaglandins found in each fluid. In tracheal fluid concentrations of PGE and PGFM exceeded those of PGF (P less than 0.01) whereas no significant differences were found in amniotic fluid. The levels of prostaglandins in these fluids were similar in ewes bearing hypophysectomized fetuses.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in fetal tracheal and amniotic fluid from late pregnant sheep. Concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) have been measured in fetal tracheal and amniotic fluid from chronically catheterized sheep during late pregnancy. Amniotic fluid contained significantly greater concentrations of these prostaglandins than tracheal fluid (p less than 0.01); there was no correlation between the level of prostaglandins found in each fluid. In tracheal fluid concentrations of PGE and PGFM exceeded those of PGF (P less than 0.01) whereas no significant differences were found in amniotic fluid. The levels of prostaglandins in these fluids were similar in ewes bearing hypophysectomized fetuses.", "PMID": 594382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4761", "title": "Plasma levels of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha following administration via various routes for induction of abortion.", "content": "Plasma levels of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha were measured by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. During intravenous infusion of 1.0 and 2.5 microgram/min of the drug for six hours the plasma levels were relatively constant around 600 and 1200 picog/ml, respectively. At an infusion rate of 5 microgram/min the plasma level continuously increased during the administration. Intramuscular injections of 100-400 microgram of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha gave maximum levels in plasma (700-1700 picog/ml) after 15-20 minutes followed by a gradual decrease during more than three hours. This rapid resorption of drug into plasma could be delayed by addition of 5 microgram epinephrine to the injected solution. Analyses during a series of intramuscular injections demonstrated that a therapeutical plasma level could be maintained by injections at two to three hour intervals.", "contents": "Plasma levels of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha following administration via various routes for induction of abortion. Plasma levels of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha were measured by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. During intravenous infusion of 1.0 and 2.5 microgram/min of the drug for six hours the plasma levels were relatively constant around 600 and 1200 picog/ml, respectively. At an infusion rate of 5 microgram/min the plasma level continuously increased during the administration. Intramuscular injections of 100-400 microgram of 15(S)15-methyl PGF2alpha gave maximum levels in plasma (700-1700 picog/ml) after 15-20 minutes followed by a gradual decrease during more than three hours. This rapid resorption of drug into plasma could be delayed by addition of 5 microgram epinephrine to the injected solution. Analyses during a series of intramuscular injections demonstrated that a therapeutical plasma level could be maintained by injections at two to three hour intervals.", "PMID": 594383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4762", "title": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by rat decidual microsomes.", "content": "The preparation of a microsomal fraction from the decidual tissue of pregnant rat uteri is described. Incubation of such microsomes with a mixture of radiolabelled and cold arachidonic acid (51 micrometer) plus cofactors resulted in a 30% substrate conversion. Products were resolved into four peaks (A, B, C and D) by thin-layer chromatography. Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and further thin-layer chromatography identified the products as PGF2 alpha (A); thromboxane B2 (B); a mixture of 6-OXO PGF1 alpha and PGE2 (C); PGD2 and PGE2 (D). PGE2 was the major product.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by rat decidual microsomes. The preparation of a microsomal fraction from the decidual tissue of pregnant rat uteri is described. Incubation of such microsomes with a mixture of radiolabelled and cold arachidonic acid (51 micrometer) plus cofactors resulted in a 30% substrate conversion. Products were resolved into four peaks (A, B, C and D) by thin-layer chromatography. Combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and further thin-layer chromatography identified the products as PGF2 alpha (A); thromboxane B2 (B); a mixture of 6-OXO PGF1 alpha and PGE2 (C); PGD2 and PGE2 (D). PGE2 was the major product.", "PMID": 594385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4763", "title": "Synthesis of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandins by bovine gastric mucosal microsomes.", "content": "Bovine gastric mucosal microsomes synthesize prostaglandins from arachidonic acid but thromboxane B2 is the principal product. Thromboxane B2 synthesis occurs at an appreciable rate from endogenous precursor but more rapidly with added arachidonate. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibited synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes with the following decreasing order of potency: indomethacin, fenoprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, sulfinpyrazone, and acetaminophen.", "contents": "Synthesis of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandins by bovine gastric mucosal microsomes. Bovine gastric mucosal microsomes synthesize prostaglandins from arachidonic acid but thromboxane B2 is the principal product. Thromboxane B2 synthesis occurs at an appreciable rate from endogenous precursor but more rapidly with added arachidonate. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibited synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes with the following decreasing order of potency: indomethacin, fenoprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, sulfinpyrazone, and acetaminophen.", "PMID": 594386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4764", "title": "PGE2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis in stimulated and nonstimulated peritoneal preparations containing macrophages.", "content": "The biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha was measured in intact peritoneal exudate preparations obtained from C. parvum-treated and control C3H mice. Although both the control and stimulated preparations biosynthesized PGF2alpha and PGE2 from [1-14C] arachidonic acid, the stimulated preparations generated more of both prostaglandins than did nonstimulated preparations, probably as a result of increased synthesis within macrophages. Increased transformation of PGE2 into PGF2alpha by PGE2 9-ketoreductase was noted in stimulated preparations when compared to that in control cells. The data suggest that stimulated macrophages are capable of generating increased quantities of PGF2alpha and therefore might function as one source of this substance in resolving inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "PGE2 and PGF2alpha biosynthesis in stimulated and nonstimulated peritoneal preparations containing macrophages. The biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha was measured in intact peritoneal exudate preparations obtained from C. parvum-treated and control C3H mice. Although both the control and stimulated preparations biosynthesized PGF2alpha and PGE2 from [1-14C] arachidonic acid, the stimulated preparations generated more of both prostaglandins than did nonstimulated preparations, probably as a result of increased synthesis within macrophages. Increased transformation of PGE2 into PGF2alpha by PGE2 9-ketoreductase was noted in stimulated preparations when compared to that in control cells. The data suggest that stimulated macrophages are capable of generating increased quantities of PGF2alpha and therefore might function as one source of this substance in resolving inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 594387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4765", "title": "Hormonal stimulation of arachidonate release from isolated perfused organs. Relationship to prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The lipids of isolated Krebs perfused rabbit kidneys and hearts were labelled with [14C]arachidonic acid. Subsequent hormonal stimulation (e.g. bradykinin, ATP) of the pre-labelled tissue resulted in dose-dependent release of [14C]prostaglandins; little or no release of the precursor [14C]arachidonic acid was observed. When fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was added to the perfusion medium as a trap for fatty acids substantial release of [14C]arachidonic acid was detected following hormonal stimulation. The release of [14C]arachidonic acid was dose-dependent and greater than 3 fold that of [14C]prostaglandin release. Indomethacin by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase, completely inhibited release of [14C]prostaglandins and only slightly inhibited release of [14C]arachidonic acid. These results demonstrate that in both rabbit kidney and heart much more substrate is released by hormonal stimulation than is converted to prostaglandins. This suggests that either the deacylation reaction is not tightly coupled to the prostaglandin synthetase system or that there are two deacylation mechanisms, one which is coupled to prostaglandin synthesis while the other is non-specific. It has previously been shown that prostaglandin release due to hormones such as bradykinin is transient despite continued presence of the hormone (tachyphylaxis). By utilizing albumin to trap released fatty acid, it was found that hormone-stimulated release of arachidonic acid is also transient. This directly demonstrates that tachyphylaxis occurs at a step prior to the cyclo-oxygenase.", "contents": "Hormonal stimulation of arachidonate release from isolated perfused organs. Relationship to prostaglandin biosynthesis. The lipids of isolated Krebs perfused rabbit kidneys and hearts were labelled with [14C]arachidonic acid. Subsequent hormonal stimulation (e.g. bradykinin, ATP) of the pre-labelled tissue resulted in dose-dependent release of [14C]prostaglandins; little or no release of the precursor [14C]arachidonic acid was observed. When fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was added to the perfusion medium as a trap for fatty acids substantial release of [14C]arachidonic acid was detected following hormonal stimulation. The release of [14C]arachidonic acid was dose-dependent and greater than 3 fold that of [14C]prostaglandin release. Indomethacin by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase, completely inhibited release of [14C]prostaglandins and only slightly inhibited release of [14C]arachidonic acid. These results demonstrate that in both rabbit kidney and heart much more substrate is released by hormonal stimulation than is converted to prostaglandins. This suggests that either the deacylation reaction is not tightly coupled to the prostaglandin synthetase system or that there are two deacylation mechanisms, one which is coupled to prostaglandin synthesis while the other is non-specific. It has previously been shown that prostaglandin release due to hormones such as bradykinin is transient despite continued presence of the hormone (tachyphylaxis). By utilizing albumin to trap released fatty acid, it was found that hormone-stimulated release of arachidonic acid is also transient. This directly demonstrates that tachyphylaxis occurs at a step prior to the cyclo-oxygenase.", "PMID": 594388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4766", "title": "Conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha by fetal sheep blood.", "content": "In an attempt to explain the differences in the concentration of primary prostaglandins in the circulation of adult and fetal sheep, we have examined the ability of whole blood from adult and fetal sheep to reduce PGE2 to PGF2alpha in vitro. PGF2alpha was the principal radioactive product formed from 3H PGE2 by both adult and fetal blood. The enzyme initial reaction velocity was significantly higher (P = 0.02) per ml of fetal than adult blood. The optimum enzyme pH (7.0 - 7.5) was similar for both adult and fetal blood. The Km of the enzyme in fetal and adult blood were 3.59 x 10(-7) M and 5.02 x 10(-7) M respectively (P greater than 0.05). There was no detectable metabolism of PGF2alpha by either adult or fetal sheep blood. The results indicate that prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase is present in both adult and fetal sheep blood. Differences in the activity of this enzyme are unlikely to explain the higher concentrations of PGE reported in the plasma of fetal lambs.", "contents": "Conversion of PGE2 to PGF2alpha by fetal sheep blood. In an attempt to explain the differences in the concentration of primary prostaglandins in the circulation of adult and fetal sheep, we have examined the ability of whole blood from adult and fetal sheep to reduce PGE2 to PGF2alpha in vitro. PGF2alpha was the principal radioactive product formed from 3H PGE2 by both adult and fetal blood. The enzyme initial reaction velocity was significantly higher (P = 0.02) per ml of fetal than adult blood. The optimum enzyme pH (7.0 - 7.5) was similar for both adult and fetal blood. The Km of the enzyme in fetal and adult blood were 3.59 x 10(-7) M and 5.02 x 10(-7) M respectively (P greater than 0.05). There was no detectable metabolism of PGF2alpha by either adult or fetal sheep blood. The results indicate that prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase is present in both adult and fetal sheep blood. Differences in the activity of this enzyme are unlikely to explain the higher concentrations of PGE reported in the plasma of fetal lambs.", "PMID": 594389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4767", "title": "Platelet rich plasma transforms exogenous prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 into thromboxane A2.", "content": "Platelet rich plasma transforms exogenous prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 into thromboxane A2 immediately prior to the initiation of irreversible aggregation. Selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitors block thromboxane A2 formation and aggregation. Thromboxane A2 formation appears to be essential during arachidonate mediated aggregation. The results presented reconcile the previously accepted paradoxical behavior of thromboxane synthetase in platelet rich plasma toward the prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 substrate.", "contents": "Platelet rich plasma transforms exogenous prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 into thromboxane A2. Platelet rich plasma transforms exogenous prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 into thromboxane A2 immediately prior to the initiation of irreversible aggregation. Selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitors block thromboxane A2 formation and aggregation. Thromboxane A2 formation appears to be essential during arachidonate mediated aggregation. The results presented reconcile the previously accepted paradoxical behavior of thromboxane synthetase in platelet rich plasma toward the prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 substrate.", "PMID": 594390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4768", "title": "Thromboxane synthetase inhibitors as pharmacological tools: differential biochemical and biological effects on platelet suspensions.", "content": "The comparative effects of three so called \"thromboxane-synthetase-inhibitors\" (imidazole, N-0164, and U-51605) on arachidonate metabolism and on platelet aggregation were studied. All three compounds blocked platelet microsomal thromboxane synthesis from prostaglandin endoperoxides without affecting platelet adenyl cyclase. Imidazole, blocked thromboxane synthesis in intact platelets either from arachidonic acid or PGH2, without affecting aggregation. U-51605 simultaneously inhibited thromboxane synthesis and platelet suspension aggregation. N-0164 inhibited aggregation probably at extracellular sites, at concentrations that did not alter arachidonate or PGH2 metabolism. High concentrations of N-0164 simultaneously inhibited PG cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthetase. The lack of specificity of these compounds requires that other actions of these compound must be considered when they are used as pharmacological tools to inhibit thromboxane synthetase.", "contents": "Thromboxane synthetase inhibitors as pharmacological tools: differential biochemical and biological effects on platelet suspensions. The comparative effects of three so called \"thromboxane-synthetase-inhibitors\" (imidazole, N-0164, and U-51605) on arachidonate metabolism and on platelet aggregation were studied. All three compounds blocked platelet microsomal thromboxane synthesis from prostaglandin endoperoxides without affecting platelet adenyl cyclase. Imidazole, blocked thromboxane synthesis in intact platelets either from arachidonic acid or PGH2, without affecting aggregation. U-51605 simultaneously inhibited thromboxane synthesis and platelet suspension aggregation. N-0164 inhibited aggregation probably at extracellular sites, at concentrations that did not alter arachidonate or PGH2 metabolism. High concentrations of N-0164 simultaneously inhibited PG cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthetase. The lack of specificity of these compounds requires that other actions of these compound must be considered when they are used as pharmacological tools to inhibit thromboxane synthetase.", "PMID": 594391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4769", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of main urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha in normal subjects.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-keto-tetranor-prosta-1,16-dioic acid, main urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha-MUM), was performed in normal subjects. Twenty-four hours secretion of PGF2alpha-MUM were 29.04 +/- 9.73 microgram in males and 18.22 +/- 5.88 microgram in females on an average. And an oral administration of aspirin resulted in the remarkable decrease of PGF2alpha-MUM in both sexes.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of main urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha in normal subjects. Radioimmunoassay of 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-keto-tetranor-prosta-1,16-dioic acid, main urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha-MUM), was performed in normal subjects. Twenty-four hours secretion of PGF2alpha-MUM were 29.04 +/- 9.73 microgram in males and 18.22 +/- 5.88 microgram in females on an average. And an oral administration of aspirin resulted in the remarkable decrease of PGF2alpha-MUM in both sexes.", "PMID": 594394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4770", "title": "Myo-inositol in physiological concentrations stimulates production of prostaglandin-like material.", "content": "In physiological concentrations myo-inositol stimulated production of prostaglandin (PG)-like material in a rat mesenteric vascular bed preparation. There were five lines of evidence: 1. Inositol potentiated pressor responses to both norepinephrine and potassium in a manner similar to PGE2. 2. Inositol had no potentiating effect in preparations in which endogenous PG production was blocked by indomethacin. 3. Inositol caused no further potentiation in preparations already potentiated by arachidonic acid, the PG precursor. 4. The inhibitory effect of the PG antagonist chloroquine was reduced in an apparently competitive manner by inositol. 5. As indicated by rat stomach bioassay inositol caused a three fold rise in the outflow of PG-like material from the preparation.", "contents": "Myo-inositol in physiological concentrations stimulates production of prostaglandin-like material. In physiological concentrations myo-inositol stimulated production of prostaglandin (PG)-like material in a rat mesenteric vascular bed preparation. There were five lines of evidence: 1. Inositol potentiated pressor responses to both norepinephrine and potassium in a manner similar to PGE2. 2. Inositol had no potentiating effect in preparations in which endogenous PG production was blocked by indomethacin. 3. Inositol caused no further potentiation in preparations already potentiated by arachidonic acid, the PG precursor. 4. The inhibitory effect of the PG antagonist chloroquine was reduced in an apparently competitive manner by inositol. 5. As indicated by rat stomach bioassay inositol caused a three fold rise in the outflow of PG-like material from the preparation.", "PMID": 594395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4771", "title": "Evidence for additional mediator in prostaglandin-induced choleresis.", "content": "PGA1 and PGF2alpha were administered to isolated perfused porcine and canine livers to determine whether these hormones could induce hepatic choleresis. PGA1 (25 microgram/kg/10 min) decreased portal venous resistance, but had no effect on bile flow, oxygen, pyruvate, or lactate consumption in canine livers. PGF2alpha increased portal venous resistance and weight gain while decreasing bile flow and oxygen consumption in canine livers. At high doses (50 microgram/kg/10 min) these effects resulted in irreversible outflow block. At low doses (5 microgram/kg/10 min) these trends were reversible. Porcine livers did not exhibit the outflow block syndrome after PGF2alpha administration (100 microgram/kg/10 min); however, choleresis was not observed. Thus, the in-vivo choleretic effects of prostaglandins previously reported are probably mediated partially or wholly by extrahepatic release of other hormones, neurological stimulation or alterations in mesenteric blood flow.", "contents": "Evidence for additional mediator in prostaglandin-induced choleresis. PGA1 and PGF2alpha were administered to isolated perfused porcine and canine livers to determine whether these hormones could induce hepatic choleresis. PGA1 (25 microgram/kg/10 min) decreased portal venous resistance, but had no effect on bile flow, oxygen, pyruvate, or lactate consumption in canine livers. PGF2alpha increased portal venous resistance and weight gain while decreasing bile flow and oxygen consumption in canine livers. At high doses (50 microgram/kg/10 min) these effects resulted in irreversible outflow block. At low doses (5 microgram/kg/10 min) these trends were reversible. Porcine livers did not exhibit the outflow block syndrome after PGF2alpha administration (100 microgram/kg/10 min); however, choleresis was not observed. Thus, the in-vivo choleretic effects of prostaglandins previously reported are probably mediated partially or wholly by extrahepatic release of other hormones, neurological stimulation or alterations in mesenteric blood flow.", "PMID": 594396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4772", "title": "The induction of labour by the intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Labour was induced by the intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha in 106 patients at 36-44 weeks of pregnancy. The induction was successful in 80% of the women. The total dose needed ranged from 0.1 to 14.2 mg of PGF2alpha. The uterine activity and fetal heart rate were recorded by cardiotocography. The contraction pattern and induction-delivery time were the same as reported for induction with oxytocin. In one case uterine hyperactivity occurred after rupture of the membranes. No serious adverse effects were seen, but in a few cases local irritation was noted at the site of infusion. The condition of the infants was generally good. It might be concluded that PGF2alpha seems valuable for the induction of labour, but due to the risk for over-stimulation careful supervision is needed.", "contents": "The induction of labour by the intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. Labour was induced by the intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha in 106 patients at 36-44 weeks of pregnancy. The induction was successful in 80% of the women. The total dose needed ranged from 0.1 to 14.2 mg of PGF2alpha. The uterine activity and fetal heart rate were recorded by cardiotocography. The contraction pattern and induction-delivery time were the same as reported for induction with oxytocin. In one case uterine hyperactivity occurred after rupture of the membranes. No serious adverse effects were seen, but in a few cases local irritation was noted at the site of infusion. The condition of the infants was generally good. It might be concluded that PGF2alpha seems valuable for the induction of labour, but due to the risk for over-stimulation careful supervision is needed.", "PMID": 594397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4773", "title": "[Clinical indications for radiotherapy of the mediastinum (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and radiobiological problems associated with radiotherapy of the mediastinum are discussed with reference to the efficacy of such treatment on various forms (therapeutical and palliative management and its indications) and the damage caused to normal organs.", "contents": "[Clinical indications for radiotherapy of the mediastinum (author's transl)]. The clinical and radiobiological problems associated with radiotherapy of the mediastinum are discussed with reference to the efficacy of such treatment on various forms (therapeutical and palliative management and its indications) and the damage caused to normal organs.", "PMID": 594422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4774", "title": "[Radiotherapy techniques of the mediastinum (author's transl)].", "content": "The principal techniques of mediastinal irradiation are discussed with reference to the need for rational space distribution of the dose, one reason being to respect healthy tissues (particularly the bone marrow); numerous examples are presented.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy techniques of the mediastinum (author's transl)]. The principal techniques of mediastinal irradiation are discussed with reference to the need for rational space distribution of the dose, one reason being to respect healthy tissues (particularly the bone marrow); numerous examples are presented.", "PMID": 594423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4775", "title": "[Photographic dosimetry in irradiation of the mediastinum (author's transl)].", "content": "Photographic dosimetry was used to ascertain the space distribution of the dose in mediastinal irradiation with sagittal median fields by means of cobalt therapy; the discrepancy between values in tissue-equivalent dummy and homogeneous dummy was minor and is discussed; comparisons are also made with computer values.", "contents": "[Photographic dosimetry in irradiation of the mediastinum (author's transl)]. Photographic dosimetry was used to ascertain the space distribution of the dose in mediastinal irradiation with sagittal median fields by means of cobalt therapy; the discrepancy between values in tissue-equivalent dummy and homogeneous dummy was minor and is discussed; comparisons are also made with computer values.", "PMID": 594424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4776", "title": "[The effect of albumin and furosemide administration in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the effect of the infusion of sodium poor albumin on the primary nephrotic syndrome edema in children. The albumin dose used was 1 g per kilo, administered intravenously during four hours. A variable weight loss of 5.7% to 8.3% related to the initial weight was observed. The urinary volume increased considerably during the study period, as well as the urinary sodium excretion and creatinine clearance. The study of the relation of the urinary Na/K suggests that the secondary hyperaldosteronism is blocked by the albumin infusion probably due to an increase in the intravascular volume. They have concluded that the administration of sodium poor albumin whether or not associated to diuretics is effective in controlling the Primary Nephrotic Syndrome edema in children.", "contents": "[The effect of albumin and furosemide administration in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the effect of the infusion of sodium poor albumin on the primary nephrotic syndrome edema in children. The albumin dose used was 1 g per kilo, administered intravenously during four hours. A variable weight loss of 5.7% to 8.3% related to the initial weight was observed. The urinary volume increased considerably during the study period, as well as the urinary sodium excretion and creatinine clearance. The study of the relation of the urinary Na/K suggests that the secondary hyperaldosteronism is blocked by the albumin infusion probably due to an increase in the intravascular volume. They have concluded that the administration of sodium poor albumin whether or not associated to diuretics is effective in controlling the Primary Nephrotic Syndrome edema in children.", "PMID": 594431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4777", "title": "Anti-benzene compounds. Conversion of benzene to toluene by methyl donors, in man.", "content": "The level of benzene in blood can be efficiently reduced, an its noxious effect neutralized, by the concurrent administration of either of two groups of organic compounds: 1) methyl donors such as choline and betaine; and, 2) cysteine-HCL. Methionine acts as a precursor of cysteine in the body as uell as a methyl donor like choline and betaine. The appearance of toluene in blood was demonstrated after the sequential ingestion of choline plus betaine, benzene. The results are discussed in relation to clinical application in workers chronically exposed to benzene.", "contents": "Anti-benzene compounds. Conversion of benzene to toluene by methyl donors, in man. The level of benzene in blood can be efficiently reduced, an its noxious effect neutralized, by the concurrent administration of either of two groups of organic compounds: 1) methyl donors such as choline and betaine; and, 2) cysteine-HCL. Methionine acts as a precursor of cysteine in the body as uell as a methyl donor like choline and betaine. The appearance of toluene in blood was demonstrated after the sequential ingestion of choline plus betaine, benzene. The results are discussed in relation to clinical application in workers chronically exposed to benzene.", "PMID": 594433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4778", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies on hypospadia in males (author's transl)].", "content": "The karyotypes of 30 male hypospadiacs were studied. Of these, the G-bands patterns for 4 cases were established. The chromosomal abnormalities showed great variations from one hypospadiac to another and no definite etiological correlations were established. Abnormalities of G-bands patterns were not found.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies on hypospadia in males (author's transl)]. The karyotypes of 30 male hypospadiacs were studied. Of these, the G-bands patterns for 4 cases were established. The chromosomal abnormalities showed great variations from one hypospadiac to another and no definite etiological correlations were established. Abnormalities of G-bands patterns were not found.", "PMID": 594434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4779", "title": "[Production of inoculates for leguminous plants. Production of cellular suspensions of Rhizobium (Lotus group)].", "content": "The influence of culture medium composition and operative conditions on the cellular growth of Rhizobium sp (group Lotus) strain is studied. As much as 1 x 10(9) cell/ml were obtained in 16 hours using sucrose in the medium as carbon source. The best growth rate was obtained (mu = O,22 h-1) when the experiments were performed at 400 r.p.m. and one volume of air/volume of medium x minute (OAR = 793,0 ml of oxygen/1 h).", "contents": "[Production of inoculates for leguminous plants. Production of cellular suspensions of Rhizobium (Lotus group)]. The influence of culture medium composition and operative conditions on the cellular growth of Rhizobium sp (group Lotus) strain is studied. As much as 1 x 10(9) cell/ml were obtained in 16 hours using sucrose in the medium as carbon source. The best growth rate was obtained (mu = O,22 h-1) when the experiments were performed at 400 r.p.m. and one volume of air/volume of medium x minute (OAR = 793,0 ml of oxygen/1 h).", "PMID": 594429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4780", "title": "[Electrical strain gage method for measurements of \"in vivo\" deformations. Preparation and implantation of the units (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of strain in live bone have been done through the use of the electrical strain gage method. For this purpose these transducers must be prepared to become electrically insulated, water proofing and biologically compatible. A technique which permit to use these devices in experimental animals as well as in human beings is described.", "contents": "[Electrical strain gage method for measurements of \"in vivo\" deformations. Preparation and implantation of the units (author's transl)]. Measurements of strain in live bone have been done through the use of the electrical strain gage method. For this purpose these transducers must be prepared to become electrically insulated, water proofing and biologically compatible. A technique which permit to use these devices in experimental animals as well as in human beings is described.", "PMID": 594435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4781", "title": "[Clinical and E.E.G. study of 9 cases of cortical blindness (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 9 cases of cortical blindness (7 of vascular origin, 2 due to septic embolism). These were characterised by blindness, loss of the blink reflex in response to threat, and of optokinetic nystagmus, conservation of the pupil reflexes, a confusional state with memory disturbances and anosognosia. The accompanying E.E.G. changes were basically impoverishment of occipital alpha activity, with theta and delta waves mainly in posterior regions on one or both sides; blocking to eye opening was absent, and following of the occiptal background rhythm in response to photic stimulation was rare and partial. One patient developed repetitive slow waves in the left occiptal region, another developed bi-occipital spikes and a third developed bi-occipital paroxymal activity, more predominant on the right. These abnormalities resemble those seen during extraterritorial circulatory insufficiency or air emboli.", "contents": "[Clinical and E.E.G. study of 9 cases of cortical blindness (author's transl)]. The authors report 9 cases of cortical blindness (7 of vascular origin, 2 due to septic embolism). These were characterised by blindness, loss of the blink reflex in response to threat, and of optokinetic nystagmus, conservation of the pupil reflexes, a confusional state with memory disturbances and anosognosia. The accompanying E.E.G. changes were basically impoverishment of occipital alpha activity, with theta and delta waves mainly in posterior regions on one or both sides; blocking to eye opening was absent, and following of the occiptal background rhythm in response to photic stimulation was rare and partial. One patient developed repetitive slow waves in the left occiptal region, another developed bi-occipital spikes and a third developed bi-occipital paroxymal activity, more predominant on the right. These abnormalities resemble those seen during extraterritorial circulatory insufficiency or air emboli.", "PMID": 594453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4782", "title": "[E.E.G. changes in 15 patients with bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the E.E.G. changes found in 15 cases of iatrogenic encephalopathy caused by bismuth salts. All the patients had been taking bismuth, for periods varying from 6 weeks to 30 years, in doses from 5 to 20 g per day. The clinical picture included mental confusion to varying degrees, disturbances of standing and walking, myoclonus, dysarthria, and convulsions in 5 cases. Myoclonic jerks were not occompanied by E.E.G. paroxysmal features in any of the cases observed. Eleven of the patients presented similar E.E.G. findings at one time or another during the course of the condition: monomorphic, stable 4-6 c/s activity, present bilaterally in the temporo-fronto-rolandic regions, unaffected by eye opening and by photic stimulation. In the other four patients, the above E.E.G. features were not found (recording performed too early or too late? co-existing electrical or metabolic disturbances? post-critical recording?).", "contents": "[E.E.G. changes in 15 patients with bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)]. The authors describe the E.E.G. changes found in 15 cases of iatrogenic encephalopathy caused by bismuth salts. All the patients had been taking bismuth, for periods varying from 6 weeks to 30 years, in doses from 5 to 20 g per day. The clinical picture included mental confusion to varying degrees, disturbances of standing and walking, myoclonus, dysarthria, and convulsions in 5 cases. Myoclonic jerks were not occompanied by E.E.G. paroxysmal features in any of the cases observed. Eleven of the patients presented similar E.E.G. findings at one time or another during the course of the condition: monomorphic, stable 4-6 c/s activity, present bilaterally in the temporo-fronto-rolandic regions, unaffected by eye opening and by photic stimulation. In the other four patients, the above E.E.G. features were not found (recording performed too early or too late? co-existing electrical or metabolic disturbances? post-critical recording?).", "PMID": 594454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4783", "title": "[Insomnia in bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Myoclonic encephatopathy caused by the insoluble salts of bismuth may be accompanied by a state of total insomnia. This insomnia has been confirmed by polygraphic recordings in 3 subjects. The recovery of sleep has a stereotyped course, with a step-wise reappearance over time of sucessive stages of NREM sleeps tarting with stage age I, and parallel re-establishment of REM sleep. Return to normal sleep lags behind clinical recovery. A pharmacological analysis with the phobenecid test was attempted in 2 of the 3 subjects. The results were the same in both as regards renewal of lumbar 5 HIAA, which paradoxically is not changed much; as regards the rate of lumbar HVA renewal, the results were quite different.", "contents": "[Insomnia in bismuth encephalopathy (author's transl)]. Myoclonic encephatopathy caused by the insoluble salts of bismuth may be accompanied by a state of total insomnia. This insomnia has been confirmed by polygraphic recordings in 3 subjects. The recovery of sleep has a stereotyped course, with a step-wise reappearance over time of sucessive stages of NREM sleeps tarting with stage age I, and parallel re-establishment of REM sleep. Return to normal sleep lags behind clinical recovery. A pharmacological analysis with the phobenecid test was attempted in 2 of the 3 subjects. The results were the same in both as regards renewal of lumbar 5 HIAA, which paradoxically is not changed much; as regards the rate of lumbar HVA renewal, the results were quite different.", "PMID": 594455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4784", "title": "[The E.E.G. in ruptured cerebral aneurysms before operation. Use of carotid compression and the controlled hypotension test (author's transl)].", "content": "In 45 cases of ruptured intra-cranial aneurysms the authors studied the standard E.E.G. data under carotid compression and controlled hypotension; the changes observed were analysed and their value assessed for judging the state of the patient's cerebral circulation. A normal resting E.E.G. carries a good prognosis. Carotid compression and controlled hypotension provide a useful assessment of the supply and elasticity of the cerebral vessels; the occurrence of slow waves during controlled hypotension is an alarm signal which often helps in anaesthetic procedure.", "contents": "[The E.E.G. in ruptured cerebral aneurysms before operation. Use of carotid compression and the controlled hypotension test (author's transl)]. In 45 cases of ruptured intra-cranial aneurysms the authors studied the standard E.E.G. data under carotid compression and controlled hypotension; the changes observed were analysed and their value assessed for judging the state of the patient's cerebral circulation. A normal resting E.E.G. carries a good prognosis. Carotid compression and controlled hypotension provide a useful assessment of the supply and elasticity of the cerebral vessels; the occurrence of slow waves during controlled hypotension is an alarm signal which often helps in anaesthetic procedure.", "PMID": 594457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4785", "title": "[Alerting effect of vincamine in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The alerting effect of vincamine, an indole alkaloid of Vinca minor, has been demonstrated using three electropharmacological tests: 1) the sleep-wakefulness cycle of freely moving rats implanted with cortical electrodes, 2) the sleep induced by 200 mg/kg i.v. sodium 4-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB) in the curarized rat, 3) the duration of spindle activity in the E.E.G. of curarized rats provoked by an acute asphyxia in which the E.E.G. activity was abolished for 20 sec. Vincamine increased the total duration of wakefulness at the expense of sleep, decreased the number of phases of paradoxical sleep (PS), increased the latency of the first phase of PS, but had no effects on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in a further test 24 hours after administration. Vincamine induced neither stereotyped behavior nor hypermotility. Vincamine also decreased the duration of GHB-induced sleep and the duration of post-asphyxic spindles. All effects observed were dose dependent. By means of these electropharmacological tests we have been able to discover two further agents which have more potent alerting effects than vincamine: desoxyvincaminamide and N-cyclopropyl-desoxyvincaminamide.", "contents": "[Alerting effect of vincamine in rats (author's transl)]. The alerting effect of vincamine, an indole alkaloid of Vinca minor, has been demonstrated using three electropharmacological tests: 1) the sleep-wakefulness cycle of freely moving rats implanted with cortical electrodes, 2) the sleep induced by 200 mg/kg i.v. sodium 4-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB) in the curarized rat, 3) the duration of spindle activity in the E.E.G. of curarized rats provoked by an acute asphyxia in which the E.E.G. activity was abolished for 20 sec. Vincamine increased the total duration of wakefulness at the expense of sleep, decreased the number of phases of paradoxical sleep (PS), increased the latency of the first phase of PS, but had no effects on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in a further test 24 hours after administration. Vincamine induced neither stereotyped behavior nor hypermotility. Vincamine also decreased the duration of GHB-induced sleep and the duration of post-asphyxic spindles. All effects observed were dose dependent. By means of these electropharmacological tests we have been able to discover two further agents which have more potent alerting effects than vincamine: desoxyvincaminamide and N-cyclopropyl-desoxyvincaminamide.", "PMID": 594456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4786", "title": "[The Vasalva manoeuvre and the E.E.G. in a study of professional and trainee diverse (author's transl)].", "content": "The E.E.G., the oculocardiac reflex (OCR), the Valsalva manoeuvre and respiratory capacity, were studied and compared in 183 professional or trainee divers. There was a positive correlation between an alpha rhythm at or below 9 c/sec and a positive OCR. The Valsalva was more often positive in young subjects and trainee divers than in older subjects and professional divers. Also the Valsalva response was more likely to be positive when the subject's respiratory capacity was greater. These observations are used to make conclusions about the significance of a positive response to the Valsalva manoeuvre and about the value that can be attached to these various tests in subject selection.", "contents": "[The Vasalva manoeuvre and the E.E.G. in a study of professional and trainee diverse (author's transl)]. The E.E.G., the oculocardiac reflex (OCR), the Valsalva manoeuvre and respiratory capacity, were studied and compared in 183 professional or trainee divers. There was a positive correlation between an alpha rhythm at or below 9 c/sec and a positive OCR. The Valsalva was more often positive in young subjects and trainee divers than in older subjects and professional divers. Also the Valsalva response was more likely to be positive when the subject's respiratory capacity was greater. These observations are used to make conclusions about the significance of a positive response to the Valsalva manoeuvre and about the value that can be attached to these various tests in subject selection.", "PMID": 594458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4787", "title": "[Activation with amitriptyline: electroclinical comments on 120 epileptic patients (author transl's)].", "content": "The sleep-inducing and epileptogenic effects of amitripyline (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) were studied in 120 epileptic patients. Sleep occurred in 94 p. 100 of the patients: 92 p. 100 showed stages I and II, 42 p. 100 also showed stages III and IV, but only 12 p. 100 showed REM. Major activation of inter-ictal abnormalities occurred in 41 p. 100 and seizures were provoked in 17 patients (14 p. 100). Neutral results were obtained in 23 p. 100 of cases. The results obtained and the complete absence of drawbacks recommend amitriptyline for use in studying epileptic patients, at least before turning to other pharmacological techniques which are more dangerous and probably less reliable.", "contents": "[Activation with amitriptyline: electroclinical comments on 120 epileptic patients (author transl's)]. The sleep-inducing and epileptogenic effects of amitripyline (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) were studied in 120 epileptic patients. Sleep occurred in 94 p. 100 of the patients: 92 p. 100 showed stages I and II, 42 p. 100 also showed stages III and IV, but only 12 p. 100 showed REM. Major activation of inter-ictal abnormalities occurred in 41 p. 100 and seizures were provoked in 17 patients (14 p. 100). Neutral results were obtained in 23 p. 100 of cases. The results obtained and the complete absence of drawbacks recommend amitriptyline for use in studying epileptic patients, at least before turning to other pharmacological techniques which are more dangerous and probably less reliable.", "PMID": 594460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4788", "title": "Motor conduction velocity and the Hoffman reflex in diabetes.", "content": "The motor conduction velocity (MCV) and various parameters of the Hoffman reflex were studied in 55 diabetics compared to a control population of the same age. In the diabetics there were statistically significant alterations of the MCV, the Hmax/Mmax ratio and the H index, which are closely connected. These changes were more precise when there were clinical signs of neuropathy (absence of the Achilles reflex) but they still existed in the absence of signs. The older the diabetics, the more the electro-physiological parameters were altered. However, the H index is abnormal earlier than the Hmax-Mmax ratio or the MCV. Changes in the excitability cycle to double shock involve mainly phase IV of secondary facilitation and may be related to central disturbances.", "contents": "Motor conduction velocity and the Hoffman reflex in diabetes. The motor conduction velocity (MCV) and various parameters of the Hoffman reflex were studied in 55 diabetics compared to a control population of the same age. In the diabetics there were statistically significant alterations of the MCV, the Hmax/Mmax ratio and the H index, which are closely connected. These changes were more precise when there were clinical signs of neuropathy (absence of the Achilles reflex) but they still existed in the absence of signs. The older the diabetics, the more the electro-physiological parameters were altered. However, the H index is abnormal earlier than the Hmax-Mmax ratio or the MCV. Changes in the excitability cycle to double shock involve mainly phase IV of secondary facilitation and may be related to central disturbances.", "PMID": 594459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4789", "title": "[Determination of the degree of mental alertness in the enderly (author's transl)].", "content": "Telemetric polygraph recordings lasting from 10-18 hours were performed in 22 elderly and institutionalised patients whose ages ranged from 82 to 97 years in an attempt to determine whether they were able to maintain alertness throughout the course of the day. By combining the standard E.E.G. data with that from the telemetric recording it was possible to subdivide the patients into 4 groups: 1 Normal E.E.G. Stable state of awareness varying only between active waking and relaxed waking, apart from a clearly demarcated siesta period (8 subjects). 2 Normal E.E.G. State of awareness moderately stable but containing as well as one or two clearly defined, siestas some somnolent episodes (6 subjects). 3 Numerous fluctuations of alertness with several levels of drowsiness corresponding either to the classical stages of sleep or to undifferentiated stages (5 subjects, 4 with normal E.E.G.). 4 Abnormal E.E.G. and only two levels of alertness which were difficult to correlate with the behavioural state. All 4 subjects in this group had severe organic impairment. There was a good correlation between the data obtained from the standard E.E.G. and that from the telemetric recording. Patients having a normal E.E.G. maintained their alertness well, and those with the highest proportion of fast activity best of all. The possible limits of variation become very narrow in severe organic impairment.", "contents": "[Determination of the degree of mental alertness in the enderly (author's transl)]. Telemetric polygraph recordings lasting from 10-18 hours were performed in 22 elderly and institutionalised patients whose ages ranged from 82 to 97 years in an attempt to determine whether they were able to maintain alertness throughout the course of the day. By combining the standard E.E.G. data with that from the telemetric recording it was possible to subdivide the patients into 4 groups: 1 Normal E.E.G. Stable state of awareness varying only between active waking and relaxed waking, apart from a clearly demarcated siesta period (8 subjects). 2 Normal E.E.G. State of awareness moderately stable but containing as well as one or two clearly defined, siestas some somnolent episodes (6 subjects). 3 Numerous fluctuations of alertness with several levels of drowsiness corresponding either to the classical stages of sleep or to undifferentiated stages (5 subjects, 4 with normal E.E.G.). 4 Abnormal E.E.G. and only two levels of alertness which were difficult to correlate with the behavioural state. All 4 subjects in this group had severe organic impairment. There was a good correlation between the data obtained from the standard E.E.G. and that from the telemetric recording. Patients having a normal E.E.G. maintained their alertness well, and those with the highest proportion of fast activity best of all. The possible limits of variation become very narrow in severe organic impairment.", "PMID": 594461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4790", "title": "[Real-time automatic analysis of sleep-waking behavior in the rat recorded by telemetry (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a method of real-time automatic analysis of the sleep-waking cycle in the rat recorded by a miniature telemetry system. This method detects seven behavioural phases second by second. The correspondance computer-corrector is 88 p. 100 for the three principal phases: waking, slow sleep and paradoxical sleep.", "contents": "[Real-time automatic analysis of sleep-waking behavior in the rat recorded by telemetry (author's transl)]. The authors present a method of real-time automatic analysis of the sleep-waking cycle in the rat recorded by a miniature telemetry system. This method detects seven behavioural phases second by second. The correspondance computer-corrector is 88 p. 100 for the three principal phases: waking, slow sleep and paradoxical sleep.", "PMID": 594462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4791", "title": "[Paroxysmal discharges in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The temporal organisation of infra-clinical paroxysmal discharges was recorded in waking children using biotelemetry. This was studied in terms of two hypotheses: firstly regulation of discharges by an \"internal clock\" which would explain their periodic modulation; secondly the influence of certain induced or spontaneous psychophysiological situation which could increase or decrease their density. By statistical analysis using semi-automatic programmes, the density of paroxysmal discharges was studied for each experimental situation; the chronological evolution of density was also worked out. These programmes were applied to 6 long biotelemetric recordings. The results obtained show that neither of the hypotheses alone can explain the phenomena observed, and that the paroxysmal discharges probably occur at times determined by a combination of internal factors and multiple situations: modulation linked to more or less stable biological rhythms, and the role of the environment and the subjects' reactions, which intervene to a varying extent to mask natural rhythms.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal discharges in children (author's transl)]. The temporal organisation of infra-clinical paroxysmal discharges was recorded in waking children using biotelemetry. This was studied in terms of two hypotheses: firstly regulation of discharges by an \"internal clock\" which would explain their periodic modulation; secondly the influence of certain induced or spontaneous psychophysiological situation which could increase or decrease their density. By statistical analysis using semi-automatic programmes, the density of paroxysmal discharges was studied for each experimental situation; the chronological evolution of density was also worked out. These programmes were applied to 6 long biotelemetric recordings. The results obtained show that neither of the hypotheses alone can explain the phenomena observed, and that the paroxysmal discharges probably occur at times determined by a combination of internal factors and multiple situations: modulation linked to more or less stable biological rhythms, and the role of the environment and the subjects' reactions, which intervene to a varying extent to mask natural rhythms.", "PMID": 594463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4792", "title": "[Radiotelemetric study of heart rate and electroencephalogram during parachute jumping (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve subjects, experienced parachutists, have been recorded by telemetry before, during and after free-fall parachute jumps. The heart rate showed a statistically significant tachycardia during the different events of the jump (exit, free-fall, opening, open parachute and landing) compared to the baseline before boarding the aircraft. This tachycardia indicates a stress reaction confirmed by a significant increase of adrenalin and noradrenalin in urine. The electroencephalographic invesitgation does not show any adnormalities. Alpha rhythms have been recorded from alpha reactive subjects during free-fall stabilization.", "contents": "[Radiotelemetric study of heart rate and electroencephalogram during parachute jumping (author's transl)]. Twelve subjects, experienced parachutists, have been recorded by telemetry before, during and after free-fall parachute jumps. The heart rate showed a statistically significant tachycardia during the different events of the jump (exit, free-fall, opening, open parachute and landing) compared to the baseline before boarding the aircraft. This tachycardia indicates a stress reaction confirmed by a significant increase of adrenalin and noradrenalin in urine. The electroencephalographic invesitgation does not show any adnormalities. Alpha rhythms have been recorded from alpha reactive subjects during free-fall stabilization.", "PMID": 594465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4793", "title": "[Biotelemetric studies in an autistic child (author's transl)].", "content": "Three biotelemetric examinations and a whole night sleep recording were carried out in a 8 year old child whose behavior alternated between exicitation and autism. The E.E.G. showed 5 Hz. temporo-parietal sharp wave discharges lasting from 1 second to 20 minutes. These discharges were at times unilateral and predominantly right sided, at other times being bilateral without clinical signs and unrelated to changes in behavior. The possibility of internal regulation of discharge of discharge production or their dependence on induced situations or psychophysiological states is considered.", "contents": "[Biotelemetric studies in an autistic child (author's transl)]. Three biotelemetric examinations and a whole night sleep recording were carried out in a 8 year old child whose behavior alternated between exicitation and autism. The E.E.G. showed 5 Hz. temporo-parietal sharp wave discharges lasting from 1 second to 20 minutes. These discharges were at times unilateral and predominantly right sided, at other times being bilateral without clinical signs and unrelated to changes in behavior. The possibility of internal regulation of discharge of discharge production or their dependence on induced situations or psychophysiological states is considered.", "PMID": 594464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4794", "title": "[The induction of seizures in \"Papio papio\" following allylglycine alone or in combination with intermittent photic stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Allylglycine, an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, produces increased sensitivity to photic stimulation and in convulsant doses spontaneous seizures arising occipitally in the baboon (Horton and Meldrum, 1973). In this study, convulsant doses of allylglycine induced either sharp wave and polyspike frontorolandic discharges (FR) or critical posterior discharges which then reinforce the fronto-rolandic spikes. A seizure may then arise from the fronto-rolandic region and secondarily spread to the rest of the cerebral cortex. Intermittent photic stimulation produces a reinforcement of the fronto-rolandic sharp waves and can also induce self-maintaining mechanisms similar to those just described. In this situation, however, and with the animals paralysed with Flaxedil no seizures arising occipitally have been observed. The role of the occipital cortex as the sensory visual and somatic afferent in photosensitive epilepsy in the baboon is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "[The induction of seizures in \"Papio papio\" following allylglycine alone or in combination with intermittent photic stimulation (author's transl)]. Allylglycine, an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, produces increased sensitivity to photic stimulation and in convulsant doses spontaneous seizures arising occipitally in the baboon (Horton and Meldrum, 1973). In this study, convulsant doses of allylglycine induced either sharp wave and polyspike frontorolandic discharges (FR) or critical posterior discharges which then reinforce the fronto-rolandic spikes. A seizure may then arise from the fronto-rolandic region and secondarily spread to the rest of the cerebral cortex. Intermittent photic stimulation produces a reinforcement of the fronto-rolandic sharp waves and can also induce self-maintaining mechanisms similar to those just described. In this situation, however, and with the animals paralysed with Flaxedil no seizures arising occipitally have been observed. The role of the occipital cortex as the sensory visual and somatic afferent in photosensitive epilepsy in the baboon is discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 594466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4795", "title": "[Oxidative phase of pentose-phosphate cycle in sea mussel (mytilus edulis l.) (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.44) activities measured in tissue extracts from sea mussel exhibit a potential unbalance which could cause an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. Nevertheless elevated levels of this metabolite are not detected in mussel tissues. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway has not been found in hepatopancreas, adductor muscle and gill tissues. Hepatopancreas glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase apparent kinetic parameters at 25 degrees C, were determined. The enzymes are competitively inhibited by NADPH with respect to NADP+. Oxidized Glutathione at nearly physiological concentrations counteracts NADPH inhibition.", "contents": "[Oxidative phase of pentose-phosphate cycle in sea mussel (mytilus edulis l.) (author's transl)]. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.44) activities measured in tissue extracts from sea mussel exhibit a potential unbalance which could cause an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. Nevertheless elevated levels of this metabolite are not detected in mussel tissues. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway has not been found in hepatopancreas, adductor muscle and gill tissues. Hepatopancreas glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase apparent kinetic parameters at 25 degrees C, were determined. The enzymes are competitively inhibited by NADPH with respect to NADP+. Oxidized Glutathione at nearly physiological concentrations counteracts NADPH inhibition.", "PMID": 594483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4796", "title": "Effects of physical training on rat myocardium. An enzymatic and ultrastructural morphometric study.", "content": "Rats subjected to physical training through swimming increased their weight at a slower rate than controls, which initially had the same characteristics. The ratio heart weight/body weight was 23% greater in the trained rats. However, the absolute weights of the hearts were only 7% greater. The ultrastructural morphometric study, backed up by and analysis of the hierarchical variance, did not reveal significant changes neither in the myofibrillar and mitochondrial volume nor in the number of mitochondria per surface unit of myocardium. Furthermore, no variations were recorded, due to training, in the amount of mitochondrial protein nor in the specific mitochondrial activities of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase. It is therefore suggested that the increase in the measured parameters, due to training, is proportional to the increase in weight and size of the heart. On the other hand, the specific activity of LDH increased by 15% after the first weeks of training.", "contents": "Effects of physical training on rat myocardium. An enzymatic and ultrastructural morphometric study. Rats subjected to physical training through swimming increased their weight at a slower rate than controls, which initially had the same characteristics. The ratio heart weight/body weight was 23% greater in the trained rats. However, the absolute weights of the hearts were only 7% greater. The ultrastructural morphometric study, backed up by and analysis of the hierarchical variance, did not reveal significant changes neither in the myofibrillar and mitochondrial volume nor in the number of mitochondria per surface unit of myocardium. Furthermore, no variations were recorded, due to training, in the amount of mitochondrial protein nor in the specific mitochondrial activities of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase. It is therefore suggested that the increase in the measured parameters, due to training, is proportional to the increase in weight and size of the heart. On the other hand, the specific activity of LDH increased by 15% after the first weeks of training.", "PMID": 594484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4797", "title": "[Determination of serum testosterone using radioimmunoanalysis without previous extraction].", "content": "A modification to the radiochemical assay method to measure testosterone in serum, that renders unnecessary the extraction of testosterone from a serum sample is described. The serum is heated at 60 degrees C for 1 hour, thereby testosterone binding proteins are destroyed, then radioimmunoassay follows as usual.", "contents": "[Determination of serum testosterone using radioimmunoanalysis without previous extraction]. A modification to the radiochemical assay method to measure testosterone in serum, that renders unnecessary the extraction of testosterone from a serum sample is described. The serum is heated at 60 degrees C for 1 hour, thereby testosterone binding proteins are destroyed, then radioimmunoassay follows as usual.", "PMID": 594485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4798", "title": "Nitrate reductase from Spinacea oleracea. FAD and the reactivation of the enzyme treated with p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate.", "content": "Spinach nitrate reductase complex previously inactivated by treatment with mercurials p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or p-hydroxymercuriphenyl sulphonate can be reactivated by incubation with dithioerythritol. The reactivation of NADH-diaphorase seems to be FAD-dependent, whereas that of FNH2-nitrate reductase is not. The requirement of FAD for NADH-inactivation of nitrate reductase treated with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate disappears after treatment with dithioerythritol.", "contents": "Nitrate reductase from Spinacea oleracea. FAD and the reactivation of the enzyme treated with p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate. Spinach nitrate reductase complex previously inactivated by treatment with mercurials p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or p-hydroxymercuriphenyl sulphonate can be reactivated by incubation with dithioerythritol. The reactivation of NADH-diaphorase seems to be FAD-dependent, whereas that of FNH2-nitrate reductase is not. The requirement of FAD for NADH-inactivation of nitrate reductase treated with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate disappears after treatment with dithioerythritol.", "PMID": 594486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4799", "title": "[Selective photooxidation of methionine, tyrosine and tryptophane using thionine and toluidine blue as sensitizers (author's transl)].", "content": "Thionine and toluidine blue were used as sentizers on photooxidation processes of methionine, tryosine and tryptophane. They were more effective than methylene blue. Methionine was photooxidized to sulfoxide and tryptophane to kinurenine. A tyrosine-sensitizer addition compound was postulated. Dye concentration, pH, temperature and EDTA presence conditions were determined on each one of the modification reactions. Methionine at acid pH was selectively modified. On the basis of obtained results and published references, a direct interaction of singlet oxygen with methionine and tryptophase and the excited dye with tyrosine was respectively discussed.", "contents": "[Selective photooxidation of methionine, tyrosine and tryptophane using thionine and toluidine blue as sensitizers (author's transl)]. Thionine and toluidine blue were used as sentizers on photooxidation processes of methionine, tryosine and tryptophane. They were more effective than methylene blue. Methionine was photooxidized to sulfoxide and tryptophane to kinurenine. A tyrosine-sensitizer addition compound was postulated. Dye concentration, pH, temperature and EDTA presence conditions were determined on each one of the modification reactions. Methionine at acid pH was selectively modified. On the basis of obtained results and published references, a direct interaction of singlet oxygen with methionine and tryptophase and the excited dye with tyrosine was respectively discussed.", "PMID": 594487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4800", "title": "[The effect of Ca/P relation on utilization of both nutrients in laying quails (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of two Ca/P relations (2.1 y 4.5) in the diet on nutritive utilization of both minerals, egg production and egg characteristics (weight, size, resistence and shell Ca content) was studied. Nutritive utilization and absolute body retention of Ca were higher with a Ca/P relation of 4.5, while the lower Ca/P relation (2.1) produced a greater utilization of P, without differences as high as in the case of Ca. As a whole, the diet with a Ca/p relation = 2.1 was more efficiently utilized but egg production did not rise optimal levels got on the diet with a Ca/P relation = 4.5 Egg characteristics were similar with both treatments.", "contents": "[The effect of Ca/P relation on utilization of both nutrients in laying quails (author's transl)]. The effect of two Ca/P relations (2.1 y 4.5) in the diet on nutritive utilization of both minerals, egg production and egg characteristics (weight, size, resistence and shell Ca content) was studied. Nutritive utilization and absolute body retention of Ca were higher with a Ca/P relation of 4.5, while the lower Ca/P relation (2.1) produced a greater utilization of P, without differences as high as in the case of Ca. As a whole, the diet with a Ca/p relation = 2.1 was more efficiently utilized but egg production did not rise optimal levels got on the diet with a Ca/P relation = 4.5 Egg characteristics were similar with both treatments.", "PMID": 594488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4801", "title": "[Seasonal variations in frog liver glycogen metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycogen metabolism in frog (Rana ridibunda) liver is subject to seasonal variations. Hepatic glycogen and glycogen synthase levels are highest in the fall and winter months and lowest in the summer months, whereas glycogen phosphorylase activity is highest in spring and summer and lowest in fall and winter months. Blood glucose levels show a clear increase during the months of March, June-July and November over the mean level for the rest of year (19.0 +/- 5.5 mg glucose/100 ml serum). Results indicate that the animal accumulated glycogen in the fall to be consumed during the winter. Glycogen levels are in direct proportion to glycogen synthase activity levels (I-form and total activity) and in inverse proportion to glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylated form) activity levels, which would suggest that these enzymes exercise a direct control over glycogen levels.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations in frog liver glycogen metabolism (author's transl)]. Glycogen metabolism in frog (Rana ridibunda) liver is subject to seasonal variations. Hepatic glycogen and glycogen synthase levels are highest in the fall and winter months and lowest in the summer months, whereas glycogen phosphorylase activity is highest in spring and summer and lowest in fall and winter months. Blood glucose levels show a clear increase during the months of March, June-July and November over the mean level for the rest of year (19.0 +/- 5.5 mg glucose/100 ml serum). Results indicate that the animal accumulated glycogen in the fall to be consumed during the winter. Glycogen levels are in direct proportion to glycogen synthase activity levels (I-form and total activity) and in inverse proportion to glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorylated form) activity levels, which would suggest that these enzymes exercise a direct control over glycogen levels.", "PMID": 594489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4802", "title": "[Experimental cardiogenic shock (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental model fo cardiogenic shock has been developed in anesthetized dogs. The shock was produced by injecting mercury into the second diagonal branch of the descending anterior coronary artery. Arterial and venous pressure E.C.G., aortic, renal and circumflex flow were directly measured. Other parameters such as O2 consumption and arterio-venous difference were also studied. The present model seems very useful to make therapeutic studies. Open chest surgery has been used for simplicity and economic reasons.", "contents": "[Experimental cardiogenic shock (author's transl)]. An experimental model fo cardiogenic shock has been developed in anesthetized dogs. The shock was produced by injecting mercury into the second diagonal branch of the descending anterior coronary artery. Arterial and venous pressure E.C.G., aortic, renal and circumflex flow were directly measured. Other parameters such as O2 consumption and arterio-venous difference were also studied. The present model seems very useful to make therapeutic studies. Open chest surgery has been used for simplicity and economic reasons.", "PMID": 594490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4803", "title": "Effects of hypo and hyperthyroidism on the response to glucose loading of blood glucose, ketones and insulin and liver glycogen as studied in the fasted rat.", "content": "After receiving an i.p. glucose load, 24 h fasted thyroidectomized rats showed a progressive increase in blood glucose and a slow decrease in blood ketone bodies. Both liver glycogen and plasma insulin levels showed no differences within 60 min of the glucose administration. It is suggested that the glucose intolerance in these animals is partly due to an insulin deficiency. Thyroidectomized rats treated daily with 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body weight for 40 days responded to the glucose test with a supranormal and more persistent elevation of blood glucose but with a faster and a greater fall in blood ketone bodies, as compared to controls. Sixty min after the glucose loading, liver glucogen levels were lower and plasma insulin were slightly higher than controls. It is suggested that a diminished extraction of glucose during transhepatic passage can be responsible for the impaired glucose tolerance observed in the hyperthyroid animals.", "contents": "Effects of hypo and hyperthyroidism on the response to glucose loading of blood glucose, ketones and insulin and liver glycogen as studied in the fasted rat. After receiving an i.p. glucose load, 24 h fasted thyroidectomized rats showed a progressive increase in blood glucose and a slow decrease in blood ketone bodies. Both liver glycogen and plasma insulin levels showed no differences within 60 min of the glucose administration. It is suggested that the glucose intolerance in these animals is partly due to an insulin deficiency. Thyroidectomized rats treated daily with 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body weight for 40 days responded to the glucose test with a supranormal and more persistent elevation of blood glucose but with a faster and a greater fall in blood ketone bodies, as compared to controls. Sixty min after the glucose loading, liver glucogen levels were lower and plasma insulin were slightly higher than controls. It is suggested that a diminished extraction of glucose during transhepatic passage can be responsible for the impaired glucose tolerance observed in the hyperthyroid animals.", "PMID": 594491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4804", "title": "Highly polar non-glycerol containing lipids present in our mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "Aqueous 80% ethanol extracts from the outer mitochondrial membranes contained a series of compounds, insoluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1) and soluble in chloroform-methanol-water (10:10:3). These compounds contain fatty acids, amino acids and hexoses. Procedures are described for the extraction, purification and cromatographic separation of these compounds. Five of them have been partially characterised. Some structural data are given. It is suggested that some relationship could exist with the glycosylation of the outer membrane proteins.", "contents": "Highly polar non-glycerol containing lipids present in our mitochondrial membranes. Aqueous 80% ethanol extracts from the outer mitochondrial membranes contained a series of compounds, insoluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1) and soluble in chloroform-methanol-water (10:10:3). These compounds contain fatty acids, amino acids and hexoses. Procedures are described for the extraction, purification and cromatographic separation of these compounds. Five of them have been partially characterised. Some structural data are given. It is suggested that some relationship could exist with the glycosylation of the outer membrane proteins.", "PMID": 594492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4805", "title": "An index of protein hydrophobicity. Its application to membrane proteins.", "content": "A hydrophobicity index is proposed for proteins. The calculation of this index is made, assuming a direct relationship between the hydrophobicity of each aminoacid and its Rf in a partition chromatography. This index is applied to membrane proteins and offers statistically significant differences between integral and peripheral proteins.", "contents": "An index of protein hydrophobicity. Its application to membrane proteins. A hydrophobicity index is proposed for proteins. The calculation of this index is made, assuming a direct relationship between the hydrophobicity of each aminoacid and its Rf in a partition chromatography. This index is applied to membrane proteins and offers statistically significant differences between integral and peripheral proteins.", "PMID": 594493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4806", "title": "Response of plasma aldosterone to orthostatism during follicular and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "The responses of plasma aldosterone (A) and plasma renin activity (PRA) to orthostatism have been evaluated in 47 women during the follicular and/or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Three postmenopausal women and 51 men were also studied for control. Fourteen cycling women and 11 men were studied on a low sodium diet (20 mEq/day) while the rest of the subjects were on normal sodium intake. In addition, 18 women (including those postmenopausal) and 17 men were studied after intravenous administration of 20 mg frusemide. The response of A to orthostatism in women during luteal phase on normal sodium diet with or without frusemide was much greater than in men or women during follicular phase (p less than 0.01) or menopuase (p less than 0.05). However, no differences between groups could be observed in A response while on a low sodium diet. PRA response was similar during follicular of luteal phase fo the cycle as well as in men either on low or normal sodium intake with or without frusemide.", "contents": "Response of plasma aldosterone to orthostatism during follicular and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle. The responses of plasma aldosterone (A) and plasma renin activity (PRA) to orthostatism have been evaluated in 47 women during the follicular and/or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Three postmenopausal women and 51 men were also studied for control. Fourteen cycling women and 11 men were studied on a low sodium diet (20 mEq/day) while the rest of the subjects were on normal sodium intake. In addition, 18 women (including those postmenopausal) and 17 men were studied after intravenous administration of 20 mg frusemide. The response of A to orthostatism in women during luteal phase on normal sodium diet with or without frusemide was much greater than in men or women during follicular phase (p less than 0.01) or menopuase (p less than 0.05). However, no differences between groups could be observed in A response while on a low sodium diet. PRA response was similar during follicular of luteal phase fo the cycle as well as in men either on low or normal sodium intake with or without frusemide.", "PMID": 594494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4807", "title": "Respiratory damage caused by long-term inhalation of high concentration of sulphur-dioxide in dogs.", "content": "It has been tried in this study to produce chronic obstructive bronchitis in dogs by exposing them to high concentrations of SO2. The study was extended to 175 days and during that period the animals were exposed to 300-500 ppm SO2 for a total of 435 h. None of the three dogs developed serious respiratory damage. Most of the symptoms were transitory. Histological examinations showed increased number of goblet cells in trachea, main- and lobar bronchi and a slight alteration of the bronchial glands.", "contents": "Respiratory damage caused by long-term inhalation of high concentration of sulphur-dioxide in dogs. It has been tried in this study to produce chronic obstructive bronchitis in dogs by exposing them to high concentrations of SO2. The study was extended to 175 days and during that period the animals were exposed to 300-500 ppm SO2 for a total of 435 h. None of the three dogs developed serious respiratory damage. Most of the symptoms were transitory. Histological examinations showed increased number of goblet cells in trachea, main- and lobar bronchi and a slight alteration of the bronchial glands.", "PMID": 594496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4808", "title": "Fatigue of airway obstruction during long-term exposure to allergen aerosol.", "content": "The response to prolonged antigen exposure and the potentiation of airway resistance increase to ACH challenge, after this exposure, were studied on sixteen boxer dogs. One group of animals presented fatigue to A.E. after 3 hours of exposure. This group developed an increased response to ACH aerosol after fatigue to antigen was present. In a second group of dogs, absence of fatigue during prolonged exposure to allergen was observed. A growing tendency of Edyn (as an index of airway resistance) was observed after 5 hours of exposure. The therapeutical influence of bilateral vagus blockade was tested in these last animals. Blockade of nervus vagus released airway obstruction during prolonged allergen exposure and no bronchoconstriction was observed after ACH challenge during blockade.", "contents": "Fatigue of airway obstruction during long-term exposure to allergen aerosol. The response to prolonged antigen exposure and the potentiation of airway resistance increase to ACH challenge, after this exposure, were studied on sixteen boxer dogs. One group of animals presented fatigue to A.E. after 3 hours of exposure. This group developed an increased response to ACH aerosol after fatigue to antigen was present. In a second group of dogs, absence of fatigue during prolonged exposure to allergen was observed. A growing tendency of Edyn (as an index of airway resistance) was observed after 5 hours of exposure. The therapeutical influence of bilateral vagus blockade was tested in these last animals. Blockade of nervus vagus released airway obstruction during prolonged allergen exposure and no bronchoconstriction was observed after ACH challenge during blockade.", "PMID": 594497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4809", "title": "Mucosal transferrin and ferritin factors in the regulation of iron absorption.", "content": "1. A standardized decompensation and recompensation of iron homeostasis has been produced by a change-over from normal to iron deficiency and back. 2. Under these conditions the 59Fe uptake into transferrin and ferritin of the mucosal \"cytosol\" and SDS treated \"membrane\" fraction has been measured together with the 59Fe amount transferred into the body. 3. The increase of the intestinal 59Fe absorption due to a progressive iron deficiency is associated with an increase of the 59Fe uptake into the mucosal transferrin of the \"cytosol\" and the \"membrane\" fraction; the reverse is observed with regard to mucosal ferritin. 4. Three days after the re-establishment of normal conditions the 59Fe absorption was lowered to normal values, while the 59Fe uptake into mucosal ferritin achieved again normally high values. 5. The high apparent rate of absorption in iron deficient animals decreased during the last 50 min after injection of the 59Fe labelled test dose. The 59Fe content in the ferritin fraction increased simultaneously, whereas the 59Fe content in the transferrin fraction remained the same. 6. The conclusion is drawn that the intestinal iron absorption is regulated by both mucosal iron binding proteins. Mucosal transferrin is responsible for the increase of absorption in iron deficiency while mucosal ferritin is responsible for the inhibition of iron absorption when the iron homeostasis recompensats.", "contents": "Mucosal transferrin and ferritin factors in the regulation of iron absorption. 1. A standardized decompensation and recompensation of iron homeostasis has been produced by a change-over from normal to iron deficiency and back. 2. Under these conditions the 59Fe uptake into transferrin and ferritin of the mucosal \"cytosol\" and SDS treated \"membrane\" fraction has been measured together with the 59Fe amount transferred into the body. 3. The increase of the intestinal 59Fe absorption due to a progressive iron deficiency is associated with an increase of the 59Fe uptake into the mucosal transferrin of the \"cytosol\" and the \"membrane\" fraction; the reverse is observed with regard to mucosal ferritin. 4. Three days after the re-establishment of normal conditions the 59Fe absorption was lowered to normal values, while the 59Fe uptake into mucosal ferritin achieved again normally high values. 5. The high apparent rate of absorption in iron deficient animals decreased during the last 50 min after injection of the 59Fe labelled test dose. The 59Fe content in the ferritin fraction increased simultaneously, whereas the 59Fe content in the transferrin fraction remained the same. 6. The conclusion is drawn that the intestinal iron absorption is regulated by both mucosal iron binding proteins. Mucosal transferrin is responsible for the increase of absorption in iron deficiency while mucosal ferritin is responsible for the inhibition of iron absorption when the iron homeostasis recompensats.", "PMID": 594498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4810", "title": "The mechanism of the changes in splanchnic blood flow after feeding.", "content": "Introduction of hydrolysed protein solution into the duodenum increased in the dog hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. The reaction is, however, smaller than after the introduction of 0.1 N HCl. The introduction of 30% glucose solution has no effect an splanchnic circulation. Splanchnicotomy combined with coeliac ganglion denervation as well as the blockade of the sympathetic alpha receptors abolished the circulatory reaction. Both interventions leads, however, to a decrease is splanchnic vascular resistance similar to that observed after intraduodenal introduction of acid in normal dogs. It is concluded that the circulatory reaction occuring in consequence of the acidifying of duodenal contents after feeding is due to the reduction of abolition of the sympathetic vasomotor tone in the splanchnic vascular bed.", "contents": "The mechanism of the changes in splanchnic blood flow after feeding. Introduction of hydrolysed protein solution into the duodenum increased in the dog hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. The reaction is, however, smaller than after the introduction of 0.1 N HCl. The introduction of 30% glucose solution has no effect an splanchnic circulation. Splanchnicotomy combined with coeliac ganglion denervation as well as the blockade of the sympathetic alpha receptors abolished the circulatory reaction. Both interventions leads, however, to a decrease is splanchnic vascular resistance similar to that observed after intraduodenal introduction of acid in normal dogs. It is concluded that the circulatory reaction occuring in consequence of the acidifying of duodenal contents after feeding is due to the reduction of abolition of the sympathetic vasomotor tone in the splanchnic vascular bed.", "PMID": 594499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4811", "title": "The effect of increased inferior vena cava pressure on hepatic circulation in the dog.", "content": "Inferior v. cava pressure (IVCP) was raised in the dog by a baloon catheter introduced via the jugular vein. Hepatic artery flow (HAF) and portal venous flow (PVF) were measured with the electromagnetic flow meter. The increase of IVCP reduced uniformly HAF and PVF, the relative contribution of the two vessels to the HBF did not change. The relationship between IVCP increase and HAF reduction and between the decrease of AP-IVCP and the reduction of HAF was linear. There was no sign of autoregulation or vasomotor regulation of HAF. The changes in IVCP are only partially transmitted to the portal venous pressure (PVP). There was no change in intrahepatic portal resistance with increased IVCP. The increase in PVP did not lead to resistance changes in the splanchnic circulation. As a sign of the autoregulation of splanchnic circulation of the AP-PVP versus PVF curve was concave to the pressure axis. It is concluded that as a result of opposing autoregulatory and vasomotor influences in the intact animal the hepatic circulation appears to react passively to the increased outflow pressure.", "contents": "The effect of increased inferior vena cava pressure on hepatic circulation in the dog. Inferior v. cava pressure (IVCP) was raised in the dog by a baloon catheter introduced via the jugular vein. Hepatic artery flow (HAF) and portal venous flow (PVF) were measured with the electromagnetic flow meter. The increase of IVCP reduced uniformly HAF and PVF, the relative contribution of the two vessels to the HBF did not change. The relationship between IVCP increase and HAF reduction and between the decrease of AP-IVCP and the reduction of HAF was linear. There was no sign of autoregulation or vasomotor regulation of HAF. The changes in IVCP are only partially transmitted to the portal venous pressure (PVP). There was no change in intrahepatic portal resistance with increased IVCP. The increase in PVP did not lead to resistance changes in the splanchnic circulation. As a sign of the autoregulation of splanchnic circulation of the AP-PVP versus PVF curve was concave to the pressure axis. It is concluded that as a result of opposing autoregulatory and vasomotor influences in the intact animal the hepatic circulation appears to react passively to the increased outflow pressure.", "PMID": 594500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4812", "title": "Muscle capillary basement membrane thickness in lipoatrophic diabetes.", "content": "A 21 years old female patient with lipoatrophic diabetes, a distinct syndrome of insulin resistant diabetes mellitus, loss of subcutaneous fat, hepatosplenomegaly, hyperlipidemia, increased basal metabolic rate, subvalvular aortic stenosis and cystic bone lesions is described. She exhibited all clinical signs of diabetic microangiopathy. Quantitative estimation revealed severely thickened basement membranes of muscle capillaries. It is concluded that the extent of her microangiopathy is a consequence of her excessive metabolic abnormalities.", "contents": "Muscle capillary basement membrane thickness in lipoatrophic diabetes. A 21 years old female patient with lipoatrophic diabetes, a distinct syndrome of insulin resistant diabetes mellitus, loss of subcutaneous fat, hepatosplenomegaly, hyperlipidemia, increased basal metabolic rate, subvalvular aortic stenosis and cystic bone lesions is described. She exhibited all clinical signs of diabetic microangiopathy. Quantitative estimation revealed severely thickened basement membranes of muscle capillaries. It is concluded that the extent of her microangiopathy is a consequence of her excessive metabolic abnormalities.", "PMID": 594501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4813", "title": "Preleukemic change in the bone marrow of whole-body irradiated RFM/Up mice.", "content": "In the whole-body irradiated mouse, various late effects of radiation are observed after the recovery from acute radiation injury. Some of these account for the familiar proneness of certain mouse strains to develop leukemias. The two experiments described below were designed to (a) identify such preleukemic changes in blood-forming tissues and (b) to find ways to manipulate them experimentally with the purpose of preventing leukemia. Preleukemic change of the bone marrow appears to be a mere quantitative departure from normal in a qualitatively non-malignant tissue. It entails increased proneness of immature (precursor) cells to react with latent virus. Our data are consistent with the assumption that this proneness is enhanced (or brought about) by removal of a controlling influence exerted by the mature cells over their precursors (feed-back inhibition). Re-irradiation combined with intravenous bone marrow substitution offsets the leukemogenic influence of an earlier radiation exposure. The effect of re-irradiation on bone marrow displaying preleukemic lesions corroborates conclusions from earlier experiments on the nature of these lesions.", "contents": "Preleukemic change in the bone marrow of whole-body irradiated RFM/Up mice. In the whole-body irradiated mouse, various late effects of radiation are observed after the recovery from acute radiation injury. Some of these account for the familiar proneness of certain mouse strains to develop leukemias. The two experiments described below were designed to (a) identify such preleukemic changes in blood-forming tissues and (b) to find ways to manipulate them experimentally with the purpose of preventing leukemia. Preleukemic change of the bone marrow appears to be a mere quantitative departure from normal in a qualitatively non-malignant tissue. It entails increased proneness of immature (precursor) cells to react with latent virus. Our data are consistent with the assumption that this proneness is enhanced (or brought about) by removal of a controlling influence exerted by the mature cells over their precursors (feed-back inhibition). Re-irradiation combined with intravenous bone marrow substitution offsets the leukemogenic influence of an earlier radiation exposure. The effect of re-irradiation on bone marrow displaying preleukemic lesions corroborates conclusions from earlier experiments on the nature of these lesions.", "PMID": 594502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4814", "title": "A simple test for erythropoietin.", "content": "In Gelfiltration on Sephadex G-100 crude protein prepared from the urine of anemic patients incubated with 59Fe+++ -ions was separated and a distinct fraction isolated having high erythropoietic activity and a high 59Fe+++ -absorption. Increased amount of erythropoietin resulted in a higher incorporation of 59Fe+++ -ions in this fraction. From this we propose to replace the time consuming and very expensive bioassay for erythropoietin in poly-cythemic mice by gelfiltration of the material under investigation preincubated with 59Fe+++ -ions to test the Fe+++ uptake in the forementioned fraction.", "contents": "A simple test for erythropoietin. In Gelfiltration on Sephadex G-100 crude protein prepared from the urine of anemic patients incubated with 59Fe+++ -ions was separated and a distinct fraction isolated having high erythropoietic activity and a high 59Fe+++ -absorption. Increased amount of erythropoietin resulted in a higher incorporation of 59Fe+++ -ions in this fraction. From this we propose to replace the time consuming and very expensive bioassay for erythropoietin in poly-cythemic mice by gelfiltration of the material under investigation preincubated with 59Fe+++ -ions to test the Fe+++ uptake in the forementioned fraction.", "PMID": 594503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4815", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase--X--separation of human spermatozoa isoenzymes by extraction with detergents.", "content": "Proteins with known enzymatic properties are attractive molecules as possible agents for immunological contraception. Therefore a new technique for the selective isolation of LDH-X from human spermatozoa is described. Applying the detergents hyamine 2389 and triton X-100 LDH-X is extracted from the sperm surface membrane without the other LDH-isoenzymes. Ultrasonification of spermatozoa yields all LDH-isoenzymes together. After cell disruption the separation of LDH-X and the isoenzymes is performed by discelectrophoresis. With lactate as substrate tetrazolium staining identifies all LDH-enzymes. The technique represents an attractive method for the selective isolation of LDH-X and opens further purification steps.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase--X--separation of human spermatozoa isoenzymes by extraction with detergents. Proteins with known enzymatic properties are attractive molecules as possible agents for immunological contraception. Therefore a new technique for the selective isolation of LDH-X from human spermatozoa is described. Applying the detergents hyamine 2389 and triton X-100 LDH-X is extracted from the sperm surface membrane without the other LDH-isoenzymes. Ultrasonification of spermatozoa yields all LDH-isoenzymes together. After cell disruption the separation of LDH-X and the isoenzymes is performed by discelectrophoresis. With lactate as substrate tetrazolium staining identifies all LDH-enzymes. The technique represents an attractive method for the selective isolation of LDH-X and opens further purification steps.", "PMID": 594504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4816", "title": "Iatrogenic cardiovascular foreign bodies.", "content": "The incidence of iatrogenic cardiovascular foreign bodies is increasing. The most common source is a fragment of an in-dwelling venous catheter. These objects have resulted in severe sequelae and death in many instances. Most should be removed. Percutaneous extraction is the method of choice. Surgery should be reserved for cases with failed percutaneous extraction.", "contents": "Iatrogenic cardiovascular foreign bodies. The incidence of iatrogenic cardiovascular foreign bodies is increasing. The most common source is a fragment of an in-dwelling venous catheter. These objects have resulted in severe sequelae and death in many instances. Most should be removed. Percutaneous extraction is the method of choice. Surgery should be reserved for cases with failed percutaneous extraction.", "PMID": 594555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4817", "title": "The breast as a mirror of systemic diseases.", "content": "This paper reemphasizes that xeromammographic changes in the skin, parenchyma, and vascular structures of the breast may be manifestations of a host of systemic diseases. Xeromammographic examples of such diseases as congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, collagen vascular diseases, and endocrine diseases are presented and discussed.", "contents": "The breast as a mirror of systemic diseases. This paper reemphasizes that xeromammographic changes in the skin, parenchyma, and vascular structures of the breast may be manifestations of a host of systemic diseases. Xeromammographic examples of such diseases as congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, collagen vascular diseases, and endocrine diseases are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 594556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4818", "title": "The ultrasonic spectrum of benign and malignant renal \"cystic\" masses--differential diagnosis and diagnostic difficulties.", "content": "This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of renal cystic masses with non-grey scale ultra-sound scanners, and presents some limitations of the equipment. Included among cystic masses are serous cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, calcified cysts, hydronephrosis, abscesses, and necrotic tumors. Technical aspects of scanning of very important. Only single sweep scans are performed, usually as a series of closely spaced scans during suspended respiration. Breathing during scanning, and compound scanning, degrade image sharpness and can completely obscure small cysts. Serous cysts and hydronephrosis usually present distinct and different ultrasonic appearances. Necrotic tumors, hemorrhagic cysts, and abscesses can not be differentiated. Cysts with calcified walls can not be identified as cystic masses because the calcium within the wall prevents sound from penetrating through the mass. To confirm the diagnosis of a renal cystic mass, percutaneous puncture under ultrasonic guidance can be performed. Fluid is removed for laboratory studies and radio-opaque contrast material is instilled within the cavity. X-rays are then to better define the contours and internal architecture.", "contents": "The ultrasonic spectrum of benign and malignant renal \"cystic\" masses--differential diagnosis and diagnostic difficulties. This paper discusses the differential diagnosis of renal cystic masses with non-grey scale ultra-sound scanners, and presents some limitations of the equipment. Included among cystic masses are serous cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, calcified cysts, hydronephrosis, abscesses, and necrotic tumors. Technical aspects of scanning of very important. Only single sweep scans are performed, usually as a series of closely spaced scans during suspended respiration. Breathing during scanning, and compound scanning, degrade image sharpness and can completely obscure small cysts. Serous cysts and hydronephrosis usually present distinct and different ultrasonic appearances. Necrotic tumors, hemorrhagic cysts, and abscesses can not be differentiated. Cysts with calcified walls can not be identified as cystic masses because the calcium within the wall prevents sound from penetrating through the mass. To confirm the diagnosis of a renal cystic mass, percutaneous puncture under ultrasonic guidance can be performed. Fluid is removed for laboratory studies and radio-opaque contrast material is instilled within the cavity. X-rays are then to better define the contours and internal architecture.", "PMID": 594557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4819", "title": "Detection of a temporary cardiac pacing catheter in the left ventricle by chest X-ray.", "content": "This is the first reported case of detection by chest radiograph of a temporary cardiac pacing catheter inadvertently placed in the left ventricle. The unusual catheter position seen in the first chest radiograph was confirmed by a second film following reinsertion of the catheter into the right ventricle. The importance of roentgenographic confirmation of temporary cardiac pacing catheters, especially those inserted without fluoroscopy, is reemphasized.", "contents": "Detection of a temporary cardiac pacing catheter in the left ventricle by chest X-ray. This is the first reported case of detection by chest radiograph of a temporary cardiac pacing catheter inadvertently placed in the left ventricle. The unusual catheter position seen in the first chest radiograph was confirmed by a second film following reinsertion of the catheter into the right ventricle. The importance of roentgenographic confirmation of temporary cardiac pacing catheters, especially those inserted without fluoroscopy, is reemphasized.", "PMID": 594558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4820", "title": "Environmental radioactivity in the Faroes in 1976.", "content": "Measurements of fall-out radioactivity in the Faroes in 1976 are presented. Strontium-90 (and 137Cs in most cases) was determined in regularly collected samples of precipitation, grass, milk, fish, sea water, bread, and drinking water. In addition, analyses were made of spot samples of lamb, sea birds, potatoes, sea plants, vegetables, eggs, and human bone. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in the Faroes in 1976.", "contents": "Environmental radioactivity in the Faroes in 1976. Measurements of fall-out radioactivity in the Faroes in 1976 are presented. Strontium-90 (and 137Cs in most cases) was determined in regularly collected samples of precipitation, grass, milk, fish, sea water, bread, and drinking water. In addition, analyses were made of spot samples of lamb, sea birds, potatoes, sea plants, vegetables, eggs, and human bone. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in the Faroes in 1976.", "PMID": 594581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4821", "title": "Environmental radioactivity in Greenland in 1976.", "content": "Measurements of fall-out radioactivity in Greenland in 1976 are reported. Strontium-90 (and Caesium-137 in most cases) was determined in samples of precipitation, sea water, vegetation, animals, and drinking water. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in Greenland in 1976.", "contents": "Environmental radioactivity in Greenland in 1976. Measurements of fall-out radioactivity in Greenland in 1976 are reported. Strontium-90 (and Caesium-137 in most cases) was determined in samples of precipitation, sea water, vegetation, animals, and drinking water. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in Greenland in 1976.", "PMID": 594582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4822", "title": "[Medical considerations in relation to quality control in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of quality control in Diagnostic Radiology needs several steps: (a) the examination of technical parameters, which have influence on picture quality, (b) the judgement of routine plain films, (c) the judgement of the reports, and (d) finally the judgement of the indication.", "contents": "[Medical considerations in relation to quality control in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. The introduction of quality control in Diagnostic Radiology needs several steps: (a) the examination of technical parameters, which have influence on picture quality, (b) the judgement of routine plain films, (c) the judgement of the reports, and (d) finally the judgement of the indication.", "PMID": 594583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4823", "title": "[The value of sialography (evaluation of 251 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Sialography is of value for showing opaque or nonopaque stones in the maxillary glands. Possible complications (inflammation, abscess and fistula) can also be shown. Acute and chronic inflammation and sialadenoses show typical pictures. The diagnosis of tumors is less certain, genignity or malignity cannot be determined.", "contents": "[The value of sialography (evaluation of 251 cases) (author's transl)]. Sialography is of value for showing opaque or nonopaque stones in the maxillary glands. Possible complications (inflammation, abscess and fistula) can also be shown. Acute and chronic inflammation and sialadenoses show typical pictures. The diagnosis of tumors is less certain, genignity or malignity cannot be determined.", "PMID": 594584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4824", "title": "[Selective spinal arteriography. Its bearing on diagnosis and therapy of spinal processes, particularly arteriovenous malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective spinal arteriogrpahy is a neuroradiologic technique not yet generally known. For the experienced examiner it is not more dangerous than cerebral catheter-angiography. It is most important for the diagnosis of spinal arteriovenous malformations. Here it is an essential examination even when myelography has already shown clear findings. In certain cases in can be used for therapy (artificial embolisation). In other spinal processes further experience will be needed.", "contents": "[Selective spinal arteriography. Its bearing on diagnosis and therapy of spinal processes, particularly arteriovenous malformations (author's transl)]. Selective spinal arteriogrpahy is a neuroradiologic technique not yet generally known. For the experienced examiner it is not more dangerous than cerebral catheter-angiography. It is most important for the diagnosis of spinal arteriovenous malformations. Here it is an essential examination even when myelography has already shown clear findings. In certain cases in can be used for therapy (artificial embolisation). In other spinal processes further experience will be needed.", "PMID": 594585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4825", "title": "[Complications with ossovenography and discography in the cervical area (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 3 cases of incidents or complications in discography and ossovenography. 1 patient developed reversible damage of the glossopharyngeal and recurrent nerve through hematoma following assovenography. Another patient developed aseptic discitis, the third infective discitis with parpharyngeal involvement. Pain and defects disappeared in all patients after treatment. Their causes are discussed. These rare complications do not represent contraindications considering the value of the diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "[Complications with ossovenography and discography in the cervical area (author's transl)]. Report on 3 cases of incidents or complications in discography and ossovenography. 1 patient developed reversible damage of the glossopharyngeal and recurrent nerve through hematoma following assovenography. Another patient developed aseptic discitis, the third infective discitis with parpharyngeal involvement. Pain and defects disappeared in all patients after treatment. Their causes are discussed. These rare complications do not represent contraindications considering the value of the diagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 594586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4826", "title": "[Automatic dose-rate control during linear tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on test grids, phantom-kidneys filled with contrast medium and a phantom skull in the case of linear tomography with various angles and constant, triangular or V shaped dose-rate function during tomograms showed that constant exposure over a certain angle of cut leads to minimum thickness. The V shaped distribution remains unregarded since it produces doublepictures. Radiographs exposed mainly in the middle projection give less contrast than those with constant dose rate and smaller planigraphic angles. Concentrating exposure on outer components leads to double pictures.", "contents": "[Automatic dose-rate control during linear tomography (author's transl)]. Investigations on test grids, phantom-kidneys filled with contrast medium and a phantom skull in the case of linear tomography with various angles and constant, triangular or V shaped dose-rate function during tomograms showed that constant exposure over a certain angle of cut leads to minimum thickness. The V shaped distribution remains unregarded since it produces doublepictures. Radiographs exposed mainly in the middle projection give less contrast than those with constant dose rate and smaller planigraphic angles. Concentrating exposure on outer components leads to double pictures.", "PMID": 594588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4827", "title": "Comparison of the practical diagnostic value of different tomographic movements.", "content": "The practical results of linear and circular tomography with angles of 6, 20, 30 and 45 degrees and spiral tomography were compared. The spiral proved to be suitable as a tomographic movement for different purposes. In zonography, circular movement with 6 degrees of deviation proved suitable. The linear movement presented no advantages when compared with the multidirectional movements.", "contents": "Comparison of the practical diagnostic value of different tomographic movements. The practical results of linear and circular tomography with angles of 6, 20, 30 and 45 degrees and spiral tomography were compared. The spiral proved to be suitable as a tomographic movement for different purposes. In zonography, circular movement with 6 degrees of deviation proved suitable. The linear movement presented no advantages when compared with the multidirectional movements.", "PMID": 594589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4828", "title": "[Micro-computerised x ray generator, its advantages in clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "The uses of the micro-processor are increasing in various fields. The micro-computer as part of an X ray generator has so many advantages for production, service, medical and economy, that it will soon be generally used. Experience with micro-computerised generators during 2.5 years routine use have been very positive. In productive total systems the experience has been the same.", "contents": "[Micro-computerised x ray generator, its advantages in clinical use (author's transl)]. The uses of the micro-processor are increasing in various fields. The micro-computer as part of an X ray generator has so many advantages for production, service, medical and economy, that it will soon be generally used. Experience with micro-computerised generators during 2.5 years routine use have been very positive. In productive total systems the experience has been the same.", "PMID": 594590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4829", "title": "Circadian variations of certain blood components currently investigated.", "content": "The circadian variations of serum components such as: cholesterol, LDH, GOT, alkaline phosphatase, proteins, bilirubin, ferrous ions and creatinine were investigated. Blood collection was made two times in 24 hrs.: 5-6 p.m. and 7-8 a.m. on the next day. The data obtained allowed the classification of the subjects into two groups: stable and variable. The most interesting observations were: evening decrease of cholesterol, evening increases of LDH with a tendency of intensification of the LDH5 fraction in the zymogram and evening decreases of ferrous ion.", "contents": "Circadian variations of certain blood components currently investigated. The circadian variations of serum components such as: cholesterol, LDH, GOT, alkaline phosphatase, proteins, bilirubin, ferrous ions and creatinine were investigated. Blood collection was made two times in 24 hrs.: 5-6 p.m. and 7-8 a.m. on the next day. The data obtained allowed the classification of the subjects into two groups: stable and variable. The most interesting observations were: evening decrease of cholesterol, evening increases of LDH with a tendency of intensification of the LDH5 fraction in the zymogram and evening decreases of ferrous ion.", "PMID": 594615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4830", "title": "RNA biosynthesis in lymphocytes from various chronic diseases (cytochemical, cytoautoradiographic, optic and electronic study).", "content": "In lymphocytes of patients with myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus high indices of uridin labelling were very often encountered, similar to those observed in evident malignant diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. The electron cytoautoradiographic investigations showed particularly that large sized nucleoli and even the giant ones are sometimes not the result of an RNA-hypersynthesis but of an RNA accumulation. The utility of such data for the therapy with immunodepressing drugs is discussed.", "contents": "RNA biosynthesis in lymphocytes from various chronic diseases (cytochemical, cytoautoradiographic, optic and electronic study). In lymphocytes of patients with myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus high indices of uridin labelling were very often encountered, similar to those observed in evident malignant diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. The electron cytoautoradiographic investigations showed particularly that large sized nucleoli and even the giant ones are sometimes not the result of an RNA-hypersynthesis but of an RNA accumulation. The utility of such data for the therapy with immunodepressing drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 594616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4831", "title": "Pathogenic role of intravascular coagulation in immune diseases.", "content": "The tests for the detection of intravascular coagulation and of secondary fibrinolysis performed in 79 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 30 patients with other collagenoses were positive in over 63% of the cases. A highly significant correlation was found between the presence of fibrinolytic degradation products (FDP) and the incidence of nephropathy and renal insufficiency, as well as between the presence of fibrin monomers (Godal's ethanol-gelification test) and the evolutive signs of the primary disease (fever, accelerated ESR).", "contents": "Pathogenic role of intravascular coagulation in immune diseases. The tests for the detection of intravascular coagulation and of secondary fibrinolysis performed in 79 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 30 patients with other collagenoses were positive in over 63% of the cases. A highly significant correlation was found between the presence of fibrinolytic degradation products (FDP) and the incidence of nephropathy and renal insufficiency, as well as between the presence of fibrin monomers (Godal's ethanol-gelification test) and the evolutive signs of the primary disease (fever, accelerated ESR).", "PMID": 594617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4832", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum gastrin in chronic digestive diseases with epigastric pain.", "content": "Basal and stimulated (after a standard meal) serum gastrin was determined by means of the radioimmunoassay method in 27 patients with epigastric pain that could not be diagnosed in the outpatient departement. An individual study of the patients with high (up to 300 pg/ml) basal and stimulated serum gastrin levels showed that most gastroduodenal diseases are situated within this range while levels of 500 pg/ml suggest Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test of serum gastrin stimulated with a standard protein-rich meal was proved more valuable than the basal one. Further investigations would be necessary to demonstrate the value of this test in the diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulcer, gastrites or gastric cancer.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum gastrin in chronic digestive diseases with epigastric pain. Basal and stimulated (after a standard meal) serum gastrin was determined by means of the radioimmunoassay method in 27 patients with epigastric pain that could not be diagnosed in the outpatient departement. An individual study of the patients with high (up to 300 pg/ml) basal and stimulated serum gastrin levels showed that most gastroduodenal diseases are situated within this range while levels of 500 pg/ml suggest Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test of serum gastrin stimulated with a standard protein-rich meal was proved more valuable than the basal one. Further investigations would be necessary to demonstrate the value of this test in the diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulcer, gastrites or gastric cancer.", "PMID": 594618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4833", "title": "Prevalence and patterns of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in acute viral hepatitis convalescents.", "content": "The 99th-percentile values of a large control group were used to determine the frequency and patterns of hyperimmunoglobulinemia (HIg) in 119 convalescents from viral hepatitis in whom Ig quantitation was performed on two occasions within 6 1/2 months after their acute episode. The mean levels of IgG, IgA and IgM, but not of IgD, were significantly higher in convalescents than in controls. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.1) in the overall frequency of HIg (at least one Ig-class value greater than or equal to 99th percentile of controls) between the initial (30.2%; n = 119) and repeat (20.6%; n = 97) samples, though differences in the distribution of HIg patterns occurred between the two samples. At the time of repeat testing, 7 out of 77 subjects with normo-Ig, but 13 out of 20 with HIg had clinical and/or laboratory abnormalities (p less than or equal to 0.001).", "contents": "Prevalence and patterns of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in acute viral hepatitis convalescents. The 99th-percentile values of a large control group were used to determine the frequency and patterns of hyperimmunoglobulinemia (HIg) in 119 convalescents from viral hepatitis in whom Ig quantitation was performed on two occasions within 6 1/2 months after their acute episode. The mean levels of IgG, IgA and IgM, but not of IgD, were significantly higher in convalescents than in controls. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.1) in the overall frequency of HIg (at least one Ig-class value greater than or equal to 99th percentile of controls) between the initial (30.2%; n = 119) and repeat (20.6%; n = 97) samples, though differences in the distribution of HIg patterns occurred between the two samples. At the time of repeat testing, 7 out of 77 subjects with normo-Ig, but 13 out of 20 with HIg had clinical and/or laboratory abnormalities (p less than or equal to 0.001).", "PMID": 594619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4834", "title": "Dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosol therapy in patients with chronic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosols were used for the management of 106 patients (33 men, 73 women) with bronchial asthma (mean age 32.7 years); 62 of the patients were steroid-dependent (maintenance dose 1 to 25 mg prednisone/day for 0.5 to 11 years) at the start of the study. A diary of symptoms (including consumption of antiasthmatic drugs) was kept; physical examination and measurement of pulmonary function (peak flow rate, forced expiratory volume in one second) were performed during a one-to-four week control period, as well as at various intervals (up to 14 months) after the start of corticosteroid aerosol therapy. Clinical subjective and objective improvement was accompanied by a significant increase in ventilatory function indices (e.g. the FEV1.0 rose from a control average of 55.5% of predicted to 72% after 4 weeks and 85% after 12 months). The antiasthmatic drug consumption decreased markedly. Administration of systemic steroids could be withdrawn in 49 of the 62 steroid-dependent patients (79%); in the remaining 13 the dose was only lowered. The side-effects were minor (hoarseness of the voice, oropharyngeal candidosis), and limited to a few cases. It is concluded that bronchial asthma can be successfully controlled in four fifths of the patients by very low doses of dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosols, with practically no systemic effects.", "contents": "Dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosol therapy in patients with chronic bronchial asthma. Dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosols were used for the management of 106 patients (33 men, 73 women) with bronchial asthma (mean age 32.7 years); 62 of the patients were steroid-dependent (maintenance dose 1 to 25 mg prednisone/day for 0.5 to 11 years) at the start of the study. A diary of symptoms (including consumption of antiasthmatic drugs) was kept; physical examination and measurement of pulmonary function (peak flow rate, forced expiratory volume in one second) were performed during a one-to-four week control period, as well as at various intervals (up to 14 months) after the start of corticosteroid aerosol therapy. Clinical subjective and objective improvement was accompanied by a significant increase in ventilatory function indices (e.g. the FEV1.0 rose from a control average of 55.5% of predicted to 72% after 4 weeks and 85% after 12 months). The antiasthmatic drug consumption decreased markedly. Administration of systemic steroids could be withdrawn in 49 of the 62 steroid-dependent patients (79%); in the remaining 13 the dose was only lowered. The side-effects were minor (hoarseness of the voice, oropharyngeal candidosis), and limited to a few cases. It is concluded that bronchial asthma can be successfully controlled in four fifths of the patients by very low doses of dexamethasone isonicotinate aerosols, with practically no systemic effects.", "PMID": 594620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4835", "title": "Study of serum intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in correlation with the ABO blood group system and secretory status in ulcer patients.", "content": "Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) electrophoretic phenotype and the level of its activity inhibited by l-phenylalanine 5 mM (the stereospecific inhibitor of the intestinal AP isoenzyme) were investigated in 312 subjects (132 healthy controls, 89 patients with duodenal ulcer, 31 with gastric ulcer and 60 family members of the duodenal ulcer patients) in correlation with the ABO blood group system and secretory status. In the control subjects, those with A(II) blood group showed a predominance of the p degrees electrophoretic phenotype while phenotypes p+ and p++ were more frequent in the controls with O(I) and B(III) blood groups and in the secretory ones. In the patients with duodenal ulcer and their family members the frequency of phenotypes p+ and p+ was significantly higher than in the controls. The same distribution of frequencies was observed for the level of AP activity inhibited by l-phenylalanine. The results obtained are discussed in the light of a possible genetic linkage.", "contents": "Study of serum intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in correlation with the ABO blood group system and secretory status in ulcer patients. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) electrophoretic phenotype and the level of its activity inhibited by l-phenylalanine 5 mM (the stereospecific inhibitor of the intestinal AP isoenzyme) were investigated in 312 subjects (132 healthy controls, 89 patients with duodenal ulcer, 31 with gastric ulcer and 60 family members of the duodenal ulcer patients) in correlation with the ABO blood group system and secretory status. In the control subjects, those with A(II) blood group showed a predominance of the p degrees electrophoretic phenotype while phenotypes p+ and p++ were more frequent in the controls with O(I) and B(III) blood groups and in the secretory ones. In the patients with duodenal ulcer and their family members the frequency of phenotypes p+ and p+ was significantly higher than in the controls. The same distribution of frequencies was observed for the level of AP activity inhibited by l-phenylalanine. The results obtained are discussed in the light of a possible genetic linkage.", "PMID": 594622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4836", "title": "Blood histamine level in bovine leukemias.", "content": "Based on previous observations showing that in human chronic myelocytic leukemias blood histamine is about 50-100 times the normal level, this substance was studied in the blood of cows with chronic lymphocytic leukemias. The blood histamine level was found normal, thus confirming the assumption that a very high blood histamine level is specific for chronic myelocytic leukemia, in which it is a sure diagnostic element.", "contents": "Blood histamine level in bovine leukemias. Based on previous observations showing that in human chronic myelocytic leukemias blood histamine is about 50-100 times the normal level, this substance was studied in the blood of cows with chronic lymphocytic leukemias. The blood histamine level was found normal, thus confirming the assumption that a very high blood histamine level is specific for chronic myelocytic leukemia, in which it is a sure diagnostic element.", "PMID": 594623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4837", "title": "Aortic intimal thickenings in tortoises.", "content": "The aorta and coronary arteries of two tortoise species, Testudo graeca ibera and Emys orbicularis are investigated. The elastic aorta of the first species showed minimal focal intimal thickenings while the muscular aorta of the second presented marked diffuse hyperplasia narrowing the caliber of the vessel. The author discusses this striking finding of the aortic structural differences between the two species investigated as well as the significance of such lesions for atherosclerosis development.", "contents": "Aortic intimal thickenings in tortoises. The aorta and coronary arteries of two tortoise species, Testudo graeca ibera and Emys orbicularis are investigated. The elastic aorta of the first species showed minimal focal intimal thickenings while the muscular aorta of the second presented marked diffuse hyperplasia narrowing the caliber of the vessel. The author discusses this striking finding of the aortic structural differences between the two species investigated as well as the significance of such lesions for atherosclerosis development.", "PMID": 594625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4838", "title": "Effect of propranolol on experimental periinfarction block and myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The effects of propranolol on periinfarction block, myocardial ischemic injury and left ventricular performance following anterior descending coronary artery occlusion were studied. Experiments were made in 14 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Two minutes of reversible myocardial ischemia was induced by occlusion of descending left coronary artery. The severity of myocardial ischemia estimated by summing S-T segment elevation (sigma ST) from epicardial ECG mapping, heart rate, femoral arterial pressure and left ventricular (LV) dp/dt was determined before, during coronary occlusion alone and following propranolol infusion (0.25 mg/Kg) and coronary occlusion. Periinfarction block aspects on epicardial ECG appeared in four dogs following five repeated coronary occlusions. Propranolol infusion before coronary occlusion prevented the periinfarction block in every animal. The decrease of myocardial ischemia (sigma ST elevation), heart rate, arterial blood pressure and LV dp/dt following propranolol and coronary occlusion might be partly due to the beneficial effect of this drug on periinfarction block.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on experimental periinfarction block and myocardial ischemia. The effects of propranolol on periinfarction block, myocardial ischemic injury and left ventricular performance following anterior descending coronary artery occlusion were studied. Experiments were made in 14 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Two minutes of reversible myocardial ischemia was induced by occlusion of descending left coronary artery. The severity of myocardial ischemia estimated by summing S-T segment elevation (sigma ST) from epicardial ECG mapping, heart rate, femoral arterial pressure and left ventricular (LV) dp/dt was determined before, during coronary occlusion alone and following propranolol infusion (0.25 mg/Kg) and coronary occlusion. Periinfarction block aspects on epicardial ECG appeared in four dogs following five repeated coronary occlusions. Propranolol infusion before coronary occlusion prevented the periinfarction block in every animal. The decrease of myocardial ischemia (sigma ST elevation), heart rate, arterial blood pressure and LV dp/dt following propranolol and coronary occlusion might be partly due to the beneficial effect of this drug on periinfarction block.", "PMID": 594624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4839", "title": "Attitude changes following speechreading training.", "content": "Twelve hearing impaired adults were enrolled in intensive speechreading training classes following formal audiologic evaluation. They were given a video taped test of speechreading skill before and after twelve weeks (18 hours) of training. They were also given a post-treatment experimental questionnaire which asked for their opinions in the general areas of class procedures, communicative ability, feelings about the group and other related topics. The responses on the questionnaire were examined with regard to each individual's opinion, the total group feelings and the results of the speechreading test. It was found that although the speechreading test scores showed no significant pre- and post-treatment differences, the responses on the experimental questionnaire were generally positive. It was felt that this questionnaire may well be a useful tool as part of the evaluation of one's total communicative ability. Moreover, it was felt that the group experiences provided significant insights into hearing impairment and hearing handicap. The participants took on a more assertive approach to their communication difficulty. They tended to accept their handicap, had a greater understanding of the limitations and were able to offer suggestions to others so that they could understand more in various person-to-person social-communication situations.", "contents": "Attitude changes following speechreading training. Twelve hearing impaired adults were enrolled in intensive speechreading training classes following formal audiologic evaluation. They were given a video taped test of speechreading skill before and after twelve weeks (18 hours) of training. They were also given a post-treatment experimental questionnaire which asked for their opinions in the general areas of class procedures, communicative ability, feelings about the group and other related topics. The responses on the questionnaire were examined with regard to each individual's opinion, the total group feelings and the results of the speechreading test. It was found that although the speechreading test scores showed no significant pre- and post-treatment differences, the responses on the experimental questionnaire were generally positive. It was felt that this questionnaire may well be a useful tool as part of the evaluation of one's total communicative ability. Moreover, it was felt that the group experiences provided significant insights into hearing impairment and hearing handicap. The participants took on a more assertive approach to their communication difficulty. They tended to accept their handicap, had a greater understanding of the limitations and were able to offer suggestions to others so that they could understand more in various person-to-person social-communication situations.", "PMID": 594632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4840", "title": "Circadian variations of ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the testis of intact and pinealectomized rats.", "content": "The circadian variations of the testicular ascorbic acid and testicular cholesterol in the intact and pinealectomized rat were followed up. The results show that in both lots there are diurnal variations of these biochemical indices. Pinealectomy does not alter the values curve as concerns the testicular ascorbic acid but causes a reversal in the testicular cholesterol curve especially during the darkness period (the intact rat has an increased value of 2400 hrs whereas the pinealectomized one has the lowest value for the same hour).", "contents": "Circadian variations of ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the testis of intact and pinealectomized rats. The circadian variations of the testicular ascorbic acid and testicular cholesterol in the intact and pinealectomized rat were followed up. The results show that in both lots there are diurnal variations of these biochemical indices. Pinealectomy does not alter the values curve as concerns the testicular ascorbic acid but causes a reversal in the testicular cholesterol curve especially during the darkness period (the intact rat has an increased value of 2400 hrs whereas the pinealectomized one has the lowest value for the same hour).", "PMID": 594627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4841", "title": "The radioimmunological measurement of thyroglobulin secretion in vitro under the influence of some herbicides.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique of human thyroglobulin (Tgl) was developed using 125I-Tgl and a rabbit anti-Tgl serum at the initial dilution of 1:100,000. The sensitivity of the technique was of 2.5 ng/ml. The RIA of Tgl was applied as a screening test for the in vitro secretory activity of human thyroid cells under the influence of two herbicides of the heterocyclic group (Amitrol and Atrazin). Three levels of concentration of Amitrol and Atrazin were administered to the tissue culture tubes containing in the first series of experiments perinodular tissue (Typ), and in the second one nodular tissue (TyN). The thyroid gland was surgically obtained from a patient with the diagnosis of polynodular goiter. Only the high levels (10 mg and 1.0 mg/tube, respectively) of herbicide concentration inhibited the secretion and release of Tgl, the nodular tissue being more resistant to the toxic. However, parallel studies including the dosage of the active hormones (T3, T4) are necessary in order to appreciate the value of Tgl determination as an indicator of hormogenesis in this type of experiments.", "contents": "The radioimmunological measurement of thyroglobulin secretion in vitro under the influence of some herbicides. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique of human thyroglobulin (Tgl) was developed using 125I-Tgl and a rabbit anti-Tgl serum at the initial dilution of 1:100,000. The sensitivity of the technique was of 2.5 ng/ml. The RIA of Tgl was applied as a screening test for the in vitro secretory activity of human thyroid cells under the influence of two herbicides of the heterocyclic group (Amitrol and Atrazin). Three levels of concentration of Amitrol and Atrazin were administered to the tissue culture tubes containing in the first series of experiments perinodular tissue (Typ), and in the second one nodular tissue (TyN). The thyroid gland was surgically obtained from a patient with the diagnosis of polynodular goiter. Only the high levels (10 mg and 1.0 mg/tube, respectively) of herbicide concentration inhibited the secretion and release of Tgl, the nodular tissue being more resistant to the toxic. However, parallel studies including the dosage of the active hormones (T3, T4) are necessary in order to appreciate the value of Tgl determination as an indicator of hormogenesis in this type of experiments.", "PMID": 594626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4842", "title": "An approach to calculating gain requirements for severely deaf children as a function of hearing loss which is independent of frequency response.", "content": "In an attempt to provide optimum listening conditions for hearing aid wearers a number of gain formulae have recently appeared in the literature. Required gains have invariably been measured at 1 kHz and expressed as a function of hearing loss. Recent research has shown that for children suffering from severe and profound deafness the 1 kHz required gain is highly dependent upon the low frequency response characteristic of the hearing aid. The present study proposes that the use of a 0.25 kHz gain formula would be advantageous with such children as it appears to be independent of the frequency response characteristic of the hearing aid.", "contents": "An approach to calculating gain requirements for severely deaf children as a function of hearing loss which is independent of frequency response. In an attempt to provide optimum listening conditions for hearing aid wearers a number of gain formulae have recently appeared in the literature. Required gains have invariably been measured at 1 kHz and expressed as a function of hearing loss. Recent research has shown that for children suffering from severe and profound deafness the 1 kHz required gain is highly dependent upon the low frequency response characteristic of the hearing aid. The present study proposes that the use of a 0.25 kHz gain formula would be advantageous with such children as it appears to be independent of the frequency response characteristic of the hearing aid.", "PMID": 594633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4843", "title": "The action of chlorpromazine upon the serum and hypophyseal levels of prolactin and TSH in the pinealectomized male rat.", "content": "The action of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a single dose of 1.0 mg (0.2 ml) upon the serum and hypophyseal levels of prolactin and TSH was investigated in sham-operated (Sh-O) and pinealectomized (Px) male rats. Fourteen days after surgery the animals received 0.2 ml of CPZ or 0.2 ml of isotonic natrium chloride solution and were killed one hour after. The following data were obtained: a) CPZ released pituitary prolactin in both Sh-O and Px groups; b) The TSH circulating levels were increased in the Px group receiving CPZ (p less than 0.01); however, the same sense of variation was observed also in the Sh-O group. The results are suggesting the lack of intervention of the pineal in the mechanism of action of CPZ on the pituitary hormones with or without target gland.", "contents": "The action of chlorpromazine upon the serum and hypophyseal levels of prolactin and TSH in the pinealectomized male rat. The action of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a single dose of 1.0 mg (0.2 ml) upon the serum and hypophyseal levels of prolactin and TSH was investigated in sham-operated (Sh-O) and pinealectomized (Px) male rats. Fourteen days after surgery the animals received 0.2 ml of CPZ or 0.2 ml of isotonic natrium chloride solution and were killed one hour after. The following data were obtained: a) CPZ released pituitary prolactin in both Sh-O and Px groups; b) The TSH circulating levels were increased in the Px group receiving CPZ (p less than 0.01); however, the same sense of variation was observed also in the Sh-O group. The results are suggesting the lack of intervention of the pineal in the mechanism of action of CPZ on the pituitary hormones with or without target gland.", "PMID": 594628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4844", "title": "Frequency following auditory brain stem responses in man.", "content": "The most interesting electrode positions for recording the FFR are the Vertex and the mastoid. The response is greatest at the Vertex. At the mastoid it comes earlier and probably in a different phase. As a combined result of these relations the responses are in opposite phase with a 500 Hz stimulus, and at 400 Hz they are in-phase. The Vertex-derived response is contaminated by the Jewett waves and at the mastoid there is in addition a CM-like activity. In order to simplify the interpretation we recommend use of the Vertex only as active electrode position, with reference electrodes on the neck, which is largely neutral. A very effective stimulus is a 500 Hz tone-burst with rise-fall times of 2 msec and a plateau of 6 msec. Shorter stimuli yield a smaller response, and with longer stimulus duration, adaption becomes a problem. The Jewett wave contamination can be eliminated by means of recording the response twice with opposite stimulus polarity and subtracting the two from each other.", "contents": "Frequency following auditory brain stem responses in man. The most interesting electrode positions for recording the FFR are the Vertex and the mastoid. The response is greatest at the Vertex. At the mastoid it comes earlier and probably in a different phase. As a combined result of these relations the responses are in opposite phase with a 500 Hz stimulus, and at 400 Hz they are in-phase. The Vertex-derived response is contaminated by the Jewett waves and at the mastoid there is in addition a CM-like activity. In order to simplify the interpretation we recommend use of the Vertex only as active electrode position, with reference electrodes on the neck, which is largely neutral. A very effective stimulus is a 500 Hz tone-burst with rise-fall times of 2 msec and a plateau of 6 msec. Shorter stimuli yield a smaller response, and with longer stimulus duration, adaption becomes a problem. The Jewett wave contamination can be eliminated by means of recording the response twice with opposite stimulus polarity and subtracting the two from each other.", "PMID": 594634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4845", "title": "The effect of partial or total medial hypothalamic isolations on lipid metabolism in rats.", "content": "Medial hypothalamic isolation in the rat occurring under free food acces or after 24 hours starvation determines a significant increase in serum lipemia, serum esterified fatty acids and carcass fat. A significant rise in carcass fat was evident in rats made hyperphagic by medial hypothalamus isolation and maintained on limited food intake. It has been concluded that the VMH nuclei are involved in the control of the lipid metabolism primarily through the inhibitory effect exerted on the lateral hypothalamic parasympathetic area.", "contents": "The effect of partial or total medial hypothalamic isolations on lipid metabolism in rats. Medial hypothalamic isolation in the rat occurring under free food acces or after 24 hours starvation determines a significant increase in serum lipemia, serum esterified fatty acids and carcass fat. A significant rise in carcass fat was evident in rats made hyperphagic by medial hypothalamus isolation and maintained on limited food intake. It has been concluded that the VMH nuclei are involved in the control of the lipid metabolism primarily through the inhibitory effect exerted on the lateral hypothalamic parasympathetic area.", "PMID": 594629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4846", "title": "Electrocochleographic response patterns in a group of patients mainly with presbyacusis.", "content": "The latency, amplitude and wave-form of the action potential were studied in a group of patients, mainly presbyacusics and a few with noise-induced hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology and conductive loss. Electrocochleographic recruitment with short latency of the AP \"threshold\" and very rapid increase in amplitude with increasing click intensity was seen in 22%. Partial recruitment with long latency at AP \"threshold\" but steep amplitude-intensity curves was present in 33%. Only 17% of the subjects showed both electrocpchleographic recruitment (or partial recruitment) and recruitment in the acoustic reflex test. Subjects with conductive loss had normal amplitude and latency intensity curves but they were shifted to the right. The action potential wave-form was normal. Broad action potentials with multiple peaks were the most common in sensorineural hearing loss.", "contents": "Electrocochleographic response patterns in a group of patients mainly with presbyacusis. The latency, amplitude and wave-form of the action potential were studied in a group of patients, mainly presbyacusics and a few with noise-induced hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology and conductive loss. Electrocochleographic recruitment with short latency of the AP \"threshold\" and very rapid increase in amplitude with increasing click intensity was seen in 22%. Partial recruitment with long latency at AP \"threshold\" but steep amplitude-intensity curves was present in 33%. Only 17% of the subjects showed both electrocpchleographic recruitment (or partial recruitment) and recruitment in the acoustic reflex test. Subjects with conductive loss had normal amplitude and latency intensity curves but they were shifted to the right. The action potential wave-form was normal. Broad action potentials with multiple peaks were the most common in sensorineural hearing loss.", "PMID": 594635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4847", "title": "Release of growth hormone, prolactin, LH, FSH and IRI in serum through orally administered 1-proline in high dosage.", "content": "Orally given 1-proline in high dosage (500 mg/kg b.w.) resulted in growth hormone (GH) release in 9 healthy, sexually immature children investigated (5 boys and 4 girls). A slight, unsignificant decrease of the mean prolactin level was also noted. Serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in serum were not influenced. The possible use of proline loading in high dosage for the detection of GH deficiency especially in small children and in infants is suggested.", "contents": "Release of growth hormone, prolactin, LH, FSH and IRI in serum through orally administered 1-proline in high dosage. Orally given 1-proline in high dosage (500 mg/kg b.w.) resulted in growth hormone (GH) release in 9 healthy, sexually immature children investigated (5 boys and 4 girls). A slight, unsignificant decrease of the mean prolactin level was also noted. Serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in serum were not influenced. The possible use of proline loading in high dosage for the detection of GH deficiency especially in small children and in infants is suggested.", "PMID": 594630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4848", "title": "The frequency selectivity of the 500 HZ frequency following response.", "content": "In order to evaluate the frequency selectivity of the 500 Hz FFR we applied narrow-band masking at closely spaced center frequencies in the range 0.25 to 4 kHZ. The results show clearly that it is the apical part of the cochlea that generates the 500 Hz FFR, but the area of the basilar membrane that contributes is rather broad. It was evident that some of the masking effect that was observed in the Vertex-derived response stemmed from as yet obsure brain stem mechanisms. Examination of 3 patients with selected types of hearing impairment confirmed the masking results. When there is a low frequency loss there will still be a 500 Hz FFR and the same is true when the loss is in the medium to high frequencies. It is possible that precise determination of the latency to single waves in the response may allow a more exact prediction with regard to which location on the basilar membrane generates the response in the individual patient.", "contents": "The frequency selectivity of the 500 HZ frequency following response. In order to evaluate the frequency selectivity of the 500 Hz FFR we applied narrow-band masking at closely spaced center frequencies in the range 0.25 to 4 kHZ. The results show clearly that it is the apical part of the cochlea that generates the 500 Hz FFR, but the area of the basilar membrane that contributes is rather broad. It was evident that some of the masking effect that was observed in the Vertex-derived response stemmed from as yet obsure brain stem mechanisms. Examination of 3 patients with selected types of hearing impairment confirmed the masking results. When there is a low frequency loss there will still be a 500 Hz FFR and the same is true when the loss is in the medium to high frequencies. It is possible that precise determination of the latency to single waves in the response may allow a more exact prediction with regard to which location on the basilar membrane generates the response in the individual patient.", "PMID": 594636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4849", "title": "Association of autonomous thyroid adenoma with chronic thyroiditis.", "content": "Coexistence of an autonomous thyroid adenoma (ATA) with chronic thyroiditis suggests a complex pathogeny pointing to the autonomous character of the nodule and to the presence of immunitary disorders. The rarity of this association and the paucity of data prompted us to present 4 cases of a series of 71 thyroidectomized ATA cases. The rarity of ATA associated with chronic thyroiditis, accumulation of radioiodine under the conditions of euthyroidism only at the adenoma level as well as the possibility for the disease to occur in hypopituitarism, all support the hypothesis of an initial thyreotropic deficiency, with subsequent hyperplasia \"of necessity\". Later on there is an autonomous hyperfunction increasing pituitary depression, with total extinction of the thyroid tissue outside the adenoma. When the two lesions are associated, we consider that initially there was the TSH-dependent thyroiditis that developed during which, by accidental depression of TSH secretion a local hyperplasia occurs which later becomes autonomous.", "contents": "Association of autonomous thyroid adenoma with chronic thyroiditis. Coexistence of an autonomous thyroid adenoma (ATA) with chronic thyroiditis suggests a complex pathogeny pointing to the autonomous character of the nodule and to the presence of immunitary disorders. The rarity of this association and the paucity of data prompted us to present 4 cases of a series of 71 thyroidectomized ATA cases. The rarity of ATA associated with chronic thyroiditis, accumulation of radioiodine under the conditions of euthyroidism only at the adenoma level as well as the possibility for the disease to occur in hypopituitarism, all support the hypothesis of an initial thyreotropic deficiency, with subsequent hyperplasia \"of necessity\". Later on there is an autonomous hyperfunction increasing pituitary depression, with total extinction of the thyroid tissue outside the adenoma. When the two lesions are associated, we consider that initially there was the TSH-dependent thyroiditis that developed during which, by accidental depression of TSH secretion a local hyperplasia occurs which later becomes autonomous.", "PMID": 594631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4850", "title": "Adenine metabolism in man. 1. After intravenous and peroral administration.", "content": "The basal plasma concentration of adenine and its renal excretion was studied in two men. For its analysis partly new chromatographic techniques were developed. The plasma concentration varied around 70 nmol/l; the renal excretion rate was, as reported earlier by other investigators, around 10 nmol/min. Loadings, intravenously during about 3 h and orally, both with about 30 nmol adenine per kg body mass revealed that most of the adenine was metabolized to nucleotide form. In the experiments with intravenous administration of adenine only about 2% of the given dose appeared in the urine as adenine and somewhat less as the easily precipitable metabolite 2,8-dihydroxyadenine. In the peroral loads, with higher plasma adenine concentrations, the ratios of the renally excreted two compounds were one to a few per cent higher.", "contents": "Adenine metabolism in man. 1. After intravenous and peroral administration. The basal plasma concentration of adenine and its renal excretion was studied in two men. For its analysis partly new chromatographic techniques were developed. The plasma concentration varied around 70 nmol/l; the renal excretion rate was, as reported earlier by other investigators, around 10 nmol/min. Loadings, intravenously during about 3 h and orally, both with about 30 nmol adenine per kg body mass revealed that most of the adenine was metabolized to nucleotide form. In the experiments with intravenous administration of adenine only about 2% of the given dose appeared in the urine as adenine and somewhat less as the easily precipitable metabolite 2,8-dihydroxyadenine. In the peroral loads, with higher plasma adenine concentrations, the ratios of the renally excreted two compounds were one to a few per cent higher.", "PMID": 594638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4851", "title": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins during abstinence after heavy alcohol consumption in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Serum lipids, liver function tests and liver histology were studied during a withdrawal period in sixty-one male chronic alcoholics with a well-documented earlier clinical history. In these alcoholics with a mean daily ethanol consumption of 340 g during the d\u00e9bauche, the FFA were initially high and decreased during the first week, concomitantly with an increase in serum triglycerides. 38% of the patients had a type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia with elevated serum triglycerides still after 17 days of abstinence. 51% were normolipidaemic at that time. The cholesterol content in the alpha-lipoproteins were initially elevated and normalized during the first week of abstinence. No relationships were observed between serum lipids and liver function tests or degree of liver steatosis or alcohol consumption. The present findings stress the importance of stating the duration of abstinence in studies of biochemical changes after withdrawal.", "contents": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins during abstinence after heavy alcohol consumption in chronic alcoholics. Serum lipids, liver function tests and liver histology were studied during a withdrawal period in sixty-one male chronic alcoholics with a well-documented earlier clinical history. In these alcoholics with a mean daily ethanol consumption of 340 g during the d\u00e9bauche, the FFA were initially high and decreased during the first week, concomitantly with an increase in serum triglycerides. 38% of the patients had a type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia with elevated serum triglycerides still after 17 days of abstinence. 51% were normolipidaemic at that time. The cholesterol content in the alpha-lipoproteins were initially elevated and normalized during the first week of abstinence. No relationships were observed between serum lipids and liver function tests or degree of liver steatosis or alcohol consumption. The present findings stress the importance of stating the duration of abstinence in studies of biochemical changes after withdrawal.", "PMID": 594639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4852", "title": "Fetomaternal relationships of serum bile acids in uncomplicated pregnancy.", "content": "Simultaneous umbilical cord arterial, cord venous, and maternal peripheral venous blood samples were collected in labour in twenty-five uncomplicated human pregnancies at term, and the concentrations of serum bile acids were determined by a gas chromatographic method. Cholic acid (C) predominated in the maternal and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) in the fetal serum samples; the mean ratios of C to CD were 1.50 and 0.92, respectively. Mean concentrations of C and CD were significantly higher in the cord venous (1.27 and 1.55 mumol/l, respectively) than in the maternal venous (0.81 and 0.63 mumol/l, respectively) serum samples. Paired cord arteriovenous comparisons showed that concentrations of C and CD were slightly higher in the cord arterial as compared with the cord venous serum. These results indicate that the placenta is capable to maintain a considerable concentration difference of bile salt between the fetal and maternal compartment. It seems on the basis of cord arteriovenous differences that C and CD are to some extent eliminated from the fetal to the maternal compartment by transplacental passage.", "contents": "Fetomaternal relationships of serum bile acids in uncomplicated pregnancy. Simultaneous umbilical cord arterial, cord venous, and maternal peripheral venous blood samples were collected in labour in twenty-five uncomplicated human pregnancies at term, and the concentrations of serum bile acids were determined by a gas chromatographic method. Cholic acid (C) predominated in the maternal and chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) in the fetal serum samples; the mean ratios of C to CD were 1.50 and 0.92, respectively. Mean concentrations of C and CD were significantly higher in the cord venous (1.27 and 1.55 mumol/l, respectively) than in the maternal venous (0.81 and 0.63 mumol/l, respectively) serum samples. Paired cord arteriovenous comparisons showed that concentrations of C and CD were slightly higher in the cord arterial as compared with the cord venous serum. These results indicate that the placenta is capable to maintain a considerable concentration difference of bile salt between the fetal and maternal compartment. It seems on the basis of cord arteriovenous differences that C and CD are to some extent eliminated from the fetal to the maternal compartment by transplacental passage.", "PMID": 594640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4853", "title": "Effect of heparin on the substrate utilization during prolonged exercise.", "content": "Leg and splanchnic exchange of free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose was determined during 90 min bicycle exercise after heparin administration in six healthy male volunteers, and the results compared to those obtained previously under identical exercise conditions without the administration of heparin. Heparin elicited a marked elevation of plasma FFA at rest but the exercise values were not higher than during exercise without prior heparin administration. The FFA uptake in the exercising legs was, however, augmented after heparin due to an increase in the fractional leg uptake. Leg glucose uptake and splanchnic glucose production during exercise were not affected by heparin administration. It is concluded that inhibition of glucose uptake by FFA is of minor importance in the regulation of muscle substrate utilization during exercise in man.", "contents": "Effect of heparin on the substrate utilization during prolonged exercise. Leg and splanchnic exchange of free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose was determined during 90 min bicycle exercise after heparin administration in six healthy male volunteers, and the results compared to those obtained previously under identical exercise conditions without the administration of heparin. Heparin elicited a marked elevation of plasma FFA at rest but the exercise values were not higher than during exercise without prior heparin administration. The FFA uptake in the exercising legs was, however, augmented after heparin due to an increase in the fractional leg uptake. Leg glucose uptake and splanchnic glucose production during exercise were not affected by heparin administration. It is concluded that inhibition of glucose uptake by FFA is of minor importance in the regulation of muscle substrate utilization during exercise in man.", "PMID": 594642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4854", "title": "Renal blood flow in cirrhosis: relation to systemic and portal haemodynamics and liver function.", "content": "The RBF was measured by means of the 133Xe washout method in seventy patients with cirrhosis. The average RBF in controls was 3.72 ml/g-min compared with 2.34 in the patients without ascites, 1.82 in the decompensated patients, 1.47 in the patients with azotaemia and 1.13 in the patients with additional oliguria. The RBF was not significantly correlated to changes in the systemic or portal haemodynamics. Likewise it was not correlated to any biochemical test of liver function except the serum albumin concentration (P less than 0.01). From the present results it can be concluded that a reduction in RBF in cirrhosis frequently is present before sodium and water retention is clinically evident and before laboratory proof of impairment of renal function, and that a subnormal serum albumin concentration may be a factor among several leading to renal hypoperfusion in cirrhosis.", "contents": "Renal blood flow in cirrhosis: relation to systemic and portal haemodynamics and liver function. The RBF was measured by means of the 133Xe washout method in seventy patients with cirrhosis. The average RBF in controls was 3.72 ml/g-min compared with 2.34 in the patients without ascites, 1.82 in the decompensated patients, 1.47 in the patients with azotaemia and 1.13 in the patients with additional oliguria. The RBF was not significantly correlated to changes in the systemic or portal haemodynamics. Likewise it was not correlated to any biochemical test of liver function except the serum albumin concentration (P less than 0.01). From the present results it can be concluded that a reduction in RBF in cirrhosis frequently is present before sodium and water retention is clinically evident and before laboratory proof of impairment of renal function, and that a subnormal serum albumin concentration may be a factor among several leading to renal hypoperfusion in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 594643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4855", "title": "Increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb), i.e. the fraction of intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, was determined from the disappearance of intravenously injected 125I-labelled human serum albumin during the first 60 min after injection in nine patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Six of the patients had ascites. The wedged hepatic venous pressure or splenic pulp pressure ranged from 20 to 30 mmHg, mean 26 mmHg. Plasma albumin concentration was low, but plasma volume was slightly enlarged, and thus the intravascular mass of albumin was only moderately reduced. The transcapillary escape rate of albumin was significantly elevated in all the cirrhotics, mean 10.2%/h, range 8.8 to 12.3%/h, in comparison to values for twenty-eight normal subjects 5.4%/h, range 3.5-7.2%/h. Our results can best be explained by increased filtration out of the vessels in the portal system, due to the increased portal venous pressure. The increased TERalb probably contributes to the formation of oedema and ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb), i.e. the fraction of intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, was determined from the disappearance of intravenously injected 125I-labelled human serum albumin during the first 60 min after injection in nine patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Six of the patients had ascites. The wedged hepatic venous pressure or splenic pulp pressure ranged from 20 to 30 mmHg, mean 26 mmHg. Plasma albumin concentration was low, but plasma volume was slightly enlarged, and thus the intravascular mass of albumin was only moderately reduced. The transcapillary escape rate of albumin was significantly elevated in all the cirrhotics, mean 10.2%/h, range 8.8 to 12.3%/h, in comparison to values for twenty-eight normal subjects 5.4%/h, range 3.5-7.2%/h. Our results can best be explained by increased filtration out of the vessels in the portal system, due to the increased portal venous pressure. The increased TERalb probably contributes to the formation of oedema and ascitic fluid.", "PMID": 594644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4856", "title": "Skin perfusion pressure measured as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout. Methodological considerations and normal values on the legs.", "content": "The skin perfusion pressure was measured as the external pressure required to stop blood flow, as evidenced by cessation of the washout of an intracutaneous depot of [131I-]antipyrine mixed with histamine. The external pressure on the skin was measured by an 11 x 11 cm slack air-filled plastic cushion connected to a mercury manometer and interposed between the labelled area and a blood pressure cuff. The 'flow cessation external pressure' (FCEP) varied parallel to the intra-arterial femoral mean blood pressure, but was on the average 10.8 mmHg (SD 6.4) lower. FCEP was measured on twenty normal subjects at four different segments of the leg. The average differences between auscultatory brachial mean blood pressure and FCEP were: thigh 12.0 mmHg (SD 7.6); calf 10.4 mmHg (SD 7.4); ankle 12.9 mmHG (SD 10.1); foot 20.2 mmHg (SD 12.1). The SD of the difference between measurements on two different days, performed in forty-four patients with different degrees of occlusive arterial disease, varied between 5.6 and 8.3 mmHg at the different levels. The present data indicate that the skin perfusion pressure on the legs in normal subjects lies approximately 10 mmHg lower than the systemic mean arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "Skin perfusion pressure measured as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout. Methodological considerations and normal values on the legs. The skin perfusion pressure was measured as the external pressure required to stop blood flow, as evidenced by cessation of the washout of an intracutaneous depot of [131I-]antipyrine mixed with histamine. The external pressure on the skin was measured by an 11 x 11 cm slack air-filled plastic cushion connected to a mercury manometer and interposed between the labelled area and a blood pressure cuff. The 'flow cessation external pressure' (FCEP) varied parallel to the intra-arterial femoral mean blood pressure, but was on the average 10.8 mmHg (SD 6.4) lower. FCEP was measured on twenty normal subjects at four different segments of the leg. The average differences between auscultatory brachial mean blood pressure and FCEP were: thigh 12.0 mmHg (SD 7.6); calf 10.4 mmHg (SD 7.4); ankle 12.9 mmHG (SD 10.1); foot 20.2 mmHg (SD 12.1). The SD of the difference between measurements on two different days, performed in forty-four patients with different degrees of occlusive arterial disease, varied between 5.6 and 8.3 mmHg at the different levels. The present data indicate that the skin perfusion pressure on the legs in normal subjects lies approximately 10 mmHg lower than the systemic mean arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 594645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4857", "title": "Lateral-hole catheters compared with shielded-hole catheter systems in oesophageal manometry.", "content": "Water-filled catheters with lateral holes in the distal ends are frequently used in oesophageal manometry. However, the outward position of the recording holes makes mucosal interference a possible risk. A pilot study of oesophageal manometry was performed in five healthy volunteers comparing a conventional lateral-hole catheter with the orifices directed to the centre of the catheter bundle, protected from the mucosa. The centre-hole catheter curves showed a lower resting pressure in the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) showed a lower resting pressure in the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) and a more rapid decline of the UOS peristaltic wave. The motility curves of the oesophageal body were identical with both catheters.", "contents": "Lateral-hole catheters compared with shielded-hole catheter systems in oesophageal manometry. Water-filled catheters with lateral holes in the distal ends are frequently used in oesophageal manometry. However, the outward position of the recording holes makes mucosal interference a possible risk. A pilot study of oesophageal manometry was performed in five healthy volunteers comparing a conventional lateral-hole catheter with the orifices directed to the centre of the catheter bundle, protected from the mucosa. The centre-hole catheter curves showed a lower resting pressure in the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) showed a lower resting pressure in the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) and a more rapid decline of the UOS peristaltic wave. The motility curves of the oesophageal body were identical with both catheters.", "PMID": 594646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4858", "title": "Improvement in quality of life following jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity.", "content": "Psychological and physical adaptation to jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity was evaluated in 55 patients observed 15 months to 6 1/2 years postoperatively after a weight loss of about 50 Kg. The response to weight loss, as assessed by a comprehensive, structured questionnaire was an improvement in working capacity, interpersonal relationship, leisure time activity and adjustment to daily life. Sexual activity improved, particularly in men, and irregular menstruation normalized. Body image improved. Major postoperative psychiatric complications were not seen, which may be due to meticulous selection of the proper patients.", "contents": "Improvement in quality of life following jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity. Psychological and physical adaptation to jejunoileal bypass surgery for obesity was evaluated in 55 patients observed 15 months to 6 1/2 years postoperatively after a weight loss of about 50 Kg. The response to weight loss, as assessed by a comprehensive, structured questionnaire was an improvement in working capacity, interpersonal relationship, leisure time activity and adjustment to daily life. Sexual activity improved, particularly in men, and irregular menstruation normalized. Body image improved. Major postoperative psychiatric complications were not seen, which may be due to meticulous selection of the proper patients.", "PMID": 594647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4859", "title": "Effect of acid on the motility of the oesophagus of the pig with experimentally induced oesophagitis.", "content": "The mucous membrane of the oesophagus of 6 pigs was experimentally damaged with hydrochloric acid to create changes similar to reflux oesophagitis. The passage of contrast medium through the oesophagus of the pigs was observed by using spot radiography and pressure measurements. Acid contrast medium caused spasms and nonperistaltic pressure waves during the act of swallowing. Conventional contrast medium traversed the oesophagus normally and the swallowing complex was normal. On the basis of this experimental model it is concluded that the acidity of a bolus is of fundamental importance in the aetiology of spasms in oesophagitis.", "contents": "Effect of acid on the motility of the oesophagus of the pig with experimentally induced oesophagitis. The mucous membrane of the oesophagus of 6 pigs was experimentally damaged with hydrochloric acid to create changes similar to reflux oesophagitis. The passage of contrast medium through the oesophagus of the pigs was observed by using spot radiography and pressure measurements. Acid contrast medium caused spasms and nonperistaltic pressure waves during the act of swallowing. Conventional contrast medium traversed the oesophagus normally and the swallowing complex was normal. On the basis of this experimental model it is concluded that the acidity of a bolus is of fundamental importance in the aetiology of spasms in oesophagitis.", "PMID": 594648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4860", "title": "Fatty liver in patients with moderate alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus and overweight.", "content": "A relationship between the occurrence of fatty liver and moderate alcohol intake, maturity onset diabetes, overweight--and combinations of these three factors--was searched for in 112 patients. Fifty-three of 59 patients with moderate alcohol consumption, 49 of 57 overweight patients, and 42 of 51 diabetic patients had fatty liver. Patients who had a moderate alcohol consumption or suffered from a combination of diabetes and overweight were found to have a significantly higher frequency and degree of fatty liver than patients in the control group. Diabetes alone, and overweight alone were not significantly related to fatty liver. Whether the diabetic state was overt of latent, there was no influence on the frequency or degree of fatty liver. A correlation between the degree of overweight and the degree of fatty liver was found only in the group of overweight patients with moderate alcohol consumption. The degree of fatty liver produced by the combination of overweight and diabetes was not significantly increased by moderate alcohol consumption.", "contents": "Fatty liver in patients with moderate alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus and overweight. A relationship between the occurrence of fatty liver and moderate alcohol intake, maturity onset diabetes, overweight--and combinations of these three factors--was searched for in 112 patients. Fifty-three of 59 patients with moderate alcohol consumption, 49 of 57 overweight patients, and 42 of 51 diabetic patients had fatty liver. Patients who had a moderate alcohol consumption or suffered from a combination of diabetes and overweight were found to have a significantly higher frequency and degree of fatty liver than patients in the control group. Diabetes alone, and overweight alone were not significantly related to fatty liver. Whether the diabetic state was overt of latent, there was no influence on the frequency or degree of fatty liver. A correlation between the degree of overweight and the degree of fatty liver was found only in the group of overweight patients with moderate alcohol consumption. The degree of fatty liver produced by the combination of overweight and diabetes was not significantly increased by moderate alcohol consumption.", "PMID": 594649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4861", "title": "Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by intraduodenal stimuli.", "content": "The effect of intraduodenal infusion of amino acids, glucose, fat, HCl, ethanol, or saline on plasma VIP concentration was investigated in 7 normal subjects, 5 post-vagotomy patients, and 12 anaesthetized pigs. Furthermore, the concentrations of VIP in plasma after ingestion of a mixed meal were measured in 6 normal subjects. In normal subjects the median peripheral concentration of VIP in the basal state was 4.3 pmol X  I-1 (range 0--12.0). No significant changes occurred after amino acids, glucose, saline, or ingestion of a meal. In contrast infusion of HCl, fat, or ethanol resulted in a rise in plasma VIP concentration in all the subjects studied. The peak values (medians and ranges) after HCl, fat, or ethanol were 9.8 (5.9--12.6), 7.5 (2.4--10.2), and 12.6 (7.8--16.8)pmol X I-1, respectively. Truncal vagotomy did not change the response of HCl. The results from measurements in portal plasma of pigs confirmed the findings in peripheral plasma of normal subjects and showed that the levels of VIP in portal plasma are 1.6--2.9 times higher than the levels of VIP in arterial plasma. The pH threshold to release of VIP was pH 1.1--2.1, and the effect of HCl was not abolished by ganglionic blockade.", "contents": "Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by intraduodenal stimuli. The effect of intraduodenal infusion of amino acids, glucose, fat, HCl, ethanol, or saline on plasma VIP concentration was investigated in 7 normal subjects, 5 post-vagotomy patients, and 12 anaesthetized pigs. Furthermore, the concentrations of VIP in plasma after ingestion of a mixed meal were measured in 6 normal subjects. In normal subjects the median peripheral concentration of VIP in the basal state was 4.3 pmol X  I-1 (range 0--12.0). No significant changes occurred after amino acids, glucose, saline, or ingestion of a meal. In contrast infusion of HCl, fat, or ethanol resulted in a rise in plasma VIP concentration in all the subjects studied. The peak values (medians and ranges) after HCl, fat, or ethanol were 9.8 (5.9--12.6), 7.5 (2.4--10.2), and 12.6 (7.8--16.8)pmol X I-1, respectively. Truncal vagotomy did not change the response of HCl. The results from measurements in portal plasma of pigs confirmed the findings in peripheral plasma of normal subjects and showed that the levels of VIP in portal plasma are 1.6--2.9 times higher than the levels of VIP in arterial plasma. The pH threshold to release of VIP was pH 1.1--2.1, and the effect of HCl was not abolished by ganglionic blockade.", "PMID": 594650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4862", "title": "Impaired enteric degradation of pancreatic endopeptidases in antibiotic-treated rats.", "content": "Conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were fed by gastric tube for 5 days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline, or clindamycin. In contrast to the pretreatment period fibrinolytic activity and active and immunoreactive trypsin and immunoreactive elastase were present in fecal extracts after 4 days of antibiotic administration. This is consistent with findings in germfree rats and represents an alteration in the intestinal microflora. The germfree characteristics persisted until a suspension of cecal contents from normal rats was administered by enema on the 26th day. In fecal extracts from the clindamycin-treated rats considerable amounts of active and immunoreactive enzymes were, however, still found 10 days after the enema. A possible explanation is that clindamycin or a metabolite remains in the intestinal tract for a long time. The pathophysiological significance of this finding is unknown.", "contents": "Impaired enteric degradation of pancreatic endopeptidases in antibiotic-treated rats. Conventional Sprague-Dawley rats were fed by gastric tube for 5 days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline, or clindamycin. In contrast to the pretreatment period fibrinolytic activity and active and immunoreactive trypsin and immunoreactive elastase were present in fecal extracts after 4 days of antibiotic administration. This is consistent with findings in germfree rats and represents an alteration in the intestinal microflora. The germfree characteristics persisted until a suspension of cecal contents from normal rats was administered by enema on the 26th day. In fecal extracts from the clindamycin-treated rats considerable amounts of active and immunoreactive enzymes were, however, still found 10 days after the enema. A possible explanation is that clindamycin or a metabolite remains in the intestinal tract for a long time. The pathophysiological significance of this finding is unknown.", "PMID": 594651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4863", "title": "A comparison of a new non-ionic (metrizamide) and a dissociable (metrizoate) contrast medium in endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP).", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) was performed on 12 patients with a non-ionic contrast medium (metrizamide) and a traditional dissociable medium (metrizoate). All patients were examined with both media at an interval of one week. The study was based on double blind and a cross-over randomization. There was a significantly lower rise in serum amylase 2 (p = 0.05), 4 (p = 0.04), and 6 hours (p = 0.03) after the examination using the non-ionic contrast medium than after using a dissociable one. The pain during contrast filling of the pancreas was significantly lower (p = 0.015) when using metrizamide than when using metrizoate. All, except one patient, preferred the examination with the non-ionic contrast medium (p = 0.0002). A positive correlation was found between pain and degree of pancreatic filling when using the dissociable medium (r = 0.77). Such a correlation could not be detected following the non-ionic contrast medium (r = 0.009). There was a positive correlation between rise in serum amylase and degree of pancreatic filling with both contrast media. The coefficient of correlation was lower after metrizamide (r = 0.21) than after metrizoate (r = 0.56). It is concluded that a non-ionic contrast medium in this study was better tolerated than a dissociable medium, and that metrizamide was more suitable for endoscopic retrograde pancreatography than the traditional hypertonic contrast medium.", "contents": "A comparison of a new non-ionic (metrizamide) and a dissociable (metrizoate) contrast medium in endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) was performed on 12 patients with a non-ionic contrast medium (metrizamide) and a traditional dissociable medium (metrizoate). All patients were examined with both media at an interval of one week. The study was based on double blind and a cross-over randomization. There was a significantly lower rise in serum amylase 2 (p = 0.05), 4 (p = 0.04), and 6 hours (p = 0.03) after the examination using the non-ionic contrast medium than after using a dissociable one. The pain during contrast filling of the pancreas was significantly lower (p = 0.015) when using metrizamide than when using metrizoate. All, except one patient, preferred the examination with the non-ionic contrast medium (p = 0.0002). A positive correlation was found between pain and degree of pancreatic filling when using the dissociable medium (r = 0.77). Such a correlation could not be detected following the non-ionic contrast medium (r = 0.009). There was a positive correlation between rise in serum amylase and degree of pancreatic filling with both contrast media. The coefficient of correlation was lower after metrizamide (r = 0.21) than after metrizoate (r = 0.56). It is concluded that a non-ionic contrast medium in this study was better tolerated than a dissociable medium, and that metrizamide was more suitable for endoscopic retrograde pancreatography than the traditional hypertonic contrast medium.", "PMID": 594652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4864", "title": "Quantitative determination of pyloric regurgitation in response to intraduodenal bolus injection.", "content": "Employing 99m Tc-colloid and external scanning, a test has been developed to measure duodeno-gastric regurgitation quantitatively. The test is relatively simple and its reproducibility is good. Thirty-two patients with type I gastric ulcer had a median reflux of 14%, significantly higher than nine controls and nine duodenal ulcer patients with a median reflux of 4% and 5%, respectively.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of pyloric regurgitation in response to intraduodenal bolus injection. Employing 99m Tc-colloid and external scanning, a test has been developed to measure duodeno-gastric regurgitation quantitatively. The test is relatively simple and its reproducibility is good. Thirty-two patients with type I gastric ulcer had a median reflux of 14%, significantly higher than nine controls and nine duodenal ulcer patients with a median reflux of 4% and 5%, respectively.", "PMID": 594653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4865", "title": "Colonic haustral pattern in relation to pressure activity and presence of diverticula.", "content": "The correlation between the haustral pattern in the sigmoid colon, on the one hand, and the pressure activity and presence of diverticula, on the other, was examined in 184 patients, subjected to both X-ray examination and sigmoid pressure measurement. No correlation was found between an increased haustral pattern and a high pressure activity. Only a special S-shaped haustral pattern showed a slight correlation to an increased pressure activity. An interpretation of colonic haustral pattern in terms of muscular activity, therefore, seems unwarranted. A significant correlation was found between an increased haustral pattern and the presence of sigmoid diverticula.", "contents": "Colonic haustral pattern in relation to pressure activity and presence of diverticula. The correlation between the haustral pattern in the sigmoid colon, on the one hand, and the pressure activity and presence of diverticula, on the other, was examined in 184 patients, subjected to both X-ray examination and sigmoid pressure measurement. No correlation was found between an increased haustral pattern and a high pressure activity. Only a special S-shaped haustral pattern showed a slight correlation to an increased pressure activity. An interpretation of colonic haustral pattern in terms of muscular activity, therefore, seems unwarranted. A significant correlation was found between an increased haustral pattern and the presence of sigmoid diverticula.", "PMID": 594654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4866", "title": "Complement system studies in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Detailed complement system studies were performed in 22 patients with adult coeliac disease. Activation products of C3 were observed in the fresh sera of all untreated patients, while only 4 had activation products of factor B of the alternate pathway. Levels of C4 and C3 were lower than normal mean, but only the depression of C4 reached a level of statistical significance. The amounts of circulating C3 activation products were significantly reduced when the patients were on a gluten-free diet. There is thus evidence that activation of the classical pathway of the complement system takes place in adult coeliac disease, and there is an association between gluten ingestion and the complement activity. We suggest that a possible mechanism of tissue injury in this disease is activation of complement factors by a humoral immune reaction to dietary gluten in the intestinal wall.", "contents": "Complement system studies in adult coeliac disease. Detailed complement system studies were performed in 22 patients with adult coeliac disease. Activation products of C3 were observed in the fresh sera of all untreated patients, while only 4 had activation products of factor B of the alternate pathway. Levels of C4 and C3 were lower than normal mean, but only the depression of C4 reached a level of statistical significance. The amounts of circulating C3 activation products were significantly reduced when the patients were on a gluten-free diet. There is thus evidence that activation of the classical pathway of the complement system takes place in adult coeliac disease, and there is an association between gluten ingestion and the complement activity. We suggest that a possible mechanism of tissue injury in this disease is activation of complement factors by a humoral immune reaction to dietary gluten in the intestinal wall.", "PMID": 594655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4867", "title": "Comparison between the use of oral contraceptives and the incidence of surgically confirmed gallstone disease.", "content": "A causal relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and gallstone disease has been proposed. If this is true, it is reasonable that the incidence of cholecystectomy in women of exposed ages should increase. In the present study a statistical analysis of the change in the incidence of cholecystectomy in women between 1961, i.e. 4 years before, and 1971, i.e. 6 years after, the introduction of oral contraceptives in Sweden was performed. To delimit uncontrolled factors, such as diet and attitude towards surgery, the change in incidence of cholecystectomy in women was compared with the corresponding change in men during these years. The results indicate an increased incidence of cholecystectomy in women in age groups exposed to oral contraceptives. These findings support a causal relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and the incidence of gallstones in the population.", "contents": "Comparison between the use of oral contraceptives and the incidence of surgically confirmed gallstone disease. A causal relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and gallstone disease has been proposed. If this is true, it is reasonable that the incidence of cholecystectomy in women of exposed ages should increase. In the present study a statistical analysis of the change in the incidence of cholecystectomy in women between 1961, i.e. 4 years before, and 1971, i.e. 6 years after, the introduction of oral contraceptives in Sweden was performed. To delimit uncontrolled factors, such as diet and attitude towards surgery, the change in incidence of cholecystectomy in women was compared with the corresponding change in men during these years. The results indicate an increased incidence of cholecystectomy in women in age groups exposed to oral contraceptives. These findings support a causal relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and the incidence of gallstones in the population.", "PMID": 594657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4868", "title": "Anaemia in middle-aged men. Prevalence and aetiology in a population study.", "content": "A health examination survey showed that 5.7% of 2322 middle-aged men had a haematocrit value below 40%. Only 1.2% had two consecutive low values. 14 men had no bone marrow haemosiderin and increased their haematocrits following iron therapy. In 13 men with no cause of the anaemia detected there was also a significant increase in haematocrit following therapy. The true prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in this population may be estimated to about 1%.", "contents": "Anaemia in middle-aged men. Prevalence and aetiology in a population study. A health examination survey showed that 5.7% of 2322 middle-aged men had a haematocrit value below 40%. Only 1.2% had two consecutive low values. 14 men had no bone marrow haemosiderin and increased their haematocrits following iron therapy. In 13 men with no cause of the anaemia detected there was also a significant increase in haematocrit following therapy. The true prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in this population may be estimated to about 1%.", "PMID": 594658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4869", "title": "Kinetics of erythropoiesis in the liver induced in adult mice by phenylhydrazine.", "content": "Phenylhydrazine treatment of normal mice elicited a rise in the numbers of CFU-S in blood, spleen and liver. High numbers of CFU-S were found in blood and liver 4 d after the first phenylhydrazine injection. CFU-S in the liver decreased slowly and were absent after 2 weeks. Blood CFU-S returned to normal levels by day 6, whereas spleen CFU-S numbers remained high upto day 12 with a 20-fold increase being apparent between days 5 and 8. Bone marrow CFU-S numbers were relatively unaffected except for a dip between days 4 and 7 with a nadir at day 5 where numbers decreased to 50% of the control levels. Approximately 40% of liver, spleen and blood CFU-S present on the 4th d after initiation of phenylhydrazine treatment, were killed with a single dose of hydroxyurea whereas bone marrow CFU-S numbers were not significantly reduced by the drug. Splenectomy performed before (21 d) or during phenylhydrazine treatment did not diminish the number of CFU-S found in theliver on day 4. A 3 d interval was observed between peak numbers of CFS-U and erythroblasts in the liver which suggests that hepatic CFU-S are able to undergo differentiation along the erythroid pathway. The presence of maceophages was correlated with that of erythroblasts in the hepatic central veins. These macrophages may be essential to the liver environment for induction of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Kinetics of erythropoiesis in the liver induced in adult mice by phenylhydrazine. Phenylhydrazine treatment of normal mice elicited a rise in the numbers of CFU-S in blood, spleen and liver. High numbers of CFU-S were found in blood and liver 4 d after the first phenylhydrazine injection. CFU-S in the liver decreased slowly and were absent after 2 weeks. Blood CFU-S returned to normal levels by day 6, whereas spleen CFU-S numbers remained high upto day 12 with a 20-fold increase being apparent between days 5 and 8. Bone marrow CFU-S numbers were relatively unaffected except for a dip between days 4 and 7 with a nadir at day 5 where numbers decreased to 50% of the control levels. Approximately 40% of liver, spleen and blood CFU-S present on the 4th d after initiation of phenylhydrazine treatment, were killed with a single dose of hydroxyurea whereas bone marrow CFU-S numbers were not significantly reduced by the drug. Splenectomy performed before (21 d) or during phenylhydrazine treatment did not diminish the number of CFU-S found in theliver on day 4. A 3 d interval was observed between peak numbers of CFS-U and erythroblasts in the liver which suggests that hepatic CFU-S are able to undergo differentiation along the erythroid pathway. The presence of maceophages was correlated with that of erythroblasts in the hepatic central veins. These macrophages may be essential to the liver environment for induction of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 594659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4870", "title": "An inhibitor of activated factor XIII, inhibiting fibrin cross-linking but not incorporation of amine into casein.", "content": "An inhibitor of fibrin cross-linking was studied. The inhibitor was quantitatively separated together with the IgG fraction of plasma, but attempts to neutralize the purified inhibitor by commercial anti-IgG sera gave inconstant results, possibly due to anti-factor XIII activity demonstrable in these sera. The inhibitor prevented cross-linking by activated factor XIII, even when tested on preformed fibrin, but was inactive when assayed by the use of a synthetic substrate (monodansylcadaverine). Since, the inhibitor remained in the supernatant after defibrination, and was thus not associated with clottable proteins, the present findings suggest inhibition of activated f. XIII and not blockade of cross-linking sites on fibrinogen.", "contents": "An inhibitor of activated factor XIII, inhibiting fibrin cross-linking but not incorporation of amine into casein. An inhibitor of fibrin cross-linking was studied. The inhibitor was quantitatively separated together with the IgG fraction of plasma, but attempts to neutralize the purified inhibitor by commercial anti-IgG sera gave inconstant results, possibly due to anti-factor XIII activity demonstrable in these sera. The inhibitor prevented cross-linking by activated factor XIII, even when tested on preformed fibrin, but was inactive when assayed by the use of a synthetic substrate (monodansylcadaverine). Since, the inhibitor remained in the supernatant after defibrination, and was thus not associated with clottable proteins, the present findings suggest inhibition of activated f. XIII and not blockade of cross-linking sites on fibrinogen.", "PMID": 594661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4871", "title": "Studies on the regeneration of the CFU-C population in blood and bone marrow of lethally irradiated dogs after autologous transfusion of cryopreserved mononuclear blood cells.", "content": "In a group of 8 lethally irradiated (1200 R) dogs, that were transfused autologously with cryopreserved mononuclear cells (MNC) derived from the peripheral blood by leucapheresis the concentration of colony-forming units in agar (CFU-C) in bone marrow and peripheral blood was estimated at regular intervals after irradiation and transfusion of MNC. The numbers of MNC transfused per kg body weight ranged from 0.32 x 10(9) to 1.63 x 10(9) with an incidence of CFU-C between 0.02 x 10(5) and 1.38 x 10(5). In 6 dogs the CFU-C levels in the bone marrow reached the normal pre-irradiation values between days 15 and 20. But in 2 dogs that had received the lowest CFU-C numbers the regeneration of the bone marrow CFU-C was markedly delayed. In general the time course of the bone marrow repopulation by CFU-C for single dogs was reflected by a corresponding regeneration pattern of the blood CFU-C. The time course of the curves for the blood CFU-C levels on the other hand was of the same kind as for the granulocyte values in the peripheral blood, thuations were seen in the blood CFU-C levels of single dogs before irradiation and after mononuclear leucocyte transfusion. Despite of such limitations the blood CFU-C content appeared to be a useful indicator of haematopoietic regeneration of the bone marrow.", "contents": "Studies on the regeneration of the CFU-C population in blood and bone marrow of lethally irradiated dogs after autologous transfusion of cryopreserved mononuclear blood cells. In a group of 8 lethally irradiated (1200 R) dogs, that were transfused autologously with cryopreserved mononuclear cells (MNC) derived from the peripheral blood by leucapheresis the concentration of colony-forming units in agar (CFU-C) in bone marrow and peripheral blood was estimated at regular intervals after irradiation and transfusion of MNC. The numbers of MNC transfused per kg body weight ranged from 0.32 x 10(9) to 1.63 x 10(9) with an incidence of CFU-C between 0.02 x 10(5) and 1.38 x 10(5). In 6 dogs the CFU-C levels in the bone marrow reached the normal pre-irradiation values between days 15 and 20. But in 2 dogs that had received the lowest CFU-C numbers the regeneration of the bone marrow CFU-C was markedly delayed. In general the time course of the bone marrow repopulation by CFU-C for single dogs was reflected by a corresponding regeneration pattern of the blood CFU-C. The time course of the curves for the blood CFU-C levels on the other hand was of the same kind as for the granulocyte values in the peripheral blood, thuations were seen in the blood CFU-C levels of single dogs before irradiation and after mononuclear leucocyte transfusion. Despite of such limitations the blood CFU-C content appeared to be a useful indicator of haematopoietic regeneration of the bone marrow.", "PMID": 594662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4872", "title": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease. I. Analysis of histopathology, stage distribution and results of therapy.", "content": "An unselected material of 83 consecutive and previously untreated adult patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) from the Stockholm area is presented. The distribution of patients according to age was characteristically bimodal. The histopathological subtypes were 16% lymphocyte predominance (LP), 33% nodular sclerosis (NS), 37% mixed cellularity (MC) and 11% lymphocyte depletion (LD). The patients were treated with aggressive megavoltage irradiation and multidrug chemotherapy. Major factors affecting prognosis were age, clinical stage and constitutional symptoms. Patients with LP and NS subtypes had only slightly better prognosis that patients classified as MC and LD. The overall survival was 68% at 41/2 years, which is close to that reported from other groups with similar composition of their materials with regard to age, histopathology and stage.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease. I. Analysis of histopathology, stage distribution and results of therapy. An unselected material of 83 consecutive and previously untreated adult patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) from the Stockholm area is presented. The distribution of patients according to age was characteristically bimodal. The histopathological subtypes were 16% lymphocyte predominance (LP), 33% nodular sclerosis (NS), 37% mixed cellularity (MC) and 11% lymphocyte depletion (LD). The patients were treated with aggressive megavoltage irradiation and multidrug chemotherapy. Major factors affecting prognosis were age, clinical stage and constitutional symptoms. Patients with LP and NS subtypes had only slightly better prognosis that patients classified as MC and LD. The overall survival was 68% at 41/2 years, which is close to that reported from other groups with similar composition of their materials with regard to age, histopathology and stage.", "PMID": 594663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4873", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in children with anaemia.", "content": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined in 17 children with various forms of anaemia and varying rates of red cell production. Anaemic patients had low serum cholesterol values, and a good correlation between Hb and serum cholesterol levels was found. The serum triglyceride levels were also low in most patients, but the results were less closely related to Hb. No relationship could be demonstrated between the rate of red cell production as judged by reticulocyte counts, and serum cholesterol or triglycerides. Apparently all lipoprotein classes are reduced in individuals with uncomplicated anaemias. This hypolipidaemia can only partly be explained by the diluting effect of the increase in plasma volume accompanying anaemia.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in children with anaemia. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined in 17 children with various forms of anaemia and varying rates of red cell production. Anaemic patients had low serum cholesterol values, and a good correlation between Hb and serum cholesterol levels was found. The serum triglyceride levels were also low in most patients, but the results were less closely related to Hb. No relationship could be demonstrated between the rate of red cell production as judged by reticulocyte counts, and serum cholesterol or triglycerides. Apparently all lipoprotein classes are reduced in individuals with uncomplicated anaemias. This hypolipidaemia can only partly be explained by the diluting effect of the increase in plasma volume accompanying anaemia.", "PMID": 594664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4874", "title": "A reference system in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A reference system for crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) has been developed. The system takes into account the variable quality of the 125I-labeled anti-IgE and permits a direct comparison of the results from one experiment to another. Simultaneously with the preparation of the CRIE slides, a standard series of small paper discs are prepared containing varying, defined amounts of 125I-labeled anti-IgE. These paper discs are laid out for autoradiography together with the CRIE slides. After short periods of exposure, only paper discs with large amounts of isotope are visible on the X-ray films. Longer exposure times permit paper discs with smaller amounts of isotope to be visible. Each precipitate is assigned to a Crie class depending on the number of paper discs visible when the precipitate is detected for the first time.", "contents": "A reference system in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. A reference system for crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) has been developed. The system takes into account the variable quality of the 125I-labeled anti-IgE and permits a direct comparison of the results from one experiment to another. Simultaneously with the preparation of the CRIE slides, a standard series of small paper discs are prepared containing varying, defined amounts of 125I-labeled anti-IgE. These paper discs are laid out for autoradiography together with the CRIE slides. After short periods of exposure, only paper discs with large amounts of isotope are visible on the X-ray films. Longer exposure times permit paper discs with smaller amounts of isotope to be visible. Each precipitate is assigned to a Crie class depending on the number of paper discs visible when the precipitate is detected for the first time.", "PMID": 594665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4875", "title": "Depression of rat neutrophil exudation and motility by influenza virus.", "content": "Purified influenza A and B viruses (3000 HA units) were injected intraperitoneally into rats. 1 h later the animals were given starch solution intraperitoneally, after which the number and composition of the exuded cells were determined at intervals. Both influenza A and B viruses depressed neutrophil exudation into the peritoneal cavity for a period of 10 to 17 h after the starch injection. The exudation of leukocytes other than neutrophils (a mixture of mononuclear cells and 5% to 10% eosinophils) was depressed for 17 h after starch injection by influenza A virus. When tested in vitro by a modification of the Boyden method, the peritoneal exudate neutrophils from virus-treated animals exhibited significantly depressed chemotaxis and consistently, although not always significantly, reduced chemokinesis (migration in the presence of a chemoattractant without a gradient) and random locomotion. Both influenza A and B viruses inhibited in vitro the motility of starch-induced peritoneal exudate neutrophils in Boyden chambers after a virus-cell interaction of 60 min at 37 degrees C. The present findings support the concept that impaired neutrophil exudation caused by depressed motility is one mechanism responsible for the increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection during influenza.", "contents": "Depression of rat neutrophil exudation and motility by influenza virus. Purified influenza A and B viruses (3000 HA units) were injected intraperitoneally into rats. 1 h later the animals were given starch solution intraperitoneally, after which the number and composition of the exuded cells were determined at intervals. Both influenza A and B viruses depressed neutrophil exudation into the peritoneal cavity for a period of 10 to 17 h after the starch injection. The exudation of leukocytes other than neutrophils (a mixture of mononuclear cells and 5% to 10% eosinophils) was depressed for 17 h after starch injection by influenza A virus. When tested in vitro by a modification of the Boyden method, the peritoneal exudate neutrophils from virus-treated animals exhibited significantly depressed chemotaxis and consistently, although not always significantly, reduced chemokinesis (migration in the presence of a chemoattractant without a gradient) and random locomotion. Both influenza A and B viruses inhibited in vitro the motility of starch-induced peritoneal exudate neutrophils in Boyden chambers after a virus-cell interaction of 60 min at 37 degrees C. The present findings support the concept that impaired neutrophil exudation caused by depressed motility is one mechanism responsible for the increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection during influenza.", "PMID": 594666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4876", "title": "Binding properties of radiolabeled basic protein of myelin: reassessment in relation to diagnostic immunoassays.", "content": "The binding of radioiodinated basic protein of myelin ([125I]BPM) to a sheep lymphocyte cell pellet, sheep erythrocytes, and cell-free tubes used in the assay was investigated as a possible diagnostic procedure in multiple sclerosis. [125I]BPM apparently bound to 5 x 10(6) sheep lymphocytes incrementally with no plateau, up to 300 ng, and also to sheep erythrocytes; when cells were transferred to fresh tubes, over 90% of the radioactivity remained on the original tube, regardless of the tube surface. Various substances, including BPM and unrelated basic proteins, competitively inhibited the binding of basic protein of myelin to sheep cells and assay tubes. Binding was inhibited by sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, but equally so by normal sera. The large capacity of BPM to bind nonspecifically could limit its use in the above type of binding assay and would need to be allowed for in conventional radioimmunoassays.", "contents": "Binding properties of radiolabeled basic protein of myelin: reassessment in relation to diagnostic immunoassays. The binding of radioiodinated basic protein of myelin ([125I]BPM) to a sheep lymphocyte cell pellet, sheep erythrocytes, and cell-free tubes used in the assay was investigated as a possible diagnostic procedure in multiple sclerosis. [125I]BPM apparently bound to 5 x 10(6) sheep lymphocytes incrementally with no plateau, up to 300 ng, and also to sheep erythrocytes; when cells were transferred to fresh tubes, over 90% of the radioactivity remained on the original tube, regardless of the tube surface. Various substances, including BPM and unrelated basic proteins, competitively inhibited the binding of basic protein of myelin to sheep cells and assay tubes. Binding was inhibited by sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, but equally so by normal sera. The large capacity of BPM to bind nonspecifically could limit its use in the above type of binding assay and would need to be allowed for in conventional radioimmunoassays.", "PMID": 594667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4877", "title": "Active surgical management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults.", "content": "Of 27 adults with primary vesicoureteral reflux, 23 were treated surgically. These patients had suffered from chronic urinary-tract infections with poor response to conservative therapy. Urography revealed inflammatory changes in one or both kidneys in 18 patients, as well as other renal or ureteral deformities. Micturition cystography showed reflux reaching the renal pelvis and dilatation of the pelvis and ureter in 18 patients (28 ureters). An antireflux operation was performed on 32 ureters and in all cases was followed by disappearance of the reflux. No ureteral stricture developed postoperatively. During an observation period averaging more than three years only three patients had postoperative urinary-tract infections. These occurred when a short period of medication was terminated. On the basis of present experience we consider that antireflux surgery is indicated for all adults with vesicoureteral reflux and urinary-tract infections or progressive dilatation of the upper urinary tract.", "contents": "Active surgical management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults. Of 27 adults with primary vesicoureteral reflux, 23 were treated surgically. These patients had suffered from chronic urinary-tract infections with poor response to conservative therapy. Urography revealed inflammatory changes in one or both kidneys in 18 patients, as well as other renal or ureteral deformities. Micturition cystography showed reflux reaching the renal pelvis and dilatation of the pelvis and ureter in 18 patients (28 ureters). An antireflux operation was performed on 32 ureters and in all cases was followed by disappearance of the reflux. No ureteral stricture developed postoperatively. During an observation period averaging more than three years only three patients had postoperative urinary-tract infections. These occurred when a short period of medication was terminated. On the basis of present experience we consider that antireflux surgery is indicated for all adults with vesicoureteral reflux and urinary-tract infections or progressive dilatation of the upper urinary tract.", "PMID": 594669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4878", "title": "Vein patch grafting for repair of short ureteric strictures.", "content": "The generally accepted treatment for short and medium-length strictures of the ureter has been to split the stricture and splint the ureter for a month or more. A new method is here described in which the ureteric stricture is split and the opening is covered with a vein patch-graft. The length of hospital stay is considerably reduced by this operation. Four successfully treated cases with follow-up periods of six months to ten years are presented.", "contents": "Vein patch grafting for repair of short ureteric strictures. The generally accepted treatment for short and medium-length strictures of the ureter has been to split the stricture and splint the ureter for a month or more. A new method is here described in which the ureteric stricture is split and the opening is covered with a vein patch-graft. The length of hospital stay is considerably reduced by this operation. Four successfully treated cases with follow-up periods of six months to ten years are presented.", "PMID": 594670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4879", "title": "Total replacement of ureter with a segment of ileum.", "content": "Replacement of ureter with a segment of ileum was successfully performed in two patients. One had ureteral cancer and the other recurrent calculi due to cystinuria. The first patient had only one kidney. In the second both ureters were replaced with ileum. Formation of a papilla at the distal end of the ileal segment in the bladder may reduce the risk of vesico-ileal reflux.", "contents": "Total replacement of ureter with a segment of ileum. Replacement of ureter with a segment of ileum was successfully performed in two patients. One had ureteral cancer and the other recurrent calculi due to cystinuria. The first patient had only one kidney. In the second both ureters were replaced with ileum. Formation of a papilla at the distal end of the ileal segment in the bladder may reduce the risk of vesico-ileal reflux.", "PMID": 594671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4880", "title": "Delimitation of plasma creatinine concentration values for assessment of relative renal function in adult patients.", "content": "Plasma creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were determined simultaneously in 200 females and 180 males of various ages (20-79 years) covering all degrees of relative renal function: normal (greater than 75%); moderately impaired (75-52%); considerably impaired (51-28%); and severely impaired (greater than 28%). The percentages express GFR relative to corresponding age--and sex-dependent normal means. This relative parameter evaluates whether--and to what extent--the combined function of the two kidneys is affected by nephro-urological disorders. For practical purposes plasma creatinine was found to be independent of age in all function groups for both sexes. The data were used to delimit plasma creatinine concentrations for the assessment of relative renal function. For females the limits of plasma creatinine (mumol per litre) were: \"normal\" (less than 115); \"moderately elevated\" (115-150); \"considerably elevated\" (151-250); and \"profoundly elevated\" (greater than 250). The corresponding figures for males were: less than 128; 128-170; 171-270; and greater than 270.", "contents": "Delimitation of plasma creatinine concentration values for assessment of relative renal function in adult patients. Plasma creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were determined simultaneously in 200 females and 180 males of various ages (20-79 years) covering all degrees of relative renal function: normal (greater than 75%); moderately impaired (75-52%); considerably impaired (51-28%); and severely impaired (greater than 28%). The percentages express GFR relative to corresponding age--and sex-dependent normal means. This relative parameter evaluates whether--and to what extent--the combined function of the two kidneys is affected by nephro-urological disorders. For practical purposes plasma creatinine was found to be independent of age in all function groups for both sexes. The data were used to delimit plasma creatinine concentrations for the assessment of relative renal function. For females the limits of plasma creatinine (mumol per litre) were: \"normal\" (less than 115); \"moderately elevated\" (115-150); \"considerably elevated\" (151-250); and \"profoundly elevated\" (greater than 250). The corresponding figures for males were: less than 128; 128-170; 171-270; and greater than 270.", "PMID": 594672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4881", "title": "Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The effect of preoperative irradiation on the survival of patients with renal adenocarcinoma was studied in a clinical trial. 88 patients with verified renal carcinoma entered the trial during 1968-1972, of whom 38, selected in a randomized fashion, received preoperative irradiation to a total dose of 3 300 rads in 3 weeks, followed by extrafascial nephrectomy after a 3 week interval; in the remainder an extrafascial nephrectomy was performed immediately. Actuarial 5-year survival was 47% in the \"preoperative irradiation\" group and 63% in the \"nephrectomy-only\" group, i.e. preoperative irradiation did not improve the 5-year prognosis. Survival was also studied in P-categories of the U.I.C.C. as well as in high and low grade malignancies. In none of these groups could we find a clear tendency to a more favourable prognosis with preoperative irradiation; no statistically significant differences were found. Because no improvement in prognosis after preoperative irradiation was found in our series or any of the sub-groups, we consider preoperative irradiation not routinely indicated as an adjuvant therapy. It may be useful in some selected cases, but selecting these cases will be difficult.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. The effect of preoperative irradiation on the survival of patients with renal adenocarcinoma was studied in a clinical trial. 88 patients with verified renal carcinoma entered the trial during 1968-1972, of whom 38, selected in a randomized fashion, received preoperative irradiation to a total dose of 3 300 rads in 3 weeks, followed by extrafascial nephrectomy after a 3 week interval; in the remainder an extrafascial nephrectomy was performed immediately. Actuarial 5-year survival was 47% in the \"preoperative irradiation\" group and 63% in the \"nephrectomy-only\" group, i.e. preoperative irradiation did not improve the 5-year prognosis. Survival was also studied in P-categories of the U.I.C.C. as well as in high and low grade malignancies. In none of these groups could we find a clear tendency to a more favourable prognosis with preoperative irradiation; no statistically significant differences were found. Because no improvement in prognosis after preoperative irradiation was found in our series or any of the sub-groups, we consider preoperative irradiation not routinely indicated as an adjuvant therapy. It may be useful in some selected cases, but selecting these cases will be difficult.", "PMID": 594674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4882", "title": "Surface structure of unused and used catheters. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The surface structure of different catheter materials was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Two catheter types were also examined after long-term use in three patients with chronic urinary tract infection. It was found that the amount of salt encrustation was more pronounced the higher the degree of catheter surface roughness.", "contents": "Surface structure of unused and used catheters. A scanning electron microscopic study. The surface structure of different catheter materials was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Two catheter types were also examined after long-term use in three patients with chronic urinary tract infection. It was found that the amount of salt encrustation was more pronounced the higher the degree of catheter surface roughness.", "PMID": 594675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4883", "title": "Advanced cancer of the prostate combined with hypercalcaemia.", "content": "Despite the high frequency of skeletal metastases from cancer of the prostate, hypercalcaemia is extremely uncommon in this condition. In two patients with advanced, poorly differentiated metastasizing cancer a fairly uniform clinical picture developed, with anaemia, leukocytosis, increased serum creatinine, thrombocytopenia, elevated alkaline and acid phosphatase levels and symptoms secondary to hypercalcaemia. The development of more effective agents against cancer of the prostate will probably afford longer palliation, but evidently at a risk of severe metabolic disturbances in the preterminal state.", "contents": "Advanced cancer of the prostate combined with hypercalcaemia. Despite the high frequency of skeletal metastases from cancer of the prostate, hypercalcaemia is extremely uncommon in this condition. In two patients with advanced, poorly differentiated metastasizing cancer a fairly uniform clinical picture developed, with anaemia, leukocytosis, increased serum creatinine, thrombocytopenia, elevated alkaline and acid phosphatase levels and symptoms secondary to hypercalcaemia. The development of more effective agents against cancer of the prostate will probably afford longer palliation, but evidently at a risk of severe metabolic disturbances in the preterminal state.", "PMID": 594676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4884", "title": "Repair of renal pelvic defects with a capsular flap.", "content": "In a case of recurrent renal pelvic tumour a renal capsular flap was successfully used to repair the defect after excision of the tumour. This technique is recommended in difficult clinical situations when sacrifice of renal parenchyma is the only other alternative.", "contents": "Repair of renal pelvic defects with a capsular flap. In a case of recurrent renal pelvic tumour a renal capsular flap was successfully used to repair the defect after excision of the tumour. This technique is recommended in difficult clinical situations when sacrifice of renal parenchyma is the only other alternative.", "PMID": 594678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4885", "title": "Self-inflicted haematuria and the syndrome of hospital addiction.", "content": "Self-inflicted haematuria may occur as part of the so-called M\u00fcnchhausen syndrome or, better, the syndrome of hospital addiction. This rare but important differential diagnosis must be kept in mind in the investigation of obscure urological cases with long-standing and polysymptomatic histories. Two patients with factitious haematuria and hospital addiction are described. Some practical viewpoints on aetiology, diagnosis and management are given. An early recognition of the syndrome is important in order to avoid unnecessary and expensive investigations.", "contents": "Self-inflicted haematuria and the syndrome of hospital addiction. Self-inflicted haematuria may occur as part of the so-called M\u00fcnchhausen syndrome or, better, the syndrome of hospital addiction. This rare but important differential diagnosis must be kept in mind in the investigation of obscure urological cases with long-standing and polysymptomatic histories. Two patients with factitious haematuria and hospital addiction are described. Some practical viewpoints on aetiology, diagnosis and management are given. An early recognition of the syndrome is important in order to avoid unnecessary and expensive investigations.", "PMID": 594679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4886", "title": "Psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia after the acute phase.", "content": "Sixty schizophrenic and 34 nonschizophrenic patients were assessed 3 years after discharge on 17 types of psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenics were significantly higher than nonschizophrenic patients on the overall index of psychotic features (p less than .01) and on the index of delusions (p less than .01). Using a weighted estimate, 38.5 percent of the nonparanoid schiziphrenics showed clear evidence of psychotic features, and another 20.5 percent showed some evidence of psychotic features which were weak or sporadic or which the patients seemed able to bring into perspective. Schizophrenic subdiagnosis did not predict later psychotic sysmptoms, although there was a trend for more psychotic features in paranoid and in chronic schizophrenics. The belief that psychotic symptoms in schiziphrenia are not just temporary states was supported. However, conceptions about psychotic symptoms persisting in all schizophrenics were not affirmed.", "contents": "Psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia after the acute phase. Sixty schizophrenic and 34 nonschizophrenic patients were assessed 3 years after discharge on 17 types of psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenics were significantly higher than nonschizophrenic patients on the overall index of psychotic features (p less than .01) and on the index of delusions (p less than .01). Using a weighted estimate, 38.5 percent of the nonparanoid schiziphrenics showed clear evidence of psychotic features, and another 20.5 percent showed some evidence of psychotic features which were weak or sporadic or which the patients seemed able to bring into perspective. Schizophrenic subdiagnosis did not predict later psychotic sysmptoms, although there was a trend for more psychotic features in paranoid and in chronic schizophrenics. The belief that psychotic symptoms in schiziphrenia are not just temporary states was supported. However, conceptions about psychotic symptoms persisting in all schizophrenics were not affirmed.", "PMID": 594683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4887", "title": "Oxygen uptake and cardiac output in graded arm exercise in paraplegics with low level spinal lesions.", "content": "Oxygen uptake (V32), heart rate (fH) and cardiac output (Q, CO2-rebreathing method) were measured in 8 paraplegics with complete low level (Th6-Th12) lesions and in 1 paraplegic with a Th2 lesion during graded exercise performed on an arm ergometer. The submaximal work rates taxed about 50, 70 and 90% of the estimated functional capacity of the subjects. A linear relationship between the work rate and VO2 were assessed in the three tests. The increase of Q with increasing VO2 was accomplished by a considerable increase in fH accompanied by a slight increase in stroke volume (SV, calculated). Markedly low values of Q were found in 6 of the 9 subjects. The resulting high arterial-mixed venous blood oxygen content differences (calculated) as well as the high blood lactate concentrations (3.5-4.5 mM/l at 20-30 W and 8-11 mM/l after maximal exertion) indicate that the blood flow in the arm muscles was not adequate.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake and cardiac output in graded arm exercise in paraplegics with low level spinal lesions. Oxygen uptake (V32), heart rate (fH) and cardiac output (Q, CO2-rebreathing method) were measured in 8 paraplegics with complete low level (Th6-Th12) lesions and in 1 paraplegic with a Th2 lesion during graded exercise performed on an arm ergometer. The submaximal work rates taxed about 50, 70 and 90% of the estimated functional capacity of the subjects. A linear relationship between the work rate and VO2 were assessed in the three tests. The increase of Q with increasing VO2 was accomplished by a considerable increase in fH accompanied by a slight increase in stroke volume (SV, calculated). Markedly low values of Q were found in 6 of the 9 subjects. The resulting high arterial-mixed venous blood oxygen content differences (calculated) as well as the high blood lactate concentrations (3.5-4.5 mM/l at 20-30 W and 8-11 mM/l after maximal exertion) indicate that the blood flow in the arm muscles was not adequate.", "PMID": 594687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4888", "title": "The grip pattern of the healthy hand during eating.", "content": "Thirty subjects with healthy hands have been studied in standardized meal experiments comprising serving, eating and drinking. The activities were filmed and the grips classified by means of a descriptive code system and analysed by automatic data processing. The investigation has resulted in new information about the grip pattern of the normal hand as well as detailed data on fingers and parts of fingers used. The study demonstrates the value of analysing hand function with reference to integrated activities.", "contents": "The grip pattern of the healthy hand during eating. Thirty subjects with healthy hands have been studied in standardized meal experiments comprising serving, eating and drinking. The activities were filmed and the grips classified by means of a descriptive code system and analysed by automatic data processing. The investigation has resulted in new information about the grip pattern of the normal hand as well as detailed data on fingers and parts of fingers used. The study demonstrates the value of analysing hand function with reference to integrated activities.", "PMID": 594688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4889", "title": "Grip function of the healthy hand in a standardized hand function test. A study of the Rancho Los Amigos test.", "content": "In an experimental study 30  healthy subjects performed the tests of prehensile function in the Rancho Los Amigos test. The subjects were allowed a free choice of grip instead of those prescribed when the test is used for clinical purposes. The hand-grips were filmed and registered by means of a descriptive code system and the results were subjected to automatic data processing. The results showed that healthy subjects performing the RLA test used a stereo-typed grip pattern as a consequence of the uniform purpose of the hand-grips. Comparison with the results from a standardized meal study in the same subjects showed that functional assessment of a patient with a test of this type is not directly applicable to integrated daily activities, as several of the hand-grips most frequent in daily activities were rarely used. Comparison with types of grip prescribed for clinical use of the test showed that normal subjects often did not spontaneously handle the objects in the manner intended by the test.", "contents": "Grip function of the healthy hand in a standardized hand function test. A study of the Rancho Los Amigos test. In an experimental study 30  healthy subjects performed the tests of prehensile function in the Rancho Los Amigos test. The subjects were allowed a free choice of grip instead of those prescribed when the test is used for clinical purposes. The hand-grips were filmed and registered by means of a descriptive code system and the results were subjected to automatic data processing. The results showed that healthy subjects performing the RLA test used a stereo-typed grip pattern as a consequence of the uniform purpose of the hand-grips. Comparison with the results from a standardized meal study in the same subjects showed that functional assessment of a patient with a test of this type is not directly applicable to integrated daily activities, as several of the hand-grips most frequent in daily activities were rarely used. Comparison with types of grip prescribed for clinical use of the test showed that normal subjects often did not spontaneously handle the objects in the manner intended by the test.", "PMID": 594689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4890", "title": "Voluminometric estimation of the degree of lymphedema and its therapy by pneumatic compression.", "content": "The degree of lymphedema of an arm after surgical treatment of breast cancer is usually estimated by the measurement of arm circumference. In this study, the calculation was based on the volume of the arm in order to improve the estimation. The method of measuring the arm volume adopted for these experiments has been tested for precision. Measurements have been made of the decrease of volume due to treatment by lymph pulsator in edematic and healthy arms. A comparison taken between these experiments has allowed for better estimation of the efficiency of lymph pulsator treatment.", "contents": "Voluminometric estimation of the degree of lymphedema and its therapy by pneumatic compression. The degree of lymphedema of an arm after surgical treatment of breast cancer is usually estimated by the measurement of arm circumference. In this study, the calculation was based on the volume of the arm in order to improve the estimation. The method of measuring the arm volume adopted for these experiments has been tested for precision. Measurements have been made of the decrease of volume due to treatment by lymph pulsator in edematic and healthy arms. A comparison taken between these experiments has allowed for better estimation of the efficiency of lymph pulsator treatment.", "PMID": 594690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4891", "title": "Standardization of kinematic gait measurements and automatic pathological gait pattern diagnostics.", "content": "The estimation of patients gait in the field of rehabilitation is the starting point for an appropirate therapy decision and convenient prosthesis or orthosis choice. The measurement and estimation of human locomotion is increasingly being transferred to every day clinical use. In recent times many systems are intended for kinematic gait parameters measurements: stroboscopic photography, movie camera, TV picture analysis, TV signal analysis, chronocyclographical measurement, polarised light goniometer, the \"Selspot\" system, parallelgram goniometers, exoskeleton goniometers. In the paper the role of the computer in gait measurements is also determined. The problems of the choice of parameters to be measured, unique reference coordinate systems and normal gait pattern are encountered in this work. Finally two versions of pathological gait pattern estimation are described: clinical gait analysis and mathematical quantitative gait analysis. A combination of both methods provides an efficient, compact automatic pathological gait pattern diagnostics.", "contents": "Standardization of kinematic gait measurements and automatic pathological gait pattern diagnostics. The estimation of patients gait in the field of rehabilitation is the starting point for an appropirate therapy decision and convenient prosthesis or orthosis choice. The measurement and estimation of human locomotion is increasingly being transferred to every day clinical use. In recent times many systems are intended for kinematic gait parameters measurements: stroboscopic photography, movie camera, TV picture analysis, TV signal analysis, chronocyclographical measurement, polarised light goniometer, the \"Selspot\" system, parallelgram goniometers, exoskeleton goniometers. In the paper the role of the computer in gait measurements is also determined. The problems of the choice of parameters to be measured, unique reference coordinate systems and normal gait pattern are encountered in this work. Finally two versions of pathological gait pattern estimation are described: clinical gait analysis and mathematical quantitative gait analysis. A combination of both methods provides an efficient, compact automatic pathological gait pattern diagnostics.", "PMID": 594692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4892", "title": "Homonymous hemianopsia and rehabilitation in fifteen cases of C.C.I.", "content": "Fifteen cases of severe cranio-cerebral injuries (C.C.I.) with hemianopsia and rehabilitation problems are presented. The correlation between the side of the hemianopsia, dexterity, visual motor organization, intellectual functions and rehabilitation outcome are discussed.", "contents": "Homonymous hemianopsia and rehabilitation in fifteen cases of C.C.I. Fifteen cases of severe cranio-cerebral injuries (C.C.I.) with hemianopsia and rehabilitation problems are presented. The correlation between the side of the hemianopsia, dexterity, visual motor organization, intellectual functions and rehabilitation outcome are discussed.", "PMID": 594695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4893", "title": "Sensory feedback therapy in patients with brain insult.", "content": "Brain insults, regardless of etiology, may disrupt the CNS servosystems concerned with patterned voluntary movements and result in disorders of such movement. To aid functional recovery, we applied in these patients oscilloscopic display of digitally integrated EMG, monitored from malfunctioning primary movers, during attempted execution of movement (sensory feedback therapy). Such display provided the patient with an immediate and continuous visual feedback loop reflecting the events underlying the movement and occuring in the monitored muscle (force, displacement and rate). This information is essential for motor control of patterned voluntary movement. Coupled with auditory reward for optimal performance, such feedback also assumed reinforcing qualities and motivated the patient to execute voluntary movements with progressive improvement. Sixty patients with longstanding CNS insult, resulting in motor impairment, were treated and followed for periods of four months to four years. One half of these patients learned and retained voluntary movements that significantly improved their functional capabilities. Temporary substitution of feedback information about fundamental events in dysfunctional muscles can apparently be of lasting value in treatment of some patients with brain insult.", "contents": "Sensory feedback therapy in patients with brain insult. Brain insults, regardless of etiology, may disrupt the CNS servosystems concerned with patterned voluntary movements and result in disorders of such movement. To aid functional recovery, we applied in these patients oscilloscopic display of digitally integrated EMG, monitored from malfunctioning primary movers, during attempted execution of movement (sensory feedback therapy). Such display provided the patient with an immediate and continuous visual feedback loop reflecting the events underlying the movement and occuring in the monitored muscle (force, displacement and rate). This information is essential for motor control of patterned voluntary movement. Coupled with auditory reward for optimal performance, such feedback also assumed reinforcing qualities and motivated the patient to execute voluntary movements with progressive improvement. Sixty patients with longstanding CNS insult, resulting in motor impairment, were treated and followed for periods of four months to four years. One half of these patients learned and retained voluntary movements that significantly improved their functional capabilities. Temporary substitution of feedback information about fundamental events in dysfunctional muscles can apparently be of lasting value in treatment of some patients with brain insult.", "PMID": 594696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4894", "title": "FGP assessment of postural disorders during the process of rehabilitation.", "content": "Application of the newly developed footground pressure pattern (F.G.P.) method to a number of cranio-cerebral injured patients (C.C.I.) as well as to hemiplegics and normal subjects is made. The postural disorders in standing are assessed through modifications of the F.G.P. and different stages of the rehabilitation process may be followed up. Special parameters of the standing posture, which characterize its disorders, are presented; a diagonal pressure pattern is described. The visual qualitative analysis of the pressure pattern may also be directly useful in the physiotherapy treatment.", "contents": "FGP assessment of postural disorders during the process of rehabilitation. Application of the newly developed footground pressure pattern (F.G.P.) method to a number of cranio-cerebral injured patients (C.C.I.) as well as to hemiplegics and normal subjects is made. The postural disorders in standing are assessed through modifications of the F.G.P. and different stages of the rehabilitation process may be followed up. Special parameters of the standing posture, which characterize its disorders, are presented; a diagonal pressure pattern is described. The visual qualitative analysis of the pressure pattern may also be directly useful in the physiotherapy treatment.", "PMID": 594697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4895", "title": "The effects of message speed on auditory comprehension in patients with cerebral cranial injury.", "content": "A brief preliminary report is presented on the effects of varying the speed of a spoken message on the performance of motor tasks by patients with cerebral cranial injury. The token test for aphasia was recorded at three different speech time compression/expansion ratios, then presented under sound field (loudspeaker) conditions to three groups of subjects, one of normal young adults as a control, the second of patients with cerebral cranial injury without evidence of aphasia, and the third containing CCI patients with aphasia. Results are reported for speech speed increases (compression) of 25% and 50% and for a speed decrease (expansion) of 35%.", "contents": "The effects of message speed on auditory comprehension in patients with cerebral cranial injury. A brief preliminary report is presented on the effects of varying the speed of a spoken message on the performance of motor tasks by patients with cerebral cranial injury. The token test for aphasia was recorded at three different speech time compression/expansion ratios, then presented under sound field (loudspeaker) conditions to three groups of subjects, one of normal young adults as a control, the second of patients with cerebral cranial injury without evidence of aphasia, and the third containing CCI patients with aphasia. Results are reported for speech speed increases (compression) of 25% and 50% and for a speed decrease (expansion) of 35%.", "PMID": 594698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4896", "title": "Tests of auditory perception in the assessment and management of patients with cerebral cranial injury.", "content": "Special listening tests have been applied to patients with cerebral cranial injury to determine whether such tests of auditory performance will provide functional evidence of lesions which are difficult to examine physically. There have been many reports in the literature on the apparent relationship between lesions affecting portions of the central auditory nervous system and results on tests of auditory perception for speech which is either distorted in some way or presented in competing arrangements to the two ears. The premise is that these tests require integrative function of the brain while reducing the effects of conditions of the peripheral organ of hearing and of basic language functions such as symbolization and memorization. Much of the previous literature has been concerned with infiltrative lesions, such as tumors. Our rehabilitation facility serves a number of patients whose lesions are the result of injuries rather than growths or vascular accidents. The present study was undertaken, therefore, to explore the contribution of information derived from such test procedures to diagnosis and to the planning of individual programs of rehabilitation. Preliminary findings are presented for a series of patients with cerebral cranial injury.", "contents": "Tests of auditory perception in the assessment and management of patients with cerebral cranial injury. Special listening tests have been applied to patients with cerebral cranial injury to determine whether such tests of auditory performance will provide functional evidence of lesions which are difficult to examine physically. There have been many reports in the literature on the apparent relationship between lesions affecting portions of the central auditory nervous system and results on tests of auditory perception for speech which is either distorted in some way or presented in competing arrangements to the two ears. The premise is that these tests require integrative function of the brain while reducing the effects of conditions of the peripheral organ of hearing and of basic language functions such as symbolization and memorization. Much of the previous literature has been concerned with infiltrative lesions, such as tumors. Our rehabilitation facility serves a number of patients whose lesions are the result of injuries rather than growths or vascular accidents. The present study was undertaken, therefore, to explore the contribution of information derived from such test procedures to diagnosis and to the planning of individual programs of rehabilitation. Preliminary findings are presented for a series of patients with cerebral cranial injury.", "PMID": 594699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4897", "title": "Teflon paste injection into the paralytic vocal fold. A simple procedure to improve disturbed cough function.", "content": "Teflon paste injection into the paralytic vocal fold is a simple method for the relief of difficulties with insufficient expectoration and for the prevention of aspiration caused by laryngeal paralysis. The laryngeal valve and voice functions in three patients with unilateral laryngeal paralysis were studied before and after teflon paste injection. Aerodynamic registrations comprised subglottal and supraglottal air pressure and oral air flow during cough and phonation. The aerodynamic records, as well as the patients' own reports, all showed improved laryngeal valve function as a result of the treatment and these improvements were not accompanied by any deterioration in respiratory function as revealed by pre- and postoperative spirometry.", "contents": "Teflon paste injection into the paralytic vocal fold. A simple procedure to improve disturbed cough function. Teflon paste injection into the paralytic vocal fold is a simple method for the relief of difficulties with insufficient expectoration and for the prevention of aspiration caused by laryngeal paralysis. The laryngeal valve and voice functions in three patients with unilateral laryngeal paralysis were studied before and after teflon paste injection. Aerodynamic registrations comprised subglottal and supraglottal air pressure and oral air flow during cough and phonation. The aerodynamic records, as well as the patients' own reports, all showed improved laryngeal valve function as a result of the treatment and these improvements were not accompanied by any deterioration in respiratory function as revealed by pre- and postoperative spirometry.", "PMID": 594700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4898", "title": "Outpatient sputum cytology in the diagnosis of lung cancer.", "content": "The objective of the present survey was to show whether outpatient sputum examination for malignant cells gives sufficient material suitable for diagnostic purposes. The results of 1031 sputum cytological examinations carried out in 767 patients over a 30-month period are presented. Three hundred and two (29.3%) specimens were unsuitable. Initial examinations revealed 17 with clearly malignant changes in 15 patients, and 23 with suspected malignancy in 14 patients. Examination of new specimens in these 14 patients revealed a further four tumors. Of the 19 patients diagnosed as having lung carcinoma five were operated upon. Three of these five were diagnosed cytologically although they had normal chest X-ray pictures.", "contents": "Outpatient sputum cytology in the diagnosis of lung cancer. The objective of the present survey was to show whether outpatient sputum examination for malignant cells gives sufficient material suitable for diagnostic purposes. The results of 1031 sputum cytological examinations carried out in 767 patients over a 30-month period are presented. Three hundred and two (29.3%) specimens were unsuitable. Initial examinations revealed 17 with clearly malignant changes in 15 patients, and 23 with suspected malignancy in 14 patients. Examination of new specimens in these 14 patients revealed a further four tumors. Of the 19 patients diagnosed as having lung carcinoma five were operated upon. Three of these five were diagnosed cytologically although they had normal chest X-ray pictures.", "PMID": 594702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4899", "title": "Undiagnosed active tuberculosis in a medicolegal autopsy material.", "content": "A review of a mediocolegal autopsy material comprising 6,283 cases revealed a very low incidence of unrecognized active tuberculosis, namely 0.05%. The incidence appears to be lower than among non-forensic autopsies. The three cases showed uniform characteristics, being middle-aged men who could be classified as destitute.", "contents": "Undiagnosed active tuberculosis in a medicolegal autopsy material. A review of a mediocolegal autopsy material comprising 6,283 cases revealed a very low incidence of unrecognized active tuberculosis, namely 0.05%. The incidence appears to be lower than among non-forensic autopsies. The three cases showed uniform characteristics, being middle-aged men who could be classified as destitute.", "PMID": 594703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4900", "title": "The function of drug company representatives.", "content": "The drug industry has a major influence on drug prescribing habits through their medical representatives. We therefore set out to see whether their work was more concerned with providing information or with selling, more with demand or with supply, and how much it cost in Finland. We interviewed currently employed and former representatives and contact persons in health institutions, and analysed advertisements for vacancies for medical representatives. It seems that companies regard detailing more as a sales activity than as public relations and that this trend towards selling has gained in importance in recent years. The number of representatives engaged in the pharmaceutical industry exceeds the demand for their services. The drug companies allotted in 1975 detailing at least 5 000 Fmk (+1 300) per physician per year. Our conclusion is that drug detailing is neither necessary nor beneficial for the health services.", "contents": "The function of drug company representatives. The drug industry has a major influence on drug prescribing habits through their medical representatives. We therefore set out to see whether their work was more concerned with providing information or with selling, more with demand or with supply, and how much it cost in Finland. We interviewed currently employed and former representatives and contact persons in health institutions, and analysed advertisements for vacancies for medical representatives. It seems that companies regard detailing more as a sales activity than as public relations and that this trend towards selling has gained in importance in recent years. The number of representatives engaged in the pharmaceutical industry exceeds the demand for their services. The drug companies allotted in 1975 detailing at least 5 000 Fmk (+1 300) per physician per year. Our conclusion is that drug detailing is neither necessary nor beneficial for the health services.", "PMID": 594704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4901", "title": "Drug poisoning mortality trends in the Scandinavian countries 1961--1973.", "content": "Poisoning mortality rates have increased considerably in Denmark and Sweden, slightly in Norway, and remained essentially the same in Finland, during the period 1961 to 1973. In the present study, fatal poisoning included cases of intoxication by solid or liquid substances classified as suicidal, accidental (alcohol poisonings excepted) or of undetermined intent. From 1961 to 1973 poisoning mortality rates increased in Sweden by about 200%, in Denmark by about 100%, and in Norway by about 50%. In males, the age-standardized mortality rates were: in Denmark and Sweden, about 130; in Finland, about 70, and in Norway, about 30 cases per one million of population in1972. The corresponding figures for females were 125, 75, 40 and 20. Despite this overall rise, rates of suicidal poisoning mortality and mortality from accidental poisoning have decreased in Sweden since 1969. From this year onwards, the classification category \"undetermined poisoning\" has been used and the decreases in other categories are compensated by an increase in this group. On the basis of the scanty data available, the substances most frequently responsible for fatal poisoning are drugs (in particular barbiturates), other soporifics, and tranquilizers. There is some evidence that poisoning mortality is correlated with the prevalence of drug use and could consequently be reduced by drug control.", "contents": "Drug poisoning mortality trends in the Scandinavian countries 1961--1973. Poisoning mortality rates have increased considerably in Denmark and Sweden, slightly in Norway, and remained essentially the same in Finland, during the period 1961 to 1973. In the present study, fatal poisoning included cases of intoxication by solid or liquid substances classified as suicidal, accidental (alcohol poisonings excepted) or of undetermined intent. From 1961 to 1973 poisoning mortality rates increased in Sweden by about 200%, in Denmark by about 100%, and in Norway by about 50%. In males, the age-standardized mortality rates were: in Denmark and Sweden, about 130; in Finland, about 70, and in Norway, about 30 cases per one million of population in1972. The corresponding figures for females were 125, 75, 40 and 20. Despite this overall rise, rates of suicidal poisoning mortality and mortality from accidental poisoning have decreased in Sweden since 1969. From this year onwards, the classification category \"undetermined poisoning\" has been used and the decreases in other categories are compensated by an increase in this group. On the basis of the scanty data available, the substances most frequently responsible for fatal poisoning are drugs (in particular barbiturates), other soporifics, and tranquilizers. There is some evidence that poisoning mortality is correlated with the prevalence of drug use and could consequently be reduced by drug control.", "PMID": 594705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4902", "title": "Phenytoin, phenobarbitone and serum cholesterol.", "content": "Epileptics receiving phenytoin and/or phenobarbitone medication are observed to have an exceedingly low incidence of myocardial infarction. Serum cholesterol samples from 96 epileptics treated with these anticonvulsant drugs have been measured and found not to deviate from values found in a mass screening carried out in the same geographical area. Since medication with phenytoin/phenobarbitone reduces vitamin D levels in serum and intake of this vitamin is positively correlated to myocardial infarction, we suggest that vitamin D might be a factor to be considered.", "contents": "Phenytoin, phenobarbitone and serum cholesterol. Epileptics receiving phenytoin and/or phenobarbitone medication are observed to have an exceedingly low incidence of myocardial infarction. Serum cholesterol samples from 96 epileptics treated with these anticonvulsant drugs have been measured and found not to deviate from values found in a mass screening carried out in the same geographical area. Since medication with phenytoin/phenobarbitone reduces vitamin D levels in serum and intake of this vitamin is positively correlated to myocardial infarction, we suggest that vitamin D might be a factor to be considered.", "PMID": 594706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4903", "title": "Smoking habits among Norwegian doctors 1974.", "content": "In the spring of 1974 a representative sample (N = 1200) of all doctors in Norway (6 000) received a mailed questionnaire regarding past and present smoking habits. Close to 95% responded. Among late responders there was a disproportionately high number of smokers. As compared with the general population, both male and female doctors constitute a small proportion of daily smokers and a large proportion of exsmokers. The greatest contrasts are observed in the younger age groups. The percentage of daily smokers in this crossectional study on the medical profession is approximately 50% lower than that found in the 1952--53 study on Norwegian doctors. There is also a shift away from cigarette smoking toward the use of pipe and cigars, which is not found in the general population. Answers to questions regarding reasons for quitting as well as certain attitudinal indicators show that the doctors' reduction in smoking is related to their professional involvement and high level of knowledge concerning the health consequences of smoking.", "contents": "Smoking habits among Norwegian doctors 1974. In the spring of 1974 a representative sample (N = 1200) of all doctors in Norway (6 000) received a mailed questionnaire regarding past and present smoking habits. Close to 95% responded. Among late responders there was a disproportionately high number of smokers. As compared with the general population, both male and female doctors constitute a small proportion of daily smokers and a large proportion of exsmokers. The greatest contrasts are observed in the younger age groups. The percentage of daily smokers in this crossectional study on the medical profession is approximately 50% lower than that found in the 1952--53 study on Norwegian doctors. There is also a shift away from cigarette smoking toward the use of pipe and cigars, which is not found in the general population. Answers to questions regarding reasons for quitting as well as certain attitudinal indicators show that the doctors' reduction in smoking is related to their professional involvement and high level of knowledge concerning the health consequences of smoking.", "PMID": 594707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4904", "title": "Effects of a health screening on mortality and causes of death in middle-aged men. A prospective study from 1970 to 1974 of mean in Malm\u00f6, born 1914.", "content": "All men born in even-numbered months in 1914 and domiciled in Malm\u00f6 were invited in 1969 to participate in an investigation regarding risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with a blood pressure of 165/110 and over were treated and a sub-sample of heavy smokers were later invited to take part in a quit-smoking project. During the following five year period total and cause-specific mortality in the examined group was compared with corresponding data for men born in uneven months in 1914. Mortality in the examined cohort was lower than among controls and differed significantly from that in the control group with regard to cardiovascular mortality.", "contents": "Effects of a health screening on mortality and causes of death in middle-aged men. A prospective study from 1970 to 1974 of mean in Malm\u00f6, born 1914. All men born in even-numbered months in 1914 and domiciled in Malm\u00f6 were invited in 1969 to participate in an investigation regarding risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with a blood pressure of 165/110 and over were treated and a sub-sample of heavy smokers were later invited to take part in a quit-smoking project. During the following five year period total and cause-specific mortality in the examined group was compared with corresponding data for men born in uneven months in 1914. Mortality in the examined cohort was lower than among controls and differed significantly from that in the control group with regard to cardiovascular mortality.", "PMID": 594708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4905", "title": "Utilization of coronary care units in Sweden.", "content": "Coronary care unit usage has expanded rapidly in all high income countries with little attention to effectivity or cost. A study of six randomly chosen Swedish units showed that larger units in teaching hospitals had significantly lower age-adjusted mortality rates, higher proportions of myocardial infarction patients, and greater productivity and efficiency. Comparisons with a study from the United States showed better results in the Swedish hospital units according to all variables measured. Although proof of effectiveness of CCU's is lacking, their continued use is assured. A less than optimal solution is a rational distribution of units based upon epidemiologically determined need, while stressing good organization and efficiency.", "contents": "Utilization of coronary care units in Sweden. Coronary care unit usage has expanded rapidly in all high income countries with little attention to effectivity or cost. A study of six randomly chosen Swedish units showed that larger units in teaching hospitals had significantly lower age-adjusted mortality rates, higher proportions of myocardial infarction patients, and greater productivity and efficiency. Comparisons with a study from the United States showed better results in the Swedish hospital units according to all variables measured. Although proof of effectiveness of CCU's is lacking, their continued use is assured. A less than optimal solution is a rational distribution of units based upon epidemiologically determined need, while stressing good organization and efficiency.", "PMID": 594709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4906", "title": "Results five to seven years after aortic valve replacement with the original Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis.", "content": "Isolated aortic valve replacement with the original Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was performed in 128 patients at the Thoracic Surgical Clinic, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, during the period 1969--71. No patient was lost at follow-up 5--7 years after surgery. The early mortality rate was 5% (6/128) and the actuarial late death rate at 5 years was 13% (16/122). This late survival rate represents a significant improvement over the natural history of symptomatic aortic valvular disease. Age at operation and the particular size of prosthetic valve inserted had no bearing on late mortality, while large heart size and aortic incompetence were associated with a higher incidence of late deaths. There was only one death due to thromboembolism and no case of mechanical prosthetic valve dysfunction. The incidence of thrombo-embolism was 0.7 per 100 patient years with continuous anticoagulation therapy during sinus rhythm, but increased during atrial fibrillation and after discontinuation of anticoagulation. Survival without complications was 75% at 5 years among the 122 patients discharged from hospital.", "contents": "Results five to seven years after aortic valve replacement with the original Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis. Isolated aortic valve replacement with the original Delrin disc model Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis was performed in 128 patients at the Thoracic Surgical Clinic, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, during the period 1969--71. No patient was lost at follow-up 5--7 years after surgery. The early mortality rate was 5% (6/128) and the actuarial late death rate at 5 years was 13% (16/122). This late survival rate represents a significant improvement over the natural history of symptomatic aortic valvular disease. Age at operation and the particular size of prosthetic valve inserted had no bearing on late mortality, while large heart size and aortic incompetence were associated with a higher incidence of late deaths. There was only one death due to thromboembolism and no case of mechanical prosthetic valve dysfunction. The incidence of thrombo-embolism was 0.7 per 100 patient years with continuous anticoagulation therapy during sinus rhythm, but increased during atrial fibrillation and after discontinuation of anticoagulation. Survival without complications was 75% at 5 years among the 122 patients discharged from hospital.", "PMID": 594710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4907", "title": "Central haemodynamics in the immediate postoperative period after aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Twelve patients with aortic valve lesions were studied haemodynamically before operation and on the three consecutive days after uncomplicated aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Five patients had pure aortic stenosis, 4 aortic insufficiency and 3 had combined lesions. Cardiac output at rest, which was within normal limits before operation, was unchanged on the first postoperative day, but showed a tendency to increase on the two following days. Heart rate was markedly increased postoperatively with a corresponding decrease in stroke volume. Arteriovenous oxygen difference was slightly higher postoperatively, indicating a more hypokinetic circulation after surgery. Right atrial mean pressure, which was normal preoperatively, increased in average 3 mmHg postoperatively, whereas left atrial mean pressure, which was pathologically elevated in most patients before operation, showed a marked decrease after operation with a corresponding decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. No significant change in radial artery pressure was observed. Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly after surgery. The causes of tachycardia, decreased left atrial pressure and hypokinetic circulation after operation are discussed. It is suggested that, in spite of a positive fluid and blood balance, a relative hypovolaemia exists with insufficient blood volume in the left atrium, leading to diminished filling of the low-compliant left ventricle.", "contents": "Central haemodynamics in the immediate postoperative period after aortic valve replacement. Twelve patients with aortic valve lesions were studied haemodynamically before operation and on the three consecutive days after uncomplicated aortic valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Five patients had pure aortic stenosis, 4 aortic insufficiency and 3 had combined lesions. Cardiac output at rest, which was within normal limits before operation, was unchanged on the first postoperative day, but showed a tendency to increase on the two following days. Heart rate was markedly increased postoperatively with a corresponding decrease in stroke volume. Arteriovenous oxygen difference was slightly higher postoperatively, indicating a more hypokinetic circulation after surgery. Right atrial mean pressure, which was normal preoperatively, increased in average 3 mmHg postoperatively, whereas left atrial mean pressure, which was pathologically elevated in most patients before operation, showed a marked decrease after operation with a corresponding decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. No significant change in radial artery pressure was observed. Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly after surgery. The causes of tachycardia, decreased left atrial pressure and hypokinetic circulation after operation are discussed. It is suggested that, in spite of a positive fluid and blood balance, a relative hypovolaemia exists with insufficient blood volume in the left atrium, leading to diminished filling of the low-compliant left ventricle.", "PMID": 594711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4908", "title": "Thrombolytic treatment for thrombotic complication of valve prosthesis after tricuspid valve replacement. A case report.", "content": "The report of a case, in which thrombolytic treatment with streptokinase was twice used successfully in a 14-year-old girl, 23 and 27 months after tricuspid valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis, is presented. The patient had earlier undergone a thrombectomy.", "contents": "Thrombolytic treatment for thrombotic complication of valve prosthesis after tricuspid valve replacement. A case report. The report of a case, in which thrombolytic treatment with streptokinase was twice used successfully in a 14-year-old girl, 23 and 27 months after tricuspid valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis, is presented. The patient had earlier undergone a thrombectomy.", "PMID": 594712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4909", "title": "Aneurysms of the ascending aorta with aortic valve incompetence.", "content": "Twelve out of 14 patients with aneurysm of the proximal ascending aorta (AA) combined with aortic valve incompetence (AI) were operated upon by replacement of both the aneurysm and valves by prostheses. Eight of the patients operated on (67%) survived and are living free of symptoms 3 months to 3 years after operation. The operative technique and complications are discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the ascending aorta with aortic valve incompetence. Twelve out of 14 patients with aneurysm of the proximal ascending aorta (AA) combined with aortic valve incompetence (AI) were operated upon by replacement of both the aneurysm and valves by prostheses. Eight of the patients operated on (67%) survived and are living free of symptoms 3 months to 3 years after operation. The operative technique and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 594713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4910", "title": "Parasternal mediastinotomy for implantation of a myocardial electrode. Experience of 71 patients.", "content": "The clinical experience of a pacemaker material of 71 petients in whom myocardial electrodes were implanted through left parasternal mediastinotomy is presented. The indication for implantation of a myocardial electrode was a complication of the transvenous electrode in 93% of the cases. Minor pulmonary/pleural complications with insignificant sequelae occurred in 18%. Wound infections accompanied by fistulisation as a late complication occurred in 4.2%. There was one (1.4%) postoperative death in hospital. Two patients died later at the end of the first postoperative month of causes not directly associated with surgery. These three patients were over 75 years of age. The material was followed up for an average of 21.5 months. The incidence of fistulisation during the follow-up period was 5.5%/patient-year. One case of breaking of the tip of the myocardial electrode was encountered during the follow-up. The mortality rate for the series was 7%/patient-year.", "contents": "Parasternal mediastinotomy for implantation of a myocardial electrode. Experience of 71 patients. The clinical experience of a pacemaker material of 71 petients in whom myocardial electrodes were implanted through left parasternal mediastinotomy is presented. The indication for implantation of a myocardial electrode was a complication of the transvenous electrode in 93% of the cases. Minor pulmonary/pleural complications with insignificant sequelae occurred in 18%. Wound infections accompanied by fistulisation as a late complication occurred in 4.2%. There was one (1.4%) postoperative death in hospital. Two patients died later at the end of the first postoperative month of causes not directly associated with surgery. These three patients were over 75 years of age. The material was followed up for an average of 21.5 months. The incidence of fistulisation during the follow-up period was 5.5%/patient-year. One case of breaking of the tip of the myocardial electrode was encountered during the follow-up. The mortality rate for the series was 7%/patient-year.", "PMID": 594716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4911", "title": "Arterio-intestinal fistula as a complication following insertion of an aorto-iliac bifurcation graft. A case report.", "content": "A patient who had been treated with insertion of an aorto-iliac bifurcation dacron prosthesis for atherosclerosis 6 years previously, developed a fistulous communication between a false aneurysm at the distal anastomosis to the left iliac artery and an ileal loop. Intestinal haemorrhage and signs of infection were the main symptoms. Successful surgical treatment consisted of suturing the intestinal defect, removal of the left limb of the graft and vascular reconstruction by means of a subcutaneous femorofemoral vein bypass.", "contents": "Arterio-intestinal fistula as a complication following insertion of an aorto-iliac bifurcation graft. A case report. A patient who had been treated with insertion of an aorto-iliac bifurcation dacron prosthesis for atherosclerosis 6 years previously, developed a fistulous communication between a false aneurysm at the distal anastomosis to the left iliac artery and an ileal loop. Intestinal haemorrhage and signs of infection were the main symptoms. Successful surgical treatment consisted of suturing the intestinal defect, removal of the left limb of the graft and vascular reconstruction by means of a subcutaneous femorofemoral vein bypass.", "PMID": 594717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4912", "title": "Peroperative vasopressin infusion during portocaval shunt surgery.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of vasopressin decreased mesenteric arterial- and portal venous flow in dogs. In 4 of 5 high-risk patients, in whom acu te portosystemic shunting was performed, the peroperative intravenous infusion of vasopressin facilitated the surgical procedure by reducing portal pressure and peroperative bleeding from venous collaterals. In 1 patient with reversed portal flow, the portal pressure and flow were not affected by the vasopressin infusion. No undesirable effects of vasopressin were encountered and all patients survived surgery and the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Peroperative vasopressin infusion during portocaval shunt surgery. Intravenous infusion of vasopressin decreased mesenteric arterial- and portal venous flow in dogs. In 4 of 5 high-risk patients, in whom acu te portosystemic shunting was performed, the peroperative intravenous infusion of vasopressin facilitated the surgical procedure by reducing portal pressure and peroperative bleeding from venous collaterals. In 1 patient with reversed portal flow, the portal pressure and flow were not affected by the vasopressin infusion. No undesirable effects of vasopressin were encountered and all patients survived surgery and the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 594719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4913", "title": "Popliteal aneurysms.", "content": "Four typical cases of popliteal aneurysms are reported and the recent literature is briefly reviewed. The aneurysm should be operated upon once the diagnosis is made, whether symptomatic or not. The treatment of choice is proximal and distal exclusion of the aneurysm and a vein bypass, using the medial approach.", "contents": "Popliteal aneurysms. Four typical cases of popliteal aneurysms are reported and the recent literature is briefly reviewed. The aneurysm should be operated upon once the diagnosis is made, whether symptomatic or not. The treatment of choice is proximal and distal exclusion of the aneurysm and a vein bypass, using the medial approach.", "PMID": 594720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4914", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "A ten-year clinical series of 219 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax is presented with an average follow-up of 9 years. The vast majority of the patients were young men with a ruptured subpleural bleb. A slight increase in the incidence was noted in the older age groups with tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis as compared with the earlier series from the same hospital. The primary treatment was conservative in 197 and surgical in 22 cases. Recurrence of the pneumothorax occurred in 55 cases (25%). Primary conservative treatment failed in 41 cases, yielding 118 patients to operative approach. None of the patients treated by operation (plication or resection and suture of the bleb) had a later recurrence. Five re-operations were necessary: four because of a prolonged air leak after the first operation and one for bleeding. Two patients died on account of their pneumothorax, which gave a mortality of 1%. On the basis of the experience obtained, intercostal tube drainage is recommended as primary treatment; if it fails, thoracotomy seems to offer a good permanent result.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax. A ten-year clinical series of 219 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax is presented with an average follow-up of 9 years. The vast majority of the patients were young men with a ruptured subpleural bleb. A slight increase in the incidence was noted in the older age groups with tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis as compared with the earlier series from the same hospital. The primary treatment was conservative in 197 and surgical in 22 cases. Recurrence of the pneumothorax occurred in 55 cases (25%). Primary conservative treatment failed in 41 cases, yielding 118 patients to operative approach. None of the patients treated by operation (plication or resection and suture of the bleb) had a later recurrence. Five re-operations were necessary: four because of a prolonged air leak after the first operation and one for bleeding. Two patients died on account of their pneumothorax, which gave a mortality of 1%. On the basis of the experience obtained, intercostal tube drainage is recommended as primary treatment; if it fails, thoracotomy seems to offer a good permanent result.", "PMID": 594721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4915", "title": "Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of haemothorax and empyema.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with haemothorax or empyema, in whom conventional drainage treatment had proved ineffective were treated with streptokinase instillations. An increased yield of fluid was noted in all cases, up to 1300 ml after one instillation. Re-expansion of the lung was observed radiologically in 30 cases. No serious complications occurred. The method seems very useful and is recommended.", "contents": "Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of haemothorax and empyema. Thirty-eight patients with haemothorax or empyema, in whom conventional drainage treatment had proved ineffective were treated with streptokinase instillations. An increased yield of fluid was noted in all cases, up to 1300 ml after one instillation. Re-expansion of the lung was observed radiologically in 30 cases. No serious complications occurred. The method seems very useful and is recommended.", "PMID": 594722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4916", "title": "Intrabronchial polypoid hamartome. A case report.", "content": "A case of intrabronchial hamartoma is reported. These are very rare tumours, generally accepted as being of developmental origin. Signs and symptoms may strikingly suggest bronchogenic carcinoma. Malignant changes in intrabronchial hamartomas have not been proven and treatment is surgical removal, if possible, with preservation of lung tissue distal to the tumour.", "contents": "Intrabronchial polypoid hamartome. A case report. A case of intrabronchial hamartoma is reported. These are very rare tumours, generally accepted as being of developmental origin. Signs and symptoms may strikingly suggest bronchogenic carcinoma. Malignant changes in intrabronchial hamartomas have not been proven and treatment is surgical removal, if possible, with preservation of lung tissue distal to the tumour.", "PMID": 594723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4917", "title": "Mediastinoscopy in cancer of the oesophagus or cardia.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients with verified squamous cell carcinoma in the oesophagus or adenocarcinoma had mediastinal metastases. One of 21 patients scopy. Seven of 29 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and mediastinal metastases. One of 21 patients with adenocarcinoma had this finding. It is concluded that patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus should be mediastinoscopied and that it is also a worthwhile method in patients with adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy in cancer of the oesophagus or cardia. Fifty consecutive patients with verified squamous cell carcinoma in the oesophagus or adenocarcinoma had mediastinal metastases. One of 21 patients scopy. Seven of 29 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and mediastinal metastases. One of 21 patients with adenocarcinoma had this finding. It is concluded that patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus should be mediastinoscopied and that it is also a worthwhile method in patients with adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 594724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4918", "title": "Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia.", "content": "A clinical series of 216 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus or cardia, who underwent surgical resection of the oesophagus, is presented. There were 104 patients with oesophageal carcinoma and 112 patients with carcinoma of the cardia. Histologically, there were 102 squamous cell carcinomas, 98 adenocarcinomas, 11 anaplastic carcinomas and 7 non-differentiated carcinomas. Oesophago-gastrotomy was the procedure mostly used; colon interposition was done in only 13 cases. The hospital mortality was 21%. The 5-year survival rate for the whole series after oesophageal resection was 23%. The duration of symptoms, location of the tumour, age and sex of the patients, pre- or postoperative radiotherapy and the histological type of the tumour had only a minor bearing on survival. The two most important prognostic factors were the spread of the tumour at time of operation and a preceding lye stricture. The 5-year survival rate was 34% for the patients with a local tumour at operation and 44% for those in whom the carcinoma developed at the site of a previous lye stricture. The variance of the results in the literature is discussed. Surgical approach to the carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia is recommended in all the cases in which the patient and tumour seem to be eligible for resection.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. A clinical series of 216 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus or cardia, who underwent surgical resection of the oesophagus, is presented. There were 104 patients with oesophageal carcinoma and 112 patients with carcinoma of the cardia. Histologically, there were 102 squamous cell carcinomas, 98 adenocarcinomas, 11 anaplastic carcinomas and 7 non-differentiated carcinomas. Oesophago-gastrotomy was the procedure mostly used; colon interposition was done in only 13 cases. The hospital mortality was 21%. The 5-year survival rate for the whole series after oesophageal resection was 23%. The duration of symptoms, location of the tumour, age and sex of the patients, pre- or postoperative radiotherapy and the histological type of the tumour had only a minor bearing on survival. The two most important prognostic factors were the spread of the tumour at time of operation and a preceding lye stricture. The 5-year survival rate was 34% for the patients with a local tumour at operation and 44% for those in whom the carcinoma developed at the site of a previous lye stricture. The variance of the results in the literature is discussed. Surgical approach to the carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia is recommended in all the cases in which the patient and tumour seem to be eligible for resection.", "PMID": 594725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4919", "title": "Trace-element concentrations in blood samples from welders of stainless steel or aluminium and a reference group.", "content": "The concentrations of 17 trace elements (e.g., copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, silicon and magnesium) were determined in whole blood samples of 81 persons working with different welding methods on stainless steel or aluminium and 68 nonwelders. Inorganic spark source mass spectrometry was used for the chemical analyses. The data were analyzed by the SIMCA method for pattern recognition (discriminant analysis). No differences were found between the five groups, either in the average levels of the trace elements or in the correlation structures between the trace elements. Thus no blood concentration data on the analyzed elements and collected from a single person contained any information with respect to exposure to the welding fumes investigated.", "contents": "Trace-element concentrations in blood samples from welders of stainless steel or aluminium and a reference group. The concentrations of 17 trace elements (e.g., copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, silicon and magnesium) were determined in whole blood samples of 81 persons working with different welding methods on stainless steel or aluminium and 68 nonwelders. Inorganic spark source mass spectrometry was used for the chemical analyses. The data were analyzed by the SIMCA method for pattern recognition (discriminant analysis). No differences were found between the five groups, either in the average levels of the trace elements or in the correlation structures between the trace elements. Thus no blood concentration data on the analyzed elements and collected from a single person contained any information with respect to exposure to the welding fumes investigated.", "PMID": 594726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4920", "title": "Urinary chromium as an indicator of the exposure of welders to chromium.", "content": "Five welders working with high alloy Cr-Ni steel and one working with mild steel were followed during one work week. The chromium concentration in air was measured concomitantly with urinary chromium determinations. The water-soluble chromium concentrations in air exceeded 0.05 mg/m3 during welding with coated electrodes, but metal inert-gas (MIG) welding produced much lower concentrations. The proportion of water-soluble hexavalent chromium in the air was usually more than 50% of the total chromium concentration during welding with coated electrodes, whereas less than 10% of the chromium produced during MIG welding was in a water-soluble. Since water-soluble chromium (hexavalent) is the more important biologically, the determination of both water-soluble and water-insoluble chromium concentrations is emphasized instead of the measurement of the total concentration. The urinary chromium concentration proved to be a good indicator of short-term exposure to water-soluble chromium when exposure was above the current threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3, concentrations of more than 30 microgram/g of creatinine representing an exposure level higher than the threshold limit value.", "contents": "Urinary chromium as an indicator of the exposure of welders to chromium. Five welders working with high alloy Cr-Ni steel and one working with mild steel were followed during one work week. The chromium concentration in air was measured concomitantly with urinary chromium determinations. The water-soluble chromium concentrations in air exceeded 0.05 mg/m3 during welding with coated electrodes, but metal inert-gas (MIG) welding produced much lower concentrations. The proportion of water-soluble hexavalent chromium in the air was usually more than 50% of the total chromium concentration during welding with coated electrodes, whereas less than 10% of the chromium produced during MIG welding was in a water-soluble. Since water-soluble chromium (hexavalent) is the more important biologically, the determination of both water-soluble and water-insoluble chromium concentrations is emphasized instead of the measurement of the total concentration. The urinary chromium concentration proved to be a good indicator of short-term exposure to water-soluble chromium when exposure was above the current threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3, concentrations of more than 30 microgram/g of creatinine representing an exposure level higher than the threshold limit value.", "PMID": 594727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4921", "title": "Central nervous defects in two children of mothers exposed to chemicals in the reinforced plastics industry. Chance or a causal relation?", "content": "With the use of a specially designed questionnaire, with the emphasis on occupational exposure to chemical agents at work, a case-referent study was started on 1 June 1976. The series comprised mothers of all children with central nervous defects notified to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations and their matched-pair referents. Information was gained by personal interview. By 1 March 1977 information had been gathered from 43 cases and their referents. Two case mothers had been employed in the reinforced plastics industry and had been exposed at work to a combination of styrene, polyester resin, organic peroxides, and acetone. When the number of fertile women in this industry is considered (some 250), along with the low rate of anencephaly and hydrochephalus in the general population--diagnoses made of the children of these case mothers (0.5/1,000 live births in Finland)--this occupational group is strongly overrepresented in the material. The paper is a more-detailed report regarding the two cases. Moreover a third case is mentioned in which the pregnant mother, a juvenile diabetic, had been exposed at home to styrene, polyester resin, and organic peroxides.", "contents": "Central nervous defects in two children of mothers exposed to chemicals in the reinforced plastics industry. Chance or a causal relation? With the use of a specially designed questionnaire, with the emphasis on occupational exposure to chemical agents at work, a case-referent study was started on 1 June 1976. The series comprised mothers of all children with central nervous defects notified to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations and their matched-pair referents. Information was gained by personal interview. By 1 March 1977 information had been gathered from 43 cases and their referents. Two case mothers had been employed in the reinforced plastics industry and had been exposed at work to a combination of styrene, polyester resin, organic peroxides, and acetone. When the number of fertile women in this industry is considered (some 250), along with the low rate of anencephaly and hydrochephalus in the general population--diagnoses made of the children of these case mothers (0.5/1,000 live births in Finland)--this occupational group is strongly overrepresented in the material. The paper is a more-detailed report regarding the two cases. Moreover a third case is mentioned in which the pregnant mother, a juvenile diabetic, had been exposed at home to styrene, polyester resin, and organic peroxides.", "PMID": 594728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4922", "title": "Exposure to methylene chloride. Content in subcutaneous adipose tissue.", "content": "The fat content of the body was calculated in 12 healthy male subjects aged 21 to 35 years by means of hydrostatic weighing and anthropometric estimation of skeletal weight. The subjects were exposed to a concentration of 2,600 mg of methylene chloride per cubic meter of inspired air (750 ppm) for 1 h while performing work at an intensity of 50 W on a bicycle ergometer. The uptake in the organism was measured continuously with the Douglas bag technique. The amount of methylene chloride absorbed correlated highly with degree of obesity and body weight. Needle biopsy specimens of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken from the buttocks before exposure and 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after exposure. The mean yield of tissue from the 72 biopsies was 25 mg. The concentration of methylene chloride in the adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography, using a headspace method. The mean concentration was 10.2 mg/kg 1 h after exposure and 8.4 mg/kg after 4 h. There was a wide distribution around the mean values. In the six slim subjects the concentration in the adipose tissue during the 4 h after exposure was on an average twice that of the six more obese subjects. On the other hand, in spite of lower concentrations, the obese subjects had a greater calculated amount of methylene chloride in the total fat depots of the body. Two subjects were studied about 22 h after exposure, the concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue being 1.6 and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively, at that time.", "contents": "Exposure to methylene chloride. Content in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The fat content of the body was calculated in 12 healthy male subjects aged 21 to 35 years by means of hydrostatic weighing and anthropometric estimation of skeletal weight. The subjects were exposed to a concentration of 2,600 mg of methylene chloride per cubic meter of inspired air (750 ppm) for 1 h while performing work at an intensity of 50 W on a bicycle ergometer. The uptake in the organism was measured continuously with the Douglas bag technique. The amount of methylene chloride absorbed correlated highly with degree of obesity and body weight. Needle biopsy specimens of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken from the buttocks before exposure and 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after exposure. The mean yield of tissue from the 72 biopsies was 25 mg. The concentration of methylene chloride in the adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography, using a headspace method. The mean concentration was 10.2 mg/kg 1 h after exposure and 8.4 mg/kg after 4 h. There was a wide distribution around the mean values. In the six slim subjects the concentration in the adipose tissue during the 4 h after exposure was on an average twice that of the six more obese subjects. On the other hand, in spite of lower concentrations, the obese subjects had a greater calculated amount of methylene chloride in the total fat depots of the body. Two subjects were studied about 22 h after exposure, the concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue being 1.6 and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively, at that time.", "PMID": 594729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4923", "title": "Age and sex as determinants of the relative aerobic strain of nonmotorized mail delivery.", "content": "The relative aerobic strain (RAS) of nonmotorized mail delivery was assessed in 54 Finnish mail carriers who represented both sexes, the entire workage range and both downtown and suburban delivery districts. The mean RAS of the entire delivery time was 55% of the maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg-min). It was higher for women than for men, and higher for suburban than for downtown delivery. The RAS tended to increase systematically with age after the age of 50. The work strain of mail carriers of over 50 years of age, especially of older women carriers in suburban areas, was concluded to be high enough to lead to possible excessive strain on the workers.", "contents": "Age and sex as determinants of the relative aerobic strain of nonmotorized mail delivery. The relative aerobic strain (RAS) of nonmotorized mail delivery was assessed in 54 Finnish mail carriers who represented both sexes, the entire workage range and both downtown and suburban delivery districts. The mean RAS of the entire delivery time was 55% of the maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg-min). It was higher for women than for men, and higher for suburban than for downtown delivery. The RAS tended to increase systematically with age after the age of 50. The work strain of mail carriers of over 50 years of age, especially of older women carriers in suburban areas, was concluded to be high enough to lead to possible excessive strain on the workers.", "PMID": 594730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4924", "title": "[Kearns syndrome. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigment degeneration and heart conduction disorders].", "content": "Two patients aged 17 and 25 years with Kearns syndrome are described. This condition is characterized by the triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary degeneration of of the retina and cardiac conduction defects. A review of the literature reveals frequent association with other symptoms, mainly cerebellar ataxia, neurosensory hearing loss, small stature, muscle weakness, mental retardation or dementia and endocrine disturbances. In skeletal and extraocular muscle biopsies, abnormalities of mitochondria, at present of unknown significance, have been found. CSF protein is almost always increased. The etiology of this multisystem disorder remains obscure. The 58 published cases have been sporadic, with no evidence of hereditary transmission. The prognosis seems mainly to depend on the progressive cardiac conduction defects, since several patients have already died in the second or third decade due to heart block. Patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia should be investigated for Kearns syndrome. If appropriate, implantation of a cardiac pacemaker should be considered.", "contents": "[Kearns syndrome. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigment degeneration and heart conduction disorders]. Two patients aged 17 and 25 years with Kearns syndrome are described. This condition is characterized by the triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary degeneration of of the retina and cardiac conduction defects. A review of the literature reveals frequent association with other symptoms, mainly cerebellar ataxia, neurosensory hearing loss, small stature, muscle weakness, mental retardation or dementia and endocrine disturbances. In skeletal and extraocular muscle biopsies, abnormalities of mitochondria, at present of unknown significance, have been found. CSF protein is almost always increased. The etiology of this multisystem disorder remains obscure. The 58 published cases have been sporadic, with no evidence of hereditary transmission. The prognosis seems mainly to depend on the progressive cardiac conduction defects, since several patients have already died in the second or third decade due to heart block. Patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia should be investigated for Kearns syndrome. If appropriate, implantation of a cardiac pacemaker should be considered.", "PMID": 594731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4925", "title": "[Brick and concrete driller's silicosis].", "content": "Two unusual observations on silicosis in workers specialized in brick and concrete drilling prompted the authors to draw attention to this hitherto little recognized silicogenic hazard. Drilling specialists are employed in new construction and reconstruction firms for the purpose of drilling apertures in completed walls. During the processes of drilling, chiselling and milling in concrete and in brick walls, silicogenic dust is produced, often in concentrations clearly exceeding the maximal concentration values (MAC). In the interests of disease prevention this economy-motivated but health-threatening technique of drilling apertures in walls after they have been completed should be abandoned.", "contents": "[Brick and concrete driller's silicosis]. Two unusual observations on silicosis in workers specialized in brick and concrete drilling prompted the authors to draw attention to this hitherto little recognized silicogenic hazard. Drilling specialists are employed in new construction and reconstruction firms for the purpose of drilling apertures in completed walls. During the processes of drilling, chiselling and milling in concrete and in brick walls, silicogenic dust is produced, often in concentrations clearly exceeding the maximal concentration values (MAC). In the interests of disease prevention this economy-motivated but health-threatening technique of drilling apertures in walls after they have been completed should be abandoned.", "PMID": 594732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4926", "title": "[The importance of house dust mites and stored food mites as house dust allergens in the rural population].", "content": "House dust samples from rural districts contain more mite species (in particular stored food mites) than samples from urban areas, and the total number of mites is also approximately three times greater. 77 patients from rural districts, 48 of whom allergic to their own house dust, and 29 controls, were tested with mite extracts from Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus, D. farinae, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Acarus siro, Glycyphagus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and a house dust extract. Out of 32 patients who showed positive scratch tests to one or more mite extracts, 29 (90,6 percent) reacted positively to D. pteronyssimus, 25 (78.1 percent) to D. farinae and from 7 to 12 (20-40 percent) to the stored food mites. Out of the 48 patients allergic to their own house dust, 27 (56.2 percent showed positive reactions to D. pteronyssinus, 24 (50.0 percent) to the house dust extract and 21 (43.7 percent) to D. farinae. Only 5 (17.2 percent) out of the 29 controls reacted positively to one or more of the solutions tested. The stored food mites showed 2.5 to 4.5 times more positive reactions in the rural patients compared with the results obtained in urban patients. The importance of these mites in the sensitization of patients from rural districts is discussed.", "contents": "[The importance of house dust mites and stored food mites as house dust allergens in the rural population]. House dust samples from rural districts contain more mite species (in particular stored food mites) than samples from urban areas, and the total number of mites is also approximately three times greater. 77 patients from rural districts, 48 of whom allergic to their own house dust, and 29 controls, were tested with mite extracts from Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus, D. farinae, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Acarus siro, Glycyphagus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and a house dust extract. Out of 32 patients who showed positive scratch tests to one or more mite extracts, 29 (90,6 percent) reacted positively to D. pteronyssimus, 25 (78.1 percent) to D. farinae and from 7 to 12 (20-40 percent) to the stored food mites. Out of the 48 patients allergic to their own house dust, 27 (56.2 percent showed positive reactions to D. pteronyssinus, 24 (50.0 percent) to the house dust extract and 21 (43.7 percent) to D. farinae. Only 5 (17.2 percent) out of the 29 controls reacted positively to one or more of the solutions tested. The stored food mites showed 2.5 to 4.5 times more positive reactions in the rural patients compared with the results obtained in urban patients. The importance of these mites in the sensitization of patients from rural districts is discussed.", "PMID": 594733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4927", "title": "[The epidemiology of drug, cigarette and alcohol consumption in young men].", "content": "In view of the recent rise in drug consumption, a 3-year longitudinal study of 19-year-old men was conducted to investigate development of consumption behavior. Consumption of cigarettes and alcohol was also considered. The aim was to obtain information about the development of consumption by 19-year-old men (increase, decrease, etc). The follow-up sample consisted of 841 men in the Canton of Zurich who had been selected from a complete survey of men born in 1952. They answered a questionnaire at the age of 19 and again three years later. The results show that drug, cigarette and alcohol show a different development of consumption in the ages between 19 and 22 years. The percentage of drug consumers had decreased from 23.3 percent to 14.8 percent. In approximately 4 percent there is a high risk of dependence in addition to absence of social integration. The percentage of cigarette smokers did not change (approximately 53 percent), but the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased. For alcohol there is a general increase in consumption. For all three substances, heavy consumption at the age of 19 increases the risk of heavy consumption at the age of 22.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of drug, cigarette and alcohol consumption in young men]. In view of the recent rise in drug consumption, a 3-year longitudinal study of 19-year-old men was conducted to investigate development of consumption behavior. Consumption of cigarettes and alcohol was also considered. The aim was to obtain information about the development of consumption by 19-year-old men (increase, decrease, etc). The follow-up sample consisted of 841 men in the Canton of Zurich who had been selected from a complete survey of men born in 1952. They answered a questionnaire at the age of 19 and again three years later. The results show that drug, cigarette and alcohol show a different development of consumption in the ages between 19 and 22 years. The percentage of drug consumers had decreased from 23.3 percent to 14.8 percent. In approximately 4 percent there is a high risk of dependence in addition to absence of social integration. The percentage of cigarette smokers did not change (approximately 53 percent), but the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased. For alcohol there is a general increase in consumption. For all three substances, heavy consumption at the age of 19 increases the risk of heavy consumption at the age of 22.", "PMID": 594734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4928", "title": "[Consequeces of the elimination of a combination drug. Transition from combination antisacer: attention].", "content": "Antisacer compositum, a commonly prescribed speciality which associated phenobarbitone and phenytoin in a dose ratio of 1:4, was withdrawn after demonstration of a negative interaction of this formula. A retrospective analysis is presented of phenytoin plasma levels during bitherapy and after passage to monotherapy, in 13 adult epileptics followed as outpatients. Phenytoin plasma levels increased over twofold in 12 cases, of whom 5 continued to take the same doses, while 7 received higher doses on, and in one case two weeks after, the withdrawal of phenobarbitone. Plasma level decreased slightly in the thirteenth in spite of increased doses. Five phenytoin intoxications occurred after this change of prescription: one amongst the 5 cases with identical doses, and 4 amongst the 7 cases with increased doses. The initially high levels of phenytoin tend to decrease after several months. Physicians required to change the prescription should be aware of the risk of initial intoxication and later underdosage.", "contents": "[Consequeces of the elimination of a combination drug. Transition from combination antisacer: attention]. Antisacer compositum, a commonly prescribed speciality which associated phenobarbitone and phenytoin in a dose ratio of 1:4, was withdrawn after demonstration of a negative interaction of this formula. A retrospective analysis is presented of phenytoin plasma levels during bitherapy and after passage to monotherapy, in 13 adult epileptics followed as outpatients. Phenytoin plasma levels increased over twofold in 12 cases, of whom 5 continued to take the same doses, while 7 received higher doses on, and in one case two weeks after, the withdrawal of phenobarbitone. Plasma level decreased slightly in the thirteenth in spite of increased doses. Five phenytoin intoxications occurred after this change of prescription: one amongst the 5 cases with identical doses, and 4 amongst the 7 cases with increased doses. The initially high levels of phenytoin tend to decrease after several months. Physicians required to change the prescription should be aware of the risk of initial intoxication and later underdosage.", "PMID": 594737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4929", "title": "Grossly bloody urine of runners.", "content": "A study of 13 men with grossly bloody urine induced by running incriminated the urinary bladder neck or posterior urethra as the site of blood loss. Our evidence also showed that diet lacking in animal protein can play a causative role. The ailment seems to have no long-term sequelae and may not affect female runners. Although we recommend medical evaluation for any runner with gross hematuria, the extent of diagnostic work-up and any modification of the victim's training problem program will depend on the circumstances in each case.", "contents": "Grossly bloody urine of runners. A study of 13 men with grossly bloody urine induced by running incriminated the urinary bladder neck or posterior urethra as the site of blood loss. Our evidence also showed that diet lacking in animal protein can play a causative role. The ailment seems to have no long-term sequelae and may not affect female runners. Although we recommend medical evaluation for any runner with gross hematuria, the extent of diagnostic work-up and any modification of the victim's training problem program will depend on the circumstances in each case.", "PMID": 594787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4930", "title": "Influence of dosage and duration of therapy on the rate of response to methyclothiazide in essential hypertension.", "content": "One hundred twenty patients with essential hypertension were studied to determine whether patients who had not responded to the usual dose of a thiazide (methyclothiazide, 5 mg daily during a six-week drug trial) would respond to a higher dose (10 mg daily). The 14-week study was divided into three periods: (1) a two-week placebo period; (2) a six-week single-blind trial; and (3) a six-week period for double-blind dose comparison. Among the 77.3 percent of patients who responded to the drug, diastolic blood pressure was reduced to 90 mm Hg or lower. Two types of thiazide responders were identified-early and late. The early responders (50 percent of study patients), showed a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure within four weeks; the late responders (27.3 percent) showed a modest reduction in diastolic blood pressure during the first four weeks of therapy, followed by a plateau lasting about two weeks, then a further significant reduction in blood pressure during the ensuing six weeks. Hypokalemia was more common in early responders. There were no significant differences in late response among patients who continued on the usual dose of methyclothiazide compared to those whose dosage was doubled, suggesting that the late response was not due to increasing the dose of the drug.", "contents": "Influence of dosage and duration of therapy on the rate of response to methyclothiazide in essential hypertension. One hundred twenty patients with essential hypertension were studied to determine whether patients who had not responded to the usual dose of a thiazide (methyclothiazide, 5 mg daily during a six-week drug trial) would respond to a higher dose (10 mg daily). The 14-week study was divided into three periods: (1) a two-week placebo period; (2) a six-week single-blind trial; and (3) a six-week period for double-blind dose comparison. Among the 77.3 percent of patients who responded to the drug, diastolic blood pressure was reduced to 90 mm Hg or lower. Two types of thiazide responders were identified-early and late. The early responders (50 percent of study patients), showed a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure within four weeks; the late responders (27.3 percent) showed a modest reduction in diastolic blood pressure during the first four weeks of therapy, followed by a plateau lasting about two weeks, then a further significant reduction in blood pressure during the ensuing six weeks. Hypokalemia was more common in early responders. There were no significant differences in late response among patients who continued on the usual dose of methyclothiazide compared to those whose dosage was doubled, suggesting that the late response was not due to increasing the dose of the drug.", "PMID": 594788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4931", "title": "Surgical treatment of urethral stricture.", "content": "We reviewed 59 cases of urethral stricture diseases treated at Charity Hospital of Louisiana in New Orleans from 1965 to 1975 to determine whether surgery was a feasible alternative to repeated urethral dilatations. Five different surgical procedures were done: internal urethrotomy, Johanson-Leadbetter, patch-graft, Turner-Warwich, and dismembered technics. Results of internal urethrotomy were poor, but the other procedures had an overall success of 72 percent.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of urethral stricture. We reviewed 59 cases of urethral stricture diseases treated at Charity Hospital of Louisiana in New Orleans from 1965 to 1975 to determine whether surgery was a feasible alternative to repeated urethral dilatations. Five different surgical procedures were done: internal urethrotomy, Johanson-Leadbetter, patch-graft, Turner-Warwich, and dismembered technics. Results of internal urethrotomy were poor, but the other procedures had an overall success of 72 percent.", "PMID": 594789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4932", "title": "Reconsideration of orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The results of a large randomized prospective clinical trial conducted by the Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group (VACURG) in 1968 are updated and reevaluated. In this study, placebo, diethylstilbestrol (DES, 5 mg/day), orchiectomy plus placebo, and orchiectomy plus DES were compared in patients whose conditions were initially diagnosed as stage III and IV carcinoma of the prostate. Results showed that orchiectomy alone or in combination with estrogen did not improve overall survival rates in stage III and IV carcinoma of the prostate. In the two treatment groups receiving estrogen, however, there were fewer deaths due to cancer of the prostate, but this effect tended to be offset by an increased number of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. Deaths from other causes showed no particular pattern with respect to treatment. These studies showed that estrogen is more effective than orchiectomy in preventing deaths from cancer and that the addition of orchiectomy to estrogen does not offer any clear-cut advantage over estrogen therapy alone. If cancer symptoms necessitate treatment, initial therapy with estrogen is preferred. Orchiectomy should be reserved for those circumstances in which a patient is not reliable, cannot tolerate estrogens, or has severe cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Reconsideration of orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma. The results of a large randomized prospective clinical trial conducted by the Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group (VACURG) in 1968 are updated and reevaluated. In this study, placebo, diethylstilbestrol (DES, 5 mg/day), orchiectomy plus placebo, and orchiectomy plus DES were compared in patients whose conditions were initially diagnosed as stage III and IV carcinoma of the prostate. Results showed that orchiectomy alone or in combination with estrogen did not improve overall survival rates in stage III and IV carcinoma of the prostate. In the two treatment groups receiving estrogen, however, there were fewer deaths due to cancer of the prostate, but this effect tended to be offset by an increased number of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. Deaths from other causes showed no particular pattern with respect to treatment. These studies showed that estrogen is more effective than orchiectomy in preventing deaths from cancer and that the addition of orchiectomy to estrogen does not offer any clear-cut advantage over estrogen therapy alone. If cancer symptoms necessitate treatment, initial therapy with estrogen is preferred. Orchiectomy should be reserved for those circumstances in which a patient is not reliable, cannot tolerate estrogens, or has severe cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 594790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4933", "title": "Bilateral synchronous transitional ureteral carcinoma: two additional cases.", "content": "Bilateral synchronous transitional ureteral carcinoma has previously been reported only 11 times. Herein, two additional cases are reported. Analysis shows these tumors to be of relatively low grade and low stage. It is necessary to fully evaluate the opposite side in a patient presenting with unilateral ureteral tumor. If bilateral disease is present, a conservative surgical procedure should be done.", "contents": "Bilateral synchronous transitional ureteral carcinoma: two additional cases. Bilateral synchronous transitional ureteral carcinoma has previously been reported only 11 times. Herein, two additional cases are reported. Analysis shows these tumors to be of relatively low grade and low stage. It is necessary to fully evaluate the opposite side in a patient presenting with unilateral ureteral tumor. If bilateral disease is present, a conservative surgical procedure should be done.", "PMID": 594791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4934", "title": "Hemangiomas of the striated muscle.", "content": "Presented are three cases of hemangiomas of skeletal muscle in which the presenting symptom was pain. Examination revealed almost spot tenderness at the site of the tumor, but no masses were palpable. Treatment was exicision. Results of surgery usually are good, although local recurrence can follow incomplete resection, as it did in one of our cases.", "contents": "Hemangiomas of the striated muscle. Presented are three cases of hemangiomas of skeletal muscle in which the presenting symptom was pain. Examination revealed almost spot tenderness at the site of the tumor, but no masses were palpable. Treatment was exicision. Results of surgery usually are good, although local recurrence can follow incomplete resection, as it did in one of our cases.", "PMID": 594792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4935", "title": "Interpretation of the diagnostic biochemical profile.", "content": "Interpretation of the diagnostic biochemical profile has been assisted in some laboratories by simply listing on the chart paper the most common conditions causing increased and decreased concentrations of the substances measured, or by computer print-outs of a list of the most likely conditions causing the observed patterm. These are not always available, and in their absence the pathologist or the clinician or both must attempt interpretation on their own. We have prepared four algorithms (decision trees) as an aid to interpretion of the 12-test profile provided at Charity Hospital (which differs from the more usual ones by the inclusion of both creatinine and urea nitrogen and omission of cholesterol). The algorithms are still in the process of revision and development and thus should be regarded as tentative.", "contents": "Interpretation of the diagnostic biochemical profile. Interpretation of the diagnostic biochemical profile has been assisted in some laboratories by simply listing on the chart paper the most common conditions causing increased and decreased concentrations of the substances measured, or by computer print-outs of a list of the most likely conditions causing the observed patterm. These are not always available, and in their absence the pathologist or the clinician or both must attempt interpretation on their own. We have prepared four algorithms (decision trees) as an aid to interpretion of the 12-test profile provided at Charity Hospital (which differs from the more usual ones by the inclusion of both creatinine and urea nitrogen and omission of cholesterol). The algorithms are still in the process of revision and development and thus should be regarded as tentative.", "PMID": 594793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4936", "title": "Diagnostic implications of markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a reevaluation.", "content": "To reevaluate the diagnostic significance of a markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the clinical diagnosis associated with an ESR of 100 mm/hr or greater was retrospectively analyzed in 200 patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In contrast to previously reported experiences in the the American literature suggesting a high frequency (58 percent) of malignant disease in such patients, the present study found infections to be the most frequently associated diseases (35 percent), while malignant disease accounted for only 15 percent of the patients. Review of the foreign literature similarly suggested infection rather than malignancy as a major association with markedly elevated ESRs. It is concluded that an ESR greater than or equal to 100 mm/hr has little diagnostic specificity and should not of itself dictate evaluation for occult malignancy in most patients.", "contents": "Diagnostic implications of markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a reevaluation. To reevaluate the diagnostic significance of a markedly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the clinical diagnosis associated with an ESR of 100 mm/hr or greater was retrospectively analyzed in 200 patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In contrast to previously reported experiences in the the American literature suggesting a high frequency (58 percent) of malignant disease in such patients, the present study found infections to be the most frequently associated diseases (35 percent), while malignant disease accounted for only 15 percent of the patients. Review of the foreign literature similarly suggested infection rather than malignancy as a major association with markedly elevated ESRs. It is concluded that an ESR greater than or equal to 100 mm/hr has little diagnostic specificity and should not of itself dictate evaluation for occult malignancy in most patients.", "PMID": 594794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4937", "title": "Failure of single-session dietary counseling to reduce salt intake in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Twelve ambulatory, stable, hypertensive patients were studied to determine the effect of a single, structured session of dietary counseling on daily sodium intake. The patients understood the material presented to them, as measured by testing six weeks after the original session, and they perceived themselves as having substantially reduced their daily salt intake (p less than 0.005); objective assessment of dietry sodium from measurement of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, however, showed no significant decrease in this patient group. We conclude that single-session dietary counseling in hypertensive patients is unlikely to result in significant reductions in daily salt intake.", "contents": "Failure of single-session dietary counseling to reduce salt intake in hypertensive patients. Twelve ambulatory, stable, hypertensive patients were studied to determine the effect of a single, structured session of dietary counseling on daily sodium intake. The patients understood the material presented to them, as measured by testing six weeks after the original session, and they perceived themselves as having substantially reduced their daily salt intake (p less than 0.005); objective assessment of dietry sodium from measurement of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, however, showed no significant decrease in this patient group. We conclude that single-session dietary counseling in hypertensive patients is unlikely to result in significant reductions in daily salt intake.", "PMID": 594795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4938", "title": "Salvage of bovine graft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.", "content": "This report describes three patients with complications of bovine graft implanted for chronic dialysis. The three complications were surgically corrected so that each graft could be used again for hemodialysis access.", "contents": "Salvage of bovine graft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. This report describes three patients with complications of bovine graft implanted for chronic dialysis. The three complications were surgically corrected so that each graft could be used again for hemodialysis access.", "PMID": 594796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4939", "title": "Plasma osmotic changes during major abdominal surgery.", "content": "Fluid balance across the capillary membrane is maintained normally by a balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures (COP). In 12 patients having major intra-abdominal procedures, the COP was followed during the operative and immediate postoperative periods. The patients' intraoperative fluid management consisted of replacing shed blood with blood and following Shires' concept of crystalloid replacement. Significant decreases in COP to approximately two thirds of the initial value occurred in patients having intra-abdominal procedures versus only a 10 percent decrease in those having peripheral procedures (greater than .001). As a result of this decrease in COP, the balance between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures is lost and risk of pulmonary intersitial edema is increased.", "contents": "Plasma osmotic changes during major abdominal surgery. Fluid balance across the capillary membrane is maintained normally by a balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures (COP). In 12 patients having major intra-abdominal procedures, the COP was followed during the operative and immediate postoperative periods. The patients' intraoperative fluid management consisted of replacing shed blood with blood and following Shires' concept of crystalloid replacement. Significant decreases in COP to approximately two thirds of the initial value occurred in patients having intra-abdominal procedures versus only a 10 percent decrease in those having peripheral procedures (greater than .001). As a result of this decrease in COP, the balance between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures is lost and risk of pulmonary intersitial edema is increased.", "PMID": 594797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4940", "title": "Vessel tortuosity as a cause of posterior fossa cranial nerve syndromes.", "content": "Neurologic syndromes may be caused by mechanical vascular compression of cranial nerves in the posterior fossa. The clinical expression is variable and can be divided into two main groups. Isolated cranial nerve involvement is most frequently associated with tortuous, elongated vertebral and basilar arteries as well as redundant loops of the anteroinferior cerebellar artery. Pseudotumoral manifestations of cranial nerve involvement at the level of the cerebellopontine angle are more frequently related to aneurysms of the vertebral and basilar arteries.", "contents": "Vessel tortuosity as a cause of posterior fossa cranial nerve syndromes. Neurologic syndromes may be caused by mechanical vascular compression of cranial nerves in the posterior fossa. The clinical expression is variable and can be divided into two main groups. Isolated cranial nerve involvement is most frequently associated with tortuous, elongated vertebral and basilar arteries as well as redundant loops of the anteroinferior cerebellar artery. Pseudotumoral manifestations of cranial nerve involvement at the level of the cerebellopontine angle are more frequently related to aneurysms of the vertebral and basilar arteries.", "PMID": 594798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4941", "title": "Renal medulla: an endocrine organ involved in blood pressure regulation.", "content": "The renal medulla is not often considered an endocrine organ, but recent evidence suggests that this part of the kidney may have important antihypertensive, endocrine functions. The antihypertensive factor(s) of the medulla have been localized to the interstitial cells and characterized as neutral and acidic lipids. The acidic lipids, or protstaglandins, have been the more extensively investigated. Animal and human studies indicate that prostaglandins may influence systemic arterial pressure directly or indirectly by promoting excretion of salt and water. Recent evidence suggests that prostaglandins may be mediators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thus influencing blood pressure via this system that plays such a key role in blood pressure control.", "contents": "Renal medulla: an endocrine organ involved in blood pressure regulation. The renal medulla is not often considered an endocrine organ, but recent evidence suggests that this part of the kidney may have important antihypertensive, endocrine functions. The antihypertensive factor(s) of the medulla have been localized to the interstitial cells and characterized as neutral and acidic lipids. The acidic lipids, or protstaglandins, have been the more extensively investigated. Animal and human studies indicate that prostaglandins may influence systemic arterial pressure directly or indirectly by promoting excretion of salt and water. Recent evidence suggests that prostaglandins may be mediators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thus influencing blood pressure via this system that plays such a key role in blood pressure control.", "PMID": 594801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4942", "title": "Metastatic metaplastic carcinoma from a pseudosarcoma (Lane tumor) of the mouth.", "content": "A case of polypoid metaplastic carcinoma (Lane tumor) of the mouth is presented. There are well defined zones of transition between the squamous epithelium of the polyp and the stroma. Metastases in the right neck and paratracheal lymph nodes contain areas of cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia as well as squamous epithelial pearls.", "contents": "Metastatic metaplastic carcinoma from a pseudosarcoma (Lane tumor) of the mouth. A case of polypoid metaplastic carcinoma (Lane tumor) of the mouth is presented. There are well defined zones of transition between the squamous epithelium of the polyp and the stroma. Metastases in the right neck and paratracheal lymph nodes contain areas of cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia as well as squamous epithelial pearls.", "PMID": 594802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4943", "title": "Malignant chondromyxoid fibroma of the scapula.", "content": "A rare case of malignant chondromyxoid fibroma developed in the scapula of a woman who was treated with interscapulothoracic resection. When a biopsy specimen was submitted for study, difficulty was encountered in establishing the histologic diagnosis. A large dose of radiation was given before surgery, based on an original biopsy diagnosis of osteosarcoma; in retrospect, preoperative irradiation probably was contraindicated. Two years and four months after surgery, the patient was working with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.", "contents": "Malignant chondromyxoid fibroma of the scapula. A rare case of malignant chondromyxoid fibroma developed in the scapula of a woman who was treated with interscapulothoracic resection. When a biopsy specimen was submitted for study, difficulty was encountered in establishing the histologic diagnosis. A large dose of radiation was given before surgery, based on an original biopsy diagnosis of osteosarcoma; in retrospect, preoperative irradiation probably was contraindicated. Two years and four months after surgery, the patient was working with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.", "PMID": 594803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4944", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst with massive ascites.", "content": "The autopsy finding on a patient with pancreatic ascites are discussed in relation to the cause of the ascites. The findings are consistent with the theory that the ascites is due to peritoneal irritation caused by leaking pancreatic secretions.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst with massive ascites. The autopsy finding on a patient with pancreatic ascites are discussed in relation to the cause of the ascites. The findings are consistent with the theory that the ascites is due to peritoneal irritation caused by leaking pancreatic secretions.", "PMID": 594804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4945", "title": "Pancreatic pleuropericardial effusions presenting as tumor of the lung.", "content": "A 45-year-old man presented with what was thought to be a mass in the left upper lung and a pericardial friction rub. He was subsequently discovered to have a loculated pleural effusion and pericardial effusion associated with chronic pancreatitis. This is the first instance we were able to find of pancreatitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma with pericardial metastasis.", "contents": "Pancreatic pleuropericardial effusions presenting as tumor of the lung. A 45-year-old man presented with what was thought to be a mass in the left upper lung and a pericardial friction rub. He was subsequently discovered to have a loculated pleural effusion and pericardial effusion associated with chronic pancreatitis. This is the first instance we were able to find of pancreatitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma with pericardial metastasis.", "PMID": 594805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4946", "title": "Anterior segment ischemia in temporal arteritis.", "content": "Anterior segment ischemia is perhaps the most rare ocular manifestation of temporal arteritis. We described a 73-year-old woman with anterior segment ischemia in the course of temporal arteritis. Early recognition of the syndrome and treatment with high doses of steroids led to visual recovery in the involved eye.", "contents": "Anterior segment ischemia in temporal arteritis. Anterior segment ischemia is perhaps the most rare ocular manifestation of temporal arteritis. We described a 73-year-old woman with anterior segment ischemia in the course of temporal arteritis. Early recognition of the syndrome and treatment with high doses of steroids led to visual recovery in the involved eye.", "PMID": 594806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4947", "title": "Immunodepression, ascites tumour and lactate dehydrogenase virus.", "content": "The delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to picryl chloride was studied in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing and normal control mice. A significant depression of the DH response was found in the tumour-bearing mice, which was associated with a marked elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Depression of DH was also observed in mice receiving cell-free ascitic fluid. These mice also showed an elevated serum LDH which is assumed to be associated with the lactate dehydrogenase virus. A method for assaying DH in vivo is described.", "contents": "Immunodepression, ascites tumour and lactate dehydrogenase virus. The delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to picryl chloride was studied in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing and normal control mice. A significant depression of the DH response was found in the tumour-bearing mice, which was associated with a marked elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Depression of DH was also observed in mice receiving cell-free ascitic fluid. These mice also showed an elevated serum LDH which is assumed to be associated with the lactate dehydrogenase virus. A method for assaying DH in vivo is described.", "PMID": 594855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4948", "title": "SSI recipients in domiciliary care facilities: federally administered optional supplementation, March 1976.", "content": "Under the supplemental security income program, federally administered payments amounting to $24.7 million were made in March 1976 to 107,000 persons who were residing in domiciliary care facilities and under other supervised living arrangements. These persons were unable to function under totally independent living arrangements but did not require medical or nursing care on a regular basis. Of the total, $9.5 million was represented in Federal SSI payments and $15.2 million came from optional State supplements--with California paying $6.2 million and New York $4.6 million. The average payment to the residents of these facilities was $232 a month. Comparable data for four States show greater caseload growth for persons in domiciliary care facilities and under other supervised living arrangements than for the total SSI population. Nearly two-thirds of the States are adding funds to Federal SSI payments for persons under such care. Data are available, however, only from Social Security Administration program records for those States that have elected Federal administration of their optional programs.", "contents": "SSI recipients in domiciliary care facilities: federally administered optional supplementation, March 1976. Under the supplemental security income program, federally administered payments amounting to $24.7 million were made in March 1976 to 107,000 persons who were residing in domiciliary care facilities and under other supervised living arrangements. These persons were unable to function under totally independent living arrangements but did not require medical or nursing care on a regular basis. Of the total, $9.5 million was represented in Federal SSI payments and $15.2 million came from optional State supplements--with California paying $6.2 million and New York $4.6 million. The average payment to the residents of these facilities was $232 a month. Comparable data for four States show greater caseload growth for persons in domiciliary care facilities and under other supervised living arrangements than for the total SSI population. Nearly two-thirds of the States are adding funds to Federal SSI payments for persons under such care. Data are available, however, only from Social Security Administration program records for those States that have elected Federal administration of their optional programs.", "PMID": 594861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4949", "title": "Questionnaire survey of reported early congenital syphilis: problems in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.", "content": "A retrospective questionnaire survey of a sample of 173 of the 360 cases of early congenital syphilis reported in 1972 revealed serious problems with diagnostic certainty, prevention, and treatment of congenital syphilis. Only 24 (13.9%) of the reported cases could be categorized as probably or definite cases based on criteria developed from a literature review. Forty percent of the mothers received no prenatal care and an additional 19% received no prenatal care until the third trimester. Initial and followup serologic testing was inadequate in those who received care. Eighty-three different penicillin treatment schedules were used in the treatment of 128 infants. Carefully reasoned diagnostic and therapeutic decision making about the management of congenital syphilis appears to be lacking.", "contents": "Questionnaire survey of reported early congenital syphilis: problems in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. A retrospective questionnaire survey of a sample of 173 of the 360 cases of early congenital syphilis reported in 1972 revealed serious problems with diagnostic certainty, prevention, and treatment of congenital syphilis. Only 24 (13.9%) of the reported cases could be categorized as probably or definite cases based on criteria developed from a literature review. Forty percent of the mothers received no prenatal care and an additional 19% received no prenatal care until the third trimester. Initial and followup serologic testing was inadequate in those who received care. Eighty-three different penicillin treatment schedules were used in the treatment of 128 infants. Carefully reasoned diagnostic and therapeutic decision making about the management of congenital syphilis appears to be lacking.", "PMID": 594857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4950", "title": "Effect of vocational rehabilitation on employment and earnings of the disabled: state variations.", "content": "Analysis of followup data in linked records of the Social Security Administration and the Rehabilitation Services Administration shows wide variation by State in 1972 employment and earnings of rehabilitants compared with those for other disabled persons whose cases were closed by State vocational rehabilitation agencies in fiscal year 1971. These State differences in the effect of rehahabilitation occur for both men and women. When the States are ranked by the magnitude of the rehabilitation effect, a reasonable consistency is found among the rankings under the various measures of effect. Under the most valid measure used--employment percentage difference between rehabilitated and not-rehabilitated clients--two patterns emerge: (1) The effect of rehabilitation among the States increases proportionally in South-to-North and West-to-East directions and (2) the relative effect favors women in more States than it does men and in more States than under the other measures.", "contents": "Effect of vocational rehabilitation on employment and earnings of the disabled: state variations. Analysis of followup data in linked records of the Social Security Administration and the Rehabilitation Services Administration shows wide variation by State in 1972 employment and earnings of rehabilitants compared with those for other disabled persons whose cases were closed by State vocational rehabilitation agencies in fiscal year 1971. These State differences in the effect of rehahabilitation occur for both men and women. When the States are ranked by the magnitude of the rehabilitation effect, a reasonable consistency is found among the rankings under the various measures of effect. Under the most valid measure used--employment percentage difference between rehabilitated and not-rehabilitated clients--two patterns emerge: (1) The effect of rehabilitation among the States increases proportionally in South-to-North and West-to-East directions and (2) the relative effect favors women in more States than it does men and in more States than under the other measures.", "PMID": 594863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4951", "title": "Chlamydial pharyngitis?", "content": "Among 118 women who were sexual contacts of men with nongonococcal urethritis, the practice of fellatio correlated with symptoms of a sore throat. Oropharyngeal cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis were negative in all women, including 11 women who practiced fellatio and whose partners were known to have nongonococcal urethritis due to C. trachomatis. The study does not support a major role for C. trachomatis as a cause of sore throat in women who practice fellatio.", "contents": "Chlamydial pharyngitis? Among 118 women who were sexual contacts of men with nongonococcal urethritis, the practice of fellatio correlated with symptoms of a sore throat. Oropharyngeal cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis were negative in all women, including 11 women who practiced fellatio and whose partners were known to have nongonococcal urethritis due to C. trachomatis. The study does not support a major role for C. trachomatis as a cause of sore throat in women who practice fellatio.", "PMID": 594858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4952", "title": "The establishment of a therapeutic alliance with parents of psychiatrically hospitalized children.", "content": "In response to the increased use of family therapy as an adjunct to the treatment of emotionally disturbed children, hospital-based social workers are impelled to explore the initial barriers to effective parental involvement. The stresses facing parents at the time of a child's admission include feelings of inadequacy and guilt, as well as fear of separation and loss. The consequences of this traumatic threat to family homeostasis may appear as hostile resistance to cooperation with staff members who potentially represent competitive, more adequate parent surrogates. The social worker, using support, interpretation, and education, bridges the gap between two powerful systems--the family and the hospital. As the preconditions for successful, family-oriented treatment are examined, the chances for creative and skillful social work are maximized.", "contents": "The establishment of a therapeutic alliance with parents of psychiatrically hospitalized children. In response to the increased use of family therapy as an adjunct to the treatment of emotionally disturbed children, hospital-based social workers are impelled to explore the initial barriers to effective parental involvement. The stresses facing parents at the time of a child's admission include feelings of inadequacy and guilt, as well as fear of separation and loss. The consequences of this traumatic threat to family homeostasis may appear as hostile resistance to cooperation with staff members who potentially represent competitive, more adequate parent surrogates. The social worker, using support, interpretation, and education, bridges the gap between two powerful systems--the family and the hospital. As the preconditions for successful, family-oriented treatment are examined, the chances for creative and skillful social work are maximized.", "PMID": 594864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4953", "title": "An educational and counseling program for phenylketonuric adolescent girls and their parents.", "content": "Since adolescent girls with phenylketonuria are in need of informed counseling, parents and their phenylketonuric daughters were invited to five successive group meetings at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. During these sessions the staff reviewed general aspects of the disorder, dealt with particular problems of adolescence, and focused primarily on the complexities relating to maternal phenylketonuria. Subsequent lively discussions allowed the participants to express their feelings and concerns relative to these issues. The information conveyed will assist parents and their daughters in realistic planning for the future.", "contents": "An educational and counseling program for phenylketonuric adolescent girls and their parents. Since adolescent girls with phenylketonuria are in need of informed counseling, parents and their phenylketonuric daughters were invited to five successive group meetings at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. During these sessions the staff reviewed general aspects of the disorder, dealt with particular problems of adolescence, and focused primarily on the complexities relating to maternal phenylketonuria. Subsequent lively discussions allowed the participants to express their feelings and concerns relative to these issues. The information conveyed will assist parents and their daughters in realistic planning for the future.", "PMID": 594865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4954", "title": "Application of knowledge about prevention in social work education and practice.", "content": "The status of preventive social work in the United States is reviewed, as are the three knowledge sources used in the teaching and practice of prevention: public health, mental health, and social work. The integration of concepts of prevention in social work curricula and practice are discussed, and new directions for its use are projected.", "contents": "Application of knowledge about prevention in social work education and practice. The status of preventive social work in the United States is reviewed, as are the three knowledge sources used in the teaching and practice of prevention: public health, mental health, and social work. The integration of concepts of prevention in social work curricula and practice are discussed, and new directions for its use are projected.", "PMID": 594866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4955", "title": "Early detection and treatment: social worker and pediatricians in private practice.", "content": "A social worker in the private group practice of pediatricians provides multiple and varied services to children and families. Findings from the first six months of a demonstration project suggest that service is rapidly provided and is utilized by referred patients. Professional issues of practice and education are identified and discussed.", "contents": "Early detection and treatment: social worker and pediatricians in private practice. A social worker in the private group practice of pediatricians provides multiple and varied services to children and families. Findings from the first six months of a demonstration project suggest that service is rapidly provided and is utilized by referred patients. Professional issues of practice and education are identified and discussed.", "PMID": 594867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4956", "title": "How reliable is the morphological diagnosis of penile ulcerations?", "content": "Material from 100 consecutive men who presented with penile ulcerations was tested for a variety of microorganisms. Fifty-one patients had microorganisms identified that were considered primary pathogens. The laboratory data were compared with the clinical diagnoses and the diagnostic accuracy and index of suspicion calculated. The diagnostic accuracy for lesions due to Treponema pallidum was 77.8%, Herpesvirus hominis 62.9% and Haemophilis ducreyi 33.3%, whereas the indexes of suspicion were 88.2%, 67.7% and 300% respecitively. These data show that the clinical diagnosis of genital ulcers is oftern inaccurate and that definitive diagnosis requires laboratory tests.", "contents": "How reliable is the morphological diagnosis of penile ulcerations? Material from 100 consecutive men who presented with penile ulcerations was tested for a variety of microorganisms. Fifty-one patients had microorganisms identified that were considered primary pathogens. The laboratory data were compared with the clinical diagnoses and the diagnostic accuracy and index of suspicion calculated. The diagnostic accuracy for lesions due to Treponema pallidum was 77.8%, Herpesvirus hominis 62.9% and Haemophilis ducreyi 33.3%, whereas the indexes of suspicion were 88.2%, 67.7% and 300% respecitively. These data show that the clinical diagnosis of genital ulcers is oftern inaccurate and that definitive diagnosis requires laboratory tests.", "PMID": 594859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4957", "title": "Attitudes toward social work in family medicine: a before and after survey.", "content": "An initial survey of attitudes among Family Medical Center staff rated social work as highly consistent with the values of family medicine, capable of competently addressing difficult problems, and contributing valuably to a team approach to continuous and comprehensive family medical care. After integration of a social worker into the practice, a repeat survey documented significant attitude changes, rating social work as more competent, passive, and difficult, and lowering the estimate of patients potentially helped by a social worker from 38 percent to 31 percent. Such attitudes may influence the evolution of the social worker's role in the family medicine patient care team.", "contents": "Attitudes toward social work in family medicine: a before and after survey. An initial survey of attitudes among Family Medical Center staff rated social work as highly consistent with the values of family medicine, capable of competently addressing difficult problems, and contributing valuably to a team approach to continuous and comprehensive family medical care. After integration of a social worker into the practice, a repeat survey documented significant attitude changes, rating social work as more competent, passive, and difficult, and lowering the estimate of patients potentially helped by a social worker from 38 percent to 31 percent. Such attitudes may influence the evolution of the social worker's role in the family medicine patient care team.", "PMID": 594868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4958", "title": "An ecological perspective on social work practice in health care.", "content": "The ecological perspective conceptualizes the social work \"case\" as the patient and relevant features of his life space, including the health organization itself. The perspective requires a dual and simultaneous focus on the coping tasks of patient and family and on the coping supports that must be provided by the health organization. Four prescriptions for humanizing health care are suggested, and their congruence with social work purpose, roles, and practice domain is developed.", "contents": "An ecological perspective on social work practice in health care. The ecological perspective conceptualizes the social work \"case\" as the patient and relevant features of his life space, including the health organization itself. The perspective requires a dual and simultaneous focus on the coping tasks of patient and family and on the coping supports that must be provided by the health organization. Four prescriptions for humanizing health care are suggested, and their congruence with social work purpose, roles, and practice domain is developed.", "PMID": 594869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4959", "title": "Emotional reactions of patient, family, and staff in acute-care period of spinal cord injury: part 2.", "content": "Part 1 of this paper, published in the last issue, dealt with the sequence of emotional reactions of patients in the Spinal Cord Injury Center at New York University Hospital. Part 2, presented here, considers the reactions of family members and staff through these same stages of shock, denial, anger, and depression, and further discusses implications for treatment.", "contents": "Emotional reactions of patient, family, and staff in acute-care period of spinal cord injury: part 2. Part 1 of this paper, published in the last issue, dealt with the sequence of emotional reactions of patients in the Spinal Cord Injury Center at New York University Hospital. Part 2, presented here, considers the reactions of family members and staff through these same stages of shock, denial, anger, and depression, and further discusses implications for treatment.", "PMID": 594870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4960", "title": "Attitudes toward mental illness in the working class.", "content": "By reviewing both the anecdotal and experimental data on attitudes toward mental illness and assessing the popularized cultural portrayal of this affliction, the authors have shown that the working class, per se, maintains a unique and characteristic response to such illness as differentiated from the middle class. Working-class people are likely to be authoritarian, less accepting of and more exclusionary toward those diagnosed as \"psychologically sick,\" and subsequently less amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention than their more affluent counterparts. It is suggested that clinicians be sensitized to this empirical socioeconomic differential in attitude and as such monitor their service delivery approach accordingly.", "contents": "Attitudes toward mental illness in the working class. By reviewing both the anecdotal and experimental data on attitudes toward mental illness and assessing the popularized cultural portrayal of this affliction, the authors have shown that the working class, per se, maintains a unique and characteristic response to such illness as differentiated from the middle class. Working-class people are likely to be authoritarian, less accepting of and more exclusionary toward those diagnosed as \"psychologically sick,\" and subsequently less amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention than their more affluent counterparts. It is suggested that clinicians be sensitized to this empirical socioeconomic differential in attitude and as such monitor their service delivery approach accordingly.", "PMID": 594871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4961", "title": "The establishment of social worker participation in rural primary health care.", "content": "This paper analyses four attempts to establish programs involving social worker participation in rural primary health care agencies. Successful programs are likely to be those in which the host physicians have been involved in program design and have specifically invited participation by social workers. The successful solicitation of such invitations will require the development of multilevel advocacy programs and effective communication strategies.", "contents": "The establishment of social worker participation in rural primary health care. This paper analyses four attempts to establish programs involving social worker participation in rural primary health care agencies. Successful programs are likely to be those in which the host physicians have been involved in program design and have specifically invited participation by social workers. The successful solicitation of such invitations will require the development of multilevel advocacy programs and effective communication strategies.", "PMID": 594872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4962", "title": "Monitoring in critically ill patients.", "content": "Although monitoring of critically ill patients has made giant steps forward in the past 15 years, such monitoring techniques must be viewed as a calculated risk, since a small but finite proportion of patients who are monitored by invasive techniques will suffer untoward and, occasionally, catastrophic consequences. Minimizing the risk involves careful general evaluation of the patient, adherence to strict indications for use of invasive techniques, and care coupled with experience in the actual manipulation. The specific procedure or procedures to be undertaken must be felt to be essential to the successful outcome of the care of the patient. The treatment of all critically ill patients must be individualized, and the monitoring techniques employed should be similarly individualized. With such a judicious approach, a great deal of valuable information can be obtained, and an effective and intelligent therapeutic regimen outlines so as to assure a successful outcome in as many patients as possible.", "contents": "Monitoring in critically ill patients. Although monitoring of critically ill patients has made giant steps forward in the past 15 years, such monitoring techniques must be viewed as a calculated risk, since a small but finite proportion of patients who are monitored by invasive techniques will suffer untoward and, occasionally, catastrophic consequences. Minimizing the risk involves careful general evaluation of the patient, adherence to strict indications for use of invasive techniques, and care coupled with experience in the actual manipulation. The specific procedure or procedures to be undertaken must be felt to be essential to the successful outcome of the care of the patient. The treatment of all critically ill patients must be individualized, and the monitoring techniques employed should be similarly individualized. With such a judicious approach, a great deal of valuable information can be obtained, and an effective and intelligent therapeutic regimen outlines so as to assure a successful outcome in as many patients as possible.", "PMID": 594873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4963", "title": "Dissecting intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The clinical, operative and pathological characteristics of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery are presented. A review of the literature suggests that this type of intracranial aneurysm is being recognized with increasing frequency and can be characterized by its symptomatology and radiological patterns. A set of guidelines for the management of dissecting intracranial aneurysms is proposed.", "contents": "Dissecting intracranial aneurysms. The clinical, operative and pathological characteristics of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery are presented. A review of the literature suggests that this type of intracranial aneurysm is being recognized with increasing frequency and can be characterized by its symptomatology and radiological patterns. A set of guidelines for the management of dissecting intracranial aneurysms is proposed.", "PMID": 594878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4964", "title": "Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord.", "content": "Involvement of the central nervous system is a rare complication of schistosomiasis. A case is reported which manifested as a granulomatous, transverse myelitis in a 13-month-old child. Removal of the granuloma resulted in return of motor function.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord. Involvement of the central nervous system is a rare complication of schistosomiasis. A case is reported which manifested as a granulomatous, transverse myelitis in a 13-month-old child. Removal of the granuloma resulted in return of motor function.", "PMID": 594879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4965", "title": "Effects of procainamide and chloramphenicol on acute vasospasm.", "content": "The basilar artery of the dog was exposed through the clivus and made spastic by puncture or by topical application of 5% barium chloride. Injections of procainamide or chloramphenicol into the vertebral artery or into a peripheral vein had no discernable effect on the acute vasospasm. Topical application of 0.1% to 10% concentrations of either of these drugs effected definite vasodilation, with the extent and rapidity of vasodilation increasing with increasing concentrations. Lesser concentrations were ineffective.", "contents": "Effects of procainamide and chloramphenicol on acute vasospasm. The basilar artery of the dog was exposed through the clivus and made spastic by puncture or by topical application of 5% barium chloride. Injections of procainamide or chloramphenicol into the vertebral artery or into a peripheral vein had no discernable effect on the acute vasospasm. Topical application of 0.1% to 10% concentrations of either of these drugs effected definite vasodilation, with the extent and rapidity of vasodilation increasing with increasing concentrations. Lesser concentrations were ineffective.", "PMID": 594880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4966", "title": "Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia secondary to vascular compression of the nerves.", "content": "Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia secondary to neurovascular compression of the 9th and 10th cranial nerves is reported. Microsurgical decompression of the nerves provided relief from the symptoms.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia secondary to vascular compression of the nerves. Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia secondary to neurovascular compression of the 9th and 10th cranial nerves is reported. Microsurgical decompression of the nerves provided relief from the symptoms.", "PMID": 594881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4967", "title": "The diagnosis of diastematomyelia by computed tomography.", "content": "CT scanning has proven efficacy for the demonstration of normal and altered anatomy of the soft tissues of the head, providing information not available with any other modality. The introduction of total body CT has enabled us to study the entire spine and its contents. This new modality is extremely useful in diagnosing a variety of abnormalities of the spine, including diastematomyelia. A case is presented and the application of CT scanning to the spine is discussed.", "contents": "The diagnosis of diastematomyelia by computed tomography. CT scanning has proven efficacy for the demonstration of normal and altered anatomy of the soft tissues of the head, providing information not available with any other modality. The introduction of total body CT has enabled us to study the entire spine and its contents. This new modality is extremely useful in diagnosing a variety of abnormalities of the spine, including diastematomyelia. A case is presented and the application of CT scanning to the spine is discussed.", "PMID": 594882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4968", "title": "Complementary role of computed tomography and other neuroradiologic procedures.", "content": "Although a probable initial diagnosis may be suggested by computed cranial tomography, the diagnostic accuracy is often increased by the complementary use of other neuroradiologic studies. The use of CT scanning is conjunction with other more invasive neuroradiological studies results in improved diagnosis and patient management in almost the entire spectrum of neurosurgical diseases-- subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm, stroke, trauma, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and especially neoplasms.", "contents": "Complementary role of computed tomography and other neuroradiologic procedures. Although a probable initial diagnosis may be suggested by computed cranial tomography, the diagnostic accuracy is often increased by the complementary use of other neuroradiologic studies. The use of CT scanning is conjunction with other more invasive neuroradiological studies results in improved diagnosis and patient management in almost the entire spectrum of neurosurgical diseases-- subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm, stroke, trauma, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and especially neoplasms.", "PMID": 594883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4969", "title": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as focal mass lesion in the brain.", "content": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rapidly progressive patchy, demyelinating process seen in patients with a long standing reticuloendothelial disorder. The first instance of abnormal angiographic features of this entity simulating a neoplasm is presented.", "contents": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as focal mass lesion in the brain. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rapidly progressive patchy, demyelinating process seen in patients with a long standing reticuloendothelial disorder. The first instance of abnormal angiographic features of this entity simulating a neoplasm is presented.", "PMID": 594884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4970", "title": "CT cisternography with intracranial arachnoidal cysts.", "content": "Four patients with an intracranial arachnoidal cyst studied by computed tomography are reported. On the routine CT scan, arachnoid cysts are well defined lesions with the same density as cerebrospinal fluid and are not enhanced with contrast. Metrizamide CT cisternography further provides precise anatomic and physiologic information which may be difficult to obtain by angiography or air encephalography.", "contents": "CT cisternography with intracranial arachnoidal cysts. Four patients with an intracranial arachnoidal cyst studied by computed tomography are reported. On the routine CT scan, arachnoid cysts are well defined lesions with the same density as cerebrospinal fluid and are not enhanced with contrast. Metrizamide CT cisternography further provides precise anatomic and physiologic information which may be difficult to obtain by angiography or air encephalography.", "PMID": 594885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4971", "title": "Continuous lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "Continuous spinal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid was used in 50 patients with CSF fistulas both traumatic and postoperative. The method seemed to be helpful in the healing of leaks, thereby rendering surgery unnecessary. It also helped the surgical sealing of long standing tears.", "contents": "Continuous lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in neurosurgical patients. Continuous spinal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid was used in 50 patients with CSF fistulas both traumatic and postoperative. The method seemed to be helpful in the healing of leaks, thereby rendering surgery unnecessary. It also helped the surgical sealing of long standing tears.", "PMID": 594886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4972", "title": "Spinal cord abscess: a review.", "content": "The literature on abscesses in the spinal cord has been reviewed. A total of 54 cases was reported. A digest is made of information on the subject including the diagnosis, pathology, treatment and the results to be expected. The best results have been achieved by operation plus antibiotic therapy. It is essential that the abscess be drained after aspiration. A case of ours showing the salient features and management of a subacute cervical spinal cord abscess is also reported.", "contents": "Spinal cord abscess: a review. The literature on abscesses in the spinal cord has been reviewed. A total of 54 cases was reported. A digest is made of information on the subject including the diagnosis, pathology, treatment and the results to be expected. The best results have been achieved by operation plus antibiotic therapy. It is essential that the abscess be drained after aspiration. A case of ours showing the salient features and management of a subacute cervical spinal cord abscess is also reported.", "PMID": 594887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4973", "title": "Ocular histoplasmosis: clinicopathologic correlation of 3 cases.", "content": "The eyes of three patients followed clinically for many years with a diagnosis of macular disciform scarring, secondary to ocular histoplasmosis, were studied histopathologically. A fibrovascular scar interposed between the choroid and retina was observed in all cases. Vessels passing from the choroid through defects in Bruch's membrane into the nodule were demonstrated. Theories of the pathogenesis of the lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular histoplasmosis: clinicopathologic correlation of 3 cases. The eyes of three patients followed clinically for many years with a diagnosis of macular disciform scarring, secondary to ocular histoplasmosis, were studied histopathologically. A fibrovascular scar interposed between the choroid and retina was observed in all cases. Vessels passing from the choroid through defects in Bruch's membrane into the nodule were demonstrated. Theories of the pathogenesis of the lesion are discussed.", "PMID": 594889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4974", "title": "Prescribing cylinders: the problem of distortion.", "content": "Astigmatic spectacle corrections produce distortion of retinal images. Under binocular conditions, small amounts of monocular distortion may significantly alter the sense of spatial localization, producing symptomatic binocular distortion. From examination of the nature and sources of monocular distortion, a rational basis may be developed for methods to minimize distortion when necessary. Adaptation to distortion occurs both by interpretive and physiological mechanisms, with the physiological mechanism appearing to be a type of rotational anomalous retinal correspondence. Through better knowledge of distortion and adaptive mechanisms, a revised set of practical guidelines for prescribing cylinders is presented.", "contents": "Prescribing cylinders: the problem of distortion. Astigmatic spectacle corrections produce distortion of retinal images. Under binocular conditions, small amounts of monocular distortion may significantly alter the sense of spatial localization, producing symptomatic binocular distortion. From examination of the nature and sources of monocular distortion, a rational basis may be developed for methods to minimize distortion when necessary. Adaptation to distortion occurs both by interpretive and physiological mechanisms, with the physiological mechanism appearing to be a type of rotational anomalous retinal correspondence. Through better knowledge of distortion and adaptive mechanisms, a revised set of practical guidelines for prescribing cylinders is presented.", "PMID": 594888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4975", "title": "Arsenate-induced renal agenesis in rats.", "content": "The developmental origin of arsenate-induced renal agenesis was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats were each injected once ip with 45 mg/kg sodium arsenate at day 10 (sperm day = day 0). Pregnancy was terminated at various times following injection and the embryos recovered and serially sectioned. Renal agenesis resulted when the mesonephric duct failded to give rise to a ureteric bud with subsequent failure of induction of the metanephric blastema. The underlying defect was retardation in growth of the mesonephric duct, first observed 48 hours after arsenate injection. A shortened mesonephric duct also resulted in a failure of the mesonephros to attain normal size and in the male resulted in absence of the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle a variable portion of the epididymis. Due to the intimate association of the mesonephric and growing paramesonephric ducts, a shortened mesonephric duct resulted in a shortened paramesonephric duct with resultant lack of a uterine horn.", "contents": "Arsenate-induced renal agenesis in rats. The developmental origin of arsenate-induced renal agenesis was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats were each injected once ip with 45 mg/kg sodium arsenate at day 10 (sperm day = day 0). Pregnancy was terminated at various times following injection and the embryos recovered and serially sectioned. Renal agenesis resulted when the mesonephric duct failded to give rise to a ureteric bud with subsequent failure of induction of the metanephric blastema. The underlying defect was retardation in growth of the mesonephric duct, first observed 48 hours after arsenate injection. A shortened mesonephric duct also resulted in a failure of the mesonephros to attain normal size and in the male resulted in absence of the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle a variable portion of the epididymis. Due to the intimate association of the mesonephric and growing paramesonephric ducts, a shortened mesonephric duct resulted in a shortened paramesonephric duct with resultant lack of a uterine horn.", "PMID": 594908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4976", "title": "Holoprosencephaly in human embryos: epidemiologic studies of 150 cases.", "content": "One hundred fifty embryos with holoprosencephaly were found among the total of 36,380 conceptuses obtained through induced abortion in the period from 1962 to 1974, giving an overall incidence of 0.4 percent. The occurrence was period from 1962 to 1974, giving an overall incidence of 0.4 percent. The occurrence was largely at random through time, and no \"epidemic\" was noted in particular years or months, but there appeared more cases derived from conceptions in winter than in summer months. The mean maternal age did not differ significantly from that of the general embryonic population, indicating that, although none of our cases were karyotyped, chromosome aberrations such as trisomies 13 and 18 that are closely associated with maternal age may not constitute a major part as causes of holoprosencephaly in human embryos. Materal age did not differ by the presence or absence of associated external anomalies. No association was found with paternal age, parental consanguinity nor with maternal medical history, including irregularity of menstrual cycles, and smoking and drinking habits. There was an indication that the mothers were prone to have repeated miscarriages, supporting the view that some kind of maternal predisposition is responsible for the causation of holoprosencephaly. Argument was made that, apart from various chromosome aberrations well documented as causes of this malformation, polygenic mechanism probably accounts for the majority of the cases with normal karyotype.", "contents": "Holoprosencephaly in human embryos: epidemiologic studies of 150 cases. One hundred fifty embryos with holoprosencephaly were found among the total of 36,380 conceptuses obtained through induced abortion in the period from 1962 to 1974, giving an overall incidence of 0.4 percent. The occurrence was period from 1962 to 1974, giving an overall incidence of 0.4 percent. The occurrence was largely at random through time, and no \"epidemic\" was noted in particular years or months, but there appeared more cases derived from conceptions in winter than in summer months. The mean maternal age did not differ significantly from that of the general embryonic population, indicating that, although none of our cases were karyotyped, chromosome aberrations such as trisomies 13 and 18 that are closely associated with maternal age may not constitute a major part as causes of holoprosencephaly in human embryos. Materal age did not differ by the presence or absence of associated external anomalies. No association was found with paternal age, parental consanguinity nor with maternal medical history, including irregularity of menstrual cycles, and smoking and drinking habits. There was an indication that the mothers were prone to have repeated miscarriages, supporting the view that some kind of maternal predisposition is responsible for the causation of holoprosencephaly. Argument was made that, apart from various chromosome aberrations well documented as causes of this malformation, polygenic mechanism probably accounts for the majority of the cases with normal karyotype.", "PMID": 594909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4977", "title": "Differential susceptibility of the embryo to inorganic lead during periimplantation in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of intravenously administered inorganic lead on periimplantation period of embryonic development in the mouse was investigated with light microscopy. Three developmental stages were studied: the attachment of the blastocyst, the invasion of the trophoblast and the formation of the primitive streak. All three stages were affected, but the stage of invasion was found to be the most susceptible to lead as determined by decrease in frequency of animals with normal embryos.", "contents": "Differential susceptibility of the embryo to inorganic lead during periimplantation in the mouse. The effect of intravenously administered inorganic lead on periimplantation period of embryonic development in the mouse was investigated with light microscopy. Three developmental stages were studied: the attachment of the blastocyst, the invasion of the trophoblast and the formation of the primitive streak. All three stages were affected, but the stage of invasion was found to be the most susceptible to lead as determined by decrease in frequency of animals with normal embryos.", "PMID": 594910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4978", "title": "Incidence rates for cleft lip and palate in British Columbia 1952-71 for North American Indian, Japanese, Chinese and total populations: secular trends over twenty years.", "content": "The incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate was examined for the 1952-71 period for the Province of British Columbia. Although there were some fluctuations, some of which were significant, there was no general trend which indicated that the rates were either increasing or decreasing. These rates are important for a background calculation when investigating new invironment teratogens. The total rate of 1.97 per 1,000 live birth is comparable with other Caucasian populations where there is good ascertainment and adequate follow-up period. This study also confirmed the previously reported high rate for North American Indians in British Columbia (3.74 per 1,000 live births) and established rates for the Japanese (3.36 per 1,000 live births) and Chinese (1.76 per 1,000 live births) of British Columbia. Since these three sub-populations are relatively small in relation to the total population, they do not influence the overall total rate to any great extent.", "contents": "Incidence rates for cleft lip and palate in British Columbia 1952-71 for North American Indian, Japanese, Chinese and total populations: secular trends over twenty years. The incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate was examined for the 1952-71 period for the Province of British Columbia. Although there were some fluctuations, some of which were significant, there was no general trend which indicated that the rates were either increasing or decreasing. These rates are important for a background calculation when investigating new invironment teratogens. The total rate of 1.97 per 1,000 live birth is comparable with other Caucasian populations where there is good ascertainment and adequate follow-up period. This study also confirmed the previously reported high rate for North American Indians in British Columbia (3.74 per 1,000 live births) and established rates for the Japanese (3.36 per 1,000 live births) and Chinese (1.76 per 1,000 live births) of British Columbia. Since these three sub-populations are relatively small in relation to the total population, they do not influence the overall total rate to any great extent.", "PMID": 594911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4979", "title": "The effect on fetal development and utero-placental blood flow of ligating a uterine artery in the rat near term.", "content": "The uterine artery of one horn of 13 rats was ligated on day 18 of gestation; the remaining horn was used as a control. The effect, four days later, on blood flow to the reproductive tract, was measured with radioactive microspheres and compared to the effect on fetal and placental weights. Fetal survival in the ligated horns, 41 percent, was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than that in the control horns, 98 percent. Fetal and placental weights of the survivors in the ligated horns, 3.159 +/- 0.133 g (SE) and 450 +/- 18 mg respectively, were similarly lower than those in the control horns, 3.814 +/- 0.111 g and 529 +/- 27 mg respectively. Maternal placental blood flow closely reflected the weight of tissue being supplied and was similar in the ligated and control horns, 129 +/- 21 and 130 +/- 18 ml.min(-1). 100g(-1), respectively. Myometrial blood flow was again similar in the ligated and control horns, 34 +/- 5 and 37 +/- 4 ml.min(-1). 100 g(-1), respectively, and in the ovarian, middle and cervical sections of each horn. These results are compatible with the view that ligation causes only a temporary reduction in uterine blood flow which permanently checks placental and fetal, or placental thus fetal, growth. Blood flow then returns to normal levels compatible with the reduced weights of tissues being supplied.", "contents": "The effect on fetal development and utero-placental blood flow of ligating a uterine artery in the rat near term. The uterine artery of one horn of 13 rats was ligated on day 18 of gestation; the remaining horn was used as a control. The effect, four days later, on blood flow to the reproductive tract, was measured with radioactive microspheres and compared to the effect on fetal and placental weights. Fetal survival in the ligated horns, 41 percent, was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than that in the control horns, 98 percent. Fetal and placental weights of the survivors in the ligated horns, 3.159 +/- 0.133 g (SE) and 450 +/- 18 mg respectively, were similarly lower than those in the control horns, 3.814 +/- 0.111 g and 529 +/- 27 mg respectively. Maternal placental blood flow closely reflected the weight of tissue being supplied and was similar in the ligated and control horns, 129 +/- 21 and 130 +/- 18 ml.min(-1). 100g(-1), respectively. Myometrial blood flow was again similar in the ligated and control horns, 34 +/- 5 and 37 +/- 4 ml.min(-1). 100 g(-1), respectively, and in the ovarian, middle and cervical sections of each horn. These results are compatible with the view that ligation causes only a temporary reduction in uterine blood flow which permanently checks placental and fetal, or placental thus fetal, growth. Blood flow then returns to normal levels compatible with the reduced weights of tissues being supplied.", "PMID": 594912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4980", "title": "Non-confirmation of thalidomide induced teratogenesis in rats and mice.", "content": "It has been reported that thalidomide, dissolved in a 1:3 mixture of Tween 20 and physiological saline and administered intraperitoneally to pregnant mice and rats induces a variety of malformations, including limb deformaties, characteristic of the primate syndrome. The studies reported herein attempted to confirm these findings without success although the rodent strains used were not the same. A low level of non-specific malformations was observed in the fetuses of both species at dose levels reported to cause a 47 percent and 92 percent rate of malformation in mice and rats respectively. One possible source of difference was Tween 20 which was toxic to the point of lethality in these studies at dose levels reported to be non-toxic in the earlier studies.", "contents": "Non-confirmation of thalidomide induced teratogenesis in rats and mice. It has been reported that thalidomide, dissolved in a 1:3 mixture of Tween 20 and physiological saline and administered intraperitoneally to pregnant mice and rats induces a variety of malformations, including limb deformaties, characteristic of the primate syndrome. The studies reported herein attempted to confirm these findings without success although the rodent strains used were not the same. A low level of non-specific malformations was observed in the fetuses of both species at dose levels reported to cause a 47 percent and 92 percent rate of malformation in mice and rats respectively. One possible source of difference was Tween 20 which was toxic to the point of lethality in these studies at dose levels reported to be non-toxic in the earlier studies.", "PMID": 594913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4981", "title": "A lethal neonatal dwarfing condition with short ribs, polysyndactyly, cranial synostosis, cleft palate cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies and severe ossification defect.", "content": "A case of severe lethal neonatal dwarfism is reported. It appears to be a new variety of short rib-polydactyly dwarfism. It is characterized by severe lack of ossification of all bones except the clavicle and the presence of cleft palate, as well as genitourinary, central nervous system and cardiovascular anomalies. Electronmicroscopy revealed accumulations of granular material in the chondrocytes.", "contents": "A lethal neonatal dwarfing condition with short ribs, polysyndactyly, cranial synostosis, cleft palate cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies and severe ossification defect. A case of severe lethal neonatal dwarfism is reported. It appears to be a new variety of short rib-polydactyly dwarfism. It is characterized by severe lack of ossification of all bones except the clavicle and the presence of cleft palate, as well as genitourinary, central nervous system and cardiovascular anomalies. Electronmicroscopy revealed accumulations of granular material in the chondrocytes.", "PMID": 594914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4982", "title": "Revival of the Senning operation in the treatment of transposition of the great arteries. Preliminary report on recent experience.", "content": "This preliminary report presents recent experience with the Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries. Reasons are given why the traditional Mustard procedure was abandoned in favour of the Senning operation. Technical details are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Revival of the Senning operation in the treatment of transposition of the great arteries. Preliminary report on recent experience. This preliminary report presents recent experience with the Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries. Reasons are given why the traditional Mustard procedure was abandoned in favour of the Senning operation. Technical details are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 594929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4983", "title": "Cerebral protection during open-heart surgery.", "content": "To reduce the incidence of cerebral damage after open-heart surgery measures were undertaken based on physiological principles and consideration of the possible injury caused by microemboli. Intellectual function was measured by psychometric tests before and after operation. The results were compared with those of an earlier series. There was a striking reduction in the incidence of neurolocial complications. There was also a considerable reduction in the degree of impairment of intellectual function previously shown to develop after open-heart surgery. However, there are still signs that cardiopulmonary bypass brings about subclinical cerebral injuriies. The measures taken and their rationale are discussed. Psychometric testing is a useful method for evaluating the quality of cardiopulmonary bypass as it allows a quantitative assessment of postoperative cerebral function.", "contents": "Cerebral protection during open-heart surgery. To reduce the incidence of cerebral damage after open-heart surgery measures were undertaken based on physiological principles and consideration of the possible injury caused by microemboli. Intellectual function was measured by psychometric tests before and after operation. The results were compared with those of an earlier series. There was a striking reduction in the incidence of neurolocial complications. There was also a considerable reduction in the degree of impairment of intellectual function previously shown to develop after open-heart surgery. However, there are still signs that cardiopulmonary bypass brings about subclinical cerebral injuriies. The measures taken and their rationale are discussed. Psychometric testing is a useful method for evaluating the quality of cardiopulmonary bypass as it allows a quantitative assessment of postoperative cerebral function.", "PMID": 594930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4984", "title": "Significance of changes in cerebral electrical activity at onset of cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A study of 100 patients requiring open-heart surgery has been undertaken to ascertain whether prophylactic measures designed to minimise cerebral damage have influenced the incidence or severity of changes in cerebral electrical activity recorded at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of change in cerebral electrical activity remains high but the severity of the disturbances has diminished as compared with a series investigated before prophylactic measures were introduced. Changes suggestive of cerebral depression were particularly notable in children under 10 years of age. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of factors which might influence cerebral electrical activity at the onset of bypass.", "contents": "Significance of changes in cerebral electrical activity at onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. A study of 100 patients requiring open-heart surgery has been undertaken to ascertain whether prophylactic measures designed to minimise cerebral damage have influenced the incidence or severity of changes in cerebral electrical activity recorded at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of change in cerebral electrical activity remains high but the severity of the disturbances has diminished as compared with a series investigated before prophylactic measures were introduced. Changes suggestive of cerebral depression were particularly notable in children under 10 years of age. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of factors which might influence cerebral electrical activity at the onset of bypass.", "PMID": 594931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4985", "title": "Diagnostic fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the immunocompromised host with pulmonary infiltrates.", "content": "Nineteen immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates underwent diagnostic fibreoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial forceps and brush biopsy. A specific diagnosis was obtained in 21/25 procedures (10/11 focal lesions and 11/14 diffuse legions). The most common diagnosis was infection, and organisms isolated included bacteria, fungi, Pneumocystis carinii, and herpes simplex. A pneumothroax requiring tube drainage occurred in two cases and mild lung parenchymal bleeding was noted in two others. It is concluded that fibreoptic bronchoscopy with forceps and brush biopsy can be performed safely with an excellent diagnostic yield in immunocompromised hosts with lung lesions. Supplemental oxygen should be administered during fibreoptic procedures in these patients and platelet transfusions should be given when thrombocytopenia is present.", "contents": "Diagnostic fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the immunocompromised host with pulmonary infiltrates. Nineteen immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates underwent diagnostic fibreoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial forceps and brush biopsy. A specific diagnosis was obtained in 21/25 procedures (10/11 focal lesions and 11/14 diffuse legions). The most common diagnosis was infection, and organisms isolated included bacteria, fungi, Pneumocystis carinii, and herpes simplex. A pneumothroax requiring tube drainage occurred in two cases and mild lung parenchymal bleeding was noted in two others. It is concluded that fibreoptic bronchoscopy with forceps and brush biopsy can be performed safely with an excellent diagnostic yield in immunocompromised hosts with lung lesions. Supplemental oxygen should be administered during fibreoptic procedures in these patients and platelet transfusions should be given when thrombocytopenia is present.", "PMID": 594932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4986", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy: A review of 85 cases.", "content": "Transbronchial lung biopsy using the fibreoptic bronchoscope was carried out in 85 patients. There were no serious complications; two patients had a 10% pneumothorax and 17 had slight haemoptysis lasting less than 24 hours. The problems of interpreting small biopsy specimens are considered. Satisfactory specimens were obtained without fluoroscopic guidance, particularly in diffuse and lobar lesions. A histological diagnosis was made in 62% of diffuse lesions and compatible histology was found in a further 22%. In a further case Pneumocytis carinii infection was diagnosed. Blind biopsy of discrete periheral lesions was less successful with only one positive diagnosis in 12 patients.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy: A review of 85 cases. Transbronchial lung biopsy using the fibreoptic bronchoscope was carried out in 85 patients. There were no serious complications; two patients had a 10% pneumothorax and 17 had slight haemoptysis lasting less than 24 hours. The problems of interpreting small biopsy specimens are considered. Satisfactory specimens were obtained without fluoroscopic guidance, particularly in diffuse and lobar lesions. A histological diagnosis was made in 62% of diffuse lesions and compatible histology was found in a further 22%. In a further case Pneumocytis carinii infection was diagnosed. Blind biopsy of discrete periheral lesions was less successful with only one positive diagnosis in 12 patients.", "PMID": 594933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4987", "title": "Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusion.", "content": "The technique, indications, and complications of diagnostic thoracoscopy are described. Two hundred and eight explorations have been performed in our service in the last seven years. From 137 pleural malignancies we have obtained an unequivocal positive biopsy in 129 (94%) with a minimum number of complications and no mortality. From our experience we conclude that thoracoscopy, when porperly performed, is diagnostic in most pleural conditions.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. The technique, indications, and complications of diagnostic thoracoscopy are described. Two hundred and eight explorations have been performed in our service in the last seven years. From 137 pleural malignancies we have obtained an unequivocal positive biopsy in 129 (94%) with a minimum number of complications and no mortality. From our experience we conclude that thoracoscopy, when porperly performed, is diagnostic in most pleural conditions.", "PMID": 594934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4988", "title": "Intravenous or inhaled salbutamol in severe acute asthma?", "content": "Ten patients with life-threatening attacks of asthma (status asthmatiucus') were treated with salbutamol inhaled by intermittent positive pressure breathing, and their response in terms of rise in peak flow rate was measured. They were then given intravenous salbutamol and any further increment in peak flow was measured. Hydrocortisone treatment was started simultaneously and the responses to salbutamol were re-measured on each of the next three days. Only two patients initially responded to the aerosol, whereas all save one responded to the intravenous drug. The two who responded initially to the aerosol were the two who were able to produce sputum at the time of admission. All patients subsequently responded to the aerosol, and the onset of this response correlated closely with the beginning of sputum production. Sympathominetics should be given parenterally to patients in severe asthma if the response to inhaled drug is reduced or absent.", "contents": "Intravenous or inhaled salbutamol in severe acute asthma? Ten patients with life-threatening attacks of asthma (status asthmatiucus') were treated with salbutamol inhaled by intermittent positive pressure breathing, and their response in terms of rise in peak flow rate was measured. They were then given intravenous salbutamol and any further increment in peak flow was measured. Hydrocortisone treatment was started simultaneously and the responses to salbutamol were re-measured on each of the next three days. Only two patients initially responded to the aerosol, whereas all save one responded to the intravenous drug. The two who responded initially to the aerosol were the two who were able to produce sputum at the time of admission. All patients subsequently responded to the aerosol, and the onset of this response correlated closely with the beginning of sputum production. Sympathominetics should be given parenterally to patients in severe asthma if the response to inhaled drug is reduced or absent.", "PMID": 594935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4989", "title": "Metabolic effects of intravenous salbutamol in the course of acute severe asthma.", "content": "Peak expiratory flow rate and plasma free fatty acids, potassium, insulin, and glucose were measured in 10 patients admitted with acute severe asthma before and at frequent intervals for one hour after an infusion of salbutamol, 4 microgram/kg over 10 minutes. These studies were repeated during the recovery phase and again before discharge. Effective bronchodilatation seen after the infusion  was similar in the acute and recovery phases. Baseline plasma free fatty acids were elevated but rose significantly after the infusion. There was also a significant fall in plasma potassium. These changes occurred in all individuals. There were no significant differences in mean baseline or peak changes of plasma free fatty acids, potassium or insulin on any of the study days. There was no evidence of beta receptor blockade in the acute phase in any patient.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of intravenous salbutamol in the course of acute severe asthma. Peak expiratory flow rate and plasma free fatty acids, potassium, insulin, and glucose were measured in 10 patients admitted with acute severe asthma before and at frequent intervals for one hour after an infusion of salbutamol, 4 microgram/kg over 10 minutes. These studies were repeated during the recovery phase and again before discharge. Effective bronchodilatation seen after the infusion  was similar in the acute and recovery phases. Baseline plasma free fatty acids were elevated but rose significantly after the infusion. There was also a significant fall in plasma potassium. These changes occurred in all individuals. There were no significant differences in mean baseline or peak changes of plasma free fatty acids, potassium or insulin on any of the study days. There was no evidence of beta receptor blockade in the acute phase in any patient.", "PMID": 594936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4990", "title": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: a disease commoner in non-smokers.", "content": "The smoking habits of 18 patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 22 with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, and 75 patients with sarcoidosis were compared with the smoking habits of the normal population of the Prairie Region for 1973. The patients were diagnosed at the same two hospitals over the four-year period November 1971--75 and were of comparable age. Non-smoking was significantly associated with allergic alveolitis in men and the three cases in women were all non-smokers. For the other two diseases, smoking habits were similar to those of the local population.", "contents": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: a disease commoner in non-smokers. The smoking habits of 18 patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 22 with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, and 75 patients with sarcoidosis were compared with the smoking habits of the normal population of the Prairie Region for 1973. The patients were diagnosed at the same two hospitals over the four-year period November 1971--75 and were of comparable age. Non-smoking was significantly associated with allergic alveolitis in men and the three cases in women were all non-smokers. For the other two diseases, smoking habits were similar to those of the local population.", "PMID": 594937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4991", "title": "Cardiac surgery relative to population: pattern of cardiac surgery in South Australia, 1949--75.", "content": "The total work load of the sole cardiac surgery unit in South Australia has been analysed by means of a computer-based data retrieval system. The review covers the period 1949--75 inclusive. This study analyses the case-loads year by year, in total, and in different diagnostic categories, and has allowed conclusions to be drawn about surgical needs relative to population figures. From these figures future trends in requirements for cardiac surgical facilities have been deduced. There are many lessons to be learnt by maintaining an easily recoverable set of data for all the surgery performed in any cardiac surgery unit. This type of analysis makes it possible to maintain surveillance of demands on resources and of the results of the surgery performed. Because of the structure and situation of the community of South Australia and the fact that it is served by a single open heart unit, the pattern of this series may truly represent the optimum cardiac surgery case-load for any modern westernised community of comparable size.", "contents": "Cardiac surgery relative to population: pattern of cardiac surgery in South Australia, 1949--75. The total work load of the sole cardiac surgery unit in South Australia has been analysed by means of a computer-based data retrieval system. The review covers the period 1949--75 inclusive. This study analyses the case-loads year by year, in total, and in different diagnostic categories, and has allowed conclusions to be drawn about surgical needs relative to population figures. From these figures future trends in requirements for cardiac surgical facilities have been deduced. There are many lessons to be learnt by maintaining an easily recoverable set of data for all the surgery performed in any cardiac surgery unit. This type of analysis makes it possible to maintain surveillance of demands on resources and of the results of the surgery performed. Because of the structure and situation of the community of South Australia and the fact that it is served by a single open heart unit, the pattern of this series may truly represent the optimum cardiac surgery case-load for any modern westernised community of comparable size.", "PMID": 594938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4992", "title": "A kinetic study of lung DNA-synthesis during simulated chronic high altitude hypoxia.", "content": "Rats were exposed to crhonic hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 4250 m for 3, 6, 9, 12, 20, and 35 days. The in-vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of lung tissue was measured and compared with that of normoxic controls: the obtained time course study showed a maximum increase of 345% on the ninth day of hypoxia, indicating a marked stimulation of cellular proliferation. Between the 12th and 20th day of hypoxia, the lung DNA-synthesis reached control values. No significant change in the DNA-concentration of the lungs was registered. The response to hypoxia was less impressive in rat livers used as controls.", "contents": "A kinetic study of lung DNA-synthesis during simulated chronic high altitude hypoxia. Rats were exposed to crhonic hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 4250 m for 3, 6, 9, 12, 20, and 35 days. The in-vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of lung tissue was measured and compared with that of normoxic controls: the obtained time course study showed a maximum increase of 345% on the ninth day of hypoxia, indicating a marked stimulation of cellular proliferation. Between the 12th and 20th day of hypoxia, the lung DNA-synthesis reached control values. No significant change in the DNA-concentration of the lungs was registered. The response to hypoxia was less impressive in rat livers used as controls.", "PMID": 594939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4993", "title": "Ro\u00f4le of carcinoembryonic antigen in bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "It has been reported that lung cancer patients often have raised carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels but the significance of this in diagnosis and follow-up has yet to be established. The results of 256 preoperative investigations in patients with lung cancer are reported. Sequential values after radical surgery and chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been performed in 57 patients during treatment and outpatient follow-up. Ninety-nine per cent of preoperative values were more than 5 ng/ml and 41% greater than 15 ng/ml. Only 6% reached diagnostic levels for malignancy (greater than 52ng/ml) and adenocarcinomas formed 47% (7 out of 15) of these. Sequential estimation in patients during and after treatment showed fluctuations which were related to disease status in 7 (32%) of 22 who have developed secondary disease. In three patients levels of greater than 50 ng/ml preceded clinical evidence of recurrence, and two patients have developed very high levels but have not yet developed other evidence of recurrent disease. It is concluded that raised CEA levels in lung cancer are infrequent, but in those patients who have or develop raised levels sequential investigation may be of value in monitoring response to treatment and clinical coourse.", "contents": "Ro\u00f4le of carcinoembryonic antigen in bronchial carcinoma. It has been reported that lung cancer patients often have raised carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels but the significance of this in diagnosis and follow-up has yet to be established. The results of 256 preoperative investigations in patients with lung cancer are reported. Sequential values after radical surgery and chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been performed in 57 patients during treatment and outpatient follow-up. Ninety-nine per cent of preoperative values were more than 5 ng/ml and 41% greater than 15 ng/ml. Only 6% reached diagnostic levels for malignancy (greater than 52ng/ml) and adenocarcinomas formed 47% (7 out of 15) of these. Sequential estimation in patients during and after treatment showed fluctuations which were related to disease status in 7 (32%) of 22 who have developed secondary disease. In three patients levels of greater than 50 ng/ml preceded clinical evidence of recurrence, and two patients have developed very high levels but have not yet developed other evidence of recurrent disease. It is concluded that raised CEA levels in lung cancer are infrequent, but in those patients who have or develop raised levels sequential investigation may be of value in monitoring response to treatment and clinical coourse.", "PMID": 594940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4994", "title": "Effect of intravenous terbutaline on arterial blood gas tensions, ventilation, and pulmonary circulation in patients with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale.", "content": "Terbutaline sulphate was given intravenously to 10 patients with pulmonary vascular disease secondary to chronic hypoxia. The resting cardiac index increased after terbutaline in all the patients between 5 and 74% above the control level. The greatest change was seen in patients who had received the largest total dose. The rise in cardiac index was associated with a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance although mean pulmonary artery pressure remained unaltered. There was a significant increase in the venous admixture but this did not adversely affect the arterial oxygen tension. The peak expiratory flow rate did not change significantly but there was an increase in ventilation from a mean value of 4.36 1/min/m2 to 4.67 1/min/m2. The results show that terbutaline has little adverse effect on the pulmonary circulation or gas exchange in patients with irreversible airways disease who are in a stable state.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous terbutaline on arterial blood gas tensions, ventilation, and pulmonary circulation in patients with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale. Terbutaline sulphate was given intravenously to 10 patients with pulmonary vascular disease secondary to chronic hypoxia. The resting cardiac index increased after terbutaline in all the patients between 5 and 74% above the control level. The greatest change was seen in patients who had received the largest total dose. The rise in cardiac index was associated with a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance although mean pulmonary artery pressure remained unaltered. There was a significant increase in the venous admixture but this did not adversely affect the arterial oxygen tension. The peak expiratory flow rate did not change significantly but there was an increase in ventilation from a mean value of 4.36 1/min/m2 to 4.67 1/min/m2. The results show that terbutaline has little adverse effect on the pulmonary circulation or gas exchange in patients with irreversible airways disease who are in a stable state.", "PMID": 594942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4995", "title": "Pulmonary calcinosis.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features are described of a case of pulmonary calcinosis complicating cystic disease of the renal medulla. A histopathological study of the lung revealed calcification in the alveolar walls and in the blood vessels, predominantly in the pulmonary veins and venules. The calcified deposits were also studied by electron microscopy, and appearances suggestive of active growth of the deposits were recognised. Chemical analysis of the lung revealed a calcium content some 55 times greater than that of a normal lung. There was a five-fold increase in magnesium content. Reference is made to the literature demonstrating that the chemical composition of metastic calcification differs according to whether it is visceral or non-visceral in type.", "contents": "Pulmonary calcinosis. The clinical and pathological features are described of a case of pulmonary calcinosis complicating cystic disease of the renal medulla. A histopathological study of the lung revealed calcification in the alveolar walls and in the blood vessels, predominantly in the pulmonary veins and venules. The calcified deposits were also studied by electron microscopy, and appearances suggestive of active growth of the deposits were recognised. Chemical analysis of the lung revealed a calcium content some 55 times greater than that of a normal lung. There was a five-fold increase in magnesium content. Reference is made to the literature demonstrating that the chemical composition of metastic calcification differs according to whether it is visceral or non-visceral in type.", "PMID": 594943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4996", "title": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis: report of a human case.", "content": "Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) principally infests canine hosts. However, human pulmonary dirofilariasis is being reported with increasing frequency, and the following case illustrates essential features of the disease. It typically presents as a solitary pulmonary nodule without symptoms and invariably requires pulmonary resection to differentiate it from primary or secondary malignancy.", "contents": "Pulmonary dirofilariasis: report of a human case. Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) principally infests canine hosts. However, human pulmonary dirofilariasis is being reported with increasing frequency, and the following case illustrates essential features of the disease. It typically presents as a solitary pulmonary nodule without symptoms and invariably requires pulmonary resection to differentiate it from primary or secondary malignancy.", "PMID": 594944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4997", "title": "Rupture of the normal aortic valve after blunt chest trauma.", "content": "Rupture of the normal aortic valve after blunt trauma to the chest is seen infrequently. With the ever-increasing incidence of car and motorcycle accidents, this injury should be considered during the initial examination of an accident victim. Any patient without a history of heart disease presenting with heart murmurs after severe blunt trauma to the chest should give rise to the suspicion of aortic valve damage. When the diagnosis is proved, aortic valve expoloration is necessary. Review of the published cases establishes that valve replacement is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Rupture of the normal aortic valve after blunt chest trauma. Rupture of the normal aortic valve after blunt trauma to the chest is seen infrequently. With the ever-increasing incidence of car and motorcycle accidents, this injury should be considered during the initial examination of an accident victim. Any patient without a history of heart disease presenting with heart murmurs after severe blunt trauma to the chest should give rise to the suspicion of aortic valve damage. When the diagnosis is proved, aortic valve expoloration is necessary. Review of the published cases establishes that valve replacement is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 594945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4998", "title": "Thrombotic superior vena caval obstruction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A case of tetralogy of Fallot is described, in which thrombotic obstruction of the superior vena cava developed after total correction. Partial thrombolysis was achieved with streptokinase therapy.", "contents": "Thrombotic superior vena caval obstruction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. A case of tetralogy of Fallot is described, in which thrombotic obstruction of the superior vena cava developed after total correction. Partial thrombolysis was achieved with streptokinase therapy.", "PMID": 594946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_4999", "title": "Lung carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Two patients, aged 29 and 40, with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease, in complete remission for four and six years respectively after intensive radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy, developed carcinoma of the lung in the previous radiation port. Although radiotherapy and chemotherapy can eradicate Hodgkin's disease involving the thorax, this treatment may be associated with the development of a secondary pulmonary malignancy, particularly in a previous radiation port, and several years may elapse before the new tumour becomes evident.", "contents": "Lung carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Two patients, aged 29 and 40, with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease, in complete remission for four and six years respectively after intensive radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy, developed carcinoma of the lung in the previous radiation port. Although radiotherapy and chemotherapy can eradicate Hodgkin's disease involving the thorax, this treatment may be associated with the development of a secondary pulmonary malignancy, particularly in a previous radiation port, and several years may elapse before the new tumour becomes evident.", "PMID": 594947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5000", "title": "Pulmonary metastases from basal-cell carcinoma of skin.", "content": "Although rodent ulcers are a relatively common malignant condition of the skin, pulmonary metastases arising from them are extremely rare. There have so far been only 29 authenticated reports of this condition. A further case is described of a man who, at the age of 35, developed a rodent ulcer (typical basal-cell carcinoma) on the forehead. Despite local excisions, skin grafting, and radiotherapy, the ulcer continued to recur, although there was no spread to regional lymph nodes. When he was aged 52, he developed widespread bilateral pulmonary lesions and a right pleural effusion. Thoracotomy provided a lung biopsy which showed the typical histological appearance of basal-cell carcinoma. He died aged 54, 19 years after the onset of the rodent ulcer, and necropsy confirmed that the pulmonary lesions were bloodborne metastases of basal-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases from basal-cell carcinoma of skin. Although rodent ulcers are a relatively common malignant condition of the skin, pulmonary metastases arising from them are extremely rare. There have so far been only 29 authenticated reports of this condition. A further case is described of a man who, at the age of 35, developed a rodent ulcer (typical basal-cell carcinoma) on the forehead. Despite local excisions, skin grafting, and radiotherapy, the ulcer continued to recur, although there was no spread to regional lymph nodes. When he was aged 52, he developed widespread bilateral pulmonary lesions and a right pleural effusion. Thoracotomy provided a lung biopsy which showed the typical histological appearance of basal-cell carcinoma. He died aged 54, 19 years after the onset of the rodent ulcer, and necropsy confirmed that the pulmonary lesions were bloodborne metastases of basal-cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 594948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5001", "title": "The effect of LSD on the surface of neuroepithelial cells.", "content": "The neuroepithelial cells of 10 control chick embryos and of 22 exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (50 microgram/ml) were examined in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In specimens exposed to LSD, the cells are swollen and their surface loses its cytoplasmic projections. Labelling techniques applied in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that ruthenium red attaches to the surface of the neuroepithelial cells in the form of a continuous dark line in both controls and treated specimens. However, when cationized ferritin or lanthanum is used, the label appears in the form of a continuous line in the controls whereas it is discontinuous in specimens exposed to LSD. These observations suggest that LSD alters the components of the neuroepithelial cell surface in the young chick embryo.", "contents": "The effect of LSD on the surface of neuroepithelial cells. The neuroepithelial cells of 10 control chick embryos and of 22 exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (50 microgram/ml) were examined in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In specimens exposed to LSD, the cells are swollen and their surface loses its cytoplasmic projections. Labelling techniques applied in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that ruthenium red attaches to the surface of the neuroepithelial cells in the form of a continuous dark line in both controls and treated specimens. However, when cationized ferritin or lanthanum is used, the label appears in the form of a continuous line in the controls whereas it is discontinuous in specimens exposed to LSD. These observations suggest that LSD alters the components of the neuroepithelial cell surface in the young chick embryo.", "PMID": 595022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5002", "title": "Cardiotoxicity of diazepam in cultured heart cells.", "content": "The responses of primary cultures of rat myocardial cells to diazepam (Valium) were evaluated. The cells were exposed to 4, 16 or 32 microgram/ml of diazepam for 1, 4 or 24 h. The cultures were evaluated for changes in beating activity and morphology and for cytotoxic effects. After the 1-h treatment exposure, the cultures exhibited tachycardia which was dose-dependent. The longer durations of treatment either produced arrhythmias or caused a loss of beating. Major morphological alterations observed were the formation pseudopodia and increased cytoplasmic granulation. Cytotoxicity was measured quantitatively by leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells into the media and by cell viability. Moderate amounts of LDH were leaked from the cells after exposure to diazepam for 4 h. After 24 h of treatment with the higher concentrations of diazepam, cell viability was greatly reduced.", "contents": "Cardiotoxicity of diazepam in cultured heart cells. The responses of primary cultures of rat myocardial cells to diazepam (Valium) were evaluated. The cells were exposed to 4, 16 or 32 microgram/ml of diazepam for 1, 4 or 24 h. The cultures were evaluated for changes in beating activity and morphology and for cytotoxic effects. After the 1-h treatment exposure, the cultures exhibited tachycardia which was dose-dependent. The longer durations of treatment either produced arrhythmias or caused a loss of beating. Major morphological alterations observed were the formation pseudopodia and increased cytoplasmic granulation. Cytotoxicity was measured quantitatively by leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells into the media and by cell viability. Moderate amounts of LDH were leaked from the cells after exposure to diazepam for 4 h. After 24 h of treatment with the higher concentrations of diazepam, cell viability was greatly reduced.", "PMID": 595023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5003", "title": "Toxicity of styrene and styrene oxide on chick embryos.", "content": "Styrene and styrene oxide were injected into the air space of fertilized chicken eggs at different times during an incubation period of 14 days. The toxicity of styrene and styrene oxide when injected on the fourth day of incubation revealed an LD50 of 40 mumol/egg and 1.5 mumol/egg, respectively. Malformations were found in 0-20% of the embryos, but never in the controls. The results obtained point to a need for further experimental, and possibly epidemiologic, studies on the consequences of styrene exposure.", "contents": "Toxicity of styrene and styrene oxide on chick embryos. Styrene and styrene oxide were injected into the air space of fertilized chicken eggs at different times during an incubation period of 14 days. The toxicity of styrene and styrene oxide when injected on the fourth day of incubation revealed an LD50 of 40 mumol/egg and 1.5 mumol/egg, respectively. Malformations were found in 0-20% of the embryos, but never in the controls. The results obtained point to a need for further experimental, and possibly epidemiologic, studies on the consequences of styrene exposure.", "PMID": 595024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5004", "title": "Renal and bone uptake of tartaric acid in rats: comparison of L(+) and DL-Forms.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of radioactivity declined biphasically with half-lives of about 15 and 58 h respectively in rats dosed with monosodium DL-[14C]tartrate for 7 days at a dose level of 2.73 g/kg/day. Uptake and retention of radioactivity occurred in blood cells, kidneys and bones where it was detected for at least 12 days after dosing. Renal retention (11202 +/- 4469 ppm at 6 h, n = 7) was probably due to precipitation of the poorly soluble calcium DL-tartrate in the tubules leading to increased kidney weight, nephrotoxicity and even death. The more soluble, naturally-occurring L(+)-[14C] tartrate was not retained in the kidneys (1287 +/- 118 ppm at 6 h, n = 8) when administered to rats under the same conditions, and the initial decline of plasma concentrations of radioactivity was more rapid (t 0.5 approx. 3 h). For this reason, monosodium L(+)-tartrate was non-toxic at 2.73 g/kg/day whereas monosodium DL-tartrate was toxic at this dosage.", "contents": "Renal and bone uptake of tartaric acid in rats: comparison of L(+) and DL-Forms. Plasma concentrations of radioactivity declined biphasically with half-lives of about 15 and 58 h respectively in rats dosed with monosodium DL-[14C]tartrate for 7 days at a dose level of 2.73 g/kg/day. Uptake and retention of radioactivity occurred in blood cells, kidneys and bones where it was detected for at least 12 days after dosing. Renal retention (11202 +/- 4469 ppm at 6 h, n = 7) was probably due to precipitation of the poorly soluble calcium DL-tartrate in the tubules leading to increased kidney weight, nephrotoxicity and even death. The more soluble, naturally-occurring L(+)-[14C] tartrate was not retained in the kidneys (1287 +/- 118 ppm at 6 h, n = 8) when administered to rats under the same conditions, and the initial decline of plasma concentrations of radioactivity was more rapid (t 0.5 approx. 3 h). For this reason, monosodium L(+)-tartrate was non-toxic at 2.73 g/kg/day whereas monosodium DL-tartrate was toxic at this dosage.", "PMID": 595025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5005", "title": "Cortisol in Poecilia latipinna: its identification and the validation of methods for its determination in plasma.", "content": "In vitro studies in which head kidney of Poecilia latipinna was incubated with labelled precursors have shown that cortisol is the only corticosteroid that could be detected as being produced by this tissue. Cortisol levels have been measured in the plasma of Poecilia latipinna by three methods. The routine use of two rapid and comparatively simple methods, the competitive protein binding assay and the radioimmunoassay, have been validated in terms of the more rigorous double isotope dilution derivative assay.", "contents": "Cortisol in Poecilia latipinna: its identification and the validation of methods for its determination in plasma. In vitro studies in which head kidney of Poecilia latipinna was incubated with labelled precursors have shown that cortisol is the only corticosteroid that could be detected as being produced by this tissue. Cortisol levels have been measured in the plasma of Poecilia latipinna by three methods. The routine use of two rapid and comparatively simple methods, the competitive protein binding assay and the radioimmunoassay, have been validated in terms of the more rigorous double isotope dilution derivative assay.", "PMID": 595031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5006", "title": "Accurate, rapid measurement of the fraction of unbound estradiol and progesterone in small volumes of undiluted serum at 37 degrees C by miniature steady-state gel filtration.", "content": "A method is described for the accurate, rapid measurement of the unbound fractions of estradiol and of progesterone in small volumes of plasma or serum at 37 degrees C by a miniature method of steady-state gel filtration. There is minimal perturbation of the equilibrium between bound and free hormone and no derived kinetic parameters are required. The method has been used to measure the unbound fraction of progesterone in plasma from women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and of estradiol in sera of developing female rats.", "contents": "Accurate, rapid measurement of the fraction of unbound estradiol and progesterone in small volumes of undiluted serum at 37 degrees C by miniature steady-state gel filtration. A method is described for the accurate, rapid measurement of the unbound fractions of estradiol and of progesterone in small volumes of plasma or serum at 37 degrees C by a miniature method of steady-state gel filtration. There is minimal perturbation of the equilibrium between bound and free hormone and no derived kinetic parameters are required. The method has been used to measure the unbound fraction of progesterone in plasma from women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and of estradiol in sera of developing female rats.", "PMID": 595032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5007", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2 - and 4- hydroxymestranol.", "content": "The synthesis of 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxymestranol by oxidation of mestranol with m-chloroperbenzoic acid is described. The oral estrogenicity and contragestational activity of these and related catechol estrogen derivatives in the rat is also presented.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2 - and 4- hydroxymestranol. The synthesis of 2-hydroxy and 4-hydroxymestranol by oxidation of mestranol with m-chloroperbenzoic acid is described. The oral estrogenicity and contragestational activity of these and related catechol estrogen derivatives in the rat is also presented.", "PMID": 595033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5008", "title": "The detection and measurement of D-norgestrel in human milk using Sephadex LH 20 chromatography and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "An accurate sensitive method for the assay of D-norgestrel in human milk is described. The steroid is isolated from an ether extract of milk by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography in the system iso-octane-benzene-methanol (70:20:10 v/v). The radioimmunoassay utilises a specific antibody produced in rabbits against D-'norgestrel 3-(O-carboxymethyl) - oxime coupled to bovine serum albumin with D-norgestrel 3-(0-carboxymethyl) -oxime/ [125I]-iodohistamine conjugate as radioligand. Accuracy, sensitivity and blank value are satisfactory. Milk samples were obtained from three subjects treated with 30 microgram/day D-norgestrel, treatment commencing two weeks following parturition. Significant amounts of D-norgestrel were found, ranging between 92-135 pg/ml milk at the end of the first two-week treatment regimen. In two of three subjects, lower, but significant concentrations (53 pg and 35 pg/ml respectively) of steroid were found at the end of four weeks treatment. In the third subject, D-norgestrel could not be detected at this time. As a check on the specificity of the assay, three samples were submitted to additional chromatographic purification on alumina thin layer in the system benzene-cyclohexane-ethanol (70:27:3 v/v). Although this additional chromatographic step yielded somewhat lower values, agreement between the respective sets of results was good. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The detection and measurement of D-norgestrel in human milk using Sephadex LH 20 chromatography and radioimmunoassay. An accurate sensitive method for the assay of D-norgestrel in human milk is described. The steroid is isolated from an ether extract of milk by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography in the system iso-octane-benzene-methanol (70:20:10 v/v). The radioimmunoassay utilises a specific antibody produced in rabbits against D-'norgestrel 3-(O-carboxymethyl) - oxime coupled to bovine serum albumin with D-norgestrel 3-(0-carboxymethyl) -oxime/ [125I]-iodohistamine conjugate as radioligand. Accuracy, sensitivity and blank value are satisfactory. Milk samples were obtained from three subjects treated with 30 microgram/day D-norgestrel, treatment commencing two weeks following parturition. Significant amounts of D-norgestrel were found, ranging between 92-135 pg/ml milk at the end of the first two-week treatment regimen. In two of three subjects, lower, but significant concentrations (53 pg and 35 pg/ml respectively) of steroid were found at the end of four weeks treatment. In the third subject, D-norgestrel could not be detected at this time. As a check on the specificity of the assay, three samples were submitted to additional chromatographic purification on alumina thin layer in the system benzene-cyclohexane-ethanol (70:27:3 v/v). Although this additional chromatographic step yielded somewhat lower values, agreement between the respective sets of results was good. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 595034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5009", "title": "Synthesis of pregnenoic acid derivatives possessing structural elements of prostaglandins.", "content": "Pregneoic acid derivative V in which the character of functional groups and distances between them (expressed in terms of C-C bonds) resemble those occurring in prostaglandins has been synthetised. 3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one acetate VII was converted to ethyl 3beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-21-oate XIIa via a Reformatsky reaction followed by dehydration of adduct VIIIa and selective hydrogenation of the diene X. Compound XIIa was then transformed into trienone XIII by oxidation of the 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene XIIc with DDQ. The trienone XIII was subsequently epoxidised with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give diepoxide XV which was reduced with aluminum amalgam to the final product V.", "contents": "Synthesis of pregnenoic acid derivatives possessing structural elements of prostaglandins. Pregneoic acid derivative V in which the character of functional groups and distances between them (expressed in terms of C-C bonds) resemble those occurring in prostaglandins has been synthetised. 3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one acetate VII was converted to ethyl 3beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-21-oate XIIa via a Reformatsky reaction followed by dehydration of adduct VIIIa and selective hydrogenation of the diene X. Compound XIIa was then transformed into trienone XIII by oxidation of the 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene XIIc with DDQ. The trienone XIII was subsequently epoxidised with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give diepoxide XV which was reduced with aluminum amalgam to the final product V.", "PMID": 595035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5010", "title": "Synthesis of 5alpha-pregna-1,20-dien-3-one.", "content": "5ALPHA-Pregna-1,20-dien-3-one has been synthesized from 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one by reaction of the tosylhydrazone with butyllithium to introduce the vinyl moiety. Oxidation of the alcohol and treatment of the anion of the resulting ketone with benzeneselenenyl chloride gave the 2-phenylseleno derivative. This afforded the conjugated enone on oxidative elimination.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5alpha-pregna-1,20-dien-3-one. 5ALPHA-Pregna-1,20-dien-3-one has been synthesized from 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one by reaction of the tosylhydrazone with butyllithium to introduce the vinyl moiety. Oxidation of the alcohol and treatment of the anion of the resulting ketone with benzeneselenenyl chloride gave the 2-phenylseleno derivative. This afforded the conjugated enone on oxidative elimination.", "PMID": 595036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5011", "title": "3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta,14beta-chol-8-en-24-oic acid and its isomer, dehydration products of chenodeoxycholic acid obtained by treatment with concentrated HC1.", "content": "3alpha, 7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid in acetic acid was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid at room temperature. Two of the dehydration products thus obtained proved to correspond to the beta- and gamma-acids reported (5). One (gamma-acid) of these was identified as 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta, 14beta-chol-8-en-24-oic acid (IIa) by means of several spectral measurements of itself and its OsO4 oxidation products. Chemical structure of the other (beta-acid) remains undetermined.", "contents": "3alpha-Hydroxy-5beta,14beta-chol-8-en-24-oic acid and its isomer, dehydration products of chenodeoxycholic acid obtained by treatment with concentrated HC1. 3alpha, 7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid in acetic acid was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid at room temperature. Two of the dehydration products thus obtained proved to correspond to the beta- and gamma-acids reported (5). One (gamma-acid) of these was identified as 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta, 14beta-chol-8-en-24-oic acid (IIa) by means of several spectral measurements of itself and its OsO4 oxidation products. Chemical structure of the other (beta-acid) remains undetermined.", "PMID": 595037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5012", "title": "4-Desmethylsgerols in the seeds of Solanaceae.", "content": "Thirteen 4-desmethylsterols: cholesterol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, stigmasterol, 24-methylcholesta-5,24-dienol, 24-ethylcholesta-5,24-dienol, 28-isofucosterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethylcholestanol, cholest-7-enol and 24-ethylcholest-22-enol, were identified in the seeds of solanaceous plants. The distribution of these 4-demethylsterols in the seeds of eleven plants among seven genera of the Solanaceae family was determined.", "contents": "4-Desmethylsgerols in the seeds of Solanaceae. Thirteen 4-desmethylsterols: cholesterol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, stigmasterol, 24-methylcholesta-5,24-dienol, 24-ethylcholesta-5,24-dienol, 28-isofucosterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethylcholestanol, cholest-7-enol and 24-ethylcholest-22-enol, were identified in the seeds of solanaceous plants. The distribution of these 4-demethylsterols in the seeds of eleven plants among seven genera of the Solanaceae family was determined.", "PMID": 595039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5013", "title": "Structural aspects of Plasmodium relevant to vaccination against malaria.", "content": "The extracellular stages of Plasmodium which can be inactivated with antibodies include the sporozoites, merozoites and microgametes. The surface of sporozoites and merozoites are known to bind antibodies which render them unable to invade host cells. Intra-erythrocytic merozoites, trophozoites and schizonts release antigens which are conveyed to the surface of the host cell, although they do not appear to be attacked by antibodies directly. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Structural aspects of Plasmodium relevant to vaccination against malaria. The extracellular stages of Plasmodium which can be inactivated with antibodies include the sporozoites, merozoites and microgametes. The surface of sporozoites and merozoites are known to bind antibodies which render them unable to invade host cells. Intra-erythrocytic merozoites, trophozoites and schizonts release antigens which are conveyed to the surface of the host cell, although they do not appear to be attacked by antibodies directly. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 595077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5014", "title": "Antibodies against murine typhyus in sera from Indonesians.", "content": "A sero-epidemiological study of human CF and indirect immunofluorescence antibodies against murine typhus was conducted in Indonesia. Antibody prevalences ranged from 10% to 20% in sera of Indonesians from Java and Sumatra to less than 2% in sera from islands east of Java.", "contents": "Antibodies against murine typhyus in sera from Indonesians. A sero-epidemiological study of human CF and indirect immunofluorescence antibodies against murine typhus was conducted in Indonesia. Antibody prevalences ranged from 10% to 20% in sera of Indonesians from Java and Sumatra to less than 2% in sera from islands east of Java.", "PMID": 595078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5015", "title": "Malarial antibodies in tropical splenomegaly syndrome in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Levels of species and class-specific malarial antibody were studied in 249 New Guineans with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and in 87 control subjects living in the same area. Titres of IgG and IgM antibody to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were estimated by indirect immunofluorescence. Both Ig and IgM antibody levels were higher in subjects with TSS than in controls; IgM titres were highest in those with the greatest splenic enlargement. Responses to all three species were comparable. It is concluded that there is no evidence from this study to incriminate any one species of malaria parasite in the production of tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "contents": "Malarial antibodies in tropical splenomegaly syndrome in Papua New Guinea. Levels of species and class-specific malarial antibody were studied in 249 New Guineans with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and in 87 control subjects living in the same area. Titres of IgG and IgM antibody to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were estimated by indirect immunofluorescence. Both Ig and IgM antibody levels were higher in subjects with TSS than in controls; IgM titres were highest in those with the greatest splenic enlargement. Responses to all three species were comparable. It is concluded that there is no evidence from this study to incriminate any one species of malaria parasite in the production of tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "PMID": 595079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5016", "title": "Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): (I) An investigation on phlebotomine sandflies in Grosseto Province.", "content": "A survey of phlebotomines has been made in the area of the Province of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy) where human cases of both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis have recently occurred. 12 collecting stations, placed around the leishmaniasis foci, were divided into three groups of localities, the Argentario Promontory, coastal plains territory and hilly inland territory. Sandflies were collected with lit and unlit oil traps, and by hand. A total of 11,032 specimens (57% males) were caught and identified. Of these, 86.6% were Phlebotomus perfiliewi, 10.8% P. perniciosus and 2.3% Sergentomyia minuta; only a few specimens were P. papatasi and P. mascittii. In the first group of localities, P. perniciosus was very abundant (87.8%) and S. minuta scarce (12.0%); in the second group, P. perfiliewi was the only species collected; in the third group, P. perfiliewi was very abundant (98.0%), S. minuta was vert scarce (1.1%) and P. perniciosus even more so (0.7%). P. perniciosus is thought to be the probable vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the area of the Monte Argentario and P. perfiliewi is strongly suspected of playing a role in transmission of the cutaneous form in the third group of localities. The species responsible for transmitting visceral leishmaniasis in some of the foci in this area is yet to be found.", "contents": "Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): (I) An investigation on phlebotomine sandflies in Grosseto Province. A survey of phlebotomines has been made in the area of the Province of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy) where human cases of both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis have recently occurred. 12 collecting stations, placed around the leishmaniasis foci, were divided into three groups of localities, the Argentario Promontory, coastal plains territory and hilly inland territory. Sandflies were collected with lit and unlit oil traps, and by hand. A total of 11,032 specimens (57% males) were caught and identified. Of these, 86.6% were Phlebotomus perfiliewi, 10.8% P. perniciosus and 2.3% Sergentomyia minuta; only a few specimens were P. papatasi and P. mascittii. In the first group of localities, P. perniciosus was very abundant (87.8%) and S. minuta scarce (12.0%); in the second group, P. perfiliewi was the only species collected; in the third group, P. perfiliewi was very abundant (98.0%), S. minuta was vert scarce (1.1%) and P. perniciosus even more so (0.7%). P. perniciosus is thought to be the probable vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the area of the Monte Argentario and P. perfiliewi is strongly suspected of playing a role in transmission of the cutaneous form in the third group of localities. The species responsible for transmitting visceral leishmaniasis in some of the foci in this area is yet to be found.", "PMID": 595080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5017", "title": "Dermatophytosis survey in Lagos State of Nigeria.", "content": "A dermaphytosis survey covering 3,860 schoolchildren was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, between January 1973 and January 1974. Seven species of dermatophytes, namely, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (four isolates), T. rubrum (three isolates), T. soundanense (11 isolates), Microsporum canis (five isolates), M. gypseum (two isolates), M audouinii (four isolates), and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates) were recovered from specimens collected from the hair, skin and scalp scrapings of 81 schoolchildren. The incidence of dermatophytosis (2.10%) is low in schoolchildren covered in this survey. This is the first time M. canis and M. Gypseum have been isolated from superficial skin lesions in human beings in Nigeria.", "contents": "Dermatophytosis survey in Lagos State of Nigeria. A dermaphytosis survey covering 3,860 schoolchildren was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, between January 1973 and January 1974. Seven species of dermatophytes, namely, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (four isolates), T. rubrum (three isolates), T. soundanense (11 isolates), Microsporum canis (five isolates), M. gypseum (two isolates), M audouinii (four isolates), and Epidermophyton floccosum (three isolates) were recovered from specimens collected from the hair, skin and scalp scrapings of 81 schoolchildren. The incidence of dermatophytosis (2.10%) is low in schoolchildren covered in this survey. This is the first time M. canis and M. Gypseum have been isolated from superficial skin lesions in human beings in Nigeria.", "PMID": 595081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5018", "title": "Differentiation of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium by enzyme electrophoresis.", "content": "Forty-four Taenia saginata and seven T. solium specimens were collected in Nigeria. Extracts of these worms and of their metacestodes were compared by enzyme electrophoresis. The mobility of glucose phosphate isomerase was consistently faster with T. saginata than with T. solium. Extracts of the strobilate and cysticercus forms of the same species gave identical results. It was thus possible to distinguish clearly between material of either species.", "contents": "Differentiation of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium by enzyme electrophoresis. Forty-four Taenia saginata and seven T. solium specimens were collected in Nigeria. Extracts of these worms and of their metacestodes were compared by enzyme electrophoresis. The mobility of glucose phosphate isomerase was consistently faster with T. saginata than with T. solium. Extracts of the strobilate and cysticercus forms of the same species gave identical results. It was thus possible to distinguish clearly between material of either species.", "PMID": 595082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5019", "title": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities in adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities were found in paired adult Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum in comparison to those reported for S. mansoni cercariae (Coles, 1973). Succinate dehydrogenase activity, which has not been previously reported for either adult blood fluke, is more than twice as great in paired adult S. japonicum as in paired adult S. mansoni, but the activity is low in both species of adult worms. The similar low levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities which occur in adult S. mansoni and S. japonicum further substantiate the fact that anaerobic glycolysis is the major energy source in adults of both species.", "contents": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities in adult Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities were found in paired adult Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum in comparison to those reported for S. mansoni cercariae (Coles, 1973). Succinate dehydrogenase activity, which has not been previously reported for either adult blood fluke, is more than twice as great in paired adult S. japonicum as in paired adult S. mansoni, but the activity is low in both species of adult worms. The similar low levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities which occur in adult S. mansoni and S. japonicum further substantiate the fact that anaerobic glycolysis is the major energy source in adults of both species.", "PMID": 595083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5020", "title": "A study of the presence of circulating immune complexes in schistosomiasis.", "content": "The sera from 51 patients with schistosomiasis were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (IC) using two methods, inhibition of EAC rosette formation and precipitation of radio-labelled Clq. The percentage EAC rosette inhibition was significantly greater in the total group of patients compared to the control sera. The material inhibiting EAC rosette formation was precipitable by 4% polyethylene glycol, thus excluding the role of C3 fragments and suggesting that inhibition was due to immune complexes. Using precipitation of radio-labelled Clq significant high values compared to control sera were only obtained in those patients before treatment or with an active infection. The results suggests that material behaving as IC is present in the sera of patients with schistosomiasis and that measurement of the levels of IC may be important in assessing the state of the disease.", "contents": "A study of the presence of circulating immune complexes in schistosomiasis. The sera from 51 patients with schistosomiasis were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (IC) using two methods, inhibition of EAC rosette formation and precipitation of radio-labelled Clq. The percentage EAC rosette inhibition was significantly greater in the total group of patients compared to the control sera. The material inhibiting EAC rosette formation was precipitable by 4% polyethylene glycol, thus excluding the role of C3 fragments and suggesting that inhibition was due to immune complexes. Using precipitation of radio-labelled Clq significant high values compared to control sera were only obtained in those patients before treatment or with an active infection. The results suggests that material behaving as IC is present in the sera of patients with schistosomiasis and that measurement of the levels of IC may be important in assessing the state of the disease.", "PMID": 595085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5021", "title": "Renal disease in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "Thirty-nine cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis associated with renal disease are included. They were investigated for renal function, serum and urinary immunoglobulins, some serological tests, and bacteriological studies for evidence of associated salmonellosis. Renal biopsy was obtained from 23 subjects and studied by light microscopy. It was possible to distinguish two groups of cases \"salmonella-negative\" and \"salmonella-positive\". The former group was characterized by marked glomerular lesions, mainly membrano-proliferative, in different phases of evolution. Salmonella-positive cases were categorized into those with clinical, laboratory and histological evidence of interstitial nephropathy (six cases), that seems to result from salmonella pyelonephritis; and those with overt glomerular lesions (17 cases). The latter group differed from salmonella-negative cases in having mainly proliferative glomerular lesions with minimal or no basement membrane thickening; the lesions were diffuse and appeared in the same stage of evolution. The possible relation of schistosomiasis and associated salmonellosis to the pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed, suggesting an immunological basis for the glomerular injury and outlining the possible significance of hepatic fibrosis.", "contents": "Renal disease in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a clinicopathological study. Thirty-nine cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis associated with renal disease are included. They were investigated for renal function, serum and urinary immunoglobulins, some serological tests, and bacteriological studies for evidence of associated salmonellosis. Renal biopsy was obtained from 23 subjects and studied by light microscopy. It was possible to distinguish two groups of cases \"salmonella-negative\" and \"salmonella-positive\". The former group was characterized by marked glomerular lesions, mainly membrano-proliferative, in different phases of evolution. Salmonella-positive cases were categorized into those with clinical, laboratory and histological evidence of interstitial nephropathy (six cases), that seems to result from salmonella pyelonephritis; and those with overt glomerular lesions (17 cases). The latter group differed from salmonella-negative cases in having mainly proliferative glomerular lesions with minimal or no basement membrane thickening; the lesions were diffuse and appeared in the same stage of evolution. The possible relation of schistosomiasis and associated salmonellosis to the pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed, suggesting an immunological basis for the glomerular injury and outlining the possible significance of hepatic fibrosis.", "PMID": 595092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5022", "title": "Morphological evidence for the ability of eosinophils to damage antibody-coated schistosomula.", "content": "Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were incubated with preparations from human peripheral blood containing up to 98% eosinophils, in the presence or absence of anti-schistosomular antibody. It was found that there was a correlation between damage to the schistosomula, as judged by phase-contrast microscopy, and release of 51chromium from labelled organisms. The proportion of schistosomula showing damage did not increase over the times tested (two to six hours), but the release of chromium was progressive over the same period. This suggested that the chromium within damaged schistosomula was not all released immediately after the initial damage. A small proportion of the schistosomula appeared not to be susceptible to antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage. Antibody alone, in the absence of eosinophils, did not have any detectable damaging effect. Electron microscopy showed that, in the presence of antibody, the interaction between eosinophils and schistosomula, which results in damage to the schistosomula, is initiated by an intimate contact between the eosinophils and the schistosomular surface.", "contents": "Morphological evidence for the ability of eosinophils to damage antibody-coated schistosomula. Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were incubated with preparations from human peripheral blood containing up to 98% eosinophils, in the presence or absence of anti-schistosomular antibody. It was found that there was a correlation between damage to the schistosomula, as judged by phase-contrast microscopy, and release of 51chromium from labelled organisms. The proportion of schistosomula showing damage did not increase over the times tested (two to six hours), but the release of chromium was progressive over the same period. This suggested that the chromium within damaged schistosomula was not all released immediately after the initial damage. A small proportion of the schistosomula appeared not to be susceptible to antibody-dependent, eosinophil-mediated damage. Antibody alone, in the absence of eosinophils, did not have any detectable damaging effect. Electron microscopy showed that, in the presence of antibody, the interaction between eosinophils and schistosomula, which results in damage to the schistosomula, is initiated by an intimate contact between the eosinophils and the schistosomular surface.", "PMID": 595093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5023", "title": "The natural decline of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a vector control situation in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "In a situation where filariasis and malaria are transmitted by the same vector, as seen here in the Solomon Islands, the Malaria Eradication Programme aimed at controlling the vector, was found to have an effect on both diseases. In an area of Choiseul island first surveyed by the author in 1970, three follow-up surveys were conducted--in 1974, 1975 and 1976. These showed a progressive decrease in persons infected. When the densities, especially the median microfilarial counts, were expressed as percentage values of the pre-spray survey, there was found to be a proportional decrease over eight years. It is possible that the Anopheline vector needs to be reduced less for the cessation of transmission of filariasis than for malaria. A theoretical ratio was calculated and supporting field evidence presented.", "contents": "The natural decline of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a vector control situation in the Solomon Islands. In a situation where filariasis and malaria are transmitted by the same vector, as seen here in the Solomon Islands, the Malaria Eradication Programme aimed at controlling the vector, was found to have an effect on both diseases. In an area of Choiseul island first surveyed by the author in 1970, three follow-up surveys were conducted--in 1974, 1975 and 1976. These showed a progressive decrease in persons infected. When the densities, especially the median microfilarial counts, were expressed as percentage values of the pre-spray survey, there was found to be a proportional decrease over eight years. It is possible that the Anopheline vector needs to be reduced less for the cessation of transmission of filariasis than for malaria. A theoretical ratio was calculated and supporting field evidence presented.", "PMID": 595094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5024", "title": "Variation in urinary creatinine concentration and Schistosoma haematobium egg count.", "content": "Variation in urinary creatinine concentration was studied in a Gambian community. Whilst there was appreciable day to day variation there were also differences between subjects and between different times of year. Day to day changes in creatinine concentration correlated with changes in egg count, which were, in proportion, smaller. While there are difficulties in the use of creatinine as a reference index, it is suggested that knowledge of creatinine concentrations may eliminate some of the ambiguities arising in the interpretation of Schistosoma haematobium egg counts in random, untimed urine specimens. The relation between the two variables and the extent of seasonal changes in creatinine concentration suggest that changes in the mean egg count of a group of subjects due to changes in urine flow are usually small and seldom of the magnitude which some have assumed.", "contents": "Variation in urinary creatinine concentration and Schistosoma haematobium egg count. Variation in urinary creatinine concentration was studied in a Gambian community. Whilst there was appreciable day to day variation there were also differences between subjects and between different times of year. Day to day changes in creatinine concentration correlated with changes in egg count, which were, in proportion, smaller. While there are difficulties in the use of creatinine as a reference index, it is suggested that knowledge of creatinine concentrations may eliminate some of the ambiguities arising in the interpretation of Schistosoma haematobium egg counts in random, untimed urine specimens. The relation between the two variables and the extent of seasonal changes in creatinine concentration suggest that changes in the mean egg count of a group of subjects due to changes in urine flow are usually small and seldom of the magnitude which some have assumed.", "PMID": 595095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5025", "title": "Sickle cell anaemia: diagnosis and care in a Nigerian health centre.", "content": "A study of 156 cases of SS and SC disease diagnosed at Igbo-Ora between 1962 and 1975 is described. In 1971 haemoglobin electrophoresis was introduced for all previously untested patients with a PCV of less than 30 and/or a clinical suspicion of SS or SC. Following this, the total known cases of SS and SC disease rose from nine to 156 in four years. The new cases diagnosed within one year of birth rose from zero before 1971 to 10 in 1974. This is 25% of all expected cases. The percentage of cases diagnosed within one calendar year of detecting anaemia (PCV less than 30) rose from 0 to 94%. It is concluded that haemoglobin electrophoresis is of great value in improving early diagnosis in peripheral clinics. Ways of further improving the early diagnosis and management of SS and SC disease in peripheral clinics is discussed.", "contents": "Sickle cell anaemia: diagnosis and care in a Nigerian health centre. A study of 156 cases of SS and SC disease diagnosed at Igbo-Ora between 1962 and 1975 is described. In 1971 haemoglobin electrophoresis was introduced for all previously untested patients with a PCV of less than 30 and/or a clinical suspicion of SS or SC. Following this, the total known cases of SS and SC disease rose from nine to 156 in four years. The new cases diagnosed within one year of birth rose from zero before 1971 to 10 in 1974. This is 25% of all expected cases. The percentage of cases diagnosed within one calendar year of detecting anaemia (PCV less than 30) rose from 0 to 94%. It is concluded that haemoglobin electrophoresis is of great value in improving early diagnosis in peripheral clinics. Ways of further improving the early diagnosis and management of SS and SC disease in peripheral clinics is discussed.", "PMID": 595096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5026", "title": "Distribution of rubella antibodies in Nigeria.", "content": "A total of 1,847 serum samples obtained from human subjects in various areas of Nigeria (North, East and West) were tested for the presence of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies. The results showed that an average of 68% of the Nigerian population studied possessed rubella antibody.", "contents": "Distribution of rubella antibodies in Nigeria. A total of 1,847 serum samples obtained from human subjects in various areas of Nigeria (North, East and West) were tested for the presence of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies. The results showed that an average of 68% of the Nigerian population studied possessed rubella antibody.", "PMID": 595097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5027", "title": "Granulocyte function in visceral leishmaniasis.", "content": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in nine children with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) showed no increase of spontaneous reduction by neutrophils. The normal bactericidal activity of four of these patients excludes an impaired function of the neutrophils in VL.", "contents": "Granulocyte function in visceral leishmaniasis. Nitroblue tetrazolium test in nine children with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) showed no increase of spontaneous reduction by neutrophils. The normal bactericidal activity of four of these patients excludes an impaired function of the neutrophils in VL.", "PMID": 595099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5028", "title": "Amino-acid and glucose utilization of Leishmania donovani and L. braziliensis.", "content": "The availability of a defined medium (STEIGER & STEIGER, 1976) has enabled studies on the nutritional requirements of promastigotes of L. donovani and L. braziliensis (STEIGER & STEIGER, 1977). As outlined elsewhere (STEIGER & MESHNICK, 1977), the present paper describes preliminary experiments dealing with the utilization of amino-acids and glucose by these two Leishmania species. The data are compared to those obtained with Trypanosoma (CROSS et al., 1975a,b; BRUN & JENNI, 1977) and are discussed in relation to the nutrition of Leishmania.", "contents": "Amino-acid and glucose utilization of Leishmania donovani and L. braziliensis. The availability of a defined medium (STEIGER & STEIGER, 1976) has enabled studies on the nutritional requirements of promastigotes of L. donovani and L. braziliensis (STEIGER & STEIGER, 1977). As outlined elsewhere (STEIGER & MESHNICK, 1977), the present paper describes preliminary experiments dealing with the utilization of amino-acids and glucose by these two Leishmania species. The data are compared to those obtained with Trypanosoma (CROSS et al., 1975a,b; BRUN & JENNI, 1977) and are discussed in relation to the nutrition of Leishmania.", "PMID": 595100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5029", "title": "Total and partial blood exchange in the rat with hemoglobin prepared by crystallization.", "content": "Hemoglobin, prepared by crystallization, has been used as a blood substitute in total (91 to 93%) and partial (70 to 76%) blood replacement studies. Exchange transfusions have been carried out in laboratory animals to a total blood replacement of 91 to 93 per cent with hemoglobin or with albumin solutions. When albumin was used, all animals died at approximately ten minutes after transfusion was completed, whereas all animals transfused with hemoglobin survived for five hours and displayed normal activity during this time. In these studies the plasma half-disappearance time of hemoglobin was 3.5 hours and body distribution of 51Cr-labeled hemoglobin, as a percentage of initial levels, has shown six per cent in the kidney, six per cent in the liver, 10.5 per cent in the marrow and 13 to 14 per cent in the urine at three hours after transfusion. Survival was obtained with all animals transfused with hemoglobin or albumin solutions to a partial blood replacement of 70 to 76 per cent. However, the oxygen capacity of the circulating fluid in the hemoglobin transfused animals was about three times greater than that found in the corresponding albumin-transfused controls. Values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and P50 returned to normal pretransfusion levels within five to seven days.", "contents": "Total and partial blood exchange in the rat with hemoglobin prepared by crystallization. Hemoglobin, prepared by crystallization, has been used as a blood substitute in total (91 to 93%) and partial (70 to 76%) blood replacement studies. Exchange transfusions have been carried out in laboratory animals to a total blood replacement of 91 to 93 per cent with hemoglobin or with albumin solutions. When albumin was used, all animals died at approximately ten minutes after transfusion was completed, whereas all animals transfused with hemoglobin survived for five hours and displayed normal activity during this time. In these studies the plasma half-disappearance time of hemoglobin was 3.5 hours and body distribution of 51Cr-labeled hemoglobin, as a percentage of initial levels, has shown six per cent in the kidney, six per cent in the liver, 10.5 per cent in the marrow and 13 to 14 per cent in the urine at three hours after transfusion. Survival was obtained with all animals transfused with hemoglobin or albumin solutions to a partial blood replacement of 70 to 76 per cent. However, the oxygen capacity of the circulating fluid in the hemoglobin transfused animals was about three times greater than that found in the corresponding albumin-transfused controls. Values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and P50 returned to normal pretransfusion levels within five to seven days.", "PMID": 595109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5030", "title": "An evaluation of several blood transfusion filters.", "content": "Several blood transfusion filters designed to remove microemboli were evaluated for filtration and flow characteristics, as well as for hemolysis and for release of particulate debris from the filter. The Dacron wool filter, a depth filter, was superior at removing microemboli measured with an electronic particle size analyzer. A 25 micrometer pore mesh filter was least effective at removing microemboli from stored blood, but demonstrated the most favorable flow rates and induced no apparent red blood cell destruction during filtration. In general, filter efficiency and filter induced hemolysis correlated inversely with flow rate. No filter tested released significant quantities of particulate debris when compared with unfiltered isotonic saline.", "contents": "An evaluation of several blood transfusion filters. Several blood transfusion filters designed to remove microemboli were evaluated for filtration and flow characteristics, as well as for hemolysis and for release of particulate debris from the filter. The Dacron wool filter, a depth filter, was superior at removing microemboli measured with an electronic particle size analyzer. A 25 micrometer pore mesh filter was least effective at removing microemboli from stored blood, but demonstrated the most favorable flow rates and induced no apparent red blood cell destruction during filtration. In general, filter efficiency and filter induced hemolysis correlated inversely with flow rate. No filter tested released significant quantities of particulate debris when compared with unfiltered isotonic saline.", "PMID": 595110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5031", "title": "Risk factors in transmission of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. The role of hepatitis B antibody in donor blood.", "content": "Risk of developing icteric hepatitis in a transfusion study involving cardiac surgery patients was 0.2 per cent per unit of blood transfused with the ratio of icteric to anicteric cases being 1:4. Risk of developing hepatitis was proportional to the number of units transfused: one to four units, 4 per cent; six to ten units, 8 per cent; 11 to 20 units, 19 per cent; greater than 21 units, 42 per cent. The prevalence of type B hepatitis was low (6 per cent), with the vast majority of patients being shown to have non-A non-B hepatitis. However, a greater incidence of hepatitis type B serologic events was observed among recipients of anti-HBs positive blood than those transfused only with units not containing antibody (p = 0.04. A significantly greater incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis was observed among patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs when compared with a group who received blood without antibody (p less than 0.01). Caution should be exercised in interpretation of this difference because patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs received significantly more units of blood. However, utilization of stepwise regression analysis to unconfound the two dependent variables suggest that the use of blood containing anti-HBs increases the hepatitis risk (p = 0.06) although the number of units transfused was the more significant factor (p less than 0.001). Additional data from carefully designed studies are needed to determine if donor blood containing anti-HBs significantly increases the risk of transmitting non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "contents": "Risk factors in transmission of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. The role of hepatitis B antibody in donor blood. Risk of developing icteric hepatitis in a transfusion study involving cardiac surgery patients was 0.2 per cent per unit of blood transfused with the ratio of icteric to anicteric cases being 1:4. Risk of developing hepatitis was proportional to the number of units transfused: one to four units, 4 per cent; six to ten units, 8 per cent; 11 to 20 units, 19 per cent; greater than 21 units, 42 per cent. The prevalence of type B hepatitis was low (6 per cent), with the vast majority of patients being shown to have non-A non-B hepatitis. However, a greater incidence of hepatitis type B serologic events was observed among recipients of anti-HBs positive blood than those transfused only with units not containing antibody (p = 0.04. A significantly greater incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis was observed among patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs when compared with a group who received blood without antibody (p less than 0.01). Caution should be exercised in interpretation of this difference because patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs received significantly more units of blood. However, utilization of stepwise regression analysis to unconfound the two dependent variables suggest that the use of blood containing anti-HBs increases the hepatitis risk (p = 0.06) although the number of units transfused was the more significant factor (p less than 0.001). Additional data from carefully designed studies are needed to determine if donor blood containing anti-HBs significantly increases the risk of transmitting non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "PMID": 595112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5032", "title": "Automated donor-recipient identification systems as a means of reducing human error in blood transfusion.", "content": "Clerical and administrative errors are the most common mistakes in blood banking, with errors of sample or patient identification accounting for the majority of mistakes. In an effort to reduce the incidence of human errors, three automated donor-recipient identification systems were developed and were evaluated under clinical conditions. After two years of development and bench testing, each set of equipment was tested, along with established procedures, at a large clinical center, a medium-sized community hospital and a regional donor center. Although none of the systems, as tested, proved acceptable under clinical conditions, a great deal was learned about prototype equipment testing in the clinical setting. Future development of identification systems for clinical use should respond to carefully defined problems, apply in all areas of the hospital or donor center, and be convenient and reliable. The development of the equipment should involve established manufacturers and be subject to exacting preclinical testing.", "contents": "Automated donor-recipient identification systems as a means of reducing human error in blood transfusion. Clerical and administrative errors are the most common mistakes in blood banking, with errors of sample or patient identification accounting for the majority of mistakes. In an effort to reduce the incidence of human errors, three automated donor-recipient identification systems were developed and were evaluated under clinical conditions. After two years of development and bench testing, each set of equipment was tested, along with established procedures, at a large clinical center, a medium-sized community hospital and a regional donor center. Although none of the systems, as tested, proved acceptable under clinical conditions, a great deal was learned about prototype equipment testing in the clinical setting. Future development of identification systems for clinical use should respond to carefully defined problems, apply in all areas of the hospital or donor center, and be convenient and reliable. The development of the equipment should involve established manufacturers and be subject to exacting preclinical testing.", "PMID": 595113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5033", "title": "Causes of disqualification in a volunteer blood donor population.", "content": "The causes of disqualification in a volunteer blood donor population for a period of two years were analyzed. Of 138,436 prospective volunteer blood donors, 24,327 (17.6%) donors were disqualified. Phlebotomy was unsuccesful in 721 (0.5%) donors and blood was drawn from 113,388 (81.9%) eligible donors. The majority of rejections were due to medical history findings (61.0% of all rejections). The ten leading causes of disqualification were: low hemoglobin/hematocrit, medication, allergies, signs and symptoms, high blood pressure, illness in last month, hepatitis and hepatitis exposure, malaria and travel overseas, atypical antibodies, and high serum bilirubin. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 82 donors out of 114.746 donors tested (0.07%).", "contents": "Causes of disqualification in a volunteer blood donor population. The causes of disqualification in a volunteer blood donor population for a period of two years were analyzed. Of 138,436 prospective volunteer blood donors, 24,327 (17.6%) donors were disqualified. Phlebotomy was unsuccesful in 721 (0.5%) donors and blood was drawn from 113,388 (81.9%) eligible donors. The majority of rejections were due to medical history findings (61.0% of all rejections). The ten leading causes of disqualification were: low hemoglobin/hematocrit, medication, allergies, signs and symptoms, high blood pressure, illness in last month, hepatitis and hepatitis exposure, malaria and travel overseas, atypical antibodies, and high serum bilirubin. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 82 donors out of 114.746 donors tested (0.07%).", "PMID": 595114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5034", "title": "Adult outpatient transfusion clinic in a hospital-based blood bank.", "content": "Eighty-one patients have been followed in our ambulatory transfusion clinic for a total of 176 patient visits. They received phlebotomies, plasmapheresis, and transfusions of erythrocytes and platelets. Minor reactions (febrile reactions, transient hypotension, and urticaria) occurred in only six patients. The advantages of a transfusion service conducted by blood bank professional and technical staff are numerous. The nurse/patient ratio is low enough so that the patient can receive individualized attention including virtually constant vigilance. The laboratory staff and pathologist become familiar with the therapeutic management of patients who may potentially place great stress on the laboratory. The transfusion clinic also provides an opportunity for the pathologist to gain further experience and to train others as transfusion therapists, a role which he is often asked to assume when a transfusion reaction occurs. The gain for the outpatient clinic and emergency room is that they can function more efficiently when more rooms are available for patients who have a faster turnover time.", "contents": "Adult outpatient transfusion clinic in a hospital-based blood bank. Eighty-one patients have been followed in our ambulatory transfusion clinic for a total of 176 patient visits. They received phlebotomies, plasmapheresis, and transfusions of erythrocytes and platelets. Minor reactions (febrile reactions, transient hypotension, and urticaria) occurred in only six patients. The advantages of a transfusion service conducted by blood bank professional and technical staff are numerous. The nurse/patient ratio is low enough so that the patient can receive individualized attention including virtually constant vigilance. The laboratory staff and pathologist become familiar with the therapeutic management of patients who may potentially place great stress on the laboratory. The transfusion clinic also provides an opportunity for the pathologist to gain further experience and to train others as transfusion therapists, a role which he is often asked to assume when a transfusion reaction occurs. The gain for the outpatient clinic and emergency room is that they can function more efficiently when more rooms are available for patients who have a faster turnover time.", "PMID": 595115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5035", "title": "Synthesis of ITP and ATP and regeneration of 2,3-DPG in human erythrocytes incubated with adenosine, pyruvate and inorganic phosphate.", "content": "In the stored, 2,3-DPG depleted human erythrocytes incubated for four hours in a medium containing adenosine (10 mM), pyruvate (10 mM), and inorganic phosphate (50 mM) the regeneration of 2,3-DPG reached the value of five times higher than the physiological concentration and the ATP synthesis exceeded four times the physiological level. It has been also found that these erythrocytes are able to synthesize hypoxanthine nucleotides, namely IMP to 58 and ITP to 61 mumoles per 100 ml of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis of ITP and ATP and regeneration of 2,3-DPG in human erythrocytes incubated with adenosine, pyruvate and inorganic phosphate. In the stored, 2,3-DPG depleted human erythrocytes incubated for four hours in a medium containing adenosine (10 mM), pyruvate (10 mM), and inorganic phosphate (50 mM) the regeneration of 2,3-DPG reached the value of five times higher than the physiological concentration and the ATP synthesis exceeded four times the physiological level. It has been also found that these erythrocytes are able to synthesize hypoxanthine nucleotides, namely IMP to 58 and ITP to 61 mumoles per 100 ml of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 595119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5036", "title": "Chimeric drift in allophenic mice: analysis of changes in red blood cell and white blood cell populations in C57Bl/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL)F1, C57Bl/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6)F1, and C57Bl/6 in equilibrium DBA/1 mice.", "content": "Forty-seven allophenic mice of three different types (C57BL/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL), C57BL/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6), and C57BL/6 in equilibrium DBA/1) were analyzed for changes in their peripheral white blood cell composition and hemoglobin composition with age. It was found that 10 of the 47 mice showed significant changes termed \"chimeric drift\" in one or the other or both of these parameters. These 10 mice were classified as unstable chimeras, as opposed to the 37 stable chimeras, which showed no apparent chimeric drift. There was an excellent correlation of peripheral white blood cell and hemoglobin compositions of the stable chimeras. However, the unstable chimeras showed little or no correlation of these two markers. Possible mechanisms of chimeric drift are discussed.", "contents": "Chimeric drift in allophenic mice: analysis of changes in red blood cell and white blood cell populations in C57Bl/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL)F1, C57Bl/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6)F1, and C57Bl/6 in equilibrium DBA/1 mice. Forty-seven allophenic mice of three different types (C57BL/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL), C57BL/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6), and C57BL/6 in equilibrium DBA/1) were analyzed for changes in their peripheral white blood cell composition and hemoglobin composition with age. It was found that 10 of the 47 mice showed significant changes termed \"chimeric drift\" in one or the other or both of these parameters. These 10 mice were classified as unstable chimeras, as opposed to the 37 stable chimeras, which showed no apparent chimeric drift. There was an excellent correlation of peripheral white blood cell and hemoglobin compositions of the stable chimeras. However, the unstable chimeras showed little or no correlation of these two markers. Possible mechanisms of chimeric drift are discussed.", "PMID": 595125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5037", "title": "Ocurrence of anti-Wr a in blood donors and in selected patient groups, with a note on the incidence of the Wr a antigen.", "content": "The occurrence of the Wr a antigen on the red blood cells of 5,000 primarily Caucasian New York State blood donors was shown to be 1:1,000. Anti-Wr a was detected in sera from random blood donors with a frequency of 1:56 and with progressively increasing frequency in postpartum women, patients undergoing open-heart surgery, hemodialysis subjects, and random persons with other alloantibodies. Anti-Wr a was found in one fourth of sera from patients with positive direct antiglobulin tests, including 12 of 23 in whom the positive test was associated with alphamethyldopa treatment.", "contents": "Ocurrence of anti-Wr a in blood donors and in selected patient groups, with a note on the incidence of the Wr a antigen. The occurrence of the Wr a antigen on the red blood cells of 5,000 primarily Caucasian New York State blood donors was shown to be 1:1,000. Anti-Wr a was detected in sera from random blood donors with a frequency of 1:56 and with progressively increasing frequency in postpartum women, patients undergoing open-heart surgery, hemodialysis subjects, and random persons with other alloantibodies. Anti-Wr a was found in one fourth of sera from patients with positive direct antiglobulin tests, including 12 of 23 in whom the positive test was associated with alphamethyldopa treatment.", "PMID": 595118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5038", "title": "Carcinoma of the female breast in Jamaica.", "content": "The incidence of breast cancer in Jamaican women is intermediate between the low levels of African countries and the high levels of USA, UK, and other Western industrial societies. The annual incidence in Jamaica has shown an upward trend from 1958 to 1974. Compared with Uganda, breast cancer in Jamaica conforms to a \"westernized\" pattern with regard to shape of the age-specific incidence curve and stage of presentation. There are no obvious histological differences between breast cancer in Uganda, USA and Jamaica. The incidence of breast cancer in Jamaica appears disproportionately high in view of the high proportion of early pregnancies occurring in Jamaican women.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the female breast in Jamaica. The incidence of breast cancer in Jamaican women is intermediate between the low levels of African countries and the high levels of USA, UK, and other Western industrial societies. The annual incidence in Jamaica has shown an upward trend from 1958 to 1974. Compared with Uganda, breast cancer in Jamaica conforms to a \"westernized\" pattern with regard to shape of the age-specific incidence curve and stage of presentation. There are no obvious histological differences between breast cancer in Uganda, USA and Jamaica. The incidence of breast cancer in Jamaica appears disproportionately high in view of the high proportion of early pregnancies occurring in Jamaican women.", "PMID": 595126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5039", "title": "Tropical pyomyositis in the Nigerian Savanna.", "content": "Ninety cases of tropical pyomyositis from the Nigerian Savanna are described. This is the first report from a hot and dry area of the tropics. Many of the features are similar to previous reports but affection of the younger age group is found to be a reflection of the age distribution of the population. Greater involvement of the left side of the body, spontaneous bursting of an abscess and absence of any seasonal variation are some of the differences noted. Further studies including unexplored areas of the tropics are indicated regarding the aetiology of this disease.", "contents": "Tropical pyomyositis in the Nigerian Savanna. Ninety cases of tropical pyomyositis from the Nigerian Savanna are described. This is the first report from a hot and dry area of the tropics. Many of the features are similar to previous reports but affection of the younger age group is found to be a reflection of the age distribution of the population. Greater involvement of the left side of the body, spontaneous bursting of an abscess and absence of any seasonal variation are some of the differences noted. Further studies including unexplored areas of the tropics are indicated regarding the aetiology of this disease.", "PMID": 595127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5040", "title": "Erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency amongst non tribal population of Orissa.", "content": "Blood samples from three hundred subjects belonging to the non-tribal population of Orissa were examined for G-6-PD deficiency employing the methaemoglobin reduction test. G-6-PD deficiency was detected in 19 (6.3%) persons. Full expression was observed in 11 (3.6%) and partial expression in 8 (2.6%) individuals. Although a higher incidence in males was noted, this difference was not statistically significant. A brief review regarding prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency in various parts of the world and in other states of India is presented.", "contents": "Erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency amongst non tribal population of Orissa. Blood samples from three hundred subjects belonging to the non-tribal population of Orissa were examined for G-6-PD deficiency employing the methaemoglobin reduction test. G-6-PD deficiency was detected in 19 (6.3%) persons. Full expression was observed in 11 (3.6%) and partial expression in 8 (2.6%) individuals. Although a higher incidence in males was noted, this difference was not statistically significant. A brief review regarding prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency in various parts of the world and in other states of India is presented.", "PMID": 595128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5041", "title": "The relationship between donor-recipient lymphocytotoxicity and the transfusion response using HLA-matched platelet concentrates.", "content": "Matching donor-recipient pairs for HLA antigens provides a logical starting point for selecting platelet donors for thrombocytopenic recipients who have demonstrated refractoriness to pooled random donor platelet transfusions. However, not all recipients achieve a compatible transfusion response with platelets selected by HLA type, indicating that additional selection methods are required. Because of studies indicating that a positive lymphocyte cross-match assay between recipient serum (antibody) and donor lymphocytes predict acute renal allograft rejection, it was hoped that this assay might be useful in predicting the platelet transfusion response for alloimmunized patients. The data herein indicate that the results of this assay in no way correlate with the platelet transfusion response. The lymphocyte cross-match would seem to be helpful in the selection of donors where known HLA antigen mismatches occur between donor and recipient. However, even in this situation, no correlation was observed between the transfusion response and donor-recipient lymphocytotoxicity reaction. Clearly additional assays are needed for the selection of compatible donors from those matched by HLA antigens.", "contents": "The relationship between donor-recipient lymphocytotoxicity and the transfusion response using HLA-matched platelet concentrates. Matching donor-recipient pairs for HLA antigens provides a logical starting point for selecting platelet donors for thrombocytopenic recipients who have demonstrated refractoriness to pooled random donor platelet transfusions. However, not all recipients achieve a compatible transfusion response with platelets selected by HLA type, indicating that additional selection methods are required. Because of studies indicating that a positive lymphocyte cross-match assay between recipient serum (antibody) and donor lymphocytes predict acute renal allograft rejection, it was hoped that this assay might be useful in predicting the platelet transfusion response for alloimmunized patients. The data herein indicate that the results of this assay in no way correlate with the platelet transfusion response. The lymphocyte cross-match would seem to be helpful in the selection of donors where known HLA antigen mismatches occur between donor and recipient. However, even in this situation, no correlation was observed between the transfusion response and donor-recipient lymphocytotoxicity reaction. Clearly additional assays are needed for the selection of compatible donors from those matched by HLA antigens.", "PMID": 595123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5042", "title": "Haematological values in a rural Ghanaian population.", "content": "Early in 1973 residents of 20 randomly selected rural villages in southern Ghana were studied to determine the prevalence of anaemia. Laboratory tests were conducted to learn what haemoglobin phenotypes were present and the distribution of white blood cell counts. Moderate anaemia (below 10 g%) was fairly common, particularly in children and 15--29 year old women, but severe anaemia (below 7 g%) was rare. Malaria infection and diets with low iron content were major factors affecting haemoglobin level, while hookworm infestation and high parity had little effect. Neutropenia (about two-thirds of Caucasian values) and the distribution of haemoglobin types (AS 16.3%; AC 11.1%) were similar to findings in earlier studies. To improve haemoglobin levels in children and young women, low-cost intervention programmes based on volunteer village workers are recommended.", "contents": "Haematological values in a rural Ghanaian population. Early in 1973 residents of 20 randomly selected rural villages in southern Ghana were studied to determine the prevalence of anaemia. Laboratory tests were conducted to learn what haemoglobin phenotypes were present and the distribution of white blood cell counts. Moderate anaemia (below 10 g%) was fairly common, particularly in children and 15--29 year old women, but severe anaemia (below 7 g%) was rare. Malaria infection and diets with low iron content were major factors affecting haemoglobin level, while hookworm infestation and high parity had little effect. Neutropenia (about two-thirds of Caucasian values) and the distribution of haemoglobin types (AS 16.3%; AC 11.1%) were similar to findings in earlier studies. To improve haemoglobin levels in children and young women, low-cost intervention programmes based on volunteer village workers are recommended.", "PMID": 595129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5043", "title": "Serum immunoglobin A. G and M levels in blood donors of four racial groups in Malaysia.", "content": "Serum levels were determined in urban Chinese, Malays and Indians and in the forest-residing Orang Asli of age group 11 to 50. There was no difference in the IgM levels in the Chinese, Indians and Malays, but the serum IgG was elevated (p less than 0.05) in the Malays and the serum IgA level (p less than 0.01) in the Indians, when compared to the other two races. In contrast to the three other races there was a significant elevation of all three immunoglobulins in the Orang Asli. The mean immunoglobulin levels of the urban Malaysians are comparable to those reported for Caucasians residing in temperate countries. However, in the Orang Asli, the immunoglobulin levels were higher than observed for populations of the temperate regions but are comparable to the levels reported for several other populations of the tropical regions. Females had higher IgM levels than males in the Chinese, Indian and Malays but in the Orang Asli there was no sex difference in the immunoglobulin levels.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobin A. G and M levels in blood donors of four racial groups in Malaysia. Serum levels were determined in urban Chinese, Malays and Indians and in the forest-residing Orang Asli of age group 11 to 50. There was no difference in the IgM levels in the Chinese, Indians and Malays, but the serum IgG was elevated (p less than 0.05) in the Malays and the serum IgA level (p less than 0.01) in the Indians, when compared to the other two races. In contrast to the three other races there was a significant elevation of all three immunoglobulins in the Orang Asli. The mean immunoglobulin levels of the urban Malaysians are comparable to those reported for Caucasians residing in temperate countries. However, in the Orang Asli, the immunoglobulin levels were higher than observed for populations of the temperate regions but are comparable to the levels reported for several other populations of the tropical regions. Females had higher IgM levels than males in the Chinese, Indian and Malays but in the Orang Asli there was no sex difference in the immunoglobulin levels.", "PMID": 595130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5044", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen - post transfusion studies in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "To determine the frequency of post transfusion hepatitis (PTH), in Papua New Guinea, 143 patients were serially blood tested after blood transfusion. Detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs was performed either by RIA or a haemagglutination method, and SGOT levels were measured. Of patients transfused with HBsAg positive blood, 85% developed HBsAg or anti-HBs within two weeks of transfusion. 18% developed subclinical PTH; no cases of clinical jaundice were noted. Of patients transfused with HBsAg negative blood, 12% developed HBsAg or anti-HBs within 2 weeks of transfusion. The frequency of PTH was not statistically different from that of the previous group. This study demonstrates that clinical Type B post transfusion hepatitis must be unusual in PNG but mild subclinical post transfusion hepatitis does occur in a minority of patients transfused with HBsAg positive or negative blood. It is postulated that the low frequency of PTH is related to the normally high Hepatitis B immune status of Papua New Guineans. Minimal health benefits would be conferred by the introduction of sensitive and expensive widespread testing for HBsAg in all donor blood; scarce financial resources may be better diverted to other areas of more productive health care.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen - post transfusion studies in Papua New Guinea. To determine the frequency of post transfusion hepatitis (PTH), in Papua New Guinea, 143 patients were serially blood tested after blood transfusion. Detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs was performed either by RIA or a haemagglutination method, and SGOT levels were measured. Of patients transfused with HBsAg positive blood, 85% developed HBsAg or anti-HBs within two weeks of transfusion. 18% developed subclinical PTH; no cases of clinical jaundice were noted. Of patients transfused with HBsAg negative blood, 12% developed HBsAg or anti-HBs within 2 weeks of transfusion. The frequency of PTH was not statistically different from that of the previous group. This study demonstrates that clinical Type B post transfusion hepatitis must be unusual in PNG but mild subclinical post transfusion hepatitis does occur in a minority of patients transfused with HBsAg positive or negative blood. It is postulated that the low frequency of PTH is related to the normally high Hepatitis B immune status of Papua New Guineans. Minimal health benefits would be conferred by the introduction of sensitive and expensive widespread testing for HBsAg in all donor blood; scarce financial resources may be better diverted to other areas of more productive health care.", "PMID": 595131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5045", "title": "Neurological and related manifestations of cysticercosis.", "content": "Neurological and related manifestations of 17 cases of human cysticercosis have been reported. The cases have been grouped into convulsive disorder (6 cases), meningo-encephalitis (4 cases), pseudo-tumour syndrome (2 cases), psychiatric disease (2 cases), ocular cysticercosis (2 cases) and pseudomuscular hypertrophy (1 case) which proves the varied clinical manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Neurological and related manifestations of cysticercosis. Neurological and related manifestations of 17 cases of human cysticercosis have been reported. The cases have been grouped into convulsive disorder (6 cases), meningo-encephalitis (4 cases), pseudo-tumour syndrome (2 cases), psychiatric disease (2 cases), ocular cysticercosis (2 cases) and pseudomuscular hypertrophy (1 case) which proves the varied clinical manifestations of the disease.", "PMID": 595132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5046", "title": "Kajal eye staining for early detection of vitamin A deficiency in the field.", "content": "Staining of the eyes with carbon black (\"kajal\") was tried out in 500 children, age 1--15 years, partly urban and partly rural, in Jaisalmer District. Of the eyes of 280 rural boys 21.4% took the stain, of 50 girls 16.0%. In the urban groups the figures were 5.7% of 88 and 9.7% of 82, respectively. These figures conincided nearly wholly with the cases diagnosed X1A (conjunctival xerosis) or X1B (conjunctival xerosis with Bitot's spots) clinically. All Bitot's spots were stained black; in addition also 2.6% of cases diagnosed X1A. Eight cases presenting only nightblindness also stained. Since kajal application is harmless, cheap, and acceptable to Indian custom it is proposed as a diagnostic procedure suitable for the general duty doctor and paramedical staff in the field.", "contents": "Kajal eye staining for early detection of vitamin A deficiency in the field. Staining of the eyes with carbon black (\"kajal\") was tried out in 500 children, age 1--15 years, partly urban and partly rural, in Jaisalmer District. Of the eyes of 280 rural boys 21.4% took the stain, of 50 girls 16.0%. In the urban groups the figures were 5.7% of 88 and 9.7% of 82, respectively. These figures conincided nearly wholly with the cases diagnosed X1A (conjunctival xerosis) or X1B (conjunctival xerosis with Bitot's spots) clinically. All Bitot's spots were stained black; in addition also 2.6% of cases diagnosed X1A. Eight cases presenting only nightblindness also stained. Since kajal application is harmless, cheap, and acceptable to Indian custom it is proposed as a diagnostic procedure suitable for the general duty doctor and paramedical staff in the field.", "PMID": 595133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5047", "title": "Social and economic factors in malnourished children around Lusaka, Zambia.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty malnourished children were admitted to one of the units of the Children's Hospital, UTH, Lusaka, in 1975. They were studied in an effort to determine the effects of various social, economic and feeding habits in the evolution of PCM. Malnutrition was found in 9.1% of the total admissions and was associated with a high immediate mortality (26.6%). The majority of children were in the 7 months to 24 months age-group. The majority of families were unitary and small, with a high level of illiteracy and from the slums of Lusaka. Breast feeding was a general rule in spite of the urban status of most families. The study showed that the major factors which contributed to malnutrition were poverty and faulty weaning foods. Results were compared with other studies in Africa and India. Incidence of malnutrition can be reduced by increasing the economic level of the community and improving basic health services.", "contents": "Social and economic factors in malnourished children around Lusaka, Zambia. Three hundred and sixty malnourished children were admitted to one of the units of the Children's Hospital, UTH, Lusaka, in 1975. They were studied in an effort to determine the effects of various social, economic and feeding habits in the evolution of PCM. Malnutrition was found in 9.1% of the total admissions and was associated with a high immediate mortality (26.6%). The majority of children were in the 7 months to 24 months age-group. The majority of families were unitary and small, with a high level of illiteracy and from the slums of Lusaka. Breast feeding was a general rule in spite of the urban status of most families. The study showed that the major factors which contributed to malnutrition were poverty and faulty weaning foods. Results were compared with other studies in Africa and India. Incidence of malnutrition can be reduced by increasing the economic level of the community and improving basic health services.", "PMID": 595134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5048", "title": "Machakos project studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. II. The diagnosis of measles under field conditions.", "content": "The measles signs of children reported for measles were recorded on a check list of clinical signs. The presence and absence of these signs for a measles group (M) and a control group (C) were subject of a statistical analysis. The M and C group were determined by the results of laboratory determinations. A prediction score was derived by means of minimal paths analysis, used in reliability networks. The clinical score, based on certain criteria, the prediction score and the result of laboratory determinations were combined in order to reach a final diagnosis. A comparison of the clinical diagnosis and the final diagnosis showed a considerable overlap of the two diagnoses. The conclusion was that the clinical diagnosis only is sufficient to reach adequate incidence rates in the case of a measles epidemic.", "contents": "Machakos project studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. II. The diagnosis of measles under field conditions. The measles signs of children reported for measles were recorded on a check list of clinical signs. The presence and absence of these signs for a measles group (M) and a control group (C) were subject of a statistical analysis. The M and C group were determined by the results of laboratory determinations. A prediction score was derived by means of minimal paths analysis, used in reliability networks. The clinical score, based on certain criteria, the prediction score and the result of laboratory determinations were combined in order to reach a final diagnosis. A comparison of the clinical diagnosis and the final diagnosis showed a considerable overlap of the two diagnoses. The conclusion was that the clinical diagnosis only is sufficient to reach adequate incidence rates in the case of a measles epidemic.", "PMID": 595136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5049", "title": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. II. Utilisation of crop residues, crop by-products and leucaena.", "content": "Experiments were conducted over three dry seasons to investigate the value for fattening beef cattle, of crop residues (maize stover, groundnut haulm) and madeya (maize bran) with varying levels of dried leucaena leaf or cottonseed cake. The inclusion of groundnut haulm in the roughage increased animal performance when madeya was restricted. Increasing the protein content of the madeya supplement but restricting the quantity of madeya fed did not influence liveweight gain although the efficiency of concentrate conversion was enhanced. Restricting the amount of maize stover and feeding madeya to appetite had no significant effect on liveweight gain, but the inclusion of leucaena up to a level of 12 per cent crude protein improved animal performance. There were no differences between cottonseed cake or leucaena when fed with madeya at the same levels of crude protein.", "contents": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. II. Utilisation of crop residues, crop by-products and leucaena. Experiments were conducted over three dry seasons to investigate the value for fattening beef cattle, of crop residues (maize stover, groundnut haulm) and madeya (maize bran) with varying levels of dried leucaena leaf or cottonseed cake. The inclusion of groundnut haulm in the roughage increased animal performance when madeya was restricted. Increasing the protein content of the madeya supplement but restricting the quantity of madeya fed did not influence liveweight gain although the efficiency of concentrate conversion was enhanced. Restricting the amount of maize stover and feeding madeya to appetite had no significant effect on liveweight gain, but the inclusion of leucaena up to a level of 12 per cent crude protein improved animal performance. There were no differences between cottonseed cake or leucaena when fed with madeya at the same levels of crude protein.", "PMID": 595137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5050", "title": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. III. Comparative productivity of Malawi zebu and Friesian X Malawi zebu steers.", "content": "Beef fattening experiments were undertaken on the Lilonge Plain with Malawi zebu (Mz) and Friesian X Malawi zebu (F X Mz) steers. Animals were fattened under various dietary regimes based on either green forage crops or crop residues supplemented with concentrate rations of local origin. Mz steers consumed less feed and liveweight gain was approximately 75 per cent that of the F X Mz. Measurement of the efficiency parameters of feed conversion, gain and carcass yield per unit of liveweight revealed no significant differences between the two breed types. Slaughter observations indicated better fat distribution in the F X Mz and a significantly higher proportion of hindquarter. The significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. III. Comparative productivity of Malawi zebu and Friesian X Malawi zebu steers. Beef fattening experiments were undertaken on the Lilonge Plain with Malawi zebu (Mz) and Friesian X Malawi zebu (F X Mz) steers. Animals were fattened under various dietary regimes based on either green forage crops or crop residues supplemented with concentrate rations of local origin. Mz steers consumed less feed and liveweight gain was approximately 75 per cent that of the F X Mz. Measurement of the efficiency parameters of feed conversion, gain and carcass yield per unit of liveweight revealed no significant differences between the two breed types. Slaughter observations indicated better fat distribution in the F X Mz and a significantly higher proportion of hindquarter. The significance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 595138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5051", "title": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. III. The influence of breed, diet and housing on reproduction and growth.", "content": "In the Solomon Islands pigs grow slowly and sows have small litters. An experiment using 124 pigs in 16 litters from eight sows compared the effect of village breed, village diet and village husbandry which encouraged infection of pigs with Stephanurus dentatus, with the effect of European breed, commercial rations and a system of management which ensured freedom from S. dentatus infection on the productivity of pigs. It was shown that the village diet was markedly inferior to the commercial rations and had by far the greatest influence of any of the three factors studied on the parameters measured. The village breed was not inferior in litter size or growth rate when fed on the village diet, but was inferior in growth on the commercial diet. No harmful effects of the village husbandry system were detected on either type of pig but this may have been due to the lightness of S. dentatus infections.", "contents": "Pig production in the Solomon Islands. III. The influence of breed, diet and housing on reproduction and growth. In the Solomon Islands pigs grow slowly and sows have small litters. An experiment using 124 pigs in 16 litters from eight sows compared the effect of village breed, village diet and village husbandry which encouraged infection of pigs with Stephanurus dentatus, with the effect of European breed, commercial rations and a system of management which ensured freedom from S. dentatus infection on the productivity of pigs. It was shown that the village diet was markedly inferior to the commercial rations and had by far the greatest influence of any of the three factors studied on the parameters measured. The village breed was not inferior in litter size or growth rate when fed on the village diet, but was inferior in growth on the commercial diet. No harmful effects of the village husbandry system were detected on either type of pig but this may have been due to the lightness of S. dentatus infections.", "PMID": 595139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5052", "title": "Studies on the digestion of carbohydrates in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).", "content": "Camels with cannulas in the small intestine were used to study the \"digestive-absorptive\" capacities of the small intestine. Solutions of different carbohydrates were infused through the cannulas and the responses in blood glucose levels were measured. Monosaccharides were readily absorbed from the camel small intestine. The pattern of disaccharide absorption indicated that there was high lactase activity and low maltase and sucrase activity, in the camel small intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "Studies on the digestion of carbohydrates in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Camels with cannulas in the small intestine were used to study the \"digestive-absorptive\" capacities of the small intestine. Solutions of different carbohydrates were infused through the cannulas and the responses in blood glucose levels were measured. Monosaccharides were readily absorbed from the camel small intestine. The pattern of disaccharide absorption indicated that there was high lactase activity and low maltase and sucrase activity, in the camel small intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 595140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5053", "title": "Haematological values of Udah and Yankasa sheep in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria.", "content": "Haematological values of Yankasa and Udah sheep were determined in three clinically healthy flocks and a fourth flock with mixed helminthiasis, predominantly haemonchosis. Values for Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC from the healthy flocks were similar. They were, however, lower than reported values for sheep in temperate zones except the WBC values which were higher. These parameters were lower in the infected flock and had a wider spread. It was concluded that haematological values from the clinically healthy flocks could serve as a baseline for interpreting haematological data from diseased local sheep. It is suggested that management and health status are more important than breed for differences in haematological values.", "contents": "Haematological values of Udah and Yankasa sheep in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Haematological values of Yankasa and Udah sheep were determined in three clinically healthy flocks and a fourth flock with mixed helminthiasis, predominantly haemonchosis. Values for Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC from the healthy flocks were similar. They were, however, lower than reported values for sheep in temperate zones except the WBC values which were higher. These parameters were lower in the infected flock and had a wider spread. It was concluded that haematological values from the clinically healthy flocks could serve as a baseline for interpreting haematological data from diseased local sheep. It is suggested that management and health status are more important than breed for differences in haematological values.", "PMID": 595142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5054", "title": "Thermal and ultraviolet light inactivation of Mycobacterium africanum.", "content": "Mycobacterium africanum Yaound\u00e9 and Rwanda were more heat-resistant than the tubercle bacilli. The ultraviolet susceptibilities of M. africanum strains were within the range usually found in the mycobacteria (e-1 doses), however marked differences were found in the intersept numbers of the Yaounde and the Dakar types.", "contents": "Thermal and ultraviolet light inactivation of Mycobacterium africanum. Mycobacterium africanum Yaound\u00e9 and Rwanda were more heat-resistant than the tubercle bacilli. The ultraviolet susceptibilities of M. africanum strains were within the range usually found in the mycobacteria (e-1 doses), however marked differences were found in the intersept numbers of the Yaounde and the Dakar types.", "PMID": 595144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5055", "title": "The prevalence of persistent coughs in a rural community in the Lango district of Uganda.", "content": "During a survey of disease due to M. ulcerans in a small rural community in Uganda in 1971 individuals were asked whether they had a cough and how long it had been present. Nine thousand one hundred and seventy-two were questioned. Of these, 4.0% of males and 4.2% of females reported a cough of longer than 1 month's duration. Of 909 aged 50 years or more the proportion was 7.9% being higher in females (9.8%) than in males (6.5%).", "contents": "The prevalence of persistent coughs in a rural community in the Lango district of Uganda. During a survey of disease due to M. ulcerans in a small rural community in Uganda in 1971 individuals were asked whether they had a cough and how long it had been present. Nine thousand one hundred and seventy-two were questioned. Of these, 4.0% of males and 4.2% of females reported a cough of longer than 1 month's duration. Of 909 aged 50 years or more the proportion was 7.9% being higher in females (9.8%) than in males (6.5%).", "PMID": 595145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5056", "title": "Changes in the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, and free haemoglobin during transurethral resection of the prostate--parts of the TUR-syndrome?", "content": "In 133 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate under standardized conditions the concentration of serum sodium decreased, and the concentration of free plasma haemoglobin increased significantly after the operation. Such changes were not found in a control group of 31 patients undergoing cystoscopy or bladder biopsy. The changes in the operated group are believed to be caused by the absorption of water used as irrigating fluid during the resection.", "contents": "Changes in the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, and free haemoglobin during transurethral resection of the prostate--parts of the TUR-syndrome? In 133 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate under standardized conditions the concentration of serum sodium decreased, and the concentration of free plasma haemoglobin increased significantly after the operation. Such changes were not found in a control group of 31 patients undergoing cystoscopy or bladder biopsy. The changes in the operated group are believed to be caused by the absorption of water used as irrigating fluid during the resection.", "PMID": 595248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5057", "title": "Cocaine use by the otolaryngologist: a survey.", "content": "The unique characteristics of cocaine--anesthesia and vasoconstriction--make it a valuable nasal anesthetic which is a safe topical anesthetic when used properly. The safe dose limit for cocaine used topically in the nose is surely greater than 200 mg, as evidenced by 826 otolaryngologists using greater than 200 mg in their daily practice without ever having experienced a cocaine reaction. Cocaine reactions are not simply dose-dependent, as evidenced by reactions occurring with as little as 10 mg. Fatalities secondary to topical application of cocaine to the nasal mucous membranes are exceedingly rare; only 15 fatalities have been seen in the entire clinical practices of the 2,434 physicians responding in this survey. Establishing 200 mg as the safe limit for cocaine in our literature, althugh it is not based on experimental evidence, is haphazard and carries far-reaching medicolegal implication to 48% of otolaryngologists who use greater than 200 mg of cocaine. A controlled scientific study to elucidate experimental data regarding the toxicity of cocaine in clinically useful doses is urgently needed.", "contents": "Cocaine use by the otolaryngologist: a survey. The unique characteristics of cocaine--anesthesia and vasoconstriction--make it a valuable nasal anesthetic which is a safe topical anesthetic when used properly. The safe dose limit for cocaine used topically in the nose is surely greater than 200 mg, as evidenced by 826 otolaryngologists using greater than 200 mg in their daily practice without ever having experienced a cocaine reaction. Cocaine reactions are not simply dose-dependent, as evidenced by reactions occurring with as little as 10 mg. Fatalities secondary to topical application of cocaine to the nasal mucous membranes are exceedingly rare; only 15 fatalities have been seen in the entire clinical practices of the 2,434 physicians responding in this survey. Establishing 200 mg as the safe limit for cocaine in our literature, althugh it is not based on experimental evidence, is haphazard and carries far-reaching medicolegal implication to 48% of otolaryngologists who use greater than 200 mg of cocaine. A controlled scientific study to elucidate experimental data regarding the toxicity of cocaine in clinically useful doses is urgently needed.", "PMID": 595252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5058", "title": "Herniation of the lacrimal glands.", "content": "Herniation of the lacrimal gland is an unusual condition which has a predilection for blacks and is associated with blepharochalasis. It is benign and tends to become progressive. Either or both lobes of the lacrimal gland can herniate and must be differentiated from dermolipoma and orbital fat. A surgical treatment is described, and three cases are presented.", "contents": "Herniation of the lacrimal glands. Herniation of the lacrimal gland is an unusual condition which has a predilection for blacks and is associated with blepharochalasis. It is benign and tends to become progressive. Either or both lobes of the lacrimal gland can herniate and must be differentiated from dermolipoma and orbital fat. A surgical treatment is described, and three cases are presented.", "PMID": 595261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5059", "title": "The role of Mycoplasma strain F38 in contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCCP) in Kenya.", "content": "The results of a serological and cultural study of experimental and field cases of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia were consistent with an aetiological role for mycoplasma strain F38. This mycoplasma was isolated from 57 acute cases in 46 outbreaks of CCPP and from 87 experimental contact cases. Clinical data from experimental contact cases were assessed for comparison with field cases.", "contents": "The role of Mycoplasma strain F38 in contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCCP) in Kenya. The results of a serological and cultural study of experimental and field cases of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia were consistent with an aetiological role for mycoplasma strain F38. This mycoplasma was isolated from 57 acute cases in 46 outbreaks of CCPP and from 87 experimental contact cases. Clinical data from experimental contact cases were assessed for comparison with field cases.", "PMID": 595269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5060", "title": "Hearing loss in the Marine Corps.", "content": "Audiograms of 11,577 made Marine officers and enlisted personnel are analyzed by age group and level of hearing for six frequencies: 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz. Speech reception thresholds are determined for the average of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz as recommended by the American Academy of Ophthalmology; high-frequency thresholds are determined for the average of 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz. Hearing impairment (greater than 25 dB ISO) for the speech frequencies is between 0.6% and 5.9%; for the high frequencies the range is 3.4% to 76.5%. For the high frequencies the largest increase in impairment is in the age group 35 to 44 years. No difference in the percentage distribution of hearing impairment is found between a statistically comparable group of civilians and Marines. This is in sharp disagreement with the hypothesis that a greater degree of hearing loss would exist in a military population exposed to more noise than a civilian population. Hearing impairment in the high frequencies caused by noise exposure is a problem of significant magnitude, especially above the age of 35, and may have an effect on speech intelligibility. However, the magnitude of the problem seems to be the same in the military and civilian populations studied.", "contents": "Hearing loss in the Marine Corps. Audiograms of 11,577 made Marine officers and enlisted personnel are analyzed by age group and level of hearing for six frequencies: 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz. Speech reception thresholds are determined for the average of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz as recommended by the American Academy of Ophthalmology; high-frequency thresholds are determined for the average of 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz. Hearing impairment (greater than 25 dB ISO) for the speech frequencies is between 0.6% and 5.9%; for the high frequencies the range is 3.4% to 76.5%. For the high frequencies the largest increase in impairment is in the age group 35 to 44 years. No difference in the percentage distribution of hearing impairment is found between a statistically comparable group of civilians and Marines. This is in sharp disagreement with the hypothesis that a greater degree of hearing loss would exist in a military population exposed to more noise than a civilian population. Hearing impairment in the high frequencies caused by noise exposure is a problem of significant magnitude, especially above the age of 35, and may have an effect on speech intelligibility. However, the magnitude of the problem seems to be the same in the military and civilian populations studied.", "PMID": 595262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5061", "title": "Comparisons of the starch equivalent (SE) and metabolisable energy (ME) systems in feeding cattle.", "content": "Rations were formulated for dairy cows and for growing and fattening cattle by the starch equivalent (SE) and the new metabolisable energy (ME) system, to show in quantitative terms the differences that are recognised between the two systems. For a low-yielding cow, rations formulated by both systems are very similar, but for a high-yielding cow the SE system greatly underestimates energy requirement: at a production of 40 kg (8.8 gal) milk daily an extra 2 kg (4.4 lb) of a barley-soyabean concentrate is needed daily to meet the energy requirement according to the ME system. For a particular rate of gain in young newly weaned animals and in older animals gaining weight at a moderate rate on a high roughage diet, the energy level recommended by the ME system is lower than that by the SE system. The difference corresponds in each case to about 0.5 kg of a barley-soyabean concentrate daily. For older animals gaining weight rapidly on a high concentrate diet the ME system requires slightly more energy for a given weight gain, than the SE system.", "contents": "Comparisons of the starch equivalent (SE) and metabolisable energy (ME) systems in feeding cattle. Rations were formulated for dairy cows and for growing and fattening cattle by the starch equivalent (SE) and the new metabolisable energy (ME) system, to show in quantitative terms the differences that are recognised between the two systems. For a low-yielding cow, rations formulated by both systems are very similar, but for a high-yielding cow the SE system greatly underestimates energy requirement: at a production of 40 kg (8.8 gal) milk daily an extra 2 kg (4.4 lb) of a barley-soyabean concentrate is needed daily to meet the energy requirement according to the ME system. For a particular rate of gain in young newly weaned animals and in older animals gaining weight at a moderate rate on a high roughage diet, the energy level recommended by the ME system is lower than that by the SE system. The difference corresponds in each case to about 0.5 kg of a barley-soyabean concentrate daily. For older animals gaining weight rapidly on a high concentrate diet the ME system requires slightly more energy for a given weight gain, than the SE system.", "PMID": 595270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5062", "title": "Apparent re-infection of enzootic-pneumonia-free pig herds: specificity of diagnosis.", "content": "In a control scheme for enzootic-pneumonia-free herds, 43 herds developed enzootic pneumonia, as judged by non-specific clinical and pathological criteria over 10 years. Material for cultural examination was obtained from 32 of these outbreaks, and Mycoplasma suipneumoniae was identified in 28 of them. The four failures occurred before 1971 at a time when the cultural techniques were clearly inferior. Since 1971 M suipneumoniae has been isolated from all the 17 outbreaks sampled for this purpose. Two of the outbreaks from which M suipneumoniae was not recovered, and three further outbreaks, were closely connected with outbreaks from which M suipneumoniae had been isolated (to make 33 out of 35). The remaining eight outbreaks (in which isolations of M suipneumoniae were not attempted) were clinically and pathologically consistent with the pattern of the others. Hence, there is reason to believe that during this period the outbreaks of respiratory disease simulating enzootic pneumonia in the control scheme have probably all been associated with the presence of M suipneumoniae.", "contents": "Apparent re-infection of enzootic-pneumonia-free pig herds: specificity of diagnosis. In a control scheme for enzootic-pneumonia-free herds, 43 herds developed enzootic pneumonia, as judged by non-specific clinical and pathological criteria over 10 years. Material for cultural examination was obtained from 32 of these outbreaks, and Mycoplasma suipneumoniae was identified in 28 of them. The four failures occurred before 1971 at a time when the cultural techniques were clearly inferior. Since 1971 M suipneumoniae has been isolated from all the 17 outbreaks sampled for this purpose. Two of the outbreaks from which M suipneumoniae was not recovered, and three further outbreaks, were closely connected with outbreaks from which M suipneumoniae had been isolated (to make 33 out of 35). The remaining eight outbreaks (in which isolations of M suipneumoniae were not attempted) were clinically and pathologically consistent with the pattern of the others. Hence, there is reason to believe that during this period the outbreaks of respiratory disease simulating enzootic pneumonia in the control scheme have probably all been associated with the presence of M suipneumoniae.", "PMID": 595285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5063", "title": "Deaths from copper toxicity of sheep at pasture and the use of fresh seaweed.", "content": "A number of sheep of the Orkney breed died of suspected copper poisoning while at pasture under circumstances which left sheep of other breeds apparently unaffected. Fresh seaweed offered to sheep with symptoms of copper toxicity appeared to be therapeutic and to lead to a reduction in plasma Cu level.", "contents": "Deaths from copper toxicity of sheep at pasture and the use of fresh seaweed. A number of sheep of the Orkney breed died of suspected copper poisoning while at pasture under circumstances which left sheep of other breeds apparently unaffected. Fresh seaweed offered to sheep with symptoms of copper toxicity appeared to be therapeutic and to lead to a reduction in plasma Cu level.", "PMID": 595286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5064", "title": "Canine giant axonal neuropathy.", "content": "The clinical and pathological details of a case of canine giant axonal neuropathy are presented. An 18-month-old alsatian had hind leg ataxia, weakness, hypotonia and loss of patellar reflexes. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated denervation of the distal hind leg muscles and abnormal nerve conduction velocities. Biopsy and post mortem examination of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) demonstrated large anoxal swellings, up to 28mu in diameter. Electron microscopy showed these swellings to be composed almost entirely of neurofilaments. Similar giant axons were found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the distribution of the lesions in the CNS and PNS was suggestive of a 'Dying Back' disease. The possible aetiology of this new canine condition is discussed.", "contents": "Canine giant axonal neuropathy. The clinical and pathological details of a case of canine giant axonal neuropathy are presented. An 18-month-old alsatian had hind leg ataxia, weakness, hypotonia and loss of patellar reflexes. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated denervation of the distal hind leg muscles and abnormal nerve conduction velocities. Biopsy and post mortem examination of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) demonstrated large anoxal swellings, up to 28mu in diameter. Electron microscopy showed these swellings to be composed almost entirely of neurofilaments. Similar giant axons were found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the distribution of the lesions in the CNS and PNS was suggestive of a 'Dying Back' disease. The possible aetiology of this new canine condition is discussed.", "PMID": 595296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5065", "title": "Treatment of chronic post partum endometritis in cattle with cloprostenol.", "content": "Seven dairy cattle showing clinical post partum endometritis were monitored daily by rectal examination of uterus, ovaries and vagina and by sampling of jugular venous blood and uterine pus. The animals were treated by intramuscular injection of 500 microgram cloprostenol (ICI). All seven animals had an immediate reduction of plasma progesterone concentrations and showed oestrus within two to three days. In six cases the clinical endometritis resolved, with uterine involution, within seven days and uterine mucus sample showed no specific growth. One animal required a second cloprostenol injection 11 days after the first to achieve complete resolution. Subsequently, plasma progesterone levels rose in all animals but two cases later appeared to become anoestrous, perhaps due to pituitary insufficiency. In a further study of chronic endometritis in cattle in the field, 51 out of 56 animals treated in the presence of a corpus luteum showed oestrus within 14 days with resolution of the condition; five others did not respond. None of the three cases which had been treated in the absence of a corpus luteum showed any improvement. This lack of response was not unexpected and supports the view that the mode of action of cloprostenol in this treatment regime is to induce luteolysis. The mechanism of therapy and possible explanation for the occurrence of chronic endometritis are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic post partum endometritis in cattle with cloprostenol. Seven dairy cattle showing clinical post partum endometritis were monitored daily by rectal examination of uterus, ovaries and vagina and by sampling of jugular venous blood and uterine pus. The animals were treated by intramuscular injection of 500 microgram cloprostenol (ICI). All seven animals had an immediate reduction of plasma progesterone concentrations and showed oestrus within two to three days. In six cases the clinical endometritis resolved, with uterine involution, within seven days and uterine mucus sample showed no specific growth. One animal required a second cloprostenol injection 11 days after the first to achieve complete resolution. Subsequently, plasma progesterone levels rose in all animals but two cases later appeared to become anoestrous, perhaps due to pituitary insufficiency. In a further study of chronic endometritis in cattle in the field, 51 out of 56 animals treated in the presence of a corpus luteum showed oestrus within 14 days with resolution of the condition; five others did not respond. None of the three cases which had been treated in the absence of a corpus luteum showed any improvement. This lack of response was not unexpected and supports the view that the mode of action of cloprostenol in this treatment regime is to induce luteolysis. The mechanism of therapy and possible explanation for the occurrence of chronic endometritis are discussed.", "PMID": 595297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5066", "title": "Studies on the feeding patterns of the sheep headfly Hydrotaea irritans (Diptera, Muscidae) in Great Britain.", "content": "Serum-precipitin tests carried out on the stomach contents of laboratory maintained and field-caught Hydrotaea irritans showed that a positive result could be obtained for at least seven to 10 days after feeding. Eye, nasal and salivary secretions, even if undiluted, did not give a precipitin response in these tests. Field results from over 3000 flies thus indicate that 20 to 55% of the active fly population had taken a blood meal within the previous 10 days: 75 to 100% of these had fed on cattle blood and 15% or less on sheep blood. Significantly lower feeding levels were obtained from flies collected within plantations, indicating a protracted resting phase in woodland. From \"fly feeding areas\" high blood-feeding levels were shown from early July, as ovarian development begins. Early feeding rates were similar in both sexes.", "contents": "Studies on the feeding patterns of the sheep headfly Hydrotaea irritans (Diptera, Muscidae) in Great Britain. Serum-precipitin tests carried out on the stomach contents of laboratory maintained and field-caught Hydrotaea irritans showed that a positive result could be obtained for at least seven to 10 days after feeding. Eye, nasal and salivary secretions, even if undiluted, did not give a precipitin response in these tests. Field results from over 3000 flies thus indicate that 20 to 55% of the active fly population had taken a blood meal within the previous 10 days: 75 to 100% of these had fed on cattle blood and 15% or less on sheep blood. Significantly lower feeding levels were obtained from flies collected within plantations, indicating a protracted resting phase in woodland. From \"fly feeding areas\" high blood-feeding levels were shown from early July, as ovarian development begins. Early feeding rates were similar in both sexes.", "PMID": 595300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5067", "title": "Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus) infection in dairy herds in South-West Scotland.", "content": "Infertility and abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus is described in a series of 12 herds in South West Scotland during the period May 1974 to December 1976. Herd studies show that 44 bulls were involved and that there were 34 bull and 18 cow movements for breeding purposes. The need to include C fetus infection in the differential diagnosis of herd infertility is emphasised.", "contents": "Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus) infection in dairy herds in South-West Scotland. Infertility and abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus is described in a series of 12 herds in South West Scotland during the period May 1974 to December 1976. Herd studies show that 44 bulls were involved and that there were 34 bull and 18 cow movements for breeding purposes. The need to include C fetus infection in the differential diagnosis of herd infertility is emphasised.", "PMID": 595301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5068", "title": "[Deep freezing of Babesia ovis in liquid nitrogen].", "content": "Comparative investigations were carried out to determine the optimal concentration of glycerin and dimethylsulfoxide in deep freezing of sheep erythrocytes infected with Babesia ovis. The blood was obtained from experimentally infected weaned lambs in the phase of acute parasitemia. Equal blood samples, mixed with the same volume of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-molar concentrations of the two cryoprotective agents as well as blood samples without such agents were frozen by the slow and the fast method up to--75 degrees C and kept in liquid nitrogen. The cryoprotective effect was evaluated by the hematocrit level of the samples of various concentrations in comparison with samples having no cryoprotective agent, frozen under one and the same conditions and by biologic experiments with susceptible weaned lambs. It was found that 4-molar concentrations of glycerin and dimethylsulfoxide produce an optimal  cryoprotective effect, which, with the slow method of freezing was 64 per cent for glycerin and 60.7 per cent for dimethylsulfoxide. Blood frozen under such conditions and stored up to 6 months in liquid nitrogen retained its virulence.", "contents": "[Deep freezing of Babesia ovis in liquid nitrogen]. Comparative investigations were carried out to determine the optimal concentration of glycerin and dimethylsulfoxide in deep freezing of sheep erythrocytes infected with Babesia ovis. The blood was obtained from experimentally infected weaned lambs in the phase of acute parasitemia. Equal blood samples, mixed with the same volume of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-molar concentrations of the two cryoprotective agents as well as blood samples without such agents were frozen by the slow and the fast method up to--75 degrees C and kept in liquid nitrogen. The cryoprotective effect was evaluated by the hematocrit level of the samples of various concentrations in comparison with samples having no cryoprotective agent, frozen under one and the same conditions and by biologic experiments with susceptible weaned lambs. It was found that 4-molar concentrations of glycerin and dimethylsulfoxide produce an optimal  cryoprotective effect, which, with the slow method of freezing was 64 per cent for glycerin and 60.7 per cent for dimethylsulfoxide. Blood frozen under such conditions and stored up to 6 months in liquid nitrogen retained its virulence.", "PMID": 595370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5069", "title": "[Relationship between infections of the genitalia and udder in cows].", "content": "It was found that the pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic bacteria were readily transmitted in cows, originating from the genital tract, and more specifically from the uterine and vaginal discharge to the udder through the lactogenic route. The study of a total of 183 metritis-affected cows for the presence of Streptococcus uberis revealed that the pathogen could be found in the genital tract and in the udder in 20.7 per cent of the investigated cows, and it could be isolated simultaneously from the two organs in 82.6 per cent of the cases. In another group of cows also affected with metritis the study for the presence of different bacterial agents established coincidence in their simultaneous isolation from the uters and the udder in 61.2 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "[Relationship between infections of the genitalia and udder in cows]. It was found that the pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic bacteria were readily transmitted in cows, originating from the genital tract, and more specifically from the uterine and vaginal discharge to the udder through the lactogenic route. The study of a total of 183 metritis-affected cows for the presence of Streptococcus uberis revealed that the pathogen could be found in the genital tract and in the udder in 20.7 per cent of the investigated cows, and it could be isolated simultaneously from the two organs in 82.6 per cent of the cases. In another group of cows also affected with metritis the study for the presence of different bacterial agents established coincidence in their simultaneous isolation from the uters and the udder in 61.2 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 595371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5070", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic studies of the antigenic properties of virulent and vaccinal Newcastle strains].", "content": "Studied were immunoelectrophoretically the antigenic properties of 16 virulent and 4 vaccinal strains of the Newcastle disease virus--B1, La Sota, Komarov, and Roakin. Results showed that all virulent strains isolated in the course of 5 years had the same antigenic components as compared both to each other and to the vaccinal strains. This similarity was manifested by the presence of a clearly expressed precipitation line found with all strains in one and the same place of the immunoelectrophoregrams. It was assumed on the basis of the results obtained that there is no variation in the antigenic structure of the Newcastle disease virus. This confirmed the appropriateness in using the vaccinal strains B1, La Sota, Komarov, and Roakin in the active prophylaxis of birds against Newcastle disease.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic studies of the antigenic properties of virulent and vaccinal Newcastle strains]. Studied were immunoelectrophoretically the antigenic properties of 16 virulent and 4 vaccinal strains of the Newcastle disease virus--B1, La Sota, Komarov, and Roakin. Results showed that all virulent strains isolated in the course of 5 years had the same antigenic components as compared both to each other and to the vaccinal strains. This similarity was manifested by the presence of a clearly expressed precipitation line found with all strains in one and the same place of the immunoelectrophoregrams. It was assumed on the basis of the results obtained that there is no variation in the antigenic structure of the Newcastle disease virus. This confirmed the appropriateness in using the vaccinal strains B1, La Sota, Komarov, and Roakin in the active prophylaxis of birds against Newcastle disease.", "PMID": 595372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5071", "title": "[Changes in the toxic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of the O-antigen of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum irradiated with gamma rays].", "content": "Studied was the effect of gamma-rays at rates of 1 to 20 MR on the toxic, antigenic, and immunogenic properties of the O-antigen extracted from Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum by the method of Boivin. It was found that the irradiation of aqueous solutions of the O-antigen lowered the toxic, antigenic, and immunogenic capacity with the increase in the dose of treatment. Strongest detoxication of the endotoxin was produced through irradiation at the rate of 10 MR, and especially at 20 MR. The antigenic activity, established through the hyperimmunization of rabbits was expressed best at irradiation rates of 1 and 5 MR. At such treatments the immunogenic capacity remained intact as followed up by the murine protection test.", "contents": "[Changes in the toxic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of the O-antigen of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum irradiated with gamma rays]. Studied was the effect of gamma-rays at rates of 1 to 20 MR on the toxic, antigenic, and immunogenic properties of the O-antigen extracted from Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum by the method of Boivin. It was found that the irradiation of aqueous solutions of the O-antigen lowered the toxic, antigenic, and immunogenic capacity with the increase in the dose of treatment. Strongest detoxication of the endotoxin was produced through irradiation at the rate of 10 MR, and especially at 20 MR. The antigenic activity, established through the hyperimmunization of rabbits was expressed best at irradiation rates of 1 and 5 MR. At such treatments the immunogenic capacity remained intact as followed up by the murine protection test.", "PMID": 595373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5072", "title": "[Spread and economic importance of acariasis in swine].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the aspects of the epizootic process and the economic importance of acariasis in swine. It was established that the disease had widely spread. About 92 per cent of the pig-breeding farms proved infected, in which an average of 30.06 per cent of the animals showed symptoms of mange. The source of the infective agent were the diseased pigs. Infection was transmitted mainly through contact between normal and affected animals. The basic part in the epizootic process was played by sows and boars that were carriers of the parasites. Acariasis was shown to inflict heavy losses in pig farming. Acariasis-affected growing pigs gave 48.2 per cent lower weight gain as compared with intact animals of the same age.", "contents": "[Spread and economic importance of acariasis in swine]. Studies were carried out on the aspects of the epizootic process and the economic importance of acariasis in swine. It was established that the disease had widely spread. About 92 per cent of the pig-breeding farms proved infected, in which an average of 30.06 per cent of the animals showed symptoms of mange. The source of the infective agent were the diseased pigs. Infection was transmitted mainly through contact between normal and affected animals. The basic part in the epizootic process was played by sows and boars that were carriers of the parasites. Acariasis was shown to inflict heavy losses in pig farming. Acariasis-affected growing pigs gave 48.2 per cent lower weight gain as compared with intact animals of the same age.", "PMID": 595374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5073", "title": "[Species and seasonal dynamics of the ixodid ticks in Smolyan Province].", "content": "Investigations have been carried out in the course of three years into the occurrence, species composition, and seasonal dynamics of the Ixodes ticks in the district of Smolyan. A total of six species were established: Hyalomma plumbeum (Panzer), Dermatocentor marginatus (Sulz.), Haem. sulcata (Can et. Fanz.), Haem. punctata (Can. et Fanz.), Rh. bursa (Can. et Fanz.), and Ix. ricinus (L.). It was concluded that the spread and seasonal dynamics of the Ixodes ticks in Smolyan district were directly dependent on the climate, geographic conditions, and altitude.", "contents": "[Species and seasonal dynamics of the ixodid ticks in Smolyan Province]. Investigations have been carried out in the course of three years into the occurrence, species composition, and seasonal dynamics of the Ixodes ticks in the district of Smolyan. A total of six species were established: Hyalomma plumbeum (Panzer), Dermatocentor marginatus (Sulz.), Haem. sulcata (Can et. Fanz.), Haem. punctata (Can. et Fanz.), Rh. bursa (Can. et Fanz.), and Ix. ricinus (L.). It was concluded that the spread and seasonal dynamics of the Ixodes ticks in Smolyan district were directly dependent on the climate, geographic conditions, and altitude.", "PMID": 595375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5074", "title": "[Structure of the Salmonella from animals, birds and the environment through the period of 1970-1975].", "content": "Studied were biochemically and serologically the species of a total of 8738 Salmonella cultures. Most of the investigated strains belonged to subgenus I--95 species; to subgenus II belonged one species (Salmonella sofia); to subgenus III belonged 4 species: Salmonella arizonae 11:b:1, 7; Salmonella arizonae 35:r:z35; Salmonella arizonae 35:z52:1, 5, 7; Salmonella arizonae 58:rz53:z57 of three serologic groups. The attention was focused on more than 20 (new to this country) Salmonellae among which a Salmonella bulgaria species new to the Salmonella genus. Data are given for the origin of the strains, the biochemical and serologic behaviour, the sensitivity to phage O1 and the phage types of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis.", "contents": "[Structure of the Salmonella from animals, birds and the environment through the period of 1970-1975]. Studied were biochemically and serologically the species of a total of 8738 Salmonella cultures. Most of the investigated strains belonged to subgenus I--95 species; to subgenus II belonged one species (Salmonella sofia); to subgenus III belonged 4 species: Salmonella arizonae 11:b:1, 7; Salmonella arizonae 35:r:z35; Salmonella arizonae 35:z52:1, 5, 7; Salmonella arizonae 58:rz53:z57 of three serologic groups. The attention was focused on more than 20 (new to this country) Salmonellae among which a Salmonella bulgaria species new to the Salmonella genus. Data are given for the origin of the strains, the biochemical and serologic behaviour, the sensitivity to phage O1 and the phage types of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis.", "PMID": 595376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5075", "title": "[Effect of photooxidation on the immunological properties of immunoglobulins].", "content": "Photooxidation of anti-HSA antibodies, isolated by affinity chromatography, was carried out using methylene blue as a photosensitizing agent. Activity of anti-HSA antibody as well as an absorption maximum at 280 nM pH 7.0 disappeared due to photooxidation. Incubation of antibodies with methylene blue in the darkness was ineffective. Antigenic properties of human IgG were unaltered after photooxidation under the same conditions but the absorption maximum of the immunoglobulin at 280 nM disappeared.", "contents": "[Effect of photooxidation on the immunological properties of immunoglobulins]. Photooxidation of anti-HSA antibodies, isolated by affinity chromatography, was carried out using methylene blue as a photosensitizing agent. Activity of anti-HSA antibody as well as an absorption maximum at 280 nM pH 7.0 disappeared due to photooxidation. Incubation of antibodies with methylene blue in the darkness was ineffective. Antigenic properties of human IgG were unaltered after photooxidation under the same conditions but the absorption maximum of the immunoglobulin at 280 nM disappeared.", "PMID": 595479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5076", "title": "[Calcium transport in rabbit myocardial cells during experimental heart damage].", "content": "Content and distribution of 45Ca, administered intravenously, were studied in fractions of rabbit myocardial tissue in experimental allergic and caused by injections of adrenaline heart impairments. Concentration of Ca was increased in mitochondria as well as its binding was stimulated both in mitochondria and in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increased Ca utilization by mitichondria was also shown in vitro. Correlation between Ca accumulation in mitochondria and energy metabolism impairment in myocardium is discussed. The distinct increase of Ca concentration in mitochondria simultaneously with stabilization of its content in homogenate of myocardial tissue suggest that amount of Ca, bound to myofibrillar proteins, is decreased under the pathological conditions studied.", "contents": "[Calcium transport in rabbit myocardial cells during experimental heart damage]. Content and distribution of 45Ca, administered intravenously, were studied in fractions of rabbit myocardial tissue in experimental allergic and caused by injections of adrenaline heart impairments. Concentration of Ca was increased in mitochondria as well as its binding was stimulated both in mitochondria and in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increased Ca utilization by mitichondria was also shown in vitro. Correlation between Ca accumulation in mitochondria and energy metabolism impairment in myocardium is discussed. The distinct increase of Ca concentration in mitochondria simultaneously with stabilization of its content in homogenate of myocardial tissue suggest that amount of Ca, bound to myofibrillar proteins, is decreased under the pathological conditions studied.", "PMID": 595480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5077", "title": "[Synthesis of multiple forms of brain cholinesterases].", "content": "Highly purified multiple forms of brain cholinesterase were isolated by a new method. Eight forms were identified as acetyl cholinesterases, seven forms--as butyryl cholinesterases, four forms--as mixed acetyl- and butyryl cholinesterases and four forms--as aliesterases. Biosynthesis of multiple forms of brain cholinesterase was monitored by following incorporation of 14C-glycine into the purified fractions. Cats were killed at different periods (3 hrs, 3,6 and 9 days) after intoxication with isopropyl hydroxymethyl fluorophosphate. The restoration of the enzymatic activity after the inhibition did not correspond to the incorporation of the labelled amino acid into the enzyme protein. There was a transcient increase in the incorporation of the label after an increase in acetylcholine concentration.", "contents": "[Synthesis of multiple forms of brain cholinesterases]. Highly purified multiple forms of brain cholinesterase were isolated by a new method. Eight forms were identified as acetyl cholinesterases, seven forms--as butyryl cholinesterases, four forms--as mixed acetyl- and butyryl cholinesterases and four forms--as aliesterases. Biosynthesis of multiple forms of brain cholinesterase was monitored by following incorporation of 14C-glycine into the purified fractions. Cats were killed at different periods (3 hrs, 3,6 and 9 days) after intoxication with isopropyl hydroxymethyl fluorophosphate. The restoration of the enzymatic activity after the inhibition did not correspond to the incorporation of the labelled amino acid into the enzyme protein. There was a transcient increase in the incorporation of the label after an increase in acetylcholine concentration.", "PMID": 595481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5078", "title": "[Effect of hexenal and thiopental anesthesia on energy metabolism in different brain areas].", "content": "Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation were studied in dog mitochondria of visua and acoustic areas of brain cortex as well as of medial thalamus after hexenal and thiopental narcosis. The distinct increase in the respiratory activity, which was not accompanied by phosphate esterification, was observed in mitochondria of medial thalamus as compared with the organelles of brain cortex from visual and acoustic areas. The phenomenon was responsible for uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation processes.", "contents": "[Effect of hexenal and thiopental anesthesia on energy metabolism in different brain areas]. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation were studied in dog mitochondria of visua and acoustic areas of brain cortex as well as of medial thalamus after hexenal and thiopental narcosis. The distinct increase in the respiratory activity, which was not accompanied by phosphate esterification, was observed in mitochondria of medial thalamus as compared with the organelles of brain cortex from visual and acoustic areas. The phenomenon was responsible for uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation processes.", "PMID": 595482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5079", "title": "[Erythropoietin-forming and esterase activity of rat kidney subcellular fractions during stimulation of erythropoiesis].", "content": "Stimulation of erythropoiesis in rats (hemolytic-phenylhydrazine and acute posthemorrhagic anemia, effect of hypoxic hypoxia) was accompanied by an increased erythropoietine-formating activity in kidney microsomes and light mitochondria. The phenomenon correlated with an increased esterase activity in hypotonic supernatant of kidney homogenate mainly due to the enzymatic fraction, corresponding to alpha2-globulin by its mobility. Histochemical examination of kidney showed that the most distinct alterations in the esterase activity were observed in epithelial cells of nephron proximal part and in capillary endothelium.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin-forming and esterase activity of rat kidney subcellular fractions during stimulation of erythropoiesis]. Stimulation of erythropoiesis in rats (hemolytic-phenylhydrazine and acute posthemorrhagic anemia, effect of hypoxic hypoxia) was accompanied by an increased erythropoietine-formating activity in kidney microsomes and light mitochondria. The phenomenon correlated with an increased esterase activity in hypotonic supernatant of kidney homogenate mainly due to the enzymatic fraction, corresponding to alpha2-globulin by its mobility. Histochemical examination of kidney showed that the most distinct alterations in the esterase activity were observed in epithelial cells of nephron proximal part and in capillary endothelium.", "PMID": 595483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5080", "title": "[Kinetic parameters of the rat liver monooxygenase system in the early stages of chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "Functions of the liver monooxygenase system, participating in metabolism of 3,4-benzpyrene, were shown to vary significantly at different steps of carcinogenesis induced by 3,4-benzpyrene. These variations appear to be due to changes in the effect of monooxygenase-epoxide hydrase complex in rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "[Kinetic parameters of the rat liver monooxygenase system in the early stages of chemical carcinogenesis]. Functions of the liver monooxygenase system, participating in metabolism of 3,4-benzpyrene, were shown to vary significantly at different steps of carcinogenesis induced by 3,4-benzpyrene. These variations appear to be due to changes in the effect of monooxygenase-epoxide hydrase complex in rat liver microsomes.", "PMID": 595484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5081", "title": "[Effect of physical exertion on indices of cholesterol metabolism in alimentary obesity].", "content": "Physical loading affects the patterns of cholesterol metabolism in patients with obesity. Content of total cholesterol was altered in blood serum after loading depending on its initial level: it was increased if the initial level was low; if the initial content of cholesterol was high physical loading caused a hypocholesterolemic effect. Level of cholesterol esters was often decreased after loading. Physical loading activated lecithin-cholesterol-acyl transferase in blood plasma.", "contents": "[Effect of physical exertion on indices of cholesterol metabolism in alimentary obesity]. Physical loading affects the patterns of cholesterol metabolism in patients with obesity. Content of total cholesterol was altered in blood serum after loading depending on its initial level: it was increased if the initial level was low; if the initial content of cholesterol was high physical loading caused a hypocholesterolemic effect. Level of cholesterol esters was often decreased after loading. Physical loading activated lecithin-cholesterol-acyl transferase in blood plasma.", "PMID": 595485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5082", "title": "[Effect of peroxidation on the physical structure of phospholipid membranes].", "content": "Peroxidation of lipids caused rearrangements in physical structure of biomembranes as it was shown by a method of fluorescent probes. These structural rearrangements were accompanied by an increase in the viscosity on the surface and in the depth of the phospholipid bilayer. The increase in the viscosity was apparently due to oxidation and to elimination from the phospholipid bilayer of the unsaturated fatty acid residues. Presence of the unsaturated fatty acids in biomembranes decreases their viscosity. The fraction of saturated fatty acids after peroxidation was respectively increased in the bilayer.", "contents": "[Effect of peroxidation on the physical structure of phospholipid membranes]. Peroxidation of lipids caused rearrangements in physical structure of biomembranes as it was shown by a method of fluorescent probes. These structural rearrangements were accompanied by an increase in the viscosity on the surface and in the depth of the phospholipid bilayer. The increase in the viscosity was apparently due to oxidation and to elimination from the phospholipid bilayer of the unsaturated fatty acid residues. Presence of the unsaturated fatty acids in biomembranes decreases their viscosity. The fraction of saturated fatty acids after peroxidation was respectively increased in the bilayer.", "PMID": 595487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5083", "title": "[Indirect method of determining drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and its clinical application].", "content": "Activity of microsomal enzymes was studied using an indirect method for estimation of the rate of antipyrine secretion with saliva in 70 healthy persons at the age from 16 to 86 years. Distinct individual differences were observed in the activity of the enzymes: time of the antipyrine half-secretion varied from 6.4 hrs to 50.1 hrs. The time of antipyrine half-secretion was significantly higher in the older (60-86 years) than in younger persons (16-30 years), suggesting decreased activity of the microsomal enzymes in older people. The microsomal enzymes activity might be increased distinctly under effect of several drugs, especially of hypotensive drugs--reserpine and dibasole. The data obtained suggest that for effective medicinal therapy it is essential to control the initial activity of microsomal enzymes as well as its alterations in the course of medicamentous treatment; the activity of microsomal enzymes in a given person must be taken into consideration for correct individual selection of doses of the drugs.", "contents": "[Indirect method of determining drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and its clinical application]. Activity of microsomal enzymes was studied using an indirect method for estimation of the rate of antipyrine secretion with saliva in 70 healthy persons at the age from 16 to 86 years. Distinct individual differences were observed in the activity of the enzymes: time of the antipyrine half-secretion varied from 6.4 hrs to 50.1 hrs. The time of antipyrine half-secretion was significantly higher in the older (60-86 years) than in younger persons (16-30 years), suggesting decreased activity of the microsomal enzymes in older people. The microsomal enzymes activity might be increased distinctly under effect of several drugs, especially of hypotensive drugs--reserpine and dibasole. The data obtained suggest that for effective medicinal therapy it is essential to control the initial activity of microsomal enzymes as well as its alterations in the course of medicamentous treatment; the activity of microsomal enzymes in a given person must be taken into consideration for correct individual selection of doses of the drugs.", "PMID": 595490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5084", "title": "[Excretion of catecholamines and DOPA in lipid metabolism disorders].", "content": "Excretion of catecholamines and DOPA was impaired in patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity, with ischemic disease of heart, with atherosclerosis and excessive weight. Distinct decrease in content of adrenaline, noradrenaline and DOPA was observed in patients with obesity; the phenomenon was less pronounced in ischemic disease of heart, mainly in aged patients. Correlation was found between the rate of excretion of catecholamines and DOPA and the extent of hyperlipidemia. Dietetics did not normalize completely the impairments studied. Additional administration of pyridoxine caused a favorable effect.", "contents": "[Excretion of catecholamines and DOPA in lipid metabolism disorders]. Excretion of catecholamines and DOPA was impaired in patients with metabolic-alimentary obesity, with ischemic disease of heart, with atherosclerosis and excessive weight. Distinct decrease in content of adrenaline, noradrenaline and DOPA was observed in patients with obesity; the phenomenon was less pronounced in ischemic disease of heart, mainly in aged patients. Correlation was found between the rate of excretion of catecholamines and DOPA and the extent of hyperlipidemia. Dietetics did not normalize completely the impairments studied. Additional administration of pyridoxine caused a favorable effect.", "PMID": 595486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5085", "title": "[Principles and tasks of biochemical research at centers participating in the accomplishment of the national program for the control of cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "For substantiation of definite methodological approaches in the biochemical investigations an analysis of published data was carried out. Correlation was considered between one of the early alterations in vessel wall, preceding atherosclerosis, namely proliferation of smooth muscle cells and factors of risk of ishemic heart impairment -- hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, smoking. The analysis showed that each of these factors of risk as well as thrombosis increased the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and thereby promoted the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, biochemical research must be directed not only towards revealing of developed impairments in lipoprotein metabolism but the biochemical approach has to be used for diagnosis of the primary impairments in metabolic processes, preceding hyperlipoproteinemia, stable increase in arterial pressure, thrombosis. This approach enables to reveal the early alterations and to begin the rational primary prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Principles and tasks of biochemical research at centers participating in the accomplishment of the national program for the control of cardiovascular diseases]. For substantiation of definite methodological approaches in the biochemical investigations an analysis of published data was carried out. Correlation was considered between one of the early alterations in vessel wall, preceding atherosclerosis, namely proliferation of smooth muscle cells and factors of risk of ishemic heart impairment -- hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, smoking. The analysis showed that each of these factors of risk as well as thrombosis increased the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and thereby promoted the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, biochemical research must be directed not only towards revealing of developed impairments in lipoprotein metabolism but the biochemical approach has to be used for diagnosis of the primary impairments in metabolic processes, preceding hyperlipoproteinemia, stable increase in arterial pressure, thrombosis. This approach enables to reveal the early alterations and to begin the rational primary prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 595491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5086", "title": "[Properties of monoamine oxidases from myocardial mitochondria].", "content": "Mitochondrial monoamine oxidases from rabbit and rat heart muscles varied distinctly in the sensitivity to the effect of selective irreversible inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl. In presence of mitochondrial fragments from rabbit heart oxidation of phenylethylamine, tyramine, benzylamine and triptamine was highly sensitive to the effect of deprenyl. Very low concentrations of clorgyline inhibited oxidation of these amines in samples containing rat heart mitochondrial fragments. Rabbit heart mitochondrial fragments appear to contain considerable amounts of monoamine oxidases of \"B\" type and rat heart mitochondrial fragments--the monoamine oxidases of \"A\" type. A highly sensitive fluorescent method was used for estimation of the monoamine oxidase activity; it was based on the extinguishing by hydrogen peroxide in presence of peroxidase of the scopolethine fluorescence.", "contents": "[Properties of monoamine oxidases from myocardial mitochondria]. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidases from rabbit and rat heart muscles varied distinctly in the sensitivity to the effect of selective irreversible inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl. In presence of mitochondrial fragments from rabbit heart oxidation of phenylethylamine, tyramine, benzylamine and triptamine was highly sensitive to the effect of deprenyl. Very low concentrations of clorgyline inhibited oxidation of these amines in samples containing rat heart mitochondrial fragments. Rabbit heart mitochondrial fragments appear to contain considerable amounts of monoamine oxidases of \"B\" type and rat heart mitochondrial fragments--the monoamine oxidases of \"A\" type. A highly sensitive fluorescent method was used for estimation of the monoamine oxidase activity; it was based on the extinguishing by hydrogen peroxide in presence of peroxidase of the scopolethine fluorescence.", "PMID": 595488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5087", "title": "[Effect of diketopiperazine on mouse liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy].", "content": "Inhibition of serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity by dimer of cycloserine--diketopiperazin (DP) was studied in vivo in mice liver tissue. DP (2500 mg and 4000 mg per kg of body weight) caused a decrease in the enzyme activity by 14% and 30%, respectively, within 2 hrs after intraperitoneal administration into the animals. Complete reactivation of the enzyme was observed in presence of pyridoxal phosphate added into the experimental samples. DP inhibited the rate of mice liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, if it was administered separately or in combination with methotrexate within 8 days before and 4 days after the operation. The decreased rate of the tissue regeneration occurred simultaneously with a distinct decrease in the serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity in vivo. Methotrexate did not affect the liver tissue regeneration after hepatectomy. A method is described for estimation of the serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity in tissue extracts in presence of partially purified preparation of 5,10-methylene-H4-folate-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Effect of diketopiperazine on mouse liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy]. Inhibition of serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity by dimer of cycloserine--diketopiperazin (DP) was studied in vivo in mice liver tissue. DP (2500 mg and 4000 mg per kg of body weight) caused a decrease in the enzyme activity by 14% and 30%, respectively, within 2 hrs after intraperitoneal administration into the animals. Complete reactivation of the enzyme was observed in presence of pyridoxal phosphate added into the experimental samples. DP inhibited the rate of mice liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, if it was administered separately or in combination with methotrexate within 8 days before and 4 days after the operation. The decreased rate of the tissue regeneration occurred simultaneously with a distinct decrease in the serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity in vivo. Methotrexate did not affect the liver tissue regeneration after hepatectomy. A method is described for estimation of the serine-hydroxymethyl transferase activity in tissue extracts in presence of partially purified preparation of 5,10-methylene-H4-folate-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 595493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5088", "title": "[Interaction of immobilized carboxypeptidase with a natural inhibitor from human blood plasma].", "content": "Carboxypeptidase N was bound covalently to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B without decrease in the enzymatic activity. Interaction of the immobilized enzyme with native low molecular inhibitor from human blood plasma was accompanied by formation of the stable Co2+-dependent complex, which is partially dissociated in presence of 2 M NaCl. The data obtained suggest that the inhibitor studied possesses the specific effect on the carboxypeptidase N activity.", "contents": "[Interaction of immobilized carboxypeptidase with a natural inhibitor from human blood plasma]. Carboxypeptidase N was bound covalently to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B without decrease in the enzymatic activity. Interaction of the immobilized enzyme with native low molecular inhibitor from human blood plasma was accompanied by formation of the stable Co2+-dependent complex, which is partially dissociated in presence of 2 M NaCl. The data obtained suggest that the inhibitor studied possesses the specific effect on the carboxypeptidase N activity.", "PMID": 595489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5089", "title": "[Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activity in the liver in viral hepatitis].", "content": "Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activity was studied in liver tissue, obtained by biopsy from 5 patients with viral hepatitis and from 8 persons without parthological alterations of liver. The enzymatic activity was estimated by formation of 14C-tyrosine in presence and in absence of added cofactor 2-amine-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropteridine. Without addition of the cofactor the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity was of the same order of magnitude in liver tissue of the patients and of healthy persons. In presence of the cofactor the enzyme activity in liver of the patients with the hepatitis of moderate severity constituted 44% of the activity found in the control group. The rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation was 0.19 with 10-2 min-1 in patients with hepatitis and 0.5 with 10-2 min-1--in the control group. In severe and moderate forms of viral hepatitis the impairment of phenylalanine metabolism was due to decrease in the activity of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase in liver tissue.", "contents": "[Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activity in the liver in viral hepatitis]. Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activity was studied in liver tissue, obtained by biopsy from 5 patients with viral hepatitis and from 8 persons without parthological alterations of liver. The enzymatic activity was estimated by formation of 14C-tyrosine in presence and in absence of added cofactor 2-amine-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropteridine. Without addition of the cofactor the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity was of the same order of magnitude in liver tissue of the patients and of healthy persons. In presence of the cofactor the enzyme activity in liver of the patients with the hepatitis of moderate severity constituted 44% of the activity found in the control group. The rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation was 0.19 with 10-2 min-1 in patients with hepatitis and 0.5 with 10-2 min-1--in the control group. In severe and moderate forms of viral hepatitis the impairment of phenylalanine metabolism was due to decrease in the activity of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase in liver tissue.", "PMID": 595492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5090", "title": "[Effect of new 2-propinylamine derivatives on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity].", "content": "New derivatives of 2-propinyl amine were studied as possible inhibitors of mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAO) from rat liver and brain tissues. Kinetics of inhibition of the MAO activity (A and B types) is described for one of the substances studied -- N-(8-quinolyl methyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine. Interaction of N-(8-quinolylmethyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine with MAO of the A type (serotonin as a substrate) and of the B type (beta-phenylethylamine as a substrate) was studied by the kinetic method, which enabled to determine and quantitatively estimate the steps of enzyme-inhibitor complexes formation. The inhibition of the mitochondrial MAO A and B types by the substance was shown to include the steps of formation of dissociating enzyme-inhibitor intermediates with the subsequent irreversible modification of them. The data on K1 values, estimated in experiments with serotonin and beta-phenylethylamine as substrates, show that the affinity of N-(8-quinolyl methyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine towards MAO of the A type was 10-fold higher than the affinity towards MAO of the B type. The rates of these complexes conversion into irreversibly blocked forms of the MAO A and B types was found to be similar.", "contents": "[Effect of new 2-propinylamine derivatives on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity]. New derivatives of 2-propinyl amine were studied as possible inhibitors of mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAO) from rat liver and brain tissues. Kinetics of inhibition of the MAO activity (A and B types) is described for one of the substances studied -- N-(8-quinolyl methyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine. Interaction of N-(8-quinolylmethyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine with MAO of the A type (serotonin as a substrate) and of the B type (beta-phenylethylamine as a substrate) was studied by the kinetic method, which enabled to determine and quantitatively estimate the steps of enzyme-inhibitor complexes formation. The inhibition of the mitochondrial MAO A and B types by the substance was shown to include the steps of formation of dissociating enzyme-inhibitor intermediates with the subsequent irreversible modification of them. The data on K1 values, estimated in experiments with serotonin and beta-phenylethylamine as substrates, show that the affinity of N-(8-quinolyl methyl)-N-methyl-2-propinyl amine towards MAO of the A type was 10-fold higher than the affinity towards MAO of the B type. The rates of these complexes conversion into irreversibly blocked forms of the MAO A and B types was found to be similar.", "PMID": 595495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5091", "title": "[Protein biosynthesis in a cell-free protein synthesis system from nodular euthyroid goiter cells].", "content": "Analysis of proteins, synthesized in cell-free system using nodal euthyroid goiter, was carried out by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Four protein farctions, incorporating labelled amino acids, were found: \"complete\" thyroglobulin, two its subunits and thyroalmbumin. This correlates with the concept that malignant cell synthesizes intensively proteins untypical for a normal tissue.", "contents": "[Protein biosynthesis in a cell-free protein synthesis system from nodular euthyroid goiter cells]. Analysis of proteins, synthesized in cell-free system using nodal euthyroid goiter, was carried out by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Four protein farctions, incorporating labelled amino acids, were found: \"complete\" thyroglobulin, two its subunits and thyroalmbumin. This correlates with the concept that malignant cell synthesizes intensively proteins untypical for a normal tissue.", "PMID": 595494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5092", "title": "[Interrelationship of pseudouridine and transfer RNA metabolic disorders in thermal injury].", "content": "Excretion and turnover rate of radioactive pseudouridine were studied in intact and burned rats. The thermic injury increased the pseudouridine excretion and lowered the rate of decrease in its specific radioactivity. Relative increase in excretion of pseudouridine was more distinct for the \"B\" isomer as compared with the isomer \"C\". The general pattern of dynamics of alterations in pseudouridine turnover after thermic injury corresponded to the patterns of impairments in metabolism of transfer RNA, which were studied previously. But the rate of pseudouridine turnover considerably exceeded the rate of tRNA metabolism either in normal state or in thermic injury.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of pseudouridine and transfer RNA metabolic disorders in thermal injury]. Excretion and turnover rate of radioactive pseudouridine were studied in intact and burned rats. The thermic injury increased the pseudouridine excretion and lowered the rate of decrease in its specific radioactivity. Relative increase in excretion of pseudouridine was more distinct for the \"B\" isomer as compared with the isomer \"C\". The general pattern of dynamics of alterations in pseudouridine turnover after thermic injury corresponded to the patterns of impairments in metabolism of transfer RNA, which were studied previously. But the rate of pseudouridine turnover considerably exceeded the rate of tRNA metabolism either in normal state or in thermic injury.", "PMID": 595499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5093", "title": "[Trypsin and lipase activity in the presence of antibiotics].", "content": "Effect of penicillin, kanamycin and streptomycin on the proteolytic activity of trypsin using hemoglobin and casein as substrates as well as effect of these antibiotics and oxacilin, methycillin and tetracycline on the lipase activity were studied in vitro. Penicillin, kanamycin and streptomycin (5 mg, 20 mg and 80 mg of the antibiotic per 1 mg of trypsin, respectively) did not inhibit the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. Kanamycin slightly activated the trypsin activity in reaction with hemoglobin and streptomycin -- in reaction with casein. Penicillin, oxacillin and methycillin inhibited the lipase activity, when 80-100 mg of the antibiotics were used per 1 mg of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Trypsin and lipase activity in the presence of antibiotics]. Effect of penicillin, kanamycin and streptomycin on the proteolytic activity of trypsin using hemoglobin and casein as substrates as well as effect of these antibiotics and oxacilin, methycillin and tetracycline on the lipase activity were studied in vitro. Penicillin, kanamycin and streptomycin (5 mg, 20 mg and 80 mg of the antibiotic per 1 mg of trypsin, respectively) did not inhibit the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. Kanamycin slightly activated the trypsin activity in reaction with hemoglobin and streptomycin -- in reaction with casein. Penicillin, oxacillin and methycillin inhibited the lipase activity, when 80-100 mg of the antibiotics were used per 1 mg of the enzyme.", "PMID": 595496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5094", "title": "[Combined treatment of inoperable stomach cancer].", "content": "The results of combination therapy of 66 patients with inoperable gastric cancer are presented. The complex of therapeutic measures included: preoperative gammatherapy with a single dose of 350--400 rad and total dosage up to 2400--3000 rad, palliative operations or explorative laparotomy with subsequent postoperative irradiation (up to 4500--6000 rad) or chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil (up to 3--5 grams). The average survival of patients was 9.3 +/- 0.9 months, and it was dependent on tumor process spread and the kind of surgical intervention. Radiotherapy is shown to effect positively the clinical course of the disease and patient's survival.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of inoperable stomach cancer]. The results of combination therapy of 66 patients with inoperable gastric cancer are presented. The complex of therapeutic measures included: preoperative gammatherapy with a single dose of 350--400 rad and total dosage up to 2400--3000 rad, palliative operations or explorative laparotomy with subsequent postoperative irradiation (up to 4500--6000 rad) or chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil (up to 3--5 grams). The average survival of patients was 9.3 +/- 0.9 months, and it was dependent on tumor process spread and the kind of surgical intervention. Radiotherapy is shown to effect positively the clinical course of the disease and patient's survival.", "PMID": 595508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5095", "title": "[Structure of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits].", "content": "Differences in the ratio of molecular forms of crystalline glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, EC 1.1.1.8) from sceletal muscle and in their primary structure were found in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis as compared with normal animals. In atherosclerosis the molecular weight of GPD and of its fragments was increased; the amino acid composition of these GPD molecules differs from that of control rabbits as shown by estimation of content of 8 amino acids. Experimental atherosclerosis is apparently related to alteration in the GPD primary structure.", "contents": "[Structure of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits]. Differences in the ratio of molecular forms of crystalline glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, EC 1.1.1.8) from sceletal muscle and in their primary structure were found in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis as compared with normal animals. In atherosclerosis the molecular weight of GPD and of its fragments was increased; the amino acid composition of these GPD molecules differs from that of control rabbits as shown by estimation of content of 8 amino acids. Experimental atherosclerosis is apparently related to alteration in the GPD primary structure.", "PMID": 595498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5096", "title": "Serotonin metabolism in duodenal tissue in acute renal ischemia in rabbits.", "content": "Metabolism of serotonin was studied in duodenum of rabbits in acute kidney ischemia (from 15 min to 1 hr). Estimations of serotonin and 5-hydroxy indolacetic acid content and the activities of 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase (5-HTD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) using serotonin as a substrate were carried out. A complicated phase dynamics in the intestine of main patterns of serotonin metabolism was observed in acute kidney ischemia. Within the ischemic period content of serotonin and the MAO activity correlated with the activity of 5-HTD in the duodenal tissue. The alterations in the activity of MAO from intestine suggest that this enzyme was especially important in the serotonin metabolic conversions studied.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism in duodenal tissue in acute renal ischemia in rabbits. Metabolism of serotonin was studied in duodenum of rabbits in acute kidney ischemia (from 15 min to 1 hr). Estimations of serotonin and 5-hydroxy indolacetic acid content and the activities of 5-hydroxytryptophane decarboxylase (5-HTD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) using serotonin as a substrate were carried out. A complicated phase dynamics in the intestine of main patterns of serotonin metabolism was observed in acute kidney ischemia. Within the ischemic period content of serotonin and the MAO activity correlated with the activity of 5-HTD in the duodenal tissue. The alterations in the activity of MAO from intestine suggest that this enzyme was especially important in the serotonin metabolic conversions studied.", "PMID": 595497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5097", "title": "[Effect of sectioning the celiac and vagus nerves on the activity and isoenzymatic composition of rat liver lactate dehydrogenase].", "content": "Total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased in rat liver cytoplasm after dissection of nervus celiacus; the enzyme activity was, however, decreased after section of nervus vagus. As showen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the alterations in the enzyme activity occurred mainly due to changes in the isoenzyme LDH5, prevailing in this liver fraction. Administration of insulin did not restore the LDH activity, decreased after vagotomy. The suggestion is corroborated that the regulatory effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on glycolysis are of oppositely directed character.", "contents": "[Effect of sectioning the celiac and vagus nerves on the activity and isoenzymatic composition of rat liver lactate dehydrogenase]. Total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased in rat liver cytoplasm after dissection of nervus celiacus; the enzyme activity was, however, decreased after section of nervus vagus. As showen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the alterations in the enzyme activity occurred mainly due to changes in the isoenzyme LDH5, prevailing in this liver fraction. Administration of insulin did not restore the LDH activity, decreased after vagotomy. The suggestion is corroborated that the regulatory effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on glycolysis are of oppositely directed character.", "PMID": 595500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5098", "title": "[Cytotoxic index in melanoma patients].", "content": "The cytotoxic index was studied in 38 patients with melanoma. The cytotoxic effect would not be observed in tumor progression or in the persistent absence (1.5 years) of the signs of metastasization and recurrences in case of the previously removed tumor. The positive effect of the cytotoxic test in some cases was gained in the presence only of the primary focus or after the latter and metastases being removed, and in the long-term absence of metastases and recurrences in the period to come. In other cases the positive effect was gained during a short period of time before the appearance of metastases or in progressing of the disease. To fully estimate the results of the study the cytotoxic test should be methodically associated with studying of the blocking effect of patient's serum. The blood groups A. B. O compatibility or incompatibility of patient's and donor tumor cells did not influence the results of the cytotoxic test.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic index in melanoma patients]. The cytotoxic index was studied in 38 patients with melanoma. The cytotoxic effect would not be observed in tumor progression or in the persistent absence (1.5 years) of the signs of metastasization and recurrences in case of the previously removed tumor. The positive effect of the cytotoxic test in some cases was gained in the presence only of the primary focus or after the latter and metastases being removed, and in the long-term absence of metastases and recurrences in the period to come. In other cases the positive effect was gained during a short period of time before the appearance of metastases or in progressing of the disease. To fully estimate the results of the study the cytotoxic test should be methodically associated with studying of the blocking effect of patient's serum. The blood groups A. B. O compatibility or incompatibility of patient's and donor tumor cells did not influence the results of the cytotoxic test.", "PMID": 595509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5099", "title": "[Characteristics of the development of highly differentiated thyroid gland tumors].", "content": "Under study was the kinetics of morphological changes of high-differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid after repeat operative interventions, the interval between those was 2--15 years. It is suggested that during the development of high differentiated thyroid tumors the morphological structure of the tumor is remained and shows no tendency to transformation into anaplastic forms. Tumors showing both papillary and anaplastic structures (papillary polymorphous cancers) are considered to be the result of irregular tumor progression under which separate zones of neoplastic cells proved to be in different stages of differentiation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the development of highly differentiated thyroid gland tumors]. Under study was the kinetics of morphological changes of high-differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid after repeat operative interventions, the interval between those was 2--15 years. It is suggested that during the development of high differentiated thyroid tumors the morphological structure of the tumor is remained and shows no tendency to transformation into anaplastic forms. Tumors showing both papillary and anaplastic structures (papillary polymorphous cancers) are considered to be the result of irregular tumor progression under which separate zones of neoplastic cells proved to be in different stages of differentiation.", "PMID": 595510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5100", "title": "[Intrastitial iodine-131 administration in inoperable thyroid gland cancer].", "content": "The authors report the indications to and the results of clinical application of interstitial injections of iodine-131 in unresectable tumors, recurrences and regional metastases of thyroid cancer. Interstitial injection of iodine-131 in 35 inoperable patients (66 injections of iodine-131) made it possible to reduce considerably the size of tumor by 1 g of the tumor, on the average, were of the order of 5140 rad, radiation exposure of blood and kidneys--0.03 rad/litre and 139 rad, accordingly. Neither complications nor grave local and general reactions were noted.", "contents": "[Intrastitial iodine-131 administration in inoperable thyroid gland cancer]. The authors report the indications to and the results of clinical application of interstitial injections of iodine-131 in unresectable tumors, recurrences and regional metastases of thyroid cancer. Interstitial injection of iodine-131 in 35 inoperable patients (66 injections of iodine-131) made it possible to reduce considerably the size of tumor by 1 g of the tumor, on the average, were of the order of 5140 rad, radiation exposure of blood and kidneys--0.03 rad/litre and 139 rad, accordingly. Neither complications nor grave local and general reactions were noted.", "PMID": 595511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5101", "title": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from rabbit kidney cortex].", "content": "Ca2 ions showed the various effect on isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase from rabbit kidney cortex. Ca2 activated the \"L\" type of pyruvate kinase at low concentrations of PEP and inhibited -- at high concentrations of the latter. \"M2\" type of pyruvate kinase was inhibited by Ca2 under all the conditions studied. In presence of Ca2+ the activating effect of PDP on \"L\" and \"M2\" types of pyruvate kinase was absent; the inhibitory action of ATP on the \"M\" type of pyruvate kinase was increased at all the concentrations above 1.3 mM. The effect of Ca2+ on the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes depended on content of Mg2+ in the medium.", "contents": "[Effect of Ca2+ ions on the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from rabbit kidney cortex]. Ca2 ions showed the various effect on isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase from rabbit kidney cortex. Ca2 activated the \"L\" type of pyruvate kinase at low concentrations of PEP and inhibited -- at high concentrations of the latter. \"M2\" type of pyruvate kinase was inhibited by Ca2 under all the conditions studied. In presence of Ca2+ the activating effect of PDP on \"L\" and \"M2\" types of pyruvate kinase was absent; the inhibitory action of ATP on the \"M\" type of pyruvate kinase was increased at all the concentrations above 1.3 mM. The effect of Ca2+ on the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes depended on content of Mg2+ in the medium.", "PMID": 595501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5102", "title": "[Native and desensitized forms of L-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit kidney cortex].", "content": "A time-consuming procedure of isolation of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from rabbit kidney cortex (more than 5 hrs) at 0-2 degrees led to obtaining of a desensitized form of \"L\" type, resembling the \"M3\" type of the enzyme from sceletal muscle. Rapid isolation of pyruvate kinase \"L\" type (within about 2.5 hrs) at 4-6 degrees provided the isoenzyme in the active (allosteric) form.", "contents": "[Native and desensitized forms of L-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit kidney cortex]. A time-consuming procedure of isolation of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes from rabbit kidney cortex (more than 5 hrs) at 0-2 degrees led to obtaining of a desensitized form of \"L\" type, resembling the \"M3\" type of the enzyme from sceletal muscle. Rapid isolation of pyruvate kinase \"L\" type (within about 2.5 hrs) at 4-6 degrees provided the isoenzyme in the active (allosteric) form.", "PMID": 595502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5103", "title": "[Types of anesthesia and the late results of breast cancer treatment].", "content": "The author studied the remote results of the treatment in 1358 breast cancer patients, 554 of them were operated under ether-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia and 804--under fluothane-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia. The patients were subjected only to the Halsted mastectomy. Both groups of patients were identical in age and the degree of tumor spread. It is shown that late results of the treatment in breast cancer patients operated under fluothane narcosis are much better than those under ether narcosis.", "contents": "[Types of anesthesia and the late results of breast cancer treatment]. The author studied the remote results of the treatment in 1358 breast cancer patients, 554 of them were operated under ether-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia and 804--under fluothane-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia. The patients were subjected only to the Halsted mastectomy. Both groups of patients were identical in age and the degree of tumor spread. It is shown that late results of the treatment in breast cancer patients operated under fluothane narcosis are much better than those under ether narcosis.", "PMID": 595513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5104", "title": "[Role of oxidative processes in the realization of the adaptive mechanisms of the human placenta].", "content": "Redox reactions were studied in 217 placentas obtained after partus maturus and pathological labor (premature labor, gestoses, incompatibility by Rh antigen, uterine inertia, placentas at early therapeutic and spontaneous abortions). Several uniform alterations were observed in activities of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate-, glutamate- and malate dehydrogenases. Increase in the activity of these enzymes was accompanied by alteration in distribution of LDH isoenzymes and by elevated formation of glutamic acid; activities of transaminases, cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase were unaltered. The alterations observed appear to be due to activation of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms of placenta.", "contents": "[Role of oxidative processes in the realization of the adaptive mechanisms of the human placenta]. Redox reactions were studied in 217 placentas obtained after partus maturus and pathological labor (premature labor, gestoses, incompatibility by Rh antigen, uterine inertia, placentas at early therapeutic and spontaneous abortions). Several uniform alterations were observed in activities of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate-, glutamate- and malate dehydrogenases. Increase in the activity of these enzymes was accompanied by alteration in distribution of LDH isoenzymes and by elevated formation of glutamic acid; activities of transaminases, cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase were unaltered. The alterations observed appear to be due to activation of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms of placenta.", "PMID": 595504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5105", "title": "[Extent of the surgical intervention for the purpose of ovariectomy in breast cancer patients].", "content": "In laparotomy of breast cancer patients to the end of performing ovariectomy a careful revision of abdominal viscera should be included in the general plan of the treatment for the principal lesion. This measure allows the recognition both of secondary changes in abdominal organs due to mammary gland tumor and the changes not related with the principal lesion but necessitating some widening of the extent of surgery.", "contents": "[Extent of the surgical intervention for the purpose of ovariectomy in breast cancer patients]. In laparotomy of breast cancer patients to the end of performing ovariectomy a careful revision of abdominal viscera should be included in the general plan of the treatment for the principal lesion. This measure allows the recognition both of secondary changes in abdominal organs due to mammary gland tumor and the changes not related with the principal lesion but necessitating some widening of the extent of surgery.", "PMID": 595514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5106", "title": "[Pantothenate metabolism in the rat liver and its regulation].", "content": "Pantothenate, penetrating the liver tissue after intraperitoneal administration into young rats at a dose 100 mumole/kg was metabolized to unidentified substances within 15-30 min without accumulation of 4-phosphopantothenate. Within subsequent 2-4 hrs period pantothenate, 4-phosphopantothenate, CoA and considerably higher amounts of the unidentified metabolites (apparently symmetric and mixed (disulphides) were simultaneously accumulated in liver tissue; the latter substances determined the subsequent prolonged and essential elevation in content of CoA in the liver tissue. The phase dynamics of accumulation in liver tissue of the administered pantothenate is due to its recirculation from intestine and to alteration in the activity of pantothenate metabolizing enzymes, particularly those, which catalyze the reactions of thiodisulphide metabolism.", "contents": "[Pantothenate metabolism in the rat liver and its regulation]. Pantothenate, penetrating the liver tissue after intraperitoneal administration into young rats at a dose 100 mumole/kg was metabolized to unidentified substances within 15-30 min without accumulation of 4-phosphopantothenate. Within subsequent 2-4 hrs period pantothenate, 4-phosphopantothenate, CoA and considerably higher amounts of the unidentified metabolites (apparently symmetric and mixed (disulphides) were simultaneously accumulated in liver tissue; the latter substances determined the subsequent prolonged and essential elevation in content of CoA in the liver tissue. The phase dynamics of accumulation in liver tissue of the administered pantothenate is due to its recirculation from intestine and to alteration in the activity of pantothenate metabolizing enzymes, particularly those, which catalyze the reactions of thiodisulphide metabolism.", "PMID": 595503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5107", "title": "[Quantitative determination of tissue disulfide groups by reverse amperometric titration].", "content": "A method of reversed amperometric titration for estimation of content of S- S-groups in biological materials is described. The method is based on splitting of disulphide groups in reaction with a reducing agent (Na2SO3) in presence of an excess of metal ions (Ag+, Hg2+), which form a mercaptide bond (AgS) with SH-groups. The excess of free metal ions was titrated with the equimolar solution of thiol (unithiol, cysteine). The method is comparatively simple and enables to estimate S- S groups in presence of air oxygen and enzymatic systems.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of tissue disulfide groups by reverse amperometric titration]. A method of reversed amperometric titration for estimation of content of S- S-groups in biological materials is described. The method is based on splitting of disulphide groups in reaction with a reducing agent (Na2SO3) in presence of an excess of metal ions (Ag+, Hg2+), which form a mercaptide bond (AgS) with SH-groups. The excess of free metal ions was titrated with the equimolar solution of thiol (unithiol, cysteine). The method is comparatively simple and enables to estimate S- S groups in presence of air oxygen and enzymatic systems.", "PMID": 595506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5108", "title": "[Cryosurgical treatment of prostate gland cancer].", "content": "The authors share their experience with cryosurgical treatment of 38 patients with prostatic cancer (stage T3--in 9 patients, T4--in 29). The technic of cryotherapy is described. The former was employed in patients with complete obstruction of the cervico-urethral segment being nonresponsive to the hormone- and radiotherapy, and also for a life cystostome. Three freezing sessions for 5--15 minutes were conducted with natural warming of the prostate between sessions during 10--12 minutes, and forced warming for 3--4 minutes after the third session. The optimum time of cryoeffect was 5--7 minutes. The postoperative period was smooth, uncomplicated. The process of rejection of the frozen tissues lasted for up to 4--6 weeks, after that a suprapubic drainage was withdrawn and uresis was restored. 32 patients were discharged from the clinic, the survival up to 3 months--in 2, up to 6 months--in 6, up to 1 year--in 4, up to 2 years--in 7, up to 3 years--in 7.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical treatment of prostate gland cancer]. The authors share their experience with cryosurgical treatment of 38 patients with prostatic cancer (stage T3--in 9 patients, T4--in 29). The technic of cryotherapy is described. The former was employed in patients with complete obstruction of the cervico-urethral segment being nonresponsive to the hormone- and radiotherapy, and also for a life cystostome. Three freezing sessions for 5--15 minutes were conducted with natural warming of the prostate between sessions during 10--12 minutes, and forced warming for 3--4 minutes after the third session. The optimum time of cryoeffect was 5--7 minutes. The postoperative period was smooth, uncomplicated. The process of rejection of the frozen tissues lasted for up to 4--6 weeks, after that a suprapubic drainage was withdrawn and uresis was restored. 32 patients were discharged from the clinic, the survival up to 3 months--in 2, up to 6 months--in 6, up to 1 year--in 4, up to 2 years--in 7, up to 3 years--in 7.", "PMID": 595515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5109", "title": "[Blast transformation reaction in testicular teratoblastomas].", "content": "Cell immunity was studied in vitro by means of the blasttransformation reaction (RBT) under the influence of phytohemagglutinin nonspecific mitogen (PHA). The results obtained indicated a correlation between the clinical course of teratoblastoma and the cell immunity intensity, measured by RBT. RBT indices also were correlated well with the efficacy of chemotherapy and were of certain prognostic value.", "contents": "[Blast transformation reaction in testicular teratoblastomas]. Cell immunity was studied in vitro by means of the blasttransformation reaction (RBT) under the influence of phytohemagglutinin nonspecific mitogen (PHA). The results obtained indicated a correlation between the clinical course of teratoblastoma and the cell immunity intensity, measured by RBT. RBT indices also were correlated well with the efficacy of chemotherapy and were of certain prognostic value.", "PMID": 595516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5110", "title": "[Effect of a centrogenic fever on phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase activity in rabbit tissues].", "content": "Administration of pyrogenal into rabbits caused a decrease in the activity of phosphorylase A and pyruvate kinase in musculus gastrocnemius as well as pyruvate kinase -- in musculus soleus. The phosphorylase A activity was increased within 3 hrs after the drug administration but it was decreased after the treatment for three days. Administration of hydrocortisone decreased the activity of phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase in both muscles. Activities of total phosphorylase and phosphorylase A were decreased simultaneously with restoration of the pyruvate kinase activity in the both muscles after the complex administration of pyrogenal and hydrocortisone within 3 days. In liver tissue and kidney cortex activities of the enzymes did not differ from those of control animals under all the conditions studied. The various extent and direction in alterations of the same enzymes in dissimilar tissues of a single amnial after administration of pyrogenal and hydrocortisone were considered as the various adaptation of cells of different tissues to the effect of hydrocortisone and as the alteration in tissue reactivity in experimental fever animals to the hormonal effect.", "contents": "[Effect of a centrogenic fever on phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase activity in rabbit tissues]. Administration of pyrogenal into rabbits caused a decrease in the activity of phosphorylase A and pyruvate kinase in musculus gastrocnemius as well as pyruvate kinase -- in musculus soleus. The phosphorylase A activity was increased within 3 hrs after the drug administration but it was decreased after the treatment for three days. Administration of hydrocortisone decreased the activity of phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase in both muscles. Activities of total phosphorylase and phosphorylase A were decreased simultaneously with restoration of the pyruvate kinase activity in the both muscles after the complex administration of pyrogenal and hydrocortisone within 3 days. In liver tissue and kidney cortex activities of the enzymes did not differ from those of control animals under all the conditions studied. The various extent and direction in alterations of the same enzymes in dissimilar tissues of a single amnial after administration of pyrogenal and hydrocortisone were considered as the various adaptation of cells of different tissues to the effect of hydrocortisone and as the alteration in tissue reactivity in experimental fever animals to the hormonal effect.", "PMID": 595505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5111", "title": "[Quantitative method of determining the activity of zinc- and copper-dependent superoxide dismutase in biological material].", "content": "The activity of superhydroxide dismutase was estimated by following rate of inhibition of non-enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium salt in reaction with superhydroxide ions, which were continuously generated in a photochemical system. The quantitative estimations were achieved by using para-nitrotetrazolium chloride, which was reduced to formazanes soluble in acetone. Formation of formazanes by the photochemical system (riboflavin + tetramethylethylene diamine + O2 + para-nitrotetrazolium chloride + light) in presence of biological material and cyanide was compared with formation of formazanes in absence of cyanide for specific estimation of Zn, Cu-dependent forms of superhydroxide dismutase. The rate of enzymatic cyanide sensitive inhibition of the photochemical formation of formazanes from paranitrotetrazolium chloride was determined by the activity of Zn, Cu-dependent superhydroxide dismutase in biological material and might be expressed in units of the activity -- un. ac. = 10/(0,026.% inhibition--1,3).", "contents": "[Quantitative method of determining the activity of zinc- and copper-dependent superoxide dismutase in biological material]. The activity of superhydroxide dismutase was estimated by following rate of inhibition of non-enzymatic reduction of tetrazolium salt in reaction with superhydroxide ions, which were continuously generated in a photochemical system. The quantitative estimations were achieved by using para-nitrotetrazolium chloride, which was reduced to formazanes soluble in acetone. Formation of formazanes by the photochemical system (riboflavin + tetramethylethylene diamine + O2 + para-nitrotetrazolium chloride + light) in presence of biological material and cyanide was compared with formation of formazanes in absence of cyanide for specific estimation of Zn, Cu-dependent forms of superhydroxide dismutase. The rate of enzymatic cyanide sensitive inhibition of the photochemical formation of formazanes from paranitrotetrazolium chloride was determined by the activity of Zn, Cu-dependent superhydroxide dismutase in biological material and might be expressed in units of the activity -- un. ac. = 10/(0,026.% inhibition--1,3).", "PMID": 595507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5112", "title": "[Colonofibroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the large intestine].", "content": "Fiberoptic colonscopy was performed in 35 patients with cancer of the large intestine (14% among the examined patients). Endoscopic diagnosis in cancer of the large intestine was precise in 96%, the results of Fiberoptic colonscopy, biopsy and cytologic assay being of primary importance in recognition of the early cancer.", "contents": "[Colonofibroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the large intestine]. Fiberoptic colonscopy was performed in 35 patients with cancer of the large intestine (14% among the examined patients). Endoscopic diagnosis in cancer of the large intestine was precise in 96%, the results of Fiberoptic colonscopy, biopsy and cytologic assay being of primary importance in recognition of the early cancer.", "PMID": 595518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5113", "title": "[Respiration of the cells and isolated mitochondria of the rat liver in the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis].", "content": "Under study was the respiration of mitochondria and cell aggregates (slices) of rat liver during the process of chemical carcinogenesis, induced by 3'-Me-DAB and AAP. The study of the hepatic mitochondria respiration indicated no impairment of the mitochondria functions investigated at early stages of carcinogenesis. The examination of hepatic slices respiration has demonstrated that during the process of chemical carcinogenesis the stimulation of endogenic respiration affected by DNP is decreased, whereas such effect is not observed while using succinate as a substrate. During the carcinogens metabolism compounds are assumed to be formed, those are able to affect oxidative phosphorylation without forming any stable link with the respiratory chain components. Which of the carcinogens metabolites may render similar effects is the question to be discussed.", "contents": "[Respiration of the cells and isolated mitochondria of the rat liver in the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis]. Under study was the respiration of mitochondria and cell aggregates (slices) of rat liver during the process of chemical carcinogenesis, induced by 3'-Me-DAB and AAP. The study of the hepatic mitochondria respiration indicated no impairment of the mitochondria functions investigated at early stages of carcinogenesis. The examination of hepatic slices respiration has demonstrated that during the process of chemical carcinogenesis the stimulation of endogenic respiration affected by DNP is decreased, whereas such effect is not observed while using succinate as a substrate. During the carcinogens metabolism compounds are assumed to be formed, those are able to affect oxidative phosphorylation without forming any stable link with the respiratory chain components. Which of the carcinogens metabolites may render similar effects is the question to be discussed.", "PMID": 595519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5114", "title": "[Methylcholanthrene sensitization in skin tumor induction].", "content": "Injection of 2 mg of methylcholanthrene renders a sensitizing effect on separate tissues and enhances the development of skin papillomas and cancer in skin application of methylcholanthrene. To the time of papillomas appearance sensitized animals showed immunosuppression being more significant than in nonsensitized mice. Animals with cancerous tumors, both sensitized and non-sensitized, showed paralysis of immunological mechanisms of the organism protection.", "contents": "[Methylcholanthrene sensitization in skin tumor induction]. Injection of 2 mg of methylcholanthrene renders a sensitizing effect on separate tissues and enhances the development of skin papillomas and cancer in skin application of methylcholanthrene. To the time of papillomas appearance sensitized animals showed immunosuppression being more significant than in nonsensitized mice. Animals with cancerous tumors, both sensitized and non-sensitized, showed paralysis of immunological mechanisms of the organism protection.", "PMID": 595520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5115", "title": "[Ezymohistochemical study of the early stages of carcinogenesis in the rat peripheral nervous system].", "content": "Early blastomatous changes in the peripheral nervous system induced by transplacental N-nitroso-N-ethylurea exposure were manifested in lemmoblasts proliferates, observed starting from the 14th day of the postnatal period in rats. The proliferates showed the increased activity of ortho-phosphoric and carbonic esters hydrolysis enzymes pentose cycle, ultimate glycolysis and the reduced citric acid cycle, tissue respiration, the synthesis of aminoacids, folic acid, nucleoproteids precursors, and a sharp suppression of oxidative desamination. Such profile of enzymic provision was retained in neurinomas developed 6 months following the postnatal period. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that the process of glial cells malignant transformation is terminated long before the appearance of malignant neoplasms detected macroscopically.", "contents": "[Ezymohistochemical study of the early stages of carcinogenesis in the rat peripheral nervous system]. Early blastomatous changes in the peripheral nervous system induced by transplacental N-nitroso-N-ethylurea exposure were manifested in lemmoblasts proliferates, observed starting from the 14th day of the postnatal period in rats. The proliferates showed the increased activity of ortho-phosphoric and carbonic esters hydrolysis enzymes pentose cycle, ultimate glycolysis and the reduced citric acid cycle, tissue respiration, the synthesis of aminoacids, folic acid, nucleoproteids precursors, and a sharp suppression of oxidative desamination. Such profile of enzymic provision was retained in neurinomas developed 6 months following the postnatal period. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that the process of glial cells malignant transformation is terminated long before the appearance of malignant neoplasms detected macroscopically.", "PMID": 595521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5116", "title": "[Spontaneous neoplasms in guinea pigs].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of the data of foreign literature and the results of their personal studies of spontaneous neoplasms in 40 guinea pigs of national breeding observed during observed during a 5-year period. In 4 of them malignant tumors were diagnosed-lympholeucosis (2 cases), dermoid ovarian cysts and also cancer and adenoma of the adrenal cortex (in one animal). The neoplasms described developed in guinea pigs, aged over 4 years, and they are referred to as mostly common tumors in this species of animals.", "contents": "[Spontaneous neoplasms in guinea pigs]. The authors present an analysis of the data of foreign literature and the results of their personal studies of spontaneous neoplasms in 40 guinea pigs of national breeding observed during observed during a 5-year period. In 4 of them malignant tumors were diagnosed-lympholeucosis (2 cases), dermoid ovarian cysts and also cancer and adenoma of the adrenal cortex (in one animal). The neoplasms described developed in guinea pigs, aged over 4 years, and they are referred to as mostly common tumors in this species of animals.", "PMID": 595522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5117", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of the dysplasias and the early forms of cervical cancer].", "content": "One hundred and forty patients, admitted to the Center of Oncology Research of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences with a suspicion to cervical cancer, were examined by the complex method comprising in addition to routine gynecological examination also extended colposcopy, cytological investigation of smears from pathological foci surface as well as  histological studies, \"aimed biopsy and cervical canal curetting. It was found that the cytological picture of moderate dysplasia of cervical epithelium is more frequently recognized in patients with pseuderosions developed with unchanged in size and form uterine cervix in the background, in the presence of benign colposcopic picture. The cytological picture of marked epithelial dysplasia and dysplasia with clear-cut cell atypism is observed in patients with bleeding pseuderosions against the background of hypertrophic and deformed cervix. Histological assay in these patients revealed early cervical cancer in 67% of observations. Marked extensive leucoplakia of the cervix found in clinical examination is manifested by different forms of epithelial dysplasia, while histological assay revealed early cervical cancer in 29.4% of observations.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of the dysplasias and the early forms of cervical cancer]. One hundred and forty patients, admitted to the Center of Oncology Research of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences with a suspicion to cervical cancer, were examined by the complex method comprising in addition to routine gynecological examination also extended colposcopy, cytological investigation of smears from pathological foci surface as well as  histological studies, \"aimed biopsy and cervical canal curetting. It was found that the cytological picture of moderate dysplasia of cervical epithelium is more frequently recognized in patients with pseuderosions developed with unchanged in size and form uterine cervix in the background, in the presence of benign colposcopic picture. The cytological picture of marked epithelial dysplasia and dysplasia with clear-cut cell atypism is observed in patients with bleeding pseuderosions against the background of hypertrophic and deformed cervix. Histological assay in these patients revealed early cervical cancer in 67% of observations. Marked extensive leucoplakia of the cervix found in clinical examination is manifested by different forms of epithelial dysplasia, while histological assay revealed early cervical cancer in 29.4% of observations.", "PMID": 595523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5118", "title": "[Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children].", "content": "The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children]. The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.", "PMID": 595530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5119", "title": "[Possibility of predicting the results of the surgical treatment of cancer of the thoracic portion of the esophagus].", "content": "Within a 18-year period in the clinic 273 patients were subjected to radical surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. 206 patients were discharged from the clinic. The survival rate for 5 years and longer was noted in 58 patients. The data and results of the treatment depending on a sum of clinical signs were treated mathematically. It is noted that the patients' survival is influenced by such factors as sex, the stage of the disease, the morphological structure of tumor, the character of course, tumor size and spread, the type of surgical intervention. An advanced course, changes in blood presence of metastases do not seem to be the reason for cancellation of the operation.", "contents": "[Possibility of predicting the results of the surgical treatment of cancer of the thoracic portion of the esophagus]. Within a 18-year period in the clinic 273 patients were subjected to radical surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. 206 patients were discharged from the clinic. The survival rate for 5 years and longer was noted in 58 patients. The data and results of the treatment depending on a sum of clinical signs were treated mathematically. It is noted that the patients' survival is influenced by such factors as sex, the stage of the disease, the morphological structure of tumor, the character of course, tumor size and spread, the type of surgical intervention. An advanced course, changes in blood presence of metastases do not seem to be the reason for cancellation of the operation.", "PMID": 595531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5120", "title": "[Effect of the combined use of pyrogenal and cyclophosphane on experimental tumors].", "content": "The effect of the combined administration of cyclophosphane and pyrogenal was studied on mice with sarcoma 37 and Ehrlich carcinoma. It has been found that pyrogenal potentiates the antitumor effect of cyclophosphane and reduces the toxic action of this drug, thus making the survival of animals longer.", "contents": "[Effect of the combined use of pyrogenal and cyclophosphane on experimental tumors]. The effect of the combined administration of cyclophosphane and pyrogenal was studied on mice with sarcoma 37 and Ehrlich carcinoma. It has been found that pyrogenal potentiates the antitumor effect of cyclophosphane and reduces the toxic action of this drug, thus making the survival of animals longer.", "PMID": 595532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5121", "title": "[Complex diagnosis of breast diseases in a polyclinic].", "content": "In 159 patients with malignant and in 170 patients with benign tumors the diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical data, cytographic findings, obtained in puncturing the node and the results of roentgenological studies of mammary glands. In patients with malignant tumors all these methods yielded the similar results in 71.7% of cases, none of the methods concerned helped to diagnose the lesion in 2.5% of cases. The ultimate diagnosis in patients to be directed to the clinic coincided with histological findings in 97.5%. The coincidence of diagnoses, while using the mentioned three methods in patients with benign breast tumors was noted in 72.9% of cases. The methods under consideration failed to establish the diagnosis in 3% of cases. The ultimate diagnosis coincided with histological findings in 97.0%. The presence of negative results while using each of these methods is shown to be the characteristic of their resolving power.", "contents": "[Complex diagnosis of breast diseases in a polyclinic]. In 159 patients with malignant and in 170 patients with benign tumors the diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical data, cytographic findings, obtained in puncturing the node and the results of roentgenological studies of mammary glands. In patients with malignant tumors all these methods yielded the similar results in 71.7% of cases, none of the methods concerned helped to diagnose the lesion in 2.5% of cases. The ultimate diagnosis in patients to be directed to the clinic coincided with histological findings in 97.5%. The coincidence of diagnoses, while using the mentioned three methods in patients with benign breast tumors was noted in 72.9% of cases. The methods under consideration failed to establish the diagnosis in 3% of cases. The ultimate diagnosis coincided with histological findings in 97.0%. The presence of negative results while using each of these methods is shown to be the characteristic of their resolving power.", "PMID": 595533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5122", "title": "[Work capacity of women after treatment for breast cancer].", "content": "Under consideration are the results of the analysis of 209 questionnaires from females, subjected to surgical and radiotherapy for cancer of the mammary gland. Among 134 patients with group 2 invalidism 100 patients resumed their former activities. During first two years following the treatment 28 of them had to change their occupation. Sixty three females did not work at all after the treatment. The main causes leading to partial or complete loss of the efficiency were complications of radical mastectomy for cancer such as: pain, edema of the upper extremity at the site of the operation and its limited motion in the shoulder joint.", "contents": "[Work capacity of women after treatment for breast cancer]. Under consideration are the results of the analysis of 209 questionnaires from females, subjected to surgical and radiotherapy for cancer of the mammary gland. Among 134 patients with group 2 invalidism 100 patients resumed their former activities. During first two years following the treatment 28 of them had to change their occupation. Sixty three females did not work at all after the treatment. The main causes leading to partial or complete loss of the efficiency were complications of radical mastectomy for cancer such as: pain, edema of the upper extremity at the site of the operation and its limited motion in the shoulder joint.", "PMID": 595534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5123", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of obesity: a critical assessment of the Simeons method.", "content": "Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have been claimed to aid in weight reduction by reducing hunger, and affecting mood as well as aiding in localized (spot) reduction. We have tested these claims in a double-blind randomized trial using injections of HCG or placebo. Weight loss was identical between the two groups, and there was no evidence for differential effects on hunger, mood or localized body measurements. Placebo injections, therefore, appear to be as effective as HCG in the treatment of obesity.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of obesity: a critical assessment of the Simeons method. Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have been claimed to aid in weight reduction by reducing hunger, and affecting mood as well as aiding in localized (spot) reduction. We have tested these claims in a double-blind randomized trial using injections of HCG or placebo. Weight loss was identical between the two groups, and there was no evidence for differential effects on hunger, mood or localized body measurements. Placebo injections, therefore, appear to be as effective as HCG in the treatment of obesity.", "PMID": 595585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5124", "title": "[Mechanocardiographic diagnosis of impaired cardiac function (author's transl)].", "content": "The value and limitations of phonocardiography, systolic time intervals, apex cardiography and kinetocardiography in the diagnosis of impaired cardiac function during rest and haemodynamic stress were critically reviewed on the basis of studies carried out in our laboratory, as well as reports in the literature. When compared with invasively-obtained measurements, none of the above-mentioned techniques allows the prediction of heart function quantitatively in a single given patient. However, when one considers the broad overlap of mechanocardiographic measurements in normal subjects and patients with heart disease and defines an abnormal mechanocardiogram accordingly, these methods may be used to diagnose abnormal cardiac function with adequate specificity though low sensitivity.", "contents": "[Mechanocardiographic diagnosis of impaired cardiac function (author's transl)]. The value and limitations of phonocardiography, systolic time intervals, apex cardiography and kinetocardiography in the diagnosis of impaired cardiac function during rest and haemodynamic stress were critically reviewed on the basis of studies carried out in our laboratory, as well as reports in the literature. When compared with invasively-obtained measurements, none of the above-mentioned techniques allows the prediction of heart function quantitatively in a single given patient. However, when one considers the broad overlap of mechanocardiographic measurements in normal subjects and patients with heart disease and defines an abnormal mechanocardiogram accordingly, these methods may be used to diagnose abnormal cardiac function with adequate specificity though low sensitivity.", "PMID": 595601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5125", "title": "[The influence of mexiletin on ventricular arrhythmias during ergometric exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "Wireless telemetric ECG observations and suitably-graded ergometric loads to reach an age-dependent maximum heart rate of about 130/min. are suited for the critical examination of released ventricular arrhythmias requiring therapeutic aid. In the recovery period after ergometric exercise the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is twice as great as at rest or during normal physical activity. Even in the recovery period distinct ST depressions were observed. The hypothesis that myocardial ischaemia predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias as a result of electrophysiological instability is apparently supported by these findings. Mexitil--a potent class I antiarrhythmic drug--significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias at rest, normal physical activity and after ergometric loading during initial intravenous therapy followed by continuous oral administration over a three-week period at a daily dosage of 600 to 800 mg. No significant haemodynamic effects were observed, especially with respect to the pump function of the heart during oral or intravenous therapeutic administration.", "contents": "[The influence of mexiletin on ventricular arrhythmias during ergometric exercise (author's transl)]. Wireless telemetric ECG observations and suitably-graded ergometric loads to reach an age-dependent maximum heart rate of about 130/min. are suited for the critical examination of released ventricular arrhythmias requiring therapeutic aid. In the recovery period after ergometric exercise the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is twice as great as at rest or during normal physical activity. Even in the recovery period distinct ST depressions were observed. The hypothesis that myocardial ischaemia predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias as a result of electrophysiological instability is apparently supported by these findings. Mexitil--a potent class I antiarrhythmic drug--significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias at rest, normal physical activity and after ergometric loading during initial intravenous therapy followed by continuous oral administration over a three-week period at a daily dosage of 600 to 800 mg. No significant haemodynamic effects were observed, especially with respect to the pump function of the heart during oral or intravenous therapeutic administration.", "PMID": 595602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5126", "title": "[Arrhythmias during catheterization of patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Arrhythmias in forty consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction during ventricle passage of floating catheters were compared with those in forty patients with chronic heart disease. Lidocaine (1 mg/kg body weight i. v.) as a bolus proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of these arrhythmias, because the number of single ventricular premature beats (VPBs), and the number of VPBs in salves was significantly reduced. Haemodynamic changes due to this bolus are small and short-lasting, so that they are acceptable, especially when continuous monitoring of the patients is attempted. Furthermore dangerous arrhythmias are reported in 1600 cases treated with floating catheters.", "contents": "[Arrhythmias during catheterization of patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Arrhythmias in forty consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction during ventricle passage of floating catheters were compared with those in forty patients with chronic heart disease. Lidocaine (1 mg/kg body weight i. v.) as a bolus proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of these arrhythmias, because the number of single ventricular premature beats (VPBs), and the number of VPBs in salves was significantly reduced. Haemodynamic changes due to this bolus are small and short-lasting, so that they are acceptable, especially when continuous monitoring of the patients is attempted. Furthermore dangerous arrhythmias are reported in 1600 cases treated with floating catheters.", "PMID": 595603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5127", "title": "[Emergency treatment with a temporary balloon-floated pacemaker electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"blind\" insertion of a balloon-tipped pacemaker electrode is a suitable method when emergency pacing at the bedside is needed. The disadvantage of placement of the electrode without fluoroscopic control is counter-balanced by the saving of time and the lesser stress and risk involved for the patient, who is not required to be moved to a fluoroscopic room.", "contents": "[Emergency treatment with a temporary balloon-floated pacemaker electrode (author's transl)]. The \"blind\" insertion of a balloon-tipped pacemaker electrode is a suitable method when emergency pacing at the bedside is needed. The disadvantage of placement of the electrode without fluoroscopic control is counter-balanced by the saving of time and the lesser stress and risk involved for the patient, who is not required to be moved to a fluoroscopic room.", "PMID": 595604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5128", "title": "[Low molecule and middle molecule metabolites with haemodynamic activity in the ultrafiltrate from uraemic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Substances causing blood pressure changes and myocardial damage in rats were first detected in the ultrafiltrate obtained from patients on long-term haemodialysis by means of size separation, high-voltage electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. Of the 100 to 140 fractions produced by Sephadex G 15 chromatography at least 3 raised the blood pressure when administered in doses of 2 to 10 mg/0.1 to 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, that is the high molecular fraction 18 to 23 and the low molecular fractions 71 to 72 and 73 to 74. The fractions 96 to 98 and 97 to 106 showed high toxicity. Less than 1 mg/0.1 to 0.2 ccm 0.9% NaCl produced cardiac arrest. The fractions 35 to 55, which originate from the middle molecules and are retained in regularly uraemia, contain substances which caused a reduction in blood pressure at low dosage and cardiotoxic effects at a dosage of more than 10 mg. Thin-layer chromatography indicates that the substances most probably consist of peptides whose structure contains the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and cystine.", "contents": "[Low molecule and middle molecule metabolites with haemodynamic activity in the ultrafiltrate from uraemic patients (author's transl)]. Substances causing blood pressure changes and myocardial damage in rats were first detected in the ultrafiltrate obtained from patients on long-term haemodialysis by means of size separation, high-voltage electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. Of the 100 to 140 fractions produced by Sephadex G 15 chromatography at least 3 raised the blood pressure when administered in doses of 2 to 10 mg/0.1 to 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, that is the high molecular fraction 18 to 23 and the low molecular fractions 71 to 72 and 73 to 74. The fractions 96 to 98 and 97 to 106 showed high toxicity. Less than 1 mg/0.1 to 0.2 ccm 0.9% NaCl produced cardiac arrest. The fractions 35 to 55, which originate from the middle molecules and are retained in regularly uraemia, contain substances which caused a reduction in blood pressure at low dosage and cardiotoxic effects at a dosage of more than 10 mg. Thin-layer chromatography indicates that the substances most probably consist of peptides whose structure contains the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and cystine.", "PMID": 595605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5129", "title": "[Interference of reticulocyte metabolism with enzyme activity analyses in haemolytic anaemias (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper outlines the procedure for the preparation of leucocyte-free reticulocytes and normocytes and details the activities of the key enzymes in reticulocytes, normocytes and leucocytes. An assesment of the error in normocyte enzyme analyses due to contamination with reticulocytes and leucocytes is enabled by these means.", "contents": "[Interference of reticulocyte metabolism with enzyme activity analyses in haemolytic anaemias (author's transl)]. This paper outlines the procedure for the preparation of leucocyte-free reticulocytes and normocytes and details the activities of the key enzymes in reticulocytes, normocytes and leucocytes. An assesment of the error in normocyte enzyme analyses due to contamination with reticulocytes and leucocytes is enabled by these means.", "PMID": 595606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5130", "title": "[Physical performance in patients with focal infection ergospirometric stress-testing before and after tonsillectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of a focal infection in 13 patients (6 men and 7 women, aged 18 to 36) was based on the findings of chronic tonsillitis and general complaints interpreted as focal symptoms. The patients underwent symptom-limited maximal stress-testing before and after tonsillectomy to rule out any impairment of physical performance on the basis of computer-assisted processing of ergospirometric data. It can be concluded that the actual data of maximal oxygen uptake (aerobic power), the phenomenon of adaptation to increasing work loads (derived from rating of the increase in oxygen uptake during rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry), the on-line processed index of anaerobic power and the anaerobic threshold, as well as heart rate and arterial blood pressure regulation did not differ in these patients from findings in healthy subjects. Nor were these parameters altered by tonsillectomy. Tonsillar focal infection is unlikely to cause any impairment of physical performance with respect to parameters of cardio-respiratory and metabolic function.", "contents": "[Physical performance in patients with focal infection ergospirometric stress-testing before and after tonsillectomy (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of a focal infection in 13 patients (6 men and 7 women, aged 18 to 36) was based on the findings of chronic tonsillitis and general complaints interpreted as focal symptoms. The patients underwent symptom-limited maximal stress-testing before and after tonsillectomy to rule out any impairment of physical performance on the basis of computer-assisted processing of ergospirometric data. It can be concluded that the actual data of maximal oxygen uptake (aerobic power), the phenomenon of adaptation to increasing work loads (derived from rating of the increase in oxygen uptake during rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry), the on-line processed index of anaerobic power and the anaerobic threshold, as well as heart rate and arterial blood pressure regulation did not differ in these patients from findings in healthy subjects. Nor were these parameters altered by tonsillectomy. Tonsillar focal infection is unlikely to cause any impairment of physical performance with respect to parameters of cardio-respiratory and metabolic function.", "PMID": 595607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5131", "title": "[Complete occlusion of the aortic arch in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the case of a 55-year-old patient with complete obstruction of the aorta between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The arterial blood supply to the lower half of the body is provided by extensive collateral networks in the region of the right hemithorax, the neck and the base of the brain. Only 10 similar cases appear to have been described in the literature; our patient seems to be the oldest so far.", "contents": "[Complete occlusion of the aortic arch in an adult (author's transl)]. This paper reports the case of a 55-year-old patient with complete obstruction of the aorta between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The arterial blood supply to the lower half of the body is provided by extensive collateral networks in the region of the right hemithorax, the neck and the base of the brain. Only 10 similar cases appear to have been described in the literature; our patient seems to be the oldest so far.", "PMID": 595608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5132", "title": "Levels, trends, differentials and causes of child mortality-a survey.", "content": "This paper attempts to give an overview of current levels of child mortality prevailing in the world. It also examines trends and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality for selected countries and regions of the world. Lastly it reviews data on causes of child death and related environmental factors. The paper concludes that despite the fact that child deaths are frequently avoidable, mortality differentials between the developed and developing regions of the world are more pronounced in childhood (ages one to under five years) than at any other time of life. While some developing countries have substantially reduced the level of mortality in childhood, in others it remains very high. In contrast, in most developed countries child death rates are now so low, that they no longer serve as useful measures of public health.", "contents": "Levels, trends, differentials and causes of child mortality-a survey. This paper attempts to give an overview of current levels of child mortality prevailing in the world. It also examines trends and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality for selected countries and regions of the world. Lastly it reviews data on causes of child death and related environmental factors. The paper concludes that despite the fact that child deaths are frequently avoidable, mortality differentials between the developed and developing regions of the world are more pronounced in childhood (ages one to under five years) than at any other time of life. While some developing countries have substantially reduced the level of mortality in childhood, in others it remains very high. In contrast, in most developed countries child death rates are now so low, that they no longer serve as useful measures of public health.", "PMID": 595618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5133", "title": "[Investigations on the extension of smoking among the working youth of the German Democratic Republic and on the smoking habits of Leipzig Youth].", "content": "In an extensive study performed in 1975 the extent of smoking among 4000 working adolescents of GDR was analysed. The results are approximately representative for the whole working youth of GDR in the age period of 17 to 25 years. The portion of smokers is represented approximately in dependence on socio-demographic factors and on social positions. The main results are as follows. 45%  of the working youth in GDR are smokers; 55% being among male adolescents and 36% among female ones. The increasing extension of smoking habits must be first of all attributed to the growing proportion of female smokers. From all seizable influencing factors the levels of education and qualification have the most significant effect to the proportion of smokers to nonsmokers, the percentage of smokers significantly decreasing with increasing level of education and qualification. More detailed data on the smoking habits of adolescents are based on a longitudinal study of the Zentralinstitut f\u00fcr Jugendforschung begun in 1968 and continued every year in the same population investigating the development of the personality of adolescents and its determination in 600 Leipzig pupils of the 6th form. Onset of smoking, occasional and habitual smoking, average cigarette consumption per day and motivation for nonsmoking are analysed. Conclusions are drawn from these investigations for the prevention of smoking.", "contents": "[Investigations on the extension of smoking among the working youth of the German Democratic Republic and on the smoking habits of Leipzig Youth]. In an extensive study performed in 1975 the extent of smoking among 4000 working adolescents of GDR was analysed. The results are approximately representative for the whole working youth of GDR in the age period of 17 to 25 years. The portion of smokers is represented approximately in dependence on socio-demographic factors and on social positions. The main results are as follows. 45%  of the working youth in GDR are smokers; 55% being among male adolescents and 36% among female ones. The increasing extension of smoking habits must be first of all attributed to the growing proportion of female smokers. From all seizable influencing factors the levels of education and qualification have the most significant effect to the proportion of smokers to nonsmokers, the percentage of smokers significantly decreasing with increasing level of education and qualification. More detailed data on the smoking habits of adolescents are based on a longitudinal study of the Zentralinstitut f\u00fcr Jugendforschung begun in 1968 and continued every year in the same population investigating the development of the personality of adolescents and its determination in 600 Leipzig pupils of the 6th form. Onset of smoking, occasional and habitual smoking, average cigarette consumption per day and motivation for nonsmoking are analysed. Conclusions are drawn from these investigations for the prevention of smoking.", "PMID": 595665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5134", "title": "[Number of smokers in students (results of a panel-study)].", "content": "65% of female and 45% of male enrolers score as non-smokers. This number does not change much in time of study. After studentship this number does not increase also, but the number of cigarettes smoked by the smokers is increasing. As the results of the panel-study (2000 students) show are the habits of smoking/non-smoking very stable. Smokers and non-smokers differ in various traits of personality.", "contents": "[Number of smokers in students (results of a panel-study)]. 65% of female and 45% of male enrolers score as non-smokers. This number does not change much in time of study. After studentship this number does not increase also, but the number of cigarettes smoked by the smokers is increasing. As the results of the panel-study (2000 students) show are the habits of smoking/non-smoking very stable. Smokers and non-smokers differ in various traits of personality.", "PMID": 595666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5135", "title": "[Epidemiology of chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases in Yugoslavia (author's transl)].", "content": "In Yugoslavia the diseases of the respiratory system (without tuberculosis) ranges with 23% in front of all other organ-localised diseases. 53--95% of all chronic non-specific lung diseases are registrated in the chest clinics of the different republics. 67% of all lung diseases registrated belong to the obstructive syndrom, 6% are bronchial carcinomas and 27% represent the group of other chronic pulmonary diseases. 31,5%  of all patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis are younger than 50 years old, 34,7% are in the age-group between 50-65 years. Assuming the best registered incidence and prevalence rates of bronchial carcinoma, chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema in Slowenia as a basis, the expected morbidity of these diseases in each autonomic republic are compared.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases in Yugoslavia (author's transl)]. In Yugoslavia the diseases of the respiratory system (without tuberculosis) ranges with 23% in front of all other organ-localised diseases. 53--95% of all chronic non-specific lung diseases are registrated in the chest clinics of the different republics. 67% of all lung diseases registrated belong to the obstructive syndrom, 6% are bronchial carcinomas and 27% represent the group of other chronic pulmonary diseases. 31,5%  of all patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis are younger than 50 years old, 34,7% are in the age-group between 50-65 years. Assuming the best registered incidence and prevalence rates of bronchial carcinoma, chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema in Slowenia as a basis, the expected morbidity of these diseases in each autonomic republic are compared.", "PMID": 595667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5136", "title": "[Are repeated controls of the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) necessary in examinations of bronchial reactivity? (author's transl)].", "content": "In 432 patients examinations of bronchial reactivity with the acetylcholin test (3 min. inhalation of a 0.1% acetylcholine solution) were carried out with testing FEV1 immediately, 5 min. and 10 min. after stopping inhalation. It could be shown that the extent of bronchial hyperreactivity can be found by a single determination after acetylcholine provocation. It is proposed to use this one-step method for routine examinations and to measure FEV1 five min. after stopping inhalation. For clinical evaluation the intensity of bronchial reaction has also to be considered and estimated.", "contents": "[Are repeated controls of the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) necessary in examinations of bronchial reactivity? (author's transl)]. In 432 patients examinations of bronchial reactivity with the acetylcholin test (3 min. inhalation of a 0.1% acetylcholine solution) were carried out with testing FEV1 immediately, 5 min. and 10 min. after stopping inhalation. It could be shown that the extent of bronchial hyperreactivity can be found by a single determination after acetylcholine provocation. It is proposed to use this one-step method for routine examinations and to measure FEV1 five min. after stopping inhalation. For clinical evaluation the intensity of bronchial reaction has also to be considered and estimated.", "PMID": 595668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5137", "title": "[Complications in bilateral large lung cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Complications in bilateral, congenital or acquired large cystic lesions in the lungs are a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized. When surgical treatment is necessary, decisions about the surgical procedures should be made knowing the in situ condition. Cooperation in decision making between bronchologist and thoracic surgeon is required.", "contents": "[Complications in bilateral large lung cysts (author's transl)]. Complications in bilateral, congenital or acquired large cystic lesions in the lungs are a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized. When surgical treatment is necessary, decisions about the surgical procedures should be made knowing the in situ condition. Cooperation in decision making between bronchologist and thoracic surgeon is required.", "PMID": 595669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5138", "title": "[Practical and theoretical aspects of genetic family counselling in mucoviscidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "It is now obvious that mucoviscidosis possesses an autosomatic recessive heredity. It is not yet clear whether the cause will be found in only one or in several mutant genes. A definite assertion on the genetics of mucoviscidosis can not be done until a practicable test for heterozygotes is available allowing representative investigations. As long as this is not so a repeat risk of at least 25% should be taken as a basis for adequately counselling parents of patients with mucoviscidosis.", "contents": "[Practical and theoretical aspects of genetic family counselling in mucoviscidosis (author's transl)]. It is now obvious that mucoviscidosis possesses an autosomatic recessive heredity. It is not yet clear whether the cause will be found in only one or in several mutant genes. A definite assertion on the genetics of mucoviscidosis can not be done until a practicable test for heterozygotes is available allowing representative investigations. As long as this is not so a repeat risk of at least 25% should be taken as a basis for adequately counselling parents of patients with mucoviscidosis.", "PMID": 595670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5139", "title": "[Influence of rhodanid applied during phase of immunisation on the development of experimental bronchial asthma in guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "A state similar to bronchial asthma  was provoced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin followed by inhalation of ovalbumin-aerosol. Pulmonary impedance, the ratio of maximal esophagus pressure and tidal volume, was decreased significantly by treatment of rhodanid.", "contents": "[Influence of rhodanid applied during phase of immunisation on the development of experimental bronchial asthma in guinea pig (author's transl)]. A state similar to bronchial asthma  was provoced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin followed by inhalation of ovalbumin-aerosol. Pulmonary impedance, the ratio of maximal esophagus pressure and tidal volume, was decreased significantly by treatment of rhodanid.", "PMID": 595671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5140", "title": "[Functional morphology of the pleura (author's transl)].", "content": "Peculiarities of topography, structure and injuries are responsible for the pathomorphological behaviour of the pleura. Its characteristical macro- and microscopic alterations are correlated with the typical cytological findings of effusions. Additionally to the pleural reactions in acute inflammation, the postpleuritic functional disturbances of pleura and lung are reported.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the pleura (author's transl)]. Peculiarities of topography, structure and injuries are responsible for the pathomorphological behaviour of the pleura. Its characteristical macro- and microscopic alterations are correlated with the typical cytological findings of effusions. Additionally to the pleural reactions in acute inflammation, the postpleuritic functional disturbances of pleura and lung are reported.", "PMID": 595672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5141", "title": "[Clinical experience with Sulprim].", "content": "Sulprim is composed of trimethoprim and sulphametoxazol. By potentiation of a bactericidal effect develops with a very broad antibacterial spectre. The Polish experiences in the therapy of infections of the urinary tracts, infections of the respiratory tract, gonorrhoea, bacterial skin diseases, combustions and paediatric infections confirm the equivalence with foreign preparations of the same composition. All side effects were reversible.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with Sulprim]. Sulprim is composed of trimethoprim and sulphametoxazol. By potentiation of a bactericidal effect develops with a very broad antibacterial spectre. The Polish experiences in the therapy of infections of the urinary tracts, infections of the respiratory tract, gonorrhoea, bacterial skin diseases, combustions and paediatric infections confirm the equivalence with foreign preparations of the same composition. All side effects were reversible.", "PMID": 595688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5142", "title": "[Studies of human serum and lung-tissue oxacillin levels].", "content": "After the intramuscular administration of 500 mg oxacillin (oxacillin-chinoin) the serum level and the level of the pulmonary tissue of 15 patients operated on account of different diseases of the respiratory tract were determined by means of the agar diffusion method. In the first hour the serum level showed the average value of 11.8 mcg/ml, the level of the pulmonary tissue was 2.4 mcg/g. 60-120 minutes after the administration the serum level rapidly diminished, the decrease of the level of the pulmonary tissue was smaller, i.e. oxacillin was more rapidly excreted from the serum than from the pulmonary tissue. Taking into consideration the minimum inhibition concentration of oxacillin on the basis of our results we are of the opinion that oxacillin is suitable for the treatment of gram-positive oxacillin-sensitive infections of the lungs.", "contents": "[Studies of human serum and lung-tissue oxacillin levels]. After the intramuscular administration of 500 mg oxacillin (oxacillin-chinoin) the serum level and the level of the pulmonary tissue of 15 patients operated on account of different diseases of the respiratory tract were determined by means of the agar diffusion method. In the first hour the serum level showed the average value of 11.8 mcg/ml, the level of the pulmonary tissue was 2.4 mcg/g. 60-120 minutes after the administration the serum level rapidly diminished, the decrease of the level of the pulmonary tissue was smaller, i.e. oxacillin was more rapidly excreted from the serum than from the pulmonary tissue. Taking into consideration the minimum inhibition concentration of oxacillin on the basis of our results we are of the opinion that oxacillin is suitable for the treatment of gram-positive oxacillin-sensitive infections of the lungs.", "PMID": 595689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5143", "title": "[Allergic side-effects of antimicrobial chemotherapy and possibilities in their diagnosis].", "content": "In antimicrobial chemotherapy the allergic reactions are in the first place of the side-effects appearing. The most frequent cause of the iatrogenic contact eczema antimycotics and chloramphenicol are to be taken into consideration. Penicillin and its derivations and chloramphenicol form the main proportion of the allergic in systematic administration. The serologico-nephelometric two-step-method and the lymphocyte transformation test are useful methods for the diagnostics of drug allergies. In a use adequate to indication they are valuable adjuvants in the hand of the clinician.", "contents": "[Allergic side-effects of antimicrobial chemotherapy and possibilities in their diagnosis]. In antimicrobial chemotherapy the allergic reactions are in the first place of the side-effects appearing. The most frequent cause of the iatrogenic contact eczema antimycotics and chloramphenicol are to be taken into consideration. Penicillin and its derivations and chloramphenicol form the main proportion of the allergic in systematic administration. The serologico-nephelometric two-step-method and the lymphocyte transformation test are useful methods for the diagnostics of drug allergies. In a use adequate to indication they are valuable adjuvants in the hand of the clinician.", "PMID": 595690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5144", "title": "Therapeutic possibilities in mucosal and organ mycoses.", "content": "From the practical experience and from own results of examinations in the therapy of mycoses of mucous membrane and organ resulted the following problems: It is necessary a sufficient concentration of the antimycotic remedy in the place of the growth of the fungus on and in the tissues. It depends on the kind of application, absorptive capacity and compatibility. When pre-disposing factors are present the gastrointestinal tract should be cleaned up as the most important reservoir. Repeated determinations of the causative organisms and tests of the resistance are necessary for therapy.", "contents": "Therapeutic possibilities in mucosal and organ mycoses. From the practical experience and from own results of examinations in the therapy of mycoses of mucous membrane and organ resulted the following problems: It is necessary a sufficient concentration of the antimycotic remedy in the place of the growth of the fungus on and in the tissues. It depends on the kind of application, absorptive capacity and compatibility. When pre-disposing factors are present the gastrointestinal tract should be cleaned up as the most important reservoir. Repeated determinations of the causative organisms and tests of the resistance are necessary for therapy.", "PMID": 595691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5145", "title": "[Resistance problems in mucosal and organ mycoses].", "content": "When there is a suspicion of the presence of a mycosis an exact diagnosis is necessary. Apart from the qualitative and quantitative culture to this also belongs an analysis of mycological kinds and a testing of the resistance against antimycotic drugs. The culture of primarily resistant yeast strains and the observation of a change of the mycological causative organisms render this demand urgent.", "contents": "[Resistance problems in mucosal and organ mycoses]. When there is a suspicion of the presence of a mycosis an exact diagnosis is necessary. Apart from the qualitative and quantitative culture to this also belongs an analysis of mycological kinds and a testing of the resistance against antimycotic drugs. The culture of primarily resistant yeast strains and the observation of a change of the mycological causative organisms render this demand urgent.", "PMID": 595692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5146", "title": "[Incidence and therapy of fungal infections of the efferent urinary pathways].", "content": "Manifest infections with fungi of the urinary tract are rare in comparison with bacterial diseases and therefore they are often overseen. When this is concerned a funguria must always be clarified in chronic pyelonephritis. In patients with manifest infections with fungi without pronounced renal insufficiency 5-fluorocytosin is therapeutically very well suited on account of the renal elimination.", "contents": "[Incidence and therapy of fungal infections of the efferent urinary pathways]. Manifest infections with fungi of the urinary tract are rare in comparison with bacterial diseases and therefore they are often overseen. When this is concerned a funguria must always be clarified in chronic pyelonephritis. In patients with manifest infections with fungi without pronounced renal insufficiency 5-fluorocytosin is therapeutically very well suited on account of the renal elimination.", "PMID": 595693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5147", "title": "[The antistreptolysin reaction with and without dextran sulfate addition in various diseases].", "content": "It is reported on the results of determinations of the antistreptolysin titre in patients with infectious hepatitis, renal and essential hypertension, mitral stenosis, acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever as well as rheumatoid arthritis according to the usual and the dextran sulphate absorption method in altogether 739 patients. Here as in a former publication in 1,700 normal persons partly considerable significant differences between the antistreptolysin titre with and without dextran sulphate were found. The two techniques are discussed, also the influence of the beta-lipoproteins with their proportion of phosphatide on the result of the antistreptolysin titre. It is possible to absorb beta-lipoproteins and perhaps also phosphatides with the help of the addition of dextran sulphate. The present investigations show unequivocally that the absorption the dextran sulphate is a necessary demand which saves the clinician from diagnostic and therapeutic errors. The antistreptolysin reaction is to be regarded only as one constituent for the clinical diagnosis and must not be overvalued in its importance.", "contents": "[The antistreptolysin reaction with and without dextran sulfate addition in various diseases]. It is reported on the results of determinations of the antistreptolysin titre in patients with infectious hepatitis, renal and essential hypertension, mitral stenosis, acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever as well as rheumatoid arthritis according to the usual and the dextran sulphate absorption method in altogether 739 patients. Here as in a former publication in 1,700 normal persons partly considerable significant differences between the antistreptolysin titre with and without dextran sulphate were found. The two techniques are discussed, also the influence of the beta-lipoproteins with their proportion of phosphatide on the result of the antistreptolysin titre. It is possible to absorb beta-lipoproteins and perhaps also phosphatides with the help of the addition of dextran sulphate. The present investigations show unequivocally that the absorption the dextran sulphate is a necessary demand which saves the clinician from diagnostic and therapeutic errors. The antistreptolysin reaction is to be regarded only as one constituent for the clinical diagnosis and must not be overvalued in its importance.", "PMID": 595695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5148", "title": "[Mycobacterial infections in internal medicine patients].", "content": "It is reported on four own observations of atypical mycobacteriosis, which had been evident within the clinical examinations of a larger mixed number of patients with internal diseases. In three patients pathogenic significance must be ascribed to the proved atypical mycobacteria. All the three had other basic diseases. Only in one patient it appeared as a purely pulmonary form of manifestation. On the basis of a further observation is shown that a single proof of atypical mycobacteria may be regarded only as accidental findings. The clinical symptomatology of this group of diseases is multiform. The differential-diagnostic considerations are usually determined by the basic disease. As apart from this the proof of atypical mycobacteria is difficult, infections with these microorganisms might at present not infrequently remain infrequently. The observation of a disease by mycobacterium xenopi emphasizes that also in this microorganism good chances of success may be given by medicamentous antituberculotic therapy.", "contents": "[Mycobacterial infections in internal medicine patients]. It is reported on four own observations of atypical mycobacteriosis, which had been evident within the clinical examinations of a larger mixed number of patients with internal diseases. In three patients pathogenic significance must be ascribed to the proved atypical mycobacteria. All the three had other basic diseases. Only in one patient it appeared as a purely pulmonary form of manifestation. On the basis of a further observation is shown that a single proof of atypical mycobacteria may be regarded only as accidental findings. The clinical symptomatology of this group of diseases is multiform. The differential-diagnostic considerations are usually determined by the basic disease. As apart from this the proof of atypical mycobacteria is difficult, infections with these microorganisms might at present not infrequently remain infrequently. The observation of a disease by mycobacterium xenopi emphasizes that also in this microorganism good chances of success may be given by medicamentous antituberculotic therapy.", "PMID": 595696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5149", "title": "[Late sequelae of rib fractures].", "content": "For an assessment of the late lesions after rib fractures 108 patients having had an accident between 1968 and 1973 were followed up. As to the individual signs observed, the patients were very heterogeneous. Radiodiagnostic, spirometric and scintigraphic data were compiled in order to characterize the late morphologic and functional lesions. By means of correlation and discrimination analyses as well as tests of significance we found that the extension of the late lesions depends either on the age of the patient nor on the number of fractured ribs but, instead, on concomitant intrathoracic lesions. The late morphologic lesions such as deformedly healed rib fractures and pleural thickening were the substrate for the ventilative and circulatory disturbances of the lung.", "contents": "[Late sequelae of rib fractures]. For an assessment of the late lesions after rib fractures 108 patients having had an accident between 1968 and 1973 were followed up. As to the individual signs observed, the patients were very heterogeneous. Radiodiagnostic, spirometric and scintigraphic data were compiled in order to characterize the late morphologic and functional lesions. By means of correlation and discrimination analyses as well as tests of significance we found that the extension of the late lesions depends either on the age of the patient nor on the number of fractured ribs but, instead, on concomitant intrathoracic lesions. The late morphologic lesions such as deformedly healed rib fractures and pleural thickening were the substrate for the ventilative and circulatory disturbances of the lung.", "PMID": 595697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5150", "title": "[Toxic hepatoses due to Gravistat].", "content": "With the help of 5 cases with toxic hepatosis by administration of Gravistat the problems concerning ovulation inhibitor and toxic hepatosis were explained. The clinical, paraclinical and histological findings may be pronounced differently. Anamnestically in prescribing ovulation inhibitors particularly a jaundice during pregnancy or a pronounced pruritus in the 3rd trimester of the pregnancy must be taken into consideration. Toxic liver damage may appear not only when the ovulation inhibitor is given the first time, but also after changing it. For this reasons idiopathic jaundice during pregnancy and condition after toxic hepatosis by ovulation inhibitor in every case must be regarded as contraindications for the application of oral contraceptives. In order to establish subclinical courses a control of transaminases in the first three cycles of using the remedies is to be demanded.", "contents": "[Toxic hepatoses due to Gravistat]. With the help of 5 cases with toxic hepatosis by administration of Gravistat the problems concerning ovulation inhibitor and toxic hepatosis were explained. The clinical, paraclinical and histological findings may be pronounced differently. Anamnestically in prescribing ovulation inhibitors particularly a jaundice during pregnancy or a pronounced pruritus in the 3rd trimester of the pregnancy must be taken into consideration. Toxic liver damage may appear not only when the ovulation inhibitor is given the first time, but also after changing it. For this reasons idiopathic jaundice during pregnancy and condition after toxic hepatosis by ovulation inhibitor in every case must be regarded as contraindications for the application of oral contraceptives. In order to establish subclinical courses a control of transaminases in the first three cycles of using the remedies is to be demanded.", "PMID": 595698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5151", "title": "[Recurrent metabolic alkalosis due to pyloric stenosis].", "content": "After an inability to work lasting 15 months with 9 treatments in an inpatient department in several institutions in a 33-year-old patient the relapsing metabolic alkalosis in hypopotassiaemia and relapsing increase of the creatinine level could causally be clarified by establishment of a pylorus stenosis in chronic duodenal ulcer. Due to the Billroth II operation a complete clinical and objective improvement developed. In this case the transient retention of substances normally contained in the urine was conditioned by a hypokalaemic nephropathy. The cause of the hypokalaemia was the vomiting by pylorus stenosis. The histologically ascertained glomerulonephritis had no causal significance for the pathological process.", "contents": "[Recurrent metabolic alkalosis due to pyloric stenosis]. After an inability to work lasting 15 months with 9 treatments in an inpatient department in several institutions in a 33-year-old patient the relapsing metabolic alkalosis in hypopotassiaemia and relapsing increase of the creatinine level could causally be clarified by establishment of a pylorus stenosis in chronic duodenal ulcer. Due to the Billroth II operation a complete clinical and objective improvement developed. In this case the transient retention of substances normally contained in the urine was conditioned by a hypokalaemic nephropathy. The cause of the hypokalaemia was the vomiting by pylorus stenosis. The histologically ascertained glomerulonephritis had no causal significance for the pathological process.", "PMID": 595699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5152", "title": "[Clinical results in the management of mycoses using 5-fluorocytosine].", "content": "Among the approved antimycotic remedies for the general treatment nystatin and amphotericin B of the group of polyenes, griseofulvin (benzofuran), 5-fluorocytosine (antimetabolite) as well as clotrimazol and micomazol (imidazol derivatives) may be mentioned. The preparation 5-fluorocytosine (ancotil) is a valuable enlargement of the hitherto used sortiment of antimycotics. It does not only supersede the hitherto approved orally effective, not absorbed preparations nystatin and clotrimazol as well as the resorbable griseofulvin and also not the intravenously applicable amphotericin B. In many cases it can substitute the more effective amphotericin B and has the essential advantage of the lacking or more insignificant side effects, respectively, compared with the loaded in this respect amphotericin B. On account of the danger of the development of resistance 5-fluorocytosine is to be avoided for local treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical results in the management of mycoses using 5-fluorocytosine]. Among the approved antimycotic remedies for the general treatment nystatin and amphotericin B of the group of polyenes, griseofulvin (benzofuran), 5-fluorocytosine (antimetabolite) as well as clotrimazol and micomazol (imidazol derivatives) may be mentioned. The preparation 5-fluorocytosine (ancotil) is a valuable enlargement of the hitherto used sortiment of antimycotics. It does not only supersede the hitherto approved orally effective, not absorbed preparations nystatin and clotrimazol as well as the resorbable griseofulvin and also not the intravenously applicable amphotericin B. In many cases it can substitute the more effective amphotericin B and has the essential advantage of the lacking or more insignificant side effects, respectively, compared with the loaded in this respect amphotericin B. On account of the danger of the development of resistance 5-fluorocytosine is to be avoided for local treatment.", "PMID": 595700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5153", "title": "[Results of cellular immune reaction assessment under 5-fluorocytosine therapy].", "content": "In the judgment of cellular immune reactions with the help of LTT, taking into consideration age-specific variations in generalised mycoses negative and decreased results, respectively, are found after testing with PHA, PPD, in the mixed culture and with candidine. After overcoming of the generalisation of fungi the finding normalised. While using metabolites in other clinical pictures always a decrease of the cellular immune reaction is found, under treatment with 5-fluorocytosin in generalised mycoses no decrease of the transformation of lymphocytes is to be observed. Here after successful therapy even an adequate increase is shown. The examinations confirm the opinion that 5-fluorocytosin does not condition an influence on the function of the T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Results of cellular immune reaction assessment under 5-fluorocytosine therapy]. In the judgment of cellular immune reactions with the help of LTT, taking into consideration age-specific variations in generalised mycoses negative and decreased results, respectively, are found after testing with PHA, PPD, in the mixed culture and with candidine. After overcoming of the generalisation of fungi the finding normalised. While using metabolites in other clinical pictures always a decrease of the cellular immune reaction is found, under treatment with 5-fluorocytosin in generalised mycoses no decrease of the transformation of lymphocytes is to be observed. Here after successful therapy even an adequate increase is shown. The examinations confirm the opinion that 5-fluorocytosin does not condition an influence on the function of the T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 595701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5154", "title": "[EDP (electronic data processing) and medicine].", "content": "The paper deals with the description of the regions of the use of automatized processing of medical informations; i.e. the basic processes of the information processing referred to patients in the hospital, the information and documentation referred to patients, the information relations between the place demading efficiencies and bringing efficiencies in the medical institution including systems organized in the territory as well as the finding of decisions in medicine. With the description of the individual regions of use are connected considerations of the utility, issuing from the project of the electronic data processing realised at the Medical Academy Dresden. The regions of application described make clear that the tasks of the automatized processing of medical informations extend to the following: Taking over of functions of the description of information and the storage of information, taking over of functions of the comparison of informations and the control of information, taking over of functions of the organisational preparation and the planning of diagnostic and therapeutic courses as well as the taking over of functions of the information integration. It is clearly to be established that the electronic data processing shall not restrict the turning of the physician to the patient, but shall improve and enlarge it. The electronic data processing is a modern means of work which with progressing scientific and technical development medicine needs just as much as other technical procedures and methods.", "contents": "[EDP (electronic data processing) and medicine]. The paper deals with the description of the regions of the use of automatized processing of medical informations; i.e. the basic processes of the information processing referred to patients in the hospital, the information and documentation referred to patients, the information relations between the place demading efficiencies and bringing efficiencies in the medical institution including systems organized in the territory as well as the finding of decisions in medicine. With the description of the individual regions of use are connected considerations of the utility, issuing from the project of the electronic data processing realised at the Medical Academy Dresden. The regions of application described make clear that the tasks of the automatized processing of medical informations extend to the following: Taking over of functions of the description of information and the storage of information, taking over of functions of the comparison of informations and the control of information, taking over of functions of the organisational preparation and the planning of diagnostic and therapeutic courses as well as the taking over of functions of the information integration. It is clearly to be established that the electronic data processing shall not restrict the turning of the physician to the patient, but shall improve and enlarge it. The electronic data processing is a modern means of work which with progressing scientific and technical development medicine needs just as much as other technical procedures and methods.", "PMID": 595702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5155", "title": "[Basic principles of anemia diagnosis].", "content": "Anaemias are diseases, which are characterized by a decreased concentration of haemoglobin and erythrocytes in the blood. They can be classified on the basis of etiopathogenetic and laboratory-diagnostic principles. From this results a differentialdiagnostic model of thinking, which may relieve the differential diagnosis on the basis of anamnesis and careful clinical examination and with aimed use of laboratory primary and additional examinations. It is particularly to be taken into consideration that anaemias very often may be complication or symptom of most various basic diseases. To combat an anaemia \"differential-diagnostically\" ex juvantibus by means of iron and/or vitamin B12, must be generally refused.", "contents": "[Basic principles of anemia diagnosis]. Anaemias are diseases, which are characterized by a decreased concentration of haemoglobin and erythrocytes in the blood. They can be classified on the basis of etiopathogenetic and laboratory-diagnostic principles. From this results a differentialdiagnostic model of thinking, which may relieve the differential diagnosis on the basis of anamnesis and careful clinical examination and with aimed use of laboratory primary and additional examinations. It is particularly to be taken into consideration that anaemias very often may be complication or symptom of most various basic diseases. To combat an anaemia \"differential-diagnostically\" ex juvantibus by means of iron and/or vitamin B12, must be generally refused.", "PMID": 595703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5156", "title": "[Iron-deficiency syndrome].", "content": "A short survey is given on iron deficiency, its pathophysiology, the causes, the clinical symptomatology and the therapeutic possibilities. On account of the abundance of the material only the most important facts could be treated. Hereby the clinical practice was particularly taken into consideration. Essential theoretical questions have been outlined only in short.", "contents": "[Iron-deficiency syndrome]. A short survey is given on iron deficiency, its pathophysiology, the causes, the clinical symptomatology and the therapeutic possibilities. On account of the abundance of the material only the most important facts could be treated. Hereby the clinical practice was particularly taken into consideration. Essential theoretical questions have been outlined only in short.", "PMID": 595704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5157", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of megaloblastic anemias].", "content": "In most cases megaloblastic anaemias are the sequel of a deficiency of vitamin B12, more infrequently of a deficiency of folic acid of different etiology. Oriented to frequency and anamnesis the diagnostics follows the leading symptoms of pernicious anaemia (straw colour, glossitis, achlorhydria) and on the basis of special findings in the peripheral blood (hyperchromacia, megalocytosis, much decreased number of reticulocytes, increased iron and bilirubin level) it leads to the proved suspicion of a megaloblastic anaemia. This suspicion is ascertained by the investigation of the bone-marrow, with the help of aimed investigations the anaemia is further clarified differential-diagnostically. An unclear anaemia should not be treated ex juvantibus with vitamin B12 and/or folic acid. The therapy, always taking into consideration a possible basic disease, is carried out by parenteral application of vitamin B12, possibly in form of hydroxocobalamine or by folic acid. In persisting disturbance of the resorption of vitamin B12 on account of the threatening complication of a funicular spinal disease the long-term therapy must never be interrupted, unless in normal haematological findings.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of megaloblastic anemias]. In most cases megaloblastic anaemias are the sequel of a deficiency of vitamin B12, more infrequently of a deficiency of folic acid of different etiology. Oriented to frequency and anamnesis the diagnostics follows the leading symptoms of pernicious anaemia (straw colour, glossitis, achlorhydria) and on the basis of special findings in the peripheral blood (hyperchromacia, megalocytosis, much decreased number of reticulocytes, increased iron and bilirubin level) it leads to the proved suspicion of a megaloblastic anaemia. This suspicion is ascertained by the investigation of the bone-marrow, with the help of aimed investigations the anaemia is further clarified differential-diagnostically. An unclear anaemia should not be treated ex juvantibus with vitamin B12 and/or folic acid. The therapy, always taking into consideration a possible basic disease, is carried out by parenteral application of vitamin B12, possibly in form of hydroxocobalamine or by folic acid. In persisting disturbance of the resorption of vitamin B12 on account of the threatening complication of a funicular spinal disease the long-term therapy must never be interrupted, unless in normal haematological findings.", "PMID": 595705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5158", "title": "[Bone-marrow insufficiency].", "content": "In a survey the definition of the notions insufficiency of the bone marrow, panmyelopathy, panmyelophthisis and aplastic anaemia, the subdivision into congenital and acquired forms as well as to the clinical course, the epidemiologic situation as well as the distribution according to age and sex are described. More in detail the author enters the etiological factors, in which cases the etiological classification of the individual case may be connected with considerable difficulties. Exogenic noxae are subdivided into factors dependent on dose and independent on dose as pathogenetic principles. In this connection professional noxious substances as well as unwished side-effects of medicaments are discussed more in detail. Despite all variety the possibilities of therapy are limited.", "contents": "[Bone-marrow insufficiency]. In a survey the definition of the notions insufficiency of the bone marrow, panmyelopathy, panmyelophthisis and aplastic anaemia, the subdivision into congenital and acquired forms as well as to the clinical course, the epidemiologic situation as well as the distribution according to age and sex are described. More in detail the author enters the etiological factors, in which cases the etiological classification of the individual case may be connected with considerable difficulties. Exogenic noxae are subdivided into factors dependent on dose and independent on dose as pathogenetic principles. In this connection professional noxious substances as well as unwished side-effects of medicaments are discussed more in detail. Despite all variety the possibilities of therapy are limited.", "PMID": 595706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5159", "title": "[Problems in the differential diagnosis and therapy of tumorous and infectious anemias].", "content": "Despite the complexity of etiological factors and pathogenetic processes was tried to demarcate differential-diagnostically the different forms of tumour anaemias (haemorrhagic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, megaloblastic and haemolytic anaemia as well as tumour anaemia in closer sense) and the infection anaemia with the aim to make possible a differentiated practical therapy.", "contents": "[Problems in the differential diagnosis and therapy of tumorous and infectious anemias]. Despite the complexity of etiological factors and pathogenetic processes was tried to demarcate differential-diagnostically the different forms of tumour anaemias (haemorrhagic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, megaloblastic and haemolytic anaemia as well as tumour anaemia in closer sense) and the infection anaemia with the aim to make possible a differentiated practical therapy.", "PMID": 595707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5160", "title": "[Automated microbiological information system].", "content": "The microbiological information system ISM gives the possibility to collect data of patients and findings on punch strips, to transmit the findings to the senders and to store and evaluate the data according to medical points of view and for the purpose of performance statistics. The essential elements of the system are demonstrated and the basic principles of the data processing apparatus type R300 are described. Here the author particularly enters the calculator-internal testing processes for elimination of codation and punching errors. Finally the further development of the information system provided is briefly sketched. The advantages of the use of electronic data processing result from 1. the simplificstion and unification of the information relations, 2. the reduction of writing work, 3. the centralised transmission of findings, 4. the increased security of data and 5. the possibility of mathematico-statistical evaluations of the stored data material. According to its basic conception the information system ISM may be used universally and it is possible to enlarge it.", "contents": "[Automated microbiological information system]. The microbiological information system ISM gives the possibility to collect data of patients and findings on punch strips, to transmit the findings to the senders and to store and evaluate the data according to medical points of view and for the purpose of performance statistics. The essential elements of the system are demonstrated and the basic principles of the data processing apparatus type R300 are described. Here the author particularly enters the calculator-internal testing processes for elimination of codation and punching errors. Finally the further development of the information system provided is briefly sketched. The advantages of the use of electronic data processing result from 1. the simplificstion and unification of the information relations, 2. the reduction of writing work, 3. the centralised transmission of findings, 4. the increased security of data and 5. the possibility of mathematico-statistical evaluations of the stored data material. According to its basic conception the information system ISM may be used universally and it is possible to enlarge it.", "PMID": 595708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5161", "title": "[Use of the EDP (electronic data processing) technic in the control of digitalis-glycoside therapy].", "content": "A computer programme for the digitalis therapy developed by us was tested in 282 patients with heart insufficiency. It helps to control the course of the therapy, to establish the optimum fully effective dose of the individually determined glycoside sensitivity and to decrease significantly the danger of an overdosage.", "contents": "[Use of the EDP (electronic data processing) technic in the control of digitalis-glycoside therapy]. A computer programme for the digitalis therapy developed by us was tested in 282 patients with heart insufficiency. It helps to control the course of the therapy, to establish the optimum fully effective dose of the individually determined glycoside sensitivity and to decrease significantly the danger of an overdosage.", "PMID": 595709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5162", "title": "[Relationships between the value of combined PAH-inulin clearance, the kidney-cortex index as well as between additional radiographic findings in chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "In 85 patients with ascertained chronic pyelonephritis the relations between the measured values of the combined PAH-inulin-clearance, the index of the adrenal cortex and other radiological findings were investigated. Here the determination of the cortex of the adrenal cortex resulted in a better correlation with the sizes clarification values than the calculation of the size of the kidney. By variance analysis (F-test) significant differences between the individual function groups became clear.", "contents": "[Relationships between the value of combined PAH-inulin clearance, the kidney-cortex index as well as between additional radiographic findings in chronic pyelonephritis]. In 85 patients with ascertained chronic pyelonephritis the relations between the measured values of the combined PAH-inulin-clearance, the index of the adrenal cortex and other radiological findings were investigated. Here the determination of the cortex of the adrenal cortex resulted in a better correlation with the sizes clarification values than the calculation of the size of the kidney. By variance analysis (F-test) significant differences between the individual function groups became clear.", "PMID": 595710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5163", "title": "[Temperature behavior of infusion solutions].", "content": "Since rheological qualities (density, viscosity) of solutions depend upon temperature and consecutively influence the conditions of current, i. e. among others the dropping speed of the solutions to be infused, the behaviour of the temperature of the solutions glucose 50, 200, alvesin \"new\", fructose 400, intralipid 10%, sorbitoli 100, electrolytic infusion 153 DAB 7 and as comparative fluid distilled water was investigated. All solutions showed qualitatively the same behaviour. In an infusion not running after 3 till 4 hours at all levels of the infusion bottle an assimilation of the temperature of refrigerator to room temperature is to be expected. In running infusion after about one hour the infusion solution in the canule reaches room temperature, whereas the temperature of the solution in the infusion bottle is about 10 degrees C lower. With increasing speed of infusion this difference in temperature decreases. A constancy of the rheological qualities of an infusion solution is, therefore, in non-running infusion to be reached after about three hours, in running infusion after about one hour, in case that before the solution had the temperature of the refrigerator (4 degrees C till 10 degrees C). The dropping speed is influenced in such a case only by the changing of the hydrostatic pressure.", "contents": "[Temperature behavior of infusion solutions]. Since rheological qualities (density, viscosity) of solutions depend upon temperature and consecutively influence the conditions of current, i. e. among others the dropping speed of the solutions to be infused, the behaviour of the temperature of the solutions glucose 50, 200, alvesin \"new\", fructose 400, intralipid 10%, sorbitoli 100, electrolytic infusion 153 DAB 7 and as comparative fluid distilled water was investigated. All solutions showed qualitatively the same behaviour. In an infusion not running after 3 till 4 hours at all levels of the infusion bottle an assimilation of the temperature of refrigerator to room temperature is to be expected. In running infusion after about one hour the infusion solution in the canule reaches room temperature, whereas the temperature of the solution in the infusion bottle is about 10 degrees C lower. With increasing speed of infusion this difference in temperature decreases. A constancy of the rheological qualities of an infusion solution is, therefore, in non-running infusion to be reached after about three hours, in running infusion after about one hour, in case that before the solution had the temperature of the refrigerator (4 degrees C till 10 degrees C). The dropping speed is influenced in such a case only by the changing of the hydrostatic pressure.", "PMID": 595712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5164", "title": "[Socio-biorhythm of heart-infarct mortality--the subcycle of weekdays].", "content": "Examinations of all persons who suddenly on the way died of myocardial infarction who were 70 years old and younger (so-called U-cases) in the GDR from 1970 to 1974 on the basis of certificates of death resulted in a statistically significant different distribution of persons who died on the way to the physician or in the waiting-room (so-called cases U3) compared with persons who suddenly died during transport (so-called cases U4) in 6 town-counties. From the results regional-specific causes of organizational kind in the outpatient public health and at the level of population could be derived as well as conclusions could be made for the secondary prevention by decrease of the socially determined subcycles.", "contents": "[Socio-biorhythm of heart-infarct mortality--the subcycle of weekdays]. Examinations of all persons who suddenly on the way died of myocardial infarction who were 70 years old and younger (so-called U-cases) in the GDR from 1970 to 1974 on the basis of certificates of death resulted in a statistically significant different distribution of persons who died on the way to the physician or in the waiting-room (so-called cases U3) compared with persons who suddenly died during transport (so-called cases U4) in 6 town-counties. From the results regional-specific causes of organizational kind in the outpatient public health and at the level of population could be derived as well as conclusions could be made for the secondary prevention by decrease of the socially determined subcycles.", "PMID": 595713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5165", "title": "[Demonstration of ECG-triggered, two-dimensional ultrasonic cross-sectional pictures of the heart].", "content": "It is reported on experiences with the demonstration of twodimensial cut pictures of the heart by means of the ultrasound device \"Vidoson\". To receive temporarily exactly defined picture, a trigger mechanism for releasing the camera dependent on the R-lead of the ECG is described as supplementation for the device. The advantages and possibilities of such defined cut pictures of the heart are shown.", "contents": "[Demonstration of ECG-triggered, two-dimensional ultrasonic cross-sectional pictures of the heart]. It is reported on experiences with the demonstration of twodimensial cut pictures of the heart by means of the ultrasound device \"Vidoson\". To receive temporarily exactly defined picture, a trigger mechanism for releasing the camera dependent on the R-lead of the ECG is described as supplementation for the device. The advantages and possibilities of such defined cut pictures of the heart are shown.", "PMID": 595714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5166", "title": "[Participation of gonads in chronic poisonings with heavy metals].", "content": "On the basis of clinical examinations in 23 of 37 patients with chronic heavy metal intoxications hypofunctions of the gonads were proved in the sense of a deficitary spermatogenesis. By application of gonadotropic hormones the spermatogenesis could be stimulated, so that a deficient excretion of hormones in toxic lesion of the hypothalamo-hypophysary structures of the patients is to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Participation of gonads in chronic poisonings with heavy metals]. On the basis of clinical examinations in 23 of 37 patients with chronic heavy metal intoxications hypofunctions of the gonads were proved in the sense of a deficitary spermatogenesis. By application of gonadotropic hormones the spermatogenesis could be stimulated, so that a deficient excretion of hormones in toxic lesion of the hypothalamo-hypophysary structures of the patients is to be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 595715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5167", "title": "[Matched-pair analysis--technic and results demonstrated on the example of breast cancer].", "content": "The matched pair analysis is a well-known, but rarely used method. This method is recommended for the following problems: preparation of a controlled clinical experiment based upon the results of a retrospective analysis of results of therapy; analysis of results from a controlled clinical experiment in sub-groups; influence of non-therapeutic factors on the prognosis; epidemiological problems and study of the course of diseases. A matched pair analysis of about 300 female patients with breast carcinoma failed to show significant differences between (a) radical mastectomy alone, (b) radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, and (c) preoperative irradiation followed by radical mastectomy.", "contents": "[Matched-pair analysis--technic and results demonstrated on the example of breast cancer]. The matched pair analysis is a well-known, but rarely used method. This method is recommended for the following problems: preparation of a controlled clinical experiment based upon the results of a retrospective analysis of results of therapy; analysis of results from a controlled clinical experiment in sub-groups; influence of non-therapeutic factors on the prognosis; epidemiological problems and study of the course of diseases. A matched pair analysis of about 300 female patients with breast carcinoma failed to show significant differences between (a) radical mastectomy alone, (b) radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, and (c) preoperative irradiation followed by radical mastectomy.", "PMID": 595716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5168", "title": "[1st experience on the use of an automatic ECG analysis in a large industrial plant in Erfurt].", "content": "By means of a device system consisting of constituents of the SW-production and own developmental works in the factory Kombinat VEB Umformtechnik (combinate nationally owned enterprise transformation technology) for the first time ECG serial examinations were performed with the help of the mechanical ECG-analysis. The corrected orthogonal system of Frank with 3 leads served as deviation system. The ECG-registration was independently performed by function nurses. 1,720 male and female workers of this factory at the age of 21 to 59 years served as test persons. The ECG-registration lasted 20 sec., the whole time of examination including the changing of clothes and the way from the working place to the examination room did not last more than 4 to 8 min. As diagnosis programme served that one developed by Pipberger. The mechanical analysis resulted in 74.4% in a normal course of the electrocardiographic current curve. Among the pathological or abnormal ECGs (25.6%) prevailed the vegetative-functional heart diseases with 92%. Then followed the chronic ischaemic heart diseases with 7.9% and the hypertension with 5.1%. Diseases of the heart and the blood circulation established for the first time referred to 8.9%. Of them 5% needed control and 3.9% needed therapy.", "contents": "[1st experience on the use of an automatic ECG analysis in a large industrial plant in Erfurt]. By means of a device system consisting of constituents of the SW-production and own developmental works in the factory Kombinat VEB Umformtechnik (combinate nationally owned enterprise transformation technology) for the first time ECG serial examinations were performed with the help of the mechanical ECG-analysis. The corrected orthogonal system of Frank with 3 leads served as deviation system. The ECG-registration was independently performed by function nurses. 1,720 male and female workers of this factory at the age of 21 to 59 years served as test persons. The ECG-registration lasted 20 sec., the whole time of examination including the changing of clothes and the way from the working place to the examination room did not last more than 4 to 8 min. As diagnosis programme served that one developed by Pipberger. The mechanical analysis resulted in 74.4% in a normal course of the electrocardiographic current curve. Among the pathological or abnormal ECGs (25.6%) prevailed the vegetative-functional heart diseases with 92%. Then followed the chronic ischaemic heart diseases with 7.9% and the hypertension with 5.1%. Diseases of the heart and the blood circulation established for the first time referred to 8.9%. Of them 5% needed control and 3.9% needed therapy.", "PMID": 595717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5169", "title": "[The course of asymptomatic diabetes under varying preventive therapy--concluding report of a 5-year prospective study].", "content": "During a prospective study the course of asymptomatic diabetes in different preventive treatment (diet, additionally tolbutamide, carbutamide or buformin) was observed concerning the frequency of manifestation and the behaviour of the oral glucose tolerance. Among the 100 protodiabetics after 5 years 38 clinical manifestations could be established, which finally nearly equally were distributed to all 4 groups of treatment. Only under the influence of buformin an effect preventing manifestation limited to 2 years appeared. Patients with persisting full or partial remissions continuously and more decreased in weight than cases of manifestation. Furthermore, the course was determined by the initially existing degree of hyperglycaemia as well as by the improvement of the glucose tolerance achieved in the first year. On account of the results of the examinations and the existing literature a preventive use of oral antidiabetics cannot be recommended.", "contents": "[The course of asymptomatic diabetes under varying preventive therapy--concluding report of a 5-year prospective study]. During a prospective study the course of asymptomatic diabetes in different preventive treatment (diet, additionally tolbutamide, carbutamide or buformin) was observed concerning the frequency of manifestation and the behaviour of the oral glucose tolerance. Among the 100 protodiabetics after 5 years 38 clinical manifestations could be established, which finally nearly equally were distributed to all 4 groups of treatment. Only under the influence of buformin an effect preventing manifestation limited to 2 years appeared. Patients with persisting full or partial remissions continuously and more decreased in weight than cases of manifestation. Furthermore, the course was determined by the initially existing degree of hyperglycaemia as well as by the improvement of the glucose tolerance achieved in the first year. On account of the results of the examinations and the existing literature a preventive use of oral antidiabetics cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 595718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5170", "title": "[Strategy of antineoplastic chemotherapy].", "content": "After introductory remarks on the present state of the antineoplastic chemotherapy the experiences of the Erfurt treatment centre are described. In close cooperation between the haematologico-oncological department of the Medical clinic and the haematologico-oncological special ambulatory of the Medical policlinic of the Medical Academy Erfurt including the general practitioners from 1969 to 1977 altogether 745 patients with tumours, out of them 580 cases with haemoblastoses and malignant systemic diseases, underwent an intensive care. The Erfurt model well proved in practice and is a constructive basis for the further development of a complex strategy of the antineoplastic chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Strategy of antineoplastic chemotherapy]. After introductory remarks on the present state of the antineoplastic chemotherapy the experiences of the Erfurt treatment centre are described. In close cooperation between the haematologico-oncological department of the Medical clinic and the haematologico-oncological special ambulatory of the Medical policlinic of the Medical Academy Erfurt including the general practitioners from 1969 to 1977 altogether 745 patients with tumours, out of them 580 cases with haemoblastoses and malignant systemic diseases, underwent an intensive care. The Erfurt model well proved in practice and is a constructive basis for the further development of a complex strategy of the antineoplastic chemotherapy.", "PMID": 595719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5171", "title": "[Cardiovascular preventive medical check-ups in the large industrial plants of Erfurt. 1. Implementation of the screening phase].", "content": "During a medical check-up for the recognition and treatment of patients with diseases of heart and circulation or their early stages and of patients with factors of risk in two large factories of Erfurt altogether 6,646 men and women were examined. The screening was carried out in November 1975 and 1976 in immediate nearness of the working place. The times during which could not be worked were thus reduced to a minimum. Some organisational problems and their solutions in the preparation and performance of the screening phase as well as first results are reported on.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular preventive medical check-ups in the large industrial plants of Erfurt. 1. Implementation of the screening phase]. During a medical check-up for the recognition and treatment of patients with diseases of heart and circulation or their early stages and of patients with factors of risk in two large factories of Erfurt altogether 6,646 men and women were examined. The screening was carried out in November 1975 and 1976 in immediate nearness of the working place. The times during which could not be worked were thus reduced to a minimum. Some organisational problems and their solutions in the preparation and performance of the screening phase as well as first results are reported on.", "PMID": 595720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5172", "title": "[Spectrophotometric demonstration of poison in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory].", "content": "After the chloroform extraction of drugs from the serum the extracts are vaporized. The remaining residues are solved with diluted NaOH or HCl and the solutions are measured spectrophotometrically. This approach gives the possibility of a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results help, to make quickly diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.", "contents": "[Spectrophotometric demonstration of poison in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory]. After the chloroform extraction of drugs from the serum the extracts are vaporized. The remaining residues are solved with diluted NaOH or HCl and the solutions are measured spectrophotometrically. This approach gives the possibility of a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results help, to make quickly diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.", "PMID": 595721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5173", "title": "[Stem-cell leukoses in the adult age--a clinical study].", "content": "The cytochemical differentiation of 86 stem cell leucoses of adults resulted with 74% of the cases in a clear prevalence of PAS-negative forms at this age. PAS-positive leucoses were observed only in 11%. The survival time of the patients revealed a clear dependence of the degree of the remission achieved. Also for the cases of PAS-negative leucoses, which achieved a complete remission, it was not worse than the survival time of acute lymphoplastic leucoses. However, the remission coefficient of the PAS-negative leucoses was essentially below the value of lymphoblastic forms. Multiple cytostatic combinations reached the best remission rates. Above all the combination of ribidomycin, cytosine arabinosid (Alexan), 6-mercaptopurine (Mercaleukin), prednisolone and vincristine (Oncovin), called RAMPO-scheme by the authors, seemed to give much success according to the results of this study. The number of complete and good partial remissions was calculated with 62% for the ViDaP-scheme, with 51% for the COAP-scheme. For all cases of treatment the coefficient of remission was 54%.", "contents": "[Stem-cell leukoses in the adult age--a clinical study]. The cytochemical differentiation of 86 stem cell leucoses of adults resulted with 74% of the cases in a clear prevalence of PAS-negative forms at this age. PAS-positive leucoses were observed only in 11%. The survival time of the patients revealed a clear dependence of the degree of the remission achieved. Also for the cases of PAS-negative leucoses, which achieved a complete remission, it was not worse than the survival time of acute lymphoplastic leucoses. However, the remission coefficient of the PAS-negative leucoses was essentially below the value of lymphoblastic forms. Multiple cytostatic combinations reached the best remission rates. Above all the combination of ribidomycin, cytosine arabinosid (Alexan), 6-mercaptopurine (Mercaleukin), prednisolone and vincristine (Oncovin), called RAMPO-scheme by the authors, seemed to give much success according to the results of this study. The number of complete and good partial remissions was calculated with 62% for the ViDaP-scheme, with 51% for the COAP-scheme. For all cases of treatment the coefficient of remission was 54%.", "PMID": 595722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5174", "title": "[Studies on cell-mediated immunity in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "More than 100,000 variables (anamnestic, clinical, serological, radiological and histological individual findings) of 142 patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent a factor analysis. In the calculatory statistical course by means of information densification we established a few basic variables, called factors. The interpretation of these factors showed apart from logical and pathogenetic connection also relations which gave an impetus for further clinical research.", "contents": "[Studies on cell-mediated immunity in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia]. More than 100,000 variables (anamnestic, clinical, serological, radiological and histological individual findings) of 142 patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent a factor analysis. In the calculatory statistical course by means of information densification we established a few basic variables, called factors. The interpretation of these factors showed apart from logical and pathogenetic connection also relations which gave an impetus for further clinical research.", "PMID": 595723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5175", "title": "[Possibility of angiological intensive therapy in arterial occlusive disease].", "content": "It is reported on the use of an intraarterial infusion therapy by means of indwelling catheter in arterial obstructive disease. The catheters were shoved forward towards the opposite side in Seldinger's techinque under X-ray control antegrade and retrograde through the bifurcation of the aorta. The infusions were performed during several hours with above all metabolically effective substances in combination with various antibiotics. The simultaneous use of aimed surgical measures is to be aspired too. In 6 out of 8 cases a healing of the necroses could be achieved.", "contents": "[Possibility of angiological intensive therapy in arterial occlusive disease]. It is reported on the use of an intraarterial infusion therapy by means of indwelling catheter in arterial obstructive disease. The catheters were shoved forward towards the opposite side in Seldinger's techinque under X-ray control antegrade and retrograde through the bifurcation of the aorta. The infusions were performed during several hours with above all metabolically effective substances in combination with various antibiotics. The simultaneous use of aimed surgical measures is to be aspired too. In 6 out of 8 cases a healing of the necroses could be achieved.", "PMID": 595724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5176", "title": "[The Pickwickian syndrome].", "content": "The Pickwick syndrome as an independent disease is clearly separated from other respiratory disturbances with adiposity. The diagnostic valency of the symptoms in the Pickwick syndrome is explained. A report on a patient with a Pickwick syndrome is given.", "contents": "[The Pickwickian syndrome]. The Pickwick syndrome as an independent disease is clearly separated from other respiratory disturbances with adiposity. The diagnostic valency of the symptoms in the Pickwick syndrome is explained. A report on a patient with a Pickwick syndrome is given.", "PMID": 595725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5177", "title": "[Heart function studies under stress in hypertonic patients with and without ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Recently in patients with hypertension in one third of the cases by haemodynamic investigations in rest a latent heart insufficiency could be proved. It was the aim of the at present performed examinations to test, whether or in which degree the proportion of latent heart insufficiency increases in patients with hypertension affected. In 30 patients with essential hypertension a complex haemodynamic examination program consisting of catheterisation of the right heart, radiocardiography and ergometry was carried out. It could be demonstrated that complex examinations of such a kind are possible also under physical stress and may be used in the judgment of the cardiac function in patients with hypertension.", "contents": "[Heart function studies under stress in hypertonic patients with and without ischemic heart disease]. Recently in patients with hypertension in one third of the cases by haemodynamic investigations in rest a latent heart insufficiency could be proved. It was the aim of the at present performed examinations to test, whether or in which degree the proportion of latent heart insufficiency increases in patients with hypertension affected. In 30 patients with essential hypertension a complex haemodynamic examination program consisting of catheterisation of the right heart, radiocardiography and ergometry was carried out. It could be demonstrated that complex examinations of such a kind are possible also under physical stress and may be used in the judgment of the cardiac function in patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 595726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5178", "title": "[Pre-, intra- and postoperative behavior of LDH and GOT isoenzymes in the plasma of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The isoenzymes of LDH (types H and M) and the isoenzymes of GOT (cytoplasma, mitochondria) were examined in 14 male patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease before, during and after operation. The present study compares them with clinical parameters. Considering the combination of the two isoenzyme ratios, it can be generalized that chronic ischaemia of the heart is characterized both by a decrease of the ratio H : M of the LDH and an increase of the ratio M : C of the LDH and an increase of the ratio M : C of the GOT. Confirming the function of the open by-pass by recoronarography, the isoenzyme values are normal both with regard to their ratio and to their absolute values.", "contents": "[Pre-, intra- and postoperative behavior of LDH and GOT isoenzymes in the plasma of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease]. The isoenzymes of LDH (types H and M) and the isoenzymes of GOT (cytoplasma, mitochondria) were examined in 14 male patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease before, during and after operation. The present study compares them with clinical parameters. Considering the combination of the two isoenzyme ratios, it can be generalized that chronic ischaemia of the heart is characterized both by a decrease of the ratio H : M of the LDH and an increase of the ratio M : C of the LDH and an increase of the ratio M : C of the GOT. Confirming the function of the open by-pass by recoronarography, the isoenzyme values are normal both with regard to their ratio and to their absolute values.", "PMID": 595727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5179", "title": "[Demonstration of a new analytical grading system for the determination of pheochromocytoma within the scope of hypertension control].", "content": "The problems of the phaeochromocytoma are in its rareness, its appearance--every patient with hypertension can be a carrier of a phaeochromocytoma--, its localisation--10% are situated outside the adrenal glands--, its operability with following permanent normalisation of the pressure. As hypertension is very frequent and the diagnostics is very expensive the finding of carriers of phaeochromocytomas is possible only by means of screening methods. Thus cases with an urgent suspicion are found. Such a method is described, the basis of which is a semiquantitative determination of the vanillic amygdalic acid. Instead of the usually used diazocolour-reagent in connection with a non-optimal buffer a complete nitrophenylantiazotate with a buffer of high ionic strength is taken. The pH-value 10 of the urine which is to be demanded for the colour reaction is thus reached in every case. In order to avoid falsely normal results with every urinary test a preparation with added vanillic amygdalic acid is performed and thus the presence of colour inhibitors is recognized. If the result is pathological a quantitative determination is necessary.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a new analytical grading system for the determination of pheochromocytoma within the scope of hypertension control]. The problems of the phaeochromocytoma are in its rareness, its appearance--every patient with hypertension can be a carrier of a phaeochromocytoma--, its localisation--10% are situated outside the adrenal glands--, its operability with following permanent normalisation of the pressure. As hypertension is very frequent and the diagnostics is very expensive the finding of carriers of phaeochromocytomas is possible only by means of screening methods. Thus cases with an urgent suspicion are found. Such a method is described, the basis of which is a semiquantitative determination of the vanillic amygdalic acid. Instead of the usually used diazocolour-reagent in connection with a non-optimal buffer a complete nitrophenylantiazotate with a buffer of high ionic strength is taken. The pH-value 10 of the urine which is to be demanded for the colour reaction is thus reached in every case. In order to avoid falsely normal results with every urinary test a preparation with added vanillic amygdalic acid is performed and thus the presence of colour inhibitors is recognized. If the result is pathological a quantitative determination is necessary.", "PMID": 595728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5180", "title": "[Problems with the abortive Pickwickian syndrome].", "content": "In one year among 16 male patients and 24 female patients who were admitted on account of a considerable obesity and the connected with complaints in order to reduce the weight in the hospital, thrice the diagnosis abortive Pickwick-syndrome was made. Apart from the characteristic symptoms of obesity, hypersomnia, periodical breathing in sleep in all three patients smaller anatomical changes in the nasopharyngeal space were found. Secondary cardiopulmonary or cerebral sequels, as they are described in full pictures and late forms of the Pickwick-syndrome, could not be registered. The diagnosis of abortive Pickwick-syndrome, which we made ex juvantibus (reduction of weight), is perhaps more frequent than up to now assumed. Since the pathological disposition for sleep among others is of great importance in the field of transport and occupational medicine and may be prevented only by reduction of weight, which could be confirmed also in our three cases, it is referred to the necessity of an early recognition and treatment.", "contents": "[Problems with the abortive Pickwickian syndrome]. In one year among 16 male patients and 24 female patients who were admitted on account of a considerable obesity and the connected with complaints in order to reduce the weight in the hospital, thrice the diagnosis abortive Pickwick-syndrome was made. Apart from the characteristic symptoms of obesity, hypersomnia, periodical breathing in sleep in all three patients smaller anatomical changes in the nasopharyngeal space were found. Secondary cardiopulmonary or cerebral sequels, as they are described in full pictures and late forms of the Pickwick-syndrome, could not be registered. The diagnosis of abortive Pickwick-syndrome, which we made ex juvantibus (reduction of weight), is perhaps more frequent than up to now assumed. Since the pathological disposition for sleep among others is of great importance in the field of transport and occupational medicine and may be prevented only by reduction of weight, which could be confirmed also in our three cases, it is referred to the necessity of an early recognition and treatment.", "PMID": 595729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5181", "title": "[Utilization and effectiveness of radiological study methods in the diagnosis of adrenal diseases].", "content": "In recent years the construction and increase of sensitiveness of clinical and biochemical test methods resulted in an essential improvement of the functional diagnostics of adrenal diseases. For the objectivation of the findings and for the preoperative localisation radio-morphological, nuclear-medical and sonographic investigation methods are used. The greatest certainty in the diagnostics also of relatively small changes of the adrenal glands is at present achieved by means of the selective, retrograde venography of the adrenal glands in connection with a selective withdrawal of venous blood for the analysis of hormones. The most essential field of indication for this investigation technique are overfunctions of the adrenal cortex as well as hormone-active and hormone-inactive tumorous (benign and malignant) adrenal processes.", "contents": "[Utilization and effectiveness of radiological study methods in the diagnosis of adrenal diseases]. In recent years the construction and increase of sensitiveness of clinical and biochemical test methods resulted in an essential improvement of the functional diagnostics of adrenal diseases. For the objectivation of the findings and for the preoperative localisation radio-morphological, nuclear-medical and sonographic investigation methods are used. The greatest certainty in the diagnostics also of relatively small changes of the adrenal glands is at present achieved by means of the selective, retrograde venography of the adrenal glands in connection with a selective withdrawal of venous blood for the analysis of hormones. The most essential field of indication for this investigation technique are overfunctions of the adrenal cortex as well as hormone-active and hormone-inactive tumorous (benign and malignant) adrenal processes.", "PMID": 595732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5182", "title": "[Maximal gastric secretion in hyperglycemia in normal subjects and in diabetics].", "content": "The purpose of the investigations was the determination of the maximum gastric secretion during hyperglycaemia in healthy subjects as well as in patients with short-term and long-term diabetes. After the stimulation with pentagastrine, given in the dose of 6 microgram per kg of body weight in 0.9% sodium chloride solution continuous intravenous infusion, there were determined MAO, parietal and nonparietal secretions, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium, and the total secretin of these electrolytes in gastric juice. In healthy subjects hyperglycaemia was induced by intravenous infusion of 30% glucose solution. Under the influence of hyperglycaemia the decrease of MAO (p less than 0.001) in healthy subjects as well as in diabetics was found. In healthy subjects the decrease of the total potassium, chloride and magnesium secretion in gastric juice (p less than 0.001) was observed. In patients with long-term diabetes the decrease of the secretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium was observed. There were no differences in gastric secretion in both groups of diabetics. The inhibitory effect of hyperglycaemia on the parasympathetic system and the decreased release of endogenous gastrine may be the causes of these changes. Insulin may also inhibit gastric secretion.", "contents": "[Maximal gastric secretion in hyperglycemia in normal subjects and in diabetics]. The purpose of the investigations was the determination of the maximum gastric secretion during hyperglycaemia in healthy subjects as well as in patients with short-term and long-term diabetes. After the stimulation with pentagastrine, given in the dose of 6 microgram per kg of body weight in 0.9% sodium chloride solution continuous intravenous infusion, there were determined MAO, parietal and nonparietal secretions, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium, and the total secretin of these electrolytes in gastric juice. In healthy subjects hyperglycaemia was induced by intravenous infusion of 30% glucose solution. Under the influence of hyperglycaemia the decrease of MAO (p less than 0.001) in healthy subjects as well as in diabetics was found. In healthy subjects the decrease of the total potassium, chloride and magnesium secretion in gastric juice (p less than 0.001) was observed. In patients with long-term diabetes the decrease of the secretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium was observed. There were no differences in gastric secretion in both groups of diabetics. The inhibitory effect of hyperglycaemia on the parasympathetic system and the decreased release of endogenous gastrine may be the causes of these changes. Insulin may also inhibit gastric secretion.", "PMID": 595733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5183", "title": "[Sarcoma metastases in the lung].", "content": "It is reported on 15 metastases of sarcomas of the lung, of which 7 were treated by operation and 8 were inoperable. The diagnostic and therapeutic parameters of these relatively rare sarcomas are described and discussed in connection with the prognosis. A well-considered active therapy is justified. There were obtained one five-year and one 16-year survival time postoperatively, four out of seven operatively treated cases had a postoperative life longer than two years, whereas all conservatively treated eight cases died within two years. Our results correspond with the actual literature. The influence of prognostically significant parameters is discussed.", "contents": "[Sarcoma metastases in the lung]. It is reported on 15 metastases of sarcomas of the lung, of which 7 were treated by operation and 8 were inoperable. The diagnostic and therapeutic parameters of these relatively rare sarcomas are described and discussed in connection with the prognosis. A well-considered active therapy is justified. There were obtained one five-year and one 16-year survival time postoperatively, four out of seven operatively treated cases had a postoperative life longer than two years, whereas all conservatively treated eight cases died within two years. Our results correspond with the actual literature. The influence of prognostically significant parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 595734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5184", "title": "[The effect of high dosage vitamin C treatment on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetics using insulin].", "content": "In 19 insulin-dependent diabetics under compensated metabolic conditions the influence of a highly-dosed short-term vitamin C-treatment with 2,000 mg of ascorbic acid on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism was examined during a stay in hospital. Under the treatment with vitamin C low concentrations of blood glucose in the daily profile are observed, in which case this effect of ascorbic acid on the carbohydrate metabolism cannot be statistically ascertained. Triglyceride, cholesterol, FFA-concentrations and glycerol concentrations are not influenced.", "contents": "[The effect of high dosage vitamin C treatment on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetics using insulin]. In 19 insulin-dependent diabetics under compensated metabolic conditions the influence of a highly-dosed short-term vitamin C-treatment with 2,000 mg of ascorbic acid on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism was examined during a stay in hospital. Under the treatment with vitamin C low concentrations of blood glucose in the daily profile are observed, in which case this effect of ascorbic acid on the carbohydrate metabolism cannot be statistically ascertained. Triglyceride, cholesterol, FFA-concentrations and glycerol concentrations are not influenced.", "PMID": 595735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5185", "title": "[Structural viscosity of the blood].", "content": "In 34 healthy normal persons (19 females, 15 males) measurings of the blood viscosity in 7 shearing degrees between 218.7 and 1,312 sec-1 with the rotation viscosimeter Rheotest 2 were carried out. In the medium shearing degrees a large degrease of viscosity with increasing shearing degree was to be established, which corresponds to the structural-viscous behaviour of the blood. In high shearing degrees this decrease of viscosity was only slightly to be proved. As explanation for this we increasingly regard Newton's flowing qualities of the blood in high flowing speed. Statistically ascertained correlations between the height of viscosity and the haematocrit value, the number of erythrocytes and the level of plasma fibrinogen within the normal groups could be performed.", "contents": "[Structural viscosity of the blood]. In 34 healthy normal persons (19 females, 15 males) measurings of the blood viscosity in 7 shearing degrees between 218.7 and 1,312 sec-1 with the rotation viscosimeter Rheotest 2 were carried out. In the medium shearing degrees a large degrease of viscosity with increasing shearing degree was to be established, which corresponds to the structural-viscous behaviour of the blood. In high shearing degrees this decrease of viscosity was only slightly to be proved. As explanation for this we increasingly regard Newton's flowing qualities of the blood in high flowing speed. Statistically ascertained correlations between the height of viscosity and the haematocrit value, the number of erythrocytes and the level of plasma fibrinogen within the normal groups could be performed.", "PMID": 595736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5186", "title": "[The degree of contamination with HBs-antigen (Australia antigen) in insulin using diabetics].", "content": "In 105 patients injecting themselves insulin of the diabetes department of the municipal hospital Dresden-Neustadt with an average age of 63.3 years the HBs-antigen was determined for the purpose of testing the degree of contamination. Hereby in no patient positive accidental findings were established. Two patients, in whom the HBs-antigen could be proved, revealed an acute symptomatology on the side of the liver disease at the time of the confirmation of the findings.", "contents": "[The degree of contamination with HBs-antigen (Australia antigen) in insulin using diabetics]. In 105 patients injecting themselves insulin of the diabetes department of the municipal hospital Dresden-Neustadt with an average age of 63.3 years the HBs-antigen was determined for the purpose of testing the degree of contamination. Hereby in no patient positive accidental findings were established. Two patients, in whom the HBs-antigen could be proved, revealed an acute symptomatology on the side of the liver disease at the time of the confirmation of the findings.", "PMID": 595737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5187", "title": "[The effect of carbenoxolone on stress ulcers in rats].", "content": "By an immobilisation with a 72 hour's interruption of intake of fluid and nutrition stress ulcers were produced in the stomach of Wistar rats. Through a sound 34 animals received daily 25 mg/kg/body weight carbenoxolon. In them ulcers were found in nearly the same number as in the 30 controls. A conspicuous accumulation of ulcers in the pre-stomach or glandular stomach was not observed. A protective effect of the carbenoxolon could not be proved.", "contents": "[The effect of carbenoxolone on stress ulcers in rats]. By an immobilisation with a 72 hour's interruption of intake of fluid and nutrition stress ulcers were produced in the stomach of Wistar rats. Through a sound 34 animals received daily 25 mg/kg/body weight carbenoxolon. In them ulcers were found in nearly the same number as in the 30 controls. A conspicuous accumulation of ulcers in the pre-stomach or glandular stomach was not observed. A protective effect of the carbenoxolon could not be proved.", "PMID": 595738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5188", "title": "[Relationship between anti-G-streptococcal titers and the haptoglobin type in human serum--aspects of the observed correlations].", "content": "In systematic investigations we found a relationship between the haptoglobin types of human sera and the agglutinability of some group-G streptococcal strains. Sera with the haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 do not agglutinate these strains (or with low titres up to 1:16 only). On the other hand sera with the haptoglobin types Hp 2-1 or Hp 2-2 agglutinate the streptococci with titres from 1:200 to 1:3,200 (or more). The aspects resulting from these findings were discussed in detail. They may have among others practical consequences for the forensic medicine and the role of the haptoglobins must be thought over again.", "contents": "[Relationship between anti-G-streptococcal titers and the haptoglobin type in human serum--aspects of the observed correlations]. In systematic investigations we found a relationship between the haptoglobin types of human sera and the agglutinability of some group-G streptococcal strains. Sera with the haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 do not agglutinate these strains (or with low titres up to 1:16 only). On the other hand sera with the haptoglobin types Hp 2-1 or Hp 2-2 agglutinate the streptococci with titres from 1:200 to 1:3,200 (or more). The aspects resulting from these findings were discussed in detail. They may have among others practical consequences for the forensic medicine and the role of the haptoglobins must be thought over again.", "PMID": 595739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5189", "title": "[Familial IgM deficiency and type II hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "It is reported on the common appearance of a hyperlipoproteinaemia type II after Fredrickson and of a selective insufficiency of IgM in a family. The two generations of a family which have been observed since three years show these disturbances in a 42-year-old patient and all his four children. The diminution and the lack of a stimulation of B-cells under antihuman-IgM in the transformation test of lymphocytes refer to an isolated disturbance of the IgM-synthesis. Cellular immune reactions and haematologically cytological findings were normal. A connection between the lack of IgM and hypercholesterolaemia is not excluded, since experimental investigations of Alderson and Green show an influence of cholesterol on the function of the lymphocyte membrane. The necessity of systematic investigations on patients with immune defects and hyperlipoproteinaemias is emphasized for the exclusion of an accidental coincidence.", "contents": "[Familial IgM deficiency and type II hyperlipoproteinemia]. It is reported on the common appearance of a hyperlipoproteinaemia type II after Fredrickson and of a selective insufficiency of IgM in a family. The two generations of a family which have been observed since three years show these disturbances in a 42-year-old patient and all his four children. The diminution and the lack of a stimulation of B-cells under antihuman-IgM in the transformation test of lymphocytes refer to an isolated disturbance of the IgM-synthesis. Cellular immune reactions and haematologically cytological findings were normal. A connection between the lack of IgM and hypercholesterolaemia is not excluded, since experimental investigations of Alderson and Green show an influence of cholesterol on the function of the lymphocyte membrane. The necessity of systematic investigations on patients with immune defects and hyperlipoproteinaemias is emphasized for the exclusion of an accidental coincidence.", "PMID": 595740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5190", "title": "[Endobronchial lipoma].", "content": "It is reported on a rare endobronchial lipoma, which was falsely interpreted and the radiological course of which was more than 15 years. It is referred to the discrepancy between morphological benignity of the lipoma and the dangerous changes of the lungs when the disease is delayed.", "contents": "[Endobronchial lipoma]. It is reported on a rare endobronchial lipoma, which was falsely interpreted and the radiological course of which was more than 15 years. It is referred to the discrepancy between morphological benignity of the lipoma and the dangerous changes of the lungs when the disease is delayed.", "PMID": 595741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5191", "title": "[Treatment of a Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attack in hyperthyroidism by means of temporary electrostimulation].", "content": "The authors report on a 74-year-old female patient who revealed Adams-Stokes attacks and was supplied by an R-wave triggered external pacemaker. The patient showed intermittent total AV-block. A frequency of 26 beats was observed. Hypothyroidism was recognized as the cause of this disturbance of cardiac rhythm. After treatment with triiodothyronine the bradycardia disappeared and the external pacemaker could be removed. This case is reported for demonstrating a disturbance of the rhythm caused by hypothyroidism and which is successfully treated by temporary pacemaker and specific drug therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of a Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attack in hyperthyroidism by means of temporary electrostimulation]. The authors report on a 74-year-old female patient who revealed Adams-Stokes attacks and was supplied by an R-wave triggered external pacemaker. The patient showed intermittent total AV-block. A frequency of 26 beats was observed. Hypothyroidism was recognized as the cause of this disturbance of cardiac rhythm. After treatment with triiodothyronine the bradycardia disappeared and the external pacemaker could be removed. This case is reported for demonstrating a disturbance of the rhythm caused by hypothyroidism and which is successfully treated by temporary pacemaker and specific drug therapy.", "PMID": 595742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5192", "title": "[Investigations on the correlation between gastritis and gastric ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "From 200 gastric ulcer-patients and 200 controls stepwise mucosa-biopsies were taken. Grade and expansion of gastritis were determined and correlated with the location of gastric ulcer and gastritis-grade at the margin of ulcer. Intensity and expansion of gastritis vary with the location of ulcer. Gastritis far from ulcer is equally or even more intense as at the margin of ulcer. There is no evidence for the conclusion, that an ulcer develops at the site of the more pronounced gastritis. There is also no evidence to assume, that gastritis forms the base for development of gastric ulcer.", "contents": "[Investigations on the correlation between gastritis and gastric ulcer (author's transl)]. From 200 gastric ulcer-patients and 200 controls stepwise mucosa-biopsies were taken. Grade and expansion of gastritis were determined and correlated with the location of gastric ulcer and gastritis-grade at the margin of ulcer. Intensity and expansion of gastritis vary with the location of ulcer. Gastritis far from ulcer is equally or even more intense as at the margin of ulcer. There is no evidence for the conclusion, that an ulcer develops at the site of the more pronounced gastritis. There is also no evidence to assume, that gastritis forms the base for development of gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 595743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5193", "title": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the ascending colon (author's transl)].", "content": "An unusual case of a tumorlike eosinophilic granuloma of the ascending colon is presented. In physical examination, radiographic picture and at operation this tumor appeared suspicious of a malignant obstructive neoplasm, thus leading to the resection of the right colon and to ileocolic anastomosis. Correct diagnosis can be established only by histology.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic granuloma of the ascending colon (author's transl)]. An unusual case of a tumorlike eosinophilic granuloma of the ascending colon is presented. In physical examination, radiographic picture and at operation this tumor appeared suspicious of a malignant obstructive neoplasm, thus leading to the resection of the right colon and to ileocolic anastomosis. Correct diagnosis can be established only by histology.", "PMID": 595744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5194", "title": "[Effects of porto-caval end-to-side-anastomosis on the liver of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In young rats (n = 117), with a liver weight of 9.9 +/- 1.6 g (\"small livers\"), the decrease of total liver blood flow was followed by necrosis of liver parenchymal cells in the first two postoperative weeks. These alterations induced by haemodynamic disorders occured since the hepatic artery-although dilated to its maximum--was insufficient to compensate completely for the decrease of the portal hepatic blood flow. In old rats (n = 33) with a liver weight of nearly the double (19.5 +/- 1.9 g; \"big livers\") the extrem haemodynamic situation after PCA with a more less sufficient arterial hepatic blood supply was followed by complete liver necrosis including necrosis of the v. Kupffer cells. Rats having survived the PCA-operation showed liver cell necrosis in a more less degree as opposed to the early changes. These changes were not thought to be due to persisting haemodynamic disorders but due to endotoxaemia as found in 85% of the animals by means of the Limulus Gelation Test.", "contents": "[Effects of porto-caval end-to-side-anastomosis on the liver of rats (author's transl)]. In young rats (n = 117), with a liver weight of 9.9 +/- 1.6 g (\"small livers\"), the decrease of total liver blood flow was followed by necrosis of liver parenchymal cells in the first two postoperative weeks. These alterations induced by haemodynamic disorders occured since the hepatic artery-although dilated to its maximum--was insufficient to compensate completely for the decrease of the portal hepatic blood flow. In old rats (n = 33) with a liver weight of nearly the double (19.5 +/- 1.9 g; \"big livers\") the extrem haemodynamic situation after PCA with a more less sufficient arterial hepatic blood supply was followed by complete liver necrosis including necrosis of the v. Kupffer cells. Rats having survived the PCA-operation showed liver cell necrosis in a more less degree as opposed to the early changes. These changes were not thought to be due to persisting haemodynamic disorders but due to endotoxaemia as found in 85% of the animals by means of the Limulus Gelation Test.", "PMID": 595745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5195", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the efficiency of nifedipine on smooth muscle strips of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on in vivo studies on isolated muscle strips of the LES and on manometric in vivo studies on 8 mongrel dogs, 6 healthy volunteers, 6 patients with achalasia and 3 subjects with diffuse esophageal spasm we could demonstrate that nifedipine causes a long-lasting relaxation of smooth muscle, the esophagus and LES. In 8 dogs resting pressure at the LES was decreased by 20 mg nifedipine from 18.5 +/- 1.8 mm Hg to 8.2 +/- 0.9 mm Hg. This pressure decrease could not be reversed by pentagastrin stimulation (3.0 microgram/kg KG PG). The resting pressure in LES was decreased from 26.8 +/- 3.8 mm Hg to 16.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in healthy volunteers and from 45.5 +/- 2.6 mm Hg to 14.5 +/- 0.4 mm Hg in patients with achalasia. In 3 patients with diffuse esophageal spasm nifedipine (20 mg) caused a mean decrease of 38% of the contraction amplitude. Further clinical studies have to be done to clarify if the spasmolysis by nifedipine may be important in the treatment of spastic or hypertonic motility disorders of the LES and the esophagus.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the efficiency of nifedipine on smooth muscle strips of the esophagus (author's transl)]. Based on in vivo studies on isolated muscle strips of the LES and on manometric in vivo studies on 8 mongrel dogs, 6 healthy volunteers, 6 patients with achalasia and 3 subjects with diffuse esophageal spasm we could demonstrate that nifedipine causes a long-lasting relaxation of smooth muscle, the esophagus and LES. In 8 dogs resting pressure at the LES was decreased by 20 mg nifedipine from 18.5 +/- 1.8 mm Hg to 8.2 +/- 0.9 mm Hg. This pressure decrease could not be reversed by pentagastrin stimulation (3.0 microgram/kg KG PG). The resting pressure in LES was decreased from 26.8 +/- 3.8 mm Hg to 16.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in healthy volunteers and from 45.5 +/- 2.6 mm Hg to 14.5 +/- 0.4 mm Hg in patients with achalasia. In 3 patients with diffuse esophageal spasm nifedipine (20 mg) caused a mean decrease of 38% of the contraction amplitude. Further clinical studies have to be done to clarify if the spasmolysis by nifedipine may be important in the treatment of spastic or hypertonic motility disorders of the LES and the esophagus.", "PMID": 595746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5196", "title": "[Alopecia areata: successful half-side treatment with DNCB].", "content": "In 46 patients with alopecia areata, one side of the head was treated with weekly applications of DNCB, dissolved in acetone. The therapeutic aim was mild contact dermatitis. The other side of the head served as control region. A therapeutic effect was noted in 36 patients: 22 patients showed regrowth of hair exclusively on the treated side, and in 14 patients regrowth of hair was considerably faster and more dense on the treated side. In 8 patients no regrowth was observed, and in 2 patients regrowth occurred on both sides without any difference of intensity. The difference between both sides with regard to hair growth was seen in all of the 7 patients with moderate involvement and in 12 out of 13 patients with extensive involvement; but also in 17 out of 26 patients with alopecia areata totalis or fere totalis. The difference was noted, in the majority of cases, within 3 months. These results prove the efficacy of DNCB treatment of alopecia areata.", "contents": "[Alopecia areata: successful half-side treatment with DNCB]. In 46 patients with alopecia areata, one side of the head was treated with weekly applications of DNCB, dissolved in acetone. The therapeutic aim was mild contact dermatitis. The other side of the head served as control region. A therapeutic effect was noted in 36 patients: 22 patients showed regrowth of hair exclusively on the treated side, and in 14 patients regrowth of hair was considerably faster and more dense on the treated side. In 8 patients no regrowth was observed, and in 2 patients regrowth occurred on both sides without any difference of intensity. The difference between both sides with regard to hair growth was seen in all of the 7 patients with moderate involvement and in 12 out of 13 patients with extensive involvement; but also in 17 out of 26 patients with alopecia areata totalis or fere totalis. The difference was noted, in the majority of cases, within 3 months. These results prove the efficacy of DNCB treatment of alopecia areata.", "PMID": 595747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5197", "title": "[Diagnostic value of RAST-classes in various allergens].", "content": "Specific IgE-fractions can be determined in the blood serum by Radio-Allergo-Sorbent-Test (RAST). The positive tests are arranged into four groups, the so called RAST-classes, of which class 1 represents the lowest, class 4 the highest content of specific IgE. The diagnostical value of equal RAST-classes among the groups of allergens is different. We examined 13 600 allergens in 700 patients by RAST and found 2441 positive reactions. It turned out that especially in weeds, house dust and mould allergy, the lower RAST-classes are predominant with more than 90 per cent. In grass pollen allergy, a comparable percentage of positive tests accumulates in the range of RAST-class 3. From this distribution of positive tests we concluded, that in house dust, mould and weeds pollen allergy RAST-class 1 has a real diagnostical value and can be the basis of therapeutical consequences. In patients with lower RAST-classes in mould, house dust and weed pollen allergy, in our experience, the average total IgE is already in a pathological range; in patients with grass pollen allergy total IgE is increased pathologically almost until RAST-class 4.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of RAST-classes in various allergens]. Specific IgE-fractions can be determined in the blood serum by Radio-Allergo-Sorbent-Test (RAST). The positive tests are arranged into four groups, the so called RAST-classes, of which class 1 represents the lowest, class 4 the highest content of specific IgE. The diagnostical value of equal RAST-classes among the groups of allergens is different. We examined 13 600 allergens in 700 patients by RAST and found 2441 positive reactions. It turned out that especially in weeds, house dust and mould allergy, the lower RAST-classes are predominant with more than 90 per cent. In grass pollen allergy, a comparable percentage of positive tests accumulates in the range of RAST-class 3. From this distribution of positive tests we concluded, that in house dust, mould and weeds pollen allergy RAST-class 1 has a real diagnostical value and can be the basis of therapeutical consequences. In patients with lower RAST-classes in mould, house dust and weed pollen allergy, in our experience, the average total IgE is already in a pathological range; in patients with grass pollen allergy total IgE is increased pathologically almost until RAST-class 4.", "PMID": 595748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5198", "title": "[HL-A-B 27 in Reiter's disease with special reference to oligosymptomatic course forms].", "content": "In 21 patients with the clinical suspicion of oligosymptomatic R.S.), 21 patients with the clinical suspicion of oligosymptomatic R.S. and 16 patients with recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis 23 HLA-antigens were assessed using a lymphocyte toxicity test. 413 blood donors served as a controll group. 85,7% of the patients with R.S. had phenotyp HLA-B 27 compared with 7,4% of the controll persons. The group with the suspicion of R.S. exhibited with 57,1% a marked increased incidense of HLA-B 27 as well. Compared to this, the HLA-B 27 frequency in the patients with recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis was with 6,3% in especially of its oligosymptomatic courses. Because of the close association between HLA-B 27 and R.S. determination of histocompatibility antigens proved to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of Reiter's disease, especially of its oligosymptomatic courses.", "contents": "[HL-A-B 27 in Reiter's disease with special reference to oligosymptomatic course forms]. In 21 patients with the clinical suspicion of oligosymptomatic R.S.), 21 patients with the clinical suspicion of oligosymptomatic R.S. and 16 patients with recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis 23 HLA-antigens were assessed using a lymphocyte toxicity test. 413 blood donors served as a controll group. 85,7% of the patients with R.S. had phenotyp HLA-B 27 compared with 7,4% of the controll persons. The group with the suspicion of R.S. exhibited with 57,1% a marked increased incidense of HLA-B 27 as well. Compared to this, the HLA-B 27 frequency in the patients with recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis was with 6,3% in especially of its oligosymptomatic courses. Because of the close association between HLA-B 27 and R.S. determination of histocompatibility antigens proved to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of Reiter's disease, especially of its oligosymptomatic courses.", "PMID": 595750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5199", "title": "[Development and diagnosis of precancerous conditions].", "content": "The Evolution and substantial diagnostic criteria of solar and radiogenic keratoses, tar- and oil keratoses, praecancerous lesions induced by arsenic, Bowen's dermatosis, as well as their leucoplacic counterparts in oral and genital mucosa and melanotic praeblastomatous lesions are described, aiming at early diagnosis and consequent early therapy.", "contents": "[Development and diagnosis of precancerous conditions]. The Evolution and substantial diagnostic criteria of solar and radiogenic keratoses, tar- and oil keratoses, praecancerous lesions induced by arsenic, Bowen's dermatosis, as well as their leucoplacic counterparts in oral and genital mucosa and melanotic praeblastomatous lesions are described, aiming at early diagnosis and consequent early therapy.", "PMID": 595753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5200", "title": "[Therapy, therapist and client tested with the Latin square design].", "content": "A Latin square design is suggested for testing, 1) whether a specific therapy is effective, 2) whether the therapists involved differ in being successful and 3) whether selected clients react differentially (more or less) on that therapy. To avoid parametric implications, a modified Friedman-test is proposed for evaluating the suggested design nonparametrically.", "contents": "[Therapy, therapist and client tested with the Latin square design]. A Latin square design is suggested for testing, 1) whether a specific therapy is effective, 2) whether the therapists involved differ in being successful and 3) whether selected clients react differentially (more or less) on that therapy. To avoid parametric implications, a modified Friedman-test is proposed for evaluating the suggested design nonparametrically.", "PMID": 595764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5201", "title": "[Determination of affective changes in the course of psychotherapy using the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis].", "content": "This study is an attempt to measure the hostile and anxious affects of a patient through the Gottschalk-Gleser-content-analysis and to measure the changements of affects during a psychotherapy of 19 sessions. It could be shown in this one case-study, that there are as well changements in one session as changements in the whole therapy, and that there are connections to clinical events. A second accent of this study is to find a way to reduce the measurement of the affectivity on parts of a therapeutic session, which are representative to the whole session.", "contents": "[Determination of affective changes in the course of psychotherapy using the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis]. This study is an attempt to measure the hostile and anxious affects of a patient through the Gottschalk-Gleser-content-analysis and to measure the changements of affects during a psychotherapy of 19 sessions. It could be shown in this one case-study, that there are as well changements in one session as changements in the whole therapy, and that there are connections to clinical events. A second accent of this study is to find a way to reduce the measurement of the affectivity on parts of a therapeutic session, which are representative to the whole session.", "PMID": 595765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5202", "title": "[Identification and identity formation in individual psychotherapy in schizophrenia].", "content": "Transference as well as counter transference is necessary within the therapy of neuroses; but with the relation between doctor and patient in psyotherapy certain components form processes of identification and counter identification between those two partners of the therapeutic event. Way, meaning and form of these processes leading to a new creation of identity in the patient are discussed in the following study. The nature of psychotherapy of schizophrenia as well as some theoretical aspects are lightened.", "contents": "[Identification and identity formation in individual psychotherapy in schizophrenia]. Transference as well as counter transference is necessary within the therapy of neuroses; but with the relation between doctor and patient in psyotherapy certain components form processes of identification and counter identification between those two partners of the therapeutic event. Way, meaning and form of these processes leading to a new creation of identity in the patient are discussed in the following study. The nature of psychotherapy of schizophrenia as well as some theoretical aspects are lightened.", "PMID": 595766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5203", "title": "[Theory formation on the dyadic psychotherapeutic relationship].", "content": "In the literature of research in psychotherapy there are more and more hints for a theoretical integration of different therapeutic methods. Five theses are offered to demonstrate the necessity of these efforts and why it is nearly impossible to solve the problem of integration today. Success seems to be depending on changes in the way of thinking about psychotherapy and about research methodology. These theses are focused on micro-analysis of therapeutic processes. They are thought to give new stimulation for psychotherapy and research.", "contents": "[Theory formation on the dyadic psychotherapeutic relationship]. In the literature of research in psychotherapy there are more and more hints for a theoretical integration of different therapeutic methods. Five theses are offered to demonstrate the necessity of these efforts and why it is nearly impossible to solve the problem of integration today. Success seems to be depending on changes in the way of thinking about psychotherapy and about research methodology. These theses are focused on micro-analysis of therapeutic processes. They are thought to give new stimulation for psychotherapy and research.", "PMID": 595767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5204", "title": "[Social situation, orientation and personality aspects of juveniles without homes].", "content": "A group of homeless juveniles (N = 50) was compared to a group of rockers (N = 46) and a further group of \"normal\" non-rockers (N = 132) as regards social background, attitudes to others, intelligence, performance motivation and further personality variables such as aggression, extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity. Whereas no significant differences were found in respect of personality variables and attitudes, the homeless juveniles were in a far worse position than the rockers as regards social background: extremely low income, large families, overcrowded accomodation, high rate of alcoholism, delinquency and broken homes. They were less successful in school although they compared favourably with the other groups in those areas of intelligence covered by tests.", "contents": "[Social situation, orientation and personality aspects of juveniles without homes]. A group of homeless juveniles (N = 50) was compared to a group of rockers (N = 46) and a further group of \"normal\" non-rockers (N = 132) as regards social background, attitudes to others, intelligence, performance motivation and further personality variables such as aggression, extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity. Whereas no significant differences were found in respect of personality variables and attitudes, the homeless juveniles were in a far worse position than the rockers as regards social background: extremely low income, large families, overcrowded accomodation, high rate of alcoholism, delinquency and broken homes. They were less successful in school although they compared favourably with the other groups in those areas of intelligence covered by tests.", "PMID": 595768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5205", "title": "[Configurations of attitudes, experiences and expectations of social welfare recipients].", "content": "A taxonomy of welfare work clients, based upon their attitudes, experiences, and demands with respect to welfare work, was established by using cluster analysis and, subsequently, discriminant analysis. In a second step, typologically relevant variables and hypotheses were statistically tested by a configuration-frequency-analysis on the basis of a sample of another 885 clients. 7 configurations of variable scores reached significance, thus confirming the hypothesis predominantly. Furthermore, these results are important for planning strategies of welfare work.", "contents": "[Configurations of attitudes, experiences and expectations of social welfare recipients]. A taxonomy of welfare work clients, based upon their attitudes, experiences, and demands with respect to welfare work, was established by using cluster analysis and, subsequently, discriminant analysis. In a second step, typologically relevant variables and hypotheses were statistically tested by a configuration-frequency-analysis on the basis of a sample of another 885 clients. 7 configurations of variable scores reached significance, thus confirming the hypothesis predominantly. Furthermore, these results are important for planning strategies of welfare work.", "PMID": 595769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5206", "title": "[Experimental examination on the development of altered states of consciousness by autogenic training in comparison to sensory deprivation].", "content": "In a sample of 32 trainees of autogenic training the alterations of the state of consciousness during the exercises were recorded by means of a questionnaire (APZ). To check the influence of acoustic stimulation the subjects were exposed to various sounds by headphone. The data were compared with the results of an experiment with sensory deprivation. A significant correspondence was found between the altered states of consciousness through sensory deprivation and autogenic training under usual low stimulus condition. According to these results autogenic training can be understood as a technique of self-induced sensory deprivation.", "contents": "[Experimental examination on the development of altered states of consciousness by autogenic training in comparison to sensory deprivation]. In a sample of 32 trainees of autogenic training the alterations of the state of consciousness during the exercises were recorded by means of a questionnaire (APZ). To check the influence of acoustic stimulation the subjects were exposed to various sounds by headphone. The data were compared with the results of an experiment with sensory deprivation. A significant correspondence was found between the altered states of consciousness through sensory deprivation and autogenic training under usual low stimulus condition. According to these results autogenic training can be understood as a technique of self-induced sensory deprivation.", "PMID": 595770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5207", "title": "[Cardiac output determination by respiratory gas exchange measurement during submaximal exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "Under linearly increasing work load the point of rise of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEO = V(E)/V(O2) depends upon the degree of cardiac output increment. The latter being low, the slope of the minute ventilation (V(E) curve is correspondingly steep and that of the oxygen consumption (V(O2) curve flat. Consequently, the upslope of VEO (after an initial downslope) begins earlier in case of a poor cardiac exercise performance, and vice versa. By means of continuous measurement of respiratory data with a pneumotachygraphic system and on the basis of the values of V(O2), O2-pulse and Relative Ventilatory Equivalent (= VEO/V(O2) determined at the point of rise of VEO it was possible to divide 126 patients (mostly with coronary heart disease) into 4 groups of different cardiocirculatory capacity. These differed significantly with respect to the values measured at the point of rise of VEO as well as with respect to those related to work load. There ist good reproducibility of the values determined at the point of rise of VEO. The described method represents a rapid non-invasive means of determining different stages of impairment of cardiac pump function.", "contents": "[Cardiac output determination by respiratory gas exchange measurement during submaximal exercise (author's transl)]. Under linearly increasing work load the point of rise of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEO = V(E)/V(O2) depends upon the degree of cardiac output increment. The latter being low, the slope of the minute ventilation (V(E) curve is correspondingly steep and that of the oxygen consumption (V(O2) curve flat. Consequently, the upslope of VEO (after an initial downslope) begins earlier in case of a poor cardiac exercise performance, and vice versa. By means of continuous measurement of respiratory data with a pneumotachygraphic system and on the basis of the values of V(O2), O2-pulse and Relative Ventilatory Equivalent (= VEO/V(O2) determined at the point of rise of VEO it was possible to divide 126 patients (mostly with coronary heart disease) into 4 groups of different cardiocirculatory capacity. These differed significantly with respect to the values measured at the point of rise of VEO as well as with respect to those related to work load. There ist good reproducibility of the values determined at the point of rise of VEO. The described method represents a rapid non-invasive means of determining different stages of impairment of cardiac pump function.", "PMID": 595771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5208", "title": "[Non-invasive determination of cardiac pump function by respiratory gas exchange measurement during submaximal exercise -- comparison with hemodynamic (heart catheterisation) data (author's transl)].", "content": "The continuous measurement of respiratory gas exchange under linearly increasing work load allows a relatively exact and reproducible localization of the point of rise of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (ASV). On the basis of the values of oxygen consumption (V(O2)(ASV)), oxygen pulse (O2-pulse(asv)) and relative ventilatory equivalent (Vetn. Equivalent(asv)/V(O2(ASV)), measured at the point ASV, it is possible to divide patients with different severity of heart disease into 4 groups of cardiac response to exercise: group I = normal, group II = diminished, group III = definitely limited and group IV = severely limited cardiocirculatory capacity. Simultaneous cardiac output measurements (thermodilution method) as well as the comparison with hemodynamic and angiographic data acquired during separate heart catheterization reveal good correlations between V(O2(ASV) and O2-pulse(asv) on the one hand and exercise values of cardiac output and stroke volume on the other (r = 0.82). Consequently, definite relations exist between the absolute ASV values as well as the group classification (I--IV) based on these and further heart catheterization data such as left bentricular (LV) enddiastolic pressure, LV ejection fraction, contraction pattern of the left ventricle and coronary angiogram respectively. The described method of measuring respiratory gas exchange under submaximal unsteady state bicycle exercise represents a reliable and rapid non-invasive stress test of cardiac pump function without putting too much strain on the heart patient as is frequently the case with the more familiar steady state (maximal) tests.", "contents": "[Non-invasive determination of cardiac pump function by respiratory gas exchange measurement during submaximal exercise -- comparison with hemodynamic (heart catheterisation) data (author's transl)]. The continuous measurement of respiratory gas exchange under linearly increasing work load allows a relatively exact and reproducible localization of the point of rise of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (ASV). On the basis of the values of oxygen consumption (V(O2)(ASV)), oxygen pulse (O2-pulse(asv)) and relative ventilatory equivalent (Vetn. Equivalent(asv)/V(O2(ASV)), measured at the point ASV, it is possible to divide patients with different severity of heart disease into 4 groups of cardiac response to exercise: group I = normal, group II = diminished, group III = definitely limited and group IV = severely limited cardiocirculatory capacity. Simultaneous cardiac output measurements (thermodilution method) as well as the comparison with hemodynamic and angiographic data acquired during separate heart catheterization reveal good correlations between V(O2(ASV) and O2-pulse(asv) on the one hand and exercise values of cardiac output and stroke volume on the other (r = 0.82). Consequently, definite relations exist between the absolute ASV values as well as the group classification (I--IV) based on these and further heart catheterization data such as left bentricular (LV) enddiastolic pressure, LV ejection fraction, contraction pattern of the left ventricle and coronary angiogram respectively. The described method of measuring respiratory gas exchange under submaximal unsteady state bicycle exercise represents a reliable and rapid non-invasive stress test of cardiac pump function without putting too much strain on the heart patient as is frequently the case with the more familiar steady state (maximal) tests.", "PMID": 595772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5209", "title": "[Right and left ventricular volume parameters in cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 41 patients with different types of cardiomyopathy (19 congestive = COCM, 6 hypertrophic obstructive = HOCM, and 16 hypertrophic non-obstructive = HCM) ventricular enddiastolic volume (EDV), endsystolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were determined angiographically and values of both ventricles were compared. In the mean, volume parameters increased significantly and EF of both ventricles decreased as compared to control values of patients with coronary heart disease without myocardial infarction. In COCM volume parameters reached pathologic values as in the total patient group whereas in HOCM and in HCM values did not differ significantly from control. Left ventricular function was reduced more often and, in the mean, more severely than right ventricular function. This became evident e.g. from the incidence of enddiastolic volume increase and the course of the regression line. A similar finding can be derived from the reversal of the normal relation of volume parameters of both ventricles. Only in rare cases right ventricular function was more severely impaired than left ventricular function. These findings indicate a simultaneous impairment of both ventricles in cardiomyopathy. The more pronounced left ventricular function disturbance may be attributed to the higher left ventricular work load. Thus, left ventricular biopsies might be of greater diagnostic significance than right ventricular biopsies.", "contents": "[Right and left ventricular volume parameters in cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. In 41 patients with different types of cardiomyopathy (19 congestive = COCM, 6 hypertrophic obstructive = HOCM, and 16 hypertrophic non-obstructive = HCM) ventricular enddiastolic volume (EDV), endsystolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were determined angiographically and values of both ventricles were compared. In the mean, volume parameters increased significantly and EF of both ventricles decreased as compared to control values of patients with coronary heart disease without myocardial infarction. In COCM volume parameters reached pathologic values as in the total patient group whereas in HOCM and in HCM values did not differ significantly from control. Left ventricular function was reduced more often and, in the mean, more severely than right ventricular function. This became evident e.g. from the incidence of enddiastolic volume increase and the course of the regression line. A similar finding can be derived from the reversal of the normal relation of volume parameters of both ventricles. Only in rare cases right ventricular function was more severely impaired than left ventricular function. These findings indicate a simultaneous impairment of both ventricles in cardiomyopathy. The more pronounced left ventricular function disturbance may be attributed to the higher left ventricular work load. Thus, left ventricular biopsies might be of greater diagnostic significance than right ventricular biopsies.", "PMID": 595773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5210", "title": "[Local ventricular wall motion, local myocardial flow, and blood flow distribution in a poststenotic myocardial region in patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with coronary heart disease, local ventricular wall motion, local poststenotic flow, and distribution of myocardial perfusion were determined in the underperfused myocardium before and after 8 mg of Oxyfedrin intravenously. In 8 of the 10 patients there was a uniform reaction consisting of an improvement of wall motion, increase in flow, and homogeneity of flow distribution. These parallel changes of local wall movement and local blood flow in a poststenotic underperfused part of the myocardium can most probably be explained by the positively inotropic action of Oxyfedrin with a consecutive increase in blood flow. The results show that a therapeutic affect in patients with a coronary stenosis less than 60% in the left descending artery can be obtained with a positively inotropic substance.", "contents": "[Local ventricular wall motion, local myocardial flow, and blood flow distribution in a poststenotic myocardial region in patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with coronary heart disease, local ventricular wall motion, local poststenotic flow, and distribution of myocardial perfusion were determined in the underperfused myocardium before and after 8 mg of Oxyfedrin intravenously. In 8 of the 10 patients there was a uniform reaction consisting of an improvement of wall motion, increase in flow, and homogeneity of flow distribution. These parallel changes of local wall movement and local blood flow in a poststenotic underperfused part of the myocardium can most probably be explained by the positively inotropic action of Oxyfedrin with a consecutive increase in blood flow. The results show that a therapeutic affect in patients with a coronary stenosis less than 60% in the left descending artery can be obtained with a positively inotropic substance.", "PMID": 595774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5211", "title": "[Treatment of the experimental chronic digitalisintoxication by hemoperfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "In 5 adult dogs experimental chronic digitalis intoxication was produced by oral administration of different digitalis-types (digoxin, beta-methyl-, beta-acetyl-digoxin, digitoxin). 18 to 24 hours after the last application of digitalis, charcoal hemoperfusion was performed in Dipidolor-N2O-anesthesia and serum digitalis-concentrations in the arterial and venous lines of the hemoperfusion system were determined by RIA J125. The Ecg was registered continuously as a simple clinical parameter of cardiac digitalis intoxication. Initial multiple cardiac arrhythmias (AVII degree, SAII degree, tachycardia of the atrium) subsided in the dogs with digoxin, beta-methyl- and beta-acetyl-digoxin during hemocolperfusion within 130 to 160 min. The disturbances of rhythm persisted up to 200 min after onset of hemoperfusion in the dog intoxicated by digitoxin. The clearances of digoxin and derivatives (35.8--43.1 ml/min) are higher than the digitoxin clearance (17--23.2 ml/min) which is supposed to be the reason for cardiac detoxication in the digoxin-intoxicated dogs. Hemoperfusion using polymer coated charcoal appears to be effective for the elimination of digoxin leading to a marked improvement of cardiac arrhythmias. By contrast digitoxin induced cardiac arrhythmias are not influenced during hemoperfusion.", "contents": "[Treatment of the experimental chronic digitalisintoxication by hemoperfusion (author's transl)]. In 5 adult dogs experimental chronic digitalis intoxication was produced by oral administration of different digitalis-types (digoxin, beta-methyl-, beta-acetyl-digoxin, digitoxin). 18 to 24 hours after the last application of digitalis, charcoal hemoperfusion was performed in Dipidolor-N2O-anesthesia and serum digitalis-concentrations in the arterial and venous lines of the hemoperfusion system were determined by RIA J125. The Ecg was registered continuously as a simple clinical parameter of cardiac digitalis intoxication. Initial multiple cardiac arrhythmias (AVII degree, SAII degree, tachycardia of the atrium) subsided in the dogs with digoxin, beta-methyl- and beta-acetyl-digoxin during hemocolperfusion within 130 to 160 min. The disturbances of rhythm persisted up to 200 min after onset of hemoperfusion in the dog intoxicated by digitoxin. The clearances of digoxin and derivatives (35.8--43.1 ml/min) are higher than the digitoxin clearance (17--23.2 ml/min) which is supposed to be the reason for cardiac detoxication in the digoxin-intoxicated dogs. Hemoperfusion using polymer coated charcoal appears to be effective for the elimination of digoxin leading to a marked improvement of cardiac arrhythmias. By contrast digitoxin induced cardiac arrhythmias are not influenced during hemoperfusion.", "PMID": 595775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5212", "title": "[Coronarangiographic study on the trifurcation branch of the left coronary artery postmortem (author's transl)].", "content": "In 141 human hearts by means of coronary angiography post mortem 72 (51.1%) were found with bifurcation and 63 (44.7%) with trifurcation of the left coronary artery. In 6 hearts there was a fourfold division of the left main coronary artery. The supplying areas of the trifurcation branch was located in the left anterior or lateral ventricular wall. Its size varied in a wide range. Partly it belonged to the supplying areas of the anterior descending, partly to the left circumflex branch.", "contents": "[Coronarangiographic study on the trifurcation branch of the left coronary artery postmortem (author's transl)]. In 141 human hearts by means of coronary angiography post mortem 72 (51.1%) were found with bifurcation and 63 (44.7%) with trifurcation of the left coronary artery. In 6 hearts there was a fourfold division of the left main coronary artery. The supplying areas of the trifurcation branch was located in the left anterior or lateral ventricular wall. Its size varied in a wide range. Partly it belonged to the supplying areas of the anterior descending, partly to the left circumflex branch.", "PMID": 595776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5213", "title": "[Comparative measurements of PWC170 with work steps of different load increase and duration (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"Physical Working Capacity\" (PWC170) which has been shown to be an ergometric method for determination of the physical performance is due to measurement of heart rate during physical work under steady-state conditions. However the practical application of those methods of multiple work steps of six minutes is limited due to the time-consuming procedure. Therefore, we measured in 30 test-persons PWX170 with work-steps of 50 Watt/6 min. in comparison with 25 Watt/2 min. The difference between these two test-series of 3.7% was not significant. For daily determination of PWC170 the more time-saving procedure with work steps of 25 Watt/2 min. is suggested.", "contents": "[Comparative measurements of PWC170 with work steps of different load increase and duration (author's transl)]. The \"Physical Working Capacity\" (PWC170) which has been shown to be an ergometric method for determination of the physical performance is due to measurement of heart rate during physical work under steady-state conditions. However the practical application of those methods of multiple work steps of six minutes is limited due to the time-consuming procedure. Therefore, we measured in 30 test-persons PWX170 with work-steps of 50 Watt/6 min. in comparison with 25 Watt/2 min. The difference between these two test-series of 3.7% was not significant. For daily determination of PWC170 the more time-saving procedure with work steps of 25 Watt/2 min. is suggested.", "PMID": 595777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5214", "title": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. I. The path of migration of infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense in canine skin.", "content": "Migratory behaviour of Ancylostoma braziliense was studied in relation to the structure of the skin in dogs after primary infections. Data were obtained studying serial sections of lateral skin areas 6 mm in diameter, which had been exposed to larvae. The sections were stained either with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin or with P.A.S. or as outlined by Crossmon. Most of the larvae managed to penetrate the skin within 1/2 hr after the application. Hairs did not seem to constitute sites of entry. The larvae moved into the horny layer where edges of keratinized cells provide uneven spots. They migrated approximately parallel to the surface from the horny layer into the living epidermis and continued into an external root sheath of a hair follicle. They could only leave this site via sebaceous glands for the dermis or via apocrine sweat glands for the hypodermis. Tunnels from the epidermis into the dermis, however, suggested that a direct trans-epidermal migration had occurred. The vessels invaded by larvae were hypodermal lymphatic vessels. The first ones were found in these structures 1/2 h after the onset of the exposure.", "contents": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. I. The path of migration of infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense in canine skin. Migratory behaviour of Ancylostoma braziliense was studied in relation to the structure of the skin in dogs after primary infections. Data were obtained studying serial sections of lateral skin areas 6 mm in diameter, which had been exposed to larvae. The sections were stained either with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin or with P.A.S. or as outlined by Crossmon. Most of the larvae managed to penetrate the skin within 1/2 hr after the application. Hairs did not seem to constitute sites of entry. The larvae moved into the horny layer where edges of keratinized cells provide uneven spots. They migrated approximately parallel to the surface from the horny layer into the living epidermis and continued into an external root sheath of a hair follicle. They could only leave this site via sebaceous glands for the dermis or via apocrine sweat glands for the hypodermis. Tunnels from the epidermis into the dermis, however, suggested that a direct trans-epidermal migration had occurred. The vessels invaded by larvae were hypodermal lymphatic vessels. The first ones were found in these structures 1/2 h after the onset of the exposure.", "PMID": 595791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5215", "title": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. II. The path of migration of infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense in the metacarpal foot pads of dogs.", "content": "The hairless metacarpal foot pads of six hookworm-free puppies were exposed to infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense. Serial sections of the biopts stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin showed that the infective larvae are able to penetrate the toughest region of canine skin. Pores of eccrine sweat glands did not seem to constitute sites of entry and no larvae were detected in these glands. Larvae were only observed in the epidermis. The histopathology of the infected skin of the foot pads of the puppies was similar to that in human skin with \"creeping eruption\" as described by F\u00fclleborn (1927). The biopts appeared to consist of hairy skin as well. In the unexposed adjacent hairy skin of the foot pads, larvae were also observed. They were found in the epidermis, hair follicle systems and dermis, suggesting that the migration from the epidermis into deeper tissue depends on the presence of the hair follicle systems.", "contents": "Skin penetration of infective hookworm larvae. II. The path of migration of infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense in the metacarpal foot pads of dogs. The hairless metacarpal foot pads of six hookworm-free puppies were exposed to infective larvae of Ancylostoma braziliense. Serial sections of the biopts stained with Harris' haematoxylin and eosin showed that the infective larvae are able to penetrate the toughest region of canine skin. Pores of eccrine sweat glands did not seem to constitute sites of entry and no larvae were detected in these glands. Larvae were only observed in the epidermis. The histopathology of the infected skin of the foot pads of the puppies was similar to that in human skin with \"creeping eruption\" as described by F\u00fclleborn (1927). The biopts appeared to consist of hairy skin as well. In the unexposed adjacent hairy skin of the foot pads, larvae were also observed. They were found in the epidermis, hair follicle systems and dermis, suggesting that the migration from the epidermis into deeper tissue depends on the presence of the hair follicle systems.", "PMID": 595792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5216", "title": "Histoenzymological compartmentation of butyryl cholinesterase in the Glossimetra orientalis Mehra 1937.", "content": "Butyryl cholinesterase activity in Glossimetra orientalis was studied histochemically with Gomori's method using butyrylthiocholine as substrate. Eserine sulphate (10(-5) M) was used as inhibitor for AChE. The study reveals that the enzyme is present mainly in the musculature of the reproductive system, excretory canal, nerve cells and fibers, tegument and subtegumentary cells and suckers. The testes, ovary and parenchyma are completely negative. The functional significance of the enzyme in the various locations have been discussed.", "contents": "Histoenzymological compartmentation of butyryl cholinesterase in the Glossimetra orientalis Mehra 1937. Butyryl cholinesterase activity in Glossimetra orientalis was studied histochemically with Gomori's method using butyrylthiocholine as substrate. Eserine sulphate (10(-5) M) was used as inhibitor for AChE. The study reveals that the enzyme is present mainly in the musculature of the reproductive system, excretory canal, nerve cells and fibers, tegument and subtegumentary cells and suckers. The testes, ovary and parenchyma are completely negative. The functional significance of the enzyme in the various locations have been discussed.", "PMID": 595793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5217", "title": "[Helminth fauna of Syrian lambs].", "content": "A study of the helminth fauna of lambs in Syria was made on 40 gastrointestinal tubes and 500 lungs from animals slaughtered in the abattoir of Hama. The parasites isolated were 21 nematode species, 4 cestode species and 2 bladderworm species (Cysticercus tenuicollis and Echinococcus species). Nematodirus oiratianus, Moniezia benedeni and Neostrongylus linearis were found for the first time in lambs in Syria. A detailed description is given of morphologic characteristics of Nematodirus oiratianus.", "contents": "[Helminth fauna of Syrian lambs]. A study of the helminth fauna of lambs in Syria was made on 40 gastrointestinal tubes and 500 lungs from animals slaughtered in the abattoir of Hama. The parasites isolated were 21 nematode species, 4 cestode species and 2 bladderworm species (Cysticercus tenuicollis and Echinococcus species). Nematodirus oiratianus, Moniezia benedeni and Neostrongylus linearis were found for the first time in lambs in Syria. A detailed description is given of morphologic characteristics of Nematodirus oiratianus.", "PMID": 595794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5218", "title": "On a new trematode, Prohemistomum azimi n. sp. (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae) from the Egyptian slit-faced bat.", "content": "Prohemistomum azimi n. sp. is described from one out of four Egyptian slit-faced bats, Nycteris thebaica Geffroy, 1910 captured from Giza, Egypt. The new species is compared with other related species of the genus and its specific diagnosis is outlined. The new species is the first record of the genus Prohemistomum Odhner, 1913 from Chiroptera.", "contents": "On a new trematode, Prohemistomum azimi n. sp. (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae) from the Egyptian slit-faced bat. Prohemistomum azimi n. sp. is described from one out of four Egyptian slit-faced bats, Nycteris thebaica Geffroy, 1910 captured from Giza, Egypt. The new species is compared with other related species of the genus and its specific diagnosis is outlined. The new species is the first record of the genus Prohemistomum Odhner, 1913 from Chiroptera.", "PMID": 595795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5219", "title": "[Microcalorimetric investigations of the host-parasite relationship between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The ratio of dry weight to wet weight of infected snails (5.5 +/- 2.2%) is significantly smaller than that of uninfected animals (8.3 +/- 1.0%). 2. The specific values of oxygen consumption and heat-production per dry weight are significantly higher for infected snails (2.41 +/- 0.44 microliter O2/h/mg; 12.63 +/- 1.24 muW/mg) than for uninfected ones (1.88 +/- 0.24 microliter O2/h/mg, 8.94 +/- 0.91 muW/mg). 3. The rate of oxygen consumption always suffices to explain the measured heat flows for aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates or fats and proteins, respectively. Neither for infected nor for uninfected snails is it necessary to assume an anaerobic energy metabolism. 4. Structures in the calorimetrically obtained heat production curves are discussed.", "contents": "[Microcalorimetric investigations of the host-parasite relationship between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni (author's transl)]. 1. The ratio of dry weight to wet weight of infected snails (5.5 +/- 2.2%) is significantly smaller than that of uninfected animals (8.3 +/- 1.0%). 2. The specific values of oxygen consumption and heat-production per dry weight are significantly higher for infected snails (2.41 +/- 0.44 microliter O2/h/mg; 12.63 +/- 1.24 muW/mg) than for uninfected ones (1.88 +/- 0.24 microliter O2/h/mg, 8.94 +/- 0.91 muW/mg). 3. The rate of oxygen consumption always suffices to explain the measured heat flows for aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates or fats and proteins, respectively. Neither for infected nor for uninfected snails is it necessary to assume an anaerobic energy metabolism. 4. Structures in the calorimetrically obtained heat production curves are discussed.", "PMID": 595796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5220", "title": "[Spatial-temporal synchronization of cerebral biopotentials and the problem of the brain's activity as a whole].", "content": "The author compares the results of his own investigations into the influence of instantaneous and multiple reversible (cold) inactivation of the neocortex on the manifestation and elaboration of conditioned reflexes in cats with dynamic characteristics of spatial-temporal synchronization of biopotentials in the cortex and subcortical formations at different stages of formation and manifestation of the conditioned reflex in animals, and in different functional states (emotions and mental stress) in humans, as presented in the studies by M.N. Livanov and coworkers. It has been stressed that different experimental approaches reveal the one principle of brain functioning, its integral involvement in any purposeful activity.", "contents": "[Spatial-temporal synchronization of cerebral biopotentials and the problem of the brain's activity as a whole]. The author compares the results of his own investigations into the influence of instantaneous and multiple reversible (cold) inactivation of the neocortex on the manifestation and elaboration of conditioned reflexes in cats with dynamic characteristics of spatial-temporal synchronization of biopotentials in the cortex and subcortical formations at different stages of formation and manifestation of the conditioned reflex in animals, and in different functional states (emotions and mental stress) in humans, as presented in the studies by M.N. Livanov and coworkers. It has been stressed that different experimental approaches reveal the one principle of brain functioning, its integral involvement in any purposeful activity.", "PMID": 595866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5221", "title": "[Structure of the field of cerebral biopotentials and the latent period of the human motor response].", "content": "An investigation was made into the statistical interconnection between the latency of human conditioned motor reaction to a flash and the spatial distribution of EEG correlation coefficients of eight cerebral areas in 10-second epoch preceding the stimuli. The greatest similarity of latency variations was observed with changes in the correlation relationships between EEG of the occipital, frontal and central areas of the hemisphere, contralateral to the reacting hand. Analysis of the structure of the brain biopotential field has shown that the probability of a more rapid reaction is greater if in the pre-stimulatory period there is a spatially coherent alpha-rhythm with nearly contraphasic correlations of oscillations in the frontal and occipital brain areas.", "contents": "[Structure of the field of cerebral biopotentials and the latent period of the human motor response]. An investigation was made into the statistical interconnection between the latency of human conditioned motor reaction to a flash and the spatial distribution of EEG correlation coefficients of eight cerebral areas in 10-second epoch preceding the stimuli. The greatest similarity of latency variations was observed with changes in the correlation relationships between EEG of the occipital, frontal and central areas of the hemisphere, contralateral to the reacting hand. Analysis of the structure of the brain biopotential field has shown that the probability of a more rapid reaction is greater if in the pre-stimulatory period there is a spatially coherent alpha-rhythm with nearly contraphasic correlations of oscillations in the frontal and occipital brain areas.", "PMID": 595867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5222", "title": "[Formation and functional significance of the dark receptive fields of the cat visual cortex].", "content": "Receptive fields (RFs) of single units in the 17th field of the visual cortex of immobilized cat were investigated under dark adaptation. The mean RF size was equal to 67 degrees and varied from 3 degrees up to 120 degrees. The RFs with centres located near gaze were from 3 degrees up to 120 degrees in dia, but with growth of excentricity the number of small RFs decreased, and in the region of 70 to 100 degrees from gaze only RFs with diameters equal to 100 degrees were found. The shape of \"dark\" RFs was either ellipsoidal (in most cases) or round. Detector properties (orientational, directional, size and velocity selectivity) of the \"dark\" RFs were significantly less manifest or absent. Under photopic light adaptation the same units reorganized their RFs to well known sizes and configuration. The hypothesis is discussed of the formation of local detector RF in the visual cortex in light adaptation by selective cortical inhibition which is activated in darkness only slightly. This view is an alternative to the commonly-accepted scheme of local cortical RF formation by the hierarchical and selective excitatory convergence.", "contents": "[Formation and functional significance of the dark receptive fields of the cat visual cortex]. Receptive fields (RFs) of single units in the 17th field of the visual cortex of immobilized cat were investigated under dark adaptation. The mean RF size was equal to 67 degrees and varied from 3 degrees up to 120 degrees. The RFs with centres located near gaze were from 3 degrees up to 120 degrees in dia, but with growth of excentricity the number of small RFs decreased, and in the region of 70 to 100 degrees from gaze only RFs with diameters equal to 100 degrees were found. The shape of \"dark\" RFs was either ellipsoidal (in most cases) or round. Detector properties (orientational, directional, size and velocity selectivity) of the \"dark\" RFs were significantly less manifest or absent. Under photopic light adaptation the same units reorganized their RFs to well known sizes and configuration. The hypothesis is discussed of the formation of local detector RF in the visual cortex in light adaptation by selective cortical inhibition which is activated in darkness only slightly. This view is an alternative to the commonly-accepted scheme of local cortical RF formation by the hierarchical and selective excitatory convergence.", "PMID": 595869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5223", "title": "[Electrophysiologic correlates of habituation and conditioned reflex elaboration].", "content": "The average correlation coefficient between the EEG of different parts of the cortex gradually decreases as the rabbit is habituated to the experimental surroundings. Elaboration of an electo-defensive conditioned reflex leads to its enhancement which is replaced by a phase of temporary decrease, to be followed again by an enhancement of EEG correlation. The pronouncedness of theta-frequencies in the spectral and coherent functions behaves in a similar way. Successive changes of delta-activity level reveal no regularity.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic correlates of habituation and conditioned reflex elaboration]. The average correlation coefficient between the EEG of different parts of the cortex gradually decreases as the rabbit is habituated to the experimental surroundings. Elaboration of an electo-defensive conditioned reflex leads to its enhancement which is replaced by a phase of temporary decrease, to be followed again by an enhancement of EEG correlation. The pronouncedness of theta-frequencies in the spectral and coherent functions behaves in a similar way. Successive changes of delta-activity level reveal no regularity.", "PMID": 595871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5224", "title": "[Spatial synchronization of potentials in the frontal zones of the brain during performance of nominative speech in children].", "content": "Characteristics of spatial-temporal relations of the frontal zones potentials with those of other brain centres were studied in five- to six-year old children during naming of visually presented objects. EEG cross correlation analysis has shown that during visual perception of familiar objects the correlations of frontal areas with the interior pariental area of the left hemisphere are enhanced; the rhythms of the inferior parietal and occipital zones in the left hemisphere precede the potentials in the frontal area, while in the right hemispere synphasic relations are set up between the frontal and occipital zones. Naming the objects by the appropriate word as compared with rest and showing of the object, leads to enhancement of both intra- and interhemispheric correlations between potentials in the frontal zone and the inferior parietal and temporal zones. The frontal lobe rhythms begin to precede the inferior parietal and occipital potentials and form synphasic relations with the temporal and motor zone potentials in the left hemisphere.", "contents": "[Spatial synchronization of potentials in the frontal zones of the brain during performance of nominative speech in children]. Characteristics of spatial-temporal relations of the frontal zones potentials with those of other brain centres were studied in five- to six-year old children during naming of visually presented objects. EEG cross correlation analysis has shown that during visual perception of familiar objects the correlations of frontal areas with the interior pariental area of the left hemisphere are enhanced; the rhythms of the inferior parietal and occipital zones in the left hemisphere precede the potentials in the frontal area, while in the right hemispere synphasic relations are set up between the frontal and occipital zones. Naming the objects by the appropriate word as compared with rest and showing of the object, leads to enhancement of both intra- and interhemispheric correlations between potentials in the frontal zone and the inferior parietal and temporal zones. The frontal lobe rhythms begin to precede the inferior parietal and occipital potentials and form synphasic relations with the temporal and motor zone potentials in the left hemisphere.", "PMID": 595868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5225", "title": "[Theta-bursts of hippocampal and septal neurons].", "content": "Investigation of neuronal activity on non-anaesthetized rabbits in non-stress chronic conditions revealed in the hippocampus a small proportion of neurones (10-12 percent) with a weak rhythmic (theta) modulation of their activity. In the medial and lateral septal nuclei this activity was more organized and was present in about one third of neuronal population. Disruption of septo-hippocampal connections completely abolished theta-rhythm in EEG and in neuronal activity of the hippocampus. Transection of the perforant path was followed by appearance of pronounced theta-bursts in a large group of neurones (38 percent in CA1 and 43 percent in CA3). Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus suppressed theta-bursts and decreased their frequency in the lateral spetal nucleus. Disruption of hippocampo-septal connections was followed by an increase of the population of septal neurones with theta-bursts (48 percent), which became more prounced. Some theoretical implications from these data concerning the nature of hippocampal theta-activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Theta-bursts of hippocampal and septal neurons]. Investigation of neuronal activity on non-anaesthetized rabbits in non-stress chronic conditions revealed in the hippocampus a small proportion of neurones (10-12 percent) with a weak rhythmic (theta) modulation of their activity. In the medial and lateral septal nuclei this activity was more organized and was present in about one third of neuronal population. Disruption of septo-hippocampal connections completely abolished theta-rhythm in EEG and in neuronal activity of the hippocampus. Transection of the perforant path was followed by appearance of pronounced theta-bursts in a large group of neurones (38 percent in CA1 and 43 percent in CA3). Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus suppressed theta-bursts and decreased their frequency in the lateral spetal nucleus. Disruption of hippocampo-septal connections was followed by an increase of the population of septal neurones with theta-bursts (48 percent), which became more prounced. Some theoretical implications from these data concerning the nature of hippocampal theta-activity are discussed.", "PMID": 595870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5226", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the orienting response of rabbits to visual stimuli of growing intensity].", "content": "The process of formation and the structure of orienting reaction (OR) to rhythmic photic stimuli of growing intensity (beginning with brightnesses near the visibility threshold) was studied in alert non-immobilized rabbits. Motor (movements of the fore and hind paws and the ears) and the vegetative (respiratory) OR components were recorded. No dependence of the emergence of different type reactions on the intensity of the stimulus was disclosed. All the studied kinds of the animal's behavioral responses begin to appear for the first time in a very narrow range of brightness. OR to presented stimuli is not completely extinguished. The process of OR extinction is of a wave-like nature. It is assumed that the structure of the rabbit OR to photic stimuli of low intensities and short durations is determined not so much by physical parameters of the stimulus, as by the animal's condition.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the orienting response of rabbits to visual stimuli of growing intensity]. The process of formation and the structure of orienting reaction (OR) to rhythmic photic stimuli of growing intensity (beginning with brightnesses near the visibility threshold) was studied in alert non-immobilized rabbits. Motor (movements of the fore and hind paws and the ears) and the vegetative (respiratory) OR components were recorded. No dependence of the emergence of different type reactions on the intensity of the stimulus was disclosed. All the studied kinds of the animal's behavioral responses begin to appear for the first time in a very narrow range of brightness. OR to presented stimuli is not completely extinguished. The process of OR extinction is of a wave-like nature. It is assumed that the structure of the rabbit OR to photic stimuli of low intensities and short durations is determined not so much by physical parameters of the stimulus, as by the animal's condition.", "PMID": 595873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5227", "title": "[EEG and success in learning the job of autotransport driver in persons with different typologic characteristics of the nervous system].", "content": "The properties of nervous processes: mobility and strength (capacity for work), were determined by the Khilchenko method in healthy subjects learning the trade of an automobile driver. People with different individual typological characteristics of higher nervous activity displayed significant differences in EEG energo-frequency parameters of different brain areas. It has been shown that EEG of practically healthy people at rest, in conjunction with other informative psycho-physiological data, offers promise for appraising the individual typological characteristics of a person in predicting the professional suitability for driving automobiles.", "contents": "[EEG and success in learning the job of autotransport driver in persons with different typologic characteristics of the nervous system]. The properties of nervous processes: mobility and strength (capacity for work), were determined by the Khilchenko method in healthy subjects learning the trade of an automobile driver. People with different individual typological characteristics of higher nervous activity displayed significant differences in EEG energo-frequency parameters of different brain areas. It has been shown that EEG of practically healthy people at rest, in conjunction with other informative psycho-physiological data, offers promise for appraising the individual typological characteristics of a person in predicting the professional suitability for driving automobiles.", "PMID": 595876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5228", "title": "[Organization of neuronal responses in the sensomotor cortex during simultaneous stimulation of brain structures].", "content": "It has been found on alert non-immobilized rabbits that paired stimulations of the medical lemniscus, the midbrain reticular formation and the pyramidal tract in different succession cause in the sensorimotor cortex the formation of a temporary connection by the parameters of single unit activity and evoked potentials. The temporary connection is manifested in dynamics of evoked responses and in the change of electrical activity at the moment of usual presentation of the second stimulus, if it is omitted. The inflow of impulse activity by different paths adds some peculiarities to the organization of the temporary connection. The leading role in the given model situation may belong to the non-specific system.", "contents": "[Organization of neuronal responses in the sensomotor cortex during simultaneous stimulation of brain structures]. It has been found on alert non-immobilized rabbits that paired stimulations of the medical lemniscus, the midbrain reticular formation and the pyramidal tract in different succession cause in the sensorimotor cortex the formation of a temporary connection by the parameters of single unit activity and evoked potentials. The temporary connection is manifested in dynamics of evoked responses and in the change of electrical activity at the moment of usual presentation of the second stimulus, if it is omitted. The inflow of impulse activity by different paths adds some peculiarities to the organization of the temporary connection. The leading role in the given model situation may belong to the non-specific system.", "PMID": 595872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5229", "title": "[Role of licking and concomitant changes in the excitability of nerve centers in the elaboration of gustatory information in rats].", "content": "The mechanism of nervous control of licking was studied in the frame work of the electrophysiological analysis of conditioned taste aversion. The licking rhythm is so stable that the rats are unable to slow it down by 20 percent. If the solution which was previously used for establishing the conditioned taste aversion, appears in the drinking spout, the rat stops drinking after one or two licks. Analysis of temporal relationships between afferent and efferent impulse activity of licking shows that the comparison of gustatory signals with memory traces and the corresponding decision occurs within 80 to 120 ms after lick onset. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic centres through implanted electrodes has shown that the amplitude of evoked responses and the impairment of licking increases, in proportion to the delay between lick onset and stimulus application. Isolated discharges of epileptic foci in the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus cause an omission of one or several licks, without interfering with the activity of the licking generator.", "contents": "[Role of licking and concomitant changes in the excitability of nerve centers in the elaboration of gustatory information in rats]. The mechanism of nervous control of licking was studied in the frame work of the electrophysiological analysis of conditioned taste aversion. The licking rhythm is so stable that the rats are unable to slow it down by 20 percent. If the solution which was previously used for establishing the conditioned taste aversion, appears in the drinking spout, the rat stops drinking after one or two licks. Analysis of temporal relationships between afferent and efferent impulse activity of licking shows that the comparison of gustatory signals with memory traces and the corresponding decision occurs within 80 to 120 ms after lick onset. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic centres through implanted electrodes has shown that the amplitude of evoked responses and the impairment of licking increases, in proportion to the delay between lick onset and stimulus application. Isolated discharges of epileptic foci in the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus cause an omission of one or several licks, without interfering with the activity of the licking generator.", "PMID": 595875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5230", "title": "[Neuronal mechanisms of sensory integration in the visual analyzer system].", "content": "It has been established in experiments on immobilized cats that somatic and interoceptive signals produce complex reorganizations of the spontaneous and evoked activity of visual cortex units. Either long diffuse changes of spike frequency or phasic reactions have been observed. The dynamics of sensory integration in the visual cortex is determined by unconditioned and conditioned mechanisms both of an intra- and interanalyser nature. Functioning of the microsystem of learning elements in the visual cortex is based on units capable of fixing the elaborated changes of evoked activity and constituting 18.6 percent of the total number of cellular elements in the visual projection cortex, responding to direct cortical stimulation. Microinophoresis of synaptically active agents has shown that complexely organized choline- and serotoninergic structures involved in the processes of unconditioned and conditioned interaction of heteromodal excitations are located in the visual cortex.", "contents": "[Neuronal mechanisms of sensory integration in the visual analyzer system]. It has been established in experiments on immobilized cats that somatic and interoceptive signals produce complex reorganizations of the spontaneous and evoked activity of visual cortex units. Either long diffuse changes of spike frequency or phasic reactions have been observed. The dynamics of sensory integration in the visual cortex is determined by unconditioned and conditioned mechanisms both of an intra- and interanalyser nature. Functioning of the microsystem of learning elements in the visual cortex is based on units capable of fixing the elaborated changes of evoked activity and constituting 18.6 percent of the total number of cellular elements in the visual projection cortex, responding to direct cortical stimulation. Microinophoresis of synaptically active agents has shown that complexely organized choline- and serotoninergic structures involved in the processes of unconditioned and conditioned interaction of heteromodal excitations are located in the visual cortex.", "PMID": 595874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5231", "title": "[Amplitude-temporal characteristics of evoked responses of the visual analyzer to stimuli of growing intensity].", "content": "A study was made on cats of the dependence of latency, peak latency, amplitudes and slopes of I and II phases of primary evoked potentials in the chiasm, the colliculi, the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex on the intensity of the photic stimulus in the range of intensities of II orders above the threshold. Practically in the whole examined range, the logarithmic connection is retained, testifying to the extremely wide possibility of the visual system to discriminate a signal in securing a reflex act.", "contents": "[Amplitude-temporal characteristics of evoked responses of the visual analyzer to stimuli of growing intensity]. A study was made on cats of the dependence of latency, peak latency, amplitudes and slopes of I and II phases of primary evoked potentials in the chiasm, the colliculi, the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex on the intensity of the photic stimulus in the range of intensities of II orders above the threshold. Practically in the whole examined range, the logarithmic connection is retained, testifying to the extremely wide possibility of the visual system to discriminate a signal in securing a reflex act.", "PMID": 595879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5232", "title": "[Evoked potentials to joint presentation of photic and acoustic stimuli in the human EEG].", "content": "The results are outlined of a comparative estimation of averaged EP recorded in response to simultaneous and separate presentation of photic and acoustic stimuli on EEG of fifteen healthy subjects and twelve patients with focal lesions of the diencephalic structures. Investigation of the EP components and integral-temporal parameters has revealed that in healthy subjects EP to a combined heteromodal stimulation considerably exceeded by amplitude the one recorded in response to a separate presentation of stimuli. In case of lesion of the diencephalic formations, the converging effect of polysensory stimulation for the main waves of the response was less pronounced than in healthy subjects. At the same time, in pathological cases the summation effect of the afteraction potential (recorded after the main EP components as a slow negative oscillation) was manifested most distinctly, especially in the central zone of the cortex.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials to joint presentation of photic and acoustic stimuli in the human EEG]. The results are outlined of a comparative estimation of averaged EP recorded in response to simultaneous and separate presentation of photic and acoustic stimuli on EEG of fifteen healthy subjects and twelve patients with focal lesions of the diencephalic structures. Investigation of the EP components and integral-temporal parameters has revealed that in healthy subjects EP to a combined heteromodal stimulation considerably exceeded by amplitude the one recorded in response to a separate presentation of stimuli. In case of lesion of the diencephalic formations, the converging effect of polysensory stimulation for the main waves of the response was less pronounced than in healthy subjects. At the same time, in pathological cases the summation effect of the afteraction potential (recorded after the main EP components as a slow negative oscillation) was manifested most distinctly, especially in the central zone of the cortex.", "PMID": 595878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5233", "title": "[Effect of precursors and cofactors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on the response of cortical neurons induced by polarization].", "content": "Injection of K-orotate and folic acid in different proportions and of vitamine B12 produces changes in the S35-methionine inclusion in the proteins of the sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and hippocampus depending on the proportions of the injected agents. In animals with activation of the synthesis in the brain, surface anode polarization increased the mean frequency of spike activity of the neurones in the sensorimotor cortex and reduced the relative number of units, which responded to polarization by inhibition, as compared with the control animals and those in which no activation of protein synthesis was observed. The characteristics of cortical unit responses to surface anode polarization in experimental rats are apparently due to changes in the chemoreactive properties of their membranes, which set in under the influence of changes in the nucleic acid and protein synthesis in these neurones.", "contents": "[Effect of precursors and cofactors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on the response of cortical neurons induced by polarization]. Injection of K-orotate and folic acid in different proportions and of vitamine B12 produces changes in the S35-methionine inclusion in the proteins of the sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and hippocampus depending on the proportions of the injected agents. In animals with activation of the synthesis in the brain, surface anode polarization increased the mean frequency of spike activity of the neurones in the sensorimotor cortex and reduced the relative number of units, which responded to polarization by inhibition, as compared with the control animals and those in which no activation of protein synthesis was observed. The characteristics of cortical unit responses to surface anode polarization in experimental rats are apparently due to changes in the chemoreactive properties of their membranes, which set in under the influence of changes in the nucleic acid and protein synthesis in these neurones.", "PMID": 595881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5234", "title": "[Investigation about the taste of di, tri- and tetrahydroxy fatty acid].", "content": "Two diastereomeric 9, 10-dihydroxystearic acids, four diasteromeric 9,10,12-trishydroxystearic acids, a mixture of diastereomeric 9,10,12,13-tetrahydroxystearic acids, a mixture of 9.12,13,-trihydroxy-10 trans- and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-trans-octadecenoic acids (tri-OH-mixture from lipoxygenase catalysis) and the hydrogenated tri-OH mixture were tested for bitter taste. Only the tri - and tetrahydroxy acids are bitter. The taste thresholds of the saturated tri- and tetrahydroxy acids are in the range from 1.0--4.3 micron ol/ml. There are no significant differences in the taste thresholds between the four diastereomeric 9,- 10,12-trihydroxy acids. The double bond in the trihydroxy acids from the lipoxygenase catalysis enhances the bitter taste 3-fold.", "contents": "[Investigation about the taste of di, tri- and tetrahydroxy fatty acid]. Two diastereomeric 9, 10-dihydroxystearic acids, four diasteromeric 9,10,12-trishydroxystearic acids, a mixture of diastereomeric 9,10,12,13-tetrahydroxystearic acids, a mixture of 9.12,13,-trihydroxy-10 trans- and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-trans-octadecenoic acids (tri-OH-mixture from lipoxygenase catalysis) and the hydrogenated tri-OH mixture were tested for bitter taste. Only the tri - and tetrahydroxy acids are bitter. The taste thresholds of the saturated tri- and tetrahydroxy acids are in the range from 1.0--4.3 micron ol/ml. There are no significant differences in the taste thresholds between the four diastereomeric 9,- 10,12-trihydroxy acids. The double bond in the trihydroxy acids from the lipoxygenase catalysis enhances the bitter taste 3-fold.", "PMID": 595893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5235", "title": "[Influence of raw material on storage behaviour of potato chips (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of storage duration on the lipid and fatty acid content of potato tubers and on the concentration of volatile aroma substances in potato chips were studied. An increase in the unsaturated fatty acids of potato tubers was found during the first months of storage. The higher lipid content of early maturing varieties as compared with late maturing ones may be explained by decreased physiological maturity of these potatoes. Among the aroma substances the constituents hexanal, pentanal, and pentane are possible important indicators for the rancidity of potato chips. Relationships between differing storage conditions of chips and their reeping quality were indicated by volatile aroma substances, especially hexanal.", "contents": "[Influence of raw material on storage behaviour of potato chips (author's transl)]. The influence of storage duration on the lipid and fatty acid content of potato tubers and on the concentration of volatile aroma substances in potato chips were studied. An increase in the unsaturated fatty acids of potato tubers was found during the first months of storage. The higher lipid content of early maturing varieties as compared with late maturing ones may be explained by decreased physiological maturity of these potatoes. Among the aroma substances the constituents hexanal, pentanal, and pentane are possible important indicators for the rancidity of potato chips. Relationships between differing storage conditions of chips and their reeping quality were indicated by volatile aroma substances, especially hexanal.", "PMID": 595892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5236", "title": "[Functional and morphologic characteristics of limbic cortex maturation during early ontogenesis].", "content": "Development of the limbic cortical area in postnatal ontogenesis of the rabbit comprises three periods judging by the parameters of impulse activity of neurones and cytoarchitectonic differentiation. The period of stratification and beginning of cellular differentiation functionally corresponds to the manifestation of simple forms of spike activity (single, group) with long inactivation periods (the first week of life). The period of intensive cytoarchitectonic differentiation with separation of the agranular type of the anterior limbic area structure correlates with a more complex neuronal impulse activity (burst discharges), augmenting spectrum of dominating spike frequencies, predominance of phasic activation and specific responses together with a high total neuronal responsiveness to sensory (acoustic) stimuli (the second to third week of life). The period of complete cytoarchitectonic maturation corresponds to the stabilization of functional properties of neurones (the fourth to sixth week of life). The revealed ontogenetic dynamics of morpho-functional reorganizations in the limbic cortex point to its involvement at an early stage of postnatal life in the mechanisms of sensory analysis and of the formation of adequate adaptive reactions.", "contents": "[Functional and morphologic characteristics of limbic cortex maturation during early ontogenesis]. Development of the limbic cortical area in postnatal ontogenesis of the rabbit comprises three periods judging by the parameters of impulse activity of neurones and cytoarchitectonic differentiation. The period of stratification and beginning of cellular differentiation functionally corresponds to the manifestation of simple forms of spike activity (single, group) with long inactivation periods (the first week of life). The period of intensive cytoarchitectonic differentiation with separation of the agranular type of the anterior limbic area structure correlates with a more complex neuronal impulse activity (burst discharges), augmenting spectrum of dominating spike frequencies, predominance of phasic activation and specific responses together with a high total neuronal responsiveness to sensory (acoustic) stimuli (the second to third week of life). The period of complete cytoarchitectonic maturation corresponds to the stabilization of functional properties of neurones (the fourth to sixth week of life). The revealed ontogenetic dynamics of morpho-functional reorganizations in the limbic cortex point to its involvement at an early stage of postnatal life in the mechanisms of sensory analysis and of the formation of adequate adaptive reactions.", "PMID": 595880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5237", "title": "[The proteins of honey. III. Separation of honey amylase by hydrophobic partition chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous experiments to separate the amylase and \"invertase\" of honey by chromatography on sephadex-gels were unsuccesful. It was shown that honey-amylase, -like amylases form other sources -- has hydrophobic properties. Therefore it was possible to separate amylase-activity from other activities by means of hydrophobic affinity chromatography on phenyl-butylamine-Sepharose 4B.", "contents": "[The proteins of honey. III. Separation of honey amylase by hydrophobic partition chromatography (author's transl)]. Previous experiments to separate the amylase and \"invertase\" of honey by chromatography on sephadex-gels were unsuccesful. It was shown that honey-amylase, -like amylases form other sources -- has hydrophobic properties. Therefore it was possible to separate amylase-activity from other activities by means of hydrophobic affinity chromatography on phenyl-butylamine-Sepharose 4B.", "PMID": 595894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5238", "title": "Neonatal surgical problems in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.", "content": "Analysis of admission to the Neonatal Unit of Muhimbili Hospital, Dar es Salaam, during the year October 1974 to September 1975, shows that about 3 per cent of the cases were Surgical of which nearly two-thirds had congenital malformations in the Head and Neck, Extremities and Spine. Among the major common anomalies were SPINA BIFIDA, POLY-DACTYLY, and other Musculo-Skeletal malformations. Comparison of the incidence of some of the major congenital anomalies between Dar es Salaam and LIVERPOOL, and the World incidence, shows an apparently lower incidence of most of the malformations in Dar es Salaam than elsewhere in the World. A study is currently under way to determine the incidence and pattern of congenital malformations throughout Tanzania.", "contents": "Neonatal surgical problems in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Analysis of admission to the Neonatal Unit of Muhimbili Hospital, Dar es Salaam, during the year October 1974 to September 1975, shows that about 3 per cent of the cases were Surgical of which nearly two-thirds had congenital malformations in the Head and Neck, Extremities and Spine. Among the major common anomalies were SPINA BIFIDA, POLY-DACTYLY, and other Musculo-Skeletal malformations. Comparison of the incidence of some of the major congenital anomalies between Dar es Salaam and LIVERPOOL, and the World incidence, shows an apparently lower incidence of most of the malformations in Dar es Salaam than elsewhere in the World. A study is currently under way to determine the incidence and pattern of congenital malformations throughout Tanzania.", "PMID": 595887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5239", "title": "[Review on nonessential constituents of vegetables. I. Cumcumbers, melons, squashes and pumpkins, bell peppers, eggplants, peas, beans, and broad beans (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the known constituents of the vegetables mentioned in the title are reviewed, except for proteins, carbohydrates, triglyceride-fatty acids, and vitamins, with particular emphasis on volatiles, organic acids, phenolics, crotenoids, sterols, bitter principles, nonprotein-N-compounds.", "contents": "[Review on nonessential constituents of vegetables. I. Cumcumbers, melons, squashes and pumpkins, bell peppers, eggplants, peas, beans, and broad beans (author's transl)]. In this paper the known constituents of the vegetables mentioned in the title are reviewed, except for proteins, carbohydrates, triglyceride-fatty acids, and vitamins, with particular emphasis on volatiles, organic acids, phenolics, crotenoids, sterols, bitter principles, nonprotein-N-compounds.", "PMID": 595895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5240", "title": "[Effect of destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei on elaboration and preservation of heterogeneous conditioned reflexes].", "content": "The destruction of the midbrain raphe nuclei in rats results in a gradual drop of serotonin content in the brain. Its moderate drop, which setts in on the eighth day after ablation of the raphe nuclei, is not attended with any disturbance in elaboration of motor alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes, while the retention of motor alimentary conditioned reflexes is sharply deteriorated. After a sharp reduction of serotonin content in the brain, which is observed on the fifteenth day after the operation, the animals lost their capacity to elaborate either motor alimentary or denfensive conditioned reflexes.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei on elaboration and preservation of heterogeneous conditioned reflexes]. The destruction of the midbrain raphe nuclei in rats results in a gradual drop of serotonin content in the brain. Its moderate drop, which setts in on the eighth day after ablation of the raphe nuclei, is not attended with any disturbance in elaboration of motor alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes, while the retention of motor alimentary conditioned reflexes is sharply deteriorated. After a sharp reduction of serotonin content in the brain, which is observed on the fifteenth day after the operation, the animals lost their capacity to elaborate either motor alimentary or denfensive conditioned reflexes.", "PMID": 595877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5241", "title": "Intensive care unit in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. A retrospective study for the year 1975.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of cases admitted to intensive care unit at U.T.H. at Lusaka in 1975. Injury accounted for the majority of admissions and deaths. Head injury alone or in combination with other injuries was the commonest cause of admission and death. This study is hoped to help those who will work in the new intensive care unit and also to help those hoping to open similar units in Zambia.", "contents": "Intensive care unit in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. A retrospective study for the year 1975. A retrospective study was made of cases admitted to intensive care unit at U.T.H. at Lusaka in 1975. Injury accounted for the majority of admissions and deaths. Head injury alone or in combination with other injuries was the commonest cause of admission and death. This study is hoped to help those who will work in the new intensive care unit and also to help those hoping to open similar units in Zambia.", "PMID": 595889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5242", "title": "[Hydroperoxide degradation by oat isomerase. Investigation of the reaction mechanism (author's transl)].", "content": "Oat isomerase is inhibited by hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (monohydroxy acids) to a degree comparable with inhibition by linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO). Hydroxy acids seem to combine with the enzyme like LHPO do. In an experiment on LHPO breakdown by isomerase 1-14C-hydroxy acids were added and it was examined whether the epoxyhydroxy acids are formed by an intermolecular or intramolecular mechanism. In this experiment 1-14C-labeled trihydroxy acids were formed; they arise from the hydrolysis of epoxyhydroxyoctadecenoic acids formed on their part by isomerase effected LHPO-breakdown. It was determined that at least 70% of LHPO are converted by intermolecular reaction.", "contents": "[Hydroperoxide degradation by oat isomerase. Investigation of the reaction mechanism (author's transl)]. Oat isomerase is inhibited by hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (monohydroxy acids) to a degree comparable with inhibition by linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO). Hydroxy acids seem to combine with the enzyme like LHPO do. In an experiment on LHPO breakdown by isomerase 1-14C-hydroxy acids were added and it was examined whether the epoxyhydroxy acids are formed by an intermolecular or intramolecular mechanism. In this experiment 1-14C-labeled trihydroxy acids were formed; they arise from the hydrolysis of epoxyhydroxyoctadecenoic acids formed on their part by isomerase effected LHPO-breakdown. It was determined that at least 70% of LHPO are converted by intermolecular reaction.", "PMID": 595896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5243", "title": "[On the lipoperoxidase-isomerase-system from oat. Experiments for enzyme separation (author's transl)].", "content": "It was attempted to separate isomerase and lipoperoxidase activity from oat by means of gel and ion exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the enzyme fraction tested was found to be of the order of 3 X 10(6) daltons. By ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing the enzyme fraction with lipoperoxidase and isomerase activity could be separated into isoenzymes. These isoenzymes continued to exhibit both enzymatic activities. The lack of success in achieving of separation and the high molecular weight lead to the conclusion of the asistence of a close interrelation between the two enzymes or possibly of a bifunctional enzyme complex.", "contents": "[On the lipoperoxidase-isomerase-system from oat. Experiments for enzyme separation (author's transl)]. It was attempted to separate isomerase and lipoperoxidase activity from oat by means of gel and ion exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the enzyme fraction tested was found to be of the order of 3 X 10(6) daltons. By ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing the enzyme fraction with lipoperoxidase and isomerase activity could be separated into isoenzymes. These isoenzymes continued to exhibit both enzymatic activities. The lack of success in achieving of separation and the high molecular weight lead to the conclusion of the asistence of a close interrelation between the two enzymes or possibly of a bifunctional enzyme complex.", "PMID": 595897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5244", "title": "[Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VIII. Flavones of carrot leaves (author's transl)].", "content": "The flavonoid constituents of carrot leaves (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativa) were separated by means of cellulose column chromatography, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline and identified by usual procedures: luteolin 7-beta-D-glucoside as the main flavon, luteolin 4'-beta-D-glucoside, luteolin 7-beta-D-glucuronide, apigenin 7-beta-D-glucoside, apigenin 7-rutinoside, chrysoeriol 7-beta-D-glucoside. Luteolin 7-rutinoside also was identified, but could not be obtained crystalline.", "contents": "[Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VIII. Flavones of carrot leaves (author's transl)]. The flavonoid constituents of carrot leaves (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativa) were separated by means of cellulose column chromatography, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline and identified by usual procedures: luteolin 7-beta-D-glucoside as the main flavon, luteolin 4'-beta-D-glucoside, luteolin 7-beta-D-glucuronide, apigenin 7-beta-D-glucoside, apigenin 7-rutinoside, chrysoeriol 7-beta-D-glucoside. Luteolin 7-rutinoside also was identified, but could not be obtained crystalline.", "PMID": 595898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5245", "title": "Multiple myeloma at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka: a retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study of the clinical and laboratory findings in sixteen cases of multiple myeloma seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka between March 1972 and July 1976 was carried out. The majority of cases presented in the fourth and fifth decade of life. The commonest presenting symptom was bone pain and bone tenderness was the commonest physical finding. The majority of patients were anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic. Bence Jones protein was detected in only one case.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka: a retrospective study. A retrospective study of the clinical and laboratory findings in sixteen cases of multiple myeloma seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka between March 1972 and July 1976 was carried out. The majority of cases presented in the fourth and fifth decade of life. The commonest presenting symptom was bone pain and bone tenderness was the commonest physical finding. The majority of patients were anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic. Bence Jones protein was detected in only one case.", "PMID": 595890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5246", "title": "[Health education. Educational approach to change].", "content": "There is currently a widespread interest in health education and a need to better understand the bases of the educational approach to health problems. This paper examines therefore some concepts and methods underlying health education work. It is important that health education objectives are closely related to the effects of human behaviour (what people do for their health) on health outcomes. One can, for example, identify health behaviours which are consequential to health promotion, disease prevention and health care utilization. They provide a focus for educational interventions. Secondly, the strategy of health education is based on the assumption that health practices (or their underlying factors) are subject to change through educational and information methods. This health education is essentially a process of change through education and may involve a more general process of educating the public for health, or a more specific attempt at modifying particular health practices. Applying health education to health problems requires an understanding of the communication process and its components. A number of characteristics which may facilitate or hinder communication are discussed. Finally, health education is more than a services of unstructured influences on people's behaviour. It is a planned strategy involving several stages of change. Also, to be fully effective, health education interventions should be integrated in health programmes and services together with other public health mesures.", "contents": "[Health education. Educational approach to change]. There is currently a widespread interest in health education and a need to better understand the bases of the educational approach to health problems. This paper examines therefore some concepts and methods underlying health education work. It is important that health education objectives are closely related to the effects of human behaviour (what people do for their health) on health outcomes. One can, for example, identify health behaviours which are consequential to health promotion, disease prevention and health care utilization. They provide a focus for educational interventions. Secondly, the strategy of health education is based on the assumption that health practices (or their underlying factors) are subject to change through educational and information methods. This health education is essentially a process of change through education and may involve a more general process of educating the public for health, or a more specific attempt at modifying particular health practices. Applying health education to health problems requires an understanding of the communication process and its components. A number of characteristics which may facilitate or hinder communication are discussed. Finally, health education is more than a services of unstructured influences on people's behaviour. It is a planned strategy involving several stages of change. Also, to be fully effective, health education interventions should be integrated in health programmes and services together with other public health mesures.", "PMID": 595900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5247", "title": "[Knowledge of attitudes and expectations: a prerequisite for effective health education].", "content": "Some global results are presented here several studies of psychosociology conducted in Lorraine; they deal with attitudes and expectations of the people about their health and are obtained from a special factor analysis. This method, of a descriptive nature, allows us to understand the pluridimensional universe of some of the representations considered and particularly to determine how each representation is connected with the others and how they are assembled within the whole system so as to establish typologies. The observation is made, notably by means of 2 projections on situational maps, that axis 1 establishes a bi-polarity among the wider tendencies such as medecine, physicians, health which corresponds, roughly speaking, to an opposition between \"some collar\" workers and \"white collar\" cadres, fatalists and non-fatalists. Less clearly appears a double splitting within the group of cadres and whtin the group of workers, the latter being less favored in the field of medicine and health. We can thus perceive 4 sectors where constellations of variables are organized and which correspond to typologies of attitudes. In fact, whether we rely on socio-professional stratifications or on mentalities, we must, to be efficient, take into account associations of attitudes as well as expectations, constructed according to this method, before starting selective actions of health education.", "contents": "[Knowledge of attitudes and expectations: a prerequisite for effective health education]. Some global results are presented here several studies of psychosociology conducted in Lorraine; they deal with attitudes and expectations of the people about their health and are obtained from a special factor analysis. This method, of a descriptive nature, allows us to understand the pluridimensional universe of some of the representations considered and particularly to determine how each representation is connected with the others and how they are assembled within the whole system so as to establish typologies. The observation is made, notably by means of 2 projections on situational maps, that axis 1 establishes a bi-polarity among the wider tendencies such as medecine, physicians, health which corresponds, roughly speaking, to an opposition between \"some collar\" workers and \"white collar\" cadres, fatalists and non-fatalists. Less clearly appears a double splitting within the group of cadres and whtin the group of workers, the latter being less favored in the field of medicine and health. We can thus perceive 4 sectors where constellations of variables are organized and which correspond to typologies of attitudes. In fact, whether we rely on socio-professional stratifications or on mentalities, we must, to be efficient, take into account associations of attitudes as well as expectations, constructed according to this method, before starting selective actions of health education.", "PMID": 595901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5248", "title": "Ketalar its use by a single operator.", "content": "Ketalar (Ketamine Hydrochloride) was used as the sole anaesthetic agent by a single operator in fifty cases of uterine evacuation. The procedure was easy in use, and safe. It was noted that Ketalar caused a significant increase in tone of the uterine musculature, obviating the need for oxytocic drugs. The incidence of emergence phenomena was low. The patients, and staff were well pleased with the outcome.", "contents": "Ketalar its use by a single operator. Ketalar (Ketamine Hydrochloride) was used as the sole anaesthetic agent by a single operator in fifty cases of uterine evacuation. The procedure was easy in use, and safe. It was noted that Ketalar caused a significant increase in tone of the uterine musculature, obviating the need for oxytocic drugs. The incidence of emergence phenomena was low. The patients, and staff were well pleased with the outcome.", "PMID": 595891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5249", "title": "[Health education. Power of information for purposes of public interest].", "content": "Just as publicity contributes to develop the economic activities, so must do social propaganda for the health field also. But the latter has its own particular constraints. Used along, information reaches rapidly its limits, as long as it is not backed up by changes in regulations, specific to each relevant theme. On the other hand, a deliberate policy involving both information and new regulations can yield the most rapid and spectacular results. As for any investment, it is needed to try to evaluate the efficiency of information campaigns; some indicators must be chosen in order to follow up adequately individual changes in terms of knowledges, opinions and behaviour regarding the topic presented; explorations, surveys and analyses of quantitative and qualitative data have to yield major results, to be integrated in a synopsis. As an example, an a priori study done by the author is presented dealing with the effectiveness of a national scale anti smoking campaign developped in France (in 1976), the effects of which having been consistent with the forcasting ones.", "contents": "[Health education. Power of information for purposes of public interest]. Just as publicity contributes to develop the economic activities, so must do social propaganda for the health field also. But the latter has its own particular constraints. Used along, information reaches rapidly its limits, as long as it is not backed up by changes in regulations, specific to each relevant theme. On the other hand, a deliberate policy involving both information and new regulations can yield the most rapid and spectacular results. As for any investment, it is needed to try to evaluate the efficiency of information campaigns; some indicators must be chosen in order to follow up adequately individual changes in terms of knowledges, opinions and behaviour regarding the topic presented; explorations, surveys and analyses of quantitative and qualitative data have to yield major results, to be integrated in a synopsis. As an example, an a priori study done by the author is presented dealing with the effectiveness of a national scale anti smoking campaign developped in France (in 1976), the effects of which having been consistent with the forcasting ones.", "PMID": 595903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5250", "title": "[Health education within the scope of family-health evaluation].", "content": "Multiphasic health screening an increasingly used preventive tool, may represent major milestones in health natural history of individuals as well as groups (in addition to their own specific goals) in terms of basis for a preference educational action. Based on their own experience in such a screening Center in France working mainly with families, the operating of the health screening itself is shown by the authors to offer a nice back up for health education. The concluding talk with families, specific to this Center's policy yields a unique opportunity for all family members to ask questions on their health problems, as well as for each physician involved to promote changes in their health behaviour. This kind of educational action is exacting for the physician, who has to be able to hear and to communicate easily, and who has to be specifically trained for it.", "contents": "[Health education within the scope of family-health evaluation]. Multiphasic health screening an increasingly used preventive tool, may represent major milestones in health natural history of individuals as well as groups (in addition to their own specific goals) in terms of basis for a preference educational action. Based on their own experience in such a screening Center in France working mainly with families, the operating of the health screening itself is shown by the authors to offer a nice back up for health education. The concluding talk with families, specific to this Center's policy yields a unique opportunity for all family members to ask questions on their health problems, as well as for each physician involved to promote changes in their health behaviour. This kind of educational action is exacting for the physician, who has to be able to hear and to communicate easily, and who has to be specifically trained for it.", "PMID": 595904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5251", "title": "[Health education: team work at school].", "content": "In this field, team work is invaluable, as the relevant frame for both content and method to be permanently readjusted to various levels imposed by the specific objectives. The better the members of this team are integrated into the educational system, as straff members of a service, the deeper the impact of the programme.", "contents": "[Health education: team work at school]. In this field, team work is invaluable, as the relevant frame for both content and method to be permanently readjusted to various levels imposed by the specific objectives. The better the members of this team are integrated into the educational system, as straff members of a service, the deeper the impact of the programme.", "PMID": 595905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5252", "title": "[Control of penicillamine therapy in patients with chronic polyarthritis through urine disc electrophoresis].", "content": "D-penicillamine treatment of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with negative ANF tests, was followed by means of protein disk electrophoresis of the urine. In the beginning the urine proteins were analysed every 4 weeks, later at intervals of 3 to 6 months. A glomerular proteinuria, caused by an immune-complex nephritis, can be recognized very early by this method. A glomerular proteinuria was the reason for discontinuing the treatment in 10 of the 50 patients (8 seropositive, 2 seronegative), drug fever occurred in one case with seropositive arthritis. Protein disk-elektrophoresis of the urine is an appropriate method to recognise renal damage earlier than with any other known routine method.", "contents": "[Control of penicillamine therapy in patients with chronic polyarthritis through urine disc electrophoresis]. D-penicillamine treatment of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with negative ANF tests, was followed by means of protein disk electrophoresis of the urine. In the beginning the urine proteins were analysed every 4 weeks, later at intervals of 3 to 6 months. A glomerular proteinuria, caused by an immune-complex nephritis, can be recognized very early by this method. A glomerular proteinuria was the reason for discontinuing the treatment in 10 of the 50 patients (8 seropositive, 2 seronegative), drug fever occurred in one case with seropositive arthritis. Protein disk-elektrophoresis of the urine is an appropriate method to recognise renal damage earlier than with any other known routine method.", "PMID": 595910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5253", "title": "[A technic for the differentiation of 2 metabolically different cell components, in homogenates or tissue sections, from the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes].", "content": "The authors report a mathematic-statistical calculation method for a differentiation analysis of LDH-isoenzyme distribution and the results obtained thereby. The necessity for the development of an improved method of analysis for isoenzymes stems from the fact that even homogenates of very small tissue samples (smaller than 1 mg wet weight) show remarkable statistical inhomogenicity in the distribution of the different fractions. This indicates that cells with very different isoenzyme distribution make up the homogenates and that a cellular inhomogenicity exists and that the origin of isoenzymes is non-uniform, respectively. The previously used description of LDH-isoenzymes is thus insufficient, mis-represented and needs a better differentiation. After representation of the theoretical basis for a differentiating method for analysis of two enzymatically different main cell components (A and B), results from embryonic, adult, degenerated, and malignant tissues are presented and discussed. It is shown that in normal and mature tissues there are always two cell components with different isoenzymes next to each other. It seems that via their metabolites there is a correlation between these apparently metabolically different cell components and they seem to be responsible for the biological homoeostasis over the period of life. Presumably the two cell components produce different glycosaminoglycanes (GAG) and collagen types. In connective tissue certain decoupling mechanisms between the cell components seem to be responsible for the self perpetuation and the chronic course of pathological processes.", "contents": "[A technic for the differentiation of 2 metabolically different cell components, in homogenates or tissue sections, from the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes]. The authors report a mathematic-statistical calculation method for a differentiation analysis of LDH-isoenzyme distribution and the results obtained thereby. The necessity for the development of an improved method of analysis for isoenzymes stems from the fact that even homogenates of very small tissue samples (smaller than 1 mg wet weight) show remarkable statistical inhomogenicity in the distribution of the different fractions. This indicates that cells with very different isoenzyme distribution make up the homogenates and that a cellular inhomogenicity exists and that the origin of isoenzymes is non-uniform, respectively. The previously used description of LDH-isoenzymes is thus insufficient, mis-represented and needs a better differentiation. After representation of the theoretical basis for a differentiating method for analysis of two enzymatically different main cell components (A and B), results from embryonic, adult, degenerated, and malignant tissues are presented and discussed. It is shown that in normal and mature tissues there are always two cell components with different isoenzymes next to each other. It seems that via their metabolites there is a correlation between these apparently metabolically different cell components and they seem to be responsible for the biological homoeostasis over the period of life. Presumably the two cell components produce different glycosaminoglycanes (GAG) and collagen types. In connective tissue certain decoupling mechanisms between the cell components seem to be responsible for the self perpetuation and the chronic course of pathological processes.", "PMID": 595911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5254", "title": "[Body image in pregnancy].", "content": "Many women show a remarkable change in body experience during the second period of pregnancy; the enlarged abdomen is no longer perceived as such but as a child. These women have the impression that the child is growing forward and that they are themselves behind the child, sometimes also that the ventral body boundary has moved dorsally--less frequently even behind the child. This change in body experience should be considered as a kind of separation of the child from the mothers body, which can be more or less complete and which is interpreted as a gradual dissociation of the child from primary narcissistic mother child unit; this appears to be useful as a preparation for the birth and for the subsequent mother-child relationship. Factors which may influence the degree of dissociation are discussed. Self perception and awareness of other gravidae are particularly sensitive during pregnancy. The showing off the pregnancy in a sense of self-disclosure is an emotionally important act.", "contents": "[Body image in pregnancy]. Many women show a remarkable change in body experience during the second period of pregnancy; the enlarged abdomen is no longer perceived as such but as a child. These women have the impression that the child is growing forward and that they are themselves behind the child, sometimes also that the ventral body boundary has moved dorsally--less frequently even behind the child. This change in body experience should be considered as a kind of separation of the child from the mothers body, which can be more or less complete and which is interpreted as a gradual dissociation of the child from primary narcissistic mother child unit; this appears to be useful as a preparation for the birth and for the subsequent mother-child relationship. Factors which may influence the degree of dissociation are discussed. Self perception and awareness of other gravidae are particularly sensitive during pregnancy. The showing off the pregnancy in a sense of self-disclosure is an emotionally important act.", "PMID": 595913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5255", "title": "[Effect of sodium fluoride on DNA metabolism during therapy for osteoporosis].", "content": "The influence of sodium fluoride therapy on semiconservative DNA-synthesis and DNA-excision repair was investigated in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 6 patients with osteoporosis. The daily dose of sodium fluoride was 25 mg in the first week, and subsequent 50 mg during a period of 15 to 37 weeks. No significant effect on the tested parameters was found in 5 subjects. One patient showed significantly inhibited DNA-repair in the lymphocytes up to the ninth week, but during subsequent therapy normal values were obtained in this patient also. In conclusion sodium fluoride seems to have no effect on DNA-metabolism in lymphocytes of patients with osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium fluoride on DNA metabolism during therapy for osteoporosis]. The influence of sodium fluoride therapy on semiconservative DNA-synthesis and DNA-excision repair was investigated in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 6 patients with osteoporosis. The daily dose of sodium fluoride was 25 mg in the first week, and subsequent 50 mg during a period of 15 to 37 weeks. No significant effect on the tested parameters was found in 5 subjects. One patient showed significantly inhibited DNA-repair in the lymphocytes up to the ninth week, but during subsequent therapy normal values were obtained in this patient also. In conclusion sodium fluoride seems to have no effect on DNA-metabolism in lymphocytes of patients with osteoporosis.", "PMID": 595909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5256", "title": "[Studies of disinfection of hemodialysis instruments].", "content": "Fever reactions in dialysis patients may partly be traced back to the transmission of pyrogens from the rinsing solution compartment into the sanguiferous system. The pyrogen concentration increases with the germ contents of the rinsing solution, which, therefore, should be kept as low as possible by suitable desinfection measures. For the artificial kidney Gambro AK 3 a hot water desinfection of 90 minutes at 90 degrees C or a formalin desinfection of 30 minutes, respectively, for the artificial kidney Leuven IIIC the formalin or peracetic acid desinfection of 30 minutes each proved to be sufficient.", "contents": "[Studies of disinfection of hemodialysis instruments]. Fever reactions in dialysis patients may partly be traced back to the transmission of pyrogens from the rinsing solution compartment into the sanguiferous system. The pyrogen concentration increases with the germ contents of the rinsing solution, which, therefore, should be kept as low as possible by suitable desinfection measures. For the artificial kidney Gambro AK 3 a hot water desinfection of 90 minutes at 90 degrees C or a formalin desinfection of 30 minutes, respectively, for the artificial kidney Leuven IIIC the formalin or peracetic acid desinfection of 30 minutes each proved to be sufficient.", "PMID": 595919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5257", "title": "[Serum glycoproteins as an index of protein metabolism in advanced chronic kidney failure].", "content": "The results of our investigation show that in patients under conditions of haemodialysis as well as under conservative therapy the changes of the serum levels of haptoglobin and transferrin are more clearly and less difficult to be recognized than those of the total protein and albumin level. Therefore the serum glycoproteins with a short half-life period may successfully be used as index of the protein metabolism in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as well as additional factor for the assessment of the therapeutic success.", "contents": "[Serum glycoproteins as an index of protein metabolism in advanced chronic kidney failure]. The results of our investigation show that in patients under conditions of haemodialysis as well as under conservative therapy the changes of the serum levels of haptoglobin and transferrin are more clearly and less difficult to be recognized than those of the total protein and albumin level. Therefore the serum glycoproteins with a short half-life period may successfully be used as index of the protein metabolism in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as well as additional factor for the assessment of the therapeutic success.", "PMID": 595920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5258", "title": "[Automatic data processing in our dispensary care for patients with nephrolithiasis].", "content": "It is reported on an advantageous mechanical data processing in nephrolithiases, which was organised by the authors and is performed in form of a \"nephrolith-dispensary-card\" with filtration of the data and mechanical questioning.", "contents": "[Automatic data processing in our dispensary care for patients with nephrolithiasis]. It is reported on an advantageous mechanical data processing in nephrolithiases, which was organised by the authors and is performed in form of a \"nephrolith-dispensary-card\" with filtration of the data and mechanical questioning.", "PMID": 595921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5259", "title": "[Abnormal grief reaction].", "content": "Pathological grief reactions following the death of a child are reported on the basis of five case studies. In contrast to acute grief reactions these pathological syndromes are of long standing. One parent had not truly accepted the death of the child. The denial of reality is sometimes a defence against aggression towards the deceased, because of his having left one behind. The mourning process comes to no end but remains in its initial phase. At the same time the life of the mourner stands still, as in the house and the family everything is left unchanged. Family interactions alter, particularly between the parents. For the genesis of these grief syndromes the following is of relevance: The death occurs at a time, when another child cannot replace the one who died. Mature independence had not been reached by either parent or child. Death destroyed expectations that this child would succeed in that which the parent had been unable to achieve. The parent had not seen the child after death--a gap in the continuity of experiencing which made acceptance of the irreversibility of the loss even more difficult.", "contents": "[Abnormal grief reaction]. Pathological grief reactions following the death of a child are reported on the basis of five case studies. In contrast to acute grief reactions these pathological syndromes are of long standing. One parent had not truly accepted the death of the child. The denial of reality is sometimes a defence against aggression towards the deceased, because of his having left one behind. The mourning process comes to no end but remains in its initial phase. At the same time the life of the mourner stands still, as in the house and the family everything is left unchanged. Family interactions alter, particularly between the parents. For the genesis of these grief syndromes the following is of relevance: The death occurs at a time, when another child cannot replace the one who died. Mature independence had not been reached by either parent or child. Death destroyed expectations that this child would succeed in that which the parent had been unable to achieve. The parent had not seen the child after death--a gap in the continuity of experiencing which made acceptance of the irreversibility of the loss even more difficult.", "PMID": 595912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5260", "title": "[Psychosomatics of myasthenia].", "content": "The therapeutic experience with myasthenic patients is difficult. It is suggested to interprete myasthenia gravis as psychosomatic illness because of lower conflicttolerance, onset by emotional situations, abnormous patterns of behaviour and personality, and suspected neuro-psychological disturbances. In our pilot-study with 13 patients we found disturbances in early childhood, sexual behaviour and dreaming. The intelligence (I.Q.) had a high average. 11 patients showed abnormous personality, 9 patients a pathological Benton-Test, perhaps an information of higher cerebral disorder. Supportive psychotherapy of myasthenic patients in close cooperation with neurologists is proposed.", "contents": "[Psychosomatics of myasthenia]. The therapeutic experience with myasthenic patients is difficult. It is suggested to interprete myasthenia gravis as psychosomatic illness because of lower conflicttolerance, onset by emotional situations, abnormous patterns of behaviour and personality, and suspected neuro-psychological disturbances. In our pilot-study with 13 patients we found disturbances in early childhood, sexual behaviour and dreaming. The intelligence (I.Q.) had a high average. 11 patients showed abnormous personality, 9 patients a pathological Benton-Test, perhaps an information of higher cerebral disorder. Supportive psychotherapy of myasthenic patients in close cooperation with neurologists is proposed.", "PMID": 595916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5261", "title": "[Solitary renal cyst as a focus of sepsis in a child].", "content": "Report on a 9-year-old boy with infected solitary cyst of the kidney on the left, resulting from this chronic relapsing sepsis with abscess of the spleen, perforation of the abscess into the left subphrenium, subphrenical abscess, basic empyema of the pleura on the left, purulent system of the fistulae in the left upper retroperitoneum. Causative organism: staphylococcus aureus. After 6 successless attempts to command the process from the flank side section, the transperitoneal radical operation with extirpation of the spleen, resection of the cyst and removal of the left upper retroperitoneum was carried out. After transient improvement acute relapse of the sepsis after 6 months with subcutaneous abscesses and empyema of the ankle joint on the left. Causative organism again staphylococcus aureus. Under repeated surgical, antibiotical and general treatment rapid and final disappearing of the sepsis. Since 3 1/2 years free from recidivation.", "contents": "[Solitary renal cyst as a focus of sepsis in a child]. Report on a 9-year-old boy with infected solitary cyst of the kidney on the left, resulting from this chronic relapsing sepsis with abscess of the spleen, perforation of the abscess into the left subphrenium, subphrenical abscess, basic empyema of the pleura on the left, purulent system of the fistulae in the left upper retroperitoneum. Causative organism: staphylococcus aureus. After 6 successless attempts to command the process from the flank side section, the transperitoneal radical operation with extirpation of the spleen, resection of the cyst and removal of the left upper retroperitoneum was carried out. After transient improvement acute relapse of the sepsis after 6 months with subcutaneous abscesses and empyema of the ankle joint on the left. Causative organism again staphylococcus aureus. Under repeated surgical, antibiotical and general treatment rapid and final disappearing of the sepsis. Since 3 1/2 years free from recidivation.", "PMID": 595922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5262", "title": "[Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) of the ovary perforated into the urinary bladder].", "content": "In a 25-year-old female patient with right-sided adnex tumour and inveterate infection on the urinary tract a benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) perforated into the lumen of the urinary bladder could diagnosed cystoscopically. As therapeutic method of choice the tumour with the adjacent part of the wall of the urinary bladder was operatively removed. The histological investigation confirmed the right ovary as starting point of the tumour. Pathogenetic and etiologic points of view of the perforation of dermoid cysts of the small pelvis into adjacent hollow organs are discussed in short. When a perforation into the lumen of the urinary bladder is present, among others the clinical symptoms of the flux of hair and fatty paste with the urine belonging to this give good diagnostic references.", "contents": "[Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) of the ovary perforated into the urinary bladder]. In a 25-year-old female patient with right-sided adnex tumour and inveterate infection on the urinary tract a benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) perforated into the lumen of the urinary bladder could diagnosed cystoscopically. As therapeutic method of choice the tumour with the adjacent part of the wall of the urinary bladder was operatively removed. The histological investigation confirmed the right ovary as starting point of the tumour. Pathogenetic and etiologic points of view of the perforation of dermoid cysts of the small pelvis into adjacent hollow organs are discussed in short. When a perforation into the lumen of the urinary bladder is present, among others the clinical symptoms of the flux of hair and fatty paste with the urine belonging to this give good diagnostic references.", "PMID": 595923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5263", "title": "[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients].", "content": "79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.", "contents": "[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients]. 79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.", "PMID": 595917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5264", "title": "[Unusual mesenchymal mixed tumors in the kidney region].", "content": "On the basis of four cases of extensive benign mesenchymal renal tumours (angiomyolipomas), of which three were histologically ascertained and the fourth was detected during the diagnostics of a case of Pringle-Bourville's disease, the general symptoms as well as the problems of the angiography in benign renal tumours are explained. The coordination of the angiomyolipomas to the choristomas is discussed. It is referred to a conservative-surgical approach in small tumours and to long-term controls, respectively, in clinically symptomless incidental findings.", "contents": "[Unusual mesenchymal mixed tumors in the kidney region]. On the basis of four cases of extensive benign mesenchymal renal tumours (angiomyolipomas), of which three were histologically ascertained and the fourth was detected during the diagnostics of a case of Pringle-Bourville's disease, the general symptoms as well as the problems of the angiography in benign renal tumours are explained. The coordination of the angiomyolipomas to the choristomas is discussed. It is referred to a conservative-surgical approach in small tumours and to long-term controls, respectively, in clinically symptomless incidental findings.", "PMID": 595924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5265", "title": "[Case contribution on the clinical aspects and therapy of retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma].", "content": "The retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma is a rare disease with still unclear etiology. The clinical symptoms are uncharacteristic and in connection with laboratory-chemical and radiological findings let us first think of a malignoma. According to our opinion the therapy of choice is the radical as possible removal of the xanthofibrogranuloma, which is in most cases only possible with simultaneous nephrectomy. A superradicality is not necessary. The prognosis is good.", "contents": "[Case contribution on the clinical aspects and therapy of retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma]. The retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranuloma is a rare disease with still unclear etiology. The clinical symptoms are uncharacteristic and in connection with laboratory-chemical and radiological findings let us first think of a malignoma. According to our opinion the therapy of choice is the radical as possible removal of the xanthofibrogranuloma, which is in most cases only possible with simultaneous nephrectomy. A superradicality is not necessary. The prognosis is good.", "PMID": 595925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5266", "title": "[Simultaneous diagnosis and simultaneous therapy in a clinical-psychosomatic station].", "content": "According to modern understanding, bodily, spiritual and social symptoms are seen as the expression of a kind of transmissive disturbance. One could just as well speak of a disturbance in the cybernetic control systems. In this context we understand simultaneous diagnostics and therapy as a proper technique for the understanding and treatment of psychosomatic illnesses. In simultaneous diagnostics and therapy, it is not a matter of adding-up the various symptoms, but rather a matterof an independent method of integrating the various areas. As can be seen in a statistical evaluation of the patients in the clinical psychosomatic station in 1975, a few characteristic tendencies could be traced. By a listing of the frequency of complaints and the correlation with somatic findings, a somatic diagnosis could be found in 60% of the patients. With 36% of the patients no definite connection could be found between the somatic diagnosis, that is the clinical diagnosis, and the main complaints. Besides that, the duration of the symptoms was determined. Important new viewpoints were found in the psychological area in a total of 27 patients and in the somatic area in a total of 19 patients.", "contents": "[Simultaneous diagnosis and simultaneous therapy in a clinical-psychosomatic station]. According to modern understanding, bodily, spiritual and social symptoms are seen as the expression of a kind of transmissive disturbance. One could just as well speak of a disturbance in the cybernetic control systems. In this context we understand simultaneous diagnostics and therapy as a proper technique for the understanding and treatment of psychosomatic illnesses. In simultaneous diagnostics and therapy, it is not a matter of adding-up the various symptoms, but rather a matterof an independent method of integrating the various areas. As can be seen in a statistical evaluation of the patients in the clinical psychosomatic station in 1975, a few characteristic tendencies could be traced. By a listing of the frequency of complaints and the correlation with somatic findings, a somatic diagnosis could be found in 60% of the patients. With 36% of the patients no definite connection could be found between the somatic diagnosis, that is the clinical diagnosis, and the main complaints. Besides that, the duration of the symptoms was determined. Important new viewpoints were found in the psychological area in a total of 27 patients and in the somatic area in a total of 19 patients.", "PMID": 595918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5267", "title": "[Burst abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "The so called \"burst abdomen\" is a very serious complication in the course of wound healing. Local factors are of modifying influence. In our own material the number of wound dehiscences has decreased due to the use of non-absorbable suture material and carefull pre- and postoperative therapy in regard to the compensation of disturbances of protein and electrolyte metabolism. Since a causal influence on processes of wound healing is not possible, these factors are of special importance.", "contents": "[Burst abdomen (author's transl)]. The so called \"burst abdomen\" is a very serious complication in the course of wound healing. Local factors are of modifying influence. In our own material the number of wound dehiscences has decreased due to the use of non-absorbable suture material and carefull pre- and postoperative therapy in regard to the compensation of disturbances of protein and electrolyte metabolism. Since a causal influence on processes of wound healing is not possible, these factors are of special importance.", "PMID": 595937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5268", "title": "[Experiences with a biological adhesive system (fibrin) in the dressing of kidney parenchymal wounds (animal experiment and 1st clinical experiences)].", "content": "We report on investigations describing the use of a biological adhesive system for tissue adhesion and local haemostasis. This system consists of highly concentrated native fibrinogen and thrombin. Clotting factor XIII is admitted for reinforcement of the fibrin network. In experimental partial kidney resection this system was used with excellent results. This experience led to successful application of this method in 15 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for various diseases.", "contents": "[Experiences with a biological adhesive system (fibrin) in the dressing of kidney parenchymal wounds (animal experiment and 1st clinical experiences)]. We report on investigations describing the use of a biological adhesive system for tissue adhesion and local haemostasis. This system consists of highly concentrated native fibrinogen and thrombin. Clotting factor XIII is admitted for reinforcement of the fibrin network. In experimental partial kidney resection this system was used with excellent results. This experience led to successful application of this method in 15 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for various diseases.", "PMID": 595938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5269", "title": "[Laser and wound healing (author's transl)].", "content": "Orientating experiments upon rats did not give any information about a specific effect of laser beams on wound healing. The same results were achieved by infra red photoradiation. Further research with histological and histochemical tests will be necessary.", "contents": "[Laser and wound healing (author's transl)]. Orientating experiments upon rats did not give any information about a specific effect of laser beams on wound healing. The same results were achieved by infra red photoradiation. Further research with histological and histochemical tests will be necessary.", "PMID": 595939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5270", "title": "[Is curative treatment of breast cancer necessarily connected with radical mastectomy after Rotter-Halsted? (author's transl)].", "content": "Lokal recidivation rate in carcinoma of the female breast represents besides the 5- to 10-years survival rate an important parameter for primary surgical treatment. At the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik T\u00fcbingen radical mastectomy in the Rotter-Halsted technique as well as extended radical mastectomy were abandoned because they did not improve the survival rate. Surgery of the female breast is now performed according to different stages of the carcinoma. A comparative study in non-selected patients of our hospital showed that local relapse of the breast cancer did not depend on surgical technique, if the tumour was removed with a sufficient safety distance and postoperative megavolt radiation was performed.", "contents": "[Is curative treatment of breast cancer necessarily connected with radical mastectomy after Rotter-Halsted? (author's transl)]. Lokal recidivation rate in carcinoma of the female breast represents besides the 5- to 10-years survival rate an important parameter for primary surgical treatment. At the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik T\u00fcbingen radical mastectomy in the Rotter-Halsted technique as well as extended radical mastectomy were abandoned because they did not improve the survival rate. Surgery of the female breast is now performed according to different stages of the carcinoma. A comparative study in non-selected patients of our hospital showed that local relapse of the breast cancer did not depend on surgical technique, if the tumour was removed with a sufficient safety distance and postoperative megavolt radiation was performed.", "PMID": 595940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5271", "title": "[The department system in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The organisational model practised at the Department of Surgery at Hannover Medical School during the last 8 years has proven practicable, efficient and largely satisfactory to all of the staff. It is derived from Anglo-Saxon prototypes, differing from these, however, in a considerable participation of the residents in questions essential to their progress. The modalities of cooperation within the Department are presented in detail and ways and modalities for avoiding intra- and extradepartmental friction are discussed.", "contents": "[The department system in surgery (author's transl)]. The organisational model practised at the Department of Surgery at Hannover Medical School during the last 8 years has proven practicable, efficient and largely satisfactory to all of the staff. It is derived from Anglo-Saxon prototypes, differing from these, however, in a considerable participation of the residents in questions essential to their progress. The modalities of cooperation within the Department are presented in detail and ways and modalities for avoiding intra- and extradepartmental friction are discussed.", "PMID": 595941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5272", "title": "[Postoperative haemolytic jaundice due to deficiency of G-6-PD (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of postoperative haemolytic and cholastatic jaundice after cholecystectomy with no G-6-PD activity is reported. Enflurane is supposed to be the cause in this postoperative jaundice. Considering the fact that Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase deficiency is quite common depending on the patients' origin, this cause must be taken into account and the G-6-PD activity of the erythrocyts should be determined.", "contents": "[Postoperative haemolytic jaundice due to deficiency of G-6-PD (author's transl)]. A case of postoperative haemolytic and cholastatic jaundice after cholecystectomy with no G-6-PD activity is reported. Enflurane is supposed to be the cause in this postoperative jaundice. Considering the fact that Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase deficiency is quite common depending on the patients' origin, this cause must be taken into account and the G-6-PD activity of the erythrocyts should be determined.", "PMID": 595942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5273", "title": "[Pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The most frequent causes of pulmonary embolism are emboli originating from thrombi out of veins of the lower extremities and the inferior V. cava, mainly relating to patients with malignomas. The clinical picture is dominated by insufficiency of the heart and the lungs. The ECG shows pseudo-coronary changes. Half of all cases do not result in immediate death. There is enough time for investigation, diagnostics and adequate treatment. Angiography of the pulmonary artery is of utmost importance. Good results can be achieved by fibrinolysis (urgent conservative treatment) via a catheter in the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "[Pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. The most frequent causes of pulmonary embolism are emboli originating from thrombi out of veins of the lower extremities and the inferior V. cava, mainly relating to patients with malignomas. The clinical picture is dominated by insufficiency of the heart and the lungs. The ECG shows pseudo-coronary changes. Half of all cases do not result in immediate death. There is enough time for investigation, diagnostics and adequate treatment. Angiography of the pulmonary artery is of utmost importance. Good results can be achieved by fibrinolysis (urgent conservative treatment) via a catheter in the pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 595944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5274", "title": "[Carcinoma of the stump after gastric resection for gastric ulcer and adenomatous polyps (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors followed up 123 patients with carcinoma of the gastric stump. In this report 39 patients were analysed with carcinoma that developed after stump resection for gastric ulcer or polyps; 35 were operated on including 20 radical operations. The authors conclude that in residual and recurrent carcinoma of the gastric stump as well as in diffuse and mixed initial carcinoma stump extirpation should be the method of choice. For primary exophitic growing and especially in old and weakened patients it is more advisable to perform subtotal resection than stump extirpation.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the stump after gastric resection for gastric ulcer and adenomatous polyps (author's transl)]. The authors followed up 123 patients with carcinoma of the gastric stump. In this report 39 patients were analysed with carcinoma that developed after stump resection for gastric ulcer or polyps; 35 were operated on including 20 radical operations. The authors conclude that in residual and recurrent carcinoma of the gastric stump as well as in diffuse and mixed initial carcinoma stump extirpation should be the method of choice. For primary exophitic growing and especially in old and weakened patients it is more advisable to perform subtotal resection than stump extirpation.", "PMID": 595945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5275", "title": "[Reconstruction in bronchial stenoses of tuberculous origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of all bronchogenic stenoses are not caused by tumours but by tuberculosis. To diagnose stenoses of the bronchi bronchoscopy and bronchography are extremely helpful. The information the give is of decisive influence concerning adaquate reconstructive surgical measures. Early and late results of 108 patients operated on for tuberculous bronchial stenoses are reported. No mortality.", "contents": "[Reconstruction in bronchial stenoses of tuberculous origin (author's transl)]. Most of all bronchogenic stenoses are not caused by tumours but by tuberculosis. To diagnose stenoses of the bronchi bronchoscopy and bronchography are extremely helpful. The information the give is of decisive influence concerning adaquate reconstructive surgical measures. Early and late results of 108 patients operated on for tuberculous bronchial stenoses are reported. No mortality.", "PMID": 595946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5276", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation, its perspective in cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The present state of hyperbaric oxygenation permits now its application in surgery, reanimation and internal medicine. 153 patients underwent hyperbaric oxygenation: in 135 cases for cardiac surgery in combination with extracorporal circulation, in 18 cases due to urgent indications (air embolism, delivery of woman suffering from severe heart failure).", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation, its perspective in cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The present state of hyperbaric oxygenation permits now its application in surgery, reanimation and internal medicine. 153 patients underwent hyperbaric oxygenation: in 135 cases for cardiac surgery in combination with extracorporal circulation, in 18 cases due to urgent indications (air embolism, delivery of woman suffering from severe heart failure).", "PMID": 595947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5277", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the Dumping-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed 106 patients suffering from severe dumping syndrome after gastric resection. For remedying the authors performed Billroth-I reconstruction, the Sacharov-Henley operation, antiperistaltic interposition of a short jejunal segment and practiced a new method of their own: interposition of a long iliac segment. The results obtained are reported.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the Dumping-syndrome (author's transl)]. We observed 106 patients suffering from severe dumping syndrome after gastric resection. For remedying the authors performed Billroth-I reconstruction, the Sacharov-Henley operation, antiperistaltic interposition of a short jejunal segment and practiced a new method of their own: interposition of a long iliac segment. The results obtained are reported.", "PMID": 595948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5278", "title": "[Soave operation in congenital and idiopathic megacolon (author's transl)].", "content": "70 infants and children (1,5 to 10 years of age) underwent a Soave-operation, 3 deaths. bad 1, satisfying 4, good 62.", "contents": "[Soave operation in congenital and idiopathic megacolon (author's transl)]. 70 infants and children (1,5 to 10 years of age) underwent a Soave-operation, 3 deaths. bad 1, satisfying 4, good 62.", "PMID": 595949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5279", "title": "[Explorative laparotomy and splenectomy for staging Hodgkin's disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "We recommend explorative laparotomy with splenectomy in the field of Hodgkin's lymphoma even in childhood. Operation is an early therapeutic and diagnostic method enabling further treatment to be made in relation to the stages of the disease. A chance of better survival seems to exist in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Explorative laparotomy and splenectomy for staging Hodgkin's disease in children (author's transl)]. We recommend explorative laparotomy with splenectomy in the field of Hodgkin's lymphoma even in childhood. Operation is an early therapeutic and diagnostic method enabling further treatment to be made in relation to the stages of the disease. A chance of better survival seems to exist in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 595950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5280", "title": "[Spontaneous or idiopathic colonic perforation in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The present research informes about aetiology, pathology, clinic and therapy of spontaneous or idiopathic perforations of the colon in the newborn. According to our experiences it is a matter of a multifactorial proceeding like perforations in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The hitherto existing clinical and experimental experiences indicate that the ischemic component plays an important part in the aetiology of this disease. Only the knowledge of the polyaetiology of idiopathic perforations--which are more properly subsumed under the term necrotizing gastroenterocolitis--and an early diagnosis by a gynaecologist or a pediatrician as well as an early surgical intervention can save the lives of those newborns.", "contents": "[Spontaneous or idiopathic colonic perforation in the newborn (author's transl)]. The present research informes about aetiology, pathology, clinic and therapy of spontaneous or idiopathic perforations of the colon in the newborn. According to our experiences it is a matter of a multifactorial proceeding like perforations in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The hitherto existing clinical and experimental experiences indicate that the ischemic component plays an important part in the aetiology of this disease. Only the knowledge of the polyaetiology of idiopathic perforations--which are more properly subsumed under the term necrotizing gastroenterocolitis--and an early diagnosis by a gynaecologist or a pediatrician as well as an early surgical intervention can save the lives of those newborns.", "PMID": 595951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5281", "title": "[Postoperative rupture of the abdominal wall in children (author's transl)].", "content": "An evaluation of 105 cases of abdominal wound rupture is reported which represents 1.9% of a total of 5,552 laparotomies performed in children during the years 1960 to 1975. Most ruptures occurred in infants. Prior to other reasons, the frequency seems to depend on the original disease. 23% of the cases, predominantly newborns and infants, had a lethal course.", "contents": "[Postoperative rupture of the abdominal wall in children (author's transl)]. An evaluation of 105 cases of abdominal wound rupture is reported which represents 1.9% of a total of 5,552 laparotomies performed in children during the years 1960 to 1975. Most ruptures occurred in infants. Prior to other reasons, the frequency seems to depend on the original disease. 23% of the cases, predominantly newborns and infants, had a lethal course.", "PMID": 595952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5282", "title": "[Funnel chest operation and age (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysing 199 cases of funnel chest operations the following proposals are to be discussed: early operation of boys in a modified Ravitch-technique with transverse osteotomy of the anterior sternum-wall, resection of the xiphoid process and fastening of the perichondrium to the pectoral muscles. The cosmetic indication excludes a late operation. If any late operations are performed they should be considered only for girls. Stabilisers should be used only in case of later operations, recurrences and asymmetrical forms. No operation should be performed in case of genetic defects (malformationsyndrome, flat-chest and channel-chest). The therapeutic results should be made objective by means of the sagittal inner thorax-diameter after Stucki. The submammary incision should be omitted.", "contents": "[Funnel chest operation and age (author's transl)]. Analysing 199 cases of funnel chest operations the following proposals are to be discussed: early operation of boys in a modified Ravitch-technique with transverse osteotomy of the anterior sternum-wall, resection of the xiphoid process and fastening of the perichondrium to the pectoral muscles. The cosmetic indication excludes a late operation. If any late operations are performed they should be considered only for girls. Stabilisers should be used only in case of later operations, recurrences and asymmetrical forms. No operation should be performed in case of genetic defects (malformationsyndrome, flat-chest and channel-chest). The therapeutic results should be made objective by means of the sagittal inner thorax-diameter after Stucki. The submammary incision should be omitted.", "PMID": 595953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5283", "title": "[Ureteric lesions in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnosis in these cases is particularly difficult. By early intravenous pyelography the site of the injury can be located and presence and function of the contralateral kidney be proved.", "contents": "[Ureteric lesions in childhood (author's transl)]. Diagnosis in these cases is particularly difficult. By early intravenous pyelography the site of the injury can be located and presence and function of the contralateral kidney be proved.", "PMID": 595954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5284", "title": "[Impulse-cytophotometric studies of spermatozoa for the demonstration of fertility disorders].", "content": "Sperm populations from 65 patients with fertility disturbances were investigated by pulse cytophotometry. The determination of the cell number showed 21 normospermias, 14 hypospermias, 19 oligospermias, 9 polyspermias, and 2 cryptospermias. As controls were used sperm samples of fertile men. The pulse cytophotometric DNA histograms were made full use quantitative and qualitative. The results of these investigations represent a methodical contribution for the diagnosis of fertility disturbances of men.", "contents": "[Impulse-cytophotometric studies of spermatozoa for the demonstration of fertility disorders]. Sperm populations from 65 patients with fertility disturbances were investigated by pulse cytophotometry. The determination of the cell number showed 21 normospermias, 14 hypospermias, 19 oligospermias, 9 polyspermias, and 2 cryptospermias. As controls were used sperm samples of fertile men. The pulse cytophotometric DNA histograms were made full use quantitative and qualitative. The results of these investigations represent a methodical contribution for the diagnosis of fertility disturbances of men.", "PMID": 595956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5285", "title": "[Examination of male sterility].", "content": "There is a description of the main principles for the exploration of male fertility and the evaluation of the results thus obtained. In spermiological investigation the importance of an objective evaluation of sperm motility is emphasized. There is a well-arranged outline of the lower standard limits and the average spermiological values in ejaculates of normal fertile men as well as the nomenclature, both the one used in Prague Institute of Sexology and the suggestion of the international nomenclature given by the Andrology Club.", "contents": "[Examination of male sterility]. There is a description of the main principles for the exploration of male fertility and the evaluation of the results thus obtained. In spermiological investigation the importance of an objective evaluation of sperm motility is emphasized. There is a well-arranged outline of the lower standard limits and the average spermiological values in ejaculates of normal fertile men as well as the nomenclature, both the one used in Prague Institute of Sexology and the suggestion of the international nomenclature given by the Andrology Club.", "PMID": 595957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5286", "title": "[Significance of the ascorbic acid test in the determination of ovulation in sterility patients].", "content": "The study is engaged with the possibility to use ascorbic acid value for better determination of ovulation in sterile patients. We investigated the acid excretion in 8-hour-urinary-portions of 21 patients following daily application of 600 mg ascorbic acid from the 4th to the 20th day of menstrual cycla. Comparing the results to morning temperature, spin--and fern phenomenon of the cervical mucos and biopsy of the endometrium we found the excretion minimum in 61,9% 2 till 3 days before rise of the morning temperature and at the end of the praeovulatory phase. Correlation between ascorbic acid metabolism and ovulation are under discussion.", "contents": "[Significance of the ascorbic acid test in the determination of ovulation in sterility patients]. The study is engaged with the possibility to use ascorbic acid value for better determination of ovulation in sterile patients. We investigated the acid excretion in 8-hour-urinary-portions of 21 patients following daily application of 600 mg ascorbic acid from the 4th to the 20th day of menstrual cycla. Comparing the results to morning temperature, spin--and fern phenomenon of the cervical mucos and biopsy of the endometrium we found the excretion minimum in 61,9% 2 till 3 days before rise of the morning temperature and at the end of the praeovulatory phase. Correlation between ascorbic acid metabolism and ovulation are under discussion.", "PMID": 595958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5287", "title": "[A new technic using polyethylene tubing in oviduct occlusion].", "content": "To preserve the tubal patency after tuboplasty the polyethylen prosthesis remains without passing the intramural part of the tube inserted into the ampulla of the tube only ewith a lenght of 3 to 5cm- avoiding decubitus or any other instrumental damage on the tubal lining. The correct insertion of the prosthesis as well as of the tubal patency may be controlled by instillation of a methylen blue solution. After removing the prosthesis the tubal patency would be preserved by hydropertubation with a solution containing antibiotics.", "contents": "[A new technic using polyethylene tubing in oviduct occlusion]. To preserve the tubal patency after tuboplasty the polyethylen prosthesis remains without passing the intramural part of the tube inserted into the ampulla of the tube only ewith a lenght of 3 to 5cm- avoiding decubitus or any other instrumental damage on the tubal lining. The correct insertion of the prosthesis as well as of the tubal patency may be controlled by instillation of a methylen blue solution. After removing the prosthesis the tubal patency would be preserved by hydropertubation with a solution containing antibiotics.", "PMID": 595959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5288", "title": "[Terminology and chemotherapy of the so-called endodermal sinus tumor].", "content": "In addition to a discussion on the histogenetic, terminological and clinical problems concerning the so called endodermal sinus tumor a typical case in a far advanced stage is reported. Chemotherapy with vincristine and adriblastine was not able to influence the deleterious course of desease. Anyhow, since little is known about the effect of chemotherapy on the so called endodermal sinus tumor, this report might be of advantage.", "contents": "[Terminology and chemotherapy of the so-called endodermal sinus tumor]. In addition to a discussion on the histogenetic, terminological and clinical problems concerning the so called endodermal sinus tumor a typical case in a far advanced stage is reported. Chemotherapy with vincristine and adriblastine was not able to influence the deleterious course of desease. Anyhow, since little is known about the effect of chemotherapy on the so called endodermal sinus tumor, this report might be of advantage.", "PMID": 595960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5289", "title": "[Studies on the recording of cytostatic effects on organ cultures of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix].", "content": "Organ cultures are a suitable in vitro test--object for pretherapeutical testing of cytostatic resistance on carcinomas of the cervix uteri. The decrease of activity of lactic dehydrogenase and isocitric acid dehydrogenase, determined histochemically, can be used to monitor cytostatic effects at the cultivated tumour. In preparing chemotherapy schedules for advanced cervical carcinomas, cytostatic agents provedly ineffective in vitro should be avoided.", "contents": "[Studies on the recording of cytostatic effects on organ cultures of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. Organ cultures are a suitable in vitro test--object for pretherapeutical testing of cytostatic resistance on carcinomas of the cervix uteri. The decrease of activity of lactic dehydrogenase and isocitric acid dehydrogenase, determined histochemically, can be used to monitor cytostatic effects at the cultivated tumour. In preparing chemotherapy schedules for advanced cervical carcinomas, cytostatic agents provedly ineffective in vitro should be avoided.", "PMID": 595962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5290", "title": "[The differentiated perinatal care for high-risk pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "The grounds for a change in the organisation of perinatal care in CSSR were the for years stagnating perinatal mortality and high of the perinatal morbidity. Since the modern diagnostics and effective therapy of the high-risk pregnancies represent considerable demands upon the instrumental and personnel equipment, a system of a differentiated ambulatory and institutional care for pregnant women and newborn has been worked out, that will ensure the maximal care to those who need it. The differentiated care for woman in the course of pregnancy and labour and for the newborns in the first weeks of life is divided into three degrees: basic for all, increased for risk cases and specialized for selected complications. The selection of risk cases is performed by means of simple screening methods, a further selection of the most serious cases by means of special diagnostic methods. The system of differentiated care has been worked out and checked in one of the Prague's districs with 200,000 of inhabitants under the guidance of the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague-Podol\u00ed. Now it is being introduced in all districts of the country.", "contents": "[The differentiated perinatal care for high-risk pregnancies (author's transl)]. The grounds for a change in the organisation of perinatal care in CSSR were the for years stagnating perinatal mortality and high of the perinatal morbidity. Since the modern diagnostics and effective therapy of the high-risk pregnancies represent considerable demands upon the instrumental and personnel equipment, a system of a differentiated ambulatory and institutional care for pregnant women and newborn has been worked out, that will ensure the maximal care to those who need it. The differentiated care for woman in the course of pregnancy and labour and for the newborns in the first weeks of life is divided into three degrees: basic for all, increased for risk cases and specialized for selected complications. The selection of risk cases is performed by means of simple screening methods, a further selection of the most serious cases by means of special diagnostic methods. The system of differentiated care has been worked out and checked in one of the Prague's districs with 200,000 of inhabitants under the guidance of the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague-Podol\u00ed. Now it is being introduced in all districts of the country.", "PMID": 595963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5291", "title": "[Injury hazards in deliveries using the Shute forceps (analysis of 1016 forceps deliveries)].", "content": "Report about 1016 deliveries by means of the parallel forceps (W. B. Shute). This group contains pathologic-anatomical results of 30 stillbirthes or died newborns. Accordingly to the classification in subarachnoidal, subependymal or subdural h\u00e4morrhage there are only in two cases signs of obstetrical brain damage. The hypoxia is the most important reason of intracraniale haemorrhage. In order to an objektive indication, without progredient signs of fetal hypoxia the extraction by means of parallel forceps is not dangerous. We have used the instrument for extraction as well term as preterm infants with good results.", "contents": "[Injury hazards in deliveries using the Shute forceps (analysis of 1016 forceps deliveries)]. Report about 1016 deliveries by means of the parallel forceps (W. B. Shute). This group contains pathologic-anatomical results of 30 stillbirthes or died newborns. Accordingly to the classification in subarachnoidal, subependymal or subdural h\u00e4morrhage there are only in two cases signs of obstetrical brain damage. The hypoxia is the most important reason of intracraniale haemorrhage. In order to an objektive indication, without progredient signs of fetal hypoxia the extraction by means of parallel forceps is not dangerous. We have used the instrument for extraction as well term as preterm infants with good results.", "PMID": 595964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5292", "title": "[Comparative intranatal and postnatal electrocardiography in normal labor].", "content": "The comparison of intranatal and postnatal electrocardiograms shows, that in spite of the hemodynamic important transposition of the infant circulation are no remarkable differences in the electrocardiogram. Remarkable is also the resemblance of electrical axises in the intranatale and postnatale ECG, at which we report particularly on the estimation of the electrical axis of the fetal heart, introduced by Larks. The estimation of this axis in the fetal ECG and its position call the attention as additional diagnostical criterion in some cases to an intrauterine fetal distress or a congenital heart disease.", "contents": "[Comparative intranatal and postnatal electrocardiography in normal labor]. The comparison of intranatal and postnatal electrocardiograms shows, that in spite of the hemodynamic important transposition of the infant circulation are no remarkable differences in the electrocardiogram. Remarkable is also the resemblance of electrical axises in the intranatale and postnatale ECG, at which we report particularly on the estimation of the electrical axis of the fetal heart, introduced by Larks. The estimation of this axis in the fetal ECG and its position call the attention as additional diagnostical criterion in some cases to an intrauterine fetal distress or a congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 595965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5293", "title": "[Social consequences of birth in adolescents].", "content": "234 Austrian women gave birth to a child in the years 1972--74 before the age of 18. 95 of them were invited to an interview and interrogated about changes in their life-situation due to the birth. The general attitude was, if they could choose again the date of the first pregnancy they would prefer after 20 years. No correlation was found between early menarche and early sexual intercourse. For 60 of the women pregnancy was the reason for their marriage. Most of the young women had experience with contraceptives, but did not use them for different reasons. After the birth of the child most of them took the pill, but there are 11 women left without any contraception, exposing themselves to the risk of a repeat pregnancy. Young age at birth has an impact upon pre-vocational training: either through interruption of the training or through total discontinuation of their education. A possible solution of the present unsatisfactory situation for young pregnant women and their social problems are interdisciplinary projects for the guidance of adolescents in some centers in the USA.", "contents": "[Social consequences of birth in adolescents]. 234 Austrian women gave birth to a child in the years 1972--74 before the age of 18. 95 of them were invited to an interview and interrogated about changes in their life-situation due to the birth. The general attitude was, if they could choose again the date of the first pregnancy they would prefer after 20 years. No correlation was found between early menarche and early sexual intercourse. For 60 of the women pregnancy was the reason for their marriage. Most of the young women had experience with contraceptives, but did not use them for different reasons. After the birth of the child most of them took the pill, but there are 11 women left without any contraception, exposing themselves to the risk of a repeat pregnancy. Young age at birth has an impact upon pre-vocational training: either through interruption of the training or through total discontinuation of their education. A possible solution of the present unsatisfactory situation for young pregnant women and their social problems are interdisciplinary projects for the guidance of adolescents in some centers in the USA.", "PMID": 595966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5294", "title": "[Quantitative alterations to resorption villi of normal human placentae in the course of gestation (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 45 placentae of different gestatory age were used to study, after clinically and anamnestically normal pregnancy and by a morphometric method, the quantitative behavior of individual parts of the placental barrier in the course of gestation. For this, hematoxylin-stained preparations and enzyme-incubated semi-thin sections were used. The increase in the percentage of fetal vascular surface with a simultaneous decrease in the relative percentage of villous surface (when determining the ratio of villous surface surrounded by maternal blood to the fetal vascular surface) up to the 28th week of gestation must be considered an expression of an increase in the capability of function. The simultaneous distinct decrease in the average number of Langhans cells and the reduction of their less differentiated forms in favor of those showing a higher degree of differentiation allow to make the conclusion that around the 28th week of gestation conditions in individual villi are, in general, similar to those prevailing in term placentae between the 37th and 41st weeks of gestation. The results obtained from the basis of quantitative studies of the placentae of premature infants and babies born at term after different gestatory risks.", "contents": "[Quantitative alterations to resorption villi of normal human placentae in the course of gestation (author's transl)]. A total of 45 placentae of different gestatory age were used to study, after clinically and anamnestically normal pregnancy and by a morphometric method, the quantitative behavior of individual parts of the placental barrier in the course of gestation. For this, hematoxylin-stained preparations and enzyme-incubated semi-thin sections were used. The increase in the percentage of fetal vascular surface with a simultaneous decrease in the relative percentage of villous surface (when determining the ratio of villous surface surrounded by maternal blood to the fetal vascular surface) up to the 28th week of gestation must be considered an expression of an increase in the capability of function. The simultaneous distinct decrease in the average number of Langhans cells and the reduction of their less differentiated forms in favor of those showing a higher degree of differentiation allow to make the conclusion that around the 28th week of gestation conditions in individual villi are, in general, similar to those prevailing in term placentae between the 37th and 41st weeks of gestation. The results obtained from the basis of quantitative studies of the placentae of premature infants and babies born at term after different gestatory risks.", "PMID": 595967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5295", "title": "[Macroscopically determined placentary conditions in the case of underweight neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "The placentary conditions (weight of placenta, placenta/infant weight index, kind of attachment of the umbilical cord and allantochorial vasculature) of underweight neonates (eutrophic premature infants and hypotrophic babies born at term), which were macroscopically determined under routine clinical conditions, are compared with those of eutrophic babies born at term after clinically and anamnestically normal pregnancies. Significantly lower weights of placenta and significantly higher placenta/infant weight indices of underweight neonates must be differently assessed for prematurely born babies and hypotrophic infants born at term. The significant increase in the case of underweight neonates of the disperse type of allantochorial vasculature does not suggest any significant relations to either lower weights of placenta or lower weights of newborn infants within the individual classification groups. There is no increase in the number of marginal-velamentous attachments of umbilical cords in the case of underweight neonates. Also, reference is made to the limited importance of macroscopically determined placentary conditions to individual cases.", "contents": "[Macroscopically determined placentary conditions in the case of underweight neonates (author's transl)]. The placentary conditions (weight of placenta, placenta/infant weight index, kind of attachment of the umbilical cord and allantochorial vasculature) of underweight neonates (eutrophic premature infants and hypotrophic babies born at term), which were macroscopically determined under routine clinical conditions, are compared with those of eutrophic babies born at term after clinically and anamnestically normal pregnancies. Significantly lower weights of placenta and significantly higher placenta/infant weight indices of underweight neonates must be differently assessed for prematurely born babies and hypotrophic infants born at term. The significant increase in the case of underweight neonates of the disperse type of allantochorial vasculature does not suggest any significant relations to either lower weights of placenta or lower weights of newborn infants within the individual classification groups. There is no increase in the number of marginal-velamentous attachments of umbilical cords in the case of underweight neonates. Also, reference is made to the limited importance of macroscopically determined placentary conditions to individual cases.", "PMID": 595968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5296", "title": "[Use of a microtiter-system for the determination of the antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci with tetrazolium salts (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibiograms of staphylococci were determined in a microtiter-system (fig. 1) within 4 h. The reactions could be clearly demonstrated by the use of tetrazolium salts. The procedure proved to be particularly useful for quantitative studies.", "contents": "[Use of a microtiter-system for the determination of the antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci with tetrazolium salts (author's transl)]. Antibiograms of staphylococci were determined in a microtiter-system (fig. 1) within 4 h. The reactions could be clearly demonstrated by the use of tetrazolium salts. The procedure proved to be particularly useful for quantitative studies.", "PMID": 595970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5297", "title": "[Experimental infection of mice, gerbils, and rats with mycoplasms from canine pericardium and cardial value (author's transl)].", "content": "Mycoplasms isolated from heart valves (A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl)) and pericardium (M. canis (A 56 Hzkl)) of dogs were investigated for infectivity of rats, mice and gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). In mice the species M. spumans (PG 13), M. maculosum (PG 15), M. edwardii (PG 24) and M. molare (H 542) were investigated too. The mycoplasmas were inoculated by oral, subcutaneous, intravenous and intraperitoneal route. Intraperitoneally the mycoplasmas were given without and with complete and incomplete Freund adjuvants. The injected Mycoplasmas did not produce any disease and could not be reisolated from rats and gerbils. From mice A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl), M. canis (A 56 Hzkl) and M. edwardii (PG 24) could be reisolated after intraperitoneal administration in emulsion with complete and incomplete Freund adjuvants. Whereas M. canis (A 56 Hzkl) and M. edwardii (PG 24) could be reisolated from lung, liver and spleen only, A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl) was present in heart muscle too. In histological investigations the mice which got A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl) intraperitoneally with complete Freund adjuvants showed focal lymphocytic infiltrations in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of mice, gerbils, and rats with mycoplasms from canine pericardium and cardial value (author's transl)]. Mycoplasms isolated from heart valves (A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl)) and pericardium (M. canis (A 56 Hzkl)) of dogs were investigated for infectivity of rats, mice and gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). In mice the species M. spumans (PG 13), M. maculosum (PG 15), M. edwardii (PG 24) and M. molare (H 542) were investigated too. The mycoplasmas were inoculated by oral, subcutaneous, intravenous and intraperitoneal route. Intraperitoneally the mycoplasmas were given without and with complete and incomplete Freund adjuvants. The injected Mycoplasmas did not produce any disease and could not be reisolated from rats and gerbils. From mice A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl), M. canis (A 56 Hzkl) and M. edwardii (PG 24) could be reisolated after intraperitoneal administration in emulsion with complete and incomplete Freund adjuvants. Whereas M. canis (A 56 Hzkl) and M. edwardii (PG 24) could be reisolated from lung, liver and spleen only, A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl) was present in heart muscle too. In histological investigations the mice which got A. laidlawii (A 42 Hzbtl) intraperitoneally with complete Freund adjuvants showed focal lymphocytic infiltrations in the myocardium.", "PMID": 595971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5298", "title": "[Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XVI. Formation of combined carbon black and benzo(a)pyrene aerosol (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods for the preparation of carbon black aerosols have been investigated: incomplete combustion of acetylene, acetylene + benzene and other hydrocarbons as well as a \"resublimation\" of amorphous carbon. The first method was developed for generating soot aerosols in animal experiments, but the latter method needs more basic investigation. Using radioactive acetylene and benzene the produced soot aerosol could be labelled by 14C. Benzo(a)pyrene aerosol was prepared by means of a vapour condensation and was also radioactive labelled. With a combination of both generators, a combined carbon black and benzo(a)pyrene aerosol was prepared. The benzo(a)pyrene amounts bound to the soot were in the range of from 1 ng to 50 microgram per 1 mg soot. Experiments dealing with adsorption and desorbtion of benzo(a)pyrene on soot in the gas phase have shown, that benzo(a)pyrene is relatively tightly adsorbed and cannot be easily or completely desorbed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XVI. Formation of combined carbon black and benzo(a)pyrene aerosol (author's transl)]. Two methods for the preparation of carbon black aerosols have been investigated: incomplete combustion of acetylene, acetylene + benzene and other hydrocarbons as well as a \"resublimation\" of amorphous carbon. The first method was developed for generating soot aerosols in animal experiments, but the latter method needs more basic investigation. Using radioactive acetylene and benzene the produced soot aerosol could be labelled by 14C. Benzo(a)pyrene aerosol was prepared by means of a vapour condensation and was also radioactive labelled. With a combination of both generators, a combined carbon black and benzo(a)pyrene aerosol was prepared. The benzo(a)pyrene amounts bound to the soot were in the range of from 1 ng to 50 microgram per 1 mg soot. Experiments dealing with adsorption and desorbtion of benzo(a)pyrene on soot in the gas phase have shown, that benzo(a)pyrene is relatively tightly adsorbed and cannot be easily or completely desorbed.", "PMID": 595972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5299", "title": "[Parallel determination of blood lead levels and clinical investigation of children with surgical diseases in an endangered area (author's transl)].", "content": "In an industrial area with heavy metal-processing industry investigations were made on 203 children with surgical diseases, questioning whether there is a correlation between blood lead level on one hand, and kind of disease, season of year, load by lead fall-out in the residence on the other hand. A correlation between blood lead level and amount of lead fall-out in the residence of the patients could not be proved.--Seasonal changes did not influence the height of the average blood lead level.--Stress situations like operations and serious diseases had no significant influence either. Parallel determination of 139 blood samples in two institutes showed essential differences in the individual results.--Conclusions of earlier investigators in the same industrial area could not be proved in essential items as mentioned above.", "contents": "[Parallel determination of blood lead levels and clinical investigation of children with surgical diseases in an endangered area (author's transl)]. In an industrial area with heavy metal-processing industry investigations were made on 203 children with surgical diseases, questioning whether there is a correlation between blood lead level on one hand, and kind of disease, season of year, load by lead fall-out in the residence on the other hand. A correlation between blood lead level and amount of lead fall-out in the residence of the patients could not be proved.--Seasonal changes did not influence the height of the average blood lead level.--Stress situations like operations and serious diseases had no significant influence either. Parallel determination of 139 blood samples in two institutes showed essential differences in the individual results.--Conclusions of earlier investigators in the same industrial area could not be proved in essential items as mentioned above.", "PMID": 595973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5300", "title": "[To the behaviour of cadmium and lead in children with a different cadmium or lead burden].", "content": "An epidemiological study of 413 randomly chosen children in age of 2--14 years living in an industrial town is presented. According to their place of residence they were either burdened with cadmium from a forge or with lead from the traffic. The different burden was refelcted not only in the blood lead level but also in blood cadmium level respectively. Both contaminants showed in their separate effects the same behaviour. The intensity of the absorption of lead or cadmium respectively influences not only the relationship between blood lead level or blood cadmium level and the other parameters (Pb-H, Pb-U, Cd-H, Cd-U, d-ALA-U) but also the distribution of these parameters.", "contents": "[To the behaviour of cadmium and lead in children with a different cadmium or lead burden]. An epidemiological study of 413 randomly chosen children in age of 2--14 years living in an industrial town is presented. According to their place of residence they were either burdened with cadmium from a forge or with lead from the traffic. The different burden was refelcted not only in the blood lead level but also in blood cadmium level respectively. Both contaminants showed in their separate effects the same behaviour. The intensity of the absorption of lead or cadmium respectively influences not only the relationship between blood lead level or blood cadmium level and the other parameters (Pb-H, Pb-U, Cd-H, Cd-U, d-ALA-U) but also the distribution of these parameters.", "PMID": 595974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5301", "title": "[Induction of the immunologic response in vitro].", "content": "Immunological response (primary and secondary) was induced in a suspension of mouse splenic cells on nutrient media containing embryonic calf serum or serum against the erythrocytes of an animal--the lymphoid cells donor. The in vitro immunological response was accompanied by a specific increase in a number of the hemolysin-forming and rosette-forming cells. The optimal for induction of the immunological response in vitro was a dose of 10(7) erythrocytes per 1 ml of the culture. It was shown experimentally that antierythrocytic serum could be used instead of the embryonic calf serum to induce the immunological response in vitro. An increase in the count of rosette-forming cells and no increase of the hemolysin-forming cell count was observed on the nutrient media without 2-mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "[Induction of the immunologic response in vitro]. Immunological response (primary and secondary) was induced in a suspension of mouse splenic cells on nutrient media containing embryonic calf serum or serum against the erythrocytes of an animal--the lymphoid cells donor. The in vitro immunological response was accompanied by a specific increase in a number of the hemolysin-forming and rosette-forming cells. The optimal for induction of the immunological response in vitro was a dose of 10(7) erythrocytes per 1 ml of the culture. It was shown experimentally that antierythrocytic serum could be used instead of the embryonic calf serum to induce the immunological response in vitro. An increase in the count of rosette-forming cells and no increase of the hemolysin-forming cell count was observed on the nutrient media without 2-mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 596002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5302", "title": "[Morphologic and histochemical responses of the body to introduction of C1. botulinum toxin. V. Response of locus coeruleus cells of the brain to introduction of the toxin of C1. botulinum type B].", "content": "After the per os administration of 1Dlm/ml of botulin, type B. there were observed at the period of development of the limb paralysis and myasthenia morphological changes in the locus coeruleus cells expressed in the development of a more pronounced than normal perinuclear clarification and some nuclear basophilia. Histochemical study of succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, cholinesterase, and catecholamines pointed to the intensified neuron metabolism of the locus coeruleus; this could serve as an indication of enhanced energopacemaker function of this nucleus in hypoxia which occurred.", "contents": "[Morphologic and histochemical responses of the body to introduction of C1. botulinum toxin. V. Response of locus coeruleus cells of the brain to introduction of the toxin of C1. botulinum type B]. After the per os administration of 1Dlm/ml of botulin, type B. there were observed at the period of development of the limb paralysis and myasthenia morphological changes in the locus coeruleus cells expressed in the development of a more pronounced than normal perinuclear clarification and some nuclear basophilia. Histochemical study of succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, cholinesterase, and catecholamines pointed to the intensified neuron metabolism of the locus coeruleus; this could serve as an indication of enhanced energopacemaker function of this nucleus in hypoxia which occurred.", "PMID": 596003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5303", "title": "[Immunologic and morphologic characteristics of experimental infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae].", "content": "Pathomorphology of experimental M. pneumoniae infection in 3-week-old guinea pigs was characterized by an early cytopathic action of the causative agent on the bronchial and the alveolar epithelium, and also by progressive infiltrative-proliferative changes in the bronchovascular and interstitial tissue of the lungs against the background of morphological reconstruction in the immunogenesis organs. Immunological and histomorphological study of reinfected guinea pigs pointed to the presence of delayed hypersensitivity features in the response cellular-tissue reactions.", "contents": "[Immunologic and morphologic characteristics of experimental infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. Pathomorphology of experimental M. pneumoniae infection in 3-week-old guinea pigs was characterized by an early cytopathic action of the causative agent on the bronchial and the alveolar epithelium, and also by progressive infiltrative-proliferative changes in the bronchovascular and interstitial tissue of the lungs against the background of morphological reconstruction in the immunogenesis organs. Immunological and histomorphological study of reinfected guinea pigs pointed to the presence of delayed hypersensitivity features in the response cellular-tissue reactions.", "PMID": 596005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5304", "title": "[Critical analysis of different concept of causation in infectious pathology].", "content": "The author presents critical analysis of different views on the problem of causation in the infectious pathology. The groundlessness of identification of individual causative factors with the cause was demonstrated. The dialectic conception on the cause of a specific interaction of the external (pathogenic causative agent) and of the internal (the organism reactivity) is substantiated. In considering the causation principle in the teaching on infectious diseases is substantiated. In considering the causation principle in the teaching on infectious diseases the author distinguishes: 1) causative (etiological) factor as one of the sides of interaction 2) the cause--a specific controversial process of the interaction of the sides leading to a new sequence; 3) conditions--factors influencing the interaction realization; 4) sequence--the result of interaction characterized by the origination of the disease or of the infection carrier state. The dialectic way of cognition should course from the study of the causative factors to their interaction, and through it to detection of the essence of the infectious process with the internal contradictions inherent to it. The methodological significance of the principle of causation in the investigation of the pathogenetic infection mechanisms and in the substantiation of rational diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic measures is presented.", "contents": "[Critical analysis of different concept of causation in infectious pathology]. The author presents critical analysis of different views on the problem of causation in the infectious pathology. The groundlessness of identification of individual causative factors with the cause was demonstrated. The dialectic conception on the cause of a specific interaction of the external (pathogenic causative agent) and of the internal (the organism reactivity) is substantiated. In considering the causation principle in the teaching on infectious diseases is substantiated. In considering the causation principle in the teaching on infectious diseases the author distinguishes: 1) causative (etiological) factor as one of the sides of interaction 2) the cause--a specific controversial process of the interaction of the sides leading to a new sequence; 3) conditions--factors influencing the interaction realization; 4) sequence--the result of interaction characterized by the origination of the disease or of the infection carrier state. The dialectic way of cognition should course from the study of the causative factors to their interaction, and through it to detection of the essence of the infectious process with the internal contradictions inherent to it. The methodological significance of the principle of causation in the investigation of the pathogenetic infection mechanisms and in the substantiation of rational diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic measures is presented.", "PMID": 596011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5305", "title": "[Dry medium for determining the beta-galactosidase activity of enterobacteria].", "content": "Differential diagnosis of enterobacteria is based on the determination of beta-galactosidase enzyme, hydrolyzing lactose in the nutrient substrates; however, the tests suggested for its determination are time consuming and their use in practice is limited. Dry nutrient medium prepared by the authors containing o-nitrophenyl-betaD-pyranoside was tested on 1625 strains of enterobacteria in comparison with the Le Minor's ONPS test used at present. The results of beta-galactosidase determination by the, mentioned methods proved to coincide (significance level greater than 95%); this permits to recommend the method described--in dry nutrient medium--as a differential-diagnostic test for the identification of enterobacteria.", "contents": "[Dry medium for determining the beta-galactosidase activity of enterobacteria]. Differential diagnosis of enterobacteria is based on the determination of beta-galactosidase enzyme, hydrolyzing lactose in the nutrient substrates; however, the tests suggested for its determination are time consuming and their use in practice is limited. Dry nutrient medium prepared by the authors containing o-nitrophenyl-betaD-pyranoside was tested on 1625 strains of enterobacteria in comparison with the Le Minor's ONPS test used at present. The results of beta-galactosidase determination by the, mentioned methods proved to coincide (significance level greater than 95%); this permits to recommend the method described--in dry nutrient medium--as a differential-diagnostic test for the identification of enterobacteria.", "PMID": 596013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5306", "title": "[Detection of L forms of Vibrio cholerae in the water of open water reservoirs].", "content": "L-forms of cholera vibrios were isolated from the river water for the first time. The presence of L-forms in water permitted to suppose that such variants served as one of the forms of cholera causative agent preservation in the external medium.", "contents": "[Detection of L forms of Vibrio cholerae in the water of open water reservoirs]. L-forms of cholera vibrios were isolated from the river water for the first time. The presence of L-forms in water permitted to suppose that such variants served as one of the forms of cholera causative agent preservation in the external medium.", "PMID": 596014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5307", "title": "[Study of the relationship between the trace element content and the physiological properties of Salmonella typhi during submerged cultivation].", "content": "The content of trace elements in the cells served as one of the characteristics of physiological condition of the population. The character of the changes in the trace elements content depending on the rate of the microbial multiplication pointed to the importance of the mineral sources of nutrition for the development of the cells analyzed.", "contents": "[Study of the relationship between the trace element content and the physiological properties of Salmonella typhi during submerged cultivation]. The content of trace elements in the cells served as one of the characteristics of physiological condition of the population. The character of the changes in the trace elements content depending on the rate of the microbial multiplication pointed to the importance of the mineral sources of nutrition for the development of the cells analyzed.", "PMID": 596015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5308", "title": "[L forms of Streptococcus in the cultures of blood from patients with rheumatic fever in the active and inactive phases].", "content": "It was shown that L-forms of streptococci were constantly isolated by means of the method used by the authors from patients with rheumatism, irrespective of the activity and the course of the disease. The data obtained pointed to the presence of septicemia caused by the L-forms of streptococci in patients with rheumatism both at the active and inactive phase. In this connection it should be noted that modern clinical criteria of the activity of rheumatic process are unreliable.", "contents": "[L forms of Streptococcus in the cultures of blood from patients with rheumatic fever in the active and inactive phases]. It was shown that L-forms of streptococci were constantly isolated by means of the method used by the authors from patients with rheumatism, irrespective of the activity and the course of the disease. The data obtained pointed to the presence of septicemia caused by the L-forms of streptococci in patients with rheumatism both at the active and inactive phase. In this connection it should be noted that modern clinical criteria of the activity of rheumatic process are unreliable.", "PMID": 596016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5309", "title": "[Epidemiological and immunological study of the foci of measles infection].", "content": "Anamnestic data in respect to measles failed to correspond to the results of serological examination of contacts at the foci of the given infection. The collective immunity level in children's institutions is inadequate for the prevention of measles outbreaks. The incidence of the disease depended both on the level of immunity among the children and on the duration of presence of the source of infection in the focus. Live measles vaccine protected 90 percent of the vaccinated children from contracting the disease in the foci. At the very beginning of the postvaccinal period immunization defects were revealed in 26.5 percent of the vaccinated children who fell ill with measles. Morbidity index among the vaccinated individuals constituted 3.8 percent. One of the causes of measles contraction by the vaccinated individuals was the loss of postvaccinal immunity. Systematic control over the antimeasles immunity level with the aid of serological investigations is necessary for the purpose of detection of persons sensitive to measles in children's collective bodies.", "contents": "[Epidemiological and immunological study of the foci of measles infection]. Anamnestic data in respect to measles failed to correspond to the results of serological examination of contacts at the foci of the given infection. The collective immunity level in children's institutions is inadequate for the prevention of measles outbreaks. The incidence of the disease depended both on the level of immunity among the children and on the duration of presence of the source of infection in the focus. Live measles vaccine protected 90 percent of the vaccinated children from contracting the disease in the foci. At the very beginning of the postvaccinal period immunization defects were revealed in 26.5 percent of the vaccinated children who fell ill with measles. Morbidity index among the vaccinated individuals constituted 3.8 percent. One of the causes of measles contraction by the vaccinated individuals was the loss of postvaccinal immunity. Systematic control over the antimeasles immunity level with the aid of serological investigations is necessary for the purpose of detection of persons sensitive to measles in children's collective bodies.", "PMID": 596019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5310", "title": "[Intensity of the epidemic process of whooping cough under conditions of mass immunization over a period of many years].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of whooping cough incidence in 1959 to 1975 in Moscow the authors present characteristics of the epidemic process under conditions of planned many-year immunization of children against this infection. Whooping cough morbidity proved to undergo significant changes-from sharp falls the first 8 years of immunization to a relative stabilization with a gradual reduction the last 5 years. Marked seasonal and periodic elevations persist against the background of reduction of morbidity. Preschool- and schoolchildren are equally involved in the epidemic process; the most frequently involved are nonvaccinated children aged 1 year and 4 to 10 years, which lost postvaccinal immunity. Further reduction of the severity of whooping cough and increase in the number of unimanifested forms of the infection was noted. This was apparently connected not only with immunization, but also with the reduction of the virulence of H. pertusis detected in studying the cultures isolated in Moscow from 1967 to 1974. The intensity indices of the epidemic process in whooping cough pointed to the necessity of using a more effective vaccine for the protection of children from whooping cough, despite the noted reduction of morbidity, and diminished severity of the course of the disease, and of the causative agent virulence.", "contents": "[Intensity of the epidemic process of whooping cough under conditions of mass immunization over a period of many years]. On the basis of analysis of whooping cough incidence in 1959 to 1975 in Moscow the authors present characteristics of the epidemic process under conditions of planned many-year immunization of children against this infection. Whooping cough morbidity proved to undergo significant changes-from sharp falls the first 8 years of immunization to a relative stabilization with a gradual reduction the last 5 years. Marked seasonal and periodic elevations persist against the background of reduction of morbidity. Preschool- and schoolchildren are equally involved in the epidemic process; the most frequently involved are nonvaccinated children aged 1 year and 4 to 10 years, which lost postvaccinal immunity. Further reduction of the severity of whooping cough and increase in the number of unimanifested forms of the infection was noted. This was apparently connected not only with immunization, but also with the reduction of the virulence of H. pertusis detected in studying the cultures isolated in Moscow from 1967 to 1974. The intensity indices of the epidemic process in whooping cough pointed to the necessity of using a more effective vaccine for the protection of children from whooping cough, despite the noted reduction of morbidity, and diminished severity of the course of the disease, and of the causative agent virulence.", "PMID": 596020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5311", "title": "[Study of allergic reactions in the body after experimental smallpox vaccination].", "content": "Experiments on guinea pigs demonstrated a mixed cellular-humoral character of allergy in smallpox vaccination. The ratio of cellular and humoral components depended on the site of the vaccina application. Skin manifestations in smallpox vaccination (hyperemia, infiltration, papula) were due to the multiplication of the virus proper, increased sensitivity of the surrounding tissues to the live vibrio, and specific immunological reconstruction. The skin of the sensitized animal after the anaphylactic shock in response to the intracardiac injection of the challenging dose of the vaccine virus acquired areactivity to its subsequent application.", "contents": "[Study of allergic reactions in the body after experimental smallpox vaccination]. Experiments on guinea pigs demonstrated a mixed cellular-humoral character of allergy in smallpox vaccination. The ratio of cellular and humoral components depended on the site of the vaccina application. Skin manifestations in smallpox vaccination (hyperemia, infiltration, papula) were due to the multiplication of the virus proper, increased sensitivity of the surrounding tissues to the live vibrio, and specific immunological reconstruction. The skin of the sensitized animal after the anaphylactic shock in response to the intracardiac injection of the challenging dose of the vaccine virus acquired areactivity to its subsequent application.", "PMID": 596021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5312", "title": "[Study of the chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular Staphylococcus aureus antigen. 2. Evaluation of the immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen in experiments in vitro].", "content": "Albino mice were immunized with a purified capsular antigen isolated from the S. aureus strain 1193/74. The presence of specific anticapsular antibodies in the sera of animals were determined by two methods: 1) by conversion of diffuse growth of a homologous strain into compact one, and 2) by determination of opsonic index in phagocytosis of homologous staphylococci by human neutrophils. It was revealed that antibodies converting the microbical growth were absent in the sera of normal mice and reached the highest level after the second antigen injection; opsonins were present in the sera of normal mice in widely varying quantities; their maximal level was noted after the 3rd immunization.", "contents": "[Study of the chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular Staphylococcus aureus antigen. 2. Evaluation of the immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen in experiments in vitro]. Albino mice were immunized with a purified capsular antigen isolated from the S. aureus strain 1193/74. The presence of specific anticapsular antibodies in the sera of animals were determined by two methods: 1) by conversion of diffuse growth of a homologous strain into compact one, and 2) by determination of opsonic index in phagocytosis of homologous staphylococci by human neutrophils. It was revealed that antibodies converting the microbical growth were absent in the sera of normal mice and reached the highest level after the second antigen injection; opsonins were present in the sera of normal mice in widely varying quantities; their maximal level was noted after the 3rd immunization.", "PMID": 596022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5313", "title": "[Genotypical characteristics of the immunological Vi-antibody maturation depending on the effect of Vi-antigen deposit in the body].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the changes in the antibody synthesis and their immunological maturation in the immunization with various doses of the Vi-antigen of linear rats differing by the capacity to deposit this antigen. August rats with a high capacity to deposit the Vi-antigen (in comparison with Wistar rats in which this capacity was less)  were characterized by an increased level of highly avid antibodies. The interlinear differences were found in the character of the changes in the antibody synthesis depending on the immunizing dose of the antigen. Genotypical peculiarities of the immunological maturation of the antibodies were demonstrated. The authors suppose that the described phenomenon was genetically determined and referred to the factors determining the individual immunological reactivity. In the choice of the optimal immunizing doses of the antigens the authors recommend complex determination of the antibody level and the degree of their avidity.", "contents": "[Genotypical characteristics of the immunological Vi-antibody maturation depending on the effect of Vi-antigen deposit in the body]. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the changes in the antibody synthesis and their immunological maturation in the immunization with various doses of the Vi-antigen of linear rats differing by the capacity to deposit this antigen. August rats with a high capacity to deposit the Vi-antigen (in comparison with Wistar rats in which this capacity was less)  were characterized by an increased level of highly avid antibodies. The interlinear differences were found in the character of the changes in the antibody synthesis depending on the immunizing dose of the antigen. Genotypical peculiarities of the immunological maturation of the antibodies were demonstrated. The authors suppose that the described phenomenon was genetically determined and referred to the factors determining the individual immunological reactivity. In the choice of the optimal immunizing doses of the antigens the authors recommend complex determination of the antibody level and the degree of their avidity.", "PMID": 596023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5314", "title": "[Participation of secretory antibodies in the protection from influenza].", "content": "Two collective bodies (319 persons in all) were under observation from October, 1974 to March, 1975 for the purpose of studying the problem on the participation of antibodies of the respiratory tract secretion in the protection from influenza virus, type A, infection. During the influenza epidemic outbreak there was revealed a reverse relationship between the antibody concentration in the nasal cavity secretion and the incidence of the disease, and also an interaction between the antibodies of the secretions and the serum in the influenza protection.", "contents": "[Participation of secretory antibodies in the protection from influenza]. Two collective bodies (319 persons in all) were under observation from October, 1974 to March, 1975 for the purpose of studying the problem on the participation of antibodies of the respiratory tract secretion in the protection from influenza virus, type A, infection. During the influenza epidemic outbreak there was revealed a reverse relationship between the antibody concentration in the nasal cavity secretion and the incidence of the disease, and also an interaction between the antibodies of the secretions and the serum in the influenza protection.", "PMID": 596024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5315", "title": "[Protective effect of cellular immunity in experimental Flavivirus infections].", "content": "Experiments were conducted with the tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus; confirmation of a protective action of cellular immunity in mice was obtained. Administration of sensitized splenocytes to the animals together with the virus was accompanied with an increase of their mean survival or with the reduction of mortality in comparison with control animals given nonimmune or destroyed cells. The protective action of the effector cells was not connected with the intensification of antibody formation in the recipients. A high specificity of cellular immunity was noted in experimental flaviviral infections. The presence of common antigens in the TE and Langat viruses was revealed with the acid of cross splenocyte migration inhibition test (CSMRT). There was also revealed a difference of these viruses from the viruses of yellow fever, Dengue type 2, or Sindbis. The results of studying of the specificity of cellular immunity in the CSMRT found confirmation in experiments with adoptive transfer of splenocytes. Cross protection was caused only by splenocytes sensitized to the TE and Langat viruses.", "contents": "[Protective effect of cellular immunity in experimental Flavivirus infections]. Experiments were conducted with the tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus; confirmation of a protective action of cellular immunity in mice was obtained. Administration of sensitized splenocytes to the animals together with the virus was accompanied with an increase of their mean survival or with the reduction of mortality in comparison with control animals given nonimmune or destroyed cells. The protective action of the effector cells was not connected with the intensification of antibody formation in the recipients. A high specificity of cellular immunity was noted in experimental flaviviral infections. The presence of common antigens in the TE and Langat viruses was revealed with the acid of cross splenocyte migration inhibition test (CSMRT). There was also revealed a difference of these viruses from the viruses of yellow fever, Dengue type 2, or Sindbis. The results of studying of the specificity of cellular immunity in the CSMRT found confirmation in experiments with adoptive transfer of splenocytes. Cross protection was caused only by splenocytes sensitized to the TE and Langat viruses.", "PMID": 596025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5316", "title": "[Study of the methods of specific desensitization therapy in immediate hypersensitivity to Streptococcus under experimental conditions. 1. Immunological data].", "content": "Three series of experiments were conducted on 427 guinea pigs. A model of allergy of the immediate type was obtained by 3-fold subcutaneous injections of 2 mg of lysed streptoallergen with an imcomplete Freund's adjuvant. The effect of allergens (corpuscular--vaccines, lysed, and streptoallergens after Ando-Verzhikovsky) varying by physico-chemical properties was studied in the first experimental series. The best hyposensitizing action was produced by vaccine used for the study of the influence of various doses on the sensitized organism. Two doses were approved: the threshold one (diluted 10 times) and the subthreshold one (diluted 10000 times). The use of the threshold doses caused reduction of increased sensitivity of the immediate type. In the III experimental series this dose was injected subcutaneously, intradermally, and intravenously. Subcutaneous method proved to produce a more marked hyposensitizing action in comparison with other methods.", "contents": "[Study of the methods of specific desensitization therapy in immediate hypersensitivity to Streptococcus under experimental conditions. 1. Immunological data]. Three series of experiments were conducted on 427 guinea pigs. A model of allergy of the immediate type was obtained by 3-fold subcutaneous injections of 2 mg of lysed streptoallergen with an imcomplete Freund's adjuvant. The effect of allergens (corpuscular--vaccines, lysed, and streptoallergens after Ando-Verzhikovsky) varying by physico-chemical properties was studied in the first experimental series. The best hyposensitizing action was produced by vaccine used for the study of the influence of various doses on the sensitized organism. Two doses were approved: the threshold one (diluted 10 times) and the subthreshold one (diluted 10000 times). The use of the threshold doses caused reduction of increased sensitivity of the immediate type. In the III experimental series this dose was injected subcutaneously, intradermally, and intravenously. Subcutaneous method proved to produce a more marked hyposensitizing action in comparison with other methods.", "PMID": 596026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5317", "title": "[Value of the immunological indicators in the study of the health status of the chemical industry workers].", "content": "The use of some humoral, cellular and barrier immunity indices in the examination of practically healthy persons having an occupational contact with the complex of pesticides and grisine, an antibiotic intended for fodder revealed the presence of changes in various non-specific immunological reactivity links. The detected changes in the indices of the ingestive and digestive function of neutrophils could be interpreted as a compensatory reaction of the organism in response to the action of chemical agents, whereas reduction of lysozyme content and the appearance in the microbial pattern of deep dermal layers of mannite-splitting and hemolytic froms of microbes pointed to the presence of the first unfavourable shifts in humoral and barrier immunity factors. The indices of immunobiological reactivity were found to be sufficiently sensitive and could be used as auxillary tests of prenosological diagnosis of pathology of chemical etiology.", "contents": "[Value of the immunological indicators in the study of the health status of the chemical industry workers]. The use of some humoral, cellular and barrier immunity indices in the examination of practically healthy persons having an occupational contact with the complex of pesticides and grisine, an antibiotic intended for fodder revealed the presence of changes in various non-specific immunological reactivity links. The detected changes in the indices of the ingestive and digestive function of neutrophils could be interpreted as a compensatory reaction of the organism in response to the action of chemical agents, whereas reduction of lysozyme content and the appearance in the microbial pattern of deep dermal layers of mannite-splitting and hemolytic froms of microbes pointed to the presence of the first unfavourable shifts in humoral and barrier immunity factors. The indices of immunobiological reactivity were found to be sufficiently sensitive and could be used as auxillary tests of prenosological diagnosis of pathology of chemical etiology.", "PMID": 596027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5318", "title": "[Effect of leukocyte cation proteins in vitro on the activity of the pathogen of meningopneumonitis].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of cation proteins from the lysosomes and nuclei of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the survival of the causative agent of meningopneumonia in vitro. As revealed, the greatest antibiotic activity was possessed by the nuclear histones and the low molecular basic proteins of lysosomes. Biological significance of the detected effects is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of leukocyte cation proteins in vitro on the activity of the pathogen of meningopneumonitis]. A study was made of the influence of cation proteins from the lysosomes and nuclei of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes on the survival of the causative agent of meningopneumonia in vitro. As revealed, the greatest antibiotic activity was possessed by the nuclear histones and the low molecular basic proteins of lysosomes. Biological significance of the detected effects is discussed.", "PMID": 596028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5319", "title": "[Cerebral syndromes in acute pneumonias].", "content": "The paper deals with an analysis of some clinical and electrophysiological (EEG, EMG, REG) studies in 300 patients with focal and croupous pneumonia accompanied by the nervous system lesions. The authors distinguish clinical syndromes of the nervous system lesions in acute pneumonia. It was possible to demonstrate a certain correlation between the character of electrophysiological data and the severity, localization of pneumonia, and the prevalent lesions in different parts of the nervous system. It was also possible to show the role of acute general cerebral oxygen insufficiency due to disturbed respiration and concomitant acute cardiac insufficiency in the pathogenesis of nervous system changes in acute pneumonia. In such cases there is an anoxic brain anoxia with an insufficient oxygen supply of the cortex, brain stem formations and the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Cerebral syndromes in acute pneumonias]. The paper deals with an analysis of some clinical and electrophysiological (EEG, EMG, REG) studies in 300 patients with focal and croupous pneumonia accompanied by the nervous system lesions. The authors distinguish clinical syndromes of the nervous system lesions in acute pneumonia. It was possible to demonstrate a certain correlation between the character of electrophysiological data and the severity, localization of pneumonia, and the prevalent lesions in different parts of the nervous system. It was also possible to show the role of acute general cerebral oxygen insufficiency due to disturbed respiration and concomitant acute cardiac insufficiency in the pathogenesis of nervous system changes in acute pneumonia. In such cases there is an anoxic brain anoxia with an insufficient oxygen supply of the cortex, brain stem formations and the spinal cord.", "PMID": 596029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5320", "title": "Pulmonary edema and pneumonia as symptoms of a secondary stem syndrome in strokes.", "content": "The clinico-anatomical analysis of 162 patients with strokes demonstrated the correlation of frequency and severity of changes in the lungs (edema-pneumonia) from the expressiveness of the secondary stem syndrome and the severity of secondary changes in the brain stem due to its dislocation, edema and disturbances of brain circulation in the brain stem substance, both in hemorrhages and strokes in the cerebral hemispheres. Pulmonary edema-pneumonia can be referred to one of the symptoms of the secondary stem syndrome developing against the background of a strong dislocation of the brain stem and accompanied by either the damages of hypothalamus nuclei or blood influence on the walls of the 3d ventricle in parenchymatous-ventricular or subarachnoid-parenchymatous hemorrhages.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and pneumonia as symptoms of a secondary stem syndrome in strokes. The clinico-anatomical analysis of 162 patients with strokes demonstrated the correlation of frequency and severity of changes in the lungs (edema-pneumonia) from the expressiveness of the secondary stem syndrome and the severity of secondary changes in the brain stem due to its dislocation, edema and disturbances of brain circulation in the brain stem substance, both in hemorrhages and strokes in the cerebral hemispheres. Pulmonary edema-pneumonia can be referred to one of the symptoms of the secondary stem syndrome developing against the background of a strong dislocation of the brain stem and accompanied by either the damages of hypothalamus nuclei or blood influence on the walls of the 3d ventricle in parenchymatous-ventricular or subarachnoid-parenchymatous hemorrhages.", "PMID": 596030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5321", "title": "[Ultrasonic flow metering in the diagnosis of occlusive lesions of the extracranial portions of the carotid arteries].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of a new method of investigation--ultrasound fluometry, based on the Doppler effect. This method was applied in patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries. The authors studied 57 patients in the acute stage of the ischemic stroke and 32 patients with chronic insufficiency of the brain blood supply. The report describes the principle of the ultrasound debitmeter action. Some features of a total and subtotal occlusion and stenosis of the extracranial part of the carotid artery and the features of collateral circulation were detected. The authors point of comparable data of ultrasound fluometry and contrast angiography, and the valuability of ultrasound fluometry for the determination of indications to angiographic studies. The advantage of the new methods is the possibility of its use in outpatient practice and in hospitals for evaluating the effectiveness of the used treatment as well as for observing cerebral hemodynamics during the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic flow metering in the diagnosis of occlusive lesions of the extracranial portions of the carotid arteries]. The paper is concerned with the results of a new method of investigation--ultrasound fluometry, based on the Doppler effect. This method was applied in patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries. The authors studied 57 patients in the acute stage of the ischemic stroke and 32 patients with chronic insufficiency of the brain blood supply. The report describes the principle of the ultrasound debitmeter action. Some features of a total and subtotal occlusion and stenosis of the extracranial part of the carotid artery and the features of collateral circulation were detected. The authors point of comparable data of ultrasound fluometry and contrast angiography, and the valuability of ultrasound fluometry for the determination of indications to angiographic studies. The advantage of the new methods is the possibility of its use in outpatient practice and in hospitals for evaluating the effectiveness of the used treatment as well as for observing cerebral hemodynamics during the postoperative period.", "PMID": 596031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5322", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver in hepatocerebral dystrophy].", "content": "The authors studied the character of subcellular changes in the liver of 15 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy and compared them with 5 patients with hepatocirrhosis of a non-hereditary etiology. The mitochondrias suffer most severily from cell organella. Their pathology is more characterized by changes connected with the increase of electronic density and to a lesser degree by swellings. The correlation between the occurrence of electronic dense mitochondrias and the increased hepatocytelipid infiltration is marked. The ultrastructural study has confirmed a preventive role of the lipofuscin complex with cuprum. The main reason of the development of hepacirrhosis in hepato-cerebral dystrophy is the accumulation of cuprum nonutilized by pathogenetical mechanisms--lesion of mitochondrias, tissue hypoxia, necrosis of hepatocytes. The capability of neutralization and withdrawal of cuprum can determine the severity and rapidity of the development of the disease.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver in hepatocerebral dystrophy]. The authors studied the character of subcellular changes in the liver of 15 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy and compared them with 5 patients with hepatocirrhosis of a non-hereditary etiology. The mitochondrias suffer most severily from cell organella. Their pathology is more characterized by changes connected with the increase of electronic density and to a lesser degree by swellings. The correlation between the occurrence of electronic dense mitochondrias and the increased hepatocytelipid infiltration is marked. The ultrastructural study has confirmed a preventive role of the lipofuscin complex with cuprum. The main reason of the development of hepacirrhosis in hepato-cerebral dystrophy is the accumulation of cuprum nonutilized by pathogenetical mechanisms--lesion of mitochondrias, tissue hypoxia, necrosis of hepatocytes. The capability of neutralization and withdrawal of cuprum can determine the severity and rapidity of the development of the disease.", "PMID": 596032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5323", "title": "[Functional state of the kidneys of patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "A study of 147 patients with a severe brain trauma demonstrated that in 84,3% of the renal cases there was a transient drop in the function, accompanied by a decrease in the glomerulus filtration and asotemia. The role of the catobolic process in the development of asotemia is being marked. The report contains a table for the estimation of the degree of renal insufficiency. In an assessment of the renal functions it is important to analyze each biochemical index and to select the correct time of such examinations.", "contents": "[Functional state of the kidneys of patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. A study of 147 patients with a severe brain trauma demonstrated that in 84,3% of the renal cases there was a transient drop in the function, accompanied by a decrease in the glomerulus filtration and asotemia. The role of the catobolic process in the development of asotemia is being marked. The report contains a table for the estimation of the degree of renal insufficiency. In an assessment of the renal functions it is important to analyze each biochemical index and to select the correct time of such examinations.", "PMID": 596033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5324", "title": "[Clinical picture and localization of foci of softening in the brain following vertebral artery thrombosis].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-anatomical analysis of 45 observations with thrombosis of the  vertebral arteries. In the majority of cases thrombosis of the vertebral arteries was isolated. In 5 observations it was combined--with thrombosis of the carotid artery (2 cases), with the middle brain artery (2 cases) and with the posterior cerebellum artery (1 case). In one observation thrombosis of the right innominate, subclavian, general carotid and vertebral arteries was diagnosed clinically and angiographically. Thrombosis of the vertebral arteries occurs in the presence of expressed atherosclerotic changes in the brain vessels with acute stenosis.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and localization of foci of softening in the brain following vertebral artery thrombosis]. The authors conducted a clinico-anatomical analysis of 45 observations with thrombosis of the  vertebral arteries. In the majority of cases thrombosis of the vertebral arteries was isolated. In 5 observations it was combined--with thrombosis of the carotid artery (2 cases), with the middle brain artery (2 cases) and with the posterior cerebellum artery (1 case). In one observation thrombosis of the right innominate, subclavian, general carotid and vertebral arteries was diagnosed clinically and angiographically. Thrombosis of the vertebral arteries occurs in the presence of expressed atherosclerotic changes in the brain vessels with acute stenosis.", "PMID": 596035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5325", "title": "[Surgical treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages].", "content": "A total of 95 patients operated for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages during the first 3 days following the stroke were studied. The average amount of the postoperative lethal outcome was 46% and in the last years--26%. The analysis of the observations demonstrated that in hemorrhages into the cerebral hemispheres (the most frequent hemorrhages) a vital prognosis and evidences for operation are mainly determined by the depth of hematoma position in relation to the internal capsule, a degree of blood hemorrhages into the ventricles, state of brain magistral arteries (carotic, vertebral-basilar) and the brain stem. Cerebral angiography is a very important examination method facilitating the determination of a hemorrhage cause, its localization, expressiveness of dislocation phenomena, as well as the character and degree of changes of the brain magistral arteries (atherosclerotic stenoses, exaggerations, ansae, hypoplasia). The determination of a vital prognosis of a stroke with conservative and surgical treatment with the aid of a computer permits to solve the problem of evidences for an operation more basically.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages]. A total of 95 patients operated for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages during the first 3 days following the stroke were studied. The average amount of the postoperative lethal outcome was 46% and in the last years--26%. The analysis of the observations demonstrated that in hemorrhages into the cerebral hemispheres (the most frequent hemorrhages) a vital prognosis and evidences for operation are mainly determined by the depth of hematoma position in relation to the internal capsule, a degree of blood hemorrhages into the ventricles, state of brain magistral arteries (carotic, vertebral-basilar) and the brain stem. Cerebral angiography is a very important examination method facilitating the determination of a hemorrhage cause, its localization, expressiveness of dislocation phenomena, as well as the character and degree of changes of the brain magistral arteries (atherosclerotic stenoses, exaggerations, ansae, hypoplasia). The determination of a vital prognosis of a stroke with conservative and surgical treatment with the aid of a computer permits to solve the problem of evidences for an operation more basically.", "PMID": 596036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5326", "title": "[Clinical structure of institutionalization in schizophrenic patients (rehabilitation aspect)].", "content": "The results of the studies of hospitalism formation in 173 patients with continuous-progressive schizophrenia which have been treated in the mental hospital for the period of 10-35 years, are presented. Six clinical variants of hospitalism depending upon unfavourably influencing factors of long-term isolation, inadequate medical therapy and hyperguardianship are distinguished: aspontaneous, apatho-abulic, asthenic, variant of hyperguardianship and overcautiousness, variant of a negative attitude towards a discharge, mixed. The depiction of the clinical variants of hospitalism at the remote stages of schizophrenia permits to use more differentially and effectively prophylactic measures and rehabilitative programs in relation to the patient's long-term hospitalizations.", "contents": "[Clinical structure of institutionalization in schizophrenic patients (rehabilitation aspect)]. The results of the studies of hospitalism formation in 173 patients with continuous-progressive schizophrenia which have been treated in the mental hospital for the period of 10-35 years, are presented. Six clinical variants of hospitalism depending upon unfavourably influencing factors of long-term isolation, inadequate medical therapy and hyperguardianship are distinguished: aspontaneous, apatho-abulic, asthenic, variant of hyperguardianship and overcautiousness, variant of a negative attitude towards a discharge, mixed. The depiction of the clinical variants of hospitalism at the remote stages of schizophrenia permits to use more differentially and effectively prophylactic measures and rehabilitative programs in relation to the patient's long-term hospitalizations.", "PMID": 596039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5327", "title": "[Post-hospital rehabilitation center of a psychiatric hospital (clinical, organizational and economic aspects)].", "content": "The authors generalize a 3.5th year experience of postclinical rehabilitation of mental patients with unfavourable forms of the disease and significant psychic defects in a special rehabilitative center which functions on the basis of an agricultural enterprise (a state farm). The organizational and methodological principles of post-clinical rehabilitation are given. On the basis of the examinations of 88 patients the authors analyse the results of their rehabilitation in the clinical, working and social aspects. The economic effectiveness of the rehabilitative center activity and its influence on the level of psychiatric service organization is evaluated.", "contents": "[Post-hospital rehabilitation center of a psychiatric hospital (clinical, organizational and economic aspects)]. The authors generalize a 3.5th year experience of postclinical rehabilitation of mental patients with unfavourable forms of the disease and significant psychic defects in a special rehabilitative center which functions on the basis of an agricultural enterprise (a state farm). The organizational and methodological principles of post-clinical rehabilitation are given. On the basis of the examinations of 88 patients the authors analyse the results of their rehabilitation in the clinical, working and social aspects. The economic effectiveness of the rehabilitative center activity and its influence on the level of psychiatric service organization is evaluated.", "PMID": 596040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5328", "title": "[Day hospital and night dispensary as intermediate links in the system of psychiatric services].", "content": "The author considers the peculiarities of day and night hospitals as centers of partial hospitalization which have independent functions in the differentiated system of psychiatric service and along with this permits to solve tasks more effectively which are raised by comprehensive practice before the system as a whole. The general principles of the organization of day and night hospital activities are formulated and advantages of their use in the treatment of early prepsychotic manifestations of schizophrenia and the initial forms of mental diseases are substantiated.", "contents": "[Day hospital and night dispensary as intermediate links in the system of psychiatric services]. The author considers the peculiarities of day and night hospitals as centers of partial hospitalization which have independent functions in the differentiated system of psychiatric service and along with this permits to solve tasks more effectively which are raised by comprehensive practice before the system as a whole. The general principles of the organization of day and night hospital activities are formulated and advantages of their use in the treatment of early prepsychotic manifestations of schizophrenia and the initial forms of mental diseases are substantiated.", "PMID": 596041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5329", "title": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures in day hospitals working in the framework of the territorial-team system].", "content": "In conditions of a wide use of psychopharmacological drugs the main trend in the activities of a day hospital is prevention of admissions to a mental hospital by elimination of relapses and exacerbations in these patients. Partial hospitalization and consolidation of the results of hospital treatment (stabilization of remissions in the patients, treated in a hospital) must be accomplished with the aid of a complex of psycho-social influences against the background of psychopharmacotherapy. In order to stabilize remissions patients with different types and depths of remissions may be transferred from a mental hospital to a day hospital. To eliminate relapses and exacerbations patients with different types of remissions may be referred to a day hospital. A day hospital functioning in the framework of the team-territory system is a leading organizing link in rehabilitation of mental patients.", "contents": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures in day hospitals working in the framework of the territorial-team system]. In conditions of a wide use of psychopharmacological drugs the main trend in the activities of a day hospital is prevention of admissions to a mental hospital by elimination of relapses and exacerbations in these patients. Partial hospitalization and consolidation of the results of hospital treatment (stabilization of remissions in the patients, treated in a hospital) must be accomplished with the aid of a complex of psycho-social influences against the background of psychopharmacotherapy. In order to stabilize remissions patients with different types and depths of remissions may be transferred from a mental hospital to a day hospital. To eliminate relapses and exacerbations patients with different types of remissions may be referred to a day hospital. A day hospital functioning in the framework of the team-territory system is a leading organizing link in rehabilitation of mental patients.", "PMID": 596043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5330", "title": "[Experience with the use of a complex of therapeutic-rehabilitative measures in rural psychiatric hospitals].", "content": "A total of 100 chronic mental patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy and oligophrenia who had stayed in a rural hospital for a long time, were treated with restorative therapy including the complex of influences: psychopharmacological drugs, differential regimens of treatment and supervision, psychotherapy, treatment by employment and entertainment, exercise therapy and occupational therapy. The use of this complex demonstrate the improvement of the mental state in 82 patients, 30 patients could be discharged from the hospital. The role of the psycho-social influences for the mollification of pathological symptomatics characteristics of the chronic contingents of patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Experience with the use of a complex of therapeutic-rehabilitative measures in rural psychiatric hospitals]. A total of 100 chronic mental patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy and oligophrenia who had stayed in a rural hospital for a long time, were treated with restorative therapy including the complex of influences: psychopharmacological drugs, differential regimens of treatment and supervision, psychotherapy, treatment by employment and entertainment, exercise therapy and occupational therapy. The use of this complex demonstrate the improvement of the mental state in 82 patients, 30 patients could be discharged from the hospital. The role of the psycho-social influences for the mollification of pathological symptomatics characteristics of the chronic contingents of patients is discussed.", "PMID": 596044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5331", "title": "The structure of pre-messenger RNA and messenger RNA from erythroid cells.", "content": "Pre-mRNA fractions (greater than 45 S) were characterized by electron microscopy. High salt concentrations (0.2 M ammonium acetate, pH 8) yield linear molecules of different length (0.5--17 micrometer). In 10% of the molecules a compact-nonlinear contour (cn-contour) is detectable at one end. A significant enhancement of the number of cn-contour carrying molecules is observed after binding pre-mRNA to poly(U)-sepharose. The terminal cn-contour could be the depiction of a secondary and/or tertiary structure including the poly(A)-tail. 9 S globin mRNA appear in 80% with virtually the same cn-contour as detected in pre-mRNA molecules. After denaturing the mRNA in 80% formamide--4M urea in connection with heating to 90 degrees C from 10 min, a percentage of 77% of stretched, linear molecules results. This structural transformation is reversible when the denatured RNA is precipitated and redissolved in 0.2 M ammonium acetate. 73% of the stretched molecules are characterized by a mean length of 0.44 micrometer. This value is twice as high as commonly assumed for a globin mRNA chain.", "contents": "The structure of pre-messenger RNA and messenger RNA from erythroid cells. Pre-mRNA fractions (greater than 45 S) were characterized by electron microscopy. High salt concentrations (0.2 M ammonium acetate, pH 8) yield linear molecules of different length (0.5--17 micrometer). In 10% of the molecules a compact-nonlinear contour (cn-contour) is detectable at one end. A significant enhancement of the number of cn-contour carrying molecules is observed after binding pre-mRNA to poly(U)-sepharose. The terminal cn-contour could be the depiction of a secondary and/or tertiary structure including the poly(A)-tail. 9 S globin mRNA appear in 80% with virtually the same cn-contour as detected in pre-mRNA molecules. After denaturing the mRNA in 80% formamide--4M urea in connection with heating to 90 degrees C from 10 min, a percentage of 77% of stretched, linear molecules results. This structural transformation is reversible when the denatured RNA is precipitated and redissolved in 0.2 M ammonium acetate. 73% of the stretched molecules are characterized by a mean length of 0.44 micrometer. This value is twice as high as commonly assumed for a globin mRNA chain.", "PMID": 596046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5332", "title": "[Nitrogen-economy and synthesis of serine and glycine in reticulocytes].", "content": "Amino acids constitute the main substrate of the reticulocyte. The amino acid pool of reticulocytes represents a characteristic selection. The composition of the amino acid pool is dependent on maturation. From the preferential oxidation of short-chain amino acids one would expect a ratio about of 5:1 between the oxygen consumption and ammonia formation. If one corrects for NH3-formation by the deamination of nucleotides the ratio between the oxygen consumption and NH3-formation is about an order of magnitude higher than the theoretical ratio. The small liberation of NH3 in energy production from amino acids results from the re-utilization of their alpha-NH2-group for the synthesis of serine and glycine, while the C-skeleton stems from glucose. Serine is formed via OH-pyruvate and OH-pyruvate. Serine and glycine serve preferentially for synthesis of hemoglobin. In reticulocytes there exists a compartmentation of glycine which accounts for differences between serine and glycine in isotopic experiments. From the time dependent change of the specific activities of pulse-labelled serine and glycine one may calculate that the serine synthesis amounts to 15--30% of the glucose utilization.", "contents": "[Nitrogen-economy and synthesis of serine and glycine in reticulocytes]. Amino acids constitute the main substrate of the reticulocyte. The amino acid pool of reticulocytes represents a characteristic selection. The composition of the amino acid pool is dependent on maturation. From the preferential oxidation of short-chain amino acids one would expect a ratio about of 5:1 between the oxygen consumption and ammonia formation. If one corrects for NH3-formation by the deamination of nucleotides the ratio between the oxygen consumption and NH3-formation is about an order of magnitude higher than the theoretical ratio. The small liberation of NH3 in energy production from amino acids results from the re-utilization of their alpha-NH2-group for the synthesis of serine and glycine, while the C-skeleton stems from glucose. Serine is formed via OH-pyruvate and OH-pyruvate. Serine and glycine serve preferentially for synthesis of hemoglobin. In reticulocytes there exists a compartmentation of glycine which accounts for differences between serine and glycine in isotopic experiments. From the time dependent change of the specific activities of pulse-labelled serine and glycine one may calculate that the serine synthesis amounts to 15--30% of the glucose utilization.", "PMID": 596050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5333", "title": "Activity of the respiratory inhibitor RF in human red cells in anaemia.", "content": "Stroma-free haemolysates of red cells from patients with acute or latent anaemia inhibit the NADH oxidase activity of submitochondrial particles from beef heart. The inhibitory activities appeared significantly more frequently in anaemic patients than in normal persons and are likely due to the action of a factor which is identical or similar to the inhibitory protein RF present in rabbit reticulocytes. The possible use of the inhibitor assay for clinical purpose is under discussion.", "contents": "Activity of the respiratory inhibitor RF in human red cells in anaemia. Stroma-free haemolysates of red cells from patients with acute or latent anaemia inhibit the NADH oxidase activity of submitochondrial particles from beef heart. The inhibitory activities appeared significantly more frequently in anaemic patients than in normal persons and are likely due to the action of a factor which is identical or similar to the inhibitory protein RF present in rabbit reticulocytes. The possible use of the inhibitor assay for clinical purpose is under discussion.", "PMID": 596052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5334", "title": "[Purification and characterization of the respiratory inhibitor RF from rabbit reticulocytes].", "content": "In the stroma-free hemolysate of rabbit reticulocytes there exists a respiratory inhibitor (RF) of protein nature. It could be purified by the following procedure: (NH4)2SO4-precipitation leads to DEAE-Sephadex A-50-chromatography leads to isoelectric focusing leads to gelfiltration on Sephadex G-200. In addition to the activity the identity of the inhibitor could be proved immunologically at all steps of the purification. A molecular weight of about 80,000 was determined by gelelectrophoresis in the SDS-mercaptoethanol-system. The protein has an IP of 5.55--5.65 and consists of one polypeptide chain. This could be shown both by SDS-gelelectrophoresis and by estimation of only one N-terminal amino acid residue (glycine). Only after oxidation with performic acid the amino acid analysis of the protein gives reproducible values. The sum of weight-% is about 80 (without Tyr). The polarity of the protein with 41 mol-% agrees with the polarity of soluble globular proteins investigated by other authors. Acid hydrolysis without preceeding performic acid oxidation gives a sum of amino acid residues of only 35--45 weight-%, the glycoprotein nature of the inhibitor could be shown by staining the SDS-gels with Schiff's reagents and by carbohydrate determination with anthrone reagent.", "contents": "[Purification and characterization of the respiratory inhibitor RF from rabbit reticulocytes]. In the stroma-free hemolysate of rabbit reticulocytes there exists a respiratory inhibitor (RF) of protein nature. It could be purified by the following procedure: (NH4)2SO4-precipitation leads to DEAE-Sephadex A-50-chromatography leads to isoelectric focusing leads to gelfiltration on Sephadex G-200. In addition to the activity the identity of the inhibitor could be proved immunologically at all steps of the purification. A molecular weight of about 80,000 was determined by gelelectrophoresis in the SDS-mercaptoethanol-system. The protein has an IP of 5.55--5.65 and consists of one polypeptide chain. This could be shown both by SDS-gelelectrophoresis and by estimation of only one N-terminal amino acid residue (glycine). Only after oxidation with performic acid the amino acid analysis of the protein gives reproducible values. The sum of weight-% is about 80 (without Tyr). The polarity of the protein with 41 mol-% agrees with the polarity of soluble globular proteins investigated by other authors. Acid hydrolysis without preceeding performic acid oxidation gives a sum of amino acid residues of only 35--45 weight-%, the glycoprotein nature of the inhibitor could be shown by staining the SDS-gels with Schiff's reagents and by carbohydrate determination with anthrone reagent.", "PMID": 596053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5335", "title": "Creatine during bleeding anemia of rabbits.", "content": "In bleeding induced anemia of rabbits an increase of creatine in the red cells occurred, which in some cases amounted to more than 5-times the normal concentration. In all but one case plasma creatine rose as well. Reticulocytosis, increased O2-consumption of the red cells and an increased level of erythropoietin indicated active erythropoiesis and a shift towards a younger cell population. Whether the rise of red cell creatine is solely due to a higher proportion of young cells remains an open question.", "contents": "Creatine during bleeding anemia of rabbits. In bleeding induced anemia of rabbits an increase of creatine in the red cells occurred, which in some cases amounted to more than 5-times the normal concentration. In all but one case plasma creatine rose as well. Reticulocytosis, increased O2-consumption of the red cells and an increased level of erythropoietin indicated active erythropoiesis and a shift towards a younger cell population. Whether the rise of red cell creatine is solely due to a higher proportion of young cells remains an open question.", "PMID": 596054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5336", "title": "[Studies on the vitality of human bone marrow during collection and deep-freeze preservation].", "content": "The cryoprotective effect of dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol and polyethylenglycol during freezing and thawing of human bone marrow was investigated by eosin staining test, an acridinorange fluochrome staining test and by RNA- and DNA-synthesis tests. In these tests the overall yield of vital nucleated cells, referred to the number in the absence of cryoprotectants and freezing and thawing, amounted to 50% with dimethylsulfoxide, 30% with glycerol, and 10% with polyethylenglycol. With dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol the loss of vital nucleated cells is almost entirely due to the addition of cryoprotectants. Polyethylenglycol freezing and thawing also leads to a great loss of vital nucleated cells. The results with dimethylsulfoxide show that the currently employed techniques of punction, preparation, freezing and thawing of bone marrow are suitable for clinical application.", "contents": "[Studies on the vitality of human bone marrow during collection and deep-freeze preservation]. The cryoprotective effect of dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol and polyethylenglycol during freezing and thawing of human bone marrow was investigated by eosin staining test, an acridinorange fluochrome staining test and by RNA- and DNA-synthesis tests. In these tests the overall yield of vital nucleated cells, referred to the number in the absence of cryoprotectants and freezing and thawing, amounted to 50% with dimethylsulfoxide, 30% with glycerol, and 10% with polyethylenglycol. With dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol the loss of vital nucleated cells is almost entirely due to the addition of cryoprotectants. Polyethylenglycol freezing and thawing also leads to a great loss of vital nucleated cells. The results with dimethylsulfoxide show that the currently employed techniques of punction, preparation, freezing and thawing of bone marrow are suitable for clinical application.", "PMID": 596056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5337", "title": "Some unusual properties of globin-mRNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Globin mRNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes showed an unusually high molecular weight for the beta-chain mRNA (280000 daltons), a large difference between the molecular weight of the alpha-chain mRNA (230000 daltons) and the beta-chain mRNA and a dense and compact structure in the electron microscope (average length of the molecules 0.14 micron), which can be transformed to a linear structure (average length of the molecules 0.44 micron corresponding to a molecular weight of about 420000 daltons). The poly(A)-tail of the mRNA estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with poly(A)-markers as reference substances has a size between 12 and 52 nucleotides. The mRNA works as a good template in the cDNA-synthesis with reverse transcriptase and full length copies of the mRNA were obtained by this reaction. The cDNA hybridizes to an amount of 70% with the globin mRNA at a 1:4 cDNA/mRNA ratio.", "contents": "Some unusual properties of globin-mRNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. Globin mRNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes showed an unusually high molecular weight for the beta-chain mRNA (280000 daltons), a large difference between the molecular weight of the alpha-chain mRNA (230000 daltons) and the beta-chain mRNA and a dense and compact structure in the electron microscope (average length of the molecules 0.14 micron), which can be transformed to a linear structure (average length of the molecules 0.44 micron corresponding to a molecular weight of about 420000 daltons). The poly(A)-tail of the mRNA estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with poly(A)-markers as reference substances has a size between 12 and 52 nucleotides. The mRNA works as a good template in the cDNA-synthesis with reverse transcriptase and full length copies of the mRNA were obtained by this reaction. The cDNA hybridizes to an amount of 70% with the globin mRNA at a 1:4 cDNA/mRNA ratio.", "PMID": 596057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5338", "title": "The role of red cell membrane in the regulation of glycolysis and the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-cycle.", "content": "Pyruvate and K-ferricyanide stimulation of net ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis is very probably due to enhancement of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Significant peculiarities in the K-ferricyanide effect and its depression by non-penetrating-SH inhibitors at low concentrations were noted and suggested that membrane-bound enzymes play a substantial part in the synthesis of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Experiments with isolated ghosts showed their ATP-and 2,3-bis-phosphogylcerate-building capacity. Pulse-labeling with 32P-Pi and determination of specific radioactive in intracellular inorganic phosphate and ATP-gamma-P demonstrated that the ferricyanide-stimulated compartment utilizes only intracellular inorganic phosphate for ATP (and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) synthesis, and does so only when extracellular inorganic phosphate is present.", "contents": "The role of red cell membrane in the regulation of glycolysis and the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-cycle. Pyruvate and K-ferricyanide stimulation of net ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis is very probably due to enhancement of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Significant peculiarities in the K-ferricyanide effect and its depression by non-penetrating-SH inhibitors at low concentrations were noted and suggested that membrane-bound enzymes play a substantial part in the synthesis of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Experiments with isolated ghosts showed their ATP-and 2,3-bis-phosphogylcerate-building capacity. Pulse-labeling with 32P-Pi and determination of specific radioactive in intracellular inorganic phosphate and ATP-gamma-P demonstrated that the ferricyanide-stimulated compartment utilizes only intracellular inorganic phosphate for ATP (and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) synthesis, and does so only when extracellular inorganic phosphate is present.", "PMID": 596059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5339", "title": "Interrelationship between energy metabolism from various substrates and the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate bypass in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Metabolism of the substrates D-ribose, xylitol, D-Xylulose, D-fructose, D-glucose and mixtures of these compounds were studied in human erythrocytes. The metabolic rates obtained with the various substrates affected the intracellular levels of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Small amounts of substrate utilization resulted in a decrease of the ATP and more pronounced of the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration while carbon utilization rates beyound 14 microgram atom C/ml packed cells/120 min yielded constant levels of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. From these results it can be concluded that a carbon utilization rate of 14 microgram atom C/ml cells/120 min is able to cover the ATP requirement of the red cells under steady state conditions. Based on the carbon utilization rates obtained with the various substrates and the rates of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decomposition an attempt is made to calculate the contribution of the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate bypass to substrate metabolism. In case of xylitol as substrate the decrease in the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate content provides the regeneration of NAD thus facilitating uptake and metabolism of xylitol.", "contents": "Interrelationship between energy metabolism from various substrates and the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate bypass in human erythrocytes. Metabolism of the substrates D-ribose, xylitol, D-Xylulose, D-fructose, D-glucose and mixtures of these compounds were studied in human erythrocytes. The metabolic rates obtained with the various substrates affected the intracellular levels of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Small amounts of substrate utilization resulted in a decrease of the ATP and more pronounced of the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration while carbon utilization rates beyound 14 microgram atom C/ml packed cells/120 min yielded constant levels of ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. From these results it can be concluded that a carbon utilization rate of 14 microgram atom C/ml cells/120 min is able to cover the ATP requirement of the red cells under steady state conditions. Based on the carbon utilization rates obtained with the various substrates and the rates of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decomposition an attempt is made to calculate the contribution of the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate bypass to substrate metabolism. In case of xylitol as substrate the decrease in the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate content provides the regeneration of NAD thus facilitating uptake and metabolism of xylitol.", "PMID": 596060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5340", "title": "The molecular function of hemoglobin as reflected in ligand binding data: analysis of data on erythrocytes.", "content": "Hemoglobin oxygen binding data on erythrocytes at diffrent pH, PCO2 and bisphosphoglycerate concentrations have been analyzed in terms of an extended version of the Herzfeld-Stanley model of 1972. The binding of oxygen to subunits when the tetramer is in the quaternary oxy conformation was found to be insensitive to moderate changes in pH and pCO2 (0.71 +/- 0.05 mm Hg-1). Utilizing this circumstance it has been possible to obtain, for the first time, unique estimates of energy parameters related to hemoglobin cooperativity and effector action. At 37 degrees C, pH 7.2 and pCO2 22 mm Hg the following parameter values were obtained: The allosteric constant: (1.5 + 0.4)-10(4); the oxygen binding constant of the deoxy state: (5.4 +/- 0.3).10(-3) mm Hg-1; the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate binding constants: (3.3 +/- 1.3).10(3)1. mol-1(deoxy), (1.3 +/- 0.5).10(2)1. mol-1 (oxy). Quarternary transition most likely takes place after binding of the second O2 molecule. Following the concepts of Perutz the results suggest that (1) protons and carbon dioxide act as constraint effectors and/or as quaternary effectors; (2) the difference in total conformational energy between the two quaternary ligand-free states is almost exclusively confined to molecular constraints and very little to the difference in quaternary conformational energy. The consistency of the results indicate that the model may be regarded as a useful tool for the description of the functional interrelations in the hemoglobin oxygenation process as reflected in oxygen binding data.", "contents": "The molecular function of hemoglobin as reflected in ligand binding data: analysis of data on erythrocytes. Hemoglobin oxygen binding data on erythrocytes at diffrent pH, PCO2 and bisphosphoglycerate concentrations have been analyzed in terms of an extended version of the Herzfeld-Stanley model of 1972. The binding of oxygen to subunits when the tetramer is in the quaternary oxy conformation was found to be insensitive to moderate changes in pH and pCO2 (0.71 +/- 0.05 mm Hg-1). Utilizing this circumstance it has been possible to obtain, for the first time, unique estimates of energy parameters related to hemoglobin cooperativity and effector action. At 37 degrees C, pH 7.2 and pCO2 22 mm Hg the following parameter values were obtained: The allosteric constant: (1.5 + 0.4)-10(4); the oxygen binding constant of the deoxy state: (5.4 +/- 0.3).10(-3) mm Hg-1; the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate binding constants: (3.3 +/- 1.3).10(3)1. mol-1(deoxy), (1.3 +/- 0.5).10(2)1. mol-1 (oxy). Quarternary transition most likely takes place after binding of the second O2 molecule. Following the concepts of Perutz the results suggest that (1) protons and carbon dioxide act as constraint effectors and/or as quaternary effectors; (2) the difference in total conformational energy between the two quaternary ligand-free states is almost exclusively confined to molecular constraints and very little to the difference in quaternary conformational energy. The consistency of the results indicate that the model may be regarded as a useful tool for the description of the functional interrelations in the hemoglobin oxygenation process as reflected in oxygen binding data.", "PMID": 596061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5341", "title": "[Viability, ATP and 2,3-DPG content of resuspended erythrocytes during several-week storage in cold].", "content": "Leukocyte-and thrombocyte-poor packed red cells obtained from ACD or. ACD-AG blood were resuspended to a hematocrit of about 55% and stored at 4 degrees C. The resuspension solution consisted of xylitol, inorganic phosphate, bicarbonate, adenine (A) and guanosine (G) solved in water. In one case glucose, citrate and sucrose were also added, in another one, sorbitol. The 2,3-DPG and the ATP level remained for a longer period in the sorbitol-xylitol-medium than in the glucose-xylitol-medium. The ATP content in the red cell suspension was higher than in packed cells. Higher ATP values were obtained in red blood cells from whole blood with adenine and guanosine. The survival rate of resuspended red blood cells in glucose-AG-citrate-sucrose medium was about 80--85% after 3 weeks of storage and 77% after 6 weeks with a higher range.", "contents": "[Viability, ATP and 2,3-DPG content of resuspended erythrocytes during several-week storage in cold]. Leukocyte-and thrombocyte-poor packed red cells obtained from ACD or. ACD-AG blood were resuspended to a hematocrit of about 55% and stored at 4 degrees C. The resuspension solution consisted of xylitol, inorganic phosphate, bicarbonate, adenine (A) and guanosine (G) solved in water. In one case glucose, citrate and sucrose were also added, in another one, sorbitol. The 2,3-DPG and the ATP level remained for a longer period in the sorbitol-xylitol-medium than in the glucose-xylitol-medium. The ATP content in the red cell suspension was higher than in packed cells. Higher ATP values were obtained in red blood cells from whole blood with adenine and guanosine. The survival rate of resuspended red blood cells in glucose-AG-citrate-sucrose medium was about 80--85% after 3 weeks of storage and 77% after 6 weeks with a higher range.", "PMID": 596062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5342", "title": "[Behavior of adenine nucleotides in stored blood with addition of adenine and guanosine].", "content": "ACD stored blood was substituted with adenine, guanosine or both during usual storage conditions. In weekly intervals concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP were estimated. From the obtained values it was suggested that the substitutions of adenine and guanosine probably lead to synthesis of the three measured adenine nucleotides. The apparent additive effect of adenine and guanosine upon ATP concentration probably is caused by the simultaneous measurement of GTP and ATP in the used nonspecific method. Under these conditions GTP would have significance for the survival of erythrocytes stored in ACD-AG-medium.", "contents": "[Behavior of adenine nucleotides in stored blood with addition of adenine and guanosine]. ACD stored blood was substituted with adenine, guanosine or both during usual storage conditions. In weekly intervals concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP were estimated. From the obtained values it was suggested that the substitutions of adenine and guanosine probably lead to synthesis of the three measured adenine nucleotides. The apparent additive effect of adenine and guanosine upon ATP concentration probably is caused by the simultaneous measurement of GTP and ATP in the used nonspecific method. Under these conditions GTP would have significance for the survival of erythrocytes stored in ACD-AG-medium.", "PMID": 596063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5343", "title": "[Studies of antimycin-A-resistant respiration of erythroid cells].", "content": "In bone marrow of rabbits and in erythroid cells of other species there exists an Antimycin A-resistant respiration. Its mechanism corresponds to that postulated for the Antimycin A-resistant respiration of rabbit reticulocytes.", "contents": "[Studies of antimycin-A-resistant respiration of erythroid cells]. In bone marrow of rabbits and in erythroid cells of other species there exists an Antimycin A-resistant respiration. Its mechanism corresponds to that postulated for the Antimycin A-resistant respiration of rabbit reticulocytes.", "PMID": 596064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5344", "title": "Studies on the functional significance of mitochondrial bound hexokinase in rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Mitochondria from rabbit reticulocytes contain about 50% of the total reticulocyte hexokinases. The proportion of mitochondrial hexokinases may be changed under different metabolic conditions. Mitochondrial bound and soluble hexokinases exhibit different kinetic properties (KMATP and glucose-6-phosphate inhibition). The respiratory rate of isolated reticulocyte mitochondria in the presence of glucose depends on the glucose-6-phosphate concentration, as the ADP generation by the endogenous hexokinases is strongly inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate. In the experimental system all intermediary states of mitochondrial respiration can be adjusted between the state of maximal activity (state 3 or active state) and the controlled or resting state (state 4) by different glucose-6-phosphate levels. The stationary levels of the extramitochondrial adenine nucleotides in this experimental system have been measured. The rate of mitochondrial respiration and ATP formation depends on the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. At ratios of about 10 and lower the mitochondria are in their maximum phosphorylation state, at higher ratios the mitochondrial ATP formation is controlled by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. It is postulated that the close intercounnection between the mitochondrial hexokinase and the mitochondrial ATP forming system in reticulocytes is of funcitonal significance for mitochondrial-cytosolic interactions in rabbit reticulocytes and probably in other types of cells with mitochondrial hexokinases, too.", "contents": "Studies on the functional significance of mitochondrial bound hexokinase in rabbit reticulocytes. Mitochondria from rabbit reticulocytes contain about 50% of the total reticulocyte hexokinases. The proportion of mitochondrial hexokinases may be changed under different metabolic conditions. Mitochondrial bound and soluble hexokinases exhibit different kinetic properties (KMATP and glucose-6-phosphate inhibition). The respiratory rate of isolated reticulocyte mitochondria in the presence of glucose depends on the glucose-6-phosphate concentration, as the ADP generation by the endogenous hexokinases is strongly inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate. In the experimental system all intermediary states of mitochondrial respiration can be adjusted between the state of maximal activity (state 3 or active state) and the controlled or resting state (state 4) by different glucose-6-phosphate levels. The stationary levels of the extramitochondrial adenine nucleotides in this experimental system have been measured. The rate of mitochondrial respiration and ATP formation depends on the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. At ratios of about 10 and lower the mitochondria are in their maximum phosphorylation state, at higher ratios the mitochondrial ATP formation is controlled by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. It is postulated that the close intercounnection between the mitochondrial hexokinase and the mitochondrial ATP forming system in reticulocytes is of funcitonal significance for mitochondrial-cytosolic interactions in rabbit reticulocytes and probably in other types of cells with mitochondrial hexokinases, too.", "PMID": 596066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5345", "title": "A peptide containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine in calf brain synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Free amino acids and other amino compounds in calf brain synaptic vesicles were identified and determined by thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The vesicles contained ten identified amino acids with glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the highest concentrations, and also cysteic acid (or cysteinesulfinic acid), glutamine, alanine, serine, glycine and lysine. The vesicles also contained certain unknown acid-labile, ninhydrin-positive compounds, one of which was a peptide yielding, after acid hydrolysis, about 40% aspartic acid, 30% serine, 15% glutamic acid, 10% glycine and possibly some alanine and lysine. The concentration of the peptide in the vesicles was as high as that of all the other amino compounds together.", "contents": "A peptide containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine in calf brain synaptic vesicles. Free amino acids and other amino compounds in calf brain synaptic vesicles were identified and determined by thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The vesicles contained ten identified amino acids with glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the highest concentrations, and also cysteic acid (or cysteinesulfinic acid), glutamine, alanine, serine, glycine and lysine. The vesicles also contained certain unknown acid-labile, ninhydrin-positive compounds, one of which was a peptide yielding, after acid hydrolysis, about 40% aspartic acid, 30% serine, 15% glutamic acid, 10% glycine and possibly some alanine and lysine. The concentration of the peptide in the vesicles was as high as that of all the other amino compounds together.", "PMID": 596067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5346", "title": "Dumping syndrome and diarrhoea after vagotomy.", "content": "The frequency and severity of the post-vagotomic dumping syndrome and diarrhoea were studied in 470 cases. After vagotomy the incidence of the dumping syndrome is lower and that of diarrhoea higher than after conventional gastric resection. The dumping syndrome occurred in 8.30 percent [39 cases], but only three patients belonged into the severe group [0.80 percent]. The frequency of post-vagotomy diarrhoea was 11.49 percent [54 cases] of which six belonged into the severe group [1.34 and 1.04 percent, respectively]. The possibility respectively of preventing or reducing the frequency of these side-effects is discussed.", "contents": "Dumping syndrome and diarrhoea after vagotomy. The frequency and severity of the post-vagotomic dumping syndrome and diarrhoea were studied in 470 cases. After vagotomy the incidence of the dumping syndrome is lower and that of diarrhoea higher than after conventional gastric resection. The dumping syndrome occurred in 8.30 percent [39 cases], but only three patients belonged into the severe group [0.80 percent]. The frequency of post-vagotomy diarrhoea was 11.49 percent [54 cases] of which six belonged into the severe group [1.34 and 1.04 percent, respectively]. The possibility respectively of preventing or reducing the frequency of these side-effects is discussed.", "PMID": 596068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5347", "title": "Experimental anastomosis of small vessels with plastic tubing.", "content": "Forty experimental anastomoses have been prepared with the help of polyethylene tubes on the hearts of 10 human corpes, 2 pigs and 16 dogs. In dogs the left internal mammary artery was anastomized with one of the coronary branches of the moving heart without extracorporal circulation. The plastic tube was moved in the vessel by means of a thread attached to the end of the tube and the tube was retrieved by the same thread before the closure of one of the suture lines. The method is illustrated on schemiatic diagrams and its advantages are pointed out.", "contents": "Experimental anastomosis of small vessels with plastic tubing. Forty experimental anastomoses have been prepared with the help of polyethylene tubes on the hearts of 10 human corpes, 2 pigs and 16 dogs. In dogs the left internal mammary artery was anastomized with one of the coronary branches of the moving heart without extracorporal circulation. The plastic tube was moved in the vessel by means of a thread attached to the end of the tube and the tube was retrieved by the same thread before the closure of one of the suture lines. The method is illustrated on schemiatic diagrams and its advantages are pointed out.", "PMID": 596069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5348", "title": "[Complex therapy of plastic induration of the penis].", "content": "The data of 56 patients with plastic induration of the penis treated at the Department of Urology of Semmelweis University Medical School are presented. After a survey of the literature and of the therapeutic possibilities the surgical solution worked out by the authors recommended. Conservative treatment alone cannot secure a cure and its pre-operative application will not improve the chances of a cure. A palpable knot is the indication for surgery. Postoperative cease on ultrasonic treatment. If for some reason (concomitant illness, oppositions of the patient to operation) only conservative treatment can be applied, ultrasonic therapy is believed the most suitable.", "contents": "[Complex therapy of plastic induration of the penis]. The data of 56 patients with plastic induration of the penis treated at the Department of Urology of Semmelweis University Medical School are presented. After a survey of the literature and of the therapeutic possibilities the surgical solution worked out by the authors recommended. Conservative treatment alone cannot secure a cure and its pre-operative application will not improve the chances of a cure. A palpable knot is the indication for surgery. Postoperative cease on ultrasonic treatment. If for some reason (concomitant illness, oppositions of the patient to operation) only conservative treatment can be applied, ultrasonic therapy is believed the most suitable.", "PMID": 596070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5349", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of bladder tumors].", "content": "A total of 63 patients was examined by echosonography and allowed to determine the localization and size of the tumour particularly in progressed cases. The picture appearing on the video tube could be stored for about one hour and photographed for documentation. The method is considered reliable, but it is stressed that its result can be evaluated only together with those of tests applied in urology. The echo test is harmless and has no contraindications.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of bladder tumors]. A total of 63 patients was examined by echosonography and allowed to determine the localization and size of the tumour particularly in progressed cases. The picture appearing on the video tube could be stored for about one hour and photographed for documentation. The method is considered reliable, but it is stressed that its result can be evaluated only together with those of tests applied in urology. The echo test is harmless and has no contraindications.", "PMID": 596071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5350", "title": "Infrared spectrometric analysis of urinary calculi.", "content": "The composition of urinary calculi was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of 150 calculi has shown that their infrared spectrum offers quick and reliable results and the method helps to plan the therapy. Organization of a central laboratory for calculus analysis is recommended.", "contents": "Infrared spectrometric analysis of urinary calculi. The composition of urinary calculi was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of 150 calculi has shown that their infrared spectrum offers quick and reliable results and the method helps to plan the therapy. Organization of a central laboratory for calculus analysis is recommended.", "PMID": 596072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5351", "title": "Haemodynamic and respiratory changes accompanying haemorrhagic shock in thoracotomized dogs.", "content": "Haemorrhagic shock was induced after thoracotomy by bleeding into a reservoir and the reduction of systemic blood pressure to 40 mm Hg. After two hours the blood was retransfused. The haemodynamic and respiratory changes due to the haemorrhage and retransfusion were noted during the two hour shock period and one hour after transfusion. The results were as follows: 1. Pulmonary mean and systemic mean pressure during haemorrhage and retransfusion do not change in parallel; 2. there is a rapid rise in pulmonary arterial [PA] and pulmonary capillary [PC] pressure during retransfusion; 3. cardiac output and its pulmonary fraction decrease during shock and cardiac output failed to normalise on retransfusion of the lost blood; 4. pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary total resistance increase significantly at the end of the shock period and after retransfusion; 5. shunt volume, alveolo-arterial O2 difference, the difference in arterio-alveolar co2 tension and dead space ventilation increase; while 6. o2 consumption and CO2 production decrease; 7. arterial blood gas values alone do not indicate those serious metabolic; circulatory and respiratory changes which develop in the lung during shock; 8. effective pulmonary compliance and the plasma oncotic pressure decrease, indicating interstitial oedema; 9. the primary mechanism responsible for the disorder during shock is not entirely clear but beside a number of other factors, the importance of the hypoperfusion of the bronchial circulation is stressed; 10. the conclusions permit a certain insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic possibilities of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and respiratory changes accompanying haemorrhagic shock in thoracotomized dogs. Haemorrhagic shock was induced after thoracotomy by bleeding into a reservoir and the reduction of systemic blood pressure to 40 mm Hg. After two hours the blood was retransfused. The haemodynamic and respiratory changes due to the haemorrhage and retransfusion were noted during the two hour shock period and one hour after transfusion. The results were as follows: 1. Pulmonary mean and systemic mean pressure during haemorrhage and retransfusion do not change in parallel; 2. there is a rapid rise in pulmonary arterial [PA] and pulmonary capillary [PC] pressure during retransfusion; 3. cardiac output and its pulmonary fraction decrease during shock and cardiac output failed to normalise on retransfusion of the lost blood; 4. pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary total resistance increase significantly at the end of the shock period and after retransfusion; 5. shunt volume, alveolo-arterial O2 difference, the difference in arterio-alveolar co2 tension and dead space ventilation increase; while 6. o2 consumption and CO2 production decrease; 7. arterial blood gas values alone do not indicate those serious metabolic; circulatory and respiratory changes which develop in the lung during shock; 8. effective pulmonary compliance and the plasma oncotic pressure decrease, indicating interstitial oedema; 9. the primary mechanism responsible for the disorder during shock is not entirely clear but beside a number of other factors, the importance of the hypoperfusion of the bronchial circulation is stressed; 10. the conclusions permit a certain insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic possibilities of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 596073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5352", "title": "[Prevention of reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy].", "content": "The experience gained in animal experiments and on human material with the surgical modification used to ensure the prevention of reflux oesophagitis and improved functioning of the residual stomach, is presented. In animal experiments it was possible to prevent reflux oesophagitis and the weight gain was also more favorable than after oesophago-duodenostomy and Longmire's operation after which reflux-oesophagitis developed without exception. Seven such operations have been performed on man; one of the patients operated upon more than 7 years ago is still free from complaints. In order to assess the true value of the operation, conditions of absorption, conditions of absorption have to be studied in animal experiments and more experience has to be gathered on human material.", "contents": "[Prevention of reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy]. The experience gained in animal experiments and on human material with the surgical modification used to ensure the prevention of reflux oesophagitis and improved functioning of the residual stomach, is presented. In animal experiments it was possible to prevent reflux oesophagitis and the weight gain was also more favorable than after oesophago-duodenostomy and Longmire's operation after which reflux-oesophagitis developed without exception. Seven such operations have been performed on man; one of the patients operated upon more than 7 years ago is still free from complaints. In order to assess the true value of the operation, conditions of absorption, conditions of absorption have to be studied in animal experiments and more experience has to be gathered on human material.", "PMID": 596074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5353", "title": "[Operability and prognosis of rectosigmoid cancer].", "content": "The data of 571 rectosigmoidal cancer patients treated between 1959 and 1972 analysed to establish the factors hindering operability. The most important factor was a belated diagnosis. Suggestions are made for early diagnosis to improve the rate of early operations and thereby the prognosis.", "contents": "[Operability and prognosis of rectosigmoid cancer]. The data of 571 rectosigmoidal cancer patients treated between 1959 and 1972 analysed to establish the factors hindering operability. The most important factor was a belated diagnosis. Suggestions are made for early diagnosis to improve the rate of early operations and thereby the prognosis.", "PMID": 596075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5354", "title": "Incidence of cholelithiasis after truncal and selective vagotomy.", "content": "In order to establish the incidence of cholelithiasis after vagotomy, the patients operated upon in the period January 1st 1966, to December 31st 1971, were reexamined. The incidence of cholelithiasis was 12% after truncal and 2.4% after selective vagotomy, thus complications involving the gall bladder are more frequent after truncal than after selective vagotomy.", "contents": "Incidence of cholelithiasis after truncal and selective vagotomy. In order to establish the incidence of cholelithiasis after vagotomy, the patients operated upon in the period January 1st 1966, to December 31st 1971, were reexamined. The incidence of cholelithiasis was 12% after truncal and 2.4% after selective vagotomy, thus complications involving the gall bladder are more frequent after truncal than after selective vagotomy.", "PMID": 596076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5355", "title": "[Use of the internal mammary artery in myocardial revascularization].", "content": "A total of 3409 cadavers was studied for changes of the internal mammary artery; sclerosis stenosis and occlusion of the vessel were quite exceptional. This fact is believed to be of importance from the aspect of myocardial revascularization by mammary-coronary anastomosis. Anastomoses were performed on cadavers; the vessels 1.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter were easy to suture.", "contents": "[Use of the internal mammary artery in myocardial revascularization]. A total of 3409 cadavers was studied for changes of the internal mammary artery; sclerosis stenosis and occlusion of the vessel were quite exceptional. This fact is believed to be of importance from the aspect of myocardial revascularization by mammary-coronary anastomosis. Anastomoses were performed on cadavers; the vessels 1.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter were easy to suture.", "PMID": 596077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5356", "title": "Herniation of the heart after intrapericardial pneumonectomy.", "content": "Acute cardiac herniation after a radical rightsided pneumonectomy occurred in a 69-year-old man. Approximately 40 cases from the literature are discussed. Early recognition and emergency treatment are essential for patient survival of what showed to be a preventable complication of lung resection.", "contents": "Herniation of the heart after intrapericardial pneumonectomy. Acute cardiac herniation after a radical rightsided pneumonectomy occurred in a 69-year-old man. Approximately 40 cases from the literature are discussed. Early recognition and emergency treatment are essential for patient survival of what showed to be a preventable complication of lung resection.", "PMID": 596078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5357", "title": "Gentamycin in cardiac surgery.", "content": "Gentamycin concentration in the serum, pericardial fluid, auricle, valve and papillary muscles of 14 patients subjected to cardiac surgery was determined after intramuscular administration of 80 mg of the drug. Fifty to 140 minutes after administration the mean level in the serum was 6.0 mcg/ml, in the pericardial fluid 0.6 mcg/ml, in the auricle 5.8 mcg/g, while after 120 to 240 minutes in the valve 1.2--9.6 mcg/g and in the papillary muscles 2.0--3.6 mcg/g of gentamycin was measured. Consequently, an efficacious gentamycin concentration can be achieved in the cardiac tissues but not in the pericardial fluid which makes gentamycin excellently suited for the prevention and treatment of the infectious complications of heart operations.", "contents": "Gentamycin in cardiac surgery. Gentamycin concentration in the serum, pericardial fluid, auricle, valve and papillary muscles of 14 patients subjected to cardiac surgery was determined after intramuscular administration of 80 mg of the drug. Fifty to 140 minutes after administration the mean level in the serum was 6.0 mcg/ml, in the pericardial fluid 0.6 mcg/ml, in the auricle 5.8 mcg/g, while after 120 to 240 minutes in the valve 1.2--9.6 mcg/g and in the papillary muscles 2.0--3.6 mcg/g of gentamycin was measured. Consequently, an efficacious gentamycin concentration can be achieved in the cardiac tissues but not in the pericardial fluid which makes gentamycin excellently suited for the prevention and treatment of the infectious complications of heart operations.", "PMID": 596079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5358", "title": "Laser treatment of coumarin-induced skin necrosis.", "content": "Favourable results have been achieved by low energy He--Ne gas laser in the treatment of coumarin-induced extensive skin necroses. Two illustrative cases are reported.", "contents": "Laser treatment of coumarin-induced skin necrosis. Favourable results have been achieved by low energy He--Ne gas laser in the treatment of coumarin-induced extensive skin necroses. Two illustrative cases are reported.", "PMID": 596080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5359", "title": "Ovarian actinomycosis developed during the use of a plastic intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "The case of a primary ovarian actinomycosis developed during the use of a Szont\u00e1gh--Szereday type plastic IUD is presented. After a radical operation the patient was discharged in a good condition but 40 days later had to be readmitted because of a pelvic and abdominal wall abscess. After local surgery and massive penicillin treatment she is free of complaints. It is assumed that the IUD had a pathomechanical role.", "contents": "Ovarian actinomycosis developed during the use of a plastic intrauterine contraceptive device. The case of a primary ovarian actinomycosis developed during the use of a Szont\u00e1gh--Szereday type plastic IUD is presented. After a radical operation the patient was discharged in a good condition but 40 days later had to be readmitted because of a pelvic and abdominal wall abscess. After local surgery and massive penicillin treatment she is free of complaints. It is assumed that the IUD had a pathomechanical role.", "PMID": 596081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5360", "title": "[Changes in kidney function in abdominoperineal rectum excision under halothane anesthesia].", "content": "In 17 cases of abdomino-perineal rectum extirpation performed under combined intratracheal halothane anaesthesia, the volume of urine and the osmolality of serum and urine were determined. Though urinary volume decreased significantly, its osmolality did not rise. According to the operational stress this type of operation can be divided into an: 1) intra-abdominal and a 2) perineal phase. In the secretory and concentrating capacity of the kidney, again two phases can be distinguished. Owing to the great operational stress patients with deficient renal function often develop renal failure. It is stressed that such patients close observation, careful hydration prior to operation and the administration of diuretics are of particular importance.", "contents": "[Changes in kidney function in abdominoperineal rectum excision under halothane anesthesia]. In 17 cases of abdomino-perineal rectum extirpation performed under combined intratracheal halothane anaesthesia, the volume of urine and the osmolality of serum and urine were determined. Though urinary volume decreased significantly, its osmolality did not rise. According to the operational stress this type of operation can be divided into an: 1) intra-abdominal and a 2) perineal phase. In the secretory and concentrating capacity of the kidney, again two phases can be distinguished. Owing to the great operational stress patients with deficient renal function often develop renal failure. It is stressed that such patients close observation, careful hydration prior to operation and the administration of diuretics are of particular importance.", "PMID": 596082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5361", "title": "[Changes in hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase ratio after urologic operations].", "content": "In 58 patients subjected to urological surgery a statistically significant correlation was found between the repolarization disorder of ischaemic origin on the ECG and the changes in the alpha-HBDH/LDH ratio. After extensive interventions and particularly in aged subjects, the level of the LDH iso-enzyme of myocardial origin may rise without myocardial infarction. The rise is due to myocardial ischaemia, as proved by the ECG.", "contents": "[Changes in hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase ratio after urologic operations]. In 58 patients subjected to urological surgery a statistically significant correlation was found between the repolarization disorder of ischaemic origin on the ECG and the changes in the alpha-HBDH/LDH ratio. After extensive interventions and particularly in aged subjects, the level of the LDH iso-enzyme of myocardial origin may rise without myocardial infarction. The rise is due to myocardial ischaemia, as proved by the ECG.", "PMID": 596083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5362", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of kidney diseases].", "content": "Applied concomitantly with other methods ultrasonic testing is claimed to furnish reliable results in the diagnosis of renal disease. A total of 177 cases with radiologically confirmed urologic renal disease were tested by means of the ultrasonic method. Of the cases 128, [72.3%] were renal tumours and cysts. The echo-tests involves no risk, can be performed on outpatients, and repeated whenever necessary without special preparation.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis of kidney diseases]. Applied concomitantly with other methods ultrasonic testing is claimed to furnish reliable results in the diagnosis of renal disease. A total of 177 cases with radiologically confirmed urologic renal disease were tested by means of the ultrasonic method. Of the cases 128, [72.3%] were renal tumours and cysts. The echo-tests involves no risk, can be performed on outpatients, and repeated whenever necessary without special preparation.", "PMID": 596084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5363", "title": "[Urographic evaluation of Vx2 kidney carcinoma and control implantation in rabbits].", "content": "The development of Vx2 carcinoma induced in the kidney of rabbits was followed by urography. First the X-ray anatomy of the renal pelvis in the rabbit is described, pointing out the differences against the human pattern. Urography is easy to carry out and to evaluate, and it revealed some sign of the turnover in 75,6% of the cases in the third week and in 100% after 21 days. The radiological symptoms are described and classified. These symptoms are not specific but call attention to the progress of carcinoma.", "contents": "[Urographic evaluation of Vx2 kidney carcinoma and control implantation in rabbits]. The development of Vx2 carcinoma induced in the kidney of rabbits was followed by urography. First the X-ray anatomy of the renal pelvis in the rabbit is described, pointing out the differences against the human pattern. Urography is easy to carry out and to evaluate, and it revealed some sign of the turnover in 75,6% of the cases in the third week and in 100% after 21 days. The radiological symptoms are described and classified. These symptoms are not specific but call attention to the progress of carcinoma.", "PMID": 596085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5364", "title": "[Surgical outcome in bilateral tuberculotic hydronephrosis].", "content": "The case of a patient is reported in whom pre-operational infusion urography indicated severe hydronephrotic lesions of both kidneys. It was attempted to preserve the kidneys by performing pelviplasty on the one side and ureteral implantation on the other side. Surgery combined with prolonged antituberculous drug treatment ensured full success.", "contents": "[Surgical outcome in bilateral tuberculotic hydronephrosis]. The case of a patient is reported in whom pre-operational infusion urography indicated severe hydronephrotic lesions of both kidneys. It was attempted to preserve the kidneys by performing pelviplasty on the one side and ureteral implantation on the other side. Surgery combined with prolonged antituberculous drug treatment ensured full success.", "PMID": 596086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5365", "title": "Experiences with polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) in general surgery.", "content": "The physical properties of polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) have been studied experimentally and clinically and compared with other synthetic and natural suture materials. Polyglactin 910 has a relatively high fluid absorption capacity but a low capillary capacity. The tensile strength is high and well comparable with, or superior, to other synthetic non-absorbable suture materials commonly used. The elongation at break is moderate. No unfavourable wound reaction to the suture material has been registered. The material has not increased the expected frequency of wound infections. The follow up of laparotomized patients 12-18 months after the operation showed a very low frequency of wound hernia. Neither was any recurrence noticed after repair of inguinal hernia. No clinical signs of leakage in the anastomoses of the gastrointestinal region was registrated. It is concluded that polyglactin 910 in a wide extent seems to be able to replace catgut and also non-absorbable suture materials when normal wound healing is to be expected.", "contents": "Experiences with polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) in general surgery. The physical properties of polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) have been studied experimentally and clinically and compared with other synthetic and natural suture materials. Polyglactin 910 has a relatively high fluid absorption capacity but a low capillary capacity. The tensile strength is high and well comparable with, or superior, to other synthetic non-absorbable suture materials commonly used. The elongation at break is moderate. No unfavourable wound reaction to the suture material has been registered. The material has not increased the expected frequency of wound infections. The follow up of laparotomized patients 12-18 months after the operation showed a very low frequency of wound hernia. Neither was any recurrence noticed after repair of inguinal hernia. No clinical signs of leakage in the anastomoses of the gastrointestinal region was registrated. It is concluded that polyglactin 910 in a wide extent seems to be able to replace catgut and also non-absorbable suture materials when normal wound healing is to be expected.", "PMID": 596092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5366", "title": "Benign stenosis of the papilla of Vater. Diagnosis of 119 cases with conventional and selective low radiomanometry.", "content": "Intra-operative radiomanometry with serial conventional films (panoramic cholangiography) and intra-abdominally placed large dental films (selective low cholangiography) produce a dynamic and static, millimetric study of the lower part of the common duct. It revealed in 2,095 patients with benign biliary pathology 119 cases of stenosis of the papilla of which 34 are detected during secondary operations of 85 patients. With the procedure of the authors  a clear definition of the benign stenosis of the papilla is obtained radiomanometrically: 1. moderate hypertony; 2. disappearance of the normal rhythmical sphincter activity; 3. the biliary infundibulum, no longer conical, is wider than the intrapancreatic part of the common bile duct above it; 4. the biliary pancreatic reflux more rarely appears and, if it is discernible, pancreatic reflux is shorter than expected and the pancreatic duct obviously enlarged. These signs are quite characteristic of chronic stasis in both common bile duct and pancreatic duct, from infundibulum to intrahepatic ducts above the stenosic papilla (Acta chir. belg., 1977,76,523-532).", "contents": "Benign stenosis of the papilla of Vater. Diagnosis of 119 cases with conventional and selective low radiomanometry. Intra-operative radiomanometry with serial conventional films (panoramic cholangiography) and intra-abdominally placed large dental films (selective low cholangiography) produce a dynamic and static, millimetric study of the lower part of the common duct. It revealed in 2,095 patients with benign biliary pathology 119 cases of stenosis of the papilla of which 34 are detected during secondary operations of 85 patients. With the procedure of the authors  a clear definition of the benign stenosis of the papilla is obtained radiomanometrically: 1. moderate hypertony; 2. disappearance of the normal rhythmical sphincter activity; 3. the biliary infundibulum, no longer conical, is wider than the intrapancreatic part of the common bile duct above it; 4. the biliary pancreatic reflux more rarely appears and, if it is discernible, pancreatic reflux is shorter than expected and the pancreatic duct obviously enlarged. These signs are quite characteristic of chronic stasis in both common bile duct and pancreatic duct, from infundibulum to intrahepatic ducts above the stenosic papilla (Acta chir. belg., 1977,76,523-532).", "PMID": 596087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5367", "title": "Surgical treatment of axial hiatal hernia-reflux complex by Nissen fundoplication. A cineradiologic and manometric study.", "content": "This study was undertaken to review our result in the surgical treatment of the axial hiatal hernia-reflux complex with Nissen fundoplication using cineradiologic, manometric, and endoscopic studies and an analysis of objective symptoms of the patients as criteria in evaluation. During the period 1966-1975 86 patients underwent Nissen fundoplication at Oulu University Central Hospital. In 50 of the 86 patients it was possible to carry out thorough pre- and postoperative examinations and a long-term follow-up using the aforementioned methods. There was some discrepancy between objective and subjective postoperative results. During the 10-year follow-up period, mean 5 years, the recurrency frequency was 14% (7/50), but 22% (11/50) of the patients considered the postoperative result subjectively to be poor. On the other hand, 3 patients with a definite recurrence considered the end result subjectively to be good. On the basis of these findings we were able to conclude that the objective postoperative examinations in themselves are not sufficient for thorough, long-term evaluation of postoperative results, but that the patient's subjective postoperative symptoms and his opinion of the success or failure of the operation should also be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of axial hiatal hernia-reflux complex by Nissen fundoplication. A cineradiologic and manometric study. This study was undertaken to review our result in the surgical treatment of the axial hiatal hernia-reflux complex with Nissen fundoplication using cineradiologic, manometric, and endoscopic studies and an analysis of objective symptoms of the patients as criteria in evaluation. During the period 1966-1975 86 patients underwent Nissen fundoplication at Oulu University Central Hospital. In 50 of the 86 patients it was possible to carry out thorough pre- and postoperative examinations and a long-term follow-up using the aforementioned methods. There was some discrepancy between objective and subjective postoperative results. During the 10-year follow-up period, mean 5 years, the recurrency frequency was 14% (7/50), but 22% (11/50) of the patients considered the postoperative result subjectively to be poor. On the other hand, 3 patients with a definite recurrence considered the end result subjectively to be good. On the basis of these findings we were able to conclude that the objective postoperative examinations in themselves are not sufficient for thorough, long-term evaluation of postoperative results, but that the patient's subjective postoperative symptoms and his opinion of the success or failure of the operation should also be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 596093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5368", "title": "Water loss by evaporation from the abdominal cavity during surgery.", "content": "During abdominal surgery of different degrees of severity the evaporative water loss from wounds and exteriorized bowels was measured by recording the rate of vapour concentration increase in a closed measuring chamber placed over the exposed abdominal cavity. In an animal experiment on 4 rabbits the excessive evaporation of water from exteriorized bowels (15 g/h) gradually decreased and stabilized at approximately 50% of the initial value after 20 min of exposure. In surgical patients the loss by evaporation from a minor incision with only slightly exposed viscera was only 2.1 +/- 0.5 g/h, while moderate incisions with partly exposed but non-exteriorized intestines showed a loss of 8.0 +/- 1.0 g/h. During major exposure with exteriorized bowels a profuse evaporation of 32.2 +/-2.9 g/h was recorded. This evaporation constitutes an additional water loss of a magnitude exceeding the total cutaneous perspiration of healthy adults at rest. Simultaneously the surface temperature of exposed bowels fell by 3.5 degrees C. The evaporative water loss from abdominal exposures is of clinical importance only in time-consuming procedures comprising exposure and exteriorization of the intestines.", "contents": "Water loss by evaporation from the abdominal cavity during surgery. During abdominal surgery of different degrees of severity the evaporative water loss from wounds and exteriorized bowels was measured by recording the rate of vapour concentration increase in a closed measuring chamber placed over the exposed abdominal cavity. In an animal experiment on 4 rabbits the excessive evaporation of water from exteriorized bowels (15 g/h) gradually decreased and stabilized at approximately 50% of the initial value after 20 min of exposure. In surgical patients the loss by evaporation from a minor incision with only slightly exposed viscera was only 2.1 +/- 0.5 g/h, while moderate incisions with partly exposed but non-exteriorized intestines showed a loss of 8.0 +/- 1.0 g/h. During major exposure with exteriorized bowels a profuse evaporation of 32.2 +/-2.9 g/h was recorded. This evaporation constitutes an additional water loss of a magnitude exceeding the total cutaneous perspiration of healthy adults at rest. Simultaneously the surface temperature of exposed bowels fell by 3.5 degrees C. The evaporative water loss from abdominal exposures is of clinical importance only in time-consuming procedures comprising exposure and exteriorization of the intestines.", "PMID": 596094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5369", "title": "[Benign chondroma of the thyroid cartilage. Apropos of a case].", "content": "Benign chondroma of the thyroid cartilage is a rare condition with a good prognosis if surgical treatment is radical. After presenting a personal case the authors briefly review the literature (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 563-566.", "contents": "[Benign chondroma of the thyroid cartilage. Apropos of a case]. Benign chondroma of the thyroid cartilage is a rare condition with a good prognosis if surgical treatment is radical. After presenting a personal case the authors briefly review the literature (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 563-566.", "PMID": 596090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5370", "title": "Surgery of differentiated thyroid adenocarcinomas.", "content": "The authors present a retrospective study of 110 patients operated for adenocarcinoma of the thyroid between 1950 and 1975, and submitted to standard postoperative radiotherapy. Clinical manifestations are poor and preoperative scintigraphy display a cold tumor in 80 percent of those performed. The preoperative cytodiagnosis confirms malignancy in 90 percent of cases approximately, thereby reducing the number of complementary reoperations. In the latter the rate of complications. Increases from 25 percent to 44 percent. Three are twice as many recurrent nerve palsies and parathyroid resections in total thyroidectomies as compared to subtotal. However after radical resection local recurrences and metastases are 4 times less frequent. Under combined radio-surgical treatment 82 percent of patients are alive with a mean survival time of 9.4 years; 9 percent have died of their disease after a mean 4.1 years and 9 percent have died of an unrelated condition an average 7.2 years after. The authors favor total or near-total, i.e. extracapsular homolateral and intracapsular controlateral, thyroidectomy for follicular and papillar adenocarcinomas alike, followed by local radiotherapy and destruction by 131 iodine (Acta chir. belg., 1977,76, 553-561).", "contents": "Surgery of differentiated thyroid adenocarcinomas. The authors present a retrospective study of 110 patients operated for adenocarcinoma of the thyroid between 1950 and 1975, and submitted to standard postoperative radiotherapy. Clinical manifestations are poor and preoperative scintigraphy display a cold tumor in 80 percent of those performed. The preoperative cytodiagnosis confirms malignancy in 90 percent of cases approximately, thereby reducing the number of complementary reoperations. In the latter the rate of complications. Increases from 25 percent to 44 percent. Three are twice as many recurrent nerve palsies and parathyroid resections in total thyroidectomies as compared to subtotal. However after radical resection local recurrences and metastases are 4 times less frequent. Under combined radio-surgical treatment 82 percent of patients are alive with a mean survival time of 9.4 years; 9 percent have died of their disease after a mean 4.1 years and 9 percent have died of an unrelated condition an average 7.2 years after. The authors favor total or near-total, i.e. extracapsular homolateral and intracapsular controlateral, thyroidectomy for follicular and papillar adenocarcinomas alike, followed by local radiotherapy and destruction by 131 iodine (Acta chir. belg., 1977,76, 553-561).", "PMID": 596089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5371", "title": "Surgical management of gastroduodenal haemorrhage.", "content": "We have presented a retrospective study of the surgical management of 299 patients bleeding from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastritis. The overall mortality rate was 15%-5% for elective and 25% for emergency operations. The mortality increased with age and reached 50% for emergency operations in patients over the age of 70. Patients with low admission haemoglobin values, who had episodes of hypovolemic shock or who required immediate transfusions were also at risk. A Billroth I gastric resection proved to be the safest operative procedure. Based on our results, we are supporting a program calculated to reduce the mortality attending gastroduodenal bleeding, especially in those patients requiring an emergency operation. The basic principles of this program are constant observation, prompt diagnosis and early surgical intervention.", "contents": "Surgical management of gastroduodenal haemorrhage. We have presented a retrospective study of the surgical management of 299 patients bleeding from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastritis. The overall mortality rate was 15%-5% for elective and 25% for emergency operations. The mortality increased with age and reached 50% for emergency operations in patients over the age of 70. Patients with low admission haemoglobin values, who had episodes of hypovolemic shock or who required immediate transfusions were also at risk. A Billroth I gastric resection proved to be the safest operative procedure. Based on our results, we are supporting a program calculated to reduce the mortality attending gastroduodenal bleeding, especially in those patients requiring an emergency operation. The basic principles of this program are constant observation, prompt diagnosis and early surgical intervention.", "PMID": 596095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5372", "title": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Report of 50 cases.", "content": "The writers report a clinical series of 50 patients with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. There were 36 hernias on the left side and 14 on the right. Stab or bullet wound was the cause of the hernia in 27 cases. The other 23 cases were due to traffic accidents or other blunt injuries. Immediate operative repair was done in 30 cases; in 20 cases the operation was carried out after a time interval of 11.5 years post trauma on an average. Plain chest X-ray, barium meal or enema and pneumoperitoneum were the most valuable diagnostic tools. Visceral injuries were discovered in 53% of cases caused by traffic accidents. The omentum, stomach, colon and spleen were the organs most frequently herniated. In two cases perforation of the stomach occurred before the operation. There were three cases of pericardial rupture associated with the diaphragmatic hernia in the series. The repair was done via thoracotomy in 28 cases, via laparotomy in 4 cases; and both thoracotomy and laparotomy were carried out in 18 cases. The hospital mortality was 2%. One of the patients died of peritonitis and renal failure following perforation of the stomach and intestines on the 9th postoperative day. Recurrence of the hernia occurred twice in one case. Re-examination revealed striction of the diaphragmatic movement in 11 cases. The clinical features, diagnosis and operative treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Report of 50 cases. The writers report a clinical series of 50 patients with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. There were 36 hernias on the left side and 14 on the right. Stab or bullet wound was the cause of the hernia in 27 cases. The other 23 cases were due to traffic accidents or other blunt injuries. Immediate operative repair was done in 30 cases; in 20 cases the operation was carried out after a time interval of 11.5 years post trauma on an average. Plain chest X-ray, barium meal or enema and pneumoperitoneum were the most valuable diagnostic tools. Visceral injuries were discovered in 53% of cases caused by traffic accidents. The omentum, stomach, colon and spleen were the organs most frequently herniated. In two cases perforation of the stomach occurred before the operation. There were three cases of pericardial rupture associated with the diaphragmatic hernia in the series. The repair was done via thoracotomy in 28 cases, via laparotomy in 4 cases; and both thoracotomy and laparotomy were carried out in 18 cases. The hospital mortality was 2%. One of the patients died of peritonitis and renal failure following perforation of the stomach and intestines on the 9th postoperative day. Recurrence of the hernia occurred twice in one case. Re-examination revealed striction of the diaphragmatic movement in 11 cases. The clinical features, diagnosis and operative treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 596096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5373", "title": "[Surgical management of acute deep thrombosis].", "content": "By means of existing literature, the author presents a survey of the present considerations regarding deep venous thrombosis. The second part deals with the author's own experience with 20 patients treated surgically by him for deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs. His results prove to be excellent with just over 1/2 and satisfactory to excellent with almost 3/4 of the patients (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 567-574).", "contents": "[Surgical management of acute deep thrombosis]. By means of existing literature, the author presents a survey of the present considerations regarding deep venous thrombosis. The second part deals with the author's own experience with 20 patients treated surgically by him for deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs. His results prove to be excellent with just over 1/2 and satisfactory to excellent with almost 3/4 of the patients (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 567-574).", "PMID": 596091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5374", "title": "Critical evaluation of several years' activity aimed at the diagnosis of asymptomatic diabetes in the Province of Florence. Revision of method.", "content": "The authors have based this critical evaluation on the methods at present adopted for mass screening for symptomatic diabetes in a group of 39,405 subjects, in full working activity. The results obtained from these tests confirm the social importance of this illness in the active population. However, the authors suggest that the glycosuria test be abandoned as the primary discriminating criterium and suggest that blood glucose assay in specimens drawn two hours after a standard glucose and load (50 g as proposed by WHO) and the singling out of potential diabetic individuals by reason of their family and physiological background be adopted for this purpose. The relationship between diabetes, obesity, dysmetabolism and cardiovascular alterations lead us to stress once more the importance of primary prevention, aimed at correcting the eating habits and life style of patients with a potential predisposition to the illness.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of several years' activity aimed at the diagnosis of asymptomatic diabetes in the Province of Florence. Revision of method. The authors have based this critical evaluation on the methods at present adopted for mass screening for symptomatic diabetes in a group of 39,405 subjects, in full working activity. The results obtained from these tests confirm the social importance of this illness in the active population. However, the authors suggest that the glycosuria test be abandoned as the primary discriminating criterium and suggest that blood glucose assay in specimens drawn two hours after a standard glucose and load (50 g as proposed by WHO) and the singling out of potential diabetic individuals by reason of their family and physiological background be adopted for this purpose. The relationship between diabetes, obesity, dysmetabolism and cardiovascular alterations lead us to stress once more the importance of primary prevention, aimed at correcting the eating habits and life style of patients with a potential predisposition to the illness.", "PMID": 596100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5375", "title": "Identification of tryptophan metabolites in the healthy epidermis of diabetics.", "content": "The urinary excretion of metabolites of the tryptophan leads to niacin pathway after an L-tryptophan load in patients with potential and latent diabetes, and in a third of those with chemical diabetes, was normal. In the remaining subjects with chemical diabetes and in those with clinical diabetes it was altered and characterized by an increase of xanthurenic acid and by a reduction of kynurenines and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. The thin-layer chromatographic pattern of tryptophan metabolites in the epidermis of patients with potential, latent, chemical, clinical diabetes was characterized by the kynurenine pathway metabolites that were also present in the epidermis of healthy subjects. Morevoer, the above pattern was characterized by the appearance of 5-hydroxytrptamine, and in patients with chemical and clinical diabetes by the appearance of xanthurenic acid.", "contents": "Identification of tryptophan metabolites in the healthy epidermis of diabetics. The urinary excretion of metabolites of the tryptophan leads to niacin pathway after an L-tryptophan load in patients with potential and latent diabetes, and in a third of those with chemical diabetes, was normal. In the remaining subjects with chemical diabetes and in those with clinical diabetes it was altered and characterized by an increase of xanthurenic acid and by a reduction of kynurenines and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. The thin-layer chromatographic pattern of tryptophan metabolites in the epidermis of patients with potential, latent, chemical, clinical diabetes was characterized by the kynurenine pathway metabolites that were also present in the epidermis of healthy subjects. Morevoer, the above pattern was characterized by the appearance of 5-hydroxytrptamine, and in patients with chemical and clinical diabetes by the appearance of xanthurenic acid.", "PMID": 596099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5376", "title": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on patterns of insulin secretion in obese subjects.", "content": "The effect of short-term treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the insulin secretion patterns during OGTT and on the daily insulin profile was studied in obese patients. DPH treatment for 3 days with a dose of 300 mg/die (100 mg, 3 times daily) significantly decreased the insulin release after glucose ingestion, but did not alter the basal insulin level. No effect on the fasting glucose concentration as well as on the glucose profiles during OGTT was observed after short-term DPH treatment. A smaller decrease of plasma free fatty acid concentration during OGTT performed after DPH administration confirmed the inhibitory effect of the drug on insulin release. Short-term DPH treatment was also shown to decrease markedly the postpradial insulin release in obese patients. No difference was noted between plasma 11-OHCS and serum HGH concentrations during OGTT before and after DPH treatment. The possible therapeutic role of DPH in obesity is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of diphenylhydantoin on patterns of insulin secretion in obese subjects. The effect of short-term treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the insulin secretion patterns during OGTT and on the daily insulin profile was studied in obese patients. DPH treatment for 3 days with a dose of 300 mg/die (100 mg, 3 times daily) significantly decreased the insulin release after glucose ingestion, but did not alter the basal insulin level. No effect on the fasting glucose concentration as well as on the glucose profiles during OGTT was observed after short-term DPH treatment. A smaller decrease of plasma free fatty acid concentration during OGTT performed after DPH administration confirmed the inhibitory effect of the drug on insulin release. Short-term DPH treatment was also shown to decrease markedly the postpradial insulin release in obese patients. No difference was noted between plasma 11-OHCS and serum HGH concentrations during OGTT before and after DPH treatment. The possible therapeutic role of DPH in obesity is discussed.", "PMID": 596101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5377", "title": "Insulin release in hyperuricemic patients.", "content": "The insulin response to oral glucose and to i.v tolbutamide was stuied in a group of hyperuricemic subjects and in a group of weight-matched controls. Glucose tolerance was impaired only in obese hyperuricemic subjects. Insulin response to oral glucose was enhanced in hyperuricemic subjects. Tolbutamide gave rise to a sharp increase in IRI levels already 2 min after the injection and this rise was significantly higher in hyperuricemic subjects than in controls. The same result was observed also after i.v. fructose. The interpretation of these data is not easy. Uric acid plasma level and obesity do not seem to be directly involved because an abnormal IRI response has been observed also after a rapid fall in uric acid plasma level after allopurinol treatment and is evident also in lean subjects. In our opinion the problem is more complex and must be considered from the point of view of a change involving carbohydrate as well as purine metabolism.", "contents": "Insulin release in hyperuricemic patients. The insulin response to oral glucose and to i.v tolbutamide was stuied in a group of hyperuricemic subjects and in a group of weight-matched controls. Glucose tolerance was impaired only in obese hyperuricemic subjects. Insulin response to oral glucose was enhanced in hyperuricemic subjects. Tolbutamide gave rise to a sharp increase in IRI levels already 2 min after the injection and this rise was significantly higher in hyperuricemic subjects than in controls. The same result was observed also after i.v. fructose. The interpretation of these data is not easy. Uric acid plasma level and obesity do not seem to be directly involved because an abnormal IRI response has been observed also after a rapid fall in uric acid plasma level after allopurinol treatment and is evident also in lean subjects. In our opinion the problem is more complex and must be considered from the point of view of a change involving carbohydrate as well as purine metabolism.", "PMID": 596103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5378", "title": "A precise radioimmunochemical method for determination of free insulin and insulin bound to serum proteins, including antibodies.", "content": "Polyethyleneglycol precipitation of insulin antibodies and insulin-antibody complexes is associated with co-precipitation of part of the free insulin. The recovery of free insulin was found to depend both on the quantity and quality of the antibodies and varied between 94% and 40%. Thus, the concentrations of free and total insulin may be lowered up to 2.5-fold in different sera containing endogenous antibodies. A critical evaluation of these results led to the development of a more reliable method for the assay of total and free insulin, based on individual radioisotopic determinations of the recovery of insulin extracted by PEG. The recovery of insulin added to sera containing antibodies as determined by the present method is within the range of 100 +/1 2.5%. In sera not containing antibodies total insulin concentration was found to be up to 5-times higher than that of IRI and to reach values above 250 muU/ml whereas whereas indirect IRI (i-IRI) may increase over 25 times with age.", "contents": "A precise radioimmunochemical method for determination of free insulin and insulin bound to serum proteins, including antibodies. Polyethyleneglycol precipitation of insulin antibodies and insulin-antibody complexes is associated with co-precipitation of part of the free insulin. The recovery of free insulin was found to depend both on the quantity and quality of the antibodies and varied between 94% and 40%. Thus, the concentrations of free and total insulin may be lowered up to 2.5-fold in different sera containing endogenous antibodies. A critical evaluation of these results led to the development of a more reliable method for the assay of total and free insulin, based on individual radioisotopic determinations of the recovery of insulin extracted by PEG. The recovery of insulin added to sera containing antibodies as determined by the present method is within the range of 100 +/1 2.5%. In sera not containing antibodies total insulin concentration was found to be up to 5-times higher than that of IRI and to reach values above 250 muU/ml whereas whereas indirect IRI (i-IRI) may increase over 25 times with age.", "PMID": 596104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5379", "title": "On the nature of syndrome delineation.", "content": "Perhaps half of all patients with multiple abnormalities have known, recognized syndromes. The other half represent unknown entities that need to be further delineated. The significance of syndrome delineation cannot be overestimated. As an unknown syndrome becomes delineated, its phenotypic spectrum, its natural history, and its risk of recurrence become known, allowing for better patient care and family counseling. The process of syndrome delineation is discussed in terms of unknown genesis syndromes of the previsionally-unique and recurrent-pattern types, and known-genesis syndromes of the pedigree, chromosomal, biochemical-defect, and environmentally-induced types. Several special syndrome categories are defined, including the chance syndrome, variant additive syndrome, association syndrome, exceptional chromosomal syndrome, and exceptional monogenic syndrome. Finally, a population definition of a syndrome is developed.", "contents": "On the nature of syndrome delineation. Perhaps half of all patients with multiple abnormalities have known, recognized syndromes. The other half represent unknown entities that need to be further delineated. The significance of syndrome delineation cannot be overestimated. As an unknown syndrome becomes delineated, its phenotypic spectrum, its natural history, and its risk of recurrence become known, allowing for better patient care and family counseling. The process of syndrome delineation is discussed in terms of unknown genesis syndromes of the previsionally-unique and recurrent-pattern types, and known-genesis syndromes of the pedigree, chromosomal, biochemical-defect, and environmentally-induced types. Several special syndrome categories are defined, including the chance syndrome, variant additive syndrome, association syndrome, exceptional chromosomal syndrome, and exceptional monogenic syndrome. Finally, a population definition of a syndrome is developed.", "PMID": 596109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5380", "title": "Type A2 brachydactily: report of a new family.", "content": "A new family with the A2 type brachydactily is described. It is the first one observed in Italy and the sixth of the world literature. Brachymesophalangy of index fingers and/or second toes is the typical osseous malformation which was present in 14 individuals from 4 generations. The defect is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance and variable expressivity.", "contents": "Type A2 brachydactily: report of a new family. A new family with the A2 type brachydactily is described. It is the first one observed in Italy and the sixth of the world literature. Brachymesophalangy of index fingers and/or second toes is the typical osseous malformation which was present in 14 individuals from 4 generations. The defect is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance and variable expressivity.", "PMID": 596111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5381", "title": "Structural analysis of the ridge count data of Australian Europeans using multivariate analysis.", "content": "Multivariate analyses are used to study the structural patterns of ridge counts of fingers. There is a significant difference between the ridge counts of two hands, chiefly due to the first and fourth fingers. There is asymmetry in the covariance matrix of the ridge counts. The correlations between fingers are significant and the decrease in correlation with increasing distance between fingers is not significant.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the ridge count data of Australian Europeans using multivariate analysis. Multivariate analyses are used to study the structural patterns of ridge counts of fingers. There is a significant difference between the ridge counts of two hands, chiefly due to the first and fourth fingers. There is asymmetry in the covariance matrix of the ridge counts. The correlations between fingers are significant and the decrease in correlation with increasing distance between fingers is not significant.", "PMID": 596112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5382", "title": "Partial deletion of 1q, following a pericentric inversion, in a boy with multiple minor morphologic anomalies and mental retardation.", "content": "In a 3 3/4 year old boy with mental and physical retardation, a chromosome analysis from lymphocyte cultures revealed a partial deletion of chromosome 1q following a pericentric inversion. The chromosomes of the parents were normal. The clinical picture of the patient included the following characteristics: prominent occiput, small chin, deep-seated and dysplastic ears, abnormal vortices of the hair, divided tip of the tongue, high palate, small finger and toe nails, inguinal hernia both sides, undescended but normal sized testes, hypotonic musculature and overextensible joints, retardation of ossification in the left hand by 6-12 months, slight osteoporosis, EQ approximately 0.5.", "contents": "Partial deletion of 1q, following a pericentric inversion, in a boy with multiple minor morphologic anomalies and mental retardation. In a 3 3/4 year old boy with mental and physical retardation, a chromosome analysis from lymphocyte cultures revealed a partial deletion of chromosome 1q following a pericentric inversion. The chromosomes of the parents were normal. The clinical picture of the patient included the following characteristics: prominent occiput, small chin, deep-seated and dysplastic ears, abnormal vortices of the hair, divided tip of the tongue, high palate, small finger and toe nails, inguinal hernia both sides, undescended but normal sized testes, hypotonic musculature and overextensible joints, retardation of ossification in the left hand by 6-12 months, slight osteoporosis, EQ approximately 0.5.", "PMID": 596113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5383", "title": "Triple mosaicism with two autosomally unbalanced cell lines in a phenotypically normal oligospermic man.", "content": "The chromosomal analysis of a phenotypically normal, moderately oligospermic man is reported. He presented a triple mosaic complement with two autosomally unbalanced cell lines. The cytogenetic results are discussed, and the importance of such investigations in men attending infertility clinics emphasized.", "contents": "Triple mosaicism with two autosomally unbalanced cell lines in a phenotypically normal oligospermic man. The chromosomal analysis of a phenotypically normal, moderately oligospermic man is reported. He presented a triple mosaic complement with two autosomally unbalanced cell lines. The cytogenetic results are discussed, and the importance of such investigations in men attending infertility clinics emphasized.", "PMID": 596115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5384", "title": "Dermatoglyphics study of the Shompen of Great Nicobar.", "content": "The finger and palm prints of 20 male and 18 female Shompen of Great Nicobar were examined. The distribution of finger patterns and of palmar main line formulae showed significant sex differences. Main line index was higher on right than on left hands in both sexes. Axial triradius t was most frequently observed on both hands in the two sexes.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics study of the Shompen of Great Nicobar. The finger and palm prints of 20 male and 18 female Shompen of Great Nicobar were examined. The distribution of finger patterns and of palmar main line formulae showed significant sex differences. Main line index was higher on right than on left hands in both sexes. Axial triradius t was most frequently observed on both hands in the two sexes.", "PMID": 596116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5385", "title": "[Infant mortality: heredity and environment].", "content": "An analysis of familial liability to infant mortality is presented. Heritability estimates for three periods of the demographic evolution of an isolated population (Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec) are provided. Average heritability is on the order of 27%. This is interpreted as being partly due to sibs common environment and partly to dominance variance effects of genes. The real additive variance of the familial liability might well be nil.", "contents": "[Infant mortality: heredity and environment]. An analysis of familial liability to infant mortality is presented. Heritability estimates for three periods of the demographic evolution of an isolated population (Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec) are provided. Average heritability is on the order of 27%. This is interpreted as being partly due to sibs common environment and partly to dominance variance effects of genes. The real additive variance of the familial liability might well be nil.", "PMID": 596118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5386", "title": "Genetic aspects in myasthenia gravis. A family study of 264 Finnish patients.", "content": "The prevalence of myasthenia gravis (MG) in Finland was 264 patients per 4.7 mil. inhabitants or 0.006 per cent. Of these 264 patients 19 (17 females and 2 males) were familial cases from eight families. MG occurred in 11 siblings, in two mothers and their child, and in six cousins. MG was not found in three or more successive generations. The familial MG resembled the non-familial disease. No concordance of MG among five sets of twins was found. The birth localities of gradparents seemed to have a slight tendency for accumulation, but no definite clusters were formed. Consanguinity between parents was found in seven of 192 families. An increased frequency of collagen or thyroid diseases was found both in patients and parents, but they were not specially accumulated to the relatives of familial myasthenics. Neither autosomal nor sex-linked, dominant or recessive, nor some other uniform mode of inheritance in MG could be confirmed. Some genetical predisposition to MG seems to exist, but it may be common to autoimmunity as a whole.", "contents": "Genetic aspects in myasthenia gravis. A family study of 264 Finnish patients. The prevalence of myasthenia gravis (MG) in Finland was 264 patients per 4.7 mil. inhabitants or 0.006 per cent. Of these 264 patients 19 (17 females and 2 males) were familial cases from eight families. MG occurred in 11 siblings, in two mothers and their child, and in six cousins. MG was not found in three or more successive generations. The familial MG resembled the non-familial disease. No concordance of MG among five sets of twins was found. The birth localities of gradparents seemed to have a slight tendency for accumulation, but no definite clusters were formed. Consanguinity between parents was found in seven of 192 families. An increased frequency of collagen or thyroid diseases was found both in patients and parents, but they were not specially accumulated to the relatives of familial myasthenics. Neither autosomal nor sex-linked, dominant or recessive, nor some other uniform mode of inheritance in MG could be confirmed. Some genetical predisposition to MG seems to exist, but it may be common to autoimmunity as a whole.", "PMID": 596124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5387", "title": "The cerebrovascular permeability to protein after bicuculline and amphetamine administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Evidence for increased resistance of pressure-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction.", "content": "Hemodynamic and morphometric studies on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have suggested that the lumen to wall ratio of the resistance vessels is decreased due to hypertrophy of the media. As the tension in the vessel wall increases with the pressure and the radius and decreases with the vessel wall thickness, such vessels would be expected to withstand higher pressure than vessels of normotensive rats (NR) unless local wall defects were present. Bicuculline-induced epileptic activity and amphetamine intoxication, two conditions with cerebral vasodilatation and high blood pressure, give rise to extensive protein leakage in the brain of NR. Consistent with the hypothesis presented above, less protein leakage occurred in brains of SHR than in brains of NR after amphetamine and bicuculline administration.", "contents": "The cerebrovascular permeability to protein after bicuculline and amphetamine administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Evidence for increased resistance of pressure-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Hemodynamic and morphometric studies on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have suggested that the lumen to wall ratio of the resistance vessels is decreased due to hypertrophy of the media. As the tension in the vessel wall increases with the pressure and the radius and decreases with the vessel wall thickness, such vessels would be expected to withstand higher pressure than vessels of normotensive rats (NR) unless local wall defects were present. Bicuculline-induced epileptic activity and amphetamine intoxication, two conditions with cerebral vasodilatation and high blood pressure, give rise to extensive protein leakage in the brain of NR. Consistent with the hypothesis presented above, less protein leakage occurred in brains of SHR than in brains of NR after amphetamine and bicuculline administration.", "PMID": 596125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5388", "title": "Cluster headache associated with primary hyperlipidemia.", "content": "Two brothers suffering from cluster headache of the chronic variant as well as hyperlipidemia are described. The mother very likely suffered from the same combination. Eleven consecutive cases of cluster headache were studied for lipid abnormalities. Among five patients of the intermittent type, one suffereed from xantelasmata but had normal blood lipids. Among six patients of the chronic variant two had essential hyperlipidemia type IV. An etiological relationship between some cases of cluster headache and hyperlipidemia is therefore suggested.", "contents": "Cluster headache associated with primary hyperlipidemia. Two brothers suffering from cluster headache of the chronic variant as well as hyperlipidemia are described. The mother very likely suffered from the same combination. Eleven consecutive cases of cluster headache were studied for lipid abnormalities. Among five patients of the intermittent type, one suffereed from xantelasmata but had normal blood lipids. Among six patients of the chronic variant two had essential hyperlipidemia type IV. An etiological relationship between some cases of cluster headache and hyperlipidemia is therefore suggested.", "PMID": 596127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5389", "title": "Cell proliferation in bone marrow and thymus following soft tissue damage.", "content": "Earlier experiments by the author have shown that an increase in mitosis in bone marrow and thymus occurs after fractures and bone marrow aspiration. In this paper it is shown that soft tissue damage causes a statistically certain increase in mitosis both in bone marrow and thymus after 1 day. A possible explanation for this is liberation of a mitogenic kinin.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in bone marrow and thymus following soft tissue damage. Earlier experiments by the author have shown that an increase in mitosis in bone marrow and thymus occurs after fractures and bone marrow aspiration. In this paper it is shown that soft tissue damage causes a statistically certain increase in mitosis both in bone marrow and thymus after 1 day. A possible explanation for this is liberation of a mitogenic kinin.", "PMID": 596137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5390", "title": "The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of some acrylic bone cements.", "content": "The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength were measured for three bone cements, CMW Bone Cement, Surgical Simplex, and Palacos R. with various additions and prepared as in actual use. A distinct afterpolymerization was demonstrated in all three brands. The addition of blood lowered the E-modulus wheras radio-opaque media seemed to render them somewhat stiffer. The rupture values demonstrated the inhomogeneity of the final product in all three brands. The possible clinical significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of some acrylic bone cements. The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength were measured for three bone cements, CMW Bone Cement, Surgical Simplex, and Palacos R. with various additions and prepared as in actual use. A distinct afterpolymerization was demonstrated in all three brands. The addition of blood lowered the E-modulus wheras radio-opaque media seemed to render them somewhat stiffer. The rupture values demonstrated the inhomogeneity of the final product in all three brands. The possible clinical significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 596138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5391", "title": "Changes in bone formation during immobilization and development of experimental osteoarthritis.", "content": "The effect of immobilization on bone formation in the knee and hip was studied by means of oxytetracycline. One leg of 11 growing and 13 adult rabbits was immobilized so that the knee was held in extension but the hip was free. In the knee, degenerative changes developed consistently with a severity proportional to the length of the immobilization time. In most of the rabbits given oxytetracycline 1-13 days before they were killed considerably more oxytetracycline was incorporated in the bone in the immobilized knee region and slightly more in the hip region of the same leg than in the corresponding areas of the other leg. This indicates an increased turnover of bone tissue in the immobilized leg compared with the non-immobilized leg.", "contents": "Changes in bone formation during immobilization and development of experimental osteoarthritis. The effect of immobilization on bone formation in the knee and hip was studied by means of oxytetracycline. One leg of 11 growing and 13 adult rabbits was immobilized so that the knee was held in extension but the hip was free. In the knee, degenerative changes developed consistently with a severity proportional to the length of the immobilization time. In most of the rabbits given oxytetracycline 1-13 days before they were killed considerably more oxytetracycline was incorporated in the bone in the immobilized knee region and slightly more in the hip region of the same leg than in the corresponding areas of the other leg. This indicates an increased turnover of bone tissue in the immobilized leg compared with the non-immobilized leg.", "PMID": 596139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5392", "title": "Arthroplasty of the elbow using J-K membrane. An analysis of 31 cases.", "content": "A study of the end results of arthroplasty of the elbow has been made; 31 cases were evaluated clinically and roentgenographically an average of 19 years after operation. The arthroplasty was performed with a minimum of bone resection using chromicized fascia lata (J-K membrane) as an interposition. The maximum range of motion was regained within 3 months and was maintained during the follow-up period. No patient in this series suffered from pain or instability of the joint though radiological signs of osteoarthritis were common.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the elbow using J-K membrane. An analysis of 31 cases. A study of the end results of arthroplasty of the elbow has been made; 31 cases were evaluated clinically and roentgenographically an average of 19 years after operation. The arthroplasty was performed with a minimum of bone resection using chromicized fascia lata (J-K membrane) as an interposition. The maximum range of motion was regained within 3 months and was maintained during the follow-up period. No patient in this series suffered from pain or instability of the joint though radiological signs of osteoarthritis were common.", "PMID": 596140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5393", "title": "Spinal nerve block. A diagnostic test in sciatica.", "content": "The cause of sciatica has been studied by blocking spinal nerves of the lumbosacral plexus in intervertebral foramina. The nerve, which is singled out with the aid of an image intensifier, is injected with 1 ml of 1 per cent Xylocain. If the Xylocain injection eliminates the sciatic pain, the surgeon may be confident that a true nerve-root compression is involved, and he can then explore as far as he finds necessary. The correlation between the site of compression and the level indicated by the test was confirmed by operation in 19 patients.", "contents": "Spinal nerve block. A diagnostic test in sciatica. The cause of sciatica has been studied by blocking spinal nerves of the lumbosacral plexus in intervertebral foramina. The nerve, which is singled out with the aid of an image intensifier, is injected with 1 ml of 1 per cent Xylocain. If the Xylocain injection eliminates the sciatic pain, the surgeon may be confident that a true nerve-root compression is involved, and he can then explore as far as he finds necessary. The correlation between the site of compression and the level indicated by the test was confirmed by operation in 19 patients.", "PMID": 596141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5394", "title": "Infantile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the same individual.", "content": "A patient with an infantile, resolving type of idiopathic scoliosis is presented. By the age of 10 years, 4 years after complete spontaneous correction, the girl had developed a structural, progressive idiopathic scoliosis to the opposite side.", "contents": "Infantile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the same individual. A patient with an infantile, resolving type of idiopathic scoliosis is presented. By the age of 10 years, 4 years after complete spontaneous correction, the girl had developed a structural, progressive idiopathic scoliosis to the opposite side.", "PMID": 596142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5395", "title": "The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation. A report of 19 cases.", "content": "The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation is described in a step-by-step manner. Since 1955 we have performed 19 such operations for eradication of malignant bone and soft tissue tumors in the pelvic, hip and upper thigh regions. Three hindquarter amputations were performed for local recurrence following initial wide excision. The overall 5-year survival rate for our 19 patients was 42.1 per cent. Malignant soft tissue tumors appear to have a much better 5-year survival rate than malignant bone tumors (60 per cent vs. 22.2 percent). We feel that surgery is still the treatment of choice. However, in the presence of proper indications, chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be added to surgery in order to prolong survival time and save lives.", "contents": "The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation. A report of 19 cases. The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation is described in a step-by-step manner. Since 1955 we have performed 19 such operations for eradication of malignant bone and soft tissue tumors in the pelvic, hip and upper thigh regions. Three hindquarter amputations were performed for local recurrence following initial wide excision. The overall 5-year survival rate for our 19 patients was 42.1 per cent. Malignant soft tissue tumors appear to have a much better 5-year survival rate than malignant bone tumors (60 per cent vs. 22.2 percent). We feel that surgery is still the treatment of choice. However, in the presence of proper indications, chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be added to surgery in order to prolong survival time and save lives.", "PMID": 596143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5396", "title": "A study of radiographic variations of the hip joint.", "content": "Anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis were studied in 920 patients free of hip joint diseases. The average joint space was between 3 and 4 mm in width. Narrowing of the superior joint space was seen in 13 percent of the hips and may represent the earliest finding in osteoarthritis. It was noted as early as the second and third decade in some patients. Other changes noted were narrowing of the lateral joint space, uniform narrowing of the space, an irregular joint space and tilting of the femoral head on the neck.", "contents": "A study of radiographic variations of the hip joint. Anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis were studied in 920 patients free of hip joint diseases. The average joint space was between 3 and 4 mm in width. Narrowing of the superior joint space was seen in 13 percent of the hips and may represent the earliest finding in osteoarthritis. It was noted as early as the second and third decade in some patients. Other changes noted were narrowing of the lateral joint space, uniform narrowing of the space, an irregular joint space and tilting of the femoral head on the neck.", "PMID": 596144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5397", "title": "Subcapital fractures of the femur treated with two thin Smith-Petersen nails.", "content": "The results of treatment of 71 patients with subcapital fractures of the femur, fixed with two thin Smith-Petersen nails, are presented, after a follow-up time of between 2 and 4 years. Excellent results of treatment were achieved in 39 out of 60 cases and good results in 11 cases. Six cases of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head were recorded, and there were four cases with pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck, one developed because of postoperative infection and three were attributed to an imperfect operative technique. The method is recommended for subcaptial femoral neck fractures amenable to closed reduction and internal fixation. Pseudarthrosis may be prevented by good reduction of the fracture and a careful nailing technique.", "contents": "Subcapital fractures of the femur treated with two thin Smith-Petersen nails. The results of treatment of 71 patients with subcapital fractures of the femur, fixed with two thin Smith-Petersen nails, are presented, after a follow-up time of between 2 and 4 years. Excellent results of treatment were achieved in 39 out of 60 cases and good results in 11 cases. Six cases of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head were recorded, and there were four cases with pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck, one developed because of postoperative infection and three were attributed to an imperfect operative technique. The method is recommended for subcaptial femoral neck fractures amenable to closed reduction and internal fixation. Pseudarthrosis may be prevented by good reduction of the fracture and a careful nailing technique.", "PMID": 596145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5398", "title": "Total hip replacement in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Eighteen total hip replacements were performed in 10 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The mean observation time was 3.8 years. Seven hips had been operated on before total hip replacement (THR); 6 Were ankylotic before THR. The results as regards pain relief and increased walking distance were good. All hips improved in mobility after THR and this improvement was maintained during the observation time. Six of the 10 patients went back to full-time work. The differences between patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, as regards indications for and rehabilitation after THR, are discussed.", "contents": "Total hip replacement in ankylosing spondylitis. Eighteen total hip replacements were performed in 10 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The mean observation time was 3.8 years. Seven hips had been operated on before total hip replacement (THR); 6 Were ankylotic before THR. The results as regards pain relief and increased walking distance were good. All hips improved in mobility after THR and this improvement was maintained during the observation time. Six of the 10 patients went back to full-time work. The differences between patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, as regards indications for and rehabilitation after THR, are discussed.", "PMID": 596146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5399", "title": "Tuberculosis as a late complication of total hip replacement.", "content": "A case of tuberculosis developing in a hip joint which had undergone total prosthetic replacement arthroplasty 7 years previously is described. The patient had no manifestation of active systemic tuberculosis although calcified mesenteric nodes were noted on abdominal X-ray. It is assumed that hip joint infection occurred during a bacteraemia following activation of a latent tuberculous focus in the mesenteric lymph nodes.", "contents": "Tuberculosis as a late complication of total hip replacement. A case of tuberculosis developing in a hip joint which had undergone total prosthetic replacement arthroplasty 7 years previously is described. The patient had no manifestation of active systemic tuberculosis although calcified mesenteric nodes were noted on abdominal X-ray. It is assumed that hip joint infection occurred during a bacteraemia following activation of a latent tuberculous focus in the mesenteric lymph nodes.", "PMID": 596147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5400", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee.", "content": "A case of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee is described in which the site of the lesion, on the supero-medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle, is unique. This case supports the theory that direct recurrent minor trauma causes osteochondral fractures which remain ununited producing the characteristic lesion.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. A case of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee is described in which the site of the lesion, on the supero-medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle, is unique. This case supports the theory that direct recurrent minor trauma causes osteochondral fractures which remain ununited producing the characteristic lesion.", "PMID": 596149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5401", "title": "Osteoarthrosis following insufficiency of the cruciate ligaments in man. A clinical study.", "content": "Based on a series of 48 patients with old untreated ruptures of one or both cruciate ligaments, the development of osteoarthrotic changes was demonstrated by radiography and at operation. The changes were similar to those seen in animal experiments and developed in the same sequence. Osteophytes occurred in knees with anterior cruciate insufficiency after about 2 years; significant osteoarthrotic changes occurred after longer periods, and particularly in knees with damage to both cruciate ligaments.", "contents": "Osteoarthrosis following insufficiency of the cruciate ligaments in man. A clinical study. Based on a series of 48 patients with old untreated ruptures of one or both cruciate ligaments, the development of osteoarthrotic changes was demonstrated by radiography and at operation. The changes were similar to those seen in animal experiments and developed in the same sequence. Osteophytes occurred in knees with anterior cruciate insufficiency after about 2 years; significant osteoarthrotic changes occurred after longer periods, and particularly in knees with damage to both cruciate ligaments.", "PMID": 596150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5402", "title": "The hallux and rheumatiod arthritis.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to consider involvement of the great toe by rheumatoid arthritis, defining significant deformities, describing clinical patterns and discussing the pathomechanics of these findings, in what is an ongoing disease. 200 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were screened for pain or deformity of the great toe. Feet that had undergone previous surgery or had other underlying pathology were excluded from the series. 194 feef were found to have halluceal involvement. Although hallux valgus was the commonest deformity it was found in combination with other significant deformities in many cases. Hallux rigidus was an important lesion in this series as was interphalangeal hyperextension. Other important lesions encountered were metatarsus primus varus and medial rotation of the toe; their relationship to hallux valgus is discussed.", "contents": "The hallux and rheumatiod arthritis. The purpose of this report is to consider involvement of the great toe by rheumatoid arthritis, defining significant deformities, describing clinical patterns and discussing the pathomechanics of these findings, in what is an ongoing disease. 200 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were screened for pain or deformity of the great toe. Feet that had undergone previous surgery or had other underlying pathology were excluded from the series. 194 feef were found to have halluceal involvement. Although hallux valgus was the commonest deformity it was found in combination with other significant deformities in many cases. Hallux rigidus was an important lesion in this series as was interphalangeal hyperextension. Other important lesions encountered were metatarsus primus varus and medial rotation of the toe; their relationship to hallux valgus is discussed.", "PMID": 596151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5403", "title": "[Antimicrobial and surgical treatment of tonsils. Bacteriological and histological data collected on 44 tonsillectomized children].", "content": "The tonsils of 44 operated children were submitted to bacteriological and histological examination. 22 children were given an oral penicillin during 5 days before tonsilectomy. Histological data and bacteriological cultures of pharyngeal exsudate and tonsillar material were very similar in the two groups of treated and non treated patients. These data suggest that, when preventive penicillinic treatment is given, it is worthy to consider the dose, the lasting and the route of administration of the prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Its unreliable activity, and the danger of bacteriemy at the moment of the operation plead for an adequate per-operative antibiotherapy.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial and surgical treatment of tonsils. Bacteriological and histological data collected on 44 tonsillectomized children]. The tonsils of 44 operated children were submitted to bacteriological and histological examination. 22 children were given an oral penicillin during 5 days before tonsilectomy. Histological data and bacteriological cultures of pharyngeal exsudate and tonsillar material were very similar in the two groups of treated and non treated patients. These data suggest that, when preventive penicillinic treatment is given, it is worthy to consider the dose, the lasting and the route of administration of the prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Its unreliable activity, and the danger of bacteriemy at the moment of the operation plead for an adequate per-operative antibiotherapy.", "PMID": 596154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5404", "title": "Motor units activity of dog postural muscles in standing position.", "content": "Discharges of separate motor units (MU) of dog muscles are studied in standing position and under conditions of passive stretch and shortening of the muscles. In standing position the average discharge frequency in the fore leg extensors is found to be of the order of 25-30 imp/s. A doublet pattern of firing and recruitment and derecruitment of single MUs over different periods of time is observed. The transient processes of the instantaneous discharge frequency of single MUs are observed upon passive stretch and shortening of the muscles. Different types of transient processes are described, both during recruitment and derecruitment in standing-position, and during the passive changes in muscle length. A dependence is found of the transient processes in the velocity of the passive changes in length and the probably physiological mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Motor units activity of dog postural muscles in standing position. Discharges of separate motor units (MU) of dog muscles are studied in standing position and under conditions of passive stretch and shortening of the muscles. In standing position the average discharge frequency in the fore leg extensors is found to be of the order of 25-30 imp/s. A doublet pattern of firing and recruitment and derecruitment of single MUs over different periods of time is observed. The transient processes of the instantaneous discharge frequency of single MUs are observed upon passive stretch and shortening of the muscles. Different types of transient processes are described, both during recruitment and derecruitment in standing-position, and during the passive changes in muscle length. A dependence is found of the transient processes in the velocity of the passive changes in length and the probably physiological mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 596169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5405", "title": "Significance of different feedbacks for the transient processes of the discharges of single motor units during step-like voluntary movements.", "content": "Studies are made of the transient processes of the discharges of single tonic low-threshold and phasic high-threshold motor units (MUs) during step-like voluntary movements performed in case of visual feedback by the result of the movement and in case of artificial auditory feedback by the sound of the MU impulses, as well as in cases of absence of exteroceptive feedback. The studies comprise isometric and isotonic flexion and extension in the elbow joint, the MUs studied being from m. biceps brachii. The previously observed differences of the transient processes in tonic and phasic MUs are found to exist not only during movements taking place under visual control but also under other conditions studied. Under conditions of articicial auditory feedback the subjects may or may not use this feedback for control of the motor response.", "contents": "Significance of different feedbacks for the transient processes of the discharges of single motor units during step-like voluntary movements. Studies are made of the transient processes of the discharges of single tonic low-threshold and phasic high-threshold motor units (MUs) during step-like voluntary movements performed in case of visual feedback by the result of the movement and in case of artificial auditory feedback by the sound of the MU impulses, as well as in cases of absence of exteroceptive feedback. The studies comprise isometric and isotonic flexion and extension in the elbow joint, the MUs studied being from m. biceps brachii. The previously observed differences of the transient processes in tonic and phasic MUs are found to exist not only during movements taking place under visual control but also under other conditions studied. Under conditions of articicial auditory feedback the subjects may or may not use this feedback for control of the motor response.", "PMID": 596170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5406", "title": "Firing of motor units upon flexion reflex in dogs.", "content": "A study is made of the changes in the transient processes of the instantaneous frequency of the discharges of preactive motor units (MU) in dog m. gastrocnemius and m. semitendinosus under conditions of flexion reflex caused by electrical stimulation. Surface electrodes are used to record the activity of the single MUs. Five types of transient processes are described mainly depending on the intensity of stimulation. A stimulus with weaker intensity leads to an increase in the instantaneous frequency of the discharges 60 ms after its application, followed by a decrease and later by a new increase. Inhibition phenomena are observed in cases of higher intensity. The interpretation of these data takes into consideration the mechanisms of recurrent inhibition and the role of some of the afferent inputs of the flexion reflex.", "contents": "Firing of motor units upon flexion reflex in dogs. A study is made of the changes in the transient processes of the instantaneous frequency of the discharges of preactive motor units (MU) in dog m. gastrocnemius and m. semitendinosus under conditions of flexion reflex caused by electrical stimulation. Surface electrodes are used to record the activity of the single MUs. Five types of transient processes are described mainly depending on the intensity of stimulation. A stimulus with weaker intensity leads to an increase in the instantaneous frequency of the discharges 60 ms after its application, followed by a decrease and later by a new increase. Inhibition phenomena are observed in cases of higher intensity. The interpretation of these data takes into consideration the mechanisms of recurrent inhibition and the role of some of the afferent inputs of the flexion reflex.", "PMID": 596171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5407", "title": "Modulation of the slow potentials frequency of the stomach under the effect of the intrinsic nervous system.", "content": "Chronic and in situ experiments on dogs have been carried out involving stomach transection at the level of incisura angularis. The electrical acivity of the muscle wall of the two stomach segments was recorded by silver bipolar ball-shaped electrodes. Two electrodes for myogenic stimulation were implanted in the distal segment. Transection caused dissociation of the slow potentials rhythm in both stomach segments: slow potentials frequency in the distal segment is considerably reduced. Infusion of cholino- and adreno-mimetics in the artery supplying the distal segment causes increase of the frequency of the slow potentials in the distal segment to reach the frequency of the proximal segment. Bocking of the intrinsic nervous system eliminates these responses. On the background myogenic stimulation induces increased frequency of the rhythm in the distal segment. It is concluded that the intrinsic nervous system plays a role in maintaining slow potentials frequency in the stomach at a higher level than the level characteristic of this stomach segment.", "contents": "Modulation of the slow potentials frequency of the stomach under the effect of the intrinsic nervous system. Chronic and in situ experiments on dogs have been carried out involving stomach transection at the level of incisura angularis. The electrical acivity of the muscle wall of the two stomach segments was recorded by silver bipolar ball-shaped electrodes. Two electrodes for myogenic stimulation were implanted in the distal segment. Transection caused dissociation of the slow potentials rhythm in both stomach segments: slow potentials frequency in the distal segment is considerably reduced. Infusion of cholino- and adreno-mimetics in the artery supplying the distal segment causes increase of the frequency of the slow potentials in the distal segment to reach the frequency of the proximal segment. Bocking of the intrinsic nervous system eliminates these responses. On the background myogenic stimulation induces increased frequency of the rhythm in the distal segment. It is concluded that the intrinsic nervous system plays a role in maintaining slow potentials frequency in the stomach at a higher level than the level characteristic of this stomach segment.", "PMID": 596172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5408", "title": "Effects of Serotonin and Histamine on the contractile activity of smooth-muscle strips of sheep complex stomach.", "content": "The effect of histamine and serotonin is studied on strips of the two smooth-muscle layers from the different sections of the complex stomach. Histamine in concentration of 10(-9) to 10(-4) g/ml has no visible effect on preparations from the rumen and reticulum. In strips from the omasum as well as from the proximal and antral regions of the abomasum inhibitory effect is observed mainly with respect to the spontaneous phasic activity of the strips. Serotonin in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-4) g/ml has an excitatory effect in almost all preparations studied. Of the forestomach strips it is mostpronouced in rumen strips. The effect consists in an increase of the tone of the preparations. In the proximal region of the abomasum is effect also consists in a rise of the tone, while in strips from the antral region it causes a rise in the amplitude and frequency of the phasic contractions. Serotonin in the concentrations tested has an inhibitory effect only on omasum preparations.", "contents": "Effects of Serotonin and Histamine on the contractile activity of smooth-muscle strips of sheep complex stomach. The effect of histamine and serotonin is studied on strips of the two smooth-muscle layers from the different sections of the complex stomach. Histamine in concentration of 10(-9) to 10(-4) g/ml has no visible effect on preparations from the rumen and reticulum. In strips from the omasum as well as from the proximal and antral regions of the abomasum inhibitory effect is observed mainly with respect to the spontaneous phasic activity of the strips. Serotonin in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-4) g/ml has an excitatory effect in almost all preparations studied. Of the forestomach strips it is mostpronouced in rumen strips. The effect consists in an increase of the tone of the preparations. In the proximal region of the abomasum is effect also consists in a rise of the tone, while in strips from the antral region it causes a rise in the amplitude and frequency of the phasic contractions. Serotonin in the concentrations tested has an inhibitory effect only on omasum preparations.", "PMID": 596173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5409", "title": "Changes of certain cardio-vascular parameters and the sympathetic nervous activity upon afferent vagal stimulation in cats.", "content": "Afferent stimulation of the cervical vagus in cats for 5 s upon bilateral vagotomy reduces systemic blood pressure by 15--50 percent. The maximum of this depressor reaction occurs 10--15 s after the beginning of the stimulation, its latency being 2--3 s. The decrease in the blood pressure is preceded by inhibition of the electrical activity of some preganglionic (n. splanchnicus) and postganglionic (n. cardiacus and n. renalis) sympathetic nerves with 100--200 ms latency. During the maximum pressure decrease activity appears in the above-mentioned nerves, afterwards the pressure begins to rise until its normalization. In addition to the decrease in systemic blood pressure changes are also observed in other cardio-vascular parameters, namely, decrease in the pressure in the left ventricle, decrease in the contractile force of the heart (dp/dt max) and of the heart rate.", "contents": "Changes of certain cardio-vascular parameters and the sympathetic nervous activity upon afferent vagal stimulation in cats. Afferent stimulation of the cervical vagus in cats for 5 s upon bilateral vagotomy reduces systemic blood pressure by 15--50 percent. The maximum of this depressor reaction occurs 10--15 s after the beginning of the stimulation, its latency being 2--3 s. The decrease in the blood pressure is preceded by inhibition of the electrical activity of some preganglionic (n. splanchnicus) and postganglionic (n. cardiacus and n. renalis) sympathetic nerves with 100--200 ms latency. During the maximum pressure decrease activity appears in the above-mentioned nerves, afterwards the pressure begins to rise until its normalization. In addition to the decrease in systemic blood pressure changes are also observed in other cardio-vascular parameters, namely, decrease in the pressure in the left ventricle, decrease in the contractile force of the heart (dp/dt max) and of the heart rate.", "PMID": 596174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5410", "title": "Localization of the disappearance of a light target during tracking eye movements. II.", "content": "A light target moving with constant velocity and disappearing at a place determined by the experimenter, is presented to the subjects who track it visually and determine the locus of its disappearance with respect to a scale mounted on the screen. The result is that the disappearance of the target is systematically mislocated in the direction of the eye movement. The value of the mislocation depends on the target intensity. Under different experimental conditions the subjects localize target disappearance by steady fixation of the eyes. The resulting mislocation has entirely different characteristics compared with the first conditions. The theory that the phenomenon of mislocation is due only to wgnal latency in the visual pathways is rejected. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the participation of psychological factors in the process of localization.", "contents": "Localization of the disappearance of a light target during tracking eye movements. II. A light target moving with constant velocity and disappearing at a place determined by the experimenter, is presented to the subjects who track it visually and determine the locus of its disappearance with respect to a scale mounted on the screen. The result is that the disappearance of the target is systematically mislocated in the direction of the eye movement. The value of the mislocation depends on the target intensity. Under different experimental conditions the subjects localize target disappearance by steady fixation of the eyes. The resulting mislocation has entirely different characteristics compared with the first conditions. The theory that the phenomenon of mislocation is due only to wgnal latency in the visual pathways is rejected. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the participation of psychological factors in the process of localization.", "PMID": 596175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5411", "title": "Visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. II.", "content": "The article describes three experiments to study visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. Eye movements are shown to play no significant role in solving problems involving visual spatial extrapolation. It is also indicated that systematic mislocations of the point of intersection sought in cases of acute angles are preserved even when the motor response is substituted by verbal estimation. When the test line segment is presented for a very short time (tau =20 ms), the estimations of the subjects manifest great individual differences and considerable dispersion. The results of the experiments show that the ability of visual extrapolation is influenced by different and numerous factors and this ability does not reflect only the functioning of simple detectors for direction in the visual system.", "contents": "Visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. II. The article describes three experiments to study visual extrapolation of a line segment to the point of its intersection with a straight line. Eye movements are shown to play no significant role in solving problems involving visual spatial extrapolation. It is also indicated that systematic mislocations of the point of intersection sought in cases of acute angles are preserved even when the motor response is substituted by verbal estimation. When the test line segment is presented for a very short time (tau =20 ms), the estimations of the subjects manifest great individual differences and considerable dispersion. The results of the experiments show that the ability of visual extrapolation is influenced by different and numerous factors and this ability does not reflect only the functioning of simple detectors for direction in the visual system.", "PMID": 596176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5412", "title": "Estimation of duration of an array of time interval and of its separate elements.", "content": "It is shown that when a human subject estimates verbally the duration of an array consisting of three intervals - two light intervals divided by a dark one - considerable underestimation is observed compared with estimates of the same duration in the control experiment. In case of separate estimation of the three intervals composing the array the sum of the estimates is much more precise even compared with estimates in the control. Perhaps in this case the system for time intervals estimation operates with two \"internal clocks\", each of which reads the duration of the dark and of the light intervals. In estimating the array of three intervals the subjects estimate the total array and they do not summate their separate estimations. It may be assumed that the system uses only one \"clock\" for measuring the duration of the total array.", "contents": "Estimation of duration of an array of time interval and of its separate elements. It is shown that when a human subject estimates verbally the duration of an array consisting of three intervals - two light intervals divided by a dark one - considerable underestimation is observed compared with estimates of the same duration in the control experiment. In case of separate estimation of the three intervals composing the array the sum of the estimates is much more precise even compared with estimates in the control. Perhaps in this case the system for time intervals estimation operates with two \"internal clocks\", each of which reads the duration of the dark and of the light intervals. In estimating the array of three intervals the subjects estimate the total array and they do not summate their separate estimations. It may be assumed that the system uses only one \"clock\" for measuring the duration of the total array.", "PMID": 596177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5413", "title": "Shifting of the brain stem physiological impedance after ovariectomy and oestradiol implantation in rabbits.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on female rabbits with electrodes implanted chronically into the midbrain, dorsal hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Physiological impedance of the brain stem, i.e. the lowest energy of trains of electric impulses stimulating the midbrain modulated through a feedback by the hippocampal theta rhythm and maintaining EEG arousal pattern, served as a measure of excitability of the brain stem reticular formation. After ovariectomy performed in 12 female rabbits, a rise in the brain stem physiological impedance was observed in relation to control measurements -- by 84.8%, on the average. In 8 ovariectomized female rabbits the physiological impedance decreased by 47.4% after subcutaneous implantation of oestradiol benzoate tablets. After removal of the implanted tablets the impedance increased by a mean value of 100.1% in all the female rabbits.", "contents": "Shifting of the brain stem physiological impedance after ovariectomy and oestradiol implantation in rabbits. Experiments were carried out on female rabbits with electrodes implanted chronically into the midbrain, dorsal hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Physiological impedance of the brain stem, i.e. the lowest energy of trains of electric impulses stimulating the midbrain modulated through a feedback by the hippocampal theta rhythm and maintaining EEG arousal pattern, served as a measure of excitability of the brain stem reticular formation. After ovariectomy performed in 12 female rabbits, a rise in the brain stem physiological impedance was observed in relation to control measurements -- by 84.8%, on the average. In 8 ovariectomized female rabbits the physiological impedance decreased by 47.4% after subcutaneous implantation of oestradiol benzoate tablets. After removal of the implanted tablets the impedance increased by a mean value of 100.1% in all the female rabbits.", "PMID": 596178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5414", "title": "Tissue catecholamine concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Tissue concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and adrenaline (A) were compared in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NCR) rats, aged 1, 3, 8, 14 and 24 weeks The organs analyzed included the brain, subdivided into prosencephalon and rhombencephalon, heart, adrenal glands and kidney. Brain catecholamines were significantly lower in SHR than in NCR, and the difference appeared already at the age of 3 weeks. Concomitant increase was found in the adrenal NA and A concentrations of the SHR. Concentration of NA in the heart decreased in the SHR following onset of hypertension. It is concluded that the diminished NA, DA and A concentrations in the brain as well as the augmented adrenal NA and A levels in the SHR may be causally related to the development of hypertension, while the heart NA level reflects the secondary, hypertension -- related changes.", "contents": "Tissue catecholamine concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Tissue concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and adrenaline (A) were compared in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NCR) rats, aged 1, 3, 8, 14 and 24 weeks The organs analyzed included the brain, subdivided into prosencephalon and rhombencephalon, heart, adrenal glands and kidney. Brain catecholamines were significantly lower in SHR than in NCR, and the difference appeared already at the age of 3 weeks. Concomitant increase was found in the adrenal NA and A concentrations of the SHR. Concentration of NA in the heart decreased in the SHR following onset of hypertension. It is concluded that the diminished NA, DA and A concentrations in the brain as well as the augmented adrenal NA and A levels in the SHR may be causally related to the development of hypertension, while the heart NA level reflects the secondary, hypertension -- related changes.", "PMID": 596180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5415", "title": "The effect of noise and vibration on motor activity and behavioral tests in rats.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on 80 Albino rats. It was found that a single exposure to noise alone or noise coupled with vibratio;n increase locomotor and exploratory activities of the rats. On the other hand, repeated exposures to noise and low frequency vibration failed to change the exploratory activity and behavioral tests of rats. No significant differences were found between the effects of noise alone and associated with vibration.", "contents": "The effect of noise and vibration on motor activity and behavioral tests in rats. The investigations were carried out on 80 Albino rats. It was found that a single exposure to noise alone or noise coupled with vibratio;n increase locomotor and exploratory activities of the rats. On the other hand, repeated exposures to noise and low frequency vibration failed to change the exploratory activity and behavioral tests of rats. No significant differences were found between the effects of noise alone and associated with vibration.", "PMID": 596179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5416", "title": "THe dynamics of erythropoiesis inhibition in posttransfusion polycythaemia in the rat.", "content": "The dynamics of erythropoiesis inhibition as the consequence of polycythaemia induced in rats by four to six transfusions of homologous erythrocytes was studied in detail. It was found, that, in rats with polycythaemia elicited by two transfusions of erythrocytes, erythropoiesis inhibition occurs 67h after the first transfusion and it is most pronounced in the period between 115-187 h. The hemopoietic system is not completely free from the inhibitory influence of polycythaemia up to 283 h after the first transfusion. Maintenance of a state of polycythaemia for 17 days by repeated transfusions strongly and durably inhibits the haemopoietic system. The red blood cell system remained for this whole period under the inhibitory effect.", "contents": "THe dynamics of erythropoiesis inhibition in posttransfusion polycythaemia in the rat. The dynamics of erythropoiesis inhibition as the consequence of polycythaemia induced in rats by four to six transfusions of homologous erythrocytes was studied in detail. It was found, that, in rats with polycythaemia elicited by two transfusions of erythrocytes, erythropoiesis inhibition occurs 67h after the first transfusion and it is most pronounced in the period between 115-187 h. The hemopoietic system is not completely free from the inhibitory influence of polycythaemia up to 283 h after the first transfusion. Maintenance of a state of polycythaemia for 17 days by repeated transfusions strongly and durably inhibits the haemopoietic system. The red blood cell system remained for this whole period under the inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 596181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5417", "title": "Seasonal changes of the structure and function of prolactin cells in the pituitary gland of Vipera berus (L.).", "content": "A selective staining by the indirect immunofluorescence method has been used for prolactin cells (PRL-cells) in the pituitary gland of Vipera berus (L.). The PRL-cells showed significant seasonal changes as judged by their morphological features, their number and localization in the pars distails. In the functional cycle of the cells 4 periods could be distinguished: 1 -- spring (March --May), when the release of the hormone as well as its increasing accumulation were observed; 2 -- early summer (June -- July), when the accumulation of the hormone in the gland reached the maximum and prevailed the release; 3 -- late summer (August), when was observed a rapid PRL release with a simultaneous exhaustion of cell reserves: 4 -- autumn (September), was characterized by small PRL content in the cells and its inconsiderable release.", "contents": "Seasonal changes of the structure and function of prolactin cells in the pituitary gland of Vipera berus (L.). A selective staining by the indirect immunofluorescence method has been used for prolactin cells (PRL-cells) in the pituitary gland of Vipera berus (L.). The PRL-cells showed significant seasonal changes as judged by their morphological features, their number and localization in the pars distails. In the functional cycle of the cells 4 periods could be distinguished: 1 -- spring (March --May), when the release of the hormone as well as its increasing accumulation were observed; 2 -- early summer (June -- July), when the accumulation of the hormone in the gland reached the maximum and prevailed the release; 3 -- late summer (August), when was observed a rapid PRL release with a simultaneous exhaustion of cell reserves: 4 -- autumn (September), was characterized by small PRL content in the cells and its inconsiderable release.", "PMID": 596183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5418", "title": "Changes in erythropoietic activity of the rat plasma in the course of posttransfusion polycythaemia.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the erythropoietic activity of the plasma of polycythaemic rats and of one of its protein fractions playing a role in erythropoiesis regulation. The erythropoietin activity and that of the erythropoiesis inhibitor varied in the examined plasma samples at definite time periods after induction of polycythaemia. It was demonstrated that the most suitable time of plasma collection for the inhibitor investigation is the period between 115 and 187 h after the first transfusion, and that in some cases separation of this factor from erythropoietin present simultaneously in the plasma is indispensable in order to reveal the inhibitory activity. The erythropoiesis inhibitor administered jointly with erythropoietin was found to exert no influence on erythropoiesis either in normal or in polycythaemic recipients of the tested plasma.", "contents": "Changes in erythropoietic activity of the rat plasma in the course of posttransfusion polycythaemia. The aim of this study was to determine the erythropoietic activity of the plasma of polycythaemic rats and of one of its protein fractions playing a role in erythropoiesis regulation. The erythropoietin activity and that of the erythropoiesis inhibitor varied in the examined plasma samples at definite time periods after induction of polycythaemia. It was demonstrated that the most suitable time of plasma collection for the inhibitor investigation is the period between 115 and 187 h after the first transfusion, and that in some cases separation of this factor from erythropoietin present simultaneously in the plasma is indispensable in order to reveal the inhibitory activity. The erythropoiesis inhibitor administered jointly with erythropoietin was found to exert no influence on erythropoiesis either in normal or in polycythaemic recipients of the tested plasma.", "PMID": 596182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5419", "title": "Some aspects of obtaining rat semen by electroejaculation method.", "content": "Some physical conditions of the electroejaculation method elaborated by Scott and Dziuk and Kalasiewicz and Wola\u0144ski have been modyfied. A positive result of ejaculation was obtained in 92.6% of the rats examined when the electric stimuli was applied with the energy of 4--7 times lower than that used by the cited authors. The presented method may prove useful in cases when the same animal is to be used repeatedly.", "contents": "Some aspects of obtaining rat semen by electroejaculation method. Some physical conditions of the electroejaculation method elaborated by Scott and Dziuk and Kalasiewicz and Wola\u0144ski have been modyfied. A positive result of ejaculation was obtained in 92.6% of the rats examined when the electric stimuli was applied with the energy of 4--7 times lower than that used by the cited authors. The presented method may prove useful in cases when the same animal is to be used repeatedly.", "PMID": 596185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5420", "title": "The effect of short term thermal stress on the heart and respiration rates of conscious and anaesthetized chickens.", "content": "Heart and respiration rates were measured in eight 6-week-old, White Rock chicks at different ambient temperatures: 24--26 degrees C (neutral), 6.5--8.5 degrees C (low) and 3,95--43.5 degrees C (high). The animals were exposed to these temperatures for 10 min. In both groups the low ambient temperature did not influence the respiration rate, whereas the high temperature caused a significant increase of the respiration rates both in the conscious and anaesthetized birds. In both groups no significant changes in the heart rate at different temperatures were found. Statistically significant differences in the heart and respiration rates between the conscious and anaesthetized chickens were noted only at the low environmental temperature.", "contents": "The effect of short term thermal stress on the heart and respiration rates of conscious and anaesthetized chickens. Heart and respiration rates were measured in eight 6-week-old, White Rock chicks at different ambient temperatures: 24--26 degrees C (neutral), 6.5--8.5 degrees C (low) and 3,95--43.5 degrees C (high). The animals were exposed to these temperatures for 10 min. In both groups the low ambient temperature did not influence the respiration rate, whereas the high temperature caused a significant increase of the respiration rates both in the conscious and anaesthetized birds. In both groups no significant changes in the heart rate at different temperatures were found. Statistically significant differences in the heart and respiration rates between the conscious and anaesthetized chickens were noted only at the low environmental temperature.", "PMID": 596184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5421", "title": "Application of a tape recorder ZK-246 for four-channel recording of some physiological phenomena.", "content": "A method of simultaneous recording of our physiological phenomena on a magnetic tape was described. A block construction of a transducer enabling four-channel record on a two channel, stereophonic tape recorder has been presented.", "contents": "Application of a tape recorder ZK-246 for four-channel recording of some physiological phenomena. A method of simultaneous recording of our physiological phenomena on a magnetic tape was described. A block construction of a transducer enabling four-channel record on a two channel, stereophonic tape recorder has been presented.", "PMID": 596186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5422", "title": "Further studies on the influence of ions on the muscle fibre resting potential in the cricket Acheta domesticus.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on tergosternal muscle fibres of the house cricket Acheta domesticus. Conventional microelectrode methods were used. All the investigated fibres depolarized with time (0, 60, 120 min) in statistically significant manner. Replacing CL- in the physiological solution by carbonate prevents this depolarization. Citrate anions added to the bath depolarize the fibers. Acetate does not change the resting potential. Increasing osmolarity by adding 100 or 200 mM saccharose exerts no significant influence on the level of the resting potential. Lowering the level of sodium ions leads to a slight but significant depolarization. The present work confirmed the opinion that skeletal muscle fibers of Acheta domesticus are at rest multiionic electrodes.", "contents": "Further studies on the influence of ions on the muscle fibre resting potential in the cricket Acheta domesticus. Experiments were carried out on tergosternal muscle fibres of the house cricket Acheta domesticus. Conventional microelectrode methods were used. All the investigated fibres depolarized with time (0, 60, 120 min) in statistically significant manner. Replacing CL- in the physiological solution by carbonate prevents this depolarization. Citrate anions added to the bath depolarize the fibers. Acetate does not change the resting potential. Increasing osmolarity by adding 100 or 200 mM saccharose exerts no significant influence on the level of the resting potential. Lowering the level of sodium ions leads to a slight but significant depolarization. The present work confirmed the opinion that skeletal muscle fibers of Acheta domesticus are at rest multiionic electrodes.", "PMID": 596187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5423", "title": "Substance P isolated from bovine hypothalamus: amino acid composition.", "content": "Using the method of Chang and Leeman for isolation the sialogogic undecapeptide from bovine hypothalamus partly purified Substance P was obtained. The final steps of purification were omitted to prevent losing of other peptides possessing biological activity of Substance P. The qualitative and quantitative content of amino acids in the hypothalamic extract was determined and fourteen amino acids were found. Four of them were not present in the sialogogic undecapeptide or neurotensin. It can be concluded that in the hypothalamic tissue apart from sialogogic undecapeptide and neurotensin, there are other peptides related to these two.", "contents": "Substance P isolated from bovine hypothalamus: amino acid composition. Using the method of Chang and Leeman for isolation the sialogogic undecapeptide from bovine hypothalamus partly purified Substance P was obtained. The final steps of purification were omitted to prevent losing of other peptides possessing biological activity of Substance P. The qualitative and quantitative content of amino acids in the hypothalamic extract was determined and fourteen amino acids were found. Four of them were not present in the sialogogic undecapeptide or neurotensin. It can be concluded that in the hypothalamic tissue apart from sialogogic undecapeptide and neurotensin, there are other peptides related to these two.", "PMID": 596188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5424", "title": "Dependence of vitamin B12 levels on the growth rate of cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Vitamin B12 content has been determined in different kinds of cells grown in vitro and in the culture media. The results indicate a dependence of the vitamin levels on the growth rate and growth characteristics.", "contents": "Dependence of vitamin B12 levels on the growth rate of cells cultured in vitro. Vitamin B12 content has been determined in different kinds of cells grown in vitro and in the culture media. The results indicate a dependence of the vitamin levels on the growth rate and growth characteristics.", "PMID": 596189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5425", "title": "A new approach to the direct measurement of tension within the outer layers of the left ventricular wall of the dog heart.", "content": "Tension was measured within the outer layers of the left ventricular wall of the dog heart with the strain-gauge force transducer coupled to the wall at diastole without the distortion of its geometry. The transducer still attached to the wall or its segments was calibrated with the passive forces and with the known active force on the isolated, beating heart. The differences between the readings of the transducer and the calibrating force did not exceed 20% and in most experiments they were much smaller. The transducer was practically insensitive to the force perpendicular to the measured one. The proposed method seems to be more reliable than the formerly used by these and other authors.", "contents": "A new approach to the direct measurement of tension within the outer layers of the left ventricular wall of the dog heart. Tension was measured within the outer layers of the left ventricular wall of the dog heart with the strain-gauge force transducer coupled to the wall at diastole without the distortion of its geometry. The transducer still attached to the wall or its segments was calibrated with the passive forces and with the known active force on the isolated, beating heart. The differences between the readings of the transducer and the calibrating force did not exceed 20% and in most experiments they were much smaller. The transducer was practically insensitive to the force perpendicular to the measured one. The proposed method seems to be more reliable than the formerly used by these and other authors.", "PMID": 596192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5426", "title": "Distribution of oxytocic and vasopressor activity in the rat diencephalon.", "content": "The oxytocic and vasopressor activity was studied in five 1 mm thick, horizontal sections of the rat diencephalon. The diencephalon was cut frozen in dry ice. The sections obtained from identical parts of the diencephalon of 10 rats were homogenized together in 0.9% NaCl solution acidified with glacial acetic acid. The homogenate was heated to 100 degrees C for 5 min and centrifuged. The oxytocic activity of extracts was determined in vitro by, the method of Holton using the rat myometrium. The vasopressor activity was determined in vivo recording blood pressure in the carotid artery of rat by the method of Deka\u0144aski. Oxytocic activity was found in all five sections of diencephalon and vasopressor activity in only two sections. The first section included the median eminence and ventral hypothalamus together with the supraoptic nucleus, the second section included the the dorsal hypothalamus with paraventricular nucleus, the third section--the ventral thalamus, the fourth section--the middle part of thalamus, the fifth section--the dorsal thalamus.", "contents": "Distribution of oxytocic and vasopressor activity in the rat diencephalon. The oxytocic and vasopressor activity was studied in five 1 mm thick, horizontal sections of the rat diencephalon. The diencephalon was cut frozen in dry ice. The sections obtained from identical parts of the diencephalon of 10 rats were homogenized together in 0.9% NaCl solution acidified with glacial acetic acid. The homogenate was heated to 100 degrees C for 5 min and centrifuged. The oxytocic activity of extracts was determined in vitro by, the method of Holton using the rat myometrium. The vasopressor activity was determined in vivo recording blood pressure in the carotid artery of rat by the method of Deka\u0144aski. Oxytocic activity was found in all five sections of diencephalon and vasopressor activity in only two sections. The first section included the median eminence and ventral hypothalamus together with the supraoptic nucleus, the second section included the the dorsal hypothalamus with paraventricular nucleus, the third section--the ventral thalamus, the fourth section--the middle part of thalamus, the fifth section--the dorsal thalamus.", "PMID": 596190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5427", "title": "Effect of exercise on glycogen level in muscles and liver in rats.", "content": "The effect of exercise of glycogen level in skeletal muscles and liver was studied in Wistar rats. The previously untrained animals were subjected to one-time exercise in form of swimming in water at 32 degrees C for 10, 20 and 30 min. The glycogen level in the muscles (in g per 100 g of tissue) fell down during the first 10 minutes of the exercise by a mean value of 0.45 g. During the following 10 minutes the decrease was smaller amounting on the average to 0.1 g. After 30 min the glycogen level in the muscles was about 0.1 g/100 g of tissue. Respective falls of glycogen level in the liver were on the average 0.99 g and 0.40 g/100 g of tissue. After 30 min of exercise the glycogen level in the liver was 1.2 g/100 g of tissue. The fall of glycogen level in the muscles was similar at all times during exercise in all animals, but in the liver fairly significant differences were observed in the first 10 min between individual groups of rats. Later on during exercise the differences in the liver glycogen falls decreased.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on glycogen level in muscles and liver in rats. The effect of exercise of glycogen level in skeletal muscles and liver was studied in Wistar rats. The previously untrained animals were subjected to one-time exercise in form of swimming in water at 32 degrees C for 10, 20 and 30 min. The glycogen level in the muscles (in g per 100 g of tissue) fell down during the first 10 minutes of the exercise by a mean value of 0.45 g. During the following 10 minutes the decrease was smaller amounting on the average to 0.1 g. After 30 min the glycogen level in the muscles was about 0.1 g/100 g of tissue. Respective falls of glycogen level in the liver were on the average 0.99 g and 0.40 g/100 g of tissue. After 30 min of exercise the glycogen level in the liver was 1.2 g/100 g of tissue. The fall of glycogen level in the muscles was similar at all times during exercise in all animals, but in the liver fairly significant differences were observed in the first 10 min between individual groups of rats. Later on during exercise the differences in the liver glycogen falls decreased.", "PMID": 596193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5428", "title": "Absorption of amino acids from the small bowel and their activity in releasing of cholecystokinin.", "content": "The ability of essential and nonessential amino acids to stimulate the release of CCK was investigated in dogs using a bioassay procedure based on the perfusion of intestinal Thiry-Vella loops and determing the increase of pancreatic protein response as well as the potentiation of pancreatin bicarbonate secretion by a background doses of secretin (0.2 units/kg/h). All essential amino acids, except threonine, and all nonessential amino acids except cysteine were effective in CCK release when perfused in equimolar concentration (50-mM) through the intestinal loop. The peak pancreatic protein in response to tryptophan was about 89% of the maximal response to exogenous CCK in a dose of 25 units/kg/h. These data have also indicated that tryptophan and phenyloalanine are able to release small amounts of secretin.", "contents": "Absorption of amino acids from the small bowel and their activity in releasing of cholecystokinin. The ability of essential and nonessential amino acids to stimulate the release of CCK was investigated in dogs using a bioassay procedure based on the perfusion of intestinal Thiry-Vella loops and determing the increase of pancreatic protein response as well as the potentiation of pancreatin bicarbonate secretion by a background doses of secretin (0.2 units/kg/h). All essential amino acids, except threonine, and all nonessential amino acids except cysteine were effective in CCK release when perfused in equimolar concentration (50-mM) through the intestinal loop. The peak pancreatic protein in response to tryptophan was about 89% of the maximal response to exogenous CCK in a dose of 25 units/kg/h. These data have also indicated that tryptophan and phenyloalanine are able to release small amounts of secretin.", "PMID": 596194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5429", "title": "Effect of dehydration on renal blood flow in dog.", "content": "The effect of dehydration on intrarenal blood flow was investigated in 11 dogs, using polarographic determination of H2-gas desaturation for measuring local blood flow in inner cortex (ICF) and outer cortex (OCF). Dehydration was induced by 48 h water deprivation +2-300 mg ethacrynic acid (EA) per os the day before the experiment. Compared to a control group (n=9) ICF was markedly reduced to 2.40 +/- 0.47 ml/min X g (control 3.23 +/- 0.64) whereas OCF 3.29 +/- 0.80 ml/min X g was nearly unchanged (control 3.59 +/- 0.85). The ratio OCF/ICF was increased to 1.37 (1.11). Further dehydration by hypertonic peritoneal dialysis for 3 h increased Hct to 60 +/- 4 and further reduced OCF and ICF, without significant change of the OCF/ICF-ratio. At Hct above 55 sudden and intermittent changes in local cortical blood flow were recorded randomly at individual electrode sites, showing ischemic periods lasting for 1 to 60 min. Such flow changes were observed in 13 of 14 expts. and were not accompanied by changes in RBF. It is concluded that moderate dehydration causes a greater reduction of ICF than of OCF. Severe dehydration gives in addition rise to patchy, intermittent ischemia in both cortical layers.", "contents": "Effect of dehydration on renal blood flow in dog. The effect of dehydration on intrarenal blood flow was investigated in 11 dogs, using polarographic determination of H2-gas desaturation for measuring local blood flow in inner cortex (ICF) and outer cortex (OCF). Dehydration was induced by 48 h water deprivation +2-300 mg ethacrynic acid (EA) per os the day before the experiment. Compared to a control group (n=9) ICF was markedly reduced to 2.40 +/- 0.47 ml/min X g (control 3.23 +/- 0.64) whereas OCF 3.29 +/- 0.80 ml/min X g was nearly unchanged (control 3.59 +/- 0.85). The ratio OCF/ICF was increased to 1.37 (1.11). Further dehydration by hypertonic peritoneal dialysis for 3 h increased Hct to 60 +/- 4 and further reduced OCF and ICF, without significant change of the OCF/ICF-ratio. At Hct above 55 sudden and intermittent changes in local cortical blood flow were recorded randomly at individual electrode sites, showing ischemic periods lasting for 1 to 60 min. Such flow changes were observed in 13 of 14 expts. and were not accompanied by changes in RBF. It is concluded that moderate dehydration causes a greater reduction of ICF than of OCF. Severe dehydration gives in addition rise to patchy, intermittent ischemia in both cortical layers.", "PMID": 596201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5430", "title": "Regulation of motor activity of omasum after blockade of vagus nerves.", "content": "In 3 sheep with subcutaneously exposed vagus nerves and with chronic large fistula of the rumen pharmacological analysis of the motor activity of omasum was carried out after blockade of vagus nerves. The contractions of omasal canal, reticulum and rumen were recorded by the baloon method. After blockade of the vagus nerves with anesthetics the proper pharmacological agents were administered in intravenous injections. In the light of the obtained results it was found that contractions of the omsal canal, persisting after vagal blockade, are independent of the influence of the autonomic system and they are probably due to myogenic automatism. It has been also demonstrated that both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors participate in regulation of the tonous of omasum musclular layers.", "contents": "Regulation of motor activity of omasum after blockade of vagus nerves. In 3 sheep with subcutaneously exposed vagus nerves and with chronic large fistula of the rumen pharmacological analysis of the motor activity of omasum was carried out after blockade of vagus nerves. The contractions of omasal canal, reticulum and rumen were recorded by the baloon method. After blockade of the vagus nerves with anesthetics the proper pharmacological agents were administered in intravenous injections. In the light of the obtained results it was found that contractions of the omsal canal, persisting after vagal blockade, are independent of the influence of the autonomic system and they are probably due to myogenic automatism. It has been also demonstrated that both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors participate in regulation of the tonous of omasum musclular layers.", "PMID": 596196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5431", "title": "Electrochemical method for continuous determination of enzymatic acetylocholine hydrolysis.", "content": "An electrochemical method was elaborated for the continuous determination of enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine. In the electrochemical system applied the aqueous solution of the enzyme is separated from the aqueous solutions of substrates by a semipermeable membrane. In this way cholinesterase is used many times for reactions. Changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions were determined with molybdenum electrodes, one of which was used as an indicator and immersed in enzyme solution and the other served for comparison and was immersed in the solution of acetylcholine flowing to the measuring system.", "contents": "Electrochemical method for continuous determination of enzymatic acetylocholine hydrolysis. An electrochemical method was elaborated for the continuous determination of enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine. In the electrochemical system applied the aqueous solution of the enzyme is separated from the aqueous solutions of substrates by a semipermeable membrane. In this way cholinesterase is used many times for reactions. Changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions were determined with molybdenum electrodes, one of which was used as an indicator and immersed in enzyme solution and the other served for comparison and was immersed in the solution of acetylcholine flowing to the measuring system.", "PMID": 596197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5432", "title": "Influence of muscle length on the force-velocity relation of K+-contractures in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder.", "content": "Force-velocity relations of K+-contractures of longitudinal smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder were studied by isotonic quick release at 37 degrees C. In order to minimize the influence of parallel elasticity the study was limited to the rising part of the length-tension curve. The force-velocity data fitted well with Hill's equation. The in situ length of the strip at a bladder volume of 10 ml is called L10. This length is 50% of that at which maximum active tension is developed. At L10 Vmax was 0.29 muscle lengths per second and it was estimated to be 0.36 lengths/s at optimum length. Constant b in Hill's equation had a value of 0.052 L10/s and it was unaffected by length changes over the interval 0.69 L10-1.44L10. At L10 a/Po was 0.17. In the interval given above, a/Po decreased with increasing length in proportion to the increase in Po, indicating that a was also length independent. According to Hill's equation [V = b(Po - P)/(P + a)], V should increase in proportion to (Po - P) when the muscle length is increased if a and b are constants. Such a linear relation was found at shorter lengths but at lengths close to or at the length for maximum active tension, V increased more than (Po - P). Two possible explanations were considered; firstly that b/(P + a) increased, and secondly that the load on the contractile element could be less that P due to an influence of the considerable tension in the parallel elastic element at these lengths. The series elastic recoil of the active muscle amounted to 3-4% of the muscle length when released to zero tension.", "contents": "Influence of muscle length on the force-velocity relation of K+-contractures in smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder. Force-velocity relations of K+-contractures of longitudinal smooth muscle from rabbit urinary bladder were studied by isotonic quick release at 37 degrees C. In order to minimize the influence of parallel elasticity the study was limited to the rising part of the length-tension curve. The force-velocity data fitted well with Hill's equation. The in situ length of the strip at a bladder volume of 10 ml is called L10. This length is 50% of that at which maximum active tension is developed. At L10 Vmax was 0.29 muscle lengths per second and it was estimated to be 0.36 lengths/s at optimum length. Constant b in Hill's equation had a value of 0.052 L10/s and it was unaffected by length changes over the interval 0.69 L10-1.44L10. At L10 a/Po was 0.17. In the interval given above, a/Po decreased with increasing length in proportion to the increase in Po, indicating that a was also length independent. According to Hill's equation [V = b(Po - P)/(P + a)], V should increase in proportion to (Po - P) when the muscle length is increased if a and b are constants. Such a linear relation was found at shorter lengths but at lengths close to or at the length for maximum active tension, V increased more than (Po - P). Two possible explanations were considered; firstly that b/(P + a) increased, and secondly that the load on the contractile element could be less that P due to an influence of the considerable tension in the parallel elastic element at these lengths. The series elastic recoil of the active muscle amounted to 3-4% of the muscle length when released to zero tension.", "PMID": 596202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5433", "title": "The functions of bile ducts in sheep.", "content": "Pressure changes in the gallbladder and the bile flow and pressure changes in the common bile duct were determined in sheep. The experiments were conducted on animals with external junction of choleslochus and cholecystostomy performed previously. The experiments demonstrated pressure in the sheep of the functional sphincter of Mirizzi at the boundary between the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. A correlation was demonstrated also between the function of this sphincter and that of Oddi's sphincter. The conditions for bile filling of the extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder were determined. The process of bile excretion into the duodenum and the role  of bile duct sphincters in this process are discussed. Attention is called to the relationship between the pressure in the gallbladder and the tonus of bile duct sphinters.", "contents": "The functions of bile ducts in sheep. Pressure changes in the gallbladder and the bile flow and pressure changes in the common bile duct were determined in sheep. The experiments were conducted on animals with external junction of choleslochus and cholecystostomy performed previously. The experiments demonstrated pressure in the sheep of the functional sphincter of Mirizzi at the boundary between the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. A correlation was demonstrated also between the function of this sphincter and that of Oddi's sphincter. The conditions for bile filling of the extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder were determined. The process of bile excretion into the duodenum and the role  of bile duct sphincters in this process are discussed. Attention is called to the relationship between the pressure in the gallbladder and the tonus of bile duct sphinters.", "PMID": 596195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5434", "title": "The effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) on heat production in chickens maintained on different levels of nutrition.", "content": "Using the method of forced feeding on higher and lower levels, two groups of chickens differring in growth rate were obtained. In the chickens of the two groups 72 measurements of heat production were made. Chickens of these groups were compared considering either the same age or similar body weight. It has been found that propythiouracil treatment (120 mg/kg duging 10 consecutive days) decreases heat production in the chickens of both groups. However, this effect was much more pronounced in the birds maintained on the higher level of nutrition and growing more rapidly than in those maintained on the lower level of nutrition and growing slowly.", "contents": "The effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) on heat production in chickens maintained on different levels of nutrition. Using the method of forced feeding on higher and lower levels, two groups of chickens differring in growth rate were obtained. In the chickens of the two groups 72 measurements of heat production were made. Chickens of these groups were compared considering either the same age or similar body weight. It has been found that propythiouracil treatment (120 mg/kg duging 10 consecutive days) decreases heat production in the chickens of both groups. However, this effect was much more pronounced in the birds maintained on the higher level of nutrition and growing more rapidly than in those maintained on the lower level of nutrition and growing slowly.", "PMID": 596198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5435", "title": "Methodological aspects of testicular blood flow measurements in rats.", "content": "3 techniques for the measurement of testicular blood flow in anesthetized adult rats were compared. Direct measurement of testicular venous outflow yielded values more than 3 times lower than those obtained Xe-133 clearance and radioactive microsphere techniques due to the surgical procedures involved in spermatic venous cannulation. There was an agreement between flow values obtained with Xe-133 clearance (17.8 +/- 3.5 ml/100 g X min) and radioactive microspheres (19.9 +/- 5.5 ml/100 g X min). A homogeneous distribution of microspheres to different segments of the testis indicates that Xe-133 clearance is an adequate technique for testicular blood flow measurements. However, for some experimental purposes the radioactive microsphere technique is more versatile than Xe-133 clearance because of its capacity of measuring several organ flows simultaneously.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of testicular blood flow measurements in rats. 3 techniques for the measurement of testicular blood flow in anesthetized adult rats were compared. Direct measurement of testicular venous outflow yielded values more than 3 times lower than those obtained Xe-133 clearance and radioactive microsphere techniques due to the surgical procedures involved in spermatic venous cannulation. There was an agreement between flow values obtained with Xe-133 clearance (17.8 +/- 3.5 ml/100 g X min) and radioactive microspheres (19.9 +/- 5.5 ml/100 g X min). A homogeneous distribution of microspheres to different segments of the testis indicates that Xe-133 clearance is an adequate technique for testicular blood flow measurements. However, for some experimental purposes the radioactive microsphere technique is more versatile than Xe-133 clearance because of its capacity of measuring several organ flows simultaneously.", "PMID": 596203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5436", "title": "Characteristics of aortic baroreceptors with non-medullated afferents arising from the aortic arch of rabbits with chronic renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The characteristics of 47 non-medullated and 54 medullated fibres arising from aortic arches of 6 hypertensive rabbits have been investigated. The threshold for activation of the aortic C-fibres lay between 78 and 190 (mean 122) mmHg. The threshold for activation of 54 medullated aortic baroreceptors in the same animals was from 70 to 140 (mean 109) mmHg. At the awake mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of these hypertensive rabbits (143 mmHg) all the medullated fibres were active as were 78% of the C-fibres. In contrast in a group of normotensive animals 91% of the medullated and only 28% of the non-medullated fibres were active. Pressure response curves were constructed for 19 C-fibres and 12 medullated fibres from the hypertensive animals. At a MABP of 110 mmHg the firing in the non-medullated fibres was 2.0 Hz as compared with 19.0 Hz in the medullated fibres and at the awake MABP mean firing was 9.0 Hz in the non-medullated fibres and 48.0 Hz in the medullated fibres. The firing at awake MABP was considerably higher in the hypertensives (9.0 Hz) as compared with the normotensives (1.1 Hz). Thus these data indicate that although the aortic C-fibres are reset in chronic hypertension, they are reset less than the medullated aortic baroreceptors from the same animal. It is suggested that arterial baroreceptor C-fibres may have an important role in the tonic control of the circulation in hypertension.", "contents": "Characteristics of aortic baroreceptors with non-medullated afferents arising from the aortic arch of rabbits with chronic renovascular hypertension. The characteristics of 47 non-medullated and 54 medullated fibres arising from aortic arches of 6 hypertensive rabbits have been investigated. The threshold for activation of the aortic C-fibres lay between 78 and 190 (mean 122) mmHg. The threshold for activation of 54 medullated aortic baroreceptors in the same animals was from 70 to 140 (mean 109) mmHg. At the awake mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of these hypertensive rabbits (143 mmHg) all the medullated fibres were active as were 78% of the C-fibres. In contrast in a group of normotensive animals 91% of the medullated and only 28% of the non-medullated fibres were active. Pressure response curves were constructed for 19 C-fibres and 12 medullated fibres from the hypertensive animals. At a MABP of 110 mmHg the firing in the non-medullated fibres was 2.0 Hz as compared with 19.0 Hz in the medullated fibres and at the awake MABP mean firing was 9.0 Hz in the non-medullated fibres and 48.0 Hz in the medullated fibres. The firing at awake MABP was considerably higher in the hypertensives (9.0 Hz) as compared with the normotensives (1.1 Hz). Thus these data indicate that although the aortic C-fibres are reset in chronic hypertension, they are reset less than the medullated aortic baroreceptors from the same animal. It is suggested that arterial baroreceptor C-fibres may have an important role in the tonic control of the circulation in hypertension.", "PMID": 596204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5437", "title": "Release of 3H-acetylcholine from isolated guinea pig ileum. A radiochemical method for studying the release on the cholinergic neurotransmitter in the intestine.", "content": "Innervated strips of longitudinal muscle of guinea pig ileum were incubated with 3H-choline in the presence of physostigmine, after which the efflux of tritiated metabolites was studied. Under resting conditions 3H-acetylcholine, 3H-choline and other tritiated metabolites were released into the incubation medium. Analysis of the kinetics of the release of the metabolites indicated that the release occurred from at least 2 different compartments. Under the unstimulated conditions used, between 72 and 78% of the radio-activity remained in a third, non-releasable compartment. The release of 3H-acetylcholine showed spontaneous fluctuations which were positively correlated to spontaneous variations of the isometric tension of the preparation. Electrical field stimulation at low frequency (0.5 Hz) consistently increased the release of 3H-acetylcholine. The release of 3H-choline was increased only slightly or not at all by the electrical stimulation. For studying stimulation-evoked release of 3H-acetylcholine, it is suggested that the measurement of the total quaternary amine release is of similar value to measurement of 3H-acetylcholine itself. This approach considerably simplified the method. During 5 consecutive stimulation periods of 150 pulses each, the increase in the release of total quaternary amines diminished with time. By taking into account the reduction of the stores of radioactivity in the tissue during the experiment, correction for the negative trend could be made. When the preparation was stimulated with between 30 and 3000 pulses a close correlation was found between the increase in the release of total quaternary amines and the number of pulses delivered. The volley output of the quaternary amines was not constant, however, but diminished by increasing stimulation frequency.", "contents": "Release of 3H-acetylcholine from isolated guinea pig ileum. A radiochemical method for studying the release on the cholinergic neurotransmitter in the intestine. Innervated strips of longitudinal muscle of guinea pig ileum were incubated with 3H-choline in the presence of physostigmine, after which the efflux of tritiated metabolites was studied. Under resting conditions 3H-acetylcholine, 3H-choline and other tritiated metabolites were released into the incubation medium. Analysis of the kinetics of the release of the metabolites indicated that the release occurred from at least 2 different compartments. Under the unstimulated conditions used, between 72 and 78% of the radio-activity remained in a third, non-releasable compartment. The release of 3H-acetylcholine showed spontaneous fluctuations which were positively correlated to spontaneous variations of the isometric tension of the preparation. Electrical field stimulation at low frequency (0.5 Hz) consistently increased the release of 3H-acetylcholine. The release of 3H-choline was increased only slightly or not at all by the electrical stimulation. For studying stimulation-evoked release of 3H-acetylcholine, it is suggested that the measurement of the total quaternary amine release is of similar value to measurement of 3H-acetylcholine itself. This approach considerably simplified the method. During 5 consecutive stimulation periods of 150 pulses each, the increase in the release of total quaternary amines diminished with time. By taking into account the reduction of the stores of radioactivity in the tissue during the experiment, correction for the negative trend could be made. When the preparation was stimulated with between 30 and 3000 pulses a close correlation was found between the increase in the release of total quaternary amines and the number of pulses delivered. The volley output of the quaternary amines was not constant, however, but diminished by increasing stimulation frequency.", "PMID": 596205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5438", "title": "Difference in sensitivity of parotid glands brought about by disuse and overuse.", "content": "The sensitivity to methacholine of the parotid glands in rats maintained on a liquid diet (aiming at sensitization) for a period of 2 weeks or 3-4 weeks was compared with that of the parotid glands in rats on a pelleted bulk diet (aiming at desensitization). In the rats on the liquid diet, it was found that the dose needed to evoke a just perceptible secretion of saliva was smaller, that the secretion started earlier and continued over a longer time period, and further that the amount of saliva secreted expressed per gland weight in response to submaximal doses of the sialogogue drug was bigger when compared with the rats on the pelleted bulk diet. These findings are interpreted as signs of a higher degree of sensitivity of the glands in the rats on the liquid diet than of those in the rats on the pelleted bulk diet.", "contents": "Difference in sensitivity of parotid glands brought about by disuse and overuse. The sensitivity to methacholine of the parotid glands in rats maintained on a liquid diet (aiming at sensitization) for a period of 2 weeks or 3-4 weeks was compared with that of the parotid glands in rats on a pelleted bulk diet (aiming at desensitization). In the rats on the liquid diet, it was found that the dose needed to evoke a just perceptible secretion of saliva was smaller, that the secretion started earlier and continued over a longer time period, and further that the amount of saliva secreted expressed per gland weight in response to submaximal doses of the sialogogue drug was bigger when compared with the rats on the pelleted bulk diet. These findings are interpreted as signs of a higher degree of sensitivity of the glands in the rats on the liquid diet than of those in the rats on the pelleted bulk diet.", "PMID": 596206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5439", "title": "Serum testosterone compared with serum zinc in man.", "content": "Serum zinc was measured in 154 male and 95 female blood donors. Men had higher serum zinc levels than women, the difference being statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The correlations between serum zinc and serum testosterone, serum zinc and serum FSH and serum zinc and serum LH were studied in 40 men aged 28-60 years and a statistically significant positive correlation was found only between serum zinc and serum testosterone in men of age 36-60 years (p less than 0.005). These results do not support the theory that slight zinc deficiency primarily effects pituitary gonadotropins but indicate that it would rather act on testicular level.", "contents": "Serum testosterone compared with serum zinc in man. Serum zinc was measured in 154 male and 95 female blood donors. Men had higher serum zinc levels than women, the difference being statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The correlations between serum zinc and serum testosterone, serum zinc and serum FSH and serum zinc and serum LH were studied in 40 men aged 28-60 years and a statistically significant positive correlation was found only between serum zinc and serum testosterone in men of age 36-60 years (p less than 0.005). These results do not support the theory that slight zinc deficiency primarily effects pituitary gonadotropins but indicate that it would rather act on testicular level.", "PMID": 596207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5440", "title": "Regional brain uptake of noradrenaline following mechanical or osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The passage of noradrenaline from the cerebrovascular circulation into the brain (vessel walls and parenchyma) was studied quantitatively and regionally by a modification of Oldendorf's technique for determination of brain uptake index. Using 14C-ethanol as the highly diffusible internal standard, the index for noradrenaline varied between 2.7 and 4.5% in different regions, confirming the poor penetration of this neurotransmitter. The barrier was impaired transiently as evidenced by Evans blue extravasation, through osmotic opening by internal carotid injection of a hyperosmolar urea solution or mechanical disruption by a short-lasting elevation of the intracarotid hydrostatic pressure. This resulted in a 3-4-fold increase in the passage of noradrenaline from the circulation into the brain.", "contents": "Regional brain uptake of noradrenaline following mechanical or osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. The passage of noradrenaline from the cerebrovascular circulation into the brain (vessel walls and parenchyma) was studied quantitatively and regionally by a modification of Oldendorf's technique for determination of brain uptake index. Using 14C-ethanol as the highly diffusible internal standard, the index for noradrenaline varied between 2.7 and 4.5% in different regions, confirming the poor penetration of this neurotransmitter. The barrier was impaired transiently as evidenced by Evans blue extravasation, through osmotic opening by internal carotid injection of a hyperosmolar urea solution or mechanical disruption by a short-lasting elevation of the intracarotid hydrostatic pressure. This resulted in a 3-4-fold increase in the passage of noradrenaline from the circulation into the brain.", "PMID": 596208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5441", "title": "Low intensity training, inactivity and resumed training in sedentary men.", "content": "The effects of a low intensity training regimen, consisting of two 7-week periods with an interspersed 8-week inactivity period were investigated in 16 sedentary men. A follow-up was made on 7 subjects after 38 additional weeks' training. Systemic as well as local effects were studied using exercise tests and leg muscle biopsies. The two 7-week training periods both resulted in a 6% increase in Vo2 max and a lowered heart rate during submaximal work. No persisting training effects were detected by exercise tests after inactivity. In skeletal muscle, however, striking differences in enzyme activity pattern and ultrastructure were observed between the two periods, indicating that some training effect of importance for muscle metabolic adaptation might have persisted during inactivity. It is suggested that such an effect might be associated with the local oxygen supply. During the 38-week training period there was a large increase in muscle metabolic capacity, but no change in maximal oxygen uptake. This separation of systemic and local training effects indicates a lack of a direct causal relationship between muscle metabolic potential and max imal oxygen uptake. It is suggested that the elevated muscle oxidative capacity is of importance for an increased endurance capacity.", "contents": "Low intensity training, inactivity and resumed training in sedentary men. The effects of a low intensity training regimen, consisting of two 7-week periods with an interspersed 8-week inactivity period were investigated in 16 sedentary men. A follow-up was made on 7 subjects after 38 additional weeks' training. Systemic as well as local effects were studied using exercise tests and leg muscle biopsies. The two 7-week training periods both resulted in a 6% increase in Vo2 max and a lowered heart rate during submaximal work. No persisting training effects were detected by exercise tests after inactivity. In skeletal muscle, however, striking differences in enzyme activity pattern and ultrastructure were observed between the two periods, indicating that some training effect of importance for muscle metabolic adaptation might have persisted during inactivity. It is suggested that such an effect might be associated with the local oxygen supply. During the 38-week training period there was a large increase in muscle metabolic capacity, but no change in maximal oxygen uptake. This separation of systemic and local training effects indicates a lack of a direct causal relationship between muscle metabolic potential and max imal oxygen uptake. It is suggested that the elevated muscle oxidative capacity is of importance for an increased endurance capacity.", "PMID": 596209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5442", "title": "Impulse dependent adaptation in Helix pomatia neurones: effect of the impulse on the firing pattern.", "content": "In neurones of the ventral ganglion of Helix pomatia an adaptation type is demonstrated where the impulses contribute to the adaptation, as if a slowly changing outward current were associated to every impulse. The current appears to be accumulated from impulse to impulse and the accumulated current to decrease towards zero in the interval between the impulses. This type of adaptation is called impulse dependent. A method to distinguish between impulse dependent adaptation and impulse independent adaptation is described. Typical adaptation curves for the impulse dependent adaptation are shown. With a strong adaptation there is a linear relation between the steady state frequency and the applied stimulus. When stimuli of short duration are applied repetitively, neurones with impulse dependent adaptation respond with spikes on an increasing fraction of the stimuli as the stimulus strength is increased. A simplified model of the adaptation is proposed, and the firing pattern of the cells is compared with that of the model. In this way numerical values of the model parameters have been estimated.", "contents": "Impulse dependent adaptation in Helix pomatia neurones: effect of the impulse on the firing pattern. In neurones of the ventral ganglion of Helix pomatia an adaptation type is demonstrated where the impulses contribute to the adaptation, as if a slowly changing outward current were associated to every impulse. The current appears to be accumulated from impulse to impulse and the accumulated current to decrease towards zero in the interval between the impulses. This type of adaptation is called impulse dependent. A method to distinguish between impulse dependent adaptation and impulse independent adaptation is described. Typical adaptation curves for the impulse dependent adaptation are shown. With a strong adaptation there is a linear relation between the steady state frequency and the applied stimulus. When stimuli of short duration are applied repetitively, neurones with impulse dependent adaptation respond with spikes on an increasing fraction of the stimuli as the stimulus strength is increased. A simplified model of the adaptation is proposed, and the firing pattern of the cells is compared with that of the model. In this way numerical values of the model parameters have been estimated.", "PMID": 596212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5443", "title": "Impulse dependent adaptation in Helix pomatia neurones: demonstration of the adaptation conductance.", "content": "By conventional voltage clamp methods an increase in membrane conductance after a depolarizing pulse is demonstrated in neurones of Helix pomatia. This increase decays exponentially with a time constant in the range of 5--20 s. The rise of the conductance during the depolarization can be represented by 3 exponentials with time constants from 12 ms to 1 s. The steady state value of the conductance depends on the membrane potential in a sigmoid manner. The conductance gives rise to an outward current, which appears to be carried by potassium ions. The firing pattern of the cell is governed by the conductance. A short, rectangular potential change, a pulse clamp, is used to disturb the firing pattern of the freely firing cell. The effect on the firing pattern depends on the height and duration of the clamp pulse in the same manner as the conductance increase. The normal firing produces similar changes in the membrane conductance.", "contents": "Impulse dependent adaptation in Helix pomatia neurones: demonstration of the adaptation conductance. By conventional voltage clamp methods an increase in membrane conductance after a depolarizing pulse is demonstrated in neurones of Helix pomatia. This increase decays exponentially with a time constant in the range of 5--20 s. The rise of the conductance during the depolarization can be represented by 3 exponentials with time constants from 12 ms to 1 s. The steady state value of the conductance depends on the membrane potential in a sigmoid manner. The conductance gives rise to an outward current, which appears to be carried by potassium ions. The firing pattern of the cell is governed by the conductance. A short, rectangular potential change, a pulse clamp, is used to disturb the firing pattern of the freely firing cell. The effect on the firing pattern depends on the height and duration of the clamp pulse in the same manner as the conductance increase. The normal firing produces similar changes in the membrane conductance.", "PMID": 596213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5444", "title": "In vivo turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat brain parts at elevated steady-state concentration of plasma choline.", "content": "Cortical and striatal turnover rates of acetylcholine TR(ACh) were estimated by applying steady-state tracer kinetics in rats killed by microwave irradiation following a constant i.v. infusion of 3H-Ch. In control rats TR(ACh) was 3.6 nmol . g-1 . min-1 in the cortex and 23.8 nmol . g-1 . min-1 in the striatum. When steady-state plasma concentrations of Ch were increased from 17 to 140 mumol . 1-1 by a 15-min infusion of unlabelled Ch the corresponding TR(ACh) were 3.6 nmol . g-1 . min-1 and 21.4 nmol . g-1 . min-1, respectively. These results indicate that increased plasma levels of Ch are not accompanied by increased synthesis of brain ACh.", "contents": "In vivo turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat brain parts at elevated steady-state concentration of plasma choline. Cortical and striatal turnover rates of acetylcholine TR(ACh) were estimated by applying steady-state tracer kinetics in rats killed by microwave irradiation following a constant i.v. infusion of 3H-Ch. In control rats TR(ACh) was 3.6 nmol . g-1 . min-1 in the cortex and 23.8 nmol . g-1 . min-1 in the striatum. When steady-state plasma concentrations of Ch were increased from 17 to 140 mumol . 1-1 by a 15-min infusion of unlabelled Ch the corresponding TR(ACh) were 3.6 nmol . g-1 . min-1 and 21.4 nmol . g-1 . min-1, respectively. These results indicate that increased plasma levels of Ch are not accompanied by increased synthesis of brain ACh.", "PMID": 596215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5445", "title": "Effect of the preceding day's energy intake on the total energy cost of light exercise.", "content": "The effect of a variation in the preceding day's dietary energy intake-4, 10 and 18 MJ-on the oxygen consumption and respiratory quotient at rest and at work before and after a test meal (4 MJ) was investigated. 7 normal male subjects were studied at 3 different experimental situations. During the first day the subjects had an energy intake of 10 MJ and normal activity. The following morning measurements of V(O2) and V(CO2) were performed at rest and at work on a bicycle ergometer (36 W) before and after the test meal. The same measurements were performed on the following day but the dietary intake between the two sets of measurement was then either 6, 0 or 14 MJ. No significant effect was found of the preceding day's dietary energy intake on the oxygen consumption or on the energy transformed during rest, during exercise before and after the test meal. The results do not support the conclusions of previously published studies, proposing a significant feed-back mechanism tending to control the body energy content by regulation of the energy expenditure through chemical or mechanical uncoupling.", "contents": "Effect of the preceding day's energy intake on the total energy cost of light exercise. The effect of a variation in the preceding day's dietary energy intake-4, 10 and 18 MJ-on the oxygen consumption and respiratory quotient at rest and at work before and after a test meal (4 MJ) was investigated. 7 normal male subjects were studied at 3 different experimental situations. During the first day the subjects had an energy intake of 10 MJ and normal activity. The following morning measurements of V(O2) and V(CO2) were performed at rest and at work on a bicycle ergometer (36 W) before and after the test meal. The same measurements were performed on the following day but the dietary intake between the two sets of measurement was then either 6, 0 or 14 MJ. No significant effect was found of the preceding day's dietary energy intake on the oxygen consumption or on the energy transformed during rest, during exercise before and after the test meal. The results do not support the conclusions of previously published studies, proposing a significant feed-back mechanism tending to control the body energy content by regulation of the energy expenditure through chemical or mechanical uncoupling.", "PMID": 596216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5446", "title": "Capillary pressure in deep and superficial glomeruli of the rat kidney.", "content": "A new technique has been developed to make deep renal cortical structures in rats accessible for micropuncture: The left kidney is dissected free and immobilized in a lucite cup. A lense-shaped slice, 1--2 mm thick and about 5 x 5 mm wide, is cut off from the dorsal aspect of the kidney. Blood oozing from the cut surface is removed by flushing with saline and suction by microsponges. The bleeding stops in 1--3 min and causes none or only transient fall in arterial pressure (PA). Up to 40 glomeruli become visible and remain circulated for several hours, as shown by injection of dye or silicone rubber. Glomerular capillary pressures (PG), measured with servocontrolled counter pressure (Wiederhielm), showed no consistent change with time and no correlation to PA. Average PG +/- S.E. in mmHg (number of glomeruli in parentheses) were: Wistar rats (WR), Inactin anesthesia, 57.8 +/- 1.4 (41), Membumal anesthesia, 58.1 +/- 1.3 (13). Sprague Dawley rats, Inactin, 58.1 +/- 1.7 (14). In WR, PG was lower in deep than in midcortical glomeruli: less than or equal to 0.4 mm below kidney surface, 57.9 +/- 1.8 (20); 0.5--0.9 mm: 60.5 +/- 1.5 (20) and greater than or equal to 1.0 mm: 53.8 +/- 2.5 (13). Pressure in Bowman's capsule: 11.2 +/- 0.6 (30). The observed PG is higher than previously reported on the Munich mutant strain of WR, and suggests that glomerular filtration equilibrium is not reached.", "contents": "Capillary pressure in deep and superficial glomeruli of the rat kidney. A new technique has been developed to make deep renal cortical structures in rats accessible for micropuncture: The left kidney is dissected free and immobilized in a lucite cup. A lense-shaped slice, 1--2 mm thick and about 5 x 5 mm wide, is cut off from the dorsal aspect of the kidney. Blood oozing from the cut surface is removed by flushing with saline and suction by microsponges. The bleeding stops in 1--3 min and causes none or only transient fall in arterial pressure (PA). Up to 40 glomeruli become visible and remain circulated for several hours, as shown by injection of dye or silicone rubber. Glomerular capillary pressures (PG), measured with servocontrolled counter pressure (Wiederhielm), showed no consistent change with time and no correlation to PA. Average PG +/- S.E. in mmHg (number of glomeruli in parentheses) were: Wistar rats (WR), Inactin anesthesia, 57.8 +/- 1.4 (41), Membumal anesthesia, 58.1 +/- 1.3 (13). Sprague Dawley rats, Inactin, 58.1 +/- 1.7 (14). In WR, PG was lower in deep than in midcortical glomeruli: less than or equal to 0.4 mm below kidney surface, 57.9 +/- 1.8 (20); 0.5--0.9 mm: 60.5 +/- 1.5 (20) and greater than or equal to 1.0 mm: 53.8 +/- 2.5 (13). Pressure in Bowman's capsule: 11.2 +/- 0.6 (30). The observed PG is higher than previously reported on the Munich mutant strain of WR, and suggests that glomerular filtration equilibrium is not reached.", "PMID": 596217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5447", "title": "Catecholamines and pancreatic hormones during autonomic blockade in exercising man.", "content": "The importance of autonomic nervous activity for the pancreatic hormonal response to exercise in man was studied. 7 men ran at 58% of V(O2)max (determined without administration of drugs) to exhaustion during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (P), during parasympathetic blockade with atropine (A), or without drugs (C). At rest phentolamine increased the plasma concentrations of both insulin and norepinephrine. During exercise norepinephrine concentrations increased and were in P experiments 3 times the concentrations in C experiments. Insulin always declined during exercise but in P experiments never decreased below basal levels. At identical times neither glucagon nor glucose differed significantly in the different expts. Thus during exercise alpha-adrenergic blockade increased insulin concentrations but did not diminish the glucagon response. Nor was this response increased when beta-receptor stimulation in P experiments was intensified by the particularly high catecholamine concentrations. The concentrations of FFA, glycerol and lactate were highest in P experiments and identical in A and C experiments. These findings indicate that during prolonged moderate exercise in man insulin secretion is depressed by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors whereas glucagon secretion is not influenced by adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors enhances lipolysis but neither lipolysis nor pancreatic hormonal secretion is influenced by cholinergic activity during exercise.", "contents": "Catecholamines and pancreatic hormones during autonomic blockade in exercising man. The importance of autonomic nervous activity for the pancreatic hormonal response to exercise in man was studied. 7 men ran at 58% of V(O2)max (determined without administration of drugs) to exhaustion during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (P), during parasympathetic blockade with atropine (A), or without drugs (C). At rest phentolamine increased the plasma concentrations of both insulin and norepinephrine. During exercise norepinephrine concentrations increased and were in P experiments 3 times the concentrations in C experiments. Insulin always declined during exercise but in P experiments never decreased below basal levels. At identical times neither glucagon nor glucose differed significantly in the different expts. Thus during exercise alpha-adrenergic blockade increased insulin concentrations but did not diminish the glucagon response. Nor was this response increased when beta-receptor stimulation in P experiments was intensified by the particularly high catecholamine concentrations. The concentrations of FFA, glycerol and lactate were highest in P experiments and identical in A and C experiments. These findings indicate that during prolonged moderate exercise in man insulin secretion is depressed by stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors whereas glucagon secretion is not influenced by adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors enhances lipolysis but neither lipolysis nor pancreatic hormonal secretion is influenced by cholinergic activity during exercise.", "PMID": 596218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5448", "title": "K+-permeability of the blood-brain barrier, investigated by aid of a K+-sensitive microelectrode.", "content": "The K+-permeability of the blood-brain barrier at the capillary level was estimated from determinations of brain extracellular K+-concentration in response to an isotonic bolus containing KCl injected into the carotid artery. A very low permeability appeared from the fact that the extracellular K+-concentration--measured by aid of K+-sensitive microelectrodes--remained unchanged during the passage of the bolus. An upper limit for the blood-brain barrier K+-permeability in the rat was estimated to be 2.8 X 10(-7) cm. with s-1.", "contents": "K+-permeability of the blood-brain barrier, investigated by aid of a K+-sensitive microelectrode. The K+-permeability of the blood-brain barrier at the capillary level was estimated from determinations of brain extracellular K+-concentration in response to an isotonic bolus containing KCl injected into the carotid artery. A very low permeability appeared from the fact that the extracellular K+-concentration--measured by aid of K+-sensitive microelectrodes--remained unchanged during the passage of the bolus. An upper limit for the blood-brain barrier K+-permeability in the rat was estimated to be 2.8 X 10(-7) cm. with s-1.", "PMID": 596219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5449", "title": "Apnoea and bradycardia from submersion in \"chronically\" decerebrated cats.", "content": "In \"chronically\" but not in acutely decerebrated cats, submersion of the head caused apnoea and marked bradycardia, associated with a maintained or slightly raised arterial pressure. Since these reflex adjustments, though very reproducible, occurred with a varying latency and could be induced also by nasal injection of water, they appeared to be, at lest in part, elicited from the upper respiratory passages. Thus, a terrestrial mammal, reputed to shun any form of immersion, can exhibit adjustments during head submersion, similar to those in habitually diving species. This response pattern is basically organized at the lower brainstem level.", "contents": "Apnoea and bradycardia from submersion in \"chronically\" decerebrated cats. In \"chronically\" but not in acutely decerebrated cats, submersion of the head caused apnoea and marked bradycardia, associated with a maintained or slightly raised arterial pressure. Since these reflex adjustments, though very reproducible, occurred with a varying latency and could be induced also by nasal injection of water, they appeared to be, at lest in part, elicited from the upper respiratory passages. Thus, a terrestrial mammal, reputed to shun any form of immersion, can exhibit adjustments during head submersion, similar to those in habitually diving species. This response pattern is basically organized at the lower brainstem level.", "PMID": 596222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5450", "title": "A genetic study of affective disorders.", "content": "First and second degree relatives of 99 probands with affective disorders (49 unipolar and 50 bipolar subjects) were studied. The high risk values obtained for affective disorders were shown to be compatible with those found by other authors, although the prevalence of the illness in the population of Lombardy appears to be much lower than in other countries. Very low rates of suicide and alcoholism were found in our sample. Data obtained by analysis of the affected pairs of relatives rule out the hypothesis of a dominant X-linked gene if the bipolar and the unipolar forms are considered genetically separated entities. Results compatible with a polygenic condition, partially shared by bipolar patients, were found using Slater's and Smith & Falconer's methods. Our data, however, cannot rule out the dominant hypothesis.", "contents": "A genetic study of affective disorders. First and second degree relatives of 99 probands with affective disorders (49 unipolar and 50 bipolar subjects) were studied. The high risk values obtained for affective disorders were shown to be compatible with those found by other authors, although the prevalence of the illness in the population of Lombardy appears to be much lower than in other countries. Very low rates of suicide and alcoholism were found in our sample. Data obtained by analysis of the affected pairs of relatives rule out the hypothesis of a dominant X-linked gene if the bipolar and the unipolar forms are considered genetically separated entities. Results compatible with a polygenic condition, partially shared by bipolar patients, were found using Slater's and Smith & Falconer's methods. Our data, however, cannot rule out the dominant hypothesis.", "PMID": 596231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5451", "title": "Masked \"myxedema madness\".", "content": "Hypothyroidism can present a wide range of psychiatric manifestations, including personality disturbance, neurotic traits and psychotic features. Psychiatric treatment techniques without recognition and correction of the endocrine root of the mental disturbance will result in a failure of treatment. However, severe hypothyroidism can exist with a poverty of classical signs and symptoms such that both internist and psychiatrist may easily overlook endocrine dysfunction as a possible etiology of the mental disorder. A case of long-standing paranoid illness whose etiology was severe myxedema with such a poverty of signs and symptoms is presented. Failure to recognize the endocrinopathy may not only produce recovery difficulties but also psychiatric and endocrine repercussions if psychotropic medications are given in such masked cases. These problems are considered with particular reference to lithium, and screening criteria to avoid this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Masked \"myxedema madness\". Hypothyroidism can present a wide range of psychiatric manifestations, including personality disturbance, neurotic traits and psychotic features. Psychiatric treatment techniques without recognition and correction of the endocrine root of the mental disturbance will result in a failure of treatment. However, severe hypothyroidism can exist with a poverty of classical signs and symptoms such that both internist and psychiatrist may easily overlook endocrine dysfunction as a possible etiology of the mental disorder. A case of long-standing paranoid illness whose etiology was severe myxedema with such a poverty of signs and symptoms is presented. Failure to recognize the endocrinopathy may not only produce recovery difficulties but also psychiatric and endocrine repercussions if psychotropic medications are given in such masked cases. These problems are considered with particular reference to lithium, and screening criteria to avoid this problem are discussed.", "PMID": 596232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5452", "title": "Obsessional stat es. A study in the relationship between abnormalities occurring at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional symptoms.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the theory that there is a positive relationship between the occurrence of abnormalities at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional states. While an abnormal birth may result in minimal brain damage this is not necessarily the significant factor, as a separation of mother and baby in the immediate neonatal period, Which usually follows an abnormal birth, may be of more relevance. Observations are made on certain phenomenological aspects on obsessions in patients who give a history of abnormal birth as compared with those patients who have obsessional states and give a normal birth history. In the discussion comments are made upon the separation anxiety theory as being an important aetiological factor in the obsessional neurotic state.", "contents": "Obsessional stat es. A study in the relationship between abnormalities occurring at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the theory that there is a positive relationship between the occurrence of abnormalities at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional states. While an abnormal birth may result in minimal brain damage this is not necessarily the significant factor, as a separation of mother and baby in the immediate neonatal period, Which usually follows an abnormal birth, may be of more relevance. Observations are made on certain phenomenological aspects on obsessions in patients who give a history of abnormal birth as compared with those patients who have obsessional states and give a normal birth history. In the discussion comments are made upon the separation anxiety theory as being an important aetiological factor in the obsessional neurotic state.", "PMID": 596233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5453", "title": "Digitalis therapy in a 70-year-old population.", "content": "In the population study \"70-year-old people in Gothenburg\" 14% of the probands were found to be undergoing treatment with digitalis, 6% with digoxin, 6% with digitoxin and 2% with other glycosides. A comparison between results of the interview method and those of S-digoxin analyses indicates that the interview method was acceptable. As far as can be judged from S-digoxin analyses, only about 60% of the treated patients were on a dosage considered to be effective and free from obvious risks of side-effects. Out of the 130 70-year-olds who were on digitalis treatment, 37% had obvious symptoms of heart disease requiring such treatment, 34% lacked symptoms of arrhythmia and/or congestive failure but had heart volumes larger than those used as reference values in younger age groups, and 29% had no symptoms indicating digitalis treatment. At least 13% of the population had indications for digitalis therapy and about 75% of those apparently needing digitalis were on such treatment. Thus both over- and underdiagnosis of heart disease requiring digitalis therapy were common in this age group.", "contents": "Digitalis therapy in a 70-year-old population. In the population study \"70-year-old people in Gothenburg\" 14% of the probands were found to be undergoing treatment with digitalis, 6% with digoxin, 6% with digitoxin and 2% with other glycosides. A comparison between results of the interview method and those of S-digoxin analyses indicates that the interview method was acceptable. As far as can be judged from S-digoxin analyses, only about 60% of the treated patients were on a dosage considered to be effective and free from obvious risks of side-effects. Out of the 130 70-year-olds who were on digitalis treatment, 37% had obvious symptoms of heart disease requiring such treatment, 34% lacked symptoms of arrhythmia and/or congestive failure but had heart volumes larger than those used as reference values in younger age groups, and 29% had no symptoms indicating digitalis treatment. At least 13% of the population had indications for digitalis therapy and about 75% of those apparently needing digitalis were on such treatment. Thus both over- and underdiagnosis of heart disease requiring digitalis therapy were common in this age group.", "PMID": 596243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5454", "title": "Studies on digitalis. XIV. Is there any correlation between hypomagnesemia and digitalis intoxication?", "content": "In a prospective study on digitalis intoxication, low serum magnesium was found in 90 patients, while 388 patients had values above 1.5 mEq/l. Hypomagnesemia was more frequent in women than in men, in those with low body weight and in those with advanced heart failure. More patients with hypomagnesemia than those without had nausea, anorexia, fatigue, flickering of vision and atrial tachycardia with block. Patients with hypomagnesemia also had lower serum potassium than normomagnesemic patients. There was, however, no significant difference in the prevalence of digitalis intoxication or in serum digitoxin concentration. Nor was there any correlation between serum digitoxin and serum magnesium levels.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. XIV. Is there any correlation between hypomagnesemia and digitalis intoxication? In a prospective study on digitalis intoxication, low serum magnesium was found in 90 patients, while 388 patients had values above 1.5 mEq/l. Hypomagnesemia was more frequent in women than in men, in those with low body weight and in those with advanced heart failure. More patients with hypomagnesemia than those without had nausea, anorexia, fatigue, flickering of vision and atrial tachycardia with block. Patients with hypomagnesemia also had lower serum potassium than normomagnesemic patients. There was, however, no significant difference in the prevalence of digitalis intoxication or in serum digitoxin concentration. Nor was there any correlation between serum digitoxin and serum magnesium levels.", "PMID": 596244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5455", "title": "The possible relation between postpartum exacerbation of hyperthyroidism and neonatal thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Hyperthyroidism is generally considered to be ameliorated during pregnancy, and there appears to be a high incidence of postpartum exacerbation. These phenomena have to our knowledge not been related to neonatal thyrotoxicosis, a transient hyperthyroidism seen only in newborns of previous or current hyperthyroid mothers. The first of two siblings of a previously thyrotoxic mother had marked symptoms of neonatal thyrotoxicosis and high levels of thyroid hormones. The mother had not received antithyroid treatment during her first pregnancy. During her next pregnancy she was treated with propylthiouracil from the second trimester. This infant had only minimal thyrotoxic signs but almost as high levels of thyroid hormones during the neonatal period as the elder. The mother had no signs of postpartum exacerbation but her thyroid hormones were significantly elevated in the postpartum period analogous to the infants. Neither the mother nor the infants presented any increase in thyroid-stimulation hormone and long-acting thyroid stimulator during the hyperthyroid periods. The possibility is discussed, that postpartum exacerbation of hyperthyroidism and neonatal thyrotoxicosis may be related. They could be the result of a changed balance between a thyroid stimulator and an inhibitor after birth.", "contents": "The possible relation between postpartum exacerbation of hyperthyroidism and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Hyperthyroidism is generally considered to be ameliorated during pregnancy, and there appears to be a high incidence of postpartum exacerbation. These phenomena have to our knowledge not been related to neonatal thyrotoxicosis, a transient hyperthyroidism seen only in newborns of previous or current hyperthyroid mothers. The first of two siblings of a previously thyrotoxic mother had marked symptoms of neonatal thyrotoxicosis and high levels of thyroid hormones. The mother had not received antithyroid treatment during her first pregnancy. During her next pregnancy she was treated with propylthiouracil from the second trimester. This infant had only minimal thyrotoxic signs but almost as high levels of thyroid hormones during the neonatal period as the elder. The mother had no signs of postpartum exacerbation but her thyroid hormones were significantly elevated in the postpartum period analogous to the infants. Neither the mother nor the infants presented any increase in thyroid-stimulation hormone and long-acting thyroid stimulator during the hyperthyroid periods. The possibility is discussed, that postpartum exacerbation of hyperthyroidism and neonatal thyrotoxicosis may be related. They could be the result of a changed balance between a thyroid stimulator and an inhibitor after birth.", "PMID": 596245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5456", "title": "The effect of body temperature on thyroid hormone levels in patients with non-thyroidal illness.", "content": "During studies on the mechanism underlying the low serum T3 levels in euthyroid patients with various acute and chronic non-thyroidal illnesses, it became evident that body temperature may be one parameter associated with changes in serum T3 levels. Forty-nine hospitalized, euthyroid patients with hyperpyrexia caused by various non-thyroidal illnesses were studied. The levels of serum T3 were found to decrease gradually with increasing body temperature. T3 was already below the normal level +/- 2 S.D. at a body temperature of around 38 degrees C. Such low T3 levels as were seen at temperatures of above 40 degrees C are observed in thyroid patients only during severe hypothyroidism. The levels of T4 and TSH remained unchanged and within the normal range regardless of body temperature. The levels of reverse-T3 in the sera analyzed were found to be unchanged in some cases, while in others they paralleled body temperature. It is concluded that the body temperature must be taken into consideration when studying the serum levels of T3.", "contents": "The effect of body temperature on thyroid hormone levels in patients with non-thyroidal illness. During studies on the mechanism underlying the low serum T3 levels in euthyroid patients with various acute and chronic non-thyroidal illnesses, it became evident that body temperature may be one parameter associated with changes in serum T3 levels. Forty-nine hospitalized, euthyroid patients with hyperpyrexia caused by various non-thyroidal illnesses were studied. The levels of serum T3 were found to decrease gradually with increasing body temperature. T3 was already below the normal level +/- 2 S.D. at a body temperature of around 38 degrees C. Such low T3 levels as were seen at temperatures of above 40 degrees C are observed in thyroid patients only during severe hypothyroidism. The levels of T4 and TSH remained unchanged and within the normal range regardless of body temperature. The levels of reverse-T3 in the sera analyzed were found to be unchanged in some cases, while in others they paralleled body temperature. It is concluded that the body temperature must be taken into consideration when studying the serum levels of T3.", "PMID": 596246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5457", "title": "Effects of prolonged, strenuous exercise on lipids and thyroxine in serum.", "content": "Serum lipids and thyroxine were determined in 26 men participating in a 90-km cross-country ski race, before, immediately after, and on the following days. Serum cholesterol was unchanged immediately after the race, but then fell significantly and remained low during the observation period. During the race the fatty acid composition of serum free fatty acids changed towards the composition of ordinary adipose tissue. The compostiion of serum triglycerides showed similar but less pronouced changes. On the following days an increase in the arachidonic, and a decrease in the linoleic acid fraction of the total serum lipids were observed. Total thyroxine and free thyroxine in serum were significantly increased at the end of the race, but had returned to the pre-raced levels during the rest of the observation period. The observations correspond to the findings during acute, severe illness, and are compatible with the hypothesis that some of the changes in serum lipids following severe somatic stress are due to increased thyroid hormone activity.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged, strenuous exercise on lipids and thyroxine in serum. Serum lipids and thyroxine were determined in 26 men participating in a 90-km cross-country ski race, before, immediately after, and on the following days. Serum cholesterol was unchanged immediately after the race, but then fell significantly and remained low during the observation period. During the race the fatty acid composition of serum free fatty acids changed towards the composition of ordinary adipose tissue. The compostiion of serum triglycerides showed similar but less pronouced changes. On the following days an increase in the arachidonic, and a decrease in the linoleic acid fraction of the total serum lipids were observed. Total thyroxine and free thyroxine in serum were significantly increased at the end of the race, but had returned to the pre-raced levels during the rest of the observation period. The observations correspond to the findings during acute, severe illness, and are compatible with the hypothesis that some of the changes in serum lipids following severe somatic stress are due to increased thyroid hormone activity.", "PMID": 596247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5458", "title": "Treatment of glomerulonephritis with drainage of the thoracic duct and plasmapheresis.", "content": "Nine patients with various types of severe glomerulonephritis were treated with drainage of the thoracic duct (n=8) and/or plasmapheresis (n=6) without the use of pharmacological immunosuppression. In most of the patients treatment produced a prompt temporary regression of albuminuria and creatininemia. In one patient renal function was substantially improved 8 months after the last period of treatment, in 2 patients the progress of the uremia was probably retarded. In the remaining 6 patients treatment had no obvious effect on the course of the illness. Drainage of the thoracic duct and plasmapheresis may be of benefit in the treatment of glomerulonephritis, but their proper utilization requires further studies.", "contents": "Treatment of glomerulonephritis with drainage of the thoracic duct and plasmapheresis. Nine patients with various types of severe glomerulonephritis were treated with drainage of the thoracic duct (n=8) and/or plasmapheresis (n=6) without the use of pharmacological immunosuppression. In most of the patients treatment produced a prompt temporary regression of albuminuria and creatininemia. In one patient renal function was substantially improved 8 months after the last period of treatment, in 2 patients the progress of the uremia was probably retarded. In the remaining 6 patients treatment had no obvious effect on the course of the illness. Drainage of the thoracic duct and plasmapheresis may be of benefit in the treatment of glomerulonephritis, but their proper utilization requires further studies.", "PMID": 596249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5459", "title": "Transient changes of sensory nerve functions in uraemia.", "content": "The neurophysiological parameters (conduction velocity, amplitude and rise time of the compound action potential) of two sensory nerves of the lower limb (N. suralis and peronaeus superficialis) were determined bilaterally in five patients. Measurements were carried out at least twice in each subject during a time of great metabolic change. Two patients were recovering from acute renal failure (a single haemodialysis had to be performed on one of them) and three were under chronic maintenance haemodialysis. In the case of the haemodialysis patients, measurements were performed on two successive days, before and after one haemodialysis session. All the neurophysiological parameters showed significant improvement in successive measurements. In one patient the follow-up after acute renal failure revealed a delayed deterioration of the nerve functions, but after one year the values were normal. From the results it seems probable that an acute metabolic disturbance may cause transient inhibition of nerve functions without morphological changes in the nerve fibres.", "contents": "Transient changes of sensory nerve functions in uraemia. The neurophysiological parameters (conduction velocity, amplitude and rise time of the compound action potential) of two sensory nerves of the lower limb (N. suralis and peronaeus superficialis) were determined bilaterally in five patients. Measurements were carried out at least twice in each subject during a time of great metabolic change. Two patients were recovering from acute renal failure (a single haemodialysis had to be performed on one of them) and three were under chronic maintenance haemodialysis. In the case of the haemodialysis patients, measurements were performed on two successive days, before and after one haemodialysis session. All the neurophysiological parameters showed significant improvement in successive measurements. In one patient the follow-up after acute renal failure revealed a delayed deterioration of the nerve functions, but after one year the values were normal. From the results it seems probable that an acute metabolic disturbance may cause transient inhibition of nerve functions without morphological changes in the nerve fibres.", "PMID": 596250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5460", "title": "Management of septicemia and early death in acute leukemia.", "content": "The frequency of fever days was measured in 67 patients with acute leukemia in the initial phase until remission was obtained or the patient died. A total of 3411 hospital days were studied. Three antibiotic schedules were examined between 1970 and 1975. There were 50% fever days when penicillin and streptomycin were combined as initial antibiotics, 37% when cephalosporin and gentamycin were used, and 31% when, in addition, semi-isolation was used prophylactically and granulocytes were given in a therapeutic attempt (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). The corresponding frequencies of early death were 9/21 (43%), 6/23 (26%) and 5/23 (22%). Early death occurred on an average 14, 23 and 21 days after admission. The frequencies of remission (complete and partial) were 8/21 (38%), 12/23 (52%), and 13/23 (57%). A randomized subgroup (12 patients) with intestinal sterilization was studied separately. It had 28% fever days, which is significantly less (p less than 0.01) than in the 13 patients given the same systemic antibiotics without intestinal sterilization. Fever was significantly lower (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01) on the day after a series of granulocyte transfusions than before, although only 10(9) granulocytes were given. However, this fever reduction may have been due to concomitant antibiotics.", "contents": "Management of septicemia and early death in acute leukemia. The frequency of fever days was measured in 67 patients with acute leukemia in the initial phase until remission was obtained or the patient died. A total of 3411 hospital days were studied. Three antibiotic schedules were examined between 1970 and 1975. There were 50% fever days when penicillin and streptomycin were combined as initial antibiotics, 37% when cephalosporin and gentamycin were used, and 31% when, in addition, semi-isolation was used prophylactically and granulocytes were given in a therapeutic attempt (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). The corresponding frequencies of early death were 9/21 (43%), 6/23 (26%) and 5/23 (22%). Early death occurred on an average 14, 23 and 21 days after admission. The frequencies of remission (complete and partial) were 8/21 (38%), 12/23 (52%), and 13/23 (57%). A randomized subgroup (12 patients) with intestinal sterilization was studied separately. It had 28% fever days, which is significantly less (p less than 0.01) than in the 13 patients given the same systemic antibiotics without intestinal sterilization. Fever was significantly lower (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01) on the day after a series of granulocyte transfusions than before, although only 10(9) granulocytes were given. However, this fever reduction may have been due to concomitant antibiotics.", "PMID": 596252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5461", "title": "The effects of pursuit eye movements on single unit activity in cat visual cortex.", "content": "The pursuit eye movements were assumed to be an indicator of the time periods when visual information is actively processed. The experiment was performed on cats with pretrigeminal transection of the brain stem. In such preparations only vertical eye movements were preserved. Under these conditions the following eye movements could be evoked by vertical movements of the stimulus at the periphery of the retina. The influence of these movements on the activity of units which had their receptive fields in area centralis was tested. Contralateral eye was immobilized and the position and preferred direction of the units' receptive fields was tested. Significant differences in neuron activity correlated with the pursuit eye movement were found in 22 percent of cells. It is suggested that the effect is due rather to the active state of visual system than to the peripheral stimulation of retina or the information incoming from extraocular muscles.", "contents": "The effects of pursuit eye movements on single unit activity in cat visual cortex. The pursuit eye movements were assumed to be an indicator of the time periods when visual information is actively processed. The experiment was performed on cats with pretrigeminal transection of the brain stem. In such preparations only vertical eye movements were preserved. Under these conditions the following eye movements could be evoked by vertical movements of the stimulus at the periphery of the retina. The influence of these movements on the activity of units which had their receptive fields in area centralis was tested. Contralateral eye was immobilized and the position and preferred direction of the units' receptive fields was tested. Significant differences in neuron activity correlated with the pursuit eye movement were found in 22 percent of cells. It is suggested that the effect is due rather to the active state of visual system than to the peripheral stimulation of retina or the information incoming from extraocular muscles.", "PMID": 596253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5462", "title": "Stimulus intensity and conditioned suppression magnitude: dependence upon the type of comparison and stage of training.", "content": "Three groups of eight rats each were trained in conditioned emotional response (CER) using white noise of 70 dB, 50 dB, or both intensities as conditioned stimuli (CSi) given in unpredictable order. Between-subjects comparisons showed more rapid acquisition to the 70- than to the 50-dB CS. Rats presented with both intensities acquired the CER at a similar rate as those conditioned to the 70 dB value only, and within-subjects comparison did not reveal any CS intensity effects. During the next stage of the experiment all rats were presented with both intensities of white noise. The stimulus intensity effect found in within-subjects comparisons was greatest when the soft CS replaced the more intense value on half of trials. Weakening of the CER after reaching asymptotic conditioning was related to increased response rate at the beginning of CS action with greater suppression of bar presses before shock onset. This decreasing pattern of bar presses within CS action was far more consistent on 70-dB trials, indicating a stimulus intensity effect on the development of the inhibition of delay in CER training.", "contents": "Stimulus intensity and conditioned suppression magnitude: dependence upon the type of comparison and stage of training. Three groups of eight rats each were trained in conditioned emotional response (CER) using white noise of 70 dB, 50 dB, or both intensities as conditioned stimuli (CSi) given in unpredictable order. Between-subjects comparisons showed more rapid acquisition to the 70- than to the 50-dB CS. Rats presented with both intensities acquired the CER at a similar rate as those conditioned to the 70 dB value only, and within-subjects comparison did not reveal any CS intensity effects. During the next stage of the experiment all rats were presented with both intensities of white noise. The stimulus intensity effect found in within-subjects comparisons was greatest when the soft CS replaced the more intense value on half of trials. Weakening of the CER after reaching asymptotic conditioning was related to increased response rate at the beginning of CS action with greater suppression of bar presses before shock onset. This decreasing pattern of bar presses within CS action was far more consistent on 70-dB trials, indicating a stimulus intensity effect on the development of the inhibition of delay in CER training.", "PMID": 596254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5463", "title": "Averaged cortical evoked potentials to recognized and non-recognized verbal stimuli.", "content": "Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) to visually presented neutral and emotionally significant words were recorded from the occipital area and vertex in 37 adults with normal vision. In the first experiment all the stimuli presented on the screen with time exposure 200 ms were supraliminal and were easily recognized by the subjects. In the second experiment time exposure of the stimuli was 15 ms. All the subjects were then unable to recognize the stimuli. The AEPs were observed to physically feeble but emotionally significant stimuli. Thus the analysis of semantic properties of the emotional word may take place in the cerebral cortex without its awareness.", "contents": "Averaged cortical evoked potentials to recognized and non-recognized verbal stimuli. Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) to visually presented neutral and emotionally significant words were recorded from the occipital area and vertex in 37 adults with normal vision. In the first experiment all the stimuli presented on the screen with time exposure 200 ms were supraliminal and were easily recognized by the subjects. In the second experiment time exposure of the stimuli was 15 ms. All the subjects were then unable to recognize the stimuli. The AEPs were observed to physically feeble but emotionally significant stimuli. Thus the analysis of semantic properties of the emotional word may take place in the cerebral cortex without its awareness.", "PMID": 596255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5464", "title": "Two-dimensional probabilistic images discrimination. I. Simultaneously presented pairs of patterns.", "content": "Reaction time and judgment of similarity or dissimilarity were studied in an experiment on two-dimensional probabilistic images (TDPIs) composed of rectangular black and white cells with statistical distribution of these elements 0.5-0.5. The subjects were asked to report verbally whether pairs of TDPIs, presented for 700 ms, appeared to them similar or not. Three sets of TDPIs differed as to the size of their \"grain\". Within the pairs \"physically identical patterns\", \"statistically same patterns\" or \"different patterns\" have been used. The statistically same patterns pairs reached the lowest (39 percent) judgment correctness. Reaction times for these pairs were generally longer than for others. In the case of identical patterns and statistically same patterns pairs the results indicated a general increase of the processing time as the size of grain had increased. There was a general tendency of reaction time shortening in successive sessions. These results suggest that correct discrimination of TDPIs does not depend primarily upon their grain.", "contents": "Two-dimensional probabilistic images discrimination. I. Simultaneously presented pairs of patterns. Reaction time and judgment of similarity or dissimilarity were studied in an experiment on two-dimensional probabilistic images (TDPIs) composed of rectangular black and white cells with statistical distribution of these elements 0.5-0.5. The subjects were asked to report verbally whether pairs of TDPIs, presented for 700 ms, appeared to them similar or not. Three sets of TDPIs differed as to the size of their \"grain\". Within the pairs \"physically identical patterns\", \"statistically same patterns\" or \"different patterns\" have been used. The statistically same patterns pairs reached the lowest (39 percent) judgment correctness. Reaction times for these pairs were generally longer than for others. In the case of identical patterns and statistically same patterns pairs the results indicated a general increase of the processing time as the size of grain had increased. There was a general tendency of reaction time shortening in successive sessions. These results suggest that correct discrimination of TDPIs does not depend primarily upon their grain.", "PMID": 596256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5465", "title": "Defensive passivity in adolescence.", "content": "There are potentially healthy adolescents who display excessive reluctance to move toward independent decision and action. This paper presents a clinical description of this \"syndrome\", conceptualizes it as a defensive maneuver against mourning and offers steps for therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Defensive passivity in adolescence. There are potentially healthy adolescents who display excessive reluctance to move toward independent decision and action. This paper presents a clinical description of this \"syndrome\", conceptualizes it as a defensive maneuver against mourning and offers steps for therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 596259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5466", "title": "The self concept of the adolescent with learning disabilities.", "content": "The Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) was administered to 23 Ss diagnosed to have learning disabilities, and normally achieving seventh graders (N = 70) to investigate: a) whether differences exist between the self-esteem of the adolescent with learning disabilities and the normally achieving adolescent, b) the dimensions of self concept in which these differences occur, and c) the relationship between self concept and the number of years in the special classroom for the adolescent with learning disabilities. The data were fitted to a 2 X 2 (ability X school) fixed effects non-orthogonal multivariate analysis of variance model. A significant difference (p less than .05) in \"social self-peer\" self concept favoring the \"normally\" achieving S's was found. A trend was evidenced for more negative \"general self\" and \"school-academic\" self concepts for the learning disabilities sample. Number of years in the special class did not appear associated with self concept as measured by the CSEI.", "contents": "The self concept of the adolescent with learning disabilities. The Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory (CSEI) was administered to 23 Ss diagnosed to have learning disabilities, and normally achieving seventh graders (N = 70) to investigate: a) whether differences exist between the self-esteem of the adolescent with learning disabilities and the normally achieving adolescent, b) the dimensions of self concept in which these differences occur, and c) the relationship between self concept and the number of years in the special classroom for the adolescent with learning disabilities. The data were fitted to a 2 X 2 (ability X school) fixed effects non-orthogonal multivariate analysis of variance model. A significant difference (p less than .05) in \"social self-peer\" self concept favoring the \"normally\" achieving S's was found. A trend was evidenced for more negative \"general self\" and \"school-academic\" self concepts for the learning disabilities sample. Number of years in the special class did not appear associated with self concept as measured by the CSEI.", "PMID": 596262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5467", "title": "The curfew bill as it relates to the juvenile and his family.", "content": "Curfew laws have been instituted in cities across the United States in an attempt to control the rise in juvenile crime. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a curfew law for Baltimore City based on interviews with city officals and concludes that the law in its present form will not bring about any significant change in the rate of delinquency. Alternative are suggested that might better get to the source of the problem. These include more youth and family counseling services, rehabilitative facilities, work study programs and shelter areas.", "contents": "The curfew bill as it relates to the juvenile and his family. Curfew laws have been instituted in cities across the United States in an attempt to control the rise in juvenile crime. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a curfew law for Baltimore City based on interviews with city officals and concludes that the law in its present form will not bring about any significant change in the rate of delinquency. Alternative are suggested that might better get to the source of the problem. These include more youth and family counseling services, rehabilitative facilities, work study programs and shelter areas.", "PMID": 596264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5468", "title": "The effects of a seven day camping experience on volunteer student counselors.", "content": "An investigation of the effects of a seven-day camp experience with disturbed adolescents on approximately sixty undergraduate \"camp counselors\" was conducted. Measures of the types of reinforcement preferred and used as well as an overall attitude toward disturbed adolescents were obtained and evaluated. The results indicated that the student counselors did not use the type of reinforcement that they felt was most important and they did not change their attitudes toward disturbed adolescents as a result of experience. The limitations of the study are discussed as well as some suggestions for future research into practicum sites for programs training teachers of the severely disturbed.", "contents": "The effects of a seven day camping experience on volunteer student counselors. An investigation of the effects of a seven-day camp experience with disturbed adolescents on approximately sixty undergraduate \"camp counselors\" was conducted. Measures of the types of reinforcement preferred and used as well as an overall attitude toward disturbed adolescents were obtained and evaluated. The results indicated that the student counselors did not use the type of reinforcement that they felt was most important and they did not change their attitudes toward disturbed adolescents as a result of experience. The limitations of the study are discussed as well as some suggestions for future research into practicum sites for programs training teachers of the severely disturbed.", "PMID": 596265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5469", "title": "The ideal self and cognitive development in adolescence.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between cognitive development level and the ideal self in adolescence, sampling 223 male and female 12- and 13-, and 15- and 16-year-old working and middle class English comprehensive school students, hypothesizing that maturity of the ideal self would be related to cognitive development. Correlations between cognitive developmental total score and ideal self score were significant for the whole sample and for both age groups. Regression analysis showed cognitive development score to be the major significant predictor of ideal self score at both age levels, with sex contributing additionally at the older age level.", "contents": "The ideal self and cognitive development in adolescence. This study investigated the relationship between cognitive development level and the ideal self in adolescence, sampling 223 male and female 12- and 13-, and 15- and 16-year-old working and middle class English comprehensive school students, hypothesizing that maturity of the ideal self would be related to cognitive development. Correlations between cognitive developmental total score and ideal self score were significant for the whole sample and for both age groups. Regression analysis showed cognitive development score to be the major significant predictor of ideal self score at both age levels, with sex contributing additionally at the older age level.", "PMID": 596267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5470", "title": "Self-concept and delinquency proneness.", "content": "Contrary to the theory of the homeostatic model of self-concept, i.e., the expectancy that engaging in anti-social or pro-social behavior results typically in shifts in the self-concept (Graf, 1968; Deitz, 1970 shifts did not occur. Subjects, 12- 14-year-old boys enrolled in junior high school, delinquent prone (DP) and non-delinquent prone bright (NDPB), reacted to manipulation by engaging in reparative behavior as indicated via an aggression module in a fashion generally expected but the expected shift from chronic self-images did not occur. Both DP and NDPB viewed themselves similarly on self concept. The authors postulated that if shifts would occur for the delinquent prone it would be after they left school with its accompanying identification with a sub-culture outside the school setting.", "contents": "Self-concept and delinquency proneness. Contrary to the theory of the homeostatic model of self-concept, i.e., the expectancy that engaging in anti-social or pro-social behavior results typically in shifts in the self-concept (Graf, 1968; Deitz, 1970 shifts did not occur. Subjects, 12- 14-year-old boys enrolled in junior high school, delinquent prone (DP) and non-delinquent prone bright (NDPB), reacted to manipulation by engaging in reparative behavior as indicated via an aggression module in a fashion generally expected but the expected shift from chronic self-images did not occur. Both DP and NDPB viewed themselves similarly on self concept. The authors postulated that if shifts would occur for the delinquent prone it would be after they left school with its accompanying identification with a sub-culture outside the school setting.", "PMID": 596268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5471", "title": "Comparison of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in humans and rats.", "content": "Physical dependence upon ehtanol induced in rats is in several respects similar to the tremulous and convulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome observed in man. These include short duration of the induction period, pattern of continuous ethanol consumption, rectilinear clearance of blood ethanol during prodromal detoxication phase and the onset of the ethanol dependence phase at relatively high blood ethanol concentrations. During the ethanol withdrawal period two phases are distinguished in both species: (1) Prodromal detoxication phase characterized by a spectrum of signs and responses of ethanol intoxication. (2) Ethanol dependence phase characterized by a spectrum of withdrawal signs and reactions. The successive onset and disappearance of the two sets of signs and reactions during both phases of the ethanol withdrawal period constitute a continuum of effects and responses and represent a reversal in the CNS function from the extremes of ethanol depression to the extremes of hyperexcitability.", "contents": "Comparison of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in humans and rats. Physical dependence upon ehtanol induced in rats is in several respects similar to the tremulous and convulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome observed in man. These include short duration of the induction period, pattern of continuous ethanol consumption, rectilinear clearance of blood ethanol during prodromal detoxication phase and the onset of the ethanol dependence phase at relatively high blood ethanol concentrations. During the ethanol withdrawal period two phases are distinguished in both species: (1) Prodromal detoxication phase characterized by a spectrum of signs and responses of ethanol intoxication. (2) Ethanol dependence phase characterized by a spectrum of withdrawal signs and reactions. The successive onset and disappearance of the two sets of signs and reactions during both phases of the ethanol withdrawal period constitute a continuum of effects and responses and represent a reversal in the CNS function from the extremes of ethanol depression to the extremes of hyperexcitability.", "PMID": 596277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5472", "title": "Role of catecholamines in the development of tolerance to barbiturates and ethanol.", "content": "The destruction of noradrenergic systems in brain by administration of 6-hydroxydopamine prior to chronic ethanol treatment prevented the development of tolerance to ethanol. Animals pretreated with 6-hydroxy dopamine also showed no cross tolerance to barbiturates. Destruction of noradrenergic systems prior to chronic treatment with barbiturates also partially prevented the development of tolerance to pentobarbital. 6-Hydroxydopamine pretreatment had little effect on the signs of physical dependence produced by ethanol. The possible dissociation of tolerance and dependence and the role of noradrenergic systems in these phenomena is discussed.", "contents": "Role of catecholamines in the development of tolerance to barbiturates and ethanol. The destruction of noradrenergic systems in brain by administration of 6-hydroxydopamine prior to chronic ethanol treatment prevented the development of tolerance to ethanol. Animals pretreated with 6-hydroxy dopamine also showed no cross tolerance to barbiturates. Destruction of noradrenergic systems prior to chronic treatment with barbiturates also partially prevented the development of tolerance to pentobarbital. 6-Hydroxydopamine pretreatment had little effect on the signs of physical dependence produced by ethanol. The possible dissociation of tolerance and dependence and the role of noradrenergic systems in these phenomena is discussed.", "PMID": 596278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5473", "title": "The effect of low dose intravenous alcohol on human information processing.", "content": "A model of multiple-stage information processing predicts alcohol to have a selective effect on mechanisms involving central processing rather than sensory input. However, behavioral effects at low alcohol doses administered orally can be overshadowed by fluctuations in gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism rate. Paid volunteers, who therefore received intravenous doses of alcohol and a barbiturate, were tested on tasks varying in sensory discriminability and in central processing difficulty. The low drug doses did not affect errors of stimulus encoding but increased error rate in memory comparison tasks. These results confirmed the predictions based on the mutiple-stage model.", "contents": "The effect of low dose intravenous alcohol on human information processing. A model of multiple-stage information processing predicts alcohol to have a selective effect on mechanisms involving central processing rather than sensory input. However, behavioral effects at low alcohol doses administered orally can be overshadowed by fluctuations in gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism rate. Paid volunteers, who therefore received intravenous doses of alcohol and a barbiturate, were tested on tasks varying in sensory discriminability and in central processing difficulty. The low drug doses did not affect errors of stimulus encoding but increased error rate in memory comparison tasks. These results confirmed the predictions based on the mutiple-stage model.", "PMID": 596281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5474", "title": "Drinking practices and cognitive functioning.", "content": "The relationships between drinking practices and cognitive functioning were examined in a non-patient sample. Neither the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime nor current frequency of drinking occasions was significantly (ps greater than .05) correlated with cognitive test scores. However, the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion was inversely related to performance on tests of abstraction, adaptive abilities and concept formation. The results suggest that social drinking may have deleterious effects on cognitive processes.", "contents": "Drinking practices and cognitive functioning. The relationships between drinking practices and cognitive functioning were examined in a non-patient sample. Neither the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime nor current frequency of drinking occasions was significantly (ps greater than .05) correlated with cognitive test scores. However, the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion was inversely related to performance on tests of abstraction, adaptive abilities and concept formation. The results suggest that social drinking may have deleterious effects on cognitive processes.", "PMID": 596282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5475", "title": "The dipsogenic effect of alcohol and the loss of control phenomenon.", "content": "A counterbalanced within-subjects design was employed to assess the acute effects of alcohol ingestion on thirst and fluid intake and to relate these effects to the dehydration known to result from acute ingestion of alcohol. Fourteen male nonalcoholic social drinkers between the ages of 18 and 30 consumed 0.8 gm of alcohol/kg body weight during one experimental session and a placebo (0.05 gm/kg) of equal volume during the other. During the 90-minute drinking period and for one hour both before and afterward, urine specimens were collected. After the drinking period, blood alcohol levels and unobstrusive measures of ad lib drinking were recorded. In addition, subjects rated their degree of thirst three times during each session. Analyses of variance indicated that alcohol significantly increased both fluid intake and urine output, and decreased urine specific gravity. Moreover, thirst ratings were also significantly greater after alcohol than after placebo and fluid intake after alcohol was significantly correlated with prior measures of fluid balance, mean urine specific gravity, peak blood alcohol level and thirst. The implications of these results for the loss of control in alcoholism are discussed and a new theoretical account of the phenomenon is proposed.", "contents": "The dipsogenic effect of alcohol and the loss of control phenomenon. A counterbalanced within-subjects design was employed to assess the acute effects of alcohol ingestion on thirst and fluid intake and to relate these effects to the dehydration known to result from acute ingestion of alcohol. Fourteen male nonalcoholic social drinkers between the ages of 18 and 30 consumed 0.8 gm of alcohol/kg body weight during one experimental session and a placebo (0.05 gm/kg) of equal volume during the other. During the 90-minute drinking period and for one hour both before and afterward, urine specimens were collected. After the drinking period, blood alcohol levels and unobstrusive measures of ad lib drinking were recorded. In addition, subjects rated their degree of thirst three times during each session. Analyses of variance indicated that alcohol significantly increased both fluid intake and urine output, and decreased urine specific gravity. Moreover, thirst ratings were also significantly greater after alcohol than after placebo and fluid intake after alcohol was significantly correlated with prior measures of fluid balance, mean urine specific gravity, peak blood alcohol level and thirst. The implications of these results for the loss of control in alcoholism are discussed and a new theoretical account of the phenomenon is proposed.", "PMID": 596287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5476", "title": "Assessing the alcoholic's disposition to drink.", "content": "Reliable and valid techniques for assessing the alcoholic's disposition to drink would allow researchers to address many issues of clinical significance. This paper reviews some basic issues in behavioral assessment techniques, proposes several criteria for a reasonably general technique for assessing disposition to drink, and presents evidence relevant to the validity of one behavioral measure of disposition to drink. A study is presented which focuses on distinguishing good from poor treatment outcome subjects on the basis of their response patterns for alcohol during a simulated drinking binge. Alcoholic subjects were assigned to one of two treatment outcome groups based on treatment success evaluated at follow-up two months after hospital discharge. An analysis of the alcoholic's response patterns for alcohol during a simulated drinking binge revealed that good outcome subjects showed decreases in disposition to drink as their blood alcohol levels (BAL) rose, while poor outcome subjects showed increases in disposition to drink as their BAL increased. These results indicate that individual differences in behavioral response to alcoholization and withdrawal can index the alcoholic's potential for readdiction and relapse subsequent to hospital treatment and illustrate the role which behavioral assessment techniques can play in developing and refining models of human alcohol abuse.", "contents": "Assessing the alcoholic's disposition to drink. Reliable and valid techniques for assessing the alcoholic's disposition to drink would allow researchers to address many issues of clinical significance. This paper reviews some basic issues in behavioral assessment techniques, proposes several criteria for a reasonably general technique for assessing disposition to drink, and presents evidence relevant to the validity of one behavioral measure of disposition to drink. A study is presented which focuses on distinguishing good from poor treatment outcome subjects on the basis of their response patterns for alcohol during a simulated drinking binge. Alcoholic subjects were assigned to one of two treatment outcome groups based on treatment success evaluated at follow-up two months after hospital discharge. An analysis of the alcoholic's response patterns for alcohol during a simulated drinking binge revealed that good outcome subjects showed decreases in disposition to drink as their blood alcohol levels (BAL) rose, while poor outcome subjects showed increases in disposition to drink as their BAL increased. These results indicate that individual differences in behavioral response to alcoholization and withdrawal can index the alcoholic's potential for readdiction and relapse subsequent to hospital treatment and illustrate the role which behavioral assessment techniques can play in developing and refining models of human alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 596290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5477", "title": "On the possibility that opiate and ethanol actions are mediated by similar mechanisms.", "content": "Opiates and alcohol modify neuronal electrical activity in many sites of the nervous system. Both act as depressants or stimulants of cell firing depending upon the type of cell studied. Alcohol seems to act upon some nerves by changing their membrane ionic conductance, while opiates seem to affect synaptic events. However, all of the known neural actions of these substances involve calcium-dependent mechanisms. A hypothesis is proposed to account for these facts.", "contents": "On the possibility that opiate and ethanol actions are mediated by similar mechanisms. Opiates and alcohol modify neuronal electrical activity in many sites of the nervous system. Both act as depressants or stimulants of cell firing depending upon the type of cell studied. Alcohol seems to act upon some nerves by changing their membrane ionic conductance, while opiates seem to affect synaptic events. However, all of the known neural actions of these substances involve calcium-dependent mechanisms. A hypothesis is proposed to account for these facts.", "PMID": 596293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5478", "title": "A comparative analysis of the effects of narcotics, alcohol and the barbiturates on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of our current state of knowledge regarding the effects of alcohol, the narcotics and the barbiturates on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male. Three facets of this problem will be considered: acute drug effects; chronic effects, particularly with respect to the development of tolerance and physical dependence; and, finally, an attempt will be made to indicate the way in which these three substances of abuse are similar and/or dissimilar in their effects on this system. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with narcotics, alcohol and the barbiturates will be discussed first and then an attempt will be made, in a General Discussion, to summarize the data, make general comparisons between the drugs and suggest future lines of research.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of the effects of narcotics, alcohol and the barbiturates on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of our current state of knowledge regarding the effects of alcohol, the narcotics and the barbiturates on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male. Three facets of this problem will be considered: acute drug effects; chronic effects, particularly with respect to the development of tolerance and physical dependence; and, finally, an attempt will be made to indicate the way in which these three substances of abuse are similar and/or dissimilar in their effects on this system. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with narcotics, alcohol and the barbiturates will be discussed first and then an attempt will be made, in a General Discussion, to summarize the data, make general comparisons between the drugs and suggest future lines of research.", "PMID": 596294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5479", "title": "Human cathepsin D.", "content": "Cathepsin D was purified from human liver by a procedure involving autolysis, acetone fractionation, and chromatography on ion-exchange media and organomercurial-sepharose. Multiple forms of the enzyme were then separated by preparative isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the protein was found to be 43,000. Its amino acid composition was determined and it was shown to be a glycoprotein. When treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate or chaotropic agents (without reduction) all forms of the enzyme tested gave components of about 28,000 and 14,000 molecular weight. Specific antisera were raised against the enzyme, and the characteristics of immunoinhibition were investigated. Immuno-inhibition of rabbit cathepsin D within living macrophages was shown to interfere with degradation of some proteins endocytosed by the cells. The antisera against human and rabbit cathepsin D were used in immunofluorescent localization of the enzyme in sites of tissue damage in which cathepsin D might be implicated. The characteristics of inhibition of human cathepsin D by pepstatin were established. At pH values below 5, KD values of 5 x 10(-10)M were determined and pepstatin was shown to be an excellent titrant for cathepsin D. In the range pH 5-6.4 DK increased steeply and it was concluded that the binding site for substrate and inhibitor was abolished by a conformational change in the enzyme molecule in which three protons are lost.", "contents": "Human cathepsin D. Cathepsin D was purified from human liver by a procedure involving autolysis, acetone fractionation, and chromatography on ion-exchange media and organomercurial-sepharose. Multiple forms of the enzyme were then separated by preparative isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the protein was found to be 43,000. Its amino acid composition was determined and it was shown to be a glycoprotein. When treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate or chaotropic agents (without reduction) all forms of the enzyme tested gave components of about 28,000 and 14,000 molecular weight. Specific antisera were raised against the enzyme, and the characteristics of immunoinhibition were investigated. Immuno-inhibition of rabbit cathepsin D within living macrophages was shown to interfere with degradation of some proteins endocytosed by the cells. The antisera against human and rabbit cathepsin D were used in immunofluorescent localization of the enzyme in sites of tissue damage in which cathepsin D might be implicated. The characteristics of inhibition of human cathepsin D by pepstatin were established. At pH values below 5, KD values of 5 x 10(-10)M were determined and pepstatin was shown to be an excellent titrant for cathepsin D. In the range pH 5-6.4 DK increased steeply and it was concluded that the binding site for substrate and inhibitor was abolished by a conformational change in the enzyme molecule in which three protons are lost.", "PMID": 596302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5480", "title": "Unique biochemical and biological features of cathepsin D in rodent lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Cathepsin D, an enzyme consistently found to be lysosomal in many cells, has an unusual localization in rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL). After fractionation of homogenates of rat TDL, most of the enzyme activity, as measured at pH 3.6 on denatured bovine hemoglobin, is distributed differently from the other lysosomal enzymes. The enzyme also has some unique properties: it is not inhibited by an antiserum inhibitory for rat liver cathepsin D; it exists in two molecular weight forms (approximately 45,000 and approximately 95,000) both of which have a higher specific activity than rat liver cathepsin D, as determined by studies using the irreversible inhibitor, sodium pepstatin; the high molecular weight form converts to the low molecular weight form after treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol without any loss in activity. These enzymes appear to be restricted to rodent lymphoid tissues. Reasons for considering them to be a type of cathepsin D are given in the text.", "contents": "Unique biochemical and biological features of cathepsin D in rodent lymphoid tissues. Cathepsin D, an enzyme consistently found to be lysosomal in many cells, has an unusual localization in rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL). After fractionation of homogenates of rat TDL, most of the enzyme activity, as measured at pH 3.6 on denatured bovine hemoglobin, is distributed differently from the other lysosomal enzymes. The enzyme also has some unique properties: it is not inhibited by an antiserum inhibitory for rat liver cathepsin D; it exists in two molecular weight forms (approximately 45,000 and approximately 95,000) both of which have a higher specific activity than rat liver cathepsin D, as determined by studies using the irreversible inhibitor, sodium pepstatin; the high molecular weight form converts to the low molecular weight form after treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol without any loss in activity. These enzymes appear to be restricted to rodent lymphoid tissues. Reasons for considering them to be a type of cathepsin D are given in the text.", "PMID": 596303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5481", "title": "Specificity and biological role of cathepsin D.", "content": "The purity of cathepsin D has been increased from 150 units/mg to over 200 units/mg. Peptides such as Ala-Phe-NH2, His-Phe-NH2 and Phe-Phe were split by impure enzyme and activity was blocked by pepstatin and diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester. Pure preparations no longer digested these peptides. This points to the presence of a second peptidase activity similar to cathepsin D in specificity and inhibition properties, but distinct from it . Cathepsin D splits the peptides Leu-Phe-NH2, Leu-Tyr-NH2, Ac-Phe-TyrI2, and Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu upon overnight incubation. More rapid splitting is found with phenyl sulfite, Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val, and Bz-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide. Digestion of bovine hemoglobin and human serum albumin by ruptured rat liver tritosomes was studied over the pH range 2.5-6.5. The combined action of cathepsin D and thiol proteinases accounted for most of the digestion. Cathepsin D accounted for 75% of the  hemoglobin digestion at pH 3 and 45% at pH 5. Thiol proteinase accounted for 85% of the albumin digestion at pH 5. The role of cathepsin D in the development of embryonic limbs and skin, in uterine involution, and in cartilage degradation was reviewed. The activity of cathepsin D on cartilage matrix proteoglycans is limited to acid pH values. Human articular cartilage also contains metalloproteases active at pH 4.5 and 5.7.", "contents": "Specificity and biological role of cathepsin D. The purity of cathepsin D has been increased from 150 units/mg to over 200 units/mg. Peptides such as Ala-Phe-NH2, His-Phe-NH2 and Phe-Phe were split by impure enzyme and activity was blocked by pepstatin and diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester. Pure preparations no longer digested these peptides. This points to the presence of a second peptidase activity similar to cathepsin D in specificity and inhibition properties, but distinct from it . Cathepsin D splits the peptides Leu-Phe-NH2, Leu-Tyr-NH2, Ac-Phe-TyrI2, and Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu upon overnight incubation. More rapid splitting is found with phenyl sulfite, Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val, and Bz-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide. Digestion of bovine hemoglobin and human serum albumin by ruptured rat liver tritosomes was studied over the pH range 2.5-6.5. The combined action of cathepsin D and thiol proteinases accounted for most of the digestion. Cathepsin D accounted for 75% of the  hemoglobin digestion at pH 3 and 45% at pH 5. Thiol proteinase accounted for 85% of the albumin digestion at pH 5. The role of cathepsin D in the development of embryonic limbs and skin, in uterine involution, and in cartilage degradation was reviewed. The activity of cathepsin D on cartilage matrix proteoglycans is limited to acid pH values. Human articular cartilage also contains metalloproteases active at pH 4.5 and 5.7.", "PMID": 596304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5482", "title": "The crystal structure of an acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis at 2.5 A resolution.", "content": "This paper contains a preliminary report of the crystal structure of the acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis at 2.5 A resolution. The molecule is bilobal with a large cleft between the lobes. Pepstatin binds in the cleft near the catalytically active Asp-35. The overall folding of the molecule consists primarily of antiparallel beta-strands, there being only four small helices.", "contents": "The crystal structure of an acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis at 2.5 A resolution. This paper contains a preliminary report of the crystal structure of the acid protease from Rhizopus chinensis at 2.5 A resolution. The molecule is bilobal with a large cleft between the lobes. Pepstatin binds in the cleft near the catalytically active Asp-35. The overall folding of the molecule consists primarily of antiparallel beta-strands, there being only four small helices.", "PMID": 596305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5483", "title": "Gastrointestinal disorders in old age.", "content": "399 elderly patients were studied in order to establish the frequency of different gastrointestinal diseases and to see to what extent gastrointestinal problems influenced the clinical picture and the final outcome. 276 patients were hospitalized because of medical emergencies. 123 patients were chronically ill. In the first group, 26.8% (74) had major gastrointestinal problems. In 42% of the remaining patients, important functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders were present. In the second group, 46% of the patients had gastrointestinal diseases. Lesions of the digestive system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the aged.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal disorders in old age. 399 elderly patients were studied in order to establish the frequency of different gastrointestinal diseases and to see to what extent gastrointestinal problems influenced the clinical picture and the final outcome. 276 patients were hospitalized because of medical emergencies. 123 patients were chronically ill. In the first group, 26.8% (74) had major gastrointestinal problems. In 42% of the remaining patients, important functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders were present. In the second group, 46% of the patients had gastrointestinal diseases. Lesions of the digestive system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the aged.", "PMID": 596306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5484", "title": "A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population: I. Incidence and morbidity.", "content": "Falls among the elderly, although associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, have not been previously the subject of a longitudinal study. This five-year prospective study of an active ambulatory institutionalized population over 65 years of age, revealed an annual fall rate of 668 incidents per 1000, with a rising frequency in successive age groups after age 75. Forty-five per cent of all subjects suffered at least one fall during the study period. Women had a higher fall rate in all age groups and the severity of their injuries appeared to increase with age. Injuries severe enough to be brought ordinarily to the immediate attention of a physician occurred in 17.5% of falls. Among subjects who ultimately died after suffering many falls, there appeared in some to be a 'clustering' of falls prior to death.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population: I. Incidence and morbidity. Falls among the elderly, although associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, have not been previously the subject of a longitudinal study. This five-year prospective study of an active ambulatory institutionalized population over 65 years of age, revealed an annual fall rate of 668 incidents per 1000, with a rising frequency in successive age groups after age 75. Forty-five per cent of all subjects suffered at least one fall during the study period. Women had a higher fall rate in all age groups and the severity of their injuries appeared to increase with age. Injuries severe enough to be brought ordinarily to the immediate attention of a physician occurred in 17.5% of falls. Among subjects who ultimately died after suffering many falls, there appeared in some to be a 'clustering' of falls prior to death.", "PMID": 596307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5485", "title": "A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population II. Some circumstances of falling.", "content": "Some of the circumstances surrounding 651 falls which occurred in elderly residents of a standard care unit in a home for the aged are described. Falls occurred as frequently at night as during the day-time, and there was no significant variation by day of the week or by season. The great majority occurred inside the home, mainly in the resident's own suite. The subsequent morbidity varied according to the place of occurrence, the percentage of severe injuries being lower in falls occurring in toilets and elevators, and to a lesser extent hallways, compared with those occurring in other inside locations and outside. The commonest activity associated with falling was going to or returning from the toilet. However, one-third of day-time falls occurred when the resident was sitting in a chair. The severity of injury did not vary with associated activity. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, particularly from the preventive viewpoint.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population II. Some circumstances of falling. Some of the circumstances surrounding 651 falls which occurred in elderly residents of a standard care unit in a home for the aged are described. Falls occurred as frequently at night as during the day-time, and there was no significant variation by day of the week or by season. The great majority occurred inside the home, mainly in the resident's own suite. The subsequent morbidity varied according to the place of occurrence, the percentage of severe injuries being lower in falls occurring in toilets and elevators, and to a lesser extent hallways, compared with those occurring in other inside locations and outside. The commonest activity associated with falling was going to or returning from the toilet. However, one-third of day-time falls occurred when the resident was sitting in a chair. The severity of injury did not vary with associated activity. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, particularly from the preventive viewpoint.", "PMID": 596308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5486", "title": "A study of exercise performance and heart rate: the response to exercise of a small group of manual workers before and after retirement.", "content": "Measurements of walking pattern, exercise performance, heart rate response to exercise and body composition have been made in 13 male manual workers at retirement and again one and two years later. The exercise consisted of walking, in accordance with standard instructions; heart rate and footfall signals were recorded on magnetic tape during the test using body-borne tape recorders. After the first year highly significant reductions in walking speed were found but no significant changes in walking pattern, heart rate response or body composition. When the measurements made at the end of one year of retirement were compared with those made at the end of two years no significant changes were found.", "contents": "A study of exercise performance and heart rate: the response to exercise of a small group of manual workers before and after retirement. Measurements of walking pattern, exercise performance, heart rate response to exercise and body composition have been made in 13 male manual workers at retirement and again one and two years later. The exercise consisted of walking, in accordance with standard instructions; heart rate and footfall signals were recorded on magnetic tape during the test using body-borne tape recorders. After the first year highly significant reductions in walking speed were found but no significant changes in walking pattern, heart rate response or body composition. When the measurements made at the end of one year of retirement were compared with those made at the end of two years no significant changes were found.", "PMID": 596309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5487", "title": "Bacteriuria in geriatric hospital patients its correlates and management.", "content": "Significant bacteriuria is associated with dementia, incontinence of faeces and of urine in long-stay hospital patients. Bacteriuria in these patients is a fluctuating condition: it occurred in 47% of an initially sterile control group during the course of a year. Management with urinary antiseptics and an initial course of antibiotics is more successful than antibiotics on demand. However, since the condition is so fluctuating, it is doubtful if any treatment is usually needed other than the prevention of faecal incontinence.", "contents": "Bacteriuria in geriatric hospital patients its correlates and management. Significant bacteriuria is associated with dementia, incontinence of faeces and of urine in long-stay hospital patients. Bacteriuria in these patients is a fluctuating condition: it occurred in 47% of an initially sterile control group during the course of a year. Management with urinary antiseptics and an initial course of antibiotics is more successful than antibiotics on demand. However, since the condition is so fluctuating, it is doubtful if any treatment is usually needed other than the prevention of faecal incontinence.", "PMID": 596311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5488", "title": "Radiography of the pelvis in a series of 200 elderly patients.", "content": "Review of the findings of routine radiography of the pelvis in a series of 200 elderly patients admitted to a geriatric department shows that a great number of abnormalities are detected. It is suggested that this procedure is of equal value to routine chest radiography.", "contents": "Radiography of the pelvis in a series of 200 elderly patients. Review of the findings of routine radiography of the pelvis in a series of 200 elderly patients admitted to a geriatric department shows that a great number of abnormalities are detected. It is suggested that this procedure is of equal value to routine chest radiography.", "PMID": 596312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5489", "title": "Mean cerebral transit time in demented and normal elderly persons.", "content": "The mean cerebral transit time (MCTT) was measured in 31 elderly subjects, approximately half of whom suffered from chronic dementing illness. The results indicated a significant correlation between the MCTT and arm-to-head circulation time. Both times increased significantly with age. There was no difference in MCTT between demented and non-demented patients.", "contents": "Mean cerebral transit time in demented and normal elderly persons. The mean cerebral transit time (MCTT) was measured in 31 elderly subjects, approximately half of whom suffered from chronic dementing illness. The results indicated a significant correlation between the MCTT and arm-to-head circulation time. Both times increased significantly with age. There was no difference in MCTT between demented and non-demented patients.", "PMID": 596313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5490", "title": "Prejudices in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. The so-called anticholinergic effect of antidepressants.", "content": "Imipramine and similarly acting compounds provoke a number of undesired reactions usually classified as so-called anticholinergic effects. Instances of dry mouth, disturbance of micturition and tachycardia are regularly quoted in the literature. It is contended that these effects are not necessarily due to inhibition of the vagal system, but preferentially attributable to increased activity of the sympathetic system, predominantly mediated by the beta- or the alpha-adrenergic receptors, depending on the organ affected. This hypothesis is not only theoretically interesting, but also of practical clinical significance with regard to possible remedies.", "contents": "Prejudices in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. The so-called anticholinergic effect of antidepressants. Imipramine and similarly acting compounds provoke a number of undesired reactions usually classified as so-called anticholinergic effects. Instances of dry mouth, disturbance of micturition and tachycardia are regularly quoted in the literature. It is contended that these effects are not necessarily due to inhibition of the vagal system, but preferentially attributable to increased activity of the sympathetic system, predominantly mediated by the beta- or the alpha-adrenergic receptors, depending on the organ affected. This hypothesis is not only theoretically interesting, but also of practical clinical significance with regard to possible remedies.", "PMID": 596314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5491", "title": "Inhibitory effect of enkephalins on contractions of the guinea-pig ileum elicited by PGE1.", "content": "Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin (m-enk and 1-enk) as well as D-Ala2-methionine-enkephalin amide have been shown to antagonize contractions of the isolated guinea-pig intestine elicited by PGE1, the last mentioned being the most potent of the three. The inhibitory effect of these pentapeptides is abolished by naloxone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of enkephalins on contractions of the guinea-pig ileum elicited by PGE1. Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin (m-enk and 1-enk) as well as D-Ala2-methionine-enkephalin amide have been shown to antagonize contractions of the isolated guinea-pig intestine elicited by PGE1, the last mentioned being the most potent of the three. The inhibitory effect of these pentapeptides is abolished by naloxone.", "PMID": 596315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5492", "title": "Prostaglandin release from macrophages: an assay system for anti-inflammatory drugs in vitro.", "content": "It is the intention of this communication to present a simple and reliable in vitro system for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs. The system described appears to combine the advantages of two established procedures, i.e. measurement of the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in vitro using microsomal enzyme preparations and the measurement of the inhibitory effects of drugs on PG synthesis in vivo avoiding major limitations. We propose to measure the effect of drugs on the PG release from mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The influence of culture conditions, phagocytosis and drugs on the PG release from these cells is described. We found that antibody-coated erythrocytes are especially suitable triggers of PG release, and that the release can be inhibited by steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in concentrations resembling their effective doses in vivo.", "contents": "Prostaglandin release from macrophages: an assay system for anti-inflammatory drugs in vitro. It is the intention of this communication to present a simple and reliable in vitro system for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs. The system described appears to combine the advantages of two established procedures, i.e. measurement of the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in vitro using microsomal enzyme preparations and the measurement of the inhibitory effects of drugs on PG synthesis in vivo avoiding major limitations. We propose to measure the effect of drugs on the PG release from mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The influence of culture conditions, phagocytosis and drugs on the PG release from these cells is described. We found that antibody-coated erythrocytes are especially suitable triggers of PG release, and that the release can be inhibited by steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in concentrations resembling their effective doses in vivo.", "PMID": 596316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5493", "title": "Studies on the potency of various antitussive agents.", "content": "Several antitussive agents were assessed for their cough-suppressant activity. Cough responses were obtained by electrically stimulating the lower brainstem, in cats lightly anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or in unanesthetized midcollicular decerebrate preparations. Cough sounds were recorded with the aid of a microphone. The cough reactive region was concentrated in an area dorsomedial to the trigeminal tract and nucleus. The potency of these antitussive agents (dextromethorphan, RO 21-4790-001, codeine, clonazepam, diazepam and caramiphen) were determined by studying their effect on the centrally induced cough responses. Each of these agents was administered in graded doses intravenously to determine the minimal effective doses for suppressing the cough responses. They are 0.57, 2.55, 1.71, 0.048, 0.28 and 3.18 mg/kg for the above listed drugs. The results indicate that clonazepam was found to be the most potent antitussive among these agents, the mean effective dose being about 1/35 of that of codeine. The antitussive potency of benzodiazepines is not well correlated with their muscle relaxant activity. For instance, clonazepam and diazepam have the same potency in depressing polysynaptic spinal reflexes, whereas the former is six times more potent than diazepam as an antitussive. This finding indicates that clonazepam has a high specificity as an antitussive.", "contents": "Studies on the potency of various antitussive agents. Several antitussive agents were assessed for their cough-suppressant activity. Cough responses were obtained by electrically stimulating the lower brainstem, in cats lightly anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or in unanesthetized midcollicular decerebrate preparations. Cough sounds were recorded with the aid of a microphone. The cough reactive region was concentrated in an area dorsomedial to the trigeminal tract and nucleus. The potency of these antitussive agents (dextromethorphan, RO 21-4790-001, codeine, clonazepam, diazepam and caramiphen) were determined by studying their effect on the centrally induced cough responses. Each of these agents was administered in graded doses intravenously to determine the minimal effective doses for suppressing the cough responses. They are 0.57, 2.55, 1.71, 0.048, 0.28 and 3.18 mg/kg for the above listed drugs. The results indicate that clonazepam was found to be the most potent antitussive among these agents, the mean effective dose being about 1/35 of that of codeine. The antitussive potency of benzodiazepines is not well correlated with their muscle relaxant activity. For instance, clonazepam and diazepam have the same potency in depressing polysynaptic spinal reflexes, whereas the former is six times more potent than diazepam as an antitussive. This finding indicates that clonazepam has a high specificity as an antitussive.", "PMID": 596317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5494", "title": "Toxicological evaluation of imipramine in combination with adriamycin and strophanthin.", "content": "Chronic oral administration of imipramine to rats caused characteristic changes of the electrocardiogram (ECG), i.e. prolongation of the PR interval, widening of the QRS complex, and increase in T-wave voltage. The cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotic adriamycin induced dose-dependent widening of the QRS complex. This effect on intraventricular conduction was not enhanced in rats receiving both drugs. The high adriamycin dose (5 x 4 mg/kg) abolished imipramine-induced prolongation of the PR interval and T-wave elevation. This was not seen with the low adriamycin dose (20 x 1 mg/kg). Imipramine prolonged survival time of rats treated with toxic doses of adriamycin, but enhanced growth retardation in animals receiving the low adriamycin dose. Chronic treatment with increasing doses of strophanthin induced significant flattening of the T wave in rats with and without imipramine therapy, but did not influence the changes of the ECG or body weight gain caused by imipramine. It is concluded that the combined use of imipramine and adriamycin or strophanthin did not lead to a serious enhancement of the toxicity of the tricyclic antidepressant.", "contents": "Toxicological evaluation of imipramine in combination with adriamycin and strophanthin. Chronic oral administration of imipramine to rats caused characteristic changes of the electrocardiogram (ECG), i.e. prolongation of the PR interval, widening of the QRS complex, and increase in T-wave voltage. The cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotic adriamycin induced dose-dependent widening of the QRS complex. This effect on intraventricular conduction was not enhanced in rats receiving both drugs. The high adriamycin dose (5 x 4 mg/kg) abolished imipramine-induced prolongation of the PR interval and T-wave elevation. This was not seen with the low adriamycin dose (20 x 1 mg/kg). Imipramine prolonged survival time of rats treated with toxic doses of adriamycin, but enhanced growth retardation in animals receiving the low adriamycin dose. Chronic treatment with increasing doses of strophanthin induced significant flattening of the T wave in rats with and without imipramine therapy, but did not influence the changes of the ECG or body weight gain caused by imipramine. It is concluded that the combined use of imipramine and adriamycin or strophanthin did not lead to a serious enhancement of the toxicity of the tricyclic antidepressant.", "PMID": 596318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5495", "title": "Procedures for routine clinical electroretinography (ERG) in dogs.", "content": "Following pupillary dilatation and immobilization of the dog with a cataleptic drug (l-Polamivet, Hoechst) the electroretinogram (ERG) was performed with the technique of Ganzfeld stimulation. The head of the dog was kept within a sphere of 60 cm diameter, the white inner surface of which could be indirectly illuminated with a stroboscope producing light flashes of 10 musec duration. The ERG was recorded oscillographically by means of modified contact lenses. Dogs were tested for rod and cone function with luminance curves including white, blue and red stimuli and with trains of repetitive photic stimuli. Tests were performed under dark and light adaptation. The ERG of the dark-adapted dog, an indicator for the electrical activity of the rod system, was similar with that of man with respect to configuration and other characteristics. The electrical activity of the cone system was different from that of man by having a 10-fold lower sensitivity and a reduced capability for discrimination of red versus blue or white stimuli.", "contents": "Procedures for routine clinical electroretinography (ERG) in dogs. Following pupillary dilatation and immobilization of the dog with a cataleptic drug (l-Polamivet, Hoechst) the electroretinogram (ERG) was performed with the technique of Ganzfeld stimulation. The head of the dog was kept within a sphere of 60 cm diameter, the white inner surface of which could be indirectly illuminated with a stroboscope producing light flashes of 10 musec duration. The ERG was recorded oscillographically by means of modified contact lenses. Dogs were tested for rod and cone function with luminance curves including white, blue and red stimuli and with trains of repetitive photic stimuli. Tests were performed under dark and light adaptation. The ERG of the dark-adapted dog, an indicator for the electrical activity of the rod system, was similar with that of man with respect to configuration and other characteristics. The electrical activity of the cone system was different from that of man by having a 10-fold lower sensitivity and a reduced capability for discrimination of red versus blue or white stimuli.", "PMID": 596319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5496", "title": "One-dose and multiple-dose kinetics of minocycline in patients with renal disease.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of minocycline concentrations in plasma and urine resulted in the following findings: In normal subjects the biological half-life is about 17 hours after the first dose and 21 hours after repeated administration. The renal drug clearance is only about 8% of the overall plasma clearance which is independent of renal function with a mean value of 47 ml/min. The fraction of the absorbed dose eliminated unchanged in the urine is only 9--19%. As a consequence the elimination rate of the drug is practically independent of renal function and decreases only 9--19% in anuric patients. The renal drug clearance depends linearly on renal function. The gastro-intestinal bio-availability of minocycline from the coated tablet preparation is incomplete. The cumulative behaviour of the drug corresponds to the kinetic parameters determined after repeated administration. It is suggested that the usual dosage regimen should be used in patients with renal disease.", "contents": "One-dose and multiple-dose kinetics of minocycline in patients with renal disease. Kinetic analysis of minocycline concentrations in plasma and urine resulted in the following findings: In normal subjects the biological half-life is about 17 hours after the first dose and 21 hours after repeated administration. The renal drug clearance is only about 8% of the overall plasma clearance which is independent of renal function with a mean value of 47 ml/min. The fraction of the absorbed dose eliminated unchanged in the urine is only 9--19%. As a consequence the elimination rate of the drug is practically independent of renal function and decreases only 9--19% in anuric patients. The renal drug clearance depends linearly on renal function. The gastro-intestinal bio-availability of minocycline from the coated tablet preparation is incomplete. The cumulative behaviour of the drug corresponds to the kinetic parameters determined after repeated administration. It is suggested that the usual dosage regimen should be used in patients with renal disease.", "PMID": 596320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5497", "title": "Comparative studies of the protein binding of digoxin and its metabolites.", "content": "The protein binding of Digoxin (D), Dihydrodigoxin (DH), Digoxigenin Bisdigitoxoside (DB) and Digoxigenin Monodigitoxoside (DM) was concentration independent and unaltered by the presence of high concentrations of the analogous compounds. The respective percentage of protein binding for D, DH, DB and DM were 22%, 22%, 23% and 27%.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the protein binding of digoxin and its metabolites. The protein binding of Digoxin (D), Dihydrodigoxin (DH), Digoxigenin Bisdigitoxoside (DB) and Digoxigenin Monodigitoxoside (DM) was concentration independent and unaltered by the presence of high concentrations of the analogous compounds. The respective percentage of protein binding for D, DH, DB and DM were 22%, 22%, 23% and 27%.", "PMID": 596321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5498", "title": "Regional differences in the responsiveness of isolated arteries from cattle, dog and man.", "content": "Changes in tension of spiral strips from basilar, external carotid, temporal and muscle arteries from cattle, dog and man were monitored isometrically. Dose-response curves for 5-HT, noradrenaline and ergotamine indicated a variation in responsiveness between different arteries of the same species as well as between the same arteries of different species. When tested against 5-HT ergotamine consistently acted as non-competitive dualist but it antagonized responses to to noradrenaline only in peripheral arteries from dog and man. In all arteries from the carotid vasculature and in bovine muscle arteries the vasoconstrictor effects of ergotamine and noradrenaline were independent additive. It is suggested that the therapeutic value of ergotamine in the treatment of migraine headache is due to its selective vasoconstrictor activity in the external carotid vasculature mediated through independent additive vasoconstrictor effects of ergotamine and noradrenaline.", "contents": "Regional differences in the responsiveness of isolated arteries from cattle, dog and man. Changes in tension of spiral strips from basilar, external carotid, temporal and muscle arteries from cattle, dog and man were monitored isometrically. Dose-response curves for 5-HT, noradrenaline and ergotamine indicated a variation in responsiveness between different arteries of the same species as well as between the same arteries of different species. When tested against 5-HT ergotamine consistently acted as non-competitive dualist but it antagonized responses to to noradrenaline only in peripheral arteries from dog and man. In all arteries from the carotid vasculature and in bovine muscle arteries the vasoconstrictor effects of ergotamine and noradrenaline were independent additive. It is suggested that the therapeutic value of ergotamine in the treatment of migraine headache is due to its selective vasoconstrictor activity in the external carotid vasculature mediated through independent additive vasoconstrictor effects of ergotamine and noradrenaline.", "PMID": 596322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5499", "title": "Adsorption and structural studies on activated carbons.", "content": "The porous structure of activated carbon is examined from the point of view of gas adsorption, and in relation to classical methods such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. It is suggested that the different approaches to the problem of microporosity should provide complementary information, which can be useful for a better understanding of static and dynamic adsorption processes in activated carbons.", "contents": "Adsorption and structural studies on activated carbons. The porous structure of activated carbon is examined from the point of view of gas adsorption, and in relation to classical methods such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. It is suggested that the different approaches to the problem of microporosity should provide complementary information, which can be useful for a better understanding of static and dynamic adsorption processes in activated carbons.", "PMID": 596323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5500", "title": "Morphology of the pineal complex in seven species of lanternfishes (Pisces: Myctophidae).", "content": "The morphology of the pineal complex was compared in seven species of lanternfishes (family Myctophidae) using both light and electron microscopes. On the basis of compactness of the pineal end-vesicle and presence or absence of a dorsal sac, the species in this study were divided into two groups. This grouping seems to correlate well with current views on the phylogenetic relationships among these fishes. Receptor cells and supportive cells are described in the pineals of all species examined. The deepest-dwelling of the forms studied, Parvilux ingens, showed a significant increase in the mean number of lamellar membranes in the outer segments of the receptor cells and a higher convergence ratio of receptor cells to ganglion cells as compared to the shallow-dwelling form Tarletonbeania crenularis. Accordingly it is suggested that the pineal of P. ingens is more photosensitive. Additional differences among species were found in the ultrastructure of the supportive cells. Dorsal sacs were absent in the three shallowest-occurring myctophids studied. In those species with a dorsal sac, its close association with the pineal-end-vesicle suggests a functional relationship between the two structures.", "contents": "Morphology of the pineal complex in seven species of lanternfishes (Pisces: Myctophidae). The morphology of the pineal complex was compared in seven species of lanternfishes (family Myctophidae) using both light and electron microscopes. On the basis of compactness of the pineal end-vesicle and presence or absence of a dorsal sac, the species in this study were divided into two groups. This grouping seems to correlate well with current views on the phylogenetic relationships among these fishes. Receptor cells and supportive cells are described in the pineals of all species examined. The deepest-dwelling of the forms studied, Parvilux ingens, showed a significant increase in the mean number of lamellar membranes in the outer segments of the receptor cells and a higher convergence ratio of receptor cells to ganglion cells as compared to the shallow-dwelling form Tarletonbeania crenularis. Accordingly it is suggested that the pineal of P. ingens is more photosensitive. Additional differences among species were found in the ultrastructure of the supportive cells. Dorsal sacs were absent in the three shallowest-occurring myctophids studied. In those species with a dorsal sac, its close association with the pineal-end-vesicle suggests a functional relationship between the two structures.", "PMID": 596340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5501", "title": "Evidence of a specific nidation site in ruminants.", "content": "The site of umbilical cord attachment in ruminants indicates the limited segment of the uterus where the blastocyst attachment occurs and could have potential significance for locating presumptive nidation sites. Measurements of the site of cord attachment were made on impala (Aepyceros melampus) and common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) at several stages of gestation. Both implant only in the right uterine horn although they ovulate from either ovary. Relative to uterine length, cord attachment in impala is somewhat closer to the cervix than it is in common duiker. As pregnancy advances in common duiker, the relative position of cord attachment becomes closer to the tubal end. This relationship was not seen in impala and may perhaps to be attributed inadequate data. Upon extrapolation of the data from common duiker, a presumptive attachment area is suggested for this species. This region is located at about 41% of the distance from the internal cervical os to the uterotubal junction. Similar cord attachment data could be used in any ruminant species to indicate the existence and location of a specific nidation site.", "contents": "Evidence of a specific nidation site in ruminants. The site of umbilical cord attachment in ruminants indicates the limited segment of the uterus where the blastocyst attachment occurs and could have potential significance for locating presumptive nidation sites. Measurements of the site of cord attachment were made on impala (Aepyceros melampus) and common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) at several stages of gestation. Both implant only in the right uterine horn although they ovulate from either ovary. Relative to uterine length, cord attachment in impala is somewhat closer to the cervix than it is in common duiker. As pregnancy advances in common duiker, the relative position of cord attachment becomes closer to the tubal end. This relationship was not seen in impala and may perhaps to be attributed inadequate data. Upon extrapolation of the data from common duiker, a presumptive attachment area is suggested for this species. This region is located at about 41% of the distance from the internal cervical os to the uterotubal junction. Similar cord attachment data could be used in any ruminant species to indicate the existence and location of a specific nidation site.", "PMID": 596344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5502", "title": "The fine structure of the melanocytes of the adult mouse hair follicle during their amelanotic phase (telogen and early anagen).", "content": "Melanocyte-precursor cells have been described previously in telogen and early anagen hair germs by observation of Epon sections using light microscopy. The existence of these precursor cells has not been generally accepted due to lack of ultrastructural evidence. It is our purpose to describe these cells using transmission electron microscopy. We studied hair germs of the dorsal skin of adult mice in the appropriate stages of the hair cycle prior to melanogenesis. Telogen melanocytes are distinguishable from adjacent keratocytes by their lack of desmosomes, lack of coarse clumps of microfilaments, sparsity of ribosomes, unusually few nuclear pores and presence of dendrites. Melanocytes in early anagen show extensive growth with abundant polysomes, elaborate RER and Golgi zones. They still differ from keratocytes in their lack of desmosomes and clumps of microfilament, and also in the occasional presence of premelanosomes.", "contents": "The fine structure of the melanocytes of the adult mouse hair follicle during their amelanotic phase (telogen and early anagen). Melanocyte-precursor cells have been described previously in telogen and early anagen hair germs by observation of Epon sections using light microscopy. The existence of these precursor cells has not been generally accepted due to lack of ultrastructural evidence. It is our purpose to describe these cells using transmission electron microscopy. We studied hair germs of the dorsal skin of adult mice in the appropriate stages of the hair cycle prior to melanogenesis. Telogen melanocytes are distinguishable from adjacent keratocytes by their lack of desmosomes, lack of coarse clumps of microfilaments, sparsity of ribosomes, unusually few nuclear pores and presence of dendrites. Melanocytes in early anagen show extensive growth with abundant polysomes, elaborate RER and Golgi zones. They still differ from keratocytes in their lack of desmosomes and clumps of microfilament, and also in the occasional presence of premelanosomes.", "PMID": 596346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5503", "title": "A radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the newborn rat.", "content": "Growth sites within the newborn cartilaginous nasal septum have been identified by monitoring chondrocytic proliferation radioautographically. Tritiated thymidine was the labeling agent used. The results were tabulated and charted graphically; they showed the overall septum to be relatively active mitotically, yielding an average of 3.54 labeled cells per microscopic field counted. However, certain areas showed greater activity than others, namely the anterior tip (4.51 labeled cells/field), the midportion (3.98 labeled cells/field) and the posterior section of the presphenoidal tail (4.24 labeled cells/field).", "contents": "A radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the newborn rat. Growth sites within the newborn cartilaginous nasal septum have been identified by monitoring chondrocytic proliferation radioautographically. Tritiated thymidine was the labeling agent used. The results were tabulated and charted graphically; they showed the overall septum to be relatively active mitotically, yielding an average of 3.54 labeled cells per microscopic field counted. However, certain areas showed greater activity than others, namely the anterior tip (4.51 labeled cells/field), the midportion (3.98 labeled cells/field) and the posterior section of the presphenoidal tail (4.24 labeled cells/field).", "PMID": 596347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5504", "title": "Endoscopic electrosurgical polypectomies of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The electrosurgical removal of polypoid lesions from the upper gastrointestinal tract with the esophagogastroduodenoscope has proven to be safe, effective and relatively inexpensive procedure. Thirty polypectomies performed on 26 different patients are presented. Polyps were removed from the distal esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum. There were no significant complications.", "contents": "Endoscopic electrosurgical polypectomies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The electrosurgical removal of polypoid lesions from the upper gastrointestinal tract with the esophagogastroduodenoscope has proven to be safe, effective and relatively inexpensive procedure. Thirty polypectomies performed on 26 different patients are presented. Polyps were removed from the distal esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum. There were no significant complications.", "PMID": 596354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5505", "title": "Paraduodenal hernias.", "content": "Paraduodenal hernias comprise approximately 50% of all internal hernias. The clinical diagnosis of this condition is analyzed. Two cases are presented and two theories for the embryological development of these malformations and their surgical management are discussed.", "contents": "Paraduodenal hernias. Paraduodenal hernias comprise approximately 50% of all internal hernias. The clinical diagnosis of this condition is analyzed. Two cases are presented and two theories for the embryological development of these malformations and their surgical management are discussed.", "PMID": 596355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5506", "title": "The effect of portacaval shunting in the alcoholic cirrhotic on serum cholesterol concentration. A retrospective study.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative cholesterol levels were obtained by retrospective analysis of 28 patients subjected to successful portalsystemic decompression. The average cholesterol values showed a statistically significant decline from 189-161 mg.%.", "contents": "The effect of portacaval shunting in the alcoholic cirrhotic on serum cholesterol concentration. A retrospective study. Preoperative and postoperative cholesterol levels were obtained by retrospective analysis of 28 patients subjected to successful portalsystemic decompression. The average cholesterol values showed a statistically significant decline from 189-161 mg.%.", "PMID": 596356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5507", "title": "Hepatic amebiasis-analysis of 56 cases. II. Laboratory and chest x-ray findings.", "content": "Laboratory and chest x-ray findings in 56 cases of hepatic amebiasis previously reported are described. Anemia and an  elevated E.S.R., frequently without an elevated leucocyte count, were the most frequent hematologic findings. Abnormalities of liver function tests were mild and nonspecific. The most frequent abnormalities seen in chest x-ray were an elevated right hemidiaphragm whose motility on fluoroscopy was reduced or abolished. The abnormalities may be of great help in diagnosis in endemic areas were more sophisticated facilities may not be available.", "contents": "Hepatic amebiasis-analysis of 56 cases. II. Laboratory and chest x-ray findings. Laboratory and chest x-ray findings in 56 cases of hepatic amebiasis previously reported are described. Anemia and an  elevated E.S.R., frequently without an elevated leucocyte count, were the most frequent hematologic findings. Abnormalities of liver function tests were mild and nonspecific. The most frequent abnormalities seen in chest x-ray were an elevated right hemidiaphragm whose motility on fluoroscopy was reduced or abolished. The abnormalities may be of great help in diagnosis in endemic areas were more sophisticated facilities may not be available.", "PMID": 596357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5508", "title": "Polypoid villous adenoma of the stomach. A case report.", "content": "Clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings and radiographic features of a polypoid villous adenoma of the stomach are described. A working classificaiton of gastric epithelial polyps and a table of differential diagnoses are presented. The clinical significance of this lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Polypoid villous adenoma of the stomach. A case report. Clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings and radiographic features of a polypoid villous adenoma of the stomach are described. A working classificaiton of gastric epithelial polyps and a table of differential diagnoses are presented. The clinical significance of this lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 596359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5509", "title": "Clinical significance of preoperative liver scintigraphy in gastric cancer.", "content": "The surgical and liver scintigraphic findings were compared for evaluation of preoperative diagnostic value in 146 cases of gastric carcinoma. Correct diagnosis was found in 95% with a false negative rate of 2.7% and a false positive rate of 27%. In all the false negative cases, the size of all space-occupying lesions within the liver was less than 3 cm. in diameter. In view of the high percentage of correct diagnosis (95%), we believe that the preoperative liver scintigraphy is very useful clinically. Furthermore, we documented that liver metastasis is a late complication of gastric cancer and suggest that new diagnostic tools are needed to assess the presence of nodal metastasis, serosal infiltration and peritoneal dissemination.", "contents": "Clinical significance of preoperative liver scintigraphy in gastric cancer. The surgical and liver scintigraphic findings were compared for evaluation of preoperative diagnostic value in 146 cases of gastric carcinoma. Correct diagnosis was found in 95% with a false negative rate of 2.7% and a false positive rate of 27%. In all the false negative cases, the size of all space-occupying lesions within the liver was less than 3 cm. in diameter. In view of the high percentage of correct diagnosis (95%), we believe that the preoperative liver scintigraphy is very useful clinically. Furthermore, we documented that liver metastasis is a late complication of gastric cancer and suggest that new diagnostic tools are needed to assess the presence of nodal metastasis, serosal infiltration and peritoneal dissemination.", "PMID": 596361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5510", "title": "Celiac disease with jejunal ulceration.", "content": "A patient with celiac disease with ulceration of the jejunum, an infrequent association, is reported. Patient underwent surgery for resection of the ulcerated segment. The frequency of such an association, possible complications and an approach to therapy is reviewed.", "contents": "Celiac disease with jejunal ulceration. A patient with celiac disease with ulceration of the jejunum, an infrequent association, is reported. Patient underwent surgery for resection of the ulcerated segment. The frequency of such an association, possible complications and an approach to therapy is reviewed.", "PMID": 596362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5511", "title": "Duodenal Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "An unusual case of primary extranodal Hodgkin's disease, localized to the duodenum is reported and illustrated. A review of the literature stressing the incidence, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance and prognosis of primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin's disease is presented. It is pointed out that although the majority of the lesions are infiltrating in type, intestinal Hodgkin's may present as a solitary ulceration or as a polypoid lesion indistinguishable from other forms lymphoma.", "contents": "Duodenal Hodgkin's disease. An unusual case of primary extranodal Hodgkin's disease, localized to the duodenum is reported and illustrated. A review of the literature stressing the incidence, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance and prognosis of primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin's disease is presented. It is pointed out that although the majority of the lesions are infiltrating in type, intestinal Hodgkin's may present as a solitary ulceration or as a polypoid lesion indistinguishable from other forms lymphoma.", "PMID": 596364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5512", "title": "Determination of antiplatelet antibody activity in sera cytotoxic for human lymphocytes.", "content": "Pooled serum aliquots obtained from sensitized potential renal allograft recipients on chronic hemodialysis were evaluated for their lymphocytotoxicity titers against the lymphocytes and then for alloantibodies against the platelets of 7 random donors by 5 methods. Platelet donor specific lymphocytotoxicity was present in 93% of 42 combinations. Of the positive combinations, 57% had a positive test for antiplatelet activity by the 14C serotonin release assay, 16% by the platelet aggregation method, and 19% as judged by acid phosphatase availability on the platelet membrane. No serum tested released beta-glucoronidase or lactic dehydrogenase. No correlation of the height of the titer of antiplatelet activity with that for lymphocytoxicity was detected. Thus, even in sera demonstrating significant activity against donor lymphocyte antigens, detection of associated platelet antibody activity is not uniform. Thus, a positive lymphocytoxic titer does not necessarily predict detectable antiplatelet activity. Therefore, additional tests for detection of antiplatelet activity should also be considered. This study shows that of the tests evaluated, the 14C serotonin release assay is the most sensitive for detection of antiplatelet antibodies.", "contents": "Determination of antiplatelet antibody activity in sera cytotoxic for human lymphocytes. Pooled serum aliquots obtained from sensitized potential renal allograft recipients on chronic hemodialysis were evaluated for their lymphocytotoxicity titers against the lymphocytes and then for alloantibodies against the platelets of 7 random donors by 5 methods. Platelet donor specific lymphocytotoxicity was present in 93% of 42 combinations. Of the positive combinations, 57% had a positive test for antiplatelet activity by the 14C serotonin release assay, 16% by the platelet aggregation method, and 19% as judged by acid phosphatase availability on the platelet membrane. No serum tested released beta-glucoronidase or lactic dehydrogenase. No correlation of the height of the titer of antiplatelet activity with that for lymphocytoxicity was detected. Thus, even in sera demonstrating significant activity against donor lymphocyte antigens, detection of associated platelet antibody activity is not uniform. Thus, a positive lymphocytoxic titer does not necessarily predict detectable antiplatelet activity. Therefore, additional tests for detection of antiplatelet activity should also be considered. This study shows that of the tests evaluated, the 14C serotonin release assay is the most sensitive for detection of antiplatelet antibodies.", "PMID": 596365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5513", "title": "Successful transfusion of platelets \"mismatched\" for HLA antigens to alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients.", "content": "A critical factor limiting the availability of histocompatible platelet transfusions for alloimmunized, thrombocytopenic patients is the large pool of HLA-typed donors needed to procure platelets perfectly matched for HLA antigens. We have, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of platelets obtained from donors having lesser degrees of histocompatibility. In 421 transfusions administered to 59 alloimmunized patients who were refractory to \"random donor\" platelets, it was found that platelets mismatched for 1 or 2 \"cross-reactive\" HLA antigens were in most instances as effective in increasing circulating platelet levels as perfectly matched platelets. A significant number of patients also responded to platelets from donors selectively mismatched for non-cross-reactive HLA antigens. The latter group had a significantly reduced frequency of the antigen HLA-A2 (13%) in comparison to the total patient population (49%). Use of donors whose HLA antigens are serologically cross-reactive with those of alloimmunized patients provides approximately 10 times as many prospective donors as does selection based on matching for HLA and simplifies the procurement of hemostatically effective platelets for such patients.", "contents": "Successful transfusion of platelets \"mismatched\" for HLA antigens to alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. A critical factor limiting the availability of histocompatible platelet transfusions for alloimmunized, thrombocytopenic patients is the large pool of HLA-typed donors needed to procure platelets perfectly matched for HLA antigens. We have, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of platelets obtained from donors having lesser degrees of histocompatibility. In 421 transfusions administered to 59 alloimmunized patients who were refractory to \"random donor\" platelets, it was found that platelets mismatched for 1 or 2 \"cross-reactive\" HLA antigens were in most instances as effective in increasing circulating platelet levels as perfectly matched platelets. A significant number of patients also responded to platelets from donors selectively mismatched for non-cross-reactive HLA antigens. The latter group had a significantly reduced frequency of the antigen HLA-A2 (13%) in comparison to the total patient population (49%). Use of donors whose HLA antigens are serologically cross-reactive with those of alloimmunized patients provides approximately 10 times as many prospective donors as does selection based on matching for HLA and simplifies the procurement of hemostatically effective platelets for such patients.", "PMID": 596366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5514", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of late rabbit-embryo erythroid cells in liver and peripheral blood.", "content": "A morphological study of hemoglobin biosynthesis activity in rabbit-embryo liver and peripheral blood was comparatively developed. Orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes of the same maturing degree were analysed through thin sections, as to their organellar constitution and behaviour regarding iron incorporation. It was found that peripheral blood erythroid cells contain mainly hemosomes, organelles taken as sites of final hemoglobin molecule biosynthesis. The ratio between the mean number of hemosomes in blood erythroid cell sections and that in liver erythroid cell sections reaches a little more than 6:1. Inversely, late liver erythroid cells are predominantly constituted by mitochondria that directly or indirectly participate in hemosome formation. The ratio between the mean number of mitochondria in blood erythroid cell sections and that in liver erythroid cell sections reaches 1:11. Besides this, the iron incorporation activity is higher in peripheral blood erythroid cells than in liver erythroblasts and reticulocytes. It is apparent that erythroid cells in the liver accumulate heme, given the ratio of the means of iron incorporation activity per cell to hemosome per cell (3.67), while blood erythroid cells, with a 1.08 ratio, synthesize heme, which is immediately afterwards integrated into the globin chains. The sudden increase in the formation of hemosomes when liver orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes enter the peripheral blood, reflecting an enhancement of hemoglobin synthesis, agrees with biochemical findings of other authors.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of late rabbit-embryo erythroid cells in liver and peripheral blood. A morphological study of hemoglobin biosynthesis activity in rabbit-embryo liver and peripheral blood was comparatively developed. Orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes of the same maturing degree were analysed through thin sections, as to their organellar constitution and behaviour regarding iron incorporation. It was found that peripheral blood erythroid cells contain mainly hemosomes, organelles taken as sites of final hemoglobin molecule biosynthesis. The ratio between the mean number of hemosomes in blood erythroid cell sections and that in liver erythroid cell sections reaches a little more than 6:1. Inversely, late liver erythroid cells are predominantly constituted by mitochondria that directly or indirectly participate in hemosome formation. The ratio between the mean number of mitochondria in blood erythroid cell sections and that in liver erythroid cell sections reaches 1:11. Besides this, the iron incorporation activity is higher in peripheral blood erythroid cells than in liver erythroblasts and reticulocytes. It is apparent that erythroid cells in the liver accumulate heme, given the ratio of the means of iron incorporation activity per cell to hemosome per cell (3.67), while blood erythroid cells, with a 1.08 ratio, synthesize heme, which is immediately afterwards integrated into the globin chains. The sudden increase in the formation of hemosomes when liver orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes enter the peripheral blood, reflecting an enhancement of hemoglobin synthesis, agrees with biochemical findings of other authors.", "PMID": 596367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5515", "title": "Production paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like red blood cells by tea.", "content": "Normal human red cells incubated with saline extracts of tea develop paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like defects as demonstrated by positive acid and sucrose hemolysis tests. All of a variety of tea preparations tested provoked a sensitivity to complement-dependent hemolysis and, with one exception, a moderate decrease in red cell acetylcholinesterase activity. Complement-dependent hemolysis in teaincubated red cells was inhibited by antisera to C3 and C3 activator, but not by antisera to C4. This suggests that incubation with tea may alter the red cell membrane in a way that specifically potentiates the lytic effects of the alternate pathway of complement, but not the classic pathway. Leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, also prevented complement-dependent hemolysis of red cells incubated with tea. Although the clinical consequences of these observations are unknown, the study was initiated following a report of a young male who had developed an acute limited intravascular hemolytic episode following ingestion of large quantities of a herbal tea.", "contents": "Production paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like red blood cells by tea. Normal human red cells incubated with saline extracts of tea develop paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria-like defects as demonstrated by positive acid and sucrose hemolysis tests. All of a variety of tea preparations tested provoked a sensitivity to complement-dependent hemolysis and, with one exception, a moderate decrease in red cell acetylcholinesterase activity. Complement-dependent hemolysis in teaincubated red cells was inhibited by antisera to C3 and C3 activator, but not by antisera to C4. This suggests that incubation with tea may alter the red cell membrane in a way that specifically potentiates the lytic effects of the alternate pathway of complement, but not the classic pathway. Leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, also prevented complement-dependent hemolysis of red cells incubated with tea. Although the clinical consequences of these observations are unknown, the study was initiated following a report of a young male who had developed an acute limited intravascular hemolytic episode following ingestion of large quantities of a herbal tea.", "PMID": 596368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5516", "title": "A plasma inhibitor of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Because of the high prevalence of thrombotic complications in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA), we investigated platelet function in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, ADP, and collagen, except for absent secondary wave in 3 of 10 patients with SCA, was qualitatively normal. However, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) with a final concentration 1.12 mg/ml was markedly abnormal-absent or virtually absent in 9 of 10 patients with SCA, 3 of 3 patients with hemoglobin S-C disease, and 2 of 3 patients with sickle trait. All 8 controls used in these experiments repeatedly demonstrated normal RIPA. Addition of normal plasma failed to correct abnormal RIPA in sickle hemoglobinopathy patients. All patients demonstrated normal RIPA with a ristocetin dose of 2.24 mg/ml and aggregated with bovine fibrinogen. Recombinant mixing experiments demonstrated that washed SCA platelets support RIPA (1.12 mg/ml) when resuspended in normal plasma or high dilutions of SCA plasma, but not in undiluted SCA plasma. Washed normal platelets do not support RIPA (1.12 mg/ml) when resuspended in SCA plasma. These findings suggest the presence of a plasma inhibitor of RIPA in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "A plasma inhibitor of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Because of the high prevalence of thrombotic complications in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA), we investigated platelet function in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, ADP, and collagen, except for absent secondary wave in 3 of 10 patients with SCA, was qualitatively normal. However, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) with a final concentration 1.12 mg/ml was markedly abnormal-absent or virtually absent in 9 of 10 patients with SCA, 3 of 3 patients with hemoglobin S-C disease, and 2 of 3 patients with sickle trait. All 8 controls used in these experiments repeatedly demonstrated normal RIPA. Addition of normal plasma failed to correct abnormal RIPA in sickle hemoglobinopathy patients. All patients demonstrated normal RIPA with a ristocetin dose of 2.24 mg/ml and aggregated with bovine fibrinogen. Recombinant mixing experiments demonstrated that washed SCA platelets support RIPA (1.12 mg/ml) when resuspended in normal plasma or high dilutions of SCA plasma, but not in undiluted SCA plasma. Washed normal platelets do not support RIPA (1.12 mg/ml) when resuspended in SCA plasma. These findings suggest the presence of a plasma inhibitor of RIPA in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies.", "PMID": 596369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5517", "title": "Exceptionally high serum erythropoietin activity in an anephric patient with severe anemia.", "content": "An exceptionally high serum erythropoietin (EPO) activity was documented in an anephric patient with severe anemia who required transfusions every 4 weeks. The patient's serum EPO was comparable to normal human urinary EPO in the polycythemic mouse assay and was neutralized by an antiserum against EPO. The patient's serum inhibited EPO stimulated-heme synthesis by normal human marrow cells in vitro. This finding suggests that an inhibitor played an important role in causing the anemia of this uremic patient.", "contents": "Exceptionally high serum erythropoietin activity in an anephric patient with severe anemia. An exceptionally high serum erythropoietin (EPO) activity was documented in an anephric patient with severe anemia who required transfusions every 4 weeks. The patient's serum EPO was comparable to normal human urinary EPO in the polycythemic mouse assay and was neutralized by an antiserum against EPO. The patient's serum inhibited EPO stimulated-heme synthesis by normal human marrow cells in vitro. This finding suggests that an inhibitor played an important role in causing the anemia of this uremic patient.", "PMID": 596371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5518", "title": "Identification of hemoglobins in single erythrocytes by electrophoresis.", "content": "We present here a method for electrophoretic identification of hemoglobin variants in many individual erythrocytes simultaneously, which is made possible by instruments developed in our laboratory. The system spaces and aligns the erythrocytes along a common origin and prevents 'doubling' of cells. Unambiguous separation of different hemoglobins (Hbs) occurred from single erythrocytes, such as Hbs A, C, F. Staged micrographs showed that hemoglobins of differing mobility from a single cell arise from a single point source of hemoglobin. In principle this capability is applicable to other proteins and could facilitate investigation at a cellular level into a variety of questions pertaining to gene action.", "contents": "Identification of hemoglobins in single erythrocytes by electrophoresis. We present here a method for electrophoretic identification of hemoglobin variants in many individual erythrocytes simultaneously, which is made possible by instruments developed in our laboratory. The system spaces and aligns the erythrocytes along a common origin and prevents 'doubling' of cells. Unambiguous separation of different hemoglobins (Hbs) occurred from single erythrocytes, such as Hbs A, C, F. Staged micrographs showed that hemoglobins of differing mobility from a single cell arise from a single point source of hemoglobin. In principle this capability is applicable to other proteins and could facilitate investigation at a cellular level into a variety of questions pertaining to gene action.", "PMID": 596372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5519", "title": "Alpha-thalassemia.", "content": "The current concepts of alpha-thalassemia including incidence, genetics, clinical spectrum and diagnosis are reviewed. Speculation concerning clinical application of the molecular biology of alpha-thalassemia is also presented.", "contents": "Alpha-thalassemia. The current concepts of alpha-thalassemia including incidence, genetics, clinical spectrum and diagnosis are reviewed. Speculation concerning clinical application of the molecular biology of alpha-thalassemia is also presented.", "PMID": 596373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5520", "title": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden.", "content": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden are discussed. The system of drug distribution in Sweden is reviewed, and the following functions of hospital pharmacies are discussed; drug and hygiene committees, inspection activities, drug information and educational services, radiopharmacy, and research activities. Pharmacy education, drug manufacturing, and Apoteksbolaget--The National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies--are also discussed. Future developments in hospital pharmacy are expected to include increased sales to outpatients, a restructuring of the drug supply within outpatient care and recommendations from the hospital drug committees on outpatient care.", "contents": "Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden. Health care and hospital pharmacy in Sweden are discussed. The system of drug distribution in Sweden is reviewed, and the following functions of hospital pharmacies are discussed; drug and hygiene committees, inspection activities, drug information and educational services, radiopharmacy, and research activities. Pharmacy education, drug manufacturing, and Apoteksbolaget--The National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies--are also discussed. Future developments in hospital pharmacy are expected to include increased sales to outpatients, a restructuring of the drug supply within outpatient care and recommendations from the hospital drug committees on outpatient care.", "PMID": 596381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5521", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: intravenous fluid therapy.", "content": "The indications for use of large-volume parenteral solutions are reviewed, and the types of fluids administered and their potential hazards are described. The indications discussed are replacement therapy, maintenance therapy and emergency venous access. Hazards presented include thrombophlebitis, infection, volume overload, air embolism, particulate matter and chemical contamination. The indications for specific parenteral fluids, such as saline solutions, dextrose solution, fructose and alkaline solutions are discussed. Also reviewed are agents used to treat alkalosis, intravenous potassium therapy, calcium salts, magnesium salts and mixed solutions. Most clinical situations can be managed with judicious use of 0.9% saline and 5% dextrose with the addition of other electrolytes as determined by the needs of the individual patient.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: intravenous fluid therapy. The indications for use of large-volume parenteral solutions are reviewed, and the types of fluids administered and their potential hazards are described. The indications discussed are replacement therapy, maintenance therapy and emergency venous access. Hazards presented include thrombophlebitis, infection, volume overload, air embolism, particulate matter and chemical contamination. The indications for specific parenteral fluids, such as saline solutions, dextrose solution, fructose and alkaline solutions are discussed. Also reviewed are agents used to treat alkalosis, intravenous potassium therapy, calcium salts, magnesium salts and mixed solutions. Most clinical situations can be managed with judicious use of 0.9% saline and 5% dextrose with the addition of other electrolytes as determined by the needs of the individual patient.", "PMID": 596382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5522", "title": "Labeling and recording orders for intravenous solutions: the concept of total amounts of ingredients.", "content": "A system of nomenclature for labeling and recording information on orders for parenteral solutions was developed using the concept of total amounts of ingredients. Compared with the traditional nomenclature, the new system is more useful for monitoring, is less ambiguous, saves time in recording and labeling, is easier to check, and is readily automated. An error study showed a significant decrease in \"wrong solution\" errors with the new system. No important problems occurred during the changeover from the traditional to the new nomenclature.", "contents": "Labeling and recording orders for intravenous solutions: the concept of total amounts of ingredients. A system of nomenclature for labeling and recording information on orders for parenteral solutions was developed using the concept of total amounts of ingredients. Compared with the traditional nomenclature, the new system is more useful for monitoring, is less ambiguous, saves time in recording and labeling, is easier to check, and is readily automated. An error study showed a significant decrease in \"wrong solution\" errors with the new system. No important problems occurred during the changeover from the traditional to the new nomenclature.", "PMID": 596383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5523", "title": "Saccharin sodium as a potential sweetener for antidotal charcoal.", "content": "This study explored if saccharin sodium, as a sweetener in activated charcoal formulations, would be sufficiently available to provide sweetness while not severely reducing charcoal's adsorption capacity. In vitro tests showed that charcoal takes up 40wt% of saccharin at a 1 g/liter concentration of saccharin in the residual fluid; 29.3wt% at 0.1 g/liter. A saccharin level of 0.1 g/g of charcoal in a carboxymethylcellulose formulation gave enough residual flavor to be appealing. Sodium salicylate, 1 g/liter and 10 g/liter, was used to test whether the 0.1 g/g level of saccharin would interfere with charcoal's ability to adsorb a typical drug. By use of colorimetric assay, it was shown that a 2 g charcoal per gram of salicylate (initial salicylate concentration of 1 g/liter), the extent of drug adsorption was reduced from 70% to 64%, at a 10 g/liter initial concentration, the reduction was 87% to 82%. Under the conditions tested, the antidotal mixture should be pleasantly sweet at a saccharin level of 1 g/10g charcoal, and little effect would be produced on the adsorption of sodium salicylate and other drugs that are well adsorbed by charcoal.", "contents": "Saccharin sodium as a potential sweetener for antidotal charcoal. This study explored if saccharin sodium, as a sweetener in activated charcoal formulations, would be sufficiently available to provide sweetness while not severely reducing charcoal's adsorption capacity. In vitro tests showed that charcoal takes up 40wt% of saccharin at a 1 g/liter concentration of saccharin in the residual fluid; 29.3wt% at 0.1 g/liter. A saccharin level of 0.1 g/g of charcoal in a carboxymethylcellulose formulation gave enough residual flavor to be appealing. Sodium salicylate, 1 g/liter and 10 g/liter, was used to test whether the 0.1 g/g level of saccharin would interfere with charcoal's ability to adsorb a typical drug. By use of colorimetric assay, it was shown that a 2 g charcoal per gram of salicylate (initial salicylate concentration of 1 g/liter), the extent of drug adsorption was reduced from 70% to 64%, at a 10 g/liter initial concentration, the reduction was 87% to 82%. Under the conditions tested, the antidotal mixture should be pleasantly sweet at a saccharin level of 1 g/10g charcoal, and little effect would be produced on the adsorption of sodium salicylate and other drugs that are well adsorbed by charcoal.", "PMID": 596384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5524", "title": "Preparation of progesterone suppositories.", "content": "The manufacture and assay of progesterone suppositories by a hospital pharmacy department are described. The compounding formula and procedures are presented. The product is used to treat luteal phase insufficiency.", "contents": "Preparation of progesterone suppositories. The manufacture and assay of progesterone suppositories by a hospital pharmacy department are described. The compounding formula and procedures are presented. The product is used to treat luteal phase insufficiency.", "PMID": 596385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5525", "title": "Effect of large-dose ascorbic acid on the two-drop clinitest determination.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine if high doses of ascorbic acid would affect the two-drop Clinitest determination for glucosuria in normal individuals. Numerous secondary literature sources indicate that large doses of ascorbic acid may cause a false positive Clinitest result. Three-gram and nine-gram doses of ascorbic acid following two dosing schedules (once daily and three times daily) were taken by nine normal individuals to determine if the renal excretion of large enough quantities of ascorbic acid or its metabolites would produce false positive results with the two-drop Clinitest procedure. Each dose was given for seven days in each schedule. There were only two (0.27%) trace positive Clinitest determinations reported out of 748 Clinitest determinations. High doses of ascorbic acid in normal individuals do not appear to affect the two-drop Clinitest determination for urinary glucose. The study indicates a need to be cautious about secondary literature references on drug-laboratory test interferences.", "contents": "Effect of large-dose ascorbic acid on the two-drop clinitest determination. A study was conducted to determine if high doses of ascorbic acid would affect the two-drop Clinitest determination for glucosuria in normal individuals. Numerous secondary literature sources indicate that large doses of ascorbic acid may cause a false positive Clinitest result. Three-gram and nine-gram doses of ascorbic acid following two dosing schedules (once daily and three times daily) were taken by nine normal individuals to determine if the renal excretion of large enough quantities of ascorbic acid or its metabolites would produce false positive results with the two-drop Clinitest procedure. Each dose was given for seven days in each schedule. There were only two (0.27%) trace positive Clinitest determinations reported out of 748 Clinitest determinations. High doses of ascorbic acid in normal individuals do not appear to affect the two-drop Clinitest determination for urinary glucose. The study indicates a need to be cautious about secondary literature references on drug-laboratory test interferences.", "PMID": 596386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5526", "title": "Implementation of clinical pharmacy services in a cardiac rehabilitation unit.", "content": "The implementation of a comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of cardiac patients is discussed with primary emphasis on the clinical pharmacy services provided and the method of reimbursement for these clinical services. The three basic clinical pharmacy service objectives in the cardiac rehabilitation unit (CRU) are: (1) to provide drug information to the patient, his family and health-care team members; (2) to intensively monitor the drug therapy of all CRU patients, and (3) to evaluate the impact of pharmacy services being provided upon the quality of patient care and subsequent avoidable drug-related morbidity and mortality. The pharmacist is reimbursed for his clinical services from a percentage of the revenues gained from the higher room rate rather than from traditional dispensing functions and drug fees. It is concluded that the pharmacist is recognized as a necessary drug information source and an important member of the CRU team.", "contents": "Implementation of clinical pharmacy services in a cardiac rehabilitation unit. The implementation of a comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of cardiac patients is discussed with primary emphasis on the clinical pharmacy services provided and the method of reimbursement for these clinical services. The three basic clinical pharmacy service objectives in the cardiac rehabilitation unit (CRU) are: (1) to provide drug information to the patient, his family and health-care team members; (2) to intensively monitor the drug therapy of all CRU patients, and (3) to evaluate the impact of pharmacy services being provided upon the quality of patient care and subsequent avoidable drug-related morbidity and mortality. The pharmacist is reimbursed for his clinical services from a percentage of the revenues gained from the higher room rate rather than from traditional dispensing functions and drug fees. It is concluded that the pharmacist is recognized as a necessary drug information source and an important member of the CRU team.", "PMID": 596387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5527", "title": "Agranulocytosis associated with procainamide therapy--report of a case.", "content": "The case of a 69-year-old woman with procainamide-induced agranulocytosis is reported, and literature reports of 14 other such cases are reviewed. The patients was exposed to procainamide, prescribed for atrial fibrillation, for 26 days, with a daily dose of 1.5 to 4 g and a total dose of 57.5 g. She recovered from agranulocytosis after discontinuation of the drug and hospital treatment for 16 days. Among the reported cases of procainamide-induced agranulocytosis, the daily dosage ranged from 750 mg to 4.5 g; the total ingested dose before agranulocytosis was observed ranged from 36.5 to 316.3 g. Patients treated with procainamide should be instructed to report any soreness of the mouth, throat or gums; unexplained fever; or any symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. If white blood cell counts indicate bone marrow depression, the drug should be withdrawn and appropriate evaluation begun at once.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis associated with procainamide therapy--report of a case. The case of a 69-year-old woman with procainamide-induced agranulocytosis is reported, and literature reports of 14 other such cases are reviewed. The patients was exposed to procainamide, prescribed for atrial fibrillation, for 26 days, with a daily dose of 1.5 to 4 g and a total dose of 57.5 g. She recovered from agranulocytosis after discontinuation of the drug and hospital treatment for 16 days. Among the reported cases of procainamide-induced agranulocytosis, the daily dosage ranged from 750 mg to 4.5 g; the total ingested dose before agranulocytosis was observed ranged from 36.5 to 316.3 g. Patients treated with procainamide should be instructed to report any soreness of the mouth, throat or gums; unexplained fever; or any symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. If white blood cell counts indicate bone marrow depression, the drug should be withdrawn and appropriate evaluation begun at once.", "PMID": 596390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5528", "title": "Quantitative corneal endothelial evaluation in intraocular lens implantation and cataract surgery.", "content": "We analyzed pre- and postoperative corneal endothelial photographs of 33 intraocular lens patients and found an average endothelial cell density loss of 14%. Twenty-six cataract patients, similarly examined, showed a 13% mean endothelial cell loss. In 14 of the intraocular lens patients, a second postoperative evaluation of the central endothelium, at a later date, revealed a trend toward continuing cell loss. Our results indicate fewer endothelial cells were lost after intraocular lens implantation than has been previously reported. This may be accounted for by our considering only patients with normal corneas for lens implantation, and by our constant maintenance of the anterior chamber with an air bubble during lens implant surgery.", "contents": "Quantitative corneal endothelial evaluation in intraocular lens implantation and cataract surgery. We analyzed pre- and postoperative corneal endothelial photographs of 33 intraocular lens patients and found an average endothelial cell density loss of 14%. Twenty-six cataract patients, similarly examined, showed a 13% mean endothelial cell loss. In 14 of the intraocular lens patients, a second postoperative evaluation of the central endothelium, at a later date, revealed a trend toward continuing cell loss. Our results indicate fewer endothelial cells were lost after intraocular lens implantation than has been previously reported. This may be accounted for by our considering only patients with normal corneas for lens implantation, and by our constant maintenance of the anterior chamber with an air bubble during lens implant surgery.", "PMID": 596391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5529", "title": "A simple conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "Biopsy of conjunctival goblet cells may be carried out by pressing a piece of Millipore filter on the conjunctival surface. This can then be stained with PAS and hematoxylin and observed under the microscope after the filter has been cleared with oil. Either spots of mucous corresponding to the openings of the goblet cells are seen, or the filter adheres to the surface and pulls off one or more layers of epithelial cells and goblet cells. The procedure can be carried out on the unanesthetized eye and does not cause discomfort.", "contents": "A simple conjunctival biopsy. Biopsy of conjunctival goblet cells may be carried out by pressing a piece of Millipore filter on the conjunctival surface. This can then be stained with PAS and hematoxylin and observed under the microscope after the filter has been cleared with oil. Either spots of mucous corresponding to the openings of the goblet cells are seen, or the filter adheres to the surface and pulls off one or more layers of epithelial cells and goblet cells. The procedure can be carried out on the unanesthetized eye and does not cause discomfort.", "PMID": 596392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5530", "title": "External ophthalmomyiasis caused by Estrus ovis.", "content": "External ophthalmomyiasis occurred in a 16-year-old white girl who was infected on Catalina Island, an endemic area for the sheep bot fly. With the patient under topical anesthesia, we isolated the larva, Estrus ovis, removed it with jewelers' forceps, and examined it with light and scanning electron microscopy. The patient responded well to a treatment regimen of corticosteroids and antibiotics.", "contents": "External ophthalmomyiasis caused by Estrus ovis. External ophthalmomyiasis occurred in a 16-year-old white girl who was infected on Catalina Island, an endemic area for the sheep bot fly. With the patient under topical anesthesia, we isolated the larva, Estrus ovis, removed it with jewelers' forceps, and examined it with light and scanning electron microscopy. The patient responded well to a treatment regimen of corticosteroids and antibiotics.", "PMID": 596393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5531", "title": "Pityrosporum species associated with dacryoliths in obstructive dacryocystitis.", "content": "Two dacryoliths removed from the obstructed and enlarged lacrimal sac of a 54-year-old woman during dacryocystorhinostomy were found to contain filamentous forms consistent with Pityrosporum orbiculare. To my knowledge, this fungus has not been observed before in a dacryolith or in dacryocystitis.", "contents": "Pityrosporum species associated with dacryoliths in obstructive dacryocystitis. Two dacryoliths removed from the obstructed and enlarged lacrimal sac of a 54-year-old woman during dacryocystorhinostomy were found to contain filamentous forms consistent with Pityrosporum orbiculare. To my knowledge, this fungus has not been observed before in a dacryolith or in dacryocystitis.", "PMID": 596394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5532", "title": "The effect of fibrinolytic inhibition in the resolution of experimental vitreous hemorrhage.", "content": "Complete inhibition of vitreous fibrinolytic activity with 4-amino-methylcyclohexane carbonic acid was associated with significantly delayed resolution of vitreous hemorrhages in rabbits. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated but a slight delay in the removal of the fibrin component of vitreous clots, and most of the residual vitreous opacity comprised intact red blood cells. Fibrin degradation products may act as chemotactic agents, promoting the removal of red blood cells by leukocytes; hence, their absence in treated rabbits might explain in part the delayed red blood cell clearance.", "contents": "The effect of fibrinolytic inhibition in the resolution of experimental vitreous hemorrhage. Complete inhibition of vitreous fibrinolytic activity with 4-amino-methylcyclohexane carbonic acid was associated with significantly delayed resolution of vitreous hemorrhages in rabbits. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated but a slight delay in the removal of the fibrin component of vitreous clots, and most of the residual vitreous opacity comprised intact red blood cells. Fibrin degradation products may act as chemotactic agents, promoting the removal of red blood cells by leukocytes; hence, their absence in treated rabbits might explain in part the delayed red blood cell clearance.", "PMID": 596395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5533", "title": "Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "In three cases of bacterial endophthalmitis following pars plana vitrectomy the important diagnostic findings included increased orbital pain, decreased visual acuity, and the presence of a hypopyon. Despite agressive antibiotic therapy, all three eyes became blind, and two progressed rapidly to phthisis.", "contents": "Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy. In three cases of bacterial endophthalmitis following pars plana vitrectomy the important diagnostic findings included increased orbital pain, decreased visual acuity, and the presence of a hypopyon. Despite agressive antibiotic therapy, all three eyes became blind, and two progressed rapidly to phthisis.", "PMID": 596396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5534", "title": "Necrotic melanocytoma of iris with secondary glaucoma.", "content": "A 23-year-old white man had a pigmented iris tumor that was not enlarging; it produced satellite iris lesions, diffuse pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork, and secondary glaucoma. Although enucleation was initially recommended, we chose to remove only the primary lesion with a sector iridectomy. Histologically, the lesion proved to be a benign melanocytoma that had undergone extensive necrosis. Postoperatively, the satellite lesions, pigmentation in the angle, and glaucoma all resolved.", "contents": "Necrotic melanocytoma of iris with secondary glaucoma. A 23-year-old white man had a pigmented iris tumor that was not enlarging; it produced satellite iris lesions, diffuse pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork, and secondary glaucoma. Although enucleation was initially recommended, we chose to remove only the primary lesion with a sector iridectomy. Histologically, the lesion proved to be a benign melanocytoma that had undergone extensive necrosis. Postoperatively, the satellite lesions, pigmentation in the angle, and glaucoma all resolved.", "PMID": 596397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5535", "title": "Oculocutaneous albinism associated with Apert's syndrome.", "content": "Five of nine patients with Apert's syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly) showed an associated hypopigmentation of hair, skin, and eyes. The hair color of these five patients ranged from light brown to blond, the skin was pale, and the irides hazel or blue. Iris transillumination and hypopigmentation of the fundus were present and associated with absent or diffuse foveal reflexes. Unlike most forms of classic oculocutaneous albinism, however, there was good visual acuity and no pendular nystagmus. The evidence indicated that the lack of pigmentation associated with the characteristic skeletal anomalies of Apert's syndrome resulted from a disturbance of independent, genetically related, processes occurring at a common point in gestation.", "contents": "Oculocutaneous albinism associated with Apert's syndrome. Five of nine patients with Apert's syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly) showed an associated hypopigmentation of hair, skin, and eyes. The hair color of these five patients ranged from light brown to blond, the skin was pale, and the irides hazel or blue. Iris transillumination and hypopigmentation of the fundus were present and associated with absent or diffuse foveal reflexes. Unlike most forms of classic oculocutaneous albinism, however, there was good visual acuity and no pendular nystagmus. The evidence indicated that the lack of pigmentation associated with the characteristic skeletal anomalies of Apert's syndrome resulted from a disturbance of independent, genetically related, processes occurring at a common point in gestation.", "PMID": 596398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5536", "title": "Clinical trials with the Equator-Plus camera.", "content": "The Equator-Plus camera can photograph a 148-degree view of the fundus, measured from the nodal point of the eye. We tested this instrument clinically more than 800 times on over 700 eyes. The large field, which is three to four times that of any conventional fundus camera, is achieved by using a special contact lens as the front element in the camera optics. Photographs taken with the Equator-Plus camera can resolve a lesion as small as one-eighth of a disk diameter, if the contrast is good. Protruding tumors, choroidal or retinal detachment, and extensive disease of the choroid and fundus show up well with this technique. We obtained good pictures in 87% of the clinical tests. We have not observed complications of any kind after photography with the Equator-Plus camera.", "contents": "Clinical trials with the Equator-Plus camera. The Equator-Plus camera can photograph a 148-degree view of the fundus, measured from the nodal point of the eye. We tested this instrument clinically more than 800 times on over 700 eyes. The large field, which is three to four times that of any conventional fundus camera, is achieved by using a special contact lens as the front element in the camera optics. Photographs taken with the Equator-Plus camera can resolve a lesion as small as one-eighth of a disk diameter, if the contrast is good. Protruding tumors, choroidal or retinal detachment, and extensive disease of the choroid and fundus show up well with this technique. We obtained good pictures in 87% of the clinical tests. We have not observed complications of any kind after photography with the Equator-Plus camera.", "PMID": 596399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5537", "title": "Evaluation of the teratogenicity of fluorescein sodium.", "content": "Pregnant rabbits in their first and second \"trimesters\" of gestation were used in a controlled study to evaluate the teratogenicity of fluorescein sodium. Injections of the drug were given in doses comparable to those planned for human administration. No abortions or defects apparent at birth or as delayed manifestations were evident as a result of the drug therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation of the teratogenicity of fluorescein sodium. Pregnant rabbits in their first and second \"trimesters\" of gestation were used in a controlled study to evaluate the teratogenicity of fluorescein sodium. Injections of the drug were given in doses comparable to those planned for human administration. No abortions or defects apparent at birth or as delayed manifestations were evident as a result of the drug therapy.", "PMID": 596400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5538", "title": "Clip-on eyeglass loupe as a writing aid for low-vision patients.", "content": "To aid the partially sighted in writing on small areas, such as bank drafts, a clip-on eyeglass loupe (11 diopters, 3.5 inches, Bausch and Lomb) attached to a finepoint felt pen provides adequate vision.", "contents": "Clip-on eyeglass loupe as a writing aid for low-vision patients. To aid the partially sighted in writing on small areas, such as bank drafts, a clip-on eyeglass loupe (11 diopters, 3.5 inches, Bausch and Lomb) attached to a finepoint felt pen provides adequate vision.", "PMID": 596402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5539", "title": "Ocular effects of near ultraviolet radiation: literature review.", "content": "The literature related to the effects on the eye of ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range 300 to 400 nm is reviewed. Insufficient data are available to establish criteria for ocular protection. Exposure of the eye to sufficient quantities of near ultraviolet radiation can interfere with synthesis of crystalline lens protein, catalyze lens proteins, produce chromatic changes in the lens, and enhance formation of cataract.", "contents": "Ocular effects of near ultraviolet radiation: literature review. The literature related to the effects on the eye of ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range 300 to 400 nm is reviewed. Insufficient data are available to establish criteria for ocular protection. Exposure of the eye to sufficient quantities of near ultraviolet radiation can interfere with synthesis of crystalline lens protein, catalyze lens proteins, produce chromatic changes in the lens, and enhance formation of cataract.", "PMID": 596403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5540", "title": "Fixation disparity and stereopsis.", "content": "The magnitude of fixation disparity has been proposed to be uncorrelated with stereoscopic sensitivity. Studies on this relationship have been confined to the effects of vergence-induced fixation disparity on stereoacuity: some subjects exhibited decreased stereoacuity with induced fixation disparity. The present study was designed to determine whether prismatic correction of naturally occurring horizontal fixation disparity would result in increased stereoacuity. Five subjects with eso and 5 with exo fixation disparity had their fixation disparity curves and stereothresholds evaluated before and after wearing corrective lenses and prisms that neutralized the fixation disparity. Five subjects with no fixation disparity served as controls. After 1 month most subjects showed no change in their fixation disparity curves and stereothresholds.", "contents": "Fixation disparity and stereopsis. The magnitude of fixation disparity has been proposed to be uncorrelated with stereoscopic sensitivity. Studies on this relationship have been confined to the effects of vergence-induced fixation disparity on stereoacuity: some subjects exhibited decreased stereoacuity with induced fixation disparity. The present study was designed to determine whether prismatic correction of naturally occurring horizontal fixation disparity would result in increased stereoacuity. Five subjects with eso and 5 with exo fixation disparity had their fixation disparity curves and stereothresholds evaluated before and after wearing corrective lenses and prisms that neutralized the fixation disparity. Five subjects with no fixation disparity served as controls. After 1 month most subjects showed no change in their fixation disparity curves and stereothresholds.", "PMID": 596404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5541", "title": "Stereoscopic localization with the eyes asymmetrically converged.", "content": "When the eyes fixate a point in the median plane of the head, the physical surface to which the stereoscopic disparities of \"nearer\" and \"farther\" points are referred is the so-called frontal plane horopter. When, however, a point is fixated with the eyes in asymmetrical convergence, the horopter is now rotated with respect to the objective normal plane--that is, the surface that is normal to the direction of gaze. This rotation is believed to pose a problem with veridical stereoscopic localization. It has, therefore, been postulated that in asymmetrical convergence some physiological compensation takes place in order to preserve accurate stereoscopic perception. Some experimental evidence apparently supports this view. The logic of the arguments and the experiments are critically assessed with the conclusion that there is little evidence of any visual modification, nor would any seem likely. A reinterpretation of the stereoscopic axes of reference does occur, but this can be accounted for purely by innervational factors, the visual aspects remaining unchanged.", "contents": "Stereoscopic localization with the eyes asymmetrically converged. When the eyes fixate a point in the median plane of the head, the physical surface to which the stereoscopic disparities of \"nearer\" and \"farther\" points are referred is the so-called frontal plane horopter. When, however, a point is fixated with the eyes in asymmetrical convergence, the horopter is now rotated with respect to the objective normal plane--that is, the surface that is normal to the direction of gaze. This rotation is believed to pose a problem with veridical stereoscopic localization. It has, therefore, been postulated that in asymmetrical convergence some physiological compensation takes place in order to preserve accurate stereoscopic perception. Some experimental evidence apparently supports this view. The logic of the arguments and the experiments are critically assessed with the conclusion that there is little evidence of any visual modification, nor would any seem likely. A reinterpretation of the stereoscopic axes of reference does occur, but this can be accounted for purely by innervational factors, the visual aspects remaining unchanged.", "PMID": 596405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5542", "title": "Rapid measurement of contrast-sensitivity functions.", "content": "We have developed a reliable and valid procedure for determining a person's contrast sensitivity function in approximately 6 min. This rapid procedure, which resembles that used in the Bekesy sweep-frequency audiometer, has potential as a clinical tool for diagnostic assessment.", "contents": "Rapid measurement of contrast-sensitivity functions. We have developed a reliable and valid procedure for determining a person's contrast sensitivity function in approximately 6 min. This rapid procedure, which resembles that used in the Bekesy sweep-frequency audiometer, has potential as a clinical tool for diagnostic assessment.", "PMID": 596406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5543", "title": "Does refractive error change twice as fast as corneal power in orthokeratology?", "content": "We analyzed data from 4 orthokeratology studies of refractive error change (deltaRE) and keratometer-reading change (deltaK). Instead of the reported deltaRE/deltaK ratio of 2:1, we calculated from linear-regression analysis a ratio (slope) of 2:3. The ordinate intercept of the straight line fitted to the data (N = 181 eyes) indicates that when deltaK = 0, deltaRE = 0.72. The correlation between deltaK and deltaRE is poor (+0.63). Causes and interpretations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Does refractive error change twice as fast as corneal power in orthokeratology? We analyzed data from 4 orthokeratology studies of refractive error change (deltaRE) and keratometer-reading change (deltaK). Instead of the reported deltaRE/deltaK ratio of 2:1, we calculated from linear-regression analysis a ratio (slope) of 2:3. The ordinate intercept of the straight line fitted to the data (N = 181 eyes) indicates that when deltaK = 0, deltaRE = 0.72. The correlation between deltaK and deltaRE is poor (+0.63). Causes and interpretations of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 596407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5544", "title": "Marginal aberrations of different bifocal-lens designs.", "content": "Marginal astigmatism and longitudinal chromatic aberration were measured (with a modified Vertometer) for +2-D bifocal lenses of different designs, base curves, and major-lens powers. At a reading level 20 deg below the pole of the major lens, deterioration of the optical image occurred and was created by the interaction of marginal astigmatism (tangential error) and lateral chromatic aberration (prismatic dispersion). Suggestions for selecting an optimal bifocal-lens design for different types of refractice error are presented.", "contents": "Marginal aberrations of different bifocal-lens designs. Marginal astigmatism and longitudinal chromatic aberration were measured (with a modified Vertometer) for +2-D bifocal lenses of different designs, base curves, and major-lens powers. At a reading level 20 deg below the pole of the major lens, deterioration of the optical image occurred and was created by the interaction of marginal astigmatism (tangential error) and lateral chromatic aberration (prismatic dispersion). Suggestions for selecting an optimal bifocal-lens design for different types of refractice error are presented.", "PMID": 596408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5545", "title": "Comparison of accommodation with rigid and flexible contact lenses.", "content": "Measurements were made of the amplitude of accommodation for myopes wearing spectacles, rigid contact lenses, and flexible contact lenses. Both forms of contact lenses placed greater accommodative requirements on the myope than did spectacle correction, but no significant difference was found between the 2 types of contact lenses in this respect.", "contents": "Comparison of accommodation with rigid and flexible contact lenses. Measurements were made of the amplitude of accommodation for myopes wearing spectacles, rigid contact lenses, and flexible contact lenses. Both forms of contact lenses placed greater accommodative requirements on the myope than did spectacle correction, but no significant difference was found between the 2 types of contact lenses in this respect.", "PMID": 596409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5546", "title": "Monocular fixation and acuity in amblyopic and normal eyes.", "content": "We studied the relation between eccentricity of monocular fixation and the minimum angle of resolution invisually normal subjects and in both the amblyopic and dominant eyes of amblyopes. For the amblyopic and visually normal eyes, this relation was linear; resolution was poorer at the eccentrically fixating locus than at the corresponding region of the normal eye. The dominant eyes of the strabismic amblyopes had a nasal component of eccentric fixation that was less than that of the companion amblyopic eyes, but greater than the that found in the visually normal eyes. In terms of the eccentricity of monocular fixation, the domonant eyes of strabismic amblyopes were different from the normal eyes.", "contents": "Monocular fixation and acuity in amblyopic and normal eyes. We studied the relation between eccentricity of monocular fixation and the minimum angle of resolution invisually normal subjects and in both the amblyopic and dominant eyes of amblyopes. For the amblyopic and visually normal eyes, this relation was linear; resolution was poorer at the eccentrically fixating locus than at the corresponding region of the normal eye. The dominant eyes of the strabismic amblyopes had a nasal component of eccentric fixation that was less than that of the companion amblyopic eyes, but greater than the that found in the visually normal eyes. In terms of the eccentricity of monocular fixation, the domonant eyes of strabismic amblyopes were different from the normal eyes.", "PMID": 596410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5547", "title": "Computation of unwanted sphere and cylinder in the periphery of a spectacle lens.", "content": "The author discusses practical issues relating to optometrists ordering and laboratories supplying ophthalmic lenses that meet the ANSI Z80. 1 Standard (1972) for minimizing unwanted spherical and cylindrical power in the periphery of lenses. He spells out the optical principles and formulas needed to develop a computer program that can be used by optometrists and opticians for designing lenses that meet the Z80. 1 Standard.", "contents": "Computation of unwanted sphere and cylinder in the periphery of a spectacle lens. The author discusses practical issues relating to optometrists ordering and laboratories supplying ophthalmic lenses that meet the ANSI Z80. 1 Standard (1972) for minimizing unwanted spherical and cylindrical power in the periphery of lenses. He spells out the optical principles and formulas needed to develop a computer program that can be used by optometrists and opticians for designing lenses that meet the Z80. 1 Standard.", "PMID": 596411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5548", "title": "Tear-film dynamics and oxygen tension under a circular contact lens.", "content": "The cornea requires a minimum level of oxygenation; this may be prevented by a contact lens, and corneal swelling and other undesirable effects may result. By employing thin-film lubrication theory, this study derives analytical solutions for tear-film velocity components and pressure under a circular contact lens. Oxygen-tension contours are then obtained for various values of squeeze action and parallel motion of the lens.", "contents": "Tear-film dynamics and oxygen tension under a circular contact lens. The cornea requires a minimum level of oxygenation; this may be prevented by a contact lens, and corneal swelling and other undesirable effects may result. By employing thin-film lubrication theory, this study derives analytical solutions for tear-film velocity components and pressure under a circular contact lens. Oxygen-tension contours are then obtained for various values of squeeze action and parallel motion of the lens.", "PMID": 596412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5549", "title": "Do optical aberrations contribute to visual loss in strabismic amblyopia?", "content": "If aberrations contribute significantly to the decreased visual function of strabismic amblyopic eyes, one would predict that (1) the pupil size for optimum resolution should be smaller in the amblyopic than in the normal eyes, (2) increasing target contrast by a constant ratio should not compensate for defocus of an amblyopic eye, and (3) the contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eye should improve when tested with a stimulus that bypasses the eye's optics. We tested these predictions, using contrast sensitivity techniques, and found no evidence that aberrations contribute to the amblyope's abnormality.", "contents": "Do optical aberrations contribute to visual loss in strabismic amblyopia? If aberrations contribute significantly to the decreased visual function of strabismic amblyopic eyes, one would predict that (1) the pupil size for optimum resolution should be smaller in the amblyopic than in the normal eyes, (2) increasing target contrast by a constant ratio should not compensate for defocus of an amblyopic eye, and (3) the contrast sensitivity of the amblyopic eye should improve when tested with a stimulus that bypasses the eye's optics. We tested these predictions, using contrast sensitivity techniques, and found no evidence that aberrations contribute to the amblyope's abnormality.", "PMID": 596413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5550", "title": "Type-size variability for near-point acuity tests.", "content": "We measured the sizes of the test forms (letters, digits, and symbols) on 19 different near-point acuity cards. The results are all expressed in the M notation (1 mm of letter height equals 0.7 M) and are tabled according to the acuity specification system used by the manufacturers--such as, the point-type system, Jaeger notation, equivalent 20-ft Snellen notation, and so on. Our results demonstrate that manufacturer's specifications on near-point acuity cards cannot be used to determine the sizes of test letters. The M system has sufficient advantages over other systems to warrant its universal use for specifying near-point visual acuity.", "contents": "Type-size variability for near-point acuity tests. We measured the sizes of the test forms (letters, digits, and symbols) on 19 different near-point acuity cards. The results are all expressed in the M notation (1 mm of letter height equals 0.7 M) and are tabled according to the acuity specification system used by the manufacturers--such as, the point-type system, Jaeger notation, equivalent 20-ft Snellen notation, and so on. Our results demonstrate that manufacturer's specifications on near-point acuity cards cannot be used to determine the sizes of test letters. The M system has sufficient advantages over other systems to warrant its universal use for specifying near-point visual acuity.", "PMID": 596414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5551", "title": "A new dark adaptometer.", "content": "A dark adaptometer that was designed for student-laboratory use is described and advocated for use in optometric practice because of its simplicity, accuracy, and low cost. Representative dark-adaptation results obtained from 2 naive and 2 sophisticated subjects are presented.", "contents": "A new dark adaptometer. A dark adaptometer that was designed for student-laboratory use is described and advocated for use in optometric practice because of its simplicity, accuracy, and low cost. Representative dark-adaptation results obtained from 2 naive and 2 sophisticated subjects are presented.", "PMID": 596416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5552", "title": "The effect of chronic hypoxemia on regional myocardial blood flow in the conscious dog after acute coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Chronic hypoxemia was produced in 16 dogs by surgical transposition of the caudal vena cava to the left atrium to determine if chronic hypoxemia would alter the response of the myocardium to acute ischemia. An electromagnetic aortic flow probe, left atrial tube, and occlusive cuff on the left circumflex coronary artery were permanently implanted in 11 hypoxemic and 26 normal control dogs. The animals were studied in the conscious state after recovery from the surgery. Dogs with hypoxemia had a blood hematocrit value of 54.3 +/- 1.0% (SE), arterial PO(2) of 43.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, and 80.2 +/- 1.6% oxygen saturation. There was no difference from control animals in the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight, but the right ventricular weight was significantly decreased in the hypoxemic dogs. Cardiac output from the left ventricle was twice that of the right ventricle. Aortic blood flow was 3.68 +/- 0.22 liters/min in hypoxemic animals and 2.64 +/- 0.19 liters/min in normal dogs. Myocardial blood flow measured with 15-mu diameter tracer microspheres was increased from 79 +/- 10 and 59 +/- 8 ml/100 g/min in left ventricular endocardial and epicardial halves, respectively, in normal dogs to 212 +/- 48 and 172 +/- 39 in dogs with chronic hypoxemia. There were no deaths in 10 hypoxemic dogs within 24 hours after complete circumflex coronary artery occlusion; 7 of 26 (27%) normal dogs died after circumflex coronary artery occlusion during the conscious state. Gross infarct size was extremely variable in both groups. Median infarct size was smaller in dogs with hypoxemia and was directly correlated with arterial PO(2) in hypoxemic dogs. There was a mild, but statistically not significant, increase in the anastomotic index of hypoxemic dogs compared with that of normal animals, suggesting that a metabolic adaptive change rather than increased collateral circulation may have been responsible for the decreased mortality and smaller infarct size in hypoxemic dogs.", "contents": "The effect of chronic hypoxemia on regional myocardial blood flow in the conscious dog after acute coronary artery occlusion. Chronic hypoxemia was produced in 16 dogs by surgical transposition of the caudal vena cava to the left atrium to determine if chronic hypoxemia would alter the response of the myocardium to acute ischemia. An electromagnetic aortic flow probe, left atrial tube, and occlusive cuff on the left circumflex coronary artery were permanently implanted in 11 hypoxemic and 26 normal control dogs. The animals were studied in the conscious state after recovery from the surgery. Dogs with hypoxemia had a blood hematocrit value of 54.3 +/- 1.0% (SE), arterial PO(2) of 43.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, and 80.2 +/- 1.6% oxygen saturation. There was no difference from control animals in the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight, but the right ventricular weight was significantly decreased in the hypoxemic dogs. Cardiac output from the left ventricle was twice that of the right ventricle. Aortic blood flow was 3.68 +/- 0.22 liters/min in hypoxemic animals and 2.64 +/- 0.19 liters/min in normal dogs. Myocardial blood flow measured with 15-mu diameter tracer microspheres was increased from 79 +/- 10 and 59 +/- 8 ml/100 g/min in left ventricular endocardial and epicardial halves, respectively, in normal dogs to 212 +/- 48 and 172 +/- 39 in dogs with chronic hypoxemia. There were no deaths in 10 hypoxemic dogs within 24 hours after complete circumflex coronary artery occlusion; 7 of 26 (27%) normal dogs died after circumflex coronary artery occlusion during the conscious state. Gross infarct size was extremely variable in both groups. Median infarct size was smaller in dogs with hypoxemia and was directly correlated with arterial PO(2) in hypoxemic dogs. There was a mild, but statistically not significant, increase in the anastomotic index of hypoxemic dogs compared with that of normal animals, suggesting that a metabolic adaptive change rather than increased collateral circulation may have been responsible for the decreased mortality and smaller infarct size in hypoxemic dogs.", "PMID": 596417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5553", "title": "Age-associated glycopeptide pigment in human costal cartilage.", "content": "Age-associated pigmentation of human costal cartilage is caused by the accumulation of a brown water-soluble substance which can be only be extracted after proteolytic disruption of the cartilage. After isolation by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, the compound was identified as an acid glycopeptide. In contrast to ochronotic pigment and an artificial pigment derived by oxidation of homogentistic acid in alkaline solution, the age-associated cartilage pigment was strongly fluorescent and did not form insoluble complexes with cetylpyridinium chloride. Moreover, age-associated cartilage pigment is alkali resistant, in contrast to the ochronotic pigment. The pigment differs from lipofuscin in being strongly hydrophilic and having no affinity for fat stains. The unidentified chromophore could not be separated from the glycopeptide molecule.", "contents": "Age-associated glycopeptide pigment in human costal cartilage. Age-associated pigmentation of human costal cartilage is caused by the accumulation of a brown water-soluble substance which can be only be extracted after proteolytic disruption of the cartilage. After isolation by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, the compound was identified as an acid glycopeptide. In contrast to ochronotic pigment and an artificial pigment derived by oxidation of homogentistic acid in alkaline solution, the age-associated cartilage pigment was strongly fluorescent and did not form insoluble complexes with cetylpyridinium chloride. Moreover, age-associated cartilage pigment is alkali resistant, in contrast to the ochronotic pigment. The pigment differs from lipofuscin in being strongly hydrophilic and having no affinity for fat stains. The unidentified chromophore could not be separated from the glycopeptide molecule.", "PMID": 596418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5554", "title": "Diffuse alveolar damage in cats induced by nitrogen dioxide or feline calicivirus.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphogenesis of pulmonary lesions was studied in cats exposed to either aerosols of feline calicivirus (FCV) or high concentrations of NO2. Both directly injured alveolar lining cells, particularly type I cells. Necrosis of pneumocytes attended by an acute exudative response in the air exchange tissues was evident from 0 through 24 hours after exposure of cats to NO2 and from 12 through 96 hours after infection with FCV. The reparative process following alveolar injury was characterized by regenerative hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, proliferation of stromal cells, and infiltration of mononuclear cells. Differences in the lesions produced by NO2 and FCV also were encountered. Endothelial necrosis was detected only after NO2 injury, whereas a marked infiltration of neutrophils and immunocytes was observed only after FCV injury. The FCV/NO2 experimental system in cats is well suited for studies of diffuse alveolar damage of toxic and viral etiology.", "contents": "Diffuse alveolar damage in cats induced by nitrogen dioxide or feline calicivirus. The ultrastructural morphogenesis of pulmonary lesions was studied in cats exposed to either aerosols of feline calicivirus (FCV) or high concentrations of NO2. Both directly injured alveolar lining cells, particularly type I cells. Necrosis of pneumocytes attended by an acute exudative response in the air exchange tissues was evident from 0 through 24 hours after exposure of cats to NO2 and from 12 through 96 hours after infection with FCV. The reparative process following alveolar injury was characterized by regenerative hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, proliferation of stromal cells, and infiltration of mononuclear cells. Differences in the lesions produced by NO2 and FCV also were encountered. Endothelial necrosis was detected only after NO2 injury, whereas a marked infiltration of neutrophils and immunocytes was observed only after FCV injury. The FCV/NO2 experimental system in cats is well suited for studies of diffuse alveolar damage of toxic and viral etiology.", "PMID": 596419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5555", "title": "Newcastle disease as a model for paramyxovirus-induced neurologic syndromes. II. Detailed characterization of the encephalitis.", "content": "All chickens infected by intranasal and conjunctival routes with a neurovirulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) developed pneumonitis by 4 days after infection. This was followed 6 to 12 days later by the appearance of severe encephalitis in a significant number of survivors. Histologically, the encephalitis was characterized by neuronal degeneration and perivascular inflammation. In addition, a proliferative vasculitis in the molecular layer of the cerebellum was noted after 30 days, and this persisted for at least 200 days. Although CNS signs were absent during the pneumonic stage, significant amounts of virus were present in the brains of all birds at this time, and viral antigens were easily demonstrable in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells. However, when the CNS disease became apparent, viral antigens could not be detected in brains and NDV could regularly be recovered only by application of cocultivation techniques. At this time, the agent was selectively present in birds exhibiting neurologic signs. No evidence for immunopathologic processes was obtained, although hemagglutination inhibiting antibody levels to NDV were elevated in birds with CNS disease. Studies of an avirulent strain of NDV that replicated in the CNS but produced no disease provided evidence that the histologic lesions and the neurologic disease were related to virus multiplication in the brain parenchyma. A mechanism of the pathogenesis of NDV encephalitis is proposed and the disease is discussed relative to other paramyxovirus-induced encephalitic syndromes.", "contents": "Newcastle disease as a model for paramyxovirus-induced neurologic syndromes. II. Detailed characterization of the encephalitis. All chickens infected by intranasal and conjunctival routes with a neurovirulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) developed pneumonitis by 4 days after infection. This was followed 6 to 12 days later by the appearance of severe encephalitis in a significant number of survivors. Histologically, the encephalitis was characterized by neuronal degeneration and perivascular inflammation. In addition, a proliferative vasculitis in the molecular layer of the cerebellum was noted after 30 days, and this persisted for at least 200 days. Although CNS signs were absent during the pneumonic stage, significant amounts of virus were present in the brains of all birds at this time, and viral antigens were easily demonstrable in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells. However, when the CNS disease became apparent, viral antigens could not be detected in brains and NDV could regularly be recovered only by application of cocultivation techniques. At this time, the agent was selectively present in birds exhibiting neurologic signs. No evidence for immunopathologic processes was obtained, although hemagglutination inhibiting antibody levels to NDV were elevated in birds with CNS disease. Studies of an avirulent strain of NDV that replicated in the CNS but produced no disease provided evidence that the histologic lesions and the neurologic disease were related to virus multiplication in the brain parenchyma. A mechanism of the pathogenesis of NDV encephalitis is proposed and the disease is discussed relative to other paramyxovirus-induced encephalitic syndromes.", "PMID": 596420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5556", "title": "Reversible suppression of malignancy and differentiation of melanoma cells.", "content": "Tumorigenicity is reversibly suppressed in mouse melanoma cells grown with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The nontumorigenic cells are immunogenic, and preinjection of these cells can protect mice against tumors inevitably formed when the parental, untreated melanoma cells are inoculated into inbred strain C57BL/6. A mixture of highly immunogenic clone, C(3)471, with malignant cells is also nontumorigenic. These effects are related to the host immune response since they occur only in immunocompetent mice. BrdU also reversibly suppresses functions related to pigment formation and plasminogen activation. These effects require incorporation of BrdU into DNA, emphasizing the value of the thymidine analog, BrdU as a tool to relate normal regulation of gene activity to perturbations of this regulation which produce malignant cells. This research can facilitate basic understanding of the malignant state and its relationship to host response as well as a method for immunizing melanoma patients after surgery to prevent tumor recurrence.", "contents": "Reversible suppression of malignancy and differentiation of melanoma cells. Tumorigenicity is reversibly suppressed in mouse melanoma cells grown with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The nontumorigenic cells are immunogenic, and preinjection of these cells can protect mice against tumors inevitably formed when the parental, untreated melanoma cells are inoculated into inbred strain C57BL/6. A mixture of highly immunogenic clone, C(3)471, with malignant cells is also nontumorigenic. These effects are related to the host immune response since they occur only in immunocompetent mice. BrdU also reversibly suppresses functions related to pigment formation and plasminogen activation. These effects require incorporation of BrdU into DNA, emphasizing the value of the thymidine analog, BrdU as a tool to relate normal regulation of gene activity to perturbations of this regulation which produce malignant cells. This research can facilitate basic understanding of the malignant state and its relationship to host response as well as a method for immunizing melanoma patients after surgery to prevent tumor recurrence.", "PMID": 596422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5557", "title": "Reversal of the neoplastic state in plants.", "content": "Crown-gall transformation involves the gradual and progressive activation of several biosynthetic capacities of the normal cell. These changes in cellular heredity, although extremely stable, are nonetheless potentially reversible and leave the cell totipotent. There is growing evidence that tumor-inducing principle is a self-replicating entity similar to a plasmid. Thus, it could be argued that tumor progression involves changes in the number or state of these entities in the cell. Studies of CDF habituation bear directly on this problem. Conversion of a cell division factor (CDF)-requiring normal cell to the CDF-autotrophic state is a key event in transformation. The fact that CDF habituation is progressive, occurs in the absence of agents of bacterial origin, and has an epigenetic basis indicates that it is not necessary to invoke either somatic mutation or the addition of foreign genes to account for tumor stability and progression in crown-gall. This conclusion provides further support for the hypothesis that, in the words of Braun,(78) \"... the cancer problem is basically a problem of anomolous differentiation... Neoplastic growth, like developmental processes, stems from epigenetic modifications against a constant cellular genome.\"", "contents": "Reversal of the neoplastic state in plants. Crown-gall transformation involves the gradual and progressive activation of several biosynthetic capacities of the normal cell. These changes in cellular heredity, although extremely stable, are nonetheless potentially reversible and leave the cell totipotent. There is growing evidence that tumor-inducing principle is a self-replicating entity similar to a plasmid. Thus, it could be argued that tumor progression involves changes in the number or state of these entities in the cell. Studies of CDF habituation bear directly on this problem. Conversion of a cell division factor (CDF)-requiring normal cell to the CDF-autotrophic state is a key event in transformation. The fact that CDF habituation is progressive, occurs in the absence of agents of bacterial origin, and has an epigenetic basis indicates that it is not necessary to invoke either somatic mutation or the addition of foreign genes to account for tumor stability and progression in crown-gall. This conclusion provides further support for the hypothesis that, in the words of Braun,(78) \"... the cancer problem is basically a problem of anomolous differentiation... Neoplastic growth, like developmental processes, stems from epigenetic modifications against a constant cellular genome.\"", "PMID": 596424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5558", "title": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on muscle contraction.", "content": "The force of contraction of the adductor pollicis before and after dantrolene sodium was evaluated in 5 paraplegic patients. The muscle was indirectly stimulated through supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, with single pulse and variable number of stimuli at frequency of 50 Hz. There was a marked and significant reduction (an average of 64%) of the single twitch response in all patients while on medication. When the muscle, however, was stimulated with tetanic frequency no significant difference was evident in the force of the sustained contraction with or without medication. The  amplitude of evoked electrical potentials, simultaneously recorded from the adductor pollicis remained unchanged irrespective of the status of medication. Decrement of the twitch response, with no effect on the electrical activity, tends to substantiate the distal effects of dantrolene on muscle contraction. The drug, however, does not seem to prevent the muscle from achieving its normal maximal tetanic force when activated with frequencies close to the physiological frequencies of maximal, voluntary effort (50 Hz.) These effects point to the usefulness and limitations of the drug in clinical situations.", "contents": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on muscle contraction. The force of contraction of the adductor pollicis before and after dantrolene sodium was evaluated in 5 paraplegic patients. The muscle was indirectly stimulated through supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, with single pulse and variable number of stimuli at frequency of 50 Hz. There was a marked and significant reduction (an average of 64%) of the single twitch response in all patients while on medication. When the muscle, however, was stimulated with tetanic frequency no significant difference was evident in the force of the sustained contraction with or without medication. The  amplitude of evoked electrical potentials, simultaneously recorded from the adductor pollicis remained unchanged irrespective of the status of medication. Decrement of the twitch response, with no effect on the electrical activity, tends to substantiate the distal effects of dantrolene on muscle contraction. The drug, however, does not seem to prevent the muscle from achieving its normal maximal tetanic force when activated with frequencies close to the physiological frequencies of maximal, voluntary effort (50 Hz.) These effects point to the usefulness and limitations of the drug in clinical situations.", "PMID": 596431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5559", "title": "Isolated membrane vesicles as tools for analysis of epithelial transport.", "content": "In recent years a methodology has been developed to use vesicles of the isolated brush border and basolateral plasma membranes for intestinal transport studies. The methodology and information gained with the vesicle systems are discussed using the examples of nonelectrolyte transport. In particular, results are presented on the mechanisms of D-glucose and neutral amino acid translocation across both plasma membranes and the coupling of Na+ with sugar and amino acid transport in the brush-border membrane. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters of the Na+-dependent glucose transport system, determined with an equilibrium exchange procedure, and the effects of semistarvation on the transport properties of the brush border membrane are described.", "contents": "Isolated membrane vesicles as tools for analysis of epithelial transport. In recent years a methodology has been developed to use vesicles of the isolated brush border and basolateral plasma membranes for intestinal transport studies. The methodology and information gained with the vesicle systems are discussed using the examples of nonelectrolyte transport. In particular, results are presented on the mechanisms of D-glucose and neutral amino acid translocation across both plasma membranes and the coupling of Na+ with sugar and amino acid transport in the brush-border membrane. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters of the Na+-dependent glucose transport system, determined with an equilibrium exchange procedure, and the effects of semistarvation on the transport properties of the brush border membrane are described.", "PMID": 596437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5560", "title": "Fetal fuels II: contributions of selected carbon fuels to oxidative metabolism in rat conceptus.", "content": "The effects of fasting on the oxidative disposition of selective fuels in tissues of the rat conceptus were examined on day 20 of gestation. Placentas and portions of fetal liver and brain from fed and 48-h fasted mothers were incubated in vitro with artificial mixtures containing glucose, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in concentrations simulating those that obtain in fed or 48-h fasted animals in vivo. Oxidative contributions from individual components were evaluated by separate incubations in which only one of the three fuels was 14C-labeled. As judged by the evolution of 14CO2, rates of oxidation of individual fuels by tissues of the conceptus appeared to be conditioned by ambient fuel concentrations rather than the dietary status of the mother. Additional studies indicated that evolution of 14CO2 from glucose or lactate may be depressed directly by adding beta-hydroxybutyrate to the incubation medium. This substitutive property of beta-hydroxybutyrate may \"spare\" glucose and lactate within the placenta for transfer to the fetus and preserve glucose and lactate availability for biosynthetic rather than oxidative disposition within the fetus.", "contents": "Fetal fuels II: contributions of selected carbon fuels to oxidative metabolism in rat conceptus. The effects of fasting on the oxidative disposition of selective fuels in tissues of the rat conceptus were examined on day 20 of gestation. Placentas and portions of fetal liver and brain from fed and 48-h fasted mothers were incubated in vitro with artificial mixtures containing glucose, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in concentrations simulating those that obtain in fed or 48-h fasted animals in vivo. Oxidative contributions from individual components were evaluated by separate incubations in which only one of the three fuels was 14C-labeled. As judged by the evolution of 14CO2, rates of oxidation of individual fuels by tissues of the conceptus appeared to be conditioned by ambient fuel concentrations rather than the dietary status of the mother. Additional studies indicated that evolution of 14CO2 from glucose or lactate may be depressed directly by adding beta-hydroxybutyrate to the incubation medium. This substitutive property of beta-hydroxybutyrate may \"spare\" glucose and lactate within the placenta for transfer to the fetus and preserve glucose and lactate availability for biosynthetic rather than oxidative disposition within the fetus.", "PMID": 596438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5561", "title": "Gluconeogenesis from alanine in vivo by the ovine fetus and lamb.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis from alanine was determined with an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]alanine and [6-3H]glucose or [U-14C]glucose in five fetal lambs (3.6 +/- 0.1 kg; 127 days of gestation) and four growing ewe lambs (37 +/- 2 kg). Conversion of alanine to glucose (mmol/h) was 0.40 +/- 0.12 and 0.51 +/- 0.10 and accounted for 7.3 and 25.6%  of the alanine turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Alanine contributed 2.3 and 1.1% of the glucose turnover and 22.3 and 1.1% of the lactate turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Lactate contributed 19.5% of the glucose turnover in growing lambs, and glucose synthesis from lactate accounted for 24.7% of the lactate turnover. Glucose turnover (mmol/h) was 10.2 and 25.1 in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Results from these studies have shown that the fetal lamb at 127 days of gestation has a high rate of alanine turnover and conversion to glucose when compared with that of the growing lamb on a high plane of nutrition.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis from alanine in vivo by the ovine fetus and lamb. Gluconeogenesis from alanine was determined with an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]alanine and [6-3H]glucose or [U-14C]glucose in five fetal lambs (3.6 +/- 0.1 kg; 127 days of gestation) and four growing ewe lambs (37 +/- 2 kg). Conversion of alanine to glucose (mmol/h) was 0.40 +/- 0.12 and 0.51 +/- 0.10 and accounted for 7.3 and 25.6%  of the alanine turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Alanine contributed 2.3 and 1.1% of the glucose turnover and 22.3 and 1.1% of the lactate turnover in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Lactate contributed 19.5% of the glucose turnover in growing lambs, and glucose synthesis from lactate accounted for 24.7% of the lactate turnover. Glucose turnover (mmol/h) was 10.2 and 25.1 in fetal and growing lambs, respectively. Results from these studies have shown that the fetal lamb at 127 days of gestation has a high rate of alanine turnover and conversion to glucose when compared with that of the growing lamb on a high plane of nutrition.", "PMID": 596439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5562", "title": "Storage telemetry of radionuclide tracers by implantable thermoluminescent dosimeters.", "content": "A storage telemetrical method using thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters for long-term measurements of incorporated radioactive substances in unrestrained rats has been developed. The system has been used in combination with radiotelemetrical registration of the circadian temperature rhythm. By sequential replacement of double TL dosimeters (60 mg, CaSO4:Dy) through an implanted silicon tube, the concentration of different radionuclides can be determined over long periods. The persistence of the circadian temperature rhythm indicates that the animals were unaffected by the experimental conditions. The relative uncertainty of the dosimeter system and the temperature transmitter is approximately +/- 2% (SD) at 5 mR exposures and +/- 0.05 degrees C, respectively. The weight of the system in total is 5.7 g. Disappearance studies (36-48 h) have been performed with the beta-emitters, 32P nad 42K, in subcutaneous tissues and tumor tissue. This TL method permits the repetition of an experiment on the same rat several times, and thereby avoids errors due to biological variations between animals.", "contents": "Storage telemetry of radionuclide tracers by implantable thermoluminescent dosimeters. A storage telemetrical method using thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters for long-term measurements of incorporated radioactive substances in unrestrained rats has been developed. The system has been used in combination with radiotelemetrical registration of the circadian temperature rhythm. By sequential replacement of double TL dosimeters (60 mg, CaSO4:Dy) through an implanted silicon tube, the concentration of different radionuclides can be determined over long periods. The persistence of the circadian temperature rhythm indicates that the animals were unaffected by the experimental conditions. The relative uncertainty of the dosimeter system and the temperature transmitter is approximately +/- 2% (SD) at 5 mR exposures and +/- 0.05 degrees C, respectively. The weight of the system in total is 5.7 g. Disappearance studies (36-48 h) have been performed with the beta-emitters, 32P nad 42K, in subcutaneous tissues and tumor tissue. This TL method permits the repetition of an experiment on the same rat several times, and thereby avoids errors due to biological variations between animals.", "PMID": 596441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5563", "title": "Origin of migrating myoelectric complex in sheep.", "content": "The electrical activity of the gastroduodenal junction was recorded in conscious sheep for 8 to 12 wk with chronically implanted electrodes. The flow of digesta was simultaneously recorded, and the duodenal bulb was isolated at the time of implantation. The mean slow-wave frequency of the antrum was 5.6 +/- 0.3/min with spike bursts randomly superimposed on about 60% of the slow waves. The activity of the duodenal bulb was characterized by an absence of slow-wave unpropagated spike bursts and by two types of propagated spike bursts. The first consisted of isolated bursts accompanied by a rapid movement of digesta through the entire duodenum and proximal jejunum. The second, an irregular series of 8-12 spike bursts was associated with total evacuation of the duodenal bulb, followed in turn by an inhibition of antral spiking activity and the development of a migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) in the distal duodenum. The results indicate that in sheep organization of the MMC is located at the duodenal level where the duodenal bulb has a reservoir function.", "contents": "Origin of migrating myoelectric complex in sheep. The electrical activity of the gastroduodenal junction was recorded in conscious sheep for 8 to 12 wk with chronically implanted electrodes. The flow of digesta was simultaneously recorded, and the duodenal bulb was isolated at the time of implantation. The mean slow-wave frequency of the antrum was 5.6 +/- 0.3/min with spike bursts randomly superimposed on about 60% of the slow waves. The activity of the duodenal bulb was characterized by an absence of slow-wave unpropagated spike bursts and by two types of propagated spike bursts. The first consisted of isolated bursts accompanied by a rapid movement of digesta through the entire duodenum and proximal jejunum. The second, an irregular series of 8-12 spike bursts was associated with total evacuation of the duodenal bulb, followed in turn by an inhibition of antral spiking activity and the development of a migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) in the distal duodenum. The results indicate that in sheep organization of the MMC is located at the duodenal level where the duodenal bulb has a reservoir function.", "PMID": 596442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5564", "title": "Intestinal Ca and phosphate transport: differential responses to vitamin D3 metabolites.", "content": "The transport of Ca and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was studied in the absence of electrochemical gradients across rat intestine in vitro. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) increased the active absorption of both Ca and Pi in all segments of the small intestine, with changes occurring only in absorptive fluxes, whereas secretory fluxes were unaffected. Active Ca absorption was greatest in the duodenum (greater than jejunum greater than ileum) and active Pi absorption was highest in jejunum (greater than duodenum greater than ileum), in agreement with earlier reports. 24R,25-dihydroxy-vitamin2D3 had similar effects on transport but was less potent. The ratios of Pi absorptive fluxes to Ca absorptive fluxes remained remarkably constant during 80-200% increases in absorption produced by 1,25(OH)2D3, suggesting coupled Ca-Pi transport or coordinate stimulation of Ca and Pi absorptive processes by hormonally active metabolites of vitamin D. The results seem most compatible with a differential distribution of vitamin D-responsive Ca and Pi absorptive cells with a predominance of cells with Ca absorptive sites occurring in duodenum, more Pi absorbing cells in jejunum, and a nearly equal ratio of each type in ileum.", "contents": "Intestinal Ca and phosphate transport: differential responses to vitamin D3 metabolites. The transport of Ca and inorganic phosphate (Pi) was studied in the absence of electrochemical gradients across rat intestine in vitro. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) increased the active absorption of both Ca and Pi in all segments of the small intestine, with changes occurring only in absorptive fluxes, whereas secretory fluxes were unaffected. Active Ca absorption was greatest in the duodenum (greater than jejunum greater than ileum) and active Pi absorption was highest in jejunum (greater than duodenum greater than ileum), in agreement with earlier reports. 24R,25-dihydroxy-vitamin2D3 had similar effects on transport but was less potent. The ratios of Pi absorptive fluxes to Ca absorptive fluxes remained remarkably constant during 80-200% increases in absorption produced by 1,25(OH)2D3, suggesting coupled Ca-Pi transport or coordinate stimulation of Ca and Pi absorptive processes by hormonally active metabolites of vitamin D. The results seem most compatible with a differential distribution of vitamin D-responsive Ca and Pi absorptive cells with a predominance of cells with Ca absorptive sites occurring in duodenum, more Pi absorbing cells in jejunum, and a nearly equal ratio of each type in ileum.", "PMID": 596443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5565", "title": "Dominant-subordinate relationships in castrated male mice bearing testosterone implants.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that subordination in male mice is directly related to reduced levels of circulating testosterone. Several measures of aggressiveness and submissiveness were quantified during or after daily encounters between pairs of intact males, castrated males, or castrated males bearing testosterone implants that were designed to maintain plasma testosterone titers at levels slightly above those of intact males. Behavioral measures included the total amount of fighting that resulted from daily pairing, the tendency for subordinates to fight back, and the relative frequency of urine marking. In all these regards, pairs of testosterone-implanted, castrated males formed dominant-subordinate relationships that involved apparently normal submissive behavior (compared to intact control pairs). Thus we found no evidence that submissive behavior was directly related to a reduction in circulating testosterone titers.", "contents": "Dominant-subordinate relationships in castrated male mice bearing testosterone implants. This study tested the hypothesis that subordination in male mice is directly related to reduced levels of circulating testosterone. Several measures of aggressiveness and submissiveness were quantified during or after daily encounters between pairs of intact males, castrated males, or castrated males bearing testosterone implants that were designed to maintain plasma testosterone titers at levels slightly above those of intact males. Behavioral measures included the total amount of fighting that resulted from daily pairing, the tendency for subordinates to fight back, and the relative frequency of urine marking. In all these regards, pairs of testosterone-implanted, castrated males formed dominant-subordinate relationships that involved apparently normal submissive behavior (compared to intact control pairs). Thus we found no evidence that submissive behavior was directly related to a reduction in circulating testosterone titers.", "PMID": 596444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5566", "title": "Glucose delivery: a modulator of glucose uptake in contracting skeletal muscle.", "content": "To evaluate glucose delivery and neuromuscular activity as modulators of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, rat hindlimbs from pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were perfused in the presence of electrically stimulated muscular contractions. Glucose delivery was varied by altering non-cyclic perfusate flow. When flow was increased from 3 to 12 ml/min glucose disappearance increased from 1.1 +/- 0.2 to 4.0 +/- 0.2 mumol/min per 100 g rat (P less than 0.001). When glucose delivery was held constant, glucose disappearance was unaltered during muscular contractions. Insulin enhanced glucose disappearance, and its effect was unaltered during muscular contractions. Muscular contractions increased oxygen disappearance by two- to 3.5-fold and lactate appearance by 4.5- to fivefold (P less than 0.02). It was concluded that glucose delivery and insulin modulate glucose disappearance in isolated perfused rat hindlimbs. Electrical stimulation of muscle enhances lactate appearance and oxygen disappearance but does not alter glucose disappearance when flow is held constant. Because blood flow to muscle increases during exercise in vivo, increased glucose delivery may be a modulator of the augmented muscle glucose consumption observed under these conditions.", "contents": "Glucose delivery: a modulator of glucose uptake in contracting skeletal muscle. To evaluate glucose delivery and neuromuscular activity as modulators of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, rat hindlimbs from pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were perfused in the presence of electrically stimulated muscular contractions. Glucose delivery was varied by altering non-cyclic perfusate flow. When flow was increased from 3 to 12 ml/min glucose disappearance increased from 1.1 +/- 0.2 to 4.0 +/- 0.2 mumol/min per 100 g rat (P less than 0.001). When glucose delivery was held constant, glucose disappearance was unaltered during muscular contractions. Insulin enhanced glucose disappearance, and its effect was unaltered during muscular contractions. Muscular contractions increased oxygen disappearance by two- to 3.5-fold and lactate appearance by 4.5- to fivefold (P less than 0.02). It was concluded that glucose delivery and insulin modulate glucose disappearance in isolated perfused rat hindlimbs. Electrical stimulation of muscle enhances lactate appearance and oxygen disappearance but does not alter glucose disappearance when flow is held constant. Because blood flow to muscle increases during exercise in vivo, increased glucose delivery may be a modulator of the augmented muscle glucose consumption observed under these conditions.", "PMID": 596446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5567", "title": "Episodic growth hormone secretory patterns in sheep: relationship to gonadal steroid hormones.", "content": "The influence of anabolic steroids on growth hormone (GH) secretion in ruminants remains unclear, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of GH secretion. In the present study, blood samples were obtained at 15-min intervals for 12 h from intact ram lambs, ram lambs castrated postpubertally, and castrated ram lambs treated with either testosterone propionate (TP) or diethylstilbestrol (DES). Intact rams exhibited GH secretory episodes of greater (P less than 0.01) amplitude than did castrated lambs. Similarly, mean base-line and mean overall GH concentrations were higher (P less than 0.01) in rams than in castrates. Treatment of castrates with either TP or DES resulted in increased base-line (P less than 0.05) and overall (P less than 0.05) GH concentrations compared to untreated castrates. Although amplitude of GH spikes was larger in TP and DES groups, this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Because numerous studies have demonstrated that intact rams and castrates treated with TP or DES grow faster than untreated castrates, the data in the present study support the hypothesis that the anabolic action of androgens and estrogens is due, at least in part, to their influence on GH secretion.", "contents": "Episodic growth hormone secretory patterns in sheep: relationship to gonadal steroid hormones. The influence of anabolic steroids on growth hormone (GH) secretion in ruminants remains unclear, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of GH secretion. In the present study, blood samples were obtained at 15-min intervals for 12 h from intact ram lambs, ram lambs castrated postpubertally, and castrated ram lambs treated with either testosterone propionate (TP) or diethylstilbestrol (DES). Intact rams exhibited GH secretory episodes of greater (P less than 0.01) amplitude than did castrated lambs. Similarly, mean base-line and mean overall GH concentrations were higher (P less than 0.01) in rams than in castrates. Treatment of castrates with either TP or DES resulted in increased base-line (P less than 0.05) and overall (P less than 0.05) GH concentrations compared to untreated castrates. Although amplitude of GH spikes was larger in TP and DES groups, this difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Because numerous studies have demonstrated that intact rams and castrates treated with TP or DES grow faster than untreated castrates, the data in the present study support the hypothesis that the anabolic action of androgens and estrogens is due, at least in part, to their influence on GH secretion.", "PMID": 596447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5568", "title": "Maturation of diluting capacity in loop of Henle of rat superficial nephrons.", "content": "The postnatal development of renal diluting capacity was studied by free-flow micropuncture and by microdissection of single superficial loops of Henle in rats kept on a high salt diet. Total renal filtration rate, sodium absorption, total solute excretion, and systemic arterial pressure were monitored during single nephron evaluation at two maturational stages (12-15 days and 27-35 days postnatal). Nephron filtration rates were identical when measured in early distal and late proximal segments of the same nephron. Absolute fluid absorption between these sites increased by a factor of 2.5, whereas loop fractional absorption of the volume load changed from 38.1 +/- 6.9 to 49.8 +/- 4.8% (SD), while proximal volume delivery to the loop increased from 4.33 +/- 1.12 to 7.14 +/- 0.65 nl/min. Simultaneously, the osmolarity of early distal fluid (8.8% of distal length) decreased significantly from 284 + 19.8 to 180.9 +/- 18.2 mosmol/liter during maturation. This study suggests that the ability of the loop of Henle to generate hypotonic fluid is attained only gradually during ontogeny. Volume absorption in the loop of Henle increases disproportionately to the loop volume load.", "contents": "Maturation of diluting capacity in loop of Henle of rat superficial nephrons. The postnatal development of renal diluting capacity was studied by free-flow micropuncture and by microdissection of single superficial loops of Henle in rats kept on a high salt diet. Total renal filtration rate, sodium absorption, total solute excretion, and systemic arterial pressure were monitored during single nephron evaluation at two maturational stages (12-15 days and 27-35 days postnatal). Nephron filtration rates were identical when measured in early distal and late proximal segments of the same nephron. Absolute fluid absorption between these sites increased by a factor of 2.5, whereas loop fractional absorption of the volume load changed from 38.1 +/- 6.9 to 49.8 +/- 4.8% (SD), while proximal volume delivery to the loop increased from 4.33 +/- 1.12 to 7.14 +/- 0.65 nl/min. Simultaneously, the osmolarity of early distal fluid (8.8% of distal length) decreased significantly from 284 + 19.8 to 180.9 +/- 18.2 mosmol/liter during maturation. This study suggests that the ability of the loop of Henle to generate hypotonic fluid is attained only gradually during ontogeny. Volume absorption in the loop of Henle increases disproportionately to the loop volume load.", "PMID": 596450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5569", "title": "Transport characteristics of renal collecting tubules: influences of DOCA and diet.", "content": "Isolated renal cortical collecting tubules from rabbits were studied at random (control) and from rabbits maintained on diets containing either high or low Na and K content or injected with DOCA for up to 31 days. In general, the values of transepithelial voltage (VT) and electrical resistance (RT) varied considerably between tubules. When rabbits were fed a high K, low Na diet or were injected with DOCA the values of VT increased. Of interest was the observation that tubules obtained from rabbits maintained on DOCA for 11-18 days or longer possessed markedly elevated values of VT (mean VT, -54 mV) and a marked increase in their ability to reabsorb Na and secrete K at rates well above the levels observed even at 3-6 days of treatment when it was expected that maximal transport rates would have been achieved. From the estimates of the conductances of Na, K, and Cl, the data could be interpreted to mean that DOCA caused a decrease in the conductance of Cl, perhaps via the shunt pathway, while elevating the conductances of Na and K, thereby enhancing active Na and especially K transport by this nephron segment.", "contents": "Transport characteristics of renal collecting tubules: influences of DOCA and diet. Isolated renal cortical collecting tubules from rabbits were studied at random (control) and from rabbits maintained on diets containing either high or low Na and K content or injected with DOCA for up to 31 days. In general, the values of transepithelial voltage (VT) and electrical resistance (RT) varied considerably between tubules. When rabbits were fed a high K, low Na diet or were injected with DOCA the values of VT increased. Of interest was the observation that tubules obtained from rabbits maintained on DOCA for 11-18 days or longer possessed markedly elevated values of VT (mean VT, -54 mV) and a marked increase in their ability to reabsorb Na and secrete K at rates well above the levels observed even at 3-6 days of treatment when it was expected that maximal transport rates would have been achieved. From the estimates of the conductances of Na, K, and Cl, the data could be interpreted to mean that DOCA caused a decrease in the conductance of Cl, perhaps via the shunt pathway, while elevating the conductances of Na and K, thereby enhancing active Na and especially K transport by this nephron segment.", "PMID": 596453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5570", "title": "Sodium retention and ascites formation in dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis.", "content": "Experimental cirrhosis was produced in dogs by the sporadic feeding of dimethylnitrosamine for the purpose of studying the temporal relationships between urinary sodium retention, plasma volume expansion, and ascites formation. Sodium retention started about 16 days following the onset of cirrhosis and preceded ascites formation by about 10 days. Plasma volume increased by 9% (P less than 0.05) within 3-4 days of sodium retention and expanded further as ascites accumulated. Splanchnic plasma volume was greater by 161 ml in 10 cirrhotic dogs with ascites than in 14 normal dogs. Nonsplanchnic volume was greater by 96 ml (P less than 0.05). Thus, the \"effective\" as well as the splanchnic component of the vascular space was expanded. Paracentesis did not cause the re-formation of ascites in five dogs as long as dietary salt was denied. Refeeding permitted reaccumulation of ascites and further plasma volume expansion. Renal perfusion remained constant as dogs became progressively cirrhotic. We conclude that ascites formation depends on the prior retention of urinary sodium, and occurs as an \"overflow\" phenomenon. A contracted effective plasma volume does not appear to be necessary for continuing sodium retention.", "contents": "Sodium retention and ascites formation in dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis. Experimental cirrhosis was produced in dogs by the sporadic feeding of dimethylnitrosamine for the purpose of studying the temporal relationships between urinary sodium retention, plasma volume expansion, and ascites formation. Sodium retention started about 16 days following the onset of cirrhosis and preceded ascites formation by about 10 days. Plasma volume increased by 9% (P less than 0.05) within 3-4 days of sodium retention and expanded further as ascites accumulated. Splanchnic plasma volume was greater by 161 ml in 10 cirrhotic dogs with ascites than in 14 normal dogs. Nonsplanchnic volume was greater by 96 ml (P less than 0.05). Thus, the \"effective\" as well as the splanchnic component of the vascular space was expanded. Paracentesis did not cause the re-formation of ascites in five dogs as long as dietary salt was denied. Refeeding permitted reaccumulation of ascites and further plasma volume expansion. Renal perfusion remained constant as dogs became progressively cirrhotic. We conclude that ascites formation depends on the prior retention of urinary sodium, and occurs as an \"overflow\" phenomenon. A contracted effective plasma volume does not appear to be necessary for continuing sodium retention.", "PMID": 596455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5571", "title": "Effects of surgery on plasma volume and salt and water excretion in rats.", "content": "Surgical preparation of rats for micropuncture resulted in a marked decrease in sodium excretion (UNaV) compared to awake animals. Associated with surgery, hematocrit (Hct) rose. Studies were performed to determine whether the rise in Hct resulted from reduced plasma volume (PV) or increased red cell volume (RCV) and to explore the relation of such alterations to the fall in UNaV. PV and RCV were determined in the calm awake rat using 125I-albumin and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells. Micropuncture surgery was performed and RCV, PV, and Hct again measured. After anesthesia and femoral artery catheterization, Hct was not different from Hct in awake animals (42.9 +/- 2.8%). The Hct increased following surgery to 48.2 +/- 2.8% (P less than 0.001), accompanied by a large fall in PV (-18.9 +/- 2.3%, P less than 0.001) with no change in RCV. Plasma volume repletion to awake values restored UNaV toward levels appropriate for dietary intake in animals on a high salt diet. Althouth plasma repletion slightly increased UNaV above awake values in low salt diet rats, they continued to avidly retain salt with respect to total salt load.", "contents": "Effects of surgery on plasma volume and salt and water excretion in rats. Surgical preparation of rats for micropuncture resulted in a marked decrease in sodium excretion (UNaV) compared to awake animals. Associated with surgery, hematocrit (Hct) rose. Studies were performed to determine whether the rise in Hct resulted from reduced plasma volume (PV) or increased red cell volume (RCV) and to explore the relation of such alterations to the fall in UNaV. PV and RCV were determined in the calm awake rat using 125I-albumin and 51Cr-labeled red blood cells. Micropuncture surgery was performed and RCV, PV, and Hct again measured. After anesthesia and femoral artery catheterization, Hct was not different from Hct in awake animals (42.9 +/- 2.8%). The Hct increased following surgery to 48.2 +/- 2.8% (P less than 0.001), accompanied by a large fall in PV (-18.9 +/- 2.3%, P less than 0.001) with no change in RCV. Plasma volume repletion to awake values restored UNaV toward levels appropriate for dietary intake in animals on a high salt diet. Althouth plasma repletion slightly increased UNaV above awake values in low salt diet rats, they continued to avidly retain salt with respect to total salt load.", "PMID": 596457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5572", "title": "Collection of urine from each kidney in the rabbit without ureteral cannulation.", "content": "Collection of urine in rabbits by conventional methods such as catheterization of ureters or bladder with polyethylene tubing or Foley cannulas is hampered by the occurrence of hematuria or obstruction of urine flow, or both. These problems were solved by placing in the bladder a stainless steel device with a horizontal round disk attached to an eliptic vertical septum. The vertical septum divides the bladder into two compartments in such a way as to allow the collection of urine from each kidney. Studies show that this intrabladder devide can be satisfactorily used in acute experiments in anesthetized or conscious rabbits for periods up to 5-6 h.", "contents": "Collection of urine from each kidney in the rabbit without ureteral cannulation. Collection of urine in rabbits by conventional methods such as catheterization of ureters or bladder with polyethylene tubing or Foley cannulas is hampered by the occurrence of hematuria or obstruction of urine flow, or both. These problems were solved by placing in the bladder a stainless steel device with a horizontal round disk attached to an eliptic vertical septum. The vertical septum divides the bladder into two compartments in such a way as to allow the collection of urine from each kidney. Studies show that this intrabladder devide can be satisfactorily used in acute experiments in anesthetized or conscious rabbits for periods up to 5-6 h.", "PMID": 596458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5573", "title": "Glucagon inhibition of hepatic arterial responses to hepatic nerve stimulation.", "content": "The hepatic arterial vascular bed of the chloaralose-urethan-anesthetized dog was perfused with blood from a cannulated femoral artery. Hepatic arterial blood flow and perfusion pressure were measured. The hepatic periarterial postganglionic sympathetic nerves were stimulated supramaximally at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz; this caused frequency-dependent rises in the calculated hepatic arterial vascular resistance at all frequencies above the threshold of 0.1 or 0.5 Hz. Glucagon was infused intra-arterially in dosese from 0.25 to 10 microgram/min; glucagon antagonized both the vasoconstrictor effects of hepatic nerve stimulation and of intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine. The degree of antagonism of these responses was significantly correlated with the calculated hepatic arterial glucagon concentration. It is possible that glucagon released physiologically in stress and hypoglycemia may protect the hepatic arterial vasculature from the effects of increased sympathetic discharge.", "contents": "Glucagon inhibition of hepatic arterial responses to hepatic nerve stimulation. The hepatic arterial vascular bed of the chloaralose-urethan-anesthetized dog was perfused with blood from a cannulated femoral artery. Hepatic arterial blood flow and perfusion pressure were measured. The hepatic periarterial postganglionic sympathetic nerves were stimulated supramaximally at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz; this caused frequency-dependent rises in the calculated hepatic arterial vascular resistance at all frequencies above the threshold of 0.1 or 0.5 Hz. Glucagon was infused intra-arterially in dosese from 0.25 to 10 microgram/min; glucagon antagonized both the vasoconstrictor effects of hepatic nerve stimulation and of intra-arterial injections of norepinephrine. The degree of antagonism of these responses was significantly correlated with the calculated hepatic arterial glucagon concentration. It is possible that glucagon released physiologically in stress and hypoglycemia may protect the hepatic arterial vasculature from the effects of increased sympathetic discharge.", "PMID": 596461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5574", "title": "Responses of canine endocardium to stimulation of the upper thoracic roots.", "content": "In each of 10 mongrel dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose, strain-gauge arches were sutured to five epicardial and three endocardial locations. Comparisons of contractile force responses during stimulation of the left and right roots of the same segmental level revealed several differences dependent upon the particular myocardial area observed. Of the three left ventricular endocardial areas studied, the interventricular septum was the most responsive, particularly during stimulation of the right roots. The basal free wall and posterior papillary muscle were more responsive to left-root than to right-root stimulations. Epicardial responses were consistent with those previously reported. Generally, all areas responded to the greatest degree during stimulation of the second roots with the third and first next in order of effectiveness. Although stimulation of each level of preganglionic outflow activated all epicardial and endocardial segments of the myocardium, the magnitude of the changes in contractile force were highly variable dependent upon the specific level of preganglionic outflow and the location of the strain-gauge arch.", "contents": "Responses of canine endocardium to stimulation of the upper thoracic roots. In each of 10 mongrel dogs anesthetized with alpha chloralose, strain-gauge arches were sutured to five epicardial and three endocardial locations. Comparisons of contractile force responses during stimulation of the left and right roots of the same segmental level revealed several differences dependent upon the particular myocardial area observed. Of the three left ventricular endocardial areas studied, the interventricular septum was the most responsive, particularly during stimulation of the right roots. The basal free wall and posterior papillary muscle were more responsive to left-root than to right-root stimulations. Epicardial responses were consistent with those previously reported. Generally, all areas responded to the greatest degree during stimulation of the second roots with the third and first next in order of effectiveness. Although stimulation of each level of preganglionic outflow activated all epicardial and endocardial segments of the myocardium, the magnitude of the changes in contractile force were highly variable dependent upon the specific level of preganglionic outflow and the location of the strain-gauge arch.", "PMID": 596462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5575", "title": "Umbilical vascular compliance in sheep.", "content": "To explore the mechanical properties of umbilical vessels and to test for possible interactions between maternal and fetal circulations, we recorded pressure-volume curves from isolated in situ placentas of 17 sheep. We estimated static umbilical compliance by extrapolating to infinitely slow rates of volume change. We found that compliance averaged .231 +/- .014 SE ml/mmHg per kg fetal wt under control conditions, a value that increased 26.5% when maternal arterial pressure was lowered 85 mmHg (clamping the aorta), but did not change when venous pressure was raised 37 mmHg (clamping IVC). After replacing blood with kerosene which does not penetrate small vessels because of interfacial tension, we found arteries accounted for 22% and veins for 41% of total compliance, leaving 37% attributable to small placental vessels and surrounding tissue. We conclude that umbilical vessels are about one-half as compliant as adult vessels on a body-weight basis, but only slightly less compliant than vessels elsewhere in the fetal body. When maternal vessels expand they interact with surrounding placental tissue, displacing fetal blood and altering the apparent compliance of umbilical vessels.", "contents": "Umbilical vascular compliance in sheep. To explore the mechanical properties of umbilical vessels and to test for possible interactions between maternal and fetal circulations, we recorded pressure-volume curves from isolated in situ placentas of 17 sheep. We estimated static umbilical compliance by extrapolating to infinitely slow rates of volume change. We found that compliance averaged .231 +/- .014 SE ml/mmHg per kg fetal wt under control conditions, a value that increased 26.5% when maternal arterial pressure was lowered 85 mmHg (clamping the aorta), but did not change when venous pressure was raised 37 mmHg (clamping IVC). After replacing blood with kerosene which does not penetrate small vessels because of interfacial tension, we found arteries accounted for 22% and veins for 41% of total compliance, leaving 37% attributable to small placental vessels and surrounding tissue. We conclude that umbilical vessels are about one-half as compliant as adult vessels on a body-weight basis, but only slightly less compliant than vessels elsewhere in the fetal body. When maternal vessels expand they interact with surrounding placental tissue, displacing fetal blood and altering the apparent compliance of umbilical vessels.", "PMID": 596463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5576", "title": "Myocardial contracture and accumulation of mitochondrial calcium in ischemic rabbit heart.", "content": "The relationship between myocardial contracture and cell calcium was studied in electrically paced, isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Isovolumic left ventricular dP/dt and end-diastolic pressure were utilized as indexes of contractility and ventricular stiffness. After 60 min of low flow (ischemia) without or with reperfusion at high flow for 10 min, calcium was measured in the mitochondrial fraction and used as an indicator of intracellular calcium. Low flow led to ventricular standstill and contracture, and reperfusion produced partial mechanical recovery with end-diastolic pressure remaining markedly elevated. Nifedipine (10(-7) M), an antagonist of myocardial calcium uptake, prevented contracture and permitted nearly complete mechanical recovery without elevation in diastolic pressure. Increases in mitochondrial calcium paralleled the severity of contracture and the lack of diastolic relaxation after reperfusion. Mitochondrial calcium did not increase in hearts protected by nifedipine. Results demonstrate a close relationship between mechanical changes induced by ischemia and accumulation of intracellular calcium.", "contents": "Myocardial contracture and accumulation of mitochondrial calcium in ischemic rabbit heart. The relationship between myocardial contracture and cell calcium was studied in electrically paced, isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Isovolumic left ventricular dP/dt and end-diastolic pressure were utilized as indexes of contractility and ventricular stiffness. After 60 min of low flow (ischemia) without or with reperfusion at high flow for 10 min, calcium was measured in the mitochondrial fraction and used as an indicator of intracellular calcium. Low flow led to ventricular standstill and contracture, and reperfusion produced partial mechanical recovery with end-diastolic pressure remaining markedly elevated. Nifedipine (10(-7) M), an antagonist of myocardial calcium uptake, prevented contracture and permitted nearly complete mechanical recovery without elevation in diastolic pressure. Increases in mitochondrial calcium paralleled the severity of contracture and the lack of diastolic relaxation after reperfusion. Mitochondrial calcium did not increase in hearts protected by nifedipine. Results demonstrate a close relationship between mechanical changes induced by ischemia and accumulation of intracellular calcium.", "PMID": 596465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5577", "title": "Alterations of postural and Valsalva responses in coronary heart disease.", "content": "Patients in congestive heart failure are known to have altered autonomic responses to circulatory stress. In this study, two different age groups of male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, not in failure, as well as normal male subjects, underwent standard 20-min 70 degrees head-up tilt and Valsalva tests. Responses were monitored by noninvasive methods and cardiac output was estamated with a transthoracic impedance method. During tilt, the CHD patients and control subjects had similar heart rate and diastolic pressure responses. However, the CHD patients had a greater decline in pulse pressure during tilt, mainly due to a decrease in systolic pressure. CHD patients had lesser declines in stroke volume and cardiac index and lesser increases in total vascular resistance than did control subjects. In the Valsalva, the heart rate phase increments (and decrements) from control and rate increments (and decrements) between successive phases were less in the coronary patients. The results indicate that coronary patients, not in failure, have diminished circulatory responses to the tilt and Valsalva maneuver and suggest that these tests may be useful functional indices of cardiovascular capability in coronary disease.", "contents": "Alterations of postural and Valsalva responses in coronary heart disease. Patients in congestive heart failure are known to have altered autonomic responses to circulatory stress. In this study, two different age groups of male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, not in failure, as well as normal male subjects, underwent standard 20-min 70 degrees head-up tilt and Valsalva tests. Responses were monitored by noninvasive methods and cardiac output was estamated with a transthoracic impedance method. During tilt, the CHD patients and control subjects had similar heart rate and diastolic pressure responses. However, the CHD patients had a greater decline in pulse pressure during tilt, mainly due to a decrease in systolic pressure. CHD patients had lesser declines in stroke volume and cardiac index and lesser increases in total vascular resistance than did control subjects. In the Valsalva, the heart rate phase increments (and decrements) from control and rate increments (and decrements) between successive phases were less in the coronary patients. The results indicate that coronary patients, not in failure, have diminished circulatory responses to the tilt and Valsalva maneuver and suggest that these tests may be useful functional indices of cardiovascular capability in coronary disease.", "PMID": 596467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5578", "title": "Noninvasive analysis of regional myocardial wall motion: cardiokymography.", "content": "The validity of a new noninvasive device, the cardiokymograph, was assessed as to its ability to detect regional myocardial wall motion by direct comparison of the analog tracing with that of an epicardial length gauge in 11 open-chest dogs. The correlation of the two methods was excellent both during control conditions and following changes induced by acute coronary occlusion. The average difference between the methods in timing of various cardiac events was only 6.2 +/- 1.9 ms at rest and 6.8 +/- 1.5 ms following ischemia (P = NS). Relative amplitude ratio correlations, determined for the four portions of the cardiac cyele (isovolumic systole, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole), were also excellent. The average correlation of the kymograph to the length gauge was r = 0.896 +/- 0.018 at rest (K = 0.977 LG + 0.033) and r = 0.932 +/- 0.013 following occlusion (K = 1.071 LG + 0.101). Thus, the cardiokymograph is a sensitive and accurate noninvasive method for detection of regional ischemic dysfunction and produces an analog tracing essentially identical to that of the epicardial length gauge.", "contents": "Noninvasive analysis of regional myocardial wall motion: cardiokymography. The validity of a new noninvasive device, the cardiokymograph, was assessed as to its ability to detect regional myocardial wall motion by direct comparison of the analog tracing with that of an epicardial length gauge in 11 open-chest dogs. The correlation of the two methods was excellent both during control conditions and following changes induced by acute coronary occlusion. The average difference between the methods in timing of various cardiac events was only 6.2 +/- 1.9 ms at rest and 6.8 +/- 1.5 ms following ischemia (P = NS). Relative amplitude ratio correlations, determined for the four portions of the cardiac cyele (isovolumic systole, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and diastole), were also excellent. The average correlation of the kymograph to the length gauge was r = 0.896 +/- 0.018 at rest (K = 0.977 LG + 0.033) and r = 0.932 +/- 0.013 following occlusion (K = 1.071 LG + 0.101). Thus, the cardiokymograph is a sensitive and accurate noninvasive method for detection of regional ischemic dysfunction and produces an analog tracing essentially identical to that of the epicardial length gauge.", "PMID": 596468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5579", "title": "Myocardial enzyme activities in guinea pigs during development.", "content": "The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycolytic enzymes were higher in the fetal myocardium of the guinea pig than at birth and fell progressively during the 1st mo of life. The alphaHBDH/LDH ratio of H to M subunits of lactate dehydrogenase, was low in the fetus and continued to rise during the 1st mo after birth. The distinction between the left and right ventricular activities of lactate dehydrogenase, which is clear in adult guinea pigs, was absent in the fetus and appeared during postnatal development. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was low in the fetus and at birth. The activities of beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were low in the fetus, but had reached, or even temporarily exceeded, normal adult levels at birth. Palmitylcarnitine transferase activity was also low in the fetal heart compared with the newborn but continued to increase substantially during the first 2 wk after birth.", "contents": "Myocardial enzyme activities in guinea pigs during development. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycolytic enzymes were higher in the fetal myocardium of the guinea pig than at birth and fell progressively during the 1st mo of life. The alphaHBDH/LDH ratio of H to M subunits of lactate dehydrogenase, was low in the fetus and continued to rise during the 1st mo after birth. The distinction between the left and right ventricular activities of lactate dehydrogenase, which is clear in adult guinea pigs, was absent in the fetus and appeared during postnatal development. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was low in the fetus and at birth. The activities of beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were low in the fetus, but had reached, or even temporarily exceeded, normal adult levels at birth. Palmitylcarnitine transferase activity was also low in the fetal heart compared with the newborn but continued to increase substantially during the first 2 wk after birth.", "PMID": 596469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5580", "title": "End-systolic force-length relationship of nonexcised canine papillary muscle.", "content": "End-systolic force-length (F-L) relationships were studied in blood-perfused papillary muscles remining in the canine right ventricle. The muscles contracted spontaneously at a regular rate of 114 +/- 4 (SE, N = 31) beats/min at 37 degrees C. In each muscle, end-systolic F-L curves were obtained in different modes of contraction at different diastolic lengths between the unstressed length (9.4 +/- 0.7 mm) and 143 +/- 4% of it. At the latter length, muscles developed a peak isometric force of 46 +/- 4 g (5.1 +/- 0.5 g/mm2). The isotonic F-L curve was lower than the isometric F-L curves to various extents. An auxotonic F-L curve fell between the two curves. At identical end-systolic lengths peak isometric forces were greater than isotonic forces by 14.4 +/- 1.4% in the first transient beats after switching the contraction mode from isometric to isotonic. The difference increased to 28.5 +/- 3.5% in the steady-state beats. The reduced force in the first isotonic beat was suspected to be due to the uncoupling effect of shortening. The further reduction of isotonic force in the steady-state beats was caused by viscous properties (creep and stress relaxation) and by a gradual decrease in contractility.", "contents": "End-systolic force-length relationship of nonexcised canine papillary muscle. End-systolic force-length (F-L) relationships were studied in blood-perfused papillary muscles remining in the canine right ventricle. The muscles contracted spontaneously at a regular rate of 114 +/- 4 (SE, N = 31) beats/min at 37 degrees C. In each muscle, end-systolic F-L curves were obtained in different modes of contraction at different diastolic lengths between the unstressed length (9.4 +/- 0.7 mm) and 143 +/- 4% of it. At the latter length, muscles developed a peak isometric force of 46 +/- 4 g (5.1 +/- 0.5 g/mm2). The isotonic F-L curve was lower than the isometric F-L curves to various extents. An auxotonic F-L curve fell between the two curves. At identical end-systolic lengths peak isometric forces were greater than isotonic forces by 14.4 +/- 1.4% in the first transient beats after switching the contraction mode from isometric to isotonic. The difference increased to 28.5 +/- 3.5% in the steady-state beats. The reduced force in the first isotonic beat was suspected to be due to the uncoupling effect of shortening. The further reduction of isotonic force in the steady-state beats was caused by viscous properties (creep and stress relaxation) and by a gradual decrease in contractility.", "PMID": 596470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5581", "title": "End-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular volume clamper for isolated canine heart.", "content": "We devised a servo-controlled pump system which can clamp both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of the left ventricle of an excised, supported canine heart at desirable values in the face of changing patterns of ejection and filling. The system consists of a Bellofram cylinder and a powerful electromagnetic shaker which is driven by a position servo circuit. A water-filled balloon placed in the ventricle was connected to the water housing of the cylinder. As the ECG triggered the system, a fixed amount of water reciprocated between the heart and the cylinder in a programmed manner. The onset, duration, and speed of ejection and those of filling can be programmed separately. The performance of this pump system was tested in experiments on 15 cross-circulated hearts and proved satisfactory for precise analysis of the instantaneous pressure-volume relation in the ventricle.", "contents": "End-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular volume clamper for isolated canine heart. We devised a servo-controlled pump system which can clamp both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of the left ventricle of an excised, supported canine heart at desirable values in the face of changing patterns of ejection and filling. The system consists of a Bellofram cylinder and a powerful electromagnetic shaker which is driven by a position servo circuit. A water-filled balloon placed in the ventricle was connected to the water housing of the cylinder. As the ECG triggered the system, a fixed amount of water reciprocated between the heart and the cylinder in a programmed manner. The onset, duration, and speed of ejection and those of filling can be programmed separately. The performance of this pump system was tested in experiments on 15 cross-circulated hearts and proved satisfactory for precise analysis of the instantaneous pressure-volume relation in the ventricle.", "PMID": 596471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5582", "title": "Creating permanent complete heart block by indirect cauterization without atriotomy.", "content": "We created permanent complete heart block (CHB) in 11 dogs without atriotomy by means of indirect cauterization of the atrioventricular (A-V) bundle with a partially insulated wire placed through a small puncture in the atrial wall and guided by palpation. In six acute studies and five chronic studies, all dogs exhibited permanent CHB. To test the block, isoproterenol increased both atrial and ventricular rates 200%-400% without affecting the block. Atropine had no effect on ventricular rate or block.", "contents": "Creating permanent complete heart block by indirect cauterization without atriotomy. We created permanent complete heart block (CHB) in 11 dogs without atriotomy by means of indirect cauterization of the atrioventricular (A-V) bundle with a partially insulated wire placed through a small puncture in the atrial wall and guided by palpation. In six acute studies and five chronic studies, all dogs exhibited permanent CHB. To test the block, isoproterenol increased both atrial and ventricular rates 200%-400% without affecting the block. Atropine had no effect on ventricular rate or block.", "PMID": 596472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5583", "title": "The concurrent treatment of a multiple-personality woman and her son.", "content": "A nine-year-old boy, unaware of his mother's three personalities, was referred for treatment because of difficulties in adjustment. The mother's two created personalities, despite antagonism toward each other, evidenced mutual dependency needs strong enough to preclude the integration necessary to resolve both her son's problems and her own.", "contents": "The concurrent treatment of a multiple-personality woman and her son. A nine-year-old boy, unaware of his mother's three personalities, was referred for treatment because of difficulties in adjustment. The mother's two created personalities, despite antagonism toward each other, evidenced mutual dependency needs strong enough to preclude the integration necessary to resolve both her son's problems and her own.", "PMID": 596484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5584", "title": "Intensive psychotherapy for the psychiatrist's family.", "content": "A series of intensive psychotherapy cases of wives and children of psychiatrists reveals that the special problems they present may be divided into those at the onset of treatment, those in the process of the treatment, and special countertransference problems. Paradoxically, early recognition and acceptance of psychotherapy are a foremost problem involving the psychiatrist as father or spouse. During therapy, narcissistic injuries to the psychiatrist father or spouse and loyalty problems in the patient emerge as special problems. Countertransference revolves around peer relationships and \"psychopolitics,\" as well as referrals of other patients.", "contents": "Intensive psychotherapy for the psychiatrist's family. A series of intensive psychotherapy cases of wives and children of psychiatrists reveals that the special problems they present may be divided into those at the onset of treatment, those in the process of the treatment, and special countertransference problems. Paradoxically, early recognition and acceptance of psychotherapy are a foremost problem involving the psychiatrist as father or spouse. During therapy, narcissistic injuries to the psychiatrist father or spouse and loyalty problems in the patient emerge as special problems. Countertransference revolves around peer relationships and \"psychopolitics,\" as well as referrals of other patients.", "PMID": 596485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5585", "title": "Psychotherapeutic options in the treatment of child and adolescent hydrocarbon inhalers.", "content": "Preadolescent and adolescent hydrocarbon inhalation is a significant mental and physical health problem among low socioeconomic communities, particularly those with large concentrations of Mexican-Americans. For a variety of reasons to be discussed in this paper, those most in need of help are least likely to obtain it. The therapeutic approach should depend on the severity of the sniffing problem, and some preliminary guidelines are presented.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic options in the treatment of child and adolescent hydrocarbon inhalers. Preadolescent and adolescent hydrocarbon inhalation is a significant mental and physical health problem among low socioeconomic communities, particularly those with large concentrations of Mexican-Americans. For a variety of reasons to be discussed in this paper, those most in need of help are least likely to obtain it. The therapeutic approach should depend on the severity of the sniffing problem, and some preliminary guidelines are presented.", "PMID": 596486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5586", "title": "The so-called boring patient.", "content": "This paper explores the affect of boredom with specific reference to its arousal in psychotherapists within psychotherapeutic sessions. Using Fenichel's classical psychoanalytic formulation regarding ego-defensive operations as a starting point, it explores the contribution of the more recently understood concept of narcissism, in particular the fluctuating states of narcissistic satiety and depletion within the therapist and their impact on countertransference.", "contents": "The so-called boring patient. This paper explores the affect of boredom with specific reference to its arousal in psychotherapists within psychotherapeutic sessions. Using Fenichel's classical psychoanalytic formulation regarding ego-defensive operations as a starting point, it explores the contribution of the more recently understood concept of narcissism, in particular the fluctuating states of narcissistic satiety and depletion within the therapist and their impact on countertransference.", "PMID": 596487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5587", "title": "New ideas on mental disorders.", "content": "Three types of mental disorder, based on libido-destrudo balances are introduced: (1) Hyperinstrumental-narcissistic type, or psychopathic type with destrudo object hypercathexis; (2) Dysmutual-cyclic type with libido-destrudo shifting cathexis; (3) Hypervectorial-schizotype with object hypercathexis of libido. Five levels of regression: neurosis, character neurosis, latent psychosis, psychosis, and dementia are linked to declining ego strength.", "contents": "New ideas on mental disorders. Three types of mental disorder, based on libido-destrudo balances are introduced: (1) Hyperinstrumental-narcissistic type, or psychopathic type with destrudo object hypercathexis; (2) Dysmutual-cyclic type with libido-destrudo shifting cathexis; (3) Hypervectorial-schizotype with object hypercathexis of libido. Five levels of regression: neurosis, character neurosis, latent psychosis, psychosis, and dementia are linked to declining ego strength.", "PMID": 596488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5588", "title": "Mourning and adaptation after a war.", "content": "This paper offers a study of the ways in which a war and its consequences affect psychologically those on the victorious side. The subjects of my study are the Turks of Cyprus; I will report on the psychological processes dominant among them--their attempts at mourning to achieve a new adaptation--during the year after the Turkish occupation of the northern part of the island in the summer of 1974.", "contents": "Mourning and adaptation after a war. This paper offers a study of the ways in which a war and its consequences affect psychologically those on the victorious side. The subjects of my study are the Turks of Cyprus; I will report on the psychological processes dominant among them--their attempts at mourning to achieve a new adaptation--during the year after the Turkish occupation of the northern part of the island in the summer of 1974.", "PMID": 596489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5589", "title": "Interpersonal psychotherapy: a communications perspective.", "content": "The psychosocial sequences involved in becoming a human being, becoming a patient, and becoming healed are rooted in the need for contact with a parent or surrogate and in the incorporation of his cultural system through the adoption of his communication system.", "contents": "Interpersonal psychotherapy: a communications perspective. The psychosocial sequences involved in becoming a human being, becoming a patient, and becoming healed are rooted in the need for contact with a parent or surrogate and in the incorporation of his cultural system through the adoption of his communication system.", "PMID": 596490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5590", "title": "Soviet approach to the causes of neuroses.", "content": "Some Soviet therapists admit the role of latent (that is, sexual) conflicts and childhood experiences in the origin of emotional disorders. They also attempt to utilize the influence of the social environment in the \"readaptation\" of neurotics. However, these attempts are limited by certain ideological as well as practical restrictions.", "contents": "Soviet approach to the causes of neuroses. Some Soviet therapists admit the role of latent (that is, sexual) conflicts and childhood experiences in the origin of emotional disorders. They also attempt to utilize the influence of the social environment in the \"readaptation\" of neurotics. However, these attempts are limited by certain ideological as well as practical restrictions.", "PMID": 596491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5591", "title": "Strategies of therapeutic contact: working with children with severe object relationship disturbance.", "content": "This article discusses the strategies for making contact with severely disturbed children from the viewpoint of developmental ego psychology. Four stages of object development are described and the strategies for making contact at the various levels of impairment are explained in detail.", "contents": "Strategies of therapeutic contact: working with children with severe object relationship disturbance. This article discusses the strategies for making contact with severely disturbed children from the viewpoint of developmental ego psychology. Four stages of object development are described and the strategies for making contact at the various levels of impairment are explained in detail.", "PMID": 596492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5592", "title": "Training versus treating the psychiatric resident.", "content": "The importance of the distinction between supervision and psychotherapy is examined, utilizing experience in several residency training programs and theoretical literature. The tendency to confound personal and professional issues in supervision is examined in the light of institutional pressures for control of psychotherapists in training.", "contents": "Training versus treating the psychiatric resident. The importance of the distinction between supervision and psychotherapy is examined, utilizing experience in several residency training programs and theoretical literature. The tendency to confound personal and professional issues in supervision is examined in the light of institutional pressures for control of psychotherapists in training.", "PMID": 596493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5593", "title": "Children can't fly: a program to prevent childhood morbidity and mortality from window falls.", "content": "\"Children Can't Fly\" is a health education program developed by the New York City Department of Health to combat the high incidence of child mortality and morbidity due to falls from windows. The success of the program, begun in 1972, in drastically reducing death and injury persuaded the New York City Board of Health to amend the Health Code in 1976 to require that landlords provide window guards in apartments where children ten years old and younger reside. The law is the first and only one of its kind in the nation. The program has four major components: 1) reporting of falls by hospital emergency rooms and police precincts, followed up by counseling, referral, and data collecting by public health nurses; 2) a media campaign to inform the public and elevate their awareness of the hazards; 3) community education for prevention through door-to-door hazard identification, counseling by outreach workers, community organization efforts with schools, tenant groups, clinics, churches, health care providers, etc; 4) provision of free, easily installed window guards to families with young children living in high-risk areas. Significant reduction in falls resulted, particularly in the Bronx, where reported falls declined 50 percent from 1973 to 1975. The program is one solution to an urgent urban problem which other cities might consider to avert the loss of life and limb, and the corollary financial burden for hospitalization, rehabilitation, and maintenance of the injured and permanently disabled.", "contents": "Children can't fly: a program to prevent childhood morbidity and mortality from window falls. \"Children Can't Fly\" is a health education program developed by the New York City Department of Health to combat the high incidence of child mortality and morbidity due to falls from windows. The success of the program, begun in 1972, in drastically reducing death and injury persuaded the New York City Board of Health to amend the Health Code in 1976 to require that landlords provide window guards in apartments where children ten years old and younger reside. The law is the first and only one of its kind in the nation. The program has four major components: 1) reporting of falls by hospital emergency rooms and police precincts, followed up by counseling, referral, and data collecting by public health nurses; 2) a media campaign to inform the public and elevate their awareness of the hazards; 3) community education for prevention through door-to-door hazard identification, counseling by outreach workers, community organization efforts with schools, tenant groups, clinics, churches, health care providers, etc; 4) provision of free, easily installed window guards to families with young children living in high-risk areas. Significant reduction in falls resulted, particularly in the Bronx, where reported falls declined 50 percent from 1973 to 1975. The program is one solution to an urgent urban problem which other cities might consider to avert the loss of life and limb, and the corollary financial burden for hospitalization, rehabilitation, and maintenance of the injured and permanently disabled.", "PMID": 596496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5594", "title": "Prevention of childhood household injuries: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Injuries claim the lives of more children each year than the next six leading pediatric disorders combined, and produce injuries that require medical attention for one in three children. In the preschool age group, 91 per cent of these accidents and over one-half the resultant fatalities occur in the home. This paper reports the results of a controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate the implementation of a health education program intended to reduce the risk of childhood household injuries. The study population was randomly assigned into two demographically comparable groups. Only the experimental group mothers received an educational intervention consisting of a tutorial, home safety-proofing assignments, and follow-up. The homes of the two groups were later assessed for hazards during an unannounced visit by an interviewer who did not know to which group each home belonged. A home safety score mean for the two groups was almost identical. The program stimulated heightened interest and stated intent to improve, but did not result in actual reduction of household hazards. Active health education, as used and evaluated in this study, appears to have limited effectiveness when applied to home safety. Approaches such as \"passive\" measures may offer greater potential for household injury reduction.", "contents": "Prevention of childhood household injuries: a controlled clinical trial. Injuries claim the lives of more children each year than the next six leading pediatric disorders combined, and produce injuries that require medical attention for one in three children. In the preschool age group, 91 per cent of these accidents and over one-half the resultant fatalities occur in the home. This paper reports the results of a controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate the implementation of a health education program intended to reduce the risk of childhood household injuries. The study population was randomly assigned into two demographically comparable groups. Only the experimental group mothers received an educational intervention consisting of a tutorial, home safety-proofing assignments, and follow-up. The homes of the two groups were later assessed for hazards during an unannounced visit by an interviewer who did not know to which group each home belonged. A home safety score mean for the two groups was almost identical. The program stimulated heightened interest and stated intent to improve, but did not result in actual reduction of household hazards. Active health education, as used and evaluated in this study, appears to have limited effectiveness when applied to home safety. Approaches such as \"passive\" measures may offer greater potential for household injury reduction.", "PMID": 596497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5595", "title": "Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight.", "content": "Maternal alcoholism during pregnancy may result in severe prenatal growth deficiency. In this prospective study, the relationship of moderate maternal alcohol consumption to infant birth weight is explored. Subjects were 263 paying members of a health maintenance organization who delivered single live children. Their alcohol consumption before pregnancy, and in early and late pregnancy, was estimated. In order to control for smoking, which is strongly related to both infant birth weight and maternal alcohol use, the sample was selected so that similar proportions of smokers were represented in both light and heavier drinkers. Multiple linear regression was employed. A regression equation was computed for each of the three periods in which drinking was estimated. Independent variables entered into the equation were maternal age, height, parity, daily cigarettes, alcohol use in the period, and gestational age and sex of child. The regression of birth weight on these variables revealed a significant relationship (p less than or equal to .01) with alcohol consumption in two of the periods. Ingestion of an average of one ounce of absolute alcohol daily before pregnancy was associated with an average decrease in birth weight of 91 grams; the same amount ingested in late pregnancy was associated with a decrease of 160 grams. The associations were independent of the other variables entered into the equation, and in particular, of tobacco use.", "contents": "Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight. Maternal alcoholism during pregnancy may result in severe prenatal growth deficiency. In this prospective study, the relationship of moderate maternal alcohol consumption to infant birth weight is explored. Subjects were 263 paying members of a health maintenance organization who delivered single live children. Their alcohol consumption before pregnancy, and in early and late pregnancy, was estimated. In order to control for smoking, which is strongly related to both infant birth weight and maternal alcohol use, the sample was selected so that similar proportions of smokers were represented in both light and heavier drinkers. Multiple linear regression was employed. A regression equation was computed for each of the three periods in which drinking was estimated. Independent variables entered into the equation were maternal age, height, parity, daily cigarettes, alcohol use in the period, and gestational age and sex of child. The regression of birth weight on these variables revealed a significant relationship (p less than or equal to .01) with alcohol consumption in two of the periods. Ingestion of an average of one ounce of absolute alcohol daily before pregnancy was associated with an average decrease in birth weight of 91 grams; the same amount ingested in late pregnancy was associated with a decrease of 160 grams. The associations were independent of the other variables entered into the equation, and in particular, of tobacco use.", "PMID": 596498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5596", "title": "Contraceptive method continuation according to type of provider.", "content": "A study was undertaken at the main PROFAMILIA clinic in Bogota, Colombia to compare the effectiveness of nurses and physicians in the delivery of family planning services. Contraceptive method continuation was the major outcome variable in this analysis. Clients were randomly assigned to physicians or nurses on their first visit and for the duration of care. On all revisits, data were collected pertaining to method prescribed, side effects, pregnancy, and method changes. There was a field survey at eight months to locate clinic drop-outs and determine their contraceptive use status. There were no significant differences in method continuation between clients who received services from physicians and those who received services from nurses. At nine months, the overall continuation of the first method prescribed was 79.1 per cent in the physicians' group and 75.8 per cent in the nurses' group (t = 1.057, p greater than .20). When controlling for first method used, the IUD users in the physicians' group had a continuation rate of 86.1 per cent and in the nurses' group 84.0 per cent (t = 0.556, p greater than .50). Of the pill users who received services from physicians, 78.1 per cent were continuing at nine months and 74.3 per cent of the pill clients in the nurses' group were continuing at nine months (t = 0.573, p greater than .50). There were no differences in pregnancy rates, side effects rates, and method change rates between the two groups. It may be concluded that these nurses were as effective as physicians in the delivery of family planning services.", "contents": "Contraceptive method continuation according to type of provider. A study was undertaken at the main PROFAMILIA clinic in Bogota, Colombia to compare the effectiveness of nurses and physicians in the delivery of family planning services. Contraceptive method continuation was the major outcome variable in this analysis. Clients were randomly assigned to physicians or nurses on their first visit and for the duration of care. On all revisits, data were collected pertaining to method prescribed, side effects, pregnancy, and method changes. There was a field survey at eight months to locate clinic drop-outs and determine their contraceptive use status. There were no significant differences in method continuation between clients who received services from physicians and those who received services from nurses. At nine months, the overall continuation of the first method prescribed was 79.1 per cent in the physicians' group and 75.8 per cent in the nurses' group (t = 1.057, p greater than .20). When controlling for first method used, the IUD users in the physicians' group had a continuation rate of 86.1 per cent and in the nurses' group 84.0 per cent (t = 0.556, p greater than .50). Of the pill users who received services from physicians, 78.1 per cent were continuing at nine months and 74.3 per cent of the pill clients in the nurses' group were continuing at nine months (t = 0.573, p greater than .50). There were no differences in pregnancy rates, side effects rates, and method change rates between the two groups. It may be concluded that these nurses were as effective as physicians in the delivery of family planning services.", "PMID": 596499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5597", "title": "Population density and the rate of mental illness.", "content": "An examination of age specific rates of psychiatric admissions within Brooklyn, New York, indicated that population density may function as an intervening variable in the production of mental illness. Measures of household and family contact were found to be significantly correlated to four rates of hospital utilization. These same measures carried unique components that were also significantly related to service use. Other measures of density such as people per acre and structures per acre were found to be unrelated to the rates of psychiatric utilization. The results of this study suggest that if density does produce mental illness its likely mechanism of action will be routed through household contact.", "contents": "Population density and the rate of mental illness. An examination of age specific rates of psychiatric admissions within Brooklyn, New York, indicated that population density may function as an intervening variable in the production of mental illness. Measures of household and family contact were found to be significantly correlated to four rates of hospital utilization. These same measures carried unique components that were also significantly related to service use. Other measures of density such as people per acre and structures per acre were found to be unrelated to the rates of psychiatric utilization. The results of this study suggest that if density does produce mental illness its likely mechanism of action will be routed through household contact.", "PMID": 596500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5598", "title": "The effects of measurement errors on some multivariate procedures.", "content": "The effects of random errors of measurement on a variety of basic multivariate procedures are discussed. For some procedures, the effect is one of attenuation (i.e., simply reducing the estimated strength of association). For others, the effect may be to alter the apparent direction of association. Some proposed solutions to the problems caused by errors of measurement are presented, and areas requiring further research are pointed out.", "contents": "The effects of measurement errors on some multivariate procedures. The effects of random errors of measurement on a variety of basic multivariate procedures are discussed. For some procedures, the effect is one of attenuation (i.e., simply reducing the estimated strength of association). For others, the effect may be to alter the apparent direction of association. Some proposed solutions to the problems caused by errors of measurement are presented, and areas requiring further research are pointed out.", "PMID": 596503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5599", "title": "IgM and antibody measurement in the diagnosis and management of Gambian trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgM were measured in 182 patients at various stages of Gambian sleeping sickness and correlated with antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each of these tests in serum gave a 30% false negative result, but when both were used this fell to 12%. Measurements of IgM in CSF were raised in 87% of patients with advanced disease and in none of the early cases. The IgM levels fell slowly to normal by 12 months after treatment. A high level at this time, or a rise after treatment, was helpful in diagnosing relapsed patients. Antibody levels in CSF were of no use in diagnosis or prognosis, and were raised in many controls.", "contents": "IgM and antibody measurement in the diagnosis and management of Gambian trypanosomiasis. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgM were measured in 182 patients at various stages of Gambian sleeping sickness and correlated with antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each of these tests in serum gave a 30% false negative result, but when both were used this fell to 12%. Measurements of IgM in CSF were raised in 87% of patients with advanced disease and in none of the early cases. The IgM levels fell slowly to normal by 12 months after treatment. A high level at this time, or a rise after treatment, was helpful in diagnosing relapsed patients. Antibody levels in CSF were of no use in diagnosis or prognosis, and were raised in many controls.", "PMID": 596510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5600", "title": "Filaria in the vitreous of the eye of man in peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "An active worm was seen in the right eye of a 62-year-old man in Malaysia. The worm was behind the lens and attached at one end to some vitreous fibers. It was tentatively identified as an immature Dirofilaria immitis. There appear to be only five previous authentic reports of filariae in the vitreous.", "contents": "Filaria in the vitreous of the eye of man in peninsular Malaysia. An active worm was seen in the right eye of a 62-year-old man in Malaysia. The worm was behind the lens and attached at one end to some vitreous fibers. It was tentatively identified as an immature Dirofilaria immitis. There appear to be only five previous authentic reports of filariae in the vitreous.", "PMID": 596511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5601", "title": "Bancroftian filariasis in Puerto Lim\u00f3n, Costa Rica.", "content": "In four neighborhoods of Puerto Lim\u00f3n, a Caribbean coastal city in a tropical rainforest area of Costa Rica, examination of 1-ml samples of night blood from 1,142 randomly selected, and 1,196 associated, persons by the Knott and filter-chamber techniques revealed microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in about 3% of the 2,338 samples. The frequency of infection was higher in males (3.9%) than in females (1.9%), higher in persons of black (4.1%) than of white (1.0%) race, and highest in persons aged 10-19 (4.0%) and over 50 years (4.8%), lowest in those under 10 years (1.1%). The median microfilaria density was 3.5, the highest 45, per 20 lambdas of blood. Microfilaremia was distinctly periodic. Dissection of 663 female Culex pipiens fatigans from 42 houses of infected persons revealed filarial larvae in 25; only 1 larva was third (infective) stage. Of 64 infected persons, 11 had clinical findings suggestive of filariasis. Elephantiasis was seen in 21 others. Other forms of symptomatic filariasis without microfilaremia, though presumed to be present, were not assessed specifically.", "contents": "Bancroftian filariasis in Puerto Lim\u00f3n, Costa Rica. In four neighborhoods of Puerto Lim\u00f3n, a Caribbean coastal city in a tropical rainforest area of Costa Rica, examination of 1-ml samples of night blood from 1,142 randomly selected, and 1,196 associated, persons by the Knott and filter-chamber techniques revealed microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in about 3% of the 2,338 samples. The frequency of infection was higher in males (3.9%) than in females (1.9%), higher in persons of black (4.1%) than of white (1.0%) race, and highest in persons aged 10-19 (4.0%) and over 50 years (4.8%), lowest in those under 10 years (1.1%). The median microfilaria density was 3.5, the highest 45, per 20 lambdas of blood. Microfilaremia was distinctly periodic. Dissection of 663 female Culex pipiens fatigans from 42 houses of infected persons revealed filarial larvae in 25; only 1 larva was third (infective) stage. Of 64 infected persons, 11 had clinical findings suggestive of filariasis. Elephantiasis was seen in 21 others. Other forms of symptomatic filariasis without microfilaremia, though presumed to be present, were not assessed specifically.", "PMID": 596512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5602", "title": "Mother-child relationship in human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. Parasitic antigens and antibodies in milk.", "content": "Immunoglobulins, anti-Schistosoma mansoni antibodies, complement components and schistosome antigens were investigated in milk from mothers infected with S. mansoni. No significant differences of immunoglobulins or complement component levels were observed between infected and control mothers. Anti-S. mansoni antibodies were detected in the milk of 8 out of 25 infected mothers. A significant relationship was observed between serum and \"4\", were demonstrated in milk from infected patients by the double diffusion micromethod. The function of these immunologically active substances transmitted by milk from mother to child is discussed.", "contents": "Mother-child relationship in human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. Parasitic antigens and antibodies in milk. Immunoglobulins, anti-Schistosoma mansoni antibodies, complement components and schistosome antigens were investigated in milk from mothers infected with S. mansoni. No significant differences of immunoglobulins or complement component levels were observed between infected and control mothers. Anti-S. mansoni antibodies were detected in the milk of 8 out of 25 infected mothers. A significant relationship was observed between serum and \"4\", were demonstrated in milk from infected patients by the double diffusion micromethod. The function of these immunologically active substances transmitted by milk from mother to child is discussed.", "PMID": 596513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5603", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni tegumental appendages: scanning microscopy following thiocarbohydrazide-osmium preparation.", "content": "Scanning photographs of the surface of normal adult male and female Schistosoma mansoni are given. The specimens were prepared using a thiocarbohydrazide technique which facilitates the binding of osmium. The resultant deep penetration of osmium preserves surface detail for electron reflection. The schistosomal tegument is characterized by a variety of surface bosses and spines. The function of certain of these is thought to be tactile or as chemoreceptors. Numerous tegumental pores surrounding setae in surface tubercles are shown. Clefts in the inner aspect of the gynecophoral canal are also seen. The excretory pore in both male and female is shown, along with a cluster of receptors at the terminus of the gynecophoral groove. Such grouped receptors may function to indicate position of the worm in copula.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni tegumental appendages: scanning microscopy following thiocarbohydrazide-osmium preparation. Scanning photographs of the surface of normal adult male and female Schistosoma mansoni are given. The specimens were prepared using a thiocarbohydrazide technique which facilitates the binding of osmium. The resultant deep penetration of osmium preserves surface detail for electron reflection. The schistosomal tegument is characterized by a variety of surface bosses and spines. The function of certain of these is thought to be tactile or as chemoreceptors. Numerous tegumental pores surrounding setae in surface tubercles are shown. Clefts in the inner aspect of the gynecophoral canal are also seen. The excretory pore in both male and female is shown, along with a cluster of receptors at the terminus of the gynecophoral groove. Such grouped receptors may function to indicate position of the worm in copula.", "PMID": 596514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5604", "title": "Edwardsiellosis in man and animals in Panam\u00e1: clinical and epidemiological characteristics.", "content": "Edwardsiella tarda was isolated during etiologic and epidemiologic investigations of diarrheal disease agents in man and for Enterobacteriaceae in various species of wild-caught animals in Panam\u00e1. A total of 50 strains were recovered from approximately 14,000 specimens cultured between 1965 and 1972. In this period, Edwardsiella was isolated from ten individuals with a clinically diagnosed diarrheal syndrome, while 20 of some 3,000 persons from rural areas were asymptomatic carriers of these organisms. Edwardsiella tarda was also associated with two fatal cases of extraintestinal infection in man. In both cases liver abscess was a predominant feature. Edwardsiella was not demonstrated in either symptomatic or asymptomatic persons from urban areas. Edwardsiella tarda was present among some of the wild fauna of Panam\u00e1; various species of animals including snakes, toads, monkeys, and opossums harbored this organism.", "contents": "Edwardsiellosis in man and animals in Panam\u00e1: clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated during etiologic and epidemiologic investigations of diarrheal disease agents in man and for Enterobacteriaceae in various species of wild-caught animals in Panam\u00e1. A total of 50 strains were recovered from approximately 14,000 specimens cultured between 1965 and 1972. In this period, Edwardsiella was isolated from ten individuals with a clinically diagnosed diarrheal syndrome, while 20 of some 3,000 persons from rural areas were asymptomatic carriers of these organisms. Edwardsiella tarda was also associated with two fatal cases of extraintestinal infection in man. In both cases liver abscess was a predominant feature. Edwardsiella was not demonstrated in either symptomatic or asymptomatic persons from urban areas. Edwardsiella tarda was present among some of the wild fauna of Panam\u00e1; various species of animals including snakes, toads, monkeys, and opossums harbored this organism.", "PMID": 596515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5605", "title": "Replication of dengue-2 virus in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Sequential electronmicroscopic studies of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with dengue-2 virus showed replication of virus particles and vesicular structures confined to cells having an active, rough, endoplasmic reticulum. Small granules not found on the surface of virions produced in mammalian cells were seen on the envelopes of the virus particles. There was no evidence of nuclear involvement as described in infected mouse neurones, and there was no apparent impairment of cellular function. Substantial viral replication was confined to cells of the salivary glands and nervous tissue, with lesser involvement of midgut, hemocytes, epidermal cells, fatbody, and foregut.", "contents": "Replication of dengue-2 virus in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. An electron microscopic study. Sequential electronmicroscopic studies of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes infected with dengue-2 virus showed replication of virus particles and vesicular structures confined to cells having an active, rough, endoplasmic reticulum. Small granules not found on the surface of virions produced in mammalian cells were seen on the envelopes of the virus particles. There was no evidence of nuclear involvement as described in infected mouse neurones, and there was no apparent impairment of cellular function. Substantial viral replication was confined to cells of the salivary glands and nervous tissue, with lesser involvement of midgut, hemocytes, epidermal cells, fatbody, and foregut.", "PMID": 596516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5606", "title": "Identification and neutralization of biological activities associated with venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa.", "content": "Venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, reacted with human erythrocytes to form venom-sensitized erythrocytes. These cells were agglutinated specifically by high dilutions of adsorbed rabbit antivenin or were lysed by normal blood group compatible human sera. The specific rabbit antivenin prevented venom from attaching to erythrocytes, from interacting with serum complement, and from producing dermonecrotic lesions in rabbits. Results of experiments involving heat inactivation and adsorption to erythrocytes provide circumstantial evidence to suggest that the three biological activities of venom could be associated with a single component or few components with similar properties. The component interacting with serum complement is immunologically distinct from a factor in cobra venom which possesses similar biological activities.", "contents": "Identification and neutralization of biological activities associated with venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa. Venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, reacted with human erythrocytes to form venom-sensitized erythrocytes. These cells were agglutinated specifically by high dilutions of adsorbed rabbit antivenin or were lysed by normal blood group compatible human sera. The specific rabbit antivenin prevented venom from attaching to erythrocytes, from interacting with serum complement, and from producing dermonecrotic lesions in rabbits. Results of experiments involving heat inactivation and adsorption to erythrocytes provide circumstantial evidence to suggest that the three biological activities of venom could be associated with a single component or few components with similar properties. The component interacting with serum complement is immunologically distinct from a factor in cobra venom which possesses similar biological activities.", "PMID": 596517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5607", "title": "Human infection with Trichostrongylus lerouxi (Biocca, Chabaud, and Ghadirian, 1974) in Iran.", "content": "Examination of specimens collected after anthelmintic treatment revealed that among 50 persons infected with Trichostrongylus species in each of three regions of Iran (northern, central, and southwestern), T. lerouxi Biocca, Chabaud, and Ghadirian, 1974 was found in 22%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. The corresponding mean numbers of T. lerouxi were 5.0, 4.5, and 2.3 per infected person. These findings bring to nine the number of Trichostrongylus species reported in man in Iran.", "contents": "Human infection with Trichostrongylus lerouxi (Biocca, Chabaud, and Ghadirian, 1974) in Iran. Examination of specimens collected after anthelmintic treatment revealed that among 50 persons infected with Trichostrongylus species in each of three regions of Iran (northern, central, and southwestern), T. lerouxi Biocca, Chabaud, and Ghadirian, 1974 was found in 22%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. The corresponding mean numbers of T. lerouxi were 5.0, 4.5, and 2.3 per infected person. These findings bring to nine the number of Trichostrongylus species reported in man in Iran.", "PMID": 596518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5608", "title": "Radiomanometric guides to common bile duct exploration.", "content": "The accuracy of operative cholangiograms can be increased by radiomanometry. This study identified 17 patients among 198 studied whose choledocholiths would have likely been missed by routine cholangiography. These are almost invariably small stones the fate of which would be conjectural if left behind. In the present study, if the cholangiogram was negative and the passage pressure within normal limits, calculi were seen only once. If the cholangiogram was positive for choledocholithiasis and the passage pressure elevated, stones were almost invariably found (95 per cent). Such accuracy cannot be expected from either roentgenography alone or determination solely of pressure relationships.", "contents": "Radiomanometric guides to common bile duct exploration. The accuracy of operative cholangiograms can be increased by radiomanometry. This study identified 17 patients among 198 studied whose choledocholiths would have likely been missed by routine cholangiography. These are almost invariably small stones the fate of which would be conjectural if left behind. In the present study, if the cholangiogram was negative and the passage pressure within normal limits, calculi were seen only once. If the cholangiogram was positive for choledocholithiasis and the passage pressure elevated, stones were almost invariably found (95 per cent). Such accuracy cannot be expected from either roentgenography alone or determination solely of pressure relationships.", "PMID": 596530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5609", "title": "Detection of occult gallbladder disease by duodenal drainage.", "content": "Examination of gallbladder bile in the sediment of duodenal drainage obtained after magnesium sulfate stimulation was used to evaluate the presence or absence of gallbladder disease in thirty-four patients with symptoms suggestive of cholecystitis and normal or equivocal oral cholecystography. Ten patients had positive tests and nine of these had cholecystectomy. All nine had pathologically confirmed cholecystitis and seven of nine had cholelithiasis. Three patients with negative test results had laparotomy and normal gallbladders. The remaining twenty-one patients with negative tests have been followed up to three years, and none have returned with evidence of biliary tract disease. The results of this study suggest that duodenal drainage (Meltzer-Lyon test) is a valuable adjunctive diagnostic study in patients with gallbladder disease symptoms in whom normal or equivocal oral cholecystograms are obtained.", "contents": "Detection of occult gallbladder disease by duodenal drainage. Examination of gallbladder bile in the sediment of duodenal drainage obtained after magnesium sulfate stimulation was used to evaluate the presence or absence of gallbladder disease in thirty-four patients with symptoms suggestive of cholecystitis and normal or equivocal oral cholecystography. Ten patients had positive tests and nine of these had cholecystectomy. All nine had pathologically confirmed cholecystitis and seven of nine had cholelithiasis. Three patients with negative test results had laparotomy and normal gallbladders. The remaining twenty-one patients with negative tests have been followed up to three years, and none have returned with evidence of biliary tract disease. The results of this study suggest that duodenal drainage (Meltzer-Lyon test) is a valuable adjunctive diagnostic study in patients with gallbladder disease symptoms in whom normal or equivocal oral cholecystograms are obtained.", "PMID": 596531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5610", "title": "Clinical indications and accuracy of gray scale ultrasonography in the patient with suspected biliary tract disease.", "content": "One hundred patients with suspected biliary tract disease underwent gray scale cholecystosonography (GSCS) and had diagnostic confirmation by oral cholecystogram (OCG) and/or operation. Ultrasonography demonstrated the gallbladder in 94 of the 100 patients; 2 patients had had previous cholecystectomy and 3 of the 4 remaining patients had documented stones with no confirmation of a nonvisualizing OCG in the other patient. Among the 88 patients with OCG, GSCS findings correlated in 91 per cent (2 per cent false-positive; 7 per cent false-negative). Among the 43 operative patients, GSCS was proven correct in 91 per cent (no false positive; 9 per cent false-negative). Of 12 patients with jaundice GSCS correlated with operative findings in 75 per cent (no false-positive; 25 per cent false-negative). Diagnostic errors occurred in patients with very small biliary calculi, particularly when a single stone was impacted in the cystic duct. Failure to identify the gallbladder with ultrasound signifies probable cholelithiasis in the patient without previous cholecystectomy. On the basis of this experience, we conclude that (1) GSCS is most useful when jaundice or acute illness precludes conventional studies; (2) GSCS provides an inexpensive, quick, accurate means of diagnosing cholelithiasis with a very high specificity (97 per cent) and moderate sensitivity (88 per cent); and (3) GSCS is the optimal diagnostic procedure for evaluating the biliary tract in the acutely ill, jaundiced, vomiting, allergic, and/or pregnant patient.", "contents": "Clinical indications and accuracy of gray scale ultrasonography in the patient with suspected biliary tract disease. One hundred patients with suspected biliary tract disease underwent gray scale cholecystosonography (GSCS) and had diagnostic confirmation by oral cholecystogram (OCG) and/or operation. Ultrasonography demonstrated the gallbladder in 94 of the 100 patients; 2 patients had had previous cholecystectomy and 3 of the 4 remaining patients had documented stones with no confirmation of a nonvisualizing OCG in the other patient. Among the 88 patients with OCG, GSCS findings correlated in 91 per cent (2 per cent false-positive; 7 per cent false-negative). Among the 43 operative patients, GSCS was proven correct in 91 per cent (no false positive; 9 per cent false-negative). Of 12 patients with jaundice GSCS correlated with operative findings in 75 per cent (no false-positive; 25 per cent false-negative). Diagnostic errors occurred in patients with very small biliary calculi, particularly when a single stone was impacted in the cystic duct. Failure to identify the gallbladder with ultrasound signifies probable cholelithiasis in the patient without previous cholecystectomy. On the basis of this experience, we conclude that (1) GSCS is most useful when jaundice or acute illness precludes conventional studies; (2) GSCS provides an inexpensive, quick, accurate means of diagnosing cholelithiasis with a very high specificity (97 per cent) and moderate sensitivity (88 per cent); and (3) GSCS is the optimal diagnostic procedure for evaluating the biliary tract in the acutely ill, jaundiced, vomiting, allergic, and/or pregnant patient.", "PMID": 596532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5611", "title": "Surgical injury of the common bile duct.", "content": "Review of our experience with twenty-two bile duct injuries and the literature leads us to the following conclusions: (1) Most biliary strictures follow surgery and can be avoided by adequate exposure, accurate dissection, use of hemostatic clips rather than clamps and ties, and the liberal use of operative cholangiography. (2) Injuries diagnosed at the time of surgery should be repaired by end-to-end anastomosis over a T tube if length is adequate or by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy if length is inadequate. (3) The diagnosis of biliary injury should be suspected when jaundice, biliary fistula, or cholangitis occur in the postoperative period. (4) IVC, PTC, ERCP, or fistulography should be used when possible to delineate the site of injury or stricture and assist in planning the operative repair. (5) Surgery should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made and the patient is in satisfactory condition for operation. (6) Early reoperation may be necessary to establish drainage and prepare for a later definitive procedure. In some cases, definitive repair can be performed this time. (7) Most late strictures should be repaired with a choledochojejunostomy to a defunctionalized limb of jejunum when resection and primary end-to-end repair cannot be accomplished.", "contents": "Surgical injury of the common bile duct. Review of our experience with twenty-two bile duct injuries and the literature leads us to the following conclusions: (1) Most biliary strictures follow surgery and can be avoided by adequate exposure, accurate dissection, use of hemostatic clips rather than clamps and ties, and the liberal use of operative cholangiography. (2) Injuries diagnosed at the time of surgery should be repaired by end-to-end anastomosis over a T tube if length is adequate or by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy if length is inadequate. (3) The diagnosis of biliary injury should be suspected when jaundice, biliary fistula, or cholangitis occur in the postoperative period. (4) IVC, PTC, ERCP, or fistulography should be used when possible to delineate the site of injury or stricture and assist in planning the operative repair. (5) Surgery should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made and the patient is in satisfactory condition for operation. (6) Early reoperation may be necessary to establish drainage and prepare for a later definitive procedure. In some cases, definitive repair can be performed this time. (7) Most late strictures should be repaired with a choledochojejunostomy to a defunctionalized limb of jejunum when resection and primary end-to-end repair cannot be accomplished.", "PMID": 596533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5612", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: experience with twenty patients in five generations.", "content": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a familial disease characterized by spots on the lips and intestinal polyposis. A review of the history and the anatomic features of the disease are presented. One of us (AJM) has the largest personal series in the literature with twenty patients in five generations. Pedigree charts and aspects relating to the development and interrelationships of spots and polyps are explained. A previously unreported instance of colon intussusception is presented along with a discussion of the clinical presentation and the malignant potential.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: experience with twenty patients in five generations. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a familial disease characterized by spots on the lips and intestinal polyposis. A review of the history and the anatomic features of the disease are presented. One of us (AJM) has the largest personal series in the literature with twenty patients in five generations. Pedigree charts and aspects relating to the development and interrelationships of spots and polyps are explained. A previously unreported instance of colon intussusception is presented along with a discussion of the clinical presentation and the malignant potential.", "PMID": 596534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5613", "title": "Comparison of Nissen fundoplication and Belsey Mark IV in the management of gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Our experience for the past four years with antireflux surgery has been reviewed. The Nissen fundoplication resulted in symptomatic improvement in 87.5 per cent of cases as compared with 64 per cent who were improved after the Belsey Mark IV procedure. Objective evaluation as measured by the standard acid reflux test (SART) revealed recurrent reflux in 9 per cent of those who underwent fundoplication and in 47 per cent of those treated with the Belsey repair. Mortality rates were similar. These results indicate that Nissen fundoplication is superior to the Belsey Mark IV procedure in the management of gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Comparison of Nissen fundoplication and Belsey Mark IV in the management of gastroesophageal reflux. Our experience for the past four years with antireflux surgery has been reviewed. The Nissen fundoplication resulted in symptomatic improvement in 87.5 per cent of cases as compared with 64 per cent who were improved after the Belsey Mark IV procedure. Objective evaluation as measured by the standard acid reflux test (SART) revealed recurrent reflux in 9 per cent of those who underwent fundoplication and in 47 per cent of those treated with the Belsey repair. Mortality rates were similar. These results indicate that Nissen fundoplication is superior to the Belsey Mark IV procedure in the management of gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 596536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5614", "title": "Surgical management of penetrating injuries of the esophagus.", "content": "Although well protected and infrequently injured, penetration of the esophagus has a reported mortality of 10 to 30 per cent. The results of the management of seventy-seven patients with noniatrogenic penetrating injuries of the esophagus were reviewed. The region of esophageal injury was cervical in forty-five patients, intrathoracic in twenty-one patients, and intraabdominal in eleven patients. Gunshot wounds accounted for 75 per cent of the injuries. The overall mortality was 23 per cent. The highest morbidity and mortality was among patients with intrathoracic injuries, due to both difficulty in exposure and complexity of associated injuries. Because of the high incidence of late complications in intrathoracic injuries, cervical diversion and tube gastrostomy or complete esophageal exclusion must be considered early. Fundoplastic procedures were used in four patients with distal esophageal injuries. Although the overall mortality from truncal penetrating wounds has improved in recent years, the mortality from esophageal injuries remains high, reflecting a need for advancement in initial operative management.", "contents": "Surgical management of penetrating injuries of the esophagus. Although well protected and infrequently injured, penetration of the esophagus has a reported mortality of 10 to 30 per cent. The results of the management of seventy-seven patients with noniatrogenic penetrating injuries of the esophagus were reviewed. The region of esophageal injury was cervical in forty-five patients, intrathoracic in twenty-one patients, and intraabdominal in eleven patients. Gunshot wounds accounted for 75 per cent of the injuries. The overall mortality was 23 per cent. The highest morbidity and mortality was among patients with intrathoracic injuries, due to both difficulty in exposure and complexity of associated injuries. Because of the high incidence of late complications in intrathoracic injuries, cervical diversion and tube gastrostomy or complete esophageal exclusion must be considered early. Fundoplastic procedures were used in four patients with distal esophageal injuries. Although the overall mortality from truncal penetrating wounds has improved in recent years, the mortality from esophageal injuries remains high, reflecting a need for advancement in initial operative management.", "PMID": 596537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5615", "title": "Symptomatic nonparasitic liver cysts.", "content": "Based on our experience with four cases of liver cysts and review of the literature, the following conclusions are reached: (1) Diagnosis can be established with routine and special radiologic studies. (2) Laparotomy is indicated for patients with symptoms or uncertain diagnosis. (3) Surgical management should be guided by cyst size, location, and content. (4) Definitive surgical treatment is indicated only for cysts larger than 10 cm.", "contents": "Symptomatic nonparasitic liver cysts. Based on our experience with four cases of liver cysts and review of the literature, the following conclusions are reached: (1) Diagnosis can be established with routine and special radiologic studies. (2) Laparotomy is indicated for patients with symptoms or uncertain diagnosis. (3) Surgical management should be guided by cyst size, location, and content. (4) Definitive surgical treatment is indicated only for cysts larger than 10 cm.", "PMID": 596538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5616", "title": "Severe jaundice after rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Eight patients after operation for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm developed severe jaundice. The jaundice became clinically apparent by the sixth postoperative day, and the average peak total bilirubin level reached 28.4 mg/100 ml, alkaline phosphatase level 8.6 BL units/l, and SGOT 95 Karmen units/ml. In addition to the hepatic dysfunction, all patients developed acute renal failure, seven of eight patients experienced hypovolemic shock, and six of eight patients had respiratory insufficiency requiring ventilatory support. The overall mortality was 83 per cent. The most probable causes for the severe jaundice were increased bile pigment load and hepatocellular dysfunction due to ischemic hypoxic injury of hepatocytes secondary to shock. Morphologically, a picture of cholestasis existed with severe bile-staining of hepatocytes and intracanalicular and intraductal bile thrombi. No evidence of recent or resolving hepatic necrosis was observed.", "contents": "Severe jaundice after rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eight patients after operation for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm developed severe jaundice. The jaundice became clinically apparent by the sixth postoperative day, and the average peak total bilirubin level reached 28.4 mg/100 ml, alkaline phosphatase level 8.6 BL units/l, and SGOT 95 Karmen units/ml. In addition to the hepatic dysfunction, all patients developed acute renal failure, seven of eight patients experienced hypovolemic shock, and six of eight patients had respiratory insufficiency requiring ventilatory support. The overall mortality was 83 per cent. The most probable causes for the severe jaundice were increased bile pigment load and hepatocellular dysfunction due to ischemic hypoxic injury of hepatocytes secondary to shock. Morphologically, a picture of cholestasis existed with severe bile-staining of hepatocytes and intracanalicular and intraductal bile thrombi. No evidence of recent or resolving hepatic necrosis was observed.", "PMID": 596539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5617", "title": "Preoperative selection of patients for lumbar sympathectomy by use of the Doppler index.", "content": "Yao and Bergan [8] have shown that an ankle systolic index of more than 0.25 is associated with a high rate of success from lumbar sympathectomy. This association has been borne out in our small series. We have also suggested that diseases that obviously compromise collateral circulation might be a relative contraindication to sympathectomy. Although incomplete, literature on collateral flow in relation to sympathectomy tends to confirm this idea. Consideration of such diseases as a contraindication to sympathectomy might further increase the success rate after sympathectomy. Regardless, ankle systolic index alone appears to be a reliable objective, non-invasive method of selecting patients with an increased chance of success from lumbar sympathectomy.", "contents": "Preoperative selection of patients for lumbar sympathectomy by use of the Doppler index. Yao and Bergan [8] have shown that an ankle systolic index of more than 0.25 is associated with a high rate of success from lumbar sympathectomy. This association has been borne out in our small series. We have also suggested that diseases that obviously compromise collateral circulation might be a relative contraindication to sympathectomy. Although incomplete, literature on collateral flow in relation to sympathectomy tends to confirm this idea. Consideration of such diseases as a contraindication to sympathectomy might further increase the success rate after sympathectomy. Regardless, ankle systolic index alone appears to be a reliable objective, non-invasive method of selecting patients with an increased chance of success from lumbar sympathectomy.", "PMID": 596540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5618", "title": "Hepatic angiographic changes after trauma.", "content": "Selective hepatic arteriography has a limited role in determining the extent and prognosis of injuries to the liver after surgical exploration and treatment. In this small series of thirty asymptomatic patients, there was no difference in the type or extent of injury or in the postinjury convalescence in patients who had abnormal or normal hepatic arteriograms. Angiographic abnormalities of avascular filling defects, pseudoaneurysms, arteriobiliary fistulas, contusions, and occlusions of the hepatic artery were demonstrated in our patients. The demonstration of these hepatic arteriographic abnormalities did not affect the convalescence of our patients if they were asymptomatic. Although hepatic arteriography can be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of hepatic trauma and in defining the extent and location of such injuries, arteriographic abnormalities are not the only criteria for the diagnosis of liver injuries. Arteriography is an ancillary technic to be used in relation to the clinical course of the patient.", "contents": "Hepatic angiographic changes after trauma. Selective hepatic arteriography has a limited role in determining the extent and prognosis of injuries to the liver after surgical exploration and treatment. In this small series of thirty asymptomatic patients, there was no difference in the type or extent of injury or in the postinjury convalescence in patients who had abnormal or normal hepatic arteriograms. Angiographic abnormalities of avascular filling defects, pseudoaneurysms, arteriobiliary fistulas, contusions, and occlusions of the hepatic artery were demonstrated in our patients. The demonstration of these hepatic arteriographic abnormalities did not affect the convalescence of our patients if they were asymptomatic. Although hepatic arteriography can be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of hepatic trauma and in defining the extent and location of such injuries, arteriographic abnormalities are not the only criteria for the diagnosis of liver injuries. Arteriography is an ancillary technic to be used in relation to the clinical course of the patient.", "PMID": 596541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5619", "title": "Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Our reported experience with ninety-seven hypercalcemic patients having resected adenomas with no recurrent hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia had led us to continue a conservative approach. Twelve patients with multiple parathyroid gland involvement proven by biopsy were treated with three and one-half gland resection and autotransplantation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. Our reported experience with ninety-seven hypercalcemic patients having resected adenomas with no recurrent hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia had led us to continue a conservative approach. Twelve patients with multiple parathyroid gland involvement proven by biopsy were treated with three and one-half gland resection and autotransplantation.", "PMID": 596543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5620", "title": "Major surgery in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "To determine the risks of performing major surgical procedures on patients with chronic renal failure, the charts of twenty-nine hemodialysis patients who underwent thirty-eight elective and nine emergency operations were reviewed. Preoperative preparation included adequate hemodialysis of the patients, 88 per cent of whom were dialyzed within 24 hours of surgery. Azotemia was well controlled prior to administration of anesthesia. The average preoperative hematocrit was 26 per cent, and only one patient was hyperkalemic preoperatively. There were no intraoperative complications attributable to the patients' impaired renal function. Postoperative complications were frequent and are discussed in detail. Hemodialysis was done immediately postoperatively in five patients and on the first postoperative day in twenty-three additional patients with no problems. There were only two deaths (4.3 per cent) in the series. With careful monitoring during the perioperative period, major surgical procedures can safely be performed on patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Major surgery in patients with chronic renal failure. To determine the risks of performing major surgical procedures on patients with chronic renal failure, the charts of twenty-nine hemodialysis patients who underwent thirty-eight elective and nine emergency operations were reviewed. Preoperative preparation included adequate hemodialysis of the patients, 88 per cent of whom were dialyzed within 24 hours of surgery. Azotemia was well controlled prior to administration of anesthesia. The average preoperative hematocrit was 26 per cent, and only one patient was hyperkalemic preoperatively. There were no intraoperative complications attributable to the patients' impaired renal function. Postoperative complications were frequent and are discussed in detail. Hemodialysis was done immediately postoperatively in five patients and on the first postoperative day in twenty-three additional patients with no problems. There were only two deaths (4.3 per cent) in the series. With careful monitoring during the perioperative period, major surgical procedures can safely be performed on patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 596544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5621", "title": "Operative management of chronic coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Nine of fourteen patients with chronic coccidioidomycosis were treated operatively for therapeutic and diagnostic indications. Complications were minimal and no reactivation or spread of the disease resulted. This series emphasizes the role of the surgeon in the diagnosis and management of chronic coccidioidomycosis and demonstrates the need for the surgeon to be familiar with its natural history and diverse presentations.", "contents": "Operative management of chronic coccidioidomycosis. Nine of fourteen patients with chronic coccidioidomycosis were treated operatively for therapeutic and diagnostic indications. Complications were minimal and no reactivation or spread of the disease resulted. This series emphasizes the role of the surgeon in the diagnosis and management of chronic coccidioidomycosis and demonstrates the need for the surgeon to be familiar with its natural history and diverse presentations.", "PMID": 596546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5622", "title": "The use of pyloric exclusion in the management of severe duodenal injuries.", "content": "Repair of severe duodenal injuries often constitutes a technical challenge, and a variety of special technics have been described. For the past seven years we have utilized temporary pyloric exclusion and gastrojejunostomy to produce \"diverticulization\" of the duodenum. This procedure was utilized in seventy-five patients selected from 175 consecutive patients presenting with duodenal trauma. The mortality was 19 per cent and the rate of fistula formation was 5 per cent in this series and 14 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, in the overall series. Follow-up studies of gastric physiology and functional anatomy show no evidence of alteration of these parameters. We thus believe that patients presenting with severe duodenal trauma and often multiple devastating associated organ injuries can be adequately treated with this procedure with a significant decrease in mortality and with marked improvement of postoperative morbidity.", "contents": "The use of pyloric exclusion in the management of severe duodenal injuries. Repair of severe duodenal injuries often constitutes a technical challenge, and a variety of special technics have been described. For the past seven years we have utilized temporary pyloric exclusion and gastrojejunostomy to produce \"diverticulization\" of the duodenum. This procedure was utilized in seventy-five patients selected from 175 consecutive patients presenting with duodenal trauma. The mortality was 19 per cent and the rate of fistula formation was 5 per cent in this series and 14 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, in the overall series. Follow-up studies of gastric physiology and functional anatomy show no evidence of alteration of these parameters. We thus believe that patients presenting with severe duodenal trauma and often multiple devastating associated organ injuries can be adequately treated with this procedure with a significant decrease in mortality and with marked improvement of postoperative morbidity.", "PMID": 596547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5623", "title": "Unsuspected nonmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid in patients with hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "All patients with hyperparathyroidism seen in a large referral military hospital within a twenty month period underwent neck exploration by one of us (HN). Three patients were found to have an unsuspected solid thyroid nodule measuring 0.5 to 1.5 cm. All were widely excised by thyroid lobectomy and isthmectomy and found to be follicular or papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. These three patients join thirty-one previously reported clinical cases documenting an association between parathyroid adenoma and nonmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Because of the high potential for malignancy in this clinical setting, we urge careful examination and palpation of the thyroid gland during neck exploration for hypercalcemia in order to detect and cure \"early\" malignancies of the thyroid.", "contents": "Unsuspected nonmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid in patients with hyperparathyroidism. All patients with hyperparathyroidism seen in a large referral military hospital within a twenty month period underwent neck exploration by one of us (HN). Three patients were found to have an unsuspected solid thyroid nodule measuring 0.5 to 1.5 cm. All were widely excised by thyroid lobectomy and isthmectomy and found to be follicular or papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. These three patients join thirty-one previously reported clinical cases documenting an association between parathyroid adenoma and nonmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Because of the high potential for malignancy in this clinical setting, we urge careful examination and palpation of the thyroid gland during neck exploration for hypercalcemia in order to detect and cure \"early\" malignancies of the thyroid.", "PMID": 596548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5624", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia is a severe complication and must be treated vigorously. The anesthetic should be stopped and the core body temperature reduced. Systemic complications must be anticipated, hopefully prevented, and appropriately treated. Appropriate laboratory studies must be obtained. A comprehensive family survey may alert the physician to a tendency toward this problem. Temperature monitoring during surgery may give an early warning of malignant hyperthermia developing. I would suggest that routine temperature monitoring during surgery be considered by the anesthesia department during each general anesthetic administration.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia is a severe complication and must be treated vigorously. The anesthetic should be stopped and the core body temperature reduced. Systemic complications must be anticipated, hopefully prevented, and appropriately treated. Appropriate laboratory studies must be obtained. A comprehensive family survey may alert the physician to a tendency toward this problem. Temperature monitoring during surgery may give an early warning of malignant hyperthermia developing. I would suggest that routine temperature monitoring during surgery be considered by the anesthesia department during each general anesthetic administration.", "PMID": 596549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5625", "title": "Spontaneous hepatic rupture in pregnancy.", "content": "Hepatic rupture as a late complication of toxemic pregnancy is a rare yet lethal condition requiring rapid recognition and surgical management. The clinical triad of toxemia, right upper quadrant pain, and sudden hypotension is the diagnostic hallmark of presentation. Most patients present near the time of delivery and are found to have subcapsular hematomas of the right hepatic lobe with free rupture into the peritoneal cavity and resultant exsanguinating hemorrhage. The association of toxemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation with secondary microembolic damage to the liver and other organs has been discussed. Basic surgical principles in the managment of hepatic subcapsular hematomas, and the prolonged postoperative course and frequent complications in these patients have been stressed.", "contents": "Spontaneous hepatic rupture in pregnancy. Hepatic rupture as a late complication of toxemic pregnancy is a rare yet lethal condition requiring rapid recognition and surgical management. The clinical triad of toxemia, right upper quadrant pain, and sudden hypotension is the diagnostic hallmark of presentation. Most patients present near the time of delivery and are found to have subcapsular hematomas of the right hepatic lobe with free rupture into the peritoneal cavity and resultant exsanguinating hemorrhage. The association of toxemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation with secondary microembolic damage to the liver and other organs has been discussed. Basic surgical principles in the managment of hepatic subcapsular hematomas, and the prolonged postoperative course and frequent complications in these patients have been stressed.", "PMID": 596550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5626", "title": "The asymptomatic bruit.", "content": "A review of 144 carotid endarterectomies performed in 108 patients at the Oklahoma Health Science Center over the past six years showed an acceptable operative morbidity and mortality in group of patients with an asymptomatic midcervical bruit who underwent prophylactic carotid endarterectomy prior to anticipated elective surgery. Long-term follow-up showed these patients to be free of neurologic symptoms of fatalities in 100 per cent of long-term survivors and suggests that carefully selected patients with an asymptomatic bruit may undergo carotid endarterectomy to prevent future neurologic complication.", "contents": "The asymptomatic bruit. A review of 144 carotid endarterectomies performed in 108 patients at the Oklahoma Health Science Center over the past six years showed an acceptable operative morbidity and mortality in group of patients with an asymptomatic midcervical bruit who underwent prophylactic carotid endarterectomy prior to anticipated elective surgery. Long-term follow-up showed these patients to be free of neurologic symptoms of fatalities in 100 per cent of long-term survivors and suggests that carefully selected patients with an asymptomatic bruit may undergo carotid endarterectomy to prevent future neurologic complication.", "PMID": 596551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5627", "title": "Adrenal tumour secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide and noradrenaline.", "content": "A patient with a ganglioneuroblastoma secreting both noradrenaline and vasoactive intestinal peptide is described. Their vasoactive effects are antagonistic and pre-operatively the patient was normotensive. Manipulation of the tumour provoked hypertension and after excision marked hypotension occurred which responded to the administration of metaraminol and blood. This case emphasises the need for thorough investigation of patients with amine or peptide-secreting tumours which have atypical features.", "contents": "Adrenal tumour secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide and noradrenaline. A patient with a ganglioneuroblastoma secreting both noradrenaline and vasoactive intestinal peptide is described. Their vasoactive effects are antagonistic and pre-operatively the patient was normotensive. Manipulation of the tumour provoked hypertension and after excision marked hypotension occurred which responded to the administration of metaraminol and blood. This case emphasises the need for thorough investigation of patients with amine or peptide-secreting tumours which have atypical features.", "PMID": 596587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5628", "title": "A case of tachydysrhythmia. Refractory to propranolol and responsive to neostigmine.", "content": "A case of atrial fibrillation, with a fast ventricular response, which developed under enflurane anaesthesia is described in a patient previously treated with digitalis and propranolol. The intravenous administration of propranolol was ineffective whereas that of neostigmine and atropine, 2 hours later, was successful and reduced the ventricular rate to normal values.", "contents": "A case of tachydysrhythmia. Refractory to propranolol and responsive to neostigmine. A case of atrial fibrillation, with a fast ventricular response, which developed under enflurane anaesthesia is described in a patient previously treated with digitalis and propranolol. The intravenous administration of propranolol was ineffective whereas that of neostigmine and atropine, 2 hours later, was successful and reduced the ventricular rate to normal values.", "PMID": 596588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5629", "title": "An anti-pollution modification for the Cape-Waine anaesthetic ventilator.", "content": "Most anaesthetic equipment needs to be modified to fulfil anti-pollution recommendations. A method of modifying a Cape-Waine Anaesthetic Ventilator is described in detail showing what parts need to be replaced or removed. A list of the new parts required together with their cost is given and the modification can be made by suitably trained hospital staff or the manufacturers.", "contents": "An anti-pollution modification for the Cape-Waine anaesthetic ventilator. Most anaesthetic equipment needs to be modified to fulfil anti-pollution recommendations. A method of modifying a Cape-Waine Anaesthetic Ventilator is described in detail showing what parts need to be replaced or removed. A list of the new parts required together with their cost is given and the modification can be made by suitably trained hospital staff or the manufacturers.", "PMID": 596590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5630", "title": "The use of words.", "content": "The advantages of English as the language of communication for science and medicine by both the written and spoken word are discussed. A plea is made for clarity and brevity.", "contents": "The use of words. The advantages of English as the language of communication for science and medicine by both the written and spoken word are discussed. A plea is made for clarity and brevity.", "PMID": 596591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5631", "title": "An autotransfusion apparatus.", "content": "An autotransfusion apparatus is described in detail and its use is illustrated with short case reports.", "contents": "An autotransfusion apparatus. An autotransfusion apparatus is described in detail and its use is illustrated with short case reports.", "PMID": 596589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5632", "title": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion, technical management and its influence on blood circulation, on kidney and electrolytes (author's transl)].", "content": "From February 1975 until July 1976 12 patients who elective surgery and 15 trauma victims received intraoperative autotransfusion. The effects of this method on these patients were controlled by monitoring the behaviour of circulation and of important laboratory parameters. The procedure was well tolerated: 1. Only three of 29 patients showed evidence of cardiac insufficiency (lowering of ST. elevated T-peak, low blood pressure, high central venous pressure) which disappeared after reducing the rate of infusion. --2. Blood pressure, pulse rate and central venous pressure were stable at the end of the operation. --3. There was no renal insufficiency under dopamine (210 microgram/min) and 15% manitol (250 ml i.v.). --4. Serum creatine showed only minor changes from the initial level during the time of observation. --5. The same was true for beta2-microglobulin. --6. Serum urea rose slightly during 7 days. --7. There were minor changes of electrolytes without hypocalcaemia or high potassium. --8. The observed changes showed no relation to the method of anticoagulation and to time or volume of autotransfusion.", "contents": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion, technical management and its influence on blood circulation, on kidney and electrolytes (author's transl)]. From February 1975 until July 1976 12 patients who elective surgery and 15 trauma victims received intraoperative autotransfusion. The effects of this method on these patients were controlled by monitoring the behaviour of circulation and of important laboratory parameters. The procedure was well tolerated: 1. Only three of 29 patients showed evidence of cardiac insufficiency (lowering of ST. elevated T-peak, low blood pressure, high central venous pressure) which disappeared after reducing the rate of infusion. --2. Blood pressure, pulse rate and central venous pressure were stable at the end of the operation. --3. There was no renal insufficiency under dopamine (210 microgram/min) and 15% manitol (250 ml i.v.). --4. Serum creatine showed only minor changes from the initial level during the time of observation. --5. The same was true for beta2-microglobulin. --6. Serum urea rose slightly during 7 days. --7. There were minor changes of electrolytes without hypocalcaemia or high potassium. --8. The observed changes showed no relation to the method of anticoagulation and to time or volume of autotransfusion.", "PMID": 596607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5633", "title": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion and haemolysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 29 patients (12 vascular and 17 trauma cases) receiving autotransfusion the effects of haemolysis caused by the Bentley ATS-system were examined. The following parameters were monitored: 1. Overall haemolysis rate and fractions in serum and urine, --2. Total and direct bilirubin in all patients with or without preexisting icterus, --3. Plasma-proteins: Albumen, haptoglobin, haemopexin, transferrin and C3-activator. --In both groups extremely high rates of free haemoglobin in serum were found in some cases. The peak of haemoglobinuria was observed several hours after the autotransfusion or at the end of the operation. The different plasma proteins showed increased activity to cope with haemolysis within the first 24 h. After one week they still showed overshooting levels in some cases which permitted conclusions concerning the extent of the reactions. The transformation of free haemoglobin in bilirubin has to be strongly suspected. The changes of the parameters were not in relation to the volume of autotransfusion. No irreversible complications due to haemolysis caused by the autotransfusion systems were observed.", "contents": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion and haemolysis (author's transl)]. In 29 patients (12 vascular and 17 trauma cases) receiving autotransfusion the effects of haemolysis caused by the Bentley ATS-system were examined. The following parameters were monitored: 1. Overall haemolysis rate and fractions in serum and urine, --2. Total and direct bilirubin in all patients with or without preexisting icterus, --3. Plasma-proteins: Albumen, haptoglobin, haemopexin, transferrin and C3-activator. --In both groups extremely high rates of free haemoglobin in serum were found in some cases. The peak of haemoglobinuria was observed several hours after the autotransfusion or at the end of the operation. The different plasma proteins showed increased activity to cope with haemolysis within the first 24 h. After one week they still showed overshooting levels in some cases which permitted conclusions concerning the extent of the reactions. The transformation of free haemoglobin in bilirubin has to be strongly suspected. The changes of the parameters were not in relation to the volume of autotransfusion. No irreversible complications due to haemolysis caused by the autotransfusion systems were observed.", "PMID": 596608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5634", "title": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion and its influence on the blood-clotting-system (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 vascular and 17 trauma cases the changes in the coagulation system due to intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) were examined immediately after the IAT as well as 24, 48, 72 h and one week later. The following parameters were monitored: 1. Platelet count. --2. Prothrombin-time, partial-thromboplastin-time, factors II, V, VII, X and thrombin-clotting-time. --3. Fibrinogen, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III and plasminogen in 5 trauma cases. --4. Euglobulin-Lysis-Time. --After the IAT a loss of platelets, factors I, II, V, X, plasminogen and antithrombin III was found. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin remained unchanged or showed a slight increase. 24 h after treatment with Ugurol and heparin, fresh frozen plasma, fibrinogen and Cohn I-fraction in selected cases, an increasing normalisation of most parameters was seen, except for the plasma proteins active in coagulation. They showed a combination of \"consumption coagulophathy\" and \"hyperfibrinolysis\" up to the 7th day. Under treatment outlines above even marked laboratory changes remained without any clinical significance. Thus our results confirm that IAT does not cause any additional irreversible damage to the coagulation system. Therefore IAT can be considered as method of choice for the emergency treatment of massive bleeding.", "contents": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion and its influence on the blood-clotting-system (author's transl)]. In 12 vascular and 17 trauma cases the changes in the coagulation system due to intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) were examined immediately after the IAT as well as 24, 48, 72 h and one week later. The following parameters were monitored: 1. Platelet count. --2. Prothrombin-time, partial-thromboplastin-time, factors II, V, VII, X and thrombin-clotting-time. --3. Fibrinogen, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III and plasminogen in 5 trauma cases. --4. Euglobulin-Lysis-Time. --After the IAT a loss of platelets, factors I, II, V, X, plasminogen and antithrombin III was found. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin remained unchanged or showed a slight increase. 24 h after treatment with Ugurol and heparin, fresh frozen plasma, fibrinogen and Cohn I-fraction in selected cases, an increasing normalisation of most parameters was seen, except for the plasma proteins active in coagulation. They showed a combination of \"consumption coagulophathy\" and \"hyperfibrinolysis\" up to the 7th day. Under treatment outlines above even marked laboratory changes remained without any clinical significance. Thus our results confirm that IAT does not cause any additional irreversible damage to the coagulation system. Therefore IAT can be considered as method of choice for the emergency treatment of massive bleeding.", "PMID": 596609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5635", "title": "[Comparative studies on the ultrastructure of human lung and sceletal muscle in shock. II (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle biopsies was investigated and compared to lung biopsy material of the same patient in shock. We found almost complete conformity of ultrastructural changes in the micro-vascular system. Capillary endothelia of both tissue types react in a similar way with a more or less distinct swelling of endothelial cells and rarefaction of cell structures as well as constriction of the vascular lumina. Despite an intact structure of the capillary endothelia there is development of oedema in the perivascular areas with escape of plasma components, erythrocytes and granulocytes into the muscle interstitium. Finally, more distant tissue regions are becoming oedematous. While mainly lysosomal enzymes from the large number of infiltrating granulocytes, as well as fatty globules, are made responsible for the damage in the shock lung, the damage of the capillary region in the sceletal musculature is almost certainly caused by hypoxia. We consider muscle biopsy a suitable method to obtain a better knowledge of the microcirculatory situation and of the reaction of ultrastructures in shock.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the ultrastructure of human lung and sceletal muscle in shock. II (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle biopsies was investigated and compared to lung biopsy material of the same patient in shock. We found almost complete conformity of ultrastructural changes in the micro-vascular system. Capillary endothelia of both tissue types react in a similar way with a more or less distinct swelling of endothelial cells and rarefaction of cell structures as well as constriction of the vascular lumina. Despite an intact structure of the capillary endothelia there is development of oedema in the perivascular areas with escape of plasma components, erythrocytes and granulocytes into the muscle interstitium. Finally, more distant tissue regions are becoming oedematous. While mainly lysosomal enzymes from the large number of infiltrating granulocytes, as well as fatty globules, are made responsible for the damage in the shock lung, the damage of the capillary region in the sceletal musculature is almost certainly caused by hypoxia. We consider muscle biopsy a suitable method to obtain a better knowledge of the microcirculatory situation and of the reaction of ultrastructures in shock.", "PMID": 596610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5636", "title": "Body fluid compartments.", "content": "The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), transcellular fluid TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. Isotope-dilution techniques are briefly discussed and representative normal values for the various compartments according to sex and age are indicated. The physiological mechanisms that maintain the distinctive ionic compositions of the various fluid spaces are briefly outlined. New concepts of the function of the gel matrix and of the lymph drainage of the interstitium are presented. Opposing models to the sodium-potassium membrane pump are briefly described.", "contents": "Body fluid compartments. The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), transcellular fluid TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. Isotope-dilution techniques are briefly discussed and representative normal values for the various compartments according to sex and age are indicated. The physiological mechanisms that maintain the distinctive ionic compositions of the various fluid spaces are briefly outlined. New concepts of the function of the gel matrix and of the lymph drainage of the interstitium are presented. Opposing models to the sodium-potassium membrane pump are briefly described.", "PMID": 596611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5637", "title": "Sodium metabolism.", "content": "This brief review attempts to summarize important basic concepts of sodium metabolism including sodium ion distribution, sodium balance and the renal regulation of sodium excretion. Finally, an attempt has been made to relate these basic concepts to the mechanisms and management of common clinical situations of abnormal salt balance.", "contents": "Sodium metabolism. This brief review attempts to summarize important basic concepts of sodium metabolism including sodium ion distribution, sodium balance and the renal regulation of sodium excretion. Finally, an attempt has been made to relate these basic concepts to the mechanisms and management of common clinical situations of abnormal salt balance.", "PMID": 596613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5638", "title": "Principles of pre-operative fluid therapy and resuscitation.", "content": "The pre-operative preparation of a patient for elective surgery requires correction of all major electrolyte abnormalities, osmolality and body fluid compartment excesses of deficits. For the emergency surgical procedure however, only stability of the cardiovascular system is required before the induction of anaesthesia. To facilitate rapid correction of the abnormal haemodynamic state a set of physiological principles are described which aim to simplify therapy.", "contents": "Principles of pre-operative fluid therapy and resuscitation. The pre-operative preparation of a patient for elective surgery requires correction of all major electrolyte abnormalities, osmolality and body fluid compartment excesses of deficits. For the emergency surgical procedure however, only stability of the cardiovascular system is required before the induction of anaesthesia. To facilitate rapid correction of the abnormal haemodynamic state a set of physiological principles are described which aim to simplify therapy.", "PMID": 596614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5639", "title": "Intra-operative fluid and electrolyte requirements.", "content": "The intravenous administration of Hartmann's solution at a rate sufficient to maintain the hourly urine volume between 0.5 and 1.0 ml/kg/hr is recommended during major operations. Intra-operative extracellular volume expansion followed by the administration of sodium containing fluids for 48 hours postoperatively decreases the incidence of haemodynamic instability and acute renal failure and results in normal water and sodium excretion by the kidney throughout the peri-operative period. Abnormal extracellular volume may exist prior to induction of anaesthesia particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular, renal and hepatic disease. In these patients the suggested fluid regime should be administered with care and may require diuretic therapy. If the operative blood loss in adults is less than one litre, no blood may be necessary. If the loss is between one and 2 litres packed red cells may be sufficient, whereas with a greater loss, filtered whole blood, coagulation factors and platelet infusions may be required. When possible, transfusions of stored autologous blood is recommended for elective operations.", "contents": "Intra-operative fluid and electrolyte requirements. The intravenous administration of Hartmann's solution at a rate sufficient to maintain the hourly urine volume between 0.5 and 1.0 ml/kg/hr is recommended during major operations. Intra-operative extracellular volume expansion followed by the administration of sodium containing fluids for 48 hours postoperatively decreases the incidence of haemodynamic instability and acute renal failure and results in normal water and sodium excretion by the kidney throughout the peri-operative period. Abnormal extracellular volume may exist prior to induction of anaesthesia particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular, renal and hepatic disease. In these patients the suggested fluid regime should be administered with care and may require diuretic therapy. If the operative blood loss in adults is less than one litre, no blood may be necessary. If the loss is between one and 2 litres packed red cells may be sufficient, whereas with a greater loss, filtered whole blood, coagulation factors and platelet infusions may be required. When possible, transfusions of stored autologous blood is recommended for elective operations.", "PMID": 596615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5640", "title": "Postoperative intravenous therapy.", "content": "The physiology of the post-operative surgical patient is discussed. The reasons for the controversy between high and low volumes of fluid post-operatively are examined and a regime of relative fluid restriction is recommended. The requirements of the post-operative patient are discussed and a regime for post-operative therapy proposed.", "contents": "Postoperative intravenous therapy. The physiology of the post-operative surgical patient is discussed. The reasons for the controversy between high and low volumes of fluid post-operatively are examined and a regime of relative fluid restriction is recommended. The requirements of the post-operative patient are discussed and a regime for post-operative therapy proposed.", "PMID": 596616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5641", "title": "Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium turnover.", "content": "The body content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium is important, not only from the structural or supporting aspect, but also from the aspect of cellular function. Membrane integrity, nervous tissue conduction, neuromuscular excitability, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, intermediary metabolism and synthesis, to mention but a few activities, are all influenced by these elements. The normal body content and turnover of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are outlined, together with a brief description of their physiological roles, emphasizing intracellular functions rather than their predominance within the skeleton. Regulatory mechanisms, particularly for calcium, involving vitamin D and its metabolites, parathormone, and possibly calcitonin, are discussed within the context of maintaining normal body content and turnover. Homeostatic mechanisms maintaining plasma concentrations in health and disease, as far as they have been identified, are also outlined. Lastly, disorders of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium turnover are considered from the aspect of altered plasma concentrations of these substances. Throughout emphasis is given to common problems and their practical management. Metabolic bone disease and uncommon disorders of bone and bone mineral are not discussed specifically.", "contents": "Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium turnover. The body content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium is important, not only from the structural or supporting aspect, but also from the aspect of cellular function. Membrane integrity, nervous tissue conduction, neuromuscular excitability, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, intermediary metabolism and synthesis, to mention but a few activities, are all influenced by these elements. The normal body content and turnover of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are outlined, together with a brief description of their physiological roles, emphasizing intracellular functions rather than their predominance within the skeleton. Regulatory mechanisms, particularly for calcium, involving vitamin D and its metabolites, parathormone, and possibly calcitonin, are discussed within the context of maintaining normal body content and turnover. Homeostatic mechanisms maintaining plasma concentrations in health and disease, as far as they have been identified, are also outlined. Lastly, disorders of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium turnover are considered from the aspect of altered plasma concentrations of these substances. Throughout emphasis is given to common problems and their practical management. Metabolic bone disease and uncommon disorders of bone and bone mineral are not discussed specifically.", "PMID": 596617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5642", "title": "Acute respiratory failure in a regional respiratory unit.", "content": "One thousand, six hundred and sixteen patients with acute respiratory failure were managed in a regional respiratory unit. The patients are classified according to cause, the need for artificial ventilation and results.", "contents": "Acute respiratory failure in a regional respiratory unit. One thousand, six hundred and sixteen patients with acute respiratory failure were managed in a regional respiratory unit. The patients are classified according to cause, the need for artificial ventilation and results.", "PMID": 596618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5643", "title": "Post-operative respiratory resistance.", "content": "Respiratory resistance was studied pre-operatively and post-operatively in a group of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Respiratory resistance was shown to be markedly increased post-operatively in patients with chronic bronchitis and slightly increased in non-bronchitic patients.", "contents": "Post-operative respiratory resistance. Respiratory resistance was studied pre-operatively and post-operatively in a group of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Respiratory resistance was shown to be markedly increased post-operatively in patients with chronic bronchitis and slightly increased in non-bronchitic patients.", "PMID": 596619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5644", "title": "A versatile computing system for sampling, manipulation and display of biological signals using high-level language.", "content": "A medium sized minicomputer system is presented as an attractive way of balancing the cost of computing equipment with that of programme development. A versatile circuit has been coupled to a computer system and programmes have been developed to control the functions of this circuit. With such a system it is possible for relatively untrained biological workers to use FORTRAN programming language to control sampling of analogue signals, manipulation of data and finally graphical presentation of results. The system is proposed for use both in anaesthetic research and in on-line monitoring of critically ill patients.", "contents": "A versatile computing system for sampling, manipulation and display of biological signals using high-level language. A medium sized minicomputer system is presented as an attractive way of balancing the cost of computing equipment with that of programme development. A versatile circuit has been coupled to a computer system and programmes have been developed to control the functions of this circuit. With such a system it is possible for relatively untrained biological workers to use FORTRAN programming language to control sampling of analogue signals, manipulation of data and finally graphical presentation of results. The system is proposed for use both in anaesthetic research and in on-line monitoring of critically ill patients.", "PMID": 596620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5645", "title": "[The holistic base of functional morphology (author's transl)].", "content": "Following v.d. Klaauw a functional component (fc) is the complex of a function and its constituent morphological features. The relation between form and function within a fc and, especially, the interrelations (pattern, compromise, integration) of the fc's constitutes the field of holistic functional morphology. The methodology of this approach is discussed.", "contents": "[The holistic base of functional morphology (author's transl)]. Following v.d. Klaauw a functional component (fc) is the complex of a function and its constituent morphological features. The relation between form and function within a fc and, especially, the interrelations (pattern, compromise, integration) of the fc's constitutes the field of holistic functional morphology. The methodology of this approach is discussed.", "PMID": 596634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5646", "title": "[Functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) structure, movement, electro-myography and electro-neurography (author's transl)].", "content": "A causal model for the functioning of the beakapparatus of the mallard during straining is formulated on a qualitative basis. The starting point for this model is an abstraction of the analysed structure of the muscle, bone, ligament system. The system was studied by electromyography and cinematography of the movements. It was attempted to quantify the model. Connections with neurography are shown.", "contents": "[Functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) structure, movement, electro-myography and electro-neurography (author's transl)]. A causal model for the functioning of the beakapparatus of the mallard during straining is formulated on a qualitative basis. The starting point for this model is an abstraction of the analysed structure of the muscle, bone, ligament system. The system was studied by electromyography and cinematography of the movements. It was attempted to quantify the model. Connections with neurography are shown.", "PMID": 596635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5647", "title": "The use of equidensity photographic method in electron microscopy.", "content": "The equidensity photographic method has been adopted for the sake of electron microscopy. The use of this method at processing the electron micrographs allows to emphasize, divide off and as the case may be, to distinguish in colours objects displaying minimal difference in their contrast which is otherwise not perceptible. It is thus possible to obtain new information from electron micrograph which by the usual \"negative-positive\" method remains unrevealed.", "contents": "The use of equidensity photographic method in electron microscopy. The equidensity photographic method has been adopted for the sake of electron microscopy. The use of this method at processing the electron micrographs allows to emphasize, divide off and as the case may be, to distinguish in colours objects displaying minimal difference in their contrast which is otherwise not perceptible. It is thus possible to obtain new information from electron micrograph which by the usual \"negative-positive\" method remains unrevealed.", "PMID": 596636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5648", "title": "[Kinematic transmission-coefficient and the four-bar-system as a function-parameter and a form model for the mandibular depression-apparatus in Teleostei (author's transl)].", "content": "Through chains of ligaments and bones, which can be reduced to four-bar-systems (fbs), contraction of the sternohyoid and of the opercular levator muscle result in mandibular depression. Comparatively the opercular fbs transmits movement more efficiently than the hyoid fbs which, consequently, transmits force more efficiently.", "contents": "[Kinematic transmission-coefficient and the four-bar-system as a function-parameter and a form model for the mandibular depression-apparatus in Teleostei (author's transl)]. Through chains of ligaments and bones, which can be reduced to four-bar-systems (fbs), contraction of the sternohyoid and of the opercular levator muscle result in mandibular depression. Comparatively the opercular fbs transmits movement more efficiently than the hyoid fbs which, consequently, transmits force more efficiently.", "PMID": 596638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5649", "title": "[Stream mechanics and endothel regeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "The regeneration of rabbit aortic endothelium was studied by autoradiography using 3H-thymidine. A decrease in the 3H-thymidine labelling index and in the mitotic rate with advancing age were found but no significant differences in the endothelial cell turnover between aortic segments with and without flow-mechanical stresses.", "contents": "[Stream mechanics and endothel regeneration (author's transl)]. The regeneration of rabbit aortic endothelium was studied by autoradiography using 3H-thymidine. A decrease in the 3H-thymidine labelling index and in the mitotic rate with advancing age were found but no significant differences in the endothelial cell turnover between aortic segments with and without flow-mechanical stresses.", "PMID": 596639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5650", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigations of the phagocytosis and digestion of foreign erythrocytes by peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "The erythrophagocytosis begins after 30 up to 60 min. The hemolysis is detectable 30 min later. After that myelin figures are formed which are digested up to 36 h. After 24 h the digestive vacuoles and the cytoplasm show ferritin molecules. After 14 d the digestion is finished.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigations of the phagocytosis and digestion of foreign erythrocytes by peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)]. The erythrophagocytosis begins after 30 up to 60 min. The hemolysis is detectable 30 min later. After that myelin figures are formed which are digested up to 36 h. After 24 h the digestive vacuoles and the cytoplasm show ferritin molecules. After 14 d the digestion is finished.", "PMID": 596640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5651", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigations on the influence of lymphocytes of sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs on the visceral yolk sac epithelium of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats on day 19 of pregnancy were intrauterinely injected lymphocytes from guinea-pigs, sensitized or not sensitized to trophoblast antigens of the rat placenta. In the first case locally severe cytolytic effects were observed on the yolk-sac surface, in the second case--the controls--no immune reaction was evident.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigations on the influence of lymphocytes of sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs on the visceral yolk sac epithelium of the rat (author's transl)]. Rats on day 19 of pregnancy were intrauterinely injected lymphocytes from guinea-pigs, sensitized or not sensitized to trophoblast antigens of the rat placenta. In the first case locally severe cytolytic effects were observed on the yolk-sac surface, in the second case--the controls--no immune reaction was evident.", "PMID": 596641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5652", "title": "[The influence of an overdose of vitamin A on the rat fetal membranes in the last third of the pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the rat fetal membranes (yolk-sac) was examined following an intrauterine overdose of vitamin A (Retinol palmitate). Three and six hours after the injection drastic lesions of the yolk-sac surface cells were to be seen, obviously mainly due to the numerous leaky lysosomes present in the yolk-sac epithelium.", "contents": "[The influence of an overdose of vitamin A on the rat fetal membranes in the last third of the pregnancy (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of the rat fetal membranes (yolk-sac) was examined following an intrauterine overdose of vitamin A (Retinol palmitate). Three and six hours after the injection drastic lesions of the yolk-sac surface cells were to be seen, obviously mainly due to the numerous leaky lysosomes present in the yolk-sac epithelium.", "PMID": 596642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5653", "title": "[The coronary vessels and the efficiency of the heart of domesticated and wild mammals and birds (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigations were made on 150 mammals (11 species) and 28 birds (3 species) from the 3 climate zones. The result gives that the temperature, behaviour and domestication influenced the efficiency of the heart. It is evidenced the connection between the ecological factors and the heart function.", "contents": "[The coronary vessels and the efficiency of the heart of domesticated and wild mammals and birds (author's transl)]. The investigations were made on 150 mammals (11 species) and 28 birds (3 species) from the 3 climate zones. The result gives that the temperature, behaviour and domestication influenced the efficiency of the heart. It is evidenced the connection between the ecological factors and the heart function.", "PMID": 596643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5654", "title": "[The changes in the structure of the blood and lymph vessels of the serous layer of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rabbit in metastases of the Brown-Pearce tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "Metastases of the experimentally induced Brown-Pearce Tumour show a typical pattern in the distribution of blood and lymph vessels in the serous layer of the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbit. There were investigated with the corrosion, histological and electron microscopical techniques.", "contents": "[The changes in the structure of the blood and lymph vessels of the serous layer of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rabbit in metastases of the Brown-Pearce tumour (author's transl)]. Metastases of the experimentally induced Brown-Pearce Tumour show a typical pattern in the distribution of blood and lymph vessels in the serous layer of the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbit. There were investigated with the corrosion, histological and electron microscopical techniques.", "PMID": 596645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5655", "title": "[Low frequency vibration on human hollow bone (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of a stable fixation and a hammer system was removed the bone in vibrations which was registered. The vibrations have relations to the regions of the bone and have a practical connexion to the knowledge of the fracturation of the bone.", "contents": "[Low frequency vibration on human hollow bone (author's transl)]. With the aid of a stable fixation and a hammer system was removed the bone in vibrations which was registered. The vibrations have relations to the regions of the bone and have a practical connexion to the knowledge of the fracturation of the bone.", "PMID": 596646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5656", "title": "[High frequency vibrations of human hollow bone (author's transl)].", "content": "For study of the functional structures in hollow bone were applicated longitudinal waves in form of ultrasonics. The findings have a great signification for the practical medicine, because we can demonstrate the elastic modul of the bone, the absorption of the longitudinal waves in the bone by a thickness more than 5 cm and the transformation of the ultrasonic amplitude in the bone.", "contents": "[High frequency vibrations of human hollow bone (author's transl)]. For study of the functional structures in hollow bone were applicated longitudinal waves in form of ultrasonics. The findings have a great signification for the practical medicine, because we can demonstrate the elastic modul of the bone, the absorption of the longitudinal waves in the bone by a thickness more than 5 cm and the transformation of the ultrasonic amplitude in the bone.", "PMID": 596647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5657", "title": "[Histochemical investigations on the fish kidney (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The kidney of the stickleback has a double function in the spawn period, the excretion and secretion. This functions limited a different enzyme pattern (phosphatases and oxidoreductases) in the different parts of the kidney.", "contents": "[Histochemical investigations on the fish kidney (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) (author's transl)]. The kidney of the stickleback has a double function in the spawn period, the excretion and secretion. This functions limited a different enzyme pattern (phosphatases and oxidoreductases) in the different parts of the kidney.", "PMID": 596648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5658", "title": "The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of the cat: localization of preganglionic neurons by quantitative histological methods.", "content": "The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX) of adult cats and young kittens was studied by quantitative light microscopic methods. In normal animals, the DMX was found to contain no distinct subgroupings of neurons, based on somatic volume or Nissl pattern. Retrograde perikaryal responses to axotomy of neurons in the DMX were found to be of a more subtle nature than those seen in other types of neurons. Quantitative methodology applied to the axotomy than could be obtained by routine microscopic observations. Changes which occurred included a slight chromatolytic reaction, and a decrease in the volume of the nucleus followed by an increase in somatic volume. These morphological alterations were affected by the factors of age of the animal, time after axotomy, and length of the intact proximal axon stump. More pronounced perikaryal changes occurred when the vagus nerve was recut at a more proximal level five days after the first vagotomy. Interpretation of the data yielded the conclusion that most if not all neurons of the ipsilateral DMX contribute axons to the cervical vagus nerve. In addition, at least 10% of the neurons on the side contralateral to vagotomy showed signs of retrograde reaction. It was therefore concluded that there exists in the vagus nerve a population of axons with cell bodies located in the contralateral DMX.", "contents": "The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of the cat: localization of preganglionic neurons by quantitative histological methods. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMX) of adult cats and young kittens was studied by quantitative light microscopic methods. In normal animals, the DMX was found to contain no distinct subgroupings of neurons, based on somatic volume or Nissl pattern. Retrograde perikaryal responses to axotomy of neurons in the DMX were found to be of a more subtle nature than those seen in other types of neurons. Quantitative methodology applied to the axotomy than could be obtained by routine microscopic observations. Changes which occurred included a slight chromatolytic reaction, and a decrease in the volume of the nucleus followed by an increase in somatic volume. These morphological alterations were affected by the factors of age of the animal, time after axotomy, and length of the intact proximal axon stump. More pronounced perikaryal changes occurred when the vagus nerve was recut at a more proximal level five days after the first vagotomy. Interpretation of the data yielded the conclusion that most if not all neurons of the ipsilateral DMX contribute axons to the cervical vagus nerve. In addition, at least 10% of the neurons on the side contralateral to vagotomy showed signs of retrograde reaction. It was therefore concluded that there exists in the vagus nerve a population of axons with cell bodies located in the contralateral DMX.", "PMID": 596651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5659", "title": "Contact sites between lymphoid cells of the bursa of Fabricius, in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Contact sites between lymphocytes and between lymphocytes and macrophages were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. When compared with nonspecialized regions of the cell membranes, these contact sites were characterized by a decreased intercellular distance, subplasmalemmal densities and coated pits. Microfilaments, microtubules and coated vesicles of the subjacent cytoplasm were frequently associated with these contact sites. When the same cells were isolated and introduced into culture, they formed cluster-like assemblies in which cells were closely approximated along broadly contacting surfaces. The morphology of the sites appeared to involve primarily the plasma membrane (including coated pits) and the cell coat. These observations indicated that the same cells of a given lymphoid tissue can form one type of contact site in vivo and another, dissimilar type of contact site, in vitro.", "contents": "Contact sites between lymphoid cells of the bursa of Fabricius, in vivo and in vitro. Contact sites between lymphocytes and between lymphocytes and macrophages were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. When compared with nonspecialized regions of the cell membranes, these contact sites were characterized by a decreased intercellular distance, subplasmalemmal densities and coated pits. Microfilaments, microtubules and coated vesicles of the subjacent cytoplasm were frequently associated with these contact sites. When the same cells were isolated and introduced into culture, they formed cluster-like assemblies in which cells were closely approximated along broadly contacting surfaces. The morphology of the sites appeared to involve primarily the plasma membrane (including coated pits) and the cell coat. These observations indicated that the same cells of a given lymphoid tissue can form one type of contact site in vivo and another, dissimilar type of contact site, in vitro.", "PMID": 596652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5660", "title": "The ultrastructure of follicle cells in fetal guinea-pig ovaries.", "content": "The development of the follicle cells in fetal guinea-pig ovaries has been examined in the electron microscope. The findings were as follows: at days 34 and 38 there were broad intercellular clefts within the germinal cords. However, a continuous layer of thin cytoplasmic processes from the follicle cells separated the germinal cords from the stromal compartment. The germinal cords were everywhere limited by a basal lamina. During all the period examined coated vesicles, possibly emptying their contents into the region of the basal lamina, were observed in the follicle cells. At days 42, 46 and 50 the cellular membranes were closely apposed with an intercellular distance of about 200 A. Complexes of deeply interdigitating folds of the membrane of neighboring follicle cells were observed. The follicle cells forming part of the primordial follicles at days 54 and 58 were characterized by a disappearance of these folds and by the appearance of bundles of microfilaments in the cytoplasm. These were especially numerous at day 66. At days 34 and 38 gap junctions were observed between the follicle cells, but not between the follicle cells and the germinal cells. During the entire period examined junctions resembling desmosomes without filaments were observed between the follicle cells as well as between the follicle cells and the germinal cells. The ultrastructure of the follicle cells is considered in detail and the functional significance of the findings discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of follicle cells in fetal guinea-pig ovaries. The development of the follicle cells in fetal guinea-pig ovaries has been examined in the electron microscope. The findings were as follows: at days 34 and 38 there were broad intercellular clefts within the germinal cords. However, a continuous layer of thin cytoplasmic processes from the follicle cells separated the germinal cords from the stromal compartment. The germinal cords were everywhere limited by a basal lamina. During all the period examined coated vesicles, possibly emptying their contents into the region of the basal lamina, were observed in the follicle cells. At days 42, 46 and 50 the cellular membranes were closely apposed with an intercellular distance of about 200 A. Complexes of deeply interdigitating folds of the membrane of neighboring follicle cells were observed. The follicle cells forming part of the primordial follicles at days 54 and 58 were characterized by a disappearance of these folds and by the appearance of bundles of microfilaments in the cytoplasm. These were especially numerous at day 66. At days 34 and 38 gap junctions were observed between the follicle cells, but not between the follicle cells and the germinal cells. During the entire period examined junctions resembling desmosomes without filaments were observed between the follicle cells as well as between the follicle cells and the germinal cells. The ultrastructure of the follicle cells is considered in detail and the functional significance of the findings discussed.", "PMID": 596654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5661", "title": "Neonatal muscle: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "A spaced serial section, electron microscopic study of the extensor digitorum longus of the 2-day-old rat was undertaken to determine whether all cells wedged between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, regardless of their morphology, were true myosatellite cells. The muscle was relatively immature, containing groups of cells enclosed in a common basement membrane (clusters) and exhibiting primitive myoneural junctions. Cells of the muscle line included in the clusters were primary fibers, satellite fibers, myotubes in different stages of development and myosatellite cells. In single ultrathin sections, some early myotubes lacked myofilaments and were difficult to distinguish from myosatellite cells. Spaced serial sections revealed that all myosatellite cells have heterochromatic nuclei and a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and that all pale staining nuclei were found in cells with a lower nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, containing variable quantities of myofilaments. In addition to the cells of the muscle line, mast cells, fibroblast-like cells and other \"unclassified\" cells were entirely or partially enclosed within the cluster's basement membrane. This study demonstrated that location alone or location and the morphological appearance of cells in a single ultrathin section failed to provide sufficient criteria to properly classify all of the cells found in neonatal muscles clusters.", "contents": "Neonatal muscle: an electron microscopic study. A spaced serial section, electron microscopic study of the extensor digitorum longus of the 2-day-old rat was undertaken to determine whether all cells wedged between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, regardless of their morphology, were true myosatellite cells. The muscle was relatively immature, containing groups of cells enclosed in a common basement membrane (clusters) and exhibiting primitive myoneural junctions. Cells of the muscle line included in the clusters were primary fibers, satellite fibers, myotubes in different stages of development and myosatellite cells. In single ultrathin sections, some early myotubes lacked myofilaments and were difficult to distinguish from myosatellite cells. Spaced serial sections revealed that all myosatellite cells have heterochromatic nuclei and a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and that all pale staining nuclei were found in cells with a lower nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, containing variable quantities of myofilaments. In addition to the cells of the muscle line, mast cells, fibroblast-like cells and other \"unclassified\" cells were entirely or partially enclosed within the cluster's basement membrane. This study demonstrated that location alone or location and the morphological appearance of cells in a single ultrathin section failed to provide sufficient criteria to properly classify all of the cells found in neonatal muscles clusters.", "PMID": 596655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5662", "title": "Effect of estradiol benzoate on the pituitary-gonadal axis in the intact male rat.", "content": "Adult male rats were treated with 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate daily for 28 days. The sex organs and pituitary weights showed changes classically associated with estrogen treatment. Both plasma and testicular testosterone levels diminished to almost trace level 24 hours after the first estrogen injection and remained at that level throughout the experimental period. The pituitary LH levels and concentration showed a progressive decline; however, the plasma LH levels remained unchanged throught the experimental period. These findings suggest that in intact adult males, estrogen affects testicular testosterone production directly. These observation suggests the necessity for reevaluation of the current concepts concerned with testis-pituitary feedback mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol benzoate on the pituitary-gonadal axis in the intact male rat. Adult male rats were treated with 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate daily for 28 days. The sex organs and pituitary weights showed changes classically associated with estrogen treatment. Both plasma and testicular testosterone levels diminished to almost trace level 24 hours after the first estrogen injection and remained at that level throughout the experimental period. The pituitary LH levels and concentration showed a progressive decline; however, the plasma LH levels remained unchanged throught the experimental period. These findings suggest that in intact adult males, estrogen affects testicular testosterone production directly. These observation suggests the necessity for reevaluation of the current concepts concerned with testis-pituitary feedback mechanisms.", "PMID": 596656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5663", "title": "A possible haploid effect in acrosome malformations of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Acrosome malformations of spermatids and spermatozoa in the testes of two infertile patients were investigated with the light and electron microscope. The first visible abnormalities appear at early spermatid stages. The detailed morphological analysis of the malformed spermatids shows that in most cases only the differentiation of the acrosome granule is interfered with. This may be the origin of the malformations of the mature spermatozoa. The fact that almost half the early spermatids lack the acrosome granule suggests that the original cause is genetic and that the genes are expressed in the haploid phase.", "contents": "A possible haploid effect in acrosome malformations of human spermatozoa. Acrosome malformations of spermatids and spermatozoa in the testes of two infertile patients were investigated with the light and electron microscope. The first visible abnormalities appear at early spermatid stages. The detailed morphological analysis of the malformed spermatids shows that in most cases only the differentiation of the acrosome granule is interfered with. This may be the origin of the malformations of the mature spermatozoa. The fact that almost half the early spermatids lack the acrosome granule suggests that the original cause is genetic and that the genes are expressed in the haploid phase.", "PMID": 596658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5664", "title": "Formal genesis of giant cells in the germinal epithelium in the rat thioglucose model.", "content": "The formal genesis of polymorphnucleated giant cells in the testis has been studied in the rat thioglucose model. The giant cells derive mainly from clumped spermatids (greater than 90%) which have lost their contact to Sertoli cells. The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis as well as the synchronisation of germ cell maturation apparently depend on intercellular bridges of the germ cell populations. Lightmicroscopic findings have shown that with the formation of polymorphnucleated giant cells these links are lost.", "contents": "Formal genesis of giant cells in the germinal epithelium in the rat thioglucose model. The formal genesis of polymorphnucleated giant cells in the testis has been studied in the rat thioglucose model. The giant cells derive mainly from clumped spermatids (greater than 90%) which have lost their contact to Sertoli cells. The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis as well as the synchronisation of germ cell maturation apparently depend on intercellular bridges of the germ cell populations. Lightmicroscopic findings have shown that with the formation of polymorphnucleated giant cells these links are lost.", "PMID": 596659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5665", "title": "Testicular capillary blood flow in the impubertal lamb and the ram during the breeding and non-breeding seasons.", "content": "The testicular capillary blood flow was measured by the 133Xenon clearance technique in the Ile-de-France lambs and rams in Spring and Autumn. Anaesthetized animals were maintained in the supine position and 133Xe was injected into the testicle through the scrotal skin. In the adult, the blood-flow (ml/min./100 g) depended upon the season: 8.3 +/- 1.0 vs 12.7 +/- 0.7 in May and October (P less than 0.001). In the impubertal lamb (50 days old) regardless of the period of the year, the blood flow was the same as in the adult in the breeding season (11.4 +/- 1.2 vs 12.7 +/- 0.7). In prepubertal lambs (120 days old) the rapid increase in testicular weight was not correlated with an increase in the blood flow (9.4 +/- 0.7).", "contents": "Testicular capillary blood flow in the impubertal lamb and the ram during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The testicular capillary blood flow was measured by the 133Xenon clearance technique in the Ile-de-France lambs and rams in Spring and Autumn. Anaesthetized animals were maintained in the supine position and 133Xe was injected into the testicle through the scrotal skin. In the adult, the blood-flow (ml/min./100 g) depended upon the season: 8.3 +/- 1.0 vs 12.7 +/- 0.7 in May and October (P less than 0.001). In the impubertal lamb (50 days old) regardless of the period of the year, the blood flow was the same as in the adult in the breeding season (11.4 +/- 1.2 vs 12.7 +/- 0.7). In prepubertal lambs (120 days old) the rapid increase in testicular weight was not correlated with an increase in the blood flow (9.4 +/- 0.7).", "PMID": 596661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5666", "title": "[Ultrastructure of human heterotopic Leydig cells].", "content": "It was demonstrated by light and electron microscopical methods that Leydig cells also exist outside of the testis. In the spermatic cord and near the intraabdominal testicular vessels cells were observed with the characteristics of intratubular Leydig cells. Such characteristics were intranuclear precrystalline inclusions, mitochondria with tubular interior structures and lipid droplets, and a well developed smooth and rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The last two items can be regarded as signs of hormonal activity. The extratesticular Leydig cells in the spermatic cord are located within nerves that contain myelinated axons forming monoaxonal Schwann cell units. Possible they are sensory nerves originating in the receptors of the tunica albuginea. Synapses between axons and heterotopic Leydig cells were not found. The degree of the cytological differentiation leads to the conclusion that these cells may serve, for instance after orchidectomy, as substitutes for the Leydig cells inside the testis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of human heterotopic Leydig cells]. It was demonstrated by light and electron microscopical methods that Leydig cells also exist outside of the testis. In the spermatic cord and near the intraabdominal testicular vessels cells were observed with the characteristics of intratubular Leydig cells. Such characteristics were intranuclear precrystalline inclusions, mitochondria with tubular interior structures and lipid droplets, and a well developed smooth and rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The last two items can be regarded as signs of hormonal activity. The extratesticular Leydig cells in the spermatic cord are located within nerves that contain myelinated axons forming monoaxonal Schwann cell units. Possible they are sensory nerves originating in the receptors of the tunica albuginea. Synapses between axons and heterotopic Leydig cells were not found. The degree of the cytological differentiation leads to the conclusion that these cells may serve, for instance after orchidectomy, as substitutes for the Leydig cells inside the testis.", "PMID": 596662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5667", "title": "Effects of cyproterone acetate on spontaneous contractility of the rat epididymis.", "content": "The spontaneous contractility of the rat epididymis was recorded in vivo and the effects of cyproterone acetate were studied. At 7 days after cyproterone acetate daily administration the records of the epididymal contractility did not show significant differences from the records obtained in control animals. On the contrary, in animals injected during 11 days the amplitude and frequency of epididymal contractions showed a significant decrease, and this activity completely ceased at 14 days of treatment.", "contents": "Effects of cyproterone acetate on spontaneous contractility of the rat epididymis. The spontaneous contractility of the rat epididymis was recorded in vivo and the effects of cyproterone acetate were studied. At 7 days after cyproterone acetate daily administration the records of the epididymal contractility did not show significant differences from the records obtained in control animals. On the contrary, in animals injected during 11 days the amplitude and frequency of epididymal contractions showed a significant decrease, and this activity completely ceased at 14 days of treatment.", "PMID": 596660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5668", "title": "Acid phosphatase of the rat epididymis. III. Histochemical and biochemical responses in experimental conditions.", "content": "The specific activities of three acid phosphatases were followed in the epididymis of growing rats. All activities were constantly rising but revealed two steeper parts probably corresponding to the increase of androgen secretion and the arrival of spermatozoa in the epididymis. Simultaneously an increase in the histochemical staining was obtained in all epididymal segments. Both biochemical and histochemical studies showed that castration reduced the activity of all acid phosphatases and this could be restored with testosterone-estradiol treatment. Estradiol had no effect on the activities in the castrated animal, but in the normal animal it caused an elevation of Enzyme I activity. In the histochemical study estradiol seemed to restore the acid phosphatase activity. Enzyme I reacted slower than the others to both castration and hormone treatment. Increased elimination caused by ligation of the epididymis caused a reduction in the activity of all enzymes within four days. It was greatest in the area of the corpus. This study, however, rendered no further elucidation for the assumption that acid phosphatases participate in the elimination of excessive and defective spermatozoa.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase of the rat epididymis. III. Histochemical and biochemical responses in experimental conditions. The specific activities of three acid phosphatases were followed in the epididymis of growing rats. All activities were constantly rising but revealed two steeper parts probably corresponding to the increase of androgen secretion and the arrival of spermatozoa in the epididymis. Simultaneously an increase in the histochemical staining was obtained in all epididymal segments. Both biochemical and histochemical studies showed that castration reduced the activity of all acid phosphatases and this could be restored with testosterone-estradiol treatment. Estradiol had no effect on the activities in the castrated animal, but in the normal animal it caused an elevation of Enzyme I activity. In the histochemical study estradiol seemed to restore the acid phosphatase activity. Enzyme I reacted slower than the others to both castration and hormone treatment. Increased elimination caused by ligation of the epididymis caused a reduction in the activity of all enzymes within four days. It was greatest in the area of the corpus. This study, however, rendered no further elucidation for the assumption that acid phosphatases participate in the elimination of excessive and defective spermatozoa.", "PMID": 596663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5669", "title": "Morphological and histochemical observations on the prenatal and postnatal testes of the field rat (Millardia meltada).", "content": "The foetal testis of the field rat (Millardia meltada) shows seminiferous tubules and interstitium consisting of mesenchymal cells and differentiated Leydig cells associated with blood vessels. The tubules during the prenatal period show gonocytes and Sertoli cells. After birth, their diameter decreases but again increases progressively after postnatal days 9 and 10. Spermatogonia appear among the gonocytes on postnatal day 1 and primary spermatocytes on day 8. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids are not seen up-to-day 23. Several hypertrophied Leydig cells are seen in the foetal testis on day 17 but are greatly increased in number on days 18 and 19. A few hours after birth the Leydig cells show a rapid decrease in their number. These fluctuations in the Leydig cells of prenatal and neonatal testes have been correlated to the rise and fall in testosterone production during these periods. The Leydig cells show the histochemical characteristics of actively steroid-secreting cells, which consist of the presence of diffuse lipoproteins and a few lipid granules consisting of phospholipids; no cholesterol and/or its esters could be demonstrated. Such lipids are not present in the cytoplasm of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The seminiferous tubules do not show any appreciable development of lipid changes.", "contents": "Morphological and histochemical observations on the prenatal and postnatal testes of the field rat (Millardia meltada). The foetal testis of the field rat (Millardia meltada) shows seminiferous tubules and interstitium consisting of mesenchymal cells and differentiated Leydig cells associated with blood vessels. The tubules during the prenatal period show gonocytes and Sertoli cells. After birth, their diameter decreases but again increases progressively after postnatal days 9 and 10. Spermatogonia appear among the gonocytes on postnatal day 1 and primary spermatocytes on day 8. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids are not seen up-to-day 23. Several hypertrophied Leydig cells are seen in the foetal testis on day 17 but are greatly increased in number on days 18 and 19. A few hours after birth the Leydig cells show a rapid decrease in their number. These fluctuations in the Leydig cells of prenatal and neonatal testes have been correlated to the rise and fall in testosterone production during these periods. The Leydig cells show the histochemical characteristics of actively steroid-secreting cells, which consist of the presence of diffuse lipoproteins and a few lipid granules consisting of phospholipids; no cholesterol and/or its esters could be demonstrated. Such lipids are not present in the cytoplasm of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The seminiferous tubules do not show any appreciable development of lipid changes.", "PMID": 596664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5670", "title": "[Present trends in the development  of pest control methods with reference to environmental protection].", "content": "Problems are discussed which result from the present change in principles of parasite control. The main task is maximum limiting the damage caused by certain parasite species. But ecological stability should be disturbed at minimum level. Likewise the introduction of physiologically active alien substances in the ecosystem should be minimal. The solution of this task for practice is joined with research on natural regulation systems in populations and biocenoses, for such system determine the degree and number of species. Three main steps for this solution were shown: Ist: Evaluation of the scope of control; IInd: Evaluation of the strategy of control; IIIrd: Evaluation of a measures program to realize the chosen strategy.", "contents": "[Present trends in the development  of pest control methods with reference to environmental protection]. Problems are discussed which result from the present change in principles of parasite control. The main task is maximum limiting the damage caused by certain parasite species. But ecological stability should be disturbed at minimum level. Likewise the introduction of physiologically active alien substances in the ecosystem should be minimal. The solution of this task for practice is joined with research on natural regulation systems in populations and biocenoses, for such system determine the degree and number of species. Three main steps for this solution were shown: Ist: Evaluation of the scope of control; IInd: Evaluation of the strategy of control; IIIrd: Evaluation of a measures program to realize the chosen strategy.", "PMID": 596673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5671", "title": "[Small mammal helminths in Neusiedlersee region].", "content": "153 small mammals belonging to 22 species were investigated during the year 1975. On this occasion, 29 different species of helminths were found. Parallel-infection of one host by different helminths was common. All age-groups and both sexes of hosts were infested. Pathological symptoms like eosinophile infiltration of the lungs and splenomegalia were generally observed as accompanying phenomena of endoparasitic infestations. Often, there were no distinct symptoms even if the intensity of the infection was comparatively high. Minor infections may pass without clinical phenomena. Amongst the investigated hosts Hymenolepis diminuta, Cyticercus fasciolaris (larva of Hydatigera taeniaeformis), Strongyloides ratti and Hepaticola hepatica were the most widespread species of helminths.", "contents": "[Small mammal helminths in Neusiedlersee region]. 153 small mammals belonging to 22 species were investigated during the year 1975. On this occasion, 29 different species of helminths were found. Parallel-infection of one host by different helminths was common. All age-groups and both sexes of hosts were infested. Pathological symptoms like eosinophile infiltration of the lungs and splenomegalia were generally observed as accompanying phenomena of endoparasitic infestations. Often, there were no distinct symptoms even if the intensity of the infection was comparatively high. Minor infections may pass without clinical phenomena. Amongst the investigated hosts Hymenolepis diminuta, Cyticercus fasciolaris (larva of Hydatigera taeniaeformis), Strongyloides ratti and Hepaticola hepatica were the most widespread species of helminths.", "PMID": 596674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5672", "title": "[Incidence of Upupicola upupae in the crest of the hoopoe].", "content": "Hopoes belonging to waves of migrants through the Balearic Islands in August and September showed high rates of infestation by Upupicola upupae (77--85 p. c.). The parasite species was almost exclusively confined to the long and mobile feathers of the bird's crown. And at this time of the year the Mallophaga had put their egg cases on the crest feathers, too. A mean of 7 feather-lice was found at this localisation in 8 positive cases sampled. As some of the birds were moulting just these parts of their plumage, a relative high loss of the lice egg masses had to be expected. Evidently, in these cases, the lice didn't adaptively synchronise laying with the period during which moulting occurs. The wings of hopoes are conspiciously barred glossy-black and white. Here the relative dark coloured lice were sitting predominantly in a dark feather area. In these places they were much less visble than on a neighbouring white area. Thus the parasites hide themselves according to their colour.", "contents": "[Incidence of Upupicola upupae in the crest of the hoopoe]. Hopoes belonging to waves of migrants through the Balearic Islands in August and September showed high rates of infestation by Upupicola upupae (77--85 p. c.). The parasite species was almost exclusively confined to the long and mobile feathers of the bird's crown. And at this time of the year the Mallophaga had put their egg cases on the crest feathers, too. A mean of 7 feather-lice was found at this localisation in 8 positive cases sampled. As some of the birds were moulting just these parts of their plumage, a relative high loss of the lice egg masses had to be expected. Evidently, in these cases, the lice didn't adaptively synchronise laying with the period during which moulting occurs. The wings of hopoes are conspiciously barred glossy-black and white. Here the relative dark coloured lice were sitting predominantly in a dark feather area. In these places they were much less visble than on a neighbouring white area. Thus the parasites hide themselves according to their colour.", "PMID": 596675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5673", "title": "Air leak syndromes as complications of respiratory disease in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema are potential complications of a variety of pediatric illnesses. A review by the authors confirms the reports of others that asthma is the primary medical cause of pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema and that a variety of inflammatory and obstructive lesions can be associated with extra-vasation of pulmonary air. Pneumothorax infrequently complicates asthma. Asthma-associated pneumomediastinum rarely requires vigorous therapeutic intervention and massive subcutaneous emphysema may necessitate tracheostomy. Pressurized delivery of sympathomimetic aerosols have been condemned by some as an unnecessary cause of iatrogenic air leak. The data of the authors indicate that this form of therapy rarely causes air leak syndromes. The pathophysiology of extravasation of pulmonary air is reviewed.", "contents": "Air leak syndromes as complications of respiratory disease in infancy and childhood. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema are potential complications of a variety of pediatric illnesses. A review by the authors confirms the reports of others that asthma is the primary medical cause of pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema and that a variety of inflammatory and obstructive lesions can be associated with extra-vasation of pulmonary air. Pneumothorax infrequently complicates asthma. Asthma-associated pneumomediastinum rarely requires vigorous therapeutic intervention and massive subcutaneous emphysema may necessitate tracheostomy. Pressurized delivery of sympathomimetic aerosols have been condemned by some as an unnecessary cause of iatrogenic air leak. The data of the authors indicate that this form of therapy rarely causes air leak syndromes. The pathophysiology of extravasation of pulmonary air is reviewed.", "PMID": 596676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5674", "title": "Smoking and allergic history as correlative risk factors in pulmonary function performance.", "content": "Pulmonary function data were compared with smoking history and past personal and family history of asthma, hay fever and eczema in apparently healthy males age 30 to 39. Mean values for FEV1 and MMEF were significantly lower in smokers with a positive allergic history compared to non-allergic smokers.", "contents": "Smoking and allergic history as correlative risk factors in pulmonary function performance. Pulmonary function data were compared with smoking history and past personal and family history of asthma, hay fever and eczema in apparently healthy males age 30 to 39. Mean values for FEV1 and MMEF were significantly lower in smokers with a positive allergic history compared to non-allergic smokers.", "PMID": 596677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5675", "title": "Chronic and recurrent urticaria: new concepts of drug-group sensitivity.", "content": "From further studies on identification of etiologies in chronic and recurrent urticaria, two conclusions stand out: (1) that multiple, differing drugs and chemicals may form a single family group, with cross-hypersensitivity to other substances within the group and (2) that many patients tend to develop hypersensitivity to substances in multiple groups.", "contents": "Chronic and recurrent urticaria: new concepts of drug-group sensitivity. From further studies on identification of etiologies in chronic and recurrent urticaria, two conclusions stand out: (1) that multiple, differing drugs and chemicals may form a single family group, with cross-hypersensitivity to other substances within the group and (2) that many patients tend to develop hypersensitivity to substances in multiple groups.", "PMID": 596678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5676", "title": "Wasp sting anaphylaxis with cerebral infarction.", "content": "A cerebral infarction occurred in a 37-year-old man following wasp stings. Computerized axial tomography documented the neurologic lesion.", "contents": "Wasp sting anaphylaxis with cerebral infarction. A cerebral infarction occurred in a 37-year-old man following wasp stings. Computerized axial tomography documented the neurologic lesion.", "PMID": 596679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5677", "title": "[The dermal amyelinic system and its endings in psoriasis].", "content": "After having reviewed the classical notions of normal skin innervation, the authors study the dermal amyelinic system in 12 patients suffering from psoriasis, using the cholinesterase method and the method of Bielchowski-Gross Jabonero. They successively describe the superficial network with the crooked isolated neurite rising to the tip of the papillae, the perivascular system which spreads out with the vessels themselves, and the hyperplastic perisudoriparous network with its peripilary endings. These findings clearly differ from those of Weddel. The amyelinic system appears to be little changed in psoriasis. The circumscribed nature of the morphological changes, however, should not deny it a role in the physiopathology of this dermatosis. A few recent hypotheses in this regard are discussed.", "contents": "[The dermal amyelinic system and its endings in psoriasis]. After having reviewed the classical notions of normal skin innervation, the authors study the dermal amyelinic system in 12 patients suffering from psoriasis, using the cholinesterase method and the method of Bielchowski-Gross Jabonero. They successively describe the superficial network with the crooked isolated neurite rising to the tip of the papillae, the perivascular system which spreads out with the vessels themselves, and the hyperplastic perisudoriparous network with its peripilary endings. These findings clearly differ from those of Weddel. The amyelinic system appears to be little changed in psoriasis. The circumscribed nature of the morphological changes, however, should not deny it a role in the physiopathology of this dermatosis. A few recent hypotheses in this regard are discussed.", "PMID": 596683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5678", "title": "[Role of antigens and adjuvant substances in the histological response in experimental granulomas (immunogenic granuloma)].", "content": "The injection in rabbits of vaccinal antigens combined with immunity adjuvants (in particular calcium phosphate) causes a local lesion in which it is possible to recognize histologically, after a transitory afflux of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a central area of adjuvant deposit, a middle area of histiocytes and monocytes, and a peripheral immunogenic area of lymphocytes and plasmocytes. These two cellular zones are rich in highly fluorescent cells in the presence of an antiglobulin serum with an embedding technique which respects to the upmost the structures and immunoreactivity of the cells. These histological features are not completely observed on the separate injection of antigen or adjuvant. They must be interpreted, after a fleeting non-specific reaction, while taking into account the still poorly understood method of action of the inorganic adjuvant and spread of the antigen in the organism.", "contents": "[Role of antigens and adjuvant substances in the histological response in experimental granulomas (immunogenic granuloma)]. The injection in rabbits of vaccinal antigens combined with immunity adjuvants (in particular calcium phosphate) causes a local lesion in which it is possible to recognize histologically, after a transitory afflux of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a central area of adjuvant deposit, a middle area of histiocytes and monocytes, and a peripheral immunogenic area of lymphocytes and plasmocytes. These two cellular zones are rich in highly fluorescent cells in the presence of an antiglobulin serum with an embedding technique which respects to the upmost the structures and immunoreactivity of the cells. These histological features are not completely observed on the separate injection of antigen or adjuvant. They must be interpreted, after a fleeting non-specific reaction, while taking into account the still poorly understood method of action of the inorganic adjuvant and spread of the antigen in the organism.", "PMID": 596685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5679", "title": "[2 cases of encephalitis in immunodepressed patients].", "content": "The authors report two new cases of encephalitis occurring in association with immunity deficiency. The first concerns a child suffering from Bruton type congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. Histological examination of the brain under light microscopy shows important lesions of panencephalitis with parenchymal atrophy : the latter was more marked in the cerebellar lamellae. Ultra-structural examination showed numerous nuclear bodies in the nuclei of the macroglial cells and tubular inclusions situated in the cytoplasm of the capillary endothelial cells. The second case is that of a man of 44 years of age who had undergone a kidney transplant for malignant arterial hypertension, who after 3 months immunodepressive treatment suffered from temporo-spatial confusion together with a pyramidal tract syndrome. He died after 3 weeks evolution of the disease. Microscopical examination of the encephalon showed the presence of microglial nodules with aspects of neurophagia, suggestive of a polioencephalitis. These lesions were situated in the temporal cortex and the brain stem. The lymphocytic reaction was very slight in the second case.", "contents": "[2 cases of encephalitis in immunodepressed patients]. The authors report two new cases of encephalitis occurring in association with immunity deficiency. The first concerns a child suffering from Bruton type congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. Histological examination of the brain under light microscopy shows important lesions of panencephalitis with parenchymal atrophy : the latter was more marked in the cerebellar lamellae. Ultra-structural examination showed numerous nuclear bodies in the nuclei of the macroglial cells and tubular inclusions situated in the cytoplasm of the capillary endothelial cells. The second case is that of a man of 44 years of age who had undergone a kidney transplant for malignant arterial hypertension, who after 3 months immunodepressive treatment suffered from temporo-spatial confusion together with a pyramidal tract syndrome. He died after 3 weeks evolution of the disease. Microscopical examination of the encephalon showed the presence of microglial nodules with aspects of neurophagia, suggestive of a polioencephalitis. These lesions were situated in the temporal cortex and the brain stem. The lymphocytic reaction was very slight in the second case.", "PMID": 596687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5680", "title": "[Electronic microscopic study of a sacral chordoma. Characterization of various development stages of the tumor cells].", "content": "The electron microscopic study of a sacral chordoma, the cells of which contain variable amounts of glycogen, allowed to characterize different stages in the evolution of the tumoral cells. The young cells contain almost no glycogen ; progressively it becomes more abundant and fills up almost the whole cytoplasm. At the end of the evolution glycogen disappears while the cell becomes vacuolated. This suggests that enzymatic lysis of this polysaccharide could be the cause of the vacuolation which finally produces the physaliferous cell. Comparison between the cells of the chordoma and those of the normal notochord shows some morphological similarities in the development of these cells. These different data may be useful for a classification of the various types of chordomas.", "contents": "[Electronic microscopic study of a sacral chordoma. Characterization of various development stages of the tumor cells]. The electron microscopic study of a sacral chordoma, the cells of which contain variable amounts of glycogen, allowed to characterize different stages in the evolution of the tumoral cells. The young cells contain almost no glycogen ; progressively it becomes more abundant and fills up almost the whole cytoplasm. At the end of the evolution glycogen disappears while the cell becomes vacuolated. This suggests that enzymatic lysis of this polysaccharide could be the cause of the vacuolation which finally produces the physaliferous cell. Comparison between the cells of the chordoma and those of the normal notochord shows some morphological similarities in the development of these cells. These different data may be useful for a classification of the various types of chordomas.", "PMID": 596688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5681", "title": "Clinical, morphologic, and clinicopathologic findings in Beagles treated for two years with melengestrol acetate.", "content": "Melengestrol acetate (MGA) was administered orally to groups of 10 female and 3 male Beagles at doses of 0, 1, 2, or 8 microgram/kg of body weight/day for 2 years. Treatment was continuous at the same dose rate in the first 3 groups, but in the 4th group, the dose for bitches was reduced to 4 microgram of MGA/kg/day during the 2nd year. Matings were made within MGA-dosage groups and among 10 additional bitches treated at 1 microgram of MGA/kg/day and the dogs treated at 8 microgram/kg/day. Doses of 8 and 4 microgram of MGS/kg caused progestational effects on the uterus resulting in expected histopathologic changes, dystocia, and pyometritis. Leukocytosis, normocytic, hypochromic anemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase values were the results of systemic and uterine effects consistent with the indirect and expected pharmacologic action of progestational agents in the bitch. Doses of 1 and 2 microgram of MGA/kg in dogs and bitches and 8 microgram/kg in dogs produced no significant differences in clinical observations, hematologic findings, blood chemical analysis, urinalysis, organ weights, or gross and microscopic observations at necropsy.", "contents": "Clinical, morphologic, and clinicopathologic findings in Beagles treated for two years with melengestrol acetate. Melengestrol acetate (MGA) was administered orally to groups of 10 female and 3 male Beagles at doses of 0, 1, 2, or 8 microgram/kg of body weight/day for 2 years. Treatment was continuous at the same dose rate in the first 3 groups, but in the 4th group, the dose for bitches was reduced to 4 microgram of MGA/kg/day during the 2nd year. Matings were made within MGA-dosage groups and among 10 additional bitches treated at 1 microgram of MGA/kg/day and the dogs treated at 8 microgram/kg/day. Doses of 8 and 4 microgram of MGS/kg caused progestational effects on the uterus resulting in expected histopathologic changes, dystocia, and pyometritis. Leukocytosis, normocytic, hypochromic anemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase values were the results of systemic and uterine effects consistent with the indirect and expected pharmacologic action of progestational agents in the bitch. Doses of 1 and 2 microgram of MGA/kg in dogs and bitches and 8 microgram/kg in dogs produced no significant differences in clinical observations, hematologic findings, blood chemical analysis, urinalysis, organ weights, or gross and microscopic observations at necropsy.", "PMID": 596689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5682", "title": "Determination of estrogen receptors in canine mammary tumors.", "content": "Dextran-coated charcoal assay with Scatchard plotting was used for the quantitative determination of high-affinity estradiol receptors (ER) in 10 canine mammary tumor cytosols. Mammary tumors diagnosed histopathologically as adenocarcinomas appeared to have a higher incidence of ER than those diagnosed as mixed mammary tumors. These receptors have a high affinity for estradiol with dissociation constants as determined by Scatchard analysis ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 X 10(-11) M. These dissociation constants are similar to those previously reported for the receptor-estradio interaction from target tissues in other species. The specific binding of the receptor for the hormone was diminished in the presence of an antiestrogenic compound. Our data suggest that canine mammary tumors with significant ER levels would respond favorably to antiestrogen therapy. With the demonstration of ER sites in canine mammary adenocarcinomas as presented herein, the potential for chemotherapeutic management appears to be encouraging.", "contents": "Determination of estrogen receptors in canine mammary tumors. Dextran-coated charcoal assay with Scatchard plotting was used for the quantitative determination of high-affinity estradiol receptors (ER) in 10 canine mammary tumor cytosols. Mammary tumors diagnosed histopathologically as adenocarcinomas appeared to have a higher incidence of ER than those diagnosed as mixed mammary tumors. These receptors have a high affinity for estradiol with dissociation constants as determined by Scatchard analysis ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 X 10(-11) M. These dissociation constants are similar to those previously reported for the receptor-estradio interaction from target tissues in other species. The specific binding of the receptor for the hormone was diminished in the presence of an antiestrogenic compound. Our data suggest that canine mammary tumors with significant ER levels would respond favorably to antiestrogen therapy. With the demonstration of ER sites in canine mammary adenocarcinomas as presented herein, the potential for chemotherapeutic management appears to be encouraging.", "PMID": 596691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5683", "title": "Influence of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic function as determined by the Lundh test in dogs.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was investigated by means of the Lundh test model in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulas. The test was standardized and the effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated. The mean tryptic activity detected in 18 tests in 6 dogs was 32.25 +/- 5.25 muEqH+/minute/ml, which is considerably higher than that observed in man. The administration of glucagon was followed by a significant decrease (30.8%) in the volume of the duodenal contents and a more pronounced depression of the enzyme concentrations (trypsin 59%, chymotrypsin 53.3%). It is concluded that the Lundh test affords a valuable experimental model for the investigation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs.", "contents": "Influence of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic function as determined by the Lundh test in dogs. Exocrine pancreatic function was investigated by means of the Lundh test model in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulas. The test was standardized and the effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated. The mean tryptic activity detected in 18 tests in 6 dogs was 32.25 +/- 5.25 muEqH+/minute/ml, which is considerably higher than that observed in man. The administration of glucagon was followed by a significant decrease (30.8%) in the volume of the duodenal contents and a more pronounced depression of the enzyme concentrations (trypsin 59%, chymotrypsin 53.3%). It is concluded that the Lundh test affords a valuable experimental model for the investigation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs.", "PMID": 596692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5684", "title": "The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the dog as experimental hosts of Ehrlichia canis.", "content": "Adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks efficiently transmitted Ehrlichia canis to susceptible dogs for 155 days after detachment as engorged nymphs from a dog in the acute phase of ehrlichiosis. Adult ticks that had similarly engorged on a dog in the chronic phase of ehrlichiosis failed to transmit E canis to susceptible dogs. Infected but unfed adult ticks may be of greater importance than the chronically infected carrier dog as a natural reservoir of E canis.", "contents": "The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the dog as experimental hosts of Ehrlichia canis. Adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks efficiently transmitted Ehrlichia canis to susceptible dogs for 155 days after detachment as engorged nymphs from a dog in the acute phase of ehrlichiosis. Adult ticks that had similarly engorged on a dog in the chronic phase of ehrlichiosis failed to transmit E canis to susceptible dogs. Infected but unfed adult ticks may be of greater importance than the chronically infected carrier dog as a natural reservoir of E canis.", "PMID": 596693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5685", "title": "Variation of canine and feline frontal-plane QRS axes with lead choice and augmentation ratio.", "content": "The intraindividual variability in mean electric axis referable to choice of ECG leads and augmentation ratio was investigated by means of a digital computer program. Although, in theory, the choice of leads for determining the QRS axis should make no difference, the maximum intraindividual variation in axis angle was about 50 degrees for canine and feline subjects. The angle conputed for the lead combinations I and III and I and aVF will usually fall within 5 to 10 degrees of the mean of all lead combinations, but larger variations are seen at time. The application of an \"augmentation ratio\" for the augmented unipolar leads was most helpful when it was individually computed. Further methods of lead-vector improvement are discussed.", "contents": "Variation of canine and feline frontal-plane QRS axes with lead choice and augmentation ratio. The intraindividual variability in mean electric axis referable to choice of ECG leads and augmentation ratio was investigated by means of a digital computer program. Although, in theory, the choice of leads for determining the QRS axis should make no difference, the maximum intraindividual variation in axis angle was about 50 degrees for canine and feline subjects. The angle conputed for the lead combinations I and III and I and aVF will usually fall within 5 to 10 degrees of the mean of all lead combinations, but larger variations are seen at time. The application of an \"augmentation ratio\" for the augmented unipolar leads was most helpful when it was individually computed. Further methods of lead-vector improvement are discussed.", "PMID": 596694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5686", "title": "Feline interferon response to 2-amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166).", "content": "U-25,166 induced high serum interferon levels in cats at concentrations at least 40 times less than the maximum tolerated dose. Although certain cats responded to U-25,166 by consistently producing higher interferon levels than did other cats, this relationship was not observed if the same animals were injected with Newcastle disease virus or polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C). Using a biweekly treatment regimen, cats remained responsive to interferon induction by U-25,166 over an 18-week period in which 9 doses of the compound were given. Cats given the compound daily, however, soon became hyporesponsive to interferon induction. Interferon was induced in cats given U-25,166 orally as a suspension or in capsules, but circulating interferon levels were low in cats given the drug by subcutaneous injection.", "contents": "Feline interferon response to 2-amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (U-25,166). U-25,166 induced high serum interferon levels in cats at concentrations at least 40 times less than the maximum tolerated dose. Although certain cats responded to U-25,166 by consistently producing higher interferon levels than did other cats, this relationship was not observed if the same animals were injected with Newcastle disease virus or polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C). Using a biweekly treatment regimen, cats remained responsive to interferon induction by U-25,166 over an 18-week period in which 9 doses of the compound were given. Cats given the compound daily, however, soon became hyporesponsive to interferon induction. Interferon was induced in cats given U-25,166 orally as a suspension or in capsules, but circulating interferon levels were low in cats given the drug by subcutaneous injection.", "PMID": 596695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5687", "title": "Surgical approach for pinealectomy in the calf.", "content": "Pinealectomy was performed on 7 calves, and a sham operation was performed on 3 calves. Two pinealectomized calves died immediately. The 5 remaining pinealectomized and 3 sham-operated control calves are presently involved in experimental studies. The surgical technique for exposure of the pineal gland was a rectangular (rostrotentorial) craniectomy between the median line and the horn bud. Removal of portions of the frontal and parietal bones, measuring 6 cm by 4 cm, provided adequate exposure. Positioning the head was important in order to gain the best access to the pineal gland. Water deprivation, hypertonic solution, elevation of the head, and hyperventilation prevented brain edema during the operation. The dura mater was sutured and glucocorticoids were administered to prevent postsurgical brain edema. Bone graft or plate was not placed over the craniectomy site. The soft tissue flap was repositioned over the dura mater and sutured in place--the periosteum and muscle comprising 1 layer and the skin a 2nd layer. Postsurgical complications were observed only in the 2 calves which died and were the result of hemorrhage and leukomalacia.", "contents": "Surgical approach for pinealectomy in the calf. Pinealectomy was performed on 7 calves, and a sham operation was performed on 3 calves. Two pinealectomized calves died immediately. The 5 remaining pinealectomized and 3 sham-operated control calves are presently involved in experimental studies. The surgical technique for exposure of the pineal gland was a rectangular (rostrotentorial) craniectomy between the median line and the horn bud. Removal of portions of the frontal and parietal bones, measuring 6 cm by 4 cm, provided adequate exposure. Positioning the head was important in order to gain the best access to the pineal gland. Water deprivation, hypertonic solution, elevation of the head, and hyperventilation prevented brain edema during the operation. The dura mater was sutured and glucocorticoids were administered to prevent postsurgical brain edema. Bone graft or plate was not placed over the craniectomy site. The soft tissue flap was repositioned over the dura mater and sutured in place--the periosteum and muscle comprising 1 layer and the skin a 2nd layer. Postsurgical complications were observed only in the 2 calves which died and were the result of hemorrhage and leukomalacia.", "PMID": 596696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5688", "title": "Rate of change of halothane concentration in a large animal circle anesthetic system.", "content": "The slow rate of change of inspired halothane concentration which results in a conventional large animal circle anesthetic delivery system when low carrier gas flow rates are used was confirmed, using a model system. To obtain a 63% change in inspired halothane concentration in the 32-L large animal circle anesthetic machine at fresh gas inflow rates of 3, 6, and 12 L/minute required 10.7, 5.3, and 2.7 minutes, respectively. At a given inflow rate, increasing the rebreathing bag size from 20 to 40 L prolonged the time for equilibration between the gas flowing into the anesthetic circuit and the inspired gas. The extent to which an adult horse further slowed the rate of rise of inspired anesthetic concentration was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Rate of change of halothane concentration in a large animal circle anesthetic system. The slow rate of change of inspired halothane concentration which results in a conventional large animal circle anesthetic delivery system when low carrier gas flow rates are used was confirmed, using a model system. To obtain a 63% change in inspired halothane concentration in the 32-L large animal circle anesthetic machine at fresh gas inflow rates of 3, 6, and 12 L/minute required 10.7, 5.3, and 2.7 minutes, respectively. At a given inflow rate, increasing the rebreathing bag size from 20 to 40 L prolonged the time for equilibration between the gas flowing into the anesthetic circuit and the inspired gas. The extent to which an adult horse further slowed the rate of rise of inspired anesthetic concentration was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 596697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5689", "title": "Management program for improving sow and gilt performance by feeding dichlorvos.", "content": "Treated sows were on a special management program which consisted of feeding 1,000 mg of dichlorvos to the sow each day for the last 30 days of gestation. The dichlorvos was delivered as a slow-release formulation. The late gestation treatment signigicantly (P less than 0.01) improved the productivity of the sows by improving the performance of their litters. The litters from treated sows were superior in 4 ways: (1) increased number of pigs born alive per litter (2.3%); (2) increased pig birth weights (9.6%); (3) improved survival of pigs born alive; and (4) improved growth rate to market weight. The litters from treated sows were 11.6%, 16.5%, and 12.4% heavier than control litters at birth, weaning (35 days), and market (160 days), respectively.", "contents": "Management program for improving sow and gilt performance by feeding dichlorvos. Treated sows were on a special management program which consisted of feeding 1,000 mg of dichlorvos to the sow each day for the last 30 days of gestation. The dichlorvos was delivered as a slow-release formulation. The late gestation treatment signigicantly (P less than 0.01) improved the productivity of the sows by improving the performance of their litters. The litters from treated sows were superior in 4 ways: (1) increased number of pigs born alive per litter (2.3%); (2) increased pig birth weights (9.6%); (3) improved survival of pigs born alive; and (4) improved growth rate to market weight. The litters from treated sows were 11.6%, 16.5%, and 12.4% heavier than control litters at birth, weaning (35 days), and market (160 days), respectively.", "PMID": 596698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5690", "title": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of imidocarb dipropionate in sheep.", "content": "Spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of imidocarb in biological specimens are described. Following intravenous injection of imidocarb (2.0 mg/kg) into 3 sheep, plasma concentrations, initially averaging 10.8 microgram/ml, decreased to an average of 1.9 microgram/ml within 1 hour and then to less than 1 microgram/ml within the next 4 hours. When imidocarb (4.5 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly (IM) into 7 sheep, peak plasma concentrations averaging 7.9 microgram/ml were achieved within 4 hours and then rapidly decreased to 4.6 microgram/ml within the next 2 hours. Plasma values then decayed very slowly by first-order kinetics and trace amounts were still present 4 weeks after treatment. Imidocarb was bound to plasma proteins and the apparent volume of distribution was estimated to be slightly higher than the total body water. The concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the erythrocytes were approximately equal. Detectable amounts were present in all examined tissues 4 weeks after IM administration Twenty-four hours after IM administration, the highest concentrations were in kidney, liver, and brain. The 14C-labeled imidocarb could be detected in all regions of the central nervous system examined, in the hypophysis, and in the pineal body. Metabolic or biotransformation products were not detected by the methods used. Of the administered IM dose, 11 to 17% was excreted in the urine within 24 hours; thereafter, the excretion rate was low, and detectable amounts were still present in the urine for 4 weeks. Renal clearance of imidocarb was less than glomerular filtration rate, indicating net tubular reabsorption. The relatively high concentration of imidocarb in the bile suggests that the bile is an important route of excretion. High concentrations were also found in the mild of lactating ewes, but the drug could not be detected in the plasma of lambs fed milk from these ewes.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of imidocarb dipropionate in sheep. Spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of imidocarb in biological specimens are described. Following intravenous injection of imidocarb (2.0 mg/kg) into 3 sheep, plasma concentrations, initially averaging 10.8 microgram/ml, decreased to an average of 1.9 microgram/ml within 1 hour and then to less than 1 microgram/ml within the next 4 hours. When imidocarb (4.5 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly (IM) into 7 sheep, peak plasma concentrations averaging 7.9 microgram/ml were achieved within 4 hours and then rapidly decreased to 4.6 microgram/ml within the next 2 hours. Plasma values then decayed very slowly by first-order kinetics and trace amounts were still present 4 weeks after treatment. Imidocarb was bound to plasma proteins and the apparent volume of distribution was estimated to be slightly higher than the total body water. The concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the erythrocytes were approximately equal. Detectable amounts were present in all examined tissues 4 weeks after IM administration Twenty-four hours after IM administration, the highest concentrations were in kidney, liver, and brain. The 14C-labeled imidocarb could be detected in all regions of the central nervous system examined, in the hypophysis, and in the pineal body. Metabolic or biotransformation products were not detected by the methods used. Of the administered IM dose, 11 to 17% was excreted in the urine within 24 hours; thereafter, the excretion rate was low, and detectable amounts were still present in the urine for 4 weeks. Renal clearance of imidocarb was less than glomerular filtration rate, indicating net tubular reabsorption. The relatively high concentration of imidocarb in the bile suggests that the bile is an important route of excretion. High concentrations were also found in the mild of lactating ewes, but the drug could not be detected in the plasma of lambs fed milk from these ewes.", "PMID": 596699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5691", "title": "Application of the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test in cattle from a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected herd.", "content": "Using johnin as the specific antigen, the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test was applied to 10 cows from a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected herd. Nine of the cows did not have signs of paratuberculosis; 1 cow was clinically affected. The cows were slaughtered and, on the basis of histopathologic and cultural examinations of the intestines, were classified as infected or noninfected. Six of the healthy cows from which the bacterium was not isolated and the clinically affected cow reacted with migration indices lower than those of 3 healthy animals that were found to harbor the bacterium. It is suggested that the long incubation period of paratuberculosis could to some extent be due to immunologic tolerance.", "contents": "Application of the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test in cattle from a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected herd. Using johnin as the specific antigen, the direct leukocyte-migration agarose test was applied to 10 cows from a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected herd. Nine of the cows did not have signs of paratuberculosis; 1 cow was clinically affected. The cows were slaughtered and, on the basis of histopathologic and cultural examinations of the intestines, were classified as infected or noninfected. Six of the healthy cows from which the bacterium was not isolated and the clinically affected cow reacted with migration indices lower than those of 3 healthy animals that were found to harbor the bacterium. It is suggested that the long incubation period of paratuberculosis could to some extent be due to immunologic tolerance.", "PMID": 596700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5692", "title": "Regional blood flow to the stomach and small intestine in ponies.", "content": "Studies on regional blood flow to the stomach and small intestine were performed in 9 anesthetized ponies. Carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron in diameter) labeled with 85Sr were injected into the left atrium to determine blood flow distribution. In 4 ponies, the regional flows to mucosal-submucosal layers of the stomach and the small intestine were also measured. The nonglandular region of the stomach received the least blood per 100 g of tissue, and the duodenum received the greatest. The regional blood flow to the duodenum was significantly higher than that to the glandular stomach region, jejunum, and ileum.", "contents": "Regional blood flow to the stomach and small intestine in ponies. Studies on regional blood flow to the stomach and small intestine were performed in 9 anesthetized ponies. Carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron in diameter) labeled with 85Sr were injected into the left atrium to determine blood flow distribution. In 4 ponies, the regional flows to mucosal-submucosal layers of the stomach and the small intestine were also measured. The nonglandular region of the stomach received the least blood per 100 g of tissue, and the duodenum received the greatest. The regional blood flow to the duodenum was significantly higher than that to the glandular stomach region, jejunum, and ileum.", "PMID": 596701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5693", "title": "Modified metabolic-inhibition test for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in swine serum.", "content": "A modification of the metabolic inhibition (MI) test was used for detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in convalescent swine serum. Supplementation of the MI system with 1% unheated normal rabbit serum, as well as 6% unheated normal guinea pig serum was required for detection of MI antibodies in early phase, postinfection serum and markedly improved detection of MI antibodies in late phase, postinfection serum. Factor(s) supplies by rabbit serum was not supplied by unheated normal swine serum.", "contents": "Modified metabolic-inhibition test for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in swine serum. A modification of the metabolic inhibition (MI) test was used for detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in convalescent swine serum. Supplementation of the MI system with 1% unheated normal rabbit serum, as well as 6% unheated normal guinea pig serum was required for detection of MI antibodies in early phase, postinfection serum and markedly improved detection of MI antibodies in late phase, postinfection serum. Factor(s) supplies by rabbit serum was not supplied by unheated normal swine serum.", "PMID": 596706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5694", "title": "Ultrastructure of hyaline microthrombi in myocardial capillaries of pigs with spontaneous \"mulverry heart disease\".", "content": "Three 5-week-old pigs from an Indiana farm died of the cardiac form (\"mulberry heart disease\") of selenium-vitamin E deficiency. Grossly, the hearts had prominent hydropericardium and extensive serosal and myocardial hemorrhage. Histopathologic study demonstrated marked myocardial edema, congestion, and hemorrhage, with numerous capillary hyaline microthrombi that stained red with the periodic-acid Schiff rocedure. Ultrastructural study revealed that these thrombi were composed of elongated, dense masses of intertwined fibrin strands with occasional entrapped erythrocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of hyaline microthrombi in myocardial capillaries of pigs with spontaneous \"mulverry heart disease\". Three 5-week-old pigs from an Indiana farm died of the cardiac form (\"mulberry heart disease\") of selenium-vitamin E deficiency. Grossly, the hearts had prominent hydropericardium and extensive serosal and myocardial hemorrhage. Histopathologic study demonstrated marked myocardial edema, congestion, and hemorrhage, with numerous capillary hyaline microthrombi that stained red with the periodic-acid Schiff rocedure. Ultrastructural study revealed that these thrombi were composed of elongated, dense masses of intertwined fibrin strands with occasional entrapped erythrocytes.", "PMID": 596707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5695", "title": "Hematologic values in normal pygmy goats.", "content": "Pygmy goat blood was analyzed to determine hematologic base-line values. Male, female, and castrated male goats were used in this investigation. Influence of age on these variables was also studied. Most of the hematologic values of pygmy goats were similar to the reference values reported for several other ruminant species and for man. Values significantly different from reference values in man were as follows: Erythrocyte counts were slightly higher than for human beings. The relative lymphocyte count was comparable to that in infants, but significantly greater than values in adult human beings. Also, although not of statistical significance, hemoglobin levels in goats were slightly lower than in both infants and adult human beings, and the leukocyte count was just slightly higher than the usual values for infants and adult human beings. Thus, of 9 hematologic variables, only 1 was significantly different from those in man, and 2 were slightly different. The fact that pygmy goats have hematologic responses similar to those of man, and the similarity of hematologic values to reference values in man, further enhances the pygmy goat for use as an experimental animal.", "contents": "Hematologic values in normal pygmy goats. Pygmy goat blood was analyzed to determine hematologic base-line values. Male, female, and castrated male goats were used in this investigation. Influence of age on these variables was also studied. Most of the hematologic values of pygmy goats were similar to the reference values reported for several other ruminant species and for man. Values significantly different from reference values in man were as follows: Erythrocyte counts were slightly higher than for human beings. The relative lymphocyte count was comparable to that in infants, but significantly greater than values in adult human beings. Also, although not of statistical significance, hemoglobin levels in goats were slightly lower than in both infants and adult human beings, and the leukocyte count was just slightly higher than the usual values for infants and adult human beings. Thus, of 9 hematologic variables, only 1 was significantly different from those in man, and 2 were slightly different. The fact that pygmy goats have hematologic responses similar to those of man, and the similarity of hematologic values to reference values in man, further enhances the pygmy goat for use as an experimental animal.", "PMID": 596709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5696", "title": "Serum biochemistry values in normal pygmy goats.", "content": "Blood serum of pygmy goats (both sexes, and castrated males) was analyzed to establish biochemical reference values. Influence of age on reference values was also studied. Serum biochemical analyses were made for urea nitrogen, creatinin, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, and total lipids. These serum values for pygmy goats were similar to those reported for man, except as follows: Aspartate aminotransferase activities were slightly higher than those reported for man. Glucose concentrations in pygmy goats were slightly lower than in human beings, and uric acid levels were significantly lower than the values for man. Female and castrated male goats had lower total lipid concentrations than did human beings, whereas intact males had higher concentrations. Thus, of the 9 measured variables for pygmy goats, 5 were comparable to human values. This, together with other attributes, including the small size which conduces to economics of maintenance and enhances the desirability of using pygmy goats in research.", "contents": "Serum biochemistry values in normal pygmy goats. Blood serum of pygmy goats (both sexes, and castrated males) was analyzed to establish biochemical reference values. Influence of age on reference values was also studied. Serum biochemical analyses were made for urea nitrogen, creatinin, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, and total lipids. These serum values for pygmy goats were similar to those reported for man, except as follows: Aspartate aminotransferase activities were slightly higher than those reported for man. Glucose concentrations in pygmy goats were slightly lower than in human beings, and uric acid levels were significantly lower than the values for man. Female and castrated male goats had lower total lipid concentrations than did human beings, whereas intact males had higher concentrations. Thus, of the 9 measured variables for pygmy goats, 5 were comparable to human values. This, together with other attributes, including the small size which conduces to economics of maintenance and enhances the desirability of using pygmy goats in research.", "PMID": 596708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5697", "title": "Determinants of blood amino acid concentration after hemorrhage.", "content": "Many mechanisms, including alterations in muscle metabolism, cellular damage, decreased blood volume, and hepatic disfunction, are influential in producing the observed progressive rise in the concentration of amino acids in arterial and venous blood during persisting hypovolemic shock. The rapid rise of venous and arterial concentrations of amino acids and the increase in venoarterial concentration difference suggest that hypovolemia causes a net release from muscle of a potential substrate for energy metabolism. The blood flow through peripheral tissues, however, is reduced to such an extent during hypovolemic shock that the net rate of release of amino acids is not greater than preshock release and may be less. Therefore, the homeostatic advantages served by the alteration in protein metabolism during the more chronic stresses of starvation or after injury may not obtain during acute hypovolemia.", "contents": "Determinants of blood amino acid concentration after hemorrhage. Many mechanisms, including alterations in muscle metabolism, cellular damage, decreased blood volume, and hepatic disfunction, are influential in producing the observed progressive rise in the concentration of amino acids in arterial and venous blood during persisting hypovolemic shock. The rapid rise of venous and arterial concentrations of amino acids and the increase in venoarterial concentration difference suggest that hypovolemia causes a net release from muscle of a potential substrate for energy metabolism. The blood flow through peripheral tissues, however, is reduced to such an extent during hypovolemic shock that the net rate of release of amino acids is not greater than preshock release and may be less. Therefore, the homeostatic advantages served by the alteration in protein metabolism during the more chronic stresses of starvation or after injury may not obtain during acute hypovolemia.", "PMID": 596722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5698", "title": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. 5. The effect of antidiuretic hormone on pancreatic exocrine secretion.", "content": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis was created in dogs using the closed duodenal loop technique. After 18 hours, a a constant rate of pancreatic exocrine secretion was stimulated with secretin. A direct relationship was observed between the percentage inhibition of secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine flow and the dose of antidiuretic hormone administered to dogs with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis reduced the sensitivity of the exocrine pancreas to secretin and antidiuretic hormone.", "contents": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. 5. The effect of antidiuretic hormone on pancreatic exocrine secretion. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis was created in dogs using the closed duodenal loop technique. After 18 hours, a a constant rate of pancreatic exocrine secretion was stimulated with secretin. A direct relationship was observed between the percentage inhibition of secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine flow and the dose of antidiuretic hormone administered to dogs with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis reduced the sensitivity of the exocrine pancreas to secretin and antidiuretic hormone.", "PMID": 596724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5699", "title": "[Mental disorders and professional determinants. Study of the time relationship between the beginning of professional life and the first disorder in teachers].", "content": "Analysis of the temporal relation between the beginning of mental illness and the beginning of professional life, according to a comparative anamnestic method applied to a group of teachers (N. = 94) and a matching control group of psychiatric paired out-patients (N. = 95). The results show that the distribution of illness prior to professional activity is linked with the diagnostic category and not with professional determinants, psychosis proving to be more impairing than neurosis. A high-risk age group for first incidence of psychotic disease was found.", "contents": "[Mental disorders and professional determinants. Study of the time relationship between the beginning of professional life and the first disorder in teachers]. Analysis of the temporal relation between the beginning of mental illness and the beginning of professional life, according to a comparative anamnestic method applied to a group of teachers (N. = 94) and a matching control group of psychiatric paired out-patients (N. = 95). The results show that the distribution of illness prior to professional activity is linked with the diagnostic category and not with professional determinants, psychosis proving to be more impairing than neurosis. A high-risk age group for first incidence of psychotic disease was found.", "PMID": 596725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5700", "title": "[Erotomania or the delusional conviction of being loved. Contribution to the psychopathology of the love life].", "content": "Identified and described 150 years ago, the delirious conviction of being loved, or erotomania, is probably more frequent (in his less spectacular forms) in the private practice, than in the psychiatric services. The critical examination of the literature permits to classify this peculiar clinical-psychological entity as paranoid psychoses, or as sensitive characteropathias of the the Kretschmer-type, finally as an exaggerated-rediculous form of the intra-specific struggle for the conquest of a sexual partner. The pathogenesis of erotomania is yet under discussion. The psycho-analytic conception invoking the rejection or denegation of a latent homosexuality is yet not demonstrated. Six personal cases (three women, two of them being married, and three single men) are related as a contribution to the study of the yet debated problem of erotomania.", "contents": "[Erotomania or the delusional conviction of being loved. Contribution to the psychopathology of the love life]. Identified and described 150 years ago, the delirious conviction of being loved, or erotomania, is probably more frequent (in his less spectacular forms) in the private practice, than in the psychiatric services. The critical examination of the literature permits to classify this peculiar clinical-psychological entity as paranoid psychoses, or as sensitive characteropathias of the the Kretschmer-type, finally as an exaggerated-rediculous form of the intra-specific struggle for the conquest of a sexual partner. The pathogenesis of erotomania is yet under discussion. The psycho-analytic conception invoking the rejection or denegation of a latent homosexuality is yet not demonstrated. Six personal cases (three women, two of them being married, and three single men) are related as a contribution to the study of the yet debated problem of erotomania.", "PMID": 596726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5701", "title": "[Experimental psychosomatic medicine. Blisters].", "content": "Following a survey of the literature on the production of blisters by hypnotic suggestion, the author presents his own case. He discusses the physio-pathology of this phenomenon in the light of present day physiological theories, and contests generally admitted opposition in psychosomatic theory between conversion as concerns the voluntary system and striated muscles, and somatisation, involving non-striated muscles and the autonomus system.", "contents": "[Experimental psychosomatic medicine. Blisters]. Following a survey of the literature on the production of blisters by hypnotic suggestion, the author presents his own case. He discusses the physio-pathology of this phenomenon in the light of present day physiological theories, and contests generally admitted opposition in psychosomatic theory between conversion as concerns the voluntary system and striated muscles, and somatisation, involving non-striated muscles and the autonomus system.", "PMID": 596733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5702", "title": "[Ethology of the family (natural models of family physiology)].", "content": "The Ethology of the Family allows in a first step to collect naturals models of family organisations. It results an extreme diversity where all family forms exist: maternal, paternal, biparental, solitary. However we can find in this notion of socialitary peogramme where a certain mode of social operation is inscribed in the genetic code.", "contents": "[Ethology of the family (natural models of family physiology)]. The Ethology of the Family allows in a first step to collect naturals models of family organisations. It results an extreme diversity where all family forms exist: maternal, paternal, biparental, solitary. However we can find in this notion of socialitary peogramme where a certain mode of social operation is inscribed in the genetic code.", "PMID": 596743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5703", "title": "[Post-traumatic disease-language. Geneaological analysis and time structure].", "content": "A part from head traumas all physical injuries, slight though they can be, can turn out to be the starting-points of neurotic syndrome of intolerance. The traumatic shock in the temporal meaning of the word (temporal event), more than the trauma itself, has disturbing and disynchronizing effects which are pathogenic. The post-accidental traumatic syndrome develops from the effects achieved by the temporal event. Such effects are supported afterwards by the creative psychopathological expression. The creative expression is structured into a speech-disturbance through a twofold account, 1) an account of the symptoms and words to describe and explain such symptoms, 2) an account of the narrative comments, at once subjective and expressed about the symptoms. The genealogical and temporal analysis of post-traumatic speech-disturbance shows the articulation of the various episods of the psychopathological creation.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic disease-language. Geneaological analysis and time structure]. A part from head traumas all physical injuries, slight though they can be, can turn out to be the starting-points of neurotic syndrome of intolerance. The traumatic shock in the temporal meaning of the word (temporal event), more than the trauma itself, has disturbing and disynchronizing effects which are pathogenic. The post-accidental traumatic syndrome develops from the effects achieved by the temporal event. Such effects are supported afterwards by the creative psychopathological expression. The creative expression is structured into a speech-disturbance through a twofold account, 1) an account of the symptoms and words to describe and explain such symptoms, 2) an account of the narrative comments, at once subjective and expressed about the symptoms. The genealogical and temporal analysis of post-traumatic speech-disturbance shows the articulation of the various episods of the psychopathological creation.", "PMID": 596752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5704", "title": "[The Guidance Center. Evaluation after a year of activity].", "content": "The C.H.U. of Grenoble started a child Guidance Clinic for assuming the education of handicapped children from 2 to 6 (years of age). A whole organization for medical advice, training for walk, psychotherapy, orthophony, together with a day hospital can be found there--the working of whith is provided by a pluridisciplinary team of 15 members (among whom educators, psychanalistes, psychiatristes, psychologistes, pediatristes). The parents may profit by interviews with the educators, with a conjugal adviser, or by parents groups who meet twice a month. An average of 25 children are registered, and 15 are present, among whom most are trisomic 21, or psychotics. The day price is 257 F and 100% returned by the social Security. At last, besides the therapeutic function, the clinic also plays a pedagogic part by receiving probationers coming from different places.", "contents": "[The Guidance Center. Evaluation after a year of activity]. The C.H.U. of Grenoble started a child Guidance Clinic for assuming the education of handicapped children from 2 to 6 (years of age). A whole organization for medical advice, training for walk, psychotherapy, orthophony, together with a day hospital can be found there--the working of whith is provided by a pluridisciplinary team of 15 members (among whom educators, psychanalistes, psychiatristes, psychologistes, pediatristes). The parents may profit by interviews with the educators, with a conjugal adviser, or by parents groups who meet twice a month. An average of 25 children are registered, and 15 are present, among whom most are trisomic 21, or psychotics. The day price is 257 F and 100% returned by the social Security. At last, besides the therapeutic function, the clinic also plays a pedagogic part by receiving probationers coming from different places.", "PMID": 596757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5705", "title": "[In favor of rehabilitation of the entity of \"folie hysterique\"].", "content": "The disappearance of hysterical madness, in the second decade of our century, was related to the emergence of the tentacular concept of schizophrenia. The case of Marie-Christine, a young girl whose delirium calls to mind the imaginary in witchcraft, prompts us to question upon the pertinency of abandonning the nosological entity \"hysterical madness\". We are attempting to show that, thanks to the Lacanian contribution in the theory of psychose, it is now becoming possible to distinguish between the latter and hysterical madness, this through the various and different aspects of the onset of the illness, of the fundamental mechanism, of the characteristics of the delirium, of the transference, of morbid anxiety.. That is why, to us, there seems to be a perceptible difference between the delirious hysteric who cannot manage to inhabit his sexed body, and the psychotic who has not succeeded in getting a grasp on the symbolic. Moreover, it seems that there is a close continuity from ordinary hysteria to hysterical madness, so that in the latter the delirium would not be the illness itself but only a symptom.", "contents": "[In favor of rehabilitation of the entity of \"folie hysterique\"]. The disappearance of hysterical madness, in the second decade of our century, was related to the emergence of the tentacular concept of schizophrenia. The case of Marie-Christine, a young girl whose delirium calls to mind the imaginary in witchcraft, prompts us to question upon the pertinency of abandonning the nosological entity \"hysterical madness\". We are attempting to show that, thanks to the Lacanian contribution in the theory of psychose, it is now becoming possible to distinguish between the latter and hysterical madness, this through the various and different aspects of the onset of the illness, of the fundamental mechanism, of the characteristics of the delirium, of the transference, of morbid anxiety.. That is why, to us, there seems to be a perceptible difference between the delirious hysteric who cannot manage to inhabit his sexed body, and the psychotic who has not succeeded in getting a grasp on the symbolic. Moreover, it seems that there is a close continuity from ordinary hysteria to hysterical madness, so that in the latter the delirium would not be the illness itself but only a symptom.", "PMID": 596758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5706", "title": "[Treatment of drug addicts based on creative values].", "content": "From the correlations between childhood and different modes of thinking it appears possible to extract a type of profile of drug addicts. This profile is characterised by an individualised childhood and by a very autonomous mode of thinking, obtained by experience thoughts. Such children, sensitive and creators, are not made for dominant behaviours and ideals. When these are imposed upon them, they learn to like them in spite of them and consecutively profoundly feel a need for \"other things\" which brings about the tendency to drugs. When the adolescent is properly cared for, it is sufficient to reveal to him his latent talents and to give him confidence in himself so that he can find his stability. Typology, inconvenience, prevention and therapeutic of a large number of addicts would thus be tackled depending on a psychotechnic based on this mode of thinking.", "contents": "[Treatment of drug addicts based on creative values]. From the correlations between childhood and different modes of thinking it appears possible to extract a type of profile of drug addicts. This profile is characterised by an individualised childhood and by a very autonomous mode of thinking, obtained by experience thoughts. Such children, sensitive and creators, are not made for dominant behaviours and ideals. When these are imposed upon them, they learn to like them in spite of them and consecutively profoundly feel a need for \"other things\" which brings about the tendency to drugs. When the adolescent is properly cared for, it is sufficient to reveal to him his latent talents and to give him confidence in himself so that he can find his stability. Typology, inconvenience, prevention and therapeutic of a large number of addicts would thus be tackled depending on a psychotechnic based on this mode of thinking.", "PMID": 596759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5707", "title": "Vertical partial laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma with posterior subglottic extension.", "content": "Posterior subglottic extension of glottic carcinoma has been a contraindication for partial laryngectomy because of the proximity of the cricoid cartilage. Resection of the upper portion of the posterior aspect of the cricoid is necessary for adequate tumor resection but is complicated by persistent aspiration. This paper presents a method of reconstruction following partial posterior cricoid resection.", "contents": "Vertical partial laryngectomy for glottic carcinoma with posterior subglottic extension. Posterior subglottic extension of glottic carcinoma has been a contraindication for partial laryngectomy because of the proximity of the cricoid cartilage. Resection of the upper portion of the posterior aspect of the cricoid is necessary for adequate tumor resection but is complicated by persistent aspiration. This paper presents a method of reconstruction following partial posterior cricoid resection.", "PMID": 596767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5708", "title": "Glottic squamous cell carcinoma (T(2)): a retrospective study.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with T(2) glottic squamous cell carcinoma were treated primarily with a full course of cobalt radiotherapy. This series covered the time period between 1960 and 1972 and, therefore, all patients were eligible for five-year follow-up. Only seven patients, or 9.6%, have died of or with recurrent laryngeal carcinoma. Fourteen patients suffered recurrence of disease after radiotherapy and 12 of this group underwent salvage surgery. Surgery was successful in controlling recurrent disease in 7 of 12 patients, 3 of whom are still alive and free of disease. Forty-two patients, or 57.5%, are alive and free of disease five or more years after diagnosis. Twenty-four patients died without evidence of disease; 11 lived more than five years and 13 died in less than five years. On the basis of these findings, we feel that the best treatment for T(2) glottic squamous cell carcinoma is a full course of cobalt radiotherapy followed, when necessary, by salvage surgery.", "contents": "Glottic squamous cell carcinoma (T(2)): a retrospective study. Seventy-three patients with T(2) glottic squamous cell carcinoma were treated primarily with a full course of cobalt radiotherapy. This series covered the time period between 1960 and 1972 and, therefore, all patients were eligible for five-year follow-up. Only seven patients, or 9.6%, have died of or with recurrent laryngeal carcinoma. Fourteen patients suffered recurrence of disease after radiotherapy and 12 of this group underwent salvage surgery. Surgery was successful in controlling recurrent disease in 7 of 12 patients, 3 of whom are still alive and free of disease. Forty-two patients, or 57.5%, are alive and free of disease five or more years after diagnosis. Twenty-four patients died without evidence of disease; 11 lived more than five years and 13 died in less than five years. On the basis of these findings, we feel that the best treatment for T(2) glottic squamous cell carcinoma is a full course of cobalt radiotherapy followed, when necessary, by salvage surgery.", "PMID": 596768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5709", "title": "New insights into the causes of postoperative aspiration following conservation surgery of the larynx.", "content": "This study was conducted specifically to determine and document the various possible causes of postoperative aspiration. Such information may assist in better selection of candidates as well as provide insights that facilitate improvement of operative techniques for conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx. The major significant information derived from this study is the recognition and delineation of the part played by paralysis of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves as causes for aspiration following conservation laryngeal surgery.", "contents": "New insights into the causes of postoperative aspiration following conservation surgery of the larynx. This study was conducted specifically to determine and document the various possible causes of postoperative aspiration. Such information may assist in better selection of candidates as well as provide insights that facilitate improvement of operative techniques for conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx. The major significant information derived from this study is the recognition and delineation of the part played by paralysis of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves as causes for aspiration following conservation laryngeal surgery.", "PMID": 596769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5710", "title": "Neck dissection: radical or conservative.", "content": "Four hundred and forty-five neck dissections for epidermoid carcinoma over a 10-year period are reviewed as to local recurrence of neck disease. Three hundred and forty-seven dissections were radical en bloc procedures and in 98 a modified conservative technique was utilized. Cervical lymph node classification was applied and a comparison made of the two techniques. A review of the anatomy of cervical fascias and the technique of conservative neck dissection is given. Evaluation of this series of cases indicate that the control of local disease in the neck in the N0 and N1 groups is is accomplished as well with conservative dissection as with radical neck dissection. The number of conservative neck dissections for N2 disease was too limited for accurate comparison. There were no conservative neck dissections done for N3 disease. We suggest that conservative neck dissection be utilized for subclinical and N1 disease and that the classic en bloc dissection be reserved for N2 and N3 situations.", "contents": "Neck dissection: radical or conservative. Four hundred and forty-five neck dissections for epidermoid carcinoma over a 10-year period are reviewed as to local recurrence of neck disease. Three hundred and forty-seven dissections were radical en bloc procedures and in 98 a modified conservative technique was utilized. Cervical lymph node classification was applied and a comparison made of the two techniques. A review of the anatomy of cervical fascias and the technique of conservative neck dissection is given. Evaluation of this series of cases indicate that the control of local disease in the neck in the N0 and N1 groups is is accomplished as well with conservative dissection as with radical neck dissection. The number of conservative neck dissections for N2 disease was too limited for accurate comparison. There were no conservative neck dissections done for N3 disease. We suggest that conservative neck dissection be utilized for subclinical and N1 disease and that the classic en bloc dissection be reserved for N2 and N3 situations.", "PMID": 596770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5711", "title": "Complications of laryngectomy and neck dissection following planned preoperative radiotherapy.", "content": "One hundred sixty-nine patients with carcinoma involving the larynx treated with surgery, combined preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery, or failed curative radiotherapy with surgical salvage have been evaluated with respect to complications. Major complications occurred at approximately the same rate with all three modes of therapy. Major complications had generally a later onset and healed less rapidly in the preoperative radiotherapy group. Minor complications occurred more frequently in irradiated patients than in nonirradiated patients. When evaluating postoperative complications in irradiated patients the time interval must be extended beyond the immediate span because of delayed onset.", "contents": "Complications of laryngectomy and neck dissection following planned preoperative radiotherapy. One hundred sixty-nine patients with carcinoma involving the larynx treated with surgery, combined preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery, or failed curative radiotherapy with surgical salvage have been evaluated with respect to complications. Major complications occurred at approximately the same rate with all three modes of therapy. Major complications had generally a later onset and healed less rapidly in the preoperative radiotherapy group. Minor complications occurred more frequently in irradiated patients than in nonirradiated patients. When evaluating postoperative complications in irradiated patients the time interval must be extended beyond the immediate span because of delayed onset.", "PMID": 596771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5712", "title": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid invading the upper air passages.", "content": "The clinical course of papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid is delayed but aggressive and lethal in an estimated 11-16% of the patients. Death results in the majority of patients from respiratory obstruction produced by a collar of tumor that has proliferated from residual or multicentric thyroid disease. Review of a large series of cases reveals an incidence of invasion of the aerodigestive tract of 1-6.5%. Six such cases are presented in which resection of the larynx, trachea and pharynx were performed along with total thyroidectomy with local control of the disease and prolonged survival. In five cases conservation surgery was done. Three patients had prior thyroid lobectomy with recurrence and invasion of the air passages 2-5 years later. Intraluminal thyroid carcinoma may be confused with a primary lesion of the larynx, trachea or hypopharynx.", "contents": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid invading the upper air passages. The clinical course of papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid is delayed but aggressive and lethal in an estimated 11-16% of the patients. Death results in the majority of patients from respiratory obstruction produced by a collar of tumor that has proliferated from residual or multicentric thyroid disease. Review of a large series of cases reveals an incidence of invasion of the aerodigestive tract of 1-6.5%. Six such cases are presented in which resection of the larynx, trachea and pharynx were performed along with total thyroidectomy with local control of the disease and prolonged survival. In five cases conservation surgery was done. Three patients had prior thyroid lobectomy with recurrence and invasion of the air passages 2-5 years later. Intraluminal thyroid carcinoma may be confused with a primary lesion of the larynx, trachea or hypopharynx.", "PMID": 596772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5713", "title": "Esthesioneuroblastoma: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Esthesioneuroblastoma is a nasal tumor which arises from cells of neural crest origin. It is a difficult tumor to diagnose clinically and histopathologically. First described in 1924, approximately 160 cases have been reported with over 125 of these in the last 15 years. This reflects an increased awareness of the tumor by physicians rather than an icreased incidence. In the past 17 years, 12 cases of esthesioneuroblastoma have been treated at the Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Virginia Medical Center. Reviewing these cases and the literature leads us to make the following recommendations for diagnosis and treatment: The diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma can be made by 1) the clinician who suspects it in any patient with a nasal mass causing unilateral obstruction; 2) the finding of plexiform intercellular fibrils by light microscopy (rosettes and pseudorosettes are not as common as reported); 3) the finding of secretory granules and neurites by electron microscopy of the highly undifferentiated tumors; and 4) formaldehyde-fume-induced fluorescence. Combined therapy with preoperative irradiation followed by craniofacial resection of the tumor to include the cribriform plate is recommended. This treatment should result in a five-year survival in excess of 50% of patients.", "contents": "Esthesioneuroblastoma: diagnosis and treatment. Esthesioneuroblastoma is a nasal tumor which arises from cells of neural crest origin. It is a difficult tumor to diagnose clinically and histopathologically. First described in 1924, approximately 160 cases have been reported with over 125 of these in the last 15 years. This reflects an increased awareness of the tumor by physicians rather than an icreased incidence. In the past 17 years, 12 cases of esthesioneuroblastoma have been treated at the Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Virginia Medical Center. Reviewing these cases and the literature leads us to make the following recommendations for diagnosis and treatment: The diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma can be made by 1) the clinician who suspects it in any patient with a nasal mass causing unilateral obstruction; 2) the finding of plexiform intercellular fibrils by light microscopy (rosettes and pseudorosettes are not as common as reported); 3) the finding of secretory granules and neurites by electron microscopy of the highly undifferentiated tumors; and 4) formaldehyde-fume-induced fluorescence. Combined therapy with preoperative irradiation followed by craniofacial resection of the tumor to include the cribriform plate is recommended. This treatment should result in a five-year survival in excess of 50% of patients.", "PMID": 596773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5714", "title": "Anatomy and development of the cricoid: serial-section whole organ study of perinatal larynges.", "content": "Whole organ serial-section study contributes to our understanding of neonatal intubation injury by demonstrating the previously undescribed \"V\" configuration of the posterior cricoid lamina; this may be readily correlated with subarytenoid paramedian intubation injury. This technique also permits detailed study of an anomalous larynx and permits the precise identification of a \"tracheal\" anomaly as a cricoid malformation. The need for a fetal staging system is reemphasized.", "contents": "Anatomy and development of the cricoid: serial-section whole organ study of perinatal larynges. Whole organ serial-section study contributes to our understanding of neonatal intubation injury by demonstrating the previously undescribed \"V\" configuration of the posterior cricoid lamina; this may be readily correlated with subarytenoid paramedian intubation injury. This technique also permits detailed study of an anomalous larynx and permits the precise identification of a \"tracheal\" anomaly as a cricoid malformation. The need for a fetal staging system is reemphasized.", "PMID": 596774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5715", "title": "Localization of adductor and abductor motor nerve fibers to the larynx.", "content": "Knowledge of the location of motor nerve fibers to the adductor and abductor muscles of the larynx may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of innervation disorders in this organ. Anterograde degeneration and retrograde tracer anatomical techniques have demonstrated the central and peripheral positions of these two groups of motor nerve fibers in the cat. Traditional nerve fibers degeneration methods applied following intracranial transection of the vagus nerve rootlets indicated that: 1) Most of the fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are motor; 2) Almost all of these motor fibers leave the brain stem in the most rostral rootlet(s) of the vagus nerve; and 3) Motor fibers to the larynx form a discrete bundle within the trunk of the vagus nerve before forming the RLN. A tracer (horseradish peroxidase) of retrograde axoplasmic flow in motor neurons has been employed to demonstrate: 1) Dorsoventral division of the adductor and abductor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus; and 2) Diffuse arrangement of both adductor and abductor nerve fibers in the vagus nerve but collection of these fibers into abductor and adductor halves of the RLN prior to entering the larynx. These findings dispel theories of differential cord paralysis (Semon's law) based on a vulnerable position of abductor fibers at the periphery of the RLN. Furthermore, the diffuse arrangement of these fiber groups explains the usually mixed functional results obtained following reimplantation of the RLN into a laryngeal muscle.", "contents": "Localization of adductor and abductor motor nerve fibers to the larynx. Knowledge of the location of motor nerve fibers to the adductor and abductor muscles of the larynx may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of innervation disorders in this organ. Anterograde degeneration and retrograde tracer anatomical techniques have demonstrated the central and peripheral positions of these two groups of motor nerve fibers in the cat. Traditional nerve fibers degeneration methods applied following intracranial transection of the vagus nerve rootlets indicated that: 1) Most of the fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are motor; 2) Almost all of these motor fibers leave the brain stem in the most rostral rootlet(s) of the vagus nerve; and 3) Motor fibers to the larynx form a discrete bundle within the trunk of the vagus nerve before forming the RLN. A tracer (horseradish peroxidase) of retrograde axoplasmic flow in motor neurons has been employed to demonstrate: 1) Dorsoventral division of the adductor and abductor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus; and 2) Diffuse arrangement of both adductor and abductor nerve fibers in the vagus nerve but collection of these fibers into abductor and adductor halves of the RLN prior to entering the larynx. These findings dispel theories of differential cord paralysis (Semon's law) based on a vulnerable position of abductor fibers at the periphery of the RLN. Furthermore, the diffuse arrangement of these fiber groups explains the usually mixed functional results obtained following reimplantation of the RLN into a laryngeal muscle.", "PMID": 596775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5716", "title": "Preservation of the laryngeal nerves during total thyroid lobectomy.", "content": "A technique of exposure and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the very onset of thyroidectomy and preservation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve at the close of the procedure is described, which is believed to afford maximum protection to these nerves during total thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy as well as total thyroidectomy. At the same time, preservation of the parathyroid glands is achieved. In 120 exposures and preservations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve there have been no instances of a single permanent paralysis of this nerve. In 111 total thyroid lobectomies in which the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was placed in jeopardy, only one patient had a slight bowing of the vocal cord with excellent voice function during a limited follow-up period.", "contents": "Preservation of the laryngeal nerves during total thyroid lobectomy. A technique of exposure and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the very onset of thyroidectomy and preservation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve at the close of the procedure is described, which is believed to afford maximum protection to these nerves during total thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy as well as total thyroidectomy. At the same time, preservation of the parathyroid glands is achieved. In 120 exposures and preservations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve there have been no instances of a single permanent paralysis of this nerve. In 111 total thyroid lobectomies in which the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was placed in jeopardy, only one patient had a slight bowing of the vocal cord with excellent voice function during a limited follow-up period.", "PMID": 596776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5717", "title": "Reinnervation of the unilaterally paralyzed larynx.", "content": "Because of early success with reinnervation of the abductor musculature of bilaterally paralyzed larynges, experimental work and ultimately surgery in human patients has been undertaken to endeavor to apply the same basic concept to reinnervation of the unilaterally paralyzed larynx. A nerve-muscle pedicle is obtained from the omohyoid muscle in a manner identical to that previously reported. The lower 50% of the thyroid ala is carefully removed outside the perichondrial envelope and the lateral fibers of the thyroarytenoideus muscle (major laryngeal adductor) is exposed. The previously repaired nerve-muscle pedicle is inserted into this muscle to complete the procedure. The procedure has been undertaken in nine cases to date where the degree of posterior glottic chink, usually because of a concomitant superior nerve paralysis, was felt to be too great to be adequately managed by Teflon injection. Some degree of spontaneous return of adduction was accomplished in all nine cases.", "contents": "Reinnervation of the unilaterally paralyzed larynx. Because of early success with reinnervation of the abductor musculature of bilaterally paralyzed larynges, experimental work and ultimately surgery in human patients has been undertaken to endeavor to apply the same basic concept to reinnervation of the unilaterally paralyzed larynx. A nerve-muscle pedicle is obtained from the omohyoid muscle in a manner identical to that previously reported. The lower 50% of the thyroid ala is carefully removed outside the perichondrial envelope and the lateral fibers of the thyroarytenoideus muscle (major laryngeal adductor) is exposed. The previously repaired nerve-muscle pedicle is inserted into this muscle to complete the procedure. The procedure has been undertaken in nine cases to date where the degree of posterior glottic chink, usually because of a concomitant superior nerve paralysis, was felt to be too great to be adequately managed by Teflon injection. Some degree of spontaneous return of adduction was accomplished in all nine cases.", "PMID": 596777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5718", "title": "Management of the dying patient with head and neck cancer.", "content": "The management of a patient with head and neck cancer and the psychological effect on the patient and his or her family is a subject frequently avoided in scientific assemblies. Yet, it is a fact that many physicians silently look for better understanding in themselves to be better able to understand the possible responses in patients and their respective families so that confrontations between all parties may be more comfortable for all concerned. I have tried to verbalize in this presentation such processes that affect the patient, his family and the physician himself so that we, as physicians, may better manage those unpleasant situations associated with the care of a patient with incurable head and neck cancer.", "contents": "Management of the dying patient with head and neck cancer. The management of a patient with head and neck cancer and the psychological effect on the patient and his or her family is a subject frequently avoided in scientific assemblies. Yet, it is a fact that many physicians silently look for better understanding in themselves to be better able to understand the possible responses in patients and their respective families so that confrontations between all parties may be more comfortable for all concerned. I have tried to verbalize in this presentation such processes that affect the patient, his family and the physician himself so that we, as physicians, may better manage those unpleasant situations associated with the care of a patient with incurable head and neck cancer.", "PMID": 596779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5719", "title": "Histopathological observations on the cochlear changes in otosclerosis.", "content": "Alterations in the dimensions of the basilar membrane and spiral ligament have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. The histopathological findings in nineteen temporal bones with otosclerotic involvement of the cochlear endosteum are reviewed. Hyalinization and decrease in the width of the spiral ligament are the only consistent findings related to the otosclerotic focus in these temporal bones. The width of the basilar membrane is normal. The hair cell population and the stria vascularis are normal for the age group.", "contents": "Histopathological observations on the cochlear changes in otosclerosis. Alterations in the dimensions of the basilar membrane and spiral ligament have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. The histopathological findings in nineteen temporal bones with otosclerotic involvement of the cochlear endosteum are reviewed. Hyalinization and decrease in the width of the spiral ligament are the only consistent findings related to the otosclerotic focus in these temporal bones. The width of the basilar membrane is normal. The hair cell population and the stria vascularis are normal for the age group.", "PMID": 596781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5720", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve histopathology in spastic dysphonia: a preliminary study.", "content": "Spastic dysphonia is a severe voice disorder ordinarily described as psychogenic. Organic-neurologic changes secondary to central or peripheral nervous system involvement have also been postulated and led recently to the surgical treatment of spastic dysphonia by unilateral section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). This study reports the histologic findings from these resections of the RLN from patients with an average 9.5 years duration of spastic dysphonia. Thirty percent of the RLNs examined demonstrated significant abnormalities as compared to age-matched controls. Although no reactive changes were noted by light microscopy, groups of fibers which did not stain for myelin or axons were found in RLNs from patients with spastic dysphonia. A preliminary ultrastructural study of these areas in one RLN revealed sheets of unmyelinated axons. These findings suggest an organic basis for spastic dysphonia at least in some patients.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve histopathology in spastic dysphonia: a preliminary study. Spastic dysphonia is a severe voice disorder ordinarily described as psychogenic. Organic-neurologic changes secondary to central or peripheral nervous system involvement have also been postulated and led recently to the surgical treatment of spastic dysphonia by unilateral section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). This study reports the histologic findings from these resections of the RLN from patients with an average 9.5 years duration of spastic dysphonia. Thirty percent of the RLNs examined demonstrated significant abnormalities as compared to age-matched controls. Although no reactive changes were noted by light microscopy, groups of fibers which did not stain for myelin or axons were found in RLNs from patients with spastic dysphonia. A preliminary ultrastructural study of these areas in one RLN revealed sheets of unmyelinated axons. These findings suggest an organic basis for spastic dysphonia at least in some patients.", "PMID": 596780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5721", "title": "Temporary threshold shift following 24-hour noise exposure.", "content": "Nine men were exposed to 24 hours of continuous noise in a sound field. The noise was an octave band centered at 4 kHz at levels 80 and 85 dB. Hearing thresholds were measured monaurally at 11 test frequencies ranging from 250 to 10000 Hz before, during, and after exposure. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) reached maximum levels at 8 to 12 hours of exposure. Maximum TTS occurred at 4 and 6 kHz. Mean asymptomtic threshold shifts (ATS) resulting from the 80 dB exposure level were 9.3 dB for 4 kHz and 7.2 dB for 6 kHz. For the 85 dB noise level, these threshold shifts were 17.8 dB and 14.6 dB respectively. The increase in ATS with increase of noise level for these two frequencies could be fitted with a straight line having a slope of 1.6.", "contents": "Temporary threshold shift following 24-hour noise exposure. Nine men were exposed to 24 hours of continuous noise in a sound field. The noise was an octave band centered at 4 kHz at levels 80 and 85 dB. Hearing thresholds were measured monaurally at 11 test frequencies ranging from 250 to 10000 Hz before, during, and after exposure. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) reached maximum levels at 8 to 12 hours of exposure. Maximum TTS occurred at 4 and 6 kHz. Mean asymptomtic threshold shifts (ATS) resulting from the 80 dB exposure level were 9.3 dB for 4 kHz and 7.2 dB for 6 kHz. For the 85 dB noise level, these threshold shifts were 17.8 dB and 14.6 dB respectively. The increase in ATS with increase of noise level for these two frequencies could be fitted with a straight line having a slope of 1.6.", "PMID": 596782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5722", "title": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in patients with syphilis and hearing loss.", "content": "Transtympanic electrocochleography was carried out on 18 syphilitic patients (30 ears were tested) most of whom were suffering from the late onset congenital form of the disease. A diphasic action potential with a large negative summating potential on the descending limb was found in 77.7% of ears; the cochlear microphonic potential was always of small amplitude. While these findings are not pathognomonic of syphilis, they are characteristic and may be explained on pathological grounds.", "contents": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in patients with syphilis and hearing loss. Transtympanic electrocochleography was carried out on 18 syphilitic patients (30 ears were tested) most of whom were suffering from the late onset congenital form of the disease. A diphasic action potential with a large negative summating potential on the descending limb was found in 77.7% of ears; the cochlear microphonic potential was always of small amplitude. While these findings are not pathognomonic of syphilis, they are characteristic and may be explained on pathological grounds.", "PMID": 596783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5723", "title": "Magnesium absorption in the caecum of rats related to volatile fatty acids production.", "content": "Rats were fed with a semi-synthetic diet with or without raw potato starch. (The level of minerals was the same in the two diets.) Because of its special structure raw potato starch was not attacked by rat enzymes. The rats fed on the raw potato starch diet showed increase in caecal weight. The increase in caecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decrease in pH were evidence of increased microbial fermentation from the presence of substrate in the caecum. There was also an increase in the arteriovenous difference in VFA and Mg in the caecum. Nutritional balance study was performed and confirmed the better Mg absorption in rats fed on the raw potato starch diet. The lower parts of the digestive tract seem to play an important role in Mg absorption and further studies on the relations between caecal volume, pH, VFA, microbial activity and Mg absorption are necessary.", "contents": "Magnesium absorption in the caecum of rats related to volatile fatty acids production. Rats were fed with a semi-synthetic diet with or without raw potato starch. (The level of minerals was the same in the two diets.) Because of its special structure raw potato starch was not attacked by rat enzymes. The rats fed on the raw potato starch diet showed increase in caecal weight. The increase in caecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decrease in pH were evidence of increased microbial fermentation from the presence of substrate in the caecum. There was also an increase in the arteriovenous difference in VFA and Mg in the caecum. Nutritional balance study was performed and confirmed the better Mg absorption in rats fed on the raw potato starch diet. The lower parts of the digestive tract seem to play an important role in Mg absorption and further studies on the relations between caecal volume, pH, VFA, microbial activity and Mg absorption are necessary.", "PMID": 596789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5724", "title": "Experimental animal model of subglottic stenosis.", "content": "An animal model of subglottic stenosis has been developed. The results of this pilot study show evidence to suggest that injury to the cricoid cartilage leading to perichondritis is the important factor in the development of subglottic stenosis.", "contents": "Experimental animal model of subglottic stenosis. An animal model of subglottic stenosis has been developed. The results of this pilot study show evidence to suggest that injury to the cricoid cartilage leading to perichondritis is the important factor in the development of subglottic stenosis.", "PMID": 596784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5725", "title": "Lingual thyroid: review, case reports, and therapeutic guidelines.", "content": "The literature on lingual thyroid is reviewed. The incidence is relatively rare and sex incidence is four or five to one in favor of females. The embryology and development of the thyroid gland is discussed and some evidence presented to suggest that the lateral thyroid primordia are not involved in the formation of functional thyroid tissue. The pathologic findings of lingual thyroid tissue are similar to that of cervical thyroid tissue, including goiter formation. Diagnostic measures include mirror examination, I-125 scan, and tomography. Thyroid function studies are helpful in evaluating the level of thyroid function. Treatment includes surgical removal, transplantation, I-131, and thyroid replacement. Since the first three methods usually require supplemental thyroid treatment afterward, it is believed that initial thyroid replacement is the treatment of choice since it is simple, safe, effective, and noninvasive. Four new cases are reported.", "contents": "Lingual thyroid: review, case reports, and therapeutic guidelines. The literature on lingual thyroid is reviewed. The incidence is relatively rare and sex incidence is four or five to one in favor of females. The embryology and development of the thyroid gland is discussed and some evidence presented to suggest that the lateral thyroid primordia are not involved in the formation of functional thyroid tissue. The pathologic findings of lingual thyroid tissue are similar to that of cervical thyroid tissue, including goiter formation. Diagnostic measures include mirror examination, I-125 scan, and tomography. Thyroid function studies are helpful in evaluating the level of thyroid function. Treatment includes surgical removal, transplantation, I-131, and thyroid replacement. Since the first three methods usually require supplemental thyroid treatment afterward, it is believed that initial thyroid replacement is the treatment of choice since it is simple, safe, effective, and noninvasive. Four new cases are reported.", "PMID": 596785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5726", "title": "[Production of patulin in a liquid medium by moulds belonging to the genera: Aspergillus and Penicillium (author's transl)].", "content": "The toxinogenesis of 10 strains of Penicillium granulatum, 5 of P. expansum, 4 of Aspergillus terreus, 2 of A. clavatus, P. thomii, P. urticae, P. italicum and 1 of P. claviforme was tested at 26 degrees C in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p. 1000 glucose + 2 p. 1000 yeast extract). 6 strains of P. granulatum, 5 of P. expansum, 1 of P claviforme and P. thomii produced patulin after 9 days of culture. Mycotoxin concentrations recovered was between 0.2 ppm and 3127 ppm. Highly toxinogenic strains are Penicillium granulatum; but patulin in silages was not associated with P. granulatum.", "contents": "[Production of patulin in a liquid medium by moulds belonging to the genera: Aspergillus and Penicillium (author's transl)]. The toxinogenesis of 10 strains of Penicillium granulatum, 5 of P. expansum, 4 of Aspergillus terreus, 2 of A. clavatus, P. thomii, P. urticae, P. italicum and 1 of P. claviforme was tested at 26 degrees C in Czapek's enriched liquid medium (8 p. 1000 glucose + 2 p. 1000 yeast extract). 6 strains of P. granulatum, 5 of P. expansum, 1 of P claviforme and P. thomii produced patulin after 9 days of culture. Mycotoxin concentrations recovered was between 0.2 ppm and 3127 ppm. Highly toxinogenic strains are Penicillium granulatum; but patulin in silages was not associated with P. granulatum.", "PMID": 596791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5727", "title": "Bilateral first branchial cleft cysts: case report and literature review.", "content": "Instances of first branchial cleft anomalies are quite uncommon. A patient with a first branchial cleft cyst was seen and surgically treated at UCLA Hospital in 1972. Three years later he developed a similar lesion on the opposite side of his neck and this also was surgically excised. A review of the literature has revealed only one prior report of bilateral first branchial cleft anomalies. The embryogenesis, diagnosis, and surgical management of these lesions are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Bilateral first branchial cleft cysts: case report and literature review. Instances of first branchial cleft anomalies are quite uncommon. A patient with a first branchial cleft cyst was seen and surgically treated at UCLA Hospital in 1972. Three years later he developed a similar lesion on the opposite side of his neck and this also was surgically excised. A review of the literature has revealed only one prior report of bilateral first branchial cleft anomalies. The embryogenesis, diagnosis, and surgical management of these lesions are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 596786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5728", "title": "Metabolism of 19 nortestosterone-14C associated with oestradiol in mice and calves.", "content": "Metabolic study of 14C-19 Nortestosterone has been carried out in mice by macroscopic autoradiography and in calves by liquid scintillation counting. From the results, it is obvious that radioactivity is quickly eliminated mainly in urine and faeces. Ten weeks after administration, residual levels are very low.", "contents": "Metabolism of 19 nortestosterone-14C associated with oestradiol in mice and calves. Metabolic study of 14C-19 Nortestosterone has been carried out in mice by macroscopic autoradiography and in calves by liquid scintillation counting. From the results, it is obvious that radioactivity is quickly eliminated mainly in urine and faeces. Ten weeks after administration, residual levels are very low.", "PMID": 596792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5729", "title": "Late recurrence of a frontal sinus cholesteatoma.", "content": "The longest recorded recurrence of a frontal sinus cholesteatoma with involvement of the orbit, frontal bone, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa is presented. Radical surgery is required and often craniotomy is necessary. Bony reconstruction of defects should not be undertaken until recurrence has not been present for at least a year. A review of the literature and a discussion of the origin of cholesteatomas is given.", "contents": "Late recurrence of a frontal sinus cholesteatoma. The longest recorded recurrence of a frontal sinus cholesteatoma with involvement of the orbit, frontal bone, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa is presented. Radical surgery is required and often craniotomy is necessary. Bony reconstruction of defects should not be undertaken until recurrence has not been present for at least a year. A review of the literature and a discussion of the origin of cholesteatomas is given.", "PMID": 596787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5730", "title": "[Saliva ammonia and urea in the sheep. Effects of alimentary nitrogen additives (author's transl)].", "content": "The salivary elimination of ammonia and urea was studied in 4 permanently salivary duct fistulated sheep. Sheep were fed either a regular diet or the same diet with addition of non protein nitrogen (NPN). Individual saliva ammonia levels vary from 34 to 71 microgram N/100 ml. After intra-ruminal dosing with urea (10 g) or ammonia (2 g), the values may rise up to 1000 microgram N/100 ml. Saliva ammonia and blood ammonia changes follow the same direction. Daily saliva urea variations are correlated with feeding behaviour. NPN administration increases saliva urea and blood urea; both concentration curves are parallel.", "contents": "[Saliva ammonia and urea in the sheep. Effects of alimentary nitrogen additives (author's transl)]. The salivary elimination of ammonia and urea was studied in 4 permanently salivary duct fistulated sheep. Sheep were fed either a regular diet or the same diet with addition of non protein nitrogen (NPN). Individual saliva ammonia levels vary from 34 to 71 microgram N/100 ml. After intra-ruminal dosing with urea (10 g) or ammonia (2 g), the values may rise up to 1000 microgram N/100 ml. Saliva ammonia and blood ammonia changes follow the same direction. Daily saliva urea variations are correlated with feeding behaviour. NPN administration increases saliva urea and blood urea; both concentration curves are parallel.", "PMID": 596793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5731", "title": "Comparison of the immune response in serum and bucco-pharyngeal secretions following immunization by different routes with a live hog cholera virus vaccine (Thiverval strain).", "content": "The influence of vaccination route on local and systemic immune response was studied with hog cholera virus vaccine. Kinetics of antibody synthesis in serum and bucco-pharyngeal secretion was observed. Results show that, whatever the vaccination route (intranasal or intramuscular) a good systemic and local immune response were induced and pigs resisted to a virulent challenge. However the highest local immune response was obtained by intranasal vaccination with large vaccine dosage (10(7) P.F.U./pig). After a virulent challenge performed by intranasal route, no clear anamnestic immune response was detected in bucco-pharyngeal secretions.", "contents": "Comparison of the immune response in serum and bucco-pharyngeal secretions following immunization by different routes with a live hog cholera virus vaccine (Thiverval strain). The influence of vaccination route on local and systemic immune response was studied with hog cholera virus vaccine. Kinetics of antibody synthesis in serum and bucco-pharyngeal secretion was observed. Results show that, whatever the vaccination route (intranasal or intramuscular) a good systemic and local immune response were induced and pigs resisted to a virulent challenge. However the highest local immune response was obtained by intranasal vaccination with large vaccine dosage (10(7) P.F.U./pig). After a virulent challenge performed by intranasal route, no clear anamnestic immune response was detected in bucco-pharyngeal secretions.", "PMID": 596794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5732", "title": "Effect of terramycin in balantidiosis of pigs.", "content": "In an industrial pig farm in Lubumashi, Za\u00efre, Balantidium coli produced severe clinical and fatal disease. Terramycin at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight administered twice daily with concentrates gave clinical recovery in all the pigs treated. The complete parasitological recovery was obtained in 14 out of 20 animals. In the remaining 6 there was significant reduction in the number of B. coli. Keeping in view the large spectrum of activity of terramycin in various infections as well as B. coli, terramycin can be useful in the treatment of balantidiosis of pigs.", "contents": "Effect of terramycin in balantidiosis of pigs. In an industrial pig farm in Lubumashi, Za\u00efre, Balantidium coli produced severe clinical and fatal disease. Terramycin at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight administered twice daily with concentrates gave clinical recovery in all the pigs treated. The complete parasitological recovery was obtained in 14 out of 20 animals. In the remaining 6 there was significant reduction in the number of B. coli. Keeping in view the large spectrum of activity of terramycin in various infections as well as B. coli, terramycin can be useful in the treatment of balantidiosis of pigs.", "PMID": 596795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5733", "title": "Effect of intravenous infusion of glucose and/or fructose on the composition of blood plasma and the clinical response of the calf.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of glucose (0.4 g/kg) or glucose (0.4 g/kg) + fructose (usually 1 g/kg) to calves were followed by various clinical reactions from absence of reaction up to death of a few calves. Fructosemia. After fructose + glucose infusion, the blood fructose concentration reached a level inferior to the highest value observed after only glucose infusion, except in the calves dead after the perfusion and in the newly-born calves (the initial fructose concentration was not nil). Glycaemia. In any case, fructose associated with glucose, did not eliminate the rebound of hypoglycaemia following usually a perfusion of glucose. In calves where the death occurred, the hypoglycaemia was specially marked.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous infusion of glucose and/or fructose on the composition of blood plasma and the clinical response of the calf. Intravenous infusions of glucose (0.4 g/kg) or glucose (0.4 g/kg) + fructose (usually 1 g/kg) to calves were followed by various clinical reactions from absence of reaction up to death of a few calves. Fructosemia. After fructose + glucose infusion, the blood fructose concentration reached a level inferior to the highest value observed after only glucose infusion, except in the calves dead after the perfusion and in the newly-born calves (the initial fructose concentration was not nil). Glycaemia. In any case, fructose associated with glucose, did not eliminate the rebound of hypoglycaemia following usually a perfusion of glucose. In calves where the death occurred, the hypoglycaemia was specially marked.", "PMID": 596796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5734", "title": "Effect of irradiation (gamma rays) on the biology of Eimeria tenella oocysts.", "content": "Effect of gamma rays on the biology of the progeny of the irradiated Eimeria tenella oocysts was investigated. The parent inoculum of sporulated oocysts was exposed to 5 to 60 kR (gamma rays). These oocysts were fed to chicks. The oocysts voided by the chicks were collected and sporulated. The sporulation rate, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and reproduction potential of these oocysts--the progeny of the irradiated oocysts--were compared with those of the unirradiated oocysts. It was observed that increase of irradiation dose caused progressive decrease in the pathogenicity of the oocyst suspension. The oocysts exposed to 30 and 40 kR produced only mild infections whereas those exposed to 50 kR and above, were noninfective. No difference in pathogenicity, immunogenicity and reproduction potential of unirradiated oocysts and the oocysts progeny of the irradiated oocysts, was seen. It was concluded, therefore, that the effect of irradiation was limited to the inoculum exposed to it, and was not transmissible to the progeny of the irradiated oocysts.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation (gamma rays) on the biology of Eimeria tenella oocysts. Effect of gamma rays on the biology of the progeny of the irradiated Eimeria tenella oocysts was investigated. The parent inoculum of sporulated oocysts was exposed to 5 to 60 kR (gamma rays). These oocysts were fed to chicks. The oocysts voided by the chicks were collected and sporulated. The sporulation rate, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and reproduction potential of these oocysts--the progeny of the irradiated oocysts--were compared with those of the unirradiated oocysts. It was observed that increase of irradiation dose caused progressive decrease in the pathogenicity of the oocyst suspension. The oocysts exposed to 30 and 40 kR produced only mild infections whereas those exposed to 50 kR and above, were noninfective. No difference in pathogenicity, immunogenicity and reproduction potential of unirradiated oocysts and the oocysts progeny of the irradiated oocysts, was seen. It was concluded, therefore, that the effect of irradiation was limited to the inoculum exposed to it, and was not transmissible to the progeny of the irradiated oocysts.", "PMID": 596797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5735", "title": "[Allergic diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 2. Use of the allergic test in infected herds (author's transl)].", "content": "Four hundred and eighty-one cows, in 27 herds, were injected intradermally with a brucella purified protein allergen in order to study the value of the skin test in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The serology was done on the serum or plasma from 444 of these cows. Two hundred and nine cows showed an allergic reaction and 174 were positive in serology. One hundred and twenty-three were simultaneously positive to both tests, 52 were positive in serology but did not show any allergic reaction and 66 showed an allergic reaction but were negative in serology. In general, brucellosis was certainly detected at the herd level with this test. In newly-infected herds, the skin test gives a more complete and earlier result than serological tests. The use of the skin test is recommended as a supplemental test when unknown animals are to be introduced in non-infected herds, to improve the detection of contaminated animals in newly-infected herds and to solve the case of problem herds.", "contents": "[Allergic diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 2. Use of the allergic test in infected herds (author's transl)]. Four hundred and eighty-one cows, in 27 herds, were injected intradermally with a brucella purified protein allergen in order to study the value of the skin test in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The serology was done on the serum or plasma from 444 of these cows. Two hundred and nine cows showed an allergic reaction and 174 were positive in serology. One hundred and twenty-three were simultaneously positive to both tests, 52 were positive in serology but did not show any allergic reaction and 66 showed an allergic reaction but were negative in serology. In general, brucellosis was certainly detected at the herd level with this test. In newly-infected herds, the skin test gives a more complete and earlier result than serological tests. The use of the skin test is recommended as a supplemental test when unknown animals are to be introduced in non-infected herds, to improve the detection of contaminated animals in newly-infected herds and to solve the case of problem herds.", "PMID": 596798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5736", "title": "Myocardial protection by continuous coronary perfusion during aortic valve replacement.", "content": "The coronary perfusion system used at Oulu University Central Hospital is described and the importance of physiological coronary perfusion stressed. Our method of protecting the myocardium from ischemic injury during aortic valve replacement included the following: phasic constant-pressure coronary perfusion, maintenance of coronary perfusion pressure larger than or equal to 80 mmHg, maintenance of the heart in a beating, empty, oxygenated state, and the use of the largest possible coronary canula. Under these circumstances, autoregulation of the coronary vascular bed was maintained. When small coronary cannulae were used a significant pressure drop occured across the tubing system, especially at high flow rates. Flow measurements recorded by an on-line electromagnetic flowmeter proved reliable.", "contents": "Myocardial protection by continuous coronary perfusion during aortic valve replacement. The coronary perfusion system used at Oulu University Central Hospital is described and the importance of physiological coronary perfusion stressed. Our method of protecting the myocardium from ischemic injury during aortic valve replacement included the following: phasic constant-pressure coronary perfusion, maintenance of coronary perfusion pressure larger than or equal to 80 mmHg, maintenance of the heart in a beating, empty, oxygenated state, and the use of the largest possible coronary canula. Under these circumstances, autoregulation of the coronary vascular bed was maintained. When small coronary cannulae were used a significant pressure drop occured across the tubing system, especially at high flow rates. Flow measurements recorded by an on-line electromagnetic flowmeter proved reliable.", "PMID": 596806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5737", "title": "Results of treatment of carcioma of the cervix, 1964--1969. A report of 768 cases.", "content": "A series of 768 cases of primary invasive carcinoma of cervix was collected during the six years 1964--1969. This unselected material represents nearly one third of all new cases in Finland. The percentages of different stages (St) were: St I 49%, St. II 26%, St III 22% and St IV 3%. In comparison with earlier materials from our clinics an increase of St I was seen at the expense of St II. This probably results from increased use of the Papanicolau smear technique examinations. The incidence of St III and St IV was unchanged. Operative treatment combined usually with radiotherapy was used in 85% of the St I and in 38% of the St II cases. The remainder including those of St III--IV were treated by irradiation. The 5-year observed survival rates and relative survival rates (in brackets) were: St I 88% (92%), St II 51% (54%), St III 28% (31%), -t IV 0% and all stages together 63% (67%). A significant improvement in the 5-year results was found in the stages I and III when compared with the earlier material.", "contents": "Results of treatment of carcioma of the cervix, 1964--1969. A report of 768 cases. A series of 768 cases of primary invasive carcinoma of cervix was collected during the six years 1964--1969. This unselected material represents nearly one third of all new cases in Finland. The percentages of different stages (St) were: St I 49%, St. II 26%, St III 22% and St IV 3%. In comparison with earlier materials from our clinics an increase of St I was seen at the expense of St II. This probably results from increased use of the Papanicolau smear technique examinations. The incidence of St III and St IV was unchanged. Operative treatment combined usually with radiotherapy was used in 85% of the St I and in 38% of the St II cases. The remainder including those of St III--IV were treated by irradiation. The 5-year observed survival rates and relative survival rates (in brackets) were: St I 88% (92%), St II 51% (54%), St III 28% (31%), -t IV 0% and all stages together 63% (67%). A significant improvement in the 5-year results was found in the stages I and III when compared with the earlier material.", "PMID": 596807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5738", "title": "Significance of increased fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products and presence of fibrin monomers in pregnant women.", "content": "Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrin monomers might occur as a sign of \"athological proteolysis\" in complicated pregnancies such as toxaemia, hepatosis and placental insufficiency, eut also in otherwise clinically uncomplicated pregnancies. 18 pregnant women with increased proteolysis, but without any other clinical symptoms of complications were therefore investigated to determine the outcome of their pregnancies. The investigation showed that proteolysis with moderately increased serum FDP and fibrin monomers but without any other clinical signs of complications of pregnancy need not necessarily imply any risk to the mother or the foetus.", "contents": "Significance of increased fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products and presence of fibrin monomers in pregnant women. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrin monomers might occur as a sign of \"athological proteolysis\" in complicated pregnancies such as toxaemia, hepatosis and placental insufficiency, eut also in otherwise clinically uncomplicated pregnancies. 18 pregnant women with increased proteolysis, but without any other clinical symptoms of complications were therefore investigated to determine the outcome of their pregnancies. The investigation showed that proteolysis with moderately increased serum FDP and fibrin monomers but without any other clinical signs of complications of pregnancy need not necessarily imply any risk to the mother or the foetus.", "PMID": 596808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5739", "title": "The role of different components of balanced anaesthesia in tolerance to endotracheal intubation.", "content": "In order to demonstrate the role of anaesthesia, analgesia and muscle paralysis in suppressing the responses to nociceptive stimuli during balanced anaesthesia, the effect of tolerance to endotracheal intubation was used as a model during recovery from a suxamethonium block after different combinations of thiopental and fentanyl. The induction groups were: Thiopental, 4, 6 or 8 mg/kg, and thiopental, 4 mg/kg, supplemented with fentanyt, either 1 microgram/kg or 2 microgram/kg. All 107 patients received suxamethonium 1.5 mg/kg, after precurarization and recovery of muscle strength had been recorded by measuring the twitch tension of thumb adduction caused by indirect supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve. With 4 mg/kg thiopental 60% of the patients reacted against the tube before the suxamethonium block had subsided. Increasing the dose to 8 mg/kg or supplementing the 4 mg/kg thiopental with 1 microgram/kg fentanyl reduced the reactions to about 30%. After supplementing with 2 microgram/kg fentanyl, 90% of the patients tolerated the tube. Reactions against the tube, if any, usually occurred before the twitch tension had recovered by more than 30%. After 4 and 6 mg/kg thiopental, about 10% of the patients started reacting before there were signs of recovery of twitch tension. The results show that if bucking or coughing are used as an indication of inadequate muscle paralysis overcurarization can easily occur. Tolerance to the endotracheal tube is more rationally achieved by small doses of narcotic analgesics (e.g. fentanyl, 0.5 to 1 microgram/kg) than by increasing the dosage of thiopental. This simple model has been found useful in demonstrating the basic principles of balanced anaesthesia at the beginning of training in the specialty.", "contents": "The role of different components of balanced anaesthesia in tolerance to endotracheal intubation. In order to demonstrate the role of anaesthesia, analgesia and muscle paralysis in suppressing the responses to nociceptive stimuli during balanced anaesthesia, the effect of tolerance to endotracheal intubation was used as a model during recovery from a suxamethonium block after different combinations of thiopental and fentanyl. The induction groups were: Thiopental, 4, 6 or 8 mg/kg, and thiopental, 4 mg/kg, supplemented with fentanyt, either 1 microgram/kg or 2 microgram/kg. All 107 patients received suxamethonium 1.5 mg/kg, after precurarization and recovery of muscle strength had been recorded by measuring the twitch tension of thumb adduction caused by indirect supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve. With 4 mg/kg thiopental 60% of the patients reacted against the tube before the suxamethonium block had subsided. Increasing the dose to 8 mg/kg or supplementing the 4 mg/kg thiopental with 1 microgram/kg fentanyl reduced the reactions to about 30%. After supplementing with 2 microgram/kg fentanyl, 90% of the patients tolerated the tube. Reactions against the tube, if any, usually occurred before the twitch tension had recovered by more than 30%. After 4 and 6 mg/kg thiopental, about 10% of the patients started reacting before there were signs of recovery of twitch tension. The results show that if bucking or coughing are used as an indication of inadequate muscle paralysis overcurarization can easily occur. Tolerance to the endotracheal tube is more rationally achieved by small doses of narcotic analgesics (e.g. fentanyl, 0.5 to 1 microgram/kg) than by increasing the dosage of thiopental. This simple model has been found useful in demonstrating the basic principles of balanced anaesthesia at the beginning of training in the specialty.", "PMID": 596809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5740", "title": "Renal blood flow and intrarenal oxygen tension in haemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "The changes occurring in renal cortical and medullary tissue oxygen tensions and in renal total blood flow (RBF) were studied during haemorrhagic hypotension in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter, and tissue oxygen tension with IBC (Ineternational Biophysics Corporation, USA) oxygen electrodes. Haemorrhagic hypotension led to a considerable decrease in cortical tissue oxygen tension. The decrease in the medullary tissue oxygen tension was smaller, while the renal total flow decreased considerably during haemorrhage. The role of perfusion pressure alone in the redistribution of renal blood flow during haemorrhagic hypotension is discussed.", "contents": "Renal blood flow and intrarenal oxygen tension in haemorrhagic hypotension. The changes occurring in renal cortical and medullary tissue oxygen tensions and in renal total blood flow (RBF) were studied during haemorrhagic hypotension in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter, and tissue oxygen tension with IBC (Ineternational Biophysics Corporation, USA) oxygen electrodes. Haemorrhagic hypotension led to a considerable decrease in cortical tissue oxygen tension. The decrease in the medullary tissue oxygen tension was smaller, while the renal total flow decreased considerably during haemorrhage. The role of perfusion pressure alone in the redistribution of renal blood flow during haemorrhagic hypotension is discussed.", "PMID": 596810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5741", "title": "Data processing in pathology laboratories: the Phoenix system. 3. Further programs, staff training, and system performance.", "content": "This paper completes the description of the Phoenix system by outlining the additional programs necessary to maintain the data files in a satisfactory condition and prevent them from becoming overfilled. The standards of training required by the operating staff are discussed an assessment is made of the system performance in terms of cost/benefit. This was achieved by observing the time spent by staff during a period when the throughput of work was accurately measured. From these figures it is possible to estimate the needs of another laboratory. Finally, the continued extension of the computer facilities into other pathology disciplines and the provision of terminals in the hospital is described.", "contents": "Data processing in pathology laboratories: the Phoenix system. 3. Further programs, staff training, and system performance. This paper completes the description of the Phoenix system by outlining the additional programs necessary to maintain the data files in a satisfactory condition and prevent them from becoming overfilled. The standards of training required by the operating staff are discussed an assessment is made of the system performance in terms of cost/benefit. This was achieved by observing the time spent by staff during a period when the throughput of work was accurately measured. From these figures it is possible to estimate the needs of another laboratory. Finally, the continued extension of the computer facilities into other pathology disciplines and the provision of terminals in the hospital is described.", "PMID": 596814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5742", "title": "Comparison of maternal serum and urinary oestrogen determinations as indicators of fetal well-being.", "content": "Serum oestrogen concentration and urinary oestrogen excretion were measured in 134 women in the last trimester of pregnancy. An automated fluorimetric method was used for urinary oestrogens and a radioimmunoassay which measures both free and conjugated oestrogens, with the exception of sulphates, was employed for serum. Pregnancies were classified into a 'normal' or 'abnormal' group according to the clinical state of the baby at birth. The range of values for both serum and urinary oestrogens was wide at each stage of gestation and the mean values in the two groups were not significantly different. It was concluded that for a valid indication of fetal well-being serial determinations were essential, and that serum and urinary oestrogens were of comparable predictive value. Expressing the urinary results in terms of creatinine excretion did not improve their predictive value.", "contents": "Comparison of maternal serum and urinary oestrogen determinations as indicators of fetal well-being. Serum oestrogen concentration and urinary oestrogen excretion were measured in 134 women in the last trimester of pregnancy. An automated fluorimetric method was used for urinary oestrogens and a radioimmunoassay which measures both free and conjugated oestrogens, with the exception of sulphates, was employed for serum. Pregnancies were classified into a 'normal' or 'abnormal' group according to the clinical state of the baby at birth. The range of values for both serum and urinary oestrogens was wide at each stage of gestation and the mean values in the two groups were not significantly different. It was concluded that for a valid indication of fetal well-being serial determinations were essential, and that serum and urinary oestrogens were of comparable predictive value. Expressing the urinary results in terms of creatinine excretion did not improve their predictive value.", "PMID": 596815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5743", "title": "Determination of cortisol in human plasma by radioimmunoassay. Use of the 125I-labelled radioligand.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol featuring the gamma-emitting radioligand 125I-iodohistamine, coupled to cortisol-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime, is described. The new procedure retains much of the specificity associated with the use of anti-cortisol-3-BSA sera with tritium-labelled radioligands, and has the further advantages that running costs are lower and there is a greater potential for automation. Cortisol values obtained by this procedure agree well with those obtained by a published specific radioimmunoassay using the tritiated cortisol radioligand. Specificity of the procedure was checked by comparing values obtained with and without thin-layer chromatography purication: correlation was excellent (r = 0.96). Satisfactory levels of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy were obtained.", "contents": "Determination of cortisol in human plasma by radioimmunoassay. Use of the 125I-labelled radioligand. A radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol featuring the gamma-emitting radioligand 125I-iodohistamine, coupled to cortisol-3-(O-carboxymethyl)-oxime, is described. The new procedure retains much of the specificity associated with the use of anti-cortisol-3-BSA sera with tritium-labelled radioligands, and has the further advantages that running costs are lower and there is a greater potential for automation. Cortisol values obtained by this procedure agree well with those obtained by a published specific radioimmunoassay using the tritiated cortisol radioligand. Specificity of the procedure was checked by comparing values obtained with and without thin-layer chromatography purication: correlation was excellent (r = 0.96). Satisfactory levels of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy were obtained.", "PMID": 596816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5744", "title": "National study of health and growth: standards of attained height, weight and triceps skinfold in English children 5 to 11 years old.", "content": "The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) was set up in 1972 to monitor growth in primary schoolchildren. Each year 8000 children in England (most parts except the south-east) and 2500 in Scotland are measured. Data from the first year have been used to obtain standards of height, weight and triceps skinfold for ages 5 to 11 inclusive, and ellipse contours of weight by height for each year of age. The distributions of weight and triceps skin fold were positively skew; logarithmic transformations led to satisfactory Normalized distributions. Centiles within each age group, calculated from the mean and standard deviation of the transformed variables, were closely similar to the observed centiles. Scottish children were lighter and shorter than English children in all age-sex groups. The heights and weights of English children in the NSHG were very similar to those published by Tanner, Whitehouse and Takaishi (1966). Triceps skinfold agreed closely with the data of Tanner and Whitehouse (1975) for the 50th and 97th centiles in boys, but our 3rd centile was well above its counterpart. Girls had higher skinfolds than girls in Tanner's data at the 3rd and 50th centiles. The triceps skinfolds of Scottish children were lower than those of English children throughout the age range and for all the centiles in both sexes. An example is given of the use of our ellipse contours of height and weight for surveillance of a population of children. Children's height is discussed in relation to variability over time and between different parts of the country.", "contents": "National study of health and growth: standards of attained height, weight and triceps skinfold in English children 5 to 11 years old. The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) was set up in 1972 to monitor growth in primary schoolchildren. Each year 8000 children in England (most parts except the south-east) and 2500 in Scotland are measured. Data from the first year have been used to obtain standards of height, weight and triceps skinfold for ages 5 to 11 inclusive, and ellipse contours of weight by height for each year of age. The distributions of weight and triceps skin fold were positively skew; logarithmic transformations led to satisfactory Normalized distributions. Centiles within each age group, calculated from the mean and standard deviation of the transformed variables, were closely similar to the observed centiles. Scottish children were lighter and shorter than English children in all age-sex groups. The heights and weights of English children in the NSHG were very similar to those published by Tanner, Whitehouse and Takaishi (1966). Triceps skinfold agreed closely with the data of Tanner and Whitehouse (1975) for the 50th and 97th centiles in boys, but our 3rd centile was well above its counterpart. Girls had higher skinfolds than girls in Tanner's data at the 3rd and 50th centiles. The triceps skinfolds of Scottish children were lower than those of English children throughout the age range and for all the centiles in both sexes. An example is given of the use of our ellipse contours of height and weight for surveillance of a population of children. Children's height is discussed in relation to variability over time and between different parts of the country.", "PMID": 596817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5745", "title": "A model for the prediction of energy balance and body weight.", "content": "A model for changes in energy balance and body weight is described which can be written as an iterative computer program. Medium and long-term changes in body weight resulting from random daily fluctuations in energy balance are quantitatively predicted. Body weight varies periodically about a mean value to to the extent of +/- 1 kg over a span of a few weeks. Long-term weight stabilization is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between energy intake and output which depends on activity and tissue metabolism. A lean : fat tissue deposition ratio defines the metabolic type of individual. This ration, which is constant for each individual, governs the proportions in which these tissues are both deposited and mobilized. In the model, the ratio has an important effect on the magnitude and composition of the weight gains resulting from over-eating. It is suggested that the differences in response which have been observed in over-eating experiments result from inter-individual differences in this ratio.", "contents": "A model for the prediction of energy balance and body weight. A model for changes in energy balance and body weight is described which can be written as an iterative computer program. Medium and long-term changes in body weight resulting from random daily fluctuations in energy balance are quantitatively predicted. Body weight varies periodically about a mean value to to the extent of +/- 1 kg over a span of a few weeks. Long-term weight stabilization is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between energy intake and output which depends on activity and tissue metabolism. A lean : fat tissue deposition ratio defines the metabolic type of individual. This ration, which is constant for each individual, governs the proportions in which these tissues are both deposited and mobilized. In the model, the ratio has an important effect on the magnitude and composition of the weight gains resulting from over-eating. It is suggested that the differences in response which have been observed in over-eating experiments result from inter-individual differences in this ratio.", "PMID": 596818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5746", "title": "The distribution of body fat in relation to habitual activity.", "content": "42 young female subjects aged 19-24 years were selected to form 3 groups based on the estimated hours of physical activity taken each week. They represented 1. very active, 2. active, and 3. sedentary people. Their body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated from densitometry (corrected for the lung residual volume present during total immersion) and the distribution of subcutaneous fat mass (SFM) was examined by measuring skinfold thickness at 11 sites. The regression of body density on log sigma 4 skinfold was significantly different between the 3 groups for a given skinfold value of up to 40 mm, which corresponded to a higher density value for the very active subjects. The possibility that this observation might be explained by differences in the distribution of fat between subcutaneous and internal fat stores was examined, using empirical calculations of SFM. The proportion of fat situated subcutaneously was higher than previously reported (0.65), with a range of individual values (0.41-0.87), but no significant differences in fat distribution between the 3 groups. Group differences in the relationship between body density and log sigma 4 skinfolds might be explained by variation in the composition of the FFM which may result from differing levels of habitual physical activity. The implication of this possibility in estimating total body fat from density measurements are discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of body fat in relation to habitual activity. 42 young female subjects aged 19-24 years were selected to form 3 groups based on the estimated hours of physical activity taken each week. They represented 1. very active, 2. active, and 3. sedentary people. Their body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated from densitometry (corrected for the lung residual volume present during total immersion) and the distribution of subcutaneous fat mass (SFM) was examined by measuring skinfold thickness at 11 sites. The regression of body density on log sigma 4 skinfold was significantly different between the 3 groups for a given skinfold value of up to 40 mm, which corresponded to a higher density value for the very active subjects. The possibility that this observation might be explained by differences in the distribution of fat between subcutaneous and internal fat stores was examined, using empirical calculations of SFM. The proportion of fat situated subcutaneously was higher than previously reported (0.65), with a range of individual values (0.41-0.87), but no significant differences in fat distribution between the 3 groups. Group differences in the relationship between body density and log sigma 4 skinfolds might be explained by variation in the composition of the FFM which may result from differing levels of habitual physical activity. The implication of this possibility in estimating total body fat from density measurements are discussed.", "PMID": 596819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5747", "title": "Age of menarche in Oaxaca, Mexico, schoolgirls, with comparative data for other areas of Mexico.", "content": "Status quo menarcheal information was collected for a mixed urban colonia and rural sample of 315 girls in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Comparative status quo data for girls from four major urban centres in Mexico, and for a rural sample were also analysed. Median age at menarche (estimated by probit analysis) for Oaxaca girls was 14.27 +/- 0.20 years, about 0.5 year later than that for the rural sample from Tampico-Altamira, Tamaulipas (13.79 +/- 0.20 years), and approximately 1.5 years later than that for girls from the four urban centres in Mexico (12.55 +/- 0.10, 12.61 +/- 0.08, 12.75 +/- 0.10, 12.76 +/- 0.07 years). The timing of menarche in Oaxaca girls is similar to that for rural Mayans in Guatemala. Ages at menarche for urban Mexican girls are somewhat lower than those for girls of North-west European ancestry and of North American girls of European ancestry.", "contents": "Age of menarche in Oaxaca, Mexico, schoolgirls, with comparative data for other areas of Mexico. Status quo menarcheal information was collected for a mixed urban colonia and rural sample of 315 girls in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Comparative status quo data for girls from four major urban centres in Mexico, and for a rural sample were also analysed. Median age at menarche (estimated by probit analysis) for Oaxaca girls was 14.27 +/- 0.20 years, about 0.5 year later than that for the rural sample from Tampico-Altamira, Tamaulipas (13.79 +/- 0.20 years), and approximately 1.5 years later than that for girls from the four urban centres in Mexico (12.55 +/- 0.10, 12.61 +/- 0.08, 12.75 +/- 0.10, 12.76 +/- 0.07 years). The timing of menarche in Oaxaca girls is similar to that for rural Mayans in Guatemala. Ages at menarche for urban Mexican girls are somewhat lower than those for girls of North-west European ancestry and of North American girls of European ancestry.", "PMID": 596820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5748", "title": "Anthropometric determination of body volume, body density and segmental volume in adult Indian women.", "content": "Body density, total body volume, leg volume and arm volume of 65 young Indian women 20-25 years were measured experimentally. In addition, a series of 61 anthropometric measurements were also taken on each subject. Correlations of leg volume with total body volume and body density were 0.91 and -0.73 respectively and of arm volume with total body volume and body density were 0.84 and -0.66 respectively. Hip girth alone showed a very high positive correlation (r = 0.94) with body volume and on selective stepwise multiple regression analysis, a combination of even four anthropometric measurements, namely, hip girth, lower thigh girth, ankle girth and shoulder diameter gave an extremely high positive multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.98) with body volume. Selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted also to estimate leg volume, arm volume and body density and stepwise regression equations up to 4th step for estimating each parameter are given.", "contents": "Anthropometric determination of body volume, body density and segmental volume in adult Indian women. Body density, total body volume, leg volume and arm volume of 65 young Indian women 20-25 years were measured experimentally. In addition, a series of 61 anthropometric measurements were also taken on each subject. Correlations of leg volume with total body volume and body density were 0.91 and -0.73 respectively and of arm volume with total body volume and body density were 0.84 and -0.66 respectively. Hip girth alone showed a very high positive correlation (r = 0.94) with body volume and on selective stepwise multiple regression analysis, a combination of even four anthropometric measurements, namely, hip girth, lower thigh girth, ankle girth and shoulder diameter gave an extremely high positive multiple correlation coefficient (R = 0.98) with body volume. Selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted also to estimate leg volume, arm volume and body density and stepwise regression equations up to 4th step for estimating each parameter are given.", "PMID": 596821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5749", "title": "A Monte Carlo test of weight as a critical factor in menarche, compared with bone age and measures of height, width, and sexual development.", "content": "The correlation coefficients for each of nine traits measured at menarche (bone age, pubic hair and breast stages, and five physical measurements) have been calculated. These have been compared with the corresponding correlation coefficients obtained by using a Monte Carlo technique, where the ages of menarche are randomly redistributed over the sample. The difference between the random and actual results are most pronounced for bone age, sitting height and the development of pubic hair and breasts, showing that these characteristics may indeed be critically related to menarche, while the same differences for weight, height, sitting height/height, and biacromial and bi-iliocristal diameters show that these latter are only moderately related to menarche. These results do not support the exclusivity of body weight as a critical factor in menarche (critical body weight hypothesis).", "contents": "A Monte Carlo test of weight as a critical factor in menarche, compared with bone age and measures of height, width, and sexual development. The correlation coefficients for each of nine traits measured at menarche (bone age, pubic hair and breast stages, and five physical measurements) have been calculated. These have been compared with the corresponding correlation coefficients obtained by using a Monte Carlo technique, where the ages of menarche are randomly redistributed over the sample. The difference between the random and actual results are most pronounced for bone age, sitting height and the development of pubic hair and breasts, showing that these characteristics may indeed be critically related to menarche, while the same differences for weight, height, sitting height/height, and biacromial and bi-iliocristal diameters show that these latter are only moderately related to menarche. These results do not support the exclusivity of body weight as a critical factor in menarche (critical body weight hypothesis).", "PMID": 596822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5750", "title": "Assignment of the DIA1 locus to chromosome 22.", "content": "Human/rodent hybrid cell cultures were examined for the presence of DIA1 and other marker enzymes. Many of these hybrids were also analysed for human chromosomes. Complete concordance was found only with chromosome 22.", "contents": "Assignment of the DIA1 locus to chromosome 22. Human/rodent hybrid cell cultures were examined for the presence of DIA1 and other marker enzymes. Many of these hybrids were also analysed for human chromosomes. Complete concordance was found only with chromosome 22.", "PMID": 596823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5751", "title": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. III. Phosphoglucomutase-1, phosphoglucomutase-2, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and adenosine deaminase.", "content": "Five enzyme systems, PGM1, PGM2, ADA, 6-PGD and AK, were examined by electrophoresis in over 4000 samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the frequencies of common and rare variants. In the PGM1 system, the PGM2(1) allele and PGM7(1) allele were found in polymorphic proportions, In addition, five kinds of slow variants and three types of fast variants of PGM1 were detected. The PGM3(1)NGS1 allele was found in five individuals from Nagasaki, but was not observed in samples from Hiroshima. There were no variants of PGM2. Three kinds of fast variants of 6-PGD were detected. No variation in AK was observed. There were no rare variants of ADA. The 6-PGDc allele had a frequency of 0.084 in Hiroshima and 0.093 in Nagasaki, and the ADA2 allele frequencies of 0.025 in Hiroshima and 0.032 in Nagasaki.", "contents": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins. III. Phosphoglucomutase-1, phosphoglucomutase-2, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and adenosine deaminase. Five enzyme systems, PGM1, PGM2, ADA, 6-PGD and AK, were examined by electrophoresis in over 4000 samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the frequencies of common and rare variants. In the PGM1 system, the PGM2(1) allele and PGM7(1) allele were found in polymorphic proportions, In addition, five kinds of slow variants and three types of fast variants of PGM1 were detected. The PGM3(1)NGS1 allele was found in five individuals from Nagasaki, but was not observed in samples from Hiroshima. There were no variants of PGM2. Three kinds of fast variants of 6-PGD were detected. No variation in AK was observed. There were no rare variants of ADA. The 6-PGDc allele had a frequency of 0.084 in Hiroshima and 0.093 in Nagasaki, and the ADA2 allele frequencies of 0.025 in Hiroshima and 0.032 in Nagasaki.", "PMID": 596824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5752", "title": "Relative importance of the effect of family environment and heredity on obesity.", "content": "In a study using data from 254 families with 546 non-biologically related children and 10 337 families with 25 554 biologically related children an analysis of variance technique was used to evaluate the effect of family environment and heredity for children ages 4-11. Family environment accounted for 32% of the variation in obesity if all children were used and more than 39% of the variation in obesity using subgroups of children similar with respect to sex and age. The estimate of heritability was quite low, only 11%. These results suggest that family environment, which consists of such things as parental example and child rearing techniques, has an important effect on childhood obesity.", "contents": "Relative importance of the effect of family environment and heredity on obesity. In a study using data from 254 families with 546 non-biologically related children and 10 337 families with 25 554 biologically related children an analysis of variance technique was used to evaluate the effect of family environment and heredity for children ages 4-11. Family environment accounted for 32% of the variation in obesity if all children were used and more than 39% of the variation in obesity using subgroups of children similar with respect to sex and age. The estimate of heritability was quite low, only 11%. These results suggest that family environment, which consists of such things as parental example and child rearing techniques, has an important effect on childhood obesity.", "PMID": 596825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5753", "title": "Absence of triradius d on the palms of normal people.", "content": "Absence of the digital triradius d is a very rare phenomenon, previously only reported in abnormal XXXXY males. During the past few years the anomaly has been found on the palms of three normal females, namely a young English woman and two sisters in the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. These cases are described and illustrations of the palmar dermatoglyphics presented. The occurrence of such a rare phenomenon in two sisters suggests that it is genetically determined.", "contents": "Absence of triradius d on the palms of normal people. Absence of the digital triradius d is a very rare phenomenon, previously only reported in abnormal XXXXY males. During the past few years the anomaly has been found on the palms of three normal females, namely a young English woman and two sisters in the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. These cases are described and illustrations of the palmar dermatoglyphics presented. The occurrence of such a rare phenomenon in two sisters suggests that it is genetically determined.", "PMID": 596826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5754", "title": "Multivariate studies on the genetics of dermal ridges.", "content": "In order to investigate the inheritance of the series of ten ridgecounts, factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensionability to two. These two factors are inherited more or less independently and the heritability of the first is 0.97.", "contents": "Multivariate studies on the genetics of dermal ridges. In order to investigate the inheritance of the series of ten ridgecounts, factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensionability to two. These two factors are inherited more or less independently and the heritability of the first is 0.97.", "PMID": 596827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5755", "title": "Selection at a multiallelic locus: Feller's transformation.", "content": "An explanation of Feller's result enabling the contours of mean viability at a triallelic locus to be rendered circular is offered, and a proof given which does not involve the direct use of homogeneous coordinates. In a subsequent paper we propose to use the fact that the same transformation also maps the contours of equal average effect for each gene into circles to establish further results.", "contents": "Selection at a multiallelic locus: Feller's transformation. An explanation of Feller's result enabling the contours of mean viability at a triallelic locus to be rendered circular is offered, and a proof given which does not involve the direct use of homogeneous coordinates. In a subsequent paper we propose to use the fact that the same transformation also maps the contours of equal average effect for each gene into circles to establish further results.", "PMID": 596829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5756", "title": "F-statistics and analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations.", "content": "It is show that Wright's F-statistics can be defined as ratios of gene diversities of heterozygosities rather than as the correlations of uniting gametes. This definition is applicable irrespective of the number of alleles involved or whether there is selection or not. The relationship between F-statistics and Nei's gene diversity analysis is discussed.", "contents": "F-statistics and analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. It is show that Wright's F-statistics can be defined as ratios of gene diversities of heterozygosities rather than as the correlations of uniting gametes. This definition is applicable irrespective of the number of alleles involved or whether there is selection or not. The relationship between F-statistics and Nei's gene diversity analysis is discussed.", "PMID": 596830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5757", "title": "The correlation between estimates of familial frequencies.", "content": "For the determination of the mode of inheritance of a disease or disorder familial data is often used and is usually presented in frequency form. This data has usually been obtained from a single set of nuclear families and so the estimates of the frequencies in relatives of those affected are not independent of one another and this makes inference concerning the mode of inheritance difficult. The exact degree of the correlation between estimates is not easy to determine. In this paper expressions are derived for the asymptotic variances of estimates and for the covariances and correlations between the basic pairs of intrafamilial frequency estimates for families of a given structure, and the extension to families of different sizes and structures is outlined. It is shown that these correlations are not necessarily negligible and should be taken into consideration when testing hypotheses concerning the mode of inheritance.", "contents": "The correlation between estimates of familial frequencies. For the determination of the mode of inheritance of a disease or disorder familial data is often used and is usually presented in frequency form. This data has usually been obtained from a single set of nuclear families and so the estimates of the frequencies in relatives of those affected are not independent of one another and this makes inference concerning the mode of inheritance difficult. The exact degree of the correlation between estimates is not easy to determine. In this paper expressions are derived for the asymptotic variances of estimates and for the covariances and correlations between the basic pairs of intrafamilial frequency estimates for families of a given structure, and the extension to families of different sizes and structures is outlined. It is shown that these correlations are not necessarily negligible and should be taken into consideration when testing hypotheses concerning the mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 596831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5758", "title": "Selection and mutation at an X-linked locus.", "content": "The most general mutation-selection model with discrete non-overlapping generations is formulated for a multiallelic X-linked locus. The difference equations for the gene frequencies, though dependent on the female genotypic proportions, are shown to have a simple form. If mating is random and the rates at which various unions produce females may be expressed as products of factors depending on the male and female parental genotypes, then the female zygotic frequencies are proved to be generalized Hardy-Weinberg proportions with respect to the male and female gametic frequencies. As the main application of the formalism, assuming only that mutation is much weaker than selection, the total frequencies of mutant alleles in males and females at equilibrium are related to the mutation rates and mean selection coefficients in the two sexes.", "contents": "Selection and mutation at an X-linked locus. The most general mutation-selection model with discrete non-overlapping generations is formulated for a multiallelic X-linked locus. The difference equations for the gene frequencies, though dependent on the female genotypic proportions, are shown to have a simple form. If mating is random and the rates at which various unions produce females may be expressed as products of factors depending on the male and female parental genotypes, then the female zygotic frequencies are proved to be generalized Hardy-Weinberg proportions with respect to the male and female gametic frequencies. As the main application of the formalism, assuming only that mutation is much weaker than selection, the total frequencies of mutant alleles in males and females at equilibrium are related to the mutation rates and mean selection coefficients in the two sexes.", "PMID": 596832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5759", "title": "Bioassay of kinship in northwestern Europe.", "content": "Kinship of Barra (Outer Hebrides) is bioassayed as 0.0096 relative to northwestern Europe, in reasonable agreement with prediction of 0.008 relative to Britain. The exponential decline of kinship with distance is similar to Scandinavia. Kinship of larger populations is consistent with predictions from isolates. Kinship is largely due to local drift rather than Norse admixture, the estimate of which is obscured by drift and appears highly unreliable. Other populations in northwest Europe, including Iceland, Lewis and Orkney, give estimates of kinship which reflect drift and geography, but also do not provide reliable estimates of admixture. Bioassay of kinship from gene frequencies gives observations to be explained in terms of migration and drift, but contributes nothing to the question of whether polymorphism in the species is maintained by neutral mutation or selection. Although the latter is on various grounds more likely, no calculations based on gene frequency distribution can provide critical evidence.", "contents": "Bioassay of kinship in northwestern Europe. Kinship of Barra (Outer Hebrides) is bioassayed as 0.0096 relative to northwestern Europe, in reasonable agreement with prediction of 0.008 relative to Britain. The exponential decline of kinship with distance is similar to Scandinavia. Kinship of larger populations is consistent with predictions from isolates. Kinship is largely due to local drift rather than Norse admixture, the estimate of which is obscured by drift and appears highly unreliable. Other populations in northwest Europe, including Iceland, Lewis and Orkney, give estimates of kinship which reflect drift and geography, but also do not provide reliable estimates of admixture. Bioassay of kinship from gene frequencies gives observations to be explained in terms of migration and drift, but contributes nothing to the question of whether polymorphism in the species is maintained by neutral mutation or selection. Although the latter is on various grounds more likely, no calculations based on gene frequency distribution can provide critical evidence.", "PMID": 596833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5760", "title": "Physical properties of mouse peripheral lymph node cells: changes during development.", "content": "Lymphocytes from axillary and brachial lymph nodes (LN) were fractionated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility (EPM) differences by means of free-flow electrophoresis and the fractions were analysed for size distribution with a \"Coulter\" counter. The data were combined to form a contour map (fingerprint) representative of the various LN cell types. LN fingerprint from adult mice exhibited a distinctly bimodal pattern with a low-mobility (LM) population corresponding to B cells and a high-mobility (HM) population (80%) corresponding to T cells. These 2 populations peaked 8 to 10 electrophoretic fractions apart. In marked contrast, LN fingerprint from neonatal mice regularly presented a single peak in the HM region which was by 3 electrophoretic fractions slower than in adult mice. These neonatal HM(T) cells possessed a larger modal volume (Coulter channel no 44) than that of adult HM(T) cells (Coulter channel no 37). Moreover, these early appearing LN-T cells were found to be endowed with the same EPM as OHC-resistant thymocytes which might suggest some connection between both populations.", "contents": "Physical properties of mouse peripheral lymph node cells: changes during development. Lymphocytes from axillary and brachial lymph nodes (LN) were fractionated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility (EPM) differences by means of free-flow electrophoresis and the fractions were analysed for size distribution with a \"Coulter\" counter. The data were combined to form a contour map (fingerprint) representative of the various LN cell types. LN fingerprint from adult mice exhibited a distinctly bimodal pattern with a low-mobility (LM) population corresponding to B cells and a high-mobility (HM) population (80%) corresponding to T cells. These 2 populations peaked 8 to 10 electrophoretic fractions apart. In marked contrast, LN fingerprint from neonatal mice regularly presented a single peak in the HM region which was by 3 electrophoretic fractions slower than in adult mice. These neonatal HM(T) cells possessed a larger modal volume (Coulter channel no 44) than that of adult HM(T) cells (Coulter channel no 37). Moreover, these early appearing LN-T cells were found to be endowed with the same EPM as OHC-resistant thymocytes which might suggest some connection between both populations.", "PMID": 596834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5761", "title": "[Sensitivity of Sherman's propionic acid bacilli to antibacterial preparations and vitamin B12 synthesis].", "content": "Sherman propionic acid bacilli were sensitive to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ceporin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, levomycetin and furadonine. Methicillin, oxacillin, monomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin and furazolidone had an insignificant effect on the above organism. The subbacteriostatic concentrations of methicillin, oxacillin, streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, polymyxin M and ristomycin increased the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 by Sherman propionic acid bacilli, while benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, levomycetin and furadonine in the subbacteriostatic concentrations inhibited this process.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of Sherman's propionic acid bacilli to antibacterial preparations and vitamin B12 synthesis]. Sherman propionic acid bacilli were sensitive to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ceporin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, levomycetin and furadonine. Methicillin, oxacillin, monomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin and furazolidone had an insignificant effect on the above organism. The subbacteriostatic concentrations of methicillin, oxacillin, streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetraolean, sigmamycin, polymyxin M and ristomycin increased the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 by Sherman propionic acid bacilli, while benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, oleandomycin, oletetrin, levomycetin and furadonine in the subbacteriostatic concentrations inhibited this process.", "PMID": 596839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5762", "title": "[Inflammation and host resistance against tumours. II. -- Antagonism between bradykinin and a fraction isolated from the supernatant of cultured malignant cells on the spreading of macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "When murine peritoneal macrophages are incubated in presence of 10(-6) to 10(-8) M of bradykinin, their spreading is increased. When macrophages are incubated in presence of a low molecular weight fraction of the supernatant from cultured Lewis carcinoma's cells (AP) their spreading is decreased. When macrophages are incuated first with bradykinin and later on with AP, no inhibition of spreading is observed. When macrophages are incubated first with AP and later on with bradykinin, the increase of spreading is not observed.", "contents": "[Inflammation and host resistance against tumours. II. -- Antagonism between bradykinin and a fraction isolated from the supernatant of cultured malignant cells on the spreading of macrophages (author's transl)]. When murine peritoneal macrophages are incubated in presence of 10(-6) to 10(-8) M of bradykinin, their spreading is increased. When macrophages are incubated in presence of a low molecular weight fraction of the supernatant from cultured Lewis carcinoma's cells (AP) their spreading is decreased. When macrophages are incuated first with bradykinin and later on with AP, no inhibition of spreading is observed. When macrophages are incubated first with AP and later on with bradykinin, the increase of spreading is not observed.", "PMID": 596835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5763", "title": "[Thymectomy and lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity in the chicken (author's transl)].", "content": "Spleen and blood lymphocytes from non-thymectomized chicken immunized with sheep red blood cells are cytotoxic in vitro against 51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells with specific lysis values in the order of 40%. Complete Freund's adjuvant is necessary to obtain a measurable degree of specific lysis. Spleen and blood from immunized thymectomized chicken yield little or no cytotoxic lymphocytes, with specific lysis values inferior to 15%, whatever the number of added lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Thymectomy and lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity in the chicken (author's transl)]. Spleen and blood lymphocytes from non-thymectomized chicken immunized with sheep red blood cells are cytotoxic in vitro against 51Cr-labelled sheep red blood cells with specific lysis values in the order of 40%. Complete Freund's adjuvant is necessary to obtain a measurable degree of specific lysis. Spleen and blood from immunized thymectomized chicken yield little or no cytotoxic lymphocytes, with specific lysis values inferior to 15%, whatever the number of added lymphocytes.", "PMID": 596836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5764", "title": "[Combined antibiotic therapy following heart surgery].", "content": "In vitro efficacy of combinations of broad and narrow spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins, broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins with macrolides or aminoglycosides and tetracyclines with other biosynthetic antibiotics was studied with respect to the causative agents of surgical infections. Correlation between the sensitivity of the isolates and the antibiotics levels in the organism of the surgical patients was shown. The role of the etiological factor in the development of the post-operative complications in the patients after surgical operations on the heart was elucidated. The most rational schemes of the antibiotic use in therapy of the patients with purulent complications after operations on the open heart were developed and the maximum doses of different semi-synthetic penicillins for the treatment of patients with purulent processes after operations under conditions of artificial blood circulation were determined.", "contents": "[Combined antibiotic therapy following heart surgery]. In vitro efficacy of combinations of broad and narrow spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins, broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins with macrolides or aminoglycosides and tetracyclines with other biosynthetic antibiotics was studied with respect to the causative agents of surgical infections. Correlation between the sensitivity of the isolates and the antibiotics levels in the organism of the surgical patients was shown. The role of the etiological factor in the development of the post-operative complications in the patients after surgical operations on the heart was elucidated. The most rational schemes of the antibiotic use in therapy of the patients with purulent complications after operations on the open heart were developed and the maximum doses of different semi-synthetic penicillins for the treatment of patients with purulent processes after operations under conditions of artificial blood circulation were determined.", "PMID": 596840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5765", "title": "[Formation of new antibiotic, virenomycin, by a culture of Streptomyces virens sp. nev].", "content": "A culture of a new species Streptomyces virens was isolated from a soil sample. It produced an antibiotic designated as virenomycin. The antibiotic was mainly synthesized in the mycelium. Only insignificant amounts of it were found in the culture fluid. The optimal nutrient medium for production of virenomycin contained glycerol, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Crystalline virenomycin had a comparatively low antitumor activity and narrow spectrum.", "contents": "[Formation of new antibiotic, virenomycin, by a culture of Streptomyces virens sp. nev]. A culture of a new species Streptomyces virens was isolated from a soil sample. It produced an antibiotic designated as virenomycin. The antibiotic was mainly synthesized in the mycelium. Only insignificant amounts of it were found in the culture fluid. The optimal nutrient medium for production of virenomycin contained glycerol, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Crystalline virenomycin had a comparatively low antitumor activity and narrow spectrum.", "PMID": 596841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5766", "title": "[Elevated CEA levels in a group of polyvinyl workers (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen was assayed in plasma from a population of polyvinyl chloride workers from the same industry. We have found 56% of elevated levels in a group of workers as compared to 9.2% for a normal population including smokers and non-smokers.", "contents": "[Elevated CEA levels in a group of polyvinyl workers (author's transl)]. Carcinoembryonic antigen was assayed in plasma from a population of polyvinyl chloride workers from the same industry. We have found 56% of elevated levels in a group of workers as compared to 9.2% for a normal population including smokers and non-smokers.", "PMID": 596837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5767", "title": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of the new antitumor antibiotic virenomycin].", "content": "Virenomycin, a new crystalline antitumor antibiotic was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces virens. The antibiotic contained: C 64.87 per cent, H 5.66 per cent, methoxylic groups 9.5 per cent. The melting temperature was 255-260 degrees (dec.), [alpha]20D=-17 (c 0.142, chloroform). Virenomycin had a complex UV spectrum with lambdamax. 245 (677), 265 (453), 275 (542), 287 (507), 395 (222) nm. A chromofor fragment and carbohydrate (C7H14O5) were found in the methanolysis products. Virenomycin was close to antibiotic c B-21085 BY THe physico-chemical properties and differed from it in the character of the UV spectrum and the values of the specific absorption, as well as by the optic rotation in dimethyl sulphoxide and acetic acid.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical characteristics of the new antitumor antibiotic virenomycin]. Virenomycin, a new crystalline antitumor antibiotic was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces virens. The antibiotic contained: C 64.87 per cent, H 5.66 per cent, methoxylic groups 9.5 per cent. The melting temperature was 255-260 degrees (dec.), [alpha]20D=-17 (c 0.142, chloroform). Virenomycin had a complex UV spectrum with lambdamax. 245 (677), 265 (453), 275 (542), 287 (507), 395 (222) nm. A chromofor fragment and carbohydrate (C7H14O5) were found in the methanolysis products. Virenomycin was close to antibiotic c B-21085 BY THe physico-chemical properties and differed from it in the character of the UV spectrum and the values of the specific absorption, as well as by the optic rotation in dimethyl sulphoxide and acetic acid.", "PMID": 596842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5768", "title": "Influence on certain amino acids on steps leading to DNA synthesis in concanavalin A-treated guinea-pig lymphocytes.", "content": "When guinea-pig lymph node cells were exposed to ConA in a culture medium lacking glutamine or cysteine, no DNA synthesis occurred. The addition of the missing acid to ConA-treated lymphocytes submitted to glutamine or cysteine starvation for 40 h allowed the synthesis of DNA to take place after a period of only 10-12 h. The synthesis of DNA is preceded by a rapid increase of 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA and of 3H-leucine incorporation into protein which occurred a few hours after addition of the missing amino acid. When cycloheximide was added to lymphocytes exposed to ConA in a glutamine or cysteine deprived medium, a relative enhancement of uridine incorporation was observed. No such effect was provoked by puromycin. These results suggest the possibility of a control system in lymphocytes similar to those described in microbial cells for amino acid control of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Influence on certain amino acids on steps leading to DNA synthesis in concanavalin A-treated guinea-pig lymphocytes. When guinea-pig lymph node cells were exposed to ConA in a culture medium lacking glutamine or cysteine, no DNA synthesis occurred. The addition of the missing acid to ConA-treated lymphocytes submitted to glutamine or cysteine starvation for 40 h allowed the synthesis of DNA to take place after a period of only 10-12 h. The synthesis of DNA is preceded by a rapid increase of 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA and of 3H-leucine incorporation into protein which occurred a few hours after addition of the missing amino acid. When cycloheximide was added to lymphocytes exposed to ConA in a glutamine or cysteine deprived medium, a relative enhancement of uridine incorporation was observed. No such effect was provoked by puromycin. These results suggest the possibility of a control system in lymphocytes similar to those described in microbial cells for amino acid control of RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 596838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5769", "title": "[Component composition and admixtures of related compounds in commercial preparations with an erythromycin base].", "content": "Chromatographic purity of erythromycin base preparations manufactured in the USSR with various technological procedures and those of 4 foreign firms was studied. All the preparations studied in addition to the main component of erythromycin A contained 5 to 7 per cent of erythromycin C and about 1.5 to 3.5 per cent of a non-identified component possessing a somewhat lower chromatographic mobility than erythromycin C. The admixture of 0.5--1 per cent of anhydroerythmycin was found in many erythromycin preparations. The preparations of some foreign firms contained also a number of additional substances. It was shown that the antimicrobial activity of anhydroerythromycin was 50-60 times lower than that of erythromycin. Direct correla;ion between the level of the antimicrobial activity of the market prepaetions of erythromycin and the level of its chemical purity was noted.", "contents": "[Component composition and admixtures of related compounds in commercial preparations with an erythromycin base]. Chromatographic purity of erythromycin base preparations manufactured in the USSR with various technological procedures and those of 4 foreign firms was studied. All the preparations studied in addition to the main component of erythromycin A contained 5 to 7 per cent of erythromycin C and about 1.5 to 3.5 per cent of a non-identified component possessing a somewhat lower chromatographic mobility than erythromycin C. The admixture of 0.5--1 per cent of anhydroerythmycin was found in many erythromycin preparations. The preparations of some foreign firms contained also a number of additional substances. It was shown that the antimicrobial activity of anhydroerythromycin was 50-60 times lower than that of erythromycin. Direct correla;ion between the level of the antimicrobial activity of the market prepaetions of erythromycin and the level of its chemical purity was noted.", "PMID": 596843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5770", "title": "[Formation of peroxide compounds and their role in the inactivation of polyene antibiotics levorin and mycoheptin].", "content": "The kinetics of peroxide formation in the process of levorin and mycoheptin oxidation at a temperature of 57 degrees C was studied. It was shown that the peroxide compounds actively participated in the processes of levorin and mycoheptin inactivation as intermediate products of their transformation. Addition of the peroxides increased the rate of the antibiotic degradation even if there was no oxygen and subsequently decreased the periods of their storage. Conditions for the use of the iodometric method for determination of the peroxides in the poyenic compounds are discussed.", "contents": "[Formation of peroxide compounds and their role in the inactivation of polyene antibiotics levorin and mycoheptin]. The kinetics of peroxide formation in the process of levorin and mycoheptin oxidation at a temperature of 57 degrees C was studied. It was shown that the peroxide compounds actively participated in the processes of levorin and mycoheptin inactivation as intermediate products of their transformation. Addition of the peroxides increased the rate of the antibiotic degradation even if there was no oxygen and subsequently decreased the periods of their storage. Conditions for the use of the iodometric method for determination of the peroxides in the poyenic compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 596845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5771", "title": "[Effect of mutagenic factors on the variability of cultures of Actinomyces griseus--preducer of the antibiotic grisin].", "content": "The study of the lethal and mutagenic effect of ethylenimine, nitrozoguanidine, nitrozomethylurea and nitrozoethylurea on Act. griseus Krainsky 15, producing grisin, an antibiotic widely used in agriculture as a stimulator of domestic animal growth showed that induction of mutants with increased antibiotic production levels was most favourable under the effect of ethylenimine. The above mutagens were highly active with respect to induction of morphological mutants. No clear correlation between the colony morphology and antibiotic production property was observed. However, it was noted that the dwarf colonies had a significantly decreased antibiotic activity.", "contents": "[Effect of mutagenic factors on the variability of cultures of Actinomyces griseus--preducer of the antibiotic grisin]. The study of the lethal and mutagenic effect of ethylenimine, nitrozoguanidine, nitrozomethylurea and nitrozoethylurea on Act. griseus Krainsky 15, producing grisin, an antibiotic widely used in agriculture as a stimulator of domestic animal growth showed that induction of mutants with increased antibiotic production levels was most favourable under the effect of ethylenimine. The above mutagens were highly active with respect to induction of morphological mutants. No clear correlation between the colony morphology and antibiotic production property was observed. However, it was noted that the dwarf colonies had a significantly decreased antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 596846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5772", "title": "[Cellular test system for studying the biological properties of preparations with L-asparaginase activity].", "content": "L-Asparaginase sensitivity and asparagin-deficiency of 5 tumor cell populations, i.e. mouse lymphoma L-1210, LI0-1, LTL, Berkitt lymphoma and human ovary cancer, line CaOv were studied. Radiometric estimation of 3H-thimidine incorporation into the cells of DNA served a criterion of cytotoxicity. \"Krasnitin\" (FDR) was used as L-asparaginase. The cells of leukemia L-1210, lymphosarcoma LIO-1 and line CaOv were asparagine-independent and non-sensitive to L-asparaginase. The cells of mouse lympholeukemia LTL and the cultures of Berkitt human lymphoma proved to be asparagin-dependent and highly sensitive to L-asparaginase. In concentration of 50 IU/ml the drug inhibited incorporation of 3H-thimidine in the cells of LTL and Berkitt lymphoma by 97-98 and 75-80 per cent respectively. Inhibition of 3H-thimidine incorporation in the cells of LTL and Berkitt lymphoma was more pronounced after incubation with the drug for 8 and 24 hours respectively. Two out of the 5 tumor cell populations were chosen as a result of the study. One of these 2 populations, i.e. the cells of Berkitt lymphoma was asparagin-dependent and highly sensitive to L-asparaginase, the other, i.e. the cells of line CaOv was asparagin-independent and resistant to the specific antitumor effect of the enzyme. The use of a system of these two cell lines provided estimation of the ratio of the specific cytostatic (antitumor activity) and non-specific cytostatic properties in the preparations with L-asparaginase activity.", "contents": "[Cellular test system for studying the biological properties of preparations with L-asparaginase activity]. L-Asparaginase sensitivity and asparagin-deficiency of 5 tumor cell populations, i.e. mouse lymphoma L-1210, LI0-1, LTL, Berkitt lymphoma and human ovary cancer, line CaOv were studied. Radiometric estimation of 3H-thimidine incorporation into the cells of DNA served a criterion of cytotoxicity. \"Krasnitin\" (FDR) was used as L-asparaginase. The cells of leukemia L-1210, lymphosarcoma LIO-1 and line CaOv were asparagine-independent and non-sensitive to L-asparaginase. The cells of mouse lympholeukemia LTL and the cultures of Berkitt human lymphoma proved to be asparagin-dependent and highly sensitive to L-asparaginase. In concentration of 50 IU/ml the drug inhibited incorporation of 3H-thimidine in the cells of LTL and Berkitt lymphoma by 97-98 and 75-80 per cent respectively. Inhibition of 3H-thimidine incorporation in the cells of LTL and Berkitt lymphoma was more pronounced after incubation with the drug for 8 and 24 hours respectively. Two out of the 5 tumor cell populations were chosen as a result of the study. One of these 2 populations, i.e. the cells of Berkitt lymphoma was asparagin-dependent and highly sensitive to L-asparaginase, the other, i.e. the cells of line CaOv was asparagin-independent and resistant to the specific antitumor effect of the enzyme. The use of a system of these two cell lines provided estimation of the ratio of the specific cytostatic (antitumor activity) and non-specific cytostatic properties in the preparations with L-asparaginase activity.", "PMID": 596848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5773", "title": "[New species of Actinoplanes cyanea sp. nov. and its antagonistic properties].", "content": "An actinomycete stain 1569 isolated from a Siberian soil sample is described as a representative of a new species, designated as Actinoplanes cyaneus sp. nov. The actinomycete cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, xylose and a non-identified analogue of diaminopimelic acid. The actinomycete forms spherical sporangia with mobile spores. The aerial mycelium is absent. The isolate produces a soluble blue pigment on synthetic media. The pygment investigation showed that it belonged to the group of celicomycin-actinorodine.", "contents": "[New species of Actinoplanes cyanea sp. nov. and its antagonistic properties]. An actinomycete stain 1569 isolated from a Siberian soil sample is described as a representative of a new species, designated as Actinoplanes cyaneus sp. nov. The actinomycete cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, xylose and a non-identified analogue of diaminopimelic acid. The actinomycete forms spherical sporangia with mobile spores. The aerial mycelium is absent. The isolate produces a soluble blue pigment on synthetic media. The pygment investigation showed that it belonged to the group of celicomycin-actinorodine.", "PMID": 596849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5774", "title": "[Biological characteristics of culture 6734-21 and the conditions for isolating the antiviral antibiotic it produces].", "content": "An actinomyceteous strain No. 6734-21 was isolated from a soil sample of Central Asia and classified as Actinomyces bottropensis. It inhibited the development of the phage of the lysogenic culture of Micrococcus lysodeicticus 53-40 (No. 5) and the variolovaccine DNA-containing virus. Actinomyces bottropensis, strain No. 6734-21 produced an antiviral antibiotic classified as one belonging to the actinorodine group.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics of culture 6734-21 and the conditions for isolating the antiviral antibiotic it produces]. An actinomyceteous strain No. 6734-21 was isolated from a soil sample of Central Asia and classified as Actinomyces bottropensis. It inhibited the development of the phage of the lysogenic culture of Micrococcus lysodeicticus 53-40 (No. 5) and the variolovaccine DNA-containing virus. Actinomyces bottropensis, strain No. 6734-21 produced an antiviral antibiotic classified as one belonging to the actinorodine group.", "PMID": 596850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5775", "title": "[Isolation and substrate specificity of neomycin (paromomycin)--phosphotransferase from Actinomyces fradiae, a producer of neomycin].", "content": "Neomycin (paromomycin) phosphotransferase was isolated from the mycelium and fermentation broth filtrates of Act. fradiae. The substance was partially purified by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by gel-filtration through Sefadex G-100. The extracellular and intracellular forms of the enzyme had the same substrate specificity and used only neomycin and paromomycin as substrates. The other aminoglycosides, including kanamycins A and B, lividomycin and ribostamycin were not used. The both forms had the same thermolability. The intracellular form of the enzyme was detected in the mycelium at the early stages of the organism development, while the extracellular form was found in detectable amounts in the culture medium only at the late stages of the actinomycete development. Therefore, the neomycin-producing organism, i.e. Act. fradiae had one enzyme which phosphorilated neomycin and paromomycin and was excreted from the mycellium into the culture medium during the fermentation process.", "contents": "[Isolation and substrate specificity of neomycin (paromomycin)--phosphotransferase from Actinomyces fradiae, a producer of neomycin]. Neomycin (paromomycin) phosphotransferase was isolated from the mycelium and fermentation broth filtrates of Act. fradiae. The substance was partially purified by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by gel-filtration through Sefadex G-100. The extracellular and intracellular forms of the enzyme had the same substrate specificity and used only neomycin and paromomycin as substrates. The other aminoglycosides, including kanamycins A and B, lividomycin and ribostamycin were not used. The both forms had the same thermolability. The intracellular form of the enzyme was detected in the mycelium at the early stages of the organism development, while the extracellular form was found in detectable amounts in the culture medium only at the late stages of the actinomycete development. Therefore, the neomycin-producing organism, i.e. Act. fradiae had one enzyme which phosphorilated neomycin and paromomycin and was excreted from the mycellium into the culture medium during the fermentation process.", "PMID": 596851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5776", "title": "[Carbohydrate bond to the hydroxyaromatic amino acids in actinoidins A and B].", "content": "The method of exhaustive methylation with diasomethane was used as applied for actinoidines A and B and their glycosides for elucidation of the problem of connection between the carbohydrates and oxyaromatic fragments of the antibiotics followed by analysis of the acid hydrolyzates of the methoxy derivatives. It was found that the disaccarhide branch, i.e. 2-O-(L-acozaminyl)-D-glucose was connected in actinoidines A and B through the phenol group of the triaminotricarbonic fragment V, while the residue of D-mannose was connected through one of the phenol groups of the actinoidinic amino acid. The other two phenolic groups of the actinoidinic amino acid, as well as the phenolic groups of the N-end amino acids did not participate ion formation of the glycoside bonds. Actinosamine was probably connected through the alcohol group of the aglycone.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate bond to the hydroxyaromatic amino acids in actinoidins A and B]. The method of exhaustive methylation with diasomethane was used as applied for actinoidines A and B and their glycosides for elucidation of the problem of connection between the carbohydrates and oxyaromatic fragments of the antibiotics followed by analysis of the acid hydrolyzates of the methoxy derivatives. It was found that the disaccarhide branch, i.e. 2-O-(L-acozaminyl)-D-glucose was connected in actinoidines A and B through the phenol group of the triaminotricarbonic fragment V, while the residue of D-mannose was connected through one of the phenol groups of the actinoidinic amino acid. The other two phenolic groups of the actinoidinic amino acid, as well as the phenolic groups of the N-end amino acids did not participate ion formation of the glycoside bonds. Actinosamine was probably connected through the alcohol group of the aglycone.", "PMID": 596852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5777", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of carminomycinone derivatives].", "content": "The possibility of chemical modification of carminomycinone-aglycone (II) of carminomicin, a side product in the antibiotic production was studied. The methyl group C-14 was functionilized by introducing the bromine atom and performing a number of exchange reactions with the bromine atom. It was found that under definite conditions (1. 1 equiv. Br2in dioxane, 20 degrees, 24 hours) carminomycinone (II) was subjected to selective bromination into the side acetyl group with formation of 14-bromcarminomycinone (III). On interaction with anhydrous potassium acetate 14-bromcarminomycinone (III) yield 14-acetoxycarminomycinone (IV). In its turn the latter compound (IV) easily hydrolized to 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) in treatment with aqueous alkali or acid. 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) was also prepared with a high yield (80 per cent) by direct alkaline hydrolysis of 14-bromcarminomycinone (III) in treatment with 0.1N solution of sodium carbonate in a mixture of dioxane and water. The structure of 14-substituted derivatives of carminomycinone was proved by analytical and spectral data and confirmed by their transformation. Thus, according to the data of mass-spectrometry 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) had a molecular weight of 400 c. u. In treatment with an excess of acetic anhydride in pyridine it formed a hexa-acetyl derivative, i.e. 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14-hexa-acetyl-14-oxycarminomycinone (VI). The aglycones (III-V) prepared by us may serve a starting material in chemical synthesis, as well as biosynthesis of semi-synthetic preparations of the carminomycin series.", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of carminomycinone derivatives]. The possibility of chemical modification of carminomycinone-aglycone (II) of carminomicin, a side product in the antibiotic production was studied. The methyl group C-14 was functionilized by introducing the bromine atom and performing a number of exchange reactions with the bromine atom. It was found that under definite conditions (1. 1 equiv. Br2in dioxane, 20 degrees, 24 hours) carminomycinone (II) was subjected to selective bromination into the side acetyl group with formation of 14-bromcarminomycinone (III). On interaction with anhydrous potassium acetate 14-bromcarminomycinone (III) yield 14-acetoxycarminomycinone (IV). In its turn the latter compound (IV) easily hydrolized to 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) in treatment with aqueous alkali or acid. 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) was also prepared with a high yield (80 per cent) by direct alkaline hydrolysis of 14-bromcarminomycinone (III) in treatment with 0.1N solution of sodium carbonate in a mixture of dioxane and water. The structure of 14-substituted derivatives of carminomycinone was proved by analytical and spectral data and confirmed by their transformation. Thus, according to the data of mass-spectrometry 14-oxycarminomycinone (V) had a molecular weight of 400 c. u. In treatment with an excess of acetic anhydride in pyridine it formed a hexa-acetyl derivative, i.e. 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14-hexa-acetyl-14-oxycarminomycinone (VI). The aglycones (III-V) prepared by us may serve a starting material in chemical synthesis, as well as biosynthesis of semi-synthetic preparations of the carminomycin series.", "PMID": 596853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5778", "title": "Auxotrophic mutants in the selection of the rubomycin producer, Actinomyces coeruleorubidus.", "content": "A total of 351 auxotrophic mutants with different antibiotic activity, including several mutants with activity higher than that of the parent prototrophic strains were obtained under the effect of gamma-rays from 3 prototrophic strains of Act. coeruleorubidus. It was shown that most of the auxotrophic mutants did not preserve the property of biochemical insufficiency on passages on complete media. A mutant strain 1059-32 with activity 2 times higher than that of the prototrophic strain 2-39 and the parent auxotrophic culture was obtained from the revertants. Requirements in 29 growth factors including 17 amino acids, 4 nitrous bases, 8 vitamins and coenzymes were determined in 46 stable auxotrophic mutants isolated. The effect of the specific and non-specific growth factors on the culture antibiotic production was studied.", "contents": "Auxotrophic mutants in the selection of the rubomycin producer, Actinomyces coeruleorubidus. A total of 351 auxotrophic mutants with different antibiotic activity, including several mutants with activity higher than that of the parent prototrophic strains were obtained under the effect of gamma-rays from 3 prototrophic strains of Act. coeruleorubidus. It was shown that most of the auxotrophic mutants did not preserve the property of biochemical insufficiency on passages on complete media. A mutant strain 1059-32 with activity 2 times higher than that of the prototrophic strain 2-39 and the parent auxotrophic culture was obtained from the revertants. Requirements in 29 growth factors including 17 amino acids, 4 nitrous bases, 8 vitamins and coenzymes were determined in 46 stable auxotrophic mutants isolated. The effect of the specific and non-specific growth factors on the culture antibiotic production was studied.", "PMID": 596854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5779", "title": "[Development of bruneomycin and rubomycin resistance in mouse lymphadenosis tumor cells and Staphyloccus when these preparations are used separately or together].", "content": "Two sublines of mouse lymphadenosis (L-5178) resistant to bruneomycin and rubomycin used alone, as well as a subline with induced resistance to the combination of these drugs were employed in the study. The studies showd that in separate use of rubomycin and bruneomycin the tumor cell resistance to the respective drug was evident at the 10th passage. After 30 passages neither bruneomycin nor rubomycin produced reliable inhibition of the tumor growth in the respective subline of lyphadenosis. When the antibiotics were used in combination, no significant decrease in sensitivity of the tumor cells to either of the drugs or their combination was observed. The experiment with Staph. aureus also showed that the rate of the resistance increase to the drug combination was lower than that to the drugs used alone. Therefore, it was shown that the combined use of bruneomycin and rubomycin provided a means for preventing to a significant extent of development of the resistance in lymphadenosis tumor cells and Staph. aureus. This may be considered as an indication for clinical trials of the above combination.", "contents": "[Development of bruneomycin and rubomycin resistance in mouse lymphadenosis tumor cells and Staphyloccus when these preparations are used separately or together]. Two sublines of mouse lymphadenosis (L-5178) resistant to bruneomycin and rubomycin used alone, as well as a subline with induced resistance to the combination of these drugs were employed in the study. The studies showd that in separate use of rubomycin and bruneomycin the tumor cell resistance to the respective drug was evident at the 10th passage. After 30 passages neither bruneomycin nor rubomycin produced reliable inhibition of the tumor growth in the respective subline of lyphadenosis. When the antibiotics were used in combination, no significant decrease in sensitivity of the tumor cells to either of the drugs or their combination was observed. The experiment with Staph. aureus also showed that the rate of the resistance increase to the drug combination was lower than that to the drugs used alone. Therefore, it was shown that the combined use of bruneomycin and rubomycin provided a means for preventing to a significant extent of development of the resistance in lymphadenosis tumor cells and Staph. aureus. This may be considered as an indication for clinical trials of the above combination.", "PMID": 596856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5780", "title": "[Penetration of polyene antibiotics into human embryonic kidney tissue cell cultures].", "content": "Penetration of 14C-amphotericin AM-2 into the cells of the tissue culture of the human embryon kidneys was studied by means of light autoradiography after incubation with the antibiotic. Microscopic examination of the autographs of the cell slices revealed the presence of the radioactive label in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the cells. The revealed intracellular localization of the label was evident of the antibiotic penetration into the cells.", "contents": "[Penetration of polyene antibiotics into human embryonic kidney tissue cell cultures]. Penetration of 14C-amphotericin AM-2 into the cells of the tissue culture of the human embryon kidneys was studied by means of light autoradiography after incubation with the antibiotic. Microscopic examination of the autographs of the cell slices revealed the presence of the radioactive label in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the cells. The revealed intracellular localization of the label was evident of the antibiotic penetration into the cells.", "PMID": 596858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5781", "title": "Effects of growth conditions on the lipid composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum.", "content": "Lipid-phosphorus and lipid-galactose content and phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum were examined under a wide variety of growth conditions. Cells from 29-C cultures contained less lipid-phosphorus than did cells from 37-C cultures, but their lipid-galactose content and phospholipid composition did not differ. At both temperatures, the growth phase influenced the lipid composition similarly. Phosphate, Mg2+ and K+ concentrations in the medium did neither significantly change the cellular lipid-phosphorus content nor the phospholipid composition. Only Mg2+-deficiency markedly reduced growth and lowered the content of cellular lipid-galactose. Omission of Tween 80 from the medium did not affect growth, but lowered the content of lipid-galactose and augmented those of lipid-phosphorus and diphosphatidylglycerol in the cell. Increased osmolarity and substitution of other Tween for Tween 80 caused the same changes in lipid composition, and besides inhibited growth. Omitting Tween 80 and replacing it by other Tweens dramatically reduced the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. C12- and C14-fatty acids made up about 50% of total fatty acids in cells from Tween 20 cultures and 12-14% in cells from Tween 40 and Tween 60 cultures. The differences in the decline of unsaturated fatty acids and in the degree of replacement of these acids by C12- and C14-fatty acids may be related to the variations in growth in cultures with various Tweens by way of changes in the physical state of the membrane lipids.", "contents": "Effects of growth conditions on the lipid composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum. Lipid-phosphorus and lipid-galactose content and phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum were examined under a wide variety of growth conditions. Cells from 29-C cultures contained less lipid-phosphorus than did cells from 37-C cultures, but their lipid-galactose content and phospholipid composition did not differ. At both temperatures, the growth phase influenced the lipid composition similarly. Phosphate, Mg2+ and K+ concentrations in the medium did neither significantly change the cellular lipid-phosphorus content nor the phospholipid composition. Only Mg2+-deficiency markedly reduced growth and lowered the content of cellular lipid-galactose. Omission of Tween 80 from the medium did not affect growth, but lowered the content of lipid-galactose and augmented those of lipid-phosphorus and diphosphatidylglycerol in the cell. Increased osmolarity and substitution of other Tween for Tween 80 caused the same changes in lipid composition, and besides inhibited growth. Omitting Tween 80 and replacing it by other Tweens dramatically reduced the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. C12- and C14-fatty acids made up about 50% of total fatty acids in cells from Tween 20 cultures and 12-14% in cells from Tween 40 and Tween 60 cultures. The differences in the decline of unsaturated fatty acids and in the degree of replacement of these acids by C12- and C14-fatty acids may be related to the variations in growth in cultures with various Tweens by way of changes in the physical state of the membrane lipids.", "PMID": 596859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5782", "title": "Effects of growth conditions on the ion composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum.", "content": "The cation content of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum was markedly influenced by the washing procedure of the cells, by the growth phase and the temperature, and by the composition of the culture medium. Optimal retention of cations was achieved by washing with 0.25 M MgCl2 at 20C. The intracellular Na+ concentration rose during growth in normal medium to a constant value in the stationary phase, the K+ concentration rose in the exponential phase, but fell in the stationary phase. Cells from 29-C cultures contained more Na+ and less K+ in the stationary phase than did cells from 37-C cultures, but the total cation content was the same at 29 and 37C. Intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations were dependent on the concentrations in the medium and on its osmolarity. The intracellular Na+/K+ ratio varied from 0.04 to 2.3. The concentrations of Na+,K+ and phosphate in the medium hardly affected growth. Mg2+-deficiency of the medium markedly decreased the concentration of Mg2+ within the cell; its concentration in the cell sap was greatly affected, but the amount of sedimentable, bound Mg2+ only slightly. The content of K+ within the cell decreased in Mg2+-deficient medium, but the concentration of Na+ did not. Omission of Tween 80 as well as its substitution by Tween 20 caused a decrease of intracellular K+. Cells from Tween 40 and Tween 60 cultures additionally contained markedly less Na+.", "contents": "Effects of growth conditions on the ion composition of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum. The cation content of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum was markedly influenced by the washing procedure of the cells, by the growth phase and the temperature, and by the composition of the culture medium. Optimal retention of cations was achieved by washing with 0.25 M MgCl2 at 20C. The intracellular Na+ concentration rose during growth in normal medium to a constant value in the stationary phase, the K+ concentration rose in the exponential phase, but fell in the stationary phase. Cells from 29-C cultures contained more Na+ and less K+ in the stationary phase than did cells from 37-C cultures, but the total cation content was the same at 29 and 37C. Intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations were dependent on the concentrations in the medium and on its osmolarity. The intracellular Na+/K+ ratio varied from 0.04 to 2.3. The concentrations of Na+,K+ and phosphate in the medium hardly affected growth. Mg2+-deficiency of the medium markedly decreased the concentration of Mg2+ within the cell; its concentration in the cell sap was greatly affected, but the amount of sedimentable, bound Mg2+ only slightly. The content of K+ within the cell decreased in Mg2+-deficient medium, but the concentration of Na+ did not. Omission of Tween 80 as well as its substitution by Tween 20 caused a decrease of intracellular K+. Cells from Tween 40 and Tween 60 cultures additionally contained markedly less Na+.", "PMID": 596860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5783", "title": "Killer-sensitive relationships in yeasts from natural habitats.", "content": "Yeast strains (157) belonging to at least 9 genera were isolated from natural habitats and screened for killer-sensitive relationships. Killer and sensitive characteristics were exhibited by 17 and 11% of the isolates, respectively. The strains belong to either one of two mutually exclusive killer-sensitive groups.", "contents": "Killer-sensitive relationships in yeasts from natural habitats. Yeast strains (157) belonging to at least 9 genera were isolated from natural habitats and screened for killer-sensitive relationships. Killer and sensitive characteristics were exhibited by 17 and 11% of the isolates, respectively. The strains belong to either one of two mutually exclusive killer-sensitive groups.", "PMID": 596861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5784", "title": "The occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in surface water and in tap water as determined on citrate media.", "content": "Citrate-utilizing bacteria were counted in 289 samples of tap water derived from either surface water or ground water and in 32 samples of raw or partially treated surface water by using media containing ferric ammonium citrate as the carbon and energy source. The citrate-utilizing bacteria constituted only small minorities of the colony counts on Lab-Lemco agar at 25 C in both tap water and surface water. A total of 1071 isolates were obtained, of which 979 were able to utilize citrate. Characterization of the citrate-utilizing isolates revealed that 90% of these bacteria were arginine dihydrolase-positive and belonged to the genera Pseudomonas (84.3%) and Aeromonas (5.7%). The genus Pseudomonas was represented by fluorescent pseudomonads (66.3%), non-fluorescent glucose-utilizing pseudomonads (12.1%) and P. alcaligenes (5.9%). None of the isolates was identified as P. aeruginosa. It is suggested that the pseudomonads and the aeromonads are not adapted to low substrate concentrations. Enumeration of the citrate-utilizing bacteria in tap water therefore may give information on the efficiency of water treatment techniques as regards the substrate removal.", "contents": "The occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in surface water and in tap water as determined on citrate media. Citrate-utilizing bacteria were counted in 289 samples of tap water derived from either surface water or ground water and in 32 samples of raw or partially treated surface water by using media containing ferric ammonium citrate as the carbon and energy source. The citrate-utilizing bacteria constituted only small minorities of the colony counts on Lab-Lemco agar at 25 C in both tap water and surface water. A total of 1071 isolates were obtained, of which 979 were able to utilize citrate. Characterization of the citrate-utilizing isolates revealed that 90% of these bacteria were arginine dihydrolase-positive and belonged to the genera Pseudomonas (84.3%) and Aeromonas (5.7%). The genus Pseudomonas was represented by fluorescent pseudomonads (66.3%), non-fluorescent glucose-utilizing pseudomonads (12.1%) and P. alcaligenes (5.9%). None of the isolates was identified as P. aeruginosa. It is suggested that the pseudomonads and the aeromonads are not adapted to low substrate concentrations. Enumeration of the citrate-utilizing bacteria in tap water therefore may give information on the efficiency of water treatment techniques as regards the substrate removal.", "PMID": 596862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5785", "title": "Ploidy, ascus formation and recombination in Torulaspora (Debaryomyces) hansenii.", "content": "X-ray inactivation studies on the type strain of Torulaspora hansenii carried out to determine ploidy, provided proof that the species has a haplontic life cycle, a fact which hitherto has only been presumed. Observations on the genesis of the ascus by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy provide no evidence for, what some earlier workers in this field have presumed to be, heterogamous conjugation between a mother cell and its bud. They do, however, show that asci, bearing obliquely-attached, vestigal, bud-like appendages, arise from some cells to form single, non-abstricting, and frequently, recurving protuberances which enlarge. These could, conceivably, be responsible for the impression that abstricted buds are connected to the mother-cells by bent copulatory tubes. The formation during sporulation of elongated protuberances and the presence of a medial, electron-dense line within the electron-translucent layer of the walls of ascospores fixed with OsO4 preclude the possibility of using these features to differentiate between the genera Torulaspora and Debaryomyces. Furthermore, recombinant studies, which involved the use of auxotrophic mutants, indicated that during sporulation the fusion of independent cells accounted for only 0.03-0.6% of the asci formed. The conclusion was reached that somatogamous autogamy must be the main agency of diploidization and that the species is largely inbreeding.", "contents": "Ploidy, ascus formation and recombination in Torulaspora (Debaryomyces) hansenii. X-ray inactivation studies on the type strain of Torulaspora hansenii carried out to determine ploidy, provided proof that the species has a haplontic life cycle, a fact which hitherto has only been presumed. Observations on the genesis of the ascus by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy provide no evidence for, what some earlier workers in this field have presumed to be, heterogamous conjugation between a mother cell and its bud. They do, however, show that asci, bearing obliquely-attached, vestigal, bud-like appendages, arise from some cells to form single, non-abstricting, and frequently, recurving protuberances which enlarge. These could, conceivably, be responsible for the impression that abstricted buds are connected to the mother-cells by bent copulatory tubes. The formation during sporulation of elongated protuberances and the presence of a medial, electron-dense line within the electron-translucent layer of the walls of ascospores fixed with OsO4 preclude the possibility of using these features to differentiate between the genera Torulaspora and Debaryomyces. Furthermore, recombinant studies, which involved the use of auxotrophic mutants, indicated that during sporulation the fusion of independent cells accounted for only 0.03-0.6% of the asci formed. The conclusion was reached that somatogamous autogamy must be the main agency of diploidization and that the species is largely inbreeding.", "PMID": 596863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5786", "title": "Kloeckera apis st. nov.; the imperfect state of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Pijper.", "content": "K. apiculata var. apis (nom. nud.) was found to be the imperfect state of H. guilliermondii Pijper by a high degree of DNA reassociation. The name is validated and raised to species rank, K. apis Lavie ex Smith, Simione and Meyer. K. apis and H. guilliermondii could be distinguished from H. uvarum and H. valbyensis by a low DNA reassociation and by growth at 37 C.", "contents": "Kloeckera apis st. nov.; the imperfect state of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Pijper. K. apiculata var. apis (nom. nud.) was found to be the imperfect state of H. guilliermondii Pijper by a high degree of DNA reassociation. The name is validated and raised to species rank, K. apis Lavie ex Smith, Simione and Meyer. K. apis and H. guilliermondii could be distinguished from H. uvarum and H. valbyensis by a low DNA reassociation and by growth at 37 C.", "PMID": 596864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5787", "title": "Ultrastructure of Hanseniaspora ascospores.", "content": "A comparative study of the ultrastructure in sections of the ascospores of six Hanseniaspora species showed three types of spores: (1) hat-shaped in H. valbyensis and H. guilliermondii, (2) spherical with an equatorial or subequatorial ledge, smooth or rough in H. occidentalis and H. uvarum, (3) spherical with warts in H. osmophila and H. vineae. Development and germination of the spores of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii is described in more detail.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Hanseniaspora ascospores. A comparative study of the ultrastructure in sections of the ascospores of six Hanseniaspora species showed three types of spores: (1) hat-shaped in H. valbyensis and H. guilliermondii, (2) spherical with an equatorial or subequatorial ledge, smooth or rough in H. occidentalis and H. uvarum, (3) spherical with warts in H. osmophila and H. vineae. Development and germination of the spores of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii is described in more detail.", "PMID": 596865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5788", "title": "Spontaneous mutation of polysaccharide production in Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3.", "content": "Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which produces large amounts of succinoglucan and small amounts of curdlan, was genetically unstable and mutated spontaneously to a form producing more curdland than succinoglucan when stocked on nutrient agar slants. The mutation occurred in the absence of cell division when the cells were incubated in saline and was enhanced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methane sulfonate, or ultraviolet light. Mutant strains were genetically stable and did not revert spontaneously for at least 1 year when stocked on nutrient agar slants.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutation of polysaccharide production in Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3. Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which produces large amounts of succinoglucan and small amounts of curdlan, was genetically unstable and mutated spontaneously to a form producing more curdland than succinoglucan when stocked on nutrient agar slants. The mutation occurred in the absence of cell division when the cells were incubated in saline and was enhanced by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methane sulfonate, or ultraviolet light. Mutant strains were genetically stable and did not revert spontaneously for at least 1 year when stocked on nutrient agar slants.", "PMID": 596866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5789", "title": "Histidine production by a regulatory mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor.", "content": "Streptomyces coelicolor mutant RF-59, isolated as a revertant of a histidine auxotroph after mutagenic treatment with N-methylN'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, was found to accumulate L-histidine. The mutant was sensitive to 2-thiazo-lealanine and L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid and partially sensitive to alpha-methylhistidine but resistant to 1,2,4-triazolealanine, indicating that repression of the histidine operon was modified in the mutant. Culture conditions were investigated, and optimal media for L-histidine production were developed, resulting in L-histidine accumulation of 2.1 to 3.5 g/liter.", "contents": "Histidine production by a regulatory mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor. Streptomyces coelicolor mutant RF-59, isolated as a revertant of a histidine auxotroph after mutagenic treatment with N-methylN'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, was found to accumulate L-histidine. The mutant was sensitive to 2-thiazo-lealanine and L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid and partially sensitive to alpha-methylhistidine but resistant to 1,2,4-triazolealanine, indicating that repression of the histidine operon was modified in the mutant. Culture conditions were investigated, and optimal media for L-histidine production were developed, resulting in L-histidine accumulation of 2.1 to 3.5 g/liter.", "PMID": 596867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5790", "title": "Effect of growth substrate on thermal death of thermophilic bacteria.", "content": "The heat sensitivity of gram-negative, hydrocarbon-utilizing thermophilic bacteria was altered by a change in growth substrate. Thermophilic strains CC-6, BI-1, and LEH-1, grown with acetate or n-heptadecane as the carbon source, had a higher survival rate when incubated 5 degrees C above their maximum growth temperature than cells of the same organism after growth on glucose or glycerol. There was a correlation between the growth substrated, heat resistance, and the ratios of cellular n-hexadecanoic acid/branched hexadecanoic acid and n-heptadecanoic acid/branched heptadecanoic acid. The bacterial cells that were more heat resistant had ratios of straight-chain/branched-chain fatty acids above 1.0, whereas the heat-sensitive cells had ratios below 0.6.", "contents": "Effect of growth substrate on thermal death of thermophilic bacteria. The heat sensitivity of gram-negative, hydrocarbon-utilizing thermophilic bacteria was altered by a change in growth substrate. Thermophilic strains CC-6, BI-1, and LEH-1, grown with acetate or n-heptadecane as the carbon source, had a higher survival rate when incubated 5 degrees C above their maximum growth temperature than cells of the same organism after growth on glucose or glycerol. There was a correlation between the growth substrated, heat resistance, and the ratios of cellular n-hexadecanoic acid/branched hexadecanoic acid and n-heptadecanoic acid/branched heptadecanoic acid. The bacterial cells that were more heat resistant had ratios of straight-chain/branched-chain fatty acids above 1.0, whereas the heat-sensitive cells had ratios below 0.6.", "PMID": 596868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5791", "title": "Value of the K+ salt of carageenan as an agar substitute in routine bacteriological media.", "content": "The K+ salt of carageenan has no distinct advantages as a gelling agent, but it compared favorably with agar in most of the media tested. The difficulty involved in the preparation of blood plates and the results obtained with this medium prohibit its complete acceptance as a substitute for agar in routine solid media. However, it could be a suitable substitute for agar in all other routine bacteriological media.", "contents": "Value of the K+ salt of carageenan as an agar substitute in routine bacteriological media. The K+ salt of carageenan has no distinct advantages as a gelling agent, but it compared favorably with agar in most of the media tested. The difficulty involved in the preparation of blood plates and the results obtained with this medium prohibit its complete acceptance as a substitute for agar in routine solid media. However, it could be a suitable substitute for agar in all other routine bacteriological media.", "PMID": 596869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5792", "title": "Isolation and identification of pathogenic Naegleria from Florida lakes.", "content": "Five cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis associated with swimming in freshwater lakes have been recorded in Florida over the past 14 years. The present study demonstrated that pathogenic Naegleria, the causative agent, is relatively widespread. Twelve of 26 lakes sampled only once yielded the amoeba. Populations in three of five lakes sampled routinely reached levels of one amoeba per 25 ml of water tested during the hot summer months. Overwintering in freshwater lake bottom sediments was demonstrated, showing that thermal-discharge pollution of waters plays a miniscule, if any, role in the maintenance of pathogenic Naegleria in nature in this semitropical area.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of pathogenic Naegleria from Florida lakes. Five cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis associated with swimming in freshwater lakes have been recorded in Florida over the past 14 years. The present study demonstrated that pathogenic Naegleria, the causative agent, is relatively widespread. Twelve of 26 lakes sampled only once yielded the amoeba. Populations in three of five lakes sampled routinely reached levels of one amoeba per 25 ml of water tested during the hot summer months. Overwintering in freshwater lake bottom sediments was demonstrated, showing that thermal-discharge pollution of waters plays a miniscule, if any, role in the maintenance of pathogenic Naegleria in nature in this semitropical area.", "PMID": 596870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5793", "title": "Temporal study of the staphylococci and micrococci of normal infant skin.", "content": "Staphylococcus and Micrococcus populations were collected from the healthy skin of 10 infant subjects. Infants were sampled from 1 day to 32 weeks of age. Species were characterized by approximately 30 different morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters. Staphylococci were the predominant inhabitants of normal skin, whereas micrococci were found only occasionally in this environment. Staphylococcus epidermidid, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis were the predominant and persistent staphylococci. These species constituted a high percentage of the total aerobic bacterial flora of infant skin. Micrococcus luteus and M. kristinae were the prevalent micrococci found on infant skin. Only limited correlation between Staphyloccus and Micrococcus populations and infant age or body area sampled was indicated by this study.", "contents": "Temporal study of the staphylococci and micrococci of normal infant skin. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus populations were collected from the healthy skin of 10 infant subjects. Infants were sampled from 1 day to 32 weeks of age. Species were characterized by approximately 30 different morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters. Staphylococci were the predominant inhabitants of normal skin, whereas micrococci were found only occasionally in this environment. Staphylococcus epidermidid, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis were the predominant and persistent staphylococci. These species constituted a high percentage of the total aerobic bacterial flora of infant skin. Micrococcus luteus and M. kristinae were the prevalent micrococci found on infant skin. Only limited correlation between Staphyloccus and Micrococcus populations and infant age or body area sampled was indicated by this study.", "PMID": 596871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5794", "title": "Isolation of the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from artifically heated waters.", "content": "To determine whether artificial heating of water by power plant discharges facilitates proliferation of the pathogenic free-living amoebae that cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, water samples (250 ml) were taken from discharges within 3,000 feet (ca. 914.4 m) of power plants and were processed for amoeba culture. Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri grew out of water samples from two of five lakes and rivers in Florida and from one of eight man-made lakes in Texas. Pathogenic N. fowleri did not grow from water samples taken from cooling towers and control lakes, the latter of which had no associated power plants. The identification of N. fowleri was confirmed by pathogenicity in mice and by indirect immunofluorescence analyses, by using a specific antiserum.", "contents": "Isolation of the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from artifically heated waters. To determine whether artificial heating of water by power plant discharges facilitates proliferation of the pathogenic free-living amoebae that cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, water samples (250 ml) were taken from discharges within 3,000 feet (ca. 914.4 m) of power plants and were processed for amoeba culture. Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri grew out of water samples from two of five lakes and rivers in Florida and from one of eight man-made lakes in Texas. Pathogenic N. fowleri did not grow from water samples taken from cooling towers and control lakes, the latter of which had no associated power plants. The identification of N. fowleri was confirmed by pathogenicity in mice and by indirect immunofluorescence analyses, by using a specific antiserum.", "PMID": 596872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5795", "title": "Production of thermophilic actinomycete-hay aerosols for use in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "An investigation of the factors that influence the production of dense aerosols of Micropolyspora faeni and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris from hay cultures revealed that the density, freshness, and moisture content of the hay were important influences. Dry aerosols were produced under optimum conditions from hay cultures of either actinomycete and from sterile hay for inhalation challenges to unimmunized rabbits. Depressions in arterial oxygen tensions and hemolytic complement were monitored after such challenge. This investigation showed that hay cultures are capable of inciting a hypersensitivity-like reaction in the lungs, even in the absence of immunization to the organisms contained within the hay, but the entire hypersensitivity reaction cannot be attributed to M. faeni and T. vulgaris alone. Hay itself or other microbial or chemical components appear to have some heat-stable component that possibly contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Production of thermophilic actinomycete-hay aerosols for use in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. An investigation of the factors that influence the production of dense aerosols of Micropolyspora faeni and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris from hay cultures revealed that the density, freshness, and moisture content of the hay were important influences. Dry aerosols were produced under optimum conditions from hay cultures of either actinomycete and from sterile hay for inhalation challenges to unimmunized rabbits. Depressions in arterial oxygen tensions and hemolytic complement were monitored after such challenge. This investigation showed that hay cultures are capable of inciting a hypersensitivity-like reaction in the lungs, even in the absence of immunization to the organisms contained within the hay, but the entire hypersensitivity reaction cannot be attributed to M. faeni and T. vulgaris alone. Hay itself or other microbial or chemical components appear to have some heat-stable component that possibly contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 596873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5796", "title": "Influence of CH4 production by Methanobacterium ruminantium on the fermentation of glucose and lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium.", "content": "A method is described for increasing the production of H2 from glucose or lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium by sequential transfers in media containing pregrown Methanobacterium ruminantium. The methanogen uses the H2 formed by the selenomonad to reduce CO2 to CH4. Analysis of fermentation products from glucose showed that lactate was the major product formed from glucose by S. ruminantium alone. Several sequential transfers in the presence of the methanogen caused a marked decrease in lactate production, which was accompanied by an increase in acetate. When lactate was the fermentation substrate, S. ruminantium alone produced propionate, acetate, and CO2. Addition to the pregrown methanogen in the sequential transfer procedure caused a significant decrease in the production of propionate and an increase in acetate formed from lactate. These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of H2 utilization by the methanogen on the production of H2 versus lactate or propionate from reduced pyridine nucleotides by S. ruminantium.", "contents": "Influence of CH4 production by Methanobacterium ruminantium on the fermentation of glucose and lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium. A method is described for increasing the production of H2 from glucose or lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium by sequential transfers in media containing pregrown Methanobacterium ruminantium. The methanogen uses the H2 formed by the selenomonad to reduce CO2 to CH4. Analysis of fermentation products from glucose showed that lactate was the major product formed from glucose by S. ruminantium alone. Several sequential transfers in the presence of the methanogen caused a marked decrease in lactate production, which was accompanied by an increase in acetate. When lactate was the fermentation substrate, S. ruminantium alone produced propionate, acetate, and CO2. Addition to the pregrown methanogen in the sequential transfer procedure caused a significant decrease in the production of propionate and an increase in acetate formed from lactate. These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of H2 utilization by the methanogen on the production of H2 versus lactate or propionate from reduced pyridine nucleotides by S. ruminantium.", "PMID": 596874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5797", "title": "Metabolism of dibenzothiophene by a Beijerinckia species.", "content": "Beijerinckia B8/36 when grown with succinate in the presence of dibenzothiophene, accumulated (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene and dibenzothiophene-5-oxide in the culture medium. Each metabolite was isolated in crystalline form and characterized by a variety of chemical techniques, cis-Naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, isolated from Pseudomonas putida, oxidized (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene to a compound that was tentatively identified as 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene. The same product was formed when crude cell extracts of the parent strain of Beijerinckia oxidized (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene under anaerobic conditions. Further metabolism of 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene by heat-treated cell extracts led to the formation of 4[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid. The latter compound was metabolized by crude cell extracts to 3-hydroxy-2-formylthionaphthene. Further degradation of this metabolite was not observed.", "contents": "Metabolism of dibenzothiophene by a Beijerinckia species. Beijerinckia B8/36 when grown with succinate in the presence of dibenzothiophene, accumulated (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene and dibenzothiophene-5-oxide in the culture medium. Each metabolite was isolated in crystalline form and characterized by a variety of chemical techniques, cis-Naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, isolated from Pseudomonas putida, oxidized (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene to a compound that was tentatively identified as 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene. The same product was formed when crude cell extracts of the parent strain of Beijerinckia oxidized (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene under anaerobic conditions. Further metabolism of 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene by heat-treated cell extracts led to the formation of 4[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthenyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid. The latter compound was metabolized by crude cell extracts to 3-hydroxy-2-formylthionaphthene. Further degradation of this metabolite was not observed.", "PMID": 596875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5798", "title": "Patulin production by Byssochlamys spp. in fruit juices.", "content": "Ten strains of Byssochlamys fulva and three strains of B. nivea were cultured in a laboratory medium and tested for their ability to produce patulin. Two strains of B. fulva and all three strains of B. nivea produced the mycotoxin. One strain of B. fulva produced patulin in 11 of 13 processed fruit juices, with greatest amounts being produced in blueberry, red raspberry, and boysenberry juices, whereas no patulin was detected in prune or tomato juices. Grown in Concord grape juice at 18, 25, 30, and 38 degrees C, this strain produced the highest patulin concentration at 18 degrees C after 25 days, whereas biomass production was greatest at 25 and 30 degrees C after 20 and 25 days.", "contents": "Patulin production by Byssochlamys spp. in fruit juices. Ten strains of Byssochlamys fulva and three strains of B. nivea were cultured in a laboratory medium and tested for their ability to produce patulin. Two strains of B. fulva and all three strains of B. nivea produced the mycotoxin. One strain of B. fulva produced patulin in 11 of 13 processed fruit juices, with greatest amounts being produced in blueberry, red raspberry, and boysenberry juices, whereas no patulin was detected in prune or tomato juices. Grown in Concord grape juice at 18, 25, 30, and 38 degrees C, this strain produced the highest patulin concentration at 18 degrees C after 25 days, whereas biomass production was greatest at 25 and 30 degrees C after 20 and 25 days.", "PMID": 596876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5799", "title": "Microbial conversion of DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to L-cysteine and L-cystine: screening of microorganisms and identification of products.", "content": "Microorganisms able to form L-cysteine from DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC), a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of DL-cysteine, were isolated from soil samples and classified as Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas cohaerens, P. desmolytica, and P. ovalis. Thirteen L-cysteine-producing bacteria were also found in among 463 stock cultures representing 37 genera. These were Achromobacter delmarvae. Alcaligenes denitrificans, Bacillus brevis, Brevibacterium flavum, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sodonensis, Myocoplana dimorpha, Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium acidoficum, and Pseudomonas ovalis. In the presence of intact cells of Pseudomonas sp. AJ 3854, 6.1 mg of L-cysteine and/or L-cystine per ml was produced from 10 mg of DL-ATC-3H2O per ml in a molar yield of 100%. This finding suggests that racemization and asymmetric hydrolysis occurred simultaneously in this incubation mixture. After the complete oxidation of cysteine to cystine by aeration in the presence of ferrous ion, crystalline cystine was isolated; its configuration was the L isomer based on data from X-ray diffraction, microbioassay, and optical rotation studies.", "contents": "Microbial conversion of DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to L-cysteine and L-cystine: screening of microorganisms and identification of products. Microorganisms able to form L-cysteine from DL-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (DL-ATC), a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of DL-cysteine, were isolated from soil samples and classified as Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas cohaerens, P. desmolytica, and P. ovalis. Thirteen L-cysteine-producing bacteria were also found in among 463 stock cultures representing 37 genera. These were Achromobacter delmarvae. Alcaligenes denitrificans, Bacillus brevis, Brevibacterium flavum, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sodonensis, Myocoplana dimorpha, Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium acidoficum, and Pseudomonas ovalis. In the presence of intact cells of Pseudomonas sp. AJ 3854, 6.1 mg of L-cysteine and/or L-cystine per ml was produced from 10 mg of DL-ATC-3H2O per ml in a molar yield of 100%. This finding suggests that racemization and asymmetric hydrolysis occurred simultaneously in this incubation mixture. After the complete oxidation of cysteine to cystine by aeration in the presence of ferrous ion, crystalline cystine was isolated; its configuration was the L isomer based on data from X-ray diffraction, microbioassay, and optical rotation studies.", "PMID": 596877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5800", "title": "Antialgal substances for iodine-disinfected swimming pools.", "content": "Forty substances were tested for antialgal activity against Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Wis. 2005) and Phormidium inundatum (Wis. 1093). C. pyrenoidosa exhibited greater resistance to adverse effects of test compounds than did P. inundatum. Although several structurally unrelated compounds were inhibitory to both alga species, even at an initial concentration of 1.0 mg/liter, methylthio-s-triazines, ametryne, prometryne, and terbutryne, at 0.1 mg/liter, restricted growth to less than 25% of control (untreated) cultures. The methylthio-s-triazines were virtually chemically unreactive with free iodine. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by free iodine dosages of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/liter was unaffected by the presence of 2.0 mg of terbutryne per liter.", "contents": "Antialgal substances for iodine-disinfected swimming pools. Forty substances were tested for antialgal activity against Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Wis. 2005) and Phormidium inundatum (Wis. 1093). C. pyrenoidosa exhibited greater resistance to adverse effects of test compounds than did P. inundatum. Although several structurally unrelated compounds were inhibitory to both alga species, even at an initial concentration of 1.0 mg/liter, methylthio-s-triazines, ametryne, prometryne, and terbutryne, at 0.1 mg/liter, restricted growth to less than 25% of control (untreated) cultures. The methylthio-s-triazines were virtually chemically unreactive with free iodine. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by free iodine dosages of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/liter was unaffected by the presence of 2.0 mg of terbutryne per liter.", "PMID": 596878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5801", "title": "Use of an organoleptic tracer (mercaptan) for testing for leaks in safety equipment.", "content": "A safe, rapid, sensitive, and economical method is presented for detecting leaks in gas-tight laboratory cabinets and other apparatus. This method, using no fluorocarbons and requiring no prior decontamination, is effective under negative, neutral, or positive chamber conditions.", "contents": "Use of an organoleptic tracer (mercaptan) for testing for leaks in safety equipment. A safe, rapid, sensitive, and economical method is presented for detecting leaks in gas-tight laboratory cabinets and other apparatus. This method, using no fluorocarbons and requiring no prior decontamination, is effective under negative, neutral, or positive chamber conditions.", "PMID": 596879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5802", "title": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis.", "content": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis combining orally administered methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) light was used in 186 patients with severe psoriasis. Several different phototherapy units with various numbers of GE high-output black lights were used. Excellent (90% to 100% clear) and good (80% to 90% clear) results were obtained in 77% of the patients. The average UVA dose at clearing was between 7 and 8 joules/sq cm. The majority of patients required one weekly maintenance UVA dose of their last clearing dose (joules per square centimeter) to remain clear. Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were minimal.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis. Photochemotherapy for psoriasis combining orally administered methoxsalen and long-wave ultraviolet (UVA) light was used in 186 patients with severe psoriasis. Several different phototherapy units with various numbers of GE high-output black lights were used. Excellent (90% to 100% clear) and good (80% to 90% clear) results were obtained in 77% of the patients. The average UVA dose at clearing was between 7 and 8 joules/sq cm. The majority of patients required one weekly maintenance UVA dose of their last clearing dose (joules per square centimeter) to remain clear. Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were minimal.", "PMID": 596894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5803", "title": "Necrobiosis lipoidica. An immunofluorescence study.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from 12 patients with necrobiosis lipoidica (diabeticorum) were studied by direct immunofluorescent microscopy. The immunoglobulin IgM was present in blood vessel walls of involved skin from six patients, and the third component of complement (C3) was present in the blood vessel walls of involved skin from seven patients. The immunoglobulin IgA was similarly observed in two patients. In addition, IgM, C3, or fibrinogen were observed at the dermal-epidermal junction of involved skin from seven patients. Necrobiotic areas invariably contained fibrinogen. These findings suggest that an immunecomplex vasculitis may be involved in the pathogenesis of necrobiosis lipoidica.", "contents": "Necrobiosis lipoidica. An immunofluorescence study. Biopsy specimens from 12 patients with necrobiosis lipoidica (diabeticorum) were studied by direct immunofluorescent microscopy. The immunoglobulin IgM was present in blood vessel walls of involved skin from six patients, and the third component of complement (C3) was present in the blood vessel walls of involved skin from seven patients. The immunoglobulin IgA was similarly observed in two patients. In addition, IgM, C3, or fibrinogen were observed at the dermal-epidermal junction of involved skin from seven patients. Necrobiotic areas invariably contained fibrinogen. These findings suggest that an immunecomplex vasculitis may be involved in the pathogenesis of necrobiosis lipoidica.", "PMID": 596895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5804", "title": "Hereditary multiple fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons.", "content": "In a sibship of nine, six members had hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Two of those with thyroid neoplasms and two without had numerous small papular skin lesions. These proved to be a type of pilar tumor that we named fibrofolliculoma. Further investigation of the total kindred of 70 showed no other evidence of thyroid neoplasm. Skin tumors only appeared after the age of 25 years. Fifteen of 37 members older than the age of 25 years exhibited the typical skin lesions. Obviously, the original sibship was the repository of two dominantly inherited traits. The fibrofolliculoma is characterized by abnormal hair follicles with epithelial strands extending out from the infundibulum of the hair follicle into a hyperplastic mantle of specialized firbrous tissue. Associated skin lesions in this kindred were trichodiscomas and acrochordons.", "contents": "Hereditary multiple fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons. In a sibship of nine, six members had hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Two of those with thyroid neoplasms and two without had numerous small papular skin lesions. These proved to be a type of pilar tumor that we named fibrofolliculoma. Further investigation of the total kindred of 70 showed no other evidence of thyroid neoplasm. Skin tumors only appeared after the age of 25 years. Fifteen of 37 members older than the age of 25 years exhibited the typical skin lesions. Obviously, the original sibship was the repository of two dominantly inherited traits. The fibrofolliculoma is characterized by abnormal hair follicles with epithelial strands extending out from the infundibulum of the hair follicle into a hyperplastic mantle of specialized firbrous tissue. Associated skin lesions in this kindred were trichodiscomas and acrochordons.", "PMID": 596896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5805", "title": "Urinary ammonia and ammonia-producing microorganisms in infants with and without diaper dermatitis.", "content": "Free ammonia was determined in diaper squeezings from 26 infants with \"ammoniacal dermatitis\" and in 82 controls. No significant difference was found (402 ppm in diaper dermatitis compared to 465 in controls). The groups did not differ with regard to the incidence of organisms capable of splitting ammonia from urea. Experimental application of highly ammoniacal urine on intact infant and adult skin failed to provoke a dermatitis. Erythema could be induced only when ammoniacal urine was applied occlusively to scarified skin. These findings do not support the notion that ammonia is a primary factor in common diaper rash, but do not exclude a possible role for further irritation in an already existent condition.", "contents": "Urinary ammonia and ammonia-producing microorganisms in infants with and without diaper dermatitis. Free ammonia was determined in diaper squeezings from 26 infants with \"ammoniacal dermatitis\" and in 82 controls. No significant difference was found (402 ppm in diaper dermatitis compared to 465 in controls). The groups did not differ with regard to the incidence of organisms capable of splitting ammonia from urea. Experimental application of highly ammoniacal urine on intact infant and adult skin failed to provoke a dermatitis. Erythema could be induced only when ammoniacal urine was applied occlusively to scarified skin. These findings do not support the notion that ammonia is a primary factor in common diaper rash, but do not exclude a possible role for further irritation in an already existent condition.", "PMID": 596897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5806", "title": "Histologic, ultrastructural and histochemical studies of granuloma annulare.", "content": "We reviewed and reclassified the histology in 207 cases of granuloma annulare from our files. The most common pattern found was mononuclear infiltrative type (72%) in contrast to the palisading group (25%) and the epithelioid nodules (3%). Indeed, and entire spectrum from mononuclear infiltrates to the epithelioid sarcoidal types is seen. The electron microscopic findings include histiocytes with membrane activity, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, large mitochondria, and numerous lysosomes. Pathcy damage of collagen and elastic fibers with the presence of vesicles, lysosomes, and cytoplasmic debris are demonstrated. The histochemical and ultrastructural studies localized acid phosphatase in the primary lysosomes and the routh endoplasmic membrane. The presence of fibrin deposition confirmed our previous immunofluorescence results.", "contents": "Histologic, ultrastructural and histochemical studies of granuloma annulare. We reviewed and reclassified the histology in 207 cases of granuloma annulare from our files. The most common pattern found was mononuclear infiltrative type (72%) in contrast to the palisading group (25%) and the epithelioid nodules (3%). Indeed, and entire spectrum from mononuclear infiltrates to the epithelioid sarcoidal types is seen. The electron microscopic findings include histiocytes with membrane activity, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, large mitochondria, and numerous lysosomes. Pathcy damage of collagen and elastic fibers with the presence of vesicles, lysosomes, and cytoplasmic debris are demonstrated. The histochemical and ultrastructural studies localized acid phosphatase in the primary lysosomes and the routh endoplasmic membrane. The presence of fibrin deposition confirmed our previous immunofluorescence results.", "PMID": 596898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5807", "title": "Hyperkeratosis of nipple and areola.", "content": "Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition that may occur in association with various forms of ichthyosis or as the result of extension of an epidermal nevus. The nevoid form is extremely rare and appears most commonly in women in their second or third decade of life. It is characterized by verrucous thickening and brownish discoloration of both nipples and areolae. Thirteen cases of this type have been reported. We are describing two additional cases to bring the total to 15 instances.", "contents": "Hyperkeratosis of nipple and areola. Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition that may occur in association with various forms of ichthyosis or as the result of extension of an epidermal nevus. The nevoid form is extremely rare and appears most commonly in women in their second or third decade of life. It is characterized by verrucous thickening and brownish discoloration of both nipples and areolae. Thirteen cases of this type have been reported. We are describing two additional cases to bring the total to 15 instances.", "PMID": 596899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5808", "title": "On the cause of green hair.", "content": "Two silver-blond young women developed green, tinted hair from exposure to tap water containing excessive amounts of copper. Results from analyses of tracemetal content of hair as an indication of excessive ingestion, systemic toxicity, or metabolic derangement should be interpreted with caution in view of the demonstrated ease of external contamination from common sources.", "contents": "On the cause of green hair. Two silver-blond young women developed green, tinted hair from exposure to tap water containing excessive amounts of copper. Results from analyses of tracemetal content of hair as an indication of excessive ingestion, systemic toxicity, or metabolic derangement should be interpreted with caution in view of the demonstrated ease of external contamination from common sources.", "PMID": 596900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5809", "title": "Ichthyosiform dermatosis, keratitis, and deafness.", "content": "Two patients had an unusual ichthyosiform dermatosis, neurosensory deafness, and vascularizing keratitis. There was no family history of the disorder and no consanguinity. A squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue developed in one child. The association of such an eruption and deafness in previously reported cases is reviewed.", "contents": "Ichthyosiform dermatosis, keratitis, and deafness. Two patients had an unusual ichthyosiform dermatosis, neurosensory deafness, and vascularizing keratitis. There was no family history of the disorder and no consanguinity. A squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue developed in one child. The association of such an eruption and deafness in previously reported cases is reviewed.", "PMID": 596901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5810", "title": "Vesicular lesions in adults due to echovirus 11 infections.", "content": "Echovirus 11 was recovered from vesicular lesions in two adults. Patient 1 had a severe disseminated vesicular exanthem. Patient 2 had a mild vesicular enanthem. Both were clinically suspected of having herpesvirus hominis lesions. Serologic studies indicate that these viruses were similar to each other and also to the \"U\" prime strain.", "contents": "Vesicular lesions in adults due to echovirus 11 infections. Echovirus 11 was recovered from vesicular lesions in two adults. Patient 1 had a severe disseminated vesicular exanthem. Patient 2 had a mild vesicular enanthem. Both were clinically suspected of having herpesvirus hominis lesions. Serologic studies indicate that these viruses were similar to each other and also to the \"U\" prime strain.", "PMID": 596902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5811", "title": "Newcastle survey of deaths in early childhood 1974/76, with special reference to sudden unexpected deaths. Working party for early childhood deaths in Newcastle.", "content": "All early childhood deaths within a total population of 297 000 were studied by prospective methods. 70 deaths of children aged 1 week to 5 years occurred during a 27-month period; 36 died at home, 29 suddenly and unexpectedly. An extensive standardized necropsy showed a disease process clearly or probably related to death in half the sudden unexpected deaths; in the remainder no recognized disease process was identified. The events preceding sudden unexpected death, and the child's environment, were investigated by a controlled parental interview. Symptoms of serious illness within 24 hours of death were identified in 9 of the 29 children, but in the majority symptoms were thought to have been absent or no more severe than those of the control children. Most children with major symptoms had been seen by a doctor within a few days of death. The two most striking social findings were that 16 of the 29 sudden unexpected deaths occurred at a weekend or bank holiday, and that 45% occurred in three adjacent city wards which contain only 13% of the under-five study population. The additional support and explanation provided during the home visits was greatly appreciated by the bereaved families.", "contents": "Newcastle survey of deaths in early childhood 1974/76, with special reference to sudden unexpected deaths. Working party for early childhood deaths in Newcastle. All early childhood deaths within a total population of 297 000 were studied by prospective methods. 70 deaths of children aged 1 week to 5 years occurred during a 27-month period; 36 died at home, 29 suddenly and unexpectedly. An extensive standardized necropsy showed a disease process clearly or probably related to death in half the sudden unexpected deaths; in the remainder no recognized disease process was identified. The events preceding sudden unexpected death, and the child's environment, were investigated by a controlled parental interview. Symptoms of serious illness within 24 hours of death were identified in 9 of the 29 children, but in the majority symptoms were thought to have been absent or no more severe than those of the control children. Most children with major symptoms had been seen by a doctor within a few days of death. The two most striking social findings were that 16 of the 29 sudden unexpected deaths occurred at a weekend or bank holiday, and that 45% occurred in three adjacent city wards which contain only 13% of the under-five study population. The additional support and explanation provided during the home visits was greatly appreciated by the bereaved families.", "PMID": 596921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5812", "title": "Neurological complications of childhood leukaemia.", "content": "We have reviewed the neurological complications not directly attributable to leukaemic infiltration in a group of 438 children with leukaemia or lymphoma. 61 children had one or more complications due chiefly to bleeding, infection, or drug toxicity. Early death from intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 1% of children with lymphoblastic leukaemia and 7% of children with myeloblastic leukaemia. Measles and chicken pox were the most serious infective complications; one child remains severely retarded after presumed measles encephalitis, one child with chicken pox died, and a second remains disabled. 2 additional cases of measles encephalitis and one of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy are described. Drugs which caused neurotoxicity included vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, L-asparaginase, and phenothiazines, but most problems were caused by methotrexate. Methotrexate toxicity was more prevalent and more serious in children who had had previous central nervous system leukaemia. We conclude that viral infections and methotrexate pose the greatest neurological hazards to children with leukaemia.", "contents": "Neurological complications of childhood leukaemia. We have reviewed the neurological complications not directly attributable to leukaemic infiltration in a group of 438 children with leukaemia or lymphoma. 61 children had one or more complications due chiefly to bleeding, infection, or drug toxicity. Early death from intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 1% of children with lymphoblastic leukaemia and 7% of children with myeloblastic leukaemia. Measles and chicken pox were the most serious infective complications; one child remains severely retarded after presumed measles encephalitis, one child with chicken pox died, and a second remains disabled. 2 additional cases of measles encephalitis and one of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy are described. Drugs which caused neurotoxicity included vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, L-asparaginase, and phenothiazines, but most problems were caused by methotrexate. Methotrexate toxicity was more prevalent and more serious in children who had had previous central nervous system leukaemia. We conclude that viral infections and methotrexate pose the greatest neurological hazards to children with leukaemia.", "PMID": 596922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5813", "title": "The place of radioisotopic lung function studies in paediatrics.", "content": "An analysis of the clinical value of radioisotopic lung function (RLF) tests has been carried out on the results of studies in 123 children with heart or lung disease. The overall incidence of useful RLF tests was 53%, but in children between 6 months and 6 years the incidence was higher (69%). The incidence of useful RLF test was similar whatever the question to be answered, although rather higher when information about differential pulmonary blood flow was required. Lists of conditions are presented for which the incidence of useful RLF tests is likely to be high (72%), moderate (46%), and low (14%).", "contents": "The place of radioisotopic lung function studies in paediatrics. An analysis of the clinical value of radioisotopic lung function (RLF) tests has been carried out on the results of studies in 123 children with heart or lung disease. The overall incidence of useful RLF tests was 53%, but in children between 6 months and 6 years the incidence was higher (69%). The incidence of useful RLF test was similar whatever the question to be answered, although rather higher when information about differential pulmonary blood flow was required. Lists of conditions are presented for which the incidence of useful RLF tests is likely to be high (72%), moderate (46%), and low (14%).", "PMID": 596923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5814", "title": "Aural temperature of the newborn infant.", "content": "The aural, oesophageal, and rectal temperatures of 10 term infants were monitored during changes in environmental temperature. The aural temperature in normal infants was found to be consistently higher than at any other site. It is suggested that this finding is due to the local heating effect of brain metabolism and shows the important contribution to total body heat production made by the brain. The depressed aural temperature found in an infant with hydranencephaly is cited as supporting evidence and may indicate the potential of aural temperature measurement in the investigation of cerebral metabolism.", "contents": "Aural temperature of the newborn infant. The aural, oesophageal, and rectal temperatures of 10 term infants were monitored during changes in environmental temperature. The aural temperature in normal infants was found to be consistently higher than at any other site. It is suggested that this finding is due to the local heating effect of brain metabolism and shows the important contribution to total body heat production made by the brain. The depressed aural temperature found in an infant with hydranencephaly is cited as supporting evidence and may indicate the potential of aural temperature measurement in the investigation of cerebral metabolism.", "PMID": 596924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5815", "title": "Limitations of diagnostic value of the sweat test.", "content": "The sweat test, even if carried out by an experienced technician, sometimes lacks reproducibility owing presumably to physiological variations (patient's diet, temperature, and other factors at present unrecognized). Some patients are particularly prone to exhibit this variability and in them a single sweat test is almost valueless. The aldosterone status is believed to be responsible for a reciprocal relationship between sweat sodium and potassium concentrations: tests done on 8 patients show that a high sweat potassium is associated with a correspondingly lower sodium--a circumstance which must be borne in mind when interpreting a patient's sweat sodium. Of 30 patients presenting with a variety of symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and with sweat sodium ranging from 50 to 75 mEq/1 (50-75 mmol/1), only 4 have proved to have cystic fibrosis after several years of observations; 13 have later been diagnosed as having asthma. The problem of the 'grey area' of uncertainty is aggravated by the heterozygous state which is also associated with a sweat sodium in this range. Repeated sweat tests are indicated if the sweat sodium lies within the 'grey area', and the diagnostic importance accorded the test should diminish as the sodium value approaches this area. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis must remain in doubt unless there is strong supportive clinical evidence.", "contents": "Limitations of diagnostic value of the sweat test. The sweat test, even if carried out by an experienced technician, sometimes lacks reproducibility owing presumably to physiological variations (patient's diet, temperature, and other factors at present unrecognized). Some patients are particularly prone to exhibit this variability and in them a single sweat test is almost valueless. The aldosterone status is believed to be responsible for a reciprocal relationship between sweat sodium and potassium concentrations: tests done on 8 patients show that a high sweat potassium is associated with a correspondingly lower sodium--a circumstance which must be borne in mind when interpreting a patient's sweat sodium. Of 30 patients presenting with a variety of symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and with sweat sodium ranging from 50 to 75 mEq/1 (50-75 mmol/1), only 4 have proved to have cystic fibrosis after several years of observations; 13 have later been diagnosed as having asthma. The problem of the 'grey area' of uncertainty is aggravated by the heterozygous state which is also associated with a sweat sodium in this range. Repeated sweat tests are indicated if the sweat sodium lies within the 'grey area', and the diagnostic importance accorded the test should diminish as the sodium value approaches this area. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis must remain in doubt unless there is strong supportive clinical evidence.", "PMID": 596925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5816", "title": "Gentamicin dosage in preterm and term neonates.", "content": "Pre-dose and peak serum levels of gentamicin were measured in 82 neonates (25-42 weeks' gestational age), and for comparison in 10 infants and 9 children. Dosage was 2-2.5 mg/kg twice daily for the neonates, and three times daily for infants and children. Neonates were subdivided according to gestational age and weight. Serum levels of gentamicin were very variable in all groups. Preterm neonates of low gestational age (25-30 weeks) showed a 66% incidence of pre-dose levels exceeding 1 microgram/ml, indicating possible accumulation. In the less premature neonates this incidence was still 20-29%. The level of 4 microgram/ml, the minimum concentration required to inhibit most of the bacteria sensitive to gentamicin, was reached in increasing numbers of neonates as their gestational age rose (from 30% in the 31- to 35-week gestational age group, to 60% at term); those small-for-gestational age had consistently lower levels. It is concluded that term neonates require dosage to be individualized and serum levels of the drug to be monitored.", "contents": "Gentamicin dosage in preterm and term neonates. Pre-dose and peak serum levels of gentamicin were measured in 82 neonates (25-42 weeks' gestational age), and for comparison in 10 infants and 9 children. Dosage was 2-2.5 mg/kg twice daily for the neonates, and three times daily for infants and children. Neonates were subdivided according to gestational age and weight. Serum levels of gentamicin were very variable in all groups. Preterm neonates of low gestational age (25-30 weeks) showed a 66% incidence of pre-dose levels exceeding 1 microgram/ml, indicating possible accumulation. In the less premature neonates this incidence was still 20-29%. The level of 4 microgram/ml, the minimum concentration required to inhibit most of the bacteria sensitive to gentamicin, was reached in increasing numbers of neonates as their gestational age rose (from 30% in the 31- to 35-week gestational age group, to 60% at term); those small-for-gestational age had consistently lower levels. It is concluded that term neonates require dosage to be individualized and serum levels of the drug to be monitored.", "PMID": 596926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5817", "title": "Test meal for assessing intraluminal phase of absorption in childhood.", "content": "A test meal for assessing the intraluminal phase of absorption in childhood has been validated. 132 test meals were administered to 110 patients aged 2 weeks to 18 years (mean age 4.3 years). 10 children with suspected malabsorption, who were proven to be normal after extensive investigation, constituted the control group. The activities of pancreatic enzymes, and the total and individual bile salt concentrations are presented for the control subjects, and pancreatic enzyme levels in this group are compared with those seen in children with pancreatic insufficiency (cystic fibrosis). The test meal has been designed so that it can be administered to children with suspected gluten, cows' milk, or disaccharide intolerance. The control data provided a basis for the interpretation of information obtained from the application of such a test meal to the clinical investigation of children with suspected malabsorption.", "contents": "Test meal for assessing intraluminal phase of absorption in childhood. A test meal for assessing the intraluminal phase of absorption in childhood has been validated. 132 test meals were administered to 110 patients aged 2 weeks to 18 years (mean age 4.3 years). 10 children with suspected malabsorption, who were proven to be normal after extensive investigation, constituted the control group. The activities of pancreatic enzymes, and the total and individual bile salt concentrations are presented for the control subjects, and pancreatic enzyme levels in this group are compared with those seen in children with pancreatic insufficiency (cystic fibrosis). The test meal has been designed so that it can be administered to children with suspected gluten, cows' milk, or disaccharide intolerance. The control data provided a basis for the interpretation of information obtained from the application of such a test meal to the clinical investigation of children with suspected malabsorption.", "PMID": 596927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5818", "title": "Bladder emptying in neonates.", "content": "Ultrasound scanning was used to determine whether bladder emptying is complete when a newborn baby micturates. Residual urine was detected in 6 females and 9 males while one female emptied her bladder completely. The residual volume was estimated in 11 subjects and ranged from 3.9 to 13.9 ml. Incomplete bladder emptying cannot be the main factor in explaining the sex incidence of urinary tract infection in neonates.", "contents": "Bladder emptying in neonates. Ultrasound scanning was used to determine whether bladder emptying is complete when a newborn baby micturates. Residual urine was detected in 6 females and 9 males while one female emptied her bladder completely. The residual volume was estimated in 11 subjects and ranged from 3.9 to 13.9 ml. Incomplete bladder emptying cannot be the main factor in explaining the sex incidence of urinary tract infection in neonates.", "PMID": 596928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5819", "title": "Total intestinal aganglionosis. An autosomal recessive condition?", "content": "A case of total intestinal aganglionosis in a sib of a previously recorded patient is presented. The number of cases now reported is 9 in six families. The possibility that this condition is a distinct entity inherited in an autosomal recessive manner is discussed.", "contents": "Total intestinal aganglionosis. An autosomal recessive condition? A case of total intestinal aganglionosis in a sib of a previously recorded patient is presented. The number of cases now reported is 9 in six families. The possibility that this condition is a distinct entity inherited in an autosomal recessive manner is discussed.", "PMID": 596929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5820", "title": "Lung function in children after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "Sixteen children who had had congenital diaphragmatic herniae repaired either in the neonatal period (11), or in early childhood (5), were reviewed at between 7 and 19 years of age. Only minor abnormalities were shown in their chest x-rays and in a variety of lung function tests. This suggests that the long-term prognosis in this condition is good.", "contents": "Lung function in children after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Sixteen children who had had congenital diaphragmatic herniae repaired either in the neonatal period (11), or in early childhood (5), were reviewed at between 7 and 19 years of age. Only minor abnormalities were shown in their chest x-rays and in a variety of lung function tests. This suggests that the long-term prognosis in this condition is good.", "PMID": 596930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5821", "title": "Lipid droplet of sebaceous carcinoma. Electron microscopic study utilizing glycol methacrylate-glutaraldehyde-urea procedure.", "content": "The ultrastructure of lipid droplets of sebaceous carcinoma (Meibomian gland carcinoma) was studied by conventional methods and a lipid-retention procedure. Two different structures were clearly differentiated by the latter technique. The peripheral part of the lipid droplet was composed of whirled lamellar structures (myelin-like structures) while the interior appeared to be continuously homogenous. The lamellar structures were presumed to have come from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and to transform to the amorphous material-triglyceride-during maturation of the lipid droplets. A true limiting membrane or membranous shell around the lipid droplet was not deceted.", "contents": "Lipid droplet of sebaceous carcinoma. Electron microscopic study utilizing glycol methacrylate-glutaraldehyde-urea procedure. The ultrastructure of lipid droplets of sebaceous carcinoma (Meibomian gland carcinoma) was studied by conventional methods and a lipid-retention procedure. Two different structures were clearly differentiated by the latter technique. The peripheral part of the lipid droplet was composed of whirled lamellar structures (myelin-like structures) while the interior appeared to be continuously homogenous. The lamellar structures were presumed to have come from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and to transform to the amorphous material-triglyceride-during maturation of the lipid droplets. A true limiting membrane or membranous shell around the lipid droplet was not deceted.", "PMID": 596931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5822", "title": "Paraproteinaemia in erythema elevatum diutinum.", "content": "Paraproteinaemia (IgGkappa) was observed in a 68 year-old patient with erythema elevatum diutinum. The association of this skin disease with paraproteinaemia as already reported by other authors may indicate a pathogenetic relationship.", "contents": "Paraproteinaemia in erythema elevatum diutinum. Paraproteinaemia (IgGkappa) was observed in a 68 year-old patient with erythema elevatum diutinum. The association of this skin disease with paraproteinaemia as already reported by other authors may indicate a pathogenetic relationship.", "PMID": 596932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5823", "title": "Toxic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen on lymphocyte division.", "content": "Cultured human leucocytes have been used to examine the toxicity and phototoxicity of 8-methoxy psoralen (8-MOP). It has been shown that 8-MOP depresses cell turnover at concentrations of 10(-10) M or above. In black light (UVA), 8-MOP inhibition begins at concentrations of 10(-14) M. Patients treated for psoriasis with 8-MOP show concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-7) M. The inhibition of cell turnover observed with the present technique is at this concentration 40% for 8-MOP alone and 70% for 8-MOP and black light. These results can be related to the micronuclei and chromosome abnormalities seen in dividing cells.", "contents": "Toxic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen on lymphocyte division. Cultured human leucocytes have been used to examine the toxicity and phototoxicity of 8-methoxy psoralen (8-MOP). It has been shown that 8-MOP depresses cell turnover at concentrations of 10(-10) M or above. In black light (UVA), 8-MOP inhibition begins at concentrations of 10(-14) M. Patients treated for psoriasis with 8-MOP show concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-7) M. The inhibition of cell turnover observed with the present technique is at this concentration 40% for 8-MOP alone and 70% for 8-MOP and black light. These results can be related to the micronuclei and chromosome abnormalities seen in dividing cells.", "PMID": 596934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5824", "title": "Biochemical characterization of connective tissue macromolecules derived from cutaneous fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Tumor tissue of cutaneous fibrosarcoma was solubilized with salt, acetic acid and salt-extracted after pepsin treatment. Type III collagen was observed in neutral soluble collagen, 1.5 M and 2.4 M NaCl precipitated fractions after pepsin treatment. Type III collagen fraction precipitated with 1.5 M NaCl eluted in the alpha2 region when chromatographed on CM-cellulose without reduction, while the type III collagen partially purified with 1.5 M NaCl eluted between the position of alpha1(I) and beta12 after reduction and alkylation. Analysis of amino acid showed the presence of cysteine and the high content of hydroxyproline following CM-chromatography of 1.5 M NaCl precipitated type III collagen fraction. Acidic glycosaminoglycans were composed of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, and the first two were major components of fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of connective tissue macromolecules derived from cutaneous fibrosarcoma. Tumor tissue of cutaneous fibrosarcoma was solubilized with salt, acetic acid and salt-extracted after pepsin treatment. Type III collagen was observed in neutral soluble collagen, 1.5 M and 2.4 M NaCl precipitated fractions after pepsin treatment. Type III collagen fraction precipitated with 1.5 M NaCl eluted in the alpha2 region when chromatographed on CM-cellulose without reduction, while the type III collagen partially purified with 1.5 M NaCl eluted between the position of alpha1(I) and beta12 after reduction and alkylation. Analysis of amino acid showed the presence of cysteine and the high content of hydroxyproline following CM-chromatography of 1.5 M NaCl precipitated type III collagen fraction. Acidic glycosaminoglycans were composed of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, and the first two were major components of fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 596935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5825", "title": "Movement and persistence of aldicarb in certain soils.", "content": "When the rate of movement and the persistence of aldicarb in 4 types of soils were investigated in laboratory and field studies some leaching was detected in coarse sand; however, leaching was quite limited in clay loam and muck soils. These data indicated that aldicarb degraded quite rapidly in the selected soils and most of the applied radioactivity volatilized from these soil columns as 14CO2. The evolution of 14CO2 from the treated soil suggested severe degradation of the aldicarb molecule and consequently provided indirect evidence against the accumulation of significant quantities of toxic metabolites in the soil types evaluated. Under field conditions this toxicant appeared to have a half-life of about 7 days in loam soil.", "contents": "Movement and persistence of aldicarb in certain soils. When the rate of movement and the persistence of aldicarb in 4 types of soils were investigated in laboratory and field studies some leaching was detected in coarse sand; however, leaching was quite limited in clay loam and muck soils. These data indicated that aldicarb degraded quite rapidly in the selected soils and most of the applied radioactivity volatilized from these soil columns as 14CO2. The evolution of 14CO2 from the treated soil suggested severe degradation of the aldicarb molecule and consequently provided indirect evidence against the accumulation of significant quantities of toxic metabolites in the soil types evaluated. Under field conditions this toxicant appeared to have a half-life of about 7 days in loam soil.", "PMID": 596936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5826", "title": "A pharmacokinetic model for predicting pesticide residues in fish.", "content": "By using the compartmental analysis approach of pharmacokinetics, found useful in describing the kinetics of a foreign compound in a biological system, a rather simple mathematical model was developed to predict, by computer simulation, steady-state pesticide residues in fish from limited pre-steady-state experimental data. Such steady-state data are needed in order to calculate the tendency of the residue to concentrate in fish--the so-called bioconcentration factor. The model was applied to four different carbon-14 labeled biocides at seven concentrations. Considering the simplicity of the model and the fact that residues were measured by the non-specific technique of radioassay, model predicted values were in good agreement with experimental values.", "contents": "A pharmacokinetic model for predicting pesticide residues in fish. By using the compartmental analysis approach of pharmacokinetics, found useful in describing the kinetics of a foreign compound in a biological system, a rather simple mathematical model was developed to predict, by computer simulation, steady-state pesticide residues in fish from limited pre-steady-state experimental data. Such steady-state data are needed in order to calculate the tendency of the residue to concentrate in fish--the so-called bioconcentration factor. The model was applied to four different carbon-14 labeled biocides at seven concentrations. Considering the simplicity of the model and the fact that residues were measured by the non-specific technique of radioassay, model predicted values were in good agreement with experimental values.", "PMID": 596937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5827", "title": "Inhibitory effect of cadmium on calcium absorption from the rat duodenum.", "content": "Male rats of the Wistar strain (6 weeks old) were divided into 2 groups; control group and experimental group. The control group was fed a cadmium-free diet. The experimental group was fed a diet containing 100 ppm of cadmium (CdCl2). During the 33-day period of cadmium intake, body weight was recorded. For the 7th to 10th, 16th to 19th, and 25th to 28th day of the experimental period, food consumption was recorded and at the same time urine and feces were sampled to obtain the calcium and phosphorus concentrations. On the 8th, 17th, and 26th day, about 0.2 ml of blood was sampled to determine the calcium and phosphorus concentration. The concentration of calcium remained stationary during the experimental period, but the concentration of phosphorus in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group. On the 29th or 30th day 45Ca(1 muCi) was given orally with the cold calcium, and the 1- and 2-hr blood was collected by heart puncture to obtain the 45Ca activity in the serum. The 1-hr activity in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group. On the final day, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the duodenum and kidney calcium-binding protein. The binding activities of these proteins in the experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of cadmium on calcium absorption from the rat duodenum. Male rats of the Wistar strain (6 weeks old) were divided into 2 groups; control group and experimental group. The control group was fed a cadmium-free diet. The experimental group was fed a diet containing 100 ppm of cadmium (CdCl2). During the 33-day period of cadmium intake, body weight was recorded. For the 7th to 10th, 16th to 19th, and 25th to 28th day of the experimental period, food consumption was recorded and at the same time urine and feces were sampled to obtain the calcium and phosphorus concentrations. On the 8th, 17th, and 26th day, about 0.2 ml of blood was sampled to determine the calcium and phosphorus concentration. The concentration of calcium remained stationary during the experimental period, but the concentration of phosphorus in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group. On the 29th or 30th day 45Ca(1 muCi) was given orally with the cold calcium, and the 1- and 2-hr blood was collected by heart puncture to obtain the 45Ca activity in the serum. The 1-hr activity in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group. On the final day, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the duodenum and kidney calcium-binding protein. The binding activities of these proteins in the experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group.", "PMID": 596938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5828", "title": "Biological activity of insect juvenile hormone analogues against the stable fly and toxicity studies in domestic animals.", "content": "The insect JHAs are effective inhibitors of adult stable fly development. Laboratory and field evaluation studies demonstrated that area application of the analogues to larval breeding sites was efficacious for stable fly control in cattle feed lots and in marine grasses. Analytical methods by quantification with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was developed to measure residual properties as well as aging and leaching in fly breeding media. The analogues did not interfere with the oviposition and development of the endoparasites, M. raptor and S. endius. Toxicity studies against swine, hamsters, and sheep showed that when compounds of high purity were used that no toxic effects were observed in any of the species.", "contents": "Biological activity of insect juvenile hormone analogues against the stable fly and toxicity studies in domestic animals. The insect JHAs are effective inhibitors of adult stable fly development. Laboratory and field evaluation studies demonstrated that area application of the analogues to larval breeding sites was efficacious for stable fly control in cattle feed lots and in marine grasses. Analytical methods by quantification with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was developed to measure residual properties as well as aging and leaching in fly breeding media. The analogues did not interfere with the oviposition and development of the endoparasites, M. raptor and S. endius. Toxicity studies against swine, hamsters, and sheep showed that when compounds of high purity were used that no toxic effects were observed in any of the species.", "PMID": 596939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5829", "title": "Effects of weathering and flue-curing on methomyl residues on tobacco.", "content": "A replicated field experiment was conducted at two locations to determine the disappearance of methomyl from flue-cured tobacco. Immediately after application, methomyl residues were 88 and 113 ppm at Clayton and 44 and 105 ppm at Reidsville, respectively, for 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha application rates. After 5 days these levels dropped to 0.7 and 2.8 ppm at Clayton and 1.4 and 4.1 ppm at Reidsville. At 9 days after application, 99% of the methomyl had disappeared at both locations. Losses of methomyl during flue-curing averaged 96% over locations, rates of application, and times of harvest, compared to an average loss of 98% due to weathering in the field for 5 days. The disappearance of methomyl during the curing process was approximately the same for both locations.", "contents": "Effects of weathering and flue-curing on methomyl residues on tobacco. A replicated field experiment was conducted at two locations to determine the disappearance of methomyl from flue-cured tobacco. Immediately after application, methomyl residues were 88 and 113 ppm at Clayton and 44 and 105 ppm at Reidsville, respectively, for 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha application rates. After 5 days these levels dropped to 0.7 and 2.8 ppm at Clayton and 1.4 and 4.1 ppm at Reidsville. At 9 days after application, 99% of the methomyl had disappeared at both locations. Losses of methomyl during flue-curing averaged 96% over locations, rates of application, and times of harvest, compared to an average loss of 98% due to weathering in the field for 5 days. The disappearance of methomyl during the curing process was approximately the same for both locations.", "PMID": 596940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5830", "title": "Trace metal concentrations and partitioning in zooplankton, neuston, and benthos from the south Texas outer continental shelf.", "content": "A variety of marine biota, including zooplankton, sargassum, surface plankton, squid, shrimp, and fish collected along the south Texas Outer Continental Shelf, were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Mn. Although there is a great deal of variation in the chemical content of the various samples, both within species and between species, the variations all fall within the range of values published for similar organisms collected elsewhere. An increase in Pb concentration from north to south, and an increase in Cd concentration from nearshore to further offshore in the zooplankton mirrors the sediment patterns. Statistical analysis of the chemical and biological data for these samples indicates that relatively small percentages of the biological makeup of the sample can markedly affect the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn. This is particularly true for the larvacea, ostracoda, and mollusca. Chemical analyses of the exoskeletons of shrimp and the skin of both squid and fish indicate that they generally contain higher metal levels in comparison with the flesh from the same organism. This is probably the result of either adsorption from seawater and/or an internal detoxification procedure employed by the organism. The analysis of a composite sample of squid 'pens' indicates that they contain enriched Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Fe levels in comparison with the skin and flesh. These elevated levels are probably the result of an internal detoxification procedure and/or may represent a means of storing necessary metabolites, at least in the case of Cu and Zn, but can not be attributed to adsorption as the chitinous 'pen' is imbedded in tissue and is not directly exposed to seawater.", "contents": "Trace metal concentrations and partitioning in zooplankton, neuston, and benthos from the south Texas outer continental shelf. A variety of marine biota, including zooplankton, sargassum, surface plankton, squid, shrimp, and fish collected along the south Texas Outer Continental Shelf, were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Mn. Although there is a great deal of variation in the chemical content of the various samples, both within species and between species, the variations all fall within the range of values published for similar organisms collected elsewhere. An increase in Pb concentration from north to south, and an increase in Cd concentration from nearshore to further offshore in the zooplankton mirrors the sediment patterns. Statistical analysis of the chemical and biological data for these samples indicates that relatively small percentages of the biological makeup of the sample can markedly affect the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn. This is particularly true for the larvacea, ostracoda, and mollusca. Chemical analyses of the exoskeletons of shrimp and the skin of both squid and fish indicate that they generally contain higher metal levels in comparison with the flesh from the same organism. This is probably the result of either adsorption from seawater and/or an internal detoxification procedure employed by the organism. The analysis of a composite sample of squid 'pens' indicates that they contain enriched Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Fe levels in comparison with the skin and flesh. These elevated levels are probably the result of an internal detoxification procedure and/or may represent a means of storing necessary metabolites, at least in the case of Cu and Zn, but can not be attributed to adsorption as the chitinous 'pen' is imbedded in tissue and is not directly exposed to seawater.", "PMID": 596942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5831", "title": "Behcet's syndrome in 32 patients in Yorkshire.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with Behcet's syndrome were surveyed clinically, radiologically, and immunologically. HLA antigens were determined in a proportion. The patients were culled from a defined geographical area (Yorkshire) with a population of 5 million. 21 patients satisfied Mason and Barnes's (1969) criteria for major disease. 100% had mouth ulceration, 91% genital ulceration, 66% skin complaints, and 63% arthritis (of the nonerosive type previously documented). 3 patients had gastrointestinal involvement, one of whom had proven Crohn's disease. One patient had psoriasis. One patient had a popliteal artery aneurysm resected and one has since had surgery after the development of a tracheo-osophageal fistula. No sacroilititis was found.", "contents": "Behcet's syndrome in 32 patients in Yorkshire. Thirty-two patients with Behcet's syndrome were surveyed clinically, radiologically, and immunologically. HLA antigens were determined in a proportion. The patients were culled from a defined geographical area (Yorkshire) with a population of 5 million. 21 patients satisfied Mason and Barnes's (1969) criteria for major disease. 100% had mouth ulceration, 91% genital ulceration, 66% skin complaints, and 63% arthritis (of the nonerosive type previously documented). 3 patients had gastrointestinal involvement, one of whom had proven Crohn's disease. One patient had psoriasis. One patient had a popliteal artery aneurysm resected and one has since had surgery after the development of a tracheo-osophageal fistula. No sacroilititis was found.", "PMID": 596943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5832", "title": "Felty's syndrome. Clinical and serological analysis of 34 cases.", "content": "Review of 34 cases of Felty's syndrome showed this to be a form of 'super' rheumatoid disease because of the severity of joint disease, the prominence of extra-articular features and the remarkable incidence of infection. The response to splenectomy in these 34 patients was shown by a return towards normal of peripheral blood abnormalities and a decrease in bone marrow granulopoiesis. Although some patients remained free of infection after splenectomy, others have continued to have infections despite the return of white blood cell counts to normal levels. Although splenectomy and subsequent increase in white blood cell levels may be beneficial, our experience suggests that other factors are important in the susceptibility to infection of Felty's syndrome patients. Moreover, we think that splenectomy may have been instrumental in the fatal infection of one of our patients.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome. Clinical and serological analysis of 34 cases. Review of 34 cases of Felty's syndrome showed this to be a form of 'super' rheumatoid disease because of the severity of joint disease, the prominence of extra-articular features and the remarkable incidence of infection. The response to splenectomy in these 34 patients was shown by a return towards normal of peripheral blood abnormalities and a decrease in bone marrow granulopoiesis. Although some patients remained free of infection after splenectomy, others have continued to have infections despite the return of white blood cell counts to normal levels. Although splenectomy and subsequent increase in white blood cell levels may be beneficial, our experience suggests that other factors are important in the susceptibility to infection of Felty's syndrome patients. Moreover, we think that splenectomy may have been instrumental in the fatal infection of one of our patients.", "PMID": 596944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5833", "title": "Rheumatoid involvement of the lumbar spine.", "content": "On stereoscopic examination of the lumbar spines of 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spinal disease we found typical rheumatoid erosions in the apophyseal joints. 2 also had severe asymmetrical disc destruction with associated involvement of the vertebral bodies and scoliosis. In one of these patients who developed Staphyloccocus aureus septicaemia, infection was localized in this part of the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Rheumatoid involvement of the lumbar spine. On stereoscopic examination of the lumbar spines of 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spinal disease we found typical rheumatoid erosions in the apophyseal joints. 2 also had severe asymmetrical disc destruction with associated involvement of the vertebral bodies and scoliosis. In one of these patients who developed Staphyloccocus aureus septicaemia, infection was localized in this part of the lumbar spine.", "PMID": 596945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5834", "title": "Ankle joint synoviography in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-six ankles of 23 patients with seropositive or negative arthritis and 24 ankles of 12 cadavers as a control group were studied by contrast synoviography. The main features in the patients were capsule enlargement, hypertrophic synovitis, and connections to tendon sheaths and to the posterior subtalar joint. None of the controls showed capsule distension or irregular outline of the joint cavity, but connections to tendon sheaths and/or to the posterior subtalar joint were present. Other features such as tibiofibular recess, early lymphatic filling, and joint destruction were seen.", "contents": "Ankle joint synoviography in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-six ankles of 23 patients with seropositive or negative arthritis and 24 ankles of 12 cadavers as a control group were studied by contrast synoviography. The main features in the patients were capsule enlargement, hypertrophic synovitis, and connections to tendon sheaths and to the posterior subtalar joint. None of the controls showed capsule distension or irregular outline of the joint cavity, but connections to tendon sheaths and/or to the posterior subtalar joint were present. Other features such as tibiofibular recess, early lymphatic filling, and joint destruction were seen.", "PMID": 596946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5835", "title": "Prospective analysis of antiribonucleoprotein antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A prospective analysis of 50 successive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, seen over a 4-year period, has been completed. 336 sera were examined for the presence of antibody to ribonucleoprotein using a counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay. Antibody was present in the sera of 16% of patients and was detectable in about the same titre throughout the course of the disease. The presence of the antibody did not appear to identify a subgroup of lupus patients with individual clinical characteristics.", "contents": "Prospective analysis of antiribonucleoprotein antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective analysis of 50 successive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, seen over a 4-year period, has been completed. 336 sera were examined for the presence of antibody to ribonucleoprotein using a counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay. Antibody was present in the sera of 16% of patients and was detectable in about the same titre throughout the course of the disease. The presence of the antibody did not appear to identify a subgroup of lupus patients with individual clinical characteristics.", "PMID": 596947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5836", "title": "Polymyalgia rheumatica. Assessment of disease activity using erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity.", "content": "Comparison of clinically assessed activity of disease with 112 paired readings of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the plasma viscosity (PV) in 23 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) showed the following. (1) A correlation between ESR and PV in both sexes, reaching the significance obtained in a comparison group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (109 paired readings), with no significant difference between the PMR and RA groups on analysis of variance of the regression slopes. (2) A degree of scatter of readings around the regression lines so that they could not be used for prediction of ESR from the PV or vice versa. (3) varkappa(2) analysis of normal and abnormal values of ESR and PV which showed a highly significant correlation. However 10 readings were abnormally high for ESR in the presence of a normal PV. 5 of these 10 observations were associated with clinical features of disease activity. 20 readings were abnormally high for PV in spite of a normal ESR with only one instance of clinical activity. These data indicate that it is not possible to provide exact guidelines for a ;safe' level of ESR or PV applicable to the individual patient, and measurement of both these indices of disease activity is recommended.", "contents": "Polymyalgia rheumatica. Assessment of disease activity using erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity. Comparison of clinically assessed activity of disease with 112 paired readings of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the plasma viscosity (PV) in 23 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) showed the following. (1) A correlation between ESR and PV in both sexes, reaching the significance obtained in a comparison group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (109 paired readings), with no significant difference between the PMR and RA groups on analysis of variance of the regression slopes. (2) A degree of scatter of readings around the regression lines so that they could not be used for prediction of ESR from the PV or vice versa. (3) varkappa(2) analysis of normal and abnormal values of ESR and PV which showed a highly significant correlation. However 10 readings were abnormally high for ESR in the presence of a normal PV. 5 of these 10 observations were associated with clinical features of disease activity. 20 readings were abnormally high for PV in spite of a normal ESR with only one instance of clinical activity. These data indicate that it is not possible to provide exact guidelines for a ;safe' level of ESR or PV applicable to the individual patient, and measurement of both these indices of disease activity is recommended.", "PMID": 596948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5837", "title": "Effect of age on thickness of adult patellar articular cartilage.", "content": "The thickness of left patellar articular cartilages after formalin fixation was studied in a series of autopsies on 82 subjects aged 25-96 years. For each specimen the minimal uncalcified cartilage thickness in a transverse patellar slab was determined separately for a 'lateral' segment and a 'central and medial' segment. In the women the cartilage from subjects more than 50 years old showed progressive thinning with increasing age. This was due to lesions causing disintegration of the tissue and not to matrix shrinkage. It had a strong potential to progress to full-thickness cartilage loss in the older women, and to give an appearance indistinguishable from osteoarthrosis as seen in surgical excision specimens. This progression towards patellofemoral osteoarthrosis in the elderly affects the female population generally, and not just a special subgroup; however, the incidence of clinical symptoms from this cause is not known. In men progressive thinning with age of patellar cartilage in subjects more than 50 years old was less severe, especially so in the case of the 'lateral' segment; a site of full-thickness uncalcified cartilage loss on the left patella at autopsy was seen only occasionally in the older men.", "contents": "Effect of age on thickness of adult patellar articular cartilage. The thickness of left patellar articular cartilages after formalin fixation was studied in a series of autopsies on 82 subjects aged 25-96 years. For each specimen the minimal uncalcified cartilage thickness in a transverse patellar slab was determined separately for a 'lateral' segment and a 'central and medial' segment. In the women the cartilage from subjects more than 50 years old showed progressive thinning with increasing age. This was due to lesions causing disintegration of the tissue and not to matrix shrinkage. It had a strong potential to progress to full-thickness cartilage loss in the older women, and to give an appearance indistinguishable from osteoarthrosis as seen in surgical excision specimens. This progression towards patellofemoral osteoarthrosis in the elderly affects the female population generally, and not just a special subgroup; however, the incidence of clinical symptoms from this cause is not known. In men progressive thinning with age of patellar cartilage in subjects more than 50 years old was less severe, especially so in the case of the 'lateral' segment; a site of full-thickness uncalcified cartilage loss on the left patella at autopsy was seen only occasionally in the older men.", "PMID": 596949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5838", "title": "Blood hyperviscosity with reduced skin blood flow in scleroderma.", "content": "The vascular complications of scleroderma have previously been attributed to the progressive obliteration of small vessels. Our study was carried out to determine whether abnormalities of blood viscosity occur in this disease, thereby contributing to the ischaemic process. Blood viscosity was measured in 20 patients using a rotational viscometer. At a high rate of shear, blood hyperviscosity was found in 35% of the patients and at a low rate of shear, in 70%. In addition there was a significant increase in the plasma viscosity which implicates changes in plasma proteins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulins) as causing the hyperviscosity. Measurement of the hand blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography showed reduced flow at 32 degrees , 27 degrees , and 20 degrees C. A unique finding was a delayed recovery of the blood flow after cooling. These observations suggest that the increased resistance to blood flow in skin affected by scleroderma may be caused by an interaction between the occlusive vascular lesion and blood hyperviscosity. In addition, blood flow patterns and hyperviscosity could help distinguish scleroderma from primary Raynaud's disease.", "contents": "Blood hyperviscosity with reduced skin blood flow in scleroderma. The vascular complications of scleroderma have previously been attributed to the progressive obliteration of small vessels. Our study was carried out to determine whether abnormalities of blood viscosity occur in this disease, thereby contributing to the ischaemic process. Blood viscosity was measured in 20 patients using a rotational viscometer. At a high rate of shear, blood hyperviscosity was found in 35% of the patients and at a low rate of shear, in 70%. In addition there was a significant increase in the plasma viscosity which implicates changes in plasma proteins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulins) as causing the hyperviscosity. Measurement of the hand blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography showed reduced flow at 32 degrees , 27 degrees , and 20 degrees C. A unique finding was a delayed recovery of the blood flow after cooling. These observations suggest that the increased resistance to blood flow in skin affected by scleroderma may be caused by an interaction between the occlusive vascular lesion and blood hyperviscosity. In addition, blood flow patterns and hyperviscosity could help distinguish scleroderma from primary Raynaud's disease.", "PMID": 596950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5839", "title": "Cardiac abnormality in polymyositis.", "content": "Thirteen patients with polymyositis were investigated for the presence of cardiac disease by clinical examination, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and systolic time intervals. 5 patients had evidence of cardiac involvement. Compared with the other 8 patients, their polymyositis was more long-standing, more severe, and had remained active. Electrocardiogram usually showed arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, and 4 of the 5 patients had abnormal systolic time intervals indicating left ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular involvement in polymyositis is more frequent than previously recognized and systolic time intervals are a simple, noninvasive method of detecting this.", "contents": "Cardiac abnormality in polymyositis. Thirteen patients with polymyositis were investigated for the presence of cardiac disease by clinical examination, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and systolic time intervals. 5 patients had evidence of cardiac involvement. Compared with the other 8 patients, their polymyositis was more long-standing, more severe, and had remained active. Electrocardiogram usually showed arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, and 4 of the 5 patients had abnormal systolic time intervals indicating left ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular involvement in polymyositis is more frequent than previously recognized and systolic time intervals are a simple, noninvasive method of detecting this.", "PMID": 596951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5840", "title": "Thrombocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Recurrent arterial thromboembolism and death.", "content": "A patient with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by excessive thrombocytosis and recurrent thromboembolic events is presented. The platelet count correlated well with disease activity and thrombosis occurred when thrombocytosis was marked. The patient died from massive thrombosis of the aorta despite treatment with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and azathioprine.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Recurrent arterial thromboembolism and death. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by excessive thrombocytosis and recurrent thromboembolic events is presented. The platelet count correlated well with disease activity and thrombosis occurred when thrombocytosis was marked. The patient died from massive thrombosis of the aorta despite treatment with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and azathioprine.", "PMID": 596952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5841", "title": "Tissue pathology and comparative microanatomy of Onchocerca from a resident of Ontario and other enzootic Onchocerca species from Canada and the U.S.A.", "content": "The microanatomy of one male and one female specimen of a zoonotic Onchocera sp in a fibrous nodule excised from the wrist of an Ontario resident, two bovine Onchocerca from Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada, and O. cervicalis from the ligamentum nuchae of a horse in Georgia, U.S.A., were compared. In dimensions and cuticular morphology, the three Canadian specimens of Onchocera shared certain features and closely resembled both O. cervicalis and O. gutturosa. The number of cuticular striae in some species of Onchocerca, particularly in male worms, is briefly discussed and its taxonomic value questioned. The Canadian patient visited Radlett, Hertfordshire, England, and then her summer cottage in the Muskoka region, Ontario, prior to the appearance of her symptoms, so that it is uncertain where she acquired the infection. Zoonotic onchocerciasis has yet to be described from Ontario. All nine cases of bovine onchocerciasis (the two described here and seven others) have occurred in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.", "contents": "Tissue pathology and comparative microanatomy of Onchocerca from a resident of Ontario and other enzootic Onchocerca species from Canada and the U.S.A. The microanatomy of one male and one female specimen of a zoonotic Onchocera sp in a fibrous nodule excised from the wrist of an Ontario resident, two bovine Onchocerca from Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada, and O. cervicalis from the ligamentum nuchae of a horse in Georgia, U.S.A., were compared. In dimensions and cuticular morphology, the three Canadian specimens of Onchocera shared certain features and closely resembled both O. cervicalis and O. gutturosa. The number of cuticular striae in some species of Onchocerca, particularly in male worms, is briefly discussed and its taxonomic value questioned. The Canadian patient visited Radlett, Hertfordshire, England, and then her summer cottage in the Muskoka region, Ontario, prior to the appearance of her symptoms, so that it is uncertain where she acquired the infection. Zoonotic onchocerciasis has yet to be described from Ontario. All nine cases of bovine onchocerciasis (the two described here and seven others) have occurred in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.", "PMID": 596957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5842", "title": "The genetics of white-eye, a sex-linked mutant of Aedes (Stegomyia) cooki Belkin.", "content": "A mutant designated white-eye (w) is described from a colony of Aedes cooki. White-eye is sex-linked and recessive and the crossover value with the sex locus is 7.18 +/- 1.38%. The gene w has full penetrance and expressivity at all stages of the life-cycle, but in the adults the eyes darken with age to a yellowish colour.", "contents": "The genetics of white-eye, a sex-linked mutant of Aedes (Stegomyia) cooki Belkin. A mutant designated white-eye (w) is described from a colony of Aedes cooki. White-eye is sex-linked and recessive and the crossover value with the sex locus is 7.18 +/- 1.38%. The gene w has full penetrance and expressivity at all stages of the life-cycle, but in the adults the eyes darken with age to a yellowish colour.", "PMID": 596958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5843", "title": "The influence of the gene sb in Culex pipiens on the development of sub-periodic Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.", "content": "The gene sb (filarial susceptibility, Brugia pahangi) in Culex pipiens controls the development also of sub-periodic B. malayi, but has no influence on the development of periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (Ceylon strain). C.p. fatigans (Kuala Lumpur), C.p. molestus (London) and Aedes aegypti (re fm strain) were all susceptible to the Ceylon strain of W. bancrofti, with susceptibility rate of 90.3%, 92.9% and 52.6% respectively. However, a low proportion of the larvae in A. aegypti developed to maturity, and this mosquito is less well adapted to W. bancrofti than is C. pipiens.", "contents": "The influence of the gene sb in Culex pipiens on the development of sub-periodic Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti. The gene sb (filarial susceptibility, Brugia pahangi) in Culex pipiens controls the development also of sub-periodic B. malayi, but has no influence on the development of periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (Ceylon strain). C.p. fatigans (Kuala Lumpur), C.p. molestus (London) and Aedes aegypti (re fm strain) were all susceptible to the Ceylon strain of W. bancrofti, with susceptibility rate of 90.3%, 92.9% and 52.6% respectively. However, a low proportion of the larvae in A. aegypti developed to maturity, and this mosquito is less well adapted to W. bancrofti than is C. pipiens.", "PMID": 596959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5844", "title": "Bacteremia, endocarditis, and the Hancock valve.", "content": "Among 373 patients with porcine xenografts, there were 27 instances of exposure of the xenograft to bloodstream or endocardial infection in 22 patients. Nine patients underwent 10 separate insertions of xenografts for active infective endocarditis. There were no early infections or valve failures. Three patients returned with a late prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) due to a new infection. There were 6 instances of bacteremia early after xenograft valve insertion with no early infection, no valve dysfunction, and 1 instance of late PVE. Eleven patients had PVE on a porcine xenograft. Blood cultures in the 10 patients treated with antibiotics promptly became negative. There were 3 valve-related deaths: 2 from valve incompetence and 1 from mitral and aortic xenograft stenosis. Our experience suggests that the Hancock porcine xenograft is: (1) as resistant to infection as are rigid prostheses in active infective endocarditis; (2) resistant to early postoperative bacteremias; and (3) easier to sterilize than rigid prostheses and more durable than other tissue valves in the face of PVE.", "contents": "Bacteremia, endocarditis, and the Hancock valve. Among 373 patients with porcine xenografts, there were 27 instances of exposure of the xenograft to bloodstream or endocardial infection in 22 patients. Nine patients underwent 10 separate insertions of xenografts for active infective endocarditis. There were no early infections or valve failures. Three patients returned with a late prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) due to a new infection. There were 6 instances of bacteremia early after xenograft valve insertion with no early infection, no valve dysfunction, and 1 instance of late PVE. Eleven patients had PVE on a porcine xenograft. Blood cultures in the 10 patients treated with antibiotics promptly became negative. There were 3 valve-related deaths: 2 from valve incompetence and 1 from mitral and aortic xenograft stenosis. Our experience suggests that the Hancock porcine xenograft is: (1) as resistant to infection as are rigid prostheses in active infective endocarditis; (2) resistant to early postoperative bacteremias; and (3) easier to sterilize than rigid prostheses and more durable than other tissue valves in the face of PVE.", "PMID": 596963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5845", "title": "Patient-related risk factors as predictors of results following isolated mitral valve replacement.", "content": "Results following isolated mitral valve replacement in 897 consecutive patients over a twelve-year period were analyzed with regard to the influence of various preoperative patient-related risk factors. Actuarial data analysis allowed definition of major preoperative, etiological, clinical, and hemodynamic correlates to both perioperative and long-term postoperative patient survival. Patient age below 60 years, preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Class of III or less, cardiac index greater than 2.0, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of less than 12 mm Hg were all highly significant correlates of improved perioperative as well as long-term patient survival. Patients whose predominant functional lesion was mitral insufficiency had only a 53% five-year survival (187 of 352 patients) following mitral valve replacement as opposed to 70% (521 of 745 patients) for those who had mixed or stenotic mitral lesions. Primary ischemic mitral dysfunction was associated with only 31% five-year survival (17 of 54 patients) after mitral valve replacement in contrast to 69% (480 of 695 patients) for patients with rheumatic mitral lesions. The presence of occlusive coronary artery disease coexisting with, but not the primary cause of, mitral dysfunction was associated with decreased perioperative and late postoperative survival. Results support both earlier operative intervention and wider use of associated procedures, ie, coronary bypass grafting, with mitral valve replacement. Recognition of major preoperative patient-related risk factors should enhance survival following this procedure.", "contents": "Patient-related risk factors as predictors of results following isolated mitral valve replacement. Results following isolated mitral valve replacement in 897 consecutive patients over a twelve-year period were analyzed with regard to the influence of various preoperative patient-related risk factors. Actuarial data analysis allowed definition of major preoperative, etiological, clinical, and hemodynamic correlates to both perioperative and long-term postoperative patient survival. Patient age below 60 years, preoperative New York Heart Association Functional Class of III or less, cardiac index greater than 2.0, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of less than 12 mm Hg were all highly significant correlates of improved perioperative as well as long-term patient survival. Patients whose predominant functional lesion was mitral insufficiency had only a 53% five-year survival (187 of 352 patients) following mitral valve replacement as opposed to 70% (521 of 745 patients) for those who had mixed or stenotic mitral lesions. Primary ischemic mitral dysfunction was associated with only 31% five-year survival (17 of 54 patients) after mitral valve replacement in contrast to 69% (480 of 695 patients) for patients with rheumatic mitral lesions. The presence of occlusive coronary artery disease coexisting with, but not the primary cause of, mitral dysfunction was associated with decreased perioperative and late postoperative survival. Results support both earlier operative intervention and wider use of associated procedures, ie, coronary bypass grafting, with mitral valve replacement. Recognition of major preoperative patient-related risk factors should enhance survival following this procedure.", "PMID": 596964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5846", "title": "The terminal pathway of the lymphatic system of the human heart.", "content": "Aantomical dissections in 9 human cadavers revealed the terminal pathway of the lymphatic system of the left ventricle to be constituted mainly by channels emptying into the right angulus venosus (junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins) at the base of the right side of the neck. This observation has clinical implications because it has been shown that a sampling of cardiac lymph provides the best method for analyzing myocardial metabolic abnormalities and that drainage of cardiac lymph alleviates the myocardial changes produced by ischemic injury.", "contents": "The terminal pathway of the lymphatic system of the human heart. Aantomical dissections in 9 human cadavers revealed the terminal pathway of the lymphatic system of the left ventricle to be constituted mainly by channels emptying into the right angulus venosus (junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins) at the base of the right side of the neck. This observation has clinical implications because it has been shown that a sampling of cardiac lymph provides the best method for analyzing myocardial metabolic abnormalities and that drainage of cardiac lymph alleviates the myocardial changes produced by ischemic injury.", "PMID": 596965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5847", "title": "Left ventricular approach to multiple ventricular septal defects.", "content": "Multiple muscular ventricular septal defects were closed through an apical left ventriculotomy in 11 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, 8 patients who had transposition of the great arteries, and group 2, 3 patients without transposition. There were 4 deaths in Group 1 and non in Group 2. Two of the deaths were caused by a hypoplastic right ventricle, 1 by airway obstruction, and 1 by heart failure and pulmonary edema in a patient who had additional unrecognized muscular defects. An apical left ventriculotomy provides excellent exposure of the septum. The field is not obscured by trabecular bands or papillary muscles. Although 1 patient died because of residual VSDs, this approach, compared with previously described methods, minimizes the risk of unrecognized defects.", "contents": "Left ventricular approach to multiple ventricular septal defects. Multiple muscular ventricular septal defects were closed through an apical left ventriculotomy in 11 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, 8 patients who had transposition of the great arteries, and group 2, 3 patients without transposition. There were 4 deaths in Group 1 and non in Group 2. Two of the deaths were caused by a hypoplastic right ventricle, 1 by airway obstruction, and 1 by heart failure and pulmonary edema in a patient who had additional unrecognized muscular defects. An apical left ventriculotomy provides excellent exposure of the septum. The field is not obscured by trabecular bands or papillary muscles. Although 1 patient died because of residual VSDs, this approach, compared with previously described methods, minimizes the risk of unrecognized defects.", "PMID": 596966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5848", "title": "Correction of aortic coarctation in neonates: mortality and late results.", "content": "To determine those factors that affect mortality and to analyze long-term results, the records of 44 infants who underwent repair of aortic coarctation at less than 90 days of age were examined. There were 14 operative and 8 late deathes (mean, 4.3 months postoperatively). Subsequent operation, generally to repair or palliate associated anomalies, was required 22 times in 20 patients and was a source of considerable mortality. There is evidence that earlier total repair of associated anomalies might improve survival. Sufficient data were available on 17 of the 22 survivors to assess long-term results. The outcome was considered excellent in 8 patients, fair in 4, and poor in 5. Revision of the coarctation repair due to growth failure of the anastomosis was required in 1 patient. Aggressive surgical management is recommended in these infants because, despite a high early mortality, a considerable proportion of excellent results can be anticipated in what is otherwise a hopeless situation.", "contents": "Correction of aortic coarctation in neonates: mortality and late results. To determine those factors that affect mortality and to analyze long-term results, the records of 44 infants who underwent repair of aortic coarctation at less than 90 days of age were examined. There were 14 operative and 8 late deathes (mean, 4.3 months postoperatively). Subsequent operation, generally to repair or palliate associated anomalies, was required 22 times in 20 patients and was a source of considerable mortality. There is evidence that earlier total repair of associated anomalies might improve survival. Sufficient data were available on 17 of the 22 survivors to assess long-term results. The outcome was considered excellent in 8 patients, fair in 4, and poor in 5. Revision of the coarctation repair due to growth failure of the anastomosis was required in 1 patient. Aggressive surgical management is recommended in these infants because, despite a high early mortality, a considerable proportion of excellent results can be anticipated in what is otherwise a hopeless situation.", "PMID": 596967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5849", "title": "Results and complications of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.", "content": "During the forty-month period ending July, 1976, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was used as an adjunct to medical or surgical therapy in 273 patients. Thirty-seven developed complications. Limb ischemia occurred in 16; it resolved in 12, resulted in gangrene of the toes in 1 and leg gangrene in 2, and was the casue of death in 1 patient. Aortic dissection was confirmed in 7 patients and strongly suspected in another 4. Eight of the 11 patients with dissection underwent cardiac procedures with heparinization at two days to three months after balloon insertion with no untoward effects. Septicemia developed in 2 patients, 1 of whom died of cardiogenic shock. Localized groin sepsis occurred in 8 patients, 2 of whom required removal of infected Dacron graft material. Awareness of the complications of balloon insertion, proper attention to details of balloon management at the time of insertion and removal, and continuous monitoring through a central-lumen balloon should decrease the incidence of complications.", "contents": "Results and complications of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. During the forty-month period ending July, 1976, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was used as an adjunct to medical or surgical therapy in 273 patients. Thirty-seven developed complications. Limb ischemia occurred in 16; it resolved in 12, resulted in gangrene of the toes in 1 and leg gangrene in 2, and was the casue of death in 1 patient. Aortic dissection was confirmed in 7 patients and strongly suspected in another 4. Eight of the 11 patients with dissection underwent cardiac procedures with heparinization at two days to three months after balloon insertion with no untoward effects. Septicemia developed in 2 patients, 1 of whom died of cardiogenic shock. Localized groin sepsis occurred in 8 patients, 2 of whom required removal of infected Dacron graft material. Awareness of the complications of balloon insertion, proper attention to details of balloon management at the time of insertion and removal, and continuous monitoring through a central-lumen balloon should decrease the incidence of complications.", "PMID": 596968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5850", "title": "A pulsatile assist device (PAD) for use during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A pulsatile assist device (PAD) has been developed to convert roller pump flow to pulsatile flow in a simple fashion. The device can also be used as an arterial counterpulsator before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The PAD has been used in 125 adult patients undergoing open-heart operations for coronary artery or valvular heart disease or the combination. Ninety-two patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV or had ejection fractions of less than 0.3. The PAD functioned as a hemodynamically effective arterial counterpulsator before and after perfusion. All patients were successfully weaned from bypass with the PAD. There has been 1 intraoperative death and 2 late deaths. Only 1 patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction, and this person was successfully treated with intraaortic balloon pumping. We believe the PAD is a simple and reliable device for intraoperative counterpulsation and for the creation of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. More important, use of the PAD may decrease both the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and the need for postoperative intraaortic balloon pumping.", "contents": "A pulsatile assist device (PAD) for use during cardiopulmonary bypass. A pulsatile assist device (PAD) has been developed to convert roller pump flow to pulsatile flow in a simple fashion. The device can also be used as an arterial counterpulsator before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The PAD has been used in 125 adult patients undergoing open-heart operations for coronary artery or valvular heart disease or the combination. Ninety-two patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV or had ejection fractions of less than 0.3. The PAD functioned as a hemodynamically effective arterial counterpulsator before and after perfusion. All patients were successfully weaned from bypass with the PAD. There has been 1 intraoperative death and 2 late deaths. Only 1 patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction, and this person was successfully treated with intraaortic balloon pumping. We believe the PAD is a simple and reliable device for intraoperative counterpulsation and for the creation of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. More important, use of the PAD may decrease both the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and the need for postoperative intraaortic balloon pumping.", "PMID": 596969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5851", "title": "Coronary flow distribution and dynamics during continuous and pulsatile extracorporeal circulation in the pig.", "content": "Four extracorporeal perfusion conditions (continuous beating, continuous fibrillating, pulsatile beating, and pulsatile fibrillating) were tested for 15 minutes each in pigs. Coronary flow, endocardial-epicardial flow ratio, phasic coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and myocardial lactate extraction were measured. No significant differences in any of these variables were found between pulsatile and continuous flow states in either fibrillating or beating hearts (p greater than 0.05). In both fibrillating conditions, significant elevations of myocardial oxygen consumption and decreases in endocardial-epicardial flow ratios were found (p less than 0.05). Lactate extraction occurred in all conditions, and phasic coronary flows were similar in both beating conditions. These data suggest caution in the expectation that pulsatile perfusion will reverse the coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption changes seen with fibrillation.", "contents": "Coronary flow distribution and dynamics during continuous and pulsatile extracorporeal circulation in the pig. Four extracorporeal perfusion conditions (continuous beating, continuous fibrillating, pulsatile beating, and pulsatile fibrillating) were tested for 15 minutes each in pigs. Coronary flow, endocardial-epicardial flow ratio, phasic coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and myocardial lactate extraction were measured. No significant differences in any of these variables were found between pulsatile and continuous flow states in either fibrillating or beating hearts (p greater than 0.05). In both fibrillating conditions, significant elevations of myocardial oxygen consumption and decreases in endocardial-epicardial flow ratios were found (p less than 0.05). Lactate extraction occurred in all conditions, and phasic coronary flows were similar in both beating conditions. These data suggest caution in the expectation that pulsatile perfusion will reverse the coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption changes seen with fibrillation.", "PMID": 596970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5852", "title": "Hypothermia in conjunction with hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of massive air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Massive gas embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass is a rare but ever-present danger. Following this catastrophic event, the immediate institution of core cooling on bypass may be advantageous. The remarkable complete recovery of our patient is attributed to this technique, which was used in conjunction with standard therapy.", "contents": "Hypothermia in conjunction with hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of massive air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Massive gas embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass is a rare but ever-present danger. Following this catastrophic event, the immediate institution of core cooling on bypass may be advantageous. The remarkable complete recovery of our patient is attributed to this technique, which was used in conjunction with standard therapy.", "PMID": 596971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5853", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside binding to human plasma proteins.", "content": "The interaction of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) with human plasma proteins was investigated by means of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. The results obtained with both methods did not differ significantly. Ara-C binding was studied at plasma levels within the therapeutic range (0.005-1.0 mg/l). It appeared that 13.3% (SD: 2.2%) of Ara-C in the plasma was bound to proteins. The percentage of bound drug was independent of the drug concentration, at least in the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside binding to human plasma proteins. The interaction of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) with human plasma proteins was investigated by means of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. The results obtained with both methods did not differ significantly. Ara-C binding was studied at plasma levels within the therapeutic range (0.005-1.0 mg/l). It appeared that 13.3% (SD: 2.2%) of Ara-C in the plasma was bound to proteins. The percentage of bound drug was independent of the drug concentration, at least in the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 596974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5854", "title": "Inhibiting effect of droperidol compared with verapamil on the myocardial fiber calcium exchange determined by a simple physiological procedure.", "content": "A simple procedure was employed in order to quantify myocardial calcium antagonism by the neuroleptic agent droperidol. Droperidol blocked recovery of excitability induced by isoproterenol in isolated rabbit hearts depolarized by KCl. This was also observed with verapamil, a known calcium inhibitor, though at much lower concentrations. Considering that isoproterenol excites depolarized tissue by favouring calcium conductance and that droperidol as verapamil lack beta-adrenergic blocking properties, it is infered that droperidol hinders myocardial membrane permeability to calcium ions in a manner similar to that of verapamil. This action of droperidol, together with its known inhibiting effect on the rapid Na entrance, may explain the mechanism by which it affects cardiac chronotropism.", "contents": "Inhibiting effect of droperidol compared with verapamil on the myocardial fiber calcium exchange determined by a simple physiological procedure. A simple procedure was employed in order to quantify myocardial calcium antagonism by the neuroleptic agent droperidol. Droperidol blocked recovery of excitability induced by isoproterenol in isolated rabbit hearts depolarized by KCl. This was also observed with verapamil, a known calcium inhibitor, though at much lower concentrations. Considering that isoproterenol excites depolarized tissue by favouring calcium conductance and that droperidol as verapamil lack beta-adrenergic blocking properties, it is infered that droperidol hinders myocardial membrane permeability to calcium ions in a manner similar to that of verapamil. This action of droperidol, together with its known inhibiting effect on the rapid Na entrance, may explain the mechanism by which it affects cardiac chronotropism.", "PMID": 596976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5855", "title": "A rapid in vivo technique for preliminary screening of antiarrhythmic agents in mice.", "content": "The search for new and better antiarrhythmic agents is complicated by the fact that currently there is no generally accepted, rapid, highly reproducible, in vivo screening technique which allows the use of large numbers of small animals for the purpose of statistical evaluation. Most of the methods available for use with small animals employ visual observation of the animal to assess electrophysiological events occurring in the heart. A rapid, inexpensive, in vivo screening technique is discribed, using aconitine as the arrhythmogenic agent. Arrhythmias induced by aconitine were measured by electrocardiogram (lead II). The times to onset of initial cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia were determined and compared for significance in animals pretreated with physiological saline (control group), standard antiarrhythmic agents, and two drugs lacking antiarrhythmic activity. The results indicate that the method is a sensitive, rapid technique for preliminary in vivo screening of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "A rapid in vivo technique for preliminary screening of antiarrhythmic agents in mice. The search for new and better antiarrhythmic agents is complicated by the fact that currently there is no generally accepted, rapid, highly reproducible, in vivo screening technique which allows the use of large numbers of small animals for the purpose of statistical evaluation. Most of the methods available for use with small animals employ visual observation of the animal to assess electrophysiological events occurring in the heart. A rapid, inexpensive, in vivo screening technique is discribed, using aconitine as the arrhythmogenic agent. Arrhythmias induced by aconitine were measured by electrocardiogram (lead II). The times to onset of initial cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia were determined and compared for significance in animals pretreated with physiological saline (control group), standard antiarrhythmic agents, and two drugs lacking antiarrhythmic activity. The results indicate that the method is a sensitive, rapid technique for preliminary in vivo screening of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "PMID": 596977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5856", "title": "The effect of quinidine, propranolol and their combination on experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "The comparative antiarrhythmic activity of quinidine, propranolol and the combination of these two drugs was studied in experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the dog. Quinidine, but not propranolol, suppressed atrial arrhythmias produced by topical application of aconitine to the atrium, as well as the ventricular arrhythmias that developed approximately 20 hr following coronary artery ligation. When the two drugs were coadministered, synergism occurred in the atrial arrhthmias but not in the ventricular arrhythmias. Some possible mechanisms of action of these drugs are discussed. The change in response to quinidine by coadministration with propranolol may have resulted in part from suppression of atrial automaticity in the aconitine experiments and from further slowing of ventricular conduction in the coronary artery ligation experiments. Both effects might have occurred as a result of myocardial beta adrenergic receptor blockade.", "contents": "The effect of quinidine, propranolol and their combination on experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The comparative antiarrhythmic activity of quinidine, propranolol and the combination of these two drugs was studied in experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the dog. Quinidine, but not propranolol, suppressed atrial arrhythmias produced by topical application of aconitine to the atrium, as well as the ventricular arrhythmias that developed approximately 20 hr following coronary artery ligation. When the two drugs were coadministered, synergism occurred in the atrial arrhthmias but not in the ventricular arrhythmias. Some possible mechanisms of action of these drugs are discussed. The change in response to quinidine by coadministration with propranolol may have resulted in part from suppression of atrial automaticity in the aconitine experiments and from further slowing of ventricular conduction in the coronary artery ligation experiments. Both effects might have occurred as a result of myocardial beta adrenergic receptor blockade.", "PMID": 596978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5857", "title": "Hypotensive action of an intra-nasally applied angiotensin II-antagonist.", "content": "Intranasal administration of the specific angiotensin II-antagonist (1-NSuc-5-Val-8-Phg) A II was investigated in anaesthetized rats with different forms of experimentally elevated blood pressure. Renin- or angiotensin II-induced blood pressure increases were markedly reversed by the angiotensin II-antagonist applied intra-nasally. In rats with acute accelerated elevation of blood pressure the analogue induced also a significant decrease. No change could be observed in rats with chronic renal hypertension.", "contents": "Hypotensive action of an intra-nasally applied angiotensin II-antagonist. Intranasal administration of the specific angiotensin II-antagonist (1-NSuc-5-Val-8-Phg) A II was investigated in anaesthetized rats with different forms of experimentally elevated blood pressure. Renin- or angiotensin II-induced blood pressure increases were markedly reversed by the angiotensin II-antagonist applied intra-nasally. In rats with acute accelerated elevation of blood pressure the analogue induced also a significant decrease. No change could be observed in rats with chronic renal hypertension.", "PMID": 596979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5858", "title": "Biological evaluation of some biphenyl analogs of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium No. 3.", "content": "The oxygen atoms in the esteratic moiety of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium No. 3 (AcHC-3) were replaced with carbon to form the ether, ketone and aliphatic analogs. Also, the thio and acetylthio-seco analogs of hemicholinium No. 3 (HC-3) were studied. When evaluated in the rabbit sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscular preparation all of the analogs caused neuromuscular blockades in two or three separate phases. The first phase of blockade caused by the ketone and thio analogs was rapid in onset and reversed by neostigmine. It was presumably competitive in type. The first phase of blockade caused by the ether and aliphatic analogs was increased by neostigmine and was concluded to be of the non-competitive type. All analogs caused a second phase of blockade that was reversed by choline and is typical of HC-3. A third blockade was found following the ether and ketone analogs. All of the analogs were more active as inhibitors of the true and pseudocholinesterases than was HC-3. All of the analogs were much less potent as inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis than was AcHC-3. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Biological evaluation of some biphenyl analogs of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium No. 3. The oxygen atoms in the esteratic moiety of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium No. 3 (AcHC-3) were replaced with carbon to form the ether, ketone and aliphatic analogs. Also, the thio and acetylthio-seco analogs of hemicholinium No. 3 (HC-3) were studied. When evaluated in the rabbit sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscular preparation all of the analogs caused neuromuscular blockades in two or three separate phases. The first phase of blockade caused by the ketone and thio analogs was rapid in onset and reversed by neostigmine. It was presumably competitive in type. The first phase of blockade caused by the ether and aliphatic analogs was increased by neostigmine and was concluded to be of the non-competitive type. All analogs caused a second phase of blockade that was reversed by choline and is typical of HC-3. A third blockade was found following the ether and ketone analogs. All of the analogs were more active as inhibitors of the true and pseudocholinesterases than was HC-3. All of the analogs were much less potent as inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis than was AcHC-3. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 596980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5859", "title": "Morphine and methadone-induced antinociception in rats permanently depleted of brain dopamine.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of brain norepinephrine (NE) and/or dopamine (DA) in the production of the antinociceptive effects of morphine and methadone. Rats were permanently depleted of brain NE and/or DA via 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatments at two weeks of age. Six to eight weeks later, the antinociceptive activity of morphine and methadone was determined in control, NE and DA-depleted, and DA-depleted rats by tail-flick methods. Both dose-response and time-duration studies were conducted. The data obtained suggested that DA was important to morphine, but not to methadone-induced antinociception. However, this relationship appeared contingent upon the level of DA-depletion. An antagonism of morphine's effects was observed when DA levels were down by at least 85% whereas a facilitation of morphine's effect occurred when DA levels were 50% or less. These findings were discussed in relation to more recent concepts suggesting that: 1) DA-related behaviors are contingent upon a balance between excitatory and inhibitory DA neuron pools, and 2) antinociception may (in relation to DA) also be controlled via a balance between this system (DA) and NE systems. Thus, it was suggested that the potency of morphine's antinociceptive effects appears contingent upon a balance between one or more of these neuron pathways.", "contents": "Morphine and methadone-induced antinociception in rats permanently depleted of brain dopamine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of brain norepinephrine (NE) and/or dopamine (DA) in the production of the antinociceptive effects of morphine and methadone. Rats were permanently depleted of brain NE and/or DA via 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatments at two weeks of age. Six to eight weeks later, the antinociceptive activity of morphine and methadone was determined in control, NE and DA-depleted, and DA-depleted rats by tail-flick methods. Both dose-response and time-duration studies were conducted. The data obtained suggested that DA was important to morphine, but not to methadone-induced antinociception. However, this relationship appeared contingent upon the level of DA-depletion. An antagonism of morphine's effects was observed when DA levels were down by at least 85% whereas a facilitation of morphine's effect occurred when DA levels were 50% or less. These findings were discussed in relation to more recent concepts suggesting that: 1) DA-related behaviors are contingent upon a balance between excitatory and inhibitory DA neuron pools, and 2) antinociception may (in relation to DA) also be controlled via a balance between this system (DA) and NE systems. Thus, it was suggested that the potency of morphine's antinociceptive effects appears contingent upon a balance between one or more of these neuron pathways.", "PMID": 596981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5860", "title": "Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants.", "content": "A depressed state can be induced in mice by forcing them to swim in a narrow cylinder from which they cannot escape. After a brief period of vigorous activity the mice adopt a characteristic immobile posture which is readily identifiable. Immobility was reduced by tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and atypical antidepressants, as well as by electroconvulsive shock. Psychostimulants also reduced immobility but in contrast to antidepressants caused marked motor stimulation. Immobility was not affected by minor or major tranquilisers. These findings, closely parallel to those we have previously reported in rats, suggest that the procedure is selectively sensitive to antidepressant treatments. The mouse procedure is, however, more rapid and less costly than that with rats and is thus more suitable for the primary screening of antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. A depressed state can be induced in mice by forcing them to swim in a narrow cylinder from which they cannot escape. After a brief period of vigorous activity the mice adopt a characteristic immobile posture which is readily identifiable. Immobility was reduced by tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and atypical antidepressants, as well as by electroconvulsive shock. Psychostimulants also reduced immobility but in contrast to antidepressants caused marked motor stimulation. Immobility was not affected by minor or major tranquilisers. These findings, closely parallel to those we have previously reported in rats, suggest that the procedure is selectively sensitive to antidepressant treatments. The mouse procedure is, however, more rapid and less costly than that with rats and is thus more suitable for the primary screening of antidepressant drugs.", "PMID": 596982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5861", "title": "Inhibition of glucose absorption by 3-phenylpropylaminoguanidine-HCl (SaH 43-522) in laboratory animals.", "content": "The present studies were undertaken to define the effects of 3-phenylpropylaminoguanidine-HCl (SaH 43-522 or 43-522) on glucose active transport in the gastrointestinal tract. A comparison with phenformin (DBI) was made in certain studies. SaH 43-522 is 2 to 3 times more potent than DBI with regard to its inhibitory effect on glucose active transport in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. The activity lasts for 5 hr after oral administration. SaH 43-522 also inhibits intestinal glucose absorption in the hamster, guinea-pig, dog, and monkey in either in vitro or in vivo systems. SaH 43-522 differs from DBI in that when glucose active transport is studied in vitro by adding drug into the incubation fluid, DBI is active only when the drug is present in the incubation fluids on both the mucosal and serosal sides, whereas SaH 43-522 is active in inhibiting intestinal glucose active transport when the drug is present in mucosal fluid only.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose absorption by 3-phenylpropylaminoguanidine-HCl (SaH 43-522) in laboratory animals. The present studies were undertaken to define the effects of 3-phenylpropylaminoguanidine-HCl (SaH 43-522 or 43-522) on glucose active transport in the gastrointestinal tract. A comparison with phenformin (DBI) was made in certain studies. SaH 43-522 is 2 to 3 times more potent than DBI with regard to its inhibitory effect on glucose active transport in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. The activity lasts for 5 hr after oral administration. SaH 43-522 also inhibits intestinal glucose absorption in the hamster, guinea-pig, dog, and monkey in either in vitro or in vivo systems. SaH 43-522 differs from DBI in that when glucose active transport is studied in vitro by adding drug into the incubation fluid, DBI is active only when the drug is present in the incubation fluids on both the mucosal and serosal sides, whereas SaH 43-522 is active in inhibiting intestinal glucose active transport when the drug is present in mucosal fluid only.", "PMID": 596983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5862", "title": "Autonomous growth fluctuations of the methane oxidizing bacterial strain M 102 in batch and continuous culture.", "content": "The growth rates of the methane oxidizing strain M 102 were unstable. In unlimited batch cultures they ranged from 0 to 1.4 d-1 with most frequent values around 0.25 d-1. The yield coefficients were between 0.1 and 1.6 mg dry weight per mg methane and varied from 1.1 to 0.4 even in a continuous culture with the limiting substrate in the gas phase. It was possible to prove intermittent release and uptake of organic compounds by the definition of a \"net\" yield coefficient and its theoretical boundaries. The response of the fluctuations to varying dilution frequencies and culture volumes showed analogies to controlled systems. The simultaneous variations in the age distribution and in the excretion pattern revealed the dependence of the dividing stages on a product of the young cells. The mathematical description of the findings suggests that the young cells favor division at their own disadvantage. The consequent autonomous synchronisations are the reason for the unstable growth rates of strain M 102.", "contents": "Autonomous growth fluctuations of the methane oxidizing bacterial strain M 102 in batch and continuous culture. The growth rates of the methane oxidizing strain M 102 were unstable. In unlimited batch cultures they ranged from 0 to 1.4 d-1 with most frequent values around 0.25 d-1. The yield coefficients were between 0.1 and 1.6 mg dry weight per mg methane and varied from 1.1 to 0.4 even in a continuous culture with the limiting substrate in the gas phase. It was possible to prove intermittent release and uptake of organic compounds by the definition of a \"net\" yield coefficient and its theoretical boundaries. The response of the fluctuations to varying dilution frequencies and culture volumes showed analogies to controlled systems. The simultaneous variations in the age distribution and in the excretion pattern revealed the dependence of the dividing stages on a product of the young cells. The mathematical description of the findings suggests that the young cells favor division at their own disadvantage. The consequent autonomous synchronisations are the reason for the unstable growth rates of strain M 102.", "PMID": 596991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5863", "title": "Recombination after protoplast fusion in the yeast Candida tropicalis.", "content": "Candida tropicalis protoplasts obtained by snail enzyme treatment were induced to fuse by the use of polyethylene-glycol. Heterokaryons formed by two auxotrophic strains were selected by complementation on minimal medium. These heterokaryons were unstable and readily dissociated into their nuclear components. Under appropriate conditions, the parental nuclei of an heterokaryon fused. The homokaryon so obtained was unstable and segregated into various types of auxotrophic and prototrophic recombinants.", "contents": "Recombination after protoplast fusion in the yeast Candida tropicalis. Candida tropicalis protoplasts obtained by snail enzyme treatment were induced to fuse by the use of polyethylene-glycol. Heterokaryons formed by two auxotrophic strains were selected by complementation on minimal medium. These heterokaryons were unstable and readily dissociated into their nuclear components. Under appropriate conditions, the parental nuclei of an heterokaryon fused. The homokaryon so obtained was unstable and segregated into various types of auxotrophic and prototrophic recombinants.", "PMID": 596992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5864", "title": "The roles of isomers of phytoene, phytofluene and zeta-carotene in carotenoid biosynthesis by a mutant strain of Scenedesmus obliquus.", "content": "Considerable changes in pigment composition occur during a period of 10 h when dark-grown cultures of PG1, a zeta-carotenic strain of Scenedesmus obliquus, are illuminated. These changes are consistent with a biosynthetic pathway in which 15-cis-phytoene is converted via 15-cis-phytofluene and 15-cis-zeta-carotene into all-trans-zeta-carotene and trans-bicyclic carotenoids. The findings also support the view that the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are formed from the corresponding carotenes and are especially important in the development of a normal chloroplast structure.", "contents": "The roles of isomers of phytoene, phytofluene and zeta-carotene in carotenoid biosynthesis by a mutant strain of Scenedesmus obliquus. Considerable changes in pigment composition occur during a period of 10 h when dark-grown cultures of PG1, a zeta-carotenic strain of Scenedesmus obliquus, are illuminated. These changes are consistent with a biosynthetic pathway in which 15-cis-phytoene is converted via 15-cis-phytofluene and 15-cis-zeta-carotene into all-trans-zeta-carotene and trans-bicyclic carotenoids. The findings also support the view that the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are formed from the corresponding carotenes and are especially important in the development of a normal chloroplast structure.", "PMID": 596993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5865", "title": "Electron microscopic investigation of the hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii.", "content": "Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.", "contents": "Electron microscopic investigation of the hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii. Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.", "PMID": 596994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5866", "title": "Morphology and histochemistry of helicine arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis of mice.", "content": "The epitheloid modified walls of helicine arteries are built of tightly arranged specialized smooth muscle cells (epitheloid cells). They are polygonal in shape, but do not branch out. The number of myofilaments is markedly reduced, whereas cell organelles are well developed (mitochondria, Golgi regions, rough endoplasmic reticulum). Myofilaments are gathered to bundles with no orientation as to their direction. Regular dense patches and attachment zones do occur. The cell surface is provided with caveolae (surface vesicles) and a basal lamina. Where epitheloid cells are joined together, they share a single basal lamina in common. In circumscribed regions basal lamina material is completely absent, and the cell membranes approach to form a 150 A gap (paired cells). Endothelial cells are rich in cytoplasmic filaments and show only a few transport vesicles. In particular areas a basal lamina is absent, and epitheloid cells and endothelial cells are joined together leaving a 200 A wide cleft. Fluorescence histochemistry shows that helicine arteries are provided with an extremely dense network of adrenergic nerves located at the medio-adventitial border. Epitheloid cells, like ordinary vascular smooth muscle cells, show a postive ATPase reaction, but lack any histochemically demonstrable 5'-nucleotidase activity. Endothelial cells in helicine arteries react on unspecific alkaline phosphatase, while the endothelium of deep arteries and of the cavernous spaces does not.", "contents": "Morphology and histochemistry of helicine arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis of mice. The epitheloid modified walls of helicine arteries are built of tightly arranged specialized smooth muscle cells (epitheloid cells). They are polygonal in shape, but do not branch out. The number of myofilaments is markedly reduced, whereas cell organelles are well developed (mitochondria, Golgi regions, rough endoplasmic reticulum). Myofilaments are gathered to bundles with no orientation as to their direction. Regular dense patches and attachment zones do occur. The cell surface is provided with caveolae (surface vesicles) and a basal lamina. Where epitheloid cells are joined together, they share a single basal lamina in common. In circumscribed regions basal lamina material is completely absent, and the cell membranes approach to form a 150 A gap (paired cells). Endothelial cells are rich in cytoplasmic filaments and show only a few transport vesicles. In particular areas a basal lamina is absent, and epitheloid cells and endothelial cells are joined together leaving a 200 A wide cleft. Fluorescence histochemistry shows that helicine arteries are provided with an extremely dense network of adrenergic nerves located at the medio-adventitial border. Epitheloid cells, like ordinary vascular smooth muscle cells, show a postive ATPase reaction, but lack any histochemically demonstrable 5'-nucleotidase activity. Endothelial cells in helicine arteries react on unspecific alkaline phosphatase, while the endothelium of deep arteries and of the cavernous spaces does not.", "PMID": 597004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5867", "title": "Electron microscopy of the mouse optic nerve: a quantitative study of the total optic nerve fibers.", "content": "The total number of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers was counted in a montage of electron micrographs prepared to cover the entire profile of the mouse optic nerve in transverse section. Many astrocytic processes form a barrier structure all around the optic nerve. As a whole, the mouse optic nerve consists of one fascicle where the nerve fibers, the glia cells and their processes, and the capillaries are fitted closely together to fill substantially all of the available space. No tissue space accompanied with connective tissue septa penetrates into the fascicle, except for those situated around the arteriole and venule. The total number of 64,746 myelinated nerve fibers in the optic nerve in one side was counted. This corresponds to about 98.8% of the total number of the optic nerve fibers. The total number of 807 unmyelinated nerve fibers was also counted. This corresponds to about 1.2% of the total nerve fibers. The external diameter of every myelinated fiber, including the myelin sheath, was measured on the montage micrograph and its frequency distribution was examined. The diameter of the myelinated fibers ranges from 0.3 to 4.2 mu and its mean value is 0.96 mu. The frequency distribution of fiber diameter is unimodal with a peak at 0.7 to 0.9 mu. A regional heterogeneity in fiber size is found in the optic nerve. The nerve fibers in the peripheral area of the nerve are relatively small and uniform in diameter, whereas those in the central area show a fairly wide range in diameter.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the mouse optic nerve: a quantitative study of the total optic nerve fibers. The total number of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers was counted in a montage of electron micrographs prepared to cover the entire profile of the mouse optic nerve in transverse section. Many astrocytic processes form a barrier structure all around the optic nerve. As a whole, the mouse optic nerve consists of one fascicle where the nerve fibers, the glia cells and their processes, and the capillaries are fitted closely together to fill substantially all of the available space. No tissue space accompanied with connective tissue septa penetrates into the fascicle, except for those situated around the arteriole and venule. The total number of 64,746 myelinated nerve fibers in the optic nerve in one side was counted. This corresponds to about 98.8% of the total number of the optic nerve fibers. The total number of 807 unmyelinated nerve fibers was also counted. This corresponds to about 1.2% of the total nerve fibers. The external diameter of every myelinated fiber, including the myelin sheath, was measured on the montage micrograph and its frequency distribution was examined. The diameter of the myelinated fibers ranges from 0.3 to 4.2 mu and its mean value is 0.96 mu. The frequency distribution of fiber diameter is unimodal with a peak at 0.7 to 0.9 mu. A regional heterogeneity in fiber size is found in the optic nerve. The nerve fibers in the peripheral area of the nerve are relatively small and uniform in diameter, whereas those in the central area show a fairly wide range in diameter.", "PMID": 597007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5868", "title": "On the vascular architecture of the carotid labyrinth in Cynops pyrrhogaster and Onychoactylus japonicus.", "content": "The fine vascular arrangement of the carotid labyrinth in two species of urodeles, Cynops pyrrhogaster and Onychodactylus japonicus was investigated. India ink-gelatin injected preparations were examined under the dissecting microscope. Resin casts of the blood vessels prepared using the method of MURAKAMI (1971) were observed in the scanning electron microscope. In both species, the common carotid artery terminated in the central chamber from which arose two retia mirabilia, i.e. an external carotid rete and an internal carotid rete. The external carotid artery arose recurrently from the external carotid rete, whereas the internal carotid artery received vessels from the internal carotid rete which apparently occupied more than two thirds of the carotid labyrinth. The present observations indicate that the previous descriptions of the urodele carotid labyrinth should be corrected: a vascular ring exists around the common carotid artery and the latter shows a corresponding narrowing at the entrance to the carotid labyrinth; the vascular ring forms the most proximal part of the external carotid rete; the central chamber occupies only a part of the proximal end of the carotid labyrinth; the internal carotid rete and the external carotid rete constitute a continuous rete mirabile; and a distinct furrow exists in the boundary between these two portions of the rete mirabile. Individual variations were frequently encountered, but were confined to the external carotid artery and its tributaries. The complicated and elaborate vascular architecture of the amphibian carotid labyrinth suggests that this organ should exert blood-flow regulating the probably other unknown functions as an effector organ in addition to its accepted activity as a chemo- and baro-receptor.", "contents": "On the vascular architecture of the carotid labyrinth in Cynops pyrrhogaster and Onychoactylus japonicus. The fine vascular arrangement of the carotid labyrinth in two species of urodeles, Cynops pyrrhogaster and Onychodactylus japonicus was investigated. India ink-gelatin injected preparations were examined under the dissecting microscope. Resin casts of the blood vessels prepared using the method of MURAKAMI (1971) were observed in the scanning electron microscope. In both species, the common carotid artery terminated in the central chamber from which arose two retia mirabilia, i.e. an external carotid rete and an internal carotid rete. The external carotid artery arose recurrently from the external carotid rete, whereas the internal carotid artery received vessels from the internal carotid rete which apparently occupied more than two thirds of the carotid labyrinth. The present observations indicate that the previous descriptions of the urodele carotid labyrinth should be corrected: a vascular ring exists around the common carotid artery and the latter shows a corresponding narrowing at the entrance to the carotid labyrinth; the vascular ring forms the most proximal part of the external carotid rete; the central chamber occupies only a part of the proximal end of the carotid labyrinth; the internal carotid rete and the external carotid rete constitute a continuous rete mirabile; and a distinct furrow exists in the boundary between these two portions of the rete mirabile. Individual variations were frequently encountered, but were confined to the external carotid artery and its tributaries. The complicated and elaborate vascular architecture of the amphibian carotid labyrinth suggests that this organ should exert blood-flow regulating the probably other unknown functions as an effector organ in addition to its accepted activity as a chemo- and baro-receptor.", "PMID": 597008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5869", "title": "Similarities of cellular receptors for interferon and cortisol.", "content": "Cellular receptors are molecules located on the cell membrane. Their function is to bind different molecules to the cell surface. These molecules can penetrate into the cytoplasm and trigger cellular changes. One kind of such bound molecules are interferons and corticosteroids. Until very recently very little was known about interferon's receptors on the cell surface, mechanisms of interferon's binding to them or about kinetics of such binding. On the basis of results published elsewhere and on the basis of experimental results, the authors suggest: 1) receptors for interferon and cortisol are glycoproteins located on the cell surface, 2) in analogy with PHA receptors they are chemically sialoglycoproteins, 3) binding kinetics of cortisol and interferon is similar, 4) interferon and cortisol compete for cellular receptors, 5) binding of cortisol or interferon is dependent on allosteric configuration of receptor molecules.", "contents": "Similarities of cellular receptors for interferon and cortisol. Cellular receptors are molecules located on the cell membrane. Their function is to bind different molecules to the cell surface. These molecules can penetrate into the cytoplasm and trigger cellular changes. One kind of such bound molecules are interferons and corticosteroids. Until very recently very little was known about interferon's receptors on the cell surface, mechanisms of interferon's binding to them or about kinetics of such binding. On the basis of results published elsewhere and on the basis of experimental results, the authors suggest: 1) receptors for interferon and cortisol are glycoproteins located on the cell surface, 2) in analogy with PHA receptors they are chemically sialoglycoproteins, 3) binding kinetics of cortisol and interferon is similar, 4) interferon and cortisol compete for cellular receptors, 5) binding of cortisol or interferon is dependent on allosteric configuration of receptor molecules.", "PMID": 597009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5870", "title": "Purification of mouse interferon on specifically purified immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A one-step purification procedure using affinity chromatography on purified anti-interferon antibodies makes possible to obtain highly purified interferon preparations. Antibodies against purified mouse fibroblast interferon were covalently bound to activated CNBr-Sepharose 4B. This immunoadsorbent had a binding capacity of 125,800 mouse fibroblast interferon units per 4.8 ml of gel. The binding capacity for mouse leukocytes was similar while for serum interferon it was lower. When analyzed in polyacrylamide gel, the electrophoretic profiles of purified IF had a similar shape to that of unpurified IF. The results of this purification procedure are not influenced by volume, biological activity and/or purity of the starting material.", "contents": "Purification of mouse interferon on specifically purified immunoadsorbent. A one-step purification procedure using affinity chromatography on purified anti-interferon antibodies makes possible to obtain highly purified interferon preparations. Antibodies against purified mouse fibroblast interferon were covalently bound to activated CNBr-Sepharose 4B. This immunoadsorbent had a binding capacity of 125,800 mouse fibroblast interferon units per 4.8 ml of gel. The binding capacity for mouse leukocytes was similar while for serum interferon it was lower. When analyzed in polyacrylamide gel, the electrophoretic profiles of purified IF had a similar shape to that of unpurified IF. The results of this purification procedure are not influenced by volume, biological activity and/or purity of the starting material.", "PMID": 597010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5871", "title": "Induction and properties of guinea pig serum interferon. Preliminary report.", "content": "Guinea pigs, 250-350 g body weight, both sexes, were injected with 5X10(8.5) EID50 NDV (Radom strain) intracardially and intraperitoneally simultaneously. The animals were bled by cardiac puncture 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection. After virus inactivation, serum interferon titration was performed in cultures of guinea pig embryo kidney cells with 50 percent plaque inhibition test using VSV. The highest interferon titer (64 u./ml) was found after 6 hours of inductor injection. Interferon titer decreased quickly and after 12 hours it was lower than 16 u./ml. Guinea pig serum interferon induced by NDV was resistant to pH 2 and 56 degrees C during 1 hour. Interferon was inactivated by trypsin. The decribed interferon did not protect heterologous species cells (swine) against Teschen Disease Virus infection. Other properties of this interferon are being studied.", "contents": "Induction and properties of guinea pig serum interferon. Preliminary report. Guinea pigs, 250-350 g body weight, both sexes, were injected with 5X10(8.5) EID50 NDV (Radom strain) intracardially and intraperitoneally simultaneously. The animals were bled by cardiac puncture 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection. After virus inactivation, serum interferon titration was performed in cultures of guinea pig embryo kidney cells with 50 percent plaque inhibition test using VSV. The highest interferon titer (64 u./ml) was found after 6 hours of inductor injection. Interferon titer decreased quickly and after 12 hours it was lower than 16 u./ml. Guinea pig serum interferon induced by NDV was resistant to pH 2 and 56 degrees C during 1 hour. Interferon was inactivated by trypsin. The decribed interferon did not protect heterologous species cells (swine) against Teschen Disease Virus infection. Other properties of this interferon are being studied.", "PMID": 597011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5872", "title": "Kinetic and metabolic studies on the priming effect of interferon in L cells.", "content": "In cultures primed by interferon pretreatment before stimulation by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid interferon was detected one hour earlier, its production followed and enhanced pattern and became resistant to actinomycin D 30 min sooner than in unprimed cultures. The kinetics of development of the primed state was found to be a time-and dose-dependent phenomenon. The continuous presence of interferon during the pretreatment period was not required for the development of the primed state. Actinomycin D at a concentration inhibitory for nuclear RNA synthesis did not influence the development of priming. Higher concentrations of the drug and long term alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide pretreatments, inhibitory for heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis, prevented the establishment of the primed state.", "contents": "Kinetic and metabolic studies on the priming effect of interferon in L cells. In cultures primed by interferon pretreatment before stimulation by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid interferon was detected one hour earlier, its production followed and enhanced pattern and became resistant to actinomycin D 30 min sooner than in unprimed cultures. The kinetics of development of the primed state was found to be a time-and dose-dependent phenomenon. The continuous presence of interferon during the pretreatment period was not required for the development of the primed state. Actinomycin D at a concentration inhibitory for nuclear RNA synthesis did not influence the development of priming. Higher concentrations of the drug and long term alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide pretreatments, inhibitory for heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis, prevented the establishment of the primed state.", "PMID": 597012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5873", "title": "The effect of interferon on chicken spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "The inhibitory activity of chicken interferon has been investigated on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced DNA synthesis of chicken spleen lymphocytes inoculated with type 12 adenovirus and was purified by selective adsorption on Na-Al-silicate. As a control, the culture fluid of chicken leukocytes purified in the same manner was used. In some instances the control preparation also showed a slight inhibitory effect. To prove that the immunosuppressive activity of our interferon preparation was indeed due to its interferon content both the interferon and the control preparation were purified further by chromatography on Sephadex G 100 superfine gel. Only the fractions with antiviral activity of interferon preparation inhibited the PHA-response of the lymphocytes. The fractions with the same molecular weight of control preparation were without effect.", "contents": "The effect of interferon on chicken spleen lymphocytes. The inhibitory activity of chicken interferon has been investigated on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced DNA synthesis of chicken spleen lymphocytes inoculated with type 12 adenovirus and was purified by selective adsorption on Na-Al-silicate. As a control, the culture fluid of chicken leukocytes purified in the same manner was used. In some instances the control preparation also showed a slight inhibitory effect. To prove that the immunosuppressive activity of our interferon preparation was indeed due to its interferon content both the interferon and the control preparation were purified further by chromatography on Sephadex G 100 superfine gel. Only the fractions with antiviral activity of interferon preparation inhibited the PHA-response of the lymphocytes. The fractions with the same molecular weight of control preparation were without effect.", "PMID": 597013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5874", "title": "Effect of poly I:C on cell proliferation in vivo.", "content": "Female Swiss albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with poly I:C1 microgram/g body weight. The animals were killed 2, 12, and 24 hr after the injection of poly I:C. Half an hour before the death of animals they were reinjected intraperitoneally with 3H-thymidine. Fragments of ileum were excised. The quantification of autoradiographs included the counting of labeled cells, mitotic cells as well as the recording of cell position along the ileal crypts. The spatial distribution of both the mitotic and DNA-synthesizing cells of colonic crypts were affected by poly I:C at neither of time intervals between the injection and the death of animals. On the other hand, the parameters of cellular proliferation, i.e. mitotic and labeling indices, decreased significantly 12 and 24 hr after the injection of poly I:C, being unaffected 2 hr after the injection.", "contents": "Effect of poly I:C on cell proliferation in vivo. Female Swiss albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with poly I:C1 microgram/g body weight. The animals were killed 2, 12, and 24 hr after the injection of poly I:C. Half an hour before the death of animals they were reinjected intraperitoneally with 3H-thymidine. Fragments of ileum were excised. The quantification of autoradiographs included the counting of labeled cells, mitotic cells as well as the recording of cell position along the ileal crypts. The spatial distribution of both the mitotic and DNA-synthesizing cells of colonic crypts were affected by poly I:C at neither of time intervals between the injection and the death of animals. On the other hand, the parameters of cellular proliferation, i.e. mitotic and labeling indices, decreased significantly 12 and 24 hr after the injection of poly I:C, being unaffected 2 hr after the injection.", "PMID": 597014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5875", "title": "Swine cell systems as interferon producers. IV. Comparative studies on the correlation between virulence of different Newcastle disease virus strains and their potency as interferon inducers.", "content": "Comparative studies concerning a correlation between virulence of various Newcastle virus strains and their interferon-inducing potency confirmed that such a correlation existed. The nearly avirulent La Sota strain of NDV was the poorest interferon inducer, the virulent Hertfordshire strain manifested a very good inducing potency. However, the most virulent J.B. strain virus was a poorer interferon inducer than the Hertfordshire strain. This should not be viewed as contradictory to the conclusion of the correlation between virulence and interferon-inducing ability of NDV since the highly virulent strain might destroy faster the interferon-producing cells, before the latter produced the maximum interferon quantity which they potentially could produce.", "contents": "Swine cell systems as interferon producers. IV. Comparative studies on the correlation between virulence of different Newcastle disease virus strains and their potency as interferon inducers. Comparative studies concerning a correlation between virulence of various Newcastle virus strains and their interferon-inducing potency confirmed that such a correlation existed. The nearly avirulent La Sota strain of NDV was the poorest interferon inducer, the virulent Hertfordshire strain manifested a very good inducing potency. However, the most virulent J.B. strain virus was a poorer interferon inducer than the Hertfordshire strain. This should not be viewed as contradictory to the conclusion of the correlation between virulence and interferon-inducing ability of NDV since the highly virulent strain might destroy faster the interferon-producing cells, before the latter produced the maximum interferon quantity which they potentially could produce.", "PMID": 597015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5876", "title": "Why HeLa cells do not produce interferon?", "content": "The investigation was carried out with HeLa cells which were not sensitive to antiviral action of human diploid cell interferon and do not produce interferon after induction with Newcastle disease virus. Identity of this line was confirmed by determination of stable genetic markers such as isoenzymes and histocompatibility antigens. On electrophoresis of lysed HeLa cells the following human red cell enzymes phenotypes were found: PGM (1-1), AP, EsD, and GTP. It was shown that on the surface of HeLa cells membranes HLA antigens are expressed: A28, BW35, A3. The results are in agreement with those which were obtained from Henrietta Lack's family study. Chromosome G-banding analysis revealed disproportion between the number of chromosomes connected with production and action of interferon and chromosomes which are supposed to control these processes.", "contents": "Why HeLa cells do not produce interferon? The investigation was carried out with HeLa cells which were not sensitive to antiviral action of human diploid cell interferon and do not produce interferon after induction with Newcastle disease virus. Identity of this line was confirmed by determination of stable genetic markers such as isoenzymes and histocompatibility antigens. On electrophoresis of lysed HeLa cells the following human red cell enzymes phenotypes were found: PGM (1-1), AP, EsD, and GTP. It was shown that on the surface of HeLa cells membranes HLA antigens are expressed: A28, BW35, A3. The results are in agreement with those which were obtained from Henrietta Lack's family study. Chromosome G-banding analysis revealed disproportion between the number of chromosomes connected with production and action of interferon and chromosomes which are supposed to control these processes.", "PMID": 597016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5877", "title": "Levels of complement during interferon induction.", "content": "Further data were obtained in support of the finding that the levels of interferon and complement show a negative correlation after induction of interferon in vivo. Experiments with selective chelating agents showed that the activation of complement occurs by the by-pass mechanism. Preliminary results indicate that interferon itself can reduce the level of complement in vivo. Experiments are underway to verify in rats the results obtained in mice.", "contents": "Levels of complement during interferon induction. Further data were obtained in support of the finding that the levels of interferon and complement show a negative correlation after induction of interferon in vivo. Experiments with selective chelating agents showed that the activation of complement occurs by the by-pass mechanism. Preliminary results indicate that interferon itself can reduce the level of complement in vivo. Experiments are underway to verify in rats the results obtained in mice.", "PMID": 597017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5878", "title": "Some biological activites of rabbit anti-interferon serum.", "content": "After prolonged immunization of rabbits with a semipurified mouse interferon preparation in Freund-incomplete and/or Al-Span-Oil-adjuvant a specific interferon neutralizing immunoglobulin was obtained from antiserum. The specific activity of the antiserum and immunoglobulin was confirmed in tests in which the interaction of antibodies with the cell-surface was ruled out. The antiserum (and the immunoglobulin) neutralized both the anti-viral and the cell-growth inhibitory activity of interferon. The \"slow\" and the \"fast\" fractions of purified interferon preparations were equally sensitive toward the neutralizing effect of antibodies. On the other side, the reaction of heat-inactivated interferon with the antiserum did not diminish its neutralizing activity suggesting a destruction of interferon-antigenic sites.", "contents": "Some biological activites of rabbit anti-interferon serum. After prolonged immunization of rabbits with a semipurified mouse interferon preparation in Freund-incomplete and/or Al-Span-Oil-adjuvant a specific interferon neutralizing immunoglobulin was obtained from antiserum. The specific activity of the antiserum and immunoglobulin was confirmed in tests in which the interaction of antibodies with the cell-surface was ruled out. The antiserum (and the immunoglobulin) neutralized both the anti-viral and the cell-growth inhibitory activity of interferon. The \"slow\" and the \"fast\" fractions of purified interferon preparations were equally sensitive toward the neutralizing effect of antibodies. On the other side, the reaction of heat-inactivated interferon with the antiserum did not diminish its neutralizing activity suggesting a destruction of interferon-antigenic sites.", "PMID": 597018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5879", "title": "Treatment and prevention of acute viral respiratory infections in children with leukocytic interferon.", "content": "Children with viral respiratory infections and healthy contacts received treatment and prophylaxis with leukocytic interferon. The results emphasize the effectiveness of treatment when interferon is given on the first or second day of the disease. In these cases the course is mild, of short duration, and without complications. Conversely, the clinical course in children who did not receive interferon was more severe; the disease lasted longer, and complications were not uncommon. Prophylactic instillation of interferon succeded in protecting 85.2 percent of contacts; those who contracted the infection had a mild disease with insignificant complications. No allergic or intoxication phenomena were observed in children receiving leukocytic interferon for treatment or prophylaxis.", "contents": "Treatment and prevention of acute viral respiratory infections in children with leukocytic interferon. Children with viral respiratory infections and healthy contacts received treatment and prophylaxis with leukocytic interferon. The results emphasize the effectiveness of treatment when interferon is given on the first or second day of the disease. In these cases the course is mild, of short duration, and without complications. Conversely, the clinical course in children who did not receive interferon was more severe; the disease lasted longer, and complications were not uncommon. Prophylactic instillation of interferon succeded in protecting 85.2 percent of contacts; those who contracted the infection had a mild disease with insignificant complications. No allergic or intoxication phenomena were observed in children receiving leukocytic interferon for treatment or prophylaxis.", "PMID": 597019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5880", "title": "Electromyographic insertional activity mechanically provoked in the biceps brachii.", "content": "Clinically, some electromyographers have felt that electrical activity provoked by needle insertion becomes prolonged prior to the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in pathologic conditions. The significance of this is unclear as this electrical activity has not been quantitatively studied in normal subjects. To approach this problem, this study was designed to evaluate insertional activity in normal subjects. A mechanical electrode inserter was designed and assembled. Insertional activity was recorded and analyzed in 20 normal subjects. Sharp spike activity, a component of the total insertional activity, was found to continue for 48 +/- 18 msec following the cessation of electrode movement in the biceps brachii.", "contents": "Electromyographic insertional activity mechanically provoked in the biceps brachii. Clinically, some electromyographers have felt that electrical activity provoked by needle insertion becomes prolonged prior to the development of positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in pathologic conditions. The significance of this is unclear as this electrical activity has not been quantitatively studied in normal subjects. To approach this problem, this study was designed to evaluate insertional activity in normal subjects. A mechanical electrode inserter was designed and assembled. Insertional activity was recorded and analyzed in 20 normal subjects. Sharp spike activity, a component of the total insertional activity, was found to continue for 48 +/- 18 msec following the cessation of electrode movement in the biceps brachii.", "PMID": 597024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5881", "title": "Bilateral injury to the hypoglossal nerve.", "content": "The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor function to the tongue. Two cases of bilateral, post-traumatic injury to the hypoglossal nerve are described. Physical and electromyographic examinations in these cases showed evidence of bilateral injury to the hypoglossal nerve as well as the absence of injury to the other closely associated cranial nerves. (A review of the English literature in the past 20 years shows no cases of isolated bilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve, although there are several cases of unilateral or combined injury.) The disabilities resulting from hypoglossal nerve palsy and the importance of the tongue in normal swallowing are discussed. Two possible causes of hypoglossal nerve palsy are offered.", "contents": "Bilateral injury to the hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor function to the tongue. Two cases of bilateral, post-traumatic injury to the hypoglossal nerve are described. Physical and electromyographic examinations in these cases showed evidence of bilateral injury to the hypoglossal nerve as well as the absence of injury to the other closely associated cranial nerves. (A review of the English literature in the past 20 years shows no cases of isolated bilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve, although there are several cases of unilateral or combined injury.) The disabilities resulting from hypoglossal nerve palsy and the importance of the tongue in normal swallowing are discussed. Two possible causes of hypoglossal nerve palsy are offered.", "PMID": 597025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5882", "title": "Electromyographic biofeedback as a physical therapeutic adjunct in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "The case history of a patient with polyradiculoneuritis with symmetrical ascending motor weakness and distal sensory impairment (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome) is reviewed in relation to a new application of electromyographic biofeedback. In addition to the normal therapeutic procedures, a special device was used to control the amount of therapeutic exercise delivered to the patient in one muscle grouping. Results indicate that this type of adjunctive therapy adds to the current methods of evaluation and treatment of maintaining a patient's interest over a lengthy hospitalization, allowing the therapist to attend several patients simultaneously, and enabling continuous quantitative evaluation of the patient's progress.", "contents": "Electromyographic biofeedback as a physical therapeutic adjunct in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The case history of a patient with polyradiculoneuritis with symmetrical ascending motor weakness and distal sensory impairment (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome) is reviewed in relation to a new application of electromyographic biofeedback. In addition to the normal therapeutic procedures, a special device was used to control the amount of therapeutic exercise delivered to the patient in one muscle grouping. Results indicate that this type of adjunctive therapy adds to the current methods of evaluation and treatment of maintaining a patient's interest over a lengthy hospitalization, allowing the therapist to attend several patients simultaneously, and enabling continuous quantitative evaluation of the patient's progress.", "PMID": 597026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5883", "title": "A case of cortical deafness.", "content": "At the age of 42 Lothar H. suffered a left-sided ischaemic brain lesion with transient aphasia, followed at the age of 49 by a right-sided ischemic infarction, which caused a continuous inability to understand spoken language and to identify tones and noises. He was still able to discriminate between single qualities of pure tones. The ERA-results showed the central acoustic pathways of the brain-stem to be intact. The occurrence of cortical deafness following bilateral lesions of the acoustic cortex and adjoining cortical centres supports the view that human auditory recognition is represented in both temporoparietal areas.", "contents": "A case of cortical deafness. At the age of 42 Lothar H. suffered a left-sided ischaemic brain lesion with transient aphasia, followed at the age of 49 by a right-sided ischemic infarction, which caused a continuous inability to understand spoken language and to identify tones and noises. He was still able to discriminate between single qualities of pure tones. The ERA-results showed the central acoustic pathways of the brain-stem to be intact. The occurrence of cortical deafness following bilateral lesions of the acoustic cortex and adjoining cortical centres supports the view that human auditory recognition is represented in both temporoparietal areas.", "PMID": 597027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5884", "title": "[The syndrome of auditory agnosia. A case report and an attempt of neuropsychological qualification (author's transl)].", "content": "Proceeding from the neuropsychological examination of a patient with an exceptionally selective impairment of auditory gnosis of vascular origin, we make an attempt to analyze structurally the syndrome of auditory agnosia, a study of which has been neglected in comparison with analyses of visual agnosia. In our analysis we refer to 28 case reports, documented in the literature. Decisive syndromal points of view are: a) there is an absence of significant audiological deficiencies; b) errors of the acoustic-discriminative type prevail in auditory-visual matching tasks; c) the gnostic deficit is modality specific; d) the same items are variably reproduced on repeated presentation; e) there is marked fluctuation of performance; f) there is exceptional irreversibility of the impairment; g) amusia is a more or less obligatory accompanying phenomenon; h) in cases of vascular origin there is always a history of repeated temporal lobe damage, this damage being predominantly in the form of bilateral lesions. This analysis indicates a close structural analogy to the syndrome of perceptive visual agnosia. We place great importance in the relationship between approaches and models of cognitive psychology (Neisser, 1967) which we see as important for further theoretical development in neuropsychology.", "contents": "[The syndrome of auditory agnosia. A case report and an attempt of neuropsychological qualification (author's transl)]. Proceeding from the neuropsychological examination of a patient with an exceptionally selective impairment of auditory gnosis of vascular origin, we make an attempt to analyze structurally the syndrome of auditory agnosia, a study of which has been neglected in comparison with analyses of visual agnosia. In our analysis we refer to 28 case reports, documented in the literature. Decisive syndromal points of view are: a) there is an absence of significant audiological deficiencies; b) errors of the acoustic-discriminative type prevail in auditory-visual matching tasks; c) the gnostic deficit is modality specific; d) the same items are variably reproduced on repeated presentation; e) there is marked fluctuation of performance; f) there is exceptional irreversibility of the impairment; g) amusia is a more or less obligatory accompanying phenomenon; h) in cases of vascular origin there is always a history of repeated temporal lobe damage, this damage being predominantly in the form of bilateral lesions. This analysis indicates a close structural analogy to the syndrome of perceptive visual agnosia. We place great importance in the relationship between approaches and models of cognitive psychology (Neisser, 1967) which we see as important for further theoretical development in neuropsychology.", "PMID": 597028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5885", "title": "[Perception and evaluation of symptoms in hypochondria (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypochondriacal perception and evaluation of symptoms are discussed as an abnormal cognitive process. From a phenomenological viewpoint, a self-centered focussing on the perception of bodily sensations and a restriction of risk-taking behaviour is emphasized. In behavioral terms, several cognitive mechanisms and concepts including perceptual awareness, selection, 'set' as well as signal-detection, decision processes and 'anchoring' factors are considered to be important aspects of hypochondriacal perception.", "contents": "[Perception and evaluation of symptoms in hypochondria (author's transl)]. Hypochondriacal perception and evaluation of symptoms are discussed as an abnormal cognitive process. From a phenomenological viewpoint, a self-centered focussing on the perception of bodily sensations and a restriction of risk-taking behaviour is emphasized. In behavioral terms, several cognitive mechanisms and concepts including perceptual awareness, selection, 'set' as well as signal-detection, decision processes and 'anchoring' factors are considered to be important aspects of hypochondriacal perception.", "PMID": 597029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5886", "title": "[The phenomenon of periodic alternating eye deviation (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical and electrooculographic observation the phenomenon of periodic alternating eye deviation is discussed. The few cases in the literature are reviewed and the topography of the lesions causing eye deviation is considered.", "contents": "[The phenomenon of periodic alternating eye deviation (author's transl)]. On the basis of a clinical and electrooculographic observation the phenomenon of periodic alternating eye deviation is discussed. The few cases in the literature are reviewed and the topography of the lesions causing eye deviation is considered.", "PMID": 597030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5887", "title": "[Statistics and reinvestigation of the 4/s variant of basic EEG activity (author's transl)].", "content": "We selected our patients from 1961 to 1973 (60 500 patients, 66 661 EEG recordings) for the 4/s variant of EEG activity according to the characteristics described in the literature. In 1.9% (115 patients) this EEG variant was evident. In addition, 25 out of 50 variant patients from this group were reexamined. In regard to amplitude, local distribution, frequency concentration around 4/s, our findings concur with those of other authors. Slower frequencies of the 4/s variant occur more often at advanced age. The age median was 32.7 years compared with 42.5 years in the rest of the cases examined in the clinic and out patient clinic over a period of 15 years. This age difference is significant (P less than 0.001). The 4/s variant did not occur more often in men than in women. Only the most common clinical diagnosis, vascular headache or migraine (36%), occurred with significantly higher incidence in 4/s variant patients (P less than 0.001). Other clinical diagnoses showed the same distribution in EEG variant patients and other patients of this clinic. EEG reexaminations carried out over a long period of time are an important criterion in evaluating 4/s activity in the posterior regions of the cranium as a--possibly constitutional--4/s variant of basic cerebroelectric activity.", "contents": "[Statistics and reinvestigation of the 4/s variant of basic EEG activity (author's transl)]. We selected our patients from 1961 to 1973 (60 500 patients, 66 661 EEG recordings) for the 4/s variant of EEG activity according to the characteristics described in the literature. In 1.9% (115 patients) this EEG variant was evident. In addition, 25 out of 50 variant patients from this group were reexamined. In regard to amplitude, local distribution, frequency concentration around 4/s, our findings concur with those of other authors. Slower frequencies of the 4/s variant occur more often at advanced age. The age median was 32.7 years compared with 42.5 years in the rest of the cases examined in the clinic and out patient clinic over a period of 15 years. This age difference is significant (P less than 0.001). The 4/s variant did not occur more often in men than in women. Only the most common clinical diagnosis, vascular headache or migraine (36%), occurred with significantly higher incidence in 4/s variant patients (P less than 0.001). Other clinical diagnoses showed the same distribution in EEG variant patients and other patients of this clinic. EEG reexaminations carried out over a long period of time are an important criterion in evaluating 4/s activity in the posterior regions of the cranium as a--possibly constitutional--4/s variant of basic cerebroelectric activity.", "PMID": 597032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5888", "title": "[Secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 4. 14C label and 14C-leucine in the digestive tract following subcutaneous injection of 14C-leucine in rats after ligation of the pancreas].", "content": "Secretion into the Gastro-Intestinal Tract of Amino Acids Labelled with Radioactive Isotopes. (4) 14C-Labelling and 14C-Leucine in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract after Subcutaneous Injection of 14C-Leucine to Rats with Tied-off Pancreatic Gland.", "contents": "[Secretion of radioactively labeled amino acids into the digestive tract. 4. 14C label and 14C-leucine in the digestive tract following subcutaneous injection of 14C-leucine in rats after ligation of the pancreas]. Secretion into the Gastro-Intestinal Tract of Amino Acids Labelled with Radioactive Isotopes. (4) 14C-Labelling and 14C-Leucine in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract after Subcutaneous Injection of 14C-Leucine to Rats with Tied-off Pancreatic Gland.", "PMID": 597033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5889", "title": "[The optimal vitamin B 6 requirement of early weaned piglets].", "content": "In a two-period rearing trial (1st to 24th and 24th to 45th experimental day) using 72 early-weaned piglets, the optimal vitamin-B6 requirement was determined on the basis of different performance criteria and biochemical parameters. In the corresponding live weight ranges of 3.5 to 10 kg and 10 to 21 kg, the animals allotted in 6 groups were ad lib. fed a prestarter and starter feed, respectively containing 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, 3.5 and 6.6 mg vitamin B6 per kg dry matter. For adequate feed intake and weight development, a dietary vitamin B6 content of 2.0 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg proved necessary for the 1st and 2nd part of the experiment, respectively. An optimal intermediary metabolic situation and thus an optimum vitamin B6 requirement covering, which was derived from the renal xanthurenic acid excretion and the SGOT activity, was attained only at a vitamin B6 supply level of 3.5 and 2.8 mg/kg for the 1st and 2nd experimental periods, respectively. This corresponds to an average vitamin B6 requirement per animal and day of 0.8 mg for the weight range 3.5 to 10 kg, and of 1.9 mg for the weight range 10 to 21 kg.", "contents": "[The optimal vitamin B 6 requirement of early weaned piglets]. In a two-period rearing trial (1st to 24th and 24th to 45th experimental day) using 72 early-weaned piglets, the optimal vitamin-B6 requirement was determined on the basis of different performance criteria and biochemical parameters. In the corresponding live weight ranges of 3.5 to 10 kg and 10 to 21 kg, the animals allotted in 6 groups were ad lib. fed a prestarter and starter feed, respectively containing 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, 3.5 and 6.6 mg vitamin B6 per kg dry matter. For adequate feed intake and weight development, a dietary vitamin B6 content of 2.0 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg proved necessary for the 1st and 2nd part of the experiment, respectively. An optimal intermediary metabolic situation and thus an optimum vitamin B6 requirement covering, which was derived from the renal xanthurenic acid excretion and the SGOT activity, was attained only at a vitamin B6 supply level of 3.5 and 2.8 mg/kg for the 1st and 2nd experimental periods, respectively. This corresponds to an average vitamin B6 requirement per animal and day of 0.8 mg for the weight range 3.5 to 10 kg, and of 1.9 mg for the weight range 10 to 21 kg.", "PMID": 597035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5890", "title": "Togavirus RNA: reversible effect of urea on genomes and absence of subgenomic viral RNA in Kunjin virus-infected cells.", "content": "Electrophoretic analyses showed that no RNase-sensitive RNA smaller than the genome was specified by the flavivirus Kunjin in infected Vero cells during the period of maximum RNA and protein synthesis. In contrast, RNA extracted from Sindbis virus-infected cells under similar conditions included the expected 42S RNA (equivalent to the genome) and the smaller 26S (interjacent) RNA. Treatment of the genome of both togaviruses with 12 M urea produced a reversible (possibly conformational) change; measurement of the molecular weights of the treated RNAs by co-electrophoresis with fully denatured ribosomal RNA markers in SDS-polyacrylamide gels yielded a value of 2.1 X 10(6) if 8 M urea was incorporated in the gels and 4.2 X 10(6) if urea was omitted from the gels. These results indicate that flavivirus messenger RNA is represented solely by the intact genome of m.wt. 4.2 X 10(6).", "contents": "Togavirus RNA: reversible effect of urea on genomes and absence of subgenomic viral RNA in Kunjin virus-infected cells. Electrophoretic analyses showed that no RNase-sensitive RNA smaller than the genome was specified by the flavivirus Kunjin in infected Vero cells during the period of maximum RNA and protein synthesis. In contrast, RNA extracted from Sindbis virus-infected cells under similar conditions included the expected 42S RNA (equivalent to the genome) and the smaller 26S (interjacent) RNA. Treatment of the genome of both togaviruses with 12 M urea produced a reversible (possibly conformational) change; measurement of the molecular weights of the treated RNAs by co-electrophoresis with fully denatured ribosomal RNA markers in SDS-polyacrylamide gels yielded a value of 2.1 X 10(6) if 8 M urea was incorporated in the gels and 4.2 X 10(6) if urea was omitted from the gels. These results indicate that flavivirus messenger RNA is represented solely by the intact genome of m.wt. 4.2 X 10(6).", "PMID": 597036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5891", "title": "The cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits infected with Borna disease virus.", "content": "Rabbits were inoculated intracerebrally with Borna disease virus infected brain suspension or tissue culture extracts. In 30 per cent of the diseased animals infectious virus was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF had increased numbers of lymphocytes and an elevation of the protein concentration, mainly due to an increase in gamma-globulins, was measured. The gamma-globulins were of oligoclonal character and reacted with a borna disease virus specific antigen of infected brains or tissue culture cells. The antibody titers in the CSF were of similar level to those in the serum. In comparison, those of the CSF of naturally infected horses always exceeded the serum titers. Injection of tracer substances revealed that no drastic damage to the blood-brain barrier was caused during the disease. The results suggest that antibodies detected in the CSF are locally produced. The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of Borna disease is discussed.", "contents": "The cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits infected with Borna disease virus. Rabbits were inoculated intracerebrally with Borna disease virus infected brain suspension or tissue culture extracts. In 30 per cent of the diseased animals infectious virus was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF had increased numbers of lymphocytes and an elevation of the protein concentration, mainly due to an increase in gamma-globulins, was measured. The gamma-globulins were of oligoclonal character and reacted with a borna disease virus specific antigen of infected brains or tissue culture cells. The antibody titers in the CSF were of similar level to those in the serum. In comparison, those of the CSF of naturally infected horses always exceeded the serum titers. Injection of tracer substances revealed that no drastic damage to the blood-brain barrier was caused during the disease. The results suggest that antibodies detected in the CSF are locally produced. The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of Borna disease is discussed.", "PMID": 597037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5892", "title": "Cold adapted variants of influenza A. II. Comparison of the genetic and biological properties of ts mutants and recombinants of the cold adapted A/AA/6/60 strain.", "content": "The genetic and biological properties of 13 recombinant influenza A clones derived at 25 degrees C from the A/AA/6/60-cold variant (by crosses with 4 different wild type strains) were compared with a set of 5-FU induced ts-mutants. The 5-FU mutants had previously been placed into 7 complementation-recombination groups; the A/AA/6/60-cold parent (PI-7) and the 12 cold recombinant clones which were ts were shown to share a lesion with only one of these groups. The parental strain and 5 recombinant clones were evaluated for replication in the lungs and nasal turbinates of hamsters. Each virus appeared to be attenuated; genetic stability correlated with the level of viral replication in the hamster lung, i.e., viruses which grew best showed a tendency to revert to the ts+ phenotype. Characterization of the ts+ revertants for the presence of the cold adaptation property revealed that these viruses exhibited a spectrum of cold adaptation properties. Two viruses, PI-7 (the parental cold variant) and the CR6 recombinant (A/Queensland/6/72) did not revert in either the lungs or nasal turbinates of hamsters.", "contents": "Cold adapted variants of influenza A. II. Comparison of the genetic and biological properties of ts mutants and recombinants of the cold adapted A/AA/6/60 strain. The genetic and biological properties of 13 recombinant influenza A clones derived at 25 degrees C from the A/AA/6/60-cold variant (by crosses with 4 different wild type strains) were compared with a set of 5-FU induced ts-mutants. The 5-FU mutants had previously been placed into 7 complementation-recombination groups; the A/AA/6/60-cold parent (PI-7) and the 12 cold recombinant clones which were ts were shown to share a lesion with only one of these groups. The parental strain and 5 recombinant clones were evaluated for replication in the lungs and nasal turbinates of hamsters. Each virus appeared to be attenuated; genetic stability correlated with the level of viral replication in the hamster lung, i.e., viruses which grew best showed a tendency to revert to the ts+ phenotype. Characterization of the ts+ revertants for the presence of the cold adaptation property revealed that these viruses exhibited a spectrum of cold adaptation properties. Two viruses, PI-7 (the parental cold variant) and the CR6 recombinant (A/Queensland/6/72) did not revert in either the lungs or nasal turbinates of hamsters.", "PMID": 597038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5893", "title": "Potentiation of FMD vaccines with polycationic-nucleic acid complexes.", "content": "The effect of various polycations on the immune response potentiated with poly I:C was studied. It was found that low molecular weight polycations had no potentiating effect. Polylysine was ineffective whereas protamine was superior to lysozyme, poly-arginine, poly-histidine, DEAE-Dextran and histone. A foot-and-mouth disease trivalent vaccine composed of strains A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Caseros and C2 Resende elicited no immune response in swine when adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide but was effective when emulsified in oil. In general, the immune response was potentiated ten-fold when the emulsion contained poly I:C. The antibody production was in most cases further potentiated by a factor of ten when the nucleic acid double-strand was complexed with 1 : 10 (w/w) DEAE-Dextran. Protamine was as effective, or perhaps even more, than DEAE-Dextran to this effect. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a water-in-oil emulsion type monovalent C3 vaccine showed an increase in antibody production when the vaccine contained poly I:C or poly I:C complexed with 1 : 10 (w/w) protamine.", "contents": "Potentiation of FMD vaccines with polycationic-nucleic acid complexes. The effect of various polycations on the immune response potentiated with poly I:C was studied. It was found that low molecular weight polycations had no potentiating effect. Polylysine was ineffective whereas protamine was superior to lysozyme, poly-arginine, poly-histidine, DEAE-Dextran and histone. A foot-and-mouth disease trivalent vaccine composed of strains A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Caseros and C2 Resende elicited no immune response in swine when adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide but was effective when emulsified in oil. In general, the immune response was potentiated ten-fold when the emulsion contained poly I:C. The antibody production was in most cases further potentiated by a factor of ten when the nucleic acid double-strand was complexed with 1 : 10 (w/w) DEAE-Dextran. Protamine was as effective, or perhaps even more, than DEAE-Dextran to this effect. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a water-in-oil emulsion type monovalent C3 vaccine showed an increase in antibody production when the vaccine contained poly I:C or poly I:C complexed with 1 : 10 (w/w) protamine.", "PMID": 597039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5894", "title": "[Changes in the blood vessels of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia following chronic stimulation of the lumbar regions of the sympathetic trunks and gangliosympathectomy].", "content": "Morphological studies in 40 rabbits demonstrated that chronic irritation of the lumbar sympathetic trunks resulted in more pronounced architectonic changes, in vessel walls and in neurons of the lumbar sympathetic ganglia in 15 days than did the bilateral lumbar gangliosympathectomy at the same time. In both series of experiments more prominent changes were noticed in the spinal ganglia than in the spinal cord, that could be explained by different degree of lesions in the nerves supplying them and by organic specification of their angioarchitectonics. The data obtained made it possible to include novocain block (anesthesia) into complex therapy to manage spinal apoplexy in clinic.", "contents": "[Changes in the blood vessels of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia following chronic stimulation of the lumbar regions of the sympathetic trunks and gangliosympathectomy]. Morphological studies in 40 rabbits demonstrated that chronic irritation of the lumbar sympathetic trunks resulted in more pronounced architectonic changes, in vessel walls and in neurons of the lumbar sympathetic ganglia in 15 days than did the bilateral lumbar gangliosympathectomy at the same time. In both series of experiments more prominent changes were noticed in the spinal ganglia than in the spinal cord, that could be explained by different degree of lesions in the nerves supplying them and by organic specification of their angioarchitectonics. The data obtained made it possible to include novocain block (anesthesia) into complex therapy to manage spinal apoplexy in clinic.", "PMID": 597045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5895", "title": "[Detection of enterochromaffin cells by the luminescence method with lighting from the side].", "content": "A method is suggested to detect luminescence of enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal tract after a routine fixation of sections in 10% formalin, imbedding in paraffin, and examination under the microscope when the light is directed to the preparation laterally, at the angle of 30--40 degrees. The sections fixed on the glass are deparaffined (xyline, chloroform), dried quickly in the air until \"bleaching\" and mounted in vaseline oil. Under a light microscope, with lateral illumination of the preparation, enterochromaffin cells have golden yellow luminescence. This simple method makes it possible to study enterochromaffin cells in stained preparations and can be useful for cytofluorometric studies.", "contents": "[Detection of enterochromaffin cells by the luminescence method with lighting from the side]. A method is suggested to detect luminescence of enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal tract after a routine fixation of sections in 10% formalin, imbedding in paraffin, and examination under the microscope when the light is directed to the preparation laterally, at the angle of 30--40 degrees. The sections fixed on the glass are deparaffined (xyline, chloroform), dried quickly in the air until \"bleaching\" and mounted in vaseline oil. Under a light microscope, with lateral illumination of the preparation, enterochromaffin cells have golden yellow luminescence. This simple method makes it possible to study enterochromaffin cells in stained preparations and can be useful for cytofluorometric studies.", "PMID": 597046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5896", "title": "[Assembly organization of the motor region of the cerebral cortex in adult humans].", "content": "Field IV and adjacent areas of fields VI, VI op, VI p of the human brain cortex were examined. Frontal, sagittal, tangential sections stained after the techniques of Nissle, Brachet, Kl\u00fcver--Barer, Cajal and Peters demonstrated the motor cortex to contain a great number of local, with rare overlapping, groups of cellular columns, each of them being surrounded with a peculiar vessel-fibrillar capsule. A morphological unit resulted from topographic interdependens of neurons, vessels and fibres is considered as a neuronal assembly which occupies in the cortical space a figure of truncated upset cone or cylinder. Neuronal assemblies are distributed along radiate fibres and radial vessels, do not form regularly alternated raws, central axis of every assembly is perpendicular to the tangent line drawn in the given point of the cortical surface.", "contents": "[Assembly organization of the motor region of the cerebral cortex in adult humans]. Field IV and adjacent areas of fields VI, VI op, VI p of the human brain cortex were examined. Frontal, sagittal, tangential sections stained after the techniques of Nissle, Brachet, Kl\u00fcver--Barer, Cajal and Peters demonstrated the motor cortex to contain a great number of local, with rare overlapping, groups of cellular columns, each of them being surrounded with a peculiar vessel-fibrillar capsule. A morphological unit resulted from topographic interdependens of neurons, vessels and fibres is considered as a neuronal assembly which occupies in the cortical space a figure of truncated upset cone or cylinder. Neuronal assemblies are distributed along radiate fibres and radial vessels, do not form regularly alternated raws, central axis of every assembly is perpendicular to the tangent line drawn in the given point of the cortical surface.", "PMID": 597048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5897", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of ultrastructural changes in axo-dendritic synapses under the influence of tetanus toxin].", "content": "Changes in synaptic ultrastructure of the external geniculate body (EGB) were investigated in rats when a generator of pathologically intensified excitation (GPIE) was produced in this nucleus under the influence of tetanus toxin (TT). At the period of pronounced convulsive activity (24 h after TT injection), synaptic changes were estimated electronmicroscopically and with quantitative comparison of the materials from three groups. The first group included EGB synapses where TT was injected, the second group included contralateral EGB synapses and the third included EGB from the rats injected with inactivated toxin. By means of electron optic computer \"Klassimat\" average amount of round, flat, anomalous and adjacent to the presynaptic membrane vesicles was measured, average relative length of the active zone, average area of the presynaptic terminal, average relative section areas of pre- and postsynaptic cytoplasm condensation were estimated. In the area of GPIE formation, under the influence of TT, the increased amount of the vesicles related to the presynaptic membrane and that of flat vesicles were statistically significant. At the same time, the synaptic terminals, by the number of vesicles, have bimodal, while the control groups have unimodal distribution.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of ultrastructural changes in axo-dendritic synapses under the influence of tetanus toxin]. Changes in synaptic ultrastructure of the external geniculate body (EGB) were investigated in rats when a generator of pathologically intensified excitation (GPIE) was produced in this nucleus under the influence of tetanus toxin (TT). At the period of pronounced convulsive activity (24 h after TT injection), synaptic changes were estimated electronmicroscopically and with quantitative comparison of the materials from three groups. The first group included EGB synapses where TT was injected, the second group included contralateral EGB synapses and the third included EGB from the rats injected with inactivated toxin. By means of electron optic computer \"Klassimat\" average amount of round, flat, anomalous and adjacent to the presynaptic membrane vesicles was measured, average relative length of the active zone, average area of the presynaptic terminal, average relative section areas of pre- and postsynaptic cytoplasm condensation were estimated. In the area of GPIE formation, under the influence of TT, the increased amount of the vesicles related to the presynaptic membrane and that of flat vesicles were statistically significant. At the same time, the synaptic terminals, by the number of vesicles, have bimodal, while the control groups have unimodal distribution.", "PMID": 597049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5898", "title": "[Structure of spinal cord capillaries in hypokinesia].", "content": "Changes in spatial interrelations of the spinal cord capillaries and motoneurons and capillary ultrastructure were studied under hypokinesia. Spatial interrelations between the capillaries and neurons were not demonstrated to change under hypokinesia. They were estimated by the following parameters: area of neuronal profile field, number of capillaries, their length, distance from the nerve cell body, capillary bed area and index of capillary-neuronal interrelations. Quantitative investigation revealed capillary stenosis: their diameter was one and a half times less under hypokinesia. Morphologically, capillary stenosis was accompanied by the basal membrane thickening and endothelial cytoplasm vacuolization. There was a direct relation between endothelial villi and the places of the endothelial cells contacts, dilatation of the contact interstices and solidifying of their borders. Changes in the capillaries were followed by reactions in the pericapillary structures, such as: fibrillae were formed, mitochondrii accumulated in the perivascular glial projections, the membrane next to capillary astrocyte projections underwent desmosome-like condensation. Mitochondrial accumulations were also observed in the nerve cell projections and in their cytoplasm sites contacting with the blood vessels.", "contents": "[Structure of spinal cord capillaries in hypokinesia]. Changes in spatial interrelations of the spinal cord capillaries and motoneurons and capillary ultrastructure were studied under hypokinesia. Spatial interrelations between the capillaries and neurons were not demonstrated to change under hypokinesia. They were estimated by the following parameters: area of neuronal profile field, number of capillaries, their length, distance from the nerve cell body, capillary bed area and index of capillary-neuronal interrelations. Quantitative investigation revealed capillary stenosis: their diameter was one and a half times less under hypokinesia. Morphologically, capillary stenosis was accompanied by the basal membrane thickening and endothelial cytoplasm vacuolization. There was a direct relation between endothelial villi and the places of the endothelial cells contacts, dilatation of the contact interstices and solidifying of their borders. Changes in the capillaries were followed by reactions in the pericapillary structures, such as: fibrillae were formed, mitochondrii accumulated in the perivascular glial projections, the membrane next to capillary astrocyte projections underwent desmosome-like condensation. Mitochondrial accumulations were also observed in the nerve cell projections and in their cytoplasm sites contacting with the blood vessels.", "PMID": 597050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5899", "title": "[Organization of retinal and lateral geniculate body connections with the hypothalamus in cats].", "content": "In order to clarify connective relations between the optic system and activating formations, the pathways from the retina and the external geniculate body to the hypothalamus were investigated in the cat. Methods of Fink--Heimer and of I. V. Victorov were applied. The retina and the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body were stated to have efferent connections with the same nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus. Medial and posterior hypothalamus do not accept such connections. Retino-hypothalamic and geniculate hypothalamic pathways are demonstrated to terminate in the supraoptic and suprachiasmic nuclei. These pathways are bilateral and quantitatively equivalent.", "contents": "[Organization of retinal and lateral geniculate body connections with the hypothalamus in cats]. In order to clarify connective relations between the optic system and activating formations, the pathways from the retina and the external geniculate body to the hypothalamus were investigated in the cat. Methods of Fink--Heimer and of I. V. Victorov were applied. The retina and the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body were stated to have efferent connections with the same nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus. Medial and posterior hypothalamus do not accept such connections. Retino-hypothalamic and geniculate hypothalamic pathways are demonstrated to terminate in the supraoptic and suprachiasmic nuclei. These pathways are bilateral and quantitatively equivalent.", "PMID": 597051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5900", "title": "[Structural basis of frontal cortex control of thalamic and basal nuclei in dogs].", "content": "Fibrillar degeneration after extirpation of the frontal cortical field F2, central part, was observed in dogs by Nauta--Gygax and Fink--Heimer's methods. Degenerated fibrillae were stated to form two bundles and terminate near the neurons of nonspecific thalamic nuclei: n. ret, MD, pf, sprf, as well as in the neurons of specific thalamic nuclei: n. Vna, cgl, cgm, pul. Degenerated processes of the frontal cortex cells projected to the neurons of basal nuclei: the head of nucleus caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus. In the claustrum degenerative changes were not observed.", "contents": "[Structural basis of frontal cortex control of thalamic and basal nuclei in dogs]. Fibrillar degeneration after extirpation of the frontal cortical field F2, central part, was observed in dogs by Nauta--Gygax and Fink--Heimer's methods. Degenerated fibrillae were stated to form two bundles and terminate near the neurons of nonspecific thalamic nuclei: n. ret, MD, pf, sprf, as well as in the neurons of specific thalamic nuclei: n. Vna, cgl, cgm, pul. Degenerated processes of the frontal cortex cells projected to the neurons of basal nuclei: the head of nucleus caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus. In the claustrum degenerative changes were not observed.", "PMID": 597052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5901", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat midbrain].", "content": "Ultrastructure of the central nucleus in the cat posterior colliculus was studied (cells, fibres, synaptic architectonics). Three types of amyelinated fibres were determined: with great number of mitochondria, with usual number of mitochondria, with large amount of granulated vesicles. The results obtained were compared with the data of electron microscopic study of the inferior geniculate body, as they are subcortical formations belonging to the same auditory system but differentiating in their functions. Possible physiological interpretations of the results are considered.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat midbrain]. Ultrastructure of the central nucleus in the cat posterior colliculus was studied (cells, fibres, synaptic architectonics). Three types of amyelinated fibres were determined: with great number of mitochondria, with usual number of mitochondria, with large amount of granulated vesicles. The results obtained were compared with the data of electron microscopic study of the inferior geniculate body, as they are subcortical formations belonging to the same auditory system but differentiating in their functions. Possible physiological interpretations of the results are considered.", "PMID": 597054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5902", "title": "[Afferent pathway from locus coeruleus to the nucleus solitarius].", "content": "After the destruction of the nucleus tractas solitarii, just caudally to the writing pen by means of a stereotaxic instrument, the system of afferent fibres to the nucleus in question was investigated by the methods of Nauta and Fink--Heimer. The fibre terminals were revealed near locus coeruleus. Investigation of the locus coeruleus by Golgi method demonstrated that it usually has neurons of reticular type and transitional ones which resemble by their form the neurons specific for sensory formations. It is possible to conclude that locus coeruleus posesses connections of visceral origin which may play a part in the afferent influence of locus coeruleus on the brain cortex.", "contents": "[Afferent pathway from locus coeruleus to the nucleus solitarius]. After the destruction of the nucleus tractas solitarii, just caudally to the writing pen by means of a stereotaxic instrument, the system of afferent fibres to the nucleus in question was investigated by the methods of Nauta and Fink--Heimer. The fibre terminals were revealed near locus coeruleus. Investigation of the locus coeruleus by Golgi method demonstrated that it usually has neurons of reticular type and transitional ones which resemble by their form the neurons specific for sensory formations. It is possible to conclude that locus coeruleus posesses connections of visceral origin which may play a part in the afferent influence of locus coeruleus on the brain cortex.", "PMID": 597056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5903", "title": "[Thalamo-amygdalar connections in the cat brain].", "content": "Afferent connections of the cat amygdalar nuclei with the thalamic structures were studied by Nauta's method; simultaneously, geometrical features of the afferent fibres in amygdala were investigated by Golgi's method and its synaptic architectonics was examined by Golgi--Deineka's method. No pathways were demonstrated from the medial line nuclei (paraventricular, interanteromedial, rhomboid, central medial and reunial), from intralaminar nuclei (central lateral, paracentral and parafascicular) and from the lateral part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus to the amygdala. From the medial part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus into the basal-lateral nuclei of the amygdala (mainly into the large cells of the basal nucleus) come a great number of lemnisc-like fibres which form at the end a thick brush from very fine fibrillae having beady thickenings and connected with the neuronal dendrites of the amygdala.", "contents": "[Thalamo-amygdalar connections in the cat brain]. Afferent connections of the cat amygdalar nuclei with the thalamic structures were studied by Nauta's method; simultaneously, geometrical features of the afferent fibres in amygdala were investigated by Golgi's method and its synaptic architectonics was examined by Golgi--Deineka's method. No pathways were demonstrated from the medial line nuclei (paraventricular, interanteromedial, rhomboid, central medial and reunial), from intralaminar nuclei (central lateral, paracentral and parafascicular) and from the lateral part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus to the amygdala. From the medial part of the thalamic medio-dorsal nucleus into the basal-lateral nuclei of the amygdala (mainly into the large cells of the basal nucleus) come a great number of lemnisc-like fibres which form at the end a thick brush from very fine fibrillae having beady thickenings and connected with the neuronal dendrites of the amygdala.", "PMID": 597055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5904", "title": "[Characteristics of neural connections and capillary networks in field 17 of the cerebral cortex in rabbits and cats].", "content": "Some structural-functional relations in the analyzer's optic nucleus and adjacent associative fields were investigated comparing it with the cortical limbic area in the rabbit and cat. New approaches for the structural brain cortex analysis were applied: method of retrograde elective detection of cortical and subcortical neurons (with the body and dendritic processes) after surgical lesion of their axons in the cortical focus of destruction, field 17. This method demonstrated the presence, in the fields surrounding the cortical optic nucleus, of associative neurons mediating the modal signals into the nucleus of the optical analyzer, as well as some constructive details of the optical analyzer at the subcortical level. Comparing angioarchitectonics of the capillary network, indirect data were obtained on structural-functional specialization of the nucleus of the optical analyzer, that explains the meaning of mediating into it the optical signals which come to other cortical areas (from the zone of scattered elements).", "contents": "[Characteristics of neural connections and capillary networks in field 17 of the cerebral cortex in rabbits and cats]. Some structural-functional relations in the analyzer's optic nucleus and adjacent associative fields were investigated comparing it with the cortical limbic area in the rabbit and cat. New approaches for the structural brain cortex analysis were applied: method of retrograde elective detection of cortical and subcortical neurons (with the body and dendritic processes) after surgical lesion of their axons in the cortical focus of destruction, field 17. This method demonstrated the presence, in the fields surrounding the cortical optic nucleus, of associative neurons mediating the modal signals into the nucleus of the optical analyzer, as well as some constructive details of the optical analyzer at the subcortical level. Comparing angioarchitectonics of the capillary network, indirect data were obtained on structural-functional specialization of the nucleus of the optical analyzer, that explains the meaning of mediating into it the optical signals which come to other cortical areas (from the zone of scattered elements).", "PMID": 597057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5905", "title": "[Dynamics of protein concentration in the neurons of a chronic \"mirror\" epileptiform focus].", "content": "Protein content in the neurons of layers III and V in the rat brain anterior-parietal cortex and the lateral thalamic nucleus was studied 11 and 63 days after cobalt implantation. In the course of the experiment, protein content increased by 44--49% in the neurons of layer III and decreased by 24--32% in the thalamic neurons. In small and large pyramids of layer V, protein content decreased by 21--28%, 11 days after cobalt implantation, and approached normal content by the 63rd day. It was concluded that according to morpho-functional characteristic of certain neuronal types (associative, in layer III, predominantly efferent, in layer V and associative neurons in subcortical formations of the lateral thalamic nucleus) their protein changes in response to convulsive activity were different.", "contents": "[Dynamics of protein concentration in the neurons of a chronic \"mirror\" epileptiform focus]. Protein content in the neurons of layers III and V in the rat brain anterior-parietal cortex and the lateral thalamic nucleus was studied 11 and 63 days after cobalt implantation. In the course of the experiment, protein content increased by 44--49% in the neurons of layer III and decreased by 24--32% in the thalamic neurons. In small and large pyramids of layer V, protein content decreased by 21--28%, 11 days after cobalt implantation, and approached normal content by the 63rd day. It was concluded that according to morpho-functional characteristic of certain neuronal types (associative, in layer III, predominantly efferent, in layer V and associative neurons in subcortical formations of the lateral thalamic nucleus) their protein changes in response to convulsive activity were different.", "PMID": 597058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5906", "title": "[Characteristics of the follicular epithelium in the fishes with demersal roe. Concerning the classification of unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelium of the vertebrates].", "content": "Follicular epithelium of  Hemichromis during the periods of small and slow oocyte growth changes from flattened prismatic into high prismatic; during the periods of fast oocyte growth, the follicular epithelial cells undergo secretory specialization. Secretion is of apocrine type and forms the second oocyte tunica. According to the literature data analyzed and the author's investigation, in the development of unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelii, it should be distinguished: a) period of primary transformation with characteristic intensive proliferation of epithelial cells, their morphologic transformation, upward growth of epithelium and increase of its physiological activity; b) period of secondary transformation either at the expense of secondary follicular epithelial flattening, or by means of secretory specialization of its cells. It is suggested to name unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelii in vertebrates according to their construction at the end of the primary and by the character of the secondary transformation. Thus, follicular epithelium of Hemichromis can be defined as highly prismatic with secondary specialization.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the follicular epithelium in the fishes with demersal roe. Concerning the classification of unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelium of the vertebrates]. Follicular epithelium of  Hemichromis during the periods of small and slow oocyte growth changes from flattened prismatic into high prismatic; during the periods of fast oocyte growth, the follicular epithelial cells undergo secretory specialization. Secretion is of apocrine type and forms the second oocyte tunica. According to the literature data analyzed and the author's investigation, in the development of unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelii, it should be distinguished: a) period of primary transformation with characteristic intensive proliferation of epithelial cells, their morphologic transformation, upward growth of epithelium and increase of its physiological activity; b) period of secondary transformation either at the expense of secondary follicular epithelial flattening, or by means of secretory specialization of its cells. It is suggested to name unilaminate monomorphous follicular epithelii in vertebrates according to their construction at the end of the primary and by the character of the secondary transformation. Thus, follicular epithelium of Hemichromis can be defined as highly prismatic with secondary specialization.", "PMID": 597060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5907", "title": "[Dermal and intestinal epithelium of the Enteropneusta as a phylogenetic stage of development of the Chordata].", "content": "A comparative histological investigation of dermal and intestinal epithelium was made in Saccoglossus mereschkowskii (Enteropneusta). Nucleic acids (Feulgen reaction), glycogen (PAS-reaction, Best's staining), mucous (mucicarmine), total proteins (xanthoprotein reaction), neutral mucopolisaccharides (PAS-reaction) were determined histochemically. The dermal and infestinal epithelia of S. mereschkowskii have false pseudostratified composition and consist of ciliary and glandular cells. Peculiar \"giant\" cells with phagocytosis as their main function are also found in the intestinal epithelium. Ciliary cells of the intestinal epithelium are capable for secreting. A comparison between the dermal and intestinal epithelii is presented in the article. A supposition is made on the primitive structure of false pseudostratified composition of the dermal and intestinal epithelii. The epithelia of Enteropneusta are considered as an initial developmental stage of dermal and intestinal epithelia in phylogenic line of Hemichodata-Chordata.", "contents": "[Dermal and intestinal epithelium of the Enteropneusta as a phylogenetic stage of development of the Chordata]. A comparative histological investigation of dermal and intestinal epithelium was made in Saccoglossus mereschkowskii (Enteropneusta). Nucleic acids (Feulgen reaction), glycogen (PAS-reaction, Best's staining), mucous (mucicarmine), total proteins (xanthoprotein reaction), neutral mucopolisaccharides (PAS-reaction) were determined histochemically. The dermal and infestinal epithelia of S. mereschkowskii have false pseudostratified composition and consist of ciliary and glandular cells. Peculiar \"giant\" cells with phagocytosis as their main function are also found in the intestinal epithelium. Ciliary cells of the intestinal epithelium are capable for secreting. A comparison between the dermal and intestinal epithelii is presented in the article. A supposition is made on the primitive structure of false pseudostratified composition of the dermal and intestinal epithelii. The epithelia of Enteropneusta are considered as an initial developmental stage of dermal and intestinal epithelia in phylogenic line of Hemichodata-Chordata.", "PMID": 597062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5908", "title": "[Histophysiological analysis of adaptation of ecologically different species of sturgeons to hypertonic medium].", "content": "In saplings of Acipensar g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti Brandt while adapting to sea water with salinity of 12.5%, the main functional changes in the chloride cells of the branchiae, the thyroid gland and interrenal tissue occur within the first 12 hours. During this period, concentration of osmotically active substances in blood serum increases (the first stage). Adaptive decrease of this concentration (the second stage) takes place after activation of the endocrine glands and transition of the chloride cells into excretory state that stipulates, in fact, the change of osmoregulatory type in fish for the transition from fresh water into hypertonic medium. After activation, the endocrine glands return to moderately active state. Adaptation of Acipenser baeri stenorrhynchus var. baicalensis to sea water with salinity of 12.1% produces isoosmotic changes in blood serum to the external medium.", "contents": "[Histophysiological analysis of adaptation of ecologically different species of sturgeons to hypertonic medium]. In saplings of Acipensar g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti Brandt while adapting to sea water with salinity of 12.5%, the main functional changes in the chloride cells of the branchiae, the thyroid gland and interrenal tissue occur within the first 12 hours. During this period, concentration of osmotically active substances in blood serum increases (the first stage). Adaptive decrease of this concentration (the second stage) takes place after activation of the endocrine glands and transition of the chloride cells into excretory state that stipulates, in fact, the change of osmoregulatory type in fish for the transition from fresh water into hypertonic medium. After activation, the endocrine glands return to moderately active state. Adaptation of Acipenser baeri stenorrhynchus var. baicalensis to sea water with salinity of 12.1% produces isoosmotic changes in blood serum to the external medium.", "PMID": 597063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5909", "title": "[Development of the nasal cavity and formation of the nostrils in human embryogenesis].", "content": "The development of nasal cavity was traced in human embryos. The identity in the primitive formation of the mouth cavity and that of the nasal cavity is stated. During embryogenesis, the primitive nasal cavities are demonstrated to change their position concerning the mouth cavity. Epithelial \"cluster\" formation in the area of the nostrils is examined: it appears in embryos of 16-19 mm long, is mostly prominent in embryos of 50-55 mm long, is absent in fetuses of 5.5 months old. By comparing the terms and dynamics in the development of epithelial adhesion in the larynx an the nostrils, the importance of these temporal structures for protecting the respiratory tract of the embryo from amniotic fluid is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Development of the nasal cavity and formation of the nostrils in human embryogenesis]. The development of nasal cavity was traced in human embryos. The identity in the primitive formation of the mouth cavity and that of the nasal cavity is stated. During embryogenesis, the primitive nasal cavities are demonstrated to change their position concerning the mouth cavity. Epithelial \"cluster\" formation in the area of the nostrils is examined: it appears in embryos of 16-19 mm long, is mostly prominent in embryos of 50-55 mm long, is absent in fetuses of 5.5 months old. By comparing the terms and dynamics in the development of epithelial adhesion in the larynx an the nostrils, the importance of these temporal structures for protecting the respiratory tract of the embryo from amniotic fluid is demonstrated.", "PMID": 597064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5910", "title": "[Topography and cytoarchitectonics of the main cortical zones of the turtle forebrain].", "content": "The description of cytoarchitectonics and topography of the three principle cortical zones of the forebrain of Emys orbicularis reveals that the cortical structures in the species are precisely distinguished with respect to their neuronal characteristics, density and the situation of cellular elements. Emys orbicularis occupies an intermediate position among the species of the order Chelonia described in the literature as regards the level of development of the forebrain cellular structures. Emys orbicularis is less progressive in respect to the structure of telencephalic cortical formations than Testudo carolina and has a number of progressive properties as compared with Testudo geometrica. Testudo graeca seems to be close to Emys orbicularis in the development of forebrain cellular structures.", "contents": "[Topography and cytoarchitectonics of the main cortical zones of the turtle forebrain]. The description of cytoarchitectonics and topography of the three principle cortical zones of the forebrain of Emys orbicularis reveals that the cortical structures in the species are precisely distinguished with respect to their neuronal characteristics, density and the situation of cellular elements. Emys orbicularis occupies an intermediate position among the species of the order Chelonia described in the literature as regards the level of development of the forebrain cellular structures. Emys orbicularis is less progressive in respect to the structure of telencephalic cortical formations than Testudo carolina and has a number of progressive properties as compared with Testudo geometrica. Testudo graeca seems to be close to Emys orbicularis in the development of forebrain cellular structures.", "PMID": 597065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5911", "title": "[Characteristics of the ovum cleavage and the importance of the preblastula phase in the embryogenesis of the Nematoda].", "content": "The figure of tetrahedron is formed in certain species of Plectus and in Tobrilus gracilis at the stage of 4 blastomeres rather than a rhombus which is formed in most highly organized nematodes. The analysis of the Nematoda's embryogenesis allows to conclude that tetrahedron, rhombus as well as some other figures play the role of preblastula sustaining the most expedient disposition of the first blastomers for transition to the formation of the blastula. With the increasing organization of nematodas the tetrahedron preblastula turns into a rhombic, linear-rhombic and at last in aphelenchoid-tylenchoid one. The character of the distribution of structural elements of organs and tissues of the definitive animal in the cytoplasm of the egg of Plectus and Tobrilus confirms the rightness of the division of the class of nematodas into subclasses Enoplia and Chromadoria rather than subclasses Adenophorea and Secernentea.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the ovum cleavage and the importance of the preblastula phase in the embryogenesis of the Nematoda]. The figure of tetrahedron is formed in certain species of Plectus and in Tobrilus gracilis at the stage of 4 blastomeres rather than a rhombus which is formed in most highly organized nematodes. The analysis of the Nematoda's embryogenesis allows to conclude that tetrahedron, rhombus as well as some other figures play the role of preblastula sustaining the most expedient disposition of the first blastomers for transition to the formation of the blastula. With the increasing organization of nematodas the tetrahedron preblastula turns into a rhombic, linear-rhombic and at last in aphelenchoid-tylenchoid one. The character of the distribution of structural elements of organs and tissues of the definitive animal in the cytoplasm of the egg of Plectus and Tobrilus confirms the rightness of the division of the class of nematodas into subclasses Enoplia and Chromadoria rather than subclasses Adenophorea and Secernentea.", "PMID": 597066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5912", "title": "[Carpal bones of the Chiroptera in the comparative-anatomical and functional aspects].", "content": "Data on investigation of hand sceletal bones carried out in eight genera of three families of bats were subjected to comparative-anatomical and functional analysis. Quantitatively, the hand sceletal bones of Chiroptera preserve constructive pattern general for the hand of terrestrial mammalians Pentadactilus. It has rudiments of the prefirst (Pp) and the seventh (Pm) rays. The latter is situated on the volar surface of the base Mc5. Scaphoid, semilunar and central carnal bones of Chiroptera, like those of Mototremata, some Marsupialia, Insectivorona and Carnivora merge together into one large bone--os lunatum. At the same time, the hand of Chiropter is a highly specialized structure, that is evident from the presence of articular restricotrs of anterior sagging of the wrist, crests and grooves directing movements in a strictly definite plane, from fan-like spreading and bringing together the rays, from very long metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges, from reduction of distal phalangs of the 3d and 5th fingers. Thus, the hand of Chiroptera is a unique example of combination of primitive, initial for pentadactule plantigrades wrist with signs of narrow specialization resembling, to some extent, those of Ungulata; only in Ungulata those signs developed on the base of digitigrades wrist.", "contents": "[Carpal bones of the Chiroptera in the comparative-anatomical and functional aspects]. Data on investigation of hand sceletal bones carried out in eight genera of three families of bats were subjected to comparative-anatomical and functional analysis. Quantitatively, the hand sceletal bones of Chiroptera preserve constructive pattern general for the hand of terrestrial mammalians Pentadactilus. It has rudiments of the prefirst (Pp) and the seventh (Pm) rays. The latter is situated on the volar surface of the base Mc5. Scaphoid, semilunar and central carnal bones of Chiroptera, like those of Mototremata, some Marsupialia, Insectivorona and Carnivora merge together into one large bone--os lunatum. At the same time, the hand of Chiropter is a highly specialized structure, that is evident from the presence of articular restricotrs of anterior sagging of the wrist, crests and grooves directing movements in a strictly definite plane, from fan-like spreading and bringing together the rays, from very long metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges, from reduction of distal phalangs of the 3d and 5th fingers. Thus, the hand of Chiroptera is a unique example of combination of primitive, initial for pentadactule plantigrades wrist with signs of narrow specialization resembling, to some extent, those of Ungulata; only in Ungulata those signs developed on the base of digitigrades wrist.", "PMID": 597067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5913", "title": "Sepsis rates in hip replacement surgery with special reference to the use of ultra clean air.", "content": "A study is reported of sepsis rates in 836 total hip replacements carried out in various physical environments including ultra-clean air. In a further sutdy the bacteriology of the air around the wound and of the wound itself was investigated during the course of 32 joint replacement operations with and without ultra-clean air. Bacteriological contamination of the air was markedly reduced by the use of ultra-clean air but the wounds themselves were no cleaner than with conventional air conditioning provided that unsterile personel were kept at least Imetri away from the sterile area. The sepsis rate was high at the outset of the study (when a physically apalling theatre was in use, the operative technique was novel and prophylactic antibiotics were not employed). Thereafter it fell and remained unchanged in spite of the introduction of ultra-clean air. We conclude that the efficacy of techniques amiced at sterilizing the air around the wound may now be unprovable in view of the low sepsis rates which can be obtained in a conventional environment. Our results do however show that unsterile personel should not be allowed to approach within Imetri of the sterile area, whatever venitlation is employed.", "contents": "Sepsis rates in hip replacement surgery with special reference to the use of ultra clean air. A study is reported of sepsis rates in 836 total hip replacements carried out in various physical environments including ultra-clean air. In a further sutdy the bacteriology of the air around the wound and of the wound itself was investigated during the course of 32 joint replacement operations with and without ultra-clean air. Bacteriological contamination of the air was markedly reduced by the use of ultra-clean air but the wounds themselves were no cleaner than with conventional air conditioning provided that unsterile personel were kept at least Imetri away from the sterile area. The sepsis rate was high at the outset of the study (when a physically apalling theatre was in use, the operative technique was novel and prophylactic antibiotics were not employed). Thereafter it fell and remained unchanged in spite of the introduction of ultra-clean air. We conclude that the efficacy of techniques amiced at sterilizing the air around the wound may now be unprovable in view of the low sepsis rates which can be obtained in a conventional environment. Our results do however show that unsterile personel should not be allowed to approach within Imetri of the sterile area, whatever venitlation is employed.", "PMID": 597086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5914", "title": "[Comparative experimental investigations with bioglass (L. L. Hench), Al2O3-ceramic and Al2O3-ceramic coated with a mod. Bioglass. I. Results of experiments under non-loaded conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with comparative results obtained with unloaded intra-osseous implants of bioglass (L. L. Hench), Al2O3-ceramic and Al2O3-ceramic coated with a mod. bioglass. Al2O3-ceramic and bone form a direct bony interface without fibrous tissue interposition, this resulting in a pure mechanic fixation of the implant through frictional forces of the surface roughed ceramic. Pure bioglass (45S5) and bone form a unique persisting direct interface by means of physico-chemical or biochemical phaenomena stabilizing the implant. Interface stability seams to be higher than the fatique strenth of the glass itself. This interface is developed as a consequence of solubility of some of the glass constituents within a surface layer of up to 200 microns, running parallel with a reduction of strength of this surface glass layer. The boronoxide containing bioglass, flame-sprayed onto Al2O3-ceramic samples seams to be less soluble and therefore seams to have lesser bonding capability to bone. The stability of the interface bioglass coating-Al2O3-ceramic was low.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental investigations with bioglass (L. L. Hench), Al2O3-ceramic and Al2O3-ceramic coated with a mod. Bioglass. I. Results of experiments under non-loaded conditions (author's transl)]. This report deals with comparative results obtained with unloaded intra-osseous implants of bioglass (L. L. Hench), Al2O3-ceramic and Al2O3-ceramic coated with a mod. bioglass. Al2O3-ceramic and bone form a direct bony interface without fibrous tissue interposition, this resulting in a pure mechanic fixation of the implant through frictional forces of the surface roughed ceramic. Pure bioglass (45S5) and bone form a unique persisting direct interface by means of physico-chemical or biochemical phaenomena stabilizing the implant. Interface stability seams to be higher than the fatique strenth of the glass itself. This interface is developed as a consequence of solubility of some of the glass constituents within a surface layer of up to 200 microns, running parallel with a reduction of strength of this surface glass layer. The boronoxide containing bioglass, flame-sprayed onto Al2O3-ceramic samples seams to be less soluble and therefore seams to have lesser bonding capability to bone. The stability of the interface bioglass coating-Al2O3-ceramic was low.", "PMID": 597087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5915", "title": "[The lateral tension band--a method of osteosynthesis of patella fractures for immediate carrying capacity (author's transl)].", "content": "The tensions caused by means of flexors and tensors on the intact and by various procedures operated fractured patella have been determined. The disadvantages of the cerclage and the eccentric ventral tension band, both of them mainly usual, are exposed. Interfragmentary measurements of pression power in a corpse knee as well as breaking tests with a model patella and first experiences by operation with a new method confirm the reflexions. Principles for a modus of osteosynthesis for fractures of the patella are realized by the lateral tension-band. All loading inclined fragment distractive powers thereby are taken up by production a high-level interfragmentary compression, so that immediate postoperative loading is possible.", "contents": "[The lateral tension band--a method of osteosynthesis of patella fractures for immediate carrying capacity (author's transl)]. The tensions caused by means of flexors and tensors on the intact and by various procedures operated fractured patella have been determined. The disadvantages of the cerclage and the eccentric ventral tension band, both of them mainly usual, are exposed. Interfragmentary measurements of pression power in a corpse knee as well as breaking tests with a model patella and first experiences by operation with a new method confirm the reflexions. Principles for a modus of osteosynthesis for fractures of the patella are realized by the lateral tension-band. All loading inclined fragment distractive powers thereby are taken up by production a high-level interfragmentary compression, so that immediate postoperative loading is possible.", "PMID": 597089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5916", "title": "[Disordered fibrillar structure in ruptured tendons (author's transl)].", "content": "Areas of disordered fibrillar structure similar to kinking deformities have been observed in specimens from ruptured tendons. It seems possible to compare this phenomenon with experimentally produced deformations. The significance for the pathomechanics of tendon rupture is discussed.", "contents": "[Disordered fibrillar structure in ruptured tendons (author's transl)]. Areas of disordered fibrillar structure similar to kinking deformities have been observed in specimens from ruptured tendons. It seems possible to compare this phenomenon with experimentally produced deformations. The significance for the pathomechanics of tendon rupture is discussed.", "PMID": 597090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5917", "title": "Experi-mental: a simulation of the distribution of services to mentally deficient children.", "content": "In this study a formal analytical technique was introduced in typical planning operation of the Quebec Ministry of Social Affairs. The mental deficiency sector of the province was chosen because important changes were imminent in both the orientation and types of services provided to children in this sector. A simulation model was constructed according to system dynamics methodology to provide an integrated description of the social impact of these changes. The immediate result of the simulation model was to focus a reevaluation by government planners on certain operational features of the system of services and the implementation schedule of the ministry's policy. In a broader context, the model demonstrated that simulation is a viable approach to planning social services. Similar social services studies have been initiated to familiarize government planners with the methodology and have been used in the preparation of precise implementation plans.", "contents": "Experi-mental: a simulation of the distribution of services to mentally deficient children. In this study a formal analytical technique was introduced in typical planning operation of the Quebec Ministry of Social Affairs. The mental deficiency sector of the province was chosen because important changes were imminent in both the orientation and types of services provided to children in this sector. A simulation model was constructed according to system dynamics methodology to provide an integrated description of the social impact of these changes. The immediate result of the simulation model was to focus a reevaluation by government planners on certain operational features of the system of services and the implementation schedule of the ministry's policy. In a broader context, the model demonstrated that simulation is a viable approach to planning social services. Similar social services studies have been initiated to familiarize government planners with the methodology and have been used in the preparation of precise implementation plans.", "PMID": 597097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5918", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury XV. Reversal of ischemic cell injury in hamster trachea and human bronchus by explant culture.", "content": "Hamster tracheal epithelium survived 3 hours of total ischemia at 37 degrees C as demonstrated by its ability to be maintained in organ culture for 7 days subsequent to the ischemic episode. Epithelium ischemic for longer periods did not survive in culture. Human bronchial epithelium obtained from surgically resected lungs showed the acute effects of ischemia, i.e., the cells had dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. These cellular effects of ischemia were, however, reversed by placing the bronchus in explant culture. Bronchus obtained at autopsy, 2 to 3 hours following death, showed epithelial cells suffering severe ischemic cell injury, most of which did not survive in culture, but in some cases, a few basal cells survived to form a non-keratinizing squamous epithelium.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury XV. Reversal of ischemic cell injury in hamster trachea and human bronchus by explant culture. Hamster tracheal epithelium survived 3 hours of total ischemia at 37 degrees C as demonstrated by its ability to be maintained in organ culture for 7 days subsequent to the ischemic episode. Epithelium ischemic for longer periods did not survive in culture. Human bronchial epithelium obtained from surgically resected lungs showed the acute effects of ischemia, i.e., the cells had dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. These cellular effects of ischemia were, however, reversed by placing the bronchus in explant culture. Bronchus obtained at autopsy, 2 to 3 hours following death, showed epithelial cells suffering severe ischemic cell injury, most of which did not survive in culture, but in some cases, a few basal cells survived to form a non-keratinizing squamous epithelium.", "PMID": 597098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5919", "title": "Morphology of mouse epidermal cells in vitro: a scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of isolated epidermal cells from newborn mice grown in vitro showed that the cultures consisted of several morphologically different types of cells. Young cultures had many smooth, round cells while older cultures contained more cells with rough or ruffled surface and a varying number of flat, irregular cells. Probably, the various cell types corresponded to different stages of differentation (keratinization). Cultures that were grown in the presence of retinyl acetate (12.5 microgram/ml) had more round and smooth cells after several days in vitro than the controls. This could indicate that retinyl acetate delayed or altered cell differentiation. Scanning electron microscopy of the cultures consistently showed that the cells were situated at different layers. The apparent monolayer seen by phase contrast microscopy therefore seems to be an optical phenomenon due to projection of the cells onto the same plane.", "contents": "Morphology of mouse epidermal cells in vitro: a scanning electron microscopy study. Scanning electron microscopy of isolated epidermal cells from newborn mice grown in vitro showed that the cultures consisted of several morphologically different types of cells. Young cultures had many smooth, round cells while older cultures contained more cells with rough or ruffled surface and a varying number of flat, irregular cells. Probably, the various cell types corresponded to different stages of differentation (keratinization). Cultures that were grown in the presence of retinyl acetate (12.5 microgram/ml) had more round and smooth cells after several days in vitro than the controls. This could indicate that retinyl acetate delayed or altered cell differentiation. Scanning electron microscopy of the cultures consistently showed that the cells were situated at different layers. The apparent monolayer seen by phase contrast microscopy therefore seems to be an optical phenomenon due to projection of the cells onto the same plane.", "PMID": 597099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5920", "title": "In vitro effects of Cytochalasin B on TA3 tumor cells.", "content": "We studied the effect of Cytochalasin B (CB) on two lines of the ascites tumor TA3 by microcinematography and scanning electron microscopy. CB induces a dose dependent and reversible cell paralysis. One microgram CB/ml causes a pronounced but incomplete paralysis. The cells retain their general shape but develop numerous blebs. Ten microgram CB/ml causes a complete cell paralysis and a retraction of pseudopods and microvilli. When CB is removed, the cells rapidly regain their original form and motility. The recovery process starts within minutes after CB removal and is almost completed in 15 min.", "contents": "In vitro effects of Cytochalasin B on TA3 tumor cells. We studied the effect of Cytochalasin B (CB) on two lines of the ascites tumor TA3 by microcinematography and scanning electron microscopy. CB induces a dose dependent and reversible cell paralysis. One microgram CB/ml causes a pronounced but incomplete paralysis. The cells retain their general shape but develop numerous blebs. Ten microgram CB/ml causes a complete cell paralysis and a retraction of pseudopods and microvilli. When CB is removed, the cells rapidly regain their original form and motility. The recovery process starts within minutes after CB removal and is almost completed in 15 min.", "PMID": 597100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5921", "title": "[Oncorna-like virus particles in the cochlear spiral ganglion of guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Virus particles in spiral ganglion cells of the guinea pig have been grouped with herpes viruses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this classification of the viruses and their influence on cell morphology. 20 healthy, adult guinea pigs from different breeds were studied. The spiral ganglion was serially sectioned and examined electron micoscopically. All examined spiral ganglions of several guinea pig populations from different breeds showed intracytoplasmic viruses in some granular spiral ganglion cells. According to their localization and morphology we classify these viruses with the oncorna virus group. This is not in agreement with the classification of other authors. Apparently there is a world-wide latent viral infection in guinea pigs. The accumulation of lysosomal-like vacuoles in vicinity to the viruses indicates an increased local lysosomal activity of the infected ganglion cells. Considering the otherwise normal ultrastructure of the infected cells an additional influence of these viruses on the intracellular metabolism can neither be demonstrated nor denied.", "contents": "[Oncorna-like virus particles in the cochlear spiral ganglion of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Virus particles in spiral ganglion cells of the guinea pig have been grouped with herpes viruses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this classification of the viruses and their influence on cell morphology. 20 healthy, adult guinea pigs from different breeds were studied. The spiral ganglion was serially sectioned and examined electron micoscopically. All examined spiral ganglions of several guinea pig populations from different breeds showed intracytoplasmic viruses in some granular spiral ganglion cells. According to their localization and morphology we classify these viruses with the oncorna virus group. This is not in agreement with the classification of other authors. Apparently there is a world-wide latent viral infection in guinea pigs. The accumulation of lysosomal-like vacuoles in vicinity to the viruses indicates an increased local lysosomal activity of the infected ganglion cells. Considering the otherwise normal ultrastructure of the infected cells an additional influence of these viruses on the intracellular metabolism can neither be demonstrated nor denied.", "PMID": 597101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5922", "title": "Occurrence of myofibroblasts in the different phases of morbus Dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture).", "content": "Twenty-one surgically removed specimens of Morbus Dupuytren (M. D.) were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cell type observed in the proliferative phase shows the basic ultrastructural features of fibroblasts, while the majority of the cells in the involutional phase resemble myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts exhibit ultrastructural characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and are said to behave functionally like smooth muscle cells. In the residual phase, typical fibrocytes of connective tissue are found. These findings confirm the concept that fibroblasts are capable of converting into myofibroblasts and demonstrate the myofibroblasts represent an intermediate cell type of transitional cellular differentiation. The significance of myofibroblasts for the development of the contracture of M. D. is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of myofibroblasts in the different phases of morbus Dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture). Twenty-one surgically removed specimens of Morbus Dupuytren (M. D.) were studied by light and electron microscopy. The cell type observed in the proliferative phase shows the basic ultrastructural features of fibroblasts, while the majority of the cells in the involutional phase resemble myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts exhibit ultrastructural characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and are said to behave functionally like smooth muscle cells. In the residual phase, typical fibrocytes of connective tissue are found. These findings confirm the concept that fibroblasts are capable of converting into myofibroblasts and demonstrate the myofibroblasts represent an intermediate cell type of transitional cellular differentiation. The significance of myofibroblasts for the development of the contracture of M. D. is discussed.", "PMID": 597102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5923", "title": "Intracellular \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen in morbus dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture).", "content": "Fine structural analysis of 21 surgically removed specimens of Morbus Dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture) in the cells of the proliferative phase revealed spindle-shaped or round, periodic banded structures of 1--1.5 micron size. These intracellular structures are surrounded by trilaminar membranes of 45 A continuous with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The periodic banded structures display a light-dark pattern of 750--900 A and resemble with respect to periodicity and general morphology \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen. To date, \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen in human tissue has only been observed in the extracellular space, both in normal and pathologic conditions. Its formal pathogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen in morbus dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture). Fine structural analysis of 21 surgically removed specimens of Morbus Dupuytren (Dupuytren's contracture) in the cells of the proliferative phase revealed spindle-shaped or round, periodic banded structures of 1--1.5 micron size. These intracellular structures are surrounded by trilaminar membranes of 45 A continuous with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The periodic banded structures display a light-dark pattern of 750--900 A and resemble with respect to periodicity and general morphology \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen. To date, \"fibrous long spacing\" collagen in human tissue has only been observed in the extracellular space, both in normal and pathologic conditions. Its formal pathogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 597103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5924", "title": "Rheumatoid disease with involvement of the leptomeninges presenting as symptomatic epilepsy.", "content": "A case of rheumatoid disease with localised granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges is described. This meningeal disease apparently caused a symptomatic epilepsy. This is thought to be only the second reported case of rheumatoid granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges.", "contents": "Rheumatoid disease with involvement of the leptomeninges presenting as symptomatic epilepsy. A case of rheumatoid disease with localised granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges is described. This meningeal disease apparently caused a symptomatic epilepsy. This is thought to be only the second reported case of rheumatoid granulomatous involvement of the leptomeninges.", "PMID": 597105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5925", "title": "[On the diagnosis of colorectal polyps (author's transl)].", "content": "After colorectal polypectomy the further surgical therapy is based upon histomorphological features. In case of an adenoma with carcinoma, statements concerning classification, degree of differentiation (grade of malignancy), and depth of invasion are necessary. For the histopathological report a form is recommended. When completing this form all clinically essential informations are given.", "contents": "[On the diagnosis of colorectal polyps (author's transl)]. After colorectal polypectomy the further surgical therapy is based upon histomorphological features. In case of an adenoma with carcinoma, statements concerning classification, degree of differentiation (grade of malignancy), and depth of invasion are necessary. For the histopathological report a form is recommended. When completing this form all clinically essential informations are given.", "PMID": 597106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5926", "title": "Effect of vitamin A nutritional status on the ribonucleic acids of liver, intestinal mucosa and testes of rats.", "content": "1. Vitamin A deficiency led to an increase in the oligonucleotide fraction of testes and intestinal mucosa of rats at the expense of high-molecular-weight RNA and 4S RNA, but no such changes were observed in the liver. Retinyl acetate supplementation reversed these effects in both tissues, whereas retinoic acid supplementation was almost equally effective in the mucosa but virtually ineffective in the testes. The ribonuclease activities of all the tissues remained unaffected by the above treatments. 2. The effect of vitamin A deprivation on the acceptor activity of the tRNA of the testes and intestinal mucosa was more pronounced than on the liver tRNA. The testes and mucosal tRNA of the retinoic acid-supplemented rats showed significantly lower charging capacity as compared with the retinyl acetate-supplemented ones. Here also no significant effect was observed on the liver tRNA. 3. Vitamin A deficiency caused a decrease in the percentage of poly(A) in RNA of the mucosa and testes, but not in the liver RNA. The poly(A) contents of both tissues were brought to normal by retinyl acetate supplementation; treatment with retinoic acid led to an appreciable increase in poly(A) in the mucosa, but considerably less increase in poly(A) in the testes. 4. The incorporation of H332PO4 into the rRNA and tRNA of the testes was lowered by vitamin A deficiency, but no such effects was observed in the liver RNA.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A nutritional status on the ribonucleic acids of liver, intestinal mucosa and testes of rats. 1. Vitamin A deficiency led to an increase in the oligonucleotide fraction of testes and intestinal mucosa of rats at the expense of high-molecular-weight RNA and 4S RNA, but no such changes were observed in the liver. Retinyl acetate supplementation reversed these effects in both tissues, whereas retinoic acid supplementation was almost equally effective in the mucosa but virtually ineffective in the testes. The ribonuclease activities of all the tissues remained unaffected by the above treatments. 2. The effect of vitamin A deprivation on the acceptor activity of the tRNA of the testes and intestinal mucosa was more pronounced than on the liver tRNA. The testes and mucosal tRNA of the retinoic acid-supplemented rats showed significantly lower charging capacity as compared with the retinyl acetate-supplemented ones. Here also no significant effect was observed on the liver tRNA. 3. Vitamin A deficiency caused a decrease in the percentage of poly(A) in RNA of the mucosa and testes, but not in the liver RNA. The poly(A) contents of both tissues were brought to normal by retinyl acetate supplementation; treatment with retinoic acid led to an appreciable increase in poly(A) in the mucosa, but considerably less increase in poly(A) in the testes. 4. The incorporation of H332PO4 into the rRNA and tRNA of the testes was lowered by vitamin A deficiency, but no such effects was observed in the liver RNA.", "PMID": 597229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5927", "title": "Iron-sulphur centres in mitochondria from Arum maculatum spadix with very high rates of cyanide-resistant respiration.", "content": "X-band electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy at 4.2--77K combined with measurements of oxidation-reduction potential was used to identify iron--sulphur centres in Arum maculatum (cuckoo-pint) mitochondria. In the oxidized state a signal with a derivative maximum at g = 2.02 was assigned to succinate dehydrogenase centre S-3. Unreduced particles showed additional signals at g = 2.04 and 1.98 (at 9.2 GHz), which may be due to a spin-spin interaction. In the reduced state a prominent signal at g = 1.93 and 2.02 was resolved into at least three components that could be assigned to centres S-1 and S-2 of succinate dehydrogenase (midpoint potentials -7 and -240 mV respectively at pH 7.2) and a small amount of centre N-1b (e'o= -240 mV) of NADH-ubiquinone reductase. In addition, changes in line shape around -10 mV indicated the presence of a fourth component in this signal. The latter was more readily reduced by NADH than by succinate, suggesting that it might be associated with the external NADH dehydrogenase. The iron-sulphur centres of NADH-ubiquinone reductase were present in an unusually low concentration, indicating that the alternative, non-phosphorylating, NADH dehydrogenase containing a low number of iron-sulphur centres may be responsible for most of the high rate of oxidation of NADH.", "contents": "Iron-sulphur centres in mitochondria from Arum maculatum spadix with very high rates of cyanide-resistant respiration. X-band electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy at 4.2--77K combined with measurements of oxidation-reduction potential was used to identify iron--sulphur centres in Arum maculatum (cuckoo-pint) mitochondria. In the oxidized state a signal with a derivative maximum at g = 2.02 was assigned to succinate dehydrogenase centre S-3. Unreduced particles showed additional signals at g = 2.04 and 1.98 (at 9.2 GHz), which may be due to a spin-spin interaction. In the reduced state a prominent signal at g = 1.93 and 2.02 was resolved into at least three components that could be assigned to centres S-1 and S-2 of succinate dehydrogenase (midpoint potentials -7 and -240 mV respectively at pH 7.2) and a small amount of centre N-1b (e'o= -240 mV) of NADH-ubiquinone reductase. In addition, changes in line shape around -10 mV indicated the presence of a fourth component in this signal. The latter was more readily reduced by NADH than by succinate, suggesting that it might be associated with the external NADH dehydrogenase. The iron-sulphur centres of NADH-ubiquinone reductase were present in an unusually low concentration, indicating that the alternative, non-phosphorylating, NADH dehydrogenase containing a low number of iron-sulphur centres may be responsible for most of the high rate of oxidation of NADH.", "PMID": 597230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5928", "title": "Further studies on the effect of the collagen triple-helix formation on the hydroxylation of lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxylysine in chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells.", "content": "The hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylations of hydroxylysine were studied in isolated chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells under conditions in which collagen triple-helix formation was either inhibited or accelerated. The former situation was obtained by incubating the tendon cells with 0.6mm-dithiothreitol, thus decreasing their proline hydroxylase activity by about 99%. After labelling with [(14)C]proline, the formation of hydroxy[(14)C]proline was found to have declined by about 95%. Since the hydroxylation of a relatively large number of proline residues is required for triple-helix formation at 37 degrees C, the pro-alpha-chains synthesized under these conditions apparently cannot form triple-helical molecules. Labelling experiments with [(14)C]lysine indicated that the degree of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized was slightly increased and the degree of the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues more than doubled, the largest increase being in the content of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Recovery of chick-embryo cartilage cells from temporary anoxia was used to obtain accelerated triple-helix formation. A marked decrease was found in the extent of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized under these conditions, and an even larger decrease occurred in the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues. The results support the previous suggestion that the triple-helix formation of the pro-alpha-chains prevents further hydroxylation of lysine residues and glycosylations of hydroxylysine residues during collagen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Further studies on the effect of the collagen triple-helix formation on the hydroxylation of lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxylysine in chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells. The hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylations of hydroxylysine were studied in isolated chick-embryo tendon and cartilage cells under conditions in which collagen triple-helix formation was either inhibited or accelerated. The former situation was obtained by incubating the tendon cells with 0.6mm-dithiothreitol, thus decreasing their proline hydroxylase activity by about 99%. After labelling with [(14)C]proline, the formation of hydroxy[(14)C]proline was found to have declined by about 95%. Since the hydroxylation of a relatively large number of proline residues is required for triple-helix formation at 37 degrees C, the pro-alpha-chains synthesized under these conditions apparently cannot form triple-helical molecules. Labelling experiments with [(14)C]lysine indicated that the degree of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized was slightly increased and the degree of the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues more than doubled, the largest increase being in the content of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Recovery of chick-embryo cartilage cells from temporary anoxia was used to obtain accelerated triple-helix formation. A marked decrease was found in the extent of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the collagen synthesized under these conditions, and an even larger decrease occurred in the glycosylations of the hydroxylysine residues. The results support the previous suggestion that the triple-helix formation of the pro-alpha-chains prevents further hydroxylation of lysine residues and glycosylations of hydroxylysine residues during collagen biosynthesis.", "PMID": 597231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5929", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of oestrone sulphate. Comparative perfusions of oestrone and oestrone sulphate through isolated rat livers.", "content": "The metabolism of [4-(14)C]oestrone and of [6,7-(3)H(2)]oestrone sulphate was studied during cyclic perfusion and once-through perfusion of the isolated rat liver. The following results were obtained. 1. As shown by once-through perfusion, the two steroids are metabolized differently during the first passage through the organ. [4-(14)C]Oestrone was taken up by the liver and partly delivered as oestradiol-17beta and oestriol into the medium. After uptake of [6,7-(3)H(2)]oestrone sulphate, only oestrone, liberated by hydrolysis, was delivered into the medium; no oestradiol-17beta or oestriol could be detected in the medium after one passage through the organ. This indicates that intracellular oestrone, which was taken up as such, and oestrone, which derived from intracellular hydrolysis, may be metabolized in different compartments of the liver cell. 2. The results of the cyclic perfusion showed that intracellular oestrone is preferentially conjugated with glucuronic acid, and subsequently excreted into the bile. Intracellular oestrone sulphate is preferably reduced to oestradiol sulphate, thus indicating that oestrone sulphate is a better substrate for the 17beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase than is oestrone. 3. Albumin-bound oestrone sulphate acts as a large reservoir, and in contrast with free oestrone is protected from enzyme attack by its strong binding to albumin. 4. Oestrone sulphate is partly converted into the hormonally active oestrone by liver tissue. This suggests that liver not only inactivates oestrogens, but also provides the organism with oestrone, which is subsequently readily taken up by other organs.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of oestrone sulphate. Comparative perfusions of oestrone and oestrone sulphate through isolated rat livers. The metabolism of [4-(14)C]oestrone and of [6,7-(3)H(2)]oestrone sulphate was studied during cyclic perfusion and once-through perfusion of the isolated rat liver. The following results were obtained. 1. As shown by once-through perfusion, the two steroids are metabolized differently during the first passage through the organ. [4-(14)C]Oestrone was taken up by the liver and partly delivered as oestradiol-17beta and oestriol into the medium. After uptake of [6,7-(3)H(2)]oestrone sulphate, only oestrone, liberated by hydrolysis, was delivered into the medium; no oestradiol-17beta or oestriol could be detected in the medium after one passage through the organ. This indicates that intracellular oestrone, which was taken up as such, and oestrone, which derived from intracellular hydrolysis, may be metabolized in different compartments of the liver cell. 2. The results of the cyclic perfusion showed that intracellular oestrone is preferentially conjugated with glucuronic acid, and subsequently excreted into the bile. Intracellular oestrone sulphate is preferably reduced to oestradiol sulphate, thus indicating that oestrone sulphate is a better substrate for the 17beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase than is oestrone. 3. Albumin-bound oestrone sulphate acts as a large reservoir, and in contrast with free oestrone is protected from enzyme attack by its strong binding to albumin. 4. Oestrone sulphate is partly converted into the hormonally active oestrone by liver tissue. This suggests that liver not only inactivates oestrogens, but also provides the organism with oestrone, which is subsequently readily taken up by other organs.", "PMID": 597232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5930", "title": "Sialyltransferase activity in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Liver microsomal fractions catalyse the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid to various exogenous acceptors such as desialylated fetuin, desialylated human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and desialylated bovine submaxillary-gland mucin. An increase in the rate of incorporation of sialic acid into desialylated glycoproteins was found after a lag period (7h) in regenerating liver. The increase was maximum 24h after partial hepatectomy for all acceptors tested. At later times after operation the sialyltransferase activity remained high only for desialylated fetuin. No soluble factors from liver or serum of partially hepatectomized animals influenced the activity of the sialyltransferases bound to the microsomal fraction. The sensitivity of sialyltransferases to activation by Triton X-100, added to the incubation medium, was unchanged in the microsomal preparation from animals 24h after sham operation or partial hepatectomy. The full activity of sialyltransferases towards the various desialylated acceptors showed some differences. Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was a good acceptor of sialic acid only when desialylated by mild acid hydrolysis. After this treatment, but not after enzymic hydrolysis, a decrease in molecular weight of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was observed. Further, the sialyltransferase activity as a function of incubation temperature gave different curves according to the acceptor used. The relationship between the biosynthesis of glycoproteins by regenerating liver and the sialyltransferase activity of microsomal fraction after partial hepatectomy is discussed.", "contents": "Sialyltransferase activity in regenerating rat liver. Liver microsomal fractions catalyse the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid to various exogenous acceptors such as desialylated fetuin, desialylated human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and desialylated bovine submaxillary-gland mucin. An increase in the rate of incorporation of sialic acid into desialylated glycoproteins was found after a lag period (7h) in regenerating liver. The increase was maximum 24h after partial hepatectomy for all acceptors tested. At later times after operation the sialyltransferase activity remained high only for desialylated fetuin. No soluble factors from liver or serum of partially hepatectomized animals influenced the activity of the sialyltransferases bound to the microsomal fraction. The sensitivity of sialyltransferases to activation by Triton X-100, added to the incubation medium, was unchanged in the microsomal preparation from animals 24h after sham operation or partial hepatectomy. The full activity of sialyltransferases towards the various desialylated acceptors showed some differences. Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was a good acceptor of sialic acid only when desialylated by mild acid hydrolysis. After this treatment, but not after enzymic hydrolysis, a decrease in molecular weight of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was observed. Further, the sialyltransferase activity as a function of incubation temperature gave different curves according to the acceptor used. The relationship between the biosynthesis of glycoproteins by regenerating liver and the sialyltransferase activity of microsomal fraction after partial hepatectomy is discussed.", "PMID": 597233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5931", "title": "Structural requirements for the inhibitory action of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes on protein synthesis in eukaryotes.", "content": "1. The inhibitory actions of ten trichothecene antibiotics were investigated, in reticulocyte cell-free systems synthesizing protein in vitro, by studying polyribosome profiles and kinetics of amino acid incorporation in the presence or absence of the drugs. 2. The modes of action observed were critically dependent on the drug concentrations used, but the antibiotics tested could be divided into four distinct groups, each exerting a characteristic inhibitory response. 3. The inhibitory action observed in every case was controlled by the chemical structure of the individual trichothecene and in particular was closely related to the nature of the substituent groups present on C-3, C-4, C-8 and C-15 of the molecule.", "contents": "Structural requirements for the inhibitory action of 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes on protein synthesis in eukaryotes. 1. The inhibitory actions of ten trichothecene antibiotics were investigated, in reticulocyte cell-free systems synthesizing protein in vitro, by studying polyribosome profiles and kinetics of amino acid incorporation in the presence or absence of the drugs. 2. The modes of action observed were critically dependent on the drug concentrations used, but the antibiotics tested could be divided into four distinct groups, each exerting a characteristic inhibitory response. 3. The inhibitory action observed in every case was controlled by the chemical structure of the individual trichothecene and in particular was closely related to the nature of the substituent groups present on C-3, C-4, C-8 and C-15 of the molecule.", "PMID": 597234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5932", "title": "A rapid direct assay for the determination of the separate activities of the three arylsulphatases of Aspergillus oryzae.", "content": "1. The three arylsulphatases of Aspergillus oryzae exhibit pronounced kinetic differences and substrate specificities. Arylsulphatase I hydrolyses all substrates tested, whereas arylsulphatase III will not hydrolyse tyrosine O-sulphate or phenolphthalein disulphate. Arylsulphatase II does not hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl sulphate or phenolphthalein disulphate at appreciable rates in the absence of added phenolic compounds. Phenols such as tyramine increase the rate of hydrolysis of these substances by this enzyme 1000-fold. At pH 6.9 arylsulphatase I exhibits an apparent Km of 0.1 mM for p-nitrophenyl sulphate, whereas the Km of arylsulphatase III for this substrate is 1 mM. 2. These differences were utilized to develop an assay procedure which can be used to determine the separate activities of the three enzymes present in mixtures. This assay has potential use as a means of examining the relative activities of the three enzymes in investigations of the differences in the mechanisms regulating their synthesis.", "contents": "A rapid direct assay for the determination of the separate activities of the three arylsulphatases of Aspergillus oryzae. 1. The three arylsulphatases of Aspergillus oryzae exhibit pronounced kinetic differences and substrate specificities. Arylsulphatase I hydrolyses all substrates tested, whereas arylsulphatase III will not hydrolyse tyrosine O-sulphate or phenolphthalein disulphate. Arylsulphatase II does not hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl sulphate or phenolphthalein disulphate at appreciable rates in the absence of added phenolic compounds. Phenols such as tyramine increase the rate of hydrolysis of these substances by this enzyme 1000-fold. At pH 6.9 arylsulphatase I exhibits an apparent Km of 0.1 mM for p-nitrophenyl sulphate, whereas the Km of arylsulphatase III for this substrate is 1 mM. 2. These differences were utilized to develop an assay procedure which can be used to determine the separate activities of the three enzymes present in mixtures. This assay has potential use as a means of examining the relative activities of the three enzymes in investigations of the differences in the mechanisms regulating their synthesis.", "PMID": 597235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5933", "title": "Differential repression of arylsulphatase synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae.", "content": "1. The activities of the three arylsulphatases (arylsulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) of Aspergillus oryzae produced under a variety of repressing and non-repressing conditions were determined. 2. These enzymes exhibit different sensitivities to repression by inorganic sulphate. 3. Arylsulphatase I, but not arylsulphatases II and III, exhibits a transient de-repression in the early growth phase in sulphate media. 4. When the fungus is cultured in repressing media and subsequently transferred to non-repressing media, the synthesis of the three enzymes is non-co-ordinate. 5. Growth of the fungus in media containing choline O-sulphate or tyrosine O-sulphate as the sole source of sulphur results in complete de-repression of arylsulphatase I, But the synthesis of arylsulphatases II and III is essentially fully repressed. 6. The marked similarities between the repression characteristics of arylsulphatases II and III, contrasted with those of arylsulphatase I, indicate that the genetic locus of arylsulphatase I is distinct from that of arylsulphatases II and III, suggesting that there are distinct physiological roles for the enzyme.", "contents": "Differential repression of arylsulphatase synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae. 1. The activities of the three arylsulphatases (arylsulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) of Aspergillus oryzae produced under a variety of repressing and non-repressing conditions were determined. 2. These enzymes exhibit different sensitivities to repression by inorganic sulphate. 3. Arylsulphatase I, but not arylsulphatases II and III, exhibits a transient de-repression in the early growth phase in sulphate media. 4. When the fungus is cultured in repressing media and subsequently transferred to non-repressing media, the synthesis of the three enzymes is non-co-ordinate. 5. Growth of the fungus in media containing choline O-sulphate or tyrosine O-sulphate as the sole source of sulphur results in complete de-repression of arylsulphatase I, But the synthesis of arylsulphatases II and III is essentially fully repressed. 6. The marked similarities between the repression characteristics of arylsulphatases II and III, contrasted with those of arylsulphatase I, indicate that the genetic locus of arylsulphatase I is distinct from that of arylsulphatases II and III, suggesting that there are distinct physiological roles for the enzyme.", "PMID": 597236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5934", "title": "The association of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid of rat brain with myelination.", "content": "The sulphogalactosylglycerolipid of rat brain is closely associated with the process of myelination, as demonstrated by the following observations. 1. The lipid is barely detectable in rat brain before 10 days of age, accumulates rapidly between age 10 and 25 days, and remains relatively constant in amount (between 0.3 and 0.4mumol per brain) thereafter into adult life. 2. The activity of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate-galactosyldiacylglycerol sulphotransferase is almost absent before 10 days of age, attains a maximum at age 20 days, and slowly decreases thereafter with increasing age. This developmental pattern correlates well with that of other myelin-specific metabolites. 3. Both the concentration of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid and the activity of sulphotransferase are greatly decreased in the non-myelinating jimpy mouse. 4. The myelin fraction of rat brain contains most of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid. The lipid occurs in a diacyl and an alkylacyl form. Determinations of the relative amount of each type in brain showed about a 1:1 mixture in both 21-day-old and adult rats. Rats injected with H(2) (35)SO(4) at 20 days of age lost (35)S from the diacyl form at a higher rate than from the alkylacyl compound over a 21-day period. These data suggest that the diacyl form has a higher turnover than the alkylacyl derivative. The percentage of the total sulpholipid content of brain contributed by the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid is 16% in 21-day-old rats and 8.4% in adult rats.", "contents": "The association of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid of rat brain with myelination. The sulphogalactosylglycerolipid of rat brain is closely associated with the process of myelination, as demonstrated by the following observations. 1. The lipid is barely detectable in rat brain before 10 days of age, accumulates rapidly between age 10 and 25 days, and remains relatively constant in amount (between 0.3 and 0.4mumol per brain) thereafter into adult life. 2. The activity of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate-galactosyldiacylglycerol sulphotransferase is almost absent before 10 days of age, attains a maximum at age 20 days, and slowly decreases thereafter with increasing age. This developmental pattern correlates well with that of other myelin-specific metabolites. 3. Both the concentration of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid and the activity of sulphotransferase are greatly decreased in the non-myelinating jimpy mouse. 4. The myelin fraction of rat brain contains most of the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid. The lipid occurs in a diacyl and an alkylacyl form. Determinations of the relative amount of each type in brain showed about a 1:1 mixture in both 21-day-old and adult rats. Rats injected with H(2) (35)SO(4) at 20 days of age lost (35)S from the diacyl form at a higher rate than from the alkylacyl compound over a 21-day period. These data suggest that the diacyl form has a higher turnover than the alkylacyl derivative. The percentage of the total sulpholipid content of brain contributed by the sulphogalactosylglycerolipid is 16% in 21-day-old rats and 8.4% in adult rats.", "PMID": 597237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5935", "title": "The biosynthesis of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol of rat brain in vitro.", "content": "Triton X-100 extracts of rat brain microsomal fraction catalyse the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol from galactosyldiacylglycerol and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate. Of the various subcellular fractions of brain assayed, the microsomal fraction contained most (79%) of the adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate-galactosyldiacylglycerol sulphotransferase activity. The enzyme activity was stimulated by Triton X-100 and showed linearity with increasing time, concentrations of enzyme and added substrates. ATP and KF prolonged the linearity of the activity with time, but ATP had an overall inhibitory effect on the sulphotransferase. Both ATP and KF inhibit the degradation of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate, which probably causes the increased linearity of the sulphotransferase reaction with time. The enzyme preparation did not catalyse the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to either cholesterol or galabiosyldiacylglycerol (galactosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol). Significant differences between the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside sulphate catalysed by the same enzyme preparation were noted. ATP and Mg(2+) strongly inhibit the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol but equally strongly stimulate the synthesis of cerebroside sulphate. The apparent K(m) for galactosyldiacylglycerol is 200mum, and that for cerebroside is 45mum. Galactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside are mutually inhibitory toward the synthesis of sulphated derivatives of each. These data do not necessarily lead to the conclusion that two sulphotransferases are present, but they do indicate a possible means of controlling the synthesis of these two sulpholipids.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol of rat brain in vitro. Triton X-100 extracts of rat brain microsomal fraction catalyse the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol from galactosyldiacylglycerol and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate. Of the various subcellular fractions of brain assayed, the microsomal fraction contained most (79%) of the adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate-galactosyldiacylglycerol sulphotransferase activity. The enzyme activity was stimulated by Triton X-100 and showed linearity with increasing time, concentrations of enzyme and added substrates. ATP and KF prolonged the linearity of the activity with time, but ATP had an overall inhibitory effect on the sulphotransferase. Both ATP and KF inhibit the degradation of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate, which probably causes the increased linearity of the sulphotransferase reaction with time. The enzyme preparation did not catalyse the transfer of sulphate from adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate to either cholesterol or galabiosyldiacylglycerol (galactosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol). Significant differences between the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside sulphate catalysed by the same enzyme preparation were noted. ATP and Mg(2+) strongly inhibit the formation of sulphogalactosyldiacylglycerol but equally strongly stimulate the synthesis of cerebroside sulphate. The apparent K(m) for galactosyldiacylglycerol is 200mum, and that for cerebroside is 45mum. Galactosyldiacylglycerol and cerebroside are mutually inhibitory toward the synthesis of sulphated derivatives of each. These data do not necessarily lead to the conclusion that two sulphotransferases are present, but they do indicate a possible means of controlling the synthesis of these two sulpholipids.", "PMID": 597238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5936", "title": "Synthesis of procollagen by matrix-free cells from embryonic-chick arteries.", "content": "Cells were isolated from the major arteries of 17-day chick embryos by digestion of the tissue with collagenase and trypsin. The cells, when examined immediately after isolation, exhibited a high degree of viability and they were shown to synthesize and secrete procollagen at a high and constant rate for several hours when incubated in suspension in modified Krebs medium. Continuous labelling of the cells with [(14)C]proline demonstrated a lag of about 30min between the time at which the synthesis of non-diffusible peptide-bound hydroxy[(14)C]proline became linear and the time at which its secretion into the medium became linear. This lag time compares with that of 18min observed for freshly isolated matrix-free cells from embryonic-chick tendon, which synthesize and secrete the same type of collagen. Gel-filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the collagenous polypeptides secreted into the medium were in the precursor form, known as procollagen, and that the constituent pro-alpha-chains were linked by interchain disulphide bonds and were also in a triple-helical conformation. Characterization of the secreted procollagen by gel-filtration chromatography, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, DEAE-agarose chromatography, and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of peptides obtained by CNBr cleavage, indicated that the predominant form was type-I procollagen. This work extends the range of freshly isolated matrix-free cell systems, which have been characterized for use in studies on the biosynthesis and secretion of procollagen, and it indicates differences in the rates of secretion of procollagen in different cell types secreting the same type of procollagen.", "contents": "Synthesis of procollagen by matrix-free cells from embryonic-chick arteries. Cells were isolated from the major arteries of 17-day chick embryos by digestion of the tissue with collagenase and trypsin. The cells, when examined immediately after isolation, exhibited a high degree of viability and they were shown to synthesize and secrete procollagen at a high and constant rate for several hours when incubated in suspension in modified Krebs medium. Continuous labelling of the cells with [(14)C]proline demonstrated a lag of about 30min between the time at which the synthesis of non-diffusible peptide-bound hydroxy[(14)C]proline became linear and the time at which its secretion into the medium became linear. This lag time compares with that of 18min observed for freshly isolated matrix-free cells from embryonic-chick tendon, which synthesize and secrete the same type of collagen. Gel-filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the collagenous polypeptides secreted into the medium were in the precursor form, known as procollagen, and that the constituent pro-alpha-chains were linked by interchain disulphide bonds and were also in a triple-helical conformation. Characterization of the secreted procollagen by gel-filtration chromatography, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, DEAE-agarose chromatography, and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of peptides obtained by CNBr cleavage, indicated that the predominant form was type-I procollagen. This work extends the range of freshly isolated matrix-free cell systems, which have been characterized for use in studies on the biosynthesis and secretion of procollagen, and it indicates differences in the rates of secretion of procollagen in different cell types secreting the same type of procollagen.", "PMID": 597239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5937", "title": "Studies on rat liver plasma membrane. Altered protein and phospholipid metabolism after injection of D-galactosamine.", "content": "1. The metabolism of protein and phospholipid in rat liver plasma membranes isolated by the method of Neville [(1960) J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 413-422] was investigated 3 and 6 h after the injection of D-galactosamine in vivo. During this time, all the biochemical and morphological alterations associated with hepatitis developed. 2. After the injection of D-galactosamine the concentration of sphingomyelin in the plasma membrane decreased to below 60% of the control values. 3. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5), which has been purified as a sphingomyelin-protein complex, decreased in the total homogenate as well as in the plasma-membrane fraction of livers of rats treated with galactosamine, to about 60% of the control values. 4. Protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]leucine into plasma membranes, was decreased to 45% of that of the controls. However, only small differences were observed in the amino acid composition of the plasma membrane after D-galactosamine treatment. 5. The protein composition of the plasma membranes was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The results showed a change from low- to high-molecular-weight proteins after the injection of galactosamine. 6. These results demonstrate different metabolic processes of the plasma membrane altered during the induction of galactosamine hepatitis.", "contents": "Studies on rat liver plasma membrane. Altered protein and phospholipid metabolism after injection of D-galactosamine. 1. The metabolism of protein and phospholipid in rat liver plasma membranes isolated by the method of Neville [(1960) J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 413-422] was investigated 3 and 6 h after the injection of D-galactosamine in vivo. During this time, all the biochemical and morphological alterations associated with hepatitis developed. 2. After the injection of D-galactosamine the concentration of sphingomyelin in the plasma membrane decreased to below 60% of the control values. 3. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5), which has been purified as a sphingomyelin-protein complex, decreased in the total homogenate as well as in the plasma-membrane fraction of livers of rats treated with galactosamine, to about 60% of the control values. 4. Protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]leucine into plasma membranes, was decreased to 45% of that of the controls. However, only small differences were observed in the amino acid composition of the plasma membrane after D-galactosamine treatment. 5. The protein composition of the plasma membranes was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The results showed a change from low- to high-molecular-weight proteins after the injection of galactosamine. 6. These results demonstrate different metabolic processes of the plasma membrane altered during the induction of galactosamine hepatitis.", "PMID": 597240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5938", "title": "Metabolism and transport of glutamine and glucose in vascularly perfused small intestine rat.", "content": "1. The metabolism and transport of glutamine and glucose were investigated in a preparation of rat small intestine perfused through the vascular bed in vitro and in situ. 2. With glucose (7.5mm) or glutamine (4.5mm) in the lumen, approx. 40% of the substrate taken up appears unchanged on the vascular side. When glutamine (1.5mm) is also added to the vascular perfusate, metabolism of glutamine is increased and there is uptake of glutamine from both the vascular bed and lumen. Orientation of substrate (vascular bed or lumen) influences the value of alanine production/glutamine utilization and lactate production/glucose utilization. 3. Deprivation of food and metabolic acidosis have no effect upon the utilization of glutamine by unit length of jejunum. In fed rats, glutamine utilization is 44% of glucose utilization, but in rats deprived of food it is 112% of glucose utilization. 4. Glucose utilization and lactate production are not significantly altered by the presence of glutamine in the vascular bed or lumen. 5. With glucose only in the vascular perfusate, glucose utilization is the same in jejunum and ileum. Glutamine metabolism in the ileum is 28% lower than in the jejunum. 6. Glutamine utilization is dependent on the concentration of glutamine in the vascular perfusate, but is not significantly affected by the absence of glucose. 7. Results are discussed in relation to the role of intestinal glutamine metabolism and with respect to some problems of the transepithelial movement of substrates that are both transported and metabolized.", "contents": "Metabolism and transport of glutamine and glucose in vascularly perfused small intestine rat. 1. The metabolism and transport of glutamine and glucose were investigated in a preparation of rat small intestine perfused through the vascular bed in vitro and in situ. 2. With glucose (7.5mm) or glutamine (4.5mm) in the lumen, approx. 40% of the substrate taken up appears unchanged on the vascular side. When glutamine (1.5mm) is also added to the vascular perfusate, metabolism of glutamine is increased and there is uptake of glutamine from both the vascular bed and lumen. Orientation of substrate (vascular bed or lumen) influences the value of alanine production/glutamine utilization and lactate production/glucose utilization. 3. Deprivation of food and metabolic acidosis have no effect upon the utilization of glutamine by unit length of jejunum. In fed rats, glutamine utilization is 44% of glucose utilization, but in rats deprived of food it is 112% of glucose utilization. 4. Glucose utilization and lactate production are not significantly altered by the presence of glutamine in the vascular bed or lumen. 5. With glucose only in the vascular perfusate, glucose utilization is the same in jejunum and ileum. Glutamine metabolism in the ileum is 28% lower than in the jejunum. 6. Glutamine utilization is dependent on the concentration of glutamine in the vascular perfusate, but is not significantly affected by the absence of glucose. 7. Results are discussed in relation to the role of intestinal glutamine metabolism and with respect to some problems of the transepithelial movement of substrates that are both transported and metabolized.", "PMID": 597241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5939", "title": "Tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in the rat. Effect of age, sex and methionine administration on the metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyamines.", "content": "The tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was explored in the rat. Also the effects of methionine administration on the accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyamines were studied in rat liver, brain and kidney. The tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was similar in both sexes, and was only slightly changed with age. The specific activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase greatly exceeded that of methionine adenosyltransferase, and the concentration of S-adenosylmethionine was higher than that of S-adenosylhomocysteine in all tissues examined. However, the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio was dependent on food supply and on the age of the animal. No correlation was noticed between the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase and the concentrations of the adenosyl compounds in different tissues. Intraperitoneal administration of methionine resulted in a profound but transient increase in the hepatic concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. The concentration of S-adenosylmethionine was elevated also in the brain during the first 2h after methionine injection. The rise of S-adenosylmethionine concentration after methionine treatment could be diminished by simultaneous glycine administration. The results support the view that the rate-limiting factor of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis is the tissue concentration of methionine. They further suggest that glycine N-methyltransferase may have a regulatory role in the utilization of S-adenosylmethionine in the liver.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in the rat. Effect of age, sex and methionine administration on the metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyamines. The tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was explored in the rat. Also the effects of methionine administration on the accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyamines were studied in rat liver, brain and kidney. The tissue distribution of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was similar in both sexes, and was only slightly changed with age. The specific activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase greatly exceeded that of methionine adenosyltransferase, and the concentration of S-adenosylmethionine was higher than that of S-adenosylhomocysteine in all tissues examined. However, the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio was dependent on food supply and on the age of the animal. No correlation was noticed between the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase and the concentrations of the adenosyl compounds in different tissues. Intraperitoneal administration of methionine resulted in a profound but transient increase in the hepatic concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. The concentration of S-adenosylmethionine was elevated also in the brain during the first 2h after methionine injection. The rise of S-adenosylmethionine concentration after methionine treatment could be diminished by simultaneous glycine administration. The results support the view that the rate-limiting factor of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis is the tissue concentration of methionine. They further suggest that glycine N-methyltransferase may have a regulatory role in the utilization of S-adenosylmethionine in the liver.", "PMID": 597242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5940", "title": "The effect of calcium on lead absorption in rats.", "content": "The effects of Ca2+ on lead absorption as PbCl2 and 203PbCl2 were studied in rats. 1. Doubling of dietary calcium with Ca3(PO4)2 significantly decreased lead absorption as assessed by 203Pb retention, tissue lead concentration, urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinate and increased activities of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase and ferrochelatase. 2. Similar effects on lead absorption were shown by the Ca2+ salts, Cl-, CO32-, PO43-, SO42-, gluconate and glycerophosphate. 3. CaCl2 and calcium glycerophosphate were found to be most effective in decreasing lead absorption when administered immediately before lead dosage. 4. A negative exponential relationship was found between CaCl2 concentration and 203Pb absorption at 120h. The result suggest that, above 4 mmol of administered calcium, residual lead absorption is unaffected by increasing gastrointestinal calcium concentrations. 5. Increased systemic calcium had no effect on lead retention. 6. Calcium in the concentrations found in domestic hard-water supplies significantly decreased absorption of a solution of 203Pb dissolved in it compared with absorption of 203Pb dissolved in soft or distilled water. 7. Milk and skimmed milk were found to have no effect on 203Pb absorption in rats.", "contents": "The effect of calcium on lead absorption in rats. The effects of Ca2+ on lead absorption as PbCl2 and 203PbCl2 were studied in rats. 1. Doubling of dietary calcium with Ca3(PO4)2 significantly decreased lead absorption as assessed by 203Pb retention, tissue lead concentration, urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinate and increased activities of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase and ferrochelatase. 2. Similar effects on lead absorption were shown by the Ca2+ salts, Cl-, CO32-, PO43-, SO42-, gluconate and glycerophosphate. 3. CaCl2 and calcium glycerophosphate were found to be most effective in decreasing lead absorption when administered immediately before lead dosage. 4. A negative exponential relationship was found between CaCl2 concentration and 203Pb absorption at 120h. The result suggest that, above 4 mmol of administered calcium, residual lead absorption is unaffected by increasing gastrointestinal calcium concentrations. 5. Increased systemic calcium had no effect on lead retention. 6. Calcium in the concentrations found in domestic hard-water supplies significantly decreased absorption of a solution of 203Pb dissolved in it compared with absorption of 203Pb dissolved in soft or distilled water. 7. Milk and skimmed milk were found to have no effect on 203Pb absorption in rats.", "PMID": 597243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5941", "title": "Origins of blood acetate in the rat.", "content": "A novel enzymimc cycling assay for the determination of acetate in biological material is described. Measurements of the acetate concentration in blood and liver samples from rats of various ages and nutritional states with this assay are reported. The contribution of the intestine, the liver and the rest of the body to maintaining the concentration of acetate in the circulation is examined. Evidence is presented that the gut flora constitute the main source of acetate in blood of fed adult rats, though endogenous production of acetate is of significance in other situations. The streptozotocin-diabetic rat has an elevated blood acetate concentration.", "contents": "Origins of blood acetate in the rat. A novel enzymimc cycling assay for the determination of acetate in biological material is described. Measurements of the acetate concentration in blood and liver samples from rats of various ages and nutritional states with this assay are reported. The contribution of the intestine, the liver and the rest of the body to maintaining the concentration of acetate in the circulation is examined. Evidence is presented that the gut flora constitute the main source of acetate in blood of fed adult rats, though endogenous production of acetate is of significance in other situations. The streptozotocin-diabetic rat has an elevated blood acetate concentration.", "PMID": 597244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5942", "title": "The effects of inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in suckling newborn rats.", "content": "Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with pent-4-enoate in suckling newborn rats caused a fall in blood [glucose] and blood [ketone bodies] and inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Glucose utilization was not increased in newborn rats injected with pent-4-enoate. Active fatty acid oxidation appears to be essential to support gluconeogenesis and to maintain normal blood [glucose] in suckling newborn rats.", "contents": "The effects of inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in suckling newborn rats. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with pent-4-enoate in suckling newborn rats caused a fall in blood [glucose] and blood [ketone bodies] and inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Glucose utilization was not increased in newborn rats injected with pent-4-enoate. Active fatty acid oxidation appears to be essential to support gluconeogenesis and to maintain normal blood [glucose] in suckling newborn rats.", "PMID": 597245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5943", "title": "The effects of acute ethanol feeding and of chronic benfluorex administration on the activities of some enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver and adipose tissue.", "content": "Rats were treated for 5 days with benfluorex [1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-[N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)amino]propane] or with suspending medium (controls). They were then intubated with an acute intoxicating dose of ethanol or with glucose of equivalent energy content. Treatment of the control rats with ethanol specifically increases the hepatic activity of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase by about 5-fold in 6 h. The equivalent increase for the benfluorex-treated rats were about 2-fold. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of ethanol and benfluorex on glycerolipid synthesis.", "contents": "The effects of acute ethanol feeding and of chronic benfluorex administration on the activities of some enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver and adipose tissue. Rats were treated for 5 days with benfluorex [1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-[N-(2-benzoyloxyethyl)amino]propane] or with suspending medium (controls). They were then intubated with an acute intoxicating dose of ethanol or with glucose of equivalent energy content. Treatment of the control rats with ethanol specifically increases the hepatic activity of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase by about 5-fold in 6 h. The equivalent increase for the benfluorex-treated rats were about 2-fold. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of ethanol and benfluorex on glycerolipid synthesis.", "PMID": 597246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5944", "title": "Oestrogen induction of riboflavin-binding protein in immature chicks.", "content": "In hyperthyroid chicks, oestrogen-induced plasma accumulation of riboflavin-binding protein was diminished, whereas the reverse situation prevailed in hypothyroid birds. Under hyperthyroid conditions, higher concentrations of oestrogen were required to elicit a response comparable with that obtained in normal birds treated with lower concentrations of the hormone. Elevated hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentrations and decreased half-life of the induced protein in hyperthyroid animals suggest that higher catabolic rates of the inducer and induced protein are contributory factors to the diminished response.", "contents": "Oestrogen induction of riboflavin-binding protein in immature chicks. In hyperthyroid chicks, oestrogen-induced plasma accumulation of riboflavin-binding protein was diminished, whereas the reverse situation prevailed in hypothyroid birds. Under hyperthyroid conditions, higher concentrations of oestrogen were required to elicit a response comparable with that obtained in normal birds treated with lower concentrations of the hormone. Elevated hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentrations and decreased half-life of the induced protein in hyperthyroid animals suggest that higher catabolic rates of the inducer and induced protein are contributory factors to the diminished response.", "PMID": 597247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5945", "title": "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle. The isomerization of the enzyme-dihydroxyacetone phosphate complex.", "content": "The formation and dissociation of the aldolase-dihydroxyacetone phosphate complex were studied by following changes in A240 [Topper, Mehler & Bloom (1957), Science 126, 1287-1289]. It was shown that the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) slowly isomerizes according to the following reaction: (formula: see text) the two first-order rate constants for the isomerization step being k+2 = 1.3s-1 and k-2 = 0.7s-1 at 20 degrees C and pH 7.5. The dissociation of the ES complex was provoked by the addition of the competitive inhibitor hexitol 1,6-bisphosphate. At 20 degrees C and pH 7.5, k+1 was 4.7 X 10(6)M-1-S-1 and k-1 was 30s-1. Both the ES and the ES* complexes react rapidly with 1.7 mM-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the reaction being practically complete in 40 ms. This shows that the ES* complex is not a dead-end complex. Evidence was also provided that aldolase binds and utilizes only the keto form of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.", "contents": "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle. The isomerization of the enzyme-dihydroxyacetone phosphate complex. The formation and dissociation of the aldolase-dihydroxyacetone phosphate complex were studied by following changes in A240 [Topper, Mehler & Bloom (1957), Science 126, 1287-1289]. It was shown that the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) slowly isomerizes according to the following reaction: (formula: see text) the two first-order rate constants for the isomerization step being k+2 = 1.3s-1 and k-2 = 0.7s-1 at 20 degrees C and pH 7.5. The dissociation of the ES complex was provoked by the addition of the competitive inhibitor hexitol 1,6-bisphosphate. At 20 degrees C and pH 7.5, k+1 was 4.7 X 10(6)M-1-S-1 and k-1 was 30s-1. Both the ES and the ES* complexes react rapidly with 1.7 mM-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the reaction being practically complete in 40 ms. This shows that the ES* complex is not a dead-end complex. Evidence was also provided that aldolase binds and utilizes only the keto form of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.", "PMID": 597248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5946", "title": "A subunit-sized butyrylcholinesterase present in high concentrations in pooled rabbit serum.", "content": "A butyrylcholinesterase of mol.wt. approx. 83000 was observed in pooled rabbit serum. The enzyme was named monomeric butyrylcholinesterase to distinguish it from the larger oligomeric butyrylcholinesterase of horse and human serum whose subunits are the same size as the monomeric enzyme. The active-site concentration of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase in the pooled serum was 0.18mum, which is five times the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase in pooled horse serum. This was surprising, since the horse serum is regarded as a rich source of butyrylcholinesterase, whereas rabbit serum is not generally thought to contain significant amounts of any butyrylcholinesterase. The explanation, in large part, was the relatively low k(cat.) of the monomeric enzyme, which was approx. 57s(-1) with butyrylthiocholine as substrate and is one-thirtieth of the comparable k(cat.) of horse butyrylcholinesterase. The substrate specificity of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase also differed significantly from that of horse and human butyrylcholinesterase. For example, with the monomeric enzyme, the hydrolysis of 1mm-acetylthiocholine was only 4% the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine, whereas human and horse butyrylcholinesterases hydrolysed 1mm-acetylthiocholine at 50% of the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine. Moreover, monomeric butyrylcholinesterase generally hydrolysed aromatic esters more rapidly than choline esters, whereas the reverse is true of the butyrylcholinesterases. To facilitate the study of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase, it was separated from the larger butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, also present in rabbit serum, and purified 89-fold by fractionation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and ion-exchange chromatography.", "contents": "A subunit-sized butyrylcholinesterase present in high concentrations in pooled rabbit serum. A butyrylcholinesterase of mol.wt. approx. 83000 was observed in pooled rabbit serum. The enzyme was named monomeric butyrylcholinesterase to distinguish it from the larger oligomeric butyrylcholinesterase of horse and human serum whose subunits are the same size as the monomeric enzyme. The active-site concentration of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase in the pooled serum was 0.18mum, which is five times the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase in pooled horse serum. This was surprising, since the horse serum is regarded as a rich source of butyrylcholinesterase, whereas rabbit serum is not generally thought to contain significant amounts of any butyrylcholinesterase. The explanation, in large part, was the relatively low k(cat.) of the monomeric enzyme, which was approx. 57s(-1) with butyrylthiocholine as substrate and is one-thirtieth of the comparable k(cat.) of horse butyrylcholinesterase. The substrate specificity of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase also differed significantly from that of horse and human butyrylcholinesterase. For example, with the monomeric enzyme, the hydrolysis of 1mm-acetylthiocholine was only 4% the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine, whereas human and horse butyrylcholinesterases hydrolysed 1mm-acetylthiocholine at 50% of the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine. Moreover, monomeric butyrylcholinesterase generally hydrolysed aromatic esters more rapidly than choline esters, whereas the reverse is true of the butyrylcholinesterases. To facilitate the study of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase, it was separated from the larger butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, also present in rabbit serum, and purified 89-fold by fractionation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and ion-exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 597249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5947", "title": "Studies on C3 convertases. Inhibition of C5 convertase formation by peptides containing aromatic amino acids.", "content": "The influence of various peptides containing the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine on the formation of the enzyme EAC1423 of the complement system from component C3 and enzyme EAC142 was investigated. Kinetic analysis of enzyme EAC1423 formation and studies on the binding of the C3b fragment of 125I-labelled component C3 to enzyme EAC142 both showed that binding of the C3b fragment of component C3 was decreased by the peptides. Kinetic studies on component-C3 turnover in the fluid phase of enzyme EAC142 failed to reveal effects of the peptides. However, an initial lag in component-C3 turnover occurred that at constant component-C3 concentration was inversely proportional to enzyme EAC142 concentration. This lag in enzyme EAC142 activity is considered as an indication that the interaction of enzyme EAC142 with component C3 possibly does not follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as was previously assumed. It is shown that the stages after enzyme EAC1423 formation are not influenced by the peptides, suggesting a high degree of specificity of the peptides for the inhibition of enzyme EAC1423 formation.", "contents": "Studies on C3 convertases. Inhibition of C5 convertase formation by peptides containing aromatic amino acids. The influence of various peptides containing the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine on the formation of the enzyme EAC1423 of the complement system from component C3 and enzyme EAC142 was investigated. Kinetic analysis of enzyme EAC1423 formation and studies on the binding of the C3b fragment of 125I-labelled component C3 to enzyme EAC142 both showed that binding of the C3b fragment of component C3 was decreased by the peptides. Kinetic studies on component-C3 turnover in the fluid phase of enzyme EAC142 failed to reveal effects of the peptides. However, an initial lag in component-C3 turnover occurred that at constant component-C3 concentration was inversely proportional to enzyme EAC142 concentration. This lag in enzyme EAC142 activity is considered as an indication that the interaction of enzyme EAC142 with component C3 possibly does not follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as was previously assumed. It is shown that the stages after enzyme EAC1423 formation are not influenced by the peptides, suggesting a high degree of specificity of the peptides for the inhibition of enzyme EAC1423 formation.", "PMID": 597250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5948", "title": "Affinity chromatography of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases. Small organic ligands.", "content": "The usefulness of affinity chromatography for the purification of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases was explored by using column ligands derived from the corresponding amino acid and aminoalkyladenylate, a non-labile analogue of the aminoacyladenylate reaction intermediate. Four modes of attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate to Sepharose were studied. The interaction between amino acid derivatives and the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is too weak to allow their use as ligands for affinity chromatography. Attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate via the alpha-nitrogen atom of the amino acid or via C-8 of the nucleotide abolishes synthetase binding, and immobilization via the oxidized ribose ring is only marginally useful. However, attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate to the matrix via N-6 of the nucleotide allows strong and specific synthetase binding, and the use of such columns permits the isolation of homogeneous synthetase from crude mixtures. The effect of non-specific adsorption and the utility of pre-columns and of specific substrate elution are investigated and discussed.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases. Small organic ligands. The usefulness of affinity chromatography for the purification of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases was explored by using column ligands derived from the corresponding amino acid and aminoalkyladenylate, a non-labile analogue of the aminoacyladenylate reaction intermediate. Four modes of attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate to Sepharose were studied. The interaction between amino acid derivatives and the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is too weak to allow their use as ligands for affinity chromatography. Attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate via the alpha-nitrogen atom of the amino acid or via C-8 of the nucleotide abolishes synthetase binding, and immobilization via the oxidized ribose ring is only marginally useful. However, attachment of the aminoalkyladenylate to the matrix via N-6 of the nucleotide allows strong and specific synthetase binding, and the use of such columns permits the isolation of homogeneous synthetase from crude mixtures. The effect of non-specific adsorption and the utility of pre-columns and of specific substrate elution are investigated and discussed.", "PMID": 597251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5949", "title": "A quantitative analysis of histone H1 in rabbit thymus nuclei.", "content": "The relative quantity of histone H1 in rabbit thymus whole histone was determined to be 17.2% (w/w). This implies that there is, on average, one histone H1 molecule per nucleosome.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of histone H1 in rabbit thymus nuclei. The relative quantity of histone H1 in rabbit thymus whole histone was determined to be 17.2% (w/w). This implies that there is, on average, one histone H1 molecule per nucleosome.", "PMID": 597252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5950", "title": "A cystine-rich protein fraction from oxidized alpha-keratin.", "content": "A soluble fraction of alpha-keratin was obtained on fission of disulphide bonds. The fraction was soluble in the oxidizing solution and would normally be lost when such procedures are used for isolating keratose fractions. This fraction, which constituted 6% by weight of keratin, was rich in cystine, and about 30% of the fraction had a mol.wt. of less than 20 000.", "contents": "A cystine-rich protein fraction from oxidized alpha-keratin. A soluble fraction of alpha-keratin was obtained on fission of disulphide bonds. The fraction was soluble in the oxidizing solution and would normally be lost when such procedures are used for isolating keratose fractions. This fraction, which constituted 6% by weight of keratin, was rich in cystine, and about 30% of the fraction had a mol.wt. of less than 20 000.", "PMID": 597253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5951", "title": "Electrochemical analysis of the carboxy-14C-labelled aliphatic carboxylic acid metabolites resulting from tracer studies.", "content": "14C02 output from carboxy-14C-labelled aliphatic carboxylic acids is measured in the micro-scale Kolbe reaction. Irrespective of whether rats were dosed with 1,1-dichloro[1-14C]ethylene or with chloro[1-14C]acetic acid, 1 mol.equiv. of the resulting thio[14C]diglycollic acid yields by electrolysis approx. 0.7 equiv. of 14CO2, which is interpreted in terms of the labelling of one of the carboxylic acid groups of thiodiglycollic acid. This observation provides important evidence concerning thiodiglycollic acid biosynthesis from 1.1-dichloroethylene.", "contents": "Electrochemical analysis of the carboxy-14C-labelled aliphatic carboxylic acid metabolites resulting from tracer studies. 14C02 output from carboxy-14C-labelled aliphatic carboxylic acids is measured in the micro-scale Kolbe reaction. Irrespective of whether rats were dosed with 1,1-dichloro[1-14C]ethylene or with chloro[1-14C]acetic acid, 1 mol.equiv. of the resulting thio[14C]diglycollic acid yields by electrolysis approx. 0.7 equiv. of 14CO2, which is interpreted in terms of the labelling of one of the carboxylic acid groups of thiodiglycollic acid. This observation provides important evidence concerning thiodiglycollic acid biosynthesis from 1.1-dichloroethylene.", "PMID": 597254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5952", "title": "The molecular size of N-methylglutamate dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aminovorans.", "content": "N-Methylglutamate dehydrogenase, purified to a specific activity of 0.29 unit/mg of protein, gave one band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to a molecular weight of 130 000. Enzyme-Triton complexes were found to have a partial specific volume of 0.73 cm3/g, suggesting that the protein binds less than 0.1 g of Triton/g of protein. A molecular weight for the intact enzyme in the presence of 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 of 550 000 suggested that the enzyme may be a tetramer.", "contents": "The molecular size of N-methylglutamate dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aminovorans. N-Methylglutamate dehydrogenase, purified to a specific activity of 0.29 unit/mg of protein, gave one band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to a molecular weight of 130 000. Enzyme-Triton complexes were found to have a partial specific volume of 0.73 cm3/g, suggesting that the protein binds less than 0.1 g of Triton/g of protein. A molecular weight for the intact enzyme in the presence of 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 of 550 000 suggested that the enzyme may be a tetramer.", "PMID": 597255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5953", "title": "Differences in size, structure and function of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of rat liver. Evidence for a single class of membrane-bound polyribosomes.", "content": "Free loosely bound and tightly bound polyribosomes were separated from rat liver homogenate by salt extraction followed by differential centrifugation, and several of their structural and functional properties were compared to resolve the existence of loosely bound polyribosomes and verify the specificity of the separation. The free and loosely bound polyribosomes have similar sedimentation profiles and polyribosome contents, their subunit proteins have similar electrophoretic patterns and their products of protein synthesis in vitro show a close correspondence in size and amounts synthesized. In contrast, the tightly bound polyribosomes have different properties from those of the free and loosely bound polyribosomes; their average size is significantly smaller; their polyribosome content is higher; their 60 S-subunit proteins lack two components and contain four or more components not found elsewhere; their products of protein synthesis in vitro differ in size and amounts synthesized. These observations show that rat liver membranes entrap a large fraction of the free polyribosomes at low salt concentrations and that these polyribosomes are similar to those of the free-polyribosome fraction and are different from those of the tightly bound polyribosome fraction in size, structure and function.", "contents": "Differences in size, structure and function of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of rat liver. Evidence for a single class of membrane-bound polyribosomes. Free loosely bound and tightly bound polyribosomes were separated from rat liver homogenate by salt extraction followed by differential centrifugation, and several of their structural and functional properties were compared to resolve the existence of loosely bound polyribosomes and verify the specificity of the separation. The free and loosely bound polyribosomes have similar sedimentation profiles and polyribosome contents, their subunit proteins have similar electrophoretic patterns and their products of protein synthesis in vitro show a close correspondence in size and amounts synthesized. In contrast, the tightly bound polyribosomes have different properties from those of the free and loosely bound polyribosomes; their average size is significantly smaller; their polyribosome content is higher; their 60 S-subunit proteins lack two components and contain four or more components not found elsewhere; their products of protein synthesis in vitro differ in size and amounts synthesized. These observations show that rat liver membranes entrap a large fraction of the free polyribosomes at low salt concentrations and that these polyribosomes are similar to those of the free-polyribosome fraction and are different from those of the tightly bound polyribosome fraction in size, structure and function.", "PMID": 597256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5954", "title": "Accelerated hepatic haem catabolism in the selenium-deficient rat.", "content": "1. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations are lower in selenium-deficient rats treated with phenobarbital for 4 days than in similarly treated control rats. 2. No defect in haem synthesis was found on the basis of measurements of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase (EC 2.3.1.37), delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) and ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1) activities, and urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinate, porphobilinogen, uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin. 3. No defect in apo-(cytochrome P-450) separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. An increase in haem catabolism was found. An 8-fold increase in hepatic microsomal haem oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.3) activity occurred in selenium-deficient rats after phenobarbital treatment, compared with a less than 2-fold increase in control rats. Also excretion of 14CO in the breath after administration of delta-amino[5-14C]laevulinate was greater by phenobarbital-treated selenium-deficient rats than by similarly treated controls. 5. These studies demonstrate that the defective induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital in selenium-deficient rats is accompanied by increased haem catabolism. This could be due to increased breakdown of cytochrome P-450 or to catabolism of haem before it attaches to the apo-cytochrome. The role of selenium in stabilizing cytochrome P-450 and/or in protecting haem from breakdown remains to be determined.", "contents": "Accelerated hepatic haem catabolism in the selenium-deficient rat. 1. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations are lower in selenium-deficient rats treated with phenobarbital for 4 days than in similarly treated control rats. 2. No defect in haem synthesis was found on the basis of measurements of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase (EC 2.3.1.37), delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) and ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1) activities, and urinary excretion of delta-aminolaevulinate, porphobilinogen, uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin. 3. No defect in apo-(cytochrome P-450) separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. An increase in haem catabolism was found. An 8-fold increase in hepatic microsomal haem oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.3) activity occurred in selenium-deficient rats after phenobarbital treatment, compared with a less than 2-fold increase in control rats. Also excretion of 14CO in the breath after administration of delta-amino[5-14C]laevulinate was greater by phenobarbital-treated selenium-deficient rats than by similarly treated controls. 5. These studies demonstrate that the defective induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital in selenium-deficient rats is accompanied by increased haem catabolism. This could be due to increased breakdown of cytochrome P-450 or to catabolism of haem before it attaches to the apo-cytochrome. The role of selenium in stabilizing cytochrome P-450 and/or in protecting haem from breakdown remains to be determined.", "PMID": 597257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5955", "title": "The cytochromes of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "1. Low-temperature difference spectra of gradient-purified mitochondria of Acanthamoeba castellanii reveal the presence of cytochromes b-555, b-562 and c-549, with a-type cytochromes having a broad asymmetrical maximum at 602 nm; these components were also observed in specta of whole cells. 2. The a-type cytochromes are unusual in that they have split Soret absorption maxima (at 442 and 449 nm) and an uncharacteristic CO difference spectrum. 3. CO difference spectra of whole cells and 'microsomal' membranes show large amounts of cytochrome P-420 compared with cytochrome P-450. 4. Difference spectra in the presence of cyanide indicate the presence of an a-type cytochrome and two cyanide-reacting components, one of which may be cytochrome a3. 5. Whole-cell respiration in a N2/O2 (19:1) atmosphere was decreased by 50%, suggesting the presence of a low-affinity oxidase. This lowered respiration is inhibited by 50% by CO, and the inhibition is partially light-reversible; photochemical action spectra suggest that cytochrome a3 contributes to this release of inhibition. Other CO-reacting oxidases are also present. 6. The results are discussed with the view that cytochrome a3 is present in A. castellanii, but its identification in CO difference spectra is obscured by other component(s).", "contents": "The cytochromes of Acanthamoeba castellanii. 1. Low-temperature difference spectra of gradient-purified mitochondria of Acanthamoeba castellanii reveal the presence of cytochromes b-555, b-562 and c-549, with a-type cytochromes having a broad asymmetrical maximum at 602 nm; these components were also observed in specta of whole cells. 2. The a-type cytochromes are unusual in that they have split Soret absorption maxima (at 442 and 449 nm) and an uncharacteristic CO difference spectrum. 3. CO difference spectra of whole cells and 'microsomal' membranes show large amounts of cytochrome P-420 compared with cytochrome P-450. 4. Difference spectra in the presence of cyanide indicate the presence of an a-type cytochrome and two cyanide-reacting components, one of which may be cytochrome a3. 5. Whole-cell respiration in a N2/O2 (19:1) atmosphere was decreased by 50%, suggesting the presence of a low-affinity oxidase. This lowered respiration is inhibited by 50% by CO, and the inhibition is partially light-reversible; photochemical action spectra suggest that cytochrome a3 contributes to this release of inhibition. Other CO-reacting oxidases are also present. 6. The results are discussed with the view that cytochrome a3 is present in A. castellanii, but its identification in CO difference spectra is obscured by other component(s).", "PMID": 597258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5956", "title": "Energy-dependent uptake of arsenite by rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Uptake of arsenite by rat liver mitochondria is energy-dependent, as shown by comparing values without and with either uncoupling agent or respiratory inhibitor present. The uptake is inhibited by mersalyl and N-ethylmaleimide, which can be used as 'stopping' agents to obtain uptake kinetics. At 20 degrees C the process is nearly complete in 1 min. The relation between the quantity in the energized mitochondria and the applied concentration corresponds to at least two different modes of binding of the arsenite. Competition occurs between arsenite and other anions (for example, phosphate) for intramitochondrial accumulation.", "contents": "Energy-dependent uptake of arsenite by rat liver mitochondria. Uptake of arsenite by rat liver mitochondria is energy-dependent, as shown by comparing values without and with either uncoupling agent or respiratory inhibitor present. The uptake is inhibited by mersalyl and N-ethylmaleimide, which can be used as 'stopping' agents to obtain uptake kinetics. At 20 degrees C the process is nearly complete in 1 min. The relation between the quantity in the energized mitochondria and the applied concentration corresponds to at least two different modes of binding of the arsenite. Competition occurs between arsenite and other anions (for example, phosphate) for intramitochondrial accumulation.", "PMID": 597259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5957", "title": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro in primary spermatocytes isolated from rat testis.", "content": "The incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into RNA was studied quantitatively (by incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into acid-precipitable material) and qualitatively (by phenol extraction and electrophoretic separation of RNA in polyacrylamide gels) in preparations enriched in primary spermatocytes, obtained from testes of rats 26 or 32 days old. The rate of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into RNA of isolated spermatocytes was constant during the first 8h of incubation, after which it decreased, but the decreased rate of incorporation was not reflected in a marked change in electrophoretic profiles of labelled RNA. In isolated spermatocytes, [(3)H]uridine was incorporated mainly into heterogeneous RNA with a low electrophoretic mobility. Most of this RNA was labile, as shown when further RNA synthesis was inhibited with actinomycin D. Spermatocytes in vivo also synthesized heterogeneous RNA with a low electrophoretic mobility. A low rate of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into rRNA of isolated spermatocytes was observed. The cleavage of 32S precursor rRNA to 28S rRNA was probably retarded in spermatocytes in vitro as well as in vivo. RNA synthesis by preparations enriched in early spermatids or Sertoli cells was qualitatatively different from RNA synthesis by the spermatocyte preparations. It is concluded that isolated primary spermatocytes maintain a specific pattern of RNA synthesis, which resembles RNA synthesis in spermatocytes in vivo. Therefore isolated spermatocytes of the rat can be used for studying the possible regulation of RNA synthesis during the meiotic prophase.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro in primary spermatocytes isolated from rat testis. The incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into RNA was studied quantitatively (by incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into acid-precipitable material) and qualitatively (by phenol extraction and electrophoretic separation of RNA in polyacrylamide gels) in preparations enriched in primary spermatocytes, obtained from testes of rats 26 or 32 days old. The rate of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into RNA of isolated spermatocytes was constant during the first 8h of incubation, after which it decreased, but the decreased rate of incorporation was not reflected in a marked change in electrophoretic profiles of labelled RNA. In isolated spermatocytes, [(3)H]uridine was incorporated mainly into heterogeneous RNA with a low electrophoretic mobility. Most of this RNA was labile, as shown when further RNA synthesis was inhibited with actinomycin D. Spermatocytes in vivo also synthesized heterogeneous RNA with a low electrophoretic mobility. A low rate of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine into rRNA of isolated spermatocytes was observed. The cleavage of 32S precursor rRNA to 28S rRNA was probably retarded in spermatocytes in vitro as well as in vivo. RNA synthesis by preparations enriched in early spermatids or Sertoli cells was qualitatatively different from RNA synthesis by the spermatocyte preparations. It is concluded that isolated primary spermatocytes maintain a specific pattern of RNA synthesis, which resembles RNA synthesis in spermatocytes in vivo. Therefore isolated spermatocytes of the rat can be used for studying the possible regulation of RNA synthesis during the meiotic prophase.", "PMID": 597260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5958", "title": "Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis in tubule fragments from renal cortex of fed rats. Effects of alpha-adrenergic stimuli, glucagon, theophylline and papaverine.", "content": "1. In incubated tubule fragments from renal cortex of fed rats gluconeogenesis from pyruvate was stimulated by adrenaline (1mum optimum) and by the selective alpha-adrenergic agonists oxymetazoline and amidephrine. The selective beta-agonists isoproterenol and salbutamol were ineffective at concentrations up to 10mum. 2. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis by 1mum-adrenaline was almost completely blocked by 10mum-phentolamine (alpha-antagonist), partially blocked by 10mum-phenoxybenzamine (alpha-antagonist) and unaffected by 10mum-propranolol (beta-antagonist). 3. Adrenaline stimulation of gluconeogenesis was rapid and was sustained for at least 1h. 4. Oxymetazoline (alpha-agonist) was extremely potent in stimulation of gluconeogenesis. This compound stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, lactate and glutamate, but not from succinate or glycerol. 5. In the absence of Ca(2+) oxymetazoline was ineffective, whereas some stimulatory effect of adrenaline on gluconeogenesis was still observed. 6. Glucagon had no effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in the presence of 1.27mm-Ca(2+) and inhibited the process in the presence of 0.25mm-Ca(2+). Parathyrin (parathyroid hormone) stimulated gluconeogenesis at 1.27mm-Ca(2+). 7. In short incubations of tubule fragments glucagon, papaverine and adrenaline significantly increased 3':5'-cyclic AMP. Adrenaline also slightly decreased 3':5'-cyclic GMP. Oxymetazoline had no effect on the amount of either cyclic nucleotide. 8. At all concentrations tested, theophylline and papaverine decreased gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. 9. It is concluded that renal gluconeogenesis may be increased by alpha- but not beta-adrenergic stimuli and that this is probably independent of changes in 3':5'-cyclic AMP or 3':5'-cyclic GMP. An involvement of Ca(2+) in the action of oxymetazoline appears likely, but this is less certain with adrenaline.", "contents": "Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis in tubule fragments from renal cortex of fed rats. Effects of alpha-adrenergic stimuli, glucagon, theophylline and papaverine. 1. In incubated tubule fragments from renal cortex of fed rats gluconeogenesis from pyruvate was stimulated by adrenaline (1mum optimum) and by the selective alpha-adrenergic agonists oxymetazoline and amidephrine. The selective beta-agonists isoproterenol and salbutamol were ineffective at concentrations up to 10mum. 2. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis by 1mum-adrenaline was almost completely blocked by 10mum-phentolamine (alpha-antagonist), partially blocked by 10mum-phenoxybenzamine (alpha-antagonist) and unaffected by 10mum-propranolol (beta-antagonist). 3. Adrenaline stimulation of gluconeogenesis was rapid and was sustained for at least 1h. 4. Oxymetazoline (alpha-agonist) was extremely potent in stimulation of gluconeogenesis. This compound stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, lactate and glutamate, but not from succinate or glycerol. 5. In the absence of Ca(2+) oxymetazoline was ineffective, whereas some stimulatory effect of adrenaline on gluconeogenesis was still observed. 6. Glucagon had no effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate in the presence of 1.27mm-Ca(2+) and inhibited the process in the presence of 0.25mm-Ca(2+). Parathyrin (parathyroid hormone) stimulated gluconeogenesis at 1.27mm-Ca(2+). 7. In short incubations of tubule fragments glucagon, papaverine and adrenaline significantly increased 3':5'-cyclic AMP. Adrenaline also slightly decreased 3':5'-cyclic GMP. Oxymetazoline had no effect on the amount of either cyclic nucleotide. 8. At all concentrations tested, theophylline and papaverine decreased gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. 9. It is concluded that renal gluconeogenesis may be increased by alpha- but not beta-adrenergic stimuli and that this is probably independent of changes in 3':5'-cyclic AMP or 3':5'-cyclic GMP. An involvement of Ca(2+) in the action of oxymetazoline appears likely, but this is less certain with adrenaline.", "PMID": 597261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5959", "title": "Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in liver and kidneys of rats on cyclical regimen of protein-free and protein-containing diets. Relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in liver.", "content": "1. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the liver and kidneys of rats maintained on a cyclical regimen of protein-free and protein-containing diets was investigated. There was a daily activation of the enzyme in response to the feeding of protein after 3 days feeding of protein-free diet. 2. The activation of ornithine decarboxylase in the liver and kidneys of rats re-fed on protein was demonstrable throughout 16 cycles of alternating 3-day periods of protein-free and protein-containing diets. The magnitude of the activation in the kidneys diminished from 20-fold stimulation in the first cycle to 5-fold stimulation (compared with animals fed with protein-free diet) in the later cycles of protein re-feeding. The activation of the enzyme in liver was decreased from 20-fold stimulation in the first cycle to approx. 10-fold stimulation in later cycles. 3. The concentration of spermidine was increased by approx. 50% in the liver of animals during cycling from protein-free to protein-containing diets. Spermine was unchanged, and putrescine was maintained at a low concentration approx. one-fifth to one-tenth that of spermidine after protein re-feeding. 4. The incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into liver DNA was increased 10-fold in animals re-fed with protein compared with animals receiving protein-free diets. 5. The activation of ornithine decarboxylase by re-feeding of protein was inhibited 90% by the injection of propane-1,3-diamine during re-feeding. The stimulation of DNA synthesis was inhibited 60% by multiple injections of propane-1,3-diamine during the re-feeding of protein.", "contents": "Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in liver and kidneys of rats on cyclical regimen of protein-free and protein-containing diets. Relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in liver. 1. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the liver and kidneys of rats maintained on a cyclical regimen of protein-free and protein-containing diets was investigated. There was a daily activation of the enzyme in response to the feeding of protein after 3 days feeding of protein-free diet. 2. The activation of ornithine decarboxylase in the liver and kidneys of rats re-fed on protein was demonstrable throughout 16 cycles of alternating 3-day periods of protein-free and protein-containing diets. The magnitude of the activation in the kidneys diminished from 20-fold stimulation in the first cycle to 5-fold stimulation (compared with animals fed with protein-free diet) in the later cycles of protein re-feeding. The activation of the enzyme in liver was decreased from 20-fold stimulation in the first cycle to approx. 10-fold stimulation in later cycles. 3. The concentration of spermidine was increased by approx. 50% in the liver of animals during cycling from protein-free to protein-containing diets. Spermine was unchanged, and putrescine was maintained at a low concentration approx. one-fifth to one-tenth that of spermidine after protein re-feeding. 4. The incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into liver DNA was increased 10-fold in animals re-fed with protein compared with animals receiving protein-free diets. 5. The activation of ornithine decarboxylase by re-feeding of protein was inhibited 90% by the injection of propane-1,3-diamine during re-feeding. The stimulation of DNA synthesis was inhibited 60% by multiple injections of propane-1,3-diamine during the re-feeding of protein.", "PMID": 597262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5960", "title": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Stimulated liver ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo after cycloheximide treatment.", "content": "1. As shown by a double-radioisotope technique in vivo, at a non-lethal dose of cycloheximide, a stimulation of nuclear RNA synthesis occurred by 12 h after the treatment; the stimulation lasted over 48 h. Analysis of radioactive nuclear RNA by gel electrophoresis demonstrated that most of the cycloheximide-stimulated synthesis could be accounted for by known rRNA precursors (45 S, 41 S, 32 S and 28 S). 2. During the inhibitory phase of protein synthesis, 2 h after cycloheximide treatment, synthesis of the poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes with an oligo(dT)-cellulose column was stimulated, whereas the synthesis of rRNA was slightly inhibited. However, during the stimulatory phase of protein synthesis, 24 h after cycloheximide treatment, the syntheses of both poly(A)-containing mRNA and rRNA were enhanced. 3. Kinetic studies revealed that the newly synthesized RNA species were transported from the nuclei, integrated into the ribonucleoprotein complexes, and associated with both free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. 4. These data corroborate our proposal that the stimulated protein synthesis after cycloheximide administration involves gene transcription.", "contents": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Stimulated liver ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo after cycloheximide treatment. 1. As shown by a double-radioisotope technique in vivo, at a non-lethal dose of cycloheximide, a stimulation of nuclear RNA synthesis occurred by 12 h after the treatment; the stimulation lasted over 48 h. Analysis of radioactive nuclear RNA by gel electrophoresis demonstrated that most of the cycloheximide-stimulated synthesis could be accounted for by known rRNA precursors (45 S, 41 S, 32 S and 28 S). 2. During the inhibitory phase of protein synthesis, 2 h after cycloheximide treatment, synthesis of the poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes with an oligo(dT)-cellulose column was stimulated, whereas the synthesis of rRNA was slightly inhibited. However, during the stimulatory phase of protein synthesis, 24 h after cycloheximide treatment, the syntheses of both poly(A)-containing mRNA and rRNA were enhanced. 3. Kinetic studies revealed that the newly synthesized RNA species were transported from the nuclei, integrated into the ribonucleoprotein complexes, and associated with both free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. 4. These data corroborate our proposal that the stimulated protein synthesis after cycloheximide administration involves gene transcription.", "PMID": 597263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5961", "title": "The mode of action of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside on the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate in embryonic-chicken sternum.", "content": "1. Embryonic-chicken sterna, incubated in medium containing 0.1mm-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-xyloside (4-methylcoumarin 7-beta-d-xyloside), synthesize proteochondroitin sulphate that is significantly undersulphated and shorter than usual [Gibson, Segen & Audhya (1977) Biochem. J.162, 217-233]. 2. Neither the beta-d-galactoside nor the beta-d-glucuronide of 4-methylumbelliferone, nor 4-methylumbelliferone itself, produced the effects. The only metabolites of 4-methylumbelliferone that were detected in cartilages exposed to 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-xyloside were unchanged xyloside and chondroitin sulphate covalently attached to 4-methylumbelliferone. 3. Gel filtration of salt extracts of sterna incubated in medium containing the xyloside showed that there were two pools of chondroitin sulphate in the tissue. One pool was identified, on the basis of its elution pattern and the linear kinetics of incorporation of sulphate into it, as proteochondroitin sulphate. Incorporation into the other pool, whose properties suggested that it was methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, indicated that it underwent partial turnover. The molecular weight of this chondroitin sulphate was about 19000, and it appeared to be about 70% sulphated. 4. When sterna were incubated in medium containing the xyloside, there was a very large incorporation of sulphate and glucose into glycosaminoglycans that were released into the incubation medium. This contrasts with incubations of sterna in the absence of the xyloside, in which less than 5% of the sulphate incorporated could be recovered from the medium. The glycosaminoglycan released into the medium was 4-methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, whose average molecular weight was 7000-8000 and degree of sulphation more than 95%. 5. Incorporation of sulphate into proteochondroitin sulphate was stimulated more than 3-fold by addition of 20% (v/v) human serum and 10nm-l-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine. Incorporation into methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, in either the tissue or the medium, was not significantly altered. 6. The decrease in chain length and degree of sulphation of proteochondroitin sulphate is explained in terms of competition between peptide-linked primers and methylumbelliferone-containing primers at the intracellular sites of polysaccharidechain elongation and sulphation. The implications of the results for the mechanism of stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis by serum factors are discussed.", "contents": "The mode of action of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside on the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate in embryonic-chicken sternum. 1. Embryonic-chicken sterna, incubated in medium containing 0.1mm-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-xyloside (4-methylcoumarin 7-beta-d-xyloside), synthesize proteochondroitin sulphate that is significantly undersulphated and shorter than usual [Gibson, Segen & Audhya (1977) Biochem. J.162, 217-233]. 2. Neither the beta-d-galactoside nor the beta-d-glucuronide of 4-methylumbelliferone, nor 4-methylumbelliferone itself, produced the effects. The only metabolites of 4-methylumbelliferone that were detected in cartilages exposed to 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-xyloside were unchanged xyloside and chondroitin sulphate covalently attached to 4-methylumbelliferone. 3. Gel filtration of salt extracts of sterna incubated in medium containing the xyloside showed that there were two pools of chondroitin sulphate in the tissue. One pool was identified, on the basis of its elution pattern and the linear kinetics of incorporation of sulphate into it, as proteochondroitin sulphate. Incorporation into the other pool, whose properties suggested that it was methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, indicated that it underwent partial turnover. The molecular weight of this chondroitin sulphate was about 19000, and it appeared to be about 70% sulphated. 4. When sterna were incubated in medium containing the xyloside, there was a very large incorporation of sulphate and glucose into glycosaminoglycans that were released into the incubation medium. This contrasts with incubations of sterna in the absence of the xyloside, in which less than 5% of the sulphate incorporated could be recovered from the medium. The glycosaminoglycan released into the medium was 4-methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, whose average molecular weight was 7000-8000 and degree of sulphation more than 95%. 5. Incorporation of sulphate into proteochondroitin sulphate was stimulated more than 3-fold by addition of 20% (v/v) human serum and 10nm-l-3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine. Incorporation into methylumbelliferyl-chondroitin sulphate, in either the tissue or the medium, was not significantly altered. 6. The decrease in chain length and degree of sulphation of proteochondroitin sulphate is explained in terms of competition between peptide-linked primers and methylumbelliferone-containing primers at the intracellular sites of polysaccharidechain elongation and sulphation. The implications of the results for the mechanism of stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis by serum factors are discussed.", "PMID": 597264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5962", "title": "Immunological evaluation of repeated administration of erythrocyte-entrapped protein to C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "The immunogenicity of heterologous protein entrapped in autologous erythrocytes was evaluated in a mouse system. Multiple intravenous administrations of an erythrocyte-entrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase preparation resulted in little, if any, immunological response to the entrapped protein or erythrocyte carrier. Erythrocyte entrapment also protected protein from circulating antibody elicited by prior subcutaneous sensitization with unentrapped enzyme in adjuvant. Thus erythrocyte entrapment may protect potentially immunogenic agents from immunological surveillance.", "contents": "Immunological evaluation of repeated administration of erythrocyte-entrapped protein to C3H/HeJ mice. The immunogenicity of heterologous protein entrapped in autologous erythrocytes was evaluated in a mouse system. Multiple intravenous administrations of an erythrocyte-entrapped bovine beta-glucuronidase preparation resulted in little, if any, immunological response to the entrapped protein or erythrocyte carrier. Erythrocyte entrapment also protected protein from circulating antibody elicited by prior subcutaneous sensitization with unentrapped enzyme in adjuvant. Thus erythrocyte entrapment may protect potentially immunogenic agents from immunological surveillance.", "PMID": 597265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5963", "title": "Iodinated phospholipids and the in vitro iodination of proteins of dog thyroid gland.", "content": "Slices of dog thyroid gland were incubated with liposomes consisting of (125)I-labelled phosphatidylcholine (the iodine was covalently linked to unsaturated fatty acyl chains). The (125)I label of (125)I-labelled liposomes was incorporated into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin at a higher rate than was the (131)I label of either Na(131)I or (131)I(2). The iodine was shown to be protein-bound by the co-migration of the labelled iodine with protein under conditions where free iodine, iodide and lipid-bound iodine were removed from protein. The uptake of iodine from the iodinated phospholipid was probably due to phospholipid exchange between the iodinated liposomes and the thyroid cell membrane, since (a) (14)C-labelled phospholipid was metabolized to (14)CO(2) and (b) many lipids in the tissue slice became (14)C-labelled. A very strong inhibition of iodide ;uptake' from Na(131)I, caused by thiosulphate, produced only a minor inhibition of the incorporation of (125)I from (125)I-labelled liposomes into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin. This implies that free iodide may not necessarily be formed from the iodinated phospholipids before their entrance or utilization in the cell. Synthetic polytyrosine polypeptide suspensions showed some iodination by (131)I-labelled liposomes. In tissues with low tyrosine contents, such as liver and kidney, only a trace uptake was observed. Salivary gland showed some uptake. Endoplasmic reticulum of thyroid gland showed a higher iodine uptake than that of the corresponding plasma membranes. These experiments, together with the demonstration of the diet-dependent presence of iodinated phospholipids in dog thyroid, leads us to suggest that iodination of the membrane phospholipids of thyroid cells may be directly or indirectly involved at some stage in the synthesis of thyroglobulin, or exists as a scavenger mechanism, to re-utilize and/or recover released iodine from unstable compounds inside the thyroid cell.", "contents": "Iodinated phospholipids and the in vitro iodination of proteins of dog thyroid gland. Slices of dog thyroid gland were incubated with liposomes consisting of (125)I-labelled phosphatidylcholine (the iodine was covalently linked to unsaturated fatty acyl chains). The (125)I label of (125)I-labelled liposomes was incorporated into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin at a higher rate than was the (131)I label of either Na(131)I or (131)I(2). The iodine was shown to be protein-bound by the co-migration of the labelled iodine with protein under conditions where free iodine, iodide and lipid-bound iodine were removed from protein. The uptake of iodine from the iodinated phospholipid was probably due to phospholipid exchange between the iodinated liposomes and the thyroid cell membrane, since (a) (14)C-labelled phospholipid was metabolized to (14)CO(2) and (b) many lipids in the tissue slice became (14)C-labelled. A very strong inhibition of iodide ;uptake' from Na(131)I, caused by thiosulphate, produced only a minor inhibition of the incorporation of (125)I from (125)I-labelled liposomes into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin. This implies that free iodide may not necessarily be formed from the iodinated phospholipids before their entrance or utilization in the cell. Synthetic polytyrosine polypeptide suspensions showed some iodination by (131)I-labelled liposomes. In tissues with low tyrosine contents, such as liver and kidney, only a trace uptake was observed. Salivary gland showed some uptake. Endoplasmic reticulum of thyroid gland showed a higher iodine uptake than that of the corresponding plasma membranes. These experiments, together with the demonstration of the diet-dependent presence of iodinated phospholipids in dog thyroid, leads us to suggest that iodination of the membrane phospholipids of thyroid cells may be directly or indirectly involved at some stage in the synthesis of thyroglobulin, or exists as a scavenger mechanism, to re-utilize and/or recover released iodine from unstable compounds inside the thyroid cell.", "PMID": 597266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5964", "title": "Inhibition of glucose uptake and glycogenolysis by availability of oleate in well-oxygenated perfused skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of exogenous oleate on glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen concentration in resting and contracting skeletal muscle were studied in the perfused rat hindquarter. In preliminary studies with aged erythrocytes at a haemoglobin concentration of 8g/100ml in the perfusion medium, 1.8mm-oleate had no effect on glucose uptake or lactate production. During these studies it became evident that O(2) delivery was inadequate with aged erythrocytes. Perfusion with rejuvenated human erythrocytes at a haemoglobin concentration of 12g/100ml resulted in a 2-fold higher O(2) uptake at rest and a 4-fold higher O(2) uptake during muscle contraction than was obtained with aged erythrocytes. Rejuvenated erythrocytes were therefore used in subsequent experiments. Glucose uptake and lactate production by the well-oxygenated hindquarter were inhibited by one-third, both at rest and during muscle contraction, when 1.8mm-oleate was added to the perfusion medium. Addition of oleate also significantly protected against glycogen depletion in the fast-twitch red and slow-twitch red types of muscle, but not in white muscle, during sciatic-nerve stimulation. In the absence of added oleate, glucose was confined to the extracellular space in resting muscle. Addition of oleate resulted in intracellular glucose accumulation in red muscle. Contractile activity resulted in accumulation of intracellular glucose in all three muscle types, and this effect was significantly augmented in the red types of muscle by perfusion with oleate. The concentrations of citrate and glucose 6-phosphate were also increased in red muscle perfused with oleate. We conclude that, as in the heart, availability of fatty acids has an inhibitory effect on glucose uptake and glycogen utilization in well-oxygenated red skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose uptake and glycogenolysis by availability of oleate in well-oxygenated perfused skeletal muscle. The effects of exogenous oleate on glucose uptake, lactate production and glycogen concentration in resting and contracting skeletal muscle were studied in the perfused rat hindquarter. In preliminary studies with aged erythrocytes at a haemoglobin concentration of 8g/100ml in the perfusion medium, 1.8mm-oleate had no effect on glucose uptake or lactate production. During these studies it became evident that O(2) delivery was inadequate with aged erythrocytes. Perfusion with rejuvenated human erythrocytes at a haemoglobin concentration of 12g/100ml resulted in a 2-fold higher O(2) uptake at rest and a 4-fold higher O(2) uptake during muscle contraction than was obtained with aged erythrocytes. Rejuvenated erythrocytes were therefore used in subsequent experiments. Glucose uptake and lactate production by the well-oxygenated hindquarter were inhibited by one-third, both at rest and during muscle contraction, when 1.8mm-oleate was added to the perfusion medium. Addition of oleate also significantly protected against glycogen depletion in the fast-twitch red and slow-twitch red types of muscle, but not in white muscle, during sciatic-nerve stimulation. In the absence of added oleate, glucose was confined to the extracellular space in resting muscle. Addition of oleate resulted in intracellular glucose accumulation in red muscle. Contractile activity resulted in accumulation of intracellular glucose in all three muscle types, and this effect was significantly augmented in the red types of muscle by perfusion with oleate. The concentrations of citrate and glucose 6-phosphate were also increased in red muscle perfused with oleate. We conclude that, as in the heart, availability of fatty acids has an inhibitory effect on glucose uptake and glycogen utilization in well-oxygenated red skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 597267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5965", "title": "S-adenosylmethionine metabolism and its relation to polyamine synthesis in rat liver. Effect of nutritional state, adrenal function, some drugs and partial hepatectomy.", "content": "S-Adenosylmethionine metabolism and its relation to the synthesis and accumulation of polyamines was studied in rat liver under various nutritional conditions, in adrenalectomized or partially hepatectomized animals and after treatment with cortisol, thioacetamide or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) {1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine}. Starvation for 2 days only slightly affected S-adenosylmethionine metabolism. The ratio of spermidine/spermine decreased markedly, but the concentration of total polyamines did not change significantly. The activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase initially decreased and then increased during prolonged starvation. This increase was dependent on intact adrenals. Re-feeding of starved animals caused a rapid but transient stimulation of polyamine synthesis and also increased the concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Similarly, cortisol treatment enhanced the synthesis of polyamines, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Feeding with a methionine-deficient diet for 7-14 days profoundly increased the concentration of spermidine, whereas the concentrations of total polyamines and of S-adenosylmethionine showed no significant changes. The results show that nutritional state and adrenal function play a significant role in the regulation of hepatic metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine and polyamines. They further indicate that under a variety of physiological and experimental conditions the concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and of total polyamines remain fairly constant and that changes in polyamine metabolism are not primarily connected with changes in the accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine or S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "contents": "S-adenosylmethionine metabolism and its relation to polyamine synthesis in rat liver. Effect of nutritional state, adrenal function, some drugs and partial hepatectomy. S-Adenosylmethionine metabolism and its relation to the synthesis and accumulation of polyamines was studied in rat liver under various nutritional conditions, in adrenalectomized or partially hepatectomized animals and after treatment with cortisol, thioacetamide or methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) {1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)dinitrilo]diguanidine}. Starvation for 2 days only slightly affected S-adenosylmethionine metabolism. The ratio of spermidine/spermine decreased markedly, but the concentration of total polyamines did not change significantly. The activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase initially decreased and then increased during prolonged starvation. This increase was dependent on intact adrenals. Re-feeding of starved animals caused a rapid but transient stimulation of polyamine synthesis and also increased the concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Similarly, cortisol treatment enhanced the synthesis of polyamines, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Feeding with a methionine-deficient diet for 7-14 days profoundly increased the concentration of spermidine, whereas the concentrations of total polyamines and of S-adenosylmethionine showed no significant changes. The results show that nutritional state and adrenal function play a significant role in the regulation of hepatic metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine and polyamines. They further indicate that under a variety of physiological and experimental conditions the concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine and of total polyamines remain fairly constant and that changes in polyamine metabolism are not primarily connected with changes in the accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine or S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "PMID": 597268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5966", "title": "Effect of microtubular or translational inhibitors on general cell protein degradation. Evidence for a dual catabolic pathway.", "content": "Rat embryo fibroblasts were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 10% serum and cell proteins prelabelled with L-[1-(14)C]leucine, followed by a 24h chase. When transferred to medium deprived of serum these cells showed a 2--3-fold increase in the production of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity during a 4h observation period. The microtubular poisons vinblastine, vincristine and colchicine partially inhibited this induced proteolysis, but had no effect on the proteolytic rate of cells maintained in medium with 10% serum. A similar discriminating effect on induced proteolysis was observed with cycloheximide, puromycin and insulin. The inhibitory effects of cycloheximide and vinblastine were not additive. These data support the hypothesis that, in addition to the basal turnover of cell proteins, a second mechanism of protein degradation involving cytoplasmic autophagy can be activated by nutritional step-down and is selectively inhibited by agents that interfere with microtubular function and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of microtubular or translational inhibitors on general cell protein degradation. Evidence for a dual catabolic pathway. Rat embryo fibroblasts were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium with 10% serum and cell proteins prelabelled with L-[1-(14)C]leucine, followed by a 24h chase. When transferred to medium deprived of serum these cells showed a 2--3-fold increase in the production of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity during a 4h observation period. The microtubular poisons vinblastine, vincristine and colchicine partially inhibited this induced proteolysis, but had no effect on the proteolytic rate of cells maintained in medium with 10% serum. A similar discriminating effect on induced proteolysis was observed with cycloheximide, puromycin and insulin. The inhibitory effects of cycloheximide and vinblastine were not additive. These data support the hypothesis that, in addition to the basal turnover of cell proteins, a second mechanism of protein degradation involving cytoplasmic autophagy can be activated by nutritional step-down and is selectively inhibited by agents that interfere with microtubular function and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 597269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5967", "title": "Skeletal-muscle sarcolemma from normal and dystrophic mice. Isolation, characterization and lipid composition.", "content": "1. Mouse skeletal-muscle sarcolemma was isolated, and the preparations obtained from normal mouse muscle and from muscle of mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy were characterized with respect to appearance under the optical and electron microscopes, distribution of marker enzymes, histochemical properties and biochemical composition. 2. The sarcolemmal membranes from normal and dystrophic muscle were subjected to detailed lipied analysis. Total lipid content was shown to increase in sarcolemma from dystrophic mice as a result of a large increase in neutral lipid and a smaller increase in total phospholipids. Further analysis of the neutral-lipid fraction showed that total acylglycerols increased 6-fold, non-esterified fatty acid 4-fold and cholesterol esters 2-fold, whereas the amount of free cholesterol remained unchanged in sarcolemma from dystrophic muscle. Significant increases were found in lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in dystrophic-muscle sarcolemma; however, the relative composition of the phospholipid fraction remained essentially the same as in the normal case. 3. The overall result of alterations in lipid composition of the sarcolemma in mouse muscular dystrophy was an increase in neutral lipid compared with total phospholipid, and a 4-fold decrease in the relative amount of free cholesterol in the membrane. The possible impact of these changes on membrane function is discussed.", "contents": "Skeletal-muscle sarcolemma from normal and dystrophic mice. Isolation, characterization and lipid composition. 1. Mouse skeletal-muscle sarcolemma was isolated, and the preparations obtained from normal mouse muscle and from muscle of mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy were characterized with respect to appearance under the optical and electron microscopes, distribution of marker enzymes, histochemical properties and biochemical composition. 2. The sarcolemmal membranes from normal and dystrophic muscle were subjected to detailed lipied analysis. Total lipid content was shown to increase in sarcolemma from dystrophic mice as a result of a large increase in neutral lipid and a smaller increase in total phospholipids. Further analysis of the neutral-lipid fraction showed that total acylglycerols increased 6-fold, non-esterified fatty acid 4-fold and cholesterol esters 2-fold, whereas the amount of free cholesterol remained unchanged in sarcolemma from dystrophic muscle. Significant increases were found in lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in dystrophic-muscle sarcolemma; however, the relative composition of the phospholipid fraction remained essentially the same as in the normal case. 3. The overall result of alterations in lipid composition of the sarcolemma in mouse muscular dystrophy was an increase in neutral lipid compared with total phospholipid, and a 4-fold decrease in the relative amount of free cholesterol in the membrane. The possible impact of these changes on membrane function is discussed.", "PMID": 597270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5968", "title": "The pinocytosis of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by rat yolk sac cultured in vitro.", "content": "The rates of uptake of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by 17.5-day rat yolk sac cultured in vitro were studied. Over a 6.5h period each substrate was accumulated at a constant and reproducible rate of approx. 2microliter/h per mg of protein. After accumulation in vitro, the three substances were released from the tissue into substrate-free medium at low rates. Sucrose present in the medium at concentrations up to 10 mg/ml was without effect on the accumulation of either [14C]sucrose or 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), but at higher concentrations inhibited the uptake of both substrates. Some batches of colloidal [198Au]gold had a significantly higher Endocytic Index (up to 5 microliter/h per mg of protein). The Endocytic Index of such a batch decreased with increasing substrate concentration, but colloidal gold did not decrease the Endocytic Index of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone). It is concluded that the three substrates enter the yolk sac by pinocytosis in the liquid phase. Those batches of colloidal [198Au]gold with higher Endocytic Indices are considered to enter also by adsorption on membrane binding-sites.", "contents": "The pinocytosis of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by rat yolk sac cultured in vitro. The rates of uptake of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by 17.5-day rat yolk sac cultured in vitro were studied. Over a 6.5h period each substrate was accumulated at a constant and reproducible rate of approx. 2microliter/h per mg of protein. After accumulation in vitro, the three substances were released from the tissue into substrate-free medium at low rates. Sucrose present in the medium at concentrations up to 10 mg/ml was without effect on the accumulation of either [14C]sucrose or 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), but at higher concentrations inhibited the uptake of both substrates. Some batches of colloidal [198Au]gold had a significantly higher Endocytic Index (up to 5 microliter/h per mg of protein). The Endocytic Index of such a batch decreased with increasing substrate concentration, but colloidal gold did not decrease the Endocytic Index of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone). It is concluded that the three substrates enter the yolk sac by pinocytosis in the liquid phase. Those batches of colloidal [198Au]gold with higher Endocytic Indices are considered to enter also by adsorption on membrane binding-sites.", "PMID": 597271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5969", "title": "The inhibition of lipid autoxidation by human caeruloplasmin.", "content": "1. Purified caeruloplasmin was shown to inhibit lipid autoxidation induced by ascorbic acid or inorganic iron in the following systems: (a) an emulsion of linolenic acid in water; (b) an untreated ox brain homogenate in phosphate buffer; (c) a similar homogenate whose susceptibility to autoxidation had been abolished by dialysis or by heating and then restored by the above pro-oxidants. 2. The optimum conditions for this antioxidant activity were studied. 3. Caeruloplasmin did not inhibit autoxidation by u.v. irradiation in dialysed or preheated homogenates. 4. The apoprotein (without copper) had no antioxidant activity, whereas CuSO4 alone was much less effective as an antioxidant. 5. Iron-free transferrin also had some antioxidant activity.", "contents": "The inhibition of lipid autoxidation by human caeruloplasmin. 1. Purified caeruloplasmin was shown to inhibit lipid autoxidation induced by ascorbic acid or inorganic iron in the following systems: (a) an emulsion of linolenic acid in water; (b) an untreated ox brain homogenate in phosphate buffer; (c) a similar homogenate whose susceptibility to autoxidation had been abolished by dialysis or by heating and then restored by the above pro-oxidants. 2. The optimum conditions for this antioxidant activity were studied. 3. Caeruloplasmin did not inhibit autoxidation by u.v. irradiation in dialysed or preheated homogenates. 4. The apoprotein (without copper) had no antioxidant activity, whereas CuSO4 alone was much less effective as an antioxidant. 5. Iron-free transferrin also had some antioxidant activity.", "PMID": 597272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5970", "title": "Incorporation of D-glucose-, L-alanine- and phosphate-transport systems from rat renal brush-border membranes into liposomes.", "content": "An extract of soluble proteins was prepared from a rat kidney brush-border membranes by Triton X-100 solubilization followed by centrifugation for 1 h at 100000g. Its protein composition was markedly different from that of the brush-border membranes. Proteoliposomes were formed by co-sonication of the Triton X-100-free extract with a naturally occurring mixture of phospholipids extracted from rat kidney. These proteoliposomes were shown to contain Na+-stimulated D-glucose-, L-alanine- and phosphate-transport systems.", "contents": "Incorporation of D-glucose-, L-alanine- and phosphate-transport systems from rat renal brush-border membranes into liposomes. An extract of soluble proteins was prepared from a rat kidney brush-border membranes by Triton X-100 solubilization followed by centrifugation for 1 h at 100000g. Its protein composition was markedly different from that of the brush-border membranes. Proteoliposomes were formed by co-sonication of the Triton X-100-free extract with a naturally occurring mixture of phospholipids extracted from rat kidney. These proteoliposomes were shown to contain Na+-stimulated D-glucose-, L-alanine- and phosphate-transport systems.", "PMID": 597273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5971", "title": "alpha-Pinene metabolism by Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "By using metabolically altered mutants and acrylate, novel putative intermediates of alpha-pinene metabolism by Pseudomonas putida PIN11 were detected. They were characterized as 3-isopropylbut-3-enoic acid and (zeta)-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid.", "contents": "alpha-Pinene metabolism by Pseudomonas putida. By using metabolically altered mutants and acrylate, novel putative intermediates of alpha-pinene metabolism by Pseudomonas putida PIN11 were detected. They were characterized as 3-isopropylbut-3-enoic acid and (zeta)-2-methyl-5-isopropylhexa-2,5-dienoic acid.", "PMID": 597274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5972", "title": "A comparison of the effects of prednisolone and methylprednisolone on human lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "Methylprednisolone is more effective than prednisolone in mediating long-term cytolysis and immediate inhibition of nucleoside uptake in human lymphoblastoid cells. This suggests that methylation of prednisolone makes it more potent by aiding interaction with a cellular target rather than increasing its stability.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of prednisolone and methylprednisolone on human lymphoblastoid cells. Methylprednisolone is more effective than prednisolone in mediating long-term cytolysis and immediate inhibition of nucleoside uptake in human lymphoblastoid cells. This suggests that methylation of prednisolone makes it more potent by aiding interaction with a cellular target rather than increasing its stability.", "PMID": 597275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5973", "title": "Metabolic intermediates, enzymes and lysosomal activity in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Metabolic intermediate levels, glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities and lysosomal acid hydrolase activities were measured in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) versus normotensive (WKY) rats. In the hypertensive aortas the level of lactate, the ratio of lactate to glucose and of lactate to malate was higher in the SHR than WKY aortas. In the hypertensive aortas the obvious shift of metabolism toward higher rate of glycolysis was associated with decreased activity of malate dehydrogenase and espically of lipoamide dehydrogenase. The latter is an essential compoenent of the alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complexes and it appears that these complexes are among the sites of arterialmetavolism which are primarily altered by the elevated blood pressure, resulting in increased production of lactate. The activity of the marker lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was unequivocally elevated in the hypertensive aortas. The activity of beta-glucuronidase exhibited incogruous differences between the SHR and WKY aortas and the activity of aortic acid phosphatase did not differ in the two rat strains. The results are discussed in relation to arterial injury, permeability, and atherogenesis.", "contents": "Metabolic intermediates, enzymes and lysosomal activity in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metabolic intermediate levels, glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities and lysosomal acid hydrolase activities were measured in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) versus normotensive (WKY) rats. In the hypertensive aortas the level of lactate, the ratio of lactate to glucose and of lactate to malate was higher in the SHR than WKY aortas. In the hypertensive aortas the obvious shift of metabolism toward higher rate of glycolysis was associated with decreased activity of malate dehydrogenase and espically of lipoamide dehydrogenase. The latter is an essential compoenent of the alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complexes and it appears that these complexes are among the sites of arterialmetavolism which are primarily altered by the elevated blood pressure, resulting in increased production of lactate. The activity of the marker lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was unequivocally elevated in the hypertensive aortas. The activity of beta-glucuronidase exhibited incogruous differences between the SHR and WKY aortas and the activity of aortic acid phosphatase did not differ in the two rat strains. The results are discussed in relation to arterial injury, permeability, and atherogenesis.", "PMID": 597342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5974", "title": "Role of complement in thrombogenesis. I. Complement-dependent coagulation in a model system.", "content": "Chondroitin sulphate was used to isolate from plasma a system that clotted with Russell's viper venom, brain extract and activated contact factors. Clotting appeared to depend on concomitant change in C4, C3 and C1s in the system. Brain extract additionally reacted with C9. Reconstitution of specifically defective plasmas suggested a specific role for each of these complement components in clotting.", "contents": "Role of complement in thrombogenesis. I. Complement-dependent coagulation in a model system. Chondroitin sulphate was used to isolate from plasma a system that clotted with Russell's viper venom, brain extract and activated contact factors. Clotting appeared to depend on concomitant change in C4, C3 and C1s in the system. Brain extract additionally reacted with C9. Reconstitution of specifically defective plasmas suggested a specific role for each of these complement components in clotting.", "PMID": 597343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5975", "title": "Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance.", "content": "We have evaluated the efficacy of plant sterol preparations from two different sources and in two different physical forms in lowering the plasma cholesterol of a total of 46 patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia when given in addition to appropriate diet therapy. In addition, the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolemic effect were investigated in 7 patients by a sterol balance technique. The maximal mean cholesterol lowering in response to any preparation was 12 percent, although it was much greater in some individual patients. Sterol balance data showed that plant sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption with maximal negative cholesterol balance in adults at a dose of 3 g/day of a tall oil sterol suspension. Interestingly, maximal plasma cholesterol reduction in the adult outpatients on this preparation was seen at the same dose level. Since the tall oil sterol suspension is relatively palatable and is poorly absorbed, it has potential value as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia for whom long-term drug therapy is deemed advisable.", "contents": "Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. We have evaluated the efficacy of plant sterol preparations from two different sources and in two different physical forms in lowering the plasma cholesterol of a total of 46 patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia when given in addition to appropriate diet therapy. In addition, the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolemic effect were investigated in 7 patients by a sterol balance technique. The maximal mean cholesterol lowering in response to any preparation was 12 percent, although it was much greater in some individual patients. Sterol balance data showed that plant sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption with maximal negative cholesterol balance in adults at a dose of 3 g/day of a tall oil sterol suspension. Interestingly, maximal plasma cholesterol reduction in the adult outpatients on this preparation was seen at the same dose level. Since the tall oil sterol suspension is relatively palatable and is poorly absorbed, it has potential value as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia for whom long-term drug therapy is deemed advisable.", "PMID": 597345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5976", "title": "Occurrence of individual trans-isomeric fatty acids in human myocardium, jejunum and aorta in relation to different degrees of atherosclerosis.", "content": "With the aid of a highly selective capillary column coated with SP 2340, individual trans-fatty acids were identified in all tissue samples studied, the values being unrelated to the degree of atherosclerosis. The mean values of total trans-acids present in human myocardium, jejunum and aorta amounted to less than 1% of the total fatty acids. The trans-acid content was composed of traces of 9-trans-tetradecenoic acid and nearly equal amounts of 9-trans-hexadecenoate and trans-octadecenoate, the double bond in the latter occurring in the delta6, delta9 and delta11 positions. 9-trans,12-trans-octadecadienoate or the corresponding mixed geometric isomers could not be identified in any sample. Additionally, significant increases of 20:4c(n-6), 22:4c(n-6) and 22:6c(n-3) acids were measured in the myocardium of patients who had died from severe atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries. The atherosclerosis was not attributable to different dietary habits, as judged from the content of linoleic acid in their adipose tissue.", "contents": "Occurrence of individual trans-isomeric fatty acids in human myocardium, jejunum and aorta in relation to different degrees of atherosclerosis. With the aid of a highly selective capillary column coated with SP 2340, individual trans-fatty acids were identified in all tissue samples studied, the values being unrelated to the degree of atherosclerosis. The mean values of total trans-acids present in human myocardium, jejunum and aorta amounted to less than 1% of the total fatty acids. The trans-acid content was composed of traces of 9-trans-tetradecenoic acid and nearly equal amounts of 9-trans-hexadecenoate and trans-octadecenoate, the double bond in the latter occurring in the delta6, delta9 and delta11 positions. 9-trans,12-trans-octadecadienoate or the corresponding mixed geometric isomers could not be identified in any sample. Additionally, significant increases of 20:4c(n-6), 22:4c(n-6) and 22:6c(n-3) acids were measured in the myocardium of patients who had died from severe atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries. The atherosclerosis was not attributable to different dietary habits, as judged from the content of linoleic acid in their adipose tissue.", "PMID": 597347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5977", "title": "Regression of atheroma in the rabbit.", "content": "Ten studies in the literature concerning regression of rabbit atheroma were re-examined. In studies where cholesterol content was referred to weight, a degree of regression was noted in 3/4 studies. Such regression might at least partly have resulted from the dilution effect of the atheroma contents when results were expressed on a weight basis. By contrast, when results were referred to length or protein, partial regression was seen in only 1/4 studies. Mild atheroma induced by short-term cholesterol feeding did seem to regress in 2/2 studies.", "contents": "Regression of atheroma in the rabbit. Ten studies in the literature concerning regression of rabbit atheroma were re-examined. In studies where cholesterol content was referred to weight, a degree of regression was noted in 3/4 studies. Such regression might at least partly have resulted from the dilution effect of the atheroma contents when results were expressed on a weight basis. By contrast, when results were referred to length or protein, partial regression was seen in only 1/4 studies. Mild atheroma induced by short-term cholesterol feeding did seem to regress in 2/2 studies.", "PMID": 597348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5978", "title": "Serum lipids and coronary heart disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in the Hokuriku District of Japan.", "content": "The serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the incidence of ischemic heart disease were studied in 122 (55 men and 67 women) consecutive heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients in the Hokuriku district of Japan. (1) The mean +/-SD of serum cholesterol level was 354.0 +/- 71.0 mg/100 ml, which was lower than those of the Western countries by about 60--70 mg/100 ml. (2) The mean +/-SD of serum triglyceride level was 116.5 +/- 54.0 mg/100 ml. (3) The average serum cholesterol values in the 20--50-year-old group showed no differences from those of the Western countries. However, in the above 50 years of age group the serum cholesterol levels were much lower than those in the United States. (4) The occurrence of ischemic heart disease in 83 heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients was 43.3%. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 20.5%. Thus, familial hypercholesterolemia is as highly atherogenic as that of the Western countries even in Japan where the low incidence of coronary heart disease in the general population has been attributed to the low level of serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Serum lipids and coronary heart disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in the Hokuriku District of Japan. The serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the incidence of ischemic heart disease were studied in 122 (55 men and 67 women) consecutive heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients in the Hokuriku district of Japan. (1) The mean +/-SD of serum cholesterol level was 354.0 +/- 71.0 mg/100 ml, which was lower than those of the Western countries by about 60--70 mg/100 ml. (2) The mean +/-SD of serum triglyceride level was 116.5 +/- 54.0 mg/100 ml. (3) The average serum cholesterol values in the 20--50-year-old group showed no differences from those of the Western countries. However, in the above 50 years of age group the serum cholesterol levels were much lower than those in the United States. (4) The occurrence of ischemic heart disease in 83 heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients was 43.3%. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 20.5%. Thus, familial hypercholesterolemia is as highly atherogenic as that of the Western countries even in Japan where the low incidence of coronary heart disease in the general population has been attributed to the low level of serum cholesterol.", "PMID": 597349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5979", "title": "Removal of fatty acid labelled cholesterol ester, phospholipid and triglyceride from atherosclerotic rabbit aorta in vitro.", "content": "An organ culture technique was used to investigate the removal of fatty acids incorporated into various lipid fractions in intimal segments of atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Segments of aorta were pulse-labelled in vitro with [9,10-3H]oleic acid and [1-14C]linoleic acid for 24 h. The incubation medium was replaced with non-radioactive medium and the removal of the endogenously labelled phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester was followed for a further period of 10 days. Fatty acids incorporated into phospholipid and triglyceride were removed rapidly from the aortic intima, with fractional half-times of 4--5 days. Cholesterol ester fatty acids were removed more slowly from the aortic intima with fractional half-times of 9--12 days. When the removal rate of oleic acid incorporated into phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester was compared with that of linoleic acid incorporated into the same lipid fractions, no difference between removal of the two fatty acids could be detected with respect to any of the 3 lipid fractions.", "contents": "Removal of fatty acid labelled cholesterol ester, phospholipid and triglyceride from atherosclerotic rabbit aorta in vitro. An organ culture technique was used to investigate the removal of fatty acids incorporated into various lipid fractions in intimal segments of atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. Segments of aorta were pulse-labelled in vitro with [9,10-3H]oleic acid and [1-14C]linoleic acid for 24 h. The incubation medium was replaced with non-radioactive medium and the removal of the endogenously labelled phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester was followed for a further period of 10 days. Fatty acids incorporated into phospholipid and triglyceride were removed rapidly from the aortic intima, with fractional half-times of 4--5 days. Cholesterol ester fatty acids were removed more slowly from the aortic intima with fractional half-times of 9--12 days. When the removal rate of oleic acid incorporated into phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester was compared with that of linoleic acid incorporated into the same lipid fractions, no difference between removal of the two fatty acids could be detected with respect to any of the 3 lipid fractions.", "PMID": 597350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5980", "title": "Strain differences in response to dietary cholesterol by JAX rabbits: correlation with esterase patterns.", "content": "Six strains of genetically defined JAX rabbits were tested for their serum cholesterol levels (total and free) in response to a 0.5% cholesterol diet. Marked differences in response between the 6 strains were found. IIIVO/J and WH/J are low responding strains, X/J and ACEP/J are intermediate responding strains, and OS/J and AX/J are high responding strains. After 4 weeks of the cholesterol diet the total serum cholesterol level of the high responding AX/J strain was about 5-fold greater than the level of the low responding IIIVO/J strain. The esterified/total (E/T) ratio appeared to be higher in the high responding strains, indicating a synergistic effect in the process of atherosclerosis. The response of the individual rabbits to the cholesterol diet was compared with the patterns of serum and liver esterase zymograms. This comparison indicated a correlation of the dietary cholesterol susceptibility with the presence or absence of the esterase zones in the anodal, fast moving region of the gel.", "contents": "Strain differences in response to dietary cholesterol by JAX rabbits: correlation with esterase patterns. Six strains of genetically defined JAX rabbits were tested for their serum cholesterol levels (total and free) in response to a 0.5% cholesterol diet. Marked differences in response between the 6 strains were found. IIIVO/J and WH/J are low responding strains, X/J and ACEP/J are intermediate responding strains, and OS/J and AX/J are high responding strains. After 4 weeks of the cholesterol diet the total serum cholesterol level of the high responding AX/J strain was about 5-fold greater than the level of the low responding IIIVO/J strain. The esterified/total (E/T) ratio appeared to be higher in the high responding strains, indicating a synergistic effect in the process of atherosclerosis. The response of the individual rabbits to the cholesterol diet was compared with the patterns of serum and liver esterase zymograms. This comparison indicated a correlation of the dietary cholesterol susceptibility with the presence or absence of the esterase zones in the anodal, fast moving region of the gel.", "PMID": 597351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5981", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of augmented synthesis of cholesteryl ester in atherosclerotic rabbit aortic microsomes.", "content": "A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an abnormally high concentration of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in atherosclerotic microsomes is partly responsible for augmented esterification of cholesterol. We approached the problem indirectly by measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into cholesteryl ester from [1-14C]palmityl-CoA in normal microsomes after enrichment of their concentration of microsomal free cholesterol to levels characteristic of atherosclerotic microsomes. Elevation of free cholesterol content induced increased cholesterol esterification approximately linearly over the range studied. The cholesterol-esterifying activity of atherosclerotic microsomes was not greater than that of normal microsomes having the same concentration of cholesterol. The results suggest that, with acyl-CoA constant, augmented cholesterol esterification in atherosclerotic microsomes is an effect of high microsomal cholesterol concentrations and not due to an increase in the concentration of the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of augmented synthesis of cholesteryl ester in atherosclerotic rabbit aortic microsomes. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an abnormally high concentration of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in atherosclerotic microsomes is partly responsible for augmented esterification of cholesterol. We approached the problem indirectly by measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into cholesteryl ester from [1-14C]palmityl-CoA in normal microsomes after enrichment of their concentration of microsomal free cholesterol to levels characteristic of atherosclerotic microsomes. Elevation of free cholesterol content induced increased cholesterol esterification approximately linearly over the range studied. The cholesterol-esterifying activity of atherosclerotic microsomes was not greater than that of normal microsomes having the same concentration of cholesterol. The results suggest that, with acyl-CoA constant, augmented cholesterol esterification in atherosclerotic microsomes is an effect of high microsomal cholesterol concentrations and not due to an increase in the concentration of the enzyme.", "PMID": 597352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5982", "title": "Induction of aortic lipid deposition in a high-response (ExHC) rat fed a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid.", "content": "Male ExHC and Sprague--Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 3% cholesterol, 0.6% sodium cholate and 15% olive oil for 16 weeks. The ExHC rat is highly susceptible to dietary hypercholesterolemia. Aortas of the ExHC rats showed Sudan-stained deposits and cholesterol accumulation in the intima and media, whereas no deposited lipids were seen in those of the Sprague--Dawley rats. In male and female ExHC rats fed diets containing the above supplements at 3 dose levels, plasma cholesterol and aortic lipid deposition were found to be dose-dependent. Lipid deposition was more prominent in female than in males, but aortic intimal proliferation was absent.", "contents": "Induction of aortic lipid deposition in a high-response (ExHC) rat fed a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid. Male ExHC and Sprague--Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 3% cholesterol, 0.6% sodium cholate and 15% olive oil for 16 weeks. The ExHC rat is highly susceptible to dietary hypercholesterolemia. Aortas of the ExHC rats showed Sudan-stained deposits and cholesterol accumulation in the intima and media, whereas no deposited lipids were seen in those of the Sprague--Dawley rats. In male and female ExHC rats fed diets containing the above supplements at 3 dose levels, plasma cholesterol and aortic lipid deposition were found to be dose-dependent. Lipid deposition was more prominent in female than in males, but aortic intimal proliferation was absent.", "PMID": 597353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5983", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of arterial endothelial cells using vascular casts.", "content": "Vascular casts were made of rabbit aortas by infusing Batson's No. 17 anatomical corrosion compound into the artery at physiological pressure. The arterial tissue was then digested with sodium hydroxide and the cast viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Outlines of the endothelial cells and their silver stained boundaries were clearly visible. Cell nuclei and fine surface detail were also discernible. In EDTA damaged arteries, injured endothelial cells and platelets could also be observed in the vascular casts.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of arterial endothelial cells using vascular casts. Vascular casts were made of rabbit aortas by infusing Batson's No. 17 anatomical corrosion compound into the artery at physiological pressure. The arterial tissue was then digested with sodium hydroxide and the cast viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Outlines of the endothelial cells and their silver stained boundaries were clearly visible. Cell nuclei and fine surface detail were also discernible. In EDTA damaged arteries, injured endothelial cells and platelets could also be observed in the vascular casts.", "PMID": 597354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5984", "title": "Calculation of the individual and population doses on Danish territory resulting from hypothetical core-melt accidents at the Barseb\u00e4ck reactor.", "content": "Individual and population doses on Danish territory are calculated from hypothetical, severe core-melt accidents at the Swedish nuclear plant at Barseb\u00e4ck. The release fractions for these accidents are taken from WASH-1400. Based on parametric studies, doses are calculated for very unfavourable, but not incredible weather conditions. The probability of such conditions in combination with wind direction towards Danish territory is estimated. Doses to bone marrow, lungs, GI-tract and thyroid are calculated using dose models developed at Ris\u00f8. These doses are found to be consistent with doses calculated with the models used in WASH-1400.", "contents": "Calculation of the individual and population doses on Danish territory resulting from hypothetical core-melt accidents at the Barseb\u00e4ck reactor. Individual and population doses on Danish territory are calculated from hypothetical, severe core-melt accidents at the Swedish nuclear plant at Barseb\u00e4ck. The release fractions for these accidents are taken from WASH-1400. Based on parametric studies, doses are calculated for very unfavourable, but not incredible weather conditions. The probability of such conditions in combination with wind direction towards Danish territory is estimated. Doses to bone marrow, lungs, GI-tract and thyroid are calculated using dose models developed at Ris\u00f8. These doses are found to be consistent with doses calculated with the models used in WASH-1400.", "PMID": 597357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5985", "title": "Structural basis for aconitase activity inactivation by butanedione and binding of substrates and inhibitors.", "content": "Aconitase (citrate(isocitrate)hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) prior to activation demonstrates a single binding site for substrates and inhibitors. On the basis of kinetic experiments, at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C, with monomeric butanedione in borate, this binding site was found to contain a single arginine residue. Dissociation constants at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C, determined from inhibitory effects on butanedione inactivation rates are: citrate, 0.74 mM; D-isocitrate, 0.33 mM: cis-aconitate, 0.52 mM; tricarballytate, 0.42 mM; trans-aconitate, 0.025 mM. Corresponding dissociation constants for the active enzyme are: tricarballylate, 0.39 mM; trans-aconitate, 0.14 mM. Active site Fe2+ added to the enzyme on activation is therefore not required for binding. Km values are: citrate, 0.23 mM and cis-aconitate 0.012 mM. Binding to active enzyme is considered to be transition state binding.", "contents": "Structural basis for aconitase activity inactivation by butanedione and binding of substrates and inhibitors. Aconitase (citrate(isocitrate)hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) prior to activation demonstrates a single binding site for substrates and inhibitors. On the basis of kinetic experiments, at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C, with monomeric butanedione in borate, this binding site was found to contain a single arginine residue. Dissociation constants at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C, determined from inhibitory effects on butanedione inactivation rates are: citrate, 0.74 mM; D-isocitrate, 0.33 mM: cis-aconitate, 0.52 mM; tricarballytate, 0.42 mM; trans-aconitate, 0.025 mM. Corresponding dissociation constants for the active enzyme are: tricarballylate, 0.39 mM; trans-aconitate, 0.14 mM. Active site Fe2+ added to the enzyme on activation is therefore not required for binding. Km values are: citrate, 0.23 mM and cis-aconitate 0.012 mM. Binding to active enzyme is considered to be transition state binding.", "PMID": 597359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5986", "title": "Purification of commercial acriflavine by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography.", "content": "Acriflavine supplies commercially was purified by removing contaminating proflavine by chromatography on a column of Sephadex LH-20 eluded with 65% methanol. The purified acriflavine, recovered in a yield that was 52% of the theoretical maximum, had a visible absorption maximum of 452 nm with a band width of 47 nm. These spectral properties agreed with those of acriflavine purified by precipitation, repeated recrystallization and chromatography on aluminum oxide, which results in a yield of 13% at best.", "contents": "Purification of commercial acriflavine by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Acriflavine supplies commercially was purified by removing contaminating proflavine by chromatography on a column of Sephadex LH-20 eluded with 65% methanol. The purified acriflavine, recovered in a yield that was 52% of the theoretical maximum, had a visible absorption maximum of 452 nm with a band width of 47 nm. These spectral properties agreed with those of acriflavine purified by precipitation, repeated recrystallization and chromatography on aluminum oxide, which results in a yield of 13% at best.", "PMID": 597361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5987", "title": "Use of high dose corticosteroids in patients with inoperable brain tumours.", "content": "Eleven patients with inoperable brain tumours were treated with high doses of corticosteroids (methylprednisolone 200-2000 mg/day) for up to 151 days (mean 55 days). Neurological improvement occurred in eight patients on high doses after deterioration on concentional doses (methylprednisolone 80-120 mg/day). In two patients steroids could be completely discontinued for several months. Serious adverse effects included sepsis in three patients and myopathy in tow. All three patients with sepsis also received chemotherapy. There were no deaths that could be attributed to steroids. The most likely effect of high dosage steroids is reduction of cerebral oedema. It is conceivable that in some instances high dose steroids may also result in tumour inhibition or oncolysis or both.", "contents": "Use of high dose corticosteroids in patients with inoperable brain tumours. Eleven patients with inoperable brain tumours were treated with high doses of corticosteroids (methylprednisolone 200-2000 mg/day) for up to 151 days (mean 55 days). Neurological improvement occurred in eight patients on high doses after deterioration on concentional doses (methylprednisolone 80-120 mg/day). In two patients steroids could be completely discontinued for several months. Serious adverse effects included sepsis in three patients and myopathy in tow. All three patients with sepsis also received chemotherapy. There were no deaths that could be attributed to steroids. The most likely effect of high dosage steroids is reduction of cerebral oedema. It is conceivable that in some instances high dose steroids may also result in tumour inhibition or oncolysis or both.", "PMID": 597362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5988", "title": "Increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma with hypertension.", "content": "Of 276 patients who underwent evaluation to determine the cause of hypertension 2 were found to have unsuspected renal cell carcinoma. This prevalence of 0.73 per cent is 16 times higher than expected for an age-matched population. Both patients exhibited abnormalities of plasma renin activity before radical nephrectomy but they remained hypertensive postoperatively. The data suggest an unexplained association between hypertension and renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, abnormalities on excretory urograms in hypertensive people should be defined by selective renal arteriography.", "contents": "Increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma with hypertension. Of 276 patients who underwent evaluation to determine the cause of hypertension 2 were found to have unsuspected renal cell carcinoma. This prevalence of 0.73 per cent is 16 times higher than expected for an age-matched population. Both patients exhibited abnormalities of plasma renin activity before radical nephrectomy but they remained hypertensive postoperatively. The data suggest an unexplained association between hypertension and renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, abnormalities on excretory urograms in hypertensive people should be defined by selective renal arteriography.", "PMID": 597363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5989", "title": "Early detection of colonic neoplasia in patients at high risk.", "content": "An abnormal zone of DNA synthesis at the surface and upper portion of colonic crypts has been thought to be related to future adenomatous polyp development and to express a regulatory defect in the mechanism that normally terminates synthesis in the upper third. As part of a screening program for early colon cancer detection, patients over 40 years of age found to have occult blood in their stool (Ho+) are evaluated by barium enema and colonscopy as well as isotopic incorporation studies of biopsy and lavage specimens. This proliferative abnormality occurred most frequently among patients with an adenoma or adenocarcinoma although the frequency varied among simultaneous biopsies from the same patient. Specimens from Ho+ patients with a tumor often contained small areas of focal atypism in the biopsy or fragments of atypical epithelial cells in the lavage sample. A small group of Ho+ patients in whom no overt neoplasm could be detected also demonstrated surface-labeled epithelial cells with morphological alteration of these cells. Based on the microscopic findings presented, continued surveillance of these patients is suggested, as well as extension of these studies to include other high risk groups.", "contents": "Early detection of colonic neoplasia in patients at high risk. An abnormal zone of DNA synthesis at the surface and upper portion of colonic crypts has been thought to be related to future adenomatous polyp development and to express a regulatory defect in the mechanism that normally terminates synthesis in the upper third. As part of a screening program for early colon cancer detection, patients over 40 years of age found to have occult blood in their stool (Ho+) are evaluated by barium enema and colonscopy as well as isotopic incorporation studies of biopsy and lavage specimens. This proliferative abnormality occurred most frequently among patients with an adenoma or adenocarcinoma although the frequency varied among simultaneous biopsies from the same patient. Specimens from Ho+ patients with a tumor often contained small areas of focal atypism in the biopsy or fragments of atypical epithelial cells in the lavage sample. A small group of Ho+ patients in whom no overt neoplasm could be detected also demonstrated surface-labeled epithelial cells with morphological alteration of these cells. Based on the microscopic findings presented, continued surveillance of these patients is suggested, as well as extension of these studies to include other high risk groups.", "PMID": 597371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5990", "title": "Pleural fluid complement, complement conversion, and immune complexes in immunologic and nonimmunologic diseases.", "content": "Forty-four pleural fluids and 41 blood specimens from patients with various diseases were examined for concentration of whole complement, C4, C3, conversion products of C3 and C3PA, and immune complexes. C3 conversion was found in all eight pleural fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, five of seven with lupus erythematosus, two of six with congestive heart failure, and nine of 23 with malignant diseases. Conversion of C3PA correlated closely with C3 conversion and both were significantly inversely related to whole complement, C4, and C3. Concentration of immune complexes was highest in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pleural fluid immune complex concentrations correlated positively with conversion of C3 and C3PA. These findings suggest that the reduced levels of pleural fluid complement in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus may be secondary to complement conversion by immune complexes.", "contents": "Pleural fluid complement, complement conversion, and immune complexes in immunologic and nonimmunologic diseases. Forty-four pleural fluids and 41 blood specimens from patients with various diseases were examined for concentration of whole complement, C4, C3, conversion products of C3 and C3PA, and immune complexes. C3 conversion was found in all eight pleural fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, five of seven with lupus erythematosus, two of six with congestive heart failure, and nine of 23 with malignant diseases. Conversion of C3PA correlated closely with C3 conversion and both were significantly inversely related to whole complement, C4, and C3. Concentration of immune complexes was highest in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pleural fluid immune complex concentrations correlated positively with conversion of C3 and C3PA. These findings suggest that the reduced levels of pleural fluid complement in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus may be secondary to complement conversion by immune complexes.", "PMID": 597373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5991", "title": "DDVP (dichlorvos) detoxification by binding and interactions with DDT, dieldrin, and malaoxon.", "content": "Binding to tissue carboxylesterases has been suggested as an important mechanism of detoxification for several organophosphates. In this study DDVP, malaoxon, and paraoxon were inactivated, in vitro, by mouse liver under assay conditions that were consistent with a binding mechanism of inactivation. Binding of the three organophosphates was inhibited in livers of mice pretreated, 18 hr before sacrifice, with TOTP (triorthotolyl phosphate, 125 mg/kg, ip). Previous studies have shown that similar TOTP treatment enhanced the toxicity of malaoxon and paraoxon but did not alter the toxicity of DDVP. Both DDT (50 mg/kg, ip, given 4, 3.5, and 2.5 days before sacrifice) and dieldrin (16 mg/kg, po, given 4 days before sacrifice) increased liver/body weight ratios and decreased the duration of pentobarbital-induced loss of righting ability. Dieldrin increased liver carboxylesterase activity and liver binding of malaoxon and paraoxon but not of DDVP. In contrast, DDT did not increase liver carboxylesterase activity nor did it increase binding of malaoxon or paraoxon. Yet DDT pretreatment increased mouse liver binding of DDVP. Neither DDT nor dieldrin pretreatments altered the toxicity of subsequently administered DDVP. These results support the hypothesis that carboxylesterase binding does not represent an important mechanism for DDVP detoxification in the mouse. In other experiments, in vitro inactivation of malaoxon by binding was inhibited in livers of mice given DDVP (30 mg/kg, ip) 30 min before sacrifice. Similar DDVP pretreatment potentiated the anticholinesterase action of malaoxon (10 mg/kg, ip). Thus, even though DDVP toxicity was not altered by DDT- or dieldrin-induced changes in organophosphate binding, DDVP inhibited malaoxon binding and increased malaoxon toxicity.", "contents": "DDVP (dichlorvos) detoxification by binding and interactions with DDT, dieldrin, and malaoxon. Binding to tissue carboxylesterases has been suggested as an important mechanism of detoxification for several organophosphates. In this study DDVP, malaoxon, and paraoxon were inactivated, in vitro, by mouse liver under assay conditions that were consistent with a binding mechanism of inactivation. Binding of the three organophosphates was inhibited in livers of mice pretreated, 18 hr before sacrifice, with TOTP (triorthotolyl phosphate, 125 mg/kg, ip). Previous studies have shown that similar TOTP treatment enhanced the toxicity of malaoxon and paraoxon but did not alter the toxicity of DDVP. Both DDT (50 mg/kg, ip, given 4, 3.5, and 2.5 days before sacrifice) and dieldrin (16 mg/kg, po, given 4 days before sacrifice) increased liver/body weight ratios and decreased the duration of pentobarbital-induced loss of righting ability. Dieldrin increased liver carboxylesterase activity and liver binding of malaoxon and paraoxon but not of DDVP. In contrast, DDT did not increase liver carboxylesterase activity nor did it increase binding of malaoxon or paraoxon. Yet DDT pretreatment increased mouse liver binding of DDVP. Neither DDT nor dieldrin pretreatments altered the toxicity of subsequently administered DDVP. These results support the hypothesis that carboxylesterase binding does not represent an important mechanism for DDVP detoxification in the mouse. In other experiments, in vitro inactivation of malaoxon by binding was inhibited in livers of mice given DDVP (30 mg/kg, ip) 30 min before sacrifice. Similar DDVP pretreatment potentiated the anticholinesterase action of malaoxon (10 mg/kg, ip). Thus, even though DDVP toxicity was not altered by DDT- or dieldrin-induced changes in organophosphate binding, DDVP inhibited malaoxon binding and increased malaoxon toxicity.", "PMID": 597376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5992", "title": "Ventilatory effects accompanying spontaneous movement in the suckling opossum.", "content": "To determine whether spontaneous movement was associated with an organized respiratory response during early stages of mammalian development, we studied immature suckling opossums (Didelphis virginiana) between 30 and 60 days of age. Rate and depth of breathing were measured using pressure plethysmography and movement was assessed using electromyography of neck muscles. During air-breathing as well as during ventilatory chemostimulation with hypoxic, hypercapnic, and asphyxiant test gases, the onset of spontaneous movement was often marked by an increase in minute-ventilation, dominated by an increase in breathing frequency. In the absence of respiratory irregularities, ventilation and breathing frequency remained elevated throughout an episode of movement. After decerebration at the midcollicular level, the onset of spontaneous movement was accompanied by respiratory effects similar to those found in the intact preparation. The ventilation response with spontaneous movement contrasted to results during venilatory chemostimulation at rest, where increases in breathing resulted primarily from increases in tidal volume. It is concluded that a hyperpnea with spontaneous movement is present in the suckling opossum, and that the effect is primarily organized in the lower brainstem.", "contents": "Ventilatory effects accompanying spontaneous movement in the suckling opossum. To determine whether spontaneous movement was associated with an organized respiratory response during early stages of mammalian development, we studied immature suckling opossums (Didelphis virginiana) between 30 and 60 days of age. Rate and depth of breathing were measured using pressure plethysmography and movement was assessed using electromyography of neck muscles. During air-breathing as well as during ventilatory chemostimulation with hypoxic, hypercapnic, and asphyxiant test gases, the onset of spontaneous movement was often marked by an increase in minute-ventilation, dominated by an increase in breathing frequency. In the absence of respiratory irregularities, ventilation and breathing frequency remained elevated throughout an episode of movement. After decerebration at the midcollicular level, the onset of spontaneous movement was accompanied by respiratory effects similar to those found in the intact preparation. The ventilation response with spontaneous movement contrasted to results during venilatory chemostimulation at rest, where increases in breathing resulted primarily from increases in tidal volume. It is concluded that a hyperpnea with spontaneous movement is present in the suckling opossum, and that the effect is primarily organized in the lower brainstem.", "PMID": 597380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5993", "title": "Heterakidosis and nodular granulomas caused by Heterakis isolonche in the ceca of gallinaceous birds.", "content": "Five pheasants and two ocellated turkeys from the San Diego Zoological Garden had multiple cecal nodules. These nodules were composed mostly of granulomas and fibrous hyperplastic tissue associated with Heterakis isolonche.", "contents": "Heterakidosis and nodular granulomas caused by Heterakis isolonche in the ceca of gallinaceous birds. Five pheasants and two ocellated turkeys from the San Diego Zoological Garden had multiple cecal nodules. These nodules were composed mostly of granulomas and fibrous hyperplastic tissue associated with Heterakis isolonche.", "PMID": 597381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5994", "title": "Breast cancer and religion in greater Bombay women: an epidemiological study of 2130 women over a 9-year period.", "content": "The resident female population of Greater Bombay consists of women professing different religious faiths, between which the frequency of breast cancer varies to a great extent. During the 9-year period 1964 to 1972 inclusive, a total of 2130 women with breast cancer were seen, with break-down by religion as follows: Hindus (1259), Muslims (306), Christians (264), Parsi (Zoroastrians) (226), Jains (25), Buddhists (26) and others (24). The average annual age-adjusted (world population) incidence rates, however, were found to be 48.5 and 18.2 per 100,000 in the Parsis and non-Parsis respectively, with an average of 19.9 per 100,000 for the total population. For reasons not yet clear, in every age group the incidence rate in Parsis was 2 to 3 times higher than in the non-Parsis. Time-trend analyses of our data do not reveal any statistically significant increase or decrease in the incidence of breast cancer in any particular age group. Data from death certificates for the same 9-year period show that the age-adjusted mortality rate (world population) is 9.2 per 100,000/year.", "contents": "Breast cancer and religion in greater Bombay women: an epidemiological study of 2130 women over a 9-year period. The resident female population of Greater Bombay consists of women professing different religious faiths, between which the frequency of breast cancer varies to a great extent. During the 9-year period 1964 to 1972 inclusive, a total of 2130 women with breast cancer were seen, with break-down by religion as follows: Hindus (1259), Muslims (306), Christians (264), Parsi (Zoroastrians) (226), Jains (25), Buddhists (26) and others (24). The average annual age-adjusted (world population) incidence rates, however, were found to be 48.5 and 18.2 per 100,000 in the Parsis and non-Parsis respectively, with an average of 19.9 per 100,000 for the total population. For reasons not yet clear, in every age group the incidence rate in Parsis was 2 to 3 times higher than in the non-Parsis. Time-trend analyses of our data do not reveal any statistically significant increase or decrease in the incidence of breast cancer in any particular age group. Data from death certificates for the same 9-year period show that the age-adjusted mortality rate (world population) is 9.2 per 100,000/year.", "PMID": 597382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5995", "title": "Acute gastric dilatation associated with gastric volvulus in the guinea pig.", "content": "During an 18-month period, gastric dilatation was recognized in six guinea pigs from a colony with a monthly average of 253 animals. All of the affected guinea pigs were breeders and ranged in age from 8 to 26 months. Clinical signs were tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, and marked abdominal distention. Macroscopic lesions included gastric volvulus, gastric dilatation, and splenic congestion.", "contents": "Acute gastric dilatation associated with gastric volvulus in the guinea pig. During an 18-month period, gastric dilatation was recognized in six guinea pigs from a colony with a monthly average of 253 animals. All of the affected guinea pigs were breeders and ranged in age from 8 to 26 months. Clinical signs were tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, and marked abdominal distention. Macroscopic lesions included gastric volvulus, gastric dilatation, and splenic congestion.", "PMID": 597385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5996", "title": "Basal cell nevus syndrome.", "content": "We report two patients with basal cell nevus syndrome. They had two previously unreported associated conditions--a myocardial fibroma and bilateral basal cell carcinomas of the soles of the feet. The syndrome is discussed, the literature is reviewed, and the management is outlined.", "contents": "Basal cell nevus syndrome. We report two patients with basal cell nevus syndrome. They had two previously unreported associated conditions--a myocardial fibroma and bilateral basal cell carcinomas of the soles of the feet. The syndrome is discussed, the literature is reviewed, and the management is outlined.", "PMID": 597387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5997", "title": "[Studies of influenza in Palermo, 1970-75].", "content": "Epidemiological surveillance of influenza was carried out in Palermo betwen 1970 and 1975. Antigenic structure of viral strains A/H3N2 isolated from influenza patients during winter outbreaks was studied in comparison with reference strains circulating in the same periods in other parts of the world. Antigenic drift of hemagglutinin, of neuraminidase, or of both, was observed in Palermo isolates, which were progressively different from Hong Kong/68 strain; 1973 and 1975 isolates were similar to A/England/72 and A/Port Chalmers/73. HI antibodies against Palermo isolates were titered in serum samples obtained from adults living in Palermo. Seronegativity for each strain progressively decreased from 1971 to 1975.", "contents": "[Studies of influenza in Palermo, 1970-75]. Epidemiological surveillance of influenza was carried out in Palermo betwen 1970 and 1975. Antigenic structure of viral strains A/H3N2 isolated from influenza patients during winter outbreaks was studied in comparison with reference strains circulating in the same periods in other parts of the world. Antigenic drift of hemagglutinin, of neuraminidase, or of both, was observed in Palermo isolates, which were progressively different from Hong Kong/68 strain; 1973 and 1975 isolates were similar to A/England/72 and A/Port Chalmers/73. HI antibodies against Palermo isolates were titered in serum samples obtained from adults living in Palermo. Seronegativity for each strain progressively decreased from 1971 to 1975.", "PMID": 597390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5998", "title": "[Optimal temperature of enzyme activity and heat resistance of neuraminidases as attenuation markers for influenza viruses].", "content": "Neuraminidase activity of virulent and vaccinal strains A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 assessed at different temperatures did not show significant differences in the temperature optima of enzyme activity. Vaccinal strains were attenuated by APR-8 recombination and selection of mutants resistant to serum inhibitors (Alice, RIT 4025, RIT 4050 strains). On the contrary, differences were found in the thermal inactivation of the neuraminidase between wild and vaccinal strains, the latter being more thermolabile. Increasing from 0.5 to 5.0 mM/1 the Ca++ concentration, an enhancement of the heat stability was observed, more marked for the attenuated strains. The amount of NANA released by 1 hemagglutinating unit varied widely between strains. To be pointed out, however, that within each antigenic variant the vaccinal strain showed a lower enzymatic activity than the corresponding wild strain.", "contents": "[Optimal temperature of enzyme activity and heat resistance of neuraminidases as attenuation markers for influenza viruses]. Neuraminidase activity of virulent and vaccinal strains A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 assessed at different temperatures did not show significant differences in the temperature optima of enzyme activity. Vaccinal strains were attenuated by APR-8 recombination and selection of mutants resistant to serum inhibitors (Alice, RIT 4025, RIT 4050 strains). On the contrary, differences were found in the thermal inactivation of the neuraminidase between wild and vaccinal strains, the latter being more thermolabile. Increasing from 0.5 to 5.0 mM/1 the Ca++ concentration, an enhancement of the heat stability was observed, more marked for the attenuated strains. The amount of NANA released by 1 hemagglutinating unit varied widely between strains. To be pointed out, however, that within each antigenic variant the vaccinal strain showed a lower enzymatic activity than the corresponding wild strain.", "PMID": 597391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_5999", "title": "[Studies of an epidemic episode of serous meningitis caused by ECHO-virus 30].", "content": "The Authors report an outbreak of ECHO 30 aseptic meningitis occurred in Marche and Umbria countries from November 1975 to June 1976. The clinic, epidemiologic characteristics and the serological and virological results of 28 cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies of an epidemic episode of serous meningitis caused by ECHO-virus 30]. The Authors report an outbreak of ECHO 30 aseptic meningitis occurred in Marche and Umbria countries from November 1975 to June 1976. The clinic, epidemiologic characteristics and the serological and virological results of 28 cases are discussed.", "PMID": 597392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6000", "title": "Leptospiras as causative organisms of meningitis.", "content": "Data concerning the incidence of meningeal syndromes during the course of leptospirosis are analyzed, in relation to the Italian epidemiological situation in the years 1973-1976. From this analysis, some characteristic aspects concerning meningitis from leptospiras emerge. Specifically: the remarkable frequency of meningeal syndromes in leptospirosis; the greater incidence of the syndrome among young people; the neurotropism common to all serotypes of leptospira observed in Italy. These data suggest to extend the search for leptospiroses in all forms of the so called aseptic meningitis in order to determine better the actual incidence of leptospiroses in meningeal syndromes.", "contents": "Leptospiras as causative organisms of meningitis. Data concerning the incidence of meningeal syndromes during the course of leptospirosis are analyzed, in relation to the Italian epidemiological situation in the years 1973-1976. From this analysis, some characteristic aspects concerning meningitis from leptospiras emerge. Specifically: the remarkable frequency of meningeal syndromes in leptospirosis; the greater incidence of the syndrome among young people; the neurotropism common to all serotypes of leptospira observed in Italy. These data suggest to extend the search for leptospiroses in all forms of the so called aseptic meningitis in order to determine better the actual incidence of leptospiroses in meningeal syndromes.", "PMID": 597393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6001", "title": "Environmental quality induced predicted by evolutionary theory.", "content": "The use of evolutionary theory to understand and predict environmental quality indices has been described. Three specific examples concerning the environmental health implications of black skin, heat stress adaptation, and G-6-PD deficiency have been discussed in which evolutionary theory provides the conceptual framework for novel insights and reasonable predictions of environment, pollutant and human interactions. The use of the evolutionary paradigm in the development of environmental quality indices offers a clear alternative to trial and error research efforts.", "contents": "Environmental quality induced predicted by evolutionary theory. The use of evolutionary theory to understand and predict environmental quality indices has been described. Three specific examples concerning the environmental health implications of black skin, heat stress adaptation, and G-6-PD deficiency have been discussed in which evolutionary theory provides the conceptual framework for novel insights and reasonable predictions of environment, pollutant and human interactions. The use of the evolutionary paradigm in the development of environmental quality indices offers a clear alternative to trial and error research efforts.", "PMID": 597389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6002", "title": "[Changes in the vaginal mucosal bacterial flora ecosystem during the menstrual cycle in women].", "content": "It was shown that bacteria of mucosae of higher organisms, mostly have specific receptors for chemical complementary structures of cell surface. On the other hand it is known already that vaginal flora changes during ovulation and afterwards, some infections begin and reveal during some periods of the ovulatory cycle. Therefore, it was studied the adherence of saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria to vaginal cell in different phases of the ovulatory cycle. It was shown that, during the cycle, the bacterial adherence changes because of environment modifications, caused by secretion under hormonal control.", "contents": "[Changes in the vaginal mucosal bacterial flora ecosystem during the menstrual cycle in women]. It was shown that bacteria of mucosae of higher organisms, mostly have specific receptors for chemical complementary structures of cell surface. On the other hand it is known already that vaginal flora changes during ovulation and afterwards, some infections begin and reveal during some periods of the ovulatory cycle. Therefore, it was studied the adherence of saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria to vaginal cell in different phases of the ovulatory cycle. It was shown that, during the cycle, the bacterial adherence changes because of environment modifications, caused by secretion under hormonal control.", "PMID": 597394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6003", "title": "Enhanced early response to tetanus toxoid, in rabbits.", "content": "AIPO4 adsorbed tetanus toxoid injected in rabbits according different vaccination schedules, gives rise to antibody responses with varying lag periods. Shortening the intervals among antigen injections, or increasing the quantity of toxoid per dose, makes it possible to reach protective serum antibody levels in 10 days. That is to say, in a period of time shorter than the mean tetanus incubation in man. Although difficult to transfer to man, the exposed data suggest a possible differentiated antitetanus vaccination in subjects at risk, non protected.", "contents": "Enhanced early response to tetanus toxoid, in rabbits. AIPO4 adsorbed tetanus toxoid injected in rabbits according different vaccination schedules, gives rise to antibody responses with varying lag periods. Shortening the intervals among antigen injections, or increasing the quantity of toxoid per dose, makes it possible to reach protective serum antibody levels in 10 days. That is to say, in a period of time shorter than the mean tetanus incubation in man. Although difficult to transfer to man, the exposed data suggest a possible differentiated antitetanus vaccination in subjects at risk, non protected.", "PMID": 597395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6004", "title": "IgG and C3 receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes in phagocytosis. Role of C3-receptors in the attachment and ingestion phases.", "content": "The role of IgG and complement (C3) receptors in the adhesion and ingestion phases of immune complexes by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were examined. The immune complexes were sheep red cells (E) sensitized with IgG (EA) or IgM antibodies plus complement (EAC'). Both types of receptor sites are involved in the adhesion phase. Moreover IgG receptors are primarily involved in the ingestion phase. Nevertheless even C3-receptors may be sufficient for complete phagocytosis. Even if EAC' adhesion was still high, C3-receptor specific phagocytosis decreased parallel with the amount of the complement used for EA19S sensibilization. The role of receptor sites on human PMN in adhesion and ingestion phases is discussed.", "contents": "IgG and C3 receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes in phagocytosis. Role of C3-receptors in the attachment and ingestion phases. The role of IgG and complement (C3) receptors in the adhesion and ingestion phases of immune complexes by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were examined. The immune complexes were sheep red cells (E) sensitized with IgG (EA) or IgM antibodies plus complement (EAC'). Both types of receptor sites are involved in the adhesion phase. Moreover IgG receptors are primarily involved in the ingestion phase. Nevertheless even C3-receptors may be sufficient for complete phagocytosis. Even if EAC' adhesion was still high, C3-receptor specific phagocytosis decreased parallel with the amount of the complement used for EA19S sensibilization. The role of receptor sites on human PMN in adhesion and ingestion phases is discussed.", "PMID": 597396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6005", "title": "[Evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response after administration of Salmonella antigens in patients with multiple myeloma].", "content": "Myeloma patients show an impairment of several immunological functions leading to infectious diseases. In this study we evaluated cell-mediated responsiveness in a group of these patients. Six myeloma patients received full doses of I.S.M. Enterovaccino. LIF production by peripheral blood lymphocytes against Salmonella antigens was evaluated after 14 days. All patients studied showed no LIF production.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response after administration of Salmonella antigens in patients with multiple myeloma]. Myeloma patients show an impairment of several immunological functions leading to infectious diseases. In this study we evaluated cell-mediated responsiveness in a group of these patients. Six myeloma patients received full doses of I.S.M. Enterovaccino. LIF production by peripheral blood lymphocytes against Salmonella antigens was evaluated after 14 days. All patients studied showed no LIF production.", "PMID": 597397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6006", "title": "[A case of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with presented remarkable enlargement during 13 years (author's transl)].", "content": "A 20-year-old man visited us complaining of head heaviness after he sustained a minor head injury at traffic accident. Although he showed no neurological deficits, the CT--SCAN (Fig. 2) revealed a high density area after contrast enhancement in the left frontal region. Left carotid angiography (Fig. 3) was carried out on admission, revealing a large AVM (3X5X4 cm) in the same area. As he had undergone craniotomy because of chronic subdural hematoma at the age of seven, the left carotid angiogram (Fig. 1) taken at that time was re-examined. It revealed no abnormal shadows suggesting the presence of the AVM. Since AVM is a congenital disease, the present large AVM is considered to have grown in size from the cryptic type for the past 13 years, escaping detection by the initial angiogram.", "contents": "[A case of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with presented remarkable enlargement during 13 years (author's transl)]. A 20-year-old man visited us complaining of head heaviness after he sustained a minor head injury at traffic accident. Although he showed no neurological deficits, the CT--SCAN (Fig. 2) revealed a high density area after contrast enhancement in the left frontal region. Left carotid angiography (Fig. 3) was carried out on admission, revealing a large AVM (3X5X4 cm) in the same area. As he had undergone craniotomy because of chronic subdural hematoma at the age of seven, the left carotid angiogram (Fig. 1) taken at that time was re-examined. It revealed no abnormal shadows suggesting the presence of the AVM. Since AVM is a congenital disease, the present large AVM is considered to have grown in size from the cryptic type for the past 13 years, escaping detection by the initial angiogram.", "PMID": 597448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6007", "title": "[Radiological anatomy of the anterior cerebral vein (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomy of the anterior cerebral vein is described with injection specimens. Radiological appearance of the anterior cerebral vein is illustrated with conventional angiograms. Stereoscopic films are indispensable to identify the anterior cerebral vein accurately. The anterior communicating vein or the distal end of the anterior cerebral vein indicates the anterior wall of the lower portion of the third ventricle. The anterior cerebral vein is very useful in defining the suprasellar extension of an intrasellar mass.", "contents": "[Radiological anatomy of the anterior cerebral vein (author's transl)]. The anatomy of the anterior cerebral vein is described with injection specimens. Radiological appearance of the anterior cerebral vein is illustrated with conventional angiograms. Stereoscopic films are indispensable to identify the anterior cerebral vein accurately. The anterior communicating vein or the distal end of the anterior cerebral vein indicates the anterior wall of the lower portion of the third ventricle. The anterior cerebral vein is very useful in defining the suprasellar extension of an intrasellar mass.", "PMID": 597449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6008", "title": "Inhibition of phagocytosis and glucose metabolism of alveolar macrophages during pulmonary tumour growth.", "content": "Alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic activity and glucose metabolism were evaluated during lung tumour growth in adult rats challenged i.v. with 10(5) viable Walker 256 tumour cells. Phagocytosis was estimated by the in vitro uptake of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa and glucose oxidation was evaluated by (14)CO(2) production from 1-(14)C-glucose. AM were harvested by lung lavage from rats prior to and at 7 and 21 days following i.v. tumour-cell challenge. Macroscopic lung tumour nodules were not observed by 7 days after tumour challenge. However, 3 weeks after tumour challenge, tumour nodules were clearly identifiable on the surfaces of the lungs. One week after the i.v. tumour challenge a marked increase in the number of AM was evident. The in vitro phagocytosis of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa was unaltered at that time, but became progressively depressed thereafter. Three weeks after tumour challenge, this decrease in phagocytic activity was evident when cells were incubated in normal serum, and was furtheri ntensified by serum obtained from tumour-bearing animals. Glucose oxidation by AM in either the resting condition or during bacterial phagocytosis was clearly decreased at both 1 and 3 weeks following i.v. tumour challenge. These findings indicate that the growth of pulmonary metastases is associated with a depression of alveolar macrophage bacterial phagocytic capacity, perturbations in serum opsonic activity and distinct alterations in macrophage energy metabolism. The metabolic dysfunction may impair pulmonary macrophage host defences against lung tumour growth.", "contents": "Inhibition of phagocytosis and glucose metabolism of alveolar macrophages during pulmonary tumour growth. Alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic activity and glucose metabolism were evaluated during lung tumour growth in adult rats challenged i.v. with 10(5) viable Walker 256 tumour cells. Phagocytosis was estimated by the in vitro uptake of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa and glucose oxidation was evaluated by (14)CO(2) production from 1-(14)C-glucose. AM were harvested by lung lavage from rats prior to and at 7 and 21 days following i.v. tumour-cell challenge. Macroscopic lung tumour nodules were not observed by 7 days after tumour challenge. However, 3 weeks after tumour challenge, tumour nodules were clearly identifiable on the surfaces of the lungs. One week after the i.v. tumour challenge a marked increase in the number of AM was evident. The in vitro phagocytosis of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa was unaltered at that time, but became progressively depressed thereafter. Three weeks after tumour challenge, this decrease in phagocytic activity was evident when cells were incubated in normal serum, and was furtheri ntensified by serum obtained from tumour-bearing animals. Glucose oxidation by AM in either the resting condition or during bacterial phagocytosis was clearly decreased at both 1 and 3 weeks following i.v. tumour challenge. These findings indicate that the growth of pulmonary metastases is associated with a depression of alveolar macrophage bacterial phagocytic capacity, perturbations in serum opsonic activity and distinct alterations in macrophage energy metabolism. The metabolic dysfunction may impair pulmonary macrophage host defences against lung tumour growth.", "PMID": 597470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6009", "title": "Detection of sensitized human blood lymphocytes by agglutination with basic peptides: a possible test for malignant disease.", "content": "A simple rapid micro-agglutination test for detecting sensitized lymphocytes from human peripheral blood is described: the poly-L-lysine (PLL) 3400 agglutination test of lymphocytes (PAL test). The incubation of lymphocytes from 30 cancer patients, 30 patients with non-malignant disease and 40 healthy controls with PLL (mol. wt 3400) is evaluated. The test was positive in 83 percent of malignant and 20 percent of non-malignant cases. All healthy controls were negative. Other peptides tested showed no significant difference in reaction between malignant and non-malignant diseases. The mechanism of detection of sensitized lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease through agglutination induced by PLL 3400 is discussed.", "contents": "Detection of sensitized human blood lymphocytes by agglutination with basic peptides: a possible test for malignant disease. A simple rapid micro-agglutination test for detecting sensitized lymphocytes from human peripheral blood is described: the poly-L-lysine (PLL) 3400 agglutination test of lymphocytes (PAL test). The incubation of lymphocytes from 30 cancer patients, 30 patients with non-malignant disease and 40 healthy controls with PLL (mol. wt 3400) is evaluated. The test was positive in 83 percent of malignant and 20 percent of non-malignant cases. All healthy controls were negative. Other peptides tested showed no significant difference in reaction between malignant and non-malignant diseases. The mechanism of detection of sensitized lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease through agglutination induced by PLL 3400 is discussed.", "PMID": 597471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6010", "title": "In vitro immune responses to PPD, extracts from Raji cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies in NPC leucocytes.", "content": "Peripheral leucocytes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and control subjects, which included healthy subjects and patients with other cancers, have been tested against PPD and a panel of extracts from Raji cells and pooled NPC biopsies, using the blast transformation and the macrophage migration inhibition assays. The results of both assays indicated that the in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to the Raji-cell extracts and NPC-biopsy extracts were associated with NPC. However, the peripheral leucocytes from NPC patients and control subjects responded similarly to PPD. These results are in general accord with the skin tests reported by Levine et al. (1976) and Ho, Ng and Kwan (1977b). The antigenic specificity of the NPC-associated CMI responses remains, however, to be resolved, as the extracts used in these or in the in vivo CMI studies were heterogeneous mixtures.", "contents": "In vitro immune responses to PPD, extracts from Raji cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies in NPC leucocytes. Peripheral leucocytes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and control subjects, which included healthy subjects and patients with other cancers, have been tested against PPD and a panel of extracts from Raji cells and pooled NPC biopsies, using the blast transformation and the macrophage migration inhibition assays. The results of both assays indicated that the in vitro cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to the Raji-cell extracts and NPC-biopsy extracts were associated with NPC. However, the peripheral leucocytes from NPC patients and control subjects responded similarly to PPD. These results are in general accord with the skin tests reported by Levine et al. (1976) and Ho, Ng and Kwan (1977b). The antigenic specificity of the NPC-associated CMI responses remains, however, to be resolved, as the extracts used in these or in the in vivo CMI studies were heterogeneous mixtures.", "PMID": 597472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6011", "title": "Lymphocyte function and response to chemo-immunotherapy in patients with metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with metastatic melanoma were investigated for lymphocyte function immediately prior to chemo-immunotherapy. The pre-treatment immune tests were compared with normal control values and with response to therapy. The \"non-responder\" group (but not \"responder\") had significantly reduced values for lymphocyte, null-cell and E-rosette-cell counts compared with controls. Lymphocytoxicity ( using a Chang target cell) showed the same pattern, with depression of direct and K-cell cytotoxic capacity in non-responders compared with controls. Eight patients were studied sequentially whilst on treatment, and demonstrated considerable change (not statistically significant) in lymphocytotoxicity, an untreated \"control\" patient showed little variation. \"Recall\"-antigen skin testing showed no statistically significant difference between the patient groups. The data indicate that \"non-T-cell activity\" may be associated with response to chemo-immunotherapy.", "contents": "Lymphocyte function and response to chemo-immunotherapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Thirty-eight patients with metastatic melanoma were investigated for lymphocyte function immediately prior to chemo-immunotherapy. The pre-treatment immune tests were compared with normal control values and with response to therapy. The \"non-responder\" group (but not \"responder\") had significantly reduced values for lymphocyte, null-cell and E-rosette-cell counts compared with controls. Lymphocytoxicity ( using a Chang target cell) showed the same pattern, with depression of direct and K-cell cytotoxic capacity in non-responders compared with controls. Eight patients were studied sequentially whilst on treatment, and demonstrated considerable change (not statistically significant) in lymphocytotoxicity, an untreated \"control\" patient showed little variation. \"Recall\"-antigen skin testing showed no statistically significant difference between the patient groups. The data indicate that \"non-T-cell activity\" may be associated with response to chemo-immunotherapy.", "PMID": 597473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6012", "title": "Mononuclear cell-membrane \"fluidity\": a study in some haematological malignancies.", "content": "The polarization of fluorescence from diphenyl hexatriene embedded in the membranes of intact peripheral-blood mononuclear cells has been measured and used to assess the \"microviscosity\" or fluidity of the membrane. Cell preparations were examined from patients with various types of leukaemia and related conditions in which circulating primitive cells may occur. Significantly lower fluorescence polarization values were obtained in all samples from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, but normal results were obtained in cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, myelosclerosis, solid lymphomas and in acute leukaemias in remission. In relapsed acute leukaemia, fluorescence polarization indicated reduced \"microviscosity\" of the cell membrane when large numbers (greater than 10(9)/1) of primitive cells were present; normal \"microviscosity\" was indicated when less than 10(9)/1 primitive cells were present. However, exceptions occurred in both cases, and the technique failed to give warning of imminent relapse in one case. Our findings suggest that a reduction in \"microviscosity\" as indicated by this technique is not a general property of the blood leucocytes in all types of leukaemia, and that the technique cannot, at present, be regarded as an alternative method for detecting circulating primitive cells.", "contents": "Mononuclear cell-membrane \"fluidity\": a study in some haematological malignancies. The polarization of fluorescence from diphenyl hexatriene embedded in the membranes of intact peripheral-blood mononuclear cells has been measured and used to assess the \"microviscosity\" or fluidity of the membrane. Cell preparations were examined from patients with various types of leukaemia and related conditions in which circulating primitive cells may occur. Significantly lower fluorescence polarization values were obtained in all samples from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, but normal results were obtained in cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, myelosclerosis, solid lymphomas and in acute leukaemias in remission. In relapsed acute leukaemia, fluorescence polarization indicated reduced \"microviscosity\" of the cell membrane when large numbers (greater than 10(9)/1) of primitive cells were present; normal \"microviscosity\" was indicated when less than 10(9)/1 primitive cells were present. However, exceptions occurred in both cases, and the technique failed to give warning of imminent relapse in one case. Our findings suggest that a reduction in \"microviscosity\" as indicated by this technique is not a general property of the blood leucocytes in all types of leukaemia, and that the technique cannot, at present, be regarded as an alternative method for detecting circulating primitive cells.", "PMID": 597474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6013", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on peripheral blood platelets.", "content": "The level of peripheral blood platelets was determined after i.v. injection of Corynebacterium parvum in normal C57BL mice and in those bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. Twenty minutes after injection of a formalin-killed active strain (CN6134, (CN6134, which inhibited tumour metastases) or a killed inactive strain (CN 5888, which did not inhibit metastases) the number of circulating blood platelets was reduced by 50%. The level of platelets returned to control values by 8 h after the active, and by approximately 3 days after the inactive strain. The active strain alone caused a second and prolonged fall in platelet numbers, from approximately 16 h to 21 days after injection. Heparin given 3 X weekly to these mice restored the platelet count to normal values by 10 days after injection of active-strain C. parvum. The level of platelets in tumour-bearing mice was essentially similar to that in normal mice. Possible causes of the thrombocytopenia and the significance of platelets in metastasis are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on peripheral blood platelets. The level of peripheral blood platelets was determined after i.v. injection of Corynebacterium parvum in normal C57BL mice and in those bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. Twenty minutes after injection of a formalin-killed active strain (CN6134, (CN6134, which inhibited tumour metastases) or a killed inactive strain (CN 5888, which did not inhibit metastases) the number of circulating blood platelets was reduced by 50%. The level of platelets returned to control values by 8 h after the active, and by approximately 3 days after the inactive strain. The active strain alone caused a second and prolonged fall in platelet numbers, from approximately 16 h to 21 days after injection. Heparin given 3 X weekly to these mice restored the platelet count to normal values by 10 days after injection of active-strain C. parvum. The level of platelets in tumour-bearing mice was essentially similar to that in normal mice. Possible causes of the thrombocytopenia and the significance of platelets in metastasis are discussed.", "PMID": 597475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6014", "title": "Nasopharyngeal cancer in a total population: selected clinical and epidemiological aspects.", "content": "A nationwide study of nasopharyngeal cancer in Israel, during a 9-year period (1960-68) demonstrated a mean annual incidence rate of 1.0 per 100,000 in males and 0.4 per 100,000 in females. Significantly higher incidence was observed in residents born in North Africa (3.0 in males and 1. 1 in females). Survival was relatively better in females among patients with lymphoepithelioma and in those without neurological complications. The results may support the presence of environmental factors in aetiology, though genetic predisposition cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal cancer in a total population: selected clinical and epidemiological aspects. A nationwide study of nasopharyngeal cancer in Israel, during a 9-year period (1960-68) demonstrated a mean annual incidence rate of 1.0 per 100,000 in males and 0.4 per 100,000 in females. Significantly higher incidence was observed in residents born in North Africa (3.0 in males and 1. 1 in females). Survival was relatively better in females among patients with lymphoepithelioma and in those without neurological complications. The results may support the presence of environmental factors in aetiology, though genetic predisposition cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 597476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6015", "title": "Influence of height, weight and obesity on risk of breast cancer in an unselected Swedish population.", "content": "A number of recent studies have shown an association between breast-cancer risk and height, weight and dietary habits, especially fat consumption. In the present study, height and weight were determined for 179  consecutive, unselected, breast-cancer patients and age-matched controls selected from a computerized population register. Height and weight for these two groups were compared, including two different indices for overweight (Quetelet's index and Broca's index). Comparisons were repeated after subdivision into pre- and postmenopausal women. In all calculations, the mean values of patients and controls were very similar and without significant difference. It therefore seems improbable that increased height and weight or obesity constitute risk factors for breast cancer. Earlier studies may have shown differences as the result of selection mechanisms not present in this study.", "contents": "Influence of height, weight and obesity on risk of breast cancer in an unselected Swedish population. A number of recent studies have shown an association between breast-cancer risk and height, weight and dietary habits, especially fat consumption. In the present study, height and weight were determined for 179  consecutive, unselected, breast-cancer patients and age-matched controls selected from a computerized population register. Height and weight for these two groups were compared, including two different indices for overweight (Quetelet's index and Broca's index). Comparisons were repeated after subdivision into pre- and postmenopausal women. In all calculations, the mean values of patients and controls were very similar and without significant difference. It therefore seems improbable that increased height and weight or obesity constitute risk factors for breast cancer. Earlier studies may have shown differences as the result of selection mechanisms not present in this study.", "PMID": 597477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6016", "title": "Malignant melanoma and oral contraceptive use among women in California.", "content": "Women who had used oral contraceptives, particularly long-term users, were found to have higher rates of malignant melanoma and of a past history of skin cancer than those who had never used oral contraceptives. This excess was confined to lesions of the lower limb. The association between oral contraceptive use and melanoma was noted in 3 separate sets of data, although it was statistically significant only in one. The possibility that this relationship is indirect because, for example, oral contraceptive users are more likely than never-users to be exposed to sunlight and thus to develop malignant melanoma, cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma and oral contraceptive use among women in California. Women who had used oral contraceptives, particularly long-term users, were found to have higher rates of malignant melanoma and of a past history of skin cancer than those who had never used oral contraceptives. This excess was confined to lesions of the lower limb. The association between oral contraceptive use and melanoma was noted in 3 separate sets of data, although it was statistically significant only in one. The possibility that this relationship is indirect because, for example, oral contraceptive users are more likely than never-users to be exposed to sunlight and thus to develop malignant melanoma, cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 597478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6017", "title": "Altruism and the practice of medicine.", "content": "Biological and psychological research into the antecedents of altruism has considerable significance for those involved in the teaching or practice of medicine. The evidence available indicates that altruistic behaviour is a universal phenomenon influenced by intra-individual, interpersonal, situational and sociocultural factors. A central theme which emerges is the strikingly ambivalent nature of the altruistic drive. The factors which may facilitate or inhibit altruism in medical students and doctors are discussed. Some ways of ensuring that medical training does not seriously distort altruism are suggested.", "contents": "Altruism and the practice of medicine. Biological and psychological research into the antecedents of altruism has considerable significance for those involved in the teaching or practice of medicine. The evidence available indicates that altruistic behaviour is a universal phenomenon influenced by intra-individual, interpersonal, situational and sociocultural factors. A central theme which emerges is the strikingly ambivalent nature of the altruistic drive. The factors which may facilitate or inhibit altruism in medical students and doctors are discussed. Some ways of ensuring that medical training does not seriously distort altruism are suggested.", "PMID": 597481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6018", "title": "Psychotherapy: theory, experience, and personalized actuarial tables.", "content": "This paper addresses the issue of the role of theory in the actual application of psychotherapeutic operations. Within the present framework, psychotherapeutic effectiveness is seen as an empirical, actuarial process which occurs in an interpersonal setting separate from theoretical considerations. The role of theory is discussed and a rationale for the coexistence of equally 'effective' contradictory theories is presented. Suggestions for future research in the area of behaviour change are made and an argument for the eventual development of a 'therapeutic cookbook' is presented.", "contents": "Psychotherapy: theory, experience, and personalized actuarial tables. This paper addresses the issue of the role of theory in the actual application of psychotherapeutic operations. Within the present framework, psychotherapeutic effectiveness is seen as an empirical, actuarial process which occurs in an interpersonal setting separate from theoretical considerations. The role of theory is discussed and a rationale for the coexistence of equally 'effective' contradictory theories is presented. Suggestions for future research in the area of behaviour change are made and an argument for the eventual development of a 'therapeutic cookbook' is presented.", "PMID": 597486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6019", "title": "Voice analysis for the measurement of anxiety.", "content": "A recently developed technique for the acoustical analysis of speech is described. Speech is analysed electronically for the presence or absence of a microtremor having a frequency of about 10 Hz. This tremor is said to be attenuated in states of psychological stress. The paper present data supporting the validity of this as a measure of anxiety, using states of both normal and pathological anxiety. An objective scoring system is proposed to overcome some of the problems of unreliability. A number of practical advantages of the voice technique are described.", "contents": "Voice analysis for the measurement of anxiety. A recently developed technique for the acoustical analysis of speech is described. Speech is analysed electronically for the presence or absence of a microtremor having a frequency of about 10 Hz. This tremor is said to be attenuated in states of psychological stress. The paper present data supporting the validity of this as a measure of anxiety, using states of both normal and pathological anxiety. An objective scoring system is proposed to overcome some of the problems of unreliability. A number of practical advantages of the voice technique are described.", "PMID": 597487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6020", "title": "Some psychological characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa whose weight has been newly restored.", "content": "A preliminary study has served to demonstrate that patients with primary anorexia nervosa whose weight has been newly restored to normal, and who are currently involved in individual and family psychotherapy, are significantly characterized by having very low self-esteem, by being highly sensitive to social interactions and by being 'obsessoid'. It is suggested that, in therapy, specific behavioural approaches to these problems may usefully complement other psychotherapeutic endeavours.", "contents": "Some psychological characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa whose weight has been newly restored. A preliminary study has served to demonstrate that patients with primary anorexia nervosa whose weight has been newly restored to normal, and who are currently involved in individual and family psychotherapy, are significantly characterized by having very low self-esteem, by being highly sensitive to social interactions and by being 'obsessoid'. It is suggested that, in therapy, specific behavioural approaches to these problems may usefully complement other psychotherapeutic endeavours.", "PMID": 597488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6021", "title": "Inhibitory effect of high oxygen pressure on potassium- induced activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose metabolism in rat brain slices.", "content": "The effects of high oxygen pressure on pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate: lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acylating), EC 1.2.4.1) activity, tissue concentration of ATP, and CO2 production from glucose were studied in rat brain cortical slices. The increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and the lowering of cellular ATP, occurring during potassium-induced depolarization at 1 atm of oxygen, were reversed by increasing the oxygen pressure to 5 atm. When brain slices were incubated at 1 atm oxygen with [U-14C]glucose, a high potassium medium approximately doubled the production of 14CO2. Oxygen at 5 atm abolished this potassium-dependent increase in 14CO2 production with no significant effect on glucose oxidation in normal Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium. Adding 4 atm helium to 1 atm oxygen did not interfere with the ability of potassium ions to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase, lower ATP, or increase glucose oxidation. The results show that toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen, not manifest in \"resting\" tissue, may be revealed during stress such as potassium depolarization. The site of the toxic effects of oxygen is probably the cell membrane where excess oxygen appears to interfere with the action of the sodium pump, calcium transport or other processes stimulated by increased concentrations of extracellular potassium.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of high oxygen pressure on potassium- induced activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose metabolism in rat brain slices. The effects of high oxygen pressure on pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate: lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acylating), EC 1.2.4.1) activity, tissue concentration of ATP, and CO2 production from glucose were studied in rat brain cortical slices. The increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and the lowering of cellular ATP, occurring during potassium-induced depolarization at 1 atm of oxygen, were reversed by increasing the oxygen pressure to 5 atm. When brain slices were incubated at 1 atm oxygen with [U-14C]glucose, a high potassium medium approximately doubled the production of 14CO2. Oxygen at 5 atm abolished this potassium-dependent increase in 14CO2 production with no significant effect on glucose oxidation in normal Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium. Adding 4 atm helium to 1 atm oxygen did not interfere with the ability of potassium ions to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase, lower ATP, or increase glucose oxidation. The results show that toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen, not manifest in \"resting\" tissue, may be revealed during stress such as potassium depolarization. The site of the toxic effects of oxygen is probably the cell membrane where excess oxygen appears to interfere with the action of the sodium pump, calcium transport or other processes stimulated by increased concentrations of extracellular potassium.", "PMID": 597491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6022", "title": "Polypeptide composition of purified QH2:cytochrome c oxidoreductase from beef-heart mitochondria.", "content": "1. The polypeptide composition of purified QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase prepared by three different methods from beef-heart mitochondria has been determined. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulphate resolves eight intrinsic polypeptide bands; when, in addition, 8 M urea is present and a more highly cross-linked gel is used, the smallest polypeptide band is resolved into three different bands. 2. The identity of several polypeptide bands has been established by fractionation. The two heaviest polypeptides (bands 1 and 2) represent the so-called core proteins, band 3 the hemoprotein of cytochrome b, band 4 the hemoprotein of cytochrome c1, band 5 and Rieske Fe-S protein, band 6 a polypeptide associated with cytochrome c1 and identified with the so-called oxidation factor, and band 7 a polypeptide peptide associated with cytochrome b. 3. The validity of molecular weight estimate for the polypeptides of the enzyme based on their mobility on dodecyl sulphate gels has been examined. The polypeptides of bands 1, 2 and 3 showed anomalous migration rates. The molecular weights of the other polypeptides have been estimated from their relative mobilities on either dodecyl sulphate gels or 8 M urea-dodecyl sulphate gels as 29 000, 24 000, 12 000, 8000, 6000, 5000 and 4000, respectively. 4. The stoicheiometry of the different polypeptides in the intact complex was determined using separate staining factors for the individual polypeptide band.", "contents": "Polypeptide composition of purified QH2:cytochrome c oxidoreductase from beef-heart mitochondria. 1. The polypeptide composition of purified QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase prepared by three different methods from beef-heart mitochondria has been determined. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulphate resolves eight intrinsic polypeptide bands; when, in addition, 8 M urea is present and a more highly cross-linked gel is used, the smallest polypeptide band is resolved into three different bands. 2. The identity of several polypeptide bands has been established by fractionation. The two heaviest polypeptides (bands 1 and 2) represent the so-called core proteins, band 3 the hemoprotein of cytochrome b, band 4 the hemoprotein of cytochrome c1, band 5 and Rieske Fe-S protein, band 6 a polypeptide associated with cytochrome c1 and identified with the so-called oxidation factor, and band 7 a polypeptide peptide associated with cytochrome b. 3. The validity of molecular weight estimate for the polypeptides of the enzyme based on their mobility on dodecyl sulphate gels has been examined. The polypeptides of bands 1, 2 and 3 showed anomalous migration rates. The molecular weights of the other polypeptides have been estimated from their relative mobilities on either dodecyl sulphate gels or 8 M urea-dodecyl sulphate gels as 29 000, 24 000, 12 000, 8000, 6000, 5000 and 4000, respectively. 4. The stoicheiometry of the different polypeptides in the intact complex was determined using separate staining factors for the individual polypeptide band.", "PMID": 597492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6023", "title": "Evidence for a double hit process in photosystem II based on fluorescence studies.", "content": "1. The amplitudes of the fast (0-20 microseconds) and slow (20 microseconds-2 ms) fluorescence rise induced by a 2 microseconds flash have been measured as a function of the energy of the flash in chloroplasts inhibited by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea. The saturation curve for the slow rise shows a characteristic lag which is not observed for the fast fluorescence rise. This lag indicates that Photosystem II centers undergo a double hit process which implies that (a), each photocenter includes two acceptors Q1 and Q2; (B), after the first hit, oxidized chlorophyll Chl+ is reduced by a secondary acceptor Y in a time shor compared to the duration of the flash; (c), after the second hit, Chl+ is reduced by another secondary donor, D. 2. According to Den Haan et al. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 368, 409-421), hydroxylamine destroys the secondary donor responsible for the fast reduction of Chl+. In the presence of 3 mM hydroxylamine, only the secondary donor D is functional and a flash induses mainly a single hit process. 3. The saturation curves for the fast and the slow rises have been studied in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea for a second actinic flash given 2.5 s after a first saturating one. The large decrease in the half-saturating energy indicates the existence of efficient energy transfer occuring between potosynthetic units. 4. Two alternate hypotheses are discussed (a) in which D is an auxiliary donor and (b) in which D is included in the main electron transfer chain.", "contents": "Evidence for a double hit process in photosystem II based on fluorescence studies. 1. The amplitudes of the fast (0-20 microseconds) and slow (20 microseconds-2 ms) fluorescence rise induced by a 2 microseconds flash have been measured as a function of the energy of the flash in chloroplasts inhibited by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea. The saturation curve for the slow rise shows a characteristic lag which is not observed for the fast fluorescence rise. This lag indicates that Photosystem II centers undergo a double hit process which implies that (a), each photocenter includes two acceptors Q1 and Q2; (B), after the first hit, oxidized chlorophyll Chl+ is reduced by a secondary acceptor Y in a time shor compared to the duration of the flash; (c), after the second hit, Chl+ is reduced by another secondary donor, D. 2. According to Den Haan et al. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 368, 409-421), hydroxylamine destroys the secondary donor responsible for the fast reduction of Chl+. In the presence of 3 mM hydroxylamine, only the secondary donor D is functional and a flash induses mainly a single hit process. 3. The saturation curves for the fast and the slow rises have been studied in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea for a second actinic flash given 2.5 s after a first saturating one. The large decrease in the half-saturating energy indicates the existence of efficient energy transfer occuring between potosynthetic units. 4. Two alternate hypotheses are discussed (a) in which D is an auxiliary donor and (b) in which D is included in the main electron transfer chain.", "PMID": 597493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6024", "title": "Effect of light-adaptation on the photoreaction of bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate was investigated on dark-and light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. The amplitude of the light-induced absorption increase at 410 nm of the light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin was twice as large as that of the dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. The amount of protons released from bacteriorhodopsin in response to illumination was also enhanced by light-adaptation. The degree of the enhancement was independent of the temperature in the dark-adaptation. The relation between these photochemical events and the isomeric configurations of retinal is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of light-adaptation on the photoreaction of bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium halobium. Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate was investigated on dark-and light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. The amplitude of the light-induced absorption increase at 410 nm of the light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin was twice as large as that of the dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. The amount of protons released from bacteriorhodopsin in response to illumination was also enhanced by light-adaptation. The degree of the enhancement was independent of the temperature in the dark-adaptation. The relation between these photochemical events and the isomeric configurations of retinal is discussed.", "PMID": 597494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6025", "title": "Salt-induced absorbance changes of P-515 in broken chloroplasts.", "content": "Absorbance changes, caused by adding KCl to a suspension of broken chloroplasts in the presence of a low concentration of MgCl2, have been measured in the wavelength region 460-540 nm. The magnitude of the KCl-induced absorbance changes is shown to be proportional to the logarithm of the KCL concentration gradient initially induced across the thylakoid membrane. The difference spectrum of these absorbance changes is shown to be identical with the spectrum of the light-induced absorbance changes, which has been attributed to an electrochromic shift of p-515. This is interpreted as evidence that under these conditions salt-induced absorbance changes of P-515 occur in response to a membrane diffusion potential. The results indicate that the electrogenic potential across the thylakoid membrane, generated by a single turnover light flash, is in the range between 15 and 35 mV.", "contents": "Salt-induced absorbance changes of P-515 in broken chloroplasts. Absorbance changes, caused by adding KCl to a suspension of broken chloroplasts in the presence of a low concentration of MgCl2, have been measured in the wavelength region 460-540 nm. The magnitude of the KCl-induced absorbance changes is shown to be proportional to the logarithm of the KCL concentration gradient initially induced across the thylakoid membrane. The difference spectrum of these absorbance changes is shown to be identical with the spectrum of the light-induced absorbance changes, which has been attributed to an electrochromic shift of p-515. This is interpreted as evidence that under these conditions salt-induced absorbance changes of P-515 occur in response to a membrane diffusion potential. The results indicate that the electrogenic potential across the thylakoid membrane, generated by a single turnover light flash, is in the range between 15 and 35 mV.", "PMID": 597495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6026", "title": "The dimerization of protochlorophyll pigments in non-polar solvents.", "content": "The infrared, visible and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of protochlorophyll a and vinylprotochlorophyll a in dry non-polar solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane) are presented and interpreted in terms of dimer interaction. The infrared spectra in the 1600-1800 cm-1 region clearly show the existence of a coordination interaction between the C-9 ketone oxygen function of one molecule and the central magnesium atom of another molecule. Infrared spectra in the OH stretching region (3200-3800 cm-1) provide a valuable test of the water content in the samples. The analysis of the absorption and circular dichroism spectra of protochlorophyll a and vinylprotochlorophyll a in carbon tetrachloride demonstrates the existence of a monomer-dimer equilibrium in the concentration range from 10(-6) to 5.10(-4) M. The dimerization constants are (6 +/-2).10(5)1.M-1 for protochlorophyll a and (4.5 +/-21.10(5) 1.M-1 for vinylprotochlorophyll a at 20 degrees C. The deconvolution of visible spectra in the red region has been performed in order to obtain quantitative information on the dimer structure. Two models involving a parallel or a perpendicular arrangement of the associated molecules are considered. From 1H NMR spectra, it appears that the region of overlap occurs near ring V, in agreement with the interpretation of the infrared spectra.", "contents": "The dimerization of protochlorophyll pigments in non-polar solvents. The infrared, visible and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of protochlorophyll a and vinylprotochlorophyll a in dry non-polar solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane) are presented and interpreted in terms of dimer interaction. The infrared spectra in the 1600-1800 cm-1 region clearly show the existence of a coordination interaction between the C-9 ketone oxygen function of one molecule and the central magnesium atom of another molecule. Infrared spectra in the OH stretching region (3200-3800 cm-1) provide a valuable test of the water content in the samples. The analysis of the absorption and circular dichroism spectra of protochlorophyll a and vinylprotochlorophyll a in carbon tetrachloride demonstrates the existence of a monomer-dimer equilibrium in the concentration range from 10(-6) to 5.10(-4) M. The dimerization constants are (6 +/-2).10(5)1.M-1 for protochlorophyll a and (4.5 +/-21.10(5) 1.M-1 for vinylprotochlorophyll a at 20 degrees C. The deconvolution of visible spectra in the red region has been performed in order to obtain quantitative information on the dimer structure. Two models involving a parallel or a perpendicular arrangement of the associated molecules are considered. From 1H NMR spectra, it appears that the region of overlap occurs near ring V, in agreement with the interpretation of the infrared spectra.", "PMID": 597496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6027", "title": "Excitation energy transfer in the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein.", "content": "The \"light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein\" described by Thornber has been prepared electrophoretically from spinach chloroplasts. The optical properties relevant to energy transfer have been measured in the red region (i.e. 600-700 nm). Measurements of the absorption spectrum, fluorescence excitation spectrum and excitation dependence of the fluorescence emission spectrum of this protein confirm that energy transfer from chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a is highly efficient, as is the case in concentrated chlorophyll solutions and in vivo. The excitiation dependence of the fluorescence polarization shows a minimum polarization of 1.9% at 650 nm which is the absorption maximum of chlorophyll b in the protein and rises steadily to a maximum value of 13.8% at 695 nm, the red edge of the chlorophyll a absorption band. Analysis of these measurements shows that at least two unresolved components must be responsible for the chlorophyll a absorption maximum. Comparison of polarization measurements with those observed in vivo shows that most of the depolarization observed in vivo can take place within a single protein. Circular dichroism measurements show a double structure in the chlorophyll b absorption band which suggest an exciton splitting not resolved in absorption. Analysis of these data yields information about the relative orientation of the So leads to S1 transition moments of the chlorophyll molecules within the protein.", "contents": "Excitation energy transfer in the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein. The \"light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein\" described by Thornber has been prepared electrophoretically from spinach chloroplasts. The optical properties relevant to energy transfer have been measured in the red region (i.e. 600-700 nm). Measurements of the absorption spectrum, fluorescence excitation spectrum and excitation dependence of the fluorescence emission spectrum of this protein confirm that energy transfer from chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a is highly efficient, as is the case in concentrated chlorophyll solutions and in vivo. The excitiation dependence of the fluorescence polarization shows a minimum polarization of 1.9% at 650 nm which is the absorption maximum of chlorophyll b in the protein and rises steadily to a maximum value of 13.8% at 695 nm, the red edge of the chlorophyll a absorption band. Analysis of these measurements shows that at least two unresolved components must be responsible for the chlorophyll a absorption maximum. Comparison of polarization measurements with those observed in vivo shows that most of the depolarization observed in vivo can take place within a single protein. Circular dichroism measurements show a double structure in the chlorophyll b absorption band which suggest an exciton splitting not resolved in absorption. Analysis of these data yields information about the relative orientation of the So leads to S1 transition moments of the chlorophyll molecules within the protein.", "PMID": 597497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6028", "title": "Thermal behavior of HeLa and KB cells in suspension and attached to glass.", "content": "HeLa S-3 and KB cells were grown in a LKB Batch Microcalorimeter under a variety of nutrient medium conditions amd mixing intervals. These conditions produced rather large apparent endothermic and exothermic responses on mixing that could be correlated with the presence of suspended cells (unattached) as well as cells attached to the glass calorimeter vessel. Cells capable of being resuspended upon mixing of the calorimeter vessel produces first an endothermic followed by an exothermic signal while attached cells produced only an apparent endothermic response. The exothermic response is believed to be associated with increased metabolic heat on suspending the cells followed by partial suppression of the steady state metabolic heat on cell settling. Rates of cell settling correlated well with the rate of decay of the exothermic signal. The rapid appearance of endothermicity on mixing suggests it is associated with rapid events such as binding of nutrients to cell surfaces. The response in the endothermic direction on mixing is discussed in terms of the disruption of mechanisms which tend to exclude nutrients from the surface of the cell.", "contents": "Thermal behavior of HeLa and KB cells in suspension and attached to glass. HeLa S-3 and KB cells were grown in a LKB Batch Microcalorimeter under a variety of nutrient medium conditions amd mixing intervals. These conditions produced rather large apparent endothermic and exothermic responses on mixing that could be correlated with the presence of suspended cells (unattached) as well as cells attached to the glass calorimeter vessel. Cells capable of being resuspended upon mixing of the calorimeter vessel produces first an endothermic followed by an exothermic signal while attached cells produced only an apparent endothermic response. The exothermic response is believed to be associated with increased metabolic heat on suspending the cells followed by partial suppression of the steady state metabolic heat on cell settling. Rates of cell settling correlated well with the rate of decay of the exothermic signal. The rapid appearance of endothermicity on mixing suggests it is associated with rapid events such as binding of nutrients to cell surfaces. The response in the endothermic direction on mixing is discussed in terms of the disruption of mechanisms which tend to exclude nutrients from the surface of the cell.", "PMID": 597498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6029", "title": "Electrochemical and spectro-kinetic evidence for an intermediate electron acceptor in photosystem I.", "content": "Absorption changes accompanying light-induced P-700 formation and its decay in the dark at 15 K in Photosystem-I particles poised at various redox potentials have been examined. In unpoised samples, the light-induced absorption change is practically irreversible. At increasingly negative potentials, an increasing fraction of the absorption change, proportional to the fraction of bound iron-sulfur protein chemically reduced, becomes reversible, and the titration curve has a midpoint potential of --530 mV (vs. normal hydrogen electrode). At --66 mV, the P-700 absorption change is 97% reversible. The total P-700-signal amplitude decreases over the same potential span and levels off at about 43% (to slightly over 50% at a substantially higher excitation intensity). These results provide additional support to previous suggestions of an existence of an intermediate electron acceptor located between the primary donor, P-700, and the more stable primary electron acceptor (P-430 or bound iron-sulfur protein).", "contents": "Electrochemical and spectro-kinetic evidence for an intermediate electron acceptor in photosystem I. Absorption changes accompanying light-induced P-700 formation and its decay in the dark at 15 K in Photosystem-I particles poised at various redox potentials have been examined. In unpoised samples, the light-induced absorption change is practically irreversible. At increasingly negative potentials, an increasing fraction of the absorption change, proportional to the fraction of bound iron-sulfur protein chemically reduced, becomes reversible, and the titration curve has a midpoint potential of --530 mV (vs. normal hydrogen electrode). At --66 mV, the P-700 absorption change is 97% reversible. The total P-700-signal amplitude decreases over the same potential span and levels off at about 43% (to slightly over 50% at a substantially higher excitation intensity). These results provide additional support to previous suggestions of an existence of an intermediate electron acceptor located between the primary donor, P-700, and the more stable primary electron acceptor (P-430 or bound iron-sulfur protein).", "PMID": 597499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6030", "title": "Characterization of the low temperature thermoluminescence band Zv in leaf: an explanation for its variable nature.", "content": "Out of the six thermoluminescence bands reported for a mature leaf, one band (Zv) appearing at the lowest temperatures is dependent on the temperature of illumination. The characteristics of this band in fresh leaf are compared with those is a leaf heated to 60 degrees C for 5 min. It is concluded here that this band, following illumination at temperatures lower than 173 K, is part of Arnold and Azzi's Z band (Arnold, W. and Azzi, J.R. (1971) Photochem. Photobiol. 14, 233--240). However, it is part of peak I when observed subsequent to illumination beyond 173 K. An explanation for the appearance of this band at different temperatures is proposed.", "contents": "Characterization of the low temperature thermoluminescence band Zv in leaf: an explanation for its variable nature. Out of the six thermoluminescence bands reported for a mature leaf, one band (Zv) appearing at the lowest temperatures is dependent on the temperature of illumination. The characteristics of this band in fresh leaf are compared with those is a leaf heated to 60 degrees C for 5 min. It is concluded here that this band, following illumination at temperatures lower than 173 K, is part of Arnold and Azzi's Z band (Arnold, W. and Azzi, J.R. (1971) Photochem. Photobiol. 14, 233--240). However, it is part of peak I when observed subsequent to illumination beyond 173 K. An explanation for the appearance of this band at different temperatures is proposed.", "PMID": 597500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6031", "title": "[Enzymatic character and subcellular localization of the transformation reaction of 18 hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone].", "content": "The authors study in vitro the conversion of 18 hydroxycorticosterone into aldosterone in duck adrenal subcellular fractions. The enzymatic nature of this conversion is studied by classical enzymologic tests. All results are in favor of an enzymatic conversion and this enzyme is strictly located in the mitochondrial fraction. Results concerning this localisation are expressed as specific activity and relative specific activity. Preliminary results on further experimental data point out that this conversion depends on the energetic state of mitochondria. Complete electron transfer blokage inhibits this transformation whereas respiratory chain blokage with a NADPH generating system and ATP supplementation does not seem to produce any inhibition. Oligomycine and guanidine stimulation suggest that ATP or its precursors may be involved in this reaction.", "contents": "[Enzymatic character and subcellular localization of the transformation reaction of 18 hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone]. The authors study in vitro the conversion of 18 hydroxycorticosterone into aldosterone in duck adrenal subcellular fractions. The enzymatic nature of this conversion is studied by classical enzymologic tests. All results are in favor of an enzymatic conversion and this enzyme is strictly located in the mitochondrial fraction. Results concerning this localisation are expressed as specific activity and relative specific activity. Preliminary results on further experimental data point out that this conversion depends on the energetic state of mitochondria. Complete electron transfer blokage inhibits this transformation whereas respiratory chain blokage with a NADPH generating system and ATP supplementation does not seem to produce any inhibition. Oligomycine and guanidine stimulation suggest that ATP or its precursors may be involved in this reaction.", "PMID": 597501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6032", "title": "[Toxic complex from parrotfish].", "content": "Clinical and epidemiological observations suggested that a complex toxic molecule is involved in the parrotfish flesh (Scarus gibbus) poisoning from Gambier Islands. The fat soluble extract obtained from the muscles upon ciguatoxin preparation showed two toxic substances after fractionation by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The major toxin is different from ciguatoxin judging by its chromatographic behaviour. The other is closely similar to (or identical with) ciguatoxin from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus. They were named SG1 for the new toxin and SG2 for the ciguatoxin like compound. Successive filtrations on Sephadex LH-20 of SG1 and SG2 gave respectively a lethality to mice of 0.03 microgram/g and 0.06 microgram/g. SG1, specifically occurs in the muscles of the parrotfish family (scaritoxin) while it is absent from other ciguateric fishes. According to that specificity and the lack of SG1 in S. gibbus liver and gut contents, the origin of scaritoxin is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Toxic complex from parrotfish]. Clinical and epidemiological observations suggested that a complex toxic molecule is involved in the parrotfish flesh (Scarus gibbus) poisoning from Gambier Islands. The fat soluble extract obtained from the muscles upon ciguatoxin preparation showed two toxic substances after fractionation by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The major toxin is different from ciguatoxin judging by its chromatographic behaviour. The other is closely similar to (or identical with) ciguatoxin from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus. They were named SG1 for the new toxin and SG2 for the ciguatoxin like compound. Successive filtrations on Sephadex LH-20 of SG1 and SG2 gave respectively a lethality to mice of 0.03 microgram/g and 0.06 microgram/g. SG1, specifically occurs in the muscles of the parrotfish family (scaritoxin) while it is absent from other ciguateric fishes. According to that specificity and the lack of SG1 in S. gibbus liver and gut contents, the origin of scaritoxin is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 597503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6033", "title": "[Variation of cell membrane lipid composition by means of lipid transfer proteins. Properties of the protoplast membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus after incorporation of phosphatidylcholine].", "content": "After incorporation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the protoplast membrane of M. lysodeikticus by protein mediated transfer from PC liposomes, the activity of some membrane bound respiratory chain enzymes was studied. It was found that incorporation of PC decreases the rates of oxidation of exogenous substrates (NADH, malate) but the level of endogenous respiration was not changed. Ferricyanidreductase activity of ghosts of M. lysodeikticus was not dependent upon the PC content of protoplasts. PC containing protoplasts showed a higher osmotic stability than unmodified protoplasts. It is concluded that the incorporation of PC into the protoplasts results in resealing, i. e. in the repair of local defects in the protoplast membrane.", "contents": "[Variation of cell membrane lipid composition by means of lipid transfer proteins. Properties of the protoplast membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus after incorporation of phosphatidylcholine]. After incorporation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the protoplast membrane of M. lysodeikticus by protein mediated transfer from PC liposomes, the activity of some membrane bound respiratory chain enzymes was studied. It was found that incorporation of PC decreases the rates of oxidation of exogenous substrates (NADH, malate) but the level of endogenous respiration was not changed. Ferricyanidreductase activity of ghosts of M. lysodeikticus was not dependent upon the PC content of protoplasts. PC containing protoplasts showed a higher osmotic stability than unmodified protoplasts. It is concluded that the incorporation of PC into the protoplasts results in resealing, i. e. in the repair of local defects in the protoplast membrane.", "PMID": 597511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6034", "title": "[Isolation and identification of protochlorophylls obtained by oxidation of corresponding chlorophylls].", "content": "Protochlorophyll with a high yield is isolated under oxidation of chlorophyll a by tetrachloro-o-quinone. A pigment, designated as protochlorophyll b, is isolated by the same way from chlorophyll b. A method of purification of the pigments obtained is worked out, their properties are studied and their structures are identified. The proposed method can be recommended for isolation of protochlorophyll a and b.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of protochlorophylls obtained by oxidation of corresponding chlorophylls]. Protochlorophyll with a high yield is isolated under oxidation of chlorophyll a by tetrachloro-o-quinone. A pigment, designated as protochlorophyll b, is isolated by the same way from chlorophyll b. A method of purification of the pigments obtained is worked out, their properties are studied and their structures are identified. The proposed method can be recommended for isolation of protochlorophyll a and b.", "PMID": 597512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6035", "title": "[The nature of the rate-limiting step in aniline hydroxylation involving cytochrome P-450 from rat liver microsomes].", "content": "The kinetics of aniline hydroxylation with: 1) rat liver microsomes involving NADPH and O2 (System I); 2) hepatic microsomes and tertiary butylhydroperoxide (System II) and 3) microsomes and cumyl hydroperoxide (System III) within 15--37 degrees C has been studied. The reactions were characterized by the values of the aniline oxidation rate constants, k2=v/[E]0, where [E]0 is the initial concentration of cytochrome P--450: k1 2=1,60.10(8) exp (--13400/RT) sec-1., k2 2=1,66.10(9) exp (--14500/RT) sec-1., k3 2=6,83.10(9) exp (--15300/RT) sec-1. The values of delta H* and delta S* were calculated and compared for these three systems. A conclusion is drawn that the act of oxygen insertion into the substrate molecule is the rate-limiting step in the reaction of aniline oxidation for the mentioned system.", "contents": "[The nature of the rate-limiting step in aniline hydroxylation involving cytochrome P-450 from rat liver microsomes]. The kinetics of aniline hydroxylation with: 1) rat liver microsomes involving NADPH and O2 (System I); 2) hepatic microsomes and tertiary butylhydroperoxide (System II) and 3) microsomes and cumyl hydroperoxide (System III) within 15--37 degrees C has been studied. The reactions were characterized by the values of the aniline oxidation rate constants, k2=v/[E]0, where [E]0 is the initial concentration of cytochrome P--450: k1 2=1,60.10(8) exp (--13400/RT) sec-1., k2 2=1,66.10(9) exp (--14500/RT) sec-1., k3 2=6,83.10(9) exp (--15300/RT) sec-1. The values of delta H* and delta S* were calculated and compared for these three systems. A conclusion is drawn that the act of oxygen insertion into the substrate molecule is the rate-limiting step in the reaction of aniline oxidation for the mentioned system.", "PMID": 597513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6036", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the interaction of cytochrome P-450 with a variety of amines].", "content": "The interaction of cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomes with six amines have been investigated in Tris-HCL buffer pH 7.4 within the temperature range of 20--37 degrees C by the differential spectrophotometry method. Dissociation constants for the amine-cytochrome-P-450 complexes have been determined. The interaction of type I substrate, 1,2,7-trimethyl-decahydroquinolone-4, is characterized by the value of Ks(I)=4.14 exp (--6250/RT) mole/1. A value of Ks(II)=10(-8) exp (+6500/RT) mole/1 has been obtained for type II substrate, monomethylaniline. Association of 1,2,7-trimethyldecahydroquinolone-4 to cytochrome P-450 decreases with temperature, where as with monomethylaniline the reverse tendency is observed. Thermodynamic parameters delta H, delta F and delta S characterising the interaction of amines with cytochrome P-450 are evaluated.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the interaction of cytochrome P-450 with a variety of amines]. The interaction of cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomes with six amines have been investigated in Tris-HCL buffer pH 7.4 within the temperature range of 20--37 degrees C by the differential spectrophotometry method. Dissociation constants for the amine-cytochrome-P-450 complexes have been determined. The interaction of type I substrate, 1,2,7-trimethyl-decahydroquinolone-4, is characterized by the value of Ks(I)=4.14 exp (--6250/RT) mole/1. A value of Ks(II)=10(-8) exp (+6500/RT) mole/1 has been obtained for type II substrate, monomethylaniline. Association of 1,2,7-trimethyldecahydroquinolone-4 to cytochrome P-450 decreases with temperature, where as with monomethylaniline the reverse tendency is observed. Thermodynamic parameters delta H, delta F and delta S characterising the interaction of amines with cytochrome P-450 are evaluated.", "PMID": 597514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6037", "title": "[Proton absorption by chloroplasts in cyclic electron transport catalyzed by photosystem I in anaerobic conditions].", "content": "Proton absorption by pea chloroplasts in anaerobic conditions under inhibition of non-cyclic electron transport with diurone is investigated. 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) and tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) are used as cofactors of cyclic electron transport. Proton absorption in the absence of methylviologen is found to take place only in experiments with DCPIP, while in the presence of methylviologen it is observed with both cofactors, being considerably higher is the case of TMDP. In experiments with DCPIP absorbed protons comprise two fractions differing in the rate of the output of particles from tilakoids and in the number of the particles. The presence of these two fractions is suggested to be due to the well-known fact of the presence of two sites of electrone intake into electron transport chain by reduced DCPIP. On the basis of dependency of fraction composition on DCPIP concentration and of the mode of dibromothimoquinone, gramicidin D and antimycin A action on these fractions, it is suggested that protons of \"a slow\" fraction are capable to participate preferably in the ATP synthesis.", "contents": "[Proton absorption by chloroplasts in cyclic electron transport catalyzed by photosystem I in anaerobic conditions]. Proton absorption by pea chloroplasts in anaerobic conditions under inhibition of non-cyclic electron transport with diurone is investigated. 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) and tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) are used as cofactors of cyclic electron transport. Proton absorption in the absence of methylviologen is found to take place only in experiments with DCPIP, while in the presence of methylviologen it is observed with both cofactors, being considerably higher is the case of TMDP. In experiments with DCPIP absorbed protons comprise two fractions differing in the rate of the output of particles from tilakoids and in the number of the particles. The presence of these two fractions is suggested to be due to the well-known fact of the presence of two sites of electrone intake into electron transport chain by reduced DCPIP. On the basis of dependency of fraction composition on DCPIP concentration and of the mode of dibromothimoquinone, gramicidin D and antimycin A action on these fractions, it is suggested that protons of \"a slow\" fraction are capable to participate preferably in the ATP synthesis.", "PMID": 597515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6038", "title": "[Effect of phosphorylation on glycolysis in the cells of assimilating millet leaf tissues].", "content": "The effect of phosphorylation on glycolysis reactions was studied in respect with the rate of 1-14C-glucose metabolization and the composition of synthesized labelled products in isolated cells of assimilating millet leave tissues incapable to reassimilation of respiratory CO2. Data on oxygen metabolism in mesophyll protoplasts and in cells of parenchymal facing of vascular bundle sheaths in the absence and in the presence of electron acceptors (3,5-dichlorophenolindophenol and methylviologen) show that they retain adenylate pool and energy charge characteristic of photosynthetizing tissues. The glycolysis rate decreased in illuminated cells, which did not remove carbon products from chloroplasts. Analysis of compounds produced from 1-14C-glucose exogenous ADP effect on their ration and the change of adenylate energy charge in the presence of methylviologen demonstrates that the acting factor is a decrease of Pi and ADP concentrations in cytoplasm because of their use chloroplast phosphorylation. It is suggested, that a short-cut chain of glycolysis reactions may take place in intact cells assimilating CO2 in photosynthesis, and the capacity of this chain is determined by the type of carbon metabolism and photorespiration mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of phosphorylation on glycolysis in the cells of assimilating millet leaf tissues]. The effect of phosphorylation on glycolysis reactions was studied in respect with the rate of 1-14C-glucose metabolization and the composition of synthesized labelled products in isolated cells of assimilating millet leave tissues incapable to reassimilation of respiratory CO2. Data on oxygen metabolism in mesophyll protoplasts and in cells of parenchymal facing of vascular bundle sheaths in the absence and in the presence of electron acceptors (3,5-dichlorophenolindophenol and methylviologen) show that they retain adenylate pool and energy charge characteristic of photosynthetizing tissues. The glycolysis rate decreased in illuminated cells, which did not remove carbon products from chloroplasts. Analysis of compounds produced from 1-14C-glucose exogenous ADP effect on their ration and the change of adenylate energy charge in the presence of methylviologen demonstrates that the acting factor is a decrease of Pi and ADP concentrations in cytoplasm because of their use chloroplast phosphorylation. It is suggested, that a short-cut chain of glycolysis reactions may take place in intact cells assimilating CO2 in photosynthesis, and the capacity of this chain is determined by the type of carbon metabolism and photorespiration mechanism.", "PMID": 597516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6039", "title": "[Polysomal apparatus as a reflection of function interactions between translation and transcription processes during protein synthesis inhibited by cycloheximide].", "content": "Distribution of optical density and radioactivity in sucrose density gradient was studied for 14C-RNA and 3H-protein polysomal components isolated from normal rat liver 1, 3, 6 12 and 24 hrs after cycloheximide (CHI) treatment (sublethal dose--0,3 mg/100 g body weight). Soon after the antibiotic injection (1--3 hrs), when protein biosynthesis was strongly inhibited (more than 90%), the total quantity of \"heavy\" polyribosomes and 14C-mRNA associated with this fraction significantly increased. At the same time the amount of free ribosomes showed a decrease. On the contrary, after 6 hrs the amount of polysomes sharply decreased and that of ribosomes and their subunits was increased. In the middle period and at the end of experiment (12--24 hrs) when protein biosynthesis was continuously restored, the polysomes sedimentation pattern was restored as well. Specific radioactivity of 14-C-rRNA's and 3H-proteins in this fraction was also increased. The restoration of optimal protein biosynthesis level after its inhibition by a single cycloheximide injection (sublethal doses) is thought to be a complex process of consecutive interactions between translation and transcription cell systems.", "contents": "[Polysomal apparatus as a reflection of function interactions between translation and transcription processes during protein synthesis inhibited by cycloheximide]. Distribution of optical density and radioactivity in sucrose density gradient was studied for 14C-RNA and 3H-protein polysomal components isolated from normal rat liver 1, 3, 6 12 and 24 hrs after cycloheximide (CHI) treatment (sublethal dose--0,3 mg/100 g body weight). Soon after the antibiotic injection (1--3 hrs), when protein biosynthesis was strongly inhibited (more than 90%), the total quantity of \"heavy\" polyribosomes and 14C-mRNA associated with this fraction significantly increased. At the same time the amount of free ribosomes showed a decrease. On the contrary, after 6 hrs the amount of polysomes sharply decreased and that of ribosomes and their subunits was increased. In the middle period and at the end of experiment (12--24 hrs) when protein biosynthesis was continuously restored, the polysomes sedimentation pattern was restored as well. Specific radioactivity of 14-C-rRNA's and 3H-proteins in this fraction was also increased. The restoration of optimal protein biosynthesis level after its inhibition by a single cycloheximide injection (sublethal doses) is thought to be a complex process of consecutive interactions between translation and transcription cell systems.", "PMID": 597517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6040", "title": "[Characterization of some membrane-active components of Vespa orientalis venom].", "content": "The molecular weight distribution of the components of giant hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom was studied, using gel-filtration on a column with Sephadex G-50. The effects of the venom and its constituent fractions on the permeability and stability of artificial bilayer phospholipid membranes, potassium ions release from the erythrocytes and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation parameters, as well as on the activity and stability of polyenzymic systems of the mitochondrial respiratroy chain, were studied. The data obtained suggest that the high molecular weight fractions contain phospholipases, whose activities are much higher than those of presently known venoms. Despite the fact that the hemolytic effect is typical for two low molecular weight fractions, no fractions possessing high activity of bee venom of the melitin type were found.", "contents": "[Characterization of some membrane-active components of Vespa orientalis venom]. The molecular weight distribution of the components of giant hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom was studied, using gel-filtration on a column with Sephadex G-50. The effects of the venom and its constituent fractions on the permeability and stability of artificial bilayer phospholipid membranes, potassium ions release from the erythrocytes and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation parameters, as well as on the activity and stability of polyenzymic systems of the mitochondrial respiratroy chain, were studied. The data obtained suggest that the high molecular weight fractions contain phospholipases, whose activities are much higher than those of presently known venoms. Despite the fact that the hemolytic effect is typical for two low molecular weight fractions, no fractions possessing high activity of bee venom of the melitin type were found.", "PMID": 597518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6041", "title": "[Genome structure in higher plants. Reassociation kinetics of DNA from Vicia faba and Vicia sativa].", "content": "The work been concerned with a study of the kinetics of reassociation of total DNA and that of the fraction of unique sequences in plants from the Vicia family, i. e. Vicia faba and Vicia sativa. The size of the genome was determined by the kinetics of reassociation of the DNA of the fraction of unique sequences and the amount of DNA per nucleus was determined cytophotometrically. It has been shown that the size of the genome expressed in C(0)t units and the size expressed in gramms are not the same which testifies to the absence of true unique genes in the genome of the species studied. The analysis of the possible methodical errors was carried out. On the basis of the data obtained a suggestion was made of a model of chromosomes organization including 12 units of polynemization for Vicia faba and 4 units for Vicia sativa.", "contents": "[Genome structure in higher plants. Reassociation kinetics of DNA from Vicia faba and Vicia sativa]. The work been concerned with a study of the kinetics of reassociation of total DNA and that of the fraction of unique sequences in plants from the Vicia family, i. e. Vicia faba and Vicia sativa. The size of the genome was determined by the kinetics of reassociation of the DNA of the fraction of unique sequences and the amount of DNA per nucleus was determined cytophotometrically. It has been shown that the size of the genome expressed in C(0)t units and the size expressed in gramms are not the same which testifies to the absence of true unique genes in the genome of the species studied. The analysis of the possible methodical errors was carried out. On the basis of the data obtained a suggestion was made of a model of chromosomes organization including 12 units of polynemization for Vicia faba and 4 units for Vicia sativa.", "PMID": 597520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6042", "title": "[Study of the carbohydrate component of cathepsin D].", "content": "A content of neutral sugars and N-acetyl-glucosamine in homogeneous cathepsin D preparations from a variety of vertebrate organs was determined. A more detailed study of the carbohydrate component was carried out with chicken liver cathepsin D preparation. It was shown that carbohydrates constitute 20% of the molecule of this cathepsin and contain glucosamine (11.6%) and mannose (10%). Removal of the major portion of the carbohydrates by treatment with mixture of glycosidases did not lead to any significant decrease of biological activity. This finding suggests that the carbohydrate component is not essential for the biological activity of the enzyme. Analysis of distribution of carbohydrates in the peptides of the trypsin hydrolyzate of cathepsin D allows conclusion that the enzyme molecule has several carbohydrate chains attached to different sites of the molecule.", "contents": "[Study of the carbohydrate component of cathepsin D]. A content of neutral sugars and N-acetyl-glucosamine in homogeneous cathepsin D preparations from a variety of vertebrate organs was determined. A more detailed study of the carbohydrate component was carried out with chicken liver cathepsin D preparation. It was shown that carbohydrates constitute 20% of the molecule of this cathepsin and contain glucosamine (11.6%) and mannose (10%). Removal of the major portion of the carbohydrates by treatment with mixture of glycosidases did not lead to any significant decrease of biological activity. This finding suggests that the carbohydrate component is not essential for the biological activity of the enzyme. Analysis of distribution of carbohydrates in the peptides of the trypsin hydrolyzate of cathepsin D allows conclusion that the enzyme molecule has several carbohydrate chains attached to different sites of the molecule.", "PMID": 597521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6043", "title": "[Biosynthesis of mitochondrial protein in rat liver under conditions of vitamin B 1 deficiency following oxythiamine injection].", "content": "The incorporation of labelled precursors into mitochondrial proteins of liver under different duration of oxythiamine (antivitamin B1) effect was studied in the whole organism and in a cell-free system. After 24 hrs following the injection, oxythiamine at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight increases the mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo without changing the protein-synthesizing capacity of isolated mitochondria. After 72 hrs following the injection of the same dose of preparation, a sharp increase in the rate of protein label incorporation into the mitochondria was observed. The protein synthesis in mitochondria in the whole body studies also showed an increase. It is assumed that oxythiamine enhances the inductive synthesis of mitochondrial thiamine phosphate-dependent enzymes or activates the syntheses of other enzymic systems, capable of increasing the utilization of alpha-keto acids accumulated under conditions of thiamine deficiency.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of mitochondrial protein in rat liver under conditions of vitamin B 1 deficiency following oxythiamine injection]. The incorporation of labelled precursors into mitochondrial proteins of liver under different duration of oxythiamine (antivitamin B1) effect was studied in the whole organism and in a cell-free system. After 24 hrs following the injection, oxythiamine at a dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight increases the mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo without changing the protein-synthesizing capacity of isolated mitochondria. After 72 hrs following the injection of the same dose of preparation, a sharp increase in the rate of protein label incorporation into the mitochondria was observed. The protein synthesis in mitochondria in the whole body studies also showed an increase. It is assumed that oxythiamine enhances the inductive synthesis of mitochondrial thiamine phosphate-dependent enzymes or activates the syntheses of other enzymic systems, capable of increasing the utilization of alpha-keto acids accumulated under conditions of thiamine deficiency.", "PMID": 597522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6044", "title": "[Thiol peptides from the aspartate transaminase of chicken heart cytosol].", "content": "Aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol was immobilized covalently on activated thiol-Sepharose and digested with trypsin. After washing, the thiol-containing peptides were eluted with 2-mercaptoethanol and further purified by gel-filtration and paper chromatography. Three pure cysteinyl peptides were isolated. One of them may be represented as Ile-(Asp, Met, Cys, Gly, Leu, Thr2)-Lys; this peptide is identical to the fragment comprizing residues 387--395 in the peptide chain of aspartate transaminase from pig heart cytosol. It thus contains a cysteine residue homologous to Cys-390 of the pig heart enzyme. The second cysteinyl peptide had the following composition and partial sequence: Tyr-Phe-Val-Ser-Glu-Gly-Phe-Glu-Leu-Phe (Cys, Ala, Glu, Ser2, Phe)Lys, which corresponds to the sequence 242--258 of the pig enzyme and thus contains a cysteine residue homologous to Cys-252. The third cysteinyl peptide was similar to the tryptic peptide of the pig enzyme containing Cys-191.", "contents": "[Thiol peptides from the aspartate transaminase of chicken heart cytosol]. Aspartate transaminase from chicken heart cytosol was immobilized covalently on activated thiol-Sepharose and digested with trypsin. After washing, the thiol-containing peptides were eluted with 2-mercaptoethanol and further purified by gel-filtration and paper chromatography. Three pure cysteinyl peptides were isolated. One of them may be represented as Ile-(Asp, Met, Cys, Gly, Leu, Thr2)-Lys; this peptide is identical to the fragment comprizing residues 387--395 in the peptide chain of aspartate transaminase from pig heart cytosol. It thus contains a cysteine residue homologous to Cys-390 of the pig heart enzyme. The second cysteinyl peptide had the following composition and partial sequence: Tyr-Phe-Val-Ser-Glu-Gly-Phe-Glu-Leu-Phe (Cys, Ala, Glu, Ser2, Phe)Lys, which corresponds to the sequence 242--258 of the pig enzyme and thus contains a cysteine residue homologous to Cys-252. The third cysteinyl peptide was similar to the tryptic peptide of the pig enzyme containing Cys-191.", "PMID": 597523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6045", "title": "Onset of illness in bipolar manic-depressives and their affectively ill first-degree relatives.", "content": "Some suggestive data regarding age of onset and the relationship of stress to onset in a group of bipolar manic-depressive patients and their first-degree relatives are presented. Possible explanations of the interesting correlation in age of onset among family members are discussed. Because of a small sample size, the clinical significance of the findings are uncertain, but are presented because of their potential interest to those investigating genetic components of affective illness.", "contents": "Onset of illness in bipolar manic-depressives and their affectively ill first-degree relatives. Some suggestive data regarding age of onset and the relationship of stress to onset in a group of bipolar manic-depressive patients and their first-degree relatives are presented. Possible explanations of the interesting correlation in age of onset among family members are discussed. Because of a small sample size, the clinical significance of the findings are uncertain, but are presented because of their potential interest to those investigating genetic components of affective illness.", "PMID": 597526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6046", "title": "Effect of limb restraints on serum creatine phosphokinase activity in normal volunteers.", "content": "Increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is sometimes found in acutely psychotic patients. In order to study factors affecting CPK activity, we investigated in normal subjects the effect on serum CPK activity of resistance to being restrained and to struggle against leather limb restraints (LLR) sometimes used for control of assaultive of self-destructive behavior of psychiatric patients. Blood samples were obtained 24 hr and immediately before restraint; and immediately, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hr after restraint. Serum CPK activity increases ranged from 3 to 16 times base line levels for all subjects. These increases exceeded the 95% upper limit of normal. Serum pyruvate kinase (PK) activity also increased significantly. In a second study, five male subjects were passively placed in LLR and then struggled against LLR for 1 hr. Serum CPK activity also increased significantly under these conditions, but less than after being forcibly restrained. Serum PK activity and lactic dehydrogenase activity also increased significantly, but serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) activity did not. Since serum CPK activity is increased well above the normal limits in normal subjects after struggle against LLR, studies of serum CPK activity in psychotic patients must avoid the use of restraints as well as other types of trauma, which may produce serum CPK increases persisting as long as 72 hr.", "contents": "Effect of limb restraints on serum creatine phosphokinase activity in normal volunteers. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is sometimes found in acutely psychotic patients. In order to study factors affecting CPK activity, we investigated in normal subjects the effect on serum CPK activity of resistance to being restrained and to struggle against leather limb restraints (LLR) sometimes used for control of assaultive of self-destructive behavior of psychiatric patients. Blood samples were obtained 24 hr and immediately before restraint; and immediately, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hr after restraint. Serum CPK activity increases ranged from 3 to 16 times base line levels for all subjects. These increases exceeded the 95% upper limit of normal. Serum pyruvate kinase (PK) activity also increased significantly. In a second study, five male subjects were passively placed in LLR and then struggled against LLR for 1 hr. Serum CPK activity also increased significantly under these conditions, but less than after being forcibly restrained. Serum PK activity and lactic dehydrogenase activity also increased significantly, but serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) activity did not. Since serum CPK activity is increased well above the normal limits in normal subjects after struggle against LLR, studies of serum CPK activity in psychotic patients must avoid the use of restraints as well as other types of trauma, which may produce serum CPK increases persisting as long as 72 hr.", "PMID": 597527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6047", "title": "Changes in the electroencephalogram accompanying the use of stimulant drugs (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) in hyperactive children.", "content": "Fifteen hyperactive boys aged 5.6-10.6 years had their electroencephalograms (EEG) recorded during performance of a simple reaction task while on stimulant medication (methylphenidate or d-amphetamine) and after being free of medication for at least 48 hr. Interval histograms were formed from measurements of the duration of 780 half waves taken from predetermined portions of the EEG'S recorded from the left parietal-occipital derivation for both treatment conditions, and the histograms were subjected to a central-moments analysis. Previous evidence showed that, in normal children, smaller-valued 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments were associated with greater maturity. The EEG histograms obtained while the hyperactive children were taking stimulant medication had significantly (p less than 0.005) smaller 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments than the histograms of the same children obtained when off medication. Age of the group predicted from the means of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments of the EEG interval histograms was 91 months when the children were off medication--9 months less than the group's actual mean age. Age predicted in the same way when the children were on medication was 97 months. Findings support the concept of a neurophysiological maturational lag in hyperactivity and suggest that this lag is overcome, in part, by the use of stimulant drugs.", "contents": "Changes in the electroencephalogram accompanying the use of stimulant drugs (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) in hyperactive children. Fifteen hyperactive boys aged 5.6-10.6 years had their electroencephalograms (EEG) recorded during performance of a simple reaction task while on stimulant medication (methylphenidate or d-amphetamine) and after being free of medication for at least 48 hr. Interval histograms were formed from measurements of the duration of 780 half waves taken from predetermined portions of the EEG'S recorded from the left parietal-occipital derivation for both treatment conditions, and the histograms were subjected to a central-moments analysis. Previous evidence showed that, in normal children, smaller-valued 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments were associated with greater maturity. The EEG histograms obtained while the hyperactive children were taking stimulant medication had significantly (p less than 0.005) smaller 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments than the histograms of the same children obtained when off medication. Age of the group predicted from the means of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th central moments of the EEG interval histograms was 91 months when the children were off medication--9 months less than the group's actual mean age. Age predicted in the same way when the children were on medication was 97 months. Findings support the concept of a neurophysiological maturational lag in hyperactivity and suggest that this lag is overcome, in part, by the use of stimulant drugs.", "PMID": 597528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6048", "title": "Papaverine effect on postischemic acute renal failure in rats.", "content": "The effect of papaverine at the time of starting a post-ischemic acute renal failure in rats has been studied. Papaverine administration increases diuresis and reduces serum urea and creatinine levels. The primary role of hemodynamic disorders as responsible for the diminished glomerular filtration rate is supported by the reduced severity of acute renal failure when this vasodilator agent is administered.", "contents": "Papaverine effect on postischemic acute renal failure in rats. The effect of papaverine at the time of starting a post-ischemic acute renal failure in rats has been studied. Papaverine administration increases diuresis and reduces serum urea and creatinine levels. The primary role of hemodynamic disorders as responsible for the diminished glomerular filtration rate is supported by the reduced severity of acute renal failure when this vasodilator agent is administered.", "PMID": 597562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6049", "title": "Contribution to the early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.", "content": "A method based on a single serological test enabling the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis immediately after birth is described. The concentration of anti-toxoplasmosis antibody from the CSF is compared to that of rubeola used as reference. It is thus possible to distinguish between the passive passage of antibodies in the CSF and their in situ synthesis. When concentration of antibody in the CSF is higher for toxoplasmosis than for rubeola, the existence of a congenital infection of toxoplasmosis can be suggested.", "contents": "Contribution to the early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. A method based on a single serological test enabling the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis immediately after birth is described. The concentration of anti-toxoplasmosis antibody from the CSF is compared to that of rubeola used as reference. It is thus possible to distinguish between the passive passage of antibodies in the CSF and their in situ synthesis. When concentration of antibody in the CSF is higher for toxoplasmosis than for rubeola, the existence of a congenital infection of toxoplasmosis can be suggested.", "PMID": 597563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6050", "title": "An assay for serum cytotoxicity against erythroid precursor cells in pure red cell aplasia.", "content": "Several reports have indicated that a circulating serum inhibitor (antibody) is involved in the pathogenesis of acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). In the present study, the pathophysiologic significance of this inhibitor was assessed according to the status of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. So far, direct proof for the antibody acting against erythroid stemcells was lacking. Employing an \"in vitro\" assay, erythroid colony forming cell (CFU-e) numbers in PRCA marrow were quantified and the cytotoxic effect of PRCA serum on CFU-e was investigated. It was revealed that the CFU-e population size in the marrow of PRCA patients was severely reduced; at the same time the relative number of myeloid colony forming cells was normal. The serum was demonstrated to contain a factor cell which was cytotoxic to CFU-e, in the presence of complement. The results indicate that inhibition of erythropoiesis in PRCA is achieved by a complement dependent plasma factor which eliminates or inactivates CFU-e and which constitutes an effective block at the precursor cell level in the differentiation pathway of the erythroid line. The data present a practical assay for measuring cytotoxic factors affecting erythroid stem cells.", "contents": "An assay for serum cytotoxicity against erythroid precursor cells in pure red cell aplasia. Several reports have indicated that a circulating serum inhibitor (antibody) is involved in the pathogenesis of acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). In the present study, the pathophysiologic significance of this inhibitor was assessed according to the status of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. So far, direct proof for the antibody acting against erythroid stemcells was lacking. Employing an \"in vitro\" assay, erythroid colony forming cell (CFU-e) numbers in PRCA marrow were quantified and the cytotoxic effect of PRCA serum on CFU-e was investigated. It was revealed that the CFU-e population size in the marrow of PRCA patients was severely reduced; at the same time the relative number of myeloid colony forming cells was normal. The serum was demonstrated to contain a factor cell which was cytotoxic to CFU-e, in the presence of complement. The results indicate that inhibition of erythropoiesis in PRCA is achieved by a complement dependent plasma factor which eliminates or inactivates CFU-e and which constitutes an effective block at the precursor cell level in the differentiation pathway of the erythroid line. The data present a practical assay for measuring cytotoxic factors affecting erythroid stem cells.", "PMID": 597564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6051", "title": "Blood platelet and \"extra-platelet\" serotonin in some myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Most of the blood serotonin is bound to platelets. However, some authors described plasma \"free\" serotonin; which is normally very low, and might be increased during some diseases. Usual spectrofluorimetric methods and paired by statistical evaluation \"extra-platelet\" serotonin (not bound to platelets) in the blood of healthy volunteers and patients with myeloproliferative disorders was studied. In these conditions, we cannot be sure of the existence of \"extra-platelets\" serotonin in the blood of controls and some patients; in others it was present. \"Extra-platelet\" serotonin is always present in the blood of untreated patients with primary thrombocytosis.", "contents": "Blood platelet and \"extra-platelet\" serotonin in some myeloproliferative disorders. Most of the blood serotonin is bound to platelets. However, some authors described plasma \"free\" serotonin; which is normally very low, and might be increased during some diseases. Usual spectrofluorimetric methods and paired by statistical evaluation \"extra-platelet\" serotonin (not bound to platelets) in the blood of healthy volunteers and patients with myeloproliferative disorders was studied. In these conditions, we cannot be sure of the existence of \"extra-platelets\" serotonin in the blood of controls and some patients; in others it was present. \"Extra-platelet\" serotonin is always present in the blood of untreated patients with primary thrombocytosis.", "PMID": 597565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6052", "title": "A three dimensional model of the digestion of peptidoglycan by lysozyme.", "content": "The digestion of single peptidoglycan chains of the recently proposed conformation (Formanek et al., 1974) can be described with the same enzymatic mechanism as proposed by Phillips for a hexasaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid residues (Phillips, 1966). It is shown by model building, that in a peptidoglycan lysozyme complex the peptide chains do not exhibit any sterical hindrance. The digestion of the peptidoglycan sacculus by lysozyme may occur at latice defects of its paracrystalline structure. A slit of about 30 A length and 10--15 A width between peptidoglycan micells may be sufficient for the attachment of lysozyme.", "contents": "A three dimensional model of the digestion of peptidoglycan by lysozyme. The digestion of single peptidoglycan chains of the recently proposed conformation (Formanek et al., 1974) can be described with the same enzymatic mechanism as proposed by Phillips for a hexasaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid residues (Phillips, 1966). It is shown by model building, that in a peptidoglycan lysozyme complex the peptide chains do not exhibit any sterical hindrance. The digestion of the peptidoglycan sacculus by lysozyme may occur at latice defects of its paracrystalline structure. A slit of about 30 A length and 10--15 A width between peptidoglycan micells may be sufficient for the attachment of lysozyme.", "PMID": 597567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6053", "title": "Dynamic stiffness and crossbridge action in muscle.", "content": "Small sinusoidal vibrations at 300 HZ were applied to frog sartorius muscle to measure the dynamic stiffness (Young's modulus) throughout the course of tetanus. For a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.4% the dynamic Young's modulus increased from 1.5 X 10(5) Nm-2 in the resting state to 2 X 10(7) Nm-2 in tetanus. After correction for the external connective tissue, the dynamic Young's modulus of the muscle was almost directly proportional to the tension throughout the development of tetanus. The ratio of dynamic Young's modulus to tensile stress thus remained constant (with a value at 300 Hz of approximately 100), consistently with Huxley and Simmon's identification of the crossbridges as the source of both tension and stiffness. For a single crossbridge the ratio of stiffness to tension was 8.2 X 10(7) m-1 at 300 Hz; it is deduced from literature data that the limiting value at high frequencies is about 1.6 X 10(8) m-1. This ratio is interpreted on Harrington's (1971) model to show that crossbridge action can be explained by a helix-coil transition of about 80 out of the 260 residues in each S-2 myosin strand. It is also shown that a helix-coil model can account for the observed rapid relaxation of muscle without invoking any complex behaviour of the crossbridge head.", "contents": "Dynamic stiffness and crossbridge action in muscle. Small sinusoidal vibrations at 300 HZ were applied to frog sartorius muscle to measure the dynamic stiffness (Young's modulus) throughout the course of tetanus. For a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.4% the dynamic Young's modulus increased from 1.5 X 10(5) Nm-2 in the resting state to 2 X 10(7) Nm-2 in tetanus. After correction for the external connective tissue, the dynamic Young's modulus of the muscle was almost directly proportional to the tension throughout the development of tetanus. The ratio of dynamic Young's modulus to tensile stress thus remained constant (with a value at 300 Hz of approximately 100), consistently with Huxley and Simmon's identification of the crossbridges as the source of both tension and stiffness. For a single crossbridge the ratio of stiffness to tension was 8.2 X 10(7) m-1 at 300 Hz; it is deduced from literature data that the limiting value at high frequencies is about 1.6 X 10(8) m-1. This ratio is interpreted on Harrington's (1971) model to show that crossbridge action can be explained by a helix-coil transition of about 80 out of the 260 residues in each S-2 myosin strand. It is also shown that a helix-coil model can account for the observed rapid relaxation of muscle without invoking any complex behaviour of the crossbridge head.", "PMID": 597568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6054", "title": "Structural analysis of denaturant-protein interactions: comparison between the effects of bromoethanol and SDS on denaturation and renaturation of triclinic lysozyme.", "content": "This paper summarizes our crystallographic studies of the interaction of denaturants with cross-linked triclinic lysozyme. Electron density maps of various bromoethanol-lysozyme complexes are analyzed and compared to those reported earlier for SDS-lysozyme complexes. Despite differences in the chemical nature and size of the two denaturants their mode of interaction with the protein is quite similar, suggesting the existence of a general mechanism for binding of hydrophobic-hydrophilic denaturants to proteins. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that lysozyme consists of two domains connected by a flexible segment and that this segment represents an internal degree of freedom of the protein.", "contents": "Structural analysis of denaturant-protein interactions: comparison between the effects of bromoethanol and SDS on denaturation and renaturation of triclinic lysozyme. This paper summarizes our crystallographic studies of the interaction of denaturants with cross-linked triclinic lysozyme. Electron density maps of various bromoethanol-lysozyme complexes are analyzed and compared to those reported earlier for SDS-lysozyme complexes. Despite differences in the chemical nature and size of the two denaturants their mode of interaction with the protein is quite similar, suggesting the existence of a general mechanism for binding of hydrophobic-hydrophilic denaturants to proteins. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that lysozyme consists of two domains connected by a flexible segment and that this segment represents an internal degree of freedom of the protein.", "PMID": 597569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6055", "title": "The trajectories of particles suspended in electrolytes under the influence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. Possible explanation of the sensitivity of organism to magnetic fields.", "content": "We observed that particles, suspended in an electrolyte and brought into crossed magnetic and electric fields of low intensities, will deviate in the central part of the electrophoresis chamber of a standard Zeiss Cytopherometer with a component vertical to both fields. The direction and magnitude, however, were sharply at variance with what would be expected by the action of the Lorentz force (EMF) on the surface of the particles. The magnitude of the deviation depends upon the magnetic and electric field strength, the ion concentration of the suspension medium and the geometry of the chamber. The movement of the particles is due to streaming of the electrolyte which is mainly caused by inhomogeneities of the electric field in the electrophoresis chamber. The magnitude of the effect is high enough to occur physiological conditions. Magneto-electrophoretic streaming might eventually act as a transducer mechanism which could explain the ability of some animals to orientate themselves in the geomagnetic field.", "contents": "The trajectories of particles suspended in electrolytes under the influence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. Possible explanation of the sensitivity of organism to magnetic fields. We observed that particles, suspended in an electrolyte and brought into crossed magnetic and electric fields of low intensities, will deviate in the central part of the electrophoresis chamber of a standard Zeiss Cytopherometer with a component vertical to both fields. The direction and magnitude, however, were sharply at variance with what would be expected by the action of the Lorentz force (EMF) on the surface of the particles. The magnitude of the deviation depends upon the magnetic and electric field strength, the ion concentration of the suspension medium and the geometry of the chamber. The movement of the particles is due to streaming of the electrolyte which is mainly caused by inhomogeneities of the electric field in the electrophoresis chamber. The magnitude of the effect is high enough to occur physiological conditions. Magneto-electrophoretic streaming might eventually act as a transducer mechanism which could explain the ability of some animals to orientate themselves in the geomagnetic field.", "PMID": 597571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6056", "title": "Characterization and mass spectral analysis of some grayanotoxin derivatives.", "content": "The mass spectra of grayanotoxin III and some of its mono-, di, and tri-ester derivatives are discussed. Some of the physiological responses of this compound class are also presented. The extraction of this material from a natural source is discussed as well as the schemes for ester derivatization and spectral characterization of all compounds studied. High resolution mass spectral analysis and comparison of the mass spectra of similar compounds were used to define possible fragmentation mechanisms.", "contents": "Characterization and mass spectral analysis of some grayanotoxin derivatives. The mass spectra of grayanotoxin III and some of its mono-, di, and tri-ester derivatives are discussed. Some of the physiological responses of this compound class are also presented. The extraction of this material from a natural source is discussed as well as the schemes for ester derivatization and spectral characterization of all compounds studied. High resolution mass spectral analysis and comparison of the mass spectra of similar compounds were used to define possible fragmentation mechanisms.", "PMID": 597581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6057", "title": "Mass spectra of some specifically deuterated tryptamines.", "content": "The mass spectra of the four tryptamine derivatives, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin), N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-acetyl-serotonin), N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxtryptamine (bufotenine) and N,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (O-methylbufotenine), with specifically labeled [D4] aminoethyl sidechains have been measured. Comparison of these spectra with those of the unlabeled compounds enable the major fragmentations of the compounds to be defined.", "contents": "Mass spectra of some specifically deuterated tryptamines. The mass spectra of the four tryptamine derivatives, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin), N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-acetyl-serotonin), N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxtryptamine (bufotenine) and N,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (O-methylbufotenine), with specifically labeled [D4] aminoethyl sidechains have been measured. Comparison of these spectra with those of the unlabeled compounds enable the major fragmentations of the compounds to be defined.", "PMID": 597583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6058", "title": "Ring-D fragmentation of cardenolides.", "content": "The major fragmentation paths typical for the cardenolides system have been elucidated by labelling studies.", "contents": "Ring-D fragmentation of cardenolides. The major fragmentation paths typical for the cardenolides system have been elucidated by labelling studies.", "PMID": 597584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6059", "title": "Mass spectral characterization of 6-oxo-OGF.", "content": "The mass spectra of eleven derivatives are presented to provide structural support for the recently discovered prostaglandin, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, which we have isolated from incubations of arachidonic acid with ram seminal vesicles or released during isolated perfusions of sensitized guinea pig lungs.", "contents": "Mass spectral characterization of 6-oxo-OGF. The mass spectra of eleven derivatives are presented to provide structural support for the recently discovered prostaglandin, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, which we have isolated from incubations of arachidonic acid with ram seminal vesicles or released during isolated perfusions of sensitized guinea pig lungs.", "PMID": 597585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6060", "title": "In vivo metabolism of cannabinol by the mouse and rat and a comparison with a metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.", "content": "The in vivo liver metabolism of cannabinol has been studied in the mouse and rat by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cannabinol glucuronide was the major metabolite of cannabinol in the mouse and was accompanied by relatively large amounts of 7-hydroxycannabinol, cannabinol-7-oic acid and their corresponding glucuronide conjugates. Lower concentrations of glucuronides were found in the rat. Two series of disubstituted metabolites were found containing either a 7-hydroxyl or a 7-carboxylic acid group and a second hydroxyl group in the 1 inch-4 inch positions of the sidechain. These were of low concentration in the mouse but higher in the rat; 1 inch-hydroxy metabolites were particularly abundant in the latter species. Also found in the rat livers were small amounts of sidechain monohydroxy metabolites and larger quantities of 4 inches, 5 inches-bisnorcannabinol-3 inches-oic acid; these were absent in the mouse. The metabolites were identified using the trimethylsilyl (TMS), [2H9] TMS and methyl ester-TMS derivatives, and by reduction of acid metabolites with lithium aluminium deuteride to the corresponding alcohols.", "contents": "In vivo metabolism of cannabinol by the mouse and rat and a comparison with a metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. The in vivo liver metabolism of cannabinol has been studied in the mouse and rat by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cannabinol glucuronide was the major metabolite of cannabinol in the mouse and was accompanied by relatively large amounts of 7-hydroxycannabinol, cannabinol-7-oic acid and their corresponding glucuronide conjugates. Lower concentrations of glucuronides were found in the rat. Two series of disubstituted metabolites were found containing either a 7-hydroxyl or a 7-carboxylic acid group and a second hydroxyl group in the 1 inch-4 inch positions of the sidechain. These were of low concentration in the mouse but higher in the rat; 1 inch-hydroxy metabolites were particularly abundant in the latter species. Also found in the rat livers were small amounts of sidechain monohydroxy metabolites and larger quantities of 4 inches, 5 inches-bisnorcannabinol-3 inches-oic acid; these were absent in the mouse. The metabolites were identified using the trimethylsilyl (TMS), [2H9] TMS and methyl ester-TMS derivatives, and by reduction of acid metabolites with lithium aluminium deuteride to the corresponding alcohols.", "PMID": 597586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6061", "title": "The mass spectral fragmentation of 9alpha-hydroxy steroids and related compounds.", "content": "The fragmentation processes occurring in various 9alpha-hydroxy steroids upon electron ionization have been studied. The mechanisms proposed for the formation of the prominent ions in these spectra have been confirmed with the aid of deuterium labelling, measurements on metastable ion decompositions, low eV spectra and high resolution mass measurements. The fragmentation of the corresponding 9-oxo-9,10-seco steroids, which shows analogy to that of the 9alpha-hydroxy compounds in many respects, has also been discussed.", "contents": "The mass spectral fragmentation of 9alpha-hydroxy steroids and related compounds. The fragmentation processes occurring in various 9alpha-hydroxy steroids upon electron ionization have been studied. The mechanisms proposed for the formation of the prominent ions in these spectra have been confirmed with the aid of deuterium labelling, measurements on metastable ion decompositions, low eV spectra and high resolution mass measurements. The fragmentation of the corresponding 9-oxo-9,10-seco steroids, which shows analogy to that of the 9alpha-hydroxy compounds in many respects, has also been discussed.", "PMID": 597588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6062", "title": "On the mapping of chains of first order chemical reactions on random walks.", "content": "We present the transient solution to a random walk problem which characterizes chemical kinetic processes in which a particular state may have a finite number of internal states. While there are many chemical and physical examples, we introduce the solution through models of biophysical interest.", "contents": "On the mapping of chains of first order chemical reactions on random walks. We present the transient solution to a random walk problem which characterizes chemical kinetic processes in which a particular state may have a finite number of internal states. While there are many chemical and physical examples, we introduce the solution through models of biophysical interest.", "PMID": 597589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6063", "title": "A mathematical model of periodic processes in membranes (with application to cell cycle regulation).", "content": "A mathematical model of the regulation of the cell cycle by the plasma membrane is suggested. The model is based on the hypothesis that structural transitions of the cell membrane play an important role in the regulation of cell division. Conditions of transition from the proliferating state to the resting state and back are investigated. Possible qualitative differences between models of the cell cycle of a normal and a tumour cell are pointed out.", "contents": "A mathematical model of periodic processes in membranes (with application to cell cycle regulation). A mathematical model of the regulation of the cell cycle by the plasma membrane is suggested. The model is based on the hypothesis that structural transitions of the cell membrane play an important role in the regulation of cell division. Conditions of transition from the proliferating state to the resting state and back are investigated. Possible qualitative differences between models of the cell cycle of a normal and a tumour cell are pointed out.", "PMID": 597590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6064", "title": "Convergent and parallel evolution: a model illustrating selection, phylogeny and phenetic similarity.", "content": "A model is proposed which considers the structural relationships of body characteristics and their role in a concept wherein the phylogenetic relationship of the organisms under study is interpreted as constituting degrees of convergent or parallel evolution. The model also accounts for the relationships between selection pressures, phylogeny, and phenetic expression. The phenomena of convergent and parallel evolution are based upon the observations of similar characteristics, the geometric concept, magnitude and similarity of selection pressures, and the phylogenetic relationship of the groups in question.", "contents": "Convergent and parallel evolution: a model illustrating selection, phylogeny and phenetic similarity. A model is proposed which considers the structural relationships of body characteristics and their role in a concept wherein the phylogenetic relationship of the organisms under study is interpreted as constituting degrees of convergent or parallel evolution. The model also accounts for the relationships between selection pressures, phylogeny, and phenetic expression. The phenomena of convergent and parallel evolution are based upon the observations of similar characteristics, the geometric concept, magnitude and similarity of selection pressures, and the phylogenetic relationship of the groups in question.", "PMID": 597591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6065", "title": "Potentiometric titration behavior of polyaspartic acid prepared by thermal polycondensation.", "content": "The dissociation behavior of polyaspartic acid prepared by thermal polycondensation was studied by potentiometric titrations at various ionic strengths. From the analysis of the titration curves, the ratio of alpha- and beta-linkaged aspartyl residues was estimated at about 7:3 and the intrinsic dissociation constants of alpha- and beta-carboxyl groups are 3.25 and 4.35, respectively.", "contents": "Potentiometric titration behavior of polyaspartic acid prepared by thermal polycondensation. The dissociation behavior of polyaspartic acid prepared by thermal polycondensation was studied by potentiometric titrations at various ionic strengths. From the analysis of the titration curves, the ratio of alpha- and beta-linkaged aspartyl residues was estimated at about 7:3 and the intrinsic dissociation constants of alpha- and beta-carboxyl groups are 3.25 and 4.35, respectively.", "PMID": 597593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6066", "title": "Density-dependent limitation of growth and the regulation of cell replication by changes in the triggering level of the cell cycle switch.", "content": "If the initiation/suppression of cell replication results from the operation of an intracellular switch, then proliferation control can be expected to occur through the modulation of its threshold setting or sensitivity. Assuming the existence of a threshold and the uptake of regulators by an equilibrium process, one can explain various types of dependency of the maximum cell density on the initial level of the regulator (e.g., serum) in the medium. Moreover it becomes theoretically possible to distinguish whether an altered threshold or equilibrium constant is responsible for modified proliferation characteristics. It is pointed out that some published data on transformed cells are more consistent with an altered threshold than the permeability change invoked. Other data suggests that transformation has produced more complex effects. The arguments presented indicate that while some cells may be more susceptible to control via changes in the relevant equilibrium constant, others may respond more markedly to threshold modulation. If control occurs through inhibition of replication, it is possible for the system to exhibit a critical \"mass\": if this is exceeded (in ways discussed) proliferation could continue indefinitely provided adequate nutrients are available. An oscillator concept of the cell cycle accounts for the existence of a threshold and also permits a general understanding of its modulation by multiple agents. It is concluded that at least some forms of cancer are the result of altered thresholds.", "contents": "Density-dependent limitation of growth and the regulation of cell replication by changes in the triggering level of the cell cycle switch. If the initiation/suppression of cell replication results from the operation of an intracellular switch, then proliferation control can be expected to occur through the modulation of its threshold setting or sensitivity. Assuming the existence of a threshold and the uptake of regulators by an equilibrium process, one can explain various types of dependency of the maximum cell density on the initial level of the regulator (e.g., serum) in the medium. Moreover it becomes theoretically possible to distinguish whether an altered threshold or equilibrium constant is responsible for modified proliferation characteristics. It is pointed out that some published data on transformed cells are more consistent with an altered threshold than the permeability change invoked. Other data suggests that transformation has produced more complex effects. The arguments presented indicate that while some cells may be more susceptible to control via changes in the relevant equilibrium constant, others may respond more markedly to threshold modulation. If control occurs through inhibition of replication, it is possible for the system to exhibit a critical \"mass\": if this is exceeded (in ways discussed) proliferation could continue indefinitely provided adequate nutrients are available. An oscillator concept of the cell cycle accounts for the existence of a threshold and also permits a general understanding of its modulation by multiple agents. It is concluded that at least some forms of cancer are the result of altered thresholds.", "PMID": 597594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6067", "title": "The origin of the protein synthesis mechanism.", "content": "The origin and development of the protein synthesis mechanism is considered in four successive steps. The genetic code is supposed to be controlled by the relative amount (availability) of various amino acids and nucleotides on the one hand, and utility on each amino acid in the polypeptide. on the other hand. Thus, more simple (inutile) and abundant amino acids tended to correspond to codons which were rich in the less frequent base species, G and C. Features of primitive tRNA in the discrimination of amino acid are discussed. Primitive tRNA is proposed to have a discriminator site for amino acid and, separated from it, an anticodon site for interaction with nucleotides. A hypothetical course of subdivision of various nucleic acid species is proposed. In the scheme, mRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were derived from more primitive insoluble RNA. DNA appeared in the late, not first, step of the development. Several other aspects of evolutionary development of the whole protein synthesis mechanism, e.g., role of the discriminator site on primitive tRNA, modification and subdivision of code catalogue into a more precise specification of amino acids, and possible primordial interactions between tRNA and tRNA-binding sites on insoluble rRNA, are discussed.", "contents": "The origin of the protein synthesis mechanism. The origin and development of the protein synthesis mechanism is considered in four successive steps. The genetic code is supposed to be controlled by the relative amount (availability) of various amino acids and nucleotides on the one hand, and utility on each amino acid in the polypeptide. on the other hand. Thus, more simple (inutile) and abundant amino acids tended to correspond to codons which were rich in the less frequent base species, G and C. Features of primitive tRNA in the discrimination of amino acid are discussed. Primitive tRNA is proposed to have a discriminator site for amino acid and, separated from it, an anticodon site for interaction with nucleotides. A hypothetical course of subdivision of various nucleic acid species is proposed. In the scheme, mRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were derived from more primitive insoluble RNA. DNA appeared in the late, not first, step of the development. Several other aspects of evolutionary development of the whole protein synthesis mechanism, e.g., role of the discriminator site on primitive tRNA, modification and subdivision of code catalogue into a more precise specification of amino acids, and possible primordial interactions between tRNA and tRNA-binding sites on insoluble rRNA, are discussed.", "PMID": 597595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6068", "title": "A path analysis of the causal relationships between red cell glycolytic intermediates, ADP and ATP in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "The statistical relationships among the glycolytic intermediates (GI)) of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, adenine nucleotides (ANs) and various hematological measures were estimated for 34 sickle cell anemia patients. Heterogeneity in linear and quadratic regressions of hemoglobin and hematocrit, both singly and jointly, on the GI and AN variables implied 1) that any single formula to standardize optical density measures of the GIs and ANs on a per gram hemoglobin or per liter cell water basis would not uniformly remove hemoglobin and hematocrit effects: 2) that ignoring significant hematological effects could bias the estimates of correlation among GIs and ANs; and 3) that hemoglobin and hematocrit measures do not reflect the same source of variability. The correlations among the GIs and ANs, after adjustment for hematological variability, were analyzed by path analysis to determine which of five proposed path models for cause and effect relationships were compatible with the data. AMP had a greater influence on ADP (coefficient of determination (CD) = 23%) than all the GIs together, while G6P and ADP influenced ATP variability the most (CD = 33% and 12%). The contributions of unknown factors to ADP and ATP variability were large for all models (CD = 56--77%) possibly due to stress of sickle cell disease. The path model with AMP and the four GIs (G6P, F6P, FDP, DHAP) influencing ADP variation, and the same GIs and ADP influencing ATP was the model most compatible with the data.", "contents": "A path analysis of the causal relationships between red cell glycolytic intermediates, ADP and ATP in sickle cell anemia. The statistical relationships among the glycolytic intermediates (GI)) of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, adenine nucleotides (ANs) and various hematological measures were estimated for 34 sickle cell anemia patients. Heterogeneity in linear and quadratic regressions of hemoglobin and hematocrit, both singly and jointly, on the GI and AN variables implied 1) that any single formula to standardize optical density measures of the GIs and ANs on a per gram hemoglobin or per liter cell water basis would not uniformly remove hemoglobin and hematocrit effects: 2) that ignoring significant hematological effects could bias the estimates of correlation among GIs and ANs; and 3) that hemoglobin and hematocrit measures do not reflect the same source of variability. The correlations among the GIs and ANs, after adjustment for hematological variability, were analyzed by path analysis to determine which of five proposed path models for cause and effect relationships were compatible with the data. AMP had a greater influence on ADP (coefficient of determination (CD) = 23%) than all the GIs together, while G6P and ADP influenced ATP variability the most (CD = 33% and 12%). The contributions of unknown factors to ADP and ATP variability were large for all models (CD = 56--77%) possibly due to stress of sickle cell disease. The path model with AMP and the four GIs (G6P, F6P, FDP, DHAP) influencing ADP variation, and the same GIs and ADP influencing ATP was the model most compatible with the data.", "PMID": 597596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6069", "title": "Does the brain actively maintain itself?", "content": "All living systems have special mechanisms for combatting entropy; however, the brain has dimensions of organized complexity beyong those manifest in the anatomical structure and physiology of the rest of the body. Reasons are given in support of the notion that the brain therefore must have a special, intrinsic \"homeostatic\" system for its information bearing structures, and, further, that slow electroencephalographic activity has properties which might make it useful for such an order-maintaining function. Recovery from brain damage is hypothesized to be a byproduct of this process, which may involve a cruder sort of information processing than occurs with such functions as perception and learning. Synchronized EEG activity may be adequate to handle this sort of information processing. Speculations are offered about possible mechanics, on the neuronal level, of slow wave participation in plasticity; for example, one such suggestion is based on findings that electrical fields can influence cellular orientation. The methodology of discovering the distribution within the brain of the hypothetical maintenance system is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Does the brain actively maintain itself? All living systems have special mechanisms for combatting entropy; however, the brain has dimensions of organized complexity beyong those manifest in the anatomical structure and physiology of the rest of the body. Reasons are given in support of the notion that the brain therefore must have a special, intrinsic \"homeostatic\" system for its information bearing structures, and, further, that slow electroencephalographic activity has properties which might make it useful for such an order-maintaining function. Recovery from brain damage is hypothesized to be a byproduct of this process, which may involve a cruder sort of information processing than occurs with such functions as perception and learning. Synchronized EEG activity may be adequate to handle this sort of information processing. Speculations are offered about possible mechanics, on the neuronal level, of slow wave participation in plasticity; for example, one such suggestion is based on findings that electrical fields can influence cellular orientation. The methodology of discovering the distribution within the brain of the hypothetical maintenance system is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 597597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6070", "title": "Telemetric motor activity in children. A preliminary study.", "content": "A lightweight telemetric mobility sensing system was used to study the relationship between high levels of motor activity during free-play and school performance. Among the 21 normal children, there was a significant correlation between high ankle motor activity during free-play, poor school achievement, the presence of neurological soft signs, and a poor self-image. Those normals whose free-play ankle activity was above the mean, also had significantly more errors and performed at a significantly lower level on the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test than children whose activity was below the mean. This preliminary study suggests that the telemetric mobility sensing system can be easily applied to children to assess clinically relevant components of psychomotor activity.", "contents": "Telemetric motor activity in children. A preliminary study. A lightweight telemetric mobility sensing system was used to study the relationship between high levels of motor activity during free-play and school performance. Among the 21 normal children, there was a significant correlation between high ankle motor activity during free-play, poor school achievement, the presence of neurological soft signs, and a poor self-image. Those normals whose free-play ankle activity was above the mean, also had significantly more errors and performed at a significantly lower level on the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test than children whose activity was below the mean. This preliminary study suggests that the telemetric mobility sensing system can be easily applied to children to assess clinically relevant components of psychomotor activity.", "PMID": 597598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6071", "title": "Precision calibration of patient care equipment as failure predictor.", "content": "Reliability of patient care equipment could be enhanced if failures could be predicted and repairs made on a routine instead of emergency basis. The paper describes the efforts of the Biomedical Engineering Department at Brookdale Hospital Medical Center to use changes in accuracy of selected parameters as failure predictor. Monthly precision tests of ECG rate computers, strip chart recorders and waveform analysis of defibrillator discharges were used in this experiment. For defibrillators and strip chart records failures could clearly be predicted but the results for ECG rate computers are still inconclusive.", "contents": "Precision calibration of patient care equipment as failure predictor. Reliability of patient care equipment could be enhanced if failures could be predicted and repairs made on a routine instead of emergency basis. The paper describes the efforts of the Biomedical Engineering Department at Brookdale Hospital Medical Center to use changes in accuracy of selected parameters as failure predictor. Monthly precision tests of ECG rate computers, strip chart recorders and waveform analysis of defibrillator discharges were used in this experiment. For defibrillators and strip chart records failures could clearly be predicted but the results for ECG rate computers are still inconclusive.", "PMID": 597599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6072", "title": "A multichannel telemetry system for long-term in vivo evaluation of implantable materials.", "content": "Long-term in vivo measurements of the corrosion potentials of various implantable metal materials are performed using an implantable multichannel telemetry system. The data acquisition system has been designed to achieve maximum ease of operation for routine tests in animal applications. A novel signal encoding technique offers advantageous properties in connection with a commercial audio cassette tape recorder for signal storage. The flexibility of the design extends the scope of application to include not only biomaterial testing but all low frequency data transmissions in biological research.", "contents": "A multichannel telemetry system for long-term in vivo evaluation of implantable materials. Long-term in vivo measurements of the corrosion potentials of various implantable metal materials are performed using an implantable multichannel telemetry system. The data acquisition system has been designed to achieve maximum ease of operation for routine tests in animal applications. A novel signal encoding technique offers advantageous properties in connection with a commercial audio cassette tape recorder for signal storage. The flexibility of the design extends the scope of application to include not only biomaterial testing but all low frequency data transmissions in biological research.", "PMID": 597600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6073", "title": "Pulse width to analog converter for a portable radio telemetry receiver.", "content": "A pulse width tracking system is described which converts a pulse width modulated telemetry signal into an analog signal. The converter, which is based on an integrated circuit chip design, contains a feedback feature that makes it ideal for high stability servo applications. The converter was designed as an integral part of a long-range radiotelemetry system used in occupational health field research.", "contents": "Pulse width to analog converter for a portable radio telemetry receiver. A pulse width tracking system is described which converts a pulse width modulated telemetry signal into an analog signal. The converter, which is based on an integrated circuit chip design, contains a feedback feature that makes it ideal for high stability servo applications. The converter was designed as an integral part of a long-range radiotelemetry system used in occupational health field research.", "PMID": 597601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6074", "title": "[Distribution of afferents from the association nuclei of the thalamus in the projection and association cortex in cats].", "content": "Patterns of distribution of terminal degeneration in the parietal cortex (field 7) and in the occipital cortex (field 17) were studied after ultrasonic destruction of the pulvinar by the Fink-Heimer and electron microscopy methods. Degenerating fibers and their terminals were observed in the parietal cortex within all the layers; the greatest amount of degeneration was found in the III--V layers. In the occipital cortex the fibers from the pulvinar end predominantly in the IV layer. Degenerating axons end on the dendritic spines and thin dendritic branches both in the parietal and occipital cortex.", "contents": "[Distribution of afferents from the association nuclei of the thalamus in the projection and association cortex in cats]. Patterns of distribution of terminal degeneration in the parietal cortex (field 7) and in the occipital cortex (field 17) were studied after ultrasonic destruction of the pulvinar by the Fink-Heimer and electron microscopy methods. Degenerating fibers and their terminals were observed in the parietal cortex within all the layers; the greatest amount of degeneration was found in the III--V layers. In the occipital cortex the fibers from the pulvinar end predominantly in the IV layer. Degenerating axons end on the dendritic spines and thin dendritic branches both in the parietal and occipital cortex.", "PMID": 597602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6075", "title": "[Vascular component of the systemic circulatory response to orthostasis].", "content": "Under the orthostatic test (OT) pronounced compensation of the initial lowering of the arterial pressure (AP) and insignificant restoration of cardiac output arose in anesthetized cats. An important role of the baroreceptor reflexes from the carotid sinus in the mechanism of AP compensation was established. The response of the resistance anc capacitance vessels to OT was studied by the method of extracorporeal circulation. Quantitative evaluation of the blood pooling in the vascular system under OT was made. Compensatory response of the AP under OT was determined mainly by the reflex vasoconstriction of the resistance vessels, but not by the venomotor reactions.", "contents": "[Vascular component of the systemic circulatory response to orthostasis]. Under the orthostatic test (OT) pronounced compensation of the initial lowering of the arterial pressure (AP) and insignificant restoration of cardiac output arose in anesthetized cats. An important role of the baroreceptor reflexes from the carotid sinus in the mechanism of AP compensation was established. The response of the resistance anc capacitance vessels to OT was studied by the method of extracorporeal circulation. Quantitative evaluation of the blood pooling in the vascular system under OT was made. Compensatory response of the AP under OT was determined mainly by the reflex vasoconstriction of the resistance vessels, but not by the venomotor reactions.", "PMID": 597603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6076", "title": "[Damage to the isolated heart due to adrenaline perfused with a saline solution].", "content": "Perfusion of the isolated heart with Krebs solution containing 5 and 20 microgram/ml of adrenaline induced cardiocyte micronecrosis. Perfusion with 0.5 microgram/ml of adrenaline induced no micronecrosis. Dispersion analysis showed a statistically significant effect of adrenaline concentrations on the degree of the cardionecrotic effect. The fact of micronecrosis appearance in the isolated heart during its perfusion with saline solution requires revision of the hypothesis on the leading role of blood factor in the realization of the cardionecrotic effect of adrenaline. The appearance of micronecroses with the action of adrenaline in concentrations which activate the mechanism of amines uptake by the heart myocytes speaks in favour of the casual relationship between the accumulation of the biogenic amines by myocytes and the development of their necrosis.", "contents": "[Damage to the isolated heart due to adrenaline perfused with a saline solution]. Perfusion of the isolated heart with Krebs solution containing 5 and 20 microgram/ml of adrenaline induced cardiocyte micronecrosis. Perfusion with 0.5 microgram/ml of adrenaline induced no micronecrosis. Dispersion analysis showed a statistically significant effect of adrenaline concentrations on the degree of the cardionecrotic effect. The fact of micronecrosis appearance in the isolated heart during its perfusion with saline solution requires revision of the hypothesis on the leading role of blood factor in the realization of the cardionecrotic effect of adrenaline. The appearance of micronecroses with the action of adrenaline in concentrations which activate the mechanism of amines uptake by the heart myocytes speaks in favour of the casual relationship between the accumulation of the biogenic amines by myocytes and the development of their necrosis.", "PMID": 597604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6077", "title": "[Autoimmune response following administration of a protein preparation from the caudate nuclei of cattle brains to rabbits].", "content": "Plasma membranes of bovine caudate nuclei were solubilized by means of Triton X-100. Detergent-extracted membrane proteins were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and the affinity adsorbent proposed for the isolation of nicotinic cholinergic receptor protein (N-ChR) from Torpedo electrical organ. Half of the rabbits immunized with purified protein preparation developed a syndrome of myasthenia type. This effect resembled the autoimmune response to N-ChR from fish electrical organs. It is assumed that the N-ChR present in the caudate nucleus has antigen determinants similar to N-ChRs of the electrical organs and skeletal muscles.", "contents": "[Autoimmune response following administration of a protein preparation from the caudate nuclei of cattle brains to rabbits]. Plasma membranes of bovine caudate nuclei were solubilized by means of Triton X-100. Detergent-extracted membrane proteins were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and the affinity adsorbent proposed for the isolation of nicotinic cholinergic receptor protein (N-ChR) from Torpedo electrical organ. Half of the rabbits immunized with purified protein preparation developed a syndrome of myasthenia type. This effect resembled the autoimmune response to N-ChR from fish electrical organs. It is assumed that the N-ChR present in the caudate nucleus has antigen determinants similar to N-ChRs of the electrical organs and skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 597605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6078", "title": "[Phenomenon of macrophage spreading in pollinoses].", "content": "Macrophages spreading is inhibited by specific allergen in experiments on guinea pigs with a model of pollinosis. Inhibition of macrophages spreading can also be induced by interaction on macrophages of intact guinea pigs with allergens in combination with suitable serum of pollinosis patients. This phenomenon can be utilized in our modification of a test for clinical diagnosis of allergy.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of macrophage spreading in pollinoses]. Macrophages spreading is inhibited by specific allergen in experiments on guinea pigs with a model of pollinosis. Inhibition of macrophages spreading can also be induced by interaction on macrophages of intact guinea pigs with allergens in combination with suitable serum of pollinosis patients. This phenomenon can be utilized in our modification of a test for clinical diagnosis of allergy.", "PMID": 597606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6079", "title": "[Antitumor effect of glycopeptides from the cell wall of Lactobacillus bulgaricus].", "content": "The antitumor activity of \"blastolysin\", a preparation that consisted mainly of glycopeptide fragments of the cell wall of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, was studied. Blastolysin was found to exert a specific antitumor effect on sarcoma S-180, leukemia P-388, plasmacytoma MOPC-315, adenocarcinoma AKATOL, melanosarcoma B-16, carcinoma LIC, and spontaneous tumors in mice. It is of low toxicity, does not inhibit hemopoiesis, and its action on tumor tissue differs considerably from that of the known antitumor chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Antitumor effect of glycopeptides from the cell wall of Lactobacillus bulgaricus]. The antitumor activity of \"blastolysin\", a preparation that consisted mainly of glycopeptide fragments of the cell wall of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, was studied. Blastolysin was found to exert a specific antitumor effect on sarcoma S-180, leukemia P-388, plasmacytoma MOPC-315, adenocarcinoma AKATOL, melanosarcoma B-16, carcinoma LIC, and spontaneous tumors in mice. It is of low toxicity, does not inhibit hemopoiesis, and its action on tumor tissue differs considerably from that of the known antitumor chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 597607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6080", "title": "[Migration capacity of tumor cells treated with immune sera].", "content": "The action of antitumour sera on the adhesive properties of the L-cells and the cells of Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma. It was shown that after the treatment with immune sera the tumour cells lost their capacity to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, to adhere to plastics and glass; when administered into the mouse organism these cells were worse retained in the lungs, spleen and the liver. The data obtained indicated that the antibodies could play a significant role in the tumour cell metastasis.", "contents": "[Migration capacity of tumor cells treated with immune sera]. The action of antitumour sera on the adhesive properties of the L-cells and the cells of Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma. It was shown that after the treatment with immune sera the tumour cells lost their capacity to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, to adhere to plastics and glass; when administered into the mouse organism these cells were worse retained in the lungs, spleen and the liver. The data obtained indicated that the antibodies could play a significant role in the tumour cell metastasis.", "PMID": 597608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6081", "title": "[Influence of precursors of endogenously synthesized dimethylnitrosamine on the activity of the demethylase of that carcinogen in rat liver].", "content": "Oral administration of dimethylamine, sodium nitrite and a combination of these precursors of endogenously synthesized dimethylnitrosamine to rats increased the activity of demethylase of this carcinogen in the liver microsomes. Under conditions of chronic experiment inclusion of dimethylamine into the diet of rats intensified the demethylase activity even in the presence of casein, an inductor of this enzymatic system. An inhibitor of protein synthesis--actinomycin D prevented an increase of demethylase activity in the microsomal fraction caused by dimethylamine.", "contents": "[Influence of precursors of endogenously synthesized dimethylnitrosamine on the activity of the demethylase of that carcinogen in rat liver]. Oral administration of dimethylamine, sodium nitrite and a combination of these precursors of endogenously synthesized dimethylnitrosamine to rats increased the activity of demethylase of this carcinogen in the liver microsomes. Under conditions of chronic experiment inclusion of dimethylamine into the diet of rats intensified the demethylase activity even in the presence of casein, an inductor of this enzymatic system. An inhibitor of protein synthesis--actinomycin D prevented an increase of demethylase activity in the microsomal fraction caused by dimethylamine.", "PMID": 597609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6082", "title": "[Determination of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid glands of encephalectomized rat fetuses].", "content": "Concentration of thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland of encephalectomized and intact fetuses of rats with normal and prolonged gestation period was determined by means of isotope methods. Encephalectomy of 19-day old fetuses did not produce any significant effect on the concentration of thyroid hormones in the gland 2 and 4 days after the operation. The results obtained pointed to the absence of the hypothalamic control over the thyroid function in prenatal development of rats.", "contents": "[Determination of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid glands of encephalectomized rat fetuses]. Concentration of thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland of encephalectomized and intact fetuses of rats with normal and prolonged gestation period was determined by means of isotope methods. Encephalectomy of 19-day old fetuses did not produce any significant effect on the concentration of thyroid hormones in the gland 2 and 4 days after the operation. The results obtained pointed to the absence of the hypothalamic control over the thyroid function in prenatal development of rats.", "PMID": 597610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6083", "title": "[Recovery processes in rabbit spleen after hydrocortisone administration].", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the rabbit spleen and the recovery processes after the cessation of the hormone injection was studied. A decrease of the absorption function of RES, and spleen atrophy, expressed in a decrease of the organ weight and size followed prolonged hydrocortisons use. Most of the spleen nodes were reduced to an irregular accumulation of lymphocytes. The pyroninophilic cells disappeared in the white pulp. Cessation of the hormone effect was followed by an improvement in the general condition of the animal; the development of the spleen atrophic processes was suspended, the spleen nodes were restored with an increase of pyroninophilic cell count in them. The use of a stimulant under these conditions accelerated the recovery of the animal weight, as well as that of the atrophic spleen, with a normalization of the organ structure.", "contents": "[Recovery processes in rabbit spleen after hydrocortisone administration]. The effect of hydrocortisone on the rabbit spleen and the recovery processes after the cessation of the hormone injection was studied. A decrease of the absorption function of RES, and spleen atrophy, expressed in a decrease of the organ weight and size followed prolonged hydrocortisons use. Most of the spleen nodes were reduced to an irregular accumulation of lymphocytes. The pyroninophilic cells disappeared in the white pulp. Cessation of the hormone effect was followed by an improvement in the general condition of the animal; the development of the spleen atrophic processes was suspended, the spleen nodes were restored with an increase of pyroninophilic cell count in them. The use of a stimulant under these conditions accelerated the recovery of the animal weight, as well as that of the atrophic spleen, with a normalization of the organ structure.", "PMID": 597611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6084", "title": "[Humoral mechanisms of regulating reparative osteogenesis].", "content": "The effect of the blood serum of animals with active osteogenesis on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, protein, and on the mineralization of the regenerating bone tissue was studied in experiments in vivo and in vitro. Incorporation of DNA and protein labeled precursors (3H-thymidine and 14 C-proline, respectively) was increased and the mineralization of the bone callus (85Sr incorporation) was accelerated in the recipients. Comparison of nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis stimulation sequency allows to suppose that the active serum principle promotes the increased cell proliferation in the fracture area.", "contents": "[Humoral mechanisms of regulating reparative osteogenesis]. The effect of the blood serum of animals with active osteogenesis on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, protein, and on the mineralization of the regenerating bone tissue was studied in experiments in vivo and in vitro. Incorporation of DNA and protein labeled precursors (3H-thymidine and 14 C-proline, respectively) was increased and the mineralization of the bone callus (85Sr incorporation) was accelerated in the recipients. Comparison of nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis stimulation sequency allows to suppose that the active serum principle promotes the increased cell proliferation in the fracture area.", "PMID": 597612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6085", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the localization of adenylate cyclase in the small intestinal epithelial cells of rabbits with NAG-infections].", "content": "As found, in NAG-infection primary intensification of adenylate cyclase activity occurred at the apical plasmalemma of the villar cells; then the process spread to the lateral and further to the basal plasmalemma of the enterocytes. At more advanced stages of NAG-infection an increased adenylate cyclase activity was observed in the crypt cells. Thus, with increased duration of the toxin action there was a gradual rise of the enzyme activity, and the epithelial cells of the small intestine in the area of local affection become involved in the pathological process.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the localization of adenylate cyclase in the small intestinal epithelial cells of rabbits with NAG-infections]. As found, in NAG-infection primary intensification of adenylate cyclase activity occurred at the apical plasmalemma of the villar cells; then the process spread to the lateral and further to the basal plasmalemma of the enterocytes. At more advanced stages of NAG-infection an increased adenylate cyclase activity was observed in the crypt cells. Thus, with increased duration of the toxin action there was a gradual rise of the enzyme activity, and the epithelial cells of the small intestine in the area of local affection become involved in the pathological process.", "PMID": 597613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6086", "title": "[Effect of alcohol on hepatocyte mitochondria].", "content": "The authors studied ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes under the effect of alcohol. The greatest changes were revealed in the mitochondria. Physical activity and hypoprotein diet produced a significant influence on the results of alcohol poisoning. The first factor reduced, and the second enhanced the deleterious effect of alcohol.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol on hepatocyte mitochondria]. The authors studied ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes under the effect of alcohol. The greatest changes were revealed in the mitochondria. Physical activity and hypoprotein diet produced a significant influence on the results of alcohol poisoning. The first factor reduced, and the second enhanced the deleterious effect of alcohol.", "PMID": 597614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6087", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the parietal cells of persons suffering gastric ulcers].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes taking place in various phases of secretion in the gastric fundus parietal cells after histamine adminstration were studied in patients suffering from gastric and duodenal ulcers, having different gastric acidity. Parietal cells of patients with normal and hyperacidity of the gastric juice after histamine administration were found to have such ultrastructural alterations in which were characteristic of the intensively functioning cells, with the retention of phasic character of the process; as to patients with hypoacidity, the secretory phases of the parietal cells were not marked, and no alterations indicating intensification of the cellular functional activity were noted.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the parietal cells of persons suffering gastric ulcers]. Ultrastructural changes taking place in various phases of secretion in the gastric fundus parietal cells after histamine adminstration were studied in patients suffering from gastric and duodenal ulcers, having different gastric acidity. Parietal cells of patients with normal and hyperacidity of the gastric juice after histamine administration were found to have such ultrastructural alterations in which were characteristic of the intensively functioning cells, with the retention of phasic character of the process; as to patients with hypoacidity, the secretory phases of the parietal cells were not marked, and no alterations indicating intensification of the cellular functional activity were noted.", "PMID": 597615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6088", "title": "[Ultrastructure of erythroid cells in a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of erythroblasts in a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II with a negative serum-lysis test is described. The well known symptoms in electronmicroscopy in CDA type I and II are faced to our findings. Morphological changes of hypolemmal cisterns are described and their possible meaning is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of erythroid cells in a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of erythroblasts in a case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II with a negative serum-lysis test is described. The well known symptoms in electronmicroscopy in CDA type I and II are faced to our findings. Morphological changes of hypolemmal cisterns are described and their possible meaning is discussed.", "PMID": 597616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6089", "title": "Significance of complement activation in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of \"warm type\".", "content": "To study possible relationships between serum C3 and C4 levels and fixation of complement components (C) on red cells, 79 patients of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of warm type (AIHA) and 7 patients of various diseases with positive direct antiglobulintest (DAT) but without haemolysis were investigated. 23 out of 79 patients with AIHA were analyzed repeatedly during the course of the disease. There were no significant differences of C levels between the various clinical types. However, the number of patients with reduced levels of C3 and C4 was significantly higher among cases with C fixation on the red cells than among those with fixation of immunoglobulins alone. Changes were more pronounced for C4 than C3 and mean values of serum C4 were significantly lower in the group with C fixation. If incomplete warm haemolysins were demonstrable, C4 levels were lower than in cases without warm haemolysins. During the clinical course, C3 and C4 concentrations showed a close correlation to the severity of haemolysis.", "contents": "Significance of complement activation in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of \"warm type\". To study possible relationships between serum C3 and C4 levels and fixation of complement components (C) on red cells, 79 patients of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of warm type (AIHA) and 7 patients of various diseases with positive direct antiglobulintest (DAT) but without haemolysis were investigated. 23 out of 79 patients with AIHA were analyzed repeatedly during the course of the disease. There were no significant differences of C levels between the various clinical types. However, the number of patients with reduced levels of C3 and C4 was significantly higher among cases with C fixation on the red cells than among those with fixation of immunoglobulins alone. Changes were more pronounced for C4 than C3 and mean values of serum C4 were significantly lower in the group with C fixation. If incomplete warm haemolysins were demonstrable, C4 levels were lower than in cases without warm haemolysins. During the clinical course, C3 and C4 concentrations showed a close correlation to the severity of haemolysis.", "PMID": 597617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6090", "title": "[Severe factor XIII-deficiency. Studies on subunits and turnover of the fibrin stabilizing factor (author's transl)].", "content": "An infant with congenital homozygous factor XIII deficiency demonstrated a severe retroperitoneal and intracerebral bleeding with development of a posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the first months of life. Factor XIII activity was not measurable by means of enzymatic method and the antiserum inhibition test. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis according to Laurell presented absence of the subunit A, whereas the concentration of subunit S was reduced to 47% the normal value. After replacement therapy factor XIII activity was estimated at 23% and corresponded to the concentration of the subunit A, concentration of subunit S increased by 20%. The turnover rate of fibrin stabilizing factor could be observed over a period of 39 days. The half life was estimated at 4,7 days. The child developed normally after continous substitution with 250 units of factor XIII concentrate every 6 weeks.", "contents": "[Severe factor XIII-deficiency. Studies on subunits and turnover of the fibrin stabilizing factor (author's transl)]. An infant with congenital homozygous factor XIII deficiency demonstrated a severe retroperitoneal and intracerebral bleeding with development of a posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the first months of life. Factor XIII activity was not measurable by means of enzymatic method and the antiserum inhibition test. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis according to Laurell presented absence of the subunit A, whereas the concentration of subunit S was reduced to 47% the normal value. After replacement therapy factor XIII activity was estimated at 23% and corresponded to the concentration of the subunit A, concentration of subunit S increased by 20%. The turnover rate of fibrin stabilizing factor could be observed over a period of 39 days. The half life was estimated at 4,7 days. The child developed normally after continous substitution with 250 units of factor XIII concentrate every 6 weeks.", "PMID": 597618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6091", "title": "A sensitive latex agglutination method for the detection of soluble fibrin in plasma.", "content": "A sensitive method is described for the rapid detection of soluble fibrin in human plasma. It is based on the agglutination of Latex particles suspended in a solution of purified fibrin monomers and Blue Dextran 2000. Photometric registration of the decrease in optical density (OD) during agglutination allows the results to be quantitated. The deltaOD depends on the ratio of fibrin monomers to fibrinogen in the tested plasma rather than on the absolute amount of fibrin monomers present.", "contents": "A sensitive latex agglutination method for the detection of soluble fibrin in plasma. A sensitive method is described for the rapid detection of soluble fibrin in human plasma. It is based on the agglutination of Latex particles suspended in a solution of purified fibrin monomers and Blue Dextran 2000. Photometric registration of the decrease in optical density (OD) during agglutination allows the results to be quantitated. The deltaOD depends on the ratio of fibrin monomers to fibrinogen in the tested plasma rather than on the absolute amount of fibrin monomers present.", "PMID": 597619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6092", "title": "[Regional pulmonary function in hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Gaseous exchange and regional pulmonary function (using 133Xe) were studied in 10 subjects with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis; the paralysis was presumably idiopathic in nine subjects. Global and regional investigations were performed on the same morning, the subjects being studied in the sitting position. Six subjects were obese; nevertheless overweight was moderate except in one case. Lung volumes were moderately decreased (vital capacity ranged from 69 to 100 percent of the predicted value). PaO2 was normal or nearly normal: mean = 75.8 +/- 7.5 torr in the sitting position. PaO2 did not vary significantly in the supine, nor in the lateral recumbent position. AaDO2, breathing air or during hyperoxia, was slightly increased. Qs/Qt was markedly increased in only three cases. Regional lung function data suggest that the paralysed side still plays an appreciable part in pulmonary volume (43.5 +/- 6.3 percent), ventilation (39.1 +/- 8.2 percent) and perfusion (40.4 +/- 9.3 percent). Impairment of the paralysed side was mainly localized in the lower zone; in the middle zone only ventilation was significantly reduced. Results of regional ventilation and perfusion, expressed as absolute values, suggest a redistribution of ventilation and perfusion from the base towards the apex, not only for the paralysed side but also for the opposite side. This adjustment is probably due to the hemidiaphragmatic paralysis but the possible role of obesity (present in six cases) must be kept in mind. Possible therapeutic deductions are discussed.", "contents": "[Regional pulmonary function in hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (author's transl)]. Gaseous exchange and regional pulmonary function (using 133Xe) were studied in 10 subjects with hemidiaphragmatic paralysis; the paralysis was presumably idiopathic in nine subjects. Global and regional investigations were performed on the same morning, the subjects being studied in the sitting position. Six subjects were obese; nevertheless overweight was moderate except in one case. Lung volumes were moderately decreased (vital capacity ranged from 69 to 100 percent of the predicted value). PaO2 was normal or nearly normal: mean = 75.8 +/- 7.5 torr in the sitting position. PaO2 did not vary significantly in the supine, nor in the lateral recumbent position. AaDO2, breathing air or during hyperoxia, was slightly increased. Qs/Qt was markedly increased in only three cases. Regional lung function data suggest that the paralysed side still plays an appreciable part in pulmonary volume (43.5 +/- 6.3 percent), ventilation (39.1 +/- 8.2 percent) and perfusion (40.4 +/- 9.3 percent). Impairment of the paralysed side was mainly localized in the lower zone; in the middle zone only ventilation was significantly reduced. Results of regional ventilation and perfusion, expressed as absolute values, suggest a redistribution of ventilation and perfusion from the base towards the apex, not only for the paralysed side but also for the opposite side. This adjustment is probably due to the hemidiaphragmatic paralysis but the possible role of obesity (present in six cases) must be kept in mind. Possible therapeutic deductions are discussed.", "PMID": 597636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6093", "title": "Effect of growth and aging on the static mechanical lung properties.", "content": "Quasi-static expiratory pressure-volume curves were obtained in 119 healthy subjects 7 to 64 years old. Lung recoil pressures were measured at six fixed percentages of TLC between 100 percent and 50 percent. In children and adolescents lung recoil pressures increased with growth till about the age of fifteen and there were no differences between sexes. In adults less than 40 years old there was also no sex difference in lung recoil pressures, whereas in subjects more than 40 years old, females had lower recoil pressures than males at every level of TLC. Both in males and females, aging is associated with a marked decrease of lung recoil pressures. Smoking had no detectable effect on lung recoil in males. During growth the evolution of static compliance was closely related to height, whereas in adults this relationship was less evident particularly in males. There was no sex differences in specific compliance which tended to increase slightly with aging.", "contents": "Effect of growth and aging on the static mechanical lung properties. Quasi-static expiratory pressure-volume curves were obtained in 119 healthy subjects 7 to 64 years old. Lung recoil pressures were measured at six fixed percentages of TLC between 100 percent and 50 percent. In children and adolescents lung recoil pressures increased with growth till about the age of fifteen and there were no differences between sexes. In adults less than 40 years old there was also no sex difference in lung recoil pressures, whereas in subjects more than 40 years old, females had lower recoil pressures than males at every level of TLC. Both in males and females, aging is associated with a marked decrease of lung recoil pressures. Smoking had no detectable effect on lung recoil in males. During growth the evolution of static compliance was closely related to height, whereas in adults this relationship was less evident particularly in males. There was no sex differences in specific compliance which tended to increase slightly with aging.", "PMID": 597637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6094", "title": "Acoustic reflex measures of cochlear damage--a normative study.", "content": "It has been argued that certain reflex measures may indicate the presence of end-organ hearing loss. It has been noticed that the difference between wide band noise and pure tone thresholds is diminished, that the reflex threshold duration function is flattened and that the reflex relaxation index, as specified by Norris et al. (1974b), is reduced in cases of end-organ hearing loss. These aspects of the acoustic stapedial reflex, together with its growth with stimulus intensity, have been investigated in 25 normally hearing subjects. The overriding feature of the measures taken of the acoustic stapedial reflex, was the high inter-subject variability. The differences between the acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tone and WBN was found to be normally distributed about a mean value of 12 dB. The threshold-duration functions again were highly variable and encompassed the entire range of results from normal and end-organ impaired groups as reported by Woodford et al. (1975). The variability encountered in the RRI measures was found to increase with frequency. The growth of the acoustic stapedial reflex with intensity was found to be frequency dependent: the gradient of the function increasing with frequency for the long duration (500 ms) pulses and decreasing with the short duration (50 ms) pulses. It is concluded that considerable caution must be exercised in extrapolation from any one of these measures in isolation.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex measures of cochlear damage--a normative study. It has been argued that certain reflex measures may indicate the presence of end-organ hearing loss. It has been noticed that the difference between wide band noise and pure tone thresholds is diminished, that the reflex threshold duration function is flattened and that the reflex relaxation index, as specified by Norris et al. (1974b), is reduced in cases of end-organ hearing loss. These aspects of the acoustic stapedial reflex, together with its growth with stimulus intensity, have been investigated in 25 normally hearing subjects. The overriding feature of the measures taken of the acoustic stapedial reflex, was the high inter-subject variability. The differences between the acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tone and WBN was found to be normally distributed about a mean value of 12 dB. The threshold-duration functions again were highly variable and encompassed the entire range of results from normal and end-organ impaired groups as reported by Woodford et al. (1975). The variability encountered in the RRI measures was found to increase with frequency. The growth of the acoustic stapedial reflex with intensity was found to be frequency dependent: the gradient of the function increasing with frequency for the long duration (500 ms) pulses and decreasing with the short duration (50 ms) pulses. It is concluded that considerable caution must be exercised in extrapolation from any one of these measures in isolation.", "PMID": 597643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6095", "title": "Improving the reliability of speech audiometry.", "content": "A necessary feature of good recorded speech material is that each list should be identical in respect of graded order of difficulty. Extensive validatory tests have been carried out upon 20 M.R.C. word lists re-recorded by a professional announcer. It can be shown that by various manipulative procedures appreciable improvements may be obtained in the confidence limits of the material. In addition studies have been carried out upon the relationship between Speech Detection Threshold (S.D.T.) Speech Reception Threshold (S.R.T.) and Hearing level (H.L.) in normal hearing subjects. The surprising finding is that both S.D.T. and S.R.T. appear to be relatively independent of H.L. An analysis has been made of the words comprising the material in respect of their ease of recognition and is presented as an appendix.", "contents": "Improving the reliability of speech audiometry. A necessary feature of good recorded speech material is that each list should be identical in respect of graded order of difficulty. Extensive validatory tests have been carried out upon 20 M.R.C. word lists re-recorded by a professional announcer. It can be shown that by various manipulative procedures appreciable improvements may be obtained in the confidence limits of the material. In addition studies have been carried out upon the relationship between Speech Detection Threshold (S.D.T.) Speech Reception Threshold (S.R.T.) and Hearing level (H.L.) in normal hearing subjects. The surprising finding is that both S.D.T. and S.R.T. appear to be relatively independent of H.L. An analysis has been made of the words comprising the material in respect of their ease of recognition and is presented as an appendix.", "PMID": 597644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6096", "title": "Within- and between- subject variability of indices from the closing volume and flow volume traces.", "content": "The within-subject variability of consecutive measurements of indices derived from the closing volume (CV) trace and from the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve was studied in 24 subjects. The variability of the closing volume and of the maximal expiratory flow rates at 50 percent (Vmax. 50) and 75 percent (Vmax. 75) of the expired vital capacity was about three to eight times greater than that of the FEV1, FVC or FEV1 percent. The lung volume measured from total lung capacity to the onset of airway closure (OAC) was about five times more reproducible than the CV. The coefficients of variation for the CV (as a percentage of the vital capacity), the Vmax. 75, and the OAC, both in litres and as a percentage of the vital capacity, were significantly correlated with age. No difference in the mean coefficients of variation for the CV, OAC, Vmax. 50 or Vmax. 75 were found with respect to sex, smoking habit or previous experience with the test routines. The between-subject variability of the FEV1, FVC, FEV1 percent, transfer factor, diffusion coefficient, Vmax. 50, Vmax. 75, CV and OAC was evaluated from a study of 75 asymptomatic lifetime non-smokers. The variability of the Vmax. 50, Vmax. 75 and CV was about two to eight times greater than that of the other tests used, irrespective of sex. The OAC (percent VC) was three to four times less variable than the CV. The variability of the Vmax. 50 and Vmax. 75 was reduced by, on average, 7 percent when these flow rates were expressed per litre of FVC.", "contents": "Within- and between- subject variability of indices from the closing volume and flow volume traces. The within-subject variability of consecutive measurements of indices derived from the closing volume (CV) trace and from the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve was studied in 24 subjects. The variability of the closing volume and of the maximal expiratory flow rates at 50 percent (Vmax. 50) and 75 percent (Vmax. 75) of the expired vital capacity was about three to eight times greater than that of the FEV1, FVC or FEV1 percent. The lung volume measured from total lung capacity to the onset of airway closure (OAC) was about five times more reproducible than the CV. The coefficients of variation for the CV (as a percentage of the vital capacity), the Vmax. 75, and the OAC, both in litres and as a percentage of the vital capacity, were significantly correlated with age. No difference in the mean coefficients of variation for the CV, OAC, Vmax. 50 or Vmax. 75 were found with respect to sex, smoking habit or previous experience with the test routines. The between-subject variability of the FEV1, FVC, FEV1 percent, transfer factor, diffusion coefficient, Vmax. 50, Vmax. 75, CV and OAC was evaluated from a study of 75 asymptomatic lifetime non-smokers. The variability of the Vmax. 50, Vmax. 75 and CV was about two to eight times greater than that of the other tests used, irrespective of sex. The OAC (percent VC) was three to four times less variable than the CV. The variability of the Vmax. 50 and Vmax. 75 was reduced by, on average, 7 percent when these flow rates were expressed per litre of FVC.", "PMID": 597638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6097", "title": "[Effect of bronchodilators on density dependence of expiratory flow-volume curves. An attempt to localize bronchodilators site of activity (author transl)].", "content": "In order to localize bronchodilators site of activity we studied the maximal expiratory flow-volume curves breathing air and 80 percent-20 percent helium-oxygen mixture in 11 normal and 23 asthmatic children. We measured delta Vmax. 60 percent TLC. delta Vmax. 45 percent TLC and VisoV. Half of the subjects received 400 gamma of fenoterol (beta2-sympathicomimetic), the other ones 200 gamma of SCH 1000 (synthetic atropine). Whatever the bronchodilator used, we found different types of response: 1 degree No modification in comparison with control period; 2 degree Increase of deltaVmax. with decrease of VisoV; 3 degree decrease of delta Vmax. with rise of VisoV. Thus we were unable to show a specific bronchodilator site of activity. However, in a few subjects, SCH 1000 principally acted on large airways whereas in some others fenoterol essentially acted on small airways.", "contents": "[Effect of bronchodilators on density dependence of expiratory flow-volume curves. An attempt to localize bronchodilators site of activity (author transl)]. In order to localize bronchodilators site of activity we studied the maximal expiratory flow-volume curves breathing air and 80 percent-20 percent helium-oxygen mixture in 11 normal and 23 asthmatic children. We measured delta Vmax. 60 percent TLC. delta Vmax. 45 percent TLC and VisoV. Half of the subjects received 400 gamma of fenoterol (beta2-sympathicomimetic), the other ones 200 gamma of SCH 1000 (synthetic atropine). Whatever the bronchodilator used, we found different types of response: 1 degree No modification in comparison with control period; 2 degree Increase of deltaVmax. with decrease of VisoV; 3 degree decrease of delta Vmax. with rise of VisoV. Thus we were unable to show a specific bronchodilator site of activity. However, in a few subjects, SCH 1000 principally acted on large airways whereas in some others fenoterol essentially acted on small airways.", "PMID": 597640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6098", "title": "[Critical study of a new method for measuring total CO2 in plasma (author transl)].", "content": "A new analyser for total CO2 in blood--Ericsen E-100--has been tested and its performances compared with those of the manometric Van Slyke apparatus. Ericsen E-100 makes it possible to measure very small samples (50 microliter) in a short time (35 s). It appears that Ericsen E-100 underestimates total CO2; the higher the total CO2 the larger the error. Simple improvements are suggested, especially concerning the way injection is performed in the reaction chamber.", "contents": "[Critical study of a new method for measuring total CO2 in plasma (author transl)]. A new analyser for total CO2 in blood--Ericsen E-100--has been tested and its performances compared with those of the manometric Van Slyke apparatus. Ericsen E-100 makes it possible to measure very small samples (50 microliter) in a short time (35 s). It appears that Ericsen E-100 underestimates total CO2; the higher the total CO2 the larger the error. Simple improvements are suggested, especially concerning the way injection is performed in the reaction chamber.", "PMID": 597642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6099", "title": "[Reversibility of airway obstruction in asthma and chronic bronchitis (author transl)].", "content": "Our purpose was to determine whether, in patients with airway obstruction, the change in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) which occurs after a bronchodilator drug, is helpful in differentiating asthma from chronic bronchitis. Two groups of patients (48 with asthma and 42 with chronic bronchitis) having a comparable level of initial airway obstruction were selected according to clinical criteria. After salbutamol (200 microgram inhaled) the number of subjects showing a change in FEV1 of at least 20 percent of its initial value or 10 percent of its predicted value was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the asthmatic than in the bronchitic group. Lesser changes in FEV1 did not significantly separate the two groups. When the changes in FEV1 were expressed as percentages of both initial and predicted values, the number of positive responses increased in the asthmatic group. However, there were still 20 asthmatics with little or no change in FEV1 after salbutamol who could not be distinguished from the patients with chronic bronchitis. From these data we conclude that, in patients with airway obstruction, a large bronchodilator-induced change in FEV1 strongly suggests the diagnosis of asthma but that the presence of \"irreversible\" airway obstruction does not disprove it.", "contents": "[Reversibility of airway obstruction in asthma and chronic bronchitis (author transl)]. Our purpose was to determine whether, in patients with airway obstruction, the change in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) which occurs after a bronchodilator drug, is helpful in differentiating asthma from chronic bronchitis. Two groups of patients (48 with asthma and 42 with chronic bronchitis) having a comparable level of initial airway obstruction were selected according to clinical criteria. After salbutamol (200 microgram inhaled) the number of subjects showing a change in FEV1 of at least 20 percent of its initial value or 10 percent of its predicted value was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the asthmatic than in the bronchitic group. Lesser changes in FEV1 did not significantly separate the two groups. When the changes in FEV1 were expressed as percentages of both initial and predicted values, the number of positive responses increased in the asthmatic group. However, there were still 20 asthmatics with little or no change in FEV1 after salbutamol who could not be distinguished from the patients with chronic bronchitis. From these data we conclude that, in patients with airway obstruction, a large bronchodilator-induced change in FEV1 strongly suggests the diagnosis of asthma but that the presence of \"irreversible\" airway obstruction does not disprove it.", "PMID": 597641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6100", "title": "The effects of bradykinin and the bradykinin potentiating peptide BPP5a on the electrical and mechanical responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "1 By means of the double sucrose-gap technique, the effects of bradykinin and the bradykinin potentiating peptide BPP(5a) were compared on the guinea-pig taenia coli under a number of experimental conditions.2 In normal Krebs solution the response to bradykinin was mostly a slight stimulation, characterized by a depolarization, an increase in spontaneous spike activity and a contraction. If BPP(5a) caused any effect at all, it was stimulation of the spike activity but without depolarization. Since the effect of bradykinin was little affected by an increase in dose, a potentiating effect of BPP(5a) could not be determined.3 Spontaneous spikes with a 5 to 7 s rhythm and prepotentials at their base were inhibited by bradykinin, whereas they were stimulated by BPP(5a).4 Oscillatory potentials (slow waves) induced by a calcium and magnesium-free medium were also suppressed by bradykinin and stimulated by BPP(5a). This effect of bradykinin was accompanied by a depolarization and a decrease in membrane resistance, phenomena not found after administration of BPP(5a).5 The amplitude of spontaneous spikes induced by potassium-depolarization was suppressed by bradykinin, even though the membrane resistance and potential had been decreased. BPP(5a) produced either no effect or a small stimulatory effect without influencing the membrane resistance.6 Reduction of the calcium concentration to 0.25 mM enhanced the stimulatory responses to both bradykinin and BPP(5a), especially the spike activity and depolarization. In this case the membrane resistance was increased by bradykinin as well as BPP(5a). These effects, especially those of BPP(5a), were inhibited by reduction of the sodium concentration to 15.5 mM. Reduction of the chloride concentration to 9.7 mM decreased rather than increased the stimulatory effects of both bradykinin and BPP(5a). Under these conditions bradykinin did not decrease the membrane resistance.7 Bradykinin can have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the taenia coli whereas BPP(5a) has only a stimulatory effect. Since under certain conditions both responses to bradykinin are accompanied by a sodium-dependent depolarization and decrease in membrane resistance, not influenced by lanthanum to any extent, it is suggested that bradykinin induces an increase in sodium conductance of the membrane. Under all the conditions investigated, except in low calcium, BPP(5a) did not affect the membrane potential and resistance. Thus, the underlying cause of its stimulatory effect is probably different from that of bradykinin.", "contents": "The effects of bradykinin and the bradykinin potentiating peptide BPP5a on the electrical and mechanical responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli. 1 By means of the double sucrose-gap technique, the effects of bradykinin and the bradykinin potentiating peptide BPP(5a) were compared on the guinea-pig taenia coli under a number of experimental conditions.2 In normal Krebs solution the response to bradykinin was mostly a slight stimulation, characterized by a depolarization, an increase in spontaneous spike activity and a contraction. If BPP(5a) caused any effect at all, it was stimulation of the spike activity but without depolarization. Since the effect of bradykinin was little affected by an increase in dose, a potentiating effect of BPP(5a) could not be determined.3 Spontaneous spikes with a 5 to 7 s rhythm and prepotentials at their base were inhibited by bradykinin, whereas they were stimulated by BPP(5a).4 Oscillatory potentials (slow waves) induced by a calcium and magnesium-free medium were also suppressed by bradykinin and stimulated by BPP(5a). This effect of bradykinin was accompanied by a depolarization and a decrease in membrane resistance, phenomena not found after administration of BPP(5a).5 The amplitude of spontaneous spikes induced by potassium-depolarization was suppressed by bradykinin, even though the membrane resistance and potential had been decreased. BPP(5a) produced either no effect or a small stimulatory effect without influencing the membrane resistance.6 Reduction of the calcium concentration to 0.25 mM enhanced the stimulatory responses to both bradykinin and BPP(5a), especially the spike activity and depolarization. In this case the membrane resistance was increased by bradykinin as well as BPP(5a). These effects, especially those of BPP(5a), were inhibited by reduction of the sodium concentration to 15.5 mM. Reduction of the chloride concentration to 9.7 mM decreased rather than increased the stimulatory effects of both bradykinin and BPP(5a). Under these conditions bradykinin did not decrease the membrane resistance.7 Bradykinin can have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the taenia coli whereas BPP(5a) has only a stimulatory effect. Since under certain conditions both responses to bradykinin are accompanied by a sodium-dependent depolarization and decrease in membrane resistance, not influenced by lanthanum to any extent, it is suggested that bradykinin induces an increase in sodium conductance of the membrane. Under all the conditions investigated, except in low calcium, BPP(5a) did not affect the membrane potential and resistance. Thus, the underlying cause of its stimulatory effect is probably different from that of bradykinin.", "PMID": 597663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6101", "title": "The contribution of prostaglandins in the muscle of human isolated small intestine to neurogenic responses.", "content": "1. In stris cut parallel to the longitudinal or circular muscle, indomethacin (2--10 microgram/ml) usually lowered the tone, thus probably accounting for the reduction of nerve-mediated relaxations to electrical field stimulation. 2. In longitudinal muscle strips, indomethacin enhanced contractions which occurred during electrical stimulation, probably because tone fell, but antagonized after-contractions. By contrast, in the circular muscle indomethacin reduced initial contractions but enhanced after-contractions. 3. Prostaglandin E2 counteracted all of the effects of indomethacin in the longitudinal muscle and most of those in the circular muscle; prostaglandin F2alpha restored circular muscle tone. 4. The results suggest that prostaglandins affect the muscle directly and contribute to the regulation of tone. They may also mediate non-cholinergic contraction in longitudinal muscle and suppress contractility in the circular muscle.", "contents": "The contribution of prostaglandins in the muscle of human isolated small intestine to neurogenic responses. 1. In stris cut parallel to the longitudinal or circular muscle, indomethacin (2--10 microgram/ml) usually lowered the tone, thus probably accounting for the reduction of nerve-mediated relaxations to electrical field stimulation. 2. In longitudinal muscle strips, indomethacin enhanced contractions which occurred during electrical stimulation, probably because tone fell, but antagonized after-contractions. By contrast, in the circular muscle indomethacin reduced initial contractions but enhanced after-contractions. 3. Prostaglandin E2 counteracted all of the effects of indomethacin in the longitudinal muscle and most of those in the circular muscle; prostaglandin F2alpha restored circular muscle tone. 4. The results suggest that prostaglandins affect the muscle directly and contribute to the regulation of tone. They may also mediate non-cholinergic contraction in longitudinal muscle and suppress contractility in the circular muscle.", "PMID": 597664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6102", "title": "Estimation and characterization of prostaglandins in the human gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "1 Prostaglandin-like material was extracted from muscle and mucosa of surgically removed human stomach, ileum and colon and assayed against prostaglandin E(2) on strips of rat gastric fundus. Superfused human isolated gastric mucosa released prostaglandin-like material and release was increased by stretching or clamping the tissue.2 The relative amounts of extracted biological activity were broadly as follows: gastric antral mucosa > colon muscle > gastric body mucosa approximately ileal mucosa > colon mucosa approximately gastric muscle approximately ileal muscle.3 Prostaglandin E and F were tentatively identified by chromatography and sensitivity to inactivation by alkali.4 Prostaglandin E apparently contributed most to the biological activity, possibly because the assay tissue is more sensitive to prostaglandin E than to F. Chromatography of gastric body mucosal extracts located material running with prostaglandin E(2) and a little with E(1). Colonic muscle and mucosal extracts contained material with R(F) values of prostaglandins E(1), E(2), E(3) and F(1a), whereas F(2a) and F(3a)-like substances were found only in the mucosa. The proportions of prostaglandin F varied between specimens.5 The amount of extracted prostaglandin-like activity was increased by adding cofactors and arachidonic acid, and lessened by homogenization with acid-ethanol.6 The type and amount of activity generated from arachidonic acid by partly purified colonic mucosal prostaglandin synthetase depended on the substrate concentration.7 The possible relationships of prostaglandins to mucus secretion and other physiological and pathological gut functions are discussed.", "contents": "Estimation and characterization of prostaglandins in the human gastrointestinal tract. 1 Prostaglandin-like material was extracted from muscle and mucosa of surgically removed human stomach, ileum and colon and assayed against prostaglandin E(2) on strips of rat gastric fundus. Superfused human isolated gastric mucosa released prostaglandin-like material and release was increased by stretching or clamping the tissue.2 The relative amounts of extracted biological activity were broadly as follows: gastric antral mucosa > colon muscle > gastric body mucosa approximately ileal mucosa > colon mucosa approximately gastric muscle approximately ileal muscle.3 Prostaglandin E and F were tentatively identified by chromatography and sensitivity to inactivation by alkali.4 Prostaglandin E apparently contributed most to the biological activity, possibly because the assay tissue is more sensitive to prostaglandin E than to F. Chromatography of gastric body mucosal extracts located material running with prostaglandin E(2) and a little with E(1). Colonic muscle and mucosal extracts contained material with R(F) values of prostaglandins E(1), E(2), E(3) and F(1a), whereas F(2a) and F(3a)-like substances were found only in the mucosa. The proportions of prostaglandin F varied between specimens.5 The amount of extracted prostaglandin-like activity was increased by adding cofactors and arachidonic acid, and lessened by homogenization with acid-ethanol.6 The type and amount of activity generated from arachidonic acid by partly purified colonic mucosal prostaglandin synthetase depended on the substrate concentration.7 The possible relationships of prostaglandins to mucus secretion and other physiological and pathological gut functions are discussed.", "PMID": 597665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6103", "title": "The influence of vasoactive substances on blood flow and contractile responses of cat gastrocnemius.", "content": "1 The effects of several vasoactive substances have been studied on blood flow and acetylochline-induced contraction of the vascularly isolated gastrocnemius of the cat. All substances, including acetylcholine, were administered intra-arterially to the muscle. Blood flow and contractile tension were monitored simultaneously.2 All substances which increased blood flow, enhanced the contractile responses to acetylcholine; angiotensin, which decreased blood flow, attenuated them.3 Histamine was typical of the vasodilators in doses up to 1 mug (9 nmol), but in a dose tenfold higher it produced only a small and transient increase in blood flow and little or no enhancement of the acetylcholine-induced contractions. These paradoxical effects were brought about by that portion of the high dose of histamine which re-entered the cat's systemic circulation.4 The order of potency of the vasodilators was the same for their potentiating effect on the acetylcholine-induced contractile responses as for their enhancing effect on muscle blood flow: bradykinin >histamine>>papaverine>>NaH(2)PO(4) >KCl. Median effective doses (ED(50)S) determined only for bradykinin, histamine and papaverine were, respectively, 20.5, 49.8, and 3,352 pmol as potentiators, and 13.4, 199.8 and 85,000 pmol as vasodilators.5 In general, the effect of a given vasoactive substance on the contractile response to acetylcholine was dose-dependent and correlated well with its effect on muscle blood flow at the moment the acetylcholine was injected. Two important exceptions were, firstly, that the highest dose of papaverine was only moderately effective as a potentiator even though highly effective as an increaser of muscle blood flow; and, secondly, that histamine produced its greatest potentiating effect 10 s after it was injected, at which time its effect on muscle blood flow was quite small.6 It is suggested that these exceptions and, indeed, the much greater potentiating effectiveness of histamine and bradykinin versus papaverine may be due to the ability of histamine and bradykinin to increase the permeability of the muscle's capillaries as well as increasing blood flow through them, thus facilitating much better than mere vasodilators the access of bloodborne acetylcholine to its receptors on the muscle fibres.", "contents": "The influence of vasoactive substances on blood flow and contractile responses of cat gastrocnemius. 1 The effects of several vasoactive substances have been studied on blood flow and acetylochline-induced contraction of the vascularly isolated gastrocnemius of the cat. All substances, including acetylcholine, were administered intra-arterially to the muscle. Blood flow and contractile tension were monitored simultaneously.2 All substances which increased blood flow, enhanced the contractile responses to acetylcholine; angiotensin, which decreased blood flow, attenuated them.3 Histamine was typical of the vasodilators in doses up to 1 mug (9 nmol), but in a dose tenfold higher it produced only a small and transient increase in blood flow and little or no enhancement of the acetylcholine-induced contractions. These paradoxical effects were brought about by that portion of the high dose of histamine which re-entered the cat's systemic circulation.4 The order of potency of the vasodilators was the same for their potentiating effect on the acetylcholine-induced contractile responses as for their enhancing effect on muscle blood flow: bradykinin >histamine>>papaverine>>NaH(2)PO(4) >KCl. Median effective doses (ED(50)S) determined only for bradykinin, histamine and papaverine were, respectively, 20.5, 49.8, and 3,352 pmol as potentiators, and 13.4, 199.8 and 85,000 pmol as vasodilators.5 In general, the effect of a given vasoactive substance on the contractile response to acetylcholine was dose-dependent and correlated well with its effect on muscle blood flow at the moment the acetylcholine was injected. Two important exceptions were, firstly, that the highest dose of papaverine was only moderately effective as a potentiator even though highly effective as an increaser of muscle blood flow; and, secondly, that histamine produced its greatest potentiating effect 10 s after it was injected, at which time its effect on muscle blood flow was quite small.6 It is suggested that these exceptions and, indeed, the much greater potentiating effectiveness of histamine and bradykinin versus papaverine may be due to the ability of histamine and bradykinin to increase the permeability of the muscle's capillaries as well as increasing blood flow through them, thus facilitating much better than mere vasodilators the access of bloodborne acetylcholine to its receptors on the muscle fibres.", "PMID": 597666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6104", "title": "Pathways of prostaglandin F2alpha metabolism in mammalian kidneys.", "content": "1 High-speed cytoplasmic supernatants of rat, rabbit, pig and guinea-pig kidneys were prepared and the metabolism of 10 mug/ml prostaglandin F(2alpha) labelled with [(3)H(1)-9beta]-prostaglandin F(2alpha) studied by thin layer radiochromatography and bioassay.2 The metabolism of prostaglandin F(2alpha) measured by radiochromatography parallels biological inactivation in all species except the rabbit.3 Kidneys metabolize prostaglandin F(2alpha) by two divergent pathways, yielding a mixture of prostaglandin E and F metabolites.4 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin Delta-13 reductase are present in all species in characteristic proportions. Thus prostaglandin F(2alpha) is metabolized sequentially to 15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha). The rate and profile of formation of these metabolites is species-dependent.5 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) is the principal prostaglandin F series metabolite in all species.6 Pig and guinea-pig kidney contain an unidentified enzyme which converts 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) to 13,14-dihydro prostaglandin F(2alpha).7 Rat kidney contains a high concentration of a prostaglandin 9-hydroxy dehydrogenase which converts 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E(2).8 Rabbit kidney contains a novel 9-hydroxydehydrogenase which oxidises prostaglandin F(2alpha) directly to E(2), thus producing a compound with more potent renal actions. The possible implications of this enzyme for kidney homeostasis are discussed.", "contents": "Pathways of prostaglandin F2alpha metabolism in mammalian kidneys. 1 High-speed cytoplasmic supernatants of rat, rabbit, pig and guinea-pig kidneys were prepared and the metabolism of 10 mug/ml prostaglandin F(2alpha) labelled with [(3)H(1)-9beta]-prostaglandin F(2alpha) studied by thin layer radiochromatography and bioassay.2 The metabolism of prostaglandin F(2alpha) measured by radiochromatography parallels biological inactivation in all species except the rabbit.3 Kidneys metabolize prostaglandin F(2alpha) by two divergent pathways, yielding a mixture of prostaglandin E and F metabolites.4 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin Delta-13 reductase are present in all species in characteristic proportions. Thus prostaglandin F(2alpha) is metabolized sequentially to 15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha). The rate and profile of formation of these metabolites is species-dependent.5 13,14-Dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) is the principal prostaglandin F series metabolite in all species.6 Pig and guinea-pig kidney contain an unidentified enzyme which converts 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) to 13,14-dihydro prostaglandin F(2alpha).7 Rat kidney contains a high concentration of a prostaglandin 9-hydroxy dehydrogenase which converts 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2alpha) to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E(2).8 Rabbit kidney contains a novel 9-hydroxydehydrogenase which oxidises prostaglandin F(2alpha) directly to E(2), thus producing a compound with more potent renal actions. The possible implications of this enzyme for kidney homeostasis are discussed.", "PMID": 597667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6105", "title": "The distribution of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in the brain and peripheral tissues.", "content": "1 A method is described for the rapid extraction of opioid peptides from the brain and other tissues. The method is based on acid extraction of tissues followed by adsorption of the extract onto Amberlite XAD-2 resin. Elution with methanol separates the enkephalins and alpha-endorphin from beta-endorphin.2 Over 90% of the opioid peptide activity isolated from brain and gut of several species by our method was due to methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. In contrast, the major opioid peptide activity recovered from the pituitary was due to peptides of much greater mol. wt. than the enkephalins.3 An opioid peptide with properties unlike those of the known endorphins or enkephalins was present in brain extracts. This peptide, termed epsilon-endorphin, has an apparent mol. wt. of 700 to 1200; it constituted between 5 to 10% of the total opioid activity in our extracts.4 A differential assay of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin was made either by destroying methionine-enkephalin activity with cyanogen bromide or by separating the peptides by thin layer chromatography.5 The ratio of methionine-enkephalin to leucine-enkephalin varied greatly in different brain regions. The highest proportions of leucine-enkephalin were found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.6 Formaldehyde perfusion and fixation of the brain in vivo had no significant effect on the brain content of enkephalin, indicating that proteolytic breakdown is not a major problem in the extraction of these peptides.7 It is suggested that the enkephalins may have a neurotransmitter role in both brain and peripheral tissues and that methionine- and leucine-enkephalin may subserve separate neuronal functions.", "contents": "The distribution of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in the brain and peripheral tissues. 1 A method is described for the rapid extraction of opioid peptides from the brain and other tissues. The method is based on acid extraction of tissues followed by adsorption of the extract onto Amberlite XAD-2 resin. Elution with methanol separates the enkephalins and alpha-endorphin from beta-endorphin.2 Over 90% of the opioid peptide activity isolated from brain and gut of several species by our method was due to methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. In contrast, the major opioid peptide activity recovered from the pituitary was due to peptides of much greater mol. wt. than the enkephalins.3 An opioid peptide with properties unlike those of the known endorphins or enkephalins was present in brain extracts. This peptide, termed epsilon-endorphin, has an apparent mol. wt. of 700 to 1200; it constituted between 5 to 10% of the total opioid activity in our extracts.4 A differential assay of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin was made either by destroying methionine-enkephalin activity with cyanogen bromide or by separating the peptides by thin layer chromatography.5 The ratio of methionine-enkephalin to leucine-enkephalin varied greatly in different brain regions. The highest proportions of leucine-enkephalin were found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.6 Formaldehyde perfusion and fixation of the brain in vivo had no significant effect on the brain content of enkephalin, indicating that proteolytic breakdown is not a major problem in the extraction of these peptides.7 It is suggested that the enkephalins may have a neurotransmitter role in both brain and peripheral tissues and that methionine- and leucine-enkephalin may subserve separate neuronal functions.", "PMID": 597668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6106", "title": "Comparative potencies of amphetamine, fenfluramine and related compounds in taste aversion experiments in rats.", "content": "1 Rats failed to drink a flavoured solution when its consumption had been followed by injection of amphetamine (conditioned taste aversion).2 There was very little difference between the potencies of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine.3p-Chloromethamphetamine was a more potent aversive agent than methamphetamine.4 Strong taste aversions were also conditioned with other congeners of amphetamine. The rank order of potency was: fenfluramine > chlorphentermine >p-hydroxyamphetamine.5 Cocaine induced only moderate taste aversions, even at high doses.6 Aversive potency did not appear to be correlated with known neurochemical actions of the drugs or with behavioural stimulation, but appeared to be a central action which may have been linked to anorexigenic potency or time course of action.", "contents": "Comparative potencies of amphetamine, fenfluramine and related compounds in taste aversion experiments in rats. 1 Rats failed to drink a flavoured solution when its consumption had been followed by injection of amphetamine (conditioned taste aversion).2 There was very little difference between the potencies of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine.3p-Chloromethamphetamine was a more potent aversive agent than methamphetamine.4 Strong taste aversions were also conditioned with other congeners of amphetamine. The rank order of potency was: fenfluramine > chlorphentermine >p-hydroxyamphetamine.5 Cocaine induced only moderate taste aversions, even at high doses.6 Aversive potency did not appear to be correlated with known neurochemical actions of the drugs or with behavioural stimulation, but appeared to be a central action which may have been linked to anorexigenic potency or time course of action.", "PMID": 597669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6107", "title": "Respiratory and circulatory effects of saxitoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "1 In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, saxitoxin and, on a few occasions, tetrodotoxin were injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle or into the subarachnoid space of the lower brain stem. Observations were made on frequency and tidal volume of breathing, on CO(2) responsiveness and on electrical responsiveness of the respiratory centre. Effects on the blood pressure were observed simultaneously.2 A single large dose of toxin, e.g., 250 ng, produced within minutes apneustic breathing and a rise in blood pressure which were converted rapidly to respiratory failure and hypotension. In contrast, repeated small doses, e.g., 25 ng, yielded only progressive slowing of the respiration together with circulatory hypotension. Bulbar depression was produced as effectively by subarachnoid injection as by intraventricular injection of the toxins. Onset of action was detectable within seconds.3 Slowing of the respiration occurred independently of change in tidal volume and whether or not the vagus nerves were cut. The reduction in breathing frequency is attributed to direct toxin-induced depression of the central respiratory oscillator.4 Steady-state measurements of tidal volume at controlled levels of alveolar CO(2) pressure in intermediate stages of respiratory depression showed that the toxins produced an increase in CO(2) stimulation threshold as well as a reduction in gain of CO(2) responsiveness, whether or not the vagus nerves were cut. Carotid arterial chemoreceptor reactivity to O(2) was demonstrable when central sensitivity to CO(2) was depressed. These effects are attributed to a direct influence of the toxins upon the brainstem CO(2)-tidal volume controller.5 Responsiveness of the medullary inspiratory centre to electrical stimulation persisted after the failure of spontaneous breathing was caused by the toxins. Conversely, restitution of electrical responsiveness preceded the reappearance of spontaneous respiratory activity in the recovery phase of toxic depression. Circulatory effects paralleled the changes in respiratory behaviour.6 On the basis of the relatively prompt and discrete alterations in the central respiratory and circulatory control mechanisms produced by saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin placed in the cerebrospinal fluid, it is concluded that the agents rapidly penetrated to deep target loci in the lower brain stem.", "contents": "Respiratory and circulatory effects of saxitoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid. 1 In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, saxitoxin and, on a few occasions, tetrodotoxin were injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle or into the subarachnoid space of the lower brain stem. Observations were made on frequency and tidal volume of breathing, on CO(2) responsiveness and on electrical responsiveness of the respiratory centre. Effects on the blood pressure were observed simultaneously.2 A single large dose of toxin, e.g., 250 ng, produced within minutes apneustic breathing and a rise in blood pressure which were converted rapidly to respiratory failure and hypotension. In contrast, repeated small doses, e.g., 25 ng, yielded only progressive slowing of the respiration together with circulatory hypotension. Bulbar depression was produced as effectively by subarachnoid injection as by intraventricular injection of the toxins. Onset of action was detectable within seconds.3 Slowing of the respiration occurred independently of change in tidal volume and whether or not the vagus nerves were cut. The reduction in breathing frequency is attributed to direct toxin-induced depression of the central respiratory oscillator.4 Steady-state measurements of tidal volume at controlled levels of alveolar CO(2) pressure in intermediate stages of respiratory depression showed that the toxins produced an increase in CO(2) stimulation threshold as well as a reduction in gain of CO(2) responsiveness, whether or not the vagus nerves were cut. Carotid arterial chemoreceptor reactivity to O(2) was demonstrable when central sensitivity to CO(2) was depressed. These effects are attributed to a direct influence of the toxins upon the brainstem CO(2)-tidal volume controller.5 Responsiveness of the medullary inspiratory centre to electrical stimulation persisted after the failure of spontaneous breathing was caused by the toxins. Conversely, restitution of electrical responsiveness preceded the reappearance of spontaneous respiratory activity in the recovery phase of toxic depression. Circulatory effects paralleled the changes in respiratory behaviour.6 On the basis of the relatively prompt and discrete alterations in the central respiratory and circulatory control mechanisms produced by saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin placed in the cerebrospinal fluid, it is concluded that the agents rapidly penetrated to deep target loci in the lower brain stem.", "PMID": 597670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6108", "title": "Actions of 16-aryloxy analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha on preparations responsive to prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "content": "On four prostaglandin endoperoxide-sensitive preparations, namely human platelets in vitro, rabbit aortic strip, guinea-pig tracheal chain and pig blood pressure, ICI 79939 and its 11-oxo analogue mimicked the actions of 11,9-(epoxymethano) prostaglandin H2, and were considerably more active than either prostaglandin F2alpha or ICI 81008. It is suggested that this activity of ICI 79939 may contribute to its toxicity in experimental animals.", "contents": "Actions of 16-aryloxy analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha on preparations responsive to prostaglandin endoperoxides. On four prostaglandin endoperoxide-sensitive preparations, namely human platelets in vitro, rabbit aortic strip, guinea-pig tracheal chain and pig blood pressure, ICI 79939 and its 11-oxo analogue mimicked the actions of 11,9-(epoxymethano) prostaglandin H2, and were considerably more active than either prostaglandin F2alpha or ICI 81008. It is suggested that this activity of ICI 79939 may contribute to its toxicity in experimental animals.", "PMID": 597671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6109", "title": "Perceived illness and its treatment. A naturalistic study in social medicine.", "content": "This is the initial report of a longitudinal study conducted in a developing, culturally heterogeneous society. The study compares figures of frequency and length of perceived illness, subjective reports of biological and behavioural symptoms, and use of medical facilities in response to episodes of illness by female heads of households from two highly distinctive social-ethnic groups. Despite differences in socioeconomic status and cultural beliefs about disease and treatment, both groups showed roughly comparable rates of perceived illness, but certain differences were noted. The more prosperous Western group termed ladinos, showed they had had more illness which had also lasted longer, as well as higher levels of symptoms. The medical actions of the two groups in response to these episodes of illness differed. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the multiplicity of factors which influence health status and judgements of perceived illness.", "contents": "Perceived illness and its treatment. A naturalistic study in social medicine. This is the initial report of a longitudinal study conducted in a developing, culturally heterogeneous society. The study compares figures of frequency and length of perceived illness, subjective reports of biological and behavioural symptoms, and use of medical facilities in response to episodes of illness by female heads of households from two highly distinctive social-ethnic groups. Despite differences in socioeconomic status and cultural beliefs about disease and treatment, both groups showed roughly comparable rates of perceived illness, but certain differences were noted. The more prosperous Western group termed ladinos, showed they had had more illness which had also lasted longer, as well as higher levels of symptoms. The medical actions of the two groups in response to these episodes of illness differed. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the multiplicity of factors which influence health status and judgements of perceived illness.", "PMID": 597673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6110", "title": "Why do women consult doctors? Social factors and the use of the general practitioner.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate personal and social factors associated with demand for care by women aged between 20 and 44 years, a group unlikely to suffer from chronic illness. A random sample of women was drawn from the age-sex register of a south London group practice, and information was obtained concerning their daily symptom perception, anxiety level, social and health characteristics, and their consultations for one year. Social class, family involvement, number of children in household, satisfaction with the housing, and use of other health and social services were not associated with demand for general practitioner care. Absence of basic housing amenities, difficulties in running the household, brevity of stay in the house or neighbourhood, and lack of attachment of the neighbourhood were related to a high patient-initiated consultation rate. Some of the possible interpretations of these results are discussed together with their implications for social policy planning.", "contents": "Why do women consult doctors? Social factors and the use of the general practitioner. This study was designed to investigate personal and social factors associated with demand for care by women aged between 20 and 44 years, a group unlikely to suffer from chronic illness. A random sample of women was drawn from the age-sex register of a south London group practice, and information was obtained concerning their daily symptom perception, anxiety level, social and health characteristics, and their consultations for one year. Social class, family involvement, number of children in household, satisfaction with the housing, and use of other health and social services were not associated with demand for general practitioner care. Absence of basic housing amenities, difficulties in running the household, brevity of stay in the house or neighbourhood, and lack of attachment of the neighbourhood were related to a high patient-initiated consultation rate. Some of the possible interpretations of these results are discussed together with their implications for social policy planning.", "PMID": 597674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6111", "title": "A study of the organisation and functioning of the obstetric services in a health district.", "content": "A study was undertaken into the obstetric services of a health district to find out whether the new purpose-built obstetric accommodation was still needed and, if so, the best method for bringing it into use. If it was not required for its original purpose it was hoped that the study would reveal an alternative use. It was also hoped that the study would answer any further questions that might emerge from the investigation. The study showed that the purpose-built obstetric accommodation was not a present required. It was recommended that the 22 obstetric beds should be used for gynaecology and that the accommondation upgraded earlier for that purpose should form part of the geriatric provision.", "contents": "A study of the organisation and functioning of the obstetric services in a health district. A study was undertaken into the obstetric services of a health district to find out whether the new purpose-built obstetric accommodation was still needed and, if so, the best method for bringing it into use. If it was not required for its original purpose it was hoped that the study would reveal an alternative use. It was also hoped that the study would answer any further questions that might emerge from the investigation. The study showed that the purpose-built obstetric accommodation was not a present required. It was recommended that the 22 obstetric beds should be used for gynaecology and that the accommondation upgraded earlier for that purpose should form part of the geriatric provision.", "PMID": 597675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6112", "title": "Social group and mortality in Finland.", "content": "Morality rates for various social groups within the population of Finland were compared, using 179 919 death certificates for the period 1969-72. Morality was generally lowest in the highest social groups and highest among unskilled workers. Male mortality from coronary heart disease was also high among lower salaried employees. In the less developed area of northern Finland, female mortality from coronary heart disease and vascular lesions of the central nervous system was highest among the agricultural population. Cancer of the breast, cancer of the intestine, and suicides among women were apparently concentrated in the higher classes. Life table analysis showed that the social group differences in life expectancy at birth could be as great as 7.2 years. It is considered indispensable for a national health policy to improve on the recording of occupational data and to give regularly the occupation of the deceased when publishing mortality rates.", "contents": "Social group and mortality in Finland. Morality rates for various social groups within the population of Finland were compared, using 179 919 death certificates for the period 1969-72. Morality was generally lowest in the highest social groups and highest among unskilled workers. Male mortality from coronary heart disease was also high among lower salaried employees. In the less developed area of northern Finland, female mortality from coronary heart disease and vascular lesions of the central nervous system was highest among the agricultural population. Cancer of the breast, cancer of the intestine, and suicides among women were apparently concentrated in the higher classes. Life table analysis showed that the social group differences in life expectancy at birth could be as great as 7.2 years. It is considered indispensable for a national health policy to improve on the recording of occupational data and to give regularly the occupation of the deceased when publishing mortality rates.", "PMID": 597676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6113", "title": "Selective screening for cervical cancer. Experience of the Finnish mass screening system.", "content": "Names of women eligible to be screened for cervical cancer are taken from the national population registry and the women are invited by a personal letter. The data, from these mass screenings are analysed and stored at the screening registry. To reduced the costs of the system and to increase the yield of preinvasive lesions the idea of selective screening was considered. Tt was decided that if people were selected according to their risk factors, as recorded in the national population registry, the screening would be ineffective as many cases of invasive cancer were found in the low risk groups. High risk factors were determined from anamnestic data on systems and from previous cytological diagnoses. The proportion of women with symptoms of bleeding or the class II-V smears without positive histological results constituted fewer than 10% of the participants, but 20% and 40% respectively of invasive carcinomas were found in these groups during the subsequent follow-up period. Thus it is suggested that selective screening apart from that based on age has a limited application and should be restricted mainly to the interval between the organised screenings, which in Finland is five years.", "contents": "Selective screening for cervical cancer. Experience of the Finnish mass screening system. Names of women eligible to be screened for cervical cancer are taken from the national population registry and the women are invited by a personal letter. The data, from these mass screenings are analysed and stored at the screening registry. To reduced the costs of the system and to increase the yield of preinvasive lesions the idea of selective screening was considered. Tt was decided that if people were selected according to their risk factors, as recorded in the national population registry, the screening would be ineffective as many cases of invasive cancer were found in the low risk groups. High risk factors were determined from anamnestic data on systems and from previous cytological diagnoses. The proportion of women with symptoms of bleeding or the class II-V smears without positive histological results constituted fewer than 10% of the participants, but 20% and 40% respectively of invasive carcinomas were found in these groups during the subsequent follow-up period. Thus it is suggested that selective screening apart from that based on age has a limited application and should be restricted mainly to the interval between the organised screenings, which in Finland is five years.", "PMID": 597677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6114", "title": "Geographical variation mortality from ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales.", "content": "Analysis ofthe proportional mortality attributed to ischaemic heart disease, adjusted for age, reminds us that many of the well known geographical, environmental, social, and economic variations within England and Wales are not disease specific.", "contents": "Geographical variation mortality from ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Analysis ofthe proportional mortality attributed to ischaemic heart disease, adjusted for age, reminds us that many of the well known geographical, environmental, social, and economic variations within England and Wales are not disease specific.", "PMID": 597678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6115", "title": "Developmental and behavioural functions in young children with elevated blood lead levels.", "content": "Blood lead levels in some pre-schoolchildren living near a lead works and particularly in some children with fathers employed at the lead works showed evidence of increased exposure. Forty-seven of them took part three years later in a follow-up study of their developmental and behavioural functions. The children were aged between 4 and 5 1/2 years and were closely matched for age, sex, social class, parental education, area, and length of residence. Only three children had moved house since their blood lead levels had been examined at two years of age; these levels ranged between 18 and 64 microgram/100 ml. None of the children had clinical symptoms of plumbism. No statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences were found on developmental and behavioural scores when the children were divided into two groups of less than or equal to 35 microgram/100 ml (n = 23) and greater than 35 microgram/100 ml (n = 24). The differences in scores were of the same order as those between boys and girls, which were themselves generally not significant. Behaviour ratings did not differ. The variations in developmental skills were generally found to be more related to age and schooling; neither these factors nor the difference in sex was related to blood lead levels.", "contents": "Developmental and behavioural functions in young children with elevated blood lead levels. Blood lead levels in some pre-schoolchildren living near a lead works and particularly in some children with fathers employed at the lead works showed evidence of increased exposure. Forty-seven of them took part three years later in a follow-up study of their developmental and behavioural functions. The children were aged between 4 and 5 1/2 years and were closely matched for age, sex, social class, parental education, area, and length of residence. Only three children had moved house since their blood lead levels had been examined at two years of age; these levels ranged between 18 and 64 microgram/100 ml. None of the children had clinical symptoms of plumbism. No statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences were found on developmental and behavioural scores when the children were divided into two groups of less than or equal to 35 microgram/100 ml (n = 23) and greater than 35 microgram/100 ml (n = 24). The differences in scores were of the same order as those between boys and girls, which were themselves generally not significant. Behaviour ratings did not differ. The variations in developmental skills were generally found to be more related to age and schooling; neither these factors nor the difference in sex was related to blood lead levels.", "PMID": 597680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6116", "title": "The hazard of old lead mines in Wales.", "content": "Two population surveys were conducted near old lead workings in Wales. The first, at Y Fan in the middle of Wales, gave evidence suggestive of a gradient in blood lead level, highest in subjects resident close to the contaminated spoil heaps, and lowest in those who lived in farms some distance away. However, the gradient was significant (P less than 0.05) only in males, and all but one of the blood lead levels were below 2.0 mumol/l. In the second survey, at Halkyn in North Wales, levels in subjects living in the area contaminated by spoil were compared with those in subjects living in a nearby industrial area, and with subjects in a market town some distance away. Mean blood lead in people living in the three areas were homogeneous. These studies give no evidence that old lead workings in Wales are a serious hazard to health.", "contents": "The hazard of old lead mines in Wales. Two population surveys were conducted near old lead workings in Wales. The first, at Y Fan in the middle of Wales, gave evidence suggestive of a gradient in blood lead level, highest in subjects resident close to the contaminated spoil heaps, and lowest in those who lived in farms some distance away. However, the gradient was significant (P less than 0.05) only in males, and all but one of the blood lead levels were below 2.0 mumol/l. In the second survey, at Halkyn in North Wales, levels in subjects living in the area contaminated by spoil were compared with those in subjects living in a nearby industrial area, and with subjects in a market town some distance away. Mean blood lead in people living in the three areas were homogeneous. These studies give no evidence that old lead workings in Wales are a serious hazard to health.", "PMID": 597681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6117", "title": "Cleft lip and palate in the Oxford area. An examination of the evidence for clustering in space and time.", "content": "Children with cleft lip and/or palate born during the period 1965-74 inclusive in the Oxford area were examined for evidence of any tendency for clustering. The methods suggested by Knox (1963), David and Barton (1966), and Smith and Pike (1974) were used. No clustering was evident in space or in time. There was some indication of clustering in space-time for isolated cleft palate during the period 1965-71, but this was not repeated during 1972-74.", "contents": "Cleft lip and palate in the Oxford area. An examination of the evidence for clustering in space and time. Children with cleft lip and/or palate born during the period 1965-74 inclusive in the Oxford area were examined for evidence of any tendency for clustering. The methods suggested by Knox (1963), David and Barton (1966), and Smith and Pike (1974) were used. No clustering was evident in space or in time. There was some indication of clustering in space-time for isolated cleft palate during the period 1965-71, but this was not repeated during 1972-74.", "PMID": 597682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6118", "title": "Renin and aldosterone relationships in manic depressive psychosis.", "content": "The paper describes a two-month period of study in four bipolar manic-depressive patients in a metabolic ward. Plasma renin activity, packed cell volume, plasma sodium and potassium were determined at intervals. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also estimated daily. Aldosterone production rate was measured on two occasions for each patient. Three of the patients showed at least one episode each of mania and depression during the study, while the fourth patient, who was receiving prophylactic lithium throughout, had one ten-day depressive episode but was otherwise normal. No obvious relationship between mood and plasma renin activity was observed, but the group showed a high resting renin activity, a blunted renin response to posture, and inappropriate aldosterone production rates for the renin activity found. It is postulated that a primary defect in the aldosterone-renin system may be present in bipolar manic-depressive psychosis.", "contents": "Renin and aldosterone relationships in manic depressive psychosis. The paper describes a two-month period of study in four bipolar manic-depressive patients in a metabolic ward. Plasma renin activity, packed cell volume, plasma sodium and potassium were determined at intervals. Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also estimated daily. Aldosterone production rate was measured on two occasions for each patient. Three of the patients showed at least one episode each of mania and depression during the study, while the fourth patient, who was receiving prophylactic lithium throughout, had one ten-day depressive episode but was otherwise normal. No obvious relationship between mood and plasma renin activity was observed, but the group showed a high resting renin activity, a blunted renin response to posture, and inappropriate aldosterone production rates for the renin activity found. It is postulated that a primary defect in the aldosterone-renin system may be present in bipolar manic-depressive psychosis.", "PMID": 597684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6119", "title": "Hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depression: a new approach to the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis.", "content": "The corticosteroid response to methylamphetamine was lower in ten patients when they were depressed than when they were recovered (P less than .026). The growth hormone responses to the same injection in the depressed and recovered states were not significantly different. This pattern of responses is seen in normal subjects after blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors. These findings may indicate a functional deficiency of noradrenaline at alpha adrenergic receptors in these patients during the time they are depressed.", "contents": "Hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depression: a new approach to the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis. The corticosteroid response to methylamphetamine was lower in ten patients when they were depressed than when they were recovered (P less than .026). The growth hormone responses to the same injection in the depressed and recovered states were not significantly different. This pattern of responses is seen in normal subjects after blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors. These findings may indicate a functional deficiency of noradrenaline at alpha adrenergic receptors in these patients during the time they are depressed.", "PMID": 597685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6120", "title": "A study of predictive factors in depressive disorders of poor outcome.", "content": "A retrospective comparison was made between two groups, each consisting of 30 depressed patients, one in which the outcome following discharge had been good, the other where it had been poor. A previous psychiatric history, earlier admission for psychiatric illness, particularly for affective disorders and a poorer performance on routine intelligence tests were found in the poor prognosis group. In this group the duration of the index admission was longer and the condition of the patient was less improved at the time of discharge. Several symptom variables also discriminated between the groups. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "A study of predictive factors in depressive disorders of poor outcome. A retrospective comparison was made between two groups, each consisting of 30 depressed patients, one in which the outcome following discharge had been good, the other where it had been poor. A previous psychiatric history, earlier admission for psychiatric illness, particularly for affective disorders and a poorer performance on routine intelligence tests were found in the poor prognosis group. In this group the duration of the index admission was longer and the condition of the patient was less improved at the time of discharge. Several symptom variables also discriminated between the groups. These findings are discussed.", "PMID": 597686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6121", "title": "Diagnosis 'uncertain': a follow-up study.", "content": "During a ten year study, 10% of patients at a general hospital in-patient unit had unsolved diagnostic problems at the time of discharge from hospital. These 132 cases were designated 'uncertain' and were followed up. Eighty-three patients were ultimately diagnosed, and 300 consecutive in-patients discharged from the same unit with a definite diagnosis were also studied. The clinical features and diagnoses of the two groups were compared. Special features associated with uncertainty were: a presenting complaint of pain; apathy without apparent mental or physical cause; hallucinosis or major paranoid symptoms without other good evidence of psychosis. Age was found to be relevant; compared with patients receiving confident diagnoses, those with uncertain diagnosis due to depressive psychosis were more often younger, while those due to neurosis or personality disorder tended to be older. Atypical psychotic depression was the condition most commonly associated with diagnostic doubt.", "contents": "Diagnosis 'uncertain': a follow-up study. During a ten year study, 10% of patients at a general hospital in-patient unit had unsolved diagnostic problems at the time of discharge from hospital. These 132 cases were designated 'uncertain' and were followed up. Eighty-three patients were ultimately diagnosed, and 300 consecutive in-patients discharged from the same unit with a definite diagnosis were also studied. The clinical features and diagnoses of the two groups were compared. Special features associated with uncertainty were: a presenting complaint of pain; apathy without apparent mental or physical cause; hallucinosis or major paranoid symptoms without other good evidence of psychosis. Age was found to be relevant; compared with patients receiving confident diagnoses, those with uncertain diagnosis due to depressive psychosis were more often younger, while those due to neurosis or personality disorder tended to be older. Atypical psychotic depression was the condition most commonly associated with diagnostic doubt.", "PMID": 597687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6122", "title": "Social skills training of out-patient groups. A controlled study of rehearsal and homework.", "content": "Fifty-one out-patients with social skills deficits (two-thirds men) completed ten weekly sessions of 75-minute group treatment; 44 were followed up for a mean of 16 months. Random assignment was to one of three conditions: (I) Cohesive group discussion; (2) Modelling and role-rehearsal; or (3) Modelling and role-rehearsal + daily social homework. All three treatment conditions produced significant but incomplete improvement at the end of treatment and follow-up. The two role-rehearsal conditions were significantly superior to group discussion on several measures. Patients who completed daily social homework assignments did significantly better than patients who completed control homework. Alcohol and drug abuse patients usually dropped out. Schizophrenic patients in remission had lost their improvement at follow-up. Patients with other diagnoses retained their gains to 16-month follow-up.", "contents": "Social skills training of out-patient groups. A controlled study of rehearsal and homework. Fifty-one out-patients with social skills deficits (two-thirds men) completed ten weekly sessions of 75-minute group treatment; 44 were followed up for a mean of 16 months. Random assignment was to one of three conditions: (I) Cohesive group discussion; (2) Modelling and role-rehearsal; or (3) Modelling and role-rehearsal + daily social homework. All three treatment conditions produced significant but incomplete improvement at the end of treatment and follow-up. The two role-rehearsal conditions were significantly superior to group discussion on several measures. Patients who completed daily social homework assignments did significantly better than patients who completed control homework. Alcohol and drug abuse patients usually dropped out. Schizophrenic patients in remission had lost their improvement at follow-up. Patients with other diagnoses retained their gains to 16-month follow-up.", "PMID": 597688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6123", "title": "A typology of parasuicide.", "content": "Parasuicide is not a single syndrome. Subtypes at present recognized are based largely on clinically derived stereotypes. When considering a series of patients, the clinician is unable to handle more than a few attributes at a time. This paper describes the application of three very different clustering algorithms to a material of 350 treated parasuicide patients. Mathematically, three types emerge. Clinically, two of these are interpretable and make sense. The types established are: I (n = 107) a group not characterized by any of the variables we examined; this group is a puzzle, mainly because the reasons for the parasuicidal act are not clear. II (n = 132) a depressed, alienated group with high life-endangerment. III (n = III) a group whose act was highly operant: they felt alienated and were angry with others. These groups did not differ significantly on demographic variables. The usefulness of this typology, particularly for management, after-care and prevention, has now to be assessed.", "contents": "A typology of parasuicide. Parasuicide is not a single syndrome. Subtypes at present recognized are based largely on clinically derived stereotypes. When considering a series of patients, the clinician is unable to handle more than a few attributes at a time. This paper describes the application of three very different clustering algorithms to a material of 350 treated parasuicide patients. Mathematically, three types emerge. Clinically, two of these are interpretable and make sense. The types established are: I (n = 107) a group not characterized by any of the variables we examined; this group is a puzzle, mainly because the reasons for the parasuicidal act are not clear. II (n = 132) a depressed, alienated group with high life-endangerment. III (n = III) a group whose act was highly operant: they felt alienated and were angry with others. These groups did not differ significantly on demographic variables. The usefulness of this typology, particularly for management, after-care and prevention, has now to be assessed.", "PMID": 597689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6124", "title": "Dynamic scintigraphy in clinical urology.", "content": "The technique of isotope renal scintigraphy using Technetium-99m labelled agents and a gamma camera system on-line to a digital computer is described. Its value in diagnosing renal space-occupying disease and renovascular abnormalities is emphasised. A method of measuring individual renal haemodynamics and the possible potential of such techniques are discussed. Radio-isotope studies are rapid, simple, non-invasive and non-toxic. They give information complementary to that from urography.", "contents": "Dynamic scintigraphy in clinical urology. The technique of isotope renal scintigraphy using Technetium-99m labelled agents and a gamma camera system on-line to a digital computer is described. Its value in diagnosing renal space-occupying disease and renovascular abnormalities is emphasised. A method of measuring individual renal haemodynamics and the possible potential of such techniques are discussed. Radio-isotope studies are rapid, simple, non-invasive and non-toxic. They give information complementary to that from urography.", "PMID": 597691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6125", "title": "Computed tomography of the kidney.", "content": "The application of computed tomography to the diagnosis of kidney disease and the features of renal neoplasms, cysts, hydronephrosis, inflammatory parenchymal lesions and other pathological processes are described. The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography is excellent when compared with ultrasound and selective renal arteriography. This new non-invasive technique can obviate the need for arteriography in a significant number of morphological diseases of the kidney and is especially useful in defining the extent of malignant tumours.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the kidney. The application of computed tomography to the diagnosis of kidney disease and the features of renal neoplasms, cysts, hydronephrosis, inflammatory parenchymal lesions and other pathological processes are described. The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography is excellent when compared with ultrasound and selective renal arteriography. This new non-invasive technique can obviate the need for arteriography in a significant number of morphological diseases of the kidney and is especially useful in defining the extent of malignant tumours.", "PMID": 597692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6126", "title": "The prevalence of calcified upper urinary tract stone disease in a random population--Cumbernauld Health Survey.", "content": "It is difficult to obtain the true prevalence of stone disease in community. A proper random sample of a population has been studied and a figure of 3.83% of calcified stones have been found in 2,000 subjects. The significance of biochemical, bacteriological, skeletal and other surgical abnormalities is discussed. It is now possible to study individual groups within the population with respect to stone disease.", "contents": "The prevalence of calcified upper urinary tract stone disease in a random population--Cumbernauld Health Survey. It is difficult to obtain the true prevalence of stone disease in community. A proper random sample of a population has been studied and a figure of 3.83% of calcified stones have been found in 2,000 subjects. The significance of biochemical, bacteriological, skeletal and other surgical abnormalities is discussed. It is now possible to study individual groups within the population with respect to stone disease.", "PMID": 597693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6127", "title": "Long-term follow-up 100 cases of renal calculi.", "content": "Phosphatic calculi form in infected urine. Complete clearance is associated with sterile urine. This disease is distinct from metabolic stone disease and should be curable if all stones are removed and postoperative infection is prevented.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up 100 cases of renal calculi. Phosphatic calculi form in infected urine. Complete clearance is associated with sterile urine. This disease is distinct from metabolic stone disease and should be curable if all stones are removed and postoperative infection is prevented.", "PMID": 597694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6128", "title": "Partial nephrectomy for stone disease.", "content": "The results of 227 partial nephrectomies for stone were reviewed. Radiologically visible calcification remaining in the kidney at the end of the operation increased the risk of further stone formation. Ipsilateral and contralateral true recurrence rates after partial nephrectomy were the same, and increased with time up to 34% at 20 years. Ipsilateral recurrence rates after partial nephrectomy were half those found in a similar study of nephrolithotomy, pyelolithotomy and ureterolithotomy. Anatomical factors are important in stone formation, and partial nephrectomy is of value in the management of renal stones.", "contents": "Partial nephrectomy for stone disease. The results of 227 partial nephrectomies for stone were reviewed. Radiologically visible calcification remaining in the kidney at the end of the operation increased the risk of further stone formation. Ipsilateral and contralateral true recurrence rates after partial nephrectomy were the same, and increased with time up to 34% at 20 years. Ipsilateral recurrence rates after partial nephrectomy were half those found in a similar study of nephrolithotomy, pyelolithotomy and ureterolithotomy. Anatomical factors are important in stone formation, and partial nephrectomy is of value in the management of renal stones.", "PMID": 597695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6129", "title": "Can angiography stage renal carcinoma?", "content": "We have compared the staging of renal carcinomas in 36 patients as judged preoperatively by angiography (T stage) and postoperatively by histopathology (P stage). Using the standard abdominal aortogram and selective renal arteriogram we found a considerable error rate in T staging (40%). The commonest error was preoperative overstaging, and this is probably determined by the behaviour of renal carcinoma, rather than by inadequate angiography. We conclude that whilst renal arteriography remains a useful diagnostic aid, it cannot answer questions on tumour extent with any accuracy. Staging by histopathology is essential for proper assessment and management of these patients.", "contents": "Can angiography stage renal carcinoma? We have compared the staging of renal carcinomas in 36 patients as judged preoperatively by angiography (T stage) and postoperatively by histopathology (P stage). Using the standard abdominal aortogram and selective renal arteriogram we found a considerable error rate in T staging (40%). The commonest error was preoperative overstaging, and this is probably determined by the behaviour of renal carcinoma, rather than by inadequate angiography. We conclude that whilst renal arteriography remains a useful diagnostic aid, it cannot answer questions on tumour extent with any accuracy. Staging by histopathology is essential for proper assessment and management of these patients.", "PMID": 597696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6130", "title": "The obstructed kidney: correlation between renal function and urodynamic assessment.", "content": "In 20 patients with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction the results of quantification of the change in renal pelvis size during high-dose intravenous urography with a diuretic, pressure/flow studies, standard renography and deconvolution analysis of the gamma camera renogram have been compared. The results of high-dose intravenous urography and pressure/flow studies correlated well. Renography was unreliable in diagnosing obstruction unless deconvolution analysis of the gamma camera renogram was used to differentiate those showing an obstructive uropathy from those with an obstructing nephropathy.", "contents": "The obstructed kidney: correlation between renal function and urodynamic assessment. In 20 patients with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction the results of quantification of the change in renal pelvis size during high-dose intravenous urography with a diuretic, pressure/flow studies, standard renography and deconvolution analysis of the gamma camera renogram have been compared. The results of high-dose intravenous urography and pressure/flow studies correlated well. Renography was unreliable in diagnosing obstruction unless deconvolution analysis of the gamma camera renogram was used to differentiate those showing an obstructive uropathy from those with an obstructing nephropathy.", "PMID": 597697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6131", "title": "Radionuclide cystography in the management of vesico-ureteric reflux.", "content": "Direct radionuclide cystography in 100 patients has been shown to be a useful investigation in the diagnosis and management of reflux and a valuable complement to radiographic methods; it may well have a place in the detection of reflux in the infected patient. The advantages include low radiation exposure, an accurate measurement of residual urine volumes, simplicity of technique and the use of materials and equipment that have in recent years become increasingly available for routing investigation.", "contents": "Radionuclide cystography in the management of vesico-ureteric reflux. Direct radionuclide cystography in 100 patients has been shown to be a useful investigation in the diagnosis and management of reflux and a valuable complement to radiographic methods; it may well have a place in the detection of reflux in the infected patient. The advantages include low radiation exposure, an accurate measurement of residual urine volumes, simplicity of technique and the use of materials and equipment that have in recent years become increasingly available for routing investigation.", "PMID": 597698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6132", "title": "Ureteric advancement in the treatment of reflux.", "content": "Among 91 children requiring surgical correction of major ureteric reflux, 58 had 1 or 2 ureters treated by an advancement operation. This proved to be highly effective in preventing further reflux and in no case did any ureteric obstruction develop. The indications for choosing this operation, and a suitable operative technique, are described.", "contents": "Ureteric advancement in the treatment of reflux. Among 91 children requiring surgical correction of major ureteric reflux, 58 had 1 or 2 ureters treated by an advancement operation. This proved to be highly effective in preventing further reflux and in no case did any ureteric obstruction develop. The indications for choosing this operation, and a suitable operative technique, are described.", "PMID": 597699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6133", "title": "The unstable bladder--fact or artefact?", "content": "100 patients, referred for urodynamic study, have had several cystometrograms performed at each examination, and the effect of filling at different rates and in different positions has been assessed. This has included pressure measurements carried out during \"physiological\" bladder filling. Bladder instability was found to be a highly consistent phenomenon, its detection being independent of filling rate or position of filling.", "contents": "The unstable bladder--fact or artefact? 100 patients, referred for urodynamic study, have had several cystometrograms performed at each examination, and the effect of filling at different rates and in different positions has been assessed. This has included pressure measurements carried out during \"physiological\" bladder filling. Bladder instability was found to be a highly consistent phenomenon, its detection being independent of filling rate or position of filling.", "PMID": 597700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6134", "title": "Interstitial cystitis, treated by prolonged bladder distension.", "content": "25 patients with interstitial cystitis were treated by prolonged bladder distension. 16 patients are symptom-free, but 5 of these have had 1 or more previous prolonged bladder distensions. 6 patients are improved, whilst 3 remain symptomatically unchanged. Prolonged bladder distension can be repeated successfully when symptoms return. These results suggest that prolonged bladder distension has a place in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "contents": "Interstitial cystitis, treated by prolonged bladder distension. 25 patients with interstitial cystitis were treated by prolonged bladder distension. 16 patients are symptom-free, but 5 of these have had 1 or more previous prolonged bladder distensions. 6 patients are improved, whilst 3 remain symptomatically unchanged. Prolonged bladder distension can be repeated successfully when symptoms return. These results suggest that prolonged bladder distension has a place in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "PMID": 597701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6135", "title": "Abacterial cystitis.", "content": "5 young male patients with all the symptoms and signs of genito-urinary tuberculosis but in whom no organism could be cultured from the urine are described. 4 of them rapidly responded to a course of tetracycline. Various organisms are suggested as a cause of this condition, and careful bacteriological investigation in the future might discover the cause.", "contents": "Abacterial cystitis. 5 young male patients with all the symptoms and signs of genito-urinary tuberculosis but in whom no organism could be cultured from the urine are described. 4 of them rapidly responded to a course of tetracycline. Various organisms are suggested as a cause of this condition, and careful bacteriological investigation in the future might discover the cause.", "PMID": 597702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6136", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of recurrent cystitis in women.", "content": "Using both psychometric questionnaires and psychiatric interview it has been shown that women with recurrent cystitis have significantly more psychiatric symptoms (particularly those of anxiety) than the population as a whole. By comparison with the expected prevalence, the study group shows a 3-fold increase in psychiatric symptoms antedating micturition symptoms, and a 10-fold increase in psychiatric symptoms overall. Significant differences in psychometric profiles have been demonstrated between different clinical subgroups of patients (e.g. bladder instability, outlet obstruction and dyspareunia). A multifactorial approach (including an awareness of psychiatric factors) to patients complaining of recurrent cystitis can produce a treatment failure rate as low as 4.4%.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of recurrent cystitis in women. Using both psychometric questionnaires and psychiatric interview it has been shown that women with recurrent cystitis have significantly more psychiatric symptoms (particularly those of anxiety) than the population as a whole. By comparison with the expected prevalence, the study group shows a 3-fold increase in psychiatric symptoms antedating micturition symptoms, and a 10-fold increase in psychiatric symptoms overall. Significant differences in psychometric profiles have been demonstrated between different clinical subgroups of patients (e.g. bladder instability, outlet obstruction and dyspareunia). A multifactorial approach (including an awareness of psychiatric factors) to patients complaining of recurrent cystitis can produce a treatment failure rate as low as 4.4%.", "PMID": 597703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6137", "title": "The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on cyclophosphamide cystitis.", "content": "Further studies on the effect of various compounds of the rat bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide are reported. The results show that N-acetyl cysteine is a highly effective drug for the prevention of cyclophosphamide cystitis. N-acetyl cysteine does not significantly impair the anti-tumour effect of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on cyclophosphamide cystitis. Further studies on the effect of various compounds of the rat bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide are reported. The results show that N-acetyl cysteine is a highly effective drug for the prevention of cyclophosphamide cystitis. N-acetyl cysteine does not significantly impair the anti-tumour effect of cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 597704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6138", "title": "T1 bladder tumours.", "content": "167 patients with T1 bladder transitional cell tumours treated by transurethral resection or cystodiathermy are reviewed. The overall crude survival was 83.2% in 3 years and 71.8% in 5 years. 7.8% of the patients developed an invasive tumour and these patients had an unfavourable initial tumour with moderate or poor differentiation and high or moderate mitotic rate. High or moderate pleomorphism was particularly unfavourable. Multiple tumours did as well as single ones but more of them had invasion of the lamina propria and a larger number were treated by either radiotherapy or cystectomy.", "contents": "T1 bladder tumours. 167 patients with T1 bladder transitional cell tumours treated by transurethral resection or cystodiathermy are reviewed. The overall crude survival was 83.2% in 3 years and 71.8% in 5 years. 7.8% of the patients developed an invasive tumour and these patients had an unfavourable initial tumour with moderate or poor differentiation and high or moderate mitotic rate. High or moderate pleomorphism was particularly unfavourable. Multiple tumours did as well as single ones but more of them had invasion of the lamina propria and a larger number were treated by either radiotherapy or cystectomy.", "PMID": 597705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6139", "title": "A toxicity study of the treatment of T3 bladder tumours with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "content": "18 patients with category T3 bladder cancer were treated with a combination of radical radiotherapy followed after an interval of 1-3 months by pulsed chemotherapy with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. Providing the chemotherapy was limited to 4 cycles, there was no serious toxicity and the regime was well tolerated.", "contents": "A toxicity study of the treatment of T3 bladder tumours with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 18 patients with category T3 bladder cancer were treated with a combination of radical radiotherapy followed after an interval of 1-3 months by pulsed chemotherapy with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. Providing the chemotherapy was limited to 4 cycles, there was no serious toxicity and the regime was well tolerated.", "PMID": 597706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6140", "title": "The treatment of advanced bladder cancer with methotrexate.", "content": "61 patients with advanced bladder cancer were treated with methotrexate. 3 different regimes were used, 2 given on an out-patient and 1 on an in-patient basis. A response rate of 56% was found in patients who received 100 mg of methotrexate intravenously every 2 weeks as an out-patient. Provided that renal function is checked before therapy and is normal, then methotrexate can be used safely; it being well tolerated and having few serious side-effects.", "contents": "The treatment of advanced bladder cancer with methotrexate. 61 patients with advanced bladder cancer were treated with methotrexate. 3 different regimes were used, 2 given on an out-patient and 1 on an in-patient basis. A response rate of 56% was found in patients who received 100 mg of methotrexate intravenously every 2 weeks as an out-patient. Provided that renal function is checked before therapy and is normal, then methotrexate can be used safely; it being well tolerated and having few serious side-effects.", "PMID": 597707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6141", "title": "Scottish prostates: a 6-year review.", "content": "A review of all prostatectomies performed by urologists in Scotland during 1969-1974 is presented. Factors influencing the mortality rate are discussed and the steady increase in low-mortality (1.4%) transurethral prostatectomy noted.", "contents": "Scottish prostates: a 6-year review. A review of all prostatectomies performed by urologists in Scotland during 1969-1974 is presented. Factors influencing the mortality rate are discussed and the steady increase in low-mortality (1.4%) transurethral prostatectomy noted.", "PMID": 597708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6142", "title": "Potency and prostatectomy.", "content": "A prospective questionnaire study with a 6-month follow-up was carried out to determine the incidence of post-prostatectomy impotence. 57% of patients were potent at the time of operation. A man with full potency had a 4% chance of becoming totally impotent and a 3% chance of becoming partially impotent. A man with failing preoperative potency had a 10% chance of becoming totally impotent and a 22% chance of becoming worse. No particular method of operation was at fault. One-third of potent men claimed to have some postoperative ejaculation.", "contents": "Potency and prostatectomy. A prospective questionnaire study with a 6-month follow-up was carried out to determine the incidence of post-prostatectomy impotence. 57% of patients were potent at the time of operation. A man with full potency had a 4% chance of becoming totally impotent and a 3% chance of becoming partially impotent. A man with failing preoperative potency had a 10% chance of becoming totally impotent and a 22% chance of becoming worse. No particular method of operation was at fault. One-third of potent men claimed to have some postoperative ejaculation.", "PMID": 597709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6143", "title": "Continuous irrigation of the bladder after prostatectomy: its effect on post-prostatectomy infection.", "content": "The incidence of post-prostatectomy bacteriuria was measured in patients having no continuous bladder irrigation postoperatively, in those irrigated for 24 hours with chlorhexidine 1/5,000, and in those irrigated with normal saline. The infection rate after saline irrigation was greater than after chlorhexidine, but the infection rates after chlorhexidine irrigation and drainage alone were similar. The infection rate was higher in older patients, in those treated with retropubic rather than transurethral prostatectomies, in those who had postoperative catheters for more than 4 days, and in those admitted in acute retention of urine. The increase in infection rate associated with acute retention was seen only in the group treated with drainage alone postoperatively. Chlorhexidine irrigation appears to reduce the infection rate in these cases.", "contents": "Continuous irrigation of the bladder after prostatectomy: its effect on post-prostatectomy infection. The incidence of post-prostatectomy bacteriuria was measured in patients having no continuous bladder irrigation postoperatively, in those irrigated for 24 hours with chlorhexidine 1/5,000, and in those irrigated with normal saline. The infection rate after saline irrigation was greater than after chlorhexidine, but the infection rates after chlorhexidine irrigation and drainage alone were similar. The infection rate was higher in older patients, in those treated with retropubic rather than transurethral prostatectomies, in those who had postoperative catheters for more than 4 days, and in those admitted in acute retention of urine. The increase in infection rate associated with acute retention was seen only in the group treated with drainage alone postoperatively. Chlorhexidine irrigation appears to reduce the infection rate in these cases.", "PMID": 597710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6144", "title": "Early diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma: the role of transurethral resection.", "content": "The exclusion of prostatic carcinoma in TUR specimens represents a considerable problem for the histopathologist. A technique for the separation of tissue on an anatomical basis which has been carried out on 50 patients is presented. It permits more representative histological sampling of TUR specimens and more accurate characterisation of prostatic carcinoma, but further refinement is recommended.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma: the role of transurethral resection. The exclusion of prostatic carcinoma in TUR specimens represents a considerable problem for the histopathologist. A technique for the separation of tissue on an anatomical basis which has been carried out on 50 patients is presented. It permits more representative histological sampling of TUR specimens and more accurate characterisation of prostatic carcinoma, but further refinement is recommended.", "PMID": 597711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6145", "title": "Urine hydroxyproline excretion--a marker of bone metastases in prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "24-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion (THP), a marker of bone collagen metabolism, has been measured in 35 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 21 patients had bone metastases diagnosed by bone scanning (99mTc MDP). All 9 patients with metastases studied before hormonal treatment and the majority of those on treatment had elevated levels. Patients with negative bone scans invariably had normal THP levels. Furthermore, THP reflected the presence of bone metastases more accurately than plasma alkaline or acid phosphatase. Serial THP levels altered predictably with symptomatic response to treatment. These results suggest that THP is more reliable than other markers of the presence and activity of bone metastases in response to treatment and may have been neglected in favour of more elaborate and costly X-ray and isotope investigations.", "contents": "Urine hydroxyproline excretion--a marker of bone metastases in prostatic carcinoma. 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline excretion (THP), a marker of bone collagen metabolism, has been measured in 35 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 21 patients had bone metastases diagnosed by bone scanning (99mTc MDP). All 9 patients with metastases studied before hormonal treatment and the majority of those on treatment had elevated levels. Patients with negative bone scans invariably had normal THP levels. Furthermore, THP reflected the presence of bone metastases more accurately than plasma alkaline or acid phosphatase. Serial THP levels altered predictably with symptomatic response to treatment. These results suggest that THP is more reliable than other markers of the presence and activity of bone metastases in response to treatment and may have been neglected in favour of more elaborate and costly X-ray and isotope investigations.", "PMID": 597712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6146", "title": "Choice of operation to promote micturition after spinal cord injury.", "content": "61 male patients who had resection of the bladder neck alone, internal membranous urethrotomy alone or a combination of the 2 procedures to establish micturition after cord injury are reviewed. The combined operation has the greatest chance of initial success and should be performed if no attempt is to be made or preserve sexual function. Internal membranous urethrotomy is appropriate for lesions at all levels of the cord. Cystometry and cystourethrography are not helpful in the choice of operation.", "contents": "Choice of operation to promote micturition after spinal cord injury. 61 male patients who had resection of the bladder neck alone, internal membranous urethrotomy alone or a combination of the 2 procedures to establish micturition after cord injury are reviewed. The combined operation has the greatest chance of initial success and should be performed if no attempt is to be made or preserve sexual function. Internal membranous urethrotomy is appropriate for lesions at all levels of the cord. Cystometry and cystourethrography are not helpful in the choice of operation.", "PMID": 597713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6147", "title": "The detection and localisation of abdominal lymph node metastases from testicular teratomas.", "content": "Review of the results of treatment of 275 patients with testicular teratomas indicates that the size of para-aortic node metastases as defined by lymphography is closely related to prognosis, and that accurate definition of these metastases is essential in planning treatment. Although para-aortic lymphadenectomy does not appear to be necessary therapeutically or as a staging procedure, excision of residual bulk disease may be required after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In these cases the residual para-aortic tumour mass should be accurately localised by ultrasonography so the best surgical approach can be used.", "contents": "The detection and localisation of abdominal lymph node metastases from testicular teratomas. Review of the results of treatment of 275 patients with testicular teratomas indicates that the size of para-aortic node metastases as defined by lymphography is closely related to prognosis, and that accurate definition of these metastases is essential in planning treatment. Although para-aortic lymphadenectomy does not appear to be necessary therapeutically or as a staging procedure, excision of residual bulk disease may be required after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In these cases the residual para-aortic tumour mass should be accurately localised by ultrasonography so the best surgical approach can be used.", "PMID": 597714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6148", "title": "Prolactin gonadotrophins in 208 men presenting with infertility.", "content": "Prolactin, FSH and LH were measured in the plasma of 208 male partners of infertile marriages. We found 1 case of marked hyperprolactinaemia in 82 oligozoospermic men (1.2%). There was no difference in the mean prolactin levels of men with normal sperm counts and men with oligozoospermia or azoospermia. One-third of the men with azoospermia and with sperm density of less than 10 million had marked FSH elevation and our experience confirms the work of others that this indicates a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Prolactin gonadotrophins in 208 men presenting with infertility. Prolactin, FSH and LH were measured in the plasma of 208 male partners of infertile marriages. We found 1 case of marked hyperprolactinaemia in 82 oligozoospermic men (1.2%). There was no difference in the mean prolactin levels of men with normal sperm counts and men with oligozoospermia or azoospermia. One-third of the men with azoospermia and with sperm density of less than 10 million had marked FSH elevation and our experience confirms the work of others that this indicates a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 597715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6149", "title": "Reinnervation, myelination and organization of iris tissue implanted into the rat midbrain--an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of autologous irides implanted into the midbrain of mature Sprague-Dawley rats was studied over a time period of 4-14 days. Most features of the normal iris still persisted throughout this time, including typical iris blood vessels and amelanotic melanocytes. At 5-4 days after implantation, the normal innervation of the implanted iris had degenerated, except for the presence of intact Schwann cells and some myelin debris. Reinnervation, beginning about the seventh day, proceeded rapidly. By the fourteenth day, extensive reinnervation of the implant was evidenced by the presence of numerous small (0.1-0.6 micrometer) and large (2-4 micrometer) non-myelinated axons ensheathed in Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axonal varicosities, filled either with dense core or clear core vesicles, formed junctions with axons. These junctions were characterized by an accentuation of areas of the axonal membrane and pre- or post-junctional thickenings; however, we did not observe typical synaptic complexes. Some large axons within the myelinated iris developed thick myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) type; we believe this is the first reported instance in which myelination of central axons by Schwann cells within the brain parenchyma has been produced by the implantation of PNS elements.", "contents": "Reinnervation, myelination and organization of iris tissue implanted into the rat midbrain--an ultrastructural study. The ultrastructure of autologous irides implanted into the midbrain of mature Sprague-Dawley rats was studied over a time period of 4-14 days. Most features of the normal iris still persisted throughout this time, including typical iris blood vessels and amelanotic melanocytes. At 5-4 days after implantation, the normal innervation of the implanted iris had degenerated, except for the presence of intact Schwann cells and some myelin debris. Reinnervation, beginning about the seventh day, proceeded rapidly. By the fourteenth day, extensive reinnervation of the implant was evidenced by the presence of numerous small (0.1-0.6 micrometer) and large (2-4 micrometer) non-myelinated axons ensheathed in Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axonal varicosities, filled either with dense core or clear core vesicles, formed junctions with axons. These junctions were characterized by an accentuation of areas of the axonal membrane and pre- or post-junctional thickenings; however, we did not observe typical synaptic complexes. Some large axons within the myelinated iris developed thick myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) type; we believe this is the first reported instance in which myelination of central axons by Schwann cells within the brain parenchyma has been produced by the implantation of PNS elements.", "PMID": 597717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6150", "title": "Effect of undernutrition on cell generation in the adult rat brain.", "content": "Cell proliferation and cell death in the lateral ventricular subependymal layer were studied in acutely food-deprived and chronically undernourished 6-week-old rats. The length of the cell cycle was increased by 40-75%, while the DNA synthesis phase of the cycle was prolonged by 70-85%. The rate of cell acquisition was reduced to approximately half the control level, and the proportion of degenerating cells was significantly increased. The response to undernutrition of proliferating cells in the subependymal layer of adult rats differs from that in animals in the first two weeks of life, and resembles that seen in other tissues.", "contents": "Effect of undernutrition on cell generation in the adult rat brain. Cell proliferation and cell death in the lateral ventricular subependymal layer were studied in acutely food-deprived and chronically undernourished 6-week-old rats. The length of the cell cycle was increased by 40-75%, while the DNA synthesis phase of the cycle was prolonged by 70-85%. The rate of cell acquisition was reduced to approximately half the control level, and the proportion of degenerating cells was significantly increased. The response to undernutrition of proliferating cells in the subependymal layer of adult rats differs from that in animals in the first two weeks of life, and resembles that seen in other tissues.", "PMID": 597721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6151", "title": "Release of (3H)norepinephrine from a clonal line of pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) by nicotinic cholinergic stimulation.", "content": "Release experiments were carried out in vitro with a clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells (designated PC12) which synthesize and store catecholamines and which, after treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), cease cell division and extend neuronal-like processes. In the present study, PC12 cells were exposed to [3H]norepinephrine (NE) which they took up and stored in reserpine-sensitive sites. Exposure of such cells to nicotinic cholinergic agonists resulted in release of [3H]NE into the external medium. Release terminated within 1 min and partially returned after 20 min in the absence of agonist. After 1 min of stimulation with nicotine, NGF-treated cells released 5-6% of their contents of [3H]NE while NGF-untreated cells released 1-2%. Release from both NGF-treated and -untreated PC12 cells was inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ or by elevated Mg2+ and was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists D-tubocurarine and mecamylamine (50% inhibition at 0.1 and 0.06 micrometer, respectively). Release was not affected by the presence of tetrodotoxin. Such findings suggest that release of [3H]NE from PC12 cells may be mediated via stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and a consequent stimulation-secretion coupling mechanism.", "contents": "Release of (3H)norepinephrine from a clonal line of pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) by nicotinic cholinergic stimulation. Release experiments were carried out in vitro with a clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells (designated PC12) which synthesize and store catecholamines and which, after treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), cease cell division and extend neuronal-like processes. In the present study, PC12 cells were exposed to [3H]norepinephrine (NE) which they took up and stored in reserpine-sensitive sites. Exposure of such cells to nicotinic cholinergic agonists resulted in release of [3H]NE into the external medium. Release terminated within 1 min and partially returned after 20 min in the absence of agonist. After 1 min of stimulation with nicotine, NGF-treated cells released 5-6% of their contents of [3H]NE while NGF-untreated cells released 1-2%. Release from both NGF-treated and -untreated PC12 cells was inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ or by elevated Mg2+ and was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists D-tubocurarine and mecamylamine (50% inhibition at 0.1 and 0.06 micrometer, respectively). Release was not affected by the presence of tetrodotoxin. Such findings suggest that release of [3H]NE from PC12 cells may be mediated via stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and a consequent stimulation-secretion coupling mechanism.", "PMID": 597722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6152", "title": "Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens.", "content": "1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of calcium (24 to 56-9 g/kg) and phosphorus (4-5 to 14-2 g/kg) on production and some aspects of metabolism were studied in laying hens. 2. Treatments did not affect egg numbers, food consumption, conversion efficiency of food to egg, bodyweight gain or mortality. 3. Increasing dietary calcium (Ca) significantly increased plasma Ca and inorganic phosphorus (P), breaking strength at the radius and egg specific gravity and significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase and egg weight. 4. Increasing dietary phosphorus increased plasma P and decreased egg specific gravity significantly. 5. Plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase and radius breaking strength were suitable indices of the Ca status of the hens.", "contents": "Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens. 1. The effects of different dietary concentrations of calcium (24 to 56-9 g/kg) and phosphorus (4-5 to 14-2 g/kg) on production and some aspects of metabolism were studied in laying hens. 2. Treatments did not affect egg numbers, food consumption, conversion efficiency of food to egg, bodyweight gain or mortality. 3. Increasing dietary calcium (Ca) significantly increased plasma Ca and inorganic phosphorus (P), breaking strength at the radius and egg specific gravity and significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase and egg weight. 4. Increasing dietary phosphorus increased plasma P and decreased egg specific gravity significantly. 5. Plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase and radius breaking strength were suitable indices of the Ca status of the hens.", "PMID": 597733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6153", "title": "The secretion of glucose into the egg of Gallus domesticus and observations on the uterine secretion of cations.", "content": "1. The concentrations of glucose, K+, Na+ and Ca2+ were measured in the uterine fluid and albumen of eggs removed from the shell gland at intervals of from 6 to 20 h after the previous oviposition. 2. A steady increase in the concentrations of glucose and K+ occurred in the uterine fluid during the initial 13 h of the egg's sojourn in the gland, resulting in their diffusion into the albumen. Meanwhile Na+ concentrations of the fluid and albumen decreased. 3. After 14 h in the gland and until oviposition there was little change in the concentrations. 4. Uterine fluid drained artificially from the gland using a Perspex egg had lower glucose and K+, but higher Na+ concentrations than the normal fluid. 5. The rates of secretion of glucose and K+ measured with the artificial egg resembled their entry rates into the normal egg, but there was an apparent deficit in Ca2+ secretion.", "contents": "The secretion of glucose into the egg of Gallus domesticus and observations on the uterine secretion of cations. 1. The concentrations of glucose, K+, Na+ and Ca2+ were measured in the uterine fluid and albumen of eggs removed from the shell gland at intervals of from 6 to 20 h after the previous oviposition. 2. A steady increase in the concentrations of glucose and K+ occurred in the uterine fluid during the initial 13 h of the egg's sojourn in the gland, resulting in their diffusion into the albumen. Meanwhile Na+ concentrations of the fluid and albumen decreased. 3. After 14 h in the gland and until oviposition there was little change in the concentrations. 4. Uterine fluid drained artificially from the gland using a Perspex egg had lower glucose and K+, but higher Na+ concentrations than the normal fluid. 5. The rates of secretion of glucose and K+ measured with the artificial egg resembled their entry rates into the normal egg, but there was an apparent deficit in Ca2+ secretion.", "PMID": 597734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6154", "title": "Effect of extended photoperiod on the spermatogenic activity of chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "content": "1. Males of chicken-pheasant hybrids and non-breeding pheasants were exposed to photoperiods of 10 or 20 h/d to test the effect of light on spermatogenic activity. 2. Testicular weights of hybrids and pheasants exposed to 10 h/d were similar and extending the photoperiod did not increase this in hybrids, although it caused a 48-fold increase, and complete recovery of spermatogenic activity, in pheasant. 3. Extending the photoperiod caused an increase in the number of primary spermatocytes and a corresponding decrease in the number of spermatogonia in hybrids, however, stages beyond primary spermatocytes were not present. This suggests that the stimulus of extending the photoperiod, while sufficient to induce meiosis in existing germ cells, is not enough to effect proliferative bursts or to overcome the meiotic arrest in the hybrids.", "contents": "Effect of extended photoperiod on the spermatogenic activity of chicken-pheasant hybrids. 1. Males of chicken-pheasant hybrids and non-breeding pheasants were exposed to photoperiods of 10 or 20 h/d to test the effect of light on spermatogenic activity. 2. Testicular weights of hybrids and pheasants exposed to 10 h/d were similar and extending the photoperiod did not increase this in hybrids, although it caused a 48-fold increase, and complete recovery of spermatogenic activity, in pheasant. 3. Extending the photoperiod caused an increase in the number of primary spermatocytes and a corresponding decrease in the number of spermatogonia in hybrids, however, stages beyond primary spermatocytes were not present. This suggests that the stimulus of extending the photoperiod, while sufficient to induce meiosis in existing germ cells, is not enough to effect proliferative bursts or to overcome the meiotic arrest in the hybrids.", "PMID": 597735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6155", "title": "Effect of transportation on blood metabolites in broilers.", "content": "1. Groups of 30 broilers from seven flocks were bled and weighed at the farm and a further sample of 10 broilers from each flock was transported from 8 to 16 km to the laboratory prior to bleeding and weighing. 2. One haematological and 11 biochemical analyses were made on each blood sample. 3. Although transportation did lead to significant differences in certain variables, the trends were consistent and sampling following transit is considered acceptable for clinical pathology studies.", "contents": "Effect of transportation on blood metabolites in broilers. 1. Groups of 30 broilers from seven flocks were bled and weighed at the farm and a further sample of 10 broilers from each flock was transported from 8 to 16 km to the laboratory prior to bleeding and weighing. 2. One haematological and 11 biochemical analyses were made on each blood sample. 3. Although transportation did lead to significant differences in certain variables, the trends were consistent and sampling following transit is considered acceptable for clinical pathology studies.", "PMID": 597736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6156", "title": "Transfer of 125I to eggs in hens fed on diets containing high-and low-glucosinolate rapeseed meals.", "content": "1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal on the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs. 2. The experimental diets, containing two concentration (50 or 100 g/kg) of high-or low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal and a diet, devoid of rapeseed meal, all supplemented with 0-3 mg I/kg were given to laying hens for 6 weeks before oral administration of 125I daily for 11 d. 3. The percentage of 125I transferred to egg yolk was significantly reduced by the inclusion of high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal but not by low-glucosinolate meal. 4. Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal.", "contents": "Transfer of 125I to eggs in hens fed on diets containing high-and low-glucosinolate rapeseed meals. 1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal on the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs. 2. The experimental diets, containing two concentration (50 or 100 g/kg) of high-or low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal and a diet, devoid of rapeseed meal, all supplemented with 0-3 mg I/kg were given to laying hens for 6 weeks before oral administration of 125I daily for 11 d. 3. The percentage of 125I transferred to egg yolk was significantly reduced by the inclusion of high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal but not by low-glucosinolate meal. 4. Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal.", "PMID": 597737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6157", "title": "Effects of temperature treatments on the heat production of starving chickens.", "content": "1. Heat production was measured for about 24 h at six temperatures from 2 to 35 degrees C on individually starved broilers that had been subjected to four treatments; these were acclimated or unacclimated to these temperatures, or to these temperatures for 12 h and to 22 degrees C for 12 h (alternated) during each 24-h period. 2. Response curves relating heart production and environmental temperature for the four different treatments differed significantly. Only the unacclimated birds subjected to the alternated temperatures increased heat production at 35 degrees/22 degrees C. Major effects of acclimation were observed mainly in the cold. 3. The relationship between daily endogenous nitrogen (N) excretion and heart production (mg N/kJ) was constant at the different temperatures, but acclimation and alternating temperature increased N excretion. 4. Evaporative heat loss was reduced by alternating temperature at the high temperatures, and by maintaining temperature constant in the cold.", "contents": "Effects of temperature treatments on the heat production of starving chickens. 1. Heat production was measured for about 24 h at six temperatures from 2 to 35 degrees C on individually starved broilers that had been subjected to four treatments; these were acclimated or unacclimated to these temperatures, or to these temperatures for 12 h and to 22 degrees C for 12 h (alternated) during each 24-h period. 2. Response curves relating heart production and environmental temperature for the four different treatments differed significantly. Only the unacclimated birds subjected to the alternated temperatures increased heat production at 35 degrees/22 degrees C. Major effects of acclimation were observed mainly in the cold. 3. The relationship between daily endogenous nitrogen (N) excretion and heart production (mg N/kJ) was constant at the different temperatures, but acclimation and alternating temperature increased N excretion. 4. Evaporative heat loss was reduced by alternating temperature at the high temperatures, and by maintaining temperature constant in the cold.", "PMID": 597738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6158", "title": "Clinical signs of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broilers and their alleviation by the short-term use of biotin or animal tallow.", "content": "1. Birds affected by fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) had elevated concentrations of serum Na+, K+, lactate, pyruvate and uric acid and reduced concentrations of serum HCO-3 and glucose. 2. Short-term treatment with biotin or animal tallow reduced the mortality from FLKS and prevented the clinical signs. 3. Lactic acidosis may be a major factor contributing to the mortality and physical symptoms observed in birds affected by FLKS. The lactic acidosis and the hypoglycaemia observed in FLKS are due primarily to an accumulation of pyruvate as a result of an insufficiency of biotin for normal pyruvate carboxylase activity.", "contents": "Clinical signs of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broilers and their alleviation by the short-term use of biotin or animal tallow. 1. Birds affected by fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) had elevated concentrations of serum Na+, K+, lactate, pyruvate and uric acid and reduced concentrations of serum HCO-3 and glucose. 2. Short-term treatment with biotin or animal tallow reduced the mortality from FLKS and prevented the clinical signs. 3. Lactic acidosis may be a major factor contributing to the mortality and physical symptoms observed in birds affected by FLKS. The lactic acidosis and the hypoglycaemia observed in FLKS are due primarily to an accumulation of pyruvate as a result of an insufficiency of biotin for normal pyruvate carboxylase activity.", "PMID": 597740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6159", "title": "Gonadotrophin concentrations during growth and maturation in domestic turkeys.", "content": "1. Circulating immuno-reactive-luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured between hatching and either 17 or 30 weeks of age in turkeys. 2. In one experiment both sexes were reared together. The pattern of changes in gonadotrophin concentration with age consisted of high LH concentrations at 3 to 8 and 16 to 19 weeks old and FSH peaks between weeks 3 and 10 and at weeks 18 and 19. 3. In two separate experiments male and female birds were reared separately for 17 weeks. In these turkeys the LH concentration was high for 3 weeks following hatching and also after 10 weeks, while FSH  was elevated at weeks 10 and 15 in females and at weeks 7 and 13 in males. 4. There were lower plasma LH concentrations in turkeys which had received testosterone implants while the FSH concentration was elevated. 5. Pinealectomy in female turkeys led to increased FSH concentrations at 2 weeks but depressed FSH concentrations thereafter.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin concentrations during growth and maturation in domestic turkeys. 1. Circulating immuno-reactive-luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured between hatching and either 17 or 30 weeks of age in turkeys. 2. In one experiment both sexes were reared together. The pattern of changes in gonadotrophin concentration with age consisted of high LH concentrations at 3 to 8 and 16 to 19 weeks old and FSH peaks between weeks 3 and 10 and at weeks 18 and 19. 3. In two separate experiments male and female birds were reared separately for 17 weeks. In these turkeys the LH concentration was high for 3 weeks following hatching and also after 10 weeks, while FSH  was elevated at weeks 10 and 15 in females and at weeks 7 and 13 in males. 4. There were lower plasma LH concentrations in turkeys which had received testosterone implants while the FSH concentration was elevated. 5. Pinealectomy in female turkeys led to increased FSH concentrations at 2 weeks but depressed FSH concentrations thereafter.", "PMID": 597741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6160", "title": "The effect of cytochalasin B on the endosteal lining cells of mammalian bone. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The lining osteoblasts of the rat tibial endosteum were treated for various times (between 1 and 60 min) and increasing doses (3.87-38.7 microgram/ml) with the macrolide fungal metabolite cytochalasin B (CB). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) served as the vehicle for CB and was administered to control tissues. An in vitro incubation system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the effects of CB. The drug initiated cell rounding (contraction), nuclear protrusion, bleb formation, and the subsequent clustering of blebs and microvilli into aggregates. All CB-induced aberrations of the surface structure were readily reversible when tissues were washed with CB-free media. DMSO had no significant effect on cell surface morphology. The reversible structural changes brought about by CB are explained in terms of alterations of the subplasmalemmal cortical microfilament system of osteoblasts. The potential use of CB in evaluating the bone cell cytoskeleton and its relationship to the physiology of the cellular functional membrane (endosteum) of bone is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of cytochalasin B on the endosteal lining cells of mammalian bone. A scanning electron microscopic study. The lining osteoblasts of the rat tibial endosteum were treated for various times (between 1 and 60 min) and increasing doses (3.87-38.7 microgram/ml) with the macrolide fungal metabolite cytochalasin B (CB). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) served as the vehicle for CB and was administered to control tissues. An in vitro incubation system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the effects of CB. The drug initiated cell rounding (contraction), nuclear protrusion, bleb formation, and the subsequent clustering of blebs and microvilli into aggregates. All CB-induced aberrations of the surface structure were readily reversible when tissues were washed with CB-free media. DMSO had no significant effect on cell surface morphology. The reversible structural changes brought about by CB are explained in terms of alterations of the subplasmalemmal cortical microfilament system of osteoblasts. The potential use of CB in evaluating the bone cell cytoskeleton and its relationship to the physiology of the cellular functional membrane (endosteum) of bone is discussed.", "PMID": 597742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6161", "title": "Stages in the dissolution of human enamel crystals in dental caries.", "content": "Various stages in monocrystal dissolution occurring during human enamel were studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. After the development of a central core lesion, two mechanisms by which the dissolution spread laterally to the (100) faces of the crystal could be demonstrated on the basis of the systematic orientation of the crystallographic axes. In the first case, the destruction was developing parallel to (120) planes and the borders were limited by (100) planes. In the second type, the development of the lateral side lesion was observed parallel to (100) planes. The carious destruction of the enamel monocrystal occurred as a result of the development of several lateral side dissolutions of the two types described, proceeding along the entire central core lesion.", "contents": "Stages in the dissolution of human enamel crystals in dental caries. Various stages in monocrystal dissolution occurring during human enamel were studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. After the development of a central core lesion, two mechanisms by which the dissolution spread laterally to the (100) faces of the crystal could be demonstrated on the basis of the systematic orientation of the crystallographic axes. In the first case, the destruction was developing parallel to (120) planes and the borders were limited by (100) planes. In the second type, the development of the lateral side lesion was observed parallel to (100) planes. The carious destruction of the enamel monocrystal occurred as a result of the development of several lateral side dissolutions of the two types described, proceeding along the entire central core lesion.", "PMID": 597743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6162", "title": "Mechanism of induction of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia by lead acetate in the rat.", "content": "The present study is an investigation of the mechanism of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia induced by the intravenous injection of lead acetate (Pb-Ac). A total of 118 male rats were injected with 30 mg/kg of Pb-Ac, or with 16.5 mg/kg of sodium acetate as the control. The levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and lead were then determined at various time periods after the injections. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels increased with time after Pb-Ac injection and the maximum values of calcium (17 mg%) were found after 1 h and of phosphorus (13.5 mg%) after 30 min. Both calcium and phosphorus levels reverted to the normal range after 12 h. The maximum net rates of increase of calcium and phosphorus were found immediately after Pb-Ac injection. At that time, deposition of lead at the calcifying sites of bone and incisor dentin was demonstrated by a histochemical examination. In other experiments the changes in the calcium and phosphorus contents in the medium after shaking bone powder in serum with Pb-Ac in an in vitro system were studied. It was confirmed that the calcium and phosphorus were displaced from the bone mineral, the extent of the displacement being correlated with the concentration of the Pb-Ac added to the medium, and that these displacements were very rapid reactions. These results suggest that hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia following Pb-Ac injection results from a direct action of lead on the bone mineral.", "contents": "Mechanism of induction of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia by lead acetate in the rat. The present study is an investigation of the mechanism of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia induced by the intravenous injection of lead acetate (Pb-Ac). A total of 118 male rats were injected with 30 mg/kg of Pb-Ac, or with 16.5 mg/kg of sodium acetate as the control. The levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and lead were then determined at various time periods after the injections. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels increased with time after Pb-Ac injection and the maximum values of calcium (17 mg%) were found after 1 h and of phosphorus (13.5 mg%) after 30 min. Both calcium and phosphorus levels reverted to the normal range after 12 h. The maximum net rates of increase of calcium and phosphorus were found immediately after Pb-Ac injection. At that time, deposition of lead at the calcifying sites of bone and incisor dentin was demonstrated by a histochemical examination. In other experiments the changes in the calcium and phosphorus contents in the medium after shaking bone powder in serum with Pb-Ac in an in vitro system were studied. It was confirmed that the calcium and phosphorus were displaced from the bone mineral, the extent of the displacement being correlated with the concentration of the Pb-Ac added to the medium, and that these displacements were very rapid reactions. These results suggest that hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia following Pb-Ac injection results from a direct action of lead on the bone mineral.", "PMID": 597744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6163", "title": "Diffusion of 45Ca in bovine enamel.", "content": "The penetration of 45Ca ions into whole bovine enamel from an aqueous solution was studied as a function of the Ca content in the solution. A sectioning technique was employed to measure the penetration of 45Ca into the enamel. Probably only Ca ions occupying surface positions in the hydroxyapatite crystallites participate in the exchange process at the solution-enamel interface. The fraction of Ca ions participating in the exchange was 2% of the total number of Ca ions. Two different diffusion processes occur; firstly, a process governed by a diffusion coefficient, D1 ranging from about 5 x 10(-14) to 2 x 10(-12) cm2/s and strongly dependent on the calcium concentration in the solutions; and secondly a process with a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient, D2, with a value of 2.8 x 10(-12) cm2/s. It is assumed that the 2 diffusion types correspond to intra- and interprismatic transport, respectively. A model based on the pore structure of dental enamel and on surface charges on hydroxyapatite crystallites is discussed.", "contents": "Diffusion of 45Ca in bovine enamel. The penetration of 45Ca ions into whole bovine enamel from an aqueous solution was studied as a function of the Ca content in the solution. A sectioning technique was employed to measure the penetration of 45Ca into the enamel. Probably only Ca ions occupying surface positions in the hydroxyapatite crystallites participate in the exchange process at the solution-enamel interface. The fraction of Ca ions participating in the exchange was 2% of the total number of Ca ions. Two different diffusion processes occur; firstly, a process governed by a diffusion coefficient, D1 ranging from about 5 x 10(-14) to 2 x 10(-12) cm2/s and strongly dependent on the calcium concentration in the solutions; and secondly a process with a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient, D2, with a value of 2.8 x 10(-12) cm2/s. It is assumed that the 2 diffusion types correspond to intra- and interprismatic transport, respectively. A model based on the pore structure of dental enamel and on surface charges on hydroxyapatite crystallites is discussed.", "PMID": 597745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6164", "title": "Relations between tensile impact properties and microstructure of compact bone.", "content": "Standardized human and beef femoral compact bone specimens were tested in tensile impact and the dynamic mechanical properties were determined. The microstructure of 45 beef and 47 human bone specimens were examined histologically to determine if there is a structural basis to account for strength differences in the bone samples. Strong negative correlations were obtained between the maximum stress and the percentage area of secondary osteons in each specimen. For human bone samples, the energy absorption capacity and the modulus of elasticity were also found to have strong negative correlations with the percentage area of secondary osteons present in each specimen. Linear regression equations were obtained describing the impact strength properties in terms of the percentage areas of secondary osteons and cavities in the samples. Fracture surfaces of the tested bone specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Most surfaces exhibited a fairly rough texture indicating a quasi-cleavage type of failure. Fractographic analysis of bone fracture surface was helpful in understanding the micromechanics of bone fracture.", "contents": "Relations between tensile impact properties and microstructure of compact bone. Standardized human and beef femoral compact bone specimens were tested in tensile impact and the dynamic mechanical properties were determined. The microstructure of 45 beef and 47 human bone specimens were examined histologically to determine if there is a structural basis to account for strength differences in the bone samples. Strong negative correlations were obtained between the maximum stress and the percentage area of secondary osteons in each specimen. For human bone samples, the energy absorption capacity and the modulus of elasticity were also found to have strong negative correlations with the percentage area of secondary osteons present in each specimen. Linear regression equations were obtained describing the impact strength properties in terms of the percentage areas of secondary osteons and cavities in the samples. Fracture surfaces of the tested bone specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Most surfaces exhibited a fairly rough texture indicating a quasi-cleavage type of failure. Fractographic analysis of bone fracture surface was helpful in understanding the micromechanics of bone fracture.", "PMID": 597746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6165", "title": "Density and composition of trabecular and cortical bone in perinatally irradiated beagles with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Bone density and composition were studied in trabecular and cortical bone from control 2 and 4 year old beagles and those which had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation. Changes in the two types of bone were qualitatively similar but consistently greater in trabecular bone. In a group identified as markedly uremic, the decrease (P less than 0.025) from control levels in specific gravity was about 4 times greater in trabecular than in cortical samples. The decrease (P less than 0.025) in grams of ash/ml was 9% in trabecular bone and 2% in cortical bone. These changes were associated with an increase (P less than 0.001) in water content and, on a percent by volume basis, approximately equal decreases in ash (P less than 0.025) and combustible matter (P less than 0.025). In a mildly uremic group there were similar trends in mean values but the only significant difference was an increase (P less than 0.001) in trabecular bone water.", "contents": "Density and composition of trabecular and cortical bone in perinatally irradiated beagles with chronic renal failure. Bone density and composition were studied in trabecular and cortical bone from control 2 and 4 year old beagles and those which had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation. Changes in the two types of bone were qualitatively similar but consistently greater in trabecular bone. In a group identified as markedly uremic, the decrease (P less than 0.025) from control levels in specific gravity was about 4 times greater in trabecular than in cortical samples. The decrease (P less than 0.025) in grams of ash/ml was 9% in trabecular bone and 2% in cortical bone. These changes were associated with an increase (P less than 0.001) in water content and, on a percent by volume basis, approximately equal decreases in ash (P less than 0.025) and combustible matter (P less than 0.025). In a mildly uremic group there were similar trends in mean values but the only significant difference was an increase (P less than 0.001) in trabecular bone water.", "PMID": 597747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6166", "title": "The effects of crystal size distributions on the crystallinity analysis of bone mineral.", "content": "The mechanisms by which crystal size distributions affect the usual method of quantities X-ray diffraction analysis of bone mineral have been determined on synthetic crystals. It was observed that each component of a crystal-size distribution diffracts independently. This independence causes systematic nonlinear behavior in the plot of integrated intensity vs. broadening parameter curves. The nonlinearity resulted in an overestimation of the amount of nondiffracting material present in bone mineral. Because crystal size distributions may vary for different crystallographic directions, it is strongly suggested that the usual practice of adding the c-axis and a-axis integrated intensities to estimate the crystallinity of the sample be discontinued. Methods of understanding the crystal size distribution function in bone mineral are discussed and evaluated.", "contents": "The effects of crystal size distributions on the crystallinity analysis of bone mineral. The mechanisms by which crystal size distributions affect the usual method of quantities X-ray diffraction analysis of bone mineral have been determined on synthetic crystals. It was observed that each component of a crystal-size distribution diffracts independently. This independence causes systematic nonlinear behavior in the plot of integrated intensity vs. broadening parameter curves. The nonlinearity resulted in an overestimation of the amount of nondiffracting material present in bone mineral. Because crystal size distributions may vary for different crystallographic directions, it is strongly suggested that the usual practice of adding the c-axis and a-axis integrated intensities to estimate the crystallinity of the sample be discontinued. Methods of understanding the crystal size distribution function in bone mineral are discussed and evaluated.", "PMID": 597748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6167", "title": "The measurement of Ca2+ effluxes from bone.", "content": "To facilitate the study of membrane function in the control of the flow of ions into and out of bone, it was desirable to develop a system for the direct quantitation of unidirectional effluxes of calcium and phosphate from bones. Based on a mathematical analysis of the problem, a specially designed Ussing chamber was developed which proved successful. Calvaria from 2-day-old rat pups, 3-day chicks and adult mice were evaluated. Calcium influxes which exceeded the corresponding effluxes were observed in the neonatal calvaria but not with those from adult mice. Also, an asymmetry in efflux was observed in rat calvaria, the inner side of the skull showed a higher efflux than did the external side. No such asymmetry was seen with calvaria from chicks or mice. This new technology should permit a further exploration of the role of the bone membrane in electrolyte homeostasis.", "contents": "The measurement of Ca2+ effluxes from bone. To facilitate the study of membrane function in the control of the flow of ions into and out of bone, it was desirable to develop a system for the direct quantitation of unidirectional effluxes of calcium and phosphate from bones. Based on a mathematical analysis of the problem, a specially designed Ussing chamber was developed which proved successful. Calvaria from 2-day-old rat pups, 3-day chicks and adult mice were evaluated. Calcium influxes which exceeded the corresponding effluxes were observed in the neonatal calvaria but not with those from adult mice. Also, an asymmetry in efflux was observed in rat calvaria, the inner side of the skull showed a higher efflux than did the external side. No such asymmetry was seen with calvaria from chicks or mice. This new technology should permit a further exploration of the role of the bone membrane in electrolyte homeostasis.", "PMID": 597749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6168", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis in the rat periodontal ligament. I. Evidence for macrophage involvement in bone remodelling.", "content": "We identified the cellular sites of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis by localizing a key enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, in the rat periodonatal ligament. Reaction product was seen in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and in macrophages situated perivascularly in areas of bone remodelling. The preferential location of macrophages in areas of both bone formation and bone resorption, and their intense NAGase activity identified the macrophage as a significant participant in the total process of bone remodelling. We considered the presence of reaction product in the Golgi zone and the rough endoplasmic reticulum of osteoblasts and fibroblasts as possible localization of a NAG-transferase.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis in the rat periodontal ligament. I. Evidence for macrophage involvement in bone remodelling. We identified the cellular sites of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis by localizing a key enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, in the rat periodonatal ligament. Reaction product was seen in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and in macrophages situated perivascularly in areas of bone remodelling. The preferential location of macrophages in areas of both bone formation and bone resorption, and their intense NAGase activity identified the macrophage as a significant participant in the total process of bone remodelling. We considered the presence of reaction product in the Golgi zone and the rough endoplasmic reticulum of osteoblasts and fibroblasts as possible localization of a NAG-transferase.", "PMID": 597751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6169", "title": "Ultrahistochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis in the rat periodontal ligament. II. Aryl sulfatase and bone resorption.", "content": "The distribution of aryl sulfatase in the rat periodontal ligament was investigated by ultrastructural histochemistry. In the periodontal ligament aryl sulfatase was localized specifically in osteoclasts and in vicinal perivascular macrophages. Macrophages associated with bone formation did not stain. The authors interpret this specificity as a potential marker for osteoclast differentiation from macrophages--or as a further indication of the capacity of macrophages to modulate their enzymatic complement in response to the environment. To explain the absence of aryl sulfatase in areas of bone formation we suggest that different sulfate esters are mobilized from resorbing and mineralizing matrices, and that only the enzyme associated with bone resorption is histochemically detectable with the artificial substrates currently used.", "contents": "Ultrahistochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis in the rat periodontal ligament. II. Aryl sulfatase and bone resorption. The distribution of aryl sulfatase in the rat periodontal ligament was investigated by ultrastructural histochemistry. In the periodontal ligament aryl sulfatase was localized specifically in osteoclasts and in vicinal perivascular macrophages. Macrophages associated with bone formation did not stain. The authors interpret this specificity as a potential marker for osteoclast differentiation from macrophages--or as a further indication of the capacity of macrophages to modulate their enzymatic complement in response to the environment. To explain the absence of aryl sulfatase in areas of bone formation we suggest that different sulfate esters are mobilized from resorbing and mineralizing matrices, and that only the enzyme associated with bone resorption is histochemically detectable with the artificial substrates currently used.", "PMID": 597752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6170", "title": "Estrogen-induced sequential changes in avian bone metabolism.", "content": "Medullary bone was induced in male Japanese quail by administration of estradiol valerate. An increase in the organic weight of the femur was observed by 36 h after estrogen and an increase in ash weight was observed by 96 h. A complex sequence of metabolic changes in the femur occurred after estrogen treatment. A large increase in uptake of 3H-proline associated with enhanced collagen formation began 36 h after estrogen and reached a peak 3.5 times the control rate at 60 h. The onset of mineralization of the newly formed bone matrix, as determined by 45Ca uptake, began about 24 h after onset of collagen synthesis indicating that synthesis of the bone matrix and its mineralization occur sequentially. Large increases in the rates of uptake of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine occurred prior to the onset of medullary bone formation and appear to reflect the differentiation of osteogenic precursors to bone-forming cells.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced sequential changes in avian bone metabolism. Medullary bone was induced in male Japanese quail by administration of estradiol valerate. An increase in the organic weight of the femur was observed by 36 h after estrogen and an increase in ash weight was observed by 96 h. A complex sequence of metabolic changes in the femur occurred after estrogen treatment. A large increase in uptake of 3H-proline associated with enhanced collagen formation began 36 h after estrogen and reached a peak 3.5 times the control rate at 60 h. The onset of mineralization of the newly formed bone matrix, as determined by 45Ca uptake, began about 24 h after onset of collagen synthesis indicating that synthesis of the bone matrix and its mineralization occur sequentially. Large increases in the rates of uptake of 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine occurred prior to the onset of medullary bone formation and appear to reflect the differentiation of osteogenic precursors to bone-forming cells.", "PMID": 597753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6171", "title": "Partition of inorganic ions and phospholipids in isolated cell, membrane and matrix vesicle fractions: evidence for Ca-Pi-acidic phospholipid complexes.", "content": "Electrolytes and phospholipids of cartilage fractions were partitioned by extraction with organic and aqueous solvents into six solubility groups: Electrolytes I, II and III, and Lipids I, II and III. Of the total Ca, only 4% was water soluble (Electrolytes I); 4-12% was complexed with lipids (Electrolytes II); while the majority (84-92%) was insoluble (Electrolytes III). In contrast, nearly half of the Mg and Pi were water soluble. Of the neutral phospholipid, 95% was not complexed with mineral ions (Lipids I), but 30-45% of the acidic phospholipid was (Lipids II). Ca/Pi ratios were extremely low in the water-soluble phase, but were in the range of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in the insoluble. Molar ratios of the lipid-mineral complex were: Ca:Mg:Pi:acidic phospholipid, 4:3:2:2. Mg/Ca ratios in the soluble fraction were high (5.5-8.9), sufficient to stabilize ACP. Kinetic studies revealed rapid turnover of soluble Ca, insoluble turning over much more slowly. Labeling of lipid-complexed Ca was rapid in cells, but occurred later in matrix vesicles, suggesting transfer. While lipid-Ca-Pi complexes can nucleate apatite in vitro, those present in vivo inside matrix vesicles apparently do not because of the excess Mg. We conclude therefore, that in vesicle-mediated calcification, lysis of the membrane may be essential to allow release of internal Mg.", "contents": "Partition of inorganic ions and phospholipids in isolated cell, membrane and matrix vesicle fractions: evidence for Ca-Pi-acidic phospholipid complexes. Electrolytes and phospholipids of cartilage fractions were partitioned by extraction with organic and aqueous solvents into six solubility groups: Electrolytes I, II and III, and Lipids I, II and III. Of the total Ca, only 4% was water soluble (Electrolytes I); 4-12% was complexed with lipids (Electrolytes II); while the majority (84-92%) was insoluble (Electrolytes III). In contrast, nearly half of the Mg and Pi were water soluble. Of the neutral phospholipid, 95% was not complexed with mineral ions (Lipids I), but 30-45% of the acidic phospholipid was (Lipids II). Ca/Pi ratios were extremely low in the water-soluble phase, but were in the range of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in the insoluble. Molar ratios of the lipid-mineral complex were: Ca:Mg:Pi:acidic phospholipid, 4:3:2:2. Mg/Ca ratios in the soluble fraction were high (5.5-8.9), sufficient to stabilize ACP. Kinetic studies revealed rapid turnover of soluble Ca, insoluble turning over much more slowly. Labeling of lipid-complexed Ca was rapid in cells, but occurred later in matrix vesicles, suggesting transfer. While lipid-Ca-Pi complexes can nucleate apatite in vitro, those present in vivo inside matrix vesicles apparently do not because of the excess Mg. We conclude therefore, that in vesicle-mediated calcification, lysis of the membrane may be essential to allow release of internal Mg.", "PMID": 597754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6172", "title": "The temperature dependency of 45Ca diffusion in bovine enamel.", "content": "The diffusion of 45Ca ions in sound bovine enamel at pH 7.0 was studied as a function of temperature in the range 20 degrees-40 degrees C. The experimental data show that the diffusion is governed by two processes with activation energies of about 0.7 and 1.3 eV respectively. These values are considerably larger than the activation energy of calcium ion diffusion in water (0.2 eV). The diffusion process with the activation energy of 1.3 eV is dependent upon the calcium concentration in solution. A model  based on the complex pore structure of enamel and on interactions of diffusing ions with the enamel constituents is discussed.", "contents": "The temperature dependency of 45Ca diffusion in bovine enamel. The diffusion of 45Ca ions in sound bovine enamel at pH 7.0 was studied as a function of temperature in the range 20 degrees-40 degrees C. The experimental data show that the diffusion is governed by two processes with activation energies of about 0.7 and 1.3 eV respectively. These values are considerably larger than the activation energy of calcium ion diffusion in water (0.2 eV). The diffusion process with the activation energy of 1.3 eV is dependent upon the calcium concentration in solution. A model  based on the complex pore structure of enamel and on interactions of diffusing ions with the enamel constituents is discussed.", "PMID": 597755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6173", "title": "Ultrastructural study of amelogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta revealed various aspects of microcavities in the enamel surface, which ranged from isolated imprints of ameloblasts corresponding to the mildest lesions at the end of amelogenesis, to pits caused by the death of 20 to 30 ameloblasts at the beginning of amelogenesis. Abnormalities in the shape of the prisms can be observed. Further, crystals are distributed randomly within a prism or at the junction of 2 contiguous prisms while intercrystalline spaces are widened, indicating in various places the lack of a preferred orientation of the crystals. In amelogenesis imperfecta, two different crystalline periods are found: 1 of about 250 A, the other of about 500 A and over. The fact that amorphous areas are found among the crystals of enamel may be related to different stages of crystallization. However, it was not possible to find any lattice defect.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of amelogenesis imperfecta. An ultrastructural study of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta revealed various aspects of microcavities in the enamel surface, which ranged from isolated imprints of ameloblasts corresponding to the mildest lesions at the end of amelogenesis, to pits caused by the death of 20 to 30 ameloblasts at the beginning of amelogenesis. Abnormalities in the shape of the prisms can be observed. Further, crystals are distributed randomly within a prism or at the junction of 2 contiguous prisms while intercrystalline spaces are widened, indicating in various places the lack of a preferred orientation of the crystals. In amelogenesis imperfecta, two different crystalline periods are found: 1 of about 250 A, the other of about 500 A and over. The fact that amorphous areas are found among the crystals of enamel may be related to different stages of crystallization. However, it was not possible to find any lattice defect.", "PMID": 597757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6174", "title": "Demonstration of enamel matrix proteins on root-analogue surfaces of rabbit permanent incisor teeth.", "content": "The continuously erupting rabbit incisor tooth is normally thought of as having an enamel covered \"crown\" on its labial surface and a cementum covered \"root\" on its lingual surface. We have examined both surfaces of continuously erupting rabbit incisor teeth taken from near term embryos by a variety of means, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, biochemical fractionation, and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, we could detect no qualitative difference in the early extracellular matrices taken from the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth. Both matrices were shown to be composed of dentin and enamel, although the thickness and geometry of the enamel matrix on the lingual surface was somewhat different from that on the labial surface.", "contents": "Demonstration of enamel matrix proteins on root-analogue surfaces of rabbit permanent incisor teeth. The continuously erupting rabbit incisor tooth is normally thought of as having an enamel covered \"crown\" on its labial surface and a cementum covered \"root\" on its lingual surface. We have examined both surfaces of continuously erupting rabbit incisor teeth taken from near term embryos by a variety of means, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy, biochemical fractionation, and immunohistochemistry. In all cases, we could detect no qualitative difference in the early extracellular matrices taken from the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth. Both matrices were shown to be composed of dentin and enamel, although the thickness and geometry of the enamel matrix on the lingual surface was somewhat different from that on the labial surface.", "PMID": 597761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6175", "title": "[Study of the element secretory glands of a tubicolous polychaete (Pectinaria (= Lagis) koreni) with the help of electron microprobe and ion microanalyzer (author's transl)].", "content": "Two histophysical methods (electron microprobe and ion microanalyzer) were used on sections of Annelids in order to study the inorganic composition of cement secretory glands. Mg, Ca and P were demonstrated in large amounts in the secretions, associated with organic matter. Traces, or no, Fe, Al and Si were found. Possibilities of artifacts are discussed, and these results are compared with biochemical methods. A hypothesis is proposed in order to explain the differences observed between biochemical and present results, which suggest, for the hardening of cements a different chemical mechanism to that suggested by Vovelle in annelid Sabellaria alveolata.", "contents": "[Study of the element secretory glands of a tubicolous polychaete (Pectinaria (= Lagis) koreni) with the help of electron microprobe and ion microanalyzer (author's transl)]. Two histophysical methods (electron microprobe and ion microanalyzer) were used on sections of Annelids in order to study the inorganic composition of cement secretory glands. Mg, Ca and P were demonstrated in large amounts in the secretions, associated with organic matter. Traces, or no, Fe, Al and Si were found. Possibilities of artifacts are discussed, and these results are compared with biochemical methods. A hypothesis is proposed in order to explain the differences observed between biochemical and present results, which suggest, for the hardening of cements a different chemical mechanism to that suggested by Vovelle in annelid Sabellaria alveolata.", "PMID": 597762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6176", "title": "Further observations on the fine structure of cellular cementum from deciduous teeth of pigs.", "content": "Examination of microradiographs from the deciduous teeth of pigs revealed large lacunae or radiolucent zones close to the cemento-dentinal junction. Electron microscopic studies of the ground sections showed areas of irregularly shaped zones devoid of mineral and filled with collagen fibers. In the wide unmineralized zones, spherical clusters of crystallites were noted. Several cementum lacunae bordered by a broad rim of unmineralized collagen fibers were noted and some lacunae also contained zones of a moderately electron dense material. This material did not yield a diffraction pattern, while the mineralized part of the cementum gave the diffraction pattern typical of hydroxyapatite.", "contents": "Further observations on the fine structure of cellular cementum from deciduous teeth of pigs. Examination of microradiographs from the deciduous teeth of pigs revealed large lacunae or radiolucent zones close to the cemento-dentinal junction. Electron microscopic studies of the ground sections showed areas of irregularly shaped zones devoid of mineral and filled with collagen fibers. In the wide unmineralized zones, spherical clusters of crystallites were noted. Several cementum lacunae bordered by a broad rim of unmineralized collagen fibers were noted and some lacunae also contained zones of a moderately electron dense material. This material did not yield a diffraction pattern, while the mineralized part of the cementum gave the diffraction pattern typical of hydroxyapatite.", "PMID": 597763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6177", "title": "An x-ray study of the paracrystalline nature of bone apatite.", "content": "X-ray diffraction from oriented bone sections show that the crystalline apatite content of untreated mature cortical bovine bone has, in fact, a paracrystalline structure (i.e., no long range order). There is anisotropy in both lattice distortions and the sizes of the coherently diffracting domains. The paracrystalline mean distance fluctuations (g) were found to be 1.5 (+/- 0.1)% and 2.9 (+/- 0.2)% for the basal and prism planes respectively, the corresponding paracrystalline sizes being 220 (+/- 20) and 70 (+/- 10) A. The paracrystalline structure became more ordered above 600 degrees C, suggesting the association of hydroxyl and possibly carbonate and other ions with the paracrystalline structure. The paracrystalline model for bone apatite helps explain anomalies between X-ray and electron microscope measurements of crystal size and also more of the biological functions of the crystalline apatite.", "contents": "An x-ray study of the paracrystalline nature of bone apatite. X-ray diffraction from oriented bone sections show that the crystalline apatite content of untreated mature cortical bovine bone has, in fact, a paracrystalline structure (i.e., no long range order). There is anisotropy in both lattice distortions and the sizes of the coherently diffracting domains. The paracrystalline mean distance fluctuations (g) were found to be 1.5 (+/- 0.1)% and 2.9 (+/- 0.2)% for the basal and prism planes respectively, the corresponding paracrystalline sizes being 220 (+/- 20) and 70 (+/- 10) A. The paracrystalline structure became more ordered above 600 degrees C, suggesting the association of hydroxyl and possibly carbonate and other ions with the paracrystalline structure. The paracrystalline model for bone apatite helps explain anomalies between X-ray and electron microscope measurements of crystal size and also more of the biological functions of the crystalline apatite.", "PMID": 597764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6178", "title": "Luminescence quantum yields of sound and carious dental enamel.", "content": "The absorption and emission spectra of slabs of human and bovine dental enamel were determined. The absorption and scattering coefficients and emission quantum yields were computed according to theoretical models. The samples were gradually demineralized. The absorption, scattering, and emission parameters were determined as a function of the demineralization time. Using the theoretical models combined with the experimental values, ratio of the visible and UV luminescence, and the decrease of visible emission intensity upon demineralization are explained.", "contents": "Luminescence quantum yields of sound and carious dental enamel. The absorption and emission spectra of slabs of human and bovine dental enamel were determined. The absorption and scattering coefficients and emission quantum yields were computed according to theoretical models. The samples were gradually demineralized. The absorption, scattering, and emission parameters were determined as a function of the demineralization time. Using the theoretical models combined with the experimental values, ratio of the visible and UV luminescence, and the decrease of visible emission intensity upon demineralization are explained.", "PMID": 597765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6179", "title": "Evidence for the presence of numerous protein components in immature bovine dental enamel.", "content": "The proteins and peptides of immature enamel were extracted from freshly slaughtered bovine embryos in solutions containing protease inhibitors. No detectable differences were noted in the number of components, their overall amino acid composition, or molecular weights from the proteins and peptides extracted 12-16 h postmortem in solutions which contained no protease inhibitors. These data indicate that the large number of components found in developing bovine enamel is not due to proteolysis occurring during their isolation. Significant amounts of protein components having molecular weights greater than approximately 15,000 were not detected. Therefore, if the ameloblasts initially synthesize only a few high molecular weight protein species, the present data imply that in vivo degradation of the high molecular weight enamel proteins occurs very rapidly after their synthesis and precedes the massive loss of protein which accompanies the final stages of enamel mineralization and maturation.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of numerous protein components in immature bovine dental enamel. The proteins and peptides of immature enamel were extracted from freshly slaughtered bovine embryos in solutions containing protease inhibitors. No detectable differences were noted in the number of components, their overall amino acid composition, or molecular weights from the proteins and peptides extracted 12-16 h postmortem in solutions which contained no protease inhibitors. These data indicate that the large number of components found in developing bovine enamel is not due to proteolysis occurring during their isolation. Significant amounts of protein components having molecular weights greater than approximately 15,000 were not detected. Therefore, if the ameloblasts initially synthesize only a few high molecular weight protein species, the present data imply that in vivo degradation of the high molecular weight enamel proteins occurs very rapidly after their synthesis and precedes the massive loss of protein which accompanies the final stages of enamel mineralization and maturation.", "PMID": 597766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6180", "title": "The early mineralization of enamel. Fine structural observations on the cellular localization of calcium with the potassium pyroantimonate technique.", "content": "The potassium pyronatimonate technique was used to study the cellular distribution of calcium during the early mineralization of enamel in rat molar tooth germs at the electron microscope level. Differing patterns of calcium distribution were observed in the ameloblast seemingly associated with the appearance of Tomes' process. In the early secretory ameloblast calcium pyroantimonate deposits were observed within the Golgi apparatus, within coated vesicles, within mitochondria and associated with the inner aspect of the cell membrane. However, with the development of Tomes' process the ameloblast no longer demonstrated these discrete deposits of calcium pyroantimonate. Instead they showed a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern with no preference for any particular organelle.", "contents": "The early mineralization of enamel. Fine structural observations on the cellular localization of calcium with the potassium pyroantimonate technique. The potassium pyronatimonate technique was used to study the cellular distribution of calcium during the early mineralization of enamel in rat molar tooth germs at the electron microscope level. Differing patterns of calcium distribution were observed in the ameloblast seemingly associated with the appearance of Tomes' process. In the early secretory ameloblast calcium pyroantimonate deposits were observed within the Golgi apparatus, within coated vesicles, within mitochondria and associated with the inner aspect of the cell membrane. However, with the development of Tomes' process the ameloblast no longer demonstrated these discrete deposits of calcium pyroantimonate. Instead they showed a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern with no preference for any particular organelle.", "PMID": 597767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6181", "title": "[Histochemical localization of calcium in the colloid of rat thyroid vesicles (author's transl)].", "content": "With a Glyoxal bis 2-hydroxyanil alcoholic solution at -25 degrees C, the calcium was localized in frozen thyroid slices. The limited ionic movement permits seeing that the calcium situated principally in the colloid is resorbed at the same time by a low temperature stress.", "contents": "[Histochemical localization of calcium in the colloid of rat thyroid vesicles (author's transl)]. With a Glyoxal bis 2-hydroxyanil alcoholic solution at -25 degrees C, the calcium was localized in frozen thyroid slices. The limited ionic movement permits seeing that the calcium situated principally in the colloid is resorbed at the same time by a low temperature stress.", "PMID": 597768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6182", "title": "Histone proteolysis in fish erythrocyte nuclei.", "content": "The erythrocyte histones of trout, carp, white sucker, and chicken are subject to very different levels of autolytic activity. Carp erythrocyte histones extracted from typical nuclear preparations suffer extensively from degradation; histones 1, 5, and 3 (H1, H5, and H3 respectively) are preferentially cleaved and characteristic peptides designated P1, P2, and P3 appear during the course of proteolysis. Generally, erythrocytes from different fish species yield highly disparate proportions of H1 and H5, but this is not a consequence of the variable levels of proteolytic activity in these species. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (1.0 mM) was found to be superior to 50 mM sodium bisulfite as a protease inhibitor and was well suited for use in media employed for cell washes and the isolation of nuclei. Nonetheless, in carp erythrocytes residual protease activity (qualitatively the same as the uninhibited activity) persists even in the presence of PMSF. It is activated during cell lysis and remains associated with the nuclear fraction of the lysate during subsequent washes. The isolation of intact nuclei is important for the ultimate extraction of undegraded histone, especially from sources in which the risks of autolysis are high or unknown.", "contents": "Histone proteolysis in fish erythrocyte nuclei. The erythrocyte histones of trout, carp, white sucker, and chicken are subject to very different levels of autolytic activity. Carp erythrocyte histones extracted from typical nuclear preparations suffer extensively from degradation; histones 1, 5, and 3 (H1, H5, and H3 respectively) are preferentially cleaved and characteristic peptides designated P1, P2, and P3 appear during the course of proteolysis. Generally, erythrocytes from different fish species yield highly disparate proportions of H1 and H5, but this is not a consequence of the variable levels of proteolytic activity in these species. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (1.0 mM) was found to be superior to 50 mM sodium bisulfite as a protease inhibitor and was well suited for use in media employed for cell washes and the isolation of nuclei. Nonetheless, in carp erythrocytes residual protease activity (qualitatively the same as the uninhibited activity) persists even in the presence of PMSF. It is activated during cell lysis and remains associated with the nuclear fraction of the lysate during subsequent washes. The isolation of intact nuclei is important for the ultimate extraction of undegraded histone, especially from sources in which the risks of autolysis are high or unknown.", "PMID": 597770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6183", "title": "Fructose-induced adenine nucleotide catabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The mechanism of fructose-induced nucleotide catabolism was studied using isolated rat hepatocytes in which the adenine nucleotide pool was prelabelled with [14C]adenine. Incubation of these cells with fructose caused a rapid depletion of the adenine nucleotides and a corresponding increase in allantoin. There was no accumulation of radioactivity in adenosine in the presence or absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 9-erythro-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine. This confirms the previous hypothesis that fructose-induced adenine nucleotide catabolism occurs by way of AMP deaminase (AMP amino-hydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6).", "contents": "Fructose-induced adenine nucleotide catabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. The mechanism of fructose-induced nucleotide catabolism was studied using isolated rat hepatocytes in which the adenine nucleotide pool was prelabelled with [14C]adenine. Incubation of these cells with fructose caused a rapid depletion of the adenine nucleotides and a corresponding increase in allantoin. There was no accumulation of radioactivity in adenosine in the presence or absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 9-erythro-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine. This confirms the previous hypothesis that fructose-induced adenine nucleotide catabolism occurs by way of AMP deaminase (AMP amino-hydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6).", "PMID": 597772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6184", "title": "Increased lipoprotein lipase activity of skeletal muscle in cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "The activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the heart, diaphragm, and soleus muscles was markedly increased in cold-acclimated rats and it was even greater in rats treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) while exposed to cold. Other skeletal muscles studied had low and variable activities which were not significantly increased by cold acclimation or by cold plus OTC treatment. It appears therefore that, apart from the heart and the muscles involved in respiratory movements, LPL activity is primarily associated with those muscles which contain a predominance of slow-twitch oxidative fibers, and that the enzyme in muscle, heart, and diaphragm responds to cold acclimation and cold plus OTC treatment in a parallel fashion in these tissues.", "contents": "Increased lipoprotein lipase activity of skeletal muscle in cold-acclimated rats. The activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the heart, diaphragm, and soleus muscles was markedly increased in cold-acclimated rats and it was even greater in rats treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) while exposed to cold. Other skeletal muscles studied had low and variable activities which were not significantly increased by cold acclimation or by cold plus OTC treatment. It appears therefore that, apart from the heart and the muscles involved in respiratory movements, LPL activity is primarily associated with those muscles which contain a predominance of slow-twitch oxidative fibers, and that the enzyme in muscle, heart, and diaphragm responds to cold acclimation and cold plus OTC treatment in a parallel fashion in these tissues.", "PMID": 597773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6185", "title": "Loss of body fat during an arctic winter expedition.", "content": "Fifty-five soldiers have been observed over a vigorous 10-day sledging patrol in the Canadian arctic and subarctic. Initial observations showed a low level of physical fitness (26% body fat, aerobic power 41.9 +/- 7.8 ml kg-1 min-1, handgrip force 43.7 +/- 7.2 kg). Over 2-week northern sojourn, energy expenditures as measured by a Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometer and diary observation averaged 3248 kcal (13.6 MJ) day-1, with a small (152 kcal (633 kJ)) positive daily energy balance. A weight loss of 1 kg, presumably water, was made good within 1 week of return to the south. A fat loss of some 3.9 kg was probably attributable largely to the demands of lean tissue synthesis. The lean mass was increased by 3.9 kg over the trial, with parallel gains of muscle force and aerobic power. The rapid mobilization of depot fat led to marked ketonuria.", "contents": "Loss of body fat during an arctic winter expedition. Fifty-five soldiers have been observed over a vigorous 10-day sledging patrol in the Canadian arctic and subarctic. Initial observations showed a low level of physical fitness (26% body fat, aerobic power 41.9 +/- 7.8 ml kg-1 min-1, handgrip force 43.7 +/- 7.2 kg). Over 2-week northern sojourn, energy expenditures as measured by a Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometer and diary observation averaged 3248 kcal (13.6 MJ) day-1, with a small (152 kcal (633 kJ)) positive daily energy balance. A weight loss of 1 kg, presumably water, was made good within 1 week of return to the south. A fat loss of some 3.9 kg was probably attributable largely to the demands of lean tissue synthesis. The lean mass was increased by 3.9 kg over the trial, with parallel gains of muscle force and aerobic power. The rapid mobilization of depot fat led to marked ketonuria.", "PMID": 597774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6186", "title": "Effect of the linoleic acid concentration of mother's diet on adenyl cyclase activity of fetal and neonatal rat brown adipose tissue.", "content": "An adenyl cyclase activity was measurable in the brown adipose tissue of fetal rat, and could be stimulated in vitro by noradrenaline during the last 3 days of fetal life. The stimulating effect of noradrenaline was maximal at birth and decreased during the first days of extrauterine life. Ingestion by mother of a high lipid diet modified the developmental pattern of fetal adenyl cyclase. The linoleic acid content of mother's diet had no effect on the noradrenaline- or fluoride-stimulated specific activities except on the day 22 of gestation. Relative noradrenaline-stimulated activity, expressed as a fraction of the maximal activity, was significantly increased in fetuses and 1-day-old newborns from mothers fed a high linoleic acid diet, but no effect was observed in suckling newborns.", "contents": "Effect of the linoleic acid concentration of mother's diet on adenyl cyclase activity of fetal and neonatal rat brown adipose tissue. An adenyl cyclase activity was measurable in the brown adipose tissue of fetal rat, and could be stimulated in vitro by noradrenaline during the last 3 days of fetal life. The stimulating effect of noradrenaline was maximal at birth and decreased during the first days of extrauterine life. Ingestion by mother of a high lipid diet modified the developmental pattern of fetal adenyl cyclase. The linoleic acid content of mother's diet had no effect on the noradrenaline- or fluoride-stimulated specific activities except on the day 22 of gestation. Relative noradrenaline-stimulated activity, expressed as a fraction of the maximal activity, was significantly increased in fetuses and 1-day-old newborns from mothers fed a high linoleic acid diet, but no effect was observed in suckling newborns.", "PMID": 597775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6187", "title": "CNS control of the PNS-mediated gill withdrawal reflex and its habituation.", "content": "Removal of the branchial (Br) nerve input to the gill significantly reduced the latency and increased the amplitude of the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by siphon stimulation. Further, after Br removal repeated siphon stimulation which previously resulted in habituation now resulted in facilitation of the flex. However, the synaptic input to gill motor neurons in the abdominal ganglion continued to decrement as before. In preparations without the peripheral nervous system (PNS), removal of Br did not produce similar results. The gill withdrawal reflex and its habituation are mediated by the PNS, but the CNS exerts facilitatory and suppressive control. Thus, changes in synaptic efficacy to gill motor neurons in the abdominal ganglion are not the ultimate cause of gill reflex habituation. Habituation is the result of adaptive neural processes which occur together in the abdominal ganglion, the PNS, and the peripheral terminations of the central motor pathways to the gill. Therefore, in any analysis of the underlying neural mechanisms of habituation all these loci must be included and taken into account.", "contents": "CNS control of the PNS-mediated gill withdrawal reflex and its habituation. Removal of the branchial (Br) nerve input to the gill significantly reduced the latency and increased the amplitude of the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by siphon stimulation. Further, after Br removal repeated siphon stimulation which previously resulted in habituation now resulted in facilitation of the flex. However, the synaptic input to gill motor neurons in the abdominal ganglion continued to decrement as before. In preparations without the peripheral nervous system (PNS), removal of Br did not produce similar results. The gill withdrawal reflex and its habituation are mediated by the PNS, but the CNS exerts facilitatory and suppressive control. Thus, changes in synaptic efficacy to gill motor neurons in the abdominal ganglion are not the ultimate cause of gill reflex habituation. Habituation is the result of adaptive neural processes which occur together in the abdominal ganglion, the PNS, and the peripheral terminations of the central motor pathways to the gill. Therefore, in any analysis of the underlying neural mechanisms of habituation all these loci must be included and taken into account.", "PMID": 597777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6188", "title": "Presynaptic modulating effects of GABA on depression, facilitation, and posttetanic potentiation of a cholinergic synapse in Aplysia californica.", "content": "The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been studied on the synaptic depression, frequency facilitation, and posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of a unitary, monosynaptic, and presumably cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). This EPSP, produced by minimal stimulation of the right visceropleural connective, was recorded in cell R 15 of Aplysia californica. Perfusion with GABA (10(-4)-10(-3) M) reduces the size of all EPSPs produced by a train of 100 stimuli at 1/s. It also reduced the synaptic depression and PTP, and increases the frequency facilitation seen during the train. GABA does not significantly effect the membrane resistance (mean 102%) but it slightly depolarizes (mean 6 mV) the postsynaptic cell. GABA does not reduce an acetylcholine iontophoretic potential produced on R15. The effects of GABA are reduction when chloride is replaced by acetate but they remain significant. Picrotoxin and bicuculline fail to antagonize GABA. Addition of sodium azide or dinitrophenol does not reduce the action of GABA and even prolongs it. The effects of GABA are attributed to two sites of action: a postsynaptic one, responsible for the small change in potential and partially responsible for the reduction of EPSP size; and a presynaptic one, responsible for a further reduction of EPSP size and the changes of depression, facilitation, and PTP.", "contents": "Presynaptic modulating effects of GABA on depression, facilitation, and posttetanic potentiation of a cholinergic synapse in Aplysia californica. The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been studied on the synaptic depression, frequency facilitation, and posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of a unitary, monosynaptic, and presumably cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). This EPSP, produced by minimal stimulation of the right visceropleural connective, was recorded in cell R 15 of Aplysia californica. Perfusion with GABA (10(-4)-10(-3) M) reduces the size of all EPSPs produced by a train of 100 stimuli at 1/s. It also reduced the synaptic depression and PTP, and increases the frequency facilitation seen during the train. GABA does not significantly effect the membrane resistance (mean 102%) but it slightly depolarizes (mean 6 mV) the postsynaptic cell. GABA does not reduce an acetylcholine iontophoretic potential produced on R15. The effects of GABA are reduction when chloride is replaced by acetate but they remain significant. Picrotoxin and bicuculline fail to antagonize GABA. Addition of sodium azide or dinitrophenol does not reduce the action of GABA and even prolongs it. The effects of GABA are attributed to two sites of action: a postsynaptic one, responsible for the small change in potential and partially responsible for the reduction of EPSP size; and a presynaptic one, responsible for a further reduction of EPSP size and the changes of depression, facilitation, and PTP.", "PMID": 597779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6189", "title": "Glass electrode measurement of net Na+ and K+ fluxes in erythrocytes of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "The exchange of Na+ and K+ in rat red cells at 40% hematocrit incubated in a physiological salt solution containing 1 MM ouabain was monitored with ion-specific glass electrodes. Because this system measures a change in the activity of an ion as a logarithmic function of its preexisting level, delta[K+]o is more accurately measured than delta[Na+]o; within this limitation, the downhill ion movements were close to 1:1 over the temperature span from 37 to 3 degrees C. These transmembrane movements are reasonably well expressed in terms of first-order kinetics and an Arrhenius plot constructed for K+ as the accurate indicator of the exchange yields an activation energy of 12 kcal/mol. A well-defined reversal of the usual direct relation of temperature to exchange rate was observed between 6 and 3 degrees C. The net ion movements were distinctly faster at low temperature in cells from rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR-Okamoto) than in cells from matched controls (Woodlyn and WKY).", "contents": "Glass electrode measurement of net Na+ and K+ fluxes in erythrocytes of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The exchange of Na+ and K+ in rat red cells at 40% hematocrit incubated in a physiological salt solution containing 1 MM ouabain was monitored with ion-specific glass electrodes. Because this system measures a change in the activity of an ion as a logarithmic function of its preexisting level, delta[K+]o is more accurately measured than delta[Na+]o; within this limitation, the downhill ion movements were close to 1:1 over the temperature span from 37 to 3 degrees C. These transmembrane movements are reasonably well expressed in terms of first-order kinetics and an Arrhenius plot constructed for K+ as the accurate indicator of the exchange yields an activation energy of 12 kcal/mol. A well-defined reversal of the usual direct relation of temperature to exchange rate was observed between 6 and 3 degrees C. The net ion movements were distinctly faster at low temperature in cells from rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR-Okamoto) than in cells from matched controls (Woodlyn and WKY).", "PMID": 597780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6190", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in hypertension. I. The release of prostaglandins by aorta strips of renal, DOCA-salt, and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The release of prostaglandin-like (PG-like) material by aorta strips of normotensive and hypertensive rats has been studied in vitro. When incubated in an oxygenated Krebs solution kept at 37 degrees C, aorta strips removed from 8- and 12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats generate 1.2-2.5 times more PG-like material than aorta strips from age-matched normotensive Wistar (NW) rats. The overproduction of PG-like material by aorta strips of SH rats did not precede the development of hypertension in SH rats. Aorta strips derived from renal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats produced 1.5-3 times more PG-like material than aorta strips from NW rats. The production of PG-like material by aorta strips of renal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was largely reduced when hypertension was interrupted in these animals, thus suggesting that the alteration taking place in the arteries of hypertensive rats (namely increased production of PGs) during the development of hypertension was reversible. The production of PG-like material by aorta strips of hypertensive rats was inhibited by indomethacin. Analysis of the PG-like material by bioassays and thin-layer chromatography suggests the presence of PGE2 and PGE1. The possible involvement of these PGs in the pathogenesis of hypertension in rats is discussed.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in hypertension. I. The release of prostaglandins by aorta strips of renal, DOCA-salt, and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The release of prostaglandin-like (PG-like) material by aorta strips of normotensive and hypertensive rats has been studied in vitro. When incubated in an oxygenated Krebs solution kept at 37 degrees C, aorta strips removed from 8- and 12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats generate 1.2-2.5 times more PG-like material than aorta strips from age-matched normotensive Wistar (NW) rats. The overproduction of PG-like material by aorta strips of SH rats did not precede the development of hypertension in SH rats. Aorta strips derived from renal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats produced 1.5-3 times more PG-like material than aorta strips from NW rats. The production of PG-like material by aorta strips of renal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was largely reduced when hypertension was interrupted in these animals, thus suggesting that the alteration taking place in the arteries of hypertensive rats (namely increased production of PGs) during the development of hypertension was reversible. The production of PG-like material by aorta strips of hypertensive rats was inhibited by indomethacin. Analysis of the PG-like material by bioassays and thin-layer chromatography suggests the presence of PGE2 and PGE1. The possible involvement of these PGs in the pathogenesis of hypertension in rats is discussed.", "PMID": 597781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6191", "title": "The effect of hypertonic infusions on hepatic blood flows and liver volume in the cat.", "content": "The effects of intravenous and intraportal infusions of hypertonic NaCl and glucose solutions on the resistance and capacitance vessels of the intact feline liver were studied. All doses infused produced vasodilation of the hepatic artery. A rough estimate would suggest that the tonicity changes equal to those seen after hemorrhage might produce an increase of arterial conductance to no less than 110% and no greater than 140% of control conductance. In response to intravenous infusions, portal flow increased to the same extent as did arterial flows. The resistance vessels were equally affected by equal osmolal loads of glucose or NaCl but the hepatic volume changes were quite different depending on the substances infused. In marked contrast with the resistance vessel response to hypertonic NaCl, the hepatic capacitance vessels did not dilate. Liver volume decreased but whether due to mild capacitance stimulation or water egress from hepatocytes is not known. Cessation of the infusion resulted in increases of hepatic volume to above control levels. Glucose produced consistent steady increases in volume that may have been associated with fluid uptake by the hepatocytes in conjunction with glucose uptake.", "contents": "The effect of hypertonic infusions on hepatic blood flows and liver volume in the cat. The effects of intravenous and intraportal infusions of hypertonic NaCl and glucose solutions on the resistance and capacitance vessels of the intact feline liver were studied. All doses infused produced vasodilation of the hepatic artery. A rough estimate would suggest that the tonicity changes equal to those seen after hemorrhage might produce an increase of arterial conductance to no less than 110% and no greater than 140% of control conductance. In response to intravenous infusions, portal flow increased to the same extent as did arterial flows. The resistance vessels were equally affected by equal osmolal loads of glucose or NaCl but the hepatic volume changes were quite different depending on the substances infused. In marked contrast with the resistance vessel response to hypertonic NaCl, the hepatic capacitance vessels did not dilate. Liver volume decreased but whether due to mild capacitance stimulation or water egress from hepatocytes is not known. Cessation of the infusion resulted in increases of hepatic volume to above control levels. Glucose produced consistent steady increases in volume that may have been associated with fluid uptake by the hepatocytes in conjunction with glucose uptake.", "PMID": 597782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6192", "title": "The interventricular septum: an isolated perfused model for assessing myocardial function.", "content": "Classical models for assessing myocardial function suffer from either a potentially anoxic central core or an unsophisticated perfusion system. We have improved Langer's perfused interventricular septum model by adapting it for parabiotic resuscitation, thus achieving rapid stability and significantly less edema. The new model, which consists of a triangular piece of rabbit interventricular septum, perfused through its septal artery, first undergoes a stabilization period of 30 min during parabiotic perfusion from another rabbit. An arteriovenous shunt is then opened and the preparation remains stable for 2 h of perfusion in which fresh blood is recirculated nonparabiotically. It is proposed that during this period, experimental interventions could be undertaken using each septum as its own control. The behaviour of 66 preparations was consistent with classical concepts of myocardial function. Simple measurements were identified for beat-to-beat functional assessment. Contractility was measured by maximum active tension and maximum differential of tension. Relaxation was measured by maximum negative differential of tension and, in the presence of ischemic contracture, changes in resting tension. Compliance was measured by septal length at a specified resting tension. Perfusability was measured by the relationship between pressure and flow.", "contents": "The interventricular septum: an isolated perfused model for assessing myocardial function. Classical models for assessing myocardial function suffer from either a potentially anoxic central core or an unsophisticated perfusion system. We have improved Langer's perfused interventricular septum model by adapting it for parabiotic resuscitation, thus achieving rapid stability and significantly less edema. The new model, which consists of a triangular piece of rabbit interventricular septum, perfused through its septal artery, first undergoes a stabilization period of 30 min during parabiotic perfusion from another rabbit. An arteriovenous shunt is then opened and the preparation remains stable for 2 h of perfusion in which fresh blood is recirculated nonparabiotically. It is proposed that during this period, experimental interventions could be undertaken using each septum as its own control. The behaviour of 66 preparations was consistent with classical concepts of myocardial function. Simple measurements were identified for beat-to-beat functional assessment. Contractility was measured by maximum active tension and maximum differential of tension. Relaxation was measured by maximum negative differential of tension and, in the presence of ischemic contracture, changes in resting tension. Compliance was measured by septal length at a specified resting tension. Perfusability was measured by the relationship between pressure and flow.", "PMID": 597783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6193", "title": "The calcium-magnesium interaction in the process of release of noradrenaline by nicotine.", "content": "The calcium-magnesium (Ca2+-Mg2+) interaction in the process of nicotine-induced release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) from rat isolated vas deferens was studied. Increasing extracellular concentrations of Mg2+ caused a dose-dependent depression of release of [3H]NA by nicotine, and this inhibitory effect of Mg2+ was overcome by raising the concentration of CA2+. It is concluded that Mg2+ antagonizes the nicotine-induced increase in the Ca2+ influx into the adrenergic nerve terminals, and that nicotine acts on adrenergic neuronal membrane rather than intraneuronally to cause release of NA.", "contents": "The calcium-magnesium interaction in the process of release of noradrenaline by nicotine. The calcium-magnesium (Ca2+-Mg2+) interaction in the process of nicotine-induced release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) from rat isolated vas deferens was studied. Increasing extracellular concentrations of Mg2+ caused a dose-dependent depression of release of [3H]NA by nicotine, and this inhibitory effect of Mg2+ was overcome by raising the concentration of CA2+. It is concluded that Mg2+ antagonizes the nicotine-induced increase in the Ca2+ influx into the adrenergic nerve terminals, and that nicotine acts on adrenergic neuronal membrane rather than intraneuronally to cause release of NA.", "PMID": 597785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6194", "title": "Neuronal depressant effects of diethylester derivatives of excitatory amino acids.", "content": "The effect of iontophoretically applied kainic acid diethylester (KDEE) on the firing rate of feline spinal interneurones was investigated and compared with the action of glutamic acid diethyles (GDEE) and aspartic acid diethylester (ADEE). All these esters reversibly reduced spontaneous neuronal firing and increased spike height, KDEE being the most active of this group. KDEE decreased response to glutamate, acetylcholine, and peripheral field stimulation, showing that its depressant action is not due to a selective antagonism of an excitatory putative transmitter.", "contents": "Neuronal depressant effects of diethylester derivatives of excitatory amino acids. The effect of iontophoretically applied kainic acid diethylester (KDEE) on the firing rate of feline spinal interneurones was investigated and compared with the action of glutamic acid diethyles (GDEE) and aspartic acid diethylester (ADEE). All these esters reversibly reduced spontaneous neuronal firing and increased spike height, KDEE being the most active of this group. KDEE decreased response to glutamate, acetylcholine, and peripheral field stimulation, showing that its depressant action is not due to a selective antagonism of an excitatory putative transmitter.", "PMID": 597786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6195", "title": "Presynaptic depression of synaptic response of Renshaw cells by adenosine 5'-monophosphate.", "content": "The action of AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate) on synaptic transmission of Renshaw cells has been studied in cats under Dial anaesthesia. AMP applied iontophoretically reversibly reduced synaptic responses of Renshaw cells evoked by stimulation of ventral roots, as well as their spontaneous firing; however, there were no marked effects on discharges of these cells caused by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, asparatate, and glutamate. On the other hand, AMP had no comparable effect on synaptic responses of dorsal horn interneurones evoked by stimulation of dorsal roots or their spontaneous discharges.", "contents": "Presynaptic depression of synaptic response of Renshaw cells by adenosine 5'-monophosphate. The action of AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate) on synaptic transmission of Renshaw cells has been studied in cats under Dial anaesthesia. AMP applied iontophoretically reversibly reduced synaptic responses of Renshaw cells evoked by stimulation of ventral roots, as well as their spontaneous firing; however, there were no marked effects on discharges of these cells caused by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, asparatate, and glutamate. On the other hand, AMP had no comparable effect on synaptic responses of dorsal horn interneurones evoked by stimulation of dorsal roots or their spontaneous discharges.", "PMID": 597787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6196", "title": "The effects of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin-octapeptide on intestinal lymph flow in the rat.", "content": "Intravenous cholecystokinin and its synthetic C-terminal octapeptide were found to cause a transient augmentation of intestinal lymph flow in the rat. Concomitant increase in lymph protein transport suggests that this reflects the increase in intestinal blood flow which is known to occur in response to these agents.", "contents": "The effects of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin-octapeptide on intestinal lymph flow in the rat. Intravenous cholecystokinin and its synthetic C-terminal octapeptide were found to cause a transient augmentation of intestinal lymph flow in the rat. Concomitant increase in lymph protein transport suggests that this reflects the increase in intestinal blood flow which is known to occur in response to these agents.", "PMID": 597788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6197", "title": "The nature of adrenoceptors in the guinea pig cerebral cortex: a microiontophoretic study.", "content": "1. Noradrenaline, isoprenaline, and phenylephrine have been applied my microiontophoresis to neurones in the guinea pig cerebral cortex. All three compounds produced depression of neuronal firing, and all could be antagonized to some extent by phentolamine or propranolol. 2. The responses to isoprenaline were substantially reduced in size after a few applications. Noradrenaline and phenylephrine responses were partially reduced at the time of isoprenaline insensitivity, and the responses could now be blocked completely by phentolamine. 3. The results suggest that two kinds of receptors are present in the guinea pig cerebral cortex, with properties similar to alpha and beta receptors in the periphery. A single receptor with intermediate properties would not readily explain the present results. 4. The results are not consistent with the proposal that alpha receptors mediate neuronal excitation, and beta receptors inhibition in the cerebral cortex. 5. It is also suggested that the failure of some previous studies on guinea pig cortex in vitro to demonstrate the presence of beta receptors may be due to the particularly rapid desensitization of these receptors.", "contents": "The nature of adrenoceptors in the guinea pig cerebral cortex: a microiontophoretic study. 1. Noradrenaline, isoprenaline, and phenylephrine have been applied my microiontophoresis to neurones in the guinea pig cerebral cortex. All three compounds produced depression of neuronal firing, and all could be antagonized to some extent by phentolamine or propranolol. 2. The responses to isoprenaline were substantially reduced in size after a few applications. Noradrenaline and phenylephrine responses were partially reduced at the time of isoprenaline insensitivity, and the responses could now be blocked completely by phentolamine. 3. The results suggest that two kinds of receptors are present in the guinea pig cerebral cortex, with properties similar to alpha and beta receptors in the periphery. A single receptor with intermediate properties would not readily explain the present results. 4. The results are not consistent with the proposal that alpha receptors mediate neuronal excitation, and beta receptors inhibition in the cerebral cortex. 5. It is also suggested that the failure of some previous studies on guinea pig cortex in vitro to demonstrate the presence of beta receptors may be due to the particularly rapid desensitization of these receptors.", "PMID": 597789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6198", "title": "Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in Saskatchewan: isolation from a naturally infected striped skunk.", "content": "Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was isolated from the kidneys of a normal striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis hudsonicus) collected near Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Although there were no gross lesions, small foci of chronic interstitial nephritis were observed microscopically. This is the first reported isolation of serotype pomona for the prairie provinces.", "contents": "Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in Saskatchewan: isolation from a naturally infected striped skunk. Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was isolated from the kidneys of a normal striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis hudsonicus) collected near Kindersley, Saskatchewan. Although there were no gross lesions, small foci of chronic interstitial nephritis were observed microscopically. This is the first reported isolation of serotype pomona for the prairie provinces.", "PMID": 597790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6199", "title": "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Easter lily in the northwestern United States.", "content": "The vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi of commercially grown Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were studied. Soil and root samples were collected monthly from March through September 1975 from five fields in the coastal area of southern Oregon and northern California. Soil seivings were inoculated onto clover, onion, and lily to cause infections resulting in the production of many new mycorrhizal spores facilitating identification. Four VA mycorrhizal species were found: Acaulospora trappei, A. elegans, Glomus monosporus, and G. fasciculatus. All four VA species infected Easter lily, clover, and onion. Acaulospora trappei and G. fasciculatus were the most commonly isolated species from all five fields. Mycorrhizal infections in roots of field-grown lilies were sparse and presumably young in March and gradually increased in size and number until September when bulbs were harvested. Over 75% of each root system became infected with mycorrhizae in fields with all four fungal species, and those levels were reached by July. In fields with only two mycorrhizal species, usually 50% or less of each root system was infected, even by the end of the growing season.", "contents": "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Easter lily in the northwestern United States. The vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi of commercially grown Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were studied. Soil and root samples were collected monthly from March through September 1975 from five fields in the coastal area of southern Oregon and northern California. Soil seivings were inoculated onto clover, onion, and lily to cause infections resulting in the production of many new mycorrhizal spores facilitating identification. Four VA mycorrhizal species were found: Acaulospora trappei, A. elegans, Glomus monosporus, and G. fasciculatus. All four VA species infected Easter lily, clover, and onion. Acaulospora trappei and G. fasciculatus were the most commonly isolated species from all five fields. Mycorrhizal infections in roots of field-grown lilies were sparse and presumably young in March and gradually increased in size and number until September when bulbs were harvested. Over 75% of each root system became infected with mycorrhizae in fields with all four fungal species, and those levels were reached by July. In fields with only two mycorrhizal species, usually 50% or less of each root system was infected, even by the end of the growing season.", "PMID": 597791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6200", "title": "Hyphal interference by Trametes hispida.", "content": "The antagonistic activity of Trametes hispida Bagl. in dual culture with Hirschioporus species and other non-basidiomycetous fungi is interpreted as hyphal interference. Hyphae of T. hispida grow into and over colonies of sensitive fungi. Contact with hyphae of T. hispida results in cessation of growth and rapid necrosis of affected cells. Ultrastructural studies of the affected hyphae of Hirschioporus pargamenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. showed an early formation of extraplasmalemmal wall deposits, disruption of membrane systems, coagulation of cytoplasm, localized dissolution of walls, and loss of cell contents without penetration by the antagonist.", "contents": "Hyphal interference by Trametes hispida. The antagonistic activity of Trametes hispida Bagl. in dual culture with Hirschioporus species and other non-basidiomycetous fungi is interpreted as hyphal interference. Hyphae of T. hispida grow into and over colonies of sensitive fungi. Contact with hyphae of T. hispida results in cessation of growth and rapid necrosis of affected cells. Ultrastructural studies of the affected hyphae of Hirschioporus pargamenus (Fr.) Bond. & Sing. showed an early formation of extraplasmalemmal wall deposits, disruption of membrane systems, coagulation of cytoplasm, localized dissolution of walls, and loss of cell contents without penetration by the antagonist.", "PMID": 597792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6201", "title": "Anaerobic degradation of cellulose by mixed culture.", "content": "A mixed culture in which cellulose is capable of being converted to methane and carbon dioxide was obtained from an inoculum procured from a sewage-treatment plant and maintained in a synthetic medium containing tissue paper and an inorganic salt and vitamin mixture. The culture was tested for its ability to degrade 12 different paper and cotton products under batch conditions in 3-l anaerobic fermenters. This culture degraded 6-8 mmol/l per week of cellulose, expressed as glucose equivalents, with total gas yields of 0.3 m3/kg of cellulose degraded. The gas produced contained between 56 and 59% of methane. Maximum cellulose degradation occurred at chemical oxygen demand:nitrogen:phosphorus level of 80:5:1 and was adversely affected by high stirring rate. Also the presence of higher proportions of lignin in cellulose products adversely affected the ability of this culture to degrade cellulose.", "contents": "Anaerobic degradation of cellulose by mixed culture. A mixed culture in which cellulose is capable of being converted to methane and carbon dioxide was obtained from an inoculum procured from a sewage-treatment plant and maintained in a synthetic medium containing tissue paper and an inorganic salt and vitamin mixture. The culture was tested for its ability to degrade 12 different paper and cotton products under batch conditions in 3-l anaerobic fermenters. This culture degraded 6-8 mmol/l per week of cellulose, expressed as glucose equivalents, with total gas yields of 0.3 m3/kg of cellulose degraded. The gas produced contained between 56 and 59% of methane. Maximum cellulose degradation occurred at chemical oxygen demand:nitrogen:phosphorus level of 80:5:1 and was adversely affected by high stirring rate. Also the presence of higher proportions of lignin in cellulose products adversely affected the ability of this culture to degrade cellulose.", "PMID": 597793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6202", "title": "The ability of some Yersinia enterocolitica strains to invade HeLa cells.", "content": "Many types of Yersinia enterocolitica have been isolated from animal, environmental, food, and human sources but their public health significance remains uncertain. Seventy two strains of Y. enterocolitica were tested for their abilities to invade HeLa cells. The typical clinical strains invade HeLa cells like the other species of invasive pathogens. This characteristic remains even in old stock cultures and can be temperature-sensitive like the motility characteristic. With the use of electron micrographs it was demonstrated that the bacteria were truly intracellular and not merely adhering to the HeLa cell membrane. The esculin-and salicin-positive typical clinical strains did not invade HeLa cells. None of 34 food and water isolates were invasive by this test. The negative Y. enterocolitica strains did not adhere to the cells and cause ambiguous results. The HeLa cell test is simple, inexpensive, rapid, and should prove useful marker for screening the Y. enterocolitica isolates.", "contents": "The ability of some Yersinia enterocolitica strains to invade HeLa cells. Many types of Yersinia enterocolitica have been isolated from animal, environmental, food, and human sources but their public health significance remains uncertain. Seventy two strains of Y. enterocolitica were tested for their abilities to invade HeLa cells. The typical clinical strains invade HeLa cells like the other species of invasive pathogens. This characteristic remains even in old stock cultures and can be temperature-sensitive like the motility characteristic. With the use of electron micrographs it was demonstrated that the bacteria were truly intracellular and not merely adhering to the HeLa cell membrane. The esculin-and salicin-positive typical clinical strains did not invade HeLa cells. None of 34 food and water isolates were invasive by this test. The negative Y. enterocolitica strains did not adhere to the cells and cause ambiguous results. The HeLa cell test is simple, inexpensive, rapid, and should prove useful marker for screening the Y. enterocolitica isolates.", "PMID": 597794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6203", "title": "Ultrastructure of Nocardia-like variants of Mycobacterium smegmatis and chemical composition of the basal cell wall layer.", "content": "Mycobacterium smegmatis, its orange-red--pigmented (OR) variants, and back mutant strains were examined by electron microscopy using ultrathin sectioning, negative or positive staining, and freeze-fracture-etching methods. The parental and back mutant strains showed almost identical ultrastructures. Specifically, thick ramified fibers measuring about 15 nm in diameter were always visible in the positively stained cell wall, although they were not readily visualized with negative staining or freeze-fracture-etching. In contrast, the cell walls of OR variants contained fibrous networks measuring about 11 nm in diameter, which could be observed by positive and negative staining as well as freeze-fracture-etching. Although cytoplasmic structures appeared similar among the four strains examined, mesosomes were significantly more abundant in the OR variants. The basal layer of the cell wall obtained as a phenol residue consisted of a dense membranous matrix containing scattered fibrous structures in the parental and back mutant strains, and fibrous networks in the OR variants. Chemical analyses showed that the basal layers of all four strains contained the same neutral sugars, amino sugars, and amino acids, i.e., arabinose, galactose, muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid. The alpha-branched, beta-hydroxylated fatty acids contained in the basal layers differ among the four strains, however, with nocardomycolic acids being present in the OR variants and mycolic acids in the parental and back mutant strains. Our previous conclusion that OR variants of M. smegmatis have characteristics similar to those of nocardia is supported by the present study.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Nocardia-like variants of Mycobacterium smegmatis and chemical composition of the basal cell wall layer. Mycobacterium smegmatis, its orange-red--pigmented (OR) variants, and back mutant strains were examined by electron microscopy using ultrathin sectioning, negative or positive staining, and freeze-fracture-etching methods. The parental and back mutant strains showed almost identical ultrastructures. Specifically, thick ramified fibers measuring about 15 nm in diameter were always visible in the positively stained cell wall, although they were not readily visualized with negative staining or freeze-fracture-etching. In contrast, the cell walls of OR variants contained fibrous networks measuring about 11 nm in diameter, which could be observed by positive and negative staining as well as freeze-fracture-etching. Although cytoplasmic structures appeared similar among the four strains examined, mesosomes were significantly more abundant in the OR variants. The basal layer of the cell wall obtained as a phenol residue consisted of a dense membranous matrix containing scattered fibrous structures in the parental and back mutant strains, and fibrous networks in the OR variants. Chemical analyses showed that the basal layers of all four strains contained the same neutral sugars, amino sugars, and amino acids, i.e., arabinose, galactose, muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid. The alpha-branched, beta-hydroxylated fatty acids contained in the basal layers differ among the four strains, however, with nocardomycolic acids being present in the OR variants and mycolic acids in the parental and back mutant strains. Our previous conclusion that OR variants of M. smegmatis have characteristics similar to those of nocardia is supported by the present study.", "PMID": 597795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6204", "title": "Vascular amyloid in the aging central nervous system. Clinico-pathological study and literature review.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of five patients with vascular amyloid restricted to the central nervous system are presented. In three normotensive patients, intracerebral hemorrhage was the dramatic manifestation of amyloid angiopathy. In two other cases, one of amyloid in an arteriovenous malformation, the other of amyloid following therapeutic radiation, amyloid deposition was asymptomatic. Clinically, amyloid angiopathy must be considered in the different diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, independent of the presence of dementia. Pathologically, a factor common to the syndrome of cerebrovascular amyloid appears to be locally increased vascular permeability resulting from a variety of previous tissue injuries.", "contents": "Vascular amyloid in the aging central nervous system. Clinico-pathological study and literature review. The clinico-pathological features of five patients with vascular amyloid restricted to the central nervous system are presented. In three normotensive patients, intracerebral hemorrhage was the dramatic manifestation of amyloid angiopathy. In two other cases, one of amyloid in an arteriovenous malformation, the other of amyloid following therapeutic radiation, amyloid deposition was asymptomatic. Clinically, amyloid angiopathy must be considered in the different diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, independent of the presence of dementia. Pathologically, a factor common to the syndrome of cerebrovascular amyloid appears to be locally increased vascular permeability resulting from a variety of previous tissue injuries.", "PMID": 597796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6205", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamics in migraine.", "content": "Clinical and angiographic findings in migraine are briefly reviewed in relation to cerebral hemodynamic changes shown by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies. Three cases of migraine studied by the intracarotid xenon 133 method during attacks are reported. In classic migraine, with typical prodromal symptoms, a decrease in cerebral blood flow has been demonstrated during the aura. Occasionally, this flow decrease persists during the headache phase. In common migraine, where such prodromata are not seen, a flow decrease has not been demonstrated. During the headache phase of both types of migraine, rCBF has usually been found to be normal or in the high range of normal values. The high values may represent postischemic hyperemia, but are probably more frequently secondary to arousal caused by pain. Thus, during the headache phase rCBF may be subnormal, normal or high. These findings do not exclude the possibility of distension of the larger intracranial arteries during migraine headache, but the angiographic evidence, however limited, does not support this speculation.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamics in migraine. Clinical and angiographic findings in migraine are briefly reviewed in relation to cerebral hemodynamic changes shown by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies. Three cases of migraine studied by the intracarotid xenon 133 method during attacks are reported. In classic migraine, with typical prodromal symptoms, a decrease in cerebral blood flow has been demonstrated during the aura. Occasionally, this flow decrease persists during the headache phase. In common migraine, where such prodromata are not seen, a flow decrease has not been demonstrated. During the headache phase of both types of migraine, rCBF has usually been found to be normal or in the high range of normal values. The high values may represent postischemic hyperemia, but are probably more frequently secondary to arousal caused by pain. Thus, during the headache phase rCBF may be subnormal, normal or high. These findings do not exclude the possibility of distension of the larger intracranial arteries during migraine headache, but the angiographic evidence, however limited, does not support this speculation.", "PMID": 597797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6206", "title": "Pure spastic paralysis of corticospinal origin.", "content": "This presentation includes six cases of chronic bilateral pure motor hemiplegia, one of these with pathological findings; one clinical case of chronic pure motor quadriplegia and one pathologically-studied case of chronic pure motor paraplegia. These cases may illustrate a spectrum of pure corticospinal disorders that heretofore has not been fully recognized.", "contents": "Pure spastic paralysis of corticospinal origin. This presentation includes six cases of chronic bilateral pure motor hemiplegia, one of these with pathological findings; one clinical case of chronic pure motor quadriplegia and one pathologically-studied case of chronic pure motor paraplegia. These cases may illustrate a spectrum of pure corticospinal disorders that heretofore has not been fully recognized.", "PMID": 597798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6207", "title": "Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy induced by radiation.", "content": "Two patients had lumbo-sacral radiculopathy following radiation treatment of cancer. Twenty previously reported cases were similar. The clinical picture is one of progressive motor and sensory loss in the legs, usually appearing within a year after radiation, but sometimes delayed up to several years. Experimental studies quoted indicate greater vulnerability of peripheral nerves to ionizing radiation than has been previously recognized. Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy is readily produced in the experimental animal (rat) and affords an experimental model closely resembling the human cases reported.", "contents": "Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy induced by radiation. Two patients had lumbo-sacral radiculopathy following radiation treatment of cancer. Twenty previously reported cases were similar. The clinical picture is one of progressive motor and sensory loss in the legs, usually appearing within a year after radiation, but sometimes delayed up to several years. Experimental studies quoted indicate greater vulnerability of peripheral nerves to ionizing radiation than has been previously recognized. Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy is readily produced in the experimental animal (rat) and affords an experimental model closely resembling the human cases reported.", "PMID": 597799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6208", "title": "A community neurologist's personal viewpoint on neurological training.", "content": "A study of 200 patients referred to a community neurologist showed that 87.5% of the patients were seen in the office and only 12.5% in hospital. Neurological signs were present in 52% and 28.5% had neurological signs which materially affected the diagnosis. A questionnaire sent to several teaching centers showed that only one center sent students and residents to community neurologists' offices at all and in most centers the resident spent just 10 to 20% of his time seeing out-patients. It was felt that the balance of in-patient/out-patient teaching for students and residents was wrong, and that more emphasis should be placed on the neurological history than on the examination. Proposals are made to involve the community neurologist as well as the academic neurologist in the training of students and residents which would benefit all four groups.", "contents": "A community neurologist's personal viewpoint on neurological training. A study of 200 patients referred to a community neurologist showed that 87.5% of the patients were seen in the office and only 12.5% in hospital. Neurological signs were present in 52% and 28.5% had neurological signs which materially affected the diagnosis. A questionnaire sent to several teaching centers showed that only one center sent students and residents to community neurologists' offices at all and in most centers the resident spent just 10 to 20% of his time seeing out-patients. It was felt that the balance of in-patient/out-patient teaching for students and residents was wrong, and that more emphasis should be placed on the neurological history than on the examination. Proposals are made to involve the community neurologist as well as the academic neurologist in the training of students and residents which would benefit all four groups.", "PMID": 597800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6209", "title": "Central nervous system vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The history of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and necrotizing vasculitis affecting only the central nervous system is reported. Clinical and pathological involvement by this process was present in both cerebral hemispheres, the pons and spinal cord. Review of the literature revealed that cerebral vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis has been reported rarely and spinal cord vasculitis not at all.", "contents": "Central nervous system vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. The history of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and necrotizing vasculitis affecting only the central nervous system is reported. Clinical and pathological involvement by this process was present in both cerebral hemispheres, the pons and spinal cord. Review of the literature revealed that cerebral vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis has been reported rarely and spinal cord vasculitis not at all.", "PMID": 597801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6210", "title": "Afterdischarge thresholds and kindling rates in dorsal and ventral hippocampus and dentate gyrus.", "content": "Electrodes were implanted to dorsal hippocampus (CA1), ventral CA1, DOrsal dentate gyrus or ventral dentate gyrus. Epileptiform afterdischarge (AD) thresholds were lower in dorsal areas than in ventral areas. Dorsal areas, however, required a greater number of stimulations to develop (\"kindle\") a fully generalized convulsion than did ventral areas. Thresholds and kindling rates in the dentate gyrus were intermediate between dorsal and ventral CA1, except for the ventral dentate which had higher AD thresholds than ventral CA1. Secondary sites within the hippocampus subsequently kindled within a few stimulations following completion of kindling in the primary site, regardless of which hippocampal area served as the primary site.", "contents": "Afterdischarge thresholds and kindling rates in dorsal and ventral hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Electrodes were implanted to dorsal hippocampus (CA1), ventral CA1, DOrsal dentate gyrus or ventral dentate gyrus. Epileptiform afterdischarge (AD) thresholds were lower in dorsal areas than in ventral areas. Dorsal areas, however, required a greater number of stimulations to develop (\"kindle\") a fully generalized convulsion than did ventral areas. Thresholds and kindling rates in the dentate gyrus were intermediate between dorsal and ventral CA1, except for the ventral dentate which had higher AD thresholds than ventral CA1. Secondary sites within the hippocampus subsequently kindled within a few stimulations following completion of kindling in the primary site, regardless of which hippocampal area served as the primary site.", "PMID": 597802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6211", "title": "A two-dose dexamethasone suppression test in patients with psychiatric illness.", "content": "After exposure to a low and high dose dexamethasone regime, 11 of 34 acute psychiatric inpatients demonstrated abnormal dexamethasone suppression characterized by morning and/or mid-afternoon escape from suppression. This abnormality of suppression was found in primary depression, in mania, and in acute schizophrenia. In primary depression, the presence of abnormal dexamethasone suppression failed to discriminate \"endogenous\" depressed from \"other depressed\" subjects. Because nonsuppression to a high dose of dexamethasone is also found in patients with ectopic ACTH secretion and in patients with autonomous adrenal tumors, caution is necessary in the interpretation of nonsuppression which persists after recovery from psychiatric illness. As patients with Cushing's syndrome of uncertain etiology may be referred to a psychiatrist for a diagnostic evaluation, the psychological correlates of abnormal dexamethasone suppression need to be established with greater certainty.", "contents": "A two-dose dexamethasone suppression test in patients with psychiatric illness. After exposure to a low and high dose dexamethasone regime, 11 of 34 acute psychiatric inpatients demonstrated abnormal dexamethasone suppression characterized by morning and/or mid-afternoon escape from suppression. This abnormality of suppression was found in primary depression, in mania, and in acute schizophrenia. In primary depression, the presence of abnormal dexamethasone suppression failed to discriminate \"endogenous\" depressed from \"other depressed\" subjects. Because nonsuppression to a high dose of dexamethasone is also found in patients with ectopic ACTH secretion and in patients with autonomous adrenal tumors, caution is necessary in the interpretation of nonsuppression which persists after recovery from psychiatric illness. As patients with Cushing's syndrome of uncertain etiology may be referred to a psychiatrist for a diagnostic evaluation, the psychological correlates of abnormal dexamethasone suppression need to be established with greater certainty.", "PMID": 597803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6212", "title": "Responses to moral dilemmas in medical students and psychiatric residents.", "content": "There has been an increasing interest in the area of medical ethics as indicated not only by the recent proliferation of books and articles but also in the re-emergence of crucial moral issues such as euthanasia, abortion and the like. The difficulty with the existing literature is that these reports are often descriptive, anecdotal and situationally relative to the decision maker. In this study, the authors utilized a cognitive developmental approach to studying responses to moral situations not only because this approach is cross-culturally universal but also because it is not subject to situational variables. In this regard, the results of the assessment of medical students and psychiatric residents are presented as well as a comparison of moral reasoning stages in relation to the C.M.A. Code of Ethics. Recommendations for further research are presented.", "contents": "Responses to moral dilemmas in medical students and psychiatric residents. There has been an increasing interest in the area of medical ethics as indicated not only by the recent proliferation of books and articles but also in the re-emergence of crucial moral issues such as euthanasia, abortion and the like. The difficulty with the existing literature is that these reports are often descriptive, anecdotal and situationally relative to the decision maker. In this study, the authors utilized a cognitive developmental approach to studying responses to moral situations not only because this approach is cross-culturally universal but also because it is not subject to situational variables. In this regard, the results of the assessment of medical students and psychiatric residents are presented as well as a comparison of moral reasoning stages in relation to the C.M.A. Code of Ethics. Recommendations for further research are presented.", "PMID": 597807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6213", "title": "Two new cases of XYY chromosome complement: and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases with XYY chromosome complement are presented and compared with 153 cases described in the literature. Some patients with abnormalities of personality development and manifest psychopathology may have sex chromosome abnormalities and should be studied further for the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in personality development. In particular, tall, schizoid impulsive men with a history of criminality, arson or sexual offences should be screened for this particular genetic configuration. Because of the biased manner by which most of the cases are found, it is not yet known whether an XYY genotype results in a characteristic phenotype. What is needed is a genetic study of a normal population and a prospective study of newborns with various genotypes which would, unfortunately, create complex research and ethical problems.", "contents": "Two new cases of XYY chromosome complement: and a review of the literature. Two cases with XYY chromosome complement are presented and compared with 153 cases described in the literature. Some patients with abnormalities of personality development and manifest psychopathology may have sex chromosome abnormalities and should be studied further for the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in personality development. In particular, tall, schizoid impulsive men with a history of criminality, arson or sexual offences should be screened for this particular genetic configuration. Because of the biased manner by which most of the cases are found, it is not yet known whether an XYY genotype results in a characteristic phenotype. What is needed is a genetic study of a normal population and a prospective study of newborns with various genotypes which would, unfortunately, create complex research and ethical problems.", "PMID": 597808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6214", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of the absorption, distribution, and elimination of melphalan in the dog.", "content": "[14C]melphalan ([14C]L-PAM) was rapidly absorbed from the gut of dogs after oral dosing and reached a maximum concentration in the serum by 30 minutes. The disappearance of L-PAM (intact drug) from the serum was biphasic after iv administration, with half-lives of 14 and 66 minutes for the alpha and beta phases, respectively. The urinary excretion accounted for 44% of the total radioactivity and 25% appeared in the feces. Approximately 8% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Biliary excretion was rapid, with 11% of the dose being accounted for in the bile after 30 minutes; approximately 80% of these drug equivalents (materials containing radioactivity) was parent compound. Since large amounts of L-PAM appeared in the bile, the agent may prove to be active against cancers of the gall bladder, bile ducts, and duodenum.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of the absorption, distribution, and elimination of melphalan in the dog. [14C]melphalan ([14C]L-PAM) was rapidly absorbed from the gut of dogs after oral dosing and reached a maximum concentration in the serum by 30 minutes. The disappearance of L-PAM (intact drug) from the serum was biphasic after iv administration, with half-lives of 14 and 66 minutes for the alpha and beta phases, respectively. The urinary excretion accounted for 44% of the total radioactivity and 25% appeared in the feces. Approximately 8% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Biliary excretion was rapid, with 11% of the dose being accounted for in the bile after 30 minutes; approximately 80% of these drug equivalents (materials containing radioactivity) was parent compound. Since large amounts of L-PAM appeared in the bile, the agent may prove to be active against cancers of the gall bladder, bile ducts, and duodenum.", "PMID": 597816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6215", "title": "Some observations on the human pharmacology of methotrexate.", "content": "Plasma and urinary levels of methotrexate (MTX) have been measured enzymatically in 18 patients receiving doses of 5-1250 mg. When tritium-labeled MTX was administered, plasma levels measured by radioisotope counting were significantly higher than those measured enzymatically, the difference being accounted for by the presence of tritium label in plasma water as a result of drug metabolism. Renal clearance of MTX correlated well with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and was consistently lower than the GFR, suggesting tubular reabsorption of the drug at the rate of urine flow studied. Plasma clearance measured by an infusion method was consistently greater than renal clearance, suggesting drug metabolism. Biliary MTX levels have been measured in three patients and are very much higher than plasma levels, suggesting a quantitatively important biliary recirculation of the drug. Plasma levels of MTX measured after 24 hours were not significantly different following iv or im administration, but were higher if an infusion was used.", "contents": "Some observations on the human pharmacology of methotrexate. Plasma and urinary levels of methotrexate (MTX) have been measured enzymatically in 18 patients receiving doses of 5-1250 mg. When tritium-labeled MTX was administered, plasma levels measured by radioisotope counting were significantly higher than those measured enzymatically, the difference being accounted for by the presence of tritium label in plasma water as a result of drug metabolism. Renal clearance of MTX correlated well with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and was consistently lower than the GFR, suggesting tubular reabsorption of the drug at the rate of urine flow studied. Plasma clearance measured by an infusion method was consistently greater than renal clearance, suggesting drug metabolism. Biliary MTX levels have been measured in three patients and are very much higher than plasma levels, suggesting a quantitatively important biliary recirculation of the drug. Plasma levels of MTX measured after 24 hours were not significantly different following iv or im administration, but were higher if an infusion was used.", "PMID": 597817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6216", "title": "Chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoid tumors: experiences with 32 patients and a review of the literature.", "content": "An analysis of results of chemotherapy in 32 patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors was carried out. The most frequently used chemotherapeutic agent was 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) followed by nitrosoureas in combination with 5-FU or with cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin (used as adriamycin-DNA complex) alone or in combination with other drugs was used in seven patients. Seven partial responses were observed, five of them occurring in the patients receiving adriamycin-containing regimens. Based on these findings, adriamycin deserves further evaluation in metastatic carcinoid tumors.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoid tumors: experiences with 32 patients and a review of the literature. An analysis of results of chemotherapy in 32 patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors was carried out. The most frequently used chemotherapeutic agent was 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) followed by nitrosoureas in combination with 5-FU or with cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin (used as adriamycin-DNA complex) alone or in combination with other drugs was used in seven patients. Seven partial responses were observed, five of them occurring in the patients receiving adriamycin-containing regimens. Based on these findings, adriamycin deserves further evaluation in metastatic carcinoid tumors.", "PMID": 597818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6217", "title": "Ultrastructure of the heart muscle cells of the cuttlefish Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).", "content": "The muscle cells of the ventricle, the branchial heart and the branchial heart appendages of Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje) are studied. The ventricle myocardium has three muscle layers, while the other two organs exhibited a loose arrangement of muscle cells. The muscle cells of the ventricle, the branchial heart and the branchial heart appendages are similar in structure. The nuclei are surrounded by myofibrils. In the myofibrils A-, I- and discontinuous Z-bands are seen. The diameters of the thick filaments are 300--400A, their length varies from 1.7 to 3.9 mu. Thin filaments have a diameter of approximately 85A. The ratio between thick and thin filaments is roughly 1 to 11. The SR runs mostly as a longitudinal network within the myofibrils. A few short T-tubules are observed in the Z-regions. Peripheral and internal couplings exist. The latter are few in number. Intercalated discs are small and rarely observed. They have been found in all three organs. A difference in the function of these organs is not reflected in the ultrastructure of the intercalated discs. These discs are often of the interdigitating type with interfibrillar junctions and unspecialized regions. Peripheral couplings are seen at the unspecialized regions. The intercalar surfaces of the muscle cells \"shoulder off\" into the lateral surface, and the transition between the two surfaces is not a sharp one. Attachment plaques are found scattered over the whole sarcolemma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the heart muscle cells of the cuttlefish Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). The muscle cells of the ventricle, the branchial heart and the branchial heart appendages of Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje) are studied. The ventricle myocardium has three muscle layers, while the other two organs exhibited a loose arrangement of muscle cells. The muscle cells of the ventricle, the branchial heart and the branchial heart appendages are similar in structure. The nuclei are surrounded by myofibrils. In the myofibrils A-, I- and discontinuous Z-bands are seen. The diameters of the thick filaments are 300--400A, their length varies from 1.7 to 3.9 mu. Thin filaments have a diameter of approximately 85A. The ratio between thick and thin filaments is roughly 1 to 11. The SR runs mostly as a longitudinal network within the myofibrils. A few short T-tubules are observed in the Z-regions. Peripheral and internal couplings exist. The latter are few in number. Intercalated discs are small and rarely observed. They have been found in all three organs. A difference in the function of these organs is not reflected in the ultrastructure of the intercalated discs. These discs are often of the interdigitating type with interfibrillar junctions and unspecialized regions. Peripheral couplings are seen at the unspecialized regions. The intercalar surfaces of the muscle cells \"shoulder off\" into the lateral surface, and the transition between the two surfaces is not a sharp one. Attachment plaques are found scattered over the whole sarcolemma.", "PMID": 597840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6218", "title": "The role of the subfornical organ in drinking induced by angiotension in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "Synthetic 5-valine angiotensin II (AII) induced copious drinking when applied directly to the the subfornical organ (SFO) in the Japanese quail. Reliable response was obtained with as little as 1 ng of AII. The amount of water intake increased dose-dependently from 5 ng to 1 microgram. A latent period of 73.0 +/- 11.0 seconds at 100 ng was noted. The electrical destruction of the SFO significantly reduced the amount of water intake induced by both intravenous and intracranial AII injections. The decrease was proportional to the extent of the SFO lesion. It is conceivable, therefore, that the SFO plays an important role in elicitation of drinking by AII in birds as suggested in mammals.", "contents": "The role of the subfornical organ in drinking induced by angiotension in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Synthetic 5-valine angiotensin II (AII) induced copious drinking when applied directly to the the subfornical organ (SFO) in the Japanese quail. Reliable response was obtained with as little as 1 ng of AII. The amount of water intake increased dose-dependently from 5 ng to 1 microgram. A latent period of 73.0 +/- 11.0 seconds at 100 ng was noted. The electrical destruction of the SFO significantly reduced the amount of water intake induced by both intravenous and intracranial AII injections. The decrease was proportional to the extent of the SFO lesion. It is conceivable, therefore, that the SFO plays an important role in elicitation of drinking by AII in birds as suggested in mammals.", "PMID": 597841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6219", "title": "Modification of Drosophila cell surfaces by concanavalin A.", "content": "The effect of Con A on the surface morphology of cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster growing on coverglasses was examined by scanning electron microscopy. With low lectin concentrations (5--10 microgram/ml) surface filaments disappeared and the cells flattened and spread against the glass surface. Cytoplasmic fusion bridges were observed in areas where cells made contact. Concentrations of Con A ranging between 50--500 microgram/ml caused cell shrinkage and surface distortions without cell flattening and filament loss. These morphologic effects were not apparent if Con A binding sites were blocked by preincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside before application to the cell cultures. However, once the Con A-mediated changes were in effect, the cells failed to show recovery when they were returned to growth medium and a majority of the cells on the coverglasses degenerated. Presumably the cells whose morphology appears unaffected by Con A treatment are the survivors that repopulate cultures returned to growth medium.", "contents": "Modification of Drosophila cell surfaces by concanavalin A. The effect of Con A on the surface morphology of cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster growing on coverglasses was examined by scanning electron microscopy. With low lectin concentrations (5--10 microgram/ml) surface filaments disappeared and the cells flattened and spread against the glass surface. Cytoplasmic fusion bridges were observed in areas where cells made contact. Concentrations of Con A ranging between 50--500 microgram/ml caused cell shrinkage and surface distortions without cell flattening and filament loss. These morphologic effects were not apparent if Con A binding sites were blocked by preincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside before application to the cell cultures. However, once the Con A-mediated changes were in effect, the cells failed to show recovery when they were returned to growth medium and a majority of the cells on the coverglasses degenerated. Presumably the cells whose morphology appears unaffected by Con A treatment are the survivors that repopulate cultures returned to growth medium.", "PMID": 597842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6220", "title": "Ultrastructure of lateral line organs in aneurogenic amphibian larvae (Ambystoma).", "content": "An ultrastructural study was performed to determine the ability of presumptive lateral line tissue in A. maculatum embryos to migrate and differentiate in the absence of all sensory innervation. In experimental animals, all presumptive neural tissue was surgically removed at Harrison's stage 24, leaving only the posterior portion of the post-auditory placode. At later stages, completely differentiated aneural lateral line organs were found in the midbody region of the larvae. These were morphologically similar to those of control larvae. No signs of atrophy or degeneration of the neuromasts were seen even after several weeks of nerve-free conditions.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lateral line organs in aneurogenic amphibian larvae (Ambystoma). An ultrastructural study was performed to determine the ability of presumptive lateral line tissue in A. maculatum embryos to migrate and differentiate in the absence of all sensory innervation. In experimental animals, all presumptive neural tissue was surgically removed at Harrison's stage 24, leaving only the posterior portion of the post-auditory placode. At later stages, completely differentiated aneural lateral line organs were found in the midbody region of the larvae. These were morphologically similar to those of control larvae. No signs of atrophy or degeneration of the neuromasts were seen even after several weeks of nerve-free conditions.", "PMID": 597843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6221", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria of brown adipose cells during the hibernation cycle of Citellus lateralis.", "content": "The mitochondrial structure in the brown adipose cells of the golden mantled squirrel, Citellus lateralis, was examined throughout the year in biopsy samples. The mitochondria showed remarkable and apparently reversible changes in size and internal structure related to the physiologic activity of the animal. In the active animal the size of the largest mitochondria was 2.4 micrometer X 1.5 micrometer; during hibernation it increased to 7 micrometer X 2.5 micrometer; and during arousal it reached 11.2 micrometer X 5.3 micrometer. The cristae of the mitochondria in the brown adipose cells of the animals in hibernation phase formed loops, whorls and mesh-like interconnections. During the arousal phase they underwent further configurational changes. The most remarkable structure was associated with mitochondria of most unusual proportions which by dissolution gave rise to a new generation. This was a common finding during arousal but did not occur in any other phase of the hibernation cycle. The new mitochondria were virtually indistinguishable from those of brown adipose cells of any active animal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria of brown adipose cells during the hibernation cycle of Citellus lateralis. The mitochondrial structure in the brown adipose cells of the golden mantled squirrel, Citellus lateralis, was examined throughout the year in biopsy samples. The mitochondria showed remarkable and apparently reversible changes in size and internal structure related to the physiologic activity of the animal. In the active animal the size of the largest mitochondria was 2.4 micrometer X 1.5 micrometer; during hibernation it increased to 7 micrometer X 2.5 micrometer; and during arousal it reached 11.2 micrometer X 5.3 micrometer. The cristae of the mitochondria in the brown adipose cells of the animals in hibernation phase formed loops, whorls and mesh-like interconnections. During the arousal phase they underwent further configurational changes. The most remarkable structure was associated with mitochondria of most unusual proportions which by dissolution gave rise to a new generation. This was a common finding during arousal but did not occur in any other phase of the hibernation cycle. The new mitochondria were virtually indistinguishable from those of brown adipose cells of any active animal.", "PMID": 597844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6222", "title": "An ultrastructural classification of the neuronal cell bodies of the rat dorsal root ganglion using zinc iodide-osmium impregnation.", "content": "Zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) impregnation of rat dorsal root ganglia differentially stained various elements in the neuronal cells, particularly their Golgi bodies. On the basis of this differential ZIO staining dorsal root ganglion neurones have been classified into seven types. The ultrastructure of these is described and the numbers of each type in the L4 dorsal root ganglion have been determined. Prolonged nerve stimulation did not change the relative numbers of the different cell types suggesting that none of the differences between cell types represents differences in their state of activity. The possibility is discussed that differences in morphology may reflect differences in neurotransmitter function.", "contents": "An ultrastructural classification of the neuronal cell bodies of the rat dorsal root ganglion using zinc iodide-osmium impregnation. Zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) impregnation of rat dorsal root ganglia differentially stained various elements in the neuronal cells, particularly their Golgi bodies. On the basis of this differential ZIO staining dorsal root ganglion neurones have been classified into seven types. The ultrastructure of these is described and the numbers of each type in the L4 dorsal root ganglion have been determined. Prolonged nerve stimulation did not change the relative numbers of the different cell types suggesting that none of the differences between cell types represents differences in their state of activity. The possibility is discussed that differences in morphology may reflect differences in neurotransmitter function.", "PMID": 597845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6223", "title": "The human vocal cord surface.", "content": "The epithelium of the vocal cord from children and adults is analysed with SEM and TEM. Scanning micrographs show that the apical cell membrane is furnished with microvilli and microridges of various patterns. The function of microridges is discussed in relation to the distribution and retention of mucus on the vocal cord.", "contents": "The human vocal cord surface. The epithelium of the vocal cord from children and adults is analysed with SEM and TEM. Scanning micrographs show that the apical cell membrane is furnished with microvilli and microridges of various patterns. The function of microridges is discussed in relation to the distribution and retention of mucus on the vocal cord.", "PMID": 597846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6224", "title": "Variable patterns of actin filaments in mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructural organization of myofilaments in skeletal muscle was studied in four mammalian species (mouse, rat, hamster, goat). In all these species, myofibrils showing irregularly distributed arrays of a variable number of actin filaments (from 6 to 11) were observed. The proportion of such myofibrils and the predominant patterns of actin filaments varied from one species to another. These results are in agreement with those previously reported for human skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Variable patterns of actin filaments in mammalian skeletal muscle. The ultrastructural organization of myofilaments in skeletal muscle was studied in four mammalian species (mouse, rat, hamster, goat). In all these species, myofibrils showing irregularly distributed arrays of a variable number of actin filaments (from 6 to 11) were observed. The proportion of such myofibrils and the predominant patterns of actin filaments varied from one species to another. These results are in agreement with those previously reported for human skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 597847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6225", "title": "Testicular involution following optic enucleation: the Leydig cell.", "content": "The testes of Syrian hamsters underwent pronounced involution within six weeks after blinding. The seminiferous tubules were devoid of all stages of spermatid development and mature spermatozoa were absent from the tubule lumina. The diameter of of the Leydig cells was 25% less than that of controls. Examination with the electron microscope revealed thick bundles of collagen fibrils interspersed between Leydig cells and surrounding Leydig cells in the blinded hamsters. The Leydig cell nuclei were shrunken and highly infolded. Lipid droplets that were often seen in normal Leydig cells were absent in the involuting Leydig cells. The size of the Golgi complex and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were reduced. Results of the present experiment confirm that inactivity of the Leydig cells is the reason for the decline in serum testosterone levels in blinded hamsters.", "contents": "Testicular involution following optic enucleation: the Leydig cell. The testes of Syrian hamsters underwent pronounced involution within six weeks after blinding. The seminiferous tubules were devoid of all stages of spermatid development and mature spermatozoa were absent from the tubule lumina. The diameter of of the Leydig cells was 25% less than that of controls. Examination with the electron microscope revealed thick bundles of collagen fibrils interspersed between Leydig cells and surrounding Leydig cells in the blinded hamsters. The Leydig cell nuclei were shrunken and highly infolded. Lipid droplets that were often seen in normal Leydig cells were absent in the involuting Leydig cells. The size of the Golgi complex and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum were reduced. Results of the present experiment confirm that inactivity of the Leydig cells is the reason for the decline in serum testosterone levels in blinded hamsters.", "PMID": 597849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6226", "title": "Ultrastructural study on hepatic melanin in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The livers of Xenopus laevis, grouped by chronological age (0.5, 2 and 3 yrs), were studied electron microscopically. Ultrastructurally most of the melanin granules in the mature female liver showed an internal structure similar to the melanin granules of the oocytes. The hepatic melanin granules of immature females and of all males were pleomorphic and failed to show the characteristic internal structure similar to those of the oocytes. The oocyte is the probable source of most of the hepatic melanin of the mature female.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on hepatic melanin in Xenopus laevis. The livers of Xenopus laevis, grouped by chronological age (0.5, 2 and 3 yrs), were studied electron microscopically. Ultrastructurally most of the melanin granules in the mature female liver showed an internal structure similar to the melanin granules of the oocytes. The hepatic melanin granules of immature females and of all males were pleomorphic and failed to show the characteristic internal structure similar to those of the oocytes. The oocyte is the probable source of most of the hepatic melanin of the mature female.", "PMID": 597850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6227", "title": "Fluorescence and ultrastructural localization of aminergic neurons in the nerve cord of Eisenia foetida (annelida--oligochaeta).", "content": "The aminergic nature of the CV neurons present in the genital segments of the nerve cord of Eisenia foetida is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and by the chromaffin reaction modified for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Fluorescence and ultrastructural localization of aminergic neurons in the nerve cord of Eisenia foetida (annelida--oligochaeta). The aminergic nature of the CV neurons present in the genital segments of the nerve cord of Eisenia foetida is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and by the chromaffin reaction modified for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 597851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6228", "title": "Germ cell proliferations in the fetal horse ovary.", "content": "During the 340 day pregnancy of the horse, the germ cells in the fetal ovary showed a meiotic prophase which began in days 60-70 and might be prolonged after day 200. Three or four successive oogonial mitotic proliferations passed into the meiotic prophase but the great majority of the oocytes first involved degenerated, and no appreciable numbers of primordial follicles were left behind. At 150 days of pregnancy and again at 197 days, oocytes in early meiotic stages filled the ovarian cortex. Primordial follicles were present, but rare. As the prophase gradually came to an end, groups of oocytes became enclosed by small 'boundary' cells which formed in the stroma. Coalescence of these groups led to the appearance of coiled and branching formations containing small and large oocytes. Many of the original groups, however, contracted and became narrow strands and these persisted until the end of pregnancy, many oocytes disappearing from them, while others eventually developed in primordial follicles.", "contents": "Germ cell proliferations in the fetal horse ovary. During the 340 day pregnancy of the horse, the germ cells in the fetal ovary showed a meiotic prophase which began in days 60-70 and might be prolonged after day 200. Three or four successive oogonial mitotic proliferations passed into the meiotic prophase but the great majority of the oocytes first involved degenerated, and no appreciable numbers of primordial follicles were left behind. At 150 days of pregnancy and again at 197 days, oocytes in early meiotic stages filled the ovarian cortex. Primordial follicles were present, but rare. As the prophase gradually came to an end, groups of oocytes became enclosed by small 'boundary' cells which formed in the stroma. Coalescence of these groups led to the appearance of coiled and branching formations containing small and large oocytes. Many of the original groups, however, contracted and became narrow strands and these persisted until the end of pregnancy, many oocytes disappearing from them, while others eventually developed in primordial follicles.", "PMID": 597852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6229", "title": "Some morphological observations on osteoclasts.", "content": "Osteoclasts of the peripheral portions of the endocranial aspect of young rat parietal and frontal bones were studied by scanning electron microscopy of glutaraldehyde fixed, critical point dried specimens. These studies show osteoclasts to have a much more complicated form than has previously been realised. Extensively branching, elongated, smooth-surfaced cells, which are for the most part elevated above the level of the surrounding bone matrix surface and sometimes above portions of osteoblasts or other osteoclasts, were identified as motile non-resorbing cells. Portions of the former and other entire cells may be embowered in Howship's lacunae, have microvilli on their dorsal surface, and are surrounded by a serrated border of microprojections which have an apparently firm attachment to the matrix surface. Osteoclasts in short term culture show additional free surface ruffles which are not encountered in specimens taken fresh from the animal. No evidence of recruitment of osteoblasts or osteocytes into osteoclasts was found. Disinterred osteocytes retained an ability to migrate from their lacunae on to surrounding bone matrix surface.", "contents": "Some morphological observations on osteoclasts. Osteoclasts of the peripheral portions of the endocranial aspect of young rat parietal and frontal bones were studied by scanning electron microscopy of glutaraldehyde fixed, critical point dried specimens. These studies show osteoclasts to have a much more complicated form than has previously been realised. Extensively branching, elongated, smooth-surfaced cells, which are for the most part elevated above the level of the surrounding bone matrix surface and sometimes above portions of osteoblasts or other osteoclasts, were identified as motile non-resorbing cells. Portions of the former and other entire cells may be embowered in Howship's lacunae, have microvilli on their dorsal surface, and are surrounded by a serrated border of microprojections which have an apparently firm attachment to the matrix surface. Osteoclasts in short term culture show additional free surface ruffles which are not encountered in specimens taken fresh from the animal. No evidence of recruitment of osteoblasts or osteocytes into osteoclasts was found. Disinterred osteocytes retained an ability to migrate from their lacunae on to surrounding bone matrix surface.", "PMID": 597853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6230", "title": "The effects of aging on satellite cells in skeletal muscles of mice and rats.", "content": "Myosatellite cells were examined and quantified at the fine structural level of resolution during aging of skeletal muscles in mice and rats. Satellite cells in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of animals between eight and 30 months of age appeared, according to morphological criteria, metabolically less active than those examined in immature muscles. In the soleus muscle of the mouse, satellite cells decreased in number from 4.6% at eight months of age to 2.4% at 30 months. This decrease appeared to be due to the passage of some satellite cells into the interstitial space as a result of the formation of external lamina material around the entire satellite cell surface.", "contents": "The effects of aging on satellite cells in skeletal muscles of mice and rats. Myosatellite cells were examined and quantified at the fine structural level of resolution during aging of skeletal muscles in mice and rats. Satellite cells in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of animals between eight and 30 months of age appeared, according to morphological criteria, metabolically less active than those examined in immature muscles. In the soleus muscle of the mouse, satellite cells decreased in number from 4.6% at eight months of age to 2.4% at 30 months. This decrease appeared to be due to the passage of some satellite cells into the interstitial space as a result of the formation of external lamina material around the entire satellite cell surface.", "PMID": 597854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6231", "title": "Ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis of the teleost Poecilia latipinna in relation to neural control of the adenohypophysial cells.", "content": "The structure of the neurohypophysis of Poecilia latipinna (green molly, sailfin molly) was studied with the electron microscope. Profile diameters of neurosecretory granules in the non-myelinated neurohypophysial nerve fibres were measured and mathematically corrected for error due to section thickness. Six different types of nerve fibres could be distinguished by statistical classification of their granules and by other ultrastructural features. One fibre-type (type B) contained granules with a mean diameter of 85 nm, and the other five types (types Ala, Alb, A2, A3 and A4) all contained granules with mean diameters greater than 100 nm. Synaptic contacts were observed between type B fibres and all the adenohypophysial cell-types, although in the case of the ACTH cells the synapses were separated from the cell membrane by a continuous double basement membrane. Type A fibres were observed to contact the cells of the proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia, but did not form synapses. However, synapses occurred between type A fibres and pituicytes, and between type A fibres and the pericapillary basement membrane in the interior of the neurohypophysis. The possible roles of the different types of nerve fibres in controlling the adenohypophysial cells are discussed in the context of evidence from other teleosts.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis of the teleost Poecilia latipinna in relation to neural control of the adenohypophysial cells. The structure of the neurohypophysis of Poecilia latipinna (green molly, sailfin molly) was studied with the electron microscope. Profile diameters of neurosecretory granules in the non-myelinated neurohypophysial nerve fibres were measured and mathematically corrected for error due to section thickness. Six different types of nerve fibres could be distinguished by statistical classification of their granules and by other ultrastructural features. One fibre-type (type B) contained granules with a mean diameter of 85 nm, and the other five types (types Ala, Alb, A2, A3 and A4) all contained granules with mean diameters greater than 100 nm. Synaptic contacts were observed between type B fibres and all the adenohypophysial cell-types, although in the case of the ACTH cells the synapses were separated from the cell membrane by a continuous double basement membrane. Type A fibres were observed to contact the cells of the proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia, but did not form synapses. However, synapses occurred between type A fibres and pituicytes, and between type A fibres and the pericapillary basement membrane in the interior of the neurohypophysis. The possible roles of the different types of nerve fibres in controlling the adenohypophysial cells are discussed in the context of evidence from other teleosts.", "PMID": 597855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6232", "title": "Complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region of human alpha-and beta-globin mRNA.", "content": "The 5' noncoding regions of human alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs, 37 and 50 nucleotides in length, have been sequenced. A variation of the \"plus and minus\" gel technique described by Brownlee and Cartwright (1977) was used, and the results were cross-checked by the Maxam and Gilbert (1977) procedure. These studies completed the knowledge of all the noncoding region sequences of both mRNAs, and it was then possible to calculate their exact size. Human alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs are 575 and 626 nucleotides in length, excluding the poly(A). Furthermore, because the coding and 3' noncoding regions of the latter were known from previous studies (Marotta et al., 1977; Proudfoot, 1977), the primary structure of human beta-globin mRNA is now complete except for six ambiguities in the coding region. The human and rabbit 5' noncoding region sequences are about 80% homologous. This suggests that they are under a moderate selective pressure.", "contents": "Complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region of human alpha-and beta-globin mRNA. The 5' noncoding regions of human alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs, 37 and 50 nucleotides in length, have been sequenced. A variation of the \"plus and minus\" gel technique described by Brownlee and Cartwright (1977) was used, and the results were cross-checked by the Maxam and Gilbert (1977) procedure. These studies completed the knowledge of all the noncoding region sequences of both mRNAs, and it was then possible to calculate their exact size. Human alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs are 575 and 626 nucleotides in length, excluding the poly(A). Furthermore, because the coding and 3' noncoding regions of the latter were known from previous studies (Marotta et al., 1977; Proudfoot, 1977), the primary structure of human beta-globin mRNA is now complete except for six ambiguities in the coding region. The human and rabbit 5' noncoding region sequences are about 80% homologous. This suggests that they are under a moderate selective pressure.", "PMID": 597858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6233", "title": "Differential control of the synthesis of two hemoglobin beta chains in normal mice.", "content": "A fetal-to-adult switch in the proportion of the mouse minor hemoglobin is described. Although mice have no fetal hemoglobin per se, the timing of this switch in the mouse suggests that the mechanism of its control may directly parallel that of the human switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin expression. The mouse minor hemoglobin is expressed only in strains with the \"diffuse\" allele for the beta chain complex locus. Fetal liver cells of these mice synthesize a much greater proportion of the betaminor globin chain that do adult hematopoietic cells. Consequently, circulating fetal erythrocytes carry a high level of the minor hemoglobin containing it. By the time of birth, a lowered proportion of betaminor is synthesized in the liver. This low proportion continues to be expressed during early erythroid maturation in the adult. The fetal-to-adult switch is the first indication that in normal mice, the two beta chain loci can be expressed noncoordinately. The similarity between the patterns of the decline of the minor hemoglobin in mice and of the disappearance of fetal hemoglobin in humans suggests that the minor hemoglobin in the \"diffuse\" mouse may function to some degree as a fetal hemoglobin in the period between the disappearance of the embryonic hemoglobins and the time of birth.", "contents": "Differential control of the synthesis of two hemoglobin beta chains in normal mice. A fetal-to-adult switch in the proportion of the mouse minor hemoglobin is described. Although mice have no fetal hemoglobin per se, the timing of this switch in the mouse suggests that the mechanism of its control may directly parallel that of the human switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin expression. The mouse minor hemoglobin is expressed only in strains with the \"diffuse\" allele for the beta chain complex locus. Fetal liver cells of these mice synthesize a much greater proportion of the betaminor globin chain that do adult hematopoietic cells. Consequently, circulating fetal erythrocytes carry a high level of the minor hemoglobin containing it. By the time of birth, a lowered proportion of betaminor is synthesized in the liver. This low proportion continues to be expressed during early erythroid maturation in the adult. The fetal-to-adult switch is the first indication that in normal mice, the two beta chain loci can be expressed noncoordinately. The similarity between the patterns of the decline of the minor hemoglobin in mice and of the disappearance of fetal hemoglobin in humans suggests that the minor hemoglobin in the \"diffuse\" mouse may function to some degree as a fetal hemoglobin in the period between the disappearance of the embryonic hemoglobins and the time of birth.", "PMID": 597861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6234", "title": "Sequences associated with intracisternal A particles are reiterated in the mouse genome.", "content": "Using a 3H-cDNA for RNA sequences specifically associated with murine intracisternal type A particles, we have found multiple copies of this information in high molecular weight nuclear DNA from tissues of both Mus muscules (BALB/c, NIH Swiss, A/Jax and feral) and Mus cervicolor. Reiteration frequencies varied from 1050-1800 per haploid genome, except that fewer copies (450) were found in BALB/3T3 cells. In the series studied, the reiteration frequencies in the DNA of A particle-rich tumor cells (myeloma and neuroblastoma) were not higher than those in normal tissues (liver and sperm). Multiple copies were retained when cellular DNAs were sedimented through alkaline sucrose gradients, indicating that the sequences are integrated in the mouse genome. In situ hybridization with cDNA showed that the sequences were associated with many chromosomes and were concentrated over certain regions of some chromosomes. Only low levels of homologous sequences were detected in rat, hamster and guinea pig DNA under stringent conditions of hybridization. The presence of reiterated sequence transcripts in poly(A) RNA from a neuroblastoma A particle fraction was confirmed by direct hybridization of the RNA with cellular DNA.", "contents": "Sequences associated with intracisternal A particles are reiterated in the mouse genome. Using a 3H-cDNA for RNA sequences specifically associated with murine intracisternal type A particles, we have found multiple copies of this information in high molecular weight nuclear DNA from tissues of both Mus muscules (BALB/c, NIH Swiss, A/Jax and feral) and Mus cervicolor. Reiteration frequencies varied from 1050-1800 per haploid genome, except that fewer copies (450) were found in BALB/3T3 cells. In the series studied, the reiteration frequencies in the DNA of A particle-rich tumor cells (myeloma and neuroblastoma) were not higher than those in normal tissues (liver and sperm). Multiple copies were retained when cellular DNAs were sedimented through alkaline sucrose gradients, indicating that the sequences are integrated in the mouse genome. In situ hybridization with cDNA showed that the sequences were associated with many chromosomes and were concentrated over certain regions of some chromosomes. Only low levels of homologous sequences were detected in rat, hamster and guinea pig DNA under stringent conditions of hybridization. The presence of reiterated sequence transcripts in poly(A) RNA from a neuroblastoma A particle fraction was confirmed by direct hybridization of the RNA with cellular DNA.", "PMID": 597866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6235", "title": "Unstable, heterogeneous physical states of nuclear bodies during the post-hepatectomy dedifferentiation-replication-redifferentiation sequence.", "content": "Nuclei are shown to undergo generalized changes of state during regeneration, as reflected by changes in equilibrium density of sucrose density gradients. The time-course of these phenomena suggests an association with changes occurring after S-phase and mitosis. Such changes are no longer observable in extensively purified nuclei (washed, polyamine-stabilized nuclei), but are apparent only in nuclei with minimal purification, rapidly isolated by centrifugation from liver homogenates. This effect implies that there exists a serious risk of selective loss of some nuclear types during standard purification procedures that use 2.1-2.4 M sucrose cushions. Although these nuclear states may largely reflect the metabolic state of the cells of origin, evidence is presented to suggest that loss and redistribution of macromolecules during handling procedures causes distortion of in vivo properties.", "contents": "Unstable, heterogeneous physical states of nuclear bodies during the post-hepatectomy dedifferentiation-replication-redifferentiation sequence. Nuclei are shown to undergo generalized changes of state during regeneration, as reflected by changes in equilibrium density of sucrose density gradients. The time-course of these phenomena suggests an association with changes occurring after S-phase and mitosis. Such changes are no longer observable in extensively purified nuclei (washed, polyamine-stabilized nuclei), but are apparent only in nuclei with minimal purification, rapidly isolated by centrifugation from liver homogenates. This effect implies that there exists a serious risk of selective loss of some nuclear types during standard purification procedures that use 2.1-2.4 M sucrose cushions. Although these nuclear states may largely reflect the metabolic state of the cells of origin, evidence is presented to suggest that loss and redistribution of macromolecules during handling procedures causes distortion of in vivo properties.", "PMID": 597867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6236", "title": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitors. IV. Studies on an inhibitor of chymotrypsin and papain.", "content": "Amphibian embryo chymotrypsin and papain inhibitor (ACPI) purified by the procedure described in this paper produces a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis and a single peak on Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Except for its enzyme specificity, ACPI is very similar to amphibian embryo trypsin inhibitor (ATI). Its molecular weight is about 10,500 and its amino acid composition is typical of many naturally occurring protease inhibitors. Inhibition develops slowly, is retarded by the presence of substrate and is temporary. ACPI is localized in the yolk platelets and its disappearance both from whole embryos and from select tissue types corresponds closely with that of ATI. Possible roles for amphibian embryo proteases and protease inhibitors in development are discussed.", "contents": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitors. IV. Studies on an inhibitor of chymotrypsin and papain. Amphibian embryo chymotrypsin and papain inhibitor (ACPI) purified by the procedure described in this paper produces a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis and a single peak on Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Except for its enzyme specificity, ACPI is very similar to amphibian embryo trypsin inhibitor (ATI). Its molecular weight is about 10,500 and its amino acid composition is typical of many naturally occurring protease inhibitors. Inhibition develops slowly, is retarded by the presence of substrate and is temporary. ACPI is localized in the yolk platelets and its disappearance both from whole embryos and from select tissue types corresponds closely with that of ATI. Possible roles for amphibian embryo proteases and protease inhibitors in development are discussed.", "PMID": 597868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6237", "title": "Isolation of a substance activating foot formation in hydra.", "content": "We have developed an assay for a substance from hydra that accelerates foot regeneration in the animal. This substance is specific for the foot as evidenced by the following findings: (1) It is present in the animal as a steep gradient descending from foot to head, paralleling the foot-forming potential of the tissue (2) It does not accelerate head regeneration, nor do the head factors of hydra discovered by Schaller (1973) and Berking (1977) accelerate foot regeneration. We propose that the foot-activating substance is a morphogen responsible for foot formation in hydra. The foot activator can be extracted from hydra tissue with methanol and separated from other known morphogens of hydra by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. A substance with similar biological and physicochemical properties can be isolated from sea anemones.", "contents": "Isolation of a substance activating foot formation in hydra. We have developed an assay for a substance from hydra that accelerates foot regeneration in the animal. This substance is specific for the foot as evidenced by the following findings: (1) It is present in the animal as a steep gradient descending from foot to head, paralleling the foot-forming potential of the tissue (2) It does not accelerate head regeneration, nor do the head factors of hydra discovered by Schaller (1973) and Berking (1977) accelerate foot regeneration. We propose that the foot-activating substance is a morphogen responsible for foot formation in hydra. The foot activator can be extracted from hydra tissue with methanol and separated from other known morphogens of hydra by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. A substance with similar biological and physicochemical properties can be isolated from sea anemones.", "PMID": 597869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6238", "title": "[Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands].", "content": "A series of eight observations serves for demonstrating the clinico-pathological picture of the benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands. The glandular lesion was associated with joint symptoms, one of the female patients developed malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "[Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands]. A series of eight observations serves for demonstrating the clinico-pathological picture of the benign lymphoepithelial lesion of salivary glands. The glandular lesion was associated with joint symptoms, one of the female patients developed malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 597920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6239", "title": "[Formation and release of antibodies in lymphocytes].", "content": "An immunohistochemical study proved that lymphocytes were the dominant cell type responsible for the production of antibodies during the local humoral immune response to human serum albumin in the mouse omentum. Ultrastructurally, specific antibodies were detected on ribosomes and polysomes linked to the perinuclear cisterna and placed in it, as well as on the free intracytoplasmic ribosomes and polysomes. In no case antibodies were found in other cell organelles involved in protein synthesis. Most probably the mechanismus of antibody release from lymphocytes are different from similar processes taking place in plasma cells.", "contents": "[Formation and release of antibodies in lymphocytes]. An immunohistochemical study proved that lymphocytes were the dominant cell type responsible for the production of antibodies during the local humoral immune response to human serum albumin in the mouse omentum. Ultrastructurally, specific antibodies were detected on ribosomes and polysomes linked to the perinuclear cisterna and placed in it, as well as on the free intracytoplasmic ribosomes and polysomes. In no case antibodies were found in other cell organelles involved in protein synthesis. Most probably the mechanismus of antibody release from lymphocytes are different from similar processes taking place in plasma cells.", "PMID": 597921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6240", "title": "[Development of arrangement and degradation of the system of rough endoplasmic reticulum in antibody-producing plasma cells].", "content": "During the immune response of the cells of murine omentum to horseradish peroxidase which had been administered intraperitoneally together together with endotoxin or endotoxoid acting as an adjuvans the plasma cells showed several different patterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum [RER] system. Irregular to bizarre RER structures occurred plasma cells during the initial phase of the immune reaction only, whereas the plasma cells found at later stages had characteristic highly organized RER systems. The irregular \"atypical\" RER patterns have been regarded by some authorities as fully functional structures developed under the influence of a rapid differentiation of immunocompetent cells following administration of mitogens as well as due to a variously pronounced toxic influence of mitogens upon cell organelles. The possibilities of RER system degradation and the fate of antibodies which had not been discharged by the plasma cells has been discussed.", "contents": "[Development of arrangement and degradation of the system of rough endoplasmic reticulum in antibody-producing plasma cells]. During the immune response of the cells of murine omentum to horseradish peroxidase which had been administered intraperitoneally together together with endotoxin or endotoxoid acting as an adjuvans the plasma cells showed several different patterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum [RER] system. Irregular to bizarre RER structures occurred plasma cells during the initial phase of the immune reaction only, whereas the plasma cells found at later stages had characteristic highly organized RER systems. The irregular \"atypical\" RER patterns have been regarded by some authorities as fully functional structures developed under the influence of a rapid differentiation of immunocompetent cells following administration of mitogens as well as due to a variously pronounced toxic influence of mitogens upon cell organelles. The possibilities of RER system degradation and the fate of antibodies which had not been discharged by the plasma cells has been discussed.", "PMID": 597922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6241", "title": "[Neuroectodermal tumors of the skin (a normative study)].", "content": "A group of bioptically examined neuroectodermal tumours of the skin and soft tissues consisting, in particular, of 170 Schwannomas and 350 tumours has been reevaluated in a retrospective study. The following common classification of these tumours has been recommended: I. Tumours of Schwann's cells: 1. neurilemmoma [A and B], 2. neurofibroma [with the following variants v. Recklinghausen's type, plexiform, pigmented, Paccinian, with Meissner-Wagner's bodies and meningiomatous], 3. amputation neuroma, 4. neurosarcoma, 5. others. II. Melanogenic tumours: A. pigmented naevi (junction, mixed, intradermal, epithelioid, clear cell, halo, neurocutaneous, fibrous, blue, proliferating blue, melanotic progonoma, others). -B. praecancerous melanosis. -C. malignant melanoblastoma (common type, from praecancerosis). III. Tumours of ganglion cells: 1. ganglioneuroma, 2. neuroblastoma, 3. paragangliomas (with granules, without granules, alveolar soft part sarcoma).", "contents": "[Neuroectodermal tumors of the skin (a normative study)]. A group of bioptically examined neuroectodermal tumours of the skin and soft tissues consisting, in particular, of 170 Schwannomas and 350 tumours has been reevaluated in a retrospective study. The following common classification of these tumours has been recommended: I. Tumours of Schwann's cells: 1. neurilemmoma [A and B], 2. neurofibroma [with the following variants v. Recklinghausen's type, plexiform, pigmented, Paccinian, with Meissner-Wagner's bodies and meningiomatous], 3. amputation neuroma, 4. neurosarcoma, 5. others. II. Melanogenic tumours: A. pigmented naevi (junction, mixed, intradermal, epithelioid, clear cell, halo, neurocutaneous, fibrous, blue, proliferating blue, melanotic progonoma, others). -B. praecancerous melanosis. -C. malignant melanoblastoma (common type, from praecancerosis). III. Tumours of ganglion cells: 1. ganglioneuroma, 2. neuroblastoma, 3. paragangliomas (with granules, without granules, alveolar soft part sarcoma).", "PMID": 597924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6242", "title": "The effect of manganese and ferric ions on the in vitro formation of dihydrodihydroxy metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "The effect of ferric and manganese ions on the in vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to dihydrodihydroxy (diol) metabolites by rat liver microsomal preparations was studied. Of the 3 diols separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and called diols 1, 2 and 3 in order of elution, diol 1 was identified by its U.V. spectrum as the 9,10-diol; diols 2 and 3 have not yet been identified positively but are probably the 4,5- and 7,8-diols respectively. Higher concentrations of both metals altered the diol profile; 10 and 50 mumol Fe3+ per incubation caused the disappearance of diols 1 and 2 and an increase in diol 3; 10 mumol Mn2+ caused a significant decrease in diol 2 while 50 mumol reduced diol 2 to a negligible amount and inhibited the formation of diol 1; both concentrations caused a relative increase in diol 3. If the tentative identification of diol 3 as the 7,8-diol is correct, manganese and ferric ions could be significant in the metabolism of BP to the active metabolite, the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide.", "contents": "The effect of manganese and ferric ions on the in vitro formation of dihydrodihydroxy metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene. The effect of ferric and manganese ions on the in vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to dihydrodihydroxy (diol) metabolites by rat liver microsomal preparations was studied. Of the 3 diols separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and called diols 1, 2 and 3 in order of elution, diol 1 was identified by its U.V. spectrum as the 9,10-diol; diols 2 and 3 have not yet been identified positively but are probably the 4,5- and 7,8-diols respectively. Higher concentrations of both metals altered the diol profile; 10 and 50 mumol Fe3+ per incubation caused the disappearance of diols 1 and 2 and an increase in diol 3; 10 mumol Mn2+ caused a significant decrease in diol 2 while 50 mumol reduced diol 2 to a negligible amount and inhibited the formation of diol 1; both concentrations caused a relative increase in diol 3. If the tentative identification of diol 3 as the 7,8-diol is correct, manganese and ferric ions could be significant in the metabolism of BP to the active metabolite, the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide.", "PMID": 597961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6243", "title": "Inhibition of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung cell division by oxygen: time-effect and dose-effect relationships.", "content": "Mice were injected i.p. with 250 or 400 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In vivo incorporation of thymidine into pulmonary DNA was measured on days 1-7 after BHT. 2, 3 and 4 days after BHT, DNA synthesis was inhibited by a 24-h exposure to 100% oxygen, whereas on days 5, 6 and 7 after BHT, oxygen failed to depress synthesis. A similar pattern was observed when incorporation of leucine into protein was measured: 2 and 4 days after BHT, oxygen decreased leucine incorporation, but had no effect 6 days after BHT or in animals not pretreated with BHT. It is concluded that the cells proliferating early after BHT, the type II alveolar cells, are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of oxygen than are interstitial and capillary endothelial cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung cell division by oxygen: time-effect and dose-effect relationships. Mice were injected i.p. with 250 or 400 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In vivo incorporation of thymidine into pulmonary DNA was measured on days 1-7 after BHT. 2, 3 and 4 days after BHT, DNA synthesis was inhibited by a 24-h exposure to 100% oxygen, whereas on days 5, 6 and 7 after BHT, oxygen failed to depress synthesis. A similar pattern was observed when incorporation of leucine into protein was measured: 2 and 4 days after BHT, oxygen decreased leucine incorporation, but had no effect 6 days after BHT or in animals not pretreated with BHT. It is concluded that the cells proliferating early after BHT, the type II alveolar cells, are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of oxygen than are interstitial and capillary endothelial cells.", "PMID": 597962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6244", "title": "Changes of activity of daunorubicin, adriamycin and stereoisomers following the introduction or removal of hydroxyl groups in the amino sugar moiety.", "content": "The results of a study of the effects of hydroxyl groups at positions, 2, 4 and 6 of the amino sugar on the activity of daunorubicin, adriamycin, and stereoisomers are presented. While the 4'-deoxy derivatives showed a slightly increased biological activity as compared with the parent compounds, the derivatives containing an additional hydroxyl group were less active. It is suggested that the changes in the polarity and in the DNA binding ability of these derivatives are the main factors accounting for the difference in the in vivo activity. The possible relations among the pKa values, the DNA binding properties, and the cellular uptake of the compounds are discussed with particular reference to their therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "Changes of activity of daunorubicin, adriamycin and stereoisomers following the introduction or removal of hydroxyl groups in the amino sugar moiety. The results of a study of the effects of hydroxyl groups at positions, 2, 4 and 6 of the amino sugar on the activity of daunorubicin, adriamycin, and stereoisomers are presented. While the 4'-deoxy derivatives showed a slightly increased biological activity as compared with the parent compounds, the derivatives containing an additional hydroxyl group were less active. It is suggested that the changes in the polarity and in the DNA binding ability of these derivatives are the main factors accounting for the difference in the in vivo activity. The possible relations among the pKa values, the DNA binding properties, and the cellular uptake of the compounds are discussed with particular reference to their therapeutic effectiveness.", "PMID": 597963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6245", "title": "Changes in liver nuclear protein metabolism after a single dose of urethane to suckling mice.", "content": "Treatment of 8-9-day-old C57BL/A mice with a single carcinogenic dose of urethane, at 1.2 mg/g body wt., resulted in an immediate decrease in liver DNA synthesis reaching a maximum at about 16-18 h after injection, the rate of synthesis returning to normal after 48 h. When the nuclear proteins were radiolabelled, the non-histone protein (NHP) fraction showed a significant decrease in specific activity 8-18 h after injection of urethane and slight increase in specific activity after 24 h. Histone and residual proteins did not show any significant change. The liver NHP were analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The latter technique failed to show any distinctive differences but IEF results indicated some quantitative and qualitative changes in protein content and synthesis were induced by the urethane treatment. The most noticeable change in the stained gels was an increase in a protein component having a pI of 7.35 and the appearance of new bands at pI's of 7.85 and 5.55 in the 18 h treated livers. However, the [3H]tryptophan labelling pattern indicated that this was not due to an increased synthesis of these components. 24 h after urethane there appeared to be an increased rate of synthesis of some of the major components of the mixture, particularly at the pI 5.65 region. Histone and residual protein fractions were also analysed by electrophoresis and showed no difference between treated and control livers.", "contents": "Changes in liver nuclear protein metabolism after a single dose of urethane to suckling mice. Treatment of 8-9-day-old C57BL/A mice with a single carcinogenic dose of urethane, at 1.2 mg/g body wt., resulted in an immediate decrease in liver DNA synthesis reaching a maximum at about 16-18 h after injection, the rate of synthesis returning to normal after 48 h. When the nuclear proteins were radiolabelled, the non-histone protein (NHP) fraction showed a significant decrease in specific activity 8-18 h after injection of urethane and slight increase in specific activity after 24 h. Histone and residual proteins did not show any significant change. The liver NHP were analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The latter technique failed to show any distinctive differences but IEF results indicated some quantitative and qualitative changes in protein content and synthesis were induced by the urethane treatment. The most noticeable change in the stained gels was an increase in a protein component having a pI of 7.35 and the appearance of new bands at pI's of 7.85 and 5.55 in the 18 h treated livers. However, the [3H]tryptophan labelling pattern indicated that this was not due to an increased synthesis of these components. 24 h after urethane there appeared to be an increased rate of synthesis of some of the major components of the mixture, particularly at the pI 5.65 region. Histone and residual protein fractions were also analysed by electrophoresis and showed no difference between treated and control livers.", "PMID": 597964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6246", "title": "The stability of methyl and ethyl phosphotriesters in DNA in vivo.", "content": "C57BL male mice were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA) and the concentration of alkyl phosphotriesters in the DNA of lung, liver, brain, kidney, spleen and thymus determined from the extent of degradation induced in isolated DNA by alkali. The same total dose of reagent was given either as a single injection (i.p.) or by weekly injections carried out over 5-20 weeks. Methyl phosphotriesters induced in liver, lung and kidney by the single injection were lost with a half-life of about 7 days, in brain the loss was more rapid, t1/2 = 2-3 days. During the multiple injections the observed t1/2 was 16 days. Ethyl phosphotriesters formed in the DNA of lung, liver, kidney and brain were much more stable than the methyl derivatives, t1/2 = 10-15 weeks. Phosphotriesters formed in the DNA of spleen and thymus disappeared very quickly after the single injection presumably as a result of dilution due to DNA replication. No accumulation of phosphotriesters occurred in the DNA of these tissues during the multiple injections. The general pattern of the results suggests that phosphotriesters are not excised by cellular repair systems.", "contents": "The stability of methyl and ethyl phosphotriesters in DNA in vivo. C57BL male mice were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA) and the concentration of alkyl phosphotriesters in the DNA of lung, liver, brain, kidney, spleen and thymus determined from the extent of degradation induced in isolated DNA by alkali. The same total dose of reagent was given either as a single injection (i.p.) or by weekly injections carried out over 5-20 weeks. Methyl phosphotriesters induced in liver, lung and kidney by the single injection were lost with a half-life of about 7 days, in brain the loss was more rapid, t1/2 = 2-3 days. During the multiple injections the observed t1/2 was 16 days. Ethyl phosphotriesters formed in the DNA of lung, liver, kidney and brain were much more stable than the methyl derivatives, t1/2 = 10-15 weeks. Phosphotriesters formed in the DNA of spleen and thymus disappeared very quickly after the single injection presumably as a result of dilution due to DNA replication. No accumulation of phosphotriesters occurred in the DNA of these tissues during the multiple injections. The general pattern of the results suggests that phosphotriesters are not excised by cellular repair systems.", "PMID": 597965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6247", "title": "The formation and stability of methyl phosphotriesters in the DNA of rat tissues after treatment with the carcinogen N,N-dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Following the injection i.p. of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) into Chester Beatty (CB) hooded, female rats (2 mg/kg) measurable concentrations of methyl phosphotriesters were found in the DNA of liver, lung and kidney but not in spleen, thymus or brain. In lung and kidney these lesions were stable for at least 14 days but in liver there was a steady loss (t 1/2 9-11 days). Administering the same total dose in 10 weekly injections produced the same concentration of phosphotriesters in lung and kidney DNA as the single injection but in liver only half of the concentration induced by the single injection was found. It was calculated that the half-life of methyl phosphotriesters in the liver DNA of animals given repetitive injections was of the order of 6 weeks.", "contents": "The formation and stability of methyl phosphotriesters in the DNA of rat tissues after treatment with the carcinogen N,N-dimethylnitrosamine. Following the injection i.p. of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) into Chester Beatty (CB) hooded, female rats (2 mg/kg) measurable concentrations of methyl phosphotriesters were found in the DNA of liver, lung and kidney but not in spleen, thymus or brain. In lung and kidney these lesions were stable for at least 14 days but in liver there was a steady loss (t 1/2 9-11 days). Administering the same total dose in 10 weekly injections produced the same concentration of phosphotriesters in lung and kidney DNA as the single injection but in liver only half of the concentration induced by the single injection was found. It was calculated that the half-life of methyl phosphotriesters in the liver DNA of animals given repetitive injections was of the order of 6 weeks.", "PMID": 597966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6248", "title": "Accommodation of hydroxyl groups and their hydrogen bond system in a hydrocarbon matrix.", "content": "From data of a single crystal analysis of 12-D-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid methyl ester principles for the incorporation of hydroxyl groups into a hydrocarbon chain matrix can be deduced. In the crystalline compound infinite hydrogen bond systems are accommodated in an orthorhombic perpendicular chain arrangement. The orthorhombic perpendicular hydrocarbon subcell is expanded towards a hexagonal packing pattern, allowing more space and optimal geometry for the hydrogen bond system. The arrangement of the bond system in the orthorhombic perpendicular subcell requires that hydrogen bonded carbon chains carry alternatingly hydroxyl groups with opposite configuration. For the enantiomeric compound this requirement is met by a head to tail packing of molecules in a single layer arrangement. The corresponding racemates on the other hand pack head to head in double layers as confirmed by X-ray powder and IR studies. In monolayers both enantiomers and racemates behave identically. The hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups apparently leads to the formation of lipid clusters, in which the geometric conditions for both a close packing of hydrocarbon chains and the formation of an extensive hydrogen bond system do not exist.", "contents": "Accommodation of hydroxyl groups and their hydrogen bond system in a hydrocarbon matrix. From data of a single crystal analysis of 12-D-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid methyl ester principles for the incorporation of hydroxyl groups into a hydrocarbon chain matrix can be deduced. In the crystalline compound infinite hydrogen bond systems are accommodated in an orthorhombic perpendicular chain arrangement. The orthorhombic perpendicular hydrocarbon subcell is expanded towards a hexagonal packing pattern, allowing more space and optimal geometry for the hydrogen bond system. The arrangement of the bond system in the orthorhombic perpendicular subcell requires that hydrogen bonded carbon chains carry alternatingly hydroxyl groups with opposite configuration. For the enantiomeric compound this requirement is met by a head to tail packing of molecules in a single layer arrangement. The corresponding racemates on the other hand pack head to head in double layers as confirmed by X-ray powder and IR studies. In monolayers both enantiomers and racemates behave identically. The hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups apparently leads to the formation of lipid clusters, in which the geometric conditions for both a close packing of hydrocarbon chains and the formation of an extensive hydrogen bond system do not exist.", "PMID": 597968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6249", "title": "Molecular arrangements of sphingolipids. The monolayer behaviour of ceramides.", "content": "A series of synthetic ceramides have been studied at the air-water interface by recording the surface pressue-area isotherms at continuous compression. Ceramides that contain a 4,5-trans-double bond in the long chain base were found to condense into a close-packed arrangement with vertical chains already at a very low surface pressure. The corresponding saturated compounds adopt a similar close packed arrangement only at high surface pressue. At 30 dynes/cm, a lateral pressure representative of biological membranes, the area per molecule and compressibility was further found to depend on the number and configuration of the hydroxyl groups. The presence of a 2-D-hydroxyl group in the fatty acid generally promotes the condensation. A similar effect is observed if the long chain base contains a 4-D-hydroxyl group. Cis-double bonds or methyl branches in the fatty acid chain, which increase the space requirement, limit the lateral interaction of the polar group. However the 15-cis-double bond of nervonic acid can be accomodated without any distortion of the close-packing arrangement.", "contents": "Molecular arrangements of sphingolipids. The monolayer behaviour of ceramides. A series of synthetic ceramides have been studied at the air-water interface by recording the surface pressue-area isotherms at continuous compression. Ceramides that contain a 4,5-trans-double bond in the long chain base were found to condense into a close-packed arrangement with vertical chains already at a very low surface pressure. The corresponding saturated compounds adopt a similar close packed arrangement only at high surface pressue. At 30 dynes/cm, a lateral pressure representative of biological membranes, the area per molecule and compressibility was further found to depend on the number and configuration of the hydroxyl groups. The presence of a 2-D-hydroxyl group in the fatty acid generally promotes the condensation. A similar effect is observed if the long chain base contains a 4-D-hydroxyl group. Cis-double bonds or methyl branches in the fatty acid chain, which increase the space requirement, limit the lateral interaction of the polar group. However the 15-cis-double bond of nervonic acid can be accomodated without any distortion of the close-packing arrangement.", "PMID": 597969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6250", "title": "NMR and calorimetric studies of changes in phase transition of head group modified phospholipids.", "content": "The 13C- and 31P-NMR spectra and DSC thermograms of unsonicated dispersions consisting of phospholipids of varying methylation stages of the propanolamine head group were investigated. Methylation of the head group was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the phase transition temperatures. In the liquid crystalline state the 31P-anisotropy of the chemical shift is about equal for all studied compounds, demonstrating that the motion of the phosphate group is not influenced by modifications of the propanolamine group.", "contents": "NMR and calorimetric studies of changes in phase transition of head group modified phospholipids. The 13C- and 31P-NMR spectra and DSC thermograms of unsonicated dispersions consisting of phospholipids of varying methylation stages of the propanolamine head group were investigated. Methylation of the head group was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the phase transition temperatures. In the liquid crystalline state the 31P-anisotropy of the chemical shift is about equal for all studied compounds, demonstrating that the motion of the phosphate group is not influenced by modifications of the propanolamine group.", "PMID": 597970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6251", "title": "The dispersion of cholesterol with phospholipids and glycolipids.", "content": "Of the polar lipids studied (phospholipids and glycolipids), only phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin can disperse in water with up to 2 mol cholesterol/mol polar lipid. However, mixtures of phosphatidylethanolamine with small amounts of phosphatidylcholine and mixed lipids from mitochondria and myelin will also form sterol-rich dispersions. Steroids in which the 3beta-OH group is replaced by an oxo function do not form such steroid-rich dispersions. Electron microscopy and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) show that sterols disperse with cerebrosides and gangliosides to form cylindrical structures with the regions around C atoms 3 and 7 of the sterol in less polar environments than those they occupy in phospholipid liposomes. It is proposed that choline-containing phospholipids facilitate entry of sterol molecules into the outer leaflet of cell surface membranes but that the phospholipid composition itself will not give rise to an asymmetric distribution of sterol in membranes with a high cholesterol content.", "contents": "The dispersion of cholesterol with phospholipids and glycolipids. Of the polar lipids studied (phospholipids and glycolipids), only phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin can disperse in water with up to 2 mol cholesterol/mol polar lipid. However, mixtures of phosphatidylethanolamine with small amounts of phosphatidylcholine and mixed lipids from mitochondria and myelin will also form sterol-rich dispersions. Steroids in which the 3beta-OH group is replaced by an oxo function do not form such steroid-rich dispersions. Electron microscopy and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) show that sterols disperse with cerebrosides and gangliosides to form cylindrical structures with the regions around C atoms 3 and 7 of the sterol in less polar environments than those they occupy in phospholipid liposomes. It is proposed that choline-containing phospholipids facilitate entry of sterol molecules into the outer leaflet of cell surface membranes but that the phospholipid composition itself will not give rise to an asymmetric distribution of sterol in membranes with a high cholesterol content.", "PMID": 597971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6252", "title": "Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on coronary blood flow of dogs in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the vasoconstrictive effects of alpha-adrenergic receptors are responsible, at least in part, for the lack of a maximal vasodilatation of coronary arteries during hemorrhagic shock. Open-chested, anesthetized, mongrel dogs were bled so as to reach an arterial pressure level of 44 mm Hg, and were monitored using an electromagnetic, non-cannulating flowmeter. During shock, two intracoronary injections were made, one of saline, the other of phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). Control dogs had 2 injections of saline. Following phenoxybenzamine, coronary blood flow increased by 32%. These results indicate that although coronary blood flow may be mainly under local control, the sympathetic nervous system limits maximal coronary vasodilatation during hemorrhagic shock by virtue of activated alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on coronary blood flow of dogs in hemorrhagic shock. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the vasoconstrictive effects of alpha-adrenergic receptors are responsible, at least in part, for the lack of a maximal vasodilatation of coronary arteries during hemorrhagic shock. Open-chested, anesthetized, mongrel dogs were bled so as to reach an arterial pressure level of 44 mm Hg, and were monitored using an electromagnetic, non-cannulating flowmeter. During shock, two intracoronary injections were made, one of saline, the other of phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). Control dogs had 2 injections of saline. Following phenoxybenzamine, coronary blood flow increased by 32%. These results indicate that although coronary blood flow may be mainly under local control, the sympathetic nervous system limits maximal coronary vasodilatation during hemorrhagic shock by virtue of activated alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 598003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6253", "title": "Influence of dopamine on liver dynamics in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The present study was conducted to examine the effect of dopamine on arterial blood pressure, liver blood flow, cathepsin D activity, and free amino nitrogen concentration in hemorrhagic shock. Dopamine at a dose of 4 microgram/kg/min increased both mean arterial blood pressure and liver blood flow in postoligemic shock, but failed to prevent the marked increases in circulating cathepsin D and free amino nitrogen. In fact, dopamine infusion resulted in an increased plasma cathepsin D activity in shock. This increased accumulation of a lysosomal marker enzyme probably results from increased washout of the enzyme from the splanchnic or hepatic vascular bed in response to increased blood flow in these areas rather than from a direct effect of dopamine on lysosomal integrity. The increase in hepatic artery and portal vein flows appeared to result from stimulation of dopaminergic receptors since the dopamine dose was in the dopaminergic range and because haloperidol, a dopamine blocker, abolished the improved hemodynamic effects of dopamine. This study suggests that dopamine benefits the animal in hemorrhagic shock hemodynamically, but does not reverse the metabolic and cellular problems in shock. Perhaps, in combination with a drug opposing the biochemical basis of shock, dopamine may provide a greater anti-shock action.", "contents": "Influence of dopamine on liver dynamics in hemorrhagic shock. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of dopamine on arterial blood pressure, liver blood flow, cathepsin D activity, and free amino nitrogen concentration in hemorrhagic shock. Dopamine at a dose of 4 microgram/kg/min increased both mean arterial blood pressure and liver blood flow in postoligemic shock, but failed to prevent the marked increases in circulating cathepsin D and free amino nitrogen. In fact, dopamine infusion resulted in an increased plasma cathepsin D activity in shock. This increased accumulation of a lysosomal marker enzyme probably results from increased washout of the enzyme from the splanchnic or hepatic vascular bed in response to increased blood flow in these areas rather than from a direct effect of dopamine on lysosomal integrity. The increase in hepatic artery and portal vein flows appeared to result from stimulation of dopaminergic receptors since the dopamine dose was in the dopaminergic range and because haloperidol, a dopamine blocker, abolished the improved hemodynamic effects of dopamine. This study suggests that dopamine benefits the animal in hemorrhagic shock hemodynamically, but does not reverse the metabolic and cellular problems in shock. Perhaps, in combination with a drug opposing the biochemical basis of shock, dopamine may provide a greater anti-shock action.", "PMID": 598004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6254", "title": "Regional blood flow redistribution during early burn shock in the guinea pig.", "content": "The distribution of blood flow was determined with radioactive microspheres following scald injury in guinea pigs. Burn was induced in halothane-anesthetized guinea pigs by a 3-sec immersion to the xiphoid process in 100 degree C water. Cardiac output and fractional blood flow measurements were made at preburn, 15-min postburn, and 75-min post-burn. In the scalded animals cardiac output decreased 58% by 75 min postburn. Three different blood flow responses to burn were noted: a) Brain, heart, hepatic artery, and adrenals received an increased fraction of the cardiac output; b) the fractional distribution of the diaphragm, liver (portal), spleen, gastrointestinal tract, muscle (from burned portion of the body), and bone remained constant; while c) the pancreas, burned skin, nonburned skin, and adipose tissue received a reduced fraction of the cardiac output. Although some regions of the body (i.e., brain and heart) received a greater percentage of the total cardiac output after burn injury, the cardiac output decrease was sufficient to cause a depression in absolute blood flow to all but two sites (adrenals and hepatic artery).", "contents": "Regional blood flow redistribution during early burn shock in the guinea pig. The distribution of blood flow was determined with radioactive microspheres following scald injury in guinea pigs. Burn was induced in halothane-anesthetized guinea pigs by a 3-sec immersion to the xiphoid process in 100 degree C water. Cardiac output and fractional blood flow measurements were made at preburn, 15-min postburn, and 75-min post-burn. In the scalded animals cardiac output decreased 58% by 75 min postburn. Three different blood flow responses to burn were noted: a) Brain, heart, hepatic artery, and adrenals received an increased fraction of the cardiac output; b) the fractional distribution of the diaphragm, liver (portal), spleen, gastrointestinal tract, muscle (from burned portion of the body), and bone remained constant; while c) the pancreas, burned skin, nonburned skin, and adipose tissue received a reduced fraction of the cardiac output. Although some regions of the body (i.e., brain and heart) received a greater percentage of the total cardiac output after burn injury, the cardiac output decrease was sufficient to cause a depression in absolute blood flow to all but two sites (adrenals and hepatic artery).", "PMID": 598005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6255", "title": "The children's waiting room at Charing Cross Hospital.", "content": "The children's waiting room at Charing Cross Hospital was opened on April 2 1973 as part of the Department of Paediatrics. It is run by the authors who have had a Nursery Nurse training and are employed by the hospital as Play Therapists. It is attended by hundreds of different families a year. Some come to the hospital just once or twice, but others have been coming for many years.", "contents": "The children's waiting room at Charing Cross Hospital. The children's waiting room at Charing Cross Hospital was opened on April 2 1973 as part of the Department of Paediatrics. It is run by the authors who have had a Nursery Nurse training and are employed by the hospital as Play Therapists. It is attended by hundreds of different families a year. Some come to the hospital just once or twice, but others have been coming for many years.", "PMID": 598000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6256", "title": "Hemodynamic reflex in muscle in response to brief occlusion of the mesenteric artery.", "content": "Brief occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery in the cat produces increases in systemic pressure and in muscle blood flow. Capillary filtration in muscle, measured during occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, exceeds that of the controls. Propranolol, which blocks the evoked increase in muscle  blood flow, reduces capillary filtration during occlusion to less than the control. Cutting the mesenteric nerve returns capillary filtration to the control level. Passive redistribution of blood, such as might follow occlusion of a large vascular region, is not the basis for the evoked changes in muscle hemodynamics. They are abolished by cutting the mesenteric nerve and by propranolol, and are demonstrable during constant pressure perfusion of muscle. The evidence suggests that occlusion of the mesenteric artery produces an increase in capillary filtration by balancing a reflex sympathetic beta-adrenergic vasodilation in pre-capillary resistance vessels with an increase in resistance in the precapillary sphincters.", "contents": "Hemodynamic reflex in muscle in response to brief occlusion of the mesenteric artery. Brief occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery in the cat produces increases in systemic pressure and in muscle blood flow. Capillary filtration in muscle, measured during occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, exceeds that of the controls. Propranolol, which blocks the evoked increase in muscle  blood flow, reduces capillary filtration during occlusion to less than the control. Cutting the mesenteric nerve returns capillary filtration to the control level. Passive redistribution of blood, such as might follow occlusion of a large vascular region, is not the basis for the evoked changes in muscle hemodynamics. They are abolished by cutting the mesenteric nerve and by propranolol, and are demonstrable during constant pressure perfusion of muscle. The evidence suggests that occlusion of the mesenteric artery produces an increase in capillary filtration by balancing a reflex sympathetic beta-adrenergic vasodilation in pre-capillary resistance vessels with an increase in resistance in the precapillary sphincters.", "PMID": 598006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6257", "title": "Living in one-parent families: relationships and attitudes of 16-year-olds.", "content": "The proportions of 16-year-olds in the National Child Development Study who are not living with both their natural parents in 1974 are examined and compared with proportions in earlier follow-ups. The children who have ever lived in one-parent families are selected for more detailed examination, such as the reasons for their parental situation, the age their families broke up and the ratio of motherless to fatherless at each age. The children's view of their relationship with their parents or new parent figures and their attitudes towards their own future marriage and family are considered and compared with those of children still living with both their own parents. The overall conclusion is that the differences in these respects between children in one and two-parent families are very slight, suggesting that the attitudes of children in one-parent families towards their future family life have not been greatly affected by their own childhood experiences.", "contents": "Living in one-parent families: relationships and attitudes of 16-year-olds. The proportions of 16-year-olds in the National Child Development Study who are not living with both their natural parents in 1974 are examined and compared with proportions in earlier follow-ups. The children who have ever lived in one-parent families are selected for more detailed examination, such as the reasons for their parental situation, the age their families broke up and the ratio of motherless to fatherless at each age. The children's view of their relationship with their parents or new parent figures and their attitudes towards their own future marriage and family are considered and compared with those of children still living with both their own parents. The overall conclusion is that the differences in these respects between children in one and two-parent families are very slight, suggesting that the attitudes of children in one-parent families towards their future family life have not been greatly affected by their own childhood experiences.", "PMID": 598001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6258", "title": "Modified paper chromatographic method for assay of myocardial depressant factor.", "content": "A simplified paper chromatographic technique for assaying myocardial depressant factor (MDF) is presented. In addition to a serine standard, deproteinized plasma samples from rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock were applied to paper and chromatographed. The spot in the chromatograms occurring at a migration distance of 1.6 to 1.8 times that of the standard (RS = 1.6-1.8) was found by bioassay to contain the MDF. The chromatographic spots were developed with ninhydrin and eluted with 3 ml of 1% NaHCO3. The absorbance at 570 nm (A570) of each eluate was measured and compared against the A570 value of the eluted serine standard. A direct linear relationship was shown between MDF chromatographic and bioassay values for each animal. This technique for paper chromatographic assay of MDF is as sensitive, specific, and reliable as bioassay, but offers clear advantages of small sample volume requirement, reduced analysis time, and ease of performance with routinely available laboratory equipment.", "contents": "Modified paper chromatographic method for assay of myocardial depressant factor. A simplified paper chromatographic technique for assaying myocardial depressant factor (MDF) is presented. In addition to a serine standard, deproteinized plasma samples from rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock were applied to paper and chromatographed. The spot in the chromatograms occurring at a migration distance of 1.6 to 1.8 times that of the standard (RS = 1.6-1.8) was found by bioassay to contain the MDF. The chromatographic spots were developed with ninhydrin and eluted with 3 ml of 1% NaHCO3. The absorbance at 570 nm (A570) of each eluate was measured and compared against the A570 value of the eluted serine standard. A direct linear relationship was shown between MDF chromatographic and bioassay values for each animal. This technique for paper chromatographic assay of MDF is as sensitive, specific, and reliable as bioassay, but offers clear advantages of small sample volume requirement, reduced analysis time, and ease of performance with routinely available laboratory equipment.", "PMID": 598007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6259", "title": "A child's relationships after admission to residential care.", "content": "In a group of 92 children in longterm residential care it was found that those children visited infrequently by their mothers were less likely than those visited frequently or not at all to relate well to their houseparents. That the child's relationship with the houseparents was of considerable significance was suggested by the finding that prolonged contact with the same houseparent was associated with lower rates of psychiatric disorder and deviant behaviour in the child. The implications of these findings for child care practice are discussed.", "contents": "A child's relationships after admission to residential care. In a group of 92 children in longterm residential care it was found that those children visited infrequently by their mothers were less likely than those visited frequently or not at all to relate well to their houseparents. That the child's relationship with the houseparents was of considerable significance was suggested by the finding that prolonged contact with the same houseparent was associated with lower rates of psychiatric disorder and deviant behaviour in the child. The implications of these findings for child care practice are discussed.", "PMID": 598002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6260", "title": "A method for the analysis of chlorhexidine in serum.", "content": "A colorimetric method for the determination of chlorhexidine in serum or plasma has been elaborated; the limit of detection of the method is 25 ng/ml, based on 10 ml of serum or plasma.", "contents": "A method for the analysis of chlorhexidine in serum. A colorimetric method for the determination of chlorhexidine in serum or plasma has been elaborated; the limit of detection of the method is 25 ng/ml, based on 10 ml of serum or plasma.", "PMID": 598008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6261", "title": "An evaluation of commercial kits for creatine phosphokinase assay.", "content": "1. The evaluation of seven colorimetric and twelve kinetic or ultra-violet (UV) creatine phosphokinase (CPK) kit methods for their reliability as a diagnostic tool in clinical laboratories has revealed that over 35% of such commercial products readily available in Canada do not yield reliable results. 2. Six out of seven colorimetric kits failed to meet the criteria of minimum reliability as did one of the twelve UV kinetic kits.", "contents": "An evaluation of commercial kits for creatine phosphokinase assay. 1. The evaluation of seven colorimetric and twelve kinetic or ultra-violet (UV) creatine phosphokinase (CPK) kit methods for their reliability as a diagnostic tool in clinical laboratories has revealed that over 35% of such commercial products readily available in Canada do not yield reliable results. 2. Six out of seven colorimetric kits failed to meet the criteria of minimum reliability as did one of the twelve UV kinetic kits.", "PMID": 598009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6262", "title": "Triglyceride assay using the ABA-50 and Boehringer Mannheim Triglyceride reagent kit.", "content": "1. A procedure for the assay of triglycerides on the ABA-50 is described. 2. The Boehringer Mannheim Triglyceride (Fully Enzymatic method) reagent kit has been evaluated with this method and was found to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Triglyceride assay using the ABA-50 and Boehringer Mannheim Triglyceride reagent kit. 1. A procedure for the assay of triglycerides on the ABA-50 is described. 2. The Boehringer Mannheim Triglyceride (Fully Enzymatic method) reagent kit has been evaluated with this method and was found to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 598010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6263", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism with gynaecomastia due to testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency.", "content": "A 28-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite with gynaecomastia was raised as a female until the age of 17 years, at which time he developed masculine features (deepening of the voice, development of facial hair, male distribution of body hair and male body habitus) and assumed a male gender role. He had a small phallus with perineal urethra, absence of labioscrotal fusion, presence of vaginal pouch and undescended testes. The testicular biopsy showed hyalinization of the tubular basement membrane, lack of spermatogenesis and hyperplastic Leydig cells. Baseline peripheral plasma studies showed androstenedione concentrations ten times normal, low testosterone, elevated oestrone and elevated gonadotrophins. The in vitro incubation of testicular tissue showed no significant conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. However, two types of peripheral tissues, skin fibroblasts and erythrocytes, had a normal conversion, as did the body overall as measured by the technique of androstenedione constant infusion. These studies demonstrate that the 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency of the patient was limited to the testes.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism with gynaecomastia due to testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency. A 28-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite with gynaecomastia was raised as a female until the age of 17 years, at which time he developed masculine features (deepening of the voice, development of facial hair, male distribution of body hair and male body habitus) and assumed a male gender role. He had a small phallus with perineal urethra, absence of labioscrotal fusion, presence of vaginal pouch and undescended testes. The testicular biopsy showed hyalinization of the tubular basement membrane, lack of spermatogenesis and hyperplastic Leydig cells. Baseline peripheral plasma studies showed androstenedione concentrations ten times normal, low testosterone, elevated oestrone and elevated gonadotrophins. The in vitro incubation of testicular tissue showed no significant conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. However, two types of peripheral tissues, skin fibroblasts and erythrocytes, had a normal conversion, as did the body overall as measured by the technique of androstenedione constant infusion. These studies demonstrate that the 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency of the patient was limited to the testes.", "PMID": 598011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6264", "title": "Serum prolactin and oestradiol levels at different stages of puberty.", "content": "Serum prolactin and oestradiol levels were measured in 183 children who were staged for pubertal development. Mean serum prolactin levels are higher in girls than in boys at stage 3 of pubertal development. In girls prolactin levels rise at stage 2, and are higher after menarche; in boys there is no change in prolactin levels. In this study serum oestradiol correlates with prolactin in the girls, but not in the boys.", "contents": "Serum prolactin and oestradiol levels at different stages of puberty. Serum prolactin and oestradiol levels were measured in 183 children who were staged for pubertal development. Mean serum prolactin levels are higher in girls than in boys at stage 3 of pubertal development. In girls prolactin levels rise at stage 2, and are higher after menarche; in boys there is no change in prolactin levels. In this study serum oestradiol correlates with prolactin in the girls, but not in the boys.", "PMID": 598012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6265", "title": "Thyroid hormone kinetics: improved method for quantitative separation and measurement of the various radioiodothyronine injection.", "content": "An accurate and reproducible method for measurement of radioactive species in blood after in vivo injection of labelled iodothyronines is described. By extraction with high-affinity antisera, radioactive reverse T3 and T3 are separated from serum quantitatively. Radioiodide is quantitatively separated from radio-thyronine species and serum proteins by Sephadex G50 filtration. The residual mixture of radio-T4 and iodoprotein is quantitatively resolved by ion-exchange adsorption. Minimal misclassification of radiospecies occurs, and can be corrected for. Mean recoveries of various radiospecies added to serum were: radioiodide 98.9%, radio-rT3 87.6%, radio-L-T3 94.5%, radio-T4 98.0% and radioiodoprotein 94.5%. The performance of the method is superior to that of chemical methods such as trichloracetic acid precipitation, ion-exchange or alkaline Sephadex extraction, and chromatographic separation.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone kinetics: improved method for quantitative separation and measurement of the various radioiodothyronine injection. An accurate and reproducible method for measurement of radioactive species in blood after in vivo injection of labelled iodothyronines is described. By extraction with high-affinity antisera, radioactive reverse T3 and T3 are separated from serum quantitatively. Radioiodide is quantitatively separated from radio-thyronine species and serum proteins by Sephadex G50 filtration. The residual mixture of radio-T4 and iodoprotein is quantitatively resolved by ion-exchange adsorption. Minimal misclassification of radiospecies occurs, and can be corrected for. Mean recoveries of various radiospecies added to serum were: radioiodide 98.9%, radio-rT3 87.6%, radio-L-T3 94.5%, radio-T4 98.0% and radioiodoprotein 94.5%. The performance of the method is superior to that of chemical methods such as trichloracetic acid precipitation, ion-exchange or alkaline Sephadex extraction, and chromatographic separation.", "PMID": 598013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6266", "title": "The value of signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of enlarged adenoids.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between preoperative signs and symptoms and the actual size of the adenoid found at operation in a group of children listed for adenoidectomy.", "contents": "The value of signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of enlarged adenoids. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between preoperative signs and symptoms and the actual size of the adenoid found at operation in a group of children listed for adenoidectomy.", "PMID": 598049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6267", "title": "Neural correlates of electrically-induced cochlear dysfunction.", "content": "Prolonged low intensity galvanic currents produce scattered but sharply cicumscribed areas of destruction in the guinea pig cochlea. As well as providing opportunities for studying possible electrically-induced injuries during artificial auditory stimulation of the deaf, such preparations present an unusual opportunity to study the relations between patterns of compound auditory nerve action potentials and morphological changes, which could be useful in evaluating the various computer models of cochlear function at present being developed.", "contents": "Neural correlates of electrically-induced cochlear dysfunction. Prolonged low intensity galvanic currents produce scattered but sharply cicumscribed areas of destruction in the guinea pig cochlea. As well as providing opportunities for studying possible electrically-induced injuries during artificial auditory stimulation of the deaf, such preparations present an unusual opportunity to study the relations between patterns of compound auditory nerve action potentials and morphological changes, which could be useful in evaluating the various computer models of cochlear function at present being developed.", "PMID": 598050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6268", "title": "Experiences in homograft membrane tympanoplasty.", "content": "Experience of a short series of 37 cases of tympanoplasty involving the use of a homograft tympanic membrane is presented, with a discussion of the problems involved. The initial results correspond to the earlier series' anatomical success rates and indicate that these grafts will become widely used as an effective method of tympanoplasty.", "contents": "Experiences in homograft membrane tympanoplasty. Experience of a short series of 37 cases of tympanoplasty involving the use of a homograft tympanic membrane is presented, with a discussion of the problems involved. The initial results correspond to the earlier series' anatomical success rates and indicate that these grafts will become widely used as an effective method of tympanoplasty.", "PMID": 598051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6269", "title": "Replacement of the central arch of the mandible by an implant.", "content": "The use of an alloplastic implant to fill the defect after resection of the central part of the mandible is described. This procedure makes the post-operative course more acceptable for the patient, and facilitates later reconstruction by a free bone graft in the absence of recurrence.", "contents": "Replacement of the central arch of the mandible by an implant. The use of an alloplastic implant to fill the defect after resection of the central part of the mandible is described. This procedure makes the post-operative course more acceptable for the patient, and facilitates later reconstruction by a free bone graft in the absence of recurrence.", "PMID": 598052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6270", "title": "Phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure: evidence for a mechanism other than circulating parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The mechanism of the increased phosphaturia of chronic renal failure was investigated in seven patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 22 to 63 ml/min. Phosphorus deprivation for 2 to 7 weeks resulted in a marked and rapid reduction in urinary total and fractional phosphate excretion. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration initially remained unchanged and eventually decreased slowly from 330 +/- 50 microliterEq per ml (control) to 252 +/- 58 microliterEq per ml (P less than 0.025), but persisted substantially elevated above the normal range (10-60 microliterEq per ml). Thus, phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure can be regulated to a major extent by the dietary phosphorus intake independently of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure: evidence for a mechanism other than circulating parathyroid hormone. The mechanism of the increased phosphaturia of chronic renal failure was investigated in seven patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 22 to 63 ml/min. Phosphorus deprivation for 2 to 7 weeks resulted in a marked and rapid reduction in urinary total and fractional phosphate excretion. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration initially remained unchanged and eventually decreased slowly from 330 +/- 50 microliterEq per ml (control) to 252 +/- 58 microliterEq per ml (P less than 0.025), but persisted substantially elevated above the normal range (10-60 microliterEq per ml). Thus, phosphate excretion in chronic renal failure can be regulated to a major extent by the dietary phosphorus intake independently of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 598054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6271", "title": "Clofibrate treatment of hyperlipidemia in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the hypolipidemic agent, clofibrate have been studied in anuric patients on intermittent hemodialysis. In addition we have tried to determine whether the treatment of hyperlipidemia of chronic renal failure with clofibrate was safe and efficacious. Seven healthy volunteers and five uremic patients received a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of clofibrate. Mean peak plasma levels of clofibrate were comparable in both groups and were reached 3.5 hr after drug ingestion in the control subjects and after 6.5 hr in the uremic patients. The mean plasma half-life of clofibrate was 16.7 hr and 68.4 hr in the control subjects and in the patients, respectively (P less than 0.001). Following a short loading period a daily oral maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg body weight was given leading to a plasma clofibrate level of 75-100 microgram/100 ml. Five hyperlipidemic uremic patients received this dose for 3 months. Their plasma clofibrate and creatine kinase levels were constantly monitoried to detect clofibrate myotoxicity which we have observed in uremic patients at plasma levels generally considered safe in patients with normal renal function. Significant decreases in serum total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were observed when compared to pretreatment values. In two of the 5 patients serum lipids remained decreased for 10 and 14 months. It is concluded that clofibrate treatment of hyperlipidemia in uremic patients, when carefully monitored, is safe and efficacious.", "contents": "Clofibrate treatment of hyperlipidemia in chronic renal failure. The pharmacokinetics of the hypolipidemic agent, clofibrate have been studied in anuric patients on intermittent hemodialysis. In addition we have tried to determine whether the treatment of hyperlipidemia of chronic renal failure with clofibrate was safe and efficacious. Seven healthy volunteers and five uremic patients received a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of clofibrate. Mean peak plasma levels of clofibrate were comparable in both groups and were reached 3.5 hr after drug ingestion in the control subjects and after 6.5 hr in the uremic patients. The mean plasma half-life of clofibrate was 16.7 hr and 68.4 hr in the control subjects and in the patients, respectively (P less than 0.001). Following a short loading period a daily oral maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg body weight was given leading to a plasma clofibrate level of 75-100 microgram/100 ml. Five hyperlipidemic uremic patients received this dose for 3 months. Their plasma clofibrate and creatine kinase levels were constantly monitoried to detect clofibrate myotoxicity which we have observed in uremic patients at plasma levels generally considered safe in patients with normal renal function. Significant decreases in serum total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were observed when compared to pretreatment values. In two of the 5 patients serum lipids remained decreased for 10 and 14 months. It is concluded that clofibrate treatment of hyperlipidemia in uremic patients, when carefully monitored, is safe and efficacious.", "PMID": 598055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6272", "title": "Folic acid status of patients with chronic renal failure maintained by dialysis.", "content": "Twenty-five uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis were followed over a period of 9 months with regard to hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and folate concentration in serum and erythrocytes. The daily dietary intake of folic acid was estimated at 80-90 microgram, and no folic acid supplements were given. None of the patients developed macrocytic anemia. At the end of the period all patients had a normal erythrocyte folate content. Serum folate was normal in 17 and below normal in 8 patients. These 8 patients were in a negative folate balance at the time of investigation. In 7 patients dialyzed with a RP VI dialyzer the maximum loss of folic acid was 75 microgram/dialysis, and in 6 patients on chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis the maximum loss was 13 microgram/dialysis. Thus there is no need for oral folic acid supplementation in uremic patients on chronic dialysis provided that daily dietary intake of folic acid is adequate.", "contents": "Folic acid status of patients with chronic renal failure maintained by dialysis. Twenty-five uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis were followed over a period of 9 months with regard to hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and folate concentration in serum and erythrocytes. The daily dietary intake of folic acid was estimated at 80-90 microgram, and no folic acid supplements were given. None of the patients developed macrocytic anemia. At the end of the period all patients had a normal erythrocyte folate content. Serum folate was normal in 17 and below normal in 8 patients. These 8 patients were in a negative folate balance at the time of investigation. In 7 patients dialyzed with a RP VI dialyzer the maximum loss of folic acid was 75 microgram/dialysis, and in 6 patients on chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis the maximum loss was 13 microgram/dialysis. Thus there is no need for oral folic acid supplementation in uremic patients on chronic dialysis provided that daily dietary intake of folic acid is adequate.", "PMID": 598056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6273", "title": "Impaired lymphocyte function and neutrophil damage during the first hours of hemodialysis.", "content": "Tests of T lymphocyte function, as lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), decreased during the first 2 hours of dialysis to approximately 20% of the predialysis value but returned to near normal within 4 hr. No change in the percentage of T cells was noted. Lymphocyte function in blood obtained from the arterial side fo the dialyzer 1 hour after the start of dialysis was better than that in blood from the venous side, though lower than before dialysis. Neutrophils in blood from the venous side of the dialyzer showed decreased density and decreased carbonyl iron phagocytosis. These changes were not found in blood from the arterial side of the dialyzer, suggesting that damaged neutrophils were retained in the patient. Neutrophil damage persisted during the first 4 hours of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Impaired lymphocyte function and neutrophil damage during the first hours of hemodialysis. Tests of T lymphocyte function, as lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), decreased during the first 2 hours of dialysis to approximately 20% of the predialysis value but returned to near normal within 4 hr. No change in the percentage of T cells was noted. Lymphocyte function in blood obtained from the arterial side fo the dialyzer 1 hour after the start of dialysis was better than that in blood from the venous side, though lower than before dialysis. Neutrophils in blood from the venous side of the dialyzer showed decreased density and decreased carbonyl iron phagocytosis. These changes were not found in blood from the arterial side of the dialyzer, suggesting that damaged neutrophils were retained in the patient. Neutrophil damage persisted during the first 4 hours of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 598057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6274", "title": "Elevation of serum levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic patients and the toxicity of the amino acid.", "content": "A reliable method for the determination of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in serum was developed utilizing an automated amino acid analyzer. The serum concentrations of beta-aminoisobutyric acid were determined in 20 normal subjects and in 71 uremic patients. The mean serum level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid was markedly increased in the uremic patients to 0.856 +/- 0.910 (mean +/- SD) mg/100 ml as compared with a normal value of 0.026 +/- 0.027 mg/100 ml. The distribution of serum beta-aminoisobutyric acid level in uremic patients was wide-spread, and there was no correlation between the serum levels of the amino acid and those of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid. The toxicity of beta-aminoisobutyric acid on mice with acute renal failure induced by uranyl acetate was investigated and compared with that of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid. All mice given more than 4 g/kg body wt of beta-aminoisobutyric acid showed twitching and cramps, and some of them died. However, the control mice given an equivalent dose of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid or gamma-amino-n-butyric acid showed no change. These results suggest that beta-aminoisobutyric acid might be a factor influencing the development and progression of uremic toxemia.", "contents": "Elevation of serum levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic patients and the toxicity of the amino acid. A reliable method for the determination of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in serum was developed utilizing an automated amino acid analyzer. The serum concentrations of beta-aminoisobutyric acid were determined in 20 normal subjects and in 71 uremic patients. The mean serum level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid was markedly increased in the uremic patients to 0.856 +/- 0.910 (mean +/- SD) mg/100 ml as compared with a normal value of 0.026 +/- 0.027 mg/100 ml. The distribution of serum beta-aminoisobutyric acid level in uremic patients was wide-spread, and there was no correlation between the serum levels of the amino acid and those of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid. The toxicity of beta-aminoisobutyric acid on mice with acute renal failure induced by uranyl acetate was investigated and compared with that of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid. All mice given more than 4 g/kg body wt of beta-aminoisobutyric acid showed twitching and cramps, and some of them died. However, the control mice given an equivalent dose of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid or gamma-amino-n-butyric acid showed no change. These results suggest that beta-aminoisobutyric acid might be a factor influencing the development and progression of uremic toxemia.", "PMID": 598058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6275", "title": "A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. A preliminary report.", "content": "This report documents, for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the therapeutic use in humans of low energy, electromagnetic fields pulsing in the extremely low frequency (E.L.F.) range. These fields, established outside the body, were used to treat congenital and acquired pseudarthroses and non-unions. Energy of this type appears to affect biological processes, not through heat production, but through electrically-induced changes in the environment of cells within the organism. Of the 29 patients included in the study, 17 had experienced at least one failure of surgical repair and, in each of these, amputation had been recommended. The overall success rate, including those patients treated with inadequate pulse characteristics and those who failed to follow the protocol, was in excess of 70 per cent. Improvements in the specificity of pulse characteristics hold promise for increasing the rate of success. The simple, clinical methodology, which is conducted on an out-patient basis, appears to be both safe and effective. It can be applied with or without surgery. This approach requires additional controlled investigations before it is ready for general use in the orthopaedic community. The indications for amputation of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses, however, should be reassessed. The principles and technology, which have been established during this endeavor, may have physiologic and practical significance for processes other than pseudarthrosis and non-union.", "contents": "A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. A preliminary report. This report documents, for the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the therapeutic use in humans of low energy, electromagnetic fields pulsing in the extremely low frequency (E.L.F.) range. These fields, established outside the body, were used to treat congenital and acquired pseudarthroses and non-unions. Energy of this type appears to affect biological processes, not through heat production, but through electrically-induced changes in the environment of cells within the organism. Of the 29 patients included in the study, 17 had experienced at least one failure of surgical repair and, in each of these, amputation had been recommended. The overall success rate, including those patients treated with inadequate pulse characteristics and those who failed to follow the protocol, was in excess of 70 per cent. Improvements in the specificity of pulse characteristics hold promise for increasing the rate of success. The simple, clinical methodology, which is conducted on an out-patient basis, appears to be both safe and effective. It can be applied with or without surgery. This approach requires additional controlled investigations before it is ready for general use in the orthopaedic community. The indications for amputation of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses, however, should be reassessed. The principles and technology, which have been established during this endeavor, may have physiologic and practical significance for processes other than pseudarthrosis and non-union.", "PMID": 598067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6276", "title": "Selective arterial embolization for hemorrhage following hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A case is presented in which selective embolization of gelfoam was used to control late postoperative bleeding, developing in a patient following hip arthroplasty. Although primarily used in gastrointestinal bleeding, diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, selective embolization is clearly applicable to postoperative bleeding encountered in orthopedics.", "contents": "Selective arterial embolization for hemorrhage following hip arthroplasty. A case is presented in which selective embolization of gelfoam was used to control late postoperative bleeding, developing in a patient following hip arthroplasty. Although primarily used in gastrointestinal bleeding, diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, selective embolization is clearly applicable to postoperative bleeding encountered in orthopedics.", "PMID": 598068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6277", "title": "Treatment of pulmonary embolism in total hip replacement.", "content": "From 1962-73 7,959 total hip replacements were performed by a standardized technique at Wrightington Hospital with 628 (7.89%) non-fatal emboli. Of 603 available for study the effect of different forms of anticoagulant therapy were compared with no therapy. The various antithromboembolic regimens in 295 cases had recurrent emboli in 13 per cent, while without anticoagulant therapy in 308 there were only 3.2 per cent recurrent pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "Treatment of pulmonary embolism in total hip replacement. From 1962-73 7,959 total hip replacements were performed by a standardized technique at Wrightington Hospital with 628 (7.89%) non-fatal emboli. Of 603 available for study the effect of different forms of anticoagulant therapy were compared with no therapy. The various antithromboembolic regimens in 295 cases had recurrent emboli in 13 per cent, while without anticoagulant therapy in 308 there were only 3.2 per cent recurrent pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 598069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6278", "title": "The bone mineral content and cortical thickness in young women with femoral neck fracture.", "content": "The bone mineral content in the shafts of the forearm in 17 women with cervical fracture of the upper end of the femur was low. The cortex of the femoral neck was also lower than normal. Thus women with hip fractures at an early age may have lower than average total skeletal tissue density. This may be due not simply to systemic osteoporosis but possibly to constitutionally thin bone cortices.", "contents": "The bone mineral content and cortical thickness in young women with femoral neck fracture. The bone mineral content in the shafts of the forearm in 17 women with cervical fracture of the upper end of the femur was low. The cortex of the femoral neck was also lower than normal. Thus women with hip fractures at an early age may have lower than average total skeletal tissue density. This may be due not simply to systemic osteoporosis but possibly to constitutionally thin bone cortices.", "PMID": 598070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6279", "title": "Osteoporosis in patients with fractured femoral neck in Jerusalem.", "content": "In an epidemiological survey on fractures of the femur in Jerusalem, the highest incidence occurred in Oriental males and the next highest in European females. In the same series of patients the frequency of senile osteoporosis was noted to be higher in the Oriental group (both male and female) as compared with that in the European group. Similarly in a randomly chosen sample of the population, osteoporosis in the Oriental sector was twice as high as in the European sector. Osteoporosis was also seen to be three to four times more common in each age group when the fracture series was compared with the randomly chosen sample. No evidence of osteomalacia was noted in these patients.", "contents": "Osteoporosis in patients with fractured femoral neck in Jerusalem. In an epidemiological survey on fractures of the femur in Jerusalem, the highest incidence occurred in Oriental males and the next highest in European females. In the same series of patients the frequency of senile osteoporosis was noted to be higher in the Oriental group (both male and female) as compared with that in the European group. Similarly in a randomly chosen sample of the population, osteoporosis in the Oriental sector was twice as high as in the European sector. Osteoporosis was also seen to be three to four times more common in each age group when the fracture series was compared with the randomly chosen sample. No evidence of osteomalacia was noted in these patients.", "PMID": 598071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6280", "title": "Compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine from compensable injuries.", "content": "Compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine have a worse prognosis than is commonly realized. A study of 142 patients with this type of injury reveals several important features which affect the long term prognosis in these injuries. Severe compression, comminution, disc space narrowing adjacent to the fracture site, a low anatomical level of the fracture site, a low anatomical level of the fracture, and body cast immobilization in those with mild or moderate type fractures, are some of the factors associated with persistent long term back problems.", "contents": "Compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine from compensable injuries. Compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine have a worse prognosis than is commonly realized. A study of 142 patients with this type of injury reveals several important features which affect the long term prognosis in these injuries. Severe compression, comminution, disc space narrowing adjacent to the fracture site, a low anatomical level of the fracture site, a low anatomical level of the fracture, and body cast immobilization in those with mild or moderate type fractures, are some of the factors associated with persistent long term back problems.", "PMID": 598072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6281", "title": "Congenital absence of the lumbo-sacral spine. A report of an unusual case.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman with complete absence of the lumbar and sacral spine had complete fecal and urinary continence, as well as successful social and functional adaptation without any surgical, prosthetic or rehabilitative assistance.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the lumbo-sacral spine. A report of an unusual case. A 47-year-old woman with complete absence of the lumbar and sacral spine had complete fecal and urinary continence, as well as successful social and functional adaptation without any surgical, prosthetic or rehabilitative assistance.", "PMID": 598073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6282", "title": "Ununited fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus. A 50 year follow-up.", "content": "This is a case report of a 74-year-old man with an ununited fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus of 50 years duration. There was minimal loss of motion, a moderate cubitis valgus deformity, and a definite ulnar nerve palsy. Despite the deformity and ulnar palsy, he was able to provide for himself and to perform satisfactorily as a laborer.", "contents": "Ununited fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus. A 50 year follow-up. This is a case report of a 74-year-old man with an ununited fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus of 50 years duration. There was minimal loss of motion, a moderate cubitis valgus deformity, and a definite ulnar nerve palsy. Despite the deformity and ulnar palsy, he was able to provide for himself and to perform satisfactorily as a laborer.", "PMID": 598074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6283", "title": "The external compression syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel.", "content": "Diagnosis of the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome, and subsequent avoidance of further external pressure, minimizes the possibility of progressive crippling of the hand. The usual clinical features are local tenderness over the cubital tunnel, often accompanied by distal paresthesias, and neurological deficit in the ulnar nerve distribution with sparing of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles; the elbow flexion test, described by the author, awaits evaluation in the diagnosis of the syndrome. Clinicians and others concerned with positioning patients on the operating room table or caring for patients in the ward should be aware of the syndrome. Avoidance of a position of the elbow which predisposes to external compression of the cubital tunnel is mandatory and active elbow movement should be encouraged in bedridden and chair-bound patients. Surgical treatment is sometimes indicated, at least to halt progression of the palsy. A classification of the cubital tunnel syndrome is proposed: physiological, acute and subacute due to external pressure (both forming the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome) and chronic (space-occupying lesions and loss of volume due to lateral shift of the ulnar as a consequence of childhood injury to the capitular epiphysis). Nerve conduction studies may be helpful in the diagnosis of the doubtful cubital tunnel syndrome, particularly when there is definite impairment of power or sensation in the hand.", "contents": "The external compression syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel. Diagnosis of the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome, and subsequent avoidance of further external pressure, minimizes the possibility of progressive crippling of the hand. The usual clinical features are local tenderness over the cubital tunnel, often accompanied by distal paresthesias, and neurological deficit in the ulnar nerve distribution with sparing of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles; the elbow flexion test, described by the author, awaits evaluation in the diagnosis of the syndrome. Clinicians and others concerned with positioning patients on the operating room table or caring for patients in the ward should be aware of the syndrome. Avoidance of a position of the elbow which predisposes to external compression of the cubital tunnel is mandatory and active elbow movement should be encouraged in bedridden and chair-bound patients. Surgical treatment is sometimes indicated, at least to halt progression of the palsy. A classification of the cubital tunnel syndrome is proposed: physiological, acute and subacute due to external pressure (both forming the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome) and chronic (space-occupying lesions and loss of volume due to lateral shift of the ulnar as a consequence of childhood injury to the capitular epiphysis). Nerve conduction studies may be helpful in the diagnosis of the doubtful cubital tunnel syndrome, particularly when there is definite impairment of power or sensation in the hand.", "PMID": 598076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6284", "title": "The influence of electric potentials on plated bones.", "content": "Twenty-seven rabbits were treated with bilateral tibial osteotomy and compression plates. One tibia in each animal received three to 15 microamperes constant direct current for 21 days. The breaking strengths of the stimulated tibiae were higher in 19 animals, as compared to controls (70.4% stimulation rate). The mean value of the additional maximum stress to break the stimulated tibiae was 0.73 kg. Fifteen other rabbits were similarly treated but with electrical stimulation being applied to only one tibia in each animal. There was an increase in endosteal and periosteal callus formation and greater vascularization on microangiography of the callus and the stimulated side. The fissure gap at the osteotomy site was smaller, and bone in the fissure was mature lamellar bone only on the stimulated side. The uptake of fluochromes was greater on the stimulated than control untreated side. Both tibiae in each of five rabbits were doubly fixed with compression plates. A simulated piezoelectric potential was applied to one tibia in each animal. There was a 20 per cent higher calcium and phosphate content of the stress protected cortex, as well as an increased uptake of fluorochormes, in the stimulated tibia as compared to that of the control tibia in three out of five of the animals.", "contents": "The influence of electric potentials on plated bones. Twenty-seven rabbits were treated with bilateral tibial osteotomy and compression plates. One tibia in each animal received three to 15 microamperes constant direct current for 21 days. The breaking strengths of the stimulated tibiae were higher in 19 animals, as compared to controls (70.4% stimulation rate). The mean value of the additional maximum stress to break the stimulated tibiae was 0.73 kg. Fifteen other rabbits were similarly treated but with electrical stimulation being applied to only one tibia in each animal. There was an increase in endosteal and periosteal callus formation and greater vascularization on microangiography of the callus and the stimulated side. The fissure gap at the osteotomy site was smaller, and bone in the fissure was mature lamellar bone only on the stimulated side. The uptake of fluochromes was greater on the stimulated than control untreated side. Both tibiae in each of five rabbits were doubly fixed with compression plates. A simulated piezoelectric potential was applied to one tibia in each animal. There was a 20 per cent higher calcium and phosphate content of the stress protected cortex, as well as an increased uptake of fluorochormes, in the stimulated tibia as compared to that of the control tibia in three out of five of the animals.", "PMID": 598077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6285", "title": "Distal radial fracture with tendon entrapment. A case report.", "content": "Entrapment of the extensor pollicus longus tendon can occur in distal radial fractures of the Smith type. This can be recognized by failure to obtain good reduction and inability of the patient to extend the thumb after reduction. The treatment is surgical and should be through a dorsal approach which allows repositioning of the tendon and internal fixation of the fracture.", "contents": "Distal radial fracture with tendon entrapment. A case report. Entrapment of the extensor pollicus longus tendon can occur in distal radial fractures of the Smith type. This can be recognized by failure to obtain good reduction and inability of the patient to extend the thumb after reduction. The treatment is surgical and should be through a dorsal approach which allows repositioning of the tendon and internal fixation of the fracture.", "PMID": 598078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6286", "title": "Spontaneous tendon ruptures in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Patients with renal failure treated by chronic hemodialysis tend to spontaneous tendon ruptures. In five out of 35 patients, 8 ruptured tendons have been found--four quadriceps and four finger tendon ruptures. Finger tendon ruptures are usually ignored by the patients because of the low disabling factor in the presence of more vital problems. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was found in all patients who had tendon ruptures and may possibly be the major disposing factor. The patients with tendon ruptures in our series were significantly younger than those without ruptures and had been treated for a longer period of time by hemodialysis, indicating that, whatever the reason for the ruptures, it seems to be a time-related phenomenon.", "contents": "Spontaneous tendon ruptures in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. Patients with renal failure treated by chronic hemodialysis tend to spontaneous tendon ruptures. In five out of 35 patients, 8 ruptured tendons have been found--four quadriceps and four finger tendon ruptures. Finger tendon ruptures are usually ignored by the patients because of the low disabling factor in the presence of more vital problems. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was found in all patients who had tendon ruptures and may possibly be the major disposing factor. The patients with tendon ruptures in our series were significantly younger than those without ruptures and had been treated for a longer period of time by hemodialysis, indicating that, whatever the reason for the ruptures, it seems to be a time-related phenomenon.", "PMID": 598079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6287", "title": "Delayed fracture healing in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The incidence of fractures in primary hyperparathyroidism is highly variable. The possibility that there might be an increased susceptibility to fracture is discussed. Healing in most is without delay. Three cases of delayed or nonunion following fracture are presented. In all three, healing accelerated dramatically after excision of a parathyroid adenoma. A pathological fracture secondary to the hyperparathyroidism of parathyroid carcinoma healed after excision of the tumor allowed regression of the osseous lesions. The endocrinologic mechanisms which cause nonunion in a small percentage of cases have not been clearly elucidated.", "contents": "Delayed fracture healing in primary hyperparathyroidism. The incidence of fractures in primary hyperparathyroidism is highly variable. The possibility that there might be an increased susceptibility to fracture is discussed. Healing in most is without delay. Three cases of delayed or nonunion following fracture are presented. In all three, healing accelerated dramatically after excision of a parathyroid adenoma. A pathological fracture secondary to the hyperparathyroidism of parathyroid carcinoma healed after excision of the tumor allowed regression of the osseous lesions. The endocrinologic mechanisms which cause nonunion in a small percentage of cases have not been clearly elucidated.", "PMID": 598080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6288", "title": "Rupture of the short head tendon of the biceps brachii.", "content": "Subcutaneous rupture of the short head tendon of the biceps brachii is a very rare lesion, with only five cases previously reported. The case of a 67-year-old farmer whose tendon ruptured following a mild muscle effort is presented. The degenerative changes revealed by histological examination of the injured tendon were so severe as to lead to the conclusion that its tensile strength must have fallen considerably prior to rupture. The most characteristic clinical signs of this rupture are a sizeable bulge in the middle third of the injured arm, and a hollow in the site normally occupied by the short head of the biceps. Suture of the ruptured tendon to that of the coracobrachialis led to full functional recovery.", "contents": "Rupture of the short head tendon of the biceps brachii. Subcutaneous rupture of the short head tendon of the biceps brachii is a very rare lesion, with only five cases previously reported. The case of a 67-year-old farmer whose tendon ruptured following a mild muscle effort is presented. The degenerative changes revealed by histological examination of the injured tendon were so severe as to lead to the conclusion that its tensile strength must have fallen considerably prior to rupture. The most characteristic clinical signs of this rupture are a sizeable bulge in the middle third of the injured arm, and a hollow in the site normally occupied by the short head of the biceps. Suture of the ruptured tendon to that of the coracobrachialis led to full functional recovery.", "PMID": 598082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6289", "title": "Periosteal chondroma.", "content": "Periosteal chondroma is an uncommon benign cartilagenous lesion, and its importance lies primarily in its characteristic radiographic and pathologic appearance which should be of assistance in the differential diagnosis of eccentric lesions of bones. The pathologist must be aware of this tumour because at a histologic level, it may closely resemble a more ominous cartilagenous lesion. He can exclude this lesion in a differential diagnosis of a primary cartilagenous bone neoplasm by familiarity with the clinical and radiological appearance of the lesion. In all cases reported so far, treatment has been that of wide local excision. There are no recorded cases of metastases in follow-up periods ranging up to 8 years after surgery. In those cases where local recurrences were reported, inadequate initial excision is the admitted cause, and subsequent re-excision led to complete eradication of the residual tumour.", "contents": "Periosteal chondroma. Periosteal chondroma is an uncommon benign cartilagenous lesion, and its importance lies primarily in its characteristic radiographic and pathologic appearance which should be of assistance in the differential diagnosis of eccentric lesions of bones. The pathologist must be aware of this tumour because at a histologic level, it may closely resemble a more ominous cartilagenous lesion. He can exclude this lesion in a differential diagnosis of a primary cartilagenous bone neoplasm by familiarity with the clinical and radiological appearance of the lesion. In all cases reported so far, treatment has been that of wide local excision. There are no recorded cases of metastases in follow-up periods ranging up to 8 years after surgery. In those cases where local recurrences were reported, inadequate initial excision is the admitted cause, and subsequent re-excision led to complete eradication of the residual tumour.", "PMID": 598083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6290", "title": "Articular cartilage repair. Behavior of rabbit chondrocytes during tissue culture and subsequent allografting.", "content": "Chondrocytes from rabbit articular cartilage were freed from their matrix by enzymatic digestion. Under appropriate conditions of culture, these cells proliferated through many generations while maintaining their chondrocytic differentiation. They produced a cartilage-like matrix which was studied by histologic, electron microscopic, and chemical techniques. Chondroid tissue from subculture on decalcified bone, allografted into the rabbit knee, repaired a large articular defect in 10 days.", "contents": "Articular cartilage repair. Behavior of rabbit chondrocytes during tissue culture and subsequent allografting. Chondrocytes from rabbit articular cartilage were freed from their matrix by enzymatic digestion. Under appropriate conditions of culture, these cells proliferated through many generations while maintaining their chondrocytic differentiation. They produced a cartilage-like matrix which was studied by histologic, electron microscopic, and chemical techniques. Chondroid tissue from subculture on decalcified bone, allografted into the rabbit knee, repaired a large articular defect in 10 days.", "PMID": 598084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6291", "title": "Comparison of regional bone blood flow in areas with differing osteoblastic activity in the rabbit tibia.", "content": "The relationship between regional bone blood flow (measured using the hydrogen washout method) and regional osteoblastic activity (inferred from presence of osteoblasts on histological sections) was studied in the rabbit tibia. The rate of blood flow in epiphyses with marked osteoblastic activity (0.283 +/- .053 ml/min/ml) was significantly faster than that in epiphyses with minimal activity (0.097 +/- .007 ml/min/ml). Metaphyseal blood flow was significantly faster in areas with marked activity (0.253 +/- 0.040 ml/min/ml) than those with moderate (0.153 +/- .007 ml/min/ml) or minimal (0.126 +/- 0.013 ml/min/ml) osteoblastic activity. Diaphyseal bone blood flow was significantly faster in immature (0.082 +/- 0.005 ml/min/ml) than in mature (0.062 +/- 0.004 ml/min/ml) animals. The results indicate that there is a positive association between regional bone blood flow rate and osteoblastic activity in normal bone.", "contents": "Comparison of regional bone blood flow in areas with differing osteoblastic activity in the rabbit tibia. The relationship between regional bone blood flow (measured using the hydrogen washout method) and regional osteoblastic activity (inferred from presence of osteoblasts on histological sections) was studied in the rabbit tibia. The rate of blood flow in epiphyses with marked osteoblastic activity (0.283 +/- .053 ml/min/ml) was significantly faster than that in epiphyses with minimal activity (0.097 +/- .007 ml/min/ml). Metaphyseal blood flow was significantly faster in areas with marked activity (0.253 +/- 0.040 ml/min/ml) than those with moderate (0.153 +/- .007 ml/min/ml) or minimal (0.126 +/- 0.013 ml/min/ml) osteoblastic activity. Diaphyseal bone blood flow was significantly faster in immature (0.082 +/- 0.005 ml/min/ml) than in mature (0.062 +/- 0.004 ml/min/ml) animals. The results indicate that there is a positive association between regional bone blood flow rate and osteoblastic activity in normal bone.", "PMID": 598085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6292", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: biochemical studies of bone collagen.", "content": "The biochemical properties of tibial bone collagen, obtained from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, were studied by investigating amino acid composition, subunit composition and crosslink formation. Direct comparison of this bone was made with normal bone, age and sex matched, which had been removed from the tibiae of individuals within 48 hours after accidental death. The amino acid compositions of OI and normal bone collagen were almost identical and the pepsin solubilized collagen fraction as well as the CNBr peptides of insoluble bone collagen were very similar, indicating that no differences in collagen genetic type occurred in OI compared to normal. The crosslink contents and the specific radioactivities of the insoluble collagens were determined following NaB3H4 reduction. The specific radioactivity values of OI bone collagen were found to average 50 per cent higher than normal collagen. Analyses of OI collagen showed abundant formation of the major reducible aldehydes and crosslinks. Compared to the controls there were much higher proportions of the reduced aldehyde, dihydroxynorleucine and the reduced crosslink, dihydroxylysinonorleucine. These results may indicate delayed maturation of crosslinking in OI bone collagen and may reflect diminished stability of such collagen during bone development.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: biochemical studies of bone collagen. The biochemical properties of tibial bone collagen, obtained from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, were studied by investigating amino acid composition, subunit composition and crosslink formation. Direct comparison of this bone was made with normal bone, age and sex matched, which had been removed from the tibiae of individuals within 48 hours after accidental death. The amino acid compositions of OI and normal bone collagen were almost identical and the pepsin solubilized collagen fraction as well as the CNBr peptides of insoluble bone collagen were very similar, indicating that no differences in collagen genetic type occurred in OI compared to normal. The crosslink contents and the specific radioactivities of the insoluble collagens were determined following NaB3H4 reduction. The specific radioactivity values of OI bone collagen were found to average 50 per cent higher than normal collagen. Analyses of OI collagen showed abundant formation of the major reducible aldehydes and crosslinks. Compared to the controls there were much higher proportions of the reduced aldehyde, dihydroxynorleucine and the reduced crosslink, dihydroxylysinonorleucine. These results may indicate delayed maturation of crosslinking in OI bone collagen and may reflect diminished stability of such collagen during bone development.", "PMID": 598086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6293", "title": "Premature closure of the triradiate cartilage. A case report and animal experiment.", "content": "Traumatic premature fusion of the triradiate cartilage is a rare complication of fractures of the pelvis in children. Only five cases were reported, leading eventually to subluxation of the hip. A case of premature closure of the triradiate cartilage where the injury occurred at the age of four years is reported. Severe hip subluxation with marked shallow acetabulum and widening of its medial wall was noted at the age of 15 years. Intrapelvic epiphysiodesis of the triradiate cartilage, without disturbing the hip joint, was performed in young rabbits, leading to thickening of the acetabular medial wall and subluxation of the hip. Fusion of the triradiate cartilage in young age leaves the growth plate inside the acetabulum intact, it continues to grow, displacing the acetabulum laterally. As the acetabulum becomes more shallow, the hip progresses to subluxation.", "contents": "Premature closure of the triradiate cartilage. A case report and animal experiment. Traumatic premature fusion of the triradiate cartilage is a rare complication of fractures of the pelvis in children. Only five cases were reported, leading eventually to subluxation of the hip. A case of premature closure of the triradiate cartilage where the injury occurred at the age of four years is reported. Severe hip subluxation with marked shallow acetabulum and widening of its medial wall was noted at the age of 15 years. Intrapelvic epiphysiodesis of the triradiate cartilage, without disturbing the hip joint, was performed in young rabbits, leading to thickening of the acetabular medial wall and subluxation of the hip. Fusion of the triradiate cartilage in young age leaves the growth plate inside the acetabulum intact, it continues to grow, displacing the acetabulum laterally. As the acetabulum becomes more shallow, the hip progresses to subluxation.", "PMID": 598087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6294", "title": "The classification of loose bodies in human joints.", "content": "A histopathological analysis of 119 surgically excised loose bodies revealed that the cases could be separated into three categories: (1) loose bodies due to synovial osteochondromatosis; (2) loose bodies due to osteochondral fracture; (3) loose bodies due to joint surface disintegration. Three different types of cartilage were identified in the nidus of a loose body--articular, osteophytic, and lobular. Attached bone could be seen from any of the three types of loose bodies but was rare in those specimens secondary to synovial osteochondromatosis. Three mechanisms for the generation of loose bodies in cases of degenerative arthritis or avascular necrosis are proposed: (1) fragmentation of the joint surface; (2) fractured osteophytes; (3) osteochondral nodule proliferation in the pararticular soft tissues. Correlation of the gross and microscopic pathology with the clinical history, roentgenograms and surgical findings usually resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of any particular case.", "contents": "The classification of loose bodies in human joints. A histopathological analysis of 119 surgically excised loose bodies revealed that the cases could be separated into three categories: (1) loose bodies due to synovial osteochondromatosis; (2) loose bodies due to osteochondral fracture; (3) loose bodies due to joint surface disintegration. Three different types of cartilage were identified in the nidus of a loose body--articular, osteophytic, and lobular. Attached bone could be seen from any of the three types of loose bodies but was rare in those specimens secondary to synovial osteochondromatosis. Three mechanisms for the generation of loose bodies in cases of degenerative arthritis or avascular necrosis are proposed: (1) fragmentation of the joint surface; (2) fractured osteophytes; (3) osteochondral nodule proliferation in the pararticular soft tissues. Correlation of the gross and microscopic pathology with the clinical history, roentgenograms and surgical findings usually resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of any particular case.", "PMID": 598088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6295", "title": "The development of loose bodies in human joints.", "content": "Loose bodies in joints in 119 patients were analyzed histopathologically. A gradual growth in size and configuration of different specimens was due to surface proliferative changes of chondroblasts and osteoblasts. Cartilaginous layering was present in 86.6 per cent of the cases. Osseous layering was present in 79.8 per cent of the cases. Resorption within the new layers of cartilage and bone was manifested both by viable osteoclasts on the surfaces of many specimens and previously formed resorption cavities which had been refilled by the layering phenomenon. Refilled resorption cavities were present in 68.1 per cent of the cases while osteoclasts were observed in 49.6 per cent. It is proposed that osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation and function is not dependent upon a blood supply since the specimens from the 119 cases were free of any synovial attachments. Revascularization which occurred when free osteochondral bodies became reattached to the synovium was a distinct process that was differentiated from the accretion and resorption that was observed in the free specimens. Calcification occurred within the necrotic portions of both the nidus and deeper new layers of any particular specimen. Dystrophic calcification was observed histologically in 91.6 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "The development of loose bodies in human joints. Loose bodies in joints in 119 patients were analyzed histopathologically. A gradual growth in size and configuration of different specimens was due to surface proliferative changes of chondroblasts and osteoblasts. Cartilaginous layering was present in 86.6 per cent of the cases. Osseous layering was present in 79.8 per cent of the cases. Resorption within the new layers of cartilage and bone was manifested both by viable osteoclasts on the surfaces of many specimens and previously formed resorption cavities which had been refilled by the layering phenomenon. Refilled resorption cavities were present in 68.1 per cent of the cases while osteoclasts were observed in 49.6 per cent. It is proposed that osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation and function is not dependent upon a blood supply since the specimens from the 119 cases were free of any synovial attachments. Revascularization which occurred when free osteochondral bodies became reattached to the synovium was a distinct process that was differentiated from the accretion and resorption that was observed in the free specimens. Calcification occurred within the necrotic portions of both the nidus and deeper new layers of any particular specimen. Dystrophic calcification was observed histologically in 91.6 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 598089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6296", "title": "Meniscal regeneration and postmeniscectomy degenerative joint disease.", "content": "The failure of meniscal regeneration via a fibrous semilunar mold can be correlated with an increased incidence of degenerative joint disease. Experiments on rabbits revealed a statistically significant relationship between the failure of meniscal regeneration and the development of degenerative joint disease, characterized by osteophyte formation, cartilage pitting and erosions, and loss of carbilage proteoglycan. Similar results in limited studies utilizing adult fox hounds supported this observation. In dogs, variation in the extent of tissues resected about the meniscus, including synovectomy, did not inhibit the reformation of a fibrous semilunar mold. No specific \"zone of regeneration\" responsible for meniscal regeneration was identified.", "contents": "Meniscal regeneration and postmeniscectomy degenerative joint disease. The failure of meniscal regeneration via a fibrous semilunar mold can be correlated with an increased incidence of degenerative joint disease. Experiments on rabbits revealed a statistically significant relationship between the failure of meniscal regeneration and the development of degenerative joint disease, characterized by osteophyte formation, cartilage pitting and erosions, and loss of carbilage proteoglycan. Similar results in limited studies utilizing adult fox hounds supported this observation. In dogs, variation in the extent of tissues resected about the meniscus, including synovectomy, did not inhibit the reformation of a fibrous semilunar mold. No specific \"zone of regeneration\" responsible for meniscal regeneration was identified.", "PMID": 598090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6297", "title": "Leaching out from acrylic bone cement. Experimental evaluation.", "content": "Using common salt and C.M.W. bone cement mixture with Barium it has been shown that even with relatively high concentrations, only a small proportion of salt is released. This release seems to be a purely surface phenomenon and the amount released is directly proportional to the surface are of the cement. If a water soluble antibiotic and NaCl are released from the bone cement by a comparable mechanism, the inclusion of antibiotic/methylmethacrylate is difficult to justify in clinical practice.", "contents": "Leaching out from acrylic bone cement. Experimental evaluation. Using common salt and C.M.W. bone cement mixture with Barium it has been shown that even with relatively high concentrations, only a small proportion of salt is released. This release seems to be a purely surface phenomenon and the amount released is directly proportional to the surface are of the cement. If a water soluble antibiotic and NaCl are released from the bone cement by a comparable mechanism, the inclusion of antibiotic/methylmethacrylate is difficult to justify in clinical practice.", "PMID": 598091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6298", "title": "Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis in periodontal defects.", "content": "Although the literature on bioelectrical phenomena is extensive, there is a paucity of research on its application in the field of dentistry. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bioelectric phenomena on pathological osseous defects in the periodontium of Beagle dogs. Galvanic and thermocouple generators were designed to deliver a current in the nanoampere range. The galvanic unit implanted in the area of periodontal osseous defects in five dogs. These sites were randomly designated as experimental, active controls, and passive controls. The experimental and control units were implanted submucoperiosteally with the negative electrodes extending into the osseous defects. The bone was labeled with Procion Red H-8Bs at one week. Clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed no significant changes in the depth of the defects. The animals were sacrificed at 45 days and block sections were prepared. Histological measurement suggested that endosteal apposition was enhanced in all experimental sites as compared to controls. The results were discussed in relation to magnitude of current used, the influence of pathological bone, the potential of each type of experimental unit for clinical use, and the direction of further research in the area.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis in periodontal defects. Although the literature on bioelectrical phenomena is extensive, there is a paucity of research on its application in the field of dentistry. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bioelectric phenomena on pathological osseous defects in the periodontium of Beagle dogs. Galvanic and thermocouple generators were designed to deliver a current in the nanoampere range. The galvanic unit implanted in the area of periodontal osseous defects in five dogs. These sites were randomly designated as experimental, active controls, and passive controls. The experimental and control units were implanted submucoperiosteally with the negative electrodes extending into the osseous defects. The bone was labeled with Procion Red H-8Bs at one week. Clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed no significant changes in the depth of the defects. The animals were sacrificed at 45 days and block sections were prepared. Histological measurement suggested that endosteal apposition was enhanced in all experimental sites as compared to controls. The results were discussed in relation to magnitude of current used, the influence of pathological bone, the potential of each type of experimental unit for clinical use, and the direction of further research in the area.", "PMID": 598092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6299", "title": "Electrical callus and callus formation by electret.", "content": "The callus formed by passing an electric current through bone is called electrodynamic callus. The amount of electrical current determines the quality of the callus (osseous, cartilagenous, or fibrous). Callus forms first at the negative pole and grows toward the positive pole. The callus formed by placing a teflon film electret near the surface of bone is called electrostatic callus. The amount of this callus is larger when the bone is wrapped by the electret film than when the film is laid over the bone.", "contents": "Electrical callus and callus formation by electret. The callus formed by passing an electric current through bone is called electrodynamic callus. The amount of electrical current determines the quality of the callus (osseous, cartilagenous, or fibrous). Callus forms first at the negative pole and grows toward the positive pole. The callus formed by placing a teflon film electret near the surface of bone is called electrostatic callus. The amount of this callus is larger when the bone is wrapped by the electret film than when the film is laid over the bone.", "PMID": 598093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6300", "title": "Electret induced callus formation in the rat.", "content": "Wrapping the mid-femoral shaft of the rat with a Teflon film electret produced a bony callus in 9 out of 10 animals. This model of electret-induced callus formation should lend itself to the histo-biochemical study of electrically induced osteogenesis.", "contents": "Electret induced callus formation in the rat. Wrapping the mid-femoral shaft of the rat with a Teflon film electret produced a bony callus in 9 out of 10 animals. This model of electret-induced callus formation should lend itself to the histo-biochemical study of electrically induced osteogenesis.", "PMID": 598094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6301", "title": "Cranial nerve injury from halo traction.", "content": "Six of the 70 patients treated with skeletal traction at the Alfred I. duPont Institute exhibited cranial nerve complications. The sixth cranial nerve was most commonly affected by distraction and resulted in weakness in lateral gaze. A combined lesion of the ninth, tenth and twelfth nerves was not an infrequent complication and presented as abnormalities in swallowing, quality of speech, and of tongue movement. It has not been singled out for its significance in the literature but it is potentially the most lethal of the complications. From our review it appears that patients who have had radiation treatment and who have presented with myelomeningocele experience a higher risk of complication in cranial skeletal traction. A definite clinical-pathological correlation could not be made. Frequent monitoring of the patients in skeletal traction is necessary, and prompt recognition of the clinical signs of these complications must be stressed. The complications in the patients of our series subsided upon release of the distraction force.", "contents": "Cranial nerve injury from halo traction. Six of the 70 patients treated with skeletal traction at the Alfred I. duPont Institute exhibited cranial nerve complications. The sixth cranial nerve was most commonly affected by distraction and resulted in weakness in lateral gaze. A combined lesion of the ninth, tenth and twelfth nerves was not an infrequent complication and presented as abnormalities in swallowing, quality of speech, and of tongue movement. It has not been singled out for its significance in the literature but it is potentially the most lethal of the complications. From our review it appears that patients who have had radiation treatment and who have presented with myelomeningocele experience a higher risk of complication in cranial skeletal traction. A definite clinical-pathological correlation could not be made. Frequent monitoring of the patients in skeletal traction is necessary, and prompt recognition of the clinical signs of these complications must be stressed. The complications in the patients of our series subsided upon release of the distraction force.", "PMID": 598096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6302", "title": "Spinal cord monitoring during operative treatment of the spine.", "content": "Twenty-six orthopedic and 8 neurosurgical patients undergoing spine surgery had spinal cord monitoring before, during, and after operation using somatosensory, averaged cortical evoked responses. Although no inherent risks were apparent in the technical application of this form of spinal cord monitoring, there are limitations that have yet to be evaluated. Classically, somatosensory evoked responses have been considered a function of the posterior columns; however, the results of these studies indicate that more than the function of the dorsal columns alone can be evaluated with this technique. In addition, much remains to be learned regarding the changes in signals noted and the corresponding clinical conditions. Techniques more sophisticated than visual evaluation of response patterns must be established and more sophisticated methods of analysis must be developed. Despite the need for more knowledge of the nature of this system and the correlation between evoked responses and clinical conditions, the system has proved to be effective and to have great potential for improving spine and spinal cord surgery.", "contents": "Spinal cord monitoring during operative treatment of the spine. Twenty-six orthopedic and 8 neurosurgical patients undergoing spine surgery had spinal cord monitoring before, during, and after operation using somatosensory, averaged cortical evoked responses. Although no inherent risks were apparent in the technical application of this form of spinal cord monitoring, there are limitations that have yet to be evaluated. Classically, somatosensory evoked responses have been considered a function of the posterior columns; however, the results of these studies indicate that more than the function of the dorsal columns alone can be evaluated with this technique. In addition, much remains to be learned regarding the changes in signals noted and the corresponding clinical conditions. Techniques more sophisticated than visual evaluation of response patterns must be established and more sophisticated methods of analysis must be developed. Despite the need for more knowledge of the nature of this system and the correlation between evoked responses and clinical conditions, the system has proved to be effective and to have great potential for improving spine and spinal cord surgery.", "PMID": 598095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6303", "title": "Studies on skin fibroblasts of patients with idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Previous examinations of skin biopsies suggested that connective tissue may be abnormal in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. The fibroblast culture system has proven a powerful technique for approaching many diseases of known connective origin, and therefore, seemed an appropriate method with which to study scoliosis. Present observations on collagen synthesis, skin collagen extractability, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and degradation appear normal. Idiopathic scoliosis does not prove to be a generalized connective tissue disorder. While factors other than collagen and GAG metabolism seem not to be at fault, other possibilities seem not to be taken into consideration by basic research on the spinal column: genetics, biochemistry, and physiology.", "contents": "Studies on skin fibroblasts of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Previous examinations of skin biopsies suggested that connective tissue may be abnormal in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. The fibroblast culture system has proven a powerful technique for approaching many diseases of known connective origin, and therefore, seemed an appropriate method with which to study scoliosis. Present observations on collagen synthesis, skin collagen extractability, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and degradation appear normal. Idiopathic scoliosis does not prove to be a generalized connective tissue disorder. While factors other than collagen and GAG metabolism seem not to be at fault, other possibilities seem not to be taken into consideration by basic research on the spinal column: genetics, biochemistry, and physiology.", "PMID": 598097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6304", "title": "Combined biochemical and clinical investigation of chemonucleolysis failures.", "content": "To attempt to understand the etiology of failures of chemonucleolysis, biochemical analyses were performed on intervertebral disk material to determine if the enzyme had actually digested the nucleus pulposus proteoglycans. This information was then correlated with the clinical laboratory data to see if a pattern evolved for the failures. Nine chymopapain treated disks, 6 untreated herniated disks and 6 lumbar disks from scoliotic patients were obtained at surgery. The results indicated that 6 out of 9 patients treated with chymopapain had a marked reduction in the proteoglycan (hexosamine) content of their disk compared to the untreated controls. There was a significant inverse correlation of intrinsic lysosomal enzymes and hexosamine content in those cases where the chymopapain failed to destroy the proteoglycan. The other 3 patients, however, had hexosamine levels virtually identical to those disks not treated with chymopapain. The clinical evaluation, consisting of preoperative myelograms, diskograms, the surgeon's observations at laminectomy and evaluation of the postoperative regimen did not explain the failures. This study suggests that the chymopapain failures are not the result of inactivity of the enzyme or failure to digest the nuclear material in at least 6 of the 9 cases. However, there were 3 patients where either the enzyme was not reaching the nuclear material or it was inactive.", "contents": "Combined biochemical and clinical investigation of chemonucleolysis failures. To attempt to understand the etiology of failures of chemonucleolysis, biochemical analyses were performed on intervertebral disk material to determine if the enzyme had actually digested the nucleus pulposus proteoglycans. This information was then correlated with the clinical laboratory data to see if a pattern evolved for the failures. Nine chymopapain treated disks, 6 untreated herniated disks and 6 lumbar disks from scoliotic patients were obtained at surgery. The results indicated that 6 out of 9 patients treated with chymopapain had a marked reduction in the proteoglycan (hexosamine) content of their disk compared to the untreated controls. There was a significant inverse correlation of intrinsic lysosomal enzymes and hexosamine content in those cases where the chymopapain failed to destroy the proteoglycan. The other 3 patients, however, had hexosamine levels virtually identical to those disks not treated with chymopapain. The clinical evaluation, consisting of preoperative myelograms, diskograms, the surgeon's observations at laminectomy and evaluation of the postoperative regimen did not explain the failures. This study suggests that the chymopapain failures are not the result of inactivity of the enzyme or failure to digest the nuclear material in at least 6 of the 9 cases. However, there were 3 patients where either the enzyme was not reaching the nuclear material or it was inactive.", "PMID": 598099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6305", "title": "Osteochondroma of the cervical spine. Case report.", "content": "Only 1 well-documented case of osteochondroma in the posterior elements of the cervical spine has been previously reported. Although unusual, osteochondroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign appearing tumors in the cervical spine.", "contents": "Osteochondroma of the cervical spine. Case report. Only 1 well-documented case of osteochondroma in the posterior elements of the cervical spine has been previously reported. Although unusual, osteochondroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign appearing tumors in the cervical spine.", "PMID": 598100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6306", "title": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle.", "content": "This is a report of 5 cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle, a rare disorder of the shoulder girdle. Little more than 100 cases have been reported in the literature; 3 of our 5 cases represent a very rare form of left side involvement with dextrocardia. The pseudarthrosis mass generally protrudes under the skin and may need surgical correction. When unilateral, there is marked and unexplained predominance for the right side. Three cases required no treatment; 2 were successfully treated by excision of the bone ends, bone grafting and internal fixation.", "contents": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. This is a report of 5 cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle, a rare disorder of the shoulder girdle. Little more than 100 cases have been reported in the literature; 3 of our 5 cases represent a very rare form of left side involvement with dextrocardia. The pseudarthrosis mass generally protrudes under the skin and may need surgical correction. When unilateral, there is marked and unexplained predominance for the right side. Three cases required no treatment; 2 were successfully treated by excision of the bone ends, bone grafting and internal fixation.", "PMID": 598101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6307", "title": "Jefferson fracture with disruption of the transverse ligament. A case report.", "content": "A 20-year-old male incurred a vertex injury of the skull, disruption of the transverse ligament of the atlas, and a Jefferson fracture--lateral displacement of the lateral masses of the atlas in relation to the lateral margins of the second cervical vertebra. The combination of Jefferson fracture with transverse ligament disruption was not appreciated initially (or even late) because of the head injury. The hospital course was complicated by the patient's initial unconsciousness and restlessness caused by associated intracranial injury. Roentgenograms in all views of the cervical spine were essential to its recognition and had to be carefully examined. Laminograms of the cervical spine showed a small anterolateral fragment on the right at the location of the tubercle attachment of the transverse ligament. Surgical stabilization is essential in this complex injury to protect the spinal cord from damage by subluxation and/or dislocation at the C1-C2 interval. Posterior cervical fusion of C1-C2 was performed at 4 1/2 weeks postinjury to allow time for healing of the ring of the atlas.", "contents": "Jefferson fracture with disruption of the transverse ligament. A case report. A 20-year-old male incurred a vertex injury of the skull, disruption of the transverse ligament of the atlas, and a Jefferson fracture--lateral displacement of the lateral masses of the atlas in relation to the lateral margins of the second cervical vertebra. The combination of Jefferson fracture with transverse ligament disruption was not appreciated initially (or even late) because of the head injury. The hospital course was complicated by the patient's initial unconsciousness and restlessness caused by associated intracranial injury. Roentgenograms in all views of the cervical spine were essential to its recognition and had to be carefully examined. Laminograms of the cervical spine showed a small anterolateral fragment on the right at the location of the tubercle attachment of the transverse ligament. Surgical stabilization is essential in this complex injury to protect the spinal cord from damage by subluxation and/or dislocation at the C1-C2 interval. Posterior cervical fusion of C1-C2 was performed at 4 1/2 weeks postinjury to allow time for healing of the ring of the atlas.", "PMID": 598102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6308", "title": "Coxa vara, avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans complicating solitary bone cysts of the proximal femur.", "content": "In 2 children with cysts in the upper end of the femur, there were 3 complications: coxa vara, avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans. Coxa vara occurred in both cases and was due in 1 case to pathological fracture, and in the other case to growth disturbance. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, a hitherto unreported complication of bone cyst of the upper end of the femur occurred in 1 patient following pathological fracture and resulted in osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head.", "contents": "Coxa vara, avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans complicating solitary bone cysts of the proximal femur. In 2 children with cysts in the upper end of the femur, there were 3 complications: coxa vara, avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans. Coxa vara occurred in both cases and was due in 1 case to pathological fracture, and in the other case to growth disturbance. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, a hitherto unreported complication of bone cyst of the upper end of the femur occurred in 1 patient following pathological fracture and resulted in osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head.", "PMID": 598104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6309", "title": "Anatomy of the achondroplastic lumbar canal.", "content": "The narrowed bony canal in the achondroplastic spine cases varied neurologic problems. The specific anatomic areas seem not to have been directly measured in an autopsy specimen. An achondroplastic spine was examined radiographically and found to show decreased interpediculate distance, thick pedicles, inferior facet thickness, and for animal stenosis in the lumbar canal. These findings have direct application to surgical treatment insofar as simple laminectomy for achondroplastic dwarfs may be insufficient to produce neural canal decompression. The problem is likely to require thorough exposures of facets and foramen.", "contents": "Anatomy of the achondroplastic lumbar canal. The narrowed bony canal in the achondroplastic spine cases varied neurologic problems. The specific anatomic areas seem not to have been directly measured in an autopsy specimen. An achondroplastic spine was examined radiographically and found to show decreased interpediculate distance, thick pedicles, inferior facet thickness, and for animal stenosis in the lumbar canal. These findings have direct application to surgical treatment insofar as simple laminectomy for achondroplastic dwarfs may be insufficient to produce neural canal decompression. The problem is likely to require thorough exposures of facets and foramen.", "PMID": 598103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6310", "title": "Study of wrist motion in flexion and extension.", "content": "During flexion and extension of the wrist, the total range of motion is determined by the radiocarpal and the midcarpal joints. The angular contribution of each carpal row has been differently quantitated by previous investigators. A radiographic investigation of the wrist motion in flexion and extension was undertaken in 55 normal wrists to determine the contribution of the radio--carpal and mid carpal joints. The angular relationships of the radial and carpal components were also analyzed. In neutral position, the lunate and capitate are coaxial with the radius in a small percentage: lunate 11%, capitate 16%. In neutral position, the radio--lunate, lunate--capitate angles neutralize each other in a zig-zag manner in only 11%. During maximum flexion, the motion is 40% radio--carpal and 60% mid carpal. During maximum extension, the motion is 66.5% radiocarpal and 33.5% mid carpal. Functionally the scaphoid belongs to the 1st carpal row in flexion and to the second row in extension.", "contents": "Study of wrist motion in flexion and extension. During flexion and extension of the wrist, the total range of motion is determined by the radiocarpal and the midcarpal joints. The angular contribution of each carpal row has been differently quantitated by previous investigators. A radiographic investigation of the wrist motion in flexion and extension was undertaken in 55 normal wrists to determine the contribution of the radio--carpal and mid carpal joints. The angular relationships of the radial and carpal components were also analyzed. In neutral position, the lunate and capitate are coaxial with the radius in a small percentage: lunate 11%, capitate 16%. In neutral position, the radio--lunate, lunate--capitate angles neutralize each other in a zig-zag manner in only 11%. During maximum flexion, the motion is 40% radio--carpal and 60% mid carpal. During maximum extension, the motion is 66.5% radiocarpal and 33.5% mid carpal. Functionally the scaphoid belongs to the 1st carpal row in flexion and to the second row in extension.", "PMID": 598105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6311", "title": "Osteoid osteoma in a distal radial epiphysis. Case report.", "content": "The distal radial epiphysis is a very unusual location for osteoid osteoma. Curettement resulted in symptomatic and radiographic resolution of the tumor.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma in a distal radial epiphysis. Case report. The distal radial epiphysis is a very unusual location for osteoid osteoma. Curettement resulted in symptomatic and radiographic resolution of the tumor.", "PMID": 598106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6312", "title": "Early spica cast management of femoral shaft fractures in young children. A technique utilizing bilateral fixed skin traction.", "content": "A review was made of 20 of 27 consecutively treated patients under 9 years of age with femoral shaft fractures treated by early application of bilateral fixed skin traction spica cast. The patients were re-evaluated two or more years after treatment, clinically and radiologically. All patients were asymptomatic and unaware of any disability. Orthodiagrams revealed no disparity of leg length greater than 7 mm. Residual anterior bow of 12 degrees was present in two patients and in 5 rotational malalignment of 10 to 20 degrees was present. As compared with results treated in traction, this method provides improved length control, comparable control of angular and rotational alignment and considerably shortened hospital stay. The technique should only be used by experienced, careful orthopedists in individually selected cases.", "contents": "Early spica cast management of femoral shaft fractures in young children. A technique utilizing bilateral fixed skin traction. A review was made of 20 of 27 consecutively treated patients under 9 years of age with femoral shaft fractures treated by early application of bilateral fixed skin traction spica cast. The patients were re-evaluated two or more years after treatment, clinically and radiologically. All patients were asymptomatic and unaware of any disability. Orthodiagrams revealed no disparity of leg length greater than 7 mm. Residual anterior bow of 12 degrees was present in two patients and in 5 rotational malalignment of 10 to 20 degrees was present. As compared with results treated in traction, this method provides improved length control, comparable control of angular and rotational alignment and considerably shortened hospital stay. The technique should only be used by experienced, careful orthopedists in individually selected cases.", "PMID": 598107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6313", "title": "Prevention of the development of the typical dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Applying a diaper and baby clothing without changing the naturally flexed leg requires education of mothers and nurses. Retaining the flexed position which is present from the very beginning of postnatal life, markedly reduces the incidence of click sign. A program on neonatal diapering, clothing, and general care, reduced the incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip in 3 to 7 months old infants in a sample population of 200,000.", "contents": "Prevention of the development of the typical dislocation of the hip. Applying a diaper and baby clothing without changing the naturally flexed leg requires education of mothers and nurses. Retaining the flexed position which is present from the very beginning of postnatal life, markedly reduces the incidence of click sign. A program on neonatal diapering, clothing, and general care, reduced the incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip in 3 to 7 months old infants in a sample population of 200,000.", "PMID": 598108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6314", "title": "The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "A multiple-factor approach to the puzzling diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis is presented in an effort to shed some light on the ever-pervasive shadows of the unknown. Each factor, i.e., nutrition, hormonal influence, genetic tendency, and spinal mechanics, is discussed in detail and with excerpts and summaries from substantive recent literature are presented. Research in molecular chemistry, enzymes, coenzymes, genes, proteins, hormones, etc., at last is beginning to reveal secrets to those who have persevered in the laboratory. It would appear that a relatively minor deficiency in the disk collagen can cause the idiopathic scoliotic development in the spine. A nutritional deficit during the vulnerable growing years (hormonal influence) may initiate the scoliotic process, with the genetic tendency being a recessive factor. Thereafter, given the initial deficit, the spine has no choice--it must react to force, time and direction (mechanics of the spine)--and ultimately produce scoliosis.", "contents": "The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. A multiple-factor approach to the puzzling diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis is presented in an effort to shed some light on the ever-pervasive shadows of the unknown. Each factor, i.e., nutrition, hormonal influence, genetic tendency, and spinal mechanics, is discussed in detail and with excerpts and summaries from substantive recent literature are presented. Research in molecular chemistry, enzymes, coenzymes, genes, proteins, hormones, etc., at last is beginning to reveal secrets to those who have persevered in the laboratory. It would appear that a relatively minor deficiency in the disk collagen can cause the idiopathic scoliotic development in the spine. A nutritional deficit during the vulnerable growing years (hormonal influence) may initiate the scoliotic process, with the genetic tendency being a recessive factor. Thereafter, given the initial deficit, the spine has no choice--it must react to force, time and direction (mechanics of the spine)--and ultimately produce scoliosis.", "PMID": 598109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6315", "title": "Recurrent Legg - Calve - Perthes' disease. A case report.", "content": "This is a report of the fifth known case of recurrent Legg--Calve--Perthes' disease. Roentgenograms of the hips after the first avascular episode, at the age of 3 years and 6 months resemble to a certain extent, Dysplasia Epiphysealis Capitis Femoris.", "contents": "Recurrent Legg - Calve - Perthes' disease. A case report. This is a report of the fifth known case of recurrent Legg--Calve--Perthes' disease. Roentgenograms of the hips after the first avascular episode, at the age of 3 years and 6 months resemble to a certain extent, Dysplasia Epiphysealis Capitis Femoris.", "PMID": 598110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6316", "title": "Anaerobic infection after total hip replacement. Report of three cases.", "content": "In a series of 387 consecutive total hip replacements there were nine infections (2.3% infection rate). Three of the infections were caused by an anaerobic gram positive cocci, Peptococcus. This is an increased incidence of infection for this previously rare pathogen. The anaerobic infections occurred despite prophylactic antibiotic coverage with Keflin. No causative factors such as hospital, operating time, operating personnel, medical disease, or blood loss could be associated with the observed anaerobic infections. Two of the anaerobic infections appeared late. This is consistent with other reports of anaerobic infections in implants. Drainage after total hip arthroplasty operation must be cultured for anaerobes as well as aerobes, especially late infections in patients on prophylactic antibiotics. Drainage which is sterile to aerobic culture should alert the physician to a possible anaerobic infection.", "contents": "Anaerobic infection after total hip replacement. Report of three cases. In a series of 387 consecutive total hip replacements there were nine infections (2.3% infection rate). Three of the infections were caused by an anaerobic gram positive cocci, Peptococcus. This is an increased incidence of infection for this previously rare pathogen. The anaerobic infections occurred despite prophylactic antibiotic coverage with Keflin. No causative factors such as hospital, operating time, operating personnel, medical disease, or blood loss could be associated with the observed anaerobic infections. Two of the anaerobic infections appeared late. This is consistent with other reports of anaerobic infections in implants. Drainage after total hip arthroplasty operation must be cultured for anaerobes as well as aerobes, especially late infections in patients on prophylactic antibiotics. Drainage which is sterile to aerobic culture should alert the physician to a possible anaerobic infection.", "PMID": 598112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6317", "title": "Sciatic nerve paralysis in posterior dislocation of the hip. A case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a 19-year-old male with an unusual case of a complete sciatic nerve paralysis which happened during the treatment of posterior dislocation of the hip. It was presumed that open reduction played a role of a trigger for the sciatic nerve palsy; because an almost complete recovery was obtained by release of the nerve from the ectopic bone mass, it is reasonable to assume that paralysis developed from massive ectopic bone formation around the nerve.", "contents": "Sciatic nerve paralysis in posterior dislocation of the hip. A case report. This is a case report of a 19-year-old male with an unusual case of a complete sciatic nerve paralysis which happened during the treatment of posterior dislocation of the hip. It was presumed that open reduction played a role of a trigger for the sciatic nerve palsy; because an almost complete recovery was obtained by release of the nerve from the ectopic bone mass, it is reasonable to assume that paralysis developed from massive ectopic bone formation around the nerve.", "PMID": 598111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6318", "title": "Removal of methylmethacrylate in failed total hip arthroplasties. An improved technique.", "content": "Extraction of methylmethacrylate from the proximal shaft of the femur following failure of total hip replacement arthroplasty can be accomplished efficiently by osteotomy of the greater trochanter and the use of variable sized carbide drills and a long flexible penlight.", "contents": "Removal of methylmethacrylate in failed total hip arthroplasties. An improved technique. Extraction of methylmethacrylate from the proximal shaft of the femur following failure of total hip replacement arthroplasty can be accomplished efficiently by osteotomy of the greater trochanter and the use of variable sized carbide drills and a long flexible penlight.", "PMID": 598113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6319", "title": "Results of posterior iliopsoas transfer for hip instability caused by cerebral palsy.", "content": "The incidence of subluxation or dislocation of the hip in 185 cerebral palsied patients was 25.4%. Posterior iliopsoas transfer will decrease hip deformities but complications such as weakness of hip flexion or abduction contracture are to be expected in some cases. Posterior iliopsoas transfer did not give uniformly satisfactory results; 9 out of 17 patients were fair to poor even combined with innominate osteotomy and/or versus derotation osteotomy of the femur. Early prophylactic surgery of lesser extent such as adductor release is desirable since treatment of established subluxation or dislocation is often unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Results of posterior iliopsoas transfer for hip instability caused by cerebral palsy. The incidence of subluxation or dislocation of the hip in 185 cerebral palsied patients was 25.4%. Posterior iliopsoas transfer will decrease hip deformities but complications such as weakness of hip flexion or abduction contracture are to be expected in some cases. Posterior iliopsoas transfer did not give uniformly satisfactory results; 9 out of 17 patients were fair to poor even combined with innominate osteotomy and/or versus derotation osteotomy of the femur. Early prophylactic surgery of lesser extent such as adductor release is desirable since treatment of established subluxation or dislocation is often unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 598114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6320", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children under the age of three.", "content": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in very young children may be secondary to traumatic, septic, metabolic, iatrogenetic causes. In most cases, however, the etiology is unclear and generally described in the orthopedic literature in ambiguous terms. Radiologically, the femoral head ossification center may be condensed, deformed or fragmented. Etiologically, the cases placed in 3 groups: idiopathic osteochondritis of the femoral head or early discovered Perthes' disease; dysplasia capiti femoris or a malformation belonging to the group of spondylo epiphyseal dysplasia; deformation of the femoral head through malposition such as C.D.H. Though it is a typical complication of the treatment of dislocated hips, avascular necrosis may occur in association with untreated and even mild subluxation.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children under the age of three. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in very young children may be secondary to traumatic, septic, metabolic, iatrogenetic causes. In most cases, however, the etiology is unclear and generally described in the orthopedic literature in ambiguous terms. Radiologically, the femoral head ossification center may be condensed, deformed or fragmented. Etiologically, the cases placed in 3 groups: idiopathic osteochondritis of the femoral head or early discovered Perthes' disease; dysplasia capiti femoris or a malformation belonging to the group of spondylo epiphyseal dysplasia; deformation of the femoral head through malposition such as C.D.H. Though it is a typical complication of the treatment of dislocated hips, avascular necrosis may occur in association with untreated and even mild subluxation.", "PMID": 598116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6321", "title": "Transient monoarticular synovitis of the hip joint in adults.", "content": "Clinical, laboratory, and radiological investigation of 6 cases of idiopathic monoarticular adult hip synovitis demonstrates that unlike the syndrome in children, in the adult the onset is very acute, short in duration, and followed by a short tapering off period with no sequelae to date. The ESR is the best index of the severity and course of the illness. Hip aspiration is of diagnostic value. Viral etiology was suspected, but not proven. Recognition of this syndrome in the adult will prevent an unnecessary arthrotomy for \"septic arthritis\" of the hip joint.", "contents": "Transient monoarticular synovitis of the hip joint in adults. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological investigation of 6 cases of idiopathic monoarticular adult hip synovitis demonstrates that unlike the syndrome in children, in the adult the onset is very acute, short in duration, and followed by a short tapering off period with no sequelae to date. The ESR is the best index of the severity and course of the illness. Hip aspiration is of diagnostic value. Viral etiology was suspected, but not proven. Recognition of this syndrome in the adult will prevent an unnecessary arthrotomy for \"septic arthritis\" of the hip joint.", "PMID": 598115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6322", "title": "Kinesiologic measurements of functional performance before and after geometric total knee replacemtn: one-year follow-up of twenty cases.", "content": "Kinesiologic measurements were made in patients with severe arthritis before and after geometric total knee replacements to evaluate the nature, rate and extent of change in their functional ability. Preoperatively, patients with rheumatoid arthritis functioned at lower levels than patients with osteoarthritis. Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved steadily after surgery, while progress of those with osteoarthritis was often irregular. The group with rheumatoid arthritis improved more than those with osteoarthritis, but they did not generally reach the functional level attained by the patients with osteoarthritis, and neither group reached the lower limits of normal variability 1 year postoperatively. On the average, both groups gained knee extensions, lost knee flexion, and gained isometric knee flexor muscle strength postoperatively. Every patient with osteoarthritis lost extensor muscle strength 1 year after surgery, while most with rheumatoid arthritis gained. During quiet standing, most patients had straighter knees postoperatively and bore a greater percent of body weight on the operated limb. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved more than patients with osteoarthritis in the type and amount of force applied to canes and crutches. Most patients walked faster postoperatively, took longer and more rapid steps, improved the pattern of knee motion used, and had smoother forward, lateral and vertical head motion.", "contents": "Kinesiologic measurements of functional performance before and after geometric total knee replacemtn: one-year follow-up of twenty cases. Kinesiologic measurements were made in patients with severe arthritis before and after geometric total knee replacements to evaluate the nature, rate and extent of change in their functional ability. Preoperatively, patients with rheumatoid arthritis functioned at lower levels than patients with osteoarthritis. Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved steadily after surgery, while progress of those with osteoarthritis was often irregular. The group with rheumatoid arthritis improved more than those with osteoarthritis, but they did not generally reach the functional level attained by the patients with osteoarthritis, and neither group reached the lower limits of normal variability 1 year postoperatively. On the average, both groups gained knee extensions, lost knee flexion, and gained isometric knee flexor muscle strength postoperatively. Every patient with osteoarthritis lost extensor muscle strength 1 year after surgery, while most with rheumatoid arthritis gained. During quiet standing, most patients had straighter knees postoperatively and bore a greater percent of body weight on the operated limb. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved more than patients with osteoarthritis in the type and amount of force applied to canes and crutches. Most patients walked faster postoperatively, took longer and more rapid steps, improved the pattern of knee motion used, and had smoother forward, lateral and vertical head motion.", "PMID": 598117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6323", "title": "Excision of the cruciate ligaments in total knee replacement.", "content": "The cruciate ligaments (and the intercondylar eminence of the tibia) should be removed when the knee is replaced. A mechanically unlinked prosthesis can be designed which will then be capable of restoring \"cruciate\" stability, i.e., anteroposterior stability of the tibia in the flexed knee. A knee replaced with such a prosthesis will only be stable if the prosthesis is inserted using the correct instruments and technique. Stability depends as much on precise surgical technique as it does on prosthetic design.", "contents": "Excision of the cruciate ligaments in total knee replacement. The cruciate ligaments (and the intercondylar eminence of the tibia) should be removed when the knee is replaced. A mechanically unlinked prosthesis can be designed which will then be capable of restoring \"cruciate\" stability, i.e., anteroposterior stability of the tibia in the flexed knee. A knee replaced with such a prosthesis will only be stable if the prosthesis is inserted using the correct instruments and technique. Stability depends as much on precise surgical technique as it does on prosthetic design.", "PMID": 598119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6324", "title": "The Fabella Syndrome.", "content": "The Fabella Syndrome is recognized by a sharp pain, local tenderness, and intensification of pain in the area of the fabella by full extension of the knee. After diagnostic tests with local anesthesia and ineffective conservative treatment, surgical extirpation may produce lasting relief of symptoms.", "contents": "The Fabella Syndrome. The Fabella Syndrome is recognized by a sharp pain, local tenderness, and intensification of pain in the area of the fabella by full extension of the knee. After diagnostic tests with local anesthesia and ineffective conservative treatment, surgical extirpation may produce lasting relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 598120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6325", "title": "The dashboard knee injury.", "content": "An in-depth study of 74 motor vehicle accidents involving 222 people revealed that 57 of the 153 people injured sustained 69 knee injuries from contact with the instrument panel. There were 51 mild, 10 moderate, and 8 severe knee injuries. Low force contact caused bruising, and more serious injuries occurred when a greater magnitude of force was applied. Injury was most severe when this force was concentrated in a small area and caused lacerations, fractured patella, and open wounds of the joint. Legs trapped under the dashboard with simultaneous rotational, varus, valgus, or frontal forces by the inertial motion of the body produced serious injuries similar to those recieved in sports. Degenerative arthritis was more likely to occur in the seriously injured knees, but generally was not predictable. Long-term disability might be mitigated by early diagnosis and treatment of the specific injury.", "contents": "The dashboard knee injury. An in-depth study of 74 motor vehicle accidents involving 222 people revealed that 57 of the 153 people injured sustained 69 knee injuries from contact with the instrument panel. There were 51 mild, 10 moderate, and 8 severe knee injuries. Low force contact caused bruising, and more serious injuries occurred when a greater magnitude of force was applied. Injury was most severe when this force was concentrated in a small area and caused lacerations, fractured patella, and open wounds of the joint. Legs trapped under the dashboard with simultaneous rotational, varus, valgus, or frontal forces by the inertial motion of the body produced serious injuries similar to those recieved in sports. Degenerative arthritis was more likely to occur in the seriously injured knees, but generally was not predictable. Long-term disability might be mitigated by early diagnosis and treatment of the specific injury.", "PMID": 598118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6326", "title": "Diastasis of the tibiofibular mortise, hypoplasia of the tibia, and clubfoot, in a neonate with cleft hand and cardiac anomalies. A case report.", "content": "In a newborn girl diastasis of the distal tibiofibula joint was associated with cleft hand deformity, and cardiac anomalies. While at least 3 cases of congenital distal tibiofibular diastasis have been reported previously, this patient seems to be the first to have had hand and cardiac defects. The diastasis is believed to be secondary to tibial hypoplasia. The initial presentation was that of an apparent clubfoot deformity and emphasizes the point that roentgenograms of all equinovarus deformities in the newborn should be mandatory.", "contents": "Diastasis of the tibiofibular mortise, hypoplasia of the tibia, and clubfoot, in a neonate with cleft hand and cardiac anomalies. A case report. In a newborn girl diastasis of the distal tibiofibula joint was associated with cleft hand deformity, and cardiac anomalies. While at least 3 cases of congenital distal tibiofibular diastasis have been reported previously, this patient seems to be the first to have had hand and cardiac defects. The diastasis is believed to be secondary to tibial hypoplasia. The initial presentation was that of an apparent clubfoot deformity and emphasizes the point that roentgenograms of all equinovarus deformities in the newborn should be mandatory.", "PMID": 598121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6327", "title": "Talonavicular coalition.", "content": "The diagnosis in 4 symptomatic cases of talonavicular coalition was made from anteroposterior roentgenograms of the feet. The pedigrees suggested a recessive mode of transmission. There were no associated anomalies of the hand.", "contents": "Talonavicular coalition. The diagnosis in 4 symptomatic cases of talonavicular coalition was made from anteroposterior roentgenograms of the feet. The pedigrees suggested a recessive mode of transmission. There were no associated anomalies of the hand.", "PMID": 598123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6328", "title": "Extra-articular arthrodesis of the subtalar joint: a clinical study and review.", "content": "A series of 73 Grice extra-articular arthrodeses in 54 children with hind foot valgus is presented with an overall satisfactory result in 79% of these cases. The diagnostic categories in which we have used this procedure include: cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, meningomyelocele, pes plano valgus, convex pes valgus, osteogenesis imperfecta, congenital hydrocephalus, partial adactylia, and congenital calcaneovalgus. The results with 11 meningomyelocele deformities are encouraging as only 2 of these children required a triple arthrodesis; 5 out of 6 patients in whom the opposite foot could serve as a control developed a smaller foot on the opposite extremity as a result of this procedure. This operative procedure was considered definitive treatment in 47% of the cases (264 operative feet) and produced satisfactory results in 74% of the cases (573 operative feet) reported in the literature.", "contents": "Extra-articular arthrodesis of the subtalar joint: a clinical study and review. A series of 73 Grice extra-articular arthrodeses in 54 children with hind foot valgus is presented with an overall satisfactory result in 79% of these cases. The diagnostic categories in which we have used this procedure include: cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, meningomyelocele, pes plano valgus, convex pes valgus, osteogenesis imperfecta, congenital hydrocephalus, partial adactylia, and congenital calcaneovalgus. The results with 11 meningomyelocele deformities are encouraging as only 2 of these children required a triple arthrodesis; 5 out of 6 patients in whom the opposite foot could serve as a control developed a smaller foot on the opposite extremity as a result of this procedure. This operative procedure was considered definitive treatment in 47% of the cases (264 operative feet) and produced satisfactory results in 74% of the cases (573 operative feet) reported in the literature.", "PMID": 598122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6329", "title": "Allescheria boydii osteomyelitis following multiple steroid injections and surgery.", "content": "This is a report of a 46-year-old male who developed an Allescheria boydii infection secondary to excision of an interdigital neuroma. Previously reported cases of infection occurred in an immunosuppressed patient and in patients on systemic corticosteroid therapy, but not associated with a surgical wound. This patient received multiple local corticosteroid injections which may have produced local as well as systemic immunosuppression. Fungal cultures were not taken for many months and thus the true etiology of the infection was not discovered until late. The importance of obtaining fungal cultures particularly in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy, either local infiltration or systemic, cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Allescheria boydii osteomyelitis following multiple steroid injections and surgery. This is a report of a 46-year-old male who developed an Allescheria boydii infection secondary to excision of an interdigital neuroma. Previously reported cases of infection occurred in an immunosuppressed patient and in patients on systemic corticosteroid therapy, but not associated with a surgical wound. This patient received multiple local corticosteroid injections which may have produced local as well as systemic immunosuppression. Fungal cultures were not taken for many months and thus the true etiology of the infection was not discovered until late. The importance of obtaining fungal cultures particularly in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy, either local infiltration or systemic, cannot be overemphasized.", "PMID": 598124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6330", "title": "External rotational deformities in club feet.", "content": "External rotation of both a structural and functional nature occurs in the lower limb of some patients with club feet. These external rotational deformities are due to two unrecognized and untreated combined deformities within the hindfoot and mid-foot: hindfoot varus and talo-navicular subluxation. If allowed to persist, they will eventually produce external rotation above the level of the ankle. This results in a condition that may be named \"The Medial Malalignment Syndrome.\"", "contents": "External rotational deformities in club feet. External rotation of both a structural and functional nature occurs in the lower limb of some patients with club feet. These external rotational deformities are due to two unrecognized and untreated combined deformities within the hindfoot and mid-foot: hindfoot varus and talo-navicular subluxation. If allowed to persist, they will eventually produce external rotation above the level of the ankle. This results in a condition that may be named \"The Medial Malalignment Syndrome.\"", "PMID": 598126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6331", "title": "Biomechanical gait analysis of the diseased knee joint.", "content": "Clinical and roentgenographic examinations do not provide objective information on the functional performance of a diseased knee joint. In the present study, biomechanical parameters of knee joint function for 95 patients (162 knees) with rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease were studied in a gait laboratory and compared with those for 29 normal subjects. Gait abnormalities of the patient groups were significant and were related more to the functional status of the knee than to patient age and sex or the specific diagnosis. Knee joint disease produced an inefficient gait that seemed to mitigate joint pain (by reducing poorly tolerated compressive forces on the joint) and to increase proprioceptive feedback (in order to increase dynamic muscular control of the unstable joint). Biomechanical parameters were statistically correlated with some clinical and roentgenographic features to allow standardization of functional assessment of the diseased knee joint.", "contents": "Biomechanical gait analysis of the diseased knee joint. Clinical and roentgenographic examinations do not provide objective information on the functional performance of a diseased knee joint. In the present study, biomechanical parameters of knee joint function for 95 patients (162 knees) with rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease were studied in a gait laboratory and compared with those for 29 normal subjects. Gait abnormalities of the patient groups were significant and were related more to the functional status of the knee than to patient age and sex or the specific diagnosis. Knee joint disease produced an inefficient gait that seemed to mitigate joint pain (by reducing poorly tolerated compressive forces on the joint) and to increase proprioceptive feedback (in order to increase dynamic muscular control of the unstable joint). Biomechanical parameters were statistically correlated with some clinical and roentgenographic features to allow standardization of functional assessment of the diseased knee joint.", "PMID": 598127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6332", "title": "Salmonella spondylitis. Report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of Salmonella spondylitis with unusual features appeared in patients who have no sickle cell disease and no history of typhoid fever. One case presented with paraparesis, was misdiagnosed and originally treated for Pott's disease. The other case was diagnosed correctly by specific laboratory tests, but failed to respond to the conventionally accepted conservative antibiotic treatment and required surgical excision and drainage. Salmonella spondylitis with paraparesis may not have been reported heretofore.", "contents": "Salmonella spondylitis. Report of 2 cases. Two cases of Salmonella spondylitis with unusual features appeared in patients who have no sickle cell disease and no history of typhoid fever. One case presented with paraparesis, was misdiagnosed and originally treated for Pott's disease. The other case was diagnosed correctly by specific laboratory tests, but failed to respond to the conventionally accepted conservative antibiotic treatment and required surgical excision and drainage. Salmonella spondylitis with paraparesis may not have been reported heretofore.", "PMID": 598125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6333", "title": "Progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Infantile idiopathic scoliosis is unique in that it differs considerably from idiopathic scoliosis seen in the older child. Early recognition of the progressive type is essential if serious deformity is to be prevented. Treatment must be aimed at controlling the curvature by serial casts and the Milwaukee brace to support the spinal column  without interference with the local mechanics of growth. Most children eventually require spinal fusion, but this should be delayed until early adolescence. If a curvature cannot be controlled satisfactorily, however, surgical fusion may be indicated earlier than desired. Never should a curve be allowed to progress beyond 60 degrees. Two cases are presented to illustrate these principles.", "contents": "Progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis is unique in that it differs considerably from idiopathic scoliosis seen in the older child. Early recognition of the progressive type is essential if serious deformity is to be prevented. Treatment must be aimed at controlling the curvature by serial casts and the Milwaukee brace to support the spinal column  without interference with the local mechanics of growth. Most children eventually require spinal fusion, but this should be delayed until early adolescence. If a curvature cannot be controlled satisfactorily, however, surgical fusion may be indicated earlier than desired. Never should a curve be allowed to progress beyond 60 degrees. Two cases are presented to illustrate these principles.", "PMID": 598128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6334", "title": "Aggressive chondroblastoma. Report of a case with multiple bone and soft tissue involvement.", "content": "A 14-year-old male had a recurrent chondroblastoma in his right talus which involved the right calcaneus and the soft tissue of that ankle. While the initial lesion had a typical, benign appearance, the recurrent lesion and the soft tissue nodules showed a significantly elevated mitotic rate. Although some extraosseous involvement by chondroblastomas may be secondary to soft tissue or hematogeneous seeding at the time of surgery, and aggressive variant of chondroblastoma appears to exist. Previous reports of these aggressive cases show a poor correlation between histologic appearance and biologic behavior. When objective quantitation of cytologic features such as mitotic rate are made, we believe that these features may serve as a marker for identification of those cases of chondroblastoma which have a propensity for aggressive behavior.", "contents": "Aggressive chondroblastoma. Report of a case with multiple bone and soft tissue involvement. A 14-year-old male had a recurrent chondroblastoma in his right talus which involved the right calcaneus and the soft tissue of that ankle. While the initial lesion had a typical, benign appearance, the recurrent lesion and the soft tissue nodules showed a significantly elevated mitotic rate. Although some extraosseous involvement by chondroblastomas may be secondary to soft tissue or hematogeneous seeding at the time of surgery, and aggressive variant of chondroblastoma appears to exist. Previous reports of these aggressive cases show a poor correlation between histologic appearance and biologic behavior. When objective quantitation of cytologic features such as mitotic rate are made, we believe that these features may serve as a marker for identification of those cases of chondroblastoma which have a propensity for aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 598129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6335", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of adrenergic fibers in the fascia periosteum and retinaculum.", "content": "Adrenergic nerve fibers were demonstrated in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum using the formaldehyde method of Falck--Hillarp and the recently developed glyoxylic acid method. A typical adrenergic plexus was seen around the vessels. The arteries and arterioles received a dense adrenergic nerve supply. The veins had a sparse adrenergic innervation and the venules and capillaries were apparently without adrenergic innervation. These distribution patterns of adrenergic fibers were fundamentally similar to those seen in various organs. A difference in the pattern of innervation was seen, however, in the arterioles betweeen the fascia, and periosteum and retinaculum. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in the disappearance of noradrenaline fluorescence and marked vasodilation in the fascial vascular bed, and a moderate vasodilation in the periosteum and retinaculum. These findings suggest that the role of adrenergic fiber is vasoconstrictor and these fibers regulate the circulation in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of adrenergic fibers in the fascia periosteum and retinaculum. Adrenergic nerve fibers were demonstrated in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum using the formaldehyde method of Falck--Hillarp and the recently developed glyoxylic acid method. A typical adrenergic plexus was seen around the vessels. The arteries and arterioles received a dense adrenergic nerve supply. The veins had a sparse adrenergic innervation and the venules and capillaries were apparently without adrenergic innervation. These distribution patterns of adrenergic fibers were fundamentally similar to those seen in various organs. A difference in the pattern of innervation was seen, however, in the arterioles betweeen the fascia, and periosteum and retinaculum. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in the disappearance of noradrenaline fluorescence and marked vasodilation in the fascial vascular bed, and a moderate vasodilation in the periosteum and retinaculum. These findings suggest that the role of adrenergic fiber is vasoconstrictor and these fibers regulate the circulation in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum.", "PMID": 598132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6336", "title": "Osteoid osteomas in siblings. Case reports.", "content": "Osteoid osteomas occurred in siblings with a nearly simultaneous onset of symptoms, and with some unusual neoplastic characteristics. The combination of simultaneous occurrence and neoplastic change suggests that a viral or other infectious etiology is possible.", "contents": "Osteoid osteomas in siblings. Case reports. Osteoid osteomas occurred in siblings with a nearly simultaneous onset of symptoms, and with some unusual neoplastic characteristics. The combination of simultaneous occurrence and neoplastic change suggests that a viral or other infectious etiology is possible.", "PMID": 598131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6337", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans and endochondral calcification.", "content": "Present controversy about endochondral calcification and ossification is concerned with changes in glycosaminoglycans. Some authors report a rise in amounts of glycosaminoglycans while others a fall. Cartilage was carefully sliced under microscopic control to provide samples of material from different functional zones of the developing tissues. The following zones were studied histochemically and analyzed for their content of total nitrogen, hydroxyproline, total hexosamines, uronic acid and phosphorus: the resting zone; the zone of proliferating and maturing cells; the calcifying zone, characterized by degenerating hypertrophic cells and early mineral deposition; the ossifying region, where early bone formation takes place. Serial analyses provided evidence that glycosaminoglycans increases before calcification starts. Afterwards, part of the glycosaminoglycan content is removed. This biphasic process appears to occur during the calcification of other tissues too, such as secondary bone and dentine.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans and endochondral calcification. Present controversy about endochondral calcification and ossification is concerned with changes in glycosaminoglycans. Some authors report a rise in amounts of glycosaminoglycans while others a fall. Cartilage was carefully sliced under microscopic control to provide samples of material from different functional zones of the developing tissues. The following zones were studied histochemically and analyzed for their content of total nitrogen, hydroxyproline, total hexosamines, uronic acid and phosphorus: the resting zone; the zone of proliferating and maturing cells; the calcifying zone, characterized by degenerating hypertrophic cells and early mineral deposition; the ossifying region, where early bone formation takes place. Serial analyses provided evidence that glycosaminoglycans increases before calcification starts. Afterwards, part of the glycosaminoglycan content is removed. This biphasic process appears to occur during the calcification of other tissues too, such as secondary bone and dentine.", "PMID": 598133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6338", "title": "The reversibility of disuse osteoporosis. Fluoride treatment and bone strength.", "content": "The biomechanical strength of femur of adult rats was tested after immobilization for 9 weeks and remobilization for 12 weeks of 1 hind leg. Some rats were also given a fluoride supplement of 200 ppm in the drinking water. As reflected in the ultimate torque and stiffness there was a decrease in bone strength due to immobilization. After 12 weeks of remobilization the stiffness remained lower than in normal animals of the same age. Fluoride supplement partially counteracted the effect of immobilization but after the remobilization period no positive effect of the fluoride supplement was observed. Remobilization per se is of much more significance than fluoride in restoration of bone strength.", "contents": "The reversibility of disuse osteoporosis. Fluoride treatment and bone strength. The biomechanical strength of femur of adult rats was tested after immobilization for 9 weeks and remobilization for 12 weeks of 1 hind leg. Some rats were also given a fluoride supplement of 200 ppm in the drinking water. As reflected in the ultimate torque and stiffness there was a decrease in bone strength due to immobilization. After 12 weeks of remobilization the stiffness remained lower than in normal animals of the same age. Fluoride supplement partially counteracted the effect of immobilization but after the remobilization period no positive effect of the fluoride supplement was observed. Remobilization per se is of much more significance than fluoride in restoration of bone strength.", "PMID": 598136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6339", "title": "Effect of salicylate therapy on cartilage destruction in experimental pyarthrosis.", "content": "An experimental rabbit pyarthrosis model was utilized to investigate the effects of sodium salicylate therapy on cartilage destruction. Animals were innoculated with 10(3) organisms of Staphylococcus aureus 502A. The opposite knee was injected with sterile saline. Infection was documented 48 hours post innoculation, procaine penicillin therapy initiated, and the adequacy of therapy evaluated at sacrifice. One half of the animals began salicylate feedings one week prior to injection and this continued until sacrifice at 14 or 49 days. Salicylate levels were 12.5 +/- 6.9 mg %. There was a significant loss of cartilage in both the salicylate treated and untreated animals. The levels of salicylate obtained in this study were not protective to cartilage in a septic joint.", "contents": "Effect of salicylate therapy on cartilage destruction in experimental pyarthrosis. An experimental rabbit pyarthrosis model was utilized to investigate the effects of sodium salicylate therapy on cartilage destruction. Animals were innoculated with 10(3) organisms of Staphylococcus aureus 502A. The opposite knee was injected with sterile saline. Infection was documented 48 hours post innoculation, procaine penicillin therapy initiated, and the adequacy of therapy evaluated at sacrifice. One half of the animals began salicylate feedings one week prior to injection and this continued until sacrifice at 14 or 49 days. Salicylate levels were 12.5 +/- 6.9 mg %. There was a significant loss of cartilage in both the salicylate treated and untreated animals. The levels of salicylate obtained in this study were not protective to cartilage in a septic joint.", "PMID": 598135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6340", "title": "Bone collagen in dysbaric osteonecrosis.", "content": "Experimental dysbaric osteonecrosis associated with inadequate decompression has been induced in mature female swine. The bone collagen from the radiologically defined lesion in the femur has been analyzed. The total collagen contents were the same for the epiphyseal (F-1), the metaphyseal (F-2), and the diaphyseal (F-3) regions. Soluble bone collagen content obtained by sequential extraction of the samples with acetic acid urea, guanidine, lithium chloride and potassium thiocyanate, decreased by approximately 20% in going from the F-1 to the F-2 to the F-3 regions for both experimental and control samples. The amino acid compositions and acrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns were the same for control and experimental samples. Spectral changes with the MBTH reaction were different for control and experimental collagen samples from all bone regions. The spectral shift and pattern changes which occurred from pH 4 to pH 1 suggested a higher average content of unsaturation in the collagen associated aldehyde groups in the experimental than in the control samples. These findings suggest an enhanced ability to remodel collagen which would be consistent with the histological observation of increased derangement of collagen fibers in the experimental bone samples.", "contents": "Bone collagen in dysbaric osteonecrosis. Experimental dysbaric osteonecrosis associated with inadequate decompression has been induced in mature female swine. The bone collagen from the radiologically defined lesion in the femur has been analyzed. The total collagen contents were the same for the epiphyseal (F-1), the metaphyseal (F-2), and the diaphyseal (F-3) regions. Soluble bone collagen content obtained by sequential extraction of the samples with acetic acid urea, guanidine, lithium chloride and potassium thiocyanate, decreased by approximately 20% in going from the F-1 to the F-2 to the F-3 regions for both experimental and control samples. The amino acid compositions and acrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns were the same for control and experimental samples. Spectral changes with the MBTH reaction were different for control and experimental collagen samples from all bone regions. The spectral shift and pattern changes which occurred from pH 4 to pH 1 suggested a higher average content of unsaturation in the collagen associated aldehyde groups in the experimental than in the control samples. These findings suggest an enhanced ability to remodel collagen which would be consistent with the histological observation of increased derangement of collagen fibers in the experimental bone samples.", "PMID": 598134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6341", "title": "Screening for spinal deformities in Minnesota schools.", "content": "Early detection of spine deformities by school screening has proven to be an effective mechanism for early diagnosis. The forward bending test is a simple rapid method of detection and has been used in the Minnesota State screening program. Screening in Minnesota began in 2 rural communities and spread to include the whole state. Over 570,000 children have been screened to the end of the 1975/1976 school year. The prevalence rate of 4.0% of rational prominences is the same as that found in other screening programs. The findings of a large number of small curves and the nearly equal sex ratio were unexpected, but reflect the recent literature. Even though a large number of normal spines are referred for physician evaluation by the screening, the benefits are great. The curves are detected when they are small, allowing progressive deformities to be detected early, promptly braced and deterioration prevented. The need for future surgical correction is thus decreased. The routine screening in Minnesota of school children for spine deformities has proved to be an effective method for the early detection of spine deformities. The screening test is rapid and easy--\"a 30-second investment for a lifetime of dividends.\"", "contents": "Screening for spinal deformities in Minnesota schools. Early detection of spine deformities by school screening has proven to be an effective mechanism for early diagnosis. The forward bending test is a simple rapid method of detection and has been used in the Minnesota State screening program. Screening in Minnesota began in 2 rural communities and spread to include the whole state. Over 570,000 children have been screened to the end of the 1975/1976 school year. The prevalence rate of 4.0% of rational prominences is the same as that found in other screening programs. The findings of a large number of small curves and the nearly equal sex ratio were unexpected, but reflect the recent literature. Even though a large number of normal spines are referred for physician evaluation by the screening, the benefits are great. The curves are detected when they are small, allowing progressive deformities to be detected early, promptly braced and deterioration prevented. The need for future surgical correction is thus decreased. The routine screening in Minnesota of school children for spine deformities has proved to be an effective method for the early detection of spine deformities. The screening test is rapid and easy--\"a 30-second investment for a lifetime of dividends.\"", "PMID": 598137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6342", "title": "Scoliosis prevalence: a call for a statement of terms.", "content": "Recently published prevalence studies of scoliosis reveal a disconcerting variability, largely due to the use of different diagnostic \"cutting points\", which are frequently unstated. A statistical analysis of the prevalence of moderate and severe scoliotic curves shows that the distribution of scoliotic curves conforms best to a log normal distribution. Using this analysis, and using 10 degrees as the \"cutting point\" for the diagnosis, the adolescent scoliosis population consists of approximately 25 per 1,000.", "contents": "Scoliosis prevalence: a call for a statement of terms. Recently published prevalence studies of scoliosis reveal a disconcerting variability, largely due to the use of different diagnostic \"cutting points\", which are frequently unstated. A statistical analysis of the prevalence of moderate and severe scoliotic curves shows that the distribution of scoliotic curves conforms best to a log normal distribution. Using this analysis, and using 10 degrees as the \"cutting point\" for the diagnosis, the adolescent scoliosis population consists of approximately 25 per 1,000.", "PMID": 598138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6343", "title": "Milwaukee brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: late results.", "content": "Forty-seven patients returned for examination, X-ray and statistical analysis of the results more than 5 years after Milwaukee braces had been discontinued. The mean curves showed a characteristic pattern of rapid improvement after the brace was applied and then gradual loss of correction during the follow-up. There was no statistically significant variation when the results were analyzed according to initial age, initial curve size, or curve pattern. One-third of the patients lost 5 degrees or less after their braces were discontinued at skeletal age 18. The other two-thirds progressed, with the loss of a degree or two a year until their improvement stabilized in the mid or late twenties. More flexible curves stabilized later and lost more correction. Although the mean overall improvement was only slightly more than 3 degrees there was a range from a gain of 40 degrees to a loss of 26 degrees. The 2 most important findings were the tremendous variation in the age at which stabilization or correction occurred and the variability of end results.", "contents": "Milwaukee brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: late results. Forty-seven patients returned for examination, X-ray and statistical analysis of the results more than 5 years after Milwaukee braces had been discontinued. The mean curves showed a characteristic pattern of rapid improvement after the brace was applied and then gradual loss of correction during the follow-up. There was no statistically significant variation when the results were analyzed according to initial age, initial curve size, or curve pattern. One-third of the patients lost 5 degrees or less after their braces were discontinued at skeletal age 18. The other two-thirds progressed, with the loss of a degree or two a year until their improvement stabilized in the mid or late twenties. More flexible curves stabilized later and lost more correction. Although the mean overall improvement was only slightly more than 3 degrees there was a range from a gain of 40 degrees to a loss of 26 degrees. The 2 most important findings were the tremendous variation in the age at which stabilization or correction occurred and the variability of end results.", "PMID": 598139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6344", "title": "Psychological factors in failure to wear the Milwaukee brace for treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Youngsters who fail to successfully adapt to a Milwaukee Brace displayed measurable psychological differences from those who do adapt satisfactorily to this treatment approach. The study did not encompass all conceivable variables which might affect orthotic wearing, however, use of logical and empirical approach to further delineate important variables seems feasible and desirable. In fact, one can hypothesize a predictive test battery which will detect high risk patients and thus afford the physician the option of alternative treatment modes, or intensified psychological intervention if the orthosis is preferred. The nature of such a psychological test battery, as well as the actions which would constitute effective intervention, will depend on future research. Based on our data, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients can be considered high risks for compliance with a Milwaukee Brace program if they display the following psychological characteristics: lower overall intelligence uith relative deficits in general information, reading recognition and reading comprehension skills; greater potential for acting-out/rebellious behavior; relatively lower sense of personal power or \"potency\", less tension associated with doctors; self reports of very active personal and family life styles.", "contents": "Psychological factors in failure to wear the Milwaukee brace for treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Youngsters who fail to successfully adapt to a Milwaukee Brace displayed measurable psychological differences from those who do adapt satisfactorily to this treatment approach. The study did not encompass all conceivable variables which might affect orthotic wearing, however, use of logical and empirical approach to further delineate important variables seems feasible and desirable. In fact, one can hypothesize a predictive test battery which will detect high risk patients and thus afford the physician the option of alternative treatment modes, or intensified psychological intervention if the orthosis is preferred. The nature of such a psychological test battery, as well as the actions which would constitute effective intervention, will depend on future research. Based on our data, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients can be considered high risks for compliance with a Milwaukee Brace program if they display the following psychological characteristics: lower overall intelligence uith relative deficits in general information, reading recognition and reading comprehension skills; greater potential for acting-out/rebellious behavior; relatively lower sense of personal power or \"potency\", less tension associated with doctors; self reports of very active personal and family life styles.", "PMID": 598141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6345", "title": "Kyphosis in the paralytic spine.", "content": "The paralytic spine without supplementary support is unstable and susceptible to axial collapse. The biomechanical factors responsible for spinal stability should be considered in any treatment regimen for paralytic spines. If posterior fusion is elected as the treatment, kyphosis must be corrected so that the eccentric loading and kyphotic bending moment is very small. When this is done, posterior fusion alone is adequate to give spinal stability and increased function to the individual.", "contents": "Kyphosis in the paralytic spine. The paralytic spine without supplementary support is unstable and susceptible to axial collapse. The biomechanical factors responsible for spinal stability should be considered in any treatment regimen for paralytic spines. If posterior fusion is elected as the treatment, kyphosis must be corrected so that the eccentric loading and kyphotic bending moment is very small. When this is done, posterior fusion alone is adequate to give spinal stability and increased function to the individual.", "PMID": 598146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6346", "title": "Follow-up study of Milwaukee brace treatment in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Milwaukee brace treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis very rarely accomplishes improvement approaching that of successful surgery. Prpgression of small and medium-sized curves (60 degrees or less) has been routinely halted. Few curves progress with adequate brace treatment. Occasionally, improvement in deformity and curve measurement is significant, but loss of improvement seems to be gradual and almost uniformly present to some degree after cessation of treatment. A much longer follow-up period will be necessary if the improvement seen with Milwaukee brace treatment can be considered \"permanent.\" Milwaukee brace treatment is effective in skeletally immature patients with small, flexible and nondeforming curves. Corrective surgery is recommended for deforming curves in all patients for whom permanent improvement is the goal.", "contents": "Follow-up study of Milwaukee brace treatment in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Milwaukee brace treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis very rarely accomplishes improvement approaching that of successful surgery. Prpgression of small and medium-sized curves (60 degrees or less) has been routinely halted. Few curves progress with adequate brace treatment. Occasionally, improvement in deformity and curve measurement is significant, but loss of improvement seems to be gradual and almost uniformly present to some degree after cessation of treatment. A much longer follow-up period will be necessary if the improvement seen with Milwaukee brace treatment can be considered \"permanent.\" Milwaukee brace treatment is effective in skeletally immature patients with small, flexible and nondeforming curves. Corrective surgery is recommended for deforming curves in all patients for whom permanent improvement is the goal.", "PMID": 598140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6347", "title": "Anterior fibular strut grafting in the treatment of kyphosis.", "content": "An intact segment of autologous fibula provides a strong, physiologic, anterior support in the surgical treatment of short segment kyphosis. In this series of 20 patients, only 3 had no signs of spinal cord injury. Correction averaged 20 degrees. At an average follow-up of 2.2 years, 9 degress of the previously obtained correction were maintained, including 3 patients with non-union and marked loss of correction. Twenty-four complications were noted in association with traction, surgery, and immobilization. The results suggest that attempts at correction should remain secondary to those of stabilization and relief or prevention of neurologic problems. Supplementary posterior spinal fusion is necessary to increase the strength of the stabilized segment as well as decrease the incidence of pseudoarthrosis and loss of correction.", "contents": "Anterior fibular strut grafting in the treatment of kyphosis. An intact segment of autologous fibula provides a strong, physiologic, anterior support in the surgical treatment of short segment kyphosis. In this series of 20 patients, only 3 had no signs of spinal cord injury. Correction averaged 20 degrees. At an average follow-up of 2.2 years, 9 degress of the previously obtained correction were maintained, including 3 patients with non-union and marked loss of correction. Twenty-four complications were noted in association with traction, surgery, and immobilization. The results suggest that attempts at correction should remain secondary to those of stabilization and relief or prevention of neurologic problems. Supplementary posterior spinal fusion is necessary to increase the strength of the stabilized segment as well as decrease the incidence of pseudoarthrosis and loss of correction.", "PMID": 598147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6348", "title": "The treatment of paralysis associated with kyphosis: role of anterior decompression.", "content": "A multi-disciplinary team approach is essential to achieve good results and to reduce morbidity and mortality from anterior spinal cord compression due to kyphosis. There are several procedures for the individual patient management. The absolute indication is progressive neurological deficit. Preoperative investigations should include detailed neurological, neuro-urological, roentgenological and myelographic and pulmonary function measurements. Intraoperative management of patient positioning, exposure, ostectomy, hemostasis and replacement of blood loss require special attention. Postoperative and long term follow-up observations are necessary for good patient care.", "contents": "The treatment of paralysis associated with kyphosis: role of anterior decompression. A multi-disciplinary team approach is essential to achieve good results and to reduce morbidity and mortality from anterior spinal cord compression due to kyphosis. There are several procedures for the individual patient management. The absolute indication is progressive neurological deficit. Preoperative investigations should include detailed neurological, neuro-urological, roentgenological and myelographic and pulmonary function measurements. Intraoperative management of patient positioning, exposure, ostectomy, hemostasis and replacement of blood loss require special attention. Postoperative and long term follow-up observations are necessary for good patient care.", "PMID": 598148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6349", "title": "Stress fractures of the calcaneus in women marine recruits.", "content": "Stress fractures of the calcaneus constitute about 25% of all stress fractures seen during Marine recruit training, and are often bilateral. The incidence can be correlated with individual physical condition at the onset of training. There was no correlation with age, height, weight, or foot architecture. In 114 women Marine recruits the incidence was 10.5%. The principal factors involved in the occurrence of this fractur are: the types and mechanism of application of forces to the calcaneus, the musculo-skeletal architecture of the foot and ankle, and the initial physiologic condition of the individual.", "contents": "Stress fractures of the calcaneus in women marine recruits. Stress fractures of the calcaneus constitute about 25% of all stress fractures seen during Marine recruit training, and are often bilateral. The incidence can be correlated with individual physical condition at the onset of training. There was no correlation with age, height, weight, or foot architecture. In 114 women Marine recruits the incidence was 10.5%. The principal factors involved in the occurrence of this fractur are: the types and mechanism of application of forces to the calcaneus, the musculo-skeletal architecture of the foot and ankle, and the initial physiologic condition of the individual.", "PMID": 598149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6350", "title": "The Boston brace system for the treatment of low thoracic and lumbar scoliosis by the use of a girdle without superstructure.", "content": "A brace for the non-operative treatment of scoliosis constructed without a metal superstructure is preferred by teenage patients. Preliminary results show that a 50-60% correction can be achieved as measured on standing X-rays in the brace. Three quarters of these patients have no skin problems associated with brace wearing. In several years when these patients have reached skeletal maturity and have spent 1 year out of their braces, it will be possible to determine whether the short term results are comparable to the standard set by the Milwaukee Brace.", "contents": "The Boston brace system for the treatment of low thoracic and lumbar scoliosis by the use of a girdle without superstructure. A brace for the non-operative treatment of scoliosis constructed without a metal superstructure is preferred by teenage patients. Preliminary results show that a 50-60% correction can be achieved as measured on standing X-rays in the brace. Three quarters of these patients have no skin problems associated with brace wearing. In several years when these patients have reached skeletal maturity and have spent 1 year out of their braces, it will be possible to determine whether the short term results are comparable to the standard set by the Milwaukee Brace.", "PMID": 598144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6351", "title": "Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine.", "content": "Four cases of cervical osteoid osteoma occurred predominantly in the adolescent age group with either pain, pain with scoliosis, or radicular pain usually without neurological signs. The initial X-rays did not demonstrate the lesions but a high index of suspicion led to additional roentgenographic as well as tomography examinations and eventually an accurate diagnosis. The lesions were located in the posterior elements in all 4 cases. Treatment consisted of excision in 3 cases and excision and fusion in one case and resulted in cure with no recurrence.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine. Four cases of cervical osteoid osteoma occurred predominantly in the adolescent age group with either pain, pain with scoliosis, or radicular pain usually without neurological signs. The initial X-rays did not demonstrate the lesions but a high index of suspicion led to additional roentgenographic as well as tomography examinations and eventually an accurate diagnosis. The lesions were located in the posterior elements in all 4 cases. Treatment consisted of excision in 3 cases and excision and fusion in one case and resulted in cure with no recurrence.", "PMID": 598150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6352", "title": "Current status of anterior spine surgery for scoliosis.", "content": "The greatest need for anterior spine surgery is for those cases that have neurological involvement with pressure or stress forces exerted on the spinal cord. With anterior decompression excising anomalous bone, shortening the spine with posterior osteomies, and correction with Harrington instrumentation, many of these cases were protected against neurological sequelae as well as correction of the deformity. Anterior spine reconstruction is a 2-stage procedure. The procedure protects against damage to the blood supply, untethers the spinal cord, corrects deformity, and stabilizes the spinal column. As more cases that can benefit from anterior spine correction of scoliosis are recognized, the expertise to deal with these lesions continues to grow.", "contents": "Current status of anterior spine surgery for scoliosis. The greatest need for anterior spine surgery is for those cases that have neurological involvement with pressure or stress forces exerted on the spinal cord. With anterior decompression excising anomalous bone, shortening the spine with posterior osteomies, and correction with Harrington instrumentation, many of these cases were protected against neurological sequelae as well as correction of the deformity. Anterior spine reconstruction is a 2-stage procedure. The procedure protects against damage to the blood supply, untethers the spinal cord, corrects deformity, and stabilizes the spinal column. As more cases that can benefit from anterior spine correction of scoliosis are recognized, the expertise to deal with these lesions continues to grow.", "PMID": 598145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6353", "title": "Deltoid muscle abduction contracture.", "content": "A child with an abduction contracture of the left shoulder secondary to diffuse fibrosis of the deltoid muscle was successfully treated by recession of the inserting muscle fibers proximally. Previously reported cases of deltoid muscle contracture were secondary to fibrous cords or nodules within the muscle. This patient's contracture may be related to either a brachial plexus birth injury or may be similar to the idiopathic fibrosis seen in the quadriceps muscle.", "contents": "Deltoid muscle abduction contracture. A child with an abduction contracture of the left shoulder secondary to diffuse fibrosis of the deltoid muscle was successfully treated by recession of the inserting muscle fibers proximally. Previously reported cases of deltoid muscle contracture were secondary to fibrous cords or nodules within the muscle. This patient's contracture may be related to either a brachial plexus birth injury or may be similar to the idiopathic fibrosis seen in the quadriceps muscle.", "PMID": 598151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6354", "title": "A modified brace (Prenyl) for scoliosis.", "content": "Sixty-six skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis were treated with a Prenyl brace and their results were analyzed. Fifty-three patients (80%) showed a satisfactory response. The best results were obtained in patients with lumbar curves and thoracolumbar curves less than 40 degrees. Advantages of this brace are simplicity of fabrication and fitting, patient comfort, patient acceptance and relatively low cost. The disadvantages of this brace are that it is less effective in thoracic curves in the upper thoracic spine, double major curves and kyphosis. It probably causes more significant chest restriction than the Milwaukee brace.", "contents": "A modified brace (Prenyl) for scoliosis. Sixty-six skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis were treated with a Prenyl brace and their results were analyzed. Fifty-three patients (80%) showed a satisfactory response. The best results were obtained in patients with lumbar curves and thoracolumbar curves less than 40 degrees. Advantages of this brace are simplicity of fabrication and fitting, patient comfort, patient acceptance and relatively low cost. The disadvantages of this brace are that it is less effective in thoracic curves in the upper thoracic spine, double major curves and kyphosis. It probably causes more significant chest restriction than the Milwaukee brace.", "PMID": 598142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6355", "title": "Modern orthotics for spinal deformities.", "content": "Four basic types of orthoses are now being used at the Twin Cities Scoliosis Center for the treatment of spinal curvatures. The Milwaukee Brace, either custom-made or using a prefabricated pelvic section is the orthosis of choice for thoracic scoliosis and kyphosis in the ambulatory child. For lumbar and thoracolumbar curves, the one-piece \"TLSO\" has proven the most effective design. For the collapsing spine of myelomeningocele, childhood paraplegia, and spinal muscular atrophy, the 2-piece bivalved polypropylene body jacket is excellent. For the severely involved cerebral palsy or Duchenne Dystrophy patient, the Chair Insert type Sitting Support Orthodosis is preferable.", "contents": "Modern orthotics for spinal deformities. Four basic types of orthoses are now being used at the Twin Cities Scoliosis Center for the treatment of spinal curvatures. The Milwaukee Brace, either custom-made or using a prefabricated pelvic section is the orthosis of choice for thoracic scoliosis and kyphosis in the ambulatory child. For lumbar and thoracolumbar curves, the one-piece \"TLSO\" has proven the most effective design. For the collapsing spine of myelomeningocele, childhood paraplegia, and spinal muscular atrophy, the 2-piece bivalved polypropylene body jacket is excellent. For the severely involved cerebral palsy or Duchenne Dystrophy patient, the Chair Insert type Sitting Support Orthodosis is preferable.", "PMID": 598143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6356", "title": "Prevention of thromboembolic disease by external pneumatic compression in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken in order to test the efficacy of intermittent calf compression for prevention of thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The patients were studied pre- and postoperatively by routine Doppler ultrasound examinations in addition to clinical assessment. Statistically significant evidence substantiates the view that intermittent calf compression decreased the incidence of thr thromboembolic problem.", "contents": "Prevention of thromboembolic disease by external pneumatic compression in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. A prospective study was undertaken in order to test the efficacy of intermittent calf compression for prevention of thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The patients were studied pre- and postoperatively by routine Doppler ultrasound examinations in addition to clinical assessment. Statistically significant evidence substantiates the view that intermittent calf compression decreased the incidence of thr thromboembolic problem.", "PMID": 598154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6357", "title": "Stainless steel fiber reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate.", "content": "The reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate with small caliber stainless steel fibers can significantly improve its mechanical properties. While maintaining all the advantages of unreinforced polymethylmethacrylate, it can be demonstrated that compression, flexural tension, tension and impact parameters of cement reinforced with one quarter inch long steel fibers are dramatically enhanced. Careful cement preparation further improves these properties. The polymerizing composite is easily prepared within the operating room and the exothermic reaction is not as severe as the unreinforced material. Furthermore, the metal fiber reinforcement provides the potential for core heating, the capability of depolymerization to facilitate cement removal, and invites research on new prosthetic stem designs.", "contents": "Stainless steel fiber reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate. The reinforcement of polymethylmethacrylate with small caliber stainless steel fibers can significantly improve its mechanical properties. While maintaining all the advantages of unreinforced polymethylmethacrylate, it can be demonstrated that compression, flexural tension, tension and impact parameters of cement reinforced with one quarter inch long steel fibers are dramatically enhanced. Careful cement preparation further improves these properties. The polymerizing composite is easily prepared within the operating room and the exothermic reaction is not as severe as the unreinforced material. Furthermore, the metal fiber reinforcement provides the potential for core heating, the capability of depolymerization to facilitate cement removal, and invites research on new prosthetic stem designs.", "PMID": 598155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6358", "title": "Occult injuries of the pelvic ring.", "content": "With major trauma to the pelvis, injuries at more than one site within the pelvic ring are common. However, minor injuries seem to result in isolated fractures most frequently of the pubic rami. By means of the bone scan we have demonstrated in 6 consecutive cases that these apparent isolated injuries are associated with disruptions elsewhere within the ring, usually the acetabulum or sacroiliac joints. This finding may explain the complaints of pain in the sacral region or about the hip in some patients following isolated fractures of the pubic rami.", "contents": "Occult injuries of the pelvic ring. With major trauma to the pelvis, injuries at more than one site within the pelvic ring are common. However, minor injuries seem to result in isolated fractures most frequently of the pubic rami. By means of the bone scan we have demonstrated in 6 consecutive cases that these apparent isolated injuries are associated with disruptions elsewhere within the ring, usually the acetabulum or sacroiliac joints. This finding may explain the complaints of pain in the sacral region or about the hip in some patients following isolated fractures of the pubic rami.", "PMID": 598158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6359", "title": "Internal derangement of the knee caused by a loose fragment of methylmethacrylate following uni-compartmental total knee arthroplasty: a case report.", "content": "Internal derangement of the knee joint following uni-compartmental total knee arthroplasty was caused by a loose fragment of methylmethacrylate lodging in the normal compartment of the knee joint.", "contents": "Internal derangement of the knee caused by a loose fragment of methylmethacrylate following uni-compartmental total knee arthroplasty: a case report. Internal derangement of the knee joint following uni-compartmental total knee arthroplasty was caused by a loose fragment of methylmethacrylate lodging in the normal compartment of the knee joint.", "PMID": 598159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6360", "title": "The use of a peritoneal catheter for the irrigating system in arthroscopy: a better system for accurate diagnosis.", "content": "The use of a peritoneal catheter enhances diagnosis using arthroscopy by affording a clear visibility of the knee joint. The accuracy in diagnosis is significantly enhanced using this method of irrigation. No better method of irrigation is available for cases of acute knee joint injuries.", "contents": "The use of a peritoneal catheter for the irrigating system in arthroscopy: a better system for accurate diagnosis. The use of a peritoneal catheter enhances diagnosis using arthroscopy by affording a clear visibility of the knee joint. The accuracy in diagnosis is significantly enhanced using this method of irrigation. No better method of irrigation is available for cases of acute knee joint injuries.", "PMID": 598160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6361", "title": "A techinque for recording the results of knee surgery.", "content": "A research form for recording clinical data relating to the arthritic knee is described. Data are recorded using a numerical code which facilitates transfer to a computer and provides an easily read record. Any form must be a compromise but the one described has been proven clinically by providing the data for a multi-center evaluation of hundreds of knees observed over a period of 5 years. A shorter form is described for routine follow-up purposes.", "contents": "A techinque for recording the results of knee surgery. A research form for recording clinical data relating to the arthritic knee is described. Data are recorded using a numerical code which facilitates transfer to a computer and provides an easily read record. Any form must be a compromise but the one described has been proven clinically by providing the data for a multi-center evaluation of hundreds of knees observed over a period of 5 years. A shorter form is described for routine follow-up purposes.", "PMID": 598161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6362", "title": "The presentation of the results of knee surgery.", "content": "A method is described by which the detailed results of knee surgery may be presented in a compact, readily understood and easily analyzable fashion. The data can be analyzed and presented either manually or by a computer and if the latter is used no special print-out equipment is required. The success of the method has been proved over a 5-year period in the monitoring of the results of a multi-institutional investigation of total knee arthroplasty.", "contents": "The presentation of the results of knee surgery. A method is described by which the detailed results of knee surgery may be presented in a compact, readily understood and easily analyzable fashion. The data can be analyzed and presented either manually or by a computer and if the latter is used no special print-out equipment is required. The success of the method has been proved over a 5-year period in the monitoring of the results of a multi-institutional investigation of total knee arthroplasty.", "PMID": 598162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6363", "title": "Bilateral compartment syndrome associated with androgen therapy: a case report.", "content": "A patient being treated with androgens developed an acute bilateral compartment syndrome. Androgens are known to cause hypertrophy of muscle, which in a closed fascial compartment may predispose to a compartment syndrome. While an acute syndrome has not been reported previously, patients on androgen therapy frequently complain of cramps and leg pain, which may be manifestations of chronic compartment syndrome. The above case report does not establish a positive cause and effect relationship, but because this occurrence has not been documented before we believe the relationship should be considered. Patients on androgens should be examined for the possibility of compartment syndromes, either acute or chronic. The actual compartment pressures can be measured in suspected cases.", "contents": "Bilateral compartment syndrome associated with androgen therapy: a case report. A patient being treated with androgens developed an acute bilateral compartment syndrome. Androgens are known to cause hypertrophy of muscle, which in a closed fascial compartment may predispose to a compartment syndrome. While an acute syndrome has not been reported previously, patients on androgen therapy frequently complain of cramps and leg pain, which may be manifestations of chronic compartment syndrome. The above case report does not establish a positive cause and effect relationship, but because this occurrence has not been documented before we believe the relationship should be considered. Patients on androgens should be examined for the possibility of compartment syndromes, either acute or chronic. The actual compartment pressures can be measured in suspected cases.", "PMID": 598163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6364", "title": "Congenital kyphosis.", "content": "Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon, but potentially devastating anomaly of the spine. Without treatment, the tendency is for severe, and sometimes catastrophic deformity. It is the most common etiology for spinal cord compression due to spine deformity, excluding tuberculosis. Few patients have nonprogressive benign lesions. Late treatment is difficult and dangerous. Braces and other forms of non-operative treatment do not work. The best treatment is early posterior fusion, before the curve reaches 50 degrees and before age 5 years. For curves over 60 degrees and over age 5, both posterior and anterior fusion are necessary. If cord compression exists, laminectomy is contraindicated. Anterior cord decompression and fusion are required.", "contents": "Congenital kyphosis. Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon, but potentially devastating anomaly of the spine. Without treatment, the tendency is for severe, and sometimes catastrophic deformity. It is the most common etiology for spinal cord compression due to spine deformity, excluding tuberculosis. Few patients have nonprogressive benign lesions. Late treatment is difficult and dangerous. Braces and other forms of non-operative treatment do not work. The best treatment is early posterior fusion, before the curve reaches 50 degrees and before age 5 years. For curves over 60 degrees and over age 5, both posterior and anterior fusion are necessary. If cord compression exists, laminectomy is contraindicated. Anterior cord decompression and fusion are required.", "PMID": 598164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6365", "title": "A versatile surgical approach to the hip.", "content": "A versatile surgical approach to the hip is presented which allows for total accessibility to the anterior, the lateral, or the posterior aspect of the hip through a single skin and fascial incision. The approach through an S-shaped incision is recommended for total hip replacement arthroplasty, femoral head replacement, hip nailings, fracture dislocations of the hip, and sciatic nerve explorations.", "contents": "A versatile surgical approach to the hip. A versatile surgical approach to the hip is presented which allows for total accessibility to the anterior, the lateral, or the posterior aspect of the hip through a single skin and fascial incision. The approach through an S-shaped incision is recommended for total hip replacement arthroplasty, femoral head replacement, hip nailings, fracture dislocations of the hip, and sciatic nerve explorations.", "PMID": 598166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6366", "title": "Changes in the calcar femoris in relation to cement technology in total hip replacement.", "content": "Radiological changes in the calcar femoris after total hip replacement, in 97 hips where an extreme valgus position of the prosthesis had been achieved, were compared with 119 hips where the alignment of the prosthesis ranged from varus to only a moderate degree of valgus. In the series with extreme valgus there was a minimum of 1 cm of cement between the calcar femoris and the prosthesis, whereas in the other series the thickness of cement averaged 4.5 mm. In the series with thick cement destructive changes in the calcar were reduced by a factor of 10 and there were no examples of incipient subsidence of the femoral prosthesis. This comparison was based on a follow-up of only 2 years.", "contents": "Changes in the calcar femoris in relation to cement technology in total hip replacement. Radiological changes in the calcar femoris after total hip replacement, in 97 hips where an extreme valgus position of the prosthesis had been achieved, were compared with 119 hips where the alignment of the prosthesis ranged from varus to only a moderate degree of valgus. In the series with extreme valgus there was a minimum of 1 cm of cement between the calcar femoris and the prosthesis, whereas in the other series the thickness of cement averaged 4.5 mm. In the series with thick cement destructive changes in the calcar were reduced by a factor of 10 and there were no examples of incipient subsidence of the femoral prosthesis. This comparison was based on a follow-up of only 2 years.", "PMID": 598167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6367", "title": "Arthrodesis for disabling hip pain in children and adolescents.", "content": "A 9-year follow-up study of patients who had hip fusion for disabling hip pain in childhood suggests that arthrodesis for disabling hip pain in children is effective and well-tolerated. The patients had excellent functional results with return to normal childhood life styles, athletics, and later productive occupations. No patient wanted or needed conversion to a total hip replacement at follow-up. The fused hips adducted progressively until skeletal maturity. The surgeon should make allowances for future adduction in selecting the position of postoperative immobilization-fixation of a child's hip.", "contents": "Arthrodesis for disabling hip pain in children and adolescents. A 9-year follow-up study of patients who had hip fusion for disabling hip pain in childhood suggests that arthrodesis for disabling hip pain in children is effective and well-tolerated. The patients had excellent functional results with return to normal childhood life styles, athletics, and later productive occupations. No patient wanted or needed conversion to a total hip replacement at follow-up. The fused hips adducted progressively until skeletal maturity. The surgeon should make allowances for future adduction in selecting the position of postoperative immobilization-fixation of a child's hip.", "PMID": 598168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6368", "title": "Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. Similar histologic lesions with different natural histories.", "content": "A study of 9 new cases of osteoid osteoma and 3 new cases of osteoblastoma demonstrated very similar histologic findings. Both lesions were extremely vascular and frequently showed areas with histologic features of an aneurysmal bone cyst. Differentiation between the 2 lesions often depended on their clinical features and radiographic appearances. A review of 851 osteoid osteomas and 181 osteoblastomas from the literature supported a difference, however, in the natural history of the 2 lesions with osteoid osteomas tending toward regression, and osteoblastomas tending toward progression and possible late malignant transformation. Osteoid osteomas were found to have a 4.5% recurrence rate compared with a 9.8% recurrence rate for osteoblastomas (p less than 0.01). No recurrence has ever been reported after complete en-bloc resection of either lesion and this must be considered the surgical treatment of choice for both lesions where possible. Despite apparent incomplete excisions, cures are achieved in many cases among both lesions.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. Similar histologic lesions with different natural histories. A study of 9 new cases of osteoid osteoma and 3 new cases of osteoblastoma demonstrated very similar histologic findings. Both lesions were extremely vascular and frequently showed areas with histologic features of an aneurysmal bone cyst. Differentiation between the 2 lesions often depended on their clinical features and radiographic appearances. A review of 851 osteoid osteomas and 181 osteoblastomas from the literature supported a difference, however, in the natural history of the 2 lesions with osteoid osteomas tending toward regression, and osteoblastomas tending toward progression and possible late malignant transformation. Osteoid osteomas were found to have a 4.5% recurrence rate compared with a 9.8% recurrence rate for osteoblastomas (p less than 0.01). No recurrence has ever been reported after complete en-bloc resection of either lesion and this must be considered the surgical treatment of choice for both lesions where possible. Despite apparent incomplete excisions, cures are achieved in many cases among both lesions.", "PMID": 598169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6369", "title": "Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity distinct from alkaline phosphatase in rat bone.", "content": "The existence of a specific inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPi ase), distinct from alkaline phosphatase in bone has been suggested but is often regarded as questionable. In the present investigation, several features of PPi ase activity have been demonstrated, which suggest that it represents an enzyme protein different from those splitting phosphomonoesters and ATP. PPi ase was largely destroyed during extraction with n-butanol, which facilitated the solubilization of alkaline phosphatase and ATP splitting enzymes and only partially destroyed acid phosphatase. Two major groups of phosphate esters and pyrophosphates splitting enzymes were separated by gel filtration from homogenates of rat bones. The first pool contained high ATP-ase and phosphomonoesterase activities, but only low activity against inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) in the presence of MgCl2. The second pool was most active against PPi at pH 7.5 in the presence of excess MgCl2 and only slightly hydrolyzed phosphomonoesters or ATP. Immunodiffusion showed that these 2 pools contained 2 distinct proteins. It was concluded that there exists a specific inorganic pyrophosphatase distinct from phosphomonoesterases and ATP-ases in bone tissue.", "contents": "Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity distinct from alkaline phosphatase in rat bone. The existence of a specific inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPi ase), distinct from alkaline phosphatase in bone has been suggested but is often regarded as questionable. In the present investigation, several features of PPi ase activity have been demonstrated, which suggest that it represents an enzyme protein different from those splitting phosphomonoesters and ATP. PPi ase was largely destroyed during extraction with n-butanol, which facilitated the solubilization of alkaline phosphatase and ATP splitting enzymes and only partially destroyed acid phosphatase. Two major groups of phosphate esters and pyrophosphates splitting enzymes were separated by gel filtration from homogenates of rat bones. The first pool contained high ATP-ase and phosphomonoesterase activities, but only low activity against inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) in the presence of MgCl2. The second pool was most active against PPi at pH 7.5 in the presence of excess MgCl2 and only slightly hydrolyzed phosphomonoesters or ATP. Immunodiffusion showed that these 2 pools contained 2 distinct proteins. It was concluded that there exists a specific inorganic pyrophosphatase distinct from phosphomonoesterases and ATP-ases in bone tissue.", "PMID": 598170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6370", "title": "Experimental delayed union of the dog tibia and its use in assessing the effect of an electrical bone growth stimulator.", "content": "A technique has been described for the consistent production of delayed bone healing of the tibia in an animal model. A controlled double blind trial, where independent observors did not know the coding of the stimulators and did not collaborate with each other, has evaluated the use of a direct current bone growth stimulator in such an animal model. The conclusion of the experiment is that this commercially available direct current stimulator does produce a significant acceleration of bone healing at 4 weeks in the experimental model used. There is no evidence of inflammatory or neoplastic changes. The eventual clinical role of electrical bone stimulation remains uncertain and many questions remain unanswered, but are promising enough to encourage a controlled clinical trial in situations of disturbed bone healing. Electrical stimulation is apparently safe and appears to significantly augment bone formation. A controlled clinical trial is now being carried out in major medical centers in Australia.", "contents": "Experimental delayed union of the dog tibia and its use in assessing the effect of an electrical bone growth stimulator. A technique has been described for the consistent production of delayed bone healing of the tibia in an animal model. A controlled double blind trial, where independent observors did not know the coding of the stimulators and did not collaborate with each other, has evaluated the use of a direct current bone growth stimulator in such an animal model. The conclusion of the experiment is that this commercially available direct current stimulator does produce a significant acceleration of bone healing at 4 weeks in the experimental model used. There is no evidence of inflammatory or neoplastic changes. The eventual clinical role of electrical bone stimulation remains uncertain and many questions remain unanswered, but are promising enough to encourage a controlled clinical trial in situations of disturbed bone healing. Electrical stimulation is apparently safe and appears to significantly augment bone formation. A controlled clinical trial is now being carried out in major medical centers in Australia.", "PMID": 598171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6371", "title": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on complement activity.", "content": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on the activity of the complement sequence has been investigated in vitro by standard hemolysis techniques. It was demonstrated that concentrations of methylmethacrylate monomer as low as .25% inhibit the reactions of the complement sequence by 50%. Methylmethacrylate concentrations of 2.5 to 5.0% abolished all complement activity. This effect is on the late-acting components of the complement sequence which are important for chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, immune adherence of bacteria to polymorphonuclear leukocytes, phagocytosos of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and bacteriolysis.", "contents": "The effect of methylmethacrylate on complement activity. The effect of methylmethacrylate on the activity of the complement sequence has been investigated in vitro by standard hemolysis techniques. It was demonstrated that concentrations of methylmethacrylate monomer as low as .25% inhibit the reactions of the complement sequence by 50%. Methylmethacrylate concentrations of 2.5 to 5.0% abolished all complement activity. This effect is on the late-acting components of the complement sequence which are important for chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, immune adherence of bacteria to polymorphonuclear leukocytes, phagocytosos of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and bacteriolysis.", "PMID": 598172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6372", "title": "99Technetium bone scanning in experimental osteomyelitis.", "content": "A rabbit model of experimental osteomyelitis was used in an attempt to clarify the natural history of bone infection associated with positive scintigraphic and negative radiological findings. In this model a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus is injected in the proximal metaphysis of the tibia of a rabbit, 15 minutes following the injection of a sclerosing agent. Scintigraphies were performed at 3, 5, 12, and 19 days following this procedure; 99m-Technetium phosphate compounds were used indifferently. On days 5, 12, and 19 a roentgenogram of the lower limbs was taken. Animals were sacrificed at random 6, 14, and 21 days following the procedure. Against expectations, the standard radiological procedure was more sensitive than the scintigraphic technique. The probability of finding a positive bone scintigrapy in the presence of osteomyelitis P(S+/O+) was 15/19 or 0.78. For the roentgenograms P(X+/O+) = 16/17 = 0.94. On pathological review the scintigraphic findings remained unexplained when fibrosis, periosteal reaction, granulocytic infiltration, and new bone formation were considered separately. In half of the cases the early scintigraphies revealed decreased uptake on the affected side, but this finding did not predict whether the final scintigraphy was positive. Finally, positivity was obvious in all cases, and a continuous range from negative to positive could not be documented. Present findings are a characteristic feature of the model. The physiological mechanism remains to be explained by independent measurements of relative bone blood flow made simultaneously with the scintigraphy and other bone tissue specific factors.", "contents": "99Technetium bone scanning in experimental osteomyelitis. A rabbit model of experimental osteomyelitis was used in an attempt to clarify the natural history of bone infection associated with positive scintigraphic and negative radiological findings. In this model a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus is injected in the proximal metaphysis of the tibia of a rabbit, 15 minutes following the injection of a sclerosing agent. Scintigraphies were performed at 3, 5, 12, and 19 days following this procedure; 99m-Technetium phosphate compounds were used indifferently. On days 5, 12, and 19 a roentgenogram of the lower limbs was taken. Animals were sacrificed at random 6, 14, and 21 days following the procedure. Against expectations, the standard radiological procedure was more sensitive than the scintigraphic technique. The probability of finding a positive bone scintigrapy in the presence of osteomyelitis P(S+/O+) was 15/19 or 0.78. For the roentgenograms P(X+/O+) = 16/17 = 0.94. On pathological review the scintigraphic findings remained unexplained when fibrosis, periosteal reaction, granulocytic infiltration, and new bone formation were considered separately. In half of the cases the early scintigraphies revealed decreased uptake on the affected side, but this finding did not predict whether the final scintigraphy was positive. Finally, positivity was obvious in all cases, and a continuous range from negative to positive could not be documented. Present findings are a characteristic feature of the model. The physiological mechanism remains to be explained by independent measurements of relative bone blood flow made simultaneously with the scintigraphy and other bone tissue specific factors.", "PMID": 598173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6373", "title": "Acute elevation of intracranial pressure following transection of non-functional spinal cord.", "content": "A spinal cord which is neurologically nonfunctional may be functioning as a conduit for CSF between the ventricular system and the spinal subarachnoid space. Interruption of this pathway can have catastrophic consequences unless there is an adequately functioning shunt.", "contents": "Acute elevation of intracranial pressure following transection of non-functional spinal cord. A spinal cord which is neurologically nonfunctional may be functioning as a conduit for CSF between the ventricular system and the spinal subarachnoid space. Interruption of this pathway can have catastrophic consequences unless there is an adequately functioning shunt.", "PMID": 598174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6374", "title": "Juvenile kyphosis.", "content": "Scheuermann's disease is a common cause of kyphosis developing in the juvenile period. Untreated, the deformity may progress, producing significant pain and, rarely, neurologic signs and symptoms. Successful treatment is possible with the Milwaukee brace, provided that the child has not reached skeletal maturity. Bracing will produce a superior result in terms of correcting the deformity and reversing vertebral wedging. Surgery may occasionally be necessary for severe kyphosis, especially in the adult who presents with pain and/or neurologic problems. Combined anterior and posterior approach is the preferred surgical procedure.", "contents": "Juvenile kyphosis. Scheuermann's disease is a common cause of kyphosis developing in the juvenile period. Untreated, the deformity may progress, producing significant pain and, rarely, neurologic signs and symptoms. Successful treatment is possible with the Milwaukee brace, provided that the child has not reached skeletal maturity. Bracing will produce a superior result in terms of correcting the deformity and reversing vertebral wedging. Surgery may occasionally be necessary for severe kyphosis, especially in the adult who presents with pain and/or neurologic problems. Combined anterior and posterior approach is the preferred surgical procedure.", "PMID": 598175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6375", "title": "Kyphosis secondary to infectious disease.", "content": "Infections of the spine usually involve the vertebral body and therefore by definition produce a kyphosis. Non-tuberculous infection usually staphylococcal and in the lumbar spine, is often diagnosed late and can involve the cord. Open exploration and stabilization with graft should therefore be considered. The destruction is usually less extensive and therefore the kyphosis less severe than in late neglected tuberculous infections. Tuberculous spinal infection accounts for 59% of all orthopedic tuberculosis. It invariably involves vertebral bodies and is progressive. Destruction of the bodies is by infection and avascular necrosis, kyphosis is inevitable and cord compression a common threat. While L-1 is the most commonly affected body T-10 is statistically the most commonly associated with cord compression. The treatment of spinal tuberculosis should be aimed at correcting 5 basic defects associated with the disease and the deformity: mechanical instability; chronic smoldering infection; spinal cord and nerve root compression; disturbance of spinal growth; depressed lung function. The cornerstone to effective treatment for spinal tuberculosis is drug therapy and the anterior fusion operation. For the established tuberculous kyphosis, which is always a fixed deformity, multiple staged operations and gradual correction used the Halo-pelvic apparatus is the best treatment available at present.", "contents": "Kyphosis secondary to infectious disease. Infections of the spine usually involve the vertebral body and therefore by definition produce a kyphosis. Non-tuberculous infection usually staphylococcal and in the lumbar spine, is often diagnosed late and can involve the cord. Open exploration and stabilization with graft should therefore be considered. The destruction is usually less extensive and therefore the kyphosis less severe than in late neglected tuberculous infections. Tuberculous spinal infection accounts for 59% of all orthopedic tuberculosis. It invariably involves vertebral bodies and is progressive. Destruction of the bodies is by infection and avascular necrosis, kyphosis is inevitable and cord compression a common threat. While L-1 is the most commonly affected body T-10 is statistically the most commonly associated with cord compression. The treatment of spinal tuberculosis should be aimed at correcting 5 basic defects associated with the disease and the deformity: mechanical instability; chronic smoldering infection; spinal cord and nerve root compression; disturbance of spinal growth; depressed lung function. The cornerstone to effective treatment for spinal tuberculosis is drug therapy and the anterior fusion operation. For the established tuberculous kyphosis, which is always a fixed deformity, multiple staged operations and gradual correction used the Halo-pelvic apparatus is the best treatment available at present.", "PMID": 598176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6376", "title": "Kyphotic deformity of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Patients who present with apparent kyphotic deformity of the spine associated with ankylosing spondylitis may have their main deformity in the hip joints, in the lumbar spine, the thoracic spine, or it may be primarily cervical in situation. If any major correction is to be carried out, then the correction should be done in the area of the main deformity. Deformity in each of these areas is amenable to surgical correction, but this requires a very careful assessment, meticulous preoperative planning, and very precise attention to operative technique to allow reasonably consistent success without major risk to the patient.", "contents": "Kyphotic deformity of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Patients who present with apparent kyphotic deformity of the spine associated with ankylosing spondylitis may have their main deformity in the hip joints, in the lumbar spine, the thoracic spine, or it may be primarily cervical in situation. If any major correction is to be carried out, then the correction should be done in the area of the main deformity. Deformity in each of these areas is amenable to surgical correction, but this requires a very careful assessment, meticulous preoperative planning, and very precise attention to operative technique to allow reasonably consistent success without major risk to the patient.", "PMID": 598177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6377", "title": "Post-laminectomy kyphosis.", "content": "Post-laminectomy spinal deformity occurs in 50% of children undergoing laminectomies for cord tumors. Kyphosis is the most frequent deformity found. The integrity of the facet joints appears to be one of the most important factors in the development of this kyphosis. More children are surviving after treatment of these tumors and a pessimistic attitude is not warranted. Observation of a progressing deformity is not acceptable treatment. When kyphosis develops, early prompt bracing must be started. For a progressive or severe kyphosis, an anterior spine fusion is indicated. This is reinforced by a posterior fusion with Harrington instrumentation. Surgical reconstruction is indicated in children recovering from extensive laminectomies but with a good prognosis.", "contents": "Post-laminectomy kyphosis. Post-laminectomy spinal deformity occurs in 50% of children undergoing laminectomies for cord tumors. Kyphosis is the most frequent deformity found. The integrity of the facet joints appears to be one of the most important factors in the development of this kyphosis. More children are surviving after treatment of these tumors and a pessimistic attitude is not warranted. Observation of a progressing deformity is not acceptable treatment. When kyphosis develops, early prompt bracing must be started. For a progressive or severe kyphosis, an anterior spine fusion is indicated. This is reinforced by a posterior fusion with Harrington instrumentation. Surgical reconstruction is indicated in children recovering from extensive laminectomies but with a good prognosis.", "PMID": 598179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6378", "title": "Wide-track polycentric total knee arthroplasty: one year follow-up study.", "content": "The use of a peritoneal catheter enhances diagnosis using arthroscopy by affording a clear visibility of the knee joint. The accuracy in diagnosis is significantly enhanced using this method of irrigation. No better method of irrigation is available for cases of acute knee joint injuries.", "contents": "Wide-track polycentric total knee arthroplasty: one year follow-up study. The use of a peritoneal catheter enhances diagnosis using arthroscopy by affording a clear visibility of the knee joint. The accuracy in diagnosis is significantly enhanced using this method of irrigation. No better method of irrigation is available for cases of acute knee joint injuries.", "PMID": 598180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6379", "title": "Immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of pregnancy hypertension.", "content": "Changes involving the immune system may be instigators of, or consequent upon, disorders in other systems in the natural history of gestosis. The extent of the immune 'disorder' may not correlate with the severity of the disease as manifest in either eclampsia or fetal death. A number of variables, e.g. hormonal and genetic, could affect any immunological trigger mechanism or any secondary altered immune response. Thus attempts to find an immunological factor in gestosis that operates in all cases may prove unrewarding. Certain matings, immunogenetic constitutions, or certain feto-maternal immune relationships may predispose to a particular pathology and directly or indirectly potentiate other pathological processes. Others may either have no effect or conceivably have even a homeostatic effect protecting the maternal host from pathological change. The picture of the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of pregnancy hypertension is no more, as yet, than a few hesitant, unrelated lines. However, the lines are getting more numerous and stronger.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of pregnancy hypertension. Changes involving the immune system may be instigators of, or consequent upon, disorders in other systems in the natural history of gestosis. The extent of the immune 'disorder' may not correlate with the severity of the disease as manifest in either eclampsia or fetal death. A number of variables, e.g. hormonal and genetic, could affect any immunological trigger mechanism or any secondary altered immune response. Thus attempts to find an immunological factor in gestosis that operates in all cases may prove unrewarding. Certain matings, immunogenetic constitutions, or certain feto-maternal immune relationships may predispose to a particular pathology and directly or indirectly potentiate other pathological processes. Others may either have no effect or conceivably have even a homeostatic effect protecting the maternal host from pathological change. The picture of the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of pregnancy hypertension is no more, as yet, than a few hesitant, unrelated lines. However, the lines are getting more numerous and stronger.", "PMID": 598188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6380", "title": "A software system to record and analyze digitized cell images.", "content": "This paper describes basic software for digitization and processing of microscopic cell images used at the Department of Clinical Cytology at Uppsala University Hospital. A family of programs running on a PDP-8 minicomputer which is connected to a Leitz Orthoplan microscope with two image scanners, one diode-array scanner and a moving-stage photometer, is used for data collection. The digitized image data is converted by converted by conversion program to IBM compatible format. The data structures for image processing and statistical evaluation on the IBM system are also described. Finally, some experiences from the use of the software in cytology automation are discussed.", "contents": "A software system to record and analyze digitized cell images. This paper describes basic software for digitization and processing of microscopic cell images used at the Department of Clinical Cytology at Uppsala University Hospital. A family of programs running on a PDP-8 minicomputer which is connected to a Leitz Orthoplan microscope with two image scanners, one diode-array scanner and a moving-stage photometer, is used for data collection. The digitized image data is converted by converted by conversion program to IBM compatible format. The data structures for image processing and statistical evaluation on the IBM system are also described. Finally, some experiences from the use of the software in cytology automation are discussed.", "PMID": 598194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6381", "title": "Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for truncated data.", "content": "A nonparametric statistical test to compare two cumulative frequency distribution functions is presented that can be used even when both samples include censored data, as is often the case when comparing the survival of two groups of laboratory animals under conditions in which the experiment is terminated before all the animals die. (Such a design can produce considerable savings and is to be recommended.) The program calculates exact probabilities for both the one-sided and two-sided alternatives to the null hypothesis, applicable to the case of equal group size, as well as the corresponding general asymptotic values; a continuity correction is employed that markedly improves the asymptotic approximation. Expressions are stated in terms of two different but related statistics, and the one that utilizes more information in any particular set of data is selected for the probability calculations. All basic equations and definitions are provided.", "contents": "Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for truncated data. A nonparametric statistical test to compare two cumulative frequency distribution functions is presented that can be used even when both samples include censored data, as is often the case when comparing the survival of two groups of laboratory animals under conditions in which the experiment is terminated before all the animals die. (Such a design can produce considerable savings and is to be recommended.) The program calculates exact probabilities for both the one-sided and two-sided alternatives to the null hypothesis, applicable to the case of equal group size, as well as the corresponding general asymptotic values; a continuity correction is employed that markedly improves the asymptotic approximation. Expressions are stated in terms of two different but related statistics, and the one that utilizes more information in any particular set of data is selected for the probability calculations. All basic equations and definitions are provided.", "PMID": 598195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6382", "title": "The decomposition of a distribution into Gaussian components (Algol program.", "content": "The paper attempts to give a practical solution to the problem of decomposition of a mixture of Gaussian components. The results of an earlier paper [1] have been used and the described algorithm has been revised and improved. A complete Algol program is given with all the necessary comments and descriptions and with results of testing examples.", "contents": "The decomposition of a distribution into Gaussian components (Algol program. The paper attempts to give a practical solution to the problem of decomposition of a mixture of Gaussian components. The results of an earlier paper [1] have been used and the described algorithm has been revised and improved. A complete Algol program is given with all the necessary comments and descriptions and with results of testing examples.", "PMID": 598196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6383", "title": "Acquiring multichannel analyzer spectra with a mini computer.", "content": "Spectra are produced on a multichannnel analyzer from biological samples with monochromatic fluorescent X-radiation. This mini-computer system is designed (1) to provide spectral data in a form immediately usable for computation, (2) to provide a great number of spectra stored on magnetic tape, (3) to examine the spectra in the laboratory before committing the spectra to tape and (4) facilitate the examining and manipulation of data in the laboratory. The spectra on the tape are used in high-level analyses. The mini-computer can examine parts of a spectrum, plot and print the values, identify and integrate peaks, all at the user's discretion.", "contents": "Acquiring multichannel analyzer spectra with a mini computer. Spectra are produced on a multichannnel analyzer from biological samples with monochromatic fluorescent X-radiation. This mini-computer system is designed (1) to provide spectral data in a form immediately usable for computation, (2) to provide a great number of spectra stored on magnetic tape, (3) to examine the spectra in the laboratory before committing the spectra to tape and (4) facilitate the examining and manipulation of data in the laboratory. The spectra on the tape are used in high-level analyses. The mini-computer can examine parts of a spectrum, plot and print the values, identify and integrate peaks, all at the user's discretion.", "PMID": 598197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6384", "title": "A portable integer FFT in FORTRAN.", "content": "A radix 2 integer fast Fourier transform is organised for compatibility among small computer systems by simulating binary fraction multiplications and bit reversal as functions in basic FORTRAN. After installation the efficiency can be improved by machine code replacement of some parts.", "contents": "A portable integer FFT in FORTRAN. A radix 2 integer fast Fourier transform is organised for compatibility among small computer systems by simulating binary fraction multiplications and bit reversal as functions in basic FORTRAN. After installation the efficiency can be improved by machine code replacement of some parts.", "PMID": 598198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6385", "title": "Analysis of sudden deaths in a district of Bohemia in the period 1971--1973.", "content": "A clinico-pathologico-anatomical analysis of 150 cases of sudden death in a district of Bohemia in the period 1971--1973 revealed coronary atherosclerosis as the most frequent cause of sudden death(87.3%); stenosing coronary atherosclerosis without postmortally detectable myocardial necrosis participated by 71.7% in the coronary group. Men, especially in younger age groups, were more frequent victims than women. Within one-hour duration of the terminal episode, 57.3% of the deaths occurred; 45.3% of the decreased succumbed to sudden death at their homes. With advancing age, severe findings in the coronary vascular bed and in the myocardium became more frequent. One half of the victims of sudden death in the coronary group had histories of ischaemic heart disease; 37 suddenly deceased persons (28.2%) had experienced myocardial infarction. In another 25 victims of sudden death scars after formerly asymptomatic myocardial infarcts were found.", "contents": "Analysis of sudden deaths in a district of Bohemia in the period 1971--1973. A clinico-pathologico-anatomical analysis of 150 cases of sudden death in a district of Bohemia in the period 1971--1973 revealed coronary atherosclerosis as the most frequent cause of sudden death(87.3%); stenosing coronary atherosclerosis without postmortally detectable myocardial necrosis participated by 71.7% in the coronary group. Men, especially in younger age groups, were more frequent victims than women. Within one-hour duration of the terminal episode, 57.3% of the deaths occurred; 45.3% of the decreased succumbed to sudden death at their homes. With advancing age, severe findings in the coronary vascular bed and in the myocardium became more frequent. One half of the victims of sudden death in the coronary group had histories of ischaemic heart disease; 37 suddenly deceased persons (28.2%) had experienced myocardial infarction. In another 25 victims of sudden death scars after formerly asymptomatic myocardial infarcts were found.", "PMID": 598200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6386", "title": "A study of the catabolism of fibrinogen after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The catabolism of fibrinogen was studied during the first week of acute myocardial infarction in twenty-three patients and in ten control patients. A trial was carried out using 125I-labelled fibrinogen. After myocardial infarction, the mean biological half-life of fibrinogen was 62.5 +/- 10.0 h and the mean plasma loss of fibrinogen per 24 hours was 34.1 +/- 6.9% of the intravascular fibrinogen pool. In the control group, respective values of 89.6 +/- 9.9 and 23.4 +/- 3.9% were obtained, which were in close agreement with published values for the normal catabolism of fibrinogen. The fractional catabolic rate of the intravascular fibrinogen pool was significantly increased in patients with myocardial infarction in contrast to the absolute plasma loss of fibrinogen which appeared to be the same as in subjects with normal plasma fibrinogen concentration. Possible explanations of the accelerated catabolism of fibrinogen after myocardial infarction are discussed.", "contents": "A study of the catabolism of fibrinogen after myocardial infarction. The catabolism of fibrinogen was studied during the first week of acute myocardial infarction in twenty-three patients and in ten control patients. A trial was carried out using 125I-labelled fibrinogen. After myocardial infarction, the mean biological half-life of fibrinogen was 62.5 +/- 10.0 h and the mean plasma loss of fibrinogen per 24 hours was 34.1 +/- 6.9% of the intravascular fibrinogen pool. In the control group, respective values of 89.6 +/- 9.9 and 23.4 +/- 3.9% were obtained, which were in close agreement with published values for the normal catabolism of fibrinogen. The fractional catabolic rate of the intravascular fibrinogen pool was significantly increased in patients with myocardial infarction in contrast to the absolute plasma loss of fibrinogen which appeared to be the same as in subjects with normal plasma fibrinogen concentration. Possible explanations of the accelerated catabolism of fibrinogen after myocardial infarction are discussed.", "PMID": 598201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6387", "title": "Prognostic value of an abnormal P terminal force in lead V1 at onset of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The presence of an abnormal P terminal force of the P wave in lead V1 (PTFV1) was demonstrated on the initial electrocardiograms in 69 of the 200 patients with transmural acute myocardial infarction. 61.5% of the total cases with a lethal outcome during hospitalization belonged to this group. The mortality of the patients who presented this ECG sign of left atrial hypertension at the onset was 53.7%, thus differing significantly from that in patients without the sign (22.1%). The PTFV1 anomaly has a prognostic value in patients without complications as well as in those with heart failure at the onset of the disease. The appearance during hospitalization of major arrhythmias and disturbances of conduction and of sudden death is significantly correlated to the presence of abnormal PTFV1 on the admission electrocardiograms.", "contents": "Prognostic value of an abnormal P terminal force in lead V1 at onset of acute myocardial infarction. The presence of an abnormal P terminal force of the P wave in lead V1 (PTFV1) was demonstrated on the initial electrocardiograms in 69 of the 200 patients with transmural acute myocardial infarction. 61.5% of the total cases with a lethal outcome during hospitalization belonged to this group. The mortality of the patients who presented this ECG sign of left atrial hypertension at the onset was 53.7%, thus differing significantly from that in patients without the sign (22.1%). The PTFV1 anomaly has a prognostic value in patients without complications as well as in those with heart failure at the onset of the disease. The appearance during hospitalization of major arrhythmias and disturbances of conduction and of sudden death is significantly correlated to the presence of abnormal PTFV1 on the admission electrocardiograms.", "PMID": 598202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6388", "title": "Long-term prognosis of juvenile hypertension.", "content": "A longitudinal study of juvenile hypertension made possible to investigate after 20 years 73% of a group of young hypertensives (original age 14--29 years, arterial blood pressure 170/100 and higher 20 years ago), which was originally investigated in 1952--1954. The surprising result was that 35.5% had a normal blood pressure without treatment in the interval, 40.2% showed the same level of hypertension, 5.7% showed higher blood pressure levels but without any new organic changes, 1.5% had the same blood pressure as 20 years earlier, but now required drug therapy as opposed to previously. Only 17.1% of the patients showed any convincing evidence of progression of the disease, i.e. the development of new organic changes. The prognosis of moderate hypertension at a young age is significantly correlated with: a) the occurence of hypertension in the parent; b) the life expectancy of the parents; and c) the initial values of blood pressure. There was no correlation between prognosis and over-weight, weight gain in the past 20 years, original or present heart rate, smoking, alcohol intake or physical activity, participation in sports or the living standard of the given individual.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of juvenile hypertension. A longitudinal study of juvenile hypertension made possible to investigate after 20 years 73% of a group of young hypertensives (original age 14--29 years, arterial blood pressure 170/100 and higher 20 years ago), which was originally investigated in 1952--1954. The surprising result was that 35.5% had a normal blood pressure without treatment in the interval, 40.2% showed the same level of hypertension, 5.7% showed higher blood pressure levels but without any new organic changes, 1.5% had the same blood pressure as 20 years earlier, but now required drug therapy as opposed to previously. Only 17.1% of the patients showed any convincing evidence of progression of the disease, i.e. the development of new organic changes. The prognosis of moderate hypertension at a young age is significantly correlated with: a) the occurence of hypertension in the parent; b) the life expectancy of the parents; and c) the initial values of blood pressure. There was no correlation between prognosis and over-weight, weight gain in the past 20 years, original or present heart rate, smoking, alcohol intake or physical activity, participation in sports or the living standard of the given individual.", "PMID": 598203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6389", "title": "Physical working capacity of young ice-hockey players.", "content": "In 77 systematically training young ice-hockey players aged 11--13 years their physical working capacity was assessed by the bicycle ergometric test PWC-170, and their heart volume was measured teleroentgenometrically. The physical working capacity of young ice-hockey players considerably exceeded that of their non-training coevals and older children. A positive correlation was found between the magnitude of the physical working capacity and the heart volume: the greater the initial heart volume, the higher the physical working capacity.", "contents": "Physical working capacity of young ice-hockey players. In 77 systematically training young ice-hockey players aged 11--13 years their physical working capacity was assessed by the bicycle ergometric test PWC-170, and their heart volume was measured teleroentgenometrically. The physical working capacity of young ice-hockey players considerably exceeded that of their non-training coevals and older children. A positive correlation was found between the magnitude of the physical working capacity and the heart volume: the greater the initial heart volume, the higher the physical working capacity.", "PMID": 598206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6390", "title": "Some aspects of potential new usages of Korotkov's method.", "content": "Synchronous tracings of Korotkov's sounds, electrocardiogram, and pressure in sphygmomanometer cuff make possible to construct a curve whose shape is practically congruent with the ascending limb of the arterial pressure wave; the curve is usable for determining several haemodynamic indicators, namely, the maximal and minimal pulse, and mean pressures, pulse wave propagation velocity, and myocardial contraction capacity. When arterial sounds are objectively recorded with dur regard to the cuff dimensions and adherence to the \"ipsilaterality principle\", the error of pressure measurement does not exceed 4--5 mmHg.", "contents": "Some aspects of potential new usages of Korotkov's method. Synchronous tracings of Korotkov's sounds, electrocardiogram, and pressure in sphygmomanometer cuff make possible to construct a curve whose shape is practically congruent with the ascending limb of the arterial pressure wave; the curve is usable for determining several haemodynamic indicators, namely, the maximal and minimal pulse, and mean pressures, pulse wave propagation velocity, and myocardial contraction capacity. When arterial sounds are objectively recorded with dur regard to the cuff dimensions and adherence to the \"ipsilaterality principle\", the error of pressure measurement does not exceed 4--5 mmHg.", "PMID": 598207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6391", "title": "Renin activity in the brain, the kidneys and the peripheral plasma or rats with different experimental models of hypertension.", "content": "Renin activity (RA) in peripheral plasma, as well as in renal cortex and brain (cortex, stem and medulla) homogenates of rats with spontaneous, Goldblatt, NaCl, adrenal-regeneration and neurogenic hypertension was biologically assayed. The results suggest that RA exists not only in the brain of normotensive but of hypertensive rats as well. RA in the medulla is higher than in other brain areas and in the kidney, both in normotensive and in hypertensive rats with the exception of rats with adrenal regeneration and NaCl hypertension. In most of the experimental forms of hypertension (neurogenic, renal, spontaneous) in which RA in the medulla is increased, the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system seems to predominate, while in forms in which renal RA is elevated (adrenal regeneration) the kidney renin system most probably plays a more important role. A definite inverse interrelation between the brain and the kidney renin-angiotensin systems was established. The interrelation between the two renin systems in NaCl hypertension could not be evaluated, since exogenous factors (Na), which interfere with the kidney renin system, play a considerable role in the pathogenesis of NaCl hypertension.", "contents": "Renin activity in the brain, the kidneys and the peripheral plasma or rats with different experimental models of hypertension. Renin activity (RA) in peripheral plasma, as well as in renal cortex and brain (cortex, stem and medulla) homogenates of rats with spontaneous, Goldblatt, NaCl, adrenal-regeneration and neurogenic hypertension was biologically assayed. The results suggest that RA exists not only in the brain of normotensive but of hypertensive rats as well. RA in the medulla is higher than in other brain areas and in the kidney, both in normotensive and in hypertensive rats with the exception of rats with adrenal regeneration and NaCl hypertension. In most of the experimental forms of hypertension (neurogenic, renal, spontaneous) in which RA in the medulla is increased, the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system seems to predominate, while in forms in which renal RA is elevated (adrenal regeneration) the kidney renin system most probably plays a more important role. A definite inverse interrelation between the brain and the kidney renin-angiotensin systems was established. The interrelation between the two renin systems in NaCl hypertension could not be evaluated, since exogenous factors (Na), which interfere with the kidney renin system, play a considerable role in the pathogenesis of NaCl hypertension.", "PMID": 598208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6392", "title": "Investigations of capillary network in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and other organs by modified Gomori's method for determination of acid phosphatase activity.", "content": "A modification of Gomori's sulfide method for the determination of acid phosphatase activity is presented, which visualizes the walls of all capillaries in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, synovial membranes, and some other organs (liver, kidney). Blocks of investigated organs (edge lengths 2--3 mm) are cold-fixed in acetone for 2--3 days. Fixed frozen tissues are cut to sections 90--120 micrometer thick and incubated for 2--3 days in an incubation mixture (1% lead/II) acetate, 90 ml; acetate buffer solution pH 6.2, 10 ml; 2% sodium beta-glycerophosphate 1 ml. The sections are then processed with 0.5% sodium sulfide solution for 10--15 min and embedded into glycerine-gelatin gel. In preparations processed in this way, acid phosphatase is visualized on the walls of all capillaries and precapillaries, makig visible the capillary network. In addition to the capillaries, the transverse striation of myofibrils is visualized as well. The described method is useful for investigating not only the cytochemistry of the vascular wall, but also the blood supply to the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and other organs in both normal and pathological states.", "contents": "Investigations of capillary network in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and other organs by modified Gomori's method for determination of acid phosphatase activity. A modification of Gomori's sulfide method for the determination of acid phosphatase activity is presented, which visualizes the walls of all capillaries in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, synovial membranes, and some other organs (liver, kidney). Blocks of investigated organs (edge lengths 2--3 mm) are cold-fixed in acetone for 2--3 days. Fixed frozen tissues are cut to sections 90--120 micrometer thick and incubated for 2--3 days in an incubation mixture (1% lead/II) acetate, 90 ml; acetate buffer solution pH 6.2, 10 ml; 2% sodium beta-glycerophosphate 1 ml. The sections are then processed with 0.5% sodium sulfide solution for 10--15 min and embedded into glycerine-gelatin gel. In preparations processed in this way, acid phosphatase is visualized on the walls of all capillaries and precapillaries, makig visible the capillary network. In addition to the capillaries, the transverse striation of myofibrils is visualized as well. The described method is useful for investigating not only the cytochemistry of the vascular wall, but also the blood supply to the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and other organs in both normal and pathological states.", "PMID": 598209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6393", "title": "The effect of stimulation of the stellate ganglion on excitability of the heart.", "content": "Stimulation of the stellate ganglion leads to a shortening of the effective refractory period of the heart, while the electrical systole duration decreases in normal heart condition only secondarily in consequence of the increase in heart rate. In myocardial focal ischaemia stellate ganglion stimulation leads to an increase in the electrical systole time, the refractory period of the heart significantly shortens and the repolarization of the heart becomes inhomogenous. Consequently, the arrhythmogenic effect of a sympathetic excitation manifests itself mainly in myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "The effect of stimulation of the stellate ganglion on excitability of the heart. Stimulation of the stellate ganglion leads to a shortening of the effective refractory period of the heart, while the electrical systole duration decreases in normal heart condition only secondarily in consequence of the increase in heart rate. In myocardial focal ischaemia stellate ganglion stimulation leads to an increase in the electrical systole time, the refractory period of the heart significantly shortens and the repolarization of the heart becomes inhomogenous. Consequently, the arrhythmogenic effect of a sympathetic excitation manifests itself mainly in myocardial ischaemia.", "PMID": 598210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6394", "title": "Efficacy of monophasic electrical impulses with steep leading and trailing edges in cardiac defibrillation.", "content": "Experiments on dogs were performed to investigate the efficacy of various defibrillation impulse waveforms. The results showed that the decisive factors for the effectiveness of the defibrillation impulse of certain shape are its relationship to the carciac tissue accomodation and the duration of the suprathreshold current flow. For cardiac defibrillation the most convenient impulse is therefore the impulse with the highest rate of rise of the leading edge as well as the trailing edge. The amplitude of the rear trailing edge of the defibrillation impulse should be either equal or higher than the amplitude of the front leading edge. That means that rectangular or trapezoidal impulses with an ascending slope may be most conveniently used for cardiac defibrillation. The biologically optimal duration of the trapezoidal impulse with an ascending slope proved to range from 7 to 14 msec. The authors emphasize the inevitability of additional characteristics of the defibrillation impulse by its peak current and total energy contents.", "contents": "Efficacy of monophasic electrical impulses with steep leading and trailing edges in cardiac defibrillation. Experiments on dogs were performed to investigate the efficacy of various defibrillation impulse waveforms. The results showed that the decisive factors for the effectiveness of the defibrillation impulse of certain shape are its relationship to the carciac tissue accomodation and the duration of the suprathreshold current flow. For cardiac defibrillation the most convenient impulse is therefore the impulse with the highest rate of rise of the leading edge as well as the trailing edge. The amplitude of the rear trailing edge of the defibrillation impulse should be either equal or higher than the amplitude of the front leading edge. That means that rectangular or trapezoidal impulses with an ascending slope may be most conveniently used for cardiac defibrillation. The biologically optimal duration of the trapezoidal impulse with an ascending slope proved to range from 7 to 14 msec. The authors emphasize the inevitability of additional characteristics of the defibrillation impulse by its peak current and total energy contents.", "PMID": 598211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6395", "title": "An equation illustrating the relationship between haemodynamic factors and renal sodium excretion.", "content": "An equation is presented permitting to assess quantitatively the interrelationships between principal haemodynamic factors (mean blood pressure, renal venous pressure, filtration fraction, renal vascular resistance) and factors influencing the renal sodium excretion (glomerular filtration rate, fractional tubular sodium reabsorption).", "contents": "An equation illustrating the relationship between haemodynamic factors and renal sodium excretion. An equation is presented permitting to assess quantitatively the interrelationships between principal haemodynamic factors (mean blood pressure, renal venous pressure, filtration fraction, renal vascular resistance) and factors influencing the renal sodium excretion (glomerular filtration rate, fractional tubular sodium reabsorption).", "PMID": 598212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6396", "title": "Case report: coma due to oxytetracycline.", "content": "An unusual case is reported of coma of gradual onset in a 67-year old woman being treated with oxytetracycline. Ten hours after the last dose, the patient regained consciousness but remained confused with hallucinations for another 24 hours. The possibility of side-effects should be borne in mind in any patient who develops coma whilst on oxytetracycline.", "contents": "Case report: coma due to oxytetracycline. An unusual case is reported of coma of gradual onset in a 67-year old woman being treated with oxytetracycline. Ten hours after the last dose, the patient regained consciousness but remained confused with hallucinations for another 24 hours. The possibility of side-effects should be borne in mind in any patient who develops coma whilst on oxytetracycline.", "PMID": 598213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6397", "title": "Gene dose effect: intraband mapping of the LDH A locus using cells from four individuals with different interstitial deletions of 11p.", "content": "The quantitative expression of LDH A was studied in hemolysates from four patients with different but overlapping interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11. Deficiency of LDH A was demonstrated in one patient, and the LDH A locus has been assigned to that segment of 11p for which this patient alone was deficient, i.e., to band 11p12 (region 11p1203 leads to 11p1208).", "contents": "Gene dose effect: intraband mapping of the LDH A locus using cells from four individuals with different interstitial deletions of 11p. The quantitative expression of LDH A was studied in hemolysates from four patients with different but overlapping interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11. Deficiency of LDH A was demonstrated in one patient, and the LDH A locus has been assigned to that segment of 11p for which this patient alone was deficient, i.e., to band 11p12 (region 11p1203 leads to 11p1208).", "PMID": 598250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6398", "title": "Assignment of the gene for glyoxalase I to region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6.", "content": "Using somatic cell hybrids between TK-deficient mouse cells and white blood cells derived from a patient with a translocation of the region p21 leads to pter of chromosome 17, we have assigned the gene for human GLO, to region p21 leads to pter of chromosome 6. Since the HLA region is only 10 cM distant from GLO, these results also confirm that the HLA region is located on the short arm of human chromosome 6.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for glyoxalase I to region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6. Using somatic cell hybrids between TK-deficient mouse cells and white blood cells derived from a patient with a translocation of the region p21 leads to pter of chromosome 17, we have assigned the gene for human GLO, to region p21 leads to pter of chromosome 6. Since the HLA region is only 10 cM distant from GLO, these results also confirm that the HLA region is located on the short arm of human chromosome 6.", "PMID": 598251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6399", "title": "Five early milestones in premature infants.", "content": "The onset of five early milestones was studied in premature and full-term infants. The milestones are: recognition of mother's voice and face, 3-month smile, following through 180 degrees, and two hand-eye coordination. It was hypothesized that premature infants would show delay in acquiring milestones related to time separated from mother. Compared to full-term infants, the prematures had a significant difference in the means only for the onset of smiling, and no effect related to maternal separation.", "contents": "Five early milestones in premature infants. The onset of five early milestones was studied in premature and full-term infants. The milestones are: recognition of mother's voice and face, 3-month smile, following through 180 degrees, and two hand-eye coordination. It was hypothesized that premature infants would show delay in acquiring milestones related to time separated from mother. Compared to full-term infants, the prematures had a significant difference in the means only for the onset of smiling, and no effect related to maternal separation.", "PMID": 598258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6400", "title": "Behavioral and neurological comparisons of neonates born to mothers of differing social environments.", "content": "Sixty newborn infants, 30 born to parents of middle to upper-middle socioeconomic status and 30 born to parents of limited personal-social resources, were assessed on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Although no difference between groups was found in motor and neurological status, data from this study did indicate that the prenatal factors, having no obvious physiological base, associated with the parental social environment, may affect the newborn's behavioral outcome.", "contents": "Behavioral and neurological comparisons of neonates born to mothers of differing social environments. Sixty newborn infants, 30 born to parents of middle to upper-middle socioeconomic status and 30 born to parents of limited personal-social resources, were assessed on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Although no difference between groups was found in motor and neurological status, data from this study did indicate that the prenatal factors, having no obvious physiological base, associated with the parental social environment, may affect the newborn's behavioral outcome.", "PMID": 598259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6401", "title": "Milieu therapy under the primary caretaker system at the University of Michigan's Children's Psychiatric Hospital.", "content": "The inpatient service at the University of Michigan's Children Psychiatric Hospital is a multidisciplined program whose purpose is to create a therapeutic milieu in which emotionally disturbed children can live while being effectively treated. The work of the primary staff as milieu therapist on the ward is a key factor in the success or failure of many cases. This paper describes the therapeutic milieu, the primary caretaker system of staffing, and the specific role of the primary staff as milieu therapist at the hospital.", "contents": "Milieu therapy under the primary caretaker system at the University of Michigan's Children's Psychiatric Hospital. The inpatient service at the University of Michigan's Children Psychiatric Hospital is a multidisciplined program whose purpose is to create a therapeutic milieu in which emotionally disturbed children can live while being effectively treated. The work of the primary staff as milieu therapist on the ward is a key factor in the success or failure of many cases. This paper describes the therapeutic milieu, the primary caretaker system of staffing, and the specific role of the primary staff as milieu therapist at the hospital.", "PMID": 598261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6402", "title": "Single-subject design and interaction analysis in the behavioral treatment of a child with a feeding problem.", "content": "A research paradigm, including an AB1AB2 single-subject design was developed and used in conjunction with an adult-child interaction analysis methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment approach to a feeding problem in a 2 1/2-year-old male. The results indicate that after nine treatment sessions, the child's diet was appropriate and the undesirable mother-child interaction pattern was changed. In addition, the interaction analysis methodology was used to evaluate the therapist's behavior modification techniques so that these could be taught to the mother. This study continued the previous endeavors to delineate feeding problems in children and subsequently to treat these problems with a behavioral approach. This kind of systematic research, with functional analysis of presenting problems and specification of the therapist's treatment behavior, is offered as a clinically appropriate paradigm for psychotherapy and behavior modification research.", "contents": "Single-subject design and interaction analysis in the behavioral treatment of a child with a feeding problem. A research paradigm, including an AB1AB2 single-subject design was developed and used in conjunction with an adult-child interaction analysis methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment approach to a feeding problem in a 2 1/2-year-old male. The results indicate that after nine treatment sessions, the child's diet was appropriate and the undesirable mother-child interaction pattern was changed. In addition, the interaction analysis methodology was used to evaluate the therapist's behavior modification techniques so that these could be taught to the mother. This study continued the previous endeavors to delineate feeding problems in children and subsequently to treat these problems with a behavioral approach. This kind of systematic research, with functional analysis of presenting problems and specification of the therapist's treatment behavior, is offered as a clinically appropriate paradigm for psychotherapy and behavior modification research.", "PMID": 598262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6403", "title": "The attachment of a retarded child to an inanimate object: translation into clinical utility.", "content": "This paper describes the relationship of a moderately retarded boy with autistic features to an inanimate object, relates this relationship to his emotional development, and suggests methods for utilizing observations of his behavior with the object for assessment of cognition. The authors suggest that the object differs only qualitatively from a transitional object. Implications for the evaluation of retarded children include the necessity for approaches identical to those used in evaluating intellectually normal children and interdisciplinary assessment with combinations of behavioral and dynamic techniques. Implications for parent counseling, institutional policies, therapeutic practice, psychological assessment, and personality theory are outlined.", "contents": "The attachment of a retarded child to an inanimate object: translation into clinical utility. This paper describes the relationship of a moderately retarded boy with autistic features to an inanimate object, relates this relationship to his emotional development, and suggests methods for utilizing observations of his behavior with the object for assessment of cognition. The authors suggest that the object differs only qualitatively from a transitional object. Implications for the evaluation of retarded children include the necessity for approaches identical to those used in evaluating intellectually normal children and interdisciplinary assessment with combinations of behavioral and dynamic techniques. Implications for parent counseling, institutional policies, therapeutic practice, psychological assessment, and personality theory are outlined.", "PMID": 598263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6404", "title": "Chromosome location of the ribosomal RNA genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela). II. Intraspecific variability in number and position of the chromosome loci for 18S + 28S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "Ribosomal genes have been localized on mitotic and lampbrush chromosomes of 20 specimens of Triturus vulgaris meridionalis by in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) each individual shows positive in situ hybridization at the nucleolus organizing region (NOR) on chromosome XI; 2) in addition, many specimens exhibit a positive reaction in chromosomal sites other than the NOR (additional ribosomal sites); 3) the chromosomal distribution of the additional sites appears to be identical in different tissues from the same specimen and to follow a specific individual pattern; 4) the additional ribosomal sites are preferentially found at the telomeric, centromeric or C-band regions of the chromosomes involved.", "contents": "Chromosome location of the ribosomal RNA genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela). II. Intraspecific variability in number and position of the chromosome loci for 18S + 28S ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal genes have been localized on mitotic and lampbrush chromosomes of 20 specimens of Triturus vulgaris meridionalis by in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) each individual shows positive in situ hybridization at the nucleolus organizing region (NOR) on chromosome XI; 2) in addition, many specimens exhibit a positive reaction in chromosomal sites other than the NOR (additional ribosomal sites); 3) the chromosomal distribution of the additional sites appears to be identical in different tissues from the same specimen and to follow a specific individual pattern; 4) the additional ribosomal sites are preferentially found at the telomeric, centromeric or C-band regions of the chromosomes involved.", "PMID": 598264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6405", "title": "The effects of ageing on the meiotic chromosomes of male and female mice.", "content": "The effects of age on the chiasma frequencies, chiasma position and numbers of univalents at MI in males and females of three strains of mouse were examined. Males showed a slight but non significant rise in chiasma frequency in age due to an increase in bivalents with two chiasmata at the expense of single chiasmata bivalents. In contrast, females exhibited a significant decrease in chiasma frequency with age due to the loss of two chiasma bivalents with a corresponding increase in single terminal chiasmata bivalents. In both males and females there was no significant increase in univalents with age in the strains studied. Of interest was the finding of a greater degree of contraction of the MI chromosomes in the oocytes of old relative to young females, a differential contraction that was independent of culture time. This finding is discussed with regard to the \"production line theory\" and non disjunction at Anaphase in other strains of mice.", "contents": "The effects of ageing on the meiotic chromosomes of male and female mice. The effects of age on the chiasma frequencies, chiasma position and numbers of univalents at MI in males and females of three strains of mouse were examined. Males showed a slight but non significant rise in chiasma frequency in age due to an increase in bivalents with two chiasmata at the expense of single chiasmata bivalents. In contrast, females exhibited a significant decrease in chiasma frequency with age due to the loss of two chiasma bivalents with a corresponding increase in single terminal chiasmata bivalents. In both males and females there was no significant increase in univalents with age in the strains studied. Of interest was the finding of a greater degree of contraction of the MI chromosomes in the oocytes of old relative to young females, a differential contraction that was independent of culture time. This finding is discussed with regard to the \"production line theory\" and non disjunction at Anaphase in other strains of mice.", "PMID": 598266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6406", "title": "The repetition frequency of DNA in Balbiani ring 2 of Chironomus thummi.", "content": "The RNA of Balbiani ring BR2 of polytene chromosomes from Chironomus thummi salivary glands was microisolated and reassociated in the presence of an excess of total larval DNA. BR2 RNA reacts as a single component with a C0t 1/2 of 8.6. Ribosomal precursor RNA from microisolated nucleoli reassociates under identical conditions with a C0t 1/2 of 12.3. These C0t 1/2-values suggest repetition frequencies in the range of 35 and 50 for ribosomal DNA and Balbiani ring 2 DNA, respectively. The data presented here favour the view that the gene for BR2 RNA of C. thummi is internally repeated and contains only one type of DNA sequence.", "contents": "The repetition frequency of DNA in Balbiani ring 2 of Chironomus thummi. The RNA of Balbiani ring BR2 of polytene chromosomes from Chironomus thummi salivary glands was microisolated and reassociated in the presence of an excess of total larval DNA. BR2 RNA reacts as a single component with a C0t 1/2 of 8.6. Ribosomal precursor RNA from microisolated nucleoli reassociates under identical conditions with a C0t 1/2 of 12.3. These C0t 1/2-values suggest repetition frequencies in the range of 35 and 50 for ribosomal DNA and Balbiani ring 2 DNA, respectively. The data presented here favour the view that the gene for BR2 RNA of C. thummi is internally repeated and contains only one type of DNA sequence.", "PMID": 598267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6407", "title": "Astigmatism of the mammalian cornea: evolutionary and perceptive significance.", "content": "Astigmatism enables spatial, linear and directional discrimination. These faculties are demonstrated by astigmatic photographic experiments. Comparative anatomic deductions lead to the assumption that the eyes of early mammals were astigmatic. Thereby these animals, lacking binocularity and accommodation, could achieve visual spatial information. This assumption is supported by the fact that features of astigmatic refraction, specially straight linearity, have been adopted by various intra-ocular structures, and by the neuronal structuralisation of receptive fields in the visual cortex of mammals.", "contents": "Astigmatism of the mammalian cornea: evolutionary and perceptive significance. Astigmatism enables spatial, linear and directional discrimination. These faculties are demonstrated by astigmatic photographic experiments. Comparative anatomic deductions lead to the assumption that the eyes of early mammals were astigmatic. Thereby these animals, lacking binocularity and accommodation, could achieve visual spatial information. This assumption is supported by the fact that features of astigmatic refraction, specially straight linearity, have been adopted by various intra-ocular structures, and by the neuronal structuralisation of receptive fields in the visual cortex of mammals.", "PMID": 598274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6408", "title": "Usher's syndrome: electrophysiological tests of the visual and auditory systems.", "content": "The symptoms of Usher's syndrome - congenital hearing impairment and tapetoretinal dystrophy - are difficult to detect in young children. The electroretinogram (ERG), visual evoked potential (VEP), auditory nerve and brain-stem responses as well as the cochlear microphonic potentials were used to evaluate the defects of the visual and auditory systems in 20 patients, 3-45 years of age. This study demonstrates the usefulness, reliability and convenience of the electrophysiological tests for early diagnosis and functional evaluation of Usher's syndrome.", "contents": "Usher's syndrome: electrophysiological tests of the visual and auditory systems. The symptoms of Usher's syndrome - congenital hearing impairment and tapetoretinal dystrophy - are difficult to detect in young children. The electroretinogram (ERG), visual evoked potential (VEP), auditory nerve and brain-stem responses as well as the cochlear microphonic potentials were used to evaluate the defects of the visual and auditory systems in 20 patients, 3-45 years of age. This study demonstrates the usefulness, reliability and convenience of the electrophysiological tests for early diagnosis and functional evaluation of Usher's syndrome.", "PMID": 598276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6409", "title": "Circannual variation in human erythrocyte adenosine aminohydrolase.", "content": "In serially independent samples of blood from apparently healthy subjects controlled as to clock-hour of blood withdrawal but not as to any circannual changes in circadian state, human erythrocyte adenosine aminohydrolase undergoes a statistically significant circannual rhythm, which may or may not be aliased. This rhythm is also demonstrated in patients with a variety of neoplastic diseases and it occurs around a statistically significantly lower mesor in patients with a variety of malignant tumors investigated.", "contents": "Circannual variation in human erythrocyte adenosine aminohydrolase. In serially independent samples of blood from apparently healthy subjects controlled as to clock-hour of blood withdrawal but not as to any circannual changes in circadian state, human erythrocyte adenosine aminohydrolase undergoes a statistically significant circannual rhythm, which may or may not be aliased. This rhythm is also demonstrated in patients with a variety of neoplastic diseases and it occurs around a statistically significantly lower mesor in patients with a variety of malignant tumors investigated.", "PMID": 598270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6410", "title": "Visual phenomena following light coagulation in central serous retinopathy (CSR).", "content": "A report on three patients with illustrations of their visual anomalies following light coagulation for their CSR disease is presented. The correspondence of the phenomena illustrated with the ophthalmoscopically visible fundus changes prove their objective origin.", "contents": "Visual phenomena following light coagulation in central serous retinopathy (CSR). A report on three patients with illustrations of their visual anomalies following light coagulation for their CSR disease is presented. The correspondence of the phenomena illustrated with the ophthalmoscopically visible fundus changes prove their objective origin.", "PMID": 598277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6411", "title": "[Pneumatosis cytoides coli. Conservative treatment with oxygen breathing (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations in a 51-year old female patient suffering from severe tenesmus and therapy resistant diarrhoea led to a diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides coli. After 4 days of treatment with continuous oxygen breathing there was dramatic clinical improvement and an incomplete radiological remission. This new method is an important step forward in the treatment of pneumatosis coli. The only potential side effect is pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Thus limitation of oxygen treatment to the shortest time necessary for abolishing symptoms is recommended. Oxygen breathing is a safe, simple and effective treatment of pneumatosis coli and may replace the currently performed surgical resection of the involved intestinal segments.", "contents": "[Pneumatosis cytoides coli. Conservative treatment with oxygen breathing (author's transl)]. Investigations in a 51-year old female patient suffering from severe tenesmus and therapy resistant diarrhoea led to a diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides coli. After 4 days of treatment with continuous oxygen breathing there was dramatic clinical improvement and an incomplete radiological remission. This new method is an important step forward in the treatment of pneumatosis coli. The only potential side effect is pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Thus limitation of oxygen treatment to the shortest time necessary for abolishing symptoms is recommended. Oxygen breathing is a safe, simple and effective treatment of pneumatosis coli and may replace the currently performed surgical resection of the involved intestinal segments.", "PMID": 598288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6412", "title": "[Diagnosis of anticonvulsant osteomalacia in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 epileptic patients under treatment with long-term anti-convulsants, radiographs of the hands and feet, and estimations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and inorganic phosphate were done to detect a medication-induced osteomalacia. The correlation between the individual parameters was investigated. It was shown that the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol level and the skeletal radiograph were the most valuable in the early detection of osteomalacia. One of these investigations in addition to routine serum chemistry is recommended for the future at the yearly follow-up examinations of adult epileptics so that early and adequate treatment with vitamin D can be started.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of anticonvulsant osteomalacia in adults (author's transl)]. In 100 epileptic patients under treatment with long-term anti-convulsants, radiographs of the hands and feet, and estimations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and inorganic phosphate were done to detect a medication-induced osteomalacia. The correlation between the individual parameters was investigated. It was shown that the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol level and the skeletal radiograph were the most valuable in the early detection of osteomalacia. One of these investigations in addition to routine serum chemistry is recommended for the future at the yearly follow-up examinations of adult epileptics so that early and adequate treatment with vitamin D can be started.", "PMID": 598289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6413", "title": "[Determination of porphyrins in red blood cells. Comparison of two methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods for measuring porphyrin concentrations in red blood cells were compared, one by Piomelli in which porphyrin is extracted from the RBCs and then measured fluorometrically, the other in which the blood-porphyrin content is measured direct with the hematofluorometer ZnP 400. Sample size is the same for both. Results in 59 patients exposed to lead were evaluated: the correlation coefficient between the two tests was 0.99.", "contents": "[Determination of porphyrins in red blood cells. Comparison of two methods (author's transl)]. Two methods for measuring porphyrin concentrations in red blood cells were compared, one by Piomelli in which porphyrin is extracted from the RBCs and then measured fluorometrically, the other in which the blood-porphyrin content is measured direct with the hematofluorometer ZnP 400. Sample size is the same for both. Results in 59 patients exposed to lead were evaluated: the correlation coefficient between the two tests was 0.99.", "PMID": 598290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6414", "title": "[Hypercalcaemic crises in patients with chronic renal failure caused by ion-exchange resins, antacidotics and other calcium-containing drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1972 and 1976 15 patients with chronic renal failure of different aetiology and varying severity were observed who developed 23 hypercalcaemic phases during treatment with calcium-containing drugs. 12 instances of hypercalcaemia occurred during conservative treated during conservative treatment (serum creatinine 177-1061 mumol/l, equivalent to 20-120 mg/l) and 11 during chronic haemodialysis (serum creatinine 707-1061 mumol/l, equivalent to 80-120 mg/l). In 15 cases hypercalcaemia was caused by a hexacalciumhexasodium-heptacitratehydrate complex (Acetolyt), in 6 cases by the combined use of this drug with calcium ion-exchange resins on a calciumpolystyrolsulfonate base, and in two cases by the use of calcium tablets and calciumpolystyrolsulfonate, respectively. The daily doses of these drugs were in the usual therapeutic range in most cases. Deterioration of renal function was observed in two cases and coma in a further two cases. In 5 cases gastric ulcers were demonstrated. Three patients died. In no patient was there evidence of florid hyperparathyroidism. Treatment with calcium-containing drugs in patients with renal failure should only be carried out under regular control of calcium concentrations.", "contents": "[Hypercalcaemic crises in patients with chronic renal failure caused by ion-exchange resins, antacidotics and other calcium-containing drugs (author's transl)]. Between 1972 and 1976 15 patients with chronic renal failure of different aetiology and varying severity were observed who developed 23 hypercalcaemic phases during treatment with calcium-containing drugs. 12 instances of hypercalcaemia occurred during conservative treated during conservative treatment (serum creatinine 177-1061 mumol/l, equivalent to 20-120 mg/l) and 11 during chronic haemodialysis (serum creatinine 707-1061 mumol/l, equivalent to 80-120 mg/l). In 15 cases hypercalcaemia was caused by a hexacalciumhexasodium-heptacitratehydrate complex (Acetolyt), in 6 cases by the combined use of this drug with calcium ion-exchange resins on a calciumpolystyrolsulfonate base, and in two cases by the use of calcium tablets and calciumpolystyrolsulfonate, respectively. The daily doses of these drugs were in the usual therapeutic range in most cases. Deterioration of renal function was observed in two cases and coma in a further two cases. In 5 cases gastric ulcers were demonstrated. Three patients died. In no patient was there evidence of florid hyperparathyroidism. Treatment with calcium-containing drugs in patients with renal failure should only be carried out under regular control of calcium concentrations.", "PMID": 598299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6415", "title": "[Plasma levels of rifampicin and isoniazid and serum levels of aminotransferases in combined tuberculostatic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "During treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in 15 patients transaminase activity increased in seven to levels of 60-340 U/l (group I). In the other eight the laboratory values remained within normal limits (group II). Rifampicin levels in group I were significantly raised at 2 and 5 hours after administration of 10 mg/kg body weight on proven fasting. There was no significant difference between the two groups for isoniazid. Estimated half-life of rifampicin was significantly longer in the first than the second group. If there is evidence of chronic liver disease (by history or by chemical tests) the rifampicin dose should be decreased to less than 10 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "[Plasma levels of rifampicin and isoniazid and serum levels of aminotransferases in combined tuberculostatic treatment (author's transl)]. During treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol in 15 patients transaminase activity increased in seven to levels of 60-340 U/l (group I). In the other eight the laboratory values remained within normal limits (group II). Rifampicin levels in group I were significantly raised at 2 and 5 hours after administration of 10 mg/kg body weight on proven fasting. There was no significant difference between the two groups for isoniazid. Estimated half-life of rifampicin was significantly longer in the first than the second group. If there is evidence of chronic liver disease (by history or by chemical tests) the rifampicin dose should be decreased to less than 10 mg/kg body weight.", "PMID": 598300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6416", "title": "[Lung functions and blood levels after parenteral administration of theophylline-ethylenediamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Theophylline-ethylenediamine (Euphyllin) was given to 45 patients with various degrees of obstructive airway disease, eight receiving 0.24 g i.v., 22 an infusion of 0.72 g over four hours, and 15 an i.m. injection of 0.36 g. Lung-functions, pulmonary artery pressures and - in several cases - theophylline blood levels were measured. The specific bronchial flow resistance was reduced in all patients, by 30% on average, without any significant correlation to the blood level. Ventilation rose by about 15%, while arterial pCO2 and mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell significantly. No effect on respiratory failure to the existing pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated in three patients with decompensated chronic cor pulmonale with 0.72 g by a four-hour infusion. After i.v. or i.m. injection of the same dose theophylline blood levels were at the lower range of effective concentration, which is thought to lie around 5-15 microgram/ml plasma. The results indicate that a specially effective and lasting therapy can be achieved with an initial dose of 0.24 g Euphyllin followed by continuous infusion of 0.72 g over 6-8 hours.", "contents": "[Lung functions and blood levels after parenteral administration of theophylline-ethylenediamine (author's transl)]. Theophylline-ethylenediamine (Euphyllin) was given to 45 patients with various degrees of obstructive airway disease, eight receiving 0.24 g i.v., 22 an infusion of 0.72 g over four hours, and 15 an i.m. injection of 0.36 g. Lung-functions, pulmonary artery pressures and - in several cases - theophylline blood levels were measured. The specific bronchial flow resistance was reduced in all patients, by 30% on average, without any significant correlation to the blood level. Ventilation rose by about 15%, while arterial pCO2 and mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell significantly. No effect on respiratory failure to the existing pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated in three patients with decompensated chronic cor pulmonale with 0.72 g by a four-hour infusion. After i.v. or i.m. injection of the same dose theophylline blood levels were at the lower range of effective concentration, which is thought to lie around 5-15 microgram/ml plasma. The results indicate that a specially effective and lasting therapy can be achieved with an initial dose of 0.24 g Euphyllin followed by continuous infusion of 0.72 g over 6-8 hours.", "PMID": 598301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6417", "title": "The effect of FSH on LH induced testosterone secretion in the immature hypophysectomized male rat.", "content": "The effect of gonadotropin pretreatment of hypophysectomized male rats on LH stimulated serum testosterone concentrations was studied. A 5 day pretreatment period began 2 days after hypophysectomy at 21 or 24 days of age. On the day following the pretreatment period the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of saline or LH 60 min before blood collection. Animals pretreated with NIH-FSH-B1, or with doses of LH approximating the amount present in the NIH-FSH, had increased testosterone concentrations after LH stimulation compared to similarly stimulated saline pretreated animals. Pretreatment with more highly purified FSH Ex 199C at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose of NIH-FSH was also effective. There was no synergistic or additive effect when FSH Ex 199C and LH pretreatments were combined. FSH Ex 199C is more potent and contains appreciably less LH contamination than NIH-FSH-B1. The results obtained using FSH Ex 199C indicate that FSH, independent of LH contamination, can increase testes response to LH stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of FSH on LH induced testosterone secretion in the immature hypophysectomized male rat. The effect of gonadotropin pretreatment of hypophysectomized male rats on LH stimulated serum testosterone concentrations was studied. A 5 day pretreatment period began 2 days after hypophysectomy at 21 or 24 days of age. On the day following the pretreatment period the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of saline or LH 60 min before blood collection. Animals pretreated with NIH-FSH-B1, or with doses of LH approximating the amount present in the NIH-FSH, had increased testosterone concentrations after LH stimulation compared to similarly stimulated saline pretreated animals. Pretreatment with more highly purified FSH Ex 199C at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose of NIH-FSH was also effective. There was no synergistic or additive effect when FSH Ex 199C and LH pretreatments were combined. FSH Ex 199C is more potent and contains appreciably less LH contamination than NIH-FSH-B1. The results obtained using FSH Ex 199C indicate that FSH, independent of LH contamination, can increase testes response to LH stimulation.", "PMID": 598335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6418", "title": "The effect of ether on formation and dissociation of rat uterine estradiol-receptor complex.", "content": "The addition of 2% v/v ethyl ether to uterine cytosol incubation mixtures produced a 25% increase in the rat of association of 0 degrees with 3H-estradiol and almost a 3-fold increase in the rate of exchange of estradiol-receptor complex with 3H-estradiol at 20 degrees. Uterine cytosol saturated with non-radioactive estradiol required over 8 hours for complete exchange with 3H-estradiol at 20 degrees while in the presence of 2% ether exchange was complete in 2 hours and revealed about 15% more specific binding sites. The presence of ether in reaction mixtures had no effect on dextran coated charcoal separation on bound from free 3H-estradiol nor on the stability of the receptor on uterine cytosol.", "contents": "The effect of ether on formation and dissociation of rat uterine estradiol-receptor complex. The addition of 2% v/v ethyl ether to uterine cytosol incubation mixtures produced a 25% increase in the rat of association of 0 degrees with 3H-estradiol and almost a 3-fold increase in the rate of exchange of estradiol-receptor complex with 3H-estradiol at 20 degrees. Uterine cytosol saturated with non-radioactive estradiol required over 8 hours for complete exchange with 3H-estradiol at 20 degrees while in the presence of 2% ether exchange was complete in 2 hours and revealed about 15% more specific binding sites. The presence of ether in reaction mixtures had no effect on dextran coated charcoal separation on bound from free 3H-estradiol nor on the stability of the receptor on uterine cytosol.", "PMID": 598336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6419", "title": "Isolated prolactin and growth hormone granules from bovine pituitary: content and stability are seasonally dependent.", "content": "Secretory granules containing prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) as essentially the only proteins were isolated by centrifugation. PRL and GH varied reciprocally in the granule preparations with the seasons. During winter PRL content was lowest (20%) and GH highest (80%); during summer the converse obtained: PRL, 70% and GH,, 30%. Both hormones were in almost equal proportion during the spring. The amount of either hormone released from granules and pituitary slices was directly related to its relative content in the gland. The pattern of PRL release from secretory granules and pituitary tissue in vitro was similar to that reported for blood levels in ruminants: low during winter and high during summer. It is concluded that seasonal factors affect primarily the synthesis and/or storage of PRL and GH, and there exists a direct relationship between intracellular stores and release.", "contents": "Isolated prolactin and growth hormone granules from bovine pituitary: content and stability are seasonally dependent. Secretory granules containing prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) as essentially the only proteins were isolated by centrifugation. PRL and GH varied reciprocally in the granule preparations with the seasons. During winter PRL content was lowest (20%) and GH highest (80%); during summer the converse obtained: PRL, 70% and GH,, 30%. Both hormones were in almost equal proportion during the spring. The amount of either hormone released from granules and pituitary slices was directly related to its relative content in the gland. The pattern of PRL release from secretory granules and pituitary tissue in vitro was similar to that reported for blood levels in ruminants: low during winter and high during summer. It is concluded that seasonal factors affect primarily the synthesis and/or storage of PRL and GH, and there exists a direct relationship between intracellular stores and release.", "PMID": 598337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6420", "title": "Carboxypeptidase digestion of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Native human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was resistant to carboxypeptidase digestion even in the presence of urea. Isolated alpha subunit of the hormone (hCG-alpha), though unreactive to enzyme treatment in the absence of denaturant, released up to four amino acid residues from the C-terminus on incubation with a mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B in urea. While an hCG-alpha product which lacked Ser-92 recombined completely with intact hCG-beta, hCG-alpha from which Ser-92 recombined completely with intact hCG-beta, hCG-alpha from which Ser-92 and Lys-91 were removed showed only partial recombination. The two recombinants were devoid of any in vivo biologic activity, but retained some of the immunologic activity of the native recombinant. These findings indicate that the integrity of the C-terminal residue of serine in hCG-alpha is essential for the expression of in vivo biologic activity of the native hormone.", "contents": "Carboxypeptidase digestion of human chorionic gonadotropin. Native human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was resistant to carboxypeptidase digestion even in the presence of urea. Isolated alpha subunit of the hormone (hCG-alpha), though unreactive to enzyme treatment in the absence of denaturant, released up to four amino acid residues from the C-terminus on incubation with a mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B in urea. While an hCG-alpha product which lacked Ser-92 recombined completely with intact hCG-beta, hCG-alpha from which Ser-92 recombined completely with intact hCG-beta, hCG-alpha from which Ser-92 and Lys-91 were removed showed only partial recombination. The two recombinants were devoid of any in vivo biologic activity, but retained some of the immunologic activity of the native recombinant. These findings indicate that the integrity of the C-terminal residue of serine in hCG-alpha is essential for the expression of in vivo biologic activity of the native hormone.", "PMID": 598338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6421", "title": "Evidence for interaction between granulosa cells and theca in early progesterone synthesis.", "content": "The temporal characteristics of steroidogenesis in vitro by hamster preovulatory follicles, were compared to granulosa cells and theca incubated separately. Gonadotropin-stimulated intact follicles or recombined granulosa cells and theca synthesized increased amounts of progesterone by 30-120 minutes of incubation. The granulosa cells and theca, when incubated separately, did not begin to accumulate progesterone until 4 to 6 hours. The relatively rapid rise in follicular progesterone synthesis after in vitro gonadotropin stimulation follows the same time course as the rapid rise in vivo of hamster and rat preovulatory progesterone after the gonadotropin surge. The sharp differences in the temporal characteristics of progesterone synthesis between follicles and separated follicular cell types suggest an interaction between granulosa cells and theca in at least one phase of progesterone synthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for interaction between granulosa cells and theca in early progesterone synthesis. The temporal characteristics of steroidogenesis in vitro by hamster preovulatory follicles, were compared to granulosa cells and theca incubated separately. Gonadotropin-stimulated intact follicles or recombined granulosa cells and theca synthesized increased amounts of progesterone by 30-120 minutes of incubation. The granulosa cells and theca, when incubated separately, did not begin to accumulate progesterone until 4 to 6 hours. The relatively rapid rise in follicular progesterone synthesis after in vitro gonadotropin stimulation follows the same time course as the rapid rise in vivo of hamster and rat preovulatory progesterone after the gonadotropin surge. The sharp differences in the temporal characteristics of progesterone synthesis between follicles and separated follicular cell types suggest an interaction between granulosa cells and theca in at least one phase of progesterone synthesis.", "PMID": 598339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6422", "title": "Environmental aspects of injury and disease: liver and bile ducts.", "content": "Evolutionary processes have not yet developed specific and safe ways to detoxify all chemical species new to our environment. Indeed, some are transformed and/or conjugated by the liver into more toxic species. Environmental factors can modulate hepatic enzyme systems. Particularly responsive are the mixed function oxidases, which initiate the transformation of many xenobiotics to excretable species via reactions which generate electrophilic intermediates such as free radicals, epoxides and aldehydes. Unless these reactive metabolites are rapidly removed by subsequent detoxification reactions or by endogenous defense systems, destructive cytotoxic reactions can be triggered or cell constitutents \"attacked\" thereby causing either acute injury and/or more latent molecular injury to long chain biopolymers resulting in chromatin damage, or tumors. In vitro systems using purified, specialized cell fractions may be of considerable value in defining metabolic processes, but the results must be relevant to in vivo conditions. Although human liver is peculiarly resistant to tumorigenesis, liver microsomes (isolated endoplasmic reticulum) are extensively used as biological activators for in vitro mutagenicity test systems. The in vivo defense system of liver cells must be exceptionally efficient! Reactive metabolites generated in liver may be stable enough to migrate and cause injury to other tissues or organ systems. It is important to characterize metabolic pathways of toxic xenobiotics, subsequent molecular sites or modes of injury, and factors which depress or augment cellular defense systems including the biliary system responsible for the excretion of many xenobiotics. Only then can techniques or treatments be developed to screen individuals for risk to specific groups of xenobiotics, to protect those exposed, and to treat those injured.", "contents": "Environmental aspects of injury and disease: liver and bile ducts. Evolutionary processes have not yet developed specific and safe ways to detoxify all chemical species new to our environment. Indeed, some are transformed and/or conjugated by the liver into more toxic species. Environmental factors can modulate hepatic enzyme systems. Particularly responsive are the mixed function oxidases, which initiate the transformation of many xenobiotics to excretable species via reactions which generate electrophilic intermediates such as free radicals, epoxides and aldehydes. Unless these reactive metabolites are rapidly removed by subsequent detoxification reactions or by endogenous defense systems, destructive cytotoxic reactions can be triggered or cell constitutents \"attacked\" thereby causing either acute injury and/or more latent molecular injury to long chain biopolymers resulting in chromatin damage, or tumors. In vitro systems using purified, specialized cell fractions may be of considerable value in defining metabolic processes, but the results must be relevant to in vivo conditions. Although human liver is peculiarly resistant to tumorigenesis, liver microsomes (isolated endoplasmic reticulum) are extensively used as biological activators for in vitro mutagenicity test systems. The in vivo defense system of liver cells must be exceptionally efficient! Reactive metabolites generated in liver may be stable enough to migrate and cause injury to other tissues or organ systems. It is important to characterize metabolic pathways of toxic xenobiotics, subsequent molecular sites or modes of injury, and factors which depress or augment cellular defense systems including the biliary system responsible for the excretion of many xenobiotics. Only then can techniques or treatments be developed to screen individuals for risk to specific groups of xenobiotics, to protect those exposed, and to treat those injured.", "PMID": 598341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6423", "title": "Environmental factors and diseases of the pancreas.", "content": "The five major diseases of the pancreas together make a significant contribution to morbidity and mortality among the people of the United States. These diseases are diabetes, cystic fibrosis, acute and chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. Four of these diseases can be modeled in laboratory animals by acute or chronic administration of chemical poisons or carcinogens. Human pancreatic diseases attributed to the effect of chemical agents including alcohol and drugs include many cases of chronic pancreatitis and some cases of acute pancreatitis. The cause is not known in many cases of human pancreatitis, including interstitial, acute, and chronic clinical forms. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the increasing incidence of carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas in the United States may reflect chemical carcinogenesis. On the basis of experimental observations, we know that pancreatic islet cells can be damaged directly by toxic chemicals, and that islet cell tumors can be chemically induced. Thus, there is adequate background data to conclude that several pancreatic diseases of obscure etiology may be due in part to hitherto unidentified toxic effects of chemical agents encountered in personal or general environments.", "contents": "Environmental factors and diseases of the pancreas. The five major diseases of the pancreas together make a significant contribution to morbidity and mortality among the people of the United States. These diseases are diabetes, cystic fibrosis, acute and chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. Four of these diseases can be modeled in laboratory animals by acute or chronic administration of chemical poisons or carcinogens. Human pancreatic diseases attributed to the effect of chemical agents including alcohol and drugs include many cases of chronic pancreatitis and some cases of acute pancreatitis. The cause is not known in many cases of human pancreatitis, including interstitial, acute, and chronic clinical forms. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the increasing incidence of carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas in the United States may reflect chemical carcinogenesis. On the basis of experimental observations, we know that pancreatic islet cells can be damaged directly by toxic chemicals, and that islet cell tumors can be chemically induced. Thus, there is adequate background data to conclude that several pancreatic diseases of obscure etiology may be due in part to hitherto unidentified toxic effects of chemical agents encountered in personal or general environments.", "PMID": 598342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6424", "title": "The respiratory tract and the environment.", "content": "The primary determinants of pulmonary disease are environmental. The same thinness and delicacy of the air-blood barrier which allows rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide also reduce its effectiveness as a barrier to inhaled allergens, carcinogens, toxic particles, and noxious gases, and micro-organisms. Adults breath 10,000 to 20,000 liters of air daily. This volume of air contains potentially hazardous contaminating particles and gases. Future research should explore the diverse physiological mechanisms which prevent the accumulation and deleterious action of inhaled particles and gases. Since most pulmonary diseases are either initiated by or at least aggravated by the inhalagion of particles and gases, the role of environmental factors in the development of respiratory disease is an area worthy of continued support.", "contents": "The respiratory tract and the environment. The primary determinants of pulmonary disease are environmental. The same thinness and delicacy of the air-blood barrier which allows rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide also reduce its effectiveness as a barrier to inhaled allergens, carcinogens, toxic particles, and noxious gases, and micro-organisms. Adults breath 10,000 to 20,000 liters of air daily. This volume of air contains potentially hazardous contaminating particles and gases. Future research should explore the diverse physiological mechanisms which prevent the accumulation and deleterious action of inhaled particles and gases. Since most pulmonary diseases are either initiated by or at least aggravated by the inhalagion of particles and gases, the role of environmental factors in the development of respiratory disease is an area worthy of continued support.", "PMID": 598343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6425", "title": "Hypothermia in the aged.", "content": "Body temperature is maintained by a balance between heat production and heat loss. Temperature regulation consequent to exposure to a cold environment appears to be modified in elderly persons. An evaluation of the physiological adjustments made by older individuals is presented. It is apparent that hypothermia can develop in the older population as a consequence of modifications in both behavioral and physiological responses to cold exposure. With the growing awareness of an energy shortage with consequent lower ambient temperatures in homes, there is a need to obtain adequate information as to the physiological capabilities and adaptive potential of elderly individuals to a cold stress.", "contents": "Hypothermia in the aged. Body temperature is maintained by a balance between heat production and heat loss. Temperature regulation consequent to exposure to a cold environment appears to be modified in elderly persons. An evaluation of the physiological adjustments made by older individuals is presented. It is apparent that hypothermia can develop in the older population as a consequence of modifications in both behavioral and physiological responses to cold exposure. With the growing awareness of an energy shortage with consequent lower ambient temperatures in homes, there is a need to obtain adequate information as to the physiological capabilities and adaptive potential of elderly individuals to a cold stress.", "PMID": 598344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6426", "title": "Biomagnetic effects: a consideration in fusion reactor development.", "content": "Fusion reactors will utilize powerful magnetic fields for the confinement and heating of plasma and for the diversion of impurities. Large dipole fields generated by the plasma current and the divertor and transformer coils will radiate outward for several hundred meters, resulting in magnetic fields up to 450 gauss in working areas. Since occupational personnel could be exposed to substantial magnetic fields in a fusion power plant, an attempt has been made to assess the possible biological and health consequences of such exposure, using the existing literature. The available data indicate that magnetic fields can interact with biological material to produce effects, although the reported effects are usually small in magnitude and often unconfirmed. The existing data base is judged to be totally inadequate for assessment of potential health and environmental consequences of magnetic fields and for the establishment of appropriate standards. Requisite studies to provide an adequate data base are outlined.", "contents": "Biomagnetic effects: a consideration in fusion reactor development. Fusion reactors will utilize powerful magnetic fields for the confinement and heating of plasma and for the diversion of impurities. Large dipole fields generated by the plasma current and the divertor and transformer coils will radiate outward for several hundred meters, resulting in magnetic fields up to 450 gauss in working areas. Since occupational personnel could be exposed to substantial magnetic fields in a fusion power plant, an attempt has been made to assess the possible biological and health consequences of such exposure, using the existing literature. The available data indicate that magnetic fields can interact with biological material to produce effects, although the reported effects are usually small in magnitude and often unconfirmed. The existing data base is judged to be totally inadequate for assessment of potential health and environmental consequences of magnetic fields and for the establishment of appropriate standards. Requisite studies to provide an adequate data base are outlined.", "PMID": 598345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6427", "title": "Background information on high voltage fields.", "content": "The increased demand for power has led to higher voltages for overhead transmission lines. Environmentalists, governmental agencies, and some members of the scientific community have questioned if past biological effects research and experience with lower voltage lines provide adequate bases for predicting the possible health and environmental effects of the higher voltage lines. Only a small amount of work has been done to explore the possible effects, especially long term effects, of the exposure of biological systems to electric fields from transmission lines. Research in Western Europe and the United States has not identified any prompt or acute effects other than spark and electric discharge and no permanent effects. Contrasted with this are the studies of workers in Soviet and Spanish high voltage switchyards that report effects, such as excitability, headaches, drowsiness, fatique, and nausea, that are not found in Soviet line maintenance workers. The results of current and planned research, supported by both U.S. Government agencies and the private sector, should resolve a number of the present uncertanties and provide answers for the many questions concerning potential effects.", "contents": "Background information on high voltage fields. The increased demand for power has led to higher voltages for overhead transmission lines. Environmentalists, governmental agencies, and some members of the scientific community have questioned if past biological effects research and experience with lower voltage lines provide adequate bases for predicting the possible health and environmental effects of the higher voltage lines. Only a small amount of work has been done to explore the possible effects, especially long term effects, of the exposure of biological systems to electric fields from transmission lines. Research in Western Europe and the United States has not identified any prompt or acute effects other than spark and electric discharge and no permanent effects. Contrasted with this are the studies of workers in Soviet and Spanish high voltage switchyards that report effects, such as excitability, headaches, drowsiness, fatique, and nausea, that are not found in Soviet line maintenance workers. The results of current and planned research, supported by both U.S. Government agencies and the private sector, should resolve a number of the present uncertanties and provide answers for the many questions concerning potential effects.", "PMID": 598346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6428", "title": "Statistical methods for hazards and health.", "content": "The objective of this article is to document the need for further development of statistical methodology, training of more statisticians and improved communication between statisticians and the many other disciplines engaged in environmental research. Discussion of adequacy of the current statistical methodology requires the use of examples, which will hopefully not be offensive to the authors. Reference is made to recent developments and areas of unsolved problems delineated in three broad areas: enumeration data and adjusted rates; time series; and multiple regression. A brief outline of the ideas behind current methods of analyzing discrete data is followed by a demonstration of their utility using an example of the effects of exposure, sex, and education on bronchitis rates. Examples are listed of the ubiquity of the time component when relating pollution effects to each other and to health effects. An artificial example is used to emphasize the effects of time-dependent autocorrelations, trends, and cycles. References are given to a variety of new developments in time-dependent autocorrelations, trends, and cycles. References are given to a variety of new developments in time-series analysis. Discussion of the pitfalls in multiple regression analysis, and possible alternative approaches is largely based on two recent reviews and includes references to recent developments of robust techniques.", "contents": "Statistical methods for hazards and health. The objective of this article is to document the need for further development of statistical methodology, training of more statisticians and improved communication between statisticians and the many other disciplines engaged in environmental research. Discussion of adequacy of the current statistical methodology requires the use of examples, which will hopefully not be offensive to the authors. Reference is made to recent developments and areas of unsolved problems delineated in three broad areas: enumeration data and adjusted rates; time series; and multiple regression. A brief outline of the ideas behind current methods of analyzing discrete data is followed by a demonstration of their utility using an example of the effects of exposure, sex, and education on bronchitis rates. Examples are listed of the ubiquity of the time component when relating pollution effects to each other and to health effects. An artificial example is used to emphasize the effects of time-dependent autocorrelations, trends, and cycles. References are given to a variety of new developments in time-dependent autocorrelations, trends, and cycles. References are given to a variety of new developments in time-series analysis. Discussion of the pitfalls in multiple regression analysis, and possible alternative approaches is largely based on two recent reviews and includes references to recent developments of robust techniques.", "PMID": 598347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6429", "title": "Renal response to environmental toxins.", "content": "Several characteristics of normal renal function increase the risk to the kidney of damage by environmental toxins. Due to the magnitude of renal blood flow the total amount of noxious substance delivered may be disproportionately high. Furthermore, the capacity to concentrate substances within the kidney by processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion has the potential to increase the toxicity of agents which would otherwise not lead to tissue injury. Unfortunately, there are few tests of renal function which are able to detect early functional abnormalities and which, at the same time, are suited for screening purposes by virtue of their simplicity, cost and safety. Furthermore, interpretation of the tests is complicated by adaptive changes in renal function which occur with aging and in response to other disease processes. Environmental agents produce a wide spectrum of renal dysfunction. Acute renal damage follows exposure to glycols, organic solvents, heavy metals, diagnostic and therapeutic agents and a variety of miscellaneous substances. Chronic renal disease may take the form of isolated tubular defects as seen with cadmium, interstitial nephritis due to the ingestion of lead, or vascular damage induced by external radiation. Some forms of glomerulonephritis may also be related to environmental toxins as are certain tumors of the urinary tract. In a somewhat different fashion, patients whose renal function is limited by the presence of pre-existing disease may manifest toxicity from substances ordinarily excreted in the urine. Particular problems exist with the patients on dialysis, as they are at considerable risk to alterations in the environment.", "contents": "Renal response to environmental toxins. Several characteristics of normal renal function increase the risk to the kidney of damage by environmental toxins. Due to the magnitude of renal blood flow the total amount of noxious substance delivered may be disproportionately high. Furthermore, the capacity to concentrate substances within the kidney by processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion has the potential to increase the toxicity of agents which would otherwise not lead to tissue injury. Unfortunately, there are few tests of renal function which are able to detect early functional abnormalities and which, at the same time, are suited for screening purposes by virtue of their simplicity, cost and safety. Furthermore, interpretation of the tests is complicated by adaptive changes in renal function which occur with aging and in response to other disease processes. Environmental agents produce a wide spectrum of renal dysfunction. Acute renal damage follows exposure to glycols, organic solvents, heavy metals, diagnostic and therapeutic agents and a variety of miscellaneous substances. Chronic renal disease may take the form of isolated tubular defects as seen with cadmium, interstitial nephritis due to the ingestion of lead, or vascular damage induced by external radiation. Some forms of glomerulonephritis may also be related to environmental toxins as are certain tumors of the urinary tract. In a somewhat different fashion, patients whose renal function is limited by the presence of pre-existing disease may manifest toxicity from substances ordinarily excreted in the urine. Particular problems exist with the patients on dialysis, as they are at considerable risk to alterations in the environment.", "PMID": 598348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6430", "title": "Mutagenesis testing program.", "content": "Until recently, mutagenicity testing was done on preselected compounds in a manner in which the testing laboratories knew the identity of the substances under test and the \"expected\" results, i.e., positive for compounds selected because of their carcinogenicity and negative for food additives. There is no completed study in which substances were tested blind using a standardized protocol. Also, little attention has been placed on reproducibility and variability within and between laboratories. These aspects are currently under investigation in microbial systems by NCI but the results will not be available 1-2 years. In the NIEHS testing program a large number of substances will be tested in a blind study. At present we suggest use of a short-term testing system consisting of microbial tests plus mammalian activation systems (Tier 1), two different Drosophila systems (Tier 2) and four different whole animal systems (Tier 3). The compounds will initially be screened for mutagenicity in Tier 1, and the results obtained in Tier 1 together with what is known about the compound otherwise will dictate the decision whether to continue the test of the compound in Tier 2 and Tier 3.", "contents": "Mutagenesis testing program. Until recently, mutagenicity testing was done on preselected compounds in a manner in which the testing laboratories knew the identity of the substances under test and the \"expected\" results, i.e., positive for compounds selected because of their carcinogenicity and negative for food additives. There is no completed study in which substances were tested blind using a standardized protocol. Also, little attention has been placed on reproducibility and variability within and between laboratories. These aspects are currently under investigation in microbial systems by NCI but the results will not be available 1-2 years. In the NIEHS testing program a large number of substances will be tested in a blind study. At present we suggest use of a short-term testing system consisting of microbial tests plus mammalian activation systems (Tier 1), two different Drosophila systems (Tier 2) and four different whole animal systems (Tier 3). The compounds will initially be screened for mutagenicity in Tier 1, and the results obtained in Tier 1 together with what is known about the compound otherwise will dictate the decision whether to continue the test of the compound in Tier 2 and Tier 3.", "PMID": 598350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6431", "title": "Genetic and environmental factors affecting host response to drugs and other chemical compounds in our environment.", "content": "Compared to laboratory animals, humans are extremely heterogenous with respect to the many factors that can influence the distribution and biological effects of toxic chemicals. This heterogeneity can prevent an accurate assessment of the impact of a particular toxic compound on the health of an individual subject. Some of the factors that can significantly modify the host response to certain drugs, which serve in this review as a model for environmental chemicals, are enumerated and discussed. Although the mechanisms by which many of these factors modify the biological effects of certain environmental chemicals and drugs have been determined in some cases, better definition of the nature of interactions between these factors and environmental chemicals in a particular individual is required at a biochemical and molecular level. Recommendations are offered for the further development of our knowledge concerning interactions between environmental chemicals and such factors in a particular individual.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental factors affecting host response to drugs and other chemical compounds in our environment. Compared to laboratory animals, humans are extremely heterogenous with respect to the many factors that can influence the distribution and biological effects of toxic chemicals. This heterogeneity can prevent an accurate assessment of the impact of a particular toxic compound on the health of an individual subject. Some of the factors that can significantly modify the host response to certain drugs, which serve in this review as a model for environmental chemicals, are enumerated and discussed. Although the mechanisms by which many of these factors modify the biological effects of certain environmental chemicals and drugs have been determined in some cases, better definition of the nature of interactions between these factors and environmental chemicals in a particular individual is required at a biochemical and molecular level. Recommendations are offered for the further development of our knowledge concerning interactions between environmental chemicals and such factors in a particular individual.", "PMID": 598349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6432", "title": "Environmental factors and the development of disease and injury in the alimentary tract.", "content": "This review examines interactions between the alimentary tract and environmental agents. In these intera\"ctions the alimentary tract is considered as an integrated organ system extending from mouth to anus. The alimentary tract shares with the skin and its appendages and the respiratory system the distinction of being a portal of entry into the human body for environmental agents as well as a target for their action. Food and water-borne environmental agents enter the body via the alimentary tract. By injurying the alimentary tract environmental agents after their portal of entry and thereby modulate their effects on the organism. Such modulation may enhance or depress effects of these agents. Interactions between environmental factors and the alimentary tract depend on (1) factors related to the alimentary tract that are determined by anatomic, physiologic, and biochemical considerations; (2) factors related to the environmental agents; and (3) individually determined factors. The role of these factors in development of disease and injury is considered. Environmental diseases of the alimentary tract and environmental agents acting on the gut are discussed and recommendations are made for future research.", "contents": "Environmental factors and the development of disease and injury in the alimentary tract. This review examines interactions between the alimentary tract and environmental agents. In these intera\"ctions the alimentary tract is considered as an integrated organ system extending from mouth to anus. The alimentary tract shares with the skin and its appendages and the respiratory system the distinction of being a portal of entry into the human body for environmental agents as well as a target for their action. Food and water-borne environmental agents enter the body via the alimentary tract. By injurying the alimentary tract environmental agents after their portal of entry and thereby modulate their effects on the organism. Such modulation may enhance or depress effects of these agents. Interactions between environmental factors and the alimentary tract depend on (1) factors related to the alimentary tract that are determined by anatomic, physiologic, and biochemical considerations; (2) factors related to the environmental agents; and (3) individually determined factors. The role of these factors in development of disease and injury is considered. Environmental diseases of the alimentary tract and environmental agents acting on the gut are discussed and recommendations are made for future research.", "PMID": 598351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6433", "title": "Chemodynamics: transport and behavior of chemicals in the environment--a problem in environmental health.", "content": "In the manufacture and use of the several thousand chemicals employed by technological societies, portions of these chemicals escape or are intentionally introduced into the environment. The behavior, fate, and to some extent the effects produced by these chemicals are a result of a complex interaction of the properties of the chemical with the various processes governing transport, degradation, sequestration, and uptake by organisms. In addition, such processes as adsorption, evaporation, partitioning, and degradation are influenced by ambient conditions of temperature, air movement, moisture, presence of other chemicals, and the concentration and properties of the subject chemicals. These influence the level and extent of exposure to these chemicals that man might receive. Study of the physiochemical properties and extent of exposure to these chem;cals that man might receive. Study of the physiochemical properties of compounds in relation to these various processes has provided a basis for better understanding of the quantitative behavior. Such information is useful in development of predictive models on behavior and fate of the chemicals in relation to human exposure. Beyond this, it provides information that could be used to devise procedures of manufacture, use, and disposal that would minimize environmental contamination. Some of the physical principles involved in chemodynamics are presented in this review.", "contents": "Chemodynamics: transport and behavior of chemicals in the environment--a problem in environmental health. In the manufacture and use of the several thousand chemicals employed by technological societies, portions of these chemicals escape or are intentionally introduced into the environment. The behavior, fate, and to some extent the effects produced by these chemicals are a result of a complex interaction of the properties of the chemical with the various processes governing transport, degradation, sequestration, and uptake by organisms. In addition, such processes as adsorption, evaporation, partitioning, and degradation are influenced by ambient conditions of temperature, air movement, moisture, presence of other chemicals, and the concentration and properties of the subject chemicals. These influence the level and extent of exposure to these chemicals that man might receive. Study of the physiochemical properties and extent of exposure to these chem;cals that man might receive. Study of the physiochemical properties of compounds in relation to these various processes has provided a basis for better understanding of the quantitative behavior. Such information is useful in development of predictive models on behavior and fate of the chemicals in relation to human exposure. Beyond this, it provides information that could be used to devise procedures of manufacture, use, and disposal that would minimize environmental contamination. Some of the physical principles involved in chemodynamics are presented in this review.", "PMID": 598352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6434", "title": "Ethanol and development of disease and injury to tha alimentary tract.", "content": "Effects of ethanol on the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed, and an overview of possible mechanisms of ethanol damage to the alimentary tract is presented. Ethanol toxicity most commonly results in metabsorption. Mechanisms contributing to ethanol-induced calcium malabsorption are considered in detail as a prototype for problems encountered in evaluating effects of toxicants on intestinal function. Effects at the local level in the intestine must be differentiated from systemic effects. The mechanism of suppression of calcium absorption by chronic ethanol ingestion differs from that produced by acute administration. Effects of acute administration appear to be due to local mucosal damage and are reversed in 18 hr. Such damage is not present with chronic administration, which affects only duodenal transport. Treatment with vitamin D and its metabolites does not reverse the inhibition of calcium transport. The overall findings suggest that ethanol inhibition of calcium transport is mediated at the intestinal level, probably affecting vitamid D independent mechanisms.", "contents": "Ethanol and development of disease and injury to tha alimentary tract. Effects of ethanol on the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed, and an overview of possible mechanisms of ethanol damage to the alimentary tract is presented. Ethanol toxicity most commonly results in metabsorption. Mechanisms contributing to ethanol-induced calcium malabsorption are considered in detail as a prototype for problems encountered in evaluating effects of toxicants on intestinal function. Effects at the local level in the intestine must be differentiated from systemic effects. The mechanism of suppression of calcium absorption by chronic ethanol ingestion differs from that produced by acute administration. Effects of acute administration appear to be due to local mucosal damage and are reversed in 18 hr. Such damage is not present with chronic administration, which affects only duodenal transport. Treatment with vitamin D and its metabolites does not reverse the inhibition of calcium transport. The overall findings suggest that ethanol inhibition of calcium transport is mediated at the intestinal level, probably affecting vitamid D independent mechanisms.", "PMID": 598353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6435", "title": "Environmental influences on the immune system and allergic reactions.", "content": "Environmental interactions with the immune system may result in two types of adverse outcomes: immunodeficiency and immunopathology. Serious immunodeficiency most commonly results from ionizing radiation or as a recognized side effect of iatrogenic drug therapy, usually cancer chemotherapy. At present there is little basis for believing that biologically significant suppression of immune competence in man results from more subtle interactions with environmental agents. On the other hand, environmentally triggered immunopathology is a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. Additional research is needed in the following areas: (a) basic mechanisms of immunopathological reactions; (b) development of methods for accurately implicating or excluding immunological mechanisms in the etiology of hypersensitivity states; (c) development of methods for assessing in advance the potential immunogenicity of new industrial chemicals and occupational allergens; (d) identification of the risk factors which predispose to immunopathological outcomes when individuals are exposed to sensitizing chemicals or other \"natural\" allergens.", "contents": "Environmental influences on the immune system and allergic reactions. Environmental interactions with the immune system may result in two types of adverse outcomes: immunodeficiency and immunopathology. Serious immunodeficiency most commonly results from ionizing radiation or as a recognized side effect of iatrogenic drug therapy, usually cancer chemotherapy. At present there is little basis for believing that biologically significant suppression of immune competence in man results from more subtle interactions with environmental agents. On the other hand, environmentally triggered immunopathology is a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. Additional research is needed in the following areas: (a) basic mechanisms of immunopathological reactions; (b) development of methods for accurately implicating or excluding immunological mechanisms in the etiology of hypersensitivity states; (c) development of methods for assessing in advance the potential immunogenicity of new industrial chemicals and occupational allergens; (d) identification of the risk factors which predispose to immunopathological outcomes when individuals are exposed to sensitizing chemicals or other \"natural\" allergens.", "PMID": 598354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6436", "title": "Exercise-induced changes in blood ammonia levels in humans.", "content": "Five male and two female subjects each performed a maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) test, and two to four submaximal aerobic exercise bouts (requiring approximately 50 and 80% of the individual's measured VO2 max) on a motor-driven treadmill. Pre-exercise resting oxygen uptakes (VO2) and heart rates were determined and a venous blood sample drawn prior to each work session. These same measurements were repeated at 4, 15, 30, and 45 min of the resting recovery period that followed each exercise experiment. Additionally, at the 30th min of each 45-min submaximal exercise, another peripheral venous blood sample was drawn following determination of VO2 and heart rate. In all blood samples, the hematocrit and concentrations of ammonia, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, hemoglobin, and total plasma proteins were measured. A significant exponential relationship was observed betwen blood ammonia levels and VO2 for all sample periods (pre-exercise rest, exercise, and post-exercise recovery). Peripheral venous blood ammonia levels were significantly correlated with levels of pyruvate and lactate, as these latter substrates exhibited a similar exponential relationship with VO2 as was observed with ammonia.", "contents": "Exercise-induced changes in blood ammonia levels in humans. Five male and two female subjects each performed a maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) test, and two to four submaximal aerobic exercise bouts (requiring approximately 50 and 80% of the individual's measured VO2 max) on a motor-driven treadmill. Pre-exercise resting oxygen uptakes (VO2) and heart rates were determined and a venous blood sample drawn prior to each work session. These same measurements were repeated at 4, 15, 30, and 45 min of the resting recovery period that followed each exercise experiment. Additionally, at the 30th min of each 45-min submaximal exercise, another peripheral venous blood sample was drawn following determination of VO2 and heart rate. In all blood samples, the hematocrit and concentrations of ammonia, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, hemoglobin, and total plasma proteins were measured. A significant exponential relationship was observed betwen blood ammonia levels and VO2 for all sample periods (pre-exercise rest, exercise, and post-exercise recovery). Peripheral venous blood ammonia levels were significantly correlated with levels of pyruvate and lactate, as these latter substrates exhibited a similar exponential relationship with VO2 as was observed with ammonia.", "PMID": 598363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6437", "title": "[Temperature dependent alterations of the surface-EMG and ECG: an investigation of the electrical transfer characteristics of the human skin (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of local heating of the skin on the integrated EMG (registered with surface and subcutaneous electrodes), the amplitude of the ECG, the skin blood flow, the electrode impedance, the electrode-to-skin impedance, and the tissue impedance is investigated. Except for the increasing skin blood flow each of the variables exhibits a significant reduction with an increase in skin temperature. From these results the existence of two mechanisms is deduced mediating thermal influence on bioelectric signals picked up by surface electrodes: 1. An alteration of the signal source. 2. An alteration of the electric transfer characteristics of the tissue between signal source and electrode. Especially in quantitative surface electromyography the temperature dependence of the signal can be a source of error.", "contents": "[Temperature dependent alterations of the surface-EMG and ECG: an investigation of the electrical transfer characteristics of the human skin (author's transl)]. The influence of local heating of the skin on the integrated EMG (registered with surface and subcutaneous electrodes), the amplitude of the ECG, the skin blood flow, the electrode impedance, the electrode-to-skin impedance, and the tissue impedance is investigated. Except for the increasing skin blood flow each of the variables exhibits a significant reduction with an increase in skin temperature. From these results the existence of two mechanisms is deduced mediating thermal influence on bioelectric signals picked up by surface electrodes: 1. An alteration of the signal source. 2. An alteration of the electric transfer characteristics of the tissue between signal source and electrode. Especially in quantitative surface electromyography the temperature dependence of the signal can be a source of error.", "PMID": 598365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6438", "title": "Heart rate and perceptual response to exercise with different pedalling speed in normal subjects and patients.", "content": "The perceived exertion rating (RPE) scale of Borg was used to investigate the relationship between perceived exertion and pedalling rate. Normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (Cold) were studied in repeated test series. Work load, applied in a random order, varied from 2.5 to 10 mkp/s (patients) and 5 to 20 mkp/s (normals). Pedalling rate varied from 2.5 to 10 mkp/s (patients) and 5 to 20 mkp/s (normals). Pedalling rate varied from 40 to 60, 80, 100 rpm. At constant work load, RPE decreases during increasing pedalling rate. With respect to validity, RPE, showing a closer relationship to work load than to heart rate, seems to reflect perception of physical stress rather than perception of physiological strain. In addition, the results raise the question of standardization of pedalling rate in bicycle ergometry.", "contents": "Heart rate and perceptual response to exercise with different pedalling speed in normal subjects and patients. The perceived exertion rating (RPE) scale of Borg was used to investigate the relationship between perceived exertion and pedalling rate. Normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (Cold) were studied in repeated test series. Work load, applied in a random order, varied from 2.5 to 10 mkp/s (patients) and 5 to 20 mkp/s (normals). Pedalling rate varied from 2.5 to 10 mkp/s (patients) and 5 to 20 mkp/s (normals). Pedalling rate varied from 40 to 60, 80, 100 rpm. At constant work load, RPE decreases during increasing pedalling rate. With respect to validity, RPE, showing a closer relationship to work load than to heart rate, seems to reflect perception of physical stress rather than perception of physiological strain. In addition, the results raise the question of standardization of pedalling rate in bicycle ergometry.", "PMID": 598366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6439", "title": "Identity of DNA polymerase gamma from synaptosomal mitochondria and rat-brain nuclei.", "content": "DNA polymerase gamma and mitochondrial DNA polymerase were isolated from brain nuclei and synaptosomes respectively. The presence of a single DNA polymerase in synaptosomal mitochondria was established by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose, as well as by sedimentation analysis and isoelectric focusing. A great similarity between the purified nuclear DNA polymerase gamma and the mitochondrial enzyme was found by the following criteria: chromatographic behaviour in three column systems; essentially complete inhibition by N-ethyl-maleimide (2 mM); optimal requirements of Mn2+ (0.1 mM), Mg2+ (5 mM) and pH (8.0); template preferences, poly(A) - (dT)20-25 larger than activated DNA larger than poly(dA) - (dT)12-18; lack of activity on single-stranded polynucleotides and (dT)12-primed mRNA; molecular weight (180000), sedimentation (9.2 S) and isoelectric point (pI 5.4). We therefore conclude that brain nuclear DNA polymerase gamma and synaptosomal mitochondrial DNA polymerase are closely related and may even be identical.", "contents": "Identity of DNA polymerase gamma from synaptosomal mitochondria and rat-brain nuclei. DNA polymerase gamma and mitochondrial DNA polymerase were isolated from brain nuclei and synaptosomes respectively. The presence of a single DNA polymerase in synaptosomal mitochondria was established by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose, as well as by sedimentation analysis and isoelectric focusing. A great similarity between the purified nuclear DNA polymerase gamma and the mitochondrial enzyme was found by the following criteria: chromatographic behaviour in three column systems; essentially complete inhibition by N-ethyl-maleimide (2 mM); optimal requirements of Mn2+ (0.1 mM), Mg2+ (5 mM) and pH (8.0); template preferences, poly(A) - (dT)20-25 larger than activated DNA larger than poly(dA) - (dT)12-18; lack of activity on single-stranded polynucleotides and (dT)12-primed mRNA; molecular weight (180000), sedimentation (9.2 S) and isoelectric point (pI 5.4). We therefore conclude that brain nuclear DNA polymerase gamma and synaptosomal mitochondrial DNA polymerase are closely related and may even be identical.", "PMID": 598367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6440", "title": "Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols containing short-chain fatty acids in lactating cow mammary gland. Activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferase towards short-chain acyl-CoA esters.", "content": "1. Microsomal 1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase from lactating cow mammary gland incorporated equal molar amounts of microsomal-bound 1,2-dipalmitoyl [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]-butyrate, [1-14C]hexanoate or [1-14C]palmitate from their CoA esters into triacylglycerol. The enzyme could also utilize exogenous 1,2-diacylglycerols in the presence of ethanol. 2. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.1 and 6.4 with butyryl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA respectively. Values of V were approximately the same (2.7 and 2.4 nmol-min-1-mg-1, respectively), but values of Km were different (34 and 10 muM, respectively) with these two substrates. Mg2+ was not required as cofactor. 3. The presence ofa Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase in the microsomal fraction was demonstrated. 4. It is proposed that triacylglycerols containing butyric and hexanoic acid are biosynthesized in cow mammary gland by the glycerolphosphate pathway, in which long-chain 1,2-diacylglycerols derived from phosphatidic acid are acylated at the sn-3 position by short-chain acyl-CoA esters.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols containing short-chain fatty acids in lactating cow mammary gland. Activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferase towards short-chain acyl-CoA esters. 1. Microsomal 1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase from lactating cow mammary gland incorporated equal molar amounts of microsomal-bound 1,2-dipalmitoyl [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]-butyrate, [1-14C]hexanoate or [1-14C]palmitate from their CoA esters into triacylglycerol. The enzyme could also utilize exogenous 1,2-diacylglycerols in the presence of ethanol. 2. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.1 and 6.4 with butyryl-CoA and hexanoyl-CoA respectively. Values of V were approximately the same (2.7 and 2.4 nmol-min-1-mg-1, respectively), but values of Km were different (34 and 10 muM, respectively) with these two substrates. Mg2+ was not required as cofactor. 3. The presence ofa Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase in the microsomal fraction was demonstrated. 4. It is proposed that triacylglycerols containing butyric and hexanoic acid are biosynthesized in cow mammary gland by the glycerolphosphate pathway, in which long-chain 1,2-diacylglycerols derived from phosphatidic acid are acylated at the sn-3 position by short-chain acyl-CoA esters.", "PMID": 598368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6441", "title": "Joining of synthetic ribotrinucleotides with defined sequences catalyzed by T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "RNA ligase catalyzed the joining of pC-C-Ap with C-A-A in the synthesis of C-A-A-C-C-Ap, which has the sequence of the Escherichia coli tRNAfMet 3'-end. pC-C-A was also shown to be joined to C-A-A without any undesired self-polymerization. Joining of pC-C-A to various synthetic ribotriplets, such as C-C-A, A-A-A, C-C-C, U-U-U, U-A-G, C-C-G and U-U-C, was performed as well as joining to the partially substituted trimers with a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl group, C-Anbzl-A and C-C-Anbzl. The yields were C-A-A-C-C-A (69%), C-C-A-C-C-A (38%), A-A-A-C-C-A (66%), C-C-C-C-C-A (71%), U-U-U-C-C-A (50%), U-A-G-C-C-A (23%), C-C-G-C-C-A (43%) and U-U-C-C-C-A (46%). C-Anbzl-A was a slightly poorer acceptor than C-A-A and C-C-Anbzl did not serve as an acceptor. Recognition of acceptor molecules by RNA ligase is discussed in terms of affinity of oligonucleotides for the enzyme.", "contents": "Joining of synthetic ribotrinucleotides with defined sequences catalyzed by T4 RNA ligase. RNA ligase catalyzed the joining of pC-C-Ap with C-A-A in the synthesis of C-A-A-C-C-Ap, which has the sequence of the Escherichia coli tRNAfMet 3'-end. pC-C-A was also shown to be joined to C-A-A without any undesired self-polymerization. Joining of pC-C-A to various synthetic ribotriplets, such as C-C-A, A-A-A, C-C-C, U-U-U, U-A-G, C-C-G and U-U-C, was performed as well as joining to the partially substituted trimers with a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl group, C-Anbzl-A and C-C-Anbzl. The yields were C-A-A-C-C-A (69%), C-C-A-C-C-A (38%), A-A-A-C-C-A (66%), C-C-C-C-C-A (71%), U-U-U-C-C-A (50%), U-A-G-C-C-A (23%), C-C-G-C-C-A (43%) and U-U-C-C-C-A (46%). C-Anbzl-A was a slightly poorer acceptor than C-A-A and C-C-Anbzl did not serve as an acceptor. Recognition of acceptor molecules by RNA ligase is discussed in terms of affinity of oligonucleotides for the enzyme.", "PMID": 598370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6442", "title": "Stereochemistry of olefinic bond formation in defensive steroids of Acilius sulcatus (Dytiscidae).", "content": "The defensive secretion of Acilius sulcatus contains a number of pregnane derivates: cortexone, 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, together with the unusual delta4,6 dienes, 6,7-dehydrocortexone, 20alpha-hydroxy-4,6-pregnadien-3-one and 4,6-pregnadien-3,20-dione. The synthesis of all these steroids except cortexone is described. Complete separation of the steroids of Acilius can be achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography on the reversed-phase column system. During biosynthesis of the Acilius steroids from cholesterol, introduction of the delta4 and delta6 bonds involves elimination of the 4beta and 7beta hydrogens, respectively. Possible mechanisms of formation of the delta4,6 steroids are discussed.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of olefinic bond formation in defensive steroids of Acilius sulcatus (Dytiscidae). The defensive secretion of Acilius sulcatus contains a number of pregnane derivates: cortexone, 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, together with the unusual delta4,6 dienes, 6,7-dehydrocortexone, 20alpha-hydroxy-4,6-pregnadien-3-one and 4,6-pregnadien-3,20-dione. The synthesis of all these steroids except cortexone is described. Complete separation of the steroids of Acilius can be achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography on the reversed-phase column system. During biosynthesis of the Acilius steroids from cholesterol, introduction of the delta4 and delta6 bonds involves elimination of the 4beta and 7beta hydrogens, respectively. Possible mechanisms of formation of the delta4,6 steroids are discussed.", "PMID": 598371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6443", "title": "The denaturation-renaturation of chicken-muscle triosephosphate isomerase in guanidinium chloride.", "content": "1. The process of denaturation of the chicken muscle dimeric enzyme triosephosphate isomerase on addition of guanidinium chloride has been studied at pH 7.6, the pH at which the recovery of activity is optimal (100%) on removal of denaturant. Determinations of the sedimentation coefficient, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight (by sedimentation equilibrium studies) and the absorption coefficient at 280 nm in various concentrations of guanidinium chloride concurred in showing a single, sharp transition at about 0.7 M guanidinium chloride at a protein concentration 1-5 mg/ml from the native enzyme to the dissociated, unfolded chains of the monomer. Relative fluorescent intensity measurements revealed a single transition at about 0.4 M guanidinium chloride at enzyme concentrations of about 0.05 mg/ml. 2. The process of denaturation in different guanidinium chloride concentrations was first order with respect to enzyme and about sixth order with respect to denaturant. 3. The rate of attainment of equilibrium during the renaturation obeyed second-order/first-order reversible kinetics. It was concluded that the rate-determining step in renaturation at pH 7.6 must be the association of two subunits.", "contents": "The denaturation-renaturation of chicken-muscle triosephosphate isomerase in guanidinium chloride. 1. The process of denaturation of the chicken muscle dimeric enzyme triosephosphate isomerase on addition of guanidinium chloride has been studied at pH 7.6, the pH at which the recovery of activity is optimal (100%) on removal of denaturant. Determinations of the sedimentation coefficient, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight (by sedimentation equilibrium studies) and the absorption coefficient at 280 nm in various concentrations of guanidinium chloride concurred in showing a single, sharp transition at about 0.7 M guanidinium chloride at a protein concentration 1-5 mg/ml from the native enzyme to the dissociated, unfolded chains of the monomer. Relative fluorescent intensity measurements revealed a single transition at about 0.4 M guanidinium chloride at enzyme concentrations of about 0.05 mg/ml. 2. The process of denaturation in different guanidinium chloride concentrations was first order with respect to enzyme and about sixth order with respect to denaturant. 3. The rate of attainment of equilibrium during the renaturation obeyed second-order/first-order reversible kinetics. It was concluded that the rate-determining step in renaturation at pH 7.6 must be the association of two subunits.", "PMID": 598372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6444", "title": "Conformational features of bradykinin. A circular dichroism study of the aromatic side-chains.", "content": "The circular dichroism (CD) of the peptide hormone bradykinin and its analogues, [Phe(H4)5]-bradykinin, [Phe(H4)8]bradykinin, [Phe(H4)5,8]bradykinin, [TyrOMe5]bradykinin, [TyrOMe8]bradykinin and [TyrOMe5.8]bradykinin, is described. The comparison of the CD spectra of these analogues with each other, recorded under a variety of conditions (pH, solvent, temperature), allows the monitoring of the behaviour of the aromatic side-chains (phenylalanine, tyrosine) and an estimation of their respective spectral contributions in both spectral regions (320-250 nm, 250-190 nm) with good precision. Conformational non-equivalence of the residues Phe-5 and Phe-8 together with some overall conformational features of bradykinin are thus established.", "contents": "Conformational features of bradykinin. A circular dichroism study of the aromatic side-chains. The circular dichroism (CD) of the peptide hormone bradykinin and its analogues, [Phe(H4)5]-bradykinin, [Phe(H4)8]bradykinin, [Phe(H4)5,8]bradykinin, [TyrOMe5]bradykinin, [TyrOMe8]bradykinin and [TyrOMe5.8]bradykinin, is described. The comparison of the CD spectra of these analogues with each other, recorded under a variety of conditions (pH, solvent, temperature), allows the monitoring of the behaviour of the aromatic side-chains (phenylalanine, tyrosine) and an estimation of their respective spectral contributions in both spectral regions (320-250 nm, 250-190 nm) with good precision. Conformational non-equivalence of the residues Phe-5 and Phe-8 together with some overall conformational features of bradykinin are thus established.", "PMID": 598373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6445", "title": "Studies on DNA unwinding. Proton and phosphorus nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of gene V protein from bacteriophage M13, interacting with d(pC-G-C-G).", "content": "The interaction of gene V protein from bacteriophage M13 with the self-complementary tetranucleotide d(pC-G-C-G) was studied by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. It is shown, using the hydrogen-bonded proton resonances of the Watson-Crick base pairs as a probe, that the protein is able to unwind the small double-helical fragment even at 0 degrees C. Binding of the tetranucleotide causes changes in the aromatic part of the 1H NMR spectrum of the complex, suggesting that aromatic residues, most likely tyrosines, take part in the protein.nucleic-acid interaction. From the 31P NMR spectra of the protein.nucleic-acid complex it follows that the pK value of the 5'-terminal phosphate is lower than for the free nucleic acid species. Moreover, it could be shown that the exchange of the protein between nucleic acid substrates is fast. Combination of these measurements has led us to derive a mechanism of unwinding on the tetranucleotide level. To a large extent the unwinding is determined by fluctuations in the double-helical DNA structure.", "contents": "Studies on DNA unwinding. Proton and phosphorus nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of gene V protein from bacteriophage M13, interacting with d(pC-G-C-G). The interaction of gene V protein from bacteriophage M13 with the self-complementary tetranucleotide d(pC-G-C-G) was studied by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. It is shown, using the hydrogen-bonded proton resonances of the Watson-Crick base pairs as a probe, that the protein is able to unwind the small double-helical fragment even at 0 degrees C. Binding of the tetranucleotide causes changes in the aromatic part of the 1H NMR spectrum of the complex, suggesting that aromatic residues, most likely tyrosines, take part in the protein.nucleic-acid interaction. From the 31P NMR spectra of the protein.nucleic-acid complex it follows that the pK value of the 5'-terminal phosphate is lower than for the free nucleic acid species. Moreover, it could be shown that the exchange of the protein between nucleic acid substrates is fast. Combination of these measurements has led us to derive a mechanism of unwinding on the tetranucleotide level. To a large extent the unwinding is determined by fluctuations in the double-helical DNA structure.", "PMID": 598376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6446", "title": "Hydrodynamic properties of 2-mercaptoethanol-modified glycogen.", "content": "Treatment of glycogen with 2-mercaptoethanol and iodoacetamide gives rise to a modified glycogen which resembles the original glycogen in its hydrodynamic behaviour but has a pronounced tendency to aggregate. The modified glycogen can be distinguished easily, by its diffusion coefficient, from glycogen degraded by more traditional methods of extraction. The 'fundamental' glycogen particle appears to be composed of two or three glycogen beta-particles linked by a single protein chain.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic properties of 2-mercaptoethanol-modified glycogen. Treatment of glycogen with 2-mercaptoethanol and iodoacetamide gives rise to a modified glycogen which resembles the original glycogen in its hydrodynamic behaviour but has a pronounced tendency to aggregate. The modified glycogen can be distinguished easily, by its diffusion coefficient, from glycogen degraded by more traditional methods of extraction. The 'fundamental' glycogen particle appears to be composed of two or three glycogen beta-particles linked by a single protein chain.", "PMID": 598377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6447", "title": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histones in eukaryote chromatin. Effect of A and B site phosphorylation on the conformation and interaction of histone H1.", "content": "270-MHz proton magnetic resonance has been used to study the effect of phosphorylation of histone H1 in vitro on the structure of isolated H1 molecules and on the interaction of H1 with DNA. Phosphorylation at serine-105, which is located in the globular region of H1, was found to reduce the enthalpy of structure formation from 24 +/- 2 kcal mol-1 (100 +/- 8 kJ mol-1) to 13 +/- 2 kcal mol-1 (55 +/- 8 kJ mol-1). Phosphorylation at either or both of serine-37 and serine-105 was found to reduce the strength of binding of the histone to DNA considerably at some ionic strengths.", "contents": "Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histones in eukaryote chromatin. Effect of A and B site phosphorylation on the conformation and interaction of histone H1. 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance has been used to study the effect of phosphorylation of histone H1 in vitro on the structure of isolated H1 molecules and on the interaction of H1 with DNA. Phosphorylation at serine-105, which is located in the globular region of H1, was found to reduce the enthalpy of structure formation from 24 +/- 2 kcal mol-1 (100 +/- 8 kJ mol-1) to 13 +/- 2 kcal mol-1 (55 +/- 8 kJ mol-1). Phosphorylation at either or both of serine-37 and serine-105 was found to reduce the strength of binding of the histone to DNA considerably at some ionic strengths.", "PMID": 598378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6448", "title": "Determination of the solution conformation of dephospho coenzyme A by nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy with lanthanide probes. A method for analysis when more than one complex species is present.", "content": "The aqueous solution conformation of the 1 : 1 complex of dephospho CoA bound to a lanthanide ion has been determined by examination of the dipolar shift and induced relaxation at pH 6.4. The experimental data are shown to arise from the presence of both 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 metal : ligand complexes and a graphical method is described to divide the experimental data into information corresponding to each of the two species. The formation constants are also derived. For the 1 : 1 complex the ribose is found in a 2E conformation with the adenine base predominantly anti. A small contribution from a syn conformation is evident. The pantoinic acid fragment of the chain is folded back towards the pyrophosphate while the remainder of the chain is extended.", "contents": "Determination of the solution conformation of dephospho coenzyme A by nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy with lanthanide probes. A method for analysis when more than one complex species is present. The aqueous solution conformation of the 1 : 1 complex of dephospho CoA bound to a lanthanide ion has been determined by examination of the dipolar shift and induced relaxation at pH 6.4. The experimental data are shown to arise from the presence of both 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 metal : ligand complexes and a graphical method is described to divide the experimental data into information corresponding to each of the two species. The formation constants are also derived. For the 1 : 1 complex the ribose is found in a 2E conformation with the adenine base predominantly anti. A small contribution from a syn conformation is evident. The pantoinic acid fragment of the chain is folded back towards the pyrophosphate while the remainder of the chain is extended.", "PMID": 598379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6449", "title": "Enzymatic incorporation of ATP and CTP analogues into the 3' end of tRNA.", "content": "Structural analogues of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and cytidine 5'-triphosphate were investigated as substrates for ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyl transferase. Eight out of 26 ATP analogues and six out of nine CTP analogues were incorporated into the 3' terminus of tRNA. In general, for the recognition of the substrates the modification of the cytidine is less critical than is the modification of adenosine. An isosteric substitution on the ribose residue is possible in both CTP and ATP. The free hydroxyls of these triphosphates can be replaced by an amino group or hydrogen atom without loss of substrate properties. Modifications of positions 1, 2, 6, and 8 on the adenine ring of ATP are not allowed whereas modification on positions 2, 4 and 5 on the cytosine ring of CTP are tolerated by the enzyme. No differences can be observed in the substrate properties of ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyl transferase isolated from different sources. Methods for preparation of tRNA species, which are shortened at their 3' end by one or more nucleotides, and analytical procedures for characterisation of these modified tRNAs are described.", "contents": "Enzymatic incorporation of ATP and CTP analogues into the 3' end of tRNA. Structural analogues of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and cytidine 5'-triphosphate were investigated as substrates for ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyl transferase. Eight out of 26 ATP analogues and six out of nine CTP analogues were incorporated into the 3' terminus of tRNA. In general, for the recognition of the substrates the modification of the cytidine is less critical than is the modification of adenosine. An isosteric substitution on the ribose residue is possible in both CTP and ATP. The free hydroxyls of these triphosphates can be replaced by an amino group or hydrogen atom without loss of substrate properties. Modifications of positions 1, 2, 6, and 8 on the adenine ring of ATP are not allowed whereas modification on positions 2, 4 and 5 on the cytosine ring of CTP are tolerated by the enzyme. No differences can be observed in the substrate properties of ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyl transferase isolated from different sources. Methods for preparation of tRNA species, which are shortened at their 3' end by one or more nucleotides, and analytical procedures for characterisation of these modified tRNAs are described.", "PMID": 598381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6450", "title": "Regulation of synthesis of a brain-specific protein in monolayer cultures of clonal rat glial cells.", "content": "C6 cells were grown in monolayer culture under conditions permitting continued exponential cell division after attainment of a density at which extensive intercellular contacts were formed. An increase in the relative synthesis of S100 protein coincided with the time of formation of extensive intercellular contacts and preceded the onset of the stationary phase of growth by three generations. These observations suggested that the induction of S100 protein synthesis was mediated by cell contact and not by an arrest of cellular growth. The mechanism of this induction was first studied in a homologous non-initiating cell-free protein-synthesizing system from C6 cells, using fixed amounts of free amino acids or fully charged rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA as a source of precursors for protein synthesis. Real synthesis of total soluble proteins decreased as the cells progressed from logarithmic to stationary growth while synthesis of S100 protein increased during this period. The capacity of poly(A)+ RNA from logarithmic and stationary cultures to direct the synthesis of S100 protein was estimated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat embryos. Increased synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures was directly correlated with an increase in translatable S100 protein mRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of synthesis of a brain-specific protein in monolayer cultures of clonal rat glial cells. C6 cells were grown in monolayer culture under conditions permitting continued exponential cell division after attainment of a density at which extensive intercellular contacts were formed. An increase in the relative synthesis of S100 protein coincided with the time of formation of extensive intercellular contacts and preceded the onset of the stationary phase of growth by three generations. These observations suggested that the induction of S100 protein synthesis was mediated by cell contact and not by an arrest of cellular growth. The mechanism of this induction was first studied in a homologous non-initiating cell-free protein-synthesizing system from C6 cells, using fixed amounts of free amino acids or fully charged rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA as a source of precursors for protein synthesis. Real synthesis of total soluble proteins decreased as the cells progressed from logarithmic to stationary growth while synthesis of S100 protein increased during this period. The capacity of poly(A)+ RNA from logarithmic and stationary cultures to direct the synthesis of S100 protein was estimated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat embryos. Increased synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures was directly correlated with an increase in translatable S100 protein mRNA.", "PMID": 598382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6451", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino-acid sequence of chymotryptic peptides from the carboxyl-terminal region of alpha2-CB3 of chick-skin collagen.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of chymotryptic peptides C4 and C5 which together make up 206 COOH-terminal residues of alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen is described. This in combination with the sequence of 132 residues from the amino-terminal region published earlier [Dixit, Seyer, and Kang (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 73, 213-221] completes the total amino acid sequence of the large CNBr peptide, alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen. The amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of intact peptides C4 and C5 and their respective tryptic and maleylated tryptic peptides, and thermolytic peptides of C4. The comparison of the sequence with the homologous segment of alpha1(I) chain showed striking variance of over 51% within the same species.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino-acid sequence of chymotryptic peptides from the carboxyl-terminal region of alpha2-CB3 of chick-skin collagen. The amino acid sequence of chymotryptic peptides C4 and C5 which together make up 206 COOH-terminal residues of alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen is described. This in combination with the sequence of 132 residues from the amino-terminal region published earlier [Dixit, Seyer, and Kang (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 73, 213-221] completes the total amino acid sequence of the large CNBr peptide, alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen. The amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of intact peptides C4 and C5 and their respective tryptic and maleylated tryptic peptides, and thermolytic peptides of C4. The comparison of the sequence with the homologous segment of alpha1(I) chain showed striking variance of over 51% within the same species.", "PMID": 598383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6452", "title": "Heterogeneity in the kinetics of oxygen binding to partially reduced human methemoglobin. A pulse-radiolysis study of oxygenated solutions of methemoglobin.", "content": "The pulse-radiolysis technique has been introduced because it permits a rapid reduction (in a few microseconds) of one heme group of the methemoglobin tetramer by hydrated electrons. The kinetics of the binding of oxygen to this particular valence intermediate (Hb3+) with one reduced alpha or beta subunit has been studied. It appears that the hydrated electrons preferentially reduce one type of subunit of methemoglobin at acid and neutral pH-values as is shown by the biphasic behaviour of Hb3+ on oxygenation. The second-order on-rate constants measured for the binding of oxygen to Hb3+ are 14 +/- 3 mM-1 ms-1 and 56 +/- 9 mM-1 ms-1, respectively. The relative contribution of the faster fraction is about 0.63 +/- 0.08 of the total oxygenation process. A comparison of the kinetic absorbance difference spectrum for the reduction of methemoglobin with the static difference spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in the Soret-region revealed a decreased absorbance of the unliganded subunit of Hb3+ at 430 nm. This fact suggests that Hb3+ is in the relaxed quaternary conformation, which is in agreement with the observed on-rate constants.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the kinetics of oxygen binding to partially reduced human methemoglobin. A pulse-radiolysis study of oxygenated solutions of methemoglobin. The pulse-radiolysis technique has been introduced because it permits a rapid reduction (in a few microseconds) of one heme group of the methemoglobin tetramer by hydrated electrons. The kinetics of the binding of oxygen to this particular valence intermediate (Hb3+) with one reduced alpha or beta subunit has been studied. It appears that the hydrated electrons preferentially reduce one type of subunit of methemoglobin at acid and neutral pH-values as is shown by the biphasic behaviour of Hb3+ on oxygenation. The second-order on-rate constants measured for the binding of oxygen to Hb3+ are 14 +/- 3 mM-1 ms-1 and 56 +/- 9 mM-1 ms-1, respectively. The relative contribution of the faster fraction is about 0.63 +/- 0.08 of the total oxygenation process. A comparison of the kinetic absorbance difference spectrum for the reduction of methemoglobin with the static difference spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in the Soret-region revealed a decreased absorbance of the unliganded subunit of Hb3+ at 430 nm. This fact suggests that Hb3+ is in the relaxed quaternary conformation, which is in agreement with the observed on-rate constants.", "PMID": 598384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6453", "title": "Effect of clonidine on sleep patterns in man.", "content": "Clonidine (300 microgram orally) increased in man the total duration of sleep and strikingly reduced the duration of REM sleep. Yohimbine (10 mg per os) did not alter the sleep patterns in man but antagonized the effects of clonidine. These results provide evidence that an alpha sympathomimetic mechanism could suppress REM sleep and increased the total duration of sleep.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine on sleep patterns in man. Clonidine (300 microgram orally) increased in man the total duration of sleep and strikingly reduced the duration of REM sleep. Yohimbine (10 mg per os) did not alter the sleep patterns in man but antagonized the effects of clonidine. These results provide evidence that an alpha sympathomimetic mechanism could suppress REM sleep and increased the total duration of sleep.", "PMID": 598402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6454", "title": "Effects of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists acebutolol and metoprolol on sleep pattern in normal subjects.", "content": "The effects of acute introduction and withdrawal of 2 new beta-adrenergic blockers, acebutolol and metoprolol, on sleep in normal subjects were investigated. Both the subjective effects of the drug and EEG sleep variables were determined during a baseline period with placebo and in relation to the drug. The results showed that neither drug had a significant effect on sleep pattern in normal subjects. However, a transient effect on certain sleep parameters was seen on the first night of drug administration, with complete return to baseline, on the following night without any evidence of rebound. Possible mechanisms to explain the central actions of beta-adrenergic blockers are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effects of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists acebutolol and metoprolol on sleep pattern in normal subjects. The effects of acute introduction and withdrawal of 2 new beta-adrenergic blockers, acebutolol and metoprolol, on sleep in normal subjects were investigated. Both the subjective effects of the drug and EEG sleep variables were determined during a baseline period with placebo and in relation to the drug. The results showed that neither drug had a significant effect on sleep pattern in normal subjects. However, a transient effect on certain sleep parameters was seen on the first night of drug administration, with complete return to baseline, on the following night without any evidence of rebound. Possible mechanisms to explain the central actions of beta-adrenergic blockers are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 598403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6455", "title": "Central effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent acebutolol. A quantitative EEG study using normalised slope descriptors.", "content": "The effects of acute intravenous injection of acebutolol 25 mg on the EEG were investigated in 5 normal subjects. On-line EEG analysis was carried out by a special purpose mini-computer using normalised slope descriptors (hjorth parameters). No significant changes were found apart from those due to drowsiness in 2 subjects, although minute to minute ECG frequency was significantly lowered (p = 0.031). The EEG, which is considered to be a sensitive tool, failed to show any conclusive evidence of any central action of the drug. The effects of beta-adrenergic blockers on the CNS are not yet fully understood.", "contents": "Central effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent acebutolol. A quantitative EEG study using normalised slope descriptors. The effects of acute intravenous injection of acebutolol 25 mg on the EEG were investigated in 5 normal subjects. On-line EEG analysis was carried out by a special purpose mini-computer using normalised slope descriptors (hjorth parameters). No significant changes were found apart from those due to drowsiness in 2 subjects, although minute to minute ECG frequency was significantly lowered (p = 0.031). The EEG, which is considered to be a sensitive tool, failed to show any conclusive evidence of any central action of the drug. The effects of beta-adrenergic blockers on the CNS are not yet fully understood.", "PMID": 598404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6456", "title": "Comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide and BAY g 2821 and correlation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BAY g 2821 (muzolimine).", "content": "In a biometrically planned, double-blind study on 12 Oedema-free male patients the saluretic effect of muzolimine 30 mg was compared with furosemide 40 mg. The plasma level of muzolimine was determined and correlated with its pharmacodynamics. In terms of excretion during the 12-hour observation period muzolimine 30 mg had as great a cumulative effect as furosemide 40 mg. There was a significant difference in the time-response curve. During the first gwo hours furosemide 40 mg had more saluretic effect than muzolimine 30 mg. Between two and four hours there was no significant difference between the two substances. Between four and six hours, however, muzolimine was somewhat more effective than furosemide, although the difference did not reach the level of significance. After 6 h there was no longer any difference between the two compounds. The half-life of the fall in concentration of muzolimine in plasma was 3.7 up to 10 h after its administration. The time-response curve of the increased urine excretion correlated well with the time course of the concentration of muzolimine in plasma.", "contents": "Comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide and BAY g 2821 and correlation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BAY g 2821 (muzolimine). In a biometrically planned, double-blind study on 12 Oedema-free male patients the saluretic effect of muzolimine 30 mg was compared with furosemide 40 mg. The plasma level of muzolimine was determined and correlated with its pharmacodynamics. In terms of excretion during the 12-hour observation period muzolimine 30 mg had as great a cumulative effect as furosemide 40 mg. There was a significant difference in the time-response curve. During the first gwo hours furosemide 40 mg had more saluretic effect than muzolimine 30 mg. Between two and four hours there was no significant difference between the two substances. Between four and six hours, however, muzolimine was somewhat more effective than furosemide, although the difference did not reach the level of significance. After 6 h there was no longer any difference between the two compounds. The half-life of the fall in concentration of muzolimine in plasma was 3.7 up to 10 h after its administration. The time-response curve of the increased urine excretion correlated well with the time course of the concentration of muzolimine in plasma.", "PMID": 598405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6457", "title": "The electroencephalographic and psychological effects of imipramine in depressed inpatients.", "content": "Ten patients with psychotic depression were assessed on a battery of clinical, EEG, psychological, and biochemical measures during treatment with imipramine (150 mg/day). Significant changes occurred in the scores on self-rated and observer-rated depression scales and on an observer-rated side effect scale. Significant changes also occurred in the EEG evoked response, but the effects on spontaneous activity were minimal. The psychological measures revealed an improvement in performance as treatment progressed. The clinical significance of the changes observed was assessed with reference to their correlations with the clinical rating scores and with the plasma concentrations of imipramine and desmethylimipramine, and the changes observed following the administration of imipramine to non-depressed normal subjects. Changes in evoked EEG activity seemed on balance to be direct central effects of imipramine, whereas changes in psychological performance appeared to be secondary to clinical change.", "contents": "The electroencephalographic and psychological effects of imipramine in depressed inpatients. Ten patients with psychotic depression were assessed on a battery of clinical, EEG, psychological, and biochemical measures during treatment with imipramine (150 mg/day). Significant changes occurred in the scores on self-rated and observer-rated depression scales and on an observer-rated side effect scale. Significant changes also occurred in the EEG evoked response, but the effects on spontaneous activity were minimal. The psychological measures revealed an improvement in performance as treatment progressed. The clinical significance of the changes observed was assessed with reference to their correlations with the clinical rating scores and with the plasma concentrations of imipramine and desmethylimipramine, and the changes observed following the administration of imipramine to non-depressed normal subjects. Changes in evoked EEG activity seemed on balance to be direct central effects of imipramine, whereas changes in psychological performance appeared to be secondary to clinical change.", "PMID": 598406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6458", "title": "Transfer of nitrazepam across the human placenta.", "content": "Six women from 14 to 17 weeks pregnant, and 12 woman from 36 to 40 weeks pregnant, were given nitrazepam 5 mg orally about 12 h before legal abortion by hysterotomy in the former group and elective caesarean section in the latter group. The concentration of nitrazepam was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Binding to plasma proteins was evaluated by separation of the protein-free fraction by ultracentrifugation. In the first group (early pregnancy) the level of nitrazepam was found to be lower in the fetal than in the maternal circulation. The concentration in amniotic fluid was still lower. In the latter group (late pregnancy) the concentration both of unbound and total nitrazepam in maternal and fetal plasma were in equilibrium, which indicated an increase in transplancental transfer in late pregnancy. The percentage of unbound nitrazepam in both cases was 12%.", "contents": "Transfer of nitrazepam across the human placenta. Six women from 14 to 17 weeks pregnant, and 12 woman from 36 to 40 weeks pregnant, were given nitrazepam 5 mg orally about 12 h before legal abortion by hysterotomy in the former group and elective caesarean section in the latter group. The concentration of nitrazepam was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Binding to plasma proteins was evaluated by separation of the protein-free fraction by ultracentrifugation. In the first group (early pregnancy) the level of nitrazepam was found to be lower in the fetal than in the maternal circulation. The concentration in amniotic fluid was still lower. In the latter group (late pregnancy) the concentration both of unbound and total nitrazepam in maternal and fetal plasma were in equilibrium, which indicated an increase in transplancental transfer in late pregnancy. The percentage of unbound nitrazepam in both cases was 12%.", "PMID": 598407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6459", "title": "Effect of exercise on the serum level and urinary excretion of tetracycline, doxycycline and sulphamethizole.", "content": "The serum level and urinary excretion of sulphamethizole, tetracycline and doxycycline were studied in healthy volunteers subjected to intensive exercise and bed rest in a cross-over trial. Each group consisted of 7--8 subjects. The exercise or bed rest began 15 min before oral administration of the drug and was continued for the following 4 hours. During exercise serum drug concentration and the area under the serum concentration-time curve for each agent was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than the corresponding values at rest. Exercise greatly suppressed the renal excretion of tetracycline and doxycycline, but the decrease alone appeared insufficient to account for the pronounced increase in serum drug concentration. Total drug excretion in urine was unchanged. Thus, it seemed most unlikely that overall absorption from the gastrointestinal tract had been altered by exercise. However, the rate of absorption appeared to be more rapid in the exercise than in the rest period. Marked haemoconcentration was not produced by the exercise. In addition to changes in absorption and elimination rates, alteration in the volume of distribution might contribute to the higher serum drug concentration during exercise. Therefore, the level of physical activity should be considered in the interpretation of pharmacokinetic data both in clinical practice and in pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on the serum level and urinary excretion of tetracycline, doxycycline and sulphamethizole. The serum level and urinary excretion of sulphamethizole, tetracycline and doxycycline were studied in healthy volunteers subjected to intensive exercise and bed rest in a cross-over trial. Each group consisted of 7--8 subjects. The exercise or bed rest began 15 min before oral administration of the drug and was continued for the following 4 hours. During exercise serum drug concentration and the area under the serum concentration-time curve for each agent was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than the corresponding values at rest. Exercise greatly suppressed the renal excretion of tetracycline and doxycycline, but the decrease alone appeared insufficient to account for the pronounced increase in serum drug concentration. Total drug excretion in urine was unchanged. Thus, it seemed most unlikely that overall absorption from the gastrointestinal tract had been altered by exercise. However, the rate of absorption appeared to be more rapid in the exercise than in the rest period. Marked haemoconcentration was not produced by the exercise. In addition to changes in absorption and elimination rates, alteration in the volume of distribution might contribute to the higher serum drug concentration during exercise. Therefore, the level of physical activity should be considered in the interpretation of pharmacokinetic data both in clinical practice and in pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 598409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6460", "title": "Human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of temazepam administered in soft gelatin capsules.", "content": "Plasma levels of temazepam were determined in healthy subjects after single oral administration of soft and hard gelatin capsules, and after 7 consecutive night-time doses in soft capsules. Absorption from soft gelatin capsules was significantly faster and produced earlier and higher peak plasma levels. The two pharmaceutical forms did not show any significant difference in relative availability. The apparent half-life of temazepam after night-time administration was significantly shorter than after morning administration, but no change in half-life was observed between the first and seventh night-time doses.", "contents": "Human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of temazepam administered in soft gelatin capsules. Plasma levels of temazepam were determined in healthy subjects after single oral administration of soft and hard gelatin capsules, and after 7 consecutive night-time doses in soft capsules. Absorption from soft gelatin capsules was significantly faster and produced earlier and higher peak plasma levels. The two pharmaceutical forms did not show any significant difference in relative availability. The apparent half-life of temazepam after night-time administration was significantly shorter than after morning administration, but no change in half-life was observed between the first and seventh night-time doses.", "PMID": 598411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6461", "title": "Overall pharmacokinetics during prolonged treatment of healthy volunteers with digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin.", "content": "Five healthy volunteers received digoxin 0.4 mg or beta-methyldigoxin 0.4 mg i.v., daily for 14 days, in a randomized cross-over arrangement. By monitoring minimal plasma concentrations during multiple dosing, it was found that the steady state pharmacokinetics of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin could be estimated even better by a one-compartment than by a two-compartment model. The following mean parameters were calculated: the half life of digoxin of 1.54 +/- 0.31 days was significantly shorter than the half life of 2.29 +/- 0.34 days for beta-methyldigoxin. The distribution volume of 807 +/- 187 liters for digoxin was not significantly larger than the 735 +/- 227 liters for beta-methyldigoxin. Renal digoxin clearance of 191 +/- 25 ml/min was significantly higher than both the renal clearance of beta-methyldigoxin of 111 +/- 23 ml/min and also the creatinine clearance, which indicates tubular secretion of digoxin. There was a 2.8-fold accumulation of beta-methyldigoxin injected once a day, which was significantly higher than the 1.80-fold accumulation of digoxin.", "contents": "Overall pharmacokinetics during prolonged treatment of healthy volunteers with digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin. Five healthy volunteers received digoxin 0.4 mg or beta-methyldigoxin 0.4 mg i.v., daily for 14 days, in a randomized cross-over arrangement. By monitoring minimal plasma concentrations during multiple dosing, it was found that the steady state pharmacokinetics of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin could be estimated even better by a one-compartment than by a two-compartment model. The following mean parameters were calculated: the half life of digoxin of 1.54 +/- 0.31 days was significantly shorter than the half life of 2.29 +/- 0.34 days for beta-methyldigoxin. The distribution volume of 807 +/- 187 liters for digoxin was not significantly larger than the 735 +/- 227 liters for beta-methyldigoxin. Renal digoxin clearance of 191 +/- 25 ml/min was significantly higher than both the renal clearance of beta-methyldigoxin of 111 +/- 23 ml/min and also the creatinine clearance, which indicates tubular secretion of digoxin. There was a 2.8-fold accumulation of beta-methyldigoxin injected once a day, which was significantly higher than the 1.80-fold accumulation of digoxin.", "PMID": 598412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6462", "title": "Modification of the binding of sulphamidochlorobenzoic acid to human albumin by palmitic acid contamination of albumin.", "content": "Palmitic acid a common contaminant of albumin preparations, competitively inhibits the binding of sulphamidochlorobenzoicacid (SCBA) to human albumin thus decreasing its observed affinity. The effect of palmitic acid depends on its concentration, i.e. the purity and concentration of the albumin preparation used. The correct value for SCBA affinity was obtained by correcting the experimental data according to the palmitic acid concentration by use of a multiligand analysis method.", "contents": "Modification of the binding of sulphamidochlorobenzoic acid to human albumin by palmitic acid contamination of albumin. Palmitic acid a common contaminant of albumin preparations, competitively inhibits the binding of sulphamidochlorobenzoicacid (SCBA) to human albumin thus decreasing its observed affinity. The effect of palmitic acid depends on its concentration, i.e. the purity and concentration of the albumin preparation used. The correct value for SCBA affinity was obtained by correcting the experimental data according to the palmitic acid concentration by use of a multiligand analysis method.", "PMID": 598413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6463", "title": "Failure of methyclothiazide to lower home blood pressure level in \"essential\" hypertensive and normotensive young men, despite significant plasma volume contraction.", "content": "Home blood pressure measurements were used to assess the effect of methyclothiazide in young essential hypertensive and normotensive males. Although plasma volume was reduced by approximately 10 percent, blood pressure was not reduced in either group. The lack of effect on blood pressure was probably not attributable to dosage employed, as doubling the dose (5 to 10 mg) in the normal subjects (who were equilibrated on constant diet) did not significantly increase changes in plasma volume, plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion, urine sodium or blood pressure. The higher dose did result in greater changes in plasma potassium and uric acid. Homeostatic mechanisms which limit the volume mediated and other antihypertensive effects of methyclothiazide apparently achieved complete compensation in these young males. This suggests that thiazide diuretics may not be the drug of first choice in the treatment of hypertension in young adults. Further studies with other diuretics are clearly necessary before the significance of these findings can be fully assessed.", "contents": "Failure of methyclothiazide to lower home blood pressure level in \"essential\" hypertensive and normotensive young men, despite significant plasma volume contraction. Home blood pressure measurements were used to assess the effect of methyclothiazide in young essential hypertensive and normotensive males. Although plasma volume was reduced by approximately 10 percent, blood pressure was not reduced in either group. The lack of effect on blood pressure was probably not attributable to dosage employed, as doubling the dose (5 to 10 mg) in the normal subjects (who were equilibrated on constant diet) did not significantly increase changes in plasma volume, plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion, urine sodium or blood pressure. The higher dose did result in greater changes in plasma potassium and uric acid. Homeostatic mechanisms which limit the volume mediated and other antihypertensive effects of methyclothiazide apparently achieved complete compensation in these young males. This suggests that thiazide diuretics may not be the drug of first choice in the treatment of hypertension in young adults. Further studies with other diuretics are clearly necessary before the significance of these findings can be fully assessed.", "PMID": 598414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6464", "title": "Cardiovascular response to increasing theophylline concentrations.", "content": "The circulatory effects of plateau plasma theophylline concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/l were examined in normal male volunteers using forearm plethysmography, systolic time intervals and echocardiography. Systemic arterial and forearm venous pressures were not significantly altered during theophylline infusions. Forearm blood flow increased an average 9.4% at 5 mg/l, 15.3% at 10 mg/l and 41.2% at 20 mg/l. Forearm venous distensibility was maximally increased by 20.9% at 10 mg/l. Changes in heart rate and systolic time intervals were apparent only at concentrations between 10-20 mg/l. Heart rates increased from 3-16 beats/min. The left ventricular ejection time index and isovolumetric contraction time were significantly reduced with an increase in the PEP/LVET ratio consistent with a reduction in cardiac pre-load and an increase in inotropy. However, the interindividual variability in circulatory responses was great and consistent alterations in cardiac stroke volume and ejection fraction were not observed in either the supine or 60 degrees passive-tilt positions. The variable responses cannot be due to variations in drug disposition between subjects since the range of plasma theophylline values at each concentration plateau was narrow.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to increasing theophylline concentrations. The circulatory effects of plateau plasma theophylline concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/l were examined in normal male volunteers using forearm plethysmography, systolic time intervals and echocardiography. Systemic arterial and forearm venous pressures were not significantly altered during theophylline infusions. Forearm blood flow increased an average 9.4% at 5 mg/l, 15.3% at 10 mg/l and 41.2% at 20 mg/l. Forearm venous distensibility was maximally increased by 20.9% at 10 mg/l. Changes in heart rate and systolic time intervals were apparent only at concentrations between 10-20 mg/l. Heart rates increased from 3-16 beats/min. The left ventricular ejection time index and isovolumetric contraction time were significantly reduced with an increase in the PEP/LVET ratio consistent with a reduction in cardiac pre-load and an increase in inotropy. However, the interindividual variability in circulatory responses was great and consistent alterations in cardiac stroke volume and ejection fraction were not observed in either the supine or 60 degrees passive-tilt positions. The variable responses cannot be due to variations in drug disposition between subjects since the range of plasma theophylline values at each concentration plateau was narrow.", "PMID": 598415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6465", "title": "Plasma and urinary digoxin in thyroid dysfunction.", "content": "The response to a single oral dose of 0.5 mg digoxin has been studied in eight patients, of whom four were hyperthyroid and four were hypothyroid, both before and after treatment for their thyroid dysfunction. The post-dose plasma digoxin levels were significantly lower in the hyperthyroid patients when they were thyrotoxic than when they became euthyroid. In only one hypothyroid patient was the post-dose plasma digoxin level significantly higher before treatment than it was after and in the others the digoxin values reached were either the same as, or lower than, before treatment. There was a significant correlation between the creatinine clearance and the urinary concentrations of digoxin and these both altered with change in thyroid status. Total urinary digoxin excretion did not change. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that digoxin was distributed in a way compatible with a two-compartment model and that the volume of the central compartment was high in thyrotoxic patients and low in hypothyroid patients. In both cases it reverted to a median value after treatment. It is recommended that plasma digoxin levels should be monitored in all patients with thyroid dysfunction who require therapeutic digoxin.", "contents": "Plasma and urinary digoxin in thyroid dysfunction. The response to a single oral dose of 0.5 mg digoxin has been studied in eight patients, of whom four were hyperthyroid and four were hypothyroid, both before and after treatment for their thyroid dysfunction. The post-dose plasma digoxin levels were significantly lower in the hyperthyroid patients when they were thyrotoxic than when they became euthyroid. In only one hypothyroid patient was the post-dose plasma digoxin level significantly higher before treatment than it was after and in the others the digoxin values reached were either the same as, or lower than, before treatment. There was a significant correlation between the creatinine clearance and the urinary concentrations of digoxin and these both altered with change in thyroid status. Total urinary digoxin excretion did not change. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that digoxin was distributed in a way compatible with a two-compartment model and that the volume of the central compartment was high in thyrotoxic patients and low in hypothyroid patients. In both cases it reverted to a median value after treatment. It is recommended that plasma digoxin levels should be monitored in all patients with thyroid dysfunction who require therapeutic digoxin.", "PMID": 598418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6466", "title": "Pharmacokinetic investigations in man of two acetyl derivatives of 16alpha-gitoxin.", "content": "3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin or 3H-penta-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin were injected iv or administered po to 15 volunteers and 3 patients. The elimination half-life and excretion in urine within 4 days were estimated as a percentage of the administered radioactivity, and metabolic studies on the fate of the administered glycosides were performed. In volunteers the following results were obtained: 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 1 mg iv.: 50 +/- 11 h, 28.3 +/- 4.1%; 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 1mg po: 48 +/- 8 h, 25.4 +/- 2.8%; 3H-penta-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 2 mg po: 51 +/- 12 h, 20.7 +/- 3.2%, respectively. In 3 patients with a cannulated bile duct 9.9% (mean) of the administered 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin was excreted. By comparison of the radioactivity excreted in urine following the 2 routes of 16-acetate administration, the percentage absorption was calculated to be 88.5%. In serum and urine 16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin and 16alpha-gitoxin were found as possible metabolites of both glycosides, in the ratio of 75-85:15-25, and both metabolites were also found in bile. Within 16 h after penta-acetate administration, two additional metabolites (bis-acetyl-derivatives of 16alpha-gitoxin) were detected in serum and urine within 16 h after administration of penta-acetate.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic investigations in man of two acetyl derivatives of 16alpha-gitoxin. 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin or 3H-penta-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin were injected iv or administered po to 15 volunteers and 3 patients. The elimination half-life and excretion in urine within 4 days were estimated as a percentage of the administered radioactivity, and metabolic studies on the fate of the administered glycosides were performed. In volunteers the following results were obtained: 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 1 mg iv.: 50 +/- 11 h, 28.3 +/- 4.1%; 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 1mg po: 48 +/- 8 h, 25.4 +/- 2.8%; 3H-penta-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin 2 mg po: 51 +/- 12 h, 20.7 +/- 3.2%, respectively. In 3 patients with a cannulated bile duct 9.9% (mean) of the administered 3H-16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin was excreted. By comparison of the radioactivity excreted in urine following the 2 routes of 16-acetate administration, the percentage absorption was calculated to be 88.5%. In serum and urine 16-acetyl-16alpha-gitoxin and 16alpha-gitoxin were found as possible metabolites of both glycosides, in the ratio of 75-85:15-25, and both metabolites were also found in bile. Within 16 h after penta-acetate administration, two additional metabolites (bis-acetyl-derivatives of 16alpha-gitoxin) were detected in serum and urine within 16 h after administration of penta-acetate.", "PMID": 598419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6467", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine.", "content": "The time-courses of plasma carbamazepine concentrations were followed in six apparently healthy adult subjects who, at different times, took single oral drug doses of 200, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 mg. There were some suggestions of impaired bioavailability of the drug when given in tablet form. The following values were obtained for various pharmacokinetic parameters: kabs = 0.176 +/- 0.209 h-1; k = 0.0203 +/- 0.0055 h-1; T1/2 = 37.5 +/- 13.1 h; VD = 0.825 +/- 0.1041 . KG-1; Clearance = 0.0163 +/- 0.0061 1 . kg-1. The elimination rate constant showed a statistically significant increase with increasing drug dose. This may help explain the clinical observation that the rate of rise of steady state plasma carbamazepine concentrations tends to decrease with dose increase in patients taking carbamazepine alone.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. The time-courses of plasma carbamazepine concentrations were followed in six apparently healthy adult subjects who, at different times, took single oral drug doses of 200, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 mg. There were some suggestions of impaired bioavailability of the drug when given in tablet form. The following values were obtained for various pharmacokinetic parameters: kabs = 0.176 +/- 0.209 h-1; k = 0.0203 +/- 0.0055 h-1; T1/2 = 37.5 +/- 13.1 h; VD = 0.825 +/- 0.1041 . KG-1; Clearance = 0.0163 +/- 0.0061 1 . kg-1. The elimination rate constant showed a statistically significant increase with increasing drug dose. This may help explain the clinical observation that the rate of rise of steady state plasma carbamazepine concentrations tends to decrease with dose increase in patients taking carbamazepine alone.", "PMID": 598420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6468", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and its 7-hydroxy-metabolites upon intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of coumarin (C) upon i.v. and p.o. administration and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-coumarin (7-HC) and 7-hydroxy-coumarin glucuronide (7-HCG) have been studied. Six healthy volunteers were involved in this investigation. Four of the volunteers participated in a crossover study. Coumarin was administered i.v. and p.o. in dose sizes of 0.25 mg/kg and 0.857 mg/kg, respectively. Coumarin is rapidly absorbed p.o., however the availability to systemic circulation is less than 4%. The rest of the dose appears quantitatively as 7-HC and 7-HCG in systemic circulation suggesting an extensive firstpass effect. Coumarin and 7-HCG are best fitted to an open two-compartment model, whereas 7-HC is best fitted to an open one-compartment model. The biological half-life of both C (0.80 vs. 1.02 h) and 7-HCG (1.47 vs. 1.15 h) was not significantly different for the two routes of administration. The large total clearance of C again suggests a first-pass effect; while that of 7-HCG, which is nearly exclusively eliminated into urine, indicates active tubular secretion of the glucuronide.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and its 7-hydroxy-metabolites upon intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin in man. The pharmacokinetics of coumarin (C) upon i.v. and p.o. administration and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-coumarin (7-HC) and 7-hydroxy-coumarin glucuronide (7-HCG) have been studied. Six healthy volunteers were involved in this investigation. Four of the volunteers participated in a crossover study. Coumarin was administered i.v. and p.o. in dose sizes of 0.25 mg/kg and 0.857 mg/kg, respectively. Coumarin is rapidly absorbed p.o., however the availability to systemic circulation is less than 4%. The rest of the dose appears quantitatively as 7-HC and 7-HCG in systemic circulation suggesting an extensive firstpass effect. Coumarin and 7-HCG are best fitted to an open two-compartment model, whereas 7-HC is best fitted to an open one-compartment model. The biological half-life of both C (0.80 vs. 1.02 h) and 7-HCG (1.47 vs. 1.15 h) was not significantly different for the two routes of administration. The large total clearance of C again suggests a first-pass effect; while that of 7-HCG, which is nearly exclusively eliminated into urine, indicates active tubular secretion of the glucuronide.", "PMID": 598421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6469", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect relationships of clonidine in essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of oral doses of 300 microgram of clonidine hydrochloride on blood pressure, sedation and saliva production in 5 essential hypertensives were qualitatively similar to the effects in normotensive subjects. Peak plasma clonidine concentration (1.34 +/- 0.28 ng/ml) and plasma half-life (10.0 +/- 0.8 h) were similar to normotensives. During chronic oral dosing there was no evidence of drug accumulation. Some tolerance to the sedative and salivary flow effects occurred but no tolerance to the hypotensive effect was observed. There was a linear relationship between reduction in saliva flow and plasma levels of clonidine. The hypotensive effect was also related to plasma level at low concentrations. At plasma levels greater than 1.5 ng/ml the hypotensive effect was diminished. This loss of effect at high plasma concentration may be related to the peripheral, post-synaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonist action of the drug.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect relationships of clonidine in essential hypertension. The effect of oral doses of 300 microgram of clonidine hydrochloride on blood pressure, sedation and saliva production in 5 essential hypertensives were qualitatively similar to the effects in normotensive subjects. Peak plasma clonidine concentration (1.34 +/- 0.28 ng/ml) and plasma half-life (10.0 +/- 0.8 h) were similar to normotensives. During chronic oral dosing there was no evidence of drug accumulation. Some tolerance to the sedative and salivary flow effects occurred but no tolerance to the hypotensive effect was observed. There was a linear relationship between reduction in saliva flow and plasma levels of clonidine. The hypotensive effect was also related to plasma level at low concentrations. At plasma levels greater than 1.5 ng/ml the hypotensive effect was diminished. This loss of effect at high plasma concentration may be related to the peripheral, post-synaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonist action of the drug.", "PMID": 598422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6470", "title": "Monoaminergic synapses, including dendro-dendritic synapses in the rat substantia nigra.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of 1 or 2 mg of the osmiophilic \"false transmitter\" 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) was used to label monoamine storage and release sites in the rat substantia nigra. Vesicles containing unusually dense cores indicative of the presence of the marker were seen forming from the Golgi apparatus in the cell bodies of medium-sized neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, and from smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the dendrites of those neurons and in small unmyelinated axons of unknown origin. In serial sections, both axons and dendrites containing synaptic vesicles marked with 5-OHDA were seen to form synapses \"en passage\" in pars compacta, and some presynaptic dendrites containing vesicles filled by the marker were also observed to form contacts with dendrites in pars reticulata. The only identified postsynaptic elements engaging in monoaminergic synapses in the substantia nigra were dendrites of medium-sized pars compacta neurons.", "contents": "Monoaminergic synapses, including dendro-dendritic synapses in the rat substantia nigra. Intraventricular administration of 1 or 2 mg of the osmiophilic \"false transmitter\" 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) was used to label monoamine storage and release sites in the rat substantia nigra. Vesicles containing unusually dense cores indicative of the presence of the marker were seen forming from the Golgi apparatus in the cell bodies of medium-sized neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, and from smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the dendrites of those neurons and in small unmyelinated axons of unknown origin. In serial sections, both axons and dendrites containing synaptic vesicles marked with 5-OHDA were seen to form synapses \"en passage\" in pars compacta, and some presynaptic dendrites containing vesicles filled by the marker were also observed to form contacts with dendrites in pars reticulata. The only identified postsynaptic elements engaging in monoaminergic synapses in the substantia nigra were dendrites of medium-sized pars compacta neurons.", "PMID": 598426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6471", "title": "An attempt to assess the effects of monocular deprivation and strabismus on synaptic efficiency in the kitten's visual cortex.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of the two eyes in exciting cells in the visual cortex was assessed, using both natural stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic discs. It is is argued that supramaximal electrical stimulation of the optic nerve could possibly reveal 'subliminal' synaptic inputs even after monocular deprivation or artificial strabismus has caused a loss of natural input from that eye, if such 'silent' synaptic input still survives. However, in kittens monocularly deprived for various periods of time or made artificially strabismic, there was usually excellent agreement between the relative visual excitability in the two eyes and their relative electrical excitability. In one animal, monocularly deprived continuously until 23 weeks of age, we examined the effect of reversibly turning off signals from the normal eye by pressure blinding. There was no evidence of a very rapid return of sensitivity to either electrical or natural stimulation of the deprived eye.", "contents": "An attempt to assess the effects of monocular deprivation and strabismus on synaptic efficiency in the kitten's visual cortex. The relative effectiveness of the two eyes in exciting cells in the visual cortex was assessed, using both natural stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic discs. It is is argued that supramaximal electrical stimulation of the optic nerve could possibly reveal 'subliminal' synaptic inputs even after monocular deprivation or artificial strabismus has caused a loss of natural input from that eye, if such 'silent' synaptic input still survives. However, in kittens monocularly deprived for various periods of time or made artificially strabismic, there was usually excellent agreement between the relative visual excitability in the two eyes and their relative electrical excitability. In one animal, monocularly deprived continuously until 23 weeks of age, we examined the effect of reversibly turning off signals from the normal eye by pressure blinding. There was no evidence of a very rapid return of sensitivity to either electrical or natural stimulation of the deprived eye.", "PMID": 598427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6472", "title": "Analysis of unitary EPSPs mediated by the newly-formed cortico-rubral synapses after lesion of the nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum.", "content": "1. Unitary EPSPs were recorded intracellularly from neurons of the red nucleus (RN) by stimulating the cortico-rubral fibers in normal cats as well as those with chronic lesion of interpositus nucleus (IP) of the cerebellum. 2. Two groups of unitary EPSPs were recorded in cats with IP lesion. One consisted of cortico-rubral unitary EPSPs with a shorter time to peak and larger amplitude than those in normal cats. The other consisted of unitary EPSPs of the normal range. 3. The appearance of the fast rising group of cortico-rubral EPSPs caused by IP lesions was theoretically predictable based on Rall's compartmental model by assuming that new synapses were formed close to the soma of the RN cells. 4. The amplitude of the fast rising EPSPs increased more prominently by hyperpolarizing the membrane potential than that of the slowly rising ones. 5. It was concluded that the fast rising group of unitary EPSPs which appeared following IP lesion was due to the formation of new synapses on the proximal portion of the soma-dendritic membrane of RN cell.", "contents": "Analysis of unitary EPSPs mediated by the newly-formed cortico-rubral synapses after lesion of the nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum. 1. Unitary EPSPs were recorded intracellularly from neurons of the red nucleus (RN) by stimulating the cortico-rubral fibers in normal cats as well as those with chronic lesion of interpositus nucleus (IP) of the cerebellum. 2. Two groups of unitary EPSPs were recorded in cats with IP lesion. One consisted of cortico-rubral unitary EPSPs with a shorter time to peak and larger amplitude than those in normal cats. The other consisted of unitary EPSPs of the normal range. 3. The appearance of the fast rising group of cortico-rubral EPSPs caused by IP lesions was theoretically predictable based on Rall's compartmental model by assuming that new synapses were formed close to the soma of the RN cells. 4. The amplitude of the fast rising EPSPs increased more prominently by hyperpolarizing the membrane potential than that of the slowly rising ones. 5. It was concluded that the fast rising group of unitary EPSPs which appeared following IP lesion was due to the formation of new synapses on the proximal portion of the soma-dendritic membrane of RN cell.", "PMID": 598428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6473", "title": "Serial and triadic synapses in the cerebellar nuclei of the cat.", "content": "A quantitative electron microscopic investigation of the nucleus interpositus in cat cerebellum reveals that about 1.5% of all observed synapses are established between synaptic vescile-bearing profiles. It is shown by serial sections that 70% of these synaptic complexes are triadic arrangements and 30% are serial synapses. Further analysis discloses that the first presynaptic element in the triadic and serial synapses may be one of four different axonal types: (A) Purkinje-cell axons; (B) and (C) afferent fibers containing large round vesicles and originating from the brain stem (probably mossy and climbing fiber collaterals); and (D) axon terminals containing small round vesicles. Indirect evidence suggests that type D profiles are the recurrent axon collaterals of the projective neurons. The second, postsynaptic and presynaptic, vesicle-bearing process in these complexes is either a class D terminal, or a somewhat more \"dendrite-like\" profile (Class E) containing flattened vesicles, and identified as belonging to processes of local Golgi type II interneurons.", "contents": "Serial and triadic synapses in the cerebellar nuclei of the cat. A quantitative electron microscopic investigation of the nucleus interpositus in cat cerebellum reveals that about 1.5% of all observed synapses are established between synaptic vescile-bearing profiles. It is shown by serial sections that 70% of these synaptic complexes are triadic arrangements and 30% are serial synapses. Further analysis discloses that the first presynaptic element in the triadic and serial synapses may be one of four different axonal types: (A) Purkinje-cell axons; (B) and (C) afferent fibers containing large round vesicles and originating from the brain stem (probably mossy and climbing fiber collaterals); and (D) axon terminals containing small round vesicles. Indirect evidence suggests that type D profiles are the recurrent axon collaterals of the projective neurons. The second, postsynaptic and presynaptic, vesicle-bearing process in these complexes is either a class D terminal, or a somewhat more \"dendrite-like\" profile (Class E) containing flattened vesicles, and identified as belonging to processes of local Golgi type II interneurons.", "PMID": 598429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6474", "title": "Arthrokinetic nystagmus and ego-motion sensation.", "content": "A compelling illusion of body rotation and nystagmus can be induced when the horizontally extended arm of a stationary subject is passively rotated about a vertical axis in the shoulder joint. Lateral nystagmus with the fast phase beating in the opposite direction to the arm movement was found consistently; the mean slow phase velocity increased with increasing actual arm velocity and reached about 15 degrees/sec; the mean position of the eyes was deviated towards the fast phase as in optokinetic nystagmus, and the nystagmus continued after the cessation of stimulation (arthrokinetic after-nystagmus). The existence of an arthrokinetic circularvection and nystagmus indicates a convergence of vestibular and somatosensory afferents from joint receptors. It is concluded that information about joint movements plays an important role within the multisensory processes of self-motion perception.", "contents": "Arthrokinetic nystagmus and ego-motion sensation. A compelling illusion of body rotation and nystagmus can be induced when the horizontally extended arm of a stationary subject is passively rotated about a vertical axis in the shoulder joint. Lateral nystagmus with the fast phase beating in the opposite direction to the arm movement was found consistently; the mean slow phase velocity increased with increasing actual arm velocity and reached about 15 degrees/sec; the mean position of the eyes was deviated towards the fast phase as in optokinetic nystagmus, and the nystagmus continued after the cessation of stimulation (arthrokinetic after-nystagmus). The existence of an arthrokinetic circularvection and nystagmus indicates a convergence of vestibular and somatosensory afferents from joint receptors. It is concluded that information about joint movements plays an important role within the multisensory processes of self-motion perception.", "PMID": 598431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6475", "title": "Spatial distribution of various types of bulbar respiratory neurons in the rabbit.", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits, the burst activity of 277 single respiratory neurons was recorded extracellularly. The neurons were classified according to their spike incidence distribution within the respiratory cycle and to their response to lung distension or collapse (alpha or beta type). About one third of the neurons found in all animals were located at the level of the caudal end of the promontorium gliosum, widely scattered over the bulbar cross-section. More rostrally the units were located within a dorsal area neighbouring the tractus solitarius, more caudally within a ventral field surrounding the nucleus ambiguus. Most of the inspiratory neurons (the most frequently encountered type) were found within an antero-medial region of the medulla, extending down to about two thirds of its depth. Most of the inspiratory-expiratory units were found within an intermediate zone extending from antero-dorsal to postero-ventral. Most of the expiratory cells were found postero-ventrally. Most of the expiratory-inspiratory neurons (the rarest type) were again found within an antero-medial region at an intermediate depth. The alpha neurons were located in the rostral and the beta units in the caudal part of the medulla. The average proportion of respiratory neurons to non-respiratory units was estimated as about 1:36 and the total number of bulbar respiratory neurons as 500 on each side.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of various types of bulbar respiratory neurons in the rabbit. In anesthetized rabbits, the burst activity of 277 single respiratory neurons was recorded extracellularly. The neurons were classified according to their spike incidence distribution within the respiratory cycle and to their response to lung distension or collapse (alpha or beta type). About one third of the neurons found in all animals were located at the level of the caudal end of the promontorium gliosum, widely scattered over the bulbar cross-section. More rostrally the units were located within a dorsal area neighbouring the tractus solitarius, more caudally within a ventral field surrounding the nucleus ambiguus. Most of the inspiratory neurons (the most frequently encountered type) were found within an antero-medial region of the medulla, extending down to about two thirds of its depth. Most of the inspiratory-expiratory units were found within an intermediate zone extending from antero-dorsal to postero-ventral. Most of the expiratory cells were found postero-ventrally. Most of the expiratory-inspiratory neurons (the rarest type) were again found within an antero-medial region at an intermediate depth. The alpha neurons were located in the rostral and the beta units in the caudal part of the medulla. The average proportion of respiratory neurons to non-respiratory units was estimated as about 1:36 and the total number of bulbar respiratory neurons as 500 on each side.", "PMID": 598432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6476", "title": "Abnormalities in the visual system of Xenopus after larval optic nerve section.", "content": "One optic nerve was cut in a series of larval Xenopus laevis; in approximately half of these the corresponding eye was also rotated. The resultant primary visual projections were mapped in the adult. Although in most cases the projections were retinotopically normal, some of them were not. These abnormal projections were consistently associated with a very thin optic nerve which reached the tectum via the oculomotor route. Animals with rotated eyes which developed retinotopically organised primary projections had a normal intertectal ipsilateral projection from the rotated eye and a rotated projection from the normal eye, thus confirming earlier findings that a process of binocular interaction determines the formation of intertectal connections. In all frogs with retinotopically abnormal primary projections the intertectal connections from the normal eye were of the type found after enucleation and those from the abnormal side were fragmentary or absent. Since the development of abnormal retinotopic patterns preceded that of intertectal connections the mechanisms of binocular interaction must have broken down in the presence of the abnormal primary projections.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the visual system of Xenopus after larval optic nerve section. One optic nerve was cut in a series of larval Xenopus laevis; in approximately half of these the corresponding eye was also rotated. The resultant primary visual projections were mapped in the adult. Although in most cases the projections were retinotopically normal, some of them were not. These abnormal projections were consistently associated with a very thin optic nerve which reached the tectum via the oculomotor route. Animals with rotated eyes which developed retinotopically organised primary projections had a normal intertectal ipsilateral projection from the rotated eye and a rotated projection from the normal eye, thus confirming earlier findings that a process of binocular interaction determines the formation of intertectal connections. In all frogs with retinotopically abnormal primary projections the intertectal connections from the normal eye were of the type found after enucleation and those from the abnormal side were fragmentary or absent. Since the development of abnormal retinotopic patterns preceded that of intertectal connections the mechanisms of binocular interaction must have broken down in the presence of the abnormal primary projections.", "PMID": 598434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6477", "title": "Topographical arrangement of thalamocortical neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) of the cat, with special reference to a spino-thalamo-motor cortical path through the CL.", "content": "In the centrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (CL) in the cat, a topographical arrangement of the thalamocortical projection neurons was demonstrated by utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the medial or lateral areas of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG), HRP-labeled neurons were located medially or laterally in the caudal levels of the CL, respectively; neurons in the central areas of the CL were labeled after injections of HRP into the rostral areas of the middle suprasylvian or the lateral gyrus. It was also shown by means of the combined HRP and Fink-Heimer method (Blomqvist and Westman, 1975) that the spinothalamic fibers terminated around CL neurons which were labeled with HRP injected into the lateral areas of the ASG. Hence, the caudolateral aspects of the CL were considered to represent a relay of the spino-thalamo-motor cortical paths.", "contents": "Topographical arrangement of thalamocortical neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) of the cat, with special reference to a spino-thalamo-motor cortical path through the CL. In the centrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (CL) in the cat, a topographical arrangement of the thalamocortical projection neurons was demonstrated by utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP into the medial or lateral areas of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG), HRP-labeled neurons were located medially or laterally in the caudal levels of the CL, respectively; neurons in the central areas of the CL were labeled after injections of HRP into the rostral areas of the middle suprasylvian or the lateral gyrus. It was also shown by means of the combined HRP and Fink-Heimer method (Blomqvist and Westman, 1975) that the spinothalamic fibers terminated around CL neurons which were labeled with HRP injected into the lateral areas of the ASG. Hence, the caudolateral aspects of the CL were considered to represent a relay of the spino-thalamo-motor cortical paths.", "PMID": 598437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6478", "title": "The retinal input to cells in area 17 of the cat's cortex.", "content": "The activity of retinal ganglion cells and cortical cells with overlapping receptive fields was simultaneously recorded. The responses to moving stimuli of individual simple cortical cells could be accounted for on the basis of the cell receiving either on-centre or off-centre afferents; instances in which it was necessary to postulate a mixed on- and off-centre input were not found. In six instances cross correlograms of ganglion cell and cortical cell activity showed that the ganglion cell was afferent, via a relay cell in the LGN, to the cortical neurone. The receptive fields of such pairs were almost completely overlapping and concentric. In three cases a sustained ganglion cell projected to a simple cortical cell. In one case a transient ganglion cell projected to a simple cell, and in one case a sustained and a transient ganglion cell projected to the same simple cell.", "contents": "The retinal input to cells in area 17 of the cat's cortex. The activity of retinal ganglion cells and cortical cells with overlapping receptive fields was simultaneously recorded. The responses to moving stimuli of individual simple cortical cells could be accounted for on the basis of the cell receiving either on-centre or off-centre afferents; instances in which it was necessary to postulate a mixed on- and off-centre input were not found. In six instances cross correlograms of ganglion cell and cortical cell activity showed that the ganglion cell was afferent, via a relay cell in the LGN, to the cortical neurone. The receptive fields of such pairs were almost completely overlapping and concentric. In three cases a sustained ganglion cell projected to a simple cortical cell. In one case a transient ganglion cell projected to a simple cell, and in one case a sustained and a transient ganglion cell projected to the same simple cell.", "PMID": 598438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6479", "title": "Effect of aromatic acids on the influx of aromatic amino acids in rat brain slices.", "content": "The influx of [3H]phenylalanine, [3H]tyrosine and [3H]tryptophan into brain cells was studied using brain slices from adult rats. Each aromatic amino acid inhibited the influx of the others into the brain cells. Tryptophan inhibited non-competitively the influx of phenylalanine, and phenylalanine similarly that of tyrosine and tryptophan. On the other hand, tyrosine inhibited competitively the influx of phenylalanine, and similarly tryptophan that of tyrosine, and tyrosine that of tryptophan. Among the aromatic organic acids tested, only phenylpyruvate and homogentisate had any inhibitory effect on the influx of the aromatic amino acids. These effects were generally competitive, non-competitive inhibition being obtained only in the inhibition of phenylalanine influx by homogentisate. The existence of only one common transport system for aromatic amino acids appear to be unlikely.", "contents": "Effect of aromatic acids on the influx of aromatic amino acids in rat brain slices. The influx of [3H]phenylalanine, [3H]tyrosine and [3H]tryptophan into brain cells was studied using brain slices from adult rats. Each aromatic amino acid inhibited the influx of the others into the brain cells. Tryptophan inhibited non-competitively the influx of phenylalanine, and phenylalanine similarly that of tyrosine and tryptophan. On the other hand, tyrosine inhibited competitively the influx of phenylalanine, and similarly tryptophan that of tyrosine, and tyrosine that of tryptophan. Among the aromatic organic acids tested, only phenylpyruvate and homogentisate had any inhibitory effect on the influx of the aromatic amino acids. These effects were generally competitive, non-competitive inhibition being obtained only in the inhibition of phenylalanine influx by homogentisate. The existence of only one common transport system for aromatic amino acids appear to be unlikely.", "PMID": 598439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6480", "title": "Neurofibrillar changes in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) brain in relation to environmental temperature.", "content": "Neurofibrillar changes occur in the brains of goldfish, Carassius auratus L., maintained at 5 degrees C for 177 days or more under a 12-hour photoperiod. In paraffin sections impregnated by the silver method of Holmes, the light microscopic appearance of the neurofibrillary change was evidenced by black rings 1 micrometer to 2 micrometer in outside diameter. A quantitative study showed the mean number of rings to be: optic tectum layer 3, 1.34 X 10(2)/mm(3), layer 5, 1.14 X 10(2)/MM(3), nucleus prerotundus 4.63 X 10(2)/mm(3), olfactory bulbs, 6.2 X 10(2)/mm3. In the brains of fish kept at 15 degrees C a few rings are found only in some olfactory bulbs and not in any other region of the brain. The brain wet weight also changes and was found to be significantly (p less than 0.01) less in 5 degrees C than in 15 degrees C fish, the mean values being 0.1588 g and 0.2091 g respectively. The significance of the observed changes is discussed. It is suggested that the smaller brain wet weight may reflect a change in the vasculature of the brain and be related to the acclimation process. It is hypothesized that the rings are a morphological expression of a physiological change caused by prolonged exposure to low temperatures; a neuronal response reflecting either early degeneration or a functional adaptation which may involve an alteration in axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that this system is a useful model for the study of relationships between neurofibrillar disturbances and neuronal function.", "contents": "Neurofibrillar changes in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) brain in relation to environmental temperature. Neurofibrillar changes occur in the brains of goldfish, Carassius auratus L., maintained at 5 degrees C for 177 days or more under a 12-hour photoperiod. In paraffin sections impregnated by the silver method of Holmes, the light microscopic appearance of the neurofibrillary change was evidenced by black rings 1 micrometer to 2 micrometer in outside diameter. A quantitative study showed the mean number of rings to be: optic tectum layer 3, 1.34 X 10(2)/mm(3), layer 5, 1.14 X 10(2)/MM(3), nucleus prerotundus 4.63 X 10(2)/mm(3), olfactory bulbs, 6.2 X 10(2)/mm3. In the brains of fish kept at 15 degrees C a few rings are found only in some olfactory bulbs and not in any other region of the brain. The brain wet weight also changes and was found to be significantly (p less than 0.01) less in 5 degrees C than in 15 degrees C fish, the mean values being 0.1588 g and 0.2091 g respectively. The significance of the observed changes is discussed. It is suggested that the smaller brain wet weight may reflect a change in the vasculature of the brain and be related to the acclimation process. It is hypothesized that the rings are a morphological expression of a physiological change caused by prolonged exposure to low temperatures; a neuronal response reflecting either early degeneration or a functional adaptation which may involve an alteration in axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that this system is a useful model for the study of relationships between neurofibrillar disturbances and neuronal function.", "PMID": 598442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6481", "title": "The relationship of conduction velocity to other physiological properties of the cat's horizontal canal neurons.", "content": "The conduction velocity and other physiological characteristics of the first order horizontal canal afferents were studied in 24 anesthesized cats. From their spontaneous discharge patterns, neurons were classified into three groups: regular, intermediate and irregular; The irregular units tended to have a low resting rate, high sensitivity to angular acceleration, frequently exhibited adaptation during prolonged acceleration, and showed a short latency from the time of electric stimulation of the labyrinth to recording the action potential near Scarpa's ganglion. The regular units tended to have a high resting discharge rate, low sensitivity, were mostly non-adapting, and showed longer latency to electric stimulation. The intermediate neurons had a mixed character of regular and irregular units. Based on the very short conduction times (mean 0.34 msec) and the work of Moxon (1971), we conclude the locus of activation of electrical stimulation is neural rather than the receptor cells. Since the latency is due predominantly to conduction in the first order axon, and since there is a direct linear relation between conduction velocity and fiber diameter in the medullated nerve fibers, it is possible to speculate that the regular cells have thin fibers which innervate the slope of the crista, the irregular neurons have thick fibers which innervate the summit of the crista, and the intermediate units have medium caliber fibers which innervate both the slope and summit of the crista ampullaris.", "contents": "The relationship of conduction velocity to other physiological properties of the cat's horizontal canal neurons. The conduction velocity and other physiological characteristics of the first order horizontal canal afferents were studied in 24 anesthesized cats. From their spontaneous discharge patterns, neurons were classified into three groups: regular, intermediate and irregular; The irregular units tended to have a low resting rate, high sensitivity to angular acceleration, frequently exhibited adaptation during prolonged acceleration, and showed a short latency from the time of electric stimulation of the labyrinth to recording the action potential near Scarpa's ganglion. The regular units tended to have a high resting discharge rate, low sensitivity, were mostly non-adapting, and showed longer latency to electric stimulation. The intermediate neurons had a mixed character of regular and irregular units. Based on the very short conduction times (mean 0.34 msec) and the work of Moxon (1971), we conclude the locus of activation of electrical stimulation is neural rather than the receptor cells. Since the latency is due predominantly to conduction in the first order axon, and since there is a direct linear relation between conduction velocity and fiber diameter in the medullated nerve fibers, it is possible to speculate that the regular cells have thin fibers which innervate the slope of the crista, the irregular neurons have thick fibers which innervate the summit of the crista, and the intermediate units have medium caliber fibers which innervate both the slope and summit of the crista ampullaris.", "PMID": 598443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6482", "title": "The influence of diabetes mellitus and hypercorticism on the wound healing of experimental myocardial infarction in rats.", "content": "In diabetic and glucocorticoid-treated rats myocardial infarction is produced by coronary artery ligation. After the ligation was performed the animals were given 3H-thymidine or 3H-proline at different times. The following parameters were determined: number of DNA- and tropocollagen-synthesizing connective-tissue cells both at the infarction border and infarction site; mean silver-grain density above the nuclei or cells; number of mitoses. The labelling and mitotic indices as well as the standard deviation (in percent) from the mean values were calculated. The following results were obtained: 1. The retarded formation of collagen fibres in diabetic animals is caused by a reduced number of tropocollagen-synthesizing fibroblasts and by a diminished synthesizing performance of the individual cells. 2. Glucocorticoids have a pronounced inhibitory effect on granulation-tissue formation, The 3H--thymidine indices are strikingly low. The synthesis of collagen precursors in the fibroblasts is reduced. The release of tropocollagen from the connective-tissue cells is slowed down.", "contents": "The influence of diabetes mellitus and hypercorticism on the wound healing of experimental myocardial infarction in rats. In diabetic and glucocorticoid-treated rats myocardial infarction is produced by coronary artery ligation. After the ligation was performed the animals were given 3H-thymidine or 3H-proline at different times. The following parameters were determined: number of DNA- and tropocollagen-synthesizing connective-tissue cells both at the infarction border and infarction site; mean silver-grain density above the nuclei or cells; number of mitoses. The labelling and mitotic indices as well as the standard deviation (in percent) from the mean values were calculated. The following results were obtained: 1. The retarded formation of collagen fibres in diabetic animals is caused by a reduced number of tropocollagen-synthesizing fibroblasts and by a diminished synthesizing performance of the individual cells. 2. Glucocorticoids have a pronounced inhibitory effect on granulation-tissue formation, The 3H--thymidine indices are strikingly low. The synthesis of collagen precursors in the fibroblasts is reduced. The release of tropocollagen from the connective-tissue cells is slowed down.", "PMID": 598451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6483", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Water, sodium and potassium concentration in spinal cord and hemispheres and their changes after dexamethasone treatment.", "content": "Water content, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentration were measured in rats with experimentally produced allergic encephalomyelitis. Increase of water content by 10%, accumulation of Na+ by 13%, of Cl- by 20% and decrease of K+ by 10% was observed in the spinal cord, but no substantial changes were found in the brain tissue. The hydration of spinal cord is accompanied by perivascular infiltrates. Dexamethasone, administered from day 5, after injecting sensitising encephalitogenic basic protein, effects normal levels of water content and Na+, K+ and Cl- concentration.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Water, sodium and potassium concentration in spinal cord and hemispheres and their changes after dexamethasone treatment. Water content, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentration were measured in rats with experimentally produced allergic encephalomyelitis. Increase of water content by 10%, accumulation of Na+ by 13%, of Cl- by 20% and decrease of K+ by 10% was observed in the spinal cord, but no substantial changes were found in the brain tissue. The hydration of spinal cord is accompanied by perivascular infiltrates. Dexamethasone, administered from day 5, after injecting sensitising encephalitogenic basic protein, effects normal levels of water content and Na+, K+ and Cl- concentration.", "PMID": 598461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6484", "title": "The influence of inorganic phosphate and citrate anions on the effect of glycosaminoglycans during collagen fibril-formation.", "content": "Some anions like phosphate, sulfate and citrate delay the fibril-formation. The interaction of phosphate and citrate with chondroitin sulfate-A (CSA) in binding to collagen was investigated in different environmental conditions. By changing the concentration of phosphate from 5 to 50 mM/l and that of CSA from 0.5 to 16 mM/l some kind of competition of the anions was discovered. When different equilibration, systems were used the affinity of CSA to collagen was found to be 10 times greater than that of phosphate at pH 7.2 and I=0.15. As phosphate anions bind to collagen at physiological concentration. phosphate anions may be supposed to influence the biological fibril-formation. On the other hand the CSA exchanges phosphate for collagen. Therefore, glycosamino-glycans (GAG) in connective tissue ground substance in fibrillogenesis may regulate the ion binding and through this the tendency of aggregation of the collagen molecules. The binding of citrate to collagen and its effect and possible role in fibril-formation was also evaluated.", "contents": "The influence of inorganic phosphate and citrate anions on the effect of glycosaminoglycans during collagen fibril-formation. Some anions like phosphate, sulfate and citrate delay the fibril-formation. The interaction of phosphate and citrate with chondroitin sulfate-A (CSA) in binding to collagen was investigated in different environmental conditions. By changing the concentration of phosphate from 5 to 50 mM/l and that of CSA from 0.5 to 16 mM/l some kind of competition of the anions was discovered. When different equilibration, systems were used the affinity of CSA to collagen was found to be 10 times greater than that of phosphate at pH 7.2 and I=0.15. As phosphate anions bind to collagen at physiological concentration. phosphate anions may be supposed to influence the biological fibril-formation. On the other hand the CSA exchanges phosphate for collagen. Therefore, glycosamino-glycans (GAG) in connective tissue ground substance in fibrillogenesis may regulate the ion binding and through this the tendency of aggregation of the collagen molecules. The binding of citrate to collagen and its effect and possible role in fibril-formation was also evaluated.", "PMID": 598455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6485", "title": "Redistribution and internalisation of anti-AH1e (anti-AHP)- and Concanavalin A-binding sites.", "content": "The redistribution and internalisation of two different lectin-binding sites on the same cell was investigated electron microscopically on unfixed rat liver cell cultures. For these purposes an electron microscopic double labeling technique was used for visualisation of the anti-AHel-binding sites by the gold-labeled lectin and for the demonstration of the Concanavalin A-binding sites by the Concanavalin A-peroxidase technique. From the experiments it was evident that the ligand-induced redistribution of the antiAHel-binding sites effects a rearrangement of the Concanavalin A-binding sites. Both markers were found in a clustered distribution on the cell surface. Following the redistribution an internalisation of both lectin-binding sites could be observed on central and peripheral cell parts. In the lateral cell parts an accumulation of the both markers occurred on the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Redistribution and internalisation of anti-AH1e (anti-AHP)- and Concanavalin A-binding sites. The redistribution and internalisation of two different lectin-binding sites on the same cell was investigated electron microscopically on unfixed rat liver cell cultures. For these purposes an electron microscopic double labeling technique was used for visualisation of the anti-AHel-binding sites by the gold-labeled lectin and for the demonstration of the Concanavalin A-binding sites by the Concanavalin A-peroxidase technique. From the experiments it was evident that the ligand-induced redistribution of the antiAHel-binding sites effects a rearrangement of the Concanavalin A-binding sites. Both markers were found in a clustered distribution on the cell surface. Following the redistribution an internalisation of both lectin-binding sites could be observed on central and peripheral cell parts. In the lateral cell parts an accumulation of the both markers occurred on the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 598462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6486", "title": "[Image processing in pathology. IV. Age dependent changes of morphometric features of liver cell nuclei in biopsies].", "content": "Several authors reported age dependent changes of single morphometric parameters on liver cell nuclei. In this study a recently developed automatic morphometry system was applied to recording of many liver cell nuclei parameters in histologic sections of liver biopsies simultaneously. The relations of the automatically generated parameters according to the age of the individuals are to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Image processing in pathology. IV. Age dependent changes of morphometric features of liver cell nuclei in biopsies]. Several authors reported age dependent changes of single morphometric parameters on liver cell nuclei. In this study a recently developed automatic morphometry system was applied to recording of many liver cell nuclei parameters in histologic sections of liver biopsies simultaneously. The relations of the automatically generated parameters according to the age of the individuals are to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 598456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6487", "title": "Experimental investigations on increased resistance to infections with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Smith by 4-imino-1,4-diazobicyclo-(3.1.0)-hexane-2-on BM 06.002 (prop. INN imexon) in mice.", "content": "BM 06.002 increases the resistance of mice to experimentally induced chronic infection with Candida albicans. Furthermore, BM 06.002 leads to increased resistance in the case of experimentally induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus Smith, when a subtherapeutic dose of sulfadiazine is applied. In mice immunosuppressively pretreated with hydrocortisone, BM 06.002 effectuates immunorestauration.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on increased resistance to infections with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Smith by 4-imino-1,4-diazobicyclo-(3.1.0)-hexane-2-on BM 06.002 (prop. INN imexon) in mice. BM 06.002 increases the resistance of mice to experimentally induced chronic infection with Candida albicans. Furthermore, BM 06.002 leads to increased resistance in the case of experimentally induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus Smith, when a subtherapeutic dose of sulfadiazine is applied. In mice immunosuppressively pretreated with hydrocortisone, BM 06.002 effectuates immunorestauration.", "PMID": 598463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6488", "title": "Electron microscopic study of alcoholic liver disease with special attention to the changes of mesenchymal cells of the liver.", "content": "The authors investigated electron microscopically the biopsy material of 48 chronic alcoholic liver patients. On the basis of clinical and histological criteria 5 stages were differentiated: fatty liver, fatty liver with increased mesenchymal activity, acute alcoholic hepatitis, chronic alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis. In each group changes of liver cell organelles and mesenchymal cells were compared. In this investigation it was demonstrated that liver cell damage--except for acute alcoholic hepatitis was not parallel with the severity of the clinical picture. On the contrary, the proliveration of mesenchymal cells, signs of its secretory activity and fibre forming, were in correlation with the progression of liver disease. The authors suggest that an intermediate stage must be taken into account between acute alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis: the chronic progressive alcoholic hepatitis. It reminds morphologically to a great extent of the active chronic hepatitis and it is characterized not by severity of the injury of liver cell organelles, but by great proliferation of mesenchymal cells and lymphoid infiltration.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of alcoholic liver disease with special attention to the changes of mesenchymal cells of the liver. The authors investigated electron microscopically the biopsy material of 48 chronic alcoholic liver patients. On the basis of clinical and histological criteria 5 stages were differentiated: fatty liver, fatty liver with increased mesenchymal activity, acute alcoholic hepatitis, chronic alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis. In each group changes of liver cell organelles and mesenchymal cells were compared. In this investigation it was demonstrated that liver cell damage--except for acute alcoholic hepatitis was not parallel with the severity of the clinical picture. On the contrary, the proliveration of mesenchymal cells, signs of its secretory activity and fibre forming, were in correlation with the progression of liver disease. The authors suggest that an intermediate stage must be taken into account between acute alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis: the chronic progressive alcoholic hepatitis. It reminds morphologically to a great extent of the active chronic hepatitis and it is characterized not by severity of the injury of liver cell organelles, but by great proliferation of mesenchymal cells and lymphoid infiltration.", "PMID": 598464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6489", "title": "Relations between spontaneous and induced arterial lesions in swine and arteriosclerosis in humans.", "content": "The rabbit which for practical reasons is so frequently used for experimental arteriosclerosis considerably differs from humans in its metabolism, nourishment, and arterial wall responses to atherogenic noxae. In this respect, domestic pigs show more resemblance to the conditions in man, and they have recently been used for experimental research work in the field of atherosclerosis. Our own investigations performed with a view to constructing an antherosclerosis model being as far as possible resemblant to conditions prevailing in humans have shown that among various forms of diets only one combined form which is rich in cholesterol (1.5 percent) and lipids (15 percent) produces changes in the intima that in certain arterial regions correspond to lesions found in humans. These are lipofibrous beds up to complicated atheromas. The location of the spontaneous changes (without atherogenic diet) suggest that these may be considered as early stages. The various forms of development were studied light- and electron-microscopically; moreover the development of the blood lipids was determined biochemically during the experiment.", "contents": "Relations between spontaneous and induced arterial lesions in swine and arteriosclerosis in humans. The rabbit which for practical reasons is so frequently used for experimental arteriosclerosis considerably differs from humans in its metabolism, nourishment, and arterial wall responses to atherogenic noxae. In this respect, domestic pigs show more resemblance to the conditions in man, and they have recently been used for experimental research work in the field of atherosclerosis. Our own investigations performed with a view to constructing an antherosclerosis model being as far as possible resemblant to conditions prevailing in humans have shown that among various forms of diets only one combined form which is rich in cholesterol (1.5 percent) and lipids (15 percent) produces changes in the intima that in certain arterial regions correspond to lesions found in humans. These are lipofibrous beds up to complicated atheromas. The location of the spontaneous changes (without atherogenic diet) suggest that these may be considered as early stages. The various forms of development were studied light- and electron-microscopically; moreover the development of the blood lipids was determined biochemically during the experiment.", "PMID": 598459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6490", "title": "Semiquantitative histological examinations of the kidneys of rabbits (64-day, 100-day and 212-day series) with experimentally induced pyelonephritis.", "content": "The kidneys of each 8 rabbits of a 64-day series (group E) and a 100-day series (group F) and of 6 rabbits of a 212-day series (group G) with experimentally induced unilateral hematogenous obstructive E. coli pyelonephritis were histologically examined and the glomerular and tubular lesions quantitatively evaluated using an ocular micrometer. An attempt was made to correlate the morphological changes with the results of simultaneous enzyme analyses (acid and alkaline phosphatases, glutaminase I).", "contents": "Semiquantitative histological examinations of the kidneys of rabbits (64-day, 100-day and 212-day series) with experimentally induced pyelonephritis. The kidneys of each 8 rabbits of a 64-day series (group E) and a 100-day series (group F) and of 6 rabbits of a 212-day series (group G) with experimentally induced unilateral hematogenous obstructive E. coli pyelonephritis were histologically examined and the glomerular and tubular lesions quantitatively evaluated using an ocular micrometer. An attempt was made to correlate the morphological changes with the results of simultaneous enzyme analyses (acid and alkaline phosphatases, glutaminase I).", "PMID": 598454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6491", "title": "Human cell cultures infected by tumor-inducing and non-tumor-inducing viruses, an electron microscopic study.", "content": "This study is dealing with the infection patterns of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 on human fibroblast cell lines, KB, WI and MAF. With the exception of Ad -12 leads to WI, many intranuclear viral particles were present. None of these second passages (Ad-2 WI-WI, Ad-12 WI-WI, Ad-2 MAF-MAF, Ad-12 MAF-MAF) was found to have viral production. This indicates that the injections on both WI and MAF cells caused by both Ad-2 and Ad-12 cannot be serially transmitted. However, when these infected cells were used to expose KB cells, significant viral yields were obtained. This shows that the infected cells might still carry the viral specific antigens although no visible virions were observed.", "contents": "Human cell cultures infected by tumor-inducing and non-tumor-inducing viruses, an electron microscopic study. This study is dealing with the infection patterns of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 on human fibroblast cell lines, KB, WI and MAF. With the exception of Ad -12 leads to WI, many intranuclear viral particles were present. None of these second passages (Ad-2 WI-WI, Ad-12 WI-WI, Ad-2 MAF-MAF, Ad-12 MAF-MAF) was found to have viral production. This indicates that the injections on both WI and MAF cells caused by both Ad-2 and Ad-12 cannot be serially transmitted. However, when these infected cells were used to expose KB cells, significant viral yields were obtained. This shows that the infected cells might still carry the viral specific antigens although no visible virions were observed.", "PMID": 598460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6492", "title": "The effect of unilateral papillectomy on the juxtaglomerular granulated cells.", "content": "The changes of the juxtaglomerular  index values in the superficial, deep and whole cortical areas of rat kidneys after unilateral papillectomy were analyzed. On the papillectomized side the JGI values showed an increase in the deep, and a decrease in the superficial cortical zone. The changes proved to be significant during the whole experimental period in the juxtamedullary index and between the 4--14 postoperative days in the superficial index values. The tendency of the changes of JGI in the contralateral kidneys was similar to those of the papillectomized kidneys, but significant differences were registered less constantly. These changes are probably the consequences of haemodynamic factors. Papillectomy is considered an incompetent model for studying the regulatory function of macula densa in the synthesis of renin.", "contents": "The effect of unilateral papillectomy on the juxtaglomerular granulated cells. The changes of the juxtaglomerular  index values in the superficial, deep and whole cortical areas of rat kidneys after unilateral papillectomy were analyzed. On the papillectomized side the JGI values showed an increase in the deep, and a decrease in the superficial cortical zone. The changes proved to be significant during the whole experimental period in the juxtamedullary index and between the 4--14 postoperative days in the superficial index values. The tendency of the changes of JGI in the contralateral kidneys was similar to those of the papillectomized kidneys, but significant differences were registered less constantly. These changes are probably the consequences of haemodynamic factors. Papillectomy is considered an incompetent model for studying the regulatory function of macula densa in the synthesis of renin.", "PMID": 598457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6493", "title": "[Characteristics of the pharmacological action of piracetam].", "content": "As concerns most generally accepted characteristics adopted in pharmacological studies of psychotropic drugs pyracetam is little active, has no effect on the EEG of the cortex and subcortical structures of the brain. At the same time, in a number of tests this drug displayed a well-marked influence on the central nervous system. It restrains convulsive activity provoked by application to the cerebral cortex of strychnine and penicillin solutions, reduces EEG disturbances produced by barbiturates poisoning and acute hypoxia of the brain. Pyracetam also facilitates the process of teaching in rats, improves the execution of a developed conditioned avoidance reaction, protects rats against manifestations of retrograde amnesia induced by an electric shock, applied after development of the conditioned reflex of passive avoidance.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the pharmacological action of piracetam]. As concerns most generally accepted characteristics adopted in pharmacological studies of psychotropic drugs pyracetam is little active, has no effect on the EEG of the cortex and subcortical structures of the brain. At the same time, in a number of tests this drug displayed a well-marked influence on the central nervous system. It restrains convulsive activity provoked by application to the cerebral cortex of strychnine and penicillin solutions, reduces EEG disturbances produced by barbiturates poisoning and acute hypoxia of the brain. Pyracetam also facilitates the process of teaching in rats, improves the execution of a developed conditioned avoidance reaction, protects rats against manifestations of retrograde amnesia induced by an electric shock, applied after development of the conditioned reflex of passive avoidance.", "PMID": 598489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6494", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the action of sydnocarb, phenamine and caffeine on multiple alteration in the orientation of the avoidance response in rats].", "content": "The ability of rats to alter orientation of the avoidance response in an Y-shaped maze was determined. Sydnocarb (20 mg/kg) improved the reversal learning of the animals, shortened the latent reaction periods and did not upset passive avoidance. Amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and caffein (25 mg/kg) shortened the latency of reactions, but did not affect the reversal learning. In large doses (2 and 5 mg/kg) amphetamine distinctly disturbed the reversal learning, while sydnocarb (50 mg/kg) did not impair the alteration of the avoidance response. In rats poorly amenable to reversal learning during control testing syndnocarb facilitated the alteration of the habit better than other drugs. In animals well amenable to reversal learning, in contrast to amphetamine and caffein, it did not derange their behavior.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the action of sydnocarb, phenamine and caffeine on multiple alteration in the orientation of the avoidance response in rats]. The ability of rats to alter orientation of the avoidance response in an Y-shaped maze was determined. Sydnocarb (20 mg/kg) improved the reversal learning of the animals, shortened the latent reaction periods and did not upset passive avoidance. Amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and caffein (25 mg/kg) shortened the latency of reactions, but did not affect the reversal learning. In large doses (2 and 5 mg/kg) amphetamine distinctly disturbed the reversal learning, while sydnocarb (50 mg/kg) did not impair the alteration of the avoidance response. In rats poorly amenable to reversal learning during control testing syndnocarb facilitated the alteration of the habit better than other drugs. In animals well amenable to reversal learning, in contrast to amphetamine and caffein, it did not derange their behavior.", "PMID": 598492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6495", "title": "[Action of aminazine and tisercin in a changed functional state of the body].", "content": "Experiments with rats evidenced that the pain-allaying and hypothermal action of chlorpromazine and tisercin (5 and 1 mg/kg) remains intact with an upset homeostasis against the background of a phlogogenic mixture and inflammation effect, though it becomes less potent. These drugs increase the higher permeability of the blood-histological barrier of the suprarenals caused by the stress (introduction of an irritating mixture) and inflammation.", "contents": "[Action of aminazine and tisercin in a changed functional state of the body]. Experiments with rats evidenced that the pain-allaying and hypothermal action of chlorpromazine and tisercin (5 and 1 mg/kg) remains intact with an upset homeostasis against the background of a phlogogenic mixture and inflammation effect, though it becomes less potent. These drugs increase the higher permeability of the blood-histological barrier of the suprarenals caused by the stress (introduction of an irritating mixture) and inflammation.", "PMID": 598493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6496", "title": "[Effect of phentolamine on the electroencephalogram and pulse activity of the cortical neurons].", "content": "In tests with vigilant immobilized and also urethan anesthetized rabbits the influence of intravenous injection of phentolamine (3--10 mg/kg) on the EEG waves parameters was studied. It is shown that within 45 to 75 minutes following introduction of phentolamine there is observed either shortening or elimination of the EEG activation reaction in response to stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The blocking effect of the intravenous administration of phentolamine is noted also by following dynamic changes in the discharge activity of single neurons.", "contents": "[Effect of phentolamine on the electroencephalogram and pulse activity of the cortical neurons]. In tests with vigilant immobilized and also urethan anesthetized rabbits the influence of intravenous injection of phentolamine (3--10 mg/kg) on the EEG waves parameters was studied. It is shown that within 45 to 75 minutes following introduction of phentolamine there is observed either shortening or elimination of the EEG activation reaction in response to stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The blocking effect of the intravenous administration of phentolamine is noted also by following dynamic changes in the discharge activity of single neurons.", "PMID": 598491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6497", "title": "[Biotransformations of strophanthidin D- and L-arabinosides in the body of rats].", "content": "Metabolism of two cardiac glycosides--strophanthidine-3-alpha-L- and strophanthidine-3-alpha-D-arabinozide was studied at the stage of their passage via the liver and on the way of excretion by the kidneys in tests on albino rats by using paper chromatography. It was found that in passing through the liver both glycosides undergo a process of reduction of the aldehyde group at C1O to the alcoholic one. Different time periods of passage with urine were reduced, viz. strophanthidine-3-alpha-D-arabinozide and its metabolite are excreted during 24 hours and strophanthidine-3-alpha-L-arabinozide and the product of its transormation--within the space of 12 hours.", "contents": "[Biotransformations of strophanthidin D- and L-arabinosides in the body of rats]. Metabolism of two cardiac glycosides--strophanthidine-3-alpha-L- and strophanthidine-3-alpha-D-arabinozide was studied at the stage of their passage via the liver and on the way of excretion by the kidneys in tests on albino rats by using paper chromatography. It was found that in passing through the liver both glycosides undergo a process of reduction of the aldehyde group at C1O to the alcoholic one. Different time periods of passage with urine were reduced, viz. strophanthidine-3-alpha-D-arabinozide and its metabolite are excreted during 24 hours and strophanthidine-3-alpha-L-arabinozide and the product of its transormation--within the space of 12 hours.", "PMID": 598495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6498", "title": "[Effect of sodium selenite, alpha-tocopherol and their combinations on the indices of the functional state of the heart regulation adren- and cholinergic systems in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "A course-wise administration of sodium selenate (30 gamma/kg), alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) and of their combination in the same doses brings down the catecholamines content in the heart and suprarenals in the acute period of developing myocardial infarction (2nd day) with its subsequent normalization on the 14th day. Under the effect of these drugs the proportion of acetylcholine-like substances in the heart with experimental infarction rises at the expense of an accruing free (unbound with protein) fraction. The cholinesterase activity then gets intensified in the acute period and becomes normal by the 14th day.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium selenite, alpha-tocopherol and their combinations on the indices of the functional state of the heart regulation adren- and cholinergic systems in experimental myocardial infarct]. A course-wise administration of sodium selenate (30 gamma/kg), alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) and of their combination in the same doses brings down the catecholamines content in the heart and suprarenals in the acute period of developing myocardial infarction (2nd day) with its subsequent normalization on the 14th day. Under the effect of these drugs the proportion of acetylcholine-like substances in the heart with experimental infarction rises at the expense of an accruing free (unbound with protein) fraction. The cholinesterase activity then gets intensified in the acute period and becomes normal by the 14th day.", "PMID": 598496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6499", "title": "[Pharmacological effects of the new psychotropic preparation, mebikar].", "content": "By its effects mebicar -- a derivative of bicyclic bis-ureas -- may be refered to psychotropic drugs occupying a middle position between tranquilizers and neuroleptics. The drug inhibits the orientation reaction in albino mice, potentiates the action of narcotic hypnotics, abolishes the conditioned reflex reaction of avoidance, displays central adrenolytic activity, interferes with the norepinephrine metabolism in the brain stem and modifies the permeability of the blood-encephalic barrier, like this is done by the known neuroleptics. The substance is little toxic, does not exert any direct spasmolytic action on the isolated organs.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effects of the new psychotropic preparation, mebikar]. By its effects mebicar -- a derivative of bicyclic bis-ureas -- may be refered to psychotropic drugs occupying a middle position between tranquilizers and neuroleptics. The drug inhibits the orientation reaction in albino mice, potentiates the action of narcotic hypnotics, abolishes the conditioned reflex reaction of avoidance, displays central adrenolytic activity, interferes with the norepinephrine metabolism in the brain stem and modifies the permeability of the blood-encephalic barrier, like this is done by the known neuroleptics. The substance is little toxic, does not exert any direct spasmolytic action on the isolated organs.", "PMID": 598490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6500", "title": "[Effect of imipramine on the vasomotor tone, blood supply and activity of the heart].", "content": "In tests conducted on anesthetized cats it was shown that imipramine used in doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg causes hypertension, increases the vascular tone in the kidneys and limbs. In doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg the drug provokes a short-lived (1--3 minutes) hypertension with a subsequent prolonged drop of the arterial pressure. The tonicity of the kidney and limb arteries changes in the same way as the arterial pressure, but the vascular tone in the heart only falls. In these doses imipramine blocks the adrenergic transmission of the excitation from the sympathetic nerve to the effector, e. g. produces a sympatholytic effect. Imipramine in a dose of 1 mg/kg intensifies the coronary circulation and then the oxygen absorption by the heart increases to a still greater degree. This is attended by the development of tachycardia, a greater cardiac output and an intensified contractility of the myocardium. In doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg imipramine protractedly reduces the cardiac ejection, coronary blood flow and significantly lowers the contractile function of the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Effect of imipramine on the vasomotor tone, blood supply and activity of the heart]. In tests conducted on anesthetized cats it was shown that imipramine used in doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg causes hypertension, increases the vascular tone in the kidneys and limbs. In doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg the drug provokes a short-lived (1--3 minutes) hypertension with a subsequent prolonged drop of the arterial pressure. The tonicity of the kidney and limb arteries changes in the same way as the arterial pressure, but the vascular tone in the heart only falls. In these doses imipramine blocks the adrenergic transmission of the excitation from the sympathetic nerve to the effector, e. g. produces a sympatholytic effect. Imipramine in a dose of 1 mg/kg intensifies the coronary circulation and then the oxygen absorption by the heart increases to a still greater degree. This is attended by the development of tachycardia, a greater cardiac output and an intensified contractility of the myocardium. In doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg imipramine protractedly reduces the cardiac ejection, coronary blood flow and significantly lowers the contractile function of the heart muscle.", "PMID": 598497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6501", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the adrenergic reactions of the cerebral vessels].", "content": "Prostaglandins E1 and E2 were found to lower the pressor effects of norepinephrine and sympathetic stimulation with respect to the cerebral vessels in cats. This property is more marked in prostaglandin E1. Inhibition of the prostaglandins biosynthesis with indometacin leads to intensification of the described antagonism between the prostaglandins E1 and E2, on the one hand, and pressor effects of norepinephrine and sympathetic stimulation, on the other. It is admitted as possible that prostaglandins E1 and E2 partake in the mechanisms of adrenergic regulation of the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on the adrenergic reactions of the cerebral vessels]. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 were found to lower the pressor effects of norepinephrine and sympathetic stimulation with respect to the cerebral vessels in cats. This property is more marked in prostaglandin E1. Inhibition of the prostaglandins biosynthesis with indometacin leads to intensification of the described antagonism between the prostaglandins E1 and E2, on the one hand, and pressor effects of norepinephrine and sympathetic stimulation, on the other. It is admitted as possible that prostaglandins E1 and E2 partake in the mechanisms of adrenergic regulation of the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 598494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6502", "title": "[Oscillatory potentials in the structures of the visual system].", "content": "The electroretinogram oscillatory potentials have similar general configuration and frequencies. Under the conditions of experimental dystropia of the retina and also after glycine administration, suppression of the oscillatory potentials formation in retina is accompanied by suppression of the evoked responses formation in the LGB, superior colliculi, visual cortex, and chiasma. The oscillatory potentials in the cerebral structures are related to the primary complex of their evoked responses. The importance of using the oscillatory potentials to study the mechanism of influence of the visual stimuli on the evoked potentials, is discussed.", "contents": "[Oscillatory potentials in the structures of the visual system]. The electroretinogram oscillatory potentials have similar general configuration and frequencies. Under the conditions of experimental dystropia of the retina and also after glycine administration, suppression of the oscillatory potentials formation in retina is accompanied by suppression of the evoked responses formation in the LGB, superior colliculi, visual cortex, and chiasma. The oscillatory potentials in the cerebral structures are related to the primary complex of their evoked responses. The importance of using the oscillatory potentials to study the mechanism of influence of the visual stimuli on the evoked potentials, is discussed.", "PMID": 598537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6503", "title": "[Role of protein biosynthesis activation in the mechanism of the negative chronotropic action of the vagus nerve and acetylcholine on the heart].", "content": "In rats, the following data were obtained: a) acetylcholine activates the rate of protein biosynthesis in auricles in vitro; b) protein biosynthesis inhibitors (actinomycine D, sarcolysine, neutral rot, tolluidine blue) weaken the negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine and vagus on the heart; c) anabolic hormones increase the cholinergic effect on heart; d) acetylcholine induces hyperpolarization of the myocardial fibers which is prevented by actinomycine D. The activation of protein biosynthesis followed by hyperpolarization of the pacemaker cells seems to play an important role in the mechanism of negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine and vagus on the heart.", "contents": "[Role of protein biosynthesis activation in the mechanism of the negative chronotropic action of the vagus nerve and acetylcholine on the heart]. In rats, the following data were obtained: a) acetylcholine activates the rate of protein biosynthesis in auricles in vitro; b) protein biosynthesis inhibitors (actinomycine D, sarcolysine, neutral rot, tolluidine blue) weaken the negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine and vagus on the heart; c) anabolic hormones increase the cholinergic effect on heart; d) acetylcholine induces hyperpolarization of the myocardial fibers which is prevented by actinomycine D. The activation of protein biosynthesis followed by hyperpolarization of the pacemaker cells seems to play an important role in the mechanism of negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine and vagus on the heart.", "PMID": 598538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6504", "title": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the hypothalamus on the blood coagulation system of rabbits].", "content": "Anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas were electrically stimulated in rabbits implanted electrodes and the blood was studied with the aid of thromboelastograph. The stimulation entail edregular changes in the blood coagulating system leading to hypocoagulation. However, on the background of artificial (heparine administration) or natural hypocoagulation the same stimulation accelerated the blood coagulation. The hypocoagulation occurring on hypothalamic stimulation is supposed to be of the secondary character, while the orientation of changes in the blood coagulating system after the brain stimulation depends on the initial level of hemocoagulation.", "contents": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the hypothalamus on the blood coagulation system of rabbits]. Anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas were electrically stimulated in rabbits implanted electrodes and the blood was studied with the aid of thromboelastograph. The stimulation entail edregular changes in the blood coagulating system leading to hypocoagulation. However, on the background of artificial (heparine administration) or natural hypocoagulation the same stimulation accelerated the blood coagulation. The hypocoagulation occurring on hypothalamic stimulation is supposed to be of the secondary character, while the orientation of changes in the blood coagulating system after the brain stimulation depends on the initial level of hemocoagulation.", "PMID": 598539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6505", "title": "[Action of noradrenaline and acetylcholine on the contractile activity of the gastric arteries].", "content": "The effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on smooth muscle cells of isolated strips of gastric arteries were studied. The gastric arteries revealed small sensitivity to acetylcholine. The norepinephrine effects on smooth muscle cells can be realized through electrogenic and pharmacomechanical activation. The adrenergic control of gastric arteries is fulfilled mainly with alpha-adrenoreceptors participation.", "contents": "[Action of noradrenaline and acetylcholine on the contractile activity of the gastric arteries]. The effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on smooth muscle cells of isolated strips of gastric arteries were studied. The gastric arteries revealed small sensitivity to acetylcholine. The norepinephrine effects on smooth muscle cells can be realized through electrogenic and pharmacomechanical activation. The adrenergic control of gastric arteries is fulfilled mainly with alpha-adrenoreceptors participation.", "PMID": 598540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6506", "title": "[Effect of trypsinogen on the secretion of the gastric glands].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs, i. v. administration of trypsinogen (5 mg) raised enzyme--secreting activity of the gastric glands. An increase in pepsinogen secretion by the gastric glands was noted also in acute experiments early after ligation of pancreatic ducts when tryptic activity of the blood was rising. The activating effect of trypsinogen was also revealed on the rat stomach in vitro.", "contents": "[Effect of trypsinogen on the secretion of the gastric glands]. In chronic experiments on dogs, i. v. administration of trypsinogen (5 mg) raised enzyme--secreting activity of the gastric glands. An increase in pepsinogen secretion by the gastric glands was noted also in acute experiments early after ligation of pancreatic ducts when tryptic activity of the blood was rising. The activating effect of trypsinogen was also revealed on the rat stomach in vitro.", "PMID": 598542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6507", "title": "[Role of antral gastrin in regulating gastric secretion and bile flow].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs with removed mucosa of the antral portion of the stomach, administration of the liver extract into the stomach or intestine decreased the output of hydrochloric acid as compared with intract animals. The liver extract administration caused no raise of gastrin level in the blood serum of the operated animals.", "contents": "[Role of antral gastrin in regulating gastric secretion and bile flow]. In chronic experiments on dogs with removed mucosa of the antral portion of the stomach, administration of the liver extract into the stomach or intestine decreased the output of hydrochloric acid as compared with intract animals. The liver extract administration caused no raise of gastrin level in the blood serum of the operated animals.", "PMID": 598543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6508", "title": "[Role of sorbed enzymes in the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances from the chyme].", "content": "In poly--fistula dogs, a significant suppression of the fermentative hydrolysis and of the absorption ability was revealed in excluded from the digestion intestinal loops. The experiments showed that suppression of the cave enzyme sorption in the area of wall digestion was the factor slowing down the flow of feeding substances from the enteral milieau.", "contents": "[Role of sorbed enzymes in the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances from the chyme]. In poly--fistula dogs, a significant suppression of the fermentative hydrolysis and of the absorption ability was revealed in excluded from the digestion intestinal loops. The experiments showed that suppression of the cave enzyme sorption in the area of wall digestion was the factor slowing down the flow of feeding substances from the enteral milieau.", "PMID": 598544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6509", "title": "[Trace effects of short-term cooling and their importance in the adaptation to cold].", "content": "The thermoregulation traces (O2 consumption, electrical activity of cervical muscles deep rectal temperature and subcutis temperature) were observed to 30 min. at ambient temperatures + 20--24 degrees and + 6--7 degrees through 1, 5, 10 and 30 days after cooling. The after-effect (traces) of cooling depends on conditions of cooling. Single or double cooling followed by a fall in core temperature to 30 degrees as well as intermittent cold exposures (15 two-min. exposures at--20 degrees) without the core temperature falling and a cold long--term (4--5 weeks) exposure at + 2--4 degrees cause a prolonged after. The short-term cooling increases the trace reactions throuth 5--10 days after cooling. Their traces are similar to changes in a cold acclimation rats.", "contents": "[Trace effects of short-term cooling and their importance in the adaptation to cold]. The thermoregulation traces (O2 consumption, electrical activity of cervical muscles deep rectal temperature and subcutis temperature) were observed to 30 min. at ambient temperatures + 20--24 degrees and + 6--7 degrees through 1, 5, 10 and 30 days after cooling. The after-effect (traces) of cooling depends on conditions of cooling. Single or double cooling followed by a fall in core temperature to 30 degrees as well as intermittent cold exposures (15 two-min. exposures at--20 degrees) without the core temperature falling and a cold long--term (4--5 weeks) exposure at + 2--4 degrees cause a prolonged after. The short-term cooling increases the trace reactions throuth 5--10 days after cooling. Their traces are similar to changes in a cold acclimation rats.", "PMID": 598545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6510", "title": "[Magnesium load and its removal by the kidneys in rats].", "content": "Administration of 0.25% -- 2.0% solutions of MgCl2 (5 ml/100 g) into the stomach of unanesthetized rats revealed that it is the 0.75% solution which is most efficiently removed. The kidney removes 3.9% of administered magnesium within 4 hrs, and 18.9%--within 24 hrs. All the administered fluid is absorbed within 3 hrs, but 32% of magnesium salts remain in the gastro--intestinal tract. The liver is no depot for the magnesium, the latter being distributed over different organs and tissues. Within 24 hrs magnesium is removed by the kidney and intestine, for on the 5th day after daily administration of 790 Mequiv. of magnesium per 100 g ob body weight during 4 days, its concentration in the blood serum does not differ from initial values.", "contents": "[Magnesium load and its removal by the kidneys in rats]. Administration of 0.25% -- 2.0% solutions of MgCl2 (5 ml/100 g) into the stomach of unanesthetized rats revealed that it is the 0.75% solution which is most efficiently removed. The kidney removes 3.9% of administered magnesium within 4 hrs, and 18.9%--within 24 hrs. All the administered fluid is absorbed within 3 hrs, but 32% of magnesium salts remain in the gastro--intestinal tract. The liver is no depot for the magnesium, the latter being distributed over different organs and tissues. Within 24 hrs magnesium is removed by the kidney and intestine, for on the 5th day after daily administration of 790 Mequiv. of magnesium per 100 g ob body weight during 4 days, its concentration in the blood serum does not differ from initial values.", "PMID": 598546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6511", "title": "[Senescence of endocrine function with special reference to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In the control theories, aging is under genetic and environmental control. Endocrine function plays an important role in this control system by mediating between the environmental influence and the presumptive \"aging gene\". Therefore, the intrinsic aging of the hypothalamus, such as the changes in sensitivity to feedback suppression or stimulation, may lead to homostatic failure and then age-related pathology. As the subject of study we have selected the senile changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat of the Wistar strain. The cessation of estrous cycle and the onset of persistent estrus or repetitive pseudopregnancy usually take place as early as at the end of the first half of life in rats. In this paper the results of the following experiments are briefly dealt with: (i) reciprocal transplantation of ovaries between young and old rats (the term \"old\" designates here \"incapable of reproduction\"), (ii) comparison of LH and FSH binding abilities in the ovarian preparations, (iii) comparison of serum and pituitary concentrations of LH, FSH and prolactin and the modifications after ovariectomy or by the administration of pharmacological drugs, and (iv) the difference between young and old rats in intensity of dopamine fluorescence in the hypothalamus. The results of these experiments seem to point to the hypothalamic-pituitary part rather than more peripheral organs (ovaries) as being primarily responsible for the outcome of the senile changes in the female rat.", "contents": "[Senescence of endocrine function with special reference to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the rat (author's transl)]. In the control theories, aging is under genetic and environmental control. Endocrine function plays an important role in this control system by mediating between the environmental influence and the presumptive \"aging gene\". Therefore, the intrinsic aging of the hypothalamus, such as the changes in sensitivity to feedback suppression or stimulation, may lead to homostatic failure and then age-related pathology. As the subject of study we have selected the senile changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat of the Wistar strain. The cessation of estrous cycle and the onset of persistent estrus or repetitive pseudopregnancy usually take place as early as at the end of the first half of life in rats. In this paper the results of the following experiments are briefly dealt with: (i) reciprocal transplantation of ovaries between young and old rats (the term \"old\" designates here \"incapable of reproduction\"), (ii) comparison of LH and FSH binding abilities in the ovarian preparations, (iii) comparison of serum and pituitary concentrations of LH, FSH and prolactin and the modifications after ovariectomy or by the administration of pharmacological drugs, and (iv) the difference between young and old rats in intensity of dopamine fluorescence in the hypothalamus. The results of these experiments seem to point to the hypothalamic-pituitary part rather than more peripheral organs (ovaries) as being primarily responsible for the outcome of the senile changes in the female rat.", "PMID": 598555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6512", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on platelets: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "The influence of somatostatin on platelets was studied in healthy volunteers. After a bolus injection of 250 microgram somatostatin followed by a three hour infusion at a rate of 250 microgram somatostatin/hr a statistically significant fall of platelet count and impairment of platelet aggregation was observed. The aggregation inhibiting effect of somatostatin at the end of the three hour infusion is clinically unimportant as compared to the effect of aspirin. In vitro concentrations up to 10.0 microgram somatostatin per ml do not show any effect on platelet aggregation and platelet stickiness. Endocrinologically active doses of somatostatin in short term infusions are very unlikely to cause bleeding disorders.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on platelets: in vivo and in vitro studies. The influence of somatostatin on platelets was studied in healthy volunteers. After a bolus injection of 250 microgram somatostatin followed by a three hour infusion at a rate of 250 microgram somatostatin/hr a statistically significant fall of platelet count and impairment of platelet aggregation was observed. The aggregation inhibiting effect of somatostatin at the end of the three hour infusion is clinically unimportant as compared to the effect of aspirin. In vitro concentrations up to 10.0 microgram somatostatin per ml do not show any effect on platelet aggregation and platelet stickiness. Endocrinologically active doses of somatostatin in short term infusions are very unlikely to cause bleeding disorders.", "PMID": 598562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6513", "title": "[The prevalence and incidence of juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in France (author's transl)].", "content": "From notification of cases the prevalence and incidence of juvenile diabetes has been estimated in the population of France. Only diabetes treated with insulin has been considered. The prevalence of diabetes in children at the end of 1975 was one per 4,200 children who had not yet reached their 15th birthday. The number of cases increased regularly with each year of age. There are more boys than girls with diabetes but the sex ratio does not, in fact, differ significantly from that of the normal population. The incidence for 1975 was one per 27,000 children aged 0 to 14 years, i.e. one new juvenile diabetic per year can be expected in a population of 100,000 inhabitants of all ages. Diabetes was diagnosed more often in the children in October, November, December, January and February regardless of age (0 to 4; 0 to 19). Comparison of the french data with information collected from published literature and from other personal sources shows some similarities but also many marked differences between countries. Some of these differences may be due to different methods of ascertainment. Standardisation of methods is a prerequisite for comparability of data.", "contents": "[The prevalence and incidence of juvenile onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in France (author's transl)]. From notification of cases the prevalence and incidence of juvenile diabetes has been estimated in the population of France. Only diabetes treated with insulin has been considered. The prevalence of diabetes in children at the end of 1975 was one per 4,200 children who had not yet reached their 15th birthday. The number of cases increased regularly with each year of age. There are more boys than girls with diabetes but the sex ratio does not, in fact, differ significantly from that of the normal population. The incidence for 1975 was one per 27,000 children aged 0 to 14 years, i.e. one new juvenile diabetic per year can be expected in a population of 100,000 inhabitants of all ages. Diabetes was diagnosed more often in the children in October, November, December, January and February regardless of age (0 to 4; 0 to 19). Comparison of the french data with information collected from published literature and from other personal sources shows some similarities but also many marked differences between countries. Some of these differences may be due to different methods of ascertainment. Standardisation of methods is a prerequisite for comparability of data.", "PMID": 598563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6514", "title": "Effect of insulin on thyroid hormone blood levels in normal and thyroidectomized dogs.", "content": "Administration of insulin brings about an increase of thyroid hormone blood concentration. This study investigated the possibilities that the elevation is due to increased thyroid secretion or to liberation of hormone from hepatic stores. Monocomponent insulin was administered to intact dogs by jugular perfusion (25 mU/kg/min. for 15 min.) and to thyroidectomized dogs either as single dose i.m. (1 U/kg) or by jugular perfusion (as above). All animals showed at least halving of blood glucose concentration. In normal dogs, circulating labeled thyroid hormone increased with a 2-fold T3 rise. In thyroidectomized dogs, blood T3 as well as T4 remained persistently low, while plasma 125I-T4 disappearance slope was unchanged. When intact animals were held in a glycemic steady state by infusing insulin alone at low dose (0.5 mU/kg/min. for 15 min.) or insulin at the experimental dose (25 mU/kg/min. for 15 min) with simultaneous glucose infusion, blood T3, T4 and labeled PBI showed no changes. These data suggest that the increase of circulating thyroid hormones under insulin administration is due to a stimulation of thyroid secretion. The effect of insulin appears to result from induced hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on thyroid hormone blood levels in normal and thyroidectomized dogs. Administration of insulin brings about an increase of thyroid hormone blood concentration. This study investigated the possibilities that the elevation is due to increased thyroid secretion or to liberation of hormone from hepatic stores. Monocomponent insulin was administered to intact dogs by jugular perfusion (25 mU/kg/min. for 15 min.) and to thyroidectomized dogs either as single dose i.m. (1 U/kg) or by jugular perfusion (as above). All animals showed at least halving of blood glucose concentration. In normal dogs, circulating labeled thyroid hormone increased with a 2-fold T3 rise. In thyroidectomized dogs, blood T3 as well as T4 remained persistently low, while plasma 125I-T4 disappearance slope was unchanged. When intact animals were held in a glycemic steady state by infusing insulin alone at low dose (0.5 mU/kg/min. for 15 min.) or insulin at the experimental dose (25 mU/kg/min. for 15 min) with simultaneous glucose infusion, blood T3, T4 and labeled PBI showed no changes. These data suggest that the increase of circulating thyroid hormones under insulin administration is due to a stimulation of thyroid secretion. The effect of insulin appears to result from induced hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 598564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6515", "title": "Inhibition of L-dopa induced growth hormone release in normal and diabetic subjects by glucose administration.", "content": "Administration of L-dopa 1 g induced an increase of plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in seven of ten healthy volunteers and in six of ten hyperglycemic insulin-dependent diabetic subjects; the maximal GH response was higher in normal subjects. Addition of 100 g glucose orally to the L-dopa completely abolished the GH response of both groups. The difference between the effect of endogenous hyperglycemia and the effect of a sudden increase of blood sugar after glucose administration on L-dopa induced GH release in diabetic subjects may be explain by the resetting of the hypothalamic control for pituitary GH release to higher levels of blood glucose.", "contents": "Inhibition of L-dopa induced growth hormone release in normal and diabetic subjects by glucose administration. Administration of L-dopa 1 g induced an increase of plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in seven of ten healthy volunteers and in six of ten hyperglycemic insulin-dependent diabetic subjects; the maximal GH response was higher in normal subjects. Addition of 100 g glucose orally to the L-dopa completely abolished the GH response of both groups. The difference between the effect of endogenous hyperglycemia and the effect of a sudden increase of blood sugar after glucose administration on L-dopa induced GH release in diabetic subjects may be explain by the resetting of the hypothalamic control for pituitary GH release to higher levels of blood glucose.", "PMID": 598566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6516", "title": "HLA antigens in Sardinian patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "HLA-B8 and HLA-Bw15, two antigens associated with juvenile diabetes mellitus in Caucasians of North Europe, have a very low frequency in Sardinian population, who nevertheless have a high frequency of diabetes. The association between diabetes and HLA in Sardinian population has therefore been investigated in 60 patients with diabetes, mellitus (32 with juvenile diabetes and 28 with maturity onset diabetes) and 96 normal, unrelated random controls. No disturbance of HLA distributions was found in maturity onset diabetes, but the frequencies of B8 and Bw35 were increased among juvenile diabetics (18.7 percent and 28.1 percent respectively, compared with 2.0 and 11.4 percent in healthy controls). B18 antigen frequency was also increased, although not significantly, in juvenile diabetes mellitus (65.6 percent compared with 50 percent in controls). In contrast the frequency of HLA-Bw15 in two groups of diabetics differed little from that of controls.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Sardinian patients with diabetes mellitus. HLA-B8 and HLA-Bw15, two antigens associated with juvenile diabetes mellitus in Caucasians of North Europe, have a very low frequency in Sardinian population, who nevertheless have a high frequency of diabetes. The association between diabetes and HLA in Sardinian population has therefore been investigated in 60 patients with diabetes, mellitus (32 with juvenile diabetes and 28 with maturity onset diabetes) and 96 normal, unrelated random controls. No disturbance of HLA distributions was found in maturity onset diabetes, but the frequencies of B8 and Bw35 were increased among juvenile diabetics (18.7 percent and 28.1 percent respectively, compared with 2.0 and 11.4 percent in healthy controls). B18 antigen frequency was also increased, although not significantly, in juvenile diabetes mellitus (65.6 percent compared with 50 percent in controls). In contrast the frequency of HLA-Bw15 in two groups of diabetics differed little from that of controls.", "PMID": 598567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6517", "title": "An uncontrolled trial of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of phobic and obsessional states in general practice.", "content": "A small, open, multicentre trial of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) in the management of phobic and obsessional states was performed in general practice. New rating devices were used. Twenty-seven patient suffering from a variety of phobias and obsessions were treated with doses of clomipramine up to a maximum of 225 ng daily for six weeks. In phobic subjects best results were obtained in social phobias, agoraphobia and diffuse phobic anxiety, situational anxiety, interference, avoidance and autonomic effects all responding. An improvement of between 33% and 47% was seen in obsessional symptoms.", "contents": "An uncontrolled trial of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of phobic and obsessional states in general practice. A small, open, multicentre trial of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) in the management of phobic and obsessional states was performed in general practice. New rating devices were used. Twenty-seven patient suffering from a variety of phobias and obsessions were treated with doses of clomipramine up to a maximum of 225 ng daily for six weeks. In phobic subjects best results were obtained in social phobias, agoraphobia and diffuse phobic anxiety, situational anxiety, interference, avoidance and autonomic effects all responding. An improvement of between 33% and 47% was seen in obsessional symptoms.", "PMID": 598599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6518", "title": "A large open multicentre trial of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the management of phobic disorders.", "content": "In a large, open, multicentre trial, conducted in general practice, 765 patients suffering from agoraphobia or social phobias were treated with clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals). Four hundred and eight patients completed a twelve-week course of treatment. Of 285 withdrawals, 139 were due to side-effects. Good results were obtained on all measures of phobias in those patients who completed the study, the improvements being of the order of 70-80%, and over 50% of patients being symptom-free.", "contents": "A large open multicentre trial of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the management of phobic disorders. In a large, open, multicentre trial, conducted in general practice, 765 patients suffering from agoraphobia or social phobias were treated with clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals). Four hundred and eight patients completed a twelve-week course of treatment. Of 285 withdrawals, 139 were due to side-effects. Good results were obtained on all measures of phobias in those patients who completed the study, the improvements being of the order of 70-80%, and over 50% of patients being symptom-free.", "PMID": 598600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6519", "title": "The measurement of obsessionality: first validation studies of the Lynfield obsessional/compulsive questionnaires.", "content": "The difficulties encountered in attempts at the rating and quantification of obsessional behaviour are outlined and some of the reasons for such difficulties are mentioned. The development of the Lynfield Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire from the Leyton Obsessional Inventory is discussed together with the advantages and disadvantages attendant upon its administration. The author concludes that the Lynfield Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire promises well as a measure for assessing change and that, following further validity and reliability tests, it may be used in multicentre trials of treatment procedures.", "contents": "The measurement of obsessionality: first validation studies of the Lynfield obsessional/compulsive questionnaires. The difficulties encountered in attempts at the rating and quantification of obsessional behaviour are outlined and some of the reasons for such difficulties are mentioned. The development of the Lynfield Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire from the Leyton Obsessional Inventory is discussed together with the advantages and disadvantages attendant upon its administration. The author concludes that the Lynfield Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire promises well as a measure for assessing change and that, following further validity and reliability tests, it may be used in multicentre trials of treatment procedures.", "PMID": 598601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6520", "title": "The management of phobic disorders in general practice.", "content": "Over two thousand patients have been treated with a flexible drug regime, having presented with a wide spectrum of disorders. Common aetiology was found in these patients and all could be said to be phobic, and as such many produced \"side-effects\" which could by predicted with accuracy--and overcome. A method is described for inducing increased patient compliance and decreased drop-out rate.", "contents": "The management of phobic disorders in general practice. Over two thousand patients have been treated with a flexible drug regime, having presented with a wide spectrum of disorders. Common aetiology was found in these patients and all could be said to be phobic, and as such many produced \"side-effects\" which could by predicted with accuracy--and overcome. A method is described for inducing increased patient compliance and decreased drop-out rate.", "PMID": 598602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6521", "title": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) in depressive patients with obsessive neurosis.", "content": "The authors express the view that, clinically, clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) seems to be the treatment of choice for obsessive-compulsive illness. Clomipramine possesses a specific anti-obsessional property which is distinct from its antidepressant property. The optimal therapeutic dose from this study appears to be in the range of 175 mg to 225 mg a day. Minor reversible adverse reaction gradually decreases with the increase of duration of treatment.", "contents": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) in depressive patients with obsessive neurosis. The authors express the view that, clinically, clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) seems to be the treatment of choice for obsessive-compulsive illness. Clomipramine possesses a specific anti-obsessional property which is distinct from its antidepressant property. The optimal therapeutic dose from this study appears to be in the range of 175 mg to 225 mg a day. Minor reversible adverse reaction gradually decreases with the increase of duration of treatment.", "PMID": 598603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6522", "title": "Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with clomipramine (Anafranil).", "content": "An uncontrolled clinical study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacueticals) in a group of twenty obsessive-compulsive neurotic patients. Clomipramine proved to be extremely useful in alleviating obsessive-compulsive neurosis as well as phobia. This finding was not secondary to the improvement in anxiety or depression which occurred, as the degree of improvement in obsessive symptoms far exceeded the improvement in the other symptoms.", "contents": "Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with clomipramine (Anafranil). An uncontrolled clinical study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacueticals) in a group of twenty obsessive-compulsive neurotic patients. Clomipramine proved to be extremely useful in alleviating obsessive-compulsive neurosis as well as phobia. This finding was not secondary to the improvement in anxiety or depression which occurred, as the degree of improvement in obsessive symptoms far exceeded the improvement in the other symptoms.", "PMID": 598604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6523", "title": "A comparison of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in the treatment of obsessive neurosis.", "content": "A six-week trial of 300 mg clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) was compared to a six-month twice weekly therapeutic programme with two widely used behavioural techniques, flooding and thought-stopping. Clomipramine had a substantial ameliorating effect on the number and severity of obsessional symptoms, reducing the total obsessive symptomatology by half. The trends suggested that the drug was as effective as flooding and more effective than thought-stopping in reducing the ruminative symptoms, and was especially effective in reducing pervading doubt. It was considerably less effective than behaviour therapy in reducing the compulsive symptoms. This suggests, and confirms the authors' clinical impression, that a combination of pharmacotherapy and behaviour therapy is the optimal treatment of choice for ritualistic patients who are almost always very ruinative, doubtful and highly anxious. Clomipramine had the most substantial anxiolytic effect of three groups and seemed to be as effective as behaviour therapy in reducing phobias.", "contents": "A comparison of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in the treatment of obsessive neurosis. A six-week trial of 300 mg clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) was compared to a six-month twice weekly therapeutic programme with two widely used behavioural techniques, flooding and thought-stopping. Clomipramine had a substantial ameliorating effect on the number and severity of obsessional symptoms, reducing the total obsessive symptomatology by half. The trends suggested that the drug was as effective as flooding and more effective than thought-stopping in reducing the ruminative symptoms, and was especially effective in reducing pervading doubt. It was considerably less effective than behaviour therapy in reducing the compulsive symptoms. This suggests, and confirms the authors' clinical impression, that a combination of pharmacotherapy and behaviour therapy is the optimal treatment of choice for ritualistic patients who are almost always very ruinative, doubtful and highly anxious. Clomipramine had the most substantial anxiolytic effect of three groups and seemed to be as effective as behaviour therapy in reducing phobias.", "PMID": 598605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6524", "title": "Clinical experience in the treatment of phobic disorders.", "content": "The author describes his experience in treating phobic disorders with both parenteral and oral clomipramine. Other techniques are mentioned and it is suggested that it is not only possible, but also desirable, to incorporate some of these in a regime of parenteral therapy for hospital in-patients. It is recommended that oral administration of clomipramine be used in the case of out-patients.", "contents": "Clinical experience in the treatment of phobic disorders. The author describes his experience in treating phobic disorders with both parenteral and oral clomipramine. Other techniques are mentioned and it is suggested that it is not only possible, but also desirable, to incorporate some of these in a regime of parenteral therapy for hospital in-patients. It is recommended that oral administration of clomipramine be used in the case of out-patients.", "PMID": 598606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6525", "title": "Clinical experience in the treatment of obsessional states (1).", "content": "This paper describes the treatment of thirty-three patients who were suffering with obsessional symptoms and who were given the drug clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals). The symptoms were classified into phobic ruminations, non-phobic ruminations and rituals as well as into the less familiar group of normal and bizarre obsessions. Progress was assessed using the Shapiro card method and a brief description of this method is given. The results show that clomipramine possesses a specific anti-obsessional quality and that the use of this preparation is an effective treatment for obsessional patients. The paper also discusses certain aspects of therapy as well as suggesting an aetiological basis of obsessional symptoms.", "contents": "Clinical experience in the treatment of obsessional states (1). This paper describes the treatment of thirty-three patients who were suffering with obsessional symptoms and who were given the drug clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals). The symptoms were classified into phobic ruminations, non-phobic ruminations and rituals as well as into the less familiar group of normal and bizarre obsessions. Progress was assessed using the Shapiro card method and a brief description of this method is given. The results show that clomipramine possesses a specific anti-obsessional quality and that the use of this preparation is an effective treatment for obsessional patients. The paper also discusses certain aspects of therapy as well as suggesting an aetiological basis of obsessional symptoms.", "PMID": 598607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6526", "title": "Some aspects of the measurement of phobias and obsessions.", "content": "Two assessment schemes for assessing obsessional and phobic disorders are described. The schemes were constructed with the phenomenology and epidemiology of the disorders in mind and were designed for use in the setting of general practice.", "contents": "Some aspects of the measurement of phobias and obsessions. Two assessment schemes for assessing obsessional and phobic disorders are described. The schemes were constructed with the phenomenology and epidemiology of the disorders in mind and were designed for use in the setting of general practice.", "PMID": 598608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6527", "title": "Clinical experience in the treatment of obsessional states (2).", "content": "There is no adequate classification of obsessive/compulsive phenomena and they frequently co-exist with other psychiatric symptoms, notably depression. Seven years experience in the use of intravenous clomipramine in these conditions is reviewed. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of depression, and obsessive/compulsive/phobic states, and mixed patients. The results in neuroses and personality disorders are poor. It is concluded that clomipramine is the treatment of choice for obsessive/compulsive disorders, with or without accompanying depression.", "contents": "Clinical experience in the treatment of obsessional states (2). There is no adequate classification of obsessive/compulsive phenomena and they frequently co-exist with other psychiatric symptoms, notably depression. Seven years experience in the use of intravenous clomipramine in these conditions is reviewed. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of depression, and obsessive/compulsive/phobic states, and mixed patients. The results in neuroses and personality disorders are poor. It is concluded that clomipramine is the treatment of choice for obsessive/compulsive disorders, with or without accompanying depression.", "PMID": 598609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6528", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies in obsessional patients.", "content": "As part of a larger controlled study, 9 patients with chronic obsessive-compulsive rituals received oral clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) and behavioural treatment. Dosage was 20 mg clomipramine during the first three days of treatment, increasing gradually over the next few weeks to a maximum daily dose of 200 mg clomipramine unless side-effects dictated a lower dose. Blood was sampled at weekly intervals and the plasma fraction analyzed simultaneously for clomipramine and its primary metabolic breakdown product, N-desmethylclomipramine, using a double radioisotope derivative technique. Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine were observed to rise as the administered dose was increased during the first few weeks of treatment. However, within seven to fourteen days of constant daily dosing steady-state levels were reached in the plasma of clomipramine and its metabolite. Higher plasma levels were found with higher doses. Steady plasma clomipramine levels appeared to be related to dosage, the mean steady-state plasma concentrations between weeks 5 and 11 of treatment being 99 ng/ml, 145 ng/ml and 180 ng/ml, in patients receiving daily doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg clomipramine, respectively. In contrast, plasma metabolite levels did not show any apparent relationship to dosage. In most patients, the concentration of desmethylchlomipramine in the plasma was approximately twice that of the parent compound.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies in obsessional patients. As part of a larger controlled study, 9 patients with chronic obsessive-compulsive rituals received oral clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) and behavioural treatment. Dosage was 20 mg clomipramine during the first three days of treatment, increasing gradually over the next few weeks to a maximum daily dose of 200 mg clomipramine unless side-effects dictated a lower dose. Blood was sampled at weekly intervals and the plasma fraction analyzed simultaneously for clomipramine and its primary metabolic breakdown product, N-desmethylclomipramine, using a double radioisotope derivative technique. Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine were observed to rise as the administered dose was increased during the first few weeks of treatment. However, within seven to fourteen days of constant daily dosing steady-state levels were reached in the plasma of clomipramine and its metabolite. Higher plasma levels were found with higher doses. Steady plasma clomipramine levels appeared to be related to dosage, the mean steady-state plasma concentrations between weeks 5 and 11 of treatment being 99 ng/ml, 145 ng/ml and 180 ng/ml, in patients receiving daily doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg clomipramine, respectively. In contrast, plasma metabolite levels did not show any apparent relationship to dosage. In most patients, the concentration of desmethylchlomipramine in the plasma was approximately twice that of the parent compound.", "PMID": 598610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6529", "title": "A clinical trial of clomipramine and diazepam in the treatment of phobic and obsessional illness.", "content": "A double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and diazepam was carried out in patients suffering from phobic and obsessional disorders. Nineteen doctors submitted 58 patients. Seventeen patients withdrew from the trial, twelve because of side-effects. Forty-one patients completed the trial and of these 14 were on clomipramine and 27 were taking diazepam. Patients were assessed for phobias, obsessions, general psychiatric symptoms and side-effects and each was rated on a special symptom inventory at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. A General Health Questionnaire and Burns Questionnaire was completed for each patient at the beginning and end of the study. General level of anxiety for diffuse phobic anxiety and situational anxiety for illness and death fears responded better to clomipramine than to diazepam. Global assessment showed significantly more progress on clomipramine than diazepam between weeks 4 and 6.", "contents": "A clinical trial of clomipramine and diazepam in the treatment of phobic and obsessional illness. A double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and diazepam was carried out in patients suffering from phobic and obsessional disorders. Nineteen doctors submitted 58 patients. Seventeen patients withdrew from the trial, twelve because of side-effects. Forty-one patients completed the trial and of these 14 were on clomipramine and 27 were taking diazepam. Patients were assessed for phobias, obsessions, general psychiatric symptoms and side-effects and each was rated on a special symptom inventory at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. A General Health Questionnaire and Burns Questionnaire was completed for each patient at the beginning and end of the study. General level of anxiety for diffuse phobic anxiety and situational anxiety for illness and death fears responded better to clomipramine than to diazepam. Global assessment showed significantly more progress on clomipramine than diazepam between weeks 4 and 6.", "PMID": 598611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6530", "title": "The relationship between sucking and grasping in the human newborn: a precursor of hand-mouth coordination?", "content": "The relationship between grasping and sucking, a possible precursor of hand-mouth coordination, was examined in human newborns of varying gestational ages. Grasping was elicited by rapidly tilting the infant backwards while he rested on a padded board and held a grasp bar. Infants were tilted 4 times under each of 3 conditions: grasping, sucking, and grasping-while-sucking. The dependent variables were strength and duration of grasp and frequency and amplitude of sucks during the 15 sec following the tilt. The results indicated that grasping did not affect sucking but that sucking increased the strength and the duration of the grasp. Furthermore, either response system was more highly correlated with indices of maturity of the central nervous system when elicited in the presence rather than the absence of the other. We conclude that in human newborns sucking may be dominant over grasping but that both are part of an integrated system which may form the basis for the development of hand-mouth coordination.", "contents": "The relationship between sucking and grasping in the human newborn: a precursor of hand-mouth coordination? The relationship between grasping and sucking, a possible precursor of hand-mouth coordination, was examined in human newborns of varying gestational ages. Grasping was elicited by rapidly tilting the infant backwards while he rested on a padded board and held a grasp bar. Infants were tilted 4 times under each of 3 conditions: grasping, sucking, and grasping-while-sucking. The dependent variables were strength and duration of grasp and frequency and amplitude of sucks during the 15 sec following the tilt. The results indicated that grasping did not affect sucking but that sucking increased the strength and the duration of the grasp. Furthermore, either response system was more highly correlated with indices of maturity of the central nervous system when elicited in the presence rather than the absence of the other. We conclude that in human newborns sucking may be dominant over grasping but that both are part of an integrated system which may form the basis for the development of hand-mouth coordination.", "PMID": 598619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6531", "title": "Early environmental influences on conditioned and unconditioned ingestional and locomotor behaviors.", "content": "For 34-44 days after weaning one group of rats was raised in a socially enriched environment, whereas another group was raised in isolated individual cages without handling. Following this differential rearing subjects were tested for ingestional neophobia and its attenuation, enhancement of ingestional neophobia by aversive drug administration, taste-aversion learning and extinction, open-field activity, and passive shock-avoidance learning. Although the differential rearing influenced open-field activity and shock-avoidance this manipulation did not have a significant effect on the various measures of conditioned and unconditioned ingestional behaviors. The results provide further evidence for the distinctiveness of gustatory-visceral and telereceptor-cutaneous sensory systems.", "contents": "Early environmental influences on conditioned and unconditioned ingestional and locomotor behaviors. For 34-44 days after weaning one group of rats was raised in a socially enriched environment, whereas another group was raised in isolated individual cages without handling. Following this differential rearing subjects were tested for ingestional neophobia and its attenuation, enhancement of ingestional neophobia by aversive drug administration, taste-aversion learning and extinction, open-field activity, and passive shock-avoidance learning. Although the differential rearing influenced open-field activity and shock-avoidance this manipulation did not have a significant effect on the various measures of conditioned and unconditioned ingestional behaviors. The results provide further evidence for the distinctiveness of gustatory-visceral and telereceptor-cutaneous sensory systems.", "PMID": 598620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6532", "title": "Effects of feeding on state and cardiac regulation in the infant.", "content": "The effects of feeding on polygraphic state patterns and associated cardiac rates were examined in 8 normal infants using data collected during 12-hr continuous monitoring sessions at 1 week and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months of age. The distribution of states and corresponding heart rate values were tabulated for each minute during 2-hr periods preceding and following wakenings with and without feedings. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly more prevalent immediately following a waking accompanied by feeding than waking alone. Moreover, a distinct relationship was demonstrated between feeding periods and the ongoing sleep cycle. In younger infants (1 week to 1 month), heart rates in quiet sleep (QS) and REM were higher after feeding than before, suggesting a general arousal influence. This was not the case with nonfeeding wakenings. In older infants (2-3 months), heart rates were higher after nonfeeding periods than before, but similar before and after feeding periods.", "contents": "Effects of feeding on state and cardiac regulation in the infant. The effects of feeding on polygraphic state patterns and associated cardiac rates were examined in 8 normal infants using data collected during 12-hr continuous monitoring sessions at 1 week and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months of age. The distribution of states and corresponding heart rate values were tabulated for each minute during 2-hr periods preceding and following wakenings with and without feedings. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly more prevalent immediately following a waking accompanied by feeding than waking alone. Moreover, a distinct relationship was demonstrated between feeding periods and the ongoing sleep cycle. In younger infants (1 week to 1 month), heart rates in quiet sleep (QS) and REM were higher after feeding than before, suggesting a general arousal influence. This was not the case with nonfeeding wakenings. In older infants (2-3 months), heart rates were higher after nonfeeding periods than before, but similar before and after feeding periods.", "PMID": 598621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6533", "title": "Acquisition and retention of a passive-avoidance task as a function of age in mice.", "content": "In Experiment I groups of mice between 16 to 100 days of age were tested for retention of a passive-avoidance response between 1 min and 96 hr following a single training trial at 2 shock intensities. In general, although almost all age groups displayed reliable retention at all retest intervals, some retention losses were found among the youngest age groups at the longer retention intervals. Higher shock intensity resulted in longer retest latencies, primarily among the youngest mice. In Experiment II mice 16, 25, and 100 days of age were trained to criterion on the passive-avoidance task and retested on a single trial following retention intervals of 24, 96, 192, and 384 hr. Young mice exhibited severe retention losses relative to 100-day-old mice at the longer intervals, even though they did not show deficiencies in acquisition. Neurological maturity at the time of original training appears to account for the age-related memory differences.", "contents": "Acquisition and retention of a passive-avoidance task as a function of age in mice. In Experiment I groups of mice between 16 to 100 days of age were tested for retention of a passive-avoidance response between 1 min and 96 hr following a single training trial at 2 shock intensities. In general, although almost all age groups displayed reliable retention at all retest intervals, some retention losses were found among the youngest age groups at the longer retention intervals. Higher shock intensity resulted in longer retest latencies, primarily among the youngest mice. In Experiment II mice 16, 25, and 100 days of age were trained to criterion on the passive-avoidance task and retested on a single trial following retention intervals of 24, 96, 192, and 384 hr. Young mice exhibited severe retention losses relative to 100-day-old mice at the longer intervals, even though they did not show deficiencies in acquisition. Neurological maturity at the time of original training appears to account for the age-related memory differences.", "PMID": 598623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6534", "title": "Construction of low-variability litters of preweaning mice.", "content": "Mouse litter variation at weaning stems from a combination of genetic makeup, intrauterine experience, and postnatal maternal care. The 1st 2 factors may be matched at birth by making up separate litters out of littermate pairs whose birth weights are equal (+/-.02 g). Maternal competence may be matched by exchanging the mothers between the 2 cages each day. These tactics yield litters at weaning whose variability has been very much reduced. The range of litter-average body weights has been reduced from about 40 percent to about 5 percent and the range of litter-average brain weights has been reduced from about 15 percent to about 1-2 percent.", "contents": "Construction of low-variability litters of preweaning mice. Mouse litter variation at weaning stems from a combination of genetic makeup, intrauterine experience, and postnatal maternal care. The 1st 2 factors may be matched at birth by making up separate litters out of littermate pairs whose birth weights are equal (+/-.02 g). Maternal competence may be matched by exchanging the mothers between the 2 cages each day. These tactics yield litters at weaning whose variability has been very much reduced. The range of litter-average body weights has been reduced from about 40 percent to about 5 percent and the range of litter-average brain weights has been reduced from about 15 percent to about 1-2 percent.", "PMID": 598624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6535", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Artemia salina. IV. appearance of nuclear RNA polymerase activity during pre-emergence development of encysted embryos.", "content": "Dessicated and encysted gastrulae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina remain metabolically dormant until they are rehydrated. At this time development resumes, culminating in the hatching of free swimming nauplius larvae. The resumption of embryogenesis provides a convenient system for studying biochemical events which accompany development of a eukaryotic organism, and in particular Artemia has proven useful for studies of the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Encysted gastrulae of Artemia yielded only trace amounts of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity when crude nuclear pellets were subjected to sonication at high ionic strength. Furthermore, when crude nuclear pellets from encysted gastrulae and developing nauplius larvae were mixed prior to sonication, subsequent solubilization of proteins from the mixture did not yield RNA polymerase activity; sonication of the pellet from nauplii alone resulted in the solubilization of large quantities of RNA polymerases I and II as we have previously found [1]. RNA polymerases I and II were detectable in sonicates of crude nuclear pellets after 1-h incubation of Artemia cysts in sea water. This presents the possibility that dormant gastrulae of the brine shrimp contain RNA polymerase which is inactive, and that the rapid appearance of nuclear enzymatic activity which accompanies the resumption of development may not require de novo synthesis of the polymerase.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Artemia salina. IV. appearance of nuclear RNA polymerase activity during pre-emergence development of encysted embryos. Dessicated and encysted gastrulae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina remain metabolically dormant until they are rehydrated. At this time development resumes, culminating in the hatching of free swimming nauplius larvae. The resumption of embryogenesis provides a convenient system for studying biochemical events which accompany development of a eukaryotic organism, and in particular Artemia has proven useful for studies of the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Encysted gastrulae of Artemia yielded only trace amounts of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity when crude nuclear pellets were subjected to sonication at high ionic strength. Furthermore, when crude nuclear pellets from encysted gastrulae and developing nauplius larvae were mixed prior to sonication, subsequent solubilization of proteins from the mixture did not yield RNA polymerase activity; sonication of the pellet from nauplii alone resulted in the solubilization of large quantities of RNA polymerases I and II as we have previously found [1]. RNA polymerases I and II were detectable in sonicates of crude nuclear pellets after 1-h incubation of Artemia cysts in sea water. This presents the possibility that dormant gastrulae of the brine shrimp contain RNA polymerase which is inactive, and that the rapid appearance of nuclear enzymatic activity which accompanies the resumption of development may not require de novo synthesis of the polymerase.", "PMID": 598625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6536", "title": "[Glycoprotein changes in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes of 11 plasma glycoproteins have been recorded during the first month in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarction; the quantitations have been performed by radial immunodiffusion on plates. The IgM proteins are significantly augmented and, with lesser degree, the alpha1 acid glycoprotein, the alpha1 antitrypsin and the haptoglobin are significantly augmented too. The peak is noted on the tenth day (the alpha1 acid glycoprotein only has its peak in twentieth day). To explain these changes we can consider: 1) the inflammatory reaction; 2) the repair reaction; 3) the autoimmune response. The complete explanation of these findings needs time: in the mean time we could use the IgM changes as a test in the second stage diagnosis of the acute myocardial infarction as well as the tests used so far.", "contents": "[Glycoprotein changes in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The changes of 11 plasma glycoproteins have been recorded during the first month in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarction; the quantitations have been performed by radial immunodiffusion on plates. The IgM proteins are significantly augmented and, with lesser degree, the alpha1 acid glycoprotein, the alpha1 antitrypsin and the haptoglobin are significantly augmented too. The peak is noted on the tenth day (the alpha1 acid glycoprotein only has its peak in twentieth day). To explain these changes we can consider: 1) the inflammatory reaction; 2) the repair reaction; 3) the autoimmune response. The complete explanation of these findings needs time: in the mean time we could use the IgM changes as a test in the second stage diagnosis of the acute myocardial infarction as well as the tests used so far.", "PMID": 598634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6537", "title": "[Effectiveness of nifedipine on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. Comparison with a nitroderivative and a beta-blocking agent].", "content": "The effect of nifedipine on effort angina was investigated by means of exercise tests with bycicle ergometer and compared, in the same patients, with the effects of a nitroderivative and a betablocking agent. Five patients with stable effort angina entered the study, after an hemodynamic and contrasto-graphic control. According to the protocol of a latin square 5 X 5, all the patients received in a random sequence the following treatments: placebo, 1 c. orally; isosorbide dinitrate, 5 mg sublingually; propranolol, 40 mg orally; nifedipine, 10 mg sublingually; nifedipine, 10 mg orally. No significant change of any of the considered parameters was observed after the placebo. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine produced significant increases of the duration of work before appearance of pain and EKG positivity, and of total work performed before anginal pain. Only the duration of work before EKG positivity was improved by propranolol. The comparisons between treatments showed no significant difference of the effects of the administered doses of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine. The improvements observed after propranolol were significantly lower than that observed after isosorbide dinitrate and oral nifedipine. On the basis of the observed changes of cardiac rate, maximal arterial pressure, ejection time index and triple product, the authors evaluate the possible mechanism of action of nifedipine.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of nifedipine on exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. Comparison with a nitroderivative and a beta-blocking agent]. The effect of nifedipine on effort angina was investigated by means of exercise tests with bycicle ergometer and compared, in the same patients, with the effects of a nitroderivative and a betablocking agent. Five patients with stable effort angina entered the study, after an hemodynamic and contrasto-graphic control. According to the protocol of a latin square 5 X 5, all the patients received in a random sequence the following treatments: placebo, 1 c. orally; isosorbide dinitrate, 5 mg sublingually; propranolol, 40 mg orally; nifedipine, 10 mg sublingually; nifedipine, 10 mg orally. No significant change of any of the considered parameters was observed after the placebo. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine produced significant increases of the duration of work before appearance of pain and EKG positivity, and of total work performed before anginal pain. Only the duration of work before EKG positivity was improved by propranolol. The comparisons between treatments showed no significant difference of the effects of the administered doses of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine. The improvements observed after propranolol were significantly lower than that observed after isosorbide dinitrate and oral nifedipine. On the basis of the observed changes of cardiac rate, maximal arterial pressure, ejection time index and triple product, the authors evaluate the possible mechanism of action of nifedipine.", "PMID": 598635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6538", "title": "[Mitral valve prolapse in a family group. Clinico-instrumental findings].", "content": "Clinical and echo-phonomechanocardiographic reports. The results concerning 7 subjects with mitral valve prolapse (M.V.P.), all members of the same familiar group, are reported. The anamnestic investigation for cardio-vascular deseases, Marfan's syndrome or other abnormalities referred to mesenchimopathies has been negative. No subject with M.V.P. has referred subjective cardio-vascular symptoms nor radiological, ecgraphic and echo-phonomechanocardiographic signs of reduced cardiac function, have been pointed out. The phonomechanocardiographic tracings have shown a variable and low-amplitude click. The echocardiographic tracings have shown a U-shaped (3 cases) and double U-shaped (1 case) pansystolic, early systolic (2 cases) and of doubtful classification (1 case) prolapse. The hypothesis of an autosomal dominant form of inheritance of the desease with not yet clear mechanism of genetic transmission is confirmed. Furthermore, environmental and genetic factors that interfere with the orderly valvular formation at a certain stage of the fetal development, are referred. The Authors remark the necessity of further investigations, among more familiar groups, for identifying the genetic-environmental factors, that, eventually, could have any implication in the ethiopathogenetic mechanism of the disease. The report of \"silent\" forms and the not yet completely known evolution of the M.V.P. don't justify its not-recognition.", "contents": "[Mitral valve prolapse in a family group. Clinico-instrumental findings]. Clinical and echo-phonomechanocardiographic reports. The results concerning 7 subjects with mitral valve prolapse (M.V.P.), all members of the same familiar group, are reported. The anamnestic investigation for cardio-vascular deseases, Marfan's syndrome or other abnormalities referred to mesenchimopathies has been negative. No subject with M.V.P. has referred subjective cardio-vascular symptoms nor radiological, ecgraphic and echo-phonomechanocardiographic signs of reduced cardiac function, have been pointed out. The phonomechanocardiographic tracings have shown a variable and low-amplitude click. The echocardiographic tracings have shown a U-shaped (3 cases) and double U-shaped (1 case) pansystolic, early systolic (2 cases) and of doubtful classification (1 case) prolapse. The hypothesis of an autosomal dominant form of inheritance of the desease with not yet clear mechanism of genetic transmission is confirmed. Furthermore, environmental and genetic factors that interfere with the orderly valvular formation at a certain stage of the fetal development, are referred. The Authors remark the necessity of further investigations, among more familiar groups, for identifying the genetic-environmental factors, that, eventually, could have any implication in the ethiopathogenetic mechanism of the disease. The report of \"silent\" forms and the not yet completely known evolution of the M.V.P. don't justify its not-recognition.", "PMID": 598636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6539", "title": "[Aspects of pulmonary rheography in normal subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors studied the postural variations of right pulmonary circulation in 30 normal subjects with rheographic technique. In lying position the rheograms remain without modifications concerning the derivations's area (superior or middle or inferior right pulmonary lobes). In standing position the rheogram of superior lobe increases his area, that of inferior lobe decreases and that of middle lobe remains unvariated. This pattern of behaviour is early modified by cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Also if this technique is easy to perform and in our experience is reproducible, we think that we must  accept his limits in view of lack of a very accurate and exact calibration.", "contents": "[Aspects of pulmonary rheography in normal subjects (author's transl)]. The Authors studied the postural variations of right pulmonary circulation in 30 normal subjects with rheographic technique. In lying position the rheograms remain without modifications concerning the derivations's area (superior or middle or inferior right pulmonary lobes). In standing position the rheogram of superior lobe increases his area, that of inferior lobe decreases and that of middle lobe remains unvariated. This pattern of behaviour is early modified by cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Also if this technique is easy to perform and in our experience is reproducible, we think that we must  accept his limits in view of lack of a very accurate and exact calibration.", "PMID": 598638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6540", "title": "[Value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta].", "content": "A revision of 1300 echocardiograms of adults showed 14 patients whose echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic root dissecting aneurism (D.A.). Of these, 8 didn't have any anamnestic, clinical or instrumental evidence of D.A. In the other 6, admitted to our department with a suspected D.A., echocardiography proved to be useful in confirming such diagnosis in 4, in excluding it in 1, but gave a false positive diagnosis of D.A. in the sixth, affected by a diffuse carcinomatosis with pleuropericardial blood effusion. From the examination of the present experience, the Authors deem echocardiography is a useful diagnostic tool in the screening of D.A. when the following conditions are fulfilled: 1) presence of all the major criteria of Nanda and Gramiak, especially the aortic root anterior wall dilatation beyond 16 mm; 2) an almost suggestive story and clinical evidence of D.A. The usefulness of an echocardiographic pattern recently described as diagnostic of D.A. (loss of continuity between the borders of the anterior aortic wall with interventricular septum, and/or posterior aortic wall with mitral anulus) was confirmed: it was detected in 3 of the 4 D.A. patients but in none of the others. The presence of a false positive and the possibility of technical artifacts nevertheless induce caution in the interpretation of the echocardiographic pattern alone.", "contents": "[Value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta]. A revision of 1300 echocardiograms of adults showed 14 patients whose echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic root dissecting aneurism (D.A.). Of these, 8 didn't have any anamnestic, clinical or instrumental evidence of D.A. In the other 6, admitted to our department with a suspected D.A., echocardiography proved to be useful in confirming such diagnosis in 4, in excluding it in 1, but gave a false positive diagnosis of D.A. in the sixth, affected by a diffuse carcinomatosis with pleuropericardial blood effusion. From the examination of the present experience, the Authors deem echocardiography is a useful diagnostic tool in the screening of D.A. when the following conditions are fulfilled: 1) presence of all the major criteria of Nanda and Gramiak, especially the aortic root anterior wall dilatation beyond 16 mm; 2) an almost suggestive story and clinical evidence of D.A. The usefulness of an echocardiographic pattern recently described as diagnostic of D.A. (loss of continuity between the borders of the anterior aortic wall with interventricular septum, and/or posterior aortic wall with mitral anulus) was confirmed: it was detected in 3 of the 4 D.A. patients but in none of the others. The presence of a false positive and the possibility of technical artifacts nevertheless induce caution in the interpretation of the echocardiographic pattern alone.", "PMID": 598639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6541", "title": "[Death caused by acute cardiac insufficiency due to rupture of the metal cage of a Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis. Description of a case].", "content": "A case of a man aged 39 who died one year after aortic valve replacement by a Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis is reported. A massive aortic incompetence due to falling out of the plastic ball owing to the rupture of an arm of the cage, induced an intractable cardiac future. On necroscopy the ball was found in the aorta at the level of the renal arteries.", "contents": "[Death caused by acute cardiac insufficiency due to rupture of the metal cage of a Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis. Description of a case]. A case of a man aged 39 who died one year after aortic valve replacement by a Braunwald-Cutter prosthesis is reported. A massive aortic incompetence due to falling out of the plastic ball owing to the rupture of an arm of the cage, induced an intractable cardiac future. On necroscopy the ball was found in the aorta at the level of the renal arteries.", "PMID": 598640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6542", "title": "Effect of splenectomy in tumor-bearing mice and gastric cancer patients.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of splenectomy on tumor growth, splenectomy was performed in DDS mice transplanted subcutaneously with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells before and after the transplantation. It was found that, in the first control group receiving sham operation, all the mice died of tumor; in the second group that underwent splenectomy 1 week before the transplantation the tumor regressed in every case; in the third group that received splenectomy 5 days after transplantation when tumor became established, the tumor regression was observed in 85% of the animals, and in the fourth group that underwent splenectomy 10 days after transplantation, all the animals died of tumor earlier than the sham-operated first group. In the follow-up observations of 389 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy alone and 89 cases who received gastrectomy combined with splenectomy, the 5-year survival rate of the latter group tended to show a better prognosis in a relatively early stage. It was concluded that splenectomy might inhibit the growth of tumor in a certain early stage, in both animals and humans, and the possible mechanism of this effect of splenectomy was discussed from the immunological aspects.", "contents": "Effect of splenectomy in tumor-bearing mice and gastric cancer patients. In order to investigate the effect of splenectomy on tumor growth, splenectomy was performed in DDS mice transplanted subcutaneously with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells before and after the transplantation. It was found that, in the first control group receiving sham operation, all the mice died of tumor; in the second group that underwent splenectomy 1 week before the transplantation the tumor regressed in every case; in the third group that received splenectomy 5 days after transplantation when tumor became established, the tumor regression was observed in 85% of the animals, and in the fourth group that underwent splenectomy 10 days after transplantation, all the animals died of tumor earlier than the sham-operated first group. In the follow-up observations of 389 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy alone and 89 cases who received gastrectomy combined with splenectomy, the 5-year survival rate of the latter group tended to show a better prognosis in a relatively early stage. It was concluded that splenectomy might inhibit the growth of tumor in a certain early stage, in both animals and humans, and the possible mechanism of this effect of splenectomy was discussed from the immunological aspects.", "PMID": 598644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6543", "title": "Transferrin patterns in the Eastern India in normal and malignant cases.", "content": "A series of 200 normal serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors belonging to different religious communities and casters were examined for transferrin phenotypes by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these, 196 showed the common CC phenotype, while 4 showed CD phenotype, without any correlation with the caste or community. In another study involving 102 cases of malignancy, no relationship was observed between th transferrin phenotype and the type of malignancy, except in the case of Hodgkin's disease, which showed B2C phenotype.", "contents": "Transferrin patterns in the Eastern India in normal and malignant cases. A series of 200 normal serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors belonging to different religious communities and casters were examined for transferrin phenotypes by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these, 196 showed the common CC phenotype, while 4 showed CD phenotype, without any correlation with the caste or community. In another study involving 102 cases of malignancy, no relationship was observed between th transferrin phenotype and the type of malignancy, except in the case of Hodgkin's disease, which showed B2C phenotype.", "PMID": 598645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6544", "title": "Establishment of a human rectal cancer cell line producing carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "A permanent cell line (S-7512) was established by cell culture from the subcutaneous metastatic tumor of a human rectal cancer and has been maintained for 18 months. Cultured cells grew as isolated and piled-up colonies of epithelial cells, each with a scanty cytoplasm and a large nucleus containing several nucleoli. The average doubling time of this cell line was 57 hr and plating efficiency was 30.1 approximately 45.2% in a liquid medium. The modal chromosome number was 115 but a marker chromosome was not evident. Electron microscopic examination revealed many microvilli, free ribosomes, and abundant glycogen granules. Heterotransplantation of the cultured cells produced a large tumor and its microscopic examination showed the same histological appearance as the original tumor (carcinoma simplex). Carcinoembryonic antigen level of the spent medium of the confluent culture was 235.50 ng/3.2 X 10(6) cells.", "contents": "Establishment of a human rectal cancer cell line producing carcinoembryonic antigen. A permanent cell line (S-7512) was established by cell culture from the subcutaneous metastatic tumor of a human rectal cancer and has been maintained for 18 months. Cultured cells grew as isolated and piled-up colonies of epithelial cells, each with a scanty cytoplasm and a large nucleus containing several nucleoli. The average doubling time of this cell line was 57 hr and plating efficiency was 30.1 approximately 45.2% in a liquid medium. The modal chromosome number was 115 but a marker chromosome was not evident. Electron microscopic examination revealed many microvilli, free ribosomes, and abundant glycogen granules. Heterotransplantation of the cultured cells produced a large tumor and its microscopic examination showed the same histological appearance as the original tumor (carcinoma simplex). Carcinoembryonic antigen level of the spent medium of the confluent culture was 235.50 ng/3.2 X 10(6) cells.", "PMID": 598646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6545", "title": "Damage and repair of DNA in urinary bladder epithelium of rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine.", "content": "N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN), which selectively induced urinary bladder tumors in several experimental animal species, was found to cause damage of DNA in the bladder epithelium. Wistar strain rats were given 100 mg/kg of BBN intravesically and killed after 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hr. DNA damage was examined by measuring the change in sedimentation pattern in an alkaline sucrose gradient. Amount of DNA in each fraction was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. At 2 hr, the sedimentation profile shifted from heavier (No 15, control peak) to lighter (Nos. 2 approximately 4) fractions, and the maximum effect appeared at 6 hr as a single peak in the lighter fractions. At 12 hr, damaged DNA was in the process of repair as two peaks were present, one light and one heavy. At 48 hr, the sedimentation profile showed a single peak identical with that of controls indicating complete repair of DNA.", "contents": "Damage and repair of DNA in urinary bladder epithelium of rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN), which selectively induced urinary bladder tumors in several experimental animal species, was found to cause damage of DNA in the bladder epithelium. Wistar strain rats were given 100 mg/kg of BBN intravesically and killed after 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hr. DNA damage was examined by measuring the change in sedimentation pattern in an alkaline sucrose gradient. Amount of DNA in each fraction was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. At 2 hr, the sedimentation profile shifted from heavier (No 15, control peak) to lighter (Nos. 2 approximately 4) fractions, and the maximum effect appeared at 6 hr as a single peak in the lighter fractions. At 12 hr, damaged DNA was in the process of repair as two peaks were present, one light and one heavy. At 48 hr, the sedimentation profile showed a single peak identical with that of controls indicating complete repair of DNA.", "PMID": 598647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6546", "title": "Effect of various factors on the induction of liver tumors in animals by quinoline.", "content": "Tumorigenic effect of a diet containing quinoline on the liver of various animals and the synergistic or antagonistic effect by other chemicals on quinoline hepatocarcinogenesis in rats were examined. It was concluded that 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (0.1%) and 3-methylcholanthrene (0.0067%) had a significant inhibitory effect on liver carcinogenesis due to quinoline in rats, but 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate (0.06%) and p-hydroxypropiophenone (1.0%) had no inhibitory effect in the present observations. Transmission electron-microscopic study demonstrated the fine structure of vascular tumors induced by quinoline. On the other hand, it was found that quinoline induced liver tumors in both sexes of mice and rats but not in hamsters or guinea pigs. Male rats were more susceptible than females to the tumorigenic action of quinoline, and mice showed the least susceptibility. Histological changes in the liver of rats or mice induced by quinoline were clasified as hemangioendotheliomas or hemangiosarcomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Several rats treated with quinoline had hemangiosarcomatous metastatic foci in the lung.", "contents": "Effect of various factors on the induction of liver tumors in animals by quinoline. Tumorigenic effect of a diet containing quinoline on the liver of various animals and the synergistic or antagonistic effect by other chemicals on quinoline hepatocarcinogenesis in rats were examined. It was concluded that 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (0.1%) and 3-methylcholanthrene (0.0067%) had a significant inhibitory effect on liver carcinogenesis due to quinoline in rats, but 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate (0.06%) and p-hydroxypropiophenone (1.0%) had no inhibitory effect in the present observations. Transmission electron-microscopic study demonstrated the fine structure of vascular tumors induced by quinoline. On the other hand, it was found that quinoline induced liver tumors in both sexes of mice and rats but not in hamsters or guinea pigs. Male rats were more susceptible than females to the tumorigenic action of quinoline, and mice showed the least susceptibility. Histological changes in the liver of rats or mice induced by quinoline were clasified as hemangioendotheliomas or hemangiosarcomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Several rats treated with quinoline had hemangiosarcomatous metastatic foci in the lung.", "PMID": 598648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6547", "title": "Kinetics of preneoplastic epithelia of the the intestinal mucosa induced in Buffalo rats by oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide.", "content": "A diet containing 0.025% of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) was administered orally to 18 Buffalo rats for 3 months and to 21 rats for 5 months which corresponded to non-neoplastic stage and preneoplastic stage of carcinogenesis of the intestinal mucosa, respectively. The mitotic index, labeling index, and generation time of the epithelia of the intestinal mucosa of these stages were examined by autoradiography. 1) The mitotic index and labeling index decreased in the rats fed 2,7-FAA for 3 months than those of the non-treated controls. 2) Decrease of both indices was also observed in the rats fed 2,7-FAA for 5 months, except for the proximal part of the colon. 3) Around 1-hr prolongation of the generation time was observed in the epithelia of rats fed 2,7-FAA for 3 months compared with the non-treated control rats, and this was mainly due to the prolongation of the duration of the G1 phase. 4) Two- or three-hour prolongation of the generation time was observed in the epithelia of rats fed 2,7-FAA for 5 months compared with the non-treated control rats, and this was mainly due to the prolongation of the duration of the S phase.", "contents": "Kinetics of preneoplastic epithelia of the the intestinal mucosa induced in Buffalo rats by oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide. A diet containing 0.025% of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) was administered orally to 18 Buffalo rats for 3 months and to 21 rats for 5 months which corresponded to non-neoplastic stage and preneoplastic stage of carcinogenesis of the intestinal mucosa, respectively. The mitotic index, labeling index, and generation time of the epithelia of the intestinal mucosa of these stages were examined by autoradiography. 1) The mitotic index and labeling index decreased in the rats fed 2,7-FAA for 3 months than those of the non-treated controls. 2) Decrease of both indices was also observed in the rats fed 2,7-FAA for 5 months, except for the proximal part of the colon. 3) Around 1-hr prolongation of the generation time was observed in the epithelia of rats fed 2,7-FAA for 3 months compared with the non-treated control rats, and this was mainly due to the prolongation of the duration of the G1 phase. 4) Two- or three-hour prolongation of the generation time was observed in the epithelia of rats fed 2,7-FAA for 5 months compared with the non-treated control rats, and this was mainly due to the prolongation of the duration of the S phase.", "PMID": 598649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6548", "title": "Effect of iodoacetamide or Tween 60 on methylnitrosocyanamide carcinogenesis in rat glandular and forestomach.", "content": "The effect of iodoacetamide or Tween 60 on carcinogenicity of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC) in rats was examined. A significant increase in the incidence of the forestomach tumors (P less than 0.01) was observed in rats treated with MNC and iodoacetamide simultaneously. Moreover, there were 2 cases of glandular stomach tumors in rats treated with MNC and Tween 60 simultaneously. They were one well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and one polypoid hyperplasia. This result indicates that MNC under certain conditions is carcinogenic to the glandular stomach of rats in addition to the forestomach. Tween 60 might act by facilitating direct contact between MNC and the glandular stomach mucosa.", "contents": "Effect of iodoacetamide or Tween 60 on methylnitrosocyanamide carcinogenesis in rat glandular and forestomach. The effect of iodoacetamide or Tween 60 on carcinogenicity of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC) in rats was examined. A significant increase in the incidence of the forestomach tumors (P less than 0.01) was observed in rats treated with MNC and iodoacetamide simultaneously. Moreover, there were 2 cases of glandular stomach tumors in rats treated with MNC and Tween 60 simultaneously. They were one well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and one polypoid hyperplasia. This result indicates that MNC under certain conditions is carcinogenic to the glandular stomach of rats in addition to the forestomach. Tween 60 might act by facilitating direct contact between MNC and the glandular stomach mucosa.", "PMID": 598650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6549", "title": "Chronic toxicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (AF-2) in mice, with special reference to carcinogenicity in the forestomach.", "content": "Chronic toxicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), which had been widely used in Japan as a food additive, was studied in both sexes of ICR/JCL mice by feeding a diet containing AF-2 in a concentration of 0.4% or 0.08%. The experiments confirmed its definite carcinogenicity in the forestomach, with dose dependency; more than 70% of mice fed the higher dose developed tumors, the majority of which were squamous cell carcinomas with metastatic growths, whereas, with a lower dose, fewer tumors occurred, following a longer latent period. In addition, possible leukemogenicity was suggested by a higher incidence in AF-2-fed females (10.8%) over that in control females (3.2%). The development of non-neoplastic lesions in the liver and kidneys, and of amyloidosis in various organs was also observed in some of AF-2-fed mice.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (AF-2) in mice, with special reference to carcinogenicity in the forestomach. Chronic toxicity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2), which had been widely used in Japan as a food additive, was studied in both sexes of ICR/JCL mice by feeding a diet containing AF-2 in a concentration of 0.4% or 0.08%. The experiments confirmed its definite carcinogenicity in the forestomach, with dose dependency; more than 70% of mice fed the higher dose developed tumors, the majority of which were squamous cell carcinomas with metastatic growths, whereas, with a lower dose, fewer tumors occurred, following a longer latent period. In addition, possible leukemogenicity was suggested by a higher incidence in AF-2-fed females (10.8%) over that in control females (3.2%). The development of non-neoplastic lesions in the liver and kidneys, and of amyloidosis in various organs was also observed in some of AF-2-fed mice.", "PMID": 598651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6550", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus of rabbits induced with N-methyl-benzylamine and sodium nitrite.", "content": "Esophageal carcinomas were induced in three of five rabbits given 0.25% N-methylbenzylamine and 0.16% NaNO2 in their drinking water. The three rabbits with carcinoma had consumed more than 94 g of NaNO2 and had survived for more than 536 experimental days. The esophageal carcinomas were a slightly elevated type, and no polypoid lesions were seen. They were classified histologically as squamous cell carcinomas or adenosquamous carcinomas, or both. No metastases were found. The other two of the five rabbits died early in the experiment before any esophageal carcinoma had developed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus of rabbits induced with N-methyl-benzylamine and sodium nitrite. Esophageal carcinomas were induced in three of five rabbits given 0.25% N-methylbenzylamine and 0.16% NaNO2 in their drinking water. The three rabbits with carcinoma had consumed more than 94 g of NaNO2 and had survived for more than 536 experimental days. The esophageal carcinomas were a slightly elevated type, and no polypoid lesions were seen. They were classified histologically as squamous cell carcinomas or adenosquamous carcinomas, or both. No metastases were found. The other two of the five rabbits died early in the experiment before any esophageal carcinoma had developed.", "PMID": 598652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6551", "title": "Kinetics of tumor cell death by hyperthermic treatment and x-ray irradiation.", "content": "Kinetics of cell death by hyperthermic treatment at 44 degrees was analyzed using cultured mouse mammary carcinoma cells, and compared with that after X-irradiation. The cells treated with hyperthermia began to die randomly with a mean lethal time of 10 hr after a lag time of 10 hr. After irradiation, the lag time and mean lethal time were 40 and 34 hr, respectively. Early appearance of dead cells by hyperthermic treatment indicates that the critical target is related to cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Kinetics of tumor cell death by hyperthermic treatment and x-ray irradiation. Kinetics of cell death by hyperthermic treatment at 44 degrees was analyzed using cultured mouse mammary carcinoma cells, and compared with that after X-irradiation. The cells treated with hyperthermia began to die randomly with a mean lethal time of 10 hr after a lag time of 10 hr. After irradiation, the lag time and mean lethal time were 40 and 34 hr, respectively. Early appearance of dead cells by hyperthermic treatment indicates that the critical target is related to cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 598653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6552", "title": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on carcinogenicity of petasites japonicus and transplantability of induced tumors.", "content": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the carcinogenicity of the flower stalk of Petasites japonicus was examined in 3 experimental groups of inbred strain ACI rats. Group 1 received 4% petasites diet until termination of the experiment and intragastric administration of CC14, once every 2 weeks, for a total of 15 times. Group 2 received only 4% petasites diet, and Group 3 CC14 and a basal diet. Another group of rats which were fed a basal diet served as a control groups. Both Group 1 and 2 showed the same incidence of hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver (6/22). However, the incidence of hyperplastic liver nodules (19/22) and liver cell adenomas (8/22) in Group 1 was significantly higher than in Group 2 (2/22, 0/22). No hyperplastic liver nodules or liver cell adenomas were noted in Group 3. These results indicate that the administration of CC14 probably enhanced the carcinogenic activity of Petasites japonicus in hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Three hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver induced in rats in Groups 1 and 2 were subcutaneously transplanted and established as transplantable tumor lines.", "contents": "Effect of carbon tetrachloride on carcinogenicity of petasites japonicus and transplantability of induced tumors. Effect of carbon tetrachloride on the carcinogenicity of the flower stalk of Petasites japonicus was examined in 3 experimental groups of inbred strain ACI rats. Group 1 received 4% petasites diet until termination of the experiment and intragastric administration of CC14, once every 2 weeks, for a total of 15 times. Group 2 received only 4% petasites diet, and Group 3 CC14 and a basal diet. Another group of rats which were fed a basal diet served as a control groups. Both Group 1 and 2 showed the same incidence of hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver (6/22). However, the incidence of hyperplastic liver nodules (19/22) and liver cell adenomas (8/22) in Group 1 was significantly higher than in Group 2 (2/22, 0/22). No hyperplastic liver nodules or liver cell adenomas were noted in Group 3. These results indicate that the administration of CC14 probably enhanced the carcinogenic activity of Petasites japonicus in hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Three hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver induced in rats in Groups 1 and 2 were subcutaneously transplanted and established as transplantable tumor lines.", "PMID": 598654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6553", "title": "Observations on benign gastric ulcer simulating gastric carcinoma.", "content": "We have re-evaluated over-diagnosed cases which were first diagnosed, pre-operatively, as gastric cancer yet later confirmed as benign lesion (excavated lesion, in particular) in the post-operative histological examination of resected stomachs. We have experienced a total number of 1,358 cases which, being detected through mass survey, were diagnosed as cancer and, consequently, operated upon. On the other hand, 61 benign cases were misdiagnosed as cancer, 28 cases being protruded lesions and 33 cases excavated lesions. Among the misdiagnosed cases of excavated lesions, 27 cases were gastric ulcers or their scars, the remaining 6 cases being gastritis or gastric erosion. In 22 out of 33 cases of misdiagnosis, the wrong diagnosis was made by relying solely upon X-ray and endoscopy. Even after the addition of cytology, there were still 9 cases of misdiagnosis. Since, however, biopsy was introduced, there have been only 2 cases of wrong diagnosis. We may safely say that through these findings the absolute necessity of biopsy for the attainment of an accurate diagnosis of early gastric cancer has been sufficiently attested.", "contents": "Observations on benign gastric ulcer simulating gastric carcinoma. We have re-evaluated over-diagnosed cases which were first diagnosed, pre-operatively, as gastric cancer yet later confirmed as benign lesion (excavated lesion, in particular) in the post-operative histological examination of resected stomachs. We have experienced a total number of 1,358 cases which, being detected through mass survey, were diagnosed as cancer and, consequently, operated upon. On the other hand, 61 benign cases were misdiagnosed as cancer, 28 cases being protruded lesions and 33 cases excavated lesions. Among the misdiagnosed cases of excavated lesions, 27 cases were gastric ulcers or their scars, the remaining 6 cases being gastritis or gastric erosion. In 22 out of 33 cases of misdiagnosis, the wrong diagnosis was made by relying solely upon X-ray and endoscopy. Even after the addition of cytology, there were still 9 cases of misdiagnosis. Since, however, biopsy was introduced, there have been only 2 cases of wrong diagnosis. We may safely say that through these findings the absolute necessity of biopsy for the attainment of an accurate diagnosis of early gastric cancer has been sufficiently attested.", "PMID": 598667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6554", "title": "Treatment of the intestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of patients with intestinal tuberculosis were reported. Seventeen cases showed good response to antituberculosis chemotherapy. The numbers and size of ulceration, pseudopolyp and deformity of intestinal tract were checked by endoscopic and X-ray studies on comparative evaluation between prechemotherapeutic and postchemotherapeutic stage. In these cases, subjective symptoms were disappeared parallel with the marked improvement on X-ray and endoscopic findings. These data suggest that with current well planned antituberculosis chemotherapy program, tuberculous colitis is controlled fairly while tuberculous enteritis in controlled inadequately. Therefore, surgical procedures are commly indicated to the treatment of tuberculous enteritis.", "contents": "Treatment of the intestinal tuberculosis. Twenty-seven cases of patients with intestinal tuberculosis were reported. Seventeen cases showed good response to antituberculosis chemotherapy. The numbers and size of ulceration, pseudopolyp and deformity of intestinal tract were checked by endoscopic and X-ray studies on comparative evaluation between prechemotherapeutic and postchemotherapeutic stage. In these cases, subjective symptoms were disappeared parallel with the marked improvement on X-ray and endoscopic findings. These data suggest that with current well planned antituberculosis chemotherapy program, tuberculous colitis is controlled fairly while tuberculous enteritis in controlled inadequately. Therefore, surgical procedures are commly indicated to the treatment of tuberculous enteritis.", "PMID": 598668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6555", "title": "Clinical course and prognosis of one hundred and two patients with hepatic coma 1958 through 1975.", "content": "The clinical course and prognosis of hepatic coma were examined in 102 patients treated in the period from 1958 to 1975. The diagnoses included 9 fulminant hepatitis, 7 subacute hepatitis, 53 liver cirrhosis without liver carcinoma (40 cases of the acute type, 10 cases of the chronic type and 3 cases of another type, according to Sherlock's classification of hepatic coma) and 33 liver cirrhosis with primary liver carcinoma. Four of 9 fulminant hepatitis patients gained consciousness within 1 week and recovered completely. Seven subacute hepatitis patients died within 2 weeks after onset of hepatic coma. In the period from 1958 to 1969, 20% of liver cirrhosis patients with the acute type of coma recovered from coma, and in the period from 1970 to 1975, 45% of patients recovered. Seven of 10 patients with the chronic type of coma died between 4 months and 9 years after the onset of coma. Three other patients are presently still alive. The median survival time was 2.5 years. Nine primary liver carcinoma patients with coma were hospitalized from 1958 to 1969 and 24 from 1970 to 1975. Hepatorenal syndrome was present in 31  of 71 examined patients. Twenty-three patients with hepatorenal syndrome were in the period from 1970 to 1975.", "contents": "Clinical course and prognosis of one hundred and two patients with hepatic coma 1958 through 1975. The clinical course and prognosis of hepatic coma were examined in 102 patients treated in the period from 1958 to 1975. The diagnoses included 9 fulminant hepatitis, 7 subacute hepatitis, 53 liver cirrhosis without liver carcinoma (40 cases of the acute type, 10 cases of the chronic type and 3 cases of another type, according to Sherlock's classification of hepatic coma) and 33 liver cirrhosis with primary liver carcinoma. Four of 9 fulminant hepatitis patients gained consciousness within 1 week and recovered completely. Seven subacute hepatitis patients died within 2 weeks after onset of hepatic coma. In the period from 1958 to 1969, 20% of liver cirrhosis patients with the acute type of coma recovered from coma, and in the period from 1970 to 1975, 45% of patients recovered. Seven of 10 patients with the chronic type of coma died between 4 months and 9 years after the onset of coma. Three other patients are presently still alive. The median survival time was 2.5 years. Nine primary liver carcinoma patients with coma were hospitalized from 1958 to 1969 and 24 from 1970 to 1975. Hepatorenal syndrome was present in 31  of 71 examined patients. Twenty-three patients with hepatorenal syndrome were in the period from 1970 to 1975.", "PMID": 598669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6556", "title": "Heterotopic pancreas in surgically resected stomach.", "content": "The heterotopic pancreas collected from the surgically resected stomachs were studied clinico-pathologically. The number of cases of heterotopic pancreas were 64; 43 in the stomach and 21 in the duodenal bulbus. They were corresponded to 1.2% in the 5446 resected stomachs. The operated cases with this lesion were frequently found in the age of thirty to fifty with male predominance. Thirty eight cases of them were combined with other gastro-duodenal diseases, especially gastric or duodenal ulcers. About 90% of these lesions were found in the pylorus and antrum. They were situated frequently in the greater curvature, posterior and anterior wall, and rarely in the lesser curvature. Their size was ranged about 0.3 to 4.7 cm in diameter, and about 80% of them within 3 cm in diameter. Macroscopically, 49 polypoid, 8 nipple-like, 7 flat and 1 thickening folded lesions were found, respectively. The bridging folds were found in 9 cases, 13.8%. Microscopically, 30, 29 and 6 lesions of type I, II, and III types according to Heinrich's classification were found, respectively. The ulcer formation of the mucosal surface of the heterotopic pancreas was found at rate of 10%, and cystic transformation in about 6%.", "contents": "Heterotopic pancreas in surgically resected stomach. The heterotopic pancreas collected from the surgically resected stomachs were studied clinico-pathologically. The number of cases of heterotopic pancreas were 64; 43 in the stomach and 21 in the duodenal bulbus. They were corresponded to 1.2% in the 5446 resected stomachs. The operated cases with this lesion were frequently found in the age of thirty to fifty with male predominance. Thirty eight cases of them were combined with other gastro-duodenal diseases, especially gastric or duodenal ulcers. About 90% of these lesions were found in the pylorus and antrum. They were situated frequently in the greater curvature, posterior and anterior wall, and rarely in the lesser curvature. Their size was ranged about 0.3 to 4.7 cm in diameter, and about 80% of them within 3 cm in diameter. Macroscopically, 49 polypoid, 8 nipple-like, 7 flat and 1 thickening folded lesions were found, respectively. The bridging folds were found in 9 cases, 13.8%. Microscopically, 30, 29 and 6 lesions of type I, II, and III types according to Heinrich's classification were found, respectively. The ulcer formation of the mucosal surface of the heterotopic pancreas was found at rate of 10%, and cystic transformation in about 6%.", "PMID": 598670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6557", "title": "A diagnostic approach to inflammatory disease of the pancreas by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography.", "content": "Role of ERCP in the diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the pancreas was evaluated and following conclusions were obtained. 1) Following criteria were considered to be practical for clinical diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis by ERCP; a) More than moderate irregularity or rigidity of margin, dilatation, or irregularity in caliber of PDS, whether extensive or localized, or b) Cyst formation or c) Obstruction of PDS. These criteria permit to diagnose 100% of pancreatolithiasis, 82% of chronic pancreatitis without pancreatolithiasis and 64% of histologically diagnosed chronic pancreatitis but about 13% of \"false positive results\" must be taken into consideration. 2) ERCP plays an important role in detecting and locating localized or scattered lesions without noticable abnormalities in P-S test. It is also useful in deciding an indication for surgical intervention. However, it has limitations in detecting minimal to moderate pancreatitis. Some of these cases are often picked up by P-S test. 3) Combined approach with ERCP and P-S test is required for diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the pancreas and either one is incomplete by itself.", "contents": "A diagnostic approach to inflammatory disease of the pancreas by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. Role of ERCP in the diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the pancreas was evaluated and following conclusions were obtained. 1) Following criteria were considered to be practical for clinical diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis by ERCP; a) More than moderate irregularity or rigidity of margin, dilatation, or irregularity in caliber of PDS, whether extensive or localized, or b) Cyst formation or c) Obstruction of PDS. These criteria permit to diagnose 100% of pancreatolithiasis, 82% of chronic pancreatitis without pancreatolithiasis and 64% of histologically diagnosed chronic pancreatitis but about 13% of \"false positive results\" must be taken into consideration. 2) ERCP plays an important role in detecting and locating localized or scattered lesions without noticable abnormalities in P-S test. It is also useful in deciding an indication for surgical intervention. However, it has limitations in detecting minimal to moderate pancreatitis. Some of these cases are often picked up by P-S test. 3) Combined approach with ERCP and P-S test is required for diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the pancreas and either one is incomplete by itself.", "PMID": 598671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6558", "title": "Studies on exogenous and endogenous interaction of gastrin and secretin in a case of achalasia.", "content": "Studies were carried out in a case of achalasia. Administration of secretin caused relaxation of the spastic condition of LES, and high levels of serum gastrin and lower levels of plasma secretin are suggested to be related with the abnormally spastic condition of LES in the patient.", "contents": "Studies on exogenous and endogenous interaction of gastrin and secretin in a case of achalasia. Studies were carried out in a case of achalasia. Administration of secretin caused relaxation of the spastic condition of LES, and high levels of serum gastrin and lower levels of plasma secretin are suggested to be related with the abnormally spastic condition of LES in the patient.", "PMID": 598672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6559", "title": "[Chromosome translocations in the sex cells of mice subjected to chronic low-dose gamma-irradiation].", "content": "Translocation induction in mouse spermatogonia by continuous whole-body gamma irradiation (radium 226) was studied. Total doses, delivered at a rate of 13.0 +/- 1.3 X 10(-4) rad/min for various time intervals, were 97, 195, 294 and 442 rad. Cytological examination within 3 to 4 months after irradiation indicated the presence of translocations in 0.16, 0.30, 0.75 and 1.29 percent respectively, of primary spermatocytes at diakinesis metaphase I. Data on translocation induction (Y) as related to total irradiation dose (D) were best fitted to a second power parabola equation (Y=5.1 X 10(-6)D2 + 7.32 X 10(-4) X D). The results obtained confirm that chronic gamma irradiation is of low genetic efficiency, and support the suggestion that there exists a dose-rate threshold under which no more changes in exposure efficiency will occur.", "contents": "[Chromosome translocations in the sex cells of mice subjected to chronic low-dose gamma-irradiation]. Translocation induction in mouse spermatogonia by continuous whole-body gamma irradiation (radium 226) was studied. Total doses, delivered at a rate of 13.0 +/- 1.3 X 10(-4) rad/min for various time intervals, were 97, 195, 294 and 442 rad. Cytological examination within 3 to 4 months after irradiation indicated the presence of translocations in 0.16, 0.30, 0.75 and 1.29 percent respectively, of primary spermatocytes at diakinesis metaphase I. Data on translocation induction (Y) as related to total irradiation dose (D) were best fitted to a second power parabola equation (Y=5.1 X 10(-6)D2 + 7.32 X 10(-4) X D). The results obtained confirm that chronic gamma irradiation is of low genetic efficiency, and support the suggestion that there exists a dose-rate threshold under which no more changes in exposure efficiency will occur.", "PMID": 598699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6560", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the spectrum of radiation-induced structural mutations in diploid and tetraploid cells of mouse bone marrow].", "content": "A comparative analysis of the spectrum of radiation-induced mutations was carried out in diploid mouse bone marrow cells and in tetraploid cells obtained from the latter by means of colchicine treatment. It is established that solitary chromatid deletions prevail among aberrations induced at the G2--S stage. This is the difference of the spectrum of induced chromatid rearrangements in animal cells from that in plant cells. It is assumed that the differences observed are caused by the specificity of supramolecular organization of chromatin in animal and plant  cells.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the spectrum of radiation-induced structural mutations in diploid and tetraploid cells of mouse bone marrow]. A comparative analysis of the spectrum of radiation-induced mutations was carried out in diploid mouse bone marrow cells and in tetraploid cells obtained from the latter by means of colchicine treatment. It is established that solitary chromatid deletions prevail among aberrations induced at the G2--S stage. This is the difference of the spectrum of induced chromatid rearrangements in animal cells from that in plant cells. It is assumed that the differences observed are caused by the specificity of supramolecular organization of chromatin in animal and plant  cells.", "PMID": 598700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6561", "title": "[Age specificity of the effect of 5-bromdeoxyuridine on the differentiation and spectra of chromosomal puffs in the salivary glands of Drosophila virilis Sturt. II. Alteration of the puff spectrum in salivary gland chromosomes].", "content": "The expressivity and temporal patterns of function of the various puff groups are changed, when larvae of Drosophila virilis are kept on BUdR containing medium during different periods of their larval development, as compared with the control animals kept on BUdR-free media. The magnitude of the effect depends on the stage at which the treatment is conducted; the larvae of the 3rd instar are more sensitive to BUdR. The effect of BUdR becomes considerably lower by the end of the 3rd instar period.", "contents": "[Age specificity of the effect of 5-bromdeoxyuridine on the differentiation and spectra of chromosomal puffs in the salivary glands of Drosophila virilis Sturt. II. Alteration of the puff spectrum in salivary gland chromosomes]. The expressivity and temporal patterns of function of the various puff groups are changed, when larvae of Drosophila virilis are kept on BUdR containing medium during different periods of their larval development, as compared with the control animals kept on BUdR-free media. The magnitude of the effect depends on the stage at which the treatment is conducted; the larvae of the 3rd instar are more sensitive to BUdR. The effect of BUdR becomes considerably lower by the end of the 3rd instar period.", "PMID": 598701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6562", "title": "[Mutagenic process in bacteriophage T4B after long-term exposure to a mutagen].", "content": "Bacteriophage T4B was continuously passed on solid media in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in two simultaneous experiments. The subsitutions of amino acids were registered, and in one of the experiments biological changes were revealed in non-optimal conditions. Calculations has shown that the number of amino acid substitutions observed corresponds to at least 140--200 fixed mutations. The possibility of the mutation fixation via selection is discussed and their relative neutrality is suggested.", "contents": "[Mutagenic process in bacteriophage T4B after long-term exposure to a mutagen]. Bacteriophage T4B was continuously passed on solid media in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in two simultaneous experiments. The subsitutions of amino acids were registered, and in one of the experiments biological changes were revealed in non-optimal conditions. Calculations has shown that the number of amino acid substitutions observed corresponds to at least 140--200 fixed mutations. The possibility of the mutation fixation via selection is discussed and their relative neutrality is suggested.", "PMID": 598702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6563", "title": "[Populational-age dynamics of types of haptoglobins among the inhabitants of the northeast USSR].", "content": "As the result of investigation of the types of haptoglobin in 367 practically healthy inhabitants of Magadan and of 711 Chukchees from four villages of the Chukotsk National Region an increase of the frequency of the 1--1 type in each successive age group was observed. In Chukchees in elder age groups it is less conspicuous. A different adaptive value of the types of haptoglobin in the region studied is assumed. This adaptive value can be expressed as follows: 1--1 greater than 2--1 greater than 2--2. A consideration is adduced about the presence of this region of a powerful systematically acting factor leading to a simple shift of the frequencies of haptoglobin types in respresentatives of two ethnic groups. A conclusion is drawn about an unequal adaptive value of haptoglobin types at different periods of ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Populational-age dynamics of types of haptoglobins among the inhabitants of the northeast USSR]. As the result of investigation of the types of haptoglobin in 367 practically healthy inhabitants of Magadan and of 711 Chukchees from four villages of the Chukotsk National Region an increase of the frequency of the 1--1 type in each successive age group was observed. In Chukchees in elder age groups it is less conspicuous. A different adaptive value of the types of haptoglobin in the region studied is assumed. This adaptive value can be expressed as follows: 1--1 greater than 2--1 greater than 2--2. A consideration is adduced about the presence of this region of a powerful systematically acting factor leading to a simple shift of the frequencies of haptoglobin types in respresentatives of two ethnic groups. A conclusion is drawn about an unequal adaptive value of haptoglobin types at different periods of ontogenesis.", "PMID": 598703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6564", "title": "HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps of bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "The site-specific restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus influenzae strains Rc (HincII) and Rd (HindII + III), and Hemophilus parainfluenzae (HpaI) were used to digest bacteriophage lambda DNA into 34, 40, and 15 specific fragments, respectively. The sites cleaved by each of these enzymes were localized on the lambda physical map and the fragments resulting from these cleavages were electrophoretically identified on gels by (1) analysis of the digestion profiles of deletion and transducing derivatives of lambda; and (2) digesting individual fragments produced by one restriction endonuclease with another restriction endonuclease. This paper presents the HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps for the entire lambda genome, and the data used to derive these maps for the region of the lambda genome between the attachment site (at 57.3% lambda) and the right vegetative end (100% lambda). The data for mapping the left arm of lambda may be found in the accompanying paper (Robinson and Landy, 1977).", "contents": "HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps of bacteriophage lambda DNA. The site-specific restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus influenzae strains Rc (HincII) and Rd (HindII + III), and Hemophilus parainfluenzae (HpaI) were used to digest bacteriophage lambda DNA into 34, 40, and 15 specific fragments, respectively. The sites cleaved by each of these enzymes were localized on the lambda physical map and the fragments resulting from these cleavages were electrophoretically identified on gels by (1) analysis of the digestion profiles of deletion and transducing derivatives of lambda; and (2) digesting individual fragments produced by one restriction endonuclease with another restriction endonuclease. This paper presents the HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps for the entire lambda genome, and the data used to derive these maps for the region of the lambda genome between the attachment site (at 57.3% lambda) and the right vegetative end (100% lambda). The data for mapping the left arm of lambda may be found in the accompanying paper (Robinson and Landy, 1977).", "PMID": 598704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6565", "title": "HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps of the left arm of bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "The sites on the left arm of bacteriophage lambda DNA cleaved by the restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus influenzae strain Rc (HincII) and Rd (HindII + III), and Hemophilus parainfluenzae (HpaI) were localized on the lambda physical map, and the fragments resulting from these cleavages were identified by gel electrophoresis. The restriction sites within the b2 region of lambda were mapped by analysis of the digestion profiles of deletion and substitution derivatives of lambda, as well as by digesting individual fragments produced by one restriction endonuclease with another restriction endonuclease. The restriction sites of the lambda genome between the left vegetative end and the b2 region were mapped entirely by succesive digestion experiments. The restriction fragment map for the right arm of lambda may be found in the accompanying paper (Robinson and Landy, 1977).", "contents": "HindII, HindIII, and HpaI restriction fragment maps of the left arm of bacteriophage lambda DNA. The sites on the left arm of bacteriophage lambda DNA cleaved by the restriction endonucleases isolated from Hemophilus influenzae strain Rc (HincII) and Rd (HindII + III), and Hemophilus parainfluenzae (HpaI) were localized on the lambda physical map, and the fragments resulting from these cleavages were identified by gel electrophoresis. The restriction sites within the b2 region of lambda were mapped by analysis of the digestion profiles of deletion and substitution derivatives of lambda, as well as by digesting individual fragments produced by one restriction endonuclease with another restriction endonuclease. The restriction sites of the lambda genome between the left vegetative end and the b2 region were mapped entirely by succesive digestion experiments. The restriction fragment map for the right arm of lambda may be found in the accompanying paper (Robinson and Landy, 1977).", "PMID": 598705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6566", "title": "Partial purification of the protein moiety of porcine tissue thromboplastin.", "content": "The tissue thromboplastin activity of porcine lung was separated from an aqueous tissue extract by differential centrifugation. Repeated suspension and sedimentation yielded a thromboplastin preparation free of soluble protein. The most effective delipidation of the lyophilized preparation with minimum denaturation of the protein moiety of thromboplastin was achieved using n-heptane/n-butanol extraction. A detergent was required to solubilize the thromboplastin protein moiety from the delipidated preparation. Gel filtration in the presence of detergent permitted further delipidation of the protein moiety and yielded a purified protein moiety. Apparent homogeneity was observed for the purified protein with several fractionation techniques. This apparently homogeneous protein dissociates into the constituent proteins in the presence of dodecyl sulphate. The aggregation of proteins is ascribed to their hydrophobic nature. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-1.5 m was found to be useful in the separation of the dodecyl sulphate-protein complexes on a preparative scale. Following the removal of the dodecyl sulphate, the renaturation of the thromboplastin protein moiety was unsuccessful. The purified protein moiety with its low lipid content (1%) is suitable for lipid requirement studies.", "contents": "Partial purification of the protein moiety of porcine tissue thromboplastin. The tissue thromboplastin activity of porcine lung was separated from an aqueous tissue extract by differential centrifugation. Repeated suspension and sedimentation yielded a thromboplastin preparation free of soluble protein. The most effective delipidation of the lyophilized preparation with minimum denaturation of the protein moiety of thromboplastin was achieved using n-heptane/n-butanol extraction. A detergent was required to solubilize the thromboplastin protein moiety from the delipidated preparation. Gel filtration in the presence of detergent permitted further delipidation of the protein moiety and yielded a purified protein moiety. Apparent homogeneity was observed for the purified protein with several fractionation techniques. This apparently homogeneous protein dissociates into the constituent proteins in the presence of dodecyl sulphate. The aggregation of proteins is ascribed to their hydrophobic nature. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-1.5 m was found to be useful in the separation of the dodecyl sulphate-protein complexes on a preparative scale. Following the removal of the dodecyl sulphate, the renaturation of the thromboplastin protein moiety was unsuccessful. The purified protein moiety with its low lipid content (1%) is suitable for lipid requirement studies.", "PMID": 598748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6567", "title": "Photometric assay of platelet factor 4 with a chromogenic substrate.", "content": "A photometric assay procedure for platelet factor 4 is described. The synthetic oligopeptide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2222) is used as a substrate. By the action of factor Xa, p-nitroaniline (pNA) is split form the peptide bond. The amount of pNA liberated from S-2222 per minute is in direct relation to the activity of factor Xa. This reaction permits a photometric assay. Addition of heparin to an activation system consisting of plasma, thromboplastin and calcium chloride inhibits development of Xa activity. Since platelet factor 4 neutralizes heparin, its activity can be measured in such a system when all other components are kept at a constant level. Experimental details of the reactions involved and clinical results of the assay in comparison to a clotting method are described.", "contents": "Photometric assay of platelet factor 4 with a chromogenic substrate. A photometric assay procedure for platelet factor 4 is described. The synthetic oligopeptide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2222) is used as a substrate. By the action of factor Xa, p-nitroaniline (pNA) is split form the peptide bond. The amount of pNA liberated from S-2222 per minute is in direct relation to the activity of factor Xa. This reaction permits a photometric assay. Addition of heparin to an activation system consisting of plasma, thromboplastin and calcium chloride inhibits development of Xa activity. Since platelet factor 4 neutralizes heparin, its activity can be measured in such a system when all other components are kept at a constant level. Experimental details of the reactions involved and clinical results of the assay in comparison to a clotting method are described.", "PMID": 598749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6568", "title": "Variations in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function and various plasma proteins during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "The variations in the number of platelets, platelet retention, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and various plasma proteins were studied during the menstrual cycle in 30 normal women. Blood samples were taken on 6 occasions; day 1, 2, and 3 of menstruation, day 5-9 (follicular phase), day 12-16 (around ovulation), and day 19-23 (luteal phase), respectively. The concentration of fibrinogen was lower during menstruation than in the luteal phase. Factor II-VII-X and platelet retention were lowest and the recalcification time was shortest during the menstruation. The number of platelets was highest in the ovulatory phase. The fibrinolytic activity was higher in the luteal phase and during the menstruation than in the follicular phase. The results might indicate an intrauterine clotting during the menstruation. The close correlations between the variations of most of the plasma proteins indicate the presence of some general not identified factor which is probably not the variation in the intravascular water content.", "contents": "Variations in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function and various plasma proteins during the menstrual cycle. The variations in the number of platelets, platelet retention, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and various plasma proteins were studied during the menstrual cycle in 30 normal women. Blood samples were taken on 6 occasions; day 1, 2, and 3 of menstruation, day 5-9 (follicular phase), day 12-16 (around ovulation), and day 19-23 (luteal phase), respectively. The concentration of fibrinogen was lower during menstruation than in the luteal phase. Factor II-VII-X and platelet retention were lowest and the recalcification time was shortest during the menstruation. The number of platelets was highest in the ovulatory phase. The fibrinolytic activity was higher in the luteal phase and during the menstruation than in the follicular phase. The results might indicate an intrauterine clotting during the menstruation. The close correlations between the variations of most of the plasma proteins indicate the presence of some general not identified factor which is probably not the variation in the intravascular water content.", "PMID": 598750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6569", "title": "Inhibition of the fibrinolytic system in Beh\u00e7et's disease?", "content": "Suppression of the fibrinolytic system is a well-known phenomenon in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. It is generally explained by an increase in the inhibitory potential. In order to prove this theory, the fibrinolytic system was investigated in 5 male patients with severe chronic Beh\u00e7et's disease. By the venous occlusion test, a marked suppression of the activatability of the system could be demonstrated (euglobulin lysis time, various fibrin plate assays). Results of analysis of the known inhibitors could not explain the phenomenon: antithrombin III, alpha2-macroglobulin, fast-reacting alpha2-antiplasmin, C1 inactivator, and the plasmin-antiplasmin complex were normal. The only change was an elevation of alpha1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen in 4 patients possibly due to an acute phase reaction. In addition to the possibility of a hitherto unidentified inhibitor, therefore, a decrease in production or in release of vessel wall activators must also be considered in the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "contents": "Inhibition of the fibrinolytic system in Beh\u00e7et's disease? Suppression of the fibrinolytic system is a well-known phenomenon in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. It is generally explained by an increase in the inhibitory potential. In order to prove this theory, the fibrinolytic system was investigated in 5 male patients with severe chronic Beh\u00e7et's disease. By the venous occlusion test, a marked suppression of the activatability of the system could be demonstrated (euglobulin lysis time, various fibrin plate assays). Results of analysis of the known inhibitors could not explain the phenomenon: antithrombin III, alpha2-macroglobulin, fast-reacting alpha2-antiplasmin, C1 inactivator, and the plasmin-antiplasmin complex were normal. The only change was an elevation of alpha1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen in 4 patients possibly due to an acute phase reaction. In addition to the possibility of a hitherto unidentified inhibitor, therefore, a decrease in production or in release of vessel wall activators must also be considered in the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "PMID": 598751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6570", "title": "Inflammatory giant cells: immunophagocytosis and rosette formation.", "content": "Mouse inflammatory giant cells formed after subcutaneous implantation of coverslips were exposed to sheep red blood cells opsonized with isologous antibodies. The maximal number of engulfed erythrocytes in numerous multinuclear cells exceeded that encountered in subcutaneous macrophages, but, on a per nucleus basis, the giant cells appeared less phagocytic.", "contents": "Inflammatory giant cells: immunophagocytosis and rosette formation. Mouse inflammatory giant cells formed after subcutaneous implantation of coverslips were exposed to sheep red blood cells opsonized with isologous antibodies. The maximal number of engulfed erythrocytes in numerous multinuclear cells exceeded that encountered in subcutaneous macrophages, but, on a per nucleus basis, the giant cells appeared less phagocytic.", "PMID": 598770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6571", "title": "Reduction of nitro-BT by various chloroform-methanol fractions obtained from the grey matter of the rat brain.", "content": "Histochemical studies have shown, that nerve fibers can not be visualised in the grey matter of the brain by the reduction of Nitro-BT, if prior to incubation an extraction with chloroform-methanol of the brain slices was performed. According with this finding the grey matter of the rat brain was homogenized and extracted with chloroform-methanol. After centrifugation the obtained supernatant was three times evaporated. Each time before evaporation the supernatant was dissolved in chloroform-methanol solution v/v 2:1. The substance obtained was of teer-like consistency and brown colour. The substance was weight and used for further experiments. Similar extraction was done with phosphate buffer. It was found, that the phosphate buffer does not extract the searched for substance. The comparison of the extinction curves of various fractions has shown that the highest concentration of the substance which reduces Nitro-BT can be found in that fraction which was three times washed with chloroform-methanol. The same concentration was observed in the water fraction which was the result of purification with hexanmethanol. From our investigations it may be concluded that the substance which reduces Nitro-BT in tissue is bound with lipids and purified form lipids passes into water.", "contents": "Reduction of nitro-BT by various chloroform-methanol fractions obtained from the grey matter of the rat brain. Histochemical studies have shown, that nerve fibers can not be visualised in the grey matter of the brain by the reduction of Nitro-BT, if prior to incubation an extraction with chloroform-methanol of the brain slices was performed. According with this finding the grey matter of the rat brain was homogenized and extracted with chloroform-methanol. After centrifugation the obtained supernatant was three times evaporated. Each time before evaporation the supernatant was dissolved in chloroform-methanol solution v/v 2:1. The substance obtained was of teer-like consistency and brown colour. The substance was weight and used for further experiments. Similar extraction was done with phosphate buffer. It was found, that the phosphate buffer does not extract the searched for substance. The comparison of the extinction curves of various fractions has shown that the highest concentration of the substance which reduces Nitro-BT can be found in that fraction which was three times washed with chloroform-methanol. The same concentration was observed in the water fraction which was the result of purification with hexanmethanol. From our investigations it may be concluded that the substance which reduces Nitro-BT in tissue is bound with lipids and purified form lipids passes into water.", "PMID": 598771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6572", "title": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo Linn, Lathyrus sativus Linn and Opuntia elatior Mill.", "content": "With histochemical methods the distribution of some enzymes and metabolic substances in the epidermal peelings of Phaseolus mungo, Lathyrus sativus, and Opuntia elatior under light and dark conditions is examined. Dehydrogenases oxidases, transferases and hydrolases were studied. Fluctuations in the activity of hydrolases, especially, acid phosphatase, lipase, glucose-6-phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, dehydrogenases and transferases were observed during light and dark conditions. The role of such fluctuations in relation to stomatal regulation is discussed. Based on the present studies the following is suggested; stomatal opening and closing is related to structural and metabolic changes, and these changes are brought about by sugar gradients in the guard cells; light is enhancing the synthesis of sugars and some hormones, and besides this it stimulates membrane bound adenyl cyclase and release of cyclic AMP which affects the permeability; subsidiary cells actively participate in the stomatal physiology. Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes like acid phosphatase are actively involved in catabolic phase of normal guard cells metabolism and regulate the osmotic pressure of the guard cells.", "contents": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo Linn, Lathyrus sativus Linn and Opuntia elatior Mill. With histochemical methods the distribution of some enzymes and metabolic substances in the epidermal peelings of Phaseolus mungo, Lathyrus sativus, and Opuntia elatior under light and dark conditions is examined. Dehydrogenases oxidases, transferases and hydrolases were studied. Fluctuations in the activity of hydrolases, especially, acid phosphatase, lipase, glucose-6-phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, dehydrogenases and transferases were observed during light and dark conditions. The role of such fluctuations in relation to stomatal regulation is discussed. Based on the present studies the following is suggested; stomatal opening and closing is related to structural and metabolic changes, and these changes are brought about by sugar gradients in the guard cells; light is enhancing the synthesis of sugars and some hormones, and besides this it stimulates membrane bound adenyl cyclase and release of cyclic AMP which affects the permeability; subsidiary cells actively participate in the stomatal physiology. Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes like acid phosphatase are actively involved in catabolic phase of normal guard cells metabolism and regulate the osmotic pressure of the guard cells.", "PMID": 598772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6573", "title": "Morphological changes in rat skeletal muscle following reinnervation.", "content": "Morphological changes appearing in the course of muscle regeneration after reinnervation of denervated M. soleus (slow) and M. tibialis anterior (fast) rat skeletal muscle were investigated. It was found that pathological changes typical for denervation atrophy (seen on the 10th day after crushing the sciatic nerve) and symptoms of regeneration (beginning about the 15th day) were much more pronounced in the soleus than in the tibialis muscle. Some stages of regeneration in the soleus muscle could be distinguished. The contractile material destructions were the first pathological changes that disappeared after the beginning of regeneration. In the second stage other denervation changes disappeared and intensive regeneration of muscle fibres was observed. In the next stage regeneration slowed down, and the reduction of the excess of muscle nuclei was visible. Four months after crushing the nerve, regeneration proceeded to completion with only some traces of the passed processes: in the soleus muscle, chains of sarcolemmal nuclei, satellite cells and newly formed muscle fibres were more often seen than in contralateral muscle; in the tibialis, collagen depots were present around the vessels and between muscle fascicles.", "contents": "Morphological changes in rat skeletal muscle following reinnervation. Morphological changes appearing in the course of muscle regeneration after reinnervation of denervated M. soleus (slow) and M. tibialis anterior (fast) rat skeletal muscle were investigated. It was found that pathological changes typical for denervation atrophy (seen on the 10th day after crushing the sciatic nerve) and symptoms of regeneration (beginning about the 15th day) were much more pronounced in the soleus than in the tibialis muscle. Some stages of regeneration in the soleus muscle could be distinguished. The contractile material destructions were the first pathological changes that disappeared after the beginning of regeneration. In the second stage other denervation changes disappeared and intensive regeneration of muscle fibres was observed. In the next stage regeneration slowed down, and the reduction of the excess of muscle nuclei was visible. Four months after crushing the nerve, regeneration proceeded to completion with only some traces of the passed processes: in the soleus muscle, chains of sarcolemmal nuclei, satellite cells and newly formed muscle fibres were more often seen than in contralateral muscle; in the tibialis, collagen depots were present around the vessels and between muscle fascicles.", "PMID": 598773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6574", "title": "Carotenoids in fish. XVIII--carotenoids in the brain of some fishes.", "content": "Using column and thin-layer chromatography the occurrence of various carotenoids was studied in the brain of some (11) fishes. In result of the analyses the presence of the following carotenoids has been established: beta-zeacarotene, canthaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein-5,6-epoxide, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, tunaxanthin, flavoxanthin, astaxanthin ester, 4-hydroxy-alpha-carotene, 4-keto-alpha-carotene and unknown xanthophylls.", "contents": "Carotenoids in fish. XVIII--carotenoids in the brain of some fishes. Using column and thin-layer chromatography the occurrence of various carotenoids was studied in the brain of some (11) fishes. In result of the analyses the presence of the following carotenoids has been established: beta-zeacarotene, canthaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein-5,6-epoxide, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, tunaxanthin, flavoxanthin, astaxanthin ester, 4-hydroxy-alpha-carotene, 4-keto-alpha-carotene and unknown xanthophylls.", "PMID": 598774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6575", "title": "[Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen) on response to noxious stimuli (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen), a muscle relaxant, on the response of mice and rats to various noxious stimuli were studied. In mice, 5 approximately 10 mg/kg i.p. of baclofen delayed the response time to tail-pinch and hot-plate stimuli but the relaxation was also apparent with this dose range. Mephenesin also delayed the response time to tail-pinch stimuli with the dose producing muscle relaxation. Baclofen, 3 mg/kg i.p., while producing no muscle relaxation, suppressed the acetic acid-induced writhing. The same effect, suppression of writhing and no muscle relaxation, was achieved with 50 mg/kg i.p. of mephenesin. In rats, baclofen (5 approximately 10 mg/kg i.p.) increased the response threshold in Randall-Selitto method and suppressed the bradykinin-induced symptoms, however, muscle relaxation was also produced with these same doses. Increase in response threshold in Randall-Selitto method was achieved with the dose of mephenesin producing muscle relaxation. The time courses of the depression of response to noxious stimuli and the muscle relaxation induced by baclofen and mephenesin were consistent in mice and rats. A small dose (3 mg/kg i.p. in mice, 2 mg/kg/h s.c. in rats) of baclofen reduced the antinociceptive effect of morphine but a larger dose (5 mg/kg i.p. in mice, 7 mg/kg/h s.c. in rats) of baclofen increased or did not alter the effect of morphine. It seems likely that the antinociceptive effect of baclofen may be nonspecific to analgesia.", "contents": "[Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen) on response to noxious stimuli (author's transl)]. Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen), a muscle relaxant, on the response of mice and rats to various noxious stimuli were studied. In mice, 5 approximately 10 mg/kg i.p. of baclofen delayed the response time to tail-pinch and hot-plate stimuli but the relaxation was also apparent with this dose range. Mephenesin also delayed the response time to tail-pinch stimuli with the dose producing muscle relaxation. Baclofen, 3 mg/kg i.p., while producing no muscle relaxation, suppressed the acetic acid-induced writhing. The same effect, suppression of writhing and no muscle relaxation, was achieved with 50 mg/kg i.p. of mephenesin. In rats, baclofen (5 approximately 10 mg/kg i.p.) increased the response threshold in Randall-Selitto method and suppressed the bradykinin-induced symptoms, however, muscle relaxation was also produced with these same doses. Increase in response threshold in Randall-Selitto method was achieved with the dose of mephenesin producing muscle relaxation. The time courses of the depression of response to noxious stimuli and the muscle relaxation induced by baclofen and mephenesin were consistent in mice and rats. A small dose (3 mg/kg i.p. in mice, 2 mg/kg/h s.c. in rats) of baclofen reduced the antinociceptive effect of morphine but a larger dose (5 mg/kg i.p. in mice, 7 mg/kg/h s.c. in rats) of baclofen increased or did not alter the effect of morphine. It seems likely that the antinociceptive effect of baclofen may be nonspecific to analgesia.", "PMID": 598782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6576", "title": "[Effects of caerulein on intestinal motility (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of caerulein on intestinal motility have been studied in comparison with those of neostigmine, pantethine, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Caerulein facilitated electric discharges in the intestinal tracts of anaesthetized rabbits and exhibited a greater potency than either neostigmine or pantethine. The small intestine was more sensitive to this agent than was the large intestine. PGE1 inhibited while PGF2alpha facilitated electric discharges in the small intestine. A complete inhibitory effect of the excitatory of caerulein was not demonstrated with atropine. Caerulein promoted the transit of charcoal meal through the intestine of the mouse and was approximately 30 times more potent than was neostigmine. At high doses, the promotion was reduced and the reduction was inhibited by reserpine or phentolamine-propranolol. Our observations indicate that caerulein produces a catecholamine releasing action in high doses. Caerulein promoted the transit in the cecectomized mice at doses 30 times larger than given to intact mice. Caerulein, neostigmine, PGE1 and PGF2alpha produced an excitatory effect on the isolated intestine of the rabbit. Minimal effect concentrations were 3 X 10(-10 approximately 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-9) and 3 x 10(-11) g/ml in the ileum and 3 X 10(-9) approximately 10(-8), 10(-8) approximately 3 x 10(-8), 10(-10) and 10(-11) g/ml in the proximal colon, respectively.", "contents": "[Effects of caerulein on intestinal motility (author's transl)]. Effects of caerulein on intestinal motility have been studied in comparison with those of neostigmine, pantethine, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Caerulein facilitated electric discharges in the intestinal tracts of anaesthetized rabbits and exhibited a greater potency than either neostigmine or pantethine. The small intestine was more sensitive to this agent than was the large intestine. PGE1 inhibited while PGF2alpha facilitated electric discharges in the small intestine. A complete inhibitory effect of the excitatory of caerulein was not demonstrated with atropine. Caerulein promoted the transit of charcoal meal through the intestine of the mouse and was approximately 30 times more potent than was neostigmine. At high doses, the promotion was reduced and the reduction was inhibited by reserpine or phentolamine-propranolol. Our observations indicate that caerulein produces a catecholamine releasing action in high doses. Caerulein promoted the transit in the cecectomized mice at doses 30 times larger than given to intact mice. Caerulein, neostigmine, PGE1 and PGF2alpha produced an excitatory effect on the isolated intestine of the rabbit. Minimal effect concentrations were 3 X 10(-10 approximately 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-9) and 3 x 10(-11) g/ml in the ileum and 3 X 10(-9) approximately 10(-8), 10(-8) approximately 3 x 10(-8), 10(-10) and 10(-11) g/ml in the proximal colon, respectively.", "PMID": 598784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6577", "title": "[Vasodilator action of (+/-)-1-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzyl)-6-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (CV-705) in anesthetized dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The vasodilator action of CV-705 was investigated in a number of vascular regions of anesthetized mongrel dogs and this action was compared with that of papaverine. When CV-705 was administered intravenously the vertebral, common carotid and internal carotid blood flow was increased considerably and was long-lasting. These effects were most remarkable among the regions tested. Femoral, aortic and coronary blood flow were also increased. On the other hand, the blood flow through superior mesenteric artery and portal vein increased only slightly. Renal blood flow was decreased slightly after an intravenous administration, whereas an increase was observed after an intra-arterial administration. Such a regional distribution of blood flow after CV-705 was quite similar to that observed with papaverine. CV-705 was well absorbed through the digestive tract. CV-705 given intravenously showed a weak hypotensive and positive chronotropic action. The increase in common carotid blood flow induced by intra-arterial administration of CV-705 was not affected by pre-treatment with atropine or triprolidine, but was partially suppressed by pre-treatment with propranolol. These results suggest that CV-705 has a papaverine-like action as well as a weak beta-adrenoceptor stimulating action, consequently a vasodilator action occurs.", "contents": "[Vasodilator action of (+/-)-1-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzyl)-6-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (CV-705) in anesthetized dogs (author's transl)]. The vasodilator action of CV-705 was investigated in a number of vascular regions of anesthetized mongrel dogs and this action was compared with that of papaverine. When CV-705 was administered intravenously the vertebral, common carotid and internal carotid blood flow was increased considerably and was long-lasting. These effects were most remarkable among the regions tested. Femoral, aortic and coronary blood flow were also increased. On the other hand, the blood flow through superior mesenteric artery and portal vein increased only slightly. Renal blood flow was decreased slightly after an intravenous administration, whereas an increase was observed after an intra-arterial administration. Such a regional distribution of blood flow after CV-705 was quite similar to that observed with papaverine. CV-705 was well absorbed through the digestive tract. CV-705 given intravenously showed a weak hypotensive and positive chronotropic action. The increase in common carotid blood flow induced by intra-arterial administration of CV-705 was not affected by pre-treatment with atropine or triprolidine, but was partially suppressed by pre-treatment with propranolol. These results suggest that CV-705 has a papaverine-like action as well as a weak beta-adrenoceptor stimulating action, consequently a vasodilator action occurs.", "PMID": 598783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6578", "title": "[Studies of sulfhemoglobin formation by various drugs (3) (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulfhemoglobin (SHb) and methemoglobin (MHb) formations by various compounds were examined by single and three consecutive intraperitoneal administrations to mice. With a single administration, methemoglobinemia was induced by diphenylamine (DPA), 1-naphthylamine (NA), phenylnaphthylamine (PNA), N-(1-naphthyl) anthranilic acid (N1) and N-(1'-naphthyl)-2-aminophenylacetic acid (IG240), and was not observed with phenylanthranilic acid (PAA), N-benzoyl-N'-phenyl-2, 6-diaminobenzoic acid (BPAA), flufenamic acid (FA), mefenamic acid (MFA), N-(2-6-dichlorophenyl) anthranilic acid (CPAA), N-(2', 6'-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminophenylacetic acid (CPPA), nine derivatives of N1 and two derivatives of IG240. On the other hand, sulfhemoglobinemia, with a single administration, was found to be induced by NA. Furthermore, with three consecutive administrations, such was induced by DPA, PAA, BPAA and FA even though SHb was not demonstrated with a single administration, and was not observed with MF, CPAA, CPPA and various derivatives of N1 and IG240.", "contents": "[Studies of sulfhemoglobin formation by various drugs (3) (author's transl)]. Sulfhemoglobin (SHb) and methemoglobin (MHb) formations by various compounds were examined by single and three consecutive intraperitoneal administrations to mice. With a single administration, methemoglobinemia was induced by diphenylamine (DPA), 1-naphthylamine (NA), phenylnaphthylamine (PNA), N-(1-naphthyl) anthranilic acid (N1) and N-(1'-naphthyl)-2-aminophenylacetic acid (IG240), and was not observed with phenylanthranilic acid (PAA), N-benzoyl-N'-phenyl-2, 6-diaminobenzoic acid (BPAA), flufenamic acid (FA), mefenamic acid (MFA), N-(2-6-dichlorophenyl) anthranilic acid (CPAA), N-(2', 6'-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminophenylacetic acid (CPPA), nine derivatives of N1 and two derivatives of IG240. On the other hand, sulfhemoglobinemia, with a single administration, was found to be induced by NA. Furthermore, with three consecutive administrations, such was induced by DPA, PAA, BPAA and FA even though SHb was not demonstrated with a single administration, and was not observed with MF, CPAA, CPPA and various derivatives of N1 and IG240.", "PMID": 598785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6579", "title": "[Effect of cocaine on metabolism of phospholipid in rat vas deferens (author's transl)].", "content": "The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in vas deferens was increased by incubation with cocaine and denervation enhanced the action of cocaine on phospholipid metabolism in vas deferens. These results suggested that cocaine directly affects the cell membrane of vas deferens and stimulates phospholipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of cocaine on metabolism of phospholipid in rat vas deferens (author's transl)]. The incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in vas deferens was increased by incubation with cocaine and denervation enhanced the action of cocaine on phospholipid metabolism in vas deferens. These results suggested that cocaine directly affects the cell membrane of vas deferens and stimulates phospholipid metabolism.", "PMID": 598786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6580", "title": "[Studies on brewer's yeast (II). Phlogistic action (author's transl)].", "content": "Yeast has a phlogistic effect, and the inflammatory action of 10 brewer's yeast samples fractionated by autolysis and/or destruction of the cell wall was studied in rat hind paw. The yeast samples produced a dose dependent edema when given subcutaneously into the paw. The samples obtained by dissolution or destruction of the cell wall produced the most prominent edema and the phlogistic effect was more potent than commerical yeast powder. Peak of the response was noted 1 hour after injection and thereafter the grade of edema rapidly decreased. The pattern of swelling resembled that by dextran. The edema was partially (less than 40%) inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, aminopyrine, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin. Mannan, a main constituent of the yeast cell wall, produced a swelling similar to that observed with yeast samples and this edema was almost completely inhibited by cyprohepatdine, an anti-serotonin drug, but was not inhibited by diphenhydramine, an anti-histamine drug. The results suggest that there is a release of serotonin when brewer's yeast is given subcutaneously, thus producing a phlogistic effect.", "contents": "[Studies on brewer's yeast (II). Phlogistic action (author's transl)]. Yeast has a phlogistic effect, and the inflammatory action of 10 brewer's yeast samples fractionated by autolysis and/or destruction of the cell wall was studied in rat hind paw. The yeast samples produced a dose dependent edema when given subcutaneously into the paw. The samples obtained by dissolution or destruction of the cell wall produced the most prominent edema and the phlogistic effect was more potent than commerical yeast powder. Peak of the response was noted 1 hour after injection and thereafter the grade of edema rapidly decreased. The pattern of swelling resembled that by dextran. The edema was partially (less than 40%) inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, aminopyrine, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin. Mannan, a main constituent of the yeast cell wall, produced a swelling similar to that observed with yeast samples and this edema was almost completely inhibited by cyprohepatdine, an anti-serotonin drug, but was not inhibited by diphenhydramine, an anti-histamine drug. The results suggest that there is a release of serotonin when brewer's yeast is given subcutaneously, thus producing a phlogistic effect.", "PMID": 598787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6581", "title": "Therapists' acceptance of peer review in a community mental health center.", "content": "Eighty therapists, the entire attending staff of a community mental health center, were interviewed to assess their perceptions of the center's interdisciplinary peer review system after it had been in operation for three and a half years. While many expressed reservations about parts of the system, about two-thirds felt that the review committee generally maintained an appropriate balance between quality of care and allocation of funds. More than 90 per cent found peer review an educational experience, and more than half said they would now choose to present casses to the committee even if not required to do so. Fifteen per cent felt they had experienced bias because of the professional disciplines of the reviewers. After presenting additional findings, the authors tell why they believe this particular system has a high degree of acceptance.", "contents": "Therapists' acceptance of peer review in a community mental health center. Eighty therapists, the entire attending staff of a community mental health center, were interviewed to assess their perceptions of the center's interdisciplinary peer review system after it had been in operation for three and a half years. While many expressed reservations about parts of the system, about two-thirds felt that the review committee generally maintained an appropriate balance between quality of care and allocation of funds. More than 90 per cent found peer review an educational experience, and more than half said they would now choose to present casses to the committee even if not required to do so. Fifteen per cent felt they had experienced bias because of the professional disciplines of the reviewers. After presenting additional findings, the authors tell why they believe this particular system has a high degree of acceptance.", "PMID": 598808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6582", "title": "The role of the child psychiatrist in peer review.", "content": "The author describes his role as the only child psychiatrist member of a psychiatric peer review committee in a medical care foundation. In addition to working with hist colleagues on general review and health-policy matters, he also handled issues related to the special needs of children and helped to get third-party benefit packages altered to better suit the treatment needs of children. He offers recommendations to those interested in joining a peer review committee and emphasizes the need for child psychiatrists to work together not only with general psychiatrists but also with pediatricians, psychologists, and social workers to see that high-quality care is available and provided.", "contents": "The role of the child psychiatrist in peer review. The author describes his role as the only child psychiatrist member of a psychiatric peer review committee in a medical care foundation. In addition to working with hist colleagues on general review and health-policy matters, he also handled issues related to the special needs of children and helped to get third-party benefit packages altered to better suit the treatment needs of children. He offers recommendations to those interested in joining a peer review committee and emphasizes the need for child psychiatrists to work together not only with general psychiatrists but also with pediatricians, psychologists, and social workers to see that high-quality care is available and provided.", "PMID": 598810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6583", "title": "Medical audit: an effective arm of quality assurance.", "content": "The author discusses the use of the psychiatric audit system developed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in conducting retrospective reviews of various aspects of patient care. Treatment or procedures reflected in the medical record are measured against standards or criteria set by an audit committee. Analysis of exceptions to or variations from the criteria points up deficiencies and areas for corrective action. The author describes an audit of patients placed on the self-injury precaution program at his hospital, the deficiences that were identified, and the results of a repeat audit made several months later to see if the deficiencies had been corrected.", "contents": "Medical audit: an effective arm of quality assurance. The author discusses the use of the psychiatric audit system developed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in conducting retrospective reviews of various aspects of patient care. Treatment or procedures reflected in the medical record are measured against standards or criteria set by an audit committee. Analysis of exceptions to or variations from the criteria points up deficiencies and areas for corrective action. The author describes an audit of patients placed on the self-injury precaution program at his hospital, the deficiences that were identified, and the results of a repeat audit made several months later to see if the deficiencies had been corrected.", "PMID": 598811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6584", "title": "A review of the medical records of adolescent psychiatric inpatients in a general hospital.", "content": "The psychiatric medical records of adolescents admitted to a major county receiving hospital over a six-month period were reviewed to discover the patterns of care. While 92 patients were admitted, medical records for only 56 were available from the record room. The two most common diagnoses were schizophrenia and adjustment reaction of adolescence. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic received a major tranquilizer both at admission and at discharge; their hospitalization averaged 38 days. About half of these diagnosed as having an adjustment reaction were given a major tranquilizer at admission and at discharge; their average hospitalization was 21 days. In his review of the charts, the author found that a great deal of the data necessary for the analysis either were unavailable or were presented in a way that prevented accurate or reliable interpretation. He offers several recommendations for improving documentation in medical records of adolescents.", "contents": "A review of the medical records of adolescent psychiatric inpatients in a general hospital. The psychiatric medical records of adolescents admitted to a major county receiving hospital over a six-month period were reviewed to discover the patterns of care. While 92 patients were admitted, medical records for only 56 were available from the record room. The two most common diagnoses were schizophrenia and adjustment reaction of adolescence. Patients diagnosed as schizophrenic received a major tranquilizer both at admission and at discharge; their hospitalization averaged 38 days. About half of these diagnosed as having an adjustment reaction were given a major tranquilizer at admission and at discharge; their average hospitalization was 21 days. In his review of the charts, the author found that a great deal of the data necessary for the analysis either were unavailable or were presented in a way that prevented accurate or reliable interpretation. He offers several recommendations for improving documentation in medical records of adolescents.", "PMID": 598812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6585", "title": "Clinical and legal issues in the family therapy record.", "content": "The authors present guidelines for writing family therapy records that are not only clinically meaningful but also not unnecessarily damaging to a member of the family or the therapist in case the records are subpoenaed. They suggest that when deciding what to include in the record, the therapist should remember that those in treatment are both individuals and members of the family. They also recommend that a patient's right to privacy be safeguarded by omitting potentially damaging or embarrassing material from the record.", "contents": "Clinical and legal issues in the family therapy record. The authors present guidelines for writing family therapy records that are not only clinically meaningful but also not unnecessarily damaging to a member of the family or the therapist in case the records are subpoenaed. They suggest that when deciding what to include in the record, the therapist should remember that those in treatment are both individuals and members of the family. They also recommend that a patient's right to privacy be safeguarded by omitting potentially damaging or embarrassing material from the record.", "PMID": 598813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6586", "title": "Study of the human male meiosis. I. G-banding in pachytene bivalents.", "content": "Results obtained from a meiotic study of 250 pachytene cells from four normal human males are presented. G-banding patterns for pachytene bivalents, obtained using trypsin treatment, are also presented; a comparative study between G-banding patterns of pachytene bivalents and G-banding patterns of mitotic chromosomes, and a study of chromomere counting and distribution, have also been made.", "contents": "Study of the human male meiosis. I. G-banding in pachytene bivalents. Results obtained from a meiotic study of 250 pachytene cells from four normal human males are presented. G-banding patterns for pachytene bivalents, obtained using trypsin treatment, are also presented; a comparative study between G-banding patterns of pachytene bivalents and G-banding patterns of mitotic chromosomes, and a study of chromomere counting and distribution, have also been made.", "PMID": 598826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6587", "title": "Quantitative analysis of C-bands based on optical density profiles in human chromosomes.", "content": "A method of quantitative analysis of C segments in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 based on longitudinal densitometry has been developed. The way of fitting apparatus data to visual estimates is represented. Density curve parameters not dependent on stain intensity were used. The general C band length error is approx. 0.05 micrometer. Heteromorphic chromosome 16 pairs have been investigated with this method. A significant difference (about 0.18 micrometer) between C bands of the homologues has been detected in chromosome 16. It has been calculated that C bands can be distinquished if the mean difference between the length of the homologues is more than 15%.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of C-bands based on optical density profiles in human chromosomes. A method of quantitative analysis of C segments in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 based on longitudinal densitometry has been developed. The way of fitting apparatus data to visual estimates is represented. Density curve parameters not dependent on stain intensity were used. The general C band length error is approx. 0.05 micrometer. Heteromorphic chromosome 16 pairs have been investigated with this method. A significant difference (about 0.18 micrometer) between C bands of the homologues has been detected in chromosome 16. It has been calculated that C bands can be distinquished if the mean difference between the length of the homologues is more than 15%.", "PMID": 598827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6588", "title": "Replication bypass model of sister chromatid exchanges and implications for Bloom's syndrome and Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "A model of the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) process is outlined as a replication mechanism to bypass DNA crosslinks. The model suggests that when normal bidirectional replication advances from both sides towards a crosslink along the two opposite parental strands, the complementary parental strand segments can be temporarily displaced at each contralateral 5' side from the crosslink. The free ends produced in this first step will be terminally aligned but will have opposite polarity. The second step of the bypass can, however, be completed by either of two rejoining processes--terminal ligation of the free ends via nascent Okazaki pieces or aberrant complementation by overlapping the free ends. This bypass mechanism (1) allows replication to continue past a crosslink leaving it intact but (2) results in the switching of parental strands and their attached incomplete nascent strands above and below the crosslink site producing an exchange between sister chromatids. This model is compatible with the findings of current SCE studies using the new BUDR/stain techniques as well as with previous autoradiographic studies. It also suggests that the chromatid breaks and deletions in Fanconi's Anemia represent a defect in step two of the replication bypass mechanism and that the high frequency of SCE's and quadriradials in Bloom's Syndrome represent the SCE overload effects of a defect in crosslink repair.", "contents": "Replication bypass model of sister chromatid exchanges and implications for Bloom's syndrome and Fanconi's anemia. A model of the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) process is outlined as a replication mechanism to bypass DNA crosslinks. The model suggests that when normal bidirectional replication advances from both sides towards a crosslink along the two opposite parental strands, the complementary parental strand segments can be temporarily displaced at each contralateral 5' side from the crosslink. The free ends produced in this first step will be terminally aligned but will have opposite polarity. The second step of the bypass can, however, be completed by either of two rejoining processes--terminal ligation of the free ends via nascent Okazaki pieces or aberrant complementation by overlapping the free ends. This bypass mechanism (1) allows replication to continue past a crosslink leaving it intact but (2) results in the switching of parental strands and their attached incomplete nascent strands above and below the crosslink site producing an exchange between sister chromatids. This model is compatible with the findings of current SCE studies using the new BUDR/stain techniques as well as with previous autoradiographic studies. It also suggests that the chromatid breaks and deletions in Fanconi's Anemia represent a defect in step two of the replication bypass mechanism and that the high frequency of SCE's and quadriradials in Bloom's Syndrome represent the SCE overload effects of a defect in crosslink repair.", "PMID": 598828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6589", "title": "Chromosome banding study of the Cornelia De Lange syndrome.", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed on 13 patients with the Cornelia de Lange syndrome. With the technique of chromosome banding analysis, no chromosomal abnormalities were found.", "contents": "Chromosome banding study of the Cornelia De Lange syndrome. Chromosome studies were performed on 13 patients with the Cornelia de Lange syndrome. With the technique of chromosome banding analysis, no chromosomal abnormalities were found.", "PMID": 598831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6590", "title": "Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 in a polymalformed newborn--karyotype: 46,XX,del(2)(q21;q24).", "content": "This report describes a polymalformed female newborn presenting an interstitial deletion of the long arms of chromosome 2. Karyotype: 46,XX,del(2)(q21 q24).", "contents": "Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 in a polymalformed newborn--karyotype: 46,XX,del(2)(q21;q24). This report describes a polymalformed female newborn presenting an interstitial deletion of the long arms of chromosome 2. Karyotype: 46,XX,del(2)(q21 q24).", "PMID": 598832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6591", "title": "Pericentric inversion and partial monosomy 4q associated with congenital anomalies.", "content": "A case of complex structural rearrangement of chromosome 4 identified by R-banding as 46,XX,del(4),inv(4)(pter leads to 16::q24 leads to p16::q32 leads to qter) is reported in an infant with congenital anomalies and psychomotor retardation.", "contents": "Pericentric inversion and partial monosomy 4q associated with congenital anomalies. A case of complex structural rearrangement of chromosome 4 identified by R-banding as 46,XX,del(4),inv(4)(pter leads to 16::q24 leads to p16::q32 leads to qter) is reported in an infant with congenital anomalies and psychomotor retardation.", "PMID": 598833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6592", "title": "18p--syndrome resulting from 14q/18q 'dicentric' fusion translocation.", "content": "A child with nasal hypoplasia, growth and developmental delay, and 18p--due to 14q/18q apparent dicentric fusion is reported. Review of ten previously reported patients with 18p--due to fusion translocations involving the long arm of chromosome 18 reveals clinical features ranging from arrhinencephaly to minimal dysmorphic changes and mild retardation. This spectrum of clinical expression is similar to that seen in patients with partial 18p deletions. Since the same range of clinical features is observed whether there is partial or apparent total deletion of 18p, it is suggested that only a distal segment of the short arm of chromosome 18 may be etiologically related to the clinical phenotype in the 18p--syndrome.", "contents": "18p--syndrome resulting from 14q/18q 'dicentric' fusion translocation. A child with nasal hypoplasia, growth and developmental delay, and 18p--due to 14q/18q apparent dicentric fusion is reported. Review of ten previously reported patients with 18p--due to fusion translocations involving the long arm of chromosome 18 reveals clinical features ranging from arrhinencephaly to minimal dysmorphic changes and mild retardation. This spectrum of clinical expression is similar to that seen in patients with partial 18p deletions. Since the same range of clinical features is observed whether there is partial or apparent total deletion of 18p, it is suggested that only a distal segment of the short arm of chromosome 18 may be etiologically related to the clinical phenotype in the 18p--syndrome.", "PMID": 598834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6593", "title": "Nullisomy for the distal portion of Xp in a male child with a X/Y translocation.", "content": "An unbalanced X/Y translocation was found in a male child with malformed external genitalia and in his mother, who are respectively nullisomic and monosomic for the distal portion of Xp and have the translocated distal segment of Yq in excess. The loss of the distal portion of Xp is supposed to be the cause of the phenotypic abnormalities present in these subjects. The phenotype of our subjects is compared with those of the other cases of X/Y translocation described in the literature.", "contents": "Nullisomy for the distal portion of Xp in a male child with a X/Y translocation. An unbalanced X/Y translocation was found in a male child with malformed external genitalia and in his mother, who are respectively nullisomic and monosomic for the distal portion of Xp and have the translocated distal segment of Yq in excess. The loss of the distal portion of Xp is supposed to be the cause of the phenotypic abnormalities present in these subjects. The phenotype of our subjects is compared with those of the other cases of X/Y translocation described in the literature.", "PMID": 598835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6594", "title": "On the population genetics of the red cell glyoxalase I (GLO).", "content": "The GLO phenotype distribution was studied in the population from the Rostock area (n = 233). The gene frequencies of GLO alleles were estimated to be GLO1 = 0.4249, GLO2 = 0.5751. The electrophoretic separation was achieved on horizontal starch gel.", "contents": "On the population genetics of the red cell glyoxalase I (GLO). The GLO phenotype distribution was studied in the population from the Rostock area (n = 233). The gene frequencies of GLO alleles were estimated to be GLO1 = 0.4249, GLO2 = 0.5751. The electrophoretic separation was achieved on horizontal starch gel.", "PMID": 598837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6595", "title": "Women heterozygous for deficiency of the (p21 leads to pter) region of the X chromosome are fertile.", "content": "A woman balanced carrier of a X/15 translocation gave birth to a balanced infertile son and three unbalanced Xp--fertile daughters. This family and the other eleven cases of Xp--fertile women found in the literature demonstrate that loss of the p21 leads to pter region of the X chromosome is compatible with fertility, probably because it leaves on Xp the region which is never inactivated.", "contents": "Women heterozygous for deficiency of the (p21 leads to pter) region of the X chromosome are fertile. A woman balanced carrier of a X/15 translocation gave birth to a balanced infertile son and three unbalanced Xp--fertile daughters. This family and the other eleven cases of Xp--fertile women found in the literature demonstrate that loss of the p21 leads to pter region of the X chromosome is compatible with fertility, probably because it leaves on Xp the region which is never inactivated.", "PMID": 598836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6596", "title": "Duffy blood group and hemoglobin variants.", "content": "Data on a sample of 809 Afro-Americans indicated that there is no association between Duffy null (a-,b-) blood type and sickle cell trait. The results further rule out close linkage as an alternative hypothesis to explain the reported association between these loci in areas where falciparum and vivax malaria are endemic and indicate that, even if the two loci are independent or loosely linked, direct evidence of the selection favoring AS Fy-Fy- individuals must come from populations where mixed malaria infections occur. Stratification, as an explanation for the reported association, is also discussed.", "contents": "Duffy blood group and hemoglobin variants. Data on a sample of 809 Afro-Americans indicated that there is no association between Duffy null (a-,b-) blood type and sickle cell trait. The results further rule out close linkage as an alternative hypothesis to explain the reported association between these loci in areas where falciparum and vivax malaria are endemic and indicate that, even if the two loci are independent or loosely linked, direct evidence of the selection favoring AS Fy-Fy- individuals must come from populations where mixed malaria infections occur. Stratification, as an explanation for the reported association, is also discussed.", "PMID": 598838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6597", "title": "Inhibition of the development of Q-bands on human chromosomes by netropsin.", "content": "Netropsin, an oligopeptide-type basic antibiotic, having exclusively A-T-specific DNA-binding affinity and situating itself into the minor groove of the double helix, represses the development of Q-bands if human chromosome preparations are treated with it before quinacrine mustard staining. The most probable interpretation of this effect is that netropsin interferes with the intercalation of the dye molecules. It is assumed this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that quinacrine mustard binds preferentially to A-T-rich sequences of DNA in the metaphase chromosomes.", "contents": "Inhibition of the development of Q-bands on human chromosomes by netropsin. Netropsin, an oligopeptide-type basic antibiotic, having exclusively A-T-specific DNA-binding affinity and situating itself into the minor groove of the double helix, represses the development of Q-bands if human chromosome preparations are treated with it before quinacrine mustard staining. The most probable interpretation of this effect is that netropsin interferes with the intercalation of the dye molecules. It is assumed this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that quinacrine mustard binds preferentially to A-T-rich sequences of DNA in the metaphase chromosomes.", "PMID": 598839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6598", "title": "Studies on steroid hormone receptors (5alpha-dihidrotesterone, estradiol, and dexamethasone) in cultured human fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells.", "content": "Cultured human fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells (AF cells) were examined for the presence of steroid hormone receptors. In both cell types, the androgen (DHT) or glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) receptor was detected, but not the estrogen receptor. Binding parameters in fibroblasts were: for androgen: KD = 3.7 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 13 fmol/mg; for dexamethasone: KD = 4.5 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 120 fmol/mg. Binding parameters in AF cells were: for androgen: KD = 4 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 8 fmol/mg; for dexamethasone: KD = 1.9 X 10(-8) M, Bmax = 375 fmol/mg. Cultured cells derived from the gonads (of a patient with 17beta-ketosteroid reductase deficiency) seem to have more receptors than cells from extragenital body parts (Bmax = 21 fmol). With the aid of gel chromatography, the molecular weight of the androgen receptor was estimated to be 30-40 000D.", "contents": "Studies on steroid hormone receptors (5alpha-dihidrotesterone, estradiol, and dexamethasone) in cultured human fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. Cultured human fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells (AF cells) were examined for the presence of steroid hormone receptors. In both cell types, the androgen (DHT) or glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) receptor was detected, but not the estrogen receptor. Binding parameters in fibroblasts were: for androgen: KD = 3.7 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 13 fmol/mg; for dexamethasone: KD = 4.5 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 120 fmol/mg. Binding parameters in AF cells were: for androgen: KD = 4 X 10(-9) M, Bmax = 8 fmol/mg; for dexamethasone: KD = 1.9 X 10(-8) M, Bmax = 375 fmol/mg. Cultured cells derived from the gonads (of a patient with 17beta-ketosteroid reductase deficiency) seem to have more receptors than cells from extragenital body parts (Bmax = 21 fmol). With the aid of gel chromatography, the molecular weight of the androgen receptor was estimated to be 30-40 000D.", "PMID": 598840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6599", "title": "Total aneuploidy and age-related sex chromosome aneuploidy in cultured lymphocytes of normal men and women.", "content": "In PHA-cultured lymphocytes, about 8% of metaphases from 32 women were aneuploid compared to 4% of metaphases from 35 men. A significant part of this aneuploidy was characterized by sex chromosome involvement: in women, the loss of gain of X chromosomes; in men, the gain of X chromosomes and the loss or gain of Y chromosomes. The incidence of this aneuploidy was positively age-related for both sexes. Premature division of the X-chromosome centromere was closely associated with X-chromosome aneuploidy in women and men, and appeared to be the mechanism of non disjunction causing this aneuploidy. Premature centromere division (PCD) indicated a dysfunction of the X-chromosome centromere with aging, and this dysfunction was the basic cause of age-related aneuploidy. A similar mechanism of nondisjunction may operate for the Y chromosome of men, but could not be clearly demonstrated because of the low incidence of Y-chromosome aneuploidy. The balance of the aneuploidy was characterized by chromosome loss and the involvement of all chromosome groups. It was consistent with chromosome loss from metaphase cells damaged during preparation for cytogenetic examination.", "contents": "Total aneuploidy and age-related sex chromosome aneuploidy in cultured lymphocytes of normal men and women. In PHA-cultured lymphocytes, about 8% of metaphases from 32 women were aneuploid compared to 4% of metaphases from 35 men. A significant part of this aneuploidy was characterized by sex chromosome involvement: in women, the loss of gain of X chromosomes; in men, the gain of X chromosomes and the loss or gain of Y chromosomes. The incidence of this aneuploidy was positively age-related for both sexes. Premature division of the X-chromosome centromere was closely associated with X-chromosome aneuploidy in women and men, and appeared to be the mechanism of non disjunction causing this aneuploidy. Premature centromere division (PCD) indicated a dysfunction of the X-chromosome centromere with aging, and this dysfunction was the basic cause of age-related aneuploidy. A similar mechanism of nondisjunction may operate for the Y chromosome of men, but could not be clearly demonstrated because of the low incidence of Y-chromosome aneuploidy. The balance of the aneuploidy was characterized by chromosome loss and the involvement of all chromosome groups. It was consistent with chromosome loss from metaphase cells damaged during preparation for cytogenetic examination.", "PMID": 598841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6600", "title": "Direct assignment of citrate synthase (CS) gene to human chromosome 12 in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A panel of twenty independently derived clones of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids isolated from fusions involving eight different parent cell combinations simultaneously analyzed for human chromosomes, citrate synthase, and a large number of other enzyme markers firmly or tentatively assigned to individual human chromosomes have provided direct evidence for a firm assignment of the structural gene coding for citrate synthase (CS) to human chromosome 12.", "contents": "Direct assignment of citrate synthase (CS) gene to human chromosome 12 in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. A panel of twenty independently derived clones of man-mouse somatic cell hybrids isolated from fusions involving eight different parent cell combinations simultaneously analyzed for human chromosomes, citrate synthase, and a large number of other enzyme markers firmly or tentatively assigned to individual human chromosomes have provided direct evidence for a firm assignment of the structural gene coding for citrate synthase (CS) to human chromosome 12.", "PMID": 598842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6601", "title": "Effect of nitrofurantoin on meiosis of the male mouse.", "content": "The effects of nitrofurantoin [N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidine)-1-amino-hydantoin] on chromosomes of primary and secondary spermatocytes of mice were studied. No mutagenic activity was detectable after application of either 8 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg nitrofurantoin. An increase in the univalent rates and a decrease in the chiasma frequencies was observed in treated animals. The probable origins of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of nitrofurantoin on meiosis of the male mouse. The effects of nitrofurantoin [N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidine)-1-amino-hydantoin] on chromosomes of primary and secondary spermatocytes of mice were studied. No mutagenic activity was detectable after application of either 8 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg nitrofurantoin. An increase in the univalent rates and a decrease in the chiasma frequencies was observed in treated animals. The probable origins of these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 598843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6602", "title": "'Gd(-) H\u00f4tel Dieu': a new G-6PD variant with chronic hemolysis in a Negro patient from Senegal.", "content": "A G-6PD deficiency was detected in a Negro patient from Senegal suffering from congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The main characteristics of this variant were: profound defect of G-6PD activity in the red cells, decreased immunologic specific activity, fast electrophoretic mobility, decreased Km-G-6P and normal Km-NADP+, normal inhibition by ATP and NADPH, slightly increased utilization of the substrate analogues, slightly biphasic pH curve, high heat lability, subnormal activation energy. The characteristics of this variant being unique, it was called 'G-6PD H\u00f4tel Dieu.'", "contents": "'Gd(-) H\u00f4tel Dieu': a new G-6PD variant with chronic hemolysis in a Negro patient from Senegal. A G-6PD deficiency was detected in a Negro patient from Senegal suffering from congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The main characteristics of this variant were: profound defect of G-6PD activity in the red cells, decreased immunologic specific activity, fast electrophoretic mobility, decreased Km-G-6P and normal Km-NADP+, normal inhibition by ATP and NADPH, slightly increased utilization of the substrate analogues, slightly biphasic pH curve, high heat lability, subnormal activation energy. The characteristics of this variant being unique, it was called 'G-6PD H\u00f4tel Dieu.'", "PMID": 598844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6603", "title": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the centromere separation sequence in Chinese hamster spermatogonia.", "content": "The sequence of centromere separation in spermatogonial chromosomes of untreated and cyclophosphamide-treated Chinese hamsters is described. Centromeres of chromosome 1 and 2 separated much earlier than all other chromosomes, especially 6-8. Cyclophosphamide significantly inhibits the centromere separation in all chromosome groups but does not alter the sequence of separation.", "contents": "The effect of cyclophosphamide on the centromere separation sequence in Chinese hamster spermatogonia. The sequence of centromere separation in spermatogonial chromosomes of untreated and cyclophosphamide-treated Chinese hamsters is described. Centromeres of chromosome 1 and 2 separated much earlier than all other chromosomes, especially 6-8. Cyclophosphamide significantly inhibits the centromere separation in all chromosome groups but does not alter the sequence of separation.", "PMID": 598845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6604", "title": "Rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures. III. Improved dissociation and attachment techniques and the enhancement of survival by culture medium.", "content": "The conditions for obtaining representative, adult rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures were improved such that viable yields of 50% of the liver were produced which gave rise to cultures representing 30% of the liver. The survival of these cultures in various media was compared revealing that in complex media, particularly containing galactose, survival was improved.", "contents": "Rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures. III. Improved dissociation and attachment techniques and the enhancement of survival by culture medium. The conditions for obtaining representative, adult rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures were improved such that viable yields of 50% of the liver were produced which gave rise to cultures representing 30% of the liver. The survival of these cultures in various media was compared revealing that in complex media, particularly containing galactose, survival was improved.", "PMID": 598849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6605", "title": "Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: preliminary observations on morphology and beating activity.", "content": "An in vitro model of myocardial ischemia has been established with primary monolayer cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. Ischemic conditions were simulated in vitro by subjecting the heart cell cultures to various levels of oxygen and glucose deprivation. After the ischemic treatments, cultures of beating muscle (M) cells were evaluated for functional and morphological changes. The experimental protocol consisted of treatment with 20% or 0% O2 and 1000, 500 or 0 mg glucose per 1 of medium for 4, 12 or 24 hr. Control cultures were treated with 20% O2 and 1000 mg glucose. The morphological alterations induced by the deficiency of O2 and glucose in the medium were the formation of pseudopodia and cytoplasmic vacuoles; increased cytoplasmic granulation; and the formation of abnormal cell shapes, such as long, spindly shaped M cells. There was a time-dependent decrease in beating activity as the M cells were exposed to longer durations of ischemic conditions. However, if the cultures were replenished with complete medium (1000 mg glucose) and 20% O2, the cells regained their ability to beat.", "contents": "Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: preliminary observations on morphology and beating activity. An in vitro model of myocardial ischemia has been established with primary monolayer cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. Ischemic conditions were simulated in vitro by subjecting the heart cell cultures to various levels of oxygen and glucose deprivation. After the ischemic treatments, cultures of beating muscle (M) cells were evaluated for functional and morphological changes. The experimental protocol consisted of treatment with 20% or 0% O2 and 1000, 500 or 0 mg glucose per 1 of medium for 4, 12 or 24 hr. Control cultures were treated with 20% O2 and 1000 mg glucose. The morphological alterations induced by the deficiency of O2 and glucose in the medium were the formation of pseudopodia and cytoplasmic vacuoles; increased cytoplasmic granulation; and the formation of abnormal cell shapes, such as long, spindly shaped M cells. There was a time-dependent decrease in beating activity as the M cells were exposed to longer durations of ischemic conditions. However, if the cultures were replenished with complete medium (1000 mg glucose) and 20% O2, the cells regained their ability to beat.", "PMID": 598850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6606", "title": "Differences in growth response to hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid by human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on growth parameters were measured in human diploid skin fibroblasts from fetal and adult donors. In the presence of culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.3 micrometer hydrocortisone produced a 20% increase in the population growth rate and a 50 to 70% increase in the confluent density of fibroblasts from adult donors. Daily addition of 28 micrometer ascorbic acid also stimulated the population growth rate and cell density at confluency. The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on the final cell density were additive. The action of hydrocortisone was restricted to cells in log-phase growth, whereas ascorbic acid affected cells in both the log and the post-confluent phases of the growth cycle. In fibroblasts from fetal donors, ascorbic acid was stimulative but hydrocortisone was not. The data suggest that whereas both compounds stimulate cell growth in an additive manner, they do so by different cellular mechanisms.", "contents": "Differences in growth response to hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid by human diploid fibroblasts. The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on growth parameters were measured in human diploid skin fibroblasts from fetal and adult donors. In the presence of culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.3 micrometer hydrocortisone produced a 20% increase in the population growth rate and a 50 to 70% increase in the confluent density of fibroblasts from adult donors. Daily addition of 28 micrometer ascorbic acid also stimulated the population growth rate and cell density at confluency. The effects of hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid on the final cell density were additive. The action of hydrocortisone was restricted to cells in log-phase growth, whereas ascorbic acid affected cells in both the log and the post-confluent phases of the growth cycle. In fibroblasts from fetal donors, ascorbic acid was stimulative but hydrocortisone was not. The data suggest that whereas both compounds stimulate cell growth in an additive manner, they do so by different cellular mechanisms.", "PMID": 598851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6607", "title": "The in vitro propagation of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp. hybrids).", "content": "A new, rapid technique for the propagation of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp. hybrids) by means of tissue culture is reported. Leaf bases, scapes, peduncles, inner bulb scales and ovaries were cultured successfully in vitro and plantlets were induced readily at various concentrations of growth regulators. Some plantlets also were produced in the absence of growth regulators. The most productive tissues for propagation were inverted scapes and peduncles, cultured in a modified Murashige and Skoog salt solution with added organic constituents and 1 mg per 1 (4.5 micron) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg per 1 (4.4 micrometer) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Plantlets induced axenically also grew roots on the generalized shoot-inducing medium so that no special rooting medium was required. Although friable callus was obtained from ovary tissue cultured on a medium containing 2 mg per 1 (11 micrometer) naphthaleneacetic acid and 4 mg per 1 (18 micrometer) BAP, it produced shoots after 8 weeks of further subculture on the same medium. An average of 10 rooted plantlets was obtained from each scape or peduncle explant on the shoot-propagating medium. Thus, if 45 explants are obtained from each bulb, 450 rudimentary plantlets could be obtained from each mother bulb in 8 weeks of culture. This is a substantial increase over present propagation methods.", "contents": "The in vitro propagation of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp. hybrids). A new, rapid technique for the propagation of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp. hybrids) by means of tissue culture is reported. Leaf bases, scapes, peduncles, inner bulb scales and ovaries were cultured successfully in vitro and plantlets were induced readily at various concentrations of growth regulators. Some plantlets also were produced in the absence of growth regulators. The most productive tissues for propagation were inverted scapes and peduncles, cultured in a modified Murashige and Skoog salt solution with added organic constituents and 1 mg per 1 (4.5 micron) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg per 1 (4.4 micrometer) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Plantlets induced axenically also grew roots on the generalized shoot-inducing medium so that no special rooting medium was required. Although friable callus was obtained from ovary tissue cultured on a medium containing 2 mg per 1 (11 micrometer) naphthaleneacetic acid and 4 mg per 1 (18 micrometer) BAP, it produced shoots after 8 weeks of further subculture on the same medium. An average of 10 rooted plantlets was obtained from each scape or peduncle explant on the shoot-propagating medium. Thus, if 45 explants are obtained from each bulb, 450 rudimentary plantlets could be obtained from each mother bulb in 8 weeks of culture. This is a substantial increase over present propagation methods.", "PMID": 598852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6608", "title": "Growth of human skin fibroblasts in dialyzed fetal bovine serum.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblast cultures plated at or below a density of 2 X 10(3) cells per cm2 grew very slowly or not at all in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum that had been dialyzed for 24 hr. Adding serine (0.2 mM) or pyruvate (1.0 mM) to MEM and 10% dialyzed serum restored growth to the level observed with 10% nondialyzed serum. Serine and pyruvate also were able to overcome partially the growth arrest induced by a reduced serum concentration (1 or 2%). Human fibroblast cultures grew very well in 100% fetal bovine serum that had been dialyzed against MEM. For cells grown in dialyzed serum, the final number increased with increasing serum concentration, in contrast to the well established toxic effects of high concentrations of nondialyzed serum.", "contents": "Growth of human skin fibroblasts in dialyzed fetal bovine serum. Human diploid fibroblast cultures plated at or below a density of 2 X 10(3) cells per cm2 grew very slowly or not at all in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum that had been dialyzed for 24 hr. Adding serine (0.2 mM) or pyruvate (1.0 mM) to MEM and 10% dialyzed serum restored growth to the level observed with 10% nondialyzed serum. Serine and pyruvate also were able to overcome partially the growth arrest induced by a reduced serum concentration (1 or 2%). Human fibroblast cultures grew very well in 100% fetal bovine serum that had been dialyzed against MEM. For cells grown in dialyzed serum, the final number increased with increasing serum concentration, in contrast to the well established toxic effects of high concentrations of nondialyzed serum.", "PMID": 598853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6609", "title": "Measurement of the adhesive strength of a gingival cell line to agar.", "content": "A new technique is described for measuring the adhesive strength of a gingival cell line to an agar substratum by the modification of the original \"blister\" test for adhesives. A cell monolayer was developed on a Petri dish with a hole in the center of the growing surface, overlayed with agar, and the system pressurized to debond the cells from the agar surface. Pressure changes were measured by a capacitance pressure transducer the output of which was measured by a strip-chart recorder. The modulus (E) of the agar overlay was determined and used in the calculation of the adhesive-bond strength (gammaalpha). The gammaalpha yield for the gingival cell line (cell-agar debond) was 48.8 ergs per cm2, and for the control (no cells) (agar-polystyrene debond) was 30.0 ergs per cm2.", "contents": "Measurement of the adhesive strength of a gingival cell line to agar. A new technique is described for measuring the adhesive strength of a gingival cell line to an agar substratum by the modification of the original \"blister\" test for adhesives. A cell monolayer was developed on a Petri dish with a hole in the center of the growing surface, overlayed with agar, and the system pressurized to debond the cells from the agar surface. Pressure changes were measured by a capacitance pressure transducer the output of which was measured by a strip-chart recorder. The modulus (E) of the agar overlay was determined and used in the calculation of the adhesive-bond strength (gammaalpha). The gammaalpha yield for the gingival cell line (cell-agar debond) was 48.8 ergs per cm2, and for the control (no cells) (agar-polystyrene debond) was 30.0 ergs per cm2.", "PMID": 598854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6610", "title": "Listeric meningitis in the non-compromised host.", "content": "A small epidemic of listeric infection among non-compromised adults recently occurred in the western part of Sweden. All ten patients survived and the prognosis of listeric meningitis in non-compromised patients would seem to be considerably better than in the compromised host. A rapid initiation of ampicillin treatment (10-20 mg/kg of body weight daily) within 48 hours after onset of symptoms may be contributed to the excellent outcome in the present series besides a well-functioning intracellular killing mechanism which seems to be of the greatest importance in listeric infeciton.", "contents": "Listeric meningitis in the non-compromised host. A small epidemic of listeric infection among non-compromised adults recently occurred in the western part of Sweden. All ten patients survived and the prognosis of listeric meningitis in non-compromised patients would seem to be considerably better than in the compromised host. A rapid initiation of ampicillin treatment (10-20 mg/kg of body weight daily) within 48 hours after onset of symptoms may be contributed to the excellent outcome in the present series besides a well-functioning intracellular killing mechanism which seems to be of the greatest importance in listeric infeciton.", "PMID": 598927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6611", "title": "Interpretation of blood cultures yielding Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus were classified according to clinical criteria in three groups: \"definite\", \"possible\", and \"doubtful\" septicemia. Using traditional blood culture sets with two bottles (thioglycollate and tryptic soy broths), we found that patients with \"definite\" septicemia always showed more than one positive bottle per day if more than one set was drawn, that the mean detection time was 1.7 days, and that 95% of the first positive bottles and 92% of all positive bottles grew within two days of incubation. Patients with \"doubtful\" septicemia were more often (88%) positive in one bottle only, the mean detection time for all bottles was 3.7 days, and only 35% of the first positive bottles and 33% of all positive bottles yielded growth within two days. \"Possible\" cases took a position between these two extremes but tended more towards the \"doubtful\" cases. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of blood cultures with S. aureus are discussed.", "contents": "Interpretation of blood cultures yielding Staphylococcus aureus. Forty-eight patients with blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus were classified according to clinical criteria in three groups: \"definite\", \"possible\", and \"doubtful\" septicemia. Using traditional blood culture sets with two bottles (thioglycollate and tryptic soy broths), we found that patients with \"definite\" septicemia always showed more than one positive bottle per day if more than one set was drawn, that the mean detection time was 1.7 days, and that 95% of the first positive bottles and 92% of all positive bottles grew within two days of incubation. Patients with \"doubtful\" septicemia were more often (88%) positive in one bottle only, the mean detection time for all bottles was 3.7 days, and only 35% of the first positive bottles and 33% of all positive bottles yielded growth within two days. \"Possible\" cases took a position between these two extremes but tended more towards the \"doubtful\" cases. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of blood cultures with S. aureus are discussed.", "PMID": 598928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6612", "title": "[Serum concentrations and kinetics after intravenous infusion of four grams of cefazolin (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of cefazolin were studied in 25 males and females after administration of 4 g infused over 60 minutes. The mean microbiologically active concentration of cefazolin in serum five minutes after discontinuing the infusion was 410 microgram/ml, after 60 minutes 190 microgram/ml and after 8 hours 8.5 microgram/ml. After 8 hours 84% of the drug was eliminated in the urine of four of the volunteers. The mean serum half-life was 87.38 minutes in the one compartment model, and the volume of distribution 9.20 1. The area under the curve was 44626.15 microgram.min.ml-1. The mean value for the clearance was 73.5 ml/min. The importance of high dosages of cefazolin in severe infections caused by cefazolin-sensitive organisms is discussed. Side-effects were not observed.", "contents": "[Serum concentrations and kinetics after intravenous infusion of four grams of cefazolin (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of cefazolin were studied in 25 males and females after administration of 4 g infused over 60 minutes. The mean microbiologically active concentration of cefazolin in serum five minutes after discontinuing the infusion was 410 microgram/ml, after 60 minutes 190 microgram/ml and after 8 hours 8.5 microgram/ml. After 8 hours 84% of the drug was eliminated in the urine of four of the volunteers. The mean serum half-life was 87.38 minutes in the one compartment model, and the volume of distribution 9.20 1. The area under the curve was 44626.15 microgram.min.ml-1. The mean value for the clearance was 73.5 ml/min. The importance of high dosages of cefazolin in severe infections caused by cefazolin-sensitive organisms is discussed. Side-effects were not observed.", "PMID": 598929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6613", "title": "Studies on serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cephacetrile in neonates.", "content": "The serum half-life of cephacetrile and its penetration from the serum into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined in 33 premature and full-term neonates. On an average the serum half-life was 3.6 hours in children with a birth weight above 1,500 g; in children with a birth weight below 1,500 g it was 5.1 hours. The penetration volume of cephacetrile into CSF was higher and the rate of penetration faster in neonates with meningeal infections than in those without. The highest CSF concentrations were reached 2-4 hours after drug application (2.6-25.8 mcg/ml in infants with bacterial meningitis and 1.8-15.2 mcg/ml in infants without).", "contents": "Studies on serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cephacetrile in neonates. The serum half-life of cephacetrile and its penetration from the serum into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined in 33 premature and full-term neonates. On an average the serum half-life was 3.6 hours in children with a birth weight above 1,500 g; in children with a birth weight below 1,500 g it was 5.1 hours. The penetration volume of cephacetrile into CSF was higher and the rate of penetration faster in neonates with meningeal infections than in those without. The highest CSF concentrations were reached 2-4 hours after drug application (2.6-25.8 mcg/ml in infants with bacterial meningitis and 1.8-15.2 mcg/ml in infants without).", "PMID": 598930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6614", "title": "The effect of oral spironolactone and intravenous canrenoate-K on the digoxin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Twenty patients receiving a constant maintenance therapy of digoxin preparations were selected, and daily plasma digoxin concentrations were measured using the clinical assays gammacoat 125I-digoxin radioimmunoassay. A single intravenous dose of canrenoate-K was given to 10 patients, thus producing after 5 min. a rapid rise of plasma digoxin concentrations, which varied from 121.1 to 214.3% of the baseline value (100%). In 3 of these patients, plasma digoxin concentrations were measured serially over a period of 8 hrs. and yielded digoxin levels of 81.5, 112.5 and 122.5% of the baseline value. The other 10 patients received an oral dose of 100 mg spironolactone twice a day, and plasma digoxin determinations were carried out daily. Up to the fifth day, a continuous rise of average digoxin levels was found (on day 5, 181.0%) as long as digoxin and spironolactone were continued. From the sixth to the ninth day of therapy, average mean values remained fairly constant (on days 6-9, 168.9, 173.6, 170.8, 172.5% respectively). Contradictory results have been obtained when the interference of spironolactone, canrenone or canrenoate-K on the radioimmunoassay was studied [1, 2]. This study is a further contribution for evaluating the specifity a commercially available 125J-labeled digoxin kit.", "contents": "The effect of oral spironolactone and intravenous canrenoate-K on the digoxin radioimmunoassay. Twenty patients receiving a constant maintenance therapy of digoxin preparations were selected, and daily plasma digoxin concentrations were measured using the clinical assays gammacoat 125I-digoxin radioimmunoassay. A single intravenous dose of canrenoate-K was given to 10 patients, thus producing after 5 min. a rapid rise of plasma digoxin concentrations, which varied from 121.1 to 214.3% of the baseline value (100%). In 3 of these patients, plasma digoxin concentrations were measured serially over a period of 8 hrs. and yielded digoxin levels of 81.5, 112.5 and 122.5% of the baseline value. The other 10 patients received an oral dose of 100 mg spironolactone twice a day, and plasma digoxin determinations were carried out daily. Up to the fifth day, a continuous rise of average digoxin levels was found (on day 5, 181.0%) as long as digoxin and spironolactone were continued. From the sixth to the ninth day of therapy, average mean values remained fairly constant (on days 6-9, 168.9, 173.6, 170.8, 172.5% respectively). Contradictory results have been obtained when the interference of spironolactone, canrenone or canrenoate-K on the radioimmunoassay was studied [1, 2]. This study is a further contribution for evaluating the specifity a commercially available 125J-labeled digoxin kit.", "PMID": 598949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6615", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure III. Effect of heparin.", "content": "The effect of an i.v. injection of 25 mg heparin on the plasma digoxin level was studied in ten patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Six patients did not show a significant change in the plasma digoxin level of more than 0.1 ng/ml. An increase up to 0.4 ng/ml was observed in four patients. The consequences with regard to digoxin assay and clinical effects are discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of digoxin in patients with terminal renal failure III. Effect of heparin. The effect of an i.v. injection of 25 mg heparin on the plasma digoxin level was studied in ten patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Six patients did not show a significant change in the plasma digoxin level of more than 0.1 ng/ml. An increase up to 0.4 ng/ml was observed in four patients. The consequences with regard to digoxin assay and clinical effects are discussed.", "PMID": 598950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6616", "title": "Problems of model testing.", "content": "At first, a model is defined generally and a classification into descriptive and mechanistic models is made. A definition of what is meant by testing the adequacy of regression type models is given. The situations with or without repeated measurements are distinguished. The principle of the decision theoretical approach for model discrimination is compared with that of the significance test for adequacy. Finally, the problem of the optimality of experimental designs with respect to tests of adequacy is discussed. The arguments are demonstrated with various examples.", "contents": "Problems of model testing. At first, a model is defined generally and a classification into descriptive and mechanistic models is made. A definition of what is meant by testing the adequacy of regression type models is given. The situations with or without repeated measurements are distinguished. The principle of the decision theoretical approach for model discrimination is compared with that of the significance test for adequacy. Finally, the problem of the optimality of experimental designs with respect to tests of adequacy is discussed. The arguments are demonstrated with various examples.", "PMID": 598951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6617", "title": "Dependence of pharmacokinetic parameters on the body weight.", "content": "By employing the theory of biological similarity, equations concerning the dependence of the clearance on the body weight are being presented for different elimination processes. Changes in the biological half-life depending on the body weight are demonstrated by way of the one and two compartment model. The discussion of the results based on our own data as well as those derived from literature shows that it is very ofter possible to estimate the weight-depending differences between half-lives of various species by simple empirical formulas.", "contents": "Dependence of pharmacokinetic parameters on the body weight. By employing the theory of biological similarity, equations concerning the dependence of the clearance on the body weight are being presented for different elimination processes. Changes in the biological half-life depending on the body weight are demonstrated by way of the one and two compartment model. The discussion of the results based on our own data as well as those derived from literature shows that it is very ofter possible to estimate the weight-depending differences between half-lives of various species by simple empirical formulas.", "PMID": 598952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6618", "title": "On the influence of Mobiletten on the effect of alcohol in the human. Second communication: influence on the efficiency under alcohol stress.", "content": "The influence of alcohol in combination with the preparation Mobiletten on the psycho-physical efficiency was studied in 15 probands by way of various test methods. Under alcohol and, at the same time, Mobiletten influence, the probands showed significantly less efficiency loss in regard to single test parameters than under alcohol without intake of the substance to be tested. The changes were noted in a comparison of the test results obtained at respective points of time as well as those obtained when the blood ethanol concentrations were practically identical. As a cause for these changes, above all the reduced increase rate of blood ethanol levels already described earlier (see 1st communication) was discussed. Any specific sobering effect of the preparation, however, could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "On the influence of Mobiletten on the effect of alcohol in the human. Second communication: influence on the efficiency under alcohol stress. The influence of alcohol in combination with the preparation Mobiletten on the psycho-physical efficiency was studied in 15 probands by way of various test methods. Under alcohol and, at the same time, Mobiletten influence, the probands showed significantly less efficiency loss in regard to single test parameters than under alcohol without intake of the substance to be tested. The changes were noted in a comparison of the test results obtained at respective points of time as well as those obtained when the blood ethanol concentrations were practically identical. As a cause for these changes, above all the reduced increase rate of blood ethanol levels already described earlier (see 1st communication) was discussed. Any specific sobering effect of the preparation, however, could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 598953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6619", "title": "The Queensland melanoma project.", "content": "The fate of over 1,500 patients treated for malignant melanoma in Queensland, Australia, between 1963 and 1969 has been followed by the Queensland Melanoma Project (QMP). Aspects which have been studied and reported include yearly incidence (16 per 100,000), sex incidence (females 55%, males 45%), size of melanomas (73% less than 2.0 cm), prognosis related to sex, site and histological features, multiple primary cutaneous melanomas (more than 1 in 4.8% of patients), hereditary and immunological aspects and value of frozen section diagnosis in management. Continued education of the public and medical practitioners is essential to insure early diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with melanoma.", "contents": "The Queensland melanoma project. The fate of over 1,500 patients treated for malignant melanoma in Queensland, Australia, between 1963 and 1969 has been followed by the Queensland Melanoma Project (QMP). Aspects which have been studied and reported include yearly incidence (16 per 100,000), sex incidence (females 55%, males 45%), size of melanomas (73% less than 2.0 cm), prognosis related to sex, site and histological features, multiple primary cutaneous melanomas (more than 1 in 4.8% of patients), hereditary and immunological aspects and value of frozen section diagnosis in management. Continued education of the public and medical practitioners is essential to insure early diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with melanoma.", "PMID": 598956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6620", "title": "Individual transparency patterns of adhesive-tape strip series of the stratum corneum.", "content": "A newly developed apparatus permits the differentiated transparency measurement of stripped horny layer material. An adhesive tape strip, covered with a stripped horny layer mass, is fixed on a glass plate and led past a homogenous light source and a photo cell at a constant speed, whereby each respective light-current deviation is collected as a parameter for each respective strip model. It is then synchronously registered via a continuous-line-recorder. The systematic evaluation of original curves results in a reproducible individual horny layer model obtained by a methodically stripped adhesive tape series, successively taken under constant conditions from the same skin area. Three characteristic types of curves were observed.", "contents": "Individual transparency patterns of adhesive-tape strip series of the stratum corneum. A newly developed apparatus permits the differentiated transparency measurement of stripped horny layer material. An adhesive tape strip, covered with a stripped horny layer mass, is fixed on a glass plate and led past a homogenous light source and a photo cell at a constant speed, whereby each respective light-current deviation is collected as a parameter for each respective strip model. It is then synchronously registered via a continuous-line-recorder. The systematic evaluation of original curves results in a reproducible individual horny layer model obtained by a methodically stripped adhesive tape series, successively taken under constant conditions from the same skin area. Three characteristic types of curves were observed.", "PMID": 598957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6621", "title": "Theme and variation in the development of the first transitional object.", "content": "In our research we have been attempting to elucidate the phenomenon we have labelled the 'first transitional object'. In this paper we have focused primarily on some dimensions along which the child can vary in his use of the first transitional object. We have pointed to the fact that some infants  first come in contact with the 'blanket' at the age of three months, and this seems to be a critical time period for regular contact with the first transitional object. While there are variations in the child's attachment to the first transitional object from the very beginning, age two appears to be a crucial time when the intensity of the child's attachment to the 'blanket' becomes established. Most children seem to give up the first transitional object between five and six years of age, and an example of the disruption of this process was presented. An attempt was made to put these findings within a developmental context, while other variables which affect the fate of the first transitional object were also explored.", "contents": "Theme and variation in the development of the first transitional object. In our research we have been attempting to elucidate the phenomenon we have labelled the 'first transitional object'. In this paper we have focused primarily on some dimensions along which the child can vary in his use of the first transitional object. We have pointed to the fact that some infants  first come in contact with the 'blanket' at the age of three months, and this seems to be a critical time period for regular contact with the first transitional object. While there are variations in the child's attachment to the first transitional object from the very beginning, age two appears to be a crucial time when the intensity of the child's attachment to the 'blanket' becomes established. Most children seem to give up the first transitional object between five and six years of age, and an example of the disruption of this process was presented. An attempt was made to put these findings within a developmental context, while other variables which affect the fate of the first transitional object were also explored.", "PMID": 598974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6622", "title": "Immunological inquiry for the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Canis familiaris in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.", "content": "A total of 430 dogs were immunologically examined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and 21.6% of them were positive. The animals were selected through an aleatory pattern, according to the division of the City in 18 residential zones a division which had been established by the vaccination campaign against canis hydrophobia. The serotypes icterohemorrhagiae and canicola were the most frequently registered. Between the sexes, the male presented the highest index of positivity, though the difference wasn't statistically significant. The period of age ranging from 12 to 48 months comprised 67.7% of the investigations. Mestizo dogs presented a higher frequency of positivity than any other race and the areas of Nordeste de Amaralina, Liberdade and Quintas showed the greatest percentages of positive dogs.", "contents": "Immunological inquiry for the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Canis familiaris in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. A total of 430 dogs were immunologically examined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and 21.6% of them were positive. The animals were selected through an aleatory pattern, according to the division of the City in 18 residential zones a division which had been established by the vaccination campaign against canis hydrophobia. The serotypes icterohemorrhagiae and canicola were the most frequently registered. Between the sexes, the male presented the highest index of positivity, though the difference wasn't statistically significant. The period of age ranging from 12 to 48 months comprised 67.7% of the investigations. Mestizo dogs presented a higher frequency of positivity than any other race and the areas of Nordeste de Amaralina, Liberdade and Quintas showed the greatest percentages of positive dogs.", "PMID": 598976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6623", "title": "Utilization of the convolution integral to calculate rates of melatonin secretion into blood and CSF of sheep.", "content": "Due to the anatomical location of the pineal gland on the dorsal surface of the third ventricle, melatonin may be secreted either into the blood or into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To determine the route of secretion in sheep, simultaneous samples of blood from the jugular vein and of CSF from the cisterna magna were obtained during an endogenous surge of melatonin secretion. Making the assumption that the distribution of melatonin in sheep could be modeled as a time-invariant linear system, two simultaneous equations were developed in which the only two unknowns, the input function into the blood and into the ventricles, were convolved with weighting functions derived from the concentration profiles obtained following the injection of known quantities of melatonin into the jugular vein and into the lateral ventricle. The respective input functions were evaluated following deconvolution in the frequency domain. The quantity of melatonin secreted into the blood was more than 100 times greater than that secreted into the CSF.", "contents": "Utilization of the convolution integral to calculate rates of melatonin secretion into blood and CSF of sheep. Due to the anatomical location of the pineal gland on the dorsal surface of the third ventricle, melatonin may be secreted either into the blood or into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To determine the route of secretion in sheep, simultaneous samples of blood from the jugular vein and of CSF from the cisterna magna were obtained during an endogenous surge of melatonin secretion. Making the assumption that the distribution of melatonin in sheep could be modeled as a time-invariant linear system, two simultaneous equations were developed in which the only two unknowns, the input function into the blood and into the ventricles, were convolved with weighting functions derived from the concentration profiles obtained following the injection of known quantities of melatonin into the jugular vein and into the lateral ventricle. The respective input functions were evaluated following deconvolution in the frequency domain. The quantity of melatonin secreted into the blood was more than 100 times greater than that secreted into the CSF.", "PMID": 598991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6624", "title": "Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in a village community with a high incidence of toxemia of pregnancy.", "content": "Blood pressure measurements were recorded in 95% of the men and 97% of the women aged 30 to 59 years in a small Israeli village populated by Jews of Kurdish origin and in which a high incidence of toxemia of pregnancy was previously observed. The prevalence of hypertension in the men, as well as in the women, was significantly higher in all age groups studied than in a sample of the general population. These findings support the hypothesis that toxemia of pregnancy is an expression of a preexisting hypertensive state rather than an etiological factor in the development of later hypertension in women.", "contents": "Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in a village community with a high incidence of toxemia of pregnancy. Blood pressure measurements were recorded in 95% of the men and 97% of the women aged 30 to 59 years in a small Israeli village populated by Jews of Kurdish origin and in which a high incidence of toxemia of pregnancy was previously observed. The prevalence of hypertension in the men, as well as in the women, was significantly higher in all age groups studied than in a sample of the general population. These findings support the hypothesis that toxemia of pregnancy is an expression of a preexisting hypertensive state rather than an etiological factor in the development of later hypertension in women.", "PMID": 598993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6625", "title": "Bacterial and fungal meningitis in adults: a 22-year survey in a large community hospital in Israel.", "content": "The etiologic, bacteriological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of 95 cases of bacterial or fungal meningitis in adults seen in a large community hospital were reviewed. The study was limited to non-neurosurgical patients in whom positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures were obtained. Overall mortality was 40%, with no appreciable change during the 22-year period. The most common causative organism was the pneumococcus, with a 45% mortality. There were no deaths among the patients with meningococcal meningitis. Cryptococcus neoformans was the third most common single organism encountered. Meningitis due to uncommon organisms usually developed in debilitated or immunologically compromised patients, and had a poor prognosis. Advanced age, underlying debilitating disease and severly impaired consciousness on admission were associated with a high mortality. Bacterial and fungal meningitis in adults remains a serious life-threatening disease, despite advances in antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Bacterial and fungal meningitis in adults: a 22-year survey in a large community hospital in Israel. The etiologic, bacteriological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of 95 cases of bacterial or fungal meningitis in adults seen in a large community hospital were reviewed. The study was limited to non-neurosurgical patients in whom positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures were obtained. Overall mortality was 40%, with no appreciable change during the 22-year period. The most common causative organism was the pneumococcus, with a 45% mortality. There were no deaths among the patients with meningococcal meningitis. Cryptococcus neoformans was the third most common single organism encountered. Meningitis due to uncommon organisms usually developed in debilitated or immunologically compromised patients, and had a poor prognosis. Advanced age, underlying debilitating disease and severly impaired consciousness on admission were associated with a high mortality. Bacterial and fungal meningitis in adults remains a serious life-threatening disease, despite advances in antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 598994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6626", "title": "Unusual amyloid bodies in human liver. Ultrastructural and freeze-etching studies.", "content": "An unusual presentation of amyloidosis in the liver is described in two patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Amyloid bodies, ranging from 3 to 20 microns in diameter and staining positive for Congo red, were found to be deposited between or within hepatocytes and, therefore, to be in a more direct spatial relationship to epithelial than to Kupffer or sinusoidal lining cells. The freeze-etching technique revealed that the average diameter of the amyloid fibrils was 15 nm and not 7 to 10 nm. This may be due to the fact that this technique avoids shrinkage artefacts which follow fixation and dehydration.", "contents": "Unusual amyloid bodies in human liver. Ultrastructural and freeze-etching studies. An unusual presentation of amyloidosis in the liver is described in two patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Amyloid bodies, ranging from 3 to 20 microns in diameter and staining positive for Congo red, were found to be deposited between or within hepatocytes and, therefore, to be in a more direct spatial relationship to epithelial than to Kupffer or sinusoidal lining cells. The freeze-etching technique revealed that the average diameter of the amyloid fibrils was 15 nm and not 7 to 10 nm. This may be due to the fact that this technique avoids shrinkage artefacts which follow fixation and dehydration.", "PMID": 598995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6627", "title": "Echocardiographic left ventricular function in aortic and mitral incompetence and the effect of valve replacement.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) function was studied by echocardiography in 28 patients with volume overload of the LV before and after valve replacement. Of the 28 subjects, 19 had mitral valve disease (eight with mitral incompetence and 11 with mitral incompetence and stenosis) and nine patients had aortic incompetence. Patients with chronic mitral and aortic incompetence had marked LV enlargement with normal or slightly depressed systolic function; in those with acute mitral incompetence the degree of cardiomegaly was less and the state of LV function depended on the underlying cause of valvular incompetence. Valve replacement was followed by a decrease in LV end-diastolic volume and this occurred in the first week after operation. There was a gradual improvement in LV function in some patients, as measured by normalized mean velocity of posterior LV wall motion. Paradoxical septal motion occurred in many patients after operation but improved in the late postoperative period.", "contents": "Echocardiographic left ventricular function in aortic and mitral incompetence and the effect of valve replacement. Left ventricular (LV) function was studied by echocardiography in 28 patients with volume overload of the LV before and after valve replacement. Of the 28 subjects, 19 had mitral valve disease (eight with mitral incompetence and 11 with mitral incompetence and stenosis) and nine patients had aortic incompetence. Patients with chronic mitral and aortic incompetence had marked LV enlargement with normal or slightly depressed systolic function; in those with acute mitral incompetence the degree of cardiomegaly was less and the state of LV function depended on the underlying cause of valvular incompetence. Valve replacement was followed by a decrease in LV end-diastolic volume and this occurred in the first week after operation. There was a gradual improvement in LV function in some patients, as measured by normalized mean velocity of posterior LV wall motion. Paradoxical septal motion occurred in many patients after operation but improved in the late postoperative period.", "PMID": 598996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6628", "title": "Hemopexin metabolism in mice with transplantable tumors.", "content": "The growth of transplantable tumors, both in the solid and ascites form, was associated with a concomitant elevation of plasma hemopexin (HPX). A study of the dynamics of HPX concentrations in plasma, tumor and urine of normal and tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that HPX elevation in the plasma did not result from a delayed clearance from the circulation or body. Neither the plasma disappearance curve of i.v. (125I)HPX nor the urinary excretion of its metabolites was affected by the presence of the tumors. A body half life of about 8 h was found for both tumors-bearing and control mice. It was calculated that the presence of tumors caused a 9- to 18-fold increase of HPX concentration in the animal, which was probably the result of an accelerated synthesis. Some accumulation of HPX was found in solid tumors, both by traces of radioiodinated HPX and quantitative determination of endogenous HPX. In the case of ascites tumor, no HPX could be detected in the tumor cells.", "contents": "Hemopexin metabolism in mice with transplantable tumors. The growth of transplantable tumors, both in the solid and ascites form, was associated with a concomitant elevation of plasma hemopexin (HPX). A study of the dynamics of HPX concentrations in plasma, tumor and urine of normal and tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that HPX elevation in the plasma did not result from a delayed clearance from the circulation or body. Neither the plasma disappearance curve of i.v. (125I)HPX nor the urinary excretion of its metabolites was affected by the presence of the tumors. A body half life of about 8 h was found for both tumors-bearing and control mice. It was calculated that the presence of tumors caused a 9- to 18-fold increase of HPX concentration in the animal, which was probably the result of an accelerated synthesis. Some accumulation of HPX was found in solid tumors, both by traces of radioiodinated HPX and quantitative determination of endogenous HPX. In the case of ascites tumor, no HPX could be detected in the tumor cells.", "PMID": 598997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6629", "title": "S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in liver, heart and pancreas of pyridoxine-deficient chickens.", "content": "S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity has been measured in liver, heart and pancreas of pyridoxine-deficient chickens: in liver and heart muscle it is increased, while in pancreas the activity is unchanged with respect to control animals. Insulin induced activity in liver and in heart muscle of normal as well as of pyridoxine-deficient chickens, while in the pancreas an induction was observed in the control animals and a decrease in the deficient ones. These data appear to rule out any involvement of pyridoxal phosphate in the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.", "contents": "S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in liver, heart and pancreas of pyridoxine-deficient chickens. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity has been measured in liver, heart and pancreas of pyridoxine-deficient chickens: in liver and heart muscle it is increased, while in pancreas the activity is unchanged with respect to control animals. Insulin induced activity in liver and in heart muscle of normal as well as of pyridoxine-deficient chickens, while in the pancreas an induction was observed in the control animals and a decrease in the deficient ones. These data appear to rule out any involvement of pyridoxal phosphate in the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.", "PMID": 598992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6630", "title": "Mitochondrial pathology in the liver in a patient with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Electron microscopy study of a liver biopsy from a patient with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome revealed evidence of severe mitochondrial damage. The changes included membranous whorls, isolated intramitochondrial membranes, myelin figures and large cytoplasmic vacuoles, presumably representing degenerated micochondria. Mitochondrial damage should be looked for in future electron microscopy studies in patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "contents": "Mitochondrial pathology in the liver in a patient with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Electron microscopy study of a liver biopsy from a patient with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome revealed evidence of severe mitochondrial damage. The changes included membranous whorls, isolated intramitochondrial membranes, myelin figures and large cytoplasmic vacuoles, presumably representing degenerated micochondria. Mitochondrial damage should be looked for in future electron microscopy studies in patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "PMID": 598998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6631", "title": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis with multiple tumor-simulating mediastinal masses in a patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia.", "content": "A patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia with massive extramedullary hematopoiesis in the mediastinum is presented. These masses, which simulate tumors, are usually asymptomatic only rarely causing spinal cord compression. The histologic examination showed that they consist of hematopoietic tissue. The importance of correct diagnosis without surgery is stressed.", "contents": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis with multiple tumor-simulating mediastinal masses in a patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia. A patient with beta-thalassemia intermedia with massive extramedullary hematopoiesis in the mediastinum is presented. These masses, which simulate tumors, are usually asymptomatic only rarely causing spinal cord compression. The histologic examination showed that they consist of hematopoietic tissue. The importance of correct diagnosis without surgery is stressed.", "PMID": 598999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6632", "title": "Cytogenetic findings in polycythemia vera: a review and reevaluation.", "content": "Chromosomal aberrations reported in the disease course of patients with polycythemia vera are reviewed. Methodological pitfalls related to data collection, presentation and interpretation are pointed out. On the basis of the available information, it seems reasonable to conclude that chromosomal derangements are not specific to polycythemia vera and that clone formation is infrequent. The effect of therapy is manifested by an increase in the quantity of aberrations rather than in any specific type of aberration.", "contents": "Cytogenetic findings in polycythemia vera: a review and reevaluation. Chromosomal aberrations reported in the disease course of patients with polycythemia vera are reviewed. Methodological pitfalls related to data collection, presentation and interpretation are pointed out. On the basis of the available information, it seems reasonable to conclude that chromosomal derangements are not specific to polycythemia vera and that clone formation is infrequent. The effect of therapy is manifested by an increase in the quantity of aberrations rather than in any specific type of aberration.", "PMID": 599002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6633", "title": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum, a variant of cutaneous vasculitis].", "content": "A 59 year-old man with erythema elevatum diutinum which we consider a variant of cutaneous vasculitis, is reported. An excellent therapeutic effect with Dapsone (DDS) was obtained in this case. Clinical and histopathological similarities among erythema elevatum diutinum, extracellular cholesterosis and granuloma annulare are discussed.", "contents": "[Erythema elevatum diutinum, a variant of cutaneous vasculitis]. A 59 year-old man with erythema elevatum diutinum which we consider a variant of cutaneous vasculitis, is reported. An excellent therapeutic effect with Dapsone (DDS) was obtained in this case. Clinical and histopathological similarities among erythema elevatum diutinum, extracellular cholesterosis and granuloma annulare are discussed.", "PMID": 599013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6634", "title": "[Syntropy of dermatochalasis and urticaria pigmentosa as sequelae of dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica].", "content": "A 44 years old male is reported who had aquired dermatochalasis and urticaria pigmentosa at the same time. This is interpreted as a subsequent phenomenon of a dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica. Clinic, histology and electron microscopy are elaborated. Systemic involvement is verified by x-rays. Histologically, predominant is the severe atrophy of the elastica, the collagenous degeneration, the presence of mastocytes, the subepidermal blister formation and the secondary xanthomatosis. The picture deviates from the common dermatosparaxis occuring in calves by the paracrystalline content of the procollagene in the endoplasmatic reticulum as verified by electron microscopy. A severe disturbance of the synthesis of collagene exists in the state of procollagene for which here the term \"dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica\" is suggested.", "contents": "[Syntropy of dermatochalasis and urticaria pigmentosa as sequelae of dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica]. A 44 years old male is reported who had aquired dermatochalasis and urticaria pigmentosa at the same time. This is interpreted as a subsequent phenomenon of a dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica. Clinic, histology and electron microscopy are elaborated. Systemic involvement is verified by x-rays. Histologically, predominant is the severe atrophy of the elastica, the collagenous degeneration, the presence of mastocytes, the subepidermal blister formation and the secondary xanthomatosis. The picture deviates from the common dermatosparaxis occuring in calves by the paracrystalline content of the procollagene in the endoplasmatic reticulum as verified by electron microscopy. A severe disturbance of the synthesis of collagene exists in the state of procollagene for which here the term \"dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica\" is suggested.", "PMID": 599014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6635", "title": "[Skin wound granulation from contact with synthetic foil of teflon-polyurethane type].", "content": "When a plastic-foil consisting of teflon-polyurethan foam is applied to ulcer cruris and to polyurethan foam is applied to ulcera cruris and to combusted skin, pronounced granulation and formation of new capillaries and collagen fibers are observed in the contact area. The tightly adhering foils are tolerated by the wounds for more than 40 days with continous granulation. An adverse reaction against the foreign material and development of eosinophils and giant cells is not observed, though the polyurethan-foam of the foil was burst by the ingrowing granulation tissue. When the wound surface is clean, change of the dressing with this foil is necessary only every second or third day.", "contents": "[Skin wound granulation from contact with synthetic foil of teflon-polyurethane type]. When a plastic-foil consisting of teflon-polyurethan foam is applied to ulcer cruris and to polyurethan foam is applied to ulcera cruris and to combusted skin, pronounced granulation and formation of new capillaries and collagen fibers are observed in the contact area. The tightly adhering foils are tolerated by the wounds for more than 40 days with continous granulation. An adverse reaction against the foreign material and development of eosinophils and giant cells is not observed, though the polyurethan-foam of the foil was burst by the ingrowing granulation tissue. When the wound surface is clean, change of the dressing with this foil is necessary only every second or third day.", "PMID": 599015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6636", "title": "[Poikilodermic parapsoriasis. Case report and discussion of nomenclature].", "content": "A case of a 59 year-old patient with premycotic parapsoriasis lichenoides of a special poikilodermic type is presented. In addition, the formation of multiple bowenoid actinic keratoses and even squamous cell carcinomas on both forearms was apparently favored by the poikilodermic change. An attempt is made to summarize the nomenclature of the parapsoriasis-poikiloderma group of dermatoses.", "contents": "[Poikilodermic parapsoriasis. Case report and discussion of nomenclature]. A case of a 59 year-old patient with premycotic parapsoriasis lichenoides of a special poikilodermic type is presented. In addition, the formation of multiple bowenoid actinic keratoses and even squamous cell carcinomas on both forearms was apparently favored by the poikilodermic change. An attempt is made to summarize the nomenclature of the parapsoriasis-poikiloderma group of dermatoses.", "PMID": 599016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6637", "title": "[Unusual adverse effects of oral photochemotherapy (PUVA-therapy) in psoriasis].", "content": "In nine of 121 patients unusual side effects of PUVA-therapy were observed: hypertrichosis, subungual hemorrhage of fingernails, nevus spilus-like hyperpigmentation, acneiform eruptions, and a photoallergic dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen.", "contents": "[Unusual adverse effects of oral photochemotherapy (PUVA-therapy) in psoriasis]. In nine of 121 patients unusual side effects of PUVA-therapy were observed: hypertrichosis, subungual hemorrhage of fingernails, nevus spilus-like hyperpigmentation, acneiform eruptions, and a photoallergic dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen.", "PMID": 599020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6638", "title": "[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and lichen ruber planus].", "content": "We describe a 67 year old woman who suffers from lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. The clinical and histologic findings are mixed with those of lichen planus or respectively the alterations of both diseases.", "contents": "[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and lichen ruber planus]. We describe a 67 year old woman who suffers from lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. The clinical and histologic findings are mixed with those of lichen planus or respectively the alterations of both diseases.", "PMID": 599021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6639", "title": "[The pseudo-Ainhum syndrome].", "content": "A 39 year old woman is reported who has congenital constrictions on several fingers and toes as well as on both lower legs. Ainhum and Ainhum-like syndromes are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[The pseudo-Ainhum syndrome]. A 39 year old woman is reported who has congenital constrictions on several fingers and toes as well as on both lower legs. Ainhum and Ainhum-like syndromes are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 599022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6640", "title": "[Photochemotherapy for psoriatic patients treated with corticosteroids and methotrexate].", "content": "The effect of photochemotherapy with oral administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by irradiation with UVA (PUVA) was investigated in 34 cases of severe, generalized psoriasis which could be controlled only by systemic administration of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. In each case clearing of psoriatic lesions was achieved under PUVA treatment. As expected, the average duration of the initial PUVA treatment period was longer when compared to patient groups not pretreated with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. In order to avoid relapses, maintenance treatment was installed after complete healing of psoriatic lesions comprising an average of one PUVA exposures per week. Eighty percent of such treated patients are continuously completely clear; the remaining patient group is 70--90% improved. The side effects, elicited by the previous administration of corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic agents are improved or have resolved under PUVA therapy. The present study indicates, that PUVA treatment of psoriasis is not only an alternative to the use of systemic corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents but is superior to these treatment modalities due to its lack of side effects and its higher effectiveness.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy for psoriatic patients treated with corticosteroids and methotrexate]. The effect of photochemotherapy with oral administration of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by irradiation with UVA (PUVA) was investigated in 34 cases of severe, generalized psoriasis which could be controlled only by systemic administration of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. In each case clearing of psoriatic lesions was achieved under PUVA treatment. As expected, the average duration of the initial PUVA treatment period was longer when compared to patient groups not pretreated with corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. In order to avoid relapses, maintenance treatment was installed after complete healing of psoriatic lesions comprising an average of one PUVA exposures per week. Eighty percent of such treated patients are continuously completely clear; the remaining patient group is 70--90% improved. The side effects, elicited by the previous administration of corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic agents are improved or have resolved under PUVA therapy. The present study indicates, that PUVA treatment of psoriasis is not only an alternative to the use of systemic corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents but is superior to these treatment modalities due to its lack of side effects and its higher effectiveness.", "PMID": 599023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6641", "title": "[Development of malignant melanomas on preexisting pigmentary lesions. Control of anamnestic data based on patients private photographic series].", "content": "We tried to confirm the anamnestical data of patients with malignant melanoma with the aid of private photos. The statement of the patients that a \"birth-mark\" was present before the development of the malignant melanoma could nearly always be corroborated by the photographs. The patients' statements that the tumor had developed in uninvolved epidermis in a relatively short time proved to be correct in many cases. In some cases, however, the \"birth-marks\" could be detected on the photographs at a time, when these marks were not yet recognized by the patients. According to the statement of the patients and the results of the pictures, lentigo maligna-melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma can originate from a pre-existing pigmented spot or can develop in a relatively short time in uninvolved epidermis. In most cases of lentigo maligna-melanoma a long history and a slow tumor growth is stated. Generally the development of nodular melanoma is extremely short. In cases of superficial spreading melanoma the time of tumor growth was reported to be a few month or up to one or two years. In some cases, however, a much slower development of the tumor could be detected with the aid of the photographs.", "contents": "[Development of malignant melanomas on preexisting pigmentary lesions. Control of anamnestic data based on patients private photographic series]. We tried to confirm the anamnestical data of patients with malignant melanoma with the aid of private photos. The statement of the patients that a \"birth-mark\" was present before the development of the malignant melanoma could nearly always be corroborated by the photographs. The patients' statements that the tumor had developed in uninvolved epidermis in a relatively short time proved to be correct in many cases. In some cases, however, the \"birth-marks\" could be detected on the photographs at a time, when these marks were not yet recognized by the patients. According to the statement of the patients and the results of the pictures, lentigo maligna-melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma can originate from a pre-existing pigmented spot or can develop in a relatively short time in uninvolved epidermis. In most cases of lentigo maligna-melanoma a long history and a slow tumor growth is stated. Generally the development of nodular melanoma is extremely short. In cases of superficial spreading melanoma the time of tumor growth was reported to be a few month or up to one or two years. In some cases, however, a much slower development of the tumor could be detected with the aid of the photographs.", "PMID": 599024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6642", "title": "[Demonstration of circulating soluble immune complexes in the sera of psoriatic patients using the 125I-C1q deviation test].", "content": "The sera from 50 psoriatic patients, 130 patients with other skin diseases and from 24 healthy blood donors were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes. By means of the 125I-C1q deviation test a positive result was obtained in 70% of the sera from psoriatic patients as compared to 8% in the healthy controls.", "contents": "[Demonstration of circulating soluble immune complexes in the sera of psoriatic patients using the 125I-C1q deviation test]. The sera from 50 psoriatic patients, 130 patients with other skin diseases and from 24 healthy blood donors were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes. By means of the 125I-C1q deviation test a positive result was obtained in 70% of the sera from psoriatic patients as compared to 8% in the healthy controls.", "PMID": 599025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6643", "title": "[Cutaneous metastases of bronchial carcinoma under the histological picture of an eccrine porocarcinoma].", "content": "A metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma to the skin, occupying the dermis and invading the epidermis is reported, which showed similar histologically feature to an eccrine porocarcinoma. Pigmented dendritic cells in certain parts of the metastatic carcinomas are considered to enter the tumor parenchyma secundarily.", "contents": "[Cutaneous metastases of bronchial carcinoma under the histological picture of an eccrine porocarcinoma]. A metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma to the skin, occupying the dermis and invading the epidermis is reported, which showed similar histologically feature to an eccrine porocarcinoma. Pigmented dendritic cells in certain parts of the metastatic carcinomas are considered to enter the tumor parenchyma secundarily.", "PMID": 599026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6644", "title": "[The histological changes in cartilage (incus) in the middle ear after conservation--an animal study (author's transl)].", "content": "This study demonstrates the histological changes of incus cartilage after transplantation into the middle ear space of rabbits. Conservation was performed by deep-freezing, lyophilisation in connection with gamma-irradiation, or with Cialit in differing dilutions. Controlled deep-freezing at about -196 degrees C and uncontrolled deep-freezing at about -20 degrees C guarantee after transplantion the survival of some vital chondrocytes. The other methods of conservation cause death of all chondroxytes. Cartilage prepared by these methods demonstrates potential for new bone formation. Only the xenogenetic cartilage loses its osteogenic potential after treatment by lyophilisation in connection with gamma-irradiation. The histological value of the transplant differs according to the method of conservation. No special tendency for resorption or inflamatory reactions could be seen.", "contents": "[The histological changes in cartilage (incus) in the middle ear after conservation--an animal study (author's transl)]. This study demonstrates the histological changes of incus cartilage after transplantation into the middle ear space of rabbits. Conservation was performed by deep-freezing, lyophilisation in connection with gamma-irradiation, or with Cialit in differing dilutions. Controlled deep-freezing at about -196 degrees C and uncontrolled deep-freezing at about -20 degrees C guarantee after transplantion the survival of some vital chondrocytes. The other methods of conservation cause death of all chondroxytes. Cartilage prepared by these methods demonstrates potential for new bone formation. Only the xenogenetic cartilage loses its osteogenic potential after treatment by lyophilisation in connection with gamma-irradiation. The histological value of the transplant differs according to the method of conservation. No special tendency for resorption or inflamatory reactions could be seen.", "PMID": 599046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6645", "title": "[Objective tinnitus and serous otitis media as symptoms of aberrant carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a review of the literature a case of a middle ear aberrant carotid artery is reported. To avoid dangerous haemorrhage with surgery auscultation of the external auditory canal is necessary in every case of serous otitis media with a pulsating tympanic membrane. The main symptom in this condition is objective tinnitus.", "contents": "[Objective tinnitus and serous otitis media as symptoms of aberrant carotid artery (author's transl)]. Following a review of the literature a case of a middle ear aberrant carotid artery is reported. To avoid dangerous haemorrhage with surgery auscultation of the external auditory canal is necessary in every case of serous otitis media with a pulsating tympanic membrane. The main symptom in this condition is objective tinnitus.", "PMID": 599047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6646", "title": "[Irreversible vocal changes in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of voice during pregnancy are not uncommon. Non-inflammatory changes of the larynx (or laryngopathia gravidarum) occur but disappear spontaneously after parturition. Two cases of permanent deep voices in women due to pregnancy have been described in the literature. A similar case of this rare afflication is described in one of our patients. However, review of these cases indicates that such mutations of voice due to pregnancy represent an independent clinical problem which should be differentiated from true laryngopathia gravidarum.", "contents": "[Irreversible vocal changes in pregnancy (author's transl)]. Disturbances of voice during pregnancy are not uncommon. Non-inflammatory changes of the larynx (or laryngopathia gravidarum) occur but disappear spontaneously after parturition. Two cases of permanent deep voices in women due to pregnancy have been described in the literature. A similar case of this rare afflication is described in one of our patients. However, review of these cases indicates that such mutations of voice due to pregnancy represent an independent clinical problem which should be differentiated from true laryngopathia gravidarum.", "PMID": 599049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6647", "title": "[Clinical aspects of esophageal speech (author's transl)].", "content": "The quality of esophageal voice and speech after laryngectomy depends on several factors. Negative influences are produced by irradiation, resection of the hyoid bone and radical neck dissection. The factors important in esophageal speech were analyzed, with consideration given to the functional morphology of the pseudoglottis and the reconstructed hypopharynx. Phoniatric, laryngologic and radiologic aspects are considered.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of esophageal speech (author's transl)]. The quality of esophageal voice and speech after laryngectomy depends on several factors. Negative influences are produced by irradiation, resection of the hyoid bone and radical neck dissection. The factors important in esophageal speech were analyzed, with consideration given to the functional morphology of the pseudoglottis and the reconstructed hypopharynx. Phoniatric, laryngologic and radiologic aspects are considered.", "PMID": 599050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6648", "title": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. I. Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation and isolation of pholipomycin.", "content": "Pholipomycin is a new member of the phosphoglycolipid family of antibiotics. Taxonomic studies of the producing organism revealed that it has morphologically characteristic aerial mycelia in which two to three spores are borne usually on short and clavate side branches. The species name, Streptomyces lividoclavatus, has been proposed. Pholipomycin is produced mainly in the solid residue of the fermentation culture broth and is isolated by methanol extraction of the mycelial cake followed by purification on ion-exchange resin and silica gel chromatography.", "contents": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. I. Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation and isolation of pholipomycin. Pholipomycin is a new member of the phosphoglycolipid family of antibiotics. Taxonomic studies of the producing organism revealed that it has morphologically characteristic aerial mycelia in which two to three spores are borne usually on short and clavate side branches. The species name, Streptomyces lividoclavatus, has been proposed. Pholipomycin is produced mainly in the solid residue of the fermentation culture broth and is isolated by methanol extraction of the mycelial cake followed by purification on ion-exchange resin and silica gel chromatography.", "PMID": 599079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6649", "title": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. II. Physico-chemical properties and comparison with other members of this family of antibiotics.", "content": "Physico-chemical characterization of pholipomycin revealed that this antibiotic is a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. Pholipomycin was differentiated from other members by the products formed on acid hydrolysis as follows: the presence of glucosamine, a 257 nm chromophore and moenocinol-type C25 lipids, but the absence of glucose, 6-deoxyglucosamine and glycine.", "contents": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. II. Physico-chemical properties and comparison with other members of this family of antibiotics. Physico-chemical characterization of pholipomycin revealed that this antibiotic is a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. Pholipomycin was differentiated from other members by the products formed on acid hydrolysis as follows: the presence of glucosamine, a 257 nm chromophore and moenocinol-type C25 lipids, but the absence of glucose, 6-deoxyglucosamine and glycine.", "PMID": 599080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6650", "title": "Fortimicin A production by Micromonospora olivoasterospora in a chemically defined medium.", "content": "A chemically defined medium was devised in order to study the requirements for fortimicin A production by Micromonospora olivoasterospora KY 11515. Soluble starch was the best carbon source; NH4Cl and NH4NO3 were suitable nitrogen sources both for the growth and fortimicin production. Amino acids such as L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid showed some stimulatory effects on both growth and antibiotic production of M. olivoasterospora while L-serine stimulated only antibiotic production and L-citrulline only the growth. K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCO3 were essential especially for the antibiotic production. The most important finding was that vitamin B12, cobalt and nickel showed marked stimulatory effects on fortimicin A production.", "contents": "Fortimicin A production by Micromonospora olivoasterospora in a chemically defined medium. A chemically defined medium was devised in order to study the requirements for fortimicin A production by Micromonospora olivoasterospora KY 11515. Soluble starch was the best carbon source; NH4Cl and NH4NO3 were suitable nitrogen sources both for the growth and fortimicin production. Amino acids such as L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid showed some stimulatory effects on both growth and antibiotic production of M. olivoasterospora while L-serine stimulated only antibiotic production and L-citrulline only the growth. K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCO3 were essential especially for the antibiotic production. The most important finding was that vitamin B12, cobalt and nickel showed marked stimulatory effects on fortimicin A production.", "PMID": 599081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6651", "title": "Chemical studies on tuberactinomycin. XV. Total synthesis of tuberactinomycin O.", "content": "Tuberactinomycin O, one of the four congeners of the antituberculous peptide tuberactinomycin, was totally synthesized. The beta-ureidodehydroalanine moiety was constructed from beta,beta-diethoxyalanine with excess urea in acidic medium after a cyclization reaction of a pentapeptide was finished. Cyclization was carried out by means of the 1-succinimidyl ester method. To the cyclic pentapeptide, beta-lysine was introduced as the branched moiety and then deprotected to afford tuberactinomycin O which was completely identified with the natural form of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Chemical studies on tuberactinomycin. XV. Total synthesis of tuberactinomycin O. Tuberactinomycin O, one of the four congeners of the antituberculous peptide tuberactinomycin, was totally synthesized. The beta-ureidodehydroalanine moiety was constructed from beta,beta-diethoxyalanine with excess urea in acidic medium after a cyclization reaction of a pentapeptide was finished. Cyclization was carried out by means of the 1-succinimidyl ester method. To the cyclic pentapeptide, beta-lysine was introduced as the branched moiety and then deprotected to afford tuberactinomycin O which was completely identified with the natural form of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 599082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6652", "title": "Piperacillin (T-1220), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro antimicrobial activity comparison with carbenicillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin.", "content": "Piperacillin (T-1220) is a new semisynthetic penicillin with an unusually broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In vitro comparisons of this drug with 6 other beta-lactam antimicrobics (ticarcillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin) were conducted. These included minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against 394 bacterial isolates, the minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) against 79 of those, as well as the effect of inoculum size on the MIC and MLC of the drugs. Piperacillin had significantly greater activity than did the other penicillins against Pseudomonas species and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Against P. aeruginosa piperacillin was 8- and 16-fold more active than ticarcillin and carbenicillin, respectively. The MLC of piperacillin rarely differed from the MIC by more than one log2 dilutions except against P. aeruginosa in which the MLC was 4-fold greater or more than the MIC of 45% of isolates tested. Ticarcillin, carbenicillin and cefoxitin showed minimal inoculum size effects. Cefamandole results showed the greatest inoculum size variation with 55% and 37% of isolates showing an 8-fold increase in MIC and MLC respectively by increasing inoculum from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/ml. Piperacillin was intermediately effected having 25% of strains greater than 8-fold increase in MIC.", "contents": "Piperacillin (T-1220), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro antimicrobial activity comparison with carbenicillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin. Piperacillin (T-1220) is a new semisynthetic penicillin with an unusually broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In vitro comparisons of this drug with 6 other beta-lactam antimicrobics (ticarcillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole and cefoxitin) were conducted. These included minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against 394 bacterial isolates, the minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) against 79 of those, as well as the effect of inoculum size on the MIC and MLC of the drugs. Piperacillin had significantly greater activity than did the other penicillins against Pseudomonas species and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Against P. aeruginosa piperacillin was 8- and 16-fold more active than ticarcillin and carbenicillin, respectively. The MLC of piperacillin rarely differed from the MIC by more than one log2 dilutions except against P. aeruginosa in which the MLC was 4-fold greater or more than the MIC of 45% of isolates tested. Ticarcillin, carbenicillin and cefoxitin showed minimal inoculum size effects. Cefamandole results showed the greatest inoculum size variation with 55% and 37% of isolates showing an 8-fold increase in MIC and MLC respectively by increasing inoculum from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/ml. Piperacillin was intermediately effected having 25% of strains greater than 8-fold increase in MIC.", "PMID": 599084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6653", "title": "Benzylpenicillin migrates irreversibly into human erythrocytes.", "content": "Benzylpenicillin, 5.2% 14C-enriched, was incubated with human whole blood. The erythrocyte component was washed and exhaustively dialyzed and found to contain 6.3% of the original radioactivity. None of the penicillin was found to bind to the cell membrane. Dialysis of the cell contents indicated that none of the penicillin binds irreversibly to the proteins within the cell. Infrared examination of the contents of the cell leads to the conclusion that benzylpenicillin (a monovalent anion) enters the erythrocyte and is hydrolyzed to benzylpenicilloic acid (a divalent anion). This structural change prevents the antibiotic from migrating out of the cell.", "contents": "Benzylpenicillin migrates irreversibly into human erythrocytes. Benzylpenicillin, 5.2% 14C-enriched, was incubated with human whole blood. The erythrocyte component was washed and exhaustively dialyzed and found to contain 6.3% of the original radioactivity. None of the penicillin was found to bind to the cell membrane. Dialysis of the cell contents indicated that none of the penicillin binds irreversibly to the proteins within the cell. Infrared examination of the contents of the cell leads to the conclusion that benzylpenicillin (a monovalent anion) enters the erythrocyte and is hydrolyzed to benzylpenicilloic acid (a divalent anion). This structural change prevents the antibiotic from migrating out of the cell.", "PMID": 599085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6654", "title": "Blood level studies in chickens, turkey poults and swine with tiamulin, a new antibiotic.", "content": "Tiamulin concentrations have been determined in the serum of chickens, turkeys and swine after a single oral administration of various doses. The compound peaked between 2 and 4 hours after drug supply. In the highest dose used (50 mg/kg body weight), mean concentrations of 3.5, 2.9, 4.5 microgram/ml for chickens, turkeys and swine, respectively, could be obtained. In poultry, the levels declined between 12 and 24 hours to values not useful for calculation. In swine at 24 hours after administration measurable values could still be detected.", "contents": "Blood level studies in chickens, turkey poults and swine with tiamulin, a new antibiotic. Tiamulin concentrations have been determined in the serum of chickens, turkeys and swine after a single oral administration of various doses. The compound peaked between 2 and 4 hours after drug supply. In the highest dose used (50 mg/kg body weight), mean concentrations of 3.5, 2.9, 4.5 microgram/ml for chickens, turkeys and swine, respectively, could be obtained. In poultry, the levels declined between 12 and 24 hours to values not useful for calculation. In swine at 24 hours after administration measurable values could still be detected.", "PMID": 599086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6655", "title": "The effect of a token economy on dietary compliance for children on hemodialysis.", "content": "Adherence to dietary restrictions is a recurring problem for children on hemodialysis. The effect of behavior modification in maintaining dietary control is reported for four patients aged 11 to 18 years. Weight gain, potassium level, and blood urea nitrogen were utilized as criteria measures. A token reinforcement program implemented by the hemodialysis team resulted in significant changes in the dietary pattern of the children. The average weight gain between dialysis sessions for the four subjects during treatment was reduced by 45% and the degree of weight fluctuation was lessened. Potassium levels and BUN were controlled to their appropriate level for subjects who initially exceeded the criterion level. With the withdrawal of weight gain from the contingency system, increase of weight gain between dialysis sessions was noted for all subjects.", "contents": "The effect of a token economy on dietary compliance for children on hemodialysis. Adherence to dietary restrictions is a recurring problem for children on hemodialysis. The effect of behavior modification in maintaining dietary control is reported for four patients aged 11 to 18 years. Weight gain, potassium level, and blood urea nitrogen were utilized as criteria measures. A token reinforcement program implemented by the hemodialysis team resulted in significant changes in the dietary pattern of the children. The average weight gain between dialysis sessions for the four subjects during treatment was reduced by 45% and the degree of weight fluctuation was lessened. Potassium levels and BUN were controlled to their appropriate level for subjects who initially exceeded the criterion level. With the withdrawal of weight gain from the contingency system, increase of weight gain between dialysis sessions was noted for all subjects.", "PMID": 599104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6656", "title": "A method for integrating an autistic child into a normal public-school classroom.", "content": "This study investigated the feasibility of using behavioral techniques to integrate an autistic child into a normal public-school class with one teacher and 20 to 30 normal children. The results showed: (1) that during treatment by a therapist in the classroom, the child's appropriate verbal and social behaviors increased, and autistic mannerisms decreased; and (2) training teachers in behavioral techniques was apparently sufficient to maintain the child's appropriate school behaviors throughout kindergarten and the first grade.", "contents": "A method for integrating an autistic child into a normal public-school classroom. This study investigated the feasibility of using behavioral techniques to integrate an autistic child into a normal public-school class with one teacher and 20 to 30 normal children. The results showed: (1) that during treatment by a therapist in the classroom, the child's appropriate verbal and social behaviors increased, and autistic mannerisms decreased; and (2) training teachers in behavioral techniques was apparently sufficient to maintain the child's appropriate school behaviors throughout kindergarten and the first grade.", "PMID": 599105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6657", "title": "Teaching nonvocal communication skills to multihandicapped retarded adults.", "content": "A training program for teaching communication skills to nonvocal retarded adults was evaluated in three experiments. The four subjects were severely disabled physically and had never demonstrated functional speech. Each person was taught to use either a prosthetic head pointer or to point with a hand in using a communication board for expressive language. Following baseline in Experiment I, coordination training was implemented, consisting of instructions, manual guidance, praise, feedback, and practice. Each person demonstrated a higher frequency of accurate pointing to designated areas on the board during coordination training than during baseline. In Experiment II, identification training, consisting of instructions, praise, feedback, and practice was introduced after baseline. Subjects pointed more frequently to specific word-photograph combinations to correspond to descriptive verbal labels after introduction of identification training. Social validation measures in Experiment III indicated that the communication board skills were functional in providing a method of expressing a choice of a leisure activity to people who previously could not understand the subjects' communication attempts. The acquired skills maintained throughout a seven-week followup period.", "contents": "Teaching nonvocal communication skills to multihandicapped retarded adults. A training program for teaching communication skills to nonvocal retarded adults was evaluated in three experiments. The four subjects were severely disabled physically and had never demonstrated functional speech. Each person was taught to use either a prosthetic head pointer or to point with a hand in using a communication board for expressive language. Following baseline in Experiment I, coordination training was implemented, consisting of instructions, manual guidance, praise, feedback, and practice. Each person demonstrated a higher frequency of accurate pointing to designated areas on the board during coordination training than during baseline. In Experiment II, identification training, consisting of instructions, praise, feedback, and practice was introduced after baseline. Subjects pointed more frequently to specific word-photograph combinations to correspond to descriptive verbal labels after introduction of identification training. Social validation measures in Experiment III indicated that the communication board skills were functional in providing a method of expressing a choice of a leisure activity to people who previously could not understand the subjects' communication attempts. The acquired skills maintained throughout a seven-week followup period.", "PMID": 599106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6658", "title": "The role of feedback in voluntary control of blood pressure in instructed subjects.", "content": "Forty normal male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and instructed to raise and lower their systolic blood pressure. Subjects received either beat-to-beat feedback contingent on pressure changes, noncontingent beat-to-beat feedback, noncontingent feedback presented randomly with respect to the occurrence of each heart beat, or instructions alone. The order of increase and decrease trial blocks was counterbalanced across groups. Subjects receiving contingent feedback were monetarily rewarded for appropriate pressure changes. Subjects receiving noncontingent feedback received rewards and feedback equal to the mean received by the contingent group. Subjects in the instructions-only condition were also paid this bonus but were informed of their earnings only at the conclusion of the experiment. Results indicated that in the presence of instructions, feedback, whether contingent or noncontingent, added little to subjects' ability to control pressure during a single session. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "The role of feedback in voluntary control of blood pressure in instructed subjects. Forty normal male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and instructed to raise and lower their systolic blood pressure. Subjects received either beat-to-beat feedback contingent on pressure changes, noncontingent beat-to-beat feedback, noncontingent feedback presented randomly with respect to the occurrence of each heart beat, or instructions alone. The order of increase and decrease trial blocks was counterbalanced across groups. Subjects receiving contingent feedback were monetarily rewarded for appropriate pressure changes. Subjects receiving noncontingent feedback received rewards and feedback equal to the mean received by the contingent group. Subjects in the instructions-only condition were also paid this bonus but were informed of their earnings only at the conclusion of the experiment. Results indicated that in the presence of instructions, feedback, whether contingent or noncontingent, added little to subjects' ability to control pressure during a single session. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 599107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6659", "title": "A simultaneous discrimination procedure for the measurement of vision in nonverbal children.", "content": "Few nonverbal developmentally disabled children ever receive adequate vision assessment because of their limited language skills. The present study details a simultaneous discrimination procedure for measuring subjective visual acuity in such children. A stimulus fading procedure was used to train a discrimination between Snellen Es differing in orientation, and a psychophysical tracking method was used to determine acuity thresholds. The procedure was tested with 11 nonverbal autistic and schizophrenic children and validated with four nonpsychotic children. Eight of the psychotic children were successfully examined in one to three sessions. Two of these children were identified as having significant acuity losses. The validity assessment showed that the experimental procedure resulted in thresholds equal to or slightly lower than those obtained with the Illiterate E chart.", "contents": "A simultaneous discrimination procedure for the measurement of vision in nonverbal children. Few nonverbal developmentally disabled children ever receive adequate vision assessment because of their limited language skills. The present study details a simultaneous discrimination procedure for measuring subjective visual acuity in such children. A stimulus fading procedure was used to train a discrimination between Snellen Es differing in orientation, and a psychophysical tracking method was used to determine acuity thresholds. The procedure was tested with 11 nonverbal autistic and schizophrenic children and validated with four nonpsychotic children. Eight of the psychotic children were successfully examined in one to three sessions. Two of these children were identified as having significant acuity losses. The validity assessment showed that the experimental procedure resulted in thresholds equal to or slightly lower than those obtained with the Illiterate E chart.", "PMID": 599108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6660", "title": "College students as contingency managers for adolescents in a program to develop reading skills.", "content": "Behavior-modification procedures and an individualized tutorial program were used to remediate reading skill deficits in seventh-grade adolescent subjects. Forty-two college students were trained as reading tutors and contingency managers to use reading diagnostic and remedial materials, and to develop contracts and reinforce positive verbal responses toward reading. Significantly greater increases in reading scores of experimental groups, compared to control groups, substantial improvement in target behaviors, and significant changes in verbalizations toward reading were observed after 10 weeks of treatment. Six-month followup studies showed that all groups had consolidated their gains and that grade scores continued to improve. The improvement of the experimental subjects remained significantly ahead of the control subjects.", "contents": "College students as contingency managers for adolescents in a program to develop reading skills. Behavior-modification procedures and an individualized tutorial program were used to remediate reading skill deficits in seventh-grade adolescent subjects. Forty-two college students were trained as reading tutors and contingency managers to use reading diagnostic and remedial materials, and to develop contracts and reinforce positive verbal responses toward reading. Significantly greater increases in reading scores of experimental groups, compared to control groups, substantial improvement in target behaviors, and significant changes in verbalizations toward reading were observed after 10 weeks of treatment. Six-month followup studies showed that all groups had consolidated their gains and that grade scores continued to improve. The improvement of the experimental subjects remained significantly ahead of the control subjects.", "PMID": 599109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6661", "title": "Effects of a procedure derived from the overcorrection principle on manipulated and nonmanipulated behaviors.", "content": "Positive practice overcorrection has been shown to be effective in reducing stereotypic self-stimulatory behaviors displayed by retarded and autistic individuals. In addition, the procedure also may increase the occurrence of appropriate behavior through intensive practice. In the present study, several stereotypic and one appropriate behavior (appropriate toy play1 displayed by two autistic children were measured before and during treatment by a positive practice in appropriate toy play overcorrection procedure. Overcorrection was introduced for each of the targeted inappropriate behaviors in sucession for both children. Results showed that overcorrection reduced all stereotypic behaviors displayed by both children. In addition, one subject displayed marked increases in the behavior practiced during overcorrection, appropriate toy play, relative to its baseline rate of occurrence. The results indicate that for some individuals, overcorrection may be effective in teaching and motivating appropriate forms of behavior as well as in reducing stereotypy.", "contents": "Effects of a procedure derived from the overcorrection principle on manipulated and nonmanipulated behaviors. Positive practice overcorrection has been shown to be effective in reducing stereotypic self-stimulatory behaviors displayed by retarded and autistic individuals. In addition, the procedure also may increase the occurrence of appropriate behavior through intensive practice. In the present study, several stereotypic and one appropriate behavior (appropriate toy play1 displayed by two autistic children were measured before and during treatment by a positive practice in appropriate toy play overcorrection procedure. Overcorrection was introduced for each of the targeted inappropriate behaviors in sucession for both children. Results showed that overcorrection reduced all stereotypic behaviors displayed by both children. In addition, one subject displayed marked increases in the behavior practiced during overcorrection, appropriate toy play, relative to its baseline rate of occurrence. The results indicate that for some individuals, overcorrection may be effective in teaching and motivating appropriate forms of behavior as well as in reducing stereotypy.", "PMID": 599110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6662", "title": "Functional considerations in the use of procedural timeout and in effective alternative.", "content": "Two single-subject experiments were conducted with students in special preschool classes. In Experiment I, the subject's disruptive, appropriate, and inappropriate play behaviors were measured as a function of three independent variables: reinforcement, a typical timeout procedure, and regularly paced teacher instructions. In an ABA reversal within a multiple baseline across two teachers, all three independent variables comprised the A conditions and procedural timeout was omitted in B. Experiment II examined a second subject's appropriate and inappropriate eating as a function of the same three variables. Two teachers conducted baseline and paced instruction-plus-reinforcement conditions in multiple baseline across teachers. Subsequently, one teacher performed a series of reversals and replications with various combinations of a typical timeout procedure and reinforcement mixed with paced instructions. The results of both experiments suggest that timeout did not produce response decrement in a punishment paradigm, but rather produced response increment in a negative reinforcement paradigm. These results prevailed, even though a reinforcer was operating in the environment before introducing timeout. Paced instructions (delivering instructions to the child at a set pace regardless of the child's behavior) appears to be an alternative when timeout is not effective and, in conjunction with reinforcement, was demonstrated to reduce inappropriate behavior to near zero.", "contents": "Functional considerations in the use of procedural timeout and in effective alternative. Two single-subject experiments were conducted with students in special preschool classes. In Experiment I, the subject's disruptive, appropriate, and inappropriate play behaviors were measured as a function of three independent variables: reinforcement, a typical timeout procedure, and regularly paced teacher instructions. In an ABA reversal within a multiple baseline across two teachers, all three independent variables comprised the A conditions and procedural timeout was omitted in B. Experiment II examined a second subject's appropriate and inappropriate eating as a function of the same three variables. Two teachers conducted baseline and paced instruction-plus-reinforcement conditions in multiple baseline across teachers. Subsequently, one teacher performed a series of reversals and replications with various combinations of a typical timeout procedure and reinforcement mixed with paced instructions. The results of both experiments suggest that timeout did not produce response decrement in a punishment paradigm, but rather produced response increment in a negative reinforcement paradigm. These results prevailed, even though a reinforcer was operating in the environment before introducing timeout. Paced instructions (delivering instructions to the child at a set pace regardless of the child's behavior) appears to be an alternative when timeout is not effective and, in conjunction with reinforcement, was demonstrated to reduce inappropriate behavior to near zero.", "PMID": 599111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6663", "title": "Remediation of mutually aversive interactions between a problem student and four teachers by training the student in reinforcement techniques.", "content": "This study tested the effect of a social reinforcement training procedure for a problem student on the verbal and nonverbal approval and disapproval of four of the student's teachers. A design incorporating aspects of a multiple baseline within an extended reversal design (ABABA) was employed. Data were taken on the four teachers' approval and disapproval of a student regarded as a major discipline problem and the target student's approval and disapproval of the four teachers during baseline 1, experimental condition 1, baseline 2, experimental conditon 2, and a postcheck or baseline 3 condition six weeks after experimental condition 2. Results showed that increased student approval and decreased disapproval were attributable to training procedures. The increased student approval increased three of the four teachers' approval and decreased the disapproval of all four teachers. Six weeks after experimental condition 2, both approval and disapproval by three of the four teachers and the student and disapproval by all four teachers and the student remained changed over baseline conditions. Student and teacher approval and disapproval were highly correlated at statistically significant levels.", "contents": "Remediation of mutually aversive interactions between a problem student and four teachers by training the student in reinforcement techniques. This study tested the effect of a social reinforcement training procedure for a problem student on the verbal and nonverbal approval and disapproval of four of the student's teachers. A design incorporating aspects of a multiple baseline within an extended reversal design (ABABA) was employed. Data were taken on the four teachers' approval and disapproval of a student regarded as a major discipline problem and the target student's approval and disapproval of the four teachers during baseline 1, experimental condition 1, baseline 2, experimental conditon 2, and a postcheck or baseline 3 condition six weeks after experimental condition 2. Results showed that increased student approval and decreased disapproval were attributable to training procedures. The increased student approval increased three of the four teachers' approval and decreased the disapproval of all four teachers. Six weeks after experimental condition 2, both approval and disapproval by three of the four teachers and the student and disapproval by all four teachers and the student remained changed over baseline conditions. Student and teacher approval and disapproval were highly correlated at statistically significant levels.", "PMID": 599114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6664", "title": "Generalizing articulation training with trainable mentally retarded subjects.", "content": "A multiple-baseline technique was used to evaluate generalization effects during articulation training with trainable mentally retarded subjects. Four target words were selected for each subject on the basis of whether the subject could articulate the word correctly when it was modelled but could not articulate the word correctly in response to a picture of it. Five different settings were selected for generalization probing and training for each subject. In Setting 1, Experimenter 1 initiated training sequentially on all four target words for each subject. Other experimenters probed for correct articulation generalization in four other settings. Training was initiated in these four other settings sequentially only if correct responding failed to generalize to a setting. Results indicated that it was necessary to initiate training on at least three of the four selected target words in at least one additional setting with an additional trainer before correct responding generalized to untrained settings.", "contents": "Generalizing articulation training with trainable mentally retarded subjects. A multiple-baseline technique was used to evaluate generalization effects during articulation training with trainable mentally retarded subjects. Four target words were selected for each subject on the basis of whether the subject could articulate the word correctly when it was modelled but could not articulate the word correctly in response to a picture of it. Five different settings were selected for generalization probing and training for each subject. In Setting 1, Experimenter 1 initiated training sequentially on all four target words for each subject. Other experimenters probed for correct articulation generalization in four other settings. Training was initiated in these four other settings sequentially only if correct responding failed to generalize to a setting. Results indicated that it was necessary to initiate training on at least three of the four selected target words in at least one additional setting with an additional trainer before correct responding generalized to untrained settings.", "PMID": 599115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6665", "title": "Families of autistic and dysphasic children. II. Mothers' speech to the children.", "content": "This paper tests various hypotheses about deviance in the communication of mothers to their autistic children. The language of mothers of 13 autistic boys is compared to the language of mothers of 13 boys with developmental receptive dysphasia. The two groups of boys are of similar age, nonverbal intelligence, and language level. The language samples come from hour-long taped interactions between the mothers and their children in their homes. Aspects of maternal communication that are examined include: the amount of language used, the frequency usage of different types of utterances, the syntactic complexity of utterances, the grammaticality of utterances, the clarity of communication, and the tones of voice used. No differences were found between the two groups of mothers in level of language usage, pattern of functional interaction, or in overall clarity of communication. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide no support for the suggestion that autism is due wholly or in part to deviant patterns of mother-child communication.", "contents": "Families of autistic and dysphasic children. II. Mothers' speech to the children. This paper tests various hypotheses about deviance in the communication of mothers to their autistic children. The language of mothers of 13 autistic boys is compared to the language of mothers of 13 boys with developmental receptive dysphasia. The two groups of boys are of similar age, nonverbal intelligence, and language level. The language samples come from hour-long taped interactions between the mothers and their children in their homes. Aspects of maternal communication that are examined include: the amount of language used, the frequency usage of different types of utterances, the syntactic complexity of utterances, the grammaticality of utterances, the clarity of communication, and the tones of voice used. No differences were found between the two groups of mothers in level of language usage, pattern of functional interaction, or in overall clarity of communication. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide no support for the suggestion that autism is due wholly or in part to deviant patterns of mother-child communication.", "PMID": 599134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6666", "title": "Establishing generalization effects among autistic children.", "content": "Although elusive, generalization of behavior change in autistic children is essential to obtaining maximum treatment effects. Using behaviorally based treatment and teachers and parents as trainers, generalization effects between home and school were measured on four behaviors: following instructions, washing, wiping bottom, and sharing toys. The results indicate that both settings were effective in establishing generalization. Behaviors treated in one setting generalized to another when children were provided with an opportunity for daily practice. Treatment with practice in other settings is possible in contrast to providing treatment on the same behavior in both settings.", "contents": "Establishing generalization effects among autistic children. Although elusive, generalization of behavior change in autistic children is essential to obtaining maximum treatment effects. Using behaviorally based treatment and teachers and parents as trainers, generalization effects between home and school were measured on four behaviors: following instructions, washing, wiping bottom, and sharing toys. The results indicate that both settings were effective in establishing generalization. Behaviors treated in one setting generalized to another when children were provided with an opportunity for daily practice. Treatment with practice in other settings is possible in contrast to providing treatment on the same behavior in both settings.", "PMID": 599135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6667", "title": "Acquisition of modified American sign language by a mute autistic child.", "content": "An attempt was made to teach a modified version of American Sign Language to mute 5-year-old boy who had been diagnosed autistic and who had a Merrill-Palmer IQ of 65. Previous attempts to teach imitative spoken language had failed, and baseline data indicated that the child's signing vocabulary was also nonexistent. Data were collected during 20 structured sessions involving presentation of stimuli, prompting and manual guidance when necessary, and reinforcement. Continuous use of signs as communication in class and at home was emphasized. The child had mastered 12 signs at the end of the study. Spontaneous signing frequency as recorded by parents and teachers during several 48 hour periods rose from 15 to 42 emitted signs over the 3 months of the study. The child made 6 months' developmental progress during this time, as measured by a sign-language adaptation of the Alpern-Boll Communication Scale. However, the child made no apparent progress in acquiring spoken language.", "contents": "Acquisition of modified American sign language by a mute autistic child. An attempt was made to teach a modified version of American Sign Language to mute 5-year-old boy who had been diagnosed autistic and who had a Merrill-Palmer IQ of 65. Previous attempts to teach imitative spoken language had failed, and baseline data indicated that the child's signing vocabulary was also nonexistent. Data were collected during 20 structured sessions involving presentation of stimuli, prompting and manual guidance when necessary, and reinforcement. Continuous use of signs as communication in class and at home was emphasized. The child had mastered 12 signs at the end of the study. Spontaneous signing frequency as recorded by parents and teachers during several 48 hour periods rose from 15 to 42 emitted signs over the 3 months of the study. The child made 6 months' developmental progress during this time, as measured by a sign-language adaptation of the Alpern-Boll Communication Scale. However, the child made no apparent progress in acquiring spoken language.", "PMID": 599136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6668", "title": "Considerations in the analysis and treatment of dietary effects on behavior: a case study.", "content": "Scientific and public interest in the effects of diet of behavior disorders has recently increased. This paper argues that (1) the experimental analysis of behavior offers an effective scientific methodology for assessing the effects of dietary substances on behavior problems, and that (2) such analysis permits behavioral consequences to be considered as an alternative treatment to dietary control. A case study of a 9-year-old retarded boy with autistic behaviors is presented. Suspected dietary substances were demonstrated to be effective influences on the child's behavior, whereas a simple behavior modification program improved his problem behaviors. Also discussed are issues and problems which arise in research on dietary effects on behavior and in selection of effective and ethical treatments.", "contents": "Considerations in the analysis and treatment of dietary effects on behavior: a case study. Scientific and public interest in the effects of diet of behavior disorders has recently increased. This paper argues that (1) the experimental analysis of behavior offers an effective scientific methodology for assessing the effects of dietary substances on behavior problems, and that (2) such analysis permits behavioral consequences to be considered as an alternative treatment to dietary control. A case study of a 9-year-old retarded boy with autistic behaviors is presented. Suspected dietary substances were demonstrated to be effective influences on the child's behavior, whereas a simple behavior modification program improved his problem behaviors. Also discussed are issues and problems which arise in research on dietary effects on behavior and in selection of effective and ethical treatments.", "PMID": 599137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6669", "title": "A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorders. III. Discriminant function analysis.", "content": "A psychometric, observational, and interview study was undertaken with 47 boys, aged 4 1/2 to 10 years, with nonverbal IQs of 70+ and a severe developmental disorder of language comprehension. Separate discriminant function analyses, based on behavioral, language, or cognitive features, showed little overlap between clinically defined autistic and dysphasic subgroups. Moreover, the discrimination could be made as clearly on language or cognitive characteristics as on social or behavioral critera. Language abnormalities and behavioral features also intercorrelated within the autistic subgroup. It is concluded that autism and dysphasia differ in important ways and that a cognitive deficit is an essential part of the syndrome of autism.", "contents": "A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorders. III. Discriminant function analysis. A psychometric, observational, and interview study was undertaken with 47 boys, aged 4 1/2 to 10 years, with nonverbal IQs of 70+ and a severe developmental disorder of language comprehension. Separate discriminant function analyses, based on behavioral, language, or cognitive features, showed little overlap between clinically defined autistic and dysphasic subgroups. Moreover, the discrimination could be made as clearly on language or cognitive characteristics as on social or behavioral critera. Language abnormalities and behavioral features also intercorrelated within the autistic subgroup. It is concluded that autism and dysphasia differ in important ways and that a cognitive deficit is an essential part of the syndrome of autism.", "PMID": 599138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6670", "title": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. X. Isolation and partial characterization of four soybean double-headed proteinase inhibitors.", "content": "Four Bowman-Birk type double-headed inhibitors (B, C-II, D-II, and E-I) were isolated from soybeans. Inhibitor B was different from Bowman-Birk inhibitor only in chromatographic behavior. One mole of C-II inhibited one mole each of bovine trypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, probably at the same site, and porcine elastase at another reactive site. In the ordinary assay system D-II and E-I inhibited only trypsin activity at a non-stoichiometric inhibitor-enzyme ratio of 1:1.4, and the complexes had rather high dissociation constants. These inhibitors were all inactive toward subtilisin BPN'.", "contents": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. X. Isolation and partial characterization of four soybean double-headed proteinase inhibitors. Four Bowman-Birk type double-headed inhibitors (B, C-II, D-II, and E-I) were isolated from soybeans. Inhibitor B was different from Bowman-Birk inhibitor only in chromatographic behavior. One mole of C-II inhibited one mole each of bovine trypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, probably at the same site, and porcine elastase at another reactive site. In the ordinary assay system D-II and E-I inhibited only trypsin activity at a non-stoichiometric inhibitor-enzyme ratio of 1:1.4, and the complexes had rather high dissociation constants. These inhibitors were all inactive toward subtilisin BPN'.", "PMID": 599140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6671", "title": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XI. Complete amino acid sequence of a soybean trypsin-chymotrypsin-elastase inhibitor, C-II.", "content": "Soybean inhibitor C-II, which inhibits trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and elastase, was reduced and S-carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. The amino acid sequences of the resulting tryptic peptides were determined by conventional methods, establishing the complete 76-amino acid sequence of the inhibitor. Inhibitor C-II was found to be homologous with soybean (Glycine max) Bowman-Birk inhibitor and more closely related to an inhibitor from garden beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The homology with these inhibitors and the limited proteolysis of C-II indicated the reactive sites of C-II for elastase and trypsin to be alanine-22 and arginine-49, respectively. Arginine-49 was also identified as a reactive site for alpha-chymotrypsin. It was found that only a few replacements of one or two amino acid residues around the reactive sites resulted in considerable alteration of the inhibitory specificity.", "contents": "Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XI. Complete amino acid sequence of a soybean trypsin-chymotrypsin-elastase inhibitor, C-II. Soybean inhibitor C-II, which inhibits trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and elastase, was reduced and S-carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. The amino acid sequences of the resulting tryptic peptides were determined by conventional methods, establishing the complete 76-amino acid sequence of the inhibitor. Inhibitor C-II was found to be homologous with soybean (Glycine max) Bowman-Birk inhibitor and more closely related to an inhibitor from garden beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The homology with these inhibitors and the limited proteolysis of C-II indicated the reactive sites of C-II for elastase and trypsin to be alanine-22 and arginine-49, respectively. Arginine-49 was also identified as a reactive site for alpha-chymotrypsin. It was found that only a few replacements of one or two amino acid residues around the reactive sites resulted in considerable alteration of the inhibitory specificity.", "PMID": 599141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6672", "title": "Molecular weight estimation of bovine brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase.", "content": "The molecular size of bovine brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) was investigated Mitochondria were solubilized with an anionic detergent. Emarl 20C, and fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulfate-fractionated MAO was subjected to detergent-containing gel chromatography and detergent-containing gel electrophoresis. MAO activity appeared as single symmetrical peak in gel chromatography in the presence of 1% Emarl 20C, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 44,000. Polymerization of MAO was observed when gel chromatography was performed in lower (0.1%, 0%) concentrations of Emarl 20C. Activity staining of MAO after electrophoresis on a gel containing 0.1% Emar 20C was successful. The molecular weight of MAO estimated from the mobility of this stained band was 89,000. It is suggested that the molecular weight of MAO is 44,000 and that it recombines in low concentrations of the detergent to form complex particles with molecular weights of 89,000 or more.", "contents": "Molecular weight estimation of bovine brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase. The molecular size of bovine brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) was investigated Mitochondria were solubilized with an anionic detergent. Emarl 20C, and fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulfate-fractionated MAO was subjected to detergent-containing gel chromatography and detergent-containing gel electrophoresis. MAO activity appeared as single symmetrical peak in gel chromatography in the presence of 1% Emarl 20C, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 44,000. Polymerization of MAO was observed when gel chromatography was performed in lower (0.1%, 0%) concentrations of Emarl 20C. Activity staining of MAO after electrophoresis on a gel containing 0.1% Emar 20C was successful. The molecular weight of MAO estimated from the mobility of this stained band was 89,000. It is suggested that the molecular weight of MAO is 44,000 and that it recombines in low concentrations of the detergent to form complex particles with molecular weights of 89,000 or more.", "PMID": 599142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6673", "title": "Action of T4 endonuclease V on DNA containing various photoproducts.", "content": "The action of T4 endonuclease V on DNA containing various photoproducts was investigated. (1) The enzyme introduced strand breaks in DNA from ultraviolet-irradiated vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis but not in DNA from irradiated spores of the same organism. DNA irradiated with long wavelength (360 nm peak) ultraviolet light in the presence of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen was not attacked by the enzyme. These results indicate that 5-thyminyl 5,6-dihydrothymine (spore photoproduct) and psoralen mediated cross-links in DNA are not recognized by T4 endonuclease V. (2) DNA of phage PBS1, containing uracil in place of thymine, and DNA of phage SPO1, containing hydroxymethyluracil in place of thymine, were fragmented by the enzyme when the DNA's had been irradiated with ultraviolet light. T4 endonuclease V seems to act on DNA with pyrimidine dimers whether the dimers contain thymine residues or not.", "contents": "Action of T4 endonuclease V on DNA containing various photoproducts. The action of T4 endonuclease V on DNA containing various photoproducts was investigated. (1) The enzyme introduced strand breaks in DNA from ultraviolet-irradiated vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis but not in DNA from irradiated spores of the same organism. DNA irradiated with long wavelength (360 nm peak) ultraviolet light in the presence of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen was not attacked by the enzyme. These results indicate that 5-thyminyl 5,6-dihydrothymine (spore photoproduct) and psoralen mediated cross-links in DNA are not recognized by T4 endonuclease V. (2) DNA of phage PBS1, containing uracil in place of thymine, and DNA of phage SPO1, containing hydroxymethyluracil in place of thymine, were fragmented by the enzyme when the DNA's had been irradiated with ultraviolet light. T4 endonuclease V seems to act on DNA with pyrimidine dimers whether the dimers contain thymine residues or not.", "PMID": 599143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6674", "title": "Two forms of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from hog liver.", "content": "Two forms of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase were separated from hog liver extracts by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. They were designated as farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase A and B, in order of elution. Both enzymes catalyzed the exclusive formation of E,E-farnesyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and either dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or geranyl pyrophosphate. They also showed no detectable differences in pH optima, molecular weights, and susceptibilities to metal ions. However, the catalytic activity of the synthetase B was greatly stimulated by the addition of common sulfhydryl reagents. This stimulation was the result of conversion of the synthetase B into the synthetase A. Conversely the synthetase A was converted into form B when it was dialyzed against a buffer solution containing cupric ions. It is suggested that the formation and cleavage of disulfide bond(s) is involved in the interconversion between the two forms.", "contents": "Two forms of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from hog liver. Two forms of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase were separated from hog liver extracts by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. They were designated as farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase A and B, in order of elution. Both enzymes catalyzed the exclusive formation of E,E-farnesyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and either dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or geranyl pyrophosphate. They also showed no detectable differences in pH optima, molecular weights, and susceptibilities to metal ions. However, the catalytic activity of the synthetase B was greatly stimulated by the addition of common sulfhydryl reagents. This stimulation was the result of conversion of the synthetase B into the synthetase A. Conversely the synthetase A was converted into form B when it was dialyzed against a buffer solution containing cupric ions. It is suggested that the formation and cleavage of disulfide bond(s) is involved in the interconversion between the two forms.", "PMID": 599144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6675", "title": "Metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. I. Microsomal deacetylation of T-2 toxin in animal tissues.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the active form of T-2 toxin, one of trichothecene mycotoxins in vivo, the metabolism in animal tissues was studied in vitro by using gas liquid chromatography. T-2 toxin was selectively hydrolysed by the microsomal esterase at C-4, giving rise to HT-2 toxin as the only metabolite. This esterase activity was found mainly in the microsomes of liver, kidney, and spleen of laboratory animals. Since the enzymatic hydrolysis of T-2 toxin was inhibited by eserine, and diisopropylfluorophosphate, it is concluded that non-specific carboxyesterase [EC 3.1.1.1] of microsomal origin participates in this type of selective hydrolysis of T-2 toxin. The microsomal fraction from rabbit liver was proved to be a convinient material for the preparation of HT-2 toxin from T-2 toxin. From the evidence that the toxicity of HT-2 toxin is comparable to that of T-2 toxin and that the microsomal fraction of whole liver possesses the ability to biotransform the total lethal dose of T-2 toxin into HT-2 within a few minutes, T-2 toxin administered to animals is presumed to exhibit its toxicity partly as HT-2 toxin.", "contents": "Metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. I. Microsomal deacetylation of T-2 toxin in animal tissues. In an attempt to elucidate the active form of T-2 toxin, one of trichothecene mycotoxins in vivo, the metabolism in animal tissues was studied in vitro by using gas liquid chromatography. T-2 toxin was selectively hydrolysed by the microsomal esterase at C-4, giving rise to HT-2 toxin as the only metabolite. This esterase activity was found mainly in the microsomes of liver, kidney, and spleen of laboratory animals. Since the enzymatic hydrolysis of T-2 toxin was inhibited by eserine, and diisopropylfluorophosphate, it is concluded that non-specific carboxyesterase [EC 3.1.1.1] of microsomal origin participates in this type of selective hydrolysis of T-2 toxin. The microsomal fraction from rabbit liver was proved to be a convinient material for the preparation of HT-2 toxin from T-2 toxin. From the evidence that the toxicity of HT-2 toxin is comparable to that of T-2 toxin and that the microsomal fraction of whole liver possesses the ability to biotransform the total lethal dose of T-2 toxin into HT-2 within a few minutes, T-2 toxin administered to animals is presumed to exhibit its toxicity partly as HT-2 toxin.", "PMID": 599145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6676", "title": "Isomeric composition of retinal chromophore in dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "1. Retinal isomers extracted from the acid-hydrolysate of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-treated dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (bRD) were analyzed in a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system. The extract from bRD contains almost equal molar amounts of both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers. The extent of isomerization and the yield of both isomers during the isolation process were investigated by the application of the same extraction procedure to artificial bacteriorhodopsin reconstituted with 13-cis retinal isomer (13-cis bacteriorhodopsin) and also to light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (bRL) which has been shown to contain only the all-trans isomer (all-trans bacteriorhodopsin). 2. A reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin, which had been prepared from apo-bacteriorhodopsin and an equimolar mixture of both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers, showed an absorption spectrum having the same maximum wavelength as that of bRD even at the beginning of the reconstitution process. 3. Analysis of the photosteady states of bRD at -190 degrees C revealed that it was composed of two different species, one having 13-cis retinal and the other having all-trans retinal isomers in approximately equal molar amounts. These two also gave their respective photoproducts. 4. From these results it can be concluded that bRD contains both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers in nearly equal molar amounts as its chromophore.", "contents": "Isomeric composition of retinal chromophore in dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. 1. Retinal isomers extracted from the acid-hydrolysate of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-treated dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (bRD) were analyzed in a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system. The extract from bRD contains almost equal molar amounts of both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers. The extent of isomerization and the yield of both isomers during the isolation process were investigated by the application of the same extraction procedure to artificial bacteriorhodopsin reconstituted with 13-cis retinal isomer (13-cis bacteriorhodopsin) and also to light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (bRL) which has been shown to contain only the all-trans isomer (all-trans bacteriorhodopsin). 2. A reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin, which had been prepared from apo-bacteriorhodopsin and an equimolar mixture of both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers, showed an absorption spectrum having the same maximum wavelength as that of bRD even at the beginning of the reconstitution process. 3. Analysis of the photosteady states of bRD at -190 degrees C revealed that it was composed of two different species, one having 13-cis retinal and the other having all-trans retinal isomers in approximately equal molar amounts. These two also gave their respective photoproducts. 4. From these results it can be concluded that bRD contains both 13-cis retinal and all-trans retinal isomers in nearly equal molar amounts as its chromophore.", "PMID": 599146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6677", "title": "DNA polymerase-beta from the nuclear fraction of sea urchin embryos: characterization of the purified enzyme.", "content": "Approximately 2,500-fold purifications of DNA polymerase-beta from the nuclear fraction of blastulae of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, was performed. The enzyme preparation, which was devoid of DNase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as contaminants, showed a sedimentation constant of 3.0 S in a sucrose density gradient, a molecular weight of 50,000 by gel filtration, and an isoelectric point of pH 8.1. The enzyme activity was resistant to sulfhydryl group inhibitors. Its optimal pH was 9.0-9.5 in Tris-maleate buffer and 10.0 in glycine buffer. The optimal NaCl concentration for the activity was 30-60 mM and about half of the activity remained at 0.4 M NaCl. As a template-primer, the enzyme preferred synthetic homopolymers to activated DNA. The order of this preference was as follows; poly (dA)-oligo (dT)12-18 greater than poly (rA)-oligo (dT)12-18 greater than activated DNA. The above results indicate that the enzyme corresponds to DNA polymerase-beta from vertebrate cells.", "contents": "DNA polymerase-beta from the nuclear fraction of sea urchin embryos: characterization of the purified enzyme. Approximately 2,500-fold purifications of DNA polymerase-beta from the nuclear fraction of blastulae of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, was performed. The enzyme preparation, which was devoid of DNase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as contaminants, showed a sedimentation constant of 3.0 S in a sucrose density gradient, a molecular weight of 50,000 by gel filtration, and an isoelectric point of pH 8.1. The enzyme activity was resistant to sulfhydryl group inhibitors. Its optimal pH was 9.0-9.5 in Tris-maleate buffer and 10.0 in glycine buffer. The optimal NaCl concentration for the activity was 30-60 mM and about half of the activity remained at 0.4 M NaCl. As a template-primer, the enzyme preferred synthetic homopolymers to activated DNA. The order of this preference was as follows; poly (dA)-oligo (dT)12-18 greater than poly (rA)-oligo (dT)12-18 greater than activated DNA. The above results indicate that the enzyme corresponds to DNA polymerase-beta from vertebrate cells.", "PMID": 599147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6678", "title": "Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectra of oligosaccharides derived from sphingoglycolipids.", "content": "Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra with isobutane and ammonia for the oligosaccharides obtained from sphingoglycolipids were compared with their electron impact (EI) mass spectra. The oligosaccahride moieties were liberated from the parent glycolipids and were further reduced with sodium borohydride. They were analyzed as their permethyl peracetyl and pertrimethylsilyl derivatives. In the CI spectra, peaks corresponding to QM+ and/or [M-59]+ were observed in all of the peracetylated oligosaccharides examined. In CI with ammonia as the reagent, H+ was transferred to nitrogen-containing saccharides to produce [MH]+ and NH4 was transferred to nitrogen-free saccharides to yield [M+NH4]+ as QM+. Non-reducing ends yielded very intense peaks in CI spectra. On the other hand, the reduced end, glucitol, produced rather prominent peaks in EI spectra. Fragment ions due to cleavage of glycosidic bonds were major ones under the CI conditions, and they could be used for elucidating the sugar sequence in the oligosaccharides. An additional characteristic feature in the CI spectra was that ions due to scission of hexosaminyl glycosidic linkages were observed with very high intensities.", "contents": "Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectra of oligosaccharides derived from sphingoglycolipids. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra with isobutane and ammonia for the oligosaccharides obtained from sphingoglycolipids were compared with their electron impact (EI) mass spectra. The oligosaccahride moieties were liberated from the parent glycolipids and were further reduced with sodium borohydride. They were analyzed as their permethyl peracetyl and pertrimethylsilyl derivatives. In the CI spectra, peaks corresponding to QM+ and/or [M-59]+ were observed in all of the peracetylated oligosaccharides examined. In CI with ammonia as the reagent, H+ was transferred to nitrogen-containing saccharides to produce [MH]+ and NH4 was transferred to nitrogen-free saccharides to yield [M+NH4]+ as QM+. Non-reducing ends yielded very intense peaks in CI spectra. On the other hand, the reduced end, glucitol, produced rather prominent peaks in EI spectra. Fragment ions due to cleavage of glycosidic bonds were major ones under the CI conditions, and they could be used for elucidating the sugar sequence in the oligosaccharides. An additional characteristic feature in the CI spectra was that ions due to scission of hexosaminyl glycosidic linkages were observed with very high intensities.", "PMID": 599148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6679", "title": "Effect of calcium on the endogenous phosphorylation of mouse brain microsomes in vitro.", "content": "1. The endogenous phosphorylation of mouse brain microsomes was studied using the technique of acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 2. It was found that specific proteins and lipids in brain microsomes were phosphorylated by the terminal phosphate of ATP under appropriate conditions. Six peaks of radioactivity were observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 32Pi-labelled brain microsomes. The peaks were designated as P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV, P-V, and P-VI. The peaks from P-I to P-V, which consist of phosphoproteins, underwent rapid dephosphorylation. On the other hand, P-VI, which consists of phospholipids, remained unaffected even after the complete hydrolysis of added ATP. 3. With the addition of 100 muM CaCl2 to the assay medium, the phosphorylation of brain microsomal proteins was stimulated; in the regions of P-I, P-II, and P-III, the amounts of 32Pi incorporation were approximately twice the 32Pi incorporation in the absence of Ca2+. On the other hand, 32Pi incorporation into P-VI was unaffected irrespective of the presence or absence of 100 muM CaCl2. In the presence of higher concentrations of Ca2+ (1-10 mM), the phosphorylation of all components was inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on the endogenous phosphorylation of mouse brain microsomes in vitro. 1. The endogenous phosphorylation of mouse brain microsomes was studied using the technique of acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 2. It was found that specific proteins and lipids in brain microsomes were phosphorylated by the terminal phosphate of ATP under appropriate conditions. Six peaks of radioactivity were observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 32Pi-labelled brain microsomes. The peaks were designated as P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV, P-V, and P-VI. The peaks from P-I to P-V, which consist of phosphoproteins, underwent rapid dephosphorylation. On the other hand, P-VI, which consists of phospholipids, remained unaffected even after the complete hydrolysis of added ATP. 3. With the addition of 100 muM CaCl2 to the assay medium, the phosphorylation of brain microsomal proteins was stimulated; in the regions of P-I, P-II, and P-III, the amounts of 32Pi incorporation were approximately twice the 32Pi incorporation in the absence of Ca2+. On the other hand, 32Pi incorporation into P-VI was unaffected irrespective of the presence or absence of 100 muM CaCl2. In the presence of higher concentrations of Ca2+ (1-10 mM), the phosphorylation of all components was inhibited.", "PMID": 599150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6680", "title": "Luminescence and respiratory activities of Photobacterium phosphoreum. II. Control by monovalent cations.", "content": "Luminescent activity of spheroplasts of the cells of Photobacterium phosphoreum was stimulated by Rb+ and K+ and inhibited by Na+ in the medium. Opposite effects of these ions were observed on the rate of O2 consumption of the spheroplasts through the cytochrome and luciferase electron transfer systems. In vitro activities of NADH-FMN reductase and luciferase were only slightly stimulated by Rb+, K+, and Na+, while Na+ exhibited significant activation of the NADH-oxidizing activity of the cells. The redox level of cytochrome b in the spheroplasts during steady-state respiration in an Na+ medium was more reduced, while that of NAD(P) was more oxidized, than those in an Rb+ or K+ medium. Na+ activates the cytochrome electron transfer system at a point between NADH and cytochrome b, and thus has a stimulative effect on cellular O2 consumption. Rb+ and K+ do not show similar activation, but the cellular NAD(P) was brought to a more reduced level, so that in vivo luminescence is stimulated in an Rb+ or K+ medium.", "contents": "Luminescence and respiratory activities of Photobacterium phosphoreum. II. Control by monovalent cations. Luminescent activity of spheroplasts of the cells of Photobacterium phosphoreum was stimulated by Rb+ and K+ and inhibited by Na+ in the medium. Opposite effects of these ions were observed on the rate of O2 consumption of the spheroplasts through the cytochrome and luciferase electron transfer systems. In vitro activities of NADH-FMN reductase and luciferase were only slightly stimulated by Rb+, K+, and Na+, while Na+ exhibited significant activation of the NADH-oxidizing activity of the cells. The redox level of cytochrome b in the spheroplasts during steady-state respiration in an Na+ medium was more reduced, while that of NAD(P) was more oxidized, than those in an Rb+ or K+ medium. Na+ activates the cytochrome electron transfer system at a point between NADH and cytochrome b, and thus has a stimulative effect on cellular O2 consumption. Rb+ and K+ do not show similar activation, but the cellular NAD(P) was brought to a more reduced level, so that in vivo luminescence is stimulated in an Rb+ or K+ medium.", "PMID": 599151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6681", "title": "A fluorescence study of egg white riboflavin-binding protein.", "content": "1. Denaturation of riboflavin-binding protein (RBP) by guanidine hydrochloride (Gu-HCl) was investigated by measruing the fluorescence of the protein. The denaturation-renaturation processes of RBP by Gu-HCl were fully reversible. The apo-RBP fluorescence had an emission maximum at 343 nm in the absence of Gu-HCl, and at 350 nm in the presence of 4M Gu-HCl, which completely denatured the protein. The relative fluorescence yield of apo-RBP in the presence of 4 M Gu-HCl was about 170% of that in the absence of Gu-HCl. The affinity of native apo-RBP for riboflavin was very strong, while riboflavin was not bound to the denatured form. The equilibrium system of apo-RBP and riboflavin in solutions containing Gu-HCl at various concentrations was analyzed by measuring riboflavin fluorescence. 2. The quenching of apo-RBP fluorescence, probably the fluorescence of tryptophanyl residues, by iodide anions and cesium cations was measured. The fluorescence of apo-RBP in the presence of 4 M Gu-HCl was quenched considerably by iodide and cesium, and Stern-Volmer plots were linear. However, the fluorescence of native apo-RBP was scarcely quenched by iodide or cesium. This suggested that tryptophanyl residues buried inside apo-RBP were responsible for most of the tryptophanyl fluorescence of native apo-RBP.", "contents": "A fluorescence study of egg white riboflavin-binding protein. 1. Denaturation of riboflavin-binding protein (RBP) by guanidine hydrochloride (Gu-HCl) was investigated by measruing the fluorescence of the protein. The denaturation-renaturation processes of RBP by Gu-HCl were fully reversible. The apo-RBP fluorescence had an emission maximum at 343 nm in the absence of Gu-HCl, and at 350 nm in the presence of 4M Gu-HCl, which completely denatured the protein. The relative fluorescence yield of apo-RBP in the presence of 4 M Gu-HCl was about 170% of that in the absence of Gu-HCl. The affinity of native apo-RBP for riboflavin was very strong, while riboflavin was not bound to the denatured form. The equilibrium system of apo-RBP and riboflavin in solutions containing Gu-HCl at various concentrations was analyzed by measuring riboflavin fluorescence. 2. The quenching of apo-RBP fluorescence, probably the fluorescence of tryptophanyl residues, by iodide anions and cesium cations was measured. The fluorescence of apo-RBP in the presence of 4 M Gu-HCl was quenched considerably by iodide and cesium, and Stern-Volmer plots were linear. However, the fluorescence of native apo-RBP was scarcely quenched by iodide or cesium. This suggested that tryptophanyl residues buried inside apo-RBP were responsible for most of the tryptophanyl fluorescence of native apo-RBP.", "PMID": 599152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6682", "title": "Subunit structure of hemoglobins from erythrocytes of the blood clam, Anadara broughtonii.", "content": "Intracellular hemoglobins of the sea blood clam Anadara broughtonii consist of HbI dimer (33%) and HbII tetramer (60%). The molecular weights of globins of HbI and HbII were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis to be 15,500 and 16,500, respectively. The existence of two dissimilar chains, alpha and beta, in globin from HbII tetramer was confirmed electrophoretically and the chains were separated by CM-cellulose chromatography in 8 M urea. In contrast, globin from HbI dimer showed a single band on two types of electrophoresis. The NH2-terminus and the COOH-terminus of HbI were determined to be proline and leucine, respectively. From the results of finger-printing, the alpha and beta chains from HbII were considered to have a rather similar profile, whereas globin from HbI was very different. The results obtained by amino acid analysis of each chain also supported the above findings. It was thus shown that HbII has an alpha2beta2 subunit structure, which is rare among invertebrate hemoglobins. On the other hand, HbI seems to have two identical subunits, designated as \"gamma\", and to exist as a \"gamma2\" dimer structure. Both Anadara Hb's appear to have no functional groups relating to the Bohr effect and to be unable to form a binding site for organic phosphates.", "contents": "Subunit structure of hemoglobins from erythrocytes of the blood clam, Anadara broughtonii. Intracellular hemoglobins of the sea blood clam Anadara broughtonii consist of HbI dimer (33%) and HbII tetramer (60%). The molecular weights of globins of HbI and HbII were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis to be 15,500 and 16,500, respectively. The existence of two dissimilar chains, alpha and beta, in globin from HbII tetramer was confirmed electrophoretically and the chains were separated by CM-cellulose chromatography in 8 M urea. In contrast, globin from HbI dimer showed a single band on two types of electrophoresis. The NH2-terminus and the COOH-terminus of HbI were determined to be proline and leucine, respectively. From the results of finger-printing, the alpha and beta chains from HbII were considered to have a rather similar profile, whereas globin from HbI was very different. The results obtained by amino acid analysis of each chain also supported the above findings. It was thus shown that HbII has an alpha2beta2 subunit structure, which is rare among invertebrate hemoglobins. On the other hand, HbI seems to have two identical subunits, designated as \"gamma\", and to exist as a \"gamma2\" dimer structure. Both Anadara Hb's appear to have no functional groups relating to the Bohr effect and to be unable to form a binding site for organic phosphates.", "PMID": 599153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6683", "title": "Purification and characterization of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.", "content": "Choline oxidase was purified from the cells of Arthrobacter globiformis by fractionations with acetone and ammonium sulfate, and column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme preparation appeared homogeneous on disc gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was a flavoprotein having a molecular weight of approx. 83,000 (gel filtration) or approx. 71,000 (sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis) and an isoelectric point (pI) around pH 4.5. Identification of the reaction products showed that the enzyme catalyzed the following reactions: choline + O2 leads to betaine aldehyde + H2O2, betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O leads to betaine + H2O2. The enzyme was highly specific for choline and betaine aldehyde (relative reaction velocities: choline, 100%; betaine aldehyde, 46%; N,N-dimethylaminoethanol, 5.2%; triethanolamine, 2.6%; diethanolamine, 0.8%; monoethanolamine, N-methylaminoethanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde, 0%). Its Km values were 1.2 mM for choline and 8.7 mM for betaine aldehyde. The optimum pH for the enzymic reaction was around pH 7.5.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Choline oxidase was purified from the cells of Arthrobacter globiformis by fractionations with acetone and ammonium sulfate, and column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme preparation appeared homogeneous on disc gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was a flavoprotein having a molecular weight of approx. 83,000 (gel filtration) or approx. 71,000 (sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis) and an isoelectric point (pI) around pH 4.5. Identification of the reaction products showed that the enzyme catalyzed the following reactions: choline + O2 leads to betaine aldehyde + H2O2, betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O leads to betaine + H2O2. The enzyme was highly specific for choline and betaine aldehyde (relative reaction velocities: choline, 100%; betaine aldehyde, 46%; N,N-dimethylaminoethanol, 5.2%; triethanolamine, 2.6%; diethanolamine, 0.8%; monoethanolamine, N-methylaminoethanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde, 0%). Its Km values were 1.2 mM for choline and 8.7 mM for betaine aldehyde. The optimum pH for the enzymic reaction was around pH 7.5.", "PMID": 599154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6684", "title": "Regulation of the fatty acid composition of alkyl ether phospholipid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The substrate specificities of 1-O-alkylglycerol 3-phosphate and 1-O-alkylglycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferases.", "content": "Activity for the acylation of 1-O-alkyl-GP was found in the microsomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The reaction product was shown to be 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GP by identifying the acetolysis product as 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-3-acetylglycerol. The acyl transfer activity to 1-O-alkyl-GP was significantly lower than that to 1-acyl-GP. The substrate specificity of 1-O-alkyl-GP acyltransferase was rather broad as regards thiol esters. Similar specificity was observed with 1-acyl-GP acyltransferase. In contrast to these acyltransferase systems, the 1-acyl- and 1-O-alkyl-GPC acyltransferases were specific for polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA's. Since a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid and a little palmitic acid were located at the 2-position of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC(E), the observed specificities for acyl-COA's of these acyltransferase systems can be considered in relation to the fatty acid composition at the 2-position of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC(E) in the cells.", "contents": "Regulation of the fatty acid composition of alkyl ether phospholipid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The substrate specificities of 1-O-alkylglycerol 3-phosphate and 1-O-alkylglycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferases. Activity for the acylation of 1-O-alkyl-GP was found in the microsomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The reaction product was shown to be 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GP by identifying the acetolysis product as 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-3-acetylglycerol. The acyl transfer activity to 1-O-alkyl-GP was significantly lower than that to 1-acyl-GP. The substrate specificity of 1-O-alkyl-GP acyltransferase was rather broad as regards thiol esters. Similar specificity was observed with 1-acyl-GP acyltransferase. In contrast to these acyltransferase systems, the 1-acyl- and 1-O-alkyl-GPC acyltransferases were specific for polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA's. Since a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid and a little palmitic acid were located at the 2-position of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC(E), the observed specificities for acyl-COA's of these acyltransferase systems can be considered in relation to the fatty acid composition at the 2-position of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC(E) in the cells.", "PMID": 599155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6685", "title": "A convenient method for the isolation of 3'-sialyllactose from normal human urine.", "content": "A simple method for the preparation of 3'-sialyllactose from normal human urine is described. The method for the collection of sialooligosaccharides is based on adsorption on charcoal followed by elution with a mixture of ethanol, pyridine, and water. The sialooligosaccharide mixture is then fractionated by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and the low molecular weight fraction is further fractionated on Dowex 1 (eluted with pyridinium acetate) to give five fractions. The last fraction contains almost pure 3'-sialyllactose.", "contents": "A convenient method for the isolation of 3'-sialyllactose from normal human urine. A simple method for the preparation of 3'-sialyllactose from normal human urine is described. The method for the collection of sialooligosaccharides is based on adsorption on charcoal followed by elution with a mixture of ethanol, pyridine, and water. The sialooligosaccharide mixture is then fractionated by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and the low molecular weight fraction is further fractionated on Dowex 1 (eluted with pyridinium acetate) to give five fractions. The last fraction contains almost pure 3'-sialyllactose.", "PMID": 599156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6686", "title": "Carotid cross-over bypass. Cerebral revascularization after ligation of common carotid artery.", "content": "A rationale is presented for extra-anatomic carotid cross-over bypass to maintain or restore blood flow to the internal carotid artery distal to sites of disruption and ligation of a common carotid artery. Anatomic evidence indicates that the attachment of the carotid sheath to the hyoid bone is a barrier to spread of infection cephalad to that level. A patient with infected and disrupted right common carotid artery associated with an esophageal fistula was treated by double ligation of the artery. Contralateral hemiplegia 48 hours later forced consideration of cerebral revascularization. Left carotid angiography demonstrated patent cerebral vessels on the right, with retrograde filling of the right internal carotid artery to the bifurcation. These findings were interpreted as consistent with technical feasibility of external carotid to external carotid cross-over vein bypass in a suprahyoid location, avoiding reconstruction in an infected area and resulting in prompt recovery of function.", "contents": "Carotid cross-over bypass. Cerebral revascularization after ligation of common carotid artery. A rationale is presented for extra-anatomic carotid cross-over bypass to maintain or restore blood flow to the internal carotid artery distal to sites of disruption and ligation of a common carotid artery. Anatomic evidence indicates that the attachment of the carotid sheath to the hyoid bone is a barrier to spread of infection cephalad to that level. A patient with infected and disrupted right common carotid artery associated with an esophageal fistula was treated by double ligation of the artery. Contralateral hemiplegia 48 hours later forced consideration of cerebral revascularization. Left carotid angiography demonstrated patent cerebral vessels on the right, with retrograde filling of the right internal carotid artery to the bifurcation. These findings were interpreted as consistent with technical feasibility of external carotid to external carotid cross-over vein bypass in a suprahyoid location, avoiding reconstruction in an infected area and resulting in prompt recovery of function.", "PMID": 599157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6687", "title": "Infections in vascular surgery.", "content": "The frequency of postoperative wound infections after 304 vascular surgical procedures was studied. Mean age of the patients was 67 years and the male-female ratio was 5:1. Seventyfive per cent of the operations were of elective type. Wound infections occurred in 12% and was in the majority of cases caused by staphylococcus aureus. Wound infection caused prolongation of hospital stay from 11.9 to 31.3 days. A higher frequency of postoperative wound infections was found in diabetics, in patients with manifest gangrene, in patients with long preoperative hospital stay and after operations with inadequate hemostasis. Infections are potentially dangerous and in this series they caused loss of limb and life in one patient and loss of limb in one.", "contents": "Infections in vascular surgery. The frequency of postoperative wound infections after 304 vascular surgical procedures was studied. Mean age of the patients was 67 years and the male-female ratio was 5:1. Seventyfive per cent of the operations were of elective type. Wound infections occurred in 12% and was in the majority of cases caused by staphylococcus aureus. Wound infection caused prolongation of hospital stay from 11.9 to 31.3 days. A higher frequency of postoperative wound infections was found in diabetics, in patients with manifest gangrene, in patients with long preoperative hospital stay and after operations with inadequate hemostasis. Infections are potentially dangerous and in this series they caused loss of limb and life in one patient and loss of limb in one.", "PMID": 599158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6688", "title": "Factors influenced on prognosis of reconstructive surgery for peripheral arterial occlusion: comparative study between arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans.", "content": "Reconstructive surgery was carried out in 93 patients of ASO and TAO. Factors influenced on prognosis were studied being compared with ASO and TAO. Cumulative 5-year patency was 60% in ASO and 25% in TAO. Distal patency was shown by total score given in each site of arteriogram. Patency rate was well correlated with combinated factors such as total score of arteriogram and back flow at site of surgery. Period from onset of symptom to surgery and site of operation also correlated with patency statistically, though total serum cholesterol, ischemic time at reconstructive surgery, and amount of bleeding at operation did not relate to prognosis. Causes of early failure and special problems of late failure in TAO were studied.", "contents": "Factors influenced on prognosis of reconstructive surgery for peripheral arterial occlusion: comparative study between arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans. Reconstructive surgery was carried out in 93 patients of ASO and TAO. Factors influenced on prognosis were studied being compared with ASO and TAO. Cumulative 5-year patency was 60% in ASO and 25% in TAO. Distal patency was shown by total score given in each site of arteriogram. Patency rate was well correlated with combinated factors such as total score of arteriogram and back flow at site of surgery. Period from onset of symptom to surgery and site of operation also correlated with patency statistically, though total serum cholesterol, ischemic time at reconstructive surgery, and amount of bleeding at operation did not relate to prognosis. Causes of early failure and special problems of late failure in TAO were studied.", "PMID": 599159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6689", "title": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in 100 consecutive patients. Short- and long-term results.", "content": "Single mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis was performed in 100 consecutive patients between March 1971 and December 1973. The hospital mortality was 13% and the late mortality was 6%. 74 of the patients were followed for periods ranging between 12 and 46 months (mean follow-up: 24 months): clinical improvement was noted in 92%. The incidence of postoperative embolism, including 1 case of prosthesis thrombosis, was 6.7%, and all cases occurred within the first 9 months after surgery. 6 patients required reoperation because of prosthesis dysfunction due to thrombosis (1 patient), leakage (3), and late disc entrapment (2).", "contents": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in 100 consecutive patients. Short- and long-term results. Single mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis was performed in 100 consecutive patients between March 1971 and December 1973. The hospital mortality was 13% and the late mortality was 6%. 74 of the patients were followed for periods ranging between 12 and 46 months (mean follow-up: 24 months): clinical improvement was noted in 92%. The incidence of postoperative embolism, including 1 case of prosthesis thrombosis, was 6.7%, and all cases occurred within the first 9 months after surgery. 6 patients required reoperation because of prosthesis dysfunction due to thrombosis (1 patient), leakage (3), and late disc entrapment (2).", "PMID": 599162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6690", "title": "Tissue economics of hydra: regulation of cell cycle, animal size and development by controlled feeding rates.", "content": "Epithelial cell production and epithelial cell loss in 6 different size classes of Hydra attenuata were examined to understand the relationships between growth and morphogenesis. The sizes of adult hydra, the sizes of their buds, and their budding rates are all nearly proportional to the amount of food the hydra eat. Hydra fed at high rates (4-25 Artemia nauplii per day) all have the same epithelial cell cycle time (about 4 days). Budding accounts for most of their cell loss. Hydra fed 4-12 Artemia per day maintain a steady state condition in which tissue loss balances tissue growth. Animals fed 25 Artemia per day are not in a steady state growth condition and change in size. At the lowest feeding rates (0-1 Artemia per day), the epithelial cell cycle time is lengthened to about 16 days. Cell loss from the tentacles accounts for most of the cell loss, and this loss is not completely balanced by growth. As a consequence these animals cease budding and shrink in size.", "contents": "Tissue economics of hydra: regulation of cell cycle, animal size and development by controlled feeding rates. Epithelial cell production and epithelial cell loss in 6 different size classes of Hydra attenuata were examined to understand the relationships between growth and morphogenesis. The sizes of adult hydra, the sizes of their buds, and their budding rates are all nearly proportional to the amount of food the hydra eat. Hydra fed at high rates (4-25 Artemia nauplii per day) all have the same epithelial cell cycle time (about 4 days). Budding accounts for most of their cell loss. Hydra fed 4-12 Artemia per day maintain a steady state condition in which tissue loss balances tissue growth. Animals fed 25 Artemia per day are not in a steady state growth condition and change in size. At the lowest feeding rates (0-1 Artemia per day), the epithelial cell cycle time is lengthened to about 16 days. Cell loss from the tentacles accounts for most of the cell loss, and this loss is not completely balanced by growth. As a consequence these animals cease budding and shrink in size.", "PMID": 599169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6691", "title": "Radical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with atrial and ventricular septal defects.", "content": "An eleven year old patient with TAPVD, ASD and VSD with left to right shunt who underwent successful total correction is presented. Diagnosis, operative technique and the pertinent literature are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Radical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with atrial and ventricular septal defects. An eleven year old patient with TAPVD, ASD and VSD with left to right shunt who underwent successful total correction is presented. Diagnosis, operative technique and the pertinent literature are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 599164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6692", "title": "Failure of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis to open: clinical recognition.", "content": "Failure of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis to open was recognized early in the postoperative period and required immediate replacement. The clinical finding was sudden, intermittent, severe hypotension associated with absent poppet sounds and simultaneous elevation in left atrial pressure. This unique and unusual hemodynamic picture was duplicated in four animal experiments. Routine monitoring of left atrial pressure is a useful postoperative adjunct that can provide early documentation of obstruction to left atrial outflow. Early recognition of the problem and immediate operative correction are mandatory.", "contents": "Failure of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis to open: clinical recognition. Failure of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis to open was recognized early in the postoperative period and required immediate replacement. The clinical finding was sudden, intermittent, severe hypotension associated with absent poppet sounds and simultaneous elevation in left atrial pressure. This unique and unusual hemodynamic picture was duplicated in four animal experiments. Routine monitoring of left atrial pressure is a useful postoperative adjunct that can provide early documentation of obstruction to left atrial outflow. Early recognition of the problem and immediate operative correction are mandatory.", "PMID": 599161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6693", "title": "Studies of anionic sites on the cell surface of the amoeba Naegleria gruberi using cationized ferritin.", "content": "Interaction of cationized ferritin with the anionic groups on the cell surface of Naegleria was studied using transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy. Most of the experiments involved the use of fluorescein-labelled cationized ferritin (FITC-CF) incubated with living amoebae. Initially the FITC-CF was located over the posterior two-thirds of the amoebae but the label was rapidly redistributed to form a cap at the posterior end in the region of the uroid; frequently this cap was shed. Pinosomes containing FITC-CF were clearly visible within the amoebae. Amoebae prefixed in glutaraldehyde were uniformly stained and did not show redistribution of the label. Exposure of live amoebae, previously incubated with cationized ferritin and allowed to cap, to fresh FITC-CF failed to produce fluorescent staining of the general cell surface, i.e. depletion of binding sites had occurred. The binding of the FITC-CF was not affected by pretreatment of the amoebae with neuraminidase or pronase. The possible nature of the anionic sites on the membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Studies of anionic sites on the cell surface of the amoeba Naegleria gruberi using cationized ferritin. Interaction of cationized ferritin with the anionic groups on the cell surface of Naegleria was studied using transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy. Most of the experiments involved the use of fluorescein-labelled cationized ferritin (FITC-CF) incubated with living amoebae. Initially the FITC-CF was located over the posterior two-thirds of the amoebae but the label was rapidly redistributed to form a cap at the posterior end in the region of the uroid; frequently this cap was shed. Pinosomes containing FITC-CF were clearly visible within the amoebae. Amoebae prefixed in glutaraldehyde were uniformly stained and did not show redistribution of the label. Exposure of live amoebae, previously incubated with cationized ferritin and allowed to cap, to fresh FITC-CF failed to produce fluorescent staining of the general cell surface, i.e. depletion of binding sites had occurred. The binding of the FITC-CF was not affected by pretreatment of the amoebae with neuraminidase or pronase. The possible nature of the anionic sites on the membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 599170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6694", "title": "Studies of membrane fusion. I. Paramyxovirus-induced cell fusion, a scanning electron-microscope study.", "content": "Fusion of erythrocytes and HeLa cells with Sendai and Newcastle disease viruses has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Most virus particles are spherical but vary in diameter from approximately 200 to approximately 600 nm. At 4 degrees C virus particles bind randomly to the cell surface and at high cell densities cross-linking of adjacent cells by virus particles results in cell agglutination. Cell-cell fusion takes place when the agglutinated cell suspension is warmed to 37 degrees C. Fusion is initiated at sites of cell-cell contact and is accompanied in all cases by cell swelling. In the case of suspension HeLa cells, virally mediated cell swelling involves an 'unfolding' of cell surface microvilli and results in the formation of smooth-surfaced single or fused cells. With erythrocytes, swelling results in haemolysis. There is a dramatic reduction in the numbers of virus particles bound to cells following fusion.", "contents": "Studies of membrane fusion. I. Paramyxovirus-induced cell fusion, a scanning electron-microscope study. Fusion of erythrocytes and HeLa cells with Sendai and Newcastle disease viruses has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Most virus particles are spherical but vary in diameter from approximately 200 to approximately 600 nm. At 4 degrees C virus particles bind randomly to the cell surface and at high cell densities cross-linking of adjacent cells by virus particles results in cell agglutination. Cell-cell fusion takes place when the agglutinated cell suspension is warmed to 37 degrees C. Fusion is initiated at sites of cell-cell contact and is accompanied in all cases by cell swelling. In the case of suspension HeLa cells, virally mediated cell swelling involves an 'unfolding' of cell surface microvilli and results in the formation of smooth-surfaced single or fused cells. With erythrocytes, swelling results in haemolysis. There is a dramatic reduction in the numbers of virus particles bound to cells following fusion.", "PMID": 599171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6695", "title": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Surgical repair of an unusual form.", "content": "The authors present a case of a 24-year-old woman with anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. Surgical correction was performed by the direct transposition of the anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery to the ascending aorta, without interposed graft. Pre- and postoperative evaluations, including angiograms and cycloergometer stress test are presented. The advantages of this technique are discussed, emphasizing the creation of a two-coronary system without the use of prosthetic, arterial or venous grafts. In the present case the left coronary artery originated from the right posterior sinus of the pulmonary artery. The patient is doing well 23 months after operation.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Surgical repair of an unusual form. The authors present a case of a 24-year-old woman with anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. Surgical correction was performed by the direct transposition of the anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery to the ascending aorta, without interposed graft. Pre- and postoperative evaluations, including angiograms and cycloergometer stress test are presented. The advantages of this technique are discussed, emphasizing the creation of a two-coronary system without the use of prosthetic, arterial or venous grafts. In the present case the left coronary artery originated from the right posterior sinus of the pulmonary artery. The patient is doing well 23 months after operation.", "PMID": 599166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6696", "title": "Surgical treatment of aortic valve insufficiency due to annulo-aortic ectasia.", "content": "Five cases of annulo-aortic ectasia are described: etiology was cystic medial necrosis in three, syphylitic aortitis in one and giant-cell aorto-arteritis in another. Apart from the latter patient, in whom the ascending aorta was not truly aneurysmal and aortic valve replacement and aneurysmorraphy were considered adequate, total replacement of the ascending aorta and valve was employed in every case. All patients survived without any complication related to the technique, and are completely asymptomatic 14 to 26 months after the operation. The available techniques for managing annulo-aortic ectasia are reviewed, and their merits and drawbacks discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aortic valve insufficiency due to annulo-aortic ectasia. Five cases of annulo-aortic ectasia are described: etiology was cystic medial necrosis in three, syphylitic aortitis in one and giant-cell aorto-arteritis in another. Apart from the latter patient, in whom the ascending aorta was not truly aneurysmal and aortic valve replacement and aneurysmorraphy were considered adequate, total replacement of the ascending aorta and valve was employed in every case. All patients survived without any complication related to the technique, and are completely asymptomatic 14 to 26 months after the operation. The available techniques for managing annulo-aortic ectasia are reviewed, and their merits and drawbacks discussed.", "PMID": 599163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6697", "title": "Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. II. Changes in plasma membrane proteins.", "content": "Responses of blood platelets to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been correlated with changes in the molecular organization and composition of the platelet plasma membrane proteins. Binding of LPS, which occurred in the absence of Ca2+, was distinguished from platelet aggregation and degranulation, which required Ca2+ and plasma proteins. Changes in membrane organization were detected by double-labelling with [125I] and [131I] iodide, mediated by lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Changes in total membrane composition were detected by gel electrophoresis of isolated membranes. Binding of LPS was associated with increased accessibility of a protein of mol. wt. 80000 to iodination. After aggregation and degranulation there was, in addition, increased accessibility of proteins of mol. wt. 68000 and 48000. Isolated membranes from LPS-stimulated platelets contained more of a protein of mol. wt. 200000 and less of a protein of mol. wt. 220000 than control membranes prepared from unstimulated platelets in the presence of cAMP and aminophylline. The relationship of the modified plasma membrane proteins to the contractile proteins of the platelet and their possible redistribution in the cell during aggregation and secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. II. Changes in plasma membrane proteins. Responses of blood platelets to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been correlated with changes in the molecular organization and composition of the platelet plasma membrane proteins. Binding of LPS, which occurred in the absence of Ca2+, was distinguished from platelet aggregation and degranulation, which required Ca2+ and plasma proteins. Changes in membrane organization were detected by double-labelling with [125I] and [131I] iodide, mediated by lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Changes in total membrane composition were detected by gel electrophoresis of isolated membranes. Binding of LPS was associated with increased accessibility of a protein of mol. wt. 80000 to iodination. After aggregation and degranulation there was, in addition, increased accessibility of proteins of mol. wt. 68000 and 48000. Isolated membranes from LPS-stimulated platelets contained more of a protein of mol. wt. 200000 and less of a protein of mol. wt. 220000 than control membranes prepared from unstimulated platelets in the presence of cAMP and aminophylline. The relationship of the modified plasma membrane proteins to the contractile proteins of the platelet and their possible redistribution in the cell during aggregation and secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 599172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6698", "title": "Partial perfusion in awake neonatal lambs: a comparison of three methods.", "content": "A comparison of the effects of extended partial perfusion of conscious lambs was made between the use of a silicone-tube membrane oxygenator and a bubble oxygenator (Infant Temptrol). The survival time of the lambs was markedly shortened with the bubble oxygenator, although much longer than had been anticipated. A serious problem was uncontrollable bleeding from the cannulation wounds with a rapidly declining PCV. In a third group of experiments the suitability of Ancrod (Arvin-extract of the venom from the Malayan Pit Viper) as an anticoagulant for extended perfusion with a membrane oxygenator was assessed. In our hands bleeding from the cannulation wounds was marked and difficult to control. The fall in the haematocrit which accompanied the bubble and the arvin series was rapid and appeared to be greater than may have been expected from the loss alone. The decline in several of the plasma components appeared to be due largely to the fall in the haematocrit. Successful perfusion of conscious lambs for up to 96 hours was possible with a silicone-tube membrane oxygenator with Heparin anticoagulation.", "contents": "Partial perfusion in awake neonatal lambs: a comparison of three methods. A comparison of the effects of extended partial perfusion of conscious lambs was made between the use of a silicone-tube membrane oxygenator and a bubble oxygenator (Infant Temptrol). The survival time of the lambs was markedly shortened with the bubble oxygenator, although much longer than had been anticipated. A serious problem was uncontrollable bleeding from the cannulation wounds with a rapidly declining PCV. In a third group of experiments the suitability of Ancrod (Arvin-extract of the venom from the Malayan Pit Viper) as an anticoagulant for extended perfusion with a membrane oxygenator was assessed. In our hands bleeding from the cannulation wounds was marked and difficult to control. The fall in the haematocrit which accompanied the bubble and the arvin series was rapid and appeared to be greater than may have been expected from the loss alone. The decline in several of the plasma components appeared to be due largely to the fall in the haematocrit. Successful perfusion of conscious lambs for up to 96 hours was possible with a silicone-tube membrane oxygenator with Heparin anticoagulation.", "PMID": 599168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6699", "title": "Suppression of myoblast fusion by concanavalin A: possible involvement of membrane fluidity.", "content": "Experimental evidence is presented which is consistent with the involvement of membrane fluidity during myoblast fusion. Treatment of pretrypsinized myoblasts with tetrameric Con A, but not with the dimeric succinyl derivate, inhibits fusion. Inhibition is reversed by treatment with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside or subsequent trypsinization. No inhibition is observed when the lectin is incubated with cells at 4 degrees C unless the incubation is followed by treatment with glycogen, a multivalent Con A cross-linking agent. This effect of glycogen is reversed by subsequent treatment with alpha-amylase. Direct observation of Con A-binding site topography by transmission electron microscopy of membrane replicas of cells labelled with Con A and haemocyanin reveals that inhibition of fusion correlates with a clustered distribution of Con A-binding sites, whereas normal fusion correlates with a dispersed distribution.", "contents": "Suppression of myoblast fusion by concanavalin A: possible involvement of membrane fluidity. Experimental evidence is presented which is consistent with the involvement of membrane fluidity during myoblast fusion. Treatment of pretrypsinized myoblasts with tetrameric Con A, but not with the dimeric succinyl derivate, inhibits fusion. Inhibition is reversed by treatment with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside or subsequent trypsinization. No inhibition is observed when the lectin is incubated with cells at 4 degrees C unless the incubation is followed by treatment with glycogen, a multivalent Con A cross-linking agent. This effect of glycogen is reversed by subsequent treatment with alpha-amylase. Direct observation of Con A-binding site topography by transmission electron microscopy of membrane replicas of cells labelled with Con A and haemocyanin reveals that inhibition of fusion correlates with a clustered distribution of Con A-binding sites, whereas normal fusion correlates with a dispersed distribution.", "PMID": 599174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6700", "title": "Association of membrane cisternae and macrotubules in vinblastine-treated histiocytes.", "content": "Resting histiocytes within the dermis and epidermis of the cichlid fish Pterophyllum scalare exhibit an unusual association between stacks of lamellar cisternae and tubular structures greater in diameter than ordinary microtubules (macrotubules) after treatment with 2 x 10(-4) M vinblastine. Macrotubules are found in the intercisternal spaces in a regular side-by-side orientation and extend the entire length of the cisternae. The lamellae seem to be formed as a result of increased membrane proliferation of the outer nuclear membrane; in some instances, cisternae have been observed to be continuous with the nuclear envelope. Since blebbing of the outer nuclear membrane is also observed in untreated histiocytes, lamellae formation is envisaged as hypertrophy of a normally occurring process. The association of lamellae with macrotubules possibly indicates a relationship between membranes and microtubule proteins.", "contents": "Association of membrane cisternae and macrotubules in vinblastine-treated histiocytes. Resting histiocytes within the dermis and epidermis of the cichlid fish Pterophyllum scalare exhibit an unusual association between stacks of lamellar cisternae and tubular structures greater in diameter than ordinary microtubules (macrotubules) after treatment with 2 x 10(-4) M vinblastine. Macrotubules are found in the intercisternal spaces in a regular side-by-side orientation and extend the entire length of the cisternae. The lamellae seem to be formed as a result of increased membrane proliferation of the outer nuclear membrane; in some instances, cisternae have been observed to be continuous with the nuclear envelope. Since blebbing of the outer nuclear membrane is also observed in untreated histiocytes, lamellae formation is envisaged as hypertrophy of a normally occurring process. The association of lamellae with macrotubules possibly indicates a relationship between membranes and microtubule proteins.", "PMID": 599175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6701", "title": "Effects of ultraviolet light on synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells; potentiation by hydroxyurea.", "content": "We have examined the effects of hydroxyurea on u.v.-irradiated Chinese hamster CHO-KI cells. Ultraviolet irradiation followed by incubation with hydroxyurea causes only slight disruption of DNA and chromosome structure in CHO-KI cells compared with HeLa cells. There is, however, a clear potentiation by hydroxyurea of the u.v. killing of CHO-KI cells, which is most pronounced at those points in the cycle which are reported to have small DNA precursor pools. This potentiation is reduced when DNA precursors are provided together with hydroxyurea. These data are discussed in terms of an uncoupling of excision and repair DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of ultraviolet light on synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells; potentiation by hydroxyurea. We have examined the effects of hydroxyurea on u.v.-irradiated Chinese hamster CHO-KI cells. Ultraviolet irradiation followed by incubation with hydroxyurea causes only slight disruption of DNA and chromosome structure in CHO-KI cells compared with HeLa cells. There is, however, a clear potentiation by hydroxyurea of the u.v. killing of CHO-KI cells, which is most pronounced at those points in the cycle which are reported to have small DNA precursor pools. This potentiation is reduced when DNA precursors are provided together with hydroxyurea. These data are discussed in terms of an uncoupling of excision and repair DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 599176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6702", "title": "The abdominal epidermis of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. II. Imaginal histoblasts during larval life.", "content": "Abdominal histoblasts in Calliphora (Diptera) are situated within the larval epidermis, and secrete larval cuticle throughout the 3 larval instars. An optical and electron-microscopic study of histoblasts and epidermal sensilla suggests that the latter have been previously confused with histoblast Anlagen in the first instar. A steady rate of division until the mid-third instar leads to Anlagen growth, which is not seen in larval Drosophila. After a relatively quiescent period, division begins again, at a higher rate, at the time of pupariation (at the time when division first begins in Drosophila). During prepuparial larval life, the ventral, dorsal, and postero-dorsal Anlagen increase from approximately 6, 8 and 4 cells to about 350, 500 and 150 cells respectively. At the time of the second (puparial) mitotic phase there is also extensive reorganization of cellular fine structure in which large secondary lysosomes play an important part. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi subsequently present a different profile. At the same time numerous chromatic droplets appear in the rapidly dividing histoblast Anlagen. This division and the appearance of chromatic droplets are shown (and the subcellular reorganization is suggested) to depend upon the hormonal factors which are responsible for pupariation.", "contents": "The abdominal epidermis of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. II. Imaginal histoblasts during larval life. Abdominal histoblasts in Calliphora (Diptera) are situated within the larval epidermis, and secrete larval cuticle throughout the 3 larval instars. An optical and electron-microscopic study of histoblasts and epidermal sensilla suggests that the latter have been previously confused with histoblast Anlagen in the first instar. A steady rate of division until the mid-third instar leads to Anlagen growth, which is not seen in larval Drosophila. After a relatively quiescent period, division begins again, at a higher rate, at the time of pupariation (at the time when division first begins in Drosophila). During prepuparial larval life, the ventral, dorsal, and postero-dorsal Anlagen increase from approximately 6, 8 and 4 cells to about 350, 500 and 150 cells respectively. At the time of the second (puparial) mitotic phase there is also extensive reorganization of cellular fine structure in which large secondary lysosomes play an important part. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi subsequently present a different profile. At the same time numerous chromatic droplets appear in the rapidly dividing histoblast Anlagen. This division and the appearance of chromatic droplets are shown (and the subcellular reorganization is suggested) to depend upon the hormonal factors which are responsible for pupariation.", "PMID": 599177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6703", "title": "Transcriptional reactivation of isolated Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei: patterns of RNA synthesis.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from Xenopus erythrocytes can be transcriptionally reactivated by exposure to certain cytoplasmic proteins. The types of RNA synthesized during this reactivation have been studied and compared with those present in, or synthesized by, isolated nuclei not so reactivated or in entire Xenopus erythrocytes. In all cases, the pattern of transcription indicates the synthesis of a broad range of low molecular weight RNAs. Competitive hybridization demonstrates that the reactivated nuclei synthesize some transcripts not normally produced by the isolated nuclei and we have shown that a proportion of these possess amino acid-accepting activity. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the control of gene activity in these cells.", "contents": "Transcriptional reactivation of isolated Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei: patterns of RNA synthesis. Nuclei isolated from Xenopus erythrocytes can be transcriptionally reactivated by exposure to certain cytoplasmic proteins. The types of RNA synthesized during this reactivation have been studied and compared with those present in, or synthesized by, isolated nuclei not so reactivated or in entire Xenopus erythrocytes. In all cases, the pattern of transcription indicates the synthesis of a broad range of low molecular weight RNAs. Competitive hybridization demonstrates that the reactivated nuclei synthesize some transcripts not normally produced by the isolated nuclei and we have shown that a proportion of these possess amino acid-accepting activity. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the control of gene activity in these cells.", "PMID": 599178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6704", "title": "Autoradiographic evidence for the effects of light on RNA and DNA synthesis during chloroplast replication in spores of Polytrichum.", "content": "Light stimulates the incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine in addition to plastid replication in germinating Polytrichum spores. Significant amounts of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine are incorporated in darkness but not to the same level as in light. Plastids continue to produce nucleic acids when their capacity to multiply is suspended due to the absence of light. However, a higher amount of DNA synthesis in the light is correlated with the result that chloroplast replication begins again in the light after prolonged dark incubation. An imperfect association of plastid replication and nucleic acid synthesis is suggested by the lack of stimulation of DNA synthesis by light during plastid replication in the first 8 h of incubation. A temporal separation can be demonstrated for chloroplast and nuclear DNA synthesis at the beginning of germination in Polytrichum spores, with DNA synthesis in the chloroplasts preceding that in the nucleus. The mitotic S phase is longer than 16 h for at least half of the nuclei.", "contents": "Autoradiographic evidence for the effects of light on RNA and DNA synthesis during chloroplast replication in spores of Polytrichum. Light stimulates the incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine in addition to plastid replication in germinating Polytrichum spores. Significant amounts of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine are incorporated in darkness but not to the same level as in light. Plastids continue to produce nucleic acids when their capacity to multiply is suspended due to the absence of light. However, a higher amount of DNA synthesis in the light is correlated with the result that chloroplast replication begins again in the light after prolonged dark incubation. An imperfect association of plastid replication and nucleic acid synthesis is suggested by the lack of stimulation of DNA synthesis by light during plastid replication in the first 8 h of incubation. A temporal separation can be demonstrated for chloroplast and nuclear DNA synthesis at the beginning of germination in Polytrichum spores, with DNA synthesis in the chloroplasts preceding that in the nucleus. The mitotic S phase is longer than 16 h for at least half of the nuclei.", "PMID": 599179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6705", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma: histopathological study of 159 cases from Malawi.", "content": "The histological features of 168 lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma from 159 patients in Malawi, where the disease is commoner than elsewhere, were characteristic. All showed well-developed areas of tumour and could be grouped fairly readily into those with a mixed pattern, a predominantly spindle cell pattern, and an anaplastic group, though intermediate patterns were seen. Hyaline bodies were present in nearly all tumours of skin. The cell of origin of Kaposi's sarcoma is uncertain and possibly has multipotential capabilities. Differential diagnosis may be difficult. Clinically the lesion may be confused with granuloma pyogenicum and may also be like it histologically. The presence of hyaline bodies and deposits of haemosiderin indicate Kaposi's sarcoma. The spindle cell predominant type may be confused with leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, or fibrosarcoma. The presence of hyaline bodies and the formation of vascular channels between spindle cells point to a diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma: histopathological study of 159 cases from Malawi. The histological features of 168 lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma from 159 patients in Malawi, where the disease is commoner than elsewhere, were characteristic. All showed well-developed areas of tumour and could be grouped fairly readily into those with a mixed pattern, a predominantly spindle cell pattern, and an anaplastic group, though intermediate patterns were seen. Hyaline bodies were present in nearly all tumours of skin. The cell of origin of Kaposi's sarcoma is uncertain and possibly has multipotential capabilities. Differential diagnosis may be difficult. Clinically the lesion may be confused with granuloma pyogenicum and may also be like it histologically. The presence of hyaline bodies and deposits of haemosiderin indicate Kaposi's sarcoma. The spindle cell predominant type may be confused with leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, or fibrosarcoma. The presence of hyaline bodies and the formation of vascular channels between spindle cells point to a diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "PMID": 599182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6706", "title": "Application of a screening test for antibody the hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was prepared from human liver tissue and used in an immunoelectro-osmophoresis screening test to detect antibody to HBcAg (anti-HBc) in patients with evidence of liver disease and in blood donors. With the exception of two immunosuppressed HBsAg carriers, anti-HBc was found in all cases of hepatitis B infection even when HBsAg was detectable only by radioimmunoassay. Non-specific reactions were observed in 'non-B' hepatitis but, in spite of this problem, antib-HBc screening was considered a useful addition to routine tests in the clinical hepatitis laboratory.", "contents": "Application of a screening test for antibody the hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was prepared from human liver tissue and used in an immunoelectro-osmophoresis screening test to detect antibody to HBcAg (anti-HBc) in patients with evidence of liver disease and in blood donors. With the exception of two immunosuppressed HBsAg carriers, anti-HBc was found in all cases of hepatitis B infection even when HBsAg was detectable only by radioimmunoassay. Non-specific reactions were observed in 'non-B' hepatitis but, in spite of this problem, antib-HBc screening was considered a useful addition to routine tests in the clinical hepatitis laboratory.", "PMID": 599183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6707", "title": "e Antigen and antibody in outbreaks of hepatitis B in two renal dialysis units.", "content": "In two renal dialysis units which had outbreaks of hepatitis B, patients were studied for the presence of e antigen and antibody. In one unit, in which the illness was mild and most of the patients (78%) became carriers of HBsAg, all but one patient had e antigen. Most of the HBsAg carriers had persisting e antigen and most of the transient patients had also transient e antigen. In the other unit, in which the illness was more severe, none of the patients became a carrier. Only 30% had e antigen during the acute phase of illness and 40% developed anti-e just before clearing HBsAg. It seems possible that the difference between these two units may reflect strain differences in the infectivity of hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "e Antigen and antibody in outbreaks of hepatitis B in two renal dialysis units. In two renal dialysis units which had outbreaks of hepatitis B, patients were studied for the presence of e antigen and antibody. In one unit, in which the illness was mild and most of the patients (78%) became carriers of HBsAg, all but one patient had e antigen. Most of the HBsAg carriers had persisting e antigen and most of the transient patients had also transient e antigen. In the other unit, in which the illness was more severe, none of the patients became a carrier. Only 30% had e antigen during the acute phase of illness and 40% developed anti-e just before clearing HBsAg. It seems possible that the difference between these two units may reflect strain differences in the infectivity of hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 599184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6708", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and complement in meningococcal meningitis.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were measured in 107 patients with meningococcal meningitis. Levels were correlated significantly with CSF total protein, and both CSF immunoglobulin and protein increased with age. C3 was measured in the CSF of 38 patients and was also closely correlated with the CSF protein level. C3 breakdown products were found in all six CSFs tested. The CSF immunoglobulin and complement were thought to have leaked from the plasma due to inflammation of the meninges and had little value in diagnosis or prognosis.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and complement in meningococcal meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were measured in 107 patients with meningococcal meningitis. Levels were correlated significantly with CSF total protein, and both CSF immunoglobulin and protein increased with age. C3 was measured in the CSF of 38 patients and was also closely correlated with the CSF protein level. C3 breakdown products were found in all six CSFs tested. The CSF immunoglobulin and complement were thought to have leaked from the plasma due to inflammation of the meninges and had little value in diagnosis or prognosis.", "PMID": 599185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6709", "title": "Serum IgM antibody and influenza A infection.", "content": "Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by haemagglutination inhibition for demonstrating specific influenza IgM was evaluated as a means of confirming recent infection with influenza A viruses. Specific IgM antibodies were found in at least one serum obtained from 83% of patients with proven recent infection with influenza A viruses but in none of the sera from 21 individuals without evidence of infection. Influenza IgM antibodies persisted for up to 112 days after infection. The relative merits of detecting specific IgM and complement fixing antibodies for diagnostic purposes are discussed.", "contents": "Serum IgM antibody and influenza A infection. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by haemagglutination inhibition for demonstrating specific influenza IgM was evaluated as a means of confirming recent infection with influenza A viruses. Specific IgM antibodies were found in at least one serum obtained from 83% of patients with proven recent infection with influenza A viruses but in none of the sera from 21 individuals without evidence of infection. Influenza IgM antibodies persisted for up to 112 days after infection. The relative merits of detecting specific IgM and complement fixing antibodies for diagnostic purposes are discussed.", "PMID": 599186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6710", "title": "Stool microscopy in screening for steatorrhoea.", "content": "A prospective study is described comparing microscopy of random faecal specimens for the presence of neutral and split fat by a relatively simple, cheap, and rapid methods with standard chemical estimation of faecal fat. The method of microscopy was found to be reliable in excluding steatorrhoea in children over the age of 3 months.", "contents": "Stool microscopy in screening for steatorrhoea. A prospective study is described comparing microscopy of random faecal specimens for the presence of neutral and split fat by a relatively simple, cheap, and rapid methods with standard chemical estimation of faecal fat. The method of microscopy was found to be reliable in excluding steatorrhoea in children over the age of 3 months.", "PMID": 599187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6711", "title": "Modified semiautomated method for free fatty acids in serum.", "content": "Modifications have been made to the reagent system of the semiautomated method for the determination of plasma free fatty acids by Baird et al. (1967), and results are reported of investigations into parameters affecting sensitivity and analytical range.", "contents": "Modified semiautomated method for free fatty acids in serum. Modifications have been made to the reagent system of the semiautomated method for the determination of plasma free fatty acids by Baird et al. (1967), and results are reported of investigations into parameters affecting sensitivity and analytical range.", "PMID": 599188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6712", "title": "Cryopreservation of human granulocytes in liquid nitrogen.", "content": "Human granulocytes (PMNL) were successfully cryopreserved for up to 14 months. The PMNL (1-2 X 10(7)/ml) were stored in 2-ml ampoules in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen at a temperature between -160 degrees C and -196 degrees C using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO 10%) as cryoprotectant. Morphology and phagocytic and bactericidal capacity were best preserved by adding fetal calf serum to the freezing mixture, by using an interrupted cooling process, by washing the thawed PMNL in fresh freeze-dried plasma, and centrifuging at 600 g for no more than two minutes. Careful post-thaw handling of the cells was an important factor in preserving function. These preliminary studies indicate that useful numbers of PMNL can be recovered in a functional state after storage for long periods in liquid nitrogen.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of human granulocytes in liquid nitrogen. Human granulocytes (PMNL) were successfully cryopreserved for up to 14 months. The PMNL (1-2 X 10(7)/ml) were stored in 2-ml ampoules in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen at a temperature between -160 degrees C and -196 degrees C using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO 10%) as cryoprotectant. Morphology and phagocytic and bactericidal capacity were best preserved by adding fetal calf serum to the freezing mixture, by using an interrupted cooling process, by washing the thawed PMNL in fresh freeze-dried plasma, and centrifuging at 600 g for no more than two minutes. Careful post-thaw handling of the cells was an important factor in preserving function. These preliminary studies indicate that useful numbers of PMNL can be recovered in a functional state after storage for long periods in liquid nitrogen.", "PMID": 599189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6713", "title": "Serial plasmapheresis in a haemophiliac with antibodies to FVIII.", "content": "Serial plasmaphereses were performed on a 23-year-old haemophiliac, with antibodies to factor VIII (FVIII), in order to reduce the antibody level before multiple dental extractions. Eight phereses were carried out in which approximately 1.5 litres plasma was exchanged with isotonic saline. By the ninth exchange, which was carried out immediately before the extraction, the antibody level had fallen from 4 u/ml to 0.8 u/ml. On this occasion fresh frozen plasma and FVIII concentrate were infused immediately after the pheresis. A normal post-infusion level of FVIII was achieved with a normal half disappearance time of the infused FVIII.", "contents": "Serial plasmapheresis in a haemophiliac with antibodies to FVIII. Serial plasmaphereses were performed on a 23-year-old haemophiliac, with antibodies to factor VIII (FVIII), in order to reduce the antibody level before multiple dental extractions. Eight phereses were carried out in which approximately 1.5 litres plasma was exchanged with isotonic saline. By the ninth exchange, which was carried out immediately before the extraction, the antibody level had fallen from 4 u/ml to 0.8 u/ml. On this occasion fresh frozen plasma and FVIII concentrate were infused immediately after the pheresis. A normal post-infusion level of FVIII was achieved with a normal half disappearance time of the infused FVIII.", "PMID": 599190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6714", "title": "Comparison of anticoagulants for the preservation of prothrombin time specimens.", "content": "The value of different anticoagulants as preservatives of specimens for prothrombin time ratios is evaluated and discussed. An increase in the ratio was demonstrated with all anti-coagulants after 24 hours and this was significant when coagulometer error was taken into account. Both solid and liquid sodium citrate were superior to sodium oxalate as preservatives at 24 hours after taking off samples, but differences were slight and were not significant when coagulometer error was considered. It was concluded that for routine clinical practice, where a range of the prothrombin time ratio of 1.8/1 to 2.5/1 is allowable, there would be no significant advantage in any of the anticoagulants considered.", "contents": "Comparison of anticoagulants for the preservation of prothrombin time specimens. The value of different anticoagulants as preservatives of specimens for prothrombin time ratios is evaluated and discussed. An increase in the ratio was demonstrated with all anti-coagulants after 24 hours and this was significant when coagulometer error was taken into account. Both solid and liquid sodium citrate were superior to sodium oxalate as preservatives at 24 hours after taking off samples, but differences were slight and were not significant when coagulometer error was considered. It was concluded that for routine clinical practice, where a range of the prothrombin time ratio of 1.8/1 to 2.5/1 is allowable, there would be no significant advantage in any of the anticoagulants considered.", "PMID": 599191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6715", "title": "Practolol therapy associated with a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome and an inhibitor to factor XIII.", "content": "A patient is described who had an inhibitor to coagulation factor XIII associated with serum autoantibodies to certain tissues. The relationship of these abnormal findings to practolol therapy suggests that this was practolol-induced lupus erythematosus. Further investigations delineating the site of action of the inhibitor to factor XIII are reported.", "contents": "Practolol therapy associated with a systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome and an inhibitor to factor XIII. A patient is described who had an inhibitor to coagulation factor XIII associated with serum autoantibodies to certain tissues. The relationship of these abnormal findings to practolol therapy suggests that this was practolol-induced lupus erythematosus. Further investigations delineating the site of action of the inhibitor to factor XIII are reported.", "PMID": 599192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6716", "title": "Methylphenidate, amygdalectomy, and active avoidance performance in the rat.", "content": "Amygdalectomized and control rats were given 400 active avoidance training trials in a shuttle box. Control animals received 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg of methylphenidate throughout acquisition. Amygdalectomized animals were given the first 200 trials without drug, followed by 200 trials with drug. The administration of methylphenidate produced an abrupt and large improvement in performance in the amygdalectomized animals. One month after acquisition under the drug, retraining without drug revealed a significant retention effect for the three amygdaloid-drug groups relative to the nondrug-amygdaloid group. These results indicate that although amygdalectomy impairs the performance of avoidance responses, it does not prevent the learning or retention of such responses. Since methylphenidate appears to act primarily on dopaminergic mechanisms, the possible influence of amygdalectomy on such mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Methylphenidate, amygdalectomy, and active avoidance performance in the rat. Amygdalectomized and control rats were given 400 active avoidance training trials in a shuttle box. Control animals received 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg of methylphenidate throughout acquisition. Amygdalectomized animals were given the first 200 trials without drug, followed by 200 trials with drug. The administration of methylphenidate produced an abrupt and large improvement in performance in the amygdalectomized animals. One month after acquisition under the drug, retraining without drug revealed a significant retention effect for the three amygdaloid-drug groups relative to the nondrug-amygdaloid group. These results indicate that although amygdalectomy impairs the performance of avoidance responses, it does not prevent the learning or retention of such responses. Since methylphenidate appears to act primarily on dopaminergic mechanisms, the possible influence of amygdalectomy on such mechanisms is discussed.", "PMID": 599195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6717", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: a reevaluation. II. Drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol.", "content": "Ligation of the inferior vena cava and administration of isoproterenol have been shown to stimulate renin secretion and to augment water intake in rats. However, the present experiments suggested that the plasma renin activities produced by these treatments do not account for more than 20% of the observed drinking behavior. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure further indicated that nephrectomized rats go into hypotensive shock after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment. Drinking was elicited in these hypotensive animals by systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl solution, renin, or Pitressin, or by intracranial injection of angiotensin, but in each case a rapid increase in blood pressure also was observed. Thus, it appears that nephrectomy reduces water intake in these animals by undermining their general capacity to behave rather than by removing a specific dipsogenic stimulus. These and other results suggested that drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: a reevaluation. II. Drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol. Ligation of the inferior vena cava and administration of isoproterenol have been shown to stimulate renin secretion and to augment water intake in rats. However, the present experiments suggested that the plasma renin activities produced by these treatments do not account for more than 20% of the observed drinking behavior. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure further indicated that nephrectomized rats go into hypotensive shock after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment. Drinking was elicited in these hypotensive animals by systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl solution, renin, or Pitressin, or by intracranial injection of angiotensin, but in each case a rapid increase in blood pressure also was observed. Thus, it appears that nephrectomy reduces water intake in these animals by undermining their general capacity to behave rather than by removing a specific dipsogenic stimulus. These and other results suggested that drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 599196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6718", "title": "Body weight and gastric acid secretion in rats with subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "In an experiment to investigate the role of the vagus in the lateral hypothalamic (LH) syndrome of body weight loss, male albino rats were divided into four groups: (a) animals with bilateral LH lesions that were subsequently given a bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, (b) LH animals that received a control vagotomy operation, (c) nonlesion animals that were given a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy operation, (c) nonlesion animals that were given a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, and (d) nonlesion animals that received a control vagotomy operation. Both LH lesions and vagotomy reduced body weight levels, though the effects differed in terms of the length of time required to reach initial maximal loss, the time required to reach chronic levels of maintenance, and the severity of body weight reduction. Fasting gastric acid secretion was lowered by LH lesions, and the extent of this reduction was positively correlated with the reduction in body weight. Finally, gastric contents after a 24-hr fast were greater in vagotomized rats than in nonvagotomized animals. These data are discussed in relation to the changes in gastric functioning after LH lesions and vagotomy.", "contents": "Body weight and gastric acid secretion in rats with subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and lateral hypothalamic lesions. In an experiment to investigate the role of the vagus in the lateral hypothalamic (LH) syndrome of body weight loss, male albino rats were divided into four groups: (a) animals with bilateral LH lesions that were subsequently given a bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, (b) LH animals that received a control vagotomy operation, (c) nonlesion animals that were given a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy operation, (c) nonlesion animals that were given a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, and (d) nonlesion animals that received a control vagotomy operation. Both LH lesions and vagotomy reduced body weight levels, though the effects differed in terms of the length of time required to reach initial maximal loss, the time required to reach chronic levels of maintenance, and the severity of body weight reduction. Fasting gastric acid secretion was lowered by LH lesions, and the extent of this reduction was positively correlated with the reduction in body weight. Finally, gastric contents after a 24-hr fast were greater in vagotomized rats than in nonvagotomized animals. These data are discussed in relation to the changes in gastric functioning after LH lesions and vagotomy.", "PMID": 599197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6719", "title": "Central and peripheral cholinergic involvement in the habituation of investigatory head poking in rats.", "content": "The effects of some centrally and peripherally acting cholinergic agonists and antagonists on locomotor exploration and investigatory head poking were studied in rats. An apparent disruption of within-trials habituation of locomotion and head-poke frequency was demonstrated for arecoline, nicotine, carbachol, scopolamine, and methylscopolamine. It is suggested that the effect may be a consequence of a drug-induced depression of initial activity. When this factor was eliminated, both scopolamine and methylscopolamine showed some slight attenuation of habituation. The increase in head-poke duration over time in controls was blocked by scopolamine; although peripheral factors were involved, the scopolamine effect had a singinficant central component. The results are discussed in relation to hypothetical links between the cholinergic system and habituation.", "contents": "Central and peripheral cholinergic involvement in the habituation of investigatory head poking in rats. The effects of some centrally and peripherally acting cholinergic agonists and antagonists on locomotor exploration and investigatory head poking were studied in rats. An apparent disruption of within-trials habituation of locomotion and head-poke frequency was demonstrated for arecoline, nicotine, carbachol, scopolamine, and methylscopolamine. It is suggested that the effect may be a consequence of a drug-induced depression of initial activity. When this factor was eliminated, both scopolamine and methylscopolamine showed some slight attenuation of habituation. The increase in head-poke duration over time in controls was blocked by scopolamine; although peripheral factors were involved, the scopolamine effect had a singinficant central component. The results are discussed in relation to hypothetical links between the cholinergic system and habituation.", "PMID": 599198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6720", "title": "Central progesterone induces female sexual behavior in estrogen-primed intact males rats.", "content": "Progesterone induced high levels of female lordotic behavior in 10 of 17 intact, estrogen-primed male rats when it was applied directly to the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. All 17 males previously had shown lordosis when the serotonergic antagonist methysergide was applied to the same central sites. Few males responded to systemic progesterone and none to intracralial cholesterol. Intradiencephalic Metycaine, a local anesthetic, induced lordosis in eight male that previously had responded to central progesterone. These data indicate that estrogen and progesterone act synergistically to induce lordosis in male rats when progesterone is administered directly to sensitive brain sites.", "contents": "Central progesterone induces female sexual behavior in estrogen-primed intact males rats. Progesterone induced high levels of female lordotic behavior in 10 of 17 intact, estrogen-primed male rats when it was applied directly to the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. All 17 males previously had shown lordosis when the serotonergic antagonist methysergide was applied to the same central sites. Few males responded to systemic progesterone and none to intracralial cholesterol. Intradiencephalic Metycaine, a local anesthetic, induced lordosis in eight male that previously had responded to central progesterone. These data indicate that estrogen and progesterone act synergistically to induce lordosis in male rats when progesterone is administered directly to sensitive brain sites.", "PMID": 599199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6721", "title": "Sexual dimorphism in ultrasonic vocalizations of mice (Mus musculus): gonadal hormone regulation.", "content": "Male mice (Mus musculus), during courtship and sexual behavior, vocalize substantially more 70-kHz ultrasounds than do females. Four experiments demonstrated that testosterone propionate (TP) substantially increased ultrasonic emissions and mounting by ovariectomized females and the long-term gonadectomized males and females increased their amount of ultrasound production in response to TP to approximately the same levels. From these results it is suggested that the sexual dimorphism normally seen in ultrasonic vocalizations can be accounted for by the activational effects of androgen in adulthood.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism in ultrasonic vocalizations of mice (Mus musculus): gonadal hormone regulation. Male mice (Mus musculus), during courtship and sexual behavior, vocalize substantially more 70-kHz ultrasounds than do females. Four experiments demonstrated that testosterone propionate (TP) substantially increased ultrasonic emissions and mounting by ovariectomized females and the long-term gonadectomized males and females increased their amount of ultrasound production in response to TP to approximately the same levels. From these results it is suggested that the sexual dimorphism normally seen in ultrasonic vocalizations can be accounted for by the activational effects of androgen in adulthood.", "PMID": 599200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6722", "title": "Effects of feeding protected tallow on composition of milk and milk fat.", "content": "Official methods were used to analyze composite samples of milk collected during the first 15 wk of lactation from 21 Holstein cows fed a milled ration containing 0 (basal), 15% (medium, or 30% (high) protected-tallow supplement (seven cows per treatment). Protein fractions and amino acid composition of the total proteins were determined from samples of individual milking. Melting characteristics of pooled samples were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Milk yield was similar for the three treatments, but percent fat and fat yield were higher for cows fed protected tallow. Percentages and yields of protein and solids-not-fat were decreased on the protected tallow treatments, especially for high tallow. The decrease in protein was in the casein fraction. Amino acid composition of the total proteins was similar for the three treatments. Feeding protected tallow caused decreases in all fatty acids except 4:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 which increased. Nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that butter from the basal group would be harder than that from cows fed protected tallow.", "contents": "Effects of feeding protected tallow on composition of milk and milk fat. Official methods were used to analyze composite samples of milk collected during the first 15 wk of lactation from 21 Holstein cows fed a milled ration containing 0 (basal), 15% (medium, or 30% (high) protected-tallow supplement (seven cows per treatment). Protein fractions and amino acid composition of the total proteins were determined from samples of individual milking. Melting characteristics of pooled samples were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Milk yield was similar for the three treatments, but percent fat and fat yield were higher for cows fed protected tallow. Percentages and yields of protein and solids-not-fat were decreased on the protected tallow treatments, especially for high tallow. The decrease in protein was in the casein fraction. Amino acid composition of the total proteins was similar for the three treatments. Feeding protected tallow caused decreases in all fatty acids except 4:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 which increased. Nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that butter from the basal group would be harder than that from cows fed protected tallow.", "PMID": 599201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6723", "title": "Influences of barley and oat silages for beef cows on occurrence of myopathy in their calves.", "content": "Sixteen pregnant Shorthorn cows were winter-fed either oat or barley silage, both of which were low in selenium (less than .1 ppm). Two months before calving, as well as at calving and a month later, four cows on each diet were given intramuscularly a preparation containing 1360 IU of vitamin E and 30 mg selenium as sodium selenite. Barley silage lipids contained higher linoleic (33.2 versus 22.3%) and palmitic acids (32.3 versus 23.1%), and lower oleic (6.3 versus 22.1%) and linolenic acids (20.9 versus 30.9%) than oat silage. Three calves born from the untreated dams on barley silage died from nutritional muscular dystrophy by 50 days of age whereas none of the calves either from the untreated cows on oat silage or from any of the selenium/vitamin E treated cows. Milk from untreated cows fed barley silage contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid than that from treated cows or from those on oat silage. The incidence of nutritional muscular dystrophy was associated closely with ingestion by the calves of an increased amount of dietary dienoic acid. It appears an advantage to include oat silage in winter feeding programs for beef cows to reduce the risk of development of nutritional muscular dystrophy in the offspring.", "contents": "Influences of barley and oat silages for beef cows on occurrence of myopathy in their calves. Sixteen pregnant Shorthorn cows were winter-fed either oat or barley silage, both of which were low in selenium (less than .1 ppm). Two months before calving, as well as at calving and a month later, four cows on each diet were given intramuscularly a preparation containing 1360 IU of vitamin E and 30 mg selenium as sodium selenite. Barley silage lipids contained higher linoleic (33.2 versus 22.3%) and palmitic acids (32.3 versus 23.1%), and lower oleic (6.3 versus 22.1%) and linolenic acids (20.9 versus 30.9%) than oat silage. Three calves born from the untreated dams on barley silage died from nutritional muscular dystrophy by 50 days of age whereas none of the calves either from the untreated cows on oat silage or from any of the selenium/vitamin E treated cows. Milk from untreated cows fed barley silage contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid than that from treated cows or from those on oat silage. The incidence of nutritional muscular dystrophy was associated closely with ingestion by the calves of an increased amount of dietary dienoic acid. It appears an advantage to include oat silage in winter feeding programs for beef cows to reduce the risk of development of nutritional muscular dystrophy in the offspring.", "PMID": 599203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6724", "title": "Efficacy and safety of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for prevention of parturient paresis.", "content": "Four trials involved intravenous or intramuscular injections of 1alpha-hydroxyvitavin D3 to test efficacy in preventing parturient paresis. Use of .1 mg intravenously afforded total protection compared with an incidence of 33% (2/6) in controls. Intramuscular injections of .1 mg in 2 ml propylene glycol and .3, .5, and 1.0 mg in 5 ml corn oil resulted in 0, 15.7, 20, and 0% incidence of parturient paresis compared with 33, 16.7, 37.5, and 37.5% incidence of parturient paresis in the controls. There was a rapid increase in serum calcium (12 to 24 h) in response to intravenous treatment, whereas the response to intramuscular injections was gradual but was maintained longer. To evaluate the safety of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, eight cows, two per treatment, were given intramuscular doses of .5, 1.0, 1.5, or 3.0 mg (three 1.0 mg injections) in 5 ml corn oil. No clinical or pathological evidence of hypervitaminosis C or soft tissue calcification was found. Tissue taken from the injection site 15 days after last injection contained 3 to 38 IU vitamin D activity per 100 g wet tissue compared with control of 8 to 15 IU per 100 g. Total vitamin D activity of milk taken the 11th milking postpartum from cows receiving .5 or 1.0 mg had a mean of 13.4 and 22.6 IU vitamin D activity per liter compared to 19 IU per liter for control milk. Milk from the 5th milking postpartum in the cows receiving .5 mg had a mean activity of 14.5 IU per liter. Milk from animals slaughtered for retention studies had a mean activity of 22 IU per liter.", "contents": "Efficacy and safety of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for prevention of parturient paresis. Four trials involved intravenous or intramuscular injections of 1alpha-hydroxyvitavin D3 to test efficacy in preventing parturient paresis. Use of .1 mg intravenously afforded total protection compared with an incidence of 33% (2/6) in controls. Intramuscular injections of .1 mg in 2 ml propylene glycol and .3, .5, and 1.0 mg in 5 ml corn oil resulted in 0, 15.7, 20, and 0% incidence of parturient paresis compared with 33, 16.7, 37.5, and 37.5% incidence of parturient paresis in the controls. There was a rapid increase in serum calcium (12 to 24 h) in response to intravenous treatment, whereas the response to intramuscular injections was gradual but was maintained longer. To evaluate the safety of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, eight cows, two per treatment, were given intramuscular doses of .5, 1.0, 1.5, or 3.0 mg (three 1.0 mg injections) in 5 ml corn oil. No clinical or pathological evidence of hypervitaminosis C or soft tissue calcification was found. Tissue taken from the injection site 15 days after last injection contained 3 to 38 IU vitamin D activity per 100 g wet tissue compared with control of 8 to 15 IU per 100 g. Total vitamin D activity of milk taken the 11th milking postpartum from cows receiving .5 or 1.0 mg had a mean of 13.4 and 22.6 IU vitamin D activity per liter compared to 19 IU per liter for control milk. Milk from the 5th milking postpartum in the cows receiving .5 mg had a mean activity of 14.5 IU per liter. Milk from animals slaughtered for retention studies had a mean activity of 22 IU per liter.", "PMID": 599204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6725", "title": "Effect of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane salt of prostaglandin F2alpha on post-thaw motility of bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "The effect of the tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane salt of prostaglandin F2alpha on the post-thaw motility of bovine spermatozoa was evaluated for two ejaculates from each of five bulls. This salt of prostaglandin F2alpha was added to the glycerol fraction of the extender to provide 37.5, 112.5, or 337.5 microgram of active prostaglandin F2alpha per .5-ml straw. Post-thaw progressive motility was depressed by the addition of the salt of prostaglandin F2alpha. Motilities averaged over both 0 and 2 h of post-thaw incubation were 19.3, 17.8, 13.6, and 5.8% for 0, 37.5, 112.5, and 337.5 microgram.", "contents": "Effect of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane salt of prostaglandin F2alpha on post-thaw motility of bovine spermatozoa. The effect of the tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane salt of prostaglandin F2alpha on the post-thaw motility of bovine spermatozoa was evaluated for two ejaculates from each of five bulls. This salt of prostaglandin F2alpha was added to the glycerol fraction of the extender to provide 37.5, 112.5, or 337.5 microgram of active prostaglandin F2alpha per .5-ml straw. Post-thaw progressive motility was depressed by the addition of the salt of prostaglandin F2alpha. Motilities averaged over both 0 and 2 h of post-thaw incubation were 19.3, 17.8, 13.6, and 5.8% for 0, 37.5, 112.5, and 337.5 microgram.", "PMID": 599206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6726", "title": "Detection of estrus by three methods.", "content": "Estrus was detected by three methods in 88 postpartum Holstein cows housed in tie-stalls and allowed free activity 1 to 2 h daily in separate exercise lots. Cows in each of three groups were observed visually for standing estrus by herdsmen. Cows (31) in Group I were observed only visually and served as controls, cows (33) in Group II were fitted with MateMaster rump-mounted detectors, and cows (24) in Group III were exposed to a testosterone-treated marking heifer. Cows with less than 1 ng/mg progesterone in serum on the day of detection and greater than 1 ng/ml 10 days later were designated as accurately detected in estrus. Accuracies of detections for cows in Groups I, II, and III were 68, 66, and 79%. Efficiencies of detections were the total observed estrous periods divided by the total expected estrous periods and were 51, 51, and 52%. In addition, overall accuracy, a mathematical product of individual accuracy and efficiency, represented the best measure of a detection method. Overall accuracies in Groups I, II, and III were 35, 34, and 41%.", "contents": "Detection of estrus by three methods. Estrus was detected by three methods in 88 postpartum Holstein cows housed in tie-stalls and allowed free activity 1 to 2 h daily in separate exercise lots. Cows in each of three groups were observed visually for standing estrus by herdsmen. Cows (31) in Group I were observed only visually and served as controls, cows (33) in Group II were fitted with MateMaster rump-mounted detectors, and cows (24) in Group III were exposed to a testosterone-treated marking heifer. Cows with less than 1 ng/mg progesterone in serum on the day of detection and greater than 1 ng/ml 10 days later were designated as accurately detected in estrus. Accuracies of detections for cows in Groups I, II, and III were 68, 66, and 79%. Efficiencies of detections were the total observed estrous periods divided by the total expected estrous periods and were 51, 51, and 52%. In addition, overall accuracy, a mathematical product of individual accuracy and efficiency, represented the best measure of a detection method. Overall accuracies in Groups I, II, and III were 35, 34, and 41%.", "PMID": 599207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6727", "title": "The role of accommodation in increasing the luminance of the fundus reflex during cognitive processing.", "content": "The phenomena observed during book retinoscopy include changes in the brightness of the reflex in response to changes in cognition. This experiment shows that the increase in luminance of the relfex that results from increased cognitive demand is mediated by accommodation. The luminance of the fundus reflex was monitored while subjects either read or added a series of two-digit numbers. During the addition task the luminance of the reflex increased in all cases. However, under cycloplegia the increase in luminance could not be predicted.", "contents": "The role of accommodation in increasing the luminance of the fundus reflex during cognitive processing. The phenomena observed during book retinoscopy include changes in the brightness of the reflex in response to changes in cognition. This experiment shows that the increase in luminance of the relfex that results from increased cognitive demand is mediated by accommodation. The luminance of the fundus reflex was monitored while subjects either read or added a series of two-digit numbers. During the addition task the luminance of the reflex increased in all cases. However, under cycloplegia the increase in luminance could not be predicted.", "PMID": 599244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6728", "title": "Conjoint therapy: a cooperative psychotherapeutic-optometric approach to therapy.", "content": "Optometrists often see patients who have psychological problems as well as visual problems. These patients are often referred to other disciplines for appropriate care. Although it is recognized that visual problems and emotional problems affect each other, after the appropriate referral very little interdisciplinary interaction occurs. The authors believe that this interaction--Conjoint Therapy--is frequently crucial for the successful remediation of the patient's emotional problem as well as his visual problem. They present in this report, just such a case with an anecdotal abstract from the psychological as well as the visual therapy reports.", "contents": "Conjoint therapy: a cooperative psychotherapeutic-optometric approach to therapy. Optometrists often see patients who have psychological problems as well as visual problems. These patients are often referred to other disciplines for appropriate care. Although it is recognized that visual problems and emotional problems affect each other, after the appropriate referral very little interdisciplinary interaction occurs. The authors believe that this interaction--Conjoint Therapy--is frequently crucial for the successful remediation of the patient's emotional problem as well as his visual problem. They present in this report, just such a case with an anecdotal abstract from the psychological as well as the visual therapy reports.", "PMID": 599245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6729", "title": "The ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system whose clinical manifestations include animportant group of ocular pathologies, e.g., unilateral retrobulbar neuritis, uveitis, decreased visual function, nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, optic papillitis and Marcus Gunn pupil. Additionally, it is not generally appreciated that bitemporal hemianopia, usually associated with tumors of the optic chiasm, may also result from multiple sclerosis. Since most of a patient's life is spent in the remission phase of the disease, it is important for the practitioner to recognize the ocular findings present during this period. Additionally, studies have shown that such patients lead longer and more productive lives than most practitioners realize, and often have prolonged periods of remission. While the onset of the disease may present with ocular symptoms, such as loss of vision or diplopia, the patients tend to recover and retain relatively good function for many years.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system whose clinical manifestations include animportant group of ocular pathologies, e.g., unilateral retrobulbar neuritis, uveitis, decreased visual function, nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, optic papillitis and Marcus Gunn pupil. Additionally, it is not generally appreciated that bitemporal hemianopia, usually associated with tumors of the optic chiasm, may also result from multiple sclerosis. Since most of a patient's life is spent in the remission phase of the disease, it is important for the practitioner to recognize the ocular findings present during this period. Additionally, studies have shown that such patients lead longer and more productive lives than most practitioners realize, and often have prolonged periods of remission. While the onset of the disease may present with ocular symptoms, such as loss of vision or diplopia, the patients tend to recover and retain relatively good function for many years.", "PMID": 599246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6730", "title": "The unwanted ocular effects from topical ophthalmic drugs. Their occurrence, avoidance and reversal.", "content": "Unwanted effects may occur when drugs are applied topically on the eye or when they are administered by other routes. The unwanted effects may be ocular, systemic or both. This paper discusses unwanted ocular effects which may arise when certain optometric drugs are applied directly on the eye. Among the effects described are allergic reactions, infections, pigmentary changes, and the production of aqueous \"floaters.\" Changes in intraocular pressure and appropriate first aid measures to counter an acute rise in IOP are also discussed. Not discussed are the adverse ocular effects which are associated with topical application of the potent anticholinesterases nor those which can arise when certain drugs e.g. corticosteroids are applied to the eye for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "The unwanted ocular effects from topical ophthalmic drugs. Their occurrence, avoidance and reversal. Unwanted effects may occur when drugs are applied topically on the eye or when they are administered by other routes. The unwanted effects may be ocular, systemic or both. This paper discusses unwanted ocular effects which may arise when certain optometric drugs are applied directly on the eye. Among the effects described are allergic reactions, infections, pigmentary changes, and the production of aqueous \"floaters.\" Changes in intraocular pressure and appropriate first aid measures to counter an acute rise in IOP are also discussed. Not discussed are the adverse ocular effects which are associated with topical application of the potent anticholinesterases nor those which can arise when certain drugs e.g. corticosteroids are applied to the eye for therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 599247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6731", "title": "The value of observation as adjunct to the objective-subjective examination.", "content": "A new approach is presented to the refractive procedure by adding observation, both surreptitious and direct, as an adjunct, an aid and a supplement to differential diagnosis in a refractive examination and in visual analysis.", "contents": "The value of observation as adjunct to the objective-subjective examination. A new approach is presented to the refractive procedure by adding observation, both surreptitious and direct, as an adjunct, an aid and a supplement to differential diagnosis in a refractive examination and in visual analysis.", "PMID": 599248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6732", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VII: examination of techniques, procedures and control.", "content": "Since contact lenses are responsible for producing corneal change it is essential to rigorously examine for variables involved. The need to control corneal change further dictates that fitting procedures or techniques should also be critically evaluated. Given in this first of a two part series is a background discussion of contact lens prescribing characteristics and resultant data collected during an orthokeratology study. Specifically examined were the effects of the base curve-cornea relationship, lens position and temporal factors. Though each was noticed to be involved in the results obtained, their failure to account for all changes observed suggest that other mechanisms need be considered.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part VII: examination of techniques, procedures and control. Since contact lenses are responsible for producing corneal change it is essential to rigorously examine for variables involved. The need to control corneal change further dictates that fitting procedures or techniques should also be critically evaluated. Given in this first of a two part series is a background discussion of contact lens prescribing characteristics and resultant data collected during an orthokeratology study. Specifically examined were the effects of the base curve-cornea relationship, lens position and temporal factors. Though each was noticed to be involved in the results obtained, their failure to account for all changes observed suggest that other mechanisms need be considered.", "PMID": 599249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6733", "title": "Treatment of decompensating strabismic who had diplopia and vertex headaches.", "content": "A 26-year-old female was referred for treatment who presented possible retrobulbar optic atrophy, reduced visual acuity, an LXT, a diplopia, and vertex headaches. Fresnel prisms, the simplest and most logical treatment choice were used to relieve the complaints of diplopia and vertex headaches.", "contents": "Treatment of decompensating strabismic who had diplopia and vertex headaches. A 26-year-old female was referred for treatment who presented possible retrobulbar optic atrophy, reduced visual acuity, an LXT, a diplopia, and vertex headaches. Fresnel prisms, the simplest and most logical treatment choice were used to relieve the complaints of diplopia and vertex headaches.", "PMID": 599250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6734", "title": "Avlox--a new atraumatic method of skin closure: a preliminary report.", "content": "The Avlox system, a recently introduced atraumatic method of closing skin, can be used on any surface in which skin edges can be approximated without undue pressure. Although the method has many advantages over conventional suture methods, the authors do not recommend use of the clips on weight-bearing surfaces or above bony prominences.", "contents": "Avlox--a new atraumatic method of skin closure: a preliminary report. The Avlox system, a recently introduced atraumatic method of closing skin, can be used on any surface in which skin edges can be approximated without undue pressure. Although the method has many advantages over conventional suture methods, the authors do not recommend use of the clips on weight-bearing surfaces or above bony prominences.", "PMID": 599255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6735", "title": "The metatarsal osteotomy: a 10-year follow-up on the second, third and fourth metatarsal osteotomies and a new approach to the fifth metatarsal osteotomy.", "content": "The metatarsal osteotomy, a relatively simple procedure, provides a great amount of correction and relief with a limited amount of bone resection. Postoperative pain and edema are minimal, and disability and loss of time from employment are eliminated as patients are able to walk immediately in a surgical shoe. If biomechanical management is not adequate in relieving discomfort, then a 10-year study of more than 1000 cases indicates that the osteotomy is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "The metatarsal osteotomy: a 10-year follow-up on the second, third and fourth metatarsal osteotomies and a new approach to the fifth metatarsal osteotomy. The metatarsal osteotomy, a relatively simple procedure, provides a great amount of correction and relief with a limited amount of bone resection. Postoperative pain and edema are minimal, and disability and loss of time from employment are eliminated as patients are able to walk immediately in a surgical shoe. If biomechanical management is not adequate in relieving discomfort, then a 10-year study of more than 1000 cases indicates that the osteotomy is the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 599260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6736", "title": "A new surgical technique for metatarsus primus varus correction with radical bunionectomy: a preliminary report.", "content": "Dr. Panacos has developed a new surgical technique for correction of metatarsus primus varus. His technique, which is indicated in moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus (when the intermetatarsal angle exceeds 15 degrees), makes use of a stabilizing implant at the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint. Although the procedure has been performed on a limited number of patients, the author believes it to be superior to the osteotomy for metatarsus primus varus correction.", "contents": "A new surgical technique for metatarsus primus varus correction with radical bunionectomy: a preliminary report. Dr. Panacos has developed a new surgical technique for correction of metatarsus primus varus. His technique, which is indicated in moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus (when the intermetatarsal angle exceeds 15 degrees), makes use of a stabilizing implant at the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint. Although the procedure has been performed on a limited number of patients, the author believes it to be superior to the osteotomy for metatarsus primus varus correction.", "PMID": 599262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6737", "title": "Nematospiroides dubius: stimulation of acquired immunity in inbred strains of mice.", "content": "The development of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius was studied in three strains of inbred mice (BALB/c, C3H and NIH). Although a primary infection in NIH mice persisted for two months without evidence of a reduction in worm numbers, female mice of this strain readily developed resistance to reinfection. The degree of resistance was enhanced when an immunizing infection of 600 larvae was administered as 6 separate doses of 100 larvae given between days 0 and 11, and the worms removed by anthelmintic treatment given on days 15, 21, 28 and 35. Immunity in mice immunized in this way was manifest both as a reduction in worm recoveries on days 9-14 after challenge and also as an expulsion of established worms from the intestine. BALB/c mice were initially less resistant, but expelled most of the worms which became established; C3H mice showed no evidence of expulsion. The finding that inbred NIH and BALB/c mice acquire resistance to N. dubius offers possibilites for the systematic analysis of lymphoid cell activity in initiating and expressing immunity to this parasite.", "contents": "Nematospiroides dubius: stimulation of acquired immunity in inbred strains of mice. The development of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius was studied in three strains of inbred mice (BALB/c, C3H and NIH). Although a primary infection in NIH mice persisted for two months without evidence of a reduction in worm numbers, female mice of this strain readily developed resistance to reinfection. The degree of resistance was enhanced when an immunizing infection of 600 larvae was administered as 6 separate doses of 100 larvae given between days 0 and 11, and the worms removed by anthelmintic treatment given on days 15, 21, 28 and 35. Immunity in mice immunized in this way was manifest both as a reduction in worm recoveries on days 9-14 after challenge and also as an expulsion of established worms from the intestine. BALB/c mice were initially less resistant, but expelled most of the worms which became established; C3H mice showed no evidence of expulsion. The finding that inbred NIH and BALB/c mice acquire resistance to N. dubius offers possibilites for the systematic analysis of lymphoid cell activity in initiating and expressing immunity to this parasite.", "PMID": 599263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6738", "title": "The occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) in the roach from the Worcester-Birmingham canal.", "content": "Two hundred roach (Rutilus rutilus) were examined over a twelve-month period to provide information concerning the occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae. Infection levels were high during the autumn and winter and at this time of year the parasite population was composed almost exclusively of immature parasites. Maturation was rapid in the spring but was accompanied by a decrease in the infection level. In late summer, after egg-laying, losses due to the death of spent parasites began to be replaced by the recruitment of immature parasites and this recruitment reached its peak in the autumn and winter. The annual cycle of occurrence and maturation is discussed in relation to fluctuating environmental variables and the feeding behavior of the roach.", "contents": "The occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) in the roach from the Worcester-Birmingham canal. Two hundred roach (Rutilus rutilus) were examined over a twelve-month period to provide information concerning the occurrence of Sphaerostoma bramae. Infection levels were high during the autumn and winter and at this time of year the parasite population was composed almost exclusively of immature parasites. Maturation was rapid in the spring but was accompanied by a decrease in the infection level. In late summer, after egg-laying, losses due to the death of spent parasites began to be replaced by the recruitment of immature parasites and this recruitment reached its peak in the autumn and winter. The annual cycle of occurrence and maturation is discussed in relation to fluctuating environmental variables and the feeding behavior of the roach.", "PMID": 599265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6739", "title": "The site preferences of two digeneans, Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae, in the intestine of the roach.", "content": "The digeneans Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae showed distinct and different site preferences in the roach intestine, the majority of A. kubanicum being found in the first limb and the majority of S. bramae occurring in the second and third limbs. A. kubanicum excysts and establishes itself in the first limb and this is considered to be the basis of the observed distribution of the parasite in the host's intestine. The site preference of S. bramae is discussed in relation to the physiology of the parasite and the host and to possible competitive interactions with A. kubanicum.", "contents": "The site preferences of two digeneans, Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae, in the intestine of the roach. The digeneans Asymphylodora kubanicum and Sphaerostoma bramae showed distinct and different site preferences in the roach intestine, the majority of A. kubanicum being found in the first limb and the majority of S. bramae occurring in the second and third limbs. A. kubanicum excysts and establishes itself in the first limb and this is considered to be the basis of the observed distribution of the parasite in the host's intestine. The site preference of S. bramae is discussed in relation to the physiology of the parasite and the host and to possible competitive interactions with A. kubanicum.", "PMID": 599266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6740", "title": "Mesocoelium malayanum sp. n. (Digenea: Brachycoeliidae) in a frog, Rana macrodon Dumeril and Bibron 1941, from Malaysia.", "content": "Mesocoelium malayanum sp. n. is described from the frog Rana macrodon, in Malaysia. Elongate body, broader anteriorly, measuring 1.900 (1.679-2.070) mm long by 0.404 (0.380-0.437) wide, tegument aspinose oral sucker 0.212 (0.200-0.228) by 0.202 (9.191-0.205), acetabulum 0.141 (0.132-0.150) by 0.139 (0.123-0.146), prepharynx present, oesophagus 0.115 (0.096-0.137), caeca reaching posterior 1/3 of body, anterior testis 0.097 (0.087-0.110) by 0.091 (0.087-0.100) dorsal to acetabulum, posterior testis 0.094 (0.087-0.101) by 0.092 (0.091-0.100), cirrus pouch 0.121 (0.111-0.130) by 0.047 (0.041-0.055), genital pore at left of midline of oesophagus just anterior to intestinal bifurcation, ovary 0.110 (0.091-0.127) by 0.089 (0.085-0.096) on left of body and posterior to acetabulum, vitelline glands with single follicles extending from intestinal bifurcation to ends of caeca, excretory vesicle I-shaped and eggs 0.040 (0.037-0.046) by 0.023 (0.022-0.024). Although morphologically related to M. maroccanum and M. meggitti, M. malayanum is considered to be a new species.", "contents": "Mesocoelium malayanum sp. n. (Digenea: Brachycoeliidae) in a frog, Rana macrodon Dumeril and Bibron 1941, from Malaysia. Mesocoelium malayanum sp. n. is described from the frog Rana macrodon, in Malaysia. Elongate body, broader anteriorly, measuring 1.900 (1.679-2.070) mm long by 0.404 (0.380-0.437) wide, tegument aspinose oral sucker 0.212 (0.200-0.228) by 0.202 (9.191-0.205), acetabulum 0.141 (0.132-0.150) by 0.139 (0.123-0.146), prepharynx present, oesophagus 0.115 (0.096-0.137), caeca reaching posterior 1/3 of body, anterior testis 0.097 (0.087-0.110) by 0.091 (0.087-0.100) dorsal to acetabulum, posterior testis 0.094 (0.087-0.101) by 0.092 (0.091-0.100), cirrus pouch 0.121 (0.111-0.130) by 0.047 (0.041-0.055), genital pore at left of midline of oesophagus just anterior to intestinal bifurcation, ovary 0.110 (0.091-0.127) by 0.089 (0.085-0.096) on left of body and posterior to acetabulum, vitelline glands with single follicles extending from intestinal bifurcation to ends of caeca, excretory vesicle I-shaped and eggs 0.040 (0.037-0.046) by 0.023 (0.022-0.024). Although morphologically related to M. maroccanum and M. meggitti, M. malayanum is considered to be a new species.", "PMID": 599267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6741", "title": "The fate of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae following challenge infection of immune rats.", "content": "Groups of rats, infected 7 weeks previously with Fasciola hepatica, together with appropriate control groups, were challenged either orally or intraperitoneally with 30 metacercariae. The mean worm recovery from the previously infected, orally challenged rats was significantly lower than from their respective controls (2.2 +/- 1.1 worms as opposed to 9.0 +/- 2.6). There was no significant difference in mean worm recovery from the previously infected, intraperitoneally challenged rats and their respective controls (5.3 +/- 3.2 worms as opposed to 6.2 +/- 1.9). Livers of the orally challenged group appeared to be largely free from secondary damage but considerable damage was evident in rats which received an intraperitioneal challenge. This evidence supports the view that the gut acts as an important barrier to metacercariae of a challenge infection. In a further experiment, young flukes were recovered from the gut, abdominal cavity and liver of immune and control rats 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45 h after oral challenge. It was found that fewer flukes successfully penetrated the guts of immune rats (3%) than those of uninfected controls (13%), again pointing to the gut as a barrier to metacercariae of a challenge infection. Protective mechanisms that may operate at the level of the gut are discussed.", "contents": "The fate of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae following challenge infection of immune rats. Groups of rats, infected 7 weeks previously with Fasciola hepatica, together with appropriate control groups, were challenged either orally or intraperitoneally with 30 metacercariae. The mean worm recovery from the previously infected, orally challenged rats was significantly lower than from their respective controls (2.2 +/- 1.1 worms as opposed to 9.0 +/- 2.6). There was no significant difference in mean worm recovery from the previously infected, intraperitoneally challenged rats and their respective controls (5.3 +/- 3.2 worms as opposed to 6.2 +/- 1.9). Livers of the orally challenged group appeared to be largely free from secondary damage but considerable damage was evident in rats which received an intraperitioneal challenge. This evidence supports the view that the gut acts as an important barrier to metacercariae of a challenge infection. In a further experiment, young flukes were recovered from the gut, abdominal cavity and liver of immune and control rats 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45 h after oral challenge. It was found that fewer flukes successfully penetrated the guts of immune rats (3%) than those of uninfected controls (13%), again pointing to the gut as a barrier to metacercariae of a challenge infection. Protective mechanisms that may operate at the level of the gut are discussed.", "PMID": 599271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6742", "title": "Paragonimus westermani in Malaysian Felidae and Viverridae: probable modes of transmission in relation to host feeding habits.", "content": "Examination of naturally infected felids and viverrids in Malaysia confirmed previously published records which indicated that P. westermani occurred only in felid cats. Felis planiceps and F. temnickli were reported as new host records. Analysis of stomach contents revealed no crab remains in either family of cats, but confirmed that felids were strictly carnivorous while viverrids were often omnivorous. In feeding experiments, only viverrids ate the host crabs Potomiscus johorensis and Parathelphusa maculata. The probable transmission of P. westermani to felids via paratenic hosts was discussed.", "contents": "Paragonimus westermani in Malaysian Felidae and Viverridae: probable modes of transmission in relation to host feeding habits. Examination of naturally infected felids and viverrids in Malaysia confirmed previously published records which indicated that P. westermani occurred only in felid cats. Felis planiceps and F. temnickli were reported as new host records. Analysis of stomach contents revealed no crab remains in either family of cats, but confirmed that felids were strictly carnivorous while viverrids were often omnivorous. In feeding experiments, only viverrids ate the host crabs Potomiscus johorensis and Parathelphusa maculata. The probable transmission of P. westermani to felids via paratenic hosts was discussed.", "PMID": 599272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6743", "title": "Strongyloides ratti: 1. parasitological observations on primary and secondary infections in the small intestine of rats.", "content": "Adult Strongyloides ratti were expelled from the small intestine of rats starting 14-18 days after a primary infection. In a secondary infection very few adult worms developed and most of these were expelled before day 14. At the time of expulsion the worms migrated posteriorly in the intestine and their size decreased.", "contents": "Strongyloides ratti: 1. parasitological observations on primary and secondary infections in the small intestine of rats. Adult Strongyloides ratti were expelled from the small intestine of rats starting 14-18 days after a primary infection. In a secondary infection very few adult worms developed and most of these were expelled before day 14. At the time of expulsion the worms migrated posteriorly in the intestine and their size decreased.", "PMID": 599273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6744", "title": "The response of nematodes in vivo and in vitro to some anthelmintics.", "content": "Dietary feeding of drugs for 5 days to mice infected with Nematospiroides dubius and Hymenolepis nana detected all modern anthelmintics examined except stilbazium. A simple test using eggs of Nematodirus spathiger and adult Nippostrongylus brasillensis to detect anthelmintics in vitro is reported.", "contents": "The response of nematodes in vivo and in vitro to some anthelmintics. Dietary feeding of drugs for 5 days to mice infected with Nematospiroides dubius and Hymenolepis nana detected all modern anthelmintics examined except stilbazium. A simple test using eggs of Nematodirus spathiger and adult Nippostrongylus brasillensis to detect anthelmintics in vitro is reported.", "PMID": 599274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6745", "title": "Further observations on the relationship and distribution of Schistosoma margrebowiei and S. leiperi in central southern Africa.", "content": "A further survey in East Caprivi, Chobe National Park, Okavango swamps and Kavango was undertaken in June 1976. No evidence of lechwe schistosomes was found in droppings of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) nor baboons (Papio ursinus) living in lechwe habitats. It was thought that they were not capable of spreading or maintaining these parasites outside the confines of the known distribution of Kobus sp. The role of goats was equivocal but probably they too are poor hosts. Kavango, an endemic area of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, was thought to be free of all animal schistosomes, thus confirming the hypotheses that (1) cattle and goats are poor hosts of the lechwe schistosomes and (2) S. mattheei was blocked from entering the territory by the presence of lechwe schistosomes in the surrounding areas. Evidence of schistosomes was not found in cattle and goats at Maun for the same reasons. The prevalence of S. mansoni at Maun has increased alarmingly over the past 20 years with a simultaneous disappearance of lechwe from the area. S. margrebowiei and S. leiperi eggs were found in lechwe and tsessebe droppings some 80 km north of Maun. A high proportion of children with negative excreta from \"non-endemic\" areas in East Caprivi had positive CFT and/or skin tests, suggestive of exposure to lechwe schistosomes resulting in a possible immunity to S. mansoni and S. haematobium.", "contents": "Further observations on the relationship and distribution of Schistosoma margrebowiei and S. leiperi in central southern Africa. A further survey in East Caprivi, Chobe National Park, Okavango swamps and Kavango was undertaken in June 1976. No evidence of lechwe schistosomes was found in droppings of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) nor baboons (Papio ursinus) living in lechwe habitats. It was thought that they were not capable of spreading or maintaining these parasites outside the confines of the known distribution of Kobus sp. The role of goats was equivocal but probably they too are poor hosts. Kavango, an endemic area of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, was thought to be free of all animal schistosomes, thus confirming the hypotheses that (1) cattle and goats are poor hosts of the lechwe schistosomes and (2) S. mattheei was blocked from entering the territory by the presence of lechwe schistosomes in the surrounding areas. Evidence of schistosomes was not found in cattle and goats at Maun for the same reasons. The prevalence of S. mansoni at Maun has increased alarmingly over the past 20 years with a simultaneous disappearance of lechwe from the area. S. margrebowiei and S. leiperi eggs were found in lechwe and tsessebe droppings some 80 km north of Maun. A high proportion of children with negative excreta from \"non-endemic\" areas in East Caprivi had positive CFT and/or skin tests, suggestive of exposure to lechwe schistosomes resulting in a possible immunity to S. mansoni and S. haematobium.", "PMID": 599275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6746", "title": "Modification of the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mattheei for sheep by passage of the parasite in hamsters.", "content": "Border Leicester X Suffolk sheep infected with a strain of S. mattheei maintained in hamsters do not develop the same pathological changes as Romney Marsh sheep infected with the same strain of parasite before hamster passage. To determine the cause of this reduced pathogenicity, five Romney Marsh sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the hamster-passaged parasite and five with 10 000 cercariae of a S. mattheei strain from Onderstepoort, South Africa, passaged exclusively through sheep. Striking pathological and parasitological differences were found between the two strains. Infection with the \"sheep\" strain was lethal, whereas infection with the \"hamster\" strain produced little evidence of clinical disease. By 13 weeks post-infection the mean body weight of the sheep infected with the sheep strain had declined by 15% compared with both the uninfected controls and the sheep infected with the hamster strain, and the mean PCV was lowered to 20% in the sheep strain infected animals. Egg production began at seven weeks with the sheep strain, faecal counts rising to more than 300 e.p.g., whereas only two of the sheep infected with the hamster strain passed eggs in the faeces (at nine weeks) and the maximum egg count was 50 e.p.g. Twice as many adult worms of the sheep strain were recovered, and, although the number of eggs found in the tissues \"per worm pair\" was not significantly different, overall egg production was higher for the sheep strain; also more of the sheep strain eggs were deposited in the intestines. Similar parasite differences were seen in a supplementary study in mice and it seemed that \"attenuation\" of the parasite had occurred, presumably due to its maintenance in hamsters. Histopathological observations and faecal egg counts both indicated an inability of hamster strain eggs to penetrate the intestinal lumen; this was probably important in reducing the pathogenicity of the hamster strain.", "contents": "Modification of the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mattheei for sheep by passage of the parasite in hamsters. Border Leicester X Suffolk sheep infected with a strain of S. mattheei maintained in hamsters do not develop the same pathological changes as Romney Marsh sheep infected with the same strain of parasite before hamster passage. To determine the cause of this reduced pathogenicity, five Romney Marsh sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the hamster-passaged parasite and five with 10 000 cercariae of a S. mattheei strain from Onderstepoort, South Africa, passaged exclusively through sheep. Striking pathological and parasitological differences were found between the two strains. Infection with the \"sheep\" strain was lethal, whereas infection with the \"hamster\" strain produced little evidence of clinical disease. By 13 weeks post-infection the mean body weight of the sheep infected with the sheep strain had declined by 15% compared with both the uninfected controls and the sheep infected with the hamster strain, and the mean PCV was lowered to 20% in the sheep strain infected animals. Egg production began at seven weeks with the sheep strain, faecal counts rising to more than 300 e.p.g., whereas only two of the sheep infected with the hamster strain passed eggs in the faeces (at nine weeks) and the maximum egg count was 50 e.p.g. Twice as many adult worms of the sheep strain were recovered, and, although the number of eggs found in the tissues \"per worm pair\" was not significantly different, overall egg production was higher for the sheep strain; also more of the sheep strain eggs were deposited in the intestines. Similar parasite differences were seen in a supplementary study in mice and it seemed that \"attenuation\" of the parasite had occurred, presumably due to its maintenance in hamsters. Histopathological observations and faecal egg counts both indicated an inability of hamster strain eggs to penetrate the intestinal lumen; this was probably important in reducing the pathogenicity of the hamster strain.", "PMID": 599276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6747", "title": "Immunization of sheep against a virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei using a strain of S. mattheei attenuated by hamster passage.", "content": "We have previously described the characteristics of a relatively non-pathogenic laboratory strain of S. mattheei, attenuation of which was apparently caused by passage in hamsters. We now show that chronic infection with this avirulent strain largely protects sheep from the manifestations of acute schistosomiasis when challenged with a virulent strain of S. mattheei. Four sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the avirulent strain and, together with four wormfree sheep, challenged 63 weeks later with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae of a pathogenic strain. Four more sheep acted as uninfected controls. Following challenge, the animals were weighed and bled weekly for PCV and serum protein determinations, and egg counts were carried out fortnightly on faeces taken from the rectum. Red cell and albumin turnover were monitored for two weeks immediately before challenge and for a similar period before necropsy, when the adult worms were recovered by perfusion and tissues sampled for histopathology and egg counting. The unvaccinated sheep developed severe disease 6-12 weeks after exposure characterised by marked anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyper-gamma globulinaemia coinciding with the passage of blood-stained faeces and progressive inappetence. In the vaccinated sheep, there was an even earlier rise in gamma globulins, but the other clinico-pathological changes were generally slower to devleop and much milder in severity. The parasitological data showed that although this was partly due to a reduction in the establishment of the challenge worm population the main factor was probably a reduction in the fecundity of these worms.", "contents": "Immunization of sheep against a virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei using a strain of S. mattheei attenuated by hamster passage. We have previously described the characteristics of a relatively non-pathogenic laboratory strain of S. mattheei, attenuation of which was apparently caused by passage in hamsters. We now show that chronic infection with this avirulent strain largely protects sheep from the manifestations of acute schistosomiasis when challenged with a virulent strain of S. mattheei. Four sheep were each infected with 10 000 cercariae of the avirulent strain and, together with four wormfree sheep, challenged 63 weeks later with 10 000 S. mattheei cercariae of a pathogenic strain. Four more sheep acted as uninfected controls. Following challenge, the animals were weighed and bled weekly for PCV and serum protein determinations, and egg counts were carried out fortnightly on faeces taken from the rectum. Red cell and albumin turnover were monitored for two weeks immediately before challenge and for a similar period before necropsy, when the adult worms were recovered by perfusion and tissues sampled for histopathology and egg counting. The unvaccinated sheep developed severe disease 6-12 weeks after exposure characterised by marked anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hyper-gamma globulinaemia coinciding with the passage of blood-stained faeces and progressive inappetence. In the vaccinated sheep, there was an even earlier rise in gamma globulins, but the other clinico-pathological changes were generally slower to devleop and much milder in severity. The parasitological data showed that although this was partly due to a reduction in the establishment of the challenge worm population the main factor was probably a reduction in the fecundity of these worms.", "PMID": 599277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6748", "title": "Alkali denaturation of oxyhaemoglobins of some digenetic trematodes and their hosts.", "content": "Oxyhaemoglobins of six digenetic trematodes,--Srivastavaia indica, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, and of their 3 vertebrate hosts, Bubalus bubalis, Sus scrofa, Wallago attu, were subjected to alkali denaturation at a pH of 12.4. All oxyhaemoglobins from trematodes and their hosts differ from each other in the rate and extent of alkali denaturation which may be explained due to variations in the amino acid sequences of a particular haem protein in addition to other factors.", "contents": "Alkali denaturation of oxyhaemoglobins of some digenetic trematodes and their hosts. Oxyhaemoglobins of six digenetic trematodes,--Srivastavaia indica, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, and of their 3 vertebrate hosts, Bubalus bubalis, Sus scrofa, Wallago attu, were subjected to alkali denaturation at a pH of 12.4. All oxyhaemoglobins from trematodes and their hosts differ from each other in the rate and extent of alkali denaturation which may be explained due to variations in the amino acid sequences of a particular haem protein in addition to other factors.", "PMID": 599278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6749", "title": "Characterization of human heteroploid cell line J-111: Reverse banding patterns of marker chromosomes.", "content": "The karyotype of the human cell line, J-111, has been studied employing R-banding by fluorescence using acridine orange technique (RFA).  The model chromosome number of this line was 112. All human chromosomes except the Y were present in each metaphase. Twenty-one marker chromosomes were distinguished and their possible origins were investigated. Of these, twelve were consistently present in all cells. Nine markers were highly variable. Four typical marker chromosomes of HeLa cells were found and their origins were identified, indicating that the line is a HeLa contaminant. The reverse banding patterns of all marker chromosomes are presented and the value of the RFA technique is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of human heteroploid cell line J-111: Reverse banding patterns of marker chromosomes. The karyotype of the human cell line, J-111, has been studied employing R-banding by fluorescence using acridine orange technique (RFA).  The model chromosome number of this line was 112. All human chromosomes except the Y were present in each metaphase. Twenty-one marker chromosomes were distinguished and their possible origins were investigated. Of these, twelve were consistently present in all cells. Nine markers were highly variable. Four typical marker chromosomes of HeLa cells were found and their origins were identified, indicating that the line is a HeLa contaminant. The reverse banding patterns of all marker chromosomes are presented and the value of the RFA technique is discussed.", "PMID": 599280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6750", "title": "Genetic variation of amylases in deer mice.", "content": "The inheritance of salivary amylase variants in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is controlled by codominant alleles, Amy-1a, Amy-1b, and Amy-1c, at a single autosomal locus. Pancreatic amylases were invariant and unaffected by salivary amylase genotypes. Salivary amylase zymograms of five myomorphic rodents are compared and evolutionary implications are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic variation of amylases in deer mice. The inheritance of salivary amylase variants in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is controlled by codominant alleles, Amy-1a, Amy-1b, and Amy-1c, at a single autosomal locus. Pancreatic amylases were invariant and unaffected by salivary amylase genotypes. Salivary amylase zymograms of five myomorphic rodents are compared and evolutionary implications are discussed.", "PMID": 599282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6751", "title": "Myelin deficient, a new neurological mutant in the mouse.", "content": "A new autosomal recessive gene in mice is described that produces deficiencies in central nervous system myelin and quaking or trembling of the hindquarters during locomotion. Although both behavioral and central nervous system abnormalities resembled those produced by qk, the new mutation was not an allele of qk. We propose that the new mutation should be labeled myelin deficient (symbol, mld).", "contents": "Myelin deficient, a new neurological mutant in the mouse. A new autosomal recessive gene in mice is described that produces deficiencies in central nervous system myelin and quaking or trembling of the hindquarters during locomotion. Although both behavioral and central nervous system abnormalities resembled those produced by qk, the new mutation was not an allele of qk. We propose that the new mutation should be labeled myelin deficient (symbol, mld).", "PMID": 599283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6752", "title": "Immunoglobulin haplotypes of two population groups in Iran.", "content": "Genetic markers of IgG and IgA were investigated in two population groups from Iran. The Gm-Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians, with a low frequency of Asiatic haplotypes. Twenty samples had phenotypes that led to the assumption of rare haplotypes. The main ones were: Gm(z;n;b)a2m(1) and Gm(za;n;g)A2m(2). The first haplotype differs from the common haplotypes because G1m(z) is present instead of G1m(f), and the second because it has G2m(n) and A2m(2) in combination with G1m(za) and G3m(g).", "contents": "Immunoglobulin haplotypes of two population groups in Iran. Genetic markers of IgG and IgA were investigated in two population groups from Iran. The Gm-Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians, with a low frequency of Asiatic haplotypes. Twenty samples had phenotypes that led to the assumption of rare haplotypes. The main ones were: Gm(z;n;b)a2m(1) and Gm(za;n;g)A2m(2). The first haplotype differs from the common haplotypes because G1m(z) is present instead of G1m(f), and the second because it has G2m(n) and A2m(2) in combination with G1m(za) and G3m(g).", "PMID": 599294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6753", "title": "Genetic analysis of natural populations of Poeciliopsis monacha: Allozyme inheritance and pattern of mating.", "content": "The genetic bases of seven polymorphic enzymes in Poeciliopsis monacha have been demonstrated through the analysis of allelic segregation in presumed heterozygotes captured in natural populations. Tests of linkage among loci revealed a significant association between two loci, Ldh-1 and Idh-2. Evidence for multiple insemination was detected in 23 percent of the females examined. Considering the limited number of markers available in the present study, it is probably that the actual frequency of multiple insemination is much higher.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of natural populations of Poeciliopsis monacha: Allozyme inheritance and pattern of mating. The genetic bases of seven polymorphic enzymes in Poeciliopsis monacha have been demonstrated through the analysis of allelic segregation in presumed heterozygotes captured in natural populations. Tests of linkage among loci revealed a significant association between two loci, Ldh-1 and Idh-2. Evidence for multiple insemination was detected in 23 percent of the females examined. Considering the limited number of markers available in the present study, it is probably that the actual frequency of multiple insemination is much higher.", "PMID": 599281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6754", "title": "Linkage studies with C6.", "content": "The common structural variants of C6 have been used to study the linkage relations of the locus in human pedigrees. Linkage between C6 and RH, Fy, ACP1, MNSS, Jk, HLA, ABO, ESD, Hp, ADA, GPT, Gc, Pi, Gm and Km has been excluded at recombination fractions at least as great as 0-1 in the male.", "contents": "Linkage studies with C6. The common structural variants of C6 have been used to study the linkage relations of the locus in human pedigrees. Linkage between C6 and RH, Fy, ACP1, MNSS, Jk, HLA, ABO, ESD, Hp, ADA, GPT, Gc, Pi, Gm and Km has been excluded at recombination fractions at least as great as 0-1 in the male.", "PMID": 599295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6755", "title": "The time course of the electroretinogram of compound eyes in insects and its dependence on special recording conditions.", "content": "Electroretinograms recorded from slowly moving insects like the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor and the stick insect Carausius morosus are shown to be distorted by the use of electrodes of stainless steel and silver/silver chloride wires, unless they are used in conjunction with amplifiers having extremely high input resistance. Undistorted electroretinograms can also be recorded using micropipettes filled with a suitable electrolyte. The undistorted ERG of Tenebrio molitor is monophasic, as described by Autrum (1950) for Dixippus, and as expected from his rule.", "contents": "The time course of the electroretinogram of compound eyes in insects and its dependence on special recording conditions. Electroretinograms recorded from slowly moving insects like the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor and the stick insect Carausius morosus are shown to be distorted by the use of electrodes of stainless steel and silver/silver chloride wires, unless they are used in conjunction with amplifiers having extremely high input resistance. Undistorted electroretinograms can also be recorded using micropipettes filled with a suitable electrolyte. The undistorted ERG of Tenebrio molitor is monophasic, as described by Autrum (1950) for Dixippus, and as expected from his rule.", "PMID": 599321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6756", "title": "Estimation of shunting, systemic and pulmonary output of the heart, and regional blood flow distribution in unanaesthetized lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) by injection of radioactively labelled microspheres.", "content": "Circulatory parameters in a lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) were determined using the microsphere method. Microspheres (MS) (slightly larger than the erythrocytes and labelled with different gamma-emitting isotopes) were injected into a pulmonary vein or the left atrium for determination of the left-to-right (L-R) shunt and the regional distribution of the ventricular systemic output. Injections were also made into the sinus venosus for determination of the right-to-left (R-L) shunt. The relative blood flow was obtained as the ratio of the MS activity found in the various tissues over the total activity injected. Absolute calibration of the method was performed by introduction of an 'artificial organ' into the circulatory system (Hales, 1973). Ventricular systemic output (VSO), in five animals, averaged 121 ml/ (min.kg) and ventricular pulmonary output 119 ml/(min. kg). The value of VSO was significantly higher than those observed in other lizard species. In all experimental animals both R-L as well as L-R shunting of various extent occurred. The reliability of the microsphere method as applied in lizards is discussed and is considered to be relatively accurate even under conditions of incomplete mixing of shunted and unshunted blood in systemic heart output.", "contents": "Estimation of shunting, systemic and pulmonary output of the heart, and regional blood flow distribution in unanaesthetized lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) by injection of radioactively labelled microspheres. Circulatory parameters in a lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) were determined using the microsphere method. Microspheres (MS) (slightly larger than the erythrocytes and labelled with different gamma-emitting isotopes) were injected into a pulmonary vein or the left atrium for determination of the left-to-right (L-R) shunt and the regional distribution of the ventricular systemic output. Injections were also made into the sinus venosus for determination of the right-to-left (R-L) shunt. The relative blood flow was obtained as the ratio of the MS activity found in the various tissues over the total activity injected. Absolute calibration of the method was performed by introduction of an 'artificial organ' into the circulatory system (Hales, 1973). Ventricular systemic output (VSO), in five animals, averaged 121 ml/ (min.kg) and ventricular pulmonary output 119 ml/(min. kg). The value of VSO was significantly higher than those observed in other lizard species. In all experimental animals both R-L as well as L-R shunting of various extent occurred. The reliability of the microsphere method as applied in lizards is discussed and is considered to be relatively accurate even under conditions of incomplete mixing of shunted and unshunted blood in systemic heart output.", "PMID": 599322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6757", "title": "The neuronal control of dragonfly flight. I. Anatomy.", "content": "The mechanical action and innervation of the major flight muscles of dragonflies are described. All flight muscles investigated are innervated by at least 3 motor neurones and one by as many as 15. Cell bodies of motor neurones that innervate the same muscle are clustered together and have similar, widespread dendritic branching patterns. Motor neurones of leg muscles have greater variety in cell body size and position than the major flight motor neurones. Striking similarities between the positions of cell bodies of motor neurones in dragonflies and the positions of homologous motor neurones in other insects raise interesting questions about the evolution of insect nervous systems.", "contents": "The neuronal control of dragonfly flight. I. Anatomy. The mechanical action and innervation of the major flight muscles of dragonflies are described. All flight muscles investigated are innervated by at least 3 motor neurones and one by as many as 15. Cell bodies of motor neurones that innervate the same muscle are clustered together and have similar, widespread dendritic branching patterns. Motor neurones of leg muscles have greater variety in cell body size and position than the major flight motor neurones. Striking similarities between the positions of cell bodies of motor neurones in dragonflies and the positions of homologous motor neurones in other insects raise interesting questions about the evolution of insect nervous systems.", "PMID": 599323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6758", "title": "Asymmetric waveforms in echinoderm sperm flagella.", "content": "1.Dark-field, multiple-exposure photographs of live spermatozoa of a number of echinoderms were analysed. 2. Bends develop at the base in pairs, as they do in flagella with symmetrical waveforms. However, the angles of these bends do not cancel, so that microtubular sliding-of up to over 50% of that associated with bend propagation-is transferred distally. This sliding implies that (a) microtubules are not rigidly cross-linked within straight regions, and (b) bends can propagate normally in spite of appreciable extrinsic microtubular sliding. 3. Both the sperm head and the asymmetry of the waveform appear to affect the swim path of a spermatozoon.", "contents": "Asymmetric waveforms in echinoderm sperm flagella. 1.Dark-field, multiple-exposure photographs of live spermatozoa of a number of echinoderms were analysed. 2. Bends develop at the base in pairs, as they do in flagella with symmetrical waveforms. However, the angles of these bends do not cancel, so that microtubular sliding-of up to over 50% of that associated with bend propagation-is transferred distally. This sliding implies that (a) microtubules are not rigidly cross-linked within straight regions, and (b) bends can propagate normally in spite of appreciable extrinsic microtubular sliding. 3. Both the sperm head and the asymmetry of the waveform appear to affect the swim path of a spermatozoon.", "PMID": 599325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6759", "title": "The effect of different dissolved oxygen tensions on growth and enzyme activities of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus.", "content": "Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus was grown in batch cultures in which the dissolved oxygen tension (d.o.t) was maintained at various constant levels. At a range of d.o.t. from 0.002 to 0.05 atm, which allowed good growth (mean generation time approximately 1.5 h), L-lactate was preferentially consumed before D-lactate. L-lactate oxidation was accompanied by equimolar acetate production during exponential growth. A value for YL-lactate (g dry weight bacteria per mol L-lactate) of 54 was determined. Net acetate production stopped when C. sputorum started to use D-lactate after consumption of L-lactate. When a culture growing exponentially at the expense of L-lactate was shifted from a d.o.t. of 0.02 atm to a d.o.t. of 0.15 atm, growth was impaired, and L-lactate consumption and corresponding acetate production diminished. This decrease correlated with a loss of lactate dehydrogenase activity after the shift. Campylobacter sputorum appeared to possess cytochromes of the b- and c-type and a carbon monoxide-binding pigment. Evidence is given that the principal site of oxygen damage is lactate dehydrogenase rather than the cytochrome chain.", "contents": "The effect of different dissolved oxygen tensions on growth and enzyme activities of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus. Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus was grown in batch cultures in which the dissolved oxygen tension (d.o.t) was maintained at various constant levels. At a range of d.o.t. from 0.002 to 0.05 atm, which allowed good growth (mean generation time approximately 1.5 h), L-lactate was preferentially consumed before D-lactate. L-lactate oxidation was accompanied by equimolar acetate production during exponential growth. A value for YL-lactate (g dry weight bacteria per mol L-lactate) of 54 was determined. Net acetate production stopped when C. sputorum started to use D-lactate after consumption of L-lactate. When a culture growing exponentially at the expense of L-lactate was shifted from a d.o.t. of 0.02 atm to a d.o.t. of 0.15 atm, growth was impaired, and L-lactate consumption and corresponding acetate production diminished. This decrease correlated with a loss of lactate dehydrogenase activity after the shift. Campylobacter sputorum appeared to possess cytochromes of the b- and c-type and a carbon monoxide-binding pigment. Evidence is given that the principal site of oxygen damage is lactate dehydrogenase rather than the cytochrome chain.", "PMID": 599328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6760", "title": "Membrane-bound enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The mode of transport of the complex toxin molecule of Vibrio cholerae (which has a mol. wt of 84000 and consists of several subunits) across the inner and outer membranes of V. cholerae is not known. In this study we found two peptides in the outer and inner membranes of V. cholerae which may be the form in which the toxin subunits are transported across the membrane. We examined two growth conditions: aerobic growth at 37 degrees C, when most of the synthesized toxin is membrane-bound; and anaerobic growth at 37 degrees C, when little toxin remains membrane-bound, the toxin being released into the growth medium. When V. cholerae was grown aerobically at 37 degrees C, the outer and the inner membranes contained two peptides with mol. wts of approximately 22000 and 6000 which were not found in the outer or the inner membrane of anaerobically grown cells. Sodium deoxycholate, which releases membrane-bound toxin, released several peptides including the 22000 and the 6000 mol. wt peptides. Trypsin also released the 22000 and 6000 mol. wt peptides. Purified cholera toxin had three kinds of peptides, of mol. wt 21000 (A1 peptide), 11000 (B subunit) and 5000 (A2 peptide). We postulate that the membrane peptides may be precursors of the A subunit of the toxin molecule.", "contents": "Membrane-bound enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae. The mode of transport of the complex toxin molecule of Vibrio cholerae (which has a mol. wt of 84000 and consists of several subunits) across the inner and outer membranes of V. cholerae is not known. In this study we found two peptides in the outer and inner membranes of V. cholerae which may be the form in which the toxin subunits are transported across the membrane. We examined two growth conditions: aerobic growth at 37 degrees C, when most of the synthesized toxin is membrane-bound; and anaerobic growth at 37 degrees C, when little toxin remains membrane-bound, the toxin being released into the growth medium. When V. cholerae was grown aerobically at 37 degrees C, the outer and the inner membranes contained two peptides with mol. wts of approximately 22000 and 6000 which were not found in the outer or the inner membrane of anaerobically grown cells. Sodium deoxycholate, which releases membrane-bound toxin, released several peptides including the 22000 and the 6000 mol. wt peptides. Trypsin also released the 22000 and 6000 mol. wt peptides. Purified cholera toxin had three kinds of peptides, of mol. wt 21000 (A1 peptide), 11000 (B subunit) and 5000 (A2 peptide). We postulate that the membrane peptides may be precursors of the A subunit of the toxin molecule.", "PMID": 599329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6761", "title": "[Hereditary adenocarcinomatosis in 4 generations of a Valais family].", "content": "An account is given of a family from the Canton of Valais, suffering from hereditary adenocarcinomatosis. The pedigree extends over four generations; the first three comprise 47 individuals (28 males, 19 females), of whom 21 (16 males and 5 females), i.e. 44.6%, are affected with malignant tumours. Of the 32 people in the fourth generation, only one individual is affected to date (a girl aged 21, IV/14). There were 27 tumours in all: 16 adenocarcinomas of the colon, two gastric adenocarcinomas, one duodenal adenocarcinoma, one rectal adenocarcinoma, one papillary carcinoma of the ovary, one osseous sarcoma, one cutaneous fibrosarcoma, a multiform glioblastoma of the basal nuclei of the brain, a basocellular epithelioma, also a cerebral metastasis from an adenocarcinoma, the origin of which has not been established, and a tumour invading the biliary tract. Three members of the family suffered from multiple tumours. In three of the patients, the colonic adenocarcinoma was accompanied by one or two polyps. The average age at the onset for all the tumours was 45 years. It was definitely lower in the third than the second generation (anticipation). The transmission was autosomal dominant, with predilection for the male sex (57.1% male and 26.3% female patients). The penetrance was about 80%. The author finally discusses the diagnostic criteria for hereditary adenocarcinoma and reviews the different familial forms of cancer.", "contents": "[Hereditary adenocarcinomatosis in 4 generations of a Valais family]. An account is given of a family from the Canton of Valais, suffering from hereditary adenocarcinomatosis. The pedigree extends over four generations; the first three comprise 47 individuals (28 males, 19 females), of whom 21 (16 males and 5 females), i.e. 44.6%, are affected with malignant tumours. Of the 32 people in the fourth generation, only one individual is affected to date (a girl aged 21, IV/14). There were 27 tumours in all: 16 adenocarcinomas of the colon, two gastric adenocarcinomas, one duodenal adenocarcinoma, one rectal adenocarcinoma, one papillary carcinoma of the ovary, one osseous sarcoma, one cutaneous fibrosarcoma, a multiform glioblastoma of the basal nuclei of the brain, a basocellular epithelioma, also a cerebral metastasis from an adenocarcinoma, the origin of which has not been established, and a tumour invading the biliary tract. Three members of the family suffered from multiple tumours. In three of the patients, the colonic adenocarcinoma was accompanied by one or two polyps. The average age at the onset for all the tumours was 45 years. It was definitely lower in the third than the second generation (anticipation). The transmission was autosomal dominant, with predilection for the male sex (57.1% male and 26.3% female patients). The penetrance was about 80%. The author finally discusses the diagnostic criteria for hereditary adenocarcinoma and reviews the different familial forms of cancer.", "PMID": 599330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6762", "title": "[Study of fingerprints in 12 cases of hereditary brachydactyly type C and E (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 7 patients with type C brachydactyly and 5 patients with type E brachydactyly. 1. In the C type cases the findings were as follows: a) frequency of anomalies of the digital folds (a fold of the digital flexion); b) frequency of single transverse palmar fold; c) the almost persistent presence of axial t triradius in the intermediate or distal position. 2. In the type E cases there was a predominance, at the digital pulp level, of cubital loops and whorls.", "contents": "[Study of fingerprints in 12 cases of hereditary brachydactyly type C and E (author's transl)]. The authors studied 7 patients with type C brachydactyly and 5 patients with type E brachydactyly. 1. In the C type cases the findings were as follows: a) frequency of anomalies of the digital folds (a fold of the digital flexion); b) frequency of single transverse palmar fold; c) the almost persistent presence of axial t triradius in the intermediate or distal position. 2. In the type E cases there was a predominance, at the digital pulp level, of cubital loops and whorls.", "PMID": 599331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6763", "title": "Inherited pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 2 with Robertsonian translocation (13q 14q) resulting in trisomy for chromosome 13q.", "content": "This report includes a patient with an inherited pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 2 in addition to a Robertsonian translocation resulting in trisomy for chromosome 13q. The chromosomal constitution of the proband was 46,XX,inv(2) (pter leads to p11 : : q14 leads to p11 : : q14 leads to qter); t(13,14) (13qter leads to 13p11 : : 14q11 leads to 14qter). Sequential QFQ, RFA and GTG banding techniques were employed on the chromosomes of all family members. The chromosomal constitutions of the father and his first child were normal while the mother had an inversion of chromosome No. 2 [46,XX,inv(2) (pter leads to p11 : : q14 leads to p11 : : q14 leads to qter)]. The proband inherited this abnormal chromosome. In addition, she had a de novo Robertsonian translocation involving chromosomes 13q and 14q resulting in trisomy of chromosome 13q.", "contents": "Inherited pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 2 with Robertsonian translocation (13q 14q) resulting in trisomy for chromosome 13q. This report includes a patient with an inherited pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 2 in addition to a Robertsonian translocation resulting in trisomy for chromosome 13q. The chromosomal constitution of the proband was 46,XX,inv(2) (pter leads to p11 : : q14 leads to p11 : : q14 leads to qter); t(13,14) (13qter leads to 13p11 : : 14q11 leads to 14qter). Sequential QFQ, RFA and GTG banding techniques were employed on the chromosomes of all family members. The chromosomal constitutions of the father and his first child were normal while the mother had an inversion of chromosome No. 2 [46,XX,inv(2) (pter leads to p11 : : q14 leads to p11 : : q14 leads to qter)]. The proband inherited this abnormal chromosome. In addition, she had a de novo Robertsonian translocation involving chromosomes 13q and 14q resulting in trisomy of chromosome 13q.", "PMID": 599332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6764", "title": "Physiological properties of the penis retractor muscle of Aplysia.", "content": "The properties of the penis retractor muscle of Aplysia have been studied using intracellular, sucrose gap and tension recording. The fibers are of the invertebrate smooth muscle type and exhibit slow contractions which occur spontaneously or in response to stretch in isolated preparations. Individual muscle fibers are innervated by excitatory and inhibitory axons. A variety of sizes of excitatory and inhibitory junctional potentials can be recorded from them. The innervation is probably diffuse and functionally polyneuronal. The fibers are electrically coupled, permeable to potassium and chloride at rest, and exhibit no overshooting active responses. The muscle shows graded responses of depolarization and contraction proportional to strength of nerve stimulation. Facilitation and depression of junctional potentials are seen with various frequencies of nerve stimulation. Post-tetanic potentiation occurs with nerve stimulation at frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz and is suppressed in the presence of increased extracellular calcium concentrations.", "contents": "Physiological properties of the penis retractor muscle of Aplysia. The properties of the penis retractor muscle of Aplysia have been studied using intracellular, sucrose gap and tension recording. The fibers are of the invertebrate smooth muscle type and exhibit slow contractions which occur spontaneously or in response to stretch in isolated preparations. Individual muscle fibers are innervated by excitatory and inhibitory axons. A variety of sizes of excitatory and inhibitory junctional potentials can be recorded from them. The innervation is probably diffuse and functionally polyneuronal. The fibers are electrically coupled, permeable to potassium and chloride at rest, and exhibit no overshooting active responses. The muscle shows graded responses of depolarization and contraction proportional to strength of nerve stimulation. Facilitation and depression of junctional potentials are seen with various frequencies of nerve stimulation. Post-tetanic potentiation occurs with nerve stimulation at frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz and is suppressed in the presence of increased extracellular calcium concentrations.", "PMID": 599336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6765", "title": "Penis-retractor muscle of Aplysia: excitatory motor neurons.", "content": "Cobalt axonal iontophoresis and intracellular recordings were used to identify a cluster of several motor neurons innervating the penis-retractor muscle of Aplysia. Intracellularly recorded motor neuron action potentials elicited direct, one-for-one, constant latency excitatory junctional potentials (ejps) in individual muscle fibers. The axons of motor neurons could be recorded extracellularly in the penis-retractor nerve and stimulation of the nerve backfired the motor neurons. Perfusion of the ganglion, the muscle, or both with solutions of either increased Mg++/decreased Ca++ or increased Ca++ sea water indicated that the presumed motor neuron impaled was not a sensory cell and that interneurons were not intercalated in the pathway. Innervation of muscle fibers was found to be functionally polyneuronal and diffuse. The ejps were found to undergo marked facilitation with repetitive motor-neuron stimulation. The motor neurons were isolated in a distinct cluster in the right pedal ganglion. Their electrical activity was characterized by spontaneous irregular action potentials and a moderate input of postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "Penis-retractor muscle of Aplysia: excitatory motor neurons. Cobalt axonal iontophoresis and intracellular recordings were used to identify a cluster of several motor neurons innervating the penis-retractor muscle of Aplysia. Intracellularly recorded motor neuron action potentials elicited direct, one-for-one, constant latency excitatory junctional potentials (ejps) in individual muscle fibers. The axons of motor neurons could be recorded extracellularly in the penis-retractor nerve and stimulation of the nerve backfired the motor neurons. Perfusion of the ganglion, the muscle, or both with solutions of either increased Mg++/decreased Ca++ or increased Ca++ sea water indicated that the presumed motor neuron impaled was not a sensory cell and that interneurons were not intercalated in the pathway. Innervation of muscle fibers was found to be functionally polyneuronal and diffuse. The ejps were found to undergo marked facilitation with repetitive motor-neuron stimulation. The motor neurons were isolated in a distinct cluster in the right pedal ganglion. Their electrical activity was characterized by spontaneous irregular action potentials and a moderate input of postsynaptic potentials.", "PMID": 599337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6766", "title": "Retinal haemorrhage as a complication of gas encephalography and gas myelography. Prospective study using oxgen gas with a discussion of pathogenetic mechanisms.", "content": "Seventy patients, submitted to oxygen encephalography and oxygen myelography, were examined by retinal funduscopy to establish the incidence of intraocular haemorrhages, a complication reported to be frequent by other investigators. We did not discover any retinal haemorrhages. Pathogenetic factors influencing intracranial or intraocular venous pressure or both are discussed, particularly the effect due to different technical procedures during the examination, and the type of anaesthesia used.", "contents": "Retinal haemorrhage as a complication of gas encephalography and gas myelography. Prospective study using oxgen gas with a discussion of pathogenetic mechanisms. Seventy patients, submitted to oxygen encephalography and oxygen myelography, were examined by retinal funduscopy to establish the incidence of intraocular haemorrhages, a complication reported to be frequent by other investigators. We did not discover any retinal haemorrhages. Pathogenetic factors influencing intracranial or intraocular venous pressure or both are discussed, particularly the effect due to different technical procedures during the examination, and the type of anaesthesia used.", "PMID": 599352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6767", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity and menstrual remissions in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Menstrually related temporary remissions of myasthenic symptoms are reported to occur in 25 to 50% of female patients. Even though this has been attributed to hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle the underlying mechanism of this hormonal influence has remained elusive. The present study demonstrated a cyclical variation in the activity of red cell acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) enzyme (AChE) with a marked reduction at the time of menstrual remission of symptoms of myasthenia. These cyclical changes were abolished by thymectomy. It appears, therefore, that menstrual remission in myasthenia is at least partly due to hormone-induced changes in AChE activity. This process seems to be under the control of the thymus gland.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity and menstrual remissions in myasthenia gravis. Menstrually related temporary remissions of myasthenic symptoms are reported to occur in 25 to 50% of female patients. Even though this has been attributed to hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle the underlying mechanism of this hormonal influence has remained elusive. The present study demonstrated a cyclical variation in the activity of red cell acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) enzyme (AChE) with a marked reduction at the time of menstrual remission of symptoms of myasthenia. These cyclical changes were abolished by thymectomy. It appears, therefore, that menstrual remission in myasthenia is at least partly due to hormone-induced changes in AChE activity. This process seems to be under the control of the thymus gland.", "PMID": 599353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6768", "title": "Effect of differential nerve block on inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration in man.", "content": "The differential nerve block produced by ischaemia has been used in an attempt to identify the afferent nerve fibres responsible for vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in man. It is concluded that the inhibition arises mainly from receptors in the lower leg and is carried by myelinated afferent fibres larger than A-delta.", "contents": "Effect of differential nerve block on inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration in man. The differential nerve block produced by ischaemia has been used in an attempt to identify the afferent nerve fibres responsible for vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in man. It is concluded that the inhibition arises mainly from receptors in the lower leg and is carried by myelinated afferent fibres larger than A-delta.", "PMID": 599354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6769", "title": "Nerve biopsy and conduction studies in diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "Morphological findings in sural nerves were related to nerve conduction in 12 patients with diabetic neuropathy, five with mainly sensory involvement, four with severe, symmetrical sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and three with multiple mononeuropathy. All had loss of large and small myelinated and of unmyelinated fibres, even early in the disease; segmental remyelination was the most prominent myelin alteration in teased fibres, segmental demyelination was found in only a few fibres. Axonal degeneration and Schwann cell damage seem to proceed independently of each other. The relation between recorded conduction velocity and that expected from the diameter of the largest fibres indicated that slowing of 20 to 30% was due to causes other than fibre loss; a grossly diminished conduction velocity was caused mainly by fibre loss. Electrophysiological findings in the sural nerve were largely representative of findings in other nerves, though abnormalities were less marked in the median nerve. In half the endoneurial vessels from diabetic neuropathy the perivascular space was thickened or contained more layers of basal laminae than normal. The same abnormalities were found in one-quarter of the endoneurial vessels from other acquired neuropathies.", "contents": "Nerve biopsy and conduction studies in diabetic neuropathy. Morphological findings in sural nerves were related to nerve conduction in 12 patients with diabetic neuropathy, five with mainly sensory involvement, four with severe, symmetrical sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and three with multiple mononeuropathy. All had loss of large and small myelinated and of unmyelinated fibres, even early in the disease; segmental remyelination was the most prominent myelin alteration in teased fibres, segmental demyelination was found in only a few fibres. Axonal degeneration and Schwann cell damage seem to proceed independently of each other. The relation between recorded conduction velocity and that expected from the diameter of the largest fibres indicated that slowing of 20 to 30% was due to causes other than fibre loss; a grossly diminished conduction velocity was caused mainly by fibre loss. Electrophysiological findings in the sural nerve were largely representative of findings in other nerves, though abnormalities were less marked in the median nerve. In half the endoneurial vessels from diabetic neuropathy the perivascular space was thickened or contained more layers of basal laminae than normal. The same abnormalities were found in one-quarter of the endoneurial vessels from other acquired neuropathies.", "PMID": 599355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6770", "title": "Effect of body temperature on visual evoked potential delay and visual perception in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Seven multiple sclerosis patients were cooled and four heated, but evoked potential delay changed in only five out 11 experiments. Control limits were set by cooling eight and heating four control subjects. One patient gave anomalous results in that although heating degraded perceptual delay and visual acuity, and depressed the sine wave grating MTF, double-flash resolution was improved. An explanation is proposed in terms of the pattern of axonal demyelination. The medium frequency flicker evoked potential test seems to be a less reliable means of monitoring the progress of demyelination in multiple sclerosis patients than is double-flash campimetry or perceptual delay campimetry, although in some situations the objectivity of the evoked potential test would be advantageous.", "contents": "Effect of body temperature on visual evoked potential delay and visual perception in multiple sclerosis. Seven multiple sclerosis patients were cooled and four heated, but evoked potential delay changed in only five out 11 experiments. Control limits were set by cooling eight and heating four control subjects. One patient gave anomalous results in that although heating degraded perceptual delay and visual acuity, and depressed the sine wave grating MTF, double-flash resolution was improved. An explanation is proposed in terms of the pattern of axonal demyelination. The medium frequency flicker evoked potential test seems to be a less reliable means of monitoring the progress of demyelination in multiple sclerosis patients than is double-flash campimetry or perceptual delay campimetry, although in some situations the objectivity of the evoked potential test would be advantageous.", "PMID": 599356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6771", "title": "An unusual cause of apparent epilepsy: ECG and EEG findings in a case of Jervell Lange-Neilson syndrome.", "content": "A case is presented of apparent epilepsy which proved to be due to recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (torsade de pointe). The relationship between the cardiac arrhythmia and changes in the electroencephalograph is recorded and analysed. This is probably an example of the 'Jervell Lange-Neilson' syndrome of cardiac arrhythmias which may produce ictal episodes, prolongation of the QTc interval of the ECG, and sensori-neural deafness. The features of the syndrome, its pathology and treatment, and its relevance to the mangement of epilepsy are discussed.", "contents": "An unusual cause of apparent epilepsy: ECG and EEG findings in a case of Jervell Lange-Neilson syndrome. A case is presented of apparent epilepsy which proved to be due to recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (torsade de pointe). The relationship between the cardiac arrhythmia and changes in the electroencephalograph is recorded and analysed. This is probably an example of the 'Jervell Lange-Neilson' syndrome of cardiac arrhythmias which may produce ictal episodes, prolongation of the QTc interval of the ECG, and sensori-neural deafness. The features of the syndrome, its pathology and treatment, and its relevance to the mangement of epilepsy are discussed.", "PMID": 599357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6772", "title": "Relapsing neurological disorder associated with rubella virus infection in two sisters.", "content": "A disseminated relapsing neurological disorder presented simultaneously in two sisters. Encephalitic features were present in one case. The illness was associated with a significant increase in rubella specific IgM in both sisters. Despite the absence of a rubella rash, this increase would be compatible with a recent infection by the rubella virus as a basis for the illness, and the persistent elevation, with active antigenic stimulation. It is suggested that both patients might represent the clinical manifestations of perivenous demyelination caused by the rubella virus, which, in view of the relapsing nature of the illness, has progressed to plaque formation.", "contents": "Relapsing neurological disorder associated with rubella virus infection in two sisters. A disseminated relapsing neurological disorder presented simultaneously in two sisters. Encephalitic features were present in one case. The illness was associated with a significant increase in rubella specific IgM in both sisters. Despite the absence of a rubella rash, this increase would be compatible with a recent infection by the rubella virus as a basis for the illness, and the persistent elevation, with active antigenic stimulation. It is suggested that both patients might represent the clinical manifestations of perivenous demyelination caused by the rubella virus, which, in view of the relapsing nature of the illness, has progressed to plaque formation.", "PMID": 599358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6773", "title": "Spinal cord compression in thalassaemia.", "content": "Two cases of spinal cord compression resulting from extramedullary haemopoiesis in patients with thalassaemia of intermediate clinical severity are reported. The association between mild thalassaemia with long survival and the risk of spinal cord compression from extramedullary haemopoietic deposits is emphasised.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression in thalassaemia. Two cases of spinal cord compression resulting from extramedullary haemopoiesis in patients with thalassaemia of intermediate clinical severity are reported. The association between mild thalassaemia with long survival and the risk of spinal cord compression from extramedullary haemopoietic deposits is emphasised.", "PMID": 599359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6774", "title": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 1. Effects of progressive epidural ballon expansion on intracranial pressure: and systemic circulation.", "content": "This paper details the results of experimental studies, on 16 dogs with artificially-induced intracranial space-occupying lesions, of the systemic vascular responses and the intracranial pressure changes (both in the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments) induced by increasing intracranial pressure. The changes produced were divided into two phases such that phase 1 detailed the alterations observed from the start of the balloon inflation up to the initiation of the systemic pressor response. Phase 2 recorded those alterations which occurred during, and immediately after, the period of systemic hypertension (see Fitch et al., 1977). The changes observed during phase 1, and presented in this communication, were those of increasing intracranial pressures and decreasing mean arterial pressure and heart rate. These alterations were associated with decreases in supratentorial perfusion pressure and increases in transtentorial pressure gradient and arrhythmia index.", "contents": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 1. Effects of progressive epidural ballon expansion on intracranial pressure: and systemic circulation. This paper details the results of experimental studies, on 16 dogs with artificially-induced intracranial space-occupying lesions, of the systemic vascular responses and the intracranial pressure changes (both in the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments) induced by increasing intracranial pressure. The changes produced were divided into two phases such that phase 1 detailed the alterations observed from the start of the balloon inflation up to the initiation of the systemic pressor response. Phase 2 recorded those alterations which occurred during, and immediately after, the period of systemic hypertension (see Fitch et al., 1977). The changes observed during phase 1, and presented in this communication, were those of increasing intracranial pressures and decreasing mean arterial pressure and heart rate. These alterations were associated with decreases in supratentorial perfusion pressure and increases in transtentorial pressure gradient and arrhythmia index.", "PMID": 599360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6775", "title": "Multiple progressive intracranial arterial occlusions ('moyamoya' disease).", "content": "Four adult female patients with moyamoya vessels are described. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were discovered in three patients. Vessels similar to moyamoya vessels were seen in the orbital and cortical collateral vessels as well as in the basal ganglia region. Attention should now be paid to the aetiological rather than the descriptive aspects of the disorder. An empirical trial of corticosteroids is worth while. Risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and smoking should be eliminated.", "contents": "Multiple progressive intracranial arterial occlusions ('moyamoya' disease). Four adult female patients with moyamoya vessels are described. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were discovered in three patients. Vessels similar to moyamoya vessels were seen in the orbital and cortical collateral vessels as well as in the basal ganglia region. Attention should now be paid to the aetiological rather than the descriptive aspects of the disorder. An empirical trial of corticosteroids is worth while. Risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and smoking should be eliminated.", "PMID": 599361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6776", "title": "Syndrome of agitated delirium and visual impairment: a manifestation of medial temporo-occipital infarction.", "content": "Three patients presented with sudden visual impairment followed by agitated delirium one to three days later. Examination revealed marked agitation, dementia, and loss of vision. Computerised axial tomography demonstrated temporo-occipital infarctions. All recovered from the agitated state in four days to two months, but their visual impairment and dementia persisted one to four years later.", "contents": "Syndrome of agitated delirium and visual impairment: a manifestation of medial temporo-occipital infarction. Three patients presented with sudden visual impairment followed by agitated delirium one to three days later. Examination revealed marked agitation, dementia, and loss of vision. Computerised axial tomography demonstrated temporo-occipital infarctions. All recovered from the agitated state in four days to two months, but their visual impairment and dementia persisted one to four years later.", "PMID": 599362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6777", "title": "Antimyelin antibody in multiple sclerosis: no change during immunosuppression.", "content": "We studied retrospectively levels of antimyelin antibody in a group of 13 multiple sclerosis patients who underwent a clinical trial of long-term, high dose (2.0-4.5 mg/kg/day) azathiaprine therapy. In apparent contrast with collagen vascular disease associated with antitissue antibody, azathiaprine therapy was not associated with significant change in titres of antimyelin antibody. Variation of titre of antimyelin antibody in apparent association with disease activity continued during therapy. No significant changes occurred in levels of serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Antimyelin antibody in multiple sclerosis: no change during immunosuppression. We studied retrospectively levels of antimyelin antibody in a group of 13 multiple sclerosis patients who underwent a clinical trial of long-term, high dose (2.0-4.5 mg/kg/day) azathiaprine therapy. In apparent contrast with collagen vascular disease associated with antitissue antibody, azathiaprine therapy was not associated with significant change in titres of antimyelin antibody. Variation of titre of antimyelin antibody in apparent association with disease activity continued during therapy. No significant changes occurred in levels of serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 599363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6778", "title": "Epidemiological studies on patients with a persistent vegetative state.", "content": "Persistent vegetative state after severe brain damage was studied epidemiologically in 110 cases from 1973 to 1976. The causes of brain damage were varied. More than one-third of the cases were due to trauma, and about one-fifth were the result of vascular accidents. Three year observation revealed that 65% of the patients died during this period. Mean survival time for dead patients was 38 months. Reactivity, clinical signs, EEG findings, methods of management, and results of various trials of treatment were investigated in connection with the patient's prognosis.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on patients with a persistent vegetative state. Persistent vegetative state after severe brain damage was studied epidemiologically in 110 cases from 1973 to 1976. The causes of brain damage were varied. More than one-third of the cases were due to trauma, and about one-fifth were the result of vascular accidents. Three year observation revealed that 65% of the patients died during this period. Mean survival time for dead patients was 38 months. Reactivity, clinical signs, EEG findings, methods of management, and results of various trials of treatment were investigated in connection with the patient's prognosis.", "PMID": 599364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6779", "title": "Neuroectodermal tumours in the cerebellum in two sisters.", "content": "Two sisters, one 5 years and the other 2 years old, with intrinsic tumours of the cerebellum are reported. One of the tumours was interpreted as being a ganglioneuroma with neuroblastomatous change. The other was a desmoplastic medulloblastoma.", "contents": "Neuroectodermal tumours in the cerebellum in two sisters. Two sisters, one 5 years and the other 2 years old, with intrinsic tumours of the cerebellum are reported. One of the tumours was interpreted as being a ganglioneuroma with neuroblastomatous change. The other was a desmoplastic medulloblastoma.", "PMID": 599365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6780", "title": "Phenytoin intoxication during concurrent diazepam therapy.", "content": "Phenytoin elimination is a saturable process obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Plasma phenytoin levels are not related linearly to dose, and small changes in enzyme activity produced by concurrent drug therapy could alter plasma levels. Two cases of phenytoin intoxication associated with simultaneous administration of diazepam are reported. Intravenous phenytoin infusions were given and the apparent K(m) and V(max) computed from the resulting plasma phenytoin levels. In one case `K(m)' and `V(max)' were 0.8 \u03bcmol/1 and 1.3 \u03bcmol/1/hour respectively during concurrent diazepam administration, and 50.3 \u03bcmol/1 and 4.4 \u03bcmol/1/hour after discontinuation of diazepam. In the second case phenytoin infusion with diazepam gave `K(m)' and `V(max)' values of 0.012 \u03bcmol/1 and 0.95 \u03bcmol/1/hour. Without diazepam these were 28.8 \u03bcmol/1 and 0.92 \u03bcmol/1/hour respectively.", "contents": "Phenytoin intoxication during concurrent diazepam therapy. Phenytoin elimination is a saturable process obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Plasma phenytoin levels are not related linearly to dose, and small changes in enzyme activity produced by concurrent drug therapy could alter plasma levels. Two cases of phenytoin intoxication associated with simultaneous administration of diazepam are reported. Intravenous phenytoin infusions were given and the apparent K(m) and V(max) computed from the resulting plasma phenytoin levels. In one case `K(m)' and `V(max)' were 0.8 \u03bcmol/1 and 1.3 \u03bcmol/1/hour respectively during concurrent diazepam administration, and 50.3 \u03bcmol/1 and 4.4 \u03bcmol/1/hour after discontinuation of diazepam. In the second case phenytoin infusion with diazepam gave `K(m)' and `V(max)' values of 0.012 \u03bcmol/1 and 0.95 \u03bcmol/1/hour. Without diazepam these were 28.8 \u03bcmol/1 and 0.92 \u03bcmol/1/hour respectively.", "PMID": 599366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6781", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 3. Effect of hypotension on increase of CSF enzyme activity after cold injury in cats.", "content": "The influence of trimetaphan-induced hypotension was studied on the increase in the activities of various enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid after cold injuries of the brain in cats. Hypotension was induced immediately after freezing, and in a second series after a delay of 45 minutes. It was shown that induction of hypotension may inhibit the appearance of enzymes in the CSF after cold injuries in the first seven hours after freezing. Histological studies revealed less pronounced oedema in the hypotensive animals. The results suggest that hypotension retards the transport of enzymes released from necrotic areas through the extracellular fluid towards the CSF.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymes in acute brain injury. 3. Effect of hypotension on increase of CSF enzyme activity after cold injury in cats. The influence of trimetaphan-induced hypotension was studied on the increase in the activities of various enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid after cold injuries of the brain in cats. Hypotension was induced immediately after freezing, and in a second series after a delay of 45 minutes. It was shown that induction of hypotension may inhibit the appearance of enzymes in the CSF after cold injuries in the first seven hours after freezing. Histological studies revealed less pronounced oedema in the hypotensive animals. The results suggest that hypotension retards the transport of enzymes released from necrotic areas through the extracellular fluid towards the CSF.", "PMID": 599367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6782", "title": "Effects of extensor and flexor group I afferent volleys on the excitability of individual soleus motoneurones in man.", "content": "The contour of the postsynaptic potential (PSP) produced in a neurone by an afferent volley can be derived from the contour of the post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) of that neurone when it is discharging rhythmically. In the present study the PSTH of the firing of individual soleus motor units after stimulation of the popliteal or peroneal nerve was used to explore the effects of extensor and flexor group I afferent volleys on the excitability of single soleus motoneurones in man. Extensor group I volleys resulted in an early peak of increased impulse density in the PSTH of 75% of soleus motoneurones. The latency suggests an analogy with the Ia EPSP. The mean duration of the peak of increased impulse density, equivalent to the rise time of the EPSP, was 3.6 ms. Flexor group I volleys result in a period of reduced impulse density in the PSTH of five out of nine soleus motoneurones. The latency suggests an analogy with the Ia IPSP. We conclude that this method could be used to explore the afferent connections to single motoneurones in man and to derive some of the characteristics of the postsynaptic potentials from a variety of afferent nerve fibres in single human motoneurones.", "contents": "Effects of extensor and flexor group I afferent volleys on the excitability of individual soleus motoneurones in man. The contour of the postsynaptic potential (PSP) produced in a neurone by an afferent volley can be derived from the contour of the post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) of that neurone when it is discharging rhythmically. In the present study the PSTH of the firing of individual soleus motor units after stimulation of the popliteal or peroneal nerve was used to explore the effects of extensor and flexor group I afferent volleys on the excitability of single soleus motoneurones in man. Extensor group I volleys resulted in an early peak of increased impulse density in the PSTH of 75% of soleus motoneurones. The latency suggests an analogy with the Ia EPSP. The mean duration of the peak of increased impulse density, equivalent to the rise time of the EPSP, was 3.6 ms. Flexor group I volleys result in a period of reduced impulse density in the PSTH of five out of nine soleus motoneurones. The latency suggests an analogy with the Ia IPSP. We conclude that this method could be used to explore the afferent connections to single motoneurones in man and to derive some of the characteristics of the postsynaptic potentials from a variety of afferent nerve fibres in single human motoneurones.", "PMID": 599368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6783", "title": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage of unknown aetiology. A clinical and radiological study of 51 cases.", "content": "A detailed clinical and radiological study of 51 patients presenting with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, for which no cause could be found, has been described. Although selection for full investigation has favoured the inclusion of younger and fitter patients, analysis of the information obtained suggests that haemorrhage could be due to: (a) aneurysms undergoing thrombosis at the time of haemorrhage, in which subsequent recanalisation will produce a low incidence of further bleeding; (b) minute (2 mm) aneurysms, destroyed at the time of haemorrhage and posing no subsequent threat.", "contents": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage of unknown aetiology. A clinical and radiological study of 51 cases. A detailed clinical and radiological study of 51 patients presenting with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, for which no cause could be found, has been described. Although selection for full investigation has favoured the inclusion of younger and fitter patients, analysis of the information obtained suggests that haemorrhage could be due to: (a) aneurysms undergoing thrombosis at the time of haemorrhage, in which subsequent recanalisation will produce a low incidence of further bleeding; (b) minute (2 mm) aneurysms, destroyed at the time of haemorrhage and posing no subsequent threat.", "PMID": 599369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6784", "title": "Mesial temporal haemorrhage, consequence of status epilepticus.", "content": "A 52 year old woman developed a severe encephalopathy with status epilepticus of six days duration in the terminal course of an acute hepatitis associated with hyperammonaemia and hyperventilation. Acute haemorrhagic lesions were observed in the brain, involving symmetrically both amygdala and cornu Ammonis. The sequential occurrence of these lesions with status epilepticus are discussed in the light of data from the literature.", "contents": "Mesial temporal haemorrhage, consequence of status epilepticus. A 52 year old woman developed a severe encephalopathy with status epilepticus of six days duration in the terminal course of an acute hepatitis associated with hyperammonaemia and hyperventilation. Acute haemorrhagic lesions were observed in the brain, involving symmetrically both amygdala and cornu Ammonis. The sequential occurrence of these lesions with status epilepticus are discussed in the light of data from the literature.", "PMID": 599370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6785", "title": "An anatomical basis for the resistance and capacitance in series with excitable membrane of the squid giant axon.", "content": "To correlate periaxonal tissue layer resistance with Schwann cell layer anatomy, cross and longitudinal sections of giant axons of Loligo pealei were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Measurements were made of the width and frequency of mesaxonal clefts entering the Schwann cell layer from the periaxonal space and leaving the cell layer adjacent to the basal lamina. The average mesaxonal cleft width is 10.5 nm. One cm2 of the giant axon surface is enclosed by a single cell layer containing about 690 000 Schwann cells. One cm2 of axon surface has a sheath mesaxonal area of 0.002 cm2 at the periaxonal surface and 0.016 cm2 at the basal lamina, the mesaxons branching frequently as they cross the sheath. The volume of the Schwann cell layer extracellular space was estimated to be roughly 1% of the Schwann cell layer volume. Several models were used to predict the resistance R, across the Schwann cell layer. Assuming the mesaxonal clefts contain seawater, and can be lumped into volume conductors having simple geometries, then (normalized for one cm2 of axon surface) R was estimated to be between 0.4 and 0.9 omega cm2. This compares favourably with electrophysiological estimates of the periaxonal tissue resistance (current clamp value = 0.9 omega cm2 and the voltage clamp value = 1.4 omega cm2) as these electrically measured values include the resistance across the outer connective tissue layer as well as the Schwann cell layer. The value of the Schwann cell membrane capacity was estimated to be approximately 0.7 muF/cm2.", "contents": "An anatomical basis for the resistance and capacitance in series with excitable membrane of the squid giant axon. To correlate periaxonal tissue layer resistance with Schwann cell layer anatomy, cross and longitudinal sections of giant axons of Loligo pealei were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Measurements were made of the width and frequency of mesaxonal clefts entering the Schwann cell layer from the periaxonal space and leaving the cell layer adjacent to the basal lamina. The average mesaxonal cleft width is 10.5 nm. One cm2 of the giant axon surface is enclosed by a single cell layer containing about 690 000 Schwann cells. One cm2 of axon surface has a sheath mesaxonal area of 0.002 cm2 at the periaxonal surface and 0.016 cm2 at the basal lamina, the mesaxons branching frequently as they cross the sheath. The volume of the Schwann cell layer extracellular space was estimated to be roughly 1% of the Schwann cell layer volume. Several models were used to predict the resistance R, across the Schwann cell layer. Assuming the mesaxonal clefts contain seawater, and can be lumped into volume conductors having simple geometries, then (normalized for one cm2 of axon surface) R was estimated to be between 0.4 and 0.9 omega cm2. This compares favourably with electrophysiological estimates of the periaxonal tissue resistance (current clamp value = 0.9 omega cm2 and the voltage clamp value = 1.4 omega cm2) as these electrically measured values include the resistance across the outer connective tissue layer as well as the Schwann cell layer. The value of the Schwann cell membrane capacity was estimated to be approximately 0.7 muF/cm2.", "PMID": 599371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6786", "title": "The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. IV. Terminations upon spiny dendrites.", "content": "The forms of the spiny dendrites in layer IV receiving degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals have been examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions of segments of these dendrites show that the axon terminals synapse with both the dendritic spines and the dendritic shafts. No main shafts of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons were found to synapse with the thalamic afferents, which are received mainly by spiny dendrites 1-2 micron in diameter, at least some of which appear to be the oblique branches of apical dendrites. The forms of these postsynaptic dendrites are so variable that is concluded they arise from more than one morphological type of neuron. The conclusion based on this and previous articles in the series is that most neuronal elements in layer IV which form asymmetric synaptic junctions are potential recipients of the thalamocortical afferents.", "contents": "The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. IV. Terminations upon spiny dendrites. The forms of the spiny dendrites in layer IV receiving degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals have been examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions of segments of these dendrites show that the axon terminals synapse with both the dendritic spines and the dendritic shafts. No main shafts of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons were found to synapse with the thalamic afferents, which are received mainly by spiny dendrites 1-2 micron in diameter, at least some of which appear to be the oblique branches of apical dendrites. The forms of these postsynaptic dendrites are so variable that is concluded they arise from more than one morphological type of neuron. The conclusion based on this and previous articles in the series is that most neuronal elements in layer IV which form asymmetric synaptic junctions are potential recipients of the thalamocortical afferents.", "PMID": 599373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6787", "title": "Development of neuromuscular junctions of fast and slow muscles in the chick embryo: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The morphogenesis of neuromuscular injections (NMJ) was studied by electron microscopy in fast posterior and slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscles (PLD and ALD) of chick embryos. In 8 day embryos, the NMJ is already established in both types. In PLD at this stage, individual axons completely ensheathed by Schwann cell processes form NMJs with myotubes, whereas in ALD axon terminal lie adjacent to (and not separated by Schwann cell processes from) naked axons which are components of a nerve bundle. At 11-15 days, the number of profiles of axon terminals at each endplate increases in both PLD and ALD. In PLD, individual axon terminals are ensheathed by Schwann cells and often branch. In ALD, several axon terminals become ensheathed as a group by processes of a Schwann cell, along with a small number of adjacent naked axons. The individual axon terminals were confirmed by analysis of serial sections to originate from different preterminal axons. Thus, the increase in number of axon terminals in PLD may be due to extensive terminal branching, whereas in ALD it may be due to the arrival of other nerve fibres. From 16 days, each axon terminal in an endplate of ALD becomes individually ensheathed by Schwann cell processes. However, the property of polyneuronal innervation in each endplate is retained even in the adult muscle. The junctional sarcoplasm protrudes to separate individual axon terminals at certain developmental stages: the protuberances are thinner and more numerous in ALD than in PLD at 15-16 days. It is concluded that NMJ morphogenesis differs between PLD and ALD and that the differences reside mainly on the neuronal side.", "contents": "Development of neuromuscular junctions of fast and slow muscles in the chick embryo: a light and electron microscopic study. The morphogenesis of neuromuscular injections (NMJ) was studied by electron microscopy in fast posterior and slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscles (PLD and ALD) of chick embryos. In 8 day embryos, the NMJ is already established in both types. In PLD at this stage, individual axons completely ensheathed by Schwann cell processes form NMJs with myotubes, whereas in ALD axon terminal lie adjacent to (and not separated by Schwann cell processes from) naked axons which are components of a nerve bundle. At 11-15 days, the number of profiles of axon terminals at each endplate increases in both PLD and ALD. In PLD, individual axon terminals are ensheathed by Schwann cells and often branch. In ALD, several axon terminals become ensheathed as a group by processes of a Schwann cell, along with a small number of adjacent naked axons. The individual axon terminals were confirmed by analysis of serial sections to originate from different preterminal axons. Thus, the increase in number of axon terminals in PLD may be due to extensive terminal branching, whereas in ALD it may be due to the arrival of other nerve fibres. From 16 days, each axon terminal in an endplate of ALD becomes individually ensheathed by Schwann cell processes. However, the property of polyneuronal innervation in each endplate is retained even in the adult muscle. The junctional sarcoplasm protrudes to separate individual axon terminals at certain developmental stages: the protuberances are thinner and more numerous in ALD than in PLD at 15-16 days. It is concluded that NMJ morphogenesis differs between PLD and ALD and that the differences reside mainly on the neuronal side.", "PMID": 599374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6788", "title": "Degeneration of varicose axons and their phagocytosis by smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Intramuscular varicose axons of the guinea-pig vas deferens were studied by electron microscopy after surgical and chemical denervation. The intervaricose segments disappear, and the varicosities become disconnected, spherical in shape and either swollen or more electron-dense. Other varicosities, presumably more advanced degenerative stages, appear as phagosomes in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and of smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells are extensively involved in the process of elimination of the degenerated nerve varicosities.", "contents": "Degeneration of varicose axons and their phagocytosis by smooth muscle cells. Intramuscular varicose axons of the guinea-pig vas deferens were studied by electron microscopy after surgical and chemical denervation. The intervaricose segments disappear, and the varicosities become disconnected, spherical in shape and either swollen or more electron-dense. Other varicosities, presumably more advanced degenerative stages, appear as phagosomes in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and of smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells are extensively involved in the process of elimination of the degenerated nerve varicosities.", "PMID": 599375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6789", "title": "Volume composition of the lateral cervical nucleus in the cat. I. A stereological and electron microscopical study of normal and deafferentated animals.", "content": "The neuropil of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been studied by means of ultrastructural stereological methods. Estimates of the fractional volumes of axons, glial cells (three types), extracellular space, boutons, bouton mitochondria, dendrites, dendritic mitochondria, neuronal somata and blood vessels were calculated for four normal cats and eight cats which had been subjected to spinal deafferentation 2, 4, 9, and 14 days before perfusion. 14 days after operation the fractional volume of boutons and dendrites in the nucleus was considerably lower on the operated side, corresponding to a reduction of 67% and 64% respectively. The bouton reduction was higher than could have been expected from findings in earlier qualitative studies. The reduction in dendritic volume, which was already present after 4 days, had not been detected in earlier studies of the LCN. Dark dendrites were found both in normal animals and on the normal and operated sides in operated animals. The variation from animal to animal was great but the figures for the deafferented sides were significantly higher. The general value of the stereological technique in ultrastructural neuroanatomical research is discussed and it is concluded that quantitative methods are more sensive to small and gradual changes and should give a better estimation of transneuronal effects and of the amount of degeneration than purely qualitative methods.", "contents": "Volume composition of the lateral cervical nucleus in the cat. I. A stereological and electron microscopical study of normal and deafferentated animals. The neuropil of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been studied by means of ultrastructural stereological methods. Estimates of the fractional volumes of axons, glial cells (three types), extracellular space, boutons, bouton mitochondria, dendrites, dendritic mitochondria, neuronal somata and blood vessels were calculated for four normal cats and eight cats which had been subjected to spinal deafferentation 2, 4, 9, and 14 days before perfusion. 14 days after operation the fractional volume of boutons and dendrites in the nucleus was considerably lower on the operated side, corresponding to a reduction of 67% and 64% respectively. The bouton reduction was higher than could have been expected from findings in earlier qualitative studies. The reduction in dendritic volume, which was already present after 4 days, had not been detected in earlier studies of the LCN. Dark dendrites were found both in normal animals and on the normal and operated sides in operated animals. The variation from animal to animal was great but the figures for the deafferented sides were significantly higher. The general value of the stereological technique in ultrastructural neuroanatomical research is discussed and it is concluded that quantitative methods are more sensive to small and gradual changes and should give a better estimation of transneuronal effects and of the amount of degeneration than purely qualitative methods.", "PMID": 599376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6790", "title": "Chronic occupational exposure to lead: an evaluation of the health of smelter workers.", "content": "After receiving reports of lead poisoning in two workers at a secondary lead smelter, we evaluated the health status of 38 current smelter workers and 87 of their household contacts by questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Fatigue, cough, and diarrhea were the most frequent symptoms in plant employees; each occurred in at least a third. The most frequent physical finding, hand tremor, occurred in 10 of 33 plant employees. Twelve employees had blood lead concentrations at or above 80 microgram/100 ml, and 17 others had blood lead concentrations at or above 60 microgram/100 ml. All physical signs possibly due to excess lead absorption were manifested by employees with blood lead levels of 60 microgram/100 ml or greater, with one exception. Household contacts of employees had few symptoms suggestive of excess lead absorption.", "contents": "Chronic occupational exposure to lead: an evaluation of the health of smelter workers. After receiving reports of lead poisoning in two workers at a secondary lead smelter, we evaluated the health status of 38 current smelter workers and 87 of their household contacts by questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Fatigue, cough, and diarrhea were the most frequent symptoms in plant employees; each occurred in at least a third. The most frequent physical finding, hand tremor, occurred in 10 of 33 plant employees. Twelve employees had blood lead concentrations at or above 80 microgram/100 ml, and 17 others had blood lead concentrations at or above 60 microgram/100 ml. All physical signs possibly due to excess lead absorption were manifested by employees with blood lead levels of 60 microgram/100 ml or greater, with one exception. Household contacts of employees had few symptoms suggestive of excess lead absorption.", "PMID": 599390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6791", "title": "Asbestosis -- a diagnostic enigma: a personal view.", "content": "Although the carcinogenic properties of asbestos are presently attracting a good deal of attention, asbestosis is still the earliest lung disease resulting from exposure to it and its incidence in an exposed population is the most useful indicator of the degree of dust control exercised over a period of time. The diagnosis of asbestosis depends upon: (1) An adequate occupational exposure history. (2) Physical signs of pulmonary fibrosis. (3) Progressive radiological changes. (4) Confirmatory measurements of altered lung function. Asbestosis is a clinical entity and is readily diagnosed when all the above-mentioned criteria are met. Problems in diagnosis are encountered when one or more of the diagnostic criteria listed above cannot be substantiated. At the present time every effort is made to diagnose the disease in its early stages in the hope that removal from further exposure will prevent the direct and indirect complications.", "contents": "Asbestosis -- a diagnostic enigma: a personal view. Although the carcinogenic properties of asbestos are presently attracting a good deal of attention, asbestosis is still the earliest lung disease resulting from exposure to it and its incidence in an exposed population is the most useful indicator of the degree of dust control exercised over a period of time. The diagnosis of asbestosis depends upon: (1) An adequate occupational exposure history. (2) Physical signs of pulmonary fibrosis. (3) Progressive radiological changes. (4) Confirmatory measurements of altered lung function. Asbestosis is a clinical entity and is readily diagnosed when all the above-mentioned criteria are met. Problems in diagnosis are encountered when one or more of the diagnostic criteria listed above cannot be substantiated. At the present time every effort is made to diagnose the disease in its early stages in the hope that removal from further exposure will prevent the direct and indirect complications.", "PMID": 599391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6792", "title": "The forced end-expiratory flow rate in chloromethyl ether workers.", "content": "Spirograms were made in 103 chemical workers, 72 of whom had been exposed for years to chloromethyl ethers to various degrees. The end-expiratory flow rate was below 60% of predicted in one-third of exposed men compared to only 3% of unexposed men. Smoking was a confounding factor. In 49 current cigarette smokers consuming less than one pack per day, the data suggested a dose-response relationship between chemical exposure and the frequency of low end-expiratory flow rate.", "contents": "The forced end-expiratory flow rate in chloromethyl ether workers. Spirograms were made in 103 chemical workers, 72 of whom had been exposed for years to chloromethyl ethers to various degrees. The end-expiratory flow rate was below 60% of predicted in one-third of exposed men compared to only 3% of unexposed men. Smoking was a confounding factor. In 49 current cigarette smokers consuming less than one pack per day, the data suggested a dose-response relationship between chemical exposure and the frequency of low end-expiratory flow rate.", "PMID": 599392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6793", "title": "Impairment severity in seizure disorders: some suggestions for reliable assessment.", "content": "Severity of impairment in seizure disorders is typically difficult to assess because of the existence of seizure-free intervals of varying duration, often in the absence of neurological or other clinical signs. For purposes of determining degree of severity, clear documentation and description of seizures, as well as of any associated phenomena such as loss of sphincter control and the side effects of medication, are needed. Differentiation between primary and secondary seizure disorders is also important because the latter frequently are associated with other impairments. The approach to assessment advocated is based on the incidence and intensity of seizures remaining after maximum therapeutic control has been achieved. An assessment form has been developed which concisely summarizes salient case features. A composite case report is appended for the purpose of demonstrating use of the form. Instructions are in the Appendix.", "contents": "Impairment severity in seizure disorders: some suggestions for reliable assessment. Severity of impairment in seizure disorders is typically difficult to assess because of the existence of seizure-free intervals of varying duration, often in the absence of neurological or other clinical signs. For purposes of determining degree of severity, clear documentation and description of seizures, as well as of any associated phenomena such as loss of sphincter control and the side effects of medication, are needed. Differentiation between primary and secondary seizure disorders is also important because the latter frequently are associated with other impairments. The approach to assessment advocated is based on the incidence and intensity of seizures remaining after maximum therapeutic control has been achieved. An assessment form has been developed which concisely summarizes salient case features. A composite case report is appended for the purpose of demonstrating use of the form. Instructions are in the Appendix.", "PMID": 599393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6794", "title": "Racial stratification of organochlorine insecticide residues in human adipose tissue.", "content": "The racial stratification of residues of total DDT equivalent, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, beta-benzene hexachloride and lindane in human adipose tissue was studied. Samples of human adipose tissue were obtained from locations selected in the contiguous United States according to a stratified, proportionate-random survey design and chemically analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides. The most marked case of racial difference in residue level was total DDT equivalent. Samples from Negros contained almost twice as much of this chemical as did samples from Caucasians. Racial stratification also was found in the frequency of lindane. Lindane was detected about twice as often in samples from Negros than in samples from Caucasians. Little racial differences were noted for residues of beta-benzene hexachloride, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and oxychlordane.", "contents": "Racial stratification of organochlorine insecticide residues in human adipose tissue. The racial stratification of residues of total DDT equivalent, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, beta-benzene hexachloride and lindane in human adipose tissue was studied. Samples of human adipose tissue were obtained from locations selected in the contiguous United States according to a stratified, proportionate-random survey design and chemically analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides. The most marked case of racial difference in residue level was total DDT equivalent. Samples from Negros contained almost twice as much of this chemical as did samples from Caucasians. Racial stratification also was found in the frequency of lindane. Lindane was detected about twice as often in samples from Negros than in samples from Caucasians. Little racial differences were noted for residues of beta-benzene hexachloride, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and oxychlordane.", "PMID": 599394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6795", "title": "Responses of atrial mechanoreceptors to pulsation of atrial volume.", "content": "1. Firing patterns of single atrial fibres were monitored in order to study their sensitivity to rate of change of atrial volume and their dependence on receptor location in the atria.2. To that effect, sinusoidal fluctuations of volume (+/-1 ml.; 60/min) were superimposed on the natural pulsations of the heart of spontaneously breathing anaesthetized cats.3. Stimulus-response histograms revealed that maximal firing frequency of B-impulses preceded maximal volume change by 10-80 degrees (average 48+/-7 degrees (S.E.), thirteen right and left atrial receptors) indicating that sensitivity to rate of change of atrial volume at least equalled volume sensitivity.4. The rate sensitive component of B-firing increased with respect to the volume sensitive component when atrial filling diminished and was larger for high threshold receptors than for low threshold receptors (P<0.001).5. The A-bursts were not affected by atrial pulsing in eight out of nine anatomically localized receptors; inspiration prolonged the A-bursts of three receptors and advanced the timing of A-bursts with respect to the a-wave (10-50 msec) of all nine receptors.6. About half of all anatomically localized receptors were traced to the interatrial septum. These septal receptors differed from right and left atrial receptors as follows: (a) they were exclusively of the AB-type (fired during atrial a- and v-wave); (b) their B-firing rates were significantly lower (P<0.05); (c) A-firing patterns remained largely unaffected by respiration or by atrial pulsing; (d) they signalled volume changes of either atria; (e) no association of rate sensitivity with threshold was detected (P>0.95). The physiological role of septal receptors remains to be elucidated.7. It was concluded that B-fibres were sensitive to both change and rate of change of atrial volume; their role as sensors of venous return is suggested strongly. Results further suggested that A- and B-firing are determined largely by the location of atrial stretch receptors.", "contents": "Responses of atrial mechanoreceptors to pulsation of atrial volume. 1. Firing patterns of single atrial fibres were monitored in order to study their sensitivity to rate of change of atrial volume and their dependence on receptor location in the atria.2. To that effect, sinusoidal fluctuations of volume (+/-1 ml.; 60/min) were superimposed on the natural pulsations of the heart of spontaneously breathing anaesthetized cats.3. Stimulus-response histograms revealed that maximal firing frequency of B-impulses preceded maximal volume change by 10-80 degrees (average 48+/-7 degrees (S.E.), thirteen right and left atrial receptors) indicating that sensitivity to rate of change of atrial volume at least equalled volume sensitivity.4. The rate sensitive component of B-firing increased with respect to the volume sensitive component when atrial filling diminished and was larger for high threshold receptors than for low threshold receptors (P<0.001).5. The A-bursts were not affected by atrial pulsing in eight out of nine anatomically localized receptors; inspiration prolonged the A-bursts of three receptors and advanced the timing of A-bursts with respect to the a-wave (10-50 msec) of all nine receptors.6. About half of all anatomically localized receptors were traced to the interatrial septum. These septal receptors differed from right and left atrial receptors as follows: (a) they were exclusively of the AB-type (fired during atrial a- and v-wave); (b) their B-firing rates were significantly lower (P<0.05); (c) A-firing patterns remained largely unaffected by respiration or by atrial pulsing; (d) they signalled volume changes of either atria; (e) no association of rate sensitivity with threshold was detected (P>0.95). The physiological role of septal receptors remains to be elucidated.7. It was concluded that B-fibres were sensitive to both change and rate of change of atrial volume; their role as sensors of venous return is suggested strongly. Results further suggested that A- and B-firing are determined largely by the location of atrial stretch receptors.", "PMID": 599414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6796", "title": "Arterial chemoreceptors, ventilation and heart rate in man.", "content": "1. Transient changes of heart rate (HR) and ventilation were recorded following step changes in alveolar gas composition in three healthy subjects. From a steady state of normo- or slightly hypercapnic hypoxia (PA,CO2 38-46 torr, PA,O2 50-60 torr) arterial chemoreceptor stimulation was transiently relieved by breathing a CO2-free mixture for two breaths, either pur O2 (causing a fall in PA,CO2 and a rise in PA,O2; O2 test) or a low O2 mixture (causing a fall in PA,CO2 without any change in PA, O2; CO2 test). For both test types ventilation was either allowed to change freely ('free-breathing' tests) or was consciously maintained at the pre-test level by the subjects ('controlled-breathing tests). The circulatory delay from the lungs to the ear was measured with a sensitive ear oximeter. 2. In all 'free-breathing' tests ventilation decreased significantly after a mean latency of 5.2 sec; the average lung-ear circulation time was 4.9 sec. HR increased slightly above pre-test levels in eighty-one of one hundred and four tests of all types, the changes being significant after a latency identical to that of the ventilatory changes. Except in the 'controlled-breathing' CO2 tests this early tachycardia was followed by a decrease in HR within the following 5-6 sec. 3. These findings indicate that the primary effect of withdrawal of arterial chemoreceptor stimulation in conscious man as in the anesthetized animal is tachycardia. The secondary development of bradycardia in 'free-breathing' CO2 tests is probably due to the operation of a lung reflex sensing changes in ventilation. The absence of bradycardia in 'controlled-breathing' CO2 tests and its presence in 'controlled-breathing' O2 tests, finally, suggest that relief of systemic hypoxia causes a slowing of the heart not due to lung reflexes but to some other mechanism which operates with a latency nearly twice as long as the arterial chemoreflex.", "contents": "Arterial chemoreceptors, ventilation and heart rate in man. 1. Transient changes of heart rate (HR) and ventilation were recorded following step changes in alveolar gas composition in three healthy subjects. From a steady state of normo- or slightly hypercapnic hypoxia (PA,CO2 38-46 torr, PA,O2 50-60 torr) arterial chemoreceptor stimulation was transiently relieved by breathing a CO2-free mixture for two breaths, either pur O2 (causing a fall in PA,CO2 and a rise in PA,O2; O2 test) or a low O2 mixture (causing a fall in PA,CO2 without any change in PA, O2; CO2 test). For both test types ventilation was either allowed to change freely ('free-breathing' tests) or was consciously maintained at the pre-test level by the subjects ('controlled-breathing tests). The circulatory delay from the lungs to the ear was measured with a sensitive ear oximeter. 2. In all 'free-breathing' tests ventilation decreased significantly after a mean latency of 5.2 sec; the average lung-ear circulation time was 4.9 sec. HR increased slightly above pre-test levels in eighty-one of one hundred and four tests of all types, the changes being significant after a latency identical to that of the ventilatory changes. Except in the 'controlled-breathing' CO2 tests this early tachycardia was followed by a decrease in HR within the following 5-6 sec. 3. These findings indicate that the primary effect of withdrawal of arterial chemoreceptor stimulation in conscious man as in the anesthetized animal is tachycardia. The secondary development of bradycardia in 'free-breathing' CO2 tests is probably due to the operation of a lung reflex sensing changes in ventilation. The absence of bradycardia in 'controlled-breathing' CO2 tests and its presence in 'controlled-breathing' O2 tests, finally, suggest that relief of systemic hypoxia causes a slowing of the heart not due to lung reflexes but to some other mechanism which operates with a latency nearly twice as long as the arterial chemoreflex.", "PMID": 599415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6797", "title": "The rabbit anococcygeus muscle and its response to field stimulation and to some drugs.", "content": "1. The response of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle to field stimulation of its intramural nerves and to some drugs has been examined and compared with results previously obtained in the rat and the cat. 2. The rabbit muscle possesses an adrenergic innervation as demonstrated histologically by the Falck and Hillarp fluorescence technique. This innervation is sparser than in the rat or cat. 3. In vitro the muscle usually shows little tone but if suitably stretched will develop a maintained contraction. The response to field stimulation depends on the level of tone. When this is low purely motor responses are obtained. In the presence of tone the response depends on its level and the frequency of stimulation; low frequencies are purely inhibitory, with increasing frequency the response becomes biphasic and high frequencies produce a purely motor response. The higher the tone the more prominent the inhibitory components. Guanethidine 10(-5)M abolishes the motor component. 4. The muscle is caused to contract by noradrenaline, acting through alpha receptors, by hista,ome actomg through H1 receptors and by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine. Part of the effect of the latter appears to be due to the release of noradrenaline. 5. The muscle is caused to relax by acetylcholine acting through muscarinic receptors, by isoprenaline through beta receptors, by histamine in the presence of mepyramine through H2 receptors and by ATP and bradykinin. 6. The significance of these findings for the motor and inhibitory innervation of the muscle is discussed.", "contents": "The rabbit anococcygeus muscle and its response to field stimulation and to some drugs. 1. The response of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle to field stimulation of its intramural nerves and to some drugs has been examined and compared with results previously obtained in the rat and the cat. 2. The rabbit muscle possesses an adrenergic innervation as demonstrated histologically by the Falck and Hillarp fluorescence technique. This innervation is sparser than in the rat or cat. 3. In vitro the muscle usually shows little tone but if suitably stretched will develop a maintained contraction. The response to field stimulation depends on the level of tone. When this is low purely motor responses are obtained. In the presence of tone the response depends on its level and the frequency of stimulation; low frequencies are purely inhibitory, with increasing frequency the response becomes biphasic and high frequencies produce a purely motor response. The higher the tone the more prominent the inhibitory components. Guanethidine 10(-5)M abolishes the motor component. 4. The muscle is caused to contract by noradrenaline, acting through alpha receptors, by hista,ome actomg through H1 receptors and by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine. Part of the effect of the latter appears to be due to the release of noradrenaline. 5. The muscle is caused to relax by acetylcholine acting through muscarinic receptors, by isoprenaline through beta receptors, by histamine in the presence of mepyramine through H2 receptors and by ATP and bradykinin. 6. The significance of these findings for the motor and inhibitory innervation of the muscle is discussed.", "PMID": 599416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6798", "title": "Some electrical properties of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle and a comparison of the effects of inhibitory nerve stimulation in the rat and rabbit.", "content": "1. Simultaneous recordings of mechanical activity and membrane potential of individual smooth muscle cells have been made in the rabbit anococcygeus muscle and the effect of field stimulation on these examined.2. In the absence of tone the mean resting membrane potential was - 48 mV. In the stretched muscle spontaneous tone and rhythmic activity quite frequently appeared and this was associated with depolarization of the muscle cells.3. The response to field stimulation depended on the frequency of stimulation, the level of membrane potential and the presence of myogenic tone. The usual response to single pulses or low frequency stimulation was a hyperpolarization of up to 30 mV (mean 14+/-6.8 mV) after a latency of 185 msec and accompanied by muscle relaxation. Higher frequencies (over 8 Hz) produced an initial depolarization often with a spike potential and followed by hyperpolarization. The mechanical response in these instances was contraction or contraction followed by relaxation. At all frequencies rebound depolarization and an associated contraction followed the end of stimulation).4. Phentolamine (5x10(-6)M) and guanethidine (10(-6)M) blocked the initial depolarization and contraction but had no effect on hyperpolarization, muscle relaxation or rebound depolarization and contraction.5. The effect of field stimulation in the presence of guanethidine (4x10(-5)M) was re-examined in the rat anococcygeus. Single pulses were ineffective, repetitive stimulation produced muscle relaxation but no hyperpolarization comparable to the rabbit. Any oscillations in membrane potential were damped during field stimulation and sometimes a small hyperpolarization was produced with a maximum amplitude of 13 mV and a mean of 1.9+/-1.2 mV.6. The transmembrane potential at the peak of hyperpolarization in the rabbit was rarely more than -70 mV. Passive displacement of the membrane potential by current pulses altered the amplitude of the hyperpolarization and suggested that there was a reversal potential at between -80 and -90 mV.7. No change in input resistance could be measured during inhibitory nerve stimulation in either the rabbit or the rat but measurements based on electrotonic potentials indicated a reducation in membrane resistance, small in the rat but greater in the rabbit.8. These experiments suggest that in both species muscle relaxation is associated with an increase in ionic permeability and a move, at least in the rabbit muscle, towards an equilibrium potential of -80 to -90 mV. In view of the much smaller effect in the rat it is not clear whether this is the cause or at least the sole cause of the muscle relaxation.", "contents": "Some electrical properties of the rabbit anococcygeus muscle and a comparison of the effects of inhibitory nerve stimulation in the rat and rabbit. 1. Simultaneous recordings of mechanical activity and membrane potential of individual smooth muscle cells have been made in the rabbit anococcygeus muscle and the effect of field stimulation on these examined.2. In the absence of tone the mean resting membrane potential was - 48 mV. In the stretched muscle spontaneous tone and rhythmic activity quite frequently appeared and this was associated with depolarization of the muscle cells.3. The response to field stimulation depended on the frequency of stimulation, the level of membrane potential and the presence of myogenic tone. The usual response to single pulses or low frequency stimulation was a hyperpolarization of up to 30 mV (mean 14+/-6.8 mV) after a latency of 185 msec and accompanied by muscle relaxation. Higher frequencies (over 8 Hz) produced an initial depolarization often with a spike potential and followed by hyperpolarization. The mechanical response in these instances was contraction or contraction followed by relaxation. At all frequencies rebound depolarization and an associated contraction followed the end of stimulation).4. Phentolamine (5x10(-6)M) and guanethidine (10(-6)M) blocked the initial depolarization and contraction but had no effect on hyperpolarization, muscle relaxation or rebound depolarization and contraction.5. The effect of field stimulation in the presence of guanethidine (4x10(-5)M) was re-examined in the rat anococcygeus. Single pulses were ineffective, repetitive stimulation produced muscle relaxation but no hyperpolarization comparable to the rabbit. Any oscillations in membrane potential were damped during field stimulation and sometimes a small hyperpolarization was produced with a maximum amplitude of 13 mV and a mean of 1.9+/-1.2 mV.6. The transmembrane potential at the peak of hyperpolarization in the rabbit was rarely more than -70 mV. Passive displacement of the membrane potential by current pulses altered the amplitude of the hyperpolarization and suggested that there was a reversal potential at between -80 and -90 mV.7. No change in input resistance could be measured during inhibitory nerve stimulation in either the rabbit or the rat but measurements based on electrotonic potentials indicated a reducation in membrane resistance, small in the rat but greater in the rabbit.8. These experiments suggest that in both species muscle relaxation is associated with an increase in ionic permeability and a move, at least in the rabbit muscle, towards an equilibrium potential of -80 to -90 mV. In view of the much smaller effect in the rat it is not clear whether this is the cause or at least the sole cause of the muscle relaxation.", "PMID": 599417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6799", "title": "The reorganization of synaptic connexions in the rat submandibular ganglion during post-natal development.", "content": "1. The innervation of neurones in the submandibular ganglion of neonatal and adult rats has been studied with intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 2. Intracellular recordings from neurones in isolated ganglia from adult animals showed that about 75% of the ganglion cells are innervated by a single preganglionic fibre. 3. However multiple steps in the post-synaptic potential (about five on average) were elicited in ganglion cells from neonatal animals by graded stimulation of the preganglionic nerve. The same result was obtained when the preganglionic fibres were stimulated at their emergence from the brainstem, indicating that neonatal neurones are innervated by several different preganglionic nerve cells. 4. The number of preganglionic fibres innervating individual ganglion cells gradually decreased during the first few weeks of life, and by about 5 weeks each ganglion cell was generally contacted by a single preganglionic axon. 5. Synapses were made on short protuberances in the immediate vicinity of the neuronal cell bodies in both neonatal and adult ganglia as shown by staining presynaptic boutons with the zinc-iodide osmium method, injection of horseradish peroxidase into ganglion cells, and electron microscopical examination. 6. Electron microscopical counts of synaptic profiles per ganglion cell perimeter showed that the number of synaptic contacts made on ganglion cells actually increased during the first few post-natal weeks, when the number of axons innervating each neurone was decreasing. 7. These results show that in the rat submandibular ganglion there is a reorganization of neuronal connexions during the first few weeks of life which results in a transition from multiple to generally single innervation of ganglion cells.", "contents": "The reorganization of synaptic connexions in the rat submandibular ganglion during post-natal development. 1. The innervation of neurones in the submandibular ganglion of neonatal and adult rats has been studied with intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 2. Intracellular recordings from neurones in isolated ganglia from adult animals showed that about 75% of the ganglion cells are innervated by a single preganglionic fibre. 3. However multiple steps in the post-synaptic potential (about five on average) were elicited in ganglion cells from neonatal animals by graded stimulation of the preganglionic nerve. The same result was obtained when the preganglionic fibres were stimulated at their emergence from the brainstem, indicating that neonatal neurones are innervated by several different preganglionic nerve cells. 4. The number of preganglionic fibres innervating individual ganglion cells gradually decreased during the first few weeks of life, and by about 5 weeks each ganglion cell was generally contacted by a single preganglionic axon. 5. Synapses were made on short protuberances in the immediate vicinity of the neuronal cell bodies in both neonatal and adult ganglia as shown by staining presynaptic boutons with the zinc-iodide osmium method, injection of horseradish peroxidase into ganglion cells, and electron microscopical examination. 6. Electron microscopical counts of synaptic profiles per ganglion cell perimeter showed that the number of synaptic contacts made on ganglion cells actually increased during the first few post-natal weeks, when the number of axons innervating each neurone was decreasing. 7. These results show that in the rat submandibular ganglion there is a reorganization of neuronal connexions during the first few weeks of life which results in a transition from multiple to generally single innervation of ganglion cells.", "PMID": 599418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6800", "title": "Thin-fibre receptors responding to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation in the skeletal muscle of the dog.", "content": "1. Unitary activities of muscular thin fibre afferents, which were not sensitive to muscle stretching, were recorded from the nerve of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the dog. Responses to mechanical stimulation, intra-arterial injection and local application of chemical solutions, and thermal stimulation of the surface of the muscle were studied. It was observed that polymodal receptors which responded to all types of stimulation existed in the thin fibre afferents of the muscle.2. The receptive area of these units tested by mechanical stimulation was spot-like and appeared to be located not only on the surface but in the midst of the muscle.3. The mechanical response varied among these units with respect to the threshold and the pattern of discharges.4. In these units, NaCl, KCl, and bradykinin consistently evoked responses, with differences in the latencies and discharge patterns, while solutions of histamine, acetylcholine and sodium citrate caused responses less consistently and less effectively. In the stretch receptors, chemical stimulation applied in the same way as tested in the thin fibre afferents produced quite different features in their responses.5. Heating the receptive area of the muscle surface caused responses in twenty-five out of thirty-six units, which were sensitive both to mechanical and to chemical stimulations. The threshold varied from 38.0 to 48.3 degrees C, with a mean of 43.1 degrees C for C fibre units and 41 degrees C for A-delta fibre units.6. The responses to heating were consistently obtained in the units responding to the surface application of chemical solutions. However, the above response was never obtained in the units which did not respond to surface chemical stimulation but responded to intra-arterial injection. These results suggest a large population of polymodal receptors in the muscular thin fibre afferents.", "contents": "Thin-fibre receptors responding to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation in the skeletal muscle of the dog. 1. Unitary activities of muscular thin fibre afferents, which were not sensitive to muscle stretching, were recorded from the nerve of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the dog. Responses to mechanical stimulation, intra-arterial injection and local application of chemical solutions, and thermal stimulation of the surface of the muscle were studied. It was observed that polymodal receptors which responded to all types of stimulation existed in the thin fibre afferents of the muscle.2. The receptive area of these units tested by mechanical stimulation was spot-like and appeared to be located not only on the surface but in the midst of the muscle.3. The mechanical response varied among these units with respect to the threshold and the pattern of discharges.4. In these units, NaCl, KCl, and bradykinin consistently evoked responses, with differences in the latencies and discharge patterns, while solutions of histamine, acetylcholine and sodium citrate caused responses less consistently and less effectively. In the stretch receptors, chemical stimulation applied in the same way as tested in the thin fibre afferents produced quite different features in their responses.5. Heating the receptive area of the muscle surface caused responses in twenty-five out of thirty-six units, which were sensitive both to mechanical and to chemical stimulations. The threshold varied from 38.0 to 48.3 degrees C, with a mean of 43.1 degrees C for C fibre units and 41 degrees C for A-delta fibre units.6. The responses to heating were consistently obtained in the units responding to the surface application of chemical solutions. However, the above response was never obtained in the units which did not respond to surface chemical stimulation but responded to intra-arterial injection. These results suggest a large population of polymodal receptors in the muscular thin fibre afferents.", "PMID": 599419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6801", "title": "Kinetic analysis of sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of the trout in fresh water.", "content": "1. Na and Cl intake through the gill of the perfused head of trout were studied in fresh water with (10(-5)M) or without adrenaline in the perfusing solution. 2. Ionic influxes occur exclusively across the lamellae in fresh water while in the sea-water adapted trout part of salt entry is extralamellar. 3. In absence of adrenaline, Na and Cl enter the gills at the same rate (respectively 6.9 +/- 1.30 and 6.6 +/- 1.55 muequiv/hr. 100 g). Adrenaline (10(-5)M) increased the Na influx to 47.8 +/- 4.12 muequiv/hr. 100 g, a value similar to that observed in vivo. The Cl influx remains unchanged however (6.3 +/- 2.40 muequiv/hr. 100 g), a value much smaller than that found in vivo. 4. Radioactive loading experiments coupled with unloading experiments allowed the determination of the relative permeabilities of the serosal and mucosal barrier for Na+ and Cl-. For both ions, the basal membrane is less permeable. Adrenaline by increasing the Na permeability across the apical barrier enhances the active Na pumping through the basal membrane. 5. Intracellular Na and Cl exchangeable pools were calculated. They represent less than 1% of the total ionic content of the epithelium. Adrenaline increased by sixfold the Na pool without modifying the Cl pool.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of sodium and chloride influxes across the gills of the trout in fresh water. 1. Na and Cl intake through the gill of the perfused head of trout were studied in fresh water with (10(-5)M) or without adrenaline in the perfusing solution. 2. Ionic influxes occur exclusively across the lamellae in fresh water while in the sea-water adapted trout part of salt entry is extralamellar. 3. In absence of adrenaline, Na and Cl enter the gills at the same rate (respectively 6.9 +/- 1.30 and 6.6 +/- 1.55 muequiv/hr. 100 g). Adrenaline (10(-5)M) increased the Na influx to 47.8 +/- 4.12 muequiv/hr. 100 g, a value similar to that observed in vivo. The Cl influx remains unchanged however (6.3 +/- 2.40 muequiv/hr. 100 g), a value much smaller than that found in vivo. 4. Radioactive loading experiments coupled with unloading experiments allowed the determination of the relative permeabilities of the serosal and mucosal barrier for Na+ and Cl-. For both ions, the basal membrane is less permeable. Adrenaline by increasing the Na permeability across the apical barrier enhances the active Na pumping through the basal membrane. 5. Intracellular Na and Cl exchangeable pools were calculated. They represent less than 1% of the total ionic content of the epithelium. Adrenaline increased by sixfold the Na pool without modifying the Cl pool.", "PMID": 599420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6802", "title": "The effects of external cations and ouabain on the intracellular sodium activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. The intracellular Na activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres has been measured using recessed-tip Na(+)-sensitive glass micro-electrodes.2. The internal Na activity was 7.2 +/- 2.0 mM (mean +/- S.D., n = 32) at the normal external Na concentration, [Na](o), in these experiments of 140 mM (equivalent to an external Na activity of 105 mM). The equilibrium potential for Na across the fibre membrane was therefore approximately + 70 mV.3. When the [K](o) was altered the internal Na activity changed, reaching a new level within about 20 min. Increasing the [K](o) from 4 to 25 mM decreased the internal Na by approximately 30%, while decreasing the [K](o) from 4 to 1 mM increased internal Na by 20%.4. The removal of external K produced an easily reversible increase in the internal Na with an initial rate equivalent to a concentration change of 0.24 +/- 0.07 m-mole/min (mean +/- S.D., n = 8).5. Ouabain produced increases in the internal Na activity that were only very slowly reversible. The threshold concentration for producing an increase was approximately 10(-7)M.6. When [Na](o) was reduced the internal Na activity fell rapidly with a single exponential time course (time constant 3.3 +/- 0.8 min, mean +/- S.D., n = 16) to a new, relatively stable level. The recovery of internal Na on return to the normal [Na](o) did not have a simple time course. It was normally complete within 10-30 min.7. The relationship of the stabilized level of the internal Na activity to the [Na](o) was approximately linear over the range 140-14 mM-[Na](o). When [Na](o) was reduced from 140 to 14 mM the internal Na activity fell by 72 +/- 5% (mean +/- S.D., n = 21).8. When the [Na](o) was reduced, the decrease in the internal Na activity was partially inhibited by Mn or by removal external Ca.9. When the [Ca](o) was altered over the range 0.2-16 mM the internal Na activity was reduced by approximately 50% for a tenfold increase in the [Ca](o).10. The relationship between internal Na and contractility is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of external cations and ouabain on the intracellular sodium activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres. 1. The intracellular Na activity of sheep heart Purkinje fibres has been measured using recessed-tip Na(+)-sensitive glass micro-electrodes.2. The internal Na activity was 7.2 +/- 2.0 mM (mean +/- S.D., n = 32) at the normal external Na concentration, [Na](o), in these experiments of 140 mM (equivalent to an external Na activity of 105 mM). The equilibrium potential for Na across the fibre membrane was therefore approximately + 70 mV.3. When the [K](o) was altered the internal Na activity changed, reaching a new level within about 20 min. Increasing the [K](o) from 4 to 25 mM decreased the internal Na by approximately 30%, while decreasing the [K](o) from 4 to 1 mM increased internal Na by 20%.4. The removal of external K produced an easily reversible increase in the internal Na with an initial rate equivalent to a concentration change of 0.24 +/- 0.07 m-mole/min (mean +/- S.D., n = 8).5. Ouabain produced increases in the internal Na activity that were only very slowly reversible. The threshold concentration for producing an increase was approximately 10(-7)M.6. When [Na](o) was reduced the internal Na activity fell rapidly with a single exponential time course (time constant 3.3 +/- 0.8 min, mean +/- S.D., n = 16) to a new, relatively stable level. The recovery of internal Na on return to the normal [Na](o) did not have a simple time course. It was normally complete within 10-30 min.7. The relationship of the stabilized level of the internal Na activity to the [Na](o) was approximately linear over the range 140-14 mM-[Na](o). When [Na](o) was reduced from 140 to 14 mM the internal Na activity fell by 72 +/- 5% (mean +/- S.D., n = 21).8. When the [Na](o) was reduced, the decrease in the internal Na activity was partially inhibited by Mn or by removal external Ca.9. When the [Ca](o) was altered over the range 0.2-16 mM the internal Na activity was reduced by approximately 50% for a tenfold increase in the [Ca](o).10. The relationship between internal Na and contractility is discussed.", "PMID": 599421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6803", "title": "Specific responses of rat raph\u00e9 neurones to skin temperature.", "content": "1. The responses of single neurones in the nuclei raph\u00e9s magnus, medianus, dorsalis and pontis to changes in skin temperature were recorded in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Skin temperature was altered by means of a water-perfused jacket. 2. Of 210 neurones studied, thirty-five were specifically excited by warming the skin whilst twenty were cold responsive. The greatest proportion of cells responding to skin temperature were in the nucleus raph\u00e9 magnus, whilst few neurones in the raph\u00e9 dorsalis and pontis were influenced. 3. The warm units had peak activity at a mean skin temperature of 37.7 degrees C whilst the cold cells had a corresponding maximal rate at 29.0 degreet C. Mechanical and noxious peripheral stimulation, blood pressure changes and temperatures other than that of skin did not affect the neurones. 4. The neurones influenced by skin temperature were histologically verified as being within the raph\u00e9 system. 5. LSD inhibited all neurones tested, indicating that the cells were serotonergic. 6. The responses to skin temperature were unchanged in rats with midcollicular sections suggesting an ascending thermal system. 7. The results suggest that any involvement of 5-HT in central thermo-regulation is in terms of an afferent thermal pathway mediated by serotonergic raph\u00e9 neurones.", "contents": "Specific responses of rat raph\u00e9 neurones to skin temperature. 1. The responses of single neurones in the nuclei raph\u00e9s magnus, medianus, dorsalis and pontis to changes in skin temperature were recorded in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Skin temperature was altered by means of a water-perfused jacket. 2. Of 210 neurones studied, thirty-five were specifically excited by warming the skin whilst twenty were cold responsive. The greatest proportion of cells responding to skin temperature were in the nucleus raph\u00e9 magnus, whilst few neurones in the raph\u00e9 dorsalis and pontis were influenced. 3. The warm units had peak activity at a mean skin temperature of 37.7 degrees C whilst the cold cells had a corresponding maximal rate at 29.0 degreet C. Mechanical and noxious peripheral stimulation, blood pressure changes and temperatures other than that of skin did not affect the neurones. 4. The neurones influenced by skin temperature were histologically verified as being within the raph\u00e9 system. 5. LSD inhibited all neurones tested, indicating that the cells were serotonergic. 6. The responses to skin temperature were unchanged in rats with midcollicular sections suggesting an ascending thermal system. 7. The results suggest that any involvement of 5-HT in central thermo-regulation is in terms of an afferent thermal pathway mediated by serotonergic raph\u00e9 neurones.", "PMID": 599422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6804", "title": "An analysis of the anatomical basis for the mechanical response to motor nerve stimulation of the rat vas deferens.", "content": "1. An anatomical basis was sought for the biphasic motor nerve response of the rat vas deferens. The motor nerve pathway to the tissue was stimulated at different points between the vertebral outflow and the intramural fibres, in the pithed rat and in isolated tissues, to examine the possibility of two anatomically separate groups of neurones. Different preparations of the isolated tissue were devised to detect whether different groups of smooth muscle fibres contributed to the two phases.2. The fibres mediating both phases of the response arose from the upper lumbar vertebral outflows. Both phases were elicited by pre- or post-ganglionic stimulation and could be depressed by hexamethonium. In the pithed rat or with hypogastric nerve stimulation in the isolated tissue, however, the initial ;twitch' phase was relatively resistant to such blockade.3. When the rat vas deferens was perfused through the lumen in situ or in vitro, the perfusion pressure response to motor nerve stimulation exhibited two phases similar to those of the longitudinal contractile response.4. Isolated rat vasa were bisected into portions, each of which was stimulated and longitudinal tension was recorded. The proportions of the two phases of the response varied along the length of the tissue. At the prostatic end the total response was relatively weak with a dominant ;twitch' and at the epididymal end the two phases were comparable in magnitude. The distribution of adrenergic nerve terminals within the muscle layers also varied along the length of the rat vas deferens.5. The effects of drugs were investigated on the motor responses of the above preparations. The ;twitch' phase was relatively susceptible to blockade by reserpine and lysergic acid diethylamide and the ;secondary' phase to phentolamine with both equally sensitive to guanethidine. Each phase had similar susceptibilities to blockade irrespective of which part of the tissue was involved.6. It was concluded that two types of nerve-muscle transmission may be involved in the rat vas deferens with the proportion of each varying along the length of the tissue but both displaying pharmacological characteristics of adrenergic fibres.", "contents": "An analysis of the anatomical basis for the mechanical response to motor nerve stimulation of the rat vas deferens. 1. An anatomical basis was sought for the biphasic motor nerve response of the rat vas deferens. The motor nerve pathway to the tissue was stimulated at different points between the vertebral outflow and the intramural fibres, in the pithed rat and in isolated tissues, to examine the possibility of two anatomically separate groups of neurones. Different preparations of the isolated tissue were devised to detect whether different groups of smooth muscle fibres contributed to the two phases.2. The fibres mediating both phases of the response arose from the upper lumbar vertebral outflows. Both phases were elicited by pre- or post-ganglionic stimulation and could be depressed by hexamethonium. In the pithed rat or with hypogastric nerve stimulation in the isolated tissue, however, the initial ;twitch' phase was relatively resistant to such blockade.3. When the rat vas deferens was perfused through the lumen in situ or in vitro, the perfusion pressure response to motor nerve stimulation exhibited two phases similar to those of the longitudinal contractile response.4. Isolated rat vasa were bisected into portions, each of which was stimulated and longitudinal tension was recorded. The proportions of the two phases of the response varied along the length of the tissue. At the prostatic end the total response was relatively weak with a dominant ;twitch' and at the epididymal end the two phases were comparable in magnitude. The distribution of adrenergic nerve terminals within the muscle layers also varied along the length of the rat vas deferens.5. The effects of drugs were investigated on the motor responses of the above preparations. The ;twitch' phase was relatively susceptible to blockade by reserpine and lysergic acid diethylamide and the ;secondary' phase to phentolamine with both equally sensitive to guanethidine. Each phase had similar susceptibilities to blockade irrespective of which part of the tissue was involved.6. It was concluded that two types of nerve-muscle transmission may be involved in the rat vas deferens with the proportion of each varying along the length of the tissue but both displaying pharmacological characteristics of adrenergic fibres.", "PMID": 599423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6805", "title": "Changes produced by chronic denervation in the temperature-dependent isometric contractile characteristics of rat fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. Influence of temperature (range 20-35 degrees C) on the isometric contractile properties of normal and chronically denervated fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus and slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat have been studied in vitro. 2. The times to peak twitch tension of denervated muscles were longer than those of normal in both types of muscle. The denervated muscles were, however, identifiable as 'fast-twitch' or 'slow-twitch' throughout the entire temperature range. 3. The twitch tension/tetanic tension ratios of the denervated muscles at 35 degrees C were significantly higher than those of the normal muscles. 4. The twitch tension of the normal extensor digitorum longus muscles increased whereas that of the normal soleus muscles decreased with cooling from 35 to 20 degrees C. Such a qualitative difference did not exist between the denervated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. The twitch tensions of both denervated muscles decreased with cooling. 5. Cooling to 20 degrees C resulted in a greater fall in tetanic tension in the denervated than in the normal muscles.", "contents": "Changes produced by chronic denervation in the temperature-dependent isometric contractile characteristics of rat fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles. 1. Influence of temperature (range 20-35 degrees C) on the isometric contractile properties of normal and chronically denervated fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus and slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat have been studied in vitro. 2. The times to peak twitch tension of denervated muscles were longer than those of normal in both types of muscle. The denervated muscles were, however, identifiable as 'fast-twitch' or 'slow-twitch' throughout the entire temperature range. 3. The twitch tension/tetanic tension ratios of the denervated muscles at 35 degrees C were significantly higher than those of the normal muscles. 4. The twitch tension of the normal extensor digitorum longus muscles increased whereas that of the normal soleus muscles decreased with cooling from 35 to 20 degrees C. Such a qualitative difference did not exist between the denervated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. The twitch tensions of both denervated muscles decreased with cooling. 5. Cooling to 20 degrees C resulted in a greater fall in tetanic tension in the denervated than in the normal muscles.", "PMID": 599424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6806", "title": "The response to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in anaesthetized dogs after section of the rostral medulla.", "content": "1. Distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions caused an increase in heart rate and a transient decrease in mean arterial pressure. 2. Section of the brain stem at the level of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (rostral medulla) caused a decrease in mean arterial pressure. 3. Section of the rostral medulla had no effect on either the magnitude or the time course of the reflex response to pulmonary vein distension. 4. Administration of propranolol after section in the rostral medulla reduced the reflex increase in heart rate in response to pulmonary vein distension by an amount similar to that previously described in intact and decerebrate animals. 5. Bilateral cervial vagotomy prevented the reflex response to pulmonary vein distension.", "contents": "The response to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in anaesthetized dogs after section of the rostral medulla. 1. Distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions caused an increase in heart rate and a transient decrease in mean arterial pressure. 2. Section of the brain stem at the level of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (rostral medulla) caused a decrease in mean arterial pressure. 3. Section of the rostral medulla had no effect on either the magnitude or the time course of the reflex response to pulmonary vein distension. 4. Administration of propranolol after section in the rostral medulla reduced the reflex increase in heart rate in response to pulmonary vein distension by an amount similar to that previously described in intact and decerebrate animals. 5. Bilateral cervial vagotomy prevented the reflex response to pulmonary vein distension.", "PMID": 599425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6807", "title": "Effects of medullary lesions on arterial baroreceptor reflexes and responses to distension of pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized dogs lesions of 4 mm diameter centred on the obex were placed in the medulla dorsal to the hypoglossal nucleus. 2. Placing of the lesions almost totally abolished the reflex responses to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions and to low intensity stimulation of the aortic nerv. The reflex response to high intensity stimulation of the aortic nerve was reduced and the reflex response to carotid artery occlusion remained unaltered. 3. Mid-collicular decerebration did not affect the results. 4. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that afferents from the carotid sinus baroreceptors synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius rostral to the obex, whereas afferent fibres from the aortic baroreceptors and atrial receptors synapse in the intermediate portion of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius close to the obex.", "contents": "Effects of medullary lesions on arterial baroreceptor reflexes and responses to distension of pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in anaesthetized dog. 1. In anaesthetized dogs lesions of 4 mm diameter centred on the obex were placed in the medulla dorsal to the hypoglossal nucleus. 2. Placing of the lesions almost totally abolished the reflex responses to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions and to low intensity stimulation of the aortic nerv. The reflex response to high intensity stimulation of the aortic nerve was reduced and the reflex response to carotid artery occlusion remained unaltered. 3. Mid-collicular decerebration did not affect the results. 4. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that afferents from the carotid sinus baroreceptors synapse in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius rostral to the obex, whereas afferent fibres from the aortic baroreceptors and atrial receptors synapse in the intermediate portion of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius close to the obex.", "PMID": 599426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6808", "title": "The role of adrenergic receptor blockade in serotonin-induced changes in the pulmonary circulation.", "content": "1. In dogs i.v. injection of serotonin caused a rise in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriocapillary resistance that persisted even after alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade; pulmonary venous resistance also increased, but this was abolished by pretreatment with either propranolol or phenoxybenzamine. 2. The injection of serotonin into the ascending aorta produced an immediate rise in systemic, pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous pressures and pulmonary venous resistance. After phenoxybenzmine, the rise in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures remained unchanged, but previously observed increases in pulmonary venous pressure and resistance were blocked. In contrast, propranolol failed to abolish the rise in pulmonary venous resistance after serotonin injection into the ascending aorta. 3. These results confirm the observation that the vasoconstrictor effect attributed to intravenously injected serotonin on the arterial side of the pulmonary circulation is independent of the known sympathetic pathways. The data suggest that the pulmonary venoconstriction induced by intravenous serotonin is of reflex origin, abolished by alpha and beta receptor blockade, whereas the efferent arm of the reflex pulmonary venoconstriction following injection of serotonin into the ascending aorta is mediated via alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "The role of adrenergic receptor blockade in serotonin-induced changes in the pulmonary circulation. 1. In dogs i.v. injection of serotonin caused a rise in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriocapillary resistance that persisted even after alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade; pulmonary venous resistance also increased, but this was abolished by pretreatment with either propranolol or phenoxybenzamine. 2. The injection of serotonin into the ascending aorta produced an immediate rise in systemic, pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous pressures and pulmonary venous resistance. After phenoxybenzmine, the rise in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures remained unchanged, but previously observed increases in pulmonary venous pressure and resistance were blocked. In contrast, propranolol failed to abolish the rise in pulmonary venous resistance after serotonin injection into the ascending aorta. 3. These results confirm the observation that the vasoconstrictor effect attributed to intravenously injected serotonin on the arterial side of the pulmonary circulation is independent of the known sympathetic pathways. The data suggest that the pulmonary venoconstriction induced by intravenous serotonin is of reflex origin, abolished by alpha and beta receptor blockade, whereas the efferent arm of the reflex pulmonary venoconstriction following injection of serotonin into the ascending aorta is mediated via alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 599427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6809", "title": "Left ventricular mechanoreceptors: a haemodynamic study.", "content": "1. To study the function of the left ventricular mechanoreceptors, a working left ventricle preparation was devised in dogs which permitted control of pressure and flow of the isolated perfused coronary circulation and of the flow of the isolated, separately perfused systemic circulation. The systemic circulation was perfused at a constant rate so that changes in systemic pressure reflected changes in systemic resistance.2. Increases in myocardial contractility produced by injection of catecholamines into the isolated, perfused coronary circulation produced a fall in the pressure (resistance) of the isolated, separately perfused (at a constant rate) systemic circulation.3. Completeness of isolation of the coronary and systemic circulations was shown by the marked difference in appearance times between the reflex hypotensive responses from catecholamine injections into the isolated coronary circulation and the direct hypertensive response from a similar injection when the circulations were connected as well as by the marked difference between the pressure pulses recorded simultaneously on both sides of the aortic balloon separating the two circulations.4. Myocardial beta receptor blockade produced by injection of propranolol into the isolated coronary circulation abolished or attenuated the changes in left ventricular myocardial contractility as well as the subsequent hypotensive responses following the similar injection of catecholamines.5. Electrical stimulation of a sympathetic nerve innervating the heart resulted in increases in left ventricular myocardial contractility and subsequent systemic hypotensive responses indistinguishable from those following injection of catecholamines.6. That distortion of the mechano- or stretch receptors in the left ventricular myocardium was the cause of the hypotensive responses was demonstrated by increasing left ventricular myocardial contractility by mechanically obstructing the left ventricular outflow which produced hypotensive responses similar to those following the injection of catecholamines or nerve stimulation.7. Bilateral high cervical vagotomy abolished the hypotensive responses following injection of catecholamines into the isolated coronary circulation or following left ventricular outflow obstruction in all but one instance, indicating the importance of vagal fibres to the afferent arm of the reflex.8. It is suggested that the left ventricular mechanoreceptors function normally to reduce the peripheral resistance in order to prepare the systemic circulation to receive the left ventricular output and, especially during exercise, to prepare the systemic circulation to receive the augmented cardiac output with a minimum alteration in the systemic blood pressure and to distribute this augmented output preferentially to the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Left ventricular mechanoreceptors: a haemodynamic study. 1. To study the function of the left ventricular mechanoreceptors, a working left ventricle preparation was devised in dogs which permitted control of pressure and flow of the isolated perfused coronary circulation and of the flow of the isolated, separately perfused systemic circulation. The systemic circulation was perfused at a constant rate so that changes in systemic pressure reflected changes in systemic resistance.2. Increases in myocardial contractility produced by injection of catecholamines into the isolated, perfused coronary circulation produced a fall in the pressure (resistance) of the isolated, separately perfused (at a constant rate) systemic circulation.3. Completeness of isolation of the coronary and systemic circulations was shown by the marked difference in appearance times between the reflex hypotensive responses from catecholamine injections into the isolated coronary circulation and the direct hypertensive response from a similar injection when the circulations were connected as well as by the marked difference between the pressure pulses recorded simultaneously on both sides of the aortic balloon separating the two circulations.4. Myocardial beta receptor blockade produced by injection of propranolol into the isolated coronary circulation abolished or attenuated the changes in left ventricular myocardial contractility as well as the subsequent hypotensive responses following the similar injection of catecholamines.5. Electrical stimulation of a sympathetic nerve innervating the heart resulted in increases in left ventricular myocardial contractility and subsequent systemic hypotensive responses indistinguishable from those following injection of catecholamines.6. That distortion of the mechano- or stretch receptors in the left ventricular myocardium was the cause of the hypotensive responses was demonstrated by increasing left ventricular myocardial contractility by mechanically obstructing the left ventricular outflow which produced hypotensive responses similar to those following the injection of catecholamines or nerve stimulation.7. Bilateral high cervical vagotomy abolished the hypotensive responses following injection of catecholamines into the isolated coronary circulation or following left ventricular outflow obstruction in all but one instance, indicating the importance of vagal fibres to the afferent arm of the reflex.8. It is suggested that the left ventricular mechanoreceptors function normally to reduce the peripheral resistance in order to prepare the systemic circulation to receive the left ventricular output and, especially during exercise, to prepare the systemic circulation to receive the augmented cardiac output with a minimum alteration in the systemic blood pressure and to distribute this augmented output preferentially to the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 599444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6810", "title": "The digestion and transmission of labelled immunoglobulin G by enterocytes of the proximal distal regions of the small intestine of young rats.", "content": "Density gradient centrifugation of samples prepared from proximal gut homogenates after intra-lumenal injection of 125I-labelled IgG, was used to prepare batches of IgG fragments according to sedimentation coefficients. 2. Ultrafiltration was employed to partition the radioactivity in the vascular compartments, viscera and carcasses of rats aged 14-15 days, 2 hr after the injection of standard doses of labelled IgG into the proximal and distal regions of the small intestine. 3. Radioactive samples prepared by these methods were re-introduced into young rats by intra-cardiac injection, and the rate at which they were removed from the vascular compartment was assessed. 4. Proximal enterocytes transmitted about 39% of the IgG which had been removed from the intestine in intact form. Most of this was retained in the vascular compartment; they degraded up to about 57% of the total removed into fragments less than 1000 mol. wt. and about 4% into intermediate sized fragments. 5. Distal enterocytes degraded almost 90% of the IgG processed into fragments less than 1000 mol. wt., about 8% as fragments greater than 100,000 mol. wt. 6. Fragments, of all sizes, were cleared rapidly from the circulation into the viscera and carcass. 7. The relevance of these results to protein transmission and digestion by the rat small intestine is discussed.", "contents": "The digestion and transmission of labelled immunoglobulin G by enterocytes of the proximal distal regions of the small intestine of young rats. Density gradient centrifugation of samples prepared from proximal gut homogenates after intra-lumenal injection of 125I-labelled IgG, was used to prepare batches of IgG fragments according to sedimentation coefficients. 2. Ultrafiltration was employed to partition the radioactivity in the vascular compartments, viscera and carcasses of rats aged 14-15 days, 2 hr after the injection of standard doses of labelled IgG into the proximal and distal regions of the small intestine. 3. Radioactive samples prepared by these methods were re-introduced into young rats by intra-cardiac injection, and the rate at which they were removed from the vascular compartment was assessed. 4. Proximal enterocytes transmitted about 39% of the IgG which had been removed from the intestine in intact form. Most of this was retained in the vascular compartment; they degraded up to about 57% of the total removed into fragments less than 1000 mol. wt. and about 4% into intermediate sized fragments. 5. Distal enterocytes degraded almost 90% of the IgG processed into fragments less than 1000 mol. wt., about 8% as fragments greater than 100,000 mol. wt. 6. Fragments, of all sizes, were cleared rapidly from the circulation into the viscera and carcass. 7. The relevance of these results to protein transmission and digestion by the rat small intestine is discussed.", "PMID": 599447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6811", "title": "Increased urinary kallikrein excretion during prostaglandin E1 infusion in anaesthetized dogs and its relation to natriuresis and diuresis.", "content": ". The effect of intra-arterial prostaglandin  E1 (PGE1) infusion on urinary kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water excretion was studied in normal anaesthetized dogs. 2. Infusion of PGE1 caused a dose-related increase in urinary excretion of kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water as well as an increase in renal blood flow (R.B.F.) and a fall in urinary osmolality and renal vascular resistance. 3. The changes occurred in the absence of appreciable changes in inulin clearance (Cin), arterial blood pressure, haematocrit, and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations. 4. The increased urinary kallikrein excretion correlated positively with  the natriuresis, diuresis and kaliuresis and the increase in renal blood flow, but negatively with the urinary osmolality and renal vascular resistance. 5. It is concluded that renal kallikrein is involved in the renal response to arterial infusion of PGE1.", "contents": "Increased urinary kallikrein excretion during prostaglandin E1 infusion in anaesthetized dogs and its relation to natriuresis and diuresis. . The effect of intra-arterial prostaglandin  E1 (PGE1) infusion on urinary kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water excretion was studied in normal anaesthetized dogs. 2. Infusion of PGE1 caused a dose-related increase in urinary excretion of kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water as well as an increase in renal blood flow (R.B.F.) and a fall in urinary osmolality and renal vascular resistance. 3. The changes occurred in the absence of appreciable changes in inulin clearance (Cin), arterial blood pressure, haematocrit, and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations. 4. The increased urinary kallikrein excretion correlated positively with  the natriuresis, diuresis and kaliuresis and the increase in renal blood flow, but negatively with the urinary osmolality and renal vascular resistance. 5. It is concluded that renal kallikrein is involved in the renal response to arterial infusion of PGE1.", "PMID": 599450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6812", "title": "Rabbit placental clearing-factor lipase and transfer to the foetus of fatty acids derived from triglycerides injected into the mother.", "content": "1. Lipase activity was measured in rabbit placental tissue fragments in late pregnancy. The activity in incubated tissue was greater with heparin (69%), reduced by NaCl (90%), but not affected by acetone or ether. 2. Pregnant rabbits (28-days gestation) were given triglyceride emulsions intravenously and the change in profile of fatty acids in the maternal and umbilical artery and vein plasma free fatty acid (FFA) measured. 3. Those fatty acids predominant in the emulsion were higher in concentration in the umbilical vein FFA than in the maternal plasma FFA  and the venous-arterial difference was altered such that the placental transfer of FFA was enriched in a pattern corresponding to the profile of the fatty acids in the emulsion. 4. It is concluded that (i) the rabbit placenta shows considerable lipase activity and the lipase has the same characteristics as clearing-factor (lipoprotein) lipase, (ii) triglyceride infused into the mother is taken up by the placenta and hydrolysed, and (iii) the fatty acids so released pass through the placenta and are taken up by the foetus.", "contents": "Rabbit placental clearing-factor lipase and transfer to the foetus of fatty acids derived from triglycerides injected into the mother. 1. Lipase activity was measured in rabbit placental tissue fragments in late pregnancy. The activity in incubated tissue was greater with heparin (69%), reduced by NaCl (90%), but not affected by acetone or ether. 2. Pregnant rabbits (28-days gestation) were given triglyceride emulsions intravenously and the change in profile of fatty acids in the maternal and umbilical artery and vein plasma free fatty acid (FFA) measured. 3. Those fatty acids predominant in the emulsion were higher in concentration in the umbilical vein FFA than in the maternal plasma FFA  and the venous-arterial difference was altered such that the placental transfer of FFA was enriched in a pattern corresponding to the profile of the fatty acids in the emulsion. 4. It is concluded that (i) the rabbit placenta shows considerable lipase activity and the lipase has the same characteristics as clearing-factor (lipoprotein) lipase, (ii) triglyceride infused into the mother is taken up by the placenta and hydrolysed, and (iii) the fatty acids so released pass through the placenta and are taken up by the foetus.", "PMID": 599452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6813", "title": "Kinetic evaluation of the Na-K pump reaction mechanism.", "content": "1. The ouabain-sensitive K influx was measured at varying external K concentrations ([K]o) and at several fixed internal Na concentrations ([Na]c). The cells were nominally K-free and the solutions Na-free. Both the apparent maximal velocity (VM) and the apparent Michaelis constant for K (KK) increased as Nac increased. The ratio app. VM/app. KK increased with increasing Nac. 2. The ouabain-sensitive Cs influx was measured at varying external Cs concentrations and at several fixed Nac in K-free cells and Na-free solutions. Both app. VM and app. Kcs increased as Nac increased and the ratio app. VM/app. Kcs increased with increasing Nac. 3. The data were evaluated in terms of ping-pong model and a simultaneous model for the pump reaction mechanism. The simultaneous model described the data adequately and the ping-pong models did not. 4. The K influx was measured at varying external K concentrations in solutions containing Na and at a low and high Nac; the cells contained K. The relation between the pump rate and the external K concentration was sigmoid. A Hill equation was fitted to the data. KK was higher in the high Nac cells, but the Hill coefficient (n) was not altered as Nac increased. 5. The K influx was measured at varying internal Na concentrations and two fixed external K concentrations; the cells contained K. The relation between the pump rate and Nac was sigmoid. When a Hill equation was fitted to the data, it was found that KNac was higher at the high external K concentration, but n was the same at both K concentrations.", "contents": "Kinetic evaluation of the Na-K pump reaction mechanism. 1. The ouabain-sensitive K influx was measured at varying external K concentrations ([K]o) and at several fixed internal Na concentrations ([Na]c). The cells were nominally K-free and the solutions Na-free. Both the apparent maximal velocity (VM) and the apparent Michaelis constant for K (KK) increased as Nac increased. The ratio app. VM/app. KK increased with increasing Nac. 2. The ouabain-sensitive Cs influx was measured at varying external Cs concentrations and at several fixed Nac in K-free cells and Na-free solutions. Both app. VM and app. Kcs increased as Nac increased and the ratio app. VM/app. Kcs increased with increasing Nac. 3. The data were evaluated in terms of ping-pong model and a simultaneous model for the pump reaction mechanism. The simultaneous model described the data adequately and the ping-pong models did not. 4. The K influx was measured at varying external K concentrations in solutions containing Na and at a low and high Nac; the cells contained K. The relation between the pump rate and the external K concentration was sigmoid. A Hill equation was fitted to the data. KK was higher in the high Nac cells, but the Hill coefficient (n) was not altered as Nac increased. 5. The K influx was measured at varying internal Na concentrations and two fixed external K concentrations; the cells contained K. The relation between the pump rate and Nac was sigmoid. When a Hill equation was fitted to the data, it was found that KNac was higher at the high external K concentration, but n was the same at both K concentrations.", "PMID": 599454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6814", "title": "A quantitative study of the effects of cholinergic drugs on carotid chemoreceptors in the cat.", "content": "1. Conflicting qualitative evidence exists concerning the effects on chemoreceptor activity of some drugs which influence the cholinergic system. Quantitative evidence has been obtained in the present study which should resolve the conflict. 2. Experiments were performed in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats in which the activity of chemoreceptor units in the sinus nerve was used to assess chemoreceptor responses. The effects of drugs on responses to I.A. ACH and NaCN were determined from dose-response data obtained from several animals and expressed as mean dose ratios 3. The chemoreceptor response to ACh was slightly inhibited by atropine, alpha- and beta-bungarotoxin and HC-3, almost completely suppressed by mecamylamine, and markedly potentiated by physostigmine. 4. Concomitant responses to NaCN were unaffected by atropine, beta-bungarotoxin, mecamylamine or physostigmine. There was a slight inhibition following alpha-bungarotoxin and a potentiation after HC-3. 5. The results do not support the theory that ACh is an excitatory sensory transmitter in the carotid body.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the effects of cholinergic drugs on carotid chemoreceptors in the cat. 1. Conflicting qualitative evidence exists concerning the effects on chemoreceptor activity of some drugs which influence the cholinergic system. Quantitative evidence has been obtained in the present study which should resolve the conflict. 2. Experiments were performed in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats in which the activity of chemoreceptor units in the sinus nerve was used to assess chemoreceptor responses. The effects of drugs on responses to I.A. ACH and NaCN were determined from dose-response data obtained from several animals and expressed as mean dose ratios 3. The chemoreceptor response to ACh was slightly inhibited by atropine, alpha- and beta-bungarotoxin and HC-3, almost completely suppressed by mecamylamine, and markedly potentiated by physostigmine. 4. Concomitant responses to NaCN were unaffected by atropine, beta-bungarotoxin, mecamylamine or physostigmine. There was a slight inhibition following alpha-bungarotoxin and a potentiation after HC-3. 5. The results do not support the theory that ACh is an excitatory sensory transmitter in the carotid body.", "PMID": 599457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6815", "title": "Are there functionally important temperature sensors in the right heart or lungs?", "content": "1. In conscious rabbits, paired hot or cold infusions were given into the left atrium or jugular vein. For each pair of infusions the volume and temperature of the fluid was identical. The time course of the displacement of brain temperature was measured. 2. The magnitude of the displacement of brain temperature was not influenced to any major extent by the route of infusion. 3. This evidence suggests that there are no temperature sensors of any importance in the right heart or lungs.", "contents": "Are there functionally important temperature sensors in the right heart or lungs? 1. In conscious rabbits, paired hot or cold infusions were given into the left atrium or jugular vein. For each pair of infusions the volume and temperature of the fluid was identical. The time course of the displacement of brain temperature was measured. 2. The magnitude of the displacement of brain temperature was not influenced to any major extent by the route of infusion. 3. This evidence suggests that there are no temperature sensors of any importance in the right heart or lungs.", "PMID": 599459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6816", "title": "[Effect of ethacrynic acid on contractility and Ca flux of guinea pig taenia coli smooth muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of ethacrynic acid (ETCA) which has been known as an -SH groups inhibitor on the contractility and the Ca flux of guinea pig taenia coli were investigated. The results obtained were as follow: 1) Contractures induced by 10(-4) M ACh, or the tonic component of 150 mM K-contractures were markedly suppressed by previous treatment with a low concentration (2 X 10(-4) M) of ETCA for 40 min. Conversely with the same treatment, the phasic component of this K-contracture was only slightly suppressed. The inhibitory effects of ETCA in both cases were reversed by the repetitive washing out of ETCA from taenia coli with normal tris-buffered solution. 2) ETCA, at concentrations higher than 10(-3) M, more markedly inhibited the ACh-, and the K-contractures. In this case these inhibitions were irreversible. 3) Cysteine in an equimolar concentration of ETCA prevented the inhibitory effects of ETCA on both contractures. 4) ETCA (10(-4) M) inhibited the ACh-contracture in Ca2+-free isotonic KCl solution to approximately the same degree as that in normal solution. 5) Inhibition of ACh-contracture by ETCA in Na+-free isotonic LiCl solution was less than that in normal solution. 6) ETCA (2 X 10(-4), or 10(-3) M) markedly stimulated 45Ca efflux from taenia coli in 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution. 7) 45Ca efflux acceleration by ETCA in Na+-free (replaced by Li+) 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution was less than that in 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution. These results may be explained by assuming that the inhibitory effect of ETCA on ACh-contracture can be attributed to the depletion of stored intracellular Ca and the acceleration of Ca efflux as a result of ETCA treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of ethacrynic acid on contractility and Ca flux of guinea pig taenia coli smooth muscle (author's transl)]. The effects of ethacrynic acid (ETCA) which has been known as an -SH groups inhibitor on the contractility and the Ca flux of guinea pig taenia coli were investigated. The results obtained were as follow: 1) Contractures induced by 10(-4) M ACh, or the tonic component of 150 mM K-contractures were markedly suppressed by previous treatment with a low concentration (2 X 10(-4) M) of ETCA for 40 min. Conversely with the same treatment, the phasic component of this K-contracture was only slightly suppressed. The inhibitory effects of ETCA in both cases were reversed by the repetitive washing out of ETCA from taenia coli with normal tris-buffered solution. 2) ETCA, at concentrations higher than 10(-3) M, more markedly inhibited the ACh-, and the K-contractures. In this case these inhibitions were irreversible. 3) Cysteine in an equimolar concentration of ETCA prevented the inhibitory effects of ETCA on both contractures. 4) ETCA (10(-4) M) inhibited the ACh-contracture in Ca2+-free isotonic KCl solution to approximately the same degree as that in normal solution. 5) Inhibition of ACh-contracture by ETCA in Na+-free isotonic LiCl solution was less than that in normal solution. 6) ETCA (2 X 10(-4), or 10(-3) M) markedly stimulated 45Ca efflux from taenia coli in 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution. 7) 45Ca efflux acceleration by ETCA in Na+-free (replaced by Li+) 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution was less than that in 20 mM Ca-EGTA tris-buffered solution. These results may be explained by assuming that the inhibitory effect of ETCA on ACh-contracture can be attributed to the depletion of stored intracellular Ca and the acceleration of Ca efflux as a result of ETCA treatment.", "PMID": 599491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6817", "title": "Tails of Tetrahymena.", "content": "The source of force generation of beating cilia and flagella is an interaction between the doublet microtubules mediated by the dynein-1 arms which cause the doublets to slide relative to one another. Previously, were domonstrated direct sliding of Tetrahymena ciliary axonemes by dark field light microscopy. In this paper, the results of such an experiment have been captured on a polylysine-coated grid surface for whole-mount electron microscopy. Image in which a constant polarity. To produce the observed displacement, the direction of the dynein-1 arm force generation must be from base to tip, so that the doublet (n), to which the arms are attached, pushes the next doublet (n + 1) toward the tip. In addition to the functional polarity, the dynein-1 arms are found to have a structural polarity: they tilt toward the base when viewed along the edges of the A-subfiber. A scheme is presented which reconciles the finding of a single polarity of active sliding with the geometry of microtubule tip displacement of bent cilia.", "contents": "Tails of Tetrahymena. The source of force generation of beating cilia and flagella is an interaction between the doublet microtubules mediated by the dynein-1 arms which cause the doublets to slide relative to one another. Previously, were domonstrated direct sliding of Tetrahymena ciliary axonemes by dark field light microscopy. In this paper, the results of such an experiment have been captured on a polylysine-coated grid surface for whole-mount electron microscopy. Image in which a constant polarity. To produce the observed displacement, the direction of the dynein-1 arm force generation must be from base to tip, so that the doublet (n), to which the arms are attached, pushes the next doublet (n + 1) toward the tip. In addition to the functional polarity, the dynein-1 arms are found to have a structural polarity: they tilt toward the base when viewed along the edges of the A-subfiber. A scheme is presented which reconciles the finding of a single polarity of active sliding with the geometry of microtubule tip displacement of bent cilia.", "PMID": 599501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6818", "title": "Steady-state oxygen kinetics of terminal oxidases in Trypanosoma mega.", "content": "Steady-state oxygen kinetics of Trypanosoma mega reveal the presence of 3 oxidases. These include an oxidase which is sensitive to salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) but insensitive to sodium azide. This oxidase could be the L-alpha glycerophosphate oxidase present in bloodstream trypanosomes. In addition, and oxidase is present wthich is azide-sensitive but SHAM-insensitive. This oxidase is inhibited by CO and is probably cytochrome aa3. A 3rd oxidase is insensitive to both azide and SHAM but is inhibited by CO and is possibly cytochrome o. Reciprocal plots of T. mega reveal the presence of 2 oxidases that are inhibited by CO. These results are discussed in the light of previous evidence suggesting the presence of several oxidases and a branched electron transport system in T. mega.", "contents": "Steady-state oxygen kinetics of terminal oxidases in Trypanosoma mega. Steady-state oxygen kinetics of Trypanosoma mega reveal the presence of 3 oxidases. These include an oxidase which is sensitive to salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) but insensitive to sodium azide. This oxidase could be the L-alpha glycerophosphate oxidase present in bloodstream trypanosomes. In addition, and oxidase is present wthich is azide-sensitive but SHAM-insensitive. This oxidase is inhibited by CO and is probably cytochrome aa3. A 3rd oxidase is insensitive to both azide and SHAM but is inhibited by CO and is possibly cytochrome o. Reciprocal plots of T. mega reveal the presence of 2 oxidases that are inhibited by CO. These results are discussed in the light of previous evidence suggesting the presence of several oxidases and a branched electron transport system in T. mega.", "PMID": 599502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6819", "title": "Octadecenoic fatty acids and their association with hemolysis in malaria.", "content": "Octadecenoic fatty acids have been implicated in prehemolytic and hemolytic phenomena associated with malaria. Oleic [18:1 (n-9)] and cis-vaccenic [18:1 (n-7)] acids were found and quantified in the major neutral and phospholipids of the erythrocytes and plasmas of normal and Plasmodium lophurae-infected ducks, and in the parasite itself. The octadecenoic fatty acids were elevated over normal values in the major phospholipid classes of infected erythrocytes, in the erythrocyte-specific alkoxy phosphatidylethanolamine of infected erythrocytes, and in the plasma unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters and phosphatidlycholine of infected ducklings. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid of P. lophurae (33% total lipid fatty acid). Theoretical considerations of octadecenoic fatty acid modifications of erythrocyte membrane structure and function in malaria are discussed.", "contents": "Octadecenoic fatty acids and their association with hemolysis in malaria. Octadecenoic fatty acids have been implicated in prehemolytic and hemolytic phenomena associated with malaria. Oleic [18:1 (n-9)] and cis-vaccenic [18:1 (n-7)] acids were found and quantified in the major neutral and phospholipids of the erythrocytes and plasmas of normal and Plasmodium lophurae-infected ducks, and in the parasite itself. The octadecenoic fatty acids were elevated over normal values in the major phospholipid classes of infected erythrocytes, in the erythrocyte-specific alkoxy phosphatidylethanolamine of infected erythrocytes, and in the plasma unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters and phosphatidlycholine of infected ducklings. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid of P. lophurae (33% total lipid fatty acid). Theoretical considerations of octadecenoic fatty acid modifications of erythrocyte membrane structure and function in malaria are discussed.", "PMID": 599503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6820", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of variant-specific surface antigen glycoproteins from Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The carbohydrate of variant-specific surface antigen glycoproteins from bloodstream forms of 13 cloned variants of Trypanosoma brucei was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The glycoproteins contained from 6 to 17% carbohydrate by weight, and all contained the same 4 sugars: mannose, galactose, glucose, and glucosamine (probably as N-acetylglucosamine). The glycoprotein from variant 048, strain 427 contained (+20%) 11 mannose, 4 galactose, 4 glucose, and 5 glucosamine residues/mole of glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000). Glucose was an intergral component of the glycoproteins, not dissociable by sodium dodecyl sulphate, 8 M urea, or 1 M acetic acid. Some of the glucose was dissociated by trichloroacetic acid. Most of the glycoproteins formed precipitin with concanavalin A in Ouchterlony double diffusion, but none formed such bands with wheat germ agglutinin or Ricinus communis lectin (molecular weight 120, 000).", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of variant-specific surface antigen glycoproteins from Trypanosoma brucei. The carbohydrate of variant-specific surface antigen glycoproteins from bloodstream forms of 13 cloned variants of Trypanosoma brucei was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The glycoproteins contained from 6 to 17% carbohydrate by weight, and all contained the same 4 sugars: mannose, galactose, glucose, and glucosamine (probably as N-acetylglucosamine). The glycoprotein from variant 048, strain 427 contained (+20%) 11 mannose, 4 galactose, 4 glucose, and 5 glucosamine residues/mole of glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000). Glucose was an intergral component of the glycoproteins, not dissociable by sodium dodecyl sulphate, 8 M urea, or 1 M acetic acid. Some of the glucose was dissociated by trichloroacetic acid. Most of the glycoproteins formed precipitin with concanavalin A in Ouchterlony double diffusion, but none formed such bands with wheat germ agglutinin or Ricinus communis lectin (molecular weight 120, 000).", "PMID": 599504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6821", "title": "Subcellular effect of cytochalasin B and dimethylsulfoxide on Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Paramecium aurelia syngen 4, stock 57 (sensitve) cultivated in Cerophyl infusion were exposed to cytochalasin B (CB) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent for CB, to distinquish between the effects of these agents on a cellular system. DMSO significantly inhibited survival, fission rate,, [3H]leucine incorporation, and cell size. CB-treated cells generally and slower division and poorer survival rates than cells exposed to the equivalent DMSO concentration, although the [3H]leucine incorporation was generally greater at the lower CB concentrations than for DMSO alone. As seen by electron microscopy and a new glycerination technic for observing polysomes, DMSO caused nuclear (nucleolar, chromatin) abnormalities as well as membrane degradation and polysomal breakdown: CB caused the formation of aberrant membrane structures and ribosomal tetramers, crystals, and tubes.", "contents": "Subcellular effect of cytochalasin B and dimethylsulfoxide on Paramecium aurelia. Paramecium aurelia syngen 4, stock 57 (sensitve) cultivated in Cerophyl infusion were exposed to cytochalasin B (CB) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent for CB, to distinquish between the effects of these agents on a cellular system. DMSO significantly inhibited survival, fission rate,, [3H]leucine incorporation, and cell size. CB-treated cells generally and slower division and poorer survival rates than cells exposed to the equivalent DMSO concentration, although the [3H]leucine incorporation was generally greater at the lower CB concentrations than for DMSO alone. As seen by electron microscopy and a new glycerination technic for observing polysomes, DMSO caused nuclear (nucleolar, chromatin) abnormalities as well as membrane degradation and polysomal breakdown: CB caused the formation of aberrant membrane structures and ribosomal tetramers, crystals, and tubes.", "PMID": 599505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6822", "title": "[Semiology of benign diseases of the breast in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammography is a basic examination which must never be dissociated from the clinical background. A statistical blind study of 330 cases shows that only well definite syndroms are reliable. The presence of absence of a single sign has no value. Difficulties arise in the diagnosis of suspect nodule in a dense dystrophic breast. Hydratation of the connecting tissue is a fundamental concept for analysis of mammographic pictures. The densities change according to hormonal influence, growth of dystrophy and specific signs of fibrillary or hyalin fibrosis. A histological study of serial cuts of the breast shows that the must reliable signs are found in the center of the nodule ande immediately around it. As in the histological study, serial cuts are indispensable in X-ray examination. Tomography improves the examination of dystrophies.", "contents": "[Semiology of benign diseases of the breast in mammography (author's transl)]. Mammography is a basic examination which must never be dissociated from the clinical background. A statistical blind study of 330 cases shows that only well definite syndroms are reliable. The presence of absence of a single sign has no value. Difficulties arise in the diagnosis of suspect nodule in a dense dystrophic breast. Hydratation of the connecting tissue is a fundamental concept for analysis of mammographic pictures. The densities change according to hormonal influence, growth of dystrophy and specific signs of fibrillary or hyalin fibrosis. A histological study of serial cuts of the breast shows that the must reliable signs are found in the center of the nodule ande immediately around it. As in the histological study, serial cuts are indispensable in X-ray examination. Tomography improves the examination of dystrophies.", "PMID": 599513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6823", "title": "[Study of the liver by computerised tomography. Assessment of one years experience involving 1,480 investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of one year, and in two departments with identical equipment, 1,480 underwent examination of the liver by computerised tomography (C. T.). A critical analysis of the method is made, based upon the diagnostic results obtained as well as the errors and gaps noted. After describing the normal liver, the authors give the \"C. T. appearances\" of the main hepatic conditions, based upon correlation with macroscopic pathological findings.", "contents": "[Study of the liver by computerised tomography. Assessment of one years experience involving 1,480 investigations (author's transl)]. During a period of one year, and in two departments with identical equipment, 1,480 underwent examination of the liver by computerised tomography (C. T.). A critical analysis of the method is made, based upon the diagnostic results obtained as well as the errors and gaps noted. After describing the normal liver, the authors give the \"C. T. appearances\" of the main hepatic conditions, based upon correlation with macroscopic pathological findings.", "PMID": 599514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6824", "title": "[The echotomographic study of the vessels of the liver and the biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "As long as a clearly defined protocol is followed, exploration of the hepatic veins and biliary canals by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be incorporated in any echotomographic study of the hepatic parenchyma and reciprocally. This method of investigation is harmless, rapid, reproducible and low in cost.", "contents": "[The echotomographic study of the vessels of the liver and the biliary tract (author's transl)]. As long as a clearly defined protocol is followed, exploration of the hepatic veins and biliary canals by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be incorporated in any echotomographic study of the hepatic parenchyma and reciprocally. This method of investigation is harmless, rapid, reproducible and low in cost.", "PMID": 599515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6825", "title": "[The diagnostic possibilities and limitations of arteriography in necrosed carcinomas of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a review of 186 cases of carcinoma of the kidney studied by arteriography in the Department of Radiology for Diseases of the Urinary Tract at Necker Hospital, the authors drew the following conclusions: 1. The diagnosis of carcinoma could be affirmed in the very great majority of cases and suspected in the others. 2. There were no instances of a reassuring false diagnosis (cyst). 3. A precise, rigourous and faultless technique, perfectly demonstrating the exteriorised part of the mass and attentive, thorough and careful interpretation of the films obtained, in particular with regard to the mass in its exteriorised portion, are always essential in order to obtain such results. In particular, the presence of a vascularisation of a discontinuous opaque band at the periphery of the mass in its exteriorised part indicates a strong suspicion of a necrotic malignancy and under no circumstances is an unreserved diagnosis of a cyst possible. 4. Diagnostic errors in the sense of false positives involving certain \"thick-walled\" cysts should be eliminated by pre-operative needle puncture. 5. The authors conclude by describing the method of radiological exploration which they feel to be desirable in practice following the discovery of a renal mass by intravenous pyelography.", "contents": "[The diagnostic possibilities and limitations of arteriography in necrosed carcinomas of the kidney (author's transl)]. On the basis of a review of 186 cases of carcinoma of the kidney studied by arteriography in the Department of Radiology for Diseases of the Urinary Tract at Necker Hospital, the authors drew the following conclusions: 1. The diagnosis of carcinoma could be affirmed in the very great majority of cases and suspected in the others. 2. There were no instances of a reassuring false diagnosis (cyst). 3. A precise, rigourous and faultless technique, perfectly demonstrating the exteriorised part of the mass and attentive, thorough and careful interpretation of the films obtained, in particular with regard to the mass in its exteriorised portion, are always essential in order to obtain such results. In particular, the presence of a vascularisation of a discontinuous opaque band at the periphery of the mass in its exteriorised part indicates a strong suspicion of a necrotic malignancy and under no circumstances is an unreserved diagnosis of a cyst possible. 4. Diagnostic errors in the sense of false positives involving certain \"thick-walled\" cysts should be eliminated by pre-operative needle puncture. 5. The authors conclude by describing the method of radiological exploration which they feel to be desirable in practice following the discovery of a renal mass by intravenous pyelography.", "PMID": 599516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6826", "title": "[Tomodensitometric visualization of the pituitary gland in a case of empty sella tucica (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method of using tomodensitometry, after intravenous injection, to demonstrate pituitary remnants in a case of empty sella turcica.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometric visualization of the pituitary gland in a case of empty sella tucica (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method of using tomodensitometry, after intravenous injection, to demonstrate pituitary remnants in a case of empty sella turcica.", "PMID": 599517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6827", "title": "[Pseudo-neoplastic sigmoid diverticulitis from radiology to diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudo-neoplastic sigmoid diverticulitis, a rare clinical form of pseudo-tumoural sigmoiditis, is characterised by the difficulty of its clinical, radiological, endoscopic and even per-operative diagnosis. None of these various phases in study may suffice to eliminate the possibility of an associated carcinoma. The diagnosis may be made by opening the operative specimen, but this is too late in time. The appearance of the bladder, rather than misleading the diagnosis, may provide arguments in favour of the benign nature of these pseudo-tumours.", "contents": "[Pseudo-neoplastic sigmoid diverticulitis from radiology to diagnosis (author's transl)]. Pseudo-neoplastic sigmoid diverticulitis, a rare clinical form of pseudo-tumoural sigmoiditis, is characterised by the difficulty of its clinical, radiological, endoscopic and even per-operative diagnosis. None of these various phases in study may suffice to eliminate the possibility of an associated carcinoma. The diagnosis may be made by opening the operative specimen, but this is too late in time. The appearance of the bladder, rather than misleading the diagnosis, may provide arguments in favour of the benign nature of these pseudo-tumours.", "PMID": 599518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6828", "title": "[Pseudo-polypoid forms of crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Crohn's disease with a predominantly pseudopolypoid presentation is a rare form. The inflammatory polyps are of highly variable topography. They may be located in the colon and the ileum. There are diffuse and localised forms. This pseudopolypoid form of Crohn's disease poses, in addition to diagnostic problems, pathogenic questions, integrating these findings within the context of nonspecific reactions of the colon, secondary to an ulcerating process which may be specific.", "contents": "[Pseudo-polypoid forms of crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Crohn's disease with a predominantly pseudopolypoid presentation is a rare form. The inflammatory polyps are of highly variable topography. They may be located in the colon and the ileum. There are diffuse and localised forms. This pseudopolypoid form of Crohn's disease poses, in addition to diagnostic problems, pathogenic questions, integrating these findings within the context of nonspecific reactions of the colon, secondary to an ulcerating process which may be specific.", "PMID": 599519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6829", "title": "[Pseudo-membranous colitis. 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudo-membranous colitis may develop after treatment with antibiotics, and in particular lincomycin a, d clindamycin. A \"thumbprint\" appearance of lacunae 2 to 4 mm in diameter, in substraction in relation to the wall of the colon, diffuse involvement of the colon and the regression of these signs when antibiotics are stopped are the typical radiological signs of this disorder.", "contents": "[Pseudo-membranous colitis. 10 cases (author's transl)]. Pseudo-membranous colitis may develop after treatment with antibiotics, and in particular lincomycin a, d clindamycin. A \"thumbprint\" appearance of lacunae 2 to 4 mm in diameter, in substraction in relation to the wall of the colon, diffuse involvement of the colon and the regression of these signs when antibiotics are stopped are the typical radiological signs of this disorder.", "PMID": 599520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6830", "title": "[Broncho-alveolar spread in a case of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 30-year-old man suffering from juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis, recurrent since the age of 4. 23 years later, multiple round opacities were found in the lungs, progressing slowly to excavation. Bronchoscopy with broncho-aspiration provided histological confirmation of the diagnosis of broncho-alveolar spread of the papillomatosis, made on the basis of plain films and tomography.", "contents": "[Broncho-alveolar spread in a case of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 30-year-old man suffering from juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis, recurrent since the age of 4. 23 years later, multiple round opacities were found in the lungs, progressing slowly to excavation. Bronchoscopy with broncho-aspiration provided histological confirmation of the diagnosis of broncho-alveolar spread of the papillomatosis, made on the basis of plain films and tomography.", "PMID": 599521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6831", "title": "[Solitary azygos prolongation (author's transl)].", "content": "Azygos prolongation of the inferior vena cava is a congenital abnormality which is normally associated with a congenital cardiac lesion, abnormalities of the inferior caval system and, in some instances, abdominal heterotaxia. The authors report here a case which is exceptional in the sense that the azygos prolongation was isolated. Further radiological studies are essential in order to make the diagnosis following the discovery of a right-sided laterotracheal opacity on a plain chest film. Only five other cases were found in the literature.", "contents": "[Solitary azygos prolongation (author's transl)]. Azygos prolongation of the inferior vena cava is a congenital abnormality which is normally associated with a congenital cardiac lesion, abnormalities of the inferior caval system and, in some instances, abdominal heterotaxia. The authors report here a case which is exceptional in the sense that the azygos prolongation was isolated. Further radiological studies are essential in order to make the diagnosis following the discovery of a right-sided laterotracheal opacity on a plain chest film. Only five other cases were found in the literature.", "PMID": 599522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6832", "title": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine with double contrast radiological study after duodenal intubation. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a clinical case of post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine. The improvement in the quality of radiological diagnosis by the use of double contrast study of the small bowel after duodenal intubation is emphasised. On the basis of this case, together with a review of the literature, they review the various problems of diagnosis, physiopathology and histology which may be posed by these stenoses, which it would seem possible to integrate into a wider physiopathological group: ischaemic stenoses of the digestive tract.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine with double contrast radiological study after duodenal intubation. One case (author's transl)]. The authors present a clinical case of post-traumatic stenosis of the small intestine. The improvement in the quality of radiological diagnosis by the use of double contrast study of the small bowel after duodenal intubation is emphasised. On the basis of this case, together with a review of the literature, they review the various problems of diagnosis, physiopathology and histology which may be posed by these stenoses, which it would seem possible to integrate into a wider physiopathological group: ischaemic stenoses of the digestive tract.", "PMID": 599523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6833", "title": "[Cystic pneumatosis affecting the sigmoid. Information provided by colonic mucography (double contrast enema) and endoscopy. One case; diagnostic significance of the \"puzzle\" appearance (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of one case of colonic sub-mucosal cystic pneumatosis explored by double contrast enema, the authors emphasise the pathognomic diagnostic value of the \"puzzle\" appearance. This appearance is made by precise adaptation of the opaque colonic mucosa depressed in the form of a \"cupola\" over the intraparietal gas bubble which results in the deformity. Endoscopy failed to reveal the disorder in the case reported here.", "contents": "[Cystic pneumatosis affecting the sigmoid. Information provided by colonic mucography (double contrast enema) and endoscopy. One case; diagnostic significance of the \"puzzle\" appearance (author's transl)]. On the basis of one case of colonic sub-mucosal cystic pneumatosis explored by double contrast enema, the authors emphasise the pathognomic diagnostic value of the \"puzzle\" appearance. This appearance is made by precise adaptation of the opaque colonic mucosa depressed in the form of a \"cupola\" over the intraparietal gas bubble which results in the deformity. Endoscopy failed to reveal the disorder in the case reported here.", "PMID": 599524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6834", "title": "[Congenital cystic dilatation of biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The congenital cystic dilatation of biliary tract is un frequent affection and there are many types described (classification of Alonso Lej). The authors present the observation of a little girl of 12 years who presented a complete cystic dilatation ob biliary tract, diagnosed before the operation by intravenous biligraphy. This association of intra and extra hepatic cystic dilatation has been described in 1964 by Arthur and Stuart, and the diagnosis is to be done by intraveinous biligraphy in 30% of cases.", "contents": "[Congenital cystic dilatation of biliary tract (author's transl)]. The congenital cystic dilatation of biliary tract is un frequent affection and there are many types described (classification of Alonso Lej). The authors present the observation of a little girl of 12 years who presented a complete cystic dilatation ob biliary tract, diagnosed before the operation by intravenous biligraphy. This association of intra and extra hepatic cystic dilatation has been described in 1964 by Arthur and Stuart, and the diagnosis is to be done by intraveinous biligraphy in 30% of cases.", "PMID": 599525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6835", "title": "The effect of single intracisternal dry cow administration of staphylococcal antigens and antibiotics on the incidence of staphylococcal bovine mastitis.", "content": "The incidence of staphylococcal mastitis was investigated in 3 large commercial Friesland herds before and after the single intracisternal administration, during the dry-period, of 1 of 4 formulations containing staphylococcal antigens, antibiotics and base alone or in combination. Results suggest that the instillation of vaccine alone and vaccine plus antibiotics into fully involuted quarters very significantly reduced the incidence of staphylococcal mastitis in the subsequent lactation. Compared with antibiotics and base, each administered alone, the vaccine reduced the number of infected quarters in the subsequent lactation by 70,52% and 79,52% respectively, whereas the corresponding values for vaccine plus antibiotics were 62,22% and 71,22% respectively. The difference in results between vaccine alone and vaccine plus antibiotics is statistically insignificant, as is the difference between the results achieved by antiobiotics and base alone. The vaccine plus antibiotics is thought to possess combined therapeutic-preventive activity. The investigation showed, however, that vaccine plus antibiotics consistently protected mastitis negative quarters against new attacks of staphylococcal mastitis during the subsequent lactation period about 1,43, 4,00 and 5,32 times more effectively than did vaccine, antibiotics and base used individually.", "contents": "The effect of single intracisternal dry cow administration of staphylococcal antigens and antibiotics on the incidence of staphylococcal bovine mastitis. The incidence of staphylococcal mastitis was investigated in 3 large commercial Friesland herds before and after the single intracisternal administration, during the dry-period, of 1 of 4 formulations containing staphylococcal antigens, antibiotics and base alone or in combination. Results suggest that the instillation of vaccine alone and vaccine plus antibiotics into fully involuted quarters very significantly reduced the incidence of staphylococcal mastitis in the subsequent lactation. Compared with antibiotics and base, each administered alone, the vaccine reduced the number of infected quarters in the subsequent lactation by 70,52% and 79,52% respectively, whereas the corresponding values for vaccine plus antibiotics were 62,22% and 71,22% respectively. The difference in results between vaccine alone and vaccine plus antibiotics is statistically insignificant, as is the difference between the results achieved by antiobiotics and base alone. The vaccine plus antibiotics is thought to possess combined therapeutic-preventive activity. The investigation showed, however, that vaccine plus antibiotics consistently protected mastitis negative quarters against new attacks of staphylococcal mastitis during the subsequent lactation period about 1,43, 4,00 and 5,32 times more effectively than did vaccine, antibiotics and base used individually.", "PMID": 599526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6836", "title": "The results of a mastitis awareness scheme in dairy herds in Natal and East Griqualand.", "content": "Over a period of 3 years some 314 widely distributed producers of fresh milk were made aware of their mastitis situation by regularly reporting the results of electronic determination of somatic cell counts in their bulked herd milk. These reports were preceded by information on the significance of high cell counts and followed by information relative to herd control of mastitis. The data are summarized in 2 figures and 1 table. Statistical analysis reflects a steady and significant improvement in the overall cell count picture over the duration of the programme. No differences could be established between counts on milk delivered in bulk and that delivered in cans. Regional differences existed. Of the herds in which the cell content was reduced to below 500 000/ml, 65% reported an increase in production and a decrease in the incidence of clinical mastitis. In the herds where no decrease in cell content was effected, only 20% reported an increase in production and 30% a reduction of clinical mastitis. Whatever the case, the consumers of the milk benefitted in receiving aesthetically more acceptable milk.", "contents": "The results of a mastitis awareness scheme in dairy herds in Natal and East Griqualand. Over a period of 3 years some 314 widely distributed producers of fresh milk were made aware of their mastitis situation by regularly reporting the results of electronic determination of somatic cell counts in their bulked herd milk. These reports were preceded by information on the significance of high cell counts and followed by information relative to herd control of mastitis. The data are summarized in 2 figures and 1 table. Statistical analysis reflects a steady and significant improvement in the overall cell count picture over the duration of the programme. No differences could be established between counts on milk delivered in bulk and that delivered in cans. Regional differences existed. Of the herds in which the cell content was reduced to below 500 000/ml, 65% reported an increase in production and a decrease in the incidence of clinical mastitis. In the herds where no decrease in cell content was effected, only 20% reported an increase in production and 30% a reduction of clinical mastitis. Whatever the case, the consumers of the milk benefitted in receiving aesthetically more acceptable milk.", "PMID": 599527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6837", "title": "[Examination for infertility in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate clinically recognisable manifestations while undertaking examinations for fertility in cattle it is necessary to take cognizance of the physiological events taking place during the puerperium. The frequently incorrect diagnoses of cystic degeneration of the ovaries during this period can be avoided if the mechanisms controlling ovarian activity are properly understood. The close interaction between the ovaries, the hypothalamus, the hypophysis and adrenals as well as the luteolytic mechanism controlling ovarian activity is discussed. Attention is focussed on the effect of various pathogens on the endometrium, the influence of nutrition on the reproductive cycle and the consequent ovarian changes. The necessity to institute fertility examinations on a herd basis is stressed rather than attempts at treating the individual animal which, according to the owner, requires veterinary attention. By doing so a much more satisfactory service can be rendered. The existence of competent diagnostic centres, where the practitioner can obtain a metabolic or infection profile, is absolutely essential when fertility examinations on a herd basis are considered.", "contents": "[Examination for infertility in cattle (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate clinically recognisable manifestations while undertaking examinations for fertility in cattle it is necessary to take cognizance of the physiological events taking place during the puerperium. The frequently incorrect diagnoses of cystic degeneration of the ovaries during this period can be avoided if the mechanisms controlling ovarian activity are properly understood. The close interaction between the ovaries, the hypothalamus, the hypophysis and adrenals as well as the luteolytic mechanism controlling ovarian activity is discussed. Attention is focussed on the effect of various pathogens on the endometrium, the influence of nutrition on the reproductive cycle and the consequent ovarian changes. The necessity to institute fertility examinations on a herd basis is stressed rather than attempts at treating the individual animal which, according to the owner, requires veterinary attention. By doing so a much more satisfactory service can be rendered. The existence of competent diagnostic centres, where the practitioner can obtain a metabolic or infection profile, is absolutely essential when fertility examinations on a herd basis are considered.", "PMID": 599528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6838", "title": "Blood levels of oxytetracycline in dogs after oral administration.", "content": "Blood levels of oxytetracycline in dogs were determined by a spectrofluorometric method. Doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body mass were administered as single doses per os. A single dose of 100 mg/kg body mass gave adequate blood levels and the 10 mg dose was inadequate. When doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg body mass respectively were repeated after 12 hours the higher dose gave adequate blood levels. Blood levels after dosing with 3 different commercial products containing oxytetracycline proved the non-equivalence of these products.", "contents": "Blood levels of oxytetracycline in dogs after oral administration. Blood levels of oxytetracycline in dogs were determined by a spectrofluorometric method. Doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body mass were administered as single doses per os. A single dose of 100 mg/kg body mass gave adequate blood levels and the 10 mg dose was inadequate. When doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg body mass respectively were repeated after 12 hours the higher dose gave adequate blood levels. Blood levels after dosing with 3 different commercial products containing oxytetracycline proved the non-equivalence of these products.", "PMID": 599529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6839", "title": "Langerhans cells in the epithelium of the bovine forestomach: their role in the primary immune response.", "content": "Dendritic, migratory, lymphoid cells identical to the Langerhans cells of the epidermis, have been found in the epithelium of the bovine forestomach. They also possess the characteristic Langerhans cell granules. It can be assumed that these epithelial lymphocytes, (or Langerhans cells) as has been reported for the epidermal Langerhans cells, are antigen detectors and therefore form the first line of defence in the general immunological response of the body. The author suggests that the Langerhans cells of the forestomach be named epithelial lymphocytes. The existence of Langerhans cell granules has not yet been reported in the epithelial lymphocytes of the true stomach, intestines and respiratory epithelium.", "contents": "Langerhans cells in the epithelium of the bovine forestomach: their role in the primary immune response. Dendritic, migratory, lymphoid cells identical to the Langerhans cells of the epidermis, have been found in the epithelium of the bovine forestomach. They also possess the characteristic Langerhans cell granules. It can be assumed that these epithelial lymphocytes, (or Langerhans cells) as has been reported for the epidermal Langerhans cells, are antigen detectors and therefore form the first line of defence in the general immunological response of the body. The author suggests that the Langerhans cells of the forestomach be named epithelial lymphocytes. The existence of Langerhans cell granules has not yet been reported in the epithelial lymphocytes of the true stomach, intestines and respiratory epithelium.", "PMID": 599530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6840", "title": "A suspected lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats. Part I: genetic, clinical and clinical pathological aspects.", "content": "The genetic, clinical and clinical pathological findings of a neurological syndrome in Abyssinian kittens are described. The findings are compared with similar cases in the literature and a tentative diagnosis of a lysosomal storage disease is proposed.", "contents": "A suspected lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats. Part I: genetic, clinical and clinical pathological aspects. The genetic, clinical and clinical pathological findings of a neurological syndrome in Abyssinian kittens are described. The findings are compared with similar cases in the literature and a tentative diagnosis of a lysosomal storage disease is proposed.", "PMID": 599532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6841", "title": "A suspected lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats. Part II: histopathological and ultrastructural aspects.", "content": "The histopathological and ultrastructural findings in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of Abyssinian kittens suffering from a disease which was clinically characterised by neurological disturbances, are described. The lesions were vacuolisation of neurones and macrophages with light microscopy and lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies, initially in lysosomes with electron microscopy. Irregularly shaped membrane-bound bodies with an amorphous substance were eventually formed in the cytoplasm of affected cells. It is considered that this is a lysosomal storage disease.", "contents": "A suspected lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats. Part II: histopathological and ultrastructural aspects. The histopathological and ultrastructural findings in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of Abyssinian kittens suffering from a disease which was clinically characterised by neurological disturbances, are described. The lesions were vacuolisation of neurones and macrophages with light microscopy and lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies, initially in lysosomes with electron microscopy. Irregularly shaped membrane-bound bodies with an amorphous substance were eventually formed in the cytoplasm of affected cells. It is considered that this is a lysosomal storage disease.", "PMID": 599533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6842", "title": "Ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum) poisoning in cattle.", "content": "An outbreak of ganskweek poisoning in a herd of 93 cattle on a farm in the Graaff-Reinet district of the Cape Province is described. Five animals died and at least 16 others were affected. Clinical signs included nervous symptoms (intractability, wildness, aggressiveness), icterus, melaena, abdominal pain and photosensitisation. The most prominent lesions present in the one animal autopsied were a severe hepatopathy and haemorrhagic tendencies.", "contents": "Ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum) poisoning in cattle. An outbreak of ganskweek poisoning in a herd of 93 cattle on a farm in the Graaff-Reinet district of the Cape Province is described. Five animals died and at least 16 others were affected. Clinical signs included nervous symptoms (intractability, wildness, aggressiveness), icterus, melaena, abdominal pain and photosensitisation. The most prominent lesions present in the one animal autopsied were a severe hepatopathy and haemorrhagic tendencies.", "PMID": 599534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6843", "title": "A congenital oesophagotracheal fistula in a two-year-old dog.", "content": "A congenital oesophagotracheal fistula in a two-year-old dog is reported. An account is given of the clinical symptoms, radiographic appearance, the supportive therapy, surgical correction and the post mortem findings.", "contents": "A congenital oesophagotracheal fistula in a two-year-old dog. A congenital oesophagotracheal fistula in a two-year-old dog is reported. An account is given of the clinical symptoms, radiographic appearance, the supportive therapy, surgical correction and the post mortem findings.", "PMID": 599535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6844", "title": "Bovine fluid therapy.", "content": "The paper emphasizes that fluids are generally given to cattle in insufficient quantities. Estimation of the state of hydration and calculation of requirements for replacement and maintenance for 24h is essential. Administration routes of choice are discussed. Acid-base balance, the relative importance of bicarbonate, K, Na, Ca, glucose and blood and precautions regarding typical South African conditions are discussed. Several examples of cases are presented, as are tables and formulae for calculation and replacement of fluid. The paper is essentially a practical guide for clinicians.", "contents": "Bovine fluid therapy. The paper emphasizes that fluids are generally given to cattle in insufficient quantities. Estimation of the state of hydration and calculation of requirements for replacement and maintenance for 24h is essential. Administration routes of choice are discussed. Acid-base balance, the relative importance of bicarbonate, K, Na, Ca, glucose and blood and precautions regarding typical South African conditions are discussed. Several examples of cases are presented, as are tables and formulae for calculation and replacement of fluid. The paper is essentially a practical guide for clinicians.", "PMID": 599536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6845", "title": "Salmonellae in Rhodesia: sources and serotypes of some isolates from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man.", "content": "Sources and serotypes of some salmonellae isolated from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man are given. At least 72 serotypes have been identified from 1273 isolations from abattoirs, animals and birds, and from 7 137 isolations from man. The sources and serotypes of these isolations are discussed and some suggestions concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella in Rhodesia are made.", "contents": "Salmonellae in Rhodesia: sources and serotypes of some isolates from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man. Sources and serotypes of some salmonellae isolated from abattoirs, domestic animals, birds and man are given. At least 72 serotypes have been identified from 1273 isolations from abattoirs, animals and birds, and from 7 137 isolations from man. The sources and serotypes of these isolations are discussed and some suggestions concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella in Rhodesia are made.", "PMID": 599539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6846", "title": "Common canine dermatoses.", "content": "Refractory canine skin disorders from a large percentage of the cases referred to the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. Included in these conditions are allergic skin diseases, primary pyoderma, generalised pustular demodicosis, endocrine alopecia, dermatomycosis, seborrhoea, acral pruritic nodule and nasal solar dermatitis. These conditions are discussed with emphasis on aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Thirteen colour plates illustrate the classical appearance of the dermatoses described.", "contents": "Common canine dermatoses. Refractory canine skin disorders from a large percentage of the cases referred to the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. Included in these conditions are allergic skin diseases, primary pyoderma, generalised pustular demodicosis, endocrine alopecia, dermatomycosis, seborrhoea, acral pruritic nodule and nasal solar dermatitis. These conditions are discussed with emphasis on aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Thirteen colour plates illustrate the classical appearance of the dermatoses described.", "PMID": 599540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6847", "title": "Fertility and infertility problems in sows.", "content": "The overriding economic importance of reproductive efficiency to successful pig production makes it necessary to collect and analyse performance records for the diagnosis and control of reproductive failure. Recently published production standards from the United Kingdom are related to the results obtained from 68 herds in the National Pig Health Scheme. It is concluded that more attention to the managerial aspects of weaning and rebreeding will do much to improve farrowing frequency.", "contents": "Fertility and infertility problems in sows. The overriding economic importance of reproductive efficiency to successful pig production makes it necessary to collect and analyse performance records for the diagnosis and control of reproductive failure. Recently published production standards from the United Kingdom are related to the results obtained from 68 herds in the National Pig Health Scheme. It is concluded that more attention to the managerial aspects of weaning and rebreeding will do much to improve farrowing frequency.", "PMID": 599546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6848", "title": "Surgical correction of premature closure of the ulnar growth plate in the dog.", "content": "Successful correction of anterior bowing of the foreleg and severe lateral carpal valgus following on premature closure of the ulnar growth plate in a month old Great Dane bitch is described. The procedure involved stapling the radius across the distal growth plate and section of the ulna.", "contents": "Surgical correction of premature closure of the ulnar growth plate in the dog. Successful correction of anterior bowing of the foreleg and severe lateral carpal valgus following on premature closure of the ulnar growth plate in a month old Great Dane bitch is described. The procedure involved stapling the radius across the distal growth plate and section of the ulna.", "PMID": 599547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6849", "title": "Mechanisms of voltage transients during current clamp in Necturus gallbladder.", "content": "Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanisms of the transepithelial voltage transients (deltaVms) observed during transmural current clamps in the isolated Necturus gallbladder. The results indicate that: a) part of deltaVms is due to a transepithelial resistance change (deltaRt), and part to a tissue emf change. b) deltaRt is entirely caused by changes of the resistance of the paracellular pathway. At all current densities employed, the measured changes are probably due to changes in both fluid conductivity and width of the lateral intercellular spaces. At high currents, in addition to the effects on the lateral spaces, the resistance of other elements of the pathway (probably the limiting junction) drops, regardless of the direction of the current. c) The magnitude and polarity of the deltaRt-independent transepithelial and cell membrane potential transients indicate that the largest emf change takes place at the basolateral membrane (deltaEb), with smaller changes at the luminal membrane (deltaEa) and the paracellular (shunt) pathway (deltaEs). It is shown that two-thirds of the transient are caused by deltaEs, and one-third by delta(Eb--Ea). deltaEs can be explained by a diffusion potential generated by a current-dependent NaCl concentration gradient across the tissue. deltaEa and deltaEb are caused by [K] changes, mainly at the unstirred layer in contact with the basolateral membrane.", "contents": "Mechanisms of voltage transients during current clamp in Necturus gallbladder. Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanisms of the transepithelial voltage transients (deltaVms) observed during transmural current clamps in the isolated Necturus gallbladder. The results indicate that: a) part of deltaVms is due to a transepithelial resistance change (deltaRt), and part to a tissue emf change. b) deltaRt is entirely caused by changes of the resistance of the paracellular pathway. At all current densities employed, the measured changes are probably due to changes in both fluid conductivity and width of the lateral intercellular spaces. At high currents, in addition to the effects on the lateral spaces, the resistance of other elements of the pathway (probably the limiting junction) drops, regardless of the direction of the current. c) The magnitude and polarity of the deltaRt-independent transepithelial and cell membrane potential transients indicate that the largest emf change takes place at the basolateral membrane (deltaEb), with smaller changes at the luminal membrane (deltaEa) and the paracellular (shunt) pathway (deltaEs). It is shown that two-thirds of the transient are caused by deltaEs, and one-third by delta(Eb--Ea). deltaEs can be explained by a diffusion potential generated by a current-dependent NaCl concentration gradient across the tissue. deltaEa and deltaEb are caused by [K] changes, mainly at the unstirred layer in contact with the basolateral membrane.", "PMID": 599553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6850", "title": "Electrical noise from lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of hydrophobic ions.", "content": "In the presence of the hydrophobic ion dipicrylamine, lipid bilayer membranes exhibit a characteristic type of noise spectrum which is different from other forms of noise described so far. The spectral density of current noise measured in zero voltage increases in proportion to the square of frequency at low frequencies and becomes constant at high frequencies. The observed form of the noise spectrum can be interpreted on the basis of a transport model for hydrophobic ions in which it is assumed that the ions are adsorbed in potential-energy minima at either membrane surface and are able to cross the central energy barrier by thermal activation. Accordingly, current-noise results from random fluctuations in the number of ions jumping over the barrier from right to left and from left to right. On the basis of this model the rate constant ki for the translocation of the hydrophobic ion across the barrier, as well as the mean surface concentration Nt of adsorbed ions may be calculated from the observed spectral intensity of current noise. The values of ki obtained in this way closely agree with the results of previous relaxation experiments. A similar, although less quantitative, agreement is also found for the surface concentration Nt.", "contents": "Electrical noise from lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of hydrophobic ions. In the presence of the hydrophobic ion dipicrylamine, lipid bilayer membranes exhibit a characteristic type of noise spectrum which is different from other forms of noise described so far. The spectral density of current noise measured in zero voltage increases in proportion to the square of frequency at low frequencies and becomes constant at high frequencies. The observed form of the noise spectrum can be interpreted on the basis of a transport model for hydrophobic ions in which it is assumed that the ions are adsorbed in potential-energy minima at either membrane surface and are able to cross the central energy barrier by thermal activation. Accordingly, current-noise results from random fluctuations in the number of ions jumping over the barrier from right to left and from left to right. On the basis of this model the rate constant ki for the translocation of the hydrophobic ion across the barrier, as well as the mean surface concentration Nt of adsorbed ions may be calculated from the observed spectral intensity of current noise. The values of ki obtained in this way closely agree with the results of previous relaxation experiments. A similar, although less quantitative, agreement is also found for the surface concentration Nt.", "PMID": 599554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6851", "title": "Freeze-fracture for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Two different freeze-fracture methods are explored for preparation of biological material for scanning electron microscopy. In the simpler method the tissues are first fixed and dehydrated. They are then frozen and fractured, and after thawing, critical-point dried. This method has already been used in a number of studies of animal tissues (heart, liver, kidney). It is applied here to the examination of plant material (leaf mesophyll cells). In the second method tissues, or cells, are first infiltrated with cryoprotectant (dimethylsulphoxide) then frozen and fractured, and not fixed until after thawing. The fixed tissues are finally dehydrated and critical-point dried. This method also has previously been used in the study of animal tissues, and is applied here to carrot protoplasts, chicken erythrocytes, and leaf mesophyll cells.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture for scanning electron microscopy. Two different freeze-fracture methods are explored for preparation of biological material for scanning electron microscopy. In the simpler method the tissues are first fixed and dehydrated. They are then frozen and fractured, and after thawing, critical-point dried. This method has already been used in a number of studies of animal tissues (heart, liver, kidney). It is applied here to the examination of plant material (leaf mesophyll cells). In the second method tissues, or cells, are first infiltrated with cryoprotectant (dimethylsulphoxide) then frozen and fractured, and not fixed until after thawing. The fixed tissues are finally dehydrated and critical-point dried. This method also has previously been used in the study of animal tissues, and is applied here to carrot protoplasts, chicken erythrocytes, and leaf mesophyll cells.", "PMID": 599555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6852", "title": "A device for dark field microphotography at low magnifications.", "content": "A simple illumination system is described that can be easily adapted to a laboratory stereomicroscope allowing for low power high contrast dark field surveying. The system uses commercially available fibre optic lamps, standard bright field objectives and produces a large, evenly illuminated field suitable for photography.", "contents": "A device for dark field microphotography at low magnifications. A simple illumination system is described that can be easily adapted to a laboratory stereomicroscope allowing for low power high contrast dark field surveying. The system uses commercially available fibre optic lamps, standard bright field objectives and produces a large, evenly illuminated field suitable for photography.", "PMID": 599556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6853", "title": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. II. The polymerization of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "When an aqueous solution (pH 7.0) of 3H deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate, 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide, cyanamide and ammonium chloride was dried and heated at 60 degrees C for 18 h, oligomers were obtained in a yield of approximately 80%. After the chemical degradation of any pyrophosphate bonds present in these oligomers, linear polynucleotides of up to 7-8 units in length were isolated by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and identified by enzymatic digestion procedures. The di- and trinucleotide fractions were degraded 87% and 100% by snake venom phosphodiesterase and 39% and 9% by spleen phosphodiesterase. This synthesis of deoxythymidine oligonucleotides was conducted under potentially prebiotic conditions and may offer a possible method for the synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on the primitive Earth.", "contents": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. II. The polymerization of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate. When an aqueous solution (pH 7.0) of 3H deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate, 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide, cyanamide and ammonium chloride was dried and heated at 60 degrees C for 18 h, oligomers were obtained in a yield of approximately 80%. After the chemical degradation of any pyrophosphate bonds present in these oligomers, linear polynucleotides of up to 7-8 units in length were isolated by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and identified by enzymatic digestion procedures. The di- and trinucleotide fractions were degraded 87% and 100% by snake venom phosphodiesterase and 39% and 9% by spleen phosphodiesterase. This synthesis of deoxythymidine oligonucleotides was conducted under potentially prebiotic conditions and may offer a possible method for the synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on the primitive Earth.", "PMID": 599570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6854", "title": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. III. Synthesis of peptides.", "content": "Peptides were formed in yields of 5%, 17% and 66%, respectively, when aqueous solutions of glycine, isoleucine or phenylalanine were dried and heated for 24 h at 90 degrees C with adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide and cyanamide. Glycine and L-phenylalanine produced mixtures of di-, tri- and tetrapeptides, while L-isoleucine gave only the dipeptide in detectable quantities. The dipeptides of L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine were identified by mass spectrometry and enzymatic and enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. III. Synthesis of peptides. Peptides were formed in yields of 5%, 17% and 66%, respectively, when aqueous solutions of glycine, isoleucine or phenylalanine were dried and heated for 24 h at 90 degrees C with adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide and cyanamide. Glycine and L-phenylalanine produced mixtures of di-, tri- and tetrapeptides, while L-isoleucine gave only the dipeptide in detectable quantities. The dipeptides of L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine were identified by mass spectrometry and enzymatic and enzymatic degradation.", "PMID": 599571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6855", "title": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. IV. The synthesis of acylglycerols.", "content": "The synthesis of palmitoylglycerols in good yields occurs when a solution of glycerol, ammonium palmitate, cyanamide and imidazole is dried and heated at ambient humidity at temperatures ranging from 60 degrees--100 degrees C for 16 h. Much less product is formed in the absence of either or both cyanamide or imidazole. This work suggests that acylglycerols could have been synthesized on the primitive Earth under plausible prebiotic conditions which were similar but not identical to those which have been shown to condense deoxynucleotides into oligodeoxynucleotides and amino acids into peptides.", "contents": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. IV. The synthesis of acylglycerols. The synthesis of palmitoylglycerols in good yields occurs when a solution of glycerol, ammonium palmitate, cyanamide and imidazole is dried and heated at ambient humidity at temperatures ranging from 60 degrees--100 degrees C for 16 h. Much less product is formed in the absence of either or both cyanamide or imidazole. This work suggests that acylglycerols could have been synthesized on the primitive Earth under plausible prebiotic conditions which were similar but not identical to those which have been shown to condense deoxynucleotides into oligodeoxynucleotides and amino acids into peptides.", "PMID": 599572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6856", "title": "Evaluation of the non-randomness of protein compositions.", "content": "A method is described for assessing the non-randomness of protein compositions, based on the chi-squared statistic for the differences between the observed numbers of residues of each type and the numbers expected for a random distribution of codons. The analysis indicates that changes in at least 30% of the residues in natural proteins are selected against.", "contents": "Evaluation of the non-randomness of protein compositions. A method is described for assessing the non-randomness of protein compositions, based on the chi-squared statistic for the differences between the observed numbers of residues of each type and the numbers expected for a random distribution of codons. The analysis indicates that changes in at least 30% of the residues in natural proteins are selected against.", "PMID": 599573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6857", "title": "Partitioning of amino acids and nucleotides between water and micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium halides. The prebiotic significance of cationic surfaces.", "content": "Using quantitative gel filtration techniques partition coefficients, Kp-values, have been determined between aqueous cationic micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, and several biomonomer. Kp-values for 5'-adenylic acid, 5'-cytidylic acid, 5'-guanylic acid, 5'-uridylic acid and 5'-thymidylic acid are 1,400 +/- 150. Nucleotides bind to CTAB micelles effectively, but nonselectively. Conversely, the binding of tRNAs to micellar CTAB is selective. Kp-values for glutamic acid II, tyrosine and phenylalanine tRNAs (in 1.0MNaCl) are 520, 3,100 and 5,600, respectively. Kp-values for the binding of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine and tryptophan to micellar CTAB are less than 8. Conversion of unitless Kp-values for the binding of amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides to both anionic and cationic micelles, to K (in 1/g) values allows the comparison of clays and micelles as prebiotic concentrating media. Using correlations between surface densities of the biomonomers and their binding constants, it is shown that aqueous micelles (at pH = 8) are a better concentrating media than are clays.", "contents": "Partitioning of amino acids and nucleotides between water and micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium halides. The prebiotic significance of cationic surfaces. Using quantitative gel filtration techniques partition coefficients, Kp-values, have been determined between aqueous cationic micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, and several biomonomer. Kp-values for 5'-adenylic acid, 5'-cytidylic acid, 5'-guanylic acid, 5'-uridylic acid and 5'-thymidylic acid are 1,400 +/- 150. Nucleotides bind to CTAB micelles effectively, but nonselectively. Conversely, the binding of tRNAs to micellar CTAB is selective. Kp-values for glutamic acid II, tyrosine and phenylalanine tRNAs (in 1.0MNaCl) are 520, 3,100 and 5,600, respectively. Kp-values for the binding of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine and tryptophan to micellar CTAB are less than 8. Conversion of unitless Kp-values for the binding of amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides to both anionic and cationic micelles, to K (in 1/g) values allows the comparison of clays and micelles as prebiotic concentrating media. Using correlations between surface densities of the biomonomers and their binding constants, it is shown that aqueous micelles (at pH = 8) are a better concentrating media than are clays.", "PMID": 599574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6858", "title": "Ribonucleotide reduction and the possible role of cobalamin in evolution.", "content": "The biological pathways of ribonucleotide reduction are briefly reviewed. The hypothesis is presented that reduction of ribonucleoside triphosphates to their deoxynucleotide analogs through the mediation of vitamin B12 or a similar corrinoid preceded and was necessary for the subsequent development of a DNA-type genome. There are two known biological systems for ribonucleotide reduction: (1) The ribonucleoside diphosphate reduction system which utilizes a nonheme iron ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, thioredoxin and its reductase, and NADPH. This enzyme complex is found in most bacteria, some higher organisms, and in all animals. (2) The ribonucleoside triphosphate reduction system which utilizes adenosyl cobalamin, ribonucleotide reductase and either thioredoxin or a disulfhydryl compound. The cobalamin-dependent reductase is restricted to a few species of bacteria and blue-gree algae. This system is considered more primitive than the iron reductase one based on their differences in distribution, components, and products.", "contents": "Ribonucleotide reduction and the possible role of cobalamin in evolution. The biological pathways of ribonucleotide reduction are briefly reviewed. The hypothesis is presented that reduction of ribonucleoside triphosphates to their deoxynucleotide analogs through the mediation of vitamin B12 or a similar corrinoid preceded and was necessary for the subsequent development of a DNA-type genome. There are two known biological systems for ribonucleotide reduction: (1) The ribonucleoside diphosphate reduction system which utilizes a nonheme iron ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, thioredoxin and its reductase, and NADPH. This enzyme complex is found in most bacteria, some higher organisms, and in all animals. (2) The ribonucleoside triphosphate reduction system which utilizes adenosyl cobalamin, ribonucleotide reductase and either thioredoxin or a disulfhydryl compound. The cobalamin-dependent reductase is restricted to a few species of bacteria and blue-gree algae. This system is considered more primitive than the iron reductase one based on their differences in distribution, components, and products.", "PMID": 599575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6859", "title": "Effect of respiratory infection on the elution of benzo[a]pyrene from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice.", "content": "The effect of respiratory infection by PR8 influenza virus on the elution of bnezo[a]pyrene (BaP) from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice was studied. In mice, this virus produces, among other pheneomena, a proteinaceous effusion and mixed cellular exudate in the alveolar parenchyma during the acute phase of infection. If BaP-coated carbon particles are introduced into the respiratory tract during the acute stage of infection, the rate of BaP elution from the carbon particles is increased. When BaP-coated carbon particles were instilled in the respiratory tract either 1 wk before or 2 wk after the acute stage of infection, the BaP elution rate from carbon particles were similar to that in uninfected animals.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory infection on the elution of benzo[a]pyrene from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice. The effect of respiratory infection by PR8 influenza virus on the elution of bnezo[a]pyrene (BaP) from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice was studied. In mice, this virus produces, among other pheneomena, a proteinaceous effusion and mixed cellular exudate in the alveolar parenchyma during the acute phase of infection. If BaP-coated carbon particles are introduced into the respiratory tract during the acute stage of infection, the rate of BaP elution from the carbon particles is increased. When BaP-coated carbon particles were instilled in the respiratory tract either 1 wk before or 2 wk after the acute stage of infection, the BaP elution rate from carbon particles were similar to that in uninfected animals.", "PMID": 599577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6860", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and distribution of styrene monomer in rats after intravenous administration.", "content": "An interest in the pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in the rat, arising from the presence of the monomer in the industrial work place and in foods, necessitated an investigation of the dose dependency of the kinetics of styrene monomer when administered by the iv route. A rapid distribution of the monomer to the major organs was observed, and all of the rate coefficients describing the rates of distribution and elimination decreased with increasing dose. No change in the apparent volume of distribution with dose was observed. Some evidence for the involvement of saturable metabolic pathways was obtained.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and distribution of styrene monomer in rats after intravenous administration. An interest in the pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in the rat, arising from the presence of the monomer in the industrial work place and in foods, necessitated an investigation of the dose dependency of the kinetics of styrene monomer when administered by the iv route. A rapid distribution of the monomer to the major organs was observed, and all of the rate coefficients describing the rates of distribution and elimination decreased with increasing dose. No change in the apparent volume of distribution with dose was observed. Some evidence for the involvement of saturable metabolic pathways was obtained.", "PMID": 599578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6861", "title": "Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) and its error with a small computer.", "content": "A program for a small digital computer was developed to calculate the median lethal dose (LD50) and its errors. The algorithm employed in the program was based on a method described by Bliss. Modifications introduced by Finney are also discussed. The results indicate a high degree of accuracy compared with calculations performed by Bliss. The accuracy and speed of calculation exceeded those possible with simplified and graphic methods. The data and results for four toxic compounds are presented.", "contents": "Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) and its error with a small computer. A program for a small digital computer was developed to calculate the median lethal dose (LD50) and its errors. The algorithm employed in the program was based on a method described by Bliss. Modifications introduced by Finney are also discussed. The results indicate a high degree of accuracy compared with calculations performed by Bliss. The accuracy and speed of calculation exceeded those possible with simplified and graphic methods. The data and results for four toxic compounds are presented.", "PMID": 599579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6862", "title": "Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and other antioxidants on mouse lung metabolism.", "content": "Toxic doses of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a phenolic antioxidant commonly used as a food additive, are known to produce lung damage. In this study, 3 days after a single ip injection of 62.5, 215, or 500 mg/kg BHT in mice there was a dose-dependent increase in lung weight. This concentration dependence with injected BHT was accompanied by increases in lung DNA and nonprotein sulfhydryl levels and in whole lung tissue enzyme activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. The increased enzyme activities are considered to correspond to inflammatory and proliferative pulmonary changes resulting from acute lung cell injury and necrosis, which have been described previously, and cannot be construed as evidence for a primary oxidant-induced pulmonary lesion. The mechanism of BHT-induced lung changes may not be related to the antioxidant property of BHT, since vitamin E, n-propyl gallate, ethoxyquin, N,N'-p-phenylenediamine, and the structurally similar compound, butylated hydroxyanisole did not appear to produce the gross anatomical or biochemical lung changes observed with BHT.", "contents": "Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and other antioxidants on mouse lung metabolism. Toxic doses of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a phenolic antioxidant commonly used as a food additive, are known to produce lung damage. In this study, 3 days after a single ip injection of 62.5, 215, or 500 mg/kg BHT in mice there was a dose-dependent increase in lung weight. This concentration dependence with injected BHT was accompanied by increases in lung DNA and nonprotein sulfhydryl levels and in whole lung tissue enzyme activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. The increased enzyme activities are considered to correspond to inflammatory and proliferative pulmonary changes resulting from acute lung cell injury and necrosis, which have been described previously, and cannot be construed as evidence for a primary oxidant-induced pulmonary lesion. The mechanism of BHT-induced lung changes may not be related to the antioxidant property of BHT, since vitamin E, n-propyl gallate, ethoxyquin, N,N'-p-phenylenediamine, and the structurally similar compound, butylated hydroxyanisole did not appear to produce the gross anatomical or biochemical lung changes observed with BHT.", "PMID": 599582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6863", "title": "Human safety data collection and evaluation for the approval of new animal drugs.", "content": "Before a new drug is approved for use in food-producing animals, data are required which demonstrate that food derived from the animal does not contain unsafe residues. Also, an analytical method for residues must be provided which is practicable for government surveillance and enforcement activities. Residue information is derived by using radiolabeled drugs to study metabolism in the animal for which the drug is intended. Residues in the edible tissues are characterized, and the amount of residues and their rates of depletion from the different tissues after cessation of drug treatment are determined. Bioassays with laboratory animals are used to study the toxicity of the drug and its important metabolites and to establish tolerance limitations. From this information, the conditions for the analytical method are established--that is, the compound(s) measured (the marker), the tissue (target tissue) monitored to ensure control of \"total residue\", and the required sensitivity. The method is subjected to validation in government laboratories and must meet the Food and Drug Administration's standards of precision, accuracy, specificity, and practicability. Finally, the method is used in simulated field trials to establish the required withdrawal time after drug treatment before the animals can be marketed for their milk or for slaughter for food.", "contents": "Human safety data collection and evaluation for the approval of new animal drugs. Before a new drug is approved for use in food-producing animals, data are required which demonstrate that food derived from the animal does not contain unsafe residues. Also, an analytical method for residues must be provided which is practicable for government surveillance and enforcement activities. Residue information is derived by using radiolabeled drugs to study metabolism in the animal for which the drug is intended. Residues in the edible tissues are characterized, and the amount of residues and their rates of depletion from the different tissues after cessation of drug treatment are determined. Bioassays with laboratory animals are used to study the toxicity of the drug and its important metabolites and to establish tolerance limitations. From this information, the conditions for the analytical method are established--that is, the compound(s) measured (the marker), the tissue (target tissue) monitored to ensure control of \"total residue\", and the required sensitivity. The method is subjected to validation in government laboratories and must meet the Food and Drug Administration's standards of precision, accuracy, specificity, and practicability. Finally, the method is used in simulated field trials to establish the required withdrawal time after drug treatment before the animals can be marketed for their milk or for slaughter for food.", "PMID": 599583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6864", "title": "Alopecia induced by inhalation exposure to phenyl glycidyl ether.", "content": "Rats and dogs were exposed to heated phenyl glycidyl ether (310 degrees C) vapor at average levels of 1.3, 5.0, and 11.8 ppm (v/v) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 90 days. No adverse effects were observed in the dogs and rats other than alopecia in rats at the dose levels of 5.0 and 11.8 ppm. Microscopically, the skin lesions revealed slight acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and occasional patchy parakeratosis in the epidermis. Follicular keratin plugs were observed with hyperkeratosis of epithelium in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Inflammatory reaction was mainly confined to the perifollicular region and affected the hair follicles, resulting in atrophy. The number of hair follicles in the resting stage appeared to increase. The hair shafts revealed impairment of keratinization and fragmentation. Extracted hairs showed an increase in the number of dystrophic follicles and constricted or broken hair shafts.", "contents": "Alopecia induced by inhalation exposure to phenyl glycidyl ether. Rats and dogs were exposed to heated phenyl glycidyl ether (310 degrees C) vapor at average levels of 1.3, 5.0, and 11.8 ppm (v/v) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 90 days. No adverse effects were observed in the dogs and rats other than alopecia in rats at the dose levels of 5.0 and 11.8 ppm. Microscopically, the skin lesions revealed slight acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and occasional patchy parakeratosis in the epidermis. Follicular keratin plugs were observed with hyperkeratosis of epithelium in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Inflammatory reaction was mainly confined to the perifollicular region and affected the hair follicles, resulting in atrophy. The number of hair follicles in the resting stage appeared to increase. The hair shafts revealed impairment of keratinization and fragmentation. Extracted hairs showed an increase in the number of dystrophic follicles and constricted or broken hair shafts.", "PMID": 599584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6865", "title": "Neurological and behavioral effects of intracranial administration of mercuric chloride on rats.", "content": "Mercuric chloride was injected intracranially into the rat brain in the region of the fourth ventricle via the foramen magnum. Responses to a single treatment of 0.3 mg/kg HgCl2, 0.03 mg/kg HgCl2, or carrier solution were followed for 10 days. Changes in the rats' behavior and motor coordination were observed 24-48 hr after treatment with HgCl2. Underwater swimming and decreased grooming and feeding were characteristic of mercury-treated rats. Decreased balancing ability and crossing of hind limbs suggested altered motor coordination. Rats treated with mercury often exhibited decreased body temperature, matting of fur about the eyes and perineal region, apparent visual impairment, decreased body weight, and diarrhea.", "contents": "Neurological and behavioral effects of intracranial administration of mercuric chloride on rats. Mercuric chloride was injected intracranially into the rat brain in the region of the fourth ventricle via the foramen magnum. Responses to a single treatment of 0.3 mg/kg HgCl2, 0.03 mg/kg HgCl2, or carrier solution were followed for 10 days. Changes in the rats' behavior and motor coordination were observed 24-48 hr after treatment with HgCl2. Underwater swimming and decreased grooming and feeding were characteristic of mercury-treated rats. Decreased balancing ability and crossing of hind limbs suggested altered motor coordination. Rats treated with mercury often exhibited decreased body temperature, matting of fur about the eyes and perineal region, apparent visual impairment, decreased body weight, and diarrhea.", "PMID": 599585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6866", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in workers professionally exposed to lead.", "content": "Chromosomes in cultured lymphocytes from the following groups were analyzed: 16 workers from a smelting plant for storage batteriers in Lyon, France; 7 workers from a factory where tin dishes are made at Nerem, Belgium; and 20 controls. The choice of the workers was made on the basis of either elevated blood lead (Lyon) or elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (Nerem). An increased number of severe aberrations--rings and dicentrics--were detected in the persons from Lyon, whereas no such aberrations but an increased number of fragments were seen in those from Nerem.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in workers professionally exposed to lead. Chromosomes in cultured lymphocytes from the following groups were analyzed: 16 workers from a smelting plant for storage batteriers in Lyon, France; 7 workers from a factory where tin dishes are made at Nerem, Belgium; and 20 controls. The choice of the workers was made on the basis of either elevated blood lead (Lyon) or elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (Nerem). An increased number of severe aberrations--rings and dicentrics--were detected in the persons from Lyon, whereas no such aberrations but an increased number of fragments were seen in those from Nerem.", "PMID": 599586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6867", "title": "Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): lethal brain concentrations.", "content": "Adult female free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were collected at Bracken Cave, Texas, and shipped to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Treated mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing 107 ppm DDE were fed to 17 bats; five other bats were fed untreated mealworms. After 40 days on dosage, during which one dosed bat was killed accidentally, four dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 17 were starved to death. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE to lethality and measure these concentrations. After the feeding period, dosed bats weighed less than controls. After starvation, the body condition of dosed bats was poorer than that of controls even though there was no difference in the amounts of carcass fat. During starvation, dosed bats lost weight faster than controls. Also, four dosed bats exhibited the prolonged tremoring that characterizes DDE poisoning. DDE increased in brains of starving bats as fat was metabolized. The estimated mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was 519 ppm with a range of 458-564 ppm. These values resemble diagnostic levels known for two species of passerine birds, but they exceed published levels for two free-tailed bats from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico.", "contents": "Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): lethal brain concentrations. Adult female free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were collected at Bracken Cave, Texas, and shipped to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Treated mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing 107 ppm DDE were fed to 17 bats; five other bats were fed untreated mealworms. After 40 days on dosage, during which one dosed bat was killed accidentally, four dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 17 were starved to death. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE to lethality and measure these concentrations. After the feeding period, dosed bats weighed less than controls. After starvation, the body condition of dosed bats was poorer than that of controls even though there was no difference in the amounts of carcass fat. During starvation, dosed bats lost weight faster than controls. Also, four dosed bats exhibited the prolonged tremoring that characterizes DDE poisoning. DDE increased in brains of starving bats as fat was metabolized. The estimated mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was 519 ppm with a range of 458-564 ppm. These values resemble diagnostic levels known for two species of passerine birds, but they exceed published levels for two free-tailed bats from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico.", "PMID": 599587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6868", "title": "Tumur induction by 7H-dibenzol[c,g] carbazole in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The respiratory tract of male and female Syrian golden hamsters was treated intratracheally with 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a tobacco smoke component. The carcinogen was given by multiple instillations at two dose levels. At the lower dose (9 mg), 35 of 46 hamsters (72%) developed respiratory tract tumors. The group receiving treatment at the higher dose level (30 mg) died earlier because of the toxicity of the compound. In this group, 15 of 45 animals (33%) had respiratory tract tumors. These occurred in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, but predominated in the trachea and bronchi. Morphologically, most tumors were papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. This study indicates the highly potent carcinogenic effect of DBC and that respiratory tumors can be induced in this model system without any carrier dust.", "contents": "Tumur induction by 7H-dibenzol[c,g] carbazole in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters. The respiratory tract of male and female Syrian golden hamsters was treated intratracheally with 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a tobacco smoke component. The carcinogen was given by multiple instillations at two dose levels. At the lower dose (9 mg), 35 of 46 hamsters (72%) developed respiratory tract tumors. The group receiving treatment at the higher dose level (30 mg) died earlier because of the toxicity of the compound. In this group, 15 of 45 animals (33%) had respiratory tract tumors. These occurred in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, but predominated in the trachea and bronchi. Morphologically, most tumors were papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. This study indicates the highly potent carcinogenic effect of DBC and that respiratory tumors can be induced in this model system without any carrier dust.", "PMID": 599588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6869", "title": "Fate of silvex following oral administration to humans.", "content": "The fate of silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] was defined in seven men and in one woman following oral administration of 1 mg/kg. No adverse effects were observed. Samples of blood plasma, urine, and feces were collected at designated time intervals through 168 hr. Plasma samples were analyzed for silvex only, while samples of urine and feces were analyzed for silvex, silvex conjugate(s), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol conjugate(s). Apparent first-order kinetics described the biphasic clearance of silvex from plasma and excretion in urine. The half-life values for clearance of silvex from plasma were 4.0 +/- 1.9 and 16.5 +/- 7.3 hr for the initial and terminal phases, respectively. Peak plasma levels of silvex occurred within 2-4 hr after dosage. Within 24 hr after administration, 65% of the administered dose had been excreted in urine. Silvex was excreted in urine as silvex and silvex conjugate(s). The half-life values for excretion of silvex per se in urine were 5.0 +/- 1.8 and 25.9 +/- 6.3 hr for the two phases, respectively. Small amounts (3.2% or less) of silvex and/or silvex conjugate(s) were eliminated in feces. Recovery of silvex and its conjugate(s) in urine and feces through 168 hr ranged from 66.6 to 95.1% of the administered dose, with a mean value and standard deviation of 80.3 +/- 10.5%. In humans, silvex is readily absorbed after ingestion and subsequently readily excreted, predominantly via the urine.", "contents": "Fate of silvex following oral administration to humans. The fate of silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] was defined in seven men and in one woman following oral administration of 1 mg/kg. No adverse effects were observed. Samples of blood plasma, urine, and feces were collected at designated time intervals through 168 hr. Plasma samples were analyzed for silvex only, while samples of urine and feces were analyzed for silvex, silvex conjugate(s), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol conjugate(s). Apparent first-order kinetics described the biphasic clearance of silvex from plasma and excretion in urine. The half-life values for clearance of silvex from plasma were 4.0 +/- 1.9 and 16.5 +/- 7.3 hr for the initial and terminal phases, respectively. Peak plasma levels of silvex occurred within 2-4 hr after dosage. Within 24 hr after administration, 65% of the administered dose had been excreted in urine. Silvex was excreted in urine as silvex and silvex conjugate(s). The half-life values for excretion of silvex per se in urine were 5.0 +/- 1.8 and 25.9 +/- 6.3 hr for the two phases, respectively. Small amounts (3.2% or less) of silvex and/or silvex conjugate(s) were eliminated in feces. Recovery of silvex and its conjugate(s) in urine and feces through 168 hr ranged from 66.6 to 95.1% of the administered dose, with a mean value and standard deviation of 80.3 +/- 10.5%. In humans, silvex is readily absorbed after ingestion and subsequently readily excreted, predominantly via the urine.", "PMID": 599589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6870", "title": "Metabolism of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol by intact liver parenchymal cells isolated from mouse and rat.", "content": "Liver parenchymal cells isolated by perfusion from female C3H/HeN-MTV+Nctr mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with [6,7-3H] 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2). The incubates were individually fractionated into free steroid (organic phase), steroid conjugates (aqueous), and bound steroids (macromolecular pellet). The rat had significantly less total free radioactive steroid but significantly more total conjugated and irreversibly bound radioactivity than the mouse. However, when the metabolic conversion of EE2 was compared in the rat and the mouse on a cellular basis (metabolic clearance per 10(6) cells), the rat was found to be less efficient than the mouse. The two species were essentially equivalent in their covalent binding when expressed on a per 10(6) cell basis. Purification of the free radiolabeled steriods on LH-20 demonstrated the mouse to have the parent compound and on identifiable 2-OH-EE2 fraction. The rat had EE2 and an identifiable 2-methoxy-EE2 fraction. A major metabolite fraction for both species was very nonpolar and, although not identified, was found to be ethynylated as demonstrated by silver-sulfoethylcellulose chromatography. The conjugate fractions of the mouse were indicative of glucuronide conjugation, whereas the rat had additional conjugate fractions suggestive of sulfoconjugation.", "contents": "Metabolism of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol by intact liver parenchymal cells isolated from mouse and rat. Liver parenchymal cells isolated by perfusion from female C3H/HeN-MTV+Nctr mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with [6,7-3H] 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2). The incubates were individually fractionated into free steroid (organic phase), steroid conjugates (aqueous), and bound steroids (macromolecular pellet). The rat had significantly less total free radioactive steroid but significantly more total conjugated and irreversibly bound radioactivity than the mouse. However, when the metabolic conversion of EE2 was compared in the rat and the mouse on a cellular basis (metabolic clearance per 10(6) cells), the rat was found to be less efficient than the mouse. The two species were essentially equivalent in their covalent binding when expressed on a per 10(6) cell basis. Purification of the free radiolabeled steriods on LH-20 demonstrated the mouse to have the parent compound and on identifiable 2-OH-EE2 fraction. The rat had EE2 and an identifiable 2-methoxy-EE2 fraction. A major metabolite fraction for both species was very nonpolar and, although not identified, was found to be ethynylated as demonstrated by silver-sulfoethylcellulose chromatography. The conjugate fractions of the mouse were indicative of glucuronide conjugation, whereas the rat had additional conjugate fractions suggestive of sulfoconjugation.", "PMID": 599590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6871", "title": "A dominant lethal study in male rats after repeated exposures to vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride.", "content": "Male CD rats were exposed 6 hr/day for 5 days/wk to 0, 50, 250, or 1,000 ppm of vinyl chloride or 55 ppm of vinylidene chloride. Starting on week 11 of exposure, these males were mated with untreated females. There was no evidence of either preimplantation loss or postimplanation loss in pregnant females that resulted from these matings. Consequently, it was concluded that these exposures did not produce germinal mutation, as manifested by a dominant lethal effect, in male rats.", "contents": "A dominant lethal study in male rats after repeated exposures to vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride. Male CD rats were exposed 6 hr/day for 5 days/wk to 0, 50, 250, or 1,000 ppm of vinyl chloride or 55 ppm of vinylidene chloride. Starting on week 11 of exposure, these males were mated with untreated females. There was no evidence of either preimplantation loss or postimplanation loss in pregnant females that resulted from these matings. Consequently, it was concluded that these exposures did not produce germinal mutation, as manifested by a dominant lethal effect, in male rats.", "PMID": 599591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6872", "title": "Potential biological hazards of commercially available cleansers for dentures.", "content": "Thirteen representative denture cleansers were selected from among more than 32 retail products to be tested for potential hazard and toxicity to humans. Products were subjected to toxicological analyses by using the biological tests (acute oral toxicity in rats, eye and skin irritation in rabbits) specified in the Federal Hazardous Substances Act Regulations. All products were eye irritants with ranges from slight to severe. Three produced a primary skin irritation response (one was corrosive), while five of the denture cleansers produced oral LD50 values below 5 g/kg. Furthermore, a provisional upper gastrointestinal  irritancy test used in rabbits indicated that eight of the denture cleansers produced upper gastrointestinal irritation, which was, in general, dose-related.", "contents": "Potential biological hazards of commercially available cleansers for dentures. Thirteen representative denture cleansers were selected from among more than 32 retail products to be tested for potential hazard and toxicity to humans. Products were subjected to toxicological analyses by using the biological tests (acute oral toxicity in rats, eye and skin irritation in rabbits) specified in the Federal Hazardous Substances Act Regulations. All products were eye irritants with ranges from slight to severe. Three produced a primary skin irritation response (one was corrosive), while five of the denture cleansers produced oral LD50 values below 5 g/kg. Furthermore, a provisional upper gastrointestinal  irritancy test used in rabbits indicated that eight of the denture cleansers produced upper gastrointestinal irritation, which was, in general, dose-related.", "PMID": 599592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6873", "title": "Renal and testicular damage following dermal application of the flame retardant tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate.", "content": "Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) was the most popular flame retardant chemical used in children's sleepwear. Acute toxicological data indicated that TRIS was low in toxicity. Since human exposure to TRIS-treated fabrics could occur for long periods of time, a subchronic study was undertaken to obtain additional information. The dermal application of TRIS (neat) at a dose of 1 ml/kg (2.27 g/kg) to the clipped backs of albino rabbits, once each week for 3 months, resulted in testicular atrophy and chronic interstitial nephritis in males. Females did not show any adverse effects.", "contents": "Renal and testicular damage following dermal application of the flame retardant tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) was the most popular flame retardant chemical used in children's sleepwear. Acute toxicological data indicated that TRIS was low in toxicity. Since human exposure to TRIS-treated fabrics could occur for long periods of time, a subchronic study was undertaken to obtain additional information. The dermal application of TRIS (neat) at a dose of 1 ml/kg (2.27 g/kg) to the clipped backs of albino rabbits, once each week for 3 months, resulted in testicular atrophy and chronic interstitial nephritis in males. Females did not show any adverse effects.", "PMID": 599593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6874", "title": "Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to the organophosphate Diazinon in mice.", "content": "Pregnant mice were given to daily dose of 0, 0.18, or 9.0 mg Diazinon per kilogram body weight throughout gestation. Mothers of all dose groups gave birth to viable, overtly normal offspring. However, pups born to mothers receiving the higher dose of the organophosphate grew significantly slower than controls and remained significantly smaller at 1 month of age. Offspring of mothers receiving the lower dose apparently were unaffected, but systematic behavioral testing revealed subtle deviations from normal developmental ontogeny as shown by significant delays in the appearance of the contact placing reflex and of sexual maturity (descent of testes or vaginal opening). Mature offspring of mothers exposed to either dose of the pesticle displayed impaired endurance and coordination on rod cling and inclined plane tests of neuromuscular function. Offspring from the 9.0 mg/kg group, in addition, had slower running speeds in a Lashley III maze and less endurance in a swimming test. Brains obtained after sacrifice at 101 days of age revealed neuropathology in the forebrains of offspring born of mothers exposed to the higher dose. Despite functional impairments in offspring from the lower dose group, no corresponding brain pathology was observed by examination under the light microscope.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to the organophosphate Diazinon in mice. Pregnant mice were given to daily dose of 0, 0.18, or 9.0 mg Diazinon per kilogram body weight throughout gestation. Mothers of all dose groups gave birth to viable, overtly normal offspring. However, pups born to mothers receiving the higher dose of the organophosphate grew significantly slower than controls and remained significantly smaller at 1 month of age. Offspring of mothers receiving the lower dose apparently were unaffected, but systematic behavioral testing revealed subtle deviations from normal developmental ontogeny as shown by significant delays in the appearance of the contact placing reflex and of sexual maturity (descent of testes or vaginal opening). Mature offspring of mothers exposed to either dose of the pesticle displayed impaired endurance and coordination on rod cling and inclined plane tests of neuromuscular function. Offspring from the 9.0 mg/kg group, in addition, had slower running speeds in a Lashley III maze and less endurance in a swimming test. Brains obtained after sacrifice at 101 days of age revealed neuropathology in the forebrains of offspring born of mothers exposed to the higher dose. Despite functional impairments in offspring from the lower dose group, no corresponding brain pathology was observed by examination under the light microscope.", "PMID": 599594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6875", "title": "RNA release from isolated brain cell nuclei: influence of the postnatal cerebral development.", "content": "A method to measure the \"in vitro\" RNA release from rat brain cell nuclei was described. Nuclear RNA was prelabelled \"in vivo\" for 30 or 120 min. In the first case the released RNA was heterogeneous and its electrophoretic mobility was similar to that of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs; nuclei prelabelled for 120 min mostly released the two major species of ribosomal RNAs. The release of mRNAs from the nuclei increased during cerebral development while that of the ribosomal RNAs did not. The increased capacity of the nuclei to release \"radidly labelled\" RNA with age neither determined an increase of the polysomal population, nor seemed to be dependent on cytoplasmic macromolecules.", "contents": "RNA release from isolated brain cell nuclei: influence of the postnatal cerebral development. A method to measure the \"in vitro\" RNA release from rat brain cell nuclei was described. Nuclear RNA was prelabelled \"in vivo\" for 30 or 120 min. In the first case the released RNA was heterogeneous and its electrophoretic mobility was similar to that of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs; nuclei prelabelled for 120 min mostly released the two major species of ribosomal RNAs. The release of mRNAs from the nuclei increased during cerebral development while that of the ribosomal RNAs did not. The increased capacity of the nuclei to release \"radidly labelled\" RNA with age neither determined an increase of the polysomal population, nor seemed to be dependent on cytoplasmic macromolecules.", "PMID": 599595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6876", "title": "Topographical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the garden lizard (Calotes versicolor).", "content": "The present report incorporates the histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) among the various nuclei and fiber tracts of the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Calotes veriscolor. The various nuclei, for both enzymes, present varying degrees of staining, ranging from negative nuclei, on the one hand, to mild and intense staining on the other hand. Almost all of the fiber tracts reveal intense activity in BChE preparations, while they demonstrate mild and moderate activities for AChE. The nature of the various nuclei in relation to enzymatic patterns is discussed.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the garden lizard (Calotes versicolor). The present report incorporates the histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) among the various nuclei and fiber tracts of the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Calotes veriscolor. The various nuclei, for both enzymes, present varying degrees of staining, ranging from negative nuclei, on the one hand, to mild and intense staining on the other hand. Almost all of the fiber tracts reveal intense activity in BChE preparations, while they demonstrate mild and moderate activities for AChE. The nature of the various nuclei in relation to enzymatic patterns is discussed.", "PMID": 599596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6877", "title": "The effect of gallamine triethiodide on the activity of gamma motor neurons in the acute spinal cat.", "content": "Gallamine triethiodide, a drug commonly used in neurophysiological experiments, causes statistically significant and inconsistent changes in the information-carrying capacity of trains of action potentials generated by members of a population of gamma motor neurons recorded from the same cat under the same conditions during the same time period.", "contents": "The effect of gallamine triethiodide on the activity of gamma motor neurons in the acute spinal cat. Gallamine triethiodide, a drug commonly used in neurophysiological experiments, causes statistically significant and inconsistent changes in the information-carrying capacity of trains of action potentials generated by members of a population of gamma motor neurons recorded from the same cat under the same conditions during the same time period.", "PMID": 599598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6878", "title": "A permanent plastic cannula for intraventricular injections into rat brain.", "content": "The construction and use of a permanent, implanted plastic camnula for intraventricular injections in rat brain is described. The cannula can be used in either acute or chronic experiments.", "contents": "A permanent plastic cannula for intraventricular injections into rat brain. The construction and use of a permanent, implanted plastic camnula for intraventricular injections in rat brain is described. The cannula can be used in either acute or chronic experiments.", "PMID": 599599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6879", "title": "Membrane protein and glycoprotein composition of beef brain synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Synaptic vesicles were isolated from adult bovine cortical gray matter by differential centrifugation and membrane filtration of a hypoosmotically lysed crude mitochondrial fraction. Vesicle preparations were analyzed for purity by electron microscopy and enzyme assays. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized and 2-mercaptoethanol-reduced vesicle membrane proteins revealed 4 major proteins with molecular weights ranging from 17,000 to 60,000, and about 10 minor proteins with molecular weights up to 170,000. The protein profile of the Triton X-100-extracted vesicle membranes was less complex, with 1 major protein and 5 minor bands. The major protein of the Triton extract was identified as a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 45,000. Two additional minor PAS-positive bands were seen, with molecular weights of 78,000 and 95,000.", "contents": "Membrane protein and glycoprotein composition of beef brain synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicles were isolated from adult bovine cortical gray matter by differential centrifugation and membrane filtration of a hypoosmotically lysed crude mitochondrial fraction. Vesicle preparations were analyzed for purity by electron microscopy and enzyme assays. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized and 2-mercaptoethanol-reduced vesicle membrane proteins revealed 4 major proteins with molecular weights ranging from 17,000 to 60,000, and about 10 minor proteins with molecular weights up to 170,000. The protein profile of the Triton X-100-extracted vesicle membranes was less complex, with 1 major protein and 5 minor bands. The major protein of the Triton extract was identified as a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 45,000. Two additional minor PAS-positive bands were seen, with molecular weights of 78,000 and 95,000.", "PMID": 599600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6880", "title": "Pineal-induced alterations in reproductive function and pituitary prolactin in the female rat: the effects of bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy and nervi conarii transection.", "content": "The reproductive organs of female rats subjected to blinding and and anosmia were hypotrophic while pituitary prolactin stores were markedly depressed in these animals. All of the effects of dual sensory deprivation were reversed by either superior cervical ganglionectomy or nervi conarii transection. It was concluded that both of these surgical procedures were as effective as pinealectomy in reversing the pineal-induced alterations in the reproductive physiology of the blind-anosmic female rat.", "contents": "Pineal-induced alterations in reproductive function and pituitary prolactin in the female rat: the effects of bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy and nervi conarii transection. The reproductive organs of female rats subjected to blinding and and anosmia were hypotrophic while pituitary prolactin stores were markedly depressed in these animals. All of the effects of dual sensory deprivation were reversed by either superior cervical ganglionectomy or nervi conarii transection. It was concluded that both of these surgical procedures were as effective as pinealectomy in reversing the pineal-induced alterations in the reproductive physiology of the blind-anosmic female rat.", "PMID": 599601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6881", "title": "Response properties of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat.", "content": "The response patterns of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat were studied in order to examine the functional organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Both photic stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic tract were used to activate single units in the lateral geniculate nuclei. Three different types of response patterns were found for principal cells, while interneurons all had similar response patterns. The first class of principal cells, E-S cells, responded to stimulation with a period of excitation, followed by a period when activity was suppressed. A second class of cells, S cells, responded to photic stimulation with an initial period when activity was suppressed. The final class of cells, E cells, responded with a period of excitation followed by a return to spontaneous rates of firing. The response patterns of E cells suggest that this type of principal neuron does not receive feedback inhibition of the type proposed in previous models of the lateral geniculate nuclei. Based on these and other observations, a new model of the functional organization of the lateral geniculate nuclei is proposed.", "contents": "Response properties of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat. The response patterns of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the albino rat were studied in order to examine the functional organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Both photic stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic tract were used to activate single units in the lateral geniculate nuclei. Three different types of response patterns were found for principal cells, while interneurons all had similar response patterns. The first class of principal cells, E-S cells, responded to stimulation with a period of excitation, followed by a period when activity was suppressed. A second class of cells, S cells, responded to photic stimulation with an initial period when activity was suppressed. The final class of cells, E cells, responded with a period of excitation followed by a return to spontaneous rates of firing. The response patterns of E cells suggest that this type of principal neuron does not receive feedback inhibition of the type proposed in previous models of the lateral geniculate nuclei. Based on these and other observations, a new model of the functional organization of the lateral geniculate nuclei is proposed.", "PMID": 599602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6882", "title": "Amino acid incorporation into total protein and levels of S-100 protein in discrete rat brain areas after prolonged protein or amino acid restriction.", "content": "Young adult rats were fed an isocaloric diet for 28 days. The diet consisted of either 22% casein, or protein-restricted food consisting of a 5% mixture of soy and whey protein, or a synthetic amino acid mixed diet devoid of the essential amino acids tryptophan, valine, lysine, and threonine. The level of the nervous tissue-specific S-100 protein was quantified immunoelectrophoretically in 9 different brain areas. A marked decrease of S-100 was observed in hippocampus and posterior part of the cerebellar vermis per g wet weight in protein-restricted rats. An additional lowering was noticed in sensory motor cortex per mg soluble protein. This effect was potentiated with the amino acid-deficient diet. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-leucine into cerebellar proteins was slightly decreased in the low-protein-fed rats, and more markedly decreased in those receiving an amino acid-restricted diet.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation into total protein and levels of S-100 protein in discrete rat brain areas after prolonged protein or amino acid restriction. Young adult rats were fed an isocaloric diet for 28 days. The diet consisted of either 22% casein, or protein-restricted food consisting of a 5% mixture of soy and whey protein, or a synthetic amino acid mixed diet devoid of the essential amino acids tryptophan, valine, lysine, and threonine. The level of the nervous tissue-specific S-100 protein was quantified immunoelectrophoretically in 9 different brain areas. A marked decrease of S-100 was observed in hippocampus and posterior part of the cerebellar vermis per g wet weight in protein-restricted rats. An additional lowering was noticed in sensory motor cortex per mg soluble protein. This effect was potentiated with the amino acid-deficient diet. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-leucine into cerebellar proteins was slightly decreased in the low-protein-fed rats, and more markedly decreased in those receiving an amino acid-restricted diet.", "PMID": 599603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6883", "title": "Failure of hepatic infusion of amino acids and/or glucose to inhibit onset of feeding in the deprived dog.", "content": "Nine mongrels dogs were fed for only 1 hour/day for 7-8 days and the time of onset of their eating and hourly intakes were recorded. At the end of this period, the hepatic portal vein was cannulated and the polyethylene cannula was exteriorized. Upon recovery to their preoperative food intake, the dogs were infused after a 23 hour fast over a 4 minute period with an amino acid (AA) mixture (FreAmine II, McGaw Laboratories) equal to 7.2% (37 trials), 14.4% (28 trials), or 21.6% (28 trials) of the dogs' daily AA requirements and presented with food 4 minutes later. In all 93 trials the dogs ate within 30 seconds of presentation of food and their hourly intakes were not significantly different from isotonic saline infusions. Six 23 hour deprived dogs were infused with 21.6% of their AA requirement and then presented with food 11 minutes later. Again, these dogs began eating within 30 seconds of presentation of food. Finally, 4 dogs were infused over a 4 minute period after a 23 hour fast (12 trials) with 7.2% of their daily AA requirements mixed with 6 g of glucose and presented with food 4 minutes later. The dogs began eating within 30 seconds in all 12 trials and their hourly intakes were not significantly depressed. These results question the existence or role of hepatic glucoammonium receptors involved in the control of feeding behavior.", "contents": "Failure of hepatic infusion of amino acids and/or glucose to inhibit onset of feeding in the deprived dog. Nine mongrels dogs were fed for only 1 hour/day for 7-8 days and the time of onset of their eating and hourly intakes were recorded. At the end of this period, the hepatic portal vein was cannulated and the polyethylene cannula was exteriorized. Upon recovery to their preoperative food intake, the dogs were infused after a 23 hour fast over a 4 minute period with an amino acid (AA) mixture (FreAmine II, McGaw Laboratories) equal to 7.2% (37 trials), 14.4% (28 trials), or 21.6% (28 trials) of the dogs' daily AA requirements and presented with food 4 minutes later. In all 93 trials the dogs ate within 30 seconds of presentation of food and their hourly intakes were not significantly different from isotonic saline infusions. Six 23 hour deprived dogs were infused with 21.6% of their AA requirement and then presented with food 11 minutes later. Again, these dogs began eating within 30 seconds of presentation of food. Finally, 4 dogs were infused over a 4 minute period after a 23 hour fast (12 trials) with 7.2% of their daily AA requirements mixed with 6 g of glucose and presented with food 4 minutes later. The dogs began eating within 30 seconds in all 12 trials and their hourly intakes were not significantly depressed. These results question the existence or role of hepatic glucoammonium receptors involved in the control of feeding behavior.", "PMID": 599604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6884", "title": "[Renal-rachidian venous trunk. Replacement of the left renal vein. A danger for the spinal cord (author's transl)].", "content": "In two cases of paraplegia due to an inondation of the intrarachidian plexus by venous blood from the left venal vein, we studied the frequency with which the renal-rachidian trunk connected the left renal vein and the intrarachidian plexus. We show in these rare cases how it is possible, with a simple procedure, the ligature of the renal-rachidian trunk, to bring about a marked regression in the paraplegia. This procedure has been carried out five times, and it should be seen within the wider framework of a serie of procedures on the cava system, which are now practised for more than forty years.", "contents": "[Renal-rachidian venous trunk. Replacement of the left renal vein. A danger for the spinal cord (author's transl)]. In two cases of paraplegia due to an inondation of the intrarachidian plexus by venous blood from the left venal vein, we studied the frequency with which the renal-rachidian trunk connected the left renal vein and the intrarachidian plexus. We show in these rare cases how it is possible, with a simple procedure, the ligature of the renal-rachidian trunk, to bring about a marked regression in the paraplegia. This procedure has been carried out five times, and it should be seen within the wider framework of a serie of procedures on the cava system, which are now practised for more than forty years.", "PMID": 599610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6885", "title": "[Hydronephrosis due to pelvi-ureteric junction syndrome in the adult and child 3 reports (78 adults and 33 children) representing 118 hydronephrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The following main points emerge from this analysis: -- Whilst all cases of hydronephrosis do not require operation, in the long term future of a non-operated hydronephrosis is difficult to predict and the risk of avoiding surgery is not definitely less than that of operation. -- Adult hydronephroses are much more often complicated by lithiasis (16 cases in 82 hydronephrotic kidneys) than those seen in children (4 cases in 36 hydronephrotic kidneys). -- The prognosis if hydronephrosis, especially with lithiasis, affecting a horseshoe kidney is particularly poor, without there being any clear explanation for this fact. -- Anderson-Hynes plasty of the pelvi-ureteric junction would seem to be a reliable operation, even more in the child than the adult. However, even when carried out perfectly, it provides no gaurantee against the development or secondary development of lithiasis, even when dilatation and urinary stasis have disappeared. Thus very prolonged surveillance is necessary after such surgery, above all when the hydronephrosis was accompanied by lithiasis.", "contents": "[Hydronephrosis due to pelvi-ureteric junction syndrome in the adult and child 3 reports (78 adults and 33 children) representing 118 hydronephrosis (author's transl)]. The following main points emerge from this analysis: -- Whilst all cases of hydronephrosis do not require operation, in the long term future of a non-operated hydronephrosis is difficult to predict and the risk of avoiding surgery is not definitely less than that of operation. -- Adult hydronephroses are much more often complicated by lithiasis (16 cases in 82 hydronephrotic kidneys) than those seen in children (4 cases in 36 hydronephrotic kidneys). -- The prognosis if hydronephrosis, especially with lithiasis, affecting a horseshoe kidney is particularly poor, without there being any clear explanation for this fact. -- Anderson-Hynes plasty of the pelvi-ureteric junction would seem to be a reliable operation, even more in the child than the adult. However, even when carried out perfectly, it provides no gaurantee against the development or secondary development of lithiasis, even when dilatation and urinary stasis have disappeared. Thus very prolonged surveillance is necessary after such surgery, above all when the hydronephrosis was accompanied by lithiasis.", "PMID": 599611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6886", "title": "[Wide abdominothoracic approach for a tumor on the superior pole of a horseshoe kidney; supra and subumbilical median and anterolateral oblique thoraco-phrenic laparotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of a tumor on the superior pole of a horseshoe kidney is an event which, although rare, still presents the surgeon very specific problems related to the anatomy of the malformation. The presence of a parenchymal pons, the multiplicity and anomalies in the origin of arteries are all factors to be taken into consideration in the selection of a surgical procedure. It is of particular importance that the approach be very wide in order to combine the advantages of the trans-peritoneal approach with that of the thoraco-phrenic laparotomy. One case is presented, and the surgical solution is discussed.", "contents": "[Wide abdominothoracic approach for a tumor on the superior pole of a horseshoe kidney; supra and subumbilical median and anterolateral oblique thoraco-phrenic laparotomy (author's transl)]. The development of a tumor on the superior pole of a horseshoe kidney is an event which, although rare, still presents the surgeon very specific problems related to the anatomy of the malformation. The presence of a parenchymal pons, the multiplicity and anomalies in the origin of arteries are all factors to be taken into consideration in the selection of a surgical procedure. It is of particular importance that the approach be very wide in order to combine the advantages of the trans-peritoneal approach with that of the thoraco-phrenic laparotomy. One case is presented, and the surgical solution is discussed.", "PMID": 599614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6887", "title": "[Radiation and the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The kidney is highly radiosensitive. Analysis of the literature indicates that the threshold dose is 2 350 rads in 5 weeks. A number of clinical examples are used to illustrate the precautions which must be taken by the radiotherapist in order to avoid the provocation of radiolesions whilst delivering a curative dose to the tumor.", "contents": "[Radiation and the kidney (author's transl)]. The kidney is highly radiosensitive. Analysis of the literature indicates that the threshold dose is 2 350 rads in 5 weeks. A number of clinical examples are used to illustrate the precautions which must be taken by the radiotherapist in order to avoid the provocation of radiolesions whilst delivering a curative dose to the tumor.", "PMID": 599613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6888", "title": "[Nephrectomy for infantile hypernephroma. 30 years cure (author's transl)].", "content": "The study involves the treatment of infantile hypernephroma. It shows that, as in the adult, 30 years cures may be obtained.", "contents": "[Nephrectomy for infantile hypernephroma. 30 years cure (author's transl)]. The study involves the treatment of infantile hypernephroma. It shows that, as in the adult, 30 years cures may be obtained.", "PMID": 599615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6889", "title": "[Sigmoid kidney accompanied by the absence of uterine tubes, uterus and vagina (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports a rare case of sigmoid kidney accompanied by the absence of uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, and stresses the importance of thorough investigation of both the urinary and genital systems in the presence of a malformation affecting one or the other.", "contents": "[Sigmoid kidney accompanied by the absence of uterine tubes, uterus and vagina (author's transl)]. The author reports a rare case of sigmoid kidney accompanied by the absence of uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, and stresses the importance of thorough investigation of both the urinary and genital systems in the presence of a malformation affecting one or the other.", "PMID": 599616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6890", "title": "[Kidney trauma in a 13 years old child with voluminous bilateral hydronephrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a case of bilateral renal trauma. Acute rupture of the right kidney and bilateral hydronephrosis with significant parenchymal destruction are described. Unusual surgical cure is reported.", "contents": "[Kidney trauma in a 13 years old child with voluminous bilateral hydronephrosis (author's transl)]. This is a report of a case of bilateral renal trauma. Acute rupture of the right kidney and bilateral hydronephrosis with significant parenchymal destruction are described. Unusual surgical cure is reported.", "PMID": 599617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6891", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of an extremely rare case of rupture of the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney, the author described the operative technique used and the postoperative complications which, despite their gravity, could be controlled by conservative operative measures.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney (author's transl)]. In the light of an extremely rare case of rupture of the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney, the author described the operative technique used and the postoperative complications which, despite their gravity, could be controlled by conservative operative measures.", "PMID": 599618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6892", "title": "[Clinical study of carfecillin in chronic urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Ten patients with chronic urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus species were treated with carfecillin. Excellent response was seen in one case, fairly good in 5 cases and clinical effective rate was 60%. 2. The recurrence suppression effect of carfecillin was examined in two patients suffering from complicated urinary tract infection. In both cases, recurrence was not found when carfecillin was administered for a week after the effective pretreatment of carbenicillin, but found when administered for two weeks. 3. Side effects were observed in 3 cases (itching, tinnitus, diarrhea).", "contents": "[Clinical study of carfecillin in chronic urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. 1. Ten patients with chronic urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus species were treated with carfecillin. Excellent response was seen in one case, fairly good in 5 cases and clinical effective rate was 60%. 2. The recurrence suppression effect of carfecillin was examined in two patients suffering from complicated urinary tract infection. In both cases, recurrence was not found when carfecillin was administered for a week after the effective pretreatment of carbenicillin, but found when administered for two weeks. 3. Side effects were observed in 3 cases (itching, tinnitus, diarrhea).", "PMID": 599660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6893", "title": "The structure of triglyceride in human sebum.", "content": "1) A relatively large quantity of branched chain and odd-carbon-number fatty acids were found in human sebum. 2) These acids were present in each lipid fraction (cholesterol ester, triglyceride and free fatty acid) of sebum. 3) In the triglyceride molecule, these acids were found mainly on the 2-position.", "contents": "The structure of triglyceride in human sebum. 1) A relatively large quantity of branched chain and odd-carbon-number fatty acids were found in human sebum. 2) These acids were present in each lipid fraction (cholesterol ester, triglyceride and free fatty acid) of sebum. 3) In the triglyceride molecule, these acids were found mainly on the 2-position.", "PMID": 599715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6894", "title": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 4. Cercariae from Viviparidae and Pilidae.", "content": "During the period of 1975 and 1976, about two thousand snails of Viviparidae and two hundred snails of Pilidae were examined for cercarial fauna on Leyte Island, Philippines. From the snails of Viviparidae, 8 species of cercariae were found. These species consisted of two furcocercous cercariae, one monostome cercaria, three echinostome cercariae and two xiphidiocercariae. From the snails of Pilidae three species of cercariae were found; namely, one echinostome cercaria, one xiphidiocercaria, and one unknown cercaria. Among these species, one echinostome cercaria and one xiphidiocercaria were found to be common to snails of both families. In this paper these nine species of cercariae were described and illustrated with some remarks on their presumptive life cycles.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 4. Cercariae from Viviparidae and Pilidae. During the period of 1975 and 1976, about two thousand snails of Viviparidae and two hundred snails of Pilidae were examined for cercarial fauna on Leyte Island, Philippines. From the snails of Viviparidae, 8 species of cercariae were found. These species consisted of two furcocercous cercariae, one monostome cercaria, three echinostome cercariae and two xiphidiocercariae. From the snails of Pilidae three species of cercariae were found; namely, one echinostome cercaria, one xiphidiocercaria, and one unknown cercaria. Among these species, one echinostome cercaria and one xiphidiocercaria were found to be common to snails of both families. In this paper these nine species of cercariae were described and illustrated with some remarks on their presumptive life cycles.", "PMID": 599716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6895", "title": "Production of guinea pig reaginic antibody against the house dust mite extract, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, without adjuvant.", "content": "Guinea pigs of Hartley strain were sensitized with an extract of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Positive immediate skin reactions were obtained in more than half of the animals 6 weeks after repeated intradermal injection. Adjuvants of A1(OH)3 gel or Bordetella pertussis vaccine did not significantly enhance the production of reaginic antibody. Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin test titers were even higher in guinea pigs sensitized with the mite extract without adjuvant. Circadian rhythm and difference in injection sites were not noted when assessed by skin tests on sensitized guinea pigs. Passive hemagglutination test detected serum antibodies and some animals showed respiratory distress on the challenge with the aerosolized extract. This system would be an another useful laboratory model of acute respiratory allergy of the most important inhalant allergen, the house dust mite.", "contents": "Production of guinea pig reaginic antibody against the house dust mite extract, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, without adjuvant. Guinea pigs of Hartley strain were sensitized with an extract of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Positive immediate skin reactions were obtained in more than half of the animals 6 weeks after repeated intradermal injection. Adjuvants of A1(OH)3 gel or Bordetella pertussis vaccine did not significantly enhance the production of reaginic antibody. Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin test titers were even higher in guinea pigs sensitized with the mite extract without adjuvant. Circadian rhythm and difference in injection sites were not noted when assessed by skin tests on sensitized guinea pigs. Passive hemagglutination test detected serum antibodies and some animals showed respiratory distress on the challenge with the aerosolized extract. This system would be an another useful laboratory model of acute respiratory allergy of the most important inhalant allergen, the house dust mite.", "PMID": 599718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6896", "title": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines from rat glandular stomachs.", "content": "Nine epithelial cell lines were isolated from glandular stomach cells of fetal and suckling JAR-2 rats after the elimination of mesenchymal cells by mechanical and colonial isolation methods. Those cells have been proliferating continuously in a typical pavement-like arrangement. In early cultures a part of focal monolayers of small epithelial cells died simultaneously (\"contact death\"). The cells of three lines (RGS-2,RGS-5 and RGS-8) formed hemicysts when incubated for several weeks without subcultivation. Addition of But2cAMP and theophilline into culture medium enhanced the hemicyst formation by RGS-8 cells. Some evidence suggested that those three lines were originated from mucous epithelium of rat glandular stomach. These epithelial cell lines would be useful in the study of chemical carcinogenesis in culture.", "contents": "Establishment of epithelial cell lines from rat glandular stomachs. Nine epithelial cell lines were isolated from glandular stomach cells of fetal and suckling JAR-2 rats after the elimination of mesenchymal cells by mechanical and colonial isolation methods. Those cells have been proliferating continuously in a typical pavement-like arrangement. In early cultures a part of focal monolayers of small epithelial cells died simultaneously (\"contact death\"). The cells of three lines (RGS-2,RGS-5 and RGS-8) formed hemicysts when incubated for several weeks without subcultivation. Addition of But2cAMP and theophilline into culture medium enhanced the hemicyst formation by RGS-8 cells. Some evidence suggested that those three lines were originated from mucous epithelium of rat glandular stomach. These epithelial cell lines would be useful in the study of chemical carcinogenesis in culture.", "PMID": 599719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6897", "title": "Modification of cortically evoked rhythmic jaw movements by reflex deglutition in rabbits.", "content": "In rabbits, lightly anesthetized with ether, tetanic stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) displaced the jaw toward opening and reduced the amplitude of cortically evoked rhythmic jaw movements. With increased intensity of stimulus, the effects became remarkable and the opened jaw movement ultimately ceased. Reflex swallowing in reaction to weak electrical stimuli of SLN or to a small amount of water squirted into the oropharynx yielded a brief and instantaneous cessation of rhythmic jaw movements with the jaw open. Strong electrical stimuli to the nerve or a squirt of relatively large amount of water into the oropharynx prolonged the duration of both swallowing and the cessation of rhythmic jaw movements for about 1.0 sec. Reflex swallowing yielded a burst of activity for about 300 msec in the mylohyoideus and silence for a longer period in the masseter. Spontaneous activity of the masseter was moderately decreased during the nerve stimulation and, when swallowing occurred, this decrease became prominent for a short period.", "contents": "Modification of cortically evoked rhythmic jaw movements by reflex deglutition in rabbits. In rabbits, lightly anesthetized with ether, tetanic stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) displaced the jaw toward opening and reduced the amplitude of cortically evoked rhythmic jaw movements. With increased intensity of stimulus, the effects became remarkable and the opened jaw movement ultimately ceased. Reflex swallowing in reaction to weak electrical stimuli of SLN or to a small amount of water squirted into the oropharynx yielded a brief and instantaneous cessation of rhythmic jaw movements with the jaw open. Strong electrical stimuli to the nerve or a squirt of relatively large amount of water into the oropharynx prolonged the duration of both swallowing and the cessation of rhythmic jaw movements for about 1.0 sec. Reflex swallowing yielded a burst of activity for about 300 msec in the mylohyoideus and silence for a longer period in the masseter. Spontaneous activity of the masseter was moderately decreased during the nerve stimulation and, when swallowing occurred, this decrease became prominent for a short period.", "PMID": 599735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6898", "title": "Origin of the secondary response induced by flash stimulation under barbiturate anesthesia in the rabbit.", "content": "The photically evoked secondary response of the visual cortex was studied in a rabbit anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The following results were obtained: 1) The secondary response (P2) under anesthesia was a simple positive potential having a long latency and resembled the primary response (P1) in waveform. 2) The latency of P2 shortened gradually as the recovery from anesthesia proceeded. 3) P2 was usually smaller than P1 in amplitude when evoked with a strong flash, but larger than P1 when evoked with a weak flash. 4) Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus (SC) induced in the visual cortex a positive potential which had a long latency comparable to that of P2. On the contrary, stimulation of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) evoked a short latency, positive potential similar to P1, but failed to evoke a positive potential comparable to P2. 5) A partial lesion of LGB led to a decrement of P1, while lesion of SC resulted in a decrement of P2. 6) Cooling of SC resulted in a rapid reduction and disappearance of P2 as well as the negative potential in SC. 7) There were a considerable number of visual cortical neurons which fired commonly during the phases of P1 and P2. These results suggest that P2 might be derived through the extrageniculo-cortical system which is relayed at SC. The mechanism by which P2 was manifested under anesthesia was discussed.", "contents": "Origin of the secondary response induced by flash stimulation under barbiturate anesthesia in the rabbit. The photically evoked secondary response of the visual cortex was studied in a rabbit anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The following results were obtained: 1) The secondary response (P2) under anesthesia was a simple positive potential having a long latency and resembled the primary response (P1) in waveform. 2) The latency of P2 shortened gradually as the recovery from anesthesia proceeded. 3) P2 was usually smaller than P1 in amplitude when evoked with a strong flash, but larger than P1 when evoked with a weak flash. 4) Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus (SC) induced in the visual cortex a positive potential which had a long latency comparable to that of P2. On the contrary, stimulation of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) evoked a short latency, positive potential similar to P1, but failed to evoke a positive potential comparable to P2. 5) A partial lesion of LGB led to a decrement of P1, while lesion of SC resulted in a decrement of P2. 6) Cooling of SC resulted in a rapid reduction and disappearance of P2 as well as the negative potential in SC. 7) There were a considerable number of visual cortical neurons which fired commonly during the phases of P1 and P2. These results suggest that P2 might be derived through the extrageniculo-cortical system which is relayed at SC. The mechanism by which P2 was manifested under anesthesia was discussed.", "PMID": 599736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6899", "title": "Relation of protein nutrition to the reduction of red blood cells induced by physical training.", "content": "Sports anemia induced by tennis training or exercising on a bicycle ergometer was studied in healthy male students. Since the anemia has been attributed to an increased susceptibility of red blood cells to lysis during exercise and influence by the nutritional status of the individuals has been suggested, the relation of sports anemia to the nutritional conditions of the subjects and to osmotic fragility of red cells were studied in groups by controlling protein levels in diets. Anemia was most pronounced and the recovery from it was most prolonged in subjects with low protein diets, while it was least pronounced and the recovery was most rapid in subjects with high protein diets. The extent of increase in osmotic fragility of red cells was highest in subjects with low protein diets, and lowest in subjects with high protein diets. The erythropoietic responses to the exercise were different among the dietary groups; i.e., an early increase in blood reticulocytes in subjects with high protein diets and a late increase in subjects with low protein diets were observed during the course of training. From above observations, we conclude that the extent of anemia is closely related to protein intake from the diets and that it is one of adaptive processes of individuals to stenuous physical training rather than an exaggeration of the physiological process of erythrocyte destruction.", "contents": "Relation of protein nutrition to the reduction of red blood cells induced by physical training. Sports anemia induced by tennis training or exercising on a bicycle ergometer was studied in healthy male students. Since the anemia has been attributed to an increased susceptibility of red blood cells to lysis during exercise and influence by the nutritional status of the individuals has been suggested, the relation of sports anemia to the nutritional conditions of the subjects and to osmotic fragility of red cells were studied in groups by controlling protein levels in diets. Anemia was most pronounced and the recovery from it was most prolonged in subjects with low protein diets, while it was least pronounced and the recovery was most rapid in subjects with high protein diets. The extent of increase in osmotic fragility of red cells was highest in subjects with low protein diets, and lowest in subjects with high protein diets. The erythropoietic responses to the exercise were different among the dietary groups; i.e., an early increase in blood reticulocytes in subjects with high protein diets and a late increase in subjects with low protein diets were observed during the course of training. From above observations, we conclude that the extent of anemia is closely related to protein intake from the diets and that it is one of adaptive processes of individuals to stenuous physical training rather than an exaggeration of the physiological process of erythrocyte destruction.", "PMID": 599737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6900", "title": "Fall in skin temperature during exercise.", "content": "During light work using the arm in a warm environment, skin temperatures of the arms and chest fell and remained at lower levels during work. The fall in skin temperature during work was not observed in a cool environment. The fall in skin temperature was nearly proportional to work intensity and was observed in both static and dynamic work. Leg work of moderate intensity produced an initial decline and a subsequent rise in skin temperatures of the hands, thighs and legs. A significant fall in skin temperature was observed not only in the foot but also in inactive regions such as the epigastrium. The mean skin temperature remained practically unchanged during work. The fall in skin temperature during work was not due to increased evaporative cooling, but was the result of segmental vasoconstriction probably caused as a reflex in the spinal cord by non-thermal afferents from exercising muscles or moving tissues. The effect of thermoregulatory vasodilation was reduced by the reflex vasoconstriction caused by non-thermal factors. The rise in internal temperature during work could be explained by decreased heat loss due to persistently lower skin temperature.", "contents": "Fall in skin temperature during exercise. During light work using the arm in a warm environment, skin temperatures of the arms and chest fell and remained at lower levels during work. The fall in skin temperature during work was not observed in a cool environment. The fall in skin temperature was nearly proportional to work intensity and was observed in both static and dynamic work. Leg work of moderate intensity produced an initial decline and a subsequent rise in skin temperatures of the hands, thighs and legs. A significant fall in skin temperature was observed not only in the foot but also in inactive regions such as the epigastrium. The mean skin temperature remained practically unchanged during work. The fall in skin temperature during work was not due to increased evaporative cooling, but was the result of segmental vasoconstriction probably caused as a reflex in the spinal cord by non-thermal afferents from exercising muscles or moving tissues. The effect of thermoregulatory vasodilation was reduced by the reflex vasoconstriction caused by non-thermal factors. The rise in internal temperature during work could be explained by decreased heat loss due to persistently lower skin temperature.", "PMID": 599738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6901", "title": "Influence of intestinal inhibitory reflex on mesenteric blood flow through an intestinal segment of the dog.", "content": "The variations in both tonus and rhythmical motility of the intestinal musculature are known to affect profoundly intestinal blood flow. In the present study, the influence of marked reflex inhibition of intestinal tone on the blood flow through an intestinal segment was investigated in the dog. Experiments were performed under conditions of both normal circulation and cross-circulation. Inhibitory reflex was elicited by elevating the intraluminal pressure of a loop or by electrical stimulation of the intestinal wall. Fluctuations of blood flow during the intestinal inhibitory reflex were observed with normal circulation. Arterial and venous blood flows decreased in the initial period of intestinal relaxation, and recovered within 30 sec although reflex inhibition still remained. This is an autoregulatory escape phenomenon. In successive periods, arterial and venous blood flows decreased again due to \"the venous-arteriolar response\" and then recovered to the quiescent level. The decrease in venous blood flow corresponded to an increase of the degree of oxygen saturation in the venous blood. The decreases in arterial and venous blood flows were observed during the inhibitory reflex even when the intestinal circulation was maintained by the cross-circulation. Two different patterns, i.e., the parallel and reversed patterns, were distinguished in correlation with venous blood flow and oxygen saturation. The autoregulatory escape phenomenon could not be elicited in the experiments in the cross-circulation system because variation of the systemic blood pressure during inhibitory reflex was limited to +/-4%.", "contents": "Influence of intestinal inhibitory reflex on mesenteric blood flow through an intestinal segment of the dog. The variations in both tonus and rhythmical motility of the intestinal musculature are known to affect profoundly intestinal blood flow. In the present study, the influence of marked reflex inhibition of intestinal tone on the blood flow through an intestinal segment was investigated in the dog. Experiments were performed under conditions of both normal circulation and cross-circulation. Inhibitory reflex was elicited by elevating the intraluminal pressure of a loop or by electrical stimulation of the intestinal wall. Fluctuations of blood flow during the intestinal inhibitory reflex were observed with normal circulation. Arterial and venous blood flows decreased in the initial period of intestinal relaxation, and recovered within 30 sec although reflex inhibition still remained. This is an autoregulatory escape phenomenon. In successive periods, arterial and venous blood flows decreased again due to \"the venous-arteriolar response\" and then recovered to the quiescent level. The decrease in venous blood flow corresponded to an increase of the degree of oxygen saturation in the venous blood. The decreases in arterial and venous blood flows were observed during the inhibitory reflex even when the intestinal circulation was maintained by the cross-circulation. Two different patterns, i.e., the parallel and reversed patterns, were distinguished in correlation with venous blood flow and oxygen saturation. The autoregulatory escape phenomenon could not be elicited in the experiments in the cross-circulation system because variation of the systemic blood pressure during inhibitory reflex was limited to +/-4%.", "PMID": 599739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6902", "title": "The mechanism of Ca2+ action on the healing-over process in mammalian cardiac muscles: a kinetic analysis.", "content": "The effect of Ca2+ concentration and temperature on the recovery of membrane potential after investigating lesions using sucrose-gap technique in the guinea-pig papillary muscles were studied. At certain temperatures, this recovery showed increased accerelation with increasing Ca2+ concentration. The relation between rate constant of the recovery and Ca2+ concentration was quite similar to that of the reaction between an enzyme and substrate. This relationship could be expressed by the equation Y = xn(Km + xn), where Y is the normalized rate constant and x the Ca2+ concentration. The coefficient, n, was evaluated by performing Hill's plot. The value of n largely changed between 1 and ca. 2 at 32 degrees C--37 degrees C. The input resistance fell at the instant of formation of a lesion and started to rise with recovery of membrane potential. The resistance change after lesion formation was also observed in the potassium-Tyrode's solution in which Na+ was substituted with K+. The concentration-rate relationship of Ca2+ in the healing-over seems to indicate that Ca2+ binds to some molecules in the junctional membrane and produce a structural change of intercalated disc which brings about the healing-over. The large change of n suggests that Ca2+ has a cooperative action in the healing-over process, or alternatively that the state of membrane lipids has some effect on the process.", "contents": "The mechanism of Ca2+ action on the healing-over process in mammalian cardiac muscles: a kinetic analysis. The effect of Ca2+ concentration and temperature on the recovery of membrane potential after investigating lesions using sucrose-gap technique in the guinea-pig papillary muscles were studied. At certain temperatures, this recovery showed increased accerelation with increasing Ca2+ concentration. The relation between rate constant of the recovery and Ca2+ concentration was quite similar to that of the reaction between an enzyme and substrate. This relationship could be expressed by the equation Y = xn(Km + xn), where Y is the normalized rate constant and x the Ca2+ concentration. The coefficient, n, was evaluated by performing Hill's plot. The value of n largely changed between 1 and ca. 2 at 32 degrees C--37 degrees C. The input resistance fell at the instant of formation of a lesion and started to rise with recovery of membrane potential. The resistance change after lesion formation was also observed in the potassium-Tyrode's solution in which Na+ was substituted with K+. The concentration-rate relationship of Ca2+ in the healing-over seems to indicate that Ca2+ binds to some molecules in the junctional membrane and produce a structural change of intercalated disc which brings about the healing-over. The large change of n suggests that Ca2+ has a cooperative action in the healing-over process, or alternatively that the state of membrane lipids has some effect on the process.", "PMID": 599740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6903", "title": "Effects of caffeine and procaine on the membrane and mechanical properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery.", "content": "Effects of caffeine and procaine on the membrane and mechanical properties of the smooth muscles of the rabbit main pulmonary artery were investigated using microelectrode and voltage clamp methods. Caffeine (greater than 0.5 mM) depolarized the membrane and increased ionic conductance. On the other hand, procaine (greater than 2.5 mM) depolarized the membrane, generated spikes and reduced the ionic conductance of the membrane. When depolarization-contraction relations were observed, the threshold depolarization to evoke contraction and the amplitude of the contraction were not affected by 5 mM procaine. However, the mechanical threshold was raised and the mechanical response was suppressed by treatment with 5 and 10 mM caffeine or 10 mM procaine. Procaine and caffeine accelerated the depletion of Ca++ from the stored sites of Ca-free (EGTA) solution, and suppressed the mechanical responses induced by chemical stimulation. Caffeine and procaine suppressed the increase in ionic conductance and depolarization produced by noradrenaline or prostaglandin F2alpha. Caffeine also suppressed the mechanical response induced by the above agents. Procaine suppressed the noradrenaline induced contraction, but accelerated the prostaglandin F2alpha induced contraction. From the above results, it is concluded that caffeine and procaine act not only on Ca-stored sites in the cell but also on the surface membrane. The actions of these agents were not competitive with each other, thus suggesting that the properties of the internal membrane structures, which is assumed to be a main Ca-storage site, are not exactly the same as those in striated muscles.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine and procaine on the membrane and mechanical properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rabbit main pulmonary artery. Effects of caffeine and procaine on the membrane and mechanical properties of the smooth muscles of the rabbit main pulmonary artery were investigated using microelectrode and voltage clamp methods. Caffeine (greater than 0.5 mM) depolarized the membrane and increased ionic conductance. On the other hand, procaine (greater than 2.5 mM) depolarized the membrane, generated spikes and reduced the ionic conductance of the membrane. When depolarization-contraction relations were observed, the threshold depolarization to evoke contraction and the amplitude of the contraction were not affected by 5 mM procaine. However, the mechanical threshold was raised and the mechanical response was suppressed by treatment with 5 and 10 mM caffeine or 10 mM procaine. Procaine and caffeine accelerated the depletion of Ca++ from the stored sites of Ca-free (EGTA) solution, and suppressed the mechanical responses induced by chemical stimulation. Caffeine and procaine suppressed the increase in ionic conductance and depolarization produced by noradrenaline or prostaglandin F2alpha. Caffeine also suppressed the mechanical response induced by the above agents. Procaine suppressed the noradrenaline induced contraction, but accelerated the prostaglandin F2alpha induced contraction. From the above results, it is concluded that caffeine and procaine act not only on Ca-stored sites in the cell but also on the surface membrane. The actions of these agents were not competitive with each other, thus suggesting that the properties of the internal membrane structures, which is assumed to be a main Ca-storage site, are not exactly the same as those in striated muscles.", "PMID": 599741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6904", "title": "Force-load-velocity relation and the internal load of tetanized frog cardiac muscle.", "content": "A frog ventricular muscle strip could be fully tetanized by alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz and 20 V/cm in a solution containing 9 mM Ca2+. During isometric tetanus, the controlled release was made and the shortening velocities against various loads were measured. The isometric force was varied by reducing the stimulus intensity in K+-rich solution, or by reducing the external Ca2+ concentration. The force-load-velocity relation was described by a simple hyperbolic equation: (P+A)(v+b)=b(F+A), A=(F/Fm)a for shortening, and (2F-P+A')(-v+b')=b'(F+A'),A'=(F/Fm)a' for lengthening, where F is the isometric force, Fm is the maximum isometric force at the optimal muscle length, Lm, P is the load, v is the velocity, a, b, a' and b' are constants. The values of constants were a/Fm=0.51, b=0.75 Lm/sec for shortening and a'/Fm=0.39, b'=0.75 Lm/sec for lengthening at 20 degrees C. At muscle lengths shorter than 0.92 Lm, the internal load defined as the difference between the external load and calculated load at a given velocity increased in proportion to both the velocity and the decrease in muscle length.", "contents": "Force-load-velocity relation and the internal load of tetanized frog cardiac muscle. A frog ventricular muscle strip could be fully tetanized by alternating current stimulation at 10 Hz and 20 V/cm in a solution containing 9 mM Ca2+. During isometric tetanus, the controlled release was made and the shortening velocities against various loads were measured. The isometric force was varied by reducing the stimulus intensity in K+-rich solution, or by reducing the external Ca2+ concentration. The force-load-velocity relation was described by a simple hyperbolic equation: (P+A)(v+b)=b(F+A), A=(F/Fm)a for shortening, and (2F-P+A')(-v+b')=b'(F+A'),A'=(F/Fm)a' for lengthening, where F is the isometric force, Fm is the maximum isometric force at the optimal muscle length, Lm, P is the load, v is the velocity, a, b, a' and b' are constants. The values of constants were a/Fm=0.51, b=0.75 Lm/sec for shortening and a'/Fm=0.39, b'=0.75 Lm/sec for lengthening at 20 degrees C. At muscle lengths shorter than 0.92 Lm, the internal load defined as the difference between the external load and calculated load at a given velocity increased in proportion to both the velocity and the decrease in muscle length.", "PMID": 599742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6905", "title": "[Perception of schizophrenic patients in classifying pictures of facial expression].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of schizophrenics in classifying pictures of various facial expressions. Schizophrenics were divided into five groups according to the duration of their hospitalization. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the pictures of three different kinds of facial expressions, anger, delight (laughing) and sadness (crying), and classify them into any categories they like. In comparison with normals, schizophrenics had a difficulty in recognizing the differences in the various facial expressions. In the second experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the same pictures and classify them into three groups of different facial expressions. In this case, schizophrenics were able to classify them almost as well as normals.", "contents": "[Perception of schizophrenic patients in classifying pictures of facial expression]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of schizophrenics in classifying pictures of various facial expressions. Schizophrenics were divided into five groups according to the duration of their hospitalization. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the pictures of three different kinds of facial expressions, anger, delight (laughing) and sadness (crying), and classify them into any categories they like. In comparison with normals, schizophrenics had a difficulty in recognizing the differences in the various facial expressions. In the second experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the same pictures and classify them into three groups of different facial expressions. In this case, schizophrenics were able to classify them almost as well as normals.", "PMID": 599743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6906", "title": "[Characteristics of manifestation of myocardial pathology at the cellular-molecular level under experimental conditions and in rheumatic heart diseases].", "content": "By applying the microelectrode technique the character of membranous potentials of pathologically changed cells of the myocardium in experiments and in rheumatic disease was studied. Experimental investigations were carried out on an original model of tonsillogenic myocardiodystrophy reproduced in rabbits through a prolonged mechanical stimulation of receptors in the peritonsillar region. The iono-molecular disturbances in the myocardial cells manifested themselves in reduced duration of the action potential, of its refractory period and in the decreased rate of the excitation conduction along the myocardium. The educed changes in the electrical activity of the myocardium cells depend upon the deranged work of slow sodium-calcium pumps associated with the sarcoplasmatic reticulum and testify to deviation, to a certain extent, from the normal of all the myocardium functions, viz. conduction excitability and contractility. The similar nature of electrophysiological changes in the myocardium cells in experiments and in rheumatic disease are a proof of the unity of pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiac lesions at the cellular-molecular level.", "contents": "[Characteristics of manifestation of myocardial pathology at the cellular-molecular level under experimental conditions and in rheumatic heart diseases]. By applying the microelectrode technique the character of membranous potentials of pathologically changed cells of the myocardium in experiments and in rheumatic disease was studied. Experimental investigations were carried out on an original model of tonsillogenic myocardiodystrophy reproduced in rabbits through a prolonged mechanical stimulation of receptors in the peritonsillar region. The iono-molecular disturbances in the myocardial cells manifested themselves in reduced duration of the action potential, of its refractory period and in the decreased rate of the excitation conduction along the myocardium. The educed changes in the electrical activity of the myocardium cells depend upon the deranged work of slow sodium-calcium pumps associated with the sarcoplasmatic reticulum and testify to deviation, to a certain extent, from the normal of all the myocardium functions, viz. conduction excitability and contractility. The similar nature of electrophysiological changes in the myocardium cells in experiments and in rheumatic disease are a proof of the unity of pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiac lesions at the cellular-molecular level.", "PMID": 599782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6907", "title": "[Origin of the deep and wide T-wave in myocardial diseases].", "content": "The presented analysis concerns the clinical and electrocardiographic data of dynamic examinations of 15 patients in whom ECG recorded a deep and wide (\"gigantic\") inverted T-wave. In 5 cases the clinical and electrocardiographic data were compared with the anatomic ones. It was demonstrated that a wide and deep inverted T-wave is common in ischaemic heart disease and inflammatory lesions. Focal myocardial lesions (predominantly in the ventricular septum) combined with atrioventricular conductivity disorders in the His-Purkinje system were found to play a definite role in the genesis of the \"gigantic\" T-wave. In some cases the wide T-wave may develop due to a fusion of T and U-waves. Patients with such ECG alterations suffer severe rhythm disorders in the form of frequent polytopic extrasystoles, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "[Origin of the deep and wide T-wave in myocardial diseases]. The presented analysis concerns the clinical and electrocardiographic data of dynamic examinations of 15 patients in whom ECG recorded a deep and wide (\"gigantic\") inverted T-wave. In 5 cases the clinical and electrocardiographic data were compared with the anatomic ones. It was demonstrated that a wide and deep inverted T-wave is common in ischaemic heart disease and inflammatory lesions. Focal myocardial lesions (predominantly in the ventricular septum) combined with atrioventricular conductivity disorders in the His-Purkinje system were found to play a definite role in the genesis of the \"gigantic\" T-wave. In some cases the wide T-wave may develop due to a fusion of T and U-waves. Patients with such ECG alterations suffer severe rhythm disorders in the form of frequent polytopic extrasystoles, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 599783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6908", "title": "[Tissue reactins in the heart in disorders of its adrenergic innervation].", "content": "Cardiac tissue structures reaction was studied under conditions of decreased general sympathic mediation and disturbance of the direct connections between the heart and the sympathetic nervous system. Antibodies to the nerves growth factor with a strict selectivity to affect adrenergic neurons, localized in the sympathetic chain were used in the experiment for cutting out the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system. The data received permitted the authors to solve positively the problem of the sympathetic neurotrophical influence on the vascular components and cardiomyocytes.", "contents": "[Tissue reactins in the heart in disorders of its adrenergic innervation]. Cardiac tissue structures reaction was studied under conditions of decreased general sympathic mediation and disturbance of the direct connections between the heart and the sympathetic nervous system. Antibodies to the nerves growth factor with a strict selectivity to affect adrenergic neurons, localized in the sympathetic chain were used in the experiment for cutting out the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system. The data received permitted the authors to solve positively the problem of the sympathetic neurotrophical influence on the vascular components and cardiomyocytes.", "PMID": 599785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6909", "title": "[Various humoral pressor and depressor systems in hypertension].", "content": "Study of the hormone content and enzyme activity in patients with hypertensive disease at rest and in various types of stimulation revealed predominance of pressor humoral systems over depressor ones. With the development of the disease, the reaction of these humoral systems to stimulation diminishes. Decrease of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system compensatory reaction and the prostaglandin F level in patients with stable, high arterial pressur in response to furosemide administration may be among the causes of the hypotensive and natriuretic effect of this preparation. Activization of the humoral depressor systems in the initial stage of the disease is conducive to the preservation of the water-electrolyte hemostasis in the organism and maintains the labile level of arterial pressure despite the increased activity of the natrium-retaining hormones. Exhaustion of the humoral depressor systems may be one of the causes of arterial pressure stabilization.", "contents": "[Various humoral pressor and depressor systems in hypertension]. Study of the hormone content and enzyme activity in patients with hypertensive disease at rest and in various types of stimulation revealed predominance of pressor humoral systems over depressor ones. With the development of the disease, the reaction of these humoral systems to stimulation diminishes. Decrease of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system compensatory reaction and the prostaglandin F level in patients with stable, high arterial pressur in response to furosemide administration may be among the causes of the hypotensive and natriuretic effect of this preparation. Activization of the humoral depressor systems in the initial stage of the disease is conducive to the preservation of the water-electrolyte hemostasis in the organism and maintains the labile level of arterial pressure despite the increased activity of the natrium-retaining hormones. Exhaustion of the humoral depressor systems may be one of the causes of arterial pressure stabilization.", "PMID": 599792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6910", "title": "[Changes in the antidiuretic activity of the blood in hypertensive crises and experimental arterial hypertension of hypothalamic origin].", "content": "The blood antidiuretic activity was studied in patients with hypertensive disease in a period between crises and during a hypertensive crisis. The antidiuretic activity of blood was found to be higher in patients who had crises than in those with no history of crises. Blood antidiuretic activity diminishes during a hypertensive crisis, which is evidently due to the inhibiting effect on the hypothalamus of the receptors of the cardiovascular system. Similar results were obtained in experiments in elevation of arterial pressure induced by electric stimulation of the hypothalamic nuclei. It is concluded that the antidiuretic hormone plays a pathogenetic role in hypertensive disease which is marked by the development of crises.", "contents": "[Changes in the antidiuretic activity of the blood in hypertensive crises and experimental arterial hypertension of hypothalamic origin]. The blood antidiuretic activity was studied in patients with hypertensive disease in a period between crises and during a hypertensive crisis. The antidiuretic activity of blood was found to be higher in patients who had crises than in those with no history of crises. Blood antidiuretic activity diminishes during a hypertensive crisis, which is evidently due to the inhibiting effect on the hypothalamus of the receptors of the cardiovascular system. Similar results were obtained in experiments in elevation of arterial pressure induced by electric stimulation of the hypothalamic nuclei. It is concluded that the antidiuretic hormone plays a pathogenetic role in hypertensive disease which is marked by the development of crises.", "PMID": 599793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6911", "title": "[Plasma aldosterone concentration and vascular reactivity in hypertension].", "content": "Aldosterone concentration in peripheral plasma (radioimmune assay) and vascular reactivity (by an original tracer method) were determined in 50 patients with essential hypertension of stages I and II and in 25 healthy males. Aldosterone concentration proved to be elevated in half the patients, mostly in those with stage II of the disease. Vascular reactivity in these patients was increased and the two parameters were in good correlation. In the other group the aldosterone level and vascular reactivity were normal and there was no correlation between these two parameters. It is concluded that in some patients with essential hypertension aldosterone plays a pathogenetic role by increasing vascular reactivity.", "contents": "[Plasma aldosterone concentration and vascular reactivity in hypertension]. Aldosterone concentration in peripheral plasma (radioimmune assay) and vascular reactivity (by an original tracer method) were determined in 50 patients with essential hypertension of stages I and II and in 25 healthy males. Aldosterone concentration proved to be elevated in half the patients, mostly in those with stage II of the disease. Vascular reactivity in these patients was increased and the two parameters were in good correlation. In the other group the aldosterone level and vascular reactivity were normal and there was no correlation between these two parameters. It is concluded that in some patients with essential hypertension aldosterone plays a pathogenetic role by increasing vascular reactivity.", "PMID": 599794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6912", "title": "[Change in plasma renin activity in patients with hypertension and healthy persons after furosemide intake].", "content": "Blood plasma renin activity was studied by the radioimmune method in clino- and orthostatism in 36 males with hypertensive disease and in 15 healthy males before and after 3-day medication with furosemide in a daily dose of 120 mg under in-patient conditions. Renin activity proved to be higher in double stimulation (in orthostatism after furosemide intake) than in orthostatism before the intake of the drug. Diversity was revealed between patients with different stages of hypertensive disease. Stage IB of the disease was characterized by increased renin activity in orthostatism and marked reaction to stimulation with furosemide. In stage IIB, on the contrary, renin activity was low and the reaction to stimulation with furosemide weak. Hypotensive effect after intake of furosemide was observed in patients with IIB stage of hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Change in plasma renin activity in patients with hypertension and healthy persons after furosemide intake]. Blood plasma renin activity was studied by the radioimmune method in clino- and orthostatism in 36 males with hypertensive disease and in 15 healthy males before and after 3-day medication with furosemide in a daily dose of 120 mg under in-patient conditions. Renin activity proved to be higher in double stimulation (in orthostatism after furosemide intake) than in orthostatism before the intake of the drug. Diversity was revealed between patients with different stages of hypertensive disease. Stage IB of the disease was characterized by increased renin activity in orthostatism and marked reaction to stimulation with furosemide. In stage IIB, on the contrary, renin activity was low and the reaction to stimulation with furosemide weak. Hypotensive effect after intake of furosemide was observed in patients with IIB stage of hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 599795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6913", "title": "[Kallikrein-kinin system of the kidneys in hypertension under different conditions of examination].", "content": "Changes are observed in the renal kallikrein-kinin system in hypertensive disease, which are displayed by compensatory increase in its activity in patients with labile hypertension and decrease in the activity of this system in patients with a stable stage of the disease. An inadequate reaction to a load experienced from walking or from a reduced volume of extracellular fluid and sodium balance in the body was noted in all stages. The absence of a reaction or the inhibition of the activity of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in response to the intake of furosemid may be a manifestation of its altered sensitivity to the electrolyte shifts in the organism and the decrease in the volume of extracellular fluid. The kallikrein-kinin system is concerned with the noted shifts in renal function linked with the transport of sodium and water in patients with the labile stage of the disease, to which the correlative connection between kallikrein excretion and natriuresis and urine excretion attests. It is suggested that the renal kallikrein-kinin system in patients with the initial stage of hypertensive disease contributes to the adaptation of renal function to the altered conditions of hemodynamics and the increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "[Kallikrein-kinin system of the kidneys in hypertension under different conditions of examination]. Changes are observed in the renal kallikrein-kinin system in hypertensive disease, which are displayed by compensatory increase in its activity in patients with labile hypertension and decrease in the activity of this system in patients with a stable stage of the disease. An inadequate reaction to a load experienced from walking or from a reduced volume of extracellular fluid and sodium balance in the body was noted in all stages. The absence of a reaction or the inhibition of the activity of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in response to the intake of furosemid may be a manifestation of its altered sensitivity to the electrolyte shifts in the organism and the decrease in the volume of extracellular fluid. The kallikrein-kinin system is concerned with the noted shifts in renal function linked with the transport of sodium and water in patients with the labile stage of the disease, to which the correlative connection between kallikrein excretion and natriuresis and urine excretion attests. It is suggested that the renal kallikrein-kinin system in patients with the initial stage of hypertensive disease contributes to the adaptation of renal function to the altered conditions of hemodynamics and the increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 599796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6914", "title": "[Value of puncture biopsy of the kidneys on the side of the stenosis in renovascular hypertension. I].", "content": "The morphological picture of bioptic renal tissue was studied in 23 patients with different forms of vasorenal hypertension, among whom 12 had fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries, 8 had atherosclerotic stenosis, and 3 had panarteritis of the aorta and its branches with involvement of the renal arteries. The syndrome of malignant hypertension was encountered in 13 patients and stable arterial hypertension with high blood pressure levels in 10 patients. Analysis of the bioptic material allowed it to be divided into two groups: the 1st was marked by a picture of \"Selye's kidney\" and the 2nd by a combination of stenosis of the renal arteries and parenchymatous diseases of the kidneys. The significance of examining the morphological picture of renal bioptates, both with regard to the study of the pathogenesis of vasorenal hypertension and the diagnosis of concomitant parenchymatous process is shown.", "contents": "[Value of puncture biopsy of the kidneys on the side of the stenosis in renovascular hypertension. I]. The morphological picture of bioptic renal tissue was studied in 23 patients with different forms of vasorenal hypertension, among whom 12 had fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries, 8 had atherosclerotic stenosis, and 3 had panarteritis of the aorta and its branches with involvement of the renal arteries. The syndrome of malignant hypertension was encountered in 13 patients and stable arterial hypertension with high blood pressure levels in 10 patients. Analysis of the bioptic material allowed it to be divided into two groups: the 1st was marked by a picture of \"Selye's kidney\" and the 2nd by a combination of stenosis of the renal arteries and parenchymatous diseases of the kidneys. The significance of examining the morphological picture of renal bioptates, both with regard to the study of the pathogenesis of vasorenal hypertension and the diagnosis of concomitant parenchymatous process is shown.", "PMID": 599797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6915", "title": "[Changes in central and regional hemodynamics during treatment of hypertension with hemiton].", "content": "The indices of central hemodynamics were studied during hemiton therapy in 33 patients with stage IIA and IIB hypertensive disease by means of a noninvasive method--tetrapolar chest rheography. In patients with hypodynamic type of circulation the arterial pressure decreased already beginning with the first week of treatment due to a decrease in the arterial tonus and general peripheral resistance; the cardiac output practically did not change. During treatment cerebral and peripheral circulation improved significantly (according to the rheographic data) and the arterial tonus decreased. In 3-4 weeks of treatment, favourable shifts occurred in the reactions of general and regional hemodynamics in the orthostatic test. The overall changes were evidence that the compensatory-adaptational reactions of the arteries and veins had improved and the venous return had increased. In most patients treatment with hemiton led to lesser orthostatic decrease in arterial pressure and its greater lability during the day.", "contents": "[Changes in central and regional hemodynamics during treatment of hypertension with hemiton]. The indices of central hemodynamics were studied during hemiton therapy in 33 patients with stage IIA and IIB hypertensive disease by means of a noninvasive method--tetrapolar chest rheography. In patients with hypodynamic type of circulation the arterial pressure decreased already beginning with the first week of treatment due to a decrease in the arterial tonus and general peripheral resistance; the cardiac output practically did not change. During treatment cerebral and peripheral circulation improved significantly (according to the rheographic data) and the arterial tonus decreased. In 3-4 weeks of treatment, favourable shifts occurred in the reactions of general and regional hemodynamics in the orthostatic test. The overall changes were evidence that the compensatory-adaptational reactions of the arteries and veins had improved and the venous return had increased. In most patients treatment with hemiton led to lesser orthostatic decrease in arterial pressure and its greater lability during the day.", "PMID": 599798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6916", "title": "[Use of the adrenergic beta receptor blockader, visken, (prindolol) in arterial hypertension].", "content": "Visken (prindolol) was used in 42 patients. Its hypotensive effect was studied by the double-blind method. The hypotensive effect was encountered in 34 patients. With the administration of a placebo the arterial pressure became elevated, while after repeated prescription of the drug it again decreased significantly. Study of hemodynamics by radiocardiography in 18 patients treated with prindolol revealed no essential changes in the cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, rate of venous blood flow and volume of circulation.", "contents": "[Use of the adrenergic beta receptor blockader, visken, (prindolol) in arterial hypertension]. Visken (prindolol) was used in 42 patients. Its hypotensive effect was studied by the double-blind method. The hypotensive effect was encountered in 34 patients. With the administration of a placebo the arterial pressure became elevated, while after repeated prescription of the drug it again decreased significantly. Study of hemodynamics by radiocardiography in 18 patients treated with prindolol revealed no essential changes in the cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, rate of venous blood flow and volume of circulation.", "PMID": 599799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6917", "title": "[Change in the coagulative properties of blood under the effect of physical exertion in patients with hypertension].", "content": "Changes in the coagulation properties of blood under the effect of physical exertion on a bicycle ergometer were studied in 111 patients with hypertensive disease. The activity of their blood coagulation system was found to be increased and fibrinolysis simultaneously intensified as compared to these values in healthy persons. The degree of these changes depended on the age of the disease and the load of the exertion. Effective hypotensive therapy improved the functional condition of hemostasis, intensifying the activity of the anticoagulation mechanisms among others.", "contents": "[Change in the coagulative properties of blood under the effect of physical exertion in patients with hypertension]. Changes in the coagulation properties of blood under the effect of physical exertion on a bicycle ergometer were studied in 111 patients with hypertensive disease. The activity of their blood coagulation system was found to be increased and fibrinolysis simultaneously intensified as compared to these values in healthy persons. The degree of these changes depended on the age of the disease and the load of the exertion. Effective hypotensive therapy improved the functional condition of hemostasis, intensifying the activity of the anticoagulation mechanisms among others.", "PMID": 599800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6918", "title": "[Intracardiac hemodynamics and clinico-pathogenetic variants of the course of hypertension].", "content": "In 187 patients with different stages of hypertensive disease, besides studying the calculated values of systemic hemodynamics (minute volume, total peripheral vascular resistance), echocardiography was used to study values characterizing the state of intracardiac hemodynamics: end-diastolic (Vd), end-systolic (Vs), and stroke (Ve) volumes, the ejection fraction (EF), and the left ventricular myocardium mass (MM). According to the value of the minute volume (MV) and the total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR), the patients were divided into 2 main groups--with hypo- or hyperdynamic type of circulation. In accordance with the values of intracardiac hemodynamics, 2 subgroups were conditionally distinguished among the patients with hyperdynamic-type circulation: the first subgroup was composed of patients with comparatively low Vd, Vs, and Ve values and moderate increase in MM, the second subgroup of those with high Vd, Vs, Ve, and MM values. It is shown that with gradual progression of hypertensive disease the number of patients in the second subgroup increases and the number of those in the second subgroup decreases, respectively. Parallel study of the functional state of the sympatheticoadrenal and renin-angiotensin systems showed their activity to be higher in patients of the first subgroup with hyperdynamic type of circulation. Comparatively new hemodynamic aspects of hypertensive disease connected with the contribution of the heart itself to the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed. It is suggested that among patients with hypertensive disease there are individuals with predominant and early involvement of the heart in the pathological process with rapid development of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Intracardiac hemodynamics and clinico-pathogenetic variants of the course of hypertension]. In 187 patients with different stages of hypertensive disease, besides studying the calculated values of systemic hemodynamics (minute volume, total peripheral vascular resistance), echocardiography was used to study values characterizing the state of intracardiac hemodynamics: end-diastolic (Vd), end-systolic (Vs), and stroke (Ve) volumes, the ejection fraction (EF), and the left ventricular myocardium mass (MM). According to the value of the minute volume (MV) and the total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR), the patients were divided into 2 main groups--with hypo- or hyperdynamic type of circulation. In accordance with the values of intracardiac hemodynamics, 2 subgroups were conditionally distinguished among the patients with hyperdynamic-type circulation: the first subgroup was composed of patients with comparatively low Vd, Vs, and Ve values and moderate increase in MM, the second subgroup of those with high Vd, Vs, Ve, and MM values. It is shown that with gradual progression of hypertensive disease the number of patients in the second subgroup increases and the number of those in the second subgroup decreases, respectively. Parallel study of the functional state of the sympatheticoadrenal and renin-angiotensin systems showed their activity to be higher in patients of the first subgroup with hyperdynamic type of circulation. Comparatively new hemodynamic aspects of hypertensive disease connected with the contribution of the heart itself to the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed. It is suggested that among patients with hypertensive disease there are individuals with predominant and early involvement of the heart in the pathological process with rapid development of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "PMID": 599801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6919", "title": "[Role of the natriuretic factor in the phenomenon of \"exaggerated natriuresis\" in experimental hypertension].", "content": "Water and electrolyte excretion after a salt load, plasma natriuretic activity, and sensitivity of the kidneys to the natriuretic factor were studied in experiments on Wistar rats with renal hypertension and on SHR rats with spontaneous hypertension. The \"exaggerated natriuresis\" phenomenon is observed in animals with hypertension after a salt load. The plasma natriuretic activity in rats with experimental hypertension does not rise in response to an increse in the volume of extracellular fluid. The sensitivity of the kidneys to the natriuretic factor in animals with experimental hypertension is the same as that in the control animals. Consequently, the natriuretic factor has no decisive role in the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" phenomenon in these types of experimental hypertension.", "contents": "[Role of the natriuretic factor in the phenomenon of \"exaggerated natriuresis\" in experimental hypertension]. Water and electrolyte excretion after a salt load, plasma natriuretic activity, and sensitivity of the kidneys to the natriuretic factor were studied in experiments on Wistar rats with renal hypertension and on SHR rats with spontaneous hypertension. The \"exaggerated natriuresis\" phenomenon is observed in animals with hypertension after a salt load. The plasma natriuretic activity in rats with experimental hypertension does not rise in response to an increse in the volume of extracellular fluid. The sensitivity of the kidneys to the natriuretic factor in animals with experimental hypertension is the same as that in the control animals. Consequently, the natriuretic factor has no decisive role in the \"exaggerated natriuresis\" phenomenon in these types of experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 599802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6920", "title": "[Role of prostaglandins in blood pressure regulation].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 119 male and female mongrel/albino rats and on 5 male rabbits to study the mechanisms of the in vivo effect of the inhibitors of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, acetylsalicylic acid, and indometacin, taking into account the previously obtained data on the fact that these inhibitors elevate mean arterial pressure and increase vasopressor sensitivity to adrenalin and noradrenaline in experimental animals. It was found that these inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis promote the development of \"salt hypertension\" in rats against the background of a noticeable increase in vasopressor sensitivity to catecholamines. Intravenous administration to rabbits of angiotensin-11 in pressor doses causes an increase in the content of group E prostaglandins in the blood plasma of rabbits and a decrease in the renin activity (\"feedback\" effect). The data obtained have confirmed the assumption that prostaglandins take part in the arterial pressure control and suggested that in exhaustion or hereditary deficiency of the function of the prostaglandin production system the vessels may escape the depressor control, in this case the sensitivity to pressor factors increase and stable arterial hypertension develops.", "contents": "[Role of prostaglandins in blood pressure regulation]. Experiments were conducted on 119 male and female mongrel/albino rats and on 5 male rabbits to study the mechanisms of the in vivo effect of the inhibitors of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, acetylsalicylic acid, and indometacin, taking into account the previously obtained data on the fact that these inhibitors elevate mean arterial pressure and increase vasopressor sensitivity to adrenalin and noradrenaline in experimental animals. It was found that these inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis promote the development of \"salt hypertension\" in rats against the background of a noticeable increase in vasopressor sensitivity to catecholamines. Intravenous administration to rabbits of angiotensin-11 in pressor doses causes an increase in the content of group E prostaglandins in the blood plasma of rabbits and a decrease in the renin activity (\"feedback\" effect). The data obtained have confirmed the assumption that prostaglandins take part in the arterial pressure control and suggested that in exhaustion or hereditary deficiency of the function of the prostaglandin production system the vessels may escape the depressor control, in this case the sensitivity to pressor factors increase and stable arterial hypertension develops.", "PMID": 599803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6921", "title": "[Absorption and metabolism of 14C-noradrenaline in the ischemic rabbit kidney].", "content": "Absorption (capture) and metabolism of exogenous 14C-noradrenalin (14C-NA) by the renal tissue were studied in rabbits with artificially induced ischemia of the kidney and in control normotensive animals subjected to sham operation. We treated the tissue by our modification of the methods suggested by Whytly at al. (1961) and Kopin et al. (1961). The experiments were conducted on 49 chinchilla rabbits. The experimental and control animals were killed in groups, 1,4, and 8 weeks after the operation. The results obtained were expressed in percentage of the administered radioactivity dose per 200 mg of tissue. It was determined that the degree of 14C-NA capture by an ischemic kidney decreased in the 1st and was restored in the 4th and 8th postoperative weeks. At the same time, the production of 14C-normetanephrine- and 14C-vanillylamygdalic acid in the ischemic kidney was delayed; the amount of unchanged 14C-NA and 14C-dihydroxyamygdalic acid increased. The absorption and metabolism of 14C-NA in intact (nonischemic) kidneys did not differ essentially from those in the kidneys of the control animals.", "contents": "[Absorption and metabolism of 14C-noradrenaline in the ischemic rabbit kidney]. Absorption (capture) and metabolism of exogenous 14C-noradrenalin (14C-NA) by the renal tissue were studied in rabbits with artificially induced ischemia of the kidney and in control normotensive animals subjected to sham operation. We treated the tissue by our modification of the methods suggested by Whytly at al. (1961) and Kopin et al. (1961). The experiments were conducted on 49 chinchilla rabbits. The experimental and control animals were killed in groups, 1,4, and 8 weeks after the operation. The results obtained were expressed in percentage of the administered radioactivity dose per 200 mg of tissue. It was determined that the degree of 14C-NA capture by an ischemic kidney decreased in the 1st and was restored in the 4th and 8th postoperative weeks. At the same time, the production of 14C-normetanephrine- and 14C-vanillylamygdalic acid in the ischemic kidney was delayed; the amount of unchanged 14C-NA and 14C-dihydroxyamygdalic acid increased. The absorption and metabolism of 14C-NA in intact (nonischemic) kidneys did not differ essentially from those in the kidneys of the control animals.", "PMID": 599804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6922", "title": "[Degree of vascular tonus as a factor of changes in the reactivity of the smooth muscle structures of the blood vessels].", "content": "The activeness and functional orientation of the responses of isolated vascular segments to electric stimulation depends on the initial tonic tension. A relatively low degree of extension of the preparations corresponding to a low intravascular pressure creates a tendency towards a response in the form of relaxation. Stimulations of the same intensity cause contractions against the background of a more significant extension of the preparations observed in cases of high pressure. The constrictive effects occuring against the background of significant vessel extensions are interpreted as a manifestation of inadequate responses, similar to the hyperreactivity noted in hypertension.", "contents": "[Degree of vascular tonus as a factor of changes in the reactivity of the smooth muscle structures of the blood vessels]. The activeness and functional orientation of the responses of isolated vascular segments to electric stimulation depends on the initial tonic tension. A relatively low degree of extension of the preparations corresponding to a low intravascular pressure creates a tendency towards a response in the form of relaxation. Stimulations of the same intensity cause contractions against the background of a more significant extension of the preparations observed in cases of high pressure. The constrictive effects occuring against the background of significant vessel extensions are interpreted as a manifestation of inadequate responses, similar to the hyperreactivity noted in hypertension.", "PMID": 599805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6923", "title": "[Biomechanical porperties of the human coronary arteries].", "content": "Biomechanical properties of the coronary arteries were studied according to age and localization of the vascular segment. Experiments were conducted on the proximal and distal segments of the right coronary artery and the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in 58 males who ranged in age from 15 to 83 years. Vascular segments prestretched in the longitudinal direction experience an inner pressure of 0 to 240 mm Hg. The main parameters of the mechanical properties of the coronary arteries were determined. Changes in these properties were most marked in the proximal part of the left coronary artery, the deformative capacity of its walls in the circumferential direction being diminished by the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth weeks. The right coronary artery experiences less changes than the left coronary artery.", "contents": "[Biomechanical porperties of the human coronary arteries]. Biomechanical properties of the coronary arteries were studied according to age and localization of the vascular segment. Experiments were conducted on the proximal and distal segments of the right coronary artery and the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in 58 males who ranged in age from 15 to 83 years. Vascular segments prestretched in the longitudinal direction experience an inner pressure of 0 to 240 mm Hg. The main parameters of the mechanical properties of the coronary arteries were determined. Changes in these properties were most marked in the proximal part of the left coronary artery, the deformative capacity of its walls in the circumferential direction being diminished by the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth weeks. The right coronary artery experiences less changes than the left coronary artery.", "PMID": 599807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6924", "title": "[Division of the 45- to 59-year-old male population into groups depending on the risk factors in a prophylactic study of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "A prospective study was conducted from March 1972 to November 1976 in a group of Kaunas male population ranging in age from 45 to 59 years. At the beginning of the study it consisted of 3,553 individuals. They were divided into groups of low, moderate, and high risk according to the presence of a risk factor (hypertension, hypercholesteremia, impaired glucose tolerance test) and a pathologic condition. The ratio of the total mortality rate per 1,000 of the population during the observation period in these groups was 1 : 2 : 3, while that of the mortality of ischemic heart disease was 1 : 3 : 5. The rate of out-patient coronary mortality and the occurrence of new cases with myocardial infraction according to their number registered in the groups of low, moderate, and high risk was 1 : 2 : 5. All the indices in the group of individuals who refused to take part in the study were close to those in the high risk group. The data obtained point to the possibility of defecting by means of preventive study individuals exposed to a greater or lesser risk of the development of ischemic heart disease and death, which makes it possible for the Public Health Service to concentrate attention of definite groups of the population so as to apply differentiated preventive measures.", "contents": "[Division of the 45- to 59-year-old male population into groups depending on the risk factors in a prophylactic study of ischemic heart disease]. A prospective study was conducted from March 1972 to November 1976 in a group of Kaunas male population ranging in age from 45 to 59 years. At the beginning of the study it consisted of 3,553 individuals. They were divided into groups of low, moderate, and high risk according to the presence of a risk factor (hypertension, hypercholesteremia, impaired glucose tolerance test) and a pathologic condition. The ratio of the total mortality rate per 1,000 of the population during the observation period in these groups was 1 : 2 : 3, while that of the mortality of ischemic heart disease was 1 : 3 : 5. The rate of out-patient coronary mortality and the occurrence of new cases with myocardial infraction according to their number registered in the groups of low, moderate, and high risk was 1 : 2 : 5. All the indices in the group of individuals who refused to take part in the study were close to those in the high risk group. The data obtained point to the possibility of defecting by means of preventive study individuals exposed to a greater or lesser risk of the development of ischemic heart disease and death, which makes it possible for the Public Health Service to concentrate attention of definite groups of the population so as to apply differentiated preventive measures.", "PMID": 599808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6925", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries in persons older than 70 living in different geographical areas of the USSR].", "content": "Visual-planimetric examination of the conspicuousness of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries of persons who had died at an age of over 70 years was conducted in Tallin, Riga, Ryazan, Kharkov, Yalta, Frunze, and Ashkhabad (1,775 females and 1,425 males). The material was collected and studied according to the program elaborated by WHO experts for epidermilogic study of atherosclerosis according to post-mortem findings. It was found that atherosclerosis progresses at a much slower rate in persons over 70 than in those of younger age groups. The average conspicuousness of atherosclerosis in the vessels of females over 70 and particularly over 80 years of age often surpassed that in males. The least changes in the aorta and coronary arteries were found among the native population of Frunze and Ashkhabad and the most marked among natives of Tallin, Riga, Kharkov, and Yalta.", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries in persons older than 70 living in different geographical areas of the USSR]. Visual-planimetric examination of the conspicuousness of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries of persons who had died at an age of over 70 years was conducted in Tallin, Riga, Ryazan, Kharkov, Yalta, Frunze, and Ashkhabad (1,775 females and 1,425 males). The material was collected and studied according to the program elaborated by WHO experts for epidermilogic study of atherosclerosis according to post-mortem findings. It was found that atherosclerosis progresses at a much slower rate in persons over 70 than in those of younger age groups. The average conspicuousness of atherosclerosis in the vessels of females over 70 and particularly over 80 years of age often surpassed that in males. The least changes in the aorta and coronary arteries were found among the native population of Frunze and Ashkhabad and the most marked among natives of Tallin, Riga, Kharkov, and Yalta.", "PMID": 599809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6926", "title": "[Combined disorders of the central and regional hemodynamics and microcirculation in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Central and regional hemodynamics was studied in 228 patients with acute myocardial infarction by a complex of radio-indication tests. It was established that the degree of changes in central hemodynamics correlates to a definite extent with the severity of myocardial involvement (size of the damaged zone). Regional hemodynamics did not always change parallel to the reduction in cardiac output. The character of circulation in the organs of patients with myocardial infarction depends greatly on the internal control factors and the degree of tonic tension of the regional vessels. Changes in the regional circulation in myocardial infarction lead to hypoxia of the organ and severe disturbances in its function. In most patients the intraorganic hemodynamics decrease gradient was 11/2-2 times more than the cardiac output reduction gradient. Hemodynamic changes in myocardial infarction at the level of different vessels are of a multicomponent and non-linear character. The extent and rate of restoration of intra-organic hemodynamics are greatly determined by the severity of myocardial infraction and the presence of complications.", "contents": "[Combined disorders of the central and regional hemodynamics and microcirculation in myocardial infarct]. Central and regional hemodynamics was studied in 228 patients with acute myocardial infarction by a complex of radio-indication tests. It was established that the degree of changes in central hemodynamics correlates to a definite extent with the severity of myocardial involvement (size of the damaged zone). Regional hemodynamics did not always change parallel to the reduction in cardiac output. The character of circulation in the organs of patients with myocardial infarction depends greatly on the internal control factors and the degree of tonic tension of the regional vessels. Changes in the regional circulation in myocardial infarction lead to hypoxia of the organ and severe disturbances in its function. In most patients the intraorganic hemodynamics decrease gradient was 11/2-2 times more than the cardiac output reduction gradient. Hemodynamic changes in myocardial infarction at the level of different vessels are of a multicomponent and non-linear character. The extent and rate of restoration of intra-organic hemodynamics are greatly determined by the severity of myocardial infraction and the presence of complications.", "PMID": 599810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6927", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular system diseases in middle age].", "content": "The data on the interrelationship of diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis are shown. To characterize the frequency of cardiovascular lesions and their different character according to age in patients with diabetes, the results of clinical analysis of 2,540 patients and the findings of thorough clinical and laboratory examination of 1,154 individuals, 20.1% of whom were over 60, are presented. The high frequency of angiopathies (84.6%) confirms the \"atherogenics\" effect of diabetes mellitus. The age differences consist in the predominance of organic lesions among elderly persons. The frequent occurrence of a disturbed glucose tolerance test and the development of diabetes mellitus in these patients are evidence of the \"diabetogenic\" effect of atherosclerosis. Some hormonal and metabolic mechanisms are investigated for the interpretation of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular lesions in diabetes. The contribution of contrainsular hormones (somatotrophic hormone, adrenal hormones) and hyperlipidemia to the development of diabetic angiopathies is substantiated. The difference between diabetic macroangiopathies and atherosclerosis in nondiabetic individuals is discussed on the strength of the results of electron microscopy of the mucle capillaries. It is concluded that these two diseases, which are widely encountered among elderly individuals, have hormonal, metabolic, and genetic developmental mechanisms in common.", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular system diseases in middle age]. The data on the interrelationship of diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis are shown. To characterize the frequency of cardiovascular lesions and their different character according to age in patients with diabetes, the results of clinical analysis of 2,540 patients and the findings of thorough clinical and laboratory examination of 1,154 individuals, 20.1% of whom were over 60, are presented. The high frequency of angiopathies (84.6%) confirms the \"atherogenics\" effect of diabetes mellitus. The age differences consist in the predominance of organic lesions among elderly persons. The frequent occurrence of a disturbed glucose tolerance test and the development of diabetes mellitus in these patients are evidence of the \"diabetogenic\" effect of atherosclerosis. Some hormonal and metabolic mechanisms are investigated for the interpretation of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular lesions in diabetes. The contribution of contrainsular hormones (somatotrophic hormone, adrenal hormones) and hyperlipidemia to the development of diabetic angiopathies is substantiated. The difference between diabetic macroangiopathies and atherosclerosis in nondiabetic individuals is discussed on the strength of the results of electron microscopy of the mucle capillaries. It is concluded that these two diseases, which are widely encountered among elderly individuals, have hormonal, metabolic, and genetic developmental mechanisms in common.", "PMID": 599811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6928", "title": "[Basic problems of surgery in vascular atherosclerosis].", "content": "The author's opinion on the classification of atherosclerotic lesions of vessels is discussed and the peculiarities of the clinical picture, diagnosis, and surgical intervention in different localization of the lesions are analysed. An account is given of the basic propositions and principles of surgical management in atherosclerosis of the main localizations (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, renal, mesenteric and other arteries). Sixteen-year experience in the surgical treatment of atherosclerotic vascular lesions is summarized. It is stressed that the results of reconstructive vascular operations, which were studied by the actuarial method, were good and permanent.", "contents": "[Basic problems of surgery in vascular atherosclerosis]. The author's opinion on the classification of atherosclerotic lesions of vessels is discussed and the peculiarities of the clinical picture, diagnosis, and surgical intervention in different localization of the lesions are analysed. An account is given of the basic propositions and principles of surgical management in atherosclerosis of the main localizations (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, renal, mesenteric and other arteries). Sixteen-year experience in the surgical treatment of atherosclerotic vascular lesions is summarized. It is stressed that the results of reconstructive vascular operations, which were studied by the actuarial method, were good and permanent.", "PMID": 599814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6929", "title": "[Comparison of the echocardiographic indices of myocardial contractility and of the results of a bicycle ergometer test in chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "On comparing the results of study of the cardiohemodynamics indices under conditions of submaximum or threshold bicycle-ergometry load with the findings of echocardiography at rest in 64 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, the authors conclude that echocardiography is a very promising method for ascertaining the cardiac muscular reserve, particularly in those patients with ischemic heart disease in whom the low coronary reserve does not allow the performance of tests under conditions of physical exertion.", "contents": "[Comparison of the echocardiographic indices of myocardial contractility and of the results of a bicycle ergometer test in chronic ischemic heart disease]. On comparing the results of study of the cardiohemodynamics indices under conditions of submaximum or threshold bicycle-ergometry load with the findings of echocardiography at rest in 64 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, the authors conclude that echocardiography is a very promising method for ascertaining the cardiac muscular reserve, particularly in those patients with ischemic heart disease in whom the low coronary reserve does not allow the performance of tests under conditions of physical exertion.", "PMID": 599815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6930", "title": "[Code for evaluating the results of a physical load electrocardiographic test].", "content": "To standardize the evaluation of the results of the test with muscular exertion and make the findings of tests conducted in different laboratories comparable a universal code has been elaborated. With its use all abnormal, threshold, and some of the most important physiologic changes in the ECG as well as the principal clinical indices of the test with exertion may be fully described.", "contents": "[Code for evaluating the results of a physical load electrocardiographic test]. To standardize the evaluation of the results of the test with muscular exertion and make the findings of tests conducted in different laboratories comparable a universal code has been elaborated. With its use all abnormal, threshold, and some of the most important physiologic changes in the ECG as well as the principal clinical indices of the test with exertion may be fully described.", "PMID": 599816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6931", "title": "[Problems of the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects in adult patients].", "content": "A total of 175 adult patients with congenital heart diseases were investigated, of whom 140 were operated upon and 62 examined late after surgery. As noted, characteristic of adult patients were subjective complains, progressive pulmonary hypertension in defects with the blood shunting from the left to right and, because of this, the emergence of atypical symptoms of the defects. Surgical correction yields quite satisfactory results, but the presence of pulmonary hypertension tends to greatly increase the operative risk.", "contents": "[Problems of the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects in adult patients]. A total of 175 adult patients with congenital heart diseases were investigated, of whom 140 were operated upon and 62 examined late after surgery. As noted, characteristic of adult patients were subjective complains, progressive pulmonary hypertension in defects with the blood shunting from the left to right and, because of this, the emergence of atypical symptoms of the defects. Surgical correction yields quite satisfactory results, but the presence of pulmonary hypertension tends to greatly increase the operative risk.", "PMID": 599817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6932", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of interventricular septal defects].", "content": "The work deals with the following three problems: the criteria for the appraisal of the remote results; the evolution of pulmonary hypertension following correction of the defect; the indications for a repeated operation in reshunting. The examination was conducted on a group of 132 patients in postoperative periods of up to 13 years (5 years on the average) who had undergon surgery at the age of over 3 years. The analysis shows that the findings of clinical, electro-, phonocardiographic and X-ray examination are only of auxilliary importance as the criteria for the evaluation of the remote results. Changes in hemodynamics in remote periods after closure of the defect are the main indices of the efficacy of surgical management of patients with high pulmonary hypertension; it is just these changes that determine the prognosis. Considerable improvement in hemodynamics is revealed in most patients, which attests to the efficacy of surgery. In 29.2% of patients of the older age groups, however, mild or severe affection of the vessels of the pulmonary circulation was discovered. These data are an important argument in favour of early radical correction of the defect. In partial reshunting on the background of considerable improvement in hemodynamics and the general condition of the patient, one may refrain from carrying out an operation again and continue dynamik observation of the patient.", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of interventricular septal defects]. The work deals with the following three problems: the criteria for the appraisal of the remote results; the evolution of pulmonary hypertension following correction of the defect; the indications for a repeated operation in reshunting. The examination was conducted on a group of 132 patients in postoperative periods of up to 13 years (5 years on the average) who had undergon surgery at the age of over 3 years. The analysis shows that the findings of clinical, electro-, phonocardiographic and X-ray examination are only of auxilliary importance as the criteria for the evaluation of the remote results. Changes in hemodynamics in remote periods after closure of the defect are the main indices of the efficacy of surgical management of patients with high pulmonary hypertension; it is just these changes that determine the prognosis. Considerable improvement in hemodynamics is revealed in most patients, which attests to the efficacy of surgery. In 29.2% of patients of the older age groups, however, mild or severe affection of the vessels of the pulmonary circulation was discovered. These data are an important argument in favour of early radical correction of the defect. In partial reshunting on the background of considerable improvement in hemodynamics and the general condition of the patient, one may refrain from carrying out an operation again and continue dynamik observation of the patient.", "PMID": 599818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6933", "title": "[Clinical anatomical basis of the pathogenesis of fatal complications in the late periods after heart valve prosthesis].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-anatomical analysis of the causes of death in 35 patients following valve prosthetics for rheumatic valvular disease, it was established that cardiac failure was the most frequent cause. Cardiac failure was due to exacerbation of the carditis process on the one hand, and to disorders of the rhythm induced by dystrophy, sclerosis, fibroelastosis, and calcinosis in the cardiac septum on the other. Thromboembolic processes rate second in frequency among the lethal complications. Death from septic complications was rarely encountered, and from causal causes only in individual cases.", "contents": "[Clinical anatomical basis of the pathogenesis of fatal complications in the late periods after heart valve prosthesis]. On the basis of clinico-anatomical analysis of the causes of death in 35 patients following valve prosthetics for rheumatic valvular disease, it was established that cardiac failure was the most frequent cause. Cardiac failure was due to exacerbation of the carditis process on the one hand, and to disorders of the rhythm induced by dystrophy, sclerosis, fibroelastosis, and calcinosis in the cardiac septum on the other. Thromboembolic processes rate second in frequency among the lethal complications. Death from septic complications was rarely encountered, and from causal causes only in individual cases.", "PMID": 599819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6934", "title": "[Defect in the interventricular septum in adults and the indications for its operative treatment].", "content": "The author had in his charge 76 patients over 16 years of age. In adults the congenital ventricular septal defect is of a relatively rare occurrence. The extent of the defect is largely determined by the evolution of the disease. In adult patients with minor defects there is no evidence of developing pulmonary hypertension, whereas in those with major defects in evidence is usually a well-marked hypertension. Surgery is indicated in patients with pulmonary hypertension of the I group exhibiting subjective symptoms and ECG and roentgenographic changes. Patients with pulmonary hypertension of the II-IIIa groups are also liable to undergo surgery, but here a relative contraindication is circulatory disturbance in the IIb stage.", "contents": "[Defect in the interventricular septum in adults and the indications for its operative treatment]. The author had in his charge 76 patients over 16 years of age. In adults the congenital ventricular septal defect is of a relatively rare occurrence. The extent of the defect is largely determined by the evolution of the disease. In adult patients with minor defects there is no evidence of developing pulmonary hypertension, whereas in those with major defects in evidence is usually a well-marked hypertension. Surgery is indicated in patients with pulmonary hypertension of the I group exhibiting subjective symptoms and ECG and roentgenographic changes. Patients with pulmonary hypertension of the II-IIIa groups are also liable to undergo surgery, but here a relative contraindication is circulatory disturbance in the IIb stage.", "PMID": 599820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6935", "title": "[Electrocardiologic diagnosis and the prognostic significance of blocks occurring in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "A total of 280 patients with postinfarction and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and the bundle of His block were examined. The examination included recording of the ECG in 12 leads, the vectorcardiogram in the orthogonal system and after Frank and by the cube method, the cinecardiogram, polycardiogram, and radiocardiogram. It was established that bifascicular blocks of the left branch of the bundle of His are most unfavourable as regards the prognosis. The other types of blocks have no such effect and may rather be diagnostic signs indicating the localization and the extent of development of the necrotic or sclerotic process.", "contents": "[Electrocardiologic diagnosis and the prognostic significance of blocks occurring in ischemic heart disease]. A total of 280 patients with postinfarction and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and the bundle of His block were examined. The examination included recording of the ECG in 12 leads, the vectorcardiogram in the orthogonal system and after Frank and by the cube method, the cinecardiogram, polycardiogram, and radiocardiogram. It was established that bifascicular blocks of the left branch of the bundle of His are most unfavourable as regards the prognosis. The other types of blocks have no such effect and may rather be diagnostic signs indicating the localization and the extent of development of the necrotic or sclerotic process.", "PMID": 599825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6936", "title": "[Optimal frequency for electrical stimulation of the heart in transverse block in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Study of hemodynamics did not disclose any sole criterion for determining the optimum frequency of electric stimulation of the heart in the IV degree atrioventricular block in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Only a complex of indices serves the purpose, among which the first and foremost is the patient's general condition appraised by means of the routine physical methods and, whenever possible, by measuring the cardiac minute volume and the central venous pressure. The necessary frequency of electric stimulation in the prevention of arrhythmia should be chosen empirically.", "contents": "[Optimal frequency for electrical stimulation of the heart in transverse block in acute myocardial infarct]. Study of hemodynamics did not disclose any sole criterion for determining the optimum frequency of electric stimulation of the heart in the IV degree atrioventricular block in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Only a complex of indices serves the purpose, among which the first and foremost is the patient's general condition appraised by means of the routine physical methods and, whenever possible, by measuring the cardiac minute volume and the central venous pressure. The necessary frequency of electric stimulation in the prevention of arrhythmia should be chosen empirically.", "PMID": 599826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6937", "title": "[Scanographic picture of the lungs in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Lung scanning with MAA-131I was used to detect early \"subclinical\" stages of cardiac insufficiency in 51 patients suffering from primary myocardial infarction with different extent of involvement of the heart muscle. The contribution to the blood flow of the right lung was found to be rather greater than that of the left lung, and the contribution of the upper parts of the lungs greater than that of the lower parts. It was eatablished that the severity and stability of changes in pulmonary blood flow were in accordance with the extent of left ventricular involvement. The diagnostic value of MAA-131I scanning in identifying early stages of cardiac insufficiency and reorganization of pulmonary blood flow in patients with myocardial infarction for the choice of rational therapy and for prognostication is shown.", "contents": "[Scanographic picture of the lungs in acute myocardial infarct]. Lung scanning with MAA-131I was used to detect early \"subclinical\" stages of cardiac insufficiency in 51 patients suffering from primary myocardial infarction with different extent of involvement of the heart muscle. The contribution to the blood flow of the right lung was found to be rather greater than that of the left lung, and the contribution of the upper parts of the lungs greater than that of the lower parts. It was eatablished that the severity and stability of changes in pulmonary blood flow were in accordance with the extent of left ventricular involvement. The diagnostic value of MAA-131I scanning in identifying early stages of cardiac insufficiency and reorganization of pulmonary blood flow in patients with myocardial infarction for the choice of rational therapy and for prognostication is shown.", "PMID": 599827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6938", "title": "[State of the peri-infarct and necrotic areas in various complications of myocardial infarct according to ECG data (35 precordial leads)].", "content": "On the basis of ECG recorded in 35 precordial leads and subsequent cartographic analysis of the results obtained, the state of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in 38 patients with complicated myocardial infarction (development of circulatory insufficiency, acute aneurysm of the left ventricle, and pericarditis epistenocardica) was analysed. In circulatory insufficiency being the only complication, significantly smaller values of the indices characterizing the necrotic and periinfarction zones were found. In pericarditis, dynamics of the most mobile ECG indices was observed which characterized the state of the periinfarction zone in the direction of diminution (by half) by the end of the 1st week; in aneurysm the same degree of diminution was noted only by the end of the 2nd week of the process. In fatal outcomes of the disease these indices fluctuated within the range of the individual levels of the initial values without showing any obvious tendency to decrease in the first 2 weeks of the disease.", "contents": "[State of the peri-infarct and necrotic areas in various complications of myocardial infarct according to ECG data (35 precordial leads)]. On the basis of ECG recorded in 35 precordial leads and subsequent cartographic analysis of the results obtained, the state of the necrotic and periinfarction zones in 38 patients with complicated myocardial infarction (development of circulatory insufficiency, acute aneurysm of the left ventricle, and pericarditis epistenocardica) was analysed. In circulatory insufficiency being the only complication, significantly smaller values of the indices characterizing the necrotic and periinfarction zones were found. In pericarditis, dynamics of the most mobile ECG indices was observed which characterized the state of the periinfarction zone in the direction of diminution (by half) by the end of the 1st week; in aneurysm the same degree of diminution was noted only by the end of the 2nd week of the process. In fatal outcomes of the disease these indices fluctuated within the range of the individual levels of the initial values without showing any obvious tendency to decrease in the first 2 weeks of the disease.", "PMID": 599828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6939", "title": "[Prerequisites for the physical training of patients who have had a myocardial infarct (substantiation, functional diagnosis, indications, contraindications)].", "content": "The substantiation and the indications and contraindications for the physical training of patients who have had myocardial infarction are discussed on the basis of the experience gained at the Clinic of Internal Diseases of the Medical Department of K. Marx University in Leipzig (DDR) and the First Chair of Hospital Therapy of the N.I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. On the strength of their own findings and the information in the current literature, the authors name, among other precoditions for training, diminution of capacity for muscular work, psychologic instability and the persisting threat of the progression of ischemic heart disease. The methods of functional diagnosis, which is also a necessary precondition for the physical rehabilitation of the patients are bicycle ergometry, auxiliary tests for the gaseous composition of blood and exhaled air, determination of the heart volume by means of X-ray, catheterization of the pulmonary artery with a floating catheter, ventriculography, and coronarography.", "contents": "[Prerequisites for the physical training of patients who have had a myocardial infarct (substantiation, functional diagnosis, indications, contraindications)]. The substantiation and the indications and contraindications for the physical training of patients who have had myocardial infarction are discussed on the basis of the experience gained at the Clinic of Internal Diseases of the Medical Department of K. Marx University in Leipzig (DDR) and the First Chair of Hospital Therapy of the N.I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. On the strength of their own findings and the information in the current literature, the authors name, among other precoditions for training, diminution of capacity for muscular work, psychologic instability and the persisting threat of the progression of ischemic heart disease. The methods of functional diagnosis, which is also a necessary precondition for the physical rehabilitation of the patients are bicycle ergometry, auxiliary tests for the gaseous composition of blood and exhaled air, determination of the heart volume by means of X-ray, catheterization of the pulmonary artery with a floating catheter, ventriculography, and coronarography.", "PMID": 599829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6940", "title": "[Mechanism of the prophylactic effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on the development of hypertension].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on 200 albino rats that prolonged adaptation to the periodical effect of hypoxia in an altitude chamber always resulted in partial atrophy of the adrenal glomerular zone and decrease in the synthesis of mineralocorticoids in the adrenals and in their concentration in blood. At the same time, the size of the supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei and their cytogically determined activity diminished. These structurally fixed adaptational changes in the hormonal control caused a stable decrease in the reseves of sodium and water in the organism of the adapted animals. This complex of shifts is contrary to the changes developing in all forms of experimental hypertension and in hypertensive disease in humans. The idea is discussed that inhibition of mineralocorticoid and ACTH secretion and the stable decrease in the sodium and water reserves in the organism during adaptation play the principal role in the mechanism of the preventive effect of adaption to altitude hypoxia in hypertension.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the prophylactic effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia on the development of hypertension]. It was shown in experiments on 200 albino rats that prolonged adaptation to the periodical effect of hypoxia in an altitude chamber always resulted in partial atrophy of the adrenal glomerular zone and decrease in the synthesis of mineralocorticoids in the adrenals and in their concentration in blood. At the same time, the size of the supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei and their cytogically determined activity diminished. These structurally fixed adaptational changes in the hormonal control caused a stable decrease in the reseves of sodium and water in the organism of the adapted animals. This complex of shifts is contrary to the changes developing in all forms of experimental hypertension and in hypertensive disease in humans. The idea is discussed that inhibition of mineralocorticoid and ACTH secretion and the stable decrease in the sodium and water reserves in the organism during adaptation play the principal role in the mechanism of the preventive effect of adaption to altitude hypoxia in hypertension.", "PMID": 599830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6941", "title": "[Effect of hexahydroubiquinone-4 (KoQ4) on the bioenergetics and functional activity of the myocardium in ischemia].", "content": "The effect of KoQ4 on the energetics, contractility, and electrogram of the ischemized myocardium was studied in acute experiments on dogs with induced myocardial ischemia. Intracornoary administration of KoQ4, 1.3 mg/kg, directly into the focus of ischemia for 15 min promoted a decrease in the lactate level in blood draining from the ischemic zone as compared to the control data in the absence of a difference in the dynamics of the pyruvic acid content. In distinction to the control experimental series, there was no decrease in the concentration of glucose in samples of venous blood draining from the focus of ischemia. Under the effect of KoQ4 the amplitude of left ventricular pressure and the maximum rate of its growth (dp/dt) increased moderately and the ST segment and ST/R coefficient of the epicardial electrogram from the border zone of ischemia decreased. It was shown in the rat experiments that preliminary intravenous administration of KoQ4 (14 mg/kg) increased myocardial resistance to oxygen deficiency under conditions of diacetylcholine-induced apnoe.", "contents": "[Effect of hexahydroubiquinone-4 (KoQ4) on the bioenergetics and functional activity of the myocardium in ischemia]. The effect of KoQ4 on the energetics, contractility, and electrogram of the ischemized myocardium was studied in acute experiments on dogs with induced myocardial ischemia. Intracornoary administration of KoQ4, 1.3 mg/kg, directly into the focus of ischemia for 15 min promoted a decrease in the lactate level in blood draining from the ischemic zone as compared to the control data in the absence of a difference in the dynamics of the pyruvic acid content. In distinction to the control experimental series, there was no decrease in the concentration of glucose in samples of venous blood draining from the focus of ischemia. Under the effect of KoQ4 the amplitude of left ventricular pressure and the maximum rate of its growth (dp/dt) increased moderately and the ST segment and ST/R coefficient of the epicardial electrogram from the border zone of ischemia decreased. It was shown in the rat experiments that preliminary intravenous administration of KoQ4 (14 mg/kg) increased myocardial resistance to oxygen deficiency under conditions of diacetylcholine-induced apnoe.", "PMID": 599831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6942", "title": "[Fibrinogen metabolism in congestive circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "Using 125I-labelled fibrinogen the metabolism of this protein was studied in 29 patients with II-III stage congestive circulatory insufficiency due to ischemic heart disease and rheumatic heart diseases. It was established that with the progression of circulatory insufficiency fibrinogen half-life increased. The body content of total fibrinogen increased with the gradual intensification of circulatory insufficiency due to growth of the extravascular (noncirculating) fraction. The growth is associated with the intensified egress of circulating fibrinogen into the extravascular space (thrombus, tissue, etc.). The role of disseminated intravascular clotting and consumption coagulopathy in the pathogenesis of congestive circulatory failure is discussed.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen metabolism in congestive circulatory insufficiency]. Using 125I-labelled fibrinogen the metabolism of this protein was studied in 29 patients with II-III stage congestive circulatory insufficiency due to ischemic heart disease and rheumatic heart diseases. It was established that with the progression of circulatory insufficiency fibrinogen half-life increased. The body content of total fibrinogen increased with the gradual intensification of circulatory insufficiency due to growth of the extravascular (noncirculating) fraction. The growth is associated with the intensified egress of circulating fibrinogen into the extravascular space (thrombus, tissue, etc.). The role of disseminated intravascular clotting and consumption coagulopathy in the pathogenesis of congestive circulatory failure is discussed.", "PMID": 599832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6943", "title": "[Selection of groups of the male population 40 to 49 with risk factors for conducting primary prophylaxis of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The method of selecting population groups with risk factors for applying measures of primary prevention of ischemic heart disease among males 40 to 49 years of age is discussed. The article shows the results of two-stage screening conducted among 18,707 males born between 1922 and 1931 for the selection of volunteers with relatively stable risk factors of ischemic heart disease: arterial hypertension (systolic pressure 160 mm Hg or higher and/or diastolic pressure 96 mm Hg or higher) and hypercholesterolemia (above 260 mg percent). The data of the experimental preventive study show a lack of willingness among the population to take part in preventive measures aimed at controlling ischemic heart disease. When conducting preventive measures  among the unorganized population, most attention should be focused on the organization of the primary screening examination, i.e. the first contact of the population with the physician.", "contents": "[Selection of groups of the male population 40 to 49 with risk factors for conducting primary prophylaxis of ischemic heart disease]. The method of selecting population groups with risk factors for applying measures of primary prevention of ischemic heart disease among males 40 to 49 years of age is discussed. The article shows the results of two-stage screening conducted among 18,707 males born between 1922 and 1931 for the selection of volunteers with relatively stable risk factors of ischemic heart disease: arterial hypertension (systolic pressure 160 mm Hg or higher and/or diastolic pressure 96 mm Hg or higher) and hypercholesterolemia (above 260 mg percent). The data of the experimental preventive study show a lack of willingness among the population to take part in preventive measures aimed at controlling ischemic heart disease. When conducting preventive measures  among the unorganized population, most attention should be focused on the organization of the primary screening examination, i.e. the first contact of the population with the physician.", "PMID": 599833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6944", "title": "Isolation and characterization of rat tubular basement membrane.", "content": "Tubules were isolated by the passage of coarsely homogenized kidney parenchyma through a series of stainless steel sieves of varying pore sizes. The isolated tubules, which were free of glomeruli or any contaminating tissue, based on light microscopic examination, served as starting material for the isolation of tubular basement membrane (TBM). The tubules were sonically disrupted, and the subsequent isolation procedure was conceptually similar to that of the isolation of glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The chemical composition of TBM was compared to that of GBM and collagen. 3-hydroxyproline, a marker for basement membrane protein, was present in higher amount in TBM (10 residues per 1,000 amino acid residues) than in GBM (7 residues per 1,000). Glycine and hydroxylysine content was also higher in TBM (255 and 27 residues per 1,000, respectively, in contrast to 204 and 18 residues in GBM). The total carbohydrate content was 7.6 mg per 100 mg of dry weight (neutral sugars, 6.3; GlcN, 0.9; GalN, 0.1; and sialic acid, 0.3). By electron microscopic examination, the isolated TBM was similar to GBM, except for greater variability in diameter and serrated appearance of one surface of the tubular basement membrane fragments. The method is suitable for the isolation of TBM in sufficient quantity for subsequent chemical analyses and immunologic studies.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of rat tubular basement membrane. Tubules were isolated by the passage of coarsely homogenized kidney parenchyma through a series of stainless steel sieves of varying pore sizes. The isolated tubules, which were free of glomeruli or any contaminating tissue, based on light microscopic examination, served as starting material for the isolation of tubular basement membrane (TBM). The tubules were sonically disrupted, and the subsequent isolation procedure was conceptually similar to that of the isolation of glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The chemical composition of TBM was compared to that of GBM and collagen. 3-hydroxyproline, a marker for basement membrane protein, was present in higher amount in TBM (10 residues per 1,000 amino acid residues) than in GBM (7 residues per 1,000). Glycine and hydroxylysine content was also higher in TBM (255 and 27 residues per 1,000, respectively, in contrast to 204 and 18 residues in GBM). The total carbohydrate content was 7.6 mg per 100 mg of dry weight (neutral sugars, 6.3; GlcN, 0.9; GalN, 0.1; and sialic acid, 0.3). By electron microscopic examination, the isolated TBM was similar to GBM, except for greater variability in diameter and serrated appearance of one surface of the tubular basement membrane fragments. The method is suitable for the isolation of TBM in sufficient quantity for subsequent chemical analyses and immunologic studies.", "PMID": 599835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6945", "title": "Maleic acid-induced impaired conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3: implications for Fanconi's syndrome.", "content": "Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] occurs exclusively in the renal cortex. To determine whether a disorder of the renal cortical tubule capable of causing Fanconi's syndrome can also impair the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3, we investigated whether conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 was reduced by maleic acid. In vitamin D-deficient rats, maleic acid was administered i.v. over two hours. Thirty minutes after its initiation, when the complex renal tubule dysfunction had occurred, 3H-25(OH)D3 was administered i.v. as a bolus. Five hours afterwards, the amount of 3H-1,25(OH)2D3 recovered in the kidney, small intestine mucosa, and blood was one-third to one-half that in tissues of control rats that received acetazolamide or only saline or were subjected only to the surgical procedure. The glomerular filtration rate, as measured by inulin clearance, did not decrease significantly with maleic acid. In intact vitamin D-deficient chicks, 24 and 22 hr after i.p. administration of maleic acid and 14C-vitamin D3, respectively, the amount of 14C-1,25(OH)2D3 recovered in small intestine mucosa was reduced by one-half when compared to saline-treated controls. In kidney homogenates and isolated renal tubules of vitamin D-deficient chicks, activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase was diminished immediately after maleic acid was administered in vivo or added in vitro to the incubation medium, respectively. These data provide the first demonstration that the renal capacity to convert 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 can be substantially impaired in vivo by a renal disorder in which the glomerular filtration rate is not reduced.", "contents": "Maleic acid-induced impaired conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3: implications for Fanconi's syndrome. Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] occurs exclusively in the renal cortex. To determine whether a disorder of the renal cortical tubule capable of causing Fanconi's syndrome can also impair the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3, we investigated whether conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 was reduced by maleic acid. In vitamin D-deficient rats, maleic acid was administered i.v. over two hours. Thirty minutes after its initiation, when the complex renal tubule dysfunction had occurred, 3H-25(OH)D3 was administered i.v. as a bolus. Five hours afterwards, the amount of 3H-1,25(OH)2D3 recovered in the kidney, small intestine mucosa, and blood was one-third to one-half that in tissues of control rats that received acetazolamide or only saline or were subjected only to the surgical procedure. The glomerular filtration rate, as measured by inulin clearance, did not decrease significantly with maleic acid. In intact vitamin D-deficient chicks, 24 and 22 hr after i.p. administration of maleic acid and 14C-vitamin D3, respectively, the amount of 14C-1,25(OH)2D3 recovered in small intestine mucosa was reduced by one-half when compared to saline-treated controls. In kidney homogenates and isolated renal tubules of vitamin D-deficient chicks, activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase was diminished immediately after maleic acid was administered in vivo or added in vitro to the incubation medium, respectively. These data provide the first demonstration that the renal capacity to convert 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 can be substantially impaired in vivo by a renal disorder in which the glomerular filtration rate is not reduced.", "PMID": 599836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6946", "title": "Renal vascular response to interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in normal man.", "content": "We assessed the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the response of the renal circulation to restriction of sodium intake in 38 normal patients. Both saralasin (10 to 30 ng/kg/min), an angiotensin antagonist, and SQ 20881 (30 to 300microgram/kg), a converting enzyme inhibitor, induced a dose-related increase in renal blood flow (xenon 133 washout) only when the resin-angiotension system was activated by restriction of sodium intake to 10 MEq/day. Increasing doses of saralasin (100 to 1,000 ng/kg/min) reduced renal blood flow, presumably due to the angiotensin-like action of this partial agonist. The renal vascular response to SQ 20881 paralleled the endocrine response: An identical threshold dose (30 microgram/kg) increased renal blood flow and reduced plasma angiotensin II concentration, which fell despite a progressive rise of plasma renin activity. Plasma bradykinin concentration did not change in response to SQ 20881, which also blocks kininase II. Both agents also induced a small but consistent and statistically significant reduction in arterial blood pressure, which will be important in assessing the pathogenetic significance of a blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension. This study indicates that angiotensin mediates the renal vascular response to restriction of salt intake in normal man and provides an approach to assessing the role played by angiotensin in the pathogenesis of functional renal disease.", "contents": "Renal vascular response to interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in normal man. We assessed the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the response of the renal circulation to restriction of sodium intake in 38 normal patients. Both saralasin (10 to 30 ng/kg/min), an angiotensin antagonist, and SQ 20881 (30 to 300microgram/kg), a converting enzyme inhibitor, induced a dose-related increase in renal blood flow (xenon 133 washout) only when the resin-angiotension system was activated by restriction of sodium intake to 10 MEq/day. Increasing doses of saralasin (100 to 1,000 ng/kg/min) reduced renal blood flow, presumably due to the angiotensin-like action of this partial agonist. The renal vascular response to SQ 20881 paralleled the endocrine response: An identical threshold dose (30 microgram/kg) increased renal blood flow and reduced plasma angiotensin II concentration, which fell despite a progressive rise of plasma renin activity. Plasma bradykinin concentration did not change in response to SQ 20881, which also blocks kininase II. Both agents also induced a small but consistent and statistically significant reduction in arterial blood pressure, which will be important in assessing the pathogenetic significance of a blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension. This study indicates that angiotensin mediates the renal vascular response to restriction of salt intake in normal man and provides an approach to assessing the role played by angiotensin in the pathogenesis of functional renal disease.", "PMID": 599839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6947", "title": "Autonomic blockade and the Valsalva maneuver in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a hemodynamic study.", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed at two levels of dietary sodium intake (10 mmoles/day and 100 mmoles/day for 14 days) in a group of patients (with retained kidneys) on chronic hemodialysis. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone, plasma, and extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes were measured while the patient were at rest. Cardiac output, mean intraarterial pressure, and the calculated total peripheral resistance index were recorded while the patients were at rest and during acute \"total\" autonomic blockade. On the sodium diet of 10 mmoles/day, normotensive and hypertensive patients had similarly low total blood volumes, low-normal ECF volumes, and similar levels of plasma renin and aldosterone. The resting cardiac output was increased in both groups, but the total peripheral resistance was increased only in the patients with hypertension, in whom peripheral resistance was inappropriately high for the degree of anemia. Six hypertensive patients were studied on both diets. The resting mean arterial pressure was greater on the sodium diet of 100 mmoles/day than on the 10 mmoles/day diet, accompanied by increased in plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and cardiac output, but no change in peripheral resistance. During autonomic blockade on either diet, there was a marked fall in blood pressure in the patients with hypertension. This was mainly due to a fall in peripheral resistance which reached levels similar to those seen in the normotensive patients whose resistance was unaltered by blockade. Autonomic factors appear to contribute to the elevated peripheral resistance of hypertensive dialysis patients. In these patients, the effect of a high sodium diet, at least over the time-scale studied here, is to increase blood pressure and cardiac output, without the change in peripheral resistance expected from autoregulation.", "contents": "Autonomic blockade and the Valsalva maneuver in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a hemodynamic study. Hemodynamic studies were performed at two levels of dietary sodium intake (10 mmoles/day and 100 mmoles/day for 14 days) in a group of patients (with retained kidneys) on chronic hemodialysis. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone, plasma, and extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes were measured while the patient were at rest. Cardiac output, mean intraarterial pressure, and the calculated total peripheral resistance index were recorded while the patients were at rest and during acute \"total\" autonomic blockade. On the sodium diet of 10 mmoles/day, normotensive and hypertensive patients had similarly low total blood volumes, low-normal ECF volumes, and similar levels of plasma renin and aldosterone. The resting cardiac output was increased in both groups, but the total peripheral resistance was increased only in the patients with hypertension, in whom peripheral resistance was inappropriately high for the degree of anemia. Six hypertensive patients were studied on both diets. The resting mean arterial pressure was greater on the sodium diet of 100 mmoles/day than on the 10 mmoles/day diet, accompanied by increased in plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and cardiac output, but no change in peripheral resistance. During autonomic blockade on either diet, there was a marked fall in blood pressure in the patients with hypertension. This was mainly due to a fall in peripheral resistance which reached levels similar to those seen in the normotensive patients whose resistance was unaltered by blockade. Autonomic factors appear to contribute to the elevated peripheral resistance of hypertensive dialysis patients. In these patients, the effect of a high sodium diet, at least over the time-scale studied here, is to increase blood pressure and cardiac output, without the change in peripheral resistance expected from autoregulation.", "PMID": 599840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6948", "title": "[Clinical results of the goniothrephining with scleral flap (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1971-1976 407 goniotrephinings e.g. \"Elliot with scleral flap\", were performed at the Univ. Eye Hospital M\u00fcnster. In a follow-up study of 306 operated cases we found 81% primary glaucoma (62.7% simple glaucoma, 18.3% chronic congestive glaucoma) and 19% secondary glaucoma. In 77% of the operated cases the anterior chamber was restored within the first postoperative day. Gonioscopically in 85% the trephining hole was placed within the trabecular meshwork. Nevertheless, this position of the hole had no decisive influence on the later filtration. Postoperatively 2/3 of cases developed a characteristic flat filtering bleb. In 90.4% of the eyes the postoperative IOP was within normal limits. Postoperative follow-up of the visual acuity remained within the limits of age deterioration. Concerning the secondary glaucoma, the pigmentary glaucoma, the traumatic glaucoma and the glaucoma after uveitis, had good results. The results in cases of buphthalmos and hemorrhagic glaucoma were worse. The advantages of goniotrephining are the rapid restoring of the anterior chamber, the protection of the trephining hole by the scleral flap as well as the well \"protected\" flat and infections-resisting bleb.", "contents": "[Clinical results of the goniothrephining with scleral flap (author's transl)]. During 1971-1976 407 goniotrephinings e.g. \"Elliot with scleral flap\", were performed at the Univ. Eye Hospital M\u00fcnster. In a follow-up study of 306 operated cases we found 81% primary glaucoma (62.7% simple glaucoma, 18.3% chronic congestive glaucoma) and 19% secondary glaucoma. In 77% of the operated cases the anterior chamber was restored within the first postoperative day. Gonioscopically in 85% the trephining hole was placed within the trabecular meshwork. Nevertheless, this position of the hole had no decisive influence on the later filtration. Postoperatively 2/3 of cases developed a characteristic flat filtering bleb. In 90.4% of the eyes the postoperative IOP was within normal limits. Postoperative follow-up of the visual acuity remained within the limits of age deterioration. Concerning the secondary glaucoma, the pigmentary glaucoma, the traumatic glaucoma and the glaucoma after uveitis, had good results. The results in cases of buphthalmos and hemorrhagic glaucoma were worse. The advantages of goniotrephining are the rapid restoring of the anterior chamber, the protection of the trephining hole by the scleral flap as well as the well \"protected\" flat and infections-resisting bleb.", "PMID": 599862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6949", "title": "[Investigations on the relationship between intraocular pressure and perifoveal capillary circulation in glaucoma patients using the entoptic blood corpuscle phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood circulation in the central retina was examined in 30 eyes suffering from glaucoma, using the entoptic phenomenon to count leucocytes travelling through the retinal capillaries in the macula area. Two measurements were taken for each eye at different intraocular pressure levels and the results were compared with each other. They showed that reduction of an originally high intraocular tension level significantly increased the blood flow. In a control group of healthy eyes in a similar group of patients insignificant changes in blood flow were recorded. There was thus a direct linear relationship between reduction of intraocular pressure and relative increase in blood flow with a strongly positive correlation (r = 0,74). Hence an effective autoregulation of blood flow in relation to changes in intraocular pressure could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Investigations on the relationship between intraocular pressure and perifoveal capillary circulation in glaucoma patients using the entoptic blood corpuscle phenomenon (author's transl)]. Blood circulation in the central retina was examined in 30 eyes suffering from glaucoma, using the entoptic phenomenon to count leucocytes travelling through the retinal capillaries in the macula area. Two measurements were taken for each eye at different intraocular pressure levels and the results were compared with each other. They showed that reduction of an originally high intraocular tension level significantly increased the blood flow. In a control group of healthy eyes in a similar group of patients insignificant changes in blood flow were recorded. There was thus a direct linear relationship between reduction of intraocular pressure and relative increase in blood flow with a strongly positive correlation (r = 0,74). Hence an effective autoregulation of blood flow in relation to changes in intraocular pressure could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 599863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6950", "title": "[Concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous after photocoagulation of the retina (author's transl)].", "content": "After photocoagulation of the retina a higher amount of ampicillin was found in the vitreous of the coagulated eyes, as our tests have shown. The reached concentrations of ampicillin were in the therapeutical region for sensitive germs. The highest concentration of ampicillin was reached when the ampicillin was injected in the edema stage of the coagulation effects. Therapeutical effective concentrations in the vitreous could be kept with this method up to five days after photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous after photocoagulation of the retina (author's transl)]. After photocoagulation of the retina a higher amount of ampicillin was found in the vitreous of the coagulated eyes, as our tests have shown. The reached concentrations of ampicillin were in the therapeutical region for sensitive germs. The highest concentration of ampicillin was reached when the ampicillin was injected in the edema stage of the coagulation effects. Therapeutical effective concentrations in the vitreous could be kept with this method up to five days after photocoagulation.", "PMID": 599864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6951", "title": "[Electro-ophthalmological findings in so-called partial \"retinopathia pigmentosa\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of bilateral, sectoral retinopathia pigmentosa in a female subject and her eldest son. The diagnosis is difficult without an ERG and EOG because of the paucity of symptoms. The disease is characterized by subnormal ERG potentials and a flat EOG curv. In questionable cases, periodic re-examinations and the examination of family members can be helpful.", "contents": "[Electro-ophthalmological findings in so-called partial \"retinopathia pigmentosa\" (author's transl)]. A description is given of bilateral, sectoral retinopathia pigmentosa in a female subject and her eldest son. The diagnosis is difficult without an ERG and EOG because of the paucity of symptoms. The disease is characterized by subnormal ERG potentials and a flat EOG curv. In questionable cases, periodic re-examinations and the examination of family members can be helpful.", "PMID": 599865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6952", "title": "[Retinopathy and angiopathy in diabetes of fifty to sixty years duration (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on ten (seven female, three male) diabetis with uncommonly long duration of the disease. Diabetes had become manifest at an early age (mostly childhood) and, then, had continued for a period of fifty to sixty-one years. Eight patients suffer from retinopathy, two are free from it. Only three cases show nephropathy of moderate development and inconspicuous progression. Coronary sclerosis, peripheral sclerosis, and neuropathy recede with time. There is a surprising discrepancy of findings concerning retinopathy - on the one hand: simple retinopathy tending to spontaneous regression; on the other hand: malignant proliferating retinopathy. Uncommon also is the tarrying behaviour of nephropathy.", "contents": "[Retinopathy and angiopathy in diabetes of fifty to sixty years duration (author's transl)]. A report is given on ten (seven female, three male) diabetis with uncommonly long duration of the disease. Diabetes had become manifest at an early age (mostly childhood) and, then, had continued for a period of fifty to sixty-one years. Eight patients suffer from retinopathy, two are free from it. Only three cases show nephropathy of moderate development and inconspicuous progression. Coronary sclerosis, peripheral sclerosis, and neuropathy recede with time. There is a surprising discrepancy of findings concerning retinopathy - on the one hand: simple retinopathy tending to spontaneous regression; on the other hand: malignant proliferating retinopathy. Uncommon also is the tarrying behaviour of nephropathy.", "PMID": 599866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6953", "title": "[Ocular myopathy with giant mitochondriae (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia and a slight coincident affection of the scapulohumeral muscle group is recorded. Thorough examination including EMG and biopsy from ocular and skeletal muscle tissue confirmed the clinical diagnosis of myopathy. By means of electron microscopy the affection could be identified as a type of myopathy characterized by giant mitochondriae. Causative factors were not detectable. The function of the thyroid and the carnitine level in the muscle tissue and blood serum were normal.", "contents": "[Ocular myopathy with giant mitochondriae (author's transl)]. A case of progressive external ophthalmoplegia and a slight coincident affection of the scapulohumeral muscle group is recorded. Thorough examination including EMG and biopsy from ocular and skeletal muscle tissue confirmed the clinical diagnosis of myopathy. By means of electron microscopy the affection could be identified as a type of myopathy characterized by giant mitochondriae. Causative factors were not detectable. The function of the thyroid and the carnitine level in the muscle tissue and blood serum were normal.", "PMID": 599868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6954", "title": "[Unrecognized paralyses of accommodation and their importance in diagnostics and expertise (author's transl)].", "content": "Paralyses of accommodation are safely diagnosticizable even in patients over 45 years of age provided there is no complete presbyopia. The identification can be a key to diagnosing the entire disease pattern. In one case a suspected Adie's syndrome with amblyopia and without any connection with internment and damage due to malnutrition was identified as ophthalmoplegia interna with partial atrophy of the n. opticus, most probably caused by malnutrition encephalopathy or encephalitis. In another patient, a bilateral isolated accommodation paralysis indicated damage of the accommodation center during concussion of the brain (possibly only a functional damage).", "contents": "[Unrecognized paralyses of accommodation and their importance in diagnostics and expertise (author's transl)]. Paralyses of accommodation are safely diagnosticizable even in patients over 45 years of age provided there is no complete presbyopia. The identification can be a key to diagnosing the entire disease pattern. In one case a suspected Adie's syndrome with amblyopia and without any connection with internment and damage due to malnutrition was identified as ophthalmoplegia interna with partial atrophy of the n. opticus, most probably caused by malnutrition encephalopathy or encephalitis. In another patient, a bilateral isolated accommodation paralysis indicated damage of the accommodation center during concussion of the brain (possibly only a functional damage).", "PMID": 599869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6955", "title": "[Use of an automatic laboratory rinsing machine for cleaning and disinfection of ophthalmosurgical instruments (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the use of an automatic rinsing machine for the cleaning of surgical eye instruments combining the processes of disinfection, cleaning and drying in one operation and thus providing good protection against corrosion and optimal protective treatment of the cutting blades. To allow use in ophthalmology, a special insert was constructed.", "contents": "[Use of an automatic laboratory rinsing machine for cleaning and disinfection of ophthalmosurgical instruments (author's transl)]. A report is given on the use of an automatic rinsing machine for the cleaning of surgical eye instruments combining the processes of disinfection, cleaning and drying in one operation and thus providing good protection against corrosion and optimal protective treatment of the cutting blades. To allow use in ophthalmology, a special insert was constructed.", "PMID": 599870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6956", "title": "[Idiopathic edema, capillaropathy, pericardial and pleural effusions with high protein content (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and electron microscopic studies of two female patients are reported who, in addition to the symptoms and signs of idiopathic edema, had pericardial (and pleural) effusions. In one patient pericardiectomy had to be performed, in the other patient pharmacotherapy with spironolactone was effective. In these patients the protein-concentrations of edema fluid (25 and 12 g/l) and pericardial fluid (55-61 and 48 g/l) were relatively high; the distribution space of labelled protein was increased; blood volumes were low-normal or decreased. Electronmicroscopy of the microvasculature showed identical alterations in both cases. In the cutaneous vessels the endothelium developed numerous abnormal cytoplasmic processes and intercellular \"gaps\". In the capillaries of skeletal muscle our findings indicate an increase in vesicular transport. We suggest the electron microscopic alterations to be the morphologic correlate for the increased transport and extravascular accumulation of protein. Changes as they are described here in humans with idiopathic edema have been documented before in animals with experimental edema.", "contents": "[Idiopathic edema, capillaropathy, pericardial and pleural effusions with high protein content (author's transl)]. Clinical and electron microscopic studies of two female patients are reported who, in addition to the symptoms and signs of idiopathic edema, had pericardial (and pleural) effusions. In one patient pericardiectomy had to be performed, in the other patient pharmacotherapy with spironolactone was effective. In these patients the protein-concentrations of edema fluid (25 and 12 g/l) and pericardial fluid (55-61 and 48 g/l) were relatively high; the distribution space of labelled protein was increased; blood volumes were low-normal or decreased. Electronmicroscopy of the microvasculature showed identical alterations in both cases. In the cutaneous vessels the endothelium developed numerous abnormal cytoplasmic processes and intercellular \"gaps\". In the capillaries of skeletal muscle our findings indicate an increase in vesicular transport. We suggest the electron microscopic alterations to be the morphologic correlate for the increased transport and extravascular accumulation of protein. Changes as they are described here in humans with idiopathic edema have been documented before in animals with experimental edema.", "PMID": 599871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6957", "title": "[Distribution of haemoglobin content in human red cells, estimated by scanning cytophotometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemoglobin content and surface area of human red cells were estimated using a scanning cytophotometer connected to a computer for registration and analysis of the data. The measurements were carried out on fixed, unstained peripheral blood smears at a wavelength of 414 nm. The scanning can be controlled on the screen in order to detect errors and to eliminate extinctions from other sources than the cell examined. The method allows to demonstrate the topographic quantitative distribution of haemoglobin within the cell, to estimate haemoglobin content and surface area in individual cells and to correlate these values, to establish frequency distributions of the data within cell populations and to calculate various statistical parameters. Results of measurements on normal and abnormal red cells (iron deficiency, haemolytic anaemias) are demonstrated. The method may be used for investigation on red cell pathophysiology and may serve as a basis for image analysis in blood smears. It is too time consuming for direct diagnostic application in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Distribution of haemoglobin content in human red cells, estimated by scanning cytophotometry (author's transl)]. Haemoglobin content and surface area of human red cells were estimated using a scanning cytophotometer connected to a computer for registration and analysis of the data. The measurements were carried out on fixed, unstained peripheral blood smears at a wavelength of 414 nm. The scanning can be controlled on the screen in order to detect errors and to eliminate extinctions from other sources than the cell examined. The method allows to demonstrate the topographic quantitative distribution of haemoglobin within the cell, to estimate haemoglobin content and surface area in individual cells and to correlate these values, to establish frequency distributions of the data within cell populations and to calculate various statistical parameters. Results of measurements on normal and abnormal red cells (iron deficiency, haemolytic anaemias) are demonstrated. The method may be used for investigation on red cell pathophysiology and may serve as a basis for image analysis in blood smears. It is too time consuming for direct diagnostic application in clinical practice.", "PMID": 599872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6958", "title": "[The effect of antrectomy or total gastrectomy on calcium-induced gastrin secretion and gastrin release in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of induced hypercalcemia on serum gastrin concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, and gastric acid secretion was studied in 20 healthy subjects, 8 patients after antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), 12 patients after antrectomy and gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II) and in 9 patients after total gastrectomy and esophagojejunostomy. In normal man calcium stimulates gastric secretion and gastrin release. After antrectomy gastric secretion is still stimulated by calcium without changing serum gastrin levels. After total gastrectomy basal serum gastrin concentration is further reduced; calcium does not liberate gastrin. These results show that calcium-induced gastric secretion is caused by direct action at the parietal cell level besides the gastrin release from the antrum. In man, extra antral gastrin cannot be released by induced hypercalcemia.", "contents": "[The effect of antrectomy or total gastrectomy on calcium-induced gastrin secretion and gastrin release in man (author's transl)]. The effect of induced hypercalcemia on serum gastrin concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, and gastric acid secretion was studied in 20 healthy subjects, 8 patients after antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), 12 patients after antrectomy and gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II) and in 9 patients after total gastrectomy and esophagojejunostomy. In normal man calcium stimulates gastric secretion and gastrin release. After antrectomy gastric secretion is still stimulated by calcium without changing serum gastrin levels. After total gastrectomy basal serum gastrin concentration is further reduced; calcium does not liberate gastrin. These results show that calcium-induced gastric secretion is caused by direct action at the parietal cell level besides the gastrin release from the antrum. In man, extra antral gastrin cannot be released by induced hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 599873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6959", "title": "[Ascorbic acid content in plasma and in leukocytes in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis exhibited at a regular level of ascorbic acid in plasma a decreased concentration of ascorbic acid in leukocytes. Therefore, the ascorbic acid should be administered in a high dosage to patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, in order to prevent a vitamin-C deficiency in leukocytes.", "contents": "[Ascorbic acid content in plasma and in leukocytes in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis exhibited at a regular level of ascorbic acid in plasma a decreased concentration of ascorbic acid in leukocytes. Therefore, the ascorbic acid should be administered in a high dosage to patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, in order to prevent a vitamin-C deficiency in leukocytes.", "PMID": 599874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6960", "title": "Behavior and maintenance of the woolly opossum (Caluromys) in captivity.", "content": "Circadian activity, general behavior, dietary requirements, and reproductive activity were recorded in a small laboratory colony (four females, six males) of two species of the woolly opossum (Caluromys lanatus and C derbianus) over a period of 3 years. The two species were indiscernable in all aspects of their behavior. Both were completely nocturnal and rarely active during daylight hours. General behavior was apparently related to many variables, particularly individual temperament and cage size. Even docile individuals were more excitable when housed in small cages. Although the woolly opossum is reported to prefer a meat diet, the opossums in this study remained healthy on a meat-egg-fruit diet, and showed a special liking for fruit, especially bananas. Vaginal smears indicated that females of the colony were cyclic, but all attempts to breed them were unsuccessful. Sexual behavior included pre-mount, pelvic-thrust displays on the part of the male, with complete repulsion by all females.", "contents": "Behavior and maintenance of the woolly opossum (Caluromys) in captivity. Circadian activity, general behavior, dietary requirements, and reproductive activity were recorded in a small laboratory colony (four females, six males) of two species of the woolly opossum (Caluromys lanatus and C derbianus) over a period of 3 years. The two species were indiscernable in all aspects of their behavior. Both were completely nocturnal and rarely active during daylight hours. General behavior was apparently related to many variables, particularly individual temperament and cage size. Even docile individuals were more excitable when housed in small cages. Although the woolly opossum is reported to prefer a meat diet, the opossums in this study remained healthy on a meat-egg-fruit diet, and showed a special liking for fruit, especially bananas. Vaginal smears indicated that females of the colony were cyclic, but all attempts to breed them were unsuccessful. Sexual behavior included pre-mount, pelvic-thrust displays on the part of the male, with complete repulsion by all females.", "PMID": 599876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6961", "title": "Successful pregnancies with concentrated frozen canine semen.", "content": "A method for concentrating canine semen prior to freezing was developed. Concentration was by centrifugation at 1470 g at room temperature, after which the majority of seminal fluid was removed. Motility, speed of progression, and morphology of sperm were not affected by concentration. Subsequent artificial insemination using concentrated semen resulted in a conception rate of 92%. The offspring were normal and healthy. The mean litter size (6.7) and birth weight (256.3 g) were comparable to those reported by a commercial supplier (6.2 and 255.7 g) of the same breed (beagle).", "contents": "Successful pregnancies with concentrated frozen canine semen. A method for concentrating canine semen prior to freezing was developed. Concentration was by centrifugation at 1470 g at room temperature, after which the majority of seminal fluid was removed. Motility, speed of progression, and morphology of sperm were not affected by concentration. Subsequent artificial insemination using concentrated semen resulted in a conception rate of 92%. The offspring were normal and healthy. The mean litter size (6.7) and birth weight (256.3 g) were comparable to those reported by a commercial supplier (6.2 and 255.7 g) of the same breed (beagle).", "PMID": 599877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6962", "title": "Apparatus for controlling temperature of catheter contents in cold environments.", "content": "An apparatus was developed to prevent the freezing of catheter contents during blood sampling or liquid infusion into animals maintained at sub-freezing temperatures. The apparatus consisted of a larger, outer set of plastic and copper tubes and a smaller, inner set of tubes. The catheter was passed inside the inner set. Water circulated through the outer set kept the contents of the catheter inside the inner set from freezing. The apparatus was also useful for the rapid cooling of blood to a predetermined temperature while a sample was being withdrawn from an animal.", "contents": "Apparatus for controlling temperature of catheter contents in cold environments. An apparatus was developed to prevent the freezing of catheter contents during blood sampling or liquid infusion into animals maintained at sub-freezing temperatures. The apparatus consisted of a larger, outer set of plastic and copper tubes and a smaller, inner set of tubes. The catheter was passed inside the inner set. Water circulated through the outer set kept the contents of the catheter inside the inner set from freezing. The apparatus was also useful for the rapid cooling of blood to a predetermined temperature while a sample was being withdrawn from an animal.", "PMID": 599878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6963", "title": "Dietary, bacterial, and host genetic interactions in the pathogenesis of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.", "content": "Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, cuased by a variant of Citrobacter freundii (4280). was shown to be modified by diet and by host strain and species. Four different diets fed to mice inoculated with C frundii 4280 were found to have a significant but varying influence on the severity of hyperplasia. Diet also influenced the colonic crypt height of uninoculated, control mice. F344 rats, Syrian hamsters, and NIH Swiss [N:(S)], C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/2J mice were inoculated with C freundii 4280. Marked strain differences were noted in the mice in mortality and severity of the colonic hyperplasia. The NIH Swiss mice had the greatest and the C57BL/6J mice had the least mucosal hyperplasia. The rats and hamsters did not develop disease or maintain infection after inoculation with the organism. Twenty isolates of Citrobacter from a range of biologic sources were inoculated into susceptible mice, but only mice inoculated with C freundii 4280 developed the disease.", "contents": "Dietary, bacterial, and host genetic interactions in the pathogenesis of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, cuased by a variant of Citrobacter freundii (4280). was shown to be modified by diet and by host strain and species. Four different diets fed to mice inoculated with C frundii 4280 were found to have a significant but varying influence on the severity of hyperplasia. Diet also influenced the colonic crypt height of uninoculated, control mice. F344 rats, Syrian hamsters, and NIH Swiss [N:(S)], C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/2J mice were inoculated with C freundii 4280. Marked strain differences were noted in the mice in mortality and severity of the colonic hyperplasia. The NIH Swiss mice had the greatest and the C57BL/6J mice had the least mucosal hyperplasia. The rats and hamsters did not develop disease or maintain infection after inoculation with the organism. Twenty isolates of Citrobacter from a range of biologic sources were inoculated into susceptible mice, but only mice inoculated with C freundii 4280 developed the disease.", "PMID": 599885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6964", "title": "Secondary effects of aganglionosis in the piebald-lethal mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "An attempt was made to identify the factors secondary to fecal stasis and megacolon that are related to overall debilitation and eventual death of the piebald mouse. The piebald mouse showed periodic leukocytosis and bacteremia that were associated with lesions in the mucosal surface of the megacolon. Defective growth, loss of weight, and retardation of development with megacolon were documented by systematic study of body weight and of the relationship between body weight and organ weights. Alterations in body weight and in organ weight to body weight ratios were parallel in the piebald mouse, in mice with imperforate anus, and in mice with surgically-induced megacolon. Histologic studies confirmed a pattern of hypertrophy of the muscularis externa in the piebald mouse. The body temperature was lower than for normal siblings, but the sodium, potassium, and water content of the feces, the general blood chemistry profiles, and the intestinal microflora did not differ from those of the normal mouse. There was no evidence of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine of the piebald mouse with fecal stasis and megacolon.", "contents": "Secondary effects of aganglionosis in the piebald-lethal mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease. An attempt was made to identify the factors secondary to fecal stasis and megacolon that are related to overall debilitation and eventual death of the piebald mouse. The piebald mouse showed periodic leukocytosis and bacteremia that were associated with lesions in the mucosal surface of the megacolon. Defective growth, loss of weight, and retardation of development with megacolon were documented by systematic study of body weight and of the relationship between body weight and organ weights. Alterations in body weight and in organ weight to body weight ratios were parallel in the piebald mouse, in mice with imperforate anus, and in mice with surgically-induced megacolon. Histologic studies confirmed a pattern of hypertrophy of the muscularis externa in the piebald mouse. The body temperature was lower than for normal siblings, but the sodium, potassium, and water content of the feces, the general blood chemistry profiles, and the intestinal microflora did not differ from those of the normal mouse. There was no evidence of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine of the piebald mouse with fecal stasis and megacolon.", "PMID": 599886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6965", "title": "Variations of sodium, potassium, and chloride plasma levels in the rat with age and sex.", "content": "Sodium, potassium, and chloride plasma levels were measured in 294 male and 286 female Sprague Dawley rats [Crl:COBS CD(SD)BR]. The rats were distributed between four groups according to age (65-125 days, 235-275 days, 353-482 days, and 665-775 days). The levels of all three ions were higher in males than in females: about 1% higher for sodium and chloride and about 7% higher for potassium. Potassium and chloride values decreased with increasing age in both sexes; potassium decreased 12% and chloride decreased 6%. Distributions were not perfectly Gaussian but the departures from normality were slight. It was concluded, therefore, that determinations based on parametric statistical tests on the data are unlikely to be seriously biased by the distribution.", "contents": "Variations of sodium, potassium, and chloride plasma levels in the rat with age and sex. Sodium, potassium, and chloride plasma levels were measured in 294 male and 286 female Sprague Dawley rats [Crl:COBS CD(SD)BR]. The rats were distributed between four groups according to age (65-125 days, 235-275 days, 353-482 days, and 665-775 days). The levels of all three ions were higher in males than in females: about 1% higher for sodium and chloride and about 7% higher for potassium. Potassium and chloride values decreased with increasing age in both sexes; potassium decreased 12% and chloride decreased 6%. Distributions were not perfectly Gaussian but the departures from normality were slight. It was concluded, therefore, that determinations based on parametric statistical tests on the data are unlikely to be seriously biased by the distribution.", "PMID": 599887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6966", "title": "Serum chemistry values of normal dogs (beagles): associations with age, sex, and family line.", "content": "One hundred and sixteen colony control dogs (purebred beagles) ranging in age from 56 to 4868 days at the time of sampling, were tested at various intervals over a 10-year period to determine the normal values of several serum constituents. The effects of sex and family line were also noted. With increasing age, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein, and cholesterol increased, whereas glucose, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, iron, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin decreased. Females had significantly higher levles of urea nitrogen, iron, and cholesterol than males. Males had significantly higher serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels. The rate of increase in serum cholesterol with age was greater in males than in females. Males showed no age related changes in levels of urea nitrogen or iron, while the females showed decreasing levels. Significant differences in total protein and albumin were noted in dogs belonging to different family.", "contents": "Serum chemistry values of normal dogs (beagles): associations with age, sex, and family line. One hundred and sixteen colony control dogs (purebred beagles) ranging in age from 56 to 4868 days at the time of sampling, were tested at various intervals over a 10-year period to determine the normal values of several serum constituents. The effects of sex and family line were also noted. With increasing age, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, total protein, and cholesterol increased, whereas glucose, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, iron, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin decreased. Females had significantly higher levles of urea nitrogen, iron, and cholesterol than males. Males had significantly higher serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels. The rate of increase in serum cholesterol with age was greater in males than in females. Males showed no age related changes in levels of urea nitrogen or iron, while the females showed decreasing levels. Significant differences in total protein and albumin were noted in dogs belonging to different family.", "PMID": 599888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6967", "title": "Chronic double lumen intravenous cannulation of the unrestrained rat.", "content": "Chronic double lumen intravenous cannulation was performed on the rat. The cannulation system consisted of a pulley assembly, protective tube, mounting post, and a double lumen cannula. Using a double lumen expanded catheter, a two-channel connection was made with the rat's vascular system through a single entry into the external jugular vein. The cannulation system permitted free animal movement in a large cage and simultaneous measurement of behavioral and physiologic variables. The procedure minimized stress and provided a simple alternative to other systems using two cannulas.", "contents": "Chronic double lumen intravenous cannulation of the unrestrained rat. Chronic double lumen intravenous cannulation was performed on the rat. The cannulation system consisted of a pulley assembly, protective tube, mounting post, and a double lumen cannula. Using a double lumen expanded catheter, a two-channel connection was made with the rat's vascular system through a single entry into the external jugular vein. The cannulation system permitted free animal movement in a large cage and simultaneous measurement of behavioral and physiologic variables. The procedure minimized stress and provided a simple alternative to other systems using two cannulas.", "PMID": 599889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6968", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of guinea pig alveolar macrophages: in vitro phagocytosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "The scanning electron microscopic appearance of guinea pig alveolar macrophages during in vitro antibody-mediated phagocytosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described. This study utilizes the ability of M. pneumoniae to attach to and replicate on a glass cover slip surrounding a monolayer of macrophages without inducing phagocytosis despite multiple points of interaction between organisms and macrophage filopodia. The addition of specific anti-M. pneumoniae serum to this system evokes a sequence of macrophage surface morphologic changes accompanied by engulfment of the surrounding mycoplasmas. The sequence of changes occurring over the 90 minutes subsequent to the addition of antiserum were visualized well with the scanning electron microscope and included the early appearance of elongated, rigid filopodia, the internalization of M. pneumoniae by ruffled membrane extensions, and finally the appearance of highly spread cells surrounded by large areas of cover slip cleared of M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of guinea pig alveolar macrophages: in vitro phagocytosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The scanning electron microscopic appearance of guinea pig alveolar macrophages during in vitro antibody-mediated phagocytosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described. This study utilizes the ability of M. pneumoniae to attach to and replicate on a glass cover slip surrounding a monolayer of macrophages without inducing phagocytosis despite multiple points of interaction between organisms and macrophage filopodia. The addition of specific anti-M. pneumoniae serum to this system evokes a sequence of macrophage surface morphologic changes accompanied by engulfment of the surrounding mycoplasmas. The sequence of changes occurring over the 90 minutes subsequent to the addition of antiserum were visualized well with the scanning electron microscope and included the early appearance of elongated, rigid filopodia, the internalization of M. pneumoniae by ruffled membrane extensions, and finally the appearance of highly spread cells surrounded by large areas of cover slip cleared of M. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 599899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6969", "title": "The role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis.", "content": "In the presence of amyloid enhancing factor, a variety of inflammatory stimuli, many of them nonantigenic, trigger amyloid deposition in 48 hours. There is a striking correlation between the extent of splenic amyloid deposition and the severity of inflammation at the injection site of the various irritants. Sublethal irradiation results in a parallel effect on the local inflammatory response and the accompanying extent of amyloid deposition produced in the spleen. Evidence that a product of local acute inflammatory responses is related to the deposition of amyloid is also presented. It is proposed that this product is a protease derived from the infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "The role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis. In the presence of amyloid enhancing factor, a variety of inflammatory stimuli, many of them nonantigenic, trigger amyloid deposition in 48 hours. There is a striking correlation between the extent of splenic amyloid deposition and the severity of inflammation at the injection site of the various irritants. Sublethal irradiation results in a parallel effect on the local inflammatory response and the accompanying extent of amyloid deposition produced in the spleen. Evidence that a product of local acute inflammatory responses is related to the deposition of amyloid is also presented. It is proposed that this product is a protease derived from the infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 599900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6970", "title": "An electron microscopic study of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human fetal small intestine.", "content": "Human small intestine was obtained from fetuses at 8 to 20 weeks of gestation. The tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Lymphocytes were present as isolated cells in the mucosal mesenchyme as early as the 8th week of intrauterine life and were found, in increasing numbers, in the epithelium of specimens obtained from 11- to 20-week-old fetuses. All intraepithelial lymphocytes were located in the lateral spaces between contiguous columnar cells. Some displayed cytoplasmic pseudopods and were thought to migrate within the extracellular spaces of the epithelial layer. Surface invaginations and cytoplasmic vesicles in fetal lymphocytes suggested that these cells were capable of pinocytotic activity. The possibile origin and function of lymphocytes in fetal small intestine are discussed.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human fetal small intestine. Human small intestine was obtained from fetuses at 8 to 20 weeks of gestation. The tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Lymphocytes were present as isolated cells in the mucosal mesenchyme as early as the 8th week of intrauterine life and were found, in increasing numbers, in the epithelium of specimens obtained from 11- to 20-week-old fetuses. All intraepithelial lymphocytes were located in the lateral spaces between contiguous columnar cells. Some displayed cytoplasmic pseudopods and were thought to migrate within the extracellular spaces of the epithelial layer. Surface invaginations and cytoplasmic vesicles in fetal lymphocytes suggested that these cells were capable of pinocytotic activity. The possibile origin and function of lymphocytes in fetal small intestine are discussed.", "PMID": 599901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6971", "title": "Correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy of glomeruli.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was performed on 125 human renal specimens and control rat kidneys in conjunction with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were prepared by glomerular isolation, free hand slicing, alcohol cryofracture, and polyethylene glycol embedding and ultraplaning. Heavy metal secondary electron sources on the tissues were produced by osmic acid, thiocarbohydrazide, osmic acid treatment (O-T-O) followed by gold-palladium coating, or by staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Critical point drying was used uniformly. Useful observations of normal rat glomeruli were made. In the study of diseased human glomeruli, podocyte changes were classed as cytoplasmic projection, foot process changes, and changes of necrosis or basement membrane denudation. Artificial lesions of compression and contamination were defined. Cryofractured and ultraplaned stained specimens were very useful for studying diseased tissues. These methods offer the opportunity to increase our conceptual and diagnostic understanding of glomerular disease.", "contents": "Correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy of glomeruli. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on 125 human renal specimens and control rat kidneys in conjunction with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were prepared by glomerular isolation, free hand slicing, alcohol cryofracture, and polyethylene glycol embedding and ultraplaning. Heavy metal secondary electron sources on the tissues were produced by osmic acid, thiocarbohydrazide, osmic acid treatment (O-T-O) followed by gold-palladium coating, or by staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Critical point drying was used uniformly. Useful observations of normal rat glomeruli were made. In the study of diseased human glomeruli, podocyte changes were classed as cytoplasmic projection, foot process changes, and changes of necrosis or basement membrane denudation. Artificial lesions of compression and contamination were defined. Cryofractured and ultraplaned stained specimens were very useful for studying diseased tissues. These methods offer the opportunity to increase our conceptual and diagnostic understanding of glomerular disease.", "PMID": 599902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6972", "title": "An electron microscopic study of hepatic erythropoiesis in adult mice with Friend virus disease.", "content": "A polycythemia-inducing strain of Friend virus was injected into adult mice. Animals were sacrificed on days 2, 5, 9, 11, and 14, and specimens of liver were fixed and embedded for light and electron microscopy. From some mice, samples of bone marrow and spleen were also processed for microscopy. Hepatic erythropoiesis was established as early as 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Often, red cell maturation occurred in typical islands. These included a central macrophage which in many instances appeared to be a Kupffer cell. The number and size of red cell foci increased through day 14. Extensive ineffective erythropoiesis involving erythroblast death occurred within these foci. This premature cell death may be related to large inclusions, thought to be autophagosomes, in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts. A few undifferentiated cells, presumed to be the reticulum cells of Friend virus disease, were observed in the liver at 9 to 14 days after infection. The morphology of these cells resembled that of primitive hemopoietic elements. These studies indicate that the liver, along with the spleen, contributes to the polycythemia in the early phase of Friend virus disease.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of hepatic erythropoiesis in adult mice with Friend virus disease. A polycythemia-inducing strain of Friend virus was injected into adult mice. Animals were sacrificed on days 2, 5, 9, 11, and 14, and specimens of liver were fixed and embedded for light and electron microscopy. From some mice, samples of bone marrow and spleen were also processed for microscopy. Hepatic erythropoiesis was established as early as 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Often, red cell maturation occurred in typical islands. These included a central macrophage which in many instances appeared to be a Kupffer cell. The number and size of red cell foci increased through day 14. Extensive ineffective erythropoiesis involving erythroblast death occurred within these foci. This premature cell death may be related to large inclusions, thought to be autophagosomes, in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts. A few undifferentiated cells, presumed to be the reticulum cells of Friend virus disease, were observed in the liver at 9 to 14 days after infection. The morphology of these cells resembled that of primitive hemopoietic elements. These studies indicate that the liver, along with the spleen, contributes to the polycythemia in the early phase of Friend virus disease.", "PMID": 599903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6973", "title": "Lipolytic activity of human lingual glands (Ebner).", "content": "Human tongue preparations contain lipolytic activity similar to that present in human esophageal and gastric aspirates and in serous glands of rat tongue. The activity is present in homogenates of the glandular region (Ebner) beneath the cirumvallate papillae, and in secretions collected from the trough of the papillae. The lipolytic enzyme hydrolyzes long chain triglycerides to partial glycerides (di- and monoglyceride), glycerol, and free fatty acids at pH optimum 5.4. Lipolytic activity, expressed as nanomoles of triglyceride hydrolyzed per minute was in the range of 0 to 500 per gm. of tongue homogenate and 78 to 277 per ml. of aspirate from the vallate papillae. There was a 50% inhibition of the lipolytic activity by 4 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate. Specimens obtained from the region of the vallate papillae were examined by light and electron microscopy. Electron-dense granules similar to secretory granules present in rat Ebner's gland and in serous acini of human submaxillary glands were detected. Our findings suggest that in man, as previously reported in the rat, the lingual serous glands secrete a lipase that acts in the stomach where it initiates the digestion of dietary fat.", "contents": "Lipolytic activity of human lingual glands (Ebner). Human tongue preparations contain lipolytic activity similar to that present in human esophageal and gastric aspirates and in serous glands of rat tongue. The activity is present in homogenates of the glandular region (Ebner) beneath the cirumvallate papillae, and in secretions collected from the trough of the papillae. The lipolytic enzyme hydrolyzes long chain triglycerides to partial glycerides (di- and monoglyceride), glycerol, and free fatty acids at pH optimum 5.4. Lipolytic activity, expressed as nanomoles of triglyceride hydrolyzed per minute was in the range of 0 to 500 per gm. of tongue homogenate and 78 to 277 per ml. of aspirate from the vallate papillae. There was a 50% inhibition of the lipolytic activity by 4 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate. Specimens obtained from the region of the vallate papillae were examined by light and electron microscopy. Electron-dense granules similar to secretory granules present in rat Ebner's gland and in serous acini of human submaxillary glands were detected. Our findings suggest that in man, as previously reported in the rat, the lingual serous glands secrete a lipase that acts in the stomach where it initiates the digestion of dietary fat.", "PMID": 599904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6974", "title": "Studies related to the head-maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2:I. morphology and kinetics of intracellular particles produced by mutants in the maturation genes.", "content": "Mutants in the genes governing the maturation of the head of bacteriophage T4 and in gene 24 were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. We define morphologically: black particles, comprising mature, stable heads and immature, fragile heads, which break down upon lysis; grizzled particles, which apparently are partially filled or partially emptied; empty large particles without DNA or core which are all the same size as normal heads; empty small particles without DNA and without core which are of the size of the tau particle, which is the prehead of phage T4. The study of single and double mutants of the maturation genes demonstrates that the phenotypes are only different by the proportions of the different particles made except for 17- where only empty small and empty large particles accumulate. The mutants in gene 24 are epistatic on all other mutants. Mutants in gene 17 are epistatic on the remaining ones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the products of several of the maturation genes act on DNA to render it competent for packaging while the others act directly on the particle. By this uncoupling, bypasses and abortive pathways can result.", "contents": "Studies related to the head-maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2:I. morphology and kinetics of intracellular particles produced by mutants in the maturation genes. Mutants in the genes governing the maturation of the head of bacteriophage T4 and in gene 24 were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. We define morphologically: black particles, comprising mature, stable heads and immature, fragile heads, which break down upon lysis; grizzled particles, which apparently are partially filled or partially emptied; empty large particles without DNA or core which are all the same size as normal heads; empty small particles without DNA and without core which are of the size of the tau particle, which is the prehead of phage T4. The study of single and double mutants of the maturation genes demonstrates that the phenotypes are only different by the proportions of the different particles made except for 17- where only empty small and empty large particles accumulate. The mutants in gene 24 are epistatic on all other mutants. Mutants in gene 17 are epistatic on the remaining ones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the products of several of the maturation genes act on DNA to render it competent for packaging while the others act directly on the particle. By this uncoupling, bypasses and abortive pathways can result.", "PMID": 599933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6975", "title": "Studies related to the head-maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 And T2:II. nuclear disruption, protein synthesis and particle formation with the mutant 43-.30-.46-.", "content": "We describe the aberrant phage multiplication of the triple conditional lethal mutant 43-(polymerase).30-(ligase).46-(exonuclease) of bacteriophage T4D in which phage DNA replication is arrested but some late protein synthesis occurs (33). The nuclear disruption is indistinguishable from wild type. Forty-five empty small and empty large particles are assembled per cell when the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) is 100. This number corresponds closely to the 38 phage equivalents of cleaved major head protein determined biochemically. By reducing the m.o.i. the number of observable particles decreases, reaching 1-5 per cell at an m.o.i. of 5(+5). The total synthesis of phage related proteins is not significantly dependant on the m.o.i. The synthesis of late proteins is about 10% of that of wild type at high m.o.i. and decreases with the m.o.i. The different early and late proteins do not show the same relative proportions as in wild type and respond differently to an increased m.o.i. These and other results are discussed with respect to the role of phage DNA in prehead assembly and head maturation.", "contents": "Studies related to the head-maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 And T2:II. nuclear disruption, protein synthesis and particle formation with the mutant 43-.30-.46-. We describe the aberrant phage multiplication of the triple conditional lethal mutant 43-(polymerase).30-(ligase).46-(exonuclease) of bacteriophage T4D in which phage DNA replication is arrested but some late protein synthesis occurs (33). The nuclear disruption is indistinguishable from wild type. Forty-five empty small and empty large particles are assembled per cell when the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) is 100. This number corresponds closely to the 38 phage equivalents of cleaved major head protein determined biochemically. By reducing the m.o.i. the number of observable particles decreases, reaching 1-5 per cell at an m.o.i. of 5(+5). The total synthesis of phage related proteins is not significantly dependant on the m.o.i. The synthesis of late proteins is about 10% of that of wild type at high m.o.i. and decreases with the m.o.i. The different early and late proteins do not show the same relative proportions as in wild type and respond differently to an increased m.o.i. These and other results are discussed with respect to the role of phage DNA in prehead assembly and head maturation.", "PMID": 599934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6976", "title": "Effect of calcium on the pellet height response of Tetrahymena cilia.", "content": "The pellet height response (a measure of the increase in height of the pellet of cilia obtained by brief centrifugation in the presence of ATP as compared to the absence of ATP) of Tetrahymena cilia prepared by deciliation in the presence of Ca2+ is sensitive to the concentration of free Ca2+ during the pellet height assay. The magnitude of the increase in pellet height and the sharpness of the pellet boundary both increase markedly with increasing [Ca2+]. The half-maximal effect is attained at a free [Ca2+] of about 1.5 x 10(-7) M. The pellet height assay thus measures a Ca2+-sensitive component of the ciliary motile system. The possibility that this is the Ca2+-sensitive orientation system is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on the pellet height response of Tetrahymena cilia. The pellet height response (a measure of the increase in height of the pellet of cilia obtained by brief centrifugation in the presence of ATP as compared to the absence of ATP) of Tetrahymena cilia prepared by deciliation in the presence of Ca2+ is sensitive to the concentration of free Ca2+ during the pellet height assay. The magnitude of the increase in pellet height and the sharpness of the pellet boundary both increase markedly with increasing [Ca2+]. The half-maximal effect is attained at a free [Ca2+] of about 1.5 x 10(-7) M. The pellet height assay thus measures a Ca2+-sensitive component of the ciliary motile system. The possibility that this is the Ca2+-sensitive orientation system is discussed.", "PMID": 599935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6977", "title": "Biochemical characteristics, metabolism, and antitumor activity of several acetylated hexosamines.", "content": "We have synthesized several potential inhibitors and/or modifiers of the carbohydrate portion of plasma membrane glycoconjugates. These include fluorinated and actylated analogs of D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, and D-mannosamine. These compounds have been tested to determine their effects on both[14C] glucosamine and [3H] leucine incorporation into glycoconjugate and on cell growth and viability using P-288 murine lymphoma cells maintained in tissue culture. The most cytotoxic agent tested was 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose or simply beta-pentaacetylglucosamine which prevented cell growth at 10(-4)-10(-3) M. beta-Pentaacetylglucosamine cytotoxicity was correlated with its high lipid solubility, having an octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.424 as compared with 0.278 for the alpha-anomer and 0.017 for N-acetylglucosamine. In vitro metabolism studies with [4C]- and/or [3H]-labeled pentaacetylglucosamine have indicated intracellular de-O-acetylation leading to the biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, followed by the incorporation of this sugar into cellular glycoprotein. Concomitant with the formation of increased amounts of this nucleotide sugar, intracellular UTP and CTP pools fell to one third normal within 3 h after the administration of 1 mM pentaacetylglucosamine. At present it is unclear whether the cytotoxicity of beta-pentaacetylglucosamine or other similar agents is due to alterations in nucleotide and nucleotide-sugar pools causing a decrease in energy charge and polynucleotide biosynthesis or is due to a direct effect on membrane glycoconjugate biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics, metabolism, and antitumor activity of several acetylated hexosamines. We have synthesized several potential inhibitors and/or modifiers of the carbohydrate portion of plasma membrane glycoconjugates. These include fluorinated and actylated analogs of D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, and D-mannosamine. These compounds have been tested to determine their effects on both[14C] glucosamine and [3H] leucine incorporation into glycoconjugate and on cell growth and viability using P-288 murine lymphoma cells maintained in tissue culture. The most cytotoxic agent tested was 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose or simply beta-pentaacetylglucosamine which prevented cell growth at 10(-4)-10(-3) M. beta-Pentaacetylglucosamine cytotoxicity was correlated with its high lipid solubility, having an octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.424 as compared with 0.278 for the alpha-anomer and 0.017 for N-acetylglucosamine. In vitro metabolism studies with [4C]- and/or [3H]-labeled pentaacetylglucosamine have indicated intracellular de-O-acetylation leading to the biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, followed by the incorporation of this sugar into cellular glycoprotein. Concomitant with the formation of increased amounts of this nucleotide sugar, intracellular UTP and CTP pools fell to one third normal within 3 h after the administration of 1 mM pentaacetylglucosamine. At present it is unclear whether the cytotoxicity of beta-pentaacetylglucosamine or other similar agents is due to alterations in nucleotide and nucleotide-sugar pools causing a decrease in energy charge and polynucleotide biosynthesis or is due to a direct effect on membrane glycoconjugate biosynthesis.", "PMID": 599936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6978", "title": "Possible involvement of GABA mechanisms in central cardiovascular and respiratory control. Studies on the interaction between diazepam, picrotoxin and clonidine.", "content": "Various doses (0.1-1 mg/kg) of diazepam were given to chloralose anesthetized rats, with both systemic (i.p.) and central injections being tested. Arterial pressure, heart rate, respiration depth and frequency were recorded. Diazepam caused a dose-dependent decrease in the arterial pressure after systemic administration and also decreased it after central administration. However, only intraventricular but not intracisternal injections of diazepam were effective. The hypotensive effect of systemic diazepam was competitively counteracted by pretreatment with picrotoxin, a putative gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor blocking agent. The hypotensive effect of the centrally acting alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine was not influenced by picrotoxin pretreatment. The effect of diazepam on heart rate was inconsistent. Diazepam caused a reduction of respiratory frequency, which was not counteracted by picrotoxin pretreatment. It is concluded that central gabergic mechanisms are to some extent involved in the hypotensive effect of diazepam, probably at a supramedullary level. The hypotensive effect of a threshold dose of diazepam was blocked by a small dose of clonidine. Likewise, diazepam pretreatment could counteract the hypotension, bradycardia and respiratory frequency reduction caused by a threshold dose of clonidine. These results suggest that gabergic and/or other benzodiazepine-sensitive receptors may interact with alpha-adrenoreceptors in the control of central cardiovascular and respiratory mechanisms.", "contents": "Possible involvement of GABA mechanisms in central cardiovascular and respiratory control. Studies on the interaction between diazepam, picrotoxin and clonidine. Various doses (0.1-1 mg/kg) of diazepam were given to chloralose anesthetized rats, with both systemic (i.p.) and central injections being tested. Arterial pressure, heart rate, respiration depth and frequency were recorded. Diazepam caused a dose-dependent decrease in the arterial pressure after systemic administration and also decreased it after central administration. However, only intraventricular but not intracisternal injections of diazepam were effective. The hypotensive effect of systemic diazepam was competitively counteracted by pretreatment with picrotoxin, a putative gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor blocking agent. The hypotensive effect of the centrally acting alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine was not influenced by picrotoxin pretreatment. The effect of diazepam on heart rate was inconsistent. Diazepam caused a reduction of respiratory frequency, which was not counteracted by picrotoxin pretreatment. It is concluded that central gabergic mechanisms are to some extent involved in the hypotensive effect of diazepam, probably at a supramedullary level. The hypotensive effect of a threshold dose of diazepam was blocked by a small dose of clonidine. Likewise, diazepam pretreatment could counteract the hypotension, bradycardia and respiratory frequency reduction caused by a threshold dose of clonidine. These results suggest that gabergic and/or other benzodiazepine-sensitive receptors may interact with alpha-adrenoreceptors in the control of central cardiovascular and respiratory mechanisms.", "PMID": 599969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6979", "title": "The temporal dimensions of anticonvulsant action of some newer benzodiazepines against metrazol induced seizures in mice and rats.", "content": "In a time-distribution study, the anticonvulsant effects of four benzodiazepine compounds were compared with those of three standard antiepileptics against metrazol-induced seizures in mice and rats. Ethosuximide and trimethadione had the shortest duration of action in mice, but protected the rats up to 6 hr. Phenobarbitone, diazepam, flurazepam and nitrazepam protected the mice up to 12 hr, but the rats were effectively protected only up to 3-4 hr. Clonazepam, the most potent and effective agent, protected the mice from clonic-tonic seizures up to 18-20 hr and the rats up to 6-7 hr. Comparison of the PD50 from clonic seizure at the peak-effect hours revealed that the benzodiazepines were 16 to 96 times more potent than phenobarbitone on a molar basis, while phenobarbitone itself was 12 to 26 times more potent than ethosuximide and trimethadione. Tonic seizures and mortality were largely suppressed by all drugs until 18-20 hr in mice and 6-7 hr in rats. Seizure latency and mortality patterns varied from drug to drug but not in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "The temporal dimensions of anticonvulsant action of some newer benzodiazepines against metrazol induced seizures in mice and rats. In a time-distribution study, the anticonvulsant effects of four benzodiazepine compounds were compared with those of three standard antiepileptics against metrazol-induced seizures in mice and rats. Ethosuximide and trimethadione had the shortest duration of action in mice, but protected the rats up to 6 hr. Phenobarbitone, diazepam, flurazepam and nitrazepam protected the mice up to 12 hr, but the rats were effectively protected only up to 3-4 hr. Clonazepam, the most potent and effective agent, protected the mice from clonic-tonic seizures up to 18-20 hr and the rats up to 6-7 hr. Comparison of the PD50 from clonic seizure at the peak-effect hours revealed that the benzodiazepines were 16 to 96 times more potent than phenobarbitone on a molar basis, while phenobarbitone itself was 12 to 26 times more potent than ethosuximide and trimethadione. Tonic seizures and mortality were largely suppressed by all drugs until 18-20 hr in mice and 6-7 hr in rats. Seizure latency and mortality patterns varied from drug to drug but not in a dose-dependent manner.", "PMID": 599970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6980", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in adult and infant mice.", "content": "Experiments were done to compare the time-courses of the nicotine concentration in the blood, heart, and brain of infant and adult mice after small and large single doses of radioactive nicotine tartrate. In some experiments the nicotine receptors were blocked with mecamylamine or hexamethonium, and their effects on nicotine levels were measured. The nicotine-induced tremor was allowed visually, and its effects on the heart rate were measured by ECG. In adult mice the peak levels of brain nicotine occurred at 10 min, whereas in infant mice the brain nicotine levels were still rising at 20 min. In the latter the blood and heart nicotine levels were higher than the respective brain levels, and the nicotine level in the brain stem exceeded the hemisphere level. The results were reversed in adult mice. A remarkable accumulation of nicotine in the infant heart was measured. Pretreatment with mecamylamine lowered brain nicotine levels in adult mice, and in infant mice the nicotine levels in blood and heart were lowered as well. This pretreatment abolished the nicotine tremor and its effects on the heart rate similarly in both age groups. This suggests that the difference in nicotine levels after mecamylamine in infant and adult mice may not depend solely on possible differences in circulatory changes but can represent differences in \"receptor population\" as well. Hexamethonium did not abolish the central depressant effect of nicotine on the heart rate nor did it lower the brain nicotine levels. This supports the view that there is some correlation of the central effects of nicotine and its brain levels.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in adult and infant mice. Experiments were done to compare the time-courses of the nicotine concentration in the blood, heart, and brain of infant and adult mice after small and large single doses of radioactive nicotine tartrate. In some experiments the nicotine receptors were blocked with mecamylamine or hexamethonium, and their effects on nicotine levels were measured. The nicotine-induced tremor was allowed visually, and its effects on the heart rate were measured by ECG. In adult mice the peak levels of brain nicotine occurred at 10 min, whereas in infant mice the brain nicotine levels were still rising at 20 min. In the latter the blood and heart nicotine levels were higher than the respective brain levels, and the nicotine level in the brain stem exceeded the hemisphere level. The results were reversed in adult mice. A remarkable accumulation of nicotine in the infant heart was measured. Pretreatment with mecamylamine lowered brain nicotine levels in adult mice, and in infant mice the nicotine levels in blood and heart were lowered as well. This pretreatment abolished the nicotine tremor and its effects on the heart rate similarly in both age groups. This suggests that the difference in nicotine levels after mecamylamine in infant and adult mice may not depend solely on possible differences in circulatory changes but can represent differences in \"receptor population\" as well. Hexamethonium did not abolish the central depressant effect of nicotine on the heart rate nor did it lower the brain nicotine levels. This supports the view that there is some correlation of the central effects of nicotine and its brain levels.", "PMID": 599971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6981", "title": "Metabolic effects of repeated short-term exposures to heat in the rat.", "content": "Repeated daily exposures of rats to a hot ambient temperature (40-41 degrees C) for 20 days induced activation of the oxidative enzymes in the thigh muscle and of lactate dehydrogenase in the myocardium. Heat-stressed rats also showed increased tolerance to cold. These changes, it is suggested, are caused by the increased sympathetic activity bouts associated with the heat stresses. The interscapular brown adipose tissue, however, showed adaptive changes similar to those induced by warm acclimation. The activity of oxidative enzymes was decreased and the fat droplets became large and unilocular.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of repeated short-term exposures to heat in the rat. Repeated daily exposures of rats to a hot ambient temperature (40-41 degrees C) for 20 days induced activation of the oxidative enzymes in the thigh muscle and of lactate dehydrogenase in the myocardium. Heat-stressed rats also showed increased tolerance to cold. These changes, it is suggested, are caused by the increased sympathetic activity bouts associated with the heat stresses. The interscapular brown adipose tissue, however, showed adaptive changes similar to those induced by warm acclimation. The activity of oxidative enzymes was decreased and the fat droplets became large and unilocular.", "PMID": 599972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6982", "title": "[Parathyreoid autoransplantation in secondary hyperparathyreoidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Subtotal Parathyreoidectomy offers no problem after surgery, nor after Kidney transplantation. But a recurrence needs extensive investigations for localisation of recurrent hyperplastic glands. The necessary reoperation is loaded with difficulties. After total Parathyreoidectomy hypocalcaemia is a severe complication. Therefore in patients awaiting Kidney transplants in a chronic dialysis program the procedure is not opportune. In 11 patients following total Parathyreoidectomy and autoplastic parathyreoid transplant, we found nearly normal parathyreoid hormone plasma levels. The advantage of this method is: The function of the autoplastic graft is testable and a possible recurrence is easily resectable.", "contents": "[Parathyreoid autoransplantation in secondary hyperparathyreoidism (author's transl)]. Subtotal Parathyreoidectomy offers no problem after surgery, nor after Kidney transplantation. But a recurrence needs extensive investigations for localisation of recurrent hyperplastic glands. The necessary reoperation is loaded with difficulties. After total Parathyreoidectomy hypocalcaemia is a severe complication. Therefore in patients awaiting Kidney transplants in a chronic dialysis program the procedure is not opportune. In 11 patients following total Parathyreoidectomy and autoplastic parathyreoid transplant, we found nearly normal parathyreoid hormone plasma levels. The advantage of this method is: The function of the autoplastic graft is testable and a possible recurrence is easily resectable.", "PMID": 599990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6983", "title": "[Gastroduodenostomy and duodenogastric reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "In 36 pigs the intragastric C14 bile acid reflux and the concentration of lysolecithin is measured following different types of hemigastrectomy and gastroduodenostomy. Termino-terminal, termino-lateral and supraduodenal termino-lateral anastomosisses were as well studied as an isoperistaltic jejunal transposition of 15 cm resp. 25 cm length.-After all types of direct gastroduodenostomy the amounts of intragastral C14 bile acids and lysolecithin were significantly elevated. An additional jejunal transposition decrease the reflux in relation to the length of the transposed jejunal segment. The importance of the duodenogastric reflex of bile acids and lysolecithin for the development of alkaline reflux gastritis and carcinoma of the gastric stump is discussed. For clinical purpose a replacement of the pyloric reflux barrier by a primary jejunal transposition in case of pylorectomy has to be discussed.", "contents": "[Gastroduodenostomy and duodenogastric reflux (author's transl)]. In 36 pigs the intragastric C14 bile acid reflux and the concentration of lysolecithin is measured following different types of hemigastrectomy and gastroduodenostomy. Termino-terminal, termino-lateral and supraduodenal termino-lateral anastomosisses were as well studied as an isoperistaltic jejunal transposition of 15 cm resp. 25 cm length.-After all types of direct gastroduodenostomy the amounts of intragastral C14 bile acids and lysolecithin were significantly elevated. An additional jejunal transposition decrease the reflux in relation to the length of the transposed jejunal segment. The importance of the duodenogastric reflex of bile acids and lysolecithin for the development of alkaline reflux gastritis and carcinoma of the gastric stump is discussed. For clinical purpose a replacement of the pyloric reflux barrier by a primary jejunal transposition in case of pylorectomy has to be discussed.", "PMID": 599991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6984", "title": "[Pancreatic juice and stress ulcers of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In 55 rats the role of pancreatic juice for the development of stress ulcers was stuided. After ligation of the common bile duct the stress ulcer incidence was significantly decreased. An additional pancreaticogastrostomy was followed by an even lower ulcer frequency. After pancreaticojejunostomy a higher ulcer incidence was found as after bile duct ligation alone. The role of a duodenogastric reflux for development of stress ulcers is discussed. The ulcerogenic property of bile acids and of the combination of bile and pancreatic juice, caused by lysolecithin, is demonstrated. Pancreatic juice doesn't work as an ulcerogenic substance, but possibly has a protective function by uffering the hydrochloric acid.", "contents": "[Pancreatic juice and stress ulcers of the rat (author's transl)]. In 55 rats the role of pancreatic juice for the development of stress ulcers was stuided. After ligation of the common bile duct the stress ulcer incidence was significantly decreased. An additional pancreaticogastrostomy was followed by an even lower ulcer frequency. After pancreaticojejunostomy a higher ulcer incidence was found as after bile duct ligation alone. The role of a duodenogastric reflux for development of stress ulcers is discussed. The ulcerogenic property of bile acids and of the combination of bile and pancreatic juice, caused by lysolecithin, is demonstrated. Pancreatic juice doesn't work as an ulcerogenic substance, but possibly has a protective function by uffering the hydrochloric acid.", "PMID": 599992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6985", "title": "[Early complications and early mortality of various operative methods of gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1959-1976, 183 gastrectomies were performed in the Chirurgische Klinik of the University of T\u00fcbingen, for gastric carcinoma. The average mortality for the operations was 19.1%, postoperative complications occurred in 41% of the cases. The most frequent cause of death was failure of the oesophageal anastomoses. The two methods most commonly used, Longmire-G\u00fctgemann's interposition of small intestine and oesophagojejunostomy with Braun's anastomosis, differ considerably in the complication rate and mortality. The interposition of small intestine, with almost indentical preoperative and intraoperative risk factors, an operative mortality of 4.4% and distinctly less danger of anastomotic failure was shown to be superior to the technically simple oesophagojejunostomy. The formation of an \"artificial stomach\" in gastrectomy is therefore to be preferred to all other surgical methods of reconstruction of the intestinal passage, not only because of the better late results but also because of the better early results.", "contents": "[Early complications and early mortality of various operative methods of gastrectomy (author's transl)]. From 1959-1976, 183 gastrectomies were performed in the Chirurgische Klinik of the University of T\u00fcbingen, for gastric carcinoma. The average mortality for the operations was 19.1%, postoperative complications occurred in 41% of the cases. The most frequent cause of death was failure of the oesophageal anastomoses. The two methods most commonly used, Longmire-G\u00fctgemann's interposition of small intestine and oesophagojejunostomy with Braun's anastomosis, differ considerably in the complication rate and mortality. The interposition of small intestine, with almost indentical preoperative and intraoperative risk factors, an operative mortality of 4.4% and distinctly less danger of anastomotic failure was shown to be superior to the technically simple oesophagojejunostomy. The formation of an \"artificial stomach\" in gastrectomy is therefore to be preferred to all other surgical methods of reconstruction of the intestinal passage, not only because of the better late results but also because of the better early results.", "PMID": 599993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6986", "title": "[Influence of duodenal reflux on the epithelium of the gastroenteral anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The cancerogenic effect of continous duodenal reflux on the gastric mucosa has been investigated in male Wistar-rats after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Groups of animals with gastroenterostomy without enteroenteral anastomosis and with Roux-en-y-anastomosis preventing duodenal reflux were treated with lower dosages of the cancerogenic Nitrosoguanidine. Proliferative mucosal alterations near the gastroenteral anastomosis were observed. In addition the gastric mucosa was characterized by adenomatous lesions caused by duodenal reflux. The changes detected were not influenced by Nitrosoguanidine and did not appear in cases of Roux-en-y-anastomosis.", "contents": "[Influence of duodenal reflux on the epithelium of the gastroenteral anastomosis (author's transl)]. The cancerogenic effect of continous duodenal reflux on the gastric mucosa has been investigated in male Wistar-rats after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Groups of animals with gastroenterostomy without enteroenteral anastomosis and with Roux-en-y-anastomosis preventing duodenal reflux were treated with lower dosages of the cancerogenic Nitrosoguanidine. Proliferative mucosal alterations near the gastroenteral anastomosis were observed. In addition the gastric mucosa was characterized by adenomatous lesions caused by duodenal reflux. The changes detected were not influenced by Nitrosoguanidine and did not appear in cases of Roux-en-y-anastomosis.", "PMID": 599994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6987", "title": "Antimicrobial properties of some West African medicinal plants iv. Antimicrobial activity of xylopic acid and other constituente of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae).", "content": "Xylopic acid and four other isolates from the fresh ripe fruits of Xylopia aethiopica a common ingredient in several Ghanaian folklore medicines and foods, have been examined for antimicrobial activity against five micro-organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Xylopic acid and two other diterpene isolates were found to have antimicrobial properties.", "contents": "Antimicrobial properties of some West African medicinal plants iv. Antimicrobial activity of xylopic acid and other constituente of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae). Xylopic acid and four other isolates from the fresh ripe fruits of Xylopia aethiopica a common ingredient in several Ghanaian folklore medicines and foods, have been examined for antimicrobial activity against five micro-organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Xylopic acid and two other diterpene isolates were found to have antimicrobial properties.", "PMID": 600023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6988", "title": "Muscle-relaxant activity in Asian Strychnos species. A re-examination of two western Malaysian dart poisons.", "content": "Two supposedly Strychnos-based Semai Senoi dart poisons from Western Malaysia, ipoh akar and lampong, and their accompanying plant materials have been re-investigated botanically, chemically, and pharmacologically. The two poisons contained tertiary and quaternary alkaloids, including strychnine and bis-quaternary dimeric bases, and also cardiotonic glycosides. The dominant pharmacological activity of the highly toxic ipoh akar poison was convulsant. The weaker lampong poison had muscle-relaxant activity of the curarizing type. The alkaloids of the two poisons were almost certainly derived from Strychnosignatii Berg. (S. ovalifolia Wall. ex G. Don) and not from S. vanprukii Craib to which the accompanying plant materials probably belong, while the cardiotonic glycosides of the two poisons came from Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. The quaternary alkaloids of both S. ignatii and S. vanprukii have muscle relaxant activity.", "contents": "Muscle-relaxant activity in Asian Strychnos species. A re-examination of two western Malaysian dart poisons. Two supposedly Strychnos-based Semai Senoi dart poisons from Western Malaysia, ipoh akar and lampong, and their accompanying plant materials have been re-investigated botanically, chemically, and pharmacologically. The two poisons contained tertiary and quaternary alkaloids, including strychnine and bis-quaternary dimeric bases, and also cardiotonic glycosides. The dominant pharmacological activity of the highly toxic ipoh akar poison was convulsant. The weaker lampong poison had muscle-relaxant activity of the curarizing type. The alkaloids of the two poisons were almost certainly derived from Strychnosignatii Berg. (S. ovalifolia Wall. ex G. Don) and not from S. vanprukii Craib to which the accompanying plant materials probably belong, while the cardiotonic glycosides of the two poisons came from Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. The quaternary alkaloids of both S. ignatii and S. vanprukii have muscle relaxant activity.", "PMID": 600024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6989", "title": "Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus.", "content": "Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.", "contents": "Baeocystin in psilocybe, conocybe and panaeolus. Sixty collections of ten species referred to three families of the Agaricales have been analyzed for the presence of baeocystin by thin-layer chromatography. Baeocystin was detected in collections of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Panaeolus from the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and Peru. Laboratory cultivated fruitbodies of Psilocybe cubensis, P. semilanceata, and P. cyanescens were also studied. Intra-species variation in the presence of decay rate of baeocystin, psilocybin and psilocin are discussed in terms of age and storage factors. In addition, evidence is presented to support the presence of 4-hydroxytryptamine in collections of P. baeocystis and P. cyanescens. The possible significance of baeocystin and 4-hydroxytryptamine in the biosynthesis of psilocybin in these organisms is discussed.", "PMID": 600026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6990", "title": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants. XXI. Tiliafunimine, a new imino bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Tiliacora funifera.", "content": "Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae) is a woody climber of Ghana and West Africa that has been used natively as a medicinal in the treatment of numerous ailments. Chromatography of an extract of the leaves of T. funifera afforded tiliafunimine (13) whose ir, uv, nmr, and mass spectra were characteristic of a trimethoxylated phenolic iminobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Reduction of tiliafunimine with sodium borohydride afforded the dihydro-derivative (14) which upon treatment with formalin gave thalrugosine (12). The final structural assignment of tiliafunimine (13) as an iminobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid was made by nmr and mass spectral considerations. Other alkaloids isolated from the same extract include the bisbenzylisoquinoline bases isotetrandrine (11) and thalrugosine (12).", "contents": "Constituents of West African medicinal plants. XXI. Tiliafunimine, a new imino bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Tiliacora funifera. Tiliacora funifera (Menispermaceae) is a woody climber of Ghana and West Africa that has been used natively as a medicinal in the treatment of numerous ailments. Chromatography of an extract of the leaves of T. funifera afforded tiliafunimine (13) whose ir, uv, nmr, and mass spectra were characteristic of a trimethoxylated phenolic iminobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Reduction of tiliafunimine with sodium borohydride afforded the dihydro-derivative (14) which upon treatment with formalin gave thalrugosine (12). The final structural assignment of tiliafunimine (13) as an iminobisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid was made by nmr and mass spectral considerations. Other alkaloids isolated from the same extract include the bisbenzylisoquinoline bases isotetrandrine (11) and thalrugosine (12).", "PMID": 600025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6991", "title": "Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus.", "content": "Agurell has previously detected (tlc, glc-ms) tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, and two unknown alkaloids in the Peruvian cactus, Trichocereus peruvianus Br. and R. The presence of mescaline in other similar Trichocereus species prompted us to reinvestigate this species, which is commercially available in the United States. The nonphenolic alkaloid extracts yielded an abundance of crystalline mescaline hydrochloride (0.82% yield) and a trace of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (tlc-ms). Crystalline tyramine hydrochloride, 3-methoxytyramine hydrochloride, and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxphenethylamine hydrochloride were isolated from the phenolic alkaloid extracts; the last compound has not been previously crystallized from nature, although it is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of mescaline. Crystalline 2-chloromescaline hydrochloride was isolated drom the nonphenolic extracts; but, as determined by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, this new compound is an extraction artifact. Both 2-chloromescaline and 2.6-dichloromescaline hydrochlorides were prepared synthetically from mescaline. This cactus species has a mescaline content equal or superior to peyote and should be legally controlled as an item of drug abuse.", "contents": "Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus. Agurell has previously detected (tlc, glc-ms) tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, and two unknown alkaloids in the Peruvian cactus, Trichocereus peruvianus Br. and R. The presence of mescaline in other similar Trichocereus species prompted us to reinvestigate this species, which is commercially available in the United States. The nonphenolic alkaloid extracts yielded an abundance of crystalline mescaline hydrochloride (0.82% yield) and a trace of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (tlc-ms). Crystalline tyramine hydrochloride, 3-methoxytyramine hydrochloride, and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxphenethylamine hydrochloride were isolated from the phenolic alkaloid extracts; the last compound has not been previously crystallized from nature, although it is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of mescaline. Crystalline 2-chloromescaline hydrochloride was isolated drom the nonphenolic extracts; but, as determined by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, this new compound is an extraction artifact. Both 2-chloromescaline and 2.6-dichloromescaline hydrochlorides were prepared synthetically from mescaline. This cactus species has a mescaline content equal or superior to peyote and should be legally controlled as an item of drug abuse.", "PMID": 600028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6992", "title": "Potential anticancer agents vi. Constituents of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae).", "content": "Ailanthione (1), glaucarubinone (2) and a mixture of glaucarubol 15-isovalerate (3) and 13,18-dehydroglaucarubol 15-isovalerate (4) were found to be the compounds responsible for the antitumor and cytotoxic activities of extracts of the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae). The latter compound, 4, is new.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents vi. Constituents of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae). Ailanthione (1), glaucarubinone (2) and a mixture of glaucarubol 15-isovalerate (3) and 13,18-dehydroglaucarubol 15-isovalerate (4) were found to be the compounds responsible for the antitumor and cytotoxic activities of extracts of the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae). The latter compound, 4, is new.", "PMID": 600027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6993", "title": "[Preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in Candida tropicalis].", "content": "A technique of experimental adaptation was used to obtain mutants of Candida tropicalis which were able to utilize p-hydroxybenzoic acid as the sole source of carbon and energy. The preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid involves the following stages: PHBA leads to quinol leads to hydroxyquinol leads to maleylacetic acid leads to beta-ketoadipic acid. The enzyme system which catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of PHBA mediates also oxidative decarboxylation of protocatechuic, beta-resorcylic and gallic acids, i.e. compounds having a hydroxyl group in para position with respect to the carboxyl of hydroxyl derivatives of benzoic acid. Benzoic, salicyclic and gentisic acids are not substrates of this enzyme system. A technique is proposed for rapid indentification of beta-ketoadipic acid by thin-layer chromatography. The authors believe that methods used to study preparatory metabolism, on the basis of the Stanier theory of \"simultaneous adaptation\", are not quite reliable and may lead to erroneous conclusions.", "contents": "[Preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in Candida tropicalis]. A technique of experimental adaptation was used to obtain mutants of Candida tropicalis which were able to utilize p-hydroxybenzoic acid as the sole source of carbon and energy. The preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid involves the following stages: PHBA leads to quinol leads to hydroxyquinol leads to maleylacetic acid leads to beta-ketoadipic acid. The enzyme system which catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of PHBA mediates also oxidative decarboxylation of protocatechuic, beta-resorcylic and gallic acids, i.e. compounds having a hydroxyl group in para position with respect to the carboxyl of hydroxyl derivatives of benzoic acid. Benzoic, salicyclic and gentisic acids are not substrates of this enzyme system. A technique is proposed for rapid indentification of beta-ketoadipic acid by thin-layer chromatography. The authors believe that methods used to study preparatory metabolism, on the basis of the Stanier theory of \"simultaneous adaptation\", are not quite reliable and may lead to erroneous conclusions.", "PMID": 600088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6994", "title": "[Direct selection of Aspergillus terricola variants having different toxicity on a culture of fibroblasts].", "content": "A direct method is proposed to select less toxic mutants of Aspergillus terricola on a culture of fibroblasts. The conidia are first irradiated with UV, and then are used to grow colonies on the glass surface of tubes or flasks containing medium 199. The cells of fibroblasts are added thereupon and the two cultures are being grown together for 24--48 hours. The colonies which inhibit the growth of fibroblasts to a less extent are selected using microscopy. The method can be used for primarily selection of experimentally produced mutants of Aspergillus which form fibrinolytic enzymes possessing low toxicity.", "contents": "[Direct selection of Aspergillus terricola variants having different toxicity on a culture of fibroblasts]. A direct method is proposed to select less toxic mutants of Aspergillus terricola on a culture of fibroblasts. The conidia are first irradiated with UV, and then are used to grow colonies on the glass surface of tubes or flasks containing medium 199. The cells of fibroblasts are added thereupon and the two cultures are being grown together for 24--48 hours. The colonies which inhibit the growth of fibroblasts to a less extent are selected using microscopy. The method can be used for primarily selection of experimentally produced mutants of Aspergillus which form fibrinolytic enzymes possessing low toxicity.", "PMID": 600087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6995", "title": "[Microbiological leaching of zinc and lead ores of the Tekeli deposit].", "content": "In certain regions of the West Tekeli lead-zinc ore deposti, the number of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells reaches 10(6) per 1 ml of ore water. Spontaneous bacterial leaching of sulphide ore is confirmed by an increase in the concentration of ferric iron and zinc in ore water. As a result of this leaching, up to 40 per cent of zinc and 60 per cent of lead have been leached from lead-zinc ore within 271-286 days. Bacterial leaching of lead intermediate products has shown that the maximum rate of galenite oxidation is reached at 50--65 degrees C and the content of Fe3+ in a solvent being above 20 g per litre. Microbiological leaching can be used for selective extraction of zinc and lead. Zinc dissolves directly in the leaching bacterial solution while lead remains in the precipitate and is then dissolved under the action of concentrated NaCl solutions.", "contents": "[Microbiological leaching of zinc and lead ores of the Tekeli deposit]. In certain regions of the West Tekeli lead-zinc ore deposti, the number of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells reaches 10(6) per 1 ml of ore water. Spontaneous bacterial leaching of sulphide ore is confirmed by an increase in the concentration of ferric iron and zinc in ore water. As a result of this leaching, up to 40 per cent of zinc and 60 per cent of lead have been leached from lead-zinc ore within 271-286 days. Bacterial leaching of lead intermediate products has shown that the maximum rate of galenite oxidation is reached at 50--65 degrees C and the content of Fe3+ in a solvent being above 20 g per litre. Microbiological leaching can be used for selective extraction of zinc and lead. Zinc dissolves directly in the leaching bacterial solution while lead remains in the precipitate and is then dissolved under the action of concentrated NaCl solutions.", "PMID": 600089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6996", "title": "[The protective role of pigments against UV rays in fungi isolated from the mesosphere].", "content": "Five among six species of microorganisms isolated from the mesosphere contained pigments which made them more resistant to the action of UV as compared to pigmentless microorganisms in the atmosphere of Earth. UV irradiation in the atmosphere is supposed to select resistant pigmented forms, so that they predominate in the mesosphere. To confirm this assumption, mutants of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Circinella muscae were sported by irradiating them four times and then subjecting to stepwise selection. These mutants either synthesized pigments at a very low rate or did not produce them at all. No significant differences were found by studying the biomass, mycelium and sporeforming organs of the parent cultures and their mutants. However, their resistance to UV was not the same. Addition of the pigment apsergillin, isolated from the conidia of Aspergillus niger, to a suspension of the pigmentless (mutant) conidia of Penicillium notatum, the spores of Circinella muscae, and the vegetative cells of Micrococcus albus, before their irradiation with UV, considerably increased their resistance to this factor.", "contents": "[The protective role of pigments against UV rays in fungi isolated from the mesosphere]. Five among six species of microorganisms isolated from the mesosphere contained pigments which made them more resistant to the action of UV as compared to pigmentless microorganisms in the atmosphere of Earth. UV irradiation in the atmosphere is supposed to select resistant pigmented forms, so that they predominate in the mesosphere. To confirm this assumption, mutants of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Circinella muscae were sported by irradiating them four times and then subjecting to stepwise selection. These mutants either synthesized pigments at a very low rate or did not produce them at all. No significant differences were found by studying the biomass, mycelium and sporeforming organs of the parent cultures and their mutants. However, their resistance to UV was not the same. Addition of the pigment apsergillin, isolated from the conidia of Aspergillus niger, to a suspension of the pigmentless (mutant) conidia of Penicillium notatum, the spores of Circinella muscae, and the vegetative cells of Micrococcus albus, before their irradiation with UV, considerably increased their resistance to this factor.", "PMID": 600090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6997", "title": "[Pathways of assimilation of carbon oxides in carboxydobacteria Seliberia carboxydohydrogena and Achromobacter carboxydus].", "content": "Assimilation products of 14C-bicarbonate and carbon-14C oxide were studied in two carboxydobacteria Seliberia carboxydohydrogena and Achromobacter carboxydus which differed in their ability for chemolithoautrophous growth in the presence of hydrogen. The dynamics and composition of labeled products formed upon assimilation of 14C-bicarbonate in the presence of unlabeled carbon oxide by the two organisms, the composition of products formed upon assimilation of 14CO by suspensions of S. carboxydohydrogena Z-1062 during 5 minutes, and the dynamics and composition of labeled assimilates of A. carboxydus Z-1171 after incubation in the presence of 14CO, were found to be consistent with those expected in the action of the reductive pentose phosphate Calvin cycle. The similarity of products formed upon assimilation of 14CO2 and 14CO suggests that CO is first oxidized to CO2, and only is assimilated.", "contents": "[Pathways of assimilation of carbon oxides in carboxydobacteria Seliberia carboxydohydrogena and Achromobacter carboxydus]. Assimilation products of 14C-bicarbonate and carbon-14C oxide were studied in two carboxydobacteria Seliberia carboxydohydrogena and Achromobacter carboxydus which differed in their ability for chemolithoautrophous growth in the presence of hydrogen. The dynamics and composition of labeled products formed upon assimilation of 14C-bicarbonate in the presence of unlabeled carbon oxide by the two organisms, the composition of products formed upon assimilation of 14CO by suspensions of S. carboxydohydrogena Z-1062 during 5 minutes, and the dynamics and composition of labeled assimilates of A. carboxydus Z-1171 after incubation in the presence of 14CO, were found to be consistent with those expected in the action of the reductive pentose phosphate Calvin cycle. The similarity of products formed upon assimilation of 14CO2 and 14CO suggests that CO is first oxidized to CO2, and only is assimilated.", "PMID": 600091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6998", "title": "[Isolation and properties of new strains of obligate methanotrophs].", "content": "New strains of obligate methanotrophic bacteria which assimilate only methane or methanol as the source of carbon and energy have been isolated. According to their morphology, ultrastructure, cultural and physiologo-biochemical characteristics, the bacteria were classed as Methylobacter vinelandii, Methylobacter bovis, Methylobacter chroococcum and Mehylosinus sporium. A new species Methylocystis echinoides sp. nov. is described; it differs from other methanotrophs in certain morphological and physiological properties. The subspecies Methylosinus trichosporium var. methanolicum is recommended to be termed as Methylocytis methanolicus sp. nov.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of new strains of obligate methanotrophs]. New strains of obligate methanotrophic bacteria which assimilate only methane or methanol as the source of carbon and energy have been isolated. According to their morphology, ultrastructure, cultural and physiologo-biochemical characteristics, the bacteria were classed as Methylobacter vinelandii, Methylobacter bovis, Methylobacter chroococcum and Mehylosinus sporium. A new species Methylocystis echinoides sp. nov. is described; it differs from other methanotrophs in certain morphological and physiological properties. The subspecies Methylosinus trichosporium var. methanolicum is recommended to be termed as Methylocytis methanolicus sp. nov.", "PMID": 600092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_6999", "title": "[Biological elimination of nitrous oxide under oxidative conditions].", "content": "The process of biological N2O elimination under oxidative conditions has been discribed. It was performed by samples of soil, litter, water, ooze, sewage and compost. The process differs from denitrification, is not accompanied with dinitrogen formation and its rate is maximal at 15% of oxygen in the gaseous phase. Acetylene, an inhibitor of denitrification has no effect on elimination of nitrous oxide under oxidative conditions.", "contents": "[Biological elimination of nitrous oxide under oxidative conditions]. The process of biological N2O elimination under oxidative conditions has been discribed. It was performed by samples of soil, litter, water, ooze, sewage and compost. The process differs from denitrification, is not accompanied with dinitrogen formation and its rate is maximal at 15% of oxygen in the gaseous phase. Acetylene, an inhibitor of denitrification has no effect on elimination of nitrous oxide under oxidative conditions.", "PMID": 600093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7000", "title": "[The activity of enzymes involved in synthesis and hydrolysis of flavin adenine dinucleotide is Pichia guilliermondii studies at different levels of flavinogenesis].", "content": "The activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase and FAD-hydrolase (nucleotidepyrophosphatase) was studied in extracts of Pichia guilliermondii ATCC 9058 capable of riboflavin over-production. The specific activity of the enzymes was highest at the logarithmic growth phase (2.6 and 3.8 mcmoles of FAD per 1 min per 1 mg of protein X10(-5), respectively), and did not increase upon the induction of riboflavin overproduction. A decrease in the content of hemin compounds and a low content of flavins in the cells of Pichia guilliermondii mutants had no considerable effect on the activity of the two enzymes. When the yeast was cultivated on a medium containing hexadecane, an increase in the content of FAD in the cells was not accompanied with a rise in the activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase. The activity of the enzyme did not change when succinate and lactate, the substrates of FAD-containing enzymes, were used as the source of carbon. The activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase increased only when iron-deficient cells of the yeast were grown or incubated on a medium containing glycine; this stimulation was inhibited by cycloheximide.", "contents": "[The activity of enzymes involved in synthesis and hydrolysis of flavin adenine dinucleotide is Pichia guilliermondii studies at different levels of flavinogenesis]. The activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase and FAD-hydrolase (nucleotidepyrophosphatase) was studied in extracts of Pichia guilliermondii ATCC 9058 capable of riboflavin over-production. The specific activity of the enzymes was highest at the logarithmic growth phase (2.6 and 3.8 mcmoles of FAD per 1 min per 1 mg of protein X10(-5), respectively), and did not increase upon the induction of riboflavin overproduction. A decrease in the content of hemin compounds and a low content of flavins in the cells of Pichia guilliermondii mutants had no considerable effect on the activity of the two enzymes. When the yeast was cultivated on a medium containing hexadecane, an increase in the content of FAD in the cells was not accompanied with a rise in the activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase. The activity of the enzyme did not change when succinate and lactate, the substrates of FAD-containing enzymes, were used as the source of carbon. The activity of FAD-pyrophosphorylase increased only when iron-deficient cells of the yeast were grown or incubated on a medium containing glycine; this stimulation was inhibited by cycloheximide.", "PMID": 600094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7001", "title": "[The effect of trisporic acids on the composition of components of the cell wall in Blakeslea trispora Thaxter].", "content": "The cell wall of Blakeslea trispora was found to contain chitin similar to crustaceaous chitin in physico-chemical properties; this was confirmed by the data of IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Trisporic acids, hormonal regulators of reproduction, hardly affected the content of chitin, xylan, and other polysaccharides of the cell wall of Blakeslea trispora, but increased the content of protein.", "contents": "[The effect of trisporic acids on the composition of components of the cell wall in Blakeslea trispora Thaxter]. The cell wall of Blakeslea trispora was found to contain chitin similar to crustaceaous chitin in physico-chemical properties; this was confirmed by the data of IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Trisporic acids, hormonal regulators of reproduction, hardly affected the content of chitin, xylan, and other polysaccharides of the cell wall of Blakeslea trispora, but increased the content of protein.", "PMID": 600095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7002", "title": "[Characteristics of growth and changes in the ultrafine structure of bacteria in the course of continuous cultivation on media containing ethanol].", "content": "A large number of bacterial strains assimilating chemical ethanol has been isolated using an original technique. Active growth of strains belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and, particularly, Acinetobacter was registered on mineral media containing ethanol. A mathematical model was constructed select a strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K-9 during its continuous cultivation on media containing ethanol. The model makes it possible to determine conditions for producing a present amount of the biomass, the percentage of its yield, and the produc;iveness as a function of the dilution rate, temperature, and the concentration of ethanol and phosphoric acid in the medium. The main characteristics of the growth process in the studied factor space were established. The optimum conditions were calculated for growth of the strain with respect to each of the criteria. Under various conditions of bacterial growth, changes in the morphology and ultra-fine structure of the cells correlated with their physiological activity. The volume of the cells increased with the rate of dilution of the medium: the process can be described by a saturation curve. The presence of mesosomal structures is typical of the cells growing at low flow rates.", "contents": "[Characteristics of growth and changes in the ultrafine structure of bacteria in the course of continuous cultivation on media containing ethanol]. A large number of bacterial strains assimilating chemical ethanol has been isolated using an original technique. Active growth of strains belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and, particularly, Acinetobacter was registered on mineral media containing ethanol. A mathematical model was constructed select a strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K-9 during its continuous cultivation on media containing ethanol. The model makes it possible to determine conditions for producing a present amount of the biomass, the percentage of its yield, and the produc;iveness as a function of the dilution rate, temperature, and the concentration of ethanol and phosphoric acid in the medium. The main characteristics of the growth process in the studied factor space were established. The optimum conditions were calculated for growth of the strain with respect to each of the criteria. Under various conditions of bacterial growth, changes in the morphology and ultra-fine structure of the cells correlated with their physiological activity. The volume of the cells increased with the rate of dilution of the medium: the process can be described by a saturation curve. The presence of mesosomal structures is typical of the cells growing at low flow rates.", "PMID": 600096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7003", "title": "[Changes in the chemical composition of Bacillus popilliae vegetative cells in the course of their growth on a chemically defined medium].", "content": "The growth, development and changes in the chemical composition of Bacillus popilliae cells were studied in the course of their growth on a liquid chemically defined medium containing casein hydrolysate, complex vitamin mixtures and glucose. Growth of the culture on this medium was accompanied with diauxia which could be registered by changes in the rate of growth and synthesis of the main cellular polymers (DNA, RNA, protein, phospholipids). The rate of protein synthesis correlated with the specific growth rate which was maximal when the reserve substances of the cells or the compounds of partly digested biomass were used. The rate of protein synthesis in the experiment depended mainly on the protein synthesizing activity of RNA rather than on its content in the cells. The low rates of growth and protein synthesis, which suggest that the growth of the culture is being interested with in the course of utilization of the components of the nutrient medium, may account for the absence of spore formation by this strain on the medium used.", "contents": "[Changes in the chemical composition of Bacillus popilliae vegetative cells in the course of their growth on a chemically defined medium]. The growth, development and changes in the chemical composition of Bacillus popilliae cells were studied in the course of their growth on a liquid chemically defined medium containing casein hydrolysate, complex vitamin mixtures and glucose. Growth of the culture on this medium was accompanied with diauxia which could be registered by changes in the rate of growth and synthesis of the main cellular polymers (DNA, RNA, protein, phospholipids). The rate of protein synthesis correlated with the specific growth rate which was maximal when the reserve substances of the cells or the compounds of partly digested biomass were used. The rate of protein synthesis in the experiment depended mainly on the protein synthesizing activity of RNA rather than on its content in the cells. The low rates of growth and protein synthesis, which suggest that the growth of the culture is being interested with in the course of utilization of the components of the nutrient medium, may account for the absence of spore formation by this strain on the medium used.", "PMID": 600097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7004", "title": "[Speroplast behavior in cultures of Thermus ruber].", "content": "Spheroplasts spontaneously originating in cultures of Thermus ruber, which are cultivated on potato-peptone media, are capable of growth and multiplication. They may reach 10 mc in diameter. Spheroplasts multiply by budding which can be preceded with inner division or budding; as a result 2--9 and more protoplast bodies are formed under the \"envelope\" of a spheroplast. Self-reproduction of spheroplasts is most active in a semiliquid potato-meat-peptone medium containing 0.2--0.3 per cent of agar. Microcolonies, which are clusters of spheroplasts in the process of budding, are formed at 45 degrees C in this medium during 1--2 days. Reversion of spheroplasts to rod-like cells occurs if L-lysine and/or DL-alpha-aline are added to the potato-peptone medium. Spheroplasts spontaneously produced by Thermus ruber are similar to the unstable type of L-form in their fine organization and behaviour in cultures.", "contents": "[Speroplast behavior in cultures of Thermus ruber]. Spheroplasts spontaneously originating in cultures of Thermus ruber, which are cultivated on potato-peptone media, are capable of growth and multiplication. They may reach 10 mc in diameter. Spheroplasts multiply by budding which can be preceded with inner division or budding; as a result 2--9 and more protoplast bodies are formed under the \"envelope\" of a spheroplast. Self-reproduction of spheroplasts is most active in a semiliquid potato-meat-peptone medium containing 0.2--0.3 per cent of agar. Microcolonies, which are clusters of spheroplasts in the process of budding, are formed at 45 degrees C in this medium during 1--2 days. Reversion of spheroplasts to rod-like cells occurs if L-lysine and/or DL-alpha-aline are added to the potato-peptone medium. Spheroplasts spontaneously produced by Thermus ruber are similar to the unstable type of L-form in their fine organization and behaviour in cultures.", "PMID": 600101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7005", "title": "[Influence of the composition of the medium and the duration of cultivation on the growth of Actinomyces spheroides and their biosynthesis of intracellular proteases and novobiocin].", "content": "The growth of Actinomyces spheroides 35 under different conditions and the biosynthesis of biomass, proteases and the antibiotic were studied with two types of growth medium: a control one and an optimized one. The rate of biomass accumulation was by 5--7 per cent higher on the latter medium than on the former one. The dynamics of accumulation was studied with novobiocin and proteases which hydrolyzed fibrin and casein. Fibrin hydrolyzing proteases were found to be synthesized under conditions that were unfavourable for the production of novobiocin. If the production of the antibiotic was supressed, the concentration of fibrinolytic proteases in the cultural broth increased almost proportionally. Such a relation has not been found for caseinolytic proteases.", "contents": "[Influence of the composition of the medium and the duration of cultivation on the growth of Actinomyces spheroides and their biosynthesis of intracellular proteases and novobiocin]. The growth of Actinomyces spheroides 35 under different conditions and the biosynthesis of biomass, proteases and the antibiotic were studied with two types of growth medium: a control one and an optimized one. The rate of biomass accumulation was by 5--7 per cent higher on the latter medium than on the former one. The dynamics of accumulation was studied with novobiocin and proteases which hydrolyzed fibrin and casein. Fibrin hydrolyzing proteases were found to be synthesized under conditions that were unfavourable for the production of novobiocin. If the production of the antibiotic was supressed, the concentration of fibrinolytic proteases in the cultural broth increased almost proportionally. Such a relation has not been found for caseinolytic proteases.", "PMID": 600100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7006", "title": "[Chemcial aspects of the energy process in nitrate reduction in different representatives of soil microflora].", "content": "Chemical aspects of dissimilatory nitrate reduction were studied by mass spectrometry in the following soil bacteria: Bacillus filaris, Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas denitrificans. Chemical peculiarity of this process in spore-forming soil bacteria is the simultaneous operation of two energy processes: denitrification and nitrate respiration. The first process is terminated by the formation of molecular nitrogen, the second, by the production of ammonia. The quantitative ratio between these processes demonstrates the advantage of nitrate respiration in the overall energy pathway of nitrate dissimilation. Pseudomonas denitrificans maintains the abilityfor intensive gas production as a result of denitrification upon long storage on artificial media: ca. 34 per cent of the nitrate nitrogen is reduced to gaseous forms of nitrogen.", "contents": "[Chemcial aspects of the energy process in nitrate reduction in different representatives of soil microflora]. Chemical aspects of dissimilatory nitrate reduction were studied by mass spectrometry in the following soil bacteria: Bacillus filaris, Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas denitrificans. Chemical peculiarity of this process in spore-forming soil bacteria is the simultaneous operation of two energy processes: denitrification and nitrate respiration. The first process is terminated by the formation of molecular nitrogen, the second, by the production of ammonia. The quantitative ratio between these processes demonstrates the advantage of nitrate respiration in the overall energy pathway of nitrate dissimilation. Pseudomonas denitrificans maintains the abilityfor intensive gas production as a result of denitrification upon long storage on artificial media: ca. 34 per cent of the nitrate nitrogen is reduced to gaseous forms of nitrogen.", "PMID": 600102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7007", "title": "[Transformation of L-tryptophan by Rhizobium phaseoli].", "content": "Transformation of L-tryptophan was studied in Rhizobium phaseoli 680. The culture was capable of oxidation decarboxylation, transamination and degradation of L-tryptophan. Four metabolites were identified: tryptamine, indolyl-3-pyruvic, indolyl-3-acetic and anthranilic acids. The fifth metabolite has not been yet identified.", "contents": "[Transformation of L-tryptophan by Rhizobium phaseoli]. Transformation of L-tryptophan was studied in Rhizobium phaseoli 680. The culture was capable of oxidation decarboxylation, transamination and degradation of L-tryptophan. Four metabolites were identified: tryptamine, indolyl-3-pyruvic, indolyl-3-acetic and anthranilic acids. The fifth metabolite has not been yet identified.", "PMID": 600098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7008", "title": "[Monosaccharide composition of the exopolysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria].", "content": "Exopolysaccharides from ten strains of oligonitrophilic bacteria were found to contain galactose, glucose and mannose. Strains belonging to the genus Mycobacterium contained also fucose, ramnose and three sugars that had not been identified: two of them were lipophilic and one had a lower Rf than ramnose. A correlation has been established between the composition of monosaccharides, their molar ratios in exocellular polysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria, and the taxonomy of these microorganisms. Sporeforming bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus produce polysaccharides which contain galactose, glucose and mannose at a ratio of 10:19: : (13--15). The molar ratio between the same sugars in exopolysaccharides of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Azotomonas is 10:(12--19) : (4--6). The ratio between galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, ramnose, the unknown sugar and the sum of two lipophilic sugars in exocellular polysaccharides of the genus Mycobacterium is 10:(15--16) : (5--6) : (7--10) : (0.1--9) : (0.3--0.5) : (0.4--0.8).", "contents": "[Monosaccharide composition of the exopolysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria]. Exopolysaccharides from ten strains of oligonitrophilic bacteria were found to contain galactose, glucose and mannose. Strains belonging to the genus Mycobacterium contained also fucose, ramnose and three sugars that had not been identified: two of them were lipophilic and one had a lower Rf than ramnose. A correlation has been established between the composition of monosaccharides, their molar ratios in exocellular polysaccharides of oligonitrophilic bacteria, and the taxonomy of these microorganisms. Sporeforming bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus produce polysaccharides which contain galactose, glucose and mannose at a ratio of 10:19: : (13--15). The molar ratio between the same sugars in exopolysaccharides of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Azotomonas is 10:(12--19) : (4--6). The ratio between galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, ramnose, the unknown sugar and the sum of two lipophilic sugars in exocellular polysaccharides of the genus Mycobacterium is 10:(15--16) : (5--6) : (7--10) : (0.1--9) : (0.3--0.5) : (0.4--0.8).", "PMID": 600103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7009", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of the lipid granules of Candida tropicalis yeasts].", "content": "Preparative isolation of lipid granules from the protoplasts of Candida tropicalis was conducted by a technique of flotation in a stepwise density gradient. Parameters were selected for decomposing the protoplasts under hypotonic and isotonic conditions which made it possible to preserve the lipid granules being isolated intact, as well as parameters of a density gradient and centrifugation. The specific content of lipids, proteins and low molecular weight compounds was assayed using labeled compounds in the lipid granules which were isolated from yeast cells cultivated on various carbon substrates (1-6(-14C)-glucose and 1(-14C-octadecane). The lipid composition of the spherosomes was determined. If the yeast was grown on glucose, lipids localized in the lipid granules were represented mainly by triglycerides whose carbon constituted 69 per cent of the total lipid carbon. If it was cultivated on n-octadecane, these lipids were represented by hydrocarbons (51 per cent) and triglycerides (22 per cent). The structures isolated possessed a small lipase activity. The specific lipase activity of the lipid granules was lower by 16 per cent than that of the cell protoplast.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of the lipid granules of Candida tropicalis yeasts]. Preparative isolation of lipid granules from the protoplasts of Candida tropicalis was conducted by a technique of flotation in a stepwise density gradient. Parameters were selected for decomposing the protoplasts under hypotonic and isotonic conditions which made it possible to preserve the lipid granules being isolated intact, as well as parameters of a density gradient and centrifugation. The specific content of lipids, proteins and low molecular weight compounds was assayed using labeled compounds in the lipid granules which were isolated from yeast cells cultivated on various carbon substrates (1-6(-14C)-glucose and 1(-14C-octadecane). The lipid composition of the spherosomes was determined. If the yeast was grown on glucose, lipids localized in the lipid granules were represented mainly by triglycerides whose carbon constituted 69 per cent of the total lipid carbon. If it was cultivated on n-octadecane, these lipids were represented by hydrocarbons (51 per cent) and triglycerides (22 per cent). The structures isolated possessed a small lipase activity. The specific lipase activity of the lipid granules was lower by 16 per cent than that of the cell protoplast.", "PMID": 600104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7010", "title": "[The effect of beta-ionine on biosynthesis of carotenes by Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides].", "content": "Biosynthesis of carotenoids by a growing culture of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides is totally inhibited by beta-ionone added at different concentrations, at various time of the cultural growth, and in various combinations with oil. The inhibition of carotenoid synthesis by beta-ionone is of a specific character since the biomass growth under the same conditions does not increase.", "contents": "[The effect of beta-ionine on biosynthesis of carotenes by Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides]. Biosynthesis of carotenoids by a growing culture of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides is totally inhibited by beta-ionone added at different concentrations, at various time of the cultural growth, and in various combinations with oil. The inhibition of carotenoid synthesis by beta-ionone is of a specific character since the biomass growth under the same conditions does not increase.", "PMID": 600099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7011", "title": "[Conditions for formation of heteromorphic forms of Bacillus brevis and their cytology].", "content": "The conditions of formation of Bacillus brevis var. GB heteromorphous forms were studied both under natural conditions and in the course of action of various factors. Natural polymorphism of the culture is low. It increases as the temperature of cultivation is lowered down to 28 degrees C or when the culture is kept at 5--6 degrees C in a refigerator. The P- and S forms of dissociation display higher polymorphism than than P+ and R variants. Cytological investigation has shown that heteromorphous forms are very large and contain gigantic nuclear formations in the form of solid bodies or bands. The sharp increase in the size of the nucleoids, their aggregation and splitting (breaking down of a band into sepraate units, transverse division of large nucleoids), as well as the data of biochemical analysis suggest the polygenomic or polyenergid nature of the giant heteromorphous forms of Bacillus brevis var. GB.", "contents": "[Conditions for formation of heteromorphic forms of Bacillus brevis and their cytology]. The conditions of formation of Bacillus brevis var. GB heteromorphous forms were studied both under natural conditions and in the course of action of various factors. Natural polymorphism of the culture is low. It increases as the temperature of cultivation is lowered down to 28 degrees C or when the culture is kept at 5--6 degrees C in a refigerator. The P- and S forms of dissociation display higher polymorphism than than P+ and R variants. Cytological investigation has shown that heteromorphous forms are very large and contain gigantic nuclear formations in the form of solid bodies or bands. The sharp increase in the size of the nucleoids, their aggregation and splitting (breaking down of a band into sepraate units, transverse division of large nucleoids), as well as the data of biochemical analysis suggest the polygenomic or polyenergid nature of the giant heteromorphous forms of Bacillus brevis var. GB.", "PMID": 600106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7012", "title": "[Morphological and physiological properties of Phoma tracheiphila (mal secco) (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological and physiological characteristics of Phoma tracheiphila, the cause of \"Mal Secco\" in Mediterranian lemons is discussed. The structure and the characteristics of the spore, mycelium and pigment of this fungus were investigated in liquid and solid media. The growth rate was examined in different media with different pH by dry weight determination. The growth curve of P. tracheiphila was first studied in YPG, (pH 5.6) medium in the stationary and shaking culture conditions. During the course of these studies the microscobic observations and measurements were recorded. The results established that in further studies, it will be necessary to incubate P. tracheiphila at least 5 days for its growth. The optimal pH and temperature scale were found between 5.5--6.0 and 20--25 degrees C respectively.", "contents": "[Morphological and physiological properties of Phoma tracheiphila (mal secco) (author's transl)]. The morphological and physiological characteristics of Phoma tracheiphila, the cause of \"Mal Secco\" in Mediterranian lemons is discussed. The structure and the characteristics of the spore, mycelium and pigment of this fungus were investigated in liquid and solid media. The growth rate was examined in different media with different pH by dry weight determination. The growth curve of P. tracheiphila was first studied in YPG, (pH 5.6) medium in the stationary and shaking culture conditions. During the course of these studies the microscobic observations and measurements were recorded. The results established that in further studies, it will be necessary to incubate P. tracheiphila at least 5 days for its growth. The optimal pH and temperature scale were found between 5.5--6.0 and 20--25 degrees C respectively.", "PMID": 600115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7013", "title": "[Formation of diploids by Aspergillus niger and their biosynthesis of citric acid].", "content": "Diploid organisms appeared spontaneously in heterokaryons of Aspergillus niger produced by crossing a beige mutant, which was adenine-deficient, and a green mutant requiring the addition of yeast autolysate. The frequency of diploidization increased two-fold under the action of colchicine (0.5%). The diploids became prototrophous, the colour of their conidia increased 1.5--2.4 times. The rate of production of citric acid by the diploid strains which had originated under the action of colchinine was 1.5 times higher than that of the parent haploid mutants.", "contents": "[Formation of diploids by Aspergillus niger and their biosynthesis of citric acid]. Diploid organisms appeared spontaneously in heterokaryons of Aspergillus niger produced by crossing a beige mutant, which was adenine-deficient, and a green mutant requiring the addition of yeast autolysate. The frequency of diploidization increased two-fold under the action of colchicine (0.5%). The diploids became prototrophous, the colour of their conidia increased 1.5--2.4 times. The rate of production of citric acid by the diploid strains which had originated under the action of colchinine was 1.5 times higher than that of the parent haploid mutants.", "PMID": 600107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7014", "title": "[Fungal flora of Ankara air in the morning and evening (author's transl)].", "content": "The fungal flora in different areas parts of Ankara in morning and evening atmosfere are discussed. It was seen that Penicillium, and Mycelia sterilia were found more in evenings, when Cladosporium and Alternaria were found in higher concentrations in mornings. Aspergillus was found in evening air either in less or at least in same concentrations. The rate of Monilia in evenings and mornings showed variable concentration according to areas.", "contents": "[Fungal flora of Ankara air in the morning and evening (author's transl)]. The fungal flora in different areas parts of Ankara in morning and evening atmosfere are discussed. It was seen that Penicillium, and Mycelia sterilia were found more in evenings, when Cladosporium and Alternaria were found in higher concentrations in mornings. Aspergillus was found in evening air either in less or at least in same concentrations. The rate of Monilia in evenings and mornings showed variable concentration according to areas.", "PMID": 600116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7015", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the cells of variants of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae forming colonies with altered morphology].", "content": "Colonial-morphological variants of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Galleriae were studied by electron microscopy. The S variant was found to be asporogenous, whereas the R variant produced mature spores. Morphological modifications in the cell were followed in the course of sporulation. Spores were shown to have thin filamentous and tubular protrusions which had not been so far described in crystalliferous bacteria. Preparations from colonies of the R variant contained peculiar structures which resembled phage tails. A possible function of these structures is discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the cells of variants of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae forming colonies with altered morphology]. Colonial-morphological variants of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Galleriae were studied by electron microscopy. The S variant was found to be asporogenous, whereas the R variant produced mature spores. Morphological modifications in the cell were followed in the course of sporulation. Spores were shown to have thin filamentous and tubular protrusions which had not been so far described in crystalliferous bacteria. Preparations from colonies of the R variant contained peculiar structures which resembled phage tails. A possible function of these structures is discussed.", "PMID": 600105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7016", "title": "[Factors causing short-term periodic changes in the numbers of bacteria in the superficial layer of sludge and in the water near the bottom].", "content": "Rhythmical temporal changes in the number of bacterial populations inhabiting the surface ooze layer and the water layer above it have been found to depend on two processes: (1) the ability of bacteria for periodic intensive growth followed by death of the cells and (2) the participation of zooplankton in consuming the bacterial cells for nourishment. The total bacterial number in samples depends on which of the two processes prevails.", "contents": "[Factors causing short-term periodic changes in the numbers of bacteria in the superficial layer of sludge and in the water near the bottom]. Rhythmical temporal changes in the number of bacterial populations inhabiting the surface ooze layer and the water layer above it have been found to depend on two processes: (1) the ability of bacteria for periodic intensive growth followed by death of the cells and (2) the participation of zooplankton in consuming the bacterial cells for nourishment. The total bacterial number in samples depends on which of the two processes prevails.", "PMID": 600109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7017", "title": "[Antigenic relationship among Candida guilliermondii strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In this short communication the results of cross aglutination and absorption tests among three sandard Candida guilliermondii strains (C. guilliermondii CBS--566, C. guilliermondii var. carpophila CBS--5256, C. guilliermondii var. japonica CBS--6021) are given. It showed that these microorganisms have the same antigenic structure.", "contents": "[Antigenic relationship among Candida guilliermondii strains (author's transl)]. In this short communication the results of cross aglutination and absorption tests among three sandard Candida guilliermondii strains (C. guilliermondii CBS--566, C. guilliermondii var. carpophila CBS--5256, C. guilliermondii var. japonica CBS--6021) are given. It showed that these microorganisms have the same antigenic structure.", "PMID": 600117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7018", "title": "[Salmonella serotypes isolated recently in Ankara from children with enteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of serotyping done on 859 Salmonellas isolated between 25/2/1975--6/4/1977 are reported. In the series presented here percentage of S. thyhimurium is very close to that reported by us (91.37%) previously (2) showing that it is still the predominating serotype; But the important observations of the present study are the rises of the new serotypes which took the second and third places namely S. montevideo and S. thompson, indicating that clinicians should be aware of their presence. Under the impression of these findings the authors suggest to include the reagents prepared by S. thyphimurium's (i), S. thompson's (k) and S. montevideo's (g, m, s) flagellar antigens in addition to the routine Widal test antigens in Ankara hospitals.", "contents": "[Salmonella serotypes isolated recently in Ankara from children with enteritis (author's transl)]. The results of serotyping done on 859 Salmonellas isolated between 25/2/1975--6/4/1977 are reported. In the series presented here percentage of S. thyhimurium is very close to that reported by us (91.37%) previously (2) showing that it is still the predominating serotype; But the important observations of the present study are the rises of the new serotypes which took the second and third places namely S. montevideo and S. thompson, indicating that clinicians should be aware of their presence. Under the impression of these findings the authors suggest to include the reagents prepared by S. thyphimurium's (i), S. thompson's (k) and S. montevideo's (g, m, s) flagellar antigens in addition to the routine Widal test antigens in Ankara hospitals.", "PMID": 600118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7019", "title": "[Sensitivity of various strains of Candida to amphotericin B and nystatin (author's transl)].", "content": "In this article the sensitivity of 42 standard Candida strains to Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been examined. The in vitro experiments showed that the sensitivity of various Candida strains to the above mentioned drugs were different. Also it was observed that Nystatin was more effective against the Candida albicans strains.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of various strains of Candida to amphotericin B and nystatin (author's transl)]. In this article the sensitivity of 42 standard Candida strains to Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been examined. The in vitro experiments showed that the sensitivity of various Candida strains to the above mentioned drugs were different. Also it was observed that Nystatin was more effective against the Candida albicans strains.", "PMID": 600119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7020", "title": "[Antigenic relationship between Salmonella cholerae suis and various yeasts].", "content": "The common antigenic fraction of Candida albicans and Salmonella O 6, 7 antigens were published by Aksoycan and Kaffmann (1); Recently Aksoycan and Sa\u011fanak (4,6) showed the antigenic relationship between Salmonella O 6, 7 antigen and various Candida, Torulopsis species and some other yeasts. During their earlier studies Aksoycan and his colleagues showed also the antigen relationship between Saccharomycopsis ludwigii, Syringospora albicans, Syringospora claussenii, Syringospora stellatoidea, Metschnikowia, Torulopsis and Salmonella cholerae suis O 6, 7 antigen (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).", "contents": "[Antigenic relationship between Salmonella cholerae suis and various yeasts]. The common antigenic fraction of Candida albicans and Salmonella O 6, 7 antigens were published by Aksoycan and Kaffmann (1); Recently Aksoycan and Sa\u011fanak (4,6) showed the antigenic relationship between Salmonella O 6, 7 antigen and various Candida, Torulopsis species and some other yeasts. During their earlier studies Aksoycan and his colleagues showed also the antigen relationship between Saccharomycopsis ludwigii, Syringospora albicans, Syringospora claussenii, Syringospora stellatoidea, Metschnikowia, Torulopsis and Salmonella cholerae suis O 6, 7 antigen (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).", "PMID": 600120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7021", "title": "[Pseudomonas-like bacteria (group Ve biotype 1) isolated from a subdiaphragmatic abscess (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudomonas like bacteria group Ve biotype I was isolated three times from the specimens taken by thorocenthessis from a patient with subdiaphragmatic abscess who was admitted to the Thoracic Diseases Clinic in the University of Ankara School of Medicine.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas-like bacteria (group Ve biotype 1) isolated from a subdiaphragmatic abscess (author's transl)]. Pseudomonas like bacteria group Ve biotype I was isolated three times from the specimens taken by thorocenthessis from a patient with subdiaphragmatic abscess who was admitted to the Thoracic Diseases Clinic in the University of Ankara School of Medicine.", "PMID": 600121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7022", "title": "[Identification and differentiation of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria in the clinical laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "Identification of nonfermentative gram negative rods encountered in medical bacteriology exhibit some difficulties in the clinical laboratory. However, we believe that, if identification procedures are applied systematicaly and step by step more than 90% of nonfermentative gram negative bacteria can be identified within 72 hours.", "contents": "[Identification and differentiation of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria in the clinical laboratory (author's transl)]. Identification of nonfermentative gram negative rods encountered in medical bacteriology exhibit some difficulties in the clinical laboratory. However, we believe that, if identification procedures are applied systematicaly and step by step more than 90% of nonfermentative gram negative bacteria can be identified within 72 hours.", "PMID": 600122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7023", "title": "[Psychrophilic pseudomonas from soil].", "content": "A psychrophilic culture of Pseudomonas inhabiting soil was cultivated at a temperature close to the minimum one (0 degrees C) and at a temperature close to a maximum one 28 degrees C) for growth on the original and diluted MPB. No changes were found in the formation of biomass, RNA and DNA. The maximum possible biomass yield was attained sooner at 0 degrees C on a diluted medium than on an original medium. At a low temperature, the specific growth rate remained the same, but the content of RNA increased.", "contents": "[Psychrophilic pseudomonas from soil]. A psychrophilic culture of Pseudomonas inhabiting soil was cultivated at a temperature close to the minimum one (0 degrees C) and at a temperature close to a maximum one 28 degrees C) for growth on the original and diluted MPB. No changes were found in the formation of biomass, RNA and DNA. The maximum possible biomass yield was attained sooner at 0 degrees C on a diluted medium than on an original medium. At a low temperature, the specific growth rate remained the same, but the content of RNA increased.", "PMID": 600113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7024", "title": "Esophageal obturator airway.", "content": "The Esophageal Obturator Airway, a device designed for use in the management of cardiopulmonary arrest, obstructs the esophagus while simultaneously ventilating the lungs. The EOA was clinically tested in 29,000 patients with a low incidence of false entries and complications. Physiological studies indicated that vital capacity, blood gases, and pH were comparable to those obtained with the use of the endotracheal tube. Furthermore, the insertion of the EOA was more rapid (mean 6 sec vs 20 sec), more accurate (98 percent vs 48 percent), and easier to teach to paramedical personnel. It was concluded that whenever optimal conditions for endotracheal intubation are unavailable, the EOA should be first choice in the management of the airway in aneflexic, apneic patients. Specific contraindications are listed.", "contents": "Esophageal obturator airway. The Esophageal Obturator Airway, a device designed for use in the management of cardiopulmonary arrest, obstructs the esophagus while simultaneously ventilating the lungs. The EOA was clinically tested in 29,000 patients with a low incidence of false entries and complications. Physiological studies indicated that vital capacity, blood gases, and pH were comparable to those obtained with the use of the endotracheal tube. Furthermore, the insertion of the EOA was more rapid (mean 6 sec vs 20 sec), more accurate (98 percent vs 48 percent), and easier to teach to paramedical personnel. It was concluded that whenever optimal conditions for endotracheal intubation are unavailable, the EOA should be first choice in the management of the airway in aneflexic, apneic patients. Specific contraindications are listed.", "PMID": 600126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7025", "title": "The clinical assessment of cardiovascular emergencies.", "content": "Data are given for a 2-year study of fire department ambulance runs in Houston, Texas. Comparisons are made between those runs in which telemetry was used and those in which telemetry was not used. These data show an important relationship between the prognosis of patients who were recognized by emergency medical technicians as cardiac emergencies (and therefore received telemetry service) and those patients who were not identified as cardiac emergencies and did not receive telemetry service. Criteria used for clinical assessment and classification of emergencies are discussed. Emergency life-support systems with telemetry can have significant benefit for certain selected acute, recognizable cardiovascular emergencies, but the majority of ischemic heart disease fatalities do not appear to be deriving benefit from these systems.", "contents": "The clinical assessment of cardiovascular emergencies. Data are given for a 2-year study of fire department ambulance runs in Houston, Texas. Comparisons are made between those runs in which telemetry was used and those in which telemetry was not used. These data show an important relationship between the prognosis of patients who were recognized by emergency medical technicians as cardiac emergencies (and therefore received telemetry service) and those patients who were not identified as cardiac emergencies and did not receive telemetry service. Criteria used for clinical assessment and classification of emergencies are discussed. Emergency life-support systems with telemetry can have significant benefit for certain selected acute, recognizable cardiovascular emergencies, but the majority of ischemic heart disease fatalities do not appear to be deriving benefit from these systems.", "PMID": 600125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7026", "title": "Improvement of defibrillators for EMS use: a problem in engineering and medicine.", "content": "Recent improvement in defibrillators has been limited mostly to decreased size and weight of portable units. An overview of the scientific literature indicates that the main limitation to further improvement in defibrillators is the lack of medical and physiologic information. Technology probably exists to change defibrillators if the manufacturers know what changes would be desirable. Clinical studies are needed for determining (a) more accurate quantitation of electrical dose for human use, (b) the relative effectiveness of different waveforms, (c) the toxicity and damage of electrical shocks to the heart, (d) the effects of drugs upon defibrillation threshold, (e) improvement of defibrillation techniques, (f) optimal placement and size of electrodes, and (g) the effects of cardiac disease on defibrillation threshold. Most of the needed studies are not technically difficult to carry out but they will be moderately expensive. In some cases special equipment may be needed or special techniques may have to be developed. The experimental animal studies appropriate as background for these clinical studies have been completed. With limited resources available, it is important to ask the most important questions first in order to develop improved defibrillation techniques and defibrillators.", "contents": "Improvement of defibrillators for EMS use: a problem in engineering and medicine. Recent improvement in defibrillators has been limited mostly to decreased size and weight of portable units. An overview of the scientific literature indicates that the main limitation to further improvement in defibrillators is the lack of medical and physiologic information. Technology probably exists to change defibrillators if the manufacturers know what changes would be desirable. Clinical studies are needed for determining (a) more accurate quantitation of electrical dose for human use, (b) the relative effectiveness of different waveforms, (c) the toxicity and damage of electrical shocks to the heart, (d) the effects of drugs upon defibrillation threshold, (e) improvement of defibrillation techniques, (f) optimal placement and size of electrodes, and (g) the effects of cardiac disease on defibrillation threshold. Most of the needed studies are not technically difficult to carry out but they will be moderately expensive. In some cases special equipment may be needed or special techniques may have to be developed. The experimental animal studies appropriate as background for these clinical studies have been completed. With limited resources available, it is important to ask the most important questions first in order to develop improved defibrillation techniques and defibrillators.", "PMID": 600128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7027", "title": "Mast pneumatic trousers: a mechanical device to support blood pressure.", "content": "Maintaining the oxygenation of the heart-brain-lung circulation system is vitally important in reducing morbidity and mortality in emergency medicine. Mast pneumatic trousers were developed that compress the abdomen and legs, thus transfusing more than 20 percent of the whole blood volume into the heart-brain-lung circulation. This report consists of the results of treatment of approximately 70 patients whose blood pressures were significantly reduced before application of the trousers. These patients, for the most part, were delivered to the hospital in relatively good clinical condition. Complications with this device have been few. There is a question of pulmonary compromise because of the increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hard data on the number of lives saved are difficult to obtain because of the complexity of the human system in determining which lives would or would not have been saved without long-term studies. However, it can be shown that there is a significant increase in blood pressure with the utilization of such devices. This, then, infers that lives probably were saved in specific patients.", "contents": "Mast pneumatic trousers: a mechanical device to support blood pressure. Maintaining the oxygenation of the heart-brain-lung circulation system is vitally important in reducing morbidity and mortality in emergency medicine. Mast pneumatic trousers were developed that compress the abdomen and legs, thus transfusing more than 20 percent of the whole blood volume into the heart-brain-lung circulation. This report consists of the results of treatment of approximately 70 patients whose blood pressures were significantly reduced before application of the trousers. These patients, for the most part, were delivered to the hospital in relatively good clinical condition. Complications with this device have been few. There is a question of pulmonary compromise because of the increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hard data on the number of lives saved are difficult to obtain because of the complexity of the human system in determining which lives would or would not have been saved without long-term studies. However, it can be shown that there is a significant increase in blood pressure with the utilization of such devices. This, then, infers that lives probably were saved in specific patients.", "PMID": 600127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7028", "title": "Autotransfusion: current status.", "content": "Autotransfusion is the collection of blood from a patient and the reinfusion of that same blood back to that patient. Historically, it has been used since 1818, and there have been many rebirths of this technique since its beginning. Many problems encountered have caused the technique to be abandoned; but as devices become refined, interest is restimulated. There are many advantages to autotransfusion including the preservation of an extremely important natural resource, blood. Expanding massive surgical procedures are increasing demands on blood supplies, and autotransfusion is a safe, logical way to decrease demands and save blood. Devices presently available are discussed and described.", "contents": "Autotransfusion: current status. Autotransfusion is the collection of blood from a patient and the reinfusion of that same blood back to that patient. Historically, it has been used since 1818, and there have been many rebirths of this technique since its beginning. Many problems encountered have caused the technique to be abandoned; but as devices become refined, interest is restimulated. There are many advantages to autotransfusion including the preservation of an extremely important natural resource, blood. Expanding massive surgical procedures are increasing demands on blood supplies, and autotransfusion is a safe, logical way to decrease demands and save blood. Devices presently available are discussed and described.", "PMID": 600129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7029", "title": "Comprehension of therapy by non-English speaking hospital patients.", "content": "A survey was made of 1,832 patients who attended the Outpatients' Pharmacy of The Royal Melbourne Hospital during a five-day period. We identified 280 patients who did not speak English as their native tongue; of these 257 (90%) answered a series of questions asked by a pharmacist. An interpreter was essential for communication with 73 of the 257, yet only 31 had been previously classified as requiring an interpreter. Sixty-five per cent of the sample had a good knowledge of drug doses, frequency and drug function. Of the remaining 90, 39 were uncertain of the correct dose, 38 could not state the function and 13 knew neither function nor dose. The proportion of poorly informed patients varied significantly between clinics. Although it is routine practice to place cautionary labels on medication containers, only 78% of the patients had knowledge of these special warnings. Many patients were accompanied by friends or children who spoke some English; however, their translations were sometimes inaccurate and misleading. To improve communication with non-English speaking patients, more trained interpreters should be available in the hospital.", "contents": "Comprehension of therapy by non-English speaking hospital patients. A survey was made of 1,832 patients who attended the Outpatients' Pharmacy of The Royal Melbourne Hospital during a five-day period. We identified 280 patients who did not speak English as their native tongue; of these 257 (90%) answered a series of questions asked by a pharmacist. An interpreter was essential for communication with 73 of the 257, yet only 31 had been previously classified as requiring an interpreter. Sixty-five per cent of the sample had a good knowledge of drug doses, frequency and drug function. Of the remaining 90, 39 were uncertain of the correct dose, 38 could not state the function and 13 knew neither function nor dose. The proportion of poorly informed patients varied significantly between clinics. Although it is routine practice to place cautionary labels on medication containers, only 78% of the patients had knowledge of these special warnings. Many patients were accompanied by friends or children who spoke some English; however, their translations were sometimes inaccurate and misleading. To improve communication with non-English speaking patients, more trained interpreters should be available in the hospital.", "PMID": 600136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7030", "title": "Rationale and indications for microfiltration of blood in emergency medicine.", "content": "Documentation in the literature shows that massive transfusions for severe, nonthoracic trauma contribute to development of progressive pulmonary failure in some patients. Further review shows embolic phenomena in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures contribute to a number of postoperative complitions. These complications are related to the numbers and physical characteristics of aggregates in banked whole blood and to the morphology of the pulmonary circulation. Many of these complications can be prevented or markedly attenuated by microfiltration of banked blood. It is concluded that all transfusions of banked whole blood and blood products should be administered through microfiltration units.", "contents": "Rationale and indications for microfiltration of blood in emergency medicine. Documentation in the literature shows that massive transfusions for severe, nonthoracic trauma contribute to development of progressive pulmonary failure in some patients. Further review shows embolic phenomena in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures contribute to a number of postoperative complitions. These complications are related to the numbers and physical characteristics of aggregates in banked whole blood and to the morphology of the pulmonary circulation. Many of these complications can be prevented or markedly attenuated by microfiltration of banked blood. It is concluded that all transfusions of banked whole blood and blood products should be administered through microfiltration units.", "PMID": 600130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7031", "title": "Reducing the pill swill: an audit of clinical pharmacy.", "content": "A drug surveillance programme involving pharmacists in a general medical ward has been shown to reduce the number of drugs prescribed to patients and also to reduce the number of dispensing errors. The evidence presented suggests that continuing involvement of pharmacists in patient care at the ward level is required to maintain the improved prescribing habits.", "contents": "Reducing the pill swill: an audit of clinical pharmacy. A drug surveillance programme involving pharmacists in a general medical ward has been shown to reduce the number of drugs prescribed to patients and also to reduce the number of dispensing errors. The evidence presented suggests that continuing involvement of pharmacists in patient care at the ward level is required to maintain the improved prescribing habits.", "PMID": 600137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7032", "title": "Retinoblastoma in Victoria.", "content": "This paper reports all cases of retinoblastoma occurring in Victoria over a 20-year period between 1956 and 1976. It suggests that the natural history of treated retinoblastoma in an Australian community, is characterized by low mortality (8.3%), but significant morbidity. The most common problem in management of unilateral cases was one of diagnosis in contrast to bilateral cases, in which the problem was one of maintaining useful vision whilst at the same time eradicating a life-threatening tumour. Suggestions are made as to how management of retinoblastoma may be further improved, and the need for an active national register is discussed.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma in Victoria. This paper reports all cases of retinoblastoma occurring in Victoria over a 20-year period between 1956 and 1976. It suggests that the natural history of treated retinoblastoma in an Australian community, is characterized by low mortality (8.3%), but significant morbidity. The most common problem in management of unilateral cases was one of diagnosis in contrast to bilateral cases, in which the problem was one of maintaining useful vision whilst at the same time eradicating a life-threatening tumour. Suggestions are made as to how management of retinoblastoma may be further improved, and the need for an active national register is discussed.", "PMID": 600138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7033", "title": "Renal failure and treatment of a methadone maintenance patient.", "content": "A 30-year-old veteran heroin addict being treated with methadone maintenance suffered renal failure. He underwent haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and cadaveric renal transplantation while being maintained on methodone. This report illustrates long-term treatment of heroin addicts with renal failure.", "contents": "Renal failure and treatment of a methadone maintenance patient. A 30-year-old veteran heroin addict being treated with methadone maintenance suffered renal failure. He underwent haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and cadaveric renal transplantation while being maintained on methodone. This report illustrates long-term treatment of heroin addicts with renal failure.", "PMID": 600139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7034", "title": "The role of physical activity in the control of obesity.", "content": "An exercise programme is an important part of the management of the obese patient. Exercise may increase both the specific dynamic action of food and the post-exercise metabolic rate, in addition to its direct caloric cost. Moderate daily exercise aids regulation of the appetite and may reduce the voluntary caloric intake of otherwise sedentary persons. Post-prandial activity may utilize more calories; therefore an adequate breakfast and avoidance of late night eating may be effective in weight control. A better tolerated and more nutritious diet may be allowed, and lean body weight better preserved, by combining exercise with a dietary programme. Regular exercise may also reduce some of the more serious life-threatening complications of obesity and poor dietary habits, allowing greater freedom in the pursuit of other pleasures.", "contents": "The role of physical activity in the control of obesity. An exercise programme is an important part of the management of the obese patient. Exercise may increase both the specific dynamic action of food and the post-exercise metabolic rate, in addition to its direct caloric cost. Moderate daily exercise aids regulation of the appetite and may reduce the voluntary caloric intake of otherwise sedentary persons. Post-prandial activity may utilize more calories; therefore an adequate breakfast and avoidance of late night eating may be effective in weight control. A better tolerated and more nutritious diet may be allowed, and lean body weight better preserved, by combining exercise with a dietary programme. Regular exercise may also reduce some of the more serious life-threatening complications of obesity and poor dietary habits, allowing greater freedom in the pursuit of other pleasures.", "PMID": 600140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7035", "title": "Road trauma: who should be counted?", "content": "Fatalities associated with the use of road vehicles, as reported in two separate data series, are compared. The customarily used collection, Road Traffic Accidents Including Casualties, underreported the actual total of road trauma deaths in Australia for the decade 1965 to 1974 by almost 2000 cases (5.8%). Of this total, approximately half were attributable to duration of survival exceeding 30 days; the remainder could be accounted for by a quirk of definition which excluded \"off-road\" accidents (in car parks, domestic and farm premises, factories and shopping centres). Cases excluded increased from 1.7% in 1965 to 8.4% in 1974. In the interests of accurate countermeasure evaluation, some revisions are recommended.", "contents": "Road trauma: who should be counted? Fatalities associated with the use of road vehicles, as reported in two separate data series, are compared. The customarily used collection, Road Traffic Accidents Including Casualties, underreported the actual total of road trauma deaths in Australia for the decade 1965 to 1974 by almost 2000 cases (5.8%). Of this total, approximately half were attributable to duration of survival exceeding 30 days; the remainder could be accounted for by a quirk of definition which excluded \"off-road\" accidents (in car parks, domestic and farm premises, factories and shopping centres). Cases excluded increased from 1.7% in 1965 to 8.4% in 1974. In the interests of accurate countermeasure evaluation, some revisions are recommended.", "PMID": 600141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7036", "title": "A study of five year old children born after elective induction of labour.", "content": "A controlled retrospective study of some short-term and long-term effects of elective induction of labour was conducted. There did not appear to be any increase in the incidence of maternal complications during labour, or of neonatal problems in the induced-labour group compared with the remainder of the mothers in the hospital. In the follow-up phase of the study, two treatment groups of children who were delivered after amniotomy and amniotomy plus the administration of oxytocin were compared with each other, and with a control group of children born after spontaneous labour. The children were assessed at the age of five years on verbal and non-verbal subtests of a standardized intelligence scale, tests of gross motor and fine motor coordination, and auditory and visual tests. A full physical examination was also performed. No statistically significant differences nor trends of clinical interest were found between the groups on any measure.", "contents": "A study of five year old children born after elective induction of labour. A controlled retrospective study of some short-term and long-term effects of elective induction of labour was conducted. There did not appear to be any increase in the incidence of maternal complications during labour, or of neonatal problems in the induced-labour group compared with the remainder of the mothers in the hospital. In the follow-up phase of the study, two treatment groups of children who were delivered after amniotomy and amniotomy plus the administration of oxytocin were compared with each other, and with a control group of children born after spontaneous labour. The children were assessed at the age of five years on verbal and non-verbal subtests of a standardized intelligence scale, tests of gross motor and fine motor coordination, and auditory and visual tests. A full physical examination was also performed. No statistically significant differences nor trends of clinical interest were found between the groups on any measure.", "PMID": 600145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7037", "title": "Drinking, smoking and drug-taking patterns in a predominantly lower socioeconomic status sample: comparison with Medicheck sample.", "content": "The drinking, smoking, and drug-taking patterns of 9829 adult members of the Australian Workers Union in Sydney are compared with data collected through the Medicheck Referral Centre. Overall, the two sets of data are very similar, but the results of this survey point to the high prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption, and of regular drug-taking in young people.", "contents": "Drinking, smoking and drug-taking patterns in a predominantly lower socioeconomic status sample: comparison with Medicheck sample. The drinking, smoking, and drug-taking patterns of 9829 adult members of the Australian Workers Union in Sydney are compared with data collected through the Medicheck Referral Centre. Overall, the two sets of data are very similar, but the results of this survey point to the high prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption, and of regular drug-taking in young people.", "PMID": 600146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7038", "title": "Perinatal mortality in South Australia.", "content": "A study of the recorded causes of perinatal mortality has been made in South Australia for the years 1970 to 1973. The overall perinatal mortality was 22.16 per 1,000 births. Higher mortality was observed in babies of women resident outside the metropolitan area, of those aged under 20 and over 35 years, and of those not currently married. The most frequent causes of perinatal mortality were prematurity, placental insufficiency, congenital anomalies, maternal disorders and haemorrhage, in that order. Multiple pregnancy had a high perinatal mortality. Better recording systems with record linkage are required.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality in South Australia. A study of the recorded causes of perinatal mortality has been made in South Australia for the years 1970 to 1973. The overall perinatal mortality was 22.16 per 1,000 births. Higher mortality was observed in babies of women resident outside the metropolitan area, of those aged under 20 and over 35 years, and of those not currently married. The most frequent causes of perinatal mortality were prematurity, placental insufficiency, congenital anomalies, maternal disorders and haemorrhage, in that order. Multiple pregnancy had a high perinatal mortality. Better recording systems with record linkage are required.", "PMID": 600147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7039", "title": "Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin.", "content": "A 49-year-old female with chronic alcoholism and epilepsy, treated with phenytoin, began to convulse when treatment with disulfiram (an inhibitor of phenytoin metabolism) was discontinued. The patient at this stage was resistant to the large doses of phenytoin, apparently owing to induction of the metabolism of this drug by chronic alcohol intake. Later, a small (30%) increase in dose resulted in about a tenfold increase in plasma concentration of phenytoin and severe toxicity. The final dose of phenytoin required to maintain the plasma level within the therapeutic range suggested that the enzyme induction had decreased. The value of monitoring plasma concentrations of phenytoin is emphasized.", "contents": "Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin. A 49-year-old female with chronic alcoholism and epilepsy, treated with phenytoin, began to convulse when treatment with disulfiram (an inhibitor of phenytoin metabolism) was discontinued. The patient at this stage was resistant to the large doses of phenytoin, apparently owing to induction of the metabolism of this drug by chronic alcohol intake. Later, a small (30%) increase in dose resulted in about a tenfold increase in plasma concentration of phenytoin and severe toxicity. The final dose of phenytoin required to maintain the plasma level within the therapeutic range suggested that the enzyme induction had decreased. The value of monitoring plasma concentrations of phenytoin is emphasized.", "PMID": 600148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7040", "title": "Induction of labour.", "content": "The only justification for adding to the extensive literature on induction of labour is to bring together relatively inaccessible but relevant data for the general reader. Some of these data refer to current practice, and some to patients' experiences. The conflicting value systems of some doctors and some patients are also discussed. The writer, a self-confessed armchair critic, makes some suggestions about ways of reducing disagreement about elective induction of labour.", "contents": "Induction of labour. The only justification for adding to the extensive literature on induction of labour is to bring together relatively inaccessible but relevant data for the general reader. Some of these data refer to current practice, and some to patients' experiences. The conflicting value systems of some doctors and some patients are also discussed. The writer, a self-confessed armchair critic, makes some suggestions about ways of reducing disagreement about elective induction of labour.", "PMID": 600149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7041", "title": "Health status of a group of narcotic addicts in a methadone treatment programme.", "content": "This study, which arose out of a concern for the health status of narcotic addicts already in a treatment programme, has demonstrated that there is a severe level of impairment of general health. A summary of important findings is reported. Narcotic addiction leads to secondary medical morbidity and mortality, but health impairment also follows the gross disorder of living which has its roots in childhood, and early adolescent experience. Successful prevention and rehabilitation needs to be based on this knowledge.", "contents": "Health status of a group of narcotic addicts in a methadone treatment programme. This study, which arose out of a concern for the health status of narcotic addicts already in a treatment programme, has demonstrated that there is a severe level of impairment of general health. A summary of important findings is reported. Narcotic addiction leads to secondary medical morbidity and mortality, but health impairment also follows the gross disorder of living which has its roots in childhood, and early adolescent experience. Successful prevention and rehabilitation needs to be based on this knowledge.", "PMID": 600153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7042", "title": "Hospital records of hydatid disease in Victoria for 1970 to 1974.", "content": "The records of hydatid disease in 10 Melbourne hospitals and 12 rural hospitals in Victoria from 1970 to 1974 have been studied. In a total of 183 in-patients, the final diagnosis of hydatid disease had been confirmed surgically in 81 first admissions and in 56 readmissions. In 24 cases it was confirmed by necropsy, but in only one of these was hydatid disease believed to have been the cause of death. Figures are given for the age distribution and the organs involved.", "contents": "Hospital records of hydatid disease in Victoria for 1970 to 1974. The records of hydatid disease in 10 Melbourne hospitals and 12 rural hospitals in Victoria from 1970 to 1974 have been studied. In a total of 183 in-patients, the final diagnosis of hydatid disease had been confirmed surgically in 81 first admissions and in 56 readmissions. In 24 cases it was confirmed by necropsy, but in only one of these was hydatid disease believed to have been the cause of death. Figures are given for the age distribution and the organs involved.", "PMID": 600154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7043", "title": "Methyldopa and renal stones: a retrospective study.", "content": "A possible association between treatment with methyldopa and the occurrence of renal stones was sought by retrospectively comparing 54 hypertensive patients with calculi detected by X-ray examination with a control group matched for age and sex. Treatment with methyldopa was equally frequent in both groups. There was a significant excess of methyldopa use in a subgroup of 16 patients with bilateral calculi, but the drug could be the primary cause of stone formation in, at most, four of these patients. If methyldopa does cause renal stones, it is probably an uncommon event, but precipitation of the drug from the urine may worsen a tendency to stone formation, which will lead to a higher incidence of bilateral calculi.", "contents": "Methyldopa and renal stones: a retrospective study. A possible association between treatment with methyldopa and the occurrence of renal stones was sought by retrospectively comparing 54 hypertensive patients with calculi detected by X-ray examination with a control group matched for age and sex. Treatment with methyldopa was equally frequent in both groups. There was a significant excess of methyldopa use in a subgroup of 16 patients with bilateral calculi, but the drug could be the primary cause of stone formation in, at most, four of these patients. If methyldopa does cause renal stones, it is probably an uncommon event, but precipitation of the drug from the urine may worsen a tendency to stone formation, which will lead to a higher incidence of bilateral calculi.", "PMID": 600155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7044", "title": "Mortality from all causes, and from ischaemic heart disease, in the Australian capital cities.", "content": "A comparison was made of mortality from all causes, and from ischaemic heart disease, in the six Australian capital cities, for the years 1970, 1971 and 1972. Both rates were significantly higher in Brisbane and Sydney than in the other cities. Ninety per cent of the excess deaths in Brisbane men, and a large part of the excess deaths in Brisbane women and Sydney people of both sexes, were due to coronary disease. There was no relationship between either total or coronary mortality, and water softness or its magnesium content. So far these differences are unexplained.", "contents": "Mortality from all causes, and from ischaemic heart disease, in the Australian capital cities. A comparison was made of mortality from all causes, and from ischaemic heart disease, in the six Australian capital cities, for the years 1970, 1971 and 1972. Both rates were significantly higher in Brisbane and Sydney than in the other cities. Ninety per cent of the excess deaths in Brisbane men, and a large part of the excess deaths in Brisbane women and Sydney people of both sexes, were due to coronary disease. There was no relationship between either total or coronary mortality, and water softness or its magnesium content. So far these differences are unexplained.", "PMID": 600157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7045", "title": "\"Hot spot\" myocardial scanning: experiences with a mobile nuclear camera in a coronary care unit.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with suspected or actual myocardial infarction have had myocardial \"hot spot\" scans with technietium 99m pyrophosphate, using a mobile nuclear camera in a coronary care unit. Nine patients with transmural infarcts had positive scans. Nine out of 12 patients thought to have had endocardial infarction had positive scans. Two patients who had had intramuscular injections presented with chest pain and abnormally high serum enzyme levels, but had negative scans. Myocardial radionuclide scanning with a mobile nuclear camera is a rapid, easy, repeatable, non-invasive method of helping to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and, used together with other available tests, is a valuable additional diagnostic aid.", "contents": "\"Hot spot\" myocardial scanning: experiences with a mobile nuclear camera in a coronary care unit. Twenty-nine patients with suspected or actual myocardial infarction have had myocardial \"hot spot\" scans with technietium 99m pyrophosphate, using a mobile nuclear camera in a coronary care unit. Nine patients with transmural infarcts had positive scans. Nine out of 12 patients thought to have had endocardial infarction had positive scans. Two patients who had had intramuscular injections presented with chest pain and abnormally high serum enzyme levels, but had negative scans. Myocardial radionuclide scanning with a mobile nuclear camera is a rapid, easy, repeatable, non-invasive method of helping to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and, used together with other available tests, is a valuable additional diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 600162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7046", "title": "Complications of intravenous therapy: reduction by buffering of intravenous fluid preparation.", "content": "Local complicationn of intravenous infusions have become a common cause of morbidity in hospitals. Two consecutive groups of patients were studied: the patients in the first group had received standard non-buffered intravenous fluid preparations with pH from 3.6 to 6.0; the second group of patients received fluids which were buffered to a neutral pH. The incidence of local complications in the first group was high (58%), with phlebitis being the most common complication which occurred in 43% of patients. The addition of a buffer to the fluids just before the infusion reduced the incidence of all complications in the second group of patients to 28%, and that of phlebitis to 19%. It will be shown that the complications can be significantly reduced by buffering the infusion fluids.", "contents": "Complications of intravenous therapy: reduction by buffering of intravenous fluid preparation. Local complicationn of intravenous infusions have become a common cause of morbidity in hospitals. Two consecutive groups of patients were studied: the patients in the first group had received standard non-buffered intravenous fluid preparations with pH from 3.6 to 6.0; the second group of patients received fluids which were buffered to a neutral pH. The incidence of local complications in the first group was high (58%), with phlebitis being the most common complication which occurred in 43% of patients. The addition of a buffer to the fluids just before the infusion reduced the incidence of all complications in the second group of patients to 28%, and that of phlebitis to 19%. It will be shown that the complications can be significantly reduced by buffering the infusion fluids.", "PMID": 600163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7047", "title": "Reversible acute renal failure in the nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular pathology.", "content": "A case of minimal change glomerulonephritis, associated with the nephrotic syndrome and prolonged acute renal failure requiring two months of dialysis, is reported. Complete recovery of renal function occurred, but proteinuria recurred, responding to a course of steroids. Normal renal function without proteinuria has been observed for two years subsequently. The full return of renal function without specific therapy demonstrates that spontaneous recovery is possible in this rare complication of minimal change glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Reversible acute renal failure in the nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular pathology. A case of minimal change glomerulonephritis, associated with the nephrotic syndrome and prolonged acute renal failure requiring two months of dialysis, is reported. Complete recovery of renal function occurred, but proteinuria recurred, responding to a course of steroids. Normal renal function without proteinuria has been observed for two years subsequently. The full return of renal function without specific therapy demonstrates that spontaneous recovery is possible in this rare complication of minimal change glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 600164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7048", "title": "New evidence concerning smoking and health.", "content": "In the last 20 years, and especially as a result of smoking and health studies, we have learned a great deal about the impact of all airborne substances on human health. We are now painfully aware of the many sources of toxic and carcinogenic agents in our air. New evidence shows a complex relationship existing for exposure from many sources of pollutants from the community, smoking and other personal habits. This new evidence indicates that these pollutants, especially those encountered in blue collar occupations, account for a far larger proportion of cancers of the lung and of other sites (and of other diseases) than has been heretofore thought to be the case.", "contents": "New evidence concerning smoking and health. In the last 20 years, and especially as a result of smoking and health studies, we have learned a great deal about the impact of all airborne substances on human health. We are now painfully aware of the many sources of toxic and carcinogenic agents in our air. New evidence shows a complex relationship existing for exposure from many sources of pollutants from the community, smoking and other personal habits. This new evidence indicates that these pollutants, especially those encountered in blue collar occupations, account for a far larger proportion of cancers of the lung and of other sites (and of other diseases) than has been heretofore thought to be the case.", "PMID": 600166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7049", "title": "Coronary artery surgery in South Australia 1970-1976.", "content": "The South Australian population of approximately 1,245,000 is 9.2% of the total Australian population. The Cardio-Thoracic Surgical Unit of the Royal Adelaide Hospital is the only one such unit in the State which is equipped for open heart surgery, and coronary artery grafting was first undertaken there in December, 1970. From that time until the end of December, 1976, 701 patients underwent coronary artery grafting with an overall hospital mortality of 3.0%, and a late mortality of 3.2%. The principal indication for operation was incapacitating angina, and of the 628 patients who have been followed-up after operation for a minimum period of six months, 78.6% were judged by their cardiologist to be completely relieved of this symptom. A further 8.9% of patients were considered to be significantly improved. Coronary artery surgery has rapidly assumed a dominant role in our Unit so that, in 1976, of the 435 open heart operations which were performed, 267 (61%) were procedures which necessitated coronary artery grafting. The rate of increase has slowed considerably over the past 18 months, and it is expected that, with current operative indications, the proportion of coronary artery cases will not rise much above 60% of the open heart work load of the Unit.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery in South Australia 1970-1976. The South Australian population of approximately 1,245,000 is 9.2% of the total Australian population. The Cardio-Thoracic Surgical Unit of the Royal Adelaide Hospital is the only one such unit in the State which is equipped for open heart surgery, and coronary artery grafting was first undertaken there in December, 1970. From that time until the end of December, 1976, 701 patients underwent coronary artery grafting with an overall hospital mortality of 3.0%, and a late mortality of 3.2%. The principal indication for operation was incapacitating angina, and of the 628 patients who have been followed-up after operation for a minimum period of six months, 78.6% were judged by their cardiologist to be completely relieved of this symptom. A further 8.9% of patients were considered to be significantly improved. Coronary artery surgery has rapidly assumed a dominant role in our Unit so that, in 1976, of the 435 open heart operations which were performed, 267 (61%) were procedures which necessitated coronary artery grafting. The rate of increase has slowed considerably over the past 18 months, and it is expected that, with current operative indications, the proportion of coronary artery cases will not rise much above 60% of the open heart work load of the Unit.", "PMID": 600173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7050", "title": "Cancer detection in working women: a report on 7450 subjects.", "content": "A cancer detection programme for women was devised in 1964 by the writer, who attended an increasing number of work centres, mostly on an annual basis. During 12 years 7450 women were examined, some of them more than once. There were 237 abnormal Papanicolaou smears (in 112 of which the histological diagnosis was carcinoma or moderate to severe dysplasia), and 18 carcinomas of the breast. Education about cancer, teaching of breast self-examination and general counseling were also carried out. The high detection rate of cancer emphasizes the need for such services to be taken to the women at risk, and suggests that annual Papanicolaou smears are still the ideal.", "contents": "Cancer detection in working women: a report on 7450 subjects. A cancer detection programme for women was devised in 1964 by the writer, who attended an increasing number of work centres, mostly on an annual basis. During 12 years 7450 women were examined, some of them more than once. There were 237 abnormal Papanicolaou smears (in 112 of which the histological diagnosis was carcinoma or moderate to severe dysplasia), and 18 carcinomas of the breast. Education about cancer, teaching of breast self-examination and general counseling were also carried out. The high detection rate of cancer emphasizes the need for such services to be taken to the women at risk, and suggests that annual Papanicolaou smears are still the ideal.", "PMID": 600174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7051", "title": "Microsurgical tubal anastomosis for sterilization reversal.", "content": "A series of patients requesting sterilization reversal has been reviewed. Microsurgical tubal anastomosis has been successfully employed and offers improved surgical results. Minimization of the length of tube damaged at sterilization procedures is probably a major factor in determining pregnancy rates should subsequent reversal be desired.", "contents": "Microsurgical tubal anastomosis for sterilization reversal. A series of patients requesting sterilization reversal has been reviewed. Microsurgical tubal anastomosis has been successfully employed and offers improved surgical results. Minimization of the length of tube damaged at sterilization procedures is probably a major factor in determining pregnancy rates should subsequent reversal be desired.", "PMID": 600175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7052", "title": "Paraquat poisoning is not necessarily fatal.", "content": "This paper describes a case of deliberate ingestion of paraquat successfully managed with gastric lavage, forced diuresis, haemodialysis, gastrointestinal purgation and the adminstration of specific adsorbents.", "contents": "Paraquat poisoning is not necessarily fatal. This paper describes a case of deliberate ingestion of paraquat successfully managed with gastric lavage, forced diuresis, haemodialysis, gastrointestinal purgation and the adminstration of specific adsorbents.", "PMID": 600176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7053", "title": "Lactulose in vincristine-induced constipation.", "content": "Constipation which is resistant to the usual range of laxatives is a troublesome undesirable effect of vincristine. Lactulose in doses up to 25 ml thrice daily proved to be a simple and effective treatment in six patients with refractory vincristine-induced constipation, and a successful prophylactic in two other patients. Palatable, and without any serious undesirable effects, lactulose can improve the quality of life for patients with a malignant tumour which is responsive to vincristine.", "contents": "Lactulose in vincristine-induced constipation. Constipation which is resistant to the usual range of laxatives is a troublesome undesirable effect of vincristine. Lactulose in doses up to 25 ml thrice daily proved to be a simple and effective treatment in six patients with refractory vincristine-induced constipation, and a successful prophylactic in two other patients. Palatable, and without any serious undesirable effects, lactulose can improve the quality of life for patients with a malignant tumour which is responsive to vincristine.", "PMID": 600179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7054", "title": "A simplified approach to the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "A new beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug (timolol) was used in two clinical studies. In the first double blind study administration of hydrochlorothiazide and timolol reduced the mean (formula: see text) blood pressure by 23 mm Hg, compared with a fall of nine mm Hg with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and a placebo. Plasma potassium (K+) levels fell with the administration of hydrochlorothiazide alone, but rose back to control values when patients were given timolol. In the second study (patient blind), Moduretic (hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg and amiloride, 5 mg) and timolol were given once daily. The mean blood pressure fell by 20 +/- 2 mm Hg allowing hypertension to be controlled by this once-daily regimen; the control persisted throughout the day. Plasma potassium (K+) levels fell slightly after treatment with Moduretic, but the fall was not as great as with hydrochlorothiazide. Of the 65 patients who entered these studies, 35 had not been previously treated and had diastolic blood pressure between 105 mm Hg and 130 mm Hg. In 18 patients the diastolic blood pressure was reduced below 95 mm Hg after treatment with a diuretic alone, in 15 patients treatment with a diuretic and timolol (5 mg to 20 mg) reduced the diastolic blood pressure below 95 mm Hg. In two patients, the diastolic blood pressure was between 95 mm Hg and 100 mm Hg. The response achieved with a relatively simple therapeutic regimen that can be administered once daily suggests that the therapy of most hypertensive patients could be supervised by paramedical personnel.", "contents": "A simplified approach to the treatment of hypertension. A new beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug (timolol) was used in two clinical studies. In the first double blind study administration of hydrochlorothiazide and timolol reduced the mean (formula: see text) blood pressure by 23 mm Hg, compared with a fall of nine mm Hg with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and a placebo. Plasma potassium (K+) levels fell with the administration of hydrochlorothiazide alone, but rose back to control values when patients were given timolol. In the second study (patient blind), Moduretic (hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg and amiloride, 5 mg) and timolol were given once daily. The mean blood pressure fell by 20 +/- 2 mm Hg allowing hypertension to be controlled by this once-daily regimen; the control persisted throughout the day. Plasma potassium (K+) levels fell slightly after treatment with Moduretic, but the fall was not as great as with hydrochlorothiazide. Of the 65 patients who entered these studies, 35 had not been previously treated and had diastolic blood pressure between 105 mm Hg and 130 mm Hg. In 18 patients the diastolic blood pressure was reduced below 95 mm Hg after treatment with a diuretic alone, in 15 patients treatment with a diuretic and timolol (5 mg to 20 mg) reduced the diastolic blood pressure below 95 mm Hg. In two patients, the diastolic blood pressure was between 95 mm Hg and 100 mm Hg. The response achieved with a relatively simple therapeutic regimen that can be administered once daily suggests that the therapy of most hypertensive patients could be supervised by paramedical personnel.", "PMID": 600190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7055", "title": "Analgesic nephropathy complicated by development of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter.", "content": "A case is described of analgesic nephropathy with papillary necrosis, calcification, osseous metaplasia and the development of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. Seven similar cases are summarized, and the literature briefly reviewed with particular reference to aetiological factors and associated clinical findings.", "contents": "Analgesic nephropathy complicated by development of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. A case is described of analgesic nephropathy with papillary necrosis, calcification, osseous metaplasia and the development of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. Seven similar cases are summarized, and the literature briefly reviewed with particular reference to aetiological factors and associated clinical findings.", "PMID": 600191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7056", "title": "The pharmacology of newer aminoglycosides, with a consideration of the application to clinical situations.", "content": "This has been an overview of the pharmacology of tobramycin, a new potent aminoglycoside, particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Close attention must be given to the administration of this compound, and to the administration of all aminoglycosides, if one is to achieve adequate serum and tissue concentrations without provoking a toxic renal or otic reaction. Differences in methods and dosage of administration depending upon age, status of renal function, and route of administration are discussed. The basic principles reviewed can be applied to all the agents in this class.", "contents": "The pharmacology of newer aminoglycosides, with a consideration of the application to clinical situations. This has been an overview of the pharmacology of tobramycin, a new potent aminoglycoside, particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Close attention must be given to the administration of this compound, and to the administration of all aminoglycosides, if one is to achieve adequate serum and tissue concentrations without provoking a toxic renal or otic reaction. Differences in methods and dosage of administration depending upon age, status of renal function, and route of administration are discussed. The basic principles reviewed can be applied to all the agents in this class.", "PMID": 600196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7057", "title": "Principles of concomitant antibiotic therapy.", "content": "There are five major disadvantages of the combined use of antibiotics: (i) antibiotic antagonism; (ii) a \"false sense of security\"; (iii) increased toxicity; (iv) suprainfection; and (v) increased cost. Four situations clearly require the use of antibiotic combinations: (i) to produce antibiotic synergism; (ii) to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms; (iii) to treat mixed infections, such as brain abscess, peritonitis, and pelvic infections; and (iv) to institute therapy for severe infections.", "contents": "Principles of concomitant antibiotic therapy. There are five major disadvantages of the combined use of antibiotics: (i) antibiotic antagonism; (ii) a \"false sense of security\"; (iii) increased toxicity; (iv) suprainfection; and (v) increased cost. Four situations clearly require the use of antibiotic combinations: (i) to produce antibiotic synergism; (ii) to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms; (iii) to treat mixed infections, such as brain abscess, peritonitis, and pelvic infections; and (iv) to institute therapy for severe infections.", "PMID": 600199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7058", "title": "Tobramycin in the treatment of peritonitis.", "content": "Tobramycin is a new aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotic which has a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli. It is particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including some strains of this organism which are resistant to gentamicin. The newer aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics all consist of a \"backbone\" of 2-deoxystreptamine, to which are attached several amino-containing sugar groups. These agents inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria at the level of the ribosome and are bactericidal although the precise mechanism by which they kill bacteria is still not known. There are a number of processes by which bacteria can become resistant to the action of the aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics. Among these, the ability of bacteria to produce inactivating enzymes (usually mediated by R-factors or plasmids) appears to be the most important in current clinical isolates of bacteria. Aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics which are resistant to these enzymes may have an enhanced spectrum of activity.", "contents": "Tobramycin in the treatment of peritonitis. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotic which has a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli. It is particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including some strains of this organism which are resistant to gentamicin. The newer aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics all consist of a \"backbone\" of 2-deoxystreptamine, to which are attached several amino-containing sugar groups. These agents inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria at the level of the ribosome and are bactericidal although the precise mechanism by which they kill bacteria is still not known. There are a number of processes by which bacteria can become resistant to the action of the aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics. Among these, the ability of bacteria to produce inactivating enzymes (usually mediated by R-factors or plasmids) appears to be the most important in current clinical isolates of bacteria. Aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics which are resistant to these enzymes may have an enhanced spectrum of activity.", "PMID": 600200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7059", "title": "Tobramycin in the treatment of severe and complicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamycin. Twenty-one of 30 patients with a severe or complicated Gram-negative urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 5-day course of tobramycin. No side effects were noted. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe Gram-negative sepsis, and promises to be particularly valuable for infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dosage schedules for administering tobramycin to patients with renal function impairment are presented, together with some observations on its intravenous injection by bolus. A single dose of tobramycin has proved effective for initiating the antibacterial treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis. The important concept of the differing concentrations of an antibiotic in the urine from kidneys of unequal function is discussed.", "contents": "Tobramycin in the treatment of severe and complicated urinary tract infections. Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamycin. Twenty-one of 30 patients with a severe or complicated Gram-negative urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 5-day course of tobramycin. No side effects were noted. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe Gram-negative sepsis, and promises to be particularly valuable for infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dosage schedules for administering tobramycin to patients with renal function impairment are presented, together with some observations on its intravenous injection by bolus. A single dose of tobramycin has proved effective for initiating the antibacterial treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis. The important concept of the differing concentrations of an antibiotic in the urine from kidneys of unequal function is discussed.", "PMID": 600201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7060", "title": "Clinical study of the use of the new aminoglycoside tobramycin for therapy of infections due to gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was evaluated as therapy for infections due to Gram-negative bacilli in 15 seriously ill patients with underlying diseases. Three of 10 patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia also had a urinary tract infection. Two patients had a respiratory tract infection, one had cellulitis, one had a urinary tract infection, and another had septic phlebitis. Twelve patients were cured of their infections. Eosinophilia was observed in one patient, and another developed superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus after 6 days of tobramycin therapy. There were five isolates of Escherichia coli, five of Klebsiella sp., two of Pseudomonas sp., and one each of Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae. The average serum concentration of tobramycin 2 hr after a parenteral dose of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg was 5.1 microgram/ml; higher concentrations of tobramycin were present in urine. Tobramycin proved to be an effective antimicrobial in these patients.", "contents": "Clinical study of the use of the new aminoglycoside tobramycin for therapy of infections due to gram-negative bacteria. Tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was evaluated as therapy for infections due to Gram-negative bacilli in 15 seriously ill patients with underlying diseases. Three of 10 patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia also had a urinary tract infection. Two patients had a respiratory tract infection, one had cellulitis, one had a urinary tract infection, and another had septic phlebitis. Twelve patients were cured of their infections. Eosinophilia was observed in one patient, and another developed superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus after 6 days of tobramycin therapy. There were five isolates of Escherichia coli, five of Klebsiella sp., two of Pseudomonas sp., and one each of Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae. The average serum concentration of tobramycin 2 hr after a parenteral dose of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg was 5.1 microgram/ml; higher concentrations of tobramycin were present in urine. Tobramycin proved to be an effective antimicrobial in these patients.", "PMID": 600202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7061", "title": "A special-purpose computer for on-line statistical analysis of the heart rate.", "content": "At present electronic instruments, in particular measuring devices, are widely used in hospitals. However, the usage of information processing systems is mainly limited to academic hospitals because of the costs, the need of skilled staff, etc. In this paper a relatively simple special purpose computer is described for the on-line generation of the tachogram, histogram, and joint interval distribution of a continuously updated series of RR intervals. Moreover mean value and variance of this series are calculated. This instrument has been in clinical use in a nonacademic hospital for one year and has proven to be a useful aid in patient monitoring. Some suggestions for improvement are discussed.", "contents": "A special-purpose computer for on-line statistical analysis of the heart rate. At present electronic instruments, in particular measuring devices, are widely used in hospitals. However, the usage of information processing systems is mainly limited to academic hospitals because of the costs, the need of skilled staff, etc. In this paper a relatively simple special purpose computer is described for the on-line generation of the tachogram, histogram, and joint interval distribution of a continuously updated series of RR intervals. Moreover mean value and variance of this series are calculated. This instrument has been in clinical use in a nonacademic hospital for one year and has proven to be a useful aid in patient monitoring. Some suggestions for improvement are discussed.", "PMID": 600221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7062", "title": "An automatic, multi-function pressure cuff control unit.", "content": "A fully automatic blood pressure cuff control system is described. The system is designed for use in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease and helps reduce the amount of operator attention required to carry out such measurements properly. It also provides repeatable control of specific functions, thereby eliminating a potential source of variability. The system incorporates a pneumatic control system, an integrated silicon pressure transducer, and a digital readout. The design, modes of operation, safety features, and use of the system are described.", "contents": "An automatic, multi-function pressure cuff control unit. A fully automatic blood pressure cuff control system is described. The system is designed for use in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease and helps reduce the amount of operator attention required to carry out such measurements properly. It also provides repeatable control of specific functions, thereby eliminating a potential source of variability. The system incorporates a pneumatic control system, an integrated silicon pressure transducer, and a digital readout. The design, modes of operation, safety features, and use of the system are described.", "PMID": 600222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7063", "title": "Liver-specific lysosomal acid phosphatase deficiency (Apl) on mouse chromosome 17.", "content": "Apl, a gene involved in the processing of lysosomal acid phosphatase in mouse liver, has been mapped on Chromosome 17. The gene order and map distances in per cent recombination of the loci studied are T (20.6 +/- 3.4) Pgk-2 (7.4 +/- 2.2) Apl. Thus, Apl is at least 7 cM distal to H-2 on this chromosome. In addition, strain-specific allelic variants for Apl have been demonstrated on cellulose acetate gels, a quick and inexpensive method of electrophoresis.", "contents": "Liver-specific lysosomal acid phosphatase deficiency (Apl) on mouse chromosome 17. Apl, a gene involved in the processing of lysosomal acid phosphatase in mouse liver, has been mapped on Chromosome 17. The gene order and map distances in per cent recombination of the loci studied are T (20.6 +/- 3.4) Pgk-2 (7.4 +/- 2.2) Apl. Thus, Apl is at least 7 cM distal to H-2 on this chromosome. In addition, strain-specific allelic variants for Apl have been demonstrated on cellulose acetate gels, a quick and inexpensive method of electrophoresis.", "PMID": 600262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7064", "title": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. IV. Isolation and genetic characterization of mutants resistant to chloramphenicol and erythromycin using the mutator properties of mutant anar-8.", "content": "Spontaneous chloramphenicol (capr)- and erythromycin (eryr)-resistant mutants were isolated from strain ade7-50 h- and the antimycin-resistant mutant anar-8 ade 7-50 h- of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sch. p.). By mitotic segregation analysis all 154 capr- and 120 eryr-mutants derived from ade 7-50 h- proved to be recessive chromosomal, whereas all 108 capr- and 200 eryr-mutants originating from anar-8 were extrachromosomally inherited. The rate of spontaneous capr- and eryr-mutants was about hundredfold in anar-8 compared to ade 7-50 h-. Growth of capr- and eryr-mutants was not inhibited by chloramphenicol or erythromycin, respectively, in glucose-medium and only slightly in glycerol-medium at concentrations which completely inhibited anar-8. By mitotic segregation-, tetrad-, and mitotic haploidization-analysis the extrachromosomal inheritance of mutants derived from anar-8 was established. Segregational patterns of capr- and eryr-determinants during mitosis, meiosis, and mitotic haploidization of diploids are discussed.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. IV. Isolation and genetic characterization of mutants resistant to chloramphenicol and erythromycin using the mutator properties of mutant anar-8. Spontaneous chloramphenicol (capr)- and erythromycin (eryr)-resistant mutants were isolated from strain ade7-50 h- and the antimycin-resistant mutant anar-8 ade 7-50 h- of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sch. p.). By mitotic segregation analysis all 154 capr- and 120 eryr-mutants derived from ade 7-50 h- proved to be recessive chromosomal, whereas all 108 capr- and 200 eryr-mutants originating from anar-8 were extrachromosomally inherited. The rate of spontaneous capr- and eryr-mutants was about hundredfold in anar-8 compared to ade 7-50 h-. Growth of capr- and eryr-mutants was not inhibited by chloramphenicol or erythromycin, respectively, in glucose-medium and only slightly in glycerol-medium at concentrations which completely inhibited anar-8. By mitotic segregation-, tetrad-, and mitotic haploidization-analysis the extrachromosomal inheritance of mutants derived from anar-8 was established. Segregational patterns of capr- and eryr-determinants during mitosis, meiosis, and mitotic haploidization of diploids are discussed.", "PMID": 600263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7065", "title": "Ribosomal proteins in the fungus Podospora anserina: evidence for an electrophoretically altered 60S protein in a cycloheximide resistant mutant.", "content": "Proteins of cytoplasmic ribosomes of the Podospora anserina were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. The numbers of proteins were estimated to be 28 in the small subunit and 41 in the large subunit. The L21 protein of the large subunit was found to migrate differently in a cycloheximide resistant mutant.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins in the fungus Podospora anserina: evidence for an electrophoretically altered 60S protein in a cycloheximide resistant mutant. Proteins of cytoplasmic ribosomes of the Podospora anserina were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. The numbers of proteins were estimated to be 28 in the small subunit and 41 in the large subunit. The L21 protein of the large subunit was found to migrate differently in a cycloheximide resistant mutant.", "PMID": 600264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7066", "title": "Molecular cloning of fragments of bacteriophage T4 DNA.", "content": "Non-glucosylated T4 DNA was digested with R.EcoRI and the resulting fragments covalently joined to lambda vectors. The genetic content of each lambda-T4 hybrid was determined by marker-rescue tests. The isolation of many recombinants containing partial-digestion products of T4 DNA provided the overlapping sequences necessary to order fragments within the T4 genome. The present analyses include parts of the \"early\" region between genes 42 and 46, and much of the \"late\" region between genes 50 and 29. T4 cytosine-DNA digested to completion by R.EcoRI was used to identify the fragments of DNA within the lambda-T4 recombinants. The T4 cytosine-DNA was also sensitive to R.HindIII and R.Xho but not to R.BamH1.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of fragments of bacteriophage T4 DNA. Non-glucosylated T4 DNA was digested with R.EcoRI and the resulting fragments covalently joined to lambda vectors. The genetic content of each lambda-T4 hybrid was determined by marker-rescue tests. The isolation of many recombinants containing partial-digestion products of T4 DNA provided the overlapping sequences necessary to order fragments within the T4 genome. The present analyses include parts of the \"early\" region between genes 42 and 46, and much of the \"late\" region between genes 50 and 29. T4 cytosine-DNA digested to completion by R.EcoRI was used to identify the fragments of DNA within the lambda-T4 recombinants. The T4 cytosine-DNA was also sensitive to R.HindIII and R.Xho but not to R.BamH1.", "PMID": 600265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7067", "title": "A search for allelic recombination in Chinese hamster cell hybrids.", "content": "Mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine were selected from CHO cells which were either temperature sensitive or proline requiring. These mutants were stable and had low levels of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). Hybrids were selected which were heteroallelic at the hgprt locus and complementation between the mutants used was not observed. Interallelic recombination at this locus would generate hgprt+ cells which could be selected in Littlefield's HAT medium. Selection experiments with hybrids containing three different pairs of mutants yielded no recombinants among populations of 4 x 106 - 2 x 107 cells. After treatment with the recombinagen mitomycin C, 3 putative recombinants were detected amongst 1.4 x 107 surviving cells from one hybrid. One of these strains was examined and shown to have a normal level of HGPRT and its heterozygosity at this locus was demonstrated by the segregation of colonies resistant to 6-thioguanine. It cannot be excluded that the rare hgprt+ colonies seen arose by mutation rather than by recombination. Mitotic allelic recombination therefore appears to be a much less frequent event in CHO cells than it is in lower eukaryotes. It is possible that mitotic recombination is effectively suppressed in mammalian cells to prevent the expression of deleterious recessive mutants.", "contents": "A search for allelic recombination in Chinese hamster cell hybrids. Mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine were selected from CHO cells which were either temperature sensitive or proline requiring. These mutants were stable and had low levels of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). Hybrids were selected which were heteroallelic at the hgprt locus and complementation between the mutants used was not observed. Interallelic recombination at this locus would generate hgprt+ cells which could be selected in Littlefield's HAT medium. Selection experiments with hybrids containing three different pairs of mutants yielded no recombinants among populations of 4 x 106 - 2 x 107 cells. After treatment with the recombinagen mitomycin C, 3 putative recombinants were detected amongst 1.4 x 107 surviving cells from one hybrid. One of these strains was examined and shown to have a normal level of HGPRT and its heterozygosity at this locus was demonstrated by the segregation of colonies resistant to 6-thioguanine. It cannot be excluded that the rare hgprt+ colonies seen arose by mutation rather than by recombination. Mitotic allelic recombination therefore appears to be a much less frequent event in CHO cells than it is in lower eukaryotes. It is possible that mitotic recombination is effectively suppressed in mammalian cells to prevent the expression of deleterious recessive mutants.", "PMID": 600266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7068", "title": "Genetics and function of isocitrate lyase in Coprinus.", "content": "Thirteen chromosomal loci have been identified which affect acetate metabolism in Coprinus. Mutants at only two loci, acu-l and acu-7, are deficient in isocitrate lyase (ICL) (EC 4.1.3.1) activity. acu-1 mutants are unable to induce ICL because they lack acetyl-CoA synthetase which is required to convert acetate to the metabolic inducer of ICL. acu-7 is the structural gene for ICL. This was shown by selecting temperature sensitive acu+ revertants resulting from a second mutation within the acu-7 gene. One such revertant was shown to produce an ICL protein which was more thermolabile than the wild type enzyme. Other workers have postulated that ICL activity is important during asexual morphogenesis in fungi. No evidence was found for this in Coprinus. The morphological mutant oidial, which produces abundant asexual spores even in submerged culture, had the same low uninduced level of ICL activity as the wild type. Moreover, an acu-7 mutation had no effect on the expression of the oidial phenotype.", "contents": "Genetics and function of isocitrate lyase in Coprinus. Thirteen chromosomal loci have been identified which affect acetate metabolism in Coprinus. Mutants at only two loci, acu-l and acu-7, are deficient in isocitrate lyase (ICL) (EC 4.1.3.1) activity. acu-1 mutants are unable to induce ICL because they lack acetyl-CoA synthetase which is required to convert acetate to the metabolic inducer of ICL. acu-7 is the structural gene for ICL. This was shown by selecting temperature sensitive acu+ revertants resulting from a second mutation within the acu-7 gene. One such revertant was shown to produce an ICL protein which was more thermolabile than the wild type enzyme. Other workers have postulated that ICL activity is important during asexual morphogenesis in fungi. No evidence was found for this in Coprinus. The morphological mutant oidial, which produces abundant asexual spores even in submerged culture, had the same low uninduced level of ICL activity as the wild type. Moreover, an acu-7 mutation had no effect on the expression of the oidial phenotype.", "PMID": 600268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7069", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase.", "content": "Human liver alpha-L-fucosidase was purified to apparent homogeneity and analyzed for carbohydrate content primarily by gas-liquid chromatography (glc). The enzyme is about 7% carbohydrate by weight and contains the following sugars (residues per 50, 000 molecular weight subunit): mannose (8.3), glucosamine (4.3) (presumably N-acetylated), sialic acid (1.6) and glucose (1.6). Galactose (0.8) and L-fucose (1.8) were also found but their presence may be due to artifacts of the purification procedure.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase. Human liver alpha-L-fucosidase was purified to apparent homogeneity and analyzed for carbohydrate content primarily by gas-liquid chromatography (glc). The enzyme is about 7% carbohydrate by weight and contains the following sugars (residues per 50, 000 molecular weight subunit): mannose (8.3), glucosamine (4.3) (presumably N-acetylated), sialic acid (1.6) and glucose (1.6). Galactose (0.8) and L-fucose (1.8) were also found but their presence may be due to artifacts of the purification procedure.", "PMID": 600269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7070", "title": "[Morbus Wilson--pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and course (author's transl)].", "content": "During childhood, Wilson's disease becomes manifest mostly in the hepatic form. In children every case of cirrhosis of the liver, hemolysis with high levels of conjugated bilirubin in the serum, and otherwise in explicable tremor make it imperative to exclude or confirm the existence of Wilson's disease. A false diagnosis often delays the start of therapy with d-penicillamine and low-copper diet. The prognosis, which was still fatal a few years ago, has improved considerably thanks to new therapeutic possibilities.", "contents": "[Morbus Wilson--pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and course (author's transl)]. During childhood, Wilson's disease becomes manifest mostly in the hepatic form. In children every case of cirrhosis of the liver, hemolysis with high levels of conjugated bilirubin in the serum, and otherwise in explicable tremor make it imperative to exclude or confirm the existence of Wilson's disease. A false diagnosis often delays the start of therapy with d-penicillamine and low-copper diet. The prognosis, which was still fatal a few years ago, has improved considerably thanks to new therapeutic possibilities.", "PMID": 600271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7071", "title": "An inverse relation between mitochondrial hexokinase content and phosphoglucomutase activity of rat tissues.", "content": "The hexokinase: fumarase ratios of mitochondria isolated from ten tissues of the rat were determined, and compared with the tissue content of phosphoglucomutase and phosphorylase, taken as representatives of enzymes concerned with glycogen metabolism. A generally inverse relationship was found between the mitochondrial hexokinase: fumarase ratio and phosphoglucomutase levels. The cytochrome: fumarase ratios were relatively invariant in these same mitochondria. The results are interpreted as indicating a specialization of mitochondria, with increased amounts to hexokinase being associated with the mitochondria in tissues exhibiting less dependence on glycogen metabolism, as judged from phosphoglucomutase levels.", "contents": "An inverse relation between mitochondrial hexokinase content and phosphoglucomutase activity of rat tissues. The hexokinase: fumarase ratios of mitochondria isolated from ten tissues of the rat were determined, and compared with the tissue content of phosphoglucomutase and phosphorylase, taken as representatives of enzymes concerned with glycogen metabolism. A generally inverse relationship was found between the mitochondrial hexokinase: fumarase ratio and phosphoglucomutase levels. The cytochrome: fumarase ratios were relatively invariant in these same mitochondria. The results are interpreted as indicating a specialization of mitochondria, with increased amounts to hexokinase being associated with the mitochondria in tissues exhibiting less dependence on glycogen metabolism, as judged from phosphoglucomutase levels.", "PMID": 600270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7072", "title": "[Medium chain triglycerides in the feeding of praemature infants. Fat balance studies (author's transl)].", "content": "18 72-H Fat balance studies were performed in 9 premature infants with birthweights between 1650 and 2400 gm. At the age of two and three weeks, they received alternatively, one of two formulas identical in composition except for the type of fat: 30% of the vegetable fat in the first formula had been substituted by medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in the second formula. On the MCT-containing formula, the fat absorption significantly improved in the same infants as compared to their fat absorption capacity on the vegetable fat formula. The absorption of individual fatty acids, calculated by gaschromatographic analysis of pooled stool samples, also improved for most of the fatty acids with the MCT-formula. There were no adverse changes in blood glucose concentrations or in acidbase status of the infants when being fed the MCT-containing formula.", "contents": "[Medium chain triglycerides in the feeding of praemature infants. Fat balance studies (author's transl)]. 18 72-H Fat balance studies were performed in 9 premature infants with birthweights between 1650 and 2400 gm. At the age of two and three weeks, they received alternatively, one of two formulas identical in composition except for the type of fat: 30% of the vegetable fat in the first formula had been substituted by medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in the second formula. On the MCT-containing formula, the fat absorption significantly improved in the same infants as compared to their fat absorption capacity on the vegetable fat formula. The absorption of individual fatty acids, calculated by gaschromatographic analysis of pooled stool samples, also improved for most of the fatty acids with the MCT-formula. There were no adverse changes in blood glucose concentrations or in acidbase status of the infants when being fed the MCT-containing formula.", "PMID": 600272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7073", "title": "[Morbus wilson--progressive fatal course of the hepatic form with apoplexy and abscess of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "The onset with a hemolytic crisis, as often described in the literature, led to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Treatment was immediately started in the usual way with diet and d-penicillamin. But the disease had already caused serious liver damage and renal lesions, and the patient died fourteen weeks after diagnosis. Examination of further family members disclosed a cousine with impaired liver and kidney function, also suffering from the hepatic form of homozygous Wilson's disease.", "contents": "[Morbus wilson--progressive fatal course of the hepatic form with apoplexy and abscess of the brain (author's transl)]. The onset with a hemolytic crisis, as often described in the literature, led to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Treatment was immediately started in the usual way with diet and d-penicillamin. But the disease had already caused serious liver damage and renal lesions, and the patient died fourteen weeks after diagnosis. Examination of further family members disclosed a cousine with impaired liver and kidney function, also suffering from the hepatic form of homozygous Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 600273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7074", "title": "[Kniest's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of the Kniest's syndrome is described. The syndrome is a rare hereditary condition with generalized bone dysplasia, disproportional dwarfism, conduction deafness and severe myopia, retinal detachment, cataract and amaurosis.", "contents": "[Kniest's syndrome (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of the Kniest's syndrome is described. The syndrome is a rare hereditary condition with generalized bone dysplasia, disproportional dwarfism, conduction deafness and severe myopia, retinal detachment, cataract and amaurosis.", "PMID": 600274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7075", "title": "Experimental mucormycosis in congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their phenotypically normal (nu/+) littermates displayed a similar susceptibility to acute lethal infection with Absidia corymbifera. Although the clinical manifestations of acute infection were also similar in both groups, the nude mice tended to develop more extensive lesions and were less effective in eliminating viable A. corymbifera spores than their heterozygous littermates. The results suggested that thymus-dependent processes did not play an essential role in primary resistance to mucormycosis.", "contents": "Experimental mucormycosis in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their phenotypically normal (nu/+) littermates displayed a similar susceptibility to acute lethal infection with Absidia corymbifera. Although the clinical manifestations of acute infection were also similar in both groups, the nude mice tended to develop more extensive lesions and were less effective in eliminating viable A. corymbifera spores than their heterozygous littermates. The results suggested that thymus-dependent processes did not play an essential role in primary resistance to mucormycosis.", "PMID": 600304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7076", "title": "Studies on mycoflora of salt marshes in Egypt. IV. Osmophilic fungi.", "content": "Ninety-five species and seven varieties which belong to thirty-nine genera were isolated from 74 soil samples from salt marshes. At 28 degrees C, on 30% sucrose Czapek's agar, ninety species and four varieties which belong to thirty-six genera were encountered, from which A. niger, A. fumigatus A. terreus and P. notatum were the most frequent. On 60% sucrose Czapek's agar, sixty-three species and three varieties were recovered which belong to twenty-five genera, from which A. niger, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and A. terreus were the most frequent. At 45 degrees C, on 30% sucrose, sixteen species and four varieties were identified but on 60% sucrose, fourteen species and three varieties were isolated. A fumigatus and A. niger were the most frequent on both sucrose concentrations. The results reveal that the soil samples poor in total osmophilic fungi (at 28 degrees C) were significantly higher in their content of total soluble salts, Na and K and significantly lower in the average number of species per soil samples than the rich ones; the difference was non-significant in case of organic matter.", "contents": "Studies on mycoflora of salt marshes in Egypt. IV. Osmophilic fungi. Ninety-five species and seven varieties which belong to thirty-nine genera were isolated from 74 soil samples from salt marshes. At 28 degrees C, on 30% sucrose Czapek's agar, ninety species and four varieties which belong to thirty-six genera were encountered, from which A. niger, A. fumigatus A. terreus and P. notatum were the most frequent. On 60% sucrose Czapek's agar, sixty-three species and three varieties were recovered which belong to twenty-five genera, from which A. niger, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and A. terreus were the most frequent. At 45 degrees C, on 30% sucrose, sixteen species and four varieties were identified but on 60% sucrose, fourteen species and three varieties were isolated. A fumigatus and A. niger were the most frequent on both sucrose concentrations. The results reveal that the soil samples poor in total osmophilic fungi (at 28 degrees C) were significantly higher in their content of total soluble salts, Na and K and significantly lower in the average number of species per soil samples than the rich ones; the difference was non-significant in case of organic matter.", "PMID": 600306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7077", "title": "Dimorphism in Ceratocystis minor var. barrasii.", "content": "Ceratocystis minor var. barrasii, a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, exhibits dimorphism which is influenced by the concentration of both carbon dioxide and phosphate. The mycelium produces blastospores from the tips and sides of its hyphae when the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, and these blastospores germinate if the concentration of phosphate is above about 10(-2) mM, whereas below this concentration they bud.", "contents": "Dimorphism in Ceratocystis minor var. barrasii. Ceratocystis minor var. barrasii, a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, exhibits dimorphism which is influenced by the concentration of both carbon dioxide and phosphate. The mycelium produces blastospores from the tips and sides of its hyphae when the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, and these blastospores germinate if the concentration of phosphate is above about 10(-2) mM, whereas below this concentration they bud.", "PMID": 600307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7078", "title": "Effects of intravenous kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and (--)-nuciferine on the cat spinal cord.", "content": "Kainic acid (a rigid conformational analogue of glutamate), N-methyl-D-aspartate (the methylated derivative of aspartate), and (--)-nuciferine (an aporphine alkaloid with a depressant effect on glutamate-induced neuronal firing), which, so far, have been examined in microiontophoretic studies, were investigated in spinal cats for their effects on some spinal cord activities after intravenous injections. At low doses, kainic acid (0.3 mg kg-1) enhanced segmental monosynaptic but not polysynaptic ventral root reflexes and increased the excitability of motoneurones, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate (3 mg kg-1) facilitated polysynaptic but not monosynaptic reflexes. Higher doses of the two amino acids depolarized motoneurones and primary afferent endings, enhanced monosynaptic reflexes and depressed polysynaptic reflexes. (--)-Nuciferine (1--10 mg kg-1) depressed monosynaptic but not polysynaptic ventral root reflexes in a dose-dependent manner and antagonized the effects of kainic acid but not of N-methyl-D-aspartate on the spinal cord. The results are consistent with the hypothetical excitatory transmitter role of glutamate in primary afferents and of aspartate in excitatory spinal cord interneurones; the findings also suggest that (--)-nuciferine may be used as a systemically effective, rather selective blocker of central glutamate receptors.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and (--)-nuciferine on the cat spinal cord. Kainic acid (a rigid conformational analogue of glutamate), N-methyl-D-aspartate (the methylated derivative of aspartate), and (--)-nuciferine (an aporphine alkaloid with a depressant effect on glutamate-induced neuronal firing), which, so far, have been examined in microiontophoretic studies, were investigated in spinal cats for their effects on some spinal cord activities after intravenous injections. At low doses, kainic acid (0.3 mg kg-1) enhanced segmental monosynaptic but not polysynaptic ventral root reflexes and increased the excitability of motoneurones, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate (3 mg kg-1) facilitated polysynaptic but not monosynaptic reflexes. Higher doses of the two amino acids depolarized motoneurones and primary afferent endings, enhanced monosynaptic reflexes and depressed polysynaptic reflexes. (--)-Nuciferine (1--10 mg kg-1) depressed monosynaptic but not polysynaptic ventral root reflexes in a dose-dependent manner and antagonized the effects of kainic acid but not of N-methyl-D-aspartate on the spinal cord. The results are consistent with the hypothetical excitatory transmitter role of glutamate in primary afferents and of aspartate in excitatory spinal cord interneurones; the findings also suggest that (--)-nuciferine may be used as a systemically effective, rather selective blocker of central glutamate receptors.", "PMID": 600308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7079", "title": "Lipophilicity and brain disposition of clonidine and structurally related imidazolidines.", "content": "The apparent partition coefficients (P') of clonidine and 27 of its structurally related imidazolidines were determined in the octanol/buffer (pH = 7.4) system as a measure of lipophilic behaviour. Lipophilicity of the imidazolidines is limited to the free bases and the principle of additivity is valid for this series of structurally similar compounds. Brain concentrations of clonidine and a number of its derivatives, achieved at the moment of maximal decrease in blood pressure, were determined following intravenous administration of anaesthetized rats. These brain concentrations represent the maximally attainable values. The ratio of log brain concentration/dose administered intravenously, log (Cbrain/Ci.v.), was employed as a measure of the penetration ability of the imidazolidines into the brain. The octanol/buffer (pH = 7.4) system proved a satisfactory reference model in order to describe the transport process of the present imidazolidines from the blood to the brain. The penetration ability of these compounds into the brain could be expressed mathematically by a highly significant, parabolic relationship in log P'. Ideal lipophilic character for optimal brain concentrations is connected with a log P' value of 2.16.", "contents": "Lipophilicity and brain disposition of clonidine and structurally related imidazolidines. The apparent partition coefficients (P') of clonidine and 27 of its structurally related imidazolidines were determined in the octanol/buffer (pH = 7.4) system as a measure of lipophilic behaviour. Lipophilicity of the imidazolidines is limited to the free bases and the principle of additivity is valid for this series of structurally similar compounds. Brain concentrations of clonidine and a number of its derivatives, achieved at the moment of maximal decrease in blood pressure, were determined following intravenous administration of anaesthetized rats. These brain concentrations represent the maximally attainable values. The ratio of log brain concentration/dose administered intravenously, log (Cbrain/Ci.v.), was employed as a measure of the penetration ability of the imidazolidines into the brain. The octanol/buffer (pH = 7.4) system proved a satisfactory reference model in order to describe the transport process of the present imidazolidines from the blood to the brain. The penetration ability of these compounds into the brain could be expressed mathematically by a highly significant, parabolic relationship in log P'. Ideal lipophilic character for optimal brain concentrations is connected with a log P' value of 2.16.", "PMID": 600309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7080", "title": "Effects of mazindol, fenfluramine and chlorimipramine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and storage mechanisms in rat brain: similarities and differences.", "content": "Mazindol and fenfluramine inhibited in vitro the uptake of 5-HT into rat forebrain synaptosomes, whether the synpatosomes were incubated in vitro with the drugs or obtained from animals pretreated in vitro. Chlorimipramine was also effective in this latter preparation. Dose-response relationships and time course of this effect for the various drugs were determined. Fenfluramine also caused release of 5-HT from preloaded synaptosomes in in vitro incubations. Mazindol did not. Brain 5-HT levels were measured after acute and chronic administration of mazindol, fenfluramine and chlorimipramine. Mazindol had no effect, fenfluramine was active in reducing brain 5-HT concentrations acutely and chlorimipramine only after chronic administration. Therefore, it seems that even a long lasting inhibition of the uptake, such as that induced by mazindol, is not sufficient, per se, to cause depletion of brain 5-HT.", "contents": "Effects of mazindol, fenfluramine and chlorimipramine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and storage mechanisms in rat brain: similarities and differences. Mazindol and fenfluramine inhibited in vitro the uptake of 5-HT into rat forebrain synaptosomes, whether the synpatosomes were incubated in vitro with the drugs or obtained from animals pretreated in vitro. Chlorimipramine was also effective in this latter preparation. Dose-response relationships and time course of this effect for the various drugs were determined. Fenfluramine also caused release of 5-HT from preloaded synaptosomes in in vitro incubations. Mazindol did not. Brain 5-HT levels were measured after acute and chronic administration of mazindol, fenfluramine and chlorimipramine. Mazindol had no effect, fenfluramine was active in reducing brain 5-HT concentrations acutely and chlorimipramine only after chronic administration. Therefore, it seems that even a long lasting inhibition of the uptake, such as that induced by mazindol, is not sufficient, per se, to cause depletion of brain 5-HT.", "PMID": 600310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7081", "title": "Evidence for selective and long-lasting stimulation of \"regulatory\" dopamine-receptors by bromocriptine (CB 154).", "content": "Bromocriptine, an ergot-derivate with DA-receptor stimulating properties in vivo, produces long-lasting hypomotility in mice not accustomed to the motility cage and decreases brain DOPAC and HVA without affecting brain DA. These effects are obtained with doses 25 times lower than those which produce hypermotility. The decrease of brain DOPAC is correlated to the hypomotility both on a dose- and on a time-basis. Potent neuroleptics as pimozide, benzperidol and droperidol, which are considered to be fairly specific DA-receptor blockers, antagonize the hypomotility and the decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine. These effects are obtained with very low doses (0.05--0.3 mg/kg) of neuroleptics which per se do not affect motility or brain DOPAC. The maximal decrease of brain DOPAC and HVA produced by bromocriptine is similar to that produced by apomorphine and the combination of these drugs does not result in a further decrease of brain DOPAC or HVA. On the basis of these results it is postulated that bromocriptine decreases brain DA-turnover and produces hypomotility by acting on \"regulatory\" DA-receptors different from the post-synaptic ones of the \"terminal\" dopaminergic areas.", "contents": "Evidence for selective and long-lasting stimulation of \"regulatory\" dopamine-receptors by bromocriptine (CB 154). Bromocriptine, an ergot-derivate with DA-receptor stimulating properties in vivo, produces long-lasting hypomotility in mice not accustomed to the motility cage and decreases brain DOPAC and HVA without affecting brain DA. These effects are obtained with doses 25 times lower than those which produce hypermotility. The decrease of brain DOPAC is correlated to the hypomotility both on a dose- and on a time-basis. Potent neuroleptics as pimozide, benzperidol and droperidol, which are considered to be fairly specific DA-receptor blockers, antagonize the hypomotility and the decrease of brain DOPAC produced by bromocriptine. These effects are obtained with very low doses (0.05--0.3 mg/kg) of neuroleptics which per se do not affect motility or brain DOPAC. The maximal decrease of brain DOPAC and HVA produced by bromocriptine is similar to that produced by apomorphine and the combination of these drugs does not result in a further decrease of brain DOPAC or HVA. On the basis of these results it is postulated that bromocriptine decreases brain DA-turnover and produces hypomotility by acting on \"regulatory\" DA-receptors different from the post-synaptic ones of the \"terminal\" dopaminergic areas.", "PMID": 600311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7082", "title": "Substance P in rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "1. Rat brain synaptosomes were incubated under different conditions to study the release of substance P (SP). 2. Potassium ions and electrical field stimulation induced a loss of SP from synaptosomes. The release of SP by potassium in high concentrations (23.8 mM) was shown to be calcium dependent. 3. Substance P was retained in synaptosomes during incubation in 0.32 M sucrose at +4 degrees C up to 120 min. During incubation at 30 degrees C the SP content fell initially (30 min) but was gradually restored (120 min). 4. If these pre-incubated synaptosomes were reincubated for 45 min at 30 degrees C in potassium free Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer a further rise in their SP content occurred which was taken as indication that SP is being synthesized in synaptosomes. 5. The newly synthesized SP is presumably stored by binding to phosphatidyl serine until a sudden release is initiated by depolarization.", "contents": "Substance P in rat brain synaptosomes. 1. Rat brain synaptosomes were incubated under different conditions to study the release of substance P (SP). 2. Potassium ions and electrical field stimulation induced a loss of SP from synaptosomes. The release of SP by potassium in high concentrations (23.8 mM) was shown to be calcium dependent. 3. Substance P was retained in synaptosomes during incubation in 0.32 M sucrose at +4 degrees C up to 120 min. During incubation at 30 degrees C the SP content fell initially (30 min) but was gradually restored (120 min). 4. If these pre-incubated synaptosomes were reincubated for 45 min at 30 degrees C in potassium free Krebs-Ringer-phosphate buffer a further rise in their SP content occurred which was taken as indication that SP is being synthesized in synaptosomes. 5. The newly synthesized SP is presumably stored by binding to phosphatidyl serine until a sudden release is initiated by depolarization.", "PMID": 600316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7083", "title": "Inhibition of the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine by mepacrine.", "content": "1. The isolated perfused rabbit ear connected to the body by its nerve only was used to investigate the influence of mepacrine on the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. For comparison, quinidine was included in this investigation. 2. Infusion of mepacrine or quindine (2-10 microgram/ml) into the rabbit ear reduces the algesic effect of bradykinin as well as of acetylcholine in proportion to the dose. 3. Infusion of postglandin E1 (10 ng/ml) in addition to mepacrine or quinidine restores theinhibited algesic effect of bradykinin more than that of acetylcholine. 4. Mepacrine and quinidine (10 microgram/ml) reduce the brief vasoconstriction elicited by bradykinin in the rabbit ear. 5. The results suggest that mepacrine or quinidine reduce the algesic effect of bradykinin primarily by inhibiting the release of E-type prostaglandins which sensitize pain receptors and secondarily by an unspecific antagonism (local-anaesthetic action). The effect of acetylcholine, however, appears to be reduced mainly by an unspecific antagonism.", "contents": "Inhibition of the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine by mepacrine. 1. The isolated perfused rabbit ear connected to the body by its nerve only was used to investigate the influence of mepacrine on the algesic effect of bradykinin and acetylcholine. For comparison, quinidine was included in this investigation. 2. Infusion of mepacrine or quindine (2-10 microgram/ml) into the rabbit ear reduces the algesic effect of bradykinin as well as of acetylcholine in proportion to the dose. 3. Infusion of postglandin E1 (10 ng/ml) in addition to mepacrine or quinidine restores theinhibited algesic effect of bradykinin more than that of acetylcholine. 4. Mepacrine and quinidine (10 microgram/ml) reduce the brief vasoconstriction elicited by bradykinin in the rabbit ear. 5. The results suggest that mepacrine or quinidine reduce the algesic effect of bradykinin primarily by inhibiting the release of E-type prostaglandins which sensitize pain receptors and secondarily by an unspecific antagonism (local-anaesthetic action). The effect of acetylcholine, however, appears to be reduced mainly by an unspecific antagonism.", "PMID": 600317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7084", "title": "Studies on the positive inotropic effect of dopamine in the guinea-pig heart.", "content": "The positive inotropic effect of dopamine has been studied in isolated ventricular strips of guinea-pig heart. The concentration-inotropic response curve for dopamine was significantly shifted to the right by pretreatment with reserpine. In preparations obtained from animals pretreated with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, 24 h prior to the experiment) the dose-response curve was not significantly affected by haloperidol, a dopamine vascular receptor antagonist (10(-6)-3X10(-6) M). The inotropic effect of dopamine was antagonized by practolol (3X10(-7)-10(-6) M), but not by phentolamine (3X10(-6)-10(-5) M); moreover the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug (10(-5) M) did not affect the curve for dopamine in the presence of practolol (3X10(-7) M). In preparations in which fast sodium channels were blocked by K+ -rich medium, slow electrical responses (calcium-mediated action potentials) as well as contractions were induced by high concentrations of dopamine (10(-4)-3X10(-4) M); again these responses were unaffected by phentolamine or haloperidol, but were blocked by practolol. It was concluded that in the guinea-pig ventricular muscle dopamine induced a positive inotropic effect through both indirect and direct action, and that the latter is due to the activation of beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "Studies on the positive inotropic effect of dopamine in the guinea-pig heart. The positive inotropic effect of dopamine has been studied in isolated ventricular strips of guinea-pig heart. The concentration-inotropic response curve for dopamine was significantly shifted to the right by pretreatment with reserpine. In preparations obtained from animals pretreated with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, 24 h prior to the experiment) the dose-response curve was not significantly affected by haloperidol, a dopamine vascular receptor antagonist (10(-6)-3X10(-6) M). The inotropic effect of dopamine was antagonized by practolol (3X10(-7)-10(-6) M), but not by phentolamine (3X10(-6)-10(-5) M); moreover the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug (10(-5) M) did not affect the curve for dopamine in the presence of practolol (3X10(-7) M). In preparations in which fast sodium channels were blocked by K+ -rich medium, slow electrical responses (calcium-mediated action potentials) as well as contractions were induced by high concentrations of dopamine (10(-4)-3X10(-4) M); again these responses were unaffected by phentolamine or haloperidol, but were blocked by practolol. It was concluded that in the guinea-pig ventricular muscle dopamine induced a positive inotropic effect through both indirect and direct action, and that the latter is due to the activation of beta-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 600319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7085", "title": "Peripheral and central muscarinic receptor affinity of psychotropic drugs.", "content": "The muscarinic receptor affinity of 27 psychotropic and 5 anticholinergic substances was examined in 2 in-vivo and 2 in-vitro models. A highly significant correlation was obtained between the effect of all compounds examined on the atropine sensitive binding of 3H-PrBCM and the effect in the conventional guinea-pig ileum preparation. Antagonism of oxotremorine induced tremors in mice by anticholinergics and neuroleptics was also significantly correlated to the corresponding data obtained in the in-vitro tests. Due to very low potency in the physostigmine induced mortality test in mice too few ED50 values were obtained to perform statistical comparisons. It is concluded, that the conventional guinea-pig ileum model and the 3h-prBCM binding model are equally predictive as tests for antimuscarinic properties. When in-vivo anticholinergic data for neuroleptics are used it must be considered that a possible dopamine receptor blockade may diminish the antimuscarinic effect of the substance.", "contents": "Peripheral and central muscarinic receptor affinity of psychotropic drugs. The muscarinic receptor affinity of 27 psychotropic and 5 anticholinergic substances was examined in 2 in-vivo and 2 in-vitro models. A highly significant correlation was obtained between the effect of all compounds examined on the atropine sensitive binding of 3H-PrBCM and the effect in the conventional guinea-pig ileum preparation. Antagonism of oxotremorine induced tremors in mice by anticholinergics and neuroleptics was also significantly correlated to the corresponding data obtained in the in-vitro tests. Due to very low potency in the physostigmine induced mortality test in mice too few ED50 values were obtained to perform statistical comparisons. It is concluded, that the conventional guinea-pig ileum model and the 3h-prBCM binding model are equally predictive as tests for antimuscarinic properties. When in-vivo anticholinergic data for neuroleptics are used it must be considered that a possible dopamine receptor blockade may diminish the antimuscarinic effect of the substance.", "PMID": 600320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7086", "title": "Release of noradrenaline by the ionophore X537A from normal and reserpinized guinea-pig atrium.", "content": "The effects of ionophore X537A on the release of 3H-noradrenaline and its metabolites from the superfused guinea-pig left atrium were investigated. Concentrations of ionophore of 10 and 30 mocrometer greatly increased the release of tritium. Of the total increase in radioactivity elicited by X537A 44% was accounted for as noradrenaline and 50% was due to deaminated metabolites. The ionophore-evoked release of tritium was independent of the extracellular calcium ions and was not affected by agents which modify calcium movements such as verapamil, ryanodine, ruthenium red and tetracaine. X537A released 3H-noradrenaline from extragranular sites in MAO-inhibited atria from reserpine-treated animals and this release was also calcium independent. It is concluded that the ability of X537A to release noradrenaline from vesicular or cytoplasmic sites is not related to its ability to couple with and transport calcium ions through membranes. The ionophore might modify the ionic distribution outside and inside the neuronal membrane which would lead to leakage of the transmitter.", "contents": "Release of noradrenaline by the ionophore X537A from normal and reserpinized guinea-pig atrium. The effects of ionophore X537A on the release of 3H-noradrenaline and its metabolites from the superfused guinea-pig left atrium were investigated. Concentrations of ionophore of 10 and 30 mocrometer greatly increased the release of tritium. Of the total increase in radioactivity elicited by X537A 44% was accounted for as noradrenaline and 50% was due to deaminated metabolites. The ionophore-evoked release of tritium was independent of the extracellular calcium ions and was not affected by agents which modify calcium movements such as verapamil, ryanodine, ruthenium red and tetracaine. X537A released 3H-noradrenaline from extragranular sites in MAO-inhibited atria from reserpine-treated animals and this release was also calcium independent. It is concluded that the ability of X537A to release noradrenaline from vesicular or cytoplasmic sites is not related to its ability to couple with and transport calcium ions through membranes. The ionophore might modify the ionic distribution outside and inside the neuronal membrane which would lead to leakage of the transmitter.", "PMID": 600321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7087", "title": "Effects of dihydroergotamine methanesulfonate on the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle.", "content": "Effects of dihydroergotamine on the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle were investigated microscopically using colour photographic technique. 1. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml constricted arterioles of the rat cremaster. 2. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml produced a significant contraction of venules. 3. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml markedly inhibited the contractile response of noradrenaline 10(-6) g/ml on arterioles of the rat cremaster. The results suggest that dihydroergotamine has an appreciable vasoconstrictive action, especially upon venules, and that dihydroergotamine also has an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking action. By means of highly sensitive negative colour film we obtained a satisfactory photograph of the rat cremaster's circulation.", "contents": "Effects of dihydroergotamine methanesulfonate on the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle. Effects of dihydroergotamine on the microcirculation of the rat cremaster muscle were investigated microscopically using colour photographic technique. 1. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml constricted arterioles of the rat cremaster. 2. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml produced a significant contraction of venules. 3. Dihydroergotamine 10(-4) g/ml markedly inhibited the contractile response of noradrenaline 10(-6) g/ml on arterioles of the rat cremaster. The results suggest that dihydroergotamine has an appreciable vasoconstrictive action, especially upon venules, and that dihydroergotamine also has an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking action. By means of highly sensitive negative colour film we obtained a satisfactory photograph of the rat cremaster's circulation.", "PMID": 600323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7088", "title": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on experimentally induced arterial thrombosis in rats.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was tested for its antithrombotic activity in the arterial system after prophylactic administration to rats, using a new standardized method. Damage of the vessel wall was produced by chilling a small segment of the left carotid artery. Dose related, significant results were obtained after 3 mg/kg orally. If higher doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) are administered, the formation of non-occlusive thrombi is inhibited by 70--90% on the basis of thrombus weight. As the frequency distributions show, there are significantly more zero-values in the ASA treated groups (total 50%) than in the control groups. However, the incidence of occlusive thrombi was not changed by ASA. The long-lasting effect of ASA in inhibition of platelet aggregation was confirmed. The formation of arterial thrombi is significantly inhibited after prophylactic administration of 30 and 10 mg/kg up to 48 h before initiation of thrombosis. After administration of 3 mg/kg orally, only insignificant effects were observed. Thus the duration of action depends on the dose used.", "contents": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on experimentally induced arterial thrombosis in rats. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was tested for its antithrombotic activity in the arterial system after prophylactic administration to rats, using a new standardized method. Damage of the vessel wall was produced by chilling a small segment of the left carotid artery. Dose related, significant results were obtained after 3 mg/kg orally. If higher doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) are administered, the formation of non-occlusive thrombi is inhibited by 70--90% on the basis of thrombus weight. As the frequency distributions show, there are significantly more zero-values in the ASA treated groups (total 50%) than in the control groups. However, the incidence of occlusive thrombi was not changed by ASA. The long-lasting effect of ASA in inhibition of platelet aggregation was confirmed. The formation of arterial thrombi is significantly inhibited after prophylactic administration of 30 and 10 mg/kg up to 48 h before initiation of thrombosis. After administration of 3 mg/kg orally, only insignificant effects were observed. Thus the duration of action depends on the dose used.", "PMID": 600324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7089", "title": "Histoautoradiography of central nervous system in rats with generalized tetanus due to 125I-toxin.", "content": "Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.", "contents": "Histoautoradiography of central nervous system in rats with generalized tetanus due to 125I-toxin. Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.", "PMID": 600325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7090", "title": "Action of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin during the initial phase of glycerol-induced acute renal failure of the rat.", "content": "The effects of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1-sarcosine-8-alanine-5-isoleucine-angiotensin II) on renal function in healthy rats and in rats with myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure were studied. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml.kg-1). Functional impairment of the glycerol treated animals consisted in a decrease of renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter) and GFR and in an increase of urine volume and arterial blood pressure. In healthy rats saralasin (6 microgram.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) had no renal effects by itself but antagonized the angiotensin II (200 ng.kg-1.min i.v.) induced fall of renal blood flow and GFR and the increase of arterial blood pressure. Given to glycerol treated animals saralasin did not induce any change of arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, GFR or the urinary excretion of fluid and sodium.", "contents": "Action of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin during the initial phase of glycerol-induced acute renal failure of the rat. The effects of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1-sarcosine-8-alanine-5-isoleucine-angiotensin II) on renal function in healthy rats and in rats with myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure were studied. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml.kg-1). Functional impairment of the glycerol treated animals consisted in a decrease of renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter) and GFR and in an increase of urine volume and arterial blood pressure. In healthy rats saralasin (6 microgram.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) had no renal effects by itself but antagonized the angiotensin II (200 ng.kg-1.min i.v.) induced fall of renal blood flow and GFR and the increase of arterial blood pressure. Given to glycerol treated animals saralasin did not induce any change of arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, GFR or the urinary excretion of fluid and sodium.", "PMID": 600326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7091", "title": "The role of bile acids in phalloidin poisoning.", "content": "Glycocholate and other bile acids inhibit the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin in a concentration dependent manner. It is suggested that the inhibition is due to a block of phalloidin uptake. This interaction might explain the high specificity of phalloidin for liver tissue.", "contents": "The role of bile acids in phalloidin poisoning. Glycocholate and other bile acids inhibit the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin in a concentration dependent manner. It is suggested that the inhibition is due to a block of phalloidin uptake. This interaction might explain the high specificity of phalloidin for liver tissue.", "PMID": 600327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7092", "title": "[Post-traumatic craniocerebral syndrome of vasomotor origin: Livido racemosa universalis, pyramidal-extrapyramidal signs, speech disorders, progressive dementia, sometimes convulsions and hypertension].", "content": "The author reports another 4 observations concerning the syndrome of vasomotor origin developing after craniocerebral trauma--originally described by himself.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic craniocerebral syndrome of vasomotor origin: Livido racemosa universalis, pyramidal-extrapyramidal signs, speech disorders, progressive dementia, sometimes convulsions and hypertension]. The author reports another 4 observations concerning the syndrome of vasomotor origin developing after craniocerebral trauma--originally described by himself.", "PMID": 600343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7093", "title": "[Motor development in children with muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type].", "content": "For determination of the age of onset and the age of immobilization in Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy the motor development was studied in 129 affected children. It was demonstrated that motor development was delayed and abnormal in 58% of the cases. On the average the affected children started to walk in the 19th month of life. According to the history data in 83% of the cases the age of onset of the disease was 1 year; in 10% of the cases the onset was placed before and in 7% after the 5th year of life. It was observed that earlier age of onset was not associated with a more rapid development of the disease and independently of the onset the age of immobilization was about 10 years. The results of investigation were compared with reports in the literature.", "contents": "[Motor development in children with muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type]. For determination of the age of onset and the age of immobilization in Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy the motor development was studied in 129 affected children. It was demonstrated that motor development was delayed and abnormal in 58% of the cases. On the average the affected children started to walk in the 19th month of life. According to the history data in 83% of the cases the age of onset of the disease was 1 year; in 10% of the cases the onset was placed before and in 7% after the 5th year of life. It was observed that earlier age of onset was not associated with a more rapid development of the disease and independently of the onset the age of immobilization was about 10 years. The results of investigation were compared with reports in the literature.", "PMID": 600345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7094", "title": "[Lipoprotein lipase in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The authors determined the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in 25 patients with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis and in 20 controls. A significant decrease in the activity of the enzyme was found in blood of the patients, while only trace activity was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in both groups. The significant decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity in blood of patients the with multiple sclerosis requires further investigations.", "contents": "[Lipoprotein lipase in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis]. The authors determined the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in 25 patients with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis and in 20 controls. A significant decrease in the activity of the enzyme was found in blood of the patients, while only trace activity was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in both groups. The significant decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity in blood of patients the with multiple sclerosis requires further investigations.", "PMID": 600344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7095", "title": "[Role of familial factor in vasomotor headache in children].", "content": "The author analysed from the standpoint of familial history of headaches 89 cases of headaches treated at a neurological outpatient clinic in a period of 3 years. In 14 cases migraine was diagnosed, in 31 cases vasomotor headaches, in 16 post-traumatic headaches, in 7 psychogenic headaches, in 5 cases sinusitis, in 4 intracranial hypertension, in 12 cases the aetiology was unclear. In cases of vasomotor headaches in 90% of cases strong headaches were present in close relatives of the patients while in other groups the familial factor was infrequent.", "contents": "[Role of familial factor in vasomotor headache in children]. The author analysed from the standpoint of familial history of headaches 89 cases of headaches treated at a neurological outpatient clinic in a period of 3 years. In 14 cases migraine was diagnosed, in 31 cases vasomotor headaches, in 16 post-traumatic headaches, in 7 psychogenic headaches, in 5 cases sinusitis, in 4 intracranial hypertension, in 12 cases the aetiology was unclear. In cases of vasomotor headaches in 90% of cases strong headaches were present in close relatives of the patients while in other groups the familial factor was infrequent.", "PMID": 600346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7096", "title": "[Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm].", "content": "The authors discuss the problem of recurrent haemorrhage in neurosurgical practice on the basis of a material of 36 cases out of a groups of 401 treated surgically for arterial aneurysms in the years 1971--1975. They describe the methods of prevention of recurrent haemorrhage by administration of pharmacological agents, methods of transport to neurosurgical units and selection of time of operation as well as the principles of qualification of patients according to Botterell's scale.", "contents": "[Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm]. The authors discuss the problem of recurrent haemorrhage in neurosurgical practice on the basis of a material of 36 cases out of a groups of 401 treated surgically for arterial aneurysms in the years 1971--1975. They describe the methods of prevention of recurrent haemorrhage by administration of pharmacological agents, methods of transport to neurosurgical units and selection of time of operation as well as the principles of qualification of patients according to Botterell's scale.", "PMID": 600350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7097", "title": "[Lioresal in the treatment of hemiplegia. Clinical and electromyographic evaluation. Preliminary report].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of the clinical condition and electromyographic changes in 9 patients treated with Lioresal and 3 controls attention is called to the favourable effect of Lioresal in hemiparesis of cerebral origin. Lioresal was given in daily doses of 50 mg and no unfavourable side effects were observed. Reduction of muscular hypertonia and improvement of general motor activity was obtained.", "contents": "[Lioresal in the treatment of hemiplegia. Clinical and electromyographic evaluation. Preliminary report]. On the basis of an analysis of the clinical condition and electromyographic changes in 9 patients treated with Lioresal and 3 controls attention is called to the favourable effect of Lioresal in hemiparesis of cerebral origin. Lioresal was given in daily doses of 50 mg and no unfavourable side effects were observed. Reduction of muscular hypertonia and improvement of general motor activity was obtained.", "PMID": 600347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7098", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in cases of expanding intracranial lesions where the anterior cerebral artery does not fill in arteriograms (2 cases)].", "content": "The author describes two cases of frontal-lobe brain tumours which expanded compressing the anterior cerebral artery and closing its lumen which simulated on arteriography intravascular obliteration of the vessel.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in cases of expanding intracranial lesions where the anterior cerebral artery does not fill in arteriograms (2 cases)]. The author describes two cases of frontal-lobe brain tumours which expanded compressing the anterior cerebral artery and closing its lumen which simulated on arteriography intravascular obliteration of the vessel.", "PMID": 600348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7099", "title": "[Faciolingual dyskinesia].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases of faciolingual dyskinesias associated with involuntary movements of extremities and akinetic seizures in 12 cases. Improvement followed treatment with Rivotril. The syndrome is undoubtedly of organic extrapyramidal character, the disturbances probably orginating in reticular formation of the brainstem.", "contents": "[Faciolingual dyskinesia]. The authors report 4 cases of faciolingual dyskinesias associated with involuntary movements of extremities and akinetic seizures in 12 cases. Improvement followed treatment with Rivotril. The syndrome is undoubtedly of organic extrapyramidal character, the disturbances probably orginating in reticular formation of the brainstem.", "PMID": 600349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7100", "title": "[Concentration of lactates, sodium and potassium in brain tissue obtained during neurosurgery].", "content": "In samples of brain tissue obtained during operations from 40 neurosurgical patients the concentrations of lactate, sodium and potassium were determined. A statistically significant fall of potassium concentration and increased sodium concentration was found in patients with lactate concentration exceeding 0.9 mg/g of fresh tissue. All patients with raised lactate level in the cerebrospinal fluid before the operation tolerated poorly the neurosurgical intervention. Examination of brain tissue in these cases showed changes compatible with advanced brain oedema.", "contents": "[Concentration of lactates, sodium and potassium in brain tissue obtained during neurosurgery]. In samples of brain tissue obtained during operations from 40 neurosurgical patients the concentrations of lactate, sodium and potassium were determined. A statistically significant fall of potassium concentration and increased sodium concentration was found in patients with lactate concentration exceeding 0.9 mg/g of fresh tissue. All patients with raised lactate level in the cerebrospinal fluid before the operation tolerated poorly the neurosurgical intervention. Examination of brain tissue in these cases showed changes compatible with advanced brain oedema.", "PMID": 600351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7101", "title": "Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion in vivo by arginine vasotocin: influence of age of solution, nighttime administration, and dose.", "content": "In male rats pretreated for 3 days with 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate (E) and 25 mg of progesterone (P), the i.v. administration of 1 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) from solutions that were 0, 6, 24 or 48 h old caused a significant rise in plasma prolactin (Prl) 10 min after injection. In the 2nd experiment, the i.v. injection of 1 microgram AVT into EP-primed adult male rats at either 01:00 (during darkness) or 13:00 h (during light) resulted in a significant and similar elevation in plasma Prl levels. In the 3rd experiment, normal adult male rats under urethane anaesthesia were given an i.v. injection of diluent or of 100 ng, 1 microgram or 10 microgram AVT. A significant rise in plasma Prl was observed at 10 and 20 min following injection only in the group treated with 1 microgram AVT. In none of these experiments did AVT alter the content of pituitary Prl.", "contents": "Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion in vivo by arginine vasotocin: influence of age of solution, nighttime administration, and dose. In male rats pretreated for 3 days with 50 microgram of estradiol benzoate (E) and 25 mg of progesterone (P), the i.v. administration of 1 microgram of arginine vasotocin (AVT) from solutions that were 0, 6, 24 or 48 h old caused a significant rise in plasma prolactin (Prl) 10 min after injection. In the 2nd experiment, the i.v. injection of 1 microgram AVT into EP-primed adult male rats at either 01:00 (during darkness) or 13:00 h (during light) resulted in a significant and similar elevation in plasma Prl levels. In the 3rd experiment, normal adult male rats under urethane anaesthesia were given an i.v. injection of diluent or of 100 ng, 1 microgram or 10 microgram AVT. A significant rise in plasma Prl was observed at 10 and 20 min following injection only in the group treated with 1 microgram AVT. In none of these experiments did AVT alter the content of pituitary Prl.", "PMID": 600363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7102", "title": "Subcellular hypothalamic fractions active on ovulation and luteinizing hormone release in the rat.", "content": "Nuclear, microsomal and cytosol fractions were obtained from hypothalamic cells by differential centrifugation in sucrose solutions of different molarities. The nuclear fraction (NF) from immature female rats had an inhibitory effect on ovulation induced with pregnant mare's serum (PMS) in immature rats and with luteinizing hormone (LH) in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-treated proestrous rats. The microsomal fraction from the same rats increased both types of ovulation. Nuclear and microsomal fractions obtained from immature male rats were inactive on ovulation. Cytosol fractions were inactive. NFs active to inhibit ovulation significantly reduced the release of LH induced with synthetic LH-RH in immature male rats and in chronically castrated male rats primed with testosterone (T).", "contents": "Subcellular hypothalamic fractions active on ovulation and luteinizing hormone release in the rat. Nuclear, microsomal and cytosol fractions were obtained from hypothalamic cells by differential centrifugation in sucrose solutions of different molarities. The nuclear fraction (NF) from immature female rats had an inhibitory effect on ovulation induced with pregnant mare's serum (PMS) in immature rats and with luteinizing hormone (LH) in chlorpromazine (CPZ)-treated proestrous rats. The microsomal fraction from the same rats increased both types of ovulation. Nuclear and microsomal fractions obtained from immature male rats were inactive on ovulation. Cytosol fractions were inactive. NFs active to inhibit ovulation significantly reduced the release of LH induced with synthetic LH-RH in immature male rats and in chronically castrated male rats primed with testosterone (T).", "PMID": 600364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7103", "title": "Effect of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on regional monoamine metabolism in the adult rat brain.", "content": "The effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism were investigated on brain levels and accumulation rates (after pargyline) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in discrete brain regions of the adult rat. Whereas NE remained unchanged in all brain areas except in the cerebellum, alterations in brain 5-HT and DA suggest that the behavioral abnormalities associated with thyroid dysfunction in adulthood may be related to neurotransmission disturbances. In hypothyroidism, 5-HT content decreased in cerebral hemispheres and mesodiencephalon and DA content decreased in these regions and also in cerebellum and pons-medulla. Concomitantly, accumulation rate of 5-HT was lower in pons-medulla whereas that of DA was increased in cerebral hemispheres and mesodiencephalon. In hyperthyroidism, 5-HT levels increased in cerebral hemispheres alone. Accumulation rate of 5-HT increased in pons-medulla and that of DA increased in mesodiencephalon. These data indicate that the influence of thyroid hormones on monoamines (MAs) in the adult brain varies with the neurotransmitter and the brain area considered.", "contents": "Effect of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on regional monoamine metabolism in the adult rat brain. The effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism were investigated on brain levels and accumulation rates (after pargyline) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in discrete brain regions of the adult rat. Whereas NE remained unchanged in all brain areas except in the cerebellum, alterations in brain 5-HT and DA suggest that the behavioral abnormalities associated with thyroid dysfunction in adulthood may be related to neurotransmission disturbances. In hypothyroidism, 5-HT content decreased in cerebral hemispheres and mesodiencephalon and DA content decreased in these regions and also in cerebellum and pons-medulla. Concomitantly, accumulation rate of 5-HT was lower in pons-medulla whereas that of DA was increased in cerebral hemispheres and mesodiencephalon. In hyperthyroidism, 5-HT levels increased in cerebral hemispheres alone. Accumulation rate of 5-HT increased in pons-medulla and that of DA increased in mesodiencephalon. These data indicate that the influence of thyroid hormones on monoamines (MAs) in the adult brain varies with the neurotransmitter and the brain area considered.", "PMID": 600365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7104", "title": "Complications of cerebral angiography.", "content": "All types of complications, both minor and major, are tabulated and analyzed in 5531 consecutive cerebral angiographies performed on 3730 patients during a period of 5 years.", "contents": "Complications of cerebral angiography. All types of complications, both minor and major, are tabulated and analyzed in 5531 consecutive cerebral angiographies performed on 3730 patients during a period of 5 years.", "PMID": 600381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7105", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glioblastomas. A qualitative study of 295 cases.", "content": "The CT patterns of 295 glioblastomas examined with pre- and postcontrast scans using an EMI scanner Mark I (Matrix 160/160) have been reviewed and compared with the CT appearances of other brain tumors, metastases and abscesses. There is a great variety of CT patterns with glioblastomas. However, a garland-shaped CT appearance, representing a subgroup of ring-shaped lesions, seems to be most typical for glioblastomas since it was observed in 19% of ring-shaped glioblastomas but in only one out of 172 metastases and in no case of an astrocytoma grade II or an abscess in our series. The initial CT diagnosis, based on the CT finding, the patient's history and the clinical data, was correct in 69.8% of the glioblastomas, 41 recurrent glioblastomas included. In 12% of the cases the presence of a glioblastoma was within differential diagnosis. These results lead to the conclusion that in many cases additional diagnostic methods, such as serial scintigraphy and/or cerebral angiography, are required for a reliable differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glioblastomas. A qualitative study of 295 cases. The CT patterns of 295 glioblastomas examined with pre- and postcontrast scans using an EMI scanner Mark I (Matrix 160/160) have been reviewed and compared with the CT appearances of other brain tumors, metastases and abscesses. There is a great variety of CT patterns with glioblastomas. However, a garland-shaped CT appearance, representing a subgroup of ring-shaped lesions, seems to be most typical for glioblastomas since it was observed in 19% of ring-shaped glioblastomas but in only one out of 172 metastases and in no case of an astrocytoma grade II or an abscess in our series. The initial CT diagnosis, based on the CT finding, the patient's history and the clinical data, was correct in 69.8% of the glioblastomas, 41 recurrent glioblastomas included. In 12% of the cases the presence of a glioblastoma was within differential diagnosis. These results lead to the conclusion that in many cases additional diagnostic methods, such as serial scintigraphy and/or cerebral angiography, are required for a reliable differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 600382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7106", "title": "Fissures in the anterior arch of the atlas diagnosed by careful study of the lateral radiographs.", "content": "Fissures in the anterior arch of the atlas are rare. The defect can properly be diagnosed on axial radiographs and can be suspected in studying carefully the lateral x-ray. The developmental cause of the split anterior arch and its clinical significance are discussed. A median cleft, analogous to a fissure in the anterior arch of the atlas, may also occur in the proatlas, as shown in one case.", "contents": "Fissures in the anterior arch of the atlas diagnosed by careful study of the lateral radiographs. Fissures in the anterior arch of the atlas are rare. The defect can properly be diagnosed on axial radiographs and can be suspected in studying carefully the lateral x-ray. The developmental cause of the split anterior arch and its clinical significance are discussed. A median cleft, analogous to a fissure in the anterior arch of the atlas, may also occur in the proatlas, as shown in one case.", "PMID": 600383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7107", "title": "Pathognomonic aspect of germinoma on CT scan.", "content": "Bilateral visual impairment, associated with amenorrhea, diabetes insipidus and mental deterioration were observed in a 28 year old woman. CT scan revealed bilateral symmetrical infiltrative processes surrounding the ventricular system, which was confirmed by postmortem examination. Histologically the lesion was a germinoma.", "contents": "Pathognomonic aspect of germinoma on CT scan. Bilateral visual impairment, associated with amenorrhea, diabetes insipidus and mental deterioration were observed in a 28 year old woman. CT scan revealed bilateral symmetrical infiltrative processes surrounding the ventricular system, which was confirmed by postmortem examination. Histologically the lesion was a germinoma.", "PMID": 600384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7108", "title": "[Indications and results of colon-rectoplasty using the modified soave method in surgical treatment of megacolon in adults].", "content": "Variations of Soave's operation for the correction of dolichocolon are described. The indications for this form are explained and a personal series is described. Reference is made to the complications observed and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the method which, it is hoped, will be more widely employed.", "contents": "[Indications and results of colon-rectoplasty using the modified soave method in surgical treatment of megacolon in adults]. Variations of Soave's operation for the correction of dolichocolon are described. The indications for this form are explained and a personal series is described. Reference is made to the complications observed and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the method which, it is hoped, will be more widely employed.", "PMID": 600422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7109", "title": "[Regional ileitis. A case of ileo-rectal internal fistula].", "content": "A case if ileorectal internal fistula during the course of regional ileitis is described. The clinical course and main forms of surgical managent are illustrated. The clinical, morphological and experimental pathological data indicated that this case should be classed as example of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "[Regional ileitis. A case of ileo-rectal internal fistula]. A case if ileorectal internal fistula during the course of regional ileitis is described. The clinical course and main forms of surgical managent are illustrated. The clinical, morphological and experimental pathological data indicated that this case should be classed as example of delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 600423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7110", "title": "[Acute intestinal occlusion caused by pseudo-neoplastic, endometriosic rectosigmoid stenosis].", "content": "Bilateral hysteroadnexectomy and rectosigmoid resection were successfully employed in a case of acute intestinal occlusion due to endometriotic rectosigmoid stenosis in a 36-yr-old woman. The endometriotic character of the stenosis was only made clear histopathologically. The clinical features of intestinal endometriosis are examined. Its lack of pathognomonic symptoms makes diagnosis difficult and may result in confusion with cancer, even intraoperatively. Ex tempore histological examination is thus fundamental in clinching diagnosis and hence the extent to which intestinal resection is required.", "contents": "[Acute intestinal occlusion caused by pseudo-neoplastic, endometriosic rectosigmoid stenosis]. Bilateral hysteroadnexectomy and rectosigmoid resection were successfully employed in a case of acute intestinal occlusion due to endometriotic rectosigmoid stenosis in a 36-yr-old woman. The endometriotic character of the stenosis was only made clear histopathologically. The clinical features of intestinal endometriosis are examined. Its lack of pathognomonic symptoms makes diagnosis difficult and may result in confusion with cancer, even intraoperatively. Ex tempore histological examination is thus fundamental in clinching diagnosis and hence the extent to which intestinal resection is required.", "PMID": 600424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7111", "title": "[2 cases of isolated traumatic rupture of the pancreas].", "content": "The clinical progression and treatment of two cases of isolated rupture of the pancreas are described. This lesion is rare and of unusual aetiology. Its symptomatology is often modest. Considerable surgical and medical treatment required.", "contents": "[2 cases of isolated traumatic rupture of the pancreas]. The clinical progression and treatment of two cases of isolated rupture of the pancreas are described. This lesion is rare and of unusual aetiology. Its symptomatology is often modest. Considerable surgical and medical treatment required.", "PMID": 600426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7112", "title": "[Benign tumors of the stomach].", "content": "Personal experience in cases of benign tumour of the stomach is presented. Diagnosis cannot be based on the clinical evidence alone, but must be supported by radiological examination and, more particularly, by endoscopic biopsy. Endoscopic resection and continuous follow-up examinations provide an alternative to radical surgery and gastrotomic resection.", "contents": "[Benign tumors of the stomach]. Personal experience in cases of benign tumour of the stomach is presented. Diagnosis cannot be based on the clinical evidence alone, but must be supported by radiological examination and, more particularly, by endoscopic biopsy. Endoscopic resection and continuous follow-up examinations provide an alternative to radical surgery and gastrotomic resection.", "PMID": 600427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7113", "title": "[Intrahepatic bilio-jejunal anastomosis].", "content": "Personal experience in intrahepatic biliojejunal anastomosis is described, along with the operative tactics and techniques now employed. Stress is laid on the importance of peroperative cholangiography in the division of patients into two groups with respect to drainage of intrahepatic bile, depending on whether or not a wide pathway exists between the two halves of the liver. The strategy to be used for each group is explained.", "contents": "[Intrahepatic bilio-jejunal anastomosis]. Personal experience in intrahepatic biliojejunal anastomosis is described, along with the operative tactics and techniques now employed. Stress is laid on the importance of peroperative cholangiography in the division of patients into two groups with respect to drainage of intrahepatic bile, depending on whether or not a wide pathway exists between the two halves of the liver. The strategy to be used for each group is explained.", "PMID": 600428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7114", "title": "[Selective radiological visualization of the ileum and colon using total isoperistaltic entero-lavage. Personal methods].", "content": "A personal technique for the selective visualisation of the ileum and colon by means of total isoperistaltic enterolusis is described. Various cases and pathological conditions in which the method can most usefully be employed and its advantages with respect to conventional techniques are illustrated. These include a reduced risk of perforation in some instances and the possibility of carrying out a physiological examination of various aspects of intestinal function.", "contents": "[Selective radiological visualization of the ileum and colon using total isoperistaltic entero-lavage. Personal methods]. A personal technique for the selective visualisation of the ileum and colon by means of total isoperistaltic enterolusis is described. Various cases and pathological conditions in which the method can most usefully be employed and its advantages with respect to conventional techniques are illustrated. These include a reduced risk of perforation in some instances and the possibility of carrying out a physiological examination of various aspects of intestinal function.", "PMID": 600429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7115", "title": "[Treatment of simple and complicated varices of the lower limbs. Surgical technics used in 600 cases].", "content": "The methods of treatment used in the cure of simple and complicated lower extremity varices are described. These conditions are found in about 10% of the population throughout the civilised world and their social and economic repercussions are by no means negligible. The lines of surgical management dictated by the latest view of the pathogenesis and physio-pathology of these varices are explained. Treatment is by no means simples or of secondary importance with respect to the surgery of other vascular sectors. Emphasis is placed on the high percentage of recurrences. These are the result of mistakes in surgical technique or inadequate sclerosing management, as shown in the literature. Postoperative cure and the absence of local inflammation or infection come from the employment of non-reabsorbable, inert and very thin threads, rational in addition to the methodical use of widely diffusible antibiotics, fibrinolytics, and modern platelect anti-clumping agents.", "contents": "[Treatment of simple and complicated varices of the lower limbs. Surgical technics used in 600 cases]. The methods of treatment used in the cure of simple and complicated lower extremity varices are described. These conditions are found in about 10% of the population throughout the civilised world and their social and economic repercussions are by no means negligible. The lines of surgical management dictated by the latest view of the pathogenesis and physio-pathology of these varices are explained. Treatment is by no means simples or of secondary importance with respect to the surgery of other vascular sectors. Emphasis is placed on the high percentage of recurrences. These are the result of mistakes in surgical technique or inadequate sclerosing management, as shown in the literature. Postoperative cure and the absence of local inflammation or infection come from the employment of non-reabsorbable, inert and very thin threads, rational in addition to the methodical use of widely diffusible antibiotics, fibrinolytics, and modern platelect anti-clumping agents.", "PMID": 600431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7116", "title": "[Primary thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins].", "content": "A case of effort thrombosis of the axillary vein caused by violent abduction of the arm in the act of raising a 40 kg weight over the head is reported. The patients was treated conservatively with anti-coagulants, antibiotics and rest. A slight functional deficiency remains one year later while control phlebography has shown good recanalization of the clot. It is personally considered that a particularly close relationship between vessels and surrounding anatomic structures may, during violent effort and in a particular position of the extremity, trigger compression of the venous wall with lesion of the intima and clot formation.", "contents": "[Primary thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins]. A case of effort thrombosis of the axillary vein caused by violent abduction of the arm in the act of raising a 40 kg weight over the head is reported. The patients was treated conservatively with anti-coagulants, antibiotics and rest. A slight functional deficiency remains one year later while control phlebography has shown good recanalization of the clot. It is personally considered that a particularly close relationship between vessels and surrounding anatomic structures may, during violent effort and in a particular position of the extremity, trigger compression of the venous wall with lesion of the intima and clot formation.", "PMID": 600432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7117", "title": "[Treatment of shock using pharmacological doses of corticosteroids].", "content": "Following a review of present-day knowledge and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of shock, three personal cases are presented. Aetiology differed in the three cases and they were treated with methylprednisolone succinate of sodium (Solu Medrol) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Treatment resolved the state of shock and enabled the three patients to be operated.", "contents": "[Treatment of shock using pharmacological doses of corticosteroids]. Following a review of present-day knowledge and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of shock, three personal cases are presented. Aetiology differed in the three cases and they were treated with methylprednisolone succinate of sodium (Solu Medrol) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Treatment resolved the state of shock and enabled the three patients to be operated.", "PMID": 600433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7118", "title": "[Clinico-experimental studies of the diagnostic value of plate thermography in the detection of thyroid cold nodules].", "content": "Thermography was employed in addition to scintiscanning in the preoperative diagnosis of 87 surgically treated cold thyroid nodes. A new thermographic method was used. Comparison with the scanning and clinical data and the histological finding showed it to be useful, so that its routine employment has been principally in the investigation of cold nodes in addition to hyperfunctioning nodes. The results obtained are of particular value, since they enable a resonably reliable differential diagnosis to be made of benign and malignant forms prior to surgery.", "contents": "[Clinico-experimental studies of the diagnostic value of plate thermography in the detection of thyroid cold nodules]. Thermography was employed in addition to scintiscanning in the preoperative diagnosis of 87 surgically treated cold thyroid nodes. A new thermographic method was used. Comparison with the scanning and clinical data and the histological finding showed it to be useful, so that its routine employment has been principally in the investigation of cold nodes in addition to hyperfunctioning nodes. The results obtained are of particular value, since they enable a resonably reliable differential diagnosis to be made of benign and malignant forms prior to surgery.", "PMID": 600445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7119", "title": "[The polysaccharide components of the ground substance of the connective tissue in retraction of the palmar aponeurosis (Dupuytren's disease)].", "content": "Histochemical methods were employed to study the behaviour of connectival glycoproteins in Dupuytren's disease. Increases were observed in glycoproteins and acid glycosaminoglycans in the sections with higher cell intensity. In segments where fibrosis was more marked, a prevalence of neutral polysaccharides was encountered. A possible role of these alterations in the development of palmar aponeurosis retraction is discussed.", "contents": "[The polysaccharide components of the ground substance of the connective tissue in retraction of the palmar aponeurosis (Dupuytren's disease)]. Histochemical methods were employed to study the behaviour of connectival glycoproteins in Dupuytren's disease. Increases were observed in glycoproteins and acid glycosaminoglycans in the sections with higher cell intensity. In segments where fibrosis was more marked, a prevalence of neutral polysaccharides was encountered. A possible role of these alterations in the development of palmar aponeurosis retraction is discussed.", "PMID": 600446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7120", "title": "[Hydrochloric acid, gastrin, parietal cell mass in active and quiescent phases of duodenal ulcers].", "content": "The A. studied the behaviour of gastric acid secretion, of gastrinemia and of the parietal cell mass in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer (in active state and then in quiescent state) and in 20 symptom free control subjects, in absence of circumscribed gastroduodenal lesions. The analysis of the results demonstrates the persistence in the quiescent state of the physiopathological behaviour found in the active duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Hydrochloric acid, gastrin, parietal cell mass in active and quiescent phases of duodenal ulcers]. The A. studied the behaviour of gastric acid secretion, of gastrinemia and of the parietal cell mass in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer (in active state and then in quiescent state) and in 20 symptom free control subjects, in absence of circumscribed gastroduodenal lesions. The analysis of the results demonstrates the persistence in the quiescent state of the physiopathological behaviour found in the active duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 600440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7121", "title": "[2 cases of thorotrastosis].", "content": "Two cases of thorotrastosis unsuspected by the patients themselves are reported. Attention is drawn to the relevance of this disease at the present time. Reference is made to the relevant literature in asserting that the pathology of thorotrastosis must be understood if early diagnosis is to be obtained, and so initiate suitable treatment and satisfy medicolegal requirements.", "contents": "[2 cases of thorotrastosis]. Two cases of thorotrastosis unsuspected by the patients themselves are reported. Attention is drawn to the relevance of this disease at the present time. Reference is made to the relevant literature in asserting that the pathology of thorotrastosis must be understood if early diagnosis is to be obtained, and so initiate suitable treatment and satisfy medicolegal requirements.", "PMID": 600447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7122", "title": "[The Spacelab program: a major gateway to biological and medical research].", "content": "The Spacelab programme will run for about 10 years starting from 1980. It is the outcome of scientific, technological and financial cooperation between NASA and ESA. The latter has got together a large laboratory which will be equipped in accordance with individual flight programmes. A large number of scientists are involved in the preparation of suitable and original research projects. The main features of the laboratory and its vector are described and a brief reference is made to main advances that have been gathered from previous medical and biological programmes. The essential aspects of the nine European programmes (one of which was put forward by Italy) accepted for the first flight are explained.", "contents": "[The Spacelab program: a major gateway to biological and medical research]. The Spacelab programme will run for about 10 years starting from 1980. It is the outcome of scientific, technological and financial cooperation between NASA and ESA. The latter has got together a large laboratory which will be equipped in accordance with individual flight programmes. A large number of scientists are involved in the preparation of suitable and original research projects. The main features of the laboratory and its vector are described and a brief reference is made to main advances that have been gathered from previous medical and biological programmes. The essential aspects of the nine European programmes (one of which was put forward by Italy) accepted for the first flight are explained.", "PMID": 600454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7123", "title": "[Some functional changes of the nervous system of pilots and pilot trainees and the need for checking the psychological status of the pilot].", "content": "Thirty years' experience as a physician pilot are referred to in an examination of changes in nervous system performance encountered in pilots and trainee pilots of light aircraft. It is felt that through psychiatric controls should be performed on trainers to ensure that suitable condidates are selected in time, and, where necessary, on experienced pilots especially those of a certain age.", "contents": "[Some functional changes of the nervous system of pilots and pilot trainees and the need for checking the psychological status of the pilot]. Thirty years' experience as a physician pilot are referred to in an examination of changes in nervous system performance encountered in pilots and trainee pilots of light aircraft. It is felt that through psychiatric controls should be performed on trainers to ensure that suitable condidates are selected in time, and, where necessary, on experienced pilots especially those of a certain age.", "PMID": 600455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7124", "title": "[Toxological problems inherent in varnish and paint products used in aeronautics].", "content": "Paint products and the need for their employment on aircraft and spacecraft are described and reference is made to the types of poisoning that may arise from their application. The main solvents and diluents are listed, together with their toxicological features. Lastly, mention is made of technical products required by the aeronautical regulations, the dangers associated with them, and the preventive measures required.", "contents": "[Toxological problems inherent in varnish and paint products used in aeronautics]. Paint products and the need for their employment on aircraft and spacecraft are described and reference is made to the types of poisoning that may arise from their application. The main solvents and diluents are listed, together with their toxicological features. Lastly, mention is made of technical products required by the aeronautical regulations, the dangers associated with them, and the preventive measures required.", "PMID": 600456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7125", "title": "[Importance, especially in aeronautics, of color perception tests under dynamic conditions. Study of a suitable experimental apparatus].", "content": "Following a review of the most recent opinion on the physiology of colour vision, a device for examining it in dynamic, i.e. real-life conditions is described. The apparatus consist of two projectors which flash two absolutely identical pictures on to the screen, one of them is upside down. It appears at fixed but adjustable intervals so that the exposure time of the intelligible image can be varied. Subjects were also controlled with Ishihara charts and N\u00e4gel anomaloscope. The results are compared and point to the higher sensitivity of the dynamic test to even slight degrees of dyschromatopsia.", "contents": "[Importance, especially in aeronautics, of color perception tests under dynamic conditions. Study of a suitable experimental apparatus]. Following a review of the most recent opinion on the physiology of colour vision, a device for examining it in dynamic, i.e. real-life conditions is described. The apparatus consist of two projectors which flash two absolutely identical pictures on to the screen, one of them is upside down. It appears at fixed but adjustable intervals so that the exposure time of the intelligible image can be varied. Subjects were also controlled with Ishihara charts and N\u00e4gel anomaloscope. The results are compared and point to the higher sensitivity of the dynamic test to even slight degrees of dyschromatopsia.", "PMID": 600457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7126", "title": "[Aeromedical problems in the patient with multiple fractures].", "content": "The importance of the aircraft in the rapid handling of the patient with multiple fractures is shown. Stress is also laid on the need for an albeit summary classification of the various types of multiple fractures since immediate or differed transport depends on correct diagnosis. Treatment must be a function of the lesions and cannot be standardized owing to polymorphous, complex lesions that accompany fractures. The patient with multiple fractures presents complex modifications in the biochemical blood and biohumoral pictures and untimely intervention may definitely compromize the normal automatic or artificial resolution of metabolic and electrolytic imbalances. Following brief mention of the complications to which multiple fractures victim is liable, stress is laid on the need for correct ground management of the patient prior to flight and on the precautions necessary during transport.", "contents": "[Aeromedical problems in the patient with multiple fractures]. The importance of the aircraft in the rapid handling of the patient with multiple fractures is shown. Stress is also laid on the need for an albeit summary classification of the various types of multiple fractures since immediate or differed transport depends on correct diagnosis. Treatment must be a function of the lesions and cannot be standardized owing to polymorphous, complex lesions that accompany fractures. The patient with multiple fractures presents complex modifications in the biochemical blood and biohumoral pictures and untimely intervention may definitely compromize the normal automatic or artificial resolution of metabolic and electrolytic imbalances. Following brief mention of the complications to which multiple fractures victim is liable, stress is laid on the need for correct ground management of the patient prior to flight and on the precautions necessary during transport.", "PMID": 600458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7127", "title": "[Behavior of the impedance of the middle ear and of the stapedius reflex under static conditions of barometric depression].", "content": "The authors present the preliminary results of a range of their aero-space medicine studies, carried out in hypobaric chamber, in simulated flight and at different atmospheric pressures, to asses the tubal function in normal hearing people. The tympanometric determination through a Z072 Madsen inpendenzometer in static and dynamic conditions of barometric depression gave a clear and exact indications about the impedence variation capacity of the middle ear in similated flight, giving homogenous data which allow the use of this method in flying recruitment aptitude test routine.", "contents": "[Behavior of the impedance of the middle ear and of the stapedius reflex under static conditions of barometric depression]. The authors present the preliminary results of a range of their aero-space medicine studies, carried out in hypobaric chamber, in simulated flight and at different atmospheric pressures, to asses the tubal function in normal hearing people. The tympanometric determination through a Z072 Madsen inpendenzometer in static and dynamic conditions of barometric depression gave a clear and exact indications about the impedence variation capacity of the middle ear in similated flight, giving homogenous data which allow the use of this method in flying recruitment aptitude test routine.", "PMID": 600459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7128", "title": "[Relations between athero-arteriosclerosis and chronic liver diseases. Anatomopathological and statistical studies].", "content": "Starting from well known anatomopathological premises and on the basis of relative physiopathological concepts, particularly lipid metabolism and the lipidaemic fractions in patients suffering from chronic hepatopathy and athero-arteriosclerosis, a statistical investigation was carried out into the relations between the two disease conditions on the basis of the anatomopathological material collected over a period of six years in the S. Giovanni and S. Giacomo Hospitals in Rome. The conclusion is that there is a smaller incidence of athero-arteriosclerotic pathology in patients suffering from chronic hepatopathy up to the sixth decade of life.", "contents": "[Relations between athero-arteriosclerosis and chronic liver diseases. Anatomopathological and statistical studies]. Starting from well known anatomopathological premises and on the basis of relative physiopathological concepts, particularly lipid metabolism and the lipidaemic fractions in patients suffering from chronic hepatopathy and athero-arteriosclerosis, a statistical investigation was carried out into the relations between the two disease conditions on the basis of the anatomopathological material collected over a period of six years in the S. Giovanni and S. Giacomo Hospitals in Rome. The conclusion is that there is a smaller incidence of athero-arteriosclerotic pathology in patients suffering from chronic hepatopathy up to the sixth decade of life.", "PMID": 600463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7129", "title": "[Study of changes in certain immunoglobulin fractions in acute and chronic hepatopathies treated with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine].", "content": "15 patients have been treated with alpha-MPG (Thiola) by the intramuscular route and by venous infusion at doses varying from 500 mg to 1000 mg i.v. and from 100 mg to 200 mg i.m. for a treatment period of from 20 to 40 days. In a number of cases parenteral therapy was followed by oral therapy depending on the degree of liver insufficiency and the therapeutic response of the drug. In all cases, the drug proved to possess antitoxic and liver protector effectiveness and was without side effects gastroenterically and generally, even when administered at high doses for long periods. The results obtained are summarised in tables and data regarding patients at admission and discharge noted.", "contents": "[Study of changes in certain immunoglobulin fractions in acute and chronic hepatopathies treated with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine]. 15 patients have been treated with alpha-MPG (Thiola) by the intramuscular route and by venous infusion at doses varying from 500 mg to 1000 mg i.v. and from 100 mg to 200 mg i.m. for a treatment period of from 20 to 40 days. In a number of cases parenteral therapy was followed by oral therapy depending on the degree of liver insufficiency and the therapeutic response of the drug. In all cases, the drug proved to possess antitoxic and liver protector effectiveness and was without side effects gastroenterically and generally, even when administered at high doses for long periods. The results obtained are summarised in tables and data regarding patients at admission and discharge noted.", "PMID": 600464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7130", "title": "[Prognostic and therapeutic considerations on intraventricular block during a course of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Intraventricular block was observed in 10% of a series of 250 cases of acute myocardial infarct observed at the Medical Division, S. Angelo Hospital, Messina. Mortality was not strictly related to the presence of block, though this was a negative factor in prognosis, but essentially to the degree of myocardial efficiency. It is felt that temporary pacemakers should only be fitted where myocardial insufficiency is slight, though this step can also be taken in more serious cases until further clinical evidence finally establishes the question of treatment.", "contents": "[Prognostic and therapeutic considerations on intraventricular block during a course of acute myocardial infarct]. Intraventricular block was observed in 10% of a series of 250 cases of acute myocardial infarct observed at the Medical Division, S. Angelo Hospital, Messina. Mortality was not strictly related to the presence of block, though this was a negative factor in prognosis, but essentially to the degree of myocardial efficiency. It is felt that temporary pacemakers should only be fitted where myocardial insufficiency is slight, though this step can also be taken in more serious cases until further clinical evidence finally establishes the question of treatment.", "PMID": 600466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7131", "title": "[Influence of various gastrointestinal disorders and dysproteinemia on the determination of blood digitalis by means of radioimmunoassay].", "content": "Radioimmunologically determined digoxin and beta methyl digoxin values were the same in cardiopaths with and without clinical and instrumental changes referable to chronic cirrhosis or hepatitis. Lower values, however, were noted when gastroenteric disturbances were present. This was especially true of beta methyl digoxin in subjects with hyperkinetic-hyperchlorhydric syndromes due to depressed gastric pH, with a consequent inhibition of beta methyl digoxin absorption, presumably caused by lability of the molecule as a result of methylation of the terminal digitoxose group.", "contents": "[Influence of various gastrointestinal disorders and dysproteinemia on the determination of blood digitalis by means of radioimmunoassay]. Radioimmunologically determined digoxin and beta methyl digoxin values were the same in cardiopaths with and without clinical and instrumental changes referable to chronic cirrhosis or hepatitis. Lower values, however, were noted when gastroenteric disturbances were present. This was especially true of beta methyl digoxin in subjects with hyperkinetic-hyperchlorhydric syndromes due to depressed gastric pH, with a consequent inhibition of beta methyl digoxin absorption, presumably caused by lability of the molecule as a result of methylation of the terminal digitoxose group.", "PMID": 600467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7132", "title": "[Regulation of flowering plants of different biotypes].", "content": "The patterns of control of flowering are analyzed in plants of different biotypes. The photoperiodic reaction of flowering taken as an example, the whole net of control is considered: from the environmental stimulus through its physiological transformation in the leaf in the corresponding hormonal impulse which, in turn, controls the realization of genetic programme and formation of generative organs in the stem buds. The photoperiodically neutral plants taken as an example, the patterns of age control of flowering are considered. In plants of different photoperiodic groups the synthesis of complementary components of florigen was shown to proceed either autonomously under the photoperiodic effect or under the inducing effect of definite photoperiods. The autonomous and inducible mechanisms of biosynthesis of the flowering hormones have a common base, the genetic system to which the environment sends its stimuli through the hormonal interactions. The interaction of hormonal and genetic developmental factors is considered, the evocation of flowering in the stem buds taken as an example.", "contents": "[Regulation of flowering plants of different biotypes]. The patterns of control of flowering are analyzed in plants of different biotypes. The photoperiodic reaction of flowering taken as an example, the whole net of control is considered: from the environmental stimulus through its physiological transformation in the leaf in the corresponding hormonal impulse which, in turn, controls the realization of genetic programme and formation of generative organs in the stem buds. The photoperiodically neutral plants taken as an example, the patterns of age control of flowering are considered. In plants of different photoperiodic groups the synthesis of complementary components of florigen was shown to proceed either autonomously under the photoperiodic effect or under the inducing effect of definite photoperiods. The autonomous and inducible mechanisms of biosynthesis of the flowering hormones have a common base, the genetic system to which the environment sends its stimuli through the hormonal interactions. The interaction of hormonal and genetic developmental factors is considered, the evocation of flowering in the stem buds taken as an example.", "PMID": 600470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7133", "title": "Unilateral congenital cataracts and their management.", "content": "Eight cases of unilateral congenital cataract were operated in the first two years of life. They were treated with contact lenses fitted within the first three weeks postoperatively and with patching of the good eye. None of these eyes achieved better than 3/100 vision. This dense amblyopia would seem based on the marked refractive difference. In addition to the ocular aspects, the psychological aspects of this evaluation would indicate that such surgery and postoperative management is probably not indicated for unilateral congenital cataracts.", "contents": "Unilateral congenital cataracts and their management. Eight cases of unilateral congenital cataract were operated in the first two years of life. They were treated with contact lenses fitted within the first three weeks postoperatively and with patching of the good eye. None of these eyes achieved better than 3/100 vision. This dense amblyopia would seem based on the marked refractive difference. In addition to the ocular aspects, the psychological aspects of this evaluation would indicate that such surgery and postoperative management is probably not indicated for unilateral congenital cataracts.", "PMID": 600475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7134", "title": "Management of a patient with orbital varices, visual loss, and ipsilateral glaucoma.", "content": "A man with congenital orbital varices developed progressive ipsilateral visual loss beginning at age 62. Work-up demonstrated elevated intraocular pressure, decreased outflow facility, and mildly elevated episcleral venous pressure in the affected eye. Initiation of adequate glaucoma treatment was associated with interruption of declining visual acuity and with expansion of the constricted visual field. Medical control of coexisting glaucoma should be attempted prior to consideration of surgical intervention in any patient with visual loss and an ipsilateral orbital varix.", "contents": "Management of a patient with orbital varices, visual loss, and ipsilateral glaucoma. A man with congenital orbital varices developed progressive ipsilateral visual loss beginning at age 62. Work-up demonstrated elevated intraocular pressure, decreased outflow facility, and mildly elevated episcleral venous pressure in the affected eye. Initiation of adequate glaucoma treatment was associated with interruption of declining visual acuity and with expansion of the constricted visual field. Medical control of coexisting glaucoma should be attempted prior to consideration of surgical intervention in any patient with visual loss and an ipsilateral orbital varix.", "PMID": 600478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7135", "title": "In vitro evaluation of intraocular infusion fluids: effects on the lens and cornea.", "content": "Glutatione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR), GBR deficient in adenosine and glutathione, and a newly proposed glucose-phosphate-Ringer solution (GPR) have been found to maintain lens function and corneal endothelial viability with approximately equal efficacy during prolonged periods of incubation. Currently used intraocular irrigating solutions do not perform as well in maintaining the function of borderline decompensated lenses and in sustaining endothelial viability.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of intraocular infusion fluids: effects on the lens and cornea. Glutatione-bicarbonate-Ringer solution (GBR), GBR deficient in adenosine and glutathione, and a newly proposed glucose-phosphate-Ringer solution (GPR) have been found to maintain lens function and corneal endothelial viability with approximately equal efficacy during prolonged periods of incubation. Currently used intraocular irrigating solutions do not perform as well in maintaining the function of borderline decompensated lenses and in sustaining endothelial viability.", "PMID": 600479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7136", "title": "Complications associated with the orbital bead implant operation.", "content": "The primary objective of this paper is to suggest various precautionary measures in order to decrease the occurrence of possible complications associated with the orbital bead implant operation for anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\". It is important that the subperiosteal insertion of glass beads by used primarily in an anophthalmic orbit. A preoperative x-ray of the patient's orbit will help the surgeon decide the ideal location in making entry into the subperiosteal space. Cautious dissection of the subperiosteal pocket is important in order to avoid damage to the levator muscle, blood vessels and nerves of the orbit. An accurate and careful positioning of the bead inserter is necessary in order to deposit the beads properly into the posterior portion of the subperiosteal space.", "contents": "Complications associated with the orbital bead implant operation. The primary objective of this paper is to suggest various precautionary measures in order to decrease the occurrence of possible complications associated with the orbital bead implant operation for anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\". It is important that the subperiosteal insertion of glass beads by used primarily in an anophthalmic orbit. A preoperative x-ray of the patient's orbit will help the surgeon decide the ideal location in making entry into the subperiosteal space. Cautious dissection of the subperiosteal pocket is important in order to avoid damage to the levator muscle, blood vessels and nerves of the orbit. An accurate and careful positioning of the bead inserter is necessary in order to deposit the beads properly into the posterior portion of the subperiosteal space.", "PMID": 600480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7137", "title": "Surgical correction of the lateral canthal deformity associated with anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\".", "content": "In order to correct the lateral canthal and lower eyelid deformities associated with anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\", this paper proposes that a surgical modification of the bead implant operation be used in order to reposition the lateral canthal tendone to a higher level than its preoperative location. The surgical technique is described, and its usefulness in correcting similar lateral canthal deformities associated with fracture dislocations of the zygoma is mentioned.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the lateral canthal deformity associated with anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\". In order to correct the lateral canthal and lower eyelid deformities associated with anophthalmic \"enophthalmos\", this paper proposes that a surgical modification of the bead implant operation be used in order to reposition the lateral canthal tendone to a higher level than its preoperative location. The surgical technique is described, and its usefulness in correcting similar lateral canthal deformities associated with fracture dislocations of the zygoma is mentioned.", "PMID": 600481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7138", "title": "Staphyloma as a late complication of trabeculectomy.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study was performed of a scleral staphyloma occurring two years after a trabeculectomy for neovascular glaucoma. In a series of thirteen cases with secondary glaucoma four developed staphylomas in the area of the excision of sclera and trabeculum. A young, black male with atypical pigmentary glaucoma also developed a staphyloma. The possibility of the development of a staphyloma should be considered when selecting an appropriate operative procedure for uncontrolled glaucoma.", "contents": "Staphyloma as a late complication of trabeculectomy. A clinicopathologic study was performed of a scleral staphyloma occurring two years after a trabeculectomy for neovascular glaucoma. In a series of thirteen cases with secondary glaucoma four developed staphylomas in the area of the excision of sclera and trabeculum. A young, black male with atypical pigmentary glaucoma also developed a staphyloma. The possibility of the development of a staphyloma should be considered when selecting an appropriate operative procedure for uncontrolled glaucoma.", "PMID": 600482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7139", "title": "Periosteal graft in scleromalacia.", "content": "A case of scleromalacia perforans in a 60-year-old white male without any associated systemic diseases is reported. The patient had central retinal artery occlusion and Mooren's type of peripheral corneal degeneration in this eye preceding the development of scleromalacia. Various modalities of treatment, both medical and surgical, have been described in the literature and among surgical procedures various tissues were used as graft material in the areas of scleral thinning. We chose periosteum as the graft material on the basis of our experience with it in cases of \"through-and-through\" keratoprosthesis and the result has been very encouraging. Though our experience is limited to only one case, we feel that periosteum as graft material has a place in cases of scleromalacia.", "contents": "Periosteal graft in scleromalacia. A case of scleromalacia perforans in a 60-year-old white male without any associated systemic diseases is reported. The patient had central retinal artery occlusion and Mooren's type of peripheral corneal degeneration in this eye preceding the development of scleromalacia. Various modalities of treatment, both medical and surgical, have been described in the literature and among surgical procedures various tissues were used as graft material in the areas of scleral thinning. We chose periosteum as the graft material on the basis of our experience with it in cases of \"through-and-through\" keratoprosthesis and the result has been very encouraging. Though our experience is limited to only one case, we feel that periosteum as graft material has a place in cases of scleromalacia.", "PMID": 600483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7140", "title": "Cataract aspiration with the O'Gawa double-bore cannula.", "content": "Sixty-eight soft cataracts were removed utilizing the O'Gawa double-bore aspirating-irrigating cannula. The postoperative visual acuity was found to be 20/100 or better in 83% and 20/40 or better in 59% of the 64 cases in which visual acuity was obtainable. In congenital cataracts, associated ocular defects such as strabismus or nystagmus reduced the visual prognosis. All cases of traumatic cataract had associated defects, usually a corneal laceration, however, visual improvement was noted in 81% of the cases. Significant postoperative corneal edema was not seen. Complications attributable to the operation included: rupture of the posterior capsule, insufficient removal of lens cortex, and pupullary block glaucoma. Discission of the posterior capsule was necessary in 26% of the eyes with an intact capsule. Retinal detachment followed the operation in three instances. The O'Gawa double-bore cannula is recommended for the removal of soft cataracts.", "contents": "Cataract aspiration with the O'Gawa double-bore cannula. Sixty-eight soft cataracts were removed utilizing the O'Gawa double-bore aspirating-irrigating cannula. The postoperative visual acuity was found to be 20/100 or better in 83% and 20/40 or better in 59% of the 64 cases in which visual acuity was obtainable. In congenital cataracts, associated ocular defects such as strabismus or nystagmus reduced the visual prognosis. All cases of traumatic cataract had associated defects, usually a corneal laceration, however, visual improvement was noted in 81% of the cases. Significant postoperative corneal edema was not seen. Complications attributable to the operation included: rupture of the posterior capsule, insufficient removal of lens cortex, and pupullary block glaucoma. Discission of the posterior capsule was necessary in 26% of the eyes with an intact capsule. Retinal detachment followed the operation in three instances. The O'Gawa double-bore cannula is recommended for the removal of soft cataracts.", "PMID": 600484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7141", "title": "Proptosis secondary to closure of the lids posterior to the globe.", "content": "A five-year-old black male was seen with acute unilateral proptosis of one to two centimeters following blunt trauma with retraction of the eyelids behind the involved eye. The proptosis was cured by performing a lateral canthotomy and replacement of the eyelids in front of the globe.", "contents": "Proptosis secondary to closure of the lids posterior to the globe. A five-year-old black male was seen with acute unilateral proptosis of one to two centimeters following blunt trauma with retraction of the eyelids behind the involved eye. The proptosis was cured by performing a lateral canthotomy and replacement of the eyelids in front of the globe.", "PMID": 600486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7142", "title": "Glare sensitivity in corrected aphakes.", "content": "Groups of elderly aphakic patients treated with contact lenses, spectacles and intraocular lenses, as well as elderly phakic patients, all with good visual acuity were tested for glare sensitivity. All groups showed comparable glare sensitivity. However, aphakic patients with lesn material, or postop membranes in the the pupil area, were statistically more glare sensitive. These membranes occur when the cataract extraction is extracapsular in nature. Finally, the study shows that measurement of visual acuity in the typical examination room environment does not accurately describe the manner in which the patient visually functions in a bright, glare laden environment.", "contents": "Glare sensitivity in corrected aphakes. Groups of elderly aphakic patients treated with contact lenses, spectacles and intraocular lenses, as well as elderly phakic patients, all with good visual acuity were tested for glare sensitivity. All groups showed comparable glare sensitivity. However, aphakic patients with lesn material, or postop membranes in the the pupil area, were statistically more glare sensitive. These membranes occur when the cataract extraction is extracapsular in nature. Finally, the study shows that measurement of visual acuity in the typical examination room environment does not accurately describe the manner in which the patient visually functions in a bright, glare laden environment.", "PMID": 600490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7143", "title": "Use of Na-hyaluronate during intraocular lens implantation in rabbits.", "content": "It is now established that there is a destructive biophysical interaction between a plastic intraocular lens and the corneal endothelium during intraocular lnes implantation. In the present study , Na-hyaluronate was placed into the anterior chamber of one eye of 20 rabbits, after lens extraction and prior to pseudophake implantation, in an attempt to protect the corneal endothelium. The other eye of each rabbit was subjected to a lens extraction and pseudophake implantation in the conventional manner. During the 4-week postoperative period, it was observed that the eye treated with Na-hyaluronate showed significantly less corneal edema as well as less iris engorgement and edema.", "contents": "Use of Na-hyaluronate during intraocular lens implantation in rabbits. It is now established that there is a destructive biophysical interaction between a plastic intraocular lens and the corneal endothelium during intraocular lnes implantation. In the present study , Na-hyaluronate was placed into the anterior chamber of one eye of 20 rabbits, after lens extraction and prior to pseudophake implantation, in an attempt to protect the corneal endothelium. The other eye of each rabbit was subjected to a lens extraction and pseudophake implantation in the conventional manner. During the 4-week postoperative period, it was observed that the eye treated with Na-hyaluronate showed significantly less corneal edema as well as less iris engorgement and edema.", "PMID": 600491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7144", "title": "Echothiophate iodide for flat anterior chamber following cataract extraction.", "content": "Three cases are presented of late flat anterior chambers which were cured by echothiophate iodide treatment. Two of the cases required repeated instillations to achieve permanent restoration of normal chamber depth. We now recommend that echothiophate treatment be considered in cases of late flat anterior chamber unresponsive to standard medical treatment.", "contents": "Echothiophate iodide for flat anterior chamber following cataract extraction. Three cases are presented of late flat anterior chambers which were cured by echothiophate iodide treatment. Two of the cases required repeated instillations to achieve permanent restoration of normal chamber depth. We now recommend that echothiophate treatment be considered in cases of late flat anterior chamber unresponsive to standard medical treatment.", "PMID": 600492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7145", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of posterior lens rupture.", "content": "A case of ultrasonically-diagnosed posterior lens capsule rupture, confirmed at surgery, is presented. The A-scan and contact B-scan findings enabling the diagnosis to be made are presented. The ability to make such a preoperative determination allows for the planning of more rational therapy, and should help improve the final visual results in such cases.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of posterior lens rupture. A case of ultrasonically-diagnosed posterior lens capsule rupture, confirmed at surgery, is presented. The A-scan and contact B-scan findings enabling the diagnosis to be made are presented. The ability to make such a preoperative determination allows for the planning of more rational therapy, and should help improve the final visual results in such cases.", "PMID": 600493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7146", "title": "Chemical evolution and the evolution of the earth's crust.", "content": "It is hypothesized that there is a close relationship between the geologic evolution of the global plates of the Earth's crust and the chemical evolution of life on the Earth. Characteristics of the axes of plate spreading are discussed in relation to postulated environments conductive to the synthesis of chemical compounds thought to be important biological precursors. Likely locations for in situ measurements to test the hypothesis are identified.", "contents": "Chemical evolution and the evolution of the earth's crust. It is hypothesized that there is a close relationship between the geologic evolution of the global plates of the Earth's crust and the chemical evolution of life on the Earth. Characteristics of the axes of plate spreading are discussed in relation to postulated environments conductive to the synthesis of chemical compounds thought to be important biological precursors. Likely locations for in situ measurements to test the hypothesis are identified.", "PMID": 600509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7147", "title": "The phenomenon of formation of prebiological compounds in volcanic processes.", "content": "Organic matter has been found in the juvenile ash of seven volcanoes in Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands and Indonesia. Its amount in one eruption is of the order of 1 00 000 tons. This matter constitutes a multicomponent mixture (more than 150 components) of, mainly, high boiling (b.p. over 250 degrees C) organic compounds of a complex structure. These are represented by hydrocarbons of saturated and aromatic nature, and, among them, polycyclic hydrocarbons, amino acids, amino sugars and other heteroatomic molecules, also containing N, O, S and C1. The formation of the above mentioned organic compounds is associated with volcanic processes--with abiogenous synthesis taking place in ash-gas clouds and, possibly, in the entrails of the Earth (hydrocarbons and their heteroatomic derivatives have also been found in volcanic bombs). On the strength of these facts, volcanic phenomena are regarded as the process which serves as the starting point of the chemical evolution from the inanimate to the animate matter.", "contents": "The phenomenon of formation of prebiological compounds in volcanic processes. Organic matter has been found in the juvenile ash of seven volcanoes in Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands and Indonesia. Its amount in one eruption is of the order of 1 00 000 tons. This matter constitutes a multicomponent mixture (more than 150 components) of, mainly, high boiling (b.p. over 250 degrees C) organic compounds of a complex structure. These are represented by hydrocarbons of saturated and aromatic nature, and, among them, polycyclic hydrocarbons, amino acids, amino sugars and other heteroatomic molecules, also containing N, O, S and C1. The formation of the above mentioned organic compounds is associated with volcanic processes--with abiogenous synthesis taking place in ash-gas clouds and, possibly, in the entrails of the Earth (hydrocarbons and their heteroatomic derivatives have also been found in volcanic bombs). On the strength of these facts, volcanic phenomena are regarded as the process which serves as the starting point of the chemical evolution from the inanimate to the animate matter.", "PMID": 600510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7148", "title": "Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides under the cold plasma conditions (IX).", "content": "Living-matter precursors are obtained by the action of the high-frequency electrical discharges on a methane-ammonia-water mixture. Some purine and pyrimidine bases as well as nucleosides are detected and estimated quantitatively by column chromatography, one- and two-dimensional paper chromatography, paper chromatography with standard addition, colour tests as well as by optical density measurement within the UV region.", "contents": "Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides under the cold plasma conditions (IX). Living-matter precursors are obtained by the action of the high-frequency electrical discharges on a methane-ammonia-water mixture. Some purine and pyrimidine bases as well as nucleosides are detected and estimated quantitatively by column chromatography, one- and two-dimensional paper chromatography, paper chromatography with standard addition, colour tests as well as by optical density measurement within the UV region.", "PMID": 600511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7149", "title": "Remark on models for amplification of asymmetry.", "content": "There exists a number of evolutionary models in which a tiny asymmetry in the size of several subpopulations is amplified. In the present paper a counterexample is given based on equally justifiable starting conditions. The existence of similar models leading to contradictory results clearly demonstrates the highly hypothetic nature and questionable value of conclusions drawn from 'by chance' selection models.", "contents": "Remark on models for amplification of asymmetry. There exists a number of evolutionary models in which a tiny asymmetry in the size of several subpopulations is amplified. In the present paper a counterexample is given based on equally justifiable starting conditions. The existence of similar models leading to contradictory results clearly demonstrates the highly hypothetic nature and questionable value of conclusions drawn from 'by chance' selection models.", "PMID": 600514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7150", "title": "beta-decay and the origin of optical purity.", "content": "Improving Keszthelyi's simple model the evolutionary appearance of concentration difference of enanthiomeric compounds due to their differential decomposition by beta-rays is investigated taking into account the racemization as well. It is shown that if the difference in the cross sections is very small then the resulting concentration difference will never exceed the statistical fluctuations, while in the case of a sufficiently large difference in the cross sections the concentration difference can overgrow the statistical fluctuations in an evolutionary reasonable period of time. The relative difference of the concentrations, however, will be generally much smaller than that of the cross sections. Therefore some other, amplifying mechanism must be postulated in order to explain the optical purity of living beings.", "contents": "beta-decay and the origin of optical purity. Improving Keszthelyi's simple model the evolutionary appearance of concentration difference of enanthiomeric compounds due to their differential decomposition by beta-rays is investigated taking into account the racemization as well. It is shown that if the difference in the cross sections is very small then the resulting concentration difference will never exceed the statistical fluctuations, while in the case of a sufficiently large difference in the cross sections the concentration difference can overgrow the statistical fluctuations in an evolutionary reasonable period of time. The relative difference of the concentrations, however, will be generally much smaller than that of the cross sections. Therefore some other, amplifying mechanism must be postulated in order to explain the optical purity of living beings.", "PMID": 600515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7151", "title": "The effect of dorsal column stimulation on the nociceptive response of dorsal horn cells and its relevance for pain suppression.", "content": "The effect of single and repetitive electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns on cells in laminae IV and V of the ipsilateral dorsal horn at S1 was examined in spinalized cats. About two-thirds of the cells responded to thermal nociceptive cutaneous stimulation and of these most responded also to low threshold mechanical stimulation. The other one-third of the cells were innervated by mechanoreceptors including type I or Haarscheiben. A single shock to the dorsal columns typically caused short latency activation of the cells, followed by inhibition lasting about 100 msec. Several minutes of repetitive dorsal column stimulation (DCS) at 3 Hz or 50 Hz had no prolonged effect on about two-thirds of the cells. The rest of the cells were less responsive for up to 30 min after the cessation of 50 Hz. Assuming that the studied interneurons have a pain-mediating function, the results indicate that some cumulative and poststimulatory DCS suppression of pain may be ascribed to spinal mechanisms. The more effective and longer lasting suppression produced by DCS in pain patients would, however, be dependent on other types of interneurons, on suprasegmental loops and/or on effects on pathophysiological mechanisms which may be operative in the chronic pain state. The lack of cumulative inhibition in most of the cells in this study is compatible with the previous observation of a retained perception of acute pain during DCS in man.", "contents": "The effect of dorsal column stimulation on the nociceptive response of dorsal horn cells and its relevance for pain suppression. The effect of single and repetitive electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns on cells in laminae IV and V of the ipsilateral dorsal horn at S1 was examined in spinalized cats. About two-thirds of the cells responded to thermal nociceptive cutaneous stimulation and of these most responded also to low threshold mechanical stimulation. The other one-third of the cells were innervated by mechanoreceptors including type I or Haarscheiben. A single shock to the dorsal columns typically caused short latency activation of the cells, followed by inhibition lasting about 100 msec. Several minutes of repetitive dorsal column stimulation (DCS) at 3 Hz or 50 Hz had no prolonged effect on about two-thirds of the cells. The rest of the cells were less responsive for up to 30 min after the cessation of 50 Hz. Assuming that the studied interneurons have a pain-mediating function, the results indicate that some cumulative and poststimulatory DCS suppression of pain may be ascribed to spinal mechanisms. The more effective and longer lasting suppression produced by DCS in pain patients would, however, be dependent on other types of interneurons, on suprasegmental loops and/or on effects on pathophysiological mechanisms which may be operative in the chronic pain state. The lack of cumulative inhibition in most of the cells in this study is compatible with the previous observation of a retained perception of acute pain during DCS in man.", "PMID": 600539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7152", "title": "Sensation evoked by bipolar intrapulpal stimulation in man.", "content": "Bipolar intrapulpal stimulation was applied to human teeth using the same procedure as in animal experiments. The effects of variation of stimulus parameters on the quality of sensation were studied. A prepain sensation exists which cannot be explained by diffusion of the stimulus to periodontal tissues. When the intensity of stimulation is increased, the prepain sensation is gradually replaced by a pinprick sensation. With long, high intensity stimulation, an acute long lasting very painful sensation appears. To evoke a pinprick sensation the best stimulation seems to be a 50 msec train (0.5 msec, 300 Hz, 0.5 mA). Longer train duration and a higher intensity of current are necessary to evoke a long lasting, acute very painful sensation. Since the exclusively Adelta and C nerve fiber content of the dental pulp is well documented and since it is possible to avoid current diffusion outside the dental pulp cavity, the tooth pulp implantation seems to be a good technic for studying pain, as long as the investigator uses adequate stimulation.", "contents": "Sensation evoked by bipolar intrapulpal stimulation in man. Bipolar intrapulpal stimulation was applied to human teeth using the same procedure as in animal experiments. The effects of variation of stimulus parameters on the quality of sensation were studied. A prepain sensation exists which cannot be explained by diffusion of the stimulus to periodontal tissues. When the intensity of stimulation is increased, the prepain sensation is gradually replaced by a pinprick sensation. With long, high intensity stimulation, an acute long lasting very painful sensation appears. To evoke a pinprick sensation the best stimulation seems to be a 50 msec train (0.5 msec, 300 Hz, 0.5 mA). Longer train duration and a higher intensity of current are necessary to evoke a long lasting, acute very painful sensation. Since the exclusively Adelta and C nerve fiber content of the dental pulp is well documented and since it is possible to avoid current diffusion outside the dental pulp cavity, the tooth pulp implantation seems to be a good technic for studying pain, as long as the investigator uses adequate stimulation.", "PMID": 600540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7153", "title": "Pain, depression, and illness behavior in a pain clinic population.", "content": "The relationship between depression, illness behavior and persistent pain was studied in 100 patients referred to the University of Washington Hospital Pain Clinic. The instruments used were the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire (LPD). To delineate those aspects of illness behavior characteristic of the Pain Clinic group, their scores were compared to those attained on the IBQ by a Family Medicine Clinic sample. The Pain Clinic group showed greater conviction of disease and somatic preoccupation than the comparison group. Further, they were reluctant to consider their health problems in psychologic terms, and denied current life problems. The Pain Clinic group's performance on the LPD indicated a low degree of depressive affect overall and few patients manifesting a depressive syndrome. The association between IBQ and depression scores suggests that the predominant clinical pattern presented by pain clinic patients is best characterized as a form of \"abnormal illness behavior\".", "contents": "Pain, depression, and illness behavior in a pain clinic population. The relationship between depression, illness behavior and persistent pain was studied in 100 patients referred to the University of Washington Hospital Pain Clinic. The instruments used were the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and the Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire (LPD). To delineate those aspects of illness behavior characteristic of the Pain Clinic group, their scores were compared to those attained on the IBQ by a Family Medicine Clinic sample. The Pain Clinic group showed greater conviction of disease and somatic preoccupation than the comparison group. Further, they were reluctant to consider their health problems in psychologic terms, and denied current life problems. The Pain Clinic group's performance on the LPD indicated a low degree of depressive affect overall and few patients manifesting a depressive syndrome. The association between IBQ and depression scores suggests that the predominant clinical pattern presented by pain clinic patients is best characterized as a form of \"abnormal illness behavior\".", "PMID": 600541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7154", "title": "Radiosensitivity testing, virulence indices, and stromal reaction in carcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "A relatively simple, clinically applicable, analytic-pathologic approach to the complex problem of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is given. Careful study of control and post-test radiation cervical biopsies and evaluation of the type and grade of the carcinoma, the lymphatic vessel involvement, the stromal host reaction, and the tumor response to test radiation offer additional parameters in the therapeutic approach, aiming at the improvement of prognosis. We also hope that this work offers a contribution to the complex problem of tumor biology and pathology.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity testing, virulence indices, and stromal reaction in carcinoma of the cervix uteri. A relatively simple, clinically applicable, analytic-pathologic approach to the complex problem of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is given. Careful study of control and post-test radiation cervical biopsies and evaluation of the type and grade of the carcinoma, the lymphatic vessel involvement, the stromal host reaction, and the tumor response to test radiation offer additional parameters in the therapeutic approach, aiming at the improvement of prognosis. We also hope that this work offers a contribution to the complex problem of tumor biology and pathology.", "PMID": 600548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7155", "title": "Collaborative study of children treated for phenylketonuria: study design.", "content": "Studies that have attempted to test the effectiveness of treatment in phenylketonuria (PKU) have been handicapped by small samples due to rarity of the disorder and inadequate control of other sources of error. The present study was designed to overcome these limitations by treating a large number of children with PKU under controlled conditions from near birth to 6 years of age. Nineteen medical centers in 13 states have participated in the study, which is currently in progress. This article is one of a series of final reports. It describes the study design and sampling procedures employed to answer questions of interest for which results will be reported in subsequent articles. The study serves as a model for future collaborative investigations of a similar nature.", "contents": "Collaborative study of children treated for phenylketonuria: study design. Studies that have attempted to test the effectiveness of treatment in phenylketonuria (PKU) have been handicapped by small samples due to rarity of the disorder and inadequate control of other sources of error. The present study was designed to overcome these limitations by treating a large number of children with PKU under controlled conditions from near birth to 6 years of age. Nineteen medical centers in 13 states have participated in the study, which is currently in progress. This article is one of a series of final reports. It describes the study design and sampling procedures employed to answer questions of interest for which results will be reported in subsequent articles. The study serves as a model for future collaborative investigations of a similar nature.", "PMID": 600593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7156", "title": "Intellectual assessment of 111 four-year-old children with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Of the 216 children with phenylketonuria (PKU) who were initially enrolled in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria, 203 were placed on dietary therapy between 3 and 92 days of age. Of these, 111 are now at least 4 years of age and constituted the sample for the present analysis. Their mean IQ on the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale was 93 (1972 norms). The children assigned to two treatment groups based on \"moderate\" and \"low\" serum phenylalanine levels were comparable on their IQs at age 4, although many of the children could not be maintained in the specified categories. Females scored a significantly higher mean IQ than males (97 vs 90). Those children for whom dietary treatment was initiated during the first month of life scored a mean IQ of 95, compared with 85 for those initially treated from 31 to 65 days. However, the interpretation of dietary inception data may have been contaminated by familial and psychosocial factors. The PKU Collaborative Study is still in progress in 15 clinics located in 11 states.", "contents": "Intellectual assessment of 111 four-year-old children with phenylketonuria. Of the 216 children with phenylketonuria (PKU) who were initially enrolled in the Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria, 203 were placed on dietary therapy between 3 and 92 days of age. Of these, 111 are now at least 4 years of age and constituted the sample for the present analysis. Their mean IQ on the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale was 93 (1972 norms). The children assigned to two treatment groups based on \"moderate\" and \"low\" serum phenylalanine levels were comparable on their IQs at age 4, although many of the children could not be maintained in the specified categories. Females scored a significantly higher mean IQ than males (97 vs 90). Those children for whom dietary treatment was initiated during the first month of life scored a mean IQ of 95, compared with 85 for those initially treated from 31 to 65 days. However, the interpretation of dietary inception data may have been contaminated by familial and psychosocial factors. The PKU Collaborative Study is still in progress in 15 clinics located in 11 states.", "PMID": 600594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7157", "title": "Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials.", "content": "Auditory brainstem potentials were recorded from scalp electrodes in 42 infants ranging in gestational age from 25 to 44 weeks. The latencies of the various potential components decreased with maturation. Wave V, evoked by 65-dB sensation level clicks, changed in latency from 9.9 msec at 26 weeks of gestation of 6.9 msec at 40 weeks of gestation. Central conduction times in the auditory pathway also decreased with maturation from 7.2 msec at 26 weeks to 5.2 msec at 40 weeks. The effects of brainstem and cochlear disorders on auditory brainstem potentials were noted in several abnormal infants. The application of all of these techniques could permit an objective definition of both normal and abnormal sensory processes in newborn infants.", "contents": "Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials. Auditory brainstem potentials were recorded from scalp electrodes in 42 infants ranging in gestational age from 25 to 44 weeks. The latencies of the various potential components decreased with maturation. Wave V, evoked by 65-dB sensation level clicks, changed in latency from 9.9 msec at 26 weeks of gestation of 6.9 msec at 40 weeks of gestation. Central conduction times in the auditory pathway also decreased with maturation from 7.2 msec at 26 weeks to 5.2 msec at 40 weeks. The effects of brainstem and cochlear disorders on auditory brainstem potentials were noted in several abnormal infants. The application of all of these techniques could permit an objective definition of both normal and abnormal sensory processes in newborn infants.", "PMID": 600595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7158", "title": "Acute and chronic theophylline therapy in exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "This study examined the effectiveness of theophylline therapy in modifying exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children with perennial asthma and evaluated whether tolerance to theophylline developed with prolonged use. Twenty-one children between 7 and 16 years of age were studied by a standardized treadmill exercise test carried out before administration of theophylline, 90 minutes after administration of theophylline, and again after three weeks of round-the-clock theophylline treatment. Changes in forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate were measured before and after each exercise test. Theophylline inhibited EIB in 20 of 21 subjects. There was considerable intersubject variation in the response to theophylline, however, ranging from complete inhibition in five subjects to no inhibition at all in one subject, even though theophylline controlled perennial asthma in all subjects, and all but one had theophylline levels between 10 and 22 microgram/ml when tested. On repeated testing after three weeks of therapy, no tolerance developed to theophylline. These findings suggest that EIB and perennial asthma may result from different causes and tha theophylline's ability to control asthma will not predict its effect on EIB. Subjects who have severe EIB should be retested after theophylline pretreatment of evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "Acute and chronic theophylline therapy in exercise-induced bronchospasm. This study examined the effectiveness of theophylline therapy in modifying exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children with perennial asthma and evaluated whether tolerance to theophylline developed with prolonged use. Twenty-one children between 7 and 16 years of age were studied by a standardized treadmill exercise test carried out before administration of theophylline, 90 minutes after administration of theophylline, and again after three weeks of round-the-clock theophylline treatment. Changes in forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate were measured before and after each exercise test. Theophylline inhibited EIB in 20 of 21 subjects. There was considerable intersubject variation in the response to theophylline, however, ranging from complete inhibition in five subjects to no inhibition at all in one subject, even though theophylline controlled perennial asthma in all subjects, and all but one had theophylline levels between 10 and 22 microgram/ml when tested. On repeated testing after three weeks of therapy, no tolerance developed to theophylline. These findings suggest that EIB and perennial asthma may result from different causes and tha theophylline's ability to control asthma will not predict its effect on EIB. Subjects who have severe EIB should be retested after theophylline pretreatment of evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.", "PMID": 600596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7159", "title": "Electrophysiologic study of the condition system in normal children.", "content": "Values for cardiac conduction intervals obtained from normal children are reported so that the data will be available for comparison with patients who are suspected of having abnormalities. Sinus node recovery time correlated linearly with the resting PP interval. The mean intra-atrial conduction was considerably shorter in children (less than 25 msec) than in adults (42 msec). The atrioventricular node had similar electrophysiologic properties in the child and adult. With aging, the His bundle to Purkinje fiber time increased significantly (P less than .01).", "contents": "Electrophysiologic study of the condition system in normal children. Values for cardiac conduction intervals obtained from normal children are reported so that the data will be available for comparison with patients who are suspected of having abnormalities. Sinus node recovery time correlated linearly with the resting PP interval. The mean intra-atrial conduction was considerably shorter in children (less than 25 msec) than in adults (42 msec). The atrioventricular node had similar electrophysiologic properties in the child and adult. With aging, the His bundle to Purkinje fiber time increased significantly (P less than .01).", "PMID": 600597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7160", "title": "Hospital-based group practice and comprehensive care for children of indigent families.", "content": "The replacement of a community hospital's pediatric outpatient clinics with a physicians' group practice is described, and the effects of this development on the receipt of services by children of indigent families are analyzed. An expanded patient population, frequent telephone utilization, decreased emergency room use, and satisfactory parental perceptions are found. A comparative measure of effectiveness is obtained from a record review of the preventive care received by infants delivered by the hospital's staff obstetricians. The latter data show the group practice to be more successful than the clinics in initiating and maintaining well-child care in its facility, and in achieving the timed completion of immunizations and screening procedures. The experience indicates an acceptance by low-income families of an outpatient service that emphasizes the physician-patient relationship with limited use of outreach services and nonphysician providers. It also inidicates that such a system of care can be provided to a heterogeneous patient population within the same facility.", "contents": "Hospital-based group practice and comprehensive care for children of indigent families. The replacement of a community hospital's pediatric outpatient clinics with a physicians' group practice is described, and the effects of this development on the receipt of services by children of indigent families are analyzed. An expanded patient population, frequent telephone utilization, decreased emergency room use, and satisfactory parental perceptions are found. A comparative measure of effectiveness is obtained from a record review of the preventive care received by infants delivered by the hospital's staff obstetricians. The latter data show the group practice to be more successful than the clinics in initiating and maintaining well-child care in its facility, and in achieving the timed completion of immunizations and screening procedures. The experience indicates an acceptance by low-income families of an outpatient service that emphasizes the physician-patient relationship with limited use of outreach services and nonphysician providers. It also inidicates that such a system of care can be provided to a heterogeneous patient population within the same facility.", "PMID": 600599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7161", "title": "Bone mineral status measured by direct photon absorptiometry in childhood renal disease.", "content": "Bone width (BW), bone mineral content (BMC), and their ration (BMC/BW ratio) were measured in renal patients using direct photon absorptiometry. Serial measurements were made on the radius and ulna in 74 children with renal diseases. Values were compared to age-, sex-, height-, and weight-matched controls. The SD from the mean in normal subjects is +/- 10%. Significant demineralization (greater than -2 SD) was found in 42% of all patients and in 75% with tubulointerstitial disease. Twelve patients with nephrotic syndrome and two with systemic lupus erythematosus, all of whom were receiving prednisone therapy and had a serum creatinine level less than 1.0 mg/dl, and three treated with anticonvulsants had significant demineralization. Severe demineralization (greater than -3 SD) was found in four rachitic patients with tubulointerstitial disease. Normal mineralization was present in 32 patients with various primary glomerular diseases, seven of whom had a serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dl. BMC declined with daily prednisone therapy but increased with alternate-day dosage in seven patients. This study suggests that demineralization is more common in patients with tubulointerstitial disease and in patients with primary glomerular disease who are receiving prednisone (16 patients) or anticonvulsants. Photon absorptiometry appeared more useful than conventional radiographic evaluation in assessing skeletal involvement in childhood renal disease.", "contents": "Bone mineral status measured by direct photon absorptiometry in childhood renal disease. Bone width (BW), bone mineral content (BMC), and their ration (BMC/BW ratio) were measured in renal patients using direct photon absorptiometry. Serial measurements were made on the radius and ulna in 74 children with renal diseases. Values were compared to age-, sex-, height-, and weight-matched controls. The SD from the mean in normal subjects is +/- 10%. Significant demineralization (greater than -2 SD) was found in 42% of all patients and in 75% with tubulointerstitial disease. Twelve patients with nephrotic syndrome and two with systemic lupus erythematosus, all of whom were receiving prednisone therapy and had a serum creatinine level less than 1.0 mg/dl, and three treated with anticonvulsants had significant demineralization. Severe demineralization (greater than -3 SD) was found in four rachitic patients with tubulointerstitial disease. Normal mineralization was present in 32 patients with various primary glomerular diseases, seven of whom had a serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dl. BMC declined with daily prednisone therapy but increased with alternate-day dosage in seven patients. This study suggests that demineralization is more common in patients with tubulointerstitial disease and in patients with primary glomerular disease who are receiving prednisone (16 patients) or anticonvulsants. Photon absorptiometry appeared more useful than conventional radiographic evaluation in assessing skeletal involvement in childhood renal disease.", "PMID": 600598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7162", "title": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children.", "content": "Two pediatric patients had reflex sympathetic dystrophy, which has been well described in adults but is rarely recognized in children. The syndrome consists of continuous pain, hyperesthesia, and autonomic symptoms occurring in an extremity, usually following trauma. The various types of presentation, differential diagnosis, and modes of therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children. Two pediatric patients had reflex sympathetic dystrophy, which has been well described in adults but is rarely recognized in children. The syndrome consists of continuous pain, hyperesthesia, and autonomic symptoms occurring in an extremity, usually following trauma. The various types of presentation, differential diagnosis, and modes of therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 600600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7163", "title": "Chorioretinitis in the adolescent: two case presentations with discussion.", "content": "Two cases of chorioretinitis in adolescence demonstrate the characteristic course of events. It is typically caused by Toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired congenitally. Toxocara infection must be considered in younger children. Other etiologic agents are rarely implicated in children and youth. Diagnosis of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis is based on a characteristic history of visual disturbance and specific funduscopic appearance, along with confirmatory serological studies. Management is complex, utilizing pyrimethamine (Daraprim), sulfadiazine, and prednisone in combination for several weeks or months. The combined long-term care by the physician generalist and ophthalmologist is essential. Recognition of adolescent developmental issues is important to insure optimal compliance. The prognosis is guarded, with 5% to 30% recurrence rates noted after treatment. Severe visual impairment may be seen.", "contents": "Chorioretinitis in the adolescent: two case presentations with discussion. Two cases of chorioretinitis in adolescence demonstrate the characteristic course of events. It is typically caused by Toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired congenitally. Toxocara infection must be considered in younger children. Other etiologic agents are rarely implicated in children and youth. Diagnosis of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis is based on a characteristic history of visual disturbance and specific funduscopic appearance, along with confirmatory serological studies. Management is complex, utilizing pyrimethamine (Daraprim), sulfadiazine, and prednisone in combination for several weeks or months. The combined long-term care by the physician generalist and ophthalmologist is essential. Recognition of adolescent developmental issues is important to insure optimal compliance. The prognosis is guarded, with 5% to 30% recurrence rates noted after treatment. Severe visual impairment may be seen.", "PMID": 600601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7164", "title": "Traumatic aortic insufficiency in children: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Aortic valve regurgitation and saccular aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed in a 5-year-old boy following severe compressive injury to the chest. While rare, traumatic aortic valve disruption may lead to serious cardiac dysfunction. Recognition of acute arotic insufficiency and other forms of cardiac damage requires special attention in patients with nonpenetrating chest injury.", "contents": "Traumatic aortic insufficiency in children: case report and review of the literature. Aortic valve regurgitation and saccular aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed in a 5-year-old boy following severe compressive injury to the chest. While rare, traumatic aortic valve disruption may lead to serious cardiac dysfunction. Recognition of acute arotic insufficiency and other forms of cardiac damage requires special attention in patients with nonpenetrating chest injury.", "PMID": 600602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7165", "title": "Increased incidence of gram-negative neonatal sepsis with intramuscula iron administration.", "content": "During a five-year period the incidence of neonatal sepsis was 20 times higher in Polynesian newborns compared with European newborns (11 per 1,000 vs. 0.6 per 1,000 total births). This high incidence in Polynesians was confined to a period when the infants were being given intramuscular iron dextran. When the iron administration was stopped the incidence of disease in Polynesians decreased from 17 per 1,000 to 2.7 per 1,000 total births. An analysis of the Polynesian iron-treated and non-iron-treated groups showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of sepsis, the type of causative organism, and mortality. The data suggest that the iron dextran injections have impaired the immunity of the treated infants, making them more susceptible to Escherichia coli sepsis.", "contents": "Increased incidence of gram-negative neonatal sepsis with intramuscula iron administration. During a five-year period the incidence of neonatal sepsis was 20 times higher in Polynesian newborns compared with European newborns (11 per 1,000 vs. 0.6 per 1,000 total births). This high incidence in Polynesians was confined to a period when the infants were being given intramuscular iron dextran. When the iron administration was stopped the incidence of disease in Polynesians decreased from 17 per 1,000 to 2.7 per 1,000 total births. An analysis of the Polynesian iron-treated and non-iron-treated groups showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of sepsis, the type of causative organism, and mortality. The data suggest that the iron dextran injections have impaired the immunity of the treated infants, making them more susceptible to Escherichia coli sepsis.", "PMID": 600603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7166", "title": "Two modes of administration of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test to kindergarten children.", "content": "Using Otis-Lennon IQs 104 kindergarten children were paired and divided into two groups. The first was administered a group Bender test based on transparencies of the Bender designs and 10 to 14 days later the standard individual Bender Test. The second group was administered the Bender tests in reverse order. A significant correlation was found between Koppitz scores from the group and the individual Bender scores. It is suggested that the group Bender test might be used as a screening device without significant loss of information on a later administration of the individual Bender test.", "contents": "Two modes of administration of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test to kindergarten children. Using Otis-Lennon IQs 104 kindergarten children were paired and divided into two groups. The first was administered a group Bender test based on transparencies of the Bender designs and 10 to 14 days later the standard individual Bender Test. The second group was administered the Bender tests in reverse order. A significant correlation was found between Koppitz scores from the group and the individual Bender scores. It is suggested that the group Bender test might be used as a screening device without significant loss of information on a later administration of the individual Bender test.", "PMID": 600614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7167", "title": "Lack of effects of carbon monoxide on human vigilance.", "content": "Previous publications on the effects of low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) on human vigilance performance have found conflicting results. While several studies have found statistically reliable effects, none have gone unchallenged. This article presents a critical review of the literature and the results of a study employing 52 human male subjects performing a numeric monitoring task. CO levels were 0, 100, and 200 ppm which produced mean carboxyhemoglobin levels 0.01, 4.61 and 12.62 percent respectively. No CO-exposure levels produced any effect on vigilance performance. The power of the statistical test for CO effects was shown to be quite high, even for fairly trivial possible decrements of performance.", "contents": "Lack of effects of carbon monoxide on human vigilance. Previous publications on the effects of low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) on human vigilance performance have found conflicting results. While several studies have found statistically reliable effects, none have gone unchallenged. This article presents a critical review of the literature and the results of a study employing 52 human male subjects performing a numeric monitoring task. CO levels were 0, 100, and 200 ppm which produced mean carboxyhemoglobin levels 0.01, 4.61 and 12.62 percent respectively. No CO-exposure levels produced any effect on vigilance performance. The power of the statistical test for CO effects was shown to be quite high, even for fairly trivial possible decrements of performance.", "PMID": 600615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7168", "title": "Lateral asymmetries in visual perception: a review of tachistoscopic visual half-field studies.", "content": "Experiments using the visual half-field paradigm are reviewed with special reference to the three theories which purport to account for perceptual asymmetries: the left-to-right internal scanning mechanism theory, the direct anatomical access theory, and the attentional bias theory. Recent evidence has clearly shown that the direct anatomical access theory can account for virtually all lateral asymmetries in the perception of verbal and spatial stimuli. The results of the studies reviewed strongly support a model of brain function which suggests that the simultaneous processing of verbal and spatial stimuli does not constrict the attention of either hemisphere. The difficulty in separating the factors of hemispheric processing and stimulus characteristics is discussed. It is suggested that a reliable conclusion about the role of the cerebral hemispheres can only be made when a better description of the operating characteristics of the hemispheres is available.", "contents": "Lateral asymmetries in visual perception: a review of tachistoscopic visual half-field studies. Experiments using the visual half-field paradigm are reviewed with special reference to the three theories which purport to account for perceptual asymmetries: the left-to-right internal scanning mechanism theory, the direct anatomical access theory, and the attentional bias theory. Recent evidence has clearly shown that the direct anatomical access theory can account for virtually all lateral asymmetries in the perception of verbal and spatial stimuli. The results of the studies reviewed strongly support a model of brain function which suggests that the simultaneous processing of verbal and spatial stimuli does not constrict the attention of either hemisphere. The difficulty in separating the factors of hemispheric processing and stimulus characteristics is discussed. It is suggested that a reliable conclusion about the role of the cerebral hemispheres can only be made when a better description of the operating characteristics of the hemispheres is available.", "PMID": 600617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7169", "title": "The Golden Section and structure of self-concepts.", "content": "It was hypothesized that, when subjects form impressions of a person whom they have just met for the first time, the mean proportion of perceived differences between self and other will be approximately 0.368. Undergraduates, 15 women and 15 men, were asked to categorize a new acquaintance, following a brief conversation with him, on 22 bipolar dimensions elicited from themselves. They also categorized themselves on the same dimensions. The mean proportion of judgments of unlike-self of the new acquaintance was 0.364, which is quite close to the predicted value and consistent with the results of related experiments. Perhaps differences between self and others define the contours of the self as \"figure\" against a diffuse background of similarities.", "contents": "The Golden Section and structure of self-concepts. It was hypothesized that, when subjects form impressions of a person whom they have just met for the first time, the mean proportion of perceived differences between self and other will be approximately 0.368. Undergraduates, 15 women and 15 men, were asked to categorize a new acquaintance, following a brief conversation with him, on 22 bipolar dimensions elicited from themselves. They also categorized themselves on the same dimensions. The mean proportion of judgments of unlike-self of the new acquaintance was 0.364, which is quite close to the predicted value and consistent with the results of related experiments. Perhaps differences between self and others define the contours of the self as \"figure\" against a diffuse background of similarities.", "PMID": 600619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7170", "title": "Characteristics of near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting in classroom and ophthalmological populations.", "content": "Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 240 high and low achievers from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 yielded significant differences by chi2 in distributions of near-point binocular sighting only. Twelfth-grade subjects were significantly different on this test from those in other grades. Classroom distributions for all other tests were not significantly different from those found in an ophthalmological population reported by Fink in 1938. The distributions of all tests were highly skewed and could not be considered normal. Comparisons of individual tests for total high and low achievers and all groups combined indicated that near-point and binocular tests appear to be independent of, and far-point and monocular tests appear to be related to, other sighting tests.", "contents": "Characteristics of near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting in classroom and ophthalmological populations. Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 240 high and low achievers from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 yielded significant differences by chi2 in distributions of near-point binocular sighting only. Twelfth-grade subjects were significantly different on this test from those in other grades. Classroom distributions for all other tests were not significantly different from those found in an ophthalmological population reported by Fink in 1938. The distributions of all tests were highly skewed and could not be considered normal. Comparisons of individual tests for total high and low achievers and all groups combined indicated that near-point and binocular tests appear to be independent of, and far-point and monocular tests appear to be related to, other sighting tests.", "PMID": 600620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7171", "title": "Sex-role orientation: effect on self-esteem, need achievement and internality in college females.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of sex-role orientation on self-esteem, n Achievement, and internality in 98 college females. Specifically it was predicted that (a) college females possessing a non-traditional sex-role orientation would score higher in n Achievement than those possessing a traditional sex-role orientation; (b) no statistical difference would exist in the self-esteem scores of the two groups; and (c) the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and internality would vary for \"non-traditional\" (r = .41) and \"traditional\" females (r = .11). All three hypotheses received support from data of 98 undergraduates.", "contents": "Sex-role orientation: effect on self-esteem, need achievement and internality in college females. This study investigated the effect of sex-role orientation on self-esteem, n Achievement, and internality in 98 college females. Specifically it was predicted that (a) college females possessing a non-traditional sex-role orientation would score higher in n Achievement than those possessing a traditional sex-role orientation; (b) no statistical difference would exist in the self-esteem scores of the two groups; and (c) the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and internality would vary for \"non-traditional\" (r = .41) and \"traditional\" females (r = .11). All three hypotheses received support from data of 98 undergraduates.", "PMID": 600621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7172", "title": "Judgments of time intervals by young children.", "content": "22 preschool children were either trained (experimental group) or not trained (control group) to indicate a 15-sec. time interval by the method of production. The accuracy was significantly improved by brief training. The children were generally accurate whether attending to the stopwatch at the right or left ear or given sound- or light-filled intervals. Neither age nor sex differences were found. These results demonstrate the possibility of conducting research on time-estimation at an early age if the procedures are relatively short and of interest to the young child. Because most of the children were unable to count as a guide to their judgments, the inner neural clock theory is supported.", "contents": "Judgments of time intervals by young children. 22 preschool children were either trained (experimental group) or not trained (control group) to indicate a 15-sec. time interval by the method of production. The accuracy was significantly improved by brief training. The children were generally accurate whether attending to the stopwatch at the right or left ear or given sound- or light-filled intervals. Neither age nor sex differences were found. These results demonstrate the possibility of conducting research on time-estimation at an early age if the procedures are relatively short and of interest to the young child. Because most of the children were unable to count as a guide to their judgments, the inner neural clock theory is supported.", "PMID": 600622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7173", "title": "Individualized, success oriented instructions in achievement and self-concept of first graders.", "content": "Gains in achievement and self-concept of 23 first graders receiving individualized, supportive, success-emphasizing instruction were compared with those of 22 receiving more traditional instruction. The individualized group showed greater gains in certain academic skills but no greater gain in self-concept. This study did not support the contention that a supportive, success-emphasizing classroom environment enhances self-concept.", "contents": "Individualized, success oriented instructions in achievement and self-concept of first graders. Gains in achievement and self-concept of 23 first graders receiving individualized, supportive, success-emphasizing instruction were compared with those of 22 receiving more traditional instruction. The individualized group showed greater gains in certain academic skills but no greater gain in self-concept. This study did not support the contention that a supportive, success-emphasizing classroom environment enhances self-concept.", "PMID": 600623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7174", "title": "Visual organization ability in brain-damaged adults.", "content": "49 brain-damaged patients (15 with left-hemisphere lesions, 19 with right-hemisphere lesions, and 15 with bilateral lesions) and 17 non-brain-damaged patients were administered the Hooper Visual Organization Test. Non-brain-damaged patients performed significantly better than the brain-damaged patients; however, the differences among the brain-damaged patients were not significant. Hooper Visual Organization Test seems valuable for identifying organicity but its usefulness for determining lateralization is limited. It is also suggested that both hemispheres form a close functional loop in subserving visual organization ability. A hypothetical diagram has been proposed to describe the functional dynamics of the visual synthesis ability measured by the Visual Organization Test.", "contents": "Visual organization ability in brain-damaged adults. 49 brain-damaged patients (15 with left-hemisphere lesions, 19 with right-hemisphere lesions, and 15 with bilateral lesions) and 17 non-brain-damaged patients were administered the Hooper Visual Organization Test. Non-brain-damaged patients performed significantly better than the brain-damaged patients; however, the differences among the brain-damaged patients were not significant. Hooper Visual Organization Test seems valuable for identifying organicity but its usefulness for determining lateralization is limited. It is also suggested that both hemispheres form a close functional loop in subserving visual organization ability. A hypothetical diagram has been proposed to describe the functional dynamics of the visual synthesis ability measured by the Visual Organization Test.", "PMID": 600624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7175", "title": "WISC patterns and other characteristics of reading disabled children.", "content": "Theoretical positions and significant factors associated with reading disability are noted. Review of WISC studies indicates that retarded readers as a group generally perform more poorly on Information, Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding and more highly on Picture Completion in comparison with nonretarded readers. These results are related to factorial studies of the WISC and methodological suggestions for future research are specified.", "contents": "WISC patterns and other characteristics of reading disabled children. Theoretical positions and significant factors associated with reading disability are noted. Review of WISC studies indicates that retarded readers as a group generally perform more poorly on Information, Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding and more highly on Picture Completion in comparison with nonretarded readers. These results are related to factorial studies of the WISC and methodological suggestions for future research are specified.", "PMID": 600625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7176", "title": "Lateral recognition of abstract and concrete Kanji in Japanese.", "content": "Abstract and concrete non-phonetic logographic symbols (Kanji) were unilaterally presented in either the left or right visual field. Subsequent recognition performance of 15 male and 15 female students was superior for both abstract and concrete Kanji in the left visual field. Concrete Kanji were more correctly recognized than abstract Kanji in the left visual field. These results suggest that the right hemisphere possesses some ability to process verbal materials.", "contents": "Lateral recognition of abstract and concrete Kanji in Japanese. Abstract and concrete non-phonetic logographic symbols (Kanji) were unilaterally presented in either the left or right visual field. Subsequent recognition performance of 15 male and 15 female students was superior for both abstract and concrete Kanji in the left visual field. Concrete Kanji were more correctly recognized than abstract Kanji in the left visual field. These results suggest that the right hemisphere possesses some ability to process verbal materials.", "PMID": 600626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7177", "title": "The errant spouse: a study in person perception.", "content": "College students rated protagonists of vignettes involved in extra-marital affairs in two separate studies. In the first study, where the affair resulted in the errant spouse falling in love, both the husband and wife were perceived more favorably when they cheated than when they were being cheated. The results of the second study, where the affair did not involve love, were opposite from those of the first. The cheating spouse was viewed negatively. No significant differences were found between married and unmarried subjects' perceptions. Results indicated that the motivation for an extramarital affair may be crucial in evaluation. Implications of perceived competence of the spouse were considered.", "contents": "The errant spouse: a study in person perception. College students rated protagonists of vignettes involved in extra-marital affairs in two separate studies. In the first study, where the affair resulted in the errant spouse falling in love, both the husband and wife were perceived more favorably when they cheated than when they were being cheated. The results of the second study, where the affair did not involve love, were opposite from those of the first. The cheating spouse was viewed negatively. No significant differences were found between married and unmarried subjects' perceptions. Results indicated that the motivation for an extramarital affair may be crucial in evaluation. Implications of perceived competence of the spouse were considered.", "PMID": 600627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7178", "title": "Pupillary responses as a measure of attitudes about alcoholic beverages.", "content": "Pupillary and verbal responses of 39 adult subjects were not significantly associated though mean pupillary responses while viewing slides of a seascape, an automobile accident, and a control slide were significantly different. There was a positive relation between stated dislike of the accident scene and pupillary constriction. Pupillary responses and Bell Alcohol Scale scores correlated--.42.", "contents": "Pupillary responses as a measure of attitudes about alcoholic beverages. Pupillary and verbal responses of 39 adult subjects were not significantly associated though mean pupillary responses while viewing slides of a seascape, an automobile accident, and a control slide were significantly different. There was a positive relation between stated dislike of the accident scene and pupillary constriction. Pupillary responses and Bell Alcohol Scale scores correlated--.42.", "PMID": 600628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7179", "title": "Screening and remediation of preschool children from low income families.", "content": "A preschool intervention screening, diagnosis and remediation program for 100 3- and 4-yr.-olds administered by a Community Mental Health Center is evaluated. Statistically significant improvement by project children compared with non-project controls indicated prevention techniques applicable to older school age children are also applicable to 3- and 4-yr.-old preschoolers.", "contents": "Screening and remediation of preschool children from low income families. A preschool intervention screening, diagnosis and remediation program for 100 3- and 4-yr.-olds administered by a Community Mental Health Center is evaluated. Statistically significant improvement by project children compared with non-project controls indicated prevention techniques applicable to older school age children are also applicable to 3- and 4-yr.-old preschoolers.", "PMID": 600629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7180", "title": "Field dependence--independence and performance with the passive transformation.", "content": "An investigation of the influence of children's levels of field dependence-independence on their performance with the passive transformation is presented. Eighty 6th graders classified as field dependent or field independent were presented with sentence-question combinations, each in either the active or passive voice, and numbers of correct responses were recorded. Results showed that field-independent subjects performed better over-all than did field-dependent subjects. The three-way interaction of field dependence-independence, sentence voice, and question voice was also significant. Field-dependent subjects performed significantly more poorly on the active-passive and passive-active combinations than on the active-active and passive-passive combinations. There were no significant differences among the four treatments within the field-independent subjects. Thus field-dependent subjects had greatest difficulty with combinations requiring them to isolate the essential elements of a sentence and use them in a different form; field-independent subjects did not experience this difficulty.", "contents": "Field dependence--independence and performance with the passive transformation. An investigation of the influence of children's levels of field dependence-independence on their performance with the passive transformation is presented. Eighty 6th graders classified as field dependent or field independent were presented with sentence-question combinations, each in either the active or passive voice, and numbers of correct responses were recorded. Results showed that field-independent subjects performed better over-all than did field-dependent subjects. The three-way interaction of field dependence-independence, sentence voice, and question voice was also significant. Field-dependent subjects performed significantly more poorly on the active-passive and passive-active combinations than on the active-active and passive-passive combinations. There were no significant differences among the four treatments within the field-independent subjects. Thus field-dependent subjects had greatest difficulty with combinations requiring them to isolate the essential elements of a sentence and use them in a different form; field-independent subjects did not experience this difficulty.", "PMID": 600630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7181", "title": "Lateral eye movements and field-dependence--independence.", "content": "The relationship between field-dependence--independence and lateral eye movements was investigated for a sample of 41 male and 39 female right-handed undergraduates. Subjects were administered the Portable Rod-and-frame Test, the Embedded-figures Test, and the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Completion scales of the WAIS. Eye movements in response to 60 questions requiring reflective thought were recorded. Contrary to predictions, right-movers did not perform better than left-movers on the tests of field-dependence--independence. Among males, however, both consistent right- and left-movers performed significantly better than inconsistent movers. The correlation, for males, between lateral eye-movement consistency and a composite measure of field-dependence--independence was .65 (p less than .001). It was argued that eye-movement consistency and cognitive ability level are a joint function of extent of brain lateralization.", "contents": "Lateral eye movements and field-dependence--independence. The relationship between field-dependence--independence and lateral eye movements was investigated for a sample of 41 male and 39 female right-handed undergraduates. Subjects were administered the Portable Rod-and-frame Test, the Embedded-figures Test, and the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Completion scales of the WAIS. Eye movements in response to 60 questions requiring reflective thought were recorded. Contrary to predictions, right-movers did not perform better than left-movers on the tests of field-dependence--independence. Among males, however, both consistent right- and left-movers performed significantly better than inconsistent movers. The correlation, for males, between lateral eye-movement consistency and a composite measure of field-dependence--independence was .65 (p less than .001). It was argued that eye-movement consistency and cognitive ability level are a joint function of extent of brain lateralization.", "PMID": 600632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7182", "title": "Memory coding for movement.", "content": "16 subjects were presented with a series of 12 simple movements. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, counterbalanced for the sex of the subjects. There were two recall conditions, recall by performing the movements and by verbal description of the movements. One group recalled first by performing the movements and second by verbal description. In the second group the recall conditions were reversed. Results showed that regardless of order, motor recall was superior to verbal recall. On this basis it was argued that there exists a specific coding system for remembering sequences of movements.", "contents": "Memory coding for movement. 16 subjects were presented with a series of 12 simple movements. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, counterbalanced for the sex of the subjects. There were two recall conditions, recall by performing the movements and by verbal description of the movements. One group recalled first by performing the movements and second by verbal description. In the second group the recall conditions were reversed. Results showed that regardless of order, motor recall was superior to verbal recall. On this basis it was argued that there exists a specific coding system for remembering sequences of movements.", "PMID": 600634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7183", "title": "Organization of spontaneous behaviors of sleeping neonates.", "content": "The time intervals between spontaneous behaviors of 209 infants were tallied. The frequency distributions of time intervals between spontaneous behaviors showed that behaviors were usually spaced closely in time. However, none of the spontaneous behaviors occurred with a set interval between successive behaviors. All spontaneous behaviors conformed to a single pattern of temporal organization, regardless of the particular behaviors displayed, the infant's sex, or sleep state. The pattern approximated a systematic alternation of periods of increasing and decreasing time intervals between successive behaviors. These data conflict with Wolff's theory of neural discharge but support Wolff's hypothesis about substitution.", "contents": "Organization of spontaneous behaviors of sleeping neonates. The time intervals between spontaneous behaviors of 209 infants were tallied. The frequency distributions of time intervals between spontaneous behaviors showed that behaviors were usually spaced closely in time. However, none of the spontaneous behaviors occurred with a set interval between successive behaviors. All spontaneous behaviors conformed to a single pattern of temporal organization, regardless of the particular behaviors displayed, the infant's sex, or sleep state. The pattern approximated a systematic alternation of periods of increasing and decreasing time intervals between successive behaviors. These data conflict with Wolff's theory of neural discharge but support Wolff's hypothesis about substitution.", "PMID": 600635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7184", "title": "Perception of hue re-examined: an analytical consideration of color-oddity test results.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to investigate an earlier finding wherein more than 100 subjects in four age groups responded systematically but differently to Munsell hues. According to the theoretical construction of the Munsell Color System, the spacing of the 10 hues is in perceptually equal intervals; the error responses to all hues at constant chroma should therefore be equal. The mean error rates were compared with Munsell hue distribution on seven linear and non-linear transformations of the International Commission on Illumination chromaticity diagram to uniform chromaticity systems. Hue intervals are not equal: red and green have the smallest intervals and largest error, and yellow and yellow-red the largest intervals and smallest error rate. These observations were substantiated by results from multidimensional scaling experiments reported elsewhere.", "contents": "Perception of hue re-examined: an analytical consideration of color-oddity test results. The purpose of this study is to investigate an earlier finding wherein more than 100 subjects in four age groups responded systematically but differently to Munsell hues. According to the theoretical construction of the Munsell Color System, the spacing of the 10 hues is in perceptually equal intervals; the error responses to all hues at constant chroma should therefore be equal. The mean error rates were compared with Munsell hue distribution on seven linear and non-linear transformations of the International Commission on Illumination chromaticity diagram to uniform chromaticity systems. Hue intervals are not equal: red and green have the smallest intervals and largest error, and yellow and yellow-red the largest intervals and smallest error rate. These observations were substantiated by results from multidimensional scaling experiments reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 600636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7185", "title": "Effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure. Two physical distances, culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate, and three degrees of phenomenological closeness were selected. Differences in physical and phenomenological distances had significant effects upon the subjects' (n = 60) durations of self-disclosure. Subjects' feelings toward the experimenter and experiment were affected by differences in physical distance. No significant interactions between physical and phenomenological distance were evident.", "contents": "Effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure. This study was designed to investigate the effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure. Two physical distances, culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate, and three degrees of phenomenological closeness were selected. Differences in physical and phenomenological distances had significant effects upon the subjects' (n = 60) durations of self-disclosure. Subjects' feelings toward the experimenter and experiment were affected by differences in physical distance. No significant interactions between physical and phenomenological distance were evident.", "PMID": 600637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7186", "title": "Reactive schizophrenia and perceptual sensitization.", "content": "The perceptual behavior of process and reactive schizophrenics under neutral and stress conditions suggests an hypothesis that the former employ a repressive ego defensive mode in these conditions while reactives employ a sensitization mode. The Repression-Sensitization scale of the MMPI was administered to a sample of hospitalized process and reactive schizophrenics to test the hypothesis. Scores of the process group did not indicate modal repression. Reactives' scores were, however, well toward the sensitization pole and significantly higher than those of the process group. Results support the concept of a sensitization defensive mode as a characteristic dimension in the etiology of reactive schizophrenia.", "contents": "Reactive schizophrenia and perceptual sensitization. The perceptual behavior of process and reactive schizophrenics under neutral and stress conditions suggests an hypothesis that the former employ a repressive ego defensive mode in these conditions while reactives employ a sensitization mode. The Repression-Sensitization scale of the MMPI was administered to a sample of hospitalized process and reactive schizophrenics to test the hypothesis. Scores of the process group did not indicate modal repression. Reactives' scores were, however, well toward the sensitization pole and significantly higher than those of the process group. Results support the concept of a sensitization defensive mode as a characteristic dimension in the etiology of reactive schizophrenia.", "PMID": 600638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7187", "title": "Note on parental similarity, acceptance of authority, and field independence.", "content": "Bieri (1960) suggested that, particularly for males, the combined unconventionality of low acceptance of authority and greater perceived similarity to the opposite sexed parent would be associated with high field independence. This study challenged that argument suggesting that a mixture of conventional and unconventional personality variables, i.e., low acceptance of authority, same sex parental similarity or high acceptance of authority, opposite sex similarity, would be associated with higher field independence than consistently conventional or unconventional combinations of variables. 66 female and 57 male students completed an embedded-figures test, an acceptance of authority scale, and a semantic differential measure of perceived similarity to parents. The hypothesis was confirmed for males but not females. There were strong differences between these results and those obtained by Bieri with comparable measures.", "contents": "Note on parental similarity, acceptance of authority, and field independence. Bieri (1960) suggested that, particularly for males, the combined unconventionality of low acceptance of authority and greater perceived similarity to the opposite sexed parent would be associated with high field independence. This study challenged that argument suggesting that a mixture of conventional and unconventional personality variables, i.e., low acceptance of authority, same sex parental similarity or high acceptance of authority, opposite sex similarity, would be associated with higher field independence than consistently conventional or unconventional combinations of variables. 66 female and 57 male students completed an embedded-figures test, an acceptance of authority scale, and a semantic differential measure of perceived similarity to parents. The hypothesis was confirmed for males but not females. There were strong differences between these results and those obtained by Bieri with comparable measures.", "PMID": 600639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7188", "title": "Preference for stimulus complexity and architectural creativity.", "content": "Previous research linking creativity with preference for stimulus complexity was questioned. A measure of preference for stimulus complexity was derived from a previous study in which mean ratings of complexity of stimuli in the Welsh Figure Preference Test were obtained. Preferences for complexity by 116 architects in MacKinnon's (1961) study were unrelated to judged creativity. Barron-Welsh Art Scale scores of these subjects were significantly related to creativity only after the effects of preference for stimulus complexity were statistically removed.", "contents": "Preference for stimulus complexity and architectural creativity. Previous research linking creativity with preference for stimulus complexity was questioned. A measure of preference for stimulus complexity was derived from a previous study in which mean ratings of complexity of stimuli in the Welsh Figure Preference Test were obtained. Preferences for complexity by 116 architects in MacKinnon's (1961) study were unrelated to judged creativity. Barron-Welsh Art Scale scores of these subjects were significantly related to creativity only after the effects of preference for stimulus complexity were statistically removed.", "PMID": 600640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7189", "title": "Correlates of females' sexual fantasies.", "content": "The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.", "contents": "Correlates of females' sexual fantasies. The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.", "PMID": 600641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7190", "title": "Rejection, motivation and athletic performance: is there a traded player syndrome?", "content": "It is widely held that the professional athlete who is traded tends to perform better against the trading team than against other teams. Two psychological explanations for this hypothesis were advanced (a separation-hostility mechanism and an esteem loss-counteraction mechanism). Data were examined for 47 (30) professional baseball players over a 2-yr. (3-yr.) period. Support for the hypothesis was weak across the entire sample; however, some support appeared among players who (a) were traded for the first time, (b) had long tenure with the trading team, (c) were young, and (d) had high ability. Somewhat stronger positive results were found for individuals who met two or more of the conditions favorable to the hypothesis. As predicted, results attenuated over time.", "contents": "Rejection, motivation and athletic performance: is there a traded player syndrome? It is widely held that the professional athlete who is traded tends to perform better against the trading team than against other teams. Two psychological explanations for this hypothesis were advanced (a separation-hostility mechanism and an esteem loss-counteraction mechanism). Data were examined for 47 (30) professional baseball players over a 2-yr. (3-yr.) period. Support for the hypothesis was weak across the entire sample; however, some support appeared among players who (a) were traded for the first time, (b) had long tenure with the trading team, (c) were young, and (d) had high ability. Somewhat stronger positive results were found for individuals who met two or more of the conditions favorable to the hypothesis. As predicted, results attenuated over time.", "PMID": 600643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7191", "title": "Study of Graves design Judgment Test and Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale.", "content": "Previous research suggests that scores on both the Graves Design Judgment Test and the Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale correlate with education in art and with aspects of creativity but have little validity with respect to artistic performance. With a heterogeneous group of 48, the Graves test correlated significantly with fine-arts education, interest in the arts, artistic achievement, and creative independence. The Barron-Welsh scale correlated significantly with only fine-arts education in a similar group of 47.", "contents": "Study of Graves design Judgment Test and Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale. Previous research suggests that scores on both the Graves Design Judgment Test and the Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale correlate with education in art and with aspects of creativity but have little validity with respect to artistic performance. With a heterogeneous group of 48, the Graves test correlated significantly with fine-arts education, interest in the arts, artistic achievement, and creative independence. The Barron-Welsh scale correlated significantly with only fine-arts education in a similar group of 47.", "PMID": 600644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7192", "title": "Gender stereotypes, ascribed gender and social perception.", "content": "This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode \"objective\" assessment.", "contents": "Gender stereotypes, ascribed gender and social perception. This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode \"objective\" assessment.", "PMID": 600645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7193", "title": "Comparison of selected measures of field dependence.", "content": "An examination was made to determine the extent to which the Flexibility of Closure subtest from Hakstian and Cattell's Comprehensive Ability Battery could be substituted for Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test of field dependency. Although the data for 48 subjects (aged 11 to 17 yr.) yielded a significant zero-order correlation between the two tests for females, it was judged insufficient to warrant substitution of the former for the latter test.", "contents": "Comparison of selected measures of field dependence. An examination was made to determine the extent to which the Flexibility of Closure subtest from Hakstian and Cattell's Comprehensive Ability Battery could be substituted for Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test of field dependency. Although the data for 48 subjects (aged 11 to 17 yr.) yielded a significant zero-order correlation between the two tests for females, it was judged insufficient to warrant substitution of the former for the latter test.", "PMID": 600646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7194", "title": "Responses by graduates to memory of their internship in clinical psychology.", "content": "This study is a two-part investigation of clinical psychology internship training at the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute. The first part surveyed 25 intern graduates to identify the relationship between experiences as an intern and current professional activities. Results are related to findings from other research in training clinical psychologists. The second part pertains to suggestions of intern graduates for specific additions and revisions of intership training at the Institute.", "contents": "Responses by graduates to memory of their internship in clinical psychology. This study is a two-part investigation of clinical psychology internship training at the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute. The first part surveyed 25 intern graduates to identify the relationship between experiences as an intern and current professional activities. Results are related to findings from other research in training clinical psychologists. The second part pertains to suggestions of intern graduates for specific additions and revisions of intership training at the Institute.", "PMID": 600647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7195", "title": "Autokinetic word technique and personality.", "content": "24 male subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were administered the autokinetic word technique test as elaborated by Rechtschaffen and Mednick (1955), with numbers of words and letters reported constituting the response measures. Stable introverts reported significantly more words and letters than stable extraverts; there was no difference between neurotic introverts and neurotic extraverts. On the basis of the large inter-subject variability, the usefulness of the autokinetic-word situation in the investigation of projection is doubted.", "contents": "Autokinetic word technique and personality. 24 male subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were administered the autokinetic word technique test as elaborated by Rechtschaffen and Mednick (1955), with numbers of words and letters reported constituting the response measures. Stable introverts reported significantly more words and letters than stable extraverts; there was no difference between neurotic introverts and neurotic extraverts. On the basis of the large inter-subject variability, the usefulness of the autokinetic-word situation in the investigation of projection is doubted.", "PMID": 600651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7196", "title": "Some factors affecting the perceived ordering of natural speech stimuli.", "content": "Primary auditory stream segregation--the perceptual segregation of acoustically related elements of a continuous auditory sequence into spatially distinct streams--disrupts recovery of the relative temporal order of repeated sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Three experiments were performed to determine why the apparent temporal order of natural speech is not similarly disrupted. Exp. 1 (N =24) showed that the disruption is not dependent on repetition of the 32 experimental sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Exps. 2 (N = 48) and 3 (N = 20) showed that when 4 English monosyllables are used as stimuli and syntactic and intonational structure is present then the temporal integrity of the acoustic signal is preserved perceptually. Despite accurate resolution of order for the 40 experimental sequences, errors of words were common. These errors often imposed a syntactic organization on the resulting sequence.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the perceived ordering of natural speech stimuli. Primary auditory stream segregation--the perceptual segregation of acoustically related elements of a continuous auditory sequence into spatially distinct streams--disrupts recovery of the relative temporal order of repeated sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Three experiments were performed to determine why the apparent temporal order of natural speech is not similarly disrupted. Exp. 1 (N =24) showed that the disruption is not dependent on repetition of the 32 experimental sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Exps. 2 (N = 48) and 3 (N = 20) showed that when 4 English monosyllables are used as stimuli and syntactic and intonational structure is present then the temporal integrity of the acoustic signal is preserved perceptually. Despite accurate resolution of order for the 40 experimental sequences, errors of words were common. These errors often imposed a syntactic organization on the resulting sequence.", "PMID": 600653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7197", "title": "Role of sex identification in perception of a social blunder.", "content": "4 groups of subjects observed an interaction between a male and a female on videotape: in one interaction the male blundered, in another the female blundered, and there were two control conditions in which the interaction was not followed by a blunder. Results indicated an effect of sex identification; the male blunderer was derogated most by male subjects (n = 34) and the female most by female subjects (n = 34).", "contents": "Role of sex identification in perception of a social blunder. 4 groups of subjects observed an interaction between a male and a female on videotape: in one interaction the male blundered, in another the female blundered, and there were two control conditions in which the interaction was not followed by a blunder. Results indicated an effect of sex identification; the male blunderer was derogated most by male subjects (n = 34) and the female most by female subjects (n = 34).", "PMID": 600654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7198", "title": "Effects of marijuana on human reaction time and motor control.", "content": "In this research were analyzed the effects of marijuana on human reaction time and on performance for motor responses involving both linear and rotary serial arm movements aimed at a target. A total of six experienced marijuana users served as subjects and three drug conditions (dose levels) were used, i.e., 0, 6.5, and 19.5-26.0 mg delta9-THC. The results showed that (a) (simple and complex) reaction time was not significantly affected by marijuana or by the interaction between drug conditions and the amount of information transmitted during the task, (b) linear movement time was significantly reduced after smoking marijuana, while rotary movement time was not significantly affected, (c) interaction between drug conditions and task complexity was insignificant in the case of both linear and rotary movements, and (d) error rates for the two types of motor movements increased significantly and especially for linear movements as the dose level increased.", "contents": "Effects of marijuana on human reaction time and motor control. In this research were analyzed the effects of marijuana on human reaction time and on performance for motor responses involving both linear and rotary serial arm movements aimed at a target. A total of six experienced marijuana users served as subjects and three drug conditions (dose levels) were used, i.e., 0, 6.5, and 19.5-26.0 mg delta9-THC. The results showed that (a) (simple and complex) reaction time was not significantly affected by marijuana or by the interaction between drug conditions and the amount of information transmitted during the task, (b) linear movement time was significantly reduced after smoking marijuana, while rotary movement time was not significantly affected, (c) interaction between drug conditions and task complexity was insignificant in the case of both linear and rotary movements, and (d) error rates for the two types of motor movements increased significantly and especially for linear movements as the dose level increased.", "PMID": 600655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7199", "title": "Influence of age, ability, and angle on pupils' judgments of size of angles.", "content": "80 subjects of 11 to 14 years were tested with 8 cards on which were printed angles between 0 degrees and 180 degrees, and on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and the Schonell R4 Reading Test. Significant differences on performance were found in relation to age and ability variables and as between angle sizes 0 degrees--90 degrees and 90 degrees--180 degrees.", "contents": "Influence of age, ability, and angle on pupils' judgments of size of angles. 80 subjects of 11 to 14 years were tested with 8 cards on which were printed angles between 0 degrees and 180 degrees, and on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and the Schonell R4 Reading Test. Significant differences on performance were found in relation to age and ability variables and as between angle sizes 0 degrees--90 degrees and 90 degrees--180 degrees.", "PMID": 600657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7200", "title": "Effect of selective visual interference on visualization.", "content": "The extent of visual processing involved in visualizing objects was investigated by the use of selective visual interference. Subjects read concrete words and visualized them. This produced an approximately ten-fold increase in the slope of the latencies of wholistic visualization as a function of set size compared to that when subjects responded after listening to the descriptions of the objects. Males produced significantly steeper slopes than females in both listening and reading conditions, indicating that they find visualization more difficult. It is concluded that the interference on the visualization task was in the main disrupting active visual processing as no spatial manipulation of the objects was required.", "contents": "Effect of selective visual interference on visualization. The extent of visual processing involved in visualizing objects was investigated by the use of selective visual interference. Subjects read concrete words and visualized them. This produced an approximately ten-fold increase in the slope of the latencies of wholistic visualization as a function of set size compared to that when subjects responded after listening to the descriptions of the objects. Males produced significantly steeper slopes than females in both listening and reading conditions, indicating that they find visualization more difficult. It is concluded that the interference on the visualization task was in the main disrupting active visual processing as no spatial manipulation of the objects was required.", "PMID": 600658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7201", "title": "Effects of size of home town on environmental perception.", "content": "168 subjects used a 23-item semantic differential to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. The ratings served as dependent variables for 23 3 X 56 X 5 analyses of variance employing size of home town, subjects within size of home town, and type of environment. Size of home town was a significant effect on one of 23 scales; subjects from large and medium-sized cities rated environments more toward the good end of the good-bad scale than subjects from small towns. All main effects for type of environment were significant. The order in which environments were rated depended upon the particular rating scale. Significant interactions of home town by environment were examined in terms of the differential patterns of environmental ratings produced by subjects from various sized home towns.", "contents": "Effects of size of home town on environmental perception. 168 subjects used a 23-item semantic differential to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. The ratings served as dependent variables for 23 3 X 56 X 5 analyses of variance employing size of home town, subjects within size of home town, and type of environment. Size of home town was a significant effect on one of 23 scales; subjects from large and medium-sized cities rated environments more toward the good end of the good-bad scale than subjects from small towns. All main effects for type of environment were significant. The order in which environments were rated depended upon the particular rating scale. Significant interactions of home town by environment were examined in terms of the differential patterns of environmental ratings produced by subjects from various sized home towns.", "PMID": 600659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7202", "title": "Comparison of the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and the Bender-Gestalt test.", "content": "The Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Beery) and the Bender-Gestalt test (Bender) were administered to 44 second-grade children. Developmental age scores (Koppitz scoring) and age equivalents (Beery) were compared. The correlation of .43 between Bender (Koppitz scoring) and Beery scores was moderate but statistically significant. A t test for dependent groups indicated a significant difference between the means on the Bender and Beery tests. These results confirm that neither test should be utilized as the sole indicator of visual-motor perception.", "contents": "Comparison of the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and the Bender-Gestalt test. The Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Beery) and the Bender-Gestalt test (Bender) were administered to 44 second-grade children. Developmental age scores (Koppitz scoring) and age equivalents (Beery) were compared. The correlation of .43 between Bender (Koppitz scoring) and Beery scores was moderate but statistically significant. A t test for dependent groups indicated a significant difference between the means on the Bender and Beery tests. These results confirm that neither test should be utilized as the sole indicator of visual-motor perception.", "PMID": 600660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7203", "title": "Relationship of lateral eye-movement to cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major.", "content": "The direction and frequency of lateral eye-movements and frequency of midline crossovers, while reflecting on selected questions, are related to college major. Students in language-related fields produce larger ratios of right to left lateral movements, and fewer left movements, than do other students. Students in visual arts produce greater total numbers of movements as well as more frequent midline crossovers. Moreover, cognitive demands of questions (verbal or nonverbal) influence direction of movement most prominently in students majoring in other than art and language-related fields. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major.", "contents": "Relationship of lateral eye-movement to cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major. The direction and frequency of lateral eye-movements and frequency of midline crossovers, while reflecting on selected questions, are related to college major. Students in language-related fields produce larger ratios of right to left lateral movements, and fewer left movements, than do other students. Students in visual arts produce greater total numbers of movements as well as more frequent midline crossovers. Moreover, cognitive demands of questions (verbal or nonverbal) influence direction of movement most prominently in students majoring in other than art and language-related fields. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major.", "PMID": 600661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7204", "title": "The geometry of the correspondence between two retinal projections.", "content": "Since each retinal projection of an object has some definite geometric relation to it, the two projections of a same object are related to each other. The correspondences between points, linear segments, and orientations on the two retinas are discussed thoroughly in three-dimensional geometry, and the constraints that tie the projections (the 'projective invariants') are presented. Some widely held conceptions on disparity or the ambiguity problem in binocular stereopsis appear to be based upon representation that are correct in particular situations, but are misleading in the general case. I suggest that in order to achieve binocular stereopsis, the brain does not proceed by complete trial and error, but may guide its search for correspondences by taking advantage of the geometric constraints. There are at least four major possible strategies: (i) a metric strategy, as initially proposed by Julesz; (ii) a projective strategy based on the law of invariance of the anharmonic ratio and Desargue's theorem; (iii) a perspective strategy discussed in relation to the homology relationships between vanishing points and in relation to physiological studies on cells of visual cortex; and (iv) a more dynamic strategy based upon the geometric properties of the Z\u00f6llner illusion.", "contents": "The geometry of the correspondence between two retinal projections. Since each retinal projection of an object has some definite geometric relation to it, the two projections of a same object are related to each other. The correspondences between points, linear segments, and orientations on the two retinas are discussed thoroughly in three-dimensional geometry, and the constraints that tie the projections (the 'projective invariants') are presented. Some widely held conceptions on disparity or the ambiguity problem in binocular stereopsis appear to be based upon representation that are correct in particular situations, but are misleading in the general case. I suggest that in order to achieve binocular stereopsis, the brain does not proceed by complete trial and error, but may guide its search for correspondences by taking advantage of the geometric constraints. There are at least four major possible strategies: (i) a metric strategy, as initially proposed by Julesz; (ii) a projective strategy based on the law of invariance of the anharmonic ratio and Desargue's theorem; (iii) a perspective strategy discussed in relation to the homology relationships between vanishing points and in relation to physiological studies on cells of visual cortex; and (iv) a more dynamic strategy based upon the geometric properties of the Z\u00f6llner illusion.", "PMID": 600663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7205", "title": "Stochastic models and fluctuations in reversal time of ambiguous figures.", "content": "Five probability distributions for the description of temporal fluctuations in the perception of ambiguous figures were fitted to previously obtained experimental results and classified according to their efficiency in describing the data. The gamma, Wiener, and Capocelli-Riciardi distributions showed the highest efficiency, while the chi2 and Taylor-Aldridge distributions showed a very low effiency. Therefore the underlying process may be described either by a simple Poisson model or by a random-walk model. For the gamma distribution there was a strong correlation between the parameters, while for the Wiener distribution this correlation was lower.", "contents": "Stochastic models and fluctuations in reversal time of ambiguous figures. Five probability distributions for the description of temporal fluctuations in the perception of ambiguous figures were fitted to previously obtained experimental results and classified according to their efficiency in describing the data. The gamma, Wiener, and Capocelli-Riciardi distributions showed the highest efficiency, while the chi2 and Taylor-Aldridge distributions showed a very low effiency. Therefore the underlying process may be described either by a simple Poisson model or by a random-walk model. For the gamma distribution there was a strong correlation between the parameters, while for the Wiener distribution this correlation was lower.", "PMID": 600664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7206", "title": "Geometry in visual space-some method-dependent (arti)facts.", "content": "The measure of scalar curvature K varies with the method used to determine it. Overconstancy is found only with simultaneous comparison, nearly perfect constancy results from successive judgement, while absolute judgement produces underconstancy.", "contents": "Geometry in visual space-some method-dependent (arti)facts. The measure of scalar curvature K varies with the method used to determine it. Overconstancy is found only with simultaneous comparison, nearly perfect constancy results from successive judgement, while absolute judgement produces underconstancy.", "PMID": 600665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7207", "title": "Field dependence and the role of visual frameworks in the perception of size.", "content": "The extent to which apparent size is relationally determined has been studied by Rock and Ebenholtz and by Wenderoth, who came to widely differing conclusions as to the magnitude of this phenomenon. In both studies, a large range of individual differences was observed. In the present study, an attempt was made to account for variations in the influence of visual contexts on the perception of size by relating them to the cognitive style dimension of field dependence/independence. In two situations, relativelyfield-dependent observers made size judgments which were influenced by a frame surrounding the target figure, while relatively field-independent observers made size judgments which were influenced by a frame surrounding the target figure, while relatively field-independent observers tended to be less influenced by the frame, making their judgments approximate the retinal size of the target. The results suggest that assessment of the magnitude of the relational determination of apparent size must consider the cognitive style of the observers as well as situational variations.", "contents": "Field dependence and the role of visual frameworks in the perception of size. The extent to which apparent size is relationally determined has been studied by Rock and Ebenholtz and by Wenderoth, who came to widely differing conclusions as to the magnitude of this phenomenon. In both studies, a large range of individual differences was observed. In the present study, an attempt was made to account for variations in the influence of visual contexts on the perception of size by relating them to the cognitive style dimension of field dependence/independence. In two situations, relativelyfield-dependent observers made size judgments which were influenced by a frame surrounding the target figure, while relatively field-independent observers made size judgments which were influenced by a frame surrounding the target figure, while relatively field-independent observers tended to be less influenced by the frame, making their judgments approximate the retinal size of the target. The results suggest that assessment of the magnitude of the relational determination of apparent size must consider the cognitive style of the observers as well as situational variations.", "PMID": 600666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7208", "title": "The unit membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the nuclear pores are artefacts.", "content": "It is shown on the basis of solid geometry that the trilaminar appearance of membranes described by Robertson must be an artefact, although the membranes themselves are not. However, considerations of solid geometry as well as observations on living cells indicate that the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear pores are artefacts resulting from preparation for electron microscopy. Suggestions for their genesis are proposed.", "contents": "The unit membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the nuclear pores are artefacts. It is shown on the basis of solid geometry that the trilaminar appearance of membranes described by Robertson must be an artefact, although the membranes themselves are not. However, considerations of solid geometry as well as observations on living cells indicate that the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear pores are artefacts resulting from preparation for electron microscopy. Suggestions for their genesis are proposed.", "PMID": 600667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7209", "title": "Pictorial perspective: perception of size, linear, and texture perspective in children and adults.", "content": "Perception of size, linear, and texture perspective was investigated in third-grade and sixth-grade children and in college adults in three separate studies. A matching task required the observer to choose from a set of four alternative real scenes the correct match for the test stimulus, which was either a picture or a real scene. Correct performance required that the subject utilize perspective information for both size and distance distance relations. Erroneous choices available to the subject indicated errors in size judgement, in distance judgment, or in both simultaneously. View was either restricted at the correct station point or was free, with head motion. There were no significant effects of grade level. For all three groups, mean percent correct was nearly 100% with the real-scene test stimuli, and significantly below the chance level with the picture test stimuli. Errors in size judgment occurred most frequently, indicating that the geometrically correct rate of perspective convergence was too rapid to be seen by the subjects as perceptually acceptable. With size-perspective information alone, the number of size plus distance errors also increased significantly. There was no significant effect of viewing condition.", "contents": "Pictorial perspective: perception of size, linear, and texture perspective in children and adults. Perception of size, linear, and texture perspective was investigated in third-grade and sixth-grade children and in college adults in three separate studies. A matching task required the observer to choose from a set of four alternative real scenes the correct match for the test stimulus, which was either a picture or a real scene. Correct performance required that the subject utilize perspective information for both size and distance distance relations. Erroneous choices available to the subject indicated errors in size judgement, in distance judgment, or in both simultaneously. View was either restricted at the correct station point or was free, with head motion. There were no significant effects of grade level. For all three groups, mean percent correct was nearly 100% with the real-scene test stimuli, and significantly below the chance level with the picture test stimuli. Errors in size judgment occurred most frequently, indicating that the geometrically correct rate of perspective convergence was too rapid to be seen by the subjects as perceptually acceptable. With size-perspective information alone, the number of size plus distance errors also increased significantly. There was no significant effect of viewing condition.", "PMID": 600668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7210", "title": "Discrimination by young infants of stimuli presented discontinuously.", "content": "Four experiments are reported showing that young infants can pick up visual information from very brief displays. Pattern, edge orientation, and form can be discriminated when stimuli are presented for repeated exposures of only 300 ms.", "contents": "Discrimination by young infants of stimuli presented discontinuously. Four experiments are reported showing that young infants can pick up visual information from very brief displays. Pattern, edge orientation, and form can be discriminated when stimuli are presented for repeated exposures of only 300 ms.", "PMID": 600669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7211", "title": "Sex differences in choice behaviour: the object-person dimension.", "content": "When viewing two conflicting stimuli in a stereoscope, males reported seeing objects significantly more often than human figures. The opposite effect was observed in females.", "contents": "Sex differences in choice behaviour: the object-person dimension. When viewing two conflicting stimuli in a stereoscope, males reported seeing objects significantly more often than human figures. The opposite effect was observed in females.", "PMID": 600670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7212", "title": "Metacontrast as measured under a signal detection model.", "content": "Metacontrast is assessed both by percent accuracy and by the dichotomous sensitivity and criterion measures of a signal-detection model in a forced-choice detection task. The results showed a monotonic increase in sensitivity with increasing mask delay, and an abrupt shift of subjects' response criterion at an 80 ms interstimulus interval. The results are discussed in terms of the interpretational advantages of a signal-detection approach to metacontrast investigation.", "contents": "Metacontrast as measured under a signal detection model. Metacontrast is assessed both by percent accuracy and by the dichotomous sensitivity and criterion measures of a signal-detection model in a forced-choice detection task. The results showed a monotonic increase in sensitivity with increasing mask delay, and an abrupt shift of subjects' response criterion at an 80 ms interstimulus interval. The results are discussed in terms of the interpretational advantages of a signal-detection approach to metacontrast investigation.", "PMID": 600671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7213", "title": "The perception of brief temporal intervals: power functions for auditory and visual stimulus intervals.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to examine the role of method of estimation and the employment of a standard stimulus on the judged duration of auditory and visual stimuli presented for brief temporal intervals (0.25 to 5.0 s). The results indicate that the relationship between judged and physical duration is nearly direct and linear. Psychophysical methodology and stimulus modality exerted little influence on the obtained power functions.", "contents": "The perception of brief temporal intervals: power functions for auditory and visual stimulus intervals. Two experiments were performed to examine the role of method of estimation and the employment of a standard stimulus on the judged duration of auditory and visual stimuli presented for brief temporal intervals (0.25 to 5.0 s). The results indicate that the relationship between judged and physical duration is nearly direct and linear. Psychophysical methodology and stimulus modality exerted little influence on the obtained power functions.", "PMID": 600672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7214", "title": "Visual motion aftereffect induced by simulated rectilinear motion.", "content": "Visual motion aftereffect characteristics comparable to those associated with rotary and translatory movement of a test field are demonstrated for simulated rectilinear motion of the observer. The intensity and time duration of the phenomenon are shown to be positively correlated. The implications of this for individual observers are considered. The results of this experiment are correlated with those for adaptation and for recovery from adaptation that were obtained from the same group of observers. The findings are shown to support the hypothesis that visual motion affereffect is a manifestation of the adaptation recovery function of velocity sensitive mechanisms.", "contents": "Visual motion aftereffect induced by simulated rectilinear motion. Visual motion aftereffect characteristics comparable to those associated with rotary and translatory movement of a test field are demonstrated for simulated rectilinear motion of the observer. The intensity and time duration of the phenomenon are shown to be positively correlated. The implications of this for individual observers are considered. The results of this experiment are correlated with those for adaptation and for recovery from adaptation that were obtained from the same group of observers. The findings are shown to support the hypothesis that visual motion affereffect is a manifestation of the adaptation recovery function of velocity sensitive mechanisms.", "PMID": 600673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7215", "title": "Recovery from adaptation to moving gratings.", "content": "Short-term adaptation to moving sinusoidal gratings results in a motion aftereffect which decays in time. The time decay of the motion aftereffect has been measured psychophysically, and it is found to depend on (i) the spontaneous recovery from the adapted state, and (ii) the contrast of the test grating. We have measured the decays for various test conditions. An extrapolation of the measurements allows us to obtain a decay which represents the time course of the spontaneous recovery of the direction-sensitive mechanisms.", "contents": "Recovery from adaptation to moving gratings. Short-term adaptation to moving sinusoidal gratings results in a motion aftereffect which decays in time. The time decay of the motion aftereffect has been measured psychophysically, and it is found to depend on (i) the spontaneous recovery from the adapted state, and (ii) the contrast of the test grating. We have measured the decays for various test conditions. An extrapolation of the measurements allows us to obtain a decay which represents the time course of the spontaneous recovery of the direction-sensitive mechanisms.", "PMID": 600674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7216", "title": "Effects of reducing DDT usage on total DDT storage in humans.", "content": "Agricultural uses of the insecticide DDT were cancelled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency December 31, 1972. However, the domestic use of DDT had begun to decline before this action. Beginning July 1969, residues of DDT and its metabolites were measured in human adipose tissue collected through an annual national survey. Levels of total DDT equivalent residues in human adipose have decreased slightly, but the frequencies of finding DDT or its metabolites have remained high. The most marked decline in residue concentration has been found in the youngest age group (0-14 years). Approximately 80 percent of the total DDT equivalent found in this survey was DDE. These data show that the reduction of the agricultural uses of DDT has decreased human exposure to and storage of this chemical.", "contents": "Effects of reducing DDT usage on total DDT storage in humans. Agricultural uses of the insecticide DDT were cancelled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency December 31, 1972. However, the domestic use of DDT had begun to decline before this action. Beginning July 1969, residues of DDT and its metabolites were measured in human adipose tissue collected through an annual national survey. Levels of total DDT equivalent residues in human adipose have decreased slightly, but the frequencies of finding DDT or its metabolites have remained high. The most marked decline in residue concentration has been found in the youngest age group (0-14 years). Approximately 80 percent of the total DDT equivalent found in this survey was DDE. These data show that the reduction of the agricultural uses of DDT has decreased human exposure to and storage of this chemical.", "PMID": 600675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7217", "title": "Mirex residues in bobwhite quail after aerial application of bait for fire ant control, South Carolina--1975-76.", "content": "Mirex, the organochlorine compound used for control of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), was applied aerially under supervision of the South Carolina Plant Pest Regulatory Service in October 1975 to a game management area in Hampton County, S.C. Influenced by recent reports indicating that low levels of mirex were toxic to certain nontarget organisms in laboratory studies, authors initiated a program for monitoring mirex residues in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Pretreatment residues were recorded on a dry-weight basis in bobwhite quail breast and adipose tissue; conversion factors for determining wet-weight concentrations are approximately as follows: fat, 0.77; and breast, 0.29. Residues ranged from 0.000-0.178 ppm and 0.247-2.763 ppm, respectively. Mirex residues in quail adipose tissue showed up to five-fold increase within the first month after treatment and declined thereafter. A residue peak was noticed the spring following mirex treatment, corresponding with insect emergence. Mirex residues in quail collected in summer 1976 following a fall bait application showed slightly higher residue levels than had birds taken in summer 1975; however, little, if any, human food chain contamination would result in the consumption of birds with residue levels found in this study.", "contents": "Mirex residues in bobwhite quail after aerial application of bait for fire ant control, South Carolina--1975-76. Mirex, the organochlorine compound used for control of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren), was applied aerially under supervision of the South Carolina Plant Pest Regulatory Service in October 1975 to a game management area in Hampton County, S.C. Influenced by recent reports indicating that low levels of mirex were toxic to certain nontarget organisms in laboratory studies, authors initiated a program for monitoring mirex residues in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Pretreatment residues were recorded on a dry-weight basis in bobwhite quail breast and adipose tissue; conversion factors for determining wet-weight concentrations are approximately as follows: fat, 0.77; and breast, 0.29. Residues ranged from 0.000-0.178 ppm and 0.247-2.763 ppm, respectively. Mirex residues in quail adipose tissue showed up to five-fold increase within the first month after treatment and declined thereafter. A residue peak was noticed the spring following mirex treatment, corresponding with insect emergence. Mirex residues in quail collected in summer 1976 following a fall bait application showed slightly higher residue levels than had birds taken in summer 1975; however, little, if any, human food chain contamination would result in the consumption of birds with residue levels found in this study.", "PMID": 600676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7218", "title": "Organochlorine insecticide residues in field soils of the Kitakyushu district--Japan 1970-74.", "content": "Residues of organochlorine insecticides were monitored in field soils of the Kitakyushu District, Japan, from 1970 to 1974, before and after the insecticides were banned from agricultural fields. The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of BHC reached maximum levels in 1970 and 1971, then decreased rapidly during 1972 and 1974. Among BHC isomers, beta-BHC had highest mean levels and was therefore thought to be the most persistent of the isomers in field soils. Residues of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin peaked in 1970 and/or 1971, and then decreased yearly. The percentage of sites which had aldrin contamination have decreased; those with dieldrin contamination have increased. Mean values of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigmaDDT declined more slowly than did BHC and cyclodienes. Values of DDT and its related compounds were higher than were those of BHC, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin. The residues of p,p'-DDE were most frequently detected of the DDT compounds.", "contents": "Organochlorine insecticide residues in field soils of the Kitakyushu district--Japan 1970-74. Residues of organochlorine insecticides were monitored in field soils of the Kitakyushu District, Japan, from 1970 to 1974, before and after the insecticides were banned from agricultural fields. The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of BHC reached maximum levels in 1970 and 1971, then decreased rapidly during 1972 and 1974. Among BHC isomers, beta-BHC had highest mean levels and was therefore thought to be the most persistent of the isomers in field soils. Residues of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin peaked in 1970 and/or 1971, and then decreased yearly. The percentage of sites which had aldrin contamination have decreased; those with dieldrin contamination have increased. Mean values of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigmaDDT declined more slowly than did BHC and cyclodienes. Values of DDT and its related compounds were higher than were those of BHC, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin. The residues of p,p'-DDE were most frequently detected of the DDT compounds.", "PMID": 600677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7219", "title": "Preliminary monitoring of agricultural pesticides in a cooperative tobacco pest management project in North Carolina, 1971--first-year study.", "content": "A preliminary tobacco pest management pesticide monitoring project was initiated in two counties of North Carolina in 1971 to develop an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable system for protecting tobacco from damaging insect and disease pests. Results from the first year's study including sampling procedures, sample preparation, and analysis and residue data are presented in this paper.", "contents": "Preliminary monitoring of agricultural pesticides in a cooperative tobacco pest management project in North Carolina, 1971--first-year study. A preliminary tobacco pest management pesticide monitoring project was initiated in two counties of North Carolina in 1971 to develop an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable system for protecting tobacco from damaging insect and disease pests. Results from the first year's study including sampling procedures, sample preparation, and analysis and residue data are presented in this paper.", "PMID": 600678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7220", "title": "Respiratory diseases in calves. An economic analysis.", "content": "From a Danish dairy herd comprising 350 milking cows data were obtained on all (1010) single, liveborn calves dropped over a three year period. Deaths incurred before, during, and immediately after delivery were not included in the study. The mortality rate up to the first few hours after birth was 10% leaving 910 calves to be included in the present study. The overall respiratory disease (r.d.) attack rate among calves from birth up to the end of the sixth month was 23%; the r.d. case fatality rate was 40%; the r.d. mortality rate was 9%. The mortality rate due to ailments other than r.d. was 11%, and the overall mortality rate during the first six months of life was 20%. The economic impact of r.d. in the herd was evaluated using a disease model which, in mathemathical terms, conceptualizes the basic patterns of the disorders within the calf population. The economic implications of various changes in the prevailing herd health status with respect to r.d. are outlined and discussed (Table VII, IX, XI). Also the economic expectations under different sales policies were studied (Table VIII and X). The study clearly demonstrates the versality of health models and how these may be applied to prepare economic forecasts during periods with rapidly changing market and production conditions.", "contents": "Respiratory diseases in calves. An economic analysis. From a Danish dairy herd comprising 350 milking cows data were obtained on all (1010) single, liveborn calves dropped over a three year period. Deaths incurred before, during, and immediately after delivery were not included in the study. The mortality rate up to the first few hours after birth was 10% leaving 910 calves to be included in the present study. The overall respiratory disease (r.d.) attack rate among calves from birth up to the end of the sixth month was 23%; the r.d. case fatality rate was 40%; the r.d. mortality rate was 9%. The mortality rate due to ailments other than r.d. was 11%, and the overall mortality rate during the first six months of life was 20%. The economic impact of r.d. in the herd was evaluated using a disease model which, in mathemathical terms, conceptualizes the basic patterns of the disorders within the calf population. The economic implications of various changes in the prevailing herd health status with respect to r.d. are outlined and discussed (Table VII, IX, XI). Also the economic expectations under different sales policies were studied (Table VIII and X). The study clearly demonstrates the versality of health models and how these may be applied to prepare economic forecasts during periods with rapidly changing market and production conditions.", "PMID": 600692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7221", "title": "Atrophic rhinitis in swine fattener herds. A field study of the spread of the disease with infected pigs bought at market.", "content": "In three different fattener herds pigs primarily AR infected as baby piglets were mixed in the fattening units with healthy pigs at an age of 11--13 weeks. Snout alterations were registered on cut snouts at a slaughter weight of about 70 kg. Severe AR was registered in the groups of primarily infected pigs (Tables I--III). The incidence of snout alterations was lower in the groups of pigs infected at an age of 11--13 weeks, but was much higher than in the groups of healthy control pigs or in the normal pig population in the region (Table IV). The results indicate that pigs infected at a rather late age in the fattening units can develop severe atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "Atrophic rhinitis in swine fattener herds. A field study of the spread of the disease with infected pigs bought at market. In three different fattener herds pigs primarily AR infected as baby piglets were mixed in the fattening units with healthy pigs at an age of 11--13 weeks. Snout alterations were registered on cut snouts at a slaughter weight of about 70 kg. Severe AR was registered in the groups of primarily infected pigs (Tables I--III). The incidence of snout alterations was lower in the groups of pigs infected at an age of 11--13 weeks, but was much higher than in the groups of healthy control pigs or in the normal pig population in the region (Table IV). The results indicate that pigs infected at a rather late age in the fattening units can develop severe atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 600693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7222", "title": "Trichinella spiralis in wild boars (Sus scrofa).", "content": "During the period 1.7. 1972--31.6. 1977 muscle samples from 137 wild boars were examined for Trichinella spiralis. Larvae of T. spiralis were demonstrated in 4 animals. The major part (83) of the wild boars examined, including the 4 positive ones, originated from one particular game park. The rate of infection with T. spiralis in the game park concerned was 4.8%. Calculated on the basis of the total of animals examined, the rate of infection was 2.9%.", "contents": "Trichinella spiralis in wild boars (Sus scrofa). During the period 1.7. 1972--31.6. 1977 muscle samples from 137 wild boars were examined for Trichinella spiralis. Larvae of T. spiralis were demonstrated in 4 animals. The major part (83) of the wild boars examined, including the 4 positive ones, originated from one particular game park. The rate of infection with T. spiralis in the game park concerned was 4.8%. Calculated on the basis of the total of animals examined, the rate of infection was 2.9%.", "PMID": 600694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7223", "title": "A study on the toxicity of spontaneously molded bread.", "content": "Molds of geni Penicillium, Aspergillus and Paecilomyces were found in spontaneously molded Finnish bread. Patulin was detected in 91% of 23 samples analysed in concentrations ranging from 27 to 138 microgram/kg. The toxin was found in dark bread in higher amounts than in white. Neither aflatoxins (12 samples) nor ochratoxin A (10 samples) were detected. Penicillic acid was found in one of five samples. No significant changes were found in the haemoglobin or leucocyte counts of rats kept on feed containing extracts of the molded bread. Extracts from bread contaminated with A niger were more toxic and less palatable than extracts from the other samples. The feeding test indicated a relatively low toxicity of molded bread.", "contents": "A study on the toxicity of spontaneously molded bread. Molds of geni Penicillium, Aspergillus and Paecilomyces were found in spontaneously molded Finnish bread. Patulin was detected in 91% of 23 samples analysed in concentrations ranging from 27 to 138 microgram/kg. The toxin was found in dark bread in higher amounts than in white. Neither aflatoxins (12 samples) nor ochratoxin A (10 samples) were detected. Penicillic acid was found in one of five samples. No significant changes were found in the haemoglobin or leucocyte counts of rats kept on feed containing extracts of the molded bread. Extracts from bread contaminated with A niger were more toxic and less palatable than extracts from the other samples. The feeding test indicated a relatively low toxicity of molded bread.", "PMID": 600695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7224", "title": "Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in a boxer. A case report.", "content": "A case of canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis, a disease of boxers, is here described. It appears that this disease has not been previously reported in Scandinavia. The diagnosis was established at necropsy of a 5-month-old boxer, which had shown bloody diarrhoea since the age of four weeks. Treatment with antibiotics had only given a temporary remission of the condition. Macroscopical findings included thickening of the wall of the descending colon and rectum, multiple ulcers in the rectocolonic mucosa and marked enlargement of the colonic lymph nodes. Microscopically the lesions were characterized by large accumulations of PAS-positive histiocytes, mixed with cells of the plasma cell type, in the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and descending colon and in the colonic lymph nodes. The importance of using proctocolonoscopy and colon biopsy for the clinical diagnosis of this condition is stressed.", "contents": "Histiocytic ulcerative colitis in a boxer. A case report. A case of canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis, a disease of boxers, is here described. It appears that this disease has not been previously reported in Scandinavia. The diagnosis was established at necropsy of a 5-month-old boxer, which had shown bloody diarrhoea since the age of four weeks. Treatment with antibiotics had only given a temporary remission of the condition. Macroscopical findings included thickening of the wall of the descending colon and rectum, multiple ulcers in the rectocolonic mucosa and marked enlargement of the colonic lymph nodes. Microscopically the lesions were characterized by large accumulations of PAS-positive histiocytes, mixed with cells of the plasma cell type, in the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and descending colon and in the colonic lymph nodes. The importance of using proctocolonoscopy and colon biopsy for the clinical diagnosis of this condition is stressed.", "PMID": 600696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7225", "title": "[Cartilage of the head of the femoral in articular chondrocalcinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of three femoral heads removed from patients suffering from articular chondrocalcinosis enabled the authors to identify the lesions of the cartilage in that disorder. They are mainly represented by crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. They appear within the cartilage which is macroscopically intact and histologically normal, but their location and the related tissue phenomena in their formation remain controversial and poorly understood. They accumulate in the various layers of the non-calcified cartilage within which they appear to hollow out genuine cavities by pushing back and then destroying the intercellular matrix and surrounding chondrocytes. In spite of their at times considerable size, the accumulations of crystals are not accompanied with fissures or erosion of cartilage tissue. This good histological tolerance appears to be explained by the distribution of calcification outside of the areas bearing pressure, which is in agreement with the often asymptomatic nature of chondrocalcinosis. These calcfications appear to be able to render cartilage fragile and to lead to pseudoarthrosic arthropathy when they are abundant and spread through the entire surface of a joint.", "contents": "[Cartilage of the head of the femoral in articular chondrocalcinosis (author's transl)]. A study of three femoral heads removed from patients suffering from articular chondrocalcinosis enabled the authors to identify the lesions of the cartilage in that disorder. They are mainly represented by crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. They appear within the cartilage which is macroscopically intact and histologically normal, but their location and the related tissue phenomena in their formation remain controversial and poorly understood. They accumulate in the various layers of the non-calcified cartilage within which they appear to hollow out genuine cavities by pushing back and then destroying the intercellular matrix and surrounding chondrocytes. In spite of their at times considerable size, the accumulations of crystals are not accompanied with fissures or erosion of cartilage tissue. This good histological tolerance appears to be explained by the distribution of calcification outside of the areas bearing pressure, which is in agreement with the often asymptomatic nature of chondrocalcinosis. These calcfications appear to be able to render cartilage fragile and to lead to pseudoarthrosic arthropathy when they are abundant and spread through the entire surface of a joint.", "PMID": 600711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7226", "title": "[Hemodynamic profile in acute respiratory distress syndromes in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic, investigations carried out on 25 patients suffering from acute respiratory distress in the adult established a specific hemodynamic profile for that syndrome, including precapillary pulmonary artery hypertension and systemic arterial hypotension. The level of pulmonary vascular resistance (abnormally high) and systemic arterial resistance (abnormally low) were referred to the cardiac index (which may be increased in some patients due to infusions of Dopamine, or reduced in others due to an veno-arterial bypass). The observed hemodynamic disorders are not related to hypoxemia since this is corrected by permanent positive pressure breathing, or by extracorporeal oxygenation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic profile in acute respiratory distress syndromes in the adult (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic, investigations carried out on 25 patients suffering from acute respiratory distress in the adult established a specific hemodynamic profile for that syndrome, including precapillary pulmonary artery hypertension and systemic arterial hypotension. The level of pulmonary vascular resistance (abnormally high) and systemic arterial resistance (abnormally low) were referred to the cardiac index (which may be increased in some patients due to infusions of Dopamine, or reduced in others due to an veno-arterial bypass). The observed hemodynamic disorders are not related to hypoxemia since this is corrected by permanent positive pressure breathing, or by extracorporeal oxygenation.", "PMID": 600712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7227", "title": "[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this study was to specify the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy which may occur in some cirrhotics treated by Spironolactone. In 31 cirrhotics with ascite, this diuretic induced a significant increase in arterial ammonemia; 8 patients developed an impending hepatic coma which was associated with ammonemia levels significantly higher than those observed in the patients without encephalopathy at the end of the treatment. Hyperammonemia induced by Spironolactone does not result from a muscular, renal or hepatic ammonia production but seems related to an increased intestinal ammoniagenesis which which is secondary to the bacterial hydrolysis of urea in the colon; indeed, there is a significant correlation between the ammonemia increase and the simultaneous rise in blood urea during treatment.", "contents": "[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)]. The aim of this study was to specify the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy which may occur in some cirrhotics treated by Spironolactone. In 31 cirrhotics with ascite, this diuretic induced a significant increase in arterial ammonemia; 8 patients developed an impending hepatic coma which was associated with ammonemia levels significantly higher than those observed in the patients without encephalopathy at the end of the treatment. Hyperammonemia induced by Spironolactone does not result from a muscular, renal or hepatic ammonia production but seems related to an increased intestinal ammoniagenesis which which is secondary to the bacterial hydrolysis of urea in the colon; indeed, there is a significant correlation between the ammonemia increase and the simultaneous rise in blood urea during treatment.", "PMID": 600713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7228", "title": "[Recurrent and recurring inguinal hernias. 50 cases operated upon via a sub-peritoneal approach (author's transl)].", "content": "The superiority of this method of hernia repair via a sub-peritoneal approach over classical techniques would seem to have been demonstrated since no failures were noted amongst 50 cases treated. The technique involves the complete resection of the sac of congenital hernias, the complete reduction of the sac of direct or recurring hernias and the abandonment of all sutures in favour of the broad apposition of a plaque which perfectly obliterates the deep orifices of the inguinal region.", "contents": "[Recurrent and recurring inguinal hernias. 50 cases operated upon via a sub-peritoneal approach (author's transl)]. The superiority of this method of hernia repair via a sub-peritoneal approach over classical techniques would seem to have been demonstrated since no failures were noted amongst 50 cases treated. The technique involves the complete resection of the sac of congenital hernias, the complete reduction of the sac of direct or recurring hernias and the abandonment of all sutures in favour of the broad apposition of a plaque which perfectly obliterates the deep orifices of the inguinal region.", "PMID": 600714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7229", "title": "[Gastro-intestinal involvement in non Hodgkin's lymphomas, 31 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastro-intestinal involvement is a distinctive feature of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. 31 cases are reported among 200 cases on NHL observed between 1960 and 1976. Multiple involvement appeared in 61%; a diffuse histological pattern is frequent (67%). The relapse of primary isolated gastro-intestinal localization (always) affected extra-digestive tissues (nodes, cavum). Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment COP, COAP and MOCA. Surgery is associated in localized involvement or in case of obstruction. High energy radiation therapy is indicated only in lymphosarcomas: -- to residual tumor after chemotherapy--in localized involvement diffuse on all the abdomen at 25 grays after surgery and a brief course of chemotherapy versus surgery and long course of chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "[Gastro-intestinal involvement in non Hodgkin's lymphomas, 31 cases (author's transl)]. Gastro-intestinal involvement is a distinctive feature of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. 31 cases are reported among 200 cases on NHL observed between 1960 and 1976. Multiple involvement appeared in 61%; a diffuse histological pattern is frequent (67%). The relapse of primary isolated gastro-intestinal localization (always) affected extra-digestive tissues (nodes, cavum). Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment COP, COAP and MOCA. Surgery is associated in localized involvement or in case of obstruction. High energy radiation therapy is indicated only in lymphosarcomas: -- to residual tumor after chemotherapy--in localized involvement diffuse on all the abdomen at 25 grays after surgery and a brief course of chemotherapy versus surgery and long course of chemotherapy alone.", "PMID": 600722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7230", "title": "[Carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subjects. Clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of 50 cases in Eastern Algeria (author's transl)].", "content": "Africa, and in particular North Africa, is a site of high prevalence of carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subject. There is a marked male predominance and a clear peak of incidence between 15 and 25 years. The presenting feature is usually rapidly growing cervical lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is based upon histological examination of these nodes. It is a squamous carcinoma, usually highly undifferentiated and difficult to identify. However, for the experienced observer, the special appearance of tumour proliferation makes it possible to localise the primary tumour in the epi-pharyngeal region. Current work is aimed at research into a possible genetic predisposition and the relationship which the carcinoma may have with the Epstein-Barr virus.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subjects. Clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of 50 cases in Eastern Algeria (author's transl)]. Africa, and in particular North Africa, is a site of high prevalence of carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subject. There is a marked male predominance and a clear peak of incidence between 15 and 25 years. The presenting feature is usually rapidly growing cervical lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is based upon histological examination of these nodes. It is a squamous carcinoma, usually highly undifferentiated and difficult to identify. However, for the experienced observer, the special appearance of tumour proliferation makes it possible to localise the primary tumour in the epi-pharyngeal region. Current work is aimed at research into a possible genetic predisposition and the relationship which the carcinoma may have with the Epstein-Barr virus.", "PMID": 600721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7231", "title": "[Myxoma of the left atrium diagnosed by pathological examination of an embolism of the aortic bifurcation (author's transl)].", "content": "The case reported was a 69-year-old patient with a myxoma of the left atrium presenting as multiple emboli: acute ischaemia of the lower limbs preceded, three months before, by a spontaneously regressive right hemiplegia which, in view of the patient's age, was considered to be a simple manifestation of atherosclerosis. The diagnostic value of the echocardiogram in cases of systemic emboli of undetermined origin is stressed.", "contents": "[Myxoma of the left atrium diagnosed by pathological examination of an embolism of the aortic bifurcation (author's transl)]. The case reported was a 69-year-old patient with a myxoma of the left atrium presenting as multiple emboli: acute ischaemia of the lower limbs preceded, three months before, by a spontaneously regressive right hemiplegia which, in view of the patient's age, was considered to be a simple manifestation of atherosclerosis. The diagnostic value of the echocardiogram in cases of systemic emboli of undetermined origin is stressed.", "PMID": 600723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7232", "title": "[Acute pituitary failure as the presentation of a prolactin cell adenoma during a pregnancy made possible by bromocriptine (author's transl)].", "content": "A 21-year-old woman had sterility due to amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and hypoplastic ovaries. The sella turcica was asymmetrical but tomograms were suggestive of a congenital appearance. There was no suprasellar expansion. Treatment with bromocriptine and HMG resulted in pregnancy. Acute pituitary failure occurred at the 10th week, revealing an adenoma. The pregnancy proceeded to term after hypophysectomy. This complication, the first reported under the effects of bromocriptine, may serve as a reminder of the precautions to be taken during pregnancy in a hyperprolactinaemic woman.", "contents": "[Acute pituitary failure as the presentation of a prolactin cell adenoma during a pregnancy made possible by bromocriptine (author's transl)]. A 21-year-old woman had sterility due to amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and hypoplastic ovaries. The sella turcica was asymmetrical but tomograms were suggestive of a congenital appearance. There was no suprasellar expansion. Treatment with bromocriptine and HMG resulted in pregnancy. Acute pituitary failure occurred at the 10th week, revealing an adenoma. The pregnancy proceeded to term after hypophysectomy. This complication, the first reported under the effects of bromocriptine, may serve as a reminder of the precautions to be taken during pregnancy in a hyperprolactinaemic woman.", "PMID": 600724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7233", "title": "[The treatment of infection of superficial vascular prostheses. The role of myoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors introduce the concept of covering myoplasty in the treatment of infected cutaneous vascular prosthesis, either in the inguinal region or in the abdominal portion of an axillo-femoral graft. After describing their technique, they briefly review the main procedures described up to the present time and the potential role of myoplasty.", "contents": "[The treatment of infection of superficial vascular prostheses. The role of myoplasty (author's transl)]. The authors introduce the concept of covering myoplasty in the treatment of infected cutaneous vascular prosthesis, either in the inguinal region or in the abdominal portion of an axillo-femoral graft. After describing their technique, they briefly review the main procedures described up to the present time and the potential role of myoplasty.", "PMID": 600725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7234", "title": "[Reduction of the hyperparathyroidism of uraemia by total parathyroidectomy followed by partial autograft (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3 cases, total parathyroidectomy, with graft of fragments of one of the glands into the forearm gave rapid correction of the clinical and biological disorders associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. The secretion of parathyroid hormone by the autograft was confirmed by radioimmunoassay on brachial vein samples. This technique appears to be more satisfactory than 7/8 parathyroidectomy, the postoperative course of which is not always free of complications, which involves a risk of necrosis of the gland fragment left in place and in which reoperation is difficult.", "contents": "[Reduction of the hyperparathyroidism of uraemia by total parathyroidectomy followed by partial autograft (author's transl)]. In 3 cases, total parathyroidectomy, with graft of fragments of one of the glands into the forearm gave rapid correction of the clinical and biological disorders associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. The secretion of parathyroid hormone by the autograft was confirmed by radioimmunoassay on brachial vein samples. This technique appears to be more satisfactory than 7/8 parathyroidectomy, the postoperative course of which is not always free of complications, which involves a risk of necrosis of the gland fragment left in place and in which reoperation is difficult.", "PMID": 600737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7235", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum. Three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Fracture of the penis\" by damage to the erectile structures is rare. This accident usually occurs when the erect penis is subjected to trauma, usually during intercourse. The diagnosis is easy in the presence of a haematoma spreading from the fraenulum to the scrotum, with sometimes an obvious breach in the albuginosa of one corpus cavernosum. In the three cases reported here, immediate surgery was possible in two. Early operation, with repair of the ruptured albuginosa, offers the best guarantee of cure without any disturbance in erection.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum. Three cases (author's transl)]. \"Fracture of the penis\" by damage to the erectile structures is rare. This accident usually occurs when the erect penis is subjected to trauma, usually during intercourse. The diagnosis is easy in the presence of a haematoma spreading from the fraenulum to the scrotum, with sometimes an obvious breach in the albuginosa of one corpus cavernosum. In the three cases reported here, immediate surgery was possible in two. Early operation, with repair of the ruptured albuginosa, offers the best guarantee of cure without any disturbance in erection.", "PMID": 600738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7236", "title": "[Systemic arterial hypertension: pathogentic role of the sympathetic nervous system].", "content": "Role of the clinical and experimental data suggesting the role of the sympathetic nervous system in some essential hypertension are reviewed: increase in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure during orthostatism, increase in cardiac output resulting from increase in cardiopulmonary blood volume and/or in myocardial contractility, increase in peripheral resistances, elevated plasma catecholamines and dopamine-b\u00eata-hydroxylase, disturbances in arterial baroreceptor sensitivity and in vascular response to adrenergic stimuli, elevated plasma renin activity. It appears that the role of a sympathetic overactivity is mainly important in labile hypertension with hyperkinetic syndrome and elevated plasma renin activity.", "contents": "[Systemic arterial hypertension: pathogentic role of the sympathetic nervous system]. Role of the clinical and experimental data suggesting the role of the sympathetic nervous system in some essential hypertension are reviewed: increase in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure during orthostatism, increase in cardiac output resulting from increase in cardiopulmonary blood volume and/or in myocardial contractility, increase in peripheral resistances, elevated plasma catecholamines and dopamine-b\u00eata-hydroxylase, disturbances in arterial baroreceptor sensitivity and in vascular response to adrenergic stimuli, elevated plasma renin activity. It appears that the role of a sympathetic overactivity is mainly important in labile hypertension with hyperkinetic syndrome and elevated plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 600739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7237", "title": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes by three techniques using polyethylene glycol (author's transl)].", "content": "The search for circulating immune complexes (IC) by precipitation tests using polyethylene glycole was performed in a large series of normal (150 subjects) and 1200 pathological sera (over 800 patients). Increased precipitability of IgG and C4 was seen in a great percentage (80%) of pathological sera giving positive PEG precipitation without direct influence of IgG, IgM, C1q, C3 and C4 serum levels. The labeled C1q binding test gave similar results in 90 normal and 640 pathological sera. The C1q binding test could be replaced by the more direct and simple evaluation of the amount of C4 precipitated with IgG by 3.5% PEG. Positive results obtained in the three methods were particularly found in patients with diseases generally presumed to represent immune complexes diseases including acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and acute or chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes by three techniques using polyethylene glycol (author's transl)]. The search for circulating immune complexes (IC) by precipitation tests using polyethylene glycole was performed in a large series of normal (150 subjects) and 1200 pathological sera (over 800 patients). Increased precipitability of IgG and C4 was seen in a great percentage (80%) of pathological sera giving positive PEG precipitation without direct influence of IgG, IgM, C1q, C3 and C4 serum levels. The labeled C1q binding test gave similar results in 90 normal and 640 pathological sera. The C1q binding test could be replaced by the more direct and simple evaluation of the amount of C4 precipitated with IgG by 3.5% PEG. Positive results obtained in the three methods were particularly found in patients with diseases generally presumed to represent immune complexes diseases including acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and acute or chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 600749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7238", "title": "[Scleroderma presenting as oedema (authors transl)].", "content": "The authors report 8 cases of scleroderma with oedema in the initial stages which could be divided amongst three groups on the basis of their clinical, biological, histological characteristics and course: normal systemic scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, Shulmans syndrome. The relationship between one of these cases and Buschke's scleroderma is discussed. These cases of scleroderma are characterized by diagnostic difficulties in the initial phase and by their relatively favourable vital prognosis (one death only). Corticosteroids may be effective to some extent in the presence of mixed connective tissue disease of Shulman's syndrome.", "contents": "[Scleroderma presenting as oedema (authors transl)]. The authors report 8 cases of scleroderma with oedema in the initial stages which could be divided amongst three groups on the basis of their clinical, biological, histological characteristics and course: normal systemic scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, Shulmans syndrome. The relationship between one of these cases and Buschke's scleroderma is discussed. These cases of scleroderma are characterized by diagnostic difficulties in the initial phase and by their relatively favourable vital prognosis (one death only). Corticosteroids may be effective to some extent in the presence of mixed connective tissue disease of Shulman's syndrome.", "PMID": 600750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7239", "title": "[The detection of soluble fibrin complexes by a haemagglutination test. Clinical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Testing for soluble fibrin complexes was performed using a sensitive and reliable haemagglutination assay, with red cells sensitized by fibrin monomers. The principle is based on the fact that the monomers linked to red cells and induce their agglutination. This test, used in clinical trials, has revealed the presence of soluble complexes in every confirmed case of acute DIC, but also in Chronic DIC where diagnosis is difficult to establish (negative ethanol gelation test, normal or sub-normal levels of fibrin breakdown products). In Cirrhosis of the liver, the test gives positive results in a non negligible number of cases. Several hypotheses are made to explain why in certain confirmed cases of DIC, low fibrin breakdown products levels are found.", "contents": "[The detection of soluble fibrin complexes by a haemagglutination test. Clinical applications (author's transl)]. Testing for soluble fibrin complexes was performed using a sensitive and reliable haemagglutination assay, with red cells sensitized by fibrin monomers. The principle is based on the fact that the monomers linked to red cells and induce their agglutination. This test, used in clinical trials, has revealed the presence of soluble complexes in every confirmed case of acute DIC, but also in Chronic DIC where diagnosis is difficult to establish (negative ethanol gelation test, normal or sub-normal levels of fibrin breakdown products). In Cirrhosis of the liver, the test gives positive results in a non negligible number of cases. Several hypotheses are made to explain why in certain confirmed cases of DIC, low fibrin breakdown products levels are found.", "PMID": 600751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7240", "title": "[Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 34 years old patient, with an adrenal pheochromocytoma and a Cushing syndrome is reported. The Cushing syndrome was healed by removing the pheochromocytoma. The varied interrelations between adrenal cortex and medulla physiology or pathology are discussed. It seems that ectopic ACTH from pheochromocytoma is observed more often, unlike the proof has been rarely made.", "contents": "[Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma (author's transl)]. The case of a 34 years old patient, with an adrenal pheochromocytoma and a Cushing syndrome is reported. The Cushing syndrome was healed by removing the pheochromocytoma. The varied interrelations between adrenal cortex and medulla physiology or pathology are discussed. It seems that ectopic ACTH from pheochromocytoma is observed more often, unlike the proof has been rarely made.", "PMID": 600752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7241", "title": "[Eosinophilic meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Eosinophilic meningitis, also named human nervous angiostrongyliasis, results from the infestation of the Nervous System by larvae of Angyostrongylus Cantonensis realizing there a parasitic deadlock. The Authors studied 54 patients whose main complaints were severe and lasting headache, and paresthesias. A meningitic syndrome is not always encountered and a facial paralysis of the lower motor neuron type has been noted in a few patients. Study of the Cerebrospinal fluid shows pleiocytosis with a variable percentage of eosinophiles. Complete recovery is usual after a couple of weeks and the prognosis can be given as excellent despite of the fact that no specific therapy is known at the present time.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic meningitis (author's transl)]. Eosinophilic meningitis, also named human nervous angiostrongyliasis, results from the infestation of the Nervous System by larvae of Angyostrongylus Cantonensis realizing there a parasitic deadlock. The Authors studied 54 patients whose main complaints were severe and lasting headache, and paresthesias. A meningitic syndrome is not always encountered and a facial paralysis of the lower motor neuron type has been noted in a few patients. Study of the Cerebrospinal fluid shows pleiocytosis with a variable percentage of eosinophiles. Complete recovery is usual after a couple of weeks and the prognosis can be given as excellent despite of the fact that no specific therapy is known at the present time.", "PMID": 600753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7242", "title": "[Epithelialisation of a neovagina by nymphoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The walls of the artificial cavity created by recto-vesical cleavage in the surgical treatment of congenital absence of the vagina never become covered with epidermis and this lack of epithelialisation is the source of progressive stenosis. The use of pediculated mucosal flaps with a broad, well vascularised base, obtained by cleavage and folding of the labia minora, makes it possible to appropriately and durably cover the first centimeters of the neovagina.", "contents": "[Epithelialisation of a neovagina by nymphoplasty (author's transl)]. The walls of the artificial cavity created by recto-vesical cleavage in the surgical treatment of congenital absence of the vagina never become covered with epidermis and this lack of epithelialisation is the source of progressive stenosis. The use of pediculated mucosal flaps with a broad, well vascularised base, obtained by cleavage and folding of the labia minora, makes it possible to appropriately and durably cover the first centimeters of the neovagina.", "PMID": 600754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7243", "title": "[Benign breast diseases: hormonal studies in 125 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of exploration of the corpus luteum in 125 patients with benign breast disease are analysed. In 109 patients, plasma oestradiol and progesterone were measured at various times during the hyperthermic phase of the menstrual cycle. The results obtained were compared with those obtained in normal women explored during the same phase of the cycle. The average daily values for plasma progesterone obtained in this group of 109 patients was significantly lower than that found in the normal women, whilst there was no change in oestradiol levels. In addition, 16 patients were studied daily throughout the period of hyperthermia. In 8 cases, there the hyperoestrogenism, with or without progesterone insifficiency of the corpus luteum. In all, secretory imbalance of the corpus luteum with a tendency to relative or absolute hyperoestrogenism was a constant finding in women with benign breast disease.", "contents": "[Benign breast diseases: hormonal studies in 125 cases (author's transl)]. The results of exploration of the corpus luteum in 125 patients with benign breast disease are analysed. In 109 patients, plasma oestradiol and progesterone were measured at various times during the hyperthermic phase of the menstrual cycle. The results obtained were compared with those obtained in normal women explored during the same phase of the cycle. The average daily values for plasma progesterone obtained in this group of 109 patients was significantly lower than that found in the normal women, whilst there was no change in oestradiol levels. In addition, 16 patients were studied daily throughout the period of hyperthermia. In 8 cases, there the hyperoestrogenism, with or without progesterone insifficiency of the corpus luteum. In all, secretory imbalance of the corpus luteum with a tendency to relative or absolute hyperoestrogenism was a constant finding in women with benign breast disease.", "PMID": 600762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7244", "title": "[Bisalbuminaemia. Three aetiologies: hereditary mutation, antibiotic therapy, pseudocyst of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The demonstration of a double albumin line on blood protein electrophoresis has important practical applications: after eliminating congenital bisalbuminaemia, with no pathological consequences, this abnormality may make it possible to detect an overdose of beta-lactamines, requiring the interruption of treatment, or a serious effusion of pancreatic origin justifying surgery.", "contents": "[Bisalbuminaemia. Three aetiologies: hereditary mutation, antibiotic therapy, pseudocyst of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The demonstration of a double albumin line on blood protein electrophoresis has important practical applications: after eliminating congenital bisalbuminaemia, with no pathological consequences, this abnormality may make it possible to detect an overdose of beta-lactamines, requiring the interruption of treatment, or a serious effusion of pancreatic origin justifying surgery.", "PMID": 600763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7245", "title": "[Relapsing erythroblastopenia. A case followed during 22 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Relapsing erythroblastopenia has been observed in a girl from when she was a baby to 22 years of age. The three episodic crisis of erythroblastopenia occurred when she was 2 months, then 6 and 19 years old, and recovered spontaneously after periods of 3, 18 and 30 months respectively. The authors did not find any cause for the disease and the various treatments were useless. This case presents hardly any relation to the rare relapsing erythroblastopenias reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Relapsing erythroblastopenia. A case followed during 22 years (author's transl)]. Relapsing erythroblastopenia has been observed in a girl from when she was a baby to 22 years of age. The three episodic crisis of erythroblastopenia occurred when she was 2 months, then 6 and 19 years old, and recovered spontaneously after periods of 3, 18 and 30 months respectively. The authors did not find any cause for the disease and the various treatments were useless. This case presents hardly any relation to the rare relapsing erythroblastopenias reported in the literature.", "PMID": 600776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7246", "title": "[Skeletal and medullary involvement in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "In 70 patients with clinical stage II, III or IV Hodgkin's disease, 31 were found to have skeletal involvement. The value of the bone scanning in the demonstration of osseous and marrow lesions is emphasized : scanning enabled localised marrow involvement in 24 patients to be detected and could be used as a guide for the biopsy needle in 11 cases. The histopathological features of marrow involvement by Hodgkin's disease are described. In view of the better knowledge of the frequency of splenic, skeletal or hepatic involvement, the preferential involvement of a particular organ in disseminated diseases is discussed. The high frequency of splenic involvement could be due to the inadequacy of the methods detecting hepatic or marrow involvement, although the nature of the disease could also be a factor.", "contents": "[Skeletal and medullary involvement in Hodgkin's disease]. In 70 patients with clinical stage II, III or IV Hodgkin's disease, 31 were found to have skeletal involvement. The value of the bone scanning in the demonstration of osseous and marrow lesions is emphasized : scanning enabled localised marrow involvement in 24 patients to be detected and could be used as a guide for the biopsy needle in 11 cases. The histopathological features of marrow involvement by Hodgkin's disease are described. In view of the better knowledge of the frequency of splenic, skeletal or hepatic involvement, the preferential involvement of a particular organ in disseminated diseases is discussed. The high frequency of splenic involvement could be due to the inadequacy of the methods detecting hepatic or marrow involvement, although the nature of the disease could also be a factor.", "PMID": 600775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7247", "title": "[Relationship between the quantities of H substance before, and B substance after conversion of red blood cells by alpha-D-galactosyl transferase].", "content": "The authors determined the agglutination percentages with anti-B, eel and Ulex europeus anti-H reagents for the kinetic study of the in vitro conversion O red blood cells in B. The agglutination with the anti-B increases in proportion as the agglutination with eel anti-H decreases; the agglutination with Ulex anti-H remains constant. They converted (time=18 h) O red blood cells with a more or less high substance H content (adults in good health, africans and europeans, patients, newborn and one \"Bombay\" phenotype). They showed that there is a good correlation between the agglutination percentages with eel anti-H or Ulex anti-H before conversion and the agglutination percentages with anti-B after conversion. These \"O converted\" look like the B phenotype defined by a check sample of B subjects.", "contents": "[Relationship between the quantities of H substance before, and B substance after conversion of red blood cells by alpha-D-galactosyl transferase]. The authors determined the agglutination percentages with anti-B, eel and Ulex europeus anti-H reagents for the kinetic study of the in vitro conversion O red blood cells in B. The agglutination with the anti-B increases in proportion as the agglutination with eel anti-H decreases; the agglutination with Ulex anti-H remains constant. They converted (time=18 h) O red blood cells with a more or less high substance H content (adults in good health, africans and europeans, patients, newborn and one \"Bombay\" phenotype). They showed that there is a good correlation between the agglutination percentages with eel anti-H or Ulex anti-H before conversion and the agglutination percentages with anti-B after conversion. These \"O converted\" look like the B phenotype defined by a check sample of B subjects.", "PMID": 600780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7248", "title": "[Clinical, structural and functional studies of HbG Philadelphia detected in a Moroccan newborn].", "content": "Hb G Philadelphia (alpha68 Asn leads to Lys) is widely distributed in black people but is uncommon in North-Africa. Only one case has been previously described in an Arab immigrant. The latter and our propositus originated from North-East morocco. Hb G alpha Philadelphia is stable. The abnormal hemoglobin represented 28% of total hemoglobin in the hemolysate of the propositus, a 7 month old child. At birth, 4 fractions were detected on electrophoresis: Hb A, Hb F, Hb G Philadelphia, which migrated like Hb S, and a mutant alpha2Ggamma2. The oxygen affinity of Hb G Philadelphia was slightly elevated. Cooperativity and Bohr effect were normal. The abnormal hemoglobin was also detected in the father of the propositus in the heterozygote state: its clinical and hematological data were normal. No evidence of thalassemia trait was found in the family. The percentage of abnormal hemoglobin obtained in the propositus and his father is in accordance with the presence of two loci for the alpha chain on the homologous chromosome.", "contents": "[Clinical, structural and functional studies of HbG Philadelphia detected in a Moroccan newborn]. Hb G Philadelphia (alpha68 Asn leads to Lys) is widely distributed in black people but is uncommon in North-Africa. Only one case has been previously described in an Arab immigrant. The latter and our propositus originated from North-East morocco. Hb G alpha Philadelphia is stable. The abnormal hemoglobin represented 28% of total hemoglobin in the hemolysate of the propositus, a 7 month old child. At birth, 4 fractions were detected on electrophoresis: Hb A, Hb F, Hb G Philadelphia, which migrated like Hb S, and a mutant alpha2Ggamma2. The oxygen affinity of Hb G Philadelphia was slightly elevated. Cooperativity and Bohr effect were normal. The abnormal hemoglobin was also detected in the father of the propositus in the heterozygote state: its clinical and hematological data were normal. No evidence of thalassemia trait was found in the family. The percentage of abnormal hemoglobin obtained in the propositus and his father is in accordance with the presence of two loci for the alpha chain on the homologous chromosome.", "PMID": 600779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7249", "title": "[In vitro studies on amplification of rat erythropoiesis (author's transl)].", "content": "From rat bone marrow in which erythropoiesis has been depressed (by suppression of erythropoietin production), liquid culture has yielded a predominantly synchronous amplification of erythroblast development. Groups of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 erythrolbasts are observed at 9-15 hour intervals in successive stages of maturation, similar (by their staining characteristics and nuclear size) to that seen in vivo.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on amplification of rat erythropoiesis (author's transl)]. From rat bone marrow in which erythropoiesis has been depressed (by suppression of erythropoietin production), liquid culture has yielded a predominantly synchronous amplification of erythroblast development. Groups of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 erythrolbasts are observed at 9-15 hour intervals in successive stages of maturation, similar (by their staining characteristics and nuclear size) to that seen in vivo.", "PMID": 600782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7250", "title": "[Erythrocytic and immunologic abnormalities in myeloid splenomegaly].", "content": "Screening for red cell defects, and exploration of cellular and humoral immunity has been performed in 33 patients : 31 had agnogenic myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia, 3 had polycythemia vera with secondary myelosclerosis. No patient had the biological abnormalities characteristical of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Marchiafava-Micheli). In 19 out of 21 cases, red cells had antigen i on their membrane, thus suggesting that splenic erythropoiesis could give rise to immature erythrocytes. Two patients had a monoclonal dysglobulinemia, 5 a positive Coombs test, 6 a rhumatoid factor in the serum, 3 antitissue antibodies, 1 LE cells, 3 a positive Paul-Bunnel-Davidsohn test without mononucleosis, 11 a negative skin test. Implications of the uncommon occurrence of these dissorders are discussed.", "contents": "[Erythrocytic and immunologic abnormalities in myeloid splenomegaly]. Screening for red cell defects, and exploration of cellular and humoral immunity has been performed in 33 patients : 31 had agnogenic myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia, 3 had polycythemia vera with secondary myelosclerosis. No patient had the biological abnormalities characteristical of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Marchiafava-Micheli). In 19 out of 21 cases, red cells had antigen i on their membrane, thus suggesting that splenic erythropoiesis could give rise to immature erythrocytes. Two patients had a monoclonal dysglobulinemia, 5 a positive Coombs test, 6 a rhumatoid factor in the serum, 3 antitissue antibodies, 1 LE cells, 3 a positive Paul-Bunnel-Davidsohn test without mononucleosis, 11 a negative skin test. Implications of the uncommon occurrence of these dissorders are discussed.", "PMID": 600781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7251", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a spacerless dinucleosome from H1-deleted chromatin.", "content": "Calf thymus chromatin, depleted in histone H1, was digested with micrococcal nuclease and fractionated by column chromatography. 140 base pair nucleosome core particles were isolated along with an unusual particle containing 2 histone octamers and 240 base pairs of DNA. Evidence is presented that the spacer DNA region is absent from these modified dinucleosomes, which appear as stable products of the digestion process. The physical properties of both particles are presented along with brief speculation on their possible origin and function.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a spacerless dinucleosome from H1-deleted chromatin. Calf thymus chromatin, depleted in histone H1, was digested with micrococcal nuclease and fractionated by column chromatography. 140 base pair nucleosome core particles were isolated along with an unusual particle containing 2 histone octamers and 240 base pairs of DNA. Evidence is presented that the spacer DNA region is absent from these modified dinucleosomes, which appear as stable products of the digestion process. The physical properties of both particles are presented along with brief speculation on their possible origin and function.", "PMID": 600791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7252", "title": "The 5'-termini of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: a comparison among molecules of different sizes and ages.", "content": "The composition of the 5' polyphosphorylated and capped termini of pulse labeled hnRNA from mouse L cells was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Purine tri- and diphosphates: pppG, pppA, ppG and ppA; as well as four varieties of cap structure: m7GpppXm, Xm = Gm, (m6) Am, Cm and Um, were detected. With increasing labeling time the relative proportion of hnRNA molecules with tri- and diphosphorylated 5' ends decreases and the relative proportion of capped hnRNA increases, indicating that caps are metabolically more stable than the polyphosphate termini. About half of the hnRNA molecules that are labeled within 2 hr have capped ends. This finding, together with results of earlier kinetic and structural studies, implies that a relatively high proportion of the labeled hnRNA molecules are mRNA precursors. Large hnRNA molecules exhibit a higher proportion of capped ends and a lower proportion of 5'-triphosphate ends as compared to small hnRNA. Given the lower stability of triphosphate termini relative to caps, this result may mean that capping of some hnRNA molecules can occur before the completion of transcription.", "contents": "The 5'-termini of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: a comparison among molecules of different sizes and ages. The composition of the 5' polyphosphorylated and capped termini of pulse labeled hnRNA from mouse L cells was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Purine tri- and diphosphates: pppG, pppA, ppG and ppA; as well as four varieties of cap structure: m7GpppXm, Xm = Gm, (m6) Am, Cm and Um, were detected. With increasing labeling time the relative proportion of hnRNA molecules with tri- and diphosphorylated 5' ends decreases and the relative proportion of capped hnRNA increases, indicating that caps are metabolically more stable than the polyphosphate termini. About half of the hnRNA molecules that are labeled within 2 hr have capped ends. This finding, together with results of earlier kinetic and structural studies, implies that a relatively high proportion of the labeled hnRNA molecules are mRNA precursors. Large hnRNA molecules exhibit a higher proportion of capped ends and a lower proportion of 5'-triphosphate ends as compared to small hnRNA. Given the lower stability of triphosphate termini relative to caps, this result may mean that capping of some hnRNA molecules can occur before the completion of transcription.", "PMID": 600792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7253", "title": "Role of bacteriophage T7 DNA primase in the initiation of DNA strand synthesis.", "content": "Bacteriophage T7 DNA primase (gene-4 protein, 66,000 daltons) enables T7 DNA polymerase to initiate the synthesis of DNA chains on single-stranded templates. An initial step in the process of chain initiation is the formation of an oligoribonucleotide primer by T7 primase. The enzyme, in the presence of natural SS DNA, Mg++ (or Mn++), ATP and CTP (or a mixture of all 4 rNTPs), catalyzes the synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetraribonucleotides all starting at the 5' terminus with pppA. In a subsequent step requiring both T7 DNA polymerase and primase, the short oligoribonucleotides (predominantly pppA-C-C-AOH) are extended by covalent addition of deoxyribonucleotides. With the aid of primase, T7 DNA polymerase can also utilize efficiently a variety of synthetic tri-, tetra-, or pentanucleotides as chain initiators. T7 primase apparently plays an active role in primer extension by stabilizing the short primer segments in a duplex state on the template DNA.", "contents": "Role of bacteriophage T7 DNA primase in the initiation of DNA strand synthesis. Bacteriophage T7 DNA primase (gene-4 protein, 66,000 daltons) enables T7 DNA polymerase to initiate the synthesis of DNA chains on single-stranded templates. An initial step in the process of chain initiation is the formation of an oligoribonucleotide primer by T7 primase. The enzyme, in the presence of natural SS DNA, Mg++ (or Mn++), ATP and CTP (or a mixture of all 4 rNTPs), catalyzes the synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetraribonucleotides all starting at the 5' terminus with pppA. In a subsequent step requiring both T7 DNA polymerase and primase, the short oligoribonucleotides (predominantly pppA-C-C-AOH) are extended by covalent addition of deoxyribonucleotides. With the aid of primase, T7 DNA polymerase can also utilize efficiently a variety of synthetic tri-, tetra-, or pentanucleotides as chain initiators. T7 primase apparently plays an active role in primer extension by stabilizing the short primer segments in a duplex state on the template DNA.", "PMID": 600793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7254", "title": "Specificity of Hpa II and Hae III DNA methylases.", "content": "The methylases M.HaeIII and M.HpaII recognize the tetranucleotide sequences [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively, in DNA, and transfer a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine on each strand as indicated by the asterisks. Restriction endonuclease R.HaeIII does not cleave the methylated sequence [Formula: see text] but can cleave [Formula: see text] in which methylation is introduced on the unnatural external cytosine positions. Similarly, R.HpaII does not cleave [Formula: see text] but can cleave [Formula: see text].Images", "contents": "Specificity of Hpa II and Hae III DNA methylases. The methylases M.HaeIII and M.HpaII recognize the tetranucleotide sequences [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively, in DNA, and transfer a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine on each strand as indicated by the asterisks. Restriction endonuclease R.HaeIII does not cleave the methylated sequence [Formula: see text] but can cleave [Formula: see text] in which methylation is introduced on the unnatural external cytosine positions. Similarly, R.HpaII does not cleave [Formula: see text] but can cleave [Formula: see text].Images", "PMID": 600794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7255", "title": "Histones H2A and H2B are neighbors along DNA in chromatin: characterization of subnucleosomal particles containing H2A+H2B.", "content": "Two specific slow sedimenting nucleoprotein particles containing equimolar amounts of histones H2A and H2B and 38 or 49 base pair (bp) lengths of DNA have been isolated by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The 3.4S particles containing 38 bp DNA and H2A+H2B thermally denature at 61 degrees, considerably higher than Proteinase K treated particles (44 degrees), but lower than 11S nucleosomes (76 degrees). Treatment with Proteinase K increases the circular dichroism of 3.4S particles at 280 nm by 63% and decreases the sedimentation coefficient to 2.1S. These results indicate that H2A and H2B are proximate along DNA in nucleosomes and alone can alter the optical activity and perhaps conformation of local regions of DNA.", "contents": "Histones H2A and H2B are neighbors along DNA in chromatin: characterization of subnucleosomal particles containing H2A+H2B. Two specific slow sedimenting nucleoprotein particles containing equimolar amounts of histones H2A and H2B and 38 or 49 base pair (bp) lengths of DNA have been isolated by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The 3.4S particles containing 38 bp DNA and H2A+H2B thermally denature at 61 degrees, considerably higher than Proteinase K treated particles (44 degrees), but lower than 11S nucleosomes (76 degrees). Treatment with Proteinase K increases the circular dichroism of 3.4S particles at 280 nm by 63% and decreases the sedimentation coefficient to 2.1S. These results indicate that H2A and H2B are proximate along DNA in nucleosomes and alone can alter the optical activity and perhaps conformation of local regions of DNA.", "PMID": 600795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7256", "title": "A critical comparison of commonly used procedures for the assay of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in crude tissue extracts.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a non-template directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. Quantitative assay of TdT activity is being widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. Clinical specimens of blood and bone marrow often contain 10(7) or fewer cells and require a specific and rapid assay for transferase which can be carried out in crude cell extracts. Commonly used assay methods do not meet these requirements, but can be easily modified to do so.", "contents": "A critical comparison of commonly used procedures for the assay of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in crude tissue extracts. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a non-template directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. Quantitative assay of TdT activity is being widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. Clinical specimens of blood and bone marrow often contain 10(7) or fewer cells and require a specific and rapid assay for transferase which can be carried out in crude cell extracts. Commonly used assay methods do not meet these requirements, but can be easily modified to do so.", "PMID": 600796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7257", "title": "The rapid, simple and improved preparation of high specific activity alpha-[32P]dATP and alpha-[32P]ATP.", "content": "An improved method is described for the rapid and simple preparation of alpha-[32P]dATP and alpha-[32P]ATP from 32Pi in good yields and with specific activities from 20 - 150 Ci/mmol. The two-step procedure involves the chemical synthesis of the mononucleotide followed by its enzymic conversion to the triphosphate with myokinase (EC 2.7.4.3) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in the presence of trace amounts of dATP or ATP to prime the reaction. The two steps are carried out in the same reaction flask and the only purification step required is a step-wise elution from a column of DEAE-cellulose.", "contents": "The rapid, simple and improved preparation of high specific activity alpha-[32P]dATP and alpha-[32P]ATP. An improved method is described for the rapid and simple preparation of alpha-[32P]dATP and alpha-[32P]ATP from 32Pi in good yields and with specific activities from 20 - 150 Ci/mmol. The two-step procedure involves the chemical synthesis of the mononucleotide followed by its enzymic conversion to the triphosphate with myokinase (EC 2.7.4.3) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in the presence of trace amounts of dATP or ATP to prime the reaction. The two steps are carried out in the same reaction flask and the only purification step required is a step-wise elution from a column of DEAE-cellulose.", "PMID": 600797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7258", "title": "RNA methylation and control of eukaryotic RNA biosynthesis: processing and utilization of undermethylated tRNAs in CHO cells.", "content": "The role of RNA methylations in the control of tRNA production and utilization for protein biosynthesis has been investigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine a specific and potent inhibitor of S adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. During the cycloleucine treatment, the rate of appearance of newly synthetized tRNAs into the cytoplasm is markedly reduced (about 50%). These molecules are extensively (more than 90%) undermethylated and are integrated into polysomes, but at a slower rate than normally methylated tRNAs.", "contents": "RNA methylation and control of eukaryotic RNA biosynthesis: processing and utilization of undermethylated tRNAs in CHO cells. The role of RNA methylations in the control of tRNA production and utilization for protein biosynthesis has been investigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine a specific and potent inhibitor of S adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. During the cycloleucine treatment, the rate of appearance of newly synthetized tRNAs into the cytoplasm is markedly reduced (about 50%). These molecules are extensively (more than 90%) undermethylated and are integrated into polysomes, but at a slower rate than normally methylated tRNAs.", "PMID": 600798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7259", "title": "The nucleotide sequence at the termini of adenovirus type 5 DNA.", "content": "The sequences of the first 194 base pairs at both termini of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA have been determined, using the chemical degradation technique developed by Maxam and Gilbert (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977), pp. 560-564). The nucleotide sequences 1-75 were confirmed by analysis of labeled RNA transcribed from the terminal HhaI fragments in vitro. The sequence data show that Ad5 DNA has a perfect inverted terminal repetition of 103 base pairs long.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence at the termini of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The sequences of the first 194 base pairs at both termini of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA have been determined, using the chemical degradation technique developed by Maxam and Gilbert (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977), pp. 560-564). The nucleotide sequences 1-75 were confirmed by analysis of labeled RNA transcribed from the terminal HhaI fragments in vitro. The sequence data show that Ad5 DNA has a perfect inverted terminal repetition of 103 base pairs long.", "PMID": 600799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7260", "title": "Rapid synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. II. Machine-aided solid-phase syntheses of two nonanucleotides and an octanucleotide.", "content": "Preparation of the two nonanucleotides, d(pG-G-A-G-G-A-G-A-A) and d(pT-T-C-T-G-T-T-G-A), and the octanucleotide, d(pT-G-G-C-C-C-A-T) is described by a rapid solid-phase method on a polyamide support. The syntheses were carried out using a modified solid-phase peptide synthesiser and required one day for each nucleotide addition. A microparticulate anion-exchanger, Partisil 10SAX, was used for the efficient fractionation of synthetic, base-protected oligonucleotides.", "contents": "Rapid synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. II. Machine-aided solid-phase syntheses of two nonanucleotides and an octanucleotide. Preparation of the two nonanucleotides, d(pG-G-A-G-G-A-G-A-A) and d(pT-T-C-T-G-T-T-G-A), and the octanucleotide, d(pT-G-G-C-C-C-A-T) is described by a rapid solid-phase method on a polyamide support. The syntheses were carried out using a modified solid-phase peptide synthesiser and required one day for each nucleotide addition. A microparticulate anion-exchanger, Partisil 10SAX, was used for the efficient fractionation of synthetic, base-protected oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 600800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7261", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of poly (A)-containing 7.5S messenger RNA from rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing low molecular weight (7.5S) messenger RNA was isolated in a highly purified form from both polyribosomes and post-polysomal supernatant of rat liver mitochondria. Both mRNA's contain rather short poly(A) tracts (40-70 mononucleotides) according to a profile of their elution from poly(U)-Sepharose column with a gradient of formamide concentration. Both mRNA's when added to a preincubated mitochondrial lysate programmed the synthesis of a hydrophobic polypeptide of a molecular weight about 9000 daltons which was soluble in the neutral chloroform-methanol mixture.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of poly (A)-containing 7.5S messenger RNA from rat liver mitochondria. Poly(A)-containing low molecular weight (7.5S) messenger RNA was isolated in a highly purified form from both polyribosomes and post-polysomal supernatant of rat liver mitochondria. Both mRNA's contain rather short poly(A) tracts (40-70 mononucleotides) according to a profile of their elution from poly(U)-Sepharose column with a gradient of formamide concentration. Both mRNA's when added to a preincubated mitochondrial lysate programmed the synthesis of a hydrophobic polypeptide of a molecular weight about 9000 daltons which was soluble in the neutral chloroform-methanol mixture.", "PMID": 600801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7262", "title": "The evolution of repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchins.", "content": "Molecular hybridization of nuclear DNAs has been employed to study the evolution of the repetitive DNA sequences in four species of sea urchin. The data show that relative to S. purpuratus there has been approximately 0.1% sequence divergence per million years in the repetitive DNA sequences of S. droebachiensis, S. franciscanus, and L. pictus. These results confirm that repetitive DNA sequences are strongly conserved during evolution. However, comparison of the extent of base pair mismatch in the repetitive DNA heteroduplexes formed at Cot 20 with those formed at Cot 200 during the hybridization of S. purpuratus and L. pictus DNAs reveals that highly repetitive sequences of sea urchins may diverge more rapidly than do the more moderately repetitive sequences.", "contents": "The evolution of repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchins. Molecular hybridization of nuclear DNAs has been employed to study the evolution of the repetitive DNA sequences in four species of sea urchin. The data show that relative to S. purpuratus there has been approximately 0.1% sequence divergence per million years in the repetitive DNA sequences of S. droebachiensis, S. franciscanus, and L. pictus. These results confirm that repetitive DNA sequences are strongly conserved during evolution. However, comparison of the extent of base pair mismatch in the repetitive DNA heteroduplexes formed at Cot 20 with those formed at Cot 200 during the hybridization of S. purpuratus and L. pictus DNAs reveals that highly repetitive sequences of sea urchins may diverge more rapidly than do the more moderately repetitive sequences.", "PMID": 600802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7263", "title": "Symmetry, homology, and phrasing in the recognition of helical regulatory sequences in DNA.", "content": "Regulatory regions in DNA which have been sequenced have generally been found to contain one or more axes of two-fold rotational symmetry. If this symmetry is to be maintained in the helical sequence, the axis of rotation must be aligned with one of the two dyad axes of the helix. This is equivalent to saying that the rotational symmetry of the sequence can only be seen from certain viewing points in a circuit about the helix. More surprising is the fact that new symmetrical sequence arrangements can be seen at +/- 36 degrees,  +/- 72 degrees, +/- 108 degrees, and +/- 144 degrees relative to the point at which the rotational symmetry is seen. This \"amplification\" of symmetry suggests a three-dimensional approach to sequence analysis. A specific reading frame, suggested by the geometry of the helix, is examined with regard to its elucidation of intra- and inter-sequence homologies. Two sequences are thus identified as being recurrent in a number of different regulatory sequences.", "contents": "Symmetry, homology, and phrasing in the recognition of helical regulatory sequences in DNA. Regulatory regions in DNA which have been sequenced have generally been found to contain one or more axes of two-fold rotational symmetry. If this symmetry is to be maintained in the helical sequence, the axis of rotation must be aligned with one of the two dyad axes of the helix. This is equivalent to saying that the rotational symmetry of the sequence can only be seen from certain viewing points in a circuit about the helix. More surprising is the fact that new symmetrical sequence arrangements can be seen at +/- 36 degrees,  +/- 72 degrees, +/- 108 degrees, and +/- 144 degrees relative to the point at which the rotational symmetry is seen. This \"amplification\" of symmetry suggests a three-dimensional approach to sequence analysis. A specific reading frame, suggested by the geometry of the helix, is examined with regard to its elucidation of intra- and inter-sequence homologies. Two sequences are thus identified as being recurrent in a number of different regulatory sequences.", "PMID": 600803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7264", "title": "Mercurated nucleotides: assessment of a new tool to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei.", "content": "Mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides have been used to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei from mouse L cells. 5-mercuridine triphosphate (5-Hg-UTP) or 5-Hg-CTP are accepted as substrates by the purified RNA polymerases (I+III) and (II) from mouse cells, respectively, as well as by the enzymes still bound to the nuclear chromatin. In nuclei, RNA synthesis in the presence of Hg-UTP is reduced to 60-70% of a control. 30-60% of RNA labeled in vitro with (3H)UTP in isolated nuclei is not retained on sulfhydryl sepharose columns. Sucrose gradient analysis reveals a size distribution of the non-bound RNA similar to non-mercurated control RNA. Hg-RNA is found in a single peak from 4-10S. Chase experiments indicate that this RNA is the original transcript. It is argued that Hg-nucleotides may cause premature chain termination. Methylation of RNA in vitro by S-adenosyl methionine ((3H)SAM) is reduced to 75% of controls in the presence of Hg-UTP. Only 6% of the methyl groups appear in Hg-RNA. Polyadenylation is reduced as well. 15% of poly(A) (+)RNA are found in control assays whereas only 1% of Hg-RNA carries a poly(A) end added in vitro. These results limit the use of mercurated nucleotides for studies of nuclear RNA synthesis and processing.", "contents": "Mercurated nucleotides: assessment of a new tool to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei. Mercurated pyrimidine nucleotides have been used to study RNA synthesis and processing in isolated nuclei from mouse L cells. 5-mercuridine triphosphate (5-Hg-UTP) or 5-Hg-CTP are accepted as substrates by the purified RNA polymerases (I+III) and (II) from mouse cells, respectively, as well as by the enzymes still bound to the nuclear chromatin. In nuclei, RNA synthesis in the presence of Hg-UTP is reduced to 60-70% of a control. 30-60% of RNA labeled in vitro with (3H)UTP in isolated nuclei is not retained on sulfhydryl sepharose columns. Sucrose gradient analysis reveals a size distribution of the non-bound RNA similar to non-mercurated control RNA. Hg-RNA is found in a single peak from 4-10S. Chase experiments indicate that this RNA is the original transcript. It is argued that Hg-nucleotides may cause premature chain termination. Methylation of RNA in vitro by S-adenosyl methionine ((3H)SAM) is reduced to 75% of controls in the presence of Hg-UTP. Only 6% of the methyl groups appear in Hg-RNA. Polyadenylation is reduced as well. 15% of poly(A) (+)RNA are found in control assays whereas only 1% of Hg-RNA carries a poly(A) end added in vitro. These results limit the use of mercurated nucleotides for studies of nuclear RNA synthesis and processing.", "PMID": 600804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7265", "title": "[Comparison of brain scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnate and 99mTc-citrate].", "content": "20 patients with ultimately proven cerebral lesion were studied consecutively with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-citrate. A comparison of the brain scans showed neoplastic lesions to be visualized more clearly with 99mTc-citrate, and vascular lesions to be demonstrated better with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Comparative brain scanning utilizing 99mTc-citrate and 99mTc-pertechnetate facilitates the differentiation between acute brain infarcts and neoplastic lesions which is difficult or may be impossible by cerebral computer tomography. The reduced radiation exposure from 99mTc-citrate and its superior usefulness in the visualization of neoplastic lesions suggest its use as the primary brain scanning agent.", "contents": "[Comparison of brain scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnate and 99mTc-citrate]. 20 patients with ultimately proven cerebral lesion were studied consecutively with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-citrate. A comparison of the brain scans showed neoplastic lesions to be visualized more clearly with 99mTc-citrate, and vascular lesions to be demonstrated better with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Comparative brain scanning utilizing 99mTc-citrate and 99mTc-pertechnetate facilitates the differentiation between acute brain infarcts and neoplastic lesions which is difficult or may be impossible by cerebral computer tomography. The reduced radiation exposure from 99mTc-citrate and its superior usefulness in the visualization of neoplastic lesions suggest its use as the primary brain scanning agent.", "PMID": 600806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7266", "title": "[Methodological observations on double radionuclide technics in joint scintigraphy].", "content": "Double-radionuclide scintigraphy for the differentiation between inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joint ought to be performed with a radiopharmaceutical that remains within the intravascular space as an indicator of blood flow, and an osteotropic radiopharmaceutical. The former ought not to leave the intravascular space even in inflammatory disease. This condition is, however, not met by 113mIn-labelled transferrin as shown by measurements of plasma volumes as well as of its local kinetics. On the other hand, the biological behavior of 99mTc-labelled red cells does not, up to 30 min p.i., differ from that of 51Cr-labelled red cells so that they may be used as an intravascular tracer even in inflammatory disease. In that case, the osteotropic radiopharmaceutical to be employed should be 113mIn-EDTMP.", "contents": "[Methodological observations on double radionuclide technics in joint scintigraphy]. Double-radionuclide scintigraphy for the differentiation between inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joint ought to be performed with a radiopharmaceutical that remains within the intravascular space as an indicator of blood flow, and an osteotropic radiopharmaceutical. The former ought not to leave the intravascular space even in inflammatory disease. This condition is, however, not met by 113mIn-labelled transferrin as shown by measurements of plasma volumes as well as of its local kinetics. On the other hand, the biological behavior of 99mTc-labelled red cells does not, up to 30 min p.i., differ from that of 51Cr-labelled red cells so that they may be used as an intravascular tracer even in inflammatory disease. In that case, the osteotropic radiopharmaceutical to be employed should be 113mIn-EDTMP.", "PMID": 600807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7267", "title": "Effect of chemical and radiochemical impurities from eluants on 99mTc-labeling efficiency.", "content": "Occasionally, radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the eluates of 99Mo-99mTc generators that have not been eluted for several days contain large amounts of free pertechnetate, as tested by radiochromatography and biologically by administration to patients. We fing the most probable causes of poor 99mTc-labeling in these cases to be: a) the presence of a large concentration of 99TcO4-in eluants; b) insufficient stannous ions available for the complete reduction of Tc due to spontaneous oxidation of Sn in the vial and also due to oxidation of stannous ions by the presence of larger than expected concentrations of H2O2 and HO2 radicals in the eluant.", "contents": "Effect of chemical and radiochemical impurities from eluants on 99mTc-labeling efficiency. Occasionally, radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the eluates of 99Mo-99mTc generators that have not been eluted for several days contain large amounts of free pertechnetate, as tested by radiochromatography and biologically by administration to patients. We fing the most probable causes of poor 99mTc-labeling in these cases to be: a) the presence of a large concentration of 99TcO4-in eluants; b) insufficient stannous ions available for the complete reduction of Tc due to spontaneous oxidation of Sn in the vial and also due to oxidation of stannous ions by the presence of larger than expected concentrations of H2O2 and HO2 radicals in the eluant.", "PMID": 600809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7268", "title": "The effect of lesions of dorsal or median raphe nucleus on rat behavior.", "content": "The effect of lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or median raphe nucleus (MRN) on the locomotor activity, open field performance, and reactivity to noxious stimulus was tested in rats. During the first 7 days after the lesion, the rats with lesioned DRN showed higher basal and explorative locomotor activity than the rats with MRN lesions. The lesion of DRN increased the open-field performance and reactivity to pain. The results of tests carried out on the rats with MRN lesions were similar as in control rats. The results indicate that the different behavioral effect of lesions of DRN and MRN reffects differences in the functions of these two raphe nuclei.", "contents": "The effect of lesions of dorsal or median raphe nucleus on rat behavior. The effect of lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or median raphe nucleus (MRN) on the locomotor activity, open field performance, and reactivity to noxious stimulus was tested in rats. During the first 7 days after the lesion, the rats with lesioned DRN showed higher basal and explorative locomotor activity than the rats with MRN lesions. The lesion of DRN increased the open-field performance and reactivity to pain. The results of tests carried out on the rats with MRN lesions were similar as in control rats. The results indicate that the different behavioral effect of lesions of DRN and MRN reffects differences in the functions of these two raphe nuclei.", "PMID": 600858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7269", "title": "Protective action of series of new mono-pyridinium salts and their effect on \"aging\" of acetylcholine esterase inhibited by fluostigmine.", "content": "The protection of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and the influence on \"aging\" of AChE--inhibitor complex of several new methylpyridinium derivatives was studied in human blood cells and in mice poisoned with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (fluostigmine, DFP). A correlation between the chemical structure of the compounds and their biological activity has been found. The most potent was compound PAN-W-24, having 4-N(CH3)3 substitutent, which markedly prolonged the half-life of \"aging\" of the AChE-fluostigmine complex.", "contents": "Protective action of series of new mono-pyridinium salts and their effect on \"aging\" of acetylcholine esterase inhibited by fluostigmine. The protection of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and the influence on \"aging\" of AChE--inhibitor complex of several new methylpyridinium derivatives was studied in human blood cells and in mice poisoned with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (fluostigmine, DFP). A correlation between the chemical structure of the compounds and their biological activity has been found. The most potent was compound PAN-W-24, having 4-N(CH3)3 substitutent, which markedly prolonged the half-life of \"aging\" of the AChE-fluostigmine complex.", "PMID": 600859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7270", "title": "The effect of piribedil on body temperature in mice and rats.", "content": "Piribedil produces a pronounced hypothermia both in mice and rats. This hypothermia was prevented by previous administration of dopamine receptor blocking agents (spiperone in mice and rats, pimozide in mice), tricyclic antidepressant drugs (imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine) in mice and LSD in rats. Administration of agents acting on serotonin receptors (cyproheptadine, p-chlorophenylalanine) or of a classical anticholinergic drug, atropine, did not change the hypothermizing effect of piribedil in rats. Thus, the hypothermia produced by piribedil is apparently similar to that produced by apomorphine. The possibility of a secondary stimulation of serotonergic receptors through direct stimulatory action of piribedil on dopamine neurons is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of piribedil on body temperature in mice and rats. Piribedil produces a pronounced hypothermia both in mice and rats. This hypothermia was prevented by previous administration of dopamine receptor blocking agents (spiperone in mice and rats, pimozide in mice), tricyclic antidepressant drugs (imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine) in mice and LSD in rats. Administration of agents acting on serotonin receptors (cyproheptadine, p-chlorophenylalanine) or of a classical anticholinergic drug, atropine, did not change the hypothermizing effect of piribedil in rats. Thus, the hypothermia produced by piribedil is apparently similar to that produced by apomorphine. The possibility of a secondary stimulation of serotonergic receptors through direct stimulatory action of piribedil on dopamine neurons is discussed.", "PMID": 600860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7271", "title": "The relation between liver vitamin content and the duration of Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice.", "content": "To study some changes that take place in the liver after schistosomal infection, the level of five vitamins of the B-complex group was estimated in non-infected mice and in 8, 16 and 20 weeks after the exposure of mice to cercariae of Schisostoma mansoni. Schistosomiasis caused a decrease in the level of thiamine, pantothenic acid, and niacin, but did not affect the concentration of riboflavin and pyridoxine in the liver.", "contents": "The relation between liver vitamin content and the duration of Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. To study some changes that take place in the liver after schistosomal infection, the level of five vitamins of the B-complex group was estimated in non-infected mice and in 8, 16 and 20 weeks after the exposure of mice to cercariae of Schisostoma mansoni. Schistosomiasis caused a decrease in the level of thiamine, pantothenic acid, and niacin, but did not affect the concentration of riboflavin and pyridoxine in the liver.", "PMID": 600863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7272", "title": "Inotropic effect of noradrenaline and acetylcholine in the rabbit auricle studied by a cut-end method.", "content": "Trans-gap application of noradrenaline or acetylcholine evoked pronounced inotropic but no chronotropic effects in spontaneously active rabbit auricle preparations. These results suggest the existence of intracellular receptors, both adrenergic and cholinergic, which were involved in the control of auricular contraction.", "contents": "Inotropic effect of noradrenaline and acetylcholine in the rabbit auricle studied by a cut-end method. Trans-gap application of noradrenaline or acetylcholine evoked pronounced inotropic but no chronotropic effects in spontaneously active rabbit auricle preparations. These results suggest the existence of intracellular receptors, both adrenergic and cholinergic, which were involved in the control of auricular contraction.", "PMID": 600864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7273", "title": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part VIII. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-alkylthio- and 6-phenylthiopyrazine-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "2-Cyano-6-alkylthio- and 6-phenylthiopyrazines were prepared from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine (CCP) in the reaction with mercaptans. By the transformation of the -CN group the corresponding amides, thioamides, amidoximes, acids, esters and hydroxamic acids and hydrazides were obtained. The oxidation of sulfur in the above mentioned compounds led to sulfoxy- and sulfonyl derivatives. In the screening for antituberculous activity compounds 30 and 42 showed the greatest activity (MIC = 31.2 microgram/cm3) against H37Rv strain and compund 8 so did against saprophytic ATCC 607 strain. The compounds with 6-benzylthio grouping were more active against ethionamide, isoniazide and capreomycine resistant strains.", "contents": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part VIII. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-alkylthio- and 6-phenylthiopyrazine-2-carboxylic acids. 2-Cyano-6-alkylthio- and 6-phenylthiopyrazines were prepared from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine (CCP) in the reaction with mercaptans. By the transformation of the -CN group the corresponding amides, thioamides, amidoximes, acids, esters and hydroxamic acids and hydrazides were obtained. The oxidation of sulfur in the above mentioned compounds led to sulfoxy- and sulfonyl derivatives. In the screening for antituberculous activity compounds 30 and 42 showed the greatest activity (MIC = 31.2 microgram/cm3) against H37Rv strain and compund 8 so did against saprophytic ATCC 607 strain. The compounds with 6-benzylthio grouping were more active against ethionamide, isoniazide and capreomycine resistant strains.", "PMID": 600865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7274", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 9-(N, N-dimethylaminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines.", "content": "Three novel tetrahydro-beta-carbolines: 9-(N, N-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta carboline (2a), and its 1-methyl (2b) and 1-ethyl (2c) derivatives, were synthesized and investigated for their central action in mice. The compounds given in subtoxic doses caused sedation and loss of righting reflex. At low doses (approx 0.2 LD50) compounds 2a and 2b initially depressed, and then stimulated the locomotor activity, and at high doses they inhibited pentylenetetrazole convulsions. All three compounds displayed some analgesic action. Compunds 2a and 2b transeintly depressed the body temperature.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of 9-(N, N-dimethylaminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines. Three novel tetrahydro-beta-carbolines: 9-(N, N-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta carboline (2a), and its 1-methyl (2b) and 1-ethyl (2c) derivatives, were synthesized and investigated for their central action in mice. The compounds given in subtoxic doses caused sedation and loss of righting reflex. At low doses (approx 0.2 LD50) compounds 2a and 2b initially depressed, and then stimulated the locomotor activity, and at high doses they inhibited pentylenetetrazole convulsions. All three compounds displayed some analgesic action. Compunds 2a and 2b transeintly depressed the body temperature.", "PMID": 600866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7275", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of some 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives. Part V. Mechanism of sulfadimidine solvolysis.", "content": "The products of spontaneous hydrolysis of sulfadimidine are: sulfanilamide, aniline, 2-hydroxy- 4,6-dimethylpyrimid and ammonium carbonate. The mechanism of spontaneous hydrolysis of sulfadimidine is proposed.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of some 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives. Part V. Mechanism of sulfadimidine solvolysis. The products of spontaneous hydrolysis of sulfadimidine are: sulfanilamide, aniline, 2-hydroxy- 4,6-dimethylpyrimid and ammonium carbonate. The mechanism of spontaneous hydrolysis of sulfadimidine is proposed.", "PMID": 600867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7276", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of some 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives. Part VI. The use of Hammett equation for kinetic investigation of 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives hydrolysis.", "content": "General, k, and specific, k1 and k2, first-order rate constants for the parallel reaction of hydrolysis catalized by H+ ions were estimated for sulfadiazine (I), sulfamerazine (II), sulfadimidine (III), sulfaperine (IV) and sulfamethoxydiazine (V), hydrolyzed in 1 mole/dm3 HCl at 333, 343, 355 and 363 K. General first-order rate constants for the spontaneous hydrolysis of I--V in borate buffer pH 9.20 at 403, 411 and 418 K were also determined. Thermodynamic parameters of the reaction (delta Ha, deltaH not equal to, deltaS not equal to, deltaG not equal to and log A) were calculated. The effect of substituents in positions 4, 5 and 6 of the pyrimidine ring on the rate of hydrolysis was interpreted in terms of Hammett equation.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of some 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives. Part VI. The use of Hammett equation for kinetic investigation of 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine derivatives hydrolysis. General, k, and specific, k1 and k2, first-order rate constants for the parallel reaction of hydrolysis catalized by H+ ions were estimated for sulfadiazine (I), sulfamerazine (II), sulfadimidine (III), sulfaperine (IV) and sulfamethoxydiazine (V), hydrolyzed in 1 mole/dm3 HCl at 333, 343, 355 and 363 K. General first-order rate constants for the spontaneous hydrolysis of I--V in borate buffer pH 9.20 at 403, 411 and 418 K were also determined. Thermodynamic parameters of the reaction (delta Ha, deltaH not equal to, deltaS not equal to, deltaG not equal to and log A) were calculated. The effect of substituents in positions 4, 5 and 6 of the pyrimidine ring on the rate of hydrolysis was interpreted in terms of Hammett equation.", "PMID": 600868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7277", "title": "[Role of macrophages and foreign body type giant cells in the biodestruction process of polyurethane adhesive tissue].", "content": "The biodestruction process of polyurethane adhesive was investigated in application to intestine anastomoses, wounds of skeletal muscles and surfaces of some internal organs. The polymer destruction was proved to be connected with the activity of giant cells of foreign body type and macrophages phagocyting the micromolecules of the adhesive. The presence of adhesive microfragments in macrophages and giant cells was ascertained on the basis of a method elaborated by the authors consisting in staining of the polyurethane adhesive with Sudan III-IV. Moreover, it was pointed out, that biodestruction products had no negative effect in the regeneration of nervous and muscle fibers.", "contents": "[Role of macrophages and foreign body type giant cells in the biodestruction process of polyurethane adhesive tissue]. The biodestruction process of polyurethane adhesive was investigated in application to intestine anastomoses, wounds of skeletal muscles and surfaces of some internal organs. The polymer destruction was proved to be connected with the activity of giant cells of foreign body type and macrophages phagocyting the micromolecules of the adhesive. The presence of adhesive microfragments in macrophages and giant cells was ascertained on the basis of a method elaborated by the authors consisting in staining of the polyurethane adhesive with Sudan III-IV. Moreover, it was pointed out, that biodestruction products had no negative effect in the regeneration of nervous and muscle fibers.", "PMID": 600881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7278", "title": "[Use of tissue adhesives and collagen membranes in clinical cases. Critical remarks].", "content": "On the base of his own 7 years clinical experience the author discusses with some critical remarks the possibilities and indications for applying tissue adhesive and adhesives together with collagen membranes in the treatment of injuries to the chest, abdomen and blood vessels.", "contents": "[Use of tissue adhesives and collagen membranes in clinical cases. Critical remarks]. On the base of his own 7 years clinical experience the author discusses with some critical remarks the possibilities and indications for applying tissue adhesive and adhesives together with collagen membranes in the treatment of injuries to the chest, abdomen and blood vessels.", "PMID": 600882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7279", "title": "[Healing of internal organs with the use of Polish-made hemostatic gelatin-starch sponges].", "content": "The authors carried out comparative examinations of tissue reaction in rats in liver, spleen, and kidneys to the hemostatic polish sponge and Spongostan. The sponge produced in Poland fulfills the conditions set to hemostatic preparations acting locally, and stands in comparison with the Spongostan.", "contents": "[Healing of internal organs with the use of Polish-made hemostatic gelatin-starch sponges]. The authors carried out comparative examinations of tissue reaction in rats in liver, spleen, and kidneys to the hemostatic polish sponge and Spongostan. The sponge produced in Poland fulfills the conditions set to hemostatic preparations acting locally, and stands in comparison with the Spongostan.", "PMID": 600883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7280", "title": "Science and technology in the protection of human health and life.", "content": "Current trends in development of medicine related to advances in the technological sciences are discussed. Possibilities of cooperation of medicine and technology are reviewed, and ways of modernizing medical science and practice by utilizing achievements in this and other countries are pointed out.", "contents": "Science and technology in the protection of human health and life. Current trends in development of medicine related to advances in the technological sciences are discussed. Possibilities of cooperation of medicine and technology are reviewed, and ways of modernizing medical science and practice by utilizing achievements in this and other countries are pointed out.", "PMID": 600884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7281", "title": "Selection of plastic containers for pharmaceuticals.", "content": "With the awareness of the possibility of drug-plastic interaction, before substitution of a plastic container for glass, steps should be taken to ensure safety. This process is fraught with difficulties because of the complexity of plastic materials and even wider range of drug substances offered for sale in a variety of dosage forms. The selection of an appropriate container for pharmaceutical should be preceded by adequate testing to recognize the properties of the packaging material, and the stability, safety, and compatibility of the preparation packed in it. The same care and control used in the manufacture of a drug product should be used for the plastic packaging system.", "contents": "Selection of plastic containers for pharmaceuticals. With the awareness of the possibility of drug-plastic interaction, before substitution of a plastic container for glass, steps should be taken to ensure safety. This process is fraught with difficulties because of the complexity of plastic materials and even wider range of drug substances offered for sale in a variety of dosage forms. The selection of an appropriate container for pharmaceutical should be preceded by adequate testing to recognize the properties of the packaging material, and the stability, safety, and compatibility of the preparation packed in it. The same care and control used in the manufacture of a drug product should be used for the plastic packaging system.", "PMID": 600885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7282", "title": "Surface-modified acrylic polymers in artificial heart pumps.", "content": "Blood chambers of counterpulsation heart pumps were subjected to a special hydrophilization process in order to reduce the coagulation activity of the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The chemical treatment of the surface was carried out in three variants, namely A (ethylenglycol), B (diethylenglycol), C (glycerine) by using concentrated sulphuric acid with subsequent neutralization [12]. Controls were performed with the same pumps made of PMMA but without surface treatment. 30 dogs were used in the experiments.", "contents": "Surface-modified acrylic polymers in artificial heart pumps. Blood chambers of counterpulsation heart pumps were subjected to a special hydrophilization process in order to reduce the coagulation activity of the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The chemical treatment of the surface was carried out in three variants, namely A (ethylenglycol), B (diethylenglycol), C (glycerine) by using concentrated sulphuric acid with subsequent neutralization [12]. Controls were performed with the same pumps made of PMMA but without surface treatment. 30 dogs were used in the experiments.", "PMID": 600886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7283", "title": "[Study of lytic enzymes and prospects of their use].", "content": "The paper reviews different procedures of preparation of lytic enzymes of microbiol origin, their properties and areas of application. It discusses the capacity of different microorganisms, actinomycetes and bacteria including (for instance, Actinomyces griseinus 11 and Bacillus subtilis 12), to produce lytic enzymes. The paper describes the conditions of disruption of yeast cells by lytic enzymes and demonstrates experimentally possible preparation of yeast lysates and protein isolates that can be used as food products.", "contents": "[Study of lytic enzymes and prospects of their use]. The paper reviews different procedures of preparation of lytic enzymes of microbiol origin, their properties and areas of application. It discusses the capacity of different microorganisms, actinomycetes and bacteria including (for instance, Actinomyces griseinus 11 and Bacillus subtilis 12), to produce lytic enzymes. The paper describes the conditions of disruption of yeast cells by lytic enzymes and demonstrates experimentally possible preparation of yeast lysates and protein isolates that can be used as food products.", "PMID": 600917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7284", "title": "[Preparation of enzymes from raw materials of animal origin for medical application].", "content": "The paper outlines the basic principles of production of enzymes for medical application from animal raw material. It presents complex scheme of the enzyme preparation from the pancreas of cattle and pigs, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas and lungs of cattle as well as hyaluronidase action from the testes of cattle. The paper describes preparation scheme of purification of enzymes and protease inhibitors and results of their clinical study.", "contents": "[Preparation of enzymes from raw materials of animal origin for medical application]. The paper outlines the basic principles of production of enzymes for medical application from animal raw material. It presents complex scheme of the enzyme preparation from the pancreas of cattle and pigs, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas and lungs of cattle as well as hyaluronidase action from the testes of cattle. The paper describes preparation scheme of purification of enzymes and protease inhibitors and results of their clinical study.", "PMID": 600918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7285", "title": "[Metabolism of air polluting organic compounds in plants].", "content": "The review discusses the date in the plant uptake and conversion of gaseous C1--C5 alkanes, hydroaromatic hydrocarbon--cyclohexane, aromatic mononuclear hadrocarbons--benzene and toluene, polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbon -- benzopyrene, monobasic alcohols - isopropyl, isobutyl, amyl, hexyl and octyl alcohols, aldehydes - formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, ketone - acetone, monocarboxylic acids -- formic, acetic, butyric, caproic and acetoacetic acids, phenols - hydroxybenzene and alpha-naphthol. The paper outlines pathways of their detoxication in plants and biochemical foundations of air purification from organic pollutants.", "contents": "[Metabolism of air polluting organic compounds in plants]. The review discusses the date in the plant uptake and conversion of gaseous C1--C5 alkanes, hydroaromatic hydrocarbon--cyclohexane, aromatic mononuclear hadrocarbons--benzene and toluene, polycyclic carcinogenic hydrocarbon -- benzopyrene, monobasic alcohols - isopropyl, isobutyl, amyl, hexyl and octyl alcohols, aldehydes - formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, ketone - acetone, monocarboxylic acids -- formic, acetic, butyric, caproic and acetoacetic acids, phenols - hydroxybenzene and alpha-naphthol. The paper outlines pathways of their detoxication in plants and biochemical foundations of air purification from organic pollutants.", "PMID": 600919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7286", "title": "[Biosynthesis of corriphyrins - a new branch of metabolism of tetrapyrrole compounds].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole pigments--corriphyrins which are methylated reduced derivatives of uroporphyrin III. It was shown that the pattern of corriphyrin synthesis was close to that of vitamin B12. The mutant strain of propionic bacteria which was active in the vitamin B12 formation synthesized significantly more corriphyrins than the original strain. The corriphyrin synthesis was stimulated by delta-aminolevulinic acid and methionine and was inhibited by hydroxylamine and aeration. The formation of corriphyrins was repressed by vitamin B12. It is concluded that corriphyrins are precursors of vitamin B12 at the stage between uroporphyrinogene III and cobyrinic acid. The paper discusses further investigations of metabolism of methylated derivatives of uroporphyrinogene III as a method of elucidating the evolution of tetrapyrrole compounds and clarifying the processes involved in porphyrin metabolism in higher plants and animals.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of corriphyrins - a new branch of metabolism of tetrapyrrole compounds]. Experiments were carried out to study biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole pigments--corriphyrins which are methylated reduced derivatives of uroporphyrin III. It was shown that the pattern of corriphyrin synthesis was close to that of vitamin B12. The mutant strain of propionic bacteria which was active in the vitamin B12 formation synthesized significantly more corriphyrins than the original strain. The corriphyrin synthesis was stimulated by delta-aminolevulinic acid and methionine and was inhibited by hydroxylamine and aeration. The formation of corriphyrins was repressed by vitamin B12. It is concluded that corriphyrins are precursors of vitamin B12 at the stage between uroporphyrinogene III and cobyrinic acid. The paper discusses further investigations of metabolism of methylated derivatives of uroporphyrinogene III as a method of elucidating the evolution of tetrapyrrole compounds and clarifying the processes involved in porphyrin metabolism in higher plants and animals.", "PMID": 600920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7287", "title": "[Pattern of growth and metabolism of thermotolerant microorganisms on media containing carbohydrates and hydrocarbons].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to examine the growth and metabolism of thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis K-41 and bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii that do not have a single temperature point but instead have an optimal temperature plateau at which the growth rate and biosynthetic activity remain unaltered or change insignificantly. Upon transition from the carbohydrate to the hydrocarbon pattern of nutrition these microorganisms show significant changes in metabolic processes: optimal concentration of biotin in the medium decreases significantly; the synthesis of riboflavin, nicotinic and pantothenic acids increases in yeast; the synthesis of nicotinic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 increases in bacteria. During microbial cultivation on hydrocarbons the content of cell lipids grows; yeast accumulate actively phospholipids and free fatty acids; bacteria build up intensively waxes and phospholipids. With the near-maximal growth rate the total synthesis of lipids decreases on carbohydrates and increases drastically on hydrocarbons, primarily at the expense of the above fractions.", "contents": "[Pattern of growth and metabolism of thermotolerant microorganisms on media containing carbohydrates and hydrocarbons]. Experiments were carried out to examine the growth and metabolism of thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis K-41 and bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii that do not have a single temperature point but instead have an optimal temperature plateau at which the growth rate and biosynthetic activity remain unaltered or change insignificantly. Upon transition from the carbohydrate to the hydrocarbon pattern of nutrition these microorganisms show significant changes in metabolic processes: optimal concentration of biotin in the medium decreases significantly; the synthesis of riboflavin, nicotinic and pantothenic acids increases in yeast; the synthesis of nicotinic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 increases in bacteria. During microbial cultivation on hydrocarbons the content of cell lipids grows; yeast accumulate actively phospholipids and free fatty acids; bacteria build up intensively waxes and phospholipids. With the near-maximal growth rate the total synthesis of lipids decreases on carbohydrates and increases drastically on hydrocarbons, primarily at the expense of the above fractions.", "PMID": 600921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7288", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity and the ultrastructural characteristics of thyroid cell cytoplasmic membranes in different forms of thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Bioelectrical activity of the thyroid epithelium cells was studied by microelectrode analysis in patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis, as well as in those with the disease developed against the background of organic affections of the central nervous system. The value of bioelectrical potentials of the thyroid cells in patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis, including that coursing against the background of encephalopatheis, proved to be practically the same, and, at the same time, considerably lower than in control examinations. Cytoplasmic membranes of the thyroid cells retained, irrespective of the form and genesis of basedowification, the same structural organization, which, however, differed from that in intact thyrocytes.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity and the ultrastructural characteristics of thyroid cell cytoplasmic membranes in different forms of thyrotoxicosis]. Bioelectrical activity of the thyroid epithelium cells was studied by microelectrode analysis in patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis, as well as in those with the disease developed against the background of organic affections of the central nervous system. The value of bioelectrical potentials of the thyroid cells in patients with various forms of thyrotoxicosis, including that coursing against the background of encephalopatheis, proved to be practically the same, and, at the same time, considerably lower than in control examinations. Cytoplasmic membranes of the thyroid cells retained, irrespective of the form and genesis of basedowification, the same structural organization, which, however, differed from that in intact thyrocytes.", "PMID": 600923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7289", "title": "[Amino acid composition of triticale gluten].", "content": "The study of the amino acid composition of tritikale gluten has demonstrated that in comparison with that of grain protein it contains much less aspartic acid (by 28.1%) and lysine (by 19.4%), less alanine and arginine but more tyrosine (by 39.7%), glutamic acid (by 31.4%), phenylalanine (by 23.6%) and leucine (by 14.4%) and slightly more threonine and valine. The study has shown no significant differences in the amino acid composition of grain protein and tritikale gluten of different varieties and cultivation regions.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of triticale gluten]. The study of the amino acid composition of tritikale gluten has demonstrated that in comparison with that of grain protein it contains much less aspartic acid (by 28.1%) and lysine (by 19.4%), less alanine and arginine but more tyrosine (by 39.7%), glutamic acid (by 31.4%), phenylalanine (by 23.6%) and leucine (by 14.4%) and slightly more threonine and valine. The study has shown no significant differences in the amino acid composition of grain protein and tritikale gluten of different varieties and cultivation regions.", "PMID": 600922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7290", "title": "[Somatotropic function of the hypophysis in endocrine diseases].", "content": "A study was made of 149 patients with various endocrine diseases, and 30 healthy persons. Despite the sharply increased initial level of growth hormone, somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis was considerably depressed. In patients with hypophysial, cerebral, and somatogenic nanism somatotropic function of the hypophysis proved to be lowered. In diabetes mellitus of moderate severity without any vascular affections with the normal initial blood somatotropin level reaction to insulin hypoglycemia was sharply diminished. Persons suffering from prediabetes displayed a tendency to the change of the somatotropic function of the hypophysis. With increasing adiposity there is a reduction of the initial level of blood growth hormone and of the somatotropic activity of the hypophysis in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and thyrotoxicosis was apparently connected with disturbances of the hypothalamo-hypophysial interrelations.", "contents": "[Somatotropic function of the hypophysis in endocrine diseases]. A study was made of 149 patients with various endocrine diseases, and 30 healthy persons. Despite the sharply increased initial level of growth hormone, somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis was considerably depressed. In patients with hypophysial, cerebral, and somatogenic nanism somatotropic function of the hypophysis proved to be lowered. In diabetes mellitus of moderate severity without any vascular affections with the normal initial blood somatotropin level reaction to insulin hypoglycemia was sharply diminished. Persons suffering from prediabetes displayed a tendency to the change of the somatotropic function of the hypophysis. With increasing adiposity there is a reduction of the initial level of blood growth hormone and of the somatotropic activity of the hypophysis in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and thyrotoxicosis was apparently connected with disturbances of the hypothalamo-hypophysial interrelations.", "PMID": 600925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7291", "title": "[Age-related characteristics of the thyroid gland rheogram in healthy persons].", "content": "The right and left lobes of the thyroid gland were studied rheographically in 35 healthy persons (70 rheograms) of three age groups for the assessment of the blood flow intensity and functional condition of the thyroid gland vessels. It appeared that the circulation intensity through the thyroid gland decreased with the advance of age; there was also a reduction of elasticity of the vascular wall and an increase in the peripheral resistance of the blood flow in the gland.", "contents": "[Age-related characteristics of the thyroid gland rheogram in healthy persons]. The right and left lobes of the thyroid gland were studied rheographically in 35 healthy persons (70 rheograms) of three age groups for the assessment of the blood flow intensity and functional condition of the thyroid gland vessels. It appeared that the circulation intensity through the thyroid gland decreased with the advance of age; there was also a reduction of elasticity of the vascular wall and an increase in the peripheral resistance of the blood flow in the gland.", "PMID": 600924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7292", "title": "[Myocardial contractile function in Itsenko-Cushing disease].", "content": "The method of acceleration cinecardiography was applied to the study of phasic structure of the systole of the left and right cardiac ventricles in 22 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease. In the majority of patients with severe and prolonged (over 5-year duration) sickness changes in the duration of the systolic phases of both cardiac ventricles were characteristic of phasic hypodynamia syndrome, i.e. there was a reduction of the contractile activity of the myocardium. In 6 patients with marked arterial hypertension the structure of the left ventricle systole testified to the presence of a phasic syndrome of high systolic pressure. Intensification of cardiac contraction (phasic hyperdynamia syndrome) was less frequent. This chiefly occurred in case of mild course of the disease of less than 5 years duration.", "contents": "[Myocardial contractile function in Itsenko-Cushing disease]. The method of acceleration cinecardiography was applied to the study of phasic structure of the systole of the left and right cardiac ventricles in 22 patients suffering from Itsenko-Cushing's disease. In the majority of patients with severe and prolonged (over 5-year duration) sickness changes in the duration of the systolic phases of both cardiac ventricles were characteristic of phasic hypodynamia syndrome, i.e. there was a reduction of the contractile activity of the myocardium. In 6 patients with marked arterial hypertension the structure of the left ventricle systole testified to the presence of a phasic syndrome of high systolic pressure. Intensification of cardiac contraction (phasic hyperdynamia syndrome) was less frequent. This chiefly occurred in case of mild course of the disease of less than 5 years duration.", "PMID": 600929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7293", "title": "[Thyrotropic hormone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine content in the blood serum in Itsenko-Cushing disease].", "content": "Determination by the radioimmunological method of thyrotropic hormone (TTH), thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the blood serum of patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease showed thyroxin level to decrease depending on the duration of the disease and the severity of the clinical course of the disease. Triiodothyronine content rose against the background of the elevated TTH content, this indicating the presence of latent hypothyroidism in these patients; one of the causes of the latter can be changed in thyroxin metabolism with the formation of a less active form of triiodothyronine.", "contents": "[Thyrotropic hormone, triiodothyronine and thyroxine content in the blood serum in Itsenko-Cushing disease]. Determination by the radioimmunological method of thyrotropic hormone (TTH), thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the blood serum of patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease showed thyroxin level to decrease depending on the duration of the disease and the severity of the clinical course of the disease. Triiodothyronine content rose against the background of the elevated TTH content, this indicating the presence of latent hypothyroidism in these patients; one of the causes of the latter can be changed in thyroxin metabolism with the formation of a less active form of triiodothyronine.", "PMID": 600926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7294", "title": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on electrolyte excretion after expansion of the extracellular space].", "content": "The influence of glucocorticosteroids (cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone) on the volumetric natriuresis was studied in experiments on rats. Natriuresis proved to increase considerably after the widening of the extracellular space, and exceeded sodium excretion in control animals after a similar increase of the fluid volume in control animals. Intensification of the natriuretic response to the increase of the extracellular fluid volume against the background of glucocorticoids apparently occurred as a result of production or activation under the influence of these hormone of the natriuretic factor.", "contents": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on electrolyte excretion after expansion of the extracellular space]. The influence of glucocorticosteroids (cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone) on the volumetric natriuresis was studied in experiments on rats. Natriuresis proved to increase considerably after the widening of the extracellular space, and exceeded sodium excretion in control animals after a similar increase of the fluid volume in control animals. Intensification of the natriuretic response to the increase of the extracellular fluid volume against the background of glucocorticoids apparently occurred as a result of production or activation under the influence of these hormone of the natriuretic factor.", "PMID": 600928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7295", "title": "[Respiratory coefficient and the metabolic effect of an oleic acid emulsion in white rats in the process of experimental hyperthyroidism development].", "content": "RQ changes were studied in rats, depending on the degree of the organism saturation with triiodthyronin, and the metabolic action of free acid (FA). Animals with a relative hyperthyroidism had an increased RQ as compared with the control. RQ was decreased in the animals with a high degree of hyperthyroidism. FA injection was followed by a decrease of RQ and the body temperature elevation. These changes progressed with the advance of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Respiratory coefficient and the metabolic effect of an oleic acid emulsion in white rats in the process of experimental hyperthyroidism development]. RQ changes were studied in rats, depending on the degree of the organism saturation with triiodthyronin, and the metabolic action of free acid (FA). Animals with a relative hyperthyroidism had an increased RQ as compared with the control. RQ was decreased in the animals with a high degree of hyperthyroidism. FA injection was followed by a decrease of RQ and the body temperature elevation. These changes progressed with the advance of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 600930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7296", "title": "[Biological standardization of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor].", "content": "The authors suggest a method of quantitative determination of the goandotropin-inhibiting factor in the urine; the principle of calculation of the activity of the standard preparation of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor is presented. Investigation of the activity of the inhibitor in the individual portions of the urine of 6-8-year-old children demonstrated that the method of obtaining, testing and calculating the activity of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor reflected quite adequately the biological activity of the extracts of child urine preventing the action of crude gonadotropins.", "contents": "[Biological standardization of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor]. The authors suggest a method of quantitative determination of the goandotropin-inhibiting factor in the urine; the principle of calculation of the activity of the standard preparation of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor is presented. Investigation of the activity of the inhibitor in the individual portions of the urine of 6-8-year-old children demonstrated that the method of obtaining, testing and calculating the activity of the gonadotropin-inhibiting factor reflected quite adequately the biological activity of the extracts of child urine preventing the action of crude gonadotropins.", "PMID": 600932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7297", "title": "[Immunodepressive effect of mercazolyl].", "content": "Blood serum immunoglobulins and the process of peripheral blood blast-transformation of lymphocytes were studied in rats given mercazolyl in a dose of 0.9 mg/100 g of body weight orally for 80 days. This drug proved to produce an immunodepressive effect, which was more evidenced by the electrophoresis indices, and less (chiefly at the late periods of the experiment)--by the peripheral blood lymphocyte blasttransformation indices. The immunodepressive influence of mercazolyl on the animal organism should be taken into consideration in using this preparation in the capacity of a thyrostatic.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive effect of mercazolyl]. Blood serum immunoglobulins and the process of peripheral blood blast-transformation of lymphocytes were studied in rats given mercazolyl in a dose of 0.9 mg/100 g of body weight orally for 80 days. This drug proved to produce an immunodepressive effect, which was more evidenced by the electrophoresis indices, and less (chiefly at the late periods of the experiment)--by the peripheral blood lymphocyte blasttransformation indices. The immunodepressive influence of mercazolyl on the animal organism should be taken into consideration in using this preparation in the capacity of a thyrostatic.", "PMID": 600931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7298", "title": "[Hormonal regulation of the electrical properties of the cell membrane].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; it was shown that insulin, adrenaline, hydrocortisone, somatotropin, estradioldipropionate, deoxycorticosteroneacetate caused a rise of the membrane potential of individual muscle fibers, hepatocytes, motor neurons of the spinal cord, critical depolarization threshold, membrane resistance, shifts, in the K+, Na+ content. Simultaneously with these changes of the electrical properties of the membrane there occurred a rise of the RNA fraction synthesis, transcribing capacity of chromatin. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (actinomycin D, olivomycin, X-irradiation) prevented the hyperpolarization development and activation of genetic apparatus, whereas energy metabolsim inhibitors (sodium fluoride, monoiodine acetate, 2,4-dinitrophenol) failed to influence the rise of the membrane potential caused by hormones. Shifts in the electrical properties of cell membranes caused by hormones are connected with the genetic apparatus activation.", "contents": "[Hormonal regulation of the electrical properties of the cell membrane]. Experiments were conducted on rats; it was shown that insulin, adrenaline, hydrocortisone, somatotropin, estradioldipropionate, deoxycorticosteroneacetate caused a rise of the membrane potential of individual muscle fibers, hepatocytes, motor neurons of the spinal cord, critical depolarization threshold, membrane resistance, shifts, in the K+, Na+ content. Simultaneously with these changes of the electrical properties of the membrane there occurred a rise of the RNA fraction synthesis, transcribing capacity of chromatin. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (actinomycin D, olivomycin, X-irradiation) prevented the hyperpolarization development and activation of genetic apparatus, whereas energy metabolsim inhibitors (sodium fluoride, monoiodine acetate, 2,4-dinitrophenol) failed to influence the rise of the membrane potential caused by hormones. Shifts in the electrical properties of cell membranes caused by hormones are connected with the genetic apparatus activation.", "PMID": 600934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7299", "title": "[Aseptic femur head necrosis in Itsenko-Cushing disease].", "content": "The authors present a description of two observations over patients with aseptic necrosis of the heads of the femur in Itsenko-Cushing's disease. A short literature survey is given, and an opinion is put forward that not only osteoporosis, but also other factors (thrombosis, vasculitis, and others) underly the lesion pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Aseptic femur head necrosis in Itsenko-Cushing disease]. The authors present a description of two observations over patients with aseptic necrosis of the heads of the femur in Itsenko-Cushing's disease. A short literature survey is given, and an opinion is put forward that not only osteoporosis, but also other factors (thrombosis, vasculitis, and others) underly the lesion pathogenesis.", "PMID": 600935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7300", "title": "Treatment of severe hypertension in chronic renal failure by haemofiltration.", "content": "Thirteen patients with chronic renal insufficiency who had been transferred from haemodialysis to haemofiltration treatment because of dialysis and drug resistant hypertension (10 with high plasma renin activity) showed normalisation of blood pressure during a treatment period of 8 months, after which only one patient required antihypertensive drug therapy. During the first period blood pressure drop paralleled body weight loss and after 3--4 weeks blood pressure remained normal in spite of an increase in body weight. In the course of the second phase the effect of fluid withdrawal on blood pressure was directly proportional to the blood pressure at the beginning of the procedure. Adaptation of baroreceptor function must be assumed. In contrast to haemodialysis, haemofiltration did not influence the inulin space. Because of the reduced removal of small molecular substances compared with haemodialysis, extracellular osmolarity was kept stable during haemofiltration. Withdrawal of even large amounts of fluid was sustained without collapse reactions or signs of orthostatic dysregulation.", "contents": "Treatment of severe hypertension in chronic renal failure by haemofiltration. Thirteen patients with chronic renal insufficiency who had been transferred from haemodialysis to haemofiltration treatment because of dialysis and drug resistant hypertension (10 with high plasma renin activity) showed normalisation of blood pressure during a treatment period of 8 months, after which only one patient required antihypertensive drug therapy. During the first period blood pressure drop paralleled body weight loss and after 3--4 weeks blood pressure remained normal in spite of an increase in body weight. In the course of the second phase the effect of fluid withdrawal on blood pressure was directly proportional to the blood pressure at the beginning of the procedure. Adaptation of baroreceptor function must be assumed. In contrast to haemodialysis, haemofiltration did not influence the inulin space. Because of the reduced removal of small molecular substances compared with haemodialysis, extracellular osmolarity was kept stable during haemofiltration. Withdrawal of even large amounts of fluid was sustained without collapse reactions or signs of orthostatic dysregulation.", "PMID": 600948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7301", "title": "Separation of dialysis and ultrafiltration-does it really help?", "content": "Ultrafiltration alone for fluid removal has been used and assessed in a number of clinical studies. A paired study of ultrafiltration alone against haemodialysis has shown that as compared to haemodialysis, ultrafiltration alone within the ultrafiltration rates used is well tolerated. The use of ultrafiltration alone for both acute and chronic fluid overload has been shown to be an ideal therapeutic procedure. In a third study using the Rhodial 75 system and RP6 dialyser in a group of non-fluid-overloaded patients the separation in time of ultrafiltration from haemodialysis has shown no obvious advantages over regular haemodialysis.", "contents": "Separation of dialysis and ultrafiltration-does it really help? Ultrafiltration alone for fluid removal has been used and assessed in a number of clinical studies. A paired study of ultrafiltration alone against haemodialysis has shown that as compared to haemodialysis, ultrafiltration alone within the ultrafiltration rates used is well tolerated. The use of ultrafiltration alone for both acute and chronic fluid overload has been shown to be an ideal therapeutic procedure. In a third study using the Rhodial 75 system and RP6 dialyser in a group of non-fluid-overloaded patients the separation in time of ultrafiltration from haemodialysis has shown no obvious advantages over regular haemodialysis.", "PMID": 600952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7302", "title": "Comparison of dialysis programmes on different molecular prescriptions: a preliminary study.", "content": "Five dialysis and/or adsorbent therapy programmes were compared to examine the biological toxicity of both small and middle molecular fractions from the clinical viewpoint. With combination of various surface areas, diffusion pool sizes, or use of charcoal, what can be called a 'molecular prescription' is possible. The programmes were designed to bring about different degrees of removal of both fractions. Ultrafiltrates obtained with Amicon XM-10 hollow fibre filters before and after a programme were examined for levels of BUN, creatinine, and methylguanidine, inhibitory effect on pyruvate kinase, G-6-PDH, and LDH, and on the cell mortality rate of rat embryo liver cell monolayer culture. The worst results were obtained in those programmes which retained small molecular fractions and removed the middle molecular fractions efficiently. The biological toxicity of the small molecular fraction, from the viewpoint of maintaining the 'milieu int\u00e9rieur', seems to be much stronger than that of the middle molecular fraction. A dialysis or adsorbent therapy programme removing the middle molecular fraction only, but leaving the small molecular fraction should be considered as putting the cart before the horse.", "contents": "Comparison of dialysis programmes on different molecular prescriptions: a preliminary study. Five dialysis and/or adsorbent therapy programmes were compared to examine the biological toxicity of both small and middle molecular fractions from the clinical viewpoint. With combination of various surface areas, diffusion pool sizes, or use of charcoal, what can be called a 'molecular prescription' is possible. The programmes were designed to bring about different degrees of removal of both fractions. Ultrafiltrates obtained with Amicon XM-10 hollow fibre filters before and after a programme were examined for levels of BUN, creatinine, and methylguanidine, inhibitory effect on pyruvate kinase, G-6-PDH, and LDH, and on the cell mortality rate of rat embryo liver cell monolayer culture. The worst results were obtained in those programmes which retained small molecular fractions and removed the middle molecular fractions efficiently. The biological toxicity of the small molecular fraction, from the viewpoint of maintaining the 'milieu int\u00e9rieur', seems to be much stronger than that of the middle molecular fraction. A dialysis or adsorbent therapy programme removing the middle molecular fraction only, but leaving the small molecular fraction should be considered as putting the cart before the horse.", "PMID": 600953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7303", "title": "The variable role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of dialysis anaemia.", "content": "To evaluate the role of reduced erythropoietin (Ep) production in the pathogenesis of dialysis anaemia, measurements of serum erythropoietin (SEp) concentration by means of a highly sensitive in vitro bioassay were performed in 88 non-nephrectomised non-transfused regular haemodialysis patients. In 50 patients (group 1) SEp levels were lower than 120 mU/ml. In the remaining 38 patients (group 2) SEp concentrations ranged from 120-369 mU/ml. Group 1 showed a highly significant positive correlation between SEp concentration and haematocrit as did 13 anephric patients investigated for comparison. In contrast, group 2 displayed a highly significant negative correlation between SEp concentration and haematocrit. The results demonstrate the existence of two distinctive  groups of similar size in regular haemodialysis patients: those with an absolute (group 1) and those with a relative deficiency of Ep (group 2). In the case of the latter, lack of Ep is probably a secondary factor in the pathogenesis of anaemia, whereas uraemic toxicity and blood loss may play a primary role.", "contents": "The variable role of erythropoietin deficiency in the pathogenesis of dialysis anaemia. To evaluate the role of reduced erythropoietin (Ep) production in the pathogenesis of dialysis anaemia, measurements of serum erythropoietin (SEp) concentration by means of a highly sensitive in vitro bioassay were performed in 88 non-nephrectomised non-transfused regular haemodialysis patients. In 50 patients (group 1) SEp levels were lower than 120 mU/ml. In the remaining 38 patients (group 2) SEp concentrations ranged from 120-369 mU/ml. Group 1 showed a highly significant positive correlation between SEp concentration and haematocrit as did 13 anephric patients investigated for comparison. In contrast, group 2 displayed a highly significant negative correlation between SEp concentration and haematocrit. The results demonstrate the existence of two distinctive  groups of similar size in regular haemodialysis patients: those with an absolute (group 1) and those with a relative deficiency of Ep (group 2). In the case of the latter, lack of Ep is probably a secondary factor in the pathogenesis of anaemia, whereas uraemic toxicity and blood loss may play a primary role.", "PMID": 600954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7304", "title": "Oral or parenteral iron therapy in haemodialysis patients?", "content": "In 28 haemodialysis patients, in whom there was a high incidence of depleted marrow iron stores, a significant rise in Hb, and Hct, occasionally to a normal level, was achieved as effectively with oral as with i.v. iron supplements. There was a variable response to iron in individuals which could not be predicted from the initial iron status. No patient in whom marrow iron stores were reassessed after iron therapy developed increased marrow iron stores. Routine iron supplements are recommended in haemodialysis patients with regular monitoring of body iron stores.", "contents": "Oral or parenteral iron therapy in haemodialysis patients? In 28 haemodialysis patients, in whom there was a high incidence of depleted marrow iron stores, a significant rise in Hb, and Hct, occasionally to a normal level, was achieved as effectively with oral as with i.v. iron supplements. There was a variable response to iron in individuals which could not be predicted from the initial iron status. No patient in whom marrow iron stores were reassessed after iron therapy developed increased marrow iron stores. Routine iron supplements are recommended in haemodialysis patients with regular monitoring of body iron stores.", "PMID": 600955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7305", "title": "Chloramines, an aggravating factor in the anemia of patients on regular dialysis treatment.", "content": "In two dialysis centres in the same city, with a total of 56 patients on regular dialysis treatment, it has been shown that the tap water used for the production of the dialysate contains chloramines. Total chlorine concentration and percentage of chloramines varies from 0.5 to 1.1 ppm and from 40 to 95 per cent. There in a high percentage of Heinz bodies in the patients' erythrocytes, and incubation of red cells in vitro with the dialysate raises the methaemoglobin concentration and alters the hexose-monophosphate shunt. The patients' mean haematocrit improved from 23.13 +/- 4.41 SD to 25.93 +/- 5.17 SD (p less than 0.0025) with the administration of ascorbic acid, 500 mg given intravenously once a week, but an unexpected transitory increase of the total chlorine to 3.5 ppm resulted in a serious decline of the mean haematocrit to 20.80 +/- 5.22 SD (p less than 0.0001). Ascorbic acid added to the dialysate at a concentration of 1.7 mg/dl produced a great improvement in the anaemia and the almost total disappearance of Heinz bodies from the patients' red cells.", "contents": "Chloramines, an aggravating factor in the anemia of patients on regular dialysis treatment. In two dialysis centres in the same city, with a total of 56 patients on regular dialysis treatment, it has been shown that the tap water used for the production of the dialysate contains chloramines. Total chlorine concentration and percentage of chloramines varies from 0.5 to 1.1 ppm and from 40 to 95 per cent. There in a high percentage of Heinz bodies in the patients' erythrocytes, and incubation of red cells in vitro with the dialysate raises the methaemoglobin concentration and alters the hexose-monophosphate shunt. The patients' mean haematocrit improved from 23.13 +/- 4.41 SD to 25.93 +/- 5.17 SD (p less than 0.0025) with the administration of ascorbic acid, 500 mg given intravenously once a week, but an unexpected transitory increase of the total chlorine to 3.5 ppm resulted in a serious decline of the mean haematocrit to 20.80 +/- 5.22 SD (p less than 0.0001). Ascorbic acid added to the dialysate at a concentration of 1.7 mg/dl produced a great improvement in the anaemia and the almost total disappearance of Heinz bodies from the patients' red cells.", "PMID": 600956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7306", "title": "Serum antibodies before and after immunisation in haemodialysed children.", "content": "Serum antibodies (AB) have been measured before and after vaccination in haemodialysed children. The main finding was a normal increase in AB titres following adsorbed vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis) demonstrating a normal humoral immune ability. By contrast, a poor response to live attenuated viruses (poliomyelitis and measles) was observed. Two additional findings were an inhibitor effect of tetanus toxoid in mice by uraemic serum, and a constant negative Schick test indicative of suppressed non-specific skin reactivity.", "contents": "Serum antibodies before and after immunisation in haemodialysed children. Serum antibodies (AB) have been measured before and after vaccination in haemodialysed children. The main finding was a normal increase in AB titres following adsorbed vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis) demonstrating a normal humoral immune ability. By contrast, a poor response to live attenuated viruses (poliomyelitis and measles) was observed. Two additional findings were an inhibitor effect of tetanus toxoid in mice by uraemic serum, and a constant negative Schick test indicative of suppressed non-specific skin reactivity.", "PMID": 600957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7307", "title": "Clinical experience with circumferentially reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroenthylene (E-PTFE) graft as a vascular access for haemodialysis.", "content": "Circumferentially reinforced E-PTFE grafts were implanted 50 times in 46 patients. Seven grafts became occluded during the observation period of 233 patient-months. Puncture and haemostasis were quite satisfactory in the majority of the patients. Histologically, the inner surface of the grafts was covered with a thin fibrin layer. Puncture sites were stuffed with fibro-fibrinous tissue preventing bleeding or aneurysmal dilatation. Clinical experience has proved the E-PTFE graft to be a suitable vascular prosthesis for blood access.", "contents": "Clinical experience with circumferentially reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroenthylene (E-PTFE) graft as a vascular access for haemodialysis. Circumferentially reinforced E-PTFE grafts were implanted 50 times in 46 patients. Seven grafts became occluded during the observation period of 233 patient-months. Puncture and haemostasis were quite satisfactory in the majority of the patients. Histologically, the inner surface of the grafts was covered with a thin fibrin layer. Puncture sites were stuffed with fibro-fibrinous tissue preventing bleeding or aneurysmal dilatation. Clinical experience has proved the E-PTFE graft to be a suitable vascular prosthesis for blood access.", "PMID": 600959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7308", "title": "Comparison of whole body and regional assessments of calcium balance in renal osteodystrophy in the response to 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3.", "content": "Ten patients with renal bone disease have been treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for periods of 10-18 months. Responses in bone histology, plasma alkaline phosphatase, whole body calcium, spinal calcium content and bone mineral content of the forearm were compared. Improvements in histology of bone were seen in 5 patients. These patients showed greater increases in total body calcium, and the increments in total body calcium correlated significantly with decrements in alkaline phosphatase. Changes in forearm bone mineral content or spinal calcium were less predictable and did not invariably reflect measured changes in whole body calcium. We conclude that total body calcium may provide a useful and early index of response to treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. In contrast, skeletal changes noted by regional methods of assessment should not be judged as reflecting changes occurring in the whole skeleton, and may even be misleading.", "contents": "Comparison of whole body and regional assessments of calcium balance in renal osteodystrophy in the response to 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3. Ten patients with renal bone disease have been treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol for periods of 10-18 months. Responses in bone histology, plasma alkaline phosphatase, whole body calcium, spinal calcium content and bone mineral content of the forearm were compared. Improvements in histology of bone were seen in 5 patients. These patients showed greater increases in total body calcium, and the increments in total body calcium correlated significantly with decrements in alkaline phosphatase. Changes in forearm bone mineral content or spinal calcium were less predictable and did not invariably reflect measured changes in whole body calcium. We conclude that total body calcium may provide a useful and early index of response to treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. In contrast, skeletal changes noted by regional methods of assessment should not be judged as reflecting changes occurring in the whole skeleton, and may even be misleading.", "PMID": 600960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7309", "title": "Use of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 to separate 'types' on renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Patients with severe symptomatic renal osteodystrophy were treated with either 1,25(OH)2D3 or 1 alpha(OH)D3. In 39 instances, there was either reversal of symptoms and/or a marked fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase. Bone biopsies showed improvement of either osteomalacia or osteitis fibrosa, and serum iPTH often fell. In thirteen patients, no improvement occurred. In seven patients, bone biopsy disclosed osteomalacia, and serum iPTH was normal or only slightly elevated. Thus, there was a defect in mineralisation. apparently unrelated to the lack of 1,25(OH)2D3 and in the absence of evidence of phosphate depletion. The other 'treatment failure' group showed osteitis fibrosa on biopsy and iPTH levels were markedly elevated. They are presumed to have marked secondary hyperparathyroidism. These 'treatment failure' groups had higher pre-treatment levels of serum Ca and Mg than in those showing a favourable response; also, hypercalcaemia developed rapidly during 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 is efficacious in treating symptomatic osteodystrophy in many uraemic patients, and in other patients, it may help identify bone disease of other, as yet unknown, pathogenesis.", "contents": "Use of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 to separate 'types' on renal osteodystrophy. Patients with severe symptomatic renal osteodystrophy were treated with either 1,25(OH)2D3 or 1 alpha(OH)D3. In 39 instances, there was either reversal of symptoms and/or a marked fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase. Bone biopsies showed improvement of either osteomalacia or osteitis fibrosa, and serum iPTH often fell. In thirteen patients, no improvement occurred. In seven patients, bone biopsy disclosed osteomalacia, and serum iPTH was normal or only slightly elevated. Thus, there was a defect in mineralisation. apparently unrelated to the lack of 1,25(OH)2D3 and in the absence of evidence of phosphate depletion. The other 'treatment failure' group showed osteitis fibrosa on biopsy and iPTH levels were markedly elevated. They are presumed to have marked secondary hyperparathyroidism. These 'treatment failure' groups had higher pre-treatment levels of serum Ca and Mg than in those showing a favourable response; also, hypercalcaemia developed rapidly during 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 is efficacious in treating symptomatic osteodystrophy in many uraemic patients, and in other patients, it may help identify bone disease of other, as yet unknown, pathogenesis.", "PMID": 600961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7310", "title": "Clinical application of renal aspiration biopsy with a modified fine needle.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of solitary glomeruli obtained by aspiration with a modified fine needle is of clinical value in the diagnosis of various renal diseases. The small size of the needle makes it less traumatic than an ordinary percutaneous biopsy needle and therefore suitable for use in situations where a conventional biopsy is for some reason considered undesirable.", "contents": "Clinical application of renal aspiration biopsy with a modified fine needle. Electron microscopic study of solitary glomeruli obtained by aspiration with a modified fine needle is of clinical value in the diagnosis of various renal diseases. The small size of the needle makes it less traumatic than an ordinary percutaneous biopsy needle and therefore suitable for use in situations where a conventional biopsy is for some reason considered undesirable.", "PMID": 600962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7311", "title": "Long term follow up of IgA mesangial deposits glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The clinical course of IgA Mesangial Deposits Glomerulonephritis (MDGN) has been investigated in 178 patients for 1 to 32 years (mean 6 years) from the onset of symptoms. Impairment of renal function occurred in 28 patients, 13 of whom required RDT or died in uraemia. Hypertension was observed in 67 patients. The actuarial survival rate at ten years was 91%. A significant correlation was observed between the occurrence of renal failure and the following features: absence of episodes of gross haematuria, early appearance of hypertension, marked proteinuria and sclerosing glomerular lesions. These data suggest that IgA MDGN has generally a very prolonged course, but in a few cases may evolve, sometimes early, to chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Long term follow up of IgA mesangial deposits glomerulonephritis. The clinical course of IgA Mesangial Deposits Glomerulonephritis (MDGN) has been investigated in 178 patients for 1 to 32 years (mean 6 years) from the onset of symptoms. Impairment of renal function occurred in 28 patients, 13 of whom required RDT or died in uraemia. Hypertension was observed in 67 patients. The actuarial survival rate at ten years was 91%. A significant correlation was observed between the occurrence of renal failure and the following features: absence of episodes of gross haematuria, early appearance of hypertension, marked proteinuria and sclerosing glomerular lesions. These data suggest that IgA MDGN has generally a very prolonged course, but in a few cases may evolve, sometimes early, to chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 600963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7312", "title": "In vivo fixation of immune complexes on polymorphonuclear cells and release of neutrophil cationic proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "Neutrophils (PMN) appear to be involved in inflammatory phenomena as a result of direct interaction with immune complexes (IC). In SLE glomerulonephritis IC are fixed in vivo on the PMN surface through the receptors for FC fragments of complexed immunoglobulins and complement. Phagocytic properties are lost and immunological lysosomal release in vitro is markedly reduced by virtue of receptor occupation. The elimination of neutrophil cationic proteins (NCP) in urine is an expression of PMN lysosomal constituent release.", "contents": "In vivo fixation of immune complexes on polymorphonuclear cells and release of neutrophil cationic proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophils (PMN) appear to be involved in inflammatory phenomena as a result of direct interaction with immune complexes (IC). In SLE glomerulonephritis IC are fixed in vivo on the PMN surface through the receptors for FC fragments of complexed immunoglobulins and complement. Phagocytic properties are lost and immunological lysosomal release in vitro is markedly reduced by virtue of receptor occupation. The elimination of neutrophil cationic proteins (NCP) in urine is an expression of PMN lysosomal constituent release.", "PMID": 600964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7313", "title": "Selective removal of plasma cryoglobulins in cryoglobulinaemia.", "content": "Cryoglobulins were removed from the plasma of two patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (IgM(k)-IgG type) associated with severe membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and angiitis. The removal of about half the circulating cryo-Igs ('cryo-Igpheresis') was followed by a brisk rebound in cryo-Igs due to the rapid synthesis rate of monoclonal IgM(k) with anti-IgG activity. 'Cryo-Igpheresis' + cyclophosphamide treatment suppressed the rebound of cryo-IgGs, but not that of the cryo-IgMs. This differential effect was due to decrease of the antibody activity of cryo-IgMs. The clinical implications of such changes need further evaluation.", "contents": "Selective removal of plasma cryoglobulins in cryoglobulinaemia. Cryoglobulins were removed from the plasma of two patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (IgM(k)-IgG type) associated with severe membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and angiitis. The removal of about half the circulating cryo-Igs ('cryo-Igpheresis') was followed by a brisk rebound in cryo-Igs due to the rapid synthesis rate of monoclonal IgM(k) with anti-IgG activity. 'Cryo-Igpheresis' + cyclophosphamide treatment suppressed the rebound of cryo-IgGs, but not that of the cryo-IgMs. This differential effect was due to decrease of the antibody activity of cryo-IgMs. The clinical implications of such changes need further evaluation.", "PMID": 600965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7314", "title": "Massive proteinuria and its effects on renal tubular functions.", "content": "Studies of renal tubular functions were made in two groups of patients with biopsy-proven primary glomerulonephropathies to assess the effects of proteinuria on the tubules. Group I (n = 9) had had minimal proteinuria and Group II (n = 8) had massive proteinuria. At the time the studies were made, all patients were normotensive, free of oedema, and on no dietary or drug therapy; they had normal glomerular filtration rates, serum albumin and total protein concentrations. Patients in Group II had diminished urine concentrating ability, impaired acidifying mechanism, but elevated maximum tubular secretory capacity compared with patients in Group I.", "contents": "Massive proteinuria and its effects on renal tubular functions. Studies of renal tubular functions were made in two groups of patients with biopsy-proven primary glomerulonephropathies to assess the effects of proteinuria on the tubules. Group I (n = 9) had had minimal proteinuria and Group II (n = 8) had massive proteinuria. At the time the studies were made, all patients were normotensive, free of oedema, and on no dietary or drug therapy; they had normal glomerular filtration rates, serum albumin and total protein concentrations. Patients in Group II had diminished urine concentrating ability, impaired acidifying mechanism, but elevated maximum tubular secretory capacity compared with patients in Group I.", "PMID": 600966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7315", "title": "Minoxidil in refractory hypertension: benefits, risks.", "content": "The blood pressure of 18 patients with refractory hypertension was controlled by treatment with Minoxidil in combination with Propranolol and diuretics. Ten of these patients were studied prospectively and were found not to have deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance while on Minoxidil therapy. Pericardial effusions occurred in 40% of the patients, including 2 with normal renal function. This untoward effect of prolonged use Minoxidil warrants further study.", "contents": "Minoxidil in refractory hypertension: benefits, risks. The blood pressure of 18 patients with refractory hypertension was controlled by treatment with Minoxidil in combination with Propranolol and diuretics. Ten of these patients were studied prospectively and were found not to have deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance while on Minoxidil therapy. Pericardial effusions occurred in 40% of the patients, including 2 with normal renal function. This untoward effect of prolonged use Minoxidil warrants further study.", "PMID": 600967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7316", "title": "Medullary sponge kidney: abnormalities of renal tubular and glomerular function, and their relationship to clinical features.", "content": "This study confirms that medullary sponge kidney (MSK) has a good prognosis, but there is a considerable morbidity in patients with renal calcification; they suffer renal colic, ureteric obstruction, and frequently need operation. There is a high incidence of urinary infection in women. On follow-up, glomerular function is well maintained, although careful testing shows a mild depression of glomerular filtration rate in at least 40%. Proximal tubular function is normal, but abnormalities of distal tubular function are often seen: acidification defects occur in 24% and are associated with nephrocalcinosis, poor urine concentrating ability, and diminished glomerular function. Urine concentration defects occur in 73% and are probably secondary to nephrocalcinosis. Hypercalciuria was present in 19% and was not related to other defects.", "contents": "Medullary sponge kidney: abnormalities of renal tubular and glomerular function, and their relationship to clinical features. This study confirms that medullary sponge kidney (MSK) has a good prognosis, but there is a considerable morbidity in patients with renal calcification; they suffer renal colic, ureteric obstruction, and frequently need operation. There is a high incidence of urinary infection in women. On follow-up, glomerular function is well maintained, although careful testing shows a mild depression of glomerular filtration rate in at least 40%. Proximal tubular function is normal, but abnormalities of distal tubular function are often seen: acidification defects occur in 24% and are associated with nephrocalcinosis, poor urine concentrating ability, and diminished glomerular function. Urine concentration defects occur in 73% and are probably secondary to nephrocalcinosis. Hypercalciuria was present in 19% and was not related to other defects.", "PMID": 600968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7317", "title": "Renal function and renal pathology in patients with lithium-induced impairment of renal concentrating ability.", "content": "Lithium-induced impairment of renal concentrating ability is regarded as a harmless side effect of lithium treatment. This report presents investigations of renal function and renal pathology in 13 patients with reduced renal concentrating ability arising during lithium treatment. The reduced concentrating ability parallels histological damage and is a sign of lithium-induced chronic nephropathy.", "contents": "Renal function and renal pathology in patients with lithium-induced impairment of renal concentrating ability. Lithium-induced impairment of renal concentrating ability is regarded as a harmless side effect of lithium treatment. This report presents investigations of renal function and renal pathology in 13 patients with reduced renal concentrating ability arising during lithium treatment. The reduced concentrating ability parallels histological damage and is a sign of lithium-induced chronic nephropathy.", "PMID": 600969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7318", "title": "Influence of essential amino acids and keto acids on protein metabolism and the anaemia of patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis.", "content": "Ten patients were treated with 10 g essential amino acids per day orally; 9 patients received 9.5 g of a mixture of essential amino acids (Lys, Thr, Try, His, Tyr) and ketoanalogues of Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Met per day and a control group of 11 patients received no supplementation. All patients were on a liberal food intake amounting to 1g protein/kg body weight and 31 kcal/kg body weight daily. Before and three months after the beginning of supplementation the following parameters were measured: serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, blood haemoglobin content and haematocrit, activities of the enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and porpho-bilinogen desaminase, and globin synthesis in peripheral red blood cells. After treatment with either essential amino acids or keto acids a significant stimulation of globin synthesis occurred. None of the other parameters was altered. It is concluded that in well-nourished patients supplements of essential amino acids or keto acids are ineffective.", "contents": "Influence of essential amino acids and keto acids on protein metabolism and the anaemia of patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Ten patients were treated with 10 g essential amino acids per day orally; 9 patients received 9.5 g of a mixture of essential amino acids (Lys, Thr, Try, His, Tyr) and ketoanalogues of Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Met per day and a control group of 11 patients received no supplementation. All patients were on a liberal food intake amounting to 1g protein/kg body weight and 31 kcal/kg body weight daily. Before and three months after the beginning of supplementation the following parameters were measured: serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, blood haemoglobin content and haematocrit, activities of the enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and porpho-bilinogen desaminase, and globin synthesis in peripheral red blood cells. After treatment with either essential amino acids or keto acids a significant stimulation of globin synthesis occurred. None of the other parameters was altered. It is concluded that in well-nourished patients supplements of essential amino acids or keto acids are ineffective.", "PMID": 600970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7319", "title": "Tay-Sachs heterozygote screening: specificity and sensitivity.", "content": "Heterozygotes for the Tay-Sachs allele can be identified by plotting the heat-labile hexosaminidase activity in serum against the heat-stable activity. Quadratic discriminants can be constructed from homozygous normal and obligate heterozygous data and the probability of misclassification computed. The cost of counseling and the classification error is diminished by the use of 2 tests.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs heterozygote screening: specificity and sensitivity. Heterozygotes for the Tay-Sachs allele can be identified by plotting the heat-labile hexosaminidase activity in serum against the heat-stable activity. Quadratic discriminants can be constructed from homozygous normal and obligate heterozygous data and the probability of misclassification computed. The cost of counseling and the classification error is diminished by the use of 2 tests.", "PMID": 601079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7320", "title": "Community-based genetic education, communication channels, and knowledge of Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "In the planning of community-based genetics education campaigns, we cannot assume the existence of a single-minded, passively receptive public, simply waiting to be \"educated.\" Rather, we must consider the impact of preexisting circumstances, notably the differential life-status conditions, the special concerns, and individual motivations of the persons to be educated on their search for information that matters to them. Messages promulgated by mass media educational campaigns on issues in genetics typically do not fall on a homogeneous mass of equally responsive ears and eyes, even if the target population superficially appears to be homogeneous and preselected. Especially institutional sources, (e.g., schools and general education) for males, and social relations (e.g., informal contact among friends) for females are crucial strategic variables affecting transmission and reception of knowledge of Tay-Sachs disease.", "contents": "Community-based genetic education, communication channels, and knowledge of Tay-Sachs disease. In the planning of community-based genetics education campaigns, we cannot assume the existence of a single-minded, passively receptive public, simply waiting to be \"educated.\" Rather, we must consider the impact of preexisting circumstances, notably the differential life-status conditions, the special concerns, and individual motivations of the persons to be educated on their search for information that matters to them. Messages promulgated by mass media educational campaigns on issues in genetics typically do not fall on a homogeneous mass of equally responsive ears and eyes, even if the target population superficially appears to be homogeneous and preselected. Especially institutional sources, (e.g., schools and general education) for males, and social relations (e.g., informal contact among friends) for females are crucial strategic variables affecting transmission and reception of knowledge of Tay-Sachs disease.", "PMID": 601086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7321", "title": "Luminal dilatation and morphologic changes secondary to enterotoxins.", "content": "Structural changes in ligated rat small intestinal loops exposed to purified cholera enterotoxin are described. Distention secondary to increased luminal fluid was found to cause the artifactual histologic damage. This finding questions the validity of interpreting mucosal changes in closed intestinal-loop models in the presence of severe distention. An alternative open-loop model is described that eliminates distention as a cause of histologic changes.", "contents": "Luminal dilatation and morphologic changes secondary to enterotoxins. Structural changes in ligated rat small intestinal loops exposed to purified cholera enterotoxin are described. Distention secondary to increased luminal fluid was found to cause the artifactual histologic damage. This finding questions the validity of interpreting mucosal changes in closed intestinal-loop models in the presence of severe distention. An alternative open-loop model is described that eliminates distention as a cause of histologic changes.", "PMID": 601104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7322", "title": "Some electrical properties of cerebroside and lecithin bilayer membranes.", "content": "Electrical potentials of cerebroside and lecithin bilayers in the presence of Na+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ were measured. Calculated membrane specific resistances were about 10(7) ohm cm2. Calculated transference numbers for Na+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ were between 0.5 and 0.6, and were higher in both membranes than in free solution. Thus membranes are slightly cation selective. Specific conductances and transference numbers were then used to calculate ionic flux of membranes. Sodium ions had a much greater ionic flux in both membranes than calcium and strontium ions. The results indicate that the electrical properties of cerebroside and lecithin bilayer membranes are compatible with the structures of those membranes.", "contents": "Some electrical properties of cerebroside and lecithin bilayer membranes. Electrical potentials of cerebroside and lecithin bilayers in the presence of Na+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ were measured. Calculated membrane specific resistances were about 10(7) ohm cm2. Calculated transference numbers for Na+, Ca2+, and Sr2+ were between 0.5 and 0.6, and were higher in both membranes than in free solution. Thus membranes are slightly cation selective. Specific conductances and transference numbers were then used to calculate ionic flux of membranes. Sodium ions had a much greater ionic flux in both membranes than calcium and strontium ions. The results indicate that the electrical properties of cerebroside and lecithin bilayer membranes are compatible with the structures of those membranes.", "PMID": 601106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7323", "title": "Solid state physical replacement of Hodgkin-Huxley theory. Phase transformation kinetics of axonal potassium conductance.", "content": "The Hodgkin-Huxley theory and its extensions concerning squid axon nerve impulse conduction are based on concepts of movement of free cations in liquid water assisted by cation pumps. Those concepts have been disproven by recent experimental evidence indicating cell water is structured and cell cations are associated with macromolecules, suggesting that nerve excitation probably involves a phase transition. It is shown here that the Hodgkin-Huxley data on the rise of K+ conductance after depolarization of the squid axon fits closely the Avrami equation with an exponent of two. This fit implies that axon depolarization is indeed the result of a phase transition, the new phase growing from preexisting nuclei within the old phase. The nuclei grow in one or two (but not in three) dimensions until the new phase entirely replaces the old phase.", "contents": "Solid state physical replacement of Hodgkin-Huxley theory. Phase transformation kinetics of axonal potassium conductance. The Hodgkin-Huxley theory and its extensions concerning squid axon nerve impulse conduction are based on concepts of movement of free cations in liquid water assisted by cation pumps. Those concepts have been disproven by recent experimental evidence indicating cell water is structured and cell cations are associated with macromolecules, suggesting that nerve excitation probably involves a phase transition. It is shown here that the Hodgkin-Huxley data on the rise of K+ conductance after depolarization of the squid axon fits closely the Avrami equation with an exponent of two. This fit implies that axon depolarization is indeed the result of a phase transition, the new phase growing from preexisting nuclei within the old phase. The nuclei grow in one or two (but not in three) dimensions until the new phase entirely replaces the old phase.", "PMID": 601107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7324", "title": "Measurements of water proton NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1p) for studying motions in solutions of giant macro-molecules and supramolecular particles (T2 virus).", "content": "Spin-spin relaxation time (T2), spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), and spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1p) of water protons in solutions of bacteriophage T2 were studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. The frequency dependence of the measurements exhibits a dispersion implying existence of a fraction of water molecules in solution with a correlation time distribution centered at approximately 10(-5) sec which is strongly influenced by the reorientational motions of virus particles. Experiments were carried out with two forms of bacteriophage T2 existing at pH 5.4 and 7.8 respectively. The different structures of the virus at these two pH values are reflected in the NMR relaxation behavior of water protons.", "contents": "Measurements of water proton NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1p) for studying motions in solutions of giant macro-molecules and supramolecular particles (T2 virus). Spin-spin relaxation time (T2), spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), and spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1p) of water protons in solutions of bacteriophage T2 were studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance. The frequency dependence of the measurements exhibits a dispersion implying existence of a fraction of water molecules in solution with a correlation time distribution centered at approximately 10(-5) sec which is strongly influenced by the reorientational motions of virus particles. Experiments were carried out with two forms of bacteriophage T2 existing at pH 5.4 and 7.8 respectively. The different structures of the virus at these two pH values are reflected in the NMR relaxation behavior of water protons.", "PMID": 601108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7325", "title": "Spectral differences in the 31P NMR of normal and malignant tissue.", "content": "High-resolution 31P NMR spectra of normal and malignant muscle tissue from mice were obtained at 100 MHz. The spectrum of normal muscle was found to resemble that obtained by Hoult et al. for normal rat skeletal muscle. But the spectrum of malignant muscle tumor (rhabdomyosarcoma) was found to comprise only the inorganic phosphate and sugar phosphate peaks, which indicates potential usefulness of this NMR method for diagnosis. Moreover, the inorganic phosphate peak was observed to be shifted downfield 70 Hz from the location seen in normal muscle. This identification of an NMR absorption frequency different in cancer tissue than in normal, singles out what may be the first of many absorption frequencies that could be utilized as target frequencies for delivery of cancer-destructive radiation.", "contents": "Spectral differences in the 31P NMR of normal and malignant tissue. High-resolution 31P NMR spectra of normal and malignant muscle tissue from mice were obtained at 100 MHz. The spectrum of normal muscle was found to resemble that obtained by Hoult et al. for normal rat skeletal muscle. But the spectrum of malignant muscle tumor (rhabdomyosarcoma) was found to comprise only the inorganic phosphate and sugar phosphate peaks, which indicates potential usefulness of this NMR method for diagnosis. Moreover, the inorganic phosphate peak was observed to be shifted downfield 70 Hz from the location seen in normal muscle. This identification of an NMR absorption frequency different in cancer tissue than in normal, singles out what may be the first of many absorption frequencies that could be utilized as target frequencies for delivery of cancer-destructive radiation.", "PMID": 601109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7326", "title": "Membrane fluidity gradient model of cell transport.", "content": "A new model of cellular transport is presented, characterized by selective fluxes due to membrane fluidity gradient. This mechanism is treated in terms of the interfacial tensions at the membrane/cytoplasm and membrane/medium surfaces. A higher interior fluidity (lower interfacial tension) is maintained by cytoplasm adenosine triphosphate, which adsorbs and increases lipoprotein fluidity while it also chelates calcium and keeps it from inner membrane sites. The high medium calcium causes a stiffer membrane (higher interfacial tension) on the medium side. These two different free energy barriers at inner and outer channel mouths filter all molecules, whether ionized or nonelectrolytic. Molecules with excess of hydrophobic groups, which makes negative the free energy of transfer from the medium into the membrane, have highest influx. Intermolecular salt linkages and hydrogen-bonding are vital in making negative the free energy of transfer of amino acids and sugars. The much lower energy barrier at the cytoplasmic interface favors net efflux from the cell of the more polar ions and amphipaths. Intramembrane particles are proposed as the channel sites.", "contents": "Membrane fluidity gradient model of cell transport. A new model of cellular transport is presented, characterized by selective fluxes due to membrane fluidity gradient. This mechanism is treated in terms of the interfacial tensions at the membrane/cytoplasm and membrane/medium surfaces. A higher interior fluidity (lower interfacial tension) is maintained by cytoplasm adenosine triphosphate, which adsorbs and increases lipoprotein fluidity while it also chelates calcium and keeps it from inner membrane sites. The high medium calcium causes a stiffer membrane (higher interfacial tension) on the medium side. These two different free energy barriers at inner and outer channel mouths filter all molecules, whether ionized or nonelectrolytic. Molecules with excess of hydrophobic groups, which makes negative the free energy of transfer from the medium into the membrane, have highest influx. Intermolecular salt linkages and hydrogen-bonding are vital in making negative the free energy of transfer of amino acids and sugars. The much lower energy barrier at the cytoplasmic interface favors net efflux from the cell of the more polar ions and amphipaths. Intramembrane particles are proposed as the channel sites.", "PMID": 601110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7327", "title": "[Leptomeningopathia chronica circumscripta adhaesiva sive cystica].", "content": "During neurosurgical operations of 73 patients alterations of the leptomeninx were found additionally other clinical diagnoses or confirming the clinical diagnosis of a chronic leptomeningopathia. In these cases tissue was taken for histological examination. In 65 cases there were alterations of all parts of the leptomeninx, mostly connected with inflammatory infiltrations. The commonly used terms \"arachnitis\" or \"arachnoiditis\" for these circumscribed chronic leptomeningopathias are not to be accepted because of different reasons. Instead of these names a describing diagnosis is recommended.", "contents": "[Leptomeningopathia chronica circumscripta adhaesiva sive cystica]. During neurosurgical operations of 73 patients alterations of the leptomeninx were found additionally other clinical diagnoses or confirming the clinical diagnosis of a chronic leptomeningopathia. In these cases tissue was taken for histological examination. In 65 cases there were alterations of all parts of the leptomeninx, mostly connected with inflammatory infiltrations. The commonly used terms \"arachnitis\" or \"arachnoiditis\" for these circumscribed chronic leptomeningopathias are not to be accepted because of different reasons. Instead of these names a describing diagnosis is recommended.", "PMID": 601114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7328", "title": "[EEG studies of spinocerebellar ataxia].", "content": "Electroencephalographic examinations of eighteen patients with spinocerebellar ataxias and of thirteen normal sibs of four of the subjects are reported. The authors frequently observed low levels of potential and a tendency toward slackening in basic activity, which is in agreement with data presented in the literature; theta-delta inclusions in the temporal regions were found especially in cases of cerebellar ataxia. Examinations of the sib frequently showed low-potential curves. However, the use of electroencephalography for the purpose of identifying, in the case of hereditary ataxia, latently diseased sibs for heterozygous individuals does not seem possible.", "contents": "[EEG studies of spinocerebellar ataxia]. Electroencephalographic examinations of eighteen patients with spinocerebellar ataxias and of thirteen normal sibs of four of the subjects are reported. The authors frequently observed low levels of potential and a tendency toward slackening in basic activity, which is in agreement with data presented in the literature; theta-delta inclusions in the temporal regions were found especially in cases of cerebellar ataxia. Examinations of the sib frequently showed low-potential curves. However, the use of electroencephalography for the purpose of identifying, in the case of hereditary ataxia, latently diseased sibs for heterozygous individuals does not seem possible.", "PMID": 601115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7329", "title": "[Aortic isthmus stenosis from a neurological viewpoint].", "content": "The etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical treatment of stenoses of the isthmus aortae are outlined. Following this, the particular case of a 41-year-old patient with typical stenosis of the isthmus of the aorta is reported. The course of disease required the need for a surgical operation, which had not initially been taken into consideration, to be reexamined. The patient, after performance on him of vascular restoration, is now on a part-time job. Using age as the sole circumstance indicating the inadvisability of performing a surgical operation in the case of stenosis of the isthmus aortae cannot any longer be considered justifiable.", "contents": "[Aortic isthmus stenosis from a neurological viewpoint]. The etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical treatment of stenoses of the isthmus aortae are outlined. Following this, the particular case of a 41-year-old patient with typical stenosis of the isthmus of the aorta is reported. The course of disease required the need for a surgical operation, which had not initially been taken into consideration, to be reexamined. The patient, after performance on him of vascular restoration, is now on a part-time job. Using age as the sole circumstance indicating the inadvisability of performing a surgical operation in the case of stenosis of the isthmus aortae cannot any longer be considered justifiable.", "PMID": 601116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7330", "title": "[Incidence and significance of anamnestically indicated neurotic disorders in young applicants for flight training].", "content": "The histories of 17 years old clinically normal subjects show that 10% of them had functional disturbances or abnormalities in behaviour which are not to be considered as indications of latent neurotic development. Significant differences in EEG, size distribution, and reaction of the circulatory system during psycho-emotional stress (low-pressure chamber testing) may indicate a disharmonious physical maturation with increased disposition to circulatory lability and psychological abnormalities. The good intellectual performances and the favourable prognosis with regard to flight training are reasons for not disqualifying this group of applicants.", "contents": "[Incidence and significance of anamnestically indicated neurotic disorders in young applicants for flight training]. The histories of 17 years old clinically normal subjects show that 10% of them had functional disturbances or abnormalities in behaviour which are not to be considered as indications of latent neurotic development. Significant differences in EEG, size distribution, and reaction of the circulatory system during psycho-emotional stress (low-pressure chamber testing) may indicate a disharmonious physical maturation with increased disposition to circulatory lability and psychological abnormalities. The good intellectual performances and the favourable prognosis with regard to flight training are reasons for not disqualifying this group of applicants.", "PMID": 601117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7331", "title": "[Chronic alcoholism and antisociality: examination of some socioeconomic conditions].", "content": "In this report the Authors are concerned with the important phenomenon of a number of alcohol addicts being present in most psychiatric hospitals. This phenomenon is viewed on the social and economic background which in characteristic of the Lecce psychiatric hospital (a background marked by notable migratory movements, massive industrialisation, chaotic urbanisation, etc.). A particular emphasis is given to the relationships, still debated in literature, between chronic alcoholism and antisocial behaviour on the basis of the examination of some social and economical data. Lasely, a different organisation of the psychiatric system of assistence and even of the general sanitary social service is proposed as necessary in consideration of the serious social implications connected with the problem.", "contents": "[Chronic alcoholism and antisociality: examination of some socioeconomic conditions]. In this report the Authors are concerned with the important phenomenon of a number of alcohol addicts being present in most psychiatric hospitals. This phenomenon is viewed on the social and economic background which in characteristic of the Lecce psychiatric hospital (a background marked by notable migratory movements, massive industrialisation, chaotic urbanisation, etc.). A particular emphasis is given to the relationships, still debated in literature, between chronic alcoholism and antisocial behaviour on the basis of the examination of some social and economical data. Lasely, a different organisation of the psychiatric system of assistence and even of the general sanitary social service is proposed as necessary in consideration of the serious social implications connected with the problem.", "PMID": 601184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7332", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography: an infusion regimen derived from plasma concentration measurements.", "content": "The excretion of the biliary contrast medium meglumine ioglycamate into the bile is limited by a hepatic transport maximum system. A minimum plasma concentration, approximately 800-1,000 microgram/ml is required to maintain maximum excretion of contrast medium. Serial measurements of the plasma levels of ioglycamate were made on 21 patients during routine intravenous cholangiography, using different infusion rates. An infusion regimen using 10 mg/kg/min for 15 min, then 60 mg/min is described, which rapidly elevates the plasma concentration to the optimum level and maintains it at, or slightly above this level.", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography: an infusion regimen derived from plasma concentration measurements. The excretion of the biliary contrast medium meglumine ioglycamate into the bile is limited by a hepatic transport maximum system. A minimum plasma concentration, approximately 800-1,000 microgram/ml is required to maintain maximum excretion of contrast medium. Serial measurements of the plasma levels of ioglycamate were made on 21 patients during routine intravenous cholangiography, using different infusion rates. An infusion regimen using 10 mg/kg/min for 15 min, then 60 mg/min is described, which rapidly elevates the plasma concentration to the optimum level and maintains it at, or slightly above this level.", "PMID": 601219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7333", "title": "An attempt to classify the collateral systems in total occlusions at different levels of the lumbar aorta and pelvic arteries: causes and consequences.", "content": "18 cases of total occlusion of the lumbar aorta of one common iliac artery are discussed. The collateral patterns, described in the literature, were classified into eight groups, according the localization of the occlusion. Also a new collateral plexus of paravertebral arteries was observed. A survey of the scattered information in the literature of the last five years, about the incidence and the causes and consequences of total lumbar aortic occlusion, is given.", "contents": "An attempt to classify the collateral systems in total occlusions at different levels of the lumbar aorta and pelvic arteries: causes and consequences. 18 cases of total occlusion of the lumbar aorta of one common iliac artery are discussed. The collateral patterns, described in the literature, were classified into eight groups, according the localization of the occlusion. Also a new collateral plexus of paravertebral arteries was observed. A survey of the scattered information in the literature of the last five years, about the incidence and the causes and consequences of total lumbar aortic occlusion, is given.", "PMID": 601220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7334", "title": "Venography in the diagnosis of tumors of the adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands and orbit.", "content": "Improved catheterization technique and new laboratory methods have increased the value of venography in the diagnosis of tumors, especially of hormone-producing tumors. A review of catheterization techniques for the diagnosis of tumors of the adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands and orbit is presented with examples of findings.", "contents": "Venography in the diagnosis of tumors of the adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands and orbit. Improved catheterization technique and new laboratory methods have increased the value of venography in the diagnosis of tumors, especially of hormone-producing tumors. A review of catheterization techniques for the diagnosis of tumors of the adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands and orbit is presented with examples of findings.", "PMID": 601221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7335", "title": "Differences between biological effects of high LET and low LET radiations in relation to their application in radiotherapy.", "content": "The application of fast neutrons, negative pions or heavy ions will only provide an advantage for the radiotherapy of cancer if, in comparison with conventional radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays and electrons, better depth-dose and collimation characteristics or specific radiobiological dose-response relationships result in greater local control probabilities for tumours without increased frequencies of severe normal tissue damage. Differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity and the presence of hypoxic cells are considered to be the main factors which can cause values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for responses of tumours to be larger than RBE values for normal tissue tolerance. Clinical studies on lung metastases irradiated with single doses of 15 MeV neutrons indicate that RBE values for tumour growth delay can vary between 1.2 and 4.0, while RBE values for damage to several normal tissues are estimated from data on a few animal tissues to be approximately 2.5.", "contents": "Differences between biological effects of high LET and low LET radiations in relation to their application in radiotherapy. The application of fast neutrons, negative pions or heavy ions will only provide an advantage for the radiotherapy of cancer if, in comparison with conventional radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays and electrons, better depth-dose and collimation characteristics or specific radiobiological dose-response relationships result in greater local control probabilities for tumours without increased frequencies of severe normal tissue damage. Differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity and the presence of hypoxic cells are considered to be the main factors which can cause values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for responses of tumours to be larger than RBE values for normal tissue tolerance. Clinical studies on lung metastases irradiated with single doses of 15 MeV neutrons indicate that RBE values for tumour growth delay can vary between 1.2 and 4.0, while RBE values for damage to several normal tissues are estimated from data on a few animal tissues to be approximately 2.5.", "PMID": 601222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7336", "title": "Afterloading interstitial implant in the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers.", "content": "(1) In all, 70 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx have been treated utilizing one or more of several interstitial iridium-192 afterloading techniques. (2) After an 18-month minimum follow-up period, local control is still maintained in 9 of 10 patients with T1 and T2 lesions (UICC), in 17 of 22 patients with T3 lesions, and in 21 of 38 patients reirradiated for recurrent disease. The complication rate of 29% in the reirradiated patients, though high, is considered acceptable in these essentially hopeless cases. (3) This preliminary report is made to stimulate interest in the role of interstitial iridium-192 afterloading techniques. We feel they deserve evaluation in a controlled study of other head and neck cancer management techniques (including external irradiation, surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapy).", "contents": "Afterloading interstitial implant in the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. (1) In all, 70 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx have been treated utilizing one or more of several interstitial iridium-192 afterloading techniques. (2) After an 18-month minimum follow-up period, local control is still maintained in 9 of 10 patients with T1 and T2 lesions (UICC), in 17 of 22 patients with T3 lesions, and in 21 of 38 patients reirradiated for recurrent disease. The complication rate of 29% in the reirradiated patients, though high, is considered acceptable in these essentially hopeless cases. (3) This preliminary report is made to stimulate interest in the role of interstitial iridium-192 afterloading techniques. We feel they deserve evaluation in a controlled study of other head and neck cancer management techniques (including external irradiation, surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapy).", "PMID": 601223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7337", "title": "Computed tomography of the pulmonary parenchyma and chest wall.", "content": "Computed tomography has evolved into a unique diagnostic modality that is slowly gaining acceptance for use in the chest. The overall impact of this relatively new technique will be tempered by the inexpensive and universally available conventional diagnostic studies. More refined and sophisticated CT devices will certainly become available in the future. The use of ultrashort scan time will further improve the images obtained in the chest by minimizing the effects of cardiovascular and respiratory motion. The ultimate acceptance of CT will no doubt be hastened by the search for otherwise undetectable pulmonary nodules and an appreciation of its usefulness in the evaluation of lesions of the chest wall.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the pulmonary parenchyma and chest wall. Computed tomography has evolved into a unique diagnostic modality that is slowly gaining acceptance for use in the chest. The overall impact of this relatively new technique will be tempered by the inexpensive and universally available conventional diagnostic studies. More refined and sophisticated CT devices will certainly become available in the future. The use of ultrashort scan time will further improve the images obtained in the chest by minimizing the effects of cardiovascular and respiratory motion. The ultimate acceptance of CT will no doubt be hastened by the search for otherwise undetectable pulmonary nodules and an appreciation of its usefulness in the evaluation of lesions of the chest wall.", "PMID": 601224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7338", "title": "Radiologic analysis of the mediastinum utilizing computed tomography.", "content": "An attempt has been made to demonstrate the capacity of computed tomography to display mediastinal anatomy. A further attempt has been made to develop a list of indications for the performance of this study in patients with known or suspected mediastinal disease. It should be recognized that the statements made are based on a relatively small patient sample. Undoubtedly, future experience will add to and delete from the indications presented here.", "contents": "Radiologic analysis of the mediastinum utilizing computed tomography. An attempt has been made to demonstrate the capacity of computed tomography to display mediastinal anatomy. A further attempt has been made to develop a list of indications for the performance of this study in patients with known or suspected mediastinal disease. It should be recognized that the statements made are based on a relatively small patient sample. Undoubtedly, future experience will add to and delete from the indications presented here.", "PMID": 601225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7339", "title": "Computed tomography of the retroperitoneal space.", "content": "Computed body tomography is an easily accomplished method that precisely displays the normal and pathologic anatomy of the retroperitoneal space. Suspected retroperitoneal disorders, which are often clinically confusing or obscure, can now be detected or excluded with remarkable accuracy. Few innovations in radiology have more effectively fulfilled such a conspicuous need.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the retroperitoneal space. Computed body tomography is an easily accomplished method that precisely displays the normal and pathologic anatomy of the retroperitoneal space. Suspected retroperitoneal disorders, which are often clinically confusing or obscure, can now be detected or excluded with remarkable accuracy. Few innovations in radiology have more effectively fulfilled such a conspicuous need.", "PMID": 601228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7340", "title": "[Therapeutic vascular occlusion with angiographic catheter technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic embolization can achieve occlusion of bleeding vessels, arteriovenous fistulas and tumor feeding arteries. Many different diseases can now be treated by angiographic catheter techniques which required surgical intervention in the past. Various embolic materials were applied to produce transient or permanent vascular occlusions. New materials for embolization will be developed. Indications for embolization treatment of tumors are not definitively established because of insufficient knowledge of tumor biology after embolization.", "contents": "[Therapeutic vascular occlusion with angiographic catheter technique (author's transl)]. Therapeutic embolization can achieve occlusion of bleeding vessels, arteriovenous fistulas and tumor feeding arteries. Many different diseases can now be treated by angiographic catheter techniques which required surgical intervention in the past. Various embolic materials were applied to produce transient or permanent vascular occlusions. New materials for embolization will be developed. Indications for embolization treatment of tumors are not definitively established because of insufficient knowledge of tumor biology after embolization.", "PMID": 601234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7341", "title": "[Fundamental experiments for therapeutic artery occlusion by angiography catheters (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular occlusions are obtained by different types of synthetic material and direct electric current in animal experiments. The results are compared with therapeutic embolic methods used in patients. Possibilities to avoid complications are discussed and indications specified for different clinical situations proposed.", "contents": "[Fundamental experiments for therapeutic artery occlusion by angiography catheters (author's transl)]. Vascular occlusions are obtained by different types of synthetic material and direct electric current in animal experiments. The results are compared with therapeutic embolic methods used in patients. Possibilities to avoid complications are discussed and indications specified for different clinical situations proposed.", "PMID": 601235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7342", "title": "[Indication for embolization (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications for transcatheter therapeutic embolization are presented in 24 patients who underwent this treatment within the past two years. The indication for this procedure regarding clinical success is discussed. Failure to control massive hemorrhage caused by tumor, trauma or a.v. shuntformation (congenital or acquired) are considered as main indications. It is emphasized that the surgical risk may possibly be reduced by preoperative embolization of well-vascularized lesions. Some of these lesions become operable by presurgical embolization.", "contents": "[Indication for embolization (author's transl)]. Indications for transcatheter therapeutic embolization are presented in 24 patients who underwent this treatment within the past two years. The indication for this procedure regarding clinical success is discussed. Failure to control massive hemorrhage caused by tumor, trauma or a.v. shuntformation (congenital or acquired) are considered as main indications. It is emphasized that the surgical risk may possibly be reduced by preoperative embolization of well-vascularized lesions. Some of these lesions become operable by presurgical embolization.", "PMID": 601236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7343", "title": "[Balloon occlusion of the renal artery in operative urology (author's transl)].", "content": "A double lumen Swan Ganz balloon catheter is introduced percutaneously into the renal artery. Temporary and repeated occlusion of the artery by inflation of the balloon are combined with hypothermic perfusion of the kidney. Thus extensive nephrolithotomies can be done without time limit as in warm ischemia. The operation field is blood-less and the parenchym is protected by perfusion. There is no need for pedicle dissection or external cooling. One complication is seen when the catheter is slipping out of the artery in cases of short renal arteries and the patient is in an extremely bent operation position for intercostal approach. Ballon occlusion without perfusion is helpful in tumor nephrectomy. Preoperative embolization is not necessary when this technique is used. Embolization means an additional procedure with further complications.", "contents": "[Balloon occlusion of the renal artery in operative urology (author's transl)]. A double lumen Swan Ganz balloon catheter is introduced percutaneously into the renal artery. Temporary and repeated occlusion of the artery by inflation of the balloon are combined with hypothermic perfusion of the kidney. Thus extensive nephrolithotomies can be done without time limit as in warm ischemia. The operation field is blood-less and the parenchym is protected by perfusion. There is no need for pedicle dissection or external cooling. One complication is seen when the catheter is slipping out of the artery in cases of short renal arteries and the patient is in an extremely bent operation position for intercostal approach. Ballon occlusion without perfusion is helpful in tumor nephrectomy. Preoperative embolization is not necessary when this technique is used. Embolization means an additional procedure with further complications.", "PMID": 601237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7344", "title": "[Transcatheter embolization of renal artery--alternative to preoperative renal tumour radiotherapy? (author's transl)].", "content": "Transcatheter coil embolization (according to the method of Gianturco) was performed in 18 patients. It resulted in prompt and permanent occlusion of the renal artery without considerable effort and with acceptable risk. The favourable benefit of this procedure is technical facilitation of tumornephrectomy, cutting down the time of surgery, reducing intraoperative hemorrhage and danger of venous displacement of tumor-cells. The same favourable results will not be achieved by preoperative short-time radiation. Preoperative long-term radiation delays the necessary tumor-nephrectomy. Arterial embolization is preferred because it offers the wanted benefits of sufficient radiotherapy avoiding its disadvantages.", "contents": "[Transcatheter embolization of renal artery--alternative to preoperative renal tumour radiotherapy? (author's transl)]. Transcatheter coil embolization (according to the method of Gianturco) was performed in 18 patients. It resulted in prompt and permanent occlusion of the renal artery without considerable effort and with acceptable risk. The favourable benefit of this procedure is technical facilitation of tumornephrectomy, cutting down the time of surgery, reducing intraoperative hemorrhage and danger of venous displacement of tumor-cells. The same favourable results will not be achieved by preoperative short-time radiation. Preoperative long-term radiation delays the necessary tumor-nephrectomy. Arterial embolization is preferred because it offers the wanted benefits of sufficient radiotherapy avoiding its disadvantages.", "PMID": 601238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7345", "title": "[Embolization in neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the literature and own experiences the indications for embolization in neurosurgical diseases are presented. This procedure is used for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, preoperatively in richly vascularized neoplasm and non operable tumors. Modern techniques (super-selective angiography, double-lumen balloon-catheter and catheters with detachable balloons) enable to occlude the territory of A. carotis ext., the cavernous portion of A. carotis int., the cervical portion of A. vertebralis, and the dorsal spinal radicular arteries. Complications are rare. There is a limited indication for embolization of the intracerebral area and the territory of A. spinalis and the ventral radiscaular arteries because of additional damage of the central nervous system. Various techniques and possible complications are discussed and own cases are presented.", "contents": "[Embolization in neurosurgery (author's transl)]. Based on the literature and own experiences the indications for embolization in neurosurgical diseases are presented. This procedure is used for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, preoperatively in richly vascularized neoplasm and non operable tumors. Modern techniques (super-selective angiography, double-lumen balloon-catheter and catheters with detachable balloons) enable to occlude the territory of A. carotis ext., the cavernous portion of A. carotis int., the cervical portion of A. vertebralis, and the dorsal spinal radicular arteries. Complications are rare. There is a limited indication for embolization of the intracerebral area and the territory of A. spinalis and the ventral radiscaular arteries because of additional damage of the central nervous system. Various techniques and possible complications are discussed and own cases are presented.", "PMID": 601239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7346", "title": "Formation by phospholipase A2 of prostaglandins and thromboxane A2-like activity in the platelets of normal and essential fatty acid deficient rats. Comparison with effect on human and rabbit platelets.", "content": "When rat platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2, thromboxane A2-like activity and prostaglandins are formed. The amounts are approximately similar, whether aggregation is induced after the incubation or not. No aggregation is observed when the platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2. In the platelets of essential fatty acid deficient rats, only small amounts of thromboxane A2-like acitivity and prostaglandins are formed. No formation of these substances occurs when human and rabbit platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2. The results indicate that formation of thromboxane A2-like activity enhances aggregation in rat platelets, but that aggregation is not induced.", "contents": "Formation by phospholipase A2 of prostaglandins and thromboxane A2-like activity in the platelets of normal and essential fatty acid deficient rats. Comparison with effect on human and rabbit platelets. When rat platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2, thromboxane A2-like activity and prostaglandins are formed. The amounts are approximately similar, whether aggregation is induced after the incubation or not. No aggregation is observed when the platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2. In the platelets of essential fatty acid deficient rats, only small amounts of thromboxane A2-like acitivity and prostaglandins are formed. No formation of these substances occurs when human and rabbit platelets are incubated with phospholipase A2. The results indicate that formation of thromboxane A2-like activity enhances aggregation in rat platelets, but that aggregation is not induced.", "PMID": 601247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7347", "title": "Tumor-mediated immunosuppression: prevention by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The addition of MC16 tumor cells (a prostaglandin E2-producing cell line induced in C57BL/6J mice by methylcholanthrene) to cultures of cells to sheep red blood cells. This inhibition can be blocked by adding to the cultures prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, such as indomethacin, flufenamic acid and aspirin. These MC16 tumor cells are also immunosuppressive in vivo. Mice bearing the syngeneic MC16 tumor become unresponsive to sheep red blood cells as the tumor grows. As in the in vitro test system, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases seem to block the immunosuppressive activity of MC16 cells in vivo since tumor-bearing mice, treated therapeutically with indomethacin, responded normally in their production of antibody to sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "Tumor-mediated immunosuppression: prevention by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. The addition of MC16 tumor cells (a prostaglandin E2-producing cell line induced in C57BL/6J mice by methylcholanthrene) to cultures of cells to sheep red blood cells. This inhibition can be blocked by adding to the cultures prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, such as indomethacin, flufenamic acid and aspirin. These MC16 tumor cells are also immunosuppressive in vivo. Mice bearing the syngeneic MC16 tumor become unresponsive to sheep red blood cells as the tumor grows. As in the in vitro test system, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases seem to block the immunosuppressive activity of MC16 cells in vivo since tumor-bearing mice, treated therapeutically with indomethacin, responded normally in their production of antibody to sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 601249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7348", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of thymoma: consideration on 52 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Review of 52 cases of thymoma (41 typical, 11 atypical) studied radiologically and controlled surgically and anatomo-pathologically. Differential diagnosis is discussed; the importance of pneumomediastinum and angiography is stressed and a number of cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of thymoma: consideration on 52 cases (author's transl)]. Review of 52 cases of thymoma (41 typical, 11 atypical) studied radiologically and controlled surgically and anatomo-pathologically. Differential diagnosis is discussed; the importance of pneumomediastinum and angiography is stressed and a number of cases are reported in detail.", "PMID": 601250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7349", "title": "[Calculation of physical parameters of 137 Cs sources for intracavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Estimate of effective activity and energy absorption values for sealed 137Cs sources for use in intracavitary radium therapy, values utilizable for computerized dosimetry; for this purpose the radio-equivalent value provided by the manufacturer would not appear to be utilizable.", "contents": "[Calculation of physical parameters of 137 Cs sources for intracavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Estimate of effective activity and energy absorption values for sealed 137Cs sources for use in intracavitary radium therapy, values utilizable for computerized dosimetry; for this purpose the radio-equivalent value provided by the manufacturer would not appear to be utilizable.", "PMID": 601252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7350", "title": "The strategy of treatment of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The treatment of Hodgkin's disease necessitates, in most cases, an association of radiotherapy for the macroscopic tumoral masses and chemotherapy for the cells generalized in the organism. Whenever a systematic chemotherapy is associated with radiotherapy, a precise staging topography with laparotomy is useless. The current therapeutic trials should seek methods to lighten these treatments by determining the best equilibrium between the two principal methods and by specifying the ventual place of immunotherapy. The present possibility of curing more than three-fourths of Hodgkin's patients incites us to look for means of reducing the treatment and its inconveniences for the curable forms, and search for more active or tolerable treatments for the uncurable forms.", "contents": "The strategy of treatment of Hodgkin's disease. The treatment of Hodgkin's disease necessitates, in most cases, an association of radiotherapy for the macroscopic tumoral masses and chemotherapy for the cells generalized in the organism. Whenever a systematic chemotherapy is associated with radiotherapy, a precise staging topography with laparotomy is useless. The current therapeutic trials should seek methods to lighten these treatments by determining the best equilibrium between the two principal methods and by specifying the ventual place of immunotherapy. The present possibility of curing more than three-fourths of Hodgkin's patients incites us to look for means of reducing the treatment and its inconveniences for the curable forms, and search for more active or tolerable treatments for the uncurable forms.", "PMID": 601324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7351", "title": "Interspersion of cyclophosphamide and BCG in the treatment of L1210 leukemia and Lewis Tumor.", "content": "The therapeutic value of interspersing cyclophosphamide (CPM) chemotherapy and BCG immunotherapy was investigated in two tumor models: L1210 leukemia and Lewis solid tumor (LLT). In the case of L1210 leukemia, the antileukemic effect of CPM was enhanced by subsequent BCG administration where a single cycle of combined treatment was applied; treatment by repeated doses of CPM interspersed with BCG was no more effective than CPM chemotherapy alone. In the case of LLT tumor, the effect of one cycle of combined CPM-BCG treatment was not different from CPM administered alone but treatment by repeated doses of CPM interspersed with BCG immunotherapy was less effective than CPM chemotherapy alone. These results indicate that, while the effect of BCG immunotherapy may be favorable or nil when BCG is applied after cell-reducing chemotherapy, it may be nil or unfavorable when applied repeatedly in interspersed chemoimmunotherapy treatments.", "contents": "Interspersion of cyclophosphamide and BCG in the treatment of L1210 leukemia and Lewis Tumor. The therapeutic value of interspersing cyclophosphamide (CPM) chemotherapy and BCG immunotherapy was investigated in two tumor models: L1210 leukemia and Lewis solid tumor (LLT). In the case of L1210 leukemia, the antileukemic effect of CPM was enhanced by subsequent BCG administration where a single cycle of combined treatment was applied; treatment by repeated doses of CPM interspersed with BCG was no more effective than CPM chemotherapy alone. In the case of LLT tumor, the effect of one cycle of combined CPM-BCG treatment was not different from CPM administered alone but treatment by repeated doses of CPM interspersed with BCG immunotherapy was less effective than CPM chemotherapy alone. These results indicate that, while the effect of BCG immunotherapy may be favorable or nil when BCG is applied after cell-reducing chemotherapy, it may be nil or unfavorable when applied repeatedly in interspersed chemoimmunotherapy treatments.", "PMID": 601338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7352", "title": "[Study of the relation between disorders of nocturnal respiratory rhythm and hypersomnia].", "content": "Sleep and respiration were recorded during two consecutive nights in 15 normal subjects, 18 patients suffering from narcolepsy and 9 with non-cataplectic hypersomnia. The normal subjects showed episodes of central apnea, the degree of which increased with age and periodic respiration. In both categories of hypersomniacs, the patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of disturbances in nocturnal respiratory rhythm:--group 1: identical to the normal subjects,--group 2: moderate qualitative or quantitative abnormalities,--group 3: presence of a large number of episodes of obstructive apnea. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that disturbances in nocturnal respiratory rhythm are not specific for any particular type of hypersomnia, nor were they the main cause of hypersomnia when present to a large extent, but that obstructive apnea could be an aggravating factor.", "contents": "[Study of the relation between disorders of nocturnal respiratory rhythm and hypersomnia]. Sleep and respiration were recorded during two consecutive nights in 15 normal subjects, 18 patients suffering from narcolepsy and 9 with non-cataplectic hypersomnia. The normal subjects showed episodes of central apnea, the degree of which increased with age and periodic respiration. In both categories of hypersomniacs, the patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of disturbances in nocturnal respiratory rhythm:--group 1: identical to the normal subjects,--group 2: moderate qualitative or quantitative abnormalities,--group 3: presence of a large number of episodes of obstructive apnea. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that disturbances in nocturnal respiratory rhythm are not specific for any particular type of hypersomnia, nor were they the main cause of hypersomnia when present to a large extent, but that obstructive apnea could be an aggravating factor.", "PMID": 601389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7353", "title": "[Tomodensitometric study of cerebral accidents causing acute hemiplegia in children].", "content": "Computerized Axial Tomography (C.A.T.) easily distinguishes between the two types of cerebral accident responsible for the two major categories of acute hemiplegia in childhood. 1) In hemiplegias which develop in association with hemiclonic status epilepticus (H. H. and H. H. E. syndromes), in the majority of cases there is an appearance of cortico-sub-cortical atrophy involving the whole hemisphere contralateral to the hemiplegia. This atrophy develops following oedema of the hemisphere which accompanies the initial status epilepticus and which is clearly shown by a very early T.A.C. 2) In congenital or acquired hemiplegias not associated with status epilepticus there is, in most cases, an appearance of cerebral infarction or, very rarely, haemorrhage. It is thus possible, from a physiopathogenic standpoint, to draw a clear distinction between these two major forms of acute infantile hemiplegia. The first (H. H. and H. H. E. syndromes) usually result from hemispheric atrophy which develops in association with a unilateral or predominantly lateral episode of status epilepticus, whilst the second group are usually the result of cerebral infarction.", "contents": "[Tomodensitometric study of cerebral accidents causing acute hemiplegia in children]. Computerized Axial Tomography (C.A.T.) easily distinguishes between the two types of cerebral accident responsible for the two major categories of acute hemiplegia in childhood. 1) In hemiplegias which develop in association with hemiclonic status epilepticus (H. H. and H. H. E. syndromes), in the majority of cases there is an appearance of cortico-sub-cortical atrophy involving the whole hemisphere contralateral to the hemiplegia. This atrophy develops following oedema of the hemisphere which accompanies the initial status epilepticus and which is clearly shown by a very early T.A.C. 2) In congenital or acquired hemiplegias not associated with status epilepticus there is, in most cases, an appearance of cerebral infarction or, very rarely, haemorrhage. It is thus possible, from a physiopathogenic standpoint, to draw a clear distinction between these two major forms of acute infantile hemiplegia. The first (H. H. and H. H. E. syndromes) usually result from hemispheric atrophy which develops in association with a unilateral or predominantly lateral episode of status epilepticus, whilst the second group are usually the result of cerebral infarction.", "PMID": 601390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7354", "title": "[Results of determination of plasma methoxydopa in parkinsonian patients with or without dyskinesia induced by L-Dopa].", "content": "Horary plasmatic dosages of Dopa and metabolites in 30 treated parkinsonian patients have shown that, within the group of patients treated with L-Dopa combined with an extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, highly significant by increased plasmatic O-methyl-dopa levels can be found in patients with dyskinesias compared with those without dyskinesias. On the contrary, in these two subgroups of patients, plasmatic Dopa levels are not significantly different. By comparing some favoured Dopa and O-methyl-dopa levels between these two subgroups of patients, it seems more likely, that the elevated plasmatic O-methyl-dopa levels are due to an progressive accumulation on of its compound than to an excessive formation from Dopa.", "contents": "[Results of determination of plasma methoxydopa in parkinsonian patients with or without dyskinesia induced by L-Dopa]. Horary plasmatic dosages of Dopa and metabolites in 30 treated parkinsonian patients have shown that, within the group of patients treated with L-Dopa combined with an extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, highly significant by increased plasmatic O-methyl-dopa levels can be found in patients with dyskinesias compared with those without dyskinesias. On the contrary, in these two subgroups of patients, plasmatic Dopa levels are not significantly different. By comparing some favoured Dopa and O-methyl-dopa levels between these two subgroups of patients, it seems more likely, that the elevated plasmatic O-methyl-dopa levels are due to an progressive accumulation on of its compound than to an excessive formation from Dopa.", "PMID": 601391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7355", "title": "[Clinical and ultrastructural study of a case of human rabies].", "content": "A patient of Morracan origin, aged 26 years, who died as a result of rabies after a 15 day illness in August 1976 in Bordeaux. No evidence of contamination was found by history from the patient and his family and friends nor by examination. A cerebral biopsy carried out a few hours before death confirmed the diagnosis by immunofluorescence, whilst examination under the optical microscope demonstrated Negri bodies and ultrastructural studies revealed rabies virus. These findings are discussed and compared with a few other cases reported in the literature with electron microscope studies.", "contents": "[Clinical and ultrastructural study of a case of human rabies]. A patient of Morracan origin, aged 26 years, who died as a result of rabies after a 15 day illness in August 1976 in Bordeaux. No evidence of contamination was found by history from the patient and his family and friends nor by examination. A cerebral biopsy carried out a few hours before death confirmed the diagnosis by immunofluorescence, whilst examination under the optical microscope demonstrated Negri bodies and ultrastructural studies revealed rabies virus. These findings are discussed and compared with a few other cases reported in the literature with electron microscope studies.", "PMID": 601392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7356", "title": "[Quantitative and thermodynamic study of B antigen in a family including individuals with phenotypes B 3 and AB 3].", "content": "Four B3 and one A1B3 erythrocyte samples belonging to the same family were studied using several series of quantitative measurements: percentage of agglutination, agglutination kinetics and thermodynamic methods. For this last assay the erythrocytes were used fresh and after treatment by formalin. From the obtained results evidence was given that while B antigen density was lower in A1B3 than in B3O cells, the reactive structure is qualitatively the same in these two kinds of cells. The enthalpy change of the reaction of this B3 antigen with a non stimulated anti-B from A1O individual was -- 5,000 cal/mole, i.e. weaker than when normal B cells were concerned (-- 16,000 cal/mole).", "contents": "[Quantitative and thermodynamic study of B antigen in a family including individuals with phenotypes B 3 and AB 3]. Four B3 and one A1B3 erythrocyte samples belonging to the same family were studied using several series of quantitative measurements: percentage of agglutination, agglutination kinetics and thermodynamic methods. For this last assay the erythrocytes were used fresh and after treatment by formalin. From the obtained results evidence was given that while B antigen density was lower in A1B3 than in B3O cells, the reactive structure is qualitatively the same in these two kinds of cells. The enthalpy change of the reaction of this B3 antigen with a non stimulated anti-B from A1O individual was -- 5,000 cal/mole, i.e. weaker than when normal B cells were concerned (-- 16,000 cal/mole).", "PMID": 601399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7357", "title": "[Frequency of genes corresponding to adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and esterase D polymorphism in the Parisian population].", "content": "The frequencies of the genes expressing the variation of erythrocytic enzymes ADA, 6PGD and esterase D have been estimated in Paris population. These results are as follows: (formula see text). These are compared to those of other european populations. Although ADA shows the lowest frequency in the french population, the distribution is not significantly different from the whole european distribution. No difference is noticeable for 6PGD and esterase D.", "contents": "[Frequency of genes corresponding to adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and esterase D polymorphism in the Parisian population]. The frequencies of the genes expressing the variation of erythrocytic enzymes ADA, 6PGD and esterase D have been estimated in Paris population. These results are as follows: (formula see text). These are compared to those of other european populations. Although ADA shows the lowest frequency in the french population, the distribution is not significantly different from the whole european distribution. No difference is noticeable for 6PGD and esterase D.", "PMID": 601400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7358", "title": "[In vitro and in vivo study of a hemoglobin solution used as a blood substitute].", "content": "In vitro studies of a stroma free haemoglobin solution of human origin (Wx B 8326, Warner-Lambert) in comparison with fresh and stored low DPG whole human blood, was undertaken with regard to the fixation. of oxygen. Such an hemoglobin solution was shown to exhibit a high affinity for oxygen and a low Bohr effect (assessed from the delta log Po2/delta pH ratio). The specific effect of Co2 (assessed from the delta log Po2/delta log. Pco2 ratio) appeared to be increased as compared to fresh whole blood. This hemoglobin solution was tested as a blood substitute in two in vivo experimental situations: exsanguino transfusion on rabbits (n = 6) and closed-chest extracorporeal circulation on dogs (n = 6). In order to evaluate the part taken by the tested Hb solution in arterial O2 carrying capacity and in O2 delivery, two ratios were calculated: arterial plasmatic O2 content/arterial circulating blood O2 content and arterio-venous plasmatic O2 difference/arterio-venous circulating blood O2 difference. These two ratios amounted 28,2 +/- 2,5% (rabbits) and 47,0 +/- 6% (dogs) for the arterial O2 carrying capacity and 13,8 +/- 3,0% (rabbits) and 25,8 +/- 5,0% (dogs) for the tissular O2 delivery. Among the properties of the tested stroma free hemoglobin solution its low contribution to the tissular O2 delivery, its high affinity for oxygen, its low Bohr effect and its short half-life as compared to whole blood are not favouring its use in clinical practice.", "contents": "[In vitro and in vivo study of a hemoglobin solution used as a blood substitute]. In vitro studies of a stroma free haemoglobin solution of human origin (Wx B 8326, Warner-Lambert) in comparison with fresh and stored low DPG whole human blood, was undertaken with regard to the fixation. of oxygen. Such an hemoglobin solution was shown to exhibit a high affinity for oxygen and a low Bohr effect (assessed from the delta log Po2/delta pH ratio). The specific effect of Co2 (assessed from the delta log Po2/delta log. Pco2 ratio) appeared to be increased as compared to fresh whole blood. This hemoglobin solution was tested as a blood substitute in two in vivo experimental situations: exsanguino transfusion on rabbits (n = 6) and closed-chest extracorporeal circulation on dogs (n = 6). In order to evaluate the part taken by the tested Hb solution in arterial O2 carrying capacity and in O2 delivery, two ratios were calculated: arterial plasmatic O2 content/arterial circulating blood O2 content and arterio-venous plasmatic O2 difference/arterio-venous circulating blood O2 difference. These two ratios amounted 28,2 +/- 2,5% (rabbits) and 47,0 +/- 6% (dogs) for the arterial O2 carrying capacity and 13,8 +/- 3,0% (rabbits) and 25,8 +/- 5,0% (dogs) for the tissular O2 delivery. Among the properties of the tested stroma free hemoglobin solution its low contribution to the tissular O2 delivery, its high affinity for oxygen, its low Bohr effect and its short half-life as compared to whole blood are not favouring its use in clinical practice.", "PMID": 601401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7359", "title": "The relationship between host factors of allergic nature and respiratory symptoms.", "content": "Respiratory symptoms and personal history of allergy were examined in 1659 children, including the entire elementary school population of four villages of the Belgian Ardennes. Levels of atmospheric pollution were monitored during the survey and proved to be very low. It is suggested that socio-economic factors produce a small increase in respiratory symptoms, particularly in cough symptoms. A personal history of eczema and of hay fever was highly associated with dyspnea and wheezing.", "contents": "The relationship between host factors of allergic nature and respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms and personal history of allergy were examined in 1659 children, including the entire elementary school population of four villages of the Belgian Ardennes. Levels of atmospheric pollution were monitored during the survey and proved to be very low. It is suggested that socio-economic factors produce a small increase in respiratory symptoms, particularly in cough symptoms. A personal history of eczema and of hay fever was highly associated with dyspnea and wheezing.", "PMID": 601423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7360", "title": "[Prevention of methane emission by pre-tele-injection of water into the layer].", "content": "This paper describes trials of pre-tele-infusion carried out at Zolder mine, of the Kempense Steenkolenmijnen, as part of a research project on the control of methane emission. An increase in output of more than 25% (accompanied by a reduction in dust concentration) with no significant increase in total methane emission is reported. Furthermore, a reduction in total emission of between 13 and 22% was observed when an infused panel was worked above a coal seam which had also been infused.", "contents": "[Prevention of methane emission by pre-tele-injection of water into the layer]. This paper describes trials of pre-tele-infusion carried out at Zolder mine, of the Kempense Steenkolenmijnen, as part of a research project on the control of methane emission. An increase in output of more than 25% (accompanied by a reduction in dust concentration) with no significant increase in total methane emission is reported. Furthermore, a reduction in total emission of between 13 and 22% was observed when an infused panel was worked above a coal seam which had also been infused.", "PMID": 601424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7361", "title": "A clinical and prospective chromosomal study of yttrium-90 synovectomy.", "content": "Yttrium-90 synovectomy resulted in complete resolution of chronic knee synovitis in 40% of a group of 15 patients. These patients would have otherwise required surgical synovectomy. The number of chromosomal aberrations detected in 30 patients after yttrium-90 synovectomy showed a statistically significant increase over the pre-treatment analysis, and, following treatment, chromosomal damage was noted in nine patients who had no damage before treatment. The risk arising from this chromosomal damage is uncertain but, while the long-term implications of the chromosomal aberrations are investigated in those who have already been treated, this therapy should be reserved for the older patient.", "contents": "A clinical and prospective chromosomal study of yttrium-90 synovectomy. Yttrium-90 synovectomy resulted in complete resolution of chronic knee synovitis in 40% of a group of 15 patients. These patients would have otherwise required surgical synovectomy. The number of chromosomal aberrations detected in 30 patients after yttrium-90 synovectomy showed a statistically significant increase over the pre-treatment analysis, and, following treatment, chromosomal damage was noted in nine patients who had no damage before treatment. The risk arising from this chromosomal damage is uncertain but, while the long-term implications of the chromosomal aberrations are investigated in those who have already been treated, this therapy should be reserved for the older patient.", "PMID": 601431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7362", "title": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: wound healing, skin thickness and osteoporosis.", "content": "D-Penicillamine alters the normal metabolism of collagen by inhibiting cross-linking and protein synthesis. This could affect wound healing, accelerate skin thinning and possibly exaggerate the osteoporosis of rheumatoid disease. The mean time to wound healing after 42 orthopaedic surgical operations in 21 patients treated with penicillamine was 19.8 (+/- 13.1) days. Compared with an earlier study, these results suggest that the drug has a comparable effect on would healing to corticosteroids given for three years. Skinfold thickness over the fourth metacarpal of the dominant hand was measured in 28 cases before and during penicillamine treatment. There was a significant decrease both in the first and second four-month periods of treatment (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.01). Corticosteroids in constant dose did not have an additive effect. In view of the wound healing findings the significance of these results must await further sequential measurements. The normal progression of osteoporosis over three years was documented in 70 patients who had not received penicillamine. Penicillamine reversed this trend in 35 patients after one year of treatment (P less than 0.005). The results confirm that the osteoporosis is related to disease severity rather than drug therapy.", "contents": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: wound healing, skin thickness and osteoporosis. D-Penicillamine alters the normal metabolism of collagen by inhibiting cross-linking and protein synthesis. This could affect wound healing, accelerate skin thinning and possibly exaggerate the osteoporosis of rheumatoid disease. The mean time to wound healing after 42 orthopaedic surgical operations in 21 patients treated with penicillamine was 19.8 (+/- 13.1) days. Compared with an earlier study, these results suggest that the drug has a comparable effect on would healing to corticosteroids given for three years. Skinfold thickness over the fourth metacarpal of the dominant hand was measured in 28 cases before and during penicillamine treatment. There was a significant decrease both in the first and second four-month periods of treatment (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.01). Corticosteroids in constant dose did not have an additive effect. In view of the wound healing findings the significance of these results must await further sequential measurements. The normal progression of osteoporosis over three years was documented in 70 patients who had not received penicillamine. Penicillamine reversed this trend in 35 patients after one year of treatment (P less than 0.005). The results confirm that the osteoporosis is related to disease severity rather than drug therapy.", "PMID": 601432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7363", "title": "Low back injury in sport.", "content": "Low back injuries are shown to present a serious hazard to sportsmen and women, and may lead to long-term disability in relation to their sport. Training methods, particularly weight training, led to many of the injuries and it is recommended that personnel involved in training become more aware of these dangers. Spondylolysis was found in 18% of cases and it is suggested that the full investigation of low back pain in a sportsman is incomplete until this lesion has been excluded.", "contents": "Low back injury in sport. Low back injuries are shown to present a serious hazard to sportsmen and women, and may lead to long-term disability in relation to their sport. Training methods, particularly weight training, led to many of the injuries and it is recommended that personnel involved in training become more aware of these dangers. Spondylolysis was found in 18% of cases and it is suggested that the full investigation of low back pain in a sportsman is incomplete until this lesion has been excluded.", "PMID": 601433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7364", "title": "Preliminary experience with the geomedic total knee replacement.", "content": "This paper reports preliminary experience with the Geomedic total knee replacement prosthesis. Forty-five prostheses were inserted into the severely damaged knees of 38 patients. Forty-one knees (35 rheumatoid, 6 osteoarthrotic) in 34 patients were available for review by an independent observer, a mean of 18 months (range 4--38 months) post-operatively. The assessment concentrated upon changes in function, pain relief and patient satisfaction, but objective parameters of range of movement and stability were also recorded. There were 23 excellent results, 15 good, 1 fair, and 2 poor. Thus, 93% of operations resulted in definite improvement. Complications occurred following 16 operations, but were mostly minor. One prosthesis dislocated, and there was one case of late infection which was treated successfully.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with the geomedic total knee replacement. This paper reports preliminary experience with the Geomedic total knee replacement prosthesis. Forty-five prostheses were inserted into the severely damaged knees of 38 patients. Forty-one knees (35 rheumatoid, 6 osteoarthrotic) in 34 patients were available for review by an independent observer, a mean of 18 months (range 4--38 months) post-operatively. The assessment concentrated upon changes in function, pain relief and patient satisfaction, but objective parameters of range of movement and stability were also recorded. There were 23 excellent results, 15 good, 1 fair, and 2 poor. Thus, 93% of operations resulted in definite improvement. Complications occurred following 16 operations, but were mostly minor. One prosthesis dislocated, and there was one case of late infection which was treated successfully.", "PMID": 601434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7365", "title": "A double-glind comparative trial of naproxen and indomethacin in sports injuries.", "content": "Fifty patients suffering from sports injuries were included in a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy and side-effects of naproxen and indomethacin. The patients' daily record cards showed that the number of patients whose paine cleared in less than seven days was statistically significantly greater in the naproxen grout (P = 0.03). Overall change at the seven-day follow-up visit, changes in the degree of pain, swelling and limitation of movement, as well as the number of patients ready for full activity at seven days were also greater in the naproxen group. However, the differences between the two groups of treatment did not reach statistical significance. The number of side-effects was equal in both treatment groups. One patient on indomethacin had to be withdrawn from the trial after two days' treatment, because of severe gastric pains.", "contents": "A double-glind comparative trial of naproxen and indomethacin in sports injuries. Fifty patients suffering from sports injuries were included in a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy and side-effects of naproxen and indomethacin. The patients' daily record cards showed that the number of patients whose paine cleared in less than seven days was statistically significantly greater in the naproxen grout (P = 0.03). Overall change at the seven-day follow-up visit, changes in the degree of pain, swelling and limitation of movement, as well as the number of patients ready for full activity at seven days were also greater in the naproxen group. However, the differences between the two groups of treatment did not reach statistical significance. The number of side-effects was equal in both treatment groups. One patient on indomethacin had to be withdrawn from the trial after two days' treatment, because of severe gastric pains.", "PMID": 601437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7366", "title": "Functional aspects in septal plasty.", "content": "Some remarks are made about the statical and dynamical function of the septum. Septum corrections should be carried out according to the complaints and to the clinical findings in the nose. Septum surgery can never be a routine procedure like the classical submucous resection. The pathological symptoms are outlined related to deformities in different septal areas.", "contents": "Functional aspects in septal plasty. Some remarks are made about the statical and dynamical function of the septum. Septum corrections should be carried out according to the complaints and to the clinical findings in the nose. Septum surgery can never be a routine procedure like the classical submucous resection. The pathological symptoms are outlined related to deformities in different septal areas.", "PMID": 601438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7367", "title": "Septal plasty in children: influence on nasal growth.", "content": "The results of a septoplasty because of a nasal obstruction were studied in 261 children, their ages ranging from 4 to 14. No arrest of nasal growth after the septoplasty and osteotomies was recorded. Histological examination revealed a cartilaginous regeneration at the borders of the resected septal cartilage in 15 cases in which a second rhinoplasty was necessary because of a new nasal obstruction. Often the cartilaginous growth was undirected and excessive leading to a new septal deviation. In 80 per cent of our cases good functional long-term results were obtained by one rhinoplasty only which was performed according to the techniques of Cottle and Masing.", "contents": "Septal plasty in children: influence on nasal growth. The results of a septoplasty because of a nasal obstruction were studied in 261 children, their ages ranging from 4 to 14. No arrest of nasal growth after the septoplasty and osteotomies was recorded. Histological examination revealed a cartilaginous regeneration at the borders of the resected septal cartilage in 15 cases in which a second rhinoplasty was necessary because of a new nasal obstruction. Often the cartilaginous growth was undirected and excessive leading to a new septal deviation. In 80 per cent of our cases good functional long-term results were obtained by one rhinoplasty only which was performed according to the techniques of Cottle and Masing.", "PMID": 601440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7368", "title": "[Etiopathogenesis of arthrosis; nosological consequences].", "content": "A nosological classification of arthrosis is proposed, consisting of two groups depending on whether the cartilage is intact (mechanical chondrosis) or altered (structural chondrosis). For both categories the principal aetiologies are mentioned. This aetiological differentiation has the aim of counteracting the facile diagnosis of primary arthrosis and is based on more elaborate diagnostic methods concerning the condition of the bone and cartilage.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenesis of arthrosis; nosological consequences]. A nosological classification of arthrosis is proposed, consisting of two groups depending on whether the cartilage is intact (mechanical chondrosis) or altered (structural chondrosis). For both categories the principal aetiologies are mentioned. This aetiological differentiation has the aim of counteracting the facile diagnosis of primary arthrosis and is based on more elaborate diagnostic methods concerning the condition of the bone and cartilage.", "PMID": 601481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7369", "title": "[The effect of osmic acid on synovial and serum beta-glucuronidase activity].", "content": "The authors report that osmic acid, in vitro, increases the activity of beta-glucuronidase in serum and synovial, ascitic and pleural fluids, whereas five other metals of similar molecular weight (platinum, gold, mercury, thallium and lead) are either inactive or inhibitory. By contrast the osmium diminishes the activity of LDH and acid phosphatases in serum and synovial fluid. This effect on beta-glucuronidase is thought to be due to inhibition of a natural inhibitor present in biological fluids, a protein found by several authors.", "contents": "[The effect of osmic acid on synovial and serum beta-glucuronidase activity]. The authors report that osmic acid, in vitro, increases the activity of beta-glucuronidase in serum and synovial, ascitic and pleural fluids, whereas five other metals of similar molecular weight (platinum, gold, mercury, thallium and lead) are either inactive or inhibitory. By contrast the osmium diminishes the activity of LDH and acid phosphatases in serum and synovial fluid. This effect on beta-glucuronidase is thought to be due to inhibition of a natural inhibitor present in biological fluids, a protein found by several authors.", "PMID": 601482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7370", "title": "[Sciatica caused by massive herniated disk].", "content": "On the basis of the surgical findings in 10 cases a description is given of a massive form of disc hernia corresponding to posterolateral displacement of the entire disc with the fibrous ring and cartilaginous surfaces. Such hernias were found in 7 cases of severe lumbar sciatica, including 3 with the cauda equina hemisyndrome and in 3 cases of simple lumbar sciatica operated on for their severe and refractory nature. It is useful to know this variety of hernia so that its uncommon aspect is not surprising on surgery. The term of massive hernia is proposed exclusively for these forms.", "contents": "[Sciatica caused by massive herniated disk]. On the basis of the surgical findings in 10 cases a description is given of a massive form of disc hernia corresponding to posterolateral displacement of the entire disc with the fibrous ring and cartilaginous surfaces. Such hernias were found in 7 cases of severe lumbar sciatica, including 3 with the cauda equina hemisyndrome and in 3 cases of simple lumbar sciatica operated on for their severe and refractory nature. It is useful to know this variety of hernia so that its uncommon aspect is not surprising on surgery. The term of massive hernia is proposed exclusively for these forms.", "PMID": 601483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7371", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in urine using extraction and separation of Sephadex columns.", "content": "Radioimmunological methods for the determination of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in urine have been developed. The methods are based on trapping of T4 and T3 from unextracted urine, followed by separation between free and antibody bound hormone on the same Sephadex column. The T4 method has been compared to a competitive protein binding (CPB) assay using ethyl acetate extraction. The methods are evaluated in sixty-seven euthyroid controls, twenty-four hyperthyroid and seven hypothyroid patients. In the T4 RIA detection limit was 3.9 pg, intra-assay coefficient of variation (cv) was 5.2% and inter-assay cv was 6.9%. In the T3 RIA detection limit was 7.2 ng, intra-assay cv 3.9% and inter-assay cv 10.8%. Recovery of added amounts of hormones and serial dilutions gave satisfactory results. The CPB assay was found unreliable with unspecific and false high values. In euthyroid controls 24 h urinary T4 excretion as measured by RIA was 1.8 +/- 0.5 nmol, and urinary T3 excretion was 0.7 +/- 0.3 nmol. T4 and T3 excretion was greatly elevated in hyperthyroid patients and decreased in hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in urine using extraction and separation of Sephadex columns. Radioimmunological methods for the determination of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in urine have been developed. The methods are based on trapping of T4 and T3 from unextracted urine, followed by separation between free and antibody bound hormone on the same Sephadex column. The T4 method has been compared to a competitive protein binding (CPB) assay using ethyl acetate extraction. The methods are evaluated in sixty-seven euthyroid controls, twenty-four hyperthyroid and seven hypothyroid patients. In the T4 RIA detection limit was 3.9 pg, intra-assay coefficient of variation (cv) was 5.2% and inter-assay cv was 6.9%. In the T3 RIA detection limit was 7.2 ng, intra-assay cv 3.9% and inter-assay cv 10.8%. Recovery of added amounts of hormones and serial dilutions gave satisfactory results. The CPB assay was found unreliable with unspecific and false high values. In euthyroid controls 24 h urinary T4 excretion as measured by RIA was 1.8 +/- 0.5 nmol, and urinary T3 excretion was 0.7 +/- 0.3 nmol. T4 and T3 excretion was greatly elevated in hyperthyroid patients and decreased in hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 601507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7372", "title": "Extracellular fluid volume determined by a single injection of inulin in men with untreated essential hypertension.", "content": "The extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV) were determined simultaneously in nine men with untreated essential hypertension and in nine healthy matched control subjects, using a single injection of inulin and of 131I-labelled human serum albumin, respectively. The average mean arterial blood pressure in the hypertensive group was 178/118 mmHg. ECV was nearly the same in the two groups, viz. 151 ml/kg body weight (SD 17) in the hypertensive group compared to 147 ml/kg (SD 16) in the control group. The corresponding figures for PV were 38.2 ml/kg body weight (SD 4.7) and 43.7 ml/kg (SD 7.9) respectively (P less than 0.1). The calculated interstitial fluid volume (IV) was 113 ml/kg (SD 16) and 103 ml/kg (SD 10) (P less than 0.2). The PV/IV ratio was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) in the hypertensive group (0.34, SD 0.06) than in the normal group (0.42, SD 0.06). The difference might suggest increased transcapillary water filtration in hypertension.", "contents": "Extracellular fluid volume determined by a single injection of inulin in men with untreated essential hypertension. The extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV) were determined simultaneously in nine men with untreated essential hypertension and in nine healthy matched control subjects, using a single injection of inulin and of 131I-labelled human serum albumin, respectively. The average mean arterial blood pressure in the hypertensive group was 178/118 mmHg. ECV was nearly the same in the two groups, viz. 151 ml/kg body weight (SD 17) in the hypertensive group compared to 147 ml/kg (SD 16) in the control group. The corresponding figures for PV were 38.2 ml/kg body weight (SD 4.7) and 43.7 ml/kg (SD 7.9) respectively (P less than 0.1). The calculated interstitial fluid volume (IV) was 113 ml/kg (SD 16) and 103 ml/kg (SD 10) (P less than 0.2). The PV/IV ratio was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) in the hypertensive group (0.34, SD 0.06) than in the normal group (0.42, SD 0.06). The difference might suggest increased transcapillary water filtration in hypertension.", "PMID": 601511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7373", "title": "Distribution of coronary blood flow during acute coronary occlusion in dogs. Effect of nicotinic acid and sodium salicylate.", "content": "The effects of the antilipolytic agents nicotinic acid (NA) and sodium salicylate (SS) on the distribution of coronary blood flow during acute myocardial ischaemia were studied in open chest dogs. Fifteen min following experimental coronary artery occlusion, blood flow in the ischaemic myocardium was on average 28% of flow in the non-ischaemic myocardium. The reduction in blood flow in the ischaemic mycardium was more pronounced in the endocardial than in epicardial halves of the myocardium. No significant change in blood flow was observed after administration of NA or SS in either the ischemic or nonischemic part of the myocardium. Both drugs reduced the extent of myocardial ischaemic injury as shown by reduced epicardial ST-segment elevations. Arterial concentrations of fatty acids were lowered by NA or SS, whereas the mechanical activity of the heart remained unchanged. It is concluded that the reduction of acute myocardial ischaemic injury effected by NA or SS is not due to changes in myocardial blood flow, but more likely to lower myocardial oxygen demand related to reduced fatty acid utilization.", "contents": "Distribution of coronary blood flow during acute coronary occlusion in dogs. Effect of nicotinic acid and sodium salicylate. The effects of the antilipolytic agents nicotinic acid (NA) and sodium salicylate (SS) on the distribution of coronary blood flow during acute myocardial ischaemia were studied in open chest dogs. Fifteen min following experimental coronary artery occlusion, blood flow in the ischaemic myocardium was on average 28% of flow in the non-ischaemic myocardium. The reduction in blood flow in the ischaemic mycardium was more pronounced in the endocardial than in epicardial halves of the myocardium. No significant change in blood flow was observed after administration of NA or SS in either the ischemic or nonischemic part of the myocardium. Both drugs reduced the extent of myocardial ischaemic injury as shown by reduced epicardial ST-segment elevations. Arterial concentrations of fatty acids were lowered by NA or SS, whereas the mechanical activity of the heart remained unchanged. It is concluded that the reduction of acute myocardial ischaemic injury effected by NA or SS is not due to changes in myocardial blood flow, but more likely to lower myocardial oxygen demand related to reduced fatty acid utilization.", "PMID": 601512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7374", "title": "Comparison of the effect of glucose and fructose on the recovery of the heart preparation.", "content": "Reactions of the cardiac muscle of the rat in vitro were investigated in the present study. Cardiac muscle was perfused by Langendorf's method; perfusion pressure was 80 cm H2O and the temperature of the perfusion solution 37 degrees C. The perfusion solution was aerated with a gas mixture of oxygen (95%) and carbon dioxide (5%). Potassium citrate solution was used for heart arrest, and heart function was recovered by infusion of Locke's solution, plus glucose, fructose or sucrose. During recovery the amplitude and frequenty of heart beats, the lactic acid in the drained perfusion solution, pH and potassium concentration were measured. The use of glucose, fructose or sucrose made no significant difference to any of these parameters. Next, the metabolism of glucose and fructose in the heart was investigated by means of D(U-14C)-glucose nad D(U-14C)-fructose. Radioactive lactic acid was detected in the drained perfusion solution with D(U-14C)-glucose, but not when D(U-14C)-fructose was used. The radioactivity incorporated into glycogen by the heart was also larger with D(U-14C)-glucose than with D(U-14C)-fructose. On a metabolic basis the use of glucose for resuscitation would seem to be more appropriate than fructose.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of glucose and fructose on the recovery of the heart preparation. Reactions of the cardiac muscle of the rat in vitro were investigated in the present study. Cardiac muscle was perfused by Langendorf's method; perfusion pressure was 80 cm H2O and the temperature of the perfusion solution 37 degrees C. The perfusion solution was aerated with a gas mixture of oxygen (95%) and carbon dioxide (5%). Potassium citrate solution was used for heart arrest, and heart function was recovered by infusion of Locke's solution, plus glucose, fructose or sucrose. During recovery the amplitude and frequenty of heart beats, the lactic acid in the drained perfusion solution, pH and potassium concentration were measured. The use of glucose, fructose or sucrose made no significant difference to any of these parameters. Next, the metabolism of glucose and fructose in the heart was investigated by means of D(U-14C)-glucose nad D(U-14C)-fructose. Radioactive lactic acid was detected in the drained perfusion solution with D(U-14C)-glucose, but not when D(U-14C)-fructose was used. The radioactivity incorporated into glycogen by the heart was also larger with D(U-14C)-glucose than with D(U-14C)-fructose. On a metabolic basis the use of glucose for resuscitation would seem to be more appropriate than fructose.", "PMID": 601513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7375", "title": "Increase in renal blood flow in acute renal failure following intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine.", "content": "The renal blood flow and intrarenal blood flow distribution were measured with the 133Xe technique before and after infusion of 1 mg/min acetylcholine into the renal artery for 10 min in four patients with acute interstitial nephritis and six patients with acute renal failure from other disorders. All patients with acute interstitial nephritis and three of the patients with other types of renal failure showed a marked increase in cortical renal blood flow, following the infusion. Thus vasoconstriction is present in acute renal failure, and may be a factor in the pathogenesis of severely inpaired renal function.", "contents": "Increase in renal blood flow in acute renal failure following intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine. The renal blood flow and intrarenal blood flow distribution were measured with the 133Xe technique before and after infusion of 1 mg/min acetylcholine into the renal artery for 10 min in four patients with acute interstitial nephritis and six patients with acute renal failure from other disorders. All patients with acute interstitial nephritis and three of the patients with other types of renal failure showed a marked increase in cortical renal blood flow, following the infusion. Thus vasoconstriction is present in acute renal failure, and may be a factor in the pathogenesis of severely inpaired renal function.", "PMID": 601514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7376", "title": "Serum tyrosine within the first hour after an oral load of phenylalanine.", "content": "Twenty-seven heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU) and sixteen normal homozygotes were loaded with an amount of L-phenylalanine per body mass = 0.6 mmol/kg. Serum tyrosine concentration increased significantly within 15 min after the intake and the increase was rectilinear within the first 30 min. The initial rate of increase in serum tyrosine in heterozygotes was 0.47 mumol/l/min (range 0.20-0.98 mumol/l/min) and in normal homozygotes 1.2 mumol/l/min (range 0.80-1.9 mumol/l/min). The median serum tyrosine concentration increased within the first hour after an oral phenylalanine load (0.6 mmol/kg) of twelve infants with persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA), whereas serum tyrosine showed a decrease in forty infants with classical PKU. In ninetten infants with mild PKU serum tyrosine remained unchanged within the first hour after the load and then declined.", "contents": "Serum tyrosine within the first hour after an oral load of phenylalanine. Twenty-seven heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU) and sixteen normal homozygotes were loaded with an amount of L-phenylalanine per body mass = 0.6 mmol/kg. Serum tyrosine concentration increased significantly within 15 min after the intake and the increase was rectilinear within the first 30 min. The initial rate of increase in serum tyrosine in heterozygotes was 0.47 mumol/l/min (range 0.20-0.98 mumol/l/min) and in normal homozygotes 1.2 mumol/l/min (range 0.80-1.9 mumol/l/min). The median serum tyrosine concentration increased within the first hour after an oral phenylalanine load (0.6 mmol/kg) of twelve infants with persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA), whereas serum tyrosine showed a decrease in forty infants with classical PKU. In ninetten infants with mild PKU serum tyrosine remained unchanged within the first hour after the load and then declined.", "PMID": 601515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7377", "title": "Unsaturated and cobalamin saturated transcobalamin I and II in normal human plasma.", "content": "Insolubilized antibody against human transcobalamin I has been used as a specific and precise tool for the separation of transcobalamin I (and III) from transcobalamin II. Range and mean (in parentheses) for the unsaturated binding capacity for twenty samples are 40-190 (90) pmol/l and 220-1170 (560) pmol/l for transcobalamin I (and III) and transcobalamin II, respectively. The similar figures for the cobalamin saturated transcobalamins are 200-549 (320) pmol/l and 75-475 (160 pmol/l. On analyses of the cobalamins attached to each of the transcobalamins, it is shown that methylcobalamin accounts for most of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I whereas transcobalamin II carries most of the 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin.", "contents": "Unsaturated and cobalamin saturated transcobalamin I and II in normal human plasma. Insolubilized antibody against human transcobalamin I has been used as a specific and precise tool for the separation of transcobalamin I (and III) from transcobalamin II. Range and mean (in parentheses) for the unsaturated binding capacity for twenty samples are 40-190 (90) pmol/l and 220-1170 (560) pmol/l for transcobalamin I (and III) and transcobalamin II, respectively. The similar figures for the cobalamin saturated transcobalamins are 200-549 (320) pmol/l and 75-475 (160 pmol/l. On analyses of the cobalamins attached to each of the transcobalamins, it is shown that methylcobalamin accounts for most of the cobalamins attached to transcobalamin I whereas transcobalamin II carries most of the 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin.", "PMID": 601516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7378", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of reverse triiodothyronine in unextracted serum and serum dialysates.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for measurements of 3,3'-5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) in small amounts of unextracted serum is described. The interference of rT3 binding proteins in serum was precluded by addition of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS). The cross reaction of T4 with the rT3 anti-serum varied with the concentration of T4 in the samples. At 50 per cent inhibition of [125I]rT3 binding, the T4 cross reaction was 0.075% (mol/mol). All values were corrected for T4 cross reaction. By the present method total rT3 averaged 0.37 nmol/l in thirty-two normal subjects. Higher values (0.81-1.98 nmol/l) were obtained in seventeen thyrotoxic patients, while the rT3 was very low (less than or equal to 0.046 nmol/l) in ten patients with severe primary hypothyroidism. A modification of the total rT3 assay was used for measurements of rT3 in serum dialysates (free rT3). The sensitivity was 0.46 pmol/l. This sensitivity did not allow detection of free rT3 in all normal subjects.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of reverse triiodothyronine in unextracted serum and serum dialysates. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for measurements of 3,3'-5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) in small amounts of unextracted serum is described. The interference of rT3 binding proteins in serum was precluded by addition of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS). The cross reaction of T4 with the rT3 anti-serum varied with the concentration of T4 in the samples. At 50 per cent inhibition of [125I]rT3 binding, the T4 cross reaction was 0.075% (mol/mol). All values were corrected for T4 cross reaction. By the present method total rT3 averaged 0.37 nmol/l in thirty-two normal subjects. Higher values (0.81-1.98 nmol/l) were obtained in seventeen thyrotoxic patients, while the rT3 was very low (less than or equal to 0.046 nmol/l) in ten patients with severe primary hypothyroidism. A modification of the total rT3 assay was used for measurements of rT3 in serum dialysates (free rT3). The sensitivity was 0.46 pmol/l. This sensitivity did not allow detection of free rT3 in all normal subjects.", "PMID": 601517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7379", "title": "An analysis of data on human hepatic bile. Relationship between main bile components, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides.", "content": "Hepatic bile samples were taken from the common duct during interval operations for gallstone disease, performed under standardized conditions. Prior to operation serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels were determined. The concentrations of Cholesterol (Chol), phospholipids (Lip P) and of the three major bile acids (BA) were determined in ninety-seven samples. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. A highly significant rank correlation was found between the Chol- and the Lip P molar fractions. The rank correlation between the Chol molar fraction and the BA/Lip P ratio was highly significantly negative. Reasons are given why the observed intraindividual differences are interpreted as reflecting interindividual changes. The conclusion is that just as in the animal model, a rise of Chol in human hepatic bile is accompanied by a decrease of the BA/Lip P ratio. A significant correlation was found between chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and the ratio between the two other main bile acids (CA/DCA). High lithogenicity was associated with low CDCA- and high DCA values. In a mathematical representation valid in the sense of a rank correlation, the bile/serum Chol ratio rose with increasing DCA values combined with increasing absolute differences between the other acids. Serum triglycerides were negatively correlated with the BA molar fraction and with the absolute concentration of BA. As a result there was an association between serum triglycerides and lithogenicity.", "contents": "An analysis of data on human hepatic bile. Relationship between main bile components, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Hepatic bile samples were taken from the common duct during interval operations for gallstone disease, performed under standardized conditions. Prior to operation serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels were determined. The concentrations of Cholesterol (Chol), phospholipids (Lip P) and of the three major bile acids (BA) were determined in ninety-seven samples. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. A highly significant rank correlation was found between the Chol- and the Lip P molar fractions. The rank correlation between the Chol molar fraction and the BA/Lip P ratio was highly significantly negative. Reasons are given why the observed intraindividual differences are interpreted as reflecting interindividual changes. The conclusion is that just as in the animal model, a rise of Chol in human hepatic bile is accompanied by a decrease of the BA/Lip P ratio. A significant correlation was found between chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and the ratio between the two other main bile acids (CA/DCA). High lithogenicity was associated with low CDCA- and high DCA values. In a mathematical representation valid in the sense of a rank correlation, the bile/serum Chol ratio rose with increasing DCA values combined with increasing absolute differences between the other acids. Serum triglycerides were negatively correlated with the BA molar fraction and with the absolute concentration of BA. As a result there was an association between serum triglycerides and lithogenicity.", "PMID": 601518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7380", "title": "Ornithosis as a nosocomial infection.", "content": "An outbreak of ornithosis in the department of infectious diseases of a general hospital is described. The outbreak comprised 12 cases aged 18-80 years. The index case had a history of contact with birds. He developed a serious illness and died. 11 persons contracted the disease after contact with the index case; 8 of them were personnel of the clinic of infectious diseases and 1 case was a patient hospitalized in the same room as the index case. All of the patients showed a typical pneumonia and one of them had symptoms of encephalitis. Treatment with doxycycline was successful. 200 healthy contacts were treated prophylactically with doxycycline. None of these displayed any symptoms of disease.", "contents": "Ornithosis as a nosocomial infection. An outbreak of ornithosis in the department of infectious diseases of a general hospital is described. The outbreak comprised 12 cases aged 18-80 years. The index case had a history of contact with birds. He developed a serious illness and died. 11 persons contracted the disease after contact with the index case; 8 of them were personnel of the clinic of infectious diseases and 1 case was a patient hospitalized in the same room as the index case. All of the patients showed a typical pneumonia and one of them had symptoms of encephalitis. Treatment with doxycycline was successful. 200 healthy contacts were treated prophylactically with doxycycline. None of these displayed any symptoms of disease.", "PMID": 601519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7381", "title": "Pneumococcal antibodies in maxillary sinus secretion.", "content": "Resistance to and recovery from mucosal surface infections may be better correlated to the presence of local antibodies than to serum antibodies. In 14 patients with maxillary sinusitis due to pneumococci, IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies to the isolated pneumococci were quantified in sinus secretion and serum by indirect immunofluorescence technique. Most secretions contained type specific pneumococcal antibodies, mainly of IgA class. The frequent lack of demonstrable type specific IgA antibodies in serum indicates their local synthesis. After drainage of purulent sinus secretion, as in 5 patients, a local increase of antibodies was observed.", "contents": "Pneumococcal antibodies in maxillary sinus secretion. Resistance to and recovery from mucosal surface infections may be better correlated to the presence of local antibodies than to serum antibodies. In 14 patients with maxillary sinusitis due to pneumococci, IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies to the isolated pneumococci were quantified in sinus secretion and serum by indirect immunofluorescence technique. Most secretions contained type specific pneumococcal antibodies, mainly of IgA class. The frequent lack of demonstrable type specific IgA antibodies in serum indicates their local synthesis. After drainage of purulent sinus secretion, as in 5 patients, a local increase of antibodies was observed.", "PMID": 601521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7382", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in bacterial and viral infections.", "content": "The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye by neutrophils from 379 patients with infectious diseases and 268 controls has been examined. The mean NBT score was 29.8% (72.3% positive tests) in the 231 patients with non-tuberculous bacterial infections, 9.7% (28.1% positive tests) in the 135 patients with viral infections 5.3% (1.5% positive tests) in the controls. Positive tests were demonstrated in 1 of 7 patients with tuberculosis and in 4 of 6 with mycoplasma pneumonia. Patients with urinary tract infections or septicemia had the highest percentage of positive tests, particularly when the infections were caused by gram-negative bacteria. In acute bacterial infection, the 176 patients who had not received any antibacterial therapy prior to testing had a significantly higher mean NBT score and proportion (77.8%) of positive tests than the remaining 55 pretreated patients (54.5%). Recent antibiotic treatment seriously invalidates the NBT test results. In acute viral infection, 29 of the 38 positive tests were obtained from patients with acute hepatitis (mean score 20.0%) or infectious mononucleosis (mean score 9.3%). When evaluating the test results, special attention should be paid to patients with hepatitis. Endotoxin stimulated NBT tests disclosed normal enhancement of NBT reduction by neutrophils from the patients and the controls. Cautiously interpreted, the NBT reduction by neutrophils from the patients and the controls. Cautiously interpreted, the NBT test results may be useful as an adjunct in the differential diagnosis of major bacterial and viral infections.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium test in bacterial and viral infections. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye by neutrophils from 379 patients with infectious diseases and 268 controls has been examined. The mean NBT score was 29.8% (72.3% positive tests) in the 231 patients with non-tuberculous bacterial infections, 9.7% (28.1% positive tests) in the 135 patients with viral infections 5.3% (1.5% positive tests) in the controls. Positive tests were demonstrated in 1 of 7 patients with tuberculosis and in 4 of 6 with mycoplasma pneumonia. Patients with urinary tract infections or septicemia had the highest percentage of positive tests, particularly when the infections were caused by gram-negative bacteria. In acute bacterial infection, the 176 patients who had not received any antibacterial therapy prior to testing had a significantly higher mean NBT score and proportion (77.8%) of positive tests than the remaining 55 pretreated patients (54.5%). Recent antibiotic treatment seriously invalidates the NBT test results. In acute viral infection, 29 of the 38 positive tests were obtained from patients with acute hepatitis (mean score 20.0%) or infectious mononucleosis (mean score 9.3%). When evaluating the test results, special attention should be paid to patients with hepatitis. Endotoxin stimulated NBT tests disclosed normal enhancement of NBT reduction by neutrophils from the patients and the controls. Cautiously interpreted, the NBT reduction by neutrophils from the patients and the controls. Cautiously interpreted, the NBT test results may be useful as an adjunct in the differential diagnosis of major bacterial and viral infections.", "PMID": 601520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7383", "title": "Surveillance of hospital infections: at the bedside or at the bacteriological laboratory?", "content": "A prevalence study concerning wound infections in the surgical service at a university hospital was made during a 7-month period. One ward was visited every week during the wound dressing rounds and samples for bacteriologic culture were taken from clinical infections. The prevalence of infection varied between 0 and 21% (median value 8.2%) for surgical wounds and between 0 and 47% (median value 5.3%) for other wounds. Staphylococcus aureus made up 16% of the bacteria isolated from surgical wounds and the Enterobacteriacae 32.6%. For other wounds Staph. aureus and the Enterobacteriacae made up 22.6% each. A comparison of the number of cultures taken by investigators and that taken by the ward showed that the culturing frequency by the ward staff was so high that surveillance of infection by review of bacteriological culture records only, would give an almost equivalent degree of information concerning infection rates. This system is less time consuming and also has the advantage of giving epidemiological information. The drawback with the system is that little or no patient data are given on the requisitions from the ward. This makes it impossible to know from what kind of infections samples are taken.", "contents": "Surveillance of hospital infections: at the bedside or at the bacteriological laboratory? A prevalence study concerning wound infections in the surgical service at a university hospital was made during a 7-month period. One ward was visited every week during the wound dressing rounds and samples for bacteriologic culture were taken from clinical infections. The prevalence of infection varied between 0 and 21% (median value 8.2%) for surgical wounds and between 0 and 47% (median value 5.3%) for other wounds. Staphylococcus aureus made up 16% of the bacteria isolated from surgical wounds and the Enterobacteriacae 32.6%. For other wounds Staph. aureus and the Enterobacteriacae made up 22.6% each. A comparison of the number of cultures taken by investigators and that taken by the ward showed that the culturing frequency by the ward staff was so high that surveillance of infection by review of bacteriological culture records only, would give an almost equivalent degree of information concerning infection rates. This system is less time consuming and also has the advantage of giving epidemiological information. The drawback with the system is that little or no patient data are given on the requisitions from the ward. This makes it impossible to know from what kind of infections samples are taken.", "PMID": 601522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7384", "title": "Long-term co- trimoxazole treatment of chronic Salmonella carriers.", "content": "Long-term co-trimoxazole treatment (4-6 months) was tried in 7 chronic carriers of mainly Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi B. No one had positive faecal cultures during treatment. Four faecal carriers were followed-up with regular cultures for at least 1 year after treatment and 3 of them remained negative. Long-term co-trimoxazole treatment seems to be well tolerated also in very old patients and may be worth trying also in cases where other antibiotics have failed.", "contents": "Long-term co- trimoxazole treatment of chronic Salmonella carriers. Long-term co-trimoxazole treatment (4-6 months) was tried in 7 chronic carriers of mainly Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi B. No one had positive faecal cultures during treatment. Four faecal carriers were followed-up with regular cultures for at least 1 year after treatment and 3 of them remained negative. Long-term co-trimoxazole treatment seems to be well tolerated also in very old patients and may be worth trying also in cases where other antibiotics have failed.", "PMID": 601523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7385", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of streptomycin treatment of neonatal septicemia.", "content": "Patients with suspected neonatal septicemia were treated with ampicillin, cloxacillin, and streptomycin. The plasma concentrations of streptomycin were followed. First, the levels were determined during a full dose interval (12 h) in 11 infants. The results were used for development of a routine system for monitoring the plasma levels in all streptomycin treated newborns. This system, the \"3-point check\", involved blood sampling at 1, 3, and 5 h after administration during every second dose interval. The results of this routine procedure were evaluated both in a retrospective and prospective study. The \"3-point check\" gave a sufficient description of the total exposure to streptomycin under routine clinical conditions and continuous information to the physician in charge of the patient about the drug level. In 9 cases of 50, the report from the laboratory resulted in dose change for correction of a too low or too high plasma concentration. The dosage used, 7.5 mg streptomycin intramuscularly every 12th hour, appeared to be satisfactory in most patients. Peak values rarely exceeded 30 microgram/ml and were usually lower than 25 microgram/ml. Almost half of the children had plasma levels below 5 microgram/ml at the end of the dose interval (after 12 h). Although the correlation between pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome is difficult to establish in neonatal sepsis, we suggest that our guiding principle to avoid plasma levels above 25 microliter/ml is reasonable. In 35 out of 78 patients an otological examination of the newborns was performed within 13 months after streptomycin treatment and no signs of hearing defects were noted.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of streptomycin treatment of neonatal septicemia. Patients with suspected neonatal septicemia were treated with ampicillin, cloxacillin, and streptomycin. The plasma concentrations of streptomycin were followed. First, the levels were determined during a full dose interval (12 h) in 11 infants. The results were used for development of a routine system for monitoring the plasma levels in all streptomycin treated newborns. This system, the \"3-point check\", involved blood sampling at 1, 3, and 5 h after administration during every second dose interval. The results of this routine procedure were evaluated both in a retrospective and prospective study. The \"3-point check\" gave a sufficient description of the total exposure to streptomycin under routine clinical conditions and continuous information to the physician in charge of the patient about the drug level. In 9 cases of 50, the report from the laboratory resulted in dose change for correction of a too low or too high plasma concentration. The dosage used, 7.5 mg streptomycin intramuscularly every 12th hour, appeared to be satisfactory in most patients. Peak values rarely exceeded 30 microgram/ml and were usually lower than 25 microgram/ml. Almost half of the children had plasma levels below 5 microgram/ml at the end of the dose interval (after 12 h). Although the correlation between pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome is difficult to establish in neonatal sepsis, we suggest that our guiding principle to avoid plasma levels above 25 microliter/ml is reasonable. In 35 out of 78 patients an otological examination of the newborns was performed within 13 months after streptomycin treatment and no signs of hearing defects were noted.", "PMID": 601524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7386", "title": "[Pathogenesis of focal, transitory cerebral ischemic accidents].", "content": "Transient ischaemic focal cerebral attacks (TIA's) are due to: 1) atherosclerosis when embolism may take place or perhaps transient occlusion of the internal carotid artery or mural or transiently occlusive thrombus of an intracranial artery stenosis or transient systemic hypotension. In recent years embolism may have been overdiagnosed; 2) cardiac embolism due to dysrythmias, myocardial infarction, endocarditis, valvular prosthesis, etc.; 3) miscellaneous causes, often difficult to demonstrate such as tortuosity of the extracranial cerebral arteries, dissecting aneurysms, changes in cerebrovascular resistance; 4) not unfrequently no cause is found, especially in young patients.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of focal, transitory cerebral ischemic accidents]. Transient ischaemic focal cerebral attacks (TIA's) are due to: 1) atherosclerosis when embolism may take place or perhaps transient occlusion of the internal carotid artery or mural or transiently occlusive thrombus of an intracranial artery stenosis or transient systemic hypotension. In recent years embolism may have been overdiagnosed; 2) cardiac embolism due to dysrythmias, myocardial infarction, endocarditis, valvular prosthesis, etc.; 3) miscellaneous causes, often difficult to demonstrate such as tortuosity of the extracranial cerebral arteries, dissecting aneurysms, changes in cerebrovascular resistance; 4) not unfrequently no cause is found, especially in young patients.", "PMID": 601529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7387", "title": "[The psychiatrist and stress, or the psychiatrist's stress...].", "content": "Today's popular image of the psychiatrist is often that of a specialist capable of analysing, with a sort of bewildering power, all of his patients's reactions and psychological problems. The patient's capacity to unfold appears to increase almost as a result of the psychiatrist's control over his own emotions. The author, who is here referring to Epinal's image of the infallible psychiatrist, believes that the psychiatrist, in moments of privacy can observe the effects of his own emotional stress and how they often relate to his unresolved neurotic problems. It is in his practice, nevertheless, that the psychiatrist can privilege and give meaning to his own emotional stress in order to gain deeper insight in his mode of relating to his patient. Such additional awarness should then permit a more careful and satisfying analysis of what is experienced in a two person or group relationship. The acknowledgment of physical state resulting from emotional stress precedes an insight which always corresponds to a signifier leading to a signified which is then to be decoded.", "contents": "[The psychiatrist and stress, or the psychiatrist's stress...]. Today's popular image of the psychiatrist is often that of a specialist capable of analysing, with a sort of bewildering power, all of his patients's reactions and psychological problems. The patient's capacity to unfold appears to increase almost as a result of the psychiatrist's control over his own emotions. The author, who is here referring to Epinal's image of the infallible psychiatrist, believes that the psychiatrist, in moments of privacy can observe the effects of his own emotional stress and how they often relate to his unresolved neurotic problems. It is in his practice, nevertheless, that the psychiatrist can privilege and give meaning to his own emotional stress in order to gain deeper insight in his mode of relating to his patient. Such additional awarness should then permit a more careful and satisfying analysis of what is experienced in a two person or group relationship. The acknowledgment of physical state resulting from emotional stress precedes an insight which always corresponds to a signifier leading to a signified which is then to be decoded.", "PMID": 601534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7388", "title": "[Stress or trigger situation. 2 notions illustrated by a comparison of stress ulcer to triggering of attacks of gastroduodenal ulcer disease].", "content": "The author attempts to show the fundamental difference existing between the two often confused concepts of \"stress\" and \"trigger-situation\", using the example of \"stress ulcer\" and \"trigger-situation\" of the outbursts of the ulcer disease. The stress ulcer or acute ulcer is compared to a door forcefully kicked in. It is unspecific like the adaptation syndrome of Selye. The trigger-situation as we understand it is a current conflict situation, i.e. a well-defined and specific event that is only conflictual for a very specific personality structure (one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan). In contrast to the picture of the door forcefully kicked in as in the stress ulcer, for the trigger-situation of the outbursts of the ulcer disease, we have used a picture of Beck: a key perfectly fitting the lock. All case records show that while an event can become the trigger-situation for one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan, it will not be for a different type. The specificity resides in the fact that this trigger-situation is a current conflict situation. The present conflict corresponds to a transfer of the infantile intra-psychic conflict to the present situation. When this current conflict reaches a sufficient intensity, the defence system built up by the patient is thereby decompensated--through frustration either of the neurotic activity or passivity desire of the patient and the conflict triggers the symptom, the ulcer attack.", "contents": "[Stress or trigger situation. 2 notions illustrated by a comparison of stress ulcer to triggering of attacks of gastroduodenal ulcer disease]. The author attempts to show the fundamental difference existing between the two often confused concepts of \"stress\" and \"trigger-situation\", using the example of \"stress ulcer\" and \"trigger-situation\" of the outbursts of the ulcer disease. The stress ulcer or acute ulcer is compared to a door forcefully kicked in. It is unspecific like the adaptation syndrome of Selye. The trigger-situation as we understand it is a current conflict situation, i.e. a well-defined and specific event that is only conflictual for a very specific personality structure (one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan). In contrast to the picture of the door forcefully kicked in as in the stress ulcer, for the trigger-situation of the outbursts of the ulcer disease, we have used a picture of Beck: a key perfectly fitting the lock. All case records show that while an event can become the trigger-situation for one of the four psychosomatic types according to M'Uzan, it will not be for a different type. The specificity resides in the fact that this trigger-situation is a current conflict situation. The present conflict corresponds to a transfer of the infantile intra-psychic conflict to the present situation. When this current conflict reaches a sufficient intensity, the defence system built up by the patient is thereby decompensated--through frustration either of the neurotic activity or passivity desire of the patient and the conflict triggers the symptom, the ulcer attack.", "PMID": 601536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7389", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of stress in children and adolescents.", "content": "The notion of \"stress\", the concepts of normal or pathological adaptability are applicable to child and adolescent. The stress is not a fixed value and depends on the personality of the child, on his degree of development and on his environment. Each educator ought to know the difference between a stimulus necessary to the development and a harmful and dangerous stress, especially when the latter is very intense and repeated to an extent which does not permit a normal adaptability. These basic notions can be applied to different stages of development as well as to extraordinary situations (divorce, death of a parent, illness of the child, etc.) which may arise.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of stress in children and adolescents. The notion of \"stress\", the concepts of normal or pathological adaptability are applicable to child and adolescent. The stress is not a fixed value and depends on the personality of the child, on his degree of development and on his environment. Each educator ought to know the difference between a stimulus necessary to the development and a harmful and dangerous stress, especially when the latter is very intense and repeated to an extent which does not permit a normal adaptability. These basic notions can be applied to different stages of development as well as to extraordinary situations (divorce, death of a parent, illness of the child, etc.) which may arise.", "PMID": 601537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7390", "title": "[Social-political aspects of psychological stress].", "content": "Emotional stress is often based on defective social conditions like social isolation or the urge for maximal efficiency in production and consumption. The improvement of these social conditions and the elimination of the resulting pathogenic stress is a political task. There is a curious and unrealistic separation of responsibilities which is justified by tradition only: the social part of the therapy is abandoned to political institutions and groups whereas the psychiatrist whose therapy should be comprehensive concerns himself with individual problems only. As he neglects the noxious social circumstances and aims entirely at the social adaptation of the patient the psychiatrist denies the defectiveness of the social conditions as they are and corroborates a system which is the true cause of numerous psychiatric disturbances.", "contents": "[Social-political aspects of psychological stress]. Emotional stress is often based on defective social conditions like social isolation or the urge for maximal efficiency in production and consumption. The improvement of these social conditions and the elimination of the resulting pathogenic stress is a political task. There is a curious and unrealistic separation of responsibilities which is justified by tradition only: the social part of the therapy is abandoned to political institutions and groups whereas the psychiatrist whose therapy should be comprehensive concerns himself with individual problems only. As he neglects the noxious social circumstances and aims entirely at the social adaptation of the patient the psychiatrist denies the defectiveness of the social conditions as they are and corroborates a system which is the true cause of numerous psychiatric disturbances.", "PMID": 601538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7391", "title": "[The long-term Alpendorf study. Paradigm for the study of long-acting psychosocial stressors].", "content": "The follow-up study Alpendorf is presented as a paradigm for the observation of long-acting psycho-social stressors. Stressors can be observed directly or we infer to their existence from the observation of indicators of stress. There are methodological difficulties in differentiating stressors, indicators of stress and indicators of coping processes within a social field. The reductionist approach, which eliminates variables, is useful in the laboratory situation, it has, however, to be discarded in the investigations of a social field. Rapid social change in a mountain village of the Swiss Alps radically transformed the socio-economic basis and the socio-cultural super-structure, thus producing a field of stressors, leading to stress, observable on the level of the population. The amount of stress can be measured indirectly by the existence of indicators of stress: consumption of alcohol, alcoholism, psychosomatic symptoms and syndrome, consumption of drugs and tobacco, incidence and prevalence of neurotic and psychotic disorders, criminality.", "contents": "[The long-term Alpendorf study. Paradigm for the study of long-acting psychosocial stressors]. The follow-up study Alpendorf is presented as a paradigm for the observation of long-acting psycho-social stressors. Stressors can be observed directly or we infer to their existence from the observation of indicators of stress. There are methodological difficulties in differentiating stressors, indicators of stress and indicators of coping processes within a social field. The reductionist approach, which eliminates variables, is useful in the laboratory situation, it has, however, to be discarded in the investigations of a social field. Rapid social change in a mountain village of the Swiss Alps radically transformed the socio-economic basis and the socio-cultural super-structure, thus producing a field of stressors, leading to stress, observable on the level of the population. The amount of stress can be measured indirectly by the existence of indicators of stress: consumption of alcohol, alcoholism, psychosomatic symptoms and syndrome, consumption of drugs and tobacco, incidence and prevalence of neurotic and psychotic disorders, criminality.", "PMID": 601539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7392", "title": "[Syndrome of senile dementia with dilatation of the cerebral ventricles without other lesions (apropos of 18 observations anatomo-clinical)].", "content": "Study of 18 anatomo-clinical observations with dilatation of the cerebral ventricles (without vascular, degenerative or other cerebral lesions), and neuropsychiatric syydrome during the senile period of life. In the morphological and pathogenetic point of view, for one half of these cases a traumatic, microhemorrhagic, or inflammatory aetiology could be taken into consideration; for the other half, the hydrocephalus could be considered as idiopathic.", "contents": "[Syndrome of senile dementia with dilatation of the cerebral ventricles without other lesions (apropos of 18 observations anatomo-clinical)]. Study of 18 anatomo-clinical observations with dilatation of the cerebral ventricles (without vascular, degenerative or other cerebral lesions), and neuropsychiatric syydrome during the senile period of life. In the morphological and pathogenetic point of view, for one half of these cases a traumatic, microhemorrhagic, or inflammatory aetiology could be taken into consideration; for the other half, the hydrocephalus could be considered as idiopathic.", "PMID": 601540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7393", "title": "[Psychopathology of schizophrenias].", "content": "Introducing representation of some aspects of the idea of Schizophrenia. Reference to the fact, that the description of acute status makes use of psychopathological marks belonging to another level of description than those being used to indicate chronical states. Doubt on the possibility to talk about a psychopathology including all types of Schizophrenia. Instead of describing different syndromes appearing during the course we are noting the change of mental attitude of psychiatrist being confronted with Schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of schizophrenias]. Introducing representation of some aspects of the idea of Schizophrenia. Reference to the fact, that the description of acute status makes use of psychopathological marks belonging to another level of description than those being used to indicate chronical states. Doubt on the possibility to talk about a psychopathology including all types of Schizophrenia. Instead of describing different syndromes appearing during the course we are noting the change of mental attitude of psychiatrist being confronted with Schizophrenia.", "PMID": 601541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7394", "title": "[Disorders of time perception in endogenous psychoses].", "content": "Already in the normal state of health often there are alterations of subjective time experience both as acceleration and delay of the lapse of time. These impairments of time perception are more important in the psychopathological field. Except during organic brain disease disturbances of time experience are observed especially during endogenous psychoses. Depressed men usually feel an unpleasant extension of subjective time experience. In schizophrenia there is a specific distorsion of time, characterized by troubles of the biographic orientation, by magic connexion-thinking with regard to time, or by a \"collapse\" of the chronological order. Somatic as well as psychological conditions seem to cause these disturbances.", "contents": "[Disorders of time perception in endogenous psychoses]. Already in the normal state of health often there are alterations of subjective time experience both as acceleration and delay of the lapse of time. These impairments of time perception are more important in the psychopathological field. Except during organic brain disease disturbances of time experience are observed especially during endogenous psychoses. Depressed men usually feel an unpleasant extension of subjective time experience. In schizophrenia there is a specific distorsion of time, characterized by troubles of the biographic orientation, by magic connexion-thinking with regard to time, or by a \"collapse\" of the chronological order. Somatic as well as psychological conditions seem to cause these disturbances.", "PMID": 601543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7395", "title": "[Value of the symptom in depression].", "content": "In the present paper the author tries to consider some of the variables that influence the symptomatological expression of depression, namely the social-cultural factors, the age or the personality of the patient. Considering works of other authors and personal works, analysing also the data that the epidemiological studies have revealed, he points out the importance of the biological symptoms of the clinical picture of depression, such as disturbances of sleep, weight, appetite, libido and diurnal mood swing. These symptoms seem to be a \"common denominator\" not influenced by the social-cultural environment of the patient with a real meaning as advising signals of the presence of a depression. They correspond to disturbances of phylogenetically old functions, what explains its general presence in the human beings. On the other hand, the other symptoms of depression are linked to the personality of the patient and are determined by learning factors to which the individual has been submitted.", "contents": "[Value of the symptom in depression]. In the present paper the author tries to consider some of the variables that influence the symptomatological expression of depression, namely the social-cultural factors, the age or the personality of the patient. Considering works of other authors and personal works, analysing also the data that the epidemiological studies have revealed, he points out the importance of the biological symptoms of the clinical picture of depression, such as disturbances of sleep, weight, appetite, libido and diurnal mood swing. These symptoms seem to be a \"common denominator\" not influenced by the social-cultural environment of the patient with a real meaning as advising signals of the presence of a depression. They correspond to disturbances of phylogenetically old functions, what explains its general presence in the human beings. On the other hand, the other symptoms of depression are linked to the personality of the patient and are determined by learning factors to which the individual has been submitted.", "PMID": 601544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7396", "title": "[Body--life--soul--spirit].", "content": "In every psychic disturbance \"lived body\", gesture, mimic, mood, strength of mind, emotion, word and spirit characterize the picture of the disease in a slightly different way and thus make it possible for the doctor to recognize not only the psychiatric diagnosis but also the being and the personality of the patient.", "contents": "[Body--life--soul--spirit]. In every psychic disturbance \"lived body\", gesture, mimic, mood, strength of mind, emotion, word and spirit characterize the picture of the disease in a slightly different way and thus make it possible for the doctor to recognize not only the psychiatric diagnosis but also the being and the personality of the patient.", "PMID": 601545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7397", "title": "[Christian religiosity and psychothematics].", "content": "Correlations of (christian) religiosity and religious thematization in functional psychoses with paranoid syndromes (60 pat.) were studied by an extensive questionnaire. In regard of the frequency of religious themes in the paranoid syndromes there was no difference between catholic and protestant confession. Probands with religious experiences in their psychoses had other religious socialization (a home with special interest in religious subjects). They are themselves more active in regard to religious practices, more interested in religious problems, refer more often to fear of devil and hell, feel themselves more frequently close bound to the church. The premorbid religious activity increased in the period of 6 months before hospitalisation. They judge their fathers retrospectively more often as permissive. Concerning psychopathology probands with religious thematization in their psychosis had higher values of \"grandiosity\" in the IMPS (LORR), had more often experiences of immediate inspiration, evidence and clearness. They were hospitalized for a longer period than probands without religious thematization.", "contents": "[Christian religiosity and psychothematics]. Correlations of (christian) religiosity and religious thematization in functional psychoses with paranoid syndromes (60 pat.) were studied by an extensive questionnaire. In regard of the frequency of religious themes in the paranoid syndromes there was no difference between catholic and protestant confession. Probands with religious experiences in their psychoses had other religious socialization (a home with special interest in religious subjects). They are themselves more active in regard to religious practices, more interested in religious problems, refer more often to fear of devil and hell, feel themselves more frequently close bound to the church. The premorbid religious activity increased in the period of 6 months before hospitalisation. They judge their fathers retrospectively more often as permissive. Concerning psychopathology probands with religious thematization in their psychosis had higher values of \"grandiosity\" in the IMPS (LORR), had more often experiences of immediate inspiration, evidence and clearness. They were hospitalized for a longer period than probands without religious thematization.", "PMID": 601546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7398", "title": "Absorption of rifampicin in gastrectomized patients. Effect of meals.", "content": "Rifampicin absorption was studied in six gastrectomized and six non-gastrectomized tuberculous patients who had been on continuous rifampicin therapy for more than 4 weeks. A dose of 450 mg was given on two occasions, first immediately after breakfast and, 2 days later, 1 h before breakfast. In all the gastrectomized and control patients a serum level well above the MIC for M. tuberculosis (0.2-0.5 microgram/ml) was achieved irrespective  of whether rifampicin was administered after the meal or during fasting. Gastrectomized patients tended to have more delayed serum concentration peaks postprandially than when fasting. The differences in absorption were not statistically significant, and the serum concentrations remained above the MIC for M. tuberculosis for similar lenghts of time. Individual serum concentrations varied greatly, and this variation may represent a greater problem in the routine monitoring of rifampicin serum levels than administration of the drug with food.", "contents": "Absorption of rifampicin in gastrectomized patients. Effect of meals. Rifampicin absorption was studied in six gastrectomized and six non-gastrectomized tuberculous patients who had been on continuous rifampicin therapy for more than 4 weeks. A dose of 450 mg was given on two occasions, first immediately after breakfast and, 2 days later, 1 h before breakfast. In all the gastrectomized and control patients a serum level well above the MIC for M. tuberculosis (0.2-0.5 microgram/ml) was achieved irrespective  of whether rifampicin was administered after the meal or during fasting. Gastrectomized patients tended to have more delayed serum concentration peaks postprandially than when fasting. The differences in absorption were not statistically significant, and the serum concentrations remained above the MIC for M. tuberculosis for similar lenghts of time. Individual serum concentrations varied greatly, and this variation may represent a greater problem in the routine monitoring of rifampicin serum levels than administration of the drug with food.", "PMID": 601547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7399", "title": "Lung function and long-term exposure to cement dust.", "content": "In a cross-sectional epidemiological survey a selected group of former and present cement factory workers and a random sample of the corresponding urban population underwent dynamic spirometry. Based upon life experience the subjects were grouped into four occupational categories. Three hundred and one men were grouped as cement factory workers, 649 were grouped as blue collar workers, 218 as white collar workers and 102 men had predominantly been occupied in farming, forestry and fishing. On the average the investigated men had spent more than 75% of their total occupational life in their main occupational category. Each occupational category was further subdivided according to smoking habits and in all categories the well-known association between tobacco consumption and decrease in ventilatory capacity was found. White collar workers, who smoke less and had experienced better housing conditions throughout life had better ventilatory lung function than any of the other three occupational categories. No significant differences in lung function between cement factory workers and other blue collar workers with comparable smoking habits could be demonstrated by use of the maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), or any other of the calculated indices from the dynamic spirometry, when standardized for age, height and body weight.", "contents": "Lung function and long-term exposure to cement dust. In a cross-sectional epidemiological survey a selected group of former and present cement factory workers and a random sample of the corresponding urban population underwent dynamic spirometry. Based upon life experience the subjects were grouped into four occupational categories. Three hundred and one men were grouped as cement factory workers, 649 were grouped as blue collar workers, 218 as white collar workers and 102 men had predominantly been occupied in farming, forestry and fishing. On the average the investigated men had spent more than 75% of their total occupational life in their main occupational category. Each occupational category was further subdivided according to smoking habits and in all categories the well-known association between tobacco consumption and decrease in ventilatory capacity was found. White collar workers, who smoke less and had experienced better housing conditions throughout life had better ventilatory lung function than any of the other three occupational categories. No significant differences in lung function between cement factory workers and other blue collar workers with comparable smoking habits could be demonstrated by use of the maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), or any other of the calculated indices from the dynamic spirometry, when standardized for age, height and body weight.", "PMID": 601548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7400", "title": "Hypersomnia and periodic breathing. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with hypersomnia and periodic breathing has been studied. Both airflow obstruction and an abnormally of the respiratory control mechanism were implicated in the pathogenesis of the ventilatory arrhythmia. It is suggested that the older terms \"Pickwick\" syndrome and primary alveolar hypoventilation are abandoned for more descriptive terms, e.g. \"hypersomnia with periodic breathing\".", "contents": "Hypersomnia and periodic breathing. Report of a case and review of the literature. A patient with hypersomnia and periodic breathing has been studied. Both airflow obstruction and an abnormally of the respiratory control mechanism were implicated in the pathogenesis of the ventilatory arrhythmia. It is suggested that the older terms \"Pickwick\" syndrome and primary alveolar hypoventilation are abandoned for more descriptive terms, e.g. \"hypersomnia with periodic breathing\".", "PMID": 601549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7401", "title": "A new ear oximeter for assessment of exercise-induced arterial desaturation in patients with pulmonary diseases.", "content": "Changes in arterial oxygen saturation during exercise were measured with a new eight-wavelength ear oximeter and calculated from blood gas measurements on simultaneously drawn arterial blood samples from 48 patients with pulmonary diseases. When the calculated oxygen saturation during exercise was more than 80% there change in oxygen saturation (SEE 1.0%). This non-invasive, simple and rapid method seems to be clinically useful for detecting the development of significant arterial hypoxaemia during exercise in patients with pulmonary diseases.", "contents": "A new ear oximeter for assessment of exercise-induced arterial desaturation in patients with pulmonary diseases. Changes in arterial oxygen saturation during exercise were measured with a new eight-wavelength ear oximeter and calculated from blood gas measurements on simultaneously drawn arterial blood samples from 48 patients with pulmonary diseases. When the calculated oxygen saturation during exercise was more than 80% there change in oxygen saturation (SEE 1.0%). This non-invasive, simple and rapid method seems to be clinically useful for detecting the development of significant arterial hypoxaemia during exercise in patients with pulmonary diseases.", "PMID": 601550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7402", "title": "Treatment of chronic airways obstruction with indomethacin.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin is reported in five patients with chronic asthma. There was both subjective and objective improvment and, in three of the patients, a reduction in steroid dosage. The results suggest that the drug may be of value in the treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic airways obstruction with indomethacin. The effect of indomethacin is reported in five patients with chronic asthma. There was both subjective and objective improvment and, in three of the patients, a reduction in steroid dosage. The results suggest that the drug may be of value in the treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 601551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7403", "title": "Erythromycin resistance in neonatal staphylococcal infection: a long-term survey.", "content": "Twenty years ago staphylococcal infection was a major problem among newborn infants in hospitals. Hygienic measures had not proved very effective and the use of antibiotics, although clearly open to question, seemed a possible method of control. Erythromycin, a new antibiotic effective against staphylococci, had just been introduced but reports from the United States suggested that resistance could occur within months of usage. In trials in two hospitals in which erythromycin was not being used elsewhere, erythromycin resistance developed but took years to do so. The longer the period of usage was extended the greater the resistance. Withdrawal of the drug resulted ultimately in the disappearance of resistance. The resistant staphylococci spread throughout the hospital. The staphylococcal infection rate in the units where erythromycin was used did not fall but the mortality rate from staphylococcal infection did.", "contents": "Erythromycin resistance in neonatal staphylococcal infection: a long-term survey. Twenty years ago staphylococcal infection was a major problem among newborn infants in hospitals. Hygienic measures had not proved very effective and the use of antibiotics, although clearly open to question, seemed a possible method of control. Erythromycin, a new antibiotic effective against staphylococci, had just been introduced but reports from the United States suggested that resistance could occur within months of usage. In trials in two hospitals in which erythromycin was not being used elsewhere, erythromycin resistance developed but took years to do so. The longer the period of usage was extended the greater the resistance. Withdrawal of the drug resulted ultimately in the disappearance of resistance. The resistant staphylococci spread throughout the hospital. The staphylococcal infection rate in the units where erythromycin was used did not fall but the mortality rate from staphylococcal infection did.", "PMID": 601556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7404", "title": "Erythromycin and anaerobic infection.", "content": "The theoretical basis of the use of erythromycin in peri-operative prophylaxis after bowel surgery will be discussed and the results of the use of erythromycin in such patients and the sensitivity to the antibiotic of isolates from human peritonitis described. This work will be related to results obtained in a rabbit experimental model for the study of peritonitis.", "contents": "Erythromycin and anaerobic infection. The theoretical basis of the use of erythromycin in peri-operative prophylaxis after bowel surgery will be discussed and the results of the use of erythromycin in such patients and the sensitivity to the antibiotic of isolates from human peritonitis described. This work will be related to results obtained in a rabbit experimental model for the study of peritonitis.", "PMID": 601557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7405", "title": "The use of erythromycin in a general practice.", "content": "It would appear that erythromycin is a safe drug to use in general practice; it is indicated, and has advantages, in the treatment of infections of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.", "contents": "The use of erythromycin in a general practice. It would appear that erythromycin is a safe drug to use in general practice; it is indicated, and has advantages, in the treatment of infections of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.", "PMID": 601560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7406", "title": "[Delinquency in the sniffing-type of toxicomaniacs].", "content": "The present investigation has been based on the study of 33 toxicomaniacs (average age 18 yrs 3 mos) who had committed a total of 156 delicts. A high percentage of injury to the central nervous system in infancy (84.8%) and disharmony of family and social environment (81.8% of cases), can be regarded as partially responsible for the low education of the whole group (45.55% of toxicomanics had not completed their basic education, only 18,2% were skilled workmen but also for the affinity to delinquency and toxicomany. The authors recognize two types of delinquency in toxicomaniacs. In the case of so-called purposive delinquency delicts are usually not committed under a direct influence of psychotropic drugs. The purpose is to obtain a new dose of the relevant drug, and the delicts include, e.g. breaking in drug-stores, stealing and falsification of medical prescriptions etc. Non-purposive delinquency of toxicomaniacs includes arson, affray, group delicts, agressive violence etc. Such delicts are committed under the direct influence of psychotropic drugs with the motivation of \"harsh play\" when the transpassers do not care the consequences of their delict.", "contents": "[Delinquency in the sniffing-type of toxicomaniacs]. The present investigation has been based on the study of 33 toxicomaniacs (average age 18 yrs 3 mos) who had committed a total of 156 delicts. A high percentage of injury to the central nervous system in infancy (84.8%) and disharmony of family and social environment (81.8% of cases), can be regarded as partially responsible for the low education of the whole group (45.55% of toxicomanics had not completed their basic education, only 18,2% were skilled workmen but also for the affinity to delinquency and toxicomany. The authors recognize two types of delinquency in toxicomaniacs. In the case of so-called purposive delinquency delicts are usually not committed under a direct influence of psychotropic drugs. The purpose is to obtain a new dose of the relevant drug, and the delicts include, e.g. breaking in drug-stores, stealing and falsification of medical prescriptions etc. Non-purposive delinquency of toxicomaniacs includes arson, affray, group delicts, agressive violence etc. Such delicts are committed under the direct influence of psychotropic drugs with the motivation of \"harsh play\" when the transpassers do not care the consequences of their delict.", "PMID": 601573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7407", "title": "[Detalocohol test following the use of deodorants].", "content": "The oral deodorants of Czechoslovak production (Dezodor spray, For men spray Carlotherm, Fluora, Herbadent, Polana, Stoma, Viskadon) have been demonstrated to contain 45 to 73.5 vol. per cent of ethylalcohol. After using such oral deodorants the tubes for detecting ethyl-alcohol in exspired air react for periods approximately 5 minutes. Similar results were also obtained by analysing the exspired air by gas chromatography.", "contents": "[Detalocohol test following the use of deodorants]. The oral deodorants of Czechoslovak production (Dezodor spray, For men spray Carlotherm, Fluora, Herbadent, Polana, Stoma, Viskadon) have been demonstrated to contain 45 to 73.5 vol. per cent of ethylalcohol. After using such oral deodorants the tubes for detecting ethyl-alcohol in exspired air react for periods approximately 5 minutes. Similar results were also obtained by analysing the exspired air by gas chromatography.", "PMID": 601574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7408", "title": "Haemolytic anaemia due to erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. Report of the first South African family.", "content": "The first South African case of haemolytic anaemia due to erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency is reported. The anaemia is characterized by the presence of high erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotide levels and marked basophilic stippling. The enzyme levels in 20 family members confirm an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and illustrate the difficulty of diagnosing the carrier state.", "contents": "Haemolytic anaemia due to erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. Report of the first South African family. The first South African case of haemolytic anaemia due to erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency is reported. The anaemia is characterized by the presence of high erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotide levels and marked basophilic stippling. The enzyme levels in 20 family members confirm an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and illustrate the difficulty of diagnosing the carrier state.", "PMID": 601633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7409", "title": "Talking to patients with arthritis.", "content": "Two hundred and fourteen patients attending an arthritis clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire in which their knowledge of medical terms, surface anatomy and rheumatic disease was evaluated. The responses were compared with those from a group of physiotherapists. An average of 50% correct responses was obtained for the whole group, and the educational status of the patients was shown to influence the results. The problem of communication in medicine and its relationship with adherence to therapeutic regimens is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Talking to patients with arthritis. Two hundred and fourteen patients attending an arthritis clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire in which their knowledge of medical terms, surface anatomy and rheumatic disease was evaluated. The responses were compared with those from a group of physiotherapists. An average of 50% correct responses was obtained for the whole group, and the educational status of the patients was shown to influence the results. The problem of communication in medicine and its relationship with adherence to therapeutic regimens is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 601634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7410", "title": "Gastro-intestinal transit time and serum lipid levels in Black schoolchildren.", "content": "Gastro-intestinal transit time was measured in 150-200 Black schoolchildren, aged 10-12 years, at each of 3 schools in country areas of South Africa. Pupils were accustomed to a low fat/high crude fibre diet. At each centre, a selection was made of 50 children with fast transit times (9 hours or less), and 50 with relatively slow times (roughly 24 hours or more). Fasting levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were determined in these subjects. At two schools there were no significant differences in mean lipid levels between subjects with fast and slow transit: only at the third school were mean lipid levels of pupils slightly, but significantly lower in those with fast transit times. These observations agree with those on White adults, that an increase in intake of fibre-containing foods, and a decrease in transit time, have very little effect on serum lipid levels. The low values in Black children are believed to be due primarily to their low intakes of fat and cholesterol.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal transit time and serum lipid levels in Black schoolchildren. Gastro-intestinal transit time was measured in 150-200 Black schoolchildren, aged 10-12 years, at each of 3 schools in country areas of South Africa. Pupils were accustomed to a low fat/high crude fibre diet. At each centre, a selection was made of 50 children with fast transit times (9 hours or less), and 50 with relatively slow times (roughly 24 hours or more). Fasting levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were determined in these subjects. At two schools there were no significant differences in mean lipid levels between subjects with fast and slow transit: only at the third school were mean lipid levels of pupils slightly, but significantly lower in those with fast transit times. These observations agree with those on White adults, that an increase in intake of fibre-containing foods, and a decrease in transit time, have very little effect on serum lipid levels. The low values in Black children are believed to be due primarily to their low intakes of fat and cholesterol.", "PMID": 601635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7411", "title": "Medical management of the trapped patient.", "content": "This article deals with some of the unique problems encountered when people, injured in road traffic or industrial accidents, are trapped as a result of the accident. Mining accidents are specifically excluded because I have no personal experience of them and also because they occur in circumscribed conditions which the average practitioner does not encounter. Dealing with trapped and seriously injured patients is a very harrowing experience for all concerned, and it is as well to examine factors which contribute to this as it is the doctor who can introduce a measure of calm into these situations.", "contents": "Medical management of the trapped patient. This article deals with some of the unique problems encountered when people, injured in road traffic or industrial accidents, are trapped as a result of the accident. Mining accidents are specifically excluded because I have no personal experience of them and also because they occur in circumscribed conditions which the average practitioner does not encounter. Dealing with trapped and seriously injured patients is a very harrowing experience for all concerned, and it is as well to examine factors which contribute to this as it is the doctor who can introduce a measure of calm into these situations.", "PMID": 601636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7412", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.", "content": "Prolonged chemotherapy has been used as an adjuvant to mastectomy in women with involved axillary nodes, in an attempt to ablate or suppress subclinical, micrometastatic disease. The preliminary results and surrounding controversies are reviewed. It is concluded that at this time there is a decreased relapse rate but no increase in survival, and it is in this light that adjuvant chemotherapy cannot be endorsed outside of well-conducted clinical trials.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Prolonged chemotherapy has been used as an adjuvant to mastectomy in women with involved axillary nodes, in an attempt to ablate or suppress subclinical, micrometastatic disease. The preliminary results and surrounding controversies are reviewed. It is concluded that at this time there is a decreased relapse rate but no increase in survival, and it is in this light that adjuvant chemotherapy cannot be endorsed outside of well-conducted clinical trials.", "PMID": 601641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7413", "title": "The role of mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The role of mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer remains to be established. Experience at the Breast Clinic at the Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, strongly suggests that mastectomy improves local control. The addition of mastectomy to a basic regimen of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy now forms the basis of a prospective clinical trial.", "contents": "The role of mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer. The role of mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer remains to be established. Experience at the Breast Clinic at the Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, strongly suggests that mastectomy improves local control. The addition of mastectomy to a basic regimen of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy now forms the basis of a prospective clinical trial.", "PMID": 601642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7414", "title": "Breast cancer and hormone receptors: a preliminary report.", "content": "An assay is available to determine the presence or absence of oestrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. The presence of oestrogen receptors predicts a 60% response rate to empirical hormonal therapy, and the absence a 10% response rate. Early evidence suggests that the additional presence of other hormone receptors in breast cancer cells will improve this response rate.", "contents": "Breast cancer and hormone receptors: a preliminary report. An assay is available to determine the presence or absence of oestrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. The presence of oestrogen receptors predicts a 60% response rate to empirical hormonal therapy, and the absence a 10% response rate. Early evidence suggests that the additional presence of other hormone receptors in breast cancer cells will improve this response rate.", "PMID": 601643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7415", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the skin in Johannesburg Whites.", "content": "One hundred and thirty patients with malignant melanoma, of whom 108 could be followed up, are reviewed. Malignant melanoma of the skin in South African Whites kills 2,2 per 100 000 population per annum and its incidence increases with age. The tumour was commoner in females, but has a better prognosis than in males. The overall 5-year survival rate was 43% (46 out of 108 patients). The bigger lesions have a worse outlook.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the skin in Johannesburg Whites. One hundred and thirty patients with malignant melanoma, of whom 108 could be followed up, are reviewed. Malignant melanoma of the skin in South African Whites kills 2,2 per 100 000 population per annum and its incidence increases with age. The tumour was commoner in females, but has a better prognosis than in males. The overall 5-year survival rate was 43% (46 out of 108 patients). The bigger lesions have a worse outlook.", "PMID": 601644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7416", "title": "The giant duodenal ulcer syndrome.", "content": "Thirteen patients with giant duodenal ulcer manifested with a distinct clinical syndrome. The condition has a characteristic clinical, radiological and endoscopic presentation. It is associated with a high mortality when treated medically, and constitutes a definite indication for surgery. The giant duodenal ulcer forms a high proportion of duodenal ulcers in a recently urbanized Black community, and may be one of the dramatic and significant presentations of this disease in the developing countries.", "contents": "The giant duodenal ulcer syndrome. Thirteen patients with giant duodenal ulcer manifested with a distinct clinical syndrome. The condition has a characteristic clinical, radiological and endoscopic presentation. It is associated with a high mortality when treated medically, and constitutes a definite indication for surgery. The giant duodenal ulcer forms a high proportion of duodenal ulcers in a recently urbanized Black community, and may be one of the dramatic and significant presentations of this disease in the developing countries.", "PMID": 601645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7417", "title": "Anxiety and the general practitioner--a psychotherapeutic approach.", "content": "Much of the general practitioner's work is concerned with emotional problems, yet his undergraduate training does not equip him adequately for this purpose. Four theories of personality, each of which has contributed to modern psychotherapeutic practice, are reviewed, with specific reference to their formulations on the causation and treatment of anxiety, and the application of each of these viewpoints to specific problems in general practice. Finally, a plea is made for much greater provision for the teaching of psychology (especially therapeutic psychology) in the undergraduate medical curriculum.", "contents": "Anxiety and the general practitioner--a psychotherapeutic approach. Much of the general practitioner's work is concerned with emotional problems, yet his undergraduate training does not equip him adequately for this purpose. Four theories of personality, each of which has contributed to modern psychotherapeutic practice, are reviewed, with specific reference to their formulations on the causation and treatment of anxiety, and the application of each of these viewpoints to specific problems in general practice. Finally, a plea is made for much greater provision for the teaching of psychology (especially therapeutic psychology) in the undergraduate medical curriculum.", "PMID": 601646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7418", "title": "Myelography with a water-soluble contrast medium: a revision of technique and a review of results.", "content": "Experience with Dimer-X myelography in 3000 patients provides some indication of the scope of examination of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical segments of the spinal canal with a water-soluble contrast medium. Myelography with any contrast medium should only be applied for serious indications, and never as an outpatient procedure, for the patient requires careful after-treatment. However, the routine use of myelography may offer the best insurance against the disappointment and embarrassment of surgery by trial and error. The application of a careful, standardized technique makes it possible to obtain accurate information about the whole spinal canal and to avoid the danger of the false results to which examination with oily media are liable at all levels. The development of ever safer contrast media may help to limit the problem of spinal fibrosis, which is not a rare complication of myelography and spinal surgery.", "contents": "Myelography with a water-soluble contrast medium: a revision of technique and a review of results. Experience with Dimer-X myelography in 3000 patients provides some indication of the scope of examination of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical segments of the spinal canal with a water-soluble contrast medium. Myelography with any contrast medium should only be applied for serious indications, and never as an outpatient procedure, for the patient requires careful after-treatment. However, the routine use of myelography may offer the best insurance against the disappointment and embarrassment of surgery by trial and error. The application of a careful, standardized technique makes it possible to obtain accurate information about the whole spinal canal and to avoid the danger of the false results to which examination with oily media are liable at all levels. The development of ever safer contrast media may help to limit the problem of spinal fibrosis, which is not a rare complication of myelography and spinal surgery.", "PMID": 601652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7419", "title": "Health implications of fibre-depleted diets.", "content": "In many different parts of the world the pattern of diseases has changed or is changing from one mainly of infections to one of degenerative diseases. Simultaneously, alterations in the pattern of diet have occurred or are occurring. A major alteration is depletion of fibre-containing foods of high bulk-forming capacity. Epidemiological evidence, short-term studies on man and experimental investigations on animals suggest that fibre-depleted diets are a major, or perhaps even the basic cause of the increasing prevalence of several degenerative diseases. Although much further research is essential, available evidence warrants recommending an increase in the intake of fibre-containing foods, especially those of cereal origin.", "contents": "Health implications of fibre-depleted diets. In many different parts of the world the pattern of diseases has changed or is changing from one mainly of infections to one of degenerative diseases. Simultaneously, alterations in the pattern of diet have occurred or are occurring. A major alteration is depletion of fibre-containing foods of high bulk-forming capacity. Epidemiological evidence, short-term studies on man and experimental investigations on animals suggest that fibre-depleted diets are a major, or perhaps even the basic cause of the increasing prevalence of several degenerative diseases. Although much further research is essential, available evidence warrants recommending an increase in the intake of fibre-containing foods, especially those of cereal origin.", "PMID": 601653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7420", "title": "The prevention and treatment of pressure sores in the sitting paraplegic.", "content": "Pressure sores in the sitting paraplegic patient can delay rehabilitation by weeks or months, or can lead to the patient's permanent confinement to bed. This paper describes a method of redistributing the pressure loading on the sitting area so that pressure sores are unlikely to occur. In addition, a clinical approach which increases the patient's awareness of the problem is outlined and case histories and clinical results are described.", "contents": "The prevention and treatment of pressure sores in the sitting paraplegic. Pressure sores in the sitting paraplegic patient can delay rehabilitation by weeks or months, or can lead to the patient's permanent confinement to bed. This paper describes a method of redistributing the pressure loading on the sitting area so that pressure sores are unlikely to occur. In addition, a clinical approach which increases the patient's awareness of the problem is outlined and case histories and clinical results are described.", "PMID": 601654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7421", "title": "The training and evaluation of clinical nurse, with special reference to paediatrics and child health.", "content": "There is an urgent need to train nurses to assist with the provision of health services for children in the Republic at a clinical level as opposed to their traditional nursing role. Aspects of paediatric training and evaluation of the clinical nurse are discussed. The need for flexibility in training programmes and in their evaluation, without in any way affecting the minimum standards required by the Nursing Council and the South African Medical and Dental Council, is stressed. Steps should be taken to give recognition to the advanced and primary paediatric clinical nurse by defining her function, training and evaluation, designation and status within the health services and the community.", "contents": "The training and evaluation of clinical nurse, with special reference to paediatrics and child health. There is an urgent need to train nurses to assist with the provision of health services for children in the Republic at a clinical level as opposed to their traditional nursing role. Aspects of paediatric training and evaluation of the clinical nurse are discussed. The need for flexibility in training programmes and in their evaluation, without in any way affecting the minimum standards required by the Nursing Council and the South African Medical and Dental Council, is stressed. Steps should be taken to give recognition to the advanced and primary paediatric clinical nurse by defining her function, training and evaluation, designation and status within the health services and the community.", "PMID": 601655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7422", "title": "The transport of dimer-X to the subarachnoid cisterns and convexity of the brain in normal people: case reports.", "content": "Computerized axial tomographic scans were performed on 7 patients, 3, 8 and 20 hours after lumbar myelography with Dimer-X. This contrast agent was seen in the subarachnoid cisterns 3 and 8 hours after injection, and 24 hours after injection it had completely disappeared.", "contents": "The transport of dimer-X to the subarachnoid cisterns and convexity of the brain in normal people: case reports. Computerized axial tomographic scans were performed on 7 patients, 3, 8 and 20 hours after lumbar myelography with Dimer-X. This contrast agent was seen in the subarachnoid cisterns 3 and 8 hours after injection, and 24 hours after injection it had completely disappeared.", "PMID": 601656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7423", "title": "Austin flint murmur associated with a disc mitral valve prosthesis. A case report.", "content": "A case is discussed in which the movements of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve, inserted in the mitral position, were hampered by an aortic insufficiency. Probably because of the improved haemodynamics after mitral valve replacement, the aortic insufficiency became significant. The regurgitant jet prevented the disc from functioning normally, causing Austin Flint and systolic murmurs as well as a haemolytic anaemia. Echocardiography as a non-invasive examination helped correlate disc movements with opening and closure sounds.", "contents": "Austin flint murmur associated with a disc mitral valve prosthesis. A case report. A case is discussed in which the movements of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc valve, inserted in the mitral position, were hampered by an aortic insufficiency. Probably because of the improved haemodynamics after mitral valve replacement, the aortic insufficiency became significant. The regurgitant jet prevented the disc from functioning normally, causing Austin Flint and systolic murmurs as well as a haemolytic anaemia. Echocardiography as a non-invasive examination helped correlate disc movements with opening and closure sounds.", "PMID": 601657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7424", "title": "Cerebral aspergillosis: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of cerebral aspergillosis in Tamilians presenting as intracranial space-occupying lesions are reported. The first patient had a left frontal lobe abscess and a specific diagnosis was made by histopathology and isolation of Aspergillus versicolor. He responded well to excision followed by anticonvulsant therapy. In the other, the diagnosis was based on histopathology alone and she died after surgery. These are the first cases reported from Tamil Nadu and probably only one similar case has been reported from India so far.", "contents": "Cerebral aspergillosis: report of two cases. Two cases of cerebral aspergillosis in Tamilians presenting as intracranial space-occupying lesions are reported. The first patient had a left frontal lobe abscess and a specific diagnosis was made by histopathology and isolation of Aspergillus versicolor. He responded well to excision followed by anticonvulsant therapy. In the other, the diagnosis was based on histopathology alone and she died after surgery. These are the first cases reported from Tamil Nadu and probably only one similar case has been reported from India so far.", "PMID": 601658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7425", "title": "Trichophyton fischeri sp. nov.: a saprophyte resembling Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "A new species Trichophyton fischeri was isolated as a contaminant on blood agar plates. This fungus is believed to be a saprophyte. It may be confused with T. rubrum. On peptone dextrose agar plate, the growth is white and velvety to cottony. It occasionally forms furrows. The underside of the mature colony is brownish red. Clavate microaleuriospores are common. Trichophyton-type macroaleuriospores are produced occasionally on blood agar and potato dextrose agar. Erythritol does not stimulate T. fischeri to produce a red color on casamino erythritol albumen agar. Closterospore-like projections may be produced on the main filaments on peptone dextrose and potato dextrose agar.", "contents": "Trichophyton fischeri sp. nov.: a saprophyte resembling Trichophyton rubrum. A new species Trichophyton fischeri was isolated as a contaminant on blood agar plates. This fungus is believed to be a saprophyte. It may be confused with T. rubrum. On peptone dextrose agar plate, the growth is white and velvety to cottony. It occasionally forms furrows. The underside of the mature colony is brownish red. Clavate microaleuriospores are common. Trichophyton-type macroaleuriospores are produced occasionally on blood agar and potato dextrose agar. Erythritol does not stimulate T. fischeri to produce a red color on casamino erythritol albumen agar. Closterospore-like projections may be produced on the main filaments on peptone dextrose and potato dextrose agar.", "PMID": 601659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7426", "title": "Inhibition of isolated yeast and mycelial phase RNA polymerases of Histoplasma capsulatum by rifamycin derivatives.", "content": "Various derivatives of rifamycin were shown to inhibit the RNA polymerases of the yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum. The relative potency of each of the derivatives against the isolated polymerases was the same as the potency of each against the viable organism. RNA polymerase PC III from the yeast phase was more susceptible to the rifamycin derivatives than yeast phase polymerases PC I and PC II and the biggest differences in susceptibility were seen with the derivative AF/ABDP (2,6-dimethyl-4-benzyl-4-demethyl-rifamycin). The susceptibility pattern of the mycelial polymerase activity was identical to the yeast polymerase PC III.", "contents": "Inhibition of isolated yeast and mycelial phase RNA polymerases of Histoplasma capsulatum by rifamycin derivatives. Various derivatives of rifamycin were shown to inhibit the RNA polymerases of the yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum. The relative potency of each of the derivatives against the isolated polymerases was the same as the potency of each against the viable organism. RNA polymerase PC III from the yeast phase was more susceptible to the rifamycin derivatives than yeast phase polymerases PC I and PC II and the biggest differences in susceptibility were seen with the derivative AF/ABDP (2,6-dimethyl-4-benzyl-4-demethyl-rifamycin). The susceptibility pattern of the mycelial polymerase activity was identical to the yeast polymerase PC III.", "PMID": 601661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7427", "title": "Role of bats in the ecology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: the survival of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the intestinal tract of frugivorous bat, Artibeus lituratus.", "content": "The fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus, was fed known quantities of viable yeast cells and mycelial particles of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in an attempt to assess the role of this animal in the distribution of this agent in nature. Results of mycosal cultures of the stomach, upper intestine, lower intestine and rectum clearly showed that the fungal cells were unable to survive more than 8 hours in the digestive tract of the bat. The mycelial particles were more susceptible than the yeast and were killed before passing to the rectum. The fungus died rapidly in the voided fecal material. These findings indicate the improbability of isolating P. brasiliensis from the digestive tract of wild captured bats and show that A. lituratus probably plays no role in the distribution of this fungus in nature.", "contents": "Role of bats in the ecology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: the survival of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the intestinal tract of frugivorous bat, Artibeus lituratus. The fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus, was fed known quantities of viable yeast cells and mycelial particles of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in an attempt to assess the role of this animal in the distribution of this agent in nature. Results of mycosal cultures of the stomach, upper intestine, lower intestine and rectum clearly showed that the fungal cells were unable to survive more than 8 hours in the digestive tract of the bat. The mycelial particles were more susceptible than the yeast and were killed before passing to the rectum. The fungus died rapidly in the voided fecal material. These findings indicate the improbability of isolating P. brasiliensis from the digestive tract of wild captured bats and show that A. lituratus probably plays no role in the distribution of this fungus in nature.", "PMID": 601662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7428", "title": "Cell wall analysis of an adenine-requiring mutant of the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9.", "content": "An adenine-requiring mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 was isolated after treatment of the yeast-like (Y) form with nitrosoguanidine. Cell wall analysis of this mutant (strain IVIC Pb141) showed an increase in the amount of alpha-1,3-glucan and a virtual disappearance of the antigenic galactomannan. At the same time, a higher degree of virulence was observed for the mutant. These results agree with the hypothesis presented before (16) about a relationship between cell wall polysaccharides and pathogenicity in P. brasiliensis.", "contents": "Cell wall analysis of an adenine-requiring mutant of the yeast-like form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9. An adenine-requiring mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 was isolated after treatment of the yeast-like (Y) form with nitrosoguanidine. Cell wall analysis of this mutant (strain IVIC Pb141) showed an increase in the amount of alpha-1,3-glucan and a virtual disappearance of the antigenic galactomannan. At the same time, a higher degree of virulence was observed for the mutant. These results agree with the hypothesis presented before (16) about a relationship between cell wall polysaccharides and pathogenicity in P. brasiliensis.", "PMID": 601663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7429", "title": "A clinical study of Pityriasis versicolor in Madras.", "content": "One hundred subjects with extensive pityriasis versicolor determined clinically and confirmed by wet preparations (potassium hydroxide positive) were studied. Its incidence in relation to sex, seasons and age groups was analyzed. More than fifty patients sought medical advice on grounds of cosmetic handicap. The most pronounced clinical feature was to be found on the trunk. One case was Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis of Gugerot-Carteaud (CRP) (16). Among the factors of susceptibility, pulmonary tuberculosis (P.T.) emerged statistically significant.", "contents": "A clinical study of Pityriasis versicolor in Madras. One hundred subjects with extensive pityriasis versicolor determined clinically and confirmed by wet preparations (potassium hydroxide positive) were studied. Its incidence in relation to sex, seasons and age groups was analyzed. More than fifty patients sought medical advice on grounds of cosmetic handicap. The most pronounced clinical feature was to be found on the trunk. One case was Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis of Gugerot-Carteaud (CRP) (16). Among the factors of susceptibility, pulmonary tuberculosis (P.T.) emerged statistically significant.", "PMID": 601664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7430", "title": "Enigmatic relationship of two Microsporum species.", "content": "Unusual cultures of a Microsporum species were isolated from eleven patients who had either tinea capitis or tinea corporis or both. Although the macroconidia produced in the primary cultures resembled those of M. canis, hyphal morphology and colony characteristics were different from any of the more commonly occurring Microsporum species. Careful examination of subcultures showed that the isolates were composed of two species; M. canis and M. distortum, whose relationship remains enigmatic.", "contents": "Enigmatic relationship of two Microsporum species. Unusual cultures of a Microsporum species were isolated from eleven patients who had either tinea capitis or tinea corporis or both. Although the macroconidia produced in the primary cultures resembled those of M. canis, hyphal morphology and colony characteristics were different from any of the more commonly occurring Microsporum species. Careful examination of subcultures showed that the isolates were composed of two species; M. canis and M. distortum, whose relationship remains enigmatic.", "PMID": 601665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7431", "title": "Expression of androgen-responsive properties in human skin fibroblast strains of genital and nongenital origin.", "content": "Specific 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding capacity (Bmax) has been determined for human skin fibroblast strains from non-genital areas of males and females (N = 8), as well as prepuce and labium majus (N = 9). Genital strains had a mean three times that of non-genital ones (32 vs. 11 fmol/mg cell protein). There were no sex differences. Variation among strains was not simply correlated with donor age; that within strains was unrelated to in vitro age. The lowest values for genital strains overlapped the nongenital ones; those of the nongenital strains approached the limit of detectability. These results parallel those for delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-reductase activity. Thus, serially cultured genital and nongenital skin fibroblasts express their relative differentiative ancestry as androgen target cells. This expression may affect the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity and certain inborn errors of metabolism; its variability is discussed in terms of clonal heterogeneity.", "contents": "Expression of androgen-responsive properties in human skin fibroblast strains of genital and nongenital origin. Specific 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding capacity (Bmax) has been determined for human skin fibroblast strains from non-genital areas of males and females (N = 8), as well as prepuce and labium majus (N = 9). Genital strains had a mean three times that of non-genital ones (32 vs. 11 fmol/mg cell protein). There were no sex differences. Variation among strains was not simply correlated with donor age; that within strains was unrelated to in vitro age. The lowest values for genital strains overlapped the nongenital ones; those of the nongenital strains approached the limit of detectability. These results parallel those for delta4-3-ketosteroid 5alpha-reductase activity. Thus, serially cultured genital and nongenital skin fibroblasts express their relative differentiative ancestry as androgen target cells. This expression may affect the diagnosis of androgen insensitivity and certain inborn errors of metabolism; its variability is discussed in terms of clonal heterogeneity.", "PMID": 601676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7432", "title": "Chromosome stability in CHO cells.", "content": "The established cell line derived many years ago from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO cells) has been studied for the extent of chromosomal variation. Because this cell line is used extensively for genetic studies, the contribution of chromosome variability to genetic variability has also been examined. The quasidiploid CHO cells were found to have a banded karyotype somewhat altered from that of the Chinese hamster from which the line was derived. However, most of the genome could be accounted for among the rearranged marker chromosomes. In addition, the CHO line was found to have a relatively stable karyotype, the same basic karyotype being found in a majority of the uncloned cells, as well as in most cells of several but not all independent clones. Many, but not all, mutant cell lines derived from CHO also showed the same basic karyotype. Quasitetraploid cells, derived either spontaneously or by Sendai-virus-induced fusion, showed considerably more variation resulting in loss or gain of whole chromosomes, rearrangement of chromosomes, and appearance of new \"marker\" chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosome stability in CHO cells. The established cell line derived many years ago from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO cells) has been studied for the extent of chromosomal variation. Because this cell line is used extensively for genetic studies, the contribution of chromosome variability to genetic variability has also been examined. The quasidiploid CHO cells were found to have a banded karyotype somewhat altered from that of the Chinese hamster from which the line was derived. However, most of the genome could be accounted for among the rearranged marker chromosomes. In addition, the CHO line was found to have a relatively stable karyotype, the same basic karyotype being found in a majority of the uncloned cells, as well as in most cells of several but not all independent clones. Many, but not all, mutant cell lines derived from CHO also showed the same basic karyotype. Quasitetraploid cells, derived either spontaneously or by Sendai-virus-induced fusion, showed considerably more variation resulting in loss or gain of whole chromosomes, rearrangement of chromosomes, and appearance of new \"marker\" chromosomes.", "PMID": 601677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7433", "title": "Mitotic segregation of cytoplasmic determinants for chloramphenicol resistance in mammalian cells II: Fusions with human cell lines.", "content": "Cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance in human cells has been used to study the interaction between sensitive and resistant mitochondria. Cybrids between two HeLa cells were stable for resistance, grew rapidly and cloned well in CAP, and were O2 tolerant. HeLa-HeLa hybrids were also stable up to 70 doublings in the absence of CAP. Cybrids between HeLa and WI-L2 cells were unstable for resistance for up to 40 doublings, grew slowly and cloned poorly in CAP, and were O2 sensitive (S phase). The growth rate then increased and the cells became stable for resistance, cloned well, and were not O2 sensitive (F phase). Doubling time for S but not F phase cells was proportional to CAP concentration, indicating that both kinds of mitochondria were present and functioning. The instability of CAP resistance in many interstrain but not in intrastrain mouse and human cybrids and hybrids is interpreted in relation to lower eukaryotes.", "contents": "Mitotic segregation of cytoplasmic determinants for chloramphenicol resistance in mammalian cells II: Fusions with human cell lines. Cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance in human cells has been used to study the interaction between sensitive and resistant mitochondria. Cybrids between two HeLa cells were stable for resistance, grew rapidly and cloned well in CAP, and were O2 tolerant. HeLa-HeLa hybrids were also stable up to 70 doublings in the absence of CAP. Cybrids between HeLa and WI-L2 cells were unstable for resistance for up to 40 doublings, grew slowly and cloned poorly in CAP, and were O2 sensitive (S phase). The growth rate then increased and the cells became stable for resistance, cloned well, and were not O2 sensitive (F phase). Doubling time for S but not F phase cells was proportional to CAP concentration, indicating that both kinds of mitochondria were present and functioning. The instability of CAP resistance in many interstrain but not in intrastrain mouse and human cybrids and hybrids is interpreted in relation to lower eukaryotes.", "PMID": 601678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7434", "title": "Complementation between mutants of CHO cells resistant to a variety of plant lectins.", "content": "Chinese hamster cell mutants resistant to the lectins PHA, WGA, RIC, LCA, and CON A were previously grouped into 8--10 distinct phenotypes on the basis of their unique patterns of lectin resistance and lectin-binding properties. All but one of these classes of lectin-resistant (LecR) mutants behave recessively in somatic cell hybrids. One ricin-resistant class (RicRII) behaves dominantly. Tests for complementation, by measuring the lectin-resistant properties of appropriate hybrids, show that seven distinct complimentation groups can be delineated among the phenotypically recessive mutants.", "contents": "Complementation between mutants of CHO cells resistant to a variety of plant lectins. Chinese hamster cell mutants resistant to the lectins PHA, WGA, RIC, LCA, and CON A were previously grouped into 8--10 distinct phenotypes on the basis of their unique patterns of lectin resistance and lectin-binding properties. All but one of these classes of lectin-resistant (LecR) mutants behave recessively in somatic cell hybrids. One ricin-resistant class (RicRII) behaves dominantly. Tests for complementation, by measuring the lectin-resistant properties of appropriate hybrids, show that seven distinct complimentation groups can be delineated among the phenotypically recessive mutants.", "PMID": 601679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7435", "title": "Genetics of cell-surface antigens: regional mapping of three components of the human cell-surface antigen complex, AL, on chromosome 11.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis has been performed on a series of deletion mutations on human chromosome 11 of AL hybrid clones in which specific markers have been lost as a result of treatment with mutagenic agents. Such analysis has localized the three previously identified components of the AL cell-surface antigen complex to the indicated regions of chromosome 11: a1 and a3:11p13 leads to 11pter; a2:11q13 leads to 11qter. Using these methodologies human lactic dehydrogenase A localization on the short arm as reported by others has been confirmed. Evidence is presented provisionally assigning this gene to 11p13 leads to 11pter.", "contents": "Genetics of cell-surface antigens: regional mapping of three components of the human cell-surface antigen complex, AL, on chromosome 11. Cytogenetic analysis has been performed on a series of deletion mutations on human chromosome 11 of AL hybrid clones in which specific markers have been lost as a result of treatment with mutagenic agents. Such analysis has localized the three previously identified components of the AL cell-surface antigen complex to the indicated regions of chromosome 11: a1 and a3:11p13 leads to 11pter; a2:11q13 leads to 11qter. Using these methodologies human lactic dehydrogenase A localization on the short arm as reported by others has been confirmed. Evidence is presented provisionally assigning this gene to 11p13 leads to 11pter.", "PMID": 601680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7436", "title": "Chemically facilitated microinjection of proteins into intact monolayers of tissue culture cells.", "content": "Microinjection of physiologic quantities of macromolecules into tissue culture cells can facilitate the study of the biological effects of such macromolecules. In this communication, we describe a chemical technique which can be used to microinject proteins into monolayers of intact cells. Protein is loaded into erthrocyte ghosts, and the ghosts are then fused to the monolayer with polyethylene glycol 1000. Receipient cells can be injected with an efficiency of greater than 90% and contain an average of 3.8 X 10(6) microinjected molecules per cell. This technique circumvents certain problems encountered in virus-induced microinjection.", "contents": "Chemically facilitated microinjection of proteins into intact monolayers of tissue culture cells. Microinjection of physiologic quantities of macromolecules into tissue culture cells can facilitate the study of the biological effects of such macromolecules. In this communication, we describe a chemical technique which can be used to microinject proteins into monolayers of intact cells. Protein is loaded into erthrocyte ghosts, and the ghosts are then fused to the monolayer with polyethylene glycol 1000. Receipient cells can be injected with an efficiency of greater than 90% and contain an average of 3.8 X 10(6) microinjected molecules per cell. This technique circumvents certain problems encountered in virus-induced microinjection.", "PMID": 601681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7437", "title": "Carbomycin resistance in mouse L cells.", "content": "A mutant has been isolated from the mouse cell line LM(TK-) which is stably resistant to the macrolide antibiotic, carbomycin. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in this mutant was carbomycin resistant and chloramphenicol sensitive. Fusions between carbomycin-resistant and -sensitive cells produced hybrids, most of which were sensitive to 10 microgram/ml carbomycin. At 7.5 microgram carbomycin/ml, the average population resistance is low initially but increases with time. Carbomycin-resistant cells were enucleated and fused with carbomycin-sensitive cells under a variety of selective regimes designed to allow growth of carbomycin-resistant cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids). No transfer of carbomycin resistance via the cytoplasm was detected. Karyoplasts from carbomycin-resistant cells showed a low transfer of resistance to 7.5 microgram carbomycin/ml in karyoplast-cell fusions. Carbomycin resistance in this mutant is therefore most likely encoded in a nuclear gene.", "contents": "Carbomycin resistance in mouse L cells. A mutant has been isolated from the mouse cell line LM(TK-) which is stably resistant to the macrolide antibiotic, carbomycin. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in this mutant was carbomycin resistant and chloramphenicol sensitive. Fusions between carbomycin-resistant and -sensitive cells produced hybrids, most of which were sensitive to 10 microgram/ml carbomycin. At 7.5 microgram carbomycin/ml, the average population resistance is low initially but increases with time. Carbomycin-resistant cells were enucleated and fused with carbomycin-sensitive cells under a variety of selective regimes designed to allow growth of carbomycin-resistant cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids). No transfer of carbomycin resistance via the cytoplasm was detected. Karyoplasts from carbomycin-resistant cells showed a low transfer of resistance to 7.5 microgram carbomycin/ml in karyoplast-cell fusions. Carbomycin resistance in this mutant is therefore most likely encoded in a nuclear gene.", "PMID": 601682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7438", "title": "Regional mapping of human genes for hexosaminidase B and diphtheria toxin sensitivity on chromosome 5 using mouse X human hybrid cells.", "content": "Mouse 3T3 (TK-) cells were fused to human leukocytes containing a balanced translocation [ins(3;5) (q27;q13q15)] in which part of the long arm of a chromosome 5 has been inserted into the long arm of a chromosome 3. Two independent, primary hybrid clones (XVI-10C;XVI-18A) retained the deleted chromosome 5 [del(5) (q13q15)] translocation product and were informative for regional mapping on chromosome 5 of genes involved in expression of hexosaminidase B (HEXB) and diphtheria toxin sensitivity (DTS). Both XVI-10C and XVI-18A clones were sensitive to diphtheria toxin. Toxin-resistant derivatives of these clones (XVI-10C DTR; XVI-18A DTR) were analyzed for chromosome content and expression of Hex B activity, as were XVI-10C and XVI-18A cells which had not been exposed to diphtheria toxin. The results of this study provide evidence for localization of DTS to region 5q15 leads to 5 qter on the long arm of chromosome 5, and localization of HEXB to region 5pter leads to 5q13.", "contents": "Regional mapping of human genes for hexosaminidase B and diphtheria toxin sensitivity on chromosome 5 using mouse X human hybrid cells. Mouse 3T3 (TK-) cells were fused to human leukocytes containing a balanced translocation [ins(3;5) (q27;q13q15)] in which part of the long arm of a chromosome 5 has been inserted into the long arm of a chromosome 3. Two independent, primary hybrid clones (XVI-10C;XVI-18A) retained the deleted chromosome 5 [del(5) (q13q15)] translocation product and were informative for regional mapping on chromosome 5 of genes involved in expression of hexosaminidase B (HEXB) and diphtheria toxin sensitivity (DTS). Both XVI-10C and XVI-18A clones were sensitive to diphtheria toxin. Toxin-resistant derivatives of these clones (XVI-10C DTR; XVI-18A DTR) were analyzed for chromosome content and expression of Hex B activity, as were XVI-10C and XVI-18A cells which had not been exposed to diphtheria toxin. The results of this study provide evidence for localization of DTS to region 5q15 leads to 5 qter on the long arm of chromosome 5, and localization of HEXB to region 5pter leads to 5q13.", "PMID": 601683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7439", "title": "Effects of thymidine analogs on Syrian hamster melanoma cells: phenotypes arising from selection for analog resistance.", "content": "In order to compare the biological effects of different thymidine (dT) analogs, two unusual cell lines (B-4 and HAB) previously isolated from a Syrian hamster melanoma line by selection with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were analyzed for their response to other analogs. B-4 cells require high concentrations of BrdU for optimal growth, and it was seen that the requirement for BrdU could be satisfied partially by 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU) but not by the other dT analogs tested. HAB cells are able to grow with all the dT residues in nuclear DNA replaced by BrdU, and it was found that they could also grow with essentially all the dT residues in nuclear DNA replaced by CldU but not by other analogs. New cell lines resistant to 100 micrometer concentrations of CldU, 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU), and 5-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HMdU) were isolated from the melanoma line and tested for cross-resistance to the other dT analogs. A high level of cross-resistance was observed only with BrdU and CldU. The ability of the cell lines resistant to BrdU, CldU, and IdU to incorporate these analogs into nuclear DNA also was determined. BrdU and CldU were incorporated efficiently by all of the lines tested, but the IdU-resistant cells seemed to preferentially exclude IdU.", "contents": "Effects of thymidine analogs on Syrian hamster melanoma cells: phenotypes arising from selection for analog resistance. In order to compare the biological effects of different thymidine (dT) analogs, two unusual cell lines (B-4 and HAB) previously isolated from a Syrian hamster melanoma line by selection with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were analyzed for their response to other analogs. B-4 cells require high concentrations of BrdU for optimal growth, and it was seen that the requirement for BrdU could be satisfied partially by 5-chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU) but not by the other dT analogs tested. HAB cells are able to grow with all the dT residues in nuclear DNA replaced by BrdU, and it was found that they could also grow with essentially all the dT residues in nuclear DNA replaced by CldU but not by other analogs. New cell lines resistant to 100 micrometer concentrations of CldU, 5-iododeoxyuridine (IdU), and 5-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HMdU) were isolated from the melanoma line and tested for cross-resistance to the other dT analogs. A high level of cross-resistance was observed only with BrdU and CldU. The ability of the cell lines resistant to BrdU, CldU, and IdU to incorporate these analogs into nuclear DNA also was determined. BrdU and CldU were incorporated efficiently by all of the lines tested, but the IdU-resistant cells seemed to preferentially exclude IdU.", "PMID": 601684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7440", "title": "Lung involvement in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lung involvement occurred in 43% of 284 patients with Hodgkin's disease in Nottingham during 1960-75. It was commoner than pleural, hilar or mediastinal node involvement, although over three-quarters of patients with any other thoracic manifestation subsequently developed pulmonary involvement. The patients with pulmonary involvement contained significantly fewer with the histological feature of lymphocyte predominance. The commonest radiographic type, peribronchial infiltration, tended to occur early in the course of the disease while less common types, homogeneous or pneumonic infiltrates and nodules, occurred later. Modern chemotherapy was very effective in the treatment of pulmonary Hodgkin's disease. Since two-thirds of the patients who developed lung involvement already had stage IIIB or IV disease, the early use of chemotherapy should reduce the incidence of this common complication.", "contents": "Lung involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Lung involvement occurred in 43% of 284 patients with Hodgkin's disease in Nottingham during 1960-75. It was commoner than pleural, hilar or mediastinal node involvement, although over three-quarters of patients with any other thoracic manifestation subsequently developed pulmonary involvement. The patients with pulmonary involvement contained significantly fewer with the histological feature of lymphocyte predominance. The commonest radiographic type, peribronchial infiltration, tended to occur early in the course of the disease while less common types, homogeneous or pneumonic infiltrates and nodules, occurred later. Modern chemotherapy was very effective in the treatment of pulmonary Hodgkin's disease. Since two-thirds of the patients who developed lung involvement already had stage IIIB or IV disease, the early use of chemotherapy should reduce the incidence of this common complication.", "PMID": 601727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7441", "title": "Intracavity suction and drainage in the treatment of emphysematous bullae.", "content": "Patients with large intrapulmonary emphysematous bullae present a considerable therapeutic problem, particularly if their respiratory reserve is low, because of the risks of open operation. The method of draining intrapulmonary cavities, pioneered by Monaldi for the treatment of tuberculosis, is here described as applied to emphysematous bullae. Thirty-one patients were treated by intracavity suction and drainage. There were two operative deaths (6.5%). Apart from infection, no other significant postoperative complications ensued. Radiographic improvement occurred in all patients but one (96.7%). Where forced expiratory volume in one second and vital capacity were measured improvement was obtained in five out of six patients. Symptomatic improvement, which generally corresponded well to improvement in respiratory function tests, occurred in 28 patients (90.3%), all but one of whom survived.", "contents": "Intracavity suction and drainage in the treatment of emphysematous bullae. Patients with large intrapulmonary emphysematous bullae present a considerable therapeutic problem, particularly if their respiratory reserve is low, because of the risks of open operation. The method of draining intrapulmonary cavities, pioneered by Monaldi for the treatment of tuberculosis, is here described as applied to emphysematous bullae. Thirty-one patients were treated by intracavity suction and drainage. There were two operative deaths (6.5%). Apart from infection, no other significant postoperative complications ensued. Radiographic improvement occurred in all patients but one (96.7%). Where forced expiratory volume in one second and vital capacity were measured improvement was obtained in five out of six patients. Symptomatic improvement, which generally corresponded well to improvement in respiratory function tests, occurred in 28 patients (90.3%), all but one of whom survived.", "PMID": 601728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7442", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension in mitral valve disease: 56 surgical patients reviewed.", "content": "A total of 392 patients have undergone prosthetic valve surgery including the mitral valve over a four-year period (1972-76). Of these patients 56 (14%) had a pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 70 mmHg or more during preoperative cardiac catheterisation and the hospital mortality of this group was 5.4%. Similarly, the hospital mortality of the remaining 336 patients with a pulmonary artery pressure below 70 mmHg was 5.4%. The presence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with valve disease including the mitral valve does not therefore indicate that the risk of dying in hospital as a consequence of corrective surgery is increased. The absence of a raised hospital mortality in this recent series may be attributed to improved surgical techniques and materials, while the use of droperidol and pentolinium which may reduce pulmonary vascular resistance as well as systemic resistance during surgery could be contributory.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension in mitral valve disease: 56 surgical patients reviewed. A total of 392 patients have undergone prosthetic valve surgery including the mitral valve over a four-year period (1972-76). Of these patients 56 (14%) had a pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 70 mmHg or more during preoperative cardiac catheterisation and the hospital mortality of this group was 5.4%. Similarly, the hospital mortality of the remaining 336 patients with a pulmonary artery pressure below 70 mmHg was 5.4%. The presence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with valve disease including the mitral valve does not therefore indicate that the risk of dying in hospital as a consequence of corrective surgery is increased. The absence of a raised hospital mortality in this recent series may be attributed to improved surgical techniques and materials, while the use of droperidol and pentolinium which may reduce pulmonary vascular resistance as well as systemic resistance during surgery could be contributory.", "PMID": 601730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7443", "title": "Oesophageal reconstruction for complete stenosis due to dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Oesophageal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa is discussed. Two patients, a brother and sister, with stricture of the oesophagus due to the disease are described. The strictures were treated by resection and end-to-end oesophageal anastomosis and the patients have been relieved of dysphagia for the subsequent three years.", "contents": "Oesophageal reconstruction for complete stenosis due to dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Oesophageal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa is discussed. Two patients, a brother and sister, with stricture of the oesophagus due to the disease are described. The strictures were treated by resection and end-to-end oesophageal anastomosis and the patients have been relieved of dysphagia for the subsequent three years.", "PMID": 601731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7444", "title": "A study of pulmonary artery pressure, electrocardiography, and mechanocardiography in thoracic scoliosis.", "content": "Cardiac catheterisation was carried out in 40 patients with thoracic scoliosis in order to measure the pulmonary artery pressure. Statistical correlations were calculated between these results and the electrocardiographic and mechanocardiographic findings determined on a separate occasion. The pulmonary artery pressure was normal in 72% of subjects. It was inversely correlated with arterial oxygen tension but not with the aetiology, severity, or age at onset of the scoliosis. The accuracy of electrocardiography and mechanocardiography in predicting the pulmonary artery pressure was assessed. The closet correlates were found to be a tall P wave in lead II or III and a prolonged interval between pulmonary valve closure and tricuspid valve opening.", "contents": "A study of pulmonary artery pressure, electrocardiography, and mechanocardiography in thoracic scoliosis. Cardiac catheterisation was carried out in 40 patients with thoracic scoliosis in order to measure the pulmonary artery pressure. Statistical correlations were calculated between these results and the electrocardiographic and mechanocardiographic findings determined on a separate occasion. The pulmonary artery pressure was normal in 72% of subjects. It was inversely correlated with arterial oxygen tension but not with the aetiology, severity, or age at onset of the scoliosis. The accuracy of electrocardiography and mechanocardiography in predicting the pulmonary artery pressure was assessed. The closet correlates were found to be a tall P wave in lead II or III and a prolonged interval between pulmonary valve closure and tricuspid valve opening.", "PMID": 601732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7445", "title": "Exertion of stairclimbing in normal subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis.", "content": "The exertion of stairclimbing has been studied in 10 normal young men, 10 healthy middle-aged men, and 10 middle-aged men with chronic bronchitis. Subjects climbed a staircase with a total vertical ascent of 40.8 m. They were allowed to adopt the most comfortable pattern of ascent, the patients having to stop at intervales for rest pauses. Work rate was determined by timing the raising body weight over measured sections of the staircase. Perception of exertion estimated with a numerical scale, heart rate, and increase of blood lactate concentration were closely similar in all three groups at the top of the staircase. In the patients, average power output was directly dependent on lung function, as indicated by the forced expired volume in 1 second. Stairclimbing offers a simple way of studying a patient's spontaneous activity pattern in a 'real life' environment. Studies of the kind described here could usefully complement formal exercise testing in the laboratory.", "contents": "Exertion of stairclimbing in normal subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. The exertion of stairclimbing has been studied in 10 normal young men, 10 healthy middle-aged men, and 10 middle-aged men with chronic bronchitis. Subjects climbed a staircase with a total vertical ascent of 40.8 m. They were allowed to adopt the most comfortable pattern of ascent, the patients having to stop at intervales for rest pauses. Work rate was determined by timing the raising body weight over measured sections of the staircase. Perception of exertion estimated with a numerical scale, heart rate, and increase of blood lactate concentration were closely similar in all three groups at the top of the staircase. In the patients, average power output was directly dependent on lung function, as indicated by the forced expired volume in 1 second. Stairclimbing offers a simple way of studying a patient's spontaneous activity pattern in a 'real life' environment. Studies of the kind described here could usefully complement formal exercise testing in the laboratory.", "PMID": 601733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7446", "title": "Ventilation and perfusion scans in the preoperative assessment of bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Ventilation (krypton -81m) and perfusion (technetium -99m) lung scans were obtained in a consecutive series of 21 patients shortly before thoracotomy for proven or suspected carcinoma of the bronchus. In most patients ventilation and perfusion were impaired equally and the scan abnormality corresponded to the bronchoscopic and radiological findings. Unexpectedly large defects in the perfusion scan were seen in three patients, all of whom had extensive neoplastic involvement of the mediastinum at thoracotomy, but 11 other patients had mediastinal involvement which was not suspected from the scan. Ventilation scanning was useful in the prediction of postoperative ventilatory capacity in two patients who underwent pneumonectomy. We conclude that ventilation and perfusion scans are not sensitive indicators of neoplastic involvement of the mediastinum but they are valuable for the prediction of postoperative lung function.", "contents": "Ventilation and perfusion scans in the preoperative assessment of bronchial carcinoma. Ventilation (krypton -81m) and perfusion (technetium -99m) lung scans were obtained in a consecutive series of 21 patients shortly before thoracotomy for proven or suspected carcinoma of the bronchus. In most patients ventilation and perfusion were impaired equally and the scan abnormality corresponded to the bronchoscopic and radiological findings. Unexpectedly large defects in the perfusion scan were seen in three patients, all of whom had extensive neoplastic involvement of the mediastinum at thoracotomy, but 11 other patients had mediastinal involvement which was not suspected from the scan. Ventilation scanning was useful in the prediction of postoperative ventilatory capacity in two patients who underwent pneumonectomy. We conclude that ventilation and perfusion scans are not sensitive indicators of neoplastic involvement of the mediastinum but they are valuable for the prediction of postoperative lung function.", "PMID": 601734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7447", "title": "Studies with live attenuated influenza virus in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The use of live, recombinant virus for immunisation against influenza produced a number of respiratory illnesses, some severe, in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. These patients are probably more susceptible to the influenza virus than are normal subjects. Special care will be needed in testing these viruses on patients with respiratory disease.", "contents": "Studies with live attenuated influenza virus in chronic bronchitis. The use of live, recombinant virus for immunisation against influenza produced a number of respiratory illnesses, some severe, in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. These patients are probably more susceptible to the influenza virus than are normal subjects. Special care will be needed in testing these viruses on patients with respiratory disease.", "PMID": 601735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7448", "title": "Total bypass of the oesophagus for benign strictures using a reversed gastric tube.", "content": "Four cases of benign stricture of the oesophagus treated by reversed gastric tube oesophagoplasty are presented. The technique used is described in detail, and the advantages of this method over other ways of bypassing the oesophagus are discussed. The most important advantage is the restoration of normal deglutition with only one extrathoracic anasthomosis.", "contents": "Total bypass of the oesophagus for benign strictures using a reversed gastric tube. Four cases of benign stricture of the oesophagus treated by reversed gastric tube oesophagoplasty are presented. The technique used is described in detail, and the advantages of this method over other ways of bypassing the oesophagus are discussed. The most important advantage is the restoration of normal deglutition with only one extrathoracic anasthomosis.", "PMID": 601736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7449", "title": "Bronchial secretion from normal human airways after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, histamine, and citric acid.", "content": "Sputum produced by normal subjects after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, histamine, and citric acid has been analysed. Prostaglandin F2alpha was the most effective of the drugs in promoting sputum production. The material expectorated after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha shows the characteristics of mucoid sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis. The apparent viscosity and the concentration of marker substances for bronchial glycoprotein was in the lower part of the range found in mucoid chronic bronchitic sputum. The concentration of marker substances for serum glycoproteins and tissue fluid transudate were below the range found in chronic bronchitis, indicating that, in disease states, in addition to bronchial mucus there is a marked tissue fluid transudate component. Sputum produced after inhalation of acetylcholine and histamine contained relatively more tissue fluid transudate than sputum produced after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, Sputum produced after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, is of special value in indicating the nature of secretion from normal airways.", "contents": "Bronchial secretion from normal human airways after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, histamine, and citric acid. Sputum produced by normal subjects after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, histamine, and citric acid has been analysed. Prostaglandin F2alpha was the most effective of the drugs in promoting sputum production. The material expectorated after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha shows the characteristics of mucoid sputum from patients with chronic bronchitis. The apparent viscosity and the concentration of marker substances for bronchial glycoprotein was in the lower part of the range found in mucoid chronic bronchitic sputum. The concentration of marker substances for serum glycoproteins and tissue fluid transudate were below the range found in chronic bronchitis, indicating that, in disease states, in addition to bronchial mucus there is a marked tissue fluid transudate component. Sputum produced after inhalation of acetylcholine and histamine contained relatively more tissue fluid transudate than sputum produced after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, Sputum produced after inhalation of prostaglandin F2alpha, is of special value in indicating the nature of secretion from normal airways.", "PMID": 601737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7450", "title": "A re-evaluation of antibiotic sterilisation of heart valve allografts.", "content": "Six different mixtures of antibiotics used for treating heart valve allografts at the National Heart Hospital have been compared and the formulation of the medium in current use is described. The abilities of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and of fungi with low sensitivities to antifungal agents, to survive treatment are also described. These abilities emphasise the need for routine microbiological screening of every valve.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of antibiotic sterilisation of heart valve allografts. Six different mixtures of antibiotics used for treating heart valve allografts at the National Heart Hospital have been compared and the formulation of the medium in current use is described. The abilities of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and of fungi with low sensitivities to antifungal agents, to survive treatment are also described. These abilities emphasise the need for routine microbiological screening of every valve.", "PMID": 601738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7451", "title": "Delayed non-mycotic false aneurysm of ascending aortic cannulation site.", "content": "Two cases of delayed non-mycotic false aneurysm arising from ascending aortic cannulation site, presenting one-and-a-hald years and seven years after cardiopulmonary bypass, are described. These two cases represent an incidence of 0.12% of this complication. Repair using profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest with femoral artery and femoral vein cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is recommended. The advantages and complications of aortic cannulation are discussed and recommendations to minimise the complications of cannulation are made. The clinical presentation and diagnosis of non-mycotic false aneurysms arising from the aortic cannulation site are described. In addition one delayed and two early cases of non-mycotic cannulation site false aneurysms previously published are analysed. Surgeons should be alert to the possibility of this complication in all patients who have had aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass even in the distant past. Unexpected symptoms such as constant anterior chest pain, dysphagia, hoarseness, and increasing widening of the superior mediastinum on the chest radiograph warrant prompt investigation.", "contents": "Delayed non-mycotic false aneurysm of ascending aortic cannulation site. Two cases of delayed non-mycotic false aneurysm arising from ascending aortic cannulation site, presenting one-and-a-hald years and seven years after cardiopulmonary bypass, are described. These two cases represent an incidence of 0.12% of this complication. Repair using profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest with femoral artery and femoral vein cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is recommended. The advantages and complications of aortic cannulation are discussed and recommendations to minimise the complications of cannulation are made. The clinical presentation and diagnosis of non-mycotic false aneurysms arising from the aortic cannulation site are described. In addition one delayed and two early cases of non-mycotic cannulation site false aneurysms previously published are analysed. Surgeons should be alert to the possibility of this complication in all patients who have had aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass even in the distant past. Unexpected symptoms such as constant anterior chest pain, dysphagia, hoarseness, and increasing widening of the superior mediastinum on the chest radiograph warrant prompt investigation.", "PMID": 601739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7452", "title": "Incidence of decompression-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in young and old rats.", "content": "Seventeen young rats (40-52 days of age) and 17 old rats (545-702 days of age) were decompressed from one atmospheric pressure to an ambient pressure of 30 mmHg in 0.25 second. It was found that 11 of 34 young lungs (32%) and 23 of 34 old lungs (68%) showed decompression-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. The difference was statistically significant. The pulmonary haemorrhage of the old rats was markedly more severe than that of the young rats.", "contents": "Incidence of decompression-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in young and old rats. Seventeen young rats (40-52 days of age) and 17 old rats (545-702 days of age) were decompressed from one atmospheric pressure to an ambient pressure of 30 mmHg in 0.25 second. It was found that 11 of 34 young lungs (32%) and 23 of 34 old lungs (68%) showed decompression-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. The difference was statistically significant. The pulmonary haemorrhage of the old rats was markedly more severe than that of the young rats.", "PMID": 601740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7453", "title": "Second closed mitral valvotomy for recurrent mitral stenosis.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients undergoing a second closed mitral valvotomy between 1957 and 1974 have been reviewed. Since 1951, 510 patients have had a primary closed valvotomy in the same unit. The incidence of restenosis severe enough to warrant further surgery is higher after a finger fracture procedure (40%) than after a Tubbs dilator valvotomy (9.2%). There is an operative mortality of 10.4%, and a further late mortality of 23.8% after a second closed valvotomy. Of the surviving patients, 70.5% have had a good or excellent result. The group with poor results is characterised by the presence of a calcified fixed valve, making valvotomy difficult and incomplete. In the presence of a non-calcified valve, a second valvotomy still has a place when surgery for restenosis is required.", "contents": "Second closed mitral valvotomy for recurrent mitral stenosis. Sixty-seven patients undergoing a second closed mitral valvotomy between 1957 and 1974 have been reviewed. Since 1951, 510 patients have had a primary closed valvotomy in the same unit. The incidence of restenosis severe enough to warrant further surgery is higher after a finger fracture procedure (40%) than after a Tubbs dilator valvotomy (9.2%). There is an operative mortality of 10.4%, and a further late mortality of 23.8% after a second closed valvotomy. Of the surviving patients, 70.5% have had a good or excellent result. The group with poor results is characterised by the presence of a calcified fixed valve, making valvotomy difficult and incomplete. In the presence of a non-calcified valve, a second valvotomy still has a place when surgery for restenosis is required.", "PMID": 601741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7454", "title": "Familial pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case report.", "content": "A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in a male infant who died at the age of 3 months is presented. Both intra- and extrapulmonary veins were involved. Two years earlier a brother had died of the same disease at the age of 8 weeks, but, in that case, the disease was restricted to the intrapulmonary veins. It is suggested that the disease may have been caused by a viral infection, the mother acting as a carrier. The simultaneous occurrence of intra- and extraparenchymal pulmonary vein occlusion indicates that some instances of isolated extraparenchymal pulmonary vein atresia or obstruction may also have been examples of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.", "contents": "Familial pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case report. A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in a male infant who died at the age of 3 months is presented. Both intra- and extrapulmonary veins were involved. Two years earlier a brother had died of the same disease at the age of 8 weeks, but, in that case, the disease was restricted to the intrapulmonary veins. It is suggested that the disease may have been caused by a viral infection, the mother acting as a carrier. The simultaneous occurrence of intra- and extraparenchymal pulmonary vein occlusion indicates that some instances of isolated extraparenchymal pulmonary vein atresia or obstruction may also have been examples of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.", "PMID": 601742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7455", "title": "Progressive systemic sclerosis complicated by diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage.", "content": "A case is reported of progressive systemic sclerosis with pulmonary fibrosis which was complicated by recurrent haemoptyses due to diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage. We have found no other report of this association. The haemorrhage finally remitted after treatment was started with 40 mg prednisone daily, though previously spontaneous remissions had occurred.", "contents": "Progressive systemic sclerosis complicated by diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage. A case is reported of progressive systemic sclerosis with pulmonary fibrosis which was complicated by recurrent haemoptyses due to diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage. We have found no other report of this association. The haemorrhage finally remitted after treatment was started with 40 mg prednisone daily, though previously spontaneous remissions had occurred.", "PMID": 601743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7456", "title": "Carcinoid tumour of possible thymic origin: case report.", "content": "A case of carcinoid tumour of possible thymic origin in a 43-year-old man is presented. Carcinoid tumour arising in the anterior mediastinum (thymus) is a rare condition and only 26 cases have been reported in the past. A review of the literature showed that three-quarters of the reported cases were asymptomatic but the remainder of patients presented with various endocrine symptoms. Ultrastructurally the thymic carcinoid is similar to those found in other organs and also appears to be derived from Kultschitsky cells of the thymus gland.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumour of possible thymic origin: case report. A case of carcinoid tumour of possible thymic origin in a 43-year-old man is presented. Carcinoid tumour arising in the anterior mediastinum (thymus) is a rare condition and only 26 cases have been reported in the past. A review of the literature showed that three-quarters of the reported cases were asymptomatic but the remainder of patients presented with various endocrine symptoms. Ultrastructurally the thymic carcinoid is similar to those found in other organs and also appears to be derived from Kultschitsky cells of the thymus gland.", "PMID": 601744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7457", "title": "Permanent right ventricular pacing through an anomalous left superior vena cava.", "content": "A persistent left superior vena cava can complicate the implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. In a patient who required a permanent pacemaker, this venous anomaly was discovered during the insertion of the electrode but it did not prevent long-term right ventricular pacing. This was achieved after the electrode had been manipulated through the coronary sinus and right atrium. A plan of management is proposed for dealing with this unexpected problem.", "contents": "Permanent right ventricular pacing through an anomalous left superior vena cava. A persistent left superior vena cava can complicate the implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. In a patient who required a permanent pacemaker, this venous anomaly was discovered during the insertion of the electrode but it did not prevent long-term right ventricular pacing. This was achieved after the electrode had been manipulated through the coronary sinus and right atrium. A plan of management is proposed for dealing with this unexpected problem.", "PMID": 601745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7458", "title": "[Functional examination findings after parietal pleurectomy in patients with recurrent of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with recurrent of spontaneous pneumothorax were re-examined sixteen months or more after a total parietal pleurectomy had been carried out. This re-examination included: 1. Detailed case history with emphasis on physical performance; 2. clinical findings; 3. Thorax x-ray at two planes; 4. Lungscintigraphy; 5. Spirometry. Following parietal pleurectomy, none of the patients exhibited any functional disturbance worthy of mention. This operative technique, perhaps modified as a partial parietal pleurectomy, can be recommended at this time as the method of choice for treating recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax.", "contents": "[Functional examination findings after parietal pleurectomy in patients with recurrent of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. Eight patients with recurrent of spontaneous pneumothorax were re-examined sixteen months or more after a total parietal pleurectomy had been carried out. This re-examination included: 1. Detailed case history with emphasis on physical performance; 2. clinical findings; 3. Thorax x-ray at two planes; 4. Lungscintigraphy; 5. Spirometry. Following parietal pleurectomy, none of the patients exhibited any functional disturbance worthy of mention. This operative technique, perhaps modified as a partial parietal pleurectomy, can be recommended at this time as the method of choice for treating recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax.", "PMID": 601761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7459", "title": "[Transvenous extraction of venous katheter by Simmons-katheter (sidewinder I) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about successful extraction of cutoff embolised venous katheter from V. jugularis with help of a SIMMONS-catheter. Further possibilities of use of superselective arteriography catheters in this connection are mentioned.", "contents": "[Transvenous extraction of venous katheter by Simmons-katheter (sidewinder I) (author's transl)]. Report about successful extraction of cutoff embolised venous katheter from V. jugularis with help of a SIMMONS-catheter. Further possibilities of use of superselective arteriography catheters in this connection are mentioned.", "PMID": 601762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7460", "title": "[Implantation of formalin-preserved umbilical veins as dialysis shunts--a new method of allogenic blood vessel graft (author's transl)].", "content": "Allogenous venous umbilical implants can be used for successful vascular reconstructions and for the establishment of dialysis shunts. Presently 15 patients were treated with venous umbilical implants, in two of which a thrombosis of the implant occurred, one of them showed slight dilatation. In the case of dialysis shunts, implants serve exceptionally well. Especially the fixation in formalin can be especially recommended for preservation due to the fact that the umbilical veins can be obtained under non-sterile conditions, the immunological rejections are omitted. According to the present observations the mechanical properties are favourably influenced. At the time of the operation the umbilical veins do not possess an endothelium, nevertheless their functions are thereby affected. The results up to present time are favourable, nevertheless further investigations are necessitated.", "contents": "[Implantation of formalin-preserved umbilical veins as dialysis shunts--a new method of allogenic blood vessel graft (author's transl)]. Allogenous venous umbilical implants can be used for successful vascular reconstructions and for the establishment of dialysis shunts. Presently 15 patients were treated with venous umbilical implants, in two of which a thrombosis of the implant occurred, one of them showed slight dilatation. In the case of dialysis shunts, implants serve exceptionally well. Especially the fixation in formalin can be especially recommended for preservation due to the fact that the umbilical veins can be obtained under non-sterile conditions, the immunological rejections are omitted. According to the present observations the mechanical properties are favourably influenced. At the time of the operation the umbilical veins do not possess an endothelium, nevertheless their functions are thereby affected. The results up to present time are favourable, nevertheless further investigations are necessitated.", "PMID": 601763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7461", "title": "[Artery end to end anastomoses with screw-dense-fixation-rings (author's transl)].", "content": "In study of screw-dense-fixation-ring method in 15 cases of a dog's femoral artery, end to end, was reconstructed. The anastomoses is achieved by vessels of 3 - 6 mm diameter. Within a period of 1 - 6 months post-operatively, average of 3 months, angiographic control of all cases showed no complications such as aneurysm or stricture. The construction of screw-dense-fixation-ring seems to give a considerable result, because the power which is keeping the rings together, can be controlled.", "contents": "[Artery end to end anastomoses with screw-dense-fixation-rings (author's transl)]. In study of screw-dense-fixation-ring method in 15 cases of a dog's femoral artery, end to end, was reconstructed. The anastomoses is achieved by vessels of 3 - 6 mm diameter. Within a period of 1 - 6 months post-operatively, average of 3 months, angiographic control of all cases showed no complications such as aneurysm or stricture. The construction of screw-dense-fixation-ring seems to give a considerable result, because the power which is keeping the rings together, can be controlled.", "PMID": 601764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7462", "title": "[Postoperative control of blood flow in arterial surgery: results of electromagnetic blood flow measurement (author's transl)].", "content": "An electromagnetic blood flow cuff probe was implanted up to 4 days in 50 patients to control basal blood flow through a femoro-popliteal vein graft. Patent grafts showed increasing blood flow due to hyperemia with maximum on the 2. p. op. day. The level of the postoperative hyperemia and the increase of blood flow caused by intraarterial papaverine injection during operation were in the same range. The method and the extension of analgesia influenced the degree of postoperative hyperemia. Pain and blood loss diminuished graft flow. Patients with epidural block and sufficient blood volume produced a significant higher graft flow than patients with morphine analgesia. 2 patients had early occlusion of the graft, 2 others showed occlusion at the distal anastomosis. These complications could be easily detected by blood flow measurement and were successfully corrected in two patients. Moreover, electromagnetic postoperative blood flow control may be helpful in patients with proximal a.v. shunt for hemodialysis.", "contents": "[Postoperative control of blood flow in arterial surgery: results of electromagnetic blood flow measurement (author's transl)]. An electromagnetic blood flow cuff probe was implanted up to 4 days in 50 patients to control basal blood flow through a femoro-popliteal vein graft. Patent grafts showed increasing blood flow due to hyperemia with maximum on the 2. p. op. day. The level of the postoperative hyperemia and the increase of blood flow caused by intraarterial papaverine injection during operation were in the same range. The method and the extension of analgesia influenced the degree of postoperative hyperemia. Pain and blood loss diminuished graft flow. Patients with epidural block and sufficient blood volume produced a significant higher graft flow than patients with morphine analgesia. 2 patients had early occlusion of the graft, 2 others showed occlusion at the distal anastomosis. These complications could be easily detected by blood flow measurement and were successfully corrected in two patients. Moreover, electromagnetic postoperative blood flow control may be helpful in patients with proximal a.v. shunt for hemodialysis.", "PMID": 601765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7463", "title": "[Partial anomalous right pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus without atrial septal defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Drainage of right pulmonary vein into the coronary sinus. A case of anomalous drainage of the right pulmonary vein into the coronary sinus in a boy of 6 years is presented. There was no associated atrial septal defect. Flow from the right pulmonary vein was directed into the left atrium by using a teflon patch, while maintaining coronary venous return to the right atrium.", "contents": "[Partial anomalous right pulmonary venous return into the coronary sinus without atrial septal defect (author's transl)]. Drainage of right pulmonary vein into the coronary sinus. A case of anomalous drainage of the right pulmonary vein into the coronary sinus in a boy of 6 years is presented. There was no associated atrial septal defect. Flow from the right pulmonary vein was directed into the left atrium by using a teflon patch, while maintaining coronary venous return to the right atrium.", "PMID": 601766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7464", "title": "[Loss of thrombocytes in heart surgery with membrane and bubble oxygenators (author's transl)].", "content": "Thrombocyte levels of patients undergoing open heart surgery were studied to compare effects of a bubble with a membrane oxygenator. Loss of platelets, which is not explained by hemodilution, is smaller in membrane oxygenation and normal level of platelets is readily established postoperatively compared to conventional bubble oxygenation.", "contents": "[Loss of thrombocytes in heart surgery with membrane and bubble oxygenators (author's transl)]. Thrombocyte levels of patients undergoing open heart surgery were studied to compare effects of a bubble with a membrane oxygenator. Loss of platelets, which is not explained by hemodilution, is smaller in membrane oxygenation and normal level of platelets is readily established postoperatively compared to conventional bubble oxygenation.", "PMID": 601767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7465", "title": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)].", "content": "Among a total of 6000 patients of the Herzchirurgische Klinik of the University of Munich, 16 patients had an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Mostly, this was localized in the right sinus, less often in the non-coronary sinus, and only in one case in the left sinus. In 9 patients the aneurysm had ruptured into the right ventricle or into the right atrium. In 2/3 of the cases the aneurysm was associated with a VSD or an acquired malformation of the aortic valve. The diagnosis in part was based on the typical history with a sudden begin of cardiac symptoms secondary to rupture of the aneurysm; however, the most useful diagnostic procedure was the heart catheterization including an angiogram of the aortic root. Surgical treatment led to good early and late results; there was a low operative risk, and complications were rare; however, the prognosis may be less favorable in the presence of an acquired malformation of the aortic valve.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)]. Among a total of 6000 patients of the Herzchirurgische Klinik of the University of Munich, 16 patients had an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Mostly, this was localized in the right sinus, less often in the non-coronary sinus, and only in one case in the left sinus. In 9 patients the aneurysm had ruptured into the right ventricle or into the right atrium. In 2/3 of the cases the aneurysm was associated with a VSD or an acquired malformation of the aortic valve. The diagnosis in part was based on the typical history with a sudden begin of cardiac symptoms secondary to rupture of the aneurysm; however, the most useful diagnostic procedure was the heart catheterization including an angiogram of the aortic root. Surgical treatment led to good early and late results; there was a low operative risk, and complications were rare; however, the prognosis may be less favorable in the presence of an acquired malformation of the aortic valve.", "PMID": 601768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7466", "title": "[Cardioplegia according to Bretschneider for valve replacement: clinical experiences and electronmicroscopical results (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about clinical experiences with the cardioplegia according to Bretschneider combined with deep selective hypothermia of the heart in 44 patients. Before, during and after cardioplegia we made biopsies from the left ventricle of 6 patients for electronmicroscopical examinations. Besides the mitochondrial changes already known we saw a break-down of the nexuses. We discuss the importance if these changes for the action of the cardioplegia. Both changes seemed to be reversible. The clinical results and the immediate and later postoperative follow-up demonstrate, that with the described technique a good myocardial protection can be done. This procedure allows operating with a low risk at a completely arrested and relaxed heart until 130 minutes.", "contents": "[Cardioplegia according to Bretschneider for valve replacement: clinical experiences and electronmicroscopical results (author's transl)]. We report about clinical experiences with the cardioplegia according to Bretschneider combined with deep selective hypothermia of the heart in 44 patients. Before, during and after cardioplegia we made biopsies from the left ventricle of 6 patients for electronmicroscopical examinations. Besides the mitochondrial changes already known we saw a break-down of the nexuses. We discuss the importance if these changes for the action of the cardioplegia. Both changes seemed to be reversible. The clinical results and the immediate and later postoperative follow-up demonstrate, that with the described technique a good myocardial protection can be done. This procedure allows operating with a low risk at a completely arrested and relaxed heart until 130 minutes.", "PMID": 601769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7467", "title": "The dependence of finger tip touch-pressure upon the condition of Braille reading.", "content": "The finger motions and quickness of braille reading were investigated by way of recording the finger tip pressure on the braille and its time process. Subjects were separated into two groups. One group consisted of 5 experienced blinds and the other group consisted of 5 blinds who were beginners in braille reading. The comparison of obtained results from two groups gave some evidence for the following conclusion. The finger tip pressure was considerably increased for careful or difficult reading.", "contents": "The dependence of finger tip touch-pressure upon the condition of Braille reading. The finger motions and quickness of braille reading were investigated by way of recording the finger tip pressure on the braille and its time process. Subjects were separated into two groups. One group consisted of 5 experienced blinds and the other group consisted of 5 blinds who were beginners in braille reading. The comparison of obtained results from two groups gave some evidence for the following conclusion. The finger tip pressure was considerably increased for careful or difficult reading.", "PMID": 601770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7468", "title": "A patient with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy and chronic renal failure treated successfully with long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "A 38-year-old man suffering from chronic recurrent hepatic enchephalopathy due to liver cirrhosis complicated with chronic renal failure had been maintained well by regular hemodialysis treatment for 14 months. Only four episodes of hepatic encephalopathy occurred in that period. Each of four episodes of disturbed consciousness was accompanied by slightly elevated blood ammonia levels. Energetic serial dialysis for 5-7 days was necessary for its recovery. The factors causing hepatic encephalopathy did not appear to be easily dialysable as compared with those of uremic coma. It is concluded that the hemodialysis is quite an effective treatment for the recurrent type of hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "A patient with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy and chronic renal failure treated successfully with long-term hemodialysis. A 38-year-old man suffering from chronic recurrent hepatic enchephalopathy due to liver cirrhosis complicated with chronic renal failure had been maintained well by regular hemodialysis treatment for 14 months. Only four episodes of hepatic encephalopathy occurred in that period. Each of four episodes of disturbed consciousness was accompanied by slightly elevated blood ammonia levels. Energetic serial dialysis for 5-7 days was necessary for its recovery. The factors causing hepatic encephalopathy did not appear to be easily dialysable as compared with those of uremic coma. It is concluded that the hemodialysis is quite an effective treatment for the recurrent type of hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 601771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7469", "title": "Serial alveolography-preliminary report.", "content": "Serial alveolography using a contrast medium for indirect lymphography was developed at our department. With this technique radiograms comparable to so-called barium-imbibed preparations of resected lung are possible. Furthermore, the procedure has the advantage of demonstrating serial radiographic changes as well as the local contrast medium wash-out or clearance, a local functional aspect of the lung, successively in a very short time. It is practical to accomplish simultaneous examinations in both morphological and functional (most probably concerned with the local pulmonary lymph) aspects with the new procedure. Significant differences in radiographic features have been demonstrated between the normal lung and chronic pulmonary emphysema or fibrotic pulmonary diseases.", "contents": "Serial alveolography-preliminary report. Serial alveolography using a contrast medium for indirect lymphography was developed at our department. With this technique radiograms comparable to so-called barium-imbibed preparations of resected lung are possible. Furthermore, the procedure has the advantage of demonstrating serial radiographic changes as well as the local contrast medium wash-out or clearance, a local functional aspect of the lung, successively in a very short time. It is practical to accomplish simultaneous examinations in both morphological and functional (most probably concerned with the local pulmonary lymph) aspects with the new procedure. Significant differences in radiographic features have been demonstrated between the normal lung and chronic pulmonary emphysema or fibrotic pulmonary diseases.", "PMID": 601772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7470", "title": "Association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B5 and -BW22-J with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology.", "content": "The majority of patients with hepatic cirrhosis in Japan do not have a history of acute hepatitis or alcoholism. Twenty-nine patients with hepatic cirrhosis which were thought as random samples from cirrhotic patients without a history of acute hepatitis or alcoholism were Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) typed. Association of HLA-B5 and -BW22-J with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology was found in p less than 0.003, and p less than 0.01, respectively (128 controls). A predisposition linked to HLA-B5 or -BW22-J related gene or genes seems to play a role in the development of hepatic cirrhosis, at least in a substantial part of patients with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology in Japan.", "contents": "Association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B5 and -BW22-J with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology. The majority of patients with hepatic cirrhosis in Japan do not have a history of acute hepatitis or alcoholism. Twenty-nine patients with hepatic cirrhosis which were thought as random samples from cirrhotic patients without a history of acute hepatitis or alcoholism were Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) typed. Association of HLA-B5 and -BW22-J with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology was found in p less than 0.003, and p less than 0.01, respectively (128 controls). A predisposition linked to HLA-B5 or -BW22-J related gene or genes seems to play a role in the development of hepatic cirrhosis, at least in a substantial part of patients with hepatic cirrhosis of apparently unknown etiology in Japan.", "PMID": 601773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7471", "title": "Serum zinc and copper levels in healthy Japanese infants.", "content": "The serum zinc and copper concentrations were measured in 45 healthy Japanese infants with age ranging from 5 days to 12 months. At one month of age there was a significant decrease in serum zinc concentration, and this low level persisted until 6 months of age when a significant increase in serum zinc concentration was observed. Serum zinc concentrations remained relatively stable between 6 and 12 months of age. The concentration of serum copper in newborn infants was significantly lower than in healthy children (age: 6 to 12 years), but had risen by 5 months of age to the same levels. There were no significant differences in serum zinc and copper concentrations between male and female infants. However, there was a tendency for serum zinc levels in exclusively breastfed infants to be higher than those in bottlefed infants at 3 months of age and for serum copper levels in exclusively or partially breastfed infants to be higher than those in bottlefed infants at one month of age.", "contents": "Serum zinc and copper levels in healthy Japanese infants. The serum zinc and copper concentrations were measured in 45 healthy Japanese infants with age ranging from 5 days to 12 months. At one month of age there was a significant decrease in serum zinc concentration, and this low level persisted until 6 months of age when a significant increase in serum zinc concentration was observed. Serum zinc concentrations remained relatively stable between 6 and 12 months of age. The concentration of serum copper in newborn infants was significantly lower than in healthy children (age: 6 to 12 years), but had risen by 5 months of age to the same levels. There were no significant differences in serum zinc and copper concentrations between male and female infants. However, there was a tendency for serum zinc levels in exclusively breastfed infants to be higher than those in bottlefed infants at 3 months of age and for serum copper levels in exclusively or partially breastfed infants to be higher than those in bottlefed infants at one month of age.", "PMID": 601774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7472", "title": "Effects of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II on urinary prostaglandin excretion in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "To investigate the interaction between the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and the renal prostaglandin (PG), urinary excretion of PGE, urinary excretion of main urinary metabolite (MUM) of PGF2a, urinary excretion of aldosterone, and plasma renin activity were measured before and after infusion of 1-Sar-8-Ile-Angiotensin II, a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, in 18 patients with essential hypertension under normal and low sodium diets. The values of urinary sodium excretion in these patients before the infusion of the peptide were 160.8 +/- 13.3 and 27.0 +/- 2.7 mEq per day on normal and low sodium diet, respectively. On normal sodium diet, urinary excretion of PGE was found to correlate with the level of plasma renin activity before the infusion (r = 0.6977, p less than 0.01), and it was decreased slightly from 0.37 +/- 0.05 ng/min to 0.26 +/- 0.04 ng/min after the infusion of the antagonist. On low sodium diet, urinary excretion of PGE was not significantly changed by the infusion of the peptide and showed no correlation with the level of plasma renin activity before the infusion, while urinary excretion of PGE showed a significant correlation with the excretion of urinary aldosterone (r = 0.6719, p less than 0.02). Excretion of PGF2aMUM decreased after the infusion of this peptide on both sodium diets, but the changes were not statistically significant. The present data suggest that angiotensin II influences the synthesis or release of renal PG in patients with essential hypertension on normal sodium diet, but not when they are on low sodium diet.", "contents": "Effects of 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II on urinary prostaglandin excretion in patients with essential hypertension. To investigate the interaction between the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and the renal prostaglandin (PG), urinary excretion of PGE, urinary excretion of main urinary metabolite (MUM) of PGF2a, urinary excretion of aldosterone, and plasma renin activity were measured before and after infusion of 1-Sar-8-Ile-Angiotensin II, a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, in 18 patients with essential hypertension under normal and low sodium diets. The values of urinary sodium excretion in these patients before the infusion of the peptide were 160.8 +/- 13.3 and 27.0 +/- 2.7 mEq per day on normal and low sodium diet, respectively. On normal sodium diet, urinary excretion of PGE was found to correlate with the level of plasma renin activity before the infusion (r = 0.6977, p less than 0.01), and it was decreased slightly from 0.37 +/- 0.05 ng/min to 0.26 +/- 0.04 ng/min after the infusion of the antagonist. On low sodium diet, urinary excretion of PGE was not significantly changed by the infusion of the peptide and showed no correlation with the level of plasma renin activity before the infusion, while urinary excretion of PGE showed a significant correlation with the excretion of urinary aldosterone (r = 0.6719, p less than 0.02). Excretion of PGF2aMUM decreased after the infusion of this peptide on both sodium diets, but the changes were not statistically significant. The present data suggest that angiotensin II influences the synthesis or release of renal PG in patients with essential hypertension on normal sodium diet, but not when they are on low sodium diet.", "PMID": 601775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7473", "title": "Pregnancy and delivery in penicillamine treated patients with Wilson's disease.", "content": "Pregnancy and delivery of two patients with Wilson's disease are reported. Case 1 was a 20-year-old housewife who had been taking D-penicillamine fore more than 10 years and had remained asymptomatic except an episode of dissociative reaction. She apparently survived longer than any of her three sisters who died of the same disease. She discontinued the use of D-penicillamine by herself when she was at the 22nd week of pregnancy. Case 2 was a 32-year-old housewife who developed an episode of mental disorder of short circuit reaction type with mild neurological symptoms and Kayser-Fleischer rings after the prolonged interval of medication since the first pregnancy and delivery. Three months after the complete recovery of neuropsychiatric symptoms she was at the 12th week of pregnancy and withheld penicillamine from herself. During the pregnancy they had not revealed any exacerbation in terms of clinical and laboratory findings. Each of them was delivered of a healthy baby. Although the pregnancy and delivery of both patients were successful, the authors recommended that they should not prolong the interval of medication to protect themselves against the onset or relapse of the illness.", "contents": "Pregnancy and delivery in penicillamine treated patients with Wilson's disease. Pregnancy and delivery of two patients with Wilson's disease are reported. Case 1 was a 20-year-old housewife who had been taking D-penicillamine fore more than 10 years and had remained asymptomatic except an episode of dissociative reaction. She apparently survived longer than any of her three sisters who died of the same disease. She discontinued the use of D-penicillamine by herself when she was at the 22nd week of pregnancy. Case 2 was a 32-year-old housewife who developed an episode of mental disorder of short circuit reaction type with mild neurological symptoms and Kayser-Fleischer rings after the prolonged interval of medication since the first pregnancy and delivery. Three months after the complete recovery of neuropsychiatric symptoms she was at the 12th week of pregnancy and withheld penicillamine from herself. During the pregnancy they had not revealed any exacerbation in terms of clinical and laboratory findings. Each of them was delivered of a healthy baby. Although the pregnancy and delivery of both patients were successful, the authors recommended that they should not prolong the interval of medication to protect themselves against the onset or relapse of the illness.", "PMID": 601776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7474", "title": "Comparative studies of non-hemoglobin proteins of adult and newborn red blood cell lysates.", "content": "It has been known that hemolysate is composed of not only hemoglobin but also non-hemoglobin proteins (NHP). NHP isolated effectively from hemolysate of adult and newborn by CM-Sephadex chromatography was investigated by polyacrylamide disc or slab electrophoresis. It was demonstrated on slab electrophoresis that adult NHP is composed of 4 zones (approximately 14 bands) with different mobilities and that adult NHP shows a considerably different pattern from cord NHP. The difference was observed also on the electrophoresis stained for esterase or lactate dehydrogenase. Rabbit antiserum to adult NHP was adsorbed with cord NHP and specific antiserum for adult NHP was prepared. However, antiserum reacting with only cord NHP was not obtained from anti-cord NHP serum. These results suggested that adult specific components with passable antigenicity were present in adult NHP and that cord NHP had similar antigenicity as adult NHP.", "contents": "Comparative studies of non-hemoglobin proteins of adult and newborn red blood cell lysates. It has been known that hemolysate is composed of not only hemoglobin but also non-hemoglobin proteins (NHP). NHP isolated effectively from hemolysate of adult and newborn by CM-Sephadex chromatography was investigated by polyacrylamide disc or slab electrophoresis. It was demonstrated on slab electrophoresis that adult NHP is composed of 4 zones (approximately 14 bands) with different mobilities and that adult NHP shows a considerably different pattern from cord NHP. The difference was observed also on the electrophoresis stained for esterase or lactate dehydrogenase. Rabbit antiserum to adult NHP was adsorbed with cord NHP and specific antiserum for adult NHP was prepared. However, antiserum reacting with only cord NHP was not obtained from anti-cord NHP serum. These results suggested that adult specific components with passable antigenicity were present in adult NHP and that cord NHP had similar antigenicity as adult NHP.", "PMID": 601777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7475", "title": "A method to register a dynamic balance of the upper urinary tract.", "content": "Using a specially designed circuit with an UP-DOWN counter, a new method is briefly described for investigation of the upper urinary tract. It allows sequential measurements of the balance level between input and output of the pelviureteral system in animal experiments.", "contents": "A method to register a dynamic balance of the upper urinary tract. Using a specially designed circuit with an UP-DOWN counter, a new method is briefly described for investigation of the upper urinary tract. It allows sequential measurements of the balance level between input and output of the pelviureteral system in animal experiments.", "PMID": 601778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7476", "title": "Some observations on glass-knife making.", "content": "The yield of usable knife edge per knife (for thin sectioning) was markedly increased when glass knives were made at an included angle of 55 degrees rather than the customary 45 degrees. A large number of measurements of edge check marks made with a routine light scattering method as well as observations made on a smaller number of test sections with the electron microscope indicated the superiority of 55 degrees knives. Knives were made with both taped pliers and an LKB Knifemaker. Knives were graded by methods easily applied in any biological electron microscope laboratory. Depending on the mode of fracture, the yield of knives having more than 33% of their edges free of check marks was 30 to 100 times greater at 55 degrees than 45 degrees.", "contents": "Some observations on glass-knife making. The yield of usable knife edge per knife (for thin sectioning) was markedly increased when glass knives were made at an included angle of 55 degrees rather than the customary 45 degrees. A large number of measurements of edge check marks made with a routine light scattering method as well as observations made on a smaller number of test sections with the electron microscope indicated the superiority of 55 degrees knives. Knives were made with both taped pliers and an LKB Knifemaker. Knives were graded by methods easily applied in any biological electron microscope laboratory. Depending on the mode of fracture, the yield of knives having more than 33% of their edges free of check marks was 30 to 100 times greater at 55 degrees than 45 degrees.", "PMID": 601804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7477", "title": "Tissue bath improvements for the Oxford Vibratome.", "content": "Modification of the tissue bath on the Oxford Vibratome Sectioning System facilitates simpler and more efficient operation. The basic modification consists of the introduction of a small, approximately 25 ml capacity tissue bath into the larger bath provided by the instrument's design. Temperature in the modified system is controlled by using the instrument's large bath as an ice chamber. This modification allows better temperature control, easier retrieval of tissue sections, and more efficient use of expensive buffers, reduces the chance of section carry-over from one specimen to another, and requires less cleanup time. When it is advantageous to have the tissue in a large volume of solution, more efficient section retrieval and solution use can still be obtained by substituting a wire mesh collection basket for the small tissue bath, while using the standard bath in the usual way.", "contents": "Tissue bath improvements for the Oxford Vibratome. Modification of the tissue bath on the Oxford Vibratome Sectioning System facilitates simpler and more efficient operation. The basic modification consists of the introduction of a small, approximately 25 ml capacity tissue bath into the larger bath provided by the instrument's design. Temperature in the modified system is controlled by using the instrument's large bath as an ice chamber. This modification allows better temperature control, easier retrieval of tissue sections, and more efficient use of expensive buffers, reduces the chance of section carry-over from one specimen to another, and requires less cleanup time. When it is advantageous to have the tissue in a large volume of solution, more efficient section retrieval and solution use can still be obtained by substituting a wire mesh collection basket for the small tissue bath, while using the standard bath in the usual way.", "PMID": 601805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7478", "title": "[Short time afterloading curietherapy of gynecological carcinomas: technique and problems (author's transl)].", "content": "A short time remote afterloading curietherapy system for treatment of carcinoma of the cervix using one 50 to 150 Ci 192 Ir source in newly constructed kidney shaped applicators in connection with the Gamma-Med is presented. Computer calculated and plotted symmetric and asymmetric isodoses have been drawn by a plotter, adapted to individual cases. Dosage problems and solutions respecting clinical experiences as well as radiobiological information are discussed. Short time irradiations don't offer radiobiological advantages by themselves. On the other hand, flexibility in modelling absorbed dose distributions, excellent reproducibility of applications and therefore possibility of reliable procedures in higher fractionation, and above all the possibility to avoid hospitalisation or the great majority of patients are a decisive argument in favour of the proposed system, not only from a medical and psychological point of view, but also for economic reasons.", "contents": "[Short time afterloading curietherapy of gynecological carcinomas: technique and problems (author's transl)]. A short time remote afterloading curietherapy system for treatment of carcinoma of the cervix using one 50 to 150 Ci 192 Ir source in newly constructed kidney shaped applicators in connection with the Gamma-Med is presented. Computer calculated and plotted symmetric and asymmetric isodoses have been drawn by a plotter, adapted to individual cases. Dosage problems and solutions respecting clinical experiences as well as radiobiological information are discussed. Short time irradiations don't offer radiobiological advantages by themselves. On the other hand, flexibility in modelling absorbed dose distributions, excellent reproducibility of applications and therefore possibility of reliable procedures in higher fractionation, and above all the possibility to avoid hospitalisation or the great majority of patients are a decisive argument in favour of the proposed system, not only from a medical and psychological point of view, but also for economic reasons.", "PMID": 601832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7479", "title": "[Radiation-physical conditions concerning irradiation by means of remote afterloading (author's transl)].", "content": "Afterloading techniques, proposed as early as 1903, came into practical use only during the last two decades. Remote afterloading techniques were introduced clinically when suitable sealed gamma sources became available and reliable equipment were designed, transferring the radiation sources between a shielding container and suitably designed irradiators in the patient. The technique can be used with low or high dose-rate and offers several advantages, such as complete elimination of all radiation protection problems, optimization of the treatment technique - through several means - and possibly increased treatment capacity. Two applications of a particularly flexible system are illustrated. Requirements for the development, advantages with today's technique and possibilities for future development are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiation-physical conditions concerning irradiation by means of remote afterloading (author's transl)]. Afterloading techniques, proposed as early as 1903, came into practical use only during the last two decades. Remote afterloading techniques were introduced clinically when suitable sealed gamma sources became available and reliable equipment were designed, transferring the radiation sources between a shielding container and suitably designed irradiators in the patient. The technique can be used with low or high dose-rate and offers several advantages, such as complete elimination of all radiation protection problems, optimization of the treatment technique - through several means - and possibly increased treatment capacity. Two applications of a particularly flexible system are illustrated. Requirements for the development, advantages with today's technique and possibilities for future development are discussed.", "PMID": 601833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7480", "title": "[Optimization in planning and application of 60 Co gamma irradiations - analysis of the problem (author's transl)].", "content": "As an aspect of the complex problem of optimization in therapeutical transmission of radiation energy to Man, the dose distribution within a cross-sectional area of the body is considered. For the judgement on optimal dose distributions, involving judgement on irradiation technique, boundary conditions are needed which encompass important parameters of a dose distribution (= criterion for optima). For computer-assisted optimization the boundary conditions are to be scheduled by an appropriate algorithm. The parameters describing a dose distribution are indicated. Practical utilization of computer-assisted optimization of dose is represented by means of two optimization schedules.", "contents": "[Optimization in planning and application of 60 Co gamma irradiations - analysis of the problem (author's transl)]. As an aspect of the complex problem of optimization in therapeutical transmission of radiation energy to Man, the dose distribution within a cross-sectional area of the body is considered. For the judgement on optimal dose distributions, involving judgement on irradiation technique, boundary conditions are needed which encompass important parameters of a dose distribution (= criterion for optima). For computer-assisted optimization the boundary conditions are to be scheduled by an appropriate algorithm. The parameters describing a dose distribution are indicated. Practical utilization of computer-assisted optimization of dose is represented by means of two optimization schedules.", "PMID": 601834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7481", "title": "[Diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: indication, management, results (author's transl)].", "content": "Till December 31st 1976, diagnostic laparotomy was carried out in 58 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Of these, 23 cases (40%) revealed abdominal involvement. The tumor stage found by conventional diagnostics before surgical treatment had to be altered in 16 patients (27%). It had to be increased in ten and lowered in six cases. Of 13 splenic Hodgkin infiltrations twelve had not been supposed preoperatively; four out of 43 sound organs had been suspected preoperatively because of splenomegaly. Subdiaphragmatic histological findings involving a rather unfavorable prognosis were seen in nine patients (16%). In Hodgkin's disease, risk groups cannot be selected with confidence, as no definite correlation between the frequency of subdiaphragmatic affection and the primary manifestations, histology or general symptoms was observed. Since operation risk of diagnostic laparotomy is low, operable stage I-III cases with Hodgkin's disease should undergo diagnostic laparotomy prior to treatment planning.", "contents": "[Diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: indication, management, results (author's transl)]. Till December 31st 1976, diagnostic laparotomy was carried out in 58 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Of these, 23 cases (40%) revealed abdominal involvement. The tumor stage found by conventional diagnostics before surgical treatment had to be altered in 16 patients (27%). It had to be increased in ten and lowered in six cases. Of 13 splenic Hodgkin infiltrations twelve had not been supposed preoperatively; four out of 43 sound organs had been suspected preoperatively because of splenomegaly. Subdiaphragmatic histological findings involving a rather unfavorable prognosis were seen in nine patients (16%). In Hodgkin's disease, risk groups cannot be selected with confidence, as no definite correlation between the frequency of subdiaphragmatic affection and the primary manifestations, histology or general symptoms was observed. Since operation risk of diagnostic laparotomy is low, operable stage I-III cases with Hodgkin's disease should undergo diagnostic laparotomy prior to treatment planning.", "PMID": 601835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7482", "title": "Comparative studies on the influence of some radioprotectors on the postirradiation hydrolytic function of subcellular fractions of pancreas.", "content": "Comparative studies on the influence of the two radioprotectors Fenchlorfos and cysteamine on the hydroproteolytic activity of pancreatic subcellular fractions of rats were carried out. The animals were irradiated with the single dose of 800 R of X-rays. Biochemical estimation of lipase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and catheptic (caseinolytic) activity were done 24 hours after exposition. The two radioprotective substances have a lot of common in their action against hydrolytic activity. They induce the decrease of some enzymes of subcellular fractions we checked both in control as well as in irradiated groups. The ambivalent influence of Trichlorfon on the lipase activity in granules and supernatant fraction seems to be of interest.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the influence of some radioprotectors on the postirradiation hydrolytic function of subcellular fractions of pancreas. Comparative studies on the influence of the two radioprotectors Fenchlorfos and cysteamine on the hydroproteolytic activity of pancreatic subcellular fractions of rats were carried out. The animals were irradiated with the single dose of 800 R of X-rays. Biochemical estimation of lipase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and catheptic (caseinolytic) activity were done 24 hours after exposition. The two radioprotective substances have a lot of common in their action against hydrolytic activity. They induce the decrease of some enzymes of subcellular fractions we checked both in control as well as in irradiated groups. The ambivalent influence of Trichlorfon on the lipase activity in granules and supernatant fraction seems to be of interest.", "PMID": 601836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7483", "title": "[Effects of 6-methyl-uracil upon the phagocytic activity in mice following whole-body X-irradiation OR 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Phagocytic activity measured by means of the intravasal clearance of a soot dispersion in male NMRI-mice was increased six to ten days after whole-body X-irradiation (640 R) and decreased during the same period after i.v. administration of 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine (TEM 2.0 mg/kg). 2. By means of 6-methyl-uracil food admixtures (200 to 400 ppm during 2 or 3 weeks) or by repeated intravenous injections of a N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex (62.5 to 250 mg/kg daily during five days), a significant augmentation of the phagocytic index being related to time and dosage was obtained in otherwise untreated mice. Comparable results were seen using cytidine and cytidine-s'-phosphate, whereas guanosine-5'-phosphate remained ineffective. 3. Whilst stimulating effects of 6-methyl-uracil or its N-methyl-D-glucosamine complex on X-irradiated mice were suspended, an increase up to supernormal values of the phagocytic index was produced by the pyrimidine base in animals treated with TEM. In accordance to this the survival rate of lethally X-irradiated mice (960 R) could not be increased; with animals given lethal TEM-doses, however, a significantly increased survival rate was obtained. 4. The present investigations as well as former biochemical analyses confirm the assumption that 6-methyluracil produces its regeneration effects, to some extent at least, by specific pathways influencing the reticuloendothelium. Different results from X-irradiated and TEM-treated mice are referring to the different points of attack of the two noxa.", "contents": "[Effects of 6-methyl-uracil upon the phagocytic activity in mice following whole-body X-irradiation OR 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine treatment (author's transl)]. 1. Phagocytic activity measured by means of the intravasal clearance of a soot dispersion in male NMRI-mice was increased six to ten days after whole-body X-irradiation (640 R) and decreased during the same period after i.v. administration of 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine (TEM 2.0 mg/kg). 2. By means of 6-methyl-uracil food admixtures (200 to 400 ppm during 2 or 3 weeks) or by repeated intravenous injections of a N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex (62.5 to 250 mg/kg daily during five days), a significant augmentation of the phagocytic index being related to time and dosage was obtained in otherwise untreated mice. Comparable results were seen using cytidine and cytidine-s'-phosphate, whereas guanosine-5'-phosphate remained ineffective. 3. Whilst stimulating effects of 6-methyl-uracil or its N-methyl-D-glucosamine complex on X-irradiated mice were suspended, an increase up to supernormal values of the phagocytic index was produced by the pyrimidine base in animals treated with TEM. In accordance to this the survival rate of lethally X-irradiated mice (960 R) could not be increased; with animals given lethal TEM-doses, however, a significantly increased survival rate was obtained. 4. The present investigations as well as former biochemical analyses confirm the assumption that 6-methyluracil produces its regeneration effects, to some extent at least, by specific pathways influencing the reticuloendothelium. Different results from X-irradiated and TEM-treated mice are referring to the different points of attack of the two noxa.", "PMID": 601837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7484", "title": "Initial clinical experience with the radiosensitizing nitroimidazole Ro 07-0582.", "content": "The 2-nitroimidazole derivate Ro 07-0582 is known from experimental studies to be a very efficient radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells. Experiences with its clinical use are very limited so far. This study reports the side effects observed in the use of this drug in 12 patients. Nine of these patients were suffering from brain tumors, 3 from extracerebral tumors. In 8 of our 12 patients a sensoric polyneuropathy occurred which was strongly related to the total dose of the drug administered. Polyneuropathy was observed on the average after a total dose of 26 grams, but was already noticed at doses as low as 22 grams. It showed a good tendency for remission after termination of the drug treatment and was reversible in all patients within 4 weeks. In one patient with a brain tumor a severe organic psychosyndrome occurred which is possibly related to the drug. This side effect was also reversible. In this small group of patients the critical dose limit seems to be 29 grams. This dose can be divided into 6 fractions of 60-80 mg/kg. Up to the present knowledge this single dose is likely to give an enhancement ratio of 1,5, which would be extremly valuable for the treatment of hypoxic tumor cells.", "contents": "Initial clinical experience with the radiosensitizing nitroimidazole Ro 07-0582. The 2-nitroimidazole derivate Ro 07-0582 is known from experimental studies to be a very efficient radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells. Experiences with its clinical use are very limited so far. This study reports the side effects observed in the use of this drug in 12 patients. Nine of these patients were suffering from brain tumors, 3 from extracerebral tumors. In 8 of our 12 patients a sensoric polyneuropathy occurred which was strongly related to the total dose of the drug administered. Polyneuropathy was observed on the average after a total dose of 26 grams, but was already noticed at doses as low as 22 grams. It showed a good tendency for remission after termination of the drug treatment and was reversible in all patients within 4 weeks. In one patient with a brain tumor a severe organic psychosyndrome occurred which is possibly related to the drug. This side effect was also reversible. In this small group of patients the critical dose limit seems to be 29 grams. This dose can be divided into 6 fractions of 60-80 mg/kg. Up to the present knowledge this single dose is likely to give an enhancement ratio of 1,5, which would be extremly valuable for the treatment of hypoxic tumor cells.", "PMID": 601838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7485", "title": "[Computer tomography in therapy planning (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the utilization of computer tomography for the irradiation planning. Owing to international cooperation it was possible to use the obtained pictures as a basis for a computerized irradiation planning. The authors give some practical examples of optimized isodose plans for individual cases which have been elaborated by using the computer-tomographic cross-section pictures and the computerized system for irradiation planning and which give a good idea of the efficiency of the system.", "contents": "[Computer tomography in therapy planning (author's transl)]. A report is given on the utilization of computer tomography for the irradiation planning. Owing to international cooperation it was possible to use the obtained pictures as a basis for a computerized irradiation planning. The authors give some practical examples of optimized isodose plans for individual cases which have been elaborated by using the computer-tomographic cross-section pictures and the computerized system for irradiation planning and which give a good idea of the efficiency of the system.", "PMID": 601839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7486", "title": "Autoimmune cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in health and disease.", "content": "Optimum serologic reactivity is observed if papain-treated granulocytes are reacted with cytotoxic antibody at low (5 degrees C) rather than warm (22 degrees C) precomplement incubation temperatures. Favorable in vitro conditions have allowed the identification of cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in approximately 12% of nonimmunized normal males and females. Furthermore, the incidence of granulocytotoxic antisera in a group of alloimmunized patients did not exceed that observed in the normal population. In two cases cited, a normal male and a patient with pathologic neutropenia, cytotoxic antibodies against allogeneic granulocytes were autoreactive against the autologous cells of the serum producer. In the latter subject, an inverse association was demonstrated between the presence of autoantibody and the circulating neutrophil count. The incidence of granulocytotoxins in various diseases has been given and appears raised in systemic lupus erythematosus and asthma.", "contents": "Autoimmune cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in health and disease. Optimum serologic reactivity is observed if papain-treated granulocytes are reacted with cytotoxic antibody at low (5 degrees C) rather than warm (22 degrees C) precomplement incubation temperatures. Favorable in vitro conditions have allowed the identification of cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in approximately 12% of nonimmunized normal males and females. Furthermore, the incidence of granulocytotoxic antisera in a group of alloimmunized patients did not exceed that observed in the normal population. In two cases cited, a normal male and a patient with pathologic neutropenia, cytotoxic antibodies against allogeneic granulocytes were autoreactive against the autologous cells of the serum producer. In the latter subject, an inverse association was demonstrated between the presence of autoantibody and the circulating neutrophil count. The incidence of granulocytotoxins in various diseases has been given and appears raised in systemic lupus erythematosus and asthma.", "PMID": 601849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7487", "title": "Worm burden of onchocerca volvulus in a hyperendemic village of the rain-forest in West Africa.", "content": "During a study on the effects of nodulectomy on onchocerciasis in a village in the Liberian rain-forest 400 Onchocerca-nodules were excised from 34 inhabitants. The analysis of the nodules revealed a worm burden of 718 complete live male and 1062 complete live female worms as well as 9 male and 117 female worms which were mostly calcified and degenerating. 73% of the live females contained developing embryos or released microfilariae, the other females either contained eggs or showed empty uteri. Some observations were made on degenerating worms. The male:female sex ratio was 1:1.5 and possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Worm burden of onchocerca volvulus in a hyperendemic village of the rain-forest in West Africa. During a study on the effects of nodulectomy on onchocerciasis in a village in the Liberian rain-forest 400 Onchocerca-nodules were excised from 34 inhabitants. The analysis of the nodules revealed a worm burden of 718 complete live male and 1062 complete live female worms as well as 9 male and 117 female worms which were mostly calcified and degenerating. 73% of the live females contained developing embryos or released microfilariae, the other females either contained eggs or showed empty uteri. Some observations were made on degenerating worms. The male:female sex ratio was 1:1.5 and possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 601852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7488", "title": "[Description of Simulium (Edwardsellum) kilibanum sp. n. and its position in the S. damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Male, female, pupa and larva of a new species of the Simulium damnosum complex collected in tributaries of lake Tanganyika in the Kivu Province of Zaire are described. The position of the new species in the S. damnosum complex is discussed.", "contents": "[Description of Simulium (Edwardsellum) kilibanum sp. n. and its position in the S. damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) (author's transl)]. Male, female, pupa and larva of a new species of the Simulium damnosum complex collected in tributaries of lake Tanganyika in the Kivu Province of Zaire are described. The position of the new species in the S. damnosum complex is discussed.", "PMID": 601854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7489", "title": "On the escape of infective filarial larvae from the mosquitoes.", "content": "Experimentally infected females of Culex pipiens fatigans carrying infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were fed, on the 16th day p.i., on four different solutions, which were offered \"cold\" (24 degrees C) or \"warm\" (34 degrees C) in Petri dishes as open fluids. Thus the sucking mosquitoes did not have to bend their labia. Only the \"warm\" human serum stimulated any considerable number of infective larvae (24.8%) to leave the mouthparts of the mosquitoes. 1289 infective C. fatigens females lost only an estimated 6.4% of their infective larvae of W. bancrofti, when they were maintained on sugar-water until their natural death. Most of the more heavily infected mosquitoes died relatively soon after the filarial larvae had reached maturity (15-20 days p.i.). The main stimulus provoking the filarial larvae to migrate into the labium is believed to be the movement of the muscles of the pharyngeal pump. Mature larvae protrude their anterior ends from the tip of the labellum. There they seem able to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable external conditions and accordingly they will either leave the proboscis completely or retract into the labium.", "contents": "On the escape of infective filarial larvae from the mosquitoes. Experimentally infected females of Culex pipiens fatigans carrying infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were fed, on the 16th day p.i., on four different solutions, which were offered \"cold\" (24 degrees C) or \"warm\" (34 degrees C) in Petri dishes as open fluids. Thus the sucking mosquitoes did not have to bend their labia. Only the \"warm\" human serum stimulated any considerable number of infective larvae (24.8%) to leave the mouthparts of the mosquitoes. 1289 infective C. fatigens females lost only an estimated 6.4% of their infective larvae of W. bancrofti, when they were maintained on sugar-water until their natural death. Most of the more heavily infected mosquitoes died relatively soon after the filarial larvae had reached maturity (15-20 days p.i.). The main stimulus provoking the filarial larvae to migrate into the labium is believed to be the movement of the muscles of the pharyngeal pump. Mature larvae protrude their anterior ends from the tip of the labellum. There they seem able to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable external conditions and accordingly they will either leave the proboscis completely or retract into the labium.", "PMID": 601855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7490", "title": "Studies on experimental mixed infection of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the albino mouse.", "content": "Swiss albino mice have been infected with S. haematobium and challenged with S. mansoni. No apparent disturbances as regards worm load and oviposition were observed. Yet certain deviations in the egg-distribution sites for both species were found. They were attributed to the possibility of earlier de-development of collateral circulation. Cross-pairing between the two species was met with, which might explain the extra number of S. haematobium eggs found in the small intestine. Although no major effect has been revealed, no conclusion at this stage could be put forward as regards complete absence of cross-immunity.", "contents": "Studies on experimental mixed infection of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the albino mouse. Swiss albino mice have been infected with S. haematobium and challenged with S. mansoni. No apparent disturbances as regards worm load and oviposition were observed. Yet certain deviations in the egg-distribution sites for both species were found. They were attributed to the possibility of earlier de-development of collateral circulation. Cross-pairing between the two species was met with, which might explain the extra number of S. haematobium eggs found in the small intestine. Although no major effect has been revealed, no conclusion at this stage could be put forward as regards complete absence of cross-immunity.", "PMID": 601856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7491", "title": "The effect of chemo-immunotherapy with SDDS, pyrimethamine and anti-toxoplasma serum on toxoplasma gondii cysts in latent infected NMRI mice.", "content": "A substantial reduction of brain cyst numbers could be obtained through a six week therapy with SDDS-pyrimethamine combination or a high titer anti-Toxoplasma serum. NMRI mice experimentally infected three months earlier with cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains Witting, Alt or Gail were used. The effectiveness of the treatments could be increased considerably by simultaneous administration of anti-Toxoplasma serum and SDDS-pyrimethamine. A highly significant reduction of brain cyst numbers, upto 65%, could be obtained by using this mode of chemoimmunotherapy. The effectiveness of the treatments used varied amongst the three Toxoplasma strains.", "contents": "The effect of chemo-immunotherapy with SDDS, pyrimethamine and anti-toxoplasma serum on toxoplasma gondii cysts in latent infected NMRI mice. A substantial reduction of brain cyst numbers could be obtained through a six week therapy with SDDS-pyrimethamine combination or a high titer anti-Toxoplasma serum. NMRI mice experimentally infected three months earlier with cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains Witting, Alt or Gail were used. The effectiveness of the treatments could be increased considerably by simultaneous administration of anti-Toxoplasma serum and SDDS-pyrimethamine. A highly significant reduction of brain cyst numbers, upto 65%, could be obtained by using this mode of chemoimmunotherapy. The effectiveness of the treatments used varied amongst the three Toxoplasma strains.", "PMID": 601857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7492", "title": "[Uridine incorporation into the RNA of stimulated lymphocytes with different sets of sex chromosomes].", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced stimulation of uridine incorporation into RNA was studied with cotton-wool isolated peripheral blood human lymphocytes. The amount of labeling in 24-hour cultures proved to be increased in men and in 45,XO patients, compared to women. With high doses of PHA applied, hyperreactivity of the 45, XO cells was revealed. PHA-activation in normal persons tends to decrease with advancing age. Complex genomic as well as sex hormone effects may be responsible for the differences observed.", "contents": "[Uridine incorporation into the RNA of stimulated lymphocytes with different sets of sex chromosomes]. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced stimulation of uridine incorporation into RNA was studied with cotton-wool isolated peripheral blood human lymphocytes. The amount of labeling in 24-hour cultures proved to be increased in men and in 45,XO patients, compared to women. With high doses of PHA applied, hyperreactivity of the 45, XO cells was revealed. PHA-activation in normal persons tends to decrease with advancing age. Complex genomic as well as sex hormone effects may be responsible for the differences observed.", "PMID": 601862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7493", "title": "[Human isodicentric X-chromosomes].", "content": "The large submetacentric abnormal late replicating X-chromosomes were found in three patients under karyological studies of 168 patients with Turner's syndrome. G- and C-banding revealed that abnormal chromosomes are three variants of isodicentric chromosomes resulting from the junction of the short arms of two X-chromosomes. The patients' karyotypes are respectively: 45,X/46,X,dic (X)(qter leads to p22: :p22 leads to qter); 46X,dic(X)(qter leads to p21: :p21 leads to qter); 46,X/46,X,dic(X)(qter leads to p11: :p11 leads to qter). All the three patients had different size deficiencies of the short arm of the X-chromosome. Partial X-monosomy caused the appearance of features of the Turner syndrome, which was less expressed in our patients compared to those with the entire X-monosomy.", "contents": "[Human isodicentric X-chromosomes]. The large submetacentric abnormal late replicating X-chromosomes were found in three patients under karyological studies of 168 patients with Turner's syndrome. G- and C-banding revealed that abnormal chromosomes are three variants of isodicentric chromosomes resulting from the junction of the short arms of two X-chromosomes. The patients' karyotypes are respectively: 45,X/46,X,dic (X)(qter leads to p22: :p22 leads to qter); 46X,dic(X)(qter leads to p21: :p21 leads to qter); 46,X/46,X,dic(X)(qter leads to p11: :p11 leads to qter). All the three patients had different size deficiencies of the short arm of the X-chromosome. Partial X-monosomy caused the appearance of features of the Turner syndrome, which was less expressed in our patients compared to those with the entire X-monosomy.", "PMID": 601863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7494", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of proteins in the lateral nucleus of the rat thalamus (model of a mirror epileptogenic focus)].", "content": "The experimental lesion in rat brain was produced by the implantation of cobalt-gelatin rod into right parietalis anterior area. In this area, paroxymal discharges were determined by electroencephalography on the 11th day after the operation. On the 63rd day, paroxyzmal discharges were more severe. Quantitative measurements of proteins were made by microdensitometer in neurons of nucleus lateralis thalami controlateral to the cobalt lesion. On days 11 and 63 after the operation protein concentrations in the neurons were lowered by 35 and 44%, respectively. The size of neurons of the 11th day supassed the control value by 33%; it demonstrated  a tendency to normalization by the 63rd day after cobalt lesion.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of proteins in the lateral nucleus of the rat thalamus (model of a mirror epileptogenic focus)]. The experimental lesion in rat brain was produced by the implantation of cobalt-gelatin rod into right parietalis anterior area. In this area, paroxymal discharges were determined by electroencephalography on the 11th day after the operation. On the 63rd day, paroxyzmal discharges were more severe. Quantitative measurements of proteins were made by microdensitometer in neurons of nucleus lateralis thalami controlateral to the cobalt lesion. On days 11 and 63 after the operation protein concentrations in the neurons were lowered by 35 and 44%, respectively. The size of neurons of the 11th day supassed the control value by 33%; it demonstrated  a tendency to normalization by the 63rd day after cobalt lesion.", "PMID": 601864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7495", "title": "[Effect of triton WR 1339 on the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal and stromal cells in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis].", "content": "A preliminary injection of triton WR 1339 protectively influenced the chronic toxic CCl4-hepatitis. The ultrastructural peculiarities were close to the normal ones in hepatocytes, in addition to the increased triglyceride rejection from cells by means of autophagy. The revealed stimulation signs of pinocytosis in hepatocytes and the Kupfer cells are accompanied by the activation of the Golgi complex and, probably, by the increased protein catabolism in lysosomes. The signs of phagocytosis increase in the Kupfer cells were determined. It is supposed that the marked ultrastructural peculiarities of liver cells reflect a more effective restoration or a lesser injury under the influence of triton WR 1339.", "contents": "[Effect of triton WR 1339 on the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal and stromal cells in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis]. A preliminary injection of triton WR 1339 protectively influenced the chronic toxic CCl4-hepatitis. The ultrastructural peculiarities were close to the normal ones in hepatocytes, in addition to the increased triglyceride rejection from cells by means of autophagy. The revealed stimulation signs of pinocytosis in hepatocytes and the Kupfer cells are accompanied by the activation of the Golgi complex and, probably, by the increased protein catabolism in lysosomes. The signs of phagocytosis increase in the Kupfer cells were determined. It is supposed that the marked ultrastructural peculiarities of liver cells reflect a more effective restoration or a lesser injury under the influence of triton WR 1339.", "PMID": 601865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7496", "title": "[Effect of caffeine on the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at different stages of the cell cycle].", "content": "The effect of caffeine on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes irradiated at different stages of the cell cycle was studied. Caffeine appeared to nearly double the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by irradiation at S and G2 stages and did not influence the effect of irradiation at G0 and G1 stages.", "contents": "[Effect of caffeine on the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at different stages of the cell cycle]. The effect of caffeine on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes irradiated at different stages of the cell cycle was studied. Caffeine appeared to nearly double the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by irradiation at S and G2 stages and did not influence the effect of irradiation at G0 and G1 stages.", "PMID": 601861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7497", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cells and DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle regeneration. A study of the regeneration of the frog sartorius muscle by an electron microscopic autoradiographic method].", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells of the regenerating frog's sartorius muscle and their capacity to synthesize DNA was studied by means of 3H-thymidine (3HT) electron microscope autoradiography. On the 8-17th post injury (p.i.) days, 2 hours following 3HT administration, only mononuclear cells were seen labeled, the myotube nuclei incorporating no 3HT. Along with the endothelial cells, fibroblasts, phagocytes and cells identified conventionally as myoblasts, satellite cells examined from both necrotic and viable parts of injured myofibers were labeled. No myoblast sequestration from the injured myofibers occurred. By the 13-15th p.i. days, numerous myoblast-like cells are accumulated beneath the glycocalix layer covering the free ends of myotubes which are rich in ribosomes and display an active sarcomerogenesis. Some of these myoblast-like cells become labeled after 3HT pulse. The 13 day p.i. regenerates examined 72 hours following 3HT injection display labeling in numerous myotube nuclei. This is indicative of the myoblast fusion, which is believed to play a principal role in the regenerative somatic myogenesis. Within the myonuclei adjacent to the areas of the regeneration, membranous and/or fibrillar structures of an unknown origin were frequently observed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cells and DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle regeneration. A study of the regeneration of the frog sartorius muscle by an electron microscopic autoradiographic method]. The ultrastructure of cells of the regenerating frog's sartorius muscle and their capacity to synthesize DNA was studied by means of 3H-thymidine (3HT) electron microscope autoradiography. On the 8-17th post injury (p.i.) days, 2 hours following 3HT administration, only mononuclear cells were seen labeled, the myotube nuclei incorporating no 3HT. Along with the endothelial cells, fibroblasts, phagocytes and cells identified conventionally as myoblasts, satellite cells examined from both necrotic and viable parts of injured myofibers were labeled. No myoblast sequestration from the injured myofibers occurred. By the 13-15th p.i. days, numerous myoblast-like cells are accumulated beneath the glycocalix layer covering the free ends of myotubes which are rich in ribosomes and display an active sarcomerogenesis. Some of these myoblast-like cells become labeled after 3HT pulse. The 13 day p.i. regenerates examined 72 hours following 3HT injection display labeling in numerous myotube nuclei. This is indicative of the myoblast fusion, which is believed to play a principal role in the regenerative somatic myogenesis. Within the myonuclei adjacent to the areas of the regeneration, membranous and/or fibrillar structures of an unknown origin were frequently observed.", "PMID": 601866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7498", "title": "[Median eminence of the hypothalamus in hypophysectomized rats: its structure and ultrastructure].", "content": "The median eminence of the hypothalamus of intact and hypophysectomized rats has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF)-positive material is revealed in the external zone of the median eminence in 2-5 days after the operation. The PAF-positive material is also accumulated in the neurosecretory fibres localized around subependymal blood vessels. A2 fibres containing granules of 100-150 nm in diameter and B type fibres with granules up to 100 nm in diameter are seen in the external zone of the median eminence in intact rats. Besides, A1 fibres with granules of 120-200 nm in diameter are found near hypophyseal portal vessels in hypophysectomized animals. All type terminals make contact with blood vessels in the subependymal zone of the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. It is suggested that terminals of the neurosecretory fibres of types A2 and B permanently make contact with the primary portal capillaries in the external zone of the median eminence, while A1 fibres ingrow in the median eminence in the course of postoperative reparation.", "contents": "[Median eminence of the hypothalamus in hypophysectomized rats: its structure and ultrastructure]. The median eminence of the hypothalamus of intact and hypophysectomized rats has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF)-positive material is revealed in the external zone of the median eminence in 2-5 days after the operation. The PAF-positive material is also accumulated in the neurosecretory fibres localized around subependymal blood vessels. A2 fibres containing granules of 100-150 nm in diameter and B type fibres with granules up to 100 nm in diameter are seen in the external zone of the median eminence in intact rats. Besides, A1 fibres with granules of 120-200 nm in diameter are found near hypophyseal portal vessels in hypophysectomized animals. All type terminals make contact with blood vessels in the subependymal zone of the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. It is suggested that terminals of the neurosecretory fibres of types A2 and B permanently make contact with the primary portal capillaries in the external zone of the median eminence, while A1 fibres ingrow in the median eminence in the course of postoperative reparation.", "PMID": 601868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7499", "title": "[Action of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure and metabolic processes in a swine embryo kidney cell culture. I].", "content": "Cycloheximide treatment (for 24 hrs, concentrations 1 and 10 microgram/ml) strongly inhibits the intensity of protein and DNA synthesis and the mitotic activity in cells of a pig embryo kidney culture, to a lesser extent inhibits the RNA synthesis in nuclei and nucleoli, reduces the activity of succinate-, lactate- and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases. There is a condensation of chromatin, a distortion of the granular endoplasmic reticulum integrity, a partial release of its membranes from the ribosomes, changes in the structure of the Golgi complex, morphology and ultrastructure of mitochondria. All these changes are secondary ones and are connected with the suppression of protein synthesis in cells.", "contents": "[Action of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure and metabolic processes in a swine embryo kidney cell culture. I]. Cycloheximide treatment (for 24 hrs, concentrations 1 and 10 microgram/ml) strongly inhibits the intensity of protein and DNA synthesis and the mitotic activity in cells of a pig embryo kidney culture, to a lesser extent inhibits the RNA synthesis in nuclei and nucleoli, reduces the activity of succinate-, lactate- and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases. There is a condensation of chromatin, a distortion of the granular endoplasmic reticulum integrity, a partial release of its membranes from the ribosomes, changes in the structure of the Golgi complex, morphology and ultrastructure of mitochondria. All these changes are secondary ones and are connected with the suppression of protein synthesis in cells.", "PMID": 601859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7500", "title": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and the structure of myelin. I. The theory of the method].", "content": "Theoretical aspects of the experiment dealing with measurements of fluorescence polarization degrees in stained myelinated nerve fibres are considered. Fluorescence polarization (FP) largely depends on the excitation azimuth, i.e. on the angle between the electrical vector of the polarized exciting light and the nerve fibre axis (geometrically it is a figure with the cylinder symmetry). The dependence of FP on the excitation azimuth is shown to be related to the degree of molecular orientation of dyes adsorbed on anisotropic layers of myelin membranes. This permits to associate FP with the structural changes of myelin membranes.", "contents": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and the structure of myelin. I. The theory of the method]. Theoretical aspects of the experiment dealing with measurements of fluorescence polarization degrees in stained myelinated nerve fibres are considered. Fluorescence polarization (FP) largely depends on the excitation azimuth, i.e. on the angle between the electrical vector of the polarized exciting light and the nerve fibre axis (geometrically it is a figure with the cylinder symmetry). The dependence of FP on the excitation azimuth is shown to be related to the degree of molecular orientation of dyes adsorbed on anisotropic layers of myelin membranes. This permits to associate FP with the structural changes of myelin membranes.", "PMID": 601869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7501", "title": "Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment.", "content": "The treatment of lymph node tuberculosis has been studied in 108 patients. Chemotherapy consisted of 18 months' isoniazid with either rifampicin or ethambutol, plus an initial supplement of streptomycin. These 2 regimens were randomly allocated to 19 patients who had previously undergone excision of the lymph nodes, 56 patients who had undergone biopsy and 33 patients who had not had any surgical procedures. The majority of patients were of Indian or Pakistani origin (80%). Histological evidence of tuberculosis was obtained in 64% of the 108 patients and M. tuberculosis was cultured in 30%. No other mycobacteria were grown. Progress during treatment was uneventful in 65% of patients. Fresh nodes appeared during treatment in 12%, existing nodes enlarged in 13% and fluctuation developed in 11% of patients. Discharge and/or sinus formation was infrequent (7%), as was breakdown of a surgical scar (4%). Excision or aspiration after the start of chemotherapy was performed in 19% of patients. In the period up to the end of chemotherapy no difference emerged between the patients who received rifampicin with isoniazid and those who received ethambutol with isoniazid. Satisfactory results were obtained in 98% of the patients by the end of treatment although 13% still had slight node enlargement. The place of surgery is discussed. Follow-up will continue for 18 months after the end of chemotherapy.", "contents": "Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment. The treatment of lymph node tuberculosis has been studied in 108 patients. Chemotherapy consisted of 18 months' isoniazid with either rifampicin or ethambutol, plus an initial supplement of streptomycin. These 2 regimens were randomly allocated to 19 patients who had previously undergone excision of the lymph nodes, 56 patients who had undergone biopsy and 33 patients who had not had any surgical procedures. The majority of patients were of Indian or Pakistani origin (80%). Histological evidence of tuberculosis was obtained in 64% of the 108 patients and M. tuberculosis was cultured in 30%. No other mycobacteria were grown. Progress during treatment was uneventful in 65% of patients. Fresh nodes appeared during treatment in 12%, existing nodes enlarged in 13% and fluctuation developed in 11% of patients. Discharge and/or sinus formation was infrequent (7%), as was breakdown of a surgical scar (4%). Excision or aspiration after the start of chemotherapy was performed in 19% of patients. In the period up to the end of chemotherapy no difference emerged between the patients who received rifampicin with isoniazid and those who received ethambutol with isoniazid. Satisfactory results were obtained in 98% of the patients by the end of treatment although 13% still had slight node enlargement. The place of surgery is discussed. Follow-up will continue for 18 months after the end of chemotherapy.", "PMID": 601870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7502", "title": "A bacteriology and treatment summary form for use in patients with tuberculosis.", "content": "A summary form for recording bacteriology results and treatment regimens is a concise method for recording essential information in patients with tuberculosis.", "contents": "A bacteriology and treatment summary form for use in patients with tuberculosis. A summary form for recording bacteriology results and treatment regimens is a concise method for recording essential information in patients with tuberculosis.", "PMID": 601871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7503", "title": "Ovarian cystomas and ovulation, a histogenetic concept.", "content": "The current histologic classification of tumors of the ovary and testis is reviewed, and their relative frequency is illustrated by notifications to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1959 to 1965. By far the most common neoplasms were epithelial tumors of the ovary (i.e., cystomas). These do not occur in the testis. Cystomas are believed to originate from the surface epithelium (coelomic epithelium, mesothelium) of the ovary, but there is no generally accepted explanation of how the epithelial cells enter the ovary. Based on the absence of cystomas in the testis, the suggestion is advanced that epithelial inclusions may arise during the reparative period following ovulation. The implications of this concept for the histogenesis of cystomas are discussed.", "contents": "Ovarian cystomas and ovulation, a histogenetic concept. The current histologic classification of tumors of the ovary and testis is reviewed, and their relative frequency is illustrated by notifications to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1959 to 1965. By far the most common neoplasms were epithelial tumors of the ovary (i.e., cystomas). These do not occur in the testis. Cystomas are believed to originate from the surface epithelium (coelomic epithelium, mesothelium) of the ovary, but there is no generally accepted explanation of how the epithelial cells enter the ovary. Based on the absence of cystomas in the testis, the suggestion is advanced that epithelial inclusions may arise during the reparative period following ovulation. The implications of this concept for the histogenesis of cystomas are discussed.", "PMID": 601873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7504", "title": "Sub-fractionation and characterization of lysine-rich histones from Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma.", "content": "The H1 fraction in Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma was isolated, and an electrophoretic study was carried out in order to establish its composition. The results obtained show that the H1 fraction is heterogeneous and is formed of 2 sub-fractions. These were separated by preparative gel electrophoresis. They differ in molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, and primary structure. Each sub-fraction exists in 2 different electric states.", "contents": "Sub-fractionation and characterization of lysine-rich histones from Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma. The H1 fraction in Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma was isolated, and an electrophoretic study was carried out in order to establish its composition. The results obtained show that the H1 fraction is heterogeneous and is formed of 2 sub-fractions. These were separated by preparative gel electrophoresis. They differ in molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, and primary structure. Each sub-fraction exists in 2 different electric states.", "PMID": 601874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7505", "title": "Tamoxifen in disseminated breast cancer.", "content": "86 postmenopausal women with disseminated breast cancer have been treated orally with 30 mg of Tamoxifen per day (ICI 46474, Nolvadex) for periods of 2 months or more. The overall responders were 28/86 (32.5%) with a median remission duration of 9 months. In 30 patients already shown to be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Tamoxifen was used as first hormonal agent; the remission rate in this group was 12/30 (40%), while it was 28.5% (16/56) in the others who had already received different hormonal treatments. In 6 early menopausal cases, the treatment had to be stopped for a dangerous \"worsening syndrome\". Other side effects were trivial. In 28/35 cases (80%), we have found the reappearance of a pattern of estrogenic activity in vaginal smears during treatment. Hence a \"simil-estrogen\", more than an \"anti-estrogen\" mechanism of action is postulated and a selection of patients for treatment in the \"mid postmenopausal age\" is recommended.", "contents": "Tamoxifen in disseminated breast cancer. 86 postmenopausal women with disseminated breast cancer have been treated orally with 30 mg of Tamoxifen per day (ICI 46474, Nolvadex) for periods of 2 months or more. The overall responders were 28/86 (32.5%) with a median remission duration of 9 months. In 30 patients already shown to be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Tamoxifen was used as first hormonal agent; the remission rate in this group was 12/30 (40%), while it was 28.5% (16/56) in the others who had already received different hormonal treatments. In 6 early menopausal cases, the treatment had to be stopped for a dangerous \"worsening syndrome\". Other side effects were trivial. In 28/35 cases (80%), we have found the reappearance of a pattern of estrogenic activity in vaginal smears during treatment. Hence a \"simil-estrogen\", more than an \"anti-estrogen\" mechanism of action is postulated and a selection of patients for treatment in the \"mid postmenopausal age\" is recommended.", "PMID": 601876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7506", "title": "A case of primary neurilemmoma of the femur.", "content": "A case of primitive neurilemmoma of the femur in a woman of 24 years is presented and discussed together with recent literature.", "contents": "A case of primary neurilemmoma of the femur. A case of primitive neurilemmoma of the femur in a woman of 24 years is presented and discussed together with recent literature.", "PMID": 601877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7507", "title": "Urinary testosterone values in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer.", "content": "Nineteen patients with advanced breast cancer were tested for urinary testosterone before therapeutic ovariectomy. Histologic examination revealed metastases to the ovary in every case and interstitial hyperplasia in 16 cases. The range of urinary testosterone levels was wider but the mean value significantly higher than in 18 normal controls. The values decreased distinctly in 5 out of 8 patients tested 1 month after ovariectomy. The decrease suggests that the ovary, with much probability the interstitial tissue of the ovary, is the site of the increased androgenic activity found in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer.", "contents": "Urinary testosterone values in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer. Nineteen patients with advanced breast cancer were tested for urinary testosterone before therapeutic ovariectomy. Histologic examination revealed metastases to the ovary in every case and interstitial hyperplasia in 16 cases. The range of urinary testosterone levels was wider but the mean value significantly higher than in 18 normal controls. The values decreased distinctly in 5 out of 8 patients tested 1 month after ovariectomy. The decrease suggests that the ovary, with much probability the interstitial tissue of the ovary, is the site of the increased androgenic activity found in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer.", "PMID": 601875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7508", "title": "Immunogenic neoplastic clones derived in vitro from an originally non-immunogenic BALB/c fibrosarcoma.", "content": "A non-immunogenic fibrosarcoma (SDC2), obtained by spontaneous neoplastic transformation of BALB/c fibroblasts cultured within a diffusion chamber kept in the peritoneal cavity of (BALB/c x C3Hf)F1 mice, was maintained in tissue culture for 10 passages. Three different clones were then derived from the in vitro neoplastic population. Each of the clones, the original in vivo tumor, and its in vitro line taken at the 10th passage (before cloning) were tested for the presence of individual tumor-associated tramsplantation antigens (TATA) by in vivo growth and excision assay. Contrary to the original SDC2 neoplasm, its in vitro line and 2 out of 3 clones (CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2) were immunogenic, whereas the other clone (CL6-SDC2) displayed no immunogenicity. In addition, CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2 were able to induce a reciprocal cross-protection in in vivo transplantation tests, thus showing common TATA; no cross-reactions were found between these clones and 2 other chemically-induced immunogenic sarcomas. The results suggest an antigenic heterogeneity in the original population of the nonimmunogenic SDC2 sarcoma, with the presence of antigenic but sub-immunogenic neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Immunogenic neoplastic clones derived in vitro from an originally non-immunogenic BALB/c fibrosarcoma. A non-immunogenic fibrosarcoma (SDC2), obtained by spontaneous neoplastic transformation of BALB/c fibroblasts cultured within a diffusion chamber kept in the peritoneal cavity of (BALB/c x C3Hf)F1 mice, was maintained in tissue culture for 10 passages. Three different clones were then derived from the in vitro neoplastic population. Each of the clones, the original in vivo tumor, and its in vitro line taken at the 10th passage (before cloning) were tested for the presence of individual tumor-associated tramsplantation antigens (TATA) by in vivo growth and excision assay. Contrary to the original SDC2 neoplasm, its in vitro line and 2 out of 3 clones (CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2) were immunogenic, whereas the other clone (CL6-SDC2) displayed no immunogenicity. In addition, CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2 were able to induce a reciprocal cross-protection in in vivo transplantation tests, thus showing common TATA; no cross-reactions were found between these clones and 2 other chemically-induced immunogenic sarcomas. The results suggest an antigenic heterogeneity in the original population of the nonimmunogenic SDC2 sarcoma, with the presence of antigenic but sub-immunogenic neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 601881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7509", "title": "Thin needle biopsy as a routine method for rapid diagnosis of neoplasms.", "content": "The present communication demonstrates the possibility of applying the \"thin needle biopsy\" as a routine method for rapid cytologic diagnosis of neoplasms. Systematically used in the examination of pulmonary, mammary, and thyroid tumors, the \"thin needle biopsy\" offers the following advantages: 1) decreased occurrence of so-called \"false negative diagnoses\"; 2) psychological relief for the patient; 3) decreased cost.", "contents": "Thin needle biopsy as a routine method for rapid diagnosis of neoplasms. The present communication demonstrates the possibility of applying the \"thin needle biopsy\" as a routine method for rapid cytologic diagnosis of neoplasms. Systematically used in the examination of pulmonary, mammary, and thyroid tumors, the \"thin needle biopsy\" offers the following advantages: 1) decreased occurrence of so-called \"false negative diagnoses\"; 2) psychological relief for the patient; 3) decreased cost.", "PMID": 601883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7510", "title": "Lymph node calcification after radiotherapy in 2 cases of seminoma testis.", "content": "The appearance of calcifications in the site of lymph nodes involved by metastases of seminoma testis and irradiated is described in 2 out 59 patients with abdominal metastases (30 were treated more than 5 years ago and 22 of them are alive without evidence of disease).", "contents": "Lymph node calcification after radiotherapy in 2 cases of seminoma testis. The appearance of calcifications in the site of lymph nodes involved by metastases of seminoma testis and irradiated is described in 2 out 59 patients with abdominal metastases (30 were treated more than 5 years ago and 22 of them are alive without evidence of disease).", "PMID": 601882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7511", "title": "Morphologic and biologic correlation of hyperplastic and neoplastic renal lesions occurring in Buffalo and Fischer strain rats ingesting n-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide.", "content": "Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney induced in inbred Buffalo and Fisher strain rats with 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide were transplanted s.c. to rats of the same strain. Hyperplastic renal lesions (\"areas\" or nodules) did not survive and grow. Carcinomas of the kidney grew and killed the animals. Growth was related to the size and the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma. It is concluded that the histologic pattern of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney can be correlated with the results obtained on transplantation.", "contents": "Morphologic and biologic correlation of hyperplastic and neoplastic renal lesions occurring in Buffalo and Fischer strain rats ingesting n-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide. Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney induced in inbred Buffalo and Fisher strain rats with 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide were transplanted s.c. to rats of the same strain. Hyperplastic renal lesions (\"areas\" or nodules) did not survive and grow. Carcinomas of the kidney grew and killed the animals. Growth was related to the size and the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma. It is concluded that the histologic pattern of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney can be correlated with the results obtained on transplantation.", "PMID": 601879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7512", "title": "Direct interaction with cellular targets as the mechanism for chromium carcinogenesis.", "content": "The carcinogenic activity of chromium appears to be due to its direct interaction with cellular targets and not to nonspecific solid-state carcinogenesis. Chromium was evaluated at 2 valences, Cr+3 (as CrC13) and Cr+6 (as K2Cr2O7), for its toxicity, transforming activity, and ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in tertiary cultures of mouse fetal cells. The ID50 (dose for 50 percent inhibition of cell growth) of Cr+3 was approximately 4 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 96 h of exposure, and about 29 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 1 h of exposure. At equitoxic concentrations, both chromium valences induced the same degree of morphologic changes and alterations of growth behavior, but Cr+6 produced more chromosomal aberrations. Using autoradiography in an established cloned line of mouse cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in cells previously exposed to Cr+6 but not in cells previously exposed to Cr+3.", "contents": "Direct interaction with cellular targets as the mechanism for chromium carcinogenesis. The carcinogenic activity of chromium appears to be due to its direct interaction with cellular targets and not to nonspecific solid-state carcinogenesis. Chromium was evaluated at 2 valences, Cr+3 (as CrC13) and Cr+6 (as K2Cr2O7), for its toxicity, transforming activity, and ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in tertiary cultures of mouse fetal cells. The ID50 (dose for 50 percent inhibition of cell growth) of Cr+3 was approximately 4 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 96 h of exposure, and about 29 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 1 h of exposure. At equitoxic concentrations, both chromium valences induced the same degree of morphologic changes and alterations of growth behavior, but Cr+6 produced more chromosomal aberrations. Using autoradiography in an established cloned line of mouse cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in cells previously exposed to Cr+6 but not in cells previously exposed to Cr+3.", "PMID": 601880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7513", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in young adults.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in patients under 30 years of age, admitted to the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1955 to 1975, are reported. Fourteen patients underwent radical surgery: of these, 8 are alive, and the survival times range from 8 months to 17 years. The 14 patients who received pallative therapy only all died within 15 months. The degree of infiltration of the intestinal wall seemed to be the most significant prognostic factor. The worse prognosis for the neoplasia in young adults with respect to older people, already reported in the literature and confirmed by our data, seems to be correlated, more than with the histologic type or biologic behavior of the tumor, with the diagnostic delay, which results in more advanced forms, with respect to those seen in older patients, being observed at clinical examination.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in young adults. Twenty-eight cases of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in patients under 30 years of age, admitted to the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1955 to 1975, are reported. Fourteen patients underwent radical surgery: of these, 8 are alive, and the survival times range from 8 months to 17 years. The 14 patients who received pallative therapy only all died within 15 months. The degree of infiltration of the intestinal wall seemed to be the most significant prognostic factor. The worse prognosis for the neoplasia in young adults with respect to older people, already reported in the literature and confirmed by our data, seems to be correlated, more than with the histologic type or biologic behavior of the tumor, with the diagnostic delay, which results in more advanced forms, with respect to those seen in older patients, being observed at clinical examination.", "PMID": 601884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7514", "title": "Results of a colpocytologic mass screening and in-patient casework: comparison by age groups.", "content": "This paper reports the results of cervico-vaginal examinations performed on the women (7,098) resident in the municipality of Bollate (mass screening) and the women (1,416) hospitalized in the Gynecologic ward in the same period (in-patients). Age distribution, prevalence of initial and invasive forms, and prevalence according to age groups have been considered. The results are: 1) any kind of lesion is more frequent among in-patient than mass-screening subjects; 2) the prevalence of benign displasia, incipient, in situ and invasive carcinoma per age group, considered per quinquennium, shows a three-phase trend, both in mass screening and in-patient cases; 3) the time of evolution is different for cervicocarcinoma in the different age groups of incipience. Periodic checks are a useful means of precocious diagnosis of cervicocarcinoma; the frequency of checks should vary according to patient age.", "contents": "Results of a colpocytologic mass screening and in-patient casework: comparison by age groups. This paper reports the results of cervico-vaginal examinations performed on the women (7,098) resident in the municipality of Bollate (mass screening) and the women (1,416) hospitalized in the Gynecologic ward in the same period (in-patients). Age distribution, prevalence of initial and invasive forms, and prevalence according to age groups have been considered. The results are: 1) any kind of lesion is more frequent among in-patient than mass-screening subjects; 2) the prevalence of benign displasia, incipient, in situ and invasive carcinoma per age group, considered per quinquennium, shows a three-phase trend, both in mass screening and in-patient cases; 3) the time of evolution is different for cervicocarcinoma in the different age groups of incipience. Periodic checks are a useful means of precocious diagnosis of cervicocarcinoma; the frequency of checks should vary according to patient age.", "PMID": 601885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7515", "title": "Effect of long-term hyperbaric He-O2 exposure on the weight and histology of endocrine organs in growing rats.", "content": "The effects of long-term hyperbaric exposure on endocrine organ weight and histology and on epiphyseal-plate width were studied in growing male rats. Six groups of rats were exposed to 21 ATA He-O2 (200 mmHg O2), and six groups were maintained at 1 ATA as room-air controls. Each group contained eight rats. At intervals of of 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, one group was decompressed and studied along with a paired control group. Results indicated no changes in pituitary and adrenal gland weights. Testis weights were variable but histology and sperm content were normal. Only the accessory sex organs decreased significantly in weight; however, prostate and seminal vesicle histology were normal. Tibial epiphyseal-plate width was reduced in 21-ATA groups. These results suggest that long-term hyperbaric exposure has little effect on endocrine organs of the rat and observed weight changes are probably related to the reduced body weights.", "contents": "Effect of long-term hyperbaric He-O2 exposure on the weight and histology of endocrine organs in growing rats. The effects of long-term hyperbaric exposure on endocrine organ weight and histology and on epiphyseal-plate width were studied in growing male rats. Six groups of rats were exposed to 21 ATA He-O2 (200 mmHg O2), and six groups were maintained at 1 ATA as room-air controls. Each group contained eight rats. At intervals of of 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, one group was decompressed and studied along with a paired control group. Results indicated no changes in pituitary and adrenal gland weights. Testis weights were variable but histology and sperm content were normal. Only the accessory sex organs decreased significantly in weight; however, prostate and seminal vesicle histology were normal. Tibial epiphyseal-plate width was reduced in 21-ATA groups. These results suggest that long-term hyperbaric exposure has little effect on endocrine organs of the rat and observed weight changes are probably related to the reduced body weights.", "PMID": 601905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7516", "title": "Hematologic changes after daily asymptomatic dives.", "content": "Hematologic alterations after daily exposure to compression/decompression in open water are described. A standard dive to 100 fsw for 25 min was employed. Erythrocytes decreased postdive, reaching an apparent minimun 4 to 6 h after exposure and recovering to normal or supranormal value by 20 h postdive. Measurements of plasma volume after repeated dives showed a significant increase in volume at 4 h postdive. It is speculated that a phenomenon akin to cardiovascular deconditioning, caused by loss of the hydrostatic blood column in the lower extremities during immersion, results in a transitory fluid recruitment that may persist following several daily dives. Pre- and postdive partial thromboplastin times measured after repeated exposures failed to show a consistent response to compression/decompression.", "contents": "Hematologic changes after daily asymptomatic dives. Hematologic alterations after daily exposure to compression/decompression in open water are described. A standard dive to 100 fsw for 25 min was employed. Erythrocytes decreased postdive, reaching an apparent minimun 4 to 6 h after exposure and recovering to normal or supranormal value by 20 h postdive. Measurements of plasma volume after repeated dives showed a significant increase in volume at 4 h postdive. It is speculated that a phenomenon akin to cardiovascular deconditioning, caused by loss of the hydrostatic blood column in the lower extremities during immersion, results in a transitory fluid recruitment that may persist following several daily dives. Pre- and postdive partial thromboplastin times measured after repeated exposures failed to show a consistent response to compression/decompression.", "PMID": 601906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7517", "title": "Cerebellar and cerebral electroencephalogram during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in rats.", "content": "Electroencephalographic activity of the frontal cortex, cerebellar vermis, and superior vestibular nucleus was recorded in awake rats during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) by means of permanently implanted electrodes. Power-spectrum analysis revealed a decline in the faster frequencies and an increase in the slow frequences as the seizure end-point was approached. Effects of compression to 4500 fsw varied from severe tremor and myoclonic jerks to status epilepticus, with seizures occurring at an average depth of 3560 fsw. In all animals, multifocal-spiking activity progressed in severity with increasing depth. The predominant seizure pattern observed was a spike and slow-wave pattern reminiscent of absence seizures. Initial evidence of generalized seizure activity was equally divided between the cerebellum and cortex. It is concluded that the cerebellum participates in HPNS seizures. Possible evolution of the syndrome by loss of Purkinje cell inhibitory influence on subcortical sites that modulate cortical excitability is discussed.", "contents": "Cerebellar and cerebral electroencephalogram during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in rats. Electroencephalographic activity of the frontal cortex, cerebellar vermis, and superior vestibular nucleus was recorded in awake rats during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) by means of permanently implanted electrodes. Power-spectrum analysis revealed a decline in the faster frequencies and an increase in the slow frequences as the seizure end-point was approached. Effects of compression to 4500 fsw varied from severe tremor and myoclonic jerks to status epilepticus, with seizures occurring at an average depth of 3560 fsw. In all animals, multifocal-spiking activity progressed in severity with increasing depth. The predominant seizure pattern observed was a spike and slow-wave pattern reminiscent of absence seizures. Initial evidence of generalized seizure activity was equally divided between the cerebellum and cortex. It is concluded that the cerebellum participates in HPNS seizures. Possible evolution of the syndrome by loss of Purkinje cell inhibitory influence on subcortical sites that modulate cortical excitability is discussed.", "PMID": 601910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7518", "title": "Effect of compression rate on HPNS convulsion threshold in the euthermic rat.", "content": "The modification of the development of the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) has been demonstrated by varying the external environment (chamber temperature, compression rate) or the internal environment (core temperature, pharmacology, age). This study examined the effects of compression rate on the convulsion-threshold pressure and EEG activity in 68 adult male Wistar rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Restrained animals were individually compressed at a predetermined rate in helium-oxygen to a simulated depth of 4500 fsw (137 ATA), with colonic temperature maintained at normal levels. Six compression rates showed that convulsion-threshold pressure for euthermic rats did not significantly differ between any of the groups.", "contents": "Effect of compression rate on HPNS convulsion threshold in the euthermic rat. The modification of the development of the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) has been demonstrated by varying the external environment (chamber temperature, compression rate) or the internal environment (core temperature, pharmacology, age). This study examined the effects of compression rate on the convulsion-threshold pressure and EEG activity in 68 adult male Wistar rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Restrained animals were individually compressed at a predetermined rate in helium-oxygen to a simulated depth of 4500 fsw (137 ATA), with colonic temperature maintained at normal levels. Six compression rates showed that convulsion-threshold pressure for euthermic rats did not significantly differ between any of the groups.", "PMID": 601911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7519", "title": "[Winter sports injuries of the urogenital tract (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1964-1974 112 injuries of the urogenital tract caused by winter sports were treated at the University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Urology. Eighty-eight patients suffered skiing injuries, 20 tobogganing injuries, and one injury each was caused by ski jumping and bobsleighing accidents, two traumas resulted from a fall from a chair lift. On the basis of typical case reports the most common types of trauma of the urogenital tract are demonstrated and the basic mechanisms of the accidents are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the obvious increase of lesions of the external genitalia and the urethra in the last few years caused by the so-called spinning ski, as well as the frequency of kidney traumas, especially in winters with little snow. Tobogganing accidents caused injuries to the kidneys as well as to bladder and urethra. In contrast to traumas caused by skiing, tobogganing injuries were mostly multiple. Analysis of patients records shows an increase of these injuries, which were really not typical for winter sports. The possible reasons as well as their prevention are discussed.", "contents": "[Winter sports injuries of the urogenital tract (author's transl)]. During 1964-1974 112 injuries of the urogenital tract caused by winter sports were treated at the University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Urology. Eighty-eight patients suffered skiing injuries, 20 tobogganing injuries, and one injury each was caused by ski jumping and bobsleighing accidents, two traumas resulted from a fall from a chair lift. On the basis of typical case reports the most common types of trauma of the urogenital tract are demonstrated and the basic mechanisms of the accidents are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the obvious increase of lesions of the external genitalia and the urethra in the last few years caused by the so-called spinning ski, as well as the frequency of kidney traumas, especially in winters with little snow. Tobogganing accidents caused injuries to the kidneys as well as to bladder and urethra. In contrast to traumas caused by skiing, tobogganing injuries were mostly multiple. Analysis of patients records shows an increase of these injuries, which were really not typical for winter sports. The possible reasons as well as their prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 601925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7520", "title": "[A new operation for postprostatectomy incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "A new operation for incontinence is reported on. The prerequisites for continence are discussed, of which an intact pelvic floor and a flexible peripheral resistance are born essential. The operation leads additionally to stabilization of the pelvic floor and creates a peripheral flexible resistance. The regained sphincter function and its usefulness for continence is demonstrated radiologically and urodynamically.", "contents": "[A new operation for postprostatectomy incontinence (author's transl)]. A new operation for incontinence is reported on. The prerequisites for continence are discussed, of which an intact pelvic floor and a flexible peripheral resistance are born essential. The operation leads additionally to stabilization of the pelvic floor and creates a peripheral flexible resistance. The regained sphincter function and its usefulness for continence is demonstrated radiologically and urodynamically.", "PMID": 601926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7521", "title": "[Central register and combined study of testicular tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "To successfully combat cancer, research needs to be based on prospective investigations and central collation of data. An initial report is presented concerning one such investigation that has been in progress since September, 1976: \"central register and combined study of testicular tumors--Bonn.\" The aims are to collate epidemiologic data, achieve a standardization of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and of classification, on the model of the WHO, as well as to attain maximum efficiency of diagnosis and therapy. Fourteen participating clinics in the German Federal Republic, Austria, and Switzerland, and 70 submissions of data up to the 1st of March, 1977, amply justify the efforts so far expended and encourage us to solicit the cooperation of previous nonparticipants.", "contents": "[Central register and combined study of testicular tumors (author's transl)]. To successfully combat cancer, research needs to be based on prospective investigations and central collation of data. An initial report is presented concerning one such investigation that has been in progress since September, 1976: \"central register and combined study of testicular tumors--Bonn.\" The aims are to collate epidemiologic data, achieve a standardization of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and of classification, on the model of the WHO, as well as to attain maximum efficiency of diagnosis and therapy. Fourteen participating clinics in the German Federal Republic, Austria, and Switzerland, and 70 submissions of data up to the 1st of March, 1977, amply justify the efforts so far expended and encourage us to solicit the cooperation of previous nonparticipants.", "PMID": 601927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7522", "title": "[Is renal cyst puncture an available diagnostic procedure for differentiation of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions? (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal cyst puncture as an important, additive radiologic technique is able to solve differential diagnostic problems of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions in a quick, accurate, and safe way. Renal cyst puncture rules out a solid neoplasm and provides the surgeon with a maximum of preoperative information. Through its use unnecessary operations on aged and poor-risk patients can be avoided. The method is described, and the results of 185 finegauge needle punctures of the kidney obtained from 2329 renal angiographies over 11 years, are reported.", "contents": "[Is renal cyst puncture an available diagnostic procedure for differentiation of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions? (author's transl)]. Renal cyst puncture as an important, additive radiologic technique is able to solve differential diagnostic problems of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions in a quick, accurate, and safe way. Renal cyst puncture rules out a solid neoplasm and provides the surgeon with a maximum of preoperative information. Through its use unnecessary operations on aged and poor-risk patients can be avoided. The method is described, and the results of 185 finegauge needle punctures of the kidney obtained from 2329 renal angiographies over 11 years, are reported.", "PMID": 601928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7523", "title": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. IV. monitoring and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The high mortality from septic shock in urologically ill patients can only be diminished by early diagnosis and treatment of the sepsis. However, there is no defined, steady sign from which the precise diagnosis septic shock can be established. Therefore the critical patient has to be controlled by a system that covers numerous signs that contribute to the diagnosis. Once septic shock is established its outcome depends on how early the failure of the microcirculation can be eliminated. The therapeutic approach is based on an improved cardiac output achieved by adequate volume therapy and positive inotropic drugs. For this reason the actual circulatory failure has to be defined and each therapeutic step has to be controlled using the Swan Ganz thermodilution catheter. The microcirculatory failure can be treated directly with dextran 40 and with specifically chosen vasoactive drugs. Disorders of the blood gases and base excess have to be corrected immediately. Treatment of acute renal and respiratory failure is mentioned.", "contents": "[Septic shock in the urologic patient. IV. monitoring and therapy (author's transl)]. The high mortality from septic shock in urologically ill patients can only be diminished by early diagnosis and treatment of the sepsis. However, there is no defined, steady sign from which the precise diagnosis septic shock can be established. Therefore the critical patient has to be controlled by a system that covers numerous signs that contribute to the diagnosis. Once septic shock is established its outcome depends on how early the failure of the microcirculation can be eliminated. The therapeutic approach is based on an improved cardiac output achieved by adequate volume therapy and positive inotropic drugs. For this reason the actual circulatory failure has to be defined and each therapeutic step has to be controlled using the Swan Ganz thermodilution catheter. The microcirculatory failure can be treated directly with dextran 40 and with specifically chosen vasoactive drugs. Disorders of the blood gases and base excess have to be corrected immediately. Treatment of acute renal and respiratory failure is mentioned.", "PMID": 601929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7524", "title": "[Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical alterations of the dog prostate following castration (author's transl)].", "content": "Orchiectomy leads to morphologic and functional alterations of the prostate in dogs within 120 days. The glandular epithelium of the acini under the light microscope shows an advanced atrophy with some remaining slit-like lumina. Ultrastructurally, castration results in loss of cell polarity with preserved epithelial compounds. The columnar epithelium is transformed into small polygonal cells with regressive alterations of nucleus, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. These cells show depositions of lipoids and glycogen. Functionally, gonadectomy results in a loss of secretory activity correspondingly secretory granules that are normally present in large numbers are conspicuously absent, the reduction of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus too are expressions of the cessation of synthesis of secretion. This is also indicated by the activity of acid phosphatase that is barely demonstrable in the apical portion of the cytoplasm of atrophic glandular epithelium following castration. Only insignificant changes on the other hand are found in the activity of alkaline phosphatase following withdrawal of androgens, this enzyme does not mirror the atrophy due to castration.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical alterations of the dog prostate following castration (author's transl)]. Orchiectomy leads to morphologic and functional alterations of the prostate in dogs within 120 days. The glandular epithelium of the acini under the light microscope shows an advanced atrophy with some remaining slit-like lumina. Ultrastructurally, castration results in loss of cell polarity with preserved epithelial compounds. The columnar epithelium is transformed into small polygonal cells with regressive alterations of nucleus, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. These cells show depositions of lipoids and glycogen. Functionally, gonadectomy results in a loss of secretory activity correspondingly secretory granules that are normally present in large numbers are conspicuously absent, the reduction of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus too are expressions of the cessation of synthesis of secretion. This is also indicated by the activity of acid phosphatase that is barely demonstrable in the apical portion of the cytoplasm of atrophic glandular epithelium following castration. Only insignificant changes on the other hand are found in the activity of alkaline phosphatase following withdrawal of androgens, this enzyme does not mirror the atrophy due to castration.", "PMID": 601930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7525", "title": "Computed tomography in urologic patients: preliminary assessment.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) body scanning has specific application to the precise diagnosis of urologic disease. The advantage of visualizing the density of normal and abnormal tissue provides new accuracy in evaluation of renal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic masses. The penetration of the pelvic cavity allows the urologist to assess local, nodal, and skeletal involvement from prostatic and bladder neoplasms in a single diagnostic examination. Cost/efficacy analysis and the role of computed tomography in patient managment must await further review and experience.", "contents": "Computed tomography in urologic patients: preliminary assessment. Computed tomography (CT) body scanning has specific application to the precise diagnosis of urologic disease. The advantage of visualizing the density of normal and abnormal tissue provides new accuracy in evaluation of renal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic masses. The penetration of the pelvic cavity allows the urologist to assess local, nodal, and skeletal involvement from prostatic and bladder neoplasms in a single diagnostic examination. Cost/efficacy analysis and the role of computed tomography in patient managment must await further review and experience.", "PMID": 601931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7526", "title": "Relation of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to size.", "content": "A statistical analysis of 520 ureteral calculi was undertaken to elucidate the correlation between sizes of calculi and the probability of spontaneous passage. The mean length and width of 286 calculi passed spontaneously were 6.3 +/- 2.5 (S.D.) and 4.0 +/- 1.5 mm., respectively; those of 219 calculi removed surgically were 11.7 +/- 5.0 and 7.1 +/- 2.8 mm., respectively, the difference between the two groups being statistically significant. The rate of spontaneous passage of stones within one year after diagnosis was analyzed in relation to sizes of stones which were grouped at successive 1-mm. intervals both in length and width, the over-all rate of spontaneous passage being 53 per cent. It was concluded that stones larger than 8 mm. in width on x-ray films should be removed surgically, while in those smaller than 8 mm. in width higher chances of spontaneous passage by expectant treatment would be anticipated.", "contents": "Relation of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to size. A statistical analysis of 520 ureteral calculi was undertaken to elucidate the correlation between sizes of calculi and the probability of spontaneous passage. The mean length and width of 286 calculi passed spontaneously were 6.3 +/- 2.5 (S.D.) and 4.0 +/- 1.5 mm., respectively; those of 219 calculi removed surgically were 11.7 +/- 5.0 and 7.1 +/- 2.8 mm., respectively, the difference between the two groups being statistically significant. The rate of spontaneous passage of stones within one year after diagnosis was analyzed in relation to sizes of stones which were grouped at successive 1-mm. intervals both in length and width, the over-all rate of spontaneous passage being 53 per cent. It was concluded that stones larger than 8 mm. in width on x-ray films should be removed surgically, while in those smaller than 8 mm. in width higher chances of spontaneous passage by expectant treatment would be anticipated.", "PMID": 601932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7527", "title": "Importance of urinary tract investigation in metastatic malignant melanoma.", "content": "Metastatic melanoma, although rarely recognized clinically, may involve the urinary tract in a high percentage of cases. Routine excretory urography and cystoscopy may establish the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic melanoma and prevent further surgical exploration.", "contents": "Importance of urinary tract investigation in metastatic malignant melanoma. Metastatic melanoma, although rarely recognized clinically, may involve the urinary tract in a high percentage of cases. Routine excretory urography and cystoscopy may establish the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic melanoma and prevent further surgical exploration.", "PMID": 601933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7528", "title": "Bladder outlet obstruction and inguinal hernia: incidence in males over fifty years of age.", "content": "Increased intra-abdominal pressure secondary to prostatic obstruction of the bladder outlet is frequently cited as an important factor in the formation of inguinal hernias in middle-aged and elderly males. However, as far as can be determined, the correlation of these two conditions has never been evaluated. Twenty-five male patients, aged fifty years or older, presenting for repair of inguinal hernia, were evaluated urologically, and the results are presented.", "contents": "Bladder outlet obstruction and inguinal hernia: incidence in males over fifty years of age. Increased intra-abdominal pressure secondary to prostatic obstruction of the bladder outlet is frequently cited as an important factor in the formation of inguinal hernias in middle-aged and elderly males. However, as far as can be determined, the correlation of these two conditions has never been evaluated. Twenty-five male patients, aged fifty years or older, presenting for repair of inguinal hernia, were evaluated urologically, and the results are presented.", "PMID": 601934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7529", "title": "En bloc transpubic urethrectomy in conjunction with radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma in males.", "content": "A technique for en bloc transpubic urethrectomy and radical cystectomy in the male is described and compared with commonly employed means of urethrectomy. Although this technique has been performed in a limited number of cases, this report is warranted because of the following advantages: en bloc resection is achieved at one operation without compromised positioning or need to reposition; the risk of transecting tumor in the urethra or leaving tumor behind in the urethra is avoided; the contamination inherent with a perineal incision and the resulting increase in morbidity are avoided, yet the mobilization of the urethra and prostate is comparable to that achieved transperineally; the exposure with this technique equals or excels that achieved by other approaches; although thirty minutes are required to perform pubectomy and urethrectomy, this is comparable to the time required to expose and close the perineum; and usually time is saved because of the improved exposure.", "contents": "En bloc transpubic urethrectomy in conjunction with radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma in males. A technique for en bloc transpubic urethrectomy and radical cystectomy in the male is described and compared with commonly employed means of urethrectomy. Although this technique has been performed in a limited number of cases, this report is warranted because of the following advantages: en bloc resection is achieved at one operation without compromised positioning or need to reposition; the risk of transecting tumor in the urethra or leaving tumor behind in the urethra is avoided; the contamination inherent with a perineal incision and the resulting increase in morbidity are avoided, yet the mobilization of the urethra and prostate is comparable to that achieved transperineally; the exposure with this technique equals or excels that achieved by other approaches; although thirty minutes are required to perform pubectomy and urethrectomy, this is comparable to the time required to expose and close the perineum; and usually time is saved because of the improved exposure.", "PMID": 601935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7530", "title": "Clinical study of hemospermia.", "content": "Sixty-five cases of hemospermia seen over a ten-year period were reviewed. No specific etiology was disclosed, although renal tuberculosis was seen in 11 per cent of cases, indicating that hemospermia is a self-limiting and benign condition which does not require full urologic investigation.", "contents": "Clinical study of hemospermia. Sixty-five cases of hemospermia seen over a ten-year period were reviewed. No specific etiology was disclosed, although renal tuberculosis was seen in 11 per cent of cases, indicating that hemospermia is a self-limiting and benign condition which does not require full urologic investigation.", "PMID": 601936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7531", "title": "Etiology of abdominoscrotal hydrocele.", "content": "The development of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is explained on the basis of the law of Laplace. The eighty-fourth case is reported from Central Java.", "contents": "Etiology of abdominoscrotal hydrocele. The development of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is explained on the basis of the law of Laplace. The eighty-fourth case is reported from Central Java.", "PMID": 601937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7532", "title": "Multiple urethral metastases from prostatic carcinoma causing urinary retention.", "content": "A rare case of multiple urethral metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate causing urinary retention is reported. The unique findings of the urethrogram are described. Transurethral resection provided symptomatic relief. No local recurrence of tumor was observed during the follow-up period of sixteen months.", "contents": "Multiple urethral metastases from prostatic carcinoma causing urinary retention. A rare case of multiple urethral metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate causing urinary retention is reported. The unique findings of the urethrogram are described. Transurethral resection provided symptomatic relief. No local recurrence of tumor was observed during the follow-up period of sixteen months.", "PMID": 601938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7533", "title": "Crossed renal ectopia and abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A case of crossed renal ectopia assoicated with abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. This is believed to be the first known case of these entities occurring together. It is important for the urologist to be cognizant of the possibility of such an association so that appropriate surgical correction of the aneurysm may be carried out without undue delay. The importance of a preoperative intravenous pyelogram for all patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is stressed.", "contents": "Crossed renal ectopia and abdominal aortic aneurysm. A case of crossed renal ectopia assoicated with abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. This is believed to be the first known case of these entities occurring together. It is important for the urologist to be cognizant of the possibility of such an association so that appropriate surgical correction of the aneurysm may be carried out without undue delay. The importance of a preoperative intravenous pyelogram for all patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is stressed.", "PMID": 601939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7534", "title": "Primary carcinoid tumor of testis.", "content": "A case of pure, primary testicular carcinoid tumor in a forty-four-year-old male is reported. The patient presented with painless testicular enlargement, and testicular tumor was diagnosed. Orchiectomy was performed, and histology revealed a primary argentaffinoma. The patient is well and symptom free two years after diagnosis.", "contents": "Primary carcinoid tumor of testis. A case of pure, primary testicular carcinoid tumor in a forty-four-year-old male is reported. The patient presented with painless testicular enlargement, and testicular tumor was diagnosed. Orchiectomy was performed, and histology revealed a primary argentaffinoma. The patient is well and symptom free two years after diagnosis.", "PMID": 601941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7535", "title": "Adrenal cysts: diagnostic value of \"intravenous viscerogram\".", "content": "Two cases of adrenal pseudocysts are presented, one secondary to the necrosis of an adenoma and the other a hemorrhagic pseudocyst. The diagnosis of these tumors is usually made radiologically owing to the vagueness of symptoms and nonexistent specific laboratory examinations, so that preoperative diagnosis is uncommon. We present a radiologic technique, intravenous viscerogram, which may be useful in the diagnosis of adrenal cysts. This procedure is easy to carry out and has almost no complications for the patient. The classification, clinical findings, and surgical treatment of adrenal cysts are discussed.", "contents": "Adrenal cysts: diagnostic value of \"intravenous viscerogram\". Two cases of adrenal pseudocysts are presented, one secondary to the necrosis of an adenoma and the other a hemorrhagic pseudocyst. The diagnosis of these tumors is usually made radiologically owing to the vagueness of symptoms and nonexistent specific laboratory examinations, so that preoperative diagnosis is uncommon. We present a radiologic technique, intravenous viscerogram, which may be useful in the diagnosis of adrenal cysts. This procedure is easy to carry out and has almost no complications for the patient. The classification, clinical findings, and surgical treatment of adrenal cysts are discussed.", "PMID": 601942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7536", "title": "Renal carbuncle: simulation of tumor response to epinephrine.", "content": "A case of renal carbuncle with unusual angiographic findings is presented. The abscess showed abnormal vessels on selective angiogrpahy which were enhanced after intra-arterial epinephrine. New foci of abnormal vessels were also seen on the postepinephrine angiogram.", "contents": "Renal carbuncle: simulation of tumor response to epinephrine. A case of renal carbuncle with unusual angiographic findings is presented. The abscess showed abnormal vessels on selective angiogrpahy which were enhanced after intra-arterial epinephrine. New foci of abnormal vessels were also seen on the postepinephrine angiogram.", "PMID": 601943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7537", "title": "Inferior vena caval involvement by adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "A case of preoperative demonstration of inferior vena caval extension of tumor thrombus from adrenal cortical carcinoma is presented. Surgery showed that extension had occurred via the adrenal vein rather than by direct invasion. A search of the literature failed to uncover either any mention of preoperative attention to the possibility of caval involvement or of this particular mode of extension. Review of our experience with 17 adrenal cortical carcinomas suggested that carcinoma of the right adrenal gland involves the vena cava more commonly than does carcinoma of the left. We recommend that cavography be performed in the evaluation of adrenal carcinoma.", "contents": "Inferior vena caval involvement by adrenal cortical carcinoma. A case of preoperative demonstration of inferior vena caval extension of tumor thrombus from adrenal cortical carcinoma is presented. Surgery showed that extension had occurred via the adrenal vein rather than by direct invasion. A search of the literature failed to uncover either any mention of preoperative attention to the possibility of caval involvement or of this particular mode of extension. Review of our experience with 17 adrenal cortical carcinomas suggested that carcinoma of the right adrenal gland involves the vena cava more commonly than does carcinoma of the left. We recommend that cavography be performed in the evaluation of adrenal carcinoma.", "PMID": 601944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7538", "title": "Observations of dye test (DT) titres to Toxoplasma in a non-breeding flock of sheep.", "content": "In this study nine sheep and one goat were tested by the Sabin Feldman dye test for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma spp over a period of 12 months. No significant signs of a seasonal variation in dye test titres of infected animals could be demonstrated. The possible source of infection of two sheep, exhibiting a sudden rise in antibody titre during the course of the observations is discussed.", "contents": "Observations of dye test (DT) titres to Toxoplasma in a non-breeding flock of sheep. In this study nine sheep and one goat were tested by the Sabin Feldman dye test for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma spp over a period of 12 months. No significant signs of a seasonal variation in dye test titres of infected animals could be demonstrated. The possible source of infection of two sheep, exhibiting a sudden rise in antibody titre during the course of the observations is discussed.", "PMID": 601989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7539", "title": "[Radiotelemetric method of studying ruminal movements in cows].", "content": "A description is given of a monochannel radiotelemetric system primarily designed to study the motility of the rumen but also adapted for use in studying the bioelectric activity of the heart, uterus, and other viscera. The system consists of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of a transformer (drawbar-sensing mechanism), an amplifier of biopotentials, a generator, and an ultra-short-wave transmitter. The registering mechanism consists of a receiver, a decoder, and a writing device. The apparatus provides a stable transmission of physiologic information at a distance of up to 500 meters. Presented are graphic recordings of the motility of the dorsal sac of the rumen of clinically normal cows supplied with chronic fistulae of the rumen as well as of cows having no fistulae, in a varying physiologic status.", "contents": "[Radiotelemetric method of studying ruminal movements in cows]. A description is given of a monochannel radiotelemetric system primarily designed to study the motility of the rumen but also adapted for use in studying the bioelectric activity of the heart, uterus, and other viscera. The system consists of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of a transformer (drawbar-sensing mechanism), an amplifier of biopotentials, a generator, and an ultra-short-wave transmitter. The registering mechanism consists of a receiver, a decoder, and a writing device. The apparatus provides a stable transmission of physiologic information at a distance of up to 500 meters. Presented are graphic recordings of the motility of the dorsal sac of the rumen of clinically normal cows supplied with chronic fistulae of the rumen as well as of cows having no fistulae, in a varying physiologic status.", "PMID": 602011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7540", "title": "[Applicability of methods for determining air velocity in livestock buildings].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the applicability of the katathermometers, mechanical anemometers, and the thermoelectric anemometer type TEA-4, devised by the authors and introduced into practice, for determining the velocity of air in livestock buildings. TEA-4 proved more perspective for measurements in animal breedings as it makes possible a continuous automatic control on air velocity. This, in turn, renders it feasible to follow up the day-and-night and the seasonal dynamics of this microclimate factors. By preciseness and exploitation dependability TEA-4 has proved superior to katathermometers and mechanical anemometers. Its adoption into practice has made it possible to shorten the time of measurement.", "contents": "[Applicability of methods for determining air velocity in livestock buildings]. Comparative studies were carried out on the applicability of the katathermometers, mechanical anemometers, and the thermoelectric anemometer type TEA-4, devised by the authors and introduced into practice, for determining the velocity of air in livestock buildings. TEA-4 proved more perspective for measurements in animal breedings as it makes possible a continuous automatic control on air velocity. This, in turn, renders it feasible to follow up the day-and-night and the seasonal dynamics of this microclimate factors. By preciseness and exploitation dependability TEA-4 has proved superior to katathermometers and mechanical anemometers. Its adoption into practice has made it possible to shorten the time of measurement.", "PMID": 602012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7541", "title": "[Etiology and epizootiology of helminthiases on commercial sheep raising farm complexes].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the etiology of the helminth infections at three industrial sheep complexes typical of this country. The mixed gastrointestinal infection, having an urgent epizootiologic and economic importance, proved that of H. contortus, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, M. marshalli, T. colubriformis, T. axei, N. spathiger, N. fillicollis, C. oncophora, B. Trigonochephalum, S. papillosus, T. ovis, Ch. ovina, and O. venulosum. The seasonal and age dynamics of the general Strongylus infection was followed up. Well established were the postpartum phase in ewes and the spring phase in weaned lambs so far as ova excretion was concerned. In goat mulleriosis there was a typically runnung postpartum and spring phase in larvae excretion. Currently dangerous for replacement animals at the complexes was spring moniesiosis, caused by M. expansa, and the autumn one, caused by M. benedeni. High percent of infection and heavy parasite burdens were shown with the infection of S. papillosus during the warm months of the year, the course of which ran without clinical symptoms. Potentially dangerous were infections of D. filaria, Protostrongylus species, M. capillaris, D. lanceatum and F. hepatica. A scheme is suggested for chemoprophylactic treatments against the urgently dangerous infections.", "contents": "[Etiology and epizootiology of helminthiases on commercial sheep raising farm complexes]. Studies were carried out on the etiology of the helminth infections at three industrial sheep complexes typical of this country. The mixed gastrointestinal infection, having an urgent epizootiologic and economic importance, proved that of H. contortus, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, M. marshalli, T. colubriformis, T. axei, N. spathiger, N. fillicollis, C. oncophora, B. Trigonochephalum, S. papillosus, T. ovis, Ch. ovina, and O. venulosum. The seasonal and age dynamics of the general Strongylus infection was followed up. Well established were the postpartum phase in ewes and the spring phase in weaned lambs so far as ova excretion was concerned. In goat mulleriosis there was a typically runnung postpartum and spring phase in larvae excretion. Currently dangerous for replacement animals at the complexes was spring moniesiosis, caused by M. expansa, and the autumn one, caused by M. benedeni. High percent of infection and heavy parasite burdens were shown with the infection of S. papillosus during the warm months of the year, the course of which ran without clinical symptoms. Potentially dangerous were infections of D. filaria, Protostrongylus species, M. capillaris, D. lanceatum and F. hepatica. A scheme is suggested for chemoprophylactic treatments against the urgently dangerous infections.", "PMID": 602013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7542", "title": "[Microbiological control of sterilized canned fish].", "content": "Biologic investigation was carried out in 1974 and 1975 of a total of 1,393, tins of sterilized canned fish belonging to 14 assortments. The tins were kept in a thermostat at 37 degrees C for 70 days, and the bacteriologically seeded material was cultured at 37 degrees C for 10 days for the presence of mesophylic bacteria, and at 56 degrees C for 5 days for the presence of thermophylic bacteria. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1. Thermostat storing of tins for 5--6 day-and-night periods at 37 degrees C makes it possible to detect all tins that are nonsterile. 2. Culturing of seeded material under the specified conditions makes it possible to establish the presence of residual microflora in the tins of fish. 3. Both procedures referred to could successfully meet the requirements of the modern production of sterilized canned fish and of the microbiologic control.", "contents": "[Microbiological control of sterilized canned fish]. Biologic investigation was carried out in 1974 and 1975 of a total of 1,393, tins of sterilized canned fish belonging to 14 assortments. The tins were kept in a thermostat at 37 degrees C for 70 days, and the bacteriologically seeded material was cultured at 37 degrees C for 10 days for the presence of mesophylic bacteria, and at 56 degrees C for 5 days for the presence of thermophylic bacteria. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1. Thermostat storing of tins for 5--6 day-and-night periods at 37 degrees C makes it possible to detect all tins that are nonsterile. 2. Culturing of seeded material under the specified conditions makes it possible to establish the presence of residual microflora in the tins of fish. 3. Both procedures referred to could successfully meet the requirements of the modern production of sterilized canned fish and of the microbiologic control.", "PMID": 602014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7543", "title": "[Varying sensitivity to copper poisoning in the sheep and cattle of Pirdop District].", "content": "The clinical picture manifested by sheep and cows in the region of Pirdop has been followed up in the course of three years. The content of copper was quantitatively determined in the milk, liver, kidney, spleen, and skeletal musculature of 20 cows and 50 clinically normal and 50 clinically affected sheep exibiting a hemolytical crisis. Though the animals were fed one and the same type of forages the amount of copper in the liver of cattle was within the range of 48 up to 98.54 mg/kg, and in sheep it ranged from 84.9 up to 828 mg/kg dry matter. This explains the low sensitivity of cattle as compared to sheep so far as copper intoxication is concerned. The deposition of copper in the kidneys, spleen, and skeletal musculature started from the beginning of the hemolytical crisis, and in the liver--prior to it.", "contents": "[Varying sensitivity to copper poisoning in the sheep and cattle of Pirdop District]. The clinical picture manifested by sheep and cows in the region of Pirdop has been followed up in the course of three years. The content of copper was quantitatively determined in the milk, liver, kidney, spleen, and skeletal musculature of 20 cows and 50 clinically normal and 50 clinically affected sheep exibiting a hemolytical crisis. Though the animals were fed one and the same type of forages the amount of copper in the liver of cattle was within the range of 48 up to 98.54 mg/kg, and in sheep it ranged from 84.9 up to 828 mg/kg dry matter. This explains the low sensitivity of cattle as compared to sheep so far as copper intoxication is concerned. The deposition of copper in the kidneys, spleen, and skeletal musculature started from the beginning of the hemolytical crisis, and in the liver--prior to it.", "PMID": 602015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7544", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies of \"Pharmachem\" tylosin with healthy and infectious epididymitis-affected rams].", "content": "The retention in blood and the excretion with semen were followed up of tylosin-base, product of the State Economic Corporation \"Pharmachim\" (People's Republic of Bulgaria). It was found that at muscular application (12 mg/kg) the preparation is resorbed at the site of injection and is retained at a therapeutic level concentration in the blood of rams in the course of 24 to 26 hours. Tylosin gains access to the testes and is excreted with the semen at the same rate as in infectious epididymitis-intact rams. No correlation has been observed between the blood level of tylosin and the content of tylosin in the spermal plasma. The single treatment of rams with tylosin at the dosing cited above is not able to arrest the excretion of Brucella organisms with the semen, and does not improve its morphologic composition.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies of \"Pharmachem\" tylosin with healthy and infectious epididymitis-affected rams]. The retention in blood and the excretion with semen were followed up of tylosin-base, product of the State Economic Corporation \"Pharmachim\" (People's Republic of Bulgaria). It was found that at muscular application (12 mg/kg) the preparation is resorbed at the site of injection and is retained at a therapeutic level concentration in the blood of rams in the course of 24 to 26 hours. Tylosin gains access to the testes and is excreted with the semen at the same rate as in infectious epididymitis-intact rams. No correlation has been observed between the blood level of tylosin and the content of tylosin in the spermal plasma. The single treatment of rams with tylosin at the dosing cited above is not able to arrest the excretion of Brucella organisms with the semen, and does not improve its morphologic composition.", "PMID": 602016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7545", "title": "[Blood sugar and ketone body content in cows with clinical ketosis].", "content": "The investigation confirms hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia as typical for ketosis. A reverse correlation has been found between the level of blood sugar and that of ketone bodies. The changes observed in both blood sugars and ketones have not been shown to manifest any definite relation to the feeding regime, which may not have been perfectly balanced but has supplied metabolizable energy and digestible protein for maintenance and production in excess. Five-day starving of freshly calved, clinically normal cows may cause a dependable drop of the blood sugar level and rise of the ketone bodies to an extent that vary from that observed in ketosis-affected cows showing no clinical picture characteristic of the disease. The glycaemic reaction observed with the glucose-tolerance and the adrenaline tests shows that there is no apparent differences in the carbohydrate metabolism and the glycosynthetic capacity of the liver between diseased and clinically normal animals. The use of the two tests as auxiliary clinical methods has not been effective in registering the deviations in the status of the adrenal cortex and the pituitary gland.", "contents": "[Blood sugar and ketone body content in cows with clinical ketosis]. The investigation confirms hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia as typical for ketosis. A reverse correlation has been found between the level of blood sugar and that of ketone bodies. The changes observed in both blood sugars and ketones have not been shown to manifest any definite relation to the feeding regime, which may not have been perfectly balanced but has supplied metabolizable energy and digestible protein for maintenance and production in excess. Five-day starving of freshly calved, clinically normal cows may cause a dependable drop of the blood sugar level and rise of the ketone bodies to an extent that vary from that observed in ketosis-affected cows showing no clinical picture characteristic of the disease. The glycaemic reaction observed with the glucose-tolerance and the adrenaline tests shows that there is no apparent differences in the carbohydrate metabolism and the glycosynthetic capacity of the liver between diseased and clinically normal animals. The use of the two tests as auxiliary clinical methods has not been effective in registering the deviations in the status of the adrenal cortex and the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 602017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7546", "title": "Data concerning the action of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins on the evolution of some nasopharyngeal and larynegeal neoplasms.", "content": "The administration of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins (Ig) to 9 patients with nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms resulted in the regression of metastatic lymph nodes, the absence of other metastatic localizations and the survival--in a good general state--of all the patients treated, for 23-29 months. Most of the patients received no other treatment during this time interval. In a control group consisting of 11 patients with the same forms of cancer, but who received no Ig, 4 fatal outcomes were recorded and all patients required re-hospitalization and application of other treatments. The method suggested may represent an efficient adjuvant therapy in some nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms.", "contents": "Data concerning the action of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins on the evolution of some nasopharyngeal and larynegeal neoplasms. The administration of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins (Ig) to 9 patients with nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms resulted in the regression of metastatic lymph nodes, the absence of other metastatic localizations and the survival--in a good general state--of all the patients treated, for 23-29 months. Most of the patients received no other treatment during this time interval. In a control group consisting of 11 patients with the same forms of cancer, but who received no Ig, 4 fatal outcomes were recorded and all patients required re-hospitalization and application of other treatments. The method suggested may represent an efficient adjuvant therapy in some nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms.", "PMID": 602020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7547", "title": "Dynamics of anti-vaccinia HAI antibodies during the first month after smallpox revaccination at 20 years.", "content": "Anti-vaccina HAI antibody titers were dynamically followed up and correlated with the type of cutaneous reaction in 91 small pox revaccines aged 20-21 years. Serum samples collected at 2-day intervals for 14 days and on day 30 post inoculation (p.i.) were tested. Antibody titer rises began on days 4-6 and continued until day 14 p.i. On day 30 further rises were only recorded in the 9 vaccinees with primovaccinal reactions. The rhythm of antibody rises was almost the same in subjects with ambiguous and major cutaneous reactions.", "contents": "Dynamics of anti-vaccinia HAI antibodies during the first month after smallpox revaccination at 20 years. Anti-vaccina HAI antibody titers were dynamically followed up and correlated with the type of cutaneous reaction in 91 small pox revaccines aged 20-21 years. Serum samples collected at 2-day intervals for 14 days and on day 30 post inoculation (p.i.) were tested. Antibody titer rises began on days 4-6 and continued until day 14 p.i. On day 30 further rises were only recorded in the 9 vaccinees with primovaccinal reactions. The rhythm of antibody rises was almost the same in subjects with ambiguous and major cutaneous reactions.", "PMID": 602021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7548", "title": "[Synchronous cancer of the breasts].", "content": "Observation on 16 patients with synchronous cancer of mammary glands are reported. This group comprised patients in whom tumors developed either simultaneously or with a 6-month interval. Synchronous cancer was more frequently observed in patients in the period of active menstrual-ovarian function (an average age--40.5 years). Eleven of these patients survived for 3 years and longer; 5 of them survived without any recurrence and metastases within the terms from 3 to 16 years. The use of the complex therapy encourages the hope of improving remote results.", "contents": "[Synchronous cancer of the breasts]. Observation on 16 patients with synchronous cancer of mammary glands are reported. This group comprised patients in whom tumors developed either simultaneously or with a 6-month interval. Synchronous cancer was more frequently observed in patients in the period of active menstrual-ovarian function (an average age--40.5 years). Eleven of these patients survived for 3 years and longer; 5 of them survived without any recurrence and metastases within the terms from 3 to 16 years. The use of the complex therapy encourages the hope of improving remote results.", "PMID": 602078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7549", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of villous polyps of the large intestine and rectum].", "content": "The work is based on the examination of 67 patients with villous tumors of the colon and rectum. The peculiar features of the clinical course have been studied, and the efficacy of different diagnostic measures have been analysed. In the diagnosis of villous tumors great importance is attached to endoscopy in the complex of clinical examination of a patient. Roentgenological investigation with the use of the accessory technics--double contrasting, laterography, \"angular\" roentgenography seem to be an important step in the investigation. Only after the histological study is completed, one can ultimately judge the fact of the polyp malignification. The classification of villous polyps of the colon and rectum based on the histological principle is suggested. The results of the treatment are analysed, and some practical recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of villous polyps of the large intestine and rectum]. The work is based on the examination of 67 patients with villous tumors of the colon and rectum. The peculiar features of the clinical course have been studied, and the efficacy of different diagnostic measures have been analysed. In the diagnosis of villous tumors great importance is attached to endoscopy in the complex of clinical examination of a patient. Roentgenological investigation with the use of the accessory technics--double contrasting, laterography, \"angular\" roentgenography seem to be an important step in the investigation. Only after the histological study is completed, one can ultimately judge the fact of the polyp malignification. The classification of villous polyps of the colon and rectum based on the histological principle is suggested. The results of the treatment are analysed, and some practical recommendations are given.", "PMID": 602079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7550", "title": "[DNA content in dysplasias and early invasive forms of cervical cancer].", "content": "Cytological preparations of normal cervical epithelium and in different forms of the epithelial dysplasia and in early cervical cancer were studied in 8 healthy females and in 35 patients. To determine the content of DNA in these cells a fluorescent variant of the Feulgen reaction was employed, using the national drug rivanol as fluorochromium in the Shiff reagent. The amount of DNA in cell nuclei of the normal epithelium and in moderate dysplasia is shown to correspond to diploid, while in marked dysplasia the content of DNA varies from di-to tetraploid values. But there are some cases when in marked dysplasia the DNA content in cells is diploid, i. e. it is characteristic of moderate dysplasia, or considerably exceeds tetraploid level, and it is in such cases that histological assays reveal early forms of cancer. Invasive cancer is charcterized by a sharp increase in the DNA content in most cells and by a considerable number of polyploid cells. Fluorescence-microscopy may serve as a valuable diagnostic adjunct to recognize early forms of cervical cancer and be used clinically.", "contents": "[DNA content in dysplasias and early invasive forms of cervical cancer]. Cytological preparations of normal cervical epithelium and in different forms of the epithelial dysplasia and in early cervical cancer were studied in 8 healthy females and in 35 patients. To determine the content of DNA in these cells a fluorescent variant of the Feulgen reaction was employed, using the national drug rivanol as fluorochromium in the Shiff reagent. The amount of DNA in cell nuclei of the normal epithelium and in moderate dysplasia is shown to correspond to diploid, while in marked dysplasia the content of DNA varies from di-to tetraploid values. But there are some cases when in marked dysplasia the DNA content in cells is diploid, i. e. it is characteristic of moderate dysplasia, or considerably exceeds tetraploid level, and it is in such cases that histological assays reveal early forms of cancer. Invasive cancer is charcterized by a sharp increase in the DNA content in most cells and by a considerable number of polyploid cells. Fluorescence-microscopy may serve as a valuable diagnostic adjunct to recognize early forms of cervical cancer and be used clinically.", "PMID": 602080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7551", "title": "[Effect of chloramphenicol on the toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea].", "content": "The influence of chloramphenical (CAP) on toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethyl urea (MNU) in mice of CBA line was studied. It is shown that in injection of lethal doses of MNU--0.08--0.1 mg/g in intact animals CAP reduced LD100 to LD50 and LD50 to LD0. Also CAP increased an average survival of animals with ascites Ehrlich tumor when injected the lethal dose of MNU--0.1 mg/g. Therapeutic effect of MNU in a dose of 0.05--0.075 mg/g in the presence of CAP was not changed and sometimes was even increased. Under discussion is the significance of the obtained results for chemotherapy of malignant tumors in man.", "contents": "[Effect of chloramphenicol on the toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea]. The influence of chloramphenical (CAP) on toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethyl urea (MNU) in mice of CBA line was studied. It is shown that in injection of lethal doses of MNU--0.08--0.1 mg/g in intact animals CAP reduced LD100 to LD50 and LD50 to LD0. Also CAP increased an average survival of animals with ascites Ehrlich tumor when injected the lethal dose of MNU--0.1 mg/g. Therapeutic effect of MNU in a dose of 0.05--0.075 mg/g in the presence of CAP was not changed and sometimes was even increased. Under discussion is the significance of the obtained results for chemotherapy of malignant tumors in man.", "PMID": 602081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7552", "title": "[Antitumor action of new 2,4-diethyleneimino-6-amino-sym.-triazina derivatives].", "content": "In experiments of mice and rats with transplantable tumors (sarcoma 37, sarcoma 45, ascites Ehrlich tumor, etc) the authors studied the antitumor activity of a number of new water-soluble derivatives of 2,4-diethylenimino-6-amino-sym.-triazine differing only in the substituting radical associated with sym.-triazine cycle. All substances under study showed marked antitumor activity. The effect of the structure of the compounds concerned and their physico-chemical properties for antitumor activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Antitumor action of new 2,4-diethyleneimino-6-amino-sym.-triazina derivatives]. In experiments of mice and rats with transplantable tumors (sarcoma 37, sarcoma 45, ascites Ehrlich tumor, etc) the authors studied the antitumor activity of a number of new water-soluble derivatives of 2,4-diethylenimino-6-amino-sym.-triazine differing only in the substituting radical associated with sym.-triazine cycle. All substances under study showed marked antitumor activity. The effect of the structure of the compounds concerned and their physico-chemical properties for antitumor activity are discussed.", "PMID": 602082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7553", "title": "[Carcinogenic properties of diaphene NN].", "content": "Carcinogenic activity of diaphene NN was studied in female mice of line CC57W. Weekly subcutaneous injections of 40 mg of diaphene induced tumors in 65% of mice (leucoses and local sarcomas). Instillations of 40 mg of diaphene per os (3-5 times per week) induced tumors in 39% of mice. In control mice tumors were found in 38% of cases, including 36% of leucoses. It is concluded that diaphene NN shows an insignificant carcinogenic activity.", "contents": "[Carcinogenic properties of diaphene NN]. Carcinogenic activity of diaphene NN was studied in female mice of line CC57W. Weekly subcutaneous injections of 40 mg of diaphene induced tumors in 65% of mice (leucoses and local sarcomas). Instillations of 40 mg of diaphene per os (3-5 times per week) induced tumors in 39% of mice. In control mice tumors were found in 38% of cases, including 36% of leucoses. It is concluded that diaphene NN shows an insignificant carcinogenic activity.", "PMID": 602083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7554", "title": "[Cerebral circulation in arterio-sinus anastomoses of the occipito-mastoid area].", "content": "The hemodynamic indices were studied in 12 patients with anastomoses in the occipito-mastoid region before and after operation for disconnection of the shunts. Exclusion of the shunt between large arterial vessels from the blood supply lead to marked correction of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood in the brain: the cerebrospinal fluid and venous pressure in the internal jugular veins and superior sagittal sinus decreased, the perfusion pressure in the brain increased, the cerebral circulation time was accelerated, the consumption of oxygen by the brain and the arterio-venous difference in oxygen increased, and the acid-base condition and gases in the blood returned to normal levels.", "contents": "[Cerebral circulation in arterio-sinus anastomoses of the occipito-mastoid area]. The hemodynamic indices were studied in 12 patients with anastomoses in the occipito-mastoid region before and after operation for disconnection of the shunts. Exclusion of the shunt between large arterial vessels from the blood supply lead to marked correction of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood in the brain: the cerebrospinal fluid and venous pressure in the internal jugular veins and superior sagittal sinus decreased, the perfusion pressure in the brain increased, the cerebral circulation time was accelerated, the consumption of oxygen by the brain and the arterio-venous difference in oxygen increased, and the acid-base condition and gases in the blood returned to normal levels.", "PMID": 602091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7555", "title": "[Functional and morphologic changes in the heart following phrenicotomy].", "content": "Experiments on dogs showed that the phrenic nerves participate in innervation of the heart. Their division in the cervical portion is attended with disorders of the rhythm, abnormalities in the components of the electrocardiogram, and degenerative changes in the intramural nerve apparatus of the heart. The results of the experiments indicate that the use of the phrenic nerve as a donor in a plastic operation of the nerve trunks should be considered an operation of choice.", "contents": "[Functional and morphologic changes in the heart following phrenicotomy]. Experiments on dogs showed that the phrenic nerves participate in innervation of the heart. Their division in the cervical portion is attended with disorders of the rhythm, abnormalities in the components of the electrocardiogram, and degenerative changes in the intramural nerve apparatus of the heart. The results of the experiments indicate that the use of the phrenic nerve as a donor in a plastic operation of the nerve trunks should be considered an operation of choice.", "PMID": 602092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7556", "title": "[Cranio-cerebral injury combined with injuries to the facial skeleton].", "content": "The article deals with the diagnosis of and surgical tactics in cranio-facial injury. The authors substantiate the expediency of early operations for compression of the brain and early (within the first 5 days) final reposition and fixation of fragments in fractures of the jaws irrespective of the severity of the brain damage. The suggested modifications in the management of craniofacial injury made it possible to improve the outcomes in severly affected patients.", "contents": "[Cranio-cerebral injury combined with injuries to the facial skeleton]. The article deals with the diagnosis of and surgical tactics in cranio-facial injury. The authors substantiate the expediency of early operations for compression of the brain and early (within the first 5 days) final reposition and fixation of fragments in fractures of the jaws irrespective of the severity of the brain damage. The suggested modifications in the management of craniofacial injury made it possible to improve the outcomes in severly affected patients.", "PMID": 602094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7557", "title": "[New models of forceps for bipolar coagulation].", "content": "Operations on the brain require an optimum coagulation effect to be produced by forceps for bipolar coagulation. New forceps models are described in which the elimination of heat from the operating ends is considerably improved by making the whole forceps of copper and providing intermittent supply of high-frequency current to it. As a result the coagulation effect is distinguished by slight necrosis of the tissues adjoining the ends of the forceps and no sticking of these tissues to these ends.", "contents": "[New models of forceps for bipolar coagulation]. Operations on the brain require an optimum coagulation effect to be produced by forceps for bipolar coagulation. New forceps models are described in which the elimination of heat from the operating ends is considerably improved by making the whole forceps of copper and providing intermittent supply of high-frequency current to it. As a result the coagulation effect is distinguished by slight necrosis of the tissues adjoining the ends of the forceps and no sticking of these tissues to these ends.", "PMID": 602093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7558", "title": "[Gluconeogenesis in the liver of rats receiving 1,3-butanediol in their diet].", "content": "Inclusion of 1,3-butandiol as a synthetic source of nutritional energy into the composition of a low-carbohydrate diet produced a fall in the ration of free [NAD+]:[NADN] and [NADP]:[NADPN] calculated for the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver cell in rats according to the concentration of oxidated and reduced metabolites and the equilibrium constant of the lactate-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and malic-fermentative systems. In these conditions the concentration of metabolites, at whose level the conjugation of the carbohydrates decomposition during glycolysis and their synthesis at the time of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenol-pyruvate, malate, oxaloacetate) is realized, as well as the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes (phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) increase. The NADN generation in the course of oxidative metabolism of 1,3-butandiol gives rise to reducing properties of the free NAD-par cytoplasm and mitochondria pool, which leads to the intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver, attended by a drop of the phosphate potential level.", "contents": "[Gluconeogenesis in the liver of rats receiving 1,3-butanediol in their diet]. Inclusion of 1,3-butandiol as a synthetic source of nutritional energy into the composition of a low-carbohydrate diet produced a fall in the ration of free [NAD+]:[NADN] and [NADP]:[NADPN] calculated for the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver cell in rats according to the concentration of oxidated and reduced metabolites and the equilibrium constant of the lactate-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and malic-fermentative systems. In these conditions the concentration of metabolites, at whose level the conjugation of the carbohydrates decomposition during glycolysis and their synthesis at the time of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenol-pyruvate, malate, oxaloacetate) is realized, as well as the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes (phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) increase. The NADN generation in the course of oxidative metabolism of 1,3-butandiol gives rise to reducing properties of the free NAD-par cytoplasm and mitochondria pool, which leads to the intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver, attended by a drop of the phosphate potential level.", "PMID": 602096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7559", "title": "[Effective utilization of milk proteins by rats during the neonatal period].", "content": "The assimilation of milk proteins in dynamics by rats during the first 23 days of their life was studied. During this time the animals were kept on a natural milk feeding and were denied the maternal one. Data on the amount of consumed protein and on an increase of the protein content in the carcass in 2- and 4-day long intervals served as a basis for determining the degree of effective utilization of protein (U) by rats. It is shown that the degree of the food protein, while remaining at a high level, experienced certain changes. It is possible to distinguish three periods in the change of this value: the first--starting from birth up to 5 days, with U rising from 74,5 up to 92.1 per cent, the second period, the milk diet proper,--up to the 15th day, marked by a high value of U (approximately 93 per cent) and, finally, the third period--transitional to the ration of an adult animals--marked by a drop of U down to 67.8 per cent. The data obtained may be used in considering issues related to features specific for the processes of the protein assimilationin in the early post-natal period.", "contents": "[Effective utilization of milk proteins by rats during the neonatal period]. The assimilation of milk proteins in dynamics by rats during the first 23 days of their life was studied. During this time the animals were kept on a natural milk feeding and were denied the maternal one. Data on the amount of consumed protein and on an increase of the protein content in the carcass in 2- and 4-day long intervals served as a basis for determining the degree of effective utilization of protein (U) by rats. It is shown that the degree of the food protein, while remaining at a high level, experienced certain changes. It is possible to distinguish three periods in the change of this value: the first--starting from birth up to 5 days, with U rising from 74,5 up to 92.1 per cent, the second period, the milk diet proper,--up to the 15th day, marked by a high value of U (approximately 93 per cent) and, finally, the third period--transitional to the ration of an adult animals--marked by a drop of U down to 67.8 per cent. The data obtained may be used in considering issues related to features specific for the processes of the protein assimilationin in the early post-natal period.", "PMID": 602095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7560", "title": "[Ubiquinone and sterol metabolism in the liver of rats maintained on a diet short of aromatic amino acids].", "content": "In in vivo tests subject to enquiry was incorporation of I--14C-acetate in non-saponified lipids, ubiquinone and sterines in the liver of rats receiving the usual ration of the vivarium or the one short of aromatic amino acids, and on this basis the relative rates of both the biosynthesis and decomposition of these compounds were determined. In the liver of rats receiving a ration short of aromatic amino acids the biosynthesis of only non-saponified lipids and sterines was strongly inhibited and these animals also demonstrated an accelerated decomposition of ubiquinone.", "contents": "[Ubiquinone and sterol metabolism in the liver of rats maintained on a diet short of aromatic amino acids]. In in vivo tests subject to enquiry was incorporation of I--14C-acetate in non-saponified lipids, ubiquinone and sterines in the liver of rats receiving the usual ration of the vivarium or the one short of aromatic amino acids, and on this basis the relative rates of both the biosynthesis and decomposition of these compounds were determined. In the liver of rats receiving a ration short of aromatic amino acids the biosynthesis of only non-saponified lipids and sterines was strongly inhibited and these animals also demonstrated an accelerated decomposition of ubiquinone.", "PMID": 602097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7561", "title": "[Effect of vitamin E on the functional state of the duodenal muscles].", "content": "The influence of different doses of vitamin E (4 and 8 mg) on the function of duodenal smooth muscles in sandwarts (Arenaria L) was studied. The method of electrographic registration of spontaneous activity of smooth muscles with an electroencephalograph was used. Of the dose of 4 mg characteristic changes in the electroduodenogram, viz. a higher oscillation amplitude, prevalence of slow monophasic and disappearance of rapid waves were observed. Features specific for the action of vitamin E in a dose of 8 mg, i.e. predominance in the electroduodenogram of low-amplitude slow monophasic and rapid biphasic oscillatins, were elicited. Sexual differences in the action of vitamin E on the bioelectric activity of duodenal smooth muscles were discovered.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin E on the functional state of the duodenal muscles]. The influence of different doses of vitamin E (4 and 8 mg) on the function of duodenal smooth muscles in sandwarts (Arenaria L) was studied. The method of electrographic registration of spontaneous activity of smooth muscles with an electroencephalograph was used. Of the dose of 4 mg characteristic changes in the electroduodenogram, viz. a higher oscillation amplitude, prevalence of slow monophasic and disappearance of rapid waves were observed. Features specific for the action of vitamin E in a dose of 8 mg, i.e. predominance in the electroduodenogram of low-amplitude slow monophasic and rapid biphasic oscillatins, were elicited. Sexual differences in the action of vitamin E on the bioelectric activity of duodenal smooth muscles were discovered.", "PMID": 602100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7562", "title": "[Desferal test study of the iron reserves of the body in chronic digestive organ diseases].", "content": "In 73 patients suffering from diverse chronic affections of digestive organs the possibility of using desferal--a new complexion--for determining iron reserves in the organism was studied. The obtained data bear proof to the existence of a direct relationship between the renal excretion of iron following introduction of desferol, localization of the pathological process and the severity of the disease. The profoundest changes in the iron metabolism were noted in the organism of patients with an extensive resection of the small intestine in their past and in those with chronic enterocolities of the III degree of severity. Thus, desferal test may be recommended for studying iron reserves in the organism of patients with chronic affections of the digestive organs.", "contents": "[Desferal test study of the iron reserves of the body in chronic digestive organ diseases]. In 73 patients suffering from diverse chronic affections of digestive organs the possibility of using desferal--a new complexion--for determining iron reserves in the organism was studied. The obtained data bear proof to the existence of a direct relationship between the renal excretion of iron following introduction of desferol, localization of the pathological process and the severity of the disease. The profoundest changes in the iron metabolism were noted in the organism of patients with an extensive resection of the small intestine in their past and in those with chronic enterocolities of the III degree of severity. Thus, desferal test may be recommended for studying iron reserves in the organism of patients with chronic affections of the digestive organs.", "PMID": 602102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7563", "title": "[Character of the changes in the thyroid gland of animals maintained on a vegetable oil diet].", "content": "The effect produced by different quantities of sunflower seed oil on some iodine metabolic rates was studied in experiments on 44 albino male-rats. Rations containing 27 and 54 per cent (in terms of calorific value) of sunflower seed oil were found to have an adverse effect on the condition of the thyroid gland. Rations with the said quantities of vegetable oil inhibit the mechanisms governing the transformation of inorganic and hormonally inactive organic compounds of iodine in its hormonally active forms. With the iodine content in the diet in an amount of 40-80 microgram this circumstance, however, does not have any essential effect on the level of the iodine binding by the thyroid tissue proteins and blood serum.", "contents": "[Character of the changes in the thyroid gland of animals maintained on a vegetable oil diet]. The effect produced by different quantities of sunflower seed oil on some iodine metabolic rates was studied in experiments on 44 albino male-rats. Rations containing 27 and 54 per cent (in terms of calorific value) of sunflower seed oil were found to have an adverse effect on the condition of the thyroid gland. Rations with the said quantities of vegetable oil inhibit the mechanisms governing the transformation of inorganic and hormonally inactive organic compounds of iodine in its hormonally active forms. With the iodine content in the diet in an amount of 40-80 microgram this circumstance, however, does not have any essential effect on the level of the iodine binding by the thyroid tissue proteins and blood serum.", "PMID": 602104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7564", "title": "[Vitamin C and psychomotor reactivity].", "content": "The effect of vitamin C on the activity of the brain was studied. In groups of workers well provided for with vitamin C allowances a reduced number of industrial traumas was noted, which can be attributed to a greater concentration of attention and better reactivity. This could be achieved by administering daily doses of 100-150 mg of vitamin C. Workers engaged in night shifts were found to show improved psychotechnical test results with an ascorbinemia level of over 0.5 mg%. In a group of volunteers aged 16 to 18 years the results of psychomotor tests improved after a 14-day daily taking of 1000 mg of the vitamin C.", "contents": "[Vitamin C and psychomotor reactivity]. The effect of vitamin C on the activity of the brain was studied. In groups of workers well provided for with vitamin C allowances a reduced number of industrial traumas was noted, which can be attributed to a greater concentration of attention and better reactivity. This could be achieved by administering daily doses of 100-150 mg of vitamin C. Workers engaged in night shifts were found to show improved psychotechnical test results with an ascorbinemia level of over 0.5 mg%. In a group of volunteers aged 16 to 18 years the results of psychomotor tests improved after a 14-day daily taking of 1000 mg of the vitamin C.", "PMID": 602103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7565", "title": "[Cavitary and parietal digestion in the action of a toxic agent on the animal organism].", "content": "In rats exposed to a long-term effect of carbon disulphide vapours in concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/m3 of air subject to a dynamic study were the activity of the enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine mucosa and feces, the presence of protein of non-alimentary origin and of the mucus in feces, coprocytograms, this being accompanied by a histomorphological verification of the microflora. In rats exposed to the effect of carbon disulphide in concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/m3 the studies covered parietal digestion by using as substrates carbohydrates and dipeptide. The degree of pathology was found to depend on the concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of priming.", "contents": "[Cavitary and parietal digestion in the action of a toxic agent on the animal organism]. In rats exposed to a long-term effect of carbon disulphide vapours in concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/m3 of air subject to a dynamic study were the activity of the enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine mucosa and feces, the presence of protein of non-alimentary origin and of the mucus in feces, coprocytograms, this being accompanied by a histomorphological verification of the microflora. In rats exposed to the effect of carbon disulphide in concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/m3 the studies covered parietal digestion by using as substrates carbohydrates and dipeptide. The degree of pathology was found to depend on the concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of priming.", "PMID": 602101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7566", "title": "[Methandrostenolone residues in the tissues and biological fluids of agricultural animals stimulated by the preparation].", "content": "Residual amounts of hormonal-active substances were isolated from the tissues of farm animals stimulated with metandrostenolone-3H. The process of isolation included extraction with a mixture of polar solvents, hydrolysis, adsorption and partition column chromatography, thin-layer and paper chromatography, with radio-isotope, fluorometric, spectrophotometric and densitometric methods employed for identification. Results subsequent to determination of residual amounts of the compound are reported.", "contents": "[Methandrostenolone residues in the tissues and biological fluids of agricultural animals stimulated by the preparation]. Residual amounts of hormonal-active substances were isolated from the tissues of farm animals stimulated with metandrostenolone-3H. The process of isolation included extraction with a mixture of polar solvents, hydrolysis, adsorption and partition column chromatography, thin-layer and paper chromatography, with radio-isotope, fluorometric, spectrophotometric and densitometric methods employed for identification. Results subsequent to determination of residual amounts of the compound are reported.", "PMID": 602105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7567", "title": "[Hygienic properties of cellophane film intended for food packaging].", "content": "The cellophane films intended for wrapping food products were studied. Investigations have established the presence of these films of the cellulose xanthogenate and products of its decomposition, of carbon bisulphide in particular. With their joint presence the determination of carbon bisulphide and hydrogen sulphide was done colourimetrically, the sensitivity of this method being 0.005 mg/l. Migration of carbon bisulphide from the cellophane into the atmosphere and water was investivaged. An interconnection between the amount of the migrated carbon bisulphide and the odour of aqueous cellophane extracts was disclosed. To improve sanitary and chemical properties of cellophane a more intensive washing off of sulphur-containing compounds from it is recommended.", "contents": "[Hygienic properties of cellophane film intended for food packaging]. The cellophane films intended for wrapping food products were studied. Investigations have established the presence of these films of the cellulose xanthogenate and products of its decomposition, of carbon bisulphide in particular. With their joint presence the determination of carbon bisulphide and hydrogen sulphide was done colourimetrically, the sensitivity of this method being 0.005 mg/l. Migration of carbon bisulphide from the cellophane into the atmosphere and water was investivaged. An interconnection between the amount of the migrated carbon bisulphide and the odour of aqueous cellophane extracts was disclosed. To improve sanitary and chemical properties of cellophane a more intensive washing off of sulphur-containing compounds from it is recommended.", "PMID": 602107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7568", "title": "[Presence of chlortetracycline residues in the organs and tissues of poultry].", "content": "Poultry products (meat, liver, kidneys of hens and chicken) were found to be contaminated with chlortetracycline used as a stimulant of the poultry growth. From among 603 samples examined 91 (15.1 per cent) were found to contain residual amounts of the antibiotic comprising from 0.01 to 1.0 gamma/g of the tissue. Most often the antibiotic was definable in the tissues of the kidneys (24.7 per cent), liver (19.5 per cent) and more seldom in that of the muscles (2.4 per cent). Regular control is needed in the country over the presence of antibiotics in the products of poultry industry.", "contents": "[Presence of chlortetracycline residues in the organs and tissues of poultry]. Poultry products (meat, liver, kidneys of hens and chicken) were found to be contaminated with chlortetracycline used as a stimulant of the poultry growth. From among 603 samples examined 91 (15.1 per cent) were found to contain residual amounts of the antibiotic comprising from 0.01 to 1.0 gamma/g of the tissue. Most often the antibiotic was definable in the tissues of the kidneys (24.7 per cent), liver (19.5 per cent) and more seldom in that of the muscles (2.4 per cent). Regular control is needed in the country over the presence of antibiotics in the products of poultry industry.", "PMID": 602106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7569", "title": "[Mechanism of action of inactivated herpes vaccine in rabbits with chronic herpetic infections].", "content": "Chronic herpes infection has been reproduced in rabbits in which the mechanism of the effect of inactivated herpes vaccine was studied. Vaccination did not affect the level of humoral antibody in chronically infected animals and did not enhance the capacity of their leucocytes for interferon production in vitro. A course of vaccination enhanced cellular immunity responses as manifested in an increase in the level of blast transformation to specific antigen up to 30 percent one week after termination of the course. One month later the reaction became negative indicating the necessity of multiple vaccination courses for prevention of relapses of herpetic eye disease.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of inactivated herpes vaccine in rabbits with chronic herpetic infections]. Chronic herpes infection has been reproduced in rabbits in which the mechanism of the effect of inactivated herpes vaccine was studied. Vaccination did not affect the level of humoral antibody in chronically infected animals and did not enhance the capacity of their leucocytes for interferon production in vitro. A course of vaccination enhanced cellular immunity responses as manifested in an increase in the level of blast transformation to specific antigen up to 30 percent one week after termination of the course. One month later the reaction became negative indicating the necessity of multiple vaccination courses for prevention of relapses of herpetic eye disease.", "PMID": 602145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7570", "title": "[Gel filtration chromatography of tick-borne encephalitis virus on macropore glass].", "content": "The capacity of some chemically treated porous glass to adsorb tissue culture virus of tick-borne encephalitis was studied. Chemical binding of albumin and succinanhydride with the porous glass matrix was found to eliminate virion adsorption on the carrier surface. This permitted to carry out gel filtration chromatography of several virus strains and to obtain highly purified preparations of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Gel filtration on modified porous glass with different pore sizes was used for the determinations of cromatographic radius of virus particle.", "contents": "[Gel filtration chromatography of tick-borne encephalitis virus on macropore glass]. The capacity of some chemically treated porous glass to adsorb tissue culture virus of tick-borne encephalitis was studied. Chemical binding of albumin and succinanhydride with the porous glass matrix was found to eliminate virion adsorption on the carrier surface. This permitted to carry out gel filtration chromatography of several virus strains and to obtain highly purified preparations of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Gel filtration on modified porous glass with different pore sizes was used for the determinations of cromatographic radius of virus particle.", "PMID": 602147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7571", "title": "[Secretory levels of plasma cortisol and aldosterone in normal pregnancy].", "content": "Fifty six females, aged 19-24 were examined ad pregnancy weeks. The plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, estriol and progesteron were determined by radioimmunological methods. The results obtained reveal that the female sex hormones, during normal pregnancy, progressively grow, as well as those of cortisol and aldosteron. Those interrelations are of interest in the treatment of pregnant women with disturbances in the function of the endocrine glands and especially of suprarenal-cortex secretion.", "contents": "[Secretory levels of plasma cortisol and aldosterone in normal pregnancy]. Fifty six females, aged 19-24 were examined ad pregnancy weeks. The plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, estriol and progesteron were determined by radioimmunological methods. The results obtained reveal that the female sex hormones, during normal pregnancy, progressively grow, as well as those of cortisol and aldosteron. Those interrelations are of interest in the treatment of pregnant women with disturbances in the function of the endocrine glands and especially of suprarenal-cortex secretion.", "PMID": 602153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7572", "title": "[Atrial (IV) sound in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The rate, site and intensity of the auricle (IV) tone in acute myocardial infarction were studied, through polygraphic records in 140 patients and 36 healthy subjects. A fourfold examination was carried out on 123 patients, a control examination was carried out towards the end of the third month in 31 patients and 17 deceased were examined but mainly once. Auricle tone was recorded in 41.4% of all the patients, equally in both sexes and regardless of the preceding hypertension: it was found, in 50%, with the first examination and in the same per cent it persists at the time of hospital discharge of the patients. The site of IV tone is of 0.155 sec +/- 0.005 from the beginning of P wave and of 0.07 sec +/- 0.002 sec before the I tone, it does not change and is with low intensity. Great significance is attached to it, on the base of this investigation and literature data, for the diagnosis of acute cardiac insufficiency and a wider application is recommended of glycosides treatment.", "contents": "[Atrial (IV) sound in acute myocardial infarct]. The rate, site and intensity of the auricle (IV) tone in acute myocardial infarction were studied, through polygraphic records in 140 patients and 36 healthy subjects. A fourfold examination was carried out on 123 patients, a control examination was carried out towards the end of the third month in 31 patients and 17 deceased were examined but mainly once. Auricle tone was recorded in 41.4% of all the patients, equally in both sexes and regardless of the preceding hypertension: it was found, in 50%, with the first examination and in the same per cent it persists at the time of hospital discharge of the patients. The site of IV tone is of 0.155 sec +/- 0.005 from the beginning of P wave and of 0.07 sec +/- 0.002 sec before the I tone, it does not change and is with low intensity. Great significance is attached to it, on the base of this investigation and literature data, for the diagnosis of acute cardiac insufficiency and a wider application is recommended of glycosides treatment.", "PMID": 602154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7573", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction of influenza virus murine peritoneal macrophages].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with influenza virus showed typical phenomena of phagocytosis (absorption, invagination of plasma membrane, and formation of phagosomes) to occur at early stages of virus-cell interaction, up to 2 hours. At later stages, from 3 to 24 hours postinfection, virus particles were completely absent and virus antigen was present in most cells indicating the distruction of phagocytized virus. These observations confirm an important role of macrophages in antiviral immunity.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction of influenza virus murine peritoneal macrophages]. Electron microscopic study of mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with influenza virus showed typical phenomena of phagocytosis (absorption, invagination of plasma membrane, and formation of phagosomes) to occur at early stages of virus-cell interaction, up to 2 hours. At later stages, from 3 to 24 hours postinfection, virus particles were completely absent and virus antigen was present in most cells indicating the distruction of phagocytized virus. These observations confirm an important role of macrophages in antiviral immunity.", "PMID": 602148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7574", "title": "[Persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a transplantable line of Detroit-6 cells].", "content": "Defective LCM virus was found to persist in Detroit-6 cells. The persisting virus was not infectious for susceptible mice and some cell cultures. Its antigenic properties were enhanced to detectable levels in the CFT by cocultivation with LSV5 cells only. No reversion to its pathogenic properties, however, occurred either after 8 subpassages of the cocultivated cells or after blind passages of these cells in suckling mouse brains. The cytogenetic analysis, and the pattern of antigen fluorescence (IIF) revealed similarities between HeLa and D-6 cell lines persistently infected with LCM virus. The highest intensity of LCM virus antigen coincided with the period of maximum miotic activity of D-6-LCM cells, indicating a correlation between synthesis processes in the cells and reproduction of the persisting virus. Upon superinfection of D-6-LCM cells with homo- and isologous viruses no increase in the percentage of the antigen-containing cells was observed. No detectable interferon was found in the D-6-6CM system.", "contents": "[Persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a transplantable line of Detroit-6 cells]. Defective LCM virus was found to persist in Detroit-6 cells. The persisting virus was not infectious for susceptible mice and some cell cultures. Its antigenic properties were enhanced to detectable levels in the CFT by cocultivation with LSV5 cells only. No reversion to its pathogenic properties, however, occurred either after 8 subpassages of the cocultivated cells or after blind passages of these cells in suckling mouse brains. The cytogenetic analysis, and the pattern of antigen fluorescence (IIF) revealed similarities between HeLa and D-6 cell lines persistently infected with LCM virus. The highest intensity of LCM virus antigen coincided with the period of maximum miotic activity of D-6-LCM cells, indicating a correlation between synthesis processes in the cells and reproduction of the persisting virus. Upon superinfection of D-6-LCM cells with homo- and isologous viruses no increase in the percentage of the antigen-containing cells was observed. No detectable interferon was found in the D-6-6CM system.", "PMID": 602149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7575", "title": "[Spatial analysis of the electrophysiological changes in ventricular loading].", "content": "Space analysis methods of the changes in heart electromotive force are described (EMF). The size of the space vector in millivolts, azimuth and elevation are obtained by formula substitution in the mathematical analysis. The same values, in graphis analysis, are obtained by the \"Circle for space vectors determination\", proposed by the authors. Axial and space analysis of the changes in the electrogenesis of right ventricle was performed in 27 patients with pulmonary stenosis, confirmed by catheterization, on the base of the corrective orthogonal electrocardiogram according to Frank. The axial indices, indicating the size of the forces directed to the right (Sxmv) and forward (Qzmv) are compared as well as the size, elevation and azimuth of the maximal space vector, directed to the right (Vmax.sp-x) and forward (Vmax.sp-z). The index from the axial analysis (sensitivity 62%, r = 0.65) shows a priority for the forces, directed to the right. The priority is on the side of the indices from space analysis (sensitivity 33%, r = 0.78) in case of forces directed forward. There is no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic value of the two methods.", "contents": "[Spatial analysis of the electrophysiological changes in ventricular loading]. Space analysis methods of the changes in heart electromotive force are described (EMF). The size of the space vector in millivolts, azimuth and elevation are obtained by formula substitution in the mathematical analysis. The same values, in graphis analysis, are obtained by the \"Circle for space vectors determination\", proposed by the authors. Axial and space analysis of the changes in the electrogenesis of right ventricle was performed in 27 patients with pulmonary stenosis, confirmed by catheterization, on the base of the corrective orthogonal electrocardiogram according to Frank. The axial indices, indicating the size of the forces directed to the right (Sxmv) and forward (Qzmv) are compared as well as the size, elevation and azimuth of the maximal space vector, directed to the right (Vmax.sp-x) and forward (Vmax.sp-z). The index from the axial analysis (sensitivity 62%, r = 0.65) shows a priority for the forces, directed to the right. The priority is on the side of the indices from space analysis (sensitivity 33%, r = 0.78) in case of forces directed forward. There is no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic value of the two methods.", "PMID": 602155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7576", "title": "[Electrolytic changes in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Ninety four patients with thyrotoxicosis were examined as well as 40 healthy subjects. Normal concentration of sodium, negligible chloride increase and slightly decreased potassium were established in serum. Hematocrite drops in parallel with disease severity. The average erythrocyte volume is increased whereas the average hemoglobin concentration is decreased.", "contents": "[Electrolytic changes in thyrotoxicosis]. Ninety four patients with thyrotoxicosis were examined as well as 40 healthy subjects. Normal concentration of sodium, negligible chloride increase and slightly decreased potassium were established in serum. Hematocrite drops in parallel with disease severity. The average erythrocyte volume is increased whereas the average hemoglobin concentration is decreased.", "PMID": 602156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7577", "title": "[Experimental infection caused by attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in the bodies of immunosuppressed animals].", "content": "Exacerbation of virus infection caused by 4 attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in BALB/c mice treated with an immunosuppressant was demonstrated. The influence of the treatment was manifested both in an increased extraneural activity of the virus, higher mortality of the experimental animals, and in high virus titers in the brain, liver, and spleen of the immunosuppressed animals, and a decrease or complete absence of specific antibody in their sera.", "contents": "[Experimental infection caused by attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in the bodies of immunosuppressed animals]. Exacerbation of virus infection caused by 4 attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in BALB/c mice treated with an immunosuppressant was demonstrated. The influence of the treatment was manifested both in an increased extraneural activity of the virus, higher mortality of the experimental animals, and in high virus titers in the brain, liver, and spleen of the immunosuppressed animals, and a decrease or complete absence of specific antibody in their sera.", "PMID": 602146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7578", "title": "[Chronic infection of cells with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Additional characteristics of the provirus].", "content": "The paper presents additional characteristics of HEp-2 cells cronically infested with tick-borne encephalitis virus, Sofyin strain (Hep-2-Sof). On the basis of the inhibition analysis, the method of molecular hybridization, and transfection, HEp-2-Sof cells were shown to contain dozens of DNA-transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus integrated into nucleoplasm DNA and into the fraction of repeated sequences. Their transcription is mediated by a polymerase sensitive to L-amanitine.", "contents": "[Chronic infection of cells with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Additional characteristics of the provirus]. The paper presents additional characteristics of HEp-2 cells cronically infested with tick-borne encephalitis virus, Sofyin strain (Hep-2-Sof). On the basis of the inhibition analysis, the method of molecular hybridization, and transfection, HEp-2-Sof cells were shown to contain dozens of DNA-transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus integrated into nucleoplasm DNA and into the fraction of repeated sequences. Their transcription is mediated by a polymerase sensitive to L-amanitine.", "PMID": 602150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7579", "title": "[Diagnostic importance of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin in nephropathy of pregnancy].", "content": "Serum ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin levels of 87 females-pregnant with toxicosis, with a past history of toxicosis with morbid manifestations and healthy pregnant ones were studied. Characteristic correlations are outlined--highly elevated ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level in the pregnant with toxicosis, moderate elevation of ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level--in the normally progressing pregnancy and slightly elevated ceruloplasmin level with elevated haptoglobin level--in patients with residual morbid manifestations after a past history of toxicosis. The establishment of such a combination in the last group, being characteristic for the chronic glomerulonephritis, provides grounds the latter to be used as a prognostic index in the evaluation of post-toxicosis kidney injuries--a tendency to chronification.", "contents": "[Diagnostic importance of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin in nephropathy of pregnancy]. Serum ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin levels of 87 females-pregnant with toxicosis, with a past history of toxicosis with morbid manifestations and healthy pregnant ones were studied. Characteristic correlations are outlined--highly elevated ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level in the pregnant with toxicosis, moderate elevation of ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level--in the normally progressing pregnancy and slightly elevated ceruloplasmin level with elevated haptoglobin level--in patients with residual morbid manifestations after a past history of toxicosis. The establishment of such a combination in the last group, being characteristic for the chronic glomerulonephritis, provides grounds the latter to be used as a prognostic index in the evaluation of post-toxicosis kidney injuries--a tendency to chronification.", "PMID": 602159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7580", "title": "[Comparative observations on the diagnostic value of the Griess, Csonkonay and TTC tests to demonstrate significant bacteriuria].", "content": "The results from the uroculture with those from Griess and Csokonay are compared in 1030 subjects and those from the TTC test in 767. Significant bacteriuria was found in only 73.33% of the cases with positive results from Griess tests, 46.51% from the Csokonay test and in 64.91% from the TTC test. Griess test appeared to be most suitable the conduction of wide epidemiological investigations as a screening method.", "contents": "[Comparative observations on the diagnostic value of the Griess, Csonkonay and TTC tests to demonstrate significant bacteriuria]. The results from the uroculture with those from Griess and Csokonay are compared in 1030 subjects and those from the TTC test in 767. Significant bacteriuria was found in only 73.33% of the cases with positive results from Griess tests, 46.51% from the Csokonay test and in 64.91% from the TTC test. Griess test appeared to be most suitable the conduction of wide epidemiological investigations as a screening method.", "PMID": 602160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7581", "title": "[Osteodystrophic changes in the hands of female textile workers].", "content": "The incidence of arthromyalgic complaints and osteodystrophy of the right hand of a group of textile workers were sought with the aid of the method for clinical-social study, clinical observation and X-ray macromorphological investigation of the bone structure. The high epidemiology index of rheumatoarthrological diseases is preceded by the accumulation, as early as the first years of textile period, of structural changes of the bone tissue (under the wide effect of labour-production environment). Two types of macromorphological changes are indicated: the first are with a maximum of 3-5 years from the beginning of the textile occupation and correlate with certain changes in the regulatory-adaptive customs and the second are mainly hyperostotic--age accounted for and an expression of summed effect of articular wear out and chronic microtraumatism.", "contents": "[Osteodystrophic changes in the hands of female textile workers]. The incidence of arthromyalgic complaints and osteodystrophy of the right hand of a group of textile workers were sought with the aid of the method for clinical-social study, clinical observation and X-ray macromorphological investigation of the bone structure. The high epidemiology index of rheumatoarthrological diseases is preceded by the accumulation, as early as the first years of textile period, of structural changes of the bone tissue (under the wide effect of labour-production environment). Two types of macromorphological changes are indicated: the first are with a maximum of 3-5 years from the beginning of the textile occupation and correlate with certain changes in the regulatory-adaptive customs and the second are mainly hyperostotic--age accounted for and an expression of summed effect of articular wear out and chronic microtraumatism.", "PMID": 602161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7582", "title": "[Micromethod for studying lipid groups in the serum].", "content": "A microanalytical variant for the determination of lipids and lipid groups in serum is described, by the application of chromatographis technique and densitometric measurement of the separated zones. The variant scheme is as follows: lipid extraction, distribution of the extract for determination into total lipids, total cholesterine and chromatographic separation of the lipid mixture. Sulphonamic acid, embeded in the layer is used in the carbonization of the zones from the chromatogram. The conditions of carbonization and densitometry are indicated. The accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical determinations according to the scheme presented meet the requirements. The calculation of the results from the densitogram in the adopted mg per 100 ml is through the usage of test established correction factors. Seven lipid indices could be determined in 0.2 ml serum and manipulation time analysis for 10 samples is two hours. A special advantage of the method proposed is the possibility of accurately studying the dynamic of the lipid group in different morbid states or at experimental work. The method could be adopted, without principal changes for analysis of tissue lipids.", "contents": "[Micromethod for studying lipid groups in the serum]. A microanalytical variant for the determination of lipids and lipid groups in serum is described, by the application of chromatographis technique and densitometric measurement of the separated zones. The variant scheme is as follows: lipid extraction, distribution of the extract for determination into total lipids, total cholesterine and chromatographic separation of the lipid mixture. Sulphonamic acid, embeded in the layer is used in the carbonization of the zones from the chromatogram. The conditions of carbonization and densitometry are indicated. The accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical determinations according to the scheme presented meet the requirements. The calculation of the results from the densitogram in the adopted mg per 100 ml is through the usage of test established correction factors. Seven lipid indices could be determined in 0.2 ml serum and manipulation time analysis for 10 samples is two hours. A special advantage of the method proposed is the possibility of accurately studying the dynamic of the lipid group in different morbid states or at experimental work. The method could be adopted, without principal changes for analysis of tissue lipids.", "PMID": 602163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7583", "title": "[Acute poisonings with Gramoxone (paraquat)].", "content": "The first two cases of acute intoxications with gramoxone (Paraquat) in P.R. of Bulgaria are described--a female of 34, in Toxicated by inhalation and male of 71, swallowed the poison per os. The author finds certain peculiarities in the disease course, differing from the literature data. No morbid changes developed in the lungs of the two patients, which, according to the foreign authors, were characteristic for that kind of intoxications. On the other hand--serious lesions of the upper-respiratory ducts and disturvance in their possibility were observed in the patient with the per os intoxication. The late development (6ty day) of morbid changes in the liver of the same patient are stressed upon, regardless the energetic preventive treatment with hepatoprotective remedies. The necessity of continuous follow-up of liver state and the respective treatment are also stressed.", "contents": "[Acute poisonings with Gramoxone (paraquat)]. The first two cases of acute intoxications with gramoxone (Paraquat) in P.R. of Bulgaria are described--a female of 34, in Toxicated by inhalation and male of 71, swallowed the poison per os. The author finds certain peculiarities in the disease course, differing from the literature data. No morbid changes developed in the lungs of the two patients, which, according to the foreign authors, were characteristic for that kind of intoxications. On the other hand--serious lesions of the upper-respiratory ducts and disturvance in their possibility were observed in the patient with the per os intoxication. The late development (6ty day) of morbid changes in the liver of the same patient are stressed upon, regardless the energetic preventive treatment with hepatoprotective remedies. The necessity of continuous follow-up of liver state and the respective treatment are also stressed.", "PMID": 602165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7584", "title": "A study of the effect of anabolic steroids on nitrogen balance.", "content": "The study was designed to show if anabolic steroids can improve the protein states of sick Nigerian Children. 5 children in Hospital were used for the study. They did not have any surgical operations immediately preceeding the study. Each child acted as his own control. In two of the five children there was a statistically significant positive nitrogen balance. It was concluded that anabolic steroids may have a place in the management of protein depleted children in Nigeria. A larger number has to be studied to reach a definite conclusion.", "contents": "A study of the effect of anabolic steroids on nitrogen balance. The study was designed to show if anabolic steroids can improve the protein states of sick Nigerian Children. 5 children in Hospital were used for the study. They did not have any surgical operations immediately preceeding the study. Each child acted as his own control. In two of the five children there was a statistically significant positive nitrogen balance. It was concluded that anabolic steroids may have a place in the management of protein depleted children in Nigeria. A larger number has to be studied to reach a definite conclusion.", "PMID": 602174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7585", "title": "Pharmacological and biochemical studies of puff adder venom.", "content": "Bitis arietans venom made up of six protein fractions was found to be proteolytic, anticoagulant, plasmalytic and cardiotoxic. There were no spasmodic or hemolytic fractions. Protamine sulphate in vitro antagonized anticoagulant properties but did not protect mice from toxic envenomation; because venom was also neurotoxic and showed a curare like effect at the neuromuscular junction. Results were discussed in terms of pharmacology and biochemistry of African snake venoms.", "contents": "Pharmacological and biochemical studies of puff adder venom. Bitis arietans venom made up of six protein fractions was found to be proteolytic, anticoagulant, plasmalytic and cardiotoxic. There were no spasmodic or hemolytic fractions. Protamine sulphate in vitro antagonized anticoagulant properties but did not protect mice from toxic envenomation; because venom was also neurotoxic and showed a curare like effect at the neuromuscular junction. Results were discussed in terms of pharmacology and biochemistry of African snake venoms.", "PMID": 602175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7586", "title": "The effect of tetrodotoxin on the 5-hydroxytryptamine induced responses of the guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal preparations.", "content": "Tetrodotoxin was used to investigate the site of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on various longitudinal muscle preparations from the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. It was found that the contractile effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the oesophagus, the terminal ileum, the taenia caeci and the proximal colon was partly indirect through the activation of cholinergic fibres and partly direct on the smooth muscle. However on the stomach strip, the duodenum, the mid-intestine, the mid and terminal colons, the action is completely indirect through the stimulation of cholinergic nerves.", "contents": "The effect of tetrodotoxin on the 5-hydroxytryptamine induced responses of the guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal preparations. Tetrodotoxin was used to investigate the site of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on various longitudinal muscle preparations from the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. It was found that the contractile effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the oesophagus, the terminal ileum, the taenia caeci and the proximal colon was partly indirect through the activation of cholinergic fibres and partly direct on the smooth muscle. However on the stomach strip, the duodenum, the mid-intestine, the mid and terminal colons, the action is completely indirect through the stimulation of cholinergic nerves.", "PMID": 602176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7587", "title": "\"Timolol in essential hypertension\" a preliminary report.", "content": "A study of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug TIMOLOL (Blocadren) in the treatment of essential hypertension has been undertaken. Twelve hypertensive patients previously undiagnosed and untreated were studied. Results with a twice a day dose of the drug showed a satisfactory fall in systolic and diastolic pressures in all but one patient, who was withdrawn from the trial because of excessive bradycardia. Apart from bradycardia, no serious side effects were observed in the patients. Observation over longer period is advocated to determine the place of Timolol in our antihypertensive armamentorium.", "contents": "\"Timolol in essential hypertension\" a preliminary report. A study of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug TIMOLOL (Blocadren) in the treatment of essential hypertension has been undertaken. Twelve hypertensive patients previously undiagnosed and untreated were studied. Results with a twice a day dose of the drug showed a satisfactory fall in systolic and diastolic pressures in all but one patient, who was withdrawn from the trial because of excessive bradycardia. Apart from bradycardia, no serious side effects were observed in the patients. Observation over longer period is advocated to determine the place of Timolol in our antihypertensive armamentorium.", "PMID": 602178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7588", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the heart of rats treated with chloroquine.", "content": "Effects of prolonged chloroquine administration on ultrastructure of the heart was studied in albino rats. Chloroquine when administered orally (30-40 mg/kg/day) or subcutaneously (20 mg/kg/day) for two to four weeks, produced marked degenerative changes in the mitochondria and myofibrils of the myocardium. The mitochondria were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chloroquine than were other cell organelles. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of the drug appeared to be related to total dose. Chloroquine-induced abnormalities were reversible on terminating medication. These results indicate that prolonged chloroquine administration impairs ultrastructure of the myocardium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the heart of rats treated with chloroquine. Effects of prolonged chloroquine administration on ultrastructure of the heart was studied in albino rats. Chloroquine when administered orally (30-40 mg/kg/day) or subcutaneously (20 mg/kg/day) for two to four weeks, produced marked degenerative changes in the mitochondria and myofibrils of the myocardium. The mitochondria were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chloroquine than were other cell organelles. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of the drug appeared to be related to total dose. Chloroquine-induced abnormalities were reversible on terminating medication. These results indicate that prolonged chloroquine administration impairs ultrastructure of the myocardium.", "PMID": 602194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7589", "title": "Identification of an N-oxide as the major metabolite of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzaldoxime hydrochloride in dogs.", "content": "1. After oral administration to dogs of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chloro[7-14C]benzaldoxime hydrochloride together with piperazine hydrochloride (2:1, w/w), at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg, the radioactivity was well absorbed and rapidly excreted. During 5 days, 81 percent of the dose (ca. 50 percent in 12 h) was excreted in urine and 10 percent in faeces. 2. Rates and routes of excretion of radioactivity were not altered in animals pre-treated with the drug for fourteen days. 3. Peak mean plasma concentrations of radioactivity (5.5 microgram equiv./ml) occurred at 90 min after an oral dose and were higher than those at 2 min following an equivalent intravenous (3.4 microgram equiv./ml) or rectal (4.0 microgram equiv./ml) dose which gave a max. at 45 min. 4. The drug was rapidly and extensively metabolized and no unchanged drug was detected in the plasma or urine. The major urinary metabolite was the N-oxide of the parent compound accounting for 34 percent and 23 percent dose excreted in the urine of males and females respectively during 12 h after administration.", "contents": "Identification of an N-oxide as the major metabolite of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzaldoxime hydrochloride in dogs. 1. After oral administration to dogs of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chloro[7-14C]benzaldoxime hydrochloride together with piperazine hydrochloride (2:1, w/w), at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg, the radioactivity was well absorbed and rapidly excreted. During 5 days, 81 percent of the dose (ca. 50 percent in 12 h) was excreted in urine and 10 percent in faeces. 2. Rates and routes of excretion of radioactivity were not altered in animals pre-treated with the drug for fourteen days. 3. Peak mean plasma concentrations of radioactivity (5.5 microgram equiv./ml) occurred at 90 min after an oral dose and were higher than those at 2 min following an equivalent intravenous (3.4 microgram equiv./ml) or rectal (4.0 microgram equiv./ml) dose which gave a max. at 45 min. 4. The drug was rapidly and extensively metabolized and no unchanged drug was detected in the plasma or urine. The major urinary metabolite was the N-oxide of the parent compound accounting for 34 percent and 23 percent dose excreted in the urine of males and females respectively during 12 h after administration.", "PMID": 602249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7590", "title": "Intestinal absorption of polymeric derivatives of the food dyes sunset yellow and tartrazine in rats.", "content": "1. Absorption and metabolism of 14C-labelled sunset yellow (FD & C Yellow No. 6), tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and high molecular weight polymeric derivatives of the two azo dyes were compared in rats. 2. A trace to 1.5 percent of unchanged monomeric dyes was excreted in urine and bile during the first 24 h after dosing. No unchanged dye was absorbed after administration of the polymeric derivatives. 3. In animals dosed with sunset yellow and its polymer derivative, absorption of the azo-bound cleavage product 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid was 8.5 and 6.9 percent, respectively, while absorption of the cleavage product sulphanilic acid was 37.4 and 0 percent, respectively. 4. In animals dosed with tartrazine and its polymer derivative, absorption of the cleavage product aminopyrazolone and its metabolites was 4.0 and 4.6 percent, respectively. 5. Azo bond cleavage did not appear to be decreased in the polymer derivatives. However, the sulphanilic acid moiety of both dyes remained attached to the polymer backbone, resulting in a 95 percent decrease in sulphanilic acid absorption with polymeric tartrazine. 6. Decreased absorption of unchanged dyes and certain metabolites with the stable, non-absorbed polymeric derivatives may be significant in developing non-sensitizing substitutes for these two commonly used food colourants.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of polymeric derivatives of the food dyes sunset yellow and tartrazine in rats. 1. Absorption and metabolism of 14C-labelled sunset yellow (FD & C Yellow No. 6), tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and high molecular weight polymeric derivatives of the two azo dyes were compared in rats. 2. A trace to 1.5 percent of unchanged monomeric dyes was excreted in urine and bile during the first 24 h after dosing. No unchanged dye was absorbed after administration of the polymeric derivatives. 3. In animals dosed with sunset yellow and its polymer derivative, absorption of the azo-bound cleavage product 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid was 8.5 and 6.9 percent, respectively, while absorption of the cleavage product sulphanilic acid was 37.4 and 0 percent, respectively. 4. In animals dosed with tartrazine and its polymer derivative, absorption of the cleavage product aminopyrazolone and its metabolites was 4.0 and 4.6 percent, respectively. 5. Azo bond cleavage did not appear to be decreased in the polymer derivatives. However, the sulphanilic acid moiety of both dyes remained attached to the polymer backbone, resulting in a 95 percent decrease in sulphanilic acid absorption with polymeric tartrazine. 6. Decreased absorption of unchanged dyes and certain metabolites with the stable, non-absorbed polymeric derivatives may be significant in developing non-sensitizing substitutes for these two commonly used food colourants.", "PMID": 602250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7591", "title": "Enhancement of pulmonary drug absorption in the rat by bromphenol blue and related dyes.", "content": "1. Pulmonary absorption studies in the rat showed that intratracheally administered 5-10 mM bromphenol blue, bromcresol green and bromthymol blue markedly increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mM phenol red. 2. Similarly, 1-10 mM bromphenol blue increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mP p-,minohippuric acid, tetraethylammonium and mannitol by 2- to 18-fold in a concentration-dependnet manner. 3. Mannitol absorption was enhanced more by bromthymol blue, sulphobromophthalein, bromcresol purple, thymol blue and bromcresol green than by bromphenol blue or m-cresol purple. Chlorphenol red and phenol red had no effect on mannitol absorption. 4. The results indicated that certain sulphonic acid dyes increase the permeability of the respiratory tract epithelium, perhaps by increasing its porosity.", "contents": "Enhancement of pulmonary drug absorption in the rat by bromphenol blue and related dyes. 1. Pulmonary absorption studies in the rat showed that intratracheally administered 5-10 mM bromphenol blue, bromcresol green and bromthymol blue markedly increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mM phenol red. 2. Similarly, 1-10 mM bromphenol blue increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mP p-,minohippuric acid, tetraethylammonium and mannitol by 2- to 18-fold in a concentration-dependnet manner. 3. Mannitol absorption was enhanced more by bromthymol blue, sulphobromophthalein, bromcresol purple, thymol blue and bromcresol green than by bromphenol blue or m-cresol purple. Chlorphenol red and phenol red had no effect on mannitol absorption. 4. The results indicated that certain sulphonic acid dyes increase the permeability of the respiratory tract epithelium, perhaps by increasing its porosity.", "PMID": 602251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7592", "title": "Metabolic products of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A).", "content": "The metabolsim of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A, I) in vitro with 9000 g supernatants and washed microsomes of rabbit liver gave N-dealkylation, and N-oxidation of the parent secondary amine and the derived primary amine, anti and syn beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)acetaldoximes (V), and the beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl(ethyl alcohol (VI). The identification and the physicochemical properties of these compounds are reported.", "contents": "Metabolic products of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A). The metabolsim of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A, I) in vitro with 9000 g supernatants and washed microsomes of rabbit liver gave N-dealkylation, and N-oxidation of the parent secondary amine and the derived primary amine, anti and syn beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)acetaldoximes (V), and the beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl(ethyl alcohol (VI). The identification and the physicochemical properties of these compounds are reported.", "PMID": 602252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7593", "title": "Metabolism of the (+)-, (+/-)-, and (-)-enantiomers of alpha-methylfluorene-2-acetic acid (cicloprofen) in rats.", "content": "1. After oral or intraperitoneal administration of (+/-)-[14C]cicloprofen to rats, the peak plasma concentrations of radioactivity and the areas under the plasma concentration/time curves did not increase proportionally with dose; total urinary and faecal excretions of radioactivity did increase with dose, suggesting saturation of plasma protein binding of drug and faster elimination of unbound drug at higher doses. 2. [14C]Cicloprofen and its metabolites were eliminated mainly via biliary excretion. Ratios of faecal to urinary excretion ranged from 2 to 3 and depended on dose administered. 3. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted the drug almost exclusively in bile, whereas intact rats excreted up to 32% of the dose in urine in 6 days, suggesting that [14C]cicloprofen or its metabolites or both undergo extensive enterohepatic recirculation in the rats. 4. The major metabolites of [14C]cicloprofen excreted in urine or bile were the 7-hydroxy, 9-hydroxy-, 7,9-dihydroxy-, and 9-hydroxy-9-methoxy-derivatives and their glucuronide or sulphate conjugates. 5. The (+)-enantiomer of [14C]cicloprofen was hydroxylated and excreted by rats at a faster rate than its (-)-antipode; no qualitative stereoselective metabolism of the individual enantiomers of [14C]cicloprofen was observed.", "contents": "Metabolism of the (+)-, (+/-)-, and (-)-enantiomers of alpha-methylfluorene-2-acetic acid (cicloprofen) in rats. 1. After oral or intraperitoneal administration of (+/-)-[14C]cicloprofen to rats, the peak plasma concentrations of radioactivity and the areas under the plasma concentration/time curves did not increase proportionally with dose; total urinary and faecal excretions of radioactivity did increase with dose, suggesting saturation of plasma protein binding of drug and faster elimination of unbound drug at higher doses. 2. [14C]Cicloprofen and its metabolites were eliminated mainly via biliary excretion. Ratios of faecal to urinary excretion ranged from 2 to 3 and depended on dose administered. 3. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted the drug almost exclusively in bile, whereas intact rats excreted up to 32% of the dose in urine in 6 days, suggesting that [14C]cicloprofen or its metabolites or both undergo extensive enterohepatic recirculation in the rats. 4. The major metabolites of [14C]cicloprofen excreted in urine or bile were the 7-hydroxy, 9-hydroxy-, 7,9-dihydroxy-, and 9-hydroxy-9-methoxy-derivatives and their glucuronide or sulphate conjugates. 5. The (+)-enantiomer of [14C]cicloprofen was hydroxylated and excreted by rats at a faster rate than its (-)-antipode; no qualitative stereoselective metabolism of the individual enantiomers of [14C]cicloprofen was observed.", "PMID": 602253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7594", "title": "Isolated rat hepatocytes and 9000 g rat liver supernatant as metabolic systems for the study of the pharmacokinetics of barbiturates.", "content": "1. A method for metabolic studies with isolated rat hepatocytes has been developed. The rate of metabolism of a number of barbiturates has been studied both in hepatocytes and in 9000 g rat liver supernatant suspension. 2. The half-lives and clearance values, relative to heptabarbital, determined in hepatocytes were similar to the values obtained with isolated perfused rat liver. The values obtained with the 9000 g supernatant preparation were not. 3. In respect of metabolites formed, the metabolism of barbiturates in hepatocytes is comparable to that of the intact rat or liver perfusion. The metabolism in the 9000 g supernatant, however, is not.", "contents": "Isolated rat hepatocytes and 9000 g rat liver supernatant as metabolic systems for the study of the pharmacokinetics of barbiturates. 1. A method for metabolic studies with isolated rat hepatocytes has been developed. The rate of metabolism of a number of barbiturates has been studied both in hepatocytes and in 9000 g rat liver supernatant suspension. 2. The half-lives and clearance values, relative to heptabarbital, determined in hepatocytes were similar to the values obtained with isolated perfused rat liver. The values obtained with the 9000 g supernatant preparation were not. 3. In respect of metabolites formed, the metabolism of barbiturates in hepatocytes is comparable to that of the intact rat or liver perfusion. The metabolism in the 9000 g supernatant, however, is not.", "PMID": 602254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7595", "title": "Scintigraphy, ultrasound and CT scanning of the liver.", "content": "Isotope examination of the liver depends on the functional activity of the liver phagocytes, while ultrasound and CT scanning display the anatomical structure. Cold areas on an isotope scan may be due to impaired function or space-occupying lesions. The method is nonspecific and does not differentiate between cysts, abscesses and metastases. Both ultrasound and CT scanning can differentiate space-occupying lesions with a high degree of accuracy so that both techniques can be used to improve the accuracy and specificity of the radioisotope examination. CT scanning of the liver is limited by relatively slow data acquisition and the small differences in X-ray absorption within soft tissues unless contrast agents are used. In comparison, ultrasonic data are rapidly collected and displayed and liver consistency is imaged without contrast media or ionizing radiation. Diffuse abnormalities of the liver, such as cirrhosis, cannot be detected by CT scanning but are apparent on ultrasound examination. In addition, equipment purchase and maintenance costs for ultrasound are a fraction of those for CT scanning. Experience to date at Yale indicates that ultrasound and CT scanning are complementary and supplementary to isotope examination of the liver but that ultrasound in most patients produces better resolution and enhanced tissue differentiation at considerably less cost.", "contents": "Scintigraphy, ultrasound and CT scanning of the liver. Isotope examination of the liver depends on the functional activity of the liver phagocytes, while ultrasound and CT scanning display the anatomical structure. Cold areas on an isotope scan may be due to impaired function or space-occupying lesions. The method is nonspecific and does not differentiate between cysts, abscesses and metastases. Both ultrasound and CT scanning can differentiate space-occupying lesions with a high degree of accuracy so that both techniques can be used to improve the accuracy and specificity of the radioisotope examination. CT scanning of the liver is limited by relatively slow data acquisition and the small differences in X-ray absorption within soft tissues unless contrast agents are used. In comparison, ultrasonic data are rapidly collected and displayed and liver consistency is imaged without contrast media or ionizing radiation. Diffuse abnormalities of the liver, such as cirrhosis, cannot be detected by CT scanning but are apparent on ultrasound examination. In addition, equipment purchase and maintenance costs for ultrasound are a fraction of those for CT scanning. Experience to date at Yale indicates that ultrasound and CT scanning are complementary and supplementary to isotope examination of the liver but that ultrasound in most patients produces better resolution and enhanced tissue differentiation at considerably less cost.", "PMID": 602255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7596", "title": "Introduction of a 16 alpha-hydroxyl function into estrone by Streptomyces roseochromogenes.", "content": "Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRL B-1233) converted estrone predominantly into its 16 alpha-hydroxyl derivative. Chemical and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR, MS) methods were used in establishing the structure and strereochemistry of the oxidation product. The product was assigned as 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (yield, 17%). No other oxidation product was detected in this experiment. An interrelationship between cell growth and 16 alpha-hydroxy-estrone formation was observed. Also, 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estrone was observed in resting cells. 16 alpha-Hydroxylase showed good activity at 3.7 X 10(-4)M of estrone concentration and was completely inhibited by 1.1 X 10(-3)M. These results indicate the presence of a constitutive 16 alpha-hydroxylase in the organism investigated.", "contents": "Introduction of a 16 alpha-hydroxyl function into estrone by Streptomyces roseochromogenes. Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRL B-1233) converted estrone predominantly into its 16 alpha-hydroxyl derivative. Chemical and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR, MS) methods were used in establishing the structure and strereochemistry of the oxidation product. The product was assigned as 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (yield, 17%). No other oxidation product was detected in this experiment. An interrelationship between cell growth and 16 alpha-hydroxy-estrone formation was observed. Also, 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estrone was observed in resting cells. 16 alpha-Hydroxylase showed good activity at 3.7 X 10(-4)M of estrone concentration and was completely inhibited by 1.1 X 10(-3)M. These results indicate the presence of a constitutive 16 alpha-hydroxylase in the organism investigated.", "PMID": 602261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7597", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in neonates with umbilical artery catheter placement: a prospective study of 137 patients.", "content": "To analyze the risk of cannula sepsis from indwelling umbilical arterial catheters and the indication for prophylactic antibiotics, 137 catheterized neonates with respiratory distress were prospectively placed into either antibiotic-treated (penicillin 50,000U/kg/day and kanamycin 15 mg./kg./day) or non-treated groups. Although bacteria were frequently isolated from blood and catheter tip cultures obtained upon removal of the catheter, especially among non-antibiotic treated infants, these isolates were predominantly non-pathogens and probably skin flora. Corresponding peripheral blood cultures were usually sterile. No cases of cannula-associated sepsis occurred among treated and non-treated newborns. The risk of bacteriologically proven sepsis resulting from an indwelling umbilical artery catheter appears insufficient to justify prophylactic antibiotics.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in neonates with umbilical artery catheter placement: a prospective study of 137 patients. To analyze the risk of cannula sepsis from indwelling umbilical arterial catheters and the indication for prophylactic antibiotics, 137 catheterized neonates with respiratory distress were prospectively placed into either antibiotic-treated (penicillin 50,000U/kg/day and kanamycin 15 mg./kg./day) or non-treated groups. Although bacteria were frequently isolated from blood and catheter tip cultures obtained upon removal of the catheter, especially among non-antibiotic treated infants, these isolates were predominantly non-pathogens and probably skin flora. Corresponding peripheral blood cultures were usually sterile. No cases of cannula-associated sepsis occurred among treated and non-treated newborns. The risk of bacteriologically proven sepsis resulting from an indwelling umbilical artery catheter appears insufficient to justify prophylactic antibiotics.", "PMID": 602256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7598", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the transcription of T3 DNA b y T3-specific RNA polymerase in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli CRT266].", "content": "Cell free extracts were prepared from E. coli CRT266 9 min after infection with T3 phages. RNA synthesis in these extracts is almost entirely due to T3 RNA polymerase. The inactivation of T3 RNA polymerase in these extracts proceeds rapidly at 42 degrees C. 90% of the activity is lost within 10 min at this temperature. Under conditions where the formation of a stable initiation complex with T3 DNA is possible, i.e., in the presence of GPT, APT, and UTP the T3 RNA polymerase becomes protected against heat inactivation losing only )0% of its activity during an exposure to 42 degrees C for 10 min. Studies on the time course of RNA synthesis have shown that reinitiation is still possible at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C. At 44 degrees C, however, RNA synthesis stops abruptly after 3 min indicating that reinitiation does no longer take place. The elongation of already initiated T3 RNA chains is rather resistant to heat. At 44 degrees C the same elongation rates are observed as at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the transcription of T3 DNA b y T3-specific RNA polymerase in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli CRT266]. Cell free extracts were prepared from E. coli CRT266 9 min after infection with T3 phages. RNA synthesis in these extracts is almost entirely due to T3 RNA polymerase. The inactivation of T3 RNA polymerase in these extracts proceeds rapidly at 42 degrees C. 90% of the activity is lost within 10 min at this temperature. Under conditions where the formation of a stable initiation complex with T3 DNA is possible, i.e., in the presence of GPT, APT, and UTP the T3 RNA polymerase becomes protected against heat inactivation losing only )0% of its activity during an exposure to 42 degrees C for 10 min. Studies on the time course of RNA synthesis have shown that reinitiation is still possible at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C. At 44 degrees C, however, RNA synthesis stops abruptly after 3 min indicating that reinitiation does no longer take place. The elongation of already initiated T3 RNA chains is rather resistant to heat. At 44 degrees C the same elongation rates are observed as at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C, respectively.", "PMID": 602262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7599", "title": "A mathematical model of microbial growth including an intermediate. I. Growth in batch cultures.", "content": "A mathematical model of microbial growth is presented and examined which, in contrast to the well-known MONOD model, includes transitions from one cell \"bottle-neck\" to another. This is achieved by introducing an intermediate product in the model. Three variants of the model for different regulatory functions of the intermediate are considered. The results permit to describe a set of experimentally observable microbial growth curves. According to the model, the shape of the growth curves, the kinetics of substrate consumption and changes of intermediate concentration depend on culture prehistory and the nature of the intermediate regulatory function.", "contents": "A mathematical model of microbial growth including an intermediate. I. Growth in batch cultures. A mathematical model of microbial growth is presented and examined which, in contrast to the well-known MONOD model, includes transitions from one cell \"bottle-neck\" to another. This is achieved by introducing an intermediate product in the model. Three variants of the model for different regulatory functions of the intermediate are considered. The results permit to describe a set of experimentally observable microbial growth curves. According to the model, the shape of the growth curves, the kinetics of substrate consumption and changes of intermediate concentration depend on culture prehistory and the nature of the intermediate regulatory function.", "PMID": 602263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7600", "title": "Transient bacteremia due to suction abortion: implications for SBE antibiotic prophylaxis.", "content": "The incidence and character of the bacteremia associated with elective suction abortion was investigated in volunteer subjects aged 19 to 35 years who were to undergo first trimester abortion by suction curettage. One hundred and forty-four blood cultures were obtained from thirteen pregnant and four non-pregnant (control) subjects matched for age. Transient bacteremia occurred during or soon after suction abortion in 11 of 13 (84.7%) study subjects. Four of these patients were bacteremic after bimanual pelvic examination, just prior to initiation of the abortion procedure. Seven others developed bacteremia temporally related to cervical dilatation and suction abortion. The bacteremia was intermittent in some, persistent in others, existed as long as one hour after the procedure, and was transient in all patients. Microorganisms isolated from the blood were all normal genital tract flora and were predominantly anaerobes, although alpha hemolytic streptococci were also recovered. Mixed bacteremia occurred in six patients. In contrast, blood cultures from four non-pregnant women were sterile. This study indicates that the systemic circulation-uterine cavity barrier is significantly disrupted during abortion by suction curettage permitting endogenous genital tract microorganisms to gain access into the bloodstream. These observations also suggest that there may be some risk of developing endocarditis during suction abortion in patients with cardiac deformities, and lend some support to the current practice of giving antibiotic prophylaxis to abortion patients with cardiac lesions which predispose them to endocarditis.", "contents": "Transient bacteremia due to suction abortion: implications for SBE antibiotic prophylaxis. The incidence and character of the bacteremia associated with elective suction abortion was investigated in volunteer subjects aged 19 to 35 years who were to undergo first trimester abortion by suction curettage. One hundred and forty-four blood cultures were obtained from thirteen pregnant and four non-pregnant (control) subjects matched for age. Transient bacteremia occurred during or soon after suction abortion in 11 of 13 (84.7%) study subjects. Four of these patients were bacteremic after bimanual pelvic examination, just prior to initiation of the abortion procedure. Seven others developed bacteremia temporally related to cervical dilatation and suction abortion. The bacteremia was intermittent in some, persistent in others, existed as long as one hour after the procedure, and was transient in all patients. Microorganisms isolated from the blood were all normal genital tract flora and were predominantly anaerobes, although alpha hemolytic streptococci were also recovered. Mixed bacteremia occurred in six patients. In contrast, blood cultures from four non-pregnant women were sterile. This study indicates that the systemic circulation-uterine cavity barrier is significantly disrupted during abortion by suction curettage permitting endogenous genital tract microorganisms to gain access into the bloodstream. These observations also suggest that there may be some risk of developing endocarditis during suction abortion in patients with cardiac deformities, and lend some support to the current practice of giving antibiotic prophylaxis to abortion patients with cardiac lesions which predispose them to endocarditis.", "PMID": 602257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7601", "title": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. XIII. Biosynthesis of paromomycin by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var. supplied with 14C-glucose, 14C-glucosamine, 14C-2-desoxystreptamine and 14C-ribose].", "content": "Distribution of radioactivity in paromomycin ascertained after application of 14C-D-glucose, 14C-D-glucosamine, 14C-2-deoxystreptamine, respectively, 14C-D-ribose is taken as basis for a biosynthesis scheme: While ribose bound in the antibiotic originates from glucose by oxidation and following decarboxylation, glucosamine is formed via fructose-6-phosphate. Paromose I arises from glucosamine, but not the cyclohexan derivative 2-deoxystreptamine, whose biosynthesis pathway is directly branching off glucose.", "contents": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. XIII. Biosynthesis of paromomycin by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var. supplied with 14C-glucose, 14C-glucosamine, 14C-2-desoxystreptamine and 14C-ribose]. Distribution of radioactivity in paromomycin ascertained after application of 14C-D-glucose, 14C-D-glucosamine, 14C-2-deoxystreptamine, respectively, 14C-D-ribose is taken as basis for a biosynthesis scheme: While ribose bound in the antibiotic originates from glucose by oxidation and following decarboxylation, glucosamine is formed via fructose-6-phosphate. Paromose I arises from glucosamine, but not the cyclohexan derivative 2-deoxystreptamine, whose biosynthesis pathway is directly branching off glucose.", "PMID": 602264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7602", "title": "Interplay of factors leading to adverse drug reactions in the liver, a personal viewpoint.", "content": "Adverse drug reactions in liver involve formation of a reactive metabolic intermediary of the drug, binding of the intermediary to macromolecules in the cell, notably proteins in the plasma membrane, immunological response to these altered proteins and attack against hepatocytes bearing these altered proteins by immune mechanisms. At each step in this complex process many factors act to enhance or depress drug metabolism, metabolite disposition, macromolecular binding, neoantigen formation, and the cell mediated and humoral immune attack. The extent and direction of each step may be dose dependent but the complexity of the overall mechanism is so immense that predictability of hepatic drug reactions is unlikely in most instances.", "contents": "Interplay of factors leading to adverse drug reactions in the liver, a personal viewpoint. Adverse drug reactions in liver involve formation of a reactive metabolic intermediary of the drug, binding of the intermediary to macromolecules in the cell, notably proteins in the plasma membrane, immunological response to these altered proteins and attack against hepatocytes bearing these altered proteins by immune mechanisms. At each step in this complex process many factors act to enhance or depress drug metabolism, metabolite disposition, macromolecular binding, neoantigen formation, and the cell mediated and humoral immune attack. The extent and direction of each step may be dose dependent but the complexity of the overall mechanism is so immense that predictability of hepatic drug reactions is unlikely in most instances.", "PMID": 602258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7603", "title": "The hepatic vasculature and its response to hepatic injury: a working hypothesis.", "content": "The hepatic circulation is unique in that high volumes of low pressure blood flow are supplied through a dual venous and arterial circulation. This vascular supply is modulated both by the gastrointestinal vascular bed and an intrahepatic microcirculation. This complex vascular system is influenced by pathologic processes within the liver. Alterations in the hepatic circulation reflect hepatic metabolic adaptation and injury. It seems reasonable to assume that in some circumstances hepatic circulatory alterations are inappropriate, exaggerated or inadequate and contribute to the initiation or perpetuation of hepatic injury. This paper attempts to focus on evidence derived from studies of the normal and abnormal hepatic circulation that provide insights into hepatic circulatory responses and their role in the initiation and perpetuation of hepatic injury. A possible relationship of these vascular changes to pathologic processes within the liver is proposed. Ultimately, precise measurement and understanding of hepatic vasculature changes may allow appropriate intervention to offset injury or stimulate maximum effective repair.", "contents": "The hepatic vasculature and its response to hepatic injury: a working hypothesis. The hepatic circulation is unique in that high volumes of low pressure blood flow are supplied through a dual venous and arterial circulation. This vascular supply is modulated both by the gastrointestinal vascular bed and an intrahepatic microcirculation. This complex vascular system is influenced by pathologic processes within the liver. Alterations in the hepatic circulation reflect hepatic metabolic adaptation and injury. It seems reasonable to assume that in some circumstances hepatic circulatory alterations are inappropriate, exaggerated or inadequate and contribute to the initiation or perpetuation of hepatic injury. This paper attempts to focus on evidence derived from studies of the normal and abnormal hepatic circulation that provide insights into hepatic circulatory responses and their role in the initiation and perpetuation of hepatic injury. A possible relationship of these vascular changes to pathologic processes within the liver is proposed. Ultimately, precise measurement and understanding of hepatic vasculature changes may allow appropriate intervention to offset injury or stimulate maximum effective repair.", "PMID": 602259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7604", "title": "Curriculum change needed at Yale.", "content": "The United States Congress has recently passed an important bill entitled, The Health Professionals Assistance Act of 1976. It seeks to right physician maldistribution in the country and curtail the over specialization of medical practitioners. Quotas have been set in terms of the number of medical school graduates who must enter primary care training programs over the next few years. Failure to comply risks loss of the federal capitation grant of twenty-one hundred dollars per student or about one million dollars a year in Yale's case.The causes of physician maldistribution are discussed. Partial blame is ascribed to the medical schools themselves and recommendations are made for curriculum changes which if adopted may achieve better physician distribution without further government inroads into medical school affairs.", "contents": "Curriculum change needed at Yale. The United States Congress has recently passed an important bill entitled, The Health Professionals Assistance Act of 1976. It seeks to right physician maldistribution in the country and curtail the over specialization of medical practitioners. Quotas have been set in terms of the number of medical school graduates who must enter primary care training programs over the next few years. Failure to comply risks loss of the federal capitation grant of twenty-one hundred dollars per student or about one million dollars a year in Yale's case.The causes of physician maldistribution are discussed. Partial blame is ascribed to the medical schools themselves and recommendations are made for curriculum changes which if adopted may achieve better physician distribution without further government inroads into medical school affairs.", "PMID": 602260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7605", "title": "[Occurrence and behavior of fibrin fibrinogen degradation products in concentrates of factor VIII, cryoprecipitate and dextran precipitate during long-term preservation].", "content": "In deep-frozen and lyophilized cryoprecipitates and dextran precipitates it was analyzed by the TRCHII and the SCT, whether these factor VIII concentrates contain fibrinogen fission products effecting as inhibitors of the coagulation of blood and how they act during storage for 200 days. Simultaneously the parameters total protein, fibrinogen, fibrin monomers, plasminogen and factor VIII activity were always determined. In all preparations being tested fibrinogen fission products could be detected. Lyophilized cryoprecipitates showed the highest average values with 7.97 microgram/ml (TRCHII) resp. 18.31 microgram/ml (SCT). They were followed by deep-frozen cryoprecipitates with 6.93 microgram/ml (TRCHII) resp. 7.54 microgram/ml (SCT). Deep-frozen dextran precipitates free of heparin contained the fewest fission products (TRCHII: 0.36 microgram/ml; SCT: 3.13 microgram/ml). At the beginning of the storage only few fission products were found in all groups of preparates. A predominantly clear rise with forming a peak after about 115 to 145 days and a drop following happened with extended storage period. This course of storage of the quantities of fission products shows that the fibrinogen fission products arise during storage.", "contents": "[Occurrence and behavior of fibrin fibrinogen degradation products in concentrates of factor VIII, cryoprecipitate and dextran precipitate during long-term preservation]. In deep-frozen and lyophilized cryoprecipitates and dextran precipitates it was analyzed by the TRCHII and the SCT, whether these factor VIII concentrates contain fibrinogen fission products effecting as inhibitors of the coagulation of blood and how they act during storage for 200 days. Simultaneously the parameters total protein, fibrinogen, fibrin monomers, plasminogen and factor VIII activity were always determined. In all preparations being tested fibrinogen fission products could be detected. Lyophilized cryoprecipitates showed the highest average values with 7.97 microgram/ml (TRCHII) resp. 18.31 microgram/ml (SCT). They were followed by deep-frozen cryoprecipitates with 6.93 microgram/ml (TRCHII) resp. 7.54 microgram/ml (SCT). Deep-frozen dextran precipitates free of heparin contained the fewest fission products (TRCHII: 0.36 microgram/ml; SCT: 3.13 microgram/ml). At the beginning of the storage only few fission products were found in all groups of preparates. A predominantly clear rise with forming a peak after about 115 to 145 days and a drop following happened with extended storage period. This course of storage of the quantities of fission products shows that the fibrinogen fission products arise during storage.", "PMID": 602311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7606", "title": "[Diagnostic and differential diagnostic value of cytological findings in toxoplasmic lymphadenitis].", "content": "The cytologic investigation of needle biopsy material from lymphomas of unclear genesis may give valuable diagnostic references in patients with lymphadenitis toxoplasmotica. Findings of 19 patients are explained. Suspicious for a toxoplasmogenic genesis are colouredness of the cell picture with large basophilic roundnuclear cells, conspicious macrophagocytosis in reticulum cells and small-focal proliferation of the epitheloid cell. In own material these 3 criteria only 5 times appeared together. Two simultaneously existing, suspicious for Piringer's lymphadenitis findings, were shown in 11 patients. Most frequently was found the coloured picture of the round-nuclear cells (16/19). A conspicuous RHS-phagocytosis was to be observed in 12 smears. In careful clinical and serological controls only in 4 out of 19 patients a histological investigation was necessary. In the cytological findings also other lymphomatous processes must differential-diagnostically be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and differential diagnostic value of cytological findings in toxoplasmic lymphadenitis]. The cytologic investigation of needle biopsy material from lymphomas of unclear genesis may give valuable diagnostic references in patients with lymphadenitis toxoplasmotica. Findings of 19 patients are explained. Suspicious for a toxoplasmogenic genesis are colouredness of the cell picture with large basophilic roundnuclear cells, conspicious macrophagocytosis in reticulum cells and small-focal proliferation of the epitheloid cell. In own material these 3 criteria only 5 times appeared together. Two simultaneously existing, suspicious for Piringer's lymphadenitis findings, were shown in 11 patients. Most frequently was found the coloured picture of the round-nuclear cells (16/19). A conspicuous RHS-phagocytosis was to be observed in 12 smears. In careful clinical and serological controls only in 4 out of 19 patients a histological investigation was necessary. In the cytological findings also other lymphomatous processes must differential-diagnostically be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 602312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7607", "title": "[Mycological studies of patients with hemoblastoses].", "content": "40 patients with haemoblastosis were examined clinically and by cultures for presence of yeast mycosis. Moreover, we analyzed specific antibodies with the help of cell agglutination, the passive haemagglutination and the precipitation using Candida antigen. 29 test persons were found having a yeast mycosis, 3 patients without clinical symptoms in pharynx showed presence of yeasts by culture, 8 test persons were clinically and mycologically negative. In cell agglutination we recorded titres of less than 1:20 to 1:5 160 and in haemagglutination titres of less than 1:20 to 1:5 160 and in haemagglutination such of less than 1:20 to 1:320. 5 patients showed positive precipitation reaction with antigen extracted of membranes of Candida albicans cells. We observed different titre motions with these patients: during illness the titre either rised or decreased clearly, or the patients were in a condition of humoral anergy against the Candida albicans antigen. It is hinted at the necessity to watch over susceptible patients mycologically.", "contents": "[Mycological studies of patients with hemoblastoses]. 40 patients with haemoblastosis were examined clinically and by cultures for presence of yeast mycosis. Moreover, we analyzed specific antibodies with the help of cell agglutination, the passive haemagglutination and the precipitation using Candida antigen. 29 test persons were found having a yeast mycosis, 3 patients without clinical symptoms in pharynx showed presence of yeasts by culture, 8 test persons were clinically and mycologically negative. In cell agglutination we recorded titres of less than 1:20 to 1:5 160 and in haemagglutination titres of less than 1:20 to 1:5 160 and in haemagglutination such of less than 1:20 to 1:320. 5 patients showed positive precipitation reaction with antigen extracted of membranes of Candida albicans cells. We observed different titre motions with these patients: during illness the titre either rised or decreased clearly, or the patients were in a condition of humoral anergy against the Candida albicans antigen. It is hinted at the necessity to watch over susceptible patients mycologically.", "PMID": 602313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7608", "title": "[Dependence of lactate and heart rate in ergometer-, running- and swimming stress and its use for the preparation of individual conditioning programs for patients with myocardial infarct in rehabilitation phase III].", "content": "The dependence of the heart rate of 25 patients between 6th and 12th month after myocardial infarction on the lactate deflection during bicycle ergometry was compared with values being measured in physical conditioning in gymnasium and in indoor swimming-bath. There were found congruent statements in all three types of stress. The immediate comparison of patients undergoing rehabilitation who realized a gymnasium and swimming program simultaneously, showed no differences in lactate deflection and heart rate, too. So heart rates of equal level signal the production of equal metabolic training irritations in the three types of stress being tested. Moreover it was to be ascertained that the optimum intensity of the physical conditioning of patients with myocardial infarction is reached with a lactate deflection of 2,5 to 4,0 muMol/1, appropriate to a heart rate of 104 to 120 beats every minute resp. an efficiency of 70% of the submaximum aerobic capacity.", "contents": "[Dependence of lactate and heart rate in ergometer-, running- and swimming stress and its use for the preparation of individual conditioning programs for patients with myocardial infarct in rehabilitation phase III]. The dependence of the heart rate of 25 patients between 6th and 12th month after myocardial infarction on the lactate deflection during bicycle ergometry was compared with values being measured in physical conditioning in gymnasium and in indoor swimming-bath. There were found congruent statements in all three types of stress. The immediate comparison of patients undergoing rehabilitation who realized a gymnasium and swimming program simultaneously, showed no differences in lactate deflection and heart rate, too. So heart rates of equal level signal the production of equal metabolic training irritations in the three types of stress being tested. Moreover it was to be ascertained that the optimum intensity of the physical conditioning of patients with myocardial infarction is reached with a lactate deflection of 2,5 to 4,0 muMol/1, appropriate to a heart rate of 104 to 120 beats every minute resp. an efficiency of 70% of the submaximum aerobic capacity.", "PMID": 602314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7609", "title": "[Use of RR-interval distribution within the scope of ambulatory functional diagnosis in the angina pectoris syndrome].", "content": "The distribution of the interval of the heart beat of 93 test persons of the 4 groups normal group, group with labile essential hypertension, group with apparantly vegetatively conditioned heart pain and group with angina pectoris syndrome in coronary sclerosis may be described with the help of log normal distributions. In the vegetative group a dependence of the distribution parameters was proved. The results of a linear discriminance analysis for the vegetative group and the group with coronary sclerosis as well as the unequivocal age dependence of sigma at first do not allow a differentiation significant for practice according to the results got up to now. The different age structure might be regarded as cause in the two groups, so that further investigations are necessary.", "contents": "[Use of RR-interval distribution within the scope of ambulatory functional diagnosis in the angina pectoris syndrome]. The distribution of the interval of the heart beat of 93 test persons of the 4 groups normal group, group with labile essential hypertension, group with apparantly vegetatively conditioned heart pain and group with angina pectoris syndrome in coronary sclerosis may be described with the help of log normal distributions. In the vegetative group a dependence of the distribution parameters was proved. The results of a linear discriminance analysis for the vegetative group and the group with coronary sclerosis as well as the unequivocal age dependence of sigma at first do not allow a differentiation significant for practice according to the results got up to now. The different age structure might be regarded as cause in the two groups, so that further investigations are necessary.", "PMID": 602315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7610", "title": "[High-dosage glucocorticoid therapy in acute heart infarct and in cardiogenic shock].", "content": "40 patients with cardiogenic shock in consequence of contractility insufficiency of the heart were treated with high doses of prednisolon for short time. In 10 cases a good result of the treatment was to be seen so that the lethality quota was smaller than that of a reference group of the same age. The pharmacodynamic effect is seen in an improvement of the micro-circulation by a peripheric vasodilatation. 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction got a therapy with glucocorticoid combined with a treatment with anti-coagulants during the first both weeks. In this connection modern experimental examinations of animals are discussed which showed that glucocorticoides improve the anoxy tolerance of the heart muscle cell.", "contents": "[High-dosage glucocorticoid therapy in acute heart infarct and in cardiogenic shock]. 40 patients with cardiogenic shock in consequence of contractility insufficiency of the heart were treated with high doses of prednisolon for short time. In 10 cases a good result of the treatment was to be seen so that the lethality quota was smaller than that of a reference group of the same age. The pharmacodynamic effect is seen in an improvement of the micro-circulation by a peripheric vasodilatation. 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction got a therapy with glucocorticoid combined with a treatment with anti-coagulants during the first both weeks. In this connection modern experimental examinations of animals are discussed which showed that glucocorticoides improve the anoxy tolerance of the heart muscle cell.", "PMID": 602316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7611", "title": "[Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in severe fibrou-inflammatory pancreatic changes].", "content": "22 patients with bioptically found severe fibrou inflammatory changes of the pancreas underwent an after examination in order to exclude endocrine disturbances of the pancreas. The biopsy of the pancreas was carried out during an operation of the bile-duct. A restriction of the glucose tolerance was to be proved the more frequently the more distinct were the histological changes of the pancreas and the older were the patients. Post-operative increases of the fasting blood sugar appeared above all transitorily and rarely led to a manifestation of diabetes. It is recommended to exclude an endocrine functional disturbance of the pancreas not only when a typical symptomatology of pancreatitis is present, but also when there are possibly clinically not expected bioptical findings of a severe fibrous inflammatory change of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in severe fibrou-inflammatory pancreatic changes]. 22 patients with bioptically found severe fibrou inflammatory changes of the pancreas underwent an after examination in order to exclude endocrine disturbances of the pancreas. The biopsy of the pancreas was carried out during an operation of the bile-duct. A restriction of the glucose tolerance was to be proved the more frequently the more distinct were the histological changes of the pancreas and the older were the patients. Post-operative increases of the fasting blood sugar appeared above all transitorily and rarely led to a manifestation of diabetes. It is recommended to exclude an endocrine functional disturbance of the pancreas not only when a typical symptomatology of pancreatitis is present, but also when there are possibly clinically not expected bioptical findings of a severe fibrous inflammatory change of the pancreas.", "PMID": 602317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7612", "title": "[Electromyographic findings in disorders of calcium and potassium metabolism].", "content": "The electromyographic findings in disturbances of the calcium and potassium metabolism are discussed. Particularly in the tetanic syndrome the authors deal with the difficulty of the interpretation of the findings. Finally a casuistic report on relapsing paralyses of the muscles in hypopotassiaemia is given.", "contents": "[Electromyographic findings in disorders of calcium and potassium metabolism]. The electromyographic findings in disturbances of the calcium and potassium metabolism are discussed. Particularly in the tetanic syndrome the authors deal with the difficulty of the interpretation of the findings. Finally a casuistic report on relapsing paralyses of the muscles in hypopotassiaemia is given.", "PMID": 602318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7613", "title": "[Fiber-optic endoscopy demonstration, incidence and clinical significance of intestinal lymphangiectasis].", "content": "The intestinal lymphangiectasia can be proved enteroscopically, laparoscopically as well as histologically after preceding aimed or unaimed biopsy. In 2,250 fibre-endoscopic examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract we found 54 times endoscopically and 48 times also histologically a lymphangiectasia. Of these 54 patients 9 had an advanced carcinoma of the stomach. The evoking causes of the lymphangiectasia are discussed. When an intestinal lymphagniectasia is diagnosed it should always be sought for an evoking cause and last not least should be thought of a primary or secondary neoformation in the region of the epigastrium.", "contents": "[Fiber-optic endoscopy demonstration, incidence and clinical significance of intestinal lymphangiectasis]. The intestinal lymphangiectasia can be proved enteroscopically, laparoscopically as well as histologically after preceding aimed or unaimed biopsy. In 2,250 fibre-endoscopic examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract we found 54 times endoscopically and 48 times also histologically a lymphangiectasia. Of these 54 patients 9 had an advanced carcinoma of the stomach. The evoking causes of the lymphangiectasia are discussed. When an intestinal lymphagniectasia is diagnosed it should always be sought for an evoking cause and last not least should be thought of a primary or secondary neoformation in the region of the epigastrium.", "PMID": 602319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7614", "title": "[Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach].", "content": "The leiomyoblastoma of the gastrointestinal tract is a tumour which arises from the smooth musculature. With regard to its malignancy it is between leiomyoma on the one hand and leiomyosarcoma on the other. In 12% of the patients the leiomyoblastoma shows a malignant course. Males somewhat more frequently fall ill with leiomyoblastoma than females (ratio 1.3:1). The average age of the patients is 56.6 years. The most impressive clinical symptom is the gastrointestinal haemorrhage. In an own case problems of therapy are discussed. The mere enucleation of the tumour is not enough for cure. The resection of the stomach, at least of the involved part of the stomach, seems to be necessary.", "contents": "[Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach]. The leiomyoblastoma of the gastrointestinal tract is a tumour which arises from the smooth musculature. With regard to its malignancy it is between leiomyoma on the one hand and leiomyosarcoma on the other. In 12% of the patients the leiomyoblastoma shows a malignant course. Males somewhat more frequently fall ill with leiomyoblastoma than females (ratio 1.3:1). The average age of the patients is 56.6 years. The most impressive clinical symptom is the gastrointestinal haemorrhage. In an own case problems of therapy are discussed. The mere enucleation of the tumour is not enough for cure. The resection of the stomach, at least of the involved part of the stomach, seems to be necessary.", "PMID": 602320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7615", "title": "[The Saint syndrome].", "content": "At the instance of a 78-year-old female patient the possible causes of the simultaneous appearance of gallstones, hiatal hernia and diverticulum of the colon are discussed. The syndrome might be the sequel of a weakness of the connective tissue. But it would be also thinkable that it is an accidental combination of diseases, the number of which increases at growing age.", "contents": "[The Saint syndrome]. At the instance of a 78-year-old female patient the possible causes of the simultaneous appearance of gallstones, hiatal hernia and diverticulum of the colon are discussed. The syndrome might be the sequel of a weakness of the connective tissue. But it would be also thinkable that it is an accidental combination of diseases, the number of which increases at growing age.", "PMID": 602321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7616", "title": "[The technic of microvascular anastomoses: the rat as a model].", "content": "During the last few years microvascular surgery has assumed an increasingly important role in the modern plastic surgery. For persons still learning without much experience a step by step training program for learning end-to-end anastomosis in very small vessels is recommended. The technique of microvascular suture is described using the Arteria and Vena femoralis of the rat.", "contents": "[The technic of microvascular anastomoses: the rat as a model]. During the last few years microvascular surgery has assumed an increasingly important role in the modern plastic surgery. For persons still learning without much experience a step by step training program for learning end-to-end anastomosis in very small vessels is recommended. The technique of microvascular suture is described using the Arteria and Vena femoralis of the rat.", "PMID": 602322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7617", "title": "[Behavior of various serum enzymes following ligation of the superior mesenteric artery in the rat (preliminary report)].", "content": "In rats, shortly after ligation of superior mesenteric artery serum enzyme activities are found significantly altered. Those changes concern aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), lipase, alpha amylase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase as well as glutamate dehydrogenase. The causes are discussed. The authors emphasize that the assessment of serum enzymes possibly gives some help in diagnosing acute intestinal ischemias in early stages.", "contents": "[Behavior of various serum enzymes following ligation of the superior mesenteric artery in the rat (preliminary report)]. In rats, shortly after ligation of superior mesenteric artery serum enzyme activities are found significantly altered. Those changes concern aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), lipase, alpha amylase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase as well as glutamate dehydrogenase. The causes are discussed. The authors emphasize that the assessment of serum enzymes possibly gives some help in diagnosing acute intestinal ischemias in early stages.", "PMID": 602323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7618", "title": "Investigations on tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis in pharmacologically induced blood clotting disturbances.", "content": "The authors present the results of investigations on tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis in pharmacologically induced blood clotting disturbances in the postoperative period (1-16 days). Experiments were carried out on 50 male rabbits in two groups- a treated group and another for control only. Animals in the experimental group were treated with Sincumar 24 hours before and in the postoperative period. The dosis of Sincumar was calculated to reduce the prothrombin index below 40 percent. The tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis was tested the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 15th day after operation and in the same time histological examinations of anastomosis specimen were performed. In conclusion the authors found that the reduction of the prothrombin index below 40 percent does not influence the process of healing of anastomosis of the small intestine, prevents the formation of adhesions and inflammatory peritoneal reaction following operation.", "contents": "Investigations on tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis in pharmacologically induced blood clotting disturbances. The authors present the results of investigations on tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis in pharmacologically induced blood clotting disturbances in the postoperative period (1-16 days). Experiments were carried out on 50 male rabbits in two groups- a treated group and another for control only. Animals in the experimental group were treated with Sincumar 24 hours before and in the postoperative period. The dosis of Sincumar was calculated to reduce the prothrombin index below 40 percent. The tensile strength of intestinal anastomosis was tested the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 15th day after operation and in the same time histological examinations of anastomosis specimen were performed. In conclusion the authors found that the reduction of the prothrombin index below 40 percent does not influence the process of healing of anastomosis of the small intestine, prevents the formation of adhesions and inflammatory peritoneal reaction following operation.", "PMID": 602324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7619", "title": "[Therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis with the antifibrinolytic drug PAMBA (author's transl)].", "content": "In acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat neither intravenous nor intramuscular therapy with the antifibrinolytic drug PAMBA (p-aminomethylbenzoic-acid) had any influence on the lethality, enzyme content in either serum, ascites and pancreas or on the amount of destruction of the organ.", "contents": "[Therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis with the antifibrinolytic drug PAMBA (author's transl)]. In acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat neither intravenous nor intramuscular therapy with the antifibrinolytic drug PAMBA (p-aminomethylbenzoic-acid) had any influence on the lethality, enzyme content in either serum, ascites and pancreas or on the amount of destruction of the organ.", "PMID": 602325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7620", "title": "A controlled trial of glucagon in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis was induced in 245 rats by retrograde instillation of Na-taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Mortality rate in animals treated 6-hourly with glucagon (1 mg/kg) after induction of pancreatitis was 50% as compared to 30% deaths in the controls treated with 0,9% NaCl (chi2-test: p less than 0,05). Mortality rate in animals treated 6-hourly with the same dose of glucagon before induction of pancreatitis was 36,5% as compared to 28% deaths in the corresponding controls (chi2-test: p greater than 0,05). Glucagon in lower doses (0,1-0,5 mg/kg every 6 hours) did not alter mortality rates as compared to animals treated with 0,9% NaCl. 2. A nonletal form of pancreatitis was induced in 26 rats by ligation of the pancreatic duct. Injection of glucagon (1 mg/kg) seemed to suppress amylase activities in blood for a short period of appr. 1 hour. However, 7 and 9 hours after induction of pancreatitis, amylase activities were significantly higher in animals treated one or two times with glucagon as compared to untreated controls. It is concluded that glucagon in the high dose of 1-4 mg/kg/24 hours does not only not influence the course of acute experimental pancreatitis in rats but can even deteriorate it.", "contents": "A controlled trial of glucagon in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats. Acute pancreatitis was induced in 245 rats by retrograde instillation of Na-taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Mortality rate in animals treated 6-hourly with glucagon (1 mg/kg) after induction of pancreatitis was 50% as compared to 30% deaths in the controls treated with 0,9% NaCl (chi2-test: p less than 0,05). Mortality rate in animals treated 6-hourly with the same dose of glucagon before induction of pancreatitis was 36,5% as compared to 28% deaths in the corresponding controls (chi2-test: p greater than 0,05). Glucagon in lower doses (0,1-0,5 mg/kg every 6 hours) did not alter mortality rates as compared to animals treated with 0,9% NaCl. 2. A nonletal form of pancreatitis was induced in 26 rats by ligation of the pancreatic duct. Injection of glucagon (1 mg/kg) seemed to suppress amylase activities in blood for a short period of appr. 1 hour. However, 7 and 9 hours after induction of pancreatitis, amylase activities were significantly higher in animals treated one or two times with glucagon as compared to untreated controls. It is concluded that glucagon in the high dose of 1-4 mg/kg/24 hours does not only not influence the course of acute experimental pancreatitis in rats but can even deteriorate it.", "PMID": 602326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7621", "title": "[Problems with therapy of familial intestinal polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "This study describes a family with gastrointestinal adenomatous polyposis. One member had symptoms of Peutz-Jeghers disease with histologically typical polyps besides those of the adenomatous type. In cases of clinical gastrointestinal polyposis the exact histologic diagnosis of an endoscopic sample is mandatory. The benign e.g. non adenomatous, finding compels one to auxiously care for those patients and to prophylactically examine all members of the patients family, while adenomatosis implies prophylactic surgery. The indications are discussed.", "contents": "[Problems with therapy of familial intestinal polyposis (author's transl)]. This study describes a family with gastrointestinal adenomatous polyposis. One member had symptoms of Peutz-Jeghers disease with histologically typical polyps besides those of the adenomatous type. In cases of clinical gastrointestinal polyposis the exact histologic diagnosis of an endoscopic sample is mandatory. The benign e.g. non adenomatous, finding compels one to auxiously care for those patients and to prophylactically examine all members of the patients family, while adenomatosis implies prophylactic surgery. The indications are discussed.", "PMID": 602327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7622", "title": "[Pancreatic pseudocyst of head: compressing of vena cava inferior with lethal embolism of pulmonary artery (author's transl)].", "content": "As rare complication of post-pancreatitic pseudocyst in a 43-year-old patient, an obstruction of large vessels, situated retroperitoneally, is described. The partial thrombosis lead to a recurrent embolism of pulmonary artery with terminal right cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Pancreatic pseudocyst of head: compressing of vena cava inferior with lethal embolism of pulmonary artery (author's transl)]. As rare complication of post-pancreatitic pseudocyst in a 43-year-old patient, an obstruction of large vessels, situated retroperitoneally, is described. The partial thrombosis lead to a recurrent embolism of pulmonary artery with terminal right cardiac failure.", "PMID": 602328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7623", "title": "[External version from breech to vertex presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 51 attempts at version was made of which 27 were successful (53%). In 3 cases an emergency cesarean section had to be performed following the attempt at version. In 2 of these cases there was partial premature detachment of the placenta. Attempts at version were begun in the 36th week of pregnancy. Up to the 38th week there was a 67% success rate, while from the 39th week onward it was only 41%. In cases of parity it can be shown clearly that the success rate increases with parity. When the pregnancy is the mother's first, 58% of attempts fail, while in fourth pregnancies this figure is only 25%. Attempts at version are most successful when the placenta is attached to the posterior uterine wall. The size and weight of the fetus do not affect success. The average weight of the placenta in the success group is significantly higher (by about 60 g) than in the failure group. There were no significant differences between the two groups as regards the dimensions of the mother's pelvis. In about 30% of cases there was a fetomaternal transfusion. The frequency of erythrocyte transfer is dependent on the force of manipulation used in the attempt at version and on the position of the placenta. The frequency of section is significantly lower (14%) in the success group than in the failure group (43%). Diagnoses of the newborn's condition (pH value and Apgar score) did not reveal any decisive differences between the two groups. In view of the high rate of complications and failures external version from breech to vertex presentation cannot be recommended.", "contents": "[External version from breech to vertex presentation (author's transl)]. An analysis of 51 attempts at version was made of which 27 were successful (53%). In 3 cases an emergency cesarean section had to be performed following the attempt at version. In 2 of these cases there was partial premature detachment of the placenta. Attempts at version were begun in the 36th week of pregnancy. Up to the 38th week there was a 67% success rate, while from the 39th week onward it was only 41%. In cases of parity it can be shown clearly that the success rate increases with parity. When the pregnancy is the mother's first, 58% of attempts fail, while in fourth pregnancies this figure is only 25%. Attempts at version are most successful when the placenta is attached to the posterior uterine wall. The size and weight of the fetus do not affect success. The average weight of the placenta in the success group is significantly higher (by about 60 g) than in the failure group. There were no significant differences between the two groups as regards the dimensions of the mother's pelvis. In about 30% of cases there was a fetomaternal transfusion. The frequency of erythrocyte transfer is dependent on the force of manipulation used in the attempt at version and on the position of the placenta. The frequency of section is significantly lower (14%) in the success group than in the failure group (43%). Diagnoses of the newborn's condition (pH value and Apgar score) did not reveal any decisive differences between the two groups. In view of the high rate of complications and failures external version from breech to vertex presentation cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 602329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7624", "title": "[Results with a new method for objectivation of rheobase measurements in normal pregnancy and risk of miscarriage or premature birth (author's transl)].", "content": "The rheobase (fundamental current strength), which can be used in obstetrics as a parameter of neuromuscular excitability, alters at the onset of labor, as Jung et al. first reported in 1969. It can be determined objectively to a considerable degree using the single-channel myograph manufactured by the Th\u00f6nnies company, and an improved measuring method. Results of preliminary investigations can be confirmed which indicate that the rheobase in patients with premature labor and bleeding is lower than in women whose pregnancy is normal. Thus, where there is a risk of miscarriage or premature birth, neuromuscular excitability is increased. The fact that rheobase values in some patients who had undergone cerclage for cervical insufficiency are depressed indicates that the insufficiency is partly due to premature labor. It remains open to question whether etiology of the depressed rheobase is an indicator of increased neuromuscular excitability where there is a risk of miscarriage or premature birth.", "contents": "[Results with a new method for objectivation of rheobase measurements in normal pregnancy and risk of miscarriage or premature birth (author's transl)]. The rheobase (fundamental current strength), which can be used in obstetrics as a parameter of neuromuscular excitability, alters at the onset of labor, as Jung et al. first reported in 1969. It can be determined objectively to a considerable degree using the single-channel myograph manufactured by the Th\u00f6nnies company, and an improved measuring method. Results of preliminary investigations can be confirmed which indicate that the rheobase in patients with premature labor and bleeding is lower than in women whose pregnancy is normal. Thus, where there is a risk of miscarriage or premature birth, neuromuscular excitability is increased. The fact that rheobase values in some patients who had undergone cerclage for cervical insufficiency are depressed indicates that the insufficiency is partly due to premature labor. It remains open to question whether etiology of the depressed rheobase is an indicator of increased neuromuscular excitability where there is a risk of miscarriage or premature birth.", "PMID": 602330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7625", "title": "[The possibility of heart-muscle damage through fenoterol (elektrocardiographic and blood-chemistry studies with particular reference to the heart-muscle-specific isoenzym creatinkinase MB.) (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty patients with premature uterine contractions were treated with the uterine relaxant Fenoterol in combination with the calcium antagonist Verapamil. In order to exclude the possibility of myocardial damage, the heart-muscle-specific isoenzym Creatinkinase MB was routinely evaluated, in addition to ECG-checks. In none of the cases could a significant enzyme activity be shown, even in long-term therapy with high doses of Fenoterol.", "contents": "[The possibility of heart-muscle damage through fenoterol (elektrocardiographic and blood-chemistry studies with particular reference to the heart-muscle-specific isoenzym creatinkinase MB.) (author's transl)]. Fifty patients with premature uterine contractions were treated with the uterine relaxant Fenoterol in combination with the calcium antagonist Verapamil. In order to exclude the possibility of myocardial damage, the heart-muscle-specific isoenzym Creatinkinase MB was routinely evaluated, in addition to ECG-checks. In none of the cases could a significant enzyme activity be shown, even in long-term therapy with high doses of Fenoterol.", "PMID": 602331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7626", "title": "[Uteroplacental blood flow in normal pregnancy before and after short-term treatment with (isoxsuprine) beta-sympathicomimetica (author's transl)].", "content": "The uteroplacental blood flow was measured in 26 normal pregnant women between the 36-43 weeks of pregnancy before and after a short-term treatment of isoxsuprine. The patients had no complications of pregnancy and no uterine contractions during this time. We used our intravenous Xe-133 method for measuring the intervillous and myometrial perfusion (20). During the blood flow measurements we also measured maternal arterial blood pressure and heart rate. To evaluate the short-term treatment effect of isoxsurpine we applied an intravenous injection or infusion. The placental flow was (124 +/- 32) before and (117 +/- 39) ml/min/100 ml after isoxsuprine application. The corresponding values for myometrial flow were (7,8 +/- 3,5) and (6,2 +/- 3,0) ml/min/100 g. The pathological changes of the uterplacental blood flow with vena caval syndrom will referred in text. There was a statistically significant increase in maternal heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure.", "contents": "[Uteroplacental blood flow in normal pregnancy before and after short-term treatment with (isoxsuprine) beta-sympathicomimetica (author's transl)]. The uteroplacental blood flow was measured in 26 normal pregnant women between the 36-43 weeks of pregnancy before and after a short-term treatment of isoxsuprine. The patients had no complications of pregnancy and no uterine contractions during this time. We used our intravenous Xe-133 method for measuring the intervillous and myometrial perfusion (20). During the blood flow measurements we also measured maternal arterial blood pressure and heart rate. To evaluate the short-term treatment effect of isoxsurpine we applied an intravenous injection or infusion. The placental flow was (124 +/- 32) before and (117 +/- 39) ml/min/100 ml after isoxsuprine application. The corresponding values for myometrial flow were (7,8 +/- 3,5) and (6,2 +/- 3,0) ml/min/100 g. The pathological changes of the uterplacental blood flow with vena caval syndrom will referred in text. There was a statistically significant increase in maternal heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure.", "PMID": 602332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7627", "title": "[Clinical investigations relating to a causal connection between abruptio placentae and subsequent birth of an underweight child (author's transl)].", "content": "The question was studied as to whether there is a causal connection between abruptio and birth of an underweight child in the subsequent pregnancy. While the phenomena involved are still largely unexplained, though clearly manifold, which can lead to the birth of \"low birth weight children\", it is shown that abruptio cannot be regarded as a prime risk factor. A comparison with the international literature shows that the specific features of the patient group investigated must always be taken into account when answering this question.", "contents": "[Clinical investigations relating to a causal connection between abruptio placentae and subsequent birth of an underweight child (author's transl)]. The question was studied as to whether there is a causal connection between abruptio and birth of an underweight child in the subsequent pregnancy. While the phenomena involved are still largely unexplained, though clearly manifold, which can lead to the birth of \"low birth weight children\", it is shown that abruptio cannot be regarded as a prime risk factor. A comparison with the international literature shows that the specific features of the patient group investigated must always be taken into account when answering this question.", "PMID": 602334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7628", "title": "[Serum folic acid, vitamin b12 and iron values during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 125 pregnant women, of whom 81 were treated and 44 not treated, 14 (12,5%) were found to be suffering from anemia, with a hemoglobin count to be diminished. In 31 cases iron deficiency was established and in 8 women vitamin B12 in serum was reduced. Iron and vitamin deficiencies were found more frequently in the non-treated group than in the treated group.", "contents": "[Serum folic acid, vitamin b12 and iron values during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Of 125 pregnant women, of whom 81 were treated and 44 not treated, 14 (12,5%) were found to be suffering from anemia, with a hemoglobin count to be diminished. In 31 cases iron deficiency was established and in 8 women vitamin B12 in serum was reduced. Iron and vitamin deficiencies were found more frequently in the non-treated group than in the treated group.", "PMID": 602335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7629", "title": "[Photometric micro-determination of bilirubin in capillary plasma of newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of bilirubin in capillary plasma of 52 newborns was carried out with the diazo method according to Jendrassik and Grof and with two bilirubin spectrophotometers (BB-meter model 468 and Bilimeter). The results obtained by these instruments are correlated with those obtained by the diazo method. As far as the influence of hemolysis on the direct photometric analysis with the Bilimeter is concerned, up to 300 mg hemoglobin/100 ml can be compensated in the range of 20 mg bilirubin/100 ml, and up to 600 mg hemoglobin in the range of 15 mg bilirubin/100 ml. Increasing hemoglobin concentrations cause an elevation of the bilirubin data. However, in the range of 10 mg bilirubin/100 ml, hemoglobin concentrations greater than 300 mg/100 ml cause a decrease of the bilirubin data. The precision in the series is less than 3%. A linear relationship was found in the range of 2.5-20 mg bilirubin/100 ml.", "contents": "[Photometric micro-determination of bilirubin in capillary plasma of newborns (author's transl)]. The determination of bilirubin in capillary plasma of 52 newborns was carried out with the diazo method according to Jendrassik and Grof and with two bilirubin spectrophotometers (BB-meter model 468 and Bilimeter). The results obtained by these instruments are correlated with those obtained by the diazo method. As far as the influence of hemolysis on the direct photometric analysis with the Bilimeter is concerned, up to 300 mg hemoglobin/100 ml can be compensated in the range of 20 mg bilirubin/100 ml, and up to 600 mg hemoglobin in the range of 15 mg bilirubin/100 ml. Increasing hemoglobin concentrations cause an elevation of the bilirubin data. However, in the range of 10 mg bilirubin/100 ml, hemoglobin concentrations greater than 300 mg/100 ml cause a decrease of the bilirubin data. The precision in the series is less than 3%. A linear relationship was found in the range of 2.5-20 mg bilirubin/100 ml.", "PMID": 602337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7630", "title": "Transport of the newborn.", "content": "Analysis of facilities used in the transfer of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (N.I.C.U.) of the Free University Amsterdam during the period 1969-1976 revealed many deficiencies. Most of the sick newborn infants were accompanied by inadequately trained personnel. In a number of cases they were in incubators which could hardly guarantee the neutral thermal temperature for the infant concerned. In the most cases there were no facilities either for resuscitation or for ventilatory assistance during transport. It was found that infants born in the referring hospitals more often required artificial ventilation than infants born in the University Hospital. Since the former were--on an average--more severely ill than the latter, the duration of ventilatory assistance was usually longer and their survival rate was lower. Retrospectively, in many instances referred infants were on admission already in such a condition that artificial ventilation should have been started long before. General aspects of newborn transport, viz. way of transport, incubator with facilities for emergency care i.e. artificial ventilation and intravascular therapy, accompanying personnel, stabilization of the infant, role of education and evaluation of the transport are discussed.", "contents": "Transport of the newborn. Analysis of facilities used in the transfer of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (N.I.C.U.) of the Free University Amsterdam during the period 1969-1976 revealed many deficiencies. Most of the sick newborn infants were accompanied by inadequately trained personnel. In a number of cases they were in incubators which could hardly guarantee the neutral thermal temperature for the infant concerned. In the most cases there were no facilities either for resuscitation or for ventilatory assistance during transport. It was found that infants born in the referring hospitals more often required artificial ventilation than infants born in the University Hospital. Since the former were--on an average--more severely ill than the latter, the duration of ventilatory assistance was usually longer and their survival rate was lower. Retrospectively, in many instances referred infants were on admission already in such a condition that artificial ventilation should have been started long before. General aspects of newborn transport, viz. way of transport, incubator with facilities for emergency care i.e. artificial ventilation and intravascular therapy, accompanying personnel, stabilization of the infant, role of education and evaluation of the transport are discussed.", "PMID": 602338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7631", "title": "[Syndrome of the ingrown nails?].", "content": "Among the 20 patients with ingrowing toenails operated on in the Department of Dermatoloy in Cologne in 1976, we noticed a combination of the following signs: ingrowing big toenail, latent diabetes, tall stature, pseudo-acromegaly, hyperhidrosis and a preponderance of the male sex and of the age group 12-16 years. Our findings indicate that all patients with ingrowing toenails should be examined for latent diabetes, and that ingrowing toenails are mainly to be found in young male patients with a particular type of constitution.", "contents": "[Syndrome of the ingrown nails?]. Among the 20 patients with ingrowing toenails operated on in the Department of Dermatoloy in Cologne in 1976, we noticed a combination of the following signs: ingrowing big toenail, latent diabetes, tall stature, pseudo-acromegaly, hyperhidrosis and a preponderance of the male sex and of the age group 12-16 years. Our findings indicate that all patients with ingrowing toenails should be examined for latent diabetes, and that ingrowing toenails are mainly to be found in young male patients with a particular type of constitution.", "PMID": 602340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7632", "title": "[Bee-venom allergy].", "content": "The allergy to bee venom is dangerous and life threatening. Skin tests and immunotherapy should be done with bee venom extracts. The RAST proves to be helpful if blood taking is done within a short period after stinging. In the meantime immunotherapy should be given lifelong and total and specific IgE antibodies controlled. In addition we believe that the determination of IgG-blocking antibodies is important.", "contents": "[Bee-venom allergy]. The allergy to bee venom is dangerous and life threatening. Skin tests and immunotherapy should be done with bee venom extracts. The RAST proves to be helpful if blood taking is done within a short period after stinging. In the meantime immunotherapy should be given lifelong and total and specific IgE antibodies controlled. In addition we believe that the determination of IgG-blocking antibodies is important.", "PMID": 602341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7633", "title": "[Histopathology of erythema nodosum].", "content": "The histopathology of erythema nodosum is discussed with reference to the literature and of 19 cases of our clinic. There is a significant vascular involvement especially of the subcutaneous tissue. The veins and arteries are equally affected. The histological picture consists not only of an acute inflammatory process in the subcutaneous tissue, but also of inflammatory cells which area see to a lesser extent in the dermis. In many cases the typical small granulomatous foci of MIESCHER which are considered to be pathognomonic for erythema nodosum do not develop. In the cases which we examined we were not always able to tell from the histological picture how long the erythema nodosum had been present. Multinucleated giant cells which are often found in the septal connective tissue are seen even in relatively acute cases.", "contents": "[Histopathology of erythema nodosum]. The histopathology of erythema nodosum is discussed with reference to the literature and of 19 cases of our clinic. There is a significant vascular involvement especially of the subcutaneous tissue. The veins and arteries are equally affected. The histological picture consists not only of an acute inflammatory process in the subcutaneous tissue, but also of inflammatory cells which area see to a lesser extent in the dermis. In many cases the typical small granulomatous foci of MIESCHER which are considered to be pathognomonic for erythema nodosum do not develop. In the cases which we examined we were not always able to tell from the histological picture how long the erythema nodosum had been present. Multinucleated giant cells which are often found in the septal connective tissue are seen even in relatively acute cases.", "PMID": 602342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7634", "title": "Differentiation between various effects of cytotoxic fractions of lymphocyte culture medium.", "content": "This paper describes the partial characterization of supernatants derived from mitogen stimulated lymphocytes by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration on Hollow-Fiber beakers and gelchromatography. Fractions from these purification procedures were tested on FL-target cells and the following target cell alterations were measured: RNA- and protein synthesis, 3H-TdR incorporation, cell number and lysis of target cells. Target cell alterations of control fractions from supernatants of non-stimulated lymphocytes, from culture medium and from FCS were compared to the effects of fractions from activated lymphocytes. 3H-TdR incorporation was not only inhibited by the fractions of activated lymphocyte cultures but also by fractions of various controls. Inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation disappeared when control fractions were serially diluted. Only fractions of supernatant from activated lymphocytes could lyse target cells. It were the same fractions which still inhibited 3H-TdR incorporation of target cells after serial dilution and which showed stimulating effects on RNA synthesis. MW of fractions which were differentiated from control fractions with respect to target cell lysis were: 90,000, 45,000 and lower than 20,000 d.", "contents": "Differentiation between various effects of cytotoxic fractions of lymphocyte culture medium. This paper describes the partial characterization of supernatants derived from mitogen stimulated lymphocytes by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration on Hollow-Fiber beakers and gelchromatography. Fractions from these purification procedures were tested on FL-target cells and the following target cell alterations were measured: RNA- and protein synthesis, 3H-TdR incorporation, cell number and lysis of target cells. Target cell alterations of control fractions from supernatants of non-stimulated lymphocytes, from culture medium and from FCS were compared to the effects of fractions from activated lymphocytes. 3H-TdR incorporation was not only inhibited by the fractions of activated lymphocyte cultures but also by fractions of various controls. Inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation disappeared when control fractions were serially diluted. Only fractions of supernatant from activated lymphocytes could lyse target cells. It were the same fractions which still inhibited 3H-TdR incorporation of target cells after serial dilution and which showed stimulating effects on RNA synthesis. MW of fractions which were differentiated from control fractions with respect to target cell lysis were: 90,000, 45,000 and lower than 20,000 d.", "PMID": 602343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7635", "title": "Studies on the chemical composition and biological properties of transfer factor.", "content": "Dialyzable transfer factor (dTF) was fractionated on Sephadex G-10 and G-25 fine columns, and biological activity was found in 3 fractions. One of these, designated VIa, and having a tendency to adsorb to the Sephadex G-10 gel, was shown to have a therapeutic effect on certain immunological diseases. Analysis of this fraction on thin-layer and gas chromatography and with infrared and mass spectroscopy indicated that about half of this fraction was composed of uracil; additional unidentified heterocyclic and aromatic substances were present in this fraction. Adjacent fraction V contained tyrosine and a small polyribonucleotide, and fraction VII hypoxanthine and additional unidentified components. Our results suggest that the therapeutic activity of dTF is not mediated through an immunologically specific informational molecule, but is rather based on non-specific stimulation of the expression of the immune response.", "contents": "Studies on the chemical composition and biological properties of transfer factor. Dialyzable transfer factor (dTF) was fractionated on Sephadex G-10 and G-25 fine columns, and biological activity was found in 3 fractions. One of these, designated VIa, and having a tendency to adsorb to the Sephadex G-10 gel, was shown to have a therapeutic effect on certain immunological diseases. Analysis of this fraction on thin-layer and gas chromatography and with infrared and mass spectroscopy indicated that about half of this fraction was composed of uracil; additional unidentified heterocyclic and aromatic substances were present in this fraction. Adjacent fraction V contained tyrosine and a small polyribonucleotide, and fraction VII hypoxanthine and additional unidentified components. Our results suggest that the therapeutic activity of dTF is not mediated through an immunologically specific informational molecule, but is rather based on non-specific stimulation of the expression of the immune response.", "PMID": 602344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7636", "title": "[Secretory antibodies in saliva against group G streptococci (author's transl)].", "content": "Saliva of 310 persons were examined for their ability to agglutinate 33 streptococcal strains of the groups A-T. It was found that the saliva of persons with blood group O agglutinated significantly more often streptococci of strain G9 than the saliva of persons with blood group A (33.3%, and 18.75% resp., p less than 0.01). A statistical significant difference between persons of blood group B and O, or A and B did not exist. The agglutination reactions were caused probably by unspecific immunoglobulins because this strain G9 binds unspecifically human IgG. It is known, that some streptococcal strains of the groups A, B, C, D, and G contain receptors for the Fc-fragment of IgG and/or IgA. The results demonstrate that persons of the blood group O secrete more often immunoglobulin than those with blood group A.", "contents": "[Secretory antibodies in saliva against group G streptococci (author's transl)]. Saliva of 310 persons were examined for their ability to agglutinate 33 streptococcal strains of the groups A-T. It was found that the saliva of persons with blood group O agglutinated significantly more often streptococci of strain G9 than the saliva of persons with blood group A (33.3%, and 18.75% resp., p less than 0.01). A statistical significant difference between persons of blood group B and O, or A and B did not exist. The agglutination reactions were caused probably by unspecific immunoglobulins because this strain G9 binds unspecifically human IgG. It is known, that some streptococcal strains of the groups A, B, C, D, and G contain receptors for the Fc-fragment of IgG and/or IgA. The results demonstrate that persons of the blood group O secrete more often immunoglobulin than those with blood group A.", "PMID": 602345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7637", "title": "Studies on lymphocytotoxicity in acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, acute hepatitis B and rheumatoid arthritis as well as from normal controls was studied in a microcytotoxicity assay according to COHEN et al. using 125I-iododeoxyuridine labeled embryonal liver cells and Chang cells as target cells. Unfractionated lymphocytes of the peripheral blood from patients with chronic active hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis showed a high frequency of cytotoxic activity. The lymphocytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis was significantly increased in comparison to normal controls at the EC/TC of 10:1 and 100:1. Specificity of the cytotoxic reaction to target cells could not be demonstrated. Addition of autologous serum to the cytotoxic assay blocked the lymphocytotoxicity in patients with chronic active hepatitis. A weak potentiating effect on lymphocytotoxicity was observed in patients with hepatitis B after addition of autologous serum. It is discussed that this reaction is due to the presence of HB-antigen in the serum since addition of HB-antigen from other sources increased also the lymphocytotoxicity in hepatitis B patients. This effect was observed neither in HB-antigen positive nor in HB-antigen negative patients with chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatisis.", "contents": "Studies on lymphocytotoxicity in acute and chronic liver disease. The cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, acute hepatitis B and rheumatoid arthritis as well as from normal controls was studied in a microcytotoxicity assay according to COHEN et al. using 125I-iododeoxyuridine labeled embryonal liver cells and Chang cells as target cells. Unfractionated lymphocytes of the peripheral blood from patients with chronic active hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis showed a high frequency of cytotoxic activity. The lymphocytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis was significantly increased in comparison to normal controls at the EC/TC of 10:1 and 100:1. Specificity of the cytotoxic reaction to target cells could not be demonstrated. Addition of autologous serum to the cytotoxic assay blocked the lymphocytotoxicity in patients with chronic active hepatitis. A weak potentiating effect on lymphocytotoxicity was observed in patients with hepatitis B after addition of autologous serum. It is discussed that this reaction is due to the presence of HB-antigen in the serum since addition of HB-antigen from other sources increased also the lymphocytotoxicity in hepatitis B patients. This effect was observed neither in HB-antigen positive nor in HB-antigen negative patients with chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatisis.", "PMID": 602346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7638", "title": "Electron microscopic detection of the cryptantigen AhumHP (Friedenreich antigen) on human erythrocytes by means of gold-labelled agglutinin from Helix pomatia.", "content": "Using the gold-labelled agglutinin anti-AHP from Helix pomatia (edible snail) the ultrastructural site and distribution of the cryptantigen (Friedenreich antigen) AhumHP was revealed on neuraminidase treated human O and B erythrocytes. On A1 and A2 cells the antigen was demonstrated simultaneously with the blood group antigen A by labelling the cells with anti-AHP-ferritin followed by removing the neuraminic acid and labelling with anti-AHP-gold. The cryptantigen is focally distributed on the cell surface.", "contents": "Electron microscopic detection of the cryptantigen AhumHP (Friedenreich antigen) on human erythrocytes by means of gold-labelled agglutinin from Helix pomatia. Using the gold-labelled agglutinin anti-AHP from Helix pomatia (edible snail) the ultrastructural site and distribution of the cryptantigen (Friedenreich antigen) AhumHP was revealed on neuraminidase treated human O and B erythrocytes. On A1 and A2 cells the antigen was demonstrated simultaneously with the blood group antigen A by labelling the cells with anti-AHP-ferritin followed by removing the neuraminic acid and labelling with anti-AHP-gold. The cryptantigen is focally distributed on the cell surface.", "PMID": 602347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7639", "title": "[Relationship between haptoglobin types and group G streptococci (author's transl)].", "content": "A relationship was found between the haptoglobin types of human sera and the agglutinability of some strains of group G streptococci. Sera with the haptoglobin types Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 agglutinate these streptococci to high titers, from 1:200 up to more than 1:6400. On the other hand, the sera with haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 agglutinate not more than up to titers of 1:16 (mostly lower). Out of 102 strains of group G streptococci only 3 showed this characteristic phenomenon. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate whether the Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 proteins have antibody activity. Incubation of Hp 2-2 or Hp 2-1 sera with antihaptoglobin antisera or with anti-Hp 2-antiserum did not change the agglutinating activity but the haptoglobin was eliminated from the sera. Absorption of Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with these group G streptococci lowered the titers significantly but the haptoglobins are detectable as in the non-absorbed sera. Sera with haptoglobin 1-1 contain an inhibitor. Mixing of Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with high agglutinating titers with Hp 1-1 sera (low titers) was followed by a significant decrease of the titer.", "contents": "[Relationship between haptoglobin types and group G streptococci (author's transl)]. A relationship was found between the haptoglobin types of human sera and the agglutinability of some strains of group G streptococci. Sera with the haptoglobin types Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 agglutinate these streptococci to high titers, from 1:200 up to more than 1:6400. On the other hand, the sera with haptoglobin type Hp 1-1 agglutinate not more than up to titers of 1:16 (mostly lower). Out of 102 strains of group G streptococci only 3 showed this characteristic phenomenon. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate whether the Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 proteins have antibody activity. Incubation of Hp 2-2 or Hp 2-1 sera with antihaptoglobin antisera or with anti-Hp 2-antiserum did not change the agglutinating activity but the haptoglobin was eliminated from the sera. Absorption of Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with these group G streptococci lowered the titers significantly but the haptoglobins are detectable as in the non-absorbed sera. Sera with haptoglobin 1-1 contain an inhibitor. Mixing of Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with high agglutinating titers with Hp 1-1 sera (low titers) was followed by a significant decrease of the titer.", "PMID": 602348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7640", "title": "[Riskfactors and coronary morphology in 218 patients with myocardial infarction under 40 years of age (author's transl)].", "content": "With 218 postinfarction patients under 40 years of age who all underwent coronary angiography, the question in priority is: Can myocardial infarction in young age be characterized by special constellation of risk factors and by specific coronary morphology? Compared with results from literature the risk factors hypertension and diabetes seem to be of less importance than in older patients, smoking on the other hand seems to be more significant: 90.5% of postinfarction patients under 40 years of age were smoking regularly. Coronary angiography proved  a pre-domination of 1-vessel disease: 72% showed 1-vessel, 17.9% 2-vessel and 10.1% 3-vessel disease. These findings and those from literature show that the majority of patients with myocardial infarction in young age have the following characteristics: In connection with the risk factor smoking the sclerotic coronary vessel process is developing rapidly, very often at a single spot. Since no longterm gradual occlusion process occurs, no prolonged period of angina pectoris precedes the infarction. There is no time for the development of an adequate collateral circulation; it follows that the infarction is a large one. After the acute infarction there is no angina pectoris.", "contents": "[Riskfactors and coronary morphology in 218 patients with myocardial infarction under 40 years of age (author's transl)]. With 218 postinfarction patients under 40 years of age who all underwent coronary angiography, the question in priority is: Can myocardial infarction in young age be characterized by special constellation of risk factors and by specific coronary morphology? Compared with results from literature the risk factors hypertension and diabetes seem to be of less importance than in older patients, smoking on the other hand seems to be more significant: 90.5% of postinfarction patients under 40 years of age were smoking regularly. Coronary angiography proved  a pre-domination of 1-vessel disease: 72% showed 1-vessel, 17.9% 2-vessel and 10.1% 3-vessel disease. These findings and those from literature show that the majority of patients with myocardial infarction in young age have the following characteristics: In connection with the risk factor smoking the sclerotic coronary vessel process is developing rapidly, very often at a single spot. Since no longterm gradual occlusion process occurs, no prolonged period of angina pectoris precedes the infarction. There is no time for the development of an adequate collateral circulation; it follows that the infarction is a large one. After the acute infarction there is no angina pectoris.", "PMID": 602350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7641", "title": "[Contractile and relaxation reserve of the left ventricle. I. Normal left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The validation of parameters of left ventricular contractility at rest is pure. Therefore, the contractile function of the left ventricle was measured during exercise. The reserve in contractility and relaxation was obtained in a group of 13 patients with normal left ventricle (ergometer). The maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (max dP/dt) increased from 1721 +-378 to 4954 +- 1246 mmHg/s and the peak measured velocity of contractile elements (dP/dt/P) from 38 +- 9 to 76 +- 11 s-1 at a mean load of 112 +- 43 (+-SD) watts. The parameter of the isovolumic relaxation phase, the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure fall (min dP/dt) increased from 1862 +- 343 to 3128 +- 445 mmHg/s. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was unchanged. All patients reached at least 3200 mmHg/s (max dP/dt) 60 s-1 (dP/dt/P) and 2400 mmHg/s (min dP/dt). The difference between rest- and exercise values was at least 1800 mmHg/s (max dP/dt), 22 s-1 (dP/dt/P) and 1000 mmHg/s (min dP/dt).", "contents": "[Contractile and relaxation reserve of the left ventricle. I. Normal left ventricle (author's transl)]. The validation of parameters of left ventricular contractility at rest is pure. Therefore, the contractile function of the left ventricle was measured during exercise. The reserve in contractility and relaxation was obtained in a group of 13 patients with normal left ventricle (ergometer). The maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (max dP/dt) increased from 1721 +-378 to 4954 +- 1246 mmHg/s and the peak measured velocity of contractile elements (dP/dt/P) from 38 +- 9 to 76 +- 11 s-1 at a mean load of 112 +- 43 (+-SD) watts. The parameter of the isovolumic relaxation phase, the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure fall (min dP/dt) increased from 1862 +- 343 to 3128 +- 445 mmHg/s. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure was unchanged. All patients reached at least 3200 mmHg/s (max dP/dt) 60 s-1 (dP/dt/P) and 2400 mmHg/s (min dP/dt). The difference between rest- and exercise values was at least 1800 mmHg/s (max dP/dt), 22 s-1 (dP/dt/P) and 1000 mmHg/s (min dP/dt).", "PMID": 602351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7642", "title": "[Contractile and relaxation reserve of the left ventricle. II. Patients with rheumatic valvular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The function of the left ventricle is important for the success of surgery. To differentiate between normal and abnormal ventricular function, the contractile and relaxation reserve was measured. In 19 patients, 10 with mitral and 9 with aortic valve disease, max dP/dt and min dP/dt were measured at rest and during exercise (ergometer). Max dP/dt increased in 7 patients above 3200 mm Hg/s and dP/dt/P above 60 s-1 (normal contractile reserve). Only 3 of these patients reached a normal increment of relaxation velocity (min dP/dt above 2400 mm Hg/s). In 12 patients the contractile and relaxation reserve was decreased. All patients with mitral stenosis had abnormal relaxation reserve despite normal contractile function in 4 cases. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure did not correlate well with myocardial dysfunction. Isovolumic contractility during exercise was decreased in patients with aortic valve disease. Enddiastolic pressure increased from 18 +- 8 to 22 +- 14 mm Hg during exercise.", "contents": "[Contractile and relaxation reserve of the left ventricle. II. Patients with rheumatic valvular disease (author's transl)]. The function of the left ventricle is important for the success of surgery. To differentiate between normal and abnormal ventricular function, the contractile and relaxation reserve was measured. In 19 patients, 10 with mitral and 9 with aortic valve disease, max dP/dt and min dP/dt were measured at rest and during exercise (ergometer). Max dP/dt increased in 7 patients above 3200 mm Hg/s and dP/dt/P above 60 s-1 (normal contractile reserve). Only 3 of these patients reached a normal increment of relaxation velocity (min dP/dt above 2400 mm Hg/s). In 12 patients the contractile and relaxation reserve was decreased. All patients with mitral stenosis had abnormal relaxation reserve despite normal contractile function in 4 cases. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure did not correlate well with myocardial dysfunction. Isovolumic contractility during exercise was decreased in patients with aortic valve disease. Enddiastolic pressure increased from 18 +- 8 to 22 +- 14 mm Hg during exercise.", "PMID": 602352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7643", "title": "[Dihydralazin versus prazosin. The hemodynamic effect of the modul substances (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of dihydralazine and prazosin (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) on the circulatory system and left ventricular dynamics and contractility has been performed in 10 purebred beagle dogs (15.5 +- 1.4 kg) under pentobarbital sodium (35-40 mg/kg i.p.) anaesthesia by means of thermodilution and catheter technics. The changes of cardiovascular values were: 1. Either dihydralazine and prazosin decreased mean arterial blood pressure in the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. Following application of 1.0 mg/kg intravenously, the arterial pressure abruptly decreased after prazosin. 2. Both pharmaca caused tachycardia. Being slowly introduced but continued by dihydralazine, the increase of pulse rate after prazosin was only initial. 3. The cardiac dynamics were differently influenced by dihydralazine and prazosin. In the estimated dose range prazosin led to an increase of cardiac output directly after application while dihydralazine induced a gradual enhancing of cardiac output. 4. The stroke volume was decreased by prazosin and slightly increased by dihydralazine. 5. While distinctly decreasing initially after prazosin, peripheral total resistance was slowly reduced by dihydralazine. 6. The contractility of the left ventricle, estimated as dp/dtmax and VCE, showed a distinct increase of the myocardial inotropy after both compounds. The maximal effect after prazosin, however, was to be seen immediately post applicationem. Dihydralazine led to a deferred enhancing of the measured contractility parameter.", "contents": "[Dihydralazin versus prazosin. The hemodynamic effect of the modul substances (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic effects of dihydralazine and prazosin (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) on the circulatory system and left ventricular dynamics and contractility has been performed in 10 purebred beagle dogs (15.5 +- 1.4 kg) under pentobarbital sodium (35-40 mg/kg i.p.) anaesthesia by means of thermodilution and catheter technics. The changes of cardiovascular values were: 1. Either dihydralazine and prazosin decreased mean arterial blood pressure in the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. Following application of 1.0 mg/kg intravenously, the arterial pressure abruptly decreased after prazosin. 2. Both pharmaca caused tachycardia. Being slowly introduced but continued by dihydralazine, the increase of pulse rate after prazosin was only initial. 3. The cardiac dynamics were differently influenced by dihydralazine and prazosin. In the estimated dose range prazosin led to an increase of cardiac output directly after application while dihydralazine induced a gradual enhancing of cardiac output. 4. The stroke volume was decreased by prazosin and slightly increased by dihydralazine. 5. While distinctly decreasing initially after prazosin, peripheral total resistance was slowly reduced by dihydralazine. 6. The contractility of the left ventricle, estimated as dp/dtmax and VCE, showed a distinct increase of the myocardial inotropy after both compounds. The maximal effect after prazosin, however, was to be seen immediately post applicationem. Dihydralazine led to a deferred enhancing of the measured contractility parameter.", "PMID": 602353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7644", "title": "[Clinical value of multiple praecordial chest leads for evaluating the course of acute anterior myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Percordial ST-segment mapping using an improved 48-lead system was evaluated 2-to-3-hourly in 322 single measurements on 24 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Changes in the sum of ST-elevation (capital sigma ST) or in the number of leads with ST-elevation (NST) could be distinguished in two different phases: an initial rapid increase and decrease in capital sigmaST and NST was followed after 6 to 12 hours, by a more plateau-like course, which exhibited, especially in uncomplicated cases, only slight further changes. During the initial phase, marked differences in the maximal rate of decrease were observed for capital sigma ST and NST. In this phase, interpretation of therapeutical interventions using changes of capital sigma ST or NST as reference is therefore very critical. However, during the second plateau-like phase, extension of myocardial necroses is significantly associated with a new steep increase in capital sigma ST. Thus precordial mapping is suitable for rapid and sensitive detection of infarct extension in patients with anterior myocardial infarction. The development of pericarditis or bundle-branch block, which principally can disturb the evaluation of capital sigma ST and NST, occurred only sporadically in a few patients and therefore caused no major problems.", "contents": "[Clinical value of multiple praecordial chest leads for evaluating the course of acute anterior myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Percordial ST-segment mapping using an improved 48-lead system was evaluated 2-to-3-hourly in 322 single measurements on 24 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Changes in the sum of ST-elevation (capital sigma ST) or in the number of leads with ST-elevation (NST) could be distinguished in two different phases: an initial rapid increase and decrease in capital sigmaST and NST was followed after 6 to 12 hours, by a more plateau-like course, which exhibited, especially in uncomplicated cases, only slight further changes. During the initial phase, marked differences in the maximal rate of decrease were observed for capital sigma ST and NST. In this phase, interpretation of therapeutical interventions using changes of capital sigma ST or NST as reference is therefore very critical. However, during the second plateau-like phase, extension of myocardial necroses is significantly associated with a new steep increase in capital sigma ST. Thus precordial mapping is suitable for rapid and sensitive detection of infarct extension in patients with anterior myocardial infarction. The development of pericarditis or bundle-branch block, which principally can disturb the evaluation of capital sigma ST and NST, occurred only sporadically in a few patients and therefore caused no major problems.", "PMID": 602354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7645", "title": "[Percutaneous implantation of permanent pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "2 methods for the implantation of permanent pacemakers with percutaneous puncture of the subclavian vein are described. The first one was used in 44 patients with the aid of an introducing catheter-set Desilets-Hoffman consisting of guide-wire, inner Teflon dummy catheter and outer thin-walled sheath; through this a shoulder-less electrode catheter no. 8 could be inserted for permanent pacing. The other technique was applied to 20 patients and used thinner special electrodes no. 6F, which could be introduced directly through a plastic cannula inserted with a puncture-needle. The advantages are: diminished risk of infections, local anesthesia instead of general anesthesia, applicability by the cardiologist in the catheterization-laboratory or under a simple fluoroscopy-unit, short stay of patients in the hospital without transfers to other departments, few personnel (1 scrubbed doctor, 1 non-scrubbed nurse), recognition of venous anomalies (singular left superior caval vein) without useless incisions for the patient. Complications such as pneumothorax, puncture of the subclavian artery, and dislocations of the electrodes have also been encountered.", "contents": "[Percutaneous implantation of permanent pacemakers (author's transl)]. 2 methods for the implantation of permanent pacemakers with percutaneous puncture of the subclavian vein are described. The first one was used in 44 patients with the aid of an introducing catheter-set Desilets-Hoffman consisting of guide-wire, inner Teflon dummy catheter and outer thin-walled sheath; through this a shoulder-less electrode catheter no. 8 could be inserted for permanent pacing. The other technique was applied to 20 patients and used thinner special electrodes no. 6F, which could be introduced directly through a plastic cannula inserted with a puncture-needle. The advantages are: diminished risk of infections, local anesthesia instead of general anesthesia, applicability by the cardiologist in the catheterization-laboratory or under a simple fluoroscopy-unit, short stay of patients in the hospital without transfers to other departments, few personnel (1 scrubbed doctor, 1 non-scrubbed nurse), recognition of venous anomalies (singular left superior caval vein) without useless incisions for the patient. Complications such as pneumothorax, puncture of the subclavian artery, and dislocations of the electrodes have also been encountered.", "PMID": 602356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7646", "title": "[The so-called pacemaker twiddler's syndrome in pervenously implanted pacing systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight own cases of the so-called pacemaker twiddler's syndrome in pervenously implanted pacemaker-electrode-systems are reported. A scheme to classify that syndrome is proposed mentioning the grade of distinction and mechanism. Furthermore preconditions, therapy, and steps that will have been taken to prevent a pacemaker twiddler's syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[The so-called pacemaker twiddler's syndrome in pervenously implanted pacing systems (author's transl)]. Eight own cases of the so-called pacemaker twiddler's syndrome in pervenously implanted pacemaker-electrode-systems are reported. A scheme to classify that syndrome is proposed mentioning the grade of distinction and mechanism. Furthermore preconditions, therapy, and steps that will have been taken to prevent a pacemaker twiddler's syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 602357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7647", "title": "Interactions in vitro between sporozoites of Eimeria tenella and host peritoneal exudate cells: electron microscopal observations.", "content": "The interactions of sporozoites of Eimeria tenella with peritoneal cells from normal and from immunized chickens were examined in vitro. Although the uptake of sporozoites by cells from immunized birds was greater than by cells from susceptible birds, no differences were apparent in their appearance in electron micrographs. Entry into both macrophages and heterophils (comparable to mammalian neutrophils) was by phagocytosis. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions in vitro between sporozoites of Eimeria tenella and host peritoneal exudate cells: electron microscopal observations. The interactions of sporozoites of Eimeria tenella with peritoneal cells from normal and from immunized chickens were examined in vitro. Although the uptake of sporozoites by cells from immunized birds was greater than by cells from susceptible birds, no differences were apparent in their appearance in electron micrographs. Entry into both macrophages and heterophils (comparable to mammalian neutrophils) was by phagocytosis. The findings are discussed.", "PMID": 602366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7648", "title": "[Degeneration of the tongue of Boops [(Boops boops L., 1758) (Teleost, Sparidae)] parasitized by Meinertia oestroides (Risso, 1826) (Isopoda, Flabellifera, Cymothoidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "Host fishes (Boops boops) parasitized by the cymothoid isopod Meinertia oestroides show an atrophied tonuge: its length and its initial weight can decrease of about 50%. These morphological variations are connected with deep histological alterations, such as: A more or less important vanishing of epidermis. A disorganization of the connective tissue, by numerous invading blood cells. A total vanishing of cargilage and a partial vanishing of bone, resulting from the lysis of their own fundamental substance.", "contents": "[Degeneration of the tongue of Boops [(Boops boops L., 1758) (Teleost, Sparidae)] parasitized by Meinertia oestroides (Risso, 1826) (Isopoda, Flabellifera, Cymothoidae) (author's transl)]. Host fishes (Boops boops) parasitized by the cymothoid isopod Meinertia oestroides show an atrophied tonuge: its length and its initial weight can decrease of about 50%. These morphological variations are connected with deep histological alterations, such as: A more or less important vanishing of epidermis. A disorganization of the connective tissue, by numerous invading blood cells. A total vanishing of cargilage and a partial vanishing of bone, resulting from the lysis of their own fundamental substance.", "PMID": 602367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7649", "title": "The role of Chaetogaster limnaei in the dynamics of trematode transmission in natural populations of freshwater snails.", "content": "Chaetogaster limnaei, an oligochaete was always found infesting Bulinus (Phy.) globosus, B.(B.) forskalii and Lymnaea natalensis in Bo, Sierra Leone, living below the shell or embedded in the mucus of the foot. The worms had no preference for snails with trematode infection. The population was highest in the dry season when fewer snails were infected by trematodes. This is suggested to be a result of the protection the worms give to snails against invading miracidia.", "contents": "The role of Chaetogaster limnaei in the dynamics of trematode transmission in natural populations of freshwater snails. Chaetogaster limnaei, an oligochaete was always found infesting Bulinus (Phy.) globosus, B.(B.) forskalii and Lymnaea natalensis in Bo, Sierra Leone, living below the shell or embedded in the mucus of the foot. The worms had no preference for snails with trematode infection. The population was highest in the dry season when fewer snails were infected by trematodes. This is suggested to be a result of the protection the worms give to snails against invading miracidia.", "PMID": 602368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7650", "title": "Free amino acid composition of Opisthorchis pedicellata (Trematoda) from the gall-bladder of a fresh water fish, Rita rita (Ham.)", "content": "The paper chromatograms reveal the presence of 12 free amino acids, viz. leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, tyrosine, phenyl-alanine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid and lysine, in Opisthorchis pedicellata.", "contents": "Free amino acid composition of Opisthorchis pedicellata (Trematoda) from the gall-bladder of a fresh water fish, Rita rita (Ham.). The paper chromatograms reveal the presence of 12 free amino acids, viz. leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, tyrosine, phenyl-alanine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid and lysine, in Opisthorchis pedicellata.", "PMID": 602369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7651", "title": "Babesia bovis (argentina): observations of coagulation parameters, fibrinogen catabolism and fibrinolysis in intact and splenectomized cattle.", "content": "The results of this paper indicate that cattle infected with B. bovis (argentina) have a markedly altered and activated coagulation system. A degree of thrombin activation occurs due partly to release of thromboplastin-like substances from lysed erythrocytes but due primarily to activation of kallikrein by babesial proteases. This produces a hyperfibrinogenaemia, particularly in intact cattle, with soluble fibrin complexes constituting up to one-third of the total fibrinogen concentration. High molecular weight non-coagulable fibrinogen-like proteins are detected terminally but more so in splenectomized cattle. Plasminogen concentration decreases in splenectomized but not intact cattle while low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products are not easily detected. It is suggested that a hypercoagulable intermediate state with little or no fibrin deposition occurs rather than terminal disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Babesia bovis (argentina): observations of coagulation parameters, fibrinogen catabolism and fibrinolysis in intact and splenectomized cattle. The results of this paper indicate that cattle infected with B. bovis (argentina) have a markedly altered and activated coagulation system. A degree of thrombin activation occurs due partly to release of thromboplastin-like substances from lysed erythrocytes but due primarily to activation of kallikrein by babesial proteases. This produces a hyperfibrinogenaemia, particularly in intact cattle, with soluble fibrin complexes constituting up to one-third of the total fibrinogen concentration. High molecular weight non-coagulable fibrinogen-like proteins are detected terminally but more so in splenectomized cattle. Plasminogen concentration decreases in splenectomized but not intact cattle while low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products are not easily detected. It is suggested that a hypercoagulable intermediate state with little or no fibrin deposition occurs rather than terminal disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 602370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7652", "title": "[Scoliosis and spondylolisthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The coincidence of a scoliosis with a lumbosacral spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis has remained largely ignored in the German language literature. After a survey of the foreign literature the pathogenesis of various combination forms is discussed. Primarily with the aid of oblique X-rays of lumbar scoliosis a scheme of classification involving 7 categories is worked out. The two main categories comprise unstable spondylolisthetic scolioses with increasing abnormal posture and scoliotic spondylolistheses. In these cases a lumbar scoliosis probably induces an asymmetric spondylolysis. The scheme provides the basis for discussion of conservative and surgical treatment. Taking of a standing X-ray is indispensable as a preliminary measure with every lumbar scoliosis. Oblique X-rays of the lumbosacral section appear to be equally necessary at least once. Unilateral laminar sclerosis can be a valuable sign of contralateral one-sided spondylolyses, as can scoliotic E-forms of the spinal column as well. Spondylolisthetic \"scolioses\" should be fused in the lumbosacral section at an early stage to prevent secondary structural curvatures. Scoliotic spondylolyses-spondylolistheses at this level should on the other hand, only be fused in serious cases accompanied by pain and progression, supplementing dorsolumbar fusion of scoliosis. In any case, the lowest lumbar vertebra must only be fused in an almost straight position. The correction should also be carried out in the case of difficult spondylolisthetic scolioses prior to the lumbosacral dorsolateral fusion using the v. Lackum transsection cast if certain, above all neurologic, findings permit.", "contents": "[Scoliosis and spondylolisthesis (author's transl)]. The coincidence of a scoliosis with a lumbosacral spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis has remained largely ignored in the German language literature. After a survey of the foreign literature the pathogenesis of various combination forms is discussed. Primarily with the aid of oblique X-rays of lumbar scoliosis a scheme of classification involving 7 categories is worked out. The two main categories comprise unstable spondylolisthetic scolioses with increasing abnormal posture and scoliotic spondylolistheses. In these cases a lumbar scoliosis probably induces an asymmetric spondylolysis. The scheme provides the basis for discussion of conservative and surgical treatment. Taking of a standing X-ray is indispensable as a preliminary measure with every lumbar scoliosis. Oblique X-rays of the lumbosacral section appear to be equally necessary at least once. Unilateral laminar sclerosis can be a valuable sign of contralateral one-sided spondylolyses, as can scoliotic E-forms of the spinal column as well. Spondylolisthetic \"scolioses\" should be fused in the lumbosacral section at an early stage to prevent secondary structural curvatures. Scoliotic spondylolyses-spondylolistheses at this level should on the other hand, only be fused in serious cases accompanied by pain and progression, supplementing dorsolumbar fusion of scoliosis. In any case, the lowest lumbar vertebra must only be fused in an almost straight position. The correction should also be carried out in the case of difficult spondylolisthetic scolioses prior to the lumbosacral dorsolateral fusion using the v. Lackum transsection cast if certain, above all neurologic, findings permit.", "PMID": 602372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7653", "title": "[The improvement of pulmonary function after scoliosis treatment via Harrington's method (author's transl)].", "content": "53 spine fusions using Harrington's method were performed in adolescents (average age 14 years) between 1966 and 1972. Follow-up examination at early intervals showed that the values for pulmonary function, particularly the vital capacity, are lower one year after operation but then definitely increase in the following years. The percentual increase is not statistically significant. The evaluation must take into account, however, that the normal values for pulmonary function in these patients increase markedly because they become 4--5 cm taller on operation. Spine fusions using Harrington's method not only prevent deterioration of pulmonary function but also lead to its improvement. Further evaluations should be carried out to discover to what degree scoliotic patients are trainable without increasing the danger of pulmonary vascular obstruction.", "contents": "[The improvement of pulmonary function after scoliosis treatment via Harrington's method (author's transl)]. 53 spine fusions using Harrington's method were performed in adolescents (average age 14 years) between 1966 and 1972. Follow-up examination at early intervals showed that the values for pulmonary function, particularly the vital capacity, are lower one year after operation but then definitely increase in the following years. The percentual increase is not statistically significant. The evaluation must take into account, however, that the normal values for pulmonary function in these patients increase markedly because they become 4--5 cm taller on operation. Spine fusions using Harrington's method not only prevent deterioration of pulmonary function but also lead to its improvement. Further evaluations should be carried out to discover to what degree scoliotic patients are trainable without increasing the danger of pulmonary vascular obstruction.", "PMID": 602373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7654", "title": "[Notes on the indication of corrective osteotomy in Perthes' disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of surgical (corrective osteotomy) and conservative therapy (Thomas splint treatment) are compared in 88 patients suffering from Perthes' disease. It is attempted to show whether the age of the patients, the stage of disease, centric or excentric head of femur, Cattherall's stage or any risk factors influence the results. Statistics show that only young children profit from surgical treatment whereas it offers no advantage to children over six years of age. Among the young children only those with excentric head of femur, show significantly better results as opposed to conservative splint treatment. Surgery is otherwise only indicated when it is seen as an alternative to prolonged splint treatment.", "contents": "[Notes on the indication of corrective osteotomy in Perthes' disease (author's transl)]. The results of surgical (corrective osteotomy) and conservative therapy (Thomas splint treatment) are compared in 88 patients suffering from Perthes' disease. It is attempted to show whether the age of the patients, the stage of disease, centric or excentric head of femur, Cattherall's stage or any risk factors influence the results. Statistics show that only young children profit from surgical treatment whereas it offers no advantage to children over six years of age. Among the young children only those with excentric head of femur, show significantly better results as opposed to conservative splint treatment. Surgery is otherwise only indicated when it is seen as an alternative to prolonged splint treatment.", "PMID": 602374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7655", "title": "[Slipped capital femoral epiphyses in ten members of one family: probably autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten members of a family suffered from slipped capital femoral epiphyses (ECF), and two further descendants had coxarthrosis possibly following subclinical course of an ECF. This pedigree is suggestive for a dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. Besides a few families with more than two affected members, almost 95% of the cases in the literature occur sporadically, many of these probably representing phenocopies. In view of the recurrence risk (at least 5% in sporadic cases), genetic counseling of the parents of any patient is recommended. Since early onset of treatment improves the prognosis considerably, parents of an affected child should be informed to pay special attention to early symptoms in their younger children. Moreover, preventive radiological examinations may be indicated in families at a higher risk. For imminent ECF, bilateral epiphyseal spiking is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Slipped capital femoral epiphyses in ten members of one family: probably autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance (author's transl)]. Ten members of a family suffered from slipped capital femoral epiphyses (ECF), and two further descendants had coxarthrosis possibly following subclinical course of an ECF. This pedigree is suggestive for a dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. Besides a few families with more than two affected members, almost 95% of the cases in the literature occur sporadically, many of these probably representing phenocopies. In view of the recurrence risk (at least 5% in sporadic cases), genetic counseling of the parents of any patient is recommended. Since early onset of treatment improves the prognosis considerably, parents of an affected child should be informed to pay special attention to early symptoms in their younger children. Moreover, preventive radiological examinations may be indicated in families at a higher risk. For imminent ECF, bilateral epiphyseal spiking is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 602375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7656", "title": "[Should osteotomy after Imh\u00e4user be performed immediately or only following setting and healing of epiphysiolysis of the head of the femur? (author's transl)].", "content": "In slipping of the femoral epiphysis, operative treatment is necessary when slipping exceeds an amount of 30--40 degrees. Therapeutically, the three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy, as performed by Imh\u00e4user since 1950, has shown good results. According to a follow-up study of 130 cases, it seems to be advantageous first to carry out a fixation of the epiphysis. An intertrochanteric osteotomy should be carried out as a second step (usually after 6 to 12 months), as in the meantime an increase in range of motion can be obtained.", "contents": "[Should osteotomy after Imh\u00e4user be performed immediately or only following setting and healing of epiphysiolysis of the head of the femur? (author's transl)]. In slipping of the femoral epiphysis, operative treatment is necessary when slipping exceeds an amount of 30--40 degrees. Therapeutically, the three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy, as performed by Imh\u00e4user since 1950, has shown good results. According to a follow-up study of 130 cases, it seems to be advantageous first to carry out a fixation of the epiphysis. An intertrochanteric osteotomy should be carried out as a second step (usually after 6 to 12 months), as in the meantime an increase in range of motion can be obtained.", "PMID": 602376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7657", "title": "[Epiphysiolysis of the inferior portion of the tibia and fibula (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on an analysis of the authors own patients and observations presented by Suessenbach and Weber, a new, enlarged classification of injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage of the ankle joint was presented which makes it possible to compare the anatomic and functional results of therapy. According to our analysis, the age of the patient seems to be significnat for the success of treatment.", "contents": "[Epiphysiolysis of the inferior portion of the tibia and fibula (author's transl)]. Based on an analysis of the authors own patients and observations presented by Suessenbach and Weber, a new, enlarged classification of injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage of the ankle joint was presented which makes it possible to compare the anatomic and functional results of therapy. According to our analysis, the age of the patient seems to be significnat for the success of treatment.", "PMID": 602377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7658", "title": "[Injuries to the locomotor apparatus of young people in competitive alpine sports (author's transl)].", "content": "139 school children were examined for pre-existent support and locomotor system disorders brought about by athletic damage and injury results. A great deal of the positive clinical findings consisted of juvenile kyphosis in 44% of all cases and posttraumatic damage was found in one third. Nextly insertionstendinopathy with apophysis disorders and aseptic necrosis were also noticed. Particular physiological and biomechanical perculiarities of the support and locomotor system tissues will be specially and generally demonstrated. The mutual effect of age and stress factors are indicated. An orthopaedical qualified examination and follow-up examinations are for legal, preventive and therapeutic reasons indispensable.", "contents": "[Injuries to the locomotor apparatus of young people in competitive alpine sports (author's transl)]. 139 school children were examined for pre-existent support and locomotor system disorders brought about by athletic damage and injury results. A great deal of the positive clinical findings consisted of juvenile kyphosis in 44% of all cases and posttraumatic damage was found in one third. Nextly insertionstendinopathy with apophysis disorders and aseptic necrosis were also noticed. Particular physiological and biomechanical perculiarities of the support and locomotor system tissues will be specially and generally demonstrated. The mutual effect of age and stress factors are indicated. An orthopaedical qualified examination and follow-up examinations are for legal, preventive and therapeutic reasons indispensable.", "PMID": 602378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7659", "title": "[Long-term results of operation for congenital muscular torticollis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tenotomie of the sternocleidomastoid muscle seems to be an operation without complications. This impression is confirmed by the majority of reports, most of which however deal with early follow-up results. The basis of this paper is a follow-up of 100 patients, 37 years postoperatively and a review of the literature. There were several avoidable inter- and postoperative complications. Unadequate treatment was one reason for poor results. Good alternative to the cast postoperatively were offered by physiotherapy or the Schanz cotton wool bandage. The use of a cast was followed in a few cases by reversible plexus damage and decubitus ulcers of the head. On the whole the longterm results after torticollis operations were good. Scars and slight recurrence did not disturb the patients seriously. There was no correlation between age at operation and asymmetry of the face.", "contents": "[Long-term results of operation for congenital muscular torticollis (author's transl)]. Tenotomie of the sternocleidomastoid muscle seems to be an operation without complications. This impression is confirmed by the majority of reports, most of which however deal with early follow-up results. The basis of this paper is a follow-up of 100 patients, 37 years postoperatively and a review of the literature. There were several avoidable inter- and postoperative complications. Unadequate treatment was one reason for poor results. Good alternative to the cast postoperatively were offered by physiotherapy or the Schanz cotton wool bandage. The use of a cast was followed in a few cases by reversible plexus damage and decubitus ulcers of the head. On the whole the longterm results after torticollis operations were good. Scars and slight recurrence did not disturb the patients seriously. There was no correlation between age at operation and asymmetry of the face.", "PMID": 602379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7660", "title": "[Personality tests done by the \"Freiburg Personality Inventory\" on patients after leg amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "47 patients after leg amputation were investigated by the \"Freiburg Personality Inventory\" (FPI). Results showed that the personality structure of these patients corresponds to that of the normal population.", "contents": "[Personality tests done by the \"Freiburg Personality Inventory\" on patients after leg amputation (author's transl)]. 47 patients after leg amputation were investigated by the \"Freiburg Personality Inventory\" (FPI). Results showed that the personality structure of these patients corresponds to that of the normal population.", "PMID": 602380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7661", "title": "[Operative treatment of hallux valgus with varus of the first metatarsal (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of hallux valgus tendon transfer combined with wedge osteotomy of metatarsus I yields good results. Considering the experience of 36 operated feet in 25 patients the operation can be recommended especially for young patients. An exact technique helps to avoid complications such as hallux varus and delayed ossification of the osteotomy.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of hallux valgus with varus of the first metatarsal (author's transl)]. In cases of hallux valgus tendon transfer combined with wedge osteotomy of metatarsus I yields good results. Considering the experience of 36 operated feet in 25 patients the operation can be recommended especially for young patients. An exact technique helps to avoid complications such as hallux varus and delayed ossification of the osteotomy.", "PMID": 602381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7662", "title": "[Basic biomechanics of \"stress-correction\" by osteotomies in the region of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "A recent suggestion by Izadpanah and Ke\u00f6nch-Frakn\u00f3y (1977) for the correction of the stressing of the knee-joint, is an epiarticular transpositary osteotomy with either a medial or lateral displacement of the condyle block, thus causing neither valgisation nor varisation. With the aid of compression tests on specimens and a photoelastic test, the authors try to prove the effect of this osteotomy. The tests give a false positive result. The submitted investigation deals with basics of correction osteotomies at the knee-joint. It shows that the effect of Izadpanah and Ke\u00f6nch-Frakn\u00f3y osteotomy is essentially slighter that the authors think and that furthermore, Maquet's subarticular rotation osteotomy is so far the best method available for centralisation of the force resultant in the joint.", "contents": "[Basic biomechanics of \"stress-correction\" by osteotomies in the region of the knee joint (author's transl)]. A recent suggestion by Izadpanah and Ke\u00f6nch-Frakn\u00f3y (1977) for the correction of the stressing of the knee-joint, is an epiarticular transpositary osteotomy with either a medial or lateral displacement of the condyle block, thus causing neither valgisation nor varisation. With the aid of compression tests on specimens and a photoelastic test, the authors try to prove the effect of this osteotomy. The tests give a false positive result. The submitted investigation deals with basics of correction osteotomies at the knee-joint. It shows that the effect of Izadpanah and Ke\u00f6nch-Frakn\u00f3y osteotomy is essentially slighter that the authors think and that furthermore, Maquet's subarticular rotation osteotomy is so far the best method available for centralisation of the force resultant in the joint.", "PMID": 602382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7663", "title": "[Pressure distribution under the human footsole: qualitative and quantitative results (author's transl)].", "content": "Results obtained with an already described device (Beierlein 1977) are presented. 16 subjects (4 with \"normal feet\", 4 with pes valgus and flat-foot, 4 with splay foot and 4 with combined flat- and splay foot) were taken for the following investigations of pressure distribution under the human footsole: Standing subjects: 1. Standing on two feet, barefoot with fixed upright posture; 2. dynamic unrolling of the bare-footed human footsole with constant walking speed. Examples of coloured isobares of the pressure distribution of a \"normal foot\" and splay-flatfoot are presented. Further the results of a hollow foot are described. The measured pressures vary between 4.9 and 78.5 N/cm2 (= 0.5 and 8 kp/cm2). Examples of interpretations are given to stimulate orthopedic surgeons to use the created measuring technique for definition and diagnosis of foot deformities.", "contents": "[Pressure distribution under the human footsole: qualitative and quantitative results (author's transl)]. Results obtained with an already described device (Beierlein 1977) are presented. 16 subjects (4 with \"normal feet\", 4 with pes valgus and flat-foot, 4 with splay foot and 4 with combined flat- and splay foot) were taken for the following investigations of pressure distribution under the human footsole: Standing subjects: 1. Standing on two feet, barefoot with fixed upright posture; 2. dynamic unrolling of the bare-footed human footsole with constant walking speed. Examples of coloured isobares of the pressure distribution of a \"normal foot\" and splay-flatfoot are presented. Further the results of a hollow foot are described. The measured pressures vary between 4.9 and 78.5 N/cm2 (= 0.5 and 8 kp/cm2). Examples of interpretations are given to stimulate orthopedic surgeons to use the created measuring technique for definition and diagnosis of foot deformities.", "PMID": 602383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7664", "title": "[Biomechanical considerations on stress and strain of the anchorage of femoral prostheses stems (author's transl)].", "content": "The nature of load and stress on implanted femoral prostheses is shown by simplified models. Bending stress is responsible for loosening and fracture of prosthesis stems. Implantation in valgus position diminishes the possibility of failure. Investigations on materials and the strength of form could clear up different influences and shall lead to allbountiful criterions and test-methods.", "contents": "[Biomechanical considerations on stress and strain of the anchorage of femoral prostheses stems (author's transl)]. The nature of load and stress on implanted femoral prostheses is shown by simplified models. Bending stress is responsible for loosening and fracture of prosthesis stems. Implantation in valgus position diminishes the possibility of failure. Investigations on materials and the strength of form could clear up different influences and shall lead to allbountiful criterions and test-methods.", "PMID": 602384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7665", "title": "[Biomechanical tests of various operative techniques for recurrent inferior radioulnar dislocation (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the great number of operative techniques for stabilization of the distal end of the ulna by grafts in recurrent inferior radioulnar dislocation 6 different methods were tested biomechanically and compared among each other. Those techniques which permit successful treatment of the dislocation are pointed out.", "contents": "[Biomechanical tests of various operative techniques for recurrent inferior radioulnar dislocation (author's transl)]. Among the great number of operative techniques for stabilization of the distal end of the ulna by grafts in recurrent inferior radioulnar dislocation 6 different methods were tested biomechanically and compared among each other. Those techniques which permit successful treatment of the dislocation are pointed out.", "PMID": 602385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7666", "title": "[Programmed correction osteotomy by technical means with arched cut (author's transl)].", "content": "The programmed correction osteotomy is a possibility to correct defective positions of long bones with a determinable exactness by a technical appliance of operation. The appliance, resting on the bone, is leading the saw during the section. The cut surface is arcuate. By this technique it is possible to correct in a raised degree of exactness defective positions of bones in three dimensions with only two sections and without radiological checks or measurements. The programmed correction osteotomy and her stage of development up to now are described.", "contents": "[Programmed correction osteotomy by technical means with arched cut (author's transl)]. The programmed correction osteotomy is a possibility to correct defective positions of long bones with a determinable exactness by a technical appliance of operation. The appliance, resting on the bone, is leading the saw during the section. The cut surface is arcuate. By this technique it is possible to correct in a raised degree of exactness defective positions of bones in three dimensions with only two sections and without radiological checks or measurements. The programmed correction osteotomy and her stage of development up to now are described.", "PMID": 602386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7667", "title": "[Medical opinion in hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine often cause controversies in medical opinions. 113 cases of medical opinions about hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine are analysed. Most of the patients only had non severe distorsions. In many cases it was difficult to get opinion because of missing objective symptoms and degenerative signs.", "contents": "[Medical opinion in hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. Hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine often cause controversies in medical opinions. 113 cases of medical opinions about hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine are analysed. Most of the patients only had non severe distorsions. In many cases it was difficult to get opinion because of missing objective symptoms and degenerative signs.", "PMID": 602387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7668", "title": "[Synovial hemangioma of the knee-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "In monoarticular diseases of the knee-joint of children, especially in case of a blood-stained joint effusion, a synovial hemangioma has to be considered. The histological examination of an ample biopsy specimen can prove the diagnosis. A radical synovectomy carried out as early as possible results in healing of the lesion without recurrence.", "contents": "[Synovial hemangioma of the knee-joint (author's transl)]. In monoarticular diseases of the knee-joint of children, especially in case of a blood-stained joint effusion, a synovial hemangioma has to be considered. The histological examination of an ample biopsy specimen can prove the diagnosis. A radical synovectomy carried out as early as possible results in healing of the lesion without recurrence.", "PMID": 602388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7669", "title": "[Desmoplastic fibroma of the sacrum (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of desmoplastic fibroma at a site not published before, the sacrum. Description of technique of operation. Discussion of special features, recurrences and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Desmoplastic fibroma of the sacrum (author's transl)]. A case of desmoplastic fibroma at a site not published before, the sacrum. Description of technique of operation. Discussion of special features, recurrences and differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 602389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7670", "title": "[Gas-chromatographic-mass-spectral analysis of aroma-compounds of bread (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of aroma compounds of whithe bread by means of a combined gas-chromatographic-mass-spectral method was carried out. 29 organic compounds were identified, 20 of which were reported for the first time in bread aroma. These for the first time reported compounds are: 1, 1-diethoxyisopentane, 2-phenylethylformiate, n-butylformate, 2-isooctenal, 2-octenone-4, sec. nonanol, nonanol-1, 2-nonanone-4, 2-decenone-4, 2-decenone-5, 1-dodecenone-3, 2-dodecenone-4, 2-dodecenone-5, dodecanol, octylacetate, ethylbenzoate, nitrobenzene, pentadecanone-2, heptadecanone-2, tridecadience.", "contents": "[Gas-chromatographic-mass-spectral analysis of aroma-compounds of bread (author's transl)]. Analysis of aroma compounds of whithe bread by means of a combined gas-chromatographic-mass-spectral method was carried out. 29 organic compounds were identified, 20 of which were reported for the first time in bread aroma. These for the first time reported compounds are: 1, 1-diethoxyisopentane, 2-phenylethylformiate, n-butylformate, 2-isooctenal, 2-octenone-4, sec. nonanol, nonanol-1, 2-nonanone-4, 2-decenone-4, 2-decenone-5, 1-dodecenone-3, 2-dodecenone-4, 2-dodecenone-5, dodecanol, octylacetate, ethylbenzoate, nitrobenzene, pentadecanone-2, heptadecanone-2, tridecadience.", "PMID": 602439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7671", "title": "[Investigations on the molecular weight distribution of wheat glutenin subunits (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative investigations on the molecular weight distribution of the reduced glutenins from untreated and petroleum ether resp. chloroform-methanol defatted wheat flour by means of SDS-PAGE have shown that the molecular weight distribution and the intensity ratios of the electrophoretic bands are strongly influenced by the removal of lipids. It could be shown that defatting of flour causes a decrease in the yield of high molecular components in the course of AUC-extraction. The examination of a glutenin prepared by extraction under reducing conditions (0, 2 percent NaHSO3 in 60 percent propanol-2) has revealed that there is evidence for the participation of gliadin-like subunits in the glutenin structure.", "contents": "[Investigations on the molecular weight distribution of wheat glutenin subunits (author's transl)]. Comparative investigations on the molecular weight distribution of the reduced glutenins from untreated and petroleum ether resp. chloroform-methanol defatted wheat flour by means of SDS-PAGE have shown that the molecular weight distribution and the intensity ratios of the electrophoretic bands are strongly influenced by the removal of lipids. It could be shown that defatting of flour causes a decrease in the yield of high molecular components in the course of AUC-extraction. The examination of a glutenin prepared by extraction under reducing conditions (0, 2 percent NaHSO3 in 60 percent propanol-2) has revealed that there is evidence for the participation of gliadin-like subunits in the glutenin structure.", "PMID": 602440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7672", "title": "[A quantitative micromethod for the caffeine determination (author's transl)].", "content": "A combined procedure with thin-layer-chromatography and densitometry is described for the quantitative estimation of caffeine in biological material. This method is applicable in the nanogram range. Test samples of less than 100 microliter may be used. The samples (capillary-blood) are extracted with the same volume of chloroform. Caffeine is separated from interfering compounds by thinlayer-chromatography. Commercial silica-60-plates with chloroform/acetone (9+1; v/v) as solvent are used. The running time is about 30 min. The quantitative densitometric determinations are performed in the remission mode at 273 nm. In the range from 10 to 60 ng/spot the calibration curve is linear. Accurate quantitative data will be obtained even at concentrations of 1 mg/l caffeine. The detection limit is at about 0.1 mg/l.", "contents": "[A quantitative micromethod for the caffeine determination (author's transl)]. A combined procedure with thin-layer-chromatography and densitometry is described for the quantitative estimation of caffeine in biological material. This method is applicable in the nanogram range. Test samples of less than 100 microliter may be used. The samples (capillary-blood) are extracted with the same volume of chloroform. Caffeine is separated from interfering compounds by thinlayer-chromatography. Commercial silica-60-plates with chloroform/acetone (9+1; v/v) as solvent are used. The running time is about 30 min. The quantitative densitometric determinations are performed in the remission mode at 273 nm. In the range from 10 to 60 ng/spot the calibration curve is linear. Accurate quantitative data will be obtained even at concentrations of 1 mg/l caffeine. The detection limit is at about 0.1 mg/l.", "PMID": 602441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7673", "title": "[Contributions to mechanical dishwashing. III. Dynamics of removal of protein residue from glass surfaces (author's transl)].", "content": "Using tracer technique the removal of protein soil--dried casein resp. skin milk--from glass plates by mechanical dishwashing was investigated. Prerinsing for 2 min with cold tap water removes 91.25 percent of the quantity of casein originally present. When this prerinse is followed by 20 min main wash, the residual casein can be removed if at least 30g of detergent has been added to 131 water. Optimum inter-relation-ships of quantity of detergent added with time and temperature of the washing and rinse cycles are given. Dry protein residues from skim milk are more easily removed than casein residues, probably because the salts and lactose dried together with the proteins facilitate the cleaning.", "contents": "[Contributions to mechanical dishwashing. III. Dynamics of removal of protein residue from glass surfaces (author's transl)]. Using tracer technique the removal of protein soil--dried casein resp. skin milk--from glass plates by mechanical dishwashing was investigated. Prerinsing for 2 min with cold tap water removes 91.25 percent of the quantity of casein originally present. When this prerinse is followed by 20 min main wash, the residual casein can be removed if at least 30g of detergent has been added to 131 water. Optimum inter-relation-ships of quantity of detergent added with time and temperature of the washing and rinse cycles are given. Dry protein residues from skim milk are more easily removed than casein residues, probably because the salts and lactose dried together with the proteins facilitate the cleaning.", "PMID": 602442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7674", "title": "Influence of post mortem changes on experimental safety belt injuries.", "content": "Belt protected car occupants involved on head-on collisions do not seem to suffer as severe injuries as unembalmed cadavers subjected to comparable simulated head-on collisions. Therefore it has been questioned if cadavers constitute adequate test specimens for study of thoracic tolerances. This investigation compares injuries in safety belt wearing living and dead pigs which have been subjected to simulated head-on collisions on an acceleration tract. Tests were performed on all 20 pigs (10 living and 10 dead). The arterial side of the circulatory system of the dead pigs was infused. The force in the safety belts, the intraaortic pressure, the impact velocity and the deceleration of the sled were recorded. The tests were high speed filmed. Post mortem examination of the pigs revealed differences in injury severity. Dead pigs more easily suffered rib fractures. Deformation of the rib cage due to stripping of the periosteum and laceration of surrounding tissue occurred mainly in the dead pigs. Laceration of intrathoracic blood vessels was seen in dead pigs while isolated heart lesions were seen only in living animals. The main cause of these differences in tolerance level seems to be post mortem changes of the mechanical properties of the different tissues. The results are valid for pigs but indicate that great care has to be exercised when results obtained from cadaver experiments are evaluated concerning thoracic tolerance.", "contents": "Influence of post mortem changes on experimental safety belt injuries. Belt protected car occupants involved on head-on collisions do not seem to suffer as severe injuries as unembalmed cadavers subjected to comparable simulated head-on collisions. Therefore it has been questioned if cadavers constitute adequate test specimens for study of thoracic tolerances. This investigation compares injuries in safety belt wearing living and dead pigs which have been subjected to simulated head-on collisions on an acceleration tract. Tests were performed on all 20 pigs (10 living and 10 dead). The arterial side of the circulatory system of the dead pigs was infused. The force in the safety belts, the intraaortic pressure, the impact velocity and the deceleration of the sled were recorded. The tests were high speed filmed. Post mortem examination of the pigs revealed differences in injury severity. Dead pigs more easily suffered rib fractures. Deformation of the rib cage due to stripping of the periosteum and laceration of surrounding tissue occurred mainly in the dead pigs. Laceration of intrathoracic blood vessels was seen in dead pigs while isolated heart lesions were seen only in living animals. The main cause of these differences in tolerance level seems to be post mortem changes of the mechanical properties of the different tissues. The results are valid for pigs but indicate that great care has to be exercised when results obtained from cadaver experiments are evaluated concerning thoracic tolerance.", "PMID": 602445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7675", "title": "[Improved skull identification using the superprojection technique with the help of a video-tape system (author's transl)].", "content": "The photographic identification of a skull through the well-known superprojection technique can be modified and decisively improved by the use of a video-tape system. The identification method based on electronic photo composition is methodically simple to use. It offers the examiner the possibility to recognize the relationship between bone and soft part proportions, and the structure of the bone surface and the details of the soft part shape, as a concrete, tangible characteristic of identity to a substantially greater extent. The large number of controllable characteristics inherent in the ihgh degree of individuality of the skull offers not just an either/or \"The skull fits\"/ \"It does not fit\" into a photograph, but achieves proof of disproof of identity.", "contents": "[Improved skull identification using the superprojection technique with the help of a video-tape system (author's transl)]. The photographic identification of a skull through the well-known superprojection technique can be modified and decisively improved by the use of a video-tape system. The identification method based on electronic photo composition is methodically simple to use. It offers the examiner the possibility to recognize the relationship between bone and soft part proportions, and the structure of the bone surface and the details of the soft part shape, as a concrete, tangible characteristic of identity to a substantially greater extent. The large number of controllable characteristics inherent in the ihgh degree of individuality of the skull offers not just an either/or \"The skull fits\"/ \"It does not fit\" into a photograph, but achieves proof of disproof of identity.", "PMID": 602446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7676", "title": "[Skull identification by means of superprojection using the electronic photo-composition technique, modified to the animated picture-difference procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "Skull identification by electronic photo-composition can, with the help of a video-animation compositor, be further developed beyond the pure superprojection technique into an animated picture difference image. The employment of this combined technique to be recommended on account of the improved possibilities of control to be realized in the congruity of the superprojection composite picture.", "contents": "[Skull identification by means of superprojection using the electronic photo-composition technique, modified to the animated picture-difference procedure (author's transl)]. Skull identification by electronic photo-composition can, with the help of a video-animation compositor, be further developed beyond the pure superprojection technique into an animated picture difference image. The employment of this combined technique to be recommended on account of the improved possibilities of control to be realized in the congruity of the superprojection composite picture.", "PMID": 602447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7677", "title": "Immunochemical studies on blood group A substance from human hair.", "content": "Blood group A-active substance was extracted from urea-treated human hair uith methanol-ethyl ether 1:1, v/v) or chloroform-methanol (1:1, v/v). The serological activity of blood group A substance in the hair was destroyed by A-decomposing enzyme from Clostridium tertium with concomitant development of blood group H activity. It is concluded therefore that the extract from the hair of group A contained blood group A-active glycolipid with N-acetylgalactosamine as the non-reducing sugar.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on blood group A substance from human hair. Blood group A-active substance was extracted from urea-treated human hair uith methanol-ethyl ether 1:1, v/v) or chloroform-methanol (1:1, v/v). The serological activity of blood group A substance in the hair was destroyed by A-decomposing enzyme from Clostridium tertium with concomitant development of blood group H activity. It is concluded therefore that the extract from the hair of group A contained blood group A-active glycolipid with N-acetylgalactosamine as the non-reducing sugar.", "PMID": 602448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7678", "title": "[Derivatisation methods in gas chromatographic analysis. application in the toxicological field (author's transl)].", "content": "Derivatisation methods are described, which can be used in gas chromatography of drugs in the forensic toxicological usage. Especially acetylation, silylation and methylation can be performed quite simply and fast. Several procedures for these reactions are compliled from the literature.", "contents": "[Derivatisation methods in gas chromatographic analysis. application in the toxicological field (author's transl)]. Derivatisation methods are described, which can be used in gas chromatography of drugs in the forensic toxicological usage. Especially acetylation, silylation and methylation can be performed quite simply and fast. Several procedures for these reactions are compliled from the literature.", "PMID": 602449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7679", "title": "On the possibilities of the application of scanning electron microscopy in the forensic medicine.", "content": "The aim of the paper is to provide pertinent, information about scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with a detailed survey on the great possibilities of SEM which is becoming increasingly important in research and practical work of forensic medicine. The electronoptical characteristics of the method are discussed and the basic preparation methods to be selected are described. The areas of forensic medicine where these methods have already been used, as well as the results obtained, are briefly surveyed. The present state of affairs as well as personal experiences with hairs, bones, muscle and skin are described in detail. The experience with the critical point drying method is described. This method according to the reviewers, is very useful for work with hairs, bones, nails and sometimes with skin although the preparation may result in secondary destructions of the tissues of high water content to such an extent that the evaluation will be interfered with or becomes impossible. Further possibilities of these perspectivic methods are under research. The discussion of the physiological data is preceded by a historical description of the SEM and TEM systems and the basic principles of its function, which should facilitate reading of the text.", "contents": "On the possibilities of the application of scanning electron microscopy in the forensic medicine. The aim of the paper is to provide pertinent, information about scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with a detailed survey on the great possibilities of SEM which is becoming increasingly important in research and practical work of forensic medicine. The electronoptical characteristics of the method are discussed and the basic preparation methods to be selected are described. The areas of forensic medicine where these methods have already been used, as well as the results obtained, are briefly surveyed. The present state of affairs as well as personal experiences with hairs, bones, muscle and skin are described in detail. The experience with the critical point drying method is described. This method according to the reviewers, is very useful for work with hairs, bones, nails and sometimes with skin although the preparation may result in secondary destructions of the tissues of high water content to such an extent that the evaluation will be interfered with or becomes impossible. Further possibilities of these perspectivic methods are under research. The discussion of the physiological data is preceded by a historical description of the SEM and TEM systems and the basic principles of its function, which should facilitate reading of the text.", "PMID": 602450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7680", "title": "[A computer-tomographical examination of cranial bullet wounds (author's transl)].", "content": "The report covers the computer-tomographical examination of six patients with acute cranial bullet injuries and fifteen patients suffering from the sequels of such injuries. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of this method of examination in the case of acute injuries is described. The extent of cerebral defects in the case of sequels can be documented during this process by means of x-ray. The computer-tomography therefore offers an objective basis for the assessment of this type of sequela.", "contents": "[A computer-tomographical examination of cranial bullet wounds (author's transl)]. The report covers the computer-tomographical examination of six patients with acute cranial bullet injuries and fifteen patients suffering from the sequels of such injuries. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of this method of examination in the case of acute injuries is described. The extent of cerebral defects in the case of sequels can be documented during this process by means of x-ray. The computer-tomography therefore offers an objective basis for the assessment of this type of sequela.", "PMID": 602451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7681", "title": "[A possibility for identification of the knife's edge in stab wounds (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known from forensic-medical practice that the wound track of stab wounds reflects the form and dimensions of the knife's edge, when there are no supplementary cuts. If the wound channel passes through compact organs (liver, kidney, spleen, etc) it can be exposed for direct observation by removing one of its sides which allows observation of the approximate form and dimensions of the knife's edge. It enables eliminatione of those weapons which do not fit. A case of homicide is described with 9 stab wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method was successfully used. A case of an adult man's murder is described with 9 puncture wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method was successfully used. A case of an adult man's murder is described with 9 puncture wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method has been successfully applied.", "contents": "[A possibility for identification of the knife's edge in stab wounds (author's transl)]. It is known from forensic-medical practice that the wound track of stab wounds reflects the form and dimensions of the knife's edge, when there are no supplementary cuts. If the wound channel passes through compact organs (liver, kidney, spleen, etc) it can be exposed for direct observation by removing one of its sides which allows observation of the approximate form and dimensions of the knife's edge. It enables eliminatione of those weapons which do not fit. A case of homicide is described with 9 stab wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method was successfully used. A case of an adult man's murder is described with 9 puncture wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method was successfully used. A case of an adult man's murder is described with 9 puncture wounds, one of which penetrating the liver, where the above described method has been successfully applied.", "PMID": 602452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7682", "title": "[Significance of prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis].", "content": "It is reported on the importance of the prostate biopsy for the limitation of the prostate neurosis and the real chronic prostatitis. In own patients the tentative diagnosis \"chronic prostatitis\" could be proved histologically in only 8 out of 30 cases. We think the biopsy necessary in cases of chronic recurrent prostatitis, because the therapy depends extremely on the exact diagnosis and the complicating quota is relatively small in the prostate biopsy.", "contents": "[Significance of prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis]. It is reported on the importance of the prostate biopsy for the limitation of the prostate neurosis and the real chronic prostatitis. In own patients the tentative diagnosis \"chronic prostatitis\" could be proved histologically in only 8 out of 30 cases. We think the biopsy necessary in cases of chronic recurrent prostatitis, because the therapy depends extremely on the exact diagnosis and the complicating quota is relatively small in the prostate biopsy.", "PMID": 602456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7683", "title": "[Chronic prostatitis and Bechterew's disease].", "content": "A group of patients between 35 and 65 years old with chronic prostatitis were examined for the presence of Becherew's disease. In this connection the New York and Roman criterions for morbus Bechterew were applied. There were found one ankyosing spondylarthritis, one ankylosis of the sacroiliac joint, and 11 times a tentative sacroileitis were stated. Altogether the proved and tentative findings were only 3.68 per cent of all examinations. In our countries the morbus Bechterew is found in 0,21 per cent of the normal population. So the protion of the Bechterew's disease in patients with chronic prostatitis is indeed a little higher than average, but not so frequent as often pretended in recent times. After a second series 58 patients being treated because of Bechterew's disease of different stages and different terms were examined for the possibility of a simultaneously elapsing chronic prostatitis. A chronic prostatitis was found in 38 per cent of these patients which correspondents to the incidence published in literature for the medium-age manhood. Nobody of the test persons had complaints on the part of the urologenital tract.", "contents": "[Chronic prostatitis and Bechterew's disease]. A group of patients between 35 and 65 years old with chronic prostatitis were examined for the presence of Becherew's disease. In this connection the New York and Roman criterions for morbus Bechterew were applied. There were found one ankyosing spondylarthritis, one ankylosis of the sacroiliac joint, and 11 times a tentative sacroileitis were stated. Altogether the proved and tentative findings were only 3.68 per cent of all examinations. In our countries the morbus Bechterew is found in 0,21 per cent of the normal population. So the protion of the Bechterew's disease in patients with chronic prostatitis is indeed a little higher than average, but not so frequent as often pretended in recent times. After a second series 58 patients being treated because of Bechterew's disease of different stages and different terms were examined for the possibility of a simultaneously elapsing chronic prostatitis. A chronic prostatitis was found in 38 per cent of these patients which correspondents to the incidence published in literature for the medium-age manhood. Nobody of the test persons had complaints on the part of the urologenital tract.", "PMID": 602457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7684", "title": "[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma--contribution to differential diagnostic problems of primary retroperitoneal tumors].", "content": "The primary retroperitoneal tumours-a rare, but histologically very extensive group of above all malignant tumours-only late appear with their symptoms. Though with the help of the modern radiological investigation methods the proof of a tumour is frequently successful, so in special cases a coordination to organs may make great difficulties also when the total diagnostic spectre is used. These problems shall be shown by the demonstration of a case report.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma--contribution to differential diagnostic problems of primary retroperitoneal tumors]. The primary retroperitoneal tumours-a rare, but histologically very extensive group of above all malignant tumours-only late appear with their symptoms. Though with the help of the modern radiological investigation methods the proof of a tumour is frequently successful, so in special cases a coordination to organs may make great difficulties also when the total diagnostic spectre is used. These problems shall be shown by the demonstration of a case report.", "PMID": 602459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7685", "title": "Vibrations and predatory behaviour of Plectrocnemia larvae (Trichoptera).", "content": "This work analyses the effects of vibrations transmitted across the net on the predatory behaviour of the Plectrocnemia conspersa larvae (Trichoptera). The variations in the frequency has a more marked effect than variations in amplitude especially on the stage 2 (orientation and displacement towards the lure) and on the stage 3 (capture of the lure with mandibles).", "contents": "Vibrations and predatory behaviour of Plectrocnemia larvae (Trichoptera). This work analyses the effects of vibrations transmitted across the net on the predatory behaviour of the Plectrocnemia conspersa larvae (Trichoptera). The variations in the frequency has a more marked effect than variations in amplitude especially on the stage 2 (orientation and displacement towards the lure) and on the stage 3 (capture of the lure with mandibles).", "PMID": 602461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7686", "title": "Sexual behavior in the cockroach genera Periplaneta and Blatta. IV. Interspecific interactions.", "content": "As part of a study of sexual behavior in 6 species of closely related and often sympatric cockroaches, interspecific interactions among the various species were examined. To some degree males of nearly all species court females of a second species. Females almost always rejected these courtship attempts. Experimental evidence indicates that the volatile female sex pheromone of each species is attractive to males of most of the other species. Rejection of heterospecific males appears to be due to species specific male pheromones. These pheromones also appear to mediate the formation of homospecific clusters of courting males in time or space.", "contents": "Sexual behavior in the cockroach genera Periplaneta and Blatta. IV. Interspecific interactions. As part of a study of sexual behavior in 6 species of closely related and often sympatric cockroaches, interspecific interactions among the various species were examined. To some degree males of nearly all species court females of a second species. Females almost always rejected these courtship attempts. Experimental evidence indicates that the volatile female sex pheromone of each species is attractive to males of most of the other species. Rejection of heterospecific males appears to be due to species specific male pheromones. These pheromones also appear to mediate the formation of homospecific clusters of courting males in time or space.", "PMID": 602462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7687", "title": "Terrain preferences in the play behavior of Siberian ibex kids (Capra ibex sibirica).", "content": "Play behavior was studied in a captive group of Siberian ibex at the Chicago Zoological Park. The hypothesis that physical training effects were at least partially responsible for the evolution of play in this species was tested by noting the amounts of play which occurred on flat and on sloped surfaces. The kids showed a clear preference for play on sloped terrain, even though this choice resulted in considerably greater risks. The danger involved in highly active locomotor play performed on steeply sloped areas is presumably outweighed by the physical training benefit for an adult life spent moving in precipitious areas.", "contents": "Terrain preferences in the play behavior of Siberian ibex kids (Capra ibex sibirica). Play behavior was studied in a captive group of Siberian ibex at the Chicago Zoological Park. The hypothesis that physical training effects were at least partially responsible for the evolution of play in this species was tested by noting the amounts of play which occurred on flat and on sloped surfaces. The kids showed a clear preference for play on sloped terrain, even though this choice resulted in considerably greater risks. The danger involved in highly active locomotor play performed on steeply sloped areas is presumably outweighed by the physical training benefit for an adult life spent moving in precipitious areas.", "PMID": 602463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7688", "title": "[Experimental studies on the significance of mouth markings in zebra finch nestlings].", "content": "Wild-coloured Zebra Finch nestlings with fully developed mouth markings were compared with white mutants, which lack the markings, with respect to the ability of these markings to release the feeding response of both wild-coloured and white parents. In more than 80 nestlings, the wild-coloured ones proved to have a higher survival rate, to grow faster, to be given more food, and to have piority to the first feedings in the day. Within the colour groups greater relative age was as advantageous as mouth markings were between groups.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the significance of mouth markings in zebra finch nestlings]. Wild-coloured Zebra Finch nestlings with fully developed mouth markings were compared with white mutants, which lack the markings, with respect to the ability of these markings to release the feeding response of both wild-coloured and white parents. In more than 80 nestlings, the wild-coloured ones proved to have a higher survival rate, to grow faster, to be given more food, and to have piority to the first feedings in the day. Within the colour groups greater relative age was as advantageous as mouth markings were between groups.", "PMID": 602464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7689", "title": "[Studies concerning the biology of rhizobia. 1. Communication: serological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "According to earlier studies the strains of the rhizobia could be put into three biochemical groups (A, B, C) independently of the nodules of which kind of plants having been isolated from. The aim of our experiments has been the determination of the antigenic structure of these rhizobia strains. Regarding the agglutination tests only 24 strains from the 47 ones were agglutinated by A sera, one B strain from the 3 B ones, and 2 C strains from the C ones gave positive reaction with B and C sera, respectively.", "contents": "[Studies concerning the biology of rhizobia. 1. Communication: serological investigations (author's transl)]. According to earlier studies the strains of the rhizobia could be put into three biochemical groups (A, B, C) independently of the nodules of which kind of plants having been isolated from. The aim of our experiments has been the determination of the antigenic structure of these rhizobia strains. Regarding the agglutination tests only 24 strains from the 47 ones were agglutinated by A sera, one B strain from the 3 B ones, and 2 C strains from the C ones gave positive reaction with B and C sera, respectively.", "PMID": 602469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7690", "title": "Cyanide reduction by nitrogenase in intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinose Molisch.", "content": "Intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa, grown in N-free medium, reduce cyanide to methane and ammonia at a rate 5--8 times lower than acetylene. Cyanide reduction in whole cells is distinctly more sensitive to cyanide inhibition compared with enzyme preparations. These results are discussed in view of the exploitation of nitrogen-fixing photobacteria in the anaerobic detoxification of cyanide-containing wastewaters.", "contents": "Cyanide reduction by nitrogenase in intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinose Molisch. Intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa, grown in N-free medium, reduce cyanide to methane and ammonia at a rate 5--8 times lower than acetylene. Cyanide reduction in whole cells is distinctly more sensitive to cyanide inhibition compared with enzyme preparations. These results are discussed in view of the exploitation of nitrogen-fixing photobacteria in the anaerobic detoxification of cyanide-containing wastewaters.", "PMID": 602470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7691", "title": "[Biodegradation of the mycelium of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneider et Gerlach in the soil. Ultrastructural study].", "content": "Under natural conditions, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici forms a sterile mycelium. Some strains form chlamydospores, while others form micro-sclerotia. The fungus survives by hyphae cells which are present in soil either free-living or momentarily protected by the tissue of the infected root. In a model experiment, the behaviour of the free mycelium was tested in a soil which had been supplied with asparagine and manure, respectively. A known quantity of living mycelium was added to the prepared soils. Samples were taken after 1, 3, 6, and 10 months. They were examined on loss of weight of the mycelium, inoculum potential, and ultra-structure of the hyphae before and during degradation by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Biodegradation of the mycelium of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneider et Gerlach in the soil. Ultrastructural study]. Under natural conditions, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici forms a sterile mycelium. Some strains form chlamydospores, while others form micro-sclerotia. The fungus survives by hyphae cells which are present in soil either free-living or momentarily protected by the tissue of the infected root. In a model experiment, the behaviour of the free mycelium was tested in a soil which had been supplied with asparagine and manure, respectively. A known quantity of living mycelium was added to the prepared soils. Samples were taken after 1, 3, 6, and 10 months. They were examined on loss of weight of the mycelium, inoculum potential, and ultra-structure of the hyphae before and during degradation by transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 602471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7692", "title": "[Analysis of soil respiration-curves (author's transl)].", "content": "Soil respiration curves, measured under constant conditions, change after an initial phase to a relative steady course. Now there is an adjustment of an ecological equilibrium in the activity of soil microbes. This state of equilibrium is characterized by a linear course of the log CO2 = f(log t)-curves and is named \"Grundatmung\" (basic respiration). If this equilibrium ist disturbed by application of primary organic substances or the availability of slowly decomposable organic matter, then microbial growth-phases appear dominating as first-order reactions in the form of increased CO2-delivery. However, in the further course this process changes over again to the state of \"Grundatmung\".--This linearity of the log CO2 = f(log t)-curves is explained by the existence of a whole series of superimposed first-order reactions, synthetisizing secondary biomasses in the substrate.--This linearity permits a temporary extrapolation of the CO2-release of soils and is important for the quantification of the soil habitat (zoning) mineralisation.", "contents": "[Analysis of soil respiration-curves (author's transl)]. Soil respiration curves, measured under constant conditions, change after an initial phase to a relative steady course. Now there is an adjustment of an ecological equilibrium in the activity of soil microbes. This state of equilibrium is characterized by a linear course of the log CO2 = f(log t)-curves and is named \"Grundatmung\" (basic respiration). If this equilibrium ist disturbed by application of primary organic substances or the availability of slowly decomposable organic matter, then microbial growth-phases appear dominating as first-order reactions in the form of increased CO2-delivery. However, in the further course this process changes over again to the state of \"Grundatmung\".--This linearity of the log CO2 = f(log t)-curves is explained by the existence of a whole series of superimposed first-order reactions, synthetisizing secondary biomasses in the substrate.--This linearity permits a temporary extrapolation of the CO2-release of soils and is important for the quantification of the soil habitat (zoning) mineralisation.", "PMID": 602472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7693", "title": "[A contribution to the study of respiration in soil and in the rhizosphere of winter wheat (author's transl)].", "content": "In a complete respiration test, involving also other analyses, soil respiration (CO2 evolved) was measured in a fertilization experiment in the rhizosphere of the plants in untreated soil. The highest and most effective CO2 production was obtained by the variants \"rhizosphere, fertilized with nitrogen\". The decreasing order of the influence on CO2 production is as follows: rhizosphere, nitrogen fertilization, organogenetic state of the plant. With glucose addition, nitrogen fertilization predominated over the effect of the rhizosphere.", "contents": "[A contribution to the study of respiration in soil and in the rhizosphere of winter wheat (author's transl)]. In a complete respiration test, involving also other analyses, soil respiration (CO2 evolved) was measured in a fertilization experiment in the rhizosphere of the plants in untreated soil. The highest and most effective CO2 production was obtained by the variants \"rhizosphere, fertilized with nitrogen\". The decreasing order of the influence on CO2 production is as follows: rhizosphere, nitrogen fertilization, organogenetic state of the plant. With glucose addition, nitrogen fertilization predominated over the effect of the rhizosphere.", "PMID": 602473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7694", "title": "[Contribution to the problem of microbially induced urea transformation in soil. I. On the ability of urea utilization by soil micro-organisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The present publication is the first of a series on the enzymatic urea tranformation in soil. With about 2,000 pure cultures of micro-organisms it was possible to prove the very good urea utilization by the soil micro-organisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi). Above all the fungi showed an excellent utilization of urea, while bacteria and actinomycetes were somewhat poorer. Contrary to this is the urease activity of these organisms, and that is the reason why fungi in soil may be regarded as short-time accumulators for urea nitrogen and must not be suppressed by inhibitors.", "contents": "[Contribution to the problem of microbially induced urea transformation in soil. I. On the ability of urea utilization by soil micro-organisms (author's transl)]. The present publication is the first of a series on the enzymatic urea tranformation in soil. With about 2,000 pure cultures of micro-organisms it was possible to prove the very good urea utilization by the soil micro-organisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi). Above all the fungi showed an excellent utilization of urea, while bacteria and actinomycetes were somewhat poorer. Contrary to this is the urease activity of these organisms, and that is the reason why fungi in soil may be regarded as short-time accumulators for urea nitrogen and must not be suppressed by inhibitors.", "PMID": 602475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7695", "title": "[Influence of N-serve on mineral nitrogen forms and microorganisms of the soil (author's transl)].", "content": "In a model experiment with soil, 2 stages of nitrogen (without additional N and with 200 kg N/ha in the form of ammonia) and 3 N-Serve stages (without inhibitor and with 0.25 per cent and 1 per cent of inhibitor, relative to 200 kg of N/ha) were followed up over a period of 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, with respect to the dynamics of the nitrification process, the saprophytic soil microorganisms, and the autotrophic nitrifiers. In a second experiment, the ammonia form of nitrogen was substituted by the nitrate and nitrite form, respectively. No serious influence on the heterotrophic soil micro-organisms could be detected in any experimental variant; N-Serve was slightly stimulating, the autotrophic nitrifiers were noticeably depressed by N-Serve. The nitrification process could clearly be proved after 3 weeks already; by N-Serve it was remarkably delayed. Nitrite that had been added to the soil was scarcely transformed into nitrate, whereas it was somewhat more ammonified. The high loss of nitrogen in the nitrite variant cannot be caused by denitrification alone. When nitrate was used, the nitrification was not delayed.", "contents": "[Influence of N-serve on mineral nitrogen forms and microorganisms of the soil (author's transl)]. In a model experiment with soil, 2 stages of nitrogen (without additional N and with 200 kg N/ha in the form of ammonia) and 3 N-Serve stages (without inhibitor and with 0.25 per cent and 1 per cent of inhibitor, relative to 200 kg of N/ha) were followed up over a period of 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, with respect to the dynamics of the nitrification process, the saprophytic soil microorganisms, and the autotrophic nitrifiers. In a second experiment, the ammonia form of nitrogen was substituted by the nitrate and nitrite form, respectively. No serious influence on the heterotrophic soil micro-organisms could be detected in any experimental variant; N-Serve was slightly stimulating, the autotrophic nitrifiers were noticeably depressed by N-Serve. The nitrification process could clearly be proved after 3 weeks already; by N-Serve it was remarkably delayed. Nitrite that had been added to the soil was scarcely transformed into nitrate, whereas it was somewhat more ammonified. The high loss of nitrogen in the nitrite variant cannot be caused by denitrification alone. When nitrate was used, the nitrification was not delayed.", "PMID": 602476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7696", "title": "[Ascertaining the effect of KMg fertilization on the organic matter cycle in pine stands with special reference to the cellulose test (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological nutrient cycle was activated by applying KMg in relatively young and older pine stands growing in the plain of the GDR on former agricultural sandy soils with substrats from the Younger Pleistocene. Application of KMg stimulated tree growth and had a persistent effect on the microbiological processes of organic matter conversion in the AO horizon and in the humous mineral soil. The cellulose test proved to be suitable for assessing the formation and conversion processes of soil organic matter caused by fertilization as to their effect on soil fertility.", "contents": "[Ascertaining the effect of KMg fertilization on the organic matter cycle in pine stands with special reference to the cellulose test (author's transl)]. The biological nutrient cycle was activated by applying KMg in relatively young and older pine stands growing in the plain of the GDR on former agricultural sandy soils with substrats from the Younger Pleistocene. Application of KMg stimulated tree growth and had a persistent effect on the microbiological processes of organic matter conversion in the AO horizon and in the humous mineral soil. The cellulose test proved to be suitable for assessing the formation and conversion processes of soil organic matter caused by fertilization as to their effect on soil fertility.", "PMID": 602478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7697", "title": "[A long-term experiment on the complex influence of cultivating, fertilizing, and crop rotation measures on humic substances in soil and development of yield (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 10-year field experiment, the influence of fertilizing, cultivating, and crop rotation measures on the C-content of the soil, humus quality of the organic soil substance, and the yield was investigated. With cultivation of fodder plants only, the C-content of the soil can be improved by increased mineral and increased organo-mineral fertilization at any depth of cultivation. When in the same location there was a turn between cereals and green crops, a decrease of C-rate can only be prevented by increased organo-mineral fertilization. Continuous cultivation of root crops resulted in a decrease of the C-content. Deeper tillage of the soil generally decreased C-content. Within the years, a variability of the pure humin substances could be detected, depending on the rotation of crops and C-content. The composition of the fulvic acids is differentiated in dependence on the factors \"time\" and \"cultivation\". The effect of fertilization variants on the yield was different. Fertilization in that location with manure only, compared with mineral fertilization, caused in most cases depression in yield. Decrease on yield by deeper ploughing had the least influence with root crops.", "contents": "[A long-term experiment on the complex influence of cultivating, fertilizing, and crop rotation measures on humic substances in soil and development of yield (author's transl)]. In a 10-year field experiment, the influence of fertilizing, cultivating, and crop rotation measures on the C-content of the soil, humus quality of the organic soil substance, and the yield was investigated. With cultivation of fodder plants only, the C-content of the soil can be improved by increased mineral and increased organo-mineral fertilization at any depth of cultivation. When in the same location there was a turn between cereals and green crops, a decrease of C-rate can only be prevented by increased organo-mineral fertilization. Continuous cultivation of root crops resulted in a decrease of the C-content. Deeper tillage of the soil generally decreased C-content. Within the years, a variability of the pure humin substances could be detected, depending on the rotation of crops and C-content. The composition of the fulvic acids is differentiated in dependence on the factors \"time\" and \"cultivation\". The effect of fertilization variants on the yield was different. Fertilization in that location with manure only, compared with mineral fertilization, caused in most cases depression in yield. Decrease on yield by deeper ploughing had the least influence with root crops.", "PMID": 602481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7698", "title": "[Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soil-borne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil. II. Influence of a second crop cultivation one the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani (author's transl].", "content": "In a more years-lasting field trial the influence of a second crop cultivation of rye and rape in winter time on the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani K\u00fchn on potato or mustard as indicator plants was studied. The second crops were ploughed in during spring time. On part of the trial was artificially infested by this causal agent. Three crop rotations with different proportions of host plants (potato) were compared. The results obtained demonstrate the following: 1. On the part of experimental area arficially infested the incidence rate was higher for 3 till 4 years than on the control plots, but later it became equally to the control one, which also was very high (approximately 50). 2. In the last very dry year (1969) the disease developed only a little. 3. The second crop cultivation decreased the incidence of R. solani in 7 (rye) or 8 (rape) of 10 cases, but mostly the rate of decreasing was low. 4. A high weed density induced by a diminished mechanical cultivation increased the incidence of R. solani at the end of the experiment (1969), specially in the rotation with 80% host plants. 5. The number of soil bacteria, the respiration rate, and partly also the activity of dehydrogenase and the soil acidity were increased by green manuring of the second crop, however, the number of the actinomycetes, and the cellulolytic activity didn't be influenced remarkably. 6. The second crop cultivation ist nounced as a measure stimulating the soil fertiligy and discussed in connection with the microbial processes taking place in soil.", "contents": "[Effect of plant residues on the parasitic activity of soil-borne pathogens and the saprophytic microflora of the soil. II. Influence of a second crop cultivation one the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani (author's transl]. In a more years-lasting field trial the influence of a second crop cultivation of rye and rape in winter time on the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani K\u00fchn on potato or mustard as indicator plants was studied. The second crops were ploughed in during spring time. On part of the trial was artificially infested by this causal agent. Three crop rotations with different proportions of host plants (potato) were compared. The results obtained demonstrate the following: 1. On the part of experimental area arficially infested the incidence rate was higher for 3 till 4 years than on the control plots, but later it became equally to the control one, which also was very high (approximately 50). 2. In the last very dry year (1969) the disease developed only a little. 3. The second crop cultivation decreased the incidence of R. solani in 7 (rye) or 8 (rape) of 10 cases, but mostly the rate of decreasing was low. 4. A high weed density induced by a diminished mechanical cultivation increased the incidence of R. solani at the end of the experiment (1969), specially in the rotation with 80% host plants. 5. The number of soil bacteria, the respiration rate, and partly also the activity of dehydrogenase and the soil acidity were increased by green manuring of the second crop, however, the number of the actinomycetes, and the cellulolytic activity didn't be influenced remarkably. 6. The second crop cultivation ist nounced as a measure stimulating the soil fertiligy and discussed in connection with the microbial processes taking place in soil.", "PMID": 602482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7699", "title": "[Investigations about cause of specific replant disease of fruit trees. VI. Proof of actinomycetes in feeder roots of apple seedlings in soils with different digrees of soil sickness (author's transl)].", "content": "Microscopic analysis of longitudinal sections of feeder roots of apple seedlings from soil with experimentally prepared different degrees of soil sickness led to the following results: 1. A colonization of root-barks by actinomycetes could be pointed out in injured and in macroscopic not visible injured feeder roots of apple seedlings from sick soil. 2. The frequency of the colonization of root-pieces of the two highest root classes was in the sick soil at 47.3% and in the two soils with a less degree of soil sickness at 32.4%. In the non-sick soil the root were at a frequency of 0.3% nearly free from actinomycetes. 3. Feeder roots colonizated by actinomycetes showed injuries in the cell-bandage. Increasing injuries of the roots were obtained with increasing intensity of colonization by actinomycetes. In heavy injured feeder roots the proof of actinomycetes was difficult or no more possible. As the share of heavy injured roots was increasing with increasing degree of soil sickness can be supposed that the real frequency of root colonization by actinomycetes is substantially higher than it was observed in roots seeming to be healthy macroscopically. 4. The results obtained support our hypothesis that soil sickness of apple trees is caused by actinomycetes. The injuries of the roots appearing as a consequence of the colonization may explain both, the soil sickness in the case of replanting and the development of soil sickness in growing apple plantations. 5. Since until now there is no proof that actinomycetes cause injuries in roots of fruit-trees further examinations have to be aspired to confirm our results.", "contents": "[Investigations about cause of specific replant disease of fruit trees. VI. Proof of actinomycetes in feeder roots of apple seedlings in soils with different digrees of soil sickness (author's transl)]. Microscopic analysis of longitudinal sections of feeder roots of apple seedlings from soil with experimentally prepared different degrees of soil sickness led to the following results: 1. A colonization of root-barks by actinomycetes could be pointed out in injured and in macroscopic not visible injured feeder roots of apple seedlings from sick soil. 2. The frequency of the colonization of root-pieces of the two highest root classes was in the sick soil at 47.3% and in the two soils with a less degree of soil sickness at 32.4%. In the non-sick soil the root were at a frequency of 0.3% nearly free from actinomycetes. 3. Feeder roots colonizated by actinomycetes showed injuries in the cell-bandage. Increasing injuries of the roots were obtained with increasing intensity of colonization by actinomycetes. In heavy injured feeder roots the proof of actinomycetes was difficult or no more possible. As the share of heavy injured roots was increasing with increasing degree of soil sickness can be supposed that the real frequency of root colonization by actinomycetes is substantially higher than it was observed in roots seeming to be healthy macroscopically. 4. The results obtained support our hypothesis that soil sickness of apple trees is caused by actinomycetes. The injuries of the roots appearing as a consequence of the colonization may explain both, the soil sickness in the case of replanting and the development of soil sickness in growing apple plantations. 5. Since until now there is no proof that actinomycetes cause injuries in roots of fruit-trees further examinations have to be aspired to confirm our results.", "PMID": 602483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7700", "title": "[Out-patient or in-patient treatment after trauma? (author's transl)].", "content": "The best therapeutic results after trauma are obtained by an optimal and possibly definitive primary treatment. In this case the in-patient and out-patient-treatment have to be a unity. The advantage of a mobile consultation service between highly specialized departments (neurosurgery, thoraxsurgery, blood vessel surgery) is referred to.", "contents": "[Out-patient or in-patient treatment after trauma? (author's transl)]. The best therapeutic results after trauma are obtained by an optimal and possibly definitive primary treatment. In this case the in-patient and out-patient-treatment have to be a unity. The advantage of a mobile consultation service between highly specialized departments (neurosurgery, thoraxsurgery, blood vessel surgery) is referred to.", "PMID": 602484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7701", "title": "[Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Induced by other authors we included the lavage of the peritoneum in diagnosing the blunt abdominal trauma. From a total of 140 lavages 78 had to be treated operatively, in the negative results there were 3 wrong positive values and 1 wrong negative value. The results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)]. Induced by other authors we included the lavage of the peritoneum in diagnosing the blunt abdominal trauma. From a total of 140 lavages 78 had to be treated operatively, in the negative results there were 3 wrong positive values and 1 wrong negative value. The results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 602485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7702", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis for chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The basic programme of X-ray diagnosis consists of pictures in the a-p and lateral position in comparison with the healthy side. Tomography and toposcintigraphy give further information and can be completed by fistulography. Complementary information is possible by the use of ultrasonography.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis for chronic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. The basic programme of X-ray diagnosis consists of pictures in the a-p and lateral position in comparison with the healthy side. Tomography and toposcintigraphy give further information and can be completed by fistulography. Complementary information is possible by the use of ultrasonography.", "PMID": 602486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7703", "title": "[Operative treatment of chondromalacia patellae (author's transl)].", "content": "Operative treatment of chondromalacia patella should be indicated especially in adolescents with great care. It can be clearly identified by a narrowing of the cartilage on the X-ray (tangential picture of the femoropatellar joint) and the presence of osteophytes on the margin of the joint. The following methods of operative treatment are recommended: Proximal decompressive operation by splitting the lateral retinaculum in light cases and the elevation of the tuberositas tibiae for severe chondromalacia and femoropatellar arthrosis. Follow-up examinations and the results are presented.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of chondromalacia patellae (author's transl)]. Operative treatment of chondromalacia patella should be indicated especially in adolescents with great care. It can be clearly identified by a narrowing of the cartilage on the X-ray (tangential picture of the femoropatellar joint) and the presence of osteophytes on the margin of the joint. The following methods of operative treatment are recommended: Proximal decompressive operation by splitting the lateral retinaculum in light cases and the elevation of the tuberositas tibiae for severe chondromalacia and femoropatellar arthrosis. Follow-up examinations and the results are presented.", "PMID": 602487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7704", "title": "[Organ preservation in contusion of the kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "The majority of our cases (n = 107) were contusions of the kidneys, they were treated conservatively. If a rupture is to be expected the diagnostic measures should include infusion-urogram and selective arteriography. If a rupture has been proved, the early operation should follow immediately in order to preserve the organ. Treating ruptures of the kidneys conservatively should be an exception.", "contents": "[Organ preservation in contusion of the kidneys (author's transl)]. The majority of our cases (n = 107) were contusions of the kidneys, they were treated conservatively. If a rupture is to be expected the diagnostic measures should include infusion-urogram and selective arteriography. If a rupture has been proved, the early operation should follow immediately in order to preserve the organ. Treating ruptures of the kidneys conservatively should be an exception.", "PMID": 602488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7705", "title": "[Cranioplasty; new ways (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on cranioplasty by prefabricated plastic implants, reinforced by stainless steel meshes resp. plates or by glass fibre meshes. In frontal cranioplasties the missing orbital roof was reconstructed by the same technique. To avoid infections the nasal sinuses were sealed by a pedicled mucosal flap resp. a free transplanted flap taken from the periosteum of the tibia. All 39 patients operated on this way during the last 6 years are free of complaints and clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Cranioplasty; new ways (author's transl)]. Report on cranioplasty by prefabricated plastic implants, reinforced by stainless steel meshes resp. plates or by glass fibre meshes. In frontal cranioplasties the missing orbital roof was reconstructed by the same technique. To avoid infections the nasal sinuses were sealed by a pedicled mucosal flap resp. a free transplanted flap taken from the periosteum of the tibia. All 39 patients operated on this way during the last 6 years are free of complaints and clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 602489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7706", "title": "[Rupture of the achilles tendon and eversion fracture of the inner malleolus - a typically combined injury in alpin skiing (author's transl)].", "content": "5.3% of all ruptures of the Achilles tendon occurring during alpin skiing are accompanied by an eversion fracture of the inner malleolus. The frequency of this type of combined trauma has not changed in the last fifteen years. A typical eversion trauma resulting in the inner malleolus being torn off, but not involving a rotation motion, occurs in the second phase of an acute angle foreward fall, in which in the first phase, the Achilles tendon has already been ruptured. Simply catching an edge, for the most part of the outer ski edge, does not lead to an eversion fracture as has formerly been supposed.", "contents": "[Rupture of the achilles tendon and eversion fracture of the inner malleolus - a typically combined injury in alpin skiing (author's transl)]. 5.3% of all ruptures of the Achilles tendon occurring during alpin skiing are accompanied by an eversion fracture of the inner malleolus. The frequency of this type of combined trauma has not changed in the last fifteen years. A typical eversion trauma resulting in the inner malleolus being torn off, but not involving a rotation motion, occurs in the second phase of an acute angle foreward fall, in which in the first phase, the Achilles tendon has already been ruptured. Simply catching an edge, for the most part of the outer ski edge, does not lead to an eversion fracture as has formerly been supposed.", "PMID": 602490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7707", "title": "[Sequela of pelvic fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Different kinds of pelvic fractures with the presumingly most frequent and serious complication of a socket fracture with luxation and the resulting danger of a hip-condyle necrosis are described concisely. Certain problems of therapy resulting from this are partially dealt with. Expert opinions of the accident sequences and the degree of body damage, which has to be assessed, are pointed out. As a progression must be faced in case of a posttraumatic coxarthrosis a re-examination over a longer period (10 years and more) is recommended.", "contents": "[Sequela of pelvic fractures (author's transl)]. Different kinds of pelvic fractures with the presumingly most frequent and serious complication of a socket fracture with luxation and the resulting danger of a hip-condyle necrosis are described concisely. Certain problems of therapy resulting from this are partially dealt with. Expert opinions of the accident sequences and the degree of body damage, which has to be assessed, are pointed out. As a progression must be faced in case of a posttraumatic coxarthrosis a re-examination over a longer period (10 years and more) is recommended.", "PMID": 602491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7708", "title": "[To day's biliary surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Cholelithiasis is on the increase and operative indications are of a wider range including even preventive procedures. Surgery for silent stones, intra-operative cholangiography, indications for papillosphincterotomy and anastomoses, as well new procedures for nonoperative removal of residual stones are discussed. Transhepatic drainage for some reiterative stenoses of high anastomoses is recommended.", "contents": "[To day's biliary surgery (author's transl)]. Cholelithiasis is on the increase and operative indications are of a wider range including even preventive procedures. Surgery for silent stones, intra-operative cholangiography, indications for papillosphincterotomy and anastomoses, as well new procedures for nonoperative removal of residual stones are discussed. Transhepatic drainage for some reiterative stenoses of high anastomoses is recommended.", "PMID": 602495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7709", "title": "[Early operation in biliary surgery? (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last 15 years from 1961 to 1975 the number of operations caused by cholelithiasis increased three- and fourfold. This phenomenon is more due to the increase of the morbidity than to the extending of indication for operation. Reduction of letality from 2,4% to 0,7% and limitation of the acute complications can be considered as important results during this time. The pathological findings reveal a small improvement only. A correlation between the duration of the disease and the increase of serious pathological findings at the time of operation could not be found. During this period neither a shortening of the history of illness nor a reduction of the patients age at operation could be observed.", "contents": "[Early operation in biliary surgery? (author's transl)]. In the last 15 years from 1961 to 1975 the number of operations caused by cholelithiasis increased three- and fourfold. This phenomenon is more due to the increase of the morbidity than to the extending of indication for operation. Reduction of letality from 2,4% to 0,7% and limitation of the acute complications can be considered as important results during this time. The pathological findings reveal a small improvement only. A correlation between the duration of the disease and the increase of serious pathological findings at the time of operation could not be found. During this period neither a shortening of the history of illness nor a reduction of the patients age at operation could be observed.", "PMID": 602496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7710", "title": "[Crohn's disease of the large intestine: some problems concerning the surgical therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with 37 patients operated on Crohn's disease are dealt with. Radical operations are preferred. Limited resections and exstirpations predominate. Colectomy is performed only in case of extensive affection of the large intestine. No type of operation is reliable with regard to recurrence. The prognosis of operations for recurrence is poorer than that of primary operations.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease of the large intestine: some problems concerning the surgical therapy (author's transl)]. Experiences with 37 patients operated on Crohn's disease are dealt with. Radical operations are preferred. Limited resections and exstirpations predominate. Colectomy is performed only in case of extensive affection of the large intestine. No type of operation is reliable with regard to recurrence. The prognosis of operations for recurrence is poorer than that of primary operations.", "PMID": 602498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7711", "title": "[Total gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "143 cases of total gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach from 1961 to 1976 are reported. A satisfactory function is observed in long living patients having a substitute stomach formation (\"Ringplastik\") as well as in those having been operated according to the method of Graham. The rare occurrence of reflux oesophagitis is attributed to a special technique for anastomosis.", "contents": "[Total gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach (author's transl)]. 143 cases of total gastrectomy in cancer of the stomach from 1961 to 1976 are reported. A satisfactory function is observed in long living patients having a substitute stomach formation (\"Ringplastik\") as well as in those having been operated according to the method of Graham. The rare occurrence of reflux oesophagitis is attributed to a special technique for anastomosis.", "PMID": 602499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7712", "title": "[Hormone levels in the serum of pregnant woman].", "content": "The levels of HCG, prolactin, progesterone, 17-beta estradiol and oxytocinase were simultaneously tested in one serum sample in women during the normal course of pregnancy and in those with late toxaemia of pregnancy or threatened premature labour. The significance of the deviations from the mean values measured in both groups of risk pregnancies was estimated in comparison with the values found in physiological pregnancies. On the basis of the comparison of all parameters followed, it has been found out that the deviations in the hormonal levels as measured in both groups of risk pregnancies were as a rule similar.", "contents": "[Hormone levels in the serum of pregnant woman]. The levels of HCG, prolactin, progesterone, 17-beta estradiol and oxytocinase were simultaneously tested in one serum sample in women during the normal course of pregnancy and in those with late toxaemia of pregnancy or threatened premature labour. The significance of the deviations from the mean values measured in both groups of risk pregnancies was estimated in comparison with the values found in physiological pregnancies. On the basis of the comparison of all parameters followed, it has been found out that the deviations in the hormonal levels as measured in both groups of risk pregnancies were as a rule similar.", "PMID": 602502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7713", "title": "[Therapeutic induction of abortion in the 1st and 2nd trimesters with intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha].", "content": "The effectiveness of intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-methyl-PGF2alpha) application for therapeutic abortion was studied in 16 women during the first and second trimester (12 to 17 weeks) of pregnancy. 250 microgram 15-methyl-PGF2alpha were administered initial and at intervals of 2 hours. Of the 16 subjects, 2 aborted completely, 13 aborted incompletely and 1 failed to abort. The mean abortion time for the 15 successful abortions was 11,25 hours and the mean 15-methyl-PGF2alpha dosage 1,35 mgs. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most prevalent side effects occurring in 12 of 16 patients. No serious complications occurred. In 9 women between 7 to 13 weeks of pregnancy a single intramuscular injection of 250 microgram 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was administered 11 to 13 hours prior to vacuum aspiration. All subjects had a gradual softening and dilatation of the cervix (5 to 8 mm). In 7 of 9 patients occurring gastro-intestinal side effects. Acute ascension was observed in 2 women after vacuum aspiration. All subjects had a gradual softning and dilatation of the cervix (5 to 8 mm). In 7 of 9 patients occurring gastro-intestinal side effects. Acute ascension was observed in 2 women after vacuum aspiration. Intramuscular administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha appears to be an effective abortifacient. Gastro-intestinal side effects can be reduced by antiemetic and antidiarrheal agents or lowering the initial dose of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha.", "contents": "[Therapeutic induction of abortion in the 1st and 2nd trimesters with intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha]. The effectiveness of intramuscular 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-methyl-PGF2alpha) application for therapeutic abortion was studied in 16 women during the first and second trimester (12 to 17 weeks) of pregnancy. 250 microgram 15-methyl-PGF2alpha were administered initial and at intervals of 2 hours. Of the 16 subjects, 2 aborted completely, 13 aborted incompletely and 1 failed to abort. The mean abortion time for the 15 successful abortions was 11,25 hours and the mean 15-methyl-PGF2alpha dosage 1,35 mgs. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most prevalent side effects occurring in 12 of 16 patients. No serious complications occurred. In 9 women between 7 to 13 weeks of pregnancy a single intramuscular injection of 250 microgram 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was administered 11 to 13 hours prior to vacuum aspiration. All subjects had a gradual softening and dilatation of the cervix (5 to 8 mm). In 7 of 9 patients occurring gastro-intestinal side effects. Acute ascension was observed in 2 women after vacuum aspiration. All subjects had a gradual softning and dilatation of the cervix (5 to 8 mm). In 7 of 9 patients occurring gastro-intestinal side effects. Acute ascension was observed in 2 women after vacuum aspiration. Intramuscular administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha appears to be an effective abortifacient. Gastro-intestinal side effects can be reduced by antiemetic and antidiarrheal agents or lowering the initial dose of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 602503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7714", "title": "[Blood coagulation studies of therapeutic abortion induced by 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha].", "content": "10 women with unwanted pregnancies in the first and second trimester were terminated by use of intramuscular injections of 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha. Studies of bleeding and recalcification time, platelet count, levels of heat-fibrin, prothrombin, partial thromboplastin time, platelet adhesiveness and heparinocytes were performed before treatment. 30 minutes, 4 and 8 hours after beginning of 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha-administration, 2 hours after the expulsion of the product of conception and 24 hours after first investigation. Prothrombin decreased during treatment with 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha and did not obtain the starting value 24 hours after first investigation. Platelet count showed an equal attitude. The time of recalcification increased continuous. Heparinocytes continuous decreased up to 2 hours after expulsion of the product of conception. 24 hours after first investigation a significant ascent was noticed. The results of the studies on coagulation did not indicate a strong injury of coagulation system. They suggest the positive estimation of termination of pregnancy in the first and second trimester with 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation studies of therapeutic abortion induced by 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2 alpha]. 10 women with unwanted pregnancies in the first and second trimester were terminated by use of intramuscular injections of 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha. Studies of bleeding and recalcification time, platelet count, levels of heat-fibrin, prothrombin, partial thromboplastin time, platelet adhesiveness and heparinocytes were performed before treatment. 30 minutes, 4 and 8 hours after beginning of 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha-administration, 2 hours after the expulsion of the product of conception and 24 hours after first investigation. Prothrombin decreased during treatment with 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha and did not obtain the starting value 24 hours after first investigation. Platelet count showed an equal attitude. The time of recalcification increased continuous. Heparinocytes continuous decreased up to 2 hours after expulsion of the product of conception. 24 hours after first investigation a significant ascent was noticed. The results of the studies on coagulation did not indicate a strong injury of coagulation system. They suggest the positive estimation of termination of pregnancy in the first and second trimester with 15-Methyl-PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 602504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7715", "title": "[Influence of long-term beta adrenergic therapy on the HPL blood level and the total excretion of estrogens].", "content": "Pregnant women with imminent miscarriage were treated with Partusisten and/or Dilatol for tocolysis beginning in the 29. week of pregnancy. During treatment the mean urinary excretion of total oestrogens (n = 35; p less than 0,01 in 36th week of pregnancy and later) and the mean plasma level of HPL increased (n = 8; p less than 0,01 in 33., 34. and 35. week of pregnancy). These changes have to be concidered in judging the fetoplacental unit or the function of placenta.", "contents": "[Influence of long-term beta adrenergic therapy on the HPL blood level and the total excretion of estrogens]. Pregnant women with imminent miscarriage were treated with Partusisten and/or Dilatol for tocolysis beginning in the 29. week of pregnancy. During treatment the mean urinary excretion of total oestrogens (n = 35; p less than 0,01 in 36th week of pregnancy and later) and the mean plasma level of HPL increased (n = 8; p less than 0,01 in 33., 34. and 35. week of pregnancy). These changes have to be concidered in judging the fetoplacental unit or the function of placenta.", "PMID": 602505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7716", "title": "[Cardiovascular effect of fenoterol (Partusisten)].", "content": "8 normotensive late pregnant women in the early latent phase of premature labor were examined before, during and after the intravenous pump infusion of fenoterol (Partusisten) with the method of quantitative sphygmometry, the bloodless graphic registration of the arterial blood pressure and the direct electronic timing of pulse wave velocity. Dose levels of fenoterol were 3 microgram/min and 6 microgram/min. During the administration of fenoterol systolic blood pressure increases insignificantly, but mean and diastolic pressure decrease distinctly with broadening of amplitude. Stroke volume, cardiac output, work and power of the heart increase significantly. The fall of the total peripheral resistance is much more pronounciated than the decrease of blood pressure. Therefore the hemodynamic mode of action of fenoterol is a favourable one in regard to the perfusion of peripheral tissues. The effects on the cardiovascular system in a dose level usual for tocolysis are smaller than those of nylidrin.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effect of fenoterol (Partusisten)]. 8 normotensive late pregnant women in the early latent phase of premature labor were examined before, during and after the intravenous pump infusion of fenoterol (Partusisten) with the method of quantitative sphygmometry, the bloodless graphic registration of the arterial blood pressure and the direct electronic timing of pulse wave velocity. Dose levels of fenoterol were 3 microgram/min and 6 microgram/min. During the administration of fenoterol systolic blood pressure increases insignificantly, but mean and diastolic pressure decrease distinctly with broadening of amplitude. Stroke volume, cardiac output, work and power of the heart increase significantly. The fall of the total peripheral resistance is much more pronounciated than the decrease of blood pressure. Therefore the hemodynamic mode of action of fenoterol is a favourable one in regard to the perfusion of peripheral tissues. The effects on the cardiovascular system in a dose level usual for tocolysis are smaller than those of nylidrin.", "PMID": 602506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7717", "title": "[Clinical aspects of amniotic fluid embolism].", "content": "An analysis of 456 cases of amniotic fluid embolism of the literature is given. It is reported about age of women, parity, duration of pregnancy, complications in delivery, period of time to death, weight of children and their mortality. Two own cases are reported. A discussion of symptoms, different diagnosis, treatment and the possibility of prophylaxis is included.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of amniotic fluid embolism]. An analysis of 456 cases of amniotic fluid embolism of the literature is given. It is reported about age of women, parity, duration of pregnancy, complications in delivery, period of time to death, weight of children and their mortality. Two own cases are reported. A discussion of symptoms, different diagnosis, treatment and the possibility of prophylaxis is included.", "PMID": 602507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7718", "title": "[Cesarean-section narcosis using Tricuran (Gallamine as a long-lasting muscle relaxans before delivery of the infant].", "content": "The use of long term non-depolarizing muscle relaxants facilitates the carrying out of anaesthesia at caesarean section. We compared the Apgar-score of two groups of 20 newborns after caesarean section, whose mothers got only succinylcholine or succinylcholine and gallamine before delivery by a hexobarbiturate - nitrous oxide - oxygen anaesthesia. The Apgar-score was practically identical in both groups. 70% of infants of the succinylcholine group and 75% of infants of the gallamine group showed an Apgar-score between 7 and 10 after 1 minute. A later decrease was noticed in no case. The use of gallamine is without danger for the newborn.", "contents": "[Cesarean-section narcosis using Tricuran (Gallamine as a long-lasting muscle relaxans before delivery of the infant]. The use of long term non-depolarizing muscle relaxants facilitates the carrying out of anaesthesia at caesarean section. We compared the Apgar-score of two groups of 20 newborns after caesarean section, whose mothers got only succinylcholine or succinylcholine and gallamine before delivery by a hexobarbiturate - nitrous oxide - oxygen anaesthesia. The Apgar-score was practically identical in both groups. 70% of infants of the succinylcholine group and 75% of infants of the gallamine group showed an Apgar-score between 7 and 10 after 1 minute. A later decrease was noticed in no case. The use of gallamine is without danger for the newborn.", "PMID": 602508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7719", "title": "[Demonstration of an agglutination-like nature of haptoglobins against streptococci with T4-antigen through the examination of umbilical cord sera].", "content": "The determinability of haptoglobin types is correlated with the titers of agglutination against streptococci carrying the T4 antigen. If the haptoglobin types in cord-sera cannot be determined (as a result of the physiological binding of haptoglobins) the agglutination reaction fails or the titers are greatly diminished. The dimorphism, which was found in sera of adults, can be demonstrated in cord sera, too, if they can be typed. It is concluded that the observed reaction between Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with T4-streptococci is caused by the haptoglobin itself.", "contents": "[Demonstration of an agglutination-like nature of haptoglobins against streptococci with T4-antigen through the examination of umbilical cord sera]. The determinability of haptoglobin types is correlated with the titers of agglutination against streptococci carrying the T4 antigen. If the haptoglobin types in cord-sera cannot be determined (as a result of the physiological binding of haptoglobins) the agglutination reaction fails or the titers are greatly diminished. The dimorphism, which was found in sera of adults, can be demonstrated in cord sera, too, if they can be typed. It is concluded that the observed reaction between Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera with T4-streptococci is caused by the haptoglobin itself.", "PMID": 602509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7720", "title": "[Physiological and pharmacological studies of umbilical cord flow in man].", "content": "The results of investigations on physiology and pharmacology of the smooth muscle umbilical cord arteries are presented. In the first part of the investigations it has been found that there is a close dependence between the blood flow and perfusion pressure in the arterial bed of the cord. The pressure flow relationship is linear. The blood vessels of the umbilical cord influence actively the perfusion pressure changes. On the basis of the presented investigations, the possibility of existence of autoregulation in the umbilical cord circulation has been found which testifies to an active but not passive role of the vessels in the circulation between the foetus and placenta. It has been stated that the umbilical cord vessels show a spontaneous contractile activity which may play an important role in the regulation of the umbilical flow. In the case of lack of the smooth muscle spontaneous contractile activity, this could be induced by using active pharmacological substances, as for instance noradrenaline. The reaction of another important pharmacological substance bradykinin (BRS), has been closely associated with oxygen saturation of the perfusion solution. Changes in the sensitivity of the umbilical cord blood vessels to BRS, depending on the saturation with oxygen, have been emphasised, and the role and participation of kinins in closing up umbilical cord blood vessels immediately following labour have been discussed.", "contents": "[Physiological and pharmacological studies of umbilical cord flow in man]. The results of investigations on physiology and pharmacology of the smooth muscle umbilical cord arteries are presented. In the first part of the investigations it has been found that there is a close dependence between the blood flow and perfusion pressure in the arterial bed of the cord. The pressure flow relationship is linear. The blood vessels of the umbilical cord influence actively the perfusion pressure changes. On the basis of the presented investigations, the possibility of existence of autoregulation in the umbilical cord circulation has been found which testifies to an active but not passive role of the vessels in the circulation between the foetus and placenta. It has been stated that the umbilical cord vessels show a spontaneous contractile activity which may play an important role in the regulation of the umbilical flow. In the case of lack of the smooth muscle spontaneous contractile activity, this could be induced by using active pharmacological substances, as for instance noradrenaline. The reaction of another important pharmacological substance bradykinin (BRS), has been closely associated with oxygen saturation of the perfusion solution. Changes in the sensitivity of the umbilical cord blood vessels to BRS, depending on the saturation with oxygen, have been emphasised, and the role and participation of kinins in closing up umbilical cord blood vessels immediately following labour have been discussed.", "PMID": 602510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7721", "title": "[Echographic study in early pregnancy. I. Parameter of the uterus].", "content": "The echographic pattern of the growing uterus in normal pregnant women and threatened abortion with analysis of longitudinal, antero-posterior and transverse, the area and volume of the uterus has been studied. There is a significant difference between both groups.", "contents": "[Echographic study in early pregnancy. I. Parameter of the uterus]. The echographic pattern of the growing uterus in normal pregnant women and threatened abortion with analysis of longitudinal, antero-posterior and transverse, the area and volume of the uterus has been studied. There is a significant difference between both groups.", "PMID": 602511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7722", "title": "[Echographic study in early pregnancy. II. Amnion cavity parameter].", "content": "Ultrasonic B-scanning was used to study 201 patients in early pregnancy. We divided the material in two groups with clinical signs of threatened and a third group of normal pregnancy. The growth of three mean diameters of gestational sac is analyzed. An assesment of gestational sac area and volume is included. The data are represented in terms of regression lines.", "contents": "[Echographic study in early pregnancy. II. Amnion cavity parameter]. Ultrasonic B-scanning was used to study 201 patients in early pregnancy. We divided the material in two groups with clinical signs of threatened and a third group of normal pregnancy. The growth of three mean diameters of gestational sac is analyzed. An assesment of gestational sac area and volume is included. The data are represented in terms of regression lines.", "PMID": 602512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7723", "title": "[Diagnosis and control of the course of multiple pregnancy using ultrasonic B picture technic].", "content": "In this study you find a report about the diagnosis and the control of the course of multiple pregnancy with the help of echoscopy. Out of 513 case studies, 304 female patients were examined with this method. The diagnosis can always be put practically by the experienced examiner as the optimal period for this is stated between the 20th and the 26th week of pregnancy. It is emphasized that the early detection of the multiple pregnancy is clinically uncertain. The ultrasonic control of the course of pregnancy makes it possible to find out the hypotrophy of one or both of the babies. It is also possible to measure the birth weight of the multiple babies exactly clinically. The diagnosis of the prepartal position gives an idea about the expected course of delivery. The diagnosis of a quadriple in the 22nd week of pregnancy and the corresponding ultrasonic control of the course of pregnancy is also dealt casually in short.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and control of the course of multiple pregnancy using ultrasonic B picture technic]. In this study you find a report about the diagnosis and the control of the course of multiple pregnancy with the help of echoscopy. Out of 513 case studies, 304 female patients were examined with this method. The diagnosis can always be put practically by the experienced examiner as the optimal period for this is stated between the 20th and the 26th week of pregnancy. It is emphasized that the early detection of the multiple pregnancy is clinically uncertain. The ultrasonic control of the course of pregnancy makes it possible to find out the hypotrophy of one or both of the babies. It is also possible to measure the birth weight of the multiple babies exactly clinically. The diagnosis of the prepartal position gives an idea about the expected course of delivery. The diagnosis of a quadriple in the 22nd week of pregnancy and the corresponding ultrasonic control of the course of pregnancy is also dealt casually in short.", "PMID": 602513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7724", "title": "[Morphometric studies of the human placenta under the influence of sex steroids].", "content": "Placentas of different gestational age from women with oral contraception in the early phase of gravidity were studied morphometrically. An elevated risk for a placental insufficiency could not be found.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies of the human placenta under the influence of sex steroids]. Placentas of different gestational age from women with oral contraception in the early phase of gravidity were studied morphometrically. An elevated risk for a placental insufficiency could not be found.", "PMID": 602514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7725", "title": "TLG medium for pigment detection of staphylococci.", "content": "The semidefined medium (TLG) for carotenoid pigment production of staphylococci consists of 0.3% triacetin, 0.1% sodium lactate and 0.1% glucose in nutrient agar. The TLG is used for harvesting of cells for pigment extraction or, with calcium carbonate added, for colour determination of colonies.", "contents": "TLG medium for pigment detection of staphylococci. The semidefined medium (TLG) for carotenoid pigment production of staphylococci consists of 0.3% triacetin, 0.1% sodium lactate and 0.1% glucose in nutrient agar. The TLG is used for harvesting of cells for pigment extraction or, with calcium carbonate added, for colour determination of colonies.", "PMID": 602515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7726", "title": "[A contribution to purification of staphylokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "Optimal production of staphylokinase (SAK) was achieved in a casein hydrolysate yeast extract medium (LO3) containing 0.1 M Na-pyruvate. Addition of the pyruvate reduced significantly the production of protease and facilitated purification of SAK. After concentration of SAK from the culture supernatant by precipitation with ZnCl2 highly purified SAK was prepared successively using DEAE-Sephadex A 25 in a batch-procedure, by chromatography on CM-Sephadex C25, filtration with Ultrogel ACA 54, isoelectric focusing between pH 3.5 and 10 (fig. 2) and refocusing between pH 5-7 (table 1). For fractionation by focusing a device was constructed to record pH and optical density together with the fraction number in one diagramm (fig. 1). The purified SAK-preparation had a specific activity of 16.700 units per mg protein. It proved to be free of hemolysins, coagulase, leukocidin, lipase, nuclease, phosphatase, and protease. It was homogeneous upon analyses by diselectrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and immunelectrophoresis.", "contents": "[A contribution to purification of staphylokinase (author's transl)]. Optimal production of staphylokinase (SAK) was achieved in a casein hydrolysate yeast extract medium (LO3) containing 0.1 M Na-pyruvate. Addition of the pyruvate reduced significantly the production of protease and facilitated purification of SAK. After concentration of SAK from the culture supernatant by precipitation with ZnCl2 highly purified SAK was prepared successively using DEAE-Sephadex A 25 in a batch-procedure, by chromatography on CM-Sephadex C25, filtration with Ultrogel ACA 54, isoelectric focusing between pH 3.5 and 10 (fig. 2) and refocusing between pH 5-7 (table 1). For fractionation by focusing a device was constructed to record pH and optical density together with the fraction number in one diagramm (fig. 1). The purified SAK-preparation had a specific activity of 16.700 units per mg protein. It proved to be free of hemolysins, coagulase, leukocidin, lipase, nuclease, phosphatase, and protease. It was homogeneous upon analyses by diselectrophoresis, double immunodiffusion and immunelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 602516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7727", "title": "[Ultrastructural investigations on anionic surface sites of Brucella canis (author's transl)].", "content": "Anionic sites on the surface of Brucella canis were visualized in the electron microscope by staining with positively charged ferric oxide hydrosols in acetic acid (AI-reagent), or propanoic acid (PI-reagent), and with a polycationic ferritin derivative. With the AI-reagent, single or small aggregates of ferric oxide particles were bound to the cell surface of Br. canis, whereas, with the lipophilic PI-reagent, the microorganisms were heavily stained with focal aggregates of iron granules. The polycationic ferritin label was uniformly distributed over the entire cell surface of Br. canis. The ferritin label was not bound on the surface of the organisms after prior treatment with trichloroacetic acid or methanolic hydrochloric acid. Treatment with aqueous acetone, chloroform/methanol, diethyl ether, sodium deoxycholate, pronase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, and sodium periodate neither influenced the morphology  of the Brucella nor diminished their ionic binding sites. Our results indicate that the anionic sites on the cell surface of Br. canis may be carboxyl and phosphate groups of lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural investigations on anionic surface sites of Brucella canis (author's transl)]. Anionic sites on the surface of Brucella canis were visualized in the electron microscope by staining with positively charged ferric oxide hydrosols in acetic acid (AI-reagent), or propanoic acid (PI-reagent), and with a polycationic ferritin derivative. With the AI-reagent, single or small aggregates of ferric oxide particles were bound to the cell surface of Br. canis, whereas, with the lipophilic PI-reagent, the microorganisms were heavily stained with focal aggregates of iron granules. The polycationic ferritin label was uniformly distributed over the entire cell surface of Br. canis. The ferritin label was not bound on the surface of the organisms after prior treatment with trichloroacetic acid or methanolic hydrochloric acid. Treatment with aqueous acetone, chloroform/methanol, diethyl ether, sodium deoxycholate, pronase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, and sodium periodate neither influenced the morphology  of the Brucella nor diminished their ionic binding sites. Our results indicate that the anionic sites on the cell surface of Br. canis may be carboxyl and phosphate groups of lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 602517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7728", "title": "Factor analysis of serogroups botanica and aurisina of Leptospira biflexa.", "content": "Factor analysis is performed on serovars of Botanica and Aurisina serogroup of Leptospira biflexa. The results show the arrangement of main factors serovar and serogroup specific, as well as the antigens common with serovars of heterologous serogroups.", "contents": "Factor analysis of serogroups botanica and aurisina of Leptospira biflexa. Factor analysis is performed on serovars of Botanica and Aurisina serogroup of Leptospira biflexa. The results show the arrangement of main factors serovar and serogroup specific, as well as the antigens common with serovars of heterologous serogroups.", "PMID": 602518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7729", "title": "[Investigations in taeniasis patients on blood serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and blastic lymphocyte transformation after phytohaemagglutinin (author's transl)].", "content": "In 49 patients suffering from taeniasis caused by T. saginata, the serum levels of the immunoglobulins, IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as the blastic lymphocyte transformation due to phytohaemagglutinin were determined. The studies were performed prior to treatment (1st testing) and at day 7 following administration of Yomesan (2nd testing). The results obtained were statistically evaluated by comparison with the results of control studies in 20 healthy persons. A statistically significant lowering of the IgA and IgM levels and of the percentage of blastic cells following lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin was demonstrated to be present in the patients by the 1st as well as the 2nd testing.", "contents": "[Investigations in taeniasis patients on blood serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and blastic lymphocyte transformation after phytohaemagglutinin (author's transl)]. In 49 patients suffering from taeniasis caused by T. saginata, the serum levels of the immunoglobulins, IgG, IgA, and IgM as well as the blastic lymphocyte transformation due to phytohaemagglutinin were determined. The studies were performed prior to treatment (1st testing) and at day 7 following administration of Yomesan (2nd testing). The results obtained were statistically evaluated by comparison with the results of control studies in 20 healthy persons. A statistically significant lowering of the IgA and IgM levels and of the percentage of blastic cells following lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin was demonstrated to be present in the patients by the 1st as well as the 2nd testing.", "PMID": 602519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7730", "title": "Leptospirae: their place in the systematics.", "content": "The morphology and electron-microscopic anatomy of Leptospirae, the lack of the presence of leptospiral phages (and probably of bacteriocins), and the absence of phagocytosis as a defence mechanism in leptospirosis, indicate the non-bacteriologie character of this genus. Leptospirae form an evolutionary intermediate bridge between the worlds of bacteria and protozoa. In \"Bergey's Manual\" they are assigned to the world of bacteria for practical reasons; but it seems to be reasonable to stress more largely the \"bacteriological\" and \"protozoologic\" markers of Leptospirae, in the subsequent 9th edition of this Manual.", "contents": "Leptospirae: their place in the systematics. The morphology and electron-microscopic anatomy of Leptospirae, the lack of the presence of leptospiral phages (and probably of bacteriocins), and the absence of phagocytosis as a defence mechanism in leptospirosis, indicate the non-bacteriologie character of this genus. Leptospirae form an evolutionary intermediate bridge between the worlds of bacteria and protozoa. In \"Bergey's Manual\" they are assigned to the world of bacteria for practical reasons; but it seems to be reasonable to stress more largely the \"bacteriological\" and \"protozoologic\" markers of Leptospirae, in the subsequent 9th edition of this Manual.", "PMID": 602520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7731", "title": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. I. Cytotoxicity of city smog extract from an urban area and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on mouse macrophages in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "We analyzed the cytotoxic effect of a city smog extract from a large urban area, employing mouse macrophages in vitro. In parallel experiments we tested carcinogenic and non carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a)pyrene, 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene, pyrene and anthracene. City smog extract induced a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability and an alteration in cell membrane permeability. In contrast to city smog extract the carcinogenic and non carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced no detectable cytotoxic effects in the dose range we analyzed. Possible implications of the cytotoxic effect of city smog extract on the lung are discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. I. Cytotoxicity of city smog extract from an urban area and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on mouse macrophages in vitro (author's transl)]. We analyzed the cytotoxic effect of a city smog extract from a large urban area, employing mouse macrophages in vitro. In parallel experiments we tested carcinogenic and non carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a)pyrene, 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene, pyrene and anthracene. City smog extract induced a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability and an alteration in cell membrane permeability. In contrast to city smog extract the carcinogenic and non carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced no detectable cytotoxic effects in the dose range we analyzed. Possible implications of the cytotoxic effect of city smog extract on the lung are discussed.", "PMID": 602521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7732", "title": "Effects of lead inhalation exposures alone and in combination with carbon monoxide in nonpregnant and pregnant rats and fetuses. I. Distribution of lead in blood and liver.", "content": "Nonpregnant and pregnant rats were continuously exposed for 3 weeks to an aerosol containing 1, 3 and 10 mg lead/m3 air and to a combination of 3 mg Pb/m3 and 500 ppm carbon monoxide. At the two lower lead doses, fetal blood lead levels exceeded those of the mothers. Active transport mechanisms were discussed to be responsible for these differences. A decrease of the fetal blood lead level below the maternal level in the high exposure group was explained by an increasing storage capacity of the fetal livers with increasing lead doses. Lead concentrations of the maternal livers exceeded the nonpregnant values at all 3 doses, probably caused by a higher ventilation and altered pharmacokinetics of lead in pregnancy. Additional CO-inhalation lowered the storage capacity of the livers of the adult animals and raised the blood concentration. In the fetuses additional CO-inhalation raised liver lead concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of lead inhalation exposures alone and in combination with carbon monoxide in nonpregnant and pregnant rats and fetuses. I. Distribution of lead in blood and liver. Nonpregnant and pregnant rats were continuously exposed for 3 weeks to an aerosol containing 1, 3 and 10 mg lead/m3 air and to a combination of 3 mg Pb/m3 and 500 ppm carbon monoxide. At the two lower lead doses, fetal blood lead levels exceeded those of the mothers. Active transport mechanisms were discussed to be responsible for these differences. A decrease of the fetal blood lead level below the maternal level in the high exposure group was explained by an increasing storage capacity of the fetal livers with increasing lead doses. Lead concentrations of the maternal livers exceeded the nonpregnant values at all 3 doses, probably caused by a higher ventilation and altered pharmacokinetics of lead in pregnancy. Additional CO-inhalation lowered the storage capacity of the livers of the adult animals and raised the blood concentration. In the fetuses additional CO-inhalation raised liver lead concentrations.", "PMID": 602523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7733", "title": "Effects of lead inhalation exposures alone and in combination with carbon monoxide in nonpregnant and pregnant rats and fetuses. II. Effects on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, hematocrit and body weight.", "content": "Pregnant and nonpregnant rats were exposed for 21 days to an aerosol containing 1, 3 and 10 mg lead/m3 air and to a combination of 3 mg Pb/m3 and 500 ppm carbon monoxide (CO). Pregnant and nonpregnant rats exposed to uncontaminated air served as controls. The activity of the fetal delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was less inhibited by lead than the maternal activity. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition was highly reduced in the fetuses by additional CO-inhalation, whereas in adult animals the depression of the ALA-D was accentuated by additional CO-inhalation in accordance with epidemiological data. Therefore, it is concluded that the mode of plumbic inhibition of the ALA-D activity differs in fetuses from that in adults. Furthermore, the adaptation to the inhibition of the ALA-D by de novo synthesis of this enzyme was less in fetuses than in adult rats. The high lead aerosol concentration reduced hematocrit and body weight of the fetuses, but it did not influence these parameters in adult rats, thus pointing to a higher lead-sensitivity of the fetal than the adult organism. A stronger inhibition of maternal ALA-D activity than of the activity of nonpregnant animals possibly indicates a higher susceptibility to lead in pregnancy.", "contents": "Effects of lead inhalation exposures alone and in combination with carbon monoxide in nonpregnant and pregnant rats and fetuses. II. Effects on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, hematocrit and body weight. Pregnant and nonpregnant rats were exposed for 21 days to an aerosol containing 1, 3 and 10 mg lead/m3 air and to a combination of 3 mg Pb/m3 and 500 ppm carbon monoxide (CO). Pregnant and nonpregnant rats exposed to uncontaminated air served as controls. The activity of the fetal delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) was less inhibited by lead than the maternal activity. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition was highly reduced in the fetuses by additional CO-inhalation, whereas in adult animals the depression of the ALA-D was accentuated by additional CO-inhalation in accordance with epidemiological data. Therefore, it is concluded that the mode of plumbic inhibition of the ALA-D activity differs in fetuses from that in adults. Furthermore, the adaptation to the inhibition of the ALA-D by de novo synthesis of this enzyme was less in fetuses than in adult rats. The high lead aerosol concentration reduced hematocrit and body weight of the fetuses, but it did not influence these parameters in adult rats, thus pointing to a higher lead-sensitivity of the fetal than the adult organism. A stronger inhibition of maternal ALA-D activity than of the activity of nonpregnant animals possibly indicates a higher susceptibility to lead in pregnancy.", "PMID": 602524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7734", "title": "[Role of the telencephalon in regulating the electrical activity of skeletal muscles in chick embryos].", "content": "On 18-day chick embryos, studies have been made of functional properties of hyperstriatum accesorium (HA) of the telencephalon and that of neck muscles. To investigate the relationship between the HA structure and the EMG in muscles, the former was subjected to unilateral coagulation. Specific levels were established of the energy of oscilatory processes--EEG in the HA and EMG of neck muscles--as well as the relationship between them and possible role of HA structure in regulation of fast movements.", "contents": "[Role of the telencephalon in regulating the electrical activity of skeletal muscles in chick embryos]. On 18-day chick embryos, studies have been made of functional properties of hyperstriatum accesorium (HA) of the telencephalon and that of neck muscles. To investigate the relationship between the HA structure and the EMG in muscles, the former was subjected to unilateral coagulation. Specific levels were established of the energy of oscilatory processes--EEG in the HA and EMG of neck muscles--as well as the relationship between them and possible role of HA structure in regulation of fast movements.", "PMID": 602531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7735", "title": "[Localization of the sensory projection areas in the cerebral cortex of the dolphin, Tursiops truncatus].", "content": "Using the evoked potential technique, studies have been made on localization of the projectional sensory areas in the cerebral cortex (visual, acoustic and somatosensory) of the porpoise T. truncatus. Distribution of these projectional areas in the porpoise is quite different as compared to that in other mammals. Visual and acoustic areas are shifted to the dorsal part of the hemisphere, all the sensory areas investigated exhibit a direct contact with each other.", "contents": "[Localization of the sensory projection areas in the cerebral cortex of the dolphin, Tursiops truncatus]. Using the evoked potential technique, studies have been made on localization of the projectional sensory areas in the cerebral cortex (visual, acoustic and somatosensory) of the porpoise T. truncatus. Distribution of these projectional areas in the porpoise is quite different as compared to that in other mammals. Visual and acoustic areas are shifted to the dorsal part of the hemisphere, all the sensory areas investigated exhibit a direct contact with each other.", "PMID": 602532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7736", "title": "[Frequency-threshold characteristics of the subcortical formations of the auditory analyzer of the dolphin Phocaena phocaena].", "content": "The evoked potentials (EP) have been recorded in subcortical auditory structures of porpoises exposed to ultrasound stimulation. The magnitude of EP thresholds served as the criterion of auditory centers sensitivity to variations in stimulus frequency. The region of maximum sensitivity occurred within the range 100 to 120 kHz and in some trials additional maximum was observed. Reaction thresholds of \"off\"-responses invariably exceeded those of \"on\"-responses. Frequency-threshold curves for both reaction types coincided.", "contents": "[Frequency-threshold characteristics of the subcortical formations of the auditory analyzer of the dolphin Phocaena phocaena]. The evoked potentials (EP) have been recorded in subcortical auditory structures of porpoises exposed to ultrasound stimulation. The magnitude of EP thresholds served as the criterion of auditory centers sensitivity to variations in stimulus frequency. The region of maximum sensitivity occurred within the range 100 to 120 kHz and in some trials additional maximum was observed. Reaction thresholds of \"off\"-responses invariably exceeded those of \"on\"-responses. Frequency-threshold curves for both reaction types coincided.", "PMID": 602533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7737", "title": "[Prevalence of ornithosis in the Lithuanian SSR].", "content": "As a result of immunological examination of 658 domestic ducks of 6 poultry farms and 269 doves caught in Vilnius, antiornithosis antibodies were revealed in 3.1 +/- 0.7% of ducks and in 36.4 +/- 2.9% of doves. They were also found in 20 of 34 wild waterfowl. The causative agent of ornithosis was isolated in virological examination of the organs of a coot. Ornithosis nature of an epizootic outbreak among ducks of a poultry farm was proved by virological examination. The population was examined immunologically (2285 persons) and by intradermal test with the ornithosis antigen (80 persons). Positive specific reactions were revealed in 32.6% of persons engaged in poultry tending, and in 7.6% of other rural population. A case of ornithosis in man engaged in fowling (of doves) for their examination is described.", "contents": "[Prevalence of ornithosis in the Lithuanian SSR]. As a result of immunological examination of 658 domestic ducks of 6 poultry farms and 269 doves caught in Vilnius, antiornithosis antibodies were revealed in 3.1 +/- 0.7% of ducks and in 36.4 +/- 2.9% of doves. They were also found in 20 of 34 wild waterfowl. The causative agent of ornithosis was isolated in virological examination of the organs of a coot. Ornithosis nature of an epizootic outbreak among ducks of a poultry farm was proved by virological examination. The population was examined immunologically (2285 persons) and by intradermal test with the ornithosis antigen (80 persons). Positive specific reactions were revealed in 32.6% of persons engaged in poultry tending, and in 7.6% of other rural population. A case of ornithosis in man engaged in fowling (of doves) for their examination is described.", "PMID": 602539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7738", "title": "[Structure-functional features of peripheral nerve elements in oligochaetes].", "content": "Histological investigation of the peripheral nervous elements in the earthworm indicates that in 3-projection neurons which are found along the I and III segmentary nerves, one of the projections terminates between epithelial cells, whereas the other produces many ramifications which form multiple terminations in the longitudinal muscles. These polyvalent neurons presumably serve as a morphological basis for the peripheral axon-reflex in the earthworm.", "contents": "[Structure-functional features of peripheral nerve elements in oligochaetes]. Histological investigation of the peripheral nervous elements in the earthworm indicates that in 3-projection neurons which are found along the I and III segmentary nerves, one of the projections terminates between epithelial cells, whereas the other produces many ramifications which form multiple terminations in the longitudinal muscles. These polyvalent neurons presumably serve as a morphological basis for the peripheral axon-reflex in the earthworm.", "PMID": 602534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7739", "title": "[Etiologic role of bacteria of the genus Providencia in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "A study was made of morphological, cultural, biochemical properties and antigenic structure (by O-antigen) of 59 strains isolated in group acute intestinal affection of children at the pioneer camp. By the combination of biochemical properties (31 tests) all the cultures isolated were referred to Providencia alcalifaciens of biotype 7. Serological typing with the aid of experimental diagnostic agglutinating O-sera showed these strains to be referred to serological group O2. Identity of the O-antigen of the isolated cultures to the standard O2 strain was confirmed by the results of cross reactions of agglutinin absorption. The results of bacteriological and clinico-epidemiological studies offered a possibility of regarding the isolated Providencia alcalifaciens of serological group O2 as the causative agents of the group intestinal disease in children.", "contents": "[Etiologic role of bacteria of the genus Providencia in acute intestinal diseases]. A study was made of morphological, cultural, biochemical properties and antigenic structure (by O-antigen) of 59 strains isolated in group acute intestinal affection of children at the pioneer camp. By the combination of biochemical properties (31 tests) all the cultures isolated were referred to Providencia alcalifaciens of biotype 7. Serological typing with the aid of experimental diagnostic agglutinating O-sera showed these strains to be referred to serological group O2. Identity of the O-antigen of the isolated cultures to the standard O2 strain was confirmed by the results of cross reactions of agglutinin absorption. The results of bacteriological and clinico-epidemiological studies offered a possibility of regarding the isolated Providencia alcalifaciens of serological group O2 as the causative agents of the group intestinal disease in children.", "PMID": 602540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7740", "title": "[Houseflies (M. domestica L.) as transmitters of the agent of cholera].", "content": "The authors present the experimental results of study of the role played by domestic flies in the spread of cholera causative agents. It was found that cholera microbes survived on the external surface of flies for 5 to 7 days, and in the insect organism--in the course of their whole life. Cholera vibrios underwent no sharp changes in the organism of flies. By  means of individual infection method and keeping of flies excluding a possibility. By means of individual infection method and keeping of flies excluding a possibility of repeated autoinfection it was revealed that cholera vibrios could multiply in the organism of domestic flies. The infected insects can discharge cholera vibrios for a long time into the external environment and contaminate food.", "contents": "[Houseflies (M. domestica L.) as transmitters of the agent of cholera]. The authors present the experimental results of study of the role played by domestic flies in the spread of cholera causative agents. It was found that cholera microbes survived on the external surface of flies for 5 to 7 days, and in the insect organism--in the course of their whole life. Cholera vibrios underwent no sharp changes in the organism of flies. By  means of individual infection method and keeping of flies excluding a possibility. By means of individual infection method and keeping of flies excluding a possibility of repeated autoinfection it was revealed that cholera vibrios could multiply in the organism of domestic flies. The infected insects can discharge cholera vibrios for a long time into the external environment and contaminate food.", "PMID": 602541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7741", "title": "[Heterogeneity in phage sensitivity in populations of S. aureus vegetating in patients and carriers].", "content": "It was found that the S. aureus populations vegetating in patients and carriers were heterogeneous by phagegroup reference of the strains isolated in 31.1 and 23.9% of cases, respectively, and in 35.9 and 26.9%--phagovars. The frequency and the extent of variability of the populations in the patients depended on the character of the disease, the site of infection and the association of the focus with the external environment, and in carriers--on the localization and the carrier category. S. aureus populations habituating in the patients with the primary purulent processes and mastitis, as in the closed processes and in cases of extrahospital infection consisted, with rare exception, of the strains of one phagovar. In a considerable number of patients with purulent processes after the incision (38.0%), with infected wounds (37.2%), and particularly with burns (78.6%) of the S. aureus population consisted of 2, 3 and even 4 phagovars. Variable were also populations vegetating in patients with open processes (47.1%) and in hospital (26.5%) and mixed infection (52.6%). The phage-type composition of the S. aureus populations in carriers was also characterized by heterogeneity, which was more pronounced in chronic carriers and in case of localization of the processes in the nose. On the basis of the data obtained the minimal number of cultures which should be studied from the microbial focus in order to obtain objective data on the composition of phagovars in the population of various categories of patients and carriers was calculated.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity in phage sensitivity in populations of S. aureus vegetating in patients and carriers]. It was found that the S. aureus populations vegetating in patients and carriers were heterogeneous by phagegroup reference of the strains isolated in 31.1 and 23.9% of cases, respectively, and in 35.9 and 26.9%--phagovars. The frequency and the extent of variability of the populations in the patients depended on the character of the disease, the site of infection and the association of the focus with the external environment, and in carriers--on the localization and the carrier category. S. aureus populations habituating in the patients with the primary purulent processes and mastitis, as in the closed processes and in cases of extrahospital infection consisted, with rare exception, of the strains of one phagovar. In a considerable number of patients with purulent processes after the incision (38.0%), with infected wounds (37.2%), and particularly with burns (78.6%) of the S. aureus population consisted of 2, 3 and even 4 phagovars. Variable were also populations vegetating in patients with open processes (47.1%) and in hospital (26.5%) and mixed infection (52.6%). The phage-type composition of the S. aureus populations in carriers was also characterized by heterogeneity, which was more pronounced in chronic carriers and in case of localization of the processes in the nose. On the basis of the data obtained the minimal number of cultures which should be studied from the microbial focus in order to obtain objective data on the composition of phagovars in the population of various categories of patients and carriers was calculated.", "PMID": 602542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7742", "title": "[Serum vibriolytic activity as an index of antibacterial immunity in cholera].", "content": "As a result of study of the vibriolytic activity of the serum during the immunity formation in the vaccinated animals in comparison with the specific antibodies titres and nonspecific immunity factors (complement and lysozyme) there was revealed a dependence of the reaction on the vaccine dose and the immunization method; there was also found a relationship between the vibriolytic activity and the serological indices in the sera of volunteers. On the basis of study a conclusion was drawn that the vibriolytic activity of the serum could serve as an index of antibacterial immunity in cholera.", "contents": "[Serum vibriolytic activity as an index of antibacterial immunity in cholera]. As a result of study of the vibriolytic activity of the serum during the immunity formation in the vaccinated animals in comparison with the specific antibodies titres and nonspecific immunity factors (complement and lysozyme) there was revealed a dependence of the reaction on the vaccine dose and the immunization method; there was also found a relationship between the vibriolytic activity and the serological indices in the sera of volunteers. On the basis of study a conclusion was drawn that the vibriolytic activity of the serum could serve as an index of antibacterial immunity in cholera.", "PMID": 602543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7743", "title": "[Protective action of serum RNA-ase in viral infections].", "content": "The enzymatic preparations of the RNA-ases from the cells of a continuous line of the sucking pig kidney culture, the blood serum of chicks, and the blood serum of rabbits were isolated and purified. The antiviral action of these enzymes on the homologous culture, chick embryos in infection with the RNA-genom virus of the Newcastle's disease and on rabbits infected with the DNA-genom virus of the Aujeszky's disease was demonstrated. A supposed mechanism of the protective action of \"own\" RNA-ases is discussed in this work.", "contents": "[Protective action of serum RNA-ase in viral infections]. The enzymatic preparations of the RNA-ases from the cells of a continuous line of the sucking pig kidney culture, the blood serum of chicks, and the blood serum of rabbits were isolated and purified. The antiviral action of these enzymes on the homologous culture, chick embryos in infection with the RNA-genom virus of the Newcastle's disease and on rabbits infected with the DNA-genom virus of the Aujeszky's disease was demonstrated. A supposed mechanism of the protective action of \"own\" RNA-ases is discussed in this work.", "PMID": 602544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7744", "title": "[Materials on the serologic study of children inoculated with live measles vaccine].", "content": "The results of serological examination of children, residents of Leningrad, vaccinated with live measles vaccine, are presented. A total of 2012 children were examined. Antibodies were absent in children of different age in 4.2--15.8% of cases. The greatest percentage of secronegative children (15) was noted among those vaccinated at the age of under one year. The mean geometrical antibody titres were the greatest in children aged from 7 to 14 years. The values of these mean titres were less in children vaccinated at the age of under one year than in those vaccinated later--6.5--8.6 and 10.6--11.3, respectively.", "contents": "[Materials on the serologic study of children inoculated with live measles vaccine]. The results of serological examination of children, residents of Leningrad, vaccinated with live measles vaccine, are presented. A total of 2012 children were examined. Antibodies were absent in children of different age in 4.2--15.8% of cases. The greatest percentage of secronegative children (15) was noted among those vaccinated at the age of under one year. The mean geometrical antibody titres were the greatest in children aged from 7 to 14 years. The values of these mean titres were less in children vaccinated at the age of under one year than in those vaccinated later--6.5--8.6 and 10.6--11.3, respectively.", "PMID": 602545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7745", "title": "[Disruption of the mechanisms of natural immunity in the initial stage of adjuvant disease in rats and guinea pigs].", "content": "Similar changes in the nonspecific immunity indices were noted in experiments on rats and guinea pigs with adjuvant disease: depression of blood serum bactericidal activity and increase of the lysozyme and complement level, as well as inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and production of normal antibodies to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli in rats. Changes in disturbances of natural immunity factors in adjuvant disease correlated with the severity of the process in both animal species.", "contents": "[Disruption of the mechanisms of natural immunity in the initial stage of adjuvant disease in rats and guinea pigs]. Similar changes in the nonspecific immunity indices were noted in experiments on rats and guinea pigs with adjuvant disease: depression of blood serum bactericidal activity and increase of the lysozyme and complement level, as well as inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and production of normal antibodies to O- and Vi-antigens of typhoid bacilli in rats. Changes in disturbances of natural immunity factors in adjuvant disease correlated with the severity of the process in both animal species.", "PMID": 602546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7746", "title": "[Primary localization of the pathologic process in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].", "content": "The clinico-electromyographical study was conducted in 120 patients with motor disturbances in amyotrophical lateral sclerosis. Comparing the clinical and electromyographical data in different variants of this disease the authors make a conclusion on the simultaneous damage of peripheral and central mononeurons from the very onset of the disease. Along with this the latter is damaged not only primarily, but secondarily as a result of trans-synaptic degerneration due to pathology of the segmental-nucleus motor cells.", "contents": "[Primary localization of the pathologic process in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. The clinico-electromyographical study was conducted in 120 patients with motor disturbances in amyotrophical lateral sclerosis. Comparing the clinical and electromyographical data in different variants of this disease the authors make a conclusion on the simultaneous damage of peripheral and central mononeurons from the very onset of the disease. Along with this the latter is damaged not only primarily, but secondarily as a result of trans-synaptic degerneration due to pathology of the segmental-nucleus motor cells.", "PMID": 602549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7747", "title": "[Interrelationships between the structure of extra- and intracranial arteries, thrombosis, stenosis of their lumina and cerebral infarct].", "content": "With the aid of the complex x-ray-anatomo-histomorphometric method in 130 patients who had died due to brain strokes the authors established a statistically reliable correlation between localization of occlusion (stenosis, thrombosis) from anatomical (abnormal) structure of the vessels. A conclusion is made that vessel anomalies are frequently one of the factors which cause brain strokes. They influence not only hemodynamics, but modulate distribution of occlusive process in the lumen of the vessels.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between the structure of extra- and intracranial arteries, thrombosis, stenosis of their lumina and cerebral infarct]. With the aid of the complex x-ray-anatomo-histomorphometric method in 130 patients who had died due to brain strokes the authors established a statistically reliable correlation between localization of occlusion (stenosis, thrombosis) from anatomical (abnormal) structure of the vessels. A conclusion is made that vessel anomalies are frequently one of the factors which cause brain strokes. They influence not only hemodynamics, but modulate distribution of occlusive process in the lumen of the vessels.", "PMID": 602550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7748", "title": "[Secondary stem syndrome following infarcts and hemorrhages into the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "The authors analyse the significance of some factors for the development of a clinical, electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic picture of the secondary dysfunction of stem brain structures in patients suffering from strokes with a hemispheric localization of the focus. A great complexity and different influences of the course of stages of the secondary stem syndrome are stressed. Attention is drawn to the expedience of using repeated EEG recording in the acute phase of a stroke for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Secondary stem syndrome following infarcts and hemorrhages into the cerebral hemispheres]. The authors analyse the significance of some factors for the development of a clinical, electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic picture of the secondary dysfunction of stem brain structures in patients suffering from strokes with a hemispheric localization of the focus. A great complexity and different influences of the course of stages of the secondary stem syndrome are stressed. Attention is drawn to the expedience of using repeated EEG recording in the acute phase of a stroke for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 602551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7749", "title": "[Types of apraxia of the articulation apparatus in afferent motor aphasia].", "content": "On the basis of the comparative data on physiology and psychology of speech, as well as applied and comparative linguistics, it is known that apraxia of articulation apparatus in patients with afferent motor aphasia is heterogenous. The study of 3 groups of patients with primary apraxia of either a tongue, lips, or pharynx and larynx allowed one to find that in persons whose native language is Russian, written speech, reading and understanding is disturbed to a lesser degree in primary apraxia of glotis and larynx that are not initial phonemoformation organs in the Russian language.", "contents": "[Types of apraxia of the articulation apparatus in afferent motor aphasia]. On the basis of the comparative data on physiology and psychology of speech, as well as applied and comparative linguistics, it is known that apraxia of articulation apparatus in patients with afferent motor aphasia is heterogenous. The study of 3 groups of patients with primary apraxia of either a tongue, lips, or pharynx and larynx allowed one to find that in persons whose native language is Russian, written speech, reading and understanding is disturbed to a lesser degree in primary apraxia of glotis and larynx that are not initial phonemoformation organs in the Russian language.", "PMID": 602552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7750", "title": "[Soporous-comatose states in patients with acute pneumonia].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical, laboratory and pathomorphological study the author describes soporous--comatose states in 26 patients among 300 with acute pneumonia. In acute lung diseases, there are symptoms of multiple lesions of the nervous system on the background of hypoxia and intoxication which evokes, liquid-dynamical and circulatory brain disorders. Progressive brain oxygen insufficiency conditions appearance of neurological disturbances from general cerebral and functional and as the state becomes more profound up to an occurence of comatose states.", "contents": "[Soporous-comatose states in patients with acute pneumonia]. On the basis of a clinical, laboratory and pathomorphological study the author describes soporous--comatose states in 26 patients among 300 with acute pneumonia. In acute lung diseases, there are symptoms of multiple lesions of the nervous system on the background of hypoxia and intoxication which evokes, liquid-dynamical and circulatory brain disorders. Progressive brain oxygen insufficiency conditions appearance of neurological disturbances from general cerebral and functional and as the state becomes more profound up to an occurence of comatose states.", "PMID": 602553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7751", "title": "[Long-term l-DOPA therapy for parkinsonism and its pathochemical aspect].", "content": "The conducted study of the effectiveness of L-DOPA in its long-term (up to 7 years) continuous administration to parkinsonic patients depicted a high therapeutical action of the drug for the first 6 months of the treatment. L-DOPA administration up to 3 years had an antiparkinsonic action approximately in half of the patients. A further prolongation of treatment period decreased L-DOPA effectiveness even more. The increase of the doses in order to raise a therapeutical effect was impossible due to the appearance of side-effects characteristic of L-DOPA. The longitudinal biochemical studies on biogenic amines in those patients' urine established a correlation with the clinical state. The obtained biochemical data permitted to assume an acceleration of extracerebral metabolism of monoamines in L-DOPA treatment for 1--3 years and further on the decrease of sensitivity of CNS dophaminergic neurons to administered L-DOPA. The methods of increasing the effectivity of L-DOPA use in parkinsonism are given.", "contents": "[Long-term l-DOPA therapy for parkinsonism and its pathochemical aspect]. The conducted study of the effectiveness of L-DOPA in its long-term (up to 7 years) continuous administration to parkinsonic patients depicted a high therapeutical action of the drug for the first 6 months of the treatment. L-DOPA administration up to 3 years had an antiparkinsonic action approximately in half of the patients. A further prolongation of treatment period decreased L-DOPA effectiveness even more. The increase of the doses in order to raise a therapeutical effect was impossible due to the appearance of side-effects characteristic of L-DOPA. The longitudinal biochemical studies on biogenic amines in those patients' urine established a correlation with the clinical state. The obtained biochemical data permitted to assume an acceleration of extracerebral metabolism of monoamines in L-DOPA treatment for 1--3 years and further on the decrease of sensitivity of CNS dophaminergic neurons to administered L-DOPA. The methods of increasing the effectivity of L-DOPA use in parkinsonism are given.", "PMID": 602554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7752", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid melatonin in diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "In 66 patients with some diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, brain tumors, traumatic brain lesions, discorgenic lumbosacral radiculitis) melatonin content in liquor was determined by a fluorimetric method, especially modified for this purpose. The increase of melatonin concentration in liquor mostly significant in frequent epileptic strokes was found. In brain tumors the hormone content depended upon the severity of the patients' state, the existence of epileptic strokes, brain stem and hypothalamus involvement into the process. In traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages, in the hypothalamic syndrome, the melatonin content was very high. An assumption on melatonin defensive role in conditions of the nervous system pathology and the topico-diagnostical significance of its study in liquor is made.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid melatonin in diseases of the nervous system]. In 66 patients with some diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, brain tumors, traumatic brain lesions, discorgenic lumbosacral radiculitis) melatonin content in liquor was determined by a fluorimetric method, especially modified for this purpose. The increase of melatonin concentration in liquor mostly significant in frequent epileptic strokes was found. In brain tumors the hormone content depended upon the severity of the patients' state, the existence of epileptic strokes, brain stem and hypothalamus involvement into the process. In traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages, in the hypothalamic syndrome, the melatonin content was very high. An assumption on melatonin defensive role in conditions of the nervous system pathology and the topico-diagnostical significance of its study in liquor is made.", "PMID": 602555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7753", "title": "[Bilirubin and the blood-brain barrier].", "content": "The report contains some results of a parallel determination of bilirubin in the blood serum and CSF in 321 patients with different diseases. The bilirubin in the blood serum was studied according to Jendrassik and Cleghorn (1936), in the CSF according to Jendrassik and the spectrophotometrically according to Fleming's and Woolf's (1965) formula. It was demonstrated that bilirubin appears in the CSF only in jaundice of different etiology, cerebral hemorrhages and in blocking the liquor paths. In the absence of such syndromes the haematoencephalic barrier is impassable for bilirubin.", "contents": "[Bilirubin and the blood-brain barrier]. The report contains some results of a parallel determination of bilirubin in the blood serum and CSF in 321 patients with different diseases. The bilirubin in the blood serum was studied according to Jendrassik and Cleghorn (1936), in the CSF according to Jendrassik and the spectrophotometrically according to Fleming's and Woolf's (1965) formula. It was demonstrated that bilirubin appears in the CSF only in jaundice of different etiology, cerebral hemorrhages and in blocking the liquor paths. In the absence of such syndromes the haematoencephalic barrier is impassable for bilirubin.", "PMID": 602556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7754", "title": "[Methodologic problems in the relationship between psychiatry and psychology (results of a discussion)].", "content": "The paper discusses the methodological problems of relationship between psychiatry and contiguous disciplines, psychology in particular. The author sums up the results of the discussion that was held on these problems by the journal. The role and place of pathopsychological investigations in the study of the nature of mental diseases, the range of aims of psychopathological services in the solution of theoretical and practical problems of psychiatric practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Methodologic problems in the relationship between psychiatry and psychology (results of a discussion)]. The paper discusses the methodological problems of relationship between psychiatry and contiguous disciplines, psychology in particular. The author sums up the results of the discussion that was held on these problems by the journal. The role and place of pathopsychological investigations in the study of the nature of mental diseases, the range of aims of psychopathological services in the solution of theoretical and practical problems of psychiatric practice are discussed.", "PMID": 602557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7755", "title": "[Psychology of relationships as a theoretical concept in medical psychology and psychotherapy].", "content": "The theoretical concept called \"psychology of relations\" (A. F. Lazursky, V. N. Myasishchev) is offered as the basis for a study of a patient's personality and psychotherapy. The author stresses ideological relationship of psychology of relations with phylosophy of dialectical materialism and I. P. Pavlov's studies about conditioned reflexes, its relationship with clinical psychoneurology, its direction to a study of the personality and adherence to primacy of consciousness over unconciousness. The perspectiveness of the evolutionally ontogenetic approach to the analysis of the system of relations and necessity to elaborate working systematizations determined by the research purpose, is stated.", "contents": "[Psychology of relationships as a theoretical concept in medical psychology and psychotherapy]. The theoretical concept called \"psychology of relations\" (A. F. Lazursky, V. N. Myasishchev) is offered as the basis for a study of a patient's personality and psychotherapy. The author stresses ideological relationship of psychology of relations with phylosophy of dialectical materialism and I. P. Pavlov's studies about conditioned reflexes, its relationship with clinical psychoneurology, its direction to a study of the personality and adherence to primacy of consciousness over unconciousness. The perspectiveness of the evolutionally ontogenetic approach to the analysis of the system of relations and necessity to elaborate working systematizations determined by the research purpose, is stated.", "PMID": 602558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7756", "title": "[Relationship between thinking activity and typologic characteristics of personality (material from a study of schizophrenic patients and their relatives)].", "content": "The paper presents an analysis of relationships between the expressivity of the change in thinking selectivity and premorbid personality characteristics of schizophrenic patients (242 patients) and the types of personality anomalies in the relatives of the probands with schizophrenia (203 patients). The authors reveal correlation of the expressiveness of the above-mentioned thinking anomaly with definite types of personality anomalies (sthenic, hyperthymic and mosaic schizoids). The circle of the marked personality types according to the analyzed indices are limited both from representatives of the normal population and representatives of other personality types (\"model\", \"deficient\", cycloids). The obtained data permit to consider the studied thinking anomaly in the system of typological peculiarities of mental activity.", "contents": "[Relationship between thinking activity and typologic characteristics of personality (material from a study of schizophrenic patients and their relatives)]. The paper presents an analysis of relationships between the expressivity of the change in thinking selectivity and premorbid personality characteristics of schizophrenic patients (242 patients) and the types of personality anomalies in the relatives of the probands with schizophrenia (203 patients). The authors reveal correlation of the expressiveness of the above-mentioned thinking anomaly with definite types of personality anomalies (sthenic, hyperthymic and mosaic schizoids). The circle of the marked personality types according to the analyzed indices are limited both from representatives of the normal population and representatives of other personality types (\"model\", \"deficient\", cycloids). The obtained data permit to consider the studied thinking anomaly in the system of typological peculiarities of mental activity.", "PMID": 602559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7757", "title": "[States of preadjustment under conditions of prolonged activation according to evoked potential findings in schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The paper deals with a psychophysiological study of the states of disposition, expectation with the aid of the method of evoked potentials as one of the indices of peculiarities in activation processes in schizophrenic patients in conditions of active senso-motor activity. The study demonstrated significant differences in the schizophrenic patients in EP changes of cerebral cortex antecentral zones in situations of mental activity associated with expectation, active disposition. Moreover, in conditions of long-term stable activation schizophrenic patients show differences from normals by a character of dynamics of EP changes in the frontal brain areas, as the tension increases. The obtained data can testify to the fact that the given trend of psychophysiological studies may serve as an aspect of search and analysis of factors that are the basis of changes in a selective form of activation in schizophrenia.", "contents": "[States of preadjustment under conditions of prolonged activation according to evoked potential findings in schizophrenic patients]. The paper deals with a psychophysiological study of the states of disposition, expectation with the aid of the method of evoked potentials as one of the indices of peculiarities in activation processes in schizophrenic patients in conditions of active senso-motor activity. The study demonstrated significant differences in the schizophrenic patients in EP changes of cerebral cortex antecentral zones in situations of mental activity associated with expectation, active disposition. Moreover, in conditions of long-term stable activation schizophrenic patients show differences from normals by a character of dynamics of EP changes in the frontal brain areas, as the tension increases. The obtained data can testify to the fact that the given trend of psychophysiological studies may serve as an aspect of search and analysis of factors that are the basis of changes in a selective form of activation in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 602560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7758", "title": "[Psychopathology and the dynamics of psychogenic hysterical disorders arising in the presenile period and in old age].", "content": "As a result of the study of the nervous-mental state of 45 patients the author revealed considerable peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course of psychogenic hysterical disturbances depending on manifestations in the elderly or old age. It is shown that reactive hysterical states with the onset in the old age are distinguished by more elementariness, stereotypness, monotony of manifestations, absence of inclination for progression and transformation into a pathological development of a personality (what is frequently observed in the debut of hysterical disorders in the old age). The clinico-dynamic differences of psychogenic hysteria with the onset in presenium and old age are explained by different influence of common aged factors, climacteric and cerebro-vascular factors.", "contents": "[Psychopathology and the dynamics of psychogenic hysterical disorders arising in the presenile period and in old age]. As a result of the study of the nervous-mental state of 45 patients the author revealed considerable peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course of psychogenic hysterical disturbances depending on manifestations in the elderly or old age. It is shown that reactive hysterical states with the onset in the old age are distinguished by more elementariness, stereotypness, monotony of manifestations, absence of inclination for progression and transformation into a pathological development of a personality (what is frequently observed in the debut of hysterical disorders in the old age). The clinico-dynamic differences of psychogenic hysteria with the onset in presenium and old age are explained by different influence of common aged factors, climacteric and cerebro-vascular factors.", "PMID": 602561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7759", "title": "[Neuropsychologic characteristics of children with retarded mental development].", "content": "The neuropsychological study of 50 children with the diagnosis of mental retardation permitted to devide them into 2 groups according to the character and severity of disturbances. In the first group disturbances of some cortical functions are of a dynamical character, in the second group there is a stable insufficiency. The prevalence of the defect is different: in the first group phenomena of a dysfunction are observed in the zone of verbal tasks and in the second--in the verbal and nonverbal areas. The consideration of these results from the point of view of the conjugate brain activity allows one to state in the first group a dysfunction of the left (speech) hemisphere along with the normal development of the right hemisphere. In the second group there is a dysfunction of both hemispheres which points to a more expressed severity of disturbances. A special neuropsychological study of the functions of the frontal lobes protecting the highest forms of behaviour regulation demonstrates their different insufficiency in children with mental retardation. The first group shows impulsiveness and instability of an arbitrary control, the second group--enertness, perseveration in programming movements and actions. However, the anomaly of mental development in the second group of children may be related to mental retardation, since the marked defects are compensated by the possibility of holding intentions and capability of purposeful activity.", "contents": "[Neuropsychologic characteristics of children with retarded mental development]. The neuropsychological study of 50 children with the diagnosis of mental retardation permitted to devide them into 2 groups according to the character and severity of disturbances. In the first group disturbances of some cortical functions are of a dynamical character, in the second group there is a stable insufficiency. The prevalence of the defect is different: in the first group phenomena of a dysfunction are observed in the zone of verbal tasks and in the second--in the verbal and nonverbal areas. The consideration of these results from the point of view of the conjugate brain activity allows one to state in the first group a dysfunction of the left (speech) hemisphere along with the normal development of the right hemisphere. In the second group there is a dysfunction of both hemispheres which points to a more expressed severity of disturbances. A special neuropsychological study of the functions of the frontal lobes protecting the highest forms of behaviour regulation demonstrates their different insufficiency in children with mental retardation. The first group shows impulsiveness and instability of an arbitrary control, the second group--enertness, perseveration in programming movements and actions. However, the anomaly of mental development in the second group of children may be related to mental retardation, since the marked defects are compensated by the possibility of holding intentions and capability of purposeful activity.", "PMID": 602562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7760", "title": "[Several aspects of the psychotherapy of neuroses (value of so-called rational psychotherapy)].", "content": "The authors consider neurosis as a disturbed ability of an adequate perception and reaction which must be corrected by the use of psychotherapy. The method of the socalled rational deep psychotherapy is taken as the main therapeutical influence. Other methods and measures are used in the complex with this method. The possibility of a patient's logical judgement in the use of the methods of suggestive therapy is pointed out. The new methods of psychotherapeutical influence are stated.", "contents": "[Several aspects of the psychotherapy of neuroses (value of so-called rational psychotherapy)]. The authors consider neurosis as a disturbed ability of an adequate perception and reaction which must be corrected by the use of psychotherapy. The method of the socalled rational deep psychotherapy is taken as the main therapeutical influence. Other methods and measures are used in the complex with this method. The possibility of a patient's logical judgement in the use of the methods of suggestive therapy is pointed out. The new methods of psychotherapeutical influence are stated.", "PMID": 602563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7761", "title": "[Psychological aspects of rehabilitating mental patients under hospital conditions].", "content": "The paper summarizes the conducted studies on the investigation of the significance of permorbid aims of mental patients (mainly schizophrenics), their valuable orientations for the process of rehabilitation. Special attention is paid to the results of the socio-psychological studies which are characterized by the interrelations in the system \"doctor--nurse--patient\" and the analysis of relationships in parent famalies of schizophrenic patients as well.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of rehabilitating mental patients under hospital conditions]. The paper summarizes the conducted studies on the investigation of the significance of permorbid aims of mental patients (mainly schizophrenics), their valuable orientations for the process of rehabilitation. Special attention is paid to the results of the socio-psychological studies which are characterized by the interrelations in the system \"doctor--nurse--patient\" and the analysis of relationships in parent famalies of schizophrenic patients as well.", "PMID": 602564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7762", "title": "Effect of vitamin C administration on blood cholesterol level in man.", "content": "Vitamin C (1.0 g/day) was administered orally to 20 healthy males for 1 month under controlled conditions. The blood ascorbic acid level rose from 0.76 +/- 0.21 mg% to 1.24 +/- 0.19 mg% in young subjects (20-30 years), and from 0.74 +/- 0.29 mg% to 1.22 +/- 0.22 mg% in middle-aged ones (31-50 years). Simultaneously, the serum cholesterol levels decreased from 204 +/- 16 mg% to 177 +/- 21 mg% in the young and from 256 +/- 11 mg% to 225 +/- 36 mg% in the middle-aged, a statistically significant fall of 10-15%, on the average (P less than 0.01). The effect in normo-cholesteraemic subjects, in particular, supports the cholesterol-lowering action of vitamin C.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin C administration on blood cholesterol level in man. Vitamin C (1.0 g/day) was administered orally to 20 healthy males for 1 month under controlled conditions. The blood ascorbic acid level rose from 0.76 +/- 0.21 mg% to 1.24 +/- 0.19 mg% in young subjects (20-30 years), and from 0.74 +/- 0.29 mg% to 1.22 +/- 0.22 mg% in middle-aged ones (31-50 years). Simultaneously, the serum cholesterol levels decreased from 204 +/- 16 mg% to 177 +/- 21 mg% in the young and from 256 +/- 11 mg% to 225 +/- 36 mg% in the middle-aged, a statistically significant fall of 10-15%, on the average (P less than 0.01). The effect in normo-cholesteraemic subjects, in particular, supports the cholesterol-lowering action of vitamin C.", "PMID": 602565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7763", "title": "Effect of perinatal monosodium glutamate treatment on endocrine functions of rats in maturity.", "content": "Rats were injected subcutaneously with monosodium glutamate (MSG); either a single injection of 2 mg/g b.w. was given on the 2nd day of life or repeated daily injections of the same dose were given from the 2nd to the 10th day. Controls received saline. The growth of repeatedly treated females was slightly retarded from day 80. Repeated treatment caused a slight reduction in endocrine organ weights in maturity; however, endocrine functions tested between 120-150 days of life were similar in control and treated animals, e.g., AM-PM difference in plasma corticosterone levels, adrenocortical stress responsiveness and glucose tolerance test (in males) and normal vaginal cyclicity, compensatory hypertrophy of ovaries and presence of pituitary castration cells after spaying (in females). None of these treatments influenced the sexual activity and fertility of either sex. These data indicate that perinatal MSG treatment does not cause hypopituitary syndrome in the mature rat.", "contents": "Effect of perinatal monosodium glutamate treatment on endocrine functions of rats in maturity. Rats were injected subcutaneously with monosodium glutamate (MSG); either a single injection of 2 mg/g b.w. was given on the 2nd day of life or repeated daily injections of the same dose were given from the 2nd to the 10th day. Controls received saline. The growth of repeatedly treated females was slightly retarded from day 80. Repeated treatment caused a slight reduction in endocrine organ weights in maturity; however, endocrine functions tested between 120-150 days of life were similar in control and treated animals, e.g., AM-PM difference in plasma corticosterone levels, adrenocortical stress responsiveness and glucose tolerance test (in males) and normal vaginal cyclicity, compensatory hypertrophy of ovaries and presence of pituitary castration cells after spaying (in females). None of these treatments influenced the sexual activity and fertility of either sex. These data indicate that perinatal MSG treatment does not cause hypopituitary syndrome in the mature rat.", "PMID": 602568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7764", "title": "Investigation on lichen production of grassland communities of sandy soil II.", "content": "Lichen production was investigated on two types of sandy Grasslands over more than two years. Two maxima of production were observed, a minor one in spring and a major one in autumn. The degree of these depended on climatic factors. Path analysis was applied for determining (1) the order of importance of the climatic factors and (2) the role of these factors in the changes of the total lichen production of associations and their influence on the productivity of the two determinant species, viz., Cladonia magyarica and Cl. furcata. Lichen production should be investigated for a period longer than the vegetation period.", "contents": "Investigation on lichen production of grassland communities of sandy soil II. Lichen production was investigated on two types of sandy Grasslands over more than two years. Two maxima of production were observed, a minor one in spring and a major one in autumn. The degree of these depended on climatic factors. Path analysis was applied for determining (1) the order of importance of the climatic factors and (2) the role of these factors in the changes of the total lichen production of associations and their influence on the productivity of the two determinant species, viz., Cladonia magyarica and Cl. furcata. Lichen production should be investigated for a period longer than the vegetation period.", "PMID": 602570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7765", "title": "In vivo cumulation and discharge of azine, thiazine and xanthene dyes and their effects on the chloragogen cells of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta).", "content": "The in vivo cumulation of neutral red, methylene blue and acriflavine in the body wall, midgut epithelium and chloragosomes of Lumbricus terrestris L. and Octolasium transpadanum Rosa, and the discharge of these dyes by chloragosomes was investigated by spectrophotometry. The chloragosomes cumulated the largest amount of the ingested dyes. Electron microscopy displayed the activation of the chloragogen cells and an increased chloragosome formation on the first days of dye intake. In dye-free environment, the dye content of the chloragosomes decreased rapidly. The above properties of the chloragogen cells indicate the role of these cells in the defence mechanism against the toxic effect of certain cationic xenobiotics ingested via the intestinal tract.", "contents": "In vivo cumulation and discharge of azine, thiazine and xanthene dyes and their effects on the chloragogen cells of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). The in vivo cumulation of neutral red, methylene blue and acriflavine in the body wall, midgut epithelium and chloragosomes of Lumbricus terrestris L. and Octolasium transpadanum Rosa, and the discharge of these dyes by chloragosomes was investigated by spectrophotometry. The chloragosomes cumulated the largest amount of the ingested dyes. Electron microscopy displayed the activation of the chloragogen cells and an increased chloragosome formation on the first days of dye intake. In dye-free environment, the dye content of the chloragosomes decreased rapidly. The above properties of the chloragogen cells indicate the role of these cells in the defence mechanism against the toxic effect of certain cationic xenobiotics ingested via the intestinal tract.", "PMID": 602571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7766", "title": "Utilization of kerosene by a hydrocarbon-assimilating strain of Fusarium oxisporum.", "content": "Fusarium oxysporum IFO 6384 was grown in three different media, one containing glucose and two containing kerosene as carbon source. One of the kerosene media contained also Tween 60. The harvested dry mats were weighed at various stages of growth. Substitution of glucose with kerosene led to a sharp drop in the production of fungal mycelia. Analysis of the mat samples representing maximum yields indicated that the mycelia grown in the kerosene media were richer in free amino acid and poorer in protein as well as in polymeric and low-molecular weight carbohydrates than those grown in the glucose medium. Treatment of the culture filtrates with three volumes of acetone led to the separation of two fractions. In the first, acetone soluble fraction the free sugars and amino acids were determined, whereas the second, acetone precipitable one, was examined for its proteolytic activity. The gelatinase activity of the acetone precipitable material (APM) obtained from the kerosene media was lower than that from the glucose medium. The former activity, in contrast to the latter reached its maximum and minimum values at pHs 4 and 9, respectively.", "contents": "Utilization of kerosene by a hydrocarbon-assimilating strain of Fusarium oxisporum. Fusarium oxysporum IFO 6384 was grown in three different media, one containing glucose and two containing kerosene as carbon source. One of the kerosene media contained also Tween 60. The harvested dry mats were weighed at various stages of growth. Substitution of glucose with kerosene led to a sharp drop in the production of fungal mycelia. Analysis of the mat samples representing maximum yields indicated that the mycelia grown in the kerosene media were richer in free amino acid and poorer in protein as well as in polymeric and low-molecular weight carbohydrates than those grown in the glucose medium. Treatment of the culture filtrates with three volumes of acetone led to the separation of two fractions. In the first, acetone soluble fraction the free sugars and amino acids were determined, whereas the second, acetone precipitable one, was examined for its proteolytic activity. The gelatinase activity of the acetone precipitable material (APM) obtained from the kerosene media was lower than that from the glucose medium. The former activity, in contrast to the latter reached its maximum and minimum values at pHs 4 and 9, respectively.", "PMID": 602572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7767", "title": "Comparison of vegetative anatomy of piperales. I. Juvenile xylem of twigs.", "content": "Medullary bundles of Piperaceae resemble those of Ranunculaceae. The nature of tracheary elements of primary xylem suggests that Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae), Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) and Chloranthus officinalis (Chloranthaceae) are of lower evolutionary status than others. Among these three, P. cubeba shows stratification of secondary xylem, a specialized character. Lateral wall of metaxylem tracheary elements and distribution of bundles of Peperomia, suggest their primitive status and distinctness, supporting separation of \"Peperomiacea:\" (of NOVAK). Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus bear one important Ranunculaceous character: scalariform perforation in primary vessels. Primitive species of Peperomia carry probably another Ranunculaceous character, i.e., many circles of medullary bundles. Shape and pattern of vascular bundles of Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus are similar. Other species of Piper show modifications. Peperomia represents another distinct pattern.", "contents": "Comparison of vegetative anatomy of piperales. I. Juvenile xylem of twigs. Medullary bundles of Piperaceae resemble those of Ranunculaceae. The nature of tracheary elements of primary xylem suggests that Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae), Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) and Chloranthus officinalis (Chloranthaceae) are of lower evolutionary status than others. Among these three, P. cubeba shows stratification of secondary xylem, a specialized character. Lateral wall of metaxylem tracheary elements and distribution of bundles of Peperomia, suggest their primitive status and distinctness, supporting separation of \"Peperomiacea:\" (of NOVAK). Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus bear one important Ranunculaceous character: scalariform perforation in primary vessels. Primitive species of Peperomia carry probably another Ranunculaceous character, i.e., many circles of medullary bundles. Shape and pattern of vascular bundles of Piper cubeba, Houttuynia and Chloranthus are similar. Other species of Piper show modifications. Peperomia represents another distinct pattern.", "PMID": 602573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7768", "title": "Comparison of vegetative anatomy of Piperales. II. Leaf.", "content": "Many characters of leaf (hair, hypodermal cells, palisade layers, intercellular space, distinction between spongy and palisade parenchyma, \"palisade ratio\", distribution of collenchyma and sclerenchyma, presence or absence of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number, shape and arrangement of bundles of petiole) are useful distinguishing characters. Reduction of palisade layers seems to be the trend of evolution in Piper and Peperomia.", "contents": "Comparison of vegetative anatomy of Piperales. II. Leaf. Many characters of leaf (hair, hypodermal cells, palisade layers, intercellular space, distinction between spongy and palisade parenchyma, \"palisade ratio\", distribution of collenchyma and sclerenchyma, presence or absence of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number, shape and arrangement of bundles of petiole) are useful distinguishing characters. Reduction of palisade layers seems to be the trend of evolution in Piper and Peperomia.", "PMID": 602574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7769", "title": "Changes of erythrocytes due to hyperoxygenation.", "content": "After exposure of animals to pure oxygen for an 1--3 hrs daily for 2--8 weeks the reticulocyte concentration increased 1.5--5 times in cats and decreased 2--4 times in rabbits of different age. The hemoglobin affinity to oxygen increased and then returned to normal level in adult rabbits, but only decreased in cats. Blood parameters in newborn rabbits whose mothers were breathing pure oxygen within 4 weeks of gestation up to the parturition were closer to those of adult animals as compared to control newborn rabbits. The hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in hyperoxic animals to normal levels after dialysis. This points to the importance of the salt environment within the erythrocytes for changes of the hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in hyperoxic conditions.", "contents": "Changes of erythrocytes due to hyperoxygenation. After exposure of animals to pure oxygen for an 1--3 hrs daily for 2--8 weeks the reticulocyte concentration increased 1.5--5 times in cats and decreased 2--4 times in rabbits of different age. The hemoglobin affinity to oxygen increased and then returned to normal level in adult rabbits, but only decreased in cats. Blood parameters in newborn rabbits whose mothers were breathing pure oxygen within 4 weeks of gestation up to the parturition were closer to those of adult animals as compared to control newborn rabbits. The hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in hyperoxic animals to normal levels after dialysis. This points to the importance of the salt environment within the erythrocytes for changes of the hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in hyperoxic conditions.", "PMID": 602575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7770", "title": "[The pre- and postoperative 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration of erythrocytes in children with cyanotic heart disease].", "content": "The behaviour of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) of red blood cells of babies and children with cyanotic heart diseases is studied before and after shunt operations. In babies with cyanotic heart diseases at the age of up to 6 months an increase of 2,3-DPG-level and haematocrit (HCT) is seen. Later, the compensation of chronic hypoxia is effected by further increase of HCT at unchanged high 2,3-DPG-level. The 2,3-DPG concentration which is still increased after successfull shunt operations as compared with the normal value is considered as an effective adaptation mechanism to the residual hypoxia presenting only a small load on the circulatory system. The 2,3-DPG concentration alone does not represent a criterion for the assessment of chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "[The pre- and postoperative 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration of erythrocytes in children with cyanotic heart disease]. The behaviour of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) of red blood cells of babies and children with cyanotic heart diseases is studied before and after shunt operations. In babies with cyanotic heart diseases at the age of up to 6 months an increase of 2,3-DPG-level and haematocrit (HCT) is seen. Later, the compensation of chronic hypoxia is effected by further increase of HCT at unchanged high 2,3-DPG-level. The 2,3-DPG concentration which is still increased after successfull shunt operations as compared with the normal value is considered as an effective adaptation mechanism to the residual hypoxia presenting only a small load on the circulatory system. The 2,3-DPG concentration alone does not represent a criterion for the assessment of chronic hypoxia.", "PMID": 602576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7771", "title": "Characterization of abnormal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants.", "content": "For characterizing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants 10 functional parameters are generally used. As additional tests the determination of Km and Ki at different pH values, the limiting Km for both substrates, isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of enzyme subunits have been recommended. Most of the variants with favourable kinetic properties do not produce chronic haemolysis. As an exception G6PD Aarau is quoted. Sporadic cases and deficiency conditions with manifest chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia should be selected for complete enzyme characterization. Individual and public health aspects are of primary importance for screening programs. Among 28,367 blood samples 424 cases with G6PD deficiency have been found in Switzerland.", "contents": "Characterization of abnormal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. For characterizing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants 10 functional parameters are generally used. As additional tests the determination of Km and Ki at different pH values, the limiting Km for both substrates, isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of enzyme subunits have been recommended. Most of the variants with favourable kinetic properties do not produce chronic haemolysis. As an exception G6PD Aarau is quoted. Sporadic cases and deficiency conditions with manifest chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia should be selected for complete enzyme characterization. Individual and public health aspects are of primary importance for screening programs. Among 28,367 blood samples 424 cases with G6PD deficiency have been found in Switzerland.", "PMID": 602577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7772", "title": "[Energy metabolism of erythrocytes in pyruvate kinase enzymopathies].", "content": "Until now pyruvate kinase enzymopathies have been described only for red blood cells. On the basis of these results special structural properties of the erythrocyte PK was assumed, which are not yet totally established. PK defects may cause a nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. This enzymopathy is characterized by a polymorphism, which is expressed in more than 5 different pathological variants. Up to now 16 cases of PK deficiency have ben diagnozed in the GDR. The following parameters are used for the characterization of the PK: the PEP-dependance, the inhibition by ATP and alanine, the specificity to nucleotides, the stability to temperature and urea and the maturation dependence. Two pathological variants of the PK with a decreased PEP-affinity are described. Furthermore the differences in the energy metabolism of the red blood cells of these two patients under aerobic and anaerobic conditions are discussed.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism of erythrocytes in pyruvate kinase enzymopathies]. Until now pyruvate kinase enzymopathies have been described only for red blood cells. On the basis of these results special structural properties of the erythrocyte PK was assumed, which are not yet totally established. PK defects may cause a nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. This enzymopathy is characterized by a polymorphism, which is expressed in more than 5 different pathological variants. Up to now 16 cases of PK deficiency have ben diagnozed in the GDR. The following parameters are used for the characterization of the PK: the PEP-dependance, the inhibition by ATP and alanine, the specificity to nucleotides, the stability to temperature and urea and the maturation dependence. Two pathological variants of the PK with a decreased PEP-affinity are described. Furthermore the differences in the energy metabolism of the red blood cells of these two patients under aerobic and anaerobic conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 602578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7773", "title": "Unstable mutants and molecular hybrids in enzyme deficiency conditions.", "content": "Multiple molecular forms contribute to various types of enzyme heterogeneity: \"Iso(en)-zymes\" and \"Allozymes\" (enzyme variants) are of genetic origin whereas \"Metazymes\" represent secondary modifications of epigenetic nature. The concept of variability originates from the discovery of a large number of enzyme variants. Structural gene mutations can lead to enzyme variants of low specific activity or reduced stability and can cause enzyme deficiencies. In heterozygous carriers of oligomeric enzyme defects, the formation of hybrid molecules is possible by random assembly of simultaneously synthetized normal and mutant subunits. The study of normal processes as well as enzyme anomalies contributes essentially to better understanding of biochemical individuality and evolutionary events at a molecular level.", "contents": "Unstable mutants and molecular hybrids in enzyme deficiency conditions. Multiple molecular forms contribute to various types of enzyme heterogeneity: \"Iso(en)-zymes\" and \"Allozymes\" (enzyme variants) are of genetic origin whereas \"Metazymes\" represent secondary modifications of epigenetic nature. The concept of variability originates from the discovery of a large number of enzyme variants. Structural gene mutations can lead to enzyme variants of low specific activity or reduced stability and can cause enzyme deficiencies. In heterozygous carriers of oligomeric enzyme defects, the formation of hybrid molecules is possible by random assembly of simultaneously synthetized normal and mutant subunits. The study of normal processes as well as enzyme anomalies contributes essentially to better understanding of biochemical individuality and evolutionary events at a molecular level.", "PMID": 602579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7774", "title": "Valency hybrids of hemoglobin in red cells of patients with hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia.", "content": "Twenty eight patients with hereditary methemoglobinemia have been found and examined. Using the techniques of analytic isoelectrofucossing in polyacrylamide gel and the preparative isoelectrofocussing on a column in sucrose gradient we have managed to disclose an abnormal fraction in hemolysate of the above mentioned patients. It has been proved that the obtained fraction contains hemoglobin valent hybrids, possesses high affinity to oxygen and low cooperativity. Due to the presence of valency hybrids about one-half of the quantity of oxy-Hb fails to participate in the normal function of oxygen delivery, which evidently is the molecular cause of disturbance of oxygen delivery in patients with hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia. This also explains a high degree of cyanosis in them.", "contents": "Valency hybrids of hemoglobin in red cells of patients with hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia. Twenty eight patients with hereditary methemoglobinemia have been found and examined. Using the techniques of analytic isoelectrofucossing in polyacrylamide gel and the preparative isoelectrofocussing on a column in sucrose gradient we have managed to disclose an abnormal fraction in hemolysate of the above mentioned patients. It has been proved that the obtained fraction contains hemoglobin valent hybrids, possesses high affinity to oxygen and low cooperativity. Due to the presence of valency hybrids about one-half of the quantity of oxy-Hb fails to participate in the normal function of oxygen delivery, which evidently is the molecular cause of disturbance of oxygen delivery in patients with hereditary enzymopenic methemoglobinemia. This also explains a high degree of cyanosis in them.", "PMID": 602580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7775", "title": "[Functional characteristics of normal and pathologic erythrocytes].", "content": "Polarographic titration in a closed cell of blood samples and concentrated Hb solutions was used to study the regulation of the release of oxygen by the red cell. The effect of temperature, polyethylenglycol and metabolites normally found in the erythrocyte was determined by spectrophotometric and polarographic methods. Some pecularities of O2-transport and release in beta-thalassemia, functional hypoxia and Cooley-disease are described.", "contents": "[Functional characteristics of normal and pathologic erythrocytes]. Polarographic titration in a closed cell of blood samples and concentrated Hb solutions was used to study the regulation of the release of oxygen by the red cell. The effect of temperature, polyethylenglycol and metabolites normally found in the erythrocyte was determined by spectrophotometric and polarographic methods. Some pecularities of O2-transport and release in beta-thalassemia, functional hypoxia and Cooley-disease are described.", "PMID": 602582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7776", "title": "[Uroporphyrinogen-I-synthetase in erythrocytes in acute intermittent porphyria].", "content": "The primary genetic defect in acute intermittent porphyria is a decreased uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase [EC.4.3.1.8] activity. As a beginning of a genealogical study of the known families with members suffering from this disease in the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the red cell uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase was determined in 3 families by the method of Mandel et al [8]. Except for the three propositi, an enzyme deficiency was established in 3 latent carriers of the pathological gene, two of whom had normal values of the urinary epsilon-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The determination of red cell uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase proved to be a valuable parameter for revealing the latent AIP.", "contents": "[Uroporphyrinogen-I-synthetase in erythrocytes in acute intermittent porphyria]. The primary genetic defect in acute intermittent porphyria is a decreased uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase [EC.4.3.1.8] activity. As a beginning of a genealogical study of the known families with members suffering from this disease in the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the red cell uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase was determined in 3 families by the method of Mandel et al [8]. Except for the three propositi, an enzyme deficiency was established in 3 latent carriers of the pathological gene, two of whom had normal values of the urinary epsilon-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The determination of red cell uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase proved to be a valuable parameter for revealing the latent AIP.", "PMID": 602585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7777", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic detection of cation binding sites on the erythrocyte membrane].", "content": "Numerous Ca2+-binding sites were localized ultrahistochemically at the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane and small amounts at the outer surface. La3+-binding sites were demonstrated at the outer surface only. The results were discussed in relationship to the binding capacity of the filamentous matrix and the glycocalyx of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic detection of cation binding sites on the erythrocyte membrane]. Numerous Ca2+-binding sites were localized ultrahistochemically at the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane and small amounts at the outer surface. La3+-binding sites were demonstrated at the outer surface only. The results were discussed in relationship to the binding capacity of the filamentous matrix and the glycocalyx of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 602592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7778", "title": "Platelet phospholipids in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "In the present study we have investigated and also compared the biochemical nature of the platelet phospholipids in patients with portal liver cirrhosis and in normals. Normal platelets contained 10.88 +/- 0.83 microgram of phospholipid phosphorus per 10(9) platelets whereas the cirrhosis platelets contained 7.63 +/- 1.29 microgramP/10(9) platelets. In cirrhosis there was a 29.87% decrease of phospholipids compared to normal. However the percentage distribution of phospholipids in cirrhosis was similar to normal. But each phospholipid value in cirrhosis was found lower then normal. Estimated as microgram phosphorus per 10(9) platelets decreased amounts of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) (0.29 +/- 0.16), phosphotidyl serine (PS) (0.49 +/- 0.12), phosphotidyl ethanolamine (PE) (2.0 +/- 0.43) and spingomyelin (SPH) (1.42 +/- 0.31) and phosphotidyl choline (PC) (3.25 +/- 0.62) and total lipid phosphorus (7.63 +/- 1.29) were found in the patient group.", "contents": "Platelet phospholipids in liver cirrhosis. In the present study we have investigated and also compared the biochemical nature of the platelet phospholipids in patients with portal liver cirrhosis and in normals. Normal platelets contained 10.88 +/- 0.83 microgram of phospholipid phosphorus per 10(9) platelets whereas the cirrhosis platelets contained 7.63 +/- 1.29 microgramP/10(9) platelets. In cirrhosis there was a 29.87% decrease of phospholipids compared to normal. However the percentage distribution of phospholipids in cirrhosis was similar to normal. But each phospholipid value in cirrhosis was found lower then normal. Estimated as microgram phosphorus per 10(9) platelets decreased amounts of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) (0.29 +/- 0.16), phosphotidyl serine (PS) (0.49 +/- 0.12), phosphotidyl ethanolamine (PE) (2.0 +/- 0.43) and spingomyelin (SPH) (1.42 +/- 0.31) and phosphotidyl choline (PC) (3.25 +/- 0.62) and total lipid phosphorus (7.63 +/- 1.29) were found in the patient group.", "PMID": 602616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7779", "title": "Malignant papillomatosis of the intrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "A case of intrahepatic bile duct papillomatosis is reported which recurred several times and finally progressed into a mucin-secreting papillary adenocarcinoma. The paillomatosis predominantly involved the ductal system of the left hypoplastic hepatic lobe. The treatment consisted of a left partial hepatectomy. Hereby, a four-year survival was reached. While the prognosis of solitary papillomas in the distal choledochus and in the gallbladder is considered as good, the prognosis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile duct papillomatosis appears unfavorable. The experience in this case, as well as in the literature, shows that these papillomatoses have to be regarded as low-grade carcinomas.", "contents": "Malignant papillomatosis of the intrahepatic bile ducts. A case of intrahepatic bile duct papillomatosis is reported which recurred several times and finally progressed into a mucin-secreting papillary adenocarcinoma. The paillomatosis predominantly involved the ductal system of the left hypoplastic hepatic lobe. The treatment consisted of a left partial hepatectomy. Hereby, a four-year survival was reached. While the prognosis of solitary papillomas in the distal choledochus and in the gallbladder is considered as good, the prognosis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile duct papillomatosis appears unfavorable. The experience in this case, as well as in the literature, shows that these papillomatoses have to be regarded as low-grade carcinomas.", "PMID": 602617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7780", "title": "Jaundice in typhoid hepatitis: a light and electron microscopy study based on liver biopsies.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy study of fourteen liver biopsies in typhoid fever disclosed a mild hepatitis in which there is marked reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia, with many lymphoid cells in the hepatic sinusoids. The hepatic cell lesion was non specific, manifested by reticulum endoplasmic dilatation, mitochondrial alteration and biliary canaliculus injury. Such findings were particularly evident in the jaundiced patients. Jaundice was, in our series, a more frequent complication of acute typhoid fever than commonly reported. Usually it is of short duration and the serum bilirubin was not markedly elevated. However, there were instances when the jaundice was so accentuated as to lead the clinician to a first diagnosis of virus hepatitis or leptospirosis. The pathogenesis of the intrahepatic cholestasis in typhoid fever is still obscure, but apparently it is, as has been described in other infectious diseases, due to an injury of the bile secretory apparatus brought out by the bacillary endotoxin.", "contents": "Jaundice in typhoid hepatitis: a light and electron microscopy study based on liver biopsies. Light and electron microscopy study of fourteen liver biopsies in typhoid fever disclosed a mild hepatitis in which there is marked reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia, with many lymphoid cells in the hepatic sinusoids. The hepatic cell lesion was non specific, manifested by reticulum endoplasmic dilatation, mitochondrial alteration and biliary canaliculus injury. Such findings were particularly evident in the jaundiced patients. Jaundice was, in our series, a more frequent complication of acute typhoid fever than commonly reported. Usually it is of short duration and the serum bilirubin was not markedly elevated. However, there were instances when the jaundice was so accentuated as to lead the clinician to a first diagnosis of virus hepatitis or leptospirosis. The pathogenesis of the intrahepatic cholestasis in typhoid fever is still obscure, but apparently it is, as has been described in other infectious diseases, due to an injury of the bile secretory apparatus brought out by the bacillary endotoxin.", "PMID": 602618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7781", "title": "Ornicetil on encephalopathy. Effect of ornicetil (ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate) on encephalopathy in patients with acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Di-L (+)-ornithine, alpha ketogluterate infusions were compared with infusions of dextrose water in 27 comatosed patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Of 7 patients with acute liver disease no improvement of conciousness was found in any of these patients. Of 20 patients with chronic liver disease, lowering of blood ammonia level during ornicetil therapy occurred in 8, during the control infusion in 6, and no effect was seen in 4. Improvement of conciousness during ornicetil occurred in 11, during the control infusion in 6 and 3 had no improvement. Among those who improved, 4 in the ornicetil group and 2 in the control group improved after the precipitating causes were controlled or corrected. This study indicated that ornicetil has no beneficial effect on the treatment of coma in various forms of hepatic disease.", "contents": "Ornicetil on encephalopathy. Effect of ornicetil (ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate) on encephalopathy in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Di-L (+)-ornithine, alpha ketogluterate infusions were compared with infusions of dextrose water in 27 comatosed patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Of 7 patients with acute liver disease no improvement of conciousness was found in any of these patients. Of 20 patients with chronic liver disease, lowering of blood ammonia level during ornicetil therapy occurred in 8, during the control infusion in 6, and no effect was seen in 4. Improvement of conciousness during ornicetil occurred in 11, during the control infusion in 6 and 3 had no improvement. Among those who improved, 4 in the ornicetil group and 2 in the control group improved after the precipitating causes were controlled or corrected. This study indicated that ornicetil has no beneficial effect on the treatment of coma in various forms of hepatic disease.", "PMID": 602619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7782", "title": "The diagnostic value of percutaneus liver biopsy in patients with non Hodgkin's lymphoma - a preliminary report.", "content": "Since the presence of the pathological liver process definitely changes the approach in determining clinical staging and therapy of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the authors carried out percutaneous liver biopsies in 33 untreated patients with this diseases. The liver biopsies were performed with Menghini's needle and the material was histologically and cytologically examined. Liver involvement was found in 9 (27%) patients. Based on the analyzed biopsies, the authors concluded that percutaneous liver biopsies represent a significant diagnostic approach in clinical staging and therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The authors further compared the bioptical findings with physical examinations, biochemical blood tests and liver scintigraphy.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of percutaneus liver biopsy in patients with non Hodgkin's lymphoma - a preliminary report. Since the presence of the pathological liver process definitely changes the approach in determining clinical staging and therapy of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the authors carried out percutaneous liver biopsies in 33 untreated patients with this diseases. The liver biopsies were performed with Menghini's needle and the material was histologically and cytologically examined. Liver involvement was found in 9 (27%) patients. Based on the analyzed biopsies, the authors concluded that percutaneous liver biopsies represent a significant diagnostic approach in clinical staging and therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The authors further compared the bioptical findings with physical examinations, biochemical blood tests and liver scintigraphy.", "PMID": 602620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7783", "title": "Prophylactic effect of somatostatin on stress ulcer formation in rats.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin (growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone) on ulcer formation during immobilisation stress. This was done in male Albino-rats to study the effect of somatostatin on number and size of ulcers, to calculate ulcer index, to measure pH-value of gastric juice as well as plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones. Rats treated with somatostatin before and during stress exposition had only the third part of the ulcers compared with the untreated animals. Total ulceration area was less than the tenth of the untreated rats. Normal corticoid plasma levels during stress exposition were found in the lower range of normal values in somatostatin treated rats. Decrease of plasma gastrin during stress exposition exceeded the gastrin decrease of somatostatin treated rats. Rise of plasma glucagon was completely inhibited during somatostatin application. Results of serum glucose paralleled those seen in glucagon.", "contents": "Prophylactic effect of somatostatin on stress ulcer formation in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin (growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone) on ulcer formation during immobilisation stress. This was done in male Albino-rats to study the effect of somatostatin on number and size of ulcers, to calculate ulcer index, to measure pH-value of gastric juice as well as plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones. Rats treated with somatostatin before and during stress exposition had only the third part of the ulcers compared with the untreated animals. Total ulceration area was less than the tenth of the untreated rats. Normal corticoid plasma levels during stress exposition were found in the lower range of normal values in somatostatin treated rats. Decrease of plasma gastrin during stress exposition exceeded the gastrin decrease of somatostatin treated rats. Rise of plasma glucagon was completely inhibited during somatostatin application. Results of serum glucose paralleled those seen in glucagon.", "PMID": 602621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7784", "title": "The assessment of the antipeptic effect of ulcer therapy.", "content": "A semi-quantitative method for the analysis of the proteolytic activity of the gastric juice is described. The method is based on the measurement of \"lengths\" of digested chicken egg-white in fenestrated chlorvinyl tubes. Each tube remained in the stomach of the test subject for 12 hours, either during the day or during the night. During the night, the proteolytic activity of the gastric juice was 30% higher than during the day. A one-week ulcer therapy with atropine and Vikalin (Roter) led to a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction of the nocturnal proteolytic activity. The anticholinergic Chlososil (0.08 g) administered in the evening reduced the proteolytic potential during the night to the level seen during the day. In patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers, the drop in proteolytic activity during ulcer therapy was inversely proportional to the level of the acid output.", "contents": "The assessment of the antipeptic effect of ulcer therapy. A semi-quantitative method for the analysis of the proteolytic activity of the gastric juice is described. The method is based on the measurement of \"lengths\" of digested chicken egg-white in fenestrated chlorvinyl tubes. Each tube remained in the stomach of the test subject for 12 hours, either during the day or during the night. During the night, the proteolytic activity of the gastric juice was 30% higher than during the day. A one-week ulcer therapy with atropine and Vikalin (Roter) led to a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction of the nocturnal proteolytic activity. The anticholinergic Chlososil (0.08 g) administered in the evening reduced the proteolytic potential during the night to the level seen during the day. In patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers, the drop in proteolytic activity during ulcer therapy was inversely proportional to the level of the acid output.", "PMID": 602622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7785", "title": "Acid releases motilin from human duodenum in vitro.", "content": "The effect of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide on motilin release from human duodenal mucosa was studied in vitro. Tissue was incubated in 2 ml chambers continuously perfused with medium and was exposed repeatedly to the stimuli. Motilin released into the medium was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. Whereas alkalinisation abolished basal motilin release, acidification resulted in a 14-fold increase of peptide secretion. The results indicate that motilin secretion can be stimulated in vitro and that the perfusion system described may be a useful tool in studying the mechanism of gastrointestinal hormone release.", "contents": "Acid releases motilin from human duodenum in vitro. The effect of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide on motilin release from human duodenal mucosa was studied in vitro. Tissue was incubated in 2 ml chambers continuously perfused with medium and was exposed repeatedly to the stimuli. Motilin released into the medium was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. Whereas alkalinisation abolished basal motilin release, acidification resulted in a 14-fold increase of peptide secretion. The results indicate that motilin secretion can be stimulated in vitro and that the perfusion system described may be a useful tool in studying the mechanism of gastrointestinal hormone release.", "PMID": 602623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7786", "title": "The effect of GIH and Boots secretin and cholecystokinin on duodenal ulcers in the rat.", "content": "The effects of two commercially available preparations of secretin and cholecystokinin have been studied on experimental duodenal ulcers in the rat. Pentagastrin and carbachol infused subcutaneously over 24 hours produced a 100% incidence of duodenal ulcers. A dose-related inhibition of these ulcers was found using secretin obtained from the Gastrointestinal Hormone Laboratory, Stockholm (GIH). Boots secretin had no such inhibitory action and may even have aggravated the duodenal ulcerogenesis. Similar results were obtained with both GIH cholecystokinin and Boots pancreozymin.", "contents": "The effect of GIH and Boots secretin and cholecystokinin on duodenal ulcers in the rat. The effects of two commercially available preparations of secretin and cholecystokinin have been studied on experimental duodenal ulcers in the rat. Pentagastrin and carbachol infused subcutaneously over 24 hours produced a 100% incidence of duodenal ulcers. A dose-related inhibition of these ulcers was found using secretin obtained from the Gastrointestinal Hormone Laboratory, Stockholm (GIH). Boots secretin had no such inhibitory action and may even have aggravated the duodenal ulcerogenesis. Similar results were obtained with both GIH cholecystokinin and Boots pancreozymin.", "PMID": 602624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7787", "title": "Comparison between bolus injection and infusion of secretin and pancreozymin in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatic disease (one hour test).", "content": "There is no agreement in the literature as regards the carrying out of the Secretin-Pancreozymin test in order to achieve the greatest accuracy in the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. In this study the results obtained by bolus i.v. injection of Secretin and Pancreozymin GIH are compared with those obtained by i.v. infusion of the hormones. The test - always prolonged for one hour - was done in 125 subjects, divided into two groups matched for sex, age and pancreatic or digestive disease. Volume, pH, bicarbonates, calcium and amylase were measured in the juice collected. The results showed that bolus i.v. injection of Secretin and Pancreozymin has greater diagnostic sensitivity (94%) than the infusion method (84%). If infusion is used, it is necessary to protract the test for more than one hour.", "contents": "Comparison between bolus injection and infusion of secretin and pancreozymin in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatic disease (one hour test). There is no agreement in the literature as regards the carrying out of the Secretin-Pancreozymin test in order to achieve the greatest accuracy in the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. In this study the results obtained by bolus i.v. injection of Secretin and Pancreozymin GIH are compared with those obtained by i.v. infusion of the hormones. The test - always prolonged for one hour - was done in 125 subjects, divided into two groups matched for sex, age and pancreatic or digestive disease. Volume, pH, bicarbonates, calcium and amylase were measured in the juice collected. The results showed that bolus i.v. injection of Secretin and Pancreozymin has greater diagnostic sensitivity (94%) than the infusion method (84%). If infusion is used, it is necessary to protract the test for more than one hour.", "PMID": 602625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7788", "title": "Study on lipid absorption in uraemia.", "content": "While the occurrence of morphological and functional small intestinal alterations in chronic uraemia is well established, analyses of intestinal lipid utilization are rare. In the present study faecal fat excretion in chronically uraemic humans and rats and the reesterification of a long-chain fatty acid in the mucosa of the small intestine of uraemic rats were investigated. -Reesterification of 14C-palmitic acid in the intestinal mucosa of rats with chronic uraemia produced by 5/6-nephrectomy (BUN 37.8 +/- 12.8 mg/100 ml, serum creatinine 3.0 +/- 0.44 mg/100 ml) was found to be significantly lower (374.2 +/- 166.8 mumol/mg protein x h) than in controls (604.9 +/- 274.2 mumol/mg protein x h) pointing to a disturbance of the intracellular process of absorption of long-chain fatty acids. However, the mean daily fat excretion in the faeces of chronically uraemic rats fed a diet with normal (4.2 per cent) or relatively high fat content (10 and 15 per cent) was not increased. In 20 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (BUN 75.9 +/- 35.9 mg/100 ml, serum creatinine 7.5 +/- 2.8 mg/100 ml) the faecal fat excretion was within the normal range (4.2 +/- 1.2 g/day). These results indicate a sufficient compensation of the impaired intestinal reesterification of fatty acids by the large functional reserve of the small intestine.", "contents": "Study on lipid absorption in uraemia. While the occurrence of morphological and functional small intestinal alterations in chronic uraemia is well established, analyses of intestinal lipid utilization are rare. In the present study faecal fat excretion in chronically uraemic humans and rats and the reesterification of a long-chain fatty acid in the mucosa of the small intestine of uraemic rats were investigated. -Reesterification of 14C-palmitic acid in the intestinal mucosa of rats with chronic uraemia produced by 5/6-nephrectomy (BUN 37.8 +/- 12.8 mg/100 ml, serum creatinine 3.0 +/- 0.44 mg/100 ml) was found to be significantly lower (374.2 +/- 166.8 mumol/mg protein x h) than in controls (604.9 +/- 274.2 mumol/mg protein x h) pointing to a disturbance of the intracellular process of absorption of long-chain fatty acids. However, the mean daily fat excretion in the faeces of chronically uraemic rats fed a diet with normal (4.2 per cent) or relatively high fat content (10 and 15 per cent) was not increased. In 20 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (BUN 75.9 +/- 35.9 mg/100 ml, serum creatinine 7.5 +/- 2.8 mg/100 ml) the faecal fat excretion was within the normal range (4.2 +/- 1.2 g/day). These results indicate a sufficient compensation of the impaired intestinal reesterification of fatty acids by the large functional reserve of the small intestine.", "PMID": 602626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7789", "title": "Preparation and characterization of Ng-mono-, di- and trimethylated arginines.", "content": "A simple procedure is described for the synthesis of N-guanidino methylated ariginines. The yields of all methylarginines exceed those obtained by earlier procedures. Trimethylarginine - an amino acid not found in natural sources - has also been synthesized with this technique. Studies with arginine specific dicarbonyl reagents showed that methylation of guanidino-groups decreases the reactivity of methyl-arginines, only monomethylarginine reacting at a rate comparable to that of arginine.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of Ng-mono-, di- and trimethylated arginines. A simple procedure is described for the synthesis of N-guanidino methylated ariginines. The yields of all methylarginines exceed those obtained by earlier procedures. Trimethylarginine - an amino acid not found in natural sources - has also been synthesized with this technique. Studies with arginine specific dicarbonyl reagents showed that methylation of guanidino-groups decreases the reactivity of methyl-arginines, only monomethylarginine reacting at a rate comparable to that of arginine.", "PMID": 602668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7790", "title": "Kinetic studies on the calcium-dependent potassium transport in human red blood cells.", "content": "The kinetics of the Ca-dependent K transport across the human red cell membrane were studied under experimental conditions allowing the separation of this step from the previous membrane events. Net potassium and tracer potassium fluxes were measured and a self-consistent model was constructed for calculating the ionic permeability values. All the experimental results could be interpreted by means of a nonsaturable neutral K selective channel. In net K efflux measurements the accompanying C1 movement was found to be rate-limiting, and the charge-carrying C1 permeability of the red cell membrane could be calculated.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the calcium-dependent potassium transport in human red blood cells. The kinetics of the Ca-dependent K transport across the human red cell membrane were studied under experimental conditions allowing the separation of this step from the previous membrane events. Net potassium and tracer potassium fluxes were measured and a self-consistent model was constructed for calculating the ionic permeability values. All the experimental results could be interpreted by means of a nonsaturable neutral K selective channel. In net K efflux measurements the accompanying C1 movement was found to be rate-limiting, and the charge-carrying C1 permeability of the red cell membrane could be calculated.", "PMID": 602669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7791", "title": "Effect of a biguanide (buformin) on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity.", "content": "Buformin at a concentration of 1--2.5 mM stimulates solubilized carnitine palmitoyltransferase by reducing the inhibitory effect of palmitoyl-CoA. Neither buformin nor metformin inhibits the solubilized carnitine palmitoyltransferase.", "contents": "Effect of a biguanide (buformin) on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity. Buformin at a concentration of 1--2.5 mM stimulates solubilized carnitine palmitoyltransferase by reducing the inhibitory effect of palmitoyl-CoA. Neither buformin nor metformin inhibits the solubilized carnitine palmitoyltransferase.", "PMID": 602670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7792", "title": "On the enhanced catalytic activity of papain towards amide substrates.", "content": "According to the scanty literature data papain (EC. 3.4.4.10) reacts with ester and corresponding amide substrates at a similar rate (Glazer, Smith, 1971) despite a considerable difference in the reactivities of the ester and amide bonds. An explanation for the similar rates may be an increased acylation rate of amides relative to that of esters owing to hydrogen bond formation between the amide group of an amide substrate and Asp-158 carbonyl oxygen as it is apparent from the three-dimensional structure of papain. This possibility was confirmed by comparing the second-order rate constants of acylation of papain with the ester and amide derivatives of N-benzoylglycine and O-benzoylglycolic acid. The rate enhancement with amides is not an equally important factor with all substrates of papain: the amides of N-acyl-L-phenylalanylglycine are hydrolyzed at a considerably lower rate than the corresponding esters. It is concluded from the above data that the binding mode is somewhat different with various substrates.", "contents": "On the enhanced catalytic activity of papain towards amide substrates. According to the scanty literature data papain (EC. 3.4.4.10) reacts with ester and corresponding amide substrates at a similar rate (Glazer, Smith, 1971) despite a considerable difference in the reactivities of the ester and amide bonds. An explanation for the similar rates may be an increased acylation rate of amides relative to that of esters owing to hydrogen bond formation between the amide group of an amide substrate and Asp-158 carbonyl oxygen as it is apparent from the three-dimensional structure of papain. This possibility was confirmed by comparing the second-order rate constants of acylation of papain with the ester and amide derivatives of N-benzoylglycine and O-benzoylglycolic acid. The rate enhancement with amides is not an equally important factor with all substrates of papain: the amides of N-acyl-L-phenylalanylglycine are hydrolyzed at a considerably lower rate than the corresponding esters. It is concluded from the above data that the binding mode is somewhat different with various substrates.", "PMID": 602671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7793", "title": "Studies on heart isophosphorylases by means of immunotitration.", "content": "Anti-phosphorylase produced in cocks against phosphorylase from rabbit skeletal muscle inhibits phosphorylases isolated from mammalian heart and skeletal muscle to different degrees. On the basis of the differential inhibition observed an immunotitration method was developed to determine isophosphorylases in crude heart extracts. It was found that the ratio of isophosphorylases is different for every mammalian species investigated and characteristic for the given species.", "contents": "Studies on heart isophosphorylases by means of immunotitration. Anti-phosphorylase produced in cocks against phosphorylase from rabbit skeletal muscle inhibits phosphorylases isolated from mammalian heart and skeletal muscle to different degrees. On the basis of the differential inhibition observed an immunotitration method was developed to determine isophosphorylases in crude heart extracts. It was found that the ratio of isophosphorylases is different for every mammalian species investigated and characteristic for the given species.", "PMID": 602672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7794", "title": "Studies on human tonsillar lymphocyte membranes. I. Isolation and characterization of a membraneous glycoprotein fraction from human lymphocytes.", "content": "A microsomal fraction containing high amounts of plasma membrane has been isolated from human tonsillar lymphocytes. The subcellular fractions were characterized on the basis of their chemical composition and enzyme activities. A glycoprotein fraction solubilized by lithium-diiodo-salicylate (LIS) was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The purified glycoprotein was analyzed by various methods and its carbohydrate content was determined. The glycoprotein contained large amounts of hexoses and sialic acid and this fraction represented 3--4% of the whole plasma  membrane protein. The fraction was shown to consist of three individual proteins (4 X 10(4), 4.6 X 10(4) and 4.8 X 10(4) daltons) determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Studies on human tonsillar lymphocyte membranes. I. Isolation and characterization of a membraneous glycoprotein fraction from human lymphocytes. A microsomal fraction containing high amounts of plasma membrane has been isolated from human tonsillar lymphocytes. The subcellular fractions were characterized on the basis of their chemical composition and enzyme activities. A glycoprotein fraction solubilized by lithium-diiodo-salicylate (LIS) was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The purified glycoprotein was analyzed by various methods and its carbohydrate content was determined. The glycoprotein contained large amounts of hexoses and sialic acid and this fraction represented 3--4% of the whole plasma  membrane protein. The fraction was shown to consist of three individual proteins (4 X 10(4), 4.6 X 10(4) and 4.8 X 10(4) daltons) determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 602673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7795", "title": "Vinblastine inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro.", "content": "The effect of vinblastine on the in vitro polymerization of tubulin was investigated. It has been shown that the presence of VLB prevents the assembly of tubulin in rat brain extracts, and the addition of VLB to assembled microtubules results in their rapid depolymerization. The polymerization was monitored by viscometry and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Vinblastine inhibition of microtubule assembly in vitro. The effect of vinblastine on the in vitro polymerization of tubulin was investigated. It has been shown that the presence of VLB prevents the assembly of tubulin in rat brain extracts, and the addition of VLB to assembled microtubules results in their rapid depolymerization. The polymerization was monitored by viscometry and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 602674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7796", "title": "Bound water in biology.", "content": "A detailed investigation of the spin-diffusion coefficient Ds of water protons in skeletal muscle has been studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Skeletal muscles of mature male rats were placed in a sample holder in which the diffusion coefficient (Ds) of water could be determined as a function of fiber axis theta. The value of Ds(theta) was determined for theta = 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. The measured anisotropy Ds(O)/Ds(90) was 1.39, and the value of Ds(O) was 1.39 X 10(-5) cm2/sec. These results are interpreted within the framework of a model calculation in which the diffusion equation is solved for a regular hexagonal network similar to the actin-myosin filament network. The large anisotropy, and the large reduction in the value of Ds measured parallel to the filament axes lead to three major conclusions: (1) interpretations in which the reduction in Ds is ascribed to the effect of geometrical obstructions on the diffusion of \"free\" water are ruled out; (2) there is a large fraction of the cellular water bound or otherwise associated with the proteins in such a way that its diffusion coefficient is substantially reduced; and (3) cellular water cannot be considered to be equivalent to a dilute solution.", "contents": "Bound water in biology. A detailed investigation of the spin-diffusion coefficient Ds of water protons in skeletal muscle has been studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Skeletal muscles of mature male rats were placed in a sample holder in which the diffusion coefficient (Ds) of water could be determined as a function of fiber axis theta. The value of Ds(theta) was determined for theta = 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. The measured anisotropy Ds(O)/Ds(90) was 1.39, and the value of Ds(O) was 1.39 X 10(-5) cm2/sec. These results are interpreted within the framework of a model calculation in which the diffusion equation is solved for a regular hexagonal network similar to the actin-myosin filament network. The large anisotropy, and the large reduction in the value of Ds measured parallel to the filament axes lead to three major conclusions: (1) interpretations in which the reduction in Ds is ascribed to the effect of geometrical obstructions on the diffusion of \"free\" water are ruled out; (2) there is a large fraction of the cellular water bound or otherwise associated with the proteins in such a way that its diffusion coefficient is substantially reduced; and (3) cellular water cannot be considered to be equivalent to a dilute solution.", "PMID": 602675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7797", "title": "The role of shortening and tension in the heatproduction of muscle.", "content": "The dependence of the heatproduction of muscle on shortening was examined. An inverse relation was found between heatproduction and shortening as well as tension and shortening, while there was a close positive correlation between heatproduction and tension. The results emphasize the primary importance of tension as compared in the heat production of muscle, to shortening.", "contents": "The role of shortening and tension in the heatproduction of muscle. The dependence of the heatproduction of muscle on shortening was examined. An inverse relation was found between heatproduction and shortening as well as tension and shortening, while there was a close positive correlation between heatproduction and tension. The results emphasize the primary importance of tension as compared in the heat production of muscle, to shortening.", "PMID": 602677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7798", "title": "Electrical properties of the cardiac muscle cell membrane and its role in the excitation-contraction coupling.", "content": "During extracellular stimulation, the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle cell membrane were investigated by means of intracellular microelectrodes. The current-voltage characteristic was S-shaped, and showed non-linearity over given voltage ranges in hyperpolarizing and depolarizing directions as well. The space constant of the membrane was 1.7 +/- 0.1 mm, which decreased after treatment with Ca-free or hypertonic solutions. The mean membrane time constant was 70 msec. and the input resistance was about 8 Mohm. The specific membrane resistance (Rm) and capacity (Cm) were 20 000 ohm.cm2 and 5--6 muF/cm2, respectively. After glycerol treatment the Rm decreased to 10 000 ohm.cm2 and the Cm to 4--4.5 muF/cm2. On the basis of our results it seems reasonable to suggest that the functional relationships between muscle cells might be realized through low resistance junctions, and the effectiveness of these junctions appears to be weakened both by Ca-free solution and glycerol treatment. The specific membrane capacity was lowered by 20 per cent, after treatment with a hypertonic solution, however 60 per cent of the contractility remained unchanged. Thus, we conclude; 1. a part of the Cm originates from the infoldings of the surface membrane, and 2. the snail heart muscle cells are insensitive to glycerol treatment. Since the excitation-contraction (E-C) was not affected by the glycerol treatment it can be assumed that in snail heart the coupling of the E-C is a \"direct coupling\" similarly to other heart, smooth and slow muscles.", "contents": "Electrical properties of the cardiac muscle cell membrane and its role in the excitation-contraction coupling. During extracellular stimulation, the electrical properties of the cardiac muscle cell membrane were investigated by means of intracellular microelectrodes. The current-voltage characteristic was S-shaped, and showed non-linearity over given voltage ranges in hyperpolarizing and depolarizing directions as well. The space constant of the membrane was 1.7 +/- 0.1 mm, which decreased after treatment with Ca-free or hypertonic solutions. The mean membrane time constant was 70 msec. and the input resistance was about 8 Mohm. The specific membrane resistance (Rm) and capacity (Cm) were 20 000 ohm.cm2 and 5--6 muF/cm2, respectively. After glycerol treatment the Rm decreased to 10 000 ohm.cm2 and the Cm to 4--4.5 muF/cm2. On the basis of our results it seems reasonable to suggest that the functional relationships between muscle cells might be realized through low resistance junctions, and the effectiveness of these junctions appears to be weakened both by Ca-free solution and glycerol treatment. The specific membrane capacity was lowered by 20 per cent, after treatment with a hypertonic solution, however 60 per cent of the contractility remained unchanged. Thus, we conclude; 1. a part of the Cm originates from the infoldings of the surface membrane, and 2. the snail heart muscle cells are insensitive to glycerol treatment. Since the excitation-contraction (E-C) was not affected by the glycerol treatment it can be assumed that in snail heart the coupling of the E-C is a \"direct coupling\" similarly to other heart, smooth and slow muscles.", "PMID": 602678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7799", "title": "[Transient agraphia due to a left parieto-occipital glioma in a right-handed patient: amnesic or \"pure\" agraphia? (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigate a case of agraphia induced by a left parieto-occipital tumor (glioma) in a right-handed 67 year-old patient. After three successive neuropsychological examinations it still proves immensely difficult to determine whether defects of spontaneous writing, dictation and copy are due to apraxia, alexia or motor disturbances. The authors discuss whether the clinical findings indicate a \"pure agraphia\" syndrome or \"amnesic agraphia\". Finally, problems of aetiology and lesional localisation are examined in the light of the literature. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 321-330).", "contents": "[Transient agraphia due to a left parieto-occipital glioma in a right-handed patient: amnesic or \"pure\" agraphia? (author's transl)]. The authors investigate a case of agraphia induced by a left parieto-occipital tumor (glioma) in a right-handed 67 year-old patient. After three successive neuropsychological examinations it still proves immensely difficult to determine whether defects of spontaneous writing, dictation and copy are due to apraxia, alexia or motor disturbances. The authors discuss whether the clinical findings indicate a \"pure agraphia\" syndrome or \"amnesic agraphia\". Finally, problems of aetiology and lesional localisation are examined in the light of the literature. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 321-330).", "PMID": 602679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7800", "title": "[New possibilities of anatomo-clinical correlation in aphasia using cerebral tomodensitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a method using cerebral tomodensitometry to establish anatomo-clinical correlations in aphasia. They confirm, in their broad lines, the results of previous studies. They stress the importance of the material that could be studied by this method and define the ideal conditions in which future work should be carried out. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 351-362).", "contents": "[New possibilities of anatomo-clinical correlation in aphasia using cerebral tomodensitometry (author's transl)]. The authors present a method using cerebral tomodensitometry to establish anatomo-clinical correlations in aphasia. They confirm, in their broad lines, the results of previous studies. They stress the importance of the material that could be studied by this method and define the ideal conditions in which future work should be carried out. (Acta neurol. belg., 1977, 77, 351-362).", "PMID": 602680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7801", "title": "Transendothelial vesicular transport of protein in brain edema induced by ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Focal vasogenic brain edema was induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the exposed cerebral cortex of 16 cats. In 5 animals horseradish peroxidase was intravenously injected at times varying from 30 min to 24 h following irradiation and allowed to circulate for 45 min. Fixation was carried out by perfusion and immersion with glutaraldehyde. The tissue, part of it incubated for peroxidatic activity, was treated for electron microscopy. The UV-irradiation leads to a shallow coagulation of the superficial cortex from which a wide zone of edematous tissue spreads to the deep white matter within 24 h. Arterioles, capillaries and venules of this zone show enhanced pinocytotic activity and a concurrent rise in permeability for horseradish peroxidase which is found in micro- and macropinocytotic vesicles, in tubular vesicle-like structures, in endothelial wall invaginations and apparently not membrane-bound. These changes are most pronounced in venules which after 48 h allow penetration of reaction product though the base membrane into the surrounding neuropil. There is no evidence for the penetration of tight junctions which appear intact.", "contents": "Transendothelial vesicular transport of protein in brain edema induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Focal vasogenic brain edema was induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the exposed cerebral cortex of 16 cats. In 5 animals horseradish peroxidase was intravenously injected at times varying from 30 min to 24 h following irradiation and allowed to circulate for 45 min. Fixation was carried out by perfusion and immersion with glutaraldehyde. The tissue, part of it incubated for peroxidatic activity, was treated for electron microscopy. The UV-irradiation leads to a shallow coagulation of the superficial cortex from which a wide zone of edematous tissue spreads to the deep white matter within 24 h. Arterioles, capillaries and venules of this zone show enhanced pinocytotic activity and a concurrent rise in permeability for horseradish peroxidase which is found in micro- and macropinocytotic vesicles, in tubular vesicle-like structures, in endothelial wall invaginations and apparently not membrane-bound. These changes are most pronounced in venules which after 48 h allow penetration of reaction product though the base membrane into the surrounding neuropil. There is no evidence for the penetration of tight junctions which appear intact.", "PMID": 602683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7802", "title": "Generalized giant axonal neuropathy: a filament-forming disease of neuronal, endothelial, glial, and schwann cells in a patient without kinky hair.", "content": "The process of Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) is not restricted to the peripheral nerves, but also involves the central nervous system. In a 25 year old man  with normal hair, abundant axon swellings and spheroids were observed in the spinal cord, brain system, and cerebral cortex. The findings in the sural nerve have already been published by Boltshauser et al. (1977). Accumulations of filaments in the axons and in the perineural cells were accompanied by Rosenthal fibres. The ultrastructural pattern of GAN differs clearly from that of Neuroaxonal Dystrophies.", "contents": "Generalized giant axonal neuropathy: a filament-forming disease of neuronal, endothelial, glial, and schwann cells in a patient without kinky hair. The process of Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) is not restricted to the peripheral nerves, but also involves the central nervous system. In a 25 year old man  with normal hair, abundant axon swellings and spheroids were observed in the spinal cord, brain system, and cerebral cortex. The findings in the sural nerve have already been published by Boltshauser et al. (1977). Accumulations of filaments in the axons and in the perineural cells were accompanied by Rosenthal fibres. The ultrastructural pattern of GAN differs clearly from that of Neuroaxonal Dystrophies.", "PMID": 602684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7803", "title": "Effects of chronic styrene inhalation on rat brain protein metabolism.", "content": "Adult male rats were exposed to 7.9 mumol/1 (300 ppm) of styrene for 2--11 weeks 6 h daily excluding Saturdays and Sundays. The exposures caused a marked styrene accumulation in brain and perinephric fat, and the accumulation tended to increase upto the 4th week. The body styrene content decreased thereafter gradually towards the end of the experiment to reach half of the styrene content of the 4th week. Serum creatine kinase activity increased at the initial stage of the exposures while serum non-specific cholinesterase was below the control range at the same time. Earliest biochemical changes were detected at the 9th week of exposure, and they included increased activity of lysosomal acid proteinase. Increased enzyme activity prevailed to the end of the exposures. Simultaneous minor alterions could be detected in spinal cord axonal protein pattern whereas water-soluble protein composition in cerebellum did not change. Biochemical alterations in brain were not accompanied by significant changes in serum enzyme activities. It is concluded that marked metabolic adaptation to inhaled styrene takes place. Serum enzyme determinations may prove valuable in the adaptation period whereas they may not reflect beginning chronically neurotoxic effects.", "contents": "Effects of chronic styrene inhalation on rat brain protein metabolism. Adult male rats were exposed to 7.9 mumol/1 (300 ppm) of styrene for 2--11 weeks 6 h daily excluding Saturdays and Sundays. The exposures caused a marked styrene accumulation in brain and perinephric fat, and the accumulation tended to increase upto the 4th week. The body styrene content decreased thereafter gradually towards the end of the experiment to reach half of the styrene content of the 4th week. Serum creatine kinase activity increased at the initial stage of the exposures while serum non-specific cholinesterase was below the control range at the same time. Earliest biochemical changes were detected at the 9th week of exposure, and they included increased activity of lysosomal acid proteinase. Increased enzyme activity prevailed to the end of the exposures. Simultaneous minor alterions could be detected in spinal cord axonal protein pattern whereas water-soluble protein composition in cerebellum did not change. Biochemical alterations in brain were not accompanied by significant changes in serum enzyme activities. It is concluded that marked metabolic adaptation to inhaled styrene takes place. Serum enzyme determinations may prove valuable in the adaptation period whereas they may not reflect beginning chronically neurotoxic effects.", "PMID": 602686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7804", "title": "Paranodal myelin retraction in protein deficient and normal rats: a morphometric study.", "content": "Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of inter-myelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.", "contents": "Paranodal myelin retraction in protein deficient and normal rats: a morphometric study. Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of inter-myelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.", "PMID": 602687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7805", "title": "Striated muscle cells in the leptomeninges in cerebral dysplasia.", "content": "Non-neoplastic foci of skeletal muscle cells are rarely noted within human central nervous system. This report describes two children with developmental anomalies and striated muscle in the leptomeninges. Embryological displacement of notochordal or prechordal mesoderm in certain types of cranio-vertebral-cerebral dysplasia may account for the origin, the restricted sites and the infrequent observation of leptomeningeal striated muscle cells.", "contents": "Striated muscle cells in the leptomeninges in cerebral dysplasia. Non-neoplastic foci of skeletal muscle cells are rarely noted within human central nervous system. This report describes two children with developmental anomalies and striated muscle in the leptomeninges. Embryological displacement of notochordal or prechordal mesoderm in certain types of cranio-vertebral-cerebral dysplasia may account for the origin, the restricted sites and the infrequent observation of leptomeningeal striated muscle cells.", "PMID": 602689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7806", "title": "[Enterogenous cyst of the spinal cord associated with mucomyelia (author's transl)].", "content": "A woman of 22 years developed heavy pain in the neck and arms with weakness and paresthesia. She died two days after a myelography which was normal. At autopsy an enterogenous extra- and intra-medullary cyst of the cervical cord (C3, C4) was found. In addition the cervical cord apart from the cyst and the uppermost thoracic cord presented central clefts which were filled with mucilage. These findings are named mucomyelia and have not been reported previously.", "contents": "[Enterogenous cyst of the spinal cord associated with mucomyelia (author's transl)]. A woman of 22 years developed heavy pain in the neck and arms with weakness and paresthesia. She died two days after a myelography which was normal. At autopsy an enterogenous extra- and intra-medullary cyst of the cervical cord (C3, C4) was found. In addition the cervical cord apart from the cyst and the uppermost thoracic cord presented central clefts which were filled with mucilage. These findings are named mucomyelia and have not been reported previously.", "PMID": 602690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7807", "title": "The effect of salbutamol and terbutaline in the management of premature labour.", "content": "A comparative study concerning the effect of salbutamol and terbutaline in the management of premature labour with intact membranes has been performed. Each group included 34 patients between 27-36 weeks gestation. The drugs used were given by intravenous infusion. Salbutamol arrested labour activity in 33 of 34 patients and terbutaline in 32 of 34 patients. Delivery was postponed for more than one week in 74% of the patients receiving salbutamol and in 80% of the patients receiving terbutaline. No significant difference in effect was found between the drugs used. The effect was equally good independent of the gestational age. Dilatation of cervix beyond 2 cm was associated with successful treatment (delay of delivery more than one week) in 27% compared to 91% if cervix was dilated 2 cm or less. In 12 patients with ruptured membranes a temporary arrest of labour activity (1-7 days) was obtained in 7 patients, and in 1 patient the delivery was delayed for 6 weeks. In the dosage used an increase in maternal and fetal heart rate was observed, more frequently in the patients receiving salbutamol compared with those receiving terbutaline. No serious side-effects were observed, neither in the salbutamol nor the terbutaline group. It is concluded that both drugs are well tolerated and effective in the treatment of premature labour.", "contents": "The effect of salbutamol and terbutaline in the management of premature labour. A comparative study concerning the effect of salbutamol and terbutaline in the management of premature labour with intact membranes has been performed. Each group included 34 patients between 27-36 weeks gestation. The drugs used were given by intravenous infusion. Salbutamol arrested labour activity in 33 of 34 patients and terbutaline in 32 of 34 patients. Delivery was postponed for more than one week in 74% of the patients receiving salbutamol and in 80% of the patients receiving terbutaline. No significant difference in effect was found between the drugs used. The effect was equally good independent of the gestational age. Dilatation of cervix beyond 2 cm was associated with successful treatment (delay of delivery more than one week) in 27% compared to 91% if cervix was dilated 2 cm or less. In 12 patients with ruptured membranes a temporary arrest of labour activity (1-7 days) was obtained in 7 patients, and in 1 patient the delivery was delayed for 6 weeks. In the dosage used an increase in maternal and fetal heart rate was observed, more frequently in the patients receiving salbutamol compared with those receiving terbutaline. No serious side-effects were observed, neither in the salbutamol nor the terbutaline group. It is concluded that both drugs are well tolerated and effective in the treatment of premature labour.", "PMID": 602695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7808", "title": "The effect of beta-receptor-stimulating agents on the utero-placental blood flow.", "content": "The influence of salbutamol, a beta-2-receptor-stimulating agent, on the blood flow through the utero-placental unit was evaluated in the human. Serial placenta scintigrams were analysed quantitatively, after injection of 0.5 mCi Indium-113m, by means of a gamma-camera connected on line to a computer. The examinations were performed in the third trimester of pregnancy. No sedation was used. Uterine contractions were not present. Salbutamol caused an increase in activity over the placental region, corresponding to a 15% increase in blood volume. The rise time of the initial phase of isotope accumulation (calculated from 5 to 95% of final activity) was prolonged by 100% during salbutamol infusion. As the rise time is proportional to the volume/flow ratio of blood in the uteroplacental region, our data indicate that salbutamol infusion causes a decrease in blood flow in the absence of uterine contractions.", "contents": "The effect of beta-receptor-stimulating agents on the utero-placental blood flow. The influence of salbutamol, a beta-2-receptor-stimulating agent, on the blood flow through the utero-placental unit was evaluated in the human. Serial placenta scintigrams were analysed quantitatively, after injection of 0.5 mCi Indium-113m, by means of a gamma-camera connected on line to a computer. The examinations were performed in the third trimester of pregnancy. No sedation was used. Uterine contractions were not present. Salbutamol caused an increase in activity over the placental region, corresponding to a 15% increase in blood volume. The rise time of the initial phase of isotope accumulation (calculated from 5 to 95% of final activity) was prolonged by 100% during salbutamol infusion. As the rise time is proportional to the volume/flow ratio of blood in the uteroplacental region, our data indicate that salbutamol infusion causes a decrease in blood flow in the absence of uterine contractions.", "PMID": 602696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7809", "title": "The influence of pressure upon the fetal head during labour.", "content": "In contracted pelvis, moulding of the skull bones is caused by the force of the amniotic fluid pressure and the resistance of the pelvis. In normal labour and abnormal uterine action the moulding of the skull bones is caused by the head to cervix pressure, as has been demonstrated by intra-uterine tokometry. By contrast, in the contracted pelvis there are no mouldings between the two parietal bones. In breech presentation during the first stage of labour the moulding of the skull bones is explained, by the differing resistance of the various skull bones against the amniotic fluid pressure.", "contents": "The influence of pressure upon the fetal head during labour. In contracted pelvis, moulding of the skull bones is caused by the force of the amniotic fluid pressure and the resistance of the pelvis. In normal labour and abnormal uterine action the moulding of the skull bones is caused by the head to cervix pressure, as has been demonstrated by intra-uterine tokometry. By contrast, in the contracted pelvis there are no mouldings between the two parietal bones. In breech presentation during the first stage of labour the moulding of the skull bones is explained, by the differing resistance of the various skull bones against the amniotic fluid pressure.", "PMID": 602697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7810", "title": "Maternal deaths in Iceland 1911-1975.", "content": "Death certificates for all deaths in Iceland are available since 1911. In this report on maternal deaths, all women who died after the 28th week of pregnancy, during delivery and during the first eight weeks after delivery are included, irrespective of the cause of death. Out of 225 891 women who delivered during the 65-year period, 321 women died. Maternal deaths per thousand deliveries have declined from 3.89 to 0.09 from the first 5-year period (1911-1915) to the last 5 years of the observation time (1970-1975). The three main causes of maternal deaths, puerperal fever, haemorrhage and toxaemia, are discussed. Since the new Maternity Clinic at Landspitalinn opened in 1949 it has been the main department for obstetrics and gynecology in Iceland, to which a great majority of complicated cases in pregnancy and delivery are referred. Since 1949, 39411 women have delivered at this department. There have been 15 maternal deaths at the clinic or 0.4 per thousand. A separate table (Table III) shows the age, parity and causes of death in the 15 cases. Maternal deaths in Iceland during the last decade occur in one per 11 000 deliveries. This is a problem of communication as well as a medical problem.", "contents": "Maternal deaths in Iceland 1911-1975. Death certificates for all deaths in Iceland are available since 1911. In this report on maternal deaths, all women who died after the 28th week of pregnancy, during delivery and during the first eight weeks after delivery are included, irrespective of the cause of death. Out of 225 891 women who delivered during the 65-year period, 321 women died. Maternal deaths per thousand deliveries have declined from 3.89 to 0.09 from the first 5-year period (1911-1915) to the last 5 years of the observation time (1970-1975). The three main causes of maternal deaths, puerperal fever, haemorrhage and toxaemia, are discussed. Since the new Maternity Clinic at Landspitalinn opened in 1949 it has been the main department for obstetrics and gynecology in Iceland, to which a great majority of complicated cases in pregnancy and delivery are referred. Since 1949, 39411 women have delivered at this department. There have been 15 maternal deaths at the clinic or 0.4 per thousand. A separate table (Table III) shows the age, parity and causes of death in the 15 cases. Maternal deaths in Iceland during the last decade occur in one per 11 000 deliveries. This is a problem of communication as well as a medical problem.", "PMID": 602699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7811", "title": "Maternal mortality in Australia 1964-72.", "content": "Statistics covering deaths directly due to pregnancy in the Commonwealth of Australia have been available since the turn of the century. However, those for deaths associated with pregnancy have not. Over the past two decades each State in the Commonwealth has set up Maternal Mortality Committees to collect confidential information on each maternal death, both direct (where the death is directly attributable to pregnancy or childbirth) and associated (where the death is associated with but not directly due to pregnancy or childbirth). New South Wales had set up the first such Committee in the 1930's, and this has since been followed by the other States. Most of the States have published reports from time to time but, owing to the small numbers involved, these reports have been limited in the conclusions that could be made. Confidential information on each maternal death is obtained and is considered by the State Maternal Mortality Committee. The cause of death is confirmed and classified. A necropsy is usually performed in each instance, the pathologist travelling to the town where the death has occurred, if requested.", "contents": "Maternal mortality in Australia 1964-72. Statistics covering deaths directly due to pregnancy in the Commonwealth of Australia have been available since the turn of the century. However, those for deaths associated with pregnancy have not. Over the past two decades each State in the Commonwealth has set up Maternal Mortality Committees to collect confidential information on each maternal death, both direct (where the death is directly attributable to pregnancy or childbirth) and associated (where the death is associated with but not directly due to pregnancy or childbirth). New South Wales had set up the first such Committee in the 1930's, and this has since been followed by the other States. Most of the States have published reports from time to time but, owing to the small numbers involved, these reports have been limited in the conclusions that could be made. Confidential information on each maternal death is obtained and is considered by the State Maternal Mortality Committee. The cause of death is confirmed and classified. A necropsy is usually performed in each instance, the pathologist travelling to the town where the death has occurred, if requested.", "PMID": 602700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7812", "title": "Danazol: an antigonadotrophic agent in the treatment of recurrent pelvic and intestinal endometriosis.", "content": "Six cases of pelvic endometriosis were treated with Danazol 400 mg daily for six months. In four of these cases, intestinal endometriosis of varying severity was also present. The initial results were very satisfactory except in one case with adenomyosis and continuous spotting. Follow-up after cessation of treatment suggests that in some cases a further period of treatment will be necessary.", "contents": "Danazol: an antigonadotrophic agent in the treatment of recurrent pelvic and intestinal endometriosis. Six cases of pelvic endometriosis were treated with Danazol 400 mg daily for six months. In four of these cases, intestinal endometriosis of varying severity was also present. The initial results were very satisfactory except in one case with adenomyosis and continuous spotting. Follow-up after cessation of treatment suggests that in some cases a further period of treatment will be necessary.", "PMID": 602701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7813", "title": "Estriol concentrations in urine and serum in patients with various intestinal diseases.", "content": "Pregnant women with ulcerative colitis shows frequently low estriol values in both serum and urine. 18 patients with ulcerative colitis, 4 patien;s with mb. Crohn, and 3 patients with a by-pass operation were examined. Low estriol concentrations were seen only in the patients with ulcerative colitis especially in patients, where an operation has been performed. In one patient with severe diarrhea the estriol concentration in serum was low until the intestinal function normalised and the estriol concentration went up exactly when the diarrhea stopped. However, no unequivocal connection between low estriol concentrations and diarrhea could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Estriol concentrations in urine and serum in patients with various intestinal diseases. Pregnant women with ulcerative colitis shows frequently low estriol values in both serum and urine. 18 patients with ulcerative colitis, 4 patien;s with mb. Crohn, and 3 patients with a by-pass operation were examined. Low estriol concentrations were seen only in the patients with ulcerative colitis especially in patients, where an operation has been performed. In one patient with severe diarrhea the estriol concentration in serum was low until the intestinal function normalised and the estriol concentration went up exactly when the diarrhea stopped. However, no unequivocal connection between low estriol concentrations and diarrhea could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 602702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7814", "title": "The effect of various doses of oral oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium in castrated women.", "content": "The effects of various doses recommended for clinical use of oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium were investigated in two castrated women. Oestrogen treatments were given in 6-week periods separated by 2 weeks without treatment. After various oestrogen treatments, serum FSH generally decreased clearly and urine calcium/creatinine slightly. The proliferative effect on endometrium was investigated histologically. In no period was a hyperplastic endometrium found.", "contents": "The effect of various doses of oral oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium in castrated women. The effects of various doses recommended for clinical use of oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium were investigated in two castrated women. Oestrogen treatments were given in 6-week periods separated by 2 weeks without treatment. After various oestrogen treatments, serum FSH generally decreased clearly and urine calcium/creatinine slightly. The proliferative effect on endometrium was investigated histologically. In no period was a hyperplastic endometrium found.", "PMID": 602704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7815", "title": "Changes in serum lipids during treatment with norgestrel, oestradiol-valerate and cycloprogynon.", "content": "The serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and free glycerol were determined in 23 climacteric women, before and after the administration of three different steroid drugs. Each drug was given within a period of 12 weeks (3 cycles). Period I: Norgestrel, 0.5 mg daily from the 12th to 21st day of each cycle. Period II: Oestradiol-valerate (Progynon) 2 mg daily from the 2nd to 21st day of each cycle. Period III: Oestradiol-valerate 2 mg from the 1st to 11th day followed by oestradiol-valerate 2 mg+0.5 mg dl-norgestresl from day 12 to 21 of each cycle (Cycloprogynon). A significant decrease in triglycerides was observed following the administration of norgestrel and Cycloprogynon, whereas oestradiol-valerate had no effect on the triglyceride levels. On the other hand, oestradiol-valerate, following a period of norgestrel, produced an increase in serum cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Changes in serum lipids during treatment with norgestrel, oestradiol-valerate and cycloprogynon. The serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and free glycerol were determined in 23 climacteric women, before and after the administration of three different steroid drugs. Each drug was given within a period of 12 weeks (3 cycles). Period I: Norgestrel, 0.5 mg daily from the 12th to 21st day of each cycle. Period II: Oestradiol-valerate (Progynon) 2 mg daily from the 2nd to 21st day of each cycle. Period III: Oestradiol-valerate 2 mg from the 1st to 11th day followed by oestradiol-valerate 2 mg+0.5 mg dl-norgestresl from day 12 to 21 of each cycle (Cycloprogynon). A significant decrease in triglycerides was observed following the administration of norgestrel and Cycloprogynon, whereas oestradiol-valerate had no effect on the triglyceride levels. On the other hand, oestradiol-valerate, following a period of norgestrel, produced an increase in serum cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 602705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7816", "title": "Uterine activity in diabetes insipidus.", "content": "In two nonpregnant women with cranial diabetes insipidus, myometrial activity under different hormonal conditions was studied by intrauterine pressure recording. Recordings were performed when the women were under the influence of their regular treatment with desaminocys1-D-arg8-vasopressin (DDAVP), and when they had fully developed symptoms of their disease. Uterine activity was similar to that found in normal women under the same hormonal conditions, and generally did not change when symptoms of lack of vasopressin appeared. Both DDAVP (15-20 microgram), given intranasally, and lysin vasopressin (0.2 IU), given intravenously, stimulated uterine activity, particularly in late secretory menstrual phase. It is suggested that endogenous vasopressin is of minor importance for the induction of spontaneous uterine activity in nonpregnant women.", "contents": "Uterine activity in diabetes insipidus. In two nonpregnant women with cranial diabetes insipidus, myometrial activity under different hormonal conditions was studied by intrauterine pressure recording. Recordings were performed when the women were under the influence of their regular treatment with desaminocys1-D-arg8-vasopressin (DDAVP), and when they had fully developed symptoms of their disease. Uterine activity was similar to that found in normal women under the same hormonal conditions, and generally did not change when symptoms of lack of vasopressin appeared. Both DDAVP (15-20 microgram), given intranasally, and lysin vasopressin (0.2 IU), given intravenously, stimulated uterine activity, particularly in late secretory menstrual phase. It is suggested that endogenous vasopressin is of minor importance for the induction of spontaneous uterine activity in nonpregnant women.", "PMID": 602706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7817", "title": "Pubococcygeal repair ad modum Ingelman-Sundberg. A retrospective investigation with 10-20 years time of observation.", "content": "Fifty-one women operated on for stress incontinence with pubococcygeal repair ad modum Ingelman-Sundberg between 1955 and 1965 were investigated urogynecologically. The time of observation was accordingly at least 10 years in every case. An evaluation was made of this operation method, the distribution of recurrences during the postoperative period and possible side effects. Eight women had symptoms of at least degree I stress incontinence and thirteen showed signs of incontinence at the examination. Only four had both symptoms and signs of incontitinence. The cure rate from a symptomatic point of view was 84% and from the technical aspect 75%. Most fo the severe recurrences occurred in the first postoperative year. Thereafter the recurrences were evenly distributed. The only side effect in the long run was a tendency to rectocele.", "contents": "Pubococcygeal repair ad modum Ingelman-Sundberg. A retrospective investigation with 10-20 years time of observation. Fifty-one women operated on for stress incontinence with pubococcygeal repair ad modum Ingelman-Sundberg between 1955 and 1965 were investigated urogynecologically. The time of observation was accordingly at least 10 years in every case. An evaluation was made of this operation method, the distribution of recurrences during the postoperative period and possible side effects. Eight women had symptoms of at least degree I stress incontinence and thirteen showed signs of incontinence at the examination. Only four had both symptoms and signs of incontitinence. The cure rate from a symptomatic point of view was 84% and from the technical aspect 75%. Most fo the severe recurrences occurred in the first postoperative year. Thereafter the recurrences were evenly distributed. The only side effect in the long run was a tendency to rectocele.", "PMID": 602707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7818", "title": "Ingelman-Sundberg operation for urinary incontinence. Our experience.", "content": "The authors analyse the indications for the Ingelman-Sundberg operation considering pelvic anatomy, previous surgery and the age of the patient. The operation is described with pre- and postoperative management. Associated operations, such as perineorraphy and the amputation of the uterine cervix are mentioned. Finally, a study is made of the experience of the Gynecologic Clinic of the Catholic Faculty of Medicine presenting the postoperative problems that have arisen and the results obtained in the cure of urinary incontinence. The surgical treatment of urinary incontinence due to lesions of the pelvic floor, presents several difficulties, with a high incidence of recurrence of symptoms.", "contents": "Ingelman-Sundberg operation for urinary incontinence. Our experience. The authors analyse the indications for the Ingelman-Sundberg operation considering pelvic anatomy, previous surgery and the age of the patient. The operation is described with pre- and postoperative management. Associated operations, such as perineorraphy and the amputation of the uterine cervix are mentioned. Finally, a study is made of the experience of the Gynecologic Clinic of the Catholic Faculty of Medicine presenting the postoperative problems that have arisen and the results obtained in the cure of urinary incontinence. The surgical treatment of urinary incontinence due to lesions of the pelvic floor, presents several difficulties, with a high incidence of recurrence of symptoms.", "PMID": 602708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7819", "title": "Results of operative treatment of stress urinary incontinence with special reference to preoperative clinical and radiological evaluation.", "content": "Operative results of stress urinary incontinence are discussed on the basis of a follow-up study made 3-5 years after the operation. The series consisted of 301 patients operated on during 1969-1971. The most significant anamnestic feature was the great number of multiparas: 67% of the patients had given birth to at least 4 children. The choice of the operative method was based on Green's urethrocystographic classification into type I and type II. The healing was complete or satisfactory in 85% of the total material. In the group operated on according to type I the outcome was good in 88%, while in the type II group it was good in 84%. Incontinence of degree I was cured in 89% of the cases, while patients of degree III in only 72%. If there was a significant urgency component observable in the incontinence symptoms preoperatively, a good outcome was only attained in 64%. In pure or dominant stress incontinence the corresponding outcome was 88%. Hysterectomy combined to the operation seemed to improve the results. Age, parity, duration of the incontinence symptoms, weight and changes of weight after the operation had no significant effect on the healing. The authors emphasize the importance of careful differential diagnosis based on the anamnesis and examinations in choosing the therapeutic method for incontinence patients.", "contents": "Results of operative treatment of stress urinary incontinence with special reference to preoperative clinical and radiological evaluation. Operative results of stress urinary incontinence are discussed on the basis of a follow-up study made 3-5 years after the operation. The series consisted of 301 patients operated on during 1969-1971. The most significant anamnestic feature was the great number of multiparas: 67% of the patients had given birth to at least 4 children. The choice of the operative method was based on Green's urethrocystographic classification into type I and type II. The healing was complete or satisfactory in 85% of the total material. In the group operated on according to type I the outcome was good in 88%, while in the type II group it was good in 84%. Incontinence of degree I was cured in 89% of the cases, while patients of degree III in only 72%. If there was a significant urgency component observable in the incontinence symptoms preoperatively, a good outcome was only attained in 64%. In pure or dominant stress incontinence the corresponding outcome was 88%. Hysterectomy combined to the operation seemed to improve the results. Age, parity, duration of the incontinence symptoms, weight and changes of weight after the operation had no significant effect on the healing. The authors emphasize the importance of careful differential diagnosis based on the anamnesis and examinations in choosing the therapeutic method for incontinence patients.", "PMID": 602709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7820", "title": "Is there a changing epidemiology of premalignant lesions of the cervix? Results of cytologic screening of pregnant women.", "content": "The selection of women approached for cytologic screening is based on previous studies on age distribution and prevalence and consequent considerations on the risk of developing invasive carcinoma. In order to check if this is appropriate the results of the screening of pregnant women being selected irrespective of their age has been studied for two periods, 1961-64 and 1972. The frequency of lesions was remarkably high among the teenagers of both periods. A significant increase in the incidence of lesions was noted for the period 1972. This increase is most evident in the ages 21 to 30. A shift to more severe lesions was found among the teenagers and in the groups between 31 and 40. In conclusion more effort should be made with respect to cytologic screening of young women, particularly when pregnant. The increased frequency of cytologic atypias among women between 21 and 30 should focus the attention to the possibility that the epidemiology or premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix is changing.", "contents": "Is there a changing epidemiology of premalignant lesions of the cervix? Results of cytologic screening of pregnant women. The selection of women approached for cytologic screening is based on previous studies on age distribution and prevalence and consequent considerations on the risk of developing invasive carcinoma. In order to check if this is appropriate the results of the screening of pregnant women being selected irrespective of their age has been studied for two periods, 1961-64 and 1972. The frequency of lesions was remarkably high among the teenagers of both periods. A significant increase in the incidence of lesions was noted for the period 1972. This increase is most evident in the ages 21 to 30. A shift to more severe lesions was found among the teenagers and in the groups between 31 and 40. In conclusion more effort should be made with respect to cytologic screening of young women, particularly when pregnant. The increased frequency of cytologic atypias among women between 21 and 30 should focus the attention to the possibility that the epidemiology or premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix is changing.", "PMID": 602712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7821", "title": "Effect of alkoxyglycerols on the frequency of injuries following radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The incidence of injuries following intracavitary and external radiation therapy is markedly decreased in all stages of the disease by the administration of alkoxyglycerols. Complex injuries (due to radiation injury and tumour growth in combination) were reduced to about 1/3 in a group receiving alkoxyglycerols prophylactically, i.e. before, during and after radiation treatment, when compared with a control group. Using non-prophylactic administration of alkoxyglycerols, i.e. during and after radiation treatment, no effect was observed on complex injuries, while--as for the prophylactic group--the injuries due to radiation only, were significantly decreased. The use of so called \"increased amount\" of radium in the intracavitary irradiator was followed by an unexpectedly high incidence of radiation injuries, which was considerably reduced, however, by alkoxyglycerols, especially when administered prophylactically.", "contents": "Effect of alkoxyglycerols on the frequency of injuries following radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The incidence of injuries following intracavitary and external radiation therapy is markedly decreased in all stages of the disease by the administration of alkoxyglycerols. Complex injuries (due to radiation injury and tumour growth in combination) were reduced to about 1/3 in a group receiving alkoxyglycerols prophylactically, i.e. before, during and after radiation treatment, when compared with a control group. Using non-prophylactic administration of alkoxyglycerols, i.e. during and after radiation treatment, no effect was observed on complex injuries, while--as for the prophylactic group--the injuries due to radiation only, were significantly decreased. The use of so called \"increased amount\" of radium in the intracavitary irradiator was followed by an unexpectedly high incidence of radiation injuries, which was considerably reduced, however, by alkoxyglycerols, especially when administered prophylactically.", "PMID": 602713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7822", "title": "The change of alkaline phosphatase binding conditions with trophoblast membrane at different stages of human placenta.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase was brought into solution from microsomal fractions of placentas of varying gestational age by using gradually increasing concentrations of proteinase papain. When the activity of the soluble alkaline phosphatase (S) was compared with that of the non-soluble residue (R), the S/R ratio rose as pregnancy progressed. The electrophoretic pattern showed that in serum from pregnant women the papain-soluble alkaline phosphatase corresponded to the heat-stable one. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane of the trophoblast changes with the growth of the placenta so that this enzyme is easily dissolved by papain. It is probable that alkaline phosphatase molecules easily enter the maternal blood stream in late pregnancy.", "contents": "The change of alkaline phosphatase binding conditions with trophoblast membrane at different stages of human placenta. Alkaline phosphatase was brought into solution from microsomal fractions of placentas of varying gestational age by using gradually increasing concentrations of proteinase papain. When the activity of the soluble alkaline phosphatase (S) was compared with that of the non-soluble residue (R), the S/R ratio rose as pregnancy progressed. The electrophoretic pattern showed that in serum from pregnant women the papain-soluble alkaline phosphatase corresponded to the heat-stable one. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane of the trophoblast changes with the growth of the placenta so that this enzyme is easily dissolved by papain. It is probable that alkaline phosphatase molecules easily enter the maternal blood stream in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 602714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7823", "title": "Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy treated with propylthiouracil. The significance of maternal and foetal parameters.", "content": "Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may be dangerous to the infant. The major risks are prematurity and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. The latter may be due to placental transfer of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins from mother to fetus. Of two siblings of a previously thyrotoxic mother the first had marked symptoms of neonatal thyrotoxicosis after a pregnancy where no antithyroid treatment was given. The second child had only minimal thyrotoxic symptoms but almost as high levels of thyroid hormones as the first. During the second pregnancy propylthiouracil was given to the mother from 26 weeks' gestation, because of increased fetal movements and fetal tachycardia. Fetal movements and fetal heart rate were considered to be most valuable indicators of thyroid function in the fetus. Intense control is necessary from the beginning of the second trimester.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy treated with propylthiouracil. The significance of maternal and foetal parameters. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may be dangerous to the infant. The major risks are prematurity and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. The latter may be due to placental transfer of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins from mother to fetus. Of two siblings of a previously thyrotoxic mother the first had marked symptoms of neonatal thyrotoxicosis after a pregnancy where no antithyroid treatment was given. The second child had only minimal thyrotoxic symptoms but almost as high levels of thyroid hormones as the first. During the second pregnancy propylthiouracil was given to the mother from 26 weeks' gestation, because of increased fetal movements and fetal tachycardia. Fetal movements and fetal heart rate were considered to be most valuable indicators of thyroid function in the fetus. Intense control is necessary from the beginning of the second trimester.", "PMID": 602715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7824", "title": "The effect of dexamethasone therapy in prolonged pregnancy.", "content": "Fifty-six patients, chosen by random sampling from a total group of 120 post-term women, received dexamethasone (Decadron, \"MSD\" 2 mg 3 times a day for 4 days, the other 64 patients acting as controls. The evolution of uterine activity was evaluated using pelvic score (PS) and a modified low dosage oxytocin sensitivyt test (OST) before (T1) and after (T2) the treatment. During the interval from the second to the 6th day inclusive after T1 35 women of the dexamethasone group and 15 of the control group had a spontaneous onset of labour (SO) (0.001 less than P less than 0.01). Five patients in the dexamethasone group with primary rupture of membranes started labour spontaneously within 12 hours after membrane rupture, 7 patients in the control group with primary rupture of membranes received oxytocin as labour did not start within 24 hours. Excluding patients artifically induced, the mean interval from T1 to SO was 6.8 days in the control group and 5.2 days in the dexamethasone group (P less than 0.001). In both groups PS and the sum of Montevideo units (MU) during OST increased from T1 to T2, the increase was significantly greater in the dexamethasone group than in the control group. We found no correlation between the results of OST and the T1--SO interval. Dexamethasone, as used in this study, may promote labour in prolonged human pregnancy. Due to its low potency, it is not a substitute for oxytocin in the induction of labour. The lowered placento-fetal quotient in the dexamethasone group warrants further study of the effects of steroid hormone on placental function.", "contents": "The effect of dexamethasone therapy in prolonged pregnancy. Fifty-six patients, chosen by random sampling from a total group of 120 post-term women, received dexamethasone (Decadron, \"MSD\" 2 mg 3 times a day for 4 days, the other 64 patients acting as controls. The evolution of uterine activity was evaluated using pelvic score (PS) and a modified low dosage oxytocin sensitivyt test (OST) before (T1) and after (T2) the treatment. During the interval from the second to the 6th day inclusive after T1 35 women of the dexamethasone group and 15 of the control group had a spontaneous onset of labour (SO) (0.001 less than P less than 0.01). Five patients in the dexamethasone group with primary rupture of membranes started labour spontaneously within 12 hours after membrane rupture, 7 patients in the control group with primary rupture of membranes received oxytocin as labour did not start within 24 hours. Excluding patients artifically induced, the mean interval from T1 to SO was 6.8 days in the control group and 5.2 days in the dexamethasone group (P less than 0.001). In both groups PS and the sum of Montevideo units (MU) during OST increased from T1 to T2, the increase was significantly greater in the dexamethasone group than in the control group. We found no correlation between the results of OST and the T1--SO interval. Dexamethasone, as used in this study, may promote labour in prolonged human pregnancy. Due to its low potency, it is not a substitute for oxytocin in the induction of labour. The lowered placento-fetal quotient in the dexamethasone group warrants further study of the effects of steroid hormone on placental function.", "PMID": 602716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7825", "title": "The immediate effect of a beta-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during the third trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "The responses of plasma insulin and the C-peptide of proinsulin, glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and alanine to a beta2-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol) were determined in 5 patients during the last trimester of pregnancy before labor. Salbutamol was given as an infusion in the same dosage as is used to inhibit uterine contractions in cases of premature labor and in obstetric emergencies. The influsion of salbutamol was given for 45 min, accompanied by repeated sampling of arterial blood. All patients developed moderate tachycardia and exhibited metabolic effects following salbutamol infusion, implying marked increases in plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucose and lactate. An increased rate of lipolysis was evident from the rises of FFA, glycerol and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Plasma levels of alanine declined, possibly due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis. It is unlikely that these acute maternal metabolic changes would have significant adverse effects on the fetus.", "contents": "The immediate effect of a beta-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during the third trimester of pregnancy. The responses of plasma insulin and the C-peptide of proinsulin, glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and alanine to a beta2-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol) were determined in 5 patients during the last trimester of pregnancy before labor. Salbutamol was given as an infusion in the same dosage as is used to inhibit uterine contractions in cases of premature labor and in obstetric emergencies. The influsion of salbutamol was given for 45 min, accompanied by repeated sampling of arterial blood. All patients developed moderate tachycardia and exhibited metabolic effects following salbutamol infusion, implying marked increases in plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucose and lactate. An increased rate of lipolysis was evident from the rises of FFA, glycerol and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Plasma levels of alanine declined, possibly due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis. It is unlikely that these acute maternal metabolic changes would have significant adverse effects on the fetus.", "PMID": 602717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7826", "title": "Outcome of pregnancy in the presence of intrauterine device.", "content": "The outcome of 196 pregnancies with Lippes Loop in situ was studied. In 102 cases with inaccessible thread, the IUD was left in place. Ninety-four women had the IUD removed when the thread was still visible. The incidence of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery was 56.8% in the group of 102, and was significantly higher than in those women whose loop was removed. No serious complications occurred in any of the cases. The results suggested that the IUD should be removed early in pregnancy when the string is still accessible.", "contents": "Outcome of pregnancy in the presence of intrauterine device. The outcome of 196 pregnancies with Lippes Loop in situ was studied. In 102 cases with inaccessible thread, the IUD was left in place. Ninety-four women had the IUD removed when the thread was still visible. The incidence of spontaneous abortion and premature delivery was 56.8% in the group of 102, and was significantly higher than in those women whose loop was removed. No serious complications occurred in any of the cases. The results suggested that the IUD should be removed early in pregnancy when the string is still accessible.", "PMID": 602718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7827", "title": "Scintigraphic studies of uterine and placental growth and placental migration during pregnancy.", "content": "Placental scintigraphy with 113mIn (Indium) combined with cervical marking with a shielded 57Co (Cobalt) radioactive source was used to study uterine and placental growth in human pregnancy and placental location and migration in a total of 176 patients. Uterine length measurements can be used for selecting growth retarded fetuses. There was an approximately constant ratio between placenta diameter and uterine length (0.68 +/- 0.03). When the placenta was located on the ventral uterine wall, low implantation occurred in 61%. The corresponding figure for low implantation when the placenta was located on the dorsal uterine wall was 30%. The difference was highly significant. Placental migration was studied in 20 patients. Significant migration occurred in 11 cases. The placental margin closest to the internal cervical os migrated outwards about 3 cm on average.", "contents": "Scintigraphic studies of uterine and placental growth and placental migration during pregnancy. Placental scintigraphy with 113mIn (Indium) combined with cervical marking with a shielded 57Co (Cobalt) radioactive source was used to study uterine and placental growth in human pregnancy and placental location and migration in a total of 176 patients. Uterine length measurements can be used for selecting growth retarded fetuses. There was an approximately constant ratio between placenta diameter and uterine length (0.68 +/- 0.03). When the placenta was located on the ventral uterine wall, low implantation occurred in 61%. The corresponding figure for low implantation when the placenta was located on the dorsal uterine wall was 30%. The difference was highly significant. Placental migration was studied in 20 patients. Significant migration occurred in 11 cases. The placental margin closest to the internal cervical os migrated outwards about 3 cm on average.", "PMID": 602719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7828", "title": "Feto-maternal bleeding. During pregnancy and at delivery.", "content": "Blood samples from pregnant women and from mothers before and after delivery were tested for the occurrence of feto-maternal bleeding (f.m.b.) using Kleihauers acid-elution technique and a counting technique described by Schneider. It was assumed that f.m.b. had occurred, when there was a clinically significant difference between the values of hb-F cells per million cells in two blood samples. F.m.b. had occurred in nearly 2/3 of the mothers after pregnancy and delivery. The f.m.b.'s were most often less than 0.1 ml and only a few per cent had f.m.b.'s between 0.1 and 1 ml. Abortion, complicated pregnancies, amniocentesis, pre-eclampsia, caesarean section and other kinds of complicated deliveries increased the risk of especially larger f.m.b.'s.", "contents": "Feto-maternal bleeding. During pregnancy and at delivery. Blood samples from pregnant women and from mothers before and after delivery were tested for the occurrence of feto-maternal bleeding (f.m.b.) using Kleihauers acid-elution technique and a counting technique described by Schneider. It was assumed that f.m.b. had occurred, when there was a clinically significant difference between the values of hb-F cells per million cells in two blood samples. F.m.b. had occurred in nearly 2/3 of the mothers after pregnancy and delivery. The f.m.b.'s were most often less than 0.1 ml and only a few per cent had f.m.b.'s between 0.1 and 1 ml. Abortion, complicated pregnancies, amniocentesis, pre-eclampsia, caesarean section and other kinds of complicated deliveries increased the risk of especially larger f.m.b.'s.", "PMID": 602720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7829", "title": "Serum HCG and HPL in twin pregnancies.", "content": "Serum HCG and HPL levels were determined in 154 samples derived from 39 twin and one triplet pregnancies. Compared with singleton gestations, these levels were respectively 2.5 and 1.5 times higher throughout gestation. Analysis of these data in terms of predictive accuracy for the existence of a twin indicates that neither assay can serve for screening purposes though simultaneous determination of HCG and HPL may provide a fair index of suspicion.", "contents": "Serum HCG and HPL in twin pregnancies. Serum HCG and HPL levels were determined in 154 samples derived from 39 twin and one triplet pregnancies. Compared with singleton gestations, these levels were respectively 2.5 and 1.5 times higher throughout gestation. Analysis of these data in terms of predictive accuracy for the existence of a twin indicates that neither assay can serve for screening purposes though simultaneous determination of HCG and HPL may provide a fair index of suspicion.", "PMID": 602721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7830", "title": "The cervical balloon method for induction of labor.", "content": "The cervical balloon (Embrey & Mollison) was used to induce labor in a study group of 87 patients. The control group included 97 patients, where induction of labor was performed using oxytocin-drip. In the study group oxytocin-drip was added in 34 patients. The cases of the study and control groups were classified as \"favorable\" cervix. The patients classified as \"unfavorable\" cervix showed a shorter mean induction-delivery interval in the study group, and a shorter mean duration of oxytocin-drip in the cases of the study group where it was needed. It was concluded that the cervical balloon is a convenient method for the induction of labor, for its effectivity, simplicity and innocuity, especially in the \"unfavorable\" cervix cases.", "contents": "The cervical balloon method for induction of labor. The cervical balloon (Embrey & Mollison) was used to induce labor in a study group of 87 patients. The control group included 97 patients, where induction of labor was performed using oxytocin-drip. In the study group oxytocin-drip was added in 34 patients. The cases of the study and control groups were classified as \"favorable\" cervix. The patients classified as \"unfavorable\" cervix showed a shorter mean induction-delivery interval in the study group, and a shorter mean duration of oxytocin-drip in the cases of the study group where it was needed. It was concluded that the cervical balloon is a convenient method for the induction of labor, for its effectivity, simplicity and innocuity, especially in the \"unfavorable\" cervix cases.", "PMID": 602722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7831", "title": "Evaluation of a feto-pelvic scoring system in the management of breech presentations.", "content": "A feto-pelvic scoring system comprising maternal pelvimetric data, estimated fetal weight, type of breech presentation and previous obstetric history was used in selecting patients for cesarean section of vaginal delivery. A maximum score of 20 points was possible. Twelve points or less indicated cesarean section. During 1973-1975 224 singleton breech deliveries were evaluated. In 29.5% cesarean section was performed and in 83% of these it could be planned in advance. In 70.5% of cases, patients were allowed to deliver vaginally under continuous electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate. There was one intrapartum death and only one early neonatal death of a small premature child. In two cases intrauterine death had occurred already in the antepartum period. The uncorrected perinatal mortality was 17.9 per 1000 but not significantly different from the uncorrected perinatal mortality of 8.0 per 1000 for all patients delivered at the Danderyd's Hospital during the period 1972-1975 (12832 births). The corrected mortality resulting from breech presentation was 8.9 per 1000. The infants exhibited similar and excellent 5 min Apgar scores whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean section or matched with a randomized control series of 1000 cephalic presentations.", "contents": "Evaluation of a feto-pelvic scoring system in the management of breech presentations. A feto-pelvic scoring system comprising maternal pelvimetric data, estimated fetal weight, type of breech presentation and previous obstetric history was used in selecting patients for cesarean section of vaginal delivery. A maximum score of 20 points was possible. Twelve points or less indicated cesarean section. During 1973-1975 224 singleton breech deliveries were evaluated. In 29.5% cesarean section was performed and in 83% of these it could be planned in advance. In 70.5% of cases, patients were allowed to deliver vaginally under continuous electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate. There was one intrapartum death and only one early neonatal death of a small premature child. In two cases intrauterine death had occurred already in the antepartum period. The uncorrected perinatal mortality was 17.9 per 1000 but not significantly different from the uncorrected perinatal mortality of 8.0 per 1000 for all patients delivered at the Danderyd's Hospital during the period 1972-1975 (12832 births). The corrected mortality resulting from breech presentation was 8.9 per 1000. The infants exhibited similar and excellent 5 min Apgar scores whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean section or matched with a randomized control series of 1000 cephalic presentations.", "PMID": 602723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7832", "title": "Immediate post-partum insertion of the Antigon.", "content": "The results of intrauterine contraception using the Antigon inserted into 364 women immediately post partum are submitted. The patients were followed for 24 months, total number of woman months 5225. The follow-up was 96.7% after 3 months, 92.9% after 12 months, and 89.7% after 24 months. Four types of Antigon were used, having surface areas from 785 to 2740 mm2. Type I and the wing model (type IV), which have the smallest surface area, proved best suited. The continuation rates for types I and IV after 12 and 24 months were 77.4--59.2 and 76.4--54.5 respectively. These rates are on a level with those for Antigon inserted 6--8 weeks post partum. It is notable that the expulsion rates (12.8 and 12.7 after 12 months) were no higher than those for Antigons inserted 6--8 weeks post partum. The incidence of puerperal complications was not increased, and no perforations occurred.", "contents": "Immediate post-partum insertion of the Antigon. The results of intrauterine contraception using the Antigon inserted into 364 women immediately post partum are submitted. The patients were followed for 24 months, total number of woman months 5225. The follow-up was 96.7% after 3 months, 92.9% after 12 months, and 89.7% after 24 months. Four types of Antigon were used, having surface areas from 785 to 2740 mm2. Type I and the wing model (type IV), which have the smallest surface area, proved best suited. The continuation rates for types I and IV after 12 and 24 months were 77.4--59.2 and 76.4--54.5 respectively. These rates are on a level with those for Antigon inserted 6--8 weeks post partum. It is notable that the expulsion rates (12.8 and 12.7 after 12 months) were no higher than those for Antigons inserted 6--8 weeks post partum. The incidence of puerperal complications was not increased, and no perforations occurred.", "PMID": 602724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7833", "title": "Incidence of sterility in women operated on in childhood for perforated appendicitis.", "content": "Of 80 women who had appendicectomy in childhood 78 were reviewed with reference to sterility. Thirty-nine of them had been operated on for acute perforated appendicitis (APA) and 39 for acute non-perforated appendicitis (ANPA). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of sterility between the two groups. In the APA group the incidence of sterility differs from that in sterility models with the same age composition. It may therefore be advisable for young girls to have appendicectomy at at the least indication.", "contents": "Incidence of sterility in women operated on in childhood for perforated appendicitis. Of 80 women who had appendicectomy in childhood 78 were reviewed with reference to sterility. Thirty-nine of them had been operated on for acute perforated appendicitis (APA) and 39 for acute non-perforated appendicitis (ANPA). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of sterility between the two groups. In the APA group the incidence of sterility differs from that in sterility models with the same age composition. It may therefore be advisable for young girls to have appendicectomy at at the least indication.", "PMID": 602725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7834", "title": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix by selective local excision.", "content": "Local excision of severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix by punch biopsies was the treatment in 366 cases. In 61%, cervical cytology reverted to negative or slight atypia. 153 patients have been followed from 1 to 7 years. Failures to remove the entire lesion were discovered within the first year of follow-up in all cases but 10. Complications were negligible and no patients have subsequently developed invasive cancer of the cervix. Selective local excision as an alternative to other minimally traumatic techniques, e.g. cryotherapy is discussed. Although the failure rate is slightly higher with local excision, an obvious advantage is the availability of all removed tissue for histopathologic diagnosis. Thus, the risk of overlooking microinvasive disease is reduced to a minimum.", "contents": "Management of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix by selective local excision. Local excision of severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix by punch biopsies was the treatment in 366 cases. In 61%, cervical cytology reverted to negative or slight atypia. 153 patients have been followed from 1 to 7 years. Failures to remove the entire lesion were discovered within the first year of follow-up in all cases but 10. Complications were negligible and no patients have subsequently developed invasive cancer of the cervix. Selective local excision as an alternative to other minimally traumatic techniques, e.g. cryotherapy is discussed. Although the failure rate is slightly higher with local excision, an obvious advantage is the availability of all removed tissue for histopathologic diagnosis. Thus, the risk of overlooking microinvasive disease is reduced to a minimum.", "PMID": 602726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7835", "title": "Distribution of serum amylase isoenzymes in cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes.", "content": "A simple method has been elaborated for the routine separation and quantitative determination of amylase isoenzymes. The ratio P/S, the quotient of the activity values obtained by densitometric evaluation of the pancreatic and salivary isoenzymes, is used to characterize their distribution. In healthy adults and children the value for P/S is above 1 in 80% of the cases, with a mean of 1.87 +/- 0.23. In 90% of heterozygote CF gene-carriers, the P/S is below 1 with a mean of 0.68 +/- 0.13. In addition to the higher total amylase activity, in MV homozygote patients P/S is less than 0.1, and even 0.001. The phenomenon is explained by a compensatory enhancement of salivary activity. The method is a suitable diagnostic test of the exocrine function of the pancreas and for evaluation of the serum amylase isoenzymes. The P/S value allows to differentiate heterozygote CF gene-carriers from homozygotes and healthy individuals.", "contents": "Distribution of serum amylase isoenzymes in cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes. A simple method has been elaborated for the routine separation and quantitative determination of amylase isoenzymes. The ratio P/S, the quotient of the activity values obtained by densitometric evaluation of the pancreatic and salivary isoenzymes, is used to characterize their distribution. In healthy adults and children the value for P/S is above 1 in 80% of the cases, with a mean of 1.87 +/- 0.23. In 90% of heterozygote CF gene-carriers, the P/S is below 1 with a mean of 0.68 +/- 0.13. In addition to the higher total amylase activity, in MV homozygote patients P/S is less than 0.1, and even 0.001. The phenomenon is explained by a compensatory enhancement of salivary activity. The method is a suitable diagnostic test of the exocrine function of the pancreas and for evaluation of the serum amylase isoenzymes. The P/S value allows to differentiate heterozygote CF gene-carriers from homozygotes and healthy individuals.", "PMID": 602748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7836", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: a HLA associated hereditary disease?", "content": "Twelve homozygote patients and thirty-two heterozygote gene carriers from families with cystic fibrosis were HLA-typed. Diagnostic criteria were sweat electrolyte concentration, pancreatic enzyme levels from duodenal juice and stool, Szczepanski's bromide test in the group of homozygotes, and the latter only in the cases of heterozygotes. In comparison with 130 healthy blood donors typed for 29 HLA antigens. B18 proved to be more frequent in the group of patients and gene carriers, with 50 and 31%, respectively, and 14% in the normal population. The association seems to be stronger in the homozygotes than in the heterozygotes (p less than 0.02, respectively).", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: a HLA associated hereditary disease? Twelve homozygote patients and thirty-two heterozygote gene carriers from families with cystic fibrosis were HLA-typed. Diagnostic criteria were sweat electrolyte concentration, pancreatic enzyme levels from duodenal juice and stool, Szczepanski's bromide test in the group of homozygotes, and the latter only in the cases of heterozygotes. In comparison with 130 healthy blood donors typed for 29 HLA antigens. B18 proved to be more frequent in the group of patients and gene carriers, with 50 and 31%, respectively, and 14% in the normal population. The association seems to be stronger in the homozygotes than in the heterozygotes (p less than 0.02, respectively).", "PMID": 602749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7837", "title": "Paraneoplastic syndrome in childhood.", "content": "The case of five-year old boy is reported who at the age of 18 months had successfully been operated upon for neuroblastoma and who had subsequently signs of cerebellar encephalopathy. The paraneoplastic conditions of childhood are discussed in connection with the reported case. Opsoclonus was not observed in the patient, and symptoms showed rapid improvement on methotrexate, carmustine and CCNU treatment. Six months later the child was free of neurological disturbances and only displayed a slight mental retardation (IQ: 88). Cytological alterations observed in the CSF during the cerebellar encephalopathy are described in detail. At present, 41 months after the operation the child is well and free of symptoms.", "contents": "Paraneoplastic syndrome in childhood. The case of five-year old boy is reported who at the age of 18 months had successfully been operated upon for neuroblastoma and who had subsequently signs of cerebellar encephalopathy. The paraneoplastic conditions of childhood are discussed in connection with the reported case. Opsoclonus was not observed in the patient, and symptoms showed rapid improvement on methotrexate, carmustine and CCNU treatment. Six months later the child was free of neurological disturbances and only displayed a slight mental retardation (IQ: 88). Cytological alterations observed in the CSF during the cerebellar encephalopathy are described in detail. At present, 41 months after the operation the child is well and free of symptoms.", "PMID": 602750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7838", "title": "Oxygen therapy and massive pulmonary haemorrhage in newborn infants.", "content": "A significant rise in the frequency of neonatal pulmonary haemorrhage was observed in the year when intensive oxygen therapy by CPAP and IPPV ventilation was started. To clarify the role of oxygen therapy the neonatal deaths occurring in two periods of different oxygen treatment were analysed and compared in respect of all clinical features which may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary haemorrhage. In conclusion it is suggested that the local effect of oxygen is probably an additional but significant pathogenetic factor in the condition.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy and massive pulmonary haemorrhage in newborn infants. A significant rise in the frequency of neonatal pulmonary haemorrhage was observed in the year when intensive oxygen therapy by CPAP and IPPV ventilation was started. To clarify the role of oxygen therapy the neonatal deaths occurring in two periods of different oxygen treatment were analysed and compared in respect of all clinical features which may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary haemorrhage. In conclusion it is suggested that the local effect of oxygen is probably an additional but significant pathogenetic factor in the condition.", "PMID": 602753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7839", "title": "A simple score to facilitate detection of congenital disorders.", "content": "A simple score has been constructed to facilitate the selection of apparently normal newborns at risk or hidden congenital disorders. Components of the score are family history of previous malformations, stillbirth or infantile death of unknown origin, intrauterine growth retardation (2 points each), and six minor malformations: antimongoloid palpebral slant, hypertelorism, preauricular fistula, simian crease, mammillary and hallucal abnormality (1 point each). Out of 1000 consecutive neonates screened with the method 28 scored 3 or more, in 6 of whom hidden congenital abnormalities were discovered at later reexamination. At the same time only 2 hidden defects were found in the children with a neonatal score of 2 or less. Although the follow-up was incomplete, the results suggest that the score is useful in selecting infants for more complicated clinical and genetic investigations.", "contents": "A simple score to facilitate detection of congenital disorders. A simple score has been constructed to facilitate the selection of apparently normal newborns at risk or hidden congenital disorders. Components of the score are family history of previous malformations, stillbirth or infantile death of unknown origin, intrauterine growth retardation (2 points each), and six minor malformations: antimongoloid palpebral slant, hypertelorism, preauricular fistula, simian crease, mammillary and hallucal abnormality (1 point each). Out of 1000 consecutive neonates screened with the method 28 scored 3 or more, in 6 of whom hidden congenital abnormalities were discovered at later reexamination. At the same time only 2 hidden defects were found in the children with a neonatal score of 2 or less. Although the follow-up was incomplete, the results suggest that the score is useful in selecting infants for more complicated clinical and genetic investigations.", "PMID": 602754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7840", "title": "The effect of birth asphyxia on plasma free amino acids in preterm newborn infants.", "content": "The postnatal plasma amino acid pattern was compared in 16 asphyxiated and 13 non-asphyxiated preterm newborn infants. The lactic acidosis induced by asphyxia was associated with a marked rise in the total amino acid content of the plasma. Among the 17 individual amino acids determined the concentrations of alanine, proline, taurine, glutamate, valine, methionine and lysine were significantly elevated. The accumulation of alanine was particulary marked and its concentration showed a significant linear correlation with that of lactate (p less 0.001). A similar relationship was observed between other potentially glucogenic amino acids and lactate. It is suggested that an impaired gluconeogenesis may be responsible for the accumulation of glucogenic amino acids. The response of the plasma aminogram to asphyxia resembles that associated with hypoglycaemia in the small-for-gestational-age infant, where a delay in the maturation of key gluconeogenic enzymes seems to account for the reduced hepatic disposal of glucose precursors.", "contents": "The effect of birth asphyxia on plasma free amino acids in preterm newborn infants. The postnatal plasma amino acid pattern was compared in 16 asphyxiated and 13 non-asphyxiated preterm newborn infants. The lactic acidosis induced by asphyxia was associated with a marked rise in the total amino acid content of the plasma. Among the 17 individual amino acids determined the concentrations of alanine, proline, taurine, glutamate, valine, methionine and lysine were significantly elevated. The accumulation of alanine was particulary marked and its concentration showed a significant linear correlation with that of lactate (p less 0.001). A similar relationship was observed between other potentially glucogenic amino acids and lactate. It is suggested that an impaired gluconeogenesis may be responsible for the accumulation of glucogenic amino acids. The response of the plasma aminogram to asphyxia resembles that associated with hypoglycaemia in the small-for-gestational-age infant, where a delay in the maturation of key gluconeogenic enzymes seems to account for the reduced hepatic disposal of glucose precursors.", "PMID": 602758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7841", "title": "A teratological evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Reviewing the important teratological data on anticonvulsants, the Hungarian experiences are reported. In the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register use of the anticonvulsants diazepam and phenobarbiturates during pregnancy was determined in infants delivered with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, posterior cleft palate and, as a control, anencephaly and spina bifida. The teratogenic effect of diphenyl-hydantoin was confirmed, while that of diazepam and phenobarbital was not supported.", "contents": "A teratological evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. Reviewing the important teratological data on anticonvulsants, the Hungarian experiences are reported. In the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register use of the anticonvulsants diazepam and phenobarbiturates during pregnancy was determined in infants delivered with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, posterior cleft palate and, as a control, anencephaly and spina bifida. The teratogenic effect of diphenyl-hydantoin was confirmed, while that of diazepam and phenobarbital was not supported.", "PMID": 602761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7842", "title": "Peridural lipomatosis.", "content": "Fifteen cases of peridural lipomatosis are presented. All patients were treated surgically in the years 1965 to 1974 and reexamined in 1975. In 5 cases of condition improved, in 4 cases it was unchanged and in 6 patients it deteriorated. It is emphasized that the question of surgical therapy must be decided individually.", "contents": "Peridural lipomatosis. Fifteen cases of peridural lipomatosis are presented. All patients were treated surgically in the years 1965 to 1974 and reexamined in 1975. In 5 cases of condition improved, in 4 cases it was unchanged and in 6 patients it deteriorated. It is emphasized that the question of surgical therapy must be decided individually.", "PMID": 602762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7843", "title": "Amyloidosis in ageing obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean litter-mates. A morphological study.", "content": "The occurrence of amyloidosis in obese-hyperglycemic mice (genotype obob) about 18 months old and their lean litter-mates was studied. Amyloidosis of varying degrees was found in 60 per cent of the mice and was equally common in both groups. Large amounts of amyloid were usually seen in the adrenal glands, liver, spleen and kidneys. In the kidneys, the amyloid was found mainly in the glomeruli, in the mesangial region. Electron microscopy of isolated amyloid fibrils showed that these consisted of two filaments about 40 A thick, twisted around each other. It is concluded that the distribution of the amyloidosis in these mice is similar to that seen in secondary or experimental murine amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis in ageing obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean litter-mates. A morphological study. The occurrence of amyloidosis in obese-hyperglycemic mice (genotype obob) about 18 months old and their lean litter-mates was studied. Amyloidosis of varying degrees was found in 60 per cent of the mice and was equally common in both groups. Large amounts of amyloid were usually seen in the adrenal glands, liver, spleen and kidneys. In the kidneys, the amyloid was found mainly in the glomeruli, in the mesangial region. Electron microscopy of isolated amyloid fibrils showed that these consisted of two filaments about 40 A thick, twisted around each other. It is concluded that the distribution of the amyloidosis in these mice is similar to that seen in secondary or experimental murine amyloidosis.", "PMID": 602763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7844", "title": "Tumours of urinary bladder and ureter associated with abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesics.", "content": "Forty-two patients with a bladder tumour and 4 patients with a ureteral tumour and a history of abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesics were studied. The sex ratio was 1:1, and the mean age 63 years. The estimated amount of ingested phenacetin was 7.1 kg, the estimated mean exposure time 21 years, and the estimated mean induction time 30 years. Renal papillary necrosis and impaired renal function were found in 34 patients. A history of recurrent urinary tract infection was found in 80 per cent of the patients, suggesting that the combination of phenacetin-abuse and chronic inflammation might be responsible for the localization of the tumours to the bladder. The majority of the bladder tumours were of low grade (1 and 2); muscular invasion was seldom found and metastases were rare. The patients were followed for 1.5-13 years. Twenty-six patients died; the mean survival time was 46 months. Uremia due to analgesic nephropathy was the main cause of death in 14 patients and contributed to death in another 7 patients. Three of the patients with ureteral tumours had received radiological treatment against the pelvic region, 15-20 years prior to the diagnosis of the ureteral tumour.", "contents": "Tumours of urinary bladder and ureter associated with abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesics. Forty-two patients with a bladder tumour and 4 patients with a ureteral tumour and a history of abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesics were studied. The sex ratio was 1:1, and the mean age 63 years. The estimated amount of ingested phenacetin was 7.1 kg, the estimated mean exposure time 21 years, and the estimated mean induction time 30 years. Renal papillary necrosis and impaired renal function were found in 34 patients. A history of recurrent urinary tract infection was found in 80 per cent of the patients, suggesting that the combination of phenacetin-abuse and chronic inflammation might be responsible for the localization of the tumours to the bladder. The majority of the bladder tumours were of low grade (1 and 2); muscular invasion was seldom found and metastases were rare. The patients were followed for 1.5-13 years. Twenty-six patients died; the mean survival time was 46 months. Uremia due to analgesic nephropathy was the main cause of death in 14 patients and contributed to death in another 7 patients. Three of the patients with ureteral tumours had received radiological treatment against the pelvic region, 15-20 years prior to the diagnosis of the ureteral tumour.", "PMID": 602764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7845", "title": "Liver ultrastructure in psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 1. A prospective study of findings in hepatocytes from 24 patients before and after methotrexate treatment.", "content": "To show what damage occurs in the hepatocytes of psoriatics receiving Methotrexate (MTX) therapy liver biopsies from 24 psoriatics with severe psoriasis before and after MTX therapy were studied blind by light and electron microscopy. We also aimed to determine the severity of lesions and find possible correlations, and to seek a relationship of these observations with light microscopical and clinical findings. The present study has shown that MTX probably caused damage to the hepatocytes reflected in the membrane whorls (p less than 0.05) and the accumulation of lipid droplets (p less than 0.05). There was an increase (p less than 0.05) in autophagic vacuoles, which mostly contained glycogen and cell sap with residual bodies. These residual bodies were then found in an increased number in the nearby Kupffer cells. Crystals were found in megamitochondria in most patients before and after MTX therapy. Some of these crystals were found free in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria containing crystals were shown in autophagic vacoules, representing possible pathways of their breakdown. Bile canaliculi commonly contained debris but only one patient had evidence of cholestasis. There was no significant change in nuclei, Golgi apparatus, or the endoplasmic reticulum and no statistically significant correlation between the shown changes and the total dose of MTX given.", "contents": "Liver ultrastructure in psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 1. A prospective study of findings in hepatocytes from 24 patients before and after methotrexate treatment. To show what damage occurs in the hepatocytes of psoriatics receiving Methotrexate (MTX) therapy liver biopsies from 24 psoriatics with severe psoriasis before and after MTX therapy were studied blind by light and electron microscopy. We also aimed to determine the severity of lesions and find possible correlations, and to seek a relationship of these observations with light microscopical and clinical findings. The present study has shown that MTX probably caused damage to the hepatocytes reflected in the membrane whorls (p less than 0.05) and the accumulation of lipid droplets (p less than 0.05). There was an increase (p less than 0.05) in autophagic vacuoles, which mostly contained glycogen and cell sap with residual bodies. These residual bodies were then found in an increased number in the nearby Kupffer cells. Crystals were found in megamitochondria in most patients before and after MTX therapy. Some of these crystals were found free in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria containing crystals were shown in autophagic vacoules, representing possible pathways of their breakdown. Bile canaliculi commonly contained debris but only one patient had evidence of cholestasis. There was no significant change in nuclei, Golgi apparatus, or the endoplasmic reticulum and no statistically significant correlation between the shown changes and the total dose of MTX given.", "PMID": 602766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7846", "title": "Liver ultrastructure in psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 2. Findings in bile ducts from 11 methotrexate treated psoriatics and 2 controls.", "content": "To determinate what damage occurred in the bile ducts of psoriatics receiving Methotrexate (MTX) therapy liver biopsies from 11 patients were studied with the light and electron microscope and compared with normal material. Thick sections (1 micrometer) showed light and dark cells in biliary epithelium and lipofuscin granules. At the ultrastructural level these were confirmed. The lumen of the bile ducts contained debris. The microvilli were decreased in number and damaged forms appeared. Damage to the biliary epithelial mitochondria was widespread and there were foci of intracellular oedema. The Golgi apparatus was hypertrophied and dilated. Atrophic cells were seen. The lateral intercellular spaces were dilated and contained debris and the basement membrane showed zones of duplication. Similar changes were found in the ducts of Hering.", "contents": "Liver ultrastructure in psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy. 2. Findings in bile ducts from 11 methotrexate treated psoriatics and 2 controls. To determinate what damage occurred in the bile ducts of psoriatics receiving Methotrexate (MTX) therapy liver biopsies from 11 patients were studied with the light and electron microscope and compared with normal material. Thick sections (1 micrometer) showed light and dark cells in biliary epithelium and lipofuscin granules. At the ultrastructural level these were confirmed. The lumen of the bile ducts contained debris. The microvilli were decreased in number and damaged forms appeared. Damage to the biliary epithelial mitochondria was widespread and there were foci of intracellular oedema. The Golgi apparatus was hypertrophied and dilated. Atrophic cells were seen. The lateral intercellular spaces were dilated and contained debris and the basement membrane showed zones of duplication. Similar changes were found in the ducts of Hering.", "PMID": 602767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7847", "title": "Ancient neurilemmoma (schwannoma).", "content": "A clinical and light microscopic study of 11 patients with ancient neurilemmoma is presented. Ancient neurilemmoma is a cellular form of ordinary neurilemmoma, showing nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia. Seven patients were female and 4 were male; their ages ranged between 37 years and 81 years, with a median of 59 years. Seven tumours were 2.5 cm or larger in the widest diameter, and had been slowly enlarging for one year or more. All tumours were solitary, encapsulated showing nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia without any mitotic activity. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Follow-up information available on all patients confirmed that the clinical course is benign.", "contents": "Ancient neurilemmoma (schwannoma). A clinical and light microscopic study of 11 patients with ancient neurilemmoma is presented. Ancient neurilemmoma is a cellular form of ordinary neurilemmoma, showing nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia. Seven patients were female and 4 were male; their ages ranged between 37 years and 81 years, with a median of 59 years. Seven tumours were 2.5 cm or larger in the widest diameter, and had been slowly enlarging for one year or more. All tumours were solitary, encapsulated showing nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia without any mitotic activity. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Follow-up information available on all patients confirmed that the clinical course is benign.", "PMID": 602768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7848", "title": "Epithelial mucosubstances and argyrophil cells in Brenner tumours.", "content": "Brenner tumours of various degree of malignancy were investigated by histochemical methods. The cells lining the cystic cavities in the benign Brenner tumours contained various amounts of PAS-positive, diastase resistant secretory material mixed with small amounts of sulpho- and carboxymucin. The borderline and malignant tumours contained more acidic mucins than the benign tumours. All tumours contained glycogen. Argyrophil and argentaffin cells have not earlier been detected in the Brenner tumours but in this study they were detected in twelve of the 18 Brenner tumours. These cells were not proliferating and therefore Brenner tumour should not be included in the group of APUDomas.", "contents": "Epithelial mucosubstances and argyrophil cells in Brenner tumours. Brenner tumours of various degree of malignancy were investigated by histochemical methods. The cells lining the cystic cavities in the benign Brenner tumours contained various amounts of PAS-positive, diastase resistant secretory material mixed with small amounts of sulpho- and carboxymucin. The borderline and malignant tumours contained more acidic mucins than the benign tumours. All tumours contained glycogen. Argyrophil and argentaffin cells have not earlier been detected in the Brenner tumours but in this study they were detected in twelve of the 18 Brenner tumours. These cells were not proliferating and therefore Brenner tumour should not be included in the group of APUDomas.", "PMID": 602769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7849", "title": "Ultrastructure of the benign and borderline Brenner tumours.", "content": "One benign Brenner tumour and one Brenner tumour of borderline malignancy were investigated by electron microscopy. The cells of the benign Brenner tumour nests and the cells in the borderline tumour were similar in ultrastructure. The intercellular spaces were large and reinforced by a moderate number of desmosomes. The nuclei were round or oval. The nuclear membrane was irregular in shape with deep infoldings corresponding to the characteristic nuclear groovings seen by light microscopy. Only few secreting cells could be found in the benign of Brenner tumour. The cystic cavities of the borderline Brenner tumour were lined by nonciliated secreting and ciliated nonsecreting cells. The secretory granules were PAS-positive and diastaseresistant. The granules stained homogeneously and strongly with the PASM-method at the electron microscopical level indicating the presence of 1.2-hydroxyl groups. The Brenner tumours have many similarities to the transitional epithelium and to the Muellerian-derived tubular structures. The findings support the theory that Brenner tumours are  of coelomic origin and develop by direct metaplasia from the ovarian surface epithelium.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the benign and borderline Brenner tumours. One benign Brenner tumour and one Brenner tumour of borderline malignancy were investigated by electron microscopy. The cells of the benign Brenner tumour nests and the cells in the borderline tumour were similar in ultrastructure. The intercellular spaces were large and reinforced by a moderate number of desmosomes. The nuclei were round or oval. The nuclear membrane was irregular in shape with deep infoldings corresponding to the characteristic nuclear groovings seen by light microscopy. Only few secreting cells could be found in the benign of Brenner tumour. The cystic cavities of the borderline Brenner tumour were lined by nonciliated secreting and ciliated nonsecreting cells. The secretory granules were PAS-positive and diastaseresistant. The granules stained homogeneously and strongly with the PASM-method at the electron microscopical level indicating the presence of 1.2-hydroxyl groups. The Brenner tumours have many similarities to the transitional epithelium and to the Muellerian-derived tubular structures. The findings support the theory that Brenner tumours are  of coelomic origin and develop by direct metaplasia from the ovarian surface epithelium.", "PMID": 602770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7850", "title": "The effect of D-galactosamine on LCAT secretion and ultrastructure of isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The effect of D-galactosamine on secretory activity and morphology of isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated: Galactosamine was found to reduce the secretion of lipoproteins (as indicated by the release of free cholesterol and triacylglycerol) as well as the secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and [14C]-labelled proteins from the isolated cells. The secretion of LCAT was inhibited much more than that of the other secretory products studied. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that galactosamine induced morphological changes in RER, mitochondria and nucleoli. The most striking feature of galactosamine-treated hepatocytes, however, was the appearance of swollen lysosomes. Some of these organelles measured up to 3 mumicrometer in diameter. Uridine did not abolish the effect of galactoosamine upon the secretory activity of hepatocytes. The most conspicuous ultrastructural feature in cells that had been incubated with both uridine and galactosamine was the appearance of large amounts of glycogen. The possibility that galactosamine inhibits glycogenolysis is discussed. The rather selective effect of galactosamine on LCAT secretion suggests the use of this compound for the study of the interrelationship between LCAT and lipoprotein secretion.", "contents": "The effect of D-galactosamine on LCAT secretion and ultrastructure of isolated rat hepatocytes. The effect of D-galactosamine on secretory activity and morphology of isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated: Galactosamine was found to reduce the secretion of lipoproteins (as indicated by the release of free cholesterol and triacylglycerol) as well as the secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and [14C]-labelled proteins from the isolated cells. The secretion of LCAT was inhibited much more than that of the other secretory products studied. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that galactosamine induced morphological changes in RER, mitochondria and nucleoli. The most striking feature of galactosamine-treated hepatocytes, however, was the appearance of swollen lysosomes. Some of these organelles measured up to 3 mumicrometer in diameter. Uridine did not abolish the effect of galactoosamine upon the secretory activity of hepatocytes. The most conspicuous ultrastructural feature in cells that had been incubated with both uridine and galactosamine was the appearance of large amounts of glycogen. The possibility that galactosamine inhibits glycogenolysis is discussed. The rather selective effect of galactosamine on LCAT secretion suggests the use of this compound for the study of the interrelationship between LCAT and lipoprotein secretion.", "PMID": 602771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7851", "title": "L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis--a nosologic entity?", "content": "The problem whether L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum or are separate entities is still under debate. Until recently it was believed that endomyocardial fibrosis was a disorder restricted to tropical areas. Three Danish patients are presented, two showing a continuous disease spectrum, one patient showing the fully developed endomyocardial fibrosis which is indistinguishable from endomyocardial fibrosis described from the tropical areas. Eosinophilia was present in all three patients. The findings described in these three patients lend support to the unitarian hypothesis that L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum, and that the eosinophilic granulocyte may be the underlying cause.", "contents": "L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis--a nosologic entity? The problem whether L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum or are separate entities is still under debate. Until recently it was believed that endomyocardial fibrosis was a disorder restricted to tropical areas. Three Danish patients are presented, two showing a continuous disease spectrum, one patient showing the fully developed endomyocardial fibrosis which is indistinguishable from endomyocardial fibrosis described from the tropical areas. Eosinophilia was present in all three patients. The findings described in these three patients lend support to the unitarian hypothesis that L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis belong to the same disease spectrum, and that the eosinophilic granulocyte may be the underlying cause.", "PMID": 602773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7852", "title": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. A study on diagnostic reproducibility.", "content": "Based on a randomized material of 100 histologically verified transthoracic aspiration biopsies an inter- and intraobserver variation study was carried out by the two investigators. The results showed a high degree of diagnostic reproducibility pointing towards the value of the aspiration biopsy per se. It is concluded that this diagnostic method is reliable in the hands of the expert and useful even in the hands of a pathologist only given a short introduction to--and a reasonable amount of correction within--this special field.", "contents": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. A study on diagnostic reproducibility. Based on a randomized material of 100 histologically verified transthoracic aspiration biopsies an inter- and intraobserver variation study was carried out by the two investigators. The results showed a high degree of diagnostic reproducibility pointing towards the value of the aspiration biopsy per se. It is concluded that this diagnostic method is reliable in the hands of the expert and useful even in the hands of a pathologist only given a short introduction to--and a reasonable amount of correction within--this special field.", "PMID": 602774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7853", "title": "Clinical, histological and ultrastructural features of a possibly virus-induced oral leukoplakia.", "content": "Two male patients with oral leukoplakias exhibiting a peculiar type of apparent dysplastic changes have been followed for 4 and 6 years, and a series of biopsies have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The apparent lack of normal epithelial stratification below the keratinized cell layers was mainly caused by the frequent appearance of large ballooned cells and multinuclear giant cells. The centre of the large ballooned cells contained aggregations of chromatin and evenly-dispersed microtubulus surrounded by a thick rim of tonofibril bundles. In the peripheral cytoplasm large numbers of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were found, but no Golgi apparatus was observed. In addition, several autophagocytic bodies were recorded. Along the cell membrane only a few desmosomes were present, whereas aggregations of digested desmosomes were found in the cytoplasm. On the basis of the ultrastructural findings, it is suggested that the large ballooned cells represented epithelial cells arrested in early stages of mitotic division. The epithelial cells in interphase exhibited a normal ultrastructure except for large nucleoli with varying degrees of condensation of nucleolonema and vacuolization. Further, atypical dense granular aggregations and strands of fine fibrillar material were recorded in the nuclei. It is suggested that this new type of oral leukoplakia has a viral etiology.", "contents": "Clinical, histological and ultrastructural features of a possibly virus-induced oral leukoplakia. Two male patients with oral leukoplakias exhibiting a peculiar type of apparent dysplastic changes have been followed for 4 and 6 years, and a series of biopsies have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The apparent lack of normal epithelial stratification below the keratinized cell layers was mainly caused by the frequent appearance of large ballooned cells and multinuclear giant cells. The centre of the large ballooned cells contained aggregations of chromatin and evenly-dispersed microtubulus surrounded by a thick rim of tonofibril bundles. In the peripheral cytoplasm large numbers of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were found, but no Golgi apparatus was observed. In addition, several autophagocytic bodies were recorded. Along the cell membrane only a few desmosomes were present, whereas aggregations of digested desmosomes were found in the cytoplasm. On the basis of the ultrastructural findings, it is suggested that the large ballooned cells represented epithelial cells arrested in early stages of mitotic division. The epithelial cells in interphase exhibited a normal ultrastructure except for large nucleoli with varying degrees of condensation of nucleolonema and vacuolization. Further, atypical dense granular aggregations and strands of fine fibrillar material were recorded in the nuclei. It is suggested that this new type of oral leukoplakia has a viral etiology.", "PMID": 602775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7854", "title": "A quantitative study of glomeruli in idiopathic nephrosis with minimal or no glomerular lesions.", "content": "A quantitative investigation was performed of glomeruli in renal ibiopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome or persisting proteinuria associated with normal light microscopic findings or slight changes not considered significant (\"minimal change disease\", lipoid nephrosis). The mesangial area was widened (+ 26 per cent, p less than 0.05) and there was an increase in the mean of the total number of cellular nuclei per glomerulus, the number of mesangial (+ 16 per cent) and edothelial nuclei (+ 23 per cent), but of these only endothelial hypercellularity was significant (p less than 0.025).", "contents": "A quantitative study of glomeruli in idiopathic nephrosis with minimal or no glomerular lesions. A quantitative investigation was performed of glomeruli in renal ibiopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome or persisting proteinuria associated with normal light microscopic findings or slight changes not considered significant (\"minimal change disease\", lipoid nephrosis). The mesangial area was widened (+ 26 per cent, p less than 0.05) and there was an increase in the mean of the total number of cellular nuclei per glomerulus, the number of mesangial (+ 16 per cent) and edothelial nuclei (+ 23 per cent), but of these only endothelial hypercellularity was significant (p less than 0.025).", "PMID": 602777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7855", "title": "Pseudosarcomatous lesions of the soft tissues reported as sarcoma during a 6-year period (1958-1963).", "content": "Pseudosarcomatous lesion of the soft tissues is a term used in the present study for various soft tissue lesions and tumours easily clinically or histologically, or both, misinterpreted as sarcoma. Eighty-one cases, that is to say 10 per cent of all tumours classified and reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry as malignant soft tissue tumours during the 6-year period studied (1958-1963), were reclassified as pseudosarcomatous lesions of the soft tissues. Forty-seven cases were classified as pseudoarcomatous proliferative lesions of the soft tissue with or without bone formation; 38 cases of nodular fasciitis, 1 of proliferative fasciitis and 8 of proliferative myositis. In 3 of these cases there were mixed forms of proliferative fasciitis and proliferative myositis with areas compatible with the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis evident in all cases. Twenty-two cases of atypical fibroxanthomas of the skin were next in frequency, followed by 7 ancient neurilemmomas, 2 spindle cell lipomas, 1 pseudomalignant osseous tumour of the soft tissues, 1 pigmented villonodular synovitis and 1 juvenile xanthogranuloma. An attempt is made to explain the reasons for these erroneous diagnoses of sarcoma and it is stressed that for these lesions the conventional histological criteria for malignancy are not valid. The awareness and knowledge of the existence of these particular entities are therefore considered mandatory for an accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Pseudosarcomatous lesions of the soft tissues reported as sarcoma during a 6-year period (1958-1963). Pseudosarcomatous lesion of the soft tissues is a term used in the present study for various soft tissue lesions and tumours easily clinically or histologically, or both, misinterpreted as sarcoma. Eighty-one cases, that is to say 10 per cent of all tumours classified and reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry as malignant soft tissue tumours during the 6-year period studied (1958-1963), were reclassified as pseudosarcomatous lesions of the soft tissues. Forty-seven cases were classified as pseudoarcomatous proliferative lesions of the soft tissue with or without bone formation; 38 cases of nodular fasciitis, 1 of proliferative fasciitis and 8 of proliferative myositis. In 3 of these cases there were mixed forms of proliferative fasciitis and proliferative myositis with areas compatible with the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis evident in all cases. Twenty-two cases of atypical fibroxanthomas of the skin were next in frequency, followed by 7 ancient neurilemmomas, 2 spindle cell lipomas, 1 pseudomalignant osseous tumour of the soft tissues, 1 pigmented villonodular synovitis and 1 juvenile xanthogranuloma. An attempt is made to explain the reasons for these erroneous diagnoses of sarcoma and it is stressed that for these lesions the conventional histological criteria for malignancy are not valid. The awareness and knowledge of the existence of these particular entities are therefore considered mandatory for an accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 602778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7856", "title": "Focal pregnancy-like changes in the breast.", "content": "The aetiology of focal, preganancy-like mammary changes in non-pregnant and non-lactating women is discussed on the basis of the literature and a material of 31 patients. Such changes were found in one or more glandular lobules in 3 per cent of the breast tissue specimens received in our departments. As a rule, this finding was made in women who had been pregnant and who had been or were on oestrogenic or on contraceptive medication. They occurred in fertile, menopausal, as well as in post-menopausal women. Often they were seen many years after the pregnancy and/or intake of hormones. They were observed also in women who had never been pregnant or on hormone medication, and even in men on oestrogen therapy. It is likely, therefore, that focal pregnancy-like changes in non-pregnant and non-lactating women indicate a selective susceptibility of the mammary glandular tissue to oestrogen. Accordingly, we interpret the change as a normal histological variant.", "contents": "Focal pregnancy-like changes in the breast. The aetiology of focal, preganancy-like mammary changes in non-pregnant and non-lactating women is discussed on the basis of the literature and a material of 31 patients. Such changes were found in one or more glandular lobules in 3 per cent of the breast tissue specimens received in our departments. As a rule, this finding was made in women who had been pregnant and who had been or were on oestrogenic or on contraceptive medication. They occurred in fertile, menopausal, as well as in post-menopausal women. Often they were seen many years after the pregnancy and/or intake of hormones. They were observed also in women who had never been pregnant or on hormone medication, and even in men on oestrogen therapy. It is likely, therefore, that focal pregnancy-like changes in non-pregnant and non-lactating women indicate a selective susceptibility of the mammary glandular tissue to oestrogen. Accordingly, we interpret the change as a normal histological variant.", "PMID": 602779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7857", "title": "Effects of the nonapeptide SQ 20.881 on the blood pressure of conscious normotensive and chronic hypertensive mice.", "content": "Prevention of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by means of a converting enzyme inhibitor, the nonapeptide SQ 20.881, in chronic hypertensive mice was followed by a drop in blood pressure in all mice independent of the ethiology of hypertension; in conscious normotensive mice was observed a significant decrease in blood pressure, which, however, was less than that observed in the hypertensive mice.", "contents": "Effects of the nonapeptide SQ 20.881 on the blood pressure of conscious normotensive and chronic hypertensive mice. Prevention of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by means of a converting enzyme inhibitor, the nonapeptide SQ 20.881, in chronic hypertensive mice was followed by a drop in blood pressure in all mice independent of the ethiology of hypertension; in conscious normotensive mice was observed a significant decrease in blood pressure, which, however, was less than that observed in the hypertensive mice.", "PMID": 602780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7858", "title": "Studies on mycobacteria isolated from animals, with special reference to the agglutination test.", "content": "Ninety-three strains of slowly-growing mycobacteria were studied biochemically. Ninety of these were isolated from animals (pigs, cattle, dog and poultry) and three from dust and sawdust-bedding in a pighouse. One strain from a lymph node of a pig was identified as M. gordonae. Ninety-two strains fitted into the M. aviam-intracellulare complex. Of the 92 biochemically confirmed M. avium-intracellulare strains, 78 were tested serologically ad modum Schaefer. Of 73 strains from pigs, one was serotype 1, fifty serotype 2 and eight serotype 8, while two could not be type and twelve were autoagglutinable. Three strains from pighouse environment were serotype 8 and two from cattle and a dog were both serotype 2. A slight modification of Schaefer's agglutination method, using smaller amounts of antigen and antiserum, was developed.", "contents": "Studies on mycobacteria isolated from animals, with special reference to the agglutination test. Ninety-three strains of slowly-growing mycobacteria were studied biochemically. Ninety of these were isolated from animals (pigs, cattle, dog and poultry) and three from dust and sawdust-bedding in a pighouse. One strain from a lymph node of a pig was identified as M. gordonae. Ninety-two strains fitted into the M. aviam-intracellulare complex. Of the 92 biochemically confirmed M. avium-intracellulare strains, 78 were tested serologically ad modum Schaefer. Of 73 strains from pigs, one was serotype 1, fifty serotype 2 and eight serotype 8, while two could not be type and twelve were autoagglutinable. Three strains from pighouse environment were serotype 8 and two from cattle and a dog were both serotype 2. A slight modification of Schaefer's agglutination method, using smaller amounts of antigen and antiserum, was developed.", "PMID": 602781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7859", "title": "Interaction of hydroxyapatite and protein-coated hydroxyapatite with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "The present study showed that S. mutans and S. sanguis behaved like negatively-charged particles in their interaction with hydroxyapatite in vitro. Phosphate in the system inhibited bacterial uptake by apatite, whereas calcium increased the uptake. A layer of acidic protein inhibited the uptake of bacteria by hydroxyapatite. The opposite was true when a basic protein was first adsorbed to the apatite. A saliva film on the apatite decreased the uptake of bacteria, supporting the view that acidic proteins are selectively adsorbed by hydroxyapatite from saliva. The results indicate clearly that electrostatic forces may be involved in bacterial interaction with tooth surface.", "contents": "Interaction of hydroxyapatite and protein-coated hydroxyapatite with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. The present study showed that S. mutans and S. sanguis behaved like negatively-charged particles in their interaction with hydroxyapatite in vitro. Phosphate in the system inhibited bacterial uptake by apatite, whereas calcium increased the uptake. A layer of acidic protein inhibited the uptake of bacteria by hydroxyapatite. The opposite was true when a basic protein was first adsorbed to the apatite. A saliva film on the apatite decreased the uptake of bacteria, supporting the view that acidic proteins are selectively adsorbed by hydroxyapatite from saliva. The results indicate clearly that electrostatic forces may be involved in bacterial interaction with tooth surface.", "PMID": 602782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7860", "title": "Treatment of Mycoplasma hyorrhinis contaminated tissue cultures with a mixture of antibiotics.", "content": "Results obtained using a combination of antibiotics to control mycoplasmas in tissue cultures are described. Cell strains and established cell lines from several mammalian species grown in tissue culture were found to be highly contaminated with M. hyorrhinis. Cultures were treated with a mixture of three antibiotics consisting of gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and since that time tests for mycoplasmas in the treated cultures have consistenly yielded negative results. Apart from a transient cytostatic effect on the cells during the treatment, no apparent unwanted effects were observed. The mixture of three antibiotics appeared to be superior to treatment with antibiotics singly or combinations of two antibiotics.", "contents": "Treatment of Mycoplasma hyorrhinis contaminated tissue cultures with a mixture of antibiotics. Results obtained using a combination of antibiotics to control mycoplasmas in tissue cultures are described. Cell strains and established cell lines from several mammalian species grown in tissue culture were found to be highly contaminated with M. hyorrhinis. Cultures were treated with a mixture of three antibiotics consisting of gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and since that time tests for mycoplasmas in the treated cultures have consistenly yielded negative results. Apart from a transient cytostatic effect on the cells during the treatment, no apparent unwanted effects were observed. The mixture of three antibiotics appeared to be superior to treatment with antibiotics singly or combinations of two antibiotics.", "PMID": 602783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7861", "title": "Small spherical viruses in faeces from gastroenteritis patients.", "content": "Faecal samples from 238 patients with gastroenteritis were examined by direct electron microscopy using grids with thin carbon film. Of these samples 18 were found to contain Norwalk agent-like particles, calicivirus, astrovirus and parvovirus-like particles. Immune electron microscopy was performed on a serum pair and faeces from one of the patients with astrovirus. An antibody response was demonstrated, suggesting that the virus was the etiological agent of the infection.", "contents": "Small spherical viruses in faeces from gastroenteritis patients. Faecal samples from 238 patients with gastroenteritis were examined by direct electron microscopy using grids with thin carbon film. Of these samples 18 were found to contain Norwalk agent-like particles, calicivirus, astrovirus and parvovirus-like particles. Immune electron microscopy was performed on a serum pair and faeces from one of the patients with astrovirus. An antibody response was demonstrated, suggesting that the virus was the etiological agent of the infection.", "PMID": 602784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7862", "title": "[Evaluation of the therapeutic performance of an integral program of neuroses as applied to an outpatient clinic].", "content": "1. During 1976, it was evaluated the treatment of 45 cases of neurosis, carried out by monitors (D4) of the External Consultation of Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital. 2. It is emphasized that the cost of the program in terms of professional hours and economic resources is low. 3. From 156 patients referred to therapy, 88 deserted (56,4%); 23 attend without finishing therapy (14,7%), and 45 completed it (28,8%). 4. It seems important to carry out studies about the factors that influence the desertion to the psychotherapy offered by our psychiatric services. To establish comparisons between the attendance to the group therapy, and also between the attendance to the group therapy carried out by professionals and carried out by monitors. 5. In the patients that complete therapy (12 sessions of 1,5 hours, once a week) the total improvement is 79,1%, the partial, 11,3%, and there is no modification in 9,3%.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the therapeutic performance of an integral program of neuroses as applied to an outpatient clinic]. 1. During 1976, it was evaluated the treatment of 45 cases of neurosis, carried out by monitors (D4) of the External Consultation of Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital. 2. It is emphasized that the cost of the program in terms of professional hours and economic resources is low. 3. From 156 patients referred to therapy, 88 deserted (56,4%); 23 attend without finishing therapy (14,7%), and 45 completed it (28,8%). 4. It seems important to carry out studies about the factors that influence the desertion to the psychotherapy offered by our psychiatric services. To establish comparisons between the attendance to the group therapy, and also between the attendance to the group therapy carried out by professionals and carried out by monitors. 5. In the patients that complete therapy (12 sessions of 1,5 hours, once a week) the total improvement is 79,1%, the partial, 11,3%, and there is no modification in 9,3%.", "PMID": 602804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7863", "title": "Complement C1-inactivator in the serum of patients with malignant disease.", "content": "Complement C1-inactivator (C1-IA) in serum was determined in 423 individuals. The normal range for the concentration of C1-IA in serum was calculated from values in 94 blood donors and the concentrations in the sera of 329 patients were determined in relation to this range. A significant correlation was found between widespread malignant neoplastic disease and increased quantity of C1-IA in serum. Determination of C1-IA may be used to evaluate the extent to which a malignant disease is disseminated.", "contents": "Complement C1-inactivator in the serum of patients with malignant disease. Complement C1-inactivator (C1-IA) in serum was determined in 423 individuals. The normal range for the concentration of C1-IA in serum was calculated from values in 94 blood donors and the concentrations in the sera of 329 patients were determined in relation to this range. A significant correlation was found between widespread malignant neoplastic disease and increased quantity of C1-IA in serum. Determination of C1-IA may be used to evaluate the extent to which a malignant disease is disseminated.", "PMID": 602810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7864", "title": "Effect of 50 kV roentgen rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays on the activity of ciliated cells.", "content": "A method capable of continuously recording the changes in the physiologic activity of ciliated cells during irradiation has been used to analyse the importance of photon energy for the early biologic effects of ionizing radiation. Gamma rays from 60Co and 50 kV roentgen rays were used. Important differences were demonstrated and conventional RBE values are not valid for early effects. The results are discussed and RBE for 50 kV roentgen rays has been calculated in respect to early effects of irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of 50 kV roentgen rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays on the activity of ciliated cells. A method capable of continuously recording the changes in the physiologic activity of ciliated cells during irradiation has been used to analyse the importance of photon energy for the early biologic effects of ionizing radiation. Gamma rays from 60Co and 50 kV roentgen rays were used. Important differences were demonstrated and conventional RBE values are not valid for early effects. The results are discussed and RBE for 50 kV roentgen rays has been calculated in respect to early effects of irradiation.", "PMID": 602811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7865", "title": "Behavioral modification psychotherapies in the autistic child.", "content": "Behavioral modification psychotherapies, largely diffused in the anglo-saxon countries, are used here for treating severely autistic children, hospitalized in a child psychiatry service for at least one year. Using Kanner's clinical study on childhood autism, the same syndrome is being described in behavioral terms. This new approach is the basis for the therapeutic project, both on practical and theoretical grounds. To illustrate the method and its application, three observations of children hospitalized between 1976 and 1977 are presented. The results are summarized and discussed (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 549-586).", "contents": "Behavioral modification psychotherapies in the autistic child. Behavioral modification psychotherapies, largely diffused in the anglo-saxon countries, are used here for treating severely autistic children, hospitalized in a child psychiatry service for at least one year. Using Kanner's clinical study on childhood autism, the same syndrome is being described in behavioral terms. This new approach is the basis for the therapeutic project, both on practical and theoretical grounds. To illustrate the method and its application, three observations of children hospitalized between 1976 and 1977 are presented. The results are summarized and discussed (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 549-586).", "PMID": 602806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7866", "title": "Prognostic relevance of immunologic variables in breast carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 203 consecutive patients with operable carcinoma of the breast was analysed with regard to correlations between a set of immunologic and clinical variables existing at the time of the diagnosis. No major correlations were revealed between immunologic variables on the one hand and clinical features or the course of the disease on the other. The well-known prognostic relevance of tumour size, involvement of the axilla and the histological grade of malignancy was evident.", "contents": "Prognostic relevance of immunologic variables in breast carcinoma. A series of 203 consecutive patients with operable carcinoma of the breast was analysed with regard to correlations between a set of immunologic and clinical variables existing at the time of the diagnosis. No major correlations were revealed between immunologic variables on the one hand and clinical features or the course of the disease on the other. The well-known prognostic relevance of tumour size, involvement of the axilla and the histological grade of malignancy was evident.", "PMID": 602812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7867", "title": "[Infant-juvenile psychiatry in Algeria (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychiatric problems of the child and the adolescent in Algeria are discussed in light of traditional psycho-social factors and in the modern world. The emphasis is on the frequency and severity of troubles of organic origin. Parallely, the impact of new aspects, coming from consequences of socio-cultural mutations, is understressed. This study underlines relationships between psychiatric aspects and socio-economical and cultural factors, and the role of the psychiatrist, with the heavy responsabilities he has to face in all areas if he wants to remain in his therapeutic role (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 587-622).", "contents": "[Infant-juvenile psychiatry in Algeria (author's transl)]. Psychiatric problems of the child and the adolescent in Algeria are discussed in light of traditional psycho-social factors and in the modern world. The emphasis is on the frequency and severity of troubles of organic origin. Parallely, the impact of new aspects, coming from consequences of socio-cultural mutations, is understressed. This study underlines relationships between psychiatric aspects and socio-economical and cultural factors, and the role of the psychiatrist, with the heavy responsabilities he has to face in all areas if he wants to remain in his therapeutic role (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 587-622).", "PMID": 602807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7868", "title": "Biochemistry of late effects in rat lung after hemithoracic irradiation.", "content": "The right hemithorax of rats was exposed to 1 kR of roentgen rays, the animals were killed at different times, and various physiologic and biochemic parameters (DNA, protein, collagen, sialic acid, lysosomal enzymes, fibrinolytic activity, peroxides and blood flow ratio between irradiated and non irradiated lung) were determined from 1 day until 11 months after irradiation. A decrease in relative blood flow was observed from 2 weeks until 11 months, a decrease in phospholipids from one to 3 months and a decrease in fibrinolytic activity from 1 day to 11 months after irradiation. At several times a decrease in sialic acid and cathepsin D was also noted. The changes are discussed with respect to the pathogenetic mechanisms of late lung damage.", "contents": "Biochemistry of late effects in rat lung after hemithoracic irradiation. The right hemithorax of rats was exposed to 1 kR of roentgen rays, the animals were killed at different times, and various physiologic and biochemic parameters (DNA, protein, collagen, sialic acid, lysosomal enzymes, fibrinolytic activity, peroxides and blood flow ratio between irradiated and non irradiated lung) were determined from 1 day until 11 months after irradiation. A decrease in relative blood flow was observed from 2 weeks until 11 months, a decrease in phospholipids from one to 3 months and a decrease in fibrinolytic activity from 1 day to 11 months after irradiation. At several times a decrease in sialic acid and cathepsin D was also noted. The changes are discussed with respect to the pathogenetic mechanisms of late lung damage.", "PMID": 602813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7869", "title": "[Emergency and psychiatric emergency at the General Hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "First, the author examines the requests made on the consulting psychiatrist (Prof. Luminet Service) within a 1.000 beds' hospital, administered by the Public Assistance and with a university status. He compares data on three months to a similar study done in the same hospital four years ago and lasting for six months. There is an important increase in the number of requests. He examines the reason for the requests, the distribution in age of the patients and their outcome after the psychiatric consultation. The comparison of both studies does not show any improvement in the failure already emphasized in the 1970 study. Secondly, the functioning of the psychiatric emergency unit (11 beds) is examined for a period of four months. The 59 patients in transit in this unit are examined for age, diagnosis, place of origin, length of stay. Some factors in favor and against this type of stay are discussed, in relation to the teaching role of the unit for the students and in relation to the type of hospitalised patients (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 639-652).", "contents": "[Emergency and psychiatric emergency at the General Hospital (author's transl)]. First, the author examines the requests made on the consulting psychiatrist (Prof. Luminet Service) within a 1.000 beds' hospital, administered by the Public Assistance and with a university status. He compares data on three months to a similar study done in the same hospital four years ago and lasting for six months. There is an important increase in the number of requests. He examines the reason for the requests, the distribution in age of the patients and their outcome after the psychiatric consultation. The comparison of both studies does not show any improvement in the failure already emphasized in the 1970 study. Secondly, the functioning of the psychiatric emergency unit (11 beds) is examined for a period of four months. The 59 patients in transit in this unit are examined for age, diagnosis, place of origin, length of stay. Some factors in favor and against this type of stay are discussed, in relation to the teaching role of the unit for the students and in relation to the type of hospitalised patients (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 639-652).", "PMID": 602809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7870", "title": "Distribution of 169Yb microspheres and colloidal 198Au following injection into the rectal submucosa in dogs.", "content": "A comparison between two tracers, the one colloidal suspension of 198Au, the other 169Yb-labelled microspheres of 8 to 10 micron has been made concerning lymphatic and hematogenous spread from the submucosa in the rectum in dogs. Both tracers have, in principal, the same distribution. It was therefore considered that a colloidal suspension of 198Au is a useful tracer for functional anatomic investigations of lymph drainage.", "contents": "Distribution of 169Yb microspheres and colloidal 198Au following injection into the rectal submucosa in dogs. A comparison between two tracers, the one colloidal suspension of 198Au, the other 169Yb-labelled microspheres of 8 to 10 micron has been made concerning lymphatic and hematogenous spread from the submucosa in the rectum in dogs. Both tracers have, in principal, the same distribution. It was therefore considered that a colloidal suspension of 198Au is a useful tracer for functional anatomic investigations of lymph drainage.", "PMID": 602814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7871", "title": "[Space, time and identity in migrant (author's transl)].", "content": "An understanding of the psychology and psychopathology of the migrant is possible from the phenomenological description of his living world, by utilizing categories of space, time and identity. The clinical preponderance of depressive, parano\u00efd and psychosomatic symptoms and the symptomatic polymorphism are integrated in this perspective. This includes the subject and the social structure as elements of the total picture. The constant relationship of the subject with the social structure can point to the sociogenic reactive character of some troubles (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 623-638).", "contents": "[Space, time and identity in migrant (author's transl)]. An understanding of the psychology and psychopathology of the migrant is possible from the phenomenological description of his living world, by utilizing categories of space, time and identity. The clinical preponderance of depressive, parano\u00efd and psychosomatic symptoms and the symptomatic polymorphism are integrated in this perspective. This includes the subject and the social structure as elements of the total picture. The constant relationship of the subject with the social structure can point to the sociogenic reactive character of some troubles (Acta psychiat. belg., 1977, 77, 623-638).", "PMID": 602808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7872", "title": "Comparative studies on the soluble proteins of adenovirus type 1.", "content": "The soluble proteins of adenovirus type 1 have been separated and purified. Their antigenic characteristics were compared in different precipitation experiments performed in electric field. Both two-dimension immune electrophoresis and rocket electrophoresis can successfully be applied for quick diagnostic purposes. Quantitative determination of virus proteins is also feasible by rocket electrophoresis. The isoelectric point values of hexon, penton and fibre were pI 4.55, pI 4.69 and pI 7.07, respectively. The amino acid composition of type 1 adenovirus and its capsid components was determined from separated and purified protein preparations. The former differed in amino acid composition from the tissues used for virus propagation.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the soluble proteins of adenovirus type 1. The soluble proteins of adenovirus type 1 have been separated and purified. Their antigenic characteristics were compared in different precipitation experiments performed in electric field. Both two-dimension immune electrophoresis and rocket electrophoresis can successfully be applied for quick diagnostic purposes. Quantitative determination of virus proteins is also feasible by rocket electrophoresis. The isoelectric point values of hexon, penton and fibre were pI 4.55, pI 4.69 and pI 7.07, respectively. The amino acid composition of type 1 adenovirus and its capsid components was determined from separated and purified protein preparations. The former differed in amino acid composition from the tissues used for virus propagation.", "PMID": 602822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7873", "title": "The use of ion exchange chromatography for demonstration of rubella-specific IgM antibodies.", "content": "IgM and IgG immunoglobulins of human sera were separated by stepwise column chromatography in QAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchanger gel bed. The procedure resulted within 30 min in a fraction suitable for direct titration of rubella-specific IgM antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition test. The method proved to be a useful diagnostic tool for primary rubella. Serum samples of 13 individuals with previously acquired immunity, 152 patients with a recent rubella-like illness, and 194 pregnant women exposed to rubella infection were tested for the presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies. Sera of individuals with previous immunity proved to be negative for specific IgM antibodies. Specific IgM titre was demonstrated in the blood of all the 25 patients with significant titre-rise tested because of rubella-like illness, and also in the sera of additional 8 patients whose serum samples were taken too late for demonstration of a rise in titre. Significant titre-rises were found in 5 women exposed to rubella infection, but only two of them exhibited rubella-specific IgM antibodies. The absence of specific IgM antibodies refers presumably to subclinical reinfection in the other three cases.", "contents": "The use of ion exchange chromatography for demonstration of rubella-specific IgM antibodies. IgM and IgG immunoglobulins of human sera were separated by stepwise column chromatography in QAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchanger gel bed. The procedure resulted within 30 min in a fraction suitable for direct titration of rubella-specific IgM antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition test. The method proved to be a useful diagnostic tool for primary rubella. Serum samples of 13 individuals with previously acquired immunity, 152 patients with a recent rubella-like illness, and 194 pregnant women exposed to rubella infection were tested for the presence of rubella-specific IgM antibodies. Sera of individuals with previous immunity proved to be negative for specific IgM antibodies. Specific IgM titre was demonstrated in the blood of all the 25 patients with significant titre-rise tested because of rubella-like illness, and also in the sera of additional 8 patients whose serum samples were taken too late for demonstration of a rise in titre. Significant titre-rises were found in 5 women exposed to rubella infection, but only two of them exhibited rubella-specific IgM antibodies. The absence of specific IgM antibodies refers presumably to subclinical reinfection in the other three cases.", "PMID": 602823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7874", "title": "Morphology of Salmonella typhi in different inactivation techniques.", "content": "Heat-phenol treatment of Salmonella typhi results in a denaturation of the cytoplasm and a smoothing of the cell wall with numerous ruptures. Following acetone inactivation the cell wall changes similarly, the cytoplasm is shrunken and its structures remain intact. Destruction is more intensive following heat-phenol treatment than after acetone precipitation. In both cases three contrasting layers of the cell wall can be seen.", "contents": "Morphology of Salmonella typhi in different inactivation techniques. Heat-phenol treatment of Salmonella typhi results in a denaturation of the cytoplasm and a smoothing of the cell wall with numerous ruptures. Following acetone inactivation the cell wall changes similarly, the cytoplasm is shrunken and its structures remain intact. Destruction is more intensive following heat-phenol treatment than after acetone precipitation. In both cases three contrasting layers of the cell wall can be seen.", "PMID": 602824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7875", "title": "Changes in the surface layer (sheath) of the cell wall of streptomycetes during sporulation.", "content": "Fine structural changes of the sheath, occurring during spore formation in strains Streptomyces finlayi ATCC 23 340 and Streptomyces coeruleorubidus FBUA 328 were investigated by means of electron microscopy of air-dried whole mounts and thin sections. The results suggest that in the strains the process of sporulation is not strictly synchronized spatially with the molecular arrangements and re-arrangements (formation of hairy or spiny surface ornaments) occurring outside the wall of the sporulation hyphae, in the sheath. On the contrary, the intensity of transformation induction in the sheath may show a gradually decreasing tendency from the tip of the sporulating hypha towards its sterile basal part, resulting in the formation of both ornamented and smooth spores in the same chain. This suggests that the morphogenetic changes occurring in the sheath during spore formation are probably controlled by a \"functional centre\", located near the tip of the sporulating hypha, and this centre is perhaps indentical with the cell unit at the tip.", "contents": "Changes in the surface layer (sheath) of the cell wall of streptomycetes during sporulation. Fine structural changes of the sheath, occurring during spore formation in strains Streptomyces finlayi ATCC 23 340 and Streptomyces coeruleorubidus FBUA 328 were investigated by means of electron microscopy of air-dried whole mounts and thin sections. The results suggest that in the strains the process of sporulation is not strictly synchronized spatially with the molecular arrangements and re-arrangements (formation of hairy or spiny surface ornaments) occurring outside the wall of the sporulation hyphae, in the sheath. On the contrary, the intensity of transformation induction in the sheath may show a gradually decreasing tendency from the tip of the sporulating hypha towards its sterile basal part, resulting in the formation of both ornamented and smooth spores in the same chain. This suggests that the morphogenetic changes occurring in the sheath during spore formation are probably controlled by a \"functional centre\", located near the tip of the sporulating hypha, and this centre is perhaps indentical with the cell unit at the tip.", "PMID": 602825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7876", "title": "Sex chromatin scores in oral mucosa and hair root sheaths of human females.", "content": "The preparation and the utility of oral mucosa and hair root sheaths for quantitative sex chromatin studies is discussed. In buccal smears requirements for reliable scoring are frequently not fulfilled. Counting is time-consuming and disturbing measurement errors cannot be avoided. On the other hand, hair root sheath slides can be quickly prepared, the method yields preparations of good quality, and sex chromatin is displayed with considerable clarity. This procedure thus provides a high degree of accuracy and simplicity and counting can be quickly done with a relatively small measurement error. The incidence of sex chromatin in hair nuclei is observed to be about 20 per cent higher than in oral mucosa of the same female. In hair root sheaths non-peripheral sex chromatin can easily be recognized; including these into the scores significantly increases the actual incidence of sex chromatin positive nuclei.", "contents": "Sex chromatin scores in oral mucosa and hair root sheaths of human females. The preparation and the utility of oral mucosa and hair root sheaths for quantitative sex chromatin studies is discussed. In buccal smears requirements for reliable scoring are frequently not fulfilled. Counting is time-consuming and disturbing measurement errors cannot be avoided. On the other hand, hair root sheath slides can be quickly prepared, the method yields preparations of good quality, and sex chromatin is displayed with considerable clarity. This procedure thus provides a high degree of accuracy and simplicity and counting can be quickly done with a relatively small measurement error. The incidence of sex chromatin in hair nuclei is observed to be about 20 per cent higher than in oral mucosa of the same female. In hair root sheaths non-peripheral sex chromatin can easily be recognized; including these into the scores significantly increases the actual incidence of sex chromatin positive nuclei.", "PMID": 602827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7877", "title": "Biochemical investigation of lens induction in vitro. I. Induction properties of the eye cup and ectodermal response.", "content": "1. Optic cups of 48, 72 and 96 hours old chick embryos were prepared, cultured and recombined with ectoderm. With the optic cups of 48 hours old embryos, lens formation occurred in 16% of the cases. With the optic cups of 72 hours old embryos, lens formation occurred in 28% of the cases. Optic cups of 96 hours old embryos were not able to induce a lens. 2. The optic cup proved to be able to induce a lens more than once. 3. Ectoderm of the head of 72 hours old embryos was still able to form a lens. 4. Using homogenized eye cups of 72 hours old embryos, lens induction occurred only in a few cases. When the optic cups were cut into small pieces, lens induction occurred in 30% of the cases. This suggests that intact cells are necessary to obtain lens induction.", "contents": "Biochemical investigation of lens induction in vitro. I. Induction properties of the eye cup and ectodermal response. 1. Optic cups of 48, 72 and 96 hours old chick embryos were prepared, cultured and recombined with ectoderm. With the optic cups of 48 hours old embryos, lens formation occurred in 16% of the cases. With the optic cups of 72 hours old embryos, lens formation occurred in 28% of the cases. Optic cups of 96 hours old embryos were not able to induce a lens. 2. The optic cup proved to be able to induce a lens more than once. 3. Ectoderm of the head of 72 hours old embryos was still able to form a lens. 4. Using homogenized eye cups of 72 hours old embryos, lens induction occurred only in a few cases. When the optic cups were cut into small pieces, lens induction occurred in 30% of the cases. This suggests that intact cells are necessary to obtain lens induction.", "PMID": 602828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7878", "title": "Distribution, composition and possible functional significance of lipids in the follicular epithelium of growing oocyte in the snake Lycodon aulicus ovary. A histochemical study.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of the distribution, composition and possible functional significance of lipids in the follicular epithelium of growing oocyte in the snake (Lycodon aulicus) ovary. Lipid bodies composed mainly of phospholipids, and diffusely distributed lipoproteins are formed in the polymorphic and multilayered follicular epithelium of previtellogenic oocyte. The lipid bodies are apparently transported into the oocyte which simultaneously develops several such phospholipid bodies in the cortical ooplasm. It is suggested that the lipids contributed by the polymorphic follicular epithelium meet the nutritional requirement of growing previtellogenic oocyte for the construction of various ooplasmic organelles which simultaneously multiply in their numbers.", "contents": "Distribution, composition and possible functional significance of lipids in the follicular epithelium of growing oocyte in the snake Lycodon aulicus ovary. A histochemical study. A histochemical study has been made of the distribution, composition and possible functional significance of lipids in the follicular epithelium of growing oocyte in the snake (Lycodon aulicus) ovary. Lipid bodies composed mainly of phospholipids, and diffusely distributed lipoproteins are formed in the polymorphic and multilayered follicular epithelium of previtellogenic oocyte. The lipid bodies are apparently transported into the oocyte which simultaneously develops several such phospholipid bodies in the cortical ooplasm. It is suggested that the lipids contributed by the polymorphic follicular epithelium meet the nutritional requirement of growing previtellogenic oocyte for the construction of various ooplasmic organelles which simultaneously multiply in their numbers.", "PMID": 602829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7879", "title": "Electron microscope study of two types of cells in the anterior lobe of the Chinese quail adenohypophysis with special reference to their cytological features after photostimulation.", "content": "Two types of cells in the adenohypophysis of the Chinese quail, Excalfactoria chinensis, were studied by electron microscopy in birds receiving nine hours of light per day, and birds exposed to continuous light. Type-I cells of photostimulated quail have a well-developed vacuolar system consisting of cisternae and perinuclear spaces confluent with each other. The cytoplasm is restricted to small strands enclosing cell organelles. Secretory granules reaching 150-250 nm in size are scattered at the secretory pole of the cell. Exocytotic vesicles are not often observed. A circular Golgi apparatus with immature secretory granules in its neighbourhood is characteristic for this type of cell. Type-II cells of photostimulated quail present analogous features: distended endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces. A cup-shaped Golgi apparatus is often observed, with secretory granules, ranging in size from 80-150 nm. Exocytosis is regularly observed. Evidence is provided that the Type-I cell could be a LH-like cell (gamma-cell), and Type II, a FSH-like cell (beta-cell) in birds. The existence of relationships between gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs did, nevertheless, not exclude the possibility that one of the two types could be a thyrotroph.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of two types of cells in the anterior lobe of the Chinese quail adenohypophysis with special reference to their cytological features after photostimulation. Two types of cells in the adenohypophysis of the Chinese quail, Excalfactoria chinensis, were studied by electron microscopy in birds receiving nine hours of light per day, and birds exposed to continuous light. Type-I cells of photostimulated quail have a well-developed vacuolar system consisting of cisternae and perinuclear spaces confluent with each other. The cytoplasm is restricted to small strands enclosing cell organelles. Secretory granules reaching 150-250 nm in size are scattered at the secretory pole of the cell. Exocytotic vesicles are not often observed. A circular Golgi apparatus with immature secretory granules in its neighbourhood is characteristic for this type of cell. Type-II cells of photostimulated quail present analogous features: distended endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces. A cup-shaped Golgi apparatus is often observed, with secretory granules, ranging in size from 80-150 nm. Exocytosis is regularly observed. Evidence is provided that the Type-I cell could be a LH-like cell (gamma-cell), and Type II, a FSH-like cell (beta-cell) in birds. The existence of relationships between gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs did, nevertheless, not exclude the possibility that one of the two types could be a thyrotroph.", "PMID": 602830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7880", "title": "Factors affecting the incidence of wound infection in Neurosurgery.", "content": "A prospective survey of wound infection in a continuous series of 357 patients undergoing operations at a neurosurgical unit was made. The incidence of wound infection was 4.7 percent. Causative organisms were isolated in only 29.4 percent of the clinically infected cases. The type of suture material used did not affect the infection rate and neither did the coincidental use of steroids in the high doses employed in neurosurgical practice. Re-exploration does not carry an increased risk of infection. Use of systemic or topical antibiotics or both was not found to confer any protection against wound infection.", "contents": "Factors affecting the incidence of wound infection in Neurosurgery. A prospective survey of wound infection in a continuous series of 357 patients undergoing operations at a neurosurgical unit was made. The incidence of wound infection was 4.7 percent. Causative organisms were isolated in only 29.4 percent of the clinically infected cases. The type of suture material used did not affect the infection rate and neither did the coincidental use of steroids in the high doses employed in neurosurgical practice. Re-exploration does not carry an increased risk of infection. Use of systemic or topical antibiotics or both was not found to confer any protection against wound infection.", "PMID": 602846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7881", "title": "Hydrothorax: unusual complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts.", "content": "A case is presented in which puncture of the pleura and hydrothorax occurred during placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Treatment of this complication is outlined.", "contents": "Hydrothorax: unusual complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. A case is presented in which puncture of the pleura and hydrothorax occurred during placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Treatment of this complication is outlined.", "PMID": 602847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7882", "title": "The surgical risk in the treatment of Arnold Chiari malformations.", "content": "The authors describe a series of 26 patients (28 operations) with Arnold Chiari malformations who were admitted during a 4 year period. In 20 the malformation was treated by direct surgery on the posterior fossa. Seven were treated by ventriculoatrial shunting. An analysis of the surgical risks of each procedure is given. In addition a helpful guide in the choice of the proper surgical procedure is outlined.", "contents": "The surgical risk in the treatment of Arnold Chiari malformations. The authors describe a series of 26 patients (28 operations) with Arnold Chiari malformations who were admitted during a 4 year period. In 20 the malformation was treated by direct surgery on the posterior fossa. Seven were treated by ventriculoatrial shunting. An analysis of the surgical risks of each procedure is given. In addition a helpful guide in the choice of the proper surgical procedure is outlined.", "PMID": 602848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7883", "title": "Developmental arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa-an analysis of 13 cases.", "content": "Thirteen cases of posterior fossa arachnoid cyst are described. Presenting features were usually headache, vomiting, lethargy, and delayed development in infants. Association with congenital defects is sometimes noted. The cysts are considered to result from abnormalities occurring in foetal life.", "contents": "Developmental arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa-an analysis of 13 cases. Thirteen cases of posterior fossa arachnoid cyst are described. Presenting features were usually headache, vomiting, lethargy, and delayed development in infants. Association with congenital defects is sometimes noted. The cysts are considered to result from abnormalities occurring in foetal life.", "PMID": 602849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7884", "title": "Long-term intracranial pressure monitoring in comatose patients suffering from head injuries. A critical survey.", "content": "On the basis of a series of 75 patients, the practical use of Icp continuous long-term recording in severe head injuries without mass lesions or remaining deeply comatose after surgical procedures is critically analyzed. ICP monitoring alone seems to be not essential for prognosis. Conversely it is of much greater use as a guide to management (respirator treatment, osmotics, CSF drainage). If the pros and cons of the procedure are carefully weighed, it would appear that, for the time being, ICP long-term monitoring is justified only in comatose patients on intensive care.", "contents": "Long-term intracranial pressure monitoring in comatose patients suffering from head injuries. A critical survey. On the basis of a series of 75 patients, the practical use of Icp continuous long-term recording in severe head injuries without mass lesions or remaining deeply comatose after surgical procedures is critically analyzed. ICP monitoring alone seems to be not essential for prognosis. Conversely it is of much greater use as a guide to management (respirator treatment, osmotics, CSF drainage). If the pros and cons of the procedure are carefully weighed, it would appear that, for the time being, ICP long-term monitoring is justified only in comatose patients on intensive care.", "PMID": 602850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7885", "title": "Advances in management of severe head injuries in childhood.", "content": "An analysis of the clinical courses of 205 children with severe head injuries is given. In addition to the use of modern intensive care methods, advances are due to monitoring intracranial pressure directly, steroid therapy in very high doses, and early activation in the subacute stage after injury. By this it is possible to lower mortality and to achieve better clinical results.", "contents": "Advances in management of severe head injuries in childhood. An analysis of the clinical courses of 205 children with severe head injuries is given. In addition to the use of modern intensive care methods, advances are due to monitoring intracranial pressure directly, steroid therapy in very high doses, and early activation in the subacute stage after injury. By this it is possible to lower mortality and to achieve better clinical results.", "PMID": 602851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7886", "title": "Electroencephalographic investigations of traumatic apallic syndrome in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Reports of electroencephalographic changes in cases of the traumatic apallic syndrome in children and adolescents are very rare. We tried to correlate special electroencephalographic patterns with the three different stages that are usually seen. We found high voltage subdelta and delta activity in the initial symptom complex, an EEG with dominating delta-theta activity and voltage of medium height corresponding to the fully developed stage, and a flat theta EEG in the stage of remission. The difficulties in interpretation of the changes, especially in children, are discussed. Longitudinal electroencephalographic studies are recommended for diagnosing complications, such as haematomas or palsies, and for prognosis.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic investigations of traumatic apallic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Reports of electroencephalographic changes in cases of the traumatic apallic syndrome in children and adolescents are very rare. We tried to correlate special electroencephalographic patterns with the three different stages that are usually seen. We found high voltage subdelta and delta activity in the initial symptom complex, an EEG with dominating delta-theta activity and voltage of medium height corresponding to the fully developed stage, and a flat theta EEG in the stage of remission. The difficulties in interpretation of the changes, especially in children, are discussed. Longitudinal electroencephalographic studies are recommended for diagnosing complications, such as haematomas or palsies, and for prognosis.", "PMID": 602852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7887", "title": "Unusual intracranial foreign bodies. Report of five cases.", "content": "Five patients surgically treated for unusual intracranial foreign bodies are presented. They include representative cases of the three most commonly encountered types of these injuries: industrial accidents, suicidal attempts and the result of criminal assault. Immediate radiological examination is mandatory because the deceptively small entrance wound is usually in no way commensurate with the large size of the foreign body the presence of which is frequently not suspected. The surgical removal of these foreign bodies requires careful pre-operative assessment to avoid hemorrhages and undue injury to the surrounding normal brain tissue.", "contents": "Unusual intracranial foreign bodies. Report of five cases. Five patients surgically treated for unusual intracranial foreign bodies are presented. They include representative cases of the three most commonly encountered types of these injuries: industrial accidents, suicidal attempts and the result of criminal assault. Immediate radiological examination is mandatory because the deceptively small entrance wound is usually in no way commensurate with the large size of the foreign body the presence of which is frequently not suspected. The surgical removal of these foreign bodies requires careful pre-operative assessment to avoid hemorrhages and undue injury to the surrounding normal brain tissue.", "PMID": 602853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7888", "title": "Arachnoid diverticula: a unitary approach to spinal cysts communicating with the subarachnoid space.", "content": "The authors report six cases of so-called spinal subdural arachnoid cysts, emphasizing the clinical and myelographic findings which, if not properly evaluated, may be misleading diagnostically. The literature of so-called perineural cysts and of extradural arachnoid cysts is likewise reviewed. Their clinical, roentgenological, and pathological features are examined. A common pathogenesis for all these lesions is proposed. It implies disruption and secondary proliferation of the arachnoid membrane. Hence, the term arachnoid diverticulum is advanced to include all lesions communicating with the subarachnoid space. Their varying relations with the subarachnoid space depend on the sites of the primary abnormalities and on hydrodynamic factors. Numerous observations of associated arachnoid diverticula, either perineural, subdural, or extradural, further favour a common pathogenesis.", "contents": "Arachnoid diverticula: a unitary approach to spinal cysts communicating with the subarachnoid space. The authors report six cases of so-called spinal subdural arachnoid cysts, emphasizing the clinical and myelographic findings which, if not properly evaluated, may be misleading diagnostically. The literature of so-called perineural cysts and of extradural arachnoid cysts is likewise reviewed. Their clinical, roentgenological, and pathological features are examined. A common pathogenesis for all these lesions is proposed. It implies disruption and secondary proliferation of the arachnoid membrane. Hence, the term arachnoid diverticulum is advanced to include all lesions communicating with the subarachnoid space. Their varying relations with the subarachnoid space depend on the sites of the primary abnormalities and on hydrodynamic factors. Numerous observations of associated arachnoid diverticula, either perineural, subdural, or extradural, further favour a common pathogenesis.", "PMID": 602855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7889", "title": "Angiographic features of upper cervical extradural neurinoma. Case Report.", "content": "A case of upper cervical extradural neurinoma in a teenage girl is reported. The value of investigating the spinal arteries in such lesions is stressed.", "contents": "Angiographic features of upper cervical extradural neurinoma. Case Report. A case of upper cervical extradural neurinoma in a teenage girl is reported. The value of investigating the spinal arteries in such lesions is stressed.", "PMID": 602856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7890", "title": "The infant and hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "HBV has been shown to be responsible for a broad spectrum of disease in infants although most are asymptomatic carriers with mild transaminase elevation and unresolved hepatitis on liver biopsy. Maternal-infant transmission is responsible for most infections. Blood product infusion should become less significant. Acute maternal hepatitis in the perinatal period results in asymptomatic infant infections at rates far exceeding transmission from asymptomatic carrier mothers. Carrier mothers with the e-antigen or HBV-associated DNA polymerase transmit infection more readily than do carrier mothers without these HBV markers. The presence of maternal anti-e may be protective. Intrapartum and postpartum transmission occurs more often than transplacental infection. For this reason attempts at prophylaxis with immune serum globulin administered in the newborn period should be further evaluated.", "contents": "The infant and hepatitis B virus infection. HBV has been shown to be responsible for a broad spectrum of disease in infants although most are asymptomatic carriers with mild transaminase elevation and unresolved hepatitis on liver biopsy. Maternal-infant transmission is responsible for most infections. Blood product infusion should become less significant. Acute maternal hepatitis in the perinatal period results in asymptomatic infant infections at rates far exceeding transmission from asymptomatic carrier mothers. Carrier mothers with the e-antigen or HBV-associated DNA polymerase transmit infection more readily than do carrier mothers without these HBV markers. The presence of maternal anti-e may be protective. Intrapartum and postpartum transmission occurs more often than transplacental infection. For this reason attempts at prophylaxis with immune serum globulin administered in the newborn period should be further evaluated.", "PMID": 602864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7891", "title": "[Performance at school in children suffering of cerebral-convulsion-disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations were performed into school-certificates of 226 school-children suffering of cerebral-convulsion-disease (Controlgroup 306 healthy children). Differences between the two groups were significant, the results of the ill children were worse than those of healthy. The differences increased to the elder children. Also in schools of backward children the school-certificates between children with and without cerebral convulsion diseases were very different. The influence of social factors is discussed, hints are given to improve the situation.", "contents": "[Performance at school in children suffering of cerebral-convulsion-disease (author's transl)]. Investigations were performed into school-certificates of 226 school-children suffering of cerebral-convulsion-disease (Controlgroup 306 healthy children). Differences between the two groups were significant, the results of the ill children were worse than those of healthy. The differences increased to the elder children. Also in schools of backward children the school-certificates between children with and without cerebral convulsion diseases were very different. The influence of social factors is discussed, hints are given to improve the situation.", "PMID": 602870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7892", "title": "[Dust-measurements in the air of school-sporthalls (author's transl)].", "content": "Corresponding to the importance of sport in infancy and youth there were made experimental studies to examine the load of dust in school-sporthalls. In one selected school-sporthall of Erfurt 900 dust-measurements with Zeiss-Conimeter type 10 were carried out for a half-year in winter, and supplementary it was measured with the soviet conimeter type A 3-4 some days. The statistical evaluation allowed a break down of the sport-exercises in 3 groups dependent of the lot airborne dust in the sporthall: 1. gymnastic with apparatus 2. physical training on-floor 3. running and plays. The average quantities of dust during these three above mentioned exercises increase from group 1 to group 3, and they differ significantly. The results are discussed in connection with the literature which for the greater part originates from Poland and Soviet Union.", "contents": "[Dust-measurements in the air of school-sporthalls (author's transl)]. Corresponding to the importance of sport in infancy and youth there were made experimental studies to examine the load of dust in school-sporthalls. In one selected school-sporthall of Erfurt 900 dust-measurements with Zeiss-Conimeter type 10 were carried out for a half-year in winter, and supplementary it was measured with the soviet conimeter type A 3-4 some days. The statistical evaluation allowed a break down of the sport-exercises in 3 groups dependent of the lot airborne dust in the sporthall: 1. gymnastic with apparatus 2. physical training on-floor 3. running and plays. The average quantities of dust during these three above mentioned exercises increase from group 1 to group 3, and they differ significantly. The results are discussed in connection with the literature which for the greater part originates from Poland and Soviet Union.", "PMID": 602871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7893", "title": "[Methodology of out-of-school sexual-ethical education of youths (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiences of out-of-school sexual education with about 5000 youths in the district of Magdeburg are reported. The joining of a strange educator, e. g. a physician, in sexual-ethical education is always unfavourable when this is the only form of influence on youths. But at present it is still necessary to do so because of the lack of a sufficient and continuous sexual education at school. It is important here to take part in the discussion of the problems: \"friendship-love-sexuality\". Discussions are more effective than lectures in the usual sense. But a special course of the talk must be observed and the youths must also get the possibility of single talks. Altogether the cycle should consist of 2 discussions: -juvenile partnership -marriage and family planning.", "contents": "[Methodology of out-of-school sexual-ethical education of youths (author's transl)]. The experiences of out-of-school sexual education with about 5000 youths in the district of Magdeburg are reported. The joining of a strange educator, e. g. a physician, in sexual-ethical education is always unfavourable when this is the only form of influence on youths. But at present it is still necessary to do so because of the lack of a sufficient and continuous sexual education at school. It is important here to take part in the discussion of the problems: \"friendship-love-sexuality\". Discussions are more effective than lectures in the usual sense. But a special course of the talk must be observed and the youths must also get the possibility of single talks. Altogether the cycle should consist of 2 discussions: -juvenile partnership -marriage and family planning.", "PMID": 602872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7894", "title": "Effect of histidine on morphine-induced changes in brain histamine.", "content": "Chronic morphine administration to rats resulted in a significant decrease in the hypothalamic and cerebro-cortical histamine concentrations. These low histamine values were restored to control levels when L-histidine was administered daily along with morphine treatment. Chronic treatment with L-histidine prevented the midbrain and cerebro-cortical histamine depletion in morphine-withdrawn rats, whereas in the hypothalamus the histamine level remained significantly decreased. The present data suggests that histamine may play a role in morphine dependence and withdrawal.", "contents": "Effect of histidine on morphine-induced changes in brain histamine. Chronic morphine administration to rats resulted in a significant decrease in the hypothalamic and cerebro-cortical histamine concentrations. These low histamine values were restored to control levels when L-histidine was administered daily along with morphine treatment. Chronic treatment with L-histidine prevented the midbrain and cerebro-cortical histamine depletion in morphine-withdrawn rats, whereas in the hypothalamus the histamine level remained significantly decreased. The present data suggests that histamine may play a role in morphine dependence and withdrawal.", "PMID": 602873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7895", "title": "Comparison of the inhibition of histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by somatostatin in the cat.", "content": "The effect of cyclic somatostatin on pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in conscious cats was studied. Evidence is produced that somatostatin competitively inhibits pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion whereas it inhibits histamine-stimulated secretion by a mechanism which is not competitive in nature. The vagus nerves seem to be involved in the mode of action of somatostatin as the inhibitory effects are greater in vagotomized than in vagus intact animals.", "contents": "Comparison of the inhibition of histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by somatostatin in the cat. The effect of cyclic somatostatin on pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in conscious cats was studied. Evidence is produced that somatostatin competitively inhibits pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion whereas it inhibits histamine-stimulated secretion by a mechanism which is not competitive in nature. The vagus nerves seem to be involved in the mode of action of somatostatin as the inhibitory effects are greater in vagotomized than in vagus intact animals.", "PMID": 602874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7896", "title": "The effect of hexamethonium on gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat.", "content": "Evidence against a role for histamine in pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion has been obtained previously using hexamethonium in gastric fistula rats. This possibility has been re-examined in conscious rats provided with gastric fistulae or Heidenhain pouches. Hexamethonium (20 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited basal acid secretion and acid secretion stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin in gastric fistula rats. The same dose of hexamethonium failed to produce a significant inhibition of acid secretion stimulated by bethanechol, pentagastrin or histamine in the presence of a low dose of bethanechol in Heidenhain pouch rats. These results provide no evidence to oppose the view that pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the rat is mediated at least in part through the mobilization of gastric mucosal histamine. The inhibition of secretagogue induced acid secretion in the gastric fistula rat is mainly the result of a reduction in the basal acid output.", "contents": "The effect of hexamethonium on gastric acid secretion in the conscious rat. Evidence against a role for histamine in pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion has been obtained previously using hexamethonium in gastric fistula rats. This possibility has been re-examined in conscious rats provided with gastric fistulae or Heidenhain pouches. Hexamethonium (20 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited basal acid secretion and acid secretion stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin in gastric fistula rats. The same dose of hexamethonium failed to produce a significant inhibition of acid secretion stimulated by bethanechol, pentagastrin or histamine in the presence of a low dose of bethanechol in Heidenhain pouch rats. These results provide no evidence to oppose the view that pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in the rat is mediated at least in part through the mobilization of gastric mucosal histamine. The inhibition of secretagogue induced acid secretion in the gastric fistula rat is mainly the result of a reduction in the basal acid output.", "PMID": 602875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7897", "title": "Edema formation and neutrophil mobilization in the neutropenic rat.", "content": "The relationship between leucocyte mobilization and edema formation was evaluated in the carrageenan pleurisy model. In normal rats carrageenan was able to mobilize between 80 and 100 million cells per ml of fluid. In neutropenic rats the concentration fell to between 20 and 50 million cells per ml, suggesting the edema formed after carrageenan injection is not directly correlated with cellular mobilization.", "contents": "Edema formation and neutrophil mobilization in the neutropenic rat. The relationship between leucocyte mobilization and edema formation was evaluated in the carrageenan pleurisy model. In normal rats carrageenan was able to mobilize between 80 and 100 million cells per ml of fluid. In neutropenic rats the concentration fell to between 20 and 50 million cells per ml, suggesting the edema formed after carrageenan injection is not directly correlated with cellular mobilization.", "PMID": 602877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7898", "title": "A polyether sponge constituent which is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and increases prostaglandin concentrations at the inflamed site.", "content": "Granuloma formation was studied in rats following s.c. implantation of polyether sponges soaked in carrageenin. Sponges, which had been boiled in ethanol, produced larger granulomata and more exudate than unboiled sponges, but prostaglandin (PG) concentrations were lower in exudates from boiled sponges. Sub-cutaneous injection of the ethanolic sponge extract inhibited the delayed phase of carrageenin-induced rat hind paw oedema. A counter irritant action was ruled out by the demonstration that local administration of the extract also inhibited hind paw oedema. Ultra-violet spectrophotometry of the anti-inflammatory extract indicated that the main constituent was probably a phenolic material, commonly used as an antioxidant in the manufacture of polymers. The antioxidant nature of the extract was confirmed by its inhibition of the autoxidation of adrenaline. The results are discussed in the light of recent reports on the anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic antioxidants and their effects on the PG biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "A polyether sponge constituent which is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and increases prostaglandin concentrations at the inflamed site. Granuloma formation was studied in rats following s.c. implantation of polyether sponges soaked in carrageenin. Sponges, which had been boiled in ethanol, produced larger granulomata and more exudate than unboiled sponges, but prostaglandin (PG) concentrations were lower in exudates from boiled sponges. Sub-cutaneous injection of the ethanolic sponge extract inhibited the delayed phase of carrageenin-induced rat hind paw oedema. A counter irritant action was ruled out by the demonstration that local administration of the extract also inhibited hind paw oedema. Ultra-violet spectrophotometry of the anti-inflammatory extract indicated that the main constituent was probably a phenolic material, commonly used as an antioxidant in the manufacture of polymers. The antioxidant nature of the extract was confirmed by its inhibition of the autoxidation of adrenaline. The results are discussed in the light of recent reports on the anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic antioxidants and their effects on the PG biosynthetic pathway.", "PMID": 602878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7899", "title": "Administration of anti-inflammatory compounds in silastic capsules.", "content": "Eleven compounds, within hollow capsules of polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic), have been studied with regard to their rate of release and anti-inflammatory activity in the Adjuvant Arthritic (AA) rat. All of the compounds diffused through the capsule wall to some extent with cortisone acetate exhibiting the slowest and ibuprofen the fastest release rate. Of the eleven encapsulated compounds, only phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and naproxen significantly reduced right and left paw volume below that of control value. Silastic encapsulation increases efficacy of phenylbutazone and indomethacin two to three times over subcutaneous or oral administration. Based on potency and duration of constant release, indomethacin and naproxen should exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in excess of 12 months.", "contents": "Administration of anti-inflammatory compounds in silastic capsules. Eleven compounds, within hollow capsules of polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic), have been studied with regard to their rate of release and anti-inflammatory activity in the Adjuvant Arthritic (AA) rat. All of the compounds diffused through the capsule wall to some extent with cortisone acetate exhibiting the slowest and ibuprofen the fastest release rate. Of the eleven encapsulated compounds, only phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and naproxen significantly reduced right and left paw volume below that of control value. Silastic encapsulation increases efficacy of phenylbutazone and indomethacin two to three times over subcutaneous or oral administration. Based on potency and duration of constant release, indomethacin and naproxen should exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in excess of 12 months.", "PMID": 602879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7900", "title": "The effects of colchicine and its derivates on the collagen biosynthesis in vitro.", "content": "Recent evidence shows that colchicine decreases collagen production and favourably influences some fibroproductive processes in experimental animal and clinical practice. In our study we investigated the influence of two colchicine derivates--demecolcine and desacetylcolchiceine--on the synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins in new born rat skin after the incubation of tissues slices with 14C-proline for 2 h. Collagen was separated in fractions soluble in either 0.45 M NaCl or 2% semi-carbazide that in an insoluble residue. Demecolcine (10(-3)--5.10(-5) M), desacetylcolchiceine (10(-2)--5.10(-4) M), as well as colchicine (10(-4)-10(-6)), inhibited the synthesis of soluble collagen, depending on the drug concentration in the incubation media. Higher concentrations of tested agents also decreased the formation of insoluble collagen. Significant inhibition of non-collagen protein synthesis was ascertained only in the presence of desacetylcolchiceine.", "contents": "The effects of colchicine and its derivates on the collagen biosynthesis in vitro. Recent evidence shows that colchicine decreases collagen production and favourably influences some fibroproductive processes in experimental animal and clinical practice. In our study we investigated the influence of two colchicine derivates--demecolcine and desacetylcolchiceine--on the synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins in new born rat skin after the incubation of tissues slices with 14C-proline for 2 h. Collagen was separated in fractions soluble in either 0.45 M NaCl or 2% semi-carbazide that in an insoluble residue. Demecolcine (10(-3)--5.10(-5) M), desacetylcolchiceine (10(-2)--5.10(-4) M), as well as colchicine (10(-4)-10(-6)), inhibited the synthesis of soluble collagen, depending on the drug concentration in the incubation media. Higher concentrations of tested agents also decreased the formation of insoluble collagen. Significant inhibition of non-collagen protein synthesis was ascertained only in the presence of desacetylcolchiceine.", "PMID": 602880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7901", "title": "A comparison between the prostaglandin releasing effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III.", "content": "Angiotensin II and its natural fragment (des-aspartic acid)1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) induced a dose-dependent contraction in the isolated rat stomach fundus strip and rat colon. 1-Acetyl-2-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10, carbonyl) hydrazine (SC 19220), a widely used competitive-blocker of prostaglandins and acetyl salicylic acid, a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, partially abolished the contraction induced by both peptides in the rat stomach fundus but not in the rat colon. The inhibition induced by SC 19220 and acetyl salicylic acid was found to be higher for angiotensin III than angiotensin II when the dose-response curves and equipotent concentrations of the peptides were compared before and after the drugs. These results were taken as evidence that some component of the contractile effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III on the isolated rat stomach fundus involves the release of prostaglandins by the peptides and in this respect angiotensin III has higher potency than angiotensin II.", "contents": "A comparison between the prostaglandin releasing effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III. Angiotensin II and its natural fragment (des-aspartic acid)1-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) induced a dose-dependent contraction in the isolated rat stomach fundus strip and rat colon. 1-Acetyl-2-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10, carbonyl) hydrazine (SC 19220), a widely used competitive-blocker of prostaglandins and acetyl salicylic acid, a well-known inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, partially abolished the contraction induced by both peptides in the rat stomach fundus but not in the rat colon. The inhibition induced by SC 19220 and acetyl salicylic acid was found to be higher for angiotensin III than angiotensin II when the dose-response curves and equipotent concentrations of the peptides were compared before and after the drugs. These results were taken as evidence that some component of the contractile effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III on the isolated rat stomach fundus involves the release of prostaglandins by the peptides and in this respect angiotensin III has higher potency than angiotensin II.", "PMID": 602881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7902", "title": "The comparative gastric ulcerogenic activities of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "A new gastric assay was employed to screen for the ulcerogenic activity of non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAI) analgesic drugs. The technique involves exposing rats to brief periods of cold stress, which is not itself sufficient to cause mucosal damage, but does specifically sensitize the stomach to irritant or ulcerogenic actions of NSAI drugs. The assessment of gastric ulcerogenicity of some well-known anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs using this new assay was shown to agree well with clinical reports of the occurrence of gastric ulceration and haemorrhage. This assay was employed to screen for the ulcrogenicity of some new anti-inflammatory drugs and for potential drug interactions resulting from administration of certain frequently used combinations of these drugs.", "contents": "The comparative gastric ulcerogenic activities of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. A new gastric assay was employed to screen for the ulcerogenic activity of non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAI) analgesic drugs. The technique involves exposing rats to brief periods of cold stress, which is not itself sufficient to cause mucosal damage, but does specifically sensitize the stomach to irritant or ulcerogenic actions of NSAI drugs. The assessment of gastric ulcerogenicity of some well-known anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs using this new assay was shown to agree well with clinical reports of the occurrence of gastric ulceration and haemorrhage. This assay was employed to screen for the ulcrogenicity of some new anti-inflammatory drugs and for potential drug interactions resulting from administration of certain frequently used combinations of these drugs.", "PMID": 602882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7903", "title": "Interaction and pH dependence of effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke inhalation experiments with rats.", "content": "In view of subacute inhalation studies with cigarette smoke at high concentrations, the toxic properties of combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine were investigated. Treating rats with fresh diluted cigarette smoke in an inhalation chamber, we established a smoking schedule that resulted in a certain death rate after 13 days. The mortality under the experimental conditions was taken as a measure for the toxicity of different combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine. Since the absorption and therefore the toxicity of nicotine is pH dependent, the factorial experiments were performed under two pH conditions. The first experiments were conducted between pH 6.5 and 6.9 and then between pH 6.6 and 7.8 where the higher pH is due to the addition of nicotine base to the cigarette filler. After extensive mathematical treatment of the data, the following results were established: (a) Equations for the dose-response surface of CO and nicotine were computed. (b) R2 values (square of the multiple correlation coefficient) for the respective dose-response surfaces were between 87% and 94%. (c) From the respective equations the dose-response surfaces were drawn in the form of several computer plots. From the equations it becomes evident that, under the experimental conditions, there are no synergistic effects between carbon monoxide and nicotine. A simple additivity of the toxic effects was therefore postulated. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that smoke pH plays an important role, because only from alkaline smoke does the absorption of nicotine seem sufficiently rapid for it to add to the acute toxicity of CO. The total particulate matter apparently does not contribute significantly to the toxicity of the smoke aerosol.", "contents": "Interaction and pH dependence of effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke inhalation experiments with rats. In view of subacute inhalation studies with cigarette smoke at high concentrations, the toxic properties of combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine were investigated. Treating rats with fresh diluted cigarette smoke in an inhalation chamber, we established a smoking schedule that resulted in a certain death rate after 13 days. The mortality under the experimental conditions was taken as a measure for the toxicity of different combinations of carbon monoxide and nicotine. Since the absorption and therefore the toxicity of nicotine is pH dependent, the factorial experiments were performed under two pH conditions. The first experiments were conducted between pH 6.5 and 6.9 and then between pH 6.6 and 7.8 where the higher pH is due to the addition of nicotine base to the cigarette filler. After extensive mathematical treatment of the data, the following results were established: (a) Equations for the dose-response surface of CO and nicotine were computed. (b) R2 values (square of the multiple correlation coefficient) for the respective dose-response surfaces were between 87% and 94%. (c) From the respective equations the dose-response surfaces were drawn in the form of several computer plots. From the equations it becomes evident that, under the experimental conditions, there are no synergistic effects between carbon monoxide and nicotine. A simple additivity of the toxic effects was therefore postulated. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that smoke pH plays an important role, because only from alkaline smoke does the absorption of nicotine seem sufficiently rapid for it to add to the acute toxicity of CO. The total particulate matter apparently does not contribute significantly to the toxicity of the smoke aerosol.", "PMID": 602883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7904", "title": "Computer-assisted pathology encoding and reporting system (CAPER).", "content": "An on-line computer-assisted pathology encoding and reportying system (CAPER) has been developed by the Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Computer Science of the Massachusetts General Hospital for a department of surgical pathology that processes more than 25,000 specimens yearly. CAPER performs clerical functions, including the accessioning of specimens, monitoring their state of completion, production of log books, billing, statistics, and transfer of diagnoses to other hospital departments. It also permits instantaneous display of all diagnoses rendered within two years, printout within 24 hours of all older diagnoses for any patient, and retrieval of all specimens with any given diagnosis, further defined by any data item (e.g., age) stored in the computer file.", "contents": "Computer-assisted pathology encoding and reporting system (CAPER). An on-line computer-assisted pathology encoding and reportying system (CAPER) has been developed by the Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Computer Science of the Massachusetts General Hospital for a department of surgical pathology that processes more than 25,000 specimens yearly. CAPER performs clerical functions, including the accessioning of specimens, monitoring their state of completion, production of log books, billing, statistics, and transfer of diagnoses to other hospital departments. It also permits instantaneous display of all diagnoses rendered within two years, printout within 24 hours of all older diagnoses for any patient, and retrieval of all specimens with any given diagnosis, further defined by any data item (e.g., age) stored in the computer file.", "PMID": 602910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7905", "title": "Identification of semen in 500 patients seen because of rape.", "content": "Of 500 patients seen because of rape, semen was identified in vaginal secretions by the identification of spermatozoa in 61%, by an acid phosphatase value of 50 units or more in 40%, and by the identification of a foreign blood group substance or a high titer of own blood group substance in 16%. The addition of the determination of the acid phosphatase to the search for spermatozoa identified semen in only 1.4% more patients, or a total of 62.4%. Identification and titers of blood group substance were confirmatory only, but further characterized the source of the semen in 25% of those patients with spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were identified for as long as 48 hours, and elevated acid phosphatase was not found after 18 hours. Acid phosphatase was elevated in only 62% of patients with spermatozoa.", "contents": "Identification of semen in 500 patients seen because of rape. Of 500 patients seen because of rape, semen was identified in vaginal secretions by the identification of spermatozoa in 61%, by an acid phosphatase value of 50 units or more in 40%, and by the identification of a foreign blood group substance or a high titer of own blood group substance in 16%. The addition of the determination of the acid phosphatase to the search for spermatozoa identified semen in only 1.4% more patients, or a total of 62.4%. Identification and titers of blood group substance were confirmatory only, but further characterized the source of the semen in 25% of those patients with spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were identified for as long as 48 hours, and elevated acid phosphatase was not found after 18 hours. Acid phosphatase was elevated in only 62% of patients with spermatozoa.", "PMID": 602911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7906", "title": "Platelet satellitism as a cause of abnormal hemalog D differential results.", "content": "Platelet satellitosis resulted in an elevated high-peroxidase-activity value (9.9% versus normal range 0 to 3.65%) of the automated leukocyte differential count performed by the Technicon Hemalog D. Platelet satellitism occurred in Wright-stained smears of EDTA-anticoagulated blood, as well as in the effluent of the peroxidase channel of the Hemalog D. All platelets took up the perosidase stain. The rosette-like clusters of platelets and neutrophils were interpreted as single, large, intensely stained leukocytes resulting in the elevated high-peroxidase-activity value.", "contents": "Platelet satellitism as a cause of abnormal hemalog D differential results. Platelet satellitosis resulted in an elevated high-peroxidase-activity value (9.9% versus normal range 0 to 3.65%) of the automated leukocyte differential count performed by the Technicon Hemalog D. Platelet satellitism occurred in Wright-stained smears of EDTA-anticoagulated blood, as well as in the effluent of the peroxidase channel of the Hemalog D. All platelets took up the perosidase stain. The rosette-like clusters of platelets and neutrophils were interpreted as single, large, intensely stained leukocytes resulting in the elevated high-peroxidase-activity value.", "PMID": 602912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7907", "title": "The zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) and activity of disease in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Zeta sedimentation ratios (ZSR) and modified Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) were compared with an independent clinical assessment of disease activity in 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The correlation between ZSR and ESR was good. Both methods correlated well with disease activity. The ZSR was more frequently elevated than the ESR in each category of disease activity, but the differences were slight. In addition to its practical advantages, the ZSR appears to be a satisfactory method for monitoring the activity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "The zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR) and activity of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Zeta sedimentation ratios (ZSR) and modified Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) were compared with an independent clinical assessment of disease activity in 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The correlation between ZSR and ESR was good. Both methods correlated well with disease activity. The ZSR was more frequently elevated than the ESR in each category of disease activity, but the differences were slight. In addition to its practical advantages, the ZSR appears to be a satisfactory method for monitoring the activity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 602913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7908", "title": "An improved method for purification of lymphocytes.", "content": "A method that combines glass-bead column filtration, Ficoll-Hypaque gradient separation, discontinuous sucrose gradient, and drastic reduction of cell transfers is described. The procedure gives a high yield of pure human lymphocytes from small amounts of blood, good preservation of B cell/T cell ratio, and sufficient material for subsequent biochemical studies.", "contents": "An improved method for purification of lymphocytes. A method that combines glass-bead column filtration, Ficoll-Hypaque gradient separation, discontinuous sucrose gradient, and drastic reduction of cell transfers is described. The procedure gives a high yield of pure human lymphocytes from small amounts of blood, good preservation of B cell/T cell ratio, and sufficient material for subsequent biochemical studies.", "PMID": 602914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7909", "title": "An evaluation of the Guest method for determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate.", "content": "The Guest method for determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate was compared with the standard Westergren method. The Guest method consists of disposable plastic tubes with a method of filling with potentially infectious blood to avoid contact between the technician and the sample. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates were determined for samples containing normal and elevated fibrinogen levels. On the basis of the results of this study, the Guest method performed as well as the Westergren method in the population of healthy volunteers with normal fibrinogen levels and in the population of diseased individuals whose serum fibrinogen levels were elevated.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Guest method for determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Guest method for determining erythrocyte sedimentation rate was compared with the standard Westergren method. The Guest method consists of disposable plastic tubes with a method of filling with potentially infectious blood to avoid contact between the technician and the sample. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates were determined for samples containing normal and elevated fibrinogen levels. On the basis of the results of this study, the Guest method performed as well as the Westergren method in the population of healthy volunteers with normal fibrinogen levels and in the population of diseased individuals whose serum fibrinogen levels were elevated.", "PMID": 602915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7910", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of an automated antimicrobial susceptibility system.", "content": "A newly introduced automated method for antibiotic susceptibility testing, AUTOBAC 1, has been evaluated by comparison with the disk agar diffusion method (Bauer-Kirby). A total of 2,518 strains of gram-positive (540) and gram-negative (1,978) organisms isolated from clinical specimens was examined by both methods with eight or ten antibiotics, including Tobramycin. An overall agreement of 97.4% was obtained when results were compared by individual antibiotic. However, many discrepancies were observed when individual genera or species were analyzed. Of 2,518 strains examined, 651 (26%) showed discrepancies in response to one or more antibiotics. Strains, showing discrepancies were re-examined by the broth dilution susceptibility method. The results obtained favored the disk agar diffusion method. Reproducibility experiments revealed a greater inconsistency in the AUTOBAC 1 system than in the agar diffusion test. It is concluded that although a rapid automated system for antibiotic sensitivity testing is desirable, the conventional disk agar diffusion method is easier to perform, more reliable, and a less expensive procedure for antibiotic sensitivity determination.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of an automated antimicrobial susceptibility system. A newly introduced automated method for antibiotic susceptibility testing, AUTOBAC 1, has been evaluated by comparison with the disk agar diffusion method (Bauer-Kirby). A total of 2,518 strains of gram-positive (540) and gram-negative (1,978) organisms isolated from clinical specimens was examined by both methods with eight or ten antibiotics, including Tobramycin. An overall agreement of 97.4% was obtained when results were compared by individual antibiotic. However, many discrepancies were observed when individual genera or species were analyzed. Of 2,518 strains examined, 651 (26%) showed discrepancies in response to one or more antibiotics. Strains, showing discrepancies were re-examined by the broth dilution susceptibility method. The results obtained favored the disk agar diffusion method. Reproducibility experiments revealed a greater inconsistency in the AUTOBAC 1 system than in the agar diffusion test. It is concluded that although a rapid automated system for antibiotic sensitivity testing is desirable, the conventional disk agar diffusion method is easier to perform, more reliable, and a less expensive procedure for antibiotic sensitivity determination.", "PMID": 602916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7911", "title": "Report of a case of gross thymic hyperplasia in a child.", "content": "A large thoracic mass and a mediastinal lymph node were excised from an infant with a peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocytosis. The 224-mass was composed of histologically normal thymus, and the lymph node architecture was partially effaced. Hypogammaglobulinemia was detected two years after thymectomy. The enormous thumus in this case fits the classic gross pathologic definition of hyperplasia. The possibility of associated thymic hyperfunction in this case is discussed.", "contents": "Report of a case of gross thymic hyperplasia in a child. A large thoracic mass and a mediastinal lymph node were excised from an infant with a peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocytosis. The 224-mass was composed of histologically normal thymus, and the lymph node architecture was partially effaced. Hypogammaglobulinemia was detected two years after thymectomy. The enormous thumus in this case fits the classic gross pathologic definition of hyperplasia. The possibility of associated thymic hyperfunction in this case is discussed.", "PMID": 602917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7912", "title": "Further findings on assaultiveness and alcohol use in interpersonal disputes.", "content": "In a previous study uniform observational data were collected regarding family disputes managed by police officers; those data contradicted views commonly held by social scientists and by police about the roles of assaultiveness and alcohol use in these events. In the present study police officers employed systematic naturalistic observation during their interventions as third parties in disputes between nonfamily members as well as those between family members. Tentative conclusions about assaultiveness, based on the data of both studies, are that it: does not usually precede the arrival of police in such disputes; is associated with interpersonal closeness of the disputants; is associated with poverty rather than race; and is as likely in a middle-class small city as in a poor inner-city area. Tentative conclusions about the use of alcohol in police-managed interpersonal disputes are: that these disputes are not usually influenced by alcohol use; and that assaultiveness is not related to alcohol use in such disputes.", "contents": "Further findings on assaultiveness and alcohol use in interpersonal disputes. In a previous study uniform observational data were collected regarding family disputes managed by police officers; those data contradicted views commonly held by social scientists and by police about the roles of assaultiveness and alcohol use in these events. In the present study police officers employed systematic naturalistic observation during their interventions as third parties in disputes between nonfamily members as well as those between family members. Tentative conclusions about assaultiveness, based on the data of both studies, are that it: does not usually precede the arrival of police in such disputes; is associated with interpersonal closeness of the disputants; is associated with poverty rather than race; and is as likely in a middle-class small city as in a poor inner-city area. Tentative conclusions about the use of alcohol in police-managed interpersonal disputes are: that these disputes are not usually influenced by alcohol use; and that assaultiveness is not related to alcohol use in such disputes.", "PMID": 602920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7913", "title": "Nonprofessional and professional help-agents' views of interventions with young maladapting school children.", "content": "The expectations of nonprofessional and professional help-agents about helping interventions with young children experiencing different types of school adjustment problems (i.e., aggressive-acting out, shy-anxious, and learning problems) were studied. The two groups responded similarly. Shy-anxious children were seen as most appropriate for the intervention, the easiest and most enjoyable group to work with, and as having the best prognoses. These four sets of judgments were relatively independent of each other. A connection was made between the current data and prior findings suggesting that shy-anxious children have more favorable treatment outcomes than other groups.", "contents": "Nonprofessional and professional help-agents' views of interventions with young maladapting school children. The expectations of nonprofessional and professional help-agents about helping interventions with young children experiencing different types of school adjustment problems (i.e., aggressive-acting out, shy-anxious, and learning problems) were studied. The two groups responded similarly. Shy-anxious children were seen as most appropriate for the intervention, the easiest and most enjoyable group to work with, and as having the best prognoses. These four sets of judgments were relatively independent of each other. A connection was made between the current data and prior findings suggesting that shy-anxious children have more favorable treatment outcomes than other groups.", "PMID": 602921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7914", "title": "Erythrocytic glutathione reductase deficiency in a hospital population in the United States.", "content": "In the USA, erythrocytic glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) deficiency is significantly more common, and can be considerably more pronounced in hospitalized patients (118/3198) than in outpatients (37/1639) or in apparently healthy persons (12/849). Retrospective analysis of illnesses found in 118 inpatients with erythrocytic GSSG-R deficiency revealed a striking and previously unsuspected association of the enzyme deficiency with a variety of chemotherapeutically treated hematological or nonhematological malignancies (51/118 patients, 43.2%, or 51/170 diagnoses, 30.0%). The prevalence of erythrocytic GSSG-R deficiency also increased in malnutrition, liver disease, and sepsis. Drugs of the nitrosourea class, particularly BCNU [1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] are causally implicated in the association of GSSG-R deficiency with malignancies. Severe of complete GSSG-R deficiency may handicap host response to infections.", "contents": "Erythrocytic glutathione reductase deficiency in a hospital population in the United States. In the USA, erythrocytic glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) deficiency is significantly more common, and can be considerably more pronounced in hospitalized patients (118/3198) than in outpatients (37/1639) or in apparently healthy persons (12/849). Retrospective analysis of illnesses found in 118 inpatients with erythrocytic GSSG-R deficiency revealed a striking and previously unsuspected association of the enzyme deficiency with a variety of chemotherapeutically treated hematological or nonhematological malignancies (51/118 patients, 43.2%, or 51/170 diagnoses, 30.0%). The prevalence of erythrocytic GSSG-R deficiency also increased in malnutrition, liver disease, and sepsis. Drugs of the nitrosourea class, particularly BCNU [1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] are causally implicated in the association of GSSG-R deficiency with malignancies. Severe of complete GSSG-R deficiency may handicap host response to infections.", "PMID": 602923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7915", "title": "Hb Leiden-beta (0) thalassemia in a Chinese with severe hemolytic anemia.", "content": "The first case of Hb Leiden (alpha2beta2 6 or 7 Glu---O)-beta (0) thalassemia in a young patient with chronic severe hemolytic anemia, which improved after splenectomy, is described. His parents were Chinese. The patient's blood showed no Hb A or normal beta chains when no blood transfusion was given. His mother was heterozygous for beta(0) thalassemia, and his father and brother had a trait for the unstable Hb Leiden. The Hb Leiden level of the father was 22.6% and that of the brother was 19.3%. It is probable that the abnormal hemoglobin in this Chinese family resulted from an independent gene mutation, unrelated to the one found in 2 Caucasian families reported earlier.", "contents": "Hb Leiden-beta (0) thalassemia in a Chinese with severe hemolytic anemia. The first case of Hb Leiden (alpha2beta2 6 or 7 Glu---O)-beta (0) thalassemia in a young patient with chronic severe hemolytic anemia, which improved after splenectomy, is described. His parents were Chinese. The patient's blood showed no Hb A or normal beta chains when no blood transfusion was given. His mother was heterozygous for beta(0) thalassemia, and his father and brother had a trait for the unstable Hb Leiden. The Hb Leiden level of the father was 22.6% and that of the brother was 19.3%. It is probable that the abnormal hemoglobin in this Chinese family resulted from an independent gene mutation, unrelated to the one found in 2 Caucasian families reported earlier.", "PMID": 602924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7916", "title": "Differential in vitro sensitivity of marrow erythroid and granulocytic colony forming cells to chloramphenicol.", "content": "The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) on mouse and human in vitro erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocytic (CFU-C) colony forming units have been studied. Both drugs inhibited CFU-E growth in a concentration-dependent, stereospecific, manner. Complete inhibition of human CFU-E growth was observed at a CAP concentration of 10 microgram/ml while a concentration ofer 50 microgram/ml was required to inhibit CFU-C growth. Furthermore, whereas the inhibition of CFU-C growth could be blocked in vitro by high colony stimulating factor concentrations, inhibition of CFU-E growth was not affected by increased erythropoietin (ESF) levels. The lack of protection by ESF may account for the apparent vulnerability of erythroid cells to CAP in vivo.", "contents": "Differential in vitro sensitivity of marrow erythroid and granulocytic colony forming cells to chloramphenicol. The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) on mouse and human in vitro erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocytic (CFU-C) colony forming units have been studied. Both drugs inhibited CFU-E growth in a concentration-dependent, stereospecific, manner. Complete inhibition of human CFU-E growth was observed at a CAP concentration of 10 microgram/ml while a concentration ofer 50 microgram/ml was required to inhibit CFU-C growth. Furthermore, whereas the inhibition of CFU-C growth could be blocked in vitro by high colony stimulating factor concentrations, inhibition of CFU-E growth was not affected by increased erythropoietin (ESF) levels. The lack of protection by ESF may account for the apparent vulnerability of erythroid cells to CAP in vivo.", "PMID": 602925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7917", "title": "The effects of splenectomy and glucocorticoids on survival and hepatic uptake of damaged red cells in the mouse.", "content": "We have studied the effects of splenectomy and glucocorticoids on the survival and sequestration of Heinz body-containing red blood cells (RBC-HZB). Mice were injected with phenylhydrazine damaged 51Cr labeled isologous red blood cells (RBCs). The spleen removed 36% and the liver 19% of the injected dose after 120 hrs. Red cell survival (T 1/2) fell from 180 hrs for undamaged red cells to 16 hrs for RBC-HZB. Splenectomy resulted in an increase in hepatic uptake of damaged RBCs (36% of the injected dose) and a modest improvement in red cell survival (T 1/2 54 hrs). Treatment of non-splenectomized mice with glucocorticoids reduced the splenic uptake to 16% and the hepatic uptake to 14% of the injected dose. The reduction of splenic upatke was associated with a decrease in splenic mass rather than a decrease in uptake per unit weight of splenic tissue, while reduction in hepatic uptake was associated with both a decrease in hepatic mass and uptake per unit weight. A marked decrease was observed in hepatic uptake and in phagocytosis by Kupffer cells in glucocorticoid-treated splenectomized mice. These data suggest that increased hepatic uptake may decrease the effectiveness of splenectomy in RBC-HZB hemolytic anemia and that glucocorticoids may decrease the hepatic uptake by reducing phagocytosis by Kupffer cells.", "contents": "The effects of splenectomy and glucocorticoids on survival and hepatic uptake of damaged red cells in the mouse. We have studied the effects of splenectomy and glucocorticoids on the survival and sequestration of Heinz body-containing red blood cells (RBC-HZB). Mice were injected with phenylhydrazine damaged 51Cr labeled isologous red blood cells (RBCs). The spleen removed 36% and the liver 19% of the injected dose after 120 hrs. Red cell survival (T 1/2) fell from 180 hrs for undamaged red cells to 16 hrs for RBC-HZB. Splenectomy resulted in an increase in hepatic uptake of damaged RBCs (36% of the injected dose) and a modest improvement in red cell survival (T 1/2 54 hrs). Treatment of non-splenectomized mice with glucocorticoids reduced the splenic uptake to 16% and the hepatic uptake to 14% of the injected dose. The reduction of splenic upatke was associated with a decrease in splenic mass rather than a decrease in uptake per unit weight of splenic tissue, while reduction in hepatic uptake was associated with both a decrease in hepatic mass and uptake per unit weight. A marked decrease was observed in hepatic uptake and in phagocytosis by Kupffer cells in glucocorticoid-treated splenectomized mice. These data suggest that increased hepatic uptake may decrease the effectiveness of splenectomy in RBC-HZB hemolytic anemia and that glucocorticoids may decrease the hepatic uptake by reducing phagocytosis by Kupffer cells.", "PMID": 602926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7918", "title": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 in myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera.", "content": "We have identified partial trisomy 1q in 2 patients with different hematologic disorders. The first patient was a 55-year-old female with myelosclerosis and myeloid metaplasia diagnosed at age 38 years presenting with anemia, fatigue, bruising, fever, and splenomegaly. At age 56, she had 50--95% myeloblast cells and 95--100 nucleated RBC precursors per 100 WBC. Chromosome analysis of unstimulated leukocytes with Q, G, and C banding showed 46,XX,-6,+t(1;6) (q25;p22) in all metaphase cells. In vitro incorporation of Fe55 was demonstrated 90% of metaphases by autoradiography. The second patient, a 49-year-old male, was diagnosed as having polycythemia vera at age 30 during a regular checkup. He since developed hepatosplenomegaly. Chromosome analysis from a direct bone marrow preparation at age 44 and 45 showed grossly normal karyotypes. At age 49, his marrow by Q and G banding showed almost 100% of cells with 46,XY,-13,+t(1;13) (q12;p12). Eleven cases of trisomy of 1q have been reported in various hematologic disorders. It is apparent that partial trisomy 1q represents another nonrandom chromosomal abnormality, in addition to the most common nonrandom chromosomal aberrations, such as the Philadelphia chromosome, trisomy 8, trisomy 9, and monosomy 7 in hematologic disorders.", "contents": "Partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 in myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera. We have identified partial trisomy 1q in 2 patients with different hematologic disorders. The first patient was a 55-year-old female with myelosclerosis and myeloid metaplasia diagnosed at age 38 years presenting with anemia, fatigue, bruising, fever, and splenomegaly. At age 56, she had 50--95% myeloblast cells and 95--100 nucleated RBC precursors per 100 WBC. Chromosome analysis of unstimulated leukocytes with Q, G, and C banding showed 46,XX,-6,+t(1;6) (q25;p22) in all metaphase cells. In vitro incorporation of Fe55 was demonstrated 90% of metaphases by autoradiography. The second patient, a 49-year-old male, was diagnosed as having polycythemia vera at age 30 during a regular checkup. He since developed hepatosplenomegaly. Chromosome analysis from a direct bone marrow preparation at age 44 and 45 showed grossly normal karyotypes. At age 49, his marrow by Q and G banding showed almost 100% of cells with 46,XY,-13,+t(1;13) (q12;p12). Eleven cases of trisomy of 1q have been reported in various hematologic disorders. It is apparent that partial trisomy 1q represents another nonrandom chromosomal abnormality, in addition to the most common nonrandom chromosomal aberrations, such as the Philadelphia chromosome, trisomy 8, trisomy 9, and monosomy 7 in hematologic disorders.", "PMID": 602927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7919", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A case of Kaposi's sarcoma which presented as a warm type of immune hemolytic anemia is described. The malignancy was discovered at the time of splenectomy, which was required for control of the hemolytic anemia. Three other cases of immune hemolytic anemia in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma have been reported. An association between Kaposi's sarcoma and immune hemolytic anemia is suggested. Careful examination of the skin for Kaposi's sarcoma seems appropriate in cases of immune hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A case of Kaposi's sarcoma which presented as a warm type of immune hemolytic anemia is described. The malignancy was discovered at the time of splenectomy, which was required for control of the hemolytic anemia. Three other cases of immune hemolytic anemia in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma have been reported. An association between Kaposi's sarcoma and immune hemolytic anemia is suggested. Careful examination of the skin for Kaposi's sarcoma seems appropriate in cases of immune hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 602928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7920", "title": "Secondary gout in hemoglobinopathies: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Although patients with hemolytic hemoglobinopathies characteristically are over-producers of urate, and hyperuricemia is frequently recognized, clinical gout has rarely been reported in such patients. Our evaluation of 2 premenopausal women with gout led to the diagnosis of previously unrecognized hemoglobinopathies (SC disease and CC disease). Investigation of these 2 patients and review of the reported cases of gout in patients with hemoglobin S or C disorders suggest that relatively minor abnormalities of renal function in these patients may lead to early development of significant hyperuricemia. With increasing lifespan of patients with hemolytic hemoglobinopathies and the likelihood of increased occurrence of renal function abnormalities, it is anticipated that gout will more frequently be responsible for joint symptoms in such patients.", "contents": "Secondary gout in hemoglobinopathies: report of two cases and review of the literature. Although patients with hemolytic hemoglobinopathies characteristically are over-producers of urate, and hyperuricemia is frequently recognized, clinical gout has rarely been reported in such patients. Our evaluation of 2 premenopausal women with gout led to the diagnosis of previously unrecognized hemoglobinopathies (SC disease and CC disease). Investigation of these 2 patients and review of the reported cases of gout in patients with hemoglobin S or C disorders suggest that relatively minor abnormalities of renal function in these patients may lead to early development of significant hyperuricemia. With increasing lifespan of patients with hemolytic hemoglobinopathies and the likelihood of increased occurrence of renal function abnormalities, it is anticipated that gout will more frequently be responsible for joint symptoms in such patients.", "PMID": 602929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7921", "title": "Continuous flow method for determination of erythrocyte osmotic fragility.", "content": "A simple and accurate micromethod for the determination of erythrocyte osmotic fragility is introduced. The method uses a laminar parabolic flow pattern, together with gravity, to retain cells in a long, small-diameter tube while a solution with decreasing osmolarity is passed through the tube. As the cells hemolyze, hemoglobin released from the cells is quickly removed by the axial flow pattern and monitored with a 547 nm optical detector for recording the hemolysis curve. Consequently, a continuous curve is obtained, with a peak occurring at the salt concentration that produces the maximum hemolysis rate. The advantages of this method are simplicity, accuracy, and small sample size (2 microliters of whole blood). The small sample size is of particular importance for infants. A comparison is made with the Parpart method using samples from 18 normal adults. Results are also given for a few abnormal adults and for a series of 26 normal newborns.", "contents": "Continuous flow method for determination of erythrocyte osmotic fragility. A simple and accurate micromethod for the determination of erythrocyte osmotic fragility is introduced. The method uses a laminar parabolic flow pattern, together with gravity, to retain cells in a long, small-diameter tube while a solution with decreasing osmolarity is passed through the tube. As the cells hemolyze, hemoglobin released from the cells is quickly removed by the axial flow pattern and monitored with a 547 nm optical detector for recording the hemolysis curve. Consequently, a continuous curve is obtained, with a peak occurring at the salt concentration that produces the maximum hemolysis rate. The advantages of this method are simplicity, accuracy, and small sample size (2 microliters of whole blood). The small sample size is of particular importance for infants. A comparison is made with the Parpart method using samples from 18 normal adults. Results are also given for a few abnormal adults and for a series of 26 normal newborns.", "PMID": 602930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7922", "title": "Cholelithiasis in Jamaican patients with homozygous sickle cell disease.", "content": "The prevalence of cholelithiasis in Jamaican adults with SS disease was studied by plain abdominal radiograph in 206 patients and by oral cholecystogram in 126 (61%) of these patients. Gallstones were found in 57 (28%) of patients, were more common in females than males, and increased with age and hemolytic rate. The majority of gallstones were visible on the plain abdominal radiograph, only 17% of patients with gallstones having only radiolucent stones. Nonfunctioning oral cholecystograms were common (10%) in agreement with observations by previous workers. Gallstones were noted in the common bile duct in 2 patients. In general there was no clear relationship between the presence of cholelithiasis and clinical symptomatology. Complications, such as pancreatitis and malignant change in the gall bladder, recognized to be associated with cholelithiasis in the general population, have not been clearly related to cholelithiasis in SS disease. More information is needed before a logical policy can be evolved for surgical intervention in cholelithiasis in SS disease.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in Jamaican patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. The prevalence of cholelithiasis in Jamaican adults with SS disease was studied by plain abdominal radiograph in 206 patients and by oral cholecystogram in 126 (61%) of these patients. Gallstones were found in 57 (28%) of patients, were more common in females than males, and increased with age and hemolytic rate. The majority of gallstones were visible on the plain abdominal radiograph, only 17% of patients with gallstones having only radiolucent stones. Nonfunctioning oral cholecystograms were common (10%) in agreement with observations by previous workers. Gallstones were noted in the common bile duct in 2 patients. In general there was no clear relationship between the presence of cholelithiasis and clinical symptomatology. Complications, such as pancreatitis and malignant change in the gall bladder, recognized to be associated with cholelithiasis in the general population, have not been clearly related to cholelithiasis in SS disease. More information is needed before a logical policy can be evolved for surgical intervention in cholelithiasis in SS disease.", "PMID": 602934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7923", "title": "Dyskeratosis congenita: hematologic evaluation of a sibship and review of the literature.", "content": "Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare genodermatosis whose hematologic complications include pancytopenia of variable time of onset, a propensity for opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. A family in which the disorder segregated in 3 generations and involved 9 members is reported, and the hematologic data of the 46 previously reported cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Dyskeratosis congenita: hematologic evaluation of a sibship and review of the literature. Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare genodermatosis whose hematologic complications include pancytopenia of variable time of onset, a propensity for opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. A family in which the disorder segregated in 3 generations and involved 9 members is reported, and the hematologic data of the 46 previously reported cases are reviewed.", "PMID": 602933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7924", "title": "Inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in polycythemia vera.", "content": "A patient with classical polycythemia vera (PV) was found to have an inappropriately elevated serum erythropoietin (Ep) level. Investigations did not reveal any lesion or blood abnormality known to be associated with excessive Ep production and erythrocytosis. Sudden withdrawal of blood to reduce the Hb and Hct from 18.5 gm% and 56% to 13.6 gm% and 41.5%, respectively, resulted in an increment of serum Ep to abnormal level. With iron treatment there was a brisk return of Hb and Hct to prebleeding levels which was associated with reduction in the serum Ep. The inverse relationship between the Ep and Hb or Hct is inconsistent with the presence of excessive Ep-producing lesion. These results suggested that the threshold for Ep secretion from normal Ep-secreting tissue to Hb and Hct levels is set at an abnormal level. This patient's marrow cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of Ep, unlike other PV patients' (except one) marrow cells, did not grow erythroid colonies. In the presence of Ep, however, the colonies comparable to those formed from normal marrow cultures were obtained. These results suggested that his marrow erythropoietic cells were neither Ep independent nor Ep-hyperresponsive, as has been suggested by some investigators for erythropoiesis in PV. This patient presents phenomena that hitherto have not been reported.", "contents": "Inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in polycythemia vera. A patient with classical polycythemia vera (PV) was found to have an inappropriately elevated serum erythropoietin (Ep) level. Investigations did not reveal any lesion or blood abnormality known to be associated with excessive Ep production and erythrocytosis. Sudden withdrawal of blood to reduce the Hb and Hct from 18.5 gm% and 56% to 13.6 gm% and 41.5%, respectively, resulted in an increment of serum Ep to abnormal level. With iron treatment there was a brisk return of Hb and Hct to prebleeding levels which was associated with reduction in the serum Ep. The inverse relationship between the Ep and Hb or Hct is inconsistent with the presence of excessive Ep-producing lesion. These results suggested that the threshold for Ep secretion from normal Ep-secreting tissue to Hb and Hct levels is set at an abnormal level. This patient's marrow cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of Ep, unlike other PV patients' (except one) marrow cells, did not grow erythroid colonies. In the presence of Ep, however, the colonies comparable to those formed from normal marrow cultures were obtained. These results suggested that his marrow erythropoietic cells were neither Ep independent nor Ep-hyperresponsive, as has been suggested by some investigators for erythropoiesis in PV. This patient presents phenomena that hitherto have not been reported.", "PMID": 602935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7925", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia--well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma with monoclonal IgA:IgA production by circulating lymphocytes.", "content": "A patient is described in whom morphologic features of well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (WDL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and immunologic features of multiple myeloma were present. Studies of isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated de novo synthesis of IgA K, the same paraprotein that was identified in the serum. Predominant IgA synthesis by peripheral lymphocytes has not been previously shown in either WDL or CLL.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia--well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma with monoclonal IgA:IgA production by circulating lymphocytes. A patient is described in whom morphologic features of well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (WDL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and immunologic features of multiple myeloma were present. Studies of isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated de novo synthesis of IgA K, the same paraprotein that was identified in the serum. Predominant IgA synthesis by peripheral lymphocytes has not been previously shown in either WDL or CLL.", "PMID": 602936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7926", "title": "Absence of VIII AHF response to adrenalin in hemophilia A.", "content": "Proportionate twofold or greater increases in both Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF) and Factor VIII-like antigen (VIII AGN) have been observed to follow the administration of adrenalin in normal individuals. Levels of factor VIII procoagulant or clot-promoting activity (VIII AHF) and VIII AGN were measured immediately before and one hour after the subcutaneous injection of adrenalin (0.35 ml) in ten adults with hemophilia A documented by low VIII AHF levels (ranging from 0.01-0.25 units/ml, normal VIII AGN levels, and normal VIII VWF levels as measured by the washed-platelet ristocetin assay). Eighteen normal adults served as controls. Results were analyzed by the paired test. It was shown that VIII AGN increased significantly, while VIII AHF did not change, in hemophiliacs after adrenalin stimulation, regardless of the base line level. This fixed rate of VII AHF production, release, or activation may help to explain the constancy of VII AHF levels in individual hemophiliacs and their affected family members.", "contents": "Absence of VIII AHF response to adrenalin in hemophilia A. Proportionate twofold or greater increases in both Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF) and Factor VIII-like antigen (VIII AGN) have been observed to follow the administration of adrenalin in normal individuals. Levels of factor VIII procoagulant or clot-promoting activity (VIII AHF) and VIII AGN were measured immediately before and one hour after the subcutaneous injection of adrenalin (0.35 ml) in ten adults with hemophilia A documented by low VIII AHF levels (ranging from 0.01-0.25 units/ml, normal VIII AGN levels, and normal VIII VWF levels as measured by the washed-platelet ristocetin assay). Eighteen normal adults served as controls. Results were analyzed by the paired test. It was shown that VIII AGN increased significantly, while VIII AHF did not change, in hemophiliacs after adrenalin stimulation, regardless of the base line level. This fixed rate of VII AHF production, release, or activation may help to explain the constancy of VII AHF levels in individual hemophiliacs and their affected family members.", "PMID": 602937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7927", "title": "Coagulopathy in amyloidosis: combined deficiency of factors IX and X.", "content": "Combined severe deficiencies of blood clotting factors IX and X were observed in 2 patients who suffered from systemic amyloidosis. This unique deficiency state was marked by refractoriness to Vitamin K as well as to transfusion therapy. Increased antithrombin activity was present in both individuals and corresponded in time to the emergence of a monoclonal IgG kappa light chain paraprotein in 1. Both patients demonstrated profound bleeding disorders. It is hypothesized that the Vitamin K dependent factors have special affinity for amyloid deposits due to an unusual amino acid (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid) present in these factors.", "contents": "Coagulopathy in amyloidosis: combined deficiency of factors IX and X. Combined severe deficiencies of blood clotting factors IX and X were observed in 2 patients who suffered from systemic amyloidosis. This unique deficiency state was marked by refractoriness to Vitamin K as well as to transfusion therapy. Increased antithrombin activity was present in both individuals and corresponded in time to the emergence of a monoclonal IgG kappa light chain paraprotein in 1. Both patients demonstrated profound bleeding disorders. It is hypothesized that the Vitamin K dependent factors have special affinity for amyloid deposits due to an unusual amino acid (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid) present in these factors.", "PMID": 602938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7928", "title": "The use of filtration techniques for the lysis and study of red blood cells.", "content": "A filtration technique for the gentle lysis of erythrocytes has been developed using cellulose triacetate membranes. When cell suspensions are filtered under nitrogen pressure, lysis occurs at the surface of the filter in such a way that the cell ghosts are retained on the filter. The contents of the cell are extruded through the pores of the filter without mixing with the cell suspension. Cell ghosts and intact erythrocytes have been collected on membranes and examined by electron microscopy. These preparations have the advantage of being free of the structural artifacts that result from centrifugation. In addition, the filter facilitates preparation for electron microscopy by providing a support for the sample during fixation and then dissolving during the dehydration of the sample.", "contents": "The use of filtration techniques for the lysis and study of red blood cells. A filtration technique for the gentle lysis of erythrocytes has been developed using cellulose triacetate membranes. When cell suspensions are filtered under nitrogen pressure, lysis occurs at the surface of the filter in such a way that the cell ghosts are retained on the filter. The contents of the cell are extruded through the pores of the filter without mixing with the cell suspension. Cell ghosts and intact erythrocytes have been collected on membranes and examined by electron microscopy. These preparations have the advantage of being free of the structural artifacts that result from centrifugation. In addition, the filter facilitates preparation for electron microscopy by providing a support for the sample during fixation and then dissolving during the dehydration of the sample.", "PMID": 602939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7929", "title": "Chemotaxis radioassays: a simplified, quantitative method using technetium-99m radiocolloid labeled granulocytes.", "content": "Selective labeling of phagocytes in human blood can be achieved by incubation of unseparated, heparinized blood with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. We have developed a method for quantitation of granulocyte chemotaxis using granulocytes labeled by this technique. The method was found to be more accurate and less tedious to perform than the conventional Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. The assay was also less time-consuming and as quantitative as a previously described granulocyte chemotaxis radioassay in which 51Cr-labeled leukocytes were used. The simplicity and reliability of this technique and the ready availability of 99mTc-sulfur colloid may provide one standardized method for granulocyte chemotaxis quantitation in clinical and experimental medicine.", "contents": "Chemotaxis radioassays: a simplified, quantitative method using technetium-99m radiocolloid labeled granulocytes. Selective labeling of phagocytes in human blood can be achieved by incubation of unseparated, heparinized blood with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. We have developed a method for quantitation of granulocyte chemotaxis using granulocytes labeled by this technique. The method was found to be more accurate and less tedious to perform than the conventional Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. The assay was also less time-consuming and as quantitative as a previously described granulocyte chemotaxis radioassay in which 51Cr-labeled leukocytes were used. The simplicity and reliability of this technique and the ready availability of 99mTc-sulfur colloid may provide one standardized method for granulocyte chemotaxis quantitation in clinical and experimental medicine.", "PMID": 602940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7930", "title": "Levels of erythropoietin in patients with the anemias of chronic diseases and liver failure.", "content": "Two mechanisms are felt to be responsible for the production of anemia in patients with chronic diseases. The first is failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin (EP), and the second is failure to deliver iron to the bone marrow in amounts sufficient to support normal erythropoiesis. In order to evaluate these hypotheses we studied urine and serum EP levels and levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in normal subjects, in patients with the anemia of chronic diseases, in patients with chronic liver disease, and in patients with a variety of other anemias. Based on the results, we propose first that insufficient production of EP is one of the major mechanisms responsible for anemia in patients with chronic diseases. Second, insufficient production of EP is, in part, responsible for anemia seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Third, serum and urine EP levels decrease with aging, and this correlates with the fall of hemoglobin levels seen in older normal subjects.", "contents": "Levels of erythropoietin in patients with the anemias of chronic diseases and liver failure. Two mechanisms are felt to be responsible for the production of anemia in patients with chronic diseases. The first is failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin (EP), and the second is failure to deliver iron to the bone marrow in amounts sufficient to support normal erythropoiesis. In order to evaluate these hypotheses we studied urine and serum EP levels and levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in normal subjects, in patients with the anemia of chronic diseases, in patients with chronic liver disease, and in patients with a variety of other anemias. Based on the results, we propose first that insufficient production of EP is one of the major mechanisms responsible for anemia in patients with chronic diseases. Second, insufficient production of EP is, in part, responsible for anemia seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Third, serum and urine EP levels decrease with aging, and this correlates with the fall of hemoglobin levels seen in older normal subjects.", "PMID": 602942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7931", "title": "The effect of serum from uremic patients on erythropoietin.", "content": "Serum from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF serum) contains a substance inhibitory to erythropoiesis in vitro. This paper explores the mechanism of the inhibition. Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of CRF serum on erythropoietin (EP). In the first 2 experiments, the effect of exposure of EP solutions to CRF serum was evaluated using the plethoric mouse EP assay system and a tissue culture system containing normal dog marrow cells. In the third study, dog marrow cells were preincubated with CRF serum before being stimulated with EP. Finally, EP-dose response curves were constructed in the dog marrow tissue culture system and analyzed using an enzyme kinetic model. The results show no evidence of inhibition or inactivation of EP by CRF serum, although in vitro heme synthesis is clearly depressed in the presence of CRF serum. We conclude that CRF serum inhibits erythropoiesis by directly, although reversibly, impairing the ability of erythroblasts to synthesize heme.", "contents": "The effect of serum from uremic patients on erythropoietin. Serum from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF serum) contains a substance inhibitory to erythropoiesis in vitro. This paper explores the mechanism of the inhibition. Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of CRF serum on erythropoietin (EP). In the first 2 experiments, the effect of exposure of EP solutions to CRF serum was evaluated using the plethoric mouse EP assay system and a tissue culture system containing normal dog marrow cells. In the third study, dog marrow cells were preincubated with CRF serum before being stimulated with EP. Finally, EP-dose response curves were constructed in the dog marrow tissue culture system and analyzed using an enzyme kinetic model. The results show no evidence of inhibition or inactivation of EP by CRF serum, although in vitro heme synthesis is clearly depressed in the presence of CRF serum. We conclude that CRF serum inhibits erythropoiesis by directly, although reversibly, impairing the ability of erythroblasts to synthesize heme.", "PMID": 602943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7932", "title": "Amphotericin inhibition of hematopoiesis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B on human and murine hematopoiesis was studied in vitro using assays for erythroid and myeloid colony-forming cells. Amphotericin consistently inhibited colony formation by erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells. Clear effects were observable at amphotericin concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml, and concentrations of 2.0 microgram/ml caused approximately 50-60% inhibition of cloning of both murine and normal human bone marrow. These data suggest that amphotericin, in concentrations achieved in therapy, can impair hematopoiesis by a direct effect on precursor cells.", "contents": "Amphotericin inhibition of hematopoiesis in vitro. The effect of amphotericin B on human and murine hematopoiesis was studied in vitro using assays for erythroid and myeloid colony-forming cells. Amphotericin consistently inhibited colony formation by erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells. Clear effects were observable at amphotericin concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml, and concentrations of 2.0 microgram/ml caused approximately 50-60% inhibition of cloning of both murine and normal human bone marrow. These data suggest that amphotericin, in concentrations achieved in therapy, can impair hematopoiesis by a direct effect on precursor cells.", "PMID": 602944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7933", "title": "Changes in distribution of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Glycoproteins have been discovered to be important to platelet function both in normal and pathological states. We have studied membrane glycoprotein patterns in 16 patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. There was an abnormal ratio of glycoprotein I:glycoprotein IV in patients with myeloproliferative disease compared with controls. There was no discernible correlation between glycoprotein pattern and aggregation response or platelet count, but patients with megathrombocytes had higher values for glycoprotein IV than those without megathrombocytes. These experiments suggest that patients with myeloproliferative disorders may have alterations in membrane glycoproteins that could alter platelet function.", "contents": "Changes in distribution of platelet membrane glycoproteins in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Glycoproteins have been discovered to be important to platelet function both in normal and pathological states. We have studied membrane glycoprotein patterns in 16 patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. There was an abnormal ratio of glycoprotein I:glycoprotein IV in patients with myeloproliferative disease compared with controls. There was no discernible correlation between glycoprotein pattern and aggregation response or platelet count, but patients with megathrombocytes had higher values for glycoprotein IV than those without megathrombocytes. These experiments suggest that patients with myeloproliferative disorders may have alterations in membrane glycoproteins that could alter platelet function.", "PMID": 602945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7934", "title": "A study of the relationships between perceived organizational stratification, and individual job satisfaction and adaptiveness in hospital laboratories.", "content": "Most studies of organizational stratification have remained largely at the narrative or inferential level. Few attempts have been made to empirically assess the consequences of a status system. This paper sought to examine the proposition that stratification is inversely related to job satisfaction and adaptiveness. Although not overwhelmingly demonstrated, there is presumptive evidence that stratification does have an impact upon the organization. It was concluded that medical technologists prefer a supportive, well-structured environment that provides an opportunity for them, through participation, to maintain a degree of control over their work setting. Practical implications of the findings and recommendations were made.", "contents": "A study of the relationships between perceived organizational stratification, and individual job satisfaction and adaptiveness in hospital laboratories. Most studies of organizational stratification have remained largely at the narrative or inferential level. Few attempts have been made to empirically assess the consequences of a status system. This paper sought to examine the proposition that stratification is inversely related to job satisfaction and adaptiveness. Although not overwhelmingly demonstrated, there is presumptive evidence that stratification does have an impact upon the organization. It was concluded that medical technologists prefer a supportive, well-structured environment that provides an opportunity for them, through participation, to maintain a degree of control over their work setting. Practical implications of the findings and recommendations were made.", "PMID": 602947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7935", "title": "Lecithin/spingomyelin ratio procedure by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "We assessed several modifications of thin-layer chromatography for evaluation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. For a procedure which is reliable, economical, and easy to perform, we preferred laboratory-prepared plates using SI-LICAR TLC-7GF. For spot detection, we preferred the iodine vapor method.", "contents": "Lecithin/spingomyelin ratio procedure by thin-layer chromatography. We assessed several modifications of thin-layer chromatography for evaluation of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. For a procedure which is reliable, economical, and easy to perform, we preferred laboratory-prepared plates using SI-LICAR TLC-7GF. For spot detection, we preferred the iodine vapor method.", "PMID": 602950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7936", "title": "The anticoagulant dilemma--a prescription for its resolution.", "content": "Despite the fact that heparin and the coumarins are effective drugs in the prevention of venous thromboembolism and of systemic embolism and have been in use for more than one quarter of this century, there has been no recognized decrease in overall deaths attributable to these agents. Several factors contribute to this paradox: (1) the disparity between the high prevalence of thromboembolic events and the low incidence of associated mortality or disability has rendered the required size of trial populations exceedingly large, cumbersome, and costly; (2) the major use of anticoagulants has occurred after a thromboembolic event rather than as an instrument of primary prophylaxis; (3) the difficulties in regulating drug dosage persist and serious hemorrhage remains in infrequent but real complication of therapy; and (4) the physician is invariably apprised of clinical failure (further thrombosis or hemorrhage) but rarely of success (no thrombosis). Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of intravascular coagulation, of the pathophysiology of thromboembolism, and of the molecular basis of anticoagulant action have begun to permit more effective use of the classical drugs and to suggest the potential value of other agents and modalities for the prevention of the thromboembolism in different segments of the vasculature.", "contents": "The anticoagulant dilemma--a prescription for its resolution. Despite the fact that heparin and the coumarins are effective drugs in the prevention of venous thromboembolism and of systemic embolism and have been in use for more than one quarter of this century, there has been no recognized decrease in overall deaths attributable to these agents. Several factors contribute to this paradox: (1) the disparity between the high prevalence of thromboembolic events and the low incidence of associated mortality or disability has rendered the required size of trial populations exceedingly large, cumbersome, and costly; (2) the major use of anticoagulants has occurred after a thromboembolic event rather than as an instrument of primary prophylaxis; (3) the difficulties in regulating drug dosage persist and serious hemorrhage remains in infrequent but real complication of therapy; and (4) the physician is invariably apprised of clinical failure (further thrombosis or hemorrhage) but rarely of success (no thrombosis). Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of intravascular coagulation, of the pathophysiology of thromboembolism, and of the molecular basis of anticoagulant action have begun to permit more effective use of the classical drugs and to suggest the potential value of other agents and modalities for the prevention of the thromboembolism in different segments of the vasculature.", "PMID": 602951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7937", "title": "The effects of proprandolol and histamine on the ventilation response to carbon dioxide inhalation in normal subjects.", "content": "A method was developed to measure the oxygen cost of ventilation during CO2 rebreathing. In 20 healthy normal subjects SGaw, MMEF, and FEV1 were measured prior to and following the infusion of propranolol. In five of the same subjects airway constriction was induced by inhalation of histamine. The use of both agents was followed by a significant decrease in the ventilation response to carbon dioxide inhalation. Even more significantly, the oxygen cost of the increase in ventilation measured during CO2 rebreathing rose significantly following either propranolol or histamine.", "contents": "The effects of proprandolol and histamine on the ventilation response to carbon dioxide inhalation in normal subjects. A method was developed to measure the oxygen cost of ventilation during CO2 rebreathing. In 20 healthy normal subjects SGaw, MMEF, and FEV1 were measured prior to and following the infusion of propranolol. In five of the same subjects airway constriction was induced by inhalation of histamine. The use of both agents was followed by a significant decrease in the ventilation response to carbon dioxide inhalation. Even more significantly, the oxygen cost of the increase in ventilation measured during CO2 rebreathing rose significantly following either propranolol or histamine.", "PMID": 602953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7938", "title": "Acute renal failure due to intravascular hemolysis in the North Indian patients.", "content": "Acute renal failure due to intravascular hemolysis is a common clinical problem in North Indian patients. It constituted 21.5 percent of 325 patients dialyzed for acute renal failure over an 11-year period at Chandigarh. Thirty patients had developed acute intravascular hemolysis in association with erythrocyte glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) deficiency, 17 due to copper sulphate intoxication and 8 due to envenomation by snakes. Less frequent causes were insect stings, incompatible blood transfusion, intake of anti-leprosy drug--dapsone in non-G-6PD-deficient patients, and mercuric chloride toxicity in two patients each; naphthalene poisoning in one; and uncertain causes in six patients. Renal histology was available in 55 patients. Acute tubular necrosis was seen in 54 and bilateral diffuse cortical necrosis in one patient. Fifty patients (71.43 percent) survived and 20(28.6 percent) diet. G-6PD erythrocyte deficiency, which is present in 4.5 percent of the North Indian population, was the most frequent cause of acute renal failure in this group.", "contents": "Acute renal failure due to intravascular hemolysis in the North Indian patients. Acute renal failure due to intravascular hemolysis is a common clinical problem in North Indian patients. It constituted 21.5 percent of 325 patients dialyzed for acute renal failure over an 11-year period at Chandigarh. Thirty patients had developed acute intravascular hemolysis in association with erythrocyte glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) deficiency, 17 due to copper sulphate intoxication and 8 due to envenomation by snakes. Less frequent causes were insect stings, incompatible blood transfusion, intake of anti-leprosy drug--dapsone in non-G-6PD-deficient patients, and mercuric chloride toxicity in two patients each; naphthalene poisoning in one; and uncertain causes in six patients. Renal histology was available in 55 patients. Acute tubular necrosis was seen in 54 and bilateral diffuse cortical necrosis in one patient. Fifty patients (71.43 percent) survived and 20(28.6 percent) diet. G-6PD erythrocyte deficiency, which is present in 4.5 percent of the North Indian population, was the most frequent cause of acute renal failure in this group.", "PMID": 602954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7939", "title": "Exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Fluid retention and ascites are rarely seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). This contrasts with the conspicuous tendency of patients with Laennec's cirrhosis to retain salt and water. In an attempt to clarify this clinical observation, renal handling of sodium was studied during extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) and maximal suppression of antidiuretic hormone in five patients with PBC. These PBC patients were compared with two control populations: five edema-free patients with Laennec's cirrhosis and nine healthy volunteers. The natriuretic and diuretic response to ECVE was significantly greater in the patients with PBC as compared with the two control groups. CH2O for given rates of urine flow were similar in PBC patients as compared with normal subjects. The data suggest that a supranormal rejection of sodium at the proximal tubule in response to ECVE underlies the exaggerated natriuresis of PBC. The augmented elimination of salt during ECVE in patients with PBC may explain the rarity of ascites and edema in this variety of cirrhosis.", "contents": "Exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Fluid retention and ascites are rarely seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). This contrasts with the conspicuous tendency of patients with Laennec's cirrhosis to retain salt and water. In an attempt to clarify this clinical observation, renal handling of sodium was studied during extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) and maximal suppression of antidiuretic hormone in five patients with PBC. These PBC patients were compared with two control populations: five edema-free patients with Laennec's cirrhosis and nine healthy volunteers. The natriuretic and diuretic response to ECVE was significantly greater in the patients with PBC as compared with the two control groups. CH2O for given rates of urine flow were similar in PBC patients as compared with normal subjects. The data suggest that a supranormal rejection of sodium at the proximal tubule in response to ECVE underlies the exaggerated natriuresis of PBC. The augmented elimination of salt during ECVE in patients with PBC may explain the rarity of ascites and edema in this variety of cirrhosis.", "PMID": 602957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7940", "title": "A comparative trial of sisomicin therapy by intermittent versus continuous infusion.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-nine febrile episodes in 120 patients were treated with sisomicin after a combination of carbenicillin and a cephalosporin antibiotic had failed. These patients were randomized to receive sisomicin either by continuous or by intermittent infusion. The response rate for patients treated with sisomicin was 61 percent by continuous infusion and 46 percent by intermittent infusion, which was not statistically significant. Pneumonia, septicemia, and soft tissue infections were the most frequent infections. Most (96 percent) of the identified pathogens were gram-negative bacilli with the most frequent being Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The response rate was higher in those patients whose neutrophil count increased or remained the same while on therapy. The worst response was obtained if there was a decrease in the neutrophil count during therapy. The major toxicity of sisomicin was found to be azotemia and occurred in 17 percent of episodes treated by continuous infusion and in 21 percent treated by intermittent infusion. Hearing loss in the high frequency range occurred in five patients. Sisomicin is effective in the treatment of gram negative infections in neutropenic cancer patients.", "contents": "A comparative trial of sisomicin therapy by intermittent versus continuous infusion. One hundred and thirty-nine febrile episodes in 120 patients were treated with sisomicin after a combination of carbenicillin and a cephalosporin antibiotic had failed. These patients were randomized to receive sisomicin either by continuous or by intermittent infusion. The response rate for patients treated with sisomicin was 61 percent by continuous infusion and 46 percent by intermittent infusion, which was not statistically significant. Pneumonia, septicemia, and soft tissue infections were the most frequent infections. Most (96 percent) of the identified pathogens were gram-negative bacilli with the most frequent being Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The response rate was higher in those patients whose neutrophil count increased or remained the same while on therapy. The worst response was obtained if there was a decrease in the neutrophil count during therapy. The major toxicity of sisomicin was found to be azotemia and occurred in 17 percent of episodes treated by continuous infusion and in 21 percent treated by intermittent infusion. Hearing loss in the high frequency range occurred in five patients. Sisomicin is effective in the treatment of gram negative infections in neutropenic cancer patients.", "PMID": 602958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7941", "title": "Daily variations in urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in idiopathic isosexual precocity.", "content": "The 24-hour urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was determined for 30 days in an 8.3-year-old girl with isosexual precocity and for 25 days in a normal 11.9-year-old girl. The pattern of daily variation in urinary LH and FSH excretion observed in the girl with sexual precocity was similar to that of the normal menstrual cycle. The LH and FSH midcycle peaks were 132.5 IU/24 hours and 26.3 IU/24 hours, respectively. Excluding the midcycle peak, the daily excretion of LH was 28.4 +/- 9.3 (SD) IU/24 hours, and the excretion of FSH was 8.9 +/- 1.9 (SD) IU/24 hours, values comparable to those of normal adult females. In contrast, the daily excretion of LH in the normal 11.9-year-old girl was 6.9 +/- 1.1 (SD) IU/24 hours and FSH excretion was 3.9 +/- 0.9 (SD) IU/24 hours. No LH or FSH surge was observed. The data are consistent with early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in idiopathic isosexual precocity.", "contents": "Daily variations in urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in idiopathic isosexual precocity. The 24-hour urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was determined for 30 days in an 8.3-year-old girl with isosexual precocity and for 25 days in a normal 11.9-year-old girl. The pattern of daily variation in urinary LH and FSH excretion observed in the girl with sexual precocity was similar to that of the normal menstrual cycle. The LH and FSH midcycle peaks were 132.5 IU/24 hours and 26.3 IU/24 hours, respectively. Excluding the midcycle peak, the daily excretion of LH was 28.4 +/- 9.3 (SD) IU/24 hours, and the excretion of FSH was 8.9 +/- 1.9 (SD) IU/24 hours, values comparable to those of normal adult females. In contrast, the daily excretion of LH in the normal 11.9-year-old girl was 6.9 +/- 1.1 (SD) IU/24 hours and FSH excretion was 3.9 +/- 0.9 (SD) IU/24 hours. No LH or FSH surge was observed. The data are consistent with early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in idiopathic isosexual precocity.", "PMID": 602959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7942", "title": "Post-extubation pulmonary function tests in detection of upper airway obstruction in drug-overdosed patients.", "content": "A relatively high percentage of hypnotic-sedative drug-overdosed (HSDO) patients suffer post-extubation upper airway obstruction. Since early detection and treatment of these lesions is desirable, we studied 20 recently extubated (within 24 hours) as well as 11 non-intubated HSDO patients employing flow-volume loops and spirometry. Abnormalities in tests for upper airway obstruction were common in both groups but only in the four post-extubation patients with clinically suspected upper airway obstruction was an inspiratory plateau by flow volume loops found. In addition, three of these four patients had mid-VC ratios greater than 1.25. We conclude that the Inspiratory flow volume loop and the mid-VC ratio may help in detecting post-extubation upper airway obstruction in lethargic, HSDO patients.", "contents": "Post-extubation pulmonary function tests in detection of upper airway obstruction in drug-overdosed patients. A relatively high percentage of hypnotic-sedative drug-overdosed (HSDO) patients suffer post-extubation upper airway obstruction. Since early detection and treatment of these lesions is desirable, we studied 20 recently extubated (within 24 hours) as well as 11 non-intubated HSDO patients employing flow-volume loops and spirometry. Abnormalities in tests for upper airway obstruction were common in both groups but only in the four post-extubation patients with clinically suspected upper airway obstruction was an inspiratory plateau by flow volume loops found. In addition, three of these four patients had mid-VC ratios greater than 1.25. We conclude that the Inspiratory flow volume loop and the mid-VC ratio may help in detecting post-extubation upper airway obstruction in lethargic, HSDO patients.", "PMID": 602956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7943", "title": "A cytogenic evaluation of long-term colchicine therapy in the treatment of Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).", "content": "Thirty-eight patients suffering from Famlial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) and undergoing colchicine therapy for periods varying from one week to three years were examined cytogenetically. Preparations were derived from short-term lymphocyte cultures; mitotic rate, percent tetraploidy, and chromosome breakage rates were determined. Twenty-one patients were examined prior to treatment, 22 during treatment and 5 both before and during treatment and 5 both before and during treatment. No statistically significant differences were observed in the parameters studied between ten controls and the patient groups. An in vitro experiment indicated a direct correlation between increased colchicine concentration and mitotic rate. However, tetrapoloidy or chromosome damage showed no such association with colchicine concentration. Among the patient group, pregnancy occurred in four patients while under treatment; three pregnancies resulted in the birth of normal children while the fourth has not yet been completed. In one preganancy, cultured fetal amniotic fluid cells demonstrated no effect of colchicine on the cytogenetic parameters invetigated. These results indicate no untoward effects on long-term colchicine treatment in FMF with respect to fertility, teratogenicity and chromosomal damage.", "contents": "A cytogenic evaluation of long-term colchicine therapy in the treatment of Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Thirty-eight patients suffering from Famlial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) and undergoing colchicine therapy for periods varying from one week to three years were examined cytogenetically. Preparations were derived from short-term lymphocyte cultures; mitotic rate, percent tetraploidy, and chromosome breakage rates were determined. Twenty-one patients were examined prior to treatment, 22 during treatment and 5 both before and during treatment and 5 both before and during treatment. No statistically significant differences were observed in the parameters studied between ten controls and the patient groups. An in vitro experiment indicated a direct correlation between increased colchicine concentration and mitotic rate. However, tetrapoloidy or chromosome damage showed no such association with colchicine concentration. Among the patient group, pregnancy occurred in four patients while under treatment; three pregnancies resulted in the birth of normal children while the fourth has not yet been completed. In one preganancy, cultured fetal amniotic fluid cells demonstrated no effect of colchicine on the cytogenetic parameters invetigated. These results indicate no untoward effects on long-term colchicine treatment in FMF with respect to fertility, teratogenicity and chromosomal damage.", "PMID": 602955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7944", "title": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: endomyocardial biopsy evidence of enhancement by irradiation.", "content": "Endomyocardial biopsies were examined in 12 patients receiving total doses of Adriamycin from 90 to 445 mg/M2. These patients had also received previous mediastinal irradiation (from less than 600 to 5700 rad) over periods varying from 6 months to 14 years prior to the endomyocardial biopsy. Severity of pathological change in these 12 patients was compared with that of dose-matched control patients who had not received mediastinal radiation. The severity of the histopathologic changes was scored on a scale from 0 (normal) to 3 (marked abnormality). The mean score of the group receiving irradiation (2.0 +/- 0.89) was significantly higher than the score in those not irradiated (1.18 +/- 0.23) (p less than 0.001). Morphological demonstration of a \"recall phenomenon\" of latent radiation changes by Adriamycin was demonstrated in small intramyocardial vessels. This study indicates that radiation, even if remote, enhances Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Therefore, Adriamycin must be given cautiously in patients who have received previous mediastinal radiotherapy.", "contents": "Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: endomyocardial biopsy evidence of enhancement by irradiation. Endomyocardial biopsies were examined in 12 patients receiving total doses of Adriamycin from 90 to 445 mg/M2. These patients had also received previous mediastinal irradiation (from less than 600 to 5700 rad) over periods varying from 6 months to 14 years prior to the endomyocardial biopsy. Severity of pathological change in these 12 patients was compared with that of dose-matched control patients who had not received mediastinal radiation. The severity of the histopathologic changes was scored on a scale from 0 (normal) to 3 (marked abnormality). The mean score of the group receiving irradiation (2.0 +/- 0.89) was significantly higher than the score in those not irradiated (1.18 +/- 0.23) (p less than 0.001). Morphological demonstration of a \"recall phenomenon\" of latent radiation changes by Adriamycin was demonstrated in small intramyocardial vessels. This study indicates that radiation, even if remote, enhances Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Therefore, Adriamycin must be given cautiously in patients who have received previous mediastinal radiotherapy.", "PMID": 602969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7945", "title": "Prognostic significance of tumor emboli in intramammary lymphatics in patients with mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Approximately 20% of patients with invasive mammary carcinoma who do not have axillary metastases develop recurrent carcinoma within 10 years of initial therapy. There is clearly a need to identify those patients most likely to develop recurrences in this group since they may benefit from adjuvant therapy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significance of intramammary lymphatic tumror emboli in patients with invasive breast carcinoma who did not have lymph node metastases. Twenty-three such patients treated in 1974 and 15 from 1964 were compared with matched groups of control patients who did not have lymphatic emboli. About 43% of patients with lymphatic emboli and 4% of those without emboli followed for 5 or more years in the 1964 group developed distant metastases (p less than 0.001). Local recurrences were found in only one study patient and one control in the entire series of 1964 and 1974 patients. The results suggest that among patients without axillary metastases, the finding of tumor cells in lymphatic spaces within the breast is associated with a substantial risk of distant metastases but not local recurrence.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of tumor emboli in intramammary lymphatics in patients with mammary carcinoma. Approximately 20% of patients with invasive mammary carcinoma who do not have axillary metastases develop recurrent carcinoma within 10 years of initial therapy. There is clearly a need to identify those patients most likely to develop recurrences in this group since they may benefit from adjuvant therapy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significance of intramammary lymphatic tumror emboli in patients with invasive breast carcinoma who did not have lymph node metastases. Twenty-three such patients treated in 1974 and 15 from 1964 were compared with matched groups of control patients who did not have lymphatic emboli. About 43% of patients with lymphatic emboli and 4% of those without emboli followed for 5 or more years in the 1964 group developed distant metastases (p less than 0.001). Local recurrences were found in only one study patient and one control in the entire series of 1964 and 1974 patients. The results suggest that among patients without axillary metastases, the finding of tumor cells in lymphatic spaces within the breast is associated with a substantial risk of distant metastases but not local recurrence.", "PMID": 602970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7946", "title": "Radiologically occult in situ and incipient invasive epidermoid lung cancer: detection by sputum cytology in a survey of asymptomatic cigarette smokers.", "content": "Approximately 8000 cigarette-smoking men over the age of 45 have entered into a lung cancer detection program in New York City. Cytologic examinations of sputum were carried out on 4000 subjects and lung cancer was found by this technique in nine men with normal chest x-rays. Seven had in situ or incipient invasive epidermoid carcinoma confined to the bronchus. These seven cases were studied by detailed histologic examinations of the bronchial tree in the resected specimens through sixth generation subsegmental bronchi. It was concluded that: 1) invasive epidermoid carcinoma arises from carcinoma in situ of bronchial surface epithelium or an extension of that neoplastic epithelium in bronchial glands; 2) the site of origin is a segmental bronchus in most instances; and 3) each carcinoma should be considered as unifocal in origin even though there is a continuing risk of another primary lung cancer. It seems unlikely that squamous metaplasia or basal hyperplasia is an essential step in carcinogenesis; rather, we believe that carcinoma may arise in bronchial epithelium without regard to the presence or absence of basal hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia, which should be considered nonspecific reactions to injury that may or may not accompany carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Radiologically occult in situ and incipient invasive epidermoid lung cancer: detection by sputum cytology in a survey of asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Approximately 8000 cigarette-smoking men over the age of 45 have entered into a lung cancer detection program in New York City. Cytologic examinations of sputum were carried out on 4000 subjects and lung cancer was found by this technique in nine men with normal chest x-rays. Seven had in situ or incipient invasive epidermoid carcinoma confined to the bronchus. These seven cases were studied by detailed histologic examinations of the bronchial tree in the resected specimens through sixth generation subsegmental bronchi. It was concluded that: 1) invasive epidermoid carcinoma arises from carcinoma in situ of bronchial surface epithelium or an extension of that neoplastic epithelium in bronchial glands; 2) the site of origin is a segmental bronchus in most instances; and 3) each carcinoma should be considered as unifocal in origin even though there is a continuing risk of another primary lung cancer. It seems unlikely that squamous metaplasia or basal hyperplasia is an essential step in carcinogenesis; rather, we believe that carcinoma may arise in bronchial epithelium without regard to the presence or absence of basal hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia, which should be considered nonspecific reactions to injury that may or may not accompany carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 602971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7947", "title": "Pneumonia and empyema caused by Clostridium sordellii.", "content": "A case of pleuropulmonary infection caused by Clostridium sordellii is reported for the first time. The clinical presentation with acute onset resembling pulmonary infarction, the absence of toxicity, hemolysis and shock, and response to penicillin and drainage was similar to that of patients with pleuropulmonary infection caused by C. perfringens.", "contents": "Pneumonia and empyema caused by Clostridium sordellii. A case of pleuropulmonary infection caused by Clostridium sordellii is reported for the first time. The clinical presentation with acute onset resembling pulmonary infarction, the absence of toxicity, hemolysis and shock, and response to penicillin and drainage was similar to that of patients with pleuropulmonary infection caused by C. perfringens.", "PMID": 602960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7948", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus. An analysis of eight cases.", "content": "Eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum, most likely derived from the thymus, are presented. Seven were male and one female ranging in age from 39 to 65 years; the average was 55.5 years. There were no cases associated with any paraneoplastic syndromes. They possessed common morphological characteristics. Grossly, the tumors resembled malignant thymoma. Invasion of the lung and metastases to regional lymph nodes were frequent. Often observed microscopically were foci of sharply defined keratinization resembling Hassall's corpuscles, no radial arrangement of tumor cells at the periphery of nests, and broad, fibrotic, or hyalinized stroma. Admixture of a few lymphoid cells and some features transitional to thymoma were also observed in some parts of tumors. However, undoubtedly carcinomatous areas were present in some or large parts of all the tumors, where individual cells possessed a vesicular nucleus and a prominent round nucleolus. These features were distinct from those of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma and other thymic tumors, although they appeared to be related to thymoma. Treatment of choice is radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, because of relatively high radiosensitivity. Prognosis of patients was relatively good. From analyses of cases it is concluded that squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus should be separated from ordinary thymoma of the epithelial type, and that squamous cell carcinoma involving both the thymus and lungs should be carefully examined for the primary site of growth.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus. An analysis of eight cases. Eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum, most likely derived from the thymus, are presented. Seven were male and one female ranging in age from 39 to 65 years; the average was 55.5 years. There were no cases associated with any paraneoplastic syndromes. They possessed common morphological characteristics. Grossly, the tumors resembled malignant thymoma. Invasion of the lung and metastases to regional lymph nodes were frequent. Often observed microscopically were foci of sharply defined keratinization resembling Hassall's corpuscles, no radial arrangement of tumor cells at the periphery of nests, and broad, fibrotic, or hyalinized stroma. Admixture of a few lymphoid cells and some features transitional to thymoma were also observed in some parts of tumors. However, undoubtedly carcinomatous areas were present in some or large parts of all the tumors, where individual cells possessed a vesicular nucleus and a prominent round nucleolus. These features were distinct from those of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma and other thymic tumors, although they appeared to be related to thymoma. Treatment of choice is radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, because of relatively high radiosensitivity. Prognosis of patients was relatively good. From analyses of cases it is concluded that squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus should be separated from ordinary thymoma of the epithelial type, and that squamous cell carcinoma involving both the thymus and lungs should be carefully examined for the primary site of growth.", "PMID": 602973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7949", "title": "Follicular variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of six cases.", "content": "The clinicopathologic features of six cases of a peculiar variant of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid composed of follicles with or without solid areas and having a characteristics ground-glass appearance of the nuclei were studied and compared with those of conventional papillary and follicular carcinomas. This variant resembled papillary carcinoma in its biologic behavior and all morphologic features with the exception that papillae were not present. The term \"papillary carcinoma, follicular variant\" is proposed for this tumor type in order to emphasize its close biologic relationship with the conventional papillary carcinoma.", "contents": "Follicular variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. The clinicopathologic features of six cases of a peculiar variant of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid composed of follicles with or without solid areas and having a characteristics ground-glass appearance of the nuclei were studied and compared with those of conventional papillary and follicular carcinomas. This variant resembled papillary carcinoma in its biologic behavior and all morphologic features with the exception that papillae were not present. The term \"papillary carcinoma, follicular variant\" is proposed for this tumor type in order to emphasize its close biologic relationship with the conventional papillary carcinoma.", "PMID": 602974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7950", "title": "Plantar lentiginous melanoma: a distinctive variant of human cutaneous malignant melanoma.", "content": "The neoplastic system of human cutaneous melanoma includes three generaly recognized variants: lentigo maligna, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma. Lentiginous melanomas other than lentigo maligna constitute a fourth group, of which plantar lentiginous melanoma qualifies as an anatomic subgroup. Histologically and clinically, plantar lentiginous melanoma (PLM) is characterized by a period of radial growth and often by one or more foci of regression. In 27 of 33 plantar melanomas, a characteristic lentiginous, radial component of melanocytic proliferation was noted. In the remaining six cases, histological material failed to document a radial component. Eighteen of the 27 patients with PLM were blacks, and 18 patients died of distant metastasis. Tumors invasive to level II did not metastasize, but at levels IV and V and in tumors with a high mitotic rate, the prognosis was poor. The presence of lymph node metastases at the time of initial therapy correlated with a poor prognosis group.", "contents": "Plantar lentiginous melanoma: a distinctive variant of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. The neoplastic system of human cutaneous melanoma includes three generaly recognized variants: lentigo maligna, superficial spreading melanoma, and nodular melanoma. Lentiginous melanomas other than lentigo maligna constitute a fourth group, of which plantar lentiginous melanoma qualifies as an anatomic subgroup. Histologically and clinically, plantar lentiginous melanoma (PLM) is characterized by a period of radial growth and often by one or more foci of regression. In 27 of 33 plantar melanomas, a characteristic lentiginous, radial component of melanocytic proliferation was noted. In the remaining six cases, histological material failed to document a radial component. Eighteen of the 27 patients with PLM were blacks, and 18 patients died of distant metastasis. Tumors invasive to level II did not metastasize, but at levels IV and V and in tumors with a high mitotic rate, the prognosis was poor. The presence of lymph node metastases at the time of initial therapy correlated with a poor prognosis group.", "PMID": 602975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7951", "title": "Elastosis in benign sclerosing ductal proliferation of the female breast.", "content": "Elastosis, an abundance of elastic tissue, is commonly present in breast carcinoma. However, its diagnostic significance remaines an unsettled issue. This study documents 17 cases of elastosis occurring in a distinctive benign sclerosing ductal lesion of the female breast (Fenoglio and Lattes: Cancer 33: 691-700, 1974). Elastosis was characterized by staining reactions and, in several instances, by elastase digestion and electron microscopy. Yellow streaks and flecks may be apparent grossly and probably reflect the increased elastic tissue. Histologically, the lesion is generally stellate with central sclerosis and marked peripheral intraductal and ductular hyperplasia which is often papillary. Elastosis, which may be marked, is a constant finding and is predominantly periductal in location. It is emphasized that the gross and histologic features of the lesion may mimic carcinoma and that elastosis may be found in benign ductal lesions of the breast.", "contents": "Elastosis in benign sclerosing ductal proliferation of the female breast. Elastosis, an abundance of elastic tissue, is commonly present in breast carcinoma. However, its diagnostic significance remaines an unsettled issue. This study documents 17 cases of elastosis occurring in a distinctive benign sclerosing ductal lesion of the female breast (Fenoglio and Lattes: Cancer 33: 691-700, 1974). Elastosis was characterized by staining reactions and, in several instances, by elastase digestion and electron microscopy. Yellow streaks and flecks may be apparent grossly and probably reflect the increased elastic tissue. Histologically, the lesion is generally stellate with central sclerosis and marked peripheral intraductal and ductular hyperplasia which is often papillary. Elastosis, which may be marked, is a constant finding and is predominantly periductal in location. It is emphasized that the gross and histologic features of the lesion may mimic carcinoma and that elastosis may be found in benign ductal lesions of the breast.", "PMID": 602976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7952", "title": "The histogenesis of molluscum contagiosum.", "content": "In the group of viral induced epidermal hyperplasias, the inverted, follicular, and lobulated pattern of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum is distinctive. The proposed epithelial progenitors have included epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. A study of 77 cases of molluscum contagiosum implicates folliclular neogenesis as a primary histogenetic determinant. Areas of hair bulb differentiation are common at the periphery of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum and occasionally are associated with areas of sebaceous gland differentiation. In areas of active viral replication, the neogenetic follicular epithelium expands to form rounded lobules which extrude viral particles and keratinized debris into dilated ostia. In inflamed molluscum contagiosum, the inflammatory response is reminiscent of the invasive--destrictive pattern of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "The histogenesis of molluscum contagiosum. In the group of viral induced epidermal hyperplasias, the inverted, follicular, and lobulated pattern of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum is distinctive. The proposed epithelial progenitors have included epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. A study of 77 cases of molluscum contagiosum implicates folliclular neogenesis as a primary histogenetic determinant. Areas of hair bulb differentiation are common at the periphery of a lesion of molluscum contagiosum and occasionally are associated with areas of sebaceous gland differentiation. In areas of active viral replication, the neogenetic follicular epithelium expands to form rounded lobules which extrude viral particles and keratinized debris into dilated ostia. In inflamed molluscum contagiosum, the inflammatory response is reminiscent of the invasive--destrictive pattern of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 602977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7953", "title": "Very-nearly-closed-circuit anaesthesia. A computer analysis.", "content": "A simple analogue study of inspired oxygen concentrations in a circle absorber system was made. Good agreement with clinical observations and figures reported by others was obtained. The suggested low-flow regime was nitrous oxide 1 litre/min and oxygen 0.6 litre/min, which provides inspired oxygen concentrations between 35-25%, over a range of oxygen consumption from 150-300 ml/min. The use of such low flows is economical and reduces atmospheric pollution in the operating theatre.", "contents": "Very-nearly-closed-circuit anaesthesia. A computer analysis. A simple analogue study of inspired oxygen concentrations in a circle absorber system was made. Good agreement with clinical observations and figures reported by others was obtained. The suggested low-flow regime was nitrous oxide 1 litre/min and oxygen 0.6 litre/min, which provides inspired oxygen concentrations between 35-25%, over a range of oxygen consumption from 150-300 ml/min. The use of such low flows is economical and reduces atmospheric pollution in the operating theatre.", "PMID": 603001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7954", "title": "The danger of fatal misjudgement in hypothermia after immersion. Successful resuscitation following immersion for 25 minutes.", "content": "A case is reported of the successful resuscitation of a 6-year-old child after 25 minutes' immersion in water at 4 degrees C. The difficulties of evaluating vital functions at low body temperatures, with the accompanying danger of fatal misjudgment, are pointed out. It is concluded that low body temperatures indicate that a considerably longer resuscitation procedure than normal should be undertaken, particularly in children, and that if the body temperature is above 30 degrees C rewarming ought not to take place before satisfactory oxygenation and an efficient circulation have been established.", "contents": "The danger of fatal misjudgement in hypothermia after immersion. Successful resuscitation following immersion for 25 minutes. A case is reported of the successful resuscitation of a 6-year-old child after 25 minutes' immersion in water at 4 degrees C. The difficulties of evaluating vital functions at low body temperatures, with the accompanying danger of fatal misjudgment, are pointed out. It is concluded that low body temperatures indicate that a considerably longer resuscitation procedure than normal should be undertaken, particularly in children, and that if the body temperature is above 30 degrees C rewarming ought not to take place before satisfactory oxygenation and an efficient circulation have been established.", "PMID": 603003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7955", "title": "Etomidate in electroconvulsive therapy. A within-patient comparison with alphaxalone/alphadalone.", "content": "In a group of 31 patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy, there was no significant difference between the times of return of eyelash reflex, swallowing and respiration following a single induction dose of 0.2 mg/kg of etomidate as compared with an induction dose of 0.036 ml/kg of alphaxalone/alphadalone. The incidence of involuntary movements and increased muscle tone was significantly greater after etomidate than following alphaxalone/alphadalone; but the involuntary movements were never marked. The overall incidence of pain on injection was 15% after etomidate. There was a low incidence of venous sequelae following either drug.", "contents": "Etomidate in electroconvulsive therapy. A within-patient comparison with alphaxalone/alphadalone. In a group of 31 patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy, there was no significant difference between the times of return of eyelash reflex, swallowing and respiration following a single induction dose of 0.2 mg/kg of etomidate as compared with an induction dose of 0.036 ml/kg of alphaxalone/alphadalone. The incidence of involuntary movements and increased muscle tone was significantly greater after etomidate than following alphaxalone/alphadalone; but the involuntary movements were never marked. The overall incidence of pain on injection was 15% after etomidate. There was a low incidence of venous sequelae following either drug.", "PMID": 603002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7956", "title": "Scleroderma. Complications encountered during dental anaesthesia.", "content": "A young woman with scleroderma required a dental extraction for which general anaesthesia was considered appropriate. A cyanosed and painful hand followed the intravenous injection of methohexitone, and an oral laceration occurred during the extraction of a molar tooth.", "contents": "Scleroderma. Complications encountered during dental anaesthesia. A young woman with scleroderma required a dental extraction for which general anaesthesia was considered appropriate. A cyanosed and painful hand followed the intravenous injection of methohexitone, and an oral laceration occurred during the extraction of a molar tooth.", "PMID": 603004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7957", "title": "Vacuum stethoscope attached to a tape recorder. A simple device for monitoring respiration and pulse rate.", "content": "A simple apparatus consisting of a vacuum stethoscope attached to an ordinary cassette tape recorder is described. This can be used for monitoring respiration and pulse rate during paediatric anaesthesia, head and neck surgery and resuscitation of the newborn.", "contents": "Vacuum stethoscope attached to a tape recorder. A simple device for monitoring respiration and pulse rate. A simple apparatus consisting of a vacuum stethoscope attached to an ordinary cassette tape recorder is described. This can be used for monitoring respiration and pulse rate during paediatric anaesthesia, head and neck surgery and resuscitation of the newborn.", "PMID": 603005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7958", "title": "Total intravenous anaesthesia. A technique based on alphaxalone/alphadolone and pentazocine.", "content": "Two hundred and eight patients were anaesthetised using incremental doses of intravenous alphaxalone/alphadolone (Althesin). Analgesia was provided by supplements of pentazocine, which also helped eliminate the excessive movements associated with pure Althesin anaesthesia. This is a total intravenous technique and consequently eliminates the problem of atmospheric pollution. It provides adequate anaesthesia for most minor surgical procedures.", "contents": "Total intravenous anaesthesia. A technique based on alphaxalone/alphadolone and pentazocine. Two hundred and eight patients were anaesthetised using incremental doses of intravenous alphaxalone/alphadolone (Althesin). Analgesia was provided by supplements of pentazocine, which also helped eliminate the excessive movements associated with pure Althesin anaesthesia. This is a total intravenous technique and consequently eliminates the problem of atmospheric pollution. It provides adequate anaesthesia for most minor surgical procedures.", "PMID": 603006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7959", "title": "Galanthamine hydrobromide, a longer acting anticholinesterase drug, in the treatment of the central effects of scopolamine (Hyoscine).", "content": "Galanthamine hydrobromide, an anticholinesterase drug capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, was used in a patient demonstrating central effects of scopolamine (hyoscine) overdosage. It is longer acting than physostigmine and is used in anaesthesia to reverse the non-depolarizing neuromuscular block. However, studies into the dose necessary to combating scopolamine intoxication are indicated.", "contents": "Galanthamine hydrobromide, a longer acting anticholinesterase drug, in the treatment of the central effects of scopolamine (Hyoscine). Galanthamine hydrobromide, an anticholinesterase drug capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, was used in a patient demonstrating central effects of scopolamine (hyoscine) overdosage. It is longer acting than physostigmine and is used in anaesthesia to reverse the non-depolarizing neuromuscular block. However, studies into the dose necessary to combating scopolamine intoxication are indicated.", "PMID": 603022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7960", "title": "[Intensive care in rabies. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of human rabies is reported showing a peculiar course in some respects. The lack of a satisfactory history concerning an animal bite 5 months earlier as well as a misleading psychiatric history led to difficulty and delay in reaching a diagnosis. Under intensive care, including mechanical ventilation and cardiac pacing, the disease reached a final stage, which is rarely seen. The clinical course and the pathological findings are described in detail and the etiology and prognosis of the disease are discussed. The latter remains rather hopeless de spite modern intensive care.", "contents": "[Intensive care in rabies. A case report (author's transl)]. A case of human rabies is reported showing a peculiar course in some respects. The lack of a satisfactory history concerning an animal bite 5 months earlier as well as a misleading psychiatric history led to difficulty and delay in reaching a diagnosis. Under intensive care, including mechanical ventilation and cardiac pacing, the disease reached a final stage, which is rarely seen. The clinical course and the pathological findings are described in detail and the etiology and prognosis of the disease are discussed. The latter remains rather hopeless de spite modern intensive care.", "PMID": 603023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7961", "title": "Sensitivity to diethyl-ester as a possible cause of repeated cardiac arrest.", "content": "During induction of ether anaesthesia in a five year old girl with multiple cardiac defects (ASD, VSD and PS) cardiac arrest developed repeatedly. Radical surgery was subsequently performed uneventfully under morphine anaesthesia with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ether appears to be the most likely factor accounting for the repeated arrests.", "contents": "Sensitivity to diethyl-ester as a possible cause of repeated cardiac arrest. During induction of ether anaesthesia in a five year old girl with multiple cardiac defects (ASD, VSD and PS) cardiac arrest developed repeatedly. Radical surgery was subsequently performed uneventfully under morphine anaesthesia with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ether appears to be the most likely factor accounting for the repeated arrests.", "PMID": 603024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7962", "title": "[A simple apparatus to check ventilation and respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple device is described which gives visible and audible warning of interruption of ventilation, whether artificial or spontaneous. A thermistor is incorporated in an adaptor placed between the Y-piece and the endotracheal tube. It responds to a change in temperature before the tube via an electronic system that makes two small green bulbs glow. The sound signal is given 6 seconds after the last optical signal of the bulbs.", "contents": "[A simple apparatus to check ventilation and respiration (author's transl)]. A simple device is described which gives visible and audible warning of interruption of ventilation, whether artificial or spontaneous. A thermistor is incorporated in an adaptor placed between the Y-piece and the endotracheal tube. It responds to a change in temperature before the tube via an electronic system that makes two small green bulbs glow. The sound signal is given 6 seconds after the last optical signal of the bulbs.", "PMID": 603026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7963", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of 131I-labelled thyroxine in the tissues of rat.", "content": "An attempt was made to visualize the sites of localization of 131I-labelled thyroxine in the tissues of the rat by autoradiographic dipping techniques. The maximal uptake of 131I-throxine in rats occurred at 12 hours in all the tissues examined. The radioactivity continued to decrease from 12 to 36 hours after the injection. In the liver and kidney, the decline after 12 hours was rather marked. The radioactivity decreased only slightly from 12 to 36 hours in the spleen. After 3 hours of injection, the radioactivity was consistently higher in the thyroid follicular epithelial cells than in the interfollicular connective tissue. A high concentration of radioactivity was found at the periphery of the colloid areas.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of 131I-labelled thyroxine in the tissues of rat. An attempt was made to visualize the sites of localization of 131I-labelled thyroxine in the tissues of the rat by autoradiographic dipping techniques. The maximal uptake of 131I-throxine in rats occurred at 12 hours in all the tissues examined. The radioactivity continued to decrease from 12 to 36 hours after the injection. In the liver and kidney, the decline after 12 hours was rather marked. The radioactivity decreased only slightly from 12 to 36 hours in the spleen. After 3 hours of injection, the radioactivity was consistently higher in the thyroid follicular epithelial cells than in the interfollicular connective tissue. A high concentration of radioactivity was found at the periphery of the colloid areas.", "PMID": 603062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7964", "title": "The blood supply of the abdominally-placed vertical sigmoid colon.", "content": "We have recorded the blood supply to a high or subsplenic sigmoid loop from branches of the left colic and first sigmoid arteries. An accessory middle colic present in this case crossed the region immediately superior to the apex of the sigmoid loop. In this instance it arose from the dorsal pancreatic which also gave origin to inferior pancreaticoduodenal branches. Since the high sigmoid may be retroperitoneal, as in the case described, it would not be readily apparent; it would require lateral views to separate it from the descending colon radiographically.", "contents": "The blood supply of the abdominally-placed vertical sigmoid colon. We have recorded the blood supply to a high or subsplenic sigmoid loop from branches of the left colic and first sigmoid arteries. An accessory middle colic present in this case crossed the region immediately superior to the apex of the sigmoid loop. In this instance it arose from the dorsal pancreatic which also gave origin to inferior pancreaticoduodenal branches. Since the high sigmoid may be retroperitoneal, as in the case described, it would not be readily apparent; it would require lateral views to separate it from the descending colon radiographically.", "PMID": 603063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7965", "title": "Anatomical variants of the celiac artery in the sheep, with special reference to the celiomesenteric arterial trunk.", "content": "The course of celiac artery is described on the basis of studies on the carcases of 28 three-year old merino sheep of both sexes (7 males and 21 females). These investigations have shown that there are two main variants of the celiac artery. Of these, 60.7 percent of the sheep dissected exhibited the first, characterized by a separate issue of the celiac artery from the aorta. The second variant, characterized by the issue of the celiac artery from a celiomesenteric arterial trunk common to the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, was found in 39.3 percent of the specimens. In the material studies, besides the variability in the course of the celiac artery, individual differences were found in the structure and topography of the neurovegetative vascular plexuses.", "contents": "Anatomical variants of the celiac artery in the sheep, with special reference to the celiomesenteric arterial trunk. The course of celiac artery is described on the basis of studies on the carcases of 28 three-year old merino sheep of both sexes (7 males and 21 females). These investigations have shown that there are two main variants of the celiac artery. Of these, 60.7 percent of the sheep dissected exhibited the first, characterized by a separate issue of the celiac artery from the aorta. The second variant, characterized by the issue of the celiac artery from a celiomesenteric arterial trunk common to the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, was found in 39.3 percent of the specimens. In the material studies, besides the variability in the course of the celiac artery, individual differences were found in the structure and topography of the neurovegetative vascular plexuses.", "PMID": 603064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7966", "title": "[On the venous system in the retroperitoneal region (a contribution to the persistence of the primitive vena cava system) (author's transl)].", "content": "A vasal anomaly in the region of the Vena cava inferior is being described in the corpse of a 25-year-old man. 1. In the course of development the V. subcardinalis has not been joined to the Pars hepatica of the V. cava inferior, which originates from the V. hepatis revehens communis. In our case the Anastomosis intersubcardinalis remains and is subjected to a slight retroaortal displacement to the left. 2. Among the Vv. sacrocardinales the V. sacrocardinalis sinistra, which ought to involute after the sixth embryonal week, has been retained together with the Anastomosis intersacrocardinalis. 3. The Vv. supracardinales are connected with the intersubcardinal anastomosis and the intersupracardinal transversal anastomosis has been retained. 4. The Vv. caudales end in the Anastomosis sacrocardinalis at a point before the Sacrum and the Anastomosis intercaudalis has been retained, too. 5. The caudal section of the right lower cardinal vein in its prerenal part is retained with an anastomosis to the right subcardinal vein. 6. The portal blood of the liver is directly distributed to the atrium dextrum after it has passed through three Vv. hepaticae. The Lig. venosum is intrahepatic and is joined to the Vv. hepaticae. 7. The primitive bilateral-symmetric veinous system of the caudal half of the body continues to exist almost completely.", "contents": "[On the venous system in the retroperitoneal region (a contribution to the persistence of the primitive vena cava system) (author's transl)]. A vasal anomaly in the region of the Vena cava inferior is being described in the corpse of a 25-year-old man. 1. In the course of development the V. subcardinalis has not been joined to the Pars hepatica of the V. cava inferior, which originates from the V. hepatis revehens communis. In our case the Anastomosis intersubcardinalis remains and is subjected to a slight retroaortal displacement to the left. 2. Among the Vv. sacrocardinales the V. sacrocardinalis sinistra, which ought to involute after the sixth embryonal week, has been retained together with the Anastomosis intersacrocardinalis. 3. The Vv. supracardinales are connected with the intersubcardinal anastomosis and the intersupracardinal transversal anastomosis has been retained. 4. The Vv. caudales end in the Anastomosis sacrocardinalis at a point before the Sacrum and the Anastomosis intercaudalis has been retained, too. 5. The caudal section of the right lower cardinal vein in its prerenal part is retained with an anastomosis to the right subcardinal vein. 6. The portal blood of the liver is directly distributed to the atrium dextrum after it has passed through three Vv. hepaticae. The Lig. venosum is intrahepatic and is joined to the Vv. hepaticae. 7. The primitive bilateral-symmetric veinous system of the caudal half of the body continues to exist almost completely.", "PMID": 603065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7967", "title": "[Experimental studies of the historheology of the liver capsule (author's transl)].", "content": "We have performed histomechanical experiments with historheological methods on the liver capsule of men and cattle. The liver capsule is a non linear viscoelastic tissue. The force-extension diagram or the force-time curve under increase in length shows a flat initial part with a large strain reserve, then an arched domain and subsequently a steep increase in force with a coordination of a small increase in length. The hysteresis loop is represented. When the tissue is in a viscoelastic steady state (preconditioned), the force-extension curves respectively the force-time curves are identical one with another and under certain presuppositions reproducible. This is also the case with the static relaxation curve and the force recovery curve (inverse relaxation). With a ramp shaped extension time input function and an additional, superimposed sinus length-time input function we can observe the following dynamical force-time output functions: Non linear dynamical force increase, amplitude increment phenomenon, dynamical force recovery (dynamical inverse relaxation). Various dynamical-statical transients are demonstrated in diagrams. The mechanical properties of the liver capsule are interacting with the ligaments of the liver, with the intrahepatic connective tissue, and with the liver parenchyma. Aspects of the functional anatomy and the tension of the capsule in an acute increase of he liver parenchyma are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the historheology of the liver capsule (author's transl)]. We have performed histomechanical experiments with historheological methods on the liver capsule of men and cattle. The liver capsule is a non linear viscoelastic tissue. The force-extension diagram or the force-time curve under increase in length shows a flat initial part with a large strain reserve, then an arched domain and subsequently a steep increase in force with a coordination of a small increase in length. The hysteresis loop is represented. When the tissue is in a viscoelastic steady state (preconditioned), the force-extension curves respectively the force-time curves are identical one with another and under certain presuppositions reproducible. This is also the case with the static relaxation curve and the force recovery curve (inverse relaxation). With a ramp shaped extension time input function and an additional, superimposed sinus length-time input function we can observe the following dynamical force-time output functions: Non linear dynamical force increase, amplitude increment phenomenon, dynamical force recovery (dynamical inverse relaxation). Various dynamical-statical transients are demonstrated in diagrams. The mechanical properties of the liver capsule are interacting with the ligaments of the liver, with the intrahepatic connective tissue, and with the liver parenchyma. Aspects of the functional anatomy and the tension of the capsule in an acute increase of he liver parenchyma are discussed.", "PMID": 603066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7968", "title": "The individualities of bronchioles of the upper and middle lobes in the lung of guinea pig.", "content": "The bronchiole variation found in Guinea pigs is important for our understanding of the individualities of the upper lobe and middle lobe bronchioles. The upper lobe bronchiole of the Guinea pig can be divided into three sorts, namely, the well developed, ill developed and completely absent ones. Generally the right lung as the upper lobe bronchiole, while the left lung lacks the upper lobe bronchiole in many cases.", "contents": "The individualities of bronchioles of the upper and middle lobes in the lung of guinea pig. The bronchiole variation found in Guinea pigs is important for our understanding of the individualities of the upper lobe and middle lobe bronchioles. The upper lobe bronchiole of the Guinea pig can be divided into three sorts, namely, the well developed, ill developed and completely absent ones. Generally the right lung as the upper lobe bronchiole, while the left lung lacks the upper lobe bronchiole in many cases.", "PMID": 603068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7969", "title": "Ectopic lungs in a human fetus with Klippel-Feil syndrome.", "content": "The hyperplastic lungs protruding out of the thoracic cavity are described in a full term still-born male cotwin having Klippel-Feil syndrome, single umbilical artery, dextrocardia and a right sided aorta. Both lungs herniated into the abdomen through bilateral defects in the diaphragm. The righ lung, in addition, herniated superiorly toward the base of the skull. The pulmonary herniation appears to be due to spinal retroflexion which reduces the capacity of the thoracic cage. The various anomalies observed can be attributed to the disturbances caused by single umbilical artery.", "contents": "Ectopic lungs in a human fetus with Klippel-Feil syndrome. The hyperplastic lungs protruding out of the thoracic cavity are described in a full term still-born male cotwin having Klippel-Feil syndrome, single umbilical artery, dextrocardia and a right sided aorta. Both lungs herniated into the abdomen through bilateral defects in the diaphragm. The righ lung, in addition, herniated superiorly toward the base of the skull. The pulmonary herniation appears to be due to spinal retroflexion which reduces the capacity of the thoracic cage. The various anomalies observed can be attributed to the disturbances caused by single umbilical artery.", "PMID": 603069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7970", "title": "The effect of laser on the developing and adult rodent retinas and brains.", "content": "The effect of laser on the retinas and brains of the neonatal and adult rodents were studied by employing monoamine oxidase histochemistry and K+ concentration study. No significant difference was found in the neonatal retinas and brains after irradiation when compared with control. But significant differences were found in the retinas and brains of the adult rodents after irradiation.", "contents": "The effect of laser on the developing and adult rodent retinas and brains. The effect of laser on the retinas and brains of the neonatal and adult rodents were studied by employing monoamine oxidase histochemistry and K+ concentration study. No significant difference was found in the neonatal retinas and brains after irradiation when compared with control. But significant differences were found in the retinas and brains of the adult rodents after irradiation.", "PMID": 603070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7971", "title": "[Theoretic considerations on the vibration of human skulls (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a computer program for the evaluating of free eligible rotation-symmetrical cylinder shells the number of magnitude of the natural-frequencies were estimated. Assuming the skull of being annulary fixed the calculated values doe in the same range as those got from deat bodies or macerated skulls respectively. Modeling the vibration conditions for the non-fixed border of the skull, the mode shifts into a singulaer point on the rotations axis. In fact the mode in exactly known basis fractures tends to go to the vertex.", "contents": "[Theoretic considerations on the vibration of human skulls (author's transl)]. Using a computer program for the evaluating of free eligible rotation-symmetrical cylinder shells the number of magnitude of the natural-frequencies were estimated. Assuming the skull of being annulary fixed the calculated values doe in the same range as those got from deat bodies or macerated skulls respectively. Modeling the vibration conditions for the non-fixed border of the skull, the mode shifts into a singulaer point on the rotations axis. In fact the mode in exactly known basis fractures tends to go to the vertex.", "PMID": 603073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7972", "title": "[On the estimation of the vibration of human skulls (author's transl)].", "content": "The skull as a biosystem capable vibration shows characteristic oscillation modes with specific Eigen-frequencies. For the calculation of the these values we used a test method. The 4 lowest Eigen-frequencies are in the range of 1-3 KHz(f1 = 1,03 +/- 0,35KHz;f2 = 1,71 +/- 0,13KHz;f3 = 2,16 +/- 0,12 KHz and f4 = 2,57 +/- 0,11 KHz;n = 13). The shifting of the vibration mode is of diagnostic value in estimating of skull-basis-fractures.", "contents": "[On the estimation of the vibration of human skulls (author's transl)]. The skull as a biosystem capable vibration shows characteristic oscillation modes with specific Eigen-frequencies. For the calculation of the these values we used a test method. The 4 lowest Eigen-frequencies are in the range of 1-3 KHz(f1 = 1,03 +/- 0,35KHz;f2 = 1,71 +/- 0,13KHz;f3 = 2,16 +/- 0,12 KHz and f4 = 2,57 +/- 0,11 KHz;n = 13). The shifting of the vibration mode is of diagnostic value in estimating of skull-basis-fractures.", "PMID": 603074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7973", "title": "[Characteristic Biomechanical values for the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Four human hip joints which had been fixed informaldehyde taken from human corpses (average age at death: 72 years) were subjected to pressure along defined axes and tested for static strength and elasticity, the hip joint being regarded as a system. The stress-strain curve reveals no definite linearity. The deviations from Hooke's elasticity found in this way have been explained by the fact that not only completely elastic bone, but also plastic components (cartilage of the joint) were tested. The maximum breaking strain, the modulus of elasticity and the elasticity coefficient were also determined. Only about 50% of all fractures observed on the test set-up were diagnosticised radiologically. The parameters which have, in the past, been determined only on models have thus been replaced by experimental results obtained on actual hip joints.", "contents": "[Characteristic Biomechanical values for the hip joint (author's transl)]. Four human hip joints which had been fixed informaldehyde taken from human corpses (average age at death: 72 years) were subjected to pressure along defined axes and tested for static strength and elasticity, the hip joint being regarded as a system. The stress-strain curve reveals no definite linearity. The deviations from Hooke's elasticity found in this way have been explained by the fact that not only completely elastic bone, but also plastic components (cartilage of the joint) were tested. The maximum breaking strain, the modulus of elasticity and the elasticity coefficient were also determined. Only about 50% of all fractures observed on the test set-up were diagnosticised radiologically. The parameters which have, in the past, been determined only on models have thus been replaced by experimental results obtained on actual hip joints.", "PMID": 603075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7974", "title": "Nerve supply for anomalous ocular muscle in man.", "content": "Of the orbitas of 85 humans examined, the same type of anomalous ocular muscle was found in 5 orbitas from three men and a woman. The anomalous ocular muscle, which originated the belly or the proximal part of the M. levator palpebrae superioris to attach to the Sclera, Trochlea and neighbouring tissues, was identical to the M. tensor trochleae described by Budge (1859) was innervated by the Ramus superior of the N. oculomotorius. Two main branches from the R. superior of the N. oculomotorius for the M. rectus superior united to form common loop before supplying the M. levator palpebrae superioris. The loop had a few branches of which the thick one supplied the M. levator palpebrae superioris and smaller ones innervated the anomalous ocular muscle from the ventral and sometimes dorsal sides.", "contents": "Nerve supply for anomalous ocular muscle in man. Of the orbitas of 85 humans examined, the same type of anomalous ocular muscle was found in 5 orbitas from three men and a woman. The anomalous ocular muscle, which originated the belly or the proximal part of the M. levator palpebrae superioris to attach to the Sclera, Trochlea and neighbouring tissues, was identical to the M. tensor trochleae described by Budge (1859) was innervated by the Ramus superior of the N. oculomotorius. Two main branches from the R. superior of the N. oculomotorius for the M. rectus superior united to form common loop before supplying the M. levator palpebrae superioris. The loop had a few branches of which the thick one supplied the M. levator palpebrae superioris and smaller ones innervated the anomalous ocular muscle from the ventral and sometimes dorsal sides.", "PMID": 603076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7975", "title": "[Comparison of the three-dimensional behaviour of the relief of the enamel crown and dentine crown in the permanent dentition in the mole (author's trnasl)].", "content": "1. As an example for the dentition of the insectivores, the teeth from 20 wholly conserved skulls of moles were investigated and measured before and after electrolytic decalcification. Every crown was described and photographically registered in the calcified and decalcified states. 2. The relief of the enamel crown was compared to that of the dentine crown. Almost without exceptions, the form of the dentine crown narrowly corresponded to that of the enamel crown. 3. The 3rd lower premolar can be an exception: in one case, its dentine crown showed two cusps while its enamel crown demonstrated only one of them. 4. The form of the crown is determined by genetically fixed and not by functionally induced growth-factors.", "contents": "[Comparison of the three-dimensional behaviour of the relief of the enamel crown and dentine crown in the permanent dentition in the mole (author's trnasl)]. 1. As an example for the dentition of the insectivores, the teeth from 20 wholly conserved skulls of moles were investigated and measured before and after electrolytic decalcification. Every crown was described and photographically registered in the calcified and decalcified states. 2. The relief of the enamel crown was compared to that of the dentine crown. Almost without exceptions, the form of the dentine crown narrowly corresponded to that of the enamel crown. 3. The 3rd lower premolar can be an exception: in one case, its dentine crown showed two cusps while its enamel crown demonstrated only one of them. 4. The form of the crown is determined by genetically fixed and not by functionally induced growth-factors.", "PMID": 603077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7976", "title": "A pattern formed by preferential orientation of tangential fibres in layer I of the rabbit's cerebral cortex.", "content": "1. The tangential organization of layer I has been studied in frozen sections impregnated according to a modified Liesegang method and in Bodian impregnated paraffin sections cut tangentially to the dorsal surface of the rabbit's cerebral cortex. 2. It is shown that sublamina tangentialis of layer I contains a system of parallel nerve fibres forming a distinct pattern in the tangential plane. 3. This pattern has been reconstructed for a large region of the dorsal surface of the cerebral cortex including the striate areas as well as the peristriate, parietal and precentral agranular regions and parts of the retrosplenial area. 4. In most parts of the region investigated, the tangential fibres of layer I are oriented in an antero-medial to postero-lateral direction, forming an angle of about 50 degrees with the sagittal plane. 5. Deviations from this pattern are found in the furrows formed by the lateral sulcus and the frontal impression and also in the caudal part of the retrosplenial area. In these regions, which are characterized by comparatively steep changes of the cortical relief, the fibres course in a more sagittal direction.", "contents": "A pattern formed by preferential orientation of tangential fibres in layer I of the rabbit's cerebral cortex. 1. The tangential organization of layer I has been studied in frozen sections impregnated according to a modified Liesegang method and in Bodian impregnated paraffin sections cut tangentially to the dorsal surface of the rabbit's cerebral cortex. 2. It is shown that sublamina tangentialis of layer I contains a system of parallel nerve fibres forming a distinct pattern in the tangential plane. 3. This pattern has been reconstructed for a large region of the dorsal surface of the cerebral cortex including the striate areas as well as the peristriate, parietal and precentral agranular regions and parts of the retrosplenial area. 4. In most parts of the region investigated, the tangential fibres of layer I are oriented in an antero-medial to postero-lateral direction, forming an angle of about 50 degrees with the sagittal plane. 5. Deviations from this pattern are found in the furrows formed by the lateral sulcus and the frontal impression and also in the caudal part of the retrosplenial area. In these regions, which are characterized by comparatively steep changes of the cortical relief, the fibres course in a more sagittal direction.", "PMID": 603078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7977", "title": "The fine structure of the ependymal surface of the recessus infundibularis in the rat.", "content": "The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories; nerve cells, lymphocytes and \"dense cells\". Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.", "contents": "The fine structure of the ependymal surface of the recessus infundibularis in the rat. The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories; nerve cells, lymphocytes and \"dense cells\". Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.", "PMID": 603079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7978", "title": "Artificial neural induction in amphibia. I. Sandwich explants.", "content": "1. Embryonic tissues (ectoderm, neural plate) of Ambystoma mexicanum and Tritus were killed with hot water and implanted into ectoderm sandwiches. They induced the ectoderm to form neural tissue, lentoids and unspecialized epidermis. Neural tissue always showed retina character. Egg pigment was eliminated and gathered at the outer retinal surface or in the centre of rosettes. Neural crest cells like mesenchyme or melanophores were completely lacking, retinal pigment did not develop. 2. The thus induced living retina tissue was reimplanted into fresh ectoderm after 2 days. It continued histogenetic and morphogenetic differentiation and formed ocular vesicles with numerous eye cups. It induced the enveloping ectoderm to again form retina, lentoids and unspecialized epidermis without neural crest derivatives or RPE. 3. This inductive process can be reproduced several times.", "contents": "Artificial neural induction in amphibia. I. Sandwich explants. 1. Embryonic tissues (ectoderm, neural plate) of Ambystoma mexicanum and Tritus were killed with hot water and implanted into ectoderm sandwiches. They induced the ectoderm to form neural tissue, lentoids and unspecialized epidermis. Neural tissue always showed retina character. Egg pigment was eliminated and gathered at the outer retinal surface or in the centre of rosettes. Neural crest cells like mesenchyme or melanophores were completely lacking, retinal pigment did not develop. 2. The thus induced living retina tissue was reimplanted into fresh ectoderm after 2 days. It continued histogenetic and morphogenetic differentiation and formed ocular vesicles with numerous eye cups. It induced the enveloping ectoderm to again form retina, lentoids and unspecialized epidermis without neural crest derivatives or RPE. 3. This inductive process can be reproduced several times.", "PMID": 603082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7979", "title": "Intercellular gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of the chick.", "content": "Gap junctions are found in the pigment epithelium, between retina and pigment epithelium and in the retina of 5-14 day chick embryos, they are identified using block staining and extracellular tracer techniques. In the pigment epithelium gap junctions are found between cell bodies and interdigitating processes and many change their position during development. Gap junctions between retina and pigment epithelium are only made by undifferentiated retinal ventricular cells and may provide intercytoplasmic pathways important for photoreceptor differentiation. Retinal gap junctions are found in an outer zone next to the pigment epithelium and inner zone near the vitreous, they are only seen between ventricular cells but may provide pathways for ganglion cell specification. The role of gap junctions in the generation of retinal neurons is discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of the chick. Gap junctions are found in the pigment epithelium, between retina and pigment epithelium and in the retina of 5-14 day chick embryos, they are identified using block staining and extracellular tracer techniques. In the pigment epithelium gap junctions are found between cell bodies and interdigitating processes and many change their position during development. Gap junctions between retina and pigment epithelium are only made by undifferentiated retinal ventricular cells and may provide intercytoplasmic pathways important for photoreceptor differentiation. Retinal gap junctions are found in an outer zone next to the pigment epithelium and inner zone near the vitreous, they are only seen between ventricular cells but may provide pathways for ganglion cell specification. The role of gap junctions in the generation of retinal neurons is discussed.", "PMID": 603084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7980", "title": "The postnatal development of rat dentate gyrus and the effect of early thyroid hormone treatment.", "content": "The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 microgram/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.", "contents": "The postnatal development of rat dentate gyrus and the effect of early thyroid hormone treatment. The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 microgram/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.", "PMID": 603085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7981", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma.", "content": "Six plasma eserine resistant esterase phenotypes were observed in a population of 1438 dogs consisting of 38 breeds. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs examined revealed that the phenotypic variation of eserine resistant esterases was controlled by 3 codominant alleles ESA, ESB and ESC at one autosomal locus. The gene frequency of ESB was high in most of the breeds examined. Allele ESC was only seen in 5 Japanese native breeds, Akita, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Shinshu-Shiba and Mino-Shiba, and in a Spitz dog. Allele ESA has a low frequency in Japanese breeds but a higher frequency in some of the European breeds tested.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma. Six plasma eserine resistant esterase phenotypes were observed in a population of 1438 dogs consisting of 38 breeds. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs examined revealed that the phenotypic variation of eserine resistant esterases was controlled by 3 codominant alleles ESA, ESB and ESC at one autosomal locus. The gene frequency of ESB was high in most of the breeds examined. Allele ESC was only seen in 5 Japanese native breeds, Akita, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Shinshu-Shiba and Mino-Shiba, and in a Spitz dog. Allele ESA has a low frequency in Japanese breeds but a higher frequency in some of the European breeds tested.", "PMID": 603095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7982", "title": "Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial determinations of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes were performed in 400 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The findings were correlated with the clinical course and the findings in another 300 cases of increased CPK levels. MB-CPK, the cardiac fraction, was present in all 400 cases of AMI and in only 5 cases of the 300 patients with high CPK due to causes other than AMI. Based on the magnitude and time course of the total CPK in relation to the MB-CPK, five different patterns are described which correlate with the clinical course. Our findings thus suggest that the determination of CPK isoenzymes can be a most helpful diagnostic tool in the care of the cardiac patient.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Serial determinations of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes were performed in 400 patients with definite acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The findings were correlated with the clinical course and the findings in another 300 cases of increased CPK levels. MB-CPK, the cardiac fraction, was present in all 400 cases of AMI and in only 5 cases of the 300 patients with high CPK due to causes other than AMI. Based on the magnitude and time course of the total CPK in relation to the MB-CPK, five different patterns are described which correlate with the clinical course. Our findings thus suggest that the determination of CPK isoenzymes can be a most helpful diagnostic tool in the care of the cardiac patient.", "PMID": 603094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7983", "title": "Horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post-transferrin, albumin and post-albumin in the blood plasma of cattle.", "content": "A simple method of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was described for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post-transferrin, albumin and post-albumin in the blood plasma of cattle. A step gradient gel of 8, 4, 12 and 14% acrylamide concentration was used. The method enabled the detection of a new protein polymorphism in the post-transferrin region. Two alleles were observed. The transferrin phenotypes involving D1 and D2 alleles were clearly separated. The resolution of the post-albumin fractions was also better than described by earlier methods.", "contents": "Horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post-transferrin, albumin and post-albumin in the blood plasma of cattle. A simple method of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was described for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post-transferrin, albumin and post-albumin in the blood plasma of cattle. A step gradient gel of 8, 4, 12 and 14% acrylamide concentration was used. The method enabled the detection of a new protein polymorphism in the post-transferrin region. Two alleles were observed. The transferrin phenotypes involving D1 and D2 alleles were clearly separated. The resolution of the post-albumin fractions was also better than described by earlier methods.", "PMID": 603096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7984", "title": "Haemolytic anaemia in Basenji dogs. 2. Partial deficiency of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) in heterozygous carriers.", "content": "Congenital nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia (HA) in dogs of the Basenji breed is inherited as a simple, autosomal recessive trait. Previous results of pyruvate kinase (PK) assays suggest a causal relationship between the anaemia and PK deficiency in erythrocytes. In the present investigation assays of this enzyme have been performed on haemolysates from 45 Basenji dogs, comprising 3 anaemic and 42 non-anaemic individuals of which 13 were known heterozygotes. The PK activity in haemolysates from the 42 non-anaemic dogs exhibited a bimodal distribution corresponding to the genotypic classes: heterozygotes and normal homozygotes. The results indicate that heterozygotes have a partial, detectable enzyme deficiency, not reflected in clinical disease, and thus give evidence of a gene dosage effect in agreement with observations in man. The proposed genotypes PK PK, PK pk and pk pk refer to normal homozygotes, heterozygotes, and anaemic individuals, respectively. The findings strengthen the genetic hypothesis of recessiveness of the anaemia by direct detection of heterozygosity of parents of affected individuals. Moreover, the results are of value in comparative studies and they have practical application in connection with eradication programmes.", "contents": "Haemolytic anaemia in Basenji dogs. 2. Partial deficiency of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) in heterozygous carriers. Congenital nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia (HA) in dogs of the Basenji breed is inherited as a simple, autosomal recessive trait. Previous results of pyruvate kinase (PK) assays suggest a causal relationship between the anaemia and PK deficiency in erythrocytes. In the present investigation assays of this enzyme have been performed on haemolysates from 45 Basenji dogs, comprising 3 anaemic and 42 non-anaemic individuals of which 13 were known heterozygotes. The PK activity in haemolysates from the 42 non-anaemic dogs exhibited a bimodal distribution corresponding to the genotypic classes: heterozygotes and normal homozygotes. The results indicate that heterozygotes have a partial, detectable enzyme deficiency, not reflected in clinical disease, and thus give evidence of a gene dosage effect in agreement with observations in man. The proposed genotypes PK PK, PK pk and pk pk refer to normal homozygotes, heterozygotes, and anaemic individuals, respectively. The findings strengthen the genetic hypothesis of recessiveness of the anaemia by direct detection of heterozygosity of parents of affected individuals. Moreover, the results are of value in comparative studies and they have practical application in connection with eradication programmes.", "PMID": 603097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7985", "title": "Taste sensitivity in the embryo of the domestic fowl.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to investigate the sense of taste in embryos of the domestic fowl. In the first, four taste substances; NaCl, HCl, glucose and SOA were diluted with distilled water and the response was compared with that to distilled water alone. No significant effects of taste were found. In the second experiment five taste substances: HCl, fructose, NaCl, KCl and quinine were diluted with fluids normally imbibed by the embryo: amniotic and/or allantoic fluid taken from other eggs. These solutions and also distilled water were compared with egg-fluid alone. A highly significant effect of the five solutions was found showing that the taste system becomes functional before the time of hatching. Distilled water produced on an unexpectedly large response in the embryo; possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Taste sensitivity in the embryo of the domestic fowl. Two experiments were carried out to investigate the sense of taste in embryos of the domestic fowl. In the first, four taste substances; NaCl, HCl, glucose and SOA were diluted with distilled water and the response was compared with that to distilled water alone. No significant effects of taste were found. In the second experiment five taste substances: HCl, fructose, NaCl, KCl and quinine were diluted with fluids normally imbibed by the embryo: amniotic and/or allantoic fluid taken from other eggs. These solutions and also distilled water were compared with egg-fluid alone. A highly significant effect of the five solutions was found showing that the taste system becomes functional before the time of hatching. Distilled water produced on an unexpectedly large response in the embryo; possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 603098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7986", "title": "[Electrometric determination of urinary ammonia using a continuous-flow automatic method].", "content": "A critical study has been designed to evaluate the application of an electrometric method to the assay of ammonia in urine. The use of NH3-gaz permeable membrane electrode with a continuous flow system seems to have solved most of the problems evoked by former studies. The results obtained show that the method is reliable for the use in clinical routine. The simplification of the ammonia measurement procedure thus achieved will allow an important increase in the number of renal function tests that a clinical routine laboratory can handle in a hospital.", "contents": "[Electrometric determination of urinary ammonia using a continuous-flow automatic method]. A critical study has been designed to evaluate the application of an electrometric method to the assay of ammonia in urine. The use of NH3-gaz permeable membrane electrode with a continuous flow system seems to have solved most of the problems evoked by former studies. The results obtained show that the method is reliable for the use in clinical routine. The simplification of the ammonia measurement procedure thus achieved will allow an important increase in the number of renal function tests that a clinical routine laboratory can handle in a hospital.", "PMID": 603099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7987", "title": "[Characterization of the thio-dependent hemolysin of Bacillus alvei].", "content": "Bacillus alvei hemolytic toxin has been characterized in five main steps from a 18 hours culture supernatant fluid. 50% ammonium sulfate precipitations are followed by Sephadex gel filtrations. After that we proceed to an isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH gradient (from 4 to 6). A final step consists in a gel filtration allowing to separate sucrose and ampholins from toxin preparation. The homogeneity of the alveolysin preparation is controlled on double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoretic analysis and polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. From this study we can conclude that B. alvei hemolysin has a molecular weight of 45,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.1. 80 ng/HU of cholesterol represent the 50% inhibitory dose for the hemolytic activity of the alveolysin. Lethal dose calculated on mice is found to be 300 HU.", "contents": "[Characterization of the thio-dependent hemolysin of Bacillus alvei]. Bacillus alvei hemolytic toxin has been characterized in five main steps from a 18 hours culture supernatant fluid. 50% ammonium sulfate precipitations are followed by Sephadex gel filtrations. After that we proceed to an isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH gradient (from 4 to 6). A final step consists in a gel filtration allowing to separate sucrose and ampholins from toxin preparation. The homogeneity of the alveolysin preparation is controlled on double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoretic analysis and polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. From this study we can conclude that B. alvei hemolysin has a molecular weight of 45,000 and an isoelectric point of 5.1. 80 ng/HU of cholesterol represent the 50% inhibitory dose for the hemolytic activity of the alveolysin. Lethal dose calculated on mice is found to be 300 HU.", "PMID": 603100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7988", "title": "[Study of 50 strains of Aeromonas hydrophilia isolated from fishes].", "content": "A bacteriological survey of the healthy Goldfish (Carassius auratus) demonstrated the frequent occurrence of A. hydrophila. The biochemical characters and the sensitivity to 29 chemiotherapics and 15 antiseptics of 50 fish originating strains were studied and compared with a number of strains, implicated in human pathology. The results of this study indicate a good agreement for the biochemical characters and the sensitivity to chemiotherapics between the fish and the human strains. Owing to this statement, the author suggests to bear in mind the potential hazard which could result in the introduction of ornamental fishes in the hospital environment.", "contents": "[Study of 50 strains of Aeromonas hydrophilia isolated from fishes]. A bacteriological survey of the healthy Goldfish (Carassius auratus) demonstrated the frequent occurrence of A. hydrophila. The biochemical characters and the sensitivity to 29 chemiotherapics and 15 antiseptics of 50 fish originating strains were studied and compared with a number of strains, implicated in human pathology. The results of this study indicate a good agreement for the biochemical characters and the sensitivity to chemiotherapics between the fish and the human strains. Owing to this statement, the author suggests to bear in mind the potential hazard which could result in the introduction of ornamental fishes in the hospital environment.", "PMID": 603101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7989", "title": "[Conductometric microdosage of blood and urine urea by use of a semi-automatic analyser].", "content": "The authors present the principle of a new method of urea estimation based on conductimetry. Its results are compared with those given by the colorimetric method using diacetylmonoxime. Correlation of the results was satisfactory. With the apparatus studied, it was possible to estimate very simply plasma and urinary urea with low volume samples 10 microliter). The titration took 30 seconds.", "contents": "[Conductometric microdosage of blood and urine urea by use of a semi-automatic analyser]. The authors present the principle of a new method of urea estimation based on conductimetry. Its results are compared with those given by the colorimetric method using diacetylmonoxime. Correlation of the results was satisfactory. With the apparatus studied, it was possible to estimate very simply plasma and urinary urea with low volume samples 10 microliter). The titration took 30 seconds.", "PMID": 603102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7990", "title": "[Pathology of the cardio-hiatal sector].", "content": "Authors give rational rules for therapy of these anomalies, based on their samp physiopathology. Special attention is given to quality of gastro-esophageal reflux, which in cases of gastric hyperacidity can be the cause of complications in this disease. A wide study made in different groups of these patients, and comparison with a normal group and others affected with a probable duodenal ulcer, is sufficiently significant for accepting this possibility. Postural therapy for gastric ectopias and cardiac-esophageal dilatations in the first months of life are proposed. In case of bad evolution or presentation of a gastric hyperacidity on approaching one year of age, a surgical intervention is indicated. Big hernias should always be operated. As a surgical technique they propose an anatomical correction in order to return a normal physiology to the affected region.", "contents": "[Pathology of the cardio-hiatal sector]. Authors give rational rules for therapy of these anomalies, based on their samp physiopathology. Special attention is given to quality of gastro-esophageal reflux, which in cases of gastric hyperacidity can be the cause of complications in this disease. A wide study made in different groups of these patients, and comparison with a normal group and others affected with a probable duodenal ulcer, is sufficiently significant for accepting this possibility. Postural therapy for gastric ectopias and cardiac-esophageal dilatations in the first months of life are proposed. In case of bad evolution or presentation of a gastric hyperacidity on approaching one year of age, a surgical intervention is indicated. Big hernias should always be operated. As a surgical technique they propose an anatomical correction in order to return a normal physiology to the affected region.", "PMID": 603103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7991", "title": "[Determination of weight concentration of dusts using automatic sample-collecting devices based on beta absorption and on the Tyndall effect].", "content": "Some automatic sample-collecting sets for measuring the ponderal concentration of dust have been tested. Such apparatuses are based on two different principles: beta ray absorption, and Tyndall effect. It is shown how, through the beta absorption apparatus, it is also possible to carry out absolute measurements, after evaluating obviously the possible matrix effects. Furthermore it is shown how the sample-collecting sets, based on Tyndall effect, open new prospects in their employement on machinery drainage processes, or in following the behaviour of dust phenomena. The two types of apparatus thus tested integrate each other, where an automatic control, particularly in working environments, is needed.", "contents": "[Determination of weight concentration of dusts using automatic sample-collecting devices based on beta absorption and on the Tyndall effect]. Some automatic sample-collecting sets for measuring the ponderal concentration of dust have been tested. Such apparatuses are based on two different principles: beta ray absorption, and Tyndall effect. It is shown how, through the beta absorption apparatus, it is also possible to carry out absolute measurements, after evaluating obviously the possible matrix effects. Furthermore it is shown how the sample-collecting sets, based on Tyndall effect, open new prospects in their employement on machinery drainage processes, or in following the behaviour of dust phenomena. The two types of apparatus thus tested integrate each other, where an automatic control, particularly in working environments, is needed.", "PMID": 603110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7992", "title": "[Asbestos minerals: their recognition and determination].", "content": "Fibers of amphibolic and serpentinic asbestos may be optically distinguished by the method proposed by the AA. The method is based on the observation at the microscope in reflected fluorescence of fibers of asbestos previously treated with a fluorochrome colouring agent; it can be applied for the individual counting of fibers on the filters used for checking the environmental air and has already been applied with good results in asbestic cement factories.", "contents": "[Asbestos minerals: their recognition and determination]. Fibers of amphibolic and serpentinic asbestos may be optically distinguished by the method proposed by the AA. The method is based on the observation at the microscope in reflected fluorescence of fibers of asbestos previously treated with a fluorochrome colouring agent; it can be applied for the individual counting of fibers on the filters used for checking the environmental air and has already been applied with good results in asbestic cement factories.", "PMID": 603111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7993", "title": "[Tumours of chiasmatic and hypothalamic regions in children (author's transl)].", "content": "31 cases with tumours in chiasm and hypothalamus are presented. 21 cases had glioma of chiasma (the tumor continued along one or both optic nerves), six cases had craniopharyngioma and four cases had astrocytoma in the hypothalamus. All of these tumours represent 19% of intracranial tumours observed in our service over a period of eleven years. Russell's syndrome was usually seen in cases of gliomas of chiasm. Visual alterations were observed in a high average of patients with any type of the tumours. Skull in lateral view was a positive proof in all the three types of tumours showing \"omega\" sella turcica in gliomas of chiasm, supra or retro-sellar calcifications in croniopharyngiomas and large sella turcica in astrocytomas of the hypophalamus. Neumoencephalography and angiography were very positives proofs in all types of tumours. Gammagraphy was specially possitive in gliomas of chiasm. Computed axial tomography is very useful in all types of tumour, but our experience is still limited in comparison with other methods. Most effective treatment for gliomas of the chiasm was radiotherapy with shunt in cases with hydrocephalus and total or partial extirpation in astrocytomas of the hypothalamus and in craniopharyngiomas. Survival rate among patients with these types of tumour is high but presence of visual and endocrinological secuelae is very high too.", "contents": "[Tumours of chiasmatic and hypothalamic regions in children (author's transl)]. 31 cases with tumours in chiasm and hypothalamus are presented. 21 cases had glioma of chiasma (the tumor continued along one or both optic nerves), six cases had craniopharyngioma and four cases had astrocytoma in the hypothalamus. All of these tumours represent 19% of intracranial tumours observed in our service over a period of eleven years. Russell's syndrome was usually seen in cases of gliomas of chiasm. Visual alterations were observed in a high average of patients with any type of the tumours. Skull in lateral view was a positive proof in all the three types of tumours showing \"omega\" sella turcica in gliomas of chiasm, supra or retro-sellar calcifications in croniopharyngiomas and large sella turcica in astrocytomas of the hypophalamus. Neumoencephalography and angiography were very positives proofs in all types of tumours. Gammagraphy was specially possitive in gliomas of chiasm. Computed axial tomography is very useful in all types of tumour, but our experience is still limited in comparison with other methods. Most effective treatment for gliomas of the chiasm was radiotherapy with shunt in cases with hydrocephalus and total or partial extirpation in astrocytomas of the hypothalamus and in craniopharyngiomas. Survival rate among patients with these types of tumour is high but presence of visual and endocrinological secuelae is very high too.", "PMID": 603105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7994", "title": "[Vertebral and basilar arterial oclusions in children. A case report and review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A nine-year-old boy with thrombosis in the right vertebral artery is presented. When child was 20 months old symptoms began suddenly with loss of consciousness, hemiparesia in the left side and later on psychomotor involution. The various aspects of the vertebral and basilar occlusions are discussed when they happen before the age of fourteen, of which there are 19 other cases published already. Etiology of this affection is very mixed in children and frequently unknown. There are more than one obstruction in 50% of patients and very often the nearest one is located at the level of the axis. Evolution is better in children than in adults, being dependant on such factors as the type of initial symptom, location of occlusion and quantity of collateral circulation present.", "contents": "[Vertebral and basilar arterial oclusions in children. A case report and review of literature (author's transl)]. A nine-year-old boy with thrombosis in the right vertebral artery is presented. When child was 20 months old symptoms began suddenly with loss of consciousness, hemiparesia in the left side and later on psychomotor involution. The various aspects of the vertebral and basilar occlusions are discussed when they happen before the age of fourteen, of which there are 19 other cases published already. Etiology of this affection is very mixed in children and frequently unknown. There are more than one obstruction in 50% of patients and very often the nearest one is located at the level of the axis. Evolution is better in children than in adults, being dependant on such factors as the type of initial symptom, location of occlusion and quantity of collateral circulation present.", "PMID": 603107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7995", "title": "[Noise in a foundry: measurement and evaluation].", "content": "The results of the noise measurements obtained in three foundries, two of cast-iron and one of aluminium, are reported. Because of noise level variations, a level recorder and a statistical distribution analyzer have been used in addition to a sound level meter, and thus equivalent continuous sound levels (Leq) both with factor q = 3 (European Code) and with factor q = 5 (OSHA) have been calculated. The results obtained with these two different criteria of evaluation are discussed.", "contents": "[Noise in a foundry: measurement and evaluation]. The results of the noise measurements obtained in three foundries, two of cast-iron and one of aluminium, are reported. Because of noise level variations, a level recorder and a statistical distribution analyzer have been used in addition to a sound level meter, and thus equivalent continuous sound levels (Leq) both with factor q = 3 (European Code) and with factor q = 5 (OSHA) have been calculated. The results obtained with these two different criteria of evaluation are discussed.", "PMID": 603112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7996", "title": "[Determination of the acidity of particulate matter in the urban and industrial atmospheres].", "content": "A new method is described for the determination of the strong acidity of particulate matter. The method consists in the volumetric titration of an aqueous extract by means of a strong acid. The titration is performed potentiometrically using a glass electrode and the end point is obtained by extrapolation using a Gran's plot. The lowest concentration of strong acid detectable in a sample is about 0.5 microgram/ml expressed as H2SO4. The method has been applied for the determination of the strong acidity content in airborne particulate matter samples and in dusts emitted from industrial sources.", "contents": "[Determination of the acidity of particulate matter in the urban and industrial atmospheres]. A new method is described for the determination of the strong acidity of particulate matter. The method consists in the volumetric titration of an aqueous extract by means of a strong acid. The titration is performed potentiometrically using a glass electrode and the end point is obtained by extrapolation using a Gran's plot. The lowest concentration of strong acid detectable in a sample is about 0.5 microgram/ml expressed as H2SO4. The method has been applied for the determination of the strong acidity content in airborne particulate matter samples and in dusts emitted from industrial sources.", "PMID": 603113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7997", "title": "[Fetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of fetal alcohol syndrome is reported in a intrauterine growth retarded female newborn with dysmorphic features and congenital cardiopathy whose mother suffered from a chronic ethylism during pregnancy. Authors compare this case findings with the reported revisions of other authors.", "contents": "[Fetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of fetal alcohol syndrome is reported in a intrauterine growth retarded female newborn with dysmorphic features and congenital cardiopathy whose mother suffered from a chronic ethylism during pregnancy. Authors compare this case findings with the reported revisions of other authors.", "PMID": 603108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7998", "title": "[Determination of acidity of urban aerosol].", "content": "The determination of the particulate acidity by the Commins method has been evaluated in order to examine the influence of sampling conditions on the results of the measurements. This method, which requires controlled and restricted sampling conditions, has been used for the determination of acid particulate in Rome over a period of one year. The monthly average concentration of the acid particulate are related to the suspended particulate and atmospheric precipitation.", "contents": "[Determination of acidity of urban aerosol]. The determination of the particulate acidity by the Commins method has been evaluated in order to examine the influence of sampling conditions on the results of the measurements. This method, which requires controlled and restricted sampling conditions, has been used for the determination of acid particulate in Rome over a period of one year. The monthly average concentration of the acid particulate are related to the suspended particulate and atmospheric precipitation.", "PMID": 603114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_7999", "title": "[Intrapulmonary deposition of submicron-size particles].", "content": "Inhalation studies of ultrafine aerosol particles are described. Chambers with controlled atmospheres have been built, in which known volumes of clear air and aerosol particles are introduced. By means of an electrical mobility analyzer the size distribution of the aerosol in the chamber determined down to a mean diameter of 0,01 micron. Such aerosol is inhaled by the subject and exhaled into an identical chamber, previously filled with clean air. The size distribution of the resulting aerosol is determined with the same measuring system. The particle number distributions of inhaled and exhaled particles are then suitably correlated and compared. In this paper data are reported based on the retention of cigarette smoke referred to male subjects in the age group from 24 to 44 years old. These results are compared with the experimental data which appeared most recently in the medical literature. A standardization is proposed of the experimental conditions for measurements of intrapulmonary deposition of inhaled particles. This is because of the importance that the results of such studies might have in the field of prevention and industrial hygiene, in particular in the nuclear field.", "contents": "[Intrapulmonary deposition of submicron-size particles]. Inhalation studies of ultrafine aerosol particles are described. Chambers with controlled atmospheres have been built, in which known volumes of clear air and aerosol particles are introduced. By means of an electrical mobility analyzer the size distribution of the aerosol in the chamber determined down to a mean diameter of 0,01 micron. Such aerosol is inhaled by the subject and exhaled into an identical chamber, previously filled with clean air. The size distribution of the resulting aerosol is determined with the same measuring system. The particle number distributions of inhaled and exhaled particles are then suitably correlated and compared. In this paper data are reported based on the retention of cigarette smoke referred to male subjects in the age group from 24 to 44 years old. These results are compared with the experimental data which appeared most recently in the medical literature. A standardization is proposed of the experimental conditions for measurements of intrapulmonary deposition of inhaled particles. This is because of the importance that the results of such studies might have in the field of prevention and industrial hygiene, in particular in the nuclear field.", "PMID": 603115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8000", "title": "[Klinefelter's syndrome with 48,XXYY (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes a case of Klinefelter's syndrome with 48,XXYY. Patient had mental retardation and dysmorfic face. Although mental retardation may be recognized early in life, it is difficult to establish a clinical diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome before puberty when small testes, gynecomastia and other phisical stigmata may become apparent.", "contents": "[Klinefelter's syndrome with 48,XXYY (author's transl)]. This paper describes a case of Klinefelter's syndrome with 48,XXYY. Patient had mental retardation and dysmorfic face. Although mental retardation may be recognized early in life, it is difficult to establish a clinical diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome before puberty when small testes, gynecomastia and other phisical stigmata may become apparent.", "PMID": 603109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8001", "title": "[Determination of the pneumoconiosis hazard in the cork industry].", "content": "The AA. have carried out an epidemiological investigation in order to control the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases on a group of 385 people working in several cork industries in North Sardinia. At the same time an environmental investigation has been carried out. Standard questionnaire (CECA questionnaire) for chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, standard chest X-ray film, spyrographic investigation, ECG and sputum analysis for acid resistent bacteria have been used for epidemiological investigation. Environmental dust concentration and individual dust exposure, environmental concentration of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon mono- and dioxide, ammonia nad microclimatic conditions have been studied. Examination of medical data shows only a low degree of respiratory pathology in contrast with results of other authors, probably because of different methods used for epidemiological investigation and data interpretation and because of different environmental and working conditions.", "contents": "[Determination of the pneumoconiosis hazard in the cork industry]. The AA. have carried out an epidemiological investigation in order to control the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases on a group of 385 people working in several cork industries in North Sardinia. At the same time an environmental investigation has been carried out. Standard questionnaire (CECA questionnaire) for chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, standard chest X-ray film, spyrographic investigation, ECG and sputum analysis for acid resistent bacteria have been used for epidemiological investigation. Environmental dust concentration and individual dust exposure, environmental concentration of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon mono- and dioxide, ammonia nad microclimatic conditions have been studied. Examination of medical data shows only a low degree of respiratory pathology in contrast with results of other authors, probably because of different methods used for epidemiological investigation and data interpretation and because of different environmental and working conditions.", "PMID": 603116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8002", "title": "[Environmental dust in a plant for the production of polyvinyl chloride].", "content": "The results of an investigation on environmental dust concentration and individual dust exposure in a drying and sacking section of an \"emulsion\" and \"suspension\" PVC plant are reported; data on environmental concentration and individual dust exposure have been obtained by gravimetric techniques using similar personal and static dust samplers. Morphology and particle size distribution have been studied by electron microscopy on airborne dust specimens. Morphological analysis showed remarkable differences concerning shape and size between particles sampled in the \"suspension\" polymer and \"emulsion\" polymer sacking sections. Remarkably high mean values concerning dustness have been observed: 1.30 mg/m3 (min. 0.15; max. 18.4 mg/m3) for environmental concentration and 5.39 mg/m3 (min. 0.28; max. 45.6 mg/m3) for individual exposure.", "contents": "[Environmental dust in a plant for the production of polyvinyl chloride]. The results of an investigation on environmental dust concentration and individual dust exposure in a drying and sacking section of an \"emulsion\" and \"suspension\" PVC plant are reported; data on environmental concentration and individual dust exposure have been obtained by gravimetric techniques using similar personal and static dust samplers. Morphology and particle size distribution have been studied by electron microscopy on airborne dust specimens. Morphological analysis showed remarkable differences concerning shape and size between particles sampled in the \"suspension\" polymer and \"emulsion\" polymer sacking sections. Remarkably high mean values concerning dustness have been observed: 1.30 mg/m3 (min. 0.15; max. 18.4 mg/m3) for environmental concentration and 5.39 mg/m3 (min. 0.28; max. 45.6 mg/m3) for individual exposure.", "PMID": 603117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8003", "title": "[Atmospheric pollution and chronic respiratory diseases in the blast-furnace areas of iron-works].", "content": "An epidemiologic research together with a study on the environmental pollution were carried out in order to evaluate the risk of chronic respiratory diseases of blast furnace workers. The environment study was performed mainly using personal samplers given to workers with different jobs. Observations on 222 work shifts have shown that the total dust concentration to which cast workmen, maintenance men and blast furnace service men were exposed, marginally exceed the TLV values. Furthermore the level of respirable dusts for blast furnace service men was found slightly excessive. The average SO2 concentration was largely below the TLV values. However this gas could be found in excess for very short periods during the work. The epidemiologic study, conducted on a cohort of blast furnace area workers against a control group cohort, indicated a moderate prevalence of pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis amongst blast furnaces workers. The clinic and radiological pictures do not seem to go beyond the initial stages.", "contents": "[Atmospheric pollution and chronic respiratory diseases in the blast-furnace areas of iron-works]. An epidemiologic research together with a study on the environmental pollution were carried out in order to evaluate the risk of chronic respiratory diseases of blast furnace workers. The environment study was performed mainly using personal samplers given to workers with different jobs. Observations on 222 work shifts have shown that the total dust concentration to which cast workmen, maintenance men and blast furnace service men were exposed, marginally exceed the TLV values. Furthermore the level of respirable dusts for blast furnace service men was found slightly excessive. The average SO2 concentration was largely below the TLV values. However this gas could be found in excess for very short periods during the work. The epidemiologic study, conducted on a cohort of blast furnace area workers against a control group cohort, indicated a moderate prevalence of pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis amongst blast furnaces workers. The clinic and radiological pictures do not seem to go beyond the initial stages.", "PMID": 603118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8004", "title": "[Hazards involved in the working stages of a plant for the manufacture of cement-asbestos].", "content": "During a research into a factory for the manufacture of cement-asbestos pipes and slabs in which 533 workers were employed the AA. have taken an interest, over all, in the working risks related to dusts, suggesting the more suitable defence principles in various working places. We can consider the remarks, though effected in different conditions, sure in the environment conditions (of atmosphere, work and materials) in which they were carried out. More reliable results could be obtained with various measurements taken from time to time. About the entity of the dust risks and especially in relation to a priority production of preventive measures, we must consider, before all, the dusts of asbestos, then the ones of cement-asbestos and at last, the ones of cement; naturally for the dusts of the same type the greatest risk is tied to the manufactures that produce them in greater amount.", "contents": "[Hazards involved in the working stages of a plant for the manufacture of cement-asbestos]. During a research into a factory for the manufacture of cement-asbestos pipes and slabs in which 533 workers were employed the AA. have taken an interest, over all, in the working risks related to dusts, suggesting the more suitable defence principles in various working places. We can consider the remarks, though effected in different conditions, sure in the environment conditions (of atmosphere, work and materials) in which they were carried out. More reliable results could be obtained with various measurements taken from time to time. About the entity of the dust risks and especially in relation to a priority production of preventive measures, we must consider, before all, the dusts of asbestos, then the ones of cement-asbestos and at last, the ones of cement; naturally for the dusts of the same type the greatest risk is tied to the manufactures that produce them in greater amount.", "PMID": 603119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8005", "title": "[Evaluation of atmospheric pollution in industrial environment using gas-chromatographic technics].", "content": "Several analytical techniques for the evaluation of different classes of air pollutants that can be found in working places are described. Particularly an automatic apparatus for monitoring total organic substances less methane, and one, employing specific detection and selective columns for the automatic and continuous determination of light sulfur compounds, are described. An analytical procedure for trapping and selective analysis of organic substances is presented. This includes the description of trapping and enriching devices and of a semi-automatic apparatus for the gaschromatographic analysis of the samples trapped. Some applications of these analytical techniques are described.", "contents": "[Evaluation of atmospheric pollution in industrial environment using gas-chromatographic technics]. Several analytical techniques for the evaluation of different classes of air pollutants that can be found in working places are described. Particularly an automatic apparatus for monitoring total organic substances less methane, and one, employing specific detection and selective columns for the automatic and continuous determination of light sulfur compounds, are described. An analytical procedure for trapping and selective analysis of organic substances is presented. This includes the description of trapping and enriching devices and of a semi-automatic apparatus for the gaschromatographic analysis of the samples trapped. Some applications of these analytical techniques are described.", "PMID": 603120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8006", "title": "[Separation and determination, using a gas-chromatographic method, of vinyl acetate, methyl acetate and methyl alcohol in industrial environments].", "content": "The AA. have defined a simple and rapid method for sampling and subsequent simultaneous determination of ppm of vinyl acetate, methyl acetate and methyl alcohol present in work environments. The methods for drawing air and for performing the gaschromatographic analysis by two columns are illustrated.", "contents": "[Separation and determination, using a gas-chromatographic method, of vinyl acetate, methyl acetate and methyl alcohol in industrial environments]. The AA. have defined a simple and rapid method for sampling and subsequent simultaneous determination of ppm of vinyl acetate, methyl acetate and methyl alcohol present in work environments. The methods for drawing air and for performing the gaschromatographic analysis by two columns are illustrated.", "PMID": 603121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8007", "title": "[Determination, using gas chromatography, of acetonitrile and acrylonitrile in the air].", "content": "This paper deals with sampling and analysing acetonitrile and acrylonitrile pollutants in the work environments. The sampling procedure in the air is based on -15 degrees C cooled adsorbing solution (water/methanol 65:35 v/v). The quantitative analysis is made by gaschromatograph equipment with Porapak Q 50 divided by 80 mesh column.", "contents": "[Determination, using gas chromatography, of acetonitrile and acrylonitrile in the air]. This paper deals with sampling and analysing acetonitrile and acrylonitrile pollutants in the work environments. The sampling procedure in the air is based on -15 degrees C cooled adsorbing solution (water/methanol 65:35 v/v). The quantitative analysis is made by gaschromatograph equipment with Porapak Q 50 divided by 80 mesh column.", "PMID": 603122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8008", "title": "[Methods for the sampling and tracing of caprolactam monomer dispersed in the air].", "content": "The problem of hygiene in the production of epsilon-caprolactam is very important; pollution of work room air is possible when the substance is stored, transported or packed in bags. In this work toxic and irritant properties of epsilon-caprolactam are described. Infrared spectroscopic, gas chromatrographic and spectrophotometric methods used by us, for the determination of epsilon-caprolactam traces, are also described.", "contents": "[Methods for the sampling and tracing of caprolactam monomer dispersed in the air]. The problem of hygiene in the production of epsilon-caprolactam is very important; pollution of work room air is possible when the substance is stored, transported or packed in bags. In this work toxic and irritant properties of epsilon-caprolactam are described. Infrared spectroscopic, gas chromatrographic and spectrophotometric methods used by us, for the determination of epsilon-caprolactam traces, are also described.", "PMID": 603123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8009", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol in the environmental air of dyeing-plant rooms of the textile industry].", "content": "A report is made on a method of sampling and analysis of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol which are present in the environmental air of the dyeing plant rooms of the textile industry. The sampling is carried out by filtering environmental air through small pipes containing two layers of Porapak Q 80-100 mesh, the first one of 150 mg for the analysis and the other, of 50 mg, for the control, with a flux of about 1 l/min. The report includes the description of some tests concerning shifting and displacement with various fluxes, as well as the recovery of known quantities and the stability of the sampling. The saturation for the mixture of the two pollutants was about 130 mg/g of biphenyl and more than 100 mg/g of 2-phenylphenol. The gaschromatographic analysis was carried out on 2 ml of cyclohexane; methylacetate 80:20 by which was obtained the absorbent used for the sampling. An analytical column was used with 3% Apiezon L, 1% phosphoric acid, 2% Carbowax 20 M on Chromosorb W HP 80-100 mesh. These results were also confirmed by other two reference columns. This method was applied successfully to the analysis of the air of the work environment under examination.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol in the environmental air of dyeing-plant rooms of the textile industry]. A report is made on a method of sampling and analysis of biphenyl and 2-phenylphenol which are present in the environmental air of the dyeing plant rooms of the textile industry. The sampling is carried out by filtering environmental air through small pipes containing two layers of Porapak Q 80-100 mesh, the first one of 150 mg for the analysis and the other, of 50 mg, for the control, with a flux of about 1 l/min. The report includes the description of some tests concerning shifting and displacement with various fluxes, as well as the recovery of known quantities and the stability of the sampling. The saturation for the mixture of the two pollutants was about 130 mg/g of biphenyl and more than 100 mg/g of 2-phenylphenol. The gaschromatographic analysis was carried out on 2 ml of cyclohexane; methylacetate 80:20 by which was obtained the absorbent used for the sampling. An analytical column was used with 3% Apiezon L, 1% phosphoric acid, 2% Carbowax 20 M on Chromosorb W HP 80-100 mesh. These results were also confirmed by other two reference columns. This method was applied successfully to the analysis of the air of the work environment under examination.", "PMID": 603124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8010", "title": "[Noise generated from driving-in foundation piles].", "content": "Results of sound pressure measurements during driving-in of foundation piles are reported. The results are then compared with latest recommendation from the standpoint of hearing impairment due to continuous or impulsive noise.", "contents": "[Noise generated from driving-in foundation piles]. Results of sound pressure measurements during driving-in of foundation piles are reported. The results are then compared with latest recommendation from the standpoint of hearing impairment due to continuous or impulsive noise.", "PMID": 603126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8011", "title": "[Determination of organic phosphate plasticizers and solvents in the environmental air of the shoe industry].", "content": "We have carried out a laboratory research with the purpose of evaluating the absorbing capacities of various commercial active coals, equipping therefore a room where we have maintained a constant concentration of solvents in the air. We have determined through a gaschromatographic method the conditions of dimension of the test tube, the quantity in weight of coal and the speed of the flow to secure at least 4 1 of sampling. Using test tubes of 10 mm of inner diameter, 70 mm long containing 0.8 g of active coal, 20-35 mesh, with diameter from 0.33 to 1 mm2, subjected to an aspiration of 0.35 l/m, we have diluted the solvents with CS2 and determined their quantity through gaschromatographic analysis. We have completed a research of trycresyl phosphate and other plasticizers upon 54 different types of cement used in 30 shoe factories in the comprehensory of Lastra a Signa. On the cement samples and glues it has been done the mineralization with sulphonitric mixture. It has been observed that the presence of the phosphorus in the samples of the cement is not always due to the presence of phosphorganic plasticizers. We have then carried out a distillation from the cements with n-hexane and a thin layer chromatographic analysis using as comparison commercial trycresyl phosphate. The various cements examined did not contain plasticizers.", "contents": "[Determination of organic phosphate plasticizers and solvents in the environmental air of the shoe industry]. We have carried out a laboratory research with the purpose of evaluating the absorbing capacities of various commercial active coals, equipping therefore a room where we have maintained a constant concentration of solvents in the air. We have determined through a gaschromatographic method the conditions of dimension of the test tube, the quantity in weight of coal and the speed of the flow to secure at least 4 1 of sampling. Using test tubes of 10 mm of inner diameter, 70 mm long containing 0.8 g of active coal, 20-35 mesh, with diameter from 0.33 to 1 mm2, subjected to an aspiration of 0.35 l/m, we have diluted the solvents with CS2 and determined their quantity through gaschromatographic analysis. We have completed a research of trycresyl phosphate and other plasticizers upon 54 different types of cement used in 30 shoe factories in the comprehensory of Lastra a Signa. On the cement samples and glues it has been done the mineralization with sulphonitric mixture. It has been observed that the presence of the phosphorus in the samples of the cement is not always due to the presence of phosphorganic plasticizers. We have then carried out a distillation from the cements with n-hexane and a thin layer chromatographic analysis using as comparison commercial trycresyl phosphate. The various cements examined did not contain plasticizers.", "PMID": 603125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8012", "title": "[Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in plants using bituminous materials].", "content": "In recent years bituminous materials have been frequently used in several industrial works for waterproofing, protection and insulation of many amterials such as paper, (asphalted) cardboard, wood, etc. Constant components of these materials are the polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of which we know the biological activity and, for some of them, the cancerogenic effects. The aim of this work is to evaluated the possible risk from exposure to polycicilic aromatic hydrocarbons for workers in operations with bituminous materials. By an analytical method for the determination of PAH, we have examined the polycicilic aromatic hydrocarbons in asphalt, air-blown asphalt, tars and, then, in fumes from hot treatments of those materials. After analysing the fumes developed under controlled conditions, in laboratory, and those taken from work-environment, we have reported the results of our search.", "contents": "[Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in plants using bituminous materials]. In recent years bituminous materials have been frequently used in several industrial works for waterproofing, protection and insulation of many amterials such as paper, (asphalted) cardboard, wood, etc. Constant components of these materials are the polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of which we know the biological activity and, for some of them, the cancerogenic effects. The aim of this work is to evaluated the possible risk from exposure to polycicilic aromatic hydrocarbons for workers in operations with bituminous materials. By an analytical method for the determination of PAH, we have examined the polycicilic aromatic hydrocarbons in asphalt, air-blown asphalt, tars and, then, in fumes from hot treatments of those materials. After analysing the fumes developed under controlled conditions, in laboratory, and those taken from work-environment, we have reported the results of our search.", "PMID": 603127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8013", "title": "[Determination of antimony from environmental air in the working area using flameless atomic absorption with a graphite furnace].", "content": "Particulates of antimony present in area of plants producing a catalyst containing iron an antimony have been determined. The environmental aereosol, filtered through micropore filters, is analyzed in the form of stabilized aqueous suspension by atomic adsorption flameless graphite furnace. The limit of air revealability permitted by the method is 0.2 mcg/m3. With the above mentioned revealability limit it is possible to perform very rapid drawings of environmental air, so that noxiouslity of even very short-time processing can be controlled.", "contents": "[Determination of antimony from environmental air in the working area using flameless atomic absorption with a graphite furnace]. Particulates of antimony present in area of plants producing a catalyst containing iron an antimony have been determined. The environmental aereosol, filtered through micropore filters, is analyzed in the form of stabilized aqueous suspension by atomic adsorption flameless graphite furnace. The limit of air revealability permitted by the method is 0.2 mcg/m3. With the above mentioned revealability limit it is possible to perform very rapid drawings of environmental air, so that noxiouslity of even very short-time processing can be controlled.", "PMID": 603128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8014", "title": "[Identification, using x-diffractometry, of chromium, lead and zinc compounds in pigments of protective paints].", "content": "The application of diffractometric techniques for the identification of crystalline compounds which are contained in paint pigments and are important from the hygienic point of view, is described. Particularly, it is possible to identify lead and zinc chromates either on untreated pigments, or on filters of air samples of work-places used for spray painting.", "contents": "[Identification, using x-diffractometry, of chromium, lead and zinc compounds in pigments of protective paints]. The application of diffractometric techniques for the identification of crystalline compounds which are contained in paint pigments and are important from the hygienic point of view, is described. Particularly, it is possible to identify lead and zinc chromates either on untreated pigments, or on filters of air samples of work-places used for spray painting.", "PMID": 603129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8015", "title": "[Atmospheric concentration of mercury in chlorinated sodium carbonate plants and their vicinity].", "content": "The mercury control in the chloroalkali plants is a \"routine method\". The air is above all sampled in the chloroalkali electrolysis rooms and in the rooms under them. Already in a previous paper we had pointed out a method for the sampling and determination of the metallic mercury in these work rooms. Atmospheric samples are passed through a small glass tube containing fine spongy particles of metallic gold. As far as particle mercury sampling and analysis are concerned, environmental air is filtered by micropore filters placed on the top of the small tube filled with the gold sponge (on the same sampling line). The present work has been made with the purpose of verifying the percentage of metallic and particle mercury of the chloroalkali plants and nearby the industrial perimeter of these plants. The results have been obtained from data of two plants with different capacity, different topographic location and different microclimatic conditions. It has been noticed that the air concentration of mercury in the surrounds of the plants is higher than the basal values in incontaminated areas and the ratio between metallic mercury and particle mercury in the surroundings of chloroalkali plants is casual. The obtained data have been explained at the light of the microclimatic observations and exactly: speed and direction of winds, temperature, humidity and rainy precipitations.", "contents": "[Atmospheric concentration of mercury in chlorinated sodium carbonate plants and their vicinity]. The mercury control in the chloroalkali plants is a \"routine method\". The air is above all sampled in the chloroalkali electrolysis rooms and in the rooms under them. Already in a previous paper we had pointed out a method for the sampling and determination of the metallic mercury in these work rooms. Atmospheric samples are passed through a small glass tube containing fine spongy particles of metallic gold. As far as particle mercury sampling and analysis are concerned, environmental air is filtered by micropore filters placed on the top of the small tube filled with the gold sponge (on the same sampling line). The present work has been made with the purpose of verifying the percentage of metallic and particle mercury of the chloroalkali plants and nearby the industrial perimeter of these plants. The results have been obtained from data of two plants with different capacity, different topographic location and different microclimatic conditions. It has been noticed that the air concentration of mercury in the surrounds of the plants is higher than the basal values in incontaminated areas and the ratio between metallic mercury and particle mercury in the surroundings of chloroalkali plants is casual. The obtained data have been explained at the light of the microclimatic observations and exactly: speed and direction of winds, temperature, humidity and rainy precipitations.", "PMID": 603130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8016", "title": "[Changes in the building stones of Venice: action of atmospheric sulfur on carbonic rocks].", "content": "Analytical investigations were carried out on alteration crusts of \"Pietra d'Istria\" used for the construction of \"Palazzo Papadopoli\" in Venice. The chemical and mineralogical analyses of the microstructure showed that alteration process in mainly caused by the transformation of calcium carbonate into calcium sulphate and that the greatest damages are due to the subsequent detaching of sulphatic crusts according to a weakness surface. The isotopic analyses showed that sulphur present in the crust is mainly derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons. The investigations on the climatic conditions showed the meaningful importance of the climate parameters on described alterations.", "contents": "[Changes in the building stones of Venice: action of atmospheric sulfur on carbonic rocks]. Analytical investigations were carried out on alteration crusts of \"Pietra d'Istria\" used for the construction of \"Palazzo Papadopoli\" in Venice. The chemical and mineralogical analyses of the microstructure showed that alteration process in mainly caused by the transformation of calcium carbonate into calcium sulphate and that the greatest damages are due to the subsequent detaching of sulphatic crusts according to a weakness surface. The isotopic analyses showed that sulphur present in the crust is mainly derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons. The investigations on the climatic conditions showed the meaningful importance of the climate parameters on described alterations.", "PMID": 603131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8017", "title": "[Toxicity of aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine].", "content": "The fluorinated propellers have a certain cardiotoxicity. They cause disturbances to the intraventricular conduction, to the inotropisme and to the arterial pressure. Such disturbances show up in the laboratory rat due to a concentration in the air that once was thought innocuous for this specie. We have analysed doses of 15%-30%-60% of CCl2F2 in the air on the tracheotomysed and curarised animals. The vagotomy protects in part from the occurence of marked alterations ECG, but not from the alterations of the cardiac mechanigram and of the arterial pressure. The arterial pressure is the cardiocirculatory parameter which remains inhibited longer when the animal is again breathing air without Freon. After breathing air without Freon for ten minutes, rats submitted to a successive dose of gas are rapidly intoxicated. Low doses of CCl2F2 in the air (5%) make rabbits ipersensitive to the \"arythmies-producing\" effects of the adrenaline.", "contents": "[Toxicity of aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine]. The fluorinated propellers have a certain cardiotoxicity. They cause disturbances to the intraventricular conduction, to the inotropisme and to the arterial pressure. Such disturbances show up in the laboratory rat due to a concentration in the air that once was thought innocuous for this specie. We have analysed doses of 15%-30%-60% of CCl2F2 in the air on the tracheotomysed and curarised animals. The vagotomy protects in part from the occurence of marked alterations ECG, but not from the alterations of the cardiac mechanigram and of the arterial pressure. The arterial pressure is the cardiocirculatory parameter which remains inhibited longer when the animal is again breathing air without Freon. After breathing air without Freon for ten minutes, rats submitted to a successive dose of gas are rapidly intoxicated. Low doses of CCl2F2 in the air (5%) make rabbits ipersensitive to the \"arythmies-producing\" effects of the adrenaline.", "PMID": 603132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8018", "title": "[Toxic polyneuropathies in shoe factories: preventive aspects].", "content": "An investigation was carried out concerning 19 shoe factories of Marches province, where 32 cases of polyneuropathy, upon 1264 workmen, have been verified. After examination of qualitative and quantitative risk factors the following conclusions can be deduced. Under the etiological aspect the syndrome can be attributed to poisoning caused by environmental pollutions and thus relating to aliphatic hydrocarbons (exane-cicloexane). Under the quantitative aspect the tecnopatic risk has a multifactorial origin which can be summarised as follows: 1) lack of poor efficiency of environmental purification systems; 2) lack of hygienic-environmental elements; 3) lack of sanitary precautions; 4) poor work organization. A strong preventive therapy is necessary to avoid or at least to reduce the polyneuretic tecnopathy incidence.", "contents": "[Toxic polyneuropathies in shoe factories: preventive aspects]. An investigation was carried out concerning 19 shoe factories of Marches province, where 32 cases of polyneuropathy, upon 1264 workmen, have been verified. After examination of qualitative and quantitative risk factors the following conclusions can be deduced. Under the etiological aspect the syndrome can be attributed to poisoning caused by environmental pollutions and thus relating to aliphatic hydrocarbons (exane-cicloexane). Under the quantitative aspect the tecnopatic risk has a multifactorial origin which can be summarised as follows: 1) lack of poor efficiency of environmental purification systems; 2) lack of hygienic-environmental elements; 3) lack of sanitary precautions; 4) poor work organization. A strong preventive therapy is necessary to avoid or at least to reduce the polyneuretic tecnopathy incidence.", "PMID": 603133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8019", "title": "[Determination of urinary lead through optic emission spectrography using the double-arch method].", "content": "A new method for the determination of urinary lead by means of the emission spectroscopy is described. The sample is concentrated by lyophilization and the homogeneous dust obtained is analysed using the \"double arc\" method. The matrix effects and the source unstability are compensated by the use of the internal standard. The influence of the volatilization of the elements of the analytical pairs are studied and the pair thallium-lead is selected. The method is reproducible and the detection limit is 5 microgram/l of urinary lead.", "contents": "[Determination of urinary lead through optic emission spectrography using the double-arch method]. A new method for the determination of urinary lead by means of the emission spectroscopy is described. The sample is concentrated by lyophilization and the homogeneous dust obtained is analysed using the \"double arc\" method. The matrix effects and the source unstability are compensated by the use of the internal standard. The influence of the volatilization of the elements of the analytical pairs are studied and the pair thallium-lead is selected. The method is reproducible and the detection limit is 5 microgram/l of urinary lead.", "PMID": 603134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8020", "title": "[Determination of metals in biological fluids].", "content": "The AA. show the analytical methods which can be used to determine the presence of metals in the biological liquids by means of the atomic absorption spectroscopy. For some metals the analysis can be directly achieved by means of atomisation of the biological liquid in a flame or in a graphite furnace; for other metals it is necessary a treatment of the sample to separate the metal from the rest of the matrix, which can be: calcination, microcalcination, mining. In the final part of this paper, a table is showed with the concentration values in urine, blood, serum of occupationally exposed subjects and not, for the following metals: Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn.", "contents": "[Determination of metals in biological fluids]. The AA. show the analytical methods which can be used to determine the presence of metals in the biological liquids by means of the atomic absorption spectroscopy. For some metals the analysis can be directly achieved by means of atomisation of the biological liquid in a flame or in a graphite furnace; for other metals it is necessary a treatment of the sample to separate the metal from the rest of the matrix, which can be: calcination, microcalcination, mining. In the final part of this paper, a table is showed with the concentration values in urine, blood, serum of occupationally exposed subjects and not, for the following metals: Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn.", "PMID": 603135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8021", "title": "[Pollutants in biological fluids].", "content": "The AA. report the gaschromatographic determination of some metal hazards encountered in the environment, as berylliu, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, tin, lead, mercury and others. They develop the rapid method by Hansen et al. for the analysis of sub-nanogram amounts of chromium with the formation from blood of chromium trifluoroacetylacetonate Cr(tfa)3 and quantitation of this chelate using electron-capture GLC. Particularly different samples of chrome tanning workers blood are tested. Informations are provided concerning the equipment, operating parameters, sensitivity, interferences and the approximate time required for this method and the correspondent using the atomic absorption spectrometry.", "contents": "[Pollutants in biological fluids]. The AA. report the gaschromatographic determination of some metal hazards encountered in the environment, as berylliu, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, tin, lead, mercury and others. They develop the rapid method by Hansen et al. for the analysis of sub-nanogram amounts of chromium with the formation from blood of chromium trifluoroacetylacetonate Cr(tfa)3 and quantitation of this chelate using electron-capture GLC. Particularly different samples of chrome tanning workers blood are tested. Informations are provided concerning the equipment, operating parameters, sensitivity, interferences and the approximate time required for this method and the correspondent using the atomic absorption spectrometry.", "PMID": 603136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8022", "title": "[Biochemical evaluation of damage due to lead: importance and significance of erythrocyte zinc-protoporhyrin IX and urinary amino acid determination].", "content": "The early detection of lead intoxitation needs practical, simple, reproducible and diagnostically valid screening test. The determination of ALA-D (delta-amino-levulinic acid-dehydratase) in erythrocytes is one of the most reliable test for the evaluation of the occupational exposure to lead. However this test is difficult to standardize, sensible to lead contamination of laboratory glassware and the activity of enzyme decreases rapidly if stored. The determination of erythrocytes ZPP (zinco-protoporphyrin IX) was proposed as useful, alternative test. The protoporphyrin IX is a metabolic intermediate in heme biosynthesis; in erythrocytes is present as free form and zinc-boundend compound. The ZPP give high values only in lead intoxication and sideropenic anemia. The ALA-D and ZPP in erythrocytes were measured and compared in a group of workers exposed to lead. We have shown a good correlation between these two biochemical parameters. Aminoacid excretion in urine from workers exposed to lead was measured and compared with other biochemical parameters of intoxication. All lead workers examined had excessive urinary CP (coproporphyrin) and ALA (delta-amino-levulinic acid) excretion. An abnormal excretion of glycine was present in eight workers (32%), whereas in other four (15%) the glycinuria was at limit of normal values. An abnormal excretion of lysine was present in six workers (21%). The last data appear very interesting because the action of lead in lysine metabolism was not known.", "contents": "[Biochemical evaluation of damage due to lead: importance and significance of erythrocyte zinc-protoporhyrin IX and urinary amino acid determination]. The early detection of lead intoxitation needs practical, simple, reproducible and diagnostically valid screening test. The determination of ALA-D (delta-amino-levulinic acid-dehydratase) in erythrocytes is one of the most reliable test for the evaluation of the occupational exposure to lead. However this test is difficult to standardize, sensible to lead contamination of laboratory glassware and the activity of enzyme decreases rapidly if stored. The determination of erythrocytes ZPP (zinco-protoporphyrin IX) was proposed as useful, alternative test. The protoporphyrin IX is a metabolic intermediate in heme biosynthesis; in erythrocytes is present as free form and zinc-boundend compound. The ZPP give high values only in lead intoxication and sideropenic anemia. The ALA-D and ZPP in erythrocytes were measured and compared in a group of workers exposed to lead. We have shown a good correlation between these two biochemical parameters. Aminoacid excretion in urine from workers exposed to lead was measured and compared with other biochemical parameters of intoxication. All lead workers examined had excessive urinary CP (coproporphyrin) and ALA (delta-amino-levulinic acid) excretion. An abnormal excretion of glycine was present in eight workers (32%), whereas in other four (15%) the glycinuria was at limit of normal values. An abnormal excretion of lysine was present in six workers (21%). The last data appear very interesting because the action of lead in lysine metabolism was not known.", "PMID": 603137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8023", "title": "[Urinary kallikrein and risk of lead poisoning].", "content": "Urinary kallikrein is an enzyme, probably originated in the kidney, which acts on plasma kininogen to produce kallidin, the decapeptide precursor of bradykinin, and appears to be implicated in various forms of arterial hypertension. It is significantly decreased in workers exposed to lead showing no hypertension or other clinical signs of lead poisoning. In respect to measurement of ALA or other heme precursors the determination of urinary kallikrein seems to be able to detect a different, and perhaps in certain cases earlier, effect of lead intoxication on enzyme functions.", "contents": "[Urinary kallikrein and risk of lead poisoning]. Urinary kallikrein is an enzyme, probably originated in the kidney, which acts on plasma kininogen to produce kallidin, the decapeptide precursor of bradykinin, and appears to be implicated in various forms of arterial hypertension. It is significantly decreased in workers exposed to lead showing no hypertension or other clinical signs of lead poisoning. In respect to measurement of ALA or other heme precursors the determination of urinary kallikrein seems to be able to detect a different, and perhaps in certain cases earlier, effect of lead intoxication on enzyme functions.", "PMID": 603138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8024", "title": "[Vibration and noise control in working areas using a restrained-layer dampening system].", "content": "Propagation principles of vibrations from machines and possible damages to operators are described. The author points out how to limit and avoid any possible harm. The restrained layer damping system is taken into account, its advantages and peculiarities are examined in particular.", "contents": "[Vibration and noise control in working areas using a restrained-layer dampening system]. Propagation principles of vibrations from machines and possible damages to operators are described. The author points out how to limit and avoid any possible harm. The restrained layer damping system is taken into account, its advantages and peculiarities are examined in particular.", "PMID": 603139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8025", "title": "[Measures for the reduction of environmental noise in the mechanical industry].", "content": "The present report describes how the problem of noise at the \"Nuovo Pignone\" has been solved. The many improvements carried out and the consequent reduction of sound pressure levels on the workers as well as on the environment surrounding workshops, foundries and tank construction, are described. The technical importance of the control of noise at the gas turbine testing units is also stressed.", "contents": "[Measures for the reduction of environmental noise in the mechanical industry]. The present report describes how the problem of noise at the \"Nuovo Pignone\" has been solved. The many improvements carried out and the consequent reduction of sound pressure levels on the workers as well as on the environment surrounding workshops, foundries and tank construction, are described. The technical importance of the control of noise at the gas turbine testing units is also stressed.", "PMID": 603140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8026", "title": "[Improvement of pollution produced by chemical agents in the mechanical industry].", "content": "In outdoor factory environments many defiling substances are produced by different working processes. Reclamation operations must, therefore, be directed to the single types of pollution involved. A series of corrective operations, aiming at the elimination of fumes, frinding powders, solvent vapours, paint pigments and hydrocarbon vapours, are described.", "contents": "[Improvement of pollution produced by chemical agents in the mechanical industry]. In outdoor factory environments many defiling substances are produced by different working processes. Reclamation operations must, therefore, be directed to the single types of pollution involved. A series of corrective operations, aiming at the elimination of fumes, frinding powders, solvent vapours, paint pigments and hydrocarbon vapours, are described.", "PMID": 603141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8027", "title": "[Reduction of lubricating-oil aerosol concentration in the weaving room].", "content": "In this work the authors describe a weaving work room where they had determined particulate oil aerosol above TLV. The reduction of the oil aerosol has been obtained with the construction of an extraction and immission air suitable system.", "contents": "[Reduction of lubricating-oil aerosol concentration in the weaving room]. In this work the authors describe a weaving work room where they had determined particulate oil aerosol above TLV. The reduction of the oil aerosol has been obtained with the construction of an extraction and immission air suitable system.", "PMID": 603142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8028", "title": "[Influence of working conditions on the health status of the female worker].", "content": "The AA. examines different aspects concerning the health of female workers. The following aspects are taken into consideration: sex distribution, general and specific morbidity, work pathology, work accidents, sickness and maternity absences, family life. The AA. recalls the importance of appropriate preventive measures, such as organization of apprenticeship and health education programs. In this connection, the AA. puts forward some proposals which might be useful for a new regulation in the matter and, as a conclusion, stresses the importance of an efficient Public Health Service expecially in this field.", "contents": "[Influence of working conditions on the health status of the female worker]. The AA. examines different aspects concerning the health of female workers. The following aspects are taken into consideration: sex distribution, general and specific morbidity, work pathology, work accidents, sickness and maternity absences, family life. The AA. recalls the importance of appropriate preventive measures, such as organization of apprenticeship and health education programs. In this connection, the AA. puts forward some proposals which might be useful for a new regulation in the matter and, as a conclusion, stresses the importance of an efficient Public Health Service expecially in this field.", "PMID": 603143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8029", "title": "[Preliminary comparison of 2 indices of the microclimate: correct effective temperature and SWBGT (Swedish wet-bulb-globe temperature index)].", "content": "The CET and the SWBGT indices have been jointly assessed in 200 working places of 17 mechanical engineering shops and factories in Northern Italy. In the climatic conditions that have been met in the investigation (low air velocity, medium-high humidity, moderate to medium thermal stress with significant radiant heat), the indices proved to be correlated (r = 0.81) by the following regression equation: SWBGT = 0.99 CET -- 1.67, and the scattering of individual values was rather narrow. The SWBGT appears to be of more practical application than the CET and it reflects more adequately the adverse effects of low air velocities, therefore improving the adequacy of the index especially in humid environment. However, including a unique correction factor for low air velocity, it does not fit well with climatic conditions where air velocity approaches 0.5 m/s. The SWBGT requires that all four climatic parameters be determined without spending more time for the analysis than the WBGT. In different combinations of climatic conditions from those which have been met in the investigation the results may differ; however, from these preliminary observations it is suggested to further the comparison with the assessment of metabolic load and physiological response.", "contents": "[Preliminary comparison of 2 indices of the microclimate: correct effective temperature and SWBGT (Swedish wet-bulb-globe temperature index)]. The CET and the SWBGT indices have been jointly assessed in 200 working places of 17 mechanical engineering shops and factories in Northern Italy. In the climatic conditions that have been met in the investigation (low air velocity, medium-high humidity, moderate to medium thermal stress with significant radiant heat), the indices proved to be correlated (r = 0.81) by the following regression equation: SWBGT = 0.99 CET -- 1.67, and the scattering of individual values was rather narrow. The SWBGT appears to be of more practical application than the CET and it reflects more adequately the adverse effects of low air velocities, therefore improving the adequacy of the index especially in humid environment. However, including a unique correction factor for low air velocity, it does not fit well with climatic conditions where air velocity approaches 0.5 m/s. The SWBGT requires that all four climatic parameters be determined without spending more time for the analysis than the WBGT. In different combinations of climatic conditions from those which have been met in the investigation the results may differ; however, from these preliminary observations it is suggested to further the comparison with the assessment of metabolic load and physiological response.", "PMID": 603144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8030", "title": "[Technics for the measurement and evaluation of industrial noise].", "content": "In the present report a method for the practical noise measurement in the factory environment is developed. The acoustic noise present is normally composed of the noise emitted from several machines more or less simultaneously and the measurement problem often consists in determining an average noise level that is then compared with some accepted noise criteria and on the basis of this comparison decisions may be taken as to necessary changes in the environment. The method extends the dynamic referred to as \"impulse\" use, that is a characteristic meter response which closely approaches the rise time of the human ear and stores, averages and forgets the short duration signal in a way similar to that of the human brain. The measured average noise level gives a better explanation of the audiometrically detectable occupation noise-induced hearing loss.", "contents": "[Technics for the measurement and evaluation of industrial noise]. In the present report a method for the practical noise measurement in the factory environment is developed. The acoustic noise present is normally composed of the noise emitted from several machines more or less simultaneously and the measurement problem often consists in determining an average noise level that is then compared with some accepted noise criteria and on the basis of this comparison decisions may be taken as to necessary changes in the environment. The method extends the dynamic referred to as \"impulse\" use, that is a characteristic meter response which closely approaches the rise time of the human ear and stores, averages and forgets the short duration signal in a way similar to that of the human brain. The measured average noise level gives a better explanation of the audiometrically detectable occupation noise-induced hearing loss.", "PMID": 603145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8031", "title": "[Aspects of industrial hygiene in occupational exposure to the hazards of laser light].", "content": "The AA. outline the environmental hazards by the laser light taking into account the characteristics of this stimulated emission and the properties of the biological substrate to be damaged. They illustrate the optical and functional behaviour of the eye in order to demonstrate the peculiarities which make it the most important \"critical organ\" as regards the laser light. They furthermore propose some criteria for the analysis and the registration of the data necessary to individuate the hazards. They indicate the industrial hygiene measures to be adopted in the different exposure conditions and point out some aspects apt to individuate the levels for minimal reactive dose from which it is possible to define the threshold limit values. They conclude with the proposal to normalize as much as possible the rules of hygienistic protection in this new technological field.", "contents": "[Aspects of industrial hygiene in occupational exposure to the hazards of laser light]. The AA. outline the environmental hazards by the laser light taking into account the characteristics of this stimulated emission and the properties of the biological substrate to be damaged. They illustrate the optical and functional behaviour of the eye in order to demonstrate the peculiarities which make it the most important \"critical organ\" as regards the laser light. They furthermore propose some criteria for the analysis and the registration of the data necessary to individuate the hazards. They indicate the industrial hygiene measures to be adopted in the different exposure conditions and point out some aspects apt to individuate the levels for minimal reactive dose from which it is possible to define the threshold limit values. They conclude with the proposal to normalize as much as possible the rules of hygienistic protection in this new technological field.", "PMID": 603146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8032", "title": "[Calibration of selective samplers for respirable dust].", "content": "The AA., after a short introduction on the concepts of respirable dust consider the double stage selective samplers in the literature. They suggest three of them, which are all characterized by different suction flows; the features of separation of the dust in the air are documented by means of calibrated mixtures of aerosol. As to the penetration ACGIH curve, satisfactory results are obtainable fro the 12 mm sampler with a 10 l/min flow and for the 25.4 mm sampler with a 70 l/min flow. The tests achieved with the Dorr-Oliver 10 mm metal sampler do not agree with the above mentioned curve for a capacity included between 0.7 and 2.5 l/min.", "contents": "[Calibration of selective samplers for respirable dust]. The AA., after a short introduction on the concepts of respirable dust consider the double stage selective samplers in the literature. They suggest three of them, which are all characterized by different suction flows; the features of separation of the dust in the air are documented by means of calibrated mixtures of aerosol. As to the penetration ACGIH curve, satisfactory results are obtainable fro the 12 mm sampler with a 10 l/min flow and for the 25.4 mm sampler with a 70 l/min flow. The tests achieved with the Dorr-Oliver 10 mm metal sampler do not agree with the above mentioned curve for a capacity included between 0.7 and 2.5 l/min.", "PMID": 603147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8033", "title": "[Tolerance of ligation and of aseptic thrombosis of deep cerebral veins in man. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "Classically, ligation of the deep cerebral veins is incompatible with survival in man. The authors report four cases, three surgical and one medical, of thrombosis of these veins, confirmed by angiography and well tolerated. This tolerance may be explained by anatomical study of collateral systems and corroborated by clinical and experimental findings.", "contents": "[Tolerance of ligation and of aseptic thrombosis of deep cerebral veins in man. Apropos of 4 cases]. Classically, ligation of the deep cerebral veins is incompatible with survival in man. The authors report four cases, three surgical and one medical, of thrombosis of these veins, confirmed by angiography and well tolerated. This tolerance may be explained by anatomical study of collateral systems and corroborated by clinical and experimental findings.", "PMID": 603170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8034", "title": "[Pyrithioxine: a new basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Open study of 60 cases with a follow-up of 6 months].", "content": "Pyrithioxine, a chemical compound with several points in common with penicillinamine, was used for six months as the basic treatment in a series of 60 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, in a dose of 600 mg per day. The results were favourable in 60 per cent of cases, with a marked fall in articular index, a return to normal of sedimentation rate and, less commonly, negativisation of the Rose-Waaler reaction. Side effects were essentially cutaneo-mucosal (pruitus, rash) and necessitated the interruption of treatment in 16.5 per cent of cases. No complications were seen. Compared with penicillinamine, pyrithioxine appears to be less effective but better tolerated. The place of this new basic drug in the basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis remains to be precisely determined.", "contents": "[Pyrithioxine: a new basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Open study of 60 cases with a follow-up of 6 months]. Pyrithioxine, a chemical compound with several points in common with penicillinamine, was used for six months as the basic treatment in a series of 60 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, in a dose of 600 mg per day. The results were favourable in 60 per cent of cases, with a marked fall in articular index, a return to normal of sedimentation rate and, less commonly, negativisation of the Rose-Waaler reaction. Side effects were essentially cutaneo-mucosal (pruitus, rash) and necessitated the interruption of treatment in 16.5 per cent of cases. No complications were seen. Compared with penicillinamine, pyrithioxine appears to be less effective but better tolerated. The place of this new basic drug in the basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis remains to be precisely determined.", "PMID": 603171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8035", "title": "[Ambivalence and diachrony].", "content": "The temporal analysis of ambivalence is based on an account given by two schizophrenic patients and the study of Samuel Becket's \"The Nameless One\". The narrative process corresponds to a creative expression in which discordance is part of the differences between verbalisation and sensitive phenomenous. Splitting of personality is linked with temporal ambivalence: the immediate past encroaches on the near future, giving an impression of synchronization in the simultaneous interplay of similarity and dissimilarity. The passing of time, disturbed in its accumulative cursus in the schizophrenic patient, results in a conflict between contradictory phenomenous in the same moment. This synchronization of dissimilar perceptions brings together disjunctive and conjunctive categories dominated by such coordinate conjunctions as \"and... and\", in the living diachronic discordance.", "contents": "[Ambivalence and diachrony]. The temporal analysis of ambivalence is based on an account given by two schizophrenic patients and the study of Samuel Becket's \"The Nameless One\". The narrative process corresponds to a creative expression in which discordance is part of the differences between verbalisation and sensitive phenomenous. Splitting of personality is linked with temporal ambivalence: the immediate past encroaches on the near future, giving an impression of synchronization in the simultaneous interplay of similarity and dissimilarity. The passing of time, disturbed in its accumulative cursus in the schizophrenic patient, results in a conflict between contradictory phenomenous in the same moment. This synchronization of dissimilar perceptions brings together disjunctive and conjunctive categories dominated by such coordinate conjunctions as \"and... and\", in the living diachronic discordance.", "PMID": 603183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8036", "title": "[Speech of neurotic and psychotic subjects according to Rorschach test responses].", "content": "The authors have studied in Rorschach's test the syntaxic structures of fifty neurotics subjects and fifty psychotics subjects. They have particulary remarked that phrases determinated by situation of test are more frequent in neurotic protocols than psychotic protocols. They note also the importance of verb with detriment of nominal syntagm for the latter.", "contents": "[Speech of neurotic and psychotic subjects according to Rorschach test responses]. The authors have studied in Rorschach's test the syntaxic structures of fifty neurotics subjects and fifty psychotics subjects. They have particulary remarked that phrases determinated by situation of test are more frequent in neurotic protocols than psychotic protocols. They note also the importance of verb with detriment of nominal syntagm for the latter.", "PMID": 603184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8037", "title": "[SKF 28,175: preliminary study of a new antidepressant].", "content": "This is a preliminary report concerning a new antidepressant, SKF 28,175 which is neither an IMAO nor does it have the usual tricyclic structure, retaining the CF 3 at the number two position on the ring. It was studied in 27 male and female patients. The drug was highly effective, within 4-7 days for the most part, as confirmed by statistical analysis of the Hamilton Rating Scale. There were relatively few side effects. Only one dosage per day, in the evening, was required.", "contents": "[SKF 28,175: preliminary study of a new antidepressant]. This is a preliminary report concerning a new antidepressant, SKF 28,175 which is neither an IMAO nor does it have the usual tricyclic structure, retaining the CF 3 at the number two position on the ring. It was studied in 27 male and female patients. The drug was highly effective, within 4-7 days for the most part, as confirmed by statistical analysis of the Hamilton Rating Scale. There were relatively few side effects. Only one dosage per day, in the evening, was required.", "PMID": 603185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8038", "title": "[Microheterogeneity of R plasmid coded beta-lactamases in analytical isoelectric focusing (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical isoelectric focusing of plasmid-coded beta-lactamases in polyacrylamide gels gives rise to several satellite bands in addition to one major active band (microheterogeneity). When the R plasmids are transferred by conjugation into 4 different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi-murium, Proteus mirabilis) the position of the main band remains constant, but the number and position of the satellite bands are changed. Furthermore, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of several beta-lactamines are also changed when the plasmids are transferred between these different host strains. These facts suggest that the bacterial host might modify the physical structure and the activity of plasmid-determined beta-lactamases. They also suggest that identification of beta-lactamases and comparison of their isoelectric focusing patterns should always be carried out using the same bacterial host strain.", "contents": "[Microheterogeneity of R plasmid coded beta-lactamases in analytical isoelectric focusing (author's transl)]. Analytical isoelectric focusing of plasmid-coded beta-lactamases in polyacrylamide gels gives rise to several satellite bands in addition to one major active band (microheterogeneity). When the R plasmids are transferred by conjugation into 4 different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi-murium, Proteus mirabilis) the position of the main band remains constant, but the number and position of the satellite bands are changed. Furthermore, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of several beta-lactamines are also changed when the plasmids are transferred between these different host strains. These facts suggest that the bacterial host might modify the physical structure and the activity of plasmid-determined beta-lactamases. They also suggest that identification of beta-lactamases and comparison of their isoelectric focusing patterns should always be carried out using the same bacterial host strain.", "PMID": 603191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8039", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of an unusual osmiophilic body in the hyphae of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras.", "content": "Electron microscopy of 8 strains of Sporothrix schenckii and 1 strain each of Ceratocystis stenoceras, C. pluriannulata, C. ulmi, and C. minor revealed the presence of unusual osmiophilic structures (EOB) which appeared as normal organellar components of young cells of these fungi. In S. schenckii and C. stenoceras, these structures were markedly osmiophilic, reacted strongly with thiocarbohydrazide, could be partially solubilized with the lipid solvent sodium methoxide, and appeared to possess lipase activity. On subsequent cellular ageing, lipid bodies were commonly seen in intimate association with the EOB. Eventually, the EOB underwent degeneration and extensive vacuolization. It is suggested that these structures are composed in part of lipoidal material in possible association with a protein matrix, and may be in some manner involved with lipid metabolism of mechanisms of lipid storage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of an unusual osmiophilic body in the hyphae of Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras. Electron microscopy of 8 strains of Sporothrix schenckii and 1 strain each of Ceratocystis stenoceras, C. pluriannulata, C. ulmi, and C. minor revealed the presence of unusual osmiophilic structures (EOB) which appeared as normal organellar components of young cells of these fungi. In S. schenckii and C. stenoceras, these structures were markedly osmiophilic, reacted strongly with thiocarbohydrazide, could be partially solubilized with the lipid solvent sodium methoxide, and appeared to possess lipase activity. On subsequent cellular ageing, lipid bodies were commonly seen in intimate association with the EOB. Eventually, the EOB underwent degeneration and extensive vacuolization. It is suggested that these structures are composed in part of lipoidal material in possible association with a protein matrix, and may be in some manner involved with lipid metabolism of mechanisms of lipid storage.", "PMID": 603192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8040", "title": "Identification of Orthopox virus by isoelectrofocusing in a granulated gel.", "content": "Twenty strains of Orthopox viruses (vaccina (3), cowpox (2), monkeypox (2), variola major and minor (7) and whitepox (6)) have been tested by electrofocusing in a granulated gel. From our preliminary results, it appears that there is a clearcut distinction between smallpox and whitepox. If our results are confirmed, it will be the first real genetic marker identified because other in vitro or in vivo test have heretofore failed to differentiate between smallpox and whitepox. Further work is now in progress, to evaluate of the test and it is hoped to find and explanation for the observations now reported.", "contents": "Identification of Orthopox virus by isoelectrofocusing in a granulated gel. Twenty strains of Orthopox viruses (vaccina (3), cowpox (2), monkeypox (2), variola major and minor (7) and whitepox (6)) have been tested by electrofocusing in a granulated gel. From our preliminary results, it appears that there is a clearcut distinction between smallpox and whitepox. If our results are confirmed, it will be the first real genetic marker identified because other in vitro or in vivo test have heretofore failed to differentiate between smallpox and whitepox. Further work is now in progress, to evaluate of the test and it is hoped to find and explanation for the observations now reported.", "PMID": 603194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8041", "title": "Study on the stability of a measles vaccine.", "content": "With live measles freeze-dried vaccine, accelerated storage test provides more information than does a titration of residual moisture. From our results, it appears that there is a good correlation between storage at 37 degrees and the tests usually required by the manufacturer, i. e. storage for 1 year at refrigerator temperature. The accelerated test in neither tedious nor expensive and is recommended for routine use.", "contents": "Study on the stability of a measles vaccine. With live measles freeze-dried vaccine, accelerated storage test provides more information than does a titration of residual moisture. From our results, it appears that there is a good correlation between storage at 37 degrees and the tests usually required by the manufacturer, i. e. storage for 1 year at refrigerator temperature. The accelerated test in neither tedious nor expensive and is recommended for routine use.", "PMID": 603195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8042", "title": "[Redescription of d'Apatemon (Apatemon) graciliformis Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) with a preliminary note on its life cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "Apatemon (Apatemon) graciliformis Szidat, 1928 is redescribed from specimens obtained experimentally in the domestic duck; the larval stages develop in Biomphalaria glabrata in Guadeloupe (French West Indies).", "contents": "[Redescription of d'Apatemon (Apatemon) graciliformis Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda: Strigeidae) with a preliminary note on its life cycle (author's transl)]. Apatemon (Apatemon) graciliformis Szidat, 1928 is redescribed from specimens obtained experimentally in the domestic duck; the larval stages develop in Biomphalaria glabrata in Guadeloupe (French West Indies).", "PMID": 603200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8043", "title": "[The oncomiracidium of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus Creplin, 1839 (Monongenea, Monopisthocotylea), parasite of Sander lucioperca (Teleostei, Percidae)].", "content": "The distribution of ciliated cells and the oncomiracidium chaetotaxy in Ancyrocephalus paradoxus Creplin, 1839 (Ancyrocephalidae) parasite of Sander lucioperca (Teleostean, Percidae) are described for the first time as well as the larval ciliated cells in Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae) parasite of Cyprinus carpio. Also is given a description of the larval haptorial armature of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus which shows some original features in our region. The ciliated cell pattern and chaetotaxy are compared among Ancyrocephalus paradoxus (Ancyrocephalidae) Ergenstrema mugilis (Ancyrocephalidae) Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae) Tetraonchus menenteron (Tetraonchidae) and Euzetrema knopffleri the systematic position of which is still to be defined. As a result it appears that an unitary pattern occurs in the ciliated cell arrangement and chaetotaxy in the larvae of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus, Ergenstrema mugilis and Dactylogyrus extensus. Yet they are easy to distinguish. Tetraonchus monenteron reveals some affinities with these Dactylogyro\u00efdea but further investigations have to be undertaken again while Euzetrema knoepffleri proves to be very different. In the armature of the larval haptor of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus intraspecific variations appear which seem to be of a biogeographic order. Also the same variations are reported in the larvae of Diplectanum aequans.", "contents": "[The oncomiracidium of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus Creplin, 1839 (Monongenea, Monopisthocotylea), parasite of Sander lucioperca (Teleostei, Percidae)]. The distribution of ciliated cells and the oncomiracidium chaetotaxy in Ancyrocephalus paradoxus Creplin, 1839 (Ancyrocephalidae) parasite of Sander lucioperca (Teleostean, Percidae) are described for the first time as well as the larval ciliated cells in Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae) parasite of Cyprinus carpio. Also is given a description of the larval haptorial armature of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus which shows some original features in our region. The ciliated cell pattern and chaetotaxy are compared among Ancyrocephalus paradoxus (Ancyrocephalidae) Ergenstrema mugilis (Ancyrocephalidae) Dactylogyrus extensus (Dactylogyridae) Tetraonchus menenteron (Tetraonchidae) and Euzetrema knopffleri the systematic position of which is still to be defined. As a result it appears that an unitary pattern occurs in the ciliated cell arrangement and chaetotaxy in the larvae of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus, Ergenstrema mugilis and Dactylogyrus extensus. Yet they are easy to distinguish. Tetraonchus monenteron reveals some affinities with these Dactylogyro\u00efdea but further investigations have to be undertaken again while Euzetrema knoepffleri proves to be very different. In the armature of the larval haptor of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus intraspecific variations appear which seem to be of a biogeographic order. Also the same variations are reported in the larvae of Diplectanum aequans.", "PMID": 603199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8044", "title": "[Results and problems set by the introduction of Zonitidae snails in some biotopes of Lymnaea trancatula M\u00fcller in Indre and Haute-Vienne, France (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic placing of Zonitidea snails: Zonitoides nitidus and Oxychilus draparnaudi alone or in groups, in different series of habitats of Lymnaea truncatula in Haute-Vienne, France (1974-1976) shows: --the elimination of Lymnaea truncatula is entire after two years in temporary habitats covered with grass just mowed at the beginning of summer drying. The presence of stones, which make shelters, increases numbers of surviving snails. --predators-placing without previous grass-mowing is effective only on banks of rivers.", "contents": "[Results and problems set by the introduction of Zonitidae snails in some biotopes of Lymnaea trancatula M\u00fcller in Indre and Haute-Vienne, France (author's transl)]. Systematic placing of Zonitidea snails: Zonitoides nitidus and Oxychilus draparnaudi alone or in groups, in different series of habitats of Lymnaea truncatula in Haute-Vienne, France (1974-1976) shows: --the elimination of Lymnaea truncatula is entire after two years in temporary habitats covered with grass just mowed at the beginning of summer drying. The presence of stones, which make shelters, increases numbers of surviving snails. --predators-placing without previous grass-mowing is effective only on banks of rivers.", "PMID": 603202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8045", "title": "[Demographic development of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller in Haute-Vienne, France. About observations on 4 years (1973-1976) (author's transl)].", "content": "Notes on the influence of shallow drainage and predation by Zonitoides nitidus on Lymnaea truncatula populations in 4 types of habitats. The populations of snails are observed with large and perceptibly constant numbers by the regular maintenance of drainage. Irregular maintenance is followed by a gradual fall of numbers of snails with their rapid increase in the year following autumnal ditch-digging. Grass-mowing of swampy meadows at the beginning of summer drying distinctly restricts numbers of snails, when Zonitoides nitidus lives in the habitats.", "contents": "[Demographic development of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller in Haute-Vienne, France. About observations on 4 years (1973-1976) (author's transl)]. Notes on the influence of shallow drainage and predation by Zonitoides nitidus on Lymnaea truncatula populations in 4 types of habitats. The populations of snails are observed with large and perceptibly constant numbers by the regular maintenance of drainage. Irregular maintenance is followed by a gradual fall of numbers of snails with their rapid increase in the year following autumnal ditch-digging. Grass-mowing of swampy meadows at the beginning of summer drying distinctly restricts numbers of snails, when Zonitoides nitidus lives in the habitats.", "PMID": 603201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8046", "title": "[Observations on the second moult of the larvae of Ascaridia galli (author's transl)].", "content": "In Ascaridia galli larvae artificially hatched after 11 and 12 days of incubation at 25 degrees C, in larger frequency than in larvae hatched either after 10 and after 14 days of incubation, two different cuticles detached from their bodies were observed. These two detached cuticles indicate that such larvae had undergone two moults before hatching and, consequently, that the infective stage of A. galli is the third larval stage.", "contents": "[Observations on the second moult of the larvae of Ascaridia galli (author's transl)]. In Ascaridia galli larvae artificially hatched after 11 and 12 days of incubation at 25 degrees C, in larger frequency than in larvae hatched either after 10 and after 14 days of incubation, two different cuticles detached from their bodies were observed. These two detached cuticles indicate that such larvae had undergone two moults before hatching and, consequently, that the infective stage of A. galli is the third larval stage.", "PMID": 603203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8047", "title": "[Tentative classification of the nematodes Trichostrongyloidea (author's transl)].", "content": "Taking into consideration the evolution of different characters, and mainly the evolutionary pattern of the \"synlophe\", we propose to divide the Trichostrongyloidea into 8 families: Ollulanidae, Dictyocaulidae, Strongylacanthidae, Amidostomatidae, Molineidae, Heligmosomidae, Heligmonellidae and Trichostrongylidae.", "contents": "[Tentative classification of the nematodes Trichostrongyloidea (author's transl)]. Taking into consideration the evolution of different characters, and mainly the evolutionary pattern of the \"synlophe\", we propose to divide the Trichostrongyloidea into 8 families: Ollulanidae, Dictyocaulidae, Strongylacanthidae, Amidostomatidae, Molineidae, Heligmosomidae, Heligmonellidae and Trichostrongylidae.", "PMID": 603204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8048", "title": "[A new Typhloceras from Tunisia (author's transl)].", "content": "Typhloceras favosus benrachidi ssp. nova, parasitic on Apodemus sylvaticus ssp., can be separated from all others Typhloceras, by the morphology of segments VIII and IX in the male.  Synonymy with T. f. asunicus Jordan, described on female only, is discuted.", "contents": "[A new Typhloceras from Tunisia (author's transl)]. Typhloceras favosus benrachidi ssp. nova, parasitic on Apodemus sylvaticus ssp., can be separated from all others Typhloceras, by the morphology of segments VIII and IX in the male.  Synonymy with T. f. asunicus Jordan, described on female only, is discuted.", "PMID": 603205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8049", "title": "Inoperable and recurrent carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Aspects of radiation treatment and prognosis.", "content": "35 patients treated with radiotherapy for recurrent (23) or primarily inoperable (12) rectal or rectosigmoid carcinoma are presented. The radiation treatment was delivered in 28 cases with megavoltage equipment, in two cases with a conventional X-ray unit and in seven cases with intracavitary radium or cathetron applications. 17 of the patients (49%) lived for more than one year. Six patients from the recurrent cases lived (26%) for more than two years, and four patients (17%) survived three years. Relief of symptoms was observed in at least 20 cases. The importance of early diagnosis of recurrent tumor is stressed especially in the follow-up of Dukes' A and B groups.", "contents": "Inoperable and recurrent carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Aspects of radiation treatment and prognosis. 35 patients treated with radiotherapy for recurrent (23) or primarily inoperable (12) rectal or rectosigmoid carcinoma are presented. The radiation treatment was delivered in 28 cases with megavoltage equipment, in two cases with a conventional X-ray unit and in seven cases with intracavitary radium or cathetron applications. 17 of the patients (49%) lived for more than one year. Six patients from the recurrent cases lived (26%) for more than two years, and four patients (17%) survived three years. Relief of symptoms was observed in at least 20 cases. The importance of early diagnosis of recurrent tumor is stressed especially in the follow-up of Dukes' A and B groups.", "PMID": 603215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8050", "title": "Coagulation disorders in severely and critically injured patients.", "content": "Forty-five patients with multiple injuries treated at an intensive care unit were studied prospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: the severely injured (no mortality) and critically injured (56% mortality). Treatment was started within two hours from the accident in all cases. The following coagulation parameters were measured for eight days: euglobulin lysis time (ELT), thromboelastography (TEG), vecalcification time (RECA), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), factor V, factor VIII, Normotest, Thrombotest, thrombin time, fibrinogen and platelets. Severe coagulation disorders were observed in one-third of the patients 12-48 hours after trauma. The abnormalities were more pronounced in patients who had sustained very severe injuries and arrived in a state of shock. The ELT was shortened 0-6 hours after the accident and accelerated coagulation was indicated simultaneously by decreased PTT, RECA, and r-values as well as by elevated Thrombotest and factor VIII values. The factor V and fibrinogen levels were initially lowered. Low platelet values at 2-4 days, prolonged thrombin and r-times, secondary decrease of fibrinogen FV, FVIII, and low Thrombotest values suggested disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with complications, such as fat embolism and \"shock lung\" syndromes. General bleeding tendency with high mortality was observed in 16% of the patients.", "contents": "Coagulation disorders in severely and critically injured patients. Forty-five patients with multiple injuries treated at an intensive care unit were studied prospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: the severely injured (no mortality) and critically injured (56% mortality). Treatment was started within two hours from the accident in all cases. The following coagulation parameters were measured for eight days: euglobulin lysis time (ELT), thromboelastography (TEG), vecalcification time (RECA), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), factor V, factor VIII, Normotest, Thrombotest, thrombin time, fibrinogen and platelets. Severe coagulation disorders were observed in one-third of the patients 12-48 hours after trauma. The abnormalities were more pronounced in patients who had sustained very severe injuries and arrived in a state of shock. The ELT was shortened 0-6 hours after the accident and accelerated coagulation was indicated simultaneously by decreased PTT, RECA, and r-values as well as by elevated Thrombotest and factor VIII values. The factor V and fibrinogen levels were initially lowered. Low platelet values at 2-4 days, prolonged thrombin and r-times, secondary decrease of fibrinogen FV, FVIII, and low Thrombotest values suggested disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with complications, such as fat embolism and \"shock lung\" syndromes. General bleeding tendency with high mortality was observed in 16% of the patients.", "PMID": 603216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8051", "title": "Intensive physical therapy after fractures of the femoral shaft.", "content": "22 patients with fractures of the femoral shaft were divided into 2 groups. One group (12 patients) were given the standard postoperative physiotherapy and the remainder (10 patients) received intensive physiotherapy. Clinical examination of the knee joint was performed 2, 4 and 9 weeks postoperatively. The patients' mean age was 31 years; 15 of them were men. The fractures in 18 patients were treated with intramedullary nailing, 2 with a long-shanked Jewett nail and 2 with AO-nailing. Mobilisation and quadriceps atrophy of the injured limb of the patients given intensive physiotherapy appeared to improve faster than in the patients of the routine physiotherapy group. Nine weeks after  the operation the range of knee movement had normalised in the cases given intensive physiotherapy. The flexion strength of the knee in the operated limb was close to the values for the normal limb after nine weeks, but the extension strength was still 40-66% below the values for the healthy limb. The greatest increase in muscle power occurred during the first four postoperative weeks. Intensive physiotherapy seems to hasten the recovery of quadriceps strength of the patients with fractures of the femoral shaft, and to shorten the duration of sick leave of the patients operated on by closed intramedullary nailing.", "contents": "Intensive physical therapy after fractures of the femoral shaft. 22 patients with fractures of the femoral shaft were divided into 2 groups. One group (12 patients) were given the standard postoperative physiotherapy and the remainder (10 patients) received intensive physiotherapy. Clinical examination of the knee joint was performed 2, 4 and 9 weeks postoperatively. The patients' mean age was 31 years; 15 of them were men. The fractures in 18 patients were treated with intramedullary nailing, 2 with a long-shanked Jewett nail and 2 with AO-nailing. Mobilisation and quadriceps atrophy of the injured limb of the patients given intensive physiotherapy appeared to improve faster than in the patients of the routine physiotherapy group. Nine weeks after  the operation the range of knee movement had normalised in the cases given intensive physiotherapy. The flexion strength of the knee in the operated limb was close to the values for the normal limb after nine weeks, but the extension strength was still 40-66% below the values for the healthy limb. The greatest increase in muscle power occurred during the first four postoperative weeks. Intensive physiotherapy seems to hasten the recovery of quadriceps strength of the patients with fractures of the femoral shaft, and to shorten the duration of sick leave of the patients operated on by closed intramedullary nailing.", "PMID": 603217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8052", "title": "Acquired eventration of the diaphragm--results of surgery.", "content": "Results of surgical repair of acquired diaphragmatic eventration are reported. The series consists of nine adult patients studied pre- and postoperatively with clinical, radiological and lung function investigations. The repair was performed in all cases by a thoracic approach and plication of the diaphragm. The operative procedure was well tolerated in all cases. On follow-up seven patients were found to be improved and in two transient or no improvement occurred. Subjectively, gastrointestinal symptoms were alleviated most often by the operation. Radiological studies showed that although the immediate postoperative position of the diaphragm was very good in all cases, the diaphragm began to stretch and elevate gradually during the first year. In one case rupture of the repaired diaphragm developed 2 years after plication. Reoperation was performed with success. In one case the anatomical end result was no better than before the repair, in the others it was partially or completely improved. Plate atelectasis was observed no longer after the operation. Preoperative lung function studies showed a slight to moderate restrictive defect in 8 cases and a marked one in one case. 37% of the total lung perfusion was distributed to the affected side. On the average no significant changes could be found between the pre- and postoperative values.", "contents": "Acquired eventration of the diaphragm--results of surgery. Results of surgical repair of acquired diaphragmatic eventration are reported. The series consists of nine adult patients studied pre- and postoperatively with clinical, radiological and lung function investigations. The repair was performed in all cases by a thoracic approach and plication of the diaphragm. The operative procedure was well tolerated in all cases. On follow-up seven patients were found to be improved and in two transient or no improvement occurred. Subjectively, gastrointestinal symptoms were alleviated most often by the operation. Radiological studies showed that although the immediate postoperative position of the diaphragm was very good in all cases, the diaphragm began to stretch and elevate gradually during the first year. In one case rupture of the repaired diaphragm developed 2 years after plication. Reoperation was performed with success. In one case the anatomical end result was no better than before the repair, in the others it was partially or completely improved. Plate atelectasis was observed no longer after the operation. Preoperative lung function studies showed a slight to moderate restrictive defect in 8 cases and a marked one in one case. 37% of the total lung perfusion was distributed to the affected side. On the average no significant changes could be found between the pre- and postoperative values.", "PMID": 603218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8053", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of ovarian torsion and gangrenous strangulation through a congenital opening in the mesosalpinx.", "content": "A case of simultaneous occurrence of ovarian torsion and gangrenous strangulation through a congenital opening in the mesosalpinx is presented. This case closely resembles that of intestinal strangulation through a mesosalpingeal defect, which is also very rare. 1) The condition was recognized at laparotomy performed for symptoms and signs of \"an acute abdomen\"; 2) the patient was a pregnant woman; 3) the final outcome was good after prompt surgical intervention.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of ovarian torsion and gangrenous strangulation through a congenital opening in the mesosalpinx. A case of simultaneous occurrence of ovarian torsion and gangrenous strangulation through a congenital opening in the mesosalpinx is presented. This case closely resembles that of intestinal strangulation through a mesosalpingeal defect, which is also very rare. 1) The condition was recognized at laparotomy performed for symptoms and signs of \"an acute abdomen\"; 2) the patient was a pregnant woman; 3) the final outcome was good after prompt surgical intervention.", "PMID": 603219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8054", "title": "Circulatory responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Effect of prophylactic practolol.", "content": "The effect of small intravenous doses of practolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight) on the circulatory response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, when administered with atropine (0.01 mg/kg b.w.) prior to anaesthesia was studied in 39 patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Practolol diminished significantly the rise of mean arterial pressure and pulse rate affected by laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation when performed under thiopentone-succinylcholine anaesthesia. Arrhythmias were also less frequent through the statistical significance could not be ascertained in this small series. The small practolol dose used had no adverse circulatory effects. It is suggested that the administration of a small prophylactic dose of practolol is useful in preventing the excessive cardiovascular response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.", "contents": "Circulatory responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Effect of prophylactic practolol. The effect of small intravenous doses of practolol (0.2 mg/kg body weight) on the circulatory response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, when administered with atropine (0.01 mg/kg b.w.) prior to anaesthesia was studied in 39 patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Practolol diminished significantly the rise of mean arterial pressure and pulse rate affected by laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation when performed under thiopentone-succinylcholine anaesthesia. Arrhythmias were also less frequent through the statistical significance could not be ascertained in this small series. The small practolol dose used had no adverse circulatory effects. It is suggested that the administration of a small prophylactic dose of practolol is useful in preventing the excessive cardiovascular response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.", "PMID": 603221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8055", "title": "The effect of anaesthesia and total hip replacement on the phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A responses of lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity as a part of the immune host defence mechanisms was studied in 12 patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. The combined anaesthesia used did not lower the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) responses of lymphocytes in whole blood culture during the first hour of anaesthesia before the beginning of surgery, but a clear decrease occurred after the beginning of the operation. The mitogenic responses started to recover immediately after the operation, but complete recovery was not obtained during the follow-up of 9-14 days.", "contents": "The effect of anaesthesia and total hip replacement on the phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A responses of lymphocytes. Cell-mediated immunity as a part of the immune host defence mechanisms was studied in 12 patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. The combined anaesthesia used did not lower the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) responses of lymphocytes in whole blood culture during the first hour of anaesthesia before the beginning of surgery, but a clear decrease occurred after the beginning of the operation. The mitogenic responses started to recover immediately after the operation, but complete recovery was not obtained during the follow-up of 9-14 days.", "PMID": 603222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8056", "title": "The effects of paraoesophageal structures and vagotomy on the canine lower oesophageal sphincter function.", "content": "The effects of paraoesophageal structures and vagotomy on lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) function were studied in the dog using modern oesophageal manometric technique. The isolation of the gastro-oesophageal junction from surrounding structures by a stiff-walled Silastic-tube led to a slight decrease in LOS pressure, but the difference was not statistically significant. LOS response to abdominal compression also decreased slightly, but the difference was without statistical significance. Bilateral transabdominal, transthoracic and cervical vagotomy did not produce any marked changes in resting LOS pressure, whereas a statistically significant decrease in LOS response to abdominal compression occurred after each type of vagotomy. The results suggest that the mechanism intrinsic to the gastro-oesophageal junction, the LOS, is mainly responsible for the maintenance of gastro-oesophageal competence, and the effect of extrinsic paraoesophageal structures is of minor importance. The vagus nerves apparently have no major role in the maintenance of resting LOS pressure. LOS response to increased intra-abdominal pressure seems to represent a genuine increase in LOS tone, to which extrinsic mechanical factors add only a small contribution. This response seems to be mediated by a vagal reflex arc, the afferent part of which has its origin below the diaphragm.", "contents": "The effects of paraoesophageal structures and vagotomy on the canine lower oesophageal sphincter function. The effects of paraoesophageal structures and vagotomy on lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) function were studied in the dog using modern oesophageal manometric technique. The isolation of the gastro-oesophageal junction from surrounding structures by a stiff-walled Silastic-tube led to a slight decrease in LOS pressure, but the difference was not statistically significant. LOS response to abdominal compression also decreased slightly, but the difference was without statistical significance. Bilateral transabdominal, transthoracic and cervical vagotomy did not produce any marked changes in resting LOS pressure, whereas a statistically significant decrease in LOS response to abdominal compression occurred after each type of vagotomy. The results suggest that the mechanism intrinsic to the gastro-oesophageal junction, the LOS, is mainly responsible for the maintenance of gastro-oesophageal competence, and the effect of extrinsic paraoesophageal structures is of minor importance. The vagus nerves apparently have no major role in the maintenance of resting LOS pressure. LOS response to increased intra-abdominal pressure seems to represent a genuine increase in LOS tone, to which extrinsic mechanical factors add only a small contribution. This response seems to be mediated by a vagal reflex arc, the afferent part of which has its origin below the diaphragm.", "PMID": 603223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8057", "title": "LH and FSH (basal values and pituitary responses to GnRH) in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Gonadotropin behaviour (basal plasma values and pituitary responses to GnRH) in hyperthyroid patients was studied. LH values (both basal and pituitary responses) higher than the controls were documented. Thyroid hormones seem to modulate pituitary response to GnRH for LH only in hyperthyroid patients of both sexes. In order to explain the mechanism of the action of thyroid hormones, rather than the possibility of peripheral effect on binding capacity of the proteins for circulating steroids, a central interaction at medial eminence level is suggested.", "contents": "LH and FSH (basal values and pituitary responses to GnRH) in hyperthyroidism. Gonadotropin behaviour (basal plasma values and pituitary responses to GnRH) in hyperthyroid patients was studied. LH values (both basal and pituitary responses) higher than the controls were documented. Thyroid hormones seem to modulate pituitary response to GnRH for LH only in hyperthyroid patients of both sexes. In order to explain the mechanism of the action of thyroid hormones, rather than the possibility of peripheral effect on binding capacity of the proteins for circulating steroids, a central interaction at medial eminence level is suggested.", "PMID": 603224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8058", "title": "Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity in selected populations of the Isle of Man and Cumbria.", "content": "PTC taste thresholds were determined using a modification of the Harris and Kalmus sorting technique for 854 Cumbrian schoolchildren and 699 individuals from the Isle of Man. A non-taster frequency of 19.7 percent was observed in the Cumbrian sample compared with a frequency of 27.8 per cent in that from the Isle of Man. Analysis of taste threshold distributions revealed significant variability, both within and between these two samples. Evidence of significant regional heterogeneity was detected in Cumbria but not in the Isle of Man. Finally, these two series were compared with data from neighbouring regions of the British Isles and Scandinavian populations.", "contents": "Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity in selected populations of the Isle of Man and Cumbria. PTC taste thresholds were determined using a modification of the Harris and Kalmus sorting technique for 854 Cumbrian schoolchildren and 699 individuals from the Isle of Man. A non-taster frequency of 19.7 percent was observed in the Cumbrian sample compared with a frequency of 27.8 per cent in that from the Isle of Man. Analysis of taste threshold distributions revealed significant variability, both within and between these two samples. Evidence of significant regional heterogeneity was detected in Cumbria but not in the Isle of Man. Finally, these two series were compared with data from neighbouring regions of the British Isles and Scandinavian populations.", "PMID": 603225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8059", "title": "Urinary hydroxyproline, creatinine and urea excretion during the growth of five siblings.", "content": "Urinary excretions of hydroxyproline, creatine and urea in 24 h specimens from 5 siblings have been determined monthly from 1971 to 1976 together with the measurements of body height and body weight. Changes with age in the urinary levels of these substances are in good agreement with those from cross-sectional studies in various age groups of children. Wide fluctuations of excretion levels occurred. The creatinine coefficients did not remain constant even over short periods. Menarche was observed shortly after the peak of hydroxyproline excretion at puberty. The hydroxyproline excretion pattern is similar to that of hydroxyproline index proposed by Whitehead, and it is quite different from that of hydroxyproline ratio.", "contents": "Urinary hydroxyproline, creatinine and urea excretion during the growth of five siblings. Urinary excretions of hydroxyproline, creatine and urea in 24 h specimens from 5 siblings have been determined monthly from 1971 to 1976 together with the measurements of body height and body weight. Changes with age in the urinary levels of these substances are in good agreement with those from cross-sectional studies in various age groups of children. Wide fluctuations of excretion levels occurred. The creatinine coefficients did not remain constant even over short periods. Menarche was observed shortly after the peak of hydroxyproline excretion at puberty. The hydroxyproline excretion pattern is similar to that of hydroxyproline index proposed by Whitehead, and it is quite different from that of hydroxyproline ratio.", "PMID": 603226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8060", "title": "Growth and maturity characteristics of schoolboy gymnasts.", "content": "Anthropometric and pubertal status data have been collected on 99 schoolboy gymnasts. There are marked differences compared with standard percentile values for British children. This is most evident in the gymnasts' high biacromial diameters and low skinfold measurements. The anthropometric measurements are tabulated according to pubertal rating. The patterns of training are also presented. The atypical growth patterns of the gymnasts might have resulted from the intensive training requirements of the sport, but alternatively their particular physique may have favoured participation in gymnastics.", "contents": "Growth and maturity characteristics of schoolboy gymnasts. Anthropometric and pubertal status data have been collected on 99 schoolboy gymnasts. There are marked differences compared with standard percentile values for British children. This is most evident in the gymnasts' high biacromial diameters and low skinfold measurements. The anthropometric measurements are tabulated according to pubertal rating. The patterns of training are also presented. The atypical growth patterns of the gymnasts might have resulted from the intensive training requirements of the sport, but alternatively their particular physique may have favoured participation in gymnastics.", "PMID": 603227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8061", "title": "Variation and inheritance of relative length of index finger in man.", "content": "The length of index finger relative to fourth finger has been measured on parents and children in 190 families belonging to an endogamous Reddy community of Nalgonda District, India. The distribution of relative index finger length among various family groups was unimodal and symmetric. Heritability estimates based on parent-offspring regressions indicate a moderate level (40--70 percent) of additive genetic variance. There was no evidence for the influence of sex-linked additive genes.", "contents": "Variation and inheritance of relative length of index finger in man. The length of index finger relative to fourth finger has been measured on parents and children in 190 families belonging to an endogamous Reddy community of Nalgonda District, India. The distribution of relative index finger length among various family groups was unimodal and symmetric. Heritability estimates based on parent-offspring regressions indicate a moderate level (40--70 percent) of additive genetic variance. There was no evidence for the influence of sex-linked additive genes.", "PMID": 603228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8062", "title": "Age at menarche in deaf girls.", "content": "Using the status quo and retrospective methods, age at menarche was estimated for a sample of 212 deaf girls 7 through 20 years of age. Median age at menarche via probit analysis was 11.91 +/- 0.25 years, while the mean based on recalled age in older girls (greater than or equal to 15.5 years) was 12.56 +/- 0.16 years. These two estimates thus differ by approximately 0.6 years. The probit estimate of median age at menarche in deaf girls is similar to mean ages reported for blind girls. However, the retrospective age is later. Thus, the present data are inconclusive as to whether the sensory deprivation imposed by deafness has an accelerating effect on menarche similar to that hypothesized for light deprivation in blind girls.", "contents": "Age at menarche in deaf girls. Using the status quo and retrospective methods, age at menarche was estimated for a sample of 212 deaf girls 7 through 20 years of age. Median age at menarche via probit analysis was 11.91 +/- 0.25 years, while the mean based on recalled age in older girls (greater than or equal to 15.5 years) was 12.56 +/- 0.16 years. These two estimates thus differ by approximately 0.6 years. The probit estimate of median age at menarche in deaf girls is similar to mean ages reported for blind girls. However, the retrospective age is later. Thus, the present data are inconclusive as to whether the sensory deprivation imposed by deafness has an accelerating effect on menarche similar to that hypothesized for light deprivation in blind girls.", "PMID": 603229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8063", "title": "ABO blood groups and cholera.", "content": "The ABO blood group of 87 bacteriologically proven cases of cholera and 33 bacteriologically negative cholera-like diarrhoea cases was determined. When compared with the normal blood group distribution in the population of the Philippines of the same racial group to which the patients belonged, a relatively larger number of cases were found to occur in individuals of group O and a lesser number in those of group A. A plea is made for further studies on these lines to explain the host susceptibility in cholera and other acute enterotoxigenic diarrhoeas.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and cholera. The ABO blood group of 87 bacteriologically proven cases of cholera and 33 bacteriologically negative cholera-like diarrhoea cases was determined. When compared with the normal blood group distribution in the population of the Philippines of the same racial group to which the patients belonged, a relatively larger number of cases were found to occur in individuals of group O and a lesser number in those of group A. A plea is made for further studies on these lines to explain the host susceptibility in cholera and other acute enterotoxigenic diarrhoeas.", "PMID": 603230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8064", "title": "Phage-typing of Salmonella weltevreden based on lysogeny. I. The phage-typing system.", "content": "All of the 1070 strains of Salmonella weltevreden tested were lysogenic, temperate phage being demonstrable in 83.9% of the strains in broth culture, 6.4% in mixed culture and the remaining 9.7% after induction by UV-irradiation and MC treatment. A phage-typing scheme for Salmonella weltevreden based on the host range of temperate phages was developed. The strains could be classified into eight groups by means of the host range of their temperate phages on six indicator strains and a ninth group, the symbiotic phages of which failed to lyse any of the indicator strains.", "contents": "Phage-typing of Salmonella weltevreden based on lysogeny. I. The phage-typing system. All of the 1070 strains of Salmonella weltevreden tested were lysogenic, temperate phage being demonstrable in 83.9% of the strains in broth culture, 6.4% in mixed culture and the remaining 9.7% after induction by UV-irradiation and MC treatment. A phage-typing scheme for Salmonella weltevreden based on the host range of temperate phages was developed. The strains could be classified into eight groups by means of the host range of their temperate phages on six indicator strains and a ninth group, the symbiotic phages of which failed to lyse any of the indicator strains.", "PMID": 603231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8065", "title": "Phage-typing of Salmonella weltevreden based on lysogeny. II. Epidemiological usefulness of the system and geographical distribution of its phage-types.", "content": "Nine hundred and forty-six strains of Salmonella weltevreden isolated in different states of India during 1958-1974 and 124 strains from Australia, Burma, Holland, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971 were phage-typed according to the phage-typing scheme described in the first part of this paper (Sood and Basu, 1977). The epidemiological incidence and geographical distribution of phage-types of Salmonella weltevreden were studied. All the phage-types were present in India, the predominant phage-types being b, d and i. Phage-type g was isolated exclusively from India. All the 14 strains from Hawaii belonged to phage-type i. Phage-type h was the most predominant phage-type in Vietnam. The 15 strains isolated from Papua New Guinea in 1965, which were supposed to have originated from a single source, belonged to 3 phage-types. Except these cultures all the available epidemiologically related strains were of uniform phage-types - a finding which establishes the epidemiological validity of the scheme.", "contents": "Phage-typing of Salmonella weltevreden based on lysogeny. II. Epidemiological usefulness of the system and geographical distribution of its phage-types. Nine hundred and forty-six strains of Salmonella weltevreden isolated in different states of India during 1958-1974 and 124 strains from Australia, Burma, Holland, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971 were phage-typed according to the phage-typing scheme described in the first part of this paper (Sood and Basu, 1977). The epidemiological incidence and geographical distribution of phage-types of Salmonella weltevreden were studied. All the phage-types were present in India, the predominant phage-types being b, d and i. Phage-type g was isolated exclusively from India. All the 14 strains from Hawaii belonged to phage-type i. Phage-type h was the most predominant phage-type in Vietnam. The 15 strains isolated from Papua New Guinea in 1965, which were supposed to have originated from a single source, belonged to 3 phage-types. Except these cultures all the available epidemiologically related strains were of uniform phage-types - a finding which establishes the epidemiological validity of the scheme.", "PMID": 603232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8066", "title": "Metschnikowia lunata sp. nov.", "content": "Ascosporulation in the yeast strain designated as Selenotila intestinalis Krassilnikov was achieved. On the basis of mode of ascus formation and ascospore morphology it is included in the genus Metschnikowia Kamienski as a new species, M. lunata.", "contents": "Metschnikowia lunata sp. nov. Ascosporulation in the yeast strain designated as Selenotila intestinalis Krassilnikov was achieved. On the basis of mode of ascus formation and ascospore morphology it is included in the genus Metschnikowia Kamienski as a new species, M. lunata.", "PMID": 603233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8067", "title": "Carbohydrate composition and taxonomy of the genus Dipodascus.", "content": "Carbohydrates released during acid hydrolysis of intact cells of Dipodascus were studied by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. In addition, cells were characterized by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The data obtained support the classification of Dipodascus uninucleatus in a separate genus Dipodascopsis. Glucuronic acid is present in D. uninucleatus and, therefore, a possible affinity to fungi classified in the Zygomycetes is considered. Dipodascus aggregatus and Dipodascus australiensis were found to be rather different, but very close to Geotrichum candidum and related species.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition and taxonomy of the genus Dipodascus. Carbohydrates released during acid hydrolysis of intact cells of Dipodascus were studied by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. In addition, cells were characterized by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The data obtained support the classification of Dipodascus uninucleatus in a separate genus Dipodascopsis. Glucuronic acid is present in D. uninucleatus and, therefore, a possible affinity to fungi classified in the Zygomycetes is considered. Dipodascus aggregatus and Dipodascus australiensis were found to be rather different, but very close to Geotrichum candidum and related species.", "PMID": 603234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8068", "title": "The taxonomy of Penicillium species from fermented cheeses.", "content": "The taxonomy of the Penicillium camberti and P. roqueforti series is re-investigated. P. caseicolum Bainier is regarded as a synonym of P. camemberti Thom on the basis of morphological characters. P. casei Staub is considered to be identical with P. verrucosm Dierckx var. cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk et Hadlok. Descriptions and illustrations of P. camemberti and P. roqueforti Thom are given. The occurrence and mycotoxin production of both species are shortly discussed.", "contents": "The taxonomy of Penicillium species from fermented cheeses. The taxonomy of the Penicillium camberti and P. roqueforti series is re-investigated. P. caseicolum Bainier is regarded as a synonym of P. camemberti Thom on the basis of morphological characters. P. casei Staub is considered to be identical with P. verrucosm Dierckx var. cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk et Hadlok. Descriptions and illustrations of P. camemberti and P. roqueforti Thom are given. The occurrence and mycotoxin production of both species are shortly discussed.", "PMID": 603235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8069", "title": "[Morphogenic interactions between tooth components].", "content": "The in vitro evolution of interspecific associations between pulps and enamel organs of embryonic Mouse and Rabbit tooth germs was studied. It was shown that young pulps controlled the three-dimensional structure of tooth germs. It was also shown that dental papillae cells and dental epithelial cells, after monolayer culture, did not loose their respective ability to direct the histogenesis of teeth.", "contents": "[Morphogenic interactions between tooth components]. The in vitro evolution of interspecific associations between pulps and enamel organs of embryonic Mouse and Rabbit tooth germs was studied. It was shown that young pulps controlled the three-dimensional structure of tooth germs. It was also shown that dental papillae cells and dental epithelial cells, after monolayer culture, did not loose their respective ability to direct the histogenesis of teeth.", "PMID": 603237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8070", "title": "Surgical treatment of the bleeding peptic ulcer.", "content": "Sixty-six patients were subjected to operation for a bleeding ulcer, 14 of them died. There was little difference between the results of truncal vagotomy and resection, in contrast to reports in the literature that vagotomy gave better results especially in duodenal ulcer. Emphasis is laid on the importance of locating the hemorrhage preoperatively. The mortality rate of the operation is determined to a significant extent by the patient's condition at the time of onset of the hemorrhage.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of the bleeding peptic ulcer. Sixty-six patients were subjected to operation for a bleeding ulcer, 14 of them died. There was little difference between the results of truncal vagotomy and resection, in contrast to reports in the literature that vagotomy gave better results especially in duodenal ulcer. Emphasis is laid on the importance of locating the hemorrhage preoperatively. The mortality rate of the operation is determined to a significant extent by the patient's condition at the time of onset of the hemorrhage.", "PMID": 603247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8071", "title": "The treatment of benign strictures in the distal portion of the oesophagus.", "content": "Oesophagocardial plasty combined with intrathoracic fundoplication (Thal-Nissen-Rosetti) appears to be efficacious in the treatment of severe achalasia and of stenosis resulting from reflux in hiatus hernia. Advanced age and moderately severe cardiorespiratory disorders do not preclude good results from this operation. The above procedure was applied to six patients, with results varying from very good to fair.", "contents": "The treatment of benign strictures in the distal portion of the oesophagus. Oesophagocardial plasty combined with intrathoracic fundoplication (Thal-Nissen-Rosetti) appears to be efficacious in the treatment of severe achalasia and of stenosis resulting from reflux in hiatus hernia. Advanced age and moderately severe cardiorespiratory disorders do not preclude good results from this operation. The above procedure was applied to six patients, with results varying from very good to fair.", "PMID": 603248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8072", "title": "Typhoid osteomyelitis.", "content": "A case of typhoid osteomyelitis of the left lower leg is described. The incidence, clinical features and therapy of this bone infection are outlined. This uncommon bone infection was confirmed 30 years after the initial infection with S. typhi. Surgical intervention and administration of chloramphenicol resulted in complete recovery.", "contents": "Typhoid osteomyelitis. A case of typhoid osteomyelitis of the left lower leg is described. The incidence, clinical features and therapy of this bone infection are outlined. This uncommon bone infection was confirmed 30 years after the initial infection with S. typhi. Surgical intervention and administration of chloramphenicol resulted in complete recovery.", "PMID": 603249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8073", "title": "[Electron microscopic examination of the morphogenesis of the elastic fibre in elastosis senilis and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (author's transl)].", "content": "We undertook to investigate the elastic and collagenous fibers of senile elastosis (s.E.) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (P.e.). This was done by comparing the above with normal skin under the electron microscope. The main difference is the increasing occurance of a fine granular-filamentous substance composed of microfibrils of varying thicknesses. A new formation arises as this substance is excreted by the activated fibroblasts and the combines extracellulary with the pathological elastic fibers. In the case of P.e. there is an additional calcification. It seems that with the elastogenesis of s.E. small elastic fibers are formed. P.e., in contrast, shows irregular electron-dense reticular sheets with numerous holes. The alteration of collagen observed in both diseases is considered as the primary change (which arises in both cases through the fine granular-filamentous material). In both diseases it is a matter of alterations of the little vessels, in endothel and basement membranes. We find here the same fine granular-filamentous substance in the elastic fibers of lamina interna, where as in P.e. we can see the calcification.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic examination of the morphogenesis of the elastic fibre in elastosis senilis and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (author's transl)]. We undertook to investigate the elastic and collagenous fibers of senile elastosis (s.E.) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (P.e.). This was done by comparing the above with normal skin under the electron microscope. The main difference is the increasing occurance of a fine granular-filamentous substance composed of microfibrils of varying thicknesses. A new formation arises as this substance is excreted by the activated fibroblasts and the combines extracellulary with the pathological elastic fibers. In the case of P.e. there is an additional calcification. It seems that with the elastogenesis of s.E. small elastic fibers are formed. P.e., in contrast, shows irregular electron-dense reticular sheets with numerous holes. The alteration of collagen observed in both diseases is considered as the primary change (which arises in both cases through the fine granular-filamentous material). In both diseases it is a matter of alterations of the little vessels, in endothel and basement membranes. We find here the same fine granular-filamentous substance in the elastic fibers of lamina interna, where as in P.e. we can see the calcification.", "PMID": 603251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8074", "title": "[Some measures of proliferative activity in normal and leukoplakic buccal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In 29 patients, the DNA synthesis rate of clinically healthy buccal mucosa epithelium in comparison to benign buccal leukoplakias has been studied by in vitro-autoradiography. The proliferative activity has been determined by means of the 3H-labelling indices of basal cells (LBC) and suprabasal cells (LSBC) including the total of labelled epithelium cells and the quotient of LBC:LSBC as well. The progenitor compartment of both leukoplakic and normal buccal epithelium comprises the stratum basale and the adjacent 2-3 layers of suprabasal cells. Around 70% of the DNA synthesis of normal mucosa was found in the suprabasal nuclei of the progenitor compartment. In the leukoplakic mucosa, some displacement of the labelled nuclei in the progenitor compartment resulting in a statistically significant change of the quotient of LBC:LSBC in favour of LBC was determined. Moreover, the leukoplakic specimens showed a moderate decrease of the mean proliferative activity of the total of labelled epithelial cells which may be due to a diminished exfoliation of cornified cells from the hyper(ortho)keratotic surface. It is supposed that in chronic oral leukoplakias some variation of the steady state between renewal and desquamative loss of epithelial cells is operating as far as no precancerous condition is present.", "contents": "[Some measures of proliferative activity in normal and leukoplakic buccal mucosa (author's transl)]. In 29 patients, the DNA synthesis rate of clinically healthy buccal mucosa epithelium in comparison to benign buccal leukoplakias has been studied by in vitro-autoradiography. The proliferative activity has been determined by means of the 3H-labelling indices of basal cells (LBC) and suprabasal cells (LSBC) including the total of labelled epithelium cells and the quotient of LBC:LSBC as well. The progenitor compartment of both leukoplakic and normal buccal epithelium comprises the stratum basale and the adjacent 2-3 layers of suprabasal cells. Around 70% of the DNA synthesis of normal mucosa was found in the suprabasal nuclei of the progenitor compartment. In the leukoplakic mucosa, some displacement of the labelled nuclei in the progenitor compartment resulting in a statistically significant change of the quotient of LBC:LSBC in favour of LBC was determined. Moreover, the leukoplakic specimens showed a moderate decrease of the mean proliferative activity of the total of labelled epithelial cells which may be due to a diminished exfoliation of cornified cells from the hyper(ortho)keratotic surface. It is supposed that in chronic oral leukoplakias some variation of the steady state between renewal and desquamative loss of epithelial cells is operating as far as no precancerous condition is present.", "PMID": 603252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8075", "title": "New appliance for in vivo determination of the thickness of the horny layer. Principle of the method, apparatus.", "content": "An electronically guided mechanism permits the \"unbloody\" measurement of the horny layer (HL) thickness in vivo. If a steel needle is driven by a constant speed electrode through the HL from the exterior, it is possible to measure and catalogue specific resistance variations by means of synchronic recording following derivation from the alternating current circuit against an indifferent electrode per needle electrode through the HL, i.e. from the point of skin surface contact to that of the living \"ell layer of the epidermis. The mechanical construction consists of a hydraulic trust with a measuring head which is affixed by subpressure to the skin surface. The electronic device of plug-in design constains: 1. a constant voltage generator for the analogous and digital electronic, 2. a high Ohm test amplifier as well as threshold value switch, and measuring area transformer, 3. a digital measuring value indicator, hydraulic-guidance logistics, inclusive of respective operational parts. Measuring values, made available by electronic output, are being transmitted numerically via code transformer to a teletypewriter and simultaneously transferred on an electronic data processing tape. Presented are measuring data for the calibration of the device as well as a series of results of HL-thickness measurements. Methodological errors are being discussed, just as the applicability of the device for research and practical usage.", "contents": "New appliance for in vivo determination of the thickness of the horny layer. Principle of the method, apparatus. An electronically guided mechanism permits the \"unbloody\" measurement of the horny layer (HL) thickness in vivo. If a steel needle is driven by a constant speed electrode through the HL from the exterior, it is possible to measure and catalogue specific resistance variations by means of synchronic recording following derivation from the alternating current circuit against an indifferent electrode per needle electrode through the HL, i.e. from the point of skin surface contact to that of the living \"ell layer of the epidermis. The mechanical construction consists of a hydraulic trust with a measuring head which is affixed by subpressure to the skin surface. The electronic device of plug-in design constains: 1. a constant voltage generator for the analogous and digital electronic, 2. a high Ohm test amplifier as well as threshold value switch, and measuring area transformer, 3. a digital measuring value indicator, hydraulic-guidance logistics, inclusive of respective operational parts. Measuring values, made available by electronic output, are being transmitted numerically via code transformer to a teletypewriter and simultaneously transferred on an electronic data processing tape. Presented are measuring data for the calibration of the device as well as a series of results of HL-thickness measurements. Methodological errors are being discussed, just as the applicability of the device for research and practical usage.", "PMID": 603253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8076", "title": "[Physical forces in blister formation. I. Direct measurement of blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure in suction blisters and in bullous diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure was determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified \"Dermovac\" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphrigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between two chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces.", "contents": "[Physical forces in blister formation. I. Direct measurement of blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure in suction blisters and in bullous diseases (author's transl)]. The physical forces operative in the fluid migration from the interstitial spaces into the blister cleft have not been directly measured until now. The colloid osmotic pressure was determined in suction blister fluid after mild suction blister production by a modified \"Dermovac\" and in blister fluid of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, bullous allergic contact dermatitis and pemphrigus vulgaris and in the sera of healthy persons. The colloid osmotic pressure was measured by means of a recently developed osmometer with a semipermeable membrane between two chambers, one of them filled with Ringer solution, the other with the blister fluid sample. The negative pressure in the first chamber was determined. The colloid osmotic pressure of suction blister fluid averages approximately 7 cm H2O, the values reach about 20 cm H2O in bullous diseases and about 38 cm H2O in the normal sera. The blister fluid colloid osmotic pressure has to rise to about 15 cm H2O or more to cause the fluid transport from the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue into the blister because of the negative interstitial fluid pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. Otherwise the blister fluid is reabsorbed back into the interstitial spaces.", "PMID": 603254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8077", "title": "Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin.", "content": "An evaluation of the rheological properties of skin is provided by measuring \"in situ\" the ability of skin to withstand vertical forces of extension. In physiological conditions the biomechanical parameters are reproducible and related to age, sex, skin thickness and the microarchitecture of the connective tissue studied by scanning electron microscopy. These observations shed some light on the structure-function relationship of the fibrous framework of the connective tissue. Variation in the biomechanical parameters can be used to substantiate clinical diagnosis and to monitor the evolution and the therapy of various diseases of the connective tissue.", "contents": "Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin. An evaluation of the rheological properties of skin is provided by measuring \"in situ\" the ability of skin to withstand vertical forces of extension. In physiological conditions the biomechanical parameters are reproducible and related to age, sex, skin thickness and the microarchitecture of the connective tissue studied by scanning electron microscopy. These observations shed some light on the structure-function relationship of the fibrous framework of the connective tissue. Variation in the biomechanical parameters can be used to substantiate clinical diagnosis and to monitor the evolution and the therapy of various diseases of the connective tissue.", "PMID": 603255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8078", "title": "[Annulate nexus and \"virus like particles\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Dependent on the direction in which the specimens are sectioned annular shaped nexus of neighbouring cell membranes may be misinterpreted as \"virus like particles\". It is suggested that many of the \"virus like particles\" described in tumor research may be annulate nexus.", "contents": "[Annulate nexus and \"virus like particles\" (author's transl)]. Dependent on the direction in which the specimens are sectioned annular shaped nexus of neighbouring cell membranes may be misinterpreted as \"virus like particles\". It is suggested that many of the \"virus like particles\" described in tumor research may be annulate nexus.", "PMID": 603256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8079", "title": "Low dose heparin: bleeding and wound complications in the surgical patient. A prospective randomized study.", "content": "A randomized prospective study of low dose heparin  was performed in 175 surgical patients to determine the frequency of bleeding and wound complications. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) low dose heparin (5000 units two hours before operation and 5000 units every 12 hours following operation for five days); (2) low dose heparin postoperatively only; and (3) a control group. The frequency of bleeding and wound complications was 27% in group I, 7.5% in group II, and 1.4% in group III. The difference between the control patients and those heparinized pre- and postoperatively is statistically significant (p less than 0.005). None of the patients in any of the three groups had a pulmonary embolus, but the number of patients involved is too small to assess the significance of this finding. However, a bleeding and wound complication rate of 27% is significant. These findings indicate that perhaps the routine use of low dose heparin should be reserved for those patients with preoperative factors indicating an increased risk from thromboembolism.", "contents": "Low dose heparin: bleeding and wound complications in the surgical patient. A prospective randomized study. A randomized prospective study of low dose heparin  was performed in 175 surgical patients to determine the frequency of bleeding and wound complications. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) low dose heparin (5000 units two hours before operation and 5000 units every 12 hours following operation for five days); (2) low dose heparin postoperatively only; and (3) a control group. The frequency of bleeding and wound complications was 27% in group I, 7.5% in group II, and 1.4% in group III. The difference between the control patients and those heparinized pre- and postoperatively is statistically significant (p less than 0.005). None of the patients in any of the three groups had a pulmonary embolus, but the number of patients involved is too small to assess the significance of this finding. However, a bleeding and wound complication rate of 27% is significant. These findings indicate that perhaps the routine use of low dose heparin should be reserved for those patients with preoperative factors indicating an increased risk from thromboembolism.", "PMID": 603271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8080", "title": "Total pancreatectomy for cancer. An appraisal of 65 cases.", "content": "Sixty-five patients operated with total pancreatectomy were reviewed with respect to factors influencing operative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and metabolic sequelae. The diagnoses were pancreatic cancer in 58 patients, periampullary cancer in three, cancer of the bile duct in two and leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas in one patient, respectively. In nine of the 58 cases with cancer of the caput, the histological examination revealed multicentricity of the tumor. In 44%, there were signs of degeneration and fibrosis in the distal part of the gland. Hospital mortality was 23% for the entire series. After 1970 the hospital mortality was 17%, and among patients operated by senior surgeons especially trained in pancreatic surgery, the hospital mortality was 12% during the whole period. The peroperative bilirubin levels seemed to influence survival time. Among 24 patients operated before 1975 in whom the operating surgeon judged the operation as radical, a five year survival of 21% was recorded. In patients without detectable lymph node metastases, the mean survival time was 25 months. The postoperative exocrine insufficiency and diabetes were possible to control. A blood sugar level above 10 micromol/l was found to significantly decrease the frequency of hypoglycemic attacks. Total pancreatectomy appears to be the surgical procedure preferred when radical treatment is selected.", "contents": "Total pancreatectomy for cancer. An appraisal of 65 cases. Sixty-five patients operated with total pancreatectomy were reviewed with respect to factors influencing operative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and metabolic sequelae. The diagnoses were pancreatic cancer in 58 patients, periampullary cancer in three, cancer of the bile duct in two and leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas in one patient, respectively. In nine of the 58 cases with cancer of the caput, the histological examination revealed multicentricity of the tumor. In 44%, there were signs of degeneration and fibrosis in the distal part of the gland. Hospital mortality was 23% for the entire series. After 1970 the hospital mortality was 17%, and among patients operated by senior surgeons especially trained in pancreatic surgery, the hospital mortality was 12% during the whole period. The peroperative bilirubin levels seemed to influence survival time. Among 24 patients operated before 1975 in whom the operating surgeon judged the operation as radical, a five year survival of 21% was recorded. In patients without detectable lymph node metastases, the mean survival time was 25 months. The postoperative exocrine insufficiency and diabetes were possible to control. A blood sugar level above 10 micromol/l was found to significantly decrease the frequency of hypoglycemic attacks. Total pancreatectomy appears to be the surgical procedure preferred when radical treatment is selected.", "PMID": 603272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8081", "title": "[Some experimental data on the seroprophylaxis of tetanus].", "content": "The survival time of tetanus heterologous antitoxins, crude or digested, has been controlled by indirect haemagglutination (I.H.A.) and neutralization tests in guinea pigs and rabbits. Digested antitoxins are demonstrable in guinea pigs up to the 8th day, in rabbits only during the first day. They reach the highest level 24 hours after the injection: tested with I.H.A. show a good correlation with the quantity of injected antitoxin. In the sera of three wounded subjects, treated with Ig or digested horse antitetanic serum, after 24 hours the I.H.A. test was negative, while the neutralizing antibody titer was equal to 0.1/0.01 I.U./ml. These contrasting results are probably due to circulating Fab' gragments from decaying tetanus antitoxins.", "contents": "[Some experimental data on the seroprophylaxis of tetanus]. The survival time of tetanus heterologous antitoxins, crude or digested, has been controlled by indirect haemagglutination (I.H.A.) and neutralization tests in guinea pigs and rabbits. Digested antitoxins are demonstrable in guinea pigs up to the 8th day, in rabbits only during the first day. They reach the highest level 24 hours after the injection: tested with I.H.A. show a good correlation with the quantity of injected antitoxin. In the sera of three wounded subjects, treated with Ig or digested horse antitetanic serum, after 24 hours the I.H.A. test was negative, while the neutralizing antibody titer was equal to 0.1/0.01 I.U./ml. These contrasting results are probably due to circulating Fab' gragments from decaying tetanus antitoxins.", "PMID": 603268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8082", "title": "Plasma insulin and surgery. I. Early changes due to operation in the insulin response to glucose.", "content": "The effects of elective abdominal operation on the disposal of a sustained intravenous glucose load and on the biphasic response of plasma insulin have been examined. During operation, low plasma insulin concentrations were observed despite the high plasma glucose values achieved. On the morning after operation, both phases of the insulin response to glucose were increased. This increase was seen even when subjects were compared at the same plasma glucose value. The response to tolbutamide was also greatly exaggerated. Pre- and postoperative glucose curves were approximately parallel, suggesting that glucose uptake was similar in both situations despite the presence of the postoperative hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This is at variance with previous reports based on conventional bolus dose intravenous tests which have suggested reduced postoperative glucose utilization. A new interpretation of the data is proposed.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and surgery. I. Early changes due to operation in the insulin response to glucose. The effects of elective abdominal operation on the disposal of a sustained intravenous glucose load and on the biphasic response of plasma insulin have been examined. During operation, low plasma insulin concentrations were observed despite the high plasma glucose values achieved. On the morning after operation, both phases of the insulin response to glucose were increased. This increase was seen even when subjects were compared at the same plasma glucose value. The response to tolbutamide was also greatly exaggerated. Pre- and postoperative glucose curves were approximately parallel, suggesting that glucose uptake was similar in both situations despite the presence of the postoperative hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This is at variance with previous reports based on conventional bolus dose intravenous tests which have suggested reduced postoperative glucose utilization. A new interpretation of the data is proposed.", "PMID": 603273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8083", "title": "[Electrosyneresis in identification of staphylococcal enterotoxins].", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis adjusted on the ground of proteins tested electrophoretic features, is described as a rapid, simple and specific method for staphylococcal enterotoxins identification. This technique has been applied to either purified enterotoxins A, B, and C1 or crude enterotoxins from 196 E, S6 and 137 strains. Enterotoxin-serum reaction takes place in 25 minutes with formation of a precipitation band. Method sensibility moreover allow to use diluted sera and to detect 2 microgram of the purified toxin.", "contents": "[Electrosyneresis in identification of staphylococcal enterotoxins]. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis adjusted on the ground of proteins tested electrophoretic features, is described as a rapid, simple and specific method for staphylococcal enterotoxins identification. This technique has been applied to either purified enterotoxins A, B, and C1 or crude enterotoxins from 196 E, S6 and 137 strains. Enterotoxin-serum reaction takes place in 25 minutes with formation of a precipitation band. Method sensibility moreover allow to use diluted sera and to detect 2 microgram of the purified toxin.", "PMID": 603269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8084", "title": "[Incidence of oxyuriasis in a schoolchild population in Milan, with socio-economic correlations. Verification of the therapeutic effectiveness of pyrantel pamoate].", "content": "440 children aged between 3 and 5 were examined for Oxyuriasis in three schools of Milan during three different days. 31% of the children resulted parasited by Enterobius vermicularis: a clear correlation between parasitosis and socio-economic condition has been demonstrated. Treatment with \"pirantel pamoate\" has been proved effective in 88% of the cases.", "contents": "[Incidence of oxyuriasis in a schoolchild population in Milan, with socio-economic correlations. Verification of the therapeutic effectiveness of pyrantel pamoate]. 440 children aged between 3 and 5 were examined for Oxyuriasis in three schools of Milan during three different days. 31% of the children resulted parasited by Enterobius vermicularis: a clear correlation between parasitosis and socio-economic condition has been demonstrated. Treatment with \"pirantel pamoate\" has been proved effective in 88% of the cases.", "PMID": 603270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8085", "title": "Follow-up study of gastrin response after resection of the jejunum and the ileum.", "content": "An experimental study was conducted on the effect of resection of the jejunum and ileum on gastrin release. The intravenous infusion of L. arginine in a dose of 0.5 g per kg body weight for 30 minutes proved to be most practical in evaluating gastrin release in addition to insulin and glucagon release. Serum gastrin levels in response to this dose of arginine were determined before and three weeks, three months and one year after resection of the jejunum and of the ileum. At three weeks, a significant increase in gastrin levels occurred in bothe the fasting state and after stimulation in dogs with either jejunum or ileum resection. At three months, the elevated gastrin response persisted only in those with jejunum resection. By one year, the gastrin levels had fallen in almost all dogs to approximately the preoperative levels.", "contents": "Follow-up study of gastrin response after resection of the jejunum and the ileum. An experimental study was conducted on the effect of resection of the jejunum and ileum on gastrin release. The intravenous infusion of L. arginine in a dose of 0.5 g per kg body weight for 30 minutes proved to be most practical in evaluating gastrin release in addition to insulin and glucagon release. Serum gastrin levels in response to this dose of arginine were determined before and three weeks, three months and one year after resection of the jejunum and of the ileum. At three weeks, a significant increase in gastrin levels occurred in bothe the fasting state and after stimulation in dogs with either jejunum or ileum resection. At three months, the elevated gastrin response persisted only in those with jejunum resection. By one year, the gastrin levels had fallen in almost all dogs to approximately the preoperative levels.", "PMID": 603274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8086", "title": "Carcinoma of the pancreas and periampullary region: a 41 year experience.", "content": "A retrospective review of 329 cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and 31 adenocarcinomas of the ampulla and and common bile duct seen between the years 1929 and 1973 was carried out. The most common complaints for carcinoma of the pancreas were pain, weight loss, and jaundice in that order of frequency; while jaundice was the most common complaint with periampullary lesions. The most common procedure carried out was a gastric and/or biliary bypass. Thirty-five patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. The survival of this latter group was longer and better than those undergoing bypass and in 40% of patients with ampullary carcinoma a cure was effected. Patients undergoing bypass did not live longer than patients undergoing simple exploratory laparotomy. Duration of symptoms and location of tumor within the pancreas (excluding ampullary tumors) did not appear significantly to alter the prognosis. In view of our experience it is felt that pancreatoduodenectomy should be undertaken whenever the tumor is deemed resectable as this provides the only chance for cure and the best palliation.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pancreas and periampullary region: a 41 year experience. A retrospective review of 329 cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and 31 adenocarcinomas of the ampulla and and common bile duct seen between the years 1929 and 1973 was carried out. The most common complaints for carcinoma of the pancreas were pain, weight loss, and jaundice in that order of frequency; while jaundice was the most common complaint with periampullary lesions. The most common procedure carried out was a gastric and/or biliary bypass. Thirty-five patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. The survival of this latter group was longer and better than those undergoing bypass and in 40% of patients with ampullary carcinoma a cure was effected. Patients undergoing bypass did not live longer than patients undergoing simple exploratory laparotomy. Duration of symptoms and location of tumor within the pancreas (excluding ampullary tumors) did not appear significantly to alter the prognosis. In view of our experience it is felt that pancreatoduodenectomy should be undertaken whenever the tumor is deemed resectable as this provides the only chance for cure and the best palliation.", "PMID": 603275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8087", "title": "[Epidemic parotitis in Italy: results of a 1st vaccination trial].", "content": "Forty children over 12 months of age were inoculated subcutaneously with live mumps vaccine (Jeryl Lynn strain) and tested before and 6 weeks after vaccination for complement fixing, (CF) and hemadsorption neutralizing (HN) serum antibodies against a wild-mumps virus strain. CF antibody titers were not reliable for assessing both the previous immunity and the vaccine response. Among the 13 HN seronegative subjects the responders to the vaccine were 7, with a seroconversion rate of 53.8% and a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1:2.6. Twenty (74.1%) of the 27 subjects already seropositive before the vaccination had a booster effect with an increase of the GMT from 1:8.29 to 1:33.89.", "contents": "[Epidemic parotitis in Italy: results of a 1st vaccination trial]. Forty children over 12 months of age were inoculated subcutaneously with live mumps vaccine (Jeryl Lynn strain) and tested before and 6 weeks after vaccination for complement fixing, (CF) and hemadsorption neutralizing (HN) serum antibodies against a wild-mumps virus strain. CF antibody titers were not reliable for assessing both the previous immunity and the vaccine response. Among the 13 HN seronegative subjects the responders to the vaccine were 7, with a seroconversion rate of 53.8% and a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1:2.6. Twenty (74.1%) of the 27 subjects already seropositive before the vaccination had a booster effect with an increase of the GMT from 1:8.29 to 1:33.89.", "PMID": 603264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8088", "title": "Gastric ulceration in patients receiving intrahepatic infusion of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Gastric ulceration developed in eight patients during intrahpeatic arterial infusion of 5-FU. Bleeding occurred in four instances and perforation in one. In all cases the catheter tip had been dislodged and was proximal to its correct position, allowing the stomach to be directly infused with 5-FU. No duodenal ulcers were noted. All patients were symptomatic for several days before the diagnosis was made. Of 20 patients with catheter dislodgement, five had documented ulcers, three had upper gastrointestinal bleeding of undetermined etiology, eight had epigastric pain or vomiting and only four were asymptomatic. Prompt determination of catheter position is necessary in patients receiving intrahepatic arterial infusion of 5-FU if symptoms consistent with gastric ulceration occur. Gastric ulcers should be vigorously treated because of the high rate of complications in patients receiving chemotherapy.", "contents": "Gastric ulceration in patients receiving intrahepatic infusion of 5-fluorouracil. Gastric ulceration developed in eight patients during intrahpeatic arterial infusion of 5-FU. Bleeding occurred in four instances and perforation in one. In all cases the catheter tip had been dislodged and was proximal to its correct position, allowing the stomach to be directly infused with 5-FU. No duodenal ulcers were noted. All patients were symptomatic for several days before the diagnosis was made. Of 20 patients with catheter dislodgement, five had documented ulcers, three had upper gastrointestinal bleeding of undetermined etiology, eight had epigastric pain or vomiting and only four were asymptomatic. Prompt determination of catheter position is necessary in patients receiving intrahepatic arterial infusion of 5-FU if symptoms consistent with gastric ulceration occur. Gastric ulcers should be vigorously treated because of the high rate of complications in patients receiving chemotherapy.", "PMID": 603276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8089", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome.", "content": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome is a functional disease of the lower colon which produces typical signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. It is manifest in the first 24-48 hours of life, particularly in infants of diabetic mothers  and, if detected early, it can be fully cured by radiographic contrast enemas, not unlike meconium plug syndrome. Intestinal perforation and death may occur, however. The etiology of the disease is unknown but it may relate to neurohumoral imbalances between the autonomic nervous system and glucagon.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome. Neonatal small left colon syndrome is a functional disease of the lower colon which produces typical signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. It is manifest in the first 24-48 hours of life, particularly in infants of diabetic mothers  and, if detected early, it can be fully cured by radiographic contrast enemas, not unlike meconium plug syndrome. Intestinal perforation and death may occur, however. The etiology of the disease is unknown but it may relate to neurohumoral imbalances between the autonomic nervous system and glucagon.", "PMID": 603277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8090", "title": "[Mathematical models in epidemiological studies. I. Application to the epidemic of cholera verified in Bari in 1973].", "content": "An analysis of the cholera epidemic which occurred in Bari in 1973, is carried out under the assumption that the main infection source has been the widespread consumption of \"raw fish\". The analysis is based on a chain-binomial model which appears to be suitable to describe the epidemic. A statistical evaluation of the parameters of the model confirms the initial hypothesis, owing to the observed rapid decreasing of the probability of infection, which occurs immediately after the disinfection of the sewage going into the sea.", "contents": "[Mathematical models in epidemiological studies. I. Application to the epidemic of cholera verified in Bari in 1973]. An analysis of the cholera epidemic which occurred in Bari in 1973, is carried out under the assumption that the main infection source has been the widespread consumption of \"raw fish\". The analysis is based on a chain-binomial model which appears to be suitable to describe the epidemic. A statistical evaluation of the parameters of the model confirms the initial hypothesis, owing to the observed rapid decreasing of the probability of infection, which occurs immediately after the disinfection of the sewage going into the sea.", "PMID": 603266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8091", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with burns.", "content": "In a group of 22 patients with second and third degree burns, seven were found to have impaired chemotaxis. The chemotactic defect was present from two to 68 days and eventually became normal. The impairment was found to be due to a primary transient defect in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and not to an inhibitor or inactivator in the serum.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with burns. In a group of 22 patients with second and third degree burns, seven were found to have impaired chemotaxis. The chemotactic defect was present from two to 68 days and eventually became normal. The impairment was found to be due to a primary transient defect in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and not to an inhibitor or inactivator in the serum.", "PMID": 603278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8092", "title": "Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: eight cases with thrombotic-hemorrhagic complications.", "content": "Increased heparin tolerance and recurrent thromboembolism which included myocardial infarction (3 patients), pulmonary embolism (2 patients) and complete aorto-iliac occlusion (2 patients), heralded the development of thrombocytopenia between the eighth and twelfth day of heparin therapy in six women and two men. The thrombocytopenia persisted until heparin was discontinued. Bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage) was the initial complication in one patients and occurred in conjunction with thrombotic complications in four other patients. Agglutination absorption testing in one and complement fixation testing in five patients suggested the presence of heparin dependent antiplatelet antibodies. After platelet recovery, four of the eight patients responded to parenteral heparin rechallenge with rapid decreases in their platelet counts. The early recognition of the syndrome with cessation of heparin therapy is imperative for the successful management of afflicted patients.", "contents": "Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: eight cases with thrombotic-hemorrhagic complications. Increased heparin tolerance and recurrent thromboembolism which included myocardial infarction (3 patients), pulmonary embolism (2 patients) and complete aorto-iliac occlusion (2 patients), heralded the development of thrombocytopenia between the eighth and twelfth day of heparin therapy in six women and two men. The thrombocytopenia persisted until heparin was discontinued. Bleeding (cerebral hemorrhage) was the initial complication in one patients and occurred in conjunction with thrombotic complications in four other patients. Agglutination absorption testing in one and complement fixation testing in five patients suggested the presence of heparin dependent antiplatelet antibodies. After platelet recovery, four of the eight patients responded to parenteral heparin rechallenge with rapid decreases in their platelet counts. The early recognition of the syndrome with cessation of heparin therapy is imperative for the successful management of afflicted patients.", "PMID": 603279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8093", "title": "Experimental gastric sympathectomy: an effective prophylaxis of gastric stress lesions.", "content": "Fifteen mini-pigs were bled to a mean aortic blood pressure of 40 mm Hg and maintained at that level for three hours. The control group consisted of eight animals with shock for three hours, while the test group was comprised of seven animals with a similar shock period but which had undergone splanchnicectomy 14 days earlier. In all animals a stimulated gastric secretion test was performed three days before and eight days after splanchnicectomy. All animals in the control group showed severe gastric mucosal lesions after shock. Conversely, the piglets with splanchnicectomy developed no changes (five animals) or only minor changes (two animals). The efficacy of splanchnicectomy was confirmed by a stimulated gastric secretion test in which basal acid output did not change after operation, but peak acid output increased significantly. This study suggests that gastric splanchnicectomy prevents gastric ulceration following experimental shock.", "contents": "Experimental gastric sympathectomy: an effective prophylaxis of gastric stress lesions. Fifteen mini-pigs were bled to a mean aortic blood pressure of 40 mm Hg and maintained at that level for three hours. The control group consisted of eight animals with shock for three hours, while the test group was comprised of seven animals with a similar shock period but which had undergone splanchnicectomy 14 days earlier. In all animals a stimulated gastric secretion test was performed three days before and eight days after splanchnicectomy. All animals in the control group showed severe gastric mucosal lesions after shock. Conversely, the piglets with splanchnicectomy developed no changes (five animals) or only minor changes (two animals). The efficacy of splanchnicectomy was confirmed by a stimulated gastric secretion test in which basal acid output did not change after operation, but peak acid output increased significantly. This study suggests that gastric splanchnicectomy prevents gastric ulceration following experimental shock.", "PMID": 603280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8094", "title": "Hematuria as a sign of aorto-caval fistula.", "content": "An aorto-caval fistula is a rare complication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Typical features, including congestive heart failure and a loud abdominal bruit, may be present and allow prompt diagnosis, but not infrequently they are absent or overlooked and the diagnosis not made preoperatively. Four patients with an AAA and an aorto-caval fistula are described, each of whom presented with hematuria. We believe the presence of hematuria in a patient with a symptomatic AAA should suggest the diagnosis of an aorto-caval fistula. A correct preoperative diagnosis may contribute to better planning of the operative procedure, reduced blood loss, and avoidance of possible pulmonary embolization.", "contents": "Hematuria as a sign of aorto-caval fistula. An aorto-caval fistula is a rare complication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Typical features, including congestive heart failure and a loud abdominal bruit, may be present and allow prompt diagnosis, but not infrequently they are absent or overlooked and the diagnosis not made preoperatively. Four patients with an AAA and an aorto-caval fistula are described, each of whom presented with hematuria. We believe the presence of hematuria in a patient with a symptomatic AAA should suggest the diagnosis of an aorto-caval fistula. A correct preoperative diagnosis may contribute to better planning of the operative procedure, reduced blood loss, and avoidance of possible pulmonary embolization.", "PMID": 603281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8095", "title": "[Coexistence of aorto-pulmonary calcification].", "content": "The importance of finding in chest roentgenograms the coexistence of aortic and pulmonary artery calcification in emphasized. This radiologic feature is useful in patients which offered difficulty in the clinical diagnosis, it should suggest as a first possibility in the diagnosis patent ductus arteriosus.", "contents": "[Coexistence of aorto-pulmonary calcification]. The importance of finding in chest roentgenograms the coexistence of aortic and pulmonary artery calcification in emphasized. This radiologic feature is useful in patients which offered difficulty in the clinical diagnosis, it should suggest as a first possibility in the diagnosis patent ductus arteriosus.", "PMID": 603290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8096", "title": "Changes in spontaneous activity and emotional responses of rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine at the suckling age.", "content": "Spontaneous activity and emotional responses in mature rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA: 100 microgram X 2) injected into their left and right lateral ventricles during the suckling age (12th and 15th day of birth) were investigated. The 6-OHDA treated rats showed normal growth and no significant change in the norepinephrine levels of peripheral organs despite a marked and long-lasting decrease of catecholamine levels in the central nervous system. In the open field test, ambulation and rearing within 3 min were not altered by 6-OHDA treatment whereas a significant decrease in ambulation was noted in the treated rats during continuous 30 min observation. The running-wheel activity of the treated rats was significantly lower than that of control rats during 10 days of continuous observation. Methamphetamine (1 mg/kg s.c.) produced a marked increase of activity in both groups, but the activity of the treated rats was significantly higher than that of the control rats. In the emotional response test, an increased startle response to tail pinching was observed in the 6-OHDA treated rats. Thr results showed that compensatory mechanisms following destruction of catecholamine neurons developed to a considerable extent in the rats injected with 6-OHDA intraventricularly at their suckling age. The possible role of increased activity in the remaining intact or regenerated catecholamine neurons on the compensatory mechanisms was discussed.", "contents": "Changes in spontaneous activity and emotional responses of rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine at the suckling age. Spontaneous activity and emotional responses in mature rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA: 100 microgram X 2) injected into their left and right lateral ventricles during the suckling age (12th and 15th day of birth) were investigated. The 6-OHDA treated rats showed normal growth and no significant change in the norepinephrine levels of peripheral organs despite a marked and long-lasting decrease of catecholamine levels in the central nervous system. In the open field test, ambulation and rearing within 3 min were not altered by 6-OHDA treatment whereas a significant decrease in ambulation was noted in the treated rats during continuous 30 min observation. The running-wheel activity of the treated rats was significantly lower than that of control rats during 10 days of continuous observation. Methamphetamine (1 mg/kg s.c.) produced a marked increase of activity in both groups, but the activity of the treated rats was significantly higher than that of the control rats. In the emotional response test, an increased startle response to tail pinching was observed in the 6-OHDA treated rats. Thr results showed that compensatory mechanisms following destruction of catecholamine neurons developed to a considerable extent in the rats injected with 6-OHDA intraventricularly at their suckling age. The possible role of increased activity in the remaining intact or regenerated catecholamine neurons on the compensatory mechanisms was discussed.", "PMID": 603300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8097", "title": "[Vegetations of the mitral valve and the mitral prosthesis in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Echocardiographic diagnosis].", "content": "In a patient with SBE in three differents ocassions in a period approximately of 9 months, the mitral valve was replaced on two occasions. The echocardiogram detected vegetations on two ocassions. The diagnosis of vegetation at the level of the mitral valve, was done for the first time in our hospital by this method. During the last admission, the echocardiogram suggested a vegetation at the level of the artificial mitral valve, projecting into the left atrium with the systole. This was confirmed by surgery.", "contents": "[Vegetations of the mitral valve and the mitral prosthesis in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Echocardiographic diagnosis]. In a patient with SBE in three differents ocassions in a period approximately of 9 months, the mitral valve was replaced on two occasions. The echocardiogram detected vegetations on two ocassions. The diagnosis of vegetation at the level of the mitral valve, was done for the first time in our hospital by this method. During the last admission, the echocardiogram suggested a vegetation at the level of the artificial mitral valve, projecting into the left atrium with the systole. This was confirmed by surgery.", "PMID": 603294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8098", "title": "Negative chronotropic effect of propanidid on the SA node of the dog heart in vivo.", "content": "Effect of propanidid on the pacemaker activity of the SA node was investigated in anesthetized dogs by injecting 30 microgram to 3 mg into the SA node artery in a single dose in a period of 4 sec. The doses of more than 100 microgram usually induced a negative chronotropic response. The injection of more than 1 mg frequently caused a sinus arrest followed by AV nodal rhythm. The initial sinus rhythm, however, was restored within 2 min after the propanidid administration. Its negative chronotropic response was not altered by pretreatment with atropine which completely blocked the action of acetylcholine. Bilateral vagotomy also did not affect the response induced by propanidid. A control solution or histamine failed to cause such a depressant effect on the SA node as observed after the propanidid injection. Thus, we conclude that propanidid supresses the SA nodal activity by a direct local action.", "contents": "Negative chronotropic effect of propanidid on the SA node of the dog heart in vivo. Effect of propanidid on the pacemaker activity of the SA node was investigated in anesthetized dogs by injecting 30 microgram to 3 mg into the SA node artery in a single dose in a period of 4 sec. The doses of more than 100 microgram usually induced a negative chronotropic response. The injection of more than 1 mg frequently caused a sinus arrest followed by AV nodal rhythm. The initial sinus rhythm, however, was restored within 2 min after the propanidid administration. Its negative chronotropic response was not altered by pretreatment with atropine which completely blocked the action of acetylcholine. Bilateral vagotomy also did not affect the response induced by propanidid. A control solution or histamine failed to cause such a depressant effect on the SA node as observed after the propanidid injection. Thus, we conclude that propanidid supresses the SA nodal activity by a direct local action.", "PMID": 603301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8099", "title": "The acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of acetaldehyde.", "content": "Acute coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of acetaldehyde before and subsequent to beta adrenergic blockade by propranolol were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Acetaldehyde produces a sympathomimetic effect compatible with catecholamine release as seen by an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic pressures and body oxygen consumption. The marked decrease in coronary vascular resistance and increase in coronary blood flow is blocked to only a minor degree by propranolol, indicating that a major part of its action on the coronary circulation is not due to catecholamine release. Acetaldehyde dilates large coronary vessels and appears to increase collateral blood flow to obstructed arteries, as determined by angiographic study.", "contents": "The acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of acetaldehyde. Acute coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of acetaldehyde before and subsequent to beta adrenergic blockade by propranolol were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Acetaldehyde produces a sympathomimetic effect compatible with catecholamine release as seen by an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic pressures and body oxygen consumption. The marked decrease in coronary vascular resistance and increase in coronary blood flow is blocked to only a minor degree by propranolol, indicating that a major part of its action on the coronary circulation is not due to catecholamine release. Acetaldehyde dilates large coronary vessels and appears to increase collateral blood flow to obstructed arteries, as determined by angiographic study.", "PMID": 603302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8100", "title": "The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of intracoronary arterial tolazoline (Priscoline).", "content": "Intracoronary injection of tolazoline in dogs produces transient coronary vasodilatation with marked reduction in the arteriovenous oxygen difference and little change in myocardial oxygen consumption. At lower doses coronary effects are produced almost exclusively but as the dose increases, systemic cardiovascular changes occur also. No fatalities occurred even with large doses of tolazoline into the coronary arteries of these healthy dogs. Since intraarterial tolazoline is used to improve visualization of vascular beds in other portions of the body, its possible use for coronary arteriography is discussed.", "contents": "The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of intracoronary arterial tolazoline (Priscoline). Intracoronary injection of tolazoline in dogs produces transient coronary vasodilatation with marked reduction in the arteriovenous oxygen difference and little change in myocardial oxygen consumption. At lower doses coronary effects are produced almost exclusively but as the dose increases, systemic cardiovascular changes occur also. No fatalities occurred even with large doses of tolazoline into the coronary arteries of these healthy dogs. Since intraarterial tolazoline is used to improve visualization of vascular beds in other portions of the body, its possible use for coronary arteriography is discussed.", "PMID": 603303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8101", "title": "Coronary dilatory action of adenosine analogues: a comparative study.", "content": "The coronary dilatory action of 23 adenosine analogues was investigated on a comparative basis after i.v. administration in anaesthetized dogs. Substitution of adenosine in position 5' with a COOH group and esterification led to a 50- to 100-fold increase in coronary efficacy (flow increase integrated over the time of action). Amidation of the carboxylic acid analogue further enhanced the coronary efficacy. The most effective analogue, adenosine-5'-ethyl-carboxamide, showed 20000 times greater activity than adenosine. Additional substitution in positions 2' and 3' with NO2, O-methoxy-methyliden or O-methoxyethyliden resulted in a delayed onset and prolonged duration of action.", "contents": "Coronary dilatory action of adenosine analogues: a comparative study. The coronary dilatory action of 23 adenosine analogues was investigated on a comparative basis after i.v. administration in anaesthetized dogs. Substitution of adenosine in position 5' with a COOH group and esterification led to a 50- to 100-fold increase in coronary efficacy (flow increase integrated over the time of action). Amidation of the carboxylic acid analogue further enhanced the coronary efficacy. The most effective analogue, adenosine-5'-ethyl-carboxamide, showed 20000 times greater activity than adenosine. Additional substitution in positions 2' and 3' with NO2, O-methoxy-methyliden or O-methoxyethyliden resulted in a delayed onset and prolonged duration of action.", "PMID": 603304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8102", "title": "Adrenal catecholamine release by trivalent metallic cations.", "content": "The order of effectiveness of trivalent metallic cations in releasing catecholamines from isolated perfused bovine adrenals is La greater than Ce greater than Pr greater than Nd. Other trivalent metals are essentially inactive in this system. A second exposure of the glands to trivalent metals causes little or no secretion. Omission of calcium from the perfusing medium decreases the response to La+3 or Ce+3. Trivalent metallic cations of a relatively narrow range of charge density appear to temporarily open a calcium gate which results in calcium influx and adrenomedullary catecholamine secretion.", "contents": "Adrenal catecholamine release by trivalent metallic cations. The order of effectiveness of trivalent metallic cations in releasing catecholamines from isolated perfused bovine adrenals is La greater than Ce greater than Pr greater than Nd. Other trivalent metals are essentially inactive in this system. A second exposure of the glands to trivalent metals causes little or no secretion. Omission of calcium from the perfusing medium decreases the response to La+3 or Ce+3. Trivalent metallic cations of a relatively narrow range of charge density appear to temporarily open a calcium gate which results in calcium influx and adrenomedullary catecholamine secretion.", "PMID": 603305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8103", "title": "A stop flow analysis of the effects of intrarenal infusion of bradykinin.", "content": "The effects of bradykinin (Bk) on renal function were investigated in the in situ dog kidney by means of the stop-flow method. Bradykinin, when injected into the renal artery of the dog, reduced the proximal reabsorption of sodium and water and decreased the secretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). Because filtration was stopped during the experiments, there was no alteration of the peritubular colloid osmotic pressure, and geometric changes of the tubules were minimized. This enabled us to conclude that Bk decreased the transport efficiency of sodium and PAH. The demonstration of the inhibitory effects of Bk on PAH secretion suggests that the inhibition of acid secretion is dependent not only upon the increase in medullary blood flow, but also upon a reduction of the cortical clearance of PAH.", "contents": "A stop flow analysis of the effects of intrarenal infusion of bradykinin. The effects of bradykinin (Bk) on renal function were investigated in the in situ dog kidney by means of the stop-flow method. Bradykinin, when injected into the renal artery of the dog, reduced the proximal reabsorption of sodium and water and decreased the secretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). Because filtration was stopped during the experiments, there was no alteration of the peritubular colloid osmotic pressure, and geometric changes of the tubules were minimized. This enabled us to conclude that Bk decreased the transport efficiency of sodium and PAH. The demonstration of the inhibitory effects of Bk on PAH secretion suggests that the inhibition of acid secretion is dependent not only upon the increase in medullary blood flow, but also upon a reduction of the cortical clearance of PAH.", "PMID": 603306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8104", "title": "Anti-inflammatory activity in oak gall extracts.", "content": "A method for the purification of the Hungarian oak gall extracts containing anti-inflammatory activity is described. The anti-inflammatory activity of the purified extract was tested in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and in rat polyarthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. In doses of 4.3 and 8.5 mg/kg i.p., the extract inhibited dose-dependently the formation of paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats. When rats were treated daily from 3 days prior to and 16 days after the injection of the mycobacterial adjuvant, the severity of the polyarthritic symptoms was significantly reduced.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory activity in oak gall extracts. A method for the purification of the Hungarian oak gall extracts containing anti-inflammatory activity is described. The anti-inflammatory activity of the purified extract was tested in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and in rat polyarthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. In doses of 4.3 and 8.5 mg/kg i.p., the extract inhibited dose-dependently the formation of paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats. When rats were treated daily from 3 days prior to and 16 days after the injection of the mycobacterial adjuvant, the severity of the polyarthritic symptoms was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 603307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8105", "title": "Characteristics of 45Ca uptake and efflux in rat lung slices.", "content": "The distribution and movements of 45Ca were investigated in lung slice preparations obtained from rats. The accumulation of 45Ca was measured in either 5.0 mM Ca2+, 0.5 mM Ca2+ or 0-Ca solutions. The 45Ca tissue to medium ratio was greatest in the 0-Ca solution; the presence of either 5.0 mM Ca2+ or 0.5 mM Ca2+ reduced this ratio 8- and 5-fold, respectively. Efflux of 45Ca indicated that there are at least two washout components. Exposure to either La3+ or Sr2+ (0.5 mM) during the washout resulted in a transient increase in 45Ca efflux (Sr2+ greater than La3+), whereas 0 degrees C slowed the loss of 45Ca. Uptake of 45Ca was increased by the metabolic inhibitor iodoacetic acid and inhibited in the presence of either La3+ or Sr2+. These findings indicate that the 45Ca accumulated within the lung is not readily depleted and a portion appears to accumulate at intracellular or less superficial sites or stores.", "contents": "Characteristics of 45Ca uptake and efflux in rat lung slices. The distribution and movements of 45Ca were investigated in lung slice preparations obtained from rats. The accumulation of 45Ca was measured in either 5.0 mM Ca2+, 0.5 mM Ca2+ or 0-Ca solutions. The 45Ca tissue to medium ratio was greatest in the 0-Ca solution; the presence of either 5.0 mM Ca2+ or 0.5 mM Ca2+ reduced this ratio 8- and 5-fold, respectively. Efflux of 45Ca indicated that there are at least two washout components. Exposure to either La3+ or Sr2+ (0.5 mM) during the washout resulted in a transient increase in 45Ca efflux (Sr2+ greater than La3+), whereas 0 degrees C slowed the loss of 45Ca. Uptake of 45Ca was increased by the metabolic inhibitor iodoacetic acid and inhibited in the presence of either La3+ or Sr2+. These findings indicate that the 45Ca accumulated within the lung is not readily depleted and a portion appears to accumulate at intracellular or less superficial sites or stores.", "PMID": 603308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8106", "title": "Postnatal developmental changes in adrenergic receptor responses of the dog tracheal muscle.", "content": "Age-related changes in responses of tracheal muscle strip to norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), phenylephrine (PE), dopamine (DA) and isoproterenol (IP) were examined in dogs 1-55 days of age. NE, E, PE and DA contract tracheal muscle in dogs 1-12 days of age. NE- and E-induced contractions are potentiated by propranolol. Contractile responses are little affected by atropine, but are completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine. NE-, E-, PE-, and DA-induced contractions gradually decrease with increasing age. Acetylcholine (ACh) contracts and IP slightly relaxes the tracheal muscle at all ages studied. On ACh-contracted tracheal muscle, PE and DA at all ages, and E and NE in 1-18 day old animals, induce a superimposed contraction (SIC) while IP causes a superimposed relaxation (SIR) at all ages. After approximately day 18, E and NE induce SIR while PE and DA still elicit a SIC on ACh-contracted tracheal muscle. These results suggest that E, NE, PE and DA contract the tracheal muscle through alpha adrenergic stimulation; however, beta adrenoceptors seem to be present and functioning to relax the tracheal muscle. As age advances the alpha receptor responses progressively decline; however, alpha receptors still respond to adrenergic agonists at relatively lower level of sensitivity in older animals.", "contents": "Postnatal developmental changes in adrenergic receptor responses of the dog tracheal muscle. Age-related changes in responses of tracheal muscle strip to norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), phenylephrine (PE), dopamine (DA) and isoproterenol (IP) were examined in dogs 1-55 days of age. NE, E, PE and DA contract tracheal muscle in dogs 1-12 days of age. NE- and E-induced contractions are potentiated by propranolol. Contractile responses are little affected by atropine, but are completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine. NE-, E-, PE-, and DA-induced contractions gradually decrease with increasing age. Acetylcholine (ACh) contracts and IP slightly relaxes the tracheal muscle at all ages studied. On ACh-contracted tracheal muscle, PE and DA at all ages, and E and NE in 1-18 day old animals, induce a superimposed contraction (SIC) while IP causes a superimposed relaxation (SIR) at all ages. After approximately day 18, E and NE induce SIR while PE and DA still elicit a SIC on ACh-contracted tracheal muscle. These results suggest that E, NE, PE and DA contract the tracheal muscle through alpha adrenergic stimulation; however, beta adrenoceptors seem to be present and functioning to relax the tracheal muscle. As age advances the alpha receptor responses progressively decline; however, alpha receptors still respond to adrenergic agonists at relatively lower level of sensitivity in older animals.", "PMID": 603309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8107", "title": "Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: I. Suppression of ethanol consumption in laboratory rats following dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibition.", "content": "Ethanol-drinking rats were injected with the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-57, prior to free-choice presentations of ethanol and water either for 5 alternate days (25 or 40 mg/kg i.p.) or for 5 consecutive days (45 mg/kg i.p.). In all cases, the FLA-57 treated animals markedly attenuated ethanol consumption while vehicle-injected controls showed no change from baseline. In the post-injection period ethanol intake gradually returned to baseline levels. Biochemical assays revealed that whole brain norepinephrine levels following injection of FLA-57 (15-60 mg/kg i.p.) were significantly depressed while dopamine and serotonin levels were slightly increased. It is suggested that norepinephrine may be involved in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol regulating its self-administration.", "contents": "Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: I. Suppression of ethanol consumption in laboratory rats following dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibition. Ethanol-drinking rats were injected with the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-57, prior to free-choice presentations of ethanol and water either for 5 alternate days (25 or 40 mg/kg i.p.) or for 5 consecutive days (45 mg/kg i.p.). In all cases, the FLA-57 treated animals markedly attenuated ethanol consumption while vehicle-injected controls showed no change from baseline. In the post-injection period ethanol intake gradually returned to baseline levels. Biochemical assays revealed that whole brain norepinephrine levels following injection of FLA-57 (15-60 mg/kg i.p.) were significantly depressed while dopamine and serotonin levels were slightly increased. It is suggested that norepinephrine may be involved in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol regulating its self-administration.", "PMID": 603310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8108", "title": "Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: II. Extinction of ethanol-drinking behavior in laboratory rats by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Implications for treatment procedures in human alcoholics.", "content": "Following stabilization of consumption of a 15% (v/v) ethanol solution in a free-choice with water, rats were presented with a forced-choice of ethanol for 10 consecutive alternate days. Prior to each forced-choice presentation experimental animals were injected with the non-toxic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-57 (30 mg/kg i.p.) while control animals received only vehicle injections. At the termination of the injection phase when ethanol was again made available in a free-choice with water, ethanol consumption for the FLA-57 treated animals was markedly suppressed. These data are interpreted in terms of extinction resulting from the procedure whereby performance of the ethanol drinking response was perpetuated by force with the pharmacological reinforcing properties being blocked by FLA-57-induced depletions of norepinephrine. Applications of these procedures in the treatment of human alcoholics are discussed.", "contents": "Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: II. Extinction of ethanol-drinking behavior in laboratory rats by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Implications for treatment procedures in human alcoholics. Following stabilization of consumption of a 15% (v/v) ethanol solution in a free-choice with water, rats were presented with a forced-choice of ethanol for 10 consecutive alternate days. Prior to each forced-choice presentation experimental animals were injected with the non-toxic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-57 (30 mg/kg i.p.) while control animals received only vehicle injections. At the termination of the injection phase when ethanol was again made available in a free-choice with water, ethanol consumption for the FLA-57 treated animals was markedly suppressed. These data are interpreted in terms of extinction resulting from the procedure whereby performance of the ethanol drinking response was perpetuated by force with the pharmacological reinforcing properties being blocked by FLA-57-induced depletions of norepinephrine. Applications of these procedures in the treatment of human alcoholics are discussed.", "PMID": 603311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8109", "title": "Improvement of shuttle-box performance of mice by combinations of benzodiazepines and morphine given during training.", "content": "Chlorodiazepoxide, diazepam and morphine, given alone or in combination, were tested in naive mice subjected to five 100-trial avoidance sessions in the shuttle-box. When given alone before each training session all three drugs improved avoidance behaviour. However, facilitation of avoidance responding was much more evident when either benzodiazepine derivative was given in combination with morphine.", "contents": "Improvement of shuttle-box performance of mice by combinations of benzodiazepines and morphine given during training. Chlorodiazepoxide, diazepam and morphine, given alone or in combination, were tested in naive mice subjected to five 100-trial avoidance sessions in the shuttle-box. When given alone before each training session all three drugs improved avoidance behaviour. However, facilitation of avoidance responding was much more evident when either benzodiazepine derivative was given in combination with morphine.", "PMID": 603312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8110", "title": "Action of phenytoin, ethosuximide and of the carbidopa-L-dopa association in semi-chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat.", "content": "A semi-chronic model of cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in the rat was used to investigate the action of two classic anticonvulsant drugs, phenytoin and ethosuximide. Single injections of ethosuximide lead to an inhibition of the epileptic discharges. We failed to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of phenytoin after preventive administration. The carbidopa-L-dopa association was investigated owing to the inhibitory effects of dopamine and its presence in the cortex. We showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of L-dopa combined with 25 mg/kg of carbidopa is necessary and sufficient to produce an almost complete inhibition of the discharges.", "contents": "Action of phenytoin, ethosuximide and of the carbidopa-L-dopa association in semi-chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. A semi-chronic model of cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in the rat was used to investigate the action of two classic anticonvulsant drugs, phenytoin and ethosuximide. Single injections of ethosuximide lead to an inhibition of the epileptic discharges. We failed to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of phenytoin after preventive administration. The carbidopa-L-dopa association was investigated owing to the inhibitory effects of dopamine and its presence in the cortex. We showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of L-dopa combined with 25 mg/kg of carbidopa is necessary and sufficient to produce an almost complete inhibition of the discharges.", "PMID": 603313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8111", "title": "Effect of cations on tetraehtylammonium exit from mouse kidney cortex slices.", "content": "Exit of 14C-tetraethylammonium (TEA) was studied in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO295:5 v/v%. Substitution of Na+ in the wash out buffer by K+, Rb+ or the organic cations TEA and choline resulted in a stimulation of exit which, however, may be secondary to concomitant biochemical changes in the tissue (increase of water content and relative loss of K+) seen in the presence of these cations. However, enhancement of 14C-TEA exit although less pronounced was also produced of low organic cation concentrations having no effect on tissue water and K+. The latter specific effect on 14C-TEA exit may represent an interaction phenomenon in renal organic cation transport of accelerative exchange diffusion type.", "contents": "Effect of cations on tetraehtylammonium exit from mouse kidney cortex slices. Exit of 14C-tetraethylammonium (TEA) was studied in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO295:5 v/v%. Substitution of Na+ in the wash out buffer by K+, Rb+ or the organic cations TEA and choline resulted in a stimulation of exit which, however, may be secondary to concomitant biochemical changes in the tissue (increase of water content and relative loss of K+) seen in the presence of these cations. However, enhancement of 14C-TEA exit although less pronounced was also produced of low organic cation concentrations having no effect on tissue water and K+. The latter specific effect on 14C-TEA exit may represent an interaction phenomenon in renal organic cation transport of accelerative exchange diffusion type.", "PMID": 603314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8112", "title": "The effects of samarium on the contractile responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli to acetylcholine, potassium, histamine and barium.", "content": "The role of calcium in supporting the phasic contractions of the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli induced by acetylcholine, potassium, histamine or barium has been studied using the lanthanid samarium (Sm3+). A carefully selected concentration of Sm3+ (6 X 10(-5)M) depressed to a same extent the phasic responses of the tissue to submaximal concentrations of the agonists used whilst maximum responses to histamine and barium were unaffected. Calcium and barium-induced responses of the depolarized taenia coli were not inhibited by 6 X 10(-5)M Sm3+. The rate of loss of responsiveness of the depolarized tissue to acetylcholine was increased, that to histamine was not altered while that to barium was decreased by 6 X 10(-5)M Sm3+. These findings support the concept that phasic responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli to submaximal concentrations of the agonists used are dependent on a Sm3+-sensitive calcium store(s) probably located at the cell membrane. However, maximum responses to histamine and barium seem to be supported, at least partially, by a Sm3+-insensitive depot(s) probably located at cytoplasmic compartments.", "contents": "The effects of samarium on the contractile responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli to acetylcholine, potassium, histamine and barium. The role of calcium in supporting the phasic contractions of the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli induced by acetylcholine, potassium, histamine or barium has been studied using the lanthanid samarium (Sm3+). A carefully selected concentration of Sm3+ (6 X 10(-5)M) depressed to a same extent the phasic responses of the tissue to submaximal concentrations of the agonists used whilst maximum responses to histamine and barium were unaffected. Calcium and barium-induced responses of the depolarized taenia coli were not inhibited by 6 X 10(-5)M Sm3+. The rate of loss of responsiveness of the depolarized tissue to acetylcholine was increased, that to histamine was not altered while that to barium was decreased by 6 X 10(-5)M Sm3+. These findings support the concept that phasic responses of the guinea-pig taenia coli to submaximal concentrations of the agonists used are dependent on a Sm3+-sensitive calcium store(s) probably located at the cell membrane. However, maximum responses to histamine and barium seem to be supported, at least partially, by a Sm3+-insensitive depot(s) probably located at cytoplasmic compartments.", "PMID": 603315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8113", "title": "The absence of sensitivity changes of the rabbit oviduct to phenylephrine and isoproterenol during early gestation.", "content": "The response of the rabbit perfused oviduct in vivo to phenylephrine (PE), isoproterenol (ISO) and epinephrine (EPI) was studied to determine if a purported change from alpha-adrenergic receptor dominance to beta-adrenergic receptor dominance during early gestation occurs (i.e. prior to implantation). The response of the tissue to PE did not change during early gestation, even in the presence of beta-receptor blockade by propranolol. The response to ISO of the PE-stimulated oviduct also did not change. However, the dose-response curve to EPI was shifted horizontally to the right 4 days after mating suggesting a tissue desensitization. It was concluded that the decreased oviductal sensitivity to EPI observed during early gestation could not be attributed to a change from alpha-receptor dominance to beta-receptor dominance.", "contents": "The absence of sensitivity changes of the rabbit oviduct to phenylephrine and isoproterenol during early gestation. The response of the rabbit perfused oviduct in vivo to phenylephrine (PE), isoproterenol (ISO) and epinephrine (EPI) was studied to determine if a purported change from alpha-adrenergic receptor dominance to beta-adrenergic receptor dominance during early gestation occurs (i.e. prior to implantation). The response of the tissue to PE did not change during early gestation, even in the presence of beta-receptor blockade by propranolol. The response to ISO of the PE-stimulated oviduct also did not change. However, the dose-response curve to EPI was shifted horizontally to the right 4 days after mating suggesting a tissue desensitization. It was concluded that the decreased oviductal sensitivity to EPI observed during early gestation could not be attributed to a change from alpha-receptor dominance to beta-receptor dominance.", "PMID": 603316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8114", "title": "Effects of clonidine on basal and cold-stimulated TSH secretion.", "content": "Clonidine, injected i.p. 20 min before cold exposure, is able to counteract the blockade induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine of cold-stimulated release of TSH in rats. Under basal conditions the alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating agent, administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle (10 microgram), produces, at 30 min, a sharp increase in plasma TSH that returns to control levels at 60 min. When the drug is given intraperitoneally (0.4 mg/kg) it causes a significant decrease in plasma TSH 120 min after the treatment.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on basal and cold-stimulated TSH secretion. Clonidine, injected i.p. 20 min before cold exposure, is able to counteract the blockade induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine of cold-stimulated release of TSH in rats. Under basal conditions the alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating agent, administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle (10 microgram), produces, at 30 min, a sharp increase in plasma TSH that returns to control levels at 60 min. When the drug is given intraperitoneally (0.4 mg/kg) it causes a significant decrease in plasma TSH 120 min after the treatment.", "PMID": 603317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8115", "title": "Clinical experience with lorcainide (R 15 889), a new anti-arrhythmic drug.", "content": "The anti-arrhythmic properties of a new drug, lorcainide, have been evaluated. Lorcainide is highly efficient for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, especially ventricular extrasystoles and recurrent ventricular tachycardia. It is also efficient in the treatment of supraventricular extrasystoles and repetitive auricular tachycardia. It is ineffective in cases of auricular fibrillation and flutter. The drug also has effective anti-arrhythmic properties when administered orally. It has a small negative inotropic effect which was not clinically relevant in the patient group studied. Side effects were within acceptable limits and essentially consist of dizziness, tremor and blurring of vision, occurring only during rapid i.v. injection and depending upon the speed of injection.", "contents": "Clinical experience with lorcainide (R 15 889), a new anti-arrhythmic drug. The anti-arrhythmic properties of a new drug, lorcainide, have been evaluated. Lorcainide is highly efficient for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, especially ventricular extrasystoles and recurrent ventricular tachycardia. It is also efficient in the treatment of supraventricular extrasystoles and repetitive auricular tachycardia. It is ineffective in cases of auricular fibrillation and flutter. The drug also has effective anti-arrhythmic properties when administered orally. It has a small negative inotropic effect which was not clinically relevant in the patient group studied. Side effects were within acceptable limits and essentially consist of dizziness, tremor and blurring of vision, occurring only during rapid i.v. injection and depending upon the speed of injection.", "PMID": 603318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8116", "title": "Change in automaticity of excised, sino-atrial node by alprenolol and its dextro isomer and several drugs injected into the sinus node artery of the dog.", "content": "Effects of several drugs on the automaticity of blood-perfused canine sino-atrial node preparation were examined by injecting drugs into the sinus node artery. All drugs produced a dose-dependent decrease in sino-atrial rate, although dl-alprenolol in low doses produced a slight increase, and their relative potencies determined on the basis of the molar doses producing a decrease by 15 beats/min (ED 15) were in the descending order: SK&F24260 greater than or equal to nifedipine greater than or equal to adenosine greater than quinidine greater than dl-propranolol greater than or equal to dl-alprenolol greater than procaine, and 1:1/1.2:1/2.0:1/28.8:1/114.2:1/123.8:1/704.2. Potencies of dl- and d-alprenolol and propranolol in causing a negative chronotropic action were almost equal. In higher doses, SK&F24260 and nifedipine (3-10 microgram), quinidine (0.3-1 mg), dl-propranolol and alprenolol (0.3-1 mg), and procaine (1-3 mg) caused a sino-atrial arrest. The order of potency in causing arrest was approximately similar to that in causing arrest was approximately similar to that in causing a negative chronotropic action (ED 15). Adenosine showed a profound negative chronotropic effect but did not cause a sino-atrial arrest. The negative chronotropic action and sino-atrial arrest caused by dl- and d-alprenolol and propranolol, quinidine and procaine maybe due mainly to their calcium antagonistic properties, but it is considered that their action sites are individually different. Furthermore, we suggest that in conscious dogs the tachycardia produced by the systemic administration of dl-alprenolol is not entirely due to its intrinsic sympathomimetic effect.", "contents": "Change in automaticity of excised, sino-atrial node by alprenolol and its dextro isomer and several drugs injected into the sinus node artery of the dog. Effects of several drugs on the automaticity of blood-perfused canine sino-atrial node preparation were examined by injecting drugs into the sinus node artery. All drugs produced a dose-dependent decrease in sino-atrial rate, although dl-alprenolol in low doses produced a slight increase, and their relative potencies determined on the basis of the molar doses producing a decrease by 15 beats/min (ED 15) were in the descending order: SK&F24260 greater than or equal to nifedipine greater than or equal to adenosine greater than quinidine greater than dl-propranolol greater than or equal to dl-alprenolol greater than procaine, and 1:1/1.2:1/2.0:1/28.8:1/114.2:1/123.8:1/704.2. Potencies of dl- and d-alprenolol and propranolol in causing a negative chronotropic action were almost equal. In higher doses, SK&F24260 and nifedipine (3-10 microgram), quinidine (0.3-1 mg), dl-propranolol and alprenolol (0.3-1 mg), and procaine (1-3 mg) caused a sino-atrial arrest. The order of potency in causing arrest was approximately similar to that in causing arrest was approximately similar to that in causing a negative chronotropic action (ED 15). Adenosine showed a profound negative chronotropic effect but did not cause a sino-atrial arrest. The negative chronotropic action and sino-atrial arrest caused by dl- and d-alprenolol and propranolol, quinidine and procaine maybe due mainly to their calcium antagonistic properties, but it is considered that their action sites are individually different. Furthermore, we suggest that in conscious dogs the tachycardia produced by the systemic administration of dl-alprenolol is not entirely due to its intrinsic sympathomimetic effect.", "PMID": 603319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8117", "title": "Acute cardiovascular activity of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in awake or anaesthetized normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "The effects of intravenous dl-propranolol (5 mg/kg), 1- and d-alprenolol (5 mg/kg), on blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were investigated in normotensive and spontaneously, renal or neurogenic hypertensive rats. The animals were either awake or anaesthetized with urethane, chloralose or pentobarbital. Anaesthesia may induce hemodynamic changes in hypertensive rats; thus urethane decreased peripheral vascular resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In anaesthetized rats, dl-propranolol, 1- and d-alprenolol caused significant falls in blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. The hypotensive activity was related to the initial blood pressure. Peripheral vascular resistance remained unchanged except in spontaneously hypertensive, chloralose anaesthetized rats. 1-Alprenolol had less cardiac effects than dl-propranolol. The decrease of blood pressure was shorter and/or smaller after d-alprenolol than after 1-alprenolol. In normotensive and renal hypertensive awake rats, dl-propranolol induced a short fall of blood pressure, due to a decrease of heart rate and cardiac output. These effects, except bradycardia, were not observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. These results suggest that differences in the initial vascular state, in the hypertensive models and in the anaesthetics used can explain the variability of the responses to beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Moreover, beta-blocking as well as quinidine-like activities are involved in the cardiovascular responses to dl-propranolol, d-alprenolol and 1-alprenolol studied here.", "contents": "Acute cardiovascular activity of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in awake or anaesthetized normotensive and hypertensive rats. The effects of intravenous dl-propranolol (5 mg/kg), 1- and d-alprenolol (5 mg/kg), on blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were investigated in normotensive and spontaneously, renal or neurogenic hypertensive rats. The animals were either awake or anaesthetized with urethane, chloralose or pentobarbital. Anaesthesia may induce hemodynamic changes in hypertensive rats; thus urethane decreased peripheral vascular resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In anaesthetized rats, dl-propranolol, 1- and d-alprenolol caused significant falls in blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. The hypotensive activity was related to the initial blood pressure. Peripheral vascular resistance remained unchanged except in spontaneously hypertensive, chloralose anaesthetized rats. 1-Alprenolol had less cardiac effects than dl-propranolol. The decrease of blood pressure was shorter and/or smaller after d-alprenolol than after 1-alprenolol. In normotensive and renal hypertensive awake rats, dl-propranolol induced a short fall of blood pressure, due to a decrease of heart rate and cardiac output. These effects, except bradycardia, were not observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. These results suggest that differences in the initial vascular state, in the hypertensive models and in the anaesthetics used can explain the variability of the responses to beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Moreover, beta-blocking as well as quinidine-like activities are involved in the cardiovascular responses to dl-propranolol, d-alprenolol and 1-alprenolol studied here.", "PMID": 603320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8118", "title": "Pharmacodynamic study of a pyrophtalone: [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3. I. Anti-inflammatory activity.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity of a pyrophtalone [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3, has been demonstrated with different methods (carrageenan-induced edema of rat's paw, granuloma formation, adjuvant-induced arthritis). The anti-inflammatory potency is lower but sometimes comparable to that of phenylbutazone. Moreover, the acute toxicity and the ulcerogenic effect of the pyropthalone derivative are clearly less marked.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic study of a pyrophtalone: [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3. I. Anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of a pyrophtalone [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3, has been demonstrated with different methods (carrageenan-induced edema of rat's paw, granuloma formation, adjuvant-induced arthritis). The anti-inflammatory potency is lower but sometimes comparable to that of phenylbutazone. Moreover, the acute toxicity and the ulcerogenic effect of the pyropthalone derivative are clearly less marked.", "PMID": 603321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8119", "title": "Concentrations of acidic antiinflammatory drugs in gastric mucosa.", "content": "In rats, the concentrations of the acidic antiinflammatory drugs salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid and indomethacin in the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa were determined 30 and 60 min after oral or subcutaneous administration. In another series of experiments, solutions of the drugs were introduced into the ligated stomach and the concentrations in the mucosa and in the contents of the stomach were determined after 60 min. The ratio between the concentrations in the musoca and those in serum or gastric contents were much lower than expected according to the distribution by passive non-ionic diffusion. This apparent discrepancy may be explained as a result of a drug-induced damage to the mucosal cell allowing free diffusion of ionized drug across the cell membrane.", "contents": "Concentrations of acidic antiinflammatory drugs in gastric mucosa. In rats, the concentrations of the acidic antiinflammatory drugs salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid and indomethacin in the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa were determined 30 and 60 min after oral or subcutaneous administration. In another series of experiments, solutions of the drugs were introduced into the ligated stomach and the concentrations in the mucosa and in the contents of the stomach were determined after 60 min. The ratio between the concentrations in the musoca and those in serum or gastric contents were much lower than expected according to the distribution by passive non-ionic diffusion. This apparent discrepancy may be explained as a result of a drug-induced damage to the mucosal cell allowing free diffusion of ionized drug across the cell membrane.", "PMID": 603322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8120", "title": "Suppression of the hyperacute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by drugs.", "content": "Numerous drugs were tested for ability to suppress the hyperacute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This very severe disease produced clinical signs after 7-9 days which progressed rapidly to paralysis and death. Treatment during the first five days of the incubation period with cycloleucine, cyclophosphamide EN3638, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and procarbazine produced important delays in onset. Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antilymphocyte serum, asparaginase, gold, cytarabine and tilorone, all previously reported to suppress ordinary EAE, had moderate, little or no effect in hyperacute EAE. Proteacted treatment was of no avail with some of these drugs, but it revealed the remarkable suppressive effect of EN3638, equal to cyclophosphamide. Hyperacute EAE was a rapid and economical screening test for immunosuppressive drugs, and a highly discriminating tool for comparison of potent agents.", "contents": "Suppression of the hyperacute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by drugs. Numerous drugs were tested for ability to suppress the hyperacute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This very severe disease produced clinical signs after 7-9 days which progressed rapidly to paralysis and death. Treatment during the first five days of the incubation period with cycloleucine, cyclophosphamide EN3638, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and procarbazine produced important delays in onset. Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antilymphocyte serum, asparaginase, gold, cytarabine and tilorone, all previously reported to suppress ordinary EAE, had moderate, little or no effect in hyperacute EAE. Proteacted treatment was of no avail with some of these drugs, but it revealed the remarkable suppressive effect of EN3638, equal to cyclophosphamide. Hyperacute EAE was a rapid and economical screening test for immunosuppressive drugs, and a highly discriminating tool for comparison of potent agents.", "PMID": 603323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8121", "title": "Effects of some antineoplastic agents on plasma levels of corticosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone.", "content": "The effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 nitrosurea (BCNU) and cyclophosphamide on plasma levels of corticosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were investigated. All the three drugs produce a remarkable adrenocortical activation but the duration of this effect is different. Hypophysectomized rats do not show any increase of plasma corticosterone levels in response to the considered antineoplastic agents. This may be indicative of an action mediated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The same drugs caused a significant fall of plasma TSH. Also the duration of this effect was different for the three compounds. No relevant modifications of plasma prolactin were observed.", "contents": "Effects of some antineoplastic agents on plasma levels of corticosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone. The effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 nitrosurea (BCNU) and cyclophosphamide on plasma levels of corticosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were investigated. All the three drugs produce a remarkable adrenocortical activation but the duration of this effect is different. Hypophysectomized rats do not show any increase of plasma corticosterone levels in response to the considered antineoplastic agents. This may be indicative of an action mediated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The same drugs caused a significant fall of plasma TSH. Also the duration of this effect was different for the three compounds. No relevant modifications of plasma prolactin were observed.", "PMID": 603326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8122", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of normal and defective bacteriophages of gram-negative hydrogen bacteria.", "content": "Widespread defective lysogeny was detected in Alcaligenes eutrophus by electron microscopic analysis of cultures. Mitomycin C treatment of the cultures resulted in the production of defective (inco-) particles. Polysheaths were produced both with and without induction. With the simultaneous isolation technique six phages were isolated for hydrogen-oxidizing strains of the new species Pseudomonas pseudoflava. The phages were able to replicate under autotrophic conditions and were found to have a very restricted host range. Electron microscopic analysis allowed classification into two structural groups. Group I contained phages with contractile tails; group II contained phages with flexible, noncontractile tails. All but one (gb) of the new phages were shown to be temperate by isolation of lysogens and induction with mitomycin C.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of normal and defective bacteriophages of gram-negative hydrogen bacteria. Widespread defective lysogeny was detected in Alcaligenes eutrophus by electron microscopic analysis of cultures. Mitomycin C treatment of the cultures resulted in the production of defective (inco-) particles. Polysheaths were produced both with and without induction. With the simultaneous isolation technique six phages were isolated for hydrogen-oxidizing strains of the new species Pseudomonas pseudoflava. The phages were able to replicate under autotrophic conditions and were found to have a very restricted host range. Electron microscopic analysis allowed classification into two structural groups. Group I contained phages with contractile tails; group II contained phages with flexible, noncontractile tails. All but one (gb) of the new phages were shown to be temperate by isolation of lysogens and induction with mitomycin C.", "PMID": 603337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8123", "title": "Differentiation of the intracytoplasmic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas palustris induced by variations of oxygen partial pressure or light intensity.", "content": "The photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas palustris contains, in addition to reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) two spectral forms of light harvesting (LH) Bchl, i.e. LH Bchl I, characterized by an infrared absorption maximum at 880 nm (890 nm at 77 degrees K) and LH Bchl II absorbing at 805 and 855 nm (805 and 870 nm at 77 degrees K). LH Bchl I seems to be associated with a single protein species of an apparent mol. wt. of 13 000 whereas LH Bchl II is apparently associated with two proteins of mol. wts. of 9000 and 11 000. Cells in anaerobic cultures adapt to changes of light intensity 1. by variation of the size of the photosynthetic unit, i.e. the molar ratio of LH Bchl II to reaction center Bchl, 2. by variation of the number of photosynthetic units per unit of membrane area, 3. by regulation of the size of the intracytoplasmic membrane system. During adaptation of changes of oxygen partial pressure cells are able to synthesize reaction center Bchl, LH Bchl and intracytoplasmic membranes at different rates. The synthesis of reaction center Bchl and LH Bchl I are, however, coordinated with each other, while the synthesis of LH Bchl II and reaction center Bchl proceed independently.", "contents": "Differentiation of the intracytoplasmic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas palustris induced by variations of oxygen partial pressure or light intensity. The photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas palustris contains, in addition to reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) two spectral forms of light harvesting (LH) Bchl, i.e. LH Bchl I, characterized by an infrared absorption maximum at 880 nm (890 nm at 77 degrees K) and LH Bchl II absorbing at 805 and 855 nm (805 and 870 nm at 77 degrees K). LH Bchl I seems to be associated with a single protein species of an apparent mol. wt. of 13 000 whereas LH Bchl II is apparently associated with two proteins of mol. wts. of 9000 and 11 000. Cells in anaerobic cultures adapt to changes of light intensity 1. by variation of the size of the photosynthetic unit, i.e. the molar ratio of LH Bchl II to reaction center Bchl, 2. by variation of the number of photosynthetic units per unit of membrane area, 3. by regulation of the size of the intracytoplasmic membrane system. During adaptation of changes of oxygen partial pressure cells are able to synthesize reaction center Bchl, LH Bchl and intracytoplasmic membranes at different rates. The synthesis of reaction center Bchl and LH Bchl I are, however, coordinated with each other, while the synthesis of LH Bchl II and reaction center Bchl proceed independently.", "PMID": 603338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8124", "title": "Glycogen and other soluble glucans from chytridiomycete and oomycete species.", "content": "Dry weight, protein, lipid, and glycogen were determined at various times during cultivation of the Chytridiomycetes, Rhizophydium sphaerotheca and Monoblepharella elongata. M. elongata had relatively stable levels of glycogen, but, in R. sphaerotheca, glycogen levels showed significant changes, particularly in older cultures in which a depletion of glycogen was accompanied by a marked thickening of the cell walls. Glycogen was a significant cellular constituent in both chytridiomycete species. In R. sphaerotheca and M. elongata, respectively, glycogen accounted for as much as 6% and 8.1% of the dry weight. In purified glycogens of both species, only alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-linked glucosyl residues were detected and the absorbance spectra of I2-complexes were similar to those of other well characterized glycogens. Purified Rhizophydium glycogen had a beta-amylolysis limit of 43%, and a CL of approximately 12. For the Monoblepharella polysaccharide, the respective values were 45% and 11. In extracts of the Oomycetes, Pythium debaryanum, Mindeniella spinospora, and Apodachlya sp., only beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked glucosyl residues were detected. These glucans were not iodophilic nor were they sensitive to alpha-amylase and beta-amylase. The properties of the oomycete polysaccharides suggested that they were similar to the mycolaminarans of Phytophthora spp. Although both investigated chytridiomycete species produced glycogen with typical properties, glycogen was apparently absent in the investigated Oomycetes.", "contents": "Glycogen and other soluble glucans from chytridiomycete and oomycete species. Dry weight, protein, lipid, and glycogen were determined at various times during cultivation of the Chytridiomycetes, Rhizophydium sphaerotheca and Monoblepharella elongata. M. elongata had relatively stable levels of glycogen, but, in R. sphaerotheca, glycogen levels showed significant changes, particularly in older cultures in which a depletion of glycogen was accompanied by a marked thickening of the cell walls. Glycogen was a significant cellular constituent in both chytridiomycete species. In R. sphaerotheca and M. elongata, respectively, glycogen accounted for as much as 6% and 8.1% of the dry weight. In purified glycogens of both species, only alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-linked glucosyl residues were detected and the absorbance spectra of I2-complexes were similar to those of other well characterized glycogens. Purified Rhizophydium glycogen had a beta-amylolysis limit of 43%, and a CL of approximately 12. For the Monoblepharella polysaccharide, the respective values were 45% and 11. In extracts of the Oomycetes, Pythium debaryanum, Mindeniella spinospora, and Apodachlya sp., only beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked glucosyl residues were detected. These glucans were not iodophilic nor were they sensitive to alpha-amylase and beta-amylase. The properties of the oomycete polysaccharides suggested that they were similar to the mycolaminarans of Phytophthora spp. Although both investigated chytridiomycete species produced glycogen with typical properties, glycogen was apparently absent in the investigated Oomycetes.", "PMID": 603339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8125", "title": "Control of luciferase synthesis in a newly isolated strain of Photobacterium leiognathi.", "content": "In previous studies with luminous bacteria of all different species it has been reported that the synthesis of luciferase is autoinducible: during growth at low cell densities synthesis is effectively repressed while after induction, at higher cell densities, the rate of synthesis of enzyme is up to five times the growth rate. In this paper we report on newly isolated strains of Photobacterium leiognathi which show continued luciferase synthesis irrespective of the cell density. The specific synthesis rate may nevertheless differ from the rate of growth and depends on the luciferase content of the inoculated cells. A ratio of 1 was established for cells having a maximum luciferase content varying to a ratio of about 2 for cells that contained only 1% of the maximum.", "contents": "Control of luciferase synthesis in a newly isolated strain of Photobacterium leiognathi. In previous studies with luminous bacteria of all different species it has been reported that the synthesis of luciferase is autoinducible: during growth at low cell densities synthesis is effectively repressed while after induction, at higher cell densities, the rate of synthesis of enzyme is up to five times the growth rate. In this paper we report on newly isolated strains of Photobacterium leiognathi which show continued luciferase synthesis irrespective of the cell density. The specific synthesis rate may nevertheless differ from the rate of growth and depends on the luciferase content of the inoculated cells. A ratio of 1 was established for cells having a maximum luciferase content varying to a ratio of about 2 for cells that contained only 1% of the maximum.", "PMID": 603341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8126", "title": "Isolation of alpha-glucan and lipopolysaccharide fractions from Acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "A cellular phenol-water extract of Acetobacter xylinum NRC 17007 was fractionated on Sepharose 4 B. The fraction eluting with the void volume consisted to about 95% of glycogen-like material. The lipopolysaccharide fraction was of lower molecular weight and had the following composition (%, w/w): Mannose, 42; glucose, 7; galactose, 3.8; heptose, 2; 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate, 1.2; glucosamine, 3.3; phosphate, 4.5; total fatty acids, 3.9. Among the fatty acids, 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid was present, and 2-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid predominated.", "contents": "Isolation of alpha-glucan and lipopolysaccharide fractions from Acetobacter xylinum. A cellular phenol-water extract of Acetobacter xylinum NRC 17007 was fractionated on Sepharose 4 B. The fraction eluting with the void volume consisted to about 95% of glycogen-like material. The lipopolysaccharide fraction was of lower molecular weight and had the following composition (%, w/w): Mannose, 42; glucose, 7; galactose, 3.8; heptose, 2; 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate, 1.2; glucosamine, 3.3; phosphate, 4.5; total fatty acids, 3.9. Among the fatty acids, 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid was present, and 2-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid predominated.", "PMID": 603342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8127", "title": "Nitrogen fixation by Spirillum sp. from rice roots.", "content": "Nitrogen fixation by Spirillum sp. obtained from the roots of rice plants grown at different levels of combined nitrogen was studied. The roots of rice plants exposed to low levels of combined nitrogen (20--40 kg N/ha) harboured Spirillum sp. possessing higher nitrogen-fixing efficiency as compared to the cultures from plants receiving 60--100 kg N/ha. Moreover, the nitrogen-fixing efficiency of these Spirillum spp. varied with age of the plant, irrespective of the dosage of combined nitrogen.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixation by Spirillum sp. from rice roots. Nitrogen fixation by Spirillum sp. obtained from the roots of rice plants grown at different levels of combined nitrogen was studied. The roots of rice plants exposed to low levels of combined nitrogen (20--40 kg N/ha) harboured Spirillum sp. possessing higher nitrogen-fixing efficiency as compared to the cultures from plants receiving 60--100 kg N/ha. Moreover, the nitrogen-fixing efficiency of these Spirillum spp. varied with age of the plant, irrespective of the dosage of combined nitrogen.", "PMID": 603343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8128", "title": "Multiple cholinesterases in rat brain homogenate.", "content": "Two kinetic evidences revealed that two cholinesterase forms are present in rat brain homogenate and involved in the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine. These two kinetic forms have different affinity to acetylthiocholine (34 fold), and different sensitivity to carbofuran, 2,2-dimethyl 2,3-dihadro-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (33 fold). The proportion of the enzyme in each kinetic form is 0.52 form I and 0.48 form II.", "contents": "Multiple cholinesterases in rat brain homogenate. Two kinetic evidences revealed that two cholinesterase forms are present in rat brain homogenate and involved in the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine. These two kinetic forms have different affinity to acetylthiocholine (34 fold), and different sensitivity to carbofuran, 2,2-dimethyl 2,3-dihadro-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate (33 fold). The proportion of the enzyme in each kinetic form is 0.52 form I and 0.48 form II.", "PMID": 603347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8129", "title": "[Blood vessels in cattle teats].", "content": "The behaviours of arteries and veins in the teats of cattle of different age groups is described against the background of general formation and development of the vessels. Growing age was found to have been accompanied by numerical growth of veins (rather than arteries) towards the teat tip and by some thickening of the median vein region. No correlations were established between those vascular changes, on the one hand, and milkability, on the other.", "contents": "[Blood vessels in cattle teats]. The behaviours of arteries and veins in the teats of cattle of different age groups is described against the background of general formation and development of the vessels. Growing age was found to have been accompanied by numerical growth of veins (rather than arteries) towards the teat tip and by some thickening of the median vein region. No correlations were established between those vascular changes, on the one hand, and milkability, on the other.", "PMID": 603348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8130", "title": "[Hemoglobin, hematocrit, lactates and glucose in blood of fattening pigs in the course of slaughering and snout loop fixation].", "content": "Blood was sampled from fattening pigs fixed with the snout loop in the pen as well as during slaughter after control or container transport. Assays were made of haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hk), glucose concentration (PG), and lactic acid (MS) in the plasma. The mean values and standard deviations of Hb and Hk were 13.97 +/- 1.14 g/100 ml, 48.36 +/- 3.67 per cent, 15.24 +/- 1.12 g/100 ml, 49.83 +/- 4.04 per cent, 15.32 +/- 1.23 g of 100 ml, and 51.08 +/- 3.73 per cent. The means values of PG were between 51 and 101 mg of 100 ml and those of MS between 8 and 16 mMol/l.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin, hematocrit, lactates and glucose in blood of fattening pigs in the course of slaughering and snout loop fixation]. Blood was sampled from fattening pigs fixed with the snout loop in the pen as well as during slaughter after control or container transport. Assays were made of haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hk), glucose concentration (PG), and lactic acid (MS) in the plasma. The mean values and standard deviations of Hb and Hk were 13.97 +/- 1.14 g/100 ml, 48.36 +/- 3.67 per cent, 15.24 +/- 1.12 g/100 ml, 49.83 +/- 4.04 per cent, 15.32 +/- 1.23 g of 100 ml, and 51.08 +/- 3.73 per cent. The means values of PG were between 51 and 101 mg of 100 ml and those of MS between 8 and 16 mMol/l.", "PMID": 603349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8131", "title": "[Experiments in biological engineering to induce puberty in young female swine. 3: Effects of different FSH/HCG combinations on heat and ovulation in animals aged 170 to 180 days].", "content": "FSH/HCG combinations in four different variants were applied subcutaneously to 18 young female pigs, aged about 175 days and kept in one and the same fattening stock, for the purpose of puberty induction. The following combinations, in International Units, were used in the four groups: 100/200 (I), 200/200 (II), 100/300 (III), and 200/300 (IV). Strong oestric symptoms were produced in following-up period up to ten days after-injection in 44.4 per cent (I), 33.3 per cent (II), 55.6 per cent (III), and 27.8 per cent (IV). Fifty per cent of each group were laparotomised on the fifth or sixth day from injection, but no visible differences were found to exist between the patterns of these two days. Ovulation had taken place by the time of laparotomy in 33.3 per cent (I), 44.4 per cent (II), 66.7 per cent (III), and 44.4 per cent (IV) and by the time of slaugher, 13 to 17 days from injection, in 33.3 per cent (I), 72.2 per cent (II), 72.8 per cent (III), and 38.9 per cent. The uterus weights of the animals with ovulation were 355 g (I), 373.3 g (II), 293.8 g (III), and 300 g (IV) and the numbers x of corpora lutea accounted for 17 (I), 17.6 (2), 29.3 (III), and 10.8 (IV). The corpus luteum level was beyond 20 in 57.1 per cent of all animals with ovulation in group III and in something between 12.5 and 33.3 per cent in the other groups. The differences in action that existed between the gonadotrophin combinations are discussed.", "contents": "[Experiments in biological engineering to induce puberty in young female swine. 3: Effects of different FSH/HCG combinations on heat and ovulation in animals aged 170 to 180 days]. FSH/HCG combinations in four different variants were applied subcutaneously to 18 young female pigs, aged about 175 days and kept in one and the same fattening stock, for the purpose of puberty induction. The following combinations, in International Units, were used in the four groups: 100/200 (I), 200/200 (II), 100/300 (III), and 200/300 (IV). Strong oestric symptoms were produced in following-up period up to ten days after-injection in 44.4 per cent (I), 33.3 per cent (II), 55.6 per cent (III), and 27.8 per cent (IV). Fifty per cent of each group were laparotomised on the fifth or sixth day from injection, but no visible differences were found to exist between the patterns of these two days. Ovulation had taken place by the time of laparotomy in 33.3 per cent (I), 44.4 per cent (II), 66.7 per cent (III), and 44.4 per cent (IV) and by the time of slaugher, 13 to 17 days from injection, in 33.3 per cent (I), 72.2 per cent (II), 72.8 per cent (III), and 38.9 per cent. The uterus weights of the animals with ovulation were 355 g (I), 373.3 g (II), 293.8 g (III), and 300 g (IV) and the numbers x of corpora lutea accounted for 17 (I), 17.6 (2), 29.3 (III), and 10.8 (IV). The corpus luteum level was beyond 20 in 57.1 per cent of all animals with ovulation in group III and in something between 12.5 and 33.3 per cent in the other groups. The differences in action that existed between the gonadotrophin combinations are discussed.", "PMID": 603351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8132", "title": "[Experiments in biological engineering to induce puberty in young female swine. 4: Ovulation period after puberty in animals aged about 200 days, using different combinations of gonadotropic hormones].", "content": "44 prepuberal gilts were treated with gonadotropic combinations and investigated for ovarian dynamics. 400 PMS + 200 HCG (Suigonan-Vemie) induced ovulations at the 4th day p.i., 100 FSH + 100 HCG resp. 200 FSH + 200 HCG at the 6th day p.i. At the 8,-11th day p.i. the PMS/HCG-treated animals showed corp. lut, in 100, the FSH/HCG-treated in 50 resp. 87% of the cases. A second injection of 250 HCG 3 days after 200 FSH + 200 HCG increased the number of animals which had ovulated. Zystic ovaries (larger than or equal to 11 mm) developed in all groups. Declaration of gonadotropins in \"international units\".", "contents": "[Experiments in biological engineering to induce puberty in young female swine. 4: Ovulation period after puberty in animals aged about 200 days, using different combinations of gonadotropic hormones]. 44 prepuberal gilts were treated with gonadotropic combinations and investigated for ovarian dynamics. 400 PMS + 200 HCG (Suigonan-Vemie) induced ovulations at the 4th day p.i., 100 FSH + 100 HCG resp. 200 FSH + 200 HCG at the 6th day p.i. At the 8,-11th day p.i. the PMS/HCG-treated animals showed corp. lut, in 100, the FSH/HCG-treated in 50 resp. 87% of the cases. A second injection of 250 HCG 3 days after 200 FSH + 200 HCG increased the number of animals which had ovulated. Zystic ovaries (larger than or equal to 11 mm) developed in all groups. Declaration of gonadotropins in \"international units\".", "PMID": 603352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8133", "title": "Capacity of attenuated swine fever vaccines to prevent virus carriers in the vaccinated pigs, after contact with field virus.", "content": "Virus carriers have been detected in pigs vaccinated with attenuated Swine Fever vaccines after challenge with field virus. Virus carriers were found only if the vaccination was made with 20 PD50 or less. Clinical protection was obtained already with 8 PD50. In insufficiently vaccinated pigs, virus was detected in the tonsils as long as 6 weeks after the virus challenge, by Immunofluorescence. A minimal potency of 100 PD50 is proposed as requirement for the acceptance of Swine Fever vaccines.", "contents": "Capacity of attenuated swine fever vaccines to prevent virus carriers in the vaccinated pigs, after contact with field virus. Virus carriers have been detected in pigs vaccinated with attenuated Swine Fever vaccines after challenge with field virus. Virus carriers were found only if the vaccination was made with 20 PD50 or less. Clinical protection was obtained already with 8 PD50. In insufficiently vaccinated pigs, virus was detected in the tonsils as long as 6 weeks after the virus challenge, by Immunofluorescence. A minimal potency of 100 PD50 is proposed as requirement for the acceptance of Swine Fever vaccines.", "PMID": 603353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8134", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies of mitochondria in striated muscles of birds with reference to experimental hypokinesis].", "content": "Electron microscopic studies have been carried out on the mitochondria of the transversely striated muscles with regard to experimental hypokinasis. As compared to the control group the mitochondria of m. pectoralis thoracicus and the m. iliotibialis posterior in hypokinetic birds reveal marked changes. In filamentous and ovoid mitochondria vacuoles can be observed which in some cases produced larger light formations with following disappearance of the cristae and destruction of mitochondria. Fat particles located at the poles of the altered mitochondria, sporadically occurring also laterally, presented another finding. The Z-lines of the sarcomer did not form a continuous line, but were somewhat shifted.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies of mitochondria in striated muscles of birds with reference to experimental hypokinesis]. Electron microscopic studies have been carried out on the mitochondria of the transversely striated muscles with regard to experimental hypokinasis. As compared to the control group the mitochondria of m. pectoralis thoracicus and the m. iliotibialis posterior in hypokinetic birds reveal marked changes. In filamentous and ovoid mitochondria vacuoles can be observed which in some cases produced larger light formations with following disappearance of the cristae and destruction of mitochondria. Fat particles located at the poles of the altered mitochondria, sporadically occurring also laterally, presented another finding. The Z-lines of the sarcomer did not form a continuous line, but were somewhat shifted.", "PMID": 603354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8135", "title": "[Quantitative-morphological studies of the heart of MINI-LEWE minature swine. 2: Atrioventricular and semilunar valves].", "content": "Reference is made to the possible use of cardiac valves of animal origin as heteroplastic material in cardiac valve surgery. In that context, quantitative studies were conducted into all four cardiac valves. The data measured from clinically intact animals exhibited wide scatter. Different numbers of leaflets (between two and six) were recorded from atrioventricular valves, whereas three valvulae were always found on the semilunar valves. The volume of the tricuspid valve was significantly higher than that of the mitral valve, and among the semilunar valves bigger size was established for the aortic valve. Valve size grew along with body weight, as established by correlative analysis. The data measured by the examiners were compared with variables reported in literature.", "contents": "[Quantitative-morphological studies of the heart of MINI-LEWE minature swine. 2: Atrioventricular and semilunar valves]. Reference is made to the possible use of cardiac valves of animal origin as heteroplastic material in cardiac valve surgery. In that context, quantitative studies were conducted into all four cardiac valves. The data measured from clinically intact animals exhibited wide scatter. Different numbers of leaflets (between two and six) were recorded from atrioventricular valves, whereas three valvulae were always found on the semilunar valves. The volume of the tricuspid valve was significantly higher than that of the mitral valve, and among the semilunar valves bigger size was established for the aortic valve. Valve size grew along with body weight, as established by correlative analysis. The data measured by the examiners were compared with variables reported in literature.", "PMID": 603355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8136", "title": "The microdetermination of ascorbic acid with N-chlorosuccinimide.", "content": "New methods for the microdetermination of ascorbic acid are described. The 3 proposed methods based on the fact that N-chlorosuccinimide in acid, alkaline or neutral medium readily oxidizes ascorbic acid. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. The proposed methods are simple rapid, and sufficiently accurate to determine concentrations as low as 10 micrograms of ascorbic acid. The experimental error does not exceed +/- 2%. The methods were also used for the determination of ascorbic acid in such biological fluids as bloody, urine or edible fruits with an error not exceeding +/- 5%.", "contents": "The microdetermination of ascorbic acid with N-chlorosuccinimide. New methods for the microdetermination of ascorbic acid are described. The 3 proposed methods based on the fact that N-chlorosuccinimide in acid, alkaline or neutral medium readily oxidizes ascorbic acid. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. The proposed methods are simple rapid, and sufficiently accurate to determine concentrations as low as 10 micrograms of ascorbic acid. The experimental error does not exceed +/- 2%. The methods were also used for the determination of ascorbic acid in such biological fluids as bloody, urine or edible fruits with an error not exceeding +/- 5%.", "PMID": 603356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8137", "title": "[Study of ECG in lactating cows. 2: ECG compared to behavior of various parameters of mineral and carbohydrate-fat metabolism].", "content": "Four electrocardiographic recordings were taken from 52 cows in a high-performance dairy cattle stock, between the time of calving and the end of the third month of lactation. The voltage of all peaks dropped in the second to fourth weeks after parturition and went up significantly during the second month of lactation. The changes were attributed to tonogenic voltage rise of the heart. Additional tests were applied to 16 cows which had been given increased protein amounts in their feed rations over a prolonged period of time. Their PQ-interval was prolonged in comparison to eight controls.", "contents": "[Study of ECG in lactating cows. 2: ECG compared to behavior of various parameters of mineral and carbohydrate-fat metabolism]. Four electrocardiographic recordings were taken from 52 cows in a high-performance dairy cattle stock, between the time of calving and the end of the third month of lactation. The voltage of all peaks dropped in the second to fourth weeks after parturition and went up significantly during the second month of lactation. The changes were attributed to tonogenic voltage rise of the heart. Additional tests were applied to 16 cows which had been given increased protein amounts in their feed rations over a prolonged period of time. Their PQ-interval was prolonged in comparison to eight controls.", "PMID": 603357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8138", "title": "[Effect of sulfur dioxide on broiler performance and health].", "content": "Investigations were conducted, with the view to establishing short-time effects of SO2 alone and in combination with power station fly-ash as well as long-time effects of SO2 on broiler. The experimental concentrations up to 16 X 330 ppm did not reveal any deterimental impact upon live weight or feed consumption. Histological, haematological, and clinico-chemical tests indicated that damage was caused only by highly repetitive short-time exposure to very high SO2 concentrations (330 ppm), such damage being reflected in slight increase of erythrocyte count, lowered colour index, rise in SGPT activity, and histologically, inflammatory changes in the lungs and degeneration in the liver. Broiler fattening units, therefore, can be established with good economy also in areas with high SO2 emission.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfur dioxide on broiler performance and health]. Investigations were conducted, with the view to establishing short-time effects of SO2 alone and in combination with power station fly-ash as well as long-time effects of SO2 on broiler. The experimental concentrations up to 16 X 330 ppm did not reveal any deterimental impact upon live weight or feed consumption. Histological, haematological, and clinico-chemical tests indicated that damage was caused only by highly repetitive short-time exposure to very high SO2 concentrations (330 ppm), such damage being reflected in slight increase of erythrocyte count, lowered colour index, rise in SGPT activity, and histologically, inflammatory changes in the lungs and degeneration in the liver. Broiler fattening units, therefore, can be established with good economy also in areas with high SO2 emission.", "PMID": 603358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8139", "title": "[Experimental Pasteurella multocida infection of swine. A contribution to the etiology of enzootic porcine pneumonia].", "content": "Pasteurella can be isolated from about 50 per cent of pneumonically changed pig lungs. Isolation, however, is possible also from intact lungs of conventional or secondary SPF animals. The authors of this paper used the positive hyaluronidase test and identified exclusively Pasteurella multocida, with predominance of capsular type A. Most of the Pasteurella strains tested in this context caused pneumonia in SPF animals, particularly, following intratracheal application. No correlations were found to exist with murine virulence, the serological type or the origin of the strains from affected or intact lungs. Apart from virulence differences between the strains, host reactivity was found to depend primarily on high germ counts and, under natural conditions, on environmental stresses. Pasteurella multocida, hence, can be considered as one of the potential pathogens of porcine pneumonia. Pneumonia foci with transduced localised fibrinous pleuritis are characteristic and constitute a process of purulent inflammation with early involvement of fibrin.", "contents": "[Experimental Pasteurella multocida infection of swine. A contribution to the etiology of enzootic porcine pneumonia]. Pasteurella can be isolated from about 50 per cent of pneumonically changed pig lungs. Isolation, however, is possible also from intact lungs of conventional or secondary SPF animals. The authors of this paper used the positive hyaluronidase test and identified exclusively Pasteurella multocida, with predominance of capsular type A. Most of the Pasteurella strains tested in this context caused pneumonia in SPF animals, particularly, following intratracheal application. No correlations were found to exist with murine virulence, the serological type or the origin of the strains from affected or intact lungs. Apart from virulence differences between the strains, host reactivity was found to depend primarily on high germ counts and, under natural conditions, on environmental stresses. Pasteurella multocida, hence, can be considered as one of the potential pathogens of porcine pneumonia. Pneumonia foci with transduced localised fibrinous pleuritis are characteristic and constitute a process of purulent inflammation with early involvement of fibrin.", "PMID": 603359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8140", "title": "[Influence of blood volume drain on some factors of circulation in rabbit].", "content": "Blood volume were drained from 20 female rabbits, all White New Zealanders, 2.5 kg in average body weight. Several factors of their circulation were determined twice, prior to and after the blood volume withdrawals. Included in the tests were haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma volume by means of Evans blue dye dilution technique, and blood volume. The amounts of blood volume, BV0, drained ten, 20, 40, 60, and 70 minutes after beginning of the experiment were 4.4, 6.7, 8.9, 11.2, and 13.4 per cent. The ambient temperature was 15 degrees C and the relative humidity 60 per cent. The haematocrit value dropped to 91.2 per cent of the original figure over the whole experimental period and haemoglobin to 87.5 per cent, but decline of the latter was of minor importance along with blood volume loss from 8.9 per cent to 11.2 per cent BV0. Blood volume drain of 8.9 per cent BV0 was accompanied by 102.04 per cent plasma volume, PV0, and 100.4 per cent BV0. Erythrocyte volume and total haemoglobin exhibited similar behaviour in connection with the above amount of blood drain and did not return to their original values. Rabbit response to blood loss (re-absorption of fluid and splenic depletion) is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of blood volume drain on some factors of circulation in rabbit]. Blood volume were drained from 20 female rabbits, all White New Zealanders, 2.5 kg in average body weight. Several factors of their circulation were determined twice, prior to and after the blood volume withdrawals. Included in the tests were haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma volume by means of Evans blue dye dilution technique, and blood volume. The amounts of blood volume, BV0, drained ten, 20, 40, 60, and 70 minutes after beginning of the experiment were 4.4, 6.7, 8.9, 11.2, and 13.4 per cent. The ambient temperature was 15 degrees C and the relative humidity 60 per cent. The haematocrit value dropped to 91.2 per cent of the original figure over the whole experimental period and haemoglobin to 87.5 per cent, but decline of the latter was of minor importance along with blood volume loss from 8.9 per cent to 11.2 per cent BV0. Blood volume drain of 8.9 per cent BV0 was accompanied by 102.04 per cent plasma volume, PV0, and 100.4 per cent BV0. Erythrocyte volume and total haemoglobin exhibited similar behaviour in connection with the above amount of blood drain and did not return to their original values. Rabbit response to blood loss (re-absorption of fluid and splenic depletion) is discussed.", "PMID": 603360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8141", "title": "[Experimental studies of anemia in cattle caused by immune antibody. 1. Release of an immune antibody-induced anemia].", "content": "Subclinical moderate to medium haemolytic anaemia may be produced in cattle by intravenous slow drip infusion of erythrozyte-specific serum with immune antibody. Anisocytosis may be caused to appear in the blood count even by low-quantity intravenous application of iso-immune serum. Increase in serum quantity will lead to predominance of small erythrocytes (microspherocytes). The Price-Jones curve is likely to shift to the left and will flatten. The detection of microspherocytes actually reflects an antigen-antibody reaction caused by transmission of iso-immune antibody and resulting in partial damage of the erythrocyte membrane rather than in complete erythrocytolysis. The absence of both haemoglobinaemia and haemoglobinuria seems to support the assumption that premature degradation of the damaged erythrocytes takes place extravasally in the reticulohistiocytary system.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of anemia in cattle caused by immune antibody. 1. Release of an immune antibody-induced anemia]. Subclinical moderate to medium haemolytic anaemia may be produced in cattle by intravenous slow drip infusion of erythrozyte-specific serum with immune antibody. Anisocytosis may be caused to appear in the blood count even by low-quantity intravenous application of iso-immune serum. Increase in serum quantity will lead to predominance of small erythrocytes (microspherocytes). The Price-Jones curve is likely to shift to the left and will flatten. The detection of microspherocytes actually reflects an antigen-antibody reaction caused by transmission of iso-immune antibody and resulting in partial damage of the erythrocyte membrane rather than in complete erythrocytolysis. The absence of both haemoglobinaemia and haemoglobinuria seems to support the assumption that premature degradation of the damaged erythrocytes takes place extravasally in the reticulohistiocytary system.", "PMID": 603361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8142", "title": "[Effect of the type of extraction solution and length of storage on the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in piglet liver homogenate].", "content": "Type of extraction solution applied to preparation of homogenate of piglet liver is of negligible importance, if immediately follows electrophoretic separation of tissue material. --Storage of liver homogenates in frozen state over 30 days involves insignificant changes of distribution of LD isoenzymes in 0.25 M sucrose, distinct changes in 0.1 M Tris-buffer, pH 7,5, and important ones in mercaptoaethanol-containing extraction solution, applied to preparation of tissue homogenates.", "contents": "[Effect of the type of extraction solution and length of storage on the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in piglet liver homogenate]. Type of extraction solution applied to preparation of homogenate of piglet liver is of negligible importance, if immediately follows electrophoretic separation of tissue material. --Storage of liver homogenates in frozen state over 30 days involves insignificant changes of distribution of LD isoenzymes in 0.25 M sucrose, distinct changes in 0.1 M Tris-buffer, pH 7,5, and important ones in mercaptoaethanol-containing extraction solution, applied to preparation of tissue homogenates.", "PMID": 603362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8143", "title": "[Activity and isoenzyme pattern of alkaline and acid phosphatases in bull seminal plasma].", "content": "Investigations are carried out on the activity and isozyme pattern of the alkaline and acid phosphatases in bull's seminal plasma. To determine the activity of the two phosphatases, two different colorimetric methods are used. The electrophoretic separation of the isozymes of the acid and alkaline phosphatases is performed on polyacrylamide and starch gels.", "contents": "[Activity and isoenzyme pattern of alkaline and acid phosphatases in bull seminal plasma]. Investigations are carried out on the activity and isozyme pattern of the alkaline and acid phosphatases in bull's seminal plasma. To determine the activity of the two phosphatases, two different colorimetric methods are used. The electrophoretic separation of the isozymes of the acid and alkaline phosphatases is performed on polyacrylamide and starch gels.", "PMID": 603363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8144", "title": "[Use of anorganic rhodanides in the breeding of piglets].", "content": "Breeding results of sows reared under conventional conditions could be raised by treating them with 20 mg potassium rhodanide/day 14 days before up to 14 days after farrowig. An increase of the rhodanide level could be demonstrated in the colostrum providing a higher rhodanide supply in piglets of treated sows.", "contents": "[Use of anorganic rhodanides in the breeding of piglets]. Breeding results of sows reared under conventional conditions could be raised by treating them with 20 mg potassium rhodanide/day 14 days before up to 14 days after farrowig. An increase of the rhodanide level could be demonstrated in the colostrum providing a higher rhodanide supply in piglets of treated sows.", "PMID": 603364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8145", "title": "[Air movements and animal performance in temperatures above the optimum].", "content": "High indoor temperatures in modern stables of livestock farming units have to be offset to avoid loss in animal performance, and this is possible only through improved heat emission of the organism. Increase in air movement, for the time being, is the most effective method. A theoretical account is given of the amount of air movement required in temperatures above optimum and compared with literature data.", "contents": "[Air movements and animal performance in temperatures above the optimum]. High indoor temperatures in modern stables of livestock farming units have to be offset to avoid loss in animal performance, and this is possible only through improved heat emission of the organism. Increase in air movement, for the time being, is the most effective method. A theoretical account is given of the amount of air movement required in temperatures above optimum and compared with literature data.", "PMID": 603365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8146", "title": "[Studies on the effects of intravenous administration of glucose, fructose, invertose and sorbitol on various blood constituents of blood plasma (monosaccharides, insulin, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids as well as glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) in the horse].", "content": "Horses were examined for the behaviour of various blood constituents prior to and following infusions of solutions of glucose, fructose, invertose, and sorbitol. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight glucose to six horses was followed by half-life variation between eleven and 23 minutes. Subsequent infusion of invertose to the same animals usually caused prolongation of glucose half-life. Half-life values were between 17 and 33 minutes for fructose and between 21 and 80 minutes for glucose. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight fructose to two horses was followed by half-life values between 17 and 18 minutes, while the half-life values of sugar alcohol were 16, 16, 27, and 29 minutes in four horses who had received sorbitol. Sugar or sorbitol infusion was not followed by substantive change of lactate and pyruvate concentrations in the blood or free fatty acids in the blood plasma or GOT activity. The rise of insulin in the blood plasma was differentiated. Invertose and sorbitol solutions, consequently, can be recommended for application to horses.", "contents": "[Studies on the effects of intravenous administration of glucose, fructose, invertose and sorbitol on various blood constituents of blood plasma (monosaccharides, insulin, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids as well as glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) in the horse]. Horses were examined for the behaviour of various blood constituents prior to and following infusions of solutions of glucose, fructose, invertose, and sorbitol. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight glucose to six horses was followed by half-life variation between eleven and 23 minutes. Subsequent infusion of invertose to the same animals usually caused prolongation of glucose half-life. Half-life values were between 17 and 33 minutes for fructose and between 21 and 80 minutes for glucose. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight fructose to two horses was followed by half-life values between 17 and 18 minutes, while the half-life values of sugar alcohol were 16, 16, 27, and 29 minutes in four horses who had received sorbitol. Sugar or sorbitol infusion was not followed by substantive change of lactate and pyruvate concentrations in the blood or free fatty acids in the blood plasma or GOT activity. The rise of insulin in the blood plasma was differentiated. Invertose and sorbitol solutions, consequently, can be recommended for application to horses.", "PMID": 603366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8147", "title": "[Experimental studies of anemia in cattle caused by immune antibody. 2. Behavior of plasma hemoglobin, and serum bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus and calcium].", "content": "The course of haemolytic anaemia, caused by immune antibody, was characterised in greater detail with reference to eight heads of young cattle examined for plasma haemoglobin, bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus, and calcium in serum. Inorganic serum phosphorous values were found to decline strongly immediately after the onset of iso-immune serum transmission. Severe haemolysis developed, but only moderate haemoglobinaemia and no haemoglobinuria at all occurred. Bilirubin was increased over a long time, which seemed to support the assumption of gradual erythrocyte decomposition. The usefulness of inorganic serum phosphorus determination as an approach in support of early diagnosis of aggravating haemolysis is confirmed and recommended for metabolic monitoring of cattle herds.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of anemia in cattle caused by immune antibody. 2. Behavior of plasma hemoglobin, and serum bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus and calcium]. The course of haemolytic anaemia, caused by immune antibody, was characterised in greater detail with reference to eight heads of young cattle examined for plasma haemoglobin, bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus, and calcium in serum. Inorganic serum phosphorous values were found to decline strongly immediately after the onset of iso-immune serum transmission. Severe haemolysis developed, but only moderate haemoglobinaemia and no haemoglobinuria at all occurred. Bilirubin was increased over a long time, which seemed to support the assumption of gradual erythrocyte decomposition. The usefulness of inorganic serum phosphorus determination as an approach in support of early diagnosis of aggravating haemolysis is confirmed and recommended for metabolic monitoring of cattle herds.", "PMID": 603367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8148", "title": "[Electrocardiographic functional diagnosis of the autonomic nervous system in cattle. 1. Electrocardiographic determination of maximum dose for the beta-adrenergic substance isoprenaline].", "content": "Reference is made to the importance of functional diagnosis of the autonomic nervous system in cattle, and a concept is described by which higher methodological reliability should be obtainable for intra-organic diagnosis of sympathetic nerve activity. What is needed, among others, is to eliminate the autonomous cardiac effect through pharmacological blockade by means of the parasympathetic atropine and the beta-receptor blocker propanolol. The beta-adrenergic substance isoprenaline, required to estimate propranolol blocking action upon the beta-adrenegic receptors, then was injected through indwelling catheters to the external jugular veins of cattle. The doses were between 50 microgram and 560 microgram. Isoprenaline doses between 200 microgram and 250 microgram were established as maximum doses by electrocardiographic examination, determination of heart rate, and clinical observation. Such maximum isoprenaline doses were found to be suitable for checking the extent to which beta-adrenergic blockade of the heart has been caused by beta-receptor blockers. However, sub-maximum isoprenaline doses of something between 100 microgram and 150 microgram should be used to establish the extent to which beta-receptors have caused relaxation of smooth musculature.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic functional diagnosis of the autonomic nervous system in cattle. 1. Electrocardiographic determination of maximum dose for the beta-adrenergic substance isoprenaline]. Reference is made to the importance of functional diagnosis of the autonomic nervous system in cattle, and a concept is described by which higher methodological reliability should be obtainable for intra-organic diagnosis of sympathetic nerve activity. What is needed, among others, is to eliminate the autonomous cardiac effect through pharmacological blockade by means of the parasympathetic atropine and the beta-receptor blocker propanolol. The beta-adrenergic substance isoprenaline, required to estimate propranolol blocking action upon the beta-adrenegic receptors, then was injected through indwelling catheters to the external jugular veins of cattle. The doses were between 50 microgram and 560 microgram. Isoprenaline doses between 200 microgram and 250 microgram were established as maximum doses by electrocardiographic examination, determination of heart rate, and clinical observation. Such maximum isoprenaline doses were found to be suitable for checking the extent to which beta-adrenergic blockade of the heart has been caused by beta-receptor blockers. However, sub-maximum isoprenaline doses of something between 100 microgram and 150 microgram should be used to establish the extent to which beta-receptors have caused relaxation of smooth musculature.", "PMID": 603368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8149", "title": "[Electron microscopy study of mitochondria in the transversely striated muscles of birds after experimental hypergravitation].", "content": "An electronmicroscopical study has been carried out on the mitochondriae of transversely striated muscles in birds at experimentally induced hypergravitation. In the matrix of some mitochondriae sporadic small light focuses were observed located mainly at the periphery of the organelle. Thereby, however, no greater damage of the outer membranes was seen. The stress state of hypergravitation resulted in more important and more marked alterations on the inner membranes and the matrix of the mitochondriae of the femoral muscle.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy study of mitochondria in the transversely striated muscles of birds after experimental hypergravitation]. An electronmicroscopical study has been carried out on the mitochondriae of transversely striated muscles in birds at experimentally induced hypergravitation. In the matrix of some mitochondriae sporadic small light focuses were observed located mainly at the periphery of the organelle. Thereby, however, no greater damage of the outer membranes was seen. The stress state of hypergravitation resulted in more important and more marked alterations on the inner membranes and the matrix of the mitochondriae of the femoral muscle.", "PMID": 603369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8150", "title": "[Studies on the orthology of epiphysis cerebri in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.)].", "content": "The pineal organ from 20 cattle (10 week-old female calfs, from one year to several years of age male and female cattle) were investigated with histological and histochemical methods. Carbohydrats are evident in a insignificant quantity in the parenchyma cells. The content of lipids is very high according to the age of the cattle the quantity varying. Proteins are evident only in small quantities. The content of ribonucleic acid is equally high in the cytoplasma of the parenchyma cells.", "contents": "[Studies on the orthology of epiphysis cerebri in cattle (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.)]. The pineal organ from 20 cattle (10 week-old female calfs, from one year to several years of age male and female cattle) were investigated with histological and histochemical methods. Carbohydrats are evident in a insignificant quantity in the parenchyma cells. The content of lipids is very high according to the age of the cattle the quantity varying. Proteins are evident only in small quantities. The content of ribonucleic acid is equally high in the cytoplasma of the parenchyma cells.", "PMID": 603370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8151", "title": "[Problems in the use of radioactively labelled bacteria in experiments. 2. Quantitative method for the evaluation of pathogens in the calf lung by means of labelled bacteria after aerosol or intratracheal administration].", "content": "By means of two aerosol apparatures radioactive labelled Pasteurella-multocida-germs were given to calves via a respiratory mask. Labelling of Pasteurellae was done internal by using special nutritive media with Fe-59 or P-32. In a period of 10-25 minutes 5 X 10(9)-10(10) labelled bacteria were given to the animals for inhalation. Another animal group was injected intratrachealy with the same quantity of labelled germs. Immediately after termination of germ application the animals were killed and dissected. After solution or homogenization, respectively of the total lung tissue radioactivity was determined by liquid-scintillation-counting (Fe-59) or Cerenkov-measurement (P-32), respectively. The activities recovered from lung homogenates rendered is possible to calculate the received amount of bacteria. 40-80% of germs would be recovered in the lung after application by intratracheal injection while only 1-7% could be recovered after individual aerosol application lasting for 15-25 minutes.", "contents": "[Problems in the use of radioactively labelled bacteria in experiments. 2. Quantitative method for the evaluation of pathogens in the calf lung by means of labelled bacteria after aerosol or intratracheal administration]. By means of two aerosol apparatures radioactive labelled Pasteurella-multocida-germs were given to calves via a respiratory mask. Labelling of Pasteurellae was done internal by using special nutritive media with Fe-59 or P-32. In a period of 10-25 minutes 5 X 10(9)-10(10) labelled bacteria were given to the animals for inhalation. Another animal group was injected intratrachealy with the same quantity of labelled germs. Immediately after termination of germ application the animals were killed and dissected. After solution or homogenization, respectively of the total lung tissue radioactivity was determined by liquid-scintillation-counting (Fe-59) or Cerenkov-measurement (P-32), respectively. The activities recovered from lung homogenates rendered is possible to calculate the received amount of bacteria. 40-80% of germs would be recovered in the lung after application by intratracheal injection while only 1-7% could be recovered after individual aerosol application lasting for 15-25 minutes.", "PMID": 603372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8152", "title": "[Critical remarks on an essay by K.T. Kalveram, \"Factor analysis. Critical comments on a theoretical concept and its mathematical reformulation\"].", "content": "The following contribution is a critical discussion of a paper by K. T. Kalveram Uber Faktorenanalyse. Kritik eines theoretischen Konzepts und seine mathematische Neuformulierung\", which was published in this journal in 1970. In the following it is shown that Kalveram's attempt of a mathematical reformulation must be considered a failure, even if mathematical misrepresentations are not taken into account.", "contents": "[Critical remarks on an essay by K.T. Kalveram, \"Factor analysis. Critical comments on a theoretical concept and its mathematical reformulation\"]. The following contribution is a critical discussion of a paper by K. T. Kalveram Uber Faktorenanalyse. Kritik eines theoretischen Konzepts und seine mathematische Neuformulierung\", which was published in this journal in 1970. In the following it is shown that Kalveram's attempt of a mathematical reformulation must be considered a failure, even if mathematical misrepresentations are not taken into account.", "PMID": 603373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8153", "title": "[Avoidance learning in a social situation- extinction resistance and defense reaction under stress. A pilot study].", "content": "Two successive experiments were conducted resulting from observations of the stability (resistance to extinction) of avoidance reactions and the manifestation of such reactions beyond the specific avoidance conditions in which they were acquired: a) 15 subjects were set the task to avoid an aversive acoustic stimulus for a helpless experimental partner. They could achieve this by reacting with contraction of either the forearm or the calf muscles in a difficult discrimination task. The stability of these avoidance reactions was assessed on different levels of forced extinction. Measures taken were HR, GSR and EMG of the avoidance reactions. Specific courses of the two autonomous measures evolved (Fig. 1,2). 14 of the 15 experimental subjects showed the avoidance behaviour during all phases of forced extinction. b) Six weeks after the experimental subjects had acquired the motor avoidance reactions all subjects were exposed to a relatively unspecific stress situation. Comparisons between experimental and control group (which consisted of the experimental partners) showed a tendency but not a significant difference as far as the reaction of the calf muscles was concerned. Contraction of the forearm muscles, however, occurred significantly more often in the experimental group. The subjects executed these reactions without being aware of it.", "contents": "[Avoidance learning in a social situation- extinction resistance and defense reaction under stress. A pilot study]. Two successive experiments were conducted resulting from observations of the stability (resistance to extinction) of avoidance reactions and the manifestation of such reactions beyond the specific avoidance conditions in which they were acquired: a) 15 subjects were set the task to avoid an aversive acoustic stimulus for a helpless experimental partner. They could achieve this by reacting with contraction of either the forearm or the calf muscles in a difficult discrimination task. The stability of these avoidance reactions was assessed on different levels of forced extinction. Measures taken were HR, GSR and EMG of the avoidance reactions. Specific courses of the two autonomous measures evolved (Fig. 1,2). 14 of the 15 experimental subjects showed the avoidance behaviour during all phases of forced extinction. b) Six weeks after the experimental subjects had acquired the motor avoidance reactions all subjects were exposed to a relatively unspecific stress situation. Comparisons between experimental and control group (which consisted of the experimental partners) showed a tendency but not a significant difference as far as the reaction of the calf muscles was concerned. Contraction of the forearm muscles, however, occurred significantly more often in the experimental group. The subjects executed these reactions without being aware of it.", "PMID": 603374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8154", "title": "[Psychiatrically noticeable anxiety, EEG alpha index, alpha feedback and relaxation].", "content": "In a follow-up study (first investigation: KIRSCHBAUM u. GISTL, arch. Psychol. 1973, 125, 263-273) fifteen patients with psychiatric or neurological disorders were examined for correlations between anxiety (clinical rating), scores from MAS and MMQ, and EEG-Alpha-percentage alterations during an unspecific relaxation training with or without Alpha-Biofeedback. Clinically and psychometrically high anxious patients (n = 10) showed under both conditions significant diminuation of Alpha-percentage in contrast to earlier examined students whose Alpha-rates had increased (significantly). Theoretical explanations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychiatrically noticeable anxiety, EEG alpha index, alpha feedback and relaxation]. In a follow-up study (first investigation: KIRSCHBAUM u. GISTL, arch. Psychol. 1973, 125, 263-273) fifteen patients with psychiatric or neurological disorders were examined for correlations between anxiety (clinical rating), scores from MAS and MMQ, and EEG-Alpha-percentage alterations during an unspecific relaxation training with or without Alpha-Biofeedback. Clinically and psychometrically high anxious patients (n = 10) showed under both conditions significant diminuation of Alpha-percentage in contrast to earlier examined students whose Alpha-rates had increased (significantly). Theoretical explanations of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 603375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8155", "title": "[Predictive value of cognitive variables for the information utilization process].", "content": "Sequential predictive behaviour is used to analyse human problem solving. The most predictive and discriminative variables regarding the observable information reducing phases of the problem solving process are variables of cognitive complexity. The same holds for variables of cognitive flexibility regarding the information generating phase. Empirical evidence with respect to the thereby occurring interaction between the heuristic and epistemic part of the cognitive structure is yielded.", "contents": "[Predictive value of cognitive variables for the information utilization process]. Sequential predictive behaviour is used to analyse human problem solving. The most predictive and discriminative variables regarding the observable information reducing phases of the problem solving process are variables of cognitive complexity. The same holds for variables of cognitive flexibility regarding the information generating phase. Empirical evidence with respect to the thereby occurring interaction between the heuristic and epistemic part of the cognitive structure is yielded.", "PMID": 603376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8156", "title": "[A psychophysiologic time series study with 20 students over 8 weeks].", "content": "A longitudinal (time series) study was performed (N = 20 students; T = 16 points of observation during 8 weeks) on a considerable number of psychological and physiological variables to investigate the suitability of these parameters for general and individual state change description. Some problems of correlational analysis and the generality-individuality-dilemma of this kind of research are discussed.", "contents": "[A psychophysiologic time series study with 20 students over 8 weeks]. A longitudinal (time series) study was performed (N = 20 students; T = 16 points of observation during 8 weeks) on a considerable number of psychological and physiological variables to investigate the suitability of these parameters for general and individual state change description. Some problems of correlational analysis and the generality-individuality-dilemma of this kind of research are discussed.", "PMID": 603377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8157", "title": "[Macro-element excretion and retention in early weaned piglets with vitamin B6 deficiency].", "content": "Two metabolic trials using early-weaned piglets were performed to find out whether highly vitamin B6 deficient prest,rter- or starter feeds (0.4 mg vitamin B6/Kg) would affect the excretion and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K and Na as compared with pair-fed control animals given 6.5 mg B6/Kg. The depleted animals showing typical vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms in the course of the trials, were found to excrete in the feces somewhat smaller amounts of minerals during both metabolic periods. Likewise, the deficiency animals had lower renal Ca and P excretion rates. On the whole, the Ca balance gave significantly higher retention values for the depleted piglets. In terms of nitrogen deposition, both Ca and P revealed significantly higher retention under vitamin B6 deficiency.", "contents": "[Macro-element excretion and retention in early weaned piglets with vitamin B6 deficiency]. Two metabolic trials using early-weaned piglets were performed to find out whether highly vitamin B6 deficient prest,rter- or starter feeds (0.4 mg vitamin B6/Kg) would affect the excretion and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K and Na as compared with pair-fed control animals given 6.5 mg B6/Kg. The depleted animals showing typical vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms in the course of the trials, were found to excrete in the feces somewhat smaller amounts of minerals during both metabolic periods. Likewise, the deficiency animals had lower renal Ca and P excretion rates. On the whole, the Ca balance gave significantly higher retention values for the depleted piglets. In terms of nitrogen deposition, both Ca and P revealed significantly higher retention under vitamin B6 deficiency.", "PMID": 603393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8158", "title": "[A new dynamic index in the clinical evaluation of muscle efficiency].", "content": "A dynamic index for the clinical evaluation of muscle performance is proposed. It takes account of Gowers time, supine time and the ability of the subject to hold up his neck and lower extremities. Its experimentation in 98 healthy subjects and 99 myopathic patients divided into four age groups showed it to be useful, particularly in the follow-up of patients subjected to pharmacological and/or physical management.", "contents": "[A new dynamic index in the clinical evaluation of muscle efficiency]. A dynamic index for the clinical evaluation of muscle performance is proposed. It takes account of Gowers time, supine time and the ability of the subject to hold up his neck and lower extremities. Its experimentation in 98 healthy subjects and 99 myopathic patients divided into four age groups showed it to be useful, particularly in the follow-up of patients subjected to pharmacological and/or physical management.", "PMID": 603388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8159", "title": "[Mode of action of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 2. Effect of leupeptin on N-balance and biological half-life in ad lib feeding].", "content": "During a 15-day period, growing Wistar rats (75 g) were fed ad lib. a whole-egg diet containing 10% crude protein (control group) and the same diet + a daily subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of leupeptin per animal (experimental group), respectively. To investigate the influence of the peptide aldehyde leupeptin on the M-metabolism, N-balance trials were carried out between the 1st and the 6th, and the 10th and the 15th experimental days. Leupeptine was not found to influence the true N-digestibility. However, the intermediary N-utilization, characterized by the biological value of the dietary protein, deteriorated in comparison with the control group. The peptide aldehyde under study resulted in an extension of the biological half-life of the proteins in the tissue of the small and large intestine. It was measured via the decline of radioactivity in protein following application of L-guanidino-14 C-arginine and L-(4,5-3H)-leucine. The amino acid utilization appears to have been increased as well. In connection with previous studies (SIMON et al., 1976) i, which, under somewhat different experimental conditions, leupeptine resulted in a higher intermediary N-utilization, the mentioned agent is supposed to be able to influence N-utilization. However, additional studies are required to make statements regarding the influence of dosis and metabolic situation.", "contents": "[Mode of action of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 2. Effect of leupeptin on N-balance and biological half-life in ad lib feeding]. During a 15-day period, growing Wistar rats (75 g) were fed ad lib. a whole-egg diet containing 10% crude protein (control group) and the same diet + a daily subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of leupeptin per animal (experimental group), respectively. To investigate the influence of the peptide aldehyde leupeptin on the M-metabolism, N-balance trials were carried out between the 1st and the 6th, and the 10th and the 15th experimental days. Leupeptine was not found to influence the true N-digestibility. However, the intermediary N-utilization, characterized by the biological value of the dietary protein, deteriorated in comparison with the control group. The peptide aldehyde under study resulted in an extension of the biological half-life of the proteins in the tissue of the small and large intestine. It was measured via the decline of radioactivity in protein following application of L-guanidino-14 C-arginine and L-(4,5-3H)-leucine. The amino acid utilization appears to have been increased as well. In connection with previous studies (SIMON et al., 1976) i, which, under somewhat different experimental conditions, leupeptine resulted in a higher intermediary N-utilization, the mentioned agent is supposed to be able to influence N-utilization. However, additional studies are required to make statements regarding the influence of dosis and metabolic situation.", "PMID": 603394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8160", "title": "[Adjustment of the ammonia level in the rumen by sorption on bentonite and dried beet pulp].", "content": "The effect was studied of bentonite and spent sugar beet pulp on the ammonia level in the rumen juice sheep fed hay, ground barley and a urea supplementation. In comparison with a control trial, the nitrogen supply to the rumen juice proved more continuous, this fact improving the conditions for the microbial protein synthesis at the time fo the strongest fermentation. The interaction of bentonite, beet pectin and ammonium ions is attributed to the ion exchange.", "contents": "[Adjustment of the ammonia level in the rumen by sorption on bentonite and dried beet pulp]. The effect was studied of bentonite and spent sugar beet pulp on the ammonia level in the rumen juice sheep fed hay, ground barley and a urea supplementation. In comparison with a control trial, the nitrogen supply to the rumen juice proved more continuous, this fact improving the conditions for the microbial protein synthesis at the time fo the strongest fermentation. The interaction of bentonite, beet pectin and ammonium ions is attributed to the ion exchange.", "PMID": 603395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8161", "title": "[Study of the fatty acid components of the triglyceride fraction of the blood in normal and thalassemic subjects, using gas chromatography].", "content": "Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the triglyceridic fraction of plasma lipides in normal (19) and thalassaemic (15) subjects. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fraction was then carried out and the fatty acids represented were identified qualitatively and quantitatively. Statistically significant variations, specifically increase in arachidonic acid and reduction in palmitic and linoleic acids, were observed in the thalassaemic patients.", "contents": "[Study of the fatty acid components of the triglyceride fraction of the blood in normal and thalassemic subjects, using gas chromatography]. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the triglyceridic fraction of plasma lipides in normal (19) and thalassaemic (15) subjects. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fraction was then carried out and the fatty acids represented were identified qualitatively and quantitatively. Statistically significant variations, specifically increase in arachidonic acid and reduction in palmitic and linoleic acids, were observed in the thalassaemic patients.", "PMID": 603389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8162", "title": "[Long-term feeding of acetyl urea to dairy cows].", "content": "After an introductory survey of investigations dealing with the conversion of acetyl urea in the ruminant organism, a feeding trial using dairy cattle is described in which the effects of long-term acetyl urea feeding on the clinical picture and various performance parameters have been studied. Five Black-Pied cows of medium milk yield were fed a natural diet and received, over at least 14 months, a daily acetyl urea supplementation of 430 g (= 40 to 44% of the digestible crude protein). The clinical control, including the analysis of blood parameters, did not produce any deviation from normal. As to milk and butterfat yields, the experimental group reached results comparable to those of the control group. Over the entire experimental period the experimental group and the control averaged per cow and day of milking 11.1 and 11.3 kg FCM, respectively. The reproductive behaviour proved normal for all the cows under study. Postmortem findings of 4 cows revealed, among other things, chronic kidney alterations that cannot be safely exluded to be caused by the experiments. A stress over several months of two cows fed 850 g acetyl urea per day was not found to affect animal performance and health.", "contents": "[Long-term feeding of acetyl urea to dairy cows]. After an introductory survey of investigations dealing with the conversion of acetyl urea in the ruminant organism, a feeding trial using dairy cattle is described in which the effects of long-term acetyl urea feeding on the clinical picture and various performance parameters have been studied. Five Black-Pied cows of medium milk yield were fed a natural diet and received, over at least 14 months, a daily acetyl urea supplementation of 430 g (= 40 to 44% of the digestible crude protein). The clinical control, including the analysis of blood parameters, did not produce any deviation from normal. As to milk and butterfat yields, the experimental group reached results comparable to those of the control group. Over the entire experimental period the experimental group and the control averaged per cow and day of milking 11.1 and 11.3 kg FCM, respectively. The reproductive behaviour proved normal for all the cows under study. Postmortem findings of 4 cows revealed, among other things, chronic kidney alterations that cannot be safely exluded to be caused by the experiments. A stress over several months of two cows fed 850 g acetyl urea per day was not found to affect animal performance and health.", "PMID": 603396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8163", "title": "[Requirements of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica) for crude protein and energy levels of fattening diets].", "content": "Groups of male and female Cairina ducks subjected to equal starter feeding (1st to 3rd weeks) were used from the 4th week of live (fattening period) to test feed mixes of varying energy and crude protein levels (480 energetic feed equivalents/heu[EFH] - 140 g crude protein[CP]; 480 EFh - 180/g CP; 555 EFh - 140 g CP; 555 EFh - 180 g CP; 625 EEh - 140 g CP; 625 EFh - 180 g CP - all figures referred to 1 kg of feed). The different energy levels remained without influence of the live weight development. High-energy feed caused, however, higher expenditures of energetic feed equivalents per kg of gain and resulted in carcases with higher fat proportion. At all the 3 energy levels under study, high-protein feeding proved superior to low-protein rations with regard to live weight gains and meat yield. For the time being, 500 EFh and 180 g CP per kg of organic matter are recommended as indicators for Cairina duck fattening rations.", "contents": "[Requirements of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica) for crude protein and energy levels of fattening diets]. Groups of male and female Cairina ducks subjected to equal starter feeding (1st to 3rd weeks) were used from the 4th week of live (fattening period) to test feed mixes of varying energy and crude protein levels (480 energetic feed equivalents/heu[EFH] - 140 g crude protein[CP]; 480 EFh - 180/g CP; 555 EFh - 140 g CP; 555 EFh - 180 g CP; 625 EEh - 140 g CP; 625 EFh - 180 g CP - all figures referred to 1 kg of feed). The different energy levels remained without influence of the live weight development. High-energy feed caused, however, higher expenditures of energetic feed equivalents per kg of gain and resulted in carcases with higher fat proportion. At all the 3 energy levels under study, high-protein feeding proved superior to low-protein rations with regard to live weight gains and meat yield. For the time being, 500 EFh and 180 g CP per kg of organic matter are recommended as indicators for Cairina duck fattening rations.", "PMID": 603397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8164", "title": "[Metabolism-oriented determination of amino-acid requirement by means of catabolic rates of 14C- and 15N-labelled lysine under maintenance].", "content": "Male Wistar rats (of 60 g live weight) allotted in 10 groups were fed diets with gradually increasing lysine levels ranging from 1.4 to 7.4 g lysine/16 g N. Feed intake was restricted so much that the experimental animals did not change their live weights during the last 3 days of the 8-day experiment period. On the 7th experimental day, 4 animals of each group were injected i.p. 14-C-L-lysine, the 14CO2-excretion being subsequently measured over a period of 2 hours. On the next day, 6 animals of each group were applied an i.p. injected of 15N-L-lysine, the urine being collected over the following 24-hour period to measure the 15N-frequency. Applying both labelling methods, an increased catabolisation of the amino acid was observed after the metabolically necessary lysine requirement had been covered. The methods are very sensitive and revealed, under the experimental conditions chosed, a lysine requirement coverage of about 3 g lysine/16 g N. The possibility of using also 15N-labelled compounds in the metabolism-oriented amino acid requirement determination is likely to facilitate the transfer of the methodology to farm animals and would thus allow to study the amino acid requirement of man. The metabolism-oriented amino acid requirement determination will likewise allow to estimate exact amino acid requirement data under conditions that cannot be rated on the basis of productive yields.", "contents": "[Metabolism-oriented determination of amino-acid requirement by means of catabolic rates of 14C- and 15N-labelled lysine under maintenance]. Male Wistar rats (of 60 g live weight) allotted in 10 groups were fed diets with gradually increasing lysine levels ranging from 1.4 to 7.4 g lysine/16 g N. Feed intake was restricted so much that the experimental animals did not change their live weights during the last 3 days of the 8-day experiment period. On the 7th experimental day, 4 animals of each group were injected i.p. 14-C-L-lysine, the 14CO2-excretion being subsequently measured over a period of 2 hours. On the next day, 6 animals of each group were applied an i.p. injected of 15N-L-lysine, the urine being collected over the following 24-hour period to measure the 15N-frequency. Applying both labelling methods, an increased catabolisation of the amino acid was observed after the metabolically necessary lysine requirement had been covered. The methods are very sensitive and revealed, under the experimental conditions chosed, a lysine requirement coverage of about 3 g lysine/16 g N. The possibility of using also 15N-labelled compounds in the metabolism-oriented amino acid requirement determination is likely to facilitate the transfer of the methodology to farm animals and would thus allow to study the amino acid requirement of man. The metabolism-oriented amino acid requirement determination will likewise allow to estimate exact amino acid requirement data under conditions that cannot be rated on the basis of productive yields.", "PMID": 603398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8165", "title": "[Effect of various anion and cation concentrations in the diet on the utilization of calcium and phosphorus in swine].", "content": "Experiments on growing swine revealed that diets with an excess of anions or cations will cause calcium and phosphorus to be utilized less. This, in turn, results in markedly decreased weight gains of the pigs and poor nutrient utilization. The diet with an excessively high concentration of anions was found to have a more unfavourable effect than diets with excessive cations. It is, therefore, recommended to carefully calculate the acid-base balance when formulating complete feed mexes for fattening pigs. The economic effect of such a practice proved high.", "contents": "[Effect of various anion and cation concentrations in the diet on the utilization of calcium and phosphorus in swine]. Experiments on growing swine revealed that diets with an excess of anions or cations will cause calcium and phosphorus to be utilized less. This, in turn, results in markedly decreased weight gains of the pigs and poor nutrient utilization. The diet with an excessively high concentration of anions was found to have a more unfavourable effect than diets with excessive cations. It is, therefore, recommended to carefully calculate the acid-base balance when formulating complete feed mexes for fattening pigs. The economic effect of such a practice proved high.", "PMID": 603399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8166", "title": "[Studies on the protein and amino-acid metabolism of laying hens using 15N-labelled casein. 15N-incorporation into N-fractions and amino acids of various parts of the body].", "content": "Four colostomized Leghorn hens were fed, during 6 days, 15N-labelled casein as sole protein source. Two animals were slaughtered 48 hours, the other two 144 hours after the last 15N-application. The share of TCE-soluble N in total N averaged 16% for the body parts analysed, i.e. meat, bone, liver, kidneys, oviducts, residual viscera and other. The variation of the lysine, histidine and arginine levels in the body parts ranged from 3.6 to 7.9 g, 1.1. to 3.7 g and 6.4 to 7.4 g in 16.7 g hydrolysate N, respectively. Except for feathers, the analysed body parts contained and excess amount of heavy nitrogen. The degree of labelling was found to depend on the time of slaughtering after the tracer application. In the liver and in the oviduct being metabolically active organs, the 15N-excess in the total N fraction decreased by 45% between the 2nd and the 6th days after 15N-feeding, whilst in the meat it went down by 20%. The decline of the 15N-concentration in the TCE-soluble N compounds was faster than in the total N-fraction. Out of the body samples analysed, the lysine of the liver having 0.26 atom % 15N-excess was found to be more strongly labelled in hens 1 and 2. The amino acid arginine reached about the same level of labelling, the 15N-frequency of histidine being the lowest.", "contents": "[Studies on the protein and amino-acid metabolism of laying hens using 15N-labelled casein. 15N-incorporation into N-fractions and amino acids of various parts of the body]. Four colostomized Leghorn hens were fed, during 6 days, 15N-labelled casein as sole protein source. Two animals were slaughtered 48 hours, the other two 144 hours after the last 15N-application. The share of TCE-soluble N in total N averaged 16% for the body parts analysed, i.e. meat, bone, liver, kidneys, oviducts, residual viscera and other. The variation of the lysine, histidine and arginine levels in the body parts ranged from 3.6 to 7.9 g, 1.1. to 3.7 g and 6.4 to 7.4 g in 16.7 g hydrolysate N, respectively. Except for feathers, the analysed body parts contained and excess amount of heavy nitrogen. The degree of labelling was found to depend on the time of slaughtering after the tracer application. In the liver and in the oviduct being metabolically active organs, the 15N-excess in the total N fraction decreased by 45% between the 2nd and the 6th days after 15N-feeding, whilst in the meat it went down by 20%. The decline of the 15N-concentration in the TCE-soluble N compounds was faster than in the total N-fraction. Out of the body samples analysed, the lysine of the liver having 0.26 atom % 15N-excess was found to be more strongly labelled in hens 1 and 2. The amino acid arginine reached about the same level of labelling, the 15N-frequency of histidine being the lowest.", "PMID": 603400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8167", "title": "[Neonatal diseases with onset during fetal life. Clinical and etiopathogenetic considerations].", "content": "A modern definition is given of the perinatal period. The boundary between embryonal and foetal life is drawn to enable diseases than occur solely during the foetal period to be distinguished. Placental physiology, exchanges between mother and foetus and the general pathology of the foetus, with particular regard to immunological phenomena, are examined. An account is given of the carriage by the placenta of substances foreign to the body, the transplacental passage of drugs, and the permeability of the placenta to micro-organism. The several factors involved in this process are discussed. The effect of various micro-organisms on the foetus is illustrated. Modern views concerning the immunological position of the foetus are expounded and various situations where the foetus is at risk with respect to infection of the mother are considered.", "contents": "[Neonatal diseases with onset during fetal life. Clinical and etiopathogenetic considerations]. A modern definition is given of the perinatal period. The boundary between embryonal and foetal life is drawn to enable diseases than occur solely during the foetal period to be distinguished. Placental physiology, exchanges between mother and foetus and the general pathology of the foetus, with particular regard to immunological phenomena, are examined. An account is given of the carriage by the placenta of substances foreign to the body, the transplacental passage of drugs, and the permeability of the placenta to micro-organism. The several factors involved in this process are discussed. The effect of various micro-organisms on the foetus is illustrated. Modern views concerning the immunological position of the foetus are expounded and various situations where the foetus is at risk with respect to infection of the mother are considered.", "PMID": 603391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8168", "title": "[Studies of the energy and crude protein requirements of young fattening geese. 1. Influence of varying energy and crude protein levels in the feed on fattening performance parameters].", "content": "In 5 trials using a total of 5367 geese (Deutsche Legagans male X White Italian Goose female), the influence of varying energy and crude protein levels in the feed on fattening performance was studied. After a uniform 4-week starter period (1st to 28th days of life) rations with conventional components were fed, their energy and crude protein levels ranging from 500 to 620 energetic feed equivalents (poultry) and 140 to 180 g CP, respectively. Subsequently, a test under commercial conditions was made to compare the optimal variant found (530 energetic feed equivalents-poultry/175 g CP) with a high-energy feed (620 energetic feed equivalents/175 g CP). As the energy concentration of the feed increased the live weight was not found to rise but slightly. At all energy levels under study, increasing crude protein from 140 to 180 g/5g resulted in higher gains. Feed expenditure was found to decrease as the energy concentration of the rations went up. High energy expenditure did not produce but slightly higher weight gains. Fattening beyond 56 days resulted in considerably higher energy expenditure.", "contents": "[Studies of the energy and crude protein requirements of young fattening geese. 1. Influence of varying energy and crude protein levels in the feed on fattening performance parameters]. In 5 trials using a total of 5367 geese (Deutsche Legagans male X White Italian Goose female), the influence of varying energy and crude protein levels in the feed on fattening performance was studied. After a uniform 4-week starter period (1st to 28th days of life) rations with conventional components were fed, their energy and crude protein levels ranging from 500 to 620 energetic feed equivalents (poultry) and 140 to 180 g CP, respectively. Subsequently, a test under commercial conditions was made to compare the optimal variant found (530 energetic feed equivalents-poultry/175 g CP) with a high-energy feed (620 energetic feed equivalents/175 g CP). As the energy concentration of the feed increased the live weight was not found to rise but slightly. At all energy levels under study, increasing crude protein from 140 to 180 g/5g resulted in higher gains. Feed expenditure was found to decrease as the energy concentration of the rations went up. High energy expenditure did not produce but slightly higher weight gains. Fattening beyond 56 days resulted in considerably higher energy expenditure.", "PMID": 603401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8169", "title": "[Action of calcium dobesilate on capillary fragility in diabetics].", "content": "Calcium dobesylate was administered for 30 days to diabetics with or without clinical signs referable to microangiopathy and increased capillary fragility unaccompanied by coagulation and haemostasis disturbances. Good results were observed in 90% of cases. It is felt that the drug can also be used in the tertiary prevention of systemic microangiopathy, as well as the medical management of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "[Action of calcium dobesilate on capillary fragility in diabetics]. Calcium dobesylate was administered for 30 days to diabetics with or without clinical signs referable to microangiopathy and increased capillary fragility unaccompanied by coagulation and haemostasis disturbances. Good results were observed in 90% of cases. It is felt that the drug can also be used in the tertiary prevention of systemic microangiopathy, as well as the medical management of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 603392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8170", "title": "[Studies of the tolerance and toxicity of Luzern-green-meal pellets after selenium fertilization].", "content": "In a feeding trial, rabbits allotted in 3 experimental groups were fed rations containing 2.09, 9.83 and 19.5 mg selenium/kg feed in the form of selenium-enriched alfalfa green meal pellets. The selenium enrichment was done by foliar application (spraying) of the 20--25 cm high plant stand with 2.5 kg SeO2 per hectare in watery solution. The control animals were given normal alfalfa green meal pellets of 0.16 ppm selenium content. Toxicity and lethality, tolerance limit and nutritive effect of the pellets were studied. Plant-assimilated selenium was found to be converted more efficiently by the animal organism than was selenium from inorganic compounds (higher retention rate, better gain in body weight and lower feed expenditure). Therefore, the selenium supply to farm animals should be improved by feeding crops that were given selenium dressings.", "contents": "[Studies of the tolerance and toxicity of Luzern-green-meal pellets after selenium fertilization]. In a feeding trial, rabbits allotted in 3 experimental groups were fed rations containing 2.09, 9.83 and 19.5 mg selenium/kg feed in the form of selenium-enriched alfalfa green meal pellets. The selenium enrichment was done by foliar application (spraying) of the 20--25 cm high plant stand with 2.5 kg SeO2 per hectare in watery solution. The control animals were given normal alfalfa green meal pellets of 0.16 ppm selenium content. Toxicity and lethality, tolerance limit and nutritive effect of the pellets were studied. Plant-assimilated selenium was found to be converted more efficiently by the animal organism than was selenium from inorganic compounds (higher retention rate, better gain in body weight and lower feed expenditure). Therefore, the selenium supply to farm animals should be improved by feeding crops that were given selenium dressings.", "PMID": 603402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8171", "title": "[Structural organization of the cetacean neocortex].", "content": "As a result of investigation on architectonics of structural organization of the brain neocortex in dolphin, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, as well as certain fields were distinguished. Monotonous character and incomplete stratification of the neocortical lamina, lack of clear border line and similarity with interstitial formations demonstrate symbolic meaning of the word neocortex as it is applied to the cetacean brain. Therefore, the term preneocortex is suggested for the dolphin brain.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the cetacean neocortex]. As a result of investigation on architectonics of structural organization of the brain neocortex in dolphin, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, as well as certain fields were distinguished. Monotonous character and incomplete stratification of the neocortical lamina, lack of clear border line and similarity with interstitial formations demonstrate symbolic meaning of the word neocortex as it is applied to the cetacean brain. Therefore, the term preneocortex is suggested for the dolphin brain.", "PMID": 603403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8172", "title": "[Blood supply and the atrioventricular conduction system of the dog heart].", "content": "In 30 experiments in order to specify the blood supply and conducting system in the dog heart, coronal arteries were injected with a contrasting mass that was followed by roentgenography and preparation of the coronal arteries. The topography and blood supply of the atrioventricular conducting system with application of prevital blood supply, and the left coronal artery is the main source of blood supply for all the parts of the cardiac atrioventricular conducting system.", "contents": "[Blood supply and the atrioventricular conduction system of the dog heart]. In 30 experiments in order to specify the blood supply and conducting system in the dog heart, coronal arteries were injected with a contrasting mass that was followed by roentgenography and preparation of the coronal arteries. The topography and blood supply of the atrioventricular conducting system with application of prevital blood supply, and the left coronal artery is the main source of blood supply for all the parts of the cardiac atrioventricular conducting system.", "PMID": 603404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8173", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cardiomyocytes of the pedicles of the bundle of His in the rat heart].", "content": "Light optic and electron microscopic investigation on composition and geometry of His' bundle branching in the upper part of the intraventricular septum was made. Branching of both peduncles of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle were demonstrated to be represented by a single cell type, its ultrastructure was described. Possibility to apply different ultrastructural criteria in order to determine this (III) type of cells in the conducting system of the heart was discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cardiomyocytes of the pedicles of the bundle of His in the rat heart]. Light optic and electron microscopic investigation on composition and geometry of His' bundle branching in the upper part of the intraventricular septum was made. Branching of both peduncles of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle were demonstrated to be represented by a single cell type, its ultrastructure was described. Possibility to apply different ultrastructural criteria in order to determine this (III) type of cells in the conducting system of the heart was discussed.", "PMID": 603405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8174", "title": "[Architectonics of the capillary bed in the zone of myoneural synapses].", "content": "Architectonics of the microcirculatory bed of the motor nerve terminals was studied in the white rat skeletal muscles. The vessels were injected with emulsion of Paris blue combined with impregnation method after Bielschowsky--Gross. Motor nerve terminals were stated to have specialized microvessel bed which ensures hemocirculation and transendothelial metabolism in the zone of their localization. In this zone capillaries form open and closed loops. The open loops, as a rule, are of fork-,horseshoe- and S-like forms. Oval, ring-like and rectangular forms are typical for closed microvessel loops. Interrelations described for the microvessels and the motor nerve terminals determine peculiarities of blood supply in the myoneural synapses at the transition of stimulation from the nerve to the muscle and create certain conditions for adaptation of the terminal sections of microcirculatory bed for changes in metabolic requirements of the myoneural synapses.", "contents": "[Architectonics of the capillary bed in the zone of myoneural synapses]. Architectonics of the microcirculatory bed of the motor nerve terminals was studied in the white rat skeletal muscles. The vessels were injected with emulsion of Paris blue combined with impregnation method after Bielschowsky--Gross. Motor nerve terminals were stated to have specialized microvessel bed which ensures hemocirculation and transendothelial metabolism in the zone of their localization. In this zone capillaries form open and closed loops. The open loops, as a rule, are of fork-,horseshoe- and S-like forms. Oval, ring-like and rectangular forms are typical for closed microvessel loops. Interrelations described for the microvessels and the motor nerve terminals determine peculiarities of blood supply in the myoneural synapses at the transition of stimulation from the nerve to the muscle and create certain conditions for adaptation of the terminal sections of microcirculatory bed for changes in metabolic requirements of the myoneural synapses.", "PMID": 603406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8175", "title": "[Construction of the microcirculatory bed of the parietal layers of the pleura and peritoneum in newborns].", "content": "Structural organization of the microcirculatory bed of the newborn parietal layers in pleura and peritoneum is described as a morphofunctional single whole. Pecularities in the bed construction revealed characterize it as a certain stage in the process of its formation and development. Elucidation of these peculiarities may help to better understanding of disturbances in microcirculatory hemodynamics and tissue metabolism in the newborns and fetuses.", "contents": "[Construction of the microcirculatory bed of the parietal layers of the pleura and peritoneum in newborns]. Structural organization of the microcirculatory bed of the newborn parietal layers in pleura and peritoneum is described as a morphofunctional single whole. Pecularities in the bed construction revealed characterize it as a certain stage in the process of its formation and development. Elucidation of these peculiarities may help to better understanding of disturbances in microcirculatory hemodynamics and tissue metabolism in the newborns and fetuses.", "PMID": 603407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8176", "title": "[Nervous apparatus of the 8th pair of cranial nerves after exposure to gravitation loading].", "content": "Neural apparatus of epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium of the cat vestibulocochlear nerve was studied by methods of Rasskazova, Bielshowsky--Gross, Kampos, Kuprianov, Gomori, Falck in modification of Chilingarian, Koelle--Gomori, Falck--Hillarp--Govyrin. A single gravitation loading effect was stated to produce reactive, and sometimes destructive changes in the sensitive nervous structures of the intraorganic apparatus of the neural sheaths. The greatest and earliest changes (the first day) were noted in the neural apparatus of epineurium of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the least and latest (the third day) -- in endoneurium.", "contents": "[Nervous apparatus of the 8th pair of cranial nerves after exposure to gravitation loading]. Neural apparatus of epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium of the cat vestibulocochlear nerve was studied by methods of Rasskazova, Bielshowsky--Gross, Kampos, Kuprianov, Gomori, Falck in modification of Chilingarian, Koelle--Gomori, Falck--Hillarp--Govyrin. A single gravitation loading effect was stated to produce reactive, and sometimes destructive changes in the sensitive nervous structures of the intraorganic apparatus of the neural sheaths. The greatest and earliest changes (the first day) were noted in the neural apparatus of epineurium of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the least and latest (the third day) -- in endoneurium.", "PMID": 603409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8177", "title": "[Distribution of mineral salts in structures of the compact substance of human bone].", "content": "Mineral distribution has been studied in osteoni and intermediate spaces of the compact substance in fibular and occipital human bones. The material has been taken from 34 corpses. Total mineral content was estimated by the contact microroentgenography technique. Calcium, phosphorus and magnium content and distribution were studied by means of X-ray spectral microanalysis. The results obtained characterized bone morphological structure depending on the degree of their miniralization. Peculiarities in calcium and phosphorus distribution along radius osteoni were studied. Quantitative data were obtained on their content in the bone morphological structures. In spite of uneven distribution of some elements in the bone samples, constant molar Ca/P ratio was noted.", "contents": "[Distribution of mineral salts in structures of the compact substance of human bone]. Mineral distribution has been studied in osteoni and intermediate spaces of the compact substance in fibular and occipital human bones. The material has been taken from 34 corpses. Total mineral content was estimated by the contact microroentgenography technique. Calcium, phosphorus and magnium content and distribution were studied by means of X-ray spectral microanalysis. The results obtained characterized bone morphological structure depending on the degree of their miniralization. Peculiarities in calcium and phosphorus distribution along radius osteoni were studied. Quantitative data were obtained on their content in the bone morphological structures. In spite of uneven distribution of some elements in the bone samples, constant molar Ca/P ratio was noted.", "PMID": 603410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8178", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the endocrine cells of the stomach following administration of hydrocortisone and L-thyroxine].", "content": "Electron microscopy with application of specific fluorescent histochemical reaction of Falck, as well as some methods of impregnation made it possible to indentify enterochromaffin cells in the stomach of hyperthyroid rats and the rats after cortisone injection under the conditions ox hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. After 20 days of L-thyroxin injection, and after 10 days of hydrocortisone injection, preceded by L-thyroxin, the amount of enterochromaffin cells in the epithelial layer of the gastric mucosa were noted to increase that was accompanied by simultaneous increase of the number of secretory argyrophil granules in their cytoplasm. Simultaneous injection of L-thyroxin and hydrocortisone, while not decreasing statistically significant amount of the cells, produced degradation of their cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the endocrine cells of the stomach following administration of hydrocortisone and L-thyroxine]. Electron microscopy with application of specific fluorescent histochemical reaction of Falck, as well as some methods of impregnation made it possible to indentify enterochromaffin cells in the stomach of hyperthyroid rats and the rats after cortisone injection under the conditions ox hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. After 20 days of L-thyroxin injection, and after 10 days of hydrocortisone injection, preceded by L-thyroxin, the amount of enterochromaffin cells in the epithelial layer of the gastric mucosa were noted to increase that was accompanied by simultaneous increase of the number of secretory argyrophil granules in their cytoplasm. Simultaneous injection of L-thyroxin and hydrocortisone, while not decreasing statistically significant amount of the cells, produced degradation of their cytoplasm.", "PMID": 603411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8179", "title": "[Structural and metabolic disorders in the heart, liver and kidneys in adjuvant disease].", "content": "Histochemical changes in the heart, liver and kidneys and ultrastructural disorders in cardiomyocytes were studied in 40 white rats with adjuvant disease. Mucoid lesions, hydropyc dystrophy and necribiosis of muscle cells developed in the heart, diffuse extra-intracapillary glomerulonephritis in combination with nephrosis in the kidneys. In the liver, dyscomplexation of hepatic trabeculas, distention of perisinusoidal spaces were observed; in hepatocytes, the processes of protein synthesis were activated, and signs of hydropyc dystrophy and necrobiosis developed. The activity of enzymes of the aerobic phase of energetic metabolism was reduced and that of lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase increased in cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and epithelium of convoluted tubules of the kidneys. Mitochondria of cardiomyocytes were swollen, myofibrilles fragmented.", "contents": "[Structural and metabolic disorders in the heart, liver and kidneys in adjuvant disease]. Histochemical changes in the heart, liver and kidneys and ultrastructural disorders in cardiomyocytes were studied in 40 white rats with adjuvant disease. Mucoid lesions, hydropyc dystrophy and necribiosis of muscle cells developed in the heart, diffuse extra-intracapillary glomerulonephritis in combination with nephrosis in the kidneys. In the liver, dyscomplexation of hepatic trabeculas, distention of perisinusoidal spaces were observed; in hepatocytes, the processes of protein synthesis were activated, and signs of hydropyc dystrophy and necrobiosis developed. The activity of enzymes of the aerobic phase of energetic metabolism was reduced and that of lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase increased in cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and epithelium of convoluted tubules of the kidneys. Mitochondria of cardiomyocytes were swollen, myofibrilles fragmented.", "PMID": 603414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8180", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the nervous system in systemic lupus eryethmatosus].", "content": "The central and peripheral nervous systems were examined morphologically in 31 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The lesions of the connective tissue and the vessel walls in the central nervous system are the manifestations of the generalized involvement of the entire connective tissue system in SLE. Morphologic signs relatively specific for SLE, such as fibrinoid necrosis of the connective tissue and vessels, nuclear pathology, as well as myelin changes of pulpous membrnes of nerve fibers and formation of micronecroses in the brain tissue, were observed most frequently in autoimmune crisis conditions. In these cases, a high clinical and immunological activity of the disease was observed.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the nervous system in systemic lupus eryethmatosus]. The central and peripheral nervous systems were examined morphologically in 31 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The lesions of the connective tissue and the vessel walls in the central nervous system are the manifestations of the generalized involvement of the entire connective tissue system in SLE. Morphologic signs relatively specific for SLE, such as fibrinoid necrosis of the connective tissue and vessels, nuclear pathology, as well as myelin changes of pulpous membrnes of nerve fibers and formation of micronecroses in the brain tissue, were observed most frequently in autoimmune crisis conditions. In these cases, a high clinical and immunological activity of the disease was observed.", "PMID": 603415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8181", "title": "[Complications of puncture catheterization of the subclavian vein in infants less than 1-year-old].", "content": "Autopsies of 61 infants under one year of age with catheterization of subclavian veins revealed in 27 cases complications of catheterization found both isolated and in various combinations. Their nature and frequency differed from those in adults. Noteworthy was a large number of hematomas of anterior mediastinum and parietal thrombi of the right atrium. Severe complications due to the penetration of the catheter into the pleural cavity or to hear perforation were more frequent. Among catheterization complications, emboly of vessels of the greater circulation through patent oval fenestra is possible. The occurrence of severe infectious complications in some cases is associated with the unobservance of the existing contraindications. The high frequency of complications observed at autopsies must be considered in deciding for indications for subclavian vein catheterization in infants under one year of age.", "contents": "[Complications of puncture catheterization of the subclavian vein in infants less than 1-year-old]. Autopsies of 61 infants under one year of age with catheterization of subclavian veins revealed in 27 cases complications of catheterization found both isolated and in various combinations. Their nature and frequency differed from those in adults. Noteworthy was a large number of hematomas of anterior mediastinum and parietal thrombi of the right atrium. Severe complications due to the penetration of the catheter into the pleural cavity or to hear perforation were more frequent. Among catheterization complications, emboly of vessels of the greater circulation through patent oval fenestra is possible. The occurrence of severe infectious complications in some cases is associated with the unobservance of the existing contraindications. The high frequency of complications observed at autopsies must be considered in deciding for indications for subclavian vein catheterization in infants under one year of age.", "PMID": 603416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8182", "title": "[The thymus in children with brain tumors].", "content": "The thymus of 27 children dying with tumors of the central nervous system was studied, most attention being paid to the state of the reticuloepitheilum. Gassal bodies, the presence of pironinophilic cells and lymphoid follicles. The therapy given and the presence of intercurrent infectious diseases were taken into consideration. Morphometry of Gassal bodies followed by statistical treatment of the results was done. The regularity of morphological lesions was found. In the first group of the patients given no specific treatment, the response of the reticuloepithelium to the antigenic stimulation was mostly quite moderate. In the second group where the patients had been operated on and given roentgen and chemotherapy, marked changes in the thymus morphology were observed. In 3 cases of the second group, in addition, lymphoid follicles were found in lobules of the gland.", "contents": "[The thymus in children with brain tumors]. The thymus of 27 children dying with tumors of the central nervous system was studied, most attention being paid to the state of the reticuloepitheilum. Gassal bodies, the presence of pironinophilic cells and lymphoid follicles. The therapy given and the presence of intercurrent infectious diseases were taken into consideration. Morphometry of Gassal bodies followed by statistical treatment of the results was done. The regularity of morphological lesions was found. In the first group of the patients given no specific treatment, the response of the reticuloepithelium to the antigenic stimulation was mostly quite moderate. In the second group where the patients had been operated on and given roentgen and chemotherapy, marked changes in the thymus morphology were observed. In 3 cases of the second group, in addition, lymphoid follicles were found in lobules of the gland.", "PMID": 603417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8183", "title": "[Pathologic anatomy of sepsis in children with acute leukemia].", "content": "Autopsies of 252 cases of acute leukosis in children dying of sepsis were examined. Except 2, all the children had been in the state of exacerbation of the leukemic process and received current intensive therapy. Sepsis was the immediate cause of death in 68 (26.9%) cases. Most prevalent were such forms of sepsis as sepsis with embolic foci of necrosis in organs (44 cases), septicemia (18), septicopyemia (6). In 40 cases considerable leukemic infiltration of the bone marrow and internal organs, in 18 cases moderate and in 10 poor was observed. The criterian of sepsis in children with acute leukosis is the presence of embolic foci of necrosis, less frequently of metastatic abscesses. All the other signs may be associated both with leukemic and septic processes. The causative agent of sepsis in the majority of cases was hemolytic coagulaso-positive staphylococcus.", "contents": "[Pathologic anatomy of sepsis in children with acute leukemia]. Autopsies of 252 cases of acute leukosis in children dying of sepsis were examined. Except 2, all the children had been in the state of exacerbation of the leukemic process and received current intensive therapy. Sepsis was the immediate cause of death in 68 (26.9%) cases. Most prevalent were such forms of sepsis as sepsis with embolic foci of necrosis in organs (44 cases), septicemia (18), septicopyemia (6). In 40 cases considerable leukemic infiltration of the bone marrow and internal organs, in 18 cases moderate and in 10 poor was observed. The criterian of sepsis in children with acute leukosis is the presence of embolic foci of necrosis, less frequently of metastatic abscesses. All the other signs may be associated both with leukemic and septic processes. The causative agent of sepsis in the majority of cases was hemolytic coagulaso-positive staphylococcus.", "PMID": 603418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8184", "title": "[Immunomorphologic criteria of lupoid nephropathy and their value in diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations of 30 kidney bioptates from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus revealed characteristic immunomorphological features of lupoid nephropathy: glomerular immune complexes with the predominance of IgG in combination with other immunoglobulins and fibrin; subendothelial, subepithelial and mesangial depositions in d;fferent combinations found in glomerules; virus-like inclusions in the endothelium of glomerular capillaries. With these signs, the diagnosis of the lupoid nature of nephritis may be established even in those cases where the typical signs of lupus erythematosus are absent or insignificant.", "contents": "[Immunomorphologic criteria of lupoid nephropathy and their value in diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus]. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations of 30 kidney bioptates from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus revealed characteristic immunomorphological features of lupoid nephropathy: glomerular immune complexes with the predominance of IgG in combination with other immunoglobulins and fibrin; subendothelial, subepithelial and mesangial depositions in d;fferent combinations found in glomerules; virus-like inclusions in the endothelium of glomerular capillaries. With these signs, the diagnosis of the lupoid nature of nephritis may be established even in those cases where the typical signs of lupus erythematosus are absent or insignificant.", "PMID": 603419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8185", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy in determining the histogenesis of vascular tumors].", "content": "Six human vascular neoplasms were studied in light and electron microscopes. Electron microscopic examinations revealed specific ultrastructural features of tumour pericytes, cells of smooth-muscle tumours and tumour endothelium. Some tumours were found to be polymorphic in their cellular composition. The electron microscopy method revealed polymorphism of the tumour with diffuse distribution of cell elements (the presence of endothelial strata in hemangiopericytoma or the presence of the pericytic component in an endothelioma) but proved to be of low effectiveness in focal distribution of cell elements. It is concluded from the foregoing that simultaneous utilization of light and electron microscopy is necessary for vertification of such complicated neoplasms as vascular tumours of man.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy in determining the histogenesis of vascular tumors]. Six human vascular neoplasms were studied in light and electron microscopes. Electron microscopic examinations revealed specific ultrastructural features of tumour pericytes, cells of smooth-muscle tumours and tumour endothelium. Some tumours were found to be polymorphic in their cellular composition. The electron microscopy method revealed polymorphism of the tumour with diffuse distribution of cell elements (the presence of endothelial strata in hemangiopericytoma or the presence of the pericytic component in an endothelioma) but proved to be of low effectiveness in focal distribution of cell elements. It is concluded from the foregoing that simultaneous utilization of light and electron microscopy is necessary for vertification of such complicated neoplasms as vascular tumours of man.", "PMID": 603420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8186", "title": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in fetal rabbits following mechanical trauma].", "content": "An area of the myocardium of 23-day-old rabbit fetuses after mechanical tramua was studied electron-microscopically. Six days after trauma in the focus of lesion myocardial cells were found the general submicroscopic organization of which was identical to the ultrastructure of myocardium cells of intact animals and muscle cells of other parts of the left ventricle of the heart of experimental animals. Besides, in the former focus of lesion of the myocardium tissue electron microscopy revealed younger myocardial cells than those in the myocardium of the intact animals as well as cells showing early stages of differentiation. The results indicate that at the site of the lost myocardial tissue in 23-day-old rabbit fetuses 6 days after trauma there appears an intact cross-striated musculature of the heart.", "contents": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in fetal rabbits following mechanical trauma]. An area of the myocardium of 23-day-old rabbit fetuses after mechanical tramua was studied electron-microscopically. Six days after trauma in the focus of lesion myocardial cells were found the general submicroscopic organization of which was identical to the ultrastructure of myocardium cells of intact animals and muscle cells of other parts of the left ventricle of the heart of experimental animals. Besides, in the former focus of lesion of the myocardium tissue electron microscopy revealed younger myocardial cells than those in the myocardium of the intact animals as well as cells showing early stages of differentiation. The results indicate that at the site of the lost myocardial tissue in 23-day-old rabbit fetuses 6 days after trauma there appears an intact cross-striated musculature of the heart.", "PMID": 603421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8187", "title": "[Postmortem changes in skin color].", "content": "By the employment of the colorimetric method statistically significant objective data on postmortem changes in the colour of different parts of the skin have first been obtained. Histological and spectrophotometric studies were carried out in order to elucidate the causes of these changes. The colour of the cadavar skin as well as the colour of the human skin in life depends on primary pigments: hemoglobin, melanin, carotene and melanoid. A certain role is likely to be played by the main structural proteins of the derma and epidermis: collagen and keratin. The cadavar skin colour differs in variations of the dominant wave length and reflectance which are associated with postmortem redistribution of the blood under the effect of the gravity and qualitative transformation of oxyhaemoglobin into reduced haemoglobin. The distribution of melanin, carotene, and melanoid does not differ from that in life. The most specific index of the amount of melanin is the purity of colour and not reflectance.", "contents": "[Postmortem changes in skin color]. By the employment of the colorimetric method statistically significant objective data on postmortem changes in the colour of different parts of the skin have first been obtained. Histological and spectrophotometric studies were carried out in order to elucidate the causes of these changes. The colour of the cadavar skin as well as the colour of the human skin in life depends on primary pigments: hemoglobin, melanin, carotene and melanoid. A certain role is likely to be played by the main structural proteins of the derma and epidermis: collagen and keratin. The cadavar skin colour differs in variations of the dominant wave length and reflectance which are associated with postmortem redistribution of the blood under the effect of the gravity and qualitative transformation of oxyhaemoglobin into reduced haemoglobin. The distribution of melanin, carotene, and melanoid does not differ from that in life. The most specific index of the amount of melanin is the purity of colour and not reflectance.", "PMID": 603422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8188", "title": "[Corticosteroma and gangliocytic neurilemmoma of the left adrenal associated with diffuse nodular hyperplasia and gangliocytoma of the right adrenal].", "content": "In a man of 48 who had suffered for a long time from a high arterial blood pressure, the autopsy revealed corticosteroma of the left and diffuse-nodular hyperplasia of the right adrenal glands. Both adrenals also had tumours of the sympathetic nervous system considered to be a gangliocytoneurilemmoma (angliocytic neurilemmoma) on the left and gangliocytoma on the right. The combination of morphological lesions, clinical data and laboratory examinations permit to state a combination of hypercorticism and hypercatecholaminemia.", "contents": "[Corticosteroma and gangliocytic neurilemmoma of the left adrenal associated with diffuse nodular hyperplasia and gangliocytoma of the right adrenal]. In a man of 48 who had suffered for a long time from a high arterial blood pressure, the autopsy revealed corticosteroma of the left and diffuse-nodular hyperplasia of the right adrenal glands. Both adrenals also had tumours of the sympathetic nervous system considered to be a gangliocytoneurilemmoma (angliocytic neurilemmoma) on the left and gangliocytoma on the right. The combination of morphological lesions, clinical data and laboratory examinations permit to state a combination of hypercorticism and hypercatecholaminemia.", "PMID": 603423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8189", "title": "[The operative treatment of the spondylolisthesis with compression screws (author's transl)].", "content": "The author gives account of a direct osteosynthesis--joining the defect of the interarticular part--made in case of spondylolisthesis in his department. They carry out the operation having modified the method of Buck as they use A-O malleolar compression screw instead of all threaded screw. Applying compression screws the author can ensure a successful osteosynthesis in case of a greater vertebral displacement. This method widens the indication area of the operation. The adventage of the operation over other ones made in spondylolisthesis is the fact that after the wound-healing the patient can get up and the lumbar spine will not be limited in motion. The operation was made in 16 cases until now and operative complication was not observed. They propose to make this operation as early as possible in case of definite spondylolisthesis to prevent the development of further progression.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of the spondylolisthesis with compression screws (author's transl)]. The author gives account of a direct osteosynthesis--joining the defect of the interarticular part--made in case of spondylolisthesis in his department. They carry out the operation having modified the method of Buck as they use A-O malleolar compression screw instead of all threaded screw. Applying compression screws the author can ensure a successful osteosynthesis in case of a greater vertebral displacement. This method widens the indication area of the operation. The adventage of the operation over other ones made in spondylolisthesis is the fact that after the wound-healing the patient can get up and the lumbar spine will not be limited in motion. The operation was made in 16 cases until now and operative complication was not observed. They propose to make this operation as early as possible in case of definite spondylolisthesis to prevent the development of further progression.", "PMID": 603435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8190", "title": "[Minimal internal fixation of fractures in elder children (author's transl)].", "content": "The fractures in elder children (9--17 years) need a special treatment. Regarding the exact reposition they have to be handled like the fractures of adults. Regarding localisation, morphology of the bone and the way of internal fixation they have to be treated like those of smaller children. The \"Minimal-Osteosynthesis\" primarily means adaptation, refixation and continuous retention. The procedure is less traumatizing, however the indication should be as strictly as in other cases. The minimal osteosynthesis is giving more respect to the growing bone. The material of internal fixation may be removed much earlier than in adults. Stability for early physical exercises is rarely necessary in children. Even different types of minimal internal fixation are possible. A number of cases are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Minimal internal fixation of fractures in elder children (author's transl)]. The fractures in elder children (9--17 years) need a special treatment. Regarding the exact reposition they have to be handled like the fractures of adults. Regarding localisation, morphology of the bone and the way of internal fixation they have to be treated like those of smaller children. The \"Minimal-Osteosynthesis\" primarily means adaptation, refixation and continuous retention. The procedure is less traumatizing, however the indication should be as strictly as in other cases. The minimal osteosynthesis is giving more respect to the growing bone. The material of internal fixation may be removed much earlier than in adults. Stability for early physical exercises is rarely necessary in children. Even different types of minimal internal fixation are possible. A number of cases are demonstrated.", "PMID": 603436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8191", "title": "[The extension nail. A new method for lengthening of the femur and tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper introduces a new method for limb lengthening using an extension nail. Animal and clinical results are encouraging. Further clinical results and long term observations will be presented soon.", "contents": "[The extension nail. A new method for lengthening of the femur and tibia (author's transl)]. The paper introduces a new method for limb lengthening using an extension nail. Animal and clinical results are encouraging. Further clinical results and long term observations will be presented soon.", "PMID": 603437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8192", "title": "[Complete resection of a vertebral body (author's transl)].", "content": "The resection of one or more vertebral bodies is technically difficult and quite demanding for the patient. In cases of solitary metastases to a vertebral body such a procedure may be considered when the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. To mobilise the patient quickly the stabilisation of the spine with bone cement and plates is mandatory. Three of four cases have been treated by two consecutive operations, one patient received a prefabricated ceramic implant. Mobilisation was maintained until four months after surgery. An analysis of previously published reports on complete vertebral body resection shows advantages and disadvantages of several methods.", "contents": "[Complete resection of a vertebral body (author's transl)]. The resection of one or more vertebral bodies is technically difficult and quite demanding for the patient. In cases of solitary metastases to a vertebral body such a procedure may be considered when the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. To mobilise the patient quickly the stabilisation of the spine with bone cement and plates is mandatory. Three of four cases have been treated by two consecutive operations, one patient received a prefabricated ceramic implant. Mobilisation was maintained until four months after surgery. An analysis of previously published reports on complete vertebral body resection shows advantages and disadvantages of several methods.", "PMID": 603438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8193", "title": "[Post-operative surveillance and intensive care after orthopedic procedures of the vertebral column (author's transl)].", "content": "113 corrective procedures of the vertebral column by ventral and/or dorsal approach have been analysed. The post-operative findings have been reported, including blood-gas analysis, hemoglobin and hematocrit, electrolytes, and fluid balance. A correlative-statistical analysis of the scoliosis group was carried out according to number of involved segments, degree of curvature, age, length of operative time and total blood loss. The post-operative complications were related to preexisting risk factors.", "contents": "[Post-operative surveillance and intensive care after orthopedic procedures of the vertebral column (author's transl)]. 113 corrective procedures of the vertebral column by ventral and/or dorsal approach have been analysed. The post-operative findings have been reported, including blood-gas analysis, hemoglobin and hematocrit, electrolytes, and fluid balance. A correlative-statistical analysis of the scoliosis group was carried out according to number of involved segments, degree of curvature, age, length of operative time and total blood loss. The post-operative complications were related to preexisting risk factors.", "PMID": 603439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8194", "title": "[Fractures of the neck of femur in juveniles (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems of the treatment of femoral neck fractures in young patients are discussed on 22 cases as well as the operative technique, post-operative treatment, late complications and their treatment. We feel that femoral neck fractures in children and young ones should be treated operatively. The three flanged nail should be used for internal fixation, giving a better fixation than K-wires. We have not seen any damage caused by the crossing of the epiphyseal plate with a nail or K-wires. Postoperatively the patient should walk non weight bearing on the fractured hip for 9 months, especially in transcervical fractures. The danger of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is clearly diminished by this precaution. The late results of femoral neck fractures in juveniles are clearly worse than in children. The femoral neck fracture of the young is to be treated as an emergency. If the therapy is too late or not adequate the consequences for the hip joints of the juveniles can be drastic.", "contents": "[Fractures of the neck of femur in juveniles (author's transl)]. The problems of the treatment of femoral neck fractures in young patients are discussed on 22 cases as well as the operative technique, post-operative treatment, late complications and their treatment. We feel that femoral neck fractures in children and young ones should be treated operatively. The three flanged nail should be used for internal fixation, giving a better fixation than K-wires. We have not seen any damage caused by the crossing of the epiphyseal plate with a nail or K-wires. Postoperatively the patient should walk non weight bearing on the fractured hip for 9 months, especially in transcervical fractures. The danger of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is clearly diminished by this precaution. The late results of femoral neck fractures in juveniles are clearly worse than in children. The femoral neck fracture of the young is to be treated as an emergency. If the therapy is too late or not adequate the consequences for the hip joints of the juveniles can be drastic.", "PMID": 603440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8195", "title": "[Pelvic fractures in children: clinic, late results, biomechanic (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1917--1976 68 pelvis fractures of children (up to 14 years) were hospitalized at the department of Surgery, University of G\u00f6ttingen. About 75% were traffic accidents. The lesions prefer the iliosacral joints, symphysis and the biogenic connections. Experimental compressions confirm the clinical fractures. The controls show sufficient subjective results. Because of pelvis dislocation and scoliosis controls are necessary.", "contents": "[Pelvic fractures in children: clinic, late results, biomechanic (author's transl)]. From 1917--1976 68 pelvis fractures of children (up to 14 years) were hospitalized at the department of Surgery, University of G\u00f6ttingen. About 75% were traffic accidents. The lesions prefer the iliosacral joints, symphysis and the biogenic connections. Experimental compressions confirm the clinical fractures. The controls show sufficient subjective results. Because of pelvis dislocation and scoliosis controls are necessary.", "PMID": 603441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8196", "title": "[Corrective osteotomy for malalignment of fractures of the distal radius (author's transl)].", "content": "Corrective osteotomy is indicated in young manual workers with significant malalignment after fracture of the distal radius without associated degenerative changes in the wrist joint. Chronic pain, limited motion and impaired power can be avoided and the cosmetic appearance of the hand improved, by restoration of the functional anatomy of the wrist. The operation consists of an opening-wedge osteotomy at the fracture site, sometimes combined with resection of the distal ulna. The approach may be dorsal or volar. A small iliac cortico-cancellous bone graft is inserted at the osteotomy site. Fixation is by an AO-small fragment-T-plate allowing early functional after-treatment.", "contents": "[Corrective osteotomy for malalignment of fractures of the distal radius (author's transl)]. Corrective osteotomy is indicated in young manual workers with significant malalignment after fracture of the distal radius without associated degenerative changes in the wrist joint. Chronic pain, limited motion and impaired power can be avoided and the cosmetic appearance of the hand improved, by restoration of the functional anatomy of the wrist. The operation consists of an opening-wedge osteotomy at the fracture site, sometimes combined with resection of the distal ulna. The approach may be dorsal or volar. A small iliac cortico-cancellous bone graft is inserted at the osteotomy site. Fixation is by an AO-small fragment-T-plate allowing early functional after-treatment.", "PMID": 603442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8197", "title": "[Immunological aspects of syngenesioplastic bone transplantation in treatment of infantile bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone transplantations are made often in the treatment of benign bone tumours or tumour like affections. Especially at the appropriate infantile illness the use of an autologous transplant may prove impossible. Homologous and heterologous osseous transplants are largely unsuitable, because of the induction of immunological reactions. So called syngenesioplastic transplants let expect a tolerance of the recipient organism. This is a report of the results of clinical, radiological and especially immunological follow-up-examinations of 11 patients treated from August 1974 to October 1976 with syngenesioplastic spongiosa transplantation.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of syngenesioplastic bone transplantation in treatment of infantile bone tumors (author's transl)]. Bone transplantations are made often in the treatment of benign bone tumours or tumour like affections. Especially at the appropriate infantile illness the use of an autologous transplant may prove impossible. Homologous and heterologous osseous transplants are largely unsuitable, because of the induction of immunological reactions. So called syngenesioplastic transplants let expect a tolerance of the recipient organism. This is a report of the results of clinical, radiological and especially immunological follow-up-examinations of 11 patients treated from August 1974 to October 1976 with syngenesioplastic spongiosa transplantation.", "PMID": 603443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8198", "title": "Hydatid disease in Australia.", "content": "Human hydatidosis is caused by infection with the cystic stage of the hydatid tapeworm of dogs, Echinococcus granulosus. Although the disease is entirely preventable, the prevalence of hydatidosis in Australia has not decreased since the first surveys were taken in the early part of this century. Principal reasons for this appear to be a general lack of knowledge of the life history, epidemiology and control methods for E. granulosus, coupled with ineffective community based eradication campaigns. The purpose of this paper is to briefly discuss the important facts relevant to control and eventual eradication of hydatid disease.", "contents": "Hydatid disease in Australia. Human hydatidosis is caused by infection with the cystic stage of the hydatid tapeworm of dogs, Echinococcus granulosus. Although the disease is entirely preventable, the prevalence of hydatidosis in Australia has not decreased since the first surveys were taken in the early part of this century. Principal reasons for this appear to be a general lack of knowledge of the life history, epidemiology and control methods for E. granulosus, coupled with ineffective community based eradication campaigns. The purpose of this paper is to briefly discuss the important facts relevant to control and eventual eradication of hydatid disease.", "PMID": 603446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8199", "title": "Toxocariasis.", "content": "Human infection with the larvae of the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis, occurs in Australia, especially in children, and though usually not serious, it can cause considerable damage if the larvae get into such organs as the eye.", "contents": "Toxocariasis. Human infection with the larvae of the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis, occurs in Australia, especially in children, and though usually not serious, it can cause considerable damage if the larvae get into such organs as the eye.", "PMID": 603447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8200", "title": "Hazards of domestic pets. Ringworm and other skin conditions.", "content": "Domestic pets may be responsible for a number of skin eruptions in man. Whilst ringworm due to Microsporum canis is one of the most common of these conditions in this country, trichophyton infection, flea bite dermatitis, cheyletiella dermatitis, canine scabies and traumatic dermatitis are by no means rare. Less frequently encountered conditions include creeping eruption, favus, fowl-mite dermatitis and allergic dermatitis.", "contents": "Hazards of domestic pets. Ringworm and other skin conditions. Domestic pets may be responsible for a number of skin eruptions in man. Whilst ringworm due to Microsporum canis is one of the most common of these conditions in this country, trichophyton infection, flea bite dermatitis, cheyletiella dermatitis, canine scabies and traumatic dermatitis are by no means rare. Less frequently encountered conditions include creeping eruption, favus, fowl-mite dermatitis and allergic dermatitis.", "PMID": 603448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8201", "title": "Toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Recent research has shown that Toxoplasma gondii, the cause of human toxoplasmosis, is a protozoan close to the genus Isospora, whose life cycle involves cats as the definitive host, and other mammals, including man, and birds as intermediate hosts. Cats shed oocysts in their faeces; these are infective to the intermediate hosts when ingested. But the non-felid intermediate hosts can also become infected by eating other intermediate hosts. Probably most human infections occur in this manner and result from eating raw or insufficiently cooked meats. Most people become infected during their life time, but most infections are benign and unnoticed. Occasionally the disease picture may simulate infectious mononucleosis. However, in intrauterine or neonatal infections the disease may be most severe and chorioretinitis, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus or microcephaly may result. Diagnosis depends upon demonstrating the parasite in biopsy material or through changing titres in serological tests.", "contents": "Toxoplasmosis. Recent research has shown that Toxoplasma gondii, the cause of human toxoplasmosis, is a protozoan close to the genus Isospora, whose life cycle involves cats as the definitive host, and other mammals, including man, and birds as intermediate hosts. Cats shed oocysts in their faeces; these are infective to the intermediate hosts when ingested. But the non-felid intermediate hosts can also become infected by eating other intermediate hosts. Probably most human infections occur in this manner and result from eating raw or insufficiently cooked meats. Most people become infected during their life time, but most infections are benign and unnoticed. Occasionally the disease picture may simulate infectious mononucleosis. However, in intrauterine or neonatal infections the disease may be most severe and chorioretinitis, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus or microcephaly may result. Diagnosis depends upon demonstrating the parasite in biopsy material or through changing titres in serological tests.", "PMID": 603449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8202", "title": "Behaviour therapy for psychosexual dysfunction.", "content": "Behaviour therapy is defined, and the therapeutic approach evolved by Masters and Johnson described. Their key concept of the desirability of treating couples and using co-therapists is evaluated in the light of research findings. It would seem that co-therapy is desirable, but a single therapist can do useful work with a single patient, a couple, or a group of couples using a behaviour therapy framework. Two illustrative cases are described.", "contents": "Behaviour therapy for psychosexual dysfunction. Behaviour therapy is defined, and the therapeutic approach evolved by Masters and Johnson described. Their key concept of the desirability of treating couples and using co-therapists is evaluated in the light of research findings. It would seem that co-therapy is desirable, but a single therapist can do useful work with a single patient, a couple, or a group of couples using a behaviour therapy framework. Two illustrative cases are described.", "PMID": 603450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8203", "title": "Medical problems of the overland route from India or South Africa to Europe.", "content": "The various problems of the overland traveller are discussed, as are the necessary immunization procedures, the seriousness of falciparum malaria and the various bowel disorders. The necessity for treating minor injuries and abrasions is stressed. Psychological problems, veneral disease and the problem of drug abuse are mentioned.", "contents": "Medical problems of the overland route from India or South Africa to Europe. The various problems of the overland traveller are discussed, as are the necessary immunization procedures, the seriousness of falciparum malaria and the various bowel disorders. The necessity for treating minor injuries and abrasions is stressed. Psychological problems, veneral disease and the problem of drug abuse are mentioned.", "PMID": 603454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8204", "title": "The diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "While there is a declining incidence of many infectious diseases, viral hepatitis persists as a major problem. In fact, there would appear to be an increasing incidence of hepatitis B paralleling the rising problem of drug addiction. The discovery of Australia antigen, now called hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), represented a major breakthrough in our understanding of viral hepatitis. More recently, serological tests have become available for hepatitis A virus (HAV) which will further facilitate our understanding of acute and chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis. While there is a declining incidence of many infectious diseases, viral hepatitis persists as a major problem. In fact, there would appear to be an increasing incidence of hepatitis B paralleling the rising problem of drug addiction. The discovery of Australia antigen, now called hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), represented a major breakthrough in our understanding of viral hepatitis. More recently, serological tests have become available for hepatitis A virus (HAV) which will further facilitate our understanding of acute and chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 603455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8205", "title": "Isolation of toxic metabolites of Phomopsis leptostromiformis responsible for lupinosis.", "content": "Two metabolites of P. leptostromiformis (phomopsins A and B) have been isolated as a crystalline mixture from a culture of the fungus on lupin seed. The mixture has been shown to be capable of inducing lupinosis in sheep and in young rats. Key steps in the isolation were the transfer of the phomopsins from crude aqueous solution to tetrahydrofuran and chromatography on macroreticular polystyrene resin. The bioassays used in monitoring fractions were based on inhibition of cell cultures and the mitosis-arresting effect of the metabolites on liver cells in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation of toxic metabolites of Phomopsis leptostromiformis responsible for lupinosis. Two metabolites of P. leptostromiformis (phomopsins A and B) have been isolated as a crystalline mixture from a culture of the fungus on lupin seed. The mixture has been shown to be capable of inducing lupinosis in sheep and in young rats. Key steps in the isolation were the transfer of the phomopsins from crude aqueous solution to tetrahydrofuran and chromatography on macroreticular polystyrene resin. The bioassays used in monitoring fractions were based on inhibition of cell cultures and the mitosis-arresting effect of the metabolites on liver cells in vivo.", "PMID": 603456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8206", "title": "Plasma progesterone, FSH and LH levels associated with implantation in the mouse.", "content": "Measurement of plasma progesterone, LH and FSH were made every 6 h during the first 6 days of pregnancy in the mouse. Plasma progesterone and LH were low on day 1, minimum values being recorded at 24 h post coitus. Concentrations of both these hormones started rising during the second half on day 2 with the rise continuing during day 3 to a progesterone peak of 25 ng/ml early on day 4 and an LH peak of 37 ng/ml late on day 4. Levels of progesterone fell during day 4 and LH during day 5 to approximately half their respective peak values and then remained relatively constant over the remainder of the measurement period. Levels of FSH, which were high early on day 1 (180 ng/ml), fell sharply by midday with a small rise late in the day followed by a decline during day 2 to a minimum level of 2 ng/ml at 48 h post coitus. Early on day 3 FSH values rose to 120 ng/ml then fell to 50-60 ng/ml during the next 6 h and remained relatively stable at this level during days 4 and 5. It is suggested that LH is concerned with progesterone production and maintenance of the corpus luteum whilst FSH is concerned with the production of oestrogen required for implantation in this species.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone, FSH and LH levels associated with implantation in the mouse. Measurement of plasma progesterone, LH and FSH were made every 6 h during the first 6 days of pregnancy in the mouse. Plasma progesterone and LH were low on day 1, minimum values being recorded at 24 h post coitus. Concentrations of both these hormones started rising during the second half on day 2 with the rise continuing during day 3 to a progesterone peak of 25 ng/ml early on day 4 and an LH peak of 37 ng/ml late on day 4. Levels of progesterone fell during day 4 and LH during day 5 to approximately half their respective peak values and then remained relatively constant over the remainder of the measurement period. Levels of FSH, which were high early on day 1 (180 ng/ml), fell sharply by midday with a small rise late in the day followed by a decline during day 2 to a minimum level of 2 ng/ml at 48 h post coitus. Early on day 3 FSH values rose to 120 ng/ml then fell to 50-60 ng/ml during the next 6 h and remained relatively stable at this level during days 4 and 5. It is suggested that LH is concerned with progesterone production and maintenance of the corpus luteum whilst FSH is concerned with the production of oestrogen required for implantation in this species.", "PMID": 603458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8207", "title": "Effects of low concentrations of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on diluted bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at a concentration of 10 mg/l in a citrate buffer partially protected sperm against the effects of cold shock treatment. CTAB concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/l also increased in vitro sperm livability when semen was diluted in Caprogen and incubated at 37 degrees C (50 h v. 60 and 57 h). Concentrations of CTAB exceeding 50 mg/l reduced in vitro sperm livability. The addition of catalase (4.5 mg/l) to Caprogen produced greater increases in in vitro sperm livability (50 h v. 110 h), but did not eliminate the toxic effect of the higher CTAB concentrations. The addition of CTAB (10 mg/l) to the Caprogen-catalase diluent significantly increased the non-return rate of the diluted semen in only one of four large-scale field trials and did not alter non-return rates with deep-frozen semen.", "contents": "Effects of low concentrations of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on diluted bovine spermatozoa. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at a concentration of 10 mg/l in a citrate buffer partially protected sperm against the effects of cold shock treatment. CTAB concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/l also increased in vitro sperm livability when semen was diluted in Caprogen and incubated at 37 degrees C (50 h v. 60 and 57 h). Concentrations of CTAB exceeding 50 mg/l reduced in vitro sperm livability. The addition of catalase (4.5 mg/l) to Caprogen produced greater increases in in vitro sperm livability (50 h v. 110 h), but did not eliminate the toxic effect of the higher CTAB concentrations. The addition of CTAB (10 mg/l) to the Caprogen-catalase diluent significantly increased the non-return rate of the diluted semen in only one of four large-scale field trials and did not alter non-return rates with deep-frozen semen.", "PMID": 603459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8208", "title": "A comparative study of the NAH and TOL catabolic plasmids in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "A comparative study of the NAH and TOL catabolic plasmids was carried out to provide information for future genetic manipulation experiments involving these two plasmids. The plasmids were studied in a strain of P. putida and its mutant derivatives. The NAH and TOL plasmids were found to be incompatible. Under the conditions used in these experiments the TOL plasmid transferred into some strains into which NAH was unable to transfer. The use of mutants to remove certain catabolic activities encoded by the bacterial host cell facilitated the allocation of growth genotypes to the NAH and TOL plasmids. TOL encoded the degradation of benzoate, m-toluate and p-toluate, whereas NAH encoded the degradation of naphthalene and salicylate. The other plasmid-associated growth phenotypes were partly plasmid-specified and partly specified by the host cell. The pH optimum of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase specified by the TOL plasmid was approximately 6.7, whereas that of the NAH-encoded enzyme was approximately 8.3.", "contents": "A comparative study of the NAH and TOL catabolic plasmids in Pseudomonas putida. A comparative study of the NAH and TOL catabolic plasmids was carried out to provide information for future genetic manipulation experiments involving these two plasmids. The plasmids were studied in a strain of P. putida and its mutant derivatives. The NAH and TOL plasmids were found to be incompatible. Under the conditions used in these experiments the TOL plasmid transferred into some strains into which NAH was unable to transfer. The use of mutants to remove certain catabolic activities encoded by the bacterial host cell facilitated the allocation of growth genotypes to the NAH and TOL plasmids. TOL encoded the degradation of benzoate, m-toluate and p-toluate, whereas NAH encoded the degradation of naphthalene and salicylate. The other plasmid-associated growth phenotypes were partly plasmid-specified and partly specified by the host cell. The pH optimum of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase specified by the TOL plasmid was approximately 6.7, whereas that of the NAH-encoded enzyme was approximately 8.3.", "PMID": 603460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8209", "title": "Incorporation of [2-3H] ethanolamine into rat muscle phosphoglycerides.", "content": "The contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rat muscle was investigated by studying the incorporation of [2-3H] ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides were measured by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution. The specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine was approximately one thousand times that of phosphatidylcholine. Amongst individual phosphatidylethanolamines, hexaenoic species possessed the highest specific radioactivities and tetraenoic the lowest. Because of the very low incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the specific radioactivities of combined rather than of individual fractions were measured. The results indicate that the contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to the overall biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in muscle is of minor importance.", "contents": "Incorporation of [2-3H] ethanolamine into rat muscle phosphoglycerides. The contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rat muscle was investigated by studying the incorporation of [2-3H] ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides were measured by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution. The specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine was approximately one thousand times that of phosphatidylcholine. Amongst individual phosphatidylethanolamines, hexaenoic species possessed the highest specific radioactivities and tetraenoic the lowest. Because of the very low incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the specific radioactivities of combined rather than of individual fractions were measured. The results indicate that the contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to the overall biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in muscle is of minor importance.", "PMID": 603461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8210", "title": "Re-examination of small intestinal disposal of Vibrio cholerae in mice.", "content": "The rapid disposal of antibody-treated vibrios by peristalsis in whole animal models makes it difficult to obtain clear evidence for a simultaneous intra-intestinal bactericidal effect. In this paper we have re-examined the evidence for direct intra-intestinal killing. We have found that the data can be explained adequately by peristaltic effects without postulating a direct bactericidal action in vivo.", "contents": "Re-examination of small intestinal disposal of Vibrio cholerae in mice. The rapid disposal of antibody-treated vibrios by peristalsis in whole animal models makes it difficult to obtain clear evidence for a simultaneous intra-intestinal bactericidal effect. In this paper we have re-examined the evidence for direct intra-intestinal killing. We have found that the data can be explained adequately by peristaltic effects without postulating a direct bactericidal action in vivo.", "PMID": 603462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8211", "title": "Induction of immunity in mice to the nematode parasite, Nematospiroides dubius.", "content": "The data presented in this paper show that mice may be immunised against re-infection with Nematospiroides dubius by giving live third-stage larvae orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Immunity is directed not against the adult worm but against third-stage larvae following their penetration of the wall of the intestine.", "contents": "Induction of immunity in mice to the nematode parasite, Nematospiroides dubius. The data presented in this paper show that mice may be immunised against re-infection with Nematospiroides dubius by giving live third-stage larvae orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Immunity is directed not against the adult worm but against third-stage larvae following their penetration of the wall of the intestine.", "PMID": 603463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8212", "title": "Effect of enteric micro-organisms on intestinal sugar and fatty acid absorption.", "content": "The effect of micro-organisms contaminating the upper intestinal contents of malnourished children on intestinal absorption of 3-0 methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose (3-M.G.) and oleic acid was studied in rats in vivo. Oleci acid absorption was unaffected by non-pathogenic E. coli but decreased by E. coli 0111, Salmonella paratyphi B., Shigella sonnei and Candida sp. This effect was probably explained by intestinal secretion diluting the test solution leading to a decreased diffusion gradient for solubilised fatty acid. Inhibition of sugar absorption occurred with bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli and Candida sp. and cell-free preparations of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, a non-pathogenic E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Candida sp. These effects were not explained by dilution of the test solution. This indicates that numerous micro-organisms and, in some instances, their cell-free preparations can interfere with intestinal active sugar transport. These findings may be relevant to the production of malabsorption in malnourished children who have a wide variety of micro-organisms contaminating their upper intestinal contents.", "contents": "Effect of enteric micro-organisms on intestinal sugar and fatty acid absorption. The effect of micro-organisms contaminating the upper intestinal contents of malnourished children on intestinal absorption of 3-0 methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose (3-M.G.) and oleic acid was studied in rats in vivo. Oleci acid absorption was unaffected by non-pathogenic E. coli but decreased by E. coli 0111, Salmonella paratyphi B., Shigella sonnei and Candida sp. This effect was probably explained by intestinal secretion diluting the test solution leading to a decreased diffusion gradient for solubilised fatty acid. Inhibition of sugar absorption occurred with bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli and Candida sp. and cell-free preparations of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, a non-pathogenic E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Candida sp. These effects were not explained by dilution of the test solution. This indicates that numerous micro-organisms and, in some instances, their cell-free preparations can interfere with intestinal active sugar transport. These findings may be relevant to the production of malabsorption in malnourished children who have a wide variety of micro-organisms contaminating their upper intestinal contents.", "PMID": 603464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8213", "title": "The metabolism of exogenous histamine by aortic tissues.", "content": "A thin layer chromatographic system is presented for the separation of histamine (H), 1,4-methylhistamine (M), acid metabolites comprising imidazole and methylimidazole acetic acids (A) and N-acetylhistamine (N). The system was applied to separation of the histamine metabolites formed following incubation of rabbit and guinea-pig thoracic aorta segments with labelled histamine. The effects of various agents known to affect histamine uptake, storage and metabolism in vascular tissue were studied on the disposition of histamine metabolites.", "contents": "The metabolism of exogenous histamine by aortic tissues. A thin layer chromatographic system is presented for the separation of histamine (H), 1,4-methylhistamine (M), acid metabolites comprising imidazole and methylimidazole acetic acids (A) and N-acetylhistamine (N). The system was applied to separation of the histamine metabolites formed following incubation of rabbit and guinea-pig thoracic aorta segments with labelled histamine. The effects of various agents known to affect histamine uptake, storage and metabolism in vascular tissue were studied on the disposition of histamine metabolites.", "PMID": 603465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8214", "title": "The origin of the muscle fasciculation caused by funnel-web spider venom.", "content": "The origin of the fasciculation of skeletal muscle produced by funnel-web spider venom (FSV) has been examined in mouse phrenic nerve hemi-diaphragm preparations, FSV from male spiders at concentrations greater than 10(-6) g/ ml invariably produced muscle fasciculation which could be prevented by d-tubocurarine (14micron), tetrodotoxin (0.3 micron) or by increasing the external magnesium concentration or calcium concentration. Diphenyl hydantoin (3-6 X 10(-5) M) was able to reduce these fasciculations in some experiments. In curarized preparations, multiple end plate potentials (EPPs) in response to single stimuli and bursts of spontaneous EPPs were seen in the presence of FSV (10(-5) g/ml). Extracellular recordings from phrenic nerves in the presence of FSV (10(-5) g/ml) revealed additional components in compound action potentials elicited by single stimuli, and \"spontaneous\" electrical activity was observed in unstimulated nerves. This spontaneous activity was abolished by raising the divalent cation concentration in the bathing solution. These results suggest that a primary site of action of FSV is the surface membrane of nerve fibres and that muscle fasciculation arises as a consequence of spontaneous action potentials produced by the venom in motor nerves.", "contents": "The origin of the muscle fasciculation caused by funnel-web spider venom. The origin of the fasciculation of skeletal muscle produced by funnel-web spider venom (FSV) has been examined in mouse phrenic nerve hemi-diaphragm preparations, FSV from male spiders at concentrations greater than 10(-6) g/ ml invariably produced muscle fasciculation which could be prevented by d-tubocurarine (14micron), tetrodotoxin (0.3 micron) or by increasing the external magnesium concentration or calcium concentration. Diphenyl hydantoin (3-6 X 10(-5) M) was able to reduce these fasciculations in some experiments. In curarized preparations, multiple end plate potentials (EPPs) in response to single stimuli and bursts of spontaneous EPPs were seen in the presence of FSV (10(-5) g/ml). Extracellular recordings from phrenic nerves in the presence of FSV (10(-5) g/ml) revealed additional components in compound action potentials elicited by single stimuli, and \"spontaneous\" electrical activity was observed in unstimulated nerves. This spontaneous activity was abolished by raising the divalent cation concentration in the bathing solution. These results suggest that a primary site of action of FSV is the surface membrane of nerve fibres and that muscle fasciculation arises as a consequence of spontaneous action potentials produced by the venom in motor nerves.", "PMID": 603466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8215", "title": "Significance of anomalous thermoregulation in the pre-diabetic spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): oxygen consumption and temperature regulation.", "content": "In keeping with studies of other desert rodents, the potentially diabetic spiny mouse has been demonstrated to have a very low basal metabolic rate, disproportionate to its body weight. The maintenance of a lower body temperature in response to high environmental temperatures and a lack of increase in metabolic rate in response to cooling have also been demonstrated. Assessments of \"mechanical efficiency\" have shown that spiny mice carry a potential selective advantage under fasting conditions. The findings, some of which are similar to those noted in other desert rodents, and in other species showing either spontaneous or induced hyperglycaemia, suggest that the low metabolic rate is at least partly based on ineffective glucose utilization. This phenomenon may be the common denominator of the survival advantage which has allowed both the successful evolution of species inhabiting warm, arid climes, and the persistence of the diabetic genotype in animal and human populations.", "contents": "Significance of anomalous thermoregulation in the pre-diabetic spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): oxygen consumption and temperature regulation. In keeping with studies of other desert rodents, the potentially diabetic spiny mouse has been demonstrated to have a very low basal metabolic rate, disproportionate to its body weight. The maintenance of a lower body temperature in response to high environmental temperatures and a lack of increase in metabolic rate in response to cooling have also been demonstrated. Assessments of \"mechanical efficiency\" have shown that spiny mice carry a potential selective advantage under fasting conditions. The findings, some of which are similar to those noted in other desert rodents, and in other species showing either spontaneous or induced hyperglycaemia, suggest that the low metabolic rate is at least partly based on ineffective glucose utilization. This phenomenon may be the common denominator of the survival advantage which has allowed both the successful evolution of species inhabiting warm, arid climes, and the persistence of the diabetic genotype in animal and human populations.", "PMID": 603467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8216", "title": "Significance of anomalous thermoregulation in the pre-diabetic spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): cold tolerance: blood glucose and food consumption responses to environmental heat.", "content": "Decreased cold tolerance, reduced food requirement for body weight maintenance and comparative resistance to the hypoglycaemic effect of fasting in high ambient temperatures have been demonstrated in the spiny mouse. These phenomena could be related to anomalous spiny mouse thermoregulation, a phenomenon which is common in desert rodents and is simulated by mutant and artificially diabetic rodent species. The data can be interpreted as showing evidence for a survival advantage of genotypes with potential diabetic expression, and may provide an explanation of the geographic distribution of certain species.", "contents": "Significance of anomalous thermoregulation in the pre-diabetic spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus): cold tolerance: blood glucose and food consumption responses to environmental heat. Decreased cold tolerance, reduced food requirement for body weight maintenance and comparative resistance to the hypoglycaemic effect of fasting in high ambient temperatures have been demonstrated in the spiny mouse. These phenomena could be related to anomalous spiny mouse thermoregulation, a phenomenon which is common in desert rodents and is simulated by mutant and artificially diabetic rodent species. The data can be interpreted as showing evidence for a survival advantage of genotypes with potential diabetic expression, and may provide an explanation of the geographic distribution of certain species.", "PMID": 603468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8217", "title": "Studies on immune responses to larval cestodes in mice: a simple mechanism of non-specific immunosuppression in Mesocestoides corti-infected mice.", "content": "After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll), mice infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, contain at least 20x fewer antibody-secreting cells (PFC) in their spleens (or spleens plus lymph nodes) than uninfected mice. By contrast, intravenous injection of antigen leads to normal PFC responses. Results of studies on the fate of labelled syngeneic erythrocytes and foreign proteins suggest that i.p. injected materials are retained in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Sequestration of antigen, and its subsequent local destruction, presumably accounts for the markedly suppressed systemic immune responses induced by i.p. injected antigens in M. corti-infected mice.", "contents": "Studies on immune responses to larval cestodes in mice: a simple mechanism of non-specific immunosuppression in Mesocestoides corti-infected mice. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll), mice infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, contain at least 20x fewer antibody-secreting cells (PFC) in their spleens (or spleens plus lymph nodes) than uninfected mice. By contrast, intravenous injection of antigen leads to normal PFC responses. Results of studies on the fate of labelled syngeneic erythrocytes and foreign proteins suggest that i.p. injected materials are retained in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Sequestration of antigen, and its subsequent local destruction, presumably accounts for the markedly suppressed systemic immune responses induced by i.p. injected antigens in M. corti-infected mice.", "PMID": 603471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8218", "title": "Preabsorptive vs. postabsorptive control of ethanol intake in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice.", "content": "Experimentally naive male mice of both strains were exposed to a two-bottle choice situation (ethanol vs. water) and their drinking behavior was observed during the first hour. DBA/2J mice developed a significant avoidance of 2% or 10% ethanol during the first 10 min. At 15 and 60 min following introduction of the bottles, no DBA mouse exhibited more than a 6 mg% blood ethanol level while all of the C57BL mice exceeded this concentration. Significant postabsorptive effects in the DBA mice seem unlikely at these very low blood ethanol values. Animals of both strains were examined for their ability to form lithium-induced conditioned taste aversions to 2% ethanol or 15% sucrose solutions. DBA mice readily formed conditioned aversions to both solutions, but the C57BL strain significantly avoided only the sucrose. C57BL mice appear to have difficulty in discriminating the 2% ethanol from distilled water. The neural sensitivity to ethanol was examined in both strains using the sleep time test and the grid test. C57BL mice were significantly more sensitive than DBA mice in both tests.", "contents": "Preabsorptive vs. postabsorptive control of ethanol intake in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Experimentally naive male mice of both strains were exposed to a two-bottle choice situation (ethanol vs. water) and their drinking behavior was observed during the first hour. DBA/2J mice developed a significant avoidance of 2% or 10% ethanol during the first 10 min. At 15 and 60 min following introduction of the bottles, no DBA mouse exhibited more than a 6 mg% blood ethanol level while all of the C57BL mice exceeded this concentration. Significant postabsorptive effects in the DBA mice seem unlikely at these very low blood ethanol values. Animals of both strains were examined for their ability to form lithium-induced conditioned taste aversions to 2% ethanol or 15% sucrose solutions. DBA mice readily formed conditioned aversions to both solutions, but the C57BL strain significantly avoided only the sucrose. C57BL mice appear to have difficulty in discriminating the 2% ethanol from distilled water. The neural sensitivity to ethanol was examined in both strains using the sleep time test and the grid test. C57BL mice were significantly more sensitive than DBA mice in both tests.", "PMID": 603475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8219", "title": "A test for rare male mating advantage at an \"enzyme locus\" in Drosophila.", "content": "Matings between Drosophila pseudoobscura strains differing at the amylase (Amy) locus were observed in Elens-Wattiaux chambers. Males homozygous for either Amy1.00 or Amy0.84 alleles in the CH gene arrangement enjoyed a mating advantage when moderately rare, but none when quite rare. The minority male advantage for strains differing at the Amy locus, and other loci linked to it, was comparable in size to that observed between strains carrying the ST or CH gene arrangements, and either alike or different at the Amy locus. Although some features of our results are puzzling, there is evidence that the Amy locus and others for which it serves as a marker have effects on mating behavior which include some degree of rare male mating advantage.", "contents": "A test for rare male mating advantage at an \"enzyme locus\" in Drosophila. Matings between Drosophila pseudoobscura strains differing at the amylase (Amy) locus were observed in Elens-Wattiaux chambers. Males homozygous for either Amy1.00 or Amy0.84 alleles in the CH gene arrangement enjoyed a mating advantage when moderately rare, but none when quite rare. The minority male advantage for strains differing at the Amy locus, and other loci linked to it, was comparable in size to that observed between strains carrying the ST or CH gene arrangements, and either alike or different at the Amy locus. Although some features of our results are puzzling, there is evidence that the Amy locus and others for which it serves as a marker have effects on mating behavior which include some degree of rare male mating advantage.", "PMID": 603476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8220", "title": "Open-field behavior in mice: generality of results from a diallel analysis of replicate selected lines.", "content": "Data from a diallel cross of six lines composing a replicated selection study for open-field behavior in mice are reanalyzed to investigate the generality of the findings. The results support the hypothesis that only additive variation would be found for open-field behavior if additional selection lines were derived from the same foundation population.", "contents": "Open-field behavior in mice: generality of results from a diallel analysis of replicate selected lines. Data from a diallel cross of six lines composing a replicated selection study for open-field behavior in mice are reanalyzed to investigate the generality of the findings. The results support the hypothesis that only additive variation would be found for open-field behavior if additional selection lines were derived from the same foundation population.", "PMID": 603477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8221", "title": "The aptitude-achievement test distinction: a study of unrelated children reared together.", "content": "Unrelated children reared together (N = 156) in 71 different families included in the Texas Adoption Project were compared for similarities on intelligence and achievement tests. The purpose was to see if a distinction between the two types of tests based on their heritabilities could be sustained. Results indicated no substantial differences in correlations for the two types of tests, and hence little or no support for the notion of an aptitude-achievement distinction based on differential heritabilities.", "contents": "The aptitude-achievement test distinction: a study of unrelated children reared together. Unrelated children reared together (N = 156) in 71 different families included in the Texas Adoption Project were compared for similarities on intelligence and achievement tests. The purpose was to see if a distinction between the two types of tests based on their heritabilities could be sustained. Results indicated no substantial differences in correlations for the two types of tests, and hence little or no support for the notion of an aptitude-achievement distinction based on differential heritabilities.", "PMID": 603478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8222", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. VII. Proton gradient and respiration of renal tissue cubes, renal mitochondrial and submitochondrial particles following ischemic cell injury.", "content": "Electron transport in tissue cubes, isolated mitochondria and submitochondria particles were examined as a function of ischemic time. It was found that electron transport remains active in all systems beyond the 2 hour ischemic time interval. The NADH stimulated respiration, however, declined after 2 hours of ischemia in ASU (Ammonia-Sephadex-Urea) particles followed by respiration with matrix-located dehydrogenases tested by substrates such as glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate plus malate. Succinate dependent respiration remains active at control levels. In contrast proton gradient reveals changes in two phases: Phase A is characterized by gradually increasing gradient without valinomycin and by a rapidly declining gradient with valinomycin in the medium. Phase B is characterized by a declining proton gradient with or without valinomycin. It is suggested that the alteration of the proton gradient between 1 and 2 hours ischemia is an important factor contributing to irreversible cell injury.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. VII. Proton gradient and respiration of renal tissue cubes, renal mitochondrial and submitochondrial particles following ischemic cell injury. Electron transport in tissue cubes, isolated mitochondria and submitochondria particles were examined as a function of ischemic time. It was found that electron transport remains active in all systems beyond the 2 hour ischemic time interval. The NADH stimulated respiration, however, declined after 2 hours of ischemia in ASU (Ammonia-Sephadex-Urea) particles followed by respiration with matrix-located dehydrogenases tested by substrates such as glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate plus malate. Succinate dependent respiration remains active at control levels. In contrast proton gradient reveals changes in two phases: Phase A is characterized by gradually increasing gradient without valinomycin and by a rapidly declining gradient with valinomycin in the medium. Phase B is characterized by a declining proton gradient with or without valinomycin. It is suggested that the alteration of the proton gradient between 1 and 2 hours ischemia is an important factor contributing to irreversible cell injury.", "PMID": 603484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8223", "title": "Postmortem changes in stereological parameters of cerebral capillaries.", "content": "The present study investigated the influence of different postmortem times on stereological parameters of capillaries in the cerebral cortex. For the human investigation different brain regions of two 77 and 79 year-old subjects were examined. The animal experiment, carried out on 10 male cats, allowed a comparison between intravitam deep-frozen cerebral cortex and tissue obtained after decapitation. The parameters were diameter Di, volume fraction VVi, surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi, mean minimal distance between capillary centers of gravity deltaAB, length per unit cortex volume LVi, and number of fragments per measuring field Ni, AT. Neither the cat experiment nor the human investigation yielded a noteworthy change of the capillary diameter in the postmortem cortical tissue. Nevertheless, a significantly enlarged mean minimal distance between capillaries in the cat cerebral cortex shortly after decapitation (30 sec) suggests the formation of edema which then regresses. Furthermore the experiment revealed that 22 hours after death there is a significantly (p less than 0.01) diminished volume fraction and length per unit cortex volume with an augmented surface-to-volume ratio. These changes are thought to be a consequence of water loss. In contrast to the animal experiment the human cerebral capillaries showed no changes in stereological parameters at two different postmortem times. These results encourage continuation of further stereological investigations on human brains obtained at autopsy and may contribute to the understanding of the aging process in the human cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Postmortem changes in stereological parameters of cerebral capillaries. The present study investigated the influence of different postmortem times on stereological parameters of capillaries in the cerebral cortex. For the human investigation different brain regions of two 77 and 79 year-old subjects were examined. The animal experiment, carried out on 10 male cats, allowed a comparison between intravitam deep-frozen cerebral cortex and tissue obtained after decapitation. The parameters were diameter Di, volume fraction VVi, surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi, mean minimal distance between capillary centers of gravity deltaAB, length per unit cortex volume LVi, and number of fragments per measuring field Ni, AT. Neither the cat experiment nor the human investigation yielded a noteworthy change of the capillary diameter in the postmortem cortical tissue. Nevertheless, a significantly enlarged mean minimal distance between capillaries in the cat cerebral cortex shortly after decapitation (30 sec) suggests the formation of edema which then regresses. Furthermore the experiment revealed that 22 hours after death there is a significantly (p less than 0.01) diminished volume fraction and length per unit cortex volume with an augmented surface-to-volume ratio. These changes are thought to be a consequence of water loss. In contrast to the animal experiment the human cerebral capillaries showed no changes in stereological parameters at two different postmortem times. These results encourage continuation of further stereological investigations on human brains obtained at autopsy and may contribute to the understanding of the aging process in the human cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 603485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8224", "title": "[Extremly high frequency of infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 5 875 children with a lifetime between 24 hours to 14 years, autopsiated during period 1951-1970, were found 115 cases of naked eye pulmonary thrombo-embolism. 96 cases occurred in children with a lifetime between 24 hours and 4 years. This extremly high frequency is caused by an unusually high number of thrombosis in renal veins and craneal sinuses, following severe diarrhetic diseases with deshydratation and haemoconcentration. Severity and frequency of this enterocolitis of different aetiology, affecting especially children of poor people, are favoured by the climatic, sanitarious and socio-economical conditions of Valencia. Surprisingly, literature do not mention comparables observations about infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism, observed in territories of similar structure.", "contents": "[Extremly high frequency of infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism (author's transl)]. Among 5 875 children with a lifetime between 24 hours to 14 years, autopsiated during period 1951-1970, were found 115 cases of naked eye pulmonary thrombo-embolism. 96 cases occurred in children with a lifetime between 24 hours and 4 years. This extremly high frequency is caused by an unusually high number of thrombosis in renal veins and craneal sinuses, following severe diarrhetic diseases with deshydratation and haemoconcentration. Severity and frequency of this enterocolitis of different aetiology, affecting especially children of poor people, are favoured by the climatic, sanitarious and socio-economical conditions of Valencia. Surprisingly, literature do not mention comparables observations about infantil pulmonary thrombo-embolism, observed in territories of similar structure.", "PMID": 603486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8225", "title": "[Studies of climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle in the Syrian Arab Republic. 3. Assessment of the factors effective in 1969/70--comparison with those of 1968/69].", "content": "Continuing previous investigations (1968/69), the values of temperature and humidity (inside and outside the cowsheds) were determined for the period October 1969 to September 1970. They were related to the physiological compatibility ranges established for dairy cattle and discussed in connection with a cowshed scheme in the Animal Experimental Station at Deir el Hajar in the Syrian Arab Republic. The values obtained in the two years of investigation largely agreed. The means of the temperature in both years was 27.7% inside and 30.5% outside the cowsheds above the physiologically compatible range of 0 to 24 degrees C for the whole period. Only in 47.6% and 46.7%, respectively, of the overall hours the temperature inside and outside the cowsheds was within the optimum compatibility range for dairy cattle. 43.5% of the relative humidity outside the cowshed was in the too dry and 21.7% was in the too moist compatibility range.", "contents": "[Studies of climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle in the Syrian Arab Republic. 3. Assessment of the factors effective in 1969/70--comparison with those of 1968/69]. Continuing previous investigations (1968/69), the values of temperature and humidity (inside and outside the cowsheds) were determined for the period October 1969 to September 1970. They were related to the physiological compatibility ranges established for dairy cattle and discussed in connection with a cowshed scheme in the Animal Experimental Station at Deir el Hajar in the Syrian Arab Republic. The values obtained in the two years of investigation largely agreed. The means of the temperature in both years was 27.7% inside and 30.5% outside the cowsheds above the physiologically compatible range of 0 to 24 degrees C for the whole period. Only in 47.6% and 46.7%, respectively, of the overall hours the temperature inside and outside the cowsheds was within the optimum compatibility range for dairy cattle. 43.5% of the relative humidity outside the cowshed was in the too dry and 21.7% was in the too moist compatibility range.", "PMID": 603487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8226", "title": "A comparison of the effect of oleandomycin and oxytetracycline supplementation on the growth and the meat quality of Dokki-4 chicks reared in hot weather.", "content": "1000 chickens were used to investigate up to 24 weeks under high environmental temperatures the addition of different types (oxytetracycline and oleandomycin) and different levels (5 or 20 ppm) of antibiotics to the basal diet. Supplementation with 20 ppm had--with both types of antibiotics--a marked positive effect on the growth rate and various quality characteristics of the products. The effect was higher in male animals than in females.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect of oleandomycin and oxytetracycline supplementation on the growth and the meat quality of Dokki-4 chicks reared in hot weather. 1000 chickens were used to investigate up to 24 weeks under high environmental temperatures the addition of different types (oxytetracycline and oleandomycin) and different levels (5 or 20 ppm) of antibiotics to the basal diet. Supplementation with 20 ppm had--with both types of antibiotics--a marked positive effect on the growth rate and various quality characteristics of the products. The effect was higher in male animals than in females.", "PMID": 603489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8227", "title": "In vivo microscopy of the spleen.", "content": "The use of improved in vivo microscopic methods has permitted a reevaluation of the \"open\" vs. \"closed\" theory of blood flow through the splenic red pulp. The microscopic methods used for studying the spleen in vivo are described as are the results, both of which were presented in motion picture form at this symposium. The results strongly suggest that, in general, there is little or no continuity of endothelium through the splenic red pulp. Instead, blood flows from \"arterial\" capillaries lined with endothelium into channels within the red pulp formed by the cytoplasmic processes of reticular cells. In vivo these processes appear similar to endothelium. Blood leaves the red pulp by passing through apertures in the endothelium of sinuses and venules.", "contents": "In vivo microscopy of the spleen. The use of improved in vivo microscopic methods has permitted a reevaluation of the \"open\" vs. \"closed\" theory of blood flow through the splenic red pulp. The microscopic methods used for studying the spleen in vivo are described as are the results, both of which were presented in motion picture form at this symposium. The results strongly suggest that, in general, there is little or no continuity of endothelium through the splenic red pulp. Instead, blood flows from \"arterial\" capillaries lined with endothelium into channels within the red pulp formed by the cytoplasmic processes of reticular cells. In vivo these processes appear similar to endothelium. Blood leaves the red pulp by passing through apertures in the endothelium of sinuses and venules.", "PMID": 603494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8228", "title": "Oxygen tension in different tissues.", "content": "Our findings of studies in critically ill patients can be summarized as follows: 1) Adequacy of tissue oxygenation cannot be predicted solely from measurement of arterial blood Po2 since normal values may be associated with an inadequate tissue oxygen supply. 2) Measurements of global blood flow are in no way indicative of the distribution of blood flow within an organ and point to need for more specific monitoring within organs of both low distribution and metabolic activity.", "contents": "Oxygen tension in different tissues. Our findings of studies in critically ill patients can be summarized as follows: 1) Adequacy of tissue oxygenation cannot be predicted solely from measurement of arterial blood Po2 since normal values may be associated with an inadequate tissue oxygen supply. 2) Measurements of global blood flow are in no way indicative of the distribution of blood flow within an organ and point to need for more specific monitoring within organs of both low distribution and metabolic activity.", "PMID": 603501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8229", "title": "The influence of hemodynamics upon platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces.", "content": "These results indicate that hematocrit and surface shear rate must be considered in determination of the rate of transport, limiting transport step and surface saturation condition. Low hematocrit and shear rate lead to a slow rate and low saturation; high hematocrit and shear rate lead to fast rate and high saturation. Surface reaction rather than diffusional transport controls the adhesion process at low hematocrit. Platelet thrombi, however, may not be favored by high shear conditions due to increased transport from the surface of released aggregate forming substances.", "contents": "The influence of hemodynamics upon platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces. These results indicate that hematocrit and surface shear rate must be considered in determination of the rate of transport, limiting transport step and surface saturation condition. Low hematocrit and shear rate lead to a slow rate and low saturation; high hematocrit and shear rate lead to fast rate and high saturation. Surface reaction rather than diffusional transport controls the adhesion process at low hematocrit. Platelet thrombi, however, may not be favored by high shear conditions due to increased transport from the surface of released aggregate forming substances.", "PMID": 603520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8230", "title": "Edema in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "To date a few clinical methods give a certain hint as to the presence of brain edema and even its most probable localization; only one method, the recently developed computer tomography can be regarded as fairly reliable. However, as long as the pathogenesis of brain edema is not yet sufficiently elucidated and therapeutic methods are not developed either to prevent or remove intra-or extra-cellular edema distinctly and separately in experimental lesions, the lack of adequate technology for a refined diagnosis in the human is not urgent.", "contents": "Edema in cerebrovascular disease. To date a few clinical methods give a certain hint as to the presence of brain edema and even its most probable localization; only one method, the recently developed computer tomography can be regarded as fairly reliable. However, as long as the pathogenesis of brain edema is not yet sufficiently elucidated and therapeutic methods are not developed either to prevent or remove intra-or extra-cellular edema distinctly and separately in experimental lesions, the lack of adequate technology for a refined diagnosis in the human is not urgent.", "PMID": 603526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8231", "title": "Muscle capillaries and retinopathy among Israeli diabetics. With special reference to measurement techniques, relationship to age and the pericyte.", "content": "Our investigation of the capillaries of 64 Israeli diabetics confirm the fact that retinopathy is consistently associated with thickening of the basal lamina of peripheral muscle capillaries but the converse is not so. The change in pericapillary structure may affect the capillary function. The primary cell involved, either causally or as a consequence of the lexion, is the pericyte.", "contents": "Muscle capillaries and retinopathy among Israeli diabetics. With special reference to measurement techniques, relationship to age and the pericyte. Our investigation of the capillaries of 64 Israeli diabetics confirm the fact that retinopathy is consistently associated with thickening of the basal lamina of peripheral muscle capillaries but the converse is not so. The change in pericapillary structure may affect the capillary function. The primary cell involved, either causally or as a consequence of the lexion, is the pericyte.", "PMID": 603577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8232", "title": "Intraocular pressure and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Between intraocular pressure (I.O.P.) and the metabolic carbohydrate disturbance is a relationship: 1. diabetics frequently show primary open angle-galucoma; 2. as the diabetic retinopathy progresses towards stage III (Pr.), IOP decreases; 3. as diabetics exhibit dilatation of veins, increased blood viscosity, arteriolar narrowing and increased I.O.P. central retinal vessel disease with hemorrhages occurs redily; 4. capillary hemorrhages, periapaillary and macular oedema may be caused by increased oncotic pressure with acidosis of the blood; hyperglycemia with ketosis goes together with decreased I.O.P.; 5. only mild I.O.P.-rise may be considered as usefull to prevent hemorrhages by reducing retinal blood flow resulting subsequently from reduced uveal blood flow; 6. local application of glucocorticoids with permanent control of visual fields and I.O.P. should be a good additional treatment for diabetic retinopathy; unfortunately only very few cases are responsive to increase of I.O.P. by glucocorticoids; 7. it is important that prolactine levels in the blood are higher in the morning before the patient wakes up: this goes together with the morning I.O.P.-rise in glaucoma patients. Decreased activity of the hypophysis improves the diabetic retinopathy; this is contradictory to the beneficial effect of mild I.O.P.-rise.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure and diabetic retinopathy. Between intraocular pressure (I.O.P.) and the metabolic carbohydrate disturbance is a relationship: 1. diabetics frequently show primary open angle-galucoma; 2. as the diabetic retinopathy progresses towards stage III (Pr.), IOP decreases; 3. as diabetics exhibit dilatation of veins, increased blood viscosity, arteriolar narrowing and increased I.O.P. central retinal vessel disease with hemorrhages occurs redily; 4. capillary hemorrhages, periapaillary and macular oedema may be caused by increased oncotic pressure with acidosis of the blood; hyperglycemia with ketosis goes together with decreased I.O.P.; 5. only mild I.O.P.-rise may be considered as usefull to prevent hemorrhages by reducing retinal blood flow resulting subsequently from reduced uveal blood flow; 6. local application of glucocorticoids with permanent control of visual fields and I.O.P. should be a good additional treatment for diabetic retinopathy; unfortunately only very few cases are responsive to increase of I.O.P. by glucocorticoids; 7. it is important that prolactine levels in the blood are higher in the morning before the patient wakes up: this goes together with the morning I.O.P.-rise in glaucoma patients. Decreased activity of the hypophysis improves the diabetic retinopathy; this is contradictory to the beneficial effect of mild I.O.P.-rise.", "PMID": 603578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8233", "title": "Investigation of conjunctival vessels in diabetics with and without retinopathy by means of a microcirculation-index.", "content": "We were unable to trace an unmistakable correlation between changes on the fundus of the eye and changes on the conjunctiva neither by taking the sum of single findings at the bulbar conjunctiva nor by using a respective index. I.e. the findings of the bulbar conjunctiva are not correlative neither to the stages of diabetic retinopathy nor the duration of diabetes. Clinical experiences make us suppose that the vessels of the fundus of the eye are closely connected to the circulation of the cerebral flow whereas the changes of the conjunctival vascular bed may possibly correlate in a better way with the peripheral vessels. The present results show that the majority of the patients with a high index at the bulbar conjunctiva suffer from peripheral occlusive disease.", "contents": "Investigation of conjunctival vessels in diabetics with and without retinopathy by means of a microcirculation-index. We were unable to trace an unmistakable correlation between changes on the fundus of the eye and changes on the conjunctiva neither by taking the sum of single findings at the bulbar conjunctiva nor by using a respective index. I.e. the findings of the bulbar conjunctiva are not correlative neither to the stages of diabetic retinopathy nor the duration of diabetes. Clinical experiences make us suppose that the vessels of the fundus of the eye are closely connected to the circulation of the cerebral flow whereas the changes of the conjunctival vascular bed may possibly correlate in a better way with the peripheral vessels. The present results show that the majority of the patients with a high index at the bulbar conjunctiva suffer from peripheral occlusive disease.", "PMID": 603579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8234", "title": "Clinical rheology in cardiovascular disease.", "content": "A protocol has been designed to evaluate the role of each of 4 determinants of blood viscosity. Studies on cardiovascular diseases showed that abnormal blood rheology may play a role in hemodynamic derangements. Investigations on clinical rheology not only help to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of the disease process, but also serve to improve our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of regulation of blood viscosity.", "contents": "Clinical rheology in cardiovascular disease. A protocol has been designed to evaluate the role of each of 4 determinants of blood viscosity. Studies on cardiovascular diseases showed that abnormal blood rheology may play a role in hemodynamic derangements. Investigations on clinical rheology not only help to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of the disease process, but also serve to improve our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of regulation of blood viscosity.", "PMID": 603586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8235", "title": "Adrenergic activity and intraocular pressure.", "content": "Systemically-administered noradrenaline lowers intraocular pressure; isoproterenol, similarly administered, has an intraocular pressure-raising effect. Unless extremely low doses are used, these effects will be marked by opposite changes in arterial perfusing pressure. Intraocular pressure-regulating mechanisms carry both alpha- and beta-receptors. Stimulation of alpha-receptors decreases intraocular pressure, while stimulation of beta-receptors increases intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure is under tonic sympathetic influence.", "contents": "Adrenergic activity and intraocular pressure. Systemically-administered noradrenaline lowers intraocular pressure; isoproterenol, similarly administered, has an intraocular pressure-raising effect. Unless extremely low doses are used, these effects will be marked by opposite changes in arterial perfusing pressure. Intraocular pressure-regulating mechanisms carry both alpha- and beta-receptors. Stimulation of alpha-receptors decreases intraocular pressure, while stimulation of beta-receptors increases intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure is under tonic sympathetic influence.", "PMID": 603607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8236", "title": "Breakdown of the blood: aqueous barrier and prostaglandins.", "content": "The quantitative relationship between the degree of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and aqueous humor prostaglandin content was studied in rabbits. After the primary aspiration of the aqueous, secondary aqueous humor was sampled. The samples were divided into two parts for the following measurements: one for the degree of the barrier breakdown which was represented by protein content determined by Lowry method and the other for prostaglandin content which was measured by radio-immunoassay. A significant linear relationship was obtained between the protein and prostaglandin E content but not between the protein and prostaglandin F content.", "contents": "Breakdown of the blood: aqueous barrier and prostaglandins. The quantitative relationship between the degree of breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and aqueous humor prostaglandin content was studied in rabbits. After the primary aspiration of the aqueous, secondary aqueous humor was sampled. The samples were divided into two parts for the following measurements: one for the degree of the barrier breakdown which was represented by protein content determined by Lowry method and the other for prostaglandin content which was measured by radio-immunoassay. A significant linear relationship was obtained between the protein and prostaglandin E content but not between the protein and prostaglandin F content.", "PMID": 603612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8237", "title": "Esterase and acid phosphatase polymorphism in the fig tree (Ficus carica L.).", "content": "The genetics of two enzymatic loci, esterase (Est-D) and acid phosphatase (AcP-A), were studied by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the fig tree (Ficus carica L.). Two codominant alleles are described at the Est-D locus and four codominant alleles at the AcP-A locus. Heterozygotes at the AcP-A locus have a hybrid band, thus showing that the AcP-A allozymes, are at least dimer molecules. Both loci are independent of the male sterility factor in F. carica. The polymorphism in four natural populations was investigated for both loci. A significant deficiency of heterozygotes was observed.", "contents": "Esterase and acid phosphatase polymorphism in the fig tree (Ficus carica L.). The genetics of two enzymatic loci, esterase (Est-D) and acid phosphatase (AcP-A), were studied by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the fig tree (Ficus carica L.). Two codominant alleles are described at the Est-D locus and four codominant alleles at the AcP-A locus. Heterozygotes at the AcP-A locus have a hybrid band, thus showing that the AcP-A allozymes, are at least dimer molecules. Both loci are independent of the male sterility factor in F. carica. The polymorphism in four natural populations was investigated for both loci. A significant deficiency of heterozygotes was observed.", "PMID": 603613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8238", "title": "Heme content of normal and porphyric cultured skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Partial deficiencies in enzyme activities of the heme biosynthetic pathway have been demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts and other tissues from patients with protoporphyria (PP) and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). We have quantitatively and qualitatively assessed the heme and free porphyrin content in cultured PP, AIP, VP (variegate porphyria, in which an enzymatic deficiency has not been identified), and normal skin fibroblasts during routine culture conditions in order to assess the overall metabolism of heme in these cells. The total heme concentration was not significantly different between control and porphyric lines; 189 +/- 15 pmoles/mg protein (mean +/- SEM) in controls, 154 +/- 17 in PP, 175 +/- 20 in AIP, and 181 +/- 81 in VP. The hemoprotein difference spectra were similar in all lines. Free porphyrins were not detected in any of the disorders. Despite partial deficiencies in enzyme activities of the heme pathway, porphyric fibroblasts thus maintain normal heme content during routine culture conditions without detectable porphyrin accumulation.", "contents": "Heme content of normal and porphyric cultured skin fibroblasts. Partial deficiencies in enzyme activities of the heme biosynthetic pathway have been demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts and other tissues from patients with protoporphyria (PP) and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). We have quantitatively and qualitatively assessed the heme and free porphyrin content in cultured PP, AIP, VP (variegate porphyria, in which an enzymatic deficiency has not been identified), and normal skin fibroblasts during routine culture conditions in order to assess the overall metabolism of heme in these cells. The total heme concentration was not significantly different between control and porphyric lines; 189 +/- 15 pmoles/mg protein (mean +/- SEM) in controls, 154 +/- 17 in PP, 175 +/- 20 in AIP, and 181 +/- 81 in VP. The hemoprotein difference spectra were similar in all lines. Free porphyrins were not detected in any of the disorders. Despite partial deficiencies in enzyme activities of the heme pathway, porphyric fibroblasts thus maintain normal heme content during routine culture conditions without detectable porphyrin accumulation.", "PMID": 603614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8239", "title": "Duplicate gene expression in diploid and tetraploid loaches (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae).", "content": "Botia macracantha and B. modesta have been demonstrated to be tetraploid species on the basis of their karyotypes and on the basis of the expression of a number of isozymes encoded by duplicate loci. A rather low percentage of duplicate loci was detected by electrophoresis, compared to that for other tetraploid Cypriniformes. Several hypotheses have been advanced to account for the low levels of duplicate gene expression observed. Lastly, many of the duplicate loci have diverged to unique patterns of expressions in different tissues or different levels of activity within a single tissue.", "contents": "Duplicate gene expression in diploid and tetraploid loaches (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae). Botia macracantha and B. modesta have been demonstrated to be tetraploid species on the basis of their karyotypes and on the basis of the expression of a number of isozymes encoded by duplicate loci. A rather low percentage of duplicate loci was detected by electrophoresis, compared to that for other tetraploid Cypriniformes. Several hypotheses have been advanced to account for the low levels of duplicate gene expression observed. Lastly, many of the duplicate loci have diverged to unique patterns of expressions in different tissues or different levels of activity within a single tissue.", "PMID": 603616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8240", "title": "Homozygotes for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin: the ratio of G gamma to A gamma chains and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "Two sons of a previously reported Ghanaian homozygote for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) (Ringelhann et al., 1970) also are HPFH homozygotes. In addition, another unrelated adult Ghanaian homozygote has been detected. All of these Ghanaian homozygotes as well as three American Black HPFH homozygotes have the G gamma A gamma type of HPFH with a G gamma to A gamma ratio of about 3:2, in contrast to an Asiatic Indian homozygote who has the G gamma type. Globin chain synthesis in HPFH homozygotes is unbalanced, with a gamma/alpha ratio of 0.6 or less, whereas it is balanced in heterozygotes according to most reports.", "contents": "Homozygotes for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin: the ratio of G gamma to A gamma chains and biosynthetic studies. Two sons of a previously reported Ghanaian homozygote for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) (Ringelhann et al., 1970) also are HPFH homozygotes. In addition, another unrelated adult Ghanaian homozygote has been detected. All of these Ghanaian homozygotes as well as three American Black HPFH homozygotes have the G gamma A gamma type of HPFH with a G gamma to A gamma ratio of about 3:2, in contrast to an Asiatic Indian homozygote who has the G gamma type. Globin chain synthesis in HPFH homozygotes is unbalanced, with a gamma/alpha ratio of 0.6 or less, whereas it is balanced in heterozygotes according to most reports.", "PMID": 603615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8241", "title": "Membrane function in cystic fibrosis. II. Methionine transport in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.", "content": "Initial rate kinetics of methionine transport, time course of accumulation of methionine, and efflux of accumulated methionine were studied in three normal and four CF human diploid fibroblast strains. The range of apparent Km's was 12.7-32.1 micrometer for the CF strains and 18.3-39.2 micrometer for the normal strains. The range of apparent Vmax's was 6.69-9.22 nmole mg-1 min-1 for the CF strains and 5.59-7.87 nmole mg-1 min-1 for the normal strains. The patterns of accumulation and efflux are quite similar in all the strains studied except for WI-38, which showed somewhat higher efflux and lower accumulation than for others. There was no significant difference in the kinetic parameters of methionine transport between CF and normal skin fibroblasts, and methionine transport will not serve as a marker for cystic fibrosis in cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "Membrane function in cystic fibrosis. II. Methionine transport in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Initial rate kinetics of methionine transport, time course of accumulation of methionine, and efflux of accumulated methionine were studied in three normal and four CF human diploid fibroblast strains. The range of apparent Km's was 12.7-32.1 micrometer for the CF strains and 18.3-39.2 micrometer for the normal strains. The range of apparent Vmax's was 6.69-9.22 nmole mg-1 min-1 for the CF strains and 5.59-7.87 nmole mg-1 min-1 for the normal strains. The patterns of accumulation and efflux are quite similar in all the strains studied except for WI-38, which showed somewhat higher efflux and lower accumulation than for others. There was no significant difference in the kinetic parameters of methionine transport between CF and normal skin fibroblasts, and methionine transport will not serve as a marker for cystic fibrosis in cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 603617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8242", "title": "Genotypes of esterase II determined from frass of Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae).", "content": "Esterase II was separated, using gel electrophoresis, from the frass of the cotton boll weevil, allowing genotyping of the individual weevil. The method and its application are discussed.", "contents": "Genotypes of esterase II determined from frass of Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Esterase II was separated, using gel electrophoresis, from the frass of the cotton boll weevil, allowing genotyping of the individual weevil. The method and its application are discussed.", "PMID": 603619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8243", "title": "Induction of the alcohol-metabolizing pathway in the nematode Panagrellus redivivus: phenotypic effects.", "content": "Panagrellus redivivus when placed in 7% ethanol or methanol becomes immobile. After 1 hr the animals resume normal swimming and will grow in alcohol. The ability to recover requires ADH activity and translation, but not transcription, as determined by inhibitor studies. Recovery decreases with longer-chain alcohols, with a greater recovery for branched rather than n-alcohols. Coincident with recovery is a threefold increase in alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. A model involving posttranscriptional control of the levels of these enzymes is presented.", "contents": "Induction of the alcohol-metabolizing pathway in the nematode Panagrellus redivivus: phenotypic effects. Panagrellus redivivus when placed in 7% ethanol or methanol becomes immobile. After 1 hr the animals resume normal swimming and will grow in alcohol. The ability to recover requires ADH activity and translation, but not transcription, as determined by inhibitor studies. Recovery decreases with longer-chain alcohols, with a greater recovery for branched rather than n-alcohols. Coincident with recovery is a threefold increase in alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. A model involving posttranscriptional control of the levels of these enzymes is presented.", "PMID": 603620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8244", "title": "The separation and characterization of bronchial glycoproteins by density-gradient methods.", "content": "1. Sputum samples from a total of 18 asthmatic and chronic bronchitic patients were examined by analytical density-gradient ultracentrifugation. CsBr was used as the dispersal agent and dense electrolyte. 2. The patterns show two main groups of components, banding at about 1.3g/ml and 1.5g/ml; in addition, a few samples showed a further zone at approx. 1.65g/ml. These components were identified as protein, secretory glycoprotein and DNA respectively. The glycoprotein zone was frequently hypersharp, and usually contained two or more partially resolved bands; it was always well resolved from the protein. 3. The glycoprotein components were isolated from nine representative sputum samples by density-gradient ultracentrifugation on a preparative scale. Analytical density-gradient ultracentrifugation was used to monitor the efficiency of the separations. 4. Some sputum samples separated cleanly under these conditions, the glycoprotein being essentially devoid of free protein; in others, separation was apparently incomplete, although computer simulation indicated that the conditions were adequate to ensure separation. Further density-gradient separations in CsCl were necessary with several samples before satisfactory products were obtained; mixtures of CsCl with guanidinium chloride were no more effective than CsCl alone. The reluctance to separate indicates a very strong, but non-covalent, interaction between protein and glycoprotein, probably associated with the gelatinous character of the secretion. 5. The purified glycoprotein components were characterized analytically and physicochemically. They contained N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid, and had an amino acid composition in which serine, threonine and proline predominated; however, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cystine were also appreciable. The glycoproteins were of very high molecular weight, and usually showed more than one component in sedimentation velocity; their distribution in a density gradient indicated a substantial, but largely monotonic, density heterogeneity. 6. Thiol reduction decreased the molecular weight very substantially, but the products were relatively more homogeneous than the native materials. The amino acid composition was changed significantly and a small and variable proportion of protein or peptide was liberated. It is concluded that the native materials are disulphide-linked aggregates, probably through a cross-linking peptide, in confirmation of earlier studies.", "contents": "The separation and characterization of bronchial glycoproteins by density-gradient methods. 1. Sputum samples from a total of 18 asthmatic and chronic bronchitic patients were examined by analytical density-gradient ultracentrifugation. CsBr was used as the dispersal agent and dense electrolyte. 2. The patterns show two main groups of components, banding at about 1.3g/ml and 1.5g/ml; in addition, a few samples showed a further zone at approx. 1.65g/ml. These components were identified as protein, secretory glycoprotein and DNA respectively. The glycoprotein zone was frequently hypersharp, and usually contained two or more partially resolved bands; it was always well resolved from the protein. 3. The glycoprotein components were isolated from nine representative sputum samples by density-gradient ultracentrifugation on a preparative scale. Analytical density-gradient ultracentrifugation was used to monitor the efficiency of the separations. 4. Some sputum samples separated cleanly under these conditions, the glycoprotein being essentially devoid of free protein; in others, separation was apparently incomplete, although computer simulation indicated that the conditions were adequate to ensure separation. Further density-gradient separations in CsCl were necessary with several samples before satisfactory products were obtained; mixtures of CsCl with guanidinium chloride were no more effective than CsCl alone. The reluctance to separate indicates a very strong, but non-covalent, interaction between protein and glycoprotein, probably associated with the gelatinous character of the secretion. 5. The purified glycoprotein components were characterized analytically and physicochemically. They contained N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid, and had an amino acid composition in which serine, threonine and proline predominated; however, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cystine were also appreciable. The glycoproteins were of very high molecular weight, and usually showed more than one component in sedimentation velocity; their distribution in a density gradient indicated a substantial, but largely monotonic, density heterogeneity. 6. Thiol reduction decreased the molecular weight very substantially, but the products were relatively more homogeneous than the native materials. The amino acid composition was changed significantly and a small and variable proportion of protein or peptide was liberated. It is concluded that the native materials are disulphide-linked aggregates, probably through a cross-linking peptide, in confirmation of earlier studies.", "PMID": 603621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8245", "title": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. Accurate definition of the antigenic site around the disulphide bridge 30-115 (site 3) by 'surface-simulation' synthesis.", "content": "1. Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that both Lys-33 and Lys-116 are parts of an antigenic site in native lysozyme. Similar studies of tyrosine derivatives indicated that one or both of Tyr-20 and Tyr-23 are located in or very close to an antigenic site in lysozyme. The site, which was located around the disulphide bridge 30-115, was recently shown unequivocally to include the residues Tyr-20, Arg-21, Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34 and Lys-33. This was confirmed by the ;surface-simulation' synthetic approach that we have recently developed, in which the foregoing eight surface residues were directly linked via peptide bonds, with intervening spacers where appropriate, into a single peptide. The peptide does not exist in native lysozyme, but simulates a surface region of it. 2. In the present work several surface-simulation peptides were synthesized representing various parts of the region, to determine the minimum structural feature that retains full antigenic reactivity and to investigate if the spatially constructed antigenic site has a preferred direction. 3. The peptide Lys-Asn-Arg-Gly-Phe-Lys exhibited a remarkable inhibitory activity towards the immune reaction of lysozyme and accounted entirely for the maximum expected reactivity of the site in the native protein (i.e. about one-third of the total lysozyme reactivity). An immunoadsorbent of the peptide bound about one-third of the total antibody to lysozyme. 4. The residues Tyr-20 and Arg-21 are not part of the site. The previously reported immunochemical effect observed on nitration of Tyr-20 was due to a deleterious ionic effect exerted by the modified tyrosine residue on the adjacent Lys-96, which is in an entirely different antigenic site of lysozyme. Thus the modification of Tyr-20 impairs the reactivity of an adjacent antigenic site, even though the residue itself is not part of a site. The conformational and immunochemical implications of this finding are discussed. 5. The antigenic site therefore comprises the five spatially adjacent residues Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34, Lys-33. The antigenic site exhibited a preferred direction (Lys-116 to Lys-33), since the reverse surface-simulation synthetic sequence was immunochemically inefficient. The site describes a line which circumscribes part [2.1nm in C((alpha))-C((alpha)) distance from Lys-116 to Lys-33] of the surface of the molecule.", "contents": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. Accurate definition of the antigenic site around the disulphide bridge 30-115 (site 3) by 'surface-simulation' synthesis. 1. Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that both Lys-33 and Lys-116 are parts of an antigenic site in native lysozyme. Similar studies of tyrosine derivatives indicated that one or both of Tyr-20 and Tyr-23 are located in or very close to an antigenic site in lysozyme. The site, which was located around the disulphide bridge 30-115, was recently shown unequivocally to include the residues Tyr-20, Arg-21, Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34 and Lys-33. This was confirmed by the ;surface-simulation' synthetic approach that we have recently developed, in which the foregoing eight surface residues were directly linked via peptide bonds, with intervening spacers where appropriate, into a single peptide. The peptide does not exist in native lysozyme, but simulates a surface region of it. 2. In the present work several surface-simulation peptides were synthesized representing various parts of the region, to determine the minimum structural feature that retains full antigenic reactivity and to investigate if the spatially constructed antigenic site has a preferred direction. 3. The peptide Lys-Asn-Arg-Gly-Phe-Lys exhibited a remarkable inhibitory activity towards the immune reaction of lysozyme and accounted entirely for the maximum expected reactivity of the site in the native protein (i.e. about one-third of the total lysozyme reactivity). An immunoadsorbent of the peptide bound about one-third of the total antibody to lysozyme. 4. The residues Tyr-20 and Arg-21 are not part of the site. The previously reported immunochemical effect observed on nitration of Tyr-20 was due to a deleterious ionic effect exerted by the modified tyrosine residue on the adjacent Lys-96, which is in an entirely different antigenic site of lysozyme. Thus the modification of Tyr-20 impairs the reactivity of an adjacent antigenic site, even though the residue itself is not part of a site. The conformational and immunochemical implications of this finding are discussed. 5. The antigenic site therefore comprises the five spatially adjacent residues Lys-116, Asn-113, Arg-114, Phe-34, Lys-33. The antigenic site exhibited a preferred direction (Lys-116 to Lys-33), since the reverse surface-simulation synthetic sequence was immunochemically inefficient. The site describes a line which circumscribes part [2.1nm in C((alpha))-C((alpha)) distance from Lys-116 to Lys-33] of the surface of the molecule.", "PMID": 603622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8246", "title": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Partial purification and characterization of four distinct activities.", "content": "Four extramitochondrial DNA polymerases from the marine photosynthetic diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis were isolated and purified more than 1200-fold by chromatography on DNA-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzymes were equally susceptible to inhibition by the thiol-blocking agents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate, the zinc chelator o-phenathroline, and the nucleic acid interchelators ethidium bromide and acriflavin; they displayed similar pH optima, preferred activated DNA, and had strict dependence on high K+ for maximum activity. They were differentiated on the basis of their kinetic parameters, template-primer utilization and salt requirements. The four activities varied with growth stage of C. fusiformis. Activities of polymerases A and D doubled in exponential-phase cells as compared with those in stationary-phase cells, and the increase in polymerase B and chloroplast activity C was 20-40%. The relationship of the diatom polymerases to the complements in other organisms is discussed.", "contents": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Partial purification and characterization of four distinct activities. Four extramitochondrial DNA polymerases from the marine photosynthetic diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis were isolated and purified more than 1200-fold by chromatography on DNA-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzymes were equally susceptible to inhibition by the thiol-blocking agents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate, the zinc chelator o-phenathroline, and the nucleic acid interchelators ethidium bromide and acriflavin; they displayed similar pH optima, preferred activated DNA, and had strict dependence on high K+ for maximum activity. They were differentiated on the basis of their kinetic parameters, template-primer utilization and salt requirements. The four activities varied with growth stage of C. fusiformis. Activities of polymerases A and D doubled in exponential-phase cells as compared with those in stationary-phase cells, and the increase in polymerase B and chloroplast activity C was 20-40%. The relationship of the diatom polymerases to the complements in other organisms is discussed.", "PMID": 603623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8247", "title": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Subcellular distribution, exonuclease activity and heterogeneity of the enzymes.", "content": "Four DNA polymerases from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis, polymerases A, B, C and D, were further differentiated by their subcellular localization, presence of deoxyribonuclease activity, apparent heterogeneity and molecular weights. Polymerases A, B and D occur in significant amounts in the soluble fraction, suggesting that they were originally localized in the nuclei, whereas polymerase C predominates in the chloroplasts. A mitochondrial DNA polymerase was also isolated and characterized by ion-exchange chromatography. Polymerase D has an associated nuclease activity which prefers denatured DNA and Mg2+, and has a pH optimum higher than that for polymerase activity. Co-elution from a DEAE-Sephadex column and co-sedimentation in glycerol density gradients of deoxyribonuclease and polymerase D activity suggest a molecular association. Polymerases A, B and C are devoid of nuclease activity. Glycerol-gradient-sedimentation analysis showed that all DNA polymerase fractions are heterogeneous at low ionic strengths, with the appearance of a single homogeneous activity of 0.5M-KCl. Estimated molecular weights of 100000, 82000 and 120000 for polymerases A, B and C respectively were obtained from sedimentation analysis and gel filtration. Polymerase D was estimated to have a molecular weight of about 100000 as determined by sedimentation analysis alone.", "contents": "The deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Subcellular distribution, exonuclease activity and heterogeneity of the enzymes. Four DNA polymerases from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis, polymerases A, B, C and D, were further differentiated by their subcellular localization, presence of deoxyribonuclease activity, apparent heterogeneity and molecular weights. Polymerases A, B and D occur in significant amounts in the soluble fraction, suggesting that they were originally localized in the nuclei, whereas polymerase C predominates in the chloroplasts. A mitochondrial DNA polymerase was also isolated and characterized by ion-exchange chromatography. Polymerase D has an associated nuclease activity which prefers denatured DNA and Mg2+, and has a pH optimum higher than that for polymerase activity. Co-elution from a DEAE-Sephadex column and co-sedimentation in glycerol density gradients of deoxyribonuclease and polymerase D activity suggest a molecular association. Polymerases A, B and C are devoid of nuclease activity. Glycerol-gradient-sedimentation analysis showed that all DNA polymerase fractions are heterogeneous at low ionic strengths, with the appearance of a single homogeneous activity of 0.5M-KCl. Estimated molecular weights of 100000, 82000 and 120000 for polymerases A, B and C respectively were obtained from sedimentation analysis and gel filtration. Polymerase D was estimated to have a molecular weight of about 100000 as determined by sedimentation analysis alone.", "PMID": 603624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8248", "title": "The degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by tissue proteinases. Proteoglycan structure and its susceptibility to proteolysis.", "content": "1. Proteoglycan was obtained from bovine nasal cartilage by a procedure involving sequential extraction with a low-ionic-strength KCl solution, then a high-ionic-strength CaCl2 solution. Purification was by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. 2. The CaCl2- extracted proteoglycan was subjected to proteolytic degradation by papain, trypsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin B, lysosomal elastase or cathepsin G. Degradation was allowed to proceed until no further decrease in viscosity was detectable. 3. The size and chemical composition of the final degradation products varied with the different proteinases. Cathepsin D and cathepsin G produced glycosaminoglycan-peptides of largest average size, and papain produced the smallest product. 4. The KCl-extracted proteoglycan was intermediate in molecular size and composition between the CaCl2-extracted proteoglycan and the largest final degradation products, and may have been formed by limited proteolysis during the extraction procedure. 5. It is postulated that the glycosaminoglycan chains are arranged in groups along the proteoglycan core protein. Proteolytic cleavage between the groups may be common to the majority of proteinases, whereas clevage within the groups is dependent on the specificity of each individual proteinase.", "contents": "The degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by tissue proteinases. Proteoglycan structure and its susceptibility to proteolysis. 1. Proteoglycan was obtained from bovine nasal cartilage by a procedure involving sequential extraction with a low-ionic-strength KCl solution, then a high-ionic-strength CaCl2 solution. Purification was by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. 2. The CaCl2- extracted proteoglycan was subjected to proteolytic degradation by papain, trypsin, cathepsin D, cathepsin B, lysosomal elastase or cathepsin G. Degradation was allowed to proceed until no further decrease in viscosity was detectable. 3. The size and chemical composition of the final degradation products varied with the different proteinases. Cathepsin D and cathepsin G produced glycosaminoglycan-peptides of largest average size, and papain produced the smallest product. 4. The KCl-extracted proteoglycan was intermediate in molecular size and composition between the CaCl2-extracted proteoglycan and the largest final degradation products, and may have been formed by limited proteolysis during the extraction procedure. 5. It is postulated that the glycosaminoglycan chains are arranged in groups along the proteoglycan core protein. Proteolytic cleavage between the groups may be common to the majority of proteinases, whereas clevage within the groups is dependent on the specificity of each individual proteinase.", "PMID": 603625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8249", "title": "The degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by tissue proteinases. Proteoglycan heterogeneity and the pathway of proteolytic degradation.", "content": "1. CaCl2-extracted proteoglycan from bovine nasal cartilage was degraded by four tissue proteinases till no further decrease in hydroynamic size was obtained. The proteoglycan and its final degradation products were then fractionated by Sepharose 2B chromatography. 2. The average size of the degradation products was least for cathepsin B and lysosomal elastase, and greatest for cathepsin D and cathepsin G. The latter two proteinases also produced degradation products that showed the widest range of sizes. 3. The structure of the degradation products ranged from peptides containing a single glycosaminoglycan chain to those containing twelve or more chains. Of the four proteinases, only cathepsin B produced peptides that contained a single chondroitin sulphate chain. 4.  The proteoglycan was very heterogeneous with respect to size and chemical composition. Its behaviour on electrophoresis suggested that at least two genetically distinct core proteins might exist. 5. Irrespective of their structural variations, all proteoglycan molecules were able to interact with hyaluronic acid. In contrast, none of the degradation products were capable of this type of interaction. 6. A pathway for the proteolytic degradation of proteoglycans is postulated in which the sites of initial cleavage may be common to the majority of proteinases, whereas the production of the final clusters is dependent on the specificity of the proteinase. Only those proteinases of broadest specificity can produce single-chain chondroitin sulphate-peptides.", "contents": "The degradation of cartilage proteoglycans by tissue proteinases. Proteoglycan heterogeneity and the pathway of proteolytic degradation. 1. CaCl2-extracted proteoglycan from bovine nasal cartilage was degraded by four tissue proteinases till no further decrease in hydroynamic size was obtained. The proteoglycan and its final degradation products were then fractionated by Sepharose 2B chromatography. 2. The average size of the degradation products was least for cathepsin B and lysosomal elastase, and greatest for cathepsin D and cathepsin G. The latter two proteinases also produced degradation products that showed the widest range of sizes. 3. The structure of the degradation products ranged from peptides containing a single glycosaminoglycan chain to those containing twelve or more chains. Of the four proteinases, only cathepsin B produced peptides that contained a single chondroitin sulphate chain. 4.  The proteoglycan was very heterogeneous with respect to size and chemical composition. Its behaviour on electrophoresis suggested that at least two genetically distinct core proteins might exist. 5. Irrespective of their structural variations, all proteoglycan molecules were able to interact with hyaluronic acid. In contrast, none of the degradation products were capable of this type of interaction. 6. A pathway for the proteolytic degradation of proteoglycans is postulated in which the sites of initial cleavage may be common to the majority of proteinases, whereas the production of the final clusters is dependent on the specificity of the proteinase. Only those proteinases of broadest specificity can produce single-chain chondroitin sulphate-peptides.", "PMID": 603626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8250", "title": "Biosynthesis of the first component of complement by human fibroblasts.", "content": "1. Haemolytic activity corresponding to that of the first component of complement (C1) was synthesized and secreted by all nine human fibroblast cell lines examined. No activity was found in the culture media of a variety of other human cell lines. 2. The component-C1 haemolytic activity secreted by the fibroblast lines behaved in an identical manner, in most respects, with that of the component-C1 haemolytic activity of human serum. The component-C1 haemolytic activity secreted by fibroblasts, however, was less susceptible to inhibition by rabbit fragment F(ab')(2) anti-(human subcomponent C1q) than was the component-C1 haemolytic activity of human serum. 3. Biosynthesis of fibroblast component-C1 haemolytic activity was inhibited by the presence of cycloheximide and regained on its removal. 4. Incorporation of radioactivity into proteins secreted by the fibroblasts and release of component-C1 haemolytic activity by the fibroblasts both increased in a linear manner until several days after the cultures had reached a state of confluent growth. 5. Radioactivity was incorporated into subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s, as judged by the formation of specific immunoprecipitates and by absorption with immune aggregates. 6. The immunoprecipitates formed by using antisera against subcomponents C1r and C1s were run on polyacrylamide gels in sodium dodecyl sulphate, and this provided convincing physiochemical evidence for the biosynthesis of these subcomponents de novo. 7. The results obtained with immunoprecipitates formed by using anti-(subcomponent C1q) suggest that subcomponent C1q may be synthesized and secreted by fibroblast cell lines in vitro, in a form with a higher molecular weight than that of subcomponent C1q which is isolated by conventional techniques of protein fractionation from fresh serum.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the first component of complement by human fibroblasts. 1. Haemolytic activity corresponding to that of the first component of complement (C1) was synthesized and secreted by all nine human fibroblast cell lines examined. No activity was found in the culture media of a variety of other human cell lines. 2. The component-C1 haemolytic activity secreted by the fibroblast lines behaved in an identical manner, in most respects, with that of the component-C1 haemolytic activity of human serum. The component-C1 haemolytic activity secreted by fibroblasts, however, was less susceptible to inhibition by rabbit fragment F(ab')(2) anti-(human subcomponent C1q) than was the component-C1 haemolytic activity of human serum. 3. Biosynthesis of fibroblast component-C1 haemolytic activity was inhibited by the presence of cycloheximide and regained on its removal. 4. Incorporation of radioactivity into proteins secreted by the fibroblasts and release of component-C1 haemolytic activity by the fibroblasts both increased in a linear manner until several days after the cultures had reached a state of confluent growth. 5. Radioactivity was incorporated into subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s, as judged by the formation of specific immunoprecipitates and by absorption with immune aggregates. 6. The immunoprecipitates formed by using antisera against subcomponents C1r and C1s were run on polyacrylamide gels in sodium dodecyl sulphate, and this provided convincing physiochemical evidence for the biosynthesis of these subcomponents de novo. 7. The results obtained with immunoprecipitates formed by using anti-(subcomponent C1q) suggest that subcomponent C1q may be synthesized and secreted by fibroblast cell lines in vitro, in a form with a higher molecular weight than that of subcomponent C1q which is isolated by conventional techniques of protein fractionation from fresh serum.", "PMID": 603627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8251", "title": "The interaction of protein A and Fc fragment of rabbit immunoglobulin G as probed by complement-fixation and nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies.", "content": "Protein-A-Fc-fragment complexes were observed in sedimentation-velocity experiments by ultracentrifugation. The interaction was studied by protein-fluorescence-quenching titrations of the Fc fragment with protein A, allowing the dissociation constant to be determined under a variety of conditions. The first component of the complement pathway, C1, is activated by complexes of protein A with rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G), and the structural basis for this interaction was studied by using n.m.r. (nuclear magnetic resonance). The four Fc-fragment binding sites on protein A were shown to contain aromatic amino acids, and to be connected by mobile hydrophilic regions. Neither n.m.r. nor proton-relaxation-enhancement studies show evidence of a large conformational change of the Fc fragment on binding protein A, and this suggests that the cross-linking of the Fc fragments may be primarily responsible for the activation of component C1. This is supported by the inability of a univalent tryptic fragment of protein A to activate complement fixation by rabbit IgG.", "contents": "The interaction of protein A and Fc fragment of rabbit immunoglobulin G as probed by complement-fixation and nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies. Protein-A-Fc-fragment complexes were observed in sedimentation-velocity experiments by ultracentrifugation. The interaction was studied by protein-fluorescence-quenching titrations of the Fc fragment with protein A, allowing the dissociation constant to be determined under a variety of conditions. The first component of the complement pathway, C1, is activated by complexes of protein A with rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G), and the structural basis for this interaction was studied by using n.m.r. (nuclear magnetic resonance). The four Fc-fragment binding sites on protein A were shown to contain aromatic amino acids, and to be connected by mobile hydrophilic regions. Neither n.m.r. nor proton-relaxation-enhancement studies show evidence of a large conformational change of the Fc fragment on binding protein A, and this suggests that the cross-linking of the Fc fragments may be primarily responsible for the activation of component C1. This is supported by the inability of a univalent tryptic fragment of protein A to activate complement fixation by rabbit IgG.", "PMID": 603628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8252", "title": "The properties of a carboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and its role in conferring insecticide resistance.", "content": "Carboxylesterases from different strains of Myzus persicae were examined to try to understand their contribution to insecticide resistance. Preliminary evidence that they are involved comes from the good correlation between the degree of resistance and the carboxylesterase and paraoxon-degrading activity in aphid homogenates. Furthermore the carboxylesterase associated with resistance could not be separated from the insecticide-degrading enzyme by electrophoresis or ion-exchange chromatography. Homogenates of resistant aphids hydrolysed paraoxon 60 times faster than did those of susceptible aphids, yet the purified enzymes from both sources had identical catalytic-centre activities towards this substrate and also towards naphth-1-yl acetate, the latter being hydrolysed by both 2x10(6) times faster than paraoxon. These observations provide evidence that the enzyme from both sources is identical, and that one enzyme hydrolyses both substrates. This was confirmed by relating the rate of paraoxon hydrolysis to the rate at which paraoxon-inhibited carboxylesterase re-activated. Both had the same first-order rate constant (0.01min(-1)), showing clearly that the hydrolysis of both substrates is brought about by the same enzyme. Its K(m) for naphth-1-yl acetate was 0.131mm, and for paraoxon 75pm. The latter very small value could not be measured directly, but was calculated from substrate-competition studies coupled with measurements of re-activation of the diethyl phosphorylated enzyme. Since the purified enzymes from resistant and susceptible aphids had the same catalytic-centre activity, the 60-fold difference between strains must be caused by different amounts of the same enzyme resulting from mutations of the regulator gene(s) rather than of the structural gene.", "contents": "The properties of a carboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and its role in conferring insecticide resistance. Carboxylesterases from different strains of Myzus persicae were examined to try to understand their contribution to insecticide resistance. Preliminary evidence that they are involved comes from the good correlation between the degree of resistance and the carboxylesterase and paraoxon-degrading activity in aphid homogenates. Furthermore the carboxylesterase associated with resistance could not be separated from the insecticide-degrading enzyme by electrophoresis or ion-exchange chromatography. Homogenates of resistant aphids hydrolysed paraoxon 60 times faster than did those of susceptible aphids, yet the purified enzymes from both sources had identical catalytic-centre activities towards this substrate and also towards naphth-1-yl acetate, the latter being hydrolysed by both 2x10(6) times faster than paraoxon. These observations provide evidence that the enzyme from both sources is identical, and that one enzyme hydrolyses both substrates. This was confirmed by relating the rate of paraoxon hydrolysis to the rate at which paraoxon-inhibited carboxylesterase re-activated. Both had the same first-order rate constant (0.01min(-1)), showing clearly that the hydrolysis of both substrates is brought about by the same enzyme. Its K(m) for naphth-1-yl acetate was 0.131mm, and for paraoxon 75pm. The latter very small value could not be measured directly, but was calculated from substrate-competition studies coupled with measurements of re-activation of the diethyl phosphorylated enzyme. Since the purified enzymes from resistant and susceptible aphids had the same catalytic-centre activity, the 60-fold difference between strains must be caused by different amounts of the same enzyme resulting from mutations of the regulator gene(s) rather than of the structural gene.", "PMID": 603629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8253", "title": "Purification and properties of the hexosaminidase A-activating protein from human liver.", "content": "Human liver extracts contain an activating protein which is required for hexosaminidase A-catalysed hydrolysis of the N-acetylgalactosaminyl linkage of G(M2) ganglioside [N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosylglucosylceramide]. A partially purified preparation of human liver hexosaminidase A that is substantially free of G(M2) ganglioside hydrolase activity is used to assay the activating protein. The proceudres of heat and alcohol denaturation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration were used to purify the activating protein over 100-fold from crude human liver extracts. When the purified activating protein is analysed by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis, two closely migrating protein bands are seen. When purified activating protein is used to reconstitute the G(M2) ganglioside hydrolase activity, the rate of reaction is proportional to the amount of hexosaminidase A used. The activation is specific for G(M2) ganglioside and and hexosaminidase A. The activating protein did not stimulate hydrolysis of asialo-G(M2) ganglioside by either hexosaminidase A or B. Hexosaminidase B did not catalyse hydrolysis of G(M2) ganglioside with or without the activator. Kinetic experiments suggest the presence of an enzyme-activator complex. The dissociation constant of this complex is decreased when higher concentrations of substrate are used, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex between enzyme, activator and substrate. Determination of the molecular weight of the activating protein by gel-filtration and sedimentation-velocity methods gave values of 36000 and 39000 respectively.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the hexosaminidase A-activating protein from human liver. Human liver extracts contain an activating protein which is required for hexosaminidase A-catalysed hydrolysis of the N-acetylgalactosaminyl linkage of G(M2) ganglioside [N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl) galactosylglucosylceramide]. A partially purified preparation of human liver hexosaminidase A that is substantially free of G(M2) ganglioside hydrolase activity is used to assay the activating protein. The proceudres of heat and alcohol denaturation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration were used to purify the activating protein over 100-fold from crude human liver extracts. When the purified activating protein is analysed by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis, two closely migrating protein bands are seen. When purified activating protein is used to reconstitute the G(M2) ganglioside hydrolase activity, the rate of reaction is proportional to the amount of hexosaminidase A used. The activation is specific for G(M2) ganglioside and and hexosaminidase A. The activating protein did not stimulate hydrolysis of asialo-G(M2) ganglioside by either hexosaminidase A or B. Hexosaminidase B did not catalyse hydrolysis of G(M2) ganglioside with or without the activator. Kinetic experiments suggest the presence of an enzyme-activator complex. The dissociation constant of this complex is decreased when higher concentrations of substrate are used, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex between enzyme, activator and substrate. Determination of the molecular weight of the activating protein by gel-filtration and sedimentation-velocity methods gave values of 36000 and 39000 respectively.", "PMID": 603630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8254", "title": "Interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid. The role of the hyaluronic acid carboxyl groups.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid-derived oligomers of five to fifteen repeat dissaccharides effectively bind to bovine nasal-cartilage proteoglycan and inhibit the interaction between proteoglycans and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. If, however, the hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides are modified by reaction with diazomethane to form the carboxyl methyl esters of the glucuronic acid residues, their inhibitory activity is abolished. The binding capacity can be fully restored by saponification. The amide derivative, which is formed by condensation of the oligosaccharide carboxyl groups with glycine methyl ester, is also ineffective in blocking the proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid interaction. In this case, binding activity is not restored when the amidated oligomers are subjected to saponification to yield the free carboxylate groups on the glycine residues. Thus the displacement of the carboxylate groups on the polysaccharide chain by the interposition of a glycine residue blocks the interaction between the proteoglycans and the hyaluronic acid oligomers. When the oligosaccharide methyl ester is reduced with NaBH4, the resultant glucose-containing oligomers exhibit decreased binding to proteoglycans. Thus it appears that the hyaluronic acid carboxylate anion in a specific spatial orientation is required for hyaluronic acid-proteoglycan interaction.", "contents": "Interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid. The role of the hyaluronic acid carboxyl groups. Hyaluronic acid-derived oligomers of five to fifteen repeat dissaccharides effectively bind to bovine nasal-cartilage proteoglycan and inhibit the interaction between proteoglycans and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. If, however, the hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides are modified by reaction with diazomethane to form the carboxyl methyl esters of the glucuronic acid residues, their inhibitory activity is abolished. The binding capacity can be fully restored by saponification. The amide derivative, which is formed by condensation of the oligosaccharide carboxyl groups with glycine methyl ester, is also ineffective in blocking the proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid interaction. In this case, binding activity is not restored when the amidated oligomers are subjected to saponification to yield the free carboxylate groups on the glycine residues. Thus the displacement of the carboxylate groups on the polysaccharide chain by the interposition of a glycine residue blocks the interaction between the proteoglycans and the hyaluronic acid oligomers. When the oligosaccharide methyl ester is reduced with NaBH4, the resultant glucose-containing oligomers exhibit decreased binding to proteoglycans. Thus it appears that the hyaluronic acid carboxylate anion in a specific spatial orientation is required for hyaluronic acid-proteoglycan interaction.", "PMID": 603631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8255", "title": "Preparation and characterization of substrates suitable for the study of stereospecific secondary alkylsulphohydrolases of detergent-degrading micro-organisms.", "content": "During the course of the purification of novel stereospecific secondary aklylsulphohydrolases present in certain detergent-degrading micro-organisms, it became apparent that substrates prepared by sulphating secondary alcohols with H2SO4 are heterogeneous. Apart from the racemization that occurs if resolved alcohols are sulphated, evidence is provided to show that other isomers are produced in which the position of the ester sulphate group on the alkyl chain has been altered. These changes can be avoided if pyridine/SO3 reagent (prepared with SO3) is substituted as sulphating agent. Experiments in which secondary alkyl sulphates prepared by both methods were tested as potential substrates for the two secondary alkylsulphohydrolase enzymes of Comamonas terrigena have provided initial information about the specificity of the enzymes.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of substrates suitable for the study of stereospecific secondary alkylsulphohydrolases of detergent-degrading micro-organisms. During the course of the purification of novel stereospecific secondary aklylsulphohydrolases present in certain detergent-degrading micro-organisms, it became apparent that substrates prepared by sulphating secondary alcohols with H2SO4 are heterogeneous. Apart from the racemization that occurs if resolved alcohols are sulphated, evidence is provided to show that other isomers are produced in which the position of the ester sulphate group on the alkyl chain has been altered. These changes can be avoided if pyridine/SO3 reagent (prepared with SO3) is substituted as sulphating agent. Experiments in which secondary alkyl sulphates prepared by both methods were tested as potential substrates for the two secondary alkylsulphohydrolase enzymes of Comamonas terrigena have provided initial information about the specificity of the enzymes.", "PMID": 603632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8256", "title": "Purification, properties and cellular localization of the stereospecific CS2 secondary alkylsulphohydrolase of Comamonas terrigena.", "content": "The availability of homogeneous samples of the potassium salts of L- and D-octan-2-yl sulphate has enabled the separation of the optically stereospecific CS1 and CS2 secondary alkysulphohydrolases from extracts of cells of Comamonas terrigena. The CS2 enzyme was purified to homogeneity, and an initial study was made of its general properties, specificity, cellular localization and relationship to the CS1 enzyme. The CS2 enzyme has a molecular weight of approx. 250000 and a subunit size of approx. 58000, indicating that the molecule is a tetramer. Under the experimental conditions used the enzyme appears to be specific for (+)-secondary alkyl sulphate esters with the sulphate group at C-2 and with a chain length of at least six carbons. Enzyme activity towards racemic C-2 sulphates increases with increasing chain length up to C10, and there is some indirect evidence to suggest that activity declines when that chain length is exceeded. Other indirect evidence confirms that the CS1 enzyme exhibits similar specificity, except that only (-)-isomers can serve as substrates. Both enzymes are present in broth-grown stationary-phase cells of C. terrigena in approximately equal amounts.", "contents": "Purification, properties and cellular localization of the stereospecific CS2 secondary alkylsulphohydrolase of Comamonas terrigena. The availability of homogeneous samples of the potassium salts of L- and D-octan-2-yl sulphate has enabled the separation of the optically stereospecific CS1 and CS2 secondary alkysulphohydrolases from extracts of cells of Comamonas terrigena. The CS2 enzyme was purified to homogeneity, and an initial study was made of its general properties, specificity, cellular localization and relationship to the CS1 enzyme. The CS2 enzyme has a molecular weight of approx. 250000 and a subunit size of approx. 58000, indicating that the molecule is a tetramer. Under the experimental conditions used the enzyme appears to be specific for (+)-secondary alkyl sulphate esters with the sulphate group at C-2 and with a chain length of at least six carbons. Enzyme activity towards racemic C-2 sulphates increases with increasing chain length up to C10, and there is some indirect evidence to suggest that activity declines when that chain length is exceeded. Other indirect evidence confirms that the CS1 enzyme exhibits similar specificity, except that only (-)-isomers can serve as substrates. Both enzymes are present in broth-grown stationary-phase cells of C. terrigena in approximately equal amounts.", "PMID": 603633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8257", "title": "Heterogeneity of rabbit muscle creatine kinase and limited proteolysis by proteinase K.", "content": "By using sodium dodecyl sulphage/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that rabbit muscle creatine kinase, both in a homogenate and purified, appears to be composed of a mixture of two peptides (mol.wts. 42100 and 40300) differing in length by about 15 amino acids. It is found that low concentrations of proteinase K from the fungus Tritirachium album can cleave about 38 amino acids from each chain of creatine kinase, leaving two large fragments (mol.wts 37700 and 35500). Scission of the whole enzyme was found to be concomitant with complete loss of enzyme activity. MgADP in the presence of absence of creatine slowed the rate of proteolysis by about 50%, but the transition-state analogue complex creatine-NO3--MgADP appeared to protect completely. The time course for the proteolytic inactivation in the presence of this complex, but not in its absence, was biphasic.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of rabbit muscle creatine kinase and limited proteolysis by proteinase K. By using sodium dodecyl sulphage/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that rabbit muscle creatine kinase, both in a homogenate and purified, appears to be composed of a mixture of two peptides (mol.wts. 42100 and 40300) differing in length by about 15 amino acids. It is found that low concentrations of proteinase K from the fungus Tritirachium album can cleave about 38 amino acids from each chain of creatine kinase, leaving two large fragments (mol.wts 37700 and 35500). Scission of the whole enzyme was found to be concomitant with complete loss of enzyme activity. MgADP in the presence of absence of creatine slowed the rate of proteolysis by about 50%, but the transition-state analogue complex creatine-NO3--MgADP appeared to protect completely. The time course for the proteolytic inactivation in the presence of this complex, but not in its absence, was biphasic.", "PMID": 603634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8258", "title": "The nature of the circular-dichoric spectra of complexes between ribonuclease A and nucleotides.", "content": "The circular-dichroism and proton-magnetic-resonance spectra of complexes of ribonuclease A with dihydrouridine 3'-phosphate, 2'- and 3'-CMP, arabinosyl-3'-CMP, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)cytosine 2'-phosphate and 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)cytosine 3'-phosphate were studied. Comparison of the results shows that non-additivity of the circular-dichroic spectrum of an enzyme-nucleotide complex may be due to: (a), alteration of the circular dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide under the influence of the asymmetric protein matrix (induced dichroism), and (b) a change in the nucleotide conformation. The contribution of each of the two factors was estimated to calculate the circular-dichoroic spectra of 2'-CMP and 3'-CMP in complex with ribonuclease A. 3'-CMP in this complex was characterized by negative circular dichroism in the long-wavelength absorption band of the nucleotide, whereas 2'-CMP was characterized by positive circular dichroism. Since both nucleotides in the complex are known to be in an anti conformation, it follows that even small changes in the conformation considerably modify the circular-dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide in complex with the enzyme.", "contents": "The nature of the circular-dichoric spectra of complexes between ribonuclease A and nucleotides. The circular-dichroism and proton-magnetic-resonance spectra of complexes of ribonuclease A with dihydrouridine 3'-phosphate, 2'- and 3'-CMP, arabinosyl-3'-CMP, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)cytosine 2'-phosphate and 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)cytosine 3'-phosphate were studied. Comparison of the results shows that non-additivity of the circular-dichroic spectrum of an enzyme-nucleotide complex may be due to: (a), alteration of the circular dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide under the influence of the asymmetric protein matrix (induced dichroism), and (b) a change in the nucleotide conformation. The contribution of each of the two factors was estimated to calculate the circular-dichoroic spectra of 2'-CMP and 3'-CMP in complex with ribonuclease A. 3'-CMP in this complex was characterized by negative circular dichroism in the long-wavelength absorption band of the nucleotide, whereas 2'-CMP was characterized by positive circular dichroism. Since both nucleotides in the complex are known to be in an anti conformation, it follows that even small changes in the conformation considerably modify the circular-dichroic spectrum of the nucleotide in complex with the enzyme.", "PMID": 603635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8259", "title": "The arrangement of substrate and organophosphorus-inhibitor leaving groups in acetylcholinesterase active site.", "content": "The leaving groups of serine esterase substrates and organophosphorus inhibitors bind to different loci at the enzyme active site. Kinetic proof of this general conclusion is presented in the case of acetylcholinesterase reactions. The proposed model for acetylcholinesterase active site provides a new stereochemical mechanism for the phosphorylated enzyme reactivation.", "contents": "The arrangement of substrate and organophosphorus-inhibitor leaving groups in acetylcholinesterase active site. The leaving groups of serine esterase substrates and organophosphorus inhibitors bind to different loci at the enzyme active site. Kinetic proof of this general conclusion is presented in the case of acetylcholinesterase reactions. The proposed model for acetylcholinesterase active site provides a new stereochemical mechanism for the phosphorylated enzyme reactivation.", "PMID": 603636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8260", "title": "Phosphorus nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the transition-state analogue complex of creatine kinase.", "content": "31P nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra of MgADP bound to creatine kinase in the presence of creatine NO3- ions show that there are two non-identical forms of the bound nucleotide. The sites have different affinities for the nucleotide. MgADP at the high-affinity site is in slow exchange (k less than 125s-1 at 27 degrees C) with free MgADP.", "contents": "Phosphorus nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the transition-state analogue complex of creatine kinase. 31P nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra of MgADP bound to creatine kinase in the presence of creatine NO3- ions show that there are two non-identical forms of the bound nucleotide. The sites have different affinities for the nucleotide. MgADP at the high-affinity site is in slow exchange (k less than 125s-1 at 27 degrees C) with free MgADP.", "PMID": 603637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8261", "title": "The mechanism of action of primary alkylsulphohydrolase and arylsulphohydrolase from a detergent-degrading micro-organism.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that secondary alkylsulphohydrolases from certain detergent-degrading micro-organisms are unusual esterases in that they catalyse fission of the C-O bond of the alkyl sulphate ester linkage. The position of bond fission catalysed by a primary alkylsulphatase and an arylsulphohydrolase present in Pseudomonas C12B has now been investigated. The primary alkylsulphatase behaved like the secondary alkylsulphohydrolases in cleaving the C-O bond of potassium heptan-1-yl sulphate. In contrast, the arylsulphohydrolase, in common with other similar enzymes previously studied, catalysed the fission of the O-S bond of potassium p-nitrophenyl sulphate.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of primary alkylsulphohydrolase and arylsulphohydrolase from a detergent-degrading micro-organism. Previous studies have shown that secondary alkylsulphohydrolases from certain detergent-degrading micro-organisms are unusual esterases in that they catalyse fission of the C-O bond of the alkyl sulphate ester linkage. The position of bond fission catalysed by a primary alkylsulphatase and an arylsulphohydrolase present in Pseudomonas C12B has now been investigated. The primary alkylsulphatase behaved like the secondary alkylsulphohydrolases in cleaving the C-O bond of potassium heptan-1-yl sulphate. In contrast, the arylsulphohydrolase, in common with other similar enzymes previously studied, catalysed the fission of the O-S bond of potassium p-nitrophenyl sulphate.", "PMID": 603638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8262", "title": "Rate-limiting steps in the cytidine pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.", "content": "An analysis of the available data on the cytidine pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, by the logic derived from the theoretical principles of metabolic regulation, shows that the first two reactions catalysed by choline (ethanolamine) kinase and phosphocholine (phosphoethanolamine) cytidylyltransferase are rate-limiting, whereas the phosphocholine (phosphoethanolamine) transferase step is near equilibrium in rat liver.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps in the cytidine pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. An analysis of the available data on the cytidine pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, by the logic derived from the theoretical principles of metabolic regulation, shows that the first two reactions catalysed by choline (ethanolamine) kinase and phosphocholine (phosphoethanolamine) cytidylyltransferase are rate-limiting, whereas the phosphocholine (phosphoethanolamine) transferase step is near equilibrium in rat liver.", "PMID": 603639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8263", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling after mitral valve surgery.", "content": "In order to investigate the functional effects of mitral valve surgery, echocardiograms showing left ventricular dimension were recorded and digitised in 14 normal subjects and 129 patients after mitral valve surgery. Measurements were made of peak rate of increase of dimension (dD/dt) and duration of rapid filling, studies on left ventriculograms in 36 patients having shown close correlation between these values and changes in cavity volume. In 14 patients with mitral stenosis, peak dD/dt was reduced to 7-2 +/ 1-5 cm/s, and filling period prolonged to 330 +/- 65 ms, compared with normal (16-0 +/- 3-2 cm/s, and 160 +/- 50 ms, respectively), and after mitral valvotomy, these values improved significantly (10-4 +/- 2-7 cm/s and 245 +/- 55 ms). Characteristic abnormalities were found in 67 patients with mitral prostheses. Values for the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (10-5 +/- 4-2 cm/s and 180 +/- 80 ms) and Hancock (10-3 +/- 3-7 cm/s, 245 +/- 80 ms) values were similar, and both superior to the Starr-Edwards (7-4 +/- 3-0 cm/s, 295 +/- 105 ms). Results after mitral valve repair in 30 cases were not significantly different from normal (14-4 +/- 5-0 cm/s, 170 +/- 50 ms). Values outside the 95 per cent confidence limits for the valve in question allowed diagnosis of value malfunction in 18 cases. The method is value in comparing different operative procedures and in following up patients after mitral valve surgery.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling after mitral valve surgery. In order to investigate the functional effects of mitral valve surgery, echocardiograms showing left ventricular dimension were recorded and digitised in 14 normal subjects and 129 patients after mitral valve surgery. Measurements were made of peak rate of increase of dimension (dD/dt) and duration of rapid filling, studies on left ventriculograms in 36 patients having shown close correlation between these values and changes in cavity volume. In 14 patients with mitral stenosis, peak dD/dt was reduced to 7-2 +/ 1-5 cm/s, and filling period prolonged to 330 +/- 65 ms, compared with normal (16-0 +/- 3-2 cm/s, and 160 +/- 50 ms, respectively), and after mitral valvotomy, these values improved significantly (10-4 +/- 2-7 cm/s and 245 +/- 55 ms). Characteristic abnormalities were found in 67 patients with mitral prostheses. Values for the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley (10-5 +/- 4-2 cm/s and 180 +/- 80 ms) and Hancock (10-3 +/- 3-7 cm/s, 245 +/- 80 ms) values were similar, and both superior to the Starr-Edwards (7-4 +/- 3-0 cm/s, 295 +/- 105 ms). Results after mitral valve repair in 30 cases were not significantly different from normal (14-4 +/- 5-0 cm/s, 170 +/- 50 ms). Values outside the 95 per cent confidence limits for the valve in question allowed diagnosis of value malfunction in 18 cases. The method is value in comparing different operative procedures and in following up patients after mitral valve surgery.", "PMID": 603728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8264", "title": "Relation between phasic mitral flow and the echocardiogram of the mitral valve in man.", "content": "Ten patients without valvular disease were studied by ventriculography, and the rate and pattern of phasic blood flow into the left ventricle were determined by ventricular volume determinations at intervals of 33 ms during a single diastolic filling period. The derived left ventricular inflow patterns were then compared with the echocardiographic mitral EF slope obtained no more than 25 minutes before left ventriculography. The steepness of the EF slope was found to be inversely correlated with the time required to reach peak inflow velocity (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) and directly correlated with the peak left ventricular inflow velocity divided by the time required to reach peak velocity (r = 0.72, P less than 0.05). No correlation was found between mean flow velocity into the left ventricle and the EF slope (r = 0.40, P = NS). A significant inverse correlation was found between the EF slope and the fraction of the diastolic filling period elapsed when 50 per cent of the filling volume had entered the left ventricle (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that the time required to reach left ventricular peak inflow velocity is one of the determinants of the mitral EF slope.", "contents": "Relation between phasic mitral flow and the echocardiogram of the mitral valve in man. Ten patients without valvular disease were studied by ventriculography, and the rate and pattern of phasic blood flow into the left ventricle were determined by ventricular volume determinations at intervals of 33 ms during a single diastolic filling period. The derived left ventricular inflow patterns were then compared with the echocardiographic mitral EF slope obtained no more than 25 minutes before left ventriculography. The steepness of the EF slope was found to be inversely correlated with the time required to reach peak inflow velocity (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) and directly correlated with the peak left ventricular inflow velocity divided by the time required to reach peak velocity (r = 0.72, P less than 0.05). No correlation was found between mean flow velocity into the left ventricle and the EF slope (r = 0.40, P = NS). A significant inverse correlation was found between the EF slope and the fraction of the diastolic filling period elapsed when 50 per cent of the filling volume had entered the left ventricle (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that the time required to reach left ventricular peak inflow velocity is one of the determinants of the mitral EF slope.", "PMID": 603729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8265", "title": "Plasma catecholamine levels and cardiac rhythm before and after cardiac catheterisation.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine concentrations were estimated in a group of 17 fasting patients immediately before and 3 days after cardiac catheterisation. At both times electrocardiograms were recorded and blood pressures, heart rates, and respiration rates measured. Control catecholamine values were established in a group of 10 male and 10 female volunteers, bled at the same time of day under the same conditions of nutrition and posture. Levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were increased substantially before catheterisation; 3 days later, the values were comparable to those of the control group, though still marginally higher. The increments in catecholamine levels were independent of sex and of the presence or otherwise of persistent supraventricular arrhythmias. In spite of the considerably raised catecholamine levels, electrocardiographic patterns remained unchanged, as did the other physiological values. The absence of any relation between enhanced catecholamine secretion and physiological effects is considered to be the result either of enhanced parasympathetic activity or of adaptation to a prolonged period of stress.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamine levels and cardiac rhythm before and after cardiac catheterisation. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were estimated in a group of 17 fasting patients immediately before and 3 days after cardiac catheterisation. At both times electrocardiograms were recorded and blood pressures, heart rates, and respiration rates measured. Control catecholamine values were established in a group of 10 male and 10 female volunteers, bled at the same time of day under the same conditions of nutrition and posture. Levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were increased substantially before catheterisation; 3 days later, the values were comparable to those of the control group, though still marginally higher. The increments in catecholamine levels were independent of sex and of the presence or otherwise of persistent supraventricular arrhythmias. In spite of the considerably raised catecholamine levels, electrocardiographic patterns remained unchanged, as did the other physiological values. The absence of any relation between enhanced catecholamine secretion and physiological effects is considered to be the result either of enhanced parasympathetic activity or of adaptation to a prolonged period of stress.", "PMID": 603731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8266", "title": "Suppression of refractory arrhythmias by aprindine in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Four patients with supraventricular tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were refractory to conventional pharmacological therapy and received aprindine hydrochloride intravenously and orally. Electrophysiological studies disclosed that intravenous aprindine caused increased refractoriness and slowed conduction in the atria, atrioventricular node, ventricles, and accessory pathway. The ability to induce supraventricular tachycardia with timed atrial and ventricular premature stimuli was totally abolished in all 4 patients after intravenous aprindine. Oral aprindine therapy, twice daily thereafter, provided symptomatic relief of the supraventricular tachycardia without significant side effects. Aprindine is useful in the management of supraventricular tachycardia associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White and may offer significant advantages over currently available therapy.", "contents": "Suppression of refractory arrhythmias by aprindine in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Four patients with supraventricular tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were refractory to conventional pharmacological therapy and received aprindine hydrochloride intravenously and orally. Electrophysiological studies disclosed that intravenous aprindine caused increased refractoriness and slowed conduction in the atria, atrioventricular node, ventricles, and accessory pathway. The ability to induce supraventricular tachycardia with timed atrial and ventricular premature stimuli was totally abolished in all 4 patients after intravenous aprindine. Oral aprindine therapy, twice daily thereafter, provided symptomatic relief of the supraventricular tachycardia without significant side effects. Aprindine is useful in the management of supraventricular tachycardia associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White and may offer significant advantages over currently available therapy.", "PMID": 603737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8267", "title": "Simple lignocaine regimen for transit to hospital after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A simple combined intravenous/intramuscular regimen is described for lignocaine administration in the early vulnerable stage of myocardial infarction. Plasma levels in the therapeutic range are attained. This allows adequate drug protection during transport to hospital when an intravenous regimen may be impractical or impossible.", "contents": "Simple lignocaine regimen for transit to hospital after myocardial infarction. A simple combined intravenous/intramuscular regimen is described for lignocaine administration in the early vulnerable stage of myocardial infarction. Plasma levels in the therapeutic range are attained. This allows adequate drug protection during transport to hospital when an intravenous regimen may be impractical or impossible.", "PMID": 603738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8268", "title": "Type and frequency of cardiac defects in embryofetal alcohol syndrome. Report of 16 cases.", "content": "Within a period of 3 years, 56 infants and children with embryofetal alcohol syndrome have been detected and examined for heart defects. All children were from mothers who had been addicted to alcohol even during pregnancy and they showed a typical pattern of malformations, as described by Lemoine et al. (1968) and Jones et al. (1973). In 16 cases cardiovascular malformations were confirmed by heart catheterisation or pathological examination. The overall incidence of heart defects in this syndrome was 29 per cent. The incidence rises to nearly 50 per cent in the more severe types of this syndrome. Atrial septal defects were found to be the most common heart defect (10 out of 16 cases); ventricular septal defects and other variable malformations occurred less frequently. The high incidence of heart defects indicates that alcoholism during pregnancy has to be considered as a serious and preventable cause of congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Type and frequency of cardiac defects in embryofetal alcohol syndrome. Report of 16 cases. Within a period of 3 years, 56 infants and children with embryofetal alcohol syndrome have been detected and examined for heart defects. All children were from mothers who had been addicted to alcohol even during pregnancy and they showed a typical pattern of malformations, as described by Lemoine et al. (1968) and Jones et al. (1973). In 16 cases cardiovascular malformations were confirmed by heart catheterisation or pathological examination. The overall incidence of heart defects in this syndrome was 29 per cent. The incidence rises to nearly 50 per cent in the more severe types of this syndrome. Atrial septal defects were found to be the most common heart defect (10 out of 16 cases); ventricular septal defects and other variable malformations occurred less frequently. The high incidence of heart defects indicates that alcoholism during pregnancy has to be considered as a serious and preventable cause of congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 603740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8269", "title": "Sudden death after operative repair of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "The clinical and necropsy findings in 3 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who died suddenly after corrective operation are presented. Early postoperative electrocardiograms of 2 patients showed coexistent right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock; one of these developed complete atrioventricular block and required a pacemaker. In the third a pacemaker. In the third patient, postoperative electrocardiograms showed anterior myocardial infarction. At necropsy, there was gross and histological evidence of myocardial infarction in each patient. After operation, extensive myocardial fibrosis and the development of right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock are possible factors causing cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.", "contents": "Sudden death after operative repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The clinical and necropsy findings in 3 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who died suddenly after corrective operation are presented. Early postoperative electrocardiograms of 2 patients showed coexistent right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock; one of these developed complete atrioventricular block and required a pacemaker. In the third a pacemaker. In the third patient, postoperative electrocardiograms showed anterior myocardial infarction. At necropsy, there was gross and histological evidence of myocardial infarction in each patient. After operation, extensive myocardial fibrosis and the development of right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock are possible factors causing cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.", "PMID": 603741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8270", "title": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes in Kugelberg-Welander syndrome.", "content": "Electron microscopical study of a biopsied specimen of myocardium from a patient with the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome revealed myocardial degeneration, including preferential loss of myosin filaments and abnormalities in the Z bands. Leptomeric fibrils were also observed in the cardiac muscle cell; there does not appear to be a previous report of the finding of such fibrils in human myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial ultrastructural changes in Kugelberg-Welander syndrome. Electron microscopical study of a biopsied specimen of myocardium from a patient with the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome revealed myocardial degeneration, including preferential loss of myosin filaments and abnormalities in the Z bands. Leptomeric fibrils were also observed in the cardiac muscle cell; there does not appear to be a previous report of the finding of such fibrils in human myocardium.", "PMID": 603743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8271", "title": "Endocardial fibroelastosis and Niemann-Pick disease.", "content": "The concurrence of endocardial fibroelastosis and Niemann-Pick disease is described. This appears to be the first described case of endocardial fibroelastosis in association with a lipid storage disorder.", "contents": "Endocardial fibroelastosis and Niemann-Pick disease. The concurrence of endocardial fibroelastosis and Niemann-Pick disease is described. This appears to be the first described case of endocardial fibroelastosis in association with a lipid storage disorder.", "PMID": 603744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8272", "title": "Inheritance of porphyria cutanea tarda. Analysis of 14 cases in 5 families.", "content": "The existence of hereditary porphyria cutanea tarda must be supported by chemical and clinical investigations capable of discriminating this porphyria from porphyria variegata, because the clinical symptoms may overlap. On the basis of such investigations (normal urinary excretion of deltaALA and of porphobilinogen; urinary excretion of large amounts of 8- and 7-carboxyl porphyrins; faecal coproporphyrin and X porphyrin fractions may be increased) we have been able to classify 14 cases, out of 200 cases of PCT that we have observed in the last 7 years, as hereditary PCT. The 14 patients belong to 5 different families: two members in each of the first three families, 3 members in the fourth, and 5 members in the fifth. In this last family heredity is bilateral.", "contents": "Inheritance of porphyria cutanea tarda. Analysis of 14 cases in 5 families. The existence of hereditary porphyria cutanea tarda must be supported by chemical and clinical investigations capable of discriminating this porphyria from porphyria variegata, because the clinical symptoms may overlap. On the basis of such investigations (normal urinary excretion of deltaALA and of porphobilinogen; urinary excretion of large amounts of 8- and 7-carboxyl porphyrins; faecal coproporphyrin and X porphyrin fractions may be increased) we have been able to classify 14 cases, out of 200 cases of PCT that we have observed in the last 7 years, as hereditary PCT. The 14 patients belong to 5 different families: two members in each of the first three families, 3 members in the fourth, and 5 members in the fifth. In this last family heredity is bilateral.", "PMID": 603745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8273", "title": "Problems associated with ultraviolet dosimetry in the photochemotherapy of psoriasis.", "content": "A hypothetical action spectrum for the regression of lesions in photochemotherapy of psoriasis is proposed. An ideal detector should have a wavelength response which matches this action spectrum but this is generally not the case with commercially available photometers. The problems that may arise by indiscriminate use of such detectors are discussed, together with a suggested solution.", "contents": "Problems associated with ultraviolet dosimetry in the photochemotherapy of psoriasis. A hypothetical action spectrum for the regression of lesions in photochemotherapy of psoriasis is proposed. An ideal detector should have a wavelength response which matches this action spectrum but this is generally not the case with commercially available photometers. The problems that may arise by indiscriminate use of such detectors are discussed, together with a suggested solution.", "PMID": 603746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8274", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of psoriatics after treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange rates in cultured cells from the blood of patients receiving photochemotherapy have been examined as an indicator of possible genetic hazards of the treatment to patients with psoriasis. Lymphocytes of untreated patients with psoriasis appear to have sister chromatid exchange rates after 72 h of culture indistinguishable from normal subjects and there is no evidence from these studies that sister chromatid exchanges are significantly increased in the lymphocytes of patients receiving photochemotherapy. Cells from blood taken from patients who had been given 8-methoxypsoralen orally 2 h before and then irradiated with UV-A in vitro were found to have an increased exchange rate which could be related to the presence of the drug in the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of psoriatics after treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave ultraviolet radiation. Sister chromatid exchange rates in cultured cells from the blood of patients receiving photochemotherapy have been examined as an indicator of possible genetic hazards of the treatment to patients with psoriasis. Lymphocytes of untreated patients with psoriasis appear to have sister chromatid exchange rates after 72 h of culture indistinguishable from normal subjects and there is no evidence from these studies that sister chromatid exchanges are significantly increased in the lymphocytes of patients receiving photochemotherapy. Cells from blood taken from patients who had been given 8-methoxypsoralen orally 2 h before and then irradiated with UV-A in vitro were found to have an increased exchange rate which could be related to the presence of the drug in the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 603747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8275", "title": "The treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Experience with beta-carotene.", "content": "In a group of 19 subjects suffering from erythropoietic protoporphyria the administration of beta-carotene appeared to produce improvement based on a subjective assessment of alterations in exposure times required to produce the symptoms and signs of the condition. This clinical improvement however failed to show a direct correlation with the prophyrin levels in blood and faeces, or with the estimation by phototesting of the minimal response dose within the action spectrum of 400-600 nm.", "contents": "The treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Experience with beta-carotene. In a group of 19 subjects suffering from erythropoietic protoporphyria the administration of beta-carotene appeared to produce improvement based on a subjective assessment of alterations in exposure times required to produce the symptoms and signs of the condition. This clinical improvement however failed to show a direct correlation with the prophyrin levels in blood and faeces, or with the estimation by phototesting of the minimal response dose within the action spectrum of 400-600 nm.", "PMID": 603748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8276", "title": "Monobenzylether of hydroquinone. A retrospective study of treatment of 18 vitiligo patients and a review of the literature.", "content": "Of 18 severely afffected vitiligo patients who used 20% monobenzylether of hydroquinone (MBEH, Benoquin) as a depigmenting agent, 8 achieved complete depigmentation after 10 months or more of use and 3 dramatic but no complete hypopigmentation. The 3 patients with no results did not use MBEH for more than 4 months. Complications were frequent particularly among those who did well, but only 1 case of contact dermatitis limited therapy. All patients who depigmented fully were very pleased with their results. As depigmentation induced by MBEH is generally irreversible, MBEH use must be reserved for induction of complete depigmentation of severely affected vitiligo patients who cannot or do not choose to repigment and who can accept the permanence of never tanning. The history, histology and mechanism of MBEH depigmentation are discussed.", "contents": "Monobenzylether of hydroquinone. A retrospective study of treatment of 18 vitiligo patients and a review of the literature. Of 18 severely afffected vitiligo patients who used 20% monobenzylether of hydroquinone (MBEH, Benoquin) as a depigmenting agent, 8 achieved complete depigmentation after 10 months or more of use and 3 dramatic but no complete hypopigmentation. The 3 patients with no results did not use MBEH for more than 4 months. Complications were frequent particularly among those who did well, but only 1 case of contact dermatitis limited therapy. All patients who depigmented fully were very pleased with their results. As depigmentation induced by MBEH is generally irreversible, MBEH use must be reserved for induction of complete depigmentation of severely affected vitiligo patients who cannot or do not choose to repigment and who can accept the permanence of never tanning. The history, histology and mechanism of MBEH depigmentation are discussed.", "PMID": 603749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8277", "title": "Pigmented neurofibroma.", "content": "Pigmented neurofibroma is a rare tumour of the dermis. The clinical features and histology of a lesion occurring in a female of 69 years are described in this report. This entity was first described by Willis in 1959 in three patients with pigmented dermal tumours which showed a plexiform structure and the presence of pseudo-Meissnerian bodies.", "contents": "Pigmented neurofibroma. Pigmented neurofibroma is a rare tumour of the dermis. The clinical features and histology of a lesion occurring in a female of 69 years are described in this report. This entity was first described by Willis in 1959 in three patients with pigmented dermal tumours which showed a plexiform structure and the presence of pseudo-Meissnerian bodies.", "PMID": 603750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8278", "title": "The successful treatment of tropical fish tank granuloma (Mycobacterium marinum) with co-trimoxazole.", "content": "Three cases of tropical fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum (balnei) are described. Abundant acid fact bacilli were demonstrated in homogenates prepared from the fish thus providing early confirmation of the suspected clinical diagnosis: acid fast bacilli could not be demonstrated in biopsy material from the patients' lesions through M. marinum grew on culture. The infection responded to oral co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "The successful treatment of tropical fish tank granuloma (Mycobacterium marinum) with co-trimoxazole. Three cases of tropical fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum (balnei) are described. Abundant acid fact bacilli were demonstrated in homogenates prepared from the fish thus providing early confirmation of the suspected clinical diagnosis: acid fast bacilli could not be demonstrated in biopsy material from the patients' lesions through M. marinum grew on culture. The infection responded to oral co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 603751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8279", "title": "Thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis in vitro.", "content": "Thyroid hormones have important effects on erythropoiesis in man and animals. We performed in vitro culture studies with murine and human bone marrow in order to define the interaction of these hormones with erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells. The methylcellulose clonogenic assay was used with the appropriate addition of erythropoietin or colony-stimulating activity. L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine potentiated erythropoientin-stimulated erythroid colony formation in concentrations of 50-100 ng/ml. These hormones had no effect on granulocyte-monocyte colony formation at concentrations up to 500 ng/ml. Testing of various thyroid analogues showed no clear correlation between potentiation of erythropoiesis and known calorigenic potency. Reverse triiodothyronine also had potentiating activity in this system. The active thyroid hormones stimulated erythroid colony formation at several concentrations of erythropoietin but could not substitute for erythropoietin. These data suggest that thyroid hormones have a direct effect on erythroid precursor proliferative capacity, a finding which may have relevance to the mechanism of erythropoietic dysfunction in human thyroid disease.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis in vitro. Thyroid hormones have important effects on erythropoiesis in man and animals. We performed in vitro culture studies with murine and human bone marrow in order to define the interaction of these hormones with erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells. The methylcellulose clonogenic assay was used with the appropriate addition of erythropoietin or colony-stimulating activity. L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine potentiated erythropoientin-stimulated erythroid colony formation in concentrations of 50-100 ng/ml. These hormones had no effect on granulocyte-monocyte colony formation at concentrations up to 500 ng/ml. Testing of various thyroid analogues showed no clear correlation between potentiation of erythropoiesis and known calorigenic potency. Reverse triiodothyronine also had potentiating activity in this system. The active thyroid hormones stimulated erythroid colony formation at several concentrations of erythropoietin but could not substitute for erythropoietin. These data suggest that thyroid hormones have a direct effect on erythroid precursor proliferative capacity, a finding which may have relevance to the mechanism of erythropoietic dysfunction in human thyroid disease.", "PMID": 603753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8280", "title": "The assessment of red cell survival in normal subjects and in patients with haemolytic disorders and ineffective erythropoiesis using the radioiron occupancy method.", "content": "A direct method for measuring red cell lifespan in vivo using the radioiron occupancy method (Dagg et al, 1972) has been applied to eight normal subjects. The mean red cell lifespan was 116 d with a range of 104-124 d. To establish the method clinically in the presence of haemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis, 22 patients with haemolytic disease and six patients with megaloblastic and sideroblastic anaemia were studied. All 22 patients with haemolytic anaemia had shortening of the red cell lifespan, with a range from 62 to 10 d; the results were compared with red cell lifespan derived from simultaneous radiochromium studies (Bentley et al, 1974). A close agreement between the two methods was obtained (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001). To assess the validity of the method in the presence of ineffective erythropoiesis, double isotope studies were also carried out in three patients with megaloblastic anaemia and three with sideroblastic anaemia. Close agreement was again obtained between lifespan measurements obtained from radioiron occupancy data and those derived from radiochromium studies, suggesting that the presence of significant ineffective erythropoiesis does not invalidate the method. The theoretical considerations involved in the application of the radioiron occupancy method to haemolytic states are discussed.", "contents": "The assessment of red cell survival in normal subjects and in patients with haemolytic disorders and ineffective erythropoiesis using the radioiron occupancy method. A direct method for measuring red cell lifespan in vivo using the radioiron occupancy method (Dagg et al, 1972) has been applied to eight normal subjects. The mean red cell lifespan was 116 d with a range of 104-124 d. To establish the method clinically in the presence of haemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis, 22 patients with haemolytic disease and six patients with megaloblastic and sideroblastic anaemia were studied. All 22 patients with haemolytic anaemia had shortening of the red cell lifespan, with a range from 62 to 10 d; the results were compared with red cell lifespan derived from simultaneous radiochromium studies (Bentley et al, 1974). A close agreement between the two methods was obtained (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001). To assess the validity of the method in the presence of ineffective erythropoiesis, double isotope studies were also carried out in three patients with megaloblastic anaemia and three with sideroblastic anaemia. Close agreement was again obtained between lifespan measurements obtained from radioiron occupancy data and those derived from radiochromium studies, suggesting that the presence of significant ineffective erythropoiesis does not invalidate the method. The theoretical considerations involved in the application of the radioiron occupancy method to haemolytic states are discussed.", "PMID": 603754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8281", "title": "Drug uptake and ribonucleotide profiles of blast-enriched and blast-depleted human bone marrow cell populations.", "content": "A density cut method was used to prepare two subpopulations of bone marrow cells which were enriched (BE) and depleted (BD) respectively of blast cells. Marrow aspirates were obtained from 32 patients, 26 of whom had acute leukaemia. The uptake of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents by these two subpopulations and the acid-soluble ribonucleotide profiles of the populations were compared and significant differences were found in drug uptake by BE and BD subpopulations. For some drugs such as cytosine arabinoside, uptake was greatest by the BE cells, while for 5-azacytidine the BD subpopulation took up the greatest amount of the drug. The preparation of the BE subpopulation also permitted the recognition of several patients with acute leukaemia whose blast cells possess nondetectable levels of ATP, UTP, and GTP components in their acid-soluble fractions. The studies presented demonstrate the necessity of using purified cell populations when characterizing the drug uptake patterns and the soluble ribonucleotide profiles of the leukaemic cells. A simple method for enriching bone marrow aspirates for leukaemic cells is also presented.", "contents": "Drug uptake and ribonucleotide profiles of blast-enriched and blast-depleted human bone marrow cell populations. A density cut method was used to prepare two subpopulations of bone marrow cells which were enriched (BE) and depleted (BD) respectively of blast cells. Marrow aspirates were obtained from 32 patients, 26 of whom had acute leukaemia. The uptake of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents by these two subpopulations and the acid-soluble ribonucleotide profiles of the populations were compared and significant differences were found in drug uptake by BE and BD subpopulations. For some drugs such as cytosine arabinoside, uptake was greatest by the BE cells, while for 5-azacytidine the BD subpopulation took up the greatest amount of the drug. The preparation of the BE subpopulation also permitted the recognition of several patients with acute leukaemia whose blast cells possess nondetectable levels of ATP, UTP, and GTP components in their acid-soluble fractions. The studies presented demonstrate the necessity of using purified cell populations when characterizing the drug uptake patterns and the soluble ribonucleotide profiles of the leukaemic cells. A simple method for enriching bone marrow aspirates for leukaemic cells is also presented.", "PMID": 603755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8282", "title": "Quantitation of the reticuloendothelial system clearance of soluble fibrin.", "content": "Phagocytosis of particulate fibrin has been previously established as a function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). More recently, reticuloendothelial cells have been shown to bind soluble fibrin/fibrinogen (f/F) complexes in vitro. To quantitate RES clearance vs microthrombus formation, varying doses (0.1-6 mg/kg) of 125I-soluble f/F was injected into rabbits. One hour later the animals were killed, at which time 48 +/- 8% of the 125I f/F had been cleared from the blood. Homogenized organ samples were separated into insoluble pellet, soluble protein bound, and free 125I. Treatment of other samples with plasmin prior to homogenization differentiated the insoluble 125I into RES cleared (intracellular-plasmin resistant) vs microthrombi (plasmin sensitive pellet 125I). 125I-f/F was chiefly found in liver and spleen. Injection of low f/F concentrations resulted in no plasmin sensitive pellet 125I. 3 mg/kg f/F caused small, variable amounts of plasmin sensitive pellet 125I, chiefly in the kidney. With 6 mg/kg, 21-50% of the insoluble 125I in all organs was plasmin sensitive, and occasional 1-2 mm thrombi were found. The data indicate complete and rapid RES clearance of small amounts of soluble f/F from the blood, without microthrombi being formed. The RES was acutely saturated at 1.5-3.0 mg f/F/kg, which is equivalent to immediate conversion to fibrin of 1-2% of the intravascular fibrinogen pool.", "contents": "Quantitation of the reticuloendothelial system clearance of soluble fibrin. Phagocytosis of particulate fibrin has been previously established as a function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). More recently, reticuloendothelial cells have been shown to bind soluble fibrin/fibrinogen (f/F) complexes in vitro. To quantitate RES clearance vs microthrombus formation, varying doses (0.1-6 mg/kg) of 125I-soluble f/F was injected into rabbits. One hour later the animals were killed, at which time 48 +/- 8% of the 125I f/F had been cleared from the blood. Homogenized organ samples were separated into insoluble pellet, soluble protein bound, and free 125I. Treatment of other samples with plasmin prior to homogenization differentiated the insoluble 125I into RES cleared (intracellular-plasmin resistant) vs microthrombi (plasmin sensitive pellet 125I). 125I-f/F was chiefly found in liver and spleen. Injection of low f/F concentrations resulted in no plasmin sensitive pellet 125I. 3 mg/kg f/F caused small, variable amounts of plasmin sensitive pellet 125I, chiefly in the kidney. With 6 mg/kg, 21-50% of the insoluble 125I in all organs was plasmin sensitive, and occasional 1-2 mm thrombi were found. The data indicate complete and rapid RES clearance of small amounts of soluble f/F from the blood, without microthrombi being formed. The RES was acutely saturated at 1.5-3.0 mg f/F/kg, which is equivalent to immediate conversion to fibrin of 1-2% of the intravascular fibrinogen pool.", "PMID": 603756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8283", "title": "Comparison of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025. I. Kinetics of clearance from the circulation of man following intravenous injection.", "content": "A study has been made of a low molecular weight semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025, that may be clinically useful as an antithrombotic agent because of its reported high specificity for antithrombin III. The clearance from the circulation of both heparin and the analogue has been studied in man following intravenous injection. Heparin obeyed almost first order kinetics when assayed using a specific anti-Xa assay and first order kinetics when measured with KCCT. At high concentrations the heparin analogue was cleared with first order kinetics when assayed both with the anti-Xa assay and with KCCT. At low concentrations the analogue produced between one half and two-thirds of the anti-Xa activity of an equal dose of heparin, producing only a small prolongation of KCCT. With increasing dose, the more specific anti-Xa potentiating effect of A73025 decreased because of a flattening of its anti-Xa dose-response curve. These results suggest that the analogue might be useful as an antithrombotic agent when it is used as a prophylactic agent.", "contents": "Comparison of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025. I. Kinetics of clearance from the circulation of man following intravenous injection. A study has been made of a low molecular weight semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025, that may be clinically useful as an antithrombotic agent because of its reported high specificity for antithrombin III. The clearance from the circulation of both heparin and the analogue has been studied in man following intravenous injection. Heparin obeyed almost first order kinetics when assayed using a specific anti-Xa assay and first order kinetics when measured with KCCT. At high concentrations the heparin analogue was cleared with first order kinetics when assayed both with the anti-Xa assay and with KCCT. At low concentrations the analogue produced between one half and two-thirds of the anti-Xa activity of an equal dose of heparin, producing only a small prolongation of KCCT. With increasing dose, the more specific anti-Xa potentiating effect of A73025 decreased because of a flattening of its anti-Xa dose-response curve. These results suggest that the analogue might be useful as an antithrombotic agent when it is used as a prophylactic agent.", "PMID": 603757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8284", "title": "Comparison of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025. II. Some effects on platelet function.", "content": "A comparison has been made of some effects of a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025, and heparin upon platelet function. In several of the in vitro tests performed, such as their potentiating effects on ADP and adrenaline induced aggregation and their effects on the aggregation of washed platelets by activated factor X, heparin proved to be more potent than A73025. Following intravenous injection of twice the quantity of A73025, an equivalent anti-factor Xa activity was obtained, in the agreement with our previous studies. However, it was found that PRP containing heparin and A73025 with comparable anti-Factor Xa acitvity responded differently to the addition of thrombin, as A73025 barely inhibited thrombin induced aggregation. Similarly, A73025 had little effect on the dilute thrombin clotting time of plasma, following intravenous injection. Heparin and A73025 were neutralized to approximately the same degree by a crude PF4 preparation.", "contents": "Comparison of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025. II. Some effects on platelet function. A comparison has been made of some effects of a semi-synthetic heparin analogue, A73025, and heparin upon platelet function. In several of the in vitro tests performed, such as their potentiating effects on ADP and adrenaline induced aggregation and their effects on the aggregation of washed platelets by activated factor X, heparin proved to be more potent than A73025. Following intravenous injection of twice the quantity of A73025, an equivalent anti-factor Xa activity was obtained, in the agreement with our previous studies. However, it was found that PRP containing heparin and A73025 with comparable anti-Factor Xa acitvity responded differently to the addition of thrombin, as A73025 barely inhibited thrombin induced aggregation. Similarly, A73025 had little effect on the dilute thrombin clotting time of plasma, following intravenous injection. Heparin and A73025 were neutralized to approximately the same degree by a crude PF4 preparation.", "PMID": 603758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8285", "title": "Immunological studies in combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency.", "content": "Plasma samples from patients with inherited combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency were examined by immunological methods for the presence of factor V and Factor VIII-related antigens. A factor V-related antigen was consistently demonstrated in all plasma samples by inhibitor neutralization assay using a non-precipitating rabbit antibody. Factor VIII-related antigens were detected by inhibitor neutralization using human antibody and by electroimmunoassay using a precipitating rabbit antibody. The amounts of factor V and factor VIII-related antigens present in the patient's samples were similar to those found in normal human plasma. The findings confirm the presence of normal levels of factor VIII-related antigen in the plasma of these patients and suggest that inactive antigenic determinants of procoagulant factor V and procoagulant factor VIII are also present. The results are consistent with the possibility that a common precursor of porcoagulant factor V and factor VIII is defective in these patients.", "contents": "Immunological studies in combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency. Plasma samples from patients with inherited combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency were examined by immunological methods for the presence of factor V and Factor VIII-related antigens. A factor V-related antigen was consistently demonstrated in all plasma samples by inhibitor neutralization assay using a non-precipitating rabbit antibody. Factor VIII-related antigens were detected by inhibitor neutralization using human antibody and by electroimmunoassay using a precipitating rabbit antibody. The amounts of factor V and factor VIII-related antigens present in the patient's samples were similar to those found in normal human plasma. The findings confirm the presence of normal levels of factor VIII-related antigen in the plasma of these patients and suggest that inactive antigenic determinants of procoagulant factor V and procoagulant factor VIII are also present. The results are consistent with the possibility that a common precursor of porcoagulant factor V and factor VIII is defective in these patients.", "PMID": 603759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8286", "title": "The exchangeable splenic platelet pool in response to selective adrenergic beta-i-receptor blockade.", "content": "The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of selective beta-I-blockade on the exchangeable splenic platelet pool (ESPP). Therefore, 50 mg of metoprolol (a selective beta-I-receptor blocking agent) was given by mouth to three groups of subjects: (1) 15 healthy volunteers, (2) five asplenic subjects, and (3) 10 patients with different myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) with and without splenomegaly. The platelet count was determined 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 min after the ingestion of the drug. In the group of healthy controls a significant increase (P less than 0.005) in the platelet count occurred and amounted to about 10% over baseline. The average peak value was reached at 150 min and the elevation in platelet count was maintained more than 4 h. An increase in the platelet count was also induced in patients with MPD, but the mean for the peak value only reached borderline significance (0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05). In the group of asplenic subjects no change in the platelet count occurred. It is concluded that acute oral administration of metoprolol causes a significant release of platelets from the ESPP. This platelet release is, however, no enhanced if the ESPP is enlarged.", "contents": "The exchangeable splenic platelet pool in response to selective adrenergic beta-i-receptor blockade. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of selective beta-I-blockade on the exchangeable splenic platelet pool (ESPP). Therefore, 50 mg of metoprolol (a selective beta-I-receptor blocking agent) was given by mouth to three groups of subjects: (1) 15 healthy volunteers, (2) five asplenic subjects, and (3) 10 patients with different myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) with and without splenomegaly. The platelet count was determined 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 min after the ingestion of the drug. In the group of healthy controls a significant increase (P less than 0.005) in the platelet count occurred and amounted to about 10% over baseline. The average peak value was reached at 150 min and the elevation in platelet count was maintained more than 4 h. An increase in the platelet count was also induced in patients with MPD, but the mean for the peak value only reached borderline significance (0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05). In the group of asplenic subjects no change in the platelet count occurred. It is concluded that acute oral administration of metoprolol causes a significant release of platelets from the ESPP. This platelet release is, however, no enhanced if the ESPP is enlarged.", "PMID": 603760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8287", "title": "Assay of ristocetin co-factor using fixed platelets and a platelet counting technique.", "content": "A new assay of ristocetin co-factor has been developed which is based on platelet counting using a Coulter Counter. A modified method of washing and fixing platelets has also been devised to provide a suitable platelet preparation which can be used in this assay. These fixed platelets have consistently proved to be satisfactory and have given high levels of maximum percentage aggregation. They have been stored for periods up to 6 months without significant deterioration. The method of platelet counting is simple in operation and sensitive to relatively low levels of platelet aggregation. It is precise and seems to offer distinct advantages over existing methods.", "contents": "Assay of ristocetin co-factor using fixed platelets and a platelet counting technique. A new assay of ristocetin co-factor has been developed which is based on platelet counting using a Coulter Counter. A modified method of washing and fixing platelets has also been devised to provide a suitable platelet preparation which can be used in this assay. These fixed platelets have consistently proved to be satisfactory and have given high levels of maximum percentage aggregation. They have been stored for periods up to 6 months without significant deterioration. The method of platelet counting is simple in operation and sensitive to relatively low levels of platelet aggregation. It is precise and seems to offer distinct advantages over existing methods.", "PMID": 603761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8288", "title": "A sex difference in the platelet count.", "content": "A study of the platelet counts of 868 blood donors aged 18-65 showed a higher mean count in women than in men, the difference in the premenopausal age groups being highly significant (P less than 0.001) and of the order of 40-70 x 10(9)/1. The mean counts of women taking a contraceptive pill did not differ significantly from those who were not.", "contents": "A sex difference in the platelet count. A study of the platelet counts of 868 blood donors aged 18-65 showed a higher mean count in women than in men, the difference in the premenopausal age groups being highly significant (P less than 0.001) and of the order of 40-70 x 10(9)/1. The mean counts of women taking a contraceptive pill did not differ significantly from those who were not.", "PMID": 603762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8289", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human eosinophil cationic protein.", "content": "A radioimmunosorbent assay has been developed which allows the detection in serum of a cationic protein derived from eosinophil granulocytes. In 34 healthy individuals the mean level was 31 microgram/1. with a range of 5-55 microgram/l. The serum concentration of 'eosinophil' cationic protein was correlated (p less than 0.001) to the number of eosinophil granulocytes in peripheral blood. Quantitation of 'eosinophil' cationic protein in serum might be useful in the study of eosinophil granulocyte turnover and function in vivo.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human eosinophil cationic protein. A radioimmunosorbent assay has been developed which allows the detection in serum of a cationic protein derived from eosinophil granulocytes. In 34 healthy individuals the mean level was 31 microgram/1. with a range of 5-55 microgram/l. The serum concentration of 'eosinophil' cationic protein was correlated (p less than 0.001) to the number of eosinophil granulocytes in peripheral blood. Quantitation of 'eosinophil' cationic protein in serum might be useful in the study of eosinophil granulocyte turnover and function in vivo.", "PMID": 603764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8290", "title": "Increased survival of haemopoietic pluripotent stem cells in vitro induced by a marrow fibroblast factor.", "content": "When mouse bone marrow was incubated in medium conditioned by marrow fibroblasts, the survival of pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) was considerably greater than when marrow was incubated in fresh medium. This increase in CFUs survival depended on the age of the marrow fibroblast culture, the initial number of cells in the culture, and the concentration of the conditioned medium. Medium conditioned by fibroblasts from other adult tissues--spleen, bone, and subcutaneous tissue--did not increase CFUs survival, but medium conditioned by embryo bone did. The increase in CFUs survival by marrow-fibroblast-conditioned medium was not accompanied by any change in the total number of nucleated cells of the incubated marrow nor by any comparable increase in the survival of granulopoietic stem cells (CFUc) or erythropoietic stem cells (BFUE). These results indicate that marrow fibroblasts produce a factor that increases the survival of CFUs, which may be involved in the role of marrow stroma in the control of haemopoiesis.", "contents": "Increased survival of haemopoietic pluripotent stem cells in vitro induced by a marrow fibroblast factor. When mouse bone marrow was incubated in medium conditioned by marrow fibroblasts, the survival of pluripotent stem cells (CFUs) was considerably greater than when marrow was incubated in fresh medium. This increase in CFUs survival depended on the age of the marrow fibroblast culture, the initial number of cells in the culture, and the concentration of the conditioned medium. Medium conditioned by fibroblasts from other adult tissues--spleen, bone, and subcutaneous tissue--did not increase CFUs survival, but medium conditioned by embryo bone did. The increase in CFUs survival by marrow-fibroblast-conditioned medium was not accompanied by any change in the total number of nucleated cells of the incubated marrow nor by any comparable increase in the survival of granulopoietic stem cells (CFUc) or erythropoietic stem cells (BFUE). These results indicate that marrow fibroblasts produce a factor that increases the survival of CFUs, which may be involved in the role of marrow stroma in the control of haemopoiesis.", "PMID": 603765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8291", "title": "Kinetics of erythroid and myeloid stem cells in post-hypoxia polycythaemia.", "content": "The number of erythroid burst-(BFU-E) and colony-forming units (CFU-E), as well as of myeloid-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-C), has been evaluated in tibial marrow and spleen of ex-hypoxic polycythaemic mice, at sequential time intervals after the end of hypoxia. In both marrow and spleen, the kinetics of the CFU-E pool is characterized by a sharp fall from above normal to lower than normal values. BFU-E and CFU-C however rise from below normal to higher than normal levels. These results have been correlated with both the erythropoietin (Ep) and the erythropoietic activity curves. It is apparent that Ep levels largely control both the differentiation and the amplification of the CFU-E pool and it is suggested that Ep may act as a 'survival  factor' at the CFU-E level and/or increase the flow of cells from BFU-E to CFU-E. The difference in response between CFU-E and BFU-E favours a clearcut distinction between these populations, whereas the similarity between the BFU-E and CFU-C response suggest a close relationship between these two cell populations. It is also of interest that the murine spleen functions as a large reservoir of erythroid microenvironment for hypoxia-induced stress erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Kinetics of erythroid and myeloid stem cells in post-hypoxia polycythaemia. The number of erythroid burst-(BFU-E) and colony-forming units (CFU-E), as well as of myeloid-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-C), has been evaluated in tibial marrow and spleen of ex-hypoxic polycythaemic mice, at sequential time intervals after the end of hypoxia. In both marrow and spleen, the kinetics of the CFU-E pool is characterized by a sharp fall from above normal to lower than normal values. BFU-E and CFU-C however rise from below normal to higher than normal levels. These results have been correlated with both the erythropoietin (Ep) and the erythropoietic activity curves. It is apparent that Ep levels largely control both the differentiation and the amplification of the CFU-E pool and it is suggested that Ep may act as a 'survival  factor' at the CFU-E level and/or increase the flow of cells from BFU-E to CFU-E. The difference in response between CFU-E and BFU-E favours a clearcut distinction between these populations, whereas the similarity between the BFU-E and CFU-C response suggest a close relationship between these two cell populations. It is also of interest that the murine spleen functions as a large reservoir of erythroid microenvironment for hypoxia-induced stress erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 603766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8292", "title": "Membrane proteins of incubated erythrocytes: effect of sulphydryl inhibition.", "content": "Incubation of erythrocytes with various sulphydryl inhibitors for 24 h leads to an accumulation in isolated membranes of globin as well as an unidentified polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 24 000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Accumulation of both these components does not appear to be directly related to erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate and reduced glutathione levels. The 24 000 molecular weight polypeptide is probably derived from the erythrocyte cytosol, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the non-haemoglobin proteins of the cytosol. Together with globin it forms an integral part of the 'spectrin-actin lattice' of sulphydryl-inhibited erythrocytes, as both these components can be detected, together with spectrin and actin, after extraction of such membranes by Triton X-100. We postulate that this leads to inherent damage and distortion to the membranes of such erythrocytes.", "contents": "Membrane proteins of incubated erythrocytes: effect of sulphydryl inhibition. Incubation of erythrocytes with various sulphydryl inhibitors for 24 h leads to an accumulation in isolated membranes of globin as well as an unidentified polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 24 000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Accumulation of both these components does not appear to be directly related to erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate and reduced glutathione levels. The 24 000 molecular weight polypeptide is probably derived from the erythrocyte cytosol, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the non-haemoglobin proteins of the cytosol. Together with globin it forms an integral part of the 'spectrin-actin lattice' of sulphydryl-inhibited erythrocytes, as both these components can be detected, together with spectrin and actin, after extraction of such membranes by Triton X-100. We postulate that this leads to inherent damage and distortion to the membranes of such erythrocytes.", "PMID": 603767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8293", "title": "Haemolytic anaemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency in a Black South African child.", "content": "Haemolytic anaemia in a Black South African child was found to be associated with reduced glucosephosphate isomerase activity in the red cells. Apart from the haemolytic anaemia, there was no other clinical evidence of dysfunction. Family studies pointed to an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, with the symptomatic homozygous propositus having a marked enzyme deficiency and the asymptomatic heterozygotes showing intermediate levels of activity. Biochemical characterization showed that, apart from being thermolabile, the electrophoretic mobility and the kinetic properites of the variant enzyme were similar to those of the normal wild type.", "contents": "Haemolytic anaemia associated with glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency in a Black South African child. Haemolytic anaemia in a Black South African child was found to be associated with reduced glucosephosphate isomerase activity in the red cells. Apart from the haemolytic anaemia, there was no other clinical evidence of dysfunction. Family studies pointed to an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, with the symptomatic homozygous propositus having a marked enzyme deficiency and the asymptomatic heterozygotes showing intermediate levels of activity. Biochemical characterization showed that, apart from being thermolabile, the electrophoretic mobility and the kinetic properites of the variant enzyme were similar to those of the normal wild type.", "PMID": 603768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8294", "title": "The fragility of normal and abnormal erythrocytes in a controlled hydrodynamic shear field.", "content": "Fresh human erythrocytes (suspended in a compatible isotonic viscous saline medium containing plasma) were disrupted by the uniform shear stresses generated in the laminar flow field of a conventional cone and plate viscometer. A range of normal fragilities was established and blood samples from patients having certain well-defined haematological abnormalities were found to be partially or completely outside these limits. The present technique is sensitive enough to distinguish between young and old cell fractions isolated from the same original population and also appears to be able to resolve discrete sub-populations having different mechanical fragilities within unfractionated samples from certain patients (e.g. macrocytosis). This technique provides additional information which could aid or facilitate diagnosis and might eventually form the basis of a routine screening test in clinical haematology.", "contents": "The fragility of normal and abnormal erythrocytes in a controlled hydrodynamic shear field. Fresh human erythrocytes (suspended in a compatible isotonic viscous saline medium containing plasma) were disrupted by the uniform shear stresses generated in the laminar flow field of a conventional cone and plate viscometer. A range of normal fragilities was established and blood samples from patients having certain well-defined haematological abnormalities were found to be partially or completely outside these limits. The present technique is sensitive enough to distinguish between young and old cell fractions isolated from the same original population and also appears to be able to resolve discrete sub-populations having different mechanical fragilities within unfractionated samples from certain patients (e.g. macrocytosis). This technique provides additional information which could aid or facilitate diagnosis and might eventually form the basis of a routine screening test in clinical haematology.", "PMID": 603769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8295", "title": "The measurement of red cell lifespan using 59Fe.", "content": "Red cell lifespan has been measured using 51Cr and 59Fe in 19 patients. 59Fe can be used to give results which agree closely with those obtained using 51Cr provided that the plasma 59Fe clearance curve is properly defined and the data analysed correctly. In some patients elution of 51Cr may be more than three times the normal level and the use of 59Fe may provide the only reliable estimate of red cell lifespan.", "contents": "The measurement of red cell lifespan using 59Fe. Red cell lifespan has been measured using 51Cr and 59Fe in 19 patients. 59Fe can be used to give results which agree closely with those obtained using 51Cr provided that the plasma 59Fe clearance curve is properly defined and the data analysed correctly. In some patients elution of 51Cr may be more than three times the normal level and the use of 59Fe may provide the only reliable estimate of red cell lifespan.", "PMID": 603770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8296", "title": "Absorption of inorganic and haemoglobin iron in coeliac disease.", "content": "Absorption from a 5 mg dose of iron as Fe++ or haemoglobin iron was studied using a Total Body Counter in control subjects and patients with coeliac disease. In both groups the majority of subjects were iron deficient. Thirteen control subjects, 13 patients with untreated coeliac disease and 14 on treatment with gluten-free diet had both absorption tests. Absorption of Fe++ iron was reduced in untreated coeliac disease. This was particularly significant in iron deficient patients. Absorption was improved on treatment with gluten-free diet; In contrast, the absorption of haemoglobin iron was not affected in coeliac disease, indicating that absorption of iron in this form is not dependent on the integrity of the mucosa of the proximal small bowel.", "contents": "Absorption of inorganic and haemoglobin iron in coeliac disease. Absorption from a 5 mg dose of iron as Fe++ or haemoglobin iron was studied using a Total Body Counter in control subjects and patients with coeliac disease. In both groups the majority of subjects were iron deficient. Thirteen control subjects, 13 patients with untreated coeliac disease and 14 on treatment with gluten-free diet had both absorption tests. Absorption of Fe++ iron was reduced in untreated coeliac disease. This was particularly significant in iron deficient patients. Absorption was improved on treatment with gluten-free diet; In contrast, the absorption of haemoglobin iron was not affected in coeliac disease, indicating that absorption of iron in this form is not dependent on the integrity of the mucosa of the proximal small bowel.", "PMID": 603771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8297", "title": "The histone content of chromatin preparations from leukaemic cells.", "content": "The histone compositions of chromatin preparations obtained from different adult laukaemias were compared and showed differences between myeloid, monoblastic and lymphoblastic types. The differences were observed whether or not the myeloid precursors were mature or blast forms. Mixing experiments revealed that a potent histone protease was present in the myelocyte chromatin fraction which, unlike most histone proteases, appeared not to be inhibited by serine esterase inhibitors. It is concluded that the differences observed in the histone patterns do not reflect the histon composition present in the cell but are created by proteolytic degradation during the isolation procedures. However, these may still provide some help in identifying myeloblasts in undifferentiated leukaemias.", "contents": "The histone content of chromatin preparations from leukaemic cells. The histone compositions of chromatin preparations obtained from different adult laukaemias were compared and showed differences between myeloid, monoblastic and lymphoblastic types. The differences were observed whether or not the myeloid precursors were mature or blast forms. Mixing experiments revealed that a potent histone protease was present in the myelocyte chromatin fraction which, unlike most histone proteases, appeared not to be inhibited by serine esterase inhibitors. It is concluded that the differences observed in the histone patterns do not reflect the histon composition present in the cell but are created by proteolytic degradation during the isolation procedures. However, these may still provide some help in identifying myeloblasts in undifferentiated leukaemias.", "PMID": 603773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8298", "title": "Nuclear labelling of leukaemic blast cells with tritiated thymidine triphosphate in 35 patients with acut leukaemia.", "content": "A new technique which detects the presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA by measuring the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) into nuclei of leukaemic blast cells (LBC) was used in 35 patients with acute leukaemia. The 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) exceeded the fraction in DNA synthesis by a factor 1.4-24.3. The values of 3H-TTP labelling in the bone marrow always exceeded those obtained in the blood. In addition 10 normal bone marrows were studied; here, the 3H-TTP LI either exceeded or equalled the fraction of the proliferative pool in DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Nuclear labelling of leukaemic blast cells with tritiated thymidine triphosphate in 35 patients with acut leukaemia. A new technique which detects the presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA by measuring the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) into nuclei of leukaemic blast cells (LBC) was used in 35 patients with acute leukaemia. The 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) exceeded the fraction in DNA synthesis by a factor 1.4-24.3. The values of 3H-TTP labelling in the bone marrow always exceeded those obtained in the blood. In addition 10 normal bone marrows were studied; here, the 3H-TTP LI either exceeded or equalled the fraction of the proliferative pool in DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 603774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8299", "title": "Erythroid colony forming cells in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The concentration and erythropoietin dependence of erythropoietic progenitor cells (CFU-E) were examined in 13 patients with aplastic anaemia at different stages of their disease. The CFU-E incidence was shown to be quantitatively diminished in aplastic anaemia but tended to recover to normal values if the disease recovered. In addition the CFU-E showed a qualitatively different response to stimulation by erythropoietin, being resistant to low concentrations but responsive to concentrations greater than 0.2 U/ml whereas there was a linear response in the controls up to 0.5 U/ml.", "contents": "Erythroid colony forming cells in aplastic anaemia. The concentration and erythropoietin dependence of erythropoietic progenitor cells (CFU-E) were examined in 13 patients with aplastic anaemia at different stages of their disease. The CFU-E incidence was shown to be quantitatively diminished in aplastic anaemia but tended to recover to normal values if the disease recovered. In addition the CFU-E showed a qualitatively different response to stimulation by erythropoietin, being resistant to low concentrations but responsive to concentrations greater than 0.2 U/ml whereas there was a linear response in the controls up to 0.5 U/ml.", "PMID": 603775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8300", "title": "Cytochemical profile of human haematopoietic biopsy cells and derived cell lines.", "content": "Twenty-three human haematopoietic cell lines, normal and mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumour material from fresh leukaemias, myelomas and lymphomas were investigated with a panel of cytochemical reactions. Normal and mitogen stimulated lymphocytes, non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), lymphoma lines with B-lymphocyte characteristics, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and fresh lymphocytic lymphomas reacted weakly or negatively with all stains. T-lymphocyte acute leukaemia lines were PAS and alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase positive. Myeloma lines and fresh myelomas were strongly beta-glucoronidase positive. A histiocytic lymphoma cell line was strongly esterase positive with naphtol AS-D acetate esterase inhibited by NaF. The three fresh histiocytic lymphomas, however, reacted as the lymphocytic lymphomas suggesting a lymphoid origin. A myeloid leukaemia line was strongly positive for acid phsophatase. No major disagreement was noted between the reactivity of established neoplastic lines and the corresponding fresh biopsy cells indicating an unaltered qualitative expression of enzyme production after prolonged in vitro culture.", "contents": "Cytochemical profile of human haematopoietic biopsy cells and derived cell lines. Twenty-three human haematopoietic cell lines, normal and mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumour material from fresh leukaemias, myelomas and lymphomas were investigated with a panel of cytochemical reactions. Normal and mitogen stimulated lymphocytes, non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), lymphoma lines with B-lymphocyte characteristics, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and fresh lymphocytic lymphomas reacted weakly or negatively with all stains. T-lymphocyte acute leukaemia lines were PAS and alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase positive. Myeloma lines and fresh myelomas were strongly beta-glucoronidase positive. A histiocytic lymphoma cell line was strongly esterase positive with naphtol AS-D acetate esterase inhibited by NaF. The three fresh histiocytic lymphomas, however, reacted as the lymphocytic lymphomas suggesting a lymphoid origin. A myeloid leukaemia line was strongly positive for acid phsophatase. No major disagreement was noted between the reactivity of established neoplastic lines and the corresponding fresh biopsy cells indicating an unaltered qualitative expression of enzyme production after prolonged in vitro culture.", "PMID": 603776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8301", "title": "Ferritin in human liver cells of homozygous beta-thalassaemia: ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Homozygous beta-thalassaemia is a disease in which there is a progressive iron overload from infancy to death in early adulthood. Liver biopsies from 10 patients in various stages of this disease were examined by electron microscopy. A number of round or oval lysosomal structures, containing lamellae different from myelin figures, were seen in all patients, including those with minimal iron overload. Ferritin molecules were seen either in relationship with the lamellae forming arrays, or in paracrystalline arrangement, or with no organized form. There were practically no ferritin molecules in sub-cellular compartments other than cell sap and lysosomes. The density of cell sap ferritin was constant beyond infancy, but the number of iron-laden lysosomes increased with age. The stages in the process of iron seclusion, seen even in advanced phases of iron overload, are described. Ferritin is thought to accumulate in lysosomes by a transmembraneous movement, but other explanations are considered.", "contents": "Ferritin in human liver cells of homozygous beta-thalassaemia: ultrastructural observations. Homozygous beta-thalassaemia is a disease in which there is a progressive iron overload from infancy to death in early adulthood. Liver biopsies from 10 patients in various stages of this disease were examined by electron microscopy. A number of round or oval lysosomal structures, containing lamellae different from myelin figures, were seen in all patients, including those with minimal iron overload. Ferritin molecules were seen either in relationship with the lamellae forming arrays, or in paracrystalline arrangement, or with no organized form. There were practically no ferritin molecules in sub-cellular compartments other than cell sap and lysosomes. The density of cell sap ferritin was constant beyond infancy, but the number of iron-laden lysosomes increased with age. The stages in the process of iron seclusion, seen even in advanced phases of iron overload, are described. Ferritin is thought to accumulate in lysosomes by a transmembraneous movement, but other explanations are considered.", "PMID": 603778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8302", "title": "Inhibition of platelet function with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid.", "content": "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) inhibits the second wave of platelet aggregation release of serotonin, and malonaldehyde production. The effect is concentration dependent and reversible in vitro and in vivo. 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation induced in vitro with 70 micron adrenaline was obtained with 1.5 mM 2,3-DHB. Malonaldehyde production was inhibited by 50% with 0.4 mM 2,3-DHB. Serotonin release was 50% inhibited by 50% with 0.08 mm 2,3-DHB. Neither desferrioxamine nor various benzoic acid derivatives with iron-chelating properties showed the effect. Only benzoic acid derivatives with the potential to terminate free radical reactions through the formation of an ortho- or paraquinone structure inhibit the second wave of platelet aggregation. These studies support the concept that the second wave of platelet aggregation is mediated through free radical reactions.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet function with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB) inhibits the second wave of platelet aggregation release of serotonin, and malonaldehyde production. The effect is concentration dependent and reversible in vitro and in vivo. 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation induced in vitro with 70 micron adrenaline was obtained with 1.5 mM 2,3-DHB. Malonaldehyde production was inhibited by 50% with 0.4 mM 2,3-DHB. Serotonin release was 50% inhibited by 50% with 0.08 mm 2,3-DHB. Neither desferrioxamine nor various benzoic acid derivatives with iron-chelating properties showed the effect. Only benzoic acid derivatives with the potential to terminate free radical reactions through the formation of an ortho- or paraquinone structure inhibit the second wave of platelet aggregation. These studies support the concept that the second wave of platelet aggregation is mediated through free radical reactions.", "PMID": 603780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8303", "title": "C-scan ultrasonography in orbital diagnosis.", "content": "A C-scan imaging facility has recently been added to the ultrasonic system in use at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. The technique is explained and typical C-scans are presented to demonstrate the normal orbital fat and optic nerve, together with selected pathological conditions in the orbit. The C-scan facility permits imaging of the orbital contents in the coronal plane. This coronal plane imaging, together with high resolution and sensitivity, makes this a useful technique for demonstrating orbital lesions and it is hoped helps in the accurate measurement of the diameters of the optic nerve along its length. The problems associated with C-scanning are discussed.", "contents": "C-scan ultrasonography in orbital diagnosis. A C-scan imaging facility has recently been added to the ultrasonic system in use at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. The technique is explained and typical C-scans are presented to demonstrate the normal orbital fat and optic nerve, together with selected pathological conditions in the orbit. The C-scan facility permits imaging of the orbital contents in the coronal plane. This coronal plane imaging, together with high resolution and sensitivity, makes this a useful technique for demonstrating orbital lesions and it is hoped helps in the accurate measurement of the diameters of the optic nerve along its length. The problems associated with C-scanning are discussed.", "PMID": 603781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8304", "title": "Complicated retinal detachment and its management with pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Fifty patients with retinal detachment accompanied by vitreous haemorrhage, perforating eye injuries, intraocular foreign bodies, massive preretinal retraction,.giant tears greater than 180 degrees, and proliferative retinopathies underwent pars plana vitrectomy, cryocoagulation, scleral buckling, and intravitreal gas injection. Intraoperative complications included minimal to moderate bleeding and iatrogenic retinal tears, but no retinal dialysis was produced at the pars plana sclerotomy site. Postoperative complications included recurrent vitreous haemorrhage, rubeosis, haemolytic, erythroclastic, or neovascular glaucoma, transient increase of intraocular pressure, uveitis, and macular pucker. Phthisis bulbi occurred in 6 eyes; in 3 of these eyes enucleation was required. Successful reattachment was accomplished in 56% of these complicated retinal detachments, most of which had been considered inoperable by conventional techniques. Visual improvement was achieved in 46% of eyes. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 29 months.", "contents": "Complicated retinal detachment and its management with pars plana vitrectomy. Fifty patients with retinal detachment accompanied by vitreous haemorrhage, perforating eye injuries, intraocular foreign bodies, massive preretinal retraction,.giant tears greater than 180 degrees, and proliferative retinopathies underwent pars plana vitrectomy, cryocoagulation, scleral buckling, and intravitreal gas injection. Intraoperative complications included minimal to moderate bleeding and iatrogenic retinal tears, but no retinal dialysis was produced at the pars plana sclerotomy site. Postoperative complications included recurrent vitreous haemorrhage, rubeosis, haemolytic, erythroclastic, or neovascular glaucoma, transient increase of intraocular pressure, uveitis, and macular pucker. Phthisis bulbi occurred in 6 eyes; in 3 of these eyes enucleation was required. Successful reattachment was accomplished in 56% of these complicated retinal detachments, most of which had been considered inoperable by conventional techniques. Visual improvement was achieved in 46% of eyes. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 29 months.", "PMID": 603782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8305", "title": "Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease.", "content": "The association of keratoconus and atopic disease has been reported on several occasions but the only controlled clinical study that has so far been published found no evidence to support this view. Since it is now known that atopy is often associated with changes in various immunoglobulins, particularly IgE, it was considered desirable to determine the immunological profiles of a large series of keratoconus cases in order to seek evidence for coexistence of the two conditions in one individual. In this study of 182 cases of keratoconus a definite history of atopy was found in 35% compared with 12% in the matched control group. The serum IgE was significantly raised (P less than 0.001) in keratoconus and markedly so in those cases with associated atopic disease. Serum levels of IgG and IgM were also raised, but contrary to the findings of other observers IgA levels were normal. These findings suggest that atopic traits are more common in patients with keratoconus than in general ophthalmic patients.", "contents": "Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease. The association of keratoconus and atopic disease has been reported on several occasions but the only controlled clinical study that has so far been published found no evidence to support this view. Since it is now known that atopy is often associated with changes in various immunoglobulins, particularly IgE, it was considered desirable to determine the immunological profiles of a large series of keratoconus cases in order to seek evidence for coexistence of the two conditions in one individual. In this study of 182 cases of keratoconus a definite history of atopy was found in 35% compared with 12% in the matched control group. The serum IgE was significantly raised (P less than 0.001) in keratoconus and markedly so in those cases with associated atopic disease. Serum levels of IgG and IgM were also raised, but contrary to the findings of other observers IgA levels were normal. These findings suggest that atopic traits are more common in patients with keratoconus than in general ophthalmic patients.", "PMID": 603783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8306", "title": "On the relationship between strabismic amblyopia and eccentric fixation.", "content": "Landolt C and grating acuity are compared with that normally expected of the eccentric fixation region for 10 strabismic amblyopes. The findings suggest that 2 populations of amblyopes exist. For some amblyopes visual function is that predicted of the eccentric region used for fixation, whereas for other amblyopes there is a further pathological reduction in visual function. These findings may have an important bearing on the type of orthoptic treatment used for amblyopia.", "contents": "On the relationship between strabismic amblyopia and eccentric fixation. Landolt C and grating acuity are compared with that normally expected of the eccentric fixation region for 10 strabismic amblyopes. The findings suggest that 2 populations of amblyopes exist. For some amblyopes visual function is that predicted of the eccentric region used for fixation, whereas for other amblyopes there is a further pathological reduction in visual function. These findings may have an important bearing on the type of orthoptic treatment used for amblyopia.", "PMID": 603784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8307", "title": "Gaze failure, drifting eye movements, and centripetal nystagmus in cerebellar disease.", "content": "Three abnormalities of eye movement in man are described which are indicative of cerebellar system disorder, namely, centripetally beating nystagmus, failure to maintain lateral gaze either in darkness or with eye closure, and slow drifting movements of the eyes in the absence of fixation. Similar eye movement signs follow cerebellectomy in the primate and the cat. These abnormalities of eye movement, together with other signs of cerebellar disease, such as rebound alternating, and gaze paretic nystagmus, are explained by the hypothesis that the cerebellum helps to maintain lateral gaze and that brain stem mechanisms which monitor gaze position generate compensatory biases in the absence of normal cerebellar function.", "contents": "Gaze failure, drifting eye movements, and centripetal nystagmus in cerebellar disease. Three abnormalities of eye movement in man are described which are indicative of cerebellar system disorder, namely, centripetally beating nystagmus, failure to maintain lateral gaze either in darkness or with eye closure, and slow drifting movements of the eyes in the absence of fixation. Similar eye movement signs follow cerebellectomy in the primate and the cat. These abnormalities of eye movement, together with other signs of cerebellar disease, such as rebound alternating, and gaze paretic nystagmus, are explained by the hypothesis that the cerebellum helps to maintain lateral gaze and that brain stem mechanisms which monitor gaze position generate compensatory biases in the absence of normal cerebellar function.", "PMID": 603785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8308", "title": "Anterior segment surgery early after corneal wound repair.", "content": "Penetrating wounds of the cornea require immediate repair, generally within 24 hours. Tight closure of the wound and a reformed anterior chamber are the primary goals of surgery. However, there is no guarantee that further surgery will not be required for maintaining the healthy function of the anterior segment. At the second operation the effect of the procedure on the previously repaired wound is of prime importance, since in many cases the operation needs to be done before corneal healing is completed. In our series the lens, which was either partially or completely cataractous at the initial operation, became intumescent at different times afterwards, and an immediate removal was necessary. No change in the preoperative wound sealing or transparency of the cornea could be detected after lens surgery performed between 24 hours and 21 days from the initial corneal repair.", "contents": "Anterior segment surgery early after corneal wound repair. Penetrating wounds of the cornea require immediate repair, generally within 24 hours. Tight closure of the wound and a reformed anterior chamber are the primary goals of surgery. However, there is no guarantee that further surgery will not be required for maintaining the healthy function of the anterior segment. At the second operation the effect of the procedure on the previously repaired wound is of prime importance, since in many cases the operation needs to be done before corneal healing is completed. In our series the lens, which was either partially or completely cataractous at the initial operation, became intumescent at different times afterwards, and an immediate removal was necessary. No change in the preoperative wound sealing or transparency of the cornea could be detected after lens surgery performed between 24 hours and 21 days from the initial corneal repair.", "PMID": 603786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8309", "title": "An improved method for DNA alkaline gradient analysis and its application to the effect of carcinogens on mouse liver DNA.", "content": "An alkaline sodium iodide density gradient technique is described, for use in sedimentation rate centrifugation studies of in vivo induction of single strand breaks in DNA. The combination of this type of gradient with a sensitive fluorometric DNA estimation makes it possible to analyze very small amounts of DNA without any need for labeling the nucleic acid with radioactive thymidine.", "contents": "An improved method for DNA alkaline gradient analysis and its application to the effect of carcinogens on mouse liver DNA. An alkaline sodium iodide density gradient technique is described, for use in sedimentation rate centrifugation studies of in vivo induction of single strand breaks in DNA. The combination of this type of gradient with a sensitive fluorometric DNA estimation makes it possible to analyze very small amounts of DNA without any need for labeling the nucleic acid with radioactive thymidine.", "PMID": 603788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8310", "title": "Quantitative variation of a 60S ribosomal protein during growth of the fungus Podospora anserina.", "content": "During the growth phase, in the fungus Podospora anserina, a variation is observed in the composition of the ribosomal proteins. A protein of the 60S subunit which is absent in the ribosomes from 2 days old cultures becomes gradully more abundant as the culture time is prolonged.", "contents": "Quantitative variation of a 60S ribosomal protein during growth of the fungus Podospora anserina. During the growth phase, in the fungus Podospora anserina, a variation is observed in the composition of the ribosomal proteins. A protein of the 60S subunit which is absent in the ribosomes from 2 days old cultures becomes gradully more abundant as the culture time is prolonged.", "PMID": 603789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8311", "title": "Myelin consists of a continuum of particles of different density with varying lipid composition: major differences are found between normal mice and quaking mutants.", "content": "Mouse brain myelin consists of a continuum of particles of different densities, as shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In normal animals most of the material (65 per cent) is concentrated between 0.6 and 0.7 M sucrose (the maximum being found at 0.66 M sucrose, corresponding to 23 per cent). The density differences among various myelin fractions are related to their protein/lipid ratios, as lighter fractions contain less protein and more lipid. Lipid analysis shows a decrease in the amount of every lipid from the lightest to the heaviest fraction: the light fraction is richer in phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidyl-serine and cerebrosides. The distribution is highly abnormal in purified myelin from Quaking mutant ; very low quantities of myelin with normal density are found, but unexpected large amount of high density particles are found, possibly related to a \"pre-myelin\" material (oligodendrogial) processes which are not maturing into normal myelin).", "contents": "Myelin consists of a continuum of particles of different density with varying lipid composition: major differences are found between normal mice and quaking mutants. Mouse brain myelin consists of a continuum of particles of different densities, as shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In normal animals most of the material (65 per cent) is concentrated between 0.6 and 0.7 M sucrose (the maximum being found at 0.66 M sucrose, corresponding to 23 per cent). The density differences among various myelin fractions are related to their protein/lipid ratios, as lighter fractions contain less protein and more lipid. Lipid analysis shows a decrease in the amount of every lipid from the lightest to the heaviest fraction: the light fraction is richer in phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidyl-serine and cerebrosides. The distribution is highly abnormal in purified myelin from Quaking mutant ; very low quantities of myelin with normal density are found, but unexpected large amount of high density particles are found, possibly related to a \"pre-myelin\" material (oligodendrogial) processes which are not maturing into normal myelin).", "PMID": 603790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8312", "title": "Bovine follitropin. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits.", "content": "1) A reproducible procedure was developed for the purification of bovine follitropin. 2) The method involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption chromatography, concanacaline-A-Sepharose chromatography and gel filtration. 3) A specific radioligand receptor assay was used to monitor each chromatographical step. 4) The potency of highly purified bovine follitropin as measured by Steelman and Pohley bioassay was 62 times the NIH-FSH-B1 standard preparation. 5) Contaminations of bovine follitropin by other glycoprotein hormones such as thyrotropin and lutropin amounted to 3 and 0.45 per cent by weight respectively as measured by specific radioimmunoassays and radioligand receptor assays. 6) The subunits alpha and beta of bovine follitropin were obtained by incubation in acidic urea, the chains being then separated by anion exchange chromatography. The subunits were subjitted to complete characterization. The amino-terminal residue of the alpha subunit is phenylalanine while a half cystine residue was found at the aminoterminal end of the beta chain. 8) Cross-contamination of the alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassays and amounted to 0.02 and 0.1 per cent by weight respectively.", "contents": "Bovine follitropin. Isolation and characterization of the native hormone and its alpha and beta subunits. 1) A reproducible procedure was developed for the purification of bovine follitropin. 2) The method involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption chromatography, concanacaline-A-Sepharose chromatography and gel filtration. 3) A specific radioligand receptor assay was used to monitor each chromatographical step. 4) The potency of highly purified bovine follitropin as measured by Steelman and Pohley bioassay was 62 times the NIH-FSH-B1 standard preparation. 5) Contaminations of bovine follitropin by other glycoprotein hormones such as thyrotropin and lutropin amounted to 3 and 0.45 per cent by weight respectively as measured by specific radioimmunoassays and radioligand receptor assays. 6) The subunits alpha and beta of bovine follitropin were obtained by incubation in acidic urea, the chains being then separated by anion exchange chromatography. The subunits were subjitted to complete characterization. The amino-terminal residue of the alpha subunit is phenylalanine while a half cystine residue was found at the aminoterminal end of the beta chain. 8) Cross-contamination of the alpha and beta subunit preparations was measured by specific radioimmunoassays and amounted to 0.02 and 0.1 per cent by weight respectively.", "PMID": 603791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8313", "title": "[Estrogens and cell multiplication in the adenohypophysis of the male rat: in vivo and in vitro studies].", "content": "A single dose (1 microgram) of oestradiol sub-cutaneously injected to an immature male rat promotes a transitory increase of the pituitary mitotic activity, the maximum of which is reached between 32 and 48 hours ; the observed fluctuations are similar to those previously described for the thymidine kinase activity. In these conditions, the concentration of blood prolactin remains unaltered, as were those of LH and FSH. It follows that hyperplasy of the pituitary can be quickly induced by doses of oestrogen that do not affect significantly the hormone release. Using Moxestrol, a synthetic oestrogen not bound by the oestradiol plasma binding protein, we show that in the very young rat, the in vivo responsiveness of the pituitary increases and reaches its maximum by day 17. This results can be tentatively related to the ontogeny of the oestradiol receptors in the pituitary described by others ; all our attempts to induce the thymidine kinase in cultured glands remained unsuccessful.", "contents": "[Estrogens and cell multiplication in the adenohypophysis of the male rat: in vivo and in vitro studies]. A single dose (1 microgram) of oestradiol sub-cutaneously injected to an immature male rat promotes a transitory increase of the pituitary mitotic activity, the maximum of which is reached between 32 and 48 hours ; the observed fluctuations are similar to those previously described for the thymidine kinase activity. In these conditions, the concentration of blood prolactin remains unaltered, as were those of LH and FSH. It follows that hyperplasy of the pituitary can be quickly induced by doses of oestrogen that do not affect significantly the hormone release. Using Moxestrol, a synthetic oestrogen not bound by the oestradiol plasma binding protein, we show that in the very young rat, the in vivo responsiveness of the pituitary increases and reaches its maximum by day 17. This results can be tentatively related to the ontogeny of the oestradiol receptors in the pituitary described by others ; all our attempts to induce the thymidine kinase in cultured glands remained unsuccessful.", "PMID": 603794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8314", "title": "Changes of serum gonadotropin concentrations in premature babies submitted to phototherapy.", "content": "In order to determine if phototherapy was influencing any change in plasma gonadotropin levels, we have compared a group of 8 premature infants (4 males and 4 females) who have been treated with phototherapy because of jaundice, to a control group of 6 premature infants who did not require phototherapy. During the third and fourth week of life, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folicule stimulating hormone (FSH), increased simultaneously in a significant range in phototherapy treated females. In the group of treated males, LH but not FSH increased significantly. Constant phototherapy and/or the sudden stopping of the treatment in the jaundiced premature newborn female is responsible for a marked and transient elevation of gonadotropins. A clear mechanism of the observed phenomenon with pathways including the retina, pineal gland and hypothalamus, is not apparent.", "contents": "Changes of serum gonadotropin concentrations in premature babies submitted to phototherapy. In order to determine if phototherapy was influencing any change in plasma gonadotropin levels, we have compared a group of 8 premature infants (4 males and 4 females) who have been treated with phototherapy because of jaundice, to a control group of 6 premature infants who did not require phototherapy. During the third and fourth week of life, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folicule stimulating hormone (FSH), increased simultaneously in a significant range in phototherapy treated females. In the group of treated males, LH but not FSH increased significantly. Constant phototherapy and/or the sudden stopping of the treatment in the jaundiced premature newborn female is responsible for a marked and transient elevation of gonadotropins. A clear mechanism of the observed phenomenon with pathways including the retina, pineal gland and hypothalamus, is not apparent.", "PMID": 603795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8315", "title": "Postnatal development of cardiac output distribution measured by radioactive microspheres in rats.", "content": "Distribution of cardiac output was measured in rats, 9, 18, 25, 42 and 64 days old, by means of 85Sr-labelled microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter. The fractions of the cardiac output supplying the heart, lungs, cerebrum, hindbrain, kidney, liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bones and muscles of the hindlegs and skin were estimated. The values obtained were further related to the relative weights of the respective organs. The distribution of cardiac output changed with age, the changes being most pronounced in the brain, kidney and small intestine.", "contents": "Postnatal development of cardiac output distribution measured by radioactive microspheres in rats. Distribution of cardiac output was measured in rats, 9, 18, 25, 42 and 64 days old, by means of 85Sr-labelled microspheres 15 micrometer in diameter. The fractions of the cardiac output supplying the heart, lungs, cerebrum, hindbrain, kidney, liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bones and muscles of the hindlegs and skin were estimated. The values obtained were further related to the relative weights of the respective organs. The distribution of cardiac output changed with age, the changes being most pronounced in the brain, kidney and small intestine.", "PMID": 603796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8316", "title": "Maternal-fetal relationships in corticosteroid metabolism.", "content": "Corticosterone in fetal mouse tissues after injection of mothers with 14C-corticosterone was determined by acetylation with 3H-acetic anhydride and cocrystallization to constant specific activity. The corticosterone content of whole fetal tissue varied between gestational days 13 and 17 from 641 to 300 ng/g. Specific activity of fetal hormone remained essentially constant; after a 15-min pulse this was as much as one-quarter that of maternal hormone. Placenta, head and liver showed distinctly different patterns which changed during this time, with a decrease in conversion of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone. A sharp increase occurred in the activity of fetal liver 11beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP oxidoreductase activity. This mitochondrial enzyme, pH optimum 6, KM = 33 micrometer, reduced the metabolite, raising the relative amount of corticosterone in the fetus from 16 to 91%. 1 day after removal of maternal adrenals both maternal and fetal corticosterone were normal, indicating ability of fetal adrenals to function. Maternal corticosterone, however, crossed the placenta readily and it is considered likely that, normally, the maternal hormone predominates. Regardless of origin, corticosterone is maintained by enzymatic conversion in a distinct manner in different tissues.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal relationships in corticosteroid metabolism. Corticosterone in fetal mouse tissues after injection of mothers with 14C-corticosterone was determined by acetylation with 3H-acetic anhydride and cocrystallization to constant specific activity. The corticosterone content of whole fetal tissue varied between gestational days 13 and 17 from 641 to 300 ng/g. Specific activity of fetal hormone remained essentially constant; after a 15-min pulse this was as much as one-quarter that of maternal hormone. Placenta, head and liver showed distinctly different patterns which changed during this time, with a decrease in conversion of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone. A sharp increase occurred in the activity of fetal liver 11beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP oxidoreductase activity. This mitochondrial enzyme, pH optimum 6, KM = 33 micrometer, reduced the metabolite, raising the relative amount of corticosterone in the fetus from 16 to 91%. 1 day after removal of maternal adrenals both maternal and fetal corticosterone were normal, indicating ability of fetal adrenals to function. Maternal corticosterone, however, crossed the placenta readily and it is considered likely that, normally, the maternal hormone predominates. Regardless of origin, corticosterone is maintained by enzymatic conversion in a distinct manner in different tissues.", "PMID": 603797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8317", "title": "Caffeine pharmacokinetics in young and adult dogs.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of caffeine were studied in young (age: 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 30-45 days) and adult dogs following a single intravenous dose of 50 mg/kg. Mean (+/-SE) plasma elimination half life (T1/2) was 47.5 (+/-5.35) h in 1-day-old puppies, as opposed to 6.66(+/-0.85) h in adult dogs. A rapid decrease in plasma T1/2 values occurred during the first 2 weeks of life. At about 14 days of age caffeine plasma T1/2 was similar to that of adults. The volume of distribution was greatest (0.94+/- 0.03 liters/kg) and the total body clearance was smaller (2.81 +/- 0.73 liters/kg/min X 10(-4)) in the 1-day-old animals. The much smaller body clearance of caffeine in the newborn as compared to the adult dog could be due to a lower rate of metabolism and/or renal excretion of this drug in the young.", "contents": "Caffeine pharmacokinetics in young and adult dogs. The pharmacokinetics of caffeine were studied in young (age: 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 30-45 days) and adult dogs following a single intravenous dose of 50 mg/kg. Mean (+/-SE) plasma elimination half life (T1/2) was 47.5 (+/-5.35) h in 1-day-old puppies, as opposed to 6.66(+/-0.85) h in adult dogs. A rapid decrease in plasma T1/2 values occurred during the first 2 weeks of life. At about 14 days of age caffeine plasma T1/2 was similar to that of adults. The volume of distribution was greatest (0.94+/- 0.03 liters/kg) and the total body clearance was smaller (2.81 +/- 0.73 liters/kg/min X 10(-4)) in the 1-day-old animals. The much smaller body clearance of caffeine in the newborn as compared to the adult dog could be due to a lower rate of metabolism and/or renal excretion of this drug in the young.", "PMID": 603798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8318", "title": "Noradrenaline appearance in guinea pig brown adipose tissue. Its significance in neonatal nonshivering thermogenesis.", "content": "A rapid growth of the guinea pig brown adipose tissue occurred during the last third of fetal life. Endogenous noradrenaline was measurable was measurable from day 55 of gestation and rose until birth. The maximal noradrenaline concentration was achieved on the first day of extrauterine life and remained constant during the postnatal period. So, noradrenaline was present in brown adipose tissue at birth and could mediate the neonatal nonshivering thermogenesis activation as suggested in the discussion.", "contents": "Noradrenaline appearance in guinea pig brown adipose tissue. Its significance in neonatal nonshivering thermogenesis. A rapid growth of the guinea pig brown adipose tissue occurred during the last third of fetal life. Endogenous noradrenaline was measurable was measurable from day 55 of gestation and rose until birth. The maximal noradrenaline concentration was achieved on the first day of extrauterine life and remained constant during the postnatal period. So, noradrenaline was present in brown adipose tissue at birth and could mediate the neonatal nonshivering thermogenesis activation as suggested in the discussion.", "PMID": 603799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8319", "title": "Superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation of the rat liver during development.", "content": "The present work was an attempt to understand the effects of oxygen toxicity in the early neonatal period and was performed using rat liver homogenate and mitochondria as examples of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation. SOD activity of the liver was extremely low during the fetal period and approximately the 5th day after birth. However, a rapid increase in the level of activity was observed from about the 10th day after birth. By the 20th day, this had reached 88% of the level in the adult rat. Peroxidated lipids, in an inverse relation to SOD activity, occurred at high levels during the fetal and early neonatal period, but rapidly decreased after the 10th day. It can be considered, therefore, that protection against oxygen toxicity is inadequate in such rat livers during the fetal and early neonatal periods, but that it is well established by the 10th day after birth.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation of the rat liver during development. The present work was an attempt to understand the effects of oxygen toxicity in the early neonatal period and was performed using rat liver homogenate and mitochondria as examples of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation. SOD activity of the liver was extremely low during the fetal period and approximately the 5th day after birth. However, a rapid increase in the level of activity was observed from about the 10th day after birth. By the 20th day, this had reached 88% of the level in the adult rat. Peroxidated lipids, in an inverse relation to SOD activity, occurred at high levels during the fetal and early neonatal period, but rapidly decreased after the 10th day. It can be considered, therefore, that protection against oxygen toxicity is inadequate in such rat livers during the fetal and early neonatal periods, but that it is well established by the 10th day after birth.", "PMID": 603800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8320", "title": "Rodent brain growth stages: an analytical review.", "content": "Study of data in the literature on rat and mouse brain growth from birth to weaning reveals a stagewise growth in average brain weight. Rapid growth occurs in the intervals between days 0-6, 8-12, and 17-23 after birth. Slow growth periods then lie in the intervals 6-8, 12-17, and after 23 days. The first slow growth period is signalled by events occurring at its end: substantial acceleration of synthesis of RNA, DNA, protein, and myelin. The second slow growth period is characterized by at least a 3-day interval during which there is very little increase in average brain weight compared with what occurs just before and just after that period; the correlation among 12 studies is highly significant. Implications are discussed for cross-species' extrapolation of findings about brain development.", "contents": "Rodent brain growth stages: an analytical review. Study of data in the literature on rat and mouse brain growth from birth to weaning reveals a stagewise growth in average brain weight. Rapid growth occurs in the intervals between days 0-6, 8-12, and 17-23 after birth. Slow growth periods then lie in the intervals 6-8, 12-17, and after 23 days. The first slow growth period is signalled by events occurring at its end: substantial acceleration of synthesis of RNA, DNA, protein, and myelin. The second slow growth period is characterized by at least a 3-day interval during which there is very little increase in average brain weight compared with what occurs just before and just after that period; the correlation among 12 studies is highly significant. Implications are discussed for cross-species' extrapolation of findings about brain development.", "PMID": 603801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8321", "title": "Skin barrier properties in the newborn. Transepidermal water loss and carbon dioxide emission rates.", "content": "Relative permeabilities of newborn and adult skin to small molecules were determined by measuring emission of carbon dioxide and water vapor through skin. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured on the forearm of 22 term infants was lower than that observed in 30 control adults (0.31 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.15 mg/cm2/h). There was no significant difference between newborn carbon dioxide emission rates (CDER) and adults CDER. When environmental temperature was raised from 74 to 80 derees F, large dramatic increases in adult TEWL were observed in contrast to small increases in newborns. This phenomenon suggests diminished eccrine activity in the newborn. No correlation of TEWL or CDER with respect to birth weight, sex, age or gestational age was observed. Similar permeability to carbon dioxide in neonates and adults and a decreased TEWL in neonates compared to adults suggest that even at birth the skin functions as an efficient barrier to these molecules, penetration rates, in adults, of other polar compounds should be similar to those in neonates.", "contents": "Skin barrier properties in the newborn. Transepidermal water loss and carbon dioxide emission rates. Relative permeabilities of newborn and adult skin to small molecules were determined by measuring emission of carbon dioxide and water vapor through skin. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured on the forearm of 22 term infants was lower than that observed in 30 control adults (0.31 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.15 mg/cm2/h). There was no significant difference between newborn carbon dioxide emission rates (CDER) and adults CDER. When environmental temperature was raised from 74 to 80 derees F, large dramatic increases in adult TEWL were observed in contrast to small increases in newborns. This phenomenon suggests diminished eccrine activity in the newborn. No correlation of TEWL or CDER with respect to birth weight, sex, age or gestational age was observed. Similar permeability to carbon dioxide in neonates and adults and a decreased TEWL in neonates compared to adults suggest that even at birth the skin functions as an efficient barrier to these molecules, penetration rates, in adults, of other polar compounds should be similar to those in neonates.", "PMID": 603802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8322", "title": "Placental abnormalities in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Placentas from 79 victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with placentas from 30,640 controls who survived in a search for evidences of infections or other disorders that might have damaged the SIDS victims before birth. Placentas from the SIDS victims had an increased frequency of acute funisitis, acute chorioamnionitis, lymphocytic infiltration of the decidua and macrophages in the fetal membranes. The acute funisitis and chorioamnionitis were associated with preterm deliveries and were probably related to amniotic fluid bacterial infections which are a common cause of premature delivery.", "contents": "Placental abnormalities in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Placentas from 79 victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with placentas from 30,640 controls who survived in a search for evidences of infections or other disorders that might have damaged the SIDS victims before birth. Placentas from the SIDS victims had an increased frequency of acute funisitis, acute chorioamnionitis, lymphocytic infiltration of the decidua and macrophages in the fetal membranes. The acute funisitis and chorioamnionitis were associated with preterm deliveries and were probably related to amniotic fluid bacterial infections which are a common cause of premature delivery.", "PMID": 603803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8323", "title": "Oxypurine excretion in normal newborn infants.", "content": "Hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, 6-hydroxypurine, 2,6-hydroxypurine and 2,6,8-hydroxypurine, respectively, are the catabolic products of purine-containing compounds in the human body. Each of the compounds was determined, by enzymatic spectrophotometry, in the 24-hour urine samples of 23 newborn infants. The hypoxanthine excretions on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days were 1.1 (0.7-1.6), 0.9 (0.1-1.4) and 0.7 (0.1-1.5) mumol/24 h/kg body weight. The xanthine excretion in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days was: 0.5 (0.3-1.2), 0.6 (0.3-2.0) and 1.2 (0.4-1.9) mumol/24 h/kg body weight. The uric acid excretion in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days was: 61 (33-150), 61 (20-142) and 76 (40-127) mumol/24 h/kg. All the values are given as median and 10% percentiles. The hypoxanthine excretion decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) and the xanthine increased correspondingly throughout the 3 days (p less than 0.05). The excretion of hypoxanthine plus xanthine showed no significant change throughout the 3 days, and comprised approximately 2.5% of the total oxypurine excretion.", "contents": "Oxypurine excretion in normal newborn infants. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, 6-hydroxypurine, 2,6-hydroxypurine and 2,6,8-hydroxypurine, respectively, are the catabolic products of purine-containing compounds in the human body. Each of the compounds was determined, by enzymatic spectrophotometry, in the 24-hour urine samples of 23 newborn infants. The hypoxanthine excretions on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days were 1.1 (0.7-1.6), 0.9 (0.1-1.4) and 0.7 (0.1-1.5) mumol/24 h/kg body weight. The xanthine excretion in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days was: 0.5 (0.3-1.2), 0.6 (0.3-2.0) and 1.2 (0.4-1.9) mumol/24 h/kg body weight. The uric acid excretion in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days was: 61 (33-150), 61 (20-142) and 76 (40-127) mumol/24 h/kg. All the values are given as median and 10% percentiles. The hypoxanthine excretion decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) and the xanthine increased correspondingly throughout the 3 days (p less than 0.05). The excretion of hypoxanthine plus xanthine showed no significant change throughout the 3 days, and comprised approximately 2.5% of the total oxypurine excretion.", "PMID": 603805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8324", "title": "Differential responses to prenatal malnutrition among neonatal rats.", "content": "Female rats were fed (A) protein-restricted diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy, or (B) protein-free diet during 10-20 days of pregnancy. At birth, four parameters of the offspring, body weight, cerebral weight, cerebral DNA, and cerebral protein were well correlated with each other, and were significantly lower than in the controls fed stock diet. The malnourished population had on the average 30-70% \"outstanding low\" individuals (parameter values more than 2 SD below the mean of the control); this is 13-20 times more than in the control. Even in malnourished populations a certain number of individuals escaped malnutrition (parameter values not lower than the mean of the control): they appear to be those which in normal populations would be well above the average. These individuals escaped malnutrition not by taking advantage of their littermates: the latter, though malnourished, were still better than the average in the malnourished group. The mechanisms by which some of the malnourished females differentially provide enough nutrients for one of their fetuses, and more than the average for its littermates, may involve differential mobilization of maternal nutrient among individual mothers, as well as differential blood supply to individual placentas or placental transfer to individual fetuses.", "contents": "Differential responses to prenatal malnutrition among neonatal rats. Female rats were fed (A) protein-restricted diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy, or (B) protein-free diet during 10-20 days of pregnancy. At birth, four parameters of the offspring, body weight, cerebral weight, cerebral DNA, and cerebral protein were well correlated with each other, and were significantly lower than in the controls fed stock diet. The malnourished population had on the average 30-70% \"outstanding low\" individuals (parameter values more than 2 SD below the mean of the control); this is 13-20 times more than in the control. Even in malnourished populations a certain number of individuals escaped malnutrition (parameter values not lower than the mean of the control): they appear to be those which in normal populations would be well above the average. These individuals escaped malnutrition not by taking advantage of their littermates: the latter, though malnourished, were still better than the average in the malnourished group. The mechanisms by which some of the malnourished females differentially provide enough nutrients for one of their fetuses, and more than the average for its littermates, may involve differential mobilization of maternal nutrient among individual mothers, as well as differential blood supply to individual placentas or placental transfer to individual fetuses.", "PMID": 603806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8325", "title": "Fetal growth retardation following maternal morphine administration: nutritional or drug effect?", "content": "The effects of maternal morphine administration on maternal nutrition and on fetal growth have been systematically examined in a rabbit model. Significant alterations in maternal food intake occurred morphine exposure. These nutrition changes did not result in fetal growth retardation. Fetal morphine exposure was associated with significant reductions in fetal weight, length, placental weight and in the weights of most organs including the brain. When organ weight was considered as a fraction of total fetal weight morphine exposure was associated with a significant increase in the relative weight of the brain and a significant decrease in the relative weight of liver and kidneys. These narcotic effects were dose dependent.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation following maternal morphine administration: nutritional or drug effect? The effects of maternal morphine administration on maternal nutrition and on fetal growth have been systematically examined in a rabbit model. Significant alterations in maternal food intake occurred morphine exposure. These nutrition changes did not result in fetal growth retardation. Fetal morphine exposure was associated with significant reductions in fetal weight, length, placental weight and in the weights of most organs including the brain. When organ weight was considered as a fraction of total fetal weight morphine exposure was associated with a significant increase in the relative weight of the brain and a significant decrease in the relative weight of liver and kidneys. These narcotic effects were dose dependent.", "PMID": 603807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8326", "title": "A multifunctional prosthesis control system based on time series identification of EMG signals using microprocessors.", "content": "This paper describes a real-time system for separation among several limb functions, in order to provide multifunctional control of an upper-limb prosthesis for above-elbow amputees. The system employs microprocessor hardware and is based on identification of voluntary myoelectric signals resulting from isometric contractions of the musculature of the residual limb, and on subsequent discrimination of these signals for control of the several degrees of motion of the prosthesis. The system requires only one to two electrode sites. (Contrary to the usual placement of electrode pairs directly over specific muscle bellies, to eliminate crosstalk, we prefer to place our electrode pair between muscles so as to acquire the different weakly-correlated signals associated with each of several different voluntary functions). The system satisfies the various practical constraints of weight, volume, and speed, as arise in practical prostheses. Preliminary amputee tests on the system have resulted in an 85 percent success rate using 8-bit double-precision micro-computer hardware.", "contents": "A multifunctional prosthesis control system based on time series identification of EMG signals using microprocessors. This paper describes a real-time system for separation among several limb functions, in order to provide multifunctional control of an upper-limb prosthesis for above-elbow amputees. The system employs microprocessor hardware and is based on identification of voluntary myoelectric signals resulting from isometric contractions of the musculature of the residual limb, and on subsequent discrimination of these signals for control of the several degrees of motion of the prosthesis. The system requires only one to two electrode sites. (Contrary to the usual placement of electrode pairs directly over specific muscle bellies, to eliminate crosstalk, we prefer to place our electrode pair between muscles so as to acquire the different weakly-correlated signals associated with each of several different voluntary functions). The system satisfies the various practical constraints of weight, volume, and speed, as arise in practical prostheses. Preliminary amputee tests on the system have resulted in an 85 percent success rate using 8-bit double-precision micro-computer hardware.", "PMID": 603818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8327", "title": "The final illness in cancer: the widow's perspective.", "content": "Widows of cancer patients were compared with other widows in general and with widows of men with chronic cardiovascular disease in particular, special attention being given to the vicissitudes of the final illness. Despite the recent emphasis on the need for open communication about the impending death between the dying patient and his family, interviews with 73 women whose husbands had died of cancer revealed that 40% of those who had been told their husband was dying refused to accept the warning. Only 29% of the couples openly discussed the possibility of the husband dying of his disease. More than half of those who did not talk with their husband about the impending death reported that this made no difference to their initial adjustment to bereavement. The stress for a woman of her husband's final illness leads to an especially difficult bereavement period; for example, significantly more widows of cancer patients than of patients with other illnesses perceived themselves to be in poor health during the initial bereavement period. Some of the problems specific to cancer patients and their families are described, along with recommendations for their alleviation.", "contents": "The final illness in cancer: the widow's perspective. Widows of cancer patients were compared with other widows in general and with widows of men with chronic cardiovascular disease in particular, special attention being given to the vicissitudes of the final illness. Despite the recent emphasis on the need for open communication about the impending death between the dying patient and his family, interviews with 73 women whose husbands had died of cancer revealed that 40% of those who had been told their husband was dying refused to accept the warning. Only 29% of the couples openly discussed the possibility of the husband dying of his disease. More than half of those who did not talk with their husband about the impending death reported that this made no difference to their initial adjustment to bereavement. The stress for a woman of her husband's final illness leads to an especially difficult bereavement period; for example, significantly more widows of cancer patients than of patients with other illnesses perceived themselves to be in poor health during the initial bereavement period. Some of the problems specific to cancer patients and their families are described, along with recommendations for their alleviation.", "PMID": 603843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8328", "title": "Evaluation of Duogastrome (carbenoxolone sodium) for the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre study.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out in 152 Canadian patients, 76 given Duogastrone (carbenoxolone sodium) capsules, 50 mg qid, and 76 given placebo capsules qid for 6 weeks. All patients had a duodenal ulcer diagnosed by roentgenography or endoscopy, or both. Evaluation of the efficacy of Duogastrone therapy was based on data from the 119 patients (59 treated with Duogastrone and 60 with placebo) who met all the strict requirements of the protocol. The ulcers healed completely in 75% (44/59) of the patients treated with Duogastrone and in 48% (29/60) of those treated with placebo; this difference is significant (P less than 0.01). The proportions were similar in the patients assessed only endoscopically: 76% (32/42) and 55% (26/47), respectively. In the group treated with Duogastrone the following side effects were noted: weight gain, edema, mild hypokalemia, increase in blood pressure and slight increases in serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. None was serious. However, close clinical monitoring by weekly visits to their physician is recommended for every patient undergoing Duogastrone therapy, at least during the 1st month.", "contents": "Evaluation of Duogastrome (carbenoxolone sodium) for the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre study. A double-blind study was carried out in 152 Canadian patients, 76 given Duogastrone (carbenoxolone sodium) capsules, 50 mg qid, and 76 given placebo capsules qid for 6 weeks. All patients had a duodenal ulcer diagnosed by roentgenography or endoscopy, or both. Evaluation of the efficacy of Duogastrone therapy was based on data from the 119 patients (59 treated with Duogastrone and 60 with placebo) who met all the strict requirements of the protocol. The ulcers healed completely in 75% (44/59) of the patients treated with Duogastrone and in 48% (29/60) of those treated with placebo; this difference is significant (P less than 0.01). The proportions were similar in the patients assessed only endoscopically: 76% (32/42) and 55% (26/47), respectively. In the group treated with Duogastrone the following side effects were noted: weight gain, edema, mild hypokalemia, increase in blood pressure and slight increases in serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. None was serious. However, close clinical monitoring by weekly visits to their physician is recommended for every patient undergoing Duogastrone therapy, at least during the 1st month.", "PMID": 603844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8329", "title": "Brachial plexus injury.", "content": "A 28-year-old man shot himself in the left posterior triangle of the neck with a shotgun. At the initial operation secondary repair of the resultant brachial plexus injury was decided upon in view of the difficulty in assessing lesions in continuity at this point after injury. The patient had total brachial plexus palsy. Nine weeks after the injury sensory and motor function were returning and the only element of the brachial plexus not showing evidence of nerve fibre continuity was the musculocutaneous nerve. Sural nerve autografts were sutured between the trimmed proximal and distal stumps of this nerve. By 4 months after the injury there was further improvement in both sensory and motor function, and by 18 months there was sensation in the autonomous zones of both median and ulnar nerves and good return of muscle power.", "contents": "Brachial plexus injury. A 28-year-old man shot himself in the left posterior triangle of the neck with a shotgun. At the initial operation secondary repair of the resultant brachial plexus injury was decided upon in view of the difficulty in assessing lesions in continuity at this point after injury. The patient had total brachial plexus palsy. Nine weeks after the injury sensory and motor function were returning and the only element of the brachial plexus not showing evidence of nerve fibre continuity was the musculocutaneous nerve. Sural nerve autografts were sutured between the trimmed proximal and distal stumps of this nerve. By 4 months after the injury there was further improvement in both sensory and motor function, and by 18 months there was sensation in the autonomous zones of both median and ulnar nerves and good return of muscle power.", "PMID": 603845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8330", "title": "Effects of phosphate supplementation on intact and fractured femora of rats: a biomechanical study.", "content": "The production of a better and stronger healing bone has attracted the interest of many investigators in the past. Numerous substances have been used to increase both the strength and the rate of production of fracture callus. Recently phosphate, administered orally, has been suggested for this purpose. A biomechanical study was conducted with rat femora and variable doses of phosphate in this regard. Phosphate was found to benefit osteomalacic bones but to have no effect on normal bones and a toxic effect in high concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of phosphate supplementation on intact and fractured femora of rats: a biomechanical study. The production of a better and stronger healing bone has attracted the interest of many investigators in the past. Numerous substances have been used to increase both the strength and the rate of production of fracture callus. Recently phosphate, administered orally, has been suggested for this purpose. A biomechanical study was conducted with rat femora and variable doses of phosphate in this regard. Phosphate was found to benefit osteomalacic bones but to have no effect on normal bones and a toxic effect in high concentrations.", "PMID": 603846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8331", "title": "Long-term treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil.", "content": "Minoxidil, a new potent hypotensive agent, was used as the primary antihypertensive agent in 11 patients--10 men and 1 woman aged 35 to 54 years with severe hypertension that was refractory to treatment with maximal (or maximally tolerated) doses of conventional antihypertensive agents. Six patients had severely impaired renal function and three of them were undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The patients were given 2.5 to 40 mg/d of minoxidil for periods of 2 to 29 months. All except one who was almost anuric received propranolol and diuretics. Blood pressure was controlled satisfactorily in all patients. In two patients the hypertension became partially resistant after 1 year of treatment. The main side effects were sodium retention, tachycardia and hirsutism. Renal function remained stable or improved and hemodialysis was discontinued in two patients. Minoxidil is a remarkably potent hypotensive with relatively few side effects and seems particularly advantageous in patients with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil. Minoxidil, a new potent hypotensive agent, was used as the primary antihypertensive agent in 11 patients--10 men and 1 woman aged 35 to 54 years with severe hypertension that was refractory to treatment with maximal (or maximally tolerated) doses of conventional antihypertensive agents. Six patients had severely impaired renal function and three of them were undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The patients were given 2.5 to 40 mg/d of minoxidil for periods of 2 to 29 months. All except one who was almost anuric received propranolol and diuretics. Blood pressure was controlled satisfactorily in all patients. In two patients the hypertension became partially resistant after 1 year of treatment. The main side effects were sodium retention, tachycardia and hirsutism. Renal function remained stable or improved and hemodialysis was discontinued in two patients. Minoxidil is a remarkably potent hypotensive with relatively few side effects and seems particularly advantageous in patients with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 603847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8332", "title": "Current medical management of duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "Each of three agents used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer--magnesium--aluminum antacids in high doses, cimetidine and carbenoxolone sodium--appears to enhance the rate at which ulcers heal, although their ability to control symptoms has been less clearly demonstrated. Since a large proportion of ulcers heal either without treatment or when the patient is given a placebo, a rational management plan should emphasize the removal of known irritants and the provision of symptomatic relief while spontaneous healing is allowed to occur. Lack of response to such a regimen warrants more specific investigation and therapy. On the basis of current evidence, cimetidine appears to be the preferred therapeutic agent.", "contents": "Current medical management of duodenal ulcer disease. Each of three agents used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer--magnesium--aluminum antacids in high doses, cimetidine and carbenoxolone sodium--appears to enhance the rate at which ulcers heal, although their ability to control symptoms has been less clearly demonstrated. Since a large proportion of ulcers heal either without treatment or when the patient is given a placebo, a rational management plan should emphasize the removal of known irritants and the provision of symptomatic relief while spontaneous healing is allowed to occur. Lack of response to such a regimen warrants more specific investigation and therapy. On the basis of current evidence, cimetidine appears to be the preferred therapeutic agent.", "PMID": 603851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8333", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the monosaccharide composition of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) derived from animal tissues.", "content": "Quantitative, gas-liquid chromatography was investigated for analysis of the monosaccharide composition of acid mucopolysaccharides from animal tissues. The method entailed the analysis of the trimethylsillyl (Me3Si) derivatives of methyl glycosides on two liquid phases. Good resolution of monosaccharides was achieved by use of columns of SE-30 and Apiezon-M. The procedure was tested with chondroitin 4-sulfate, and the results were slightly different from those of Mathews et al. When the analysis is performed according to this method, important points are: (1) absolutely anhydrous, methanolic hydrogen chloride is necessary, to ensure detection of hexosamines and sialic acid; and (2) high moisture in the air obstructs high recovery of methyl glycosides and their Me3Si derivatives, except in the case of neutral sugars.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the monosaccharide composition of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) derived from animal tissues. Quantitative, gas-liquid chromatography was investigated for analysis of the monosaccharide composition of acid mucopolysaccharides from animal tissues. The method entailed the analysis of the trimethylsillyl (Me3Si) derivatives of methyl glycosides on two liquid phases. Good resolution of monosaccharides was achieved by use of columns of SE-30 and Apiezon-M. The procedure was tested with chondroitin 4-sulfate, and the results were slightly different from those of Mathews et al. When the analysis is performed according to this method, important points are: (1) absolutely anhydrous, methanolic hydrogen chloride is necessary, to ensure detection of hexosamines and sialic acid; and (2) high moisture in the air obstructs high recovery of methyl glycosides and their Me3Si derivatives, except in the case of neutral sugars.", "PMID": 603870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8334", "title": "Haemodynamic changes during tilt after autonomic blockade in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The haemodynamic shifts during head up and head down tilt were investigated in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and matched normotensive control rats (NCR) under nembutal anaesthesia and autonomic blockage. During head up tilt a greater fall in blood pressure and stroke volume was observed in SHR than in NCR, while the reverse was true when tilted in the opposite direction. This altered cardiac response to venous filling, also observed in patients with essential hypertension, is suggested to be caused by an altered Frank-Starling relationship of the hypertrophied heart in hypertensive individuals.", "contents": "Haemodynamic changes during tilt after autonomic blockade in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The haemodynamic shifts during head up and head down tilt were investigated in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and matched normotensive control rats (NCR) under nembutal anaesthesia and autonomic blockage. During head up tilt a greater fall in blood pressure and stroke volume was observed in SHR than in NCR, while the reverse was true when tilted in the opposite direction. This altered cardiac response to venous filling, also observed in patients with essential hypertension, is suggested to be caused by an altered Frank-Starling relationship of the hypertrophied heart in hypertensive individuals.", "PMID": 603871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8335", "title": "Correlation of the mechanical responses of the heart with the norepinephrine overflow during cardiac sympathetic neural stimulation in the dog.", "content": "The changes in heart rate and right ventricular contractile force were measured in anaesthetised dogs during stimulation of each ansa subclavia, and the responses were correlated with the overflow or norepinephrine (NE) into the coronary sinus blood. The increase in heart rate was considerably greater during stimulation of the right than of the left ansa subclavia. Conversely, left ansa stimulation had a slightly greater effect on right ventricular contractile force than did right-sided stimulation. The changes in norepinephrine overflow into the coronary sinus blood paralleled the alterations in contractile force; during stimulation at 2 and 4 Hz, the rates of norepinephrine overflow were 50 and 34% greater, respectively, with left-sided than with right-sided stimulation. On both the right and left sides, stimulation of the anterior limb of the ansa subclavia produced greater increments in heart rate and contractile force than did stimulation of the posterior limb. Similarly, the rates of norepinephrine overflow during anterior ansal stimulation were 100 and 75% greater than during posterior ansal stimulation for the right and left sides, respectively. Thus, both limbs of the two ansae subclaviae innervate the myocardial regions drained by the coronary sinus, but the greatest innervation arises from the anterior limb on the left side.", "contents": "Correlation of the mechanical responses of the heart with the norepinephrine overflow during cardiac sympathetic neural stimulation in the dog. The changes in heart rate and right ventricular contractile force were measured in anaesthetised dogs during stimulation of each ansa subclavia, and the responses were correlated with the overflow or norepinephrine (NE) into the coronary sinus blood. The increase in heart rate was considerably greater during stimulation of the right than of the left ansa subclavia. Conversely, left ansa stimulation had a slightly greater effect on right ventricular contractile force than did right-sided stimulation. The changes in norepinephrine overflow into the coronary sinus blood paralleled the alterations in contractile force; during stimulation at 2 and 4 Hz, the rates of norepinephrine overflow were 50 and 34% greater, respectively, with left-sided than with right-sided stimulation. On both the right and left sides, stimulation of the anterior limb of the ansa subclavia produced greater increments in heart rate and contractile force than did stimulation of the posterior limb. Similarly, the rates of norepinephrine overflow during anterior ansal stimulation were 100 and 75% greater than during posterior ansal stimulation for the right and left sides, respectively. Thus, both limbs of the two ansae subclaviae innervate the myocardial regions drained by the coronary sinus, but the greatest innervation arises from the anterior limb on the left side.", "PMID": 603872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8336", "title": "Effect of aminophylline on coronary reactive hyperaemia following brief and long occlusion periods.", "content": "The effects of an intracoronary aminophylline infusion, adjusted to give a constant concentration of 25 microgram.cm-3 coronary blood, on the reactive hyperaemic responses following coronary occlusion for 4, 10, and 25 heart beats were investigated in anaesthetised, open-chest dogs. The vasodilator effect of intracoronarily-administered adenosine and the hyperaemic response after coronary occlusion for 10 and 25 heart beats were both significantly diminished under the influence of aminophylline. However, the decrease in the coronary dilator effect of adenosine amounted to 80%, whereas the hyperaemic response was diminished by only 20%. The hyperaemic response following a coronary occlusion for only 4 heart beats remained unchanged. The present results obtained with aminophylline suggest at least a partial involvement of adenosine in mediating reactive hyperaemia after sufficiently long periods of coronary artery occlusion.", "contents": "Effect of aminophylline on coronary reactive hyperaemia following brief and long occlusion periods. The effects of an intracoronary aminophylline infusion, adjusted to give a constant concentration of 25 microgram.cm-3 coronary blood, on the reactive hyperaemic responses following coronary occlusion for 4, 10, and 25 heart beats were investigated in anaesthetised, open-chest dogs. The vasodilator effect of intracoronarily-administered adenosine and the hyperaemic response after coronary occlusion for 10 and 25 heart beats were both significantly diminished under the influence of aminophylline. However, the decrease in the coronary dilator effect of adenosine amounted to 80%, whereas the hyperaemic response was diminished by only 20%. The hyperaemic response following a coronary occlusion for only 4 heart beats remained unchanged. The present results obtained with aminophylline suggest at least a partial involvement of adenosine in mediating reactive hyperaemia after sufficiently long periods of coronary artery occlusion.", "PMID": 603874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8337", "title": "Effects of oxygen on acute myocardial infarction: a thermographic study in the dog.", "content": "An acute myocardial infarction was created in a series of dogs by ligation of a branch from the left anterior descending coronary artery. The effects on the infarction with 100% oxygen were studied by thermography in 23 animals. The changes in the infarction size were registered on polaroid photographs. In 10 dogs the infarction showed a uniform cool area, permitting accurate measurement by cutting out and weighing the black, infarcted area from the photographs. During oxygen administration 2 dogs showed a considerable increase in the cool area and 6 other dogs a moderate but significant increase. The remaining 2 dogs in this group showed non-significant change in the infarcted area. In the other 13 animals the cool area was not sufficiently uniform to allow accurate measurement. However, all the dogs in this group, except one, presented a visable increase of the cool area of varying degree. High oxygen supply does not seem to have a favourable effect on an experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. It is known to promote a lowering of the coronary artery perfusion pressure. In addition to this, it may somehow decrease the arterial supply from the vascular bed round the ischaemic area.", "contents": "Effects of oxygen on acute myocardial infarction: a thermographic study in the dog. An acute myocardial infarction was created in a series of dogs by ligation of a branch from the left anterior descending coronary artery. The effects on the infarction with 100% oxygen were studied by thermography in 23 animals. The changes in the infarction size were registered on polaroid photographs. In 10 dogs the infarction showed a uniform cool area, permitting accurate measurement by cutting out and weighing the black, infarcted area from the photographs. During oxygen administration 2 dogs showed a considerable increase in the cool area and 6 other dogs a moderate but significant increase. The remaining 2 dogs in this group showed non-significant change in the infarcted area. In the other 13 animals the cool area was not sufficiently uniform to allow accurate measurement. However, all the dogs in this group, except one, presented a visable increase of the cool area of varying degree. High oxygen supply does not seem to have a favourable effect on an experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. It is known to promote a lowering of the coronary artery perfusion pressure. In addition to this, it may somehow decrease the arterial supply from the vascular bed round the ischaemic area.", "PMID": 603875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8338", "title": "Effects of hypercholesterolaemic serum on aortic explants from normal rats.", "content": "Aortic explants obtained from normal adult rats and composed of all 3 tunics were cultured in a semi-synthetic gelosed medium supplemented by 10% serum. Explants cultured with normocholesterolaemic serum kept their in vivo characteristics for more than 12 days at electron microscope and histometabolic levels. However, explants showed considerable differences when cultured in a medium with hypercholesterolaemic serum. Cell proliferation in the tunica media and enhanced synthesis of macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix were observed. These laterations occurring inside the explants, which had kept all their tissular relationships, suggest that this culture system may be valuable for further studies on atherosclerotic processes.", "contents": "Effects of hypercholesterolaemic serum on aortic explants from normal rats. Aortic explants obtained from normal adult rats and composed of all 3 tunics were cultured in a semi-synthetic gelosed medium supplemented by 10% serum. Explants cultured with normocholesterolaemic serum kept their in vivo characteristics for more than 12 days at electron microscope and histometabolic levels. However, explants showed considerable differences when cultured in a medium with hypercholesterolaemic serum. Cell proliferation in the tunica media and enhanced synthesis of macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix were observed. These laterations occurring inside the explants, which had kept all their tissular relationships, suggest that this culture system may be valuable for further studies on atherosclerotic processes.", "PMID": 603876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8339", "title": "Arterial glucocorticoid receptors: the binding of tritiated dexamethasone in rabbit aorta.", "content": "Current concepts of the mechanism of the physiological action of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids include an initial step in interaction between the steroid and specific receptors in the cytoplasm of target tissue cells. Using cells from rabbit aorta as a model system, we have studied the cytoplasmic binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-aldosterone. Aorta cells appear to contain binding sites with a high affinity (Kd 4 degrees C approximately 1.3 X 10(-8) mol) for dexamethasone, and with specificity appropriate for glucocorticoid receptors. Under similar experimental conditions, mineralocorticoid receptors could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Arterial glucocorticoid receptors: the binding of tritiated dexamethasone in rabbit aorta. Current concepts of the mechanism of the physiological action of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids include an initial step in interaction between the steroid and specific receptors in the cytoplasm of target tissue cells. Using cells from rabbit aorta as a model system, we have studied the cytoplasmic binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-aldosterone. Aorta cells appear to contain binding sites with a high affinity (Kd 4 degrees C approximately 1.3 X 10(-8) mol) for dexamethasone, and with specificity appropriate for glucocorticoid receptors. Under similar experimental conditions, mineralocorticoid receptors could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 603877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8340", "title": "Postnatal ultrastructural changes in the cat myocardium: a morphometric study.", "content": "In order to understand more clearly the basis for our previously observed postnatal age related changes in the mechanical performance of the cat myocardium we have carried out a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from adult cats (1.8 to 2.3 kg), infant cats (16 days of age), and neonatal kittens (less than 72 hours old). Volume fractions were calculated for myofibrils, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, lipid, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), golgi, and nuclei. The myofibril content of neonatal fibres was significantly less than that of the infant or adult groups (P less than 0.05 and 0.005 respectively). In addition the infant fibres contained a smaller volume of myofibrils than the adult ones (P less than 0.001). The mitochondrial content of the neonatal fibres was also significantly less than that of either the infants' (P less than 0.005) or adults' (P less than 0.001). These data provide an anatomical basis for the progressive age related increase in mechanical performance of the cat myocardium, in postnatal life.", "contents": "Postnatal ultrastructural changes in the cat myocardium: a morphometric study. In order to understand more clearly the basis for our previously observed postnatal age related changes in the mechanical performance of the cat myocardium we have carried out a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from adult cats (1.8 to 2.3 kg), infant cats (16 days of age), and neonatal kittens (less than 72 hours old). Volume fractions were calculated for myofibrils, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, lipid, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), golgi, and nuclei. The myofibril content of neonatal fibres was significantly less than that of the infant or adult groups (P less than 0.05 and 0.005 respectively). In addition the infant fibres contained a smaller volume of myofibrils than the adult ones (P less than 0.001). The mitochondrial content of the neonatal fibres was also significantly less than that of either the infants' (P less than 0.005) or adults' (P less than 0.001). These data provide an anatomical basis for the progressive age related increase in mechanical performance of the cat myocardium, in postnatal life.", "PMID": 603878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8341", "title": "Failure of saralasin acetate, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, to diminish alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction in the dog.", "content": "The role of angiotensin II in the pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia was investigated with the competitive inhibitor of angiotensin, saralasin acetate. Unilateral alveolar hypoxia was induced in dogs by ventilation of one lung with 100% N2 through a double lumened endotracheal cannula while maintaining adequate systemic oxygenation by ventilating the other lung with 1oo% O2. Pulmonary perfusion was monitored with 133Xe and external detectors. In 8 dogs perfusion to the test lung on room air before N2 ventilation was 49.2% (SEM +/- 3.8) of total lung perfusion. After 7 min of nitrogen ventilation, perfusion to that lung was 35.6% (SEM +/- 2.9) of cardiac output (P less than 0.001), a reduction of 27.5% (SEM +/- 2.4). After infusion of 6--24 microgram.kg-1/min of saralasin acetate, beginning 2 min before the alveolar hypoxic challenge and continuing through it, unilateral alveolar hypoxia continued to reduce perfusion to that lung by 28.8% (P = 0.6 from control). In 2 dogs a higher infusion of 60 microgram.kg-1/min failed to reduce the alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction and in 2 dogs a 15 min infusion of 6 microgram.kg-1 of saralasin acetate before alveolar hypoxia and continuing through it, still failed to inhibit alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction. Thus, no role was demonstrated for angiotensin II in acute alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction of the dog.", "contents": "Failure of saralasin acetate, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, to diminish alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction in the dog. The role of angiotensin II in the pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia was investigated with the competitive inhibitor of angiotensin, saralasin acetate. Unilateral alveolar hypoxia was induced in dogs by ventilation of one lung with 100% N2 through a double lumened endotracheal cannula while maintaining adequate systemic oxygenation by ventilating the other lung with 1oo% O2. Pulmonary perfusion was monitored with 133Xe and external detectors. In 8 dogs perfusion to the test lung on room air before N2 ventilation was 49.2% (SEM +/- 3.8) of total lung perfusion. After 7 min of nitrogen ventilation, perfusion to that lung was 35.6% (SEM +/- 2.9) of cardiac output (P less than 0.001), a reduction of 27.5% (SEM +/- 2.4). After infusion of 6--24 microgram.kg-1/min of saralasin acetate, beginning 2 min before the alveolar hypoxic challenge and continuing through it, unilateral alveolar hypoxia continued to reduce perfusion to that lung by 28.8% (P = 0.6 from control). In 2 dogs a higher infusion of 60 microgram.kg-1/min failed to reduce the alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction and in 2 dogs a 15 min infusion of 6 microgram.kg-1 of saralasin acetate before alveolar hypoxia and continuing through it, still failed to inhibit alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction. Thus, no role was demonstrated for angiotensin II in acute alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction of the dog.", "PMID": 603879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8342", "title": "Physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of myocardial anoxia: the use of a semi-perfusion canine preparation.", "content": "Regional myocardial anoxia was produced in dogs by perfusion of the left circumflex artery (LCA) with deoxygenated blood. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (cardiac relaxing system) showed decreased Ca2+ binding and uptake. The ability of isolated mitochondria to utilise long-chain fatty acids was markedly reduced. This model has revealed inherent biochemical differences between ischaemia and anoxia.", "contents": "Physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of myocardial anoxia: the use of a semi-perfusion canine preparation. Regional myocardial anoxia was produced in dogs by perfusion of the left circumflex artery (LCA) with deoxygenated blood. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (cardiac relaxing system) showed decreased Ca2+ binding and uptake. The ability of isolated mitochondria to utilise long-chain fatty acids was markedly reduced. This model has revealed inherent biochemical differences between ischaemia and anoxia.", "PMID": 603880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8343", "title": "New approach to local thermodilution: use of pig tail catheters to avoid basic difficulties.", "content": "The use of pit tail catheters and the placing of the thermistor distal to the lumen for the cold injectate have allowed the development of a new catheter for local thermodilution with many advantages. Apart from its small size and possibility of percutaneous introduction, the spatial orientation of the thermistor to the rest of the catheter and to the port of injection ensures: (a) its absolute thermal insulation; (b) avoidance of contact with vessel walls: and (c) constant spatial relationship between the lumen for injection and the thermistor as regards the dynamics of flow and temperature change.", "contents": "New approach to local thermodilution: use of pig tail catheters to avoid basic difficulties. The use of pit tail catheters and the placing of the thermistor distal to the lumen for the cold injectate have allowed the development of a new catheter for local thermodilution with many advantages. Apart from its small size and possibility of percutaneous introduction, the spatial orientation of the thermistor to the rest of the catheter and to the port of injection ensures: (a) its absolute thermal insulation; (b) avoidance of contact with vessel walls: and (c) constant spatial relationship between the lumen for injection and the thermistor as regards the dynamics of flow and temperature change.", "PMID": 603881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8344", "title": "Thrombogenic properties of arterial catheters: a scanning electron microscopic examination of the surface structure.", "content": "We performed 300 consecutive coronary arteriographies with 2 different kinds of catheters: polyurethane catheters and polyethylene catheters. The thromboembolic complication rate for investigations with each type of catheters is compared to the surface structure as seen with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The complication rate was 21.4% for polyurethane catheters and 0.3% for polyethylene catheters. The inner surface of polyurethane catheters was irregular, while the inner surface of polyethylene catheters appeared smooth. The outer surface of polyurethane catheters was slight irregular, while the outer surface of polyethylene catheters was smooth. These results are compared to other investigations of the surface structure of coronary catheters and to reports on the thromboembolic complication rate at coronary arteriography. It is concluded that the 2 types of catheters have different thrombogenic properties and that the surface structure is of major importance for this difference.", "contents": "Thrombogenic properties of arterial catheters: a scanning electron microscopic examination of the surface structure. We performed 300 consecutive coronary arteriographies with 2 different kinds of catheters: polyurethane catheters and polyethylene catheters. The thromboembolic complication rate for investigations with each type of catheters is compared to the surface structure as seen with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The complication rate was 21.4% for polyurethane catheters and 0.3% for polyethylene catheters. The inner surface of polyurethane catheters was irregular, while the inner surface of polyethylene catheters appeared smooth. The outer surface of polyurethane catheters was slight irregular, while the outer surface of polyethylene catheters was smooth. These results are compared to other investigations of the surface structure of coronary catheters and to reports on the thromboembolic complication rate at coronary arteriography. It is concluded that the 2 types of catheters have different thrombogenic properties and that the surface structure is of major importance for this difference.", "PMID": 603901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8345", "title": "Comparison between regional myocardial blood flow measurements and results of exercise tests.", "content": "The relationship between regional myocardial blood flow and the results of exercise tests were evaluated in 54 patients, 40 of whom had angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) and 14 had normal angiograms. After 20 patients had 2-step tests, 20 had bicycle ergometry, and 14 had treadmill tests, regional myocardial specific blood flow (RMBF) at rest was determined by selective injections of xenon-133 into the left coronary artery and quadrantic washout measured with an Anger camera. RMBF (ml/min/100 gm, mean +/- SE) was significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease (72 +/- 3) than in normals (91 +/- 7, p less than .05) but RMBF in 12 CAD patients with negative exercise tests (75 +/- 6) was similar to regional myocardial blood flow in 28 coronary artery disease patients with positive exercise tests (71 +/- 4). Degree of ST depression did not influence results. Although measurement of RMBF and exercise testing are both useful procedures in the evaluation of patients with CAD, the data in the present study indicate the RMBF measurements at rest cannot predict the result of the postexercise ECG and vice versa.", "contents": "Comparison between regional myocardial blood flow measurements and results of exercise tests. The relationship between regional myocardial blood flow and the results of exercise tests were evaluated in 54 patients, 40 of whom had angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) and 14 had normal angiograms. After 20 patients had 2-step tests, 20 had bicycle ergometry, and 14 had treadmill tests, regional myocardial specific blood flow (RMBF) at rest was determined by selective injections of xenon-133 into the left coronary artery and quadrantic washout measured with an Anger camera. RMBF (ml/min/100 gm, mean +/- SE) was significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease (72 +/- 3) than in normals (91 +/- 7, p less than .05) but RMBF in 12 CAD patients with negative exercise tests (75 +/- 6) was similar to regional myocardial blood flow in 28 coronary artery disease patients with positive exercise tests (71 +/- 4). Degree of ST depression did not influence results. Although measurement of RMBF and exercise testing are both useful procedures in the evaluation of patients with CAD, the data in the present study indicate the RMBF measurements at rest cannot predict the result of the postexercise ECG and vice versa.", "PMID": 603902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8346", "title": "Specification of angulated projections in coronary arteriography.", "content": "In coronary arteriography cranial and caudal angulations are combined with oblique angulations to obtain additional views. The angulations are obtained with a variety of equipment rotating about different axes. The planes and axes in and about which the patient and equipment rotate are defined and the equipment is grouped according to the axes about which it rotates. It is shown that a simple definition of the angulation of a projection may be obtained using concepts and terminology consistent with current radiological practice. One group of equipment then gives directly from the rotation of its component parts the angles specifying the projection. For other equipment, the angles specifying the projection are calculated and tabulated for angles of rotation of the equipment from 0 to 90 degrees. Thus, equivalent projections for the different equipment may be found and compared.", "contents": "Specification of angulated projections in coronary arteriography. In coronary arteriography cranial and caudal angulations are combined with oblique angulations to obtain additional views. The angulations are obtained with a variety of equipment rotating about different axes. The planes and axes in and about which the patient and equipment rotate are defined and the equipment is grouped according to the axes about which it rotates. It is shown that a simple definition of the angulation of a projection may be obtained using concepts and terminology consistent with current radiological practice. One group of equipment then gives directly from the rotation of its component parts the angles specifying the projection. For other equipment, the angles specifying the projection are calculated and tabulated for angles of rotation of the equipment from 0 to 90 degrees. Thus, equivalent projections for the different equipment may be found and compared.", "PMID": 603903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8347", "title": "Closed foramen ovale: a potential entrance to left atrium.", "content": "The anatomy of the limbus and its relationship to the fossa ovalis were studied in 90 normal human hearts in an attempt to explain the clinical success of blunt trans-septal catheterization. Previously reported rates of patent foramen ovale (25-35% of adult specimens) were confirmed, well below the reported rate of success for blunt trans-septal catheterization (67-87%). A possible reason for this success is the fragile attachment of the fossa ovalis to its limbus in nearly all hearts without persistent patency.", "contents": "Closed foramen ovale: a potential entrance to left atrium. The anatomy of the limbus and its relationship to the fossa ovalis were studied in 90 normal human hearts in an attempt to explain the clinical success of blunt trans-septal catheterization. Previously reported rates of patent foramen ovale (25-35% of adult specimens) were confirmed, well below the reported rate of success for blunt trans-septal catheterization (67-87%). A possible reason for this success is the fragile attachment of the fossa ovalis to its limbus in nearly all hearts without persistent patency.", "PMID": 603905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8348", "title": "Aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract in infancy: severe form of Uhl's anomaly?", "content": "A previously unreported cardiovascular malformation is presented consisting of aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract associated with a cardiomyopathy, a possible variant of Uhl's anomaly. The patient presented at 8 days of age with mild cyanosis and congestive failure. Cardiac catheterization revealed severe cardiomegaly associated with very poor pump function of both right and left ventricles. The present case is unique in showing 1) severe aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract. 2) only partially absent right ventricular musculature documented before death by the pressure tracing and cineangiocardiograms, and 3) the first quantitation of both right and left ventricular size and function in this syndrome. A review of previous cases of Uhl's anomaly indicates that this case may represent a variant of that condition and that intrauterine myocarditis or myocardial infarct should be considered in regard to etiology.", "contents": "Aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract in infancy: severe form of Uhl's anomaly? A previously unreported cardiovascular malformation is presented consisting of aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract associated with a cardiomyopathy, a possible variant of Uhl's anomaly. The patient presented at 8 days of age with mild cyanosis and congestive failure. Cardiac catheterization revealed severe cardiomegaly associated with very poor pump function of both right and left ventricles. The present case is unique in showing 1) severe aneurysmal dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract. 2) only partially absent right ventricular musculature documented before death by the pressure tracing and cineangiocardiograms, and 3) the first quantitation of both right and left ventricular size and function in this syndrome. A review of previous cases of Uhl's anomaly indicates that this case may represent a variant of that condition and that intrauterine myocarditis or myocardial infarct should be considered in regard to etiology.", "PMID": 603907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8349", "title": "Ventricular septal defect following blunt trauma: spontaneous closure of residual defect after surgical repair.", "content": "As a result of blunt chest trauma a patient developed a large ventricular septal defect (VSD). After surgical closure of the defect a grade 2/6 systolic murmur persisted. One year later findings were the same and left ventriculogram revealed a small residual VSD. Two years after the operation the systolic murmur had disappeared. We postulate that gradual endothelialization and possibly small thrombi (formed around and over the Dacron patch graft) caused the defect to close. This case serves to illustrate some of the Dacron patch graft) caused the defect to close. This case serves to illustrate some of the complexities in the diagnosis and management of an acquired VSD. To our knowledge this is the first reported spontaneous closure of a VSD occurring after incomplete surgical repair.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect following blunt trauma: spontaneous closure of residual defect after surgical repair. As a result of blunt chest trauma a patient developed a large ventricular septal defect (VSD). After surgical closure of the defect a grade 2/6 systolic murmur persisted. One year later findings were the same and left ventriculogram revealed a small residual VSD. Two years after the operation the systolic murmur had disappeared. We postulate that gradual endothelialization and possibly small thrombi (formed around and over the Dacron patch graft) caused the defect to close. This case serves to illustrate some of the Dacron patch graft) caused the defect to close. This case serves to illustrate some of the complexities in the diagnosis and management of an acquired VSD. To our knowledge this is the first reported spontaneous closure of a VSD occurring after incomplete surgical repair.", "PMID": 603908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8350", "title": "Assessing the blalock-hanlon atrioseptectomy at cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy (BH) is performed to increase systemic and pulmonary venous mixing at the atrial level. Failure of clinical improvement may be related to inadequate intraatrial communication. A simple catheterization technique employing a balloon catheter is used to assess the presence or absence of the limbus of the foramen ovale following BH, since persistence of the limbus of the fossa ovalis after BH is associated with significantly smaller percentage of communication (atrial communication area/total atrial area).", "contents": "Assessing the blalock-hanlon atrioseptectomy at cardiac catheterization. Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy (BH) is performed to increase systemic and pulmonary venous mixing at the atrial level. Failure of clinical improvement may be related to inadequate intraatrial communication. A simple catheterization technique employing a balloon catheter is used to assess the presence or absence of the limbus of the foramen ovale following BH, since persistence of the limbus of the fossa ovalis after BH is associated with significantly smaller percentage of communication (atrial communication area/total atrial area).", "PMID": 603909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8351", "title": "Comparison of the performance of pigtail catheters with different number of sideholes.", "content": "The standard 12 sidehole pigtail catheter is compared with pigtail catheters with 6, 8, and 10 sideholes in 40 patient studies. The catheter with fewer sideholes performed as well as the standard catheter with respect to the quality of left ventricular opacification, lack of catheter recoil during angiography, and absence of complications. An in vitro study confirmed that better flushing of the terminal segment beyond the sideholes is achieved with the 6 sidehole catheter compared to the 12 sidehole catheter. It is anticipated that this feature will decrease the risk of thromboembolism associated with the use of the pigtail catheter.", "contents": "Comparison of the performance of pigtail catheters with different number of sideholes. The standard 12 sidehole pigtail catheter is compared with pigtail catheters with 6, 8, and 10 sideholes in 40 patient studies. The catheter with fewer sideholes performed as well as the standard catheter with respect to the quality of left ventricular opacification, lack of catheter recoil during angiography, and absence of complications. An in vitro study confirmed that better flushing of the terminal segment beyond the sideholes is achieved with the 6 sidehole catheter compared to the 12 sidehole catheter. It is anticipated that this feature will decrease the risk of thromboembolism associated with the use of the pigtail catheter.", "PMID": 603910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8352", "title": "Transbrachial selective arteriography of the neck vessels: our experience in 258 cases.", "content": "We have developed a catheter that facilitates the study of the neck vessels via a brachial arteriotomy so that other vascular areas (heart, kidneys, etc) can be studied in the same procedure. The catheter has a preformed curvature with a tapered, closed-end distal tip. We have successfully utilized this catheter in 258 consecutive patients, 133 (52%) of whom had undergone concurrent studies of other vascular areas, usually cardiac catheterization with coronary arteriography. No major complications occurred with the use of this catheter. We have found that with this catheter we can study the neck vessels via the brachial approach safely and easily and perform studies of other vascular areas using the same arteriotomy.", "contents": "Transbrachial selective arteriography of the neck vessels: our experience in 258 cases. We have developed a catheter that facilitates the study of the neck vessels via a brachial arteriotomy so that other vascular areas (heart, kidneys, etc) can be studied in the same procedure. The catheter has a preformed curvature with a tapered, closed-end distal tip. We have successfully utilized this catheter in 258 consecutive patients, 133 (52%) of whom had undergone concurrent studies of other vascular areas, usually cardiac catheterization with coronary arteriography. No major complications occurred with the use of this catheter. We have found that with this catheter we can study the neck vessels via the brachial approach safely and easily and perform studies of other vascular areas using the same arteriotomy.", "PMID": 603911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8353", "title": "Preformed catheters for simplified transbrachial coronary arteriography.", "content": "The experience in 700 patients of transbrachial selective coronary arteriography using a preformed catheter is described. The excellent plastic memory of torque control of the polyurethane catheter combined with the characteristic gentle curve permit rapid and easy intubation of the coronary arteries. The so-called \"difficult\" cases encountered with the classic Sones technique have been catheterized with ease employing the technique described in this report. The exceptionally low complication rate (no deaths), abbreviated catheterization time, a success rate of 99.2%, and the high quality cine angiographic films make this technique a highly useful and effective method of transbrachial coronary arteriography.", "contents": "Preformed catheters for simplified transbrachial coronary arteriography. The experience in 700 patients of transbrachial selective coronary arteriography using a preformed catheter is described. The excellent plastic memory of torque control of the polyurethane catheter combined with the characteristic gentle curve permit rapid and easy intubation of the coronary arteries. The so-called \"difficult\" cases encountered with the classic Sones technique have been catheterized with ease employing the technique described in this report. The exceptionally low complication rate (no deaths), abbreviated catheterization time, a success rate of 99.2%, and the high quality cine angiographic films make this technique a highly useful and effective method of transbrachial coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 603912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8354", "title": "A review of studies of the socio-familial backgrounds and educational facilities of the homes of moderately educationally subnormal children.", "content": "A search of the literature indicates the paucity of information on the backgrounds of ESN(m) children, despite the important contribution made by the home to the cognitive development and educational achievement of the children. The information that is available tends to support the notion of a syndrome of familial moderate educational subnormality. Evidence from one investigation points to certain ethnic differences which may be important in any programme of intervention.", "contents": "A review of studies of the socio-familial backgrounds and educational facilities of the homes of moderately educationally subnormal children. A search of the literature indicates the paucity of information on the backgrounds of ESN(m) children, despite the important contribution made by the home to the cognitive development and educational achievement of the children. The information that is available tends to support the notion of a syndrome of familial moderate educational subnormality. Evidence from one investigation points to certain ethnic differences which may be important in any programme of intervention.", "PMID": 603971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8355", "title": "Observations on a therapeutic residential setting for autistic children.", "content": "A therapeutic milieu for children labelled with a diagnosis of early infantile autism is described. This study, in a residential setting near Washington DC, USA, discusses the various procedures adopted for alleviating the problems encountered with these children, such as the formation of social relationships, language formation, and compulsive behaviour.", "contents": "Observations on a therapeutic residential setting for autistic children. A therapeutic milieu for children labelled with a diagnosis of early infantile autism is described. This study, in a residential setting near Washington DC, USA, discusses the various procedures adopted for alleviating the problems encountered with these children, such as the formation of social relationships, language formation, and compulsive behaviour.", "PMID": 603972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8356", "title": "Manual asymmetries of motor sequencing in boys with reading disability.", "content": "Boys with reading disability were asked to tap two mechanical keys in time to the beat of a metronome, with left and right hand alone, and with alternating hands. On the single hand trials these boys tapped as well as normal boys with both left and right hands, but when asked to alternate hands, their tapping stability, particularly of the left hand, deteriorated significantly and was worse than that of much younger normal boys. It is argued from evidence from patients with surgical commissurotomies that the motor deficiency in synchronizing left and right hands may be due to a disturbance in interhemishperic cooperation in the boys with reading disability, and it is suggested that the reading problems of these children may be the consequence of a developmental delay in interhemispheric cooperation.", "contents": "Manual asymmetries of motor sequencing in boys with reading disability. Boys with reading disability were asked to tap two mechanical keys in time to the beat of a metronome, with left and right hand alone, and with alternating hands. On the single hand trials these boys tapped as well as normal boys with both left and right hands, but when asked to alternate hands, their tapping stability, particularly of the left hand, deteriorated significantly and was worse than that of much younger normal boys. It is argued from evidence from patients with surgical commissurotomies that the motor deficiency in synchronizing left and right hands may be due to a disturbance in interhemishperic cooperation in the boys with reading disability, and it is suggested that the reading problems of these children may be the consequence of a developmental delay in interhemispheric cooperation.", "PMID": 604006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8357", "title": "Dichotically-stimulated ear differences in musicians and nonmusicians.", "content": "A dichotic listening task involving violin melodies was given to 32 musicians and 32 nonmusicians. The former group demonstrated a right ear superiority, while the latter performed better with the left ear. Right ear scores distinguished between the groups, but left ear scores did not. Additionally, the left-handed subjects in both groups showed smaller amounts of ear asymmetry than their right-handed counterparts. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that musicians mainly use the left hemishpher to process musical stimuli, while nonmusicians use the right. It is thought that as a person becomes more musically adept, increasing use is made of a left hemisphere sequential analytic mechanism. The apparent functional symmetry of left-handers could also be due to the confounding effect of having two distinct sub-groups within this population, i.e., true left-handers, and those with the cortical organization of right-handers.", "contents": "Dichotically-stimulated ear differences in musicians and nonmusicians. A dichotic listening task involving violin melodies was given to 32 musicians and 32 nonmusicians. The former group demonstrated a right ear superiority, while the latter performed better with the left ear. Right ear scores distinguished between the groups, but left ear scores did not. Additionally, the left-handed subjects in both groups showed smaller amounts of ear asymmetry than their right-handed counterparts. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that musicians mainly use the left hemishpher to process musical stimuli, while nonmusicians use the right. It is thought that as a person becomes more musically adept, increasing use is made of a left hemisphere sequential analytic mechanism. The apparent functional symmetry of left-handers could also be due to the confounding effect of having two distinct sub-groups within this population, i.e., true left-handers, and those with the cortical organization of right-handers.", "PMID": 604007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8358", "title": "Music perception and cerebral asymmetries.", "content": "Six experiments investigated the detection of pitch, rhythm and harmony changes in music perception. While RTs did not differentiate between ears for detecting a changed note in either a single line melody or a five note whole tone sequence, the right ear was more accurate. The left ear was faster, and the right more accurate in detecting rhythm changes in a five note sequence. The ears did not differ in detecting harmony changes. Finally, the right ear proved consistently more sensitive (d') in recognizing excerpts from unfamiliar melodies, and except only for female nonmusicians, the left ear was more sensitive for familiar melodies. If the adoption of differintial listening strategies determines the direction of laterality differences such as these, then familiarity also seems important in determining listening strategies.", "contents": "Music perception and cerebral asymmetries. Six experiments investigated the detection of pitch, rhythm and harmony changes in music perception. While RTs did not differentiate between ears for detecting a changed note in either a single line melody or a five note whole tone sequence, the right ear was more accurate. The left ear was faster, and the right more accurate in detecting rhythm changes in a five note sequence. The ears did not differ in detecting harmony changes. Finally, the right ear proved consistently more sensitive (d') in recognizing excerpts from unfamiliar melodies, and except only for female nonmusicians, the left ear was more sensitive for familiar melodies. If the adoption of differintial listening strategies determines the direction of laterality differences such as these, then familiarity also seems important in determining listening strategies.", "PMID": 604008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8359", "title": "Spatial memory and hemispheric locus of lesion.", "content": "Corsi's cube test was given to 40 control and 80 brain-damaged patients to assess the relation of different aspects of spatial memory to the hemispheric locus of lesion. Spatial span was found affected by injury producing visual field defect (VFD), regardless of the side of the lesion. Delayed reproduction of a 3 cube sequence (which was within the span of every patient) was performed more poorly by patients with right hemisphere damage and VFD than by controls. This was true whether the delay was unfilled or filled with a counting activity, the two conditions being equally effective in bringing about the inferiority of the right brain-damaged group. Learning to criterion up to a maximum of 50 trails a supraspan sequence was failed by 65% of right brain-damaged patients with VFD, a percentage significantly higher than that found not only in the control group, but also in any other brain-damaged group. These findings point to the dominant role played by the posterior region of the right hemisphere in subserving spatial memory mechanisms, especially when the acquisition of stable traces is requested.", "contents": "Spatial memory and hemispheric locus of lesion. Corsi's cube test was given to 40 control and 80 brain-damaged patients to assess the relation of different aspects of spatial memory to the hemispheric locus of lesion. Spatial span was found affected by injury producing visual field defect (VFD), regardless of the side of the lesion. Delayed reproduction of a 3 cube sequence (which was within the span of every patient) was performed more poorly by patients with right hemisphere damage and VFD than by controls. This was true whether the delay was unfilled or filled with a counting activity, the two conditions being equally effective in bringing about the inferiority of the right brain-damaged group. Learning to criterion up to a maximum of 50 trails a supraspan sequence was failed by 65% of right brain-damaged patients with VFD, a percentage significantly higher than that found not only in the control group, but also in any other brain-damaged group. These findings point to the dominant role played by the posterior region of the right hemisphere in subserving spatial memory mechanisms, especially when the acquisition of stable traces is requested.", "PMID": 604009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8360", "title": "Hemispheric differences in dot detection.", "content": "Two experiments are reported using normal subjects which show a superior detection for dots in the left visual field. This is shown to be more pronounced for stimuli of reduced contrast and for male subjects. The cerebral activation hypothesis of hemispheric asymmetries is tested and found to contribute towards a visual field advantage to some extent but a structural account is also suggested. It is considered that the right hemisphere is prepotent for dealing with simple perceptual stimuli even when there is no spatial component for the task.", "contents": "Hemispheric differences in dot detection. Two experiments are reported using normal subjects which show a superior detection for dots in the left visual field. This is shown to be more pronounced for stimuli of reduced contrast and for male subjects. The cerebral activation hypothesis of hemispheric asymmetries is tested and found to contribute towards a visual field advantage to some extent but a structural account is also suggested. It is considered that the right hemisphere is prepotent for dealing with simple perceptual stimuli even when there is no spatial component for the task.", "PMID": 604010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8361", "title": "Aphasics' defective perception of connotative meaning of verbal items which have no denotative meaning.", "content": "This study deals with the question of whether in aphasic patients the grasping of connotative meaning is disturbed. The method used was the \"maluma - takete\" type (Koehler, 1947): matching of synthetic words to meaningless figures. It was proven that asphasics from different countries with different languages have a disturbed perception of connotative meaning. There was a correlation with the severity of language comprehension disturbance in aphasics.", "contents": "Aphasics' defective perception of connotative meaning of verbal items which have no denotative meaning. This study deals with the question of whether in aphasic patients the grasping of connotative meaning is disturbed. The method used was the \"maluma - takete\" type (Koehler, 1947): matching of synthetic words to meaningless figures. It was proven that asphasics from different countries with different languages have a disturbed perception of connotative meaning. There was a correlation with the severity of language comprehension disturbance in aphasics.", "PMID": 604011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8362", "title": "The correlation of the phi function of the difference score with performance and its relevance to laterality experiments.", "content": "It is shown that there is a generic correlation between the phi functions of differences in pairs of scores and the averages of pairs of scores. This correlation can be approximated extremely accurately given only the means, variances, and covariance of the two scores in the sample data. Thus, even when difference scores are transformed into their phi equivalents, these are still not independent of performance level.", "contents": "The correlation of the phi function of the difference score with performance and its relevance to laterality experiments. It is shown that there is a generic correlation between the phi functions of differences in pairs of scores and the averages of pairs of scores. This correlation can be approximated extremely accurately given only the means, variances, and covariance of the two scores in the sample data. Thus, even when difference scores are transformed into their phi equivalents, these are still not independent of performance level.", "PMID": 604012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8363", "title": "'Diagnostic overkill?' An analysis of 88 negative renal angiograms.", "content": "11.3% of 776 renal angiograms evaluated retrospectively displayed normal findings. The main reasons which had led to the misuse of angiography in our cases were: technically poor urograms, incorrect interpretation of anatomical variations and the lack of other examinations associated with the urogram. A diagnostic plan including all less invasive and dangerous procedures is proposed placing sonography in central position.", "contents": "'Diagnostic overkill?' An analysis of 88 negative renal angiograms. 11.3% of 776 renal angiograms evaluated retrospectively displayed normal findings. The main reasons which had led to the misuse of angiography in our cases were: technically poor urograms, incorrect interpretation of anatomical variations and the lack of other examinations associated with the urogram. A diagnostic plan including all less invasive and dangerous procedures is proposed placing sonography in central position.", "PMID": 604065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8364", "title": "Renal hamartoma: therapeutic aspects.", "content": "Hamartomas are benign renal tumors. In most cases they can be diagnosed by means of angiography. Treatment varies in accordance with clinical manifestation and progression. Symptom-free hamartomas need no treatment. In case of bleeding, embolization may be performed. Nephrectomy ought not to be performed save in emergency or if malignancy is suspected.", "contents": "Renal hamartoma: therapeutic aspects. Hamartomas are benign renal tumors. In most cases they can be diagnosed by means of angiography. Treatment varies in accordance with clinical manifestation and progression. Symptom-free hamartomas need no treatment. In case of bleeding, embolization may be performed. Nephrectomy ought not to be performed save in emergency or if malignancy is suspected.", "PMID": 604066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8365", "title": "Difficulties in bladder rupture diagnostics.", "content": "4 cases of false-negative and 2 of false-positive bladder rupture diagnosis are presented. Diagnostic difficulties are encountered when: (1) intestinal loops have got into the bladder stopping its hole; (2) the rupture dissects the bladder wall and not extravasation is visible on cystograms, and (3) there exists and additional urethral rupture.", "contents": "Difficulties in bladder rupture diagnostics. 4 cases of false-negative and 2 of false-positive bladder rupture diagnosis are presented. Diagnostic difficulties are encountered when: (1) intestinal loops have got into the bladder stopping its hole; (2) the rupture dissects the bladder wall and not extravasation is visible on cystograms, and (3) there exists and additional urethral rupture.", "PMID": 604067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8366", "title": "Renal function after warm ischaemia. II. Marked protective effect of intravenous inosine given prior to 60, 90 and 120 min of warm ischaemia.", "content": "Rats were given 10 or 20 mg of inosine dissolved in 1 ml of 0.9% saline, or a control solution of 1 ml of 0.9% saline, intravenously 10 or 20 min before induction of left renal warm ischemia for 60 min. Further groups of rats were treated with 20 mg inosine or with saline alone 20 min before longer periods of warm ischeamia of 90 and 120 min duration. All animals had immediate contralateral nephrectomy. In all inosine-treated groups the mean plasma creatinine was lower than in their respective control groups and these differences were statistically highly significant.", "contents": "Renal function after warm ischaemia. II. Marked protective effect of intravenous inosine given prior to 60, 90 and 120 min of warm ischaemia. Rats were given 10 or 20 mg of inosine dissolved in 1 ml of 0.9% saline, or a control solution of 1 ml of 0.9% saline, intravenously 10 or 20 min before induction of left renal warm ischemia for 60 min. Further groups of rats were treated with 20 mg inosine or with saline alone 20 min before longer periods of warm ischeamia of 90 and 120 min duration. All animals had immediate contralateral nephrectomy. In all inosine-treated groups the mean plasma creatinine was lower than in their respective control groups and these differences were statistically highly significant.", "PMID": 604068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8367", "title": "Mass spectrometric trace element analysis of calcium oxalate uroliths.", "content": "Mass spectrometric trace element analysis of whewellite and weddellite uroliths revealed 55 elements, from which 20 could be well assessed quantitatively. The total trace element content in weddellite increased by 77.5% with respect to whewellite, the main portion being made up from Na, P, Mg, and Cl. In physiological conditions weddellite is stabilized by trace elements. The importance of trace element analysis of Si, Al, Sr, Rb, S, F, Cl, and Br in uroliths is indicated.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric trace element analysis of calcium oxalate uroliths. Mass spectrometric trace element analysis of whewellite and weddellite uroliths revealed 55 elements, from which 20 could be well assessed quantitatively. The total trace element content in weddellite increased by 77.5% with respect to whewellite, the main portion being made up from Na, P, Mg, and Cl. In physiological conditions weddellite is stabilized by trace elements. The importance of trace element analysis of Si, Al, Sr, Rb, S, F, Cl, and Br in uroliths is indicated.", "PMID": 604069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8368", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate: a case report.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the prostate in a 26-year-old man is presented. The short duration of symptoms, the typical sensation at rectal palpation, and the sudden fast increase in growth are stressed. The bad prognosis justifies an agressive therapeutical approach.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate: a case report. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the prostate in a 26-year-old man is presented. The short duration of symptoms, the typical sensation at rectal palpation, and the sudden fast increase in growth are stressed. The bad prognosis justifies an agressive therapeutical approach.", "PMID": 604070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8369", "title": "Memory for a geometrical configuration in the cognitively impaired elderly.", "content": "The objective of this study was to analyze the mnemonic reconstruction of a complex spatial configuration in a group of 10 men and women, 70-88 years, with a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and 10 controls matched for age, sex and educational background. A Piagetian model of a geometrical configuration with contingent and non-contingent properties was used to establish a heirarchical order of memorial organization for spatial structures. Subjects were evaluated one hour and one week after learning in reconstruction tasks. Although individuals with dementia performed more poorly than the age-matched controls, the hierarchy of chosen characteristics reflected a schematic progression in the organization of spatial memory in both groups.", "contents": "Memory for a geometrical configuration in the cognitively impaired elderly. The objective of this study was to analyze the mnemonic reconstruction of a complex spatial configuration in a group of 10 men and women, 70-88 years, with a diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and 10 controls matched for age, sex and educational background. A Piagetian model of a geometrical configuration with contingent and non-contingent properties was used to establish a heirarchical order of memorial organization for spatial structures. Subjects were evaluated one hour and one week after learning in reconstruction tasks. Although individuals with dementia performed more poorly than the age-matched controls, the hierarchy of chosen characteristics reflected a schematic progression in the organization of spatial memory in both groups.", "PMID": 604072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8370", "title": "Performance on cognitive tasks in predicting the behavioral competences in the institutionalized elderly.", "content": "The questions under consideration concern quantitative and qualitative aspects of the relationship between cognitive abilities and behavioral competences in the elderly institution residents. The former was assessed by an array of five cognitive measures, namely, two Piagetian tasks, Set Test, WAIS Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests and the WMS Associative Learning subtest and the latter by the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (SGRS). The overall variance in common between the two sets of variables was approximately 70 percent. Of the cognitive tasks, those most highly predictive of behavioral competences were the Piagetian tasks, Set Test and, to a lesser extent, WAIS Vocabulary subtest. Of the four SGRS factors, that predicted to the greatest extent was apathy, with physical disability to a lesser extent.", "contents": "Performance on cognitive tasks in predicting the behavioral competences in the institutionalized elderly. The questions under consideration concern quantitative and qualitative aspects of the relationship between cognitive abilities and behavioral competences in the elderly institution residents. The former was assessed by an array of five cognitive measures, namely, two Piagetian tasks, Set Test, WAIS Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests and the WMS Associative Learning subtest and the latter by the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (SGRS). The overall variance in common between the two sets of variables was approximately 70 percent. Of the cognitive tasks, those most highly predictive of behavioral competences were the Piagetian tasks, Set Test and, to a lesser extent, WAIS Vocabulary subtest. Of the four SGRS factors, that predicted to the greatest extent was apathy, with physical disability to a lesser extent.", "PMID": 604073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8371", "title": "Statistical bias in cross-sequential studies of aging.", "content": "In an earlier published study (Botwinick & Arenberg, 1976) it was argued that cross-sequential designs used in studies of aging and intelligence bias results in favor of a larger main effects F ratio for cohort than for time of measurement. As a consequence, purely ontogenetic influences are likely to be misinterpreted as generational. The present paper gives conclusive proof of the statistical bias inherent in these designs. In addition it shows that, for any given number of measurement occasions, the degree of bias increases with the number of different cohorts tested. An explanation of the statistical problem in intuitive terms is also provided.", "contents": "Statistical bias in cross-sequential studies of aging. In an earlier published study (Botwinick & Arenberg, 1976) it was argued that cross-sequential designs used in studies of aging and intelligence bias results in favor of a larger main effects F ratio for cohort than for time of measurement. As a consequence, purely ontogenetic influences are likely to be misinterpreted as generational. The present paper gives conclusive proof of the statistical bias inherent in these designs. In addition it shows that, for any given number of measurement occasions, the degree of bias increases with the number of different cohorts tested. An explanation of the statistical problem in intuitive terms is also provided.", "PMID": 604076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8372", "title": "Adult age differences in cognitive abilities and educational background.", "content": "A large sample of men and women between the ages of 20 and 79 years were given specially devised, adult-relevant tests of vocabulary and information as well as portions of the ABLE test of educational achievement. The familiar pattern of decline with age was found in the ABLE subtests, but not in the adult-relevant tests, which lends support to the position that age trends in tests of cognitive abilities depend significantly upon test contents.", "contents": "Adult age differences in cognitive abilities and educational background. A large sample of men and women between the ages of 20 and 79 years were given specially devised, adult-relevant tests of vocabulary and information as well as portions of the ABLE test of educational achievement. The familiar pattern of decline with age was found in the ABLE subtests, but not in the adult-relevant tests, which lends support to the position that age trends in tests of cognitive abilities depend significantly upon test contents.", "PMID": 604077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8373", "title": "A comparison of general and age-specific factors associated with political behavior.", "content": "Sociological research has focused on relationships between status, participation, efficacy, and political behavior with less attention to the influence of discontinuty in life circumstances on political activity. In contrast, gerontologists have explored the implications of age-specific and life change factors for political orientations but conflicting hypotheses have been derived. On suggests that discontinuity will decrease political activity while the other contends that discontinuity will politicize individuals. This study compares the relative contribution of life change and age-specific factors, demographic characteristics, and efficacy to voting and political interest. Data were collected by personal interviews with a random sample of 169 men and women 65 or over. Voting and political interest had somewhat different antecedents, but participation in multi-age groups and efficacy increased both while age-graded participation decreased political activity. Discontinuity, in general. had less effect on political behavior than demographic characteristics and efficacy.", "contents": "A comparison of general and age-specific factors associated with political behavior. Sociological research has focused on relationships between status, participation, efficacy, and political behavior with less attention to the influence of discontinuty in life circumstances on political activity. In contrast, gerontologists have explored the implications of age-specific and life change factors for political orientations but conflicting hypotheses have been derived. On suggests that discontinuity will decrease political activity while the other contends that discontinuity will politicize individuals. This study compares the relative contribution of life change and age-specific factors, demographic characteristics, and efficacy to voting and political interest. Data were collected by personal interviews with a random sample of 169 men and women 65 or over. Voting and political interest had somewhat different antecedents, but participation in multi-age groups and efficacy increased both while age-graded participation decreased political activity. Discontinuity, in general. had less effect on political behavior than demographic characteristics and efficacy.", "PMID": 604074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8374", "title": "Age, rate and instructional conditions: empirical support against the pacing variable.", "content": "The present study was an attempt to determine if the pacing effect was an artifact of the confounding of presentation rate and total learning time. Two presentation rates were factorially varied with three instructional conditions for two different age groups in a paired-associate and free-recall task. The results of the study replicated the pacing effect when learning time was deliberately confounded. When total learning time was equated for the presentation rates the pacing effect was not replicated, demonstrating that pacing is an artifact. It was suggested that the total time principle, not pacing, was the viable explanatory concept. The results of the manipulation of instructional conditions suggest that it is inappropriate to assume that a set of instructions will result in equivalent performance for both young and old samples.", "contents": "Age, rate and instructional conditions: empirical support against the pacing variable. The present study was an attempt to determine if the pacing effect was an artifact of the confounding of presentation rate and total learning time. Two presentation rates were factorially varied with three instructional conditions for two different age groups in a paired-associate and free-recall task. The results of the study replicated the pacing effect when learning time was deliberately confounded. When total learning time was equated for the presentation rates the pacing effect was not replicated, demonstrating that pacing is an artifact. It was suggested that the total time principle, not pacing, was the viable explanatory concept. The results of the manipulation of instructional conditions suggest that it is inappropriate to assume that a set of instructions will result in equivalent performance for both young and old samples.", "PMID": 604075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8375", "title": "RNA-RNA hybridization between influenza viruses.", "content": "A study is described of the RNAs of recombinant viruses made from A/PR/8/34, which is non-infectious for man, and wild human Influenza A strains. By RNA-RNA hybridization it was possible to determine the proportion of the genome donated by each of the parents. The technique can be applied as a biochemical marker to detect the recombinants among parental viruses and moreover, it is a method to select the attenuated viruses among the recombinants.", "contents": "RNA-RNA hybridization between influenza viruses. A study is described of the RNAs of recombinant viruses made from A/PR/8/34, which is non-infectious for man, and wild human Influenza A strains. By RNA-RNA hybridization it was possible to determine the proportion of the genome donated by each of the parents. The technique can be applied as a biochemical marker to detect the recombinants among parental viruses and moreover, it is a method to select the attenuated viruses among the recombinants.", "PMID": 604092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8376", "title": "Problems in the use of live influenza virus vaccines in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease.", "content": "A brief review is presented of the problems existing in the organisation and execution of clinical trials of live attenuated influenza vaccine in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Such trials must be designed to determine the safety of the procedure as well as its immunological effectiveness.", "contents": "Problems in the use of live influenza virus vaccines in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease. A brief review is presented of the problems existing in the organisation and execution of clinical trials of live attenuated influenza vaccine in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Such trials must be designed to determine the safety of the procedure as well as its immunological effectiveness.", "PMID": 604094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8377", "title": "Clinical acceptability of live influenza vaccine in high risk subjects and children. Experience with three consecutive recombinant strains.", "content": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three recombinant strains, Alice, RIT 4025 and RIT 4050, were re-examined by a retrospective analysis of the data from clinical trials and routine vaccination campaigns. Special emphasis was put on the acceptability of vaccinal strains for the elderly, patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, subjects with atopy and children, as well as on the safety of repeated administrations of the vaccine to the general population. The incidence and nature of postvaccinal symptoms in high risk populations were similar to those observed in healthy subjects. Tolerance of the vaccine by children (2-10 years old) was excellent for both Alice and RIT 4050 strains. At the present time, we have evidence that the vaccine was administered to approximately 2500 subjects without any significant adverse effects, during the course of two or three consecutive vaccination campaigns. This holds true also for 12 vaccinees who received the vaccine for more than three years. The maximal number of doses administered to one person was 14. The vaccinal strains studied have been shown safe and immunogenic both in the general population and in high risk subjects and children.", "contents": "Clinical acceptability of live influenza vaccine in high risk subjects and children. Experience with three consecutive recombinant strains. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three recombinant strains, Alice, RIT 4025 and RIT 4050, were re-examined by a retrospective analysis of the data from clinical trials and routine vaccination campaigns. Special emphasis was put on the acceptability of vaccinal strains for the elderly, patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, subjects with atopy and children, as well as on the safety of repeated administrations of the vaccine to the general population. The incidence and nature of postvaccinal symptoms in high risk populations were similar to those observed in healthy subjects. Tolerance of the vaccine by children (2-10 years old) was excellent for both Alice and RIT 4050 strains. At the present time, we have evidence that the vaccine was administered to approximately 2500 subjects without any significant adverse effects, during the course of two or three consecutive vaccination campaigns. This holds true also for 12 vaccinees who received the vaccine for more than three years. The maximal number of doses administered to one person was 14. The vaccinal strains studied have been shown safe and immunogenic both in the general population and in high risk subjects and children.", "PMID": 604091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8378", "title": "Live influenza vaccine in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. A multicenter study with two consecutive vaccinal strains.", "content": "Live influenza vaccines RIT 4025 and RIT 4050, containing the recombinants of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 with A/PR/8/34 virus respectively, were administered during the vaccination campaigns 1975-76 and 1976-77 to patients with established chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. The study was designed to assess the clinical acceptability of these vaccinal strains and to measure the effects of vaccination on pulmonary function in this population. Clinical and respiratory function findings were compared in a control group of healthy volunteers. Good immunogenicity and good clinical tolerance were found in both populations. Pulmonary function tests had been performed before administration of the vaccine and repeated several times during the post-vaccinal period; the longest post-vaccinal follow-up of respiratory function in patients was four weeks. Apart from transient fluctuations, no significant changes in pulmonary function were found; results obtained in the group of patients were not different from those o0served in healthy subjects. These results correlate very well with observations reported with previous vaccinal strains (Ann and Alice) in pulmonary \"high risk\" patients.", "contents": "Live influenza vaccine in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. A multicenter study with two consecutive vaccinal strains. Live influenza vaccines RIT 4025 and RIT 4050, containing the recombinants of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 with A/PR/8/34 virus respectively, were administered during the vaccination campaigns 1975-76 and 1976-77 to patients with established chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. The study was designed to assess the clinical acceptability of these vaccinal strains and to measure the effects of vaccination on pulmonary function in this population. Clinical and respiratory function findings were compared in a control group of healthy volunteers. Good immunogenicity and good clinical tolerance were found in both populations. Pulmonary function tests had been performed before administration of the vaccine and repeated several times during the post-vaccinal period; the longest post-vaccinal follow-up of respiratory function in patients was four weeks. Apart from transient fluctuations, no significant changes in pulmonary function were found; results obtained in the group of patients were not different from those o0served in healthy subjects. These results correlate very well with observations reported with previous vaccinal strains (Ann and Alice) in pulmonary \"high risk\" patients.", "PMID": 604093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8379", "title": "Dynamics and specificity of influenza virus antibodies as well as IgE values in serum and nasal fluid after repeated local application of live bivalent influenza vaccine.", "content": "A long term study with bivalent live influenza vaccine was carried out in 18 subjects with no previous history of egg protein hypersensitivity. Experimental conditions included a nine-fold vaccination schedule with collection of serum and nasal fluid. The parameters studied were determination of serum and local antibody formation as well as the demonstration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and nasal fluid. HI antibody response was observed in 100% of the vaccinees against vaccine related strains but not to antigenically remote isolates. NI antibodies could be demonstrated in serums and to some extent in nasal fluids. Special attention was given to induction of specific IgE antibodies to egg protein, however no indication for a vaccine induced sensitization could be detected when total and specific IgE concentrations of serum and nasal fluid were determined.", "contents": "Dynamics and specificity of influenza virus antibodies as well as IgE values in serum and nasal fluid after repeated local application of live bivalent influenza vaccine. A long term study with bivalent live influenza vaccine was carried out in 18 subjects with no previous history of egg protein hypersensitivity. Experimental conditions included a nine-fold vaccination schedule with collection of serum and nasal fluid. The parameters studied were determination of serum and local antibody formation as well as the demonstration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and nasal fluid. HI antibody response was observed in 100% of the vaccinees against vaccine related strains but not to antigenically remote isolates. NI antibodies could be demonstrated in serums and to some extent in nasal fluids. Special attention was given to induction of specific IgE antibodies to egg protein, however no indication for a vaccine induced sensitization could be detected when total and specific IgE concentrations of serum and nasal fluid were determined.", "PMID": 604096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8380", "title": "Studies of respiratory function in volunteers given live influenza virus vaccine.", "content": "Measurements of peak flow, vital capacity, FEV1 and flow volume studies were performed in healthy volunteers for 20 weeks following intranasal vaccination with live-attenuated A/Victoria/3/75 recombinants or placebo. Despite differing attenuation of the two candidate strains, no effect on pulmonary function was detected.", "contents": "Studies of respiratory function in volunteers given live influenza virus vaccine. Measurements of peak flow, vital capacity, FEV1 and flow volume studies were performed in healthy volunteers for 20 weeks following intranasal vaccination with live-attenuated A/Victoria/3/75 recombinants or placebo. Despite differing attenuation of the two candidate strains, no effect on pulmonary function was detected.", "PMID": 604095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8381", "title": "Procedures for characterisation of the genetic material of candidate vaccine strains.", "content": "Two procedures for characterising the genomes of recombinant influenza viruses are described. The first of these involves ribonuclease T4 oligonucleotide fingerpart analysis of separated viral RNAs labelled either in vivo or in vitro and the second utilises polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify the double-stranded molecules formed by hybridisation between the complementary and virion RNAs of two viruses. Although the latter method is more suitable for routine screening purposes, both procedures are suitable for distinguishing between equivalent RNA components of closely related viruses.", "contents": "Procedures for characterisation of the genetic material of candidate vaccine strains. Two procedures for characterising the genomes of recombinant influenza viruses are described. The first of these involves ribonuclease T4 oligonucleotide fingerpart analysis of separated viral RNAs labelled either in vivo or in vitro and the second utilises polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify the double-stranded molecules formed by hybridisation between the complementary and virion RNAs of two viruses. Although the latter method is more suitable for routine screening purposes, both procedures are suitable for distinguishing between equivalent RNA components of closely related viruses.", "PMID": 604097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8382", "title": "The assay of influenza virus structural antigens in vaccines by rocket immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The internally situated influenza virus structural antigens (matrix and nucleoprotein) and the glycoprotein hemagglutinin were assayed using rocket immunoelectrophoresis or single radial diffusion following disruption of purified virus with 1% w/v sodium sarcosyl detergent. Electrophoresis was carried out for 1-4 h in 0.05 M barbitone buffer at pH 8.6. The potency estimations of HA and M activity were similar for the two methods for bivalent beta-propiolactone inactivated whole virus vaccines.", "contents": "The assay of influenza virus structural antigens in vaccines by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The internally situated influenza virus structural antigens (matrix and nucleoprotein) and the glycoprotein hemagglutinin were assayed using rocket immunoelectrophoresis or single radial diffusion following disruption of purified virus with 1% w/v sodium sarcosyl detergent. Electrophoresis was carried out for 1-4 h in 0.05 M barbitone buffer at pH 8.6. The potency estimations of HA and M activity were similar for the two methods for bivalent beta-propiolactone inactivated whole virus vaccines.", "PMID": 604098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8383", "title": "[Detection of ovalbumin in influenza vaccine by electrosyneresis].", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used for the detection of ovalbumin in influenza vaccine preparations throughout a purification process applied to allantoic fluids of embryonated eggs. With an antiserum able to detect ovalbumin to a concentration of 0.31 microgram/ml, the progressive elimination of this contaminant was followed until the final preparation of purified concentrated vaccine. This easy procedure appeared to be specific and highly sensitive.", "contents": "[Detection of ovalbumin in influenza vaccine by electrosyneresis]. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used for the detection of ovalbumin in influenza vaccine preparations throughout a purification process applied to allantoic fluids of embryonated eggs. With an antiserum able to detect ovalbumin to a concentration of 0.31 microgram/ml, the progressive elimination of this contaminant was followed until the final preparation of purified concentrated vaccine. This easy procedure appeared to be specific and highly sensitive.", "PMID": 604099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8384", "title": "Serological response to an adsorbed killed trivalent influenza vaccine (including A/New Jersey 8/76 antigen).", "content": "The serological evaluation of a trivalent vaccine (A/Victoria 3/75, A/New Jersey 8/76, B/Hong Kong 8/73) has been done by HI and NI tests on 77 paired sera representing all age groups. The percentage of seroconversion induced by the antigens A/Victoria 3/75, A/New Jersey 8/75 and B/Hong Kong 8/73 were 85.95 and 89.6 respectively and the percentage of protective antibodies (greater than 1:40) were 84.4, 72.7 and 80.5 respectively.", "contents": "Serological response to an adsorbed killed trivalent influenza vaccine (including A/New Jersey 8/76 antigen). The serological evaluation of a trivalent vaccine (A/Victoria 3/75, A/New Jersey 8/76, B/Hong Kong 8/73) has been done by HI and NI tests on 77 paired sera representing all age groups. The percentage of seroconversion induced by the antigens A/Victoria 3/75, A/New Jersey 8/75 and B/Hong Kong 8/73 were 85.95 and 89.6 respectively and the percentage of protective antibodies (greater than 1:40) were 84.4, 72.7 and 80.5 respectively.", "PMID": 604102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8385", "title": "Human responses to purified surface antigen invluenza vaccine (Fluvirin).", "content": "The dose response to a bivalent purified surface antigen vaccine containing A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/8/73 has been studied in volunteers. Over the range studied the response was very flat for both components insofar as the HI antibody was concerned. The lower, but still satisfactory, conversion rate to the B component may reflect the absence of previous experience with this strain. In another study in schoolboys a trivalent surface antigen containing A/New Jersey, A/Victoria and B/Hong Kong at 200 I.U. each was compared with a whole virus vaccine containing 400 I.U. of each of the three strains. There was a significant reduction in reaction rate in boys receiving the subunit vaccine. Seroconversion rates were comparable for the two vaccines, except in the case of the New Jersey component when they were significantly better for whole virus than for subunits.", "contents": "Human responses to purified surface antigen invluenza vaccine (Fluvirin). The dose response to a bivalent purified surface antigen vaccine containing A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/8/73 has been studied in volunteers. Over the range studied the response was very flat for both components insofar as the HI antibody was concerned. The lower, but still satisfactory, conversion rate to the B component may reflect the absence of previous experience with this strain. In another study in schoolboys a trivalent surface antigen containing A/New Jersey, A/Victoria and B/Hong Kong at 200 I.U. each was compared with a whole virus vaccine containing 400 I.U. of each of the three strains. There was a significant reduction in reaction rate in boys receiving the subunit vaccine. Seroconversion rates were comparable for the two vaccines, except in the case of the New Jersey component when they were significantly better for whole virus than for subunits.", "PMID": 604103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8386", "title": "Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines.", "content": "Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and a method was sought to potentiate the humoral response. Intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Studies in seronegative young human adults showed that much lower doses of homologous A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] virus potentiated the antibody response to both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of A/NJ/76 influenza vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a small amount of whole virus vaccine, sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic.", "contents": "Potentiation of the immune response to influenza virus subunit vaccines. Influenza subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic in unprimed lower animals and man and a method was sought to potentiate the humoral response. Intact heterologous influenza A virus vaccine (A/Victoria/3/75 [H3N2]) potentiated the antibody response of hamsters to A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] subunit vaccines but large doses of intact virus were required. Studies in seronegative young human adults showed that much lower doses of homologous A/NJ/76 [Hsw1 N1] virus potentiated the antibody response to both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of A/NJ/76 influenza vaccines. This suggests that future influenza subunit vaccines for use in seronegative people should contain a small amount of whole virus vaccine, sufficient to potentiate the immune response to the subunits but insufficient to be reactogenic.", "PMID": 604104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8387", "title": "Anti-ovalbumin sensitizing ability of influenza vaccines in guinea pigs.", "content": "The anti-ovalbumin sensitizing ability of four highly purified commercial influenza vaccines was tested in guinea pigs by means of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Aluminimum-adsorbed and fluid vaccines as well as pretreatments by one or two subcutaneous inoculations were compared. The two adsorbed vaccines induced significant sensitization after just one inoculation while the two fluid vaccines revealed their sensitizing ability almost exclusively after repeated administration.", "contents": "Anti-ovalbumin sensitizing ability of influenza vaccines in guinea pigs. The anti-ovalbumin sensitizing ability of four highly purified commercial influenza vaccines was tested in guinea pigs by means of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Aluminimum-adsorbed and fluid vaccines as well as pretreatments by one or two subcutaneous inoculations were compared. The two adsorbed vaccines induced significant sensitization after just one inoculation while the two fluid vaccines revealed their sensitizing ability almost exclusively after repeated administration.", "PMID": 604100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8388", "title": "Antibody response in humans after administration of whole-virion and split vaccine prepared from two different influenza A/swine viruses.", "content": "Previous findings with sera of several different animal species had indicated a close antigenic similarity between the X53 recombinant (possessing both surface antigens of A/Swine/New Jersey/76 virus) and the A/Swine/Ann Arbor/31 (AA) virus (1). Since the latter virus grows much better in chick embryos than the former, we examined the possibility of using the Ann Arbor virus instead of X53 for inactivated vaccine production. The present paper describes our findings in sera of subjects immunized with either whole-virus or split vaccine prepared from AA virus.", "contents": "Antibody response in humans after administration of whole-virion and split vaccine prepared from two different influenza A/swine viruses. Previous findings with sera of several different animal species had indicated a close antigenic similarity between the X53 recombinant (possessing both surface antigens of A/Swine/New Jersey/76 virus) and the A/Swine/Ann Arbor/31 (AA) virus (1). Since the latter virus grows much better in chick embryos than the former, we examined the possibility of using the Ann Arbor virus instead of X53 for inactivated vaccine production. The present paper describes our findings in sera of subjects immunized with either whole-virus or split vaccine prepared from AA virus.", "PMID": 604101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8389", "title": "Antibody response to anti-A/New Jersey/76 vaccines.", "content": "Experimental inactivated influenza vaccines prepared with strain X 53, derived from A/New Jersey/76 virus were injected to several groups of subjects. Different compositions of vaccine were used and the subjects were selected from different age groups. Antibody responses were measured 15 days after vaccination; it was then possible to evaluate the conversion rates, the percentages of subjects showing a protective level of antibodies and the average level of antibodies. The results show that a very small dose of antigen, probably acting as a booster, gives very good results in the older age group. On the other hand, young adults (below 23) react to a much lower degree to the vaccine. The results are discussed in relation to the age distribution of preexisting antibodies in the experimental groups and in the general population in France.", "contents": "Antibody response to anti-A/New Jersey/76 vaccines. Experimental inactivated influenza vaccines prepared with strain X 53, derived from A/New Jersey/76 virus were injected to several groups of subjects. Different compositions of vaccine were used and the subjects were selected from different age groups. Antibody responses were measured 15 days after vaccination; it was then possible to evaluate the conversion rates, the percentages of subjects showing a protective level of antibodies and the average level of antibodies. The results show that a very small dose of antigen, probably acting as a booster, gives very good results in the older age group. On the other hand, young adults (below 23) react to a much lower degree to the vaccine. The results are discussed in relation to the age distribution of preexisting antibodies in the experimental groups and in the general population in France.", "PMID": 604105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8390", "title": "Biological, genetic and biochemical characterization of a cold-adapted recombinant A/Victoria/3/75 virus and its evaluation in volunteers.", "content": "A recombinant virus AA-CR19 was produced that contains RNA segments coding for one polymerase protein, the nucleoprotein and the matrix protein of cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60, but HA, NA and two other genes coding for polymerase proteins from A/Victoria/3/75. The nonstructural protein gene is probably derived from A/Ann Arbor/6/60, but may contain a spontaneous mutation. Biological characterization of AA-CR19 showed that it possesses the gene(s) responsible for cold-adaptation and temperature-sensitivity of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 parent. At a dose of 10(7.2) TCID/50. AA-CR19 was found to be immunogenic and attenuated for seronegative volunteers.", "contents": "Biological, genetic and biochemical characterization of a cold-adapted recombinant A/Victoria/3/75 virus and its evaluation in volunteers. A recombinant virus AA-CR19 was produced that contains RNA segments coding for one polymerase protein, the nucleoprotein and the matrix protein of cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60, but HA, NA and two other genes coding for polymerase proteins from A/Victoria/3/75. The nonstructural protein gene is probably derived from A/Ann Arbor/6/60, but may contain a spontaneous mutation. Biological characterization of AA-CR19 showed that it possesses the gene(s) responsible for cold-adaptation and temperature-sensitivity of the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 parent. At a dose of 10(7.2) TCID/50. AA-CR19 was found to be immunogenic and attenuated for seronegative volunteers.", "PMID": 604106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8391", "title": "Persistence of influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) antibody one year after vaccination.", "content": "Serum HI and neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibody measurements were made at 3, 32 and 50 weeks after inactivated influenza Hsw1N1 vaccination of 438 adults in 1976. Although the highest postvaccination geometric mean HI titers were observed in persons greater than or equal to 52 years of age, the rate of antibody decline was similar in adults of all ages. In 14 children who had a seroconversion following two doses of whole virus or split virus vaccine, the geometric mean HI antibody titer was lower after the second vaccine dose than the peak titer observed in adults, and the decrease in titer was also more rapid by 4 to 7 months. One year after influenza Hsw1N1 vaccination of adults, the prevalence of homologous HI antibody greater than or equal to 40 was 71% to 97%, whereas only two of the 14 children maintained similar titers at 5 to 7 months. Neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody titer formation occurred more frequently in those without prevaccination NI antibody, but the rate of decline was also greatest in this initially seronegative group. The rate of antibody decline at one year in the population with preexisting antibody was similar to that observed for HI antibody decline in a primed population. Heterologous influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) HI antibody formation occurred in 22% of adults aged 25 to 51 after Hsw1N1 vaccination and in 12% of those over the age of 51, but the rate of heterologous antibody decline was more rapid than that observed for homologous antibody.", "contents": "Persistence of influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) antibody one year after vaccination. Serum HI and neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibody measurements were made at 3, 32 and 50 weeks after inactivated influenza Hsw1N1 vaccination of 438 adults in 1976. Although the highest postvaccination geometric mean HI titers were observed in persons greater than or equal to 52 years of age, the rate of antibody decline was similar in adults of all ages. In 14 children who had a seroconversion following two doses of whole virus or split virus vaccine, the geometric mean HI antibody titer was lower after the second vaccine dose than the peak titer observed in adults, and the decrease in titer was also more rapid by 4 to 7 months. One year after influenza Hsw1N1 vaccination of adults, the prevalence of homologous HI antibody greater than or equal to 40 was 71% to 97%, whereas only two of the 14 children maintained similar titers at 5 to 7 months. Neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody titer formation occurred more frequently in those without prevaccination NI antibody, but the rate of decline was also greatest in this initially seronegative group. The rate of antibody decline at one year in the population with preexisting antibody was similar to that observed for HI antibody decline in a primed population. Heterologous influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) HI antibody formation occurred in 22% of adults aged 25 to 51 after Hsw1N1 vaccination and in 12% of those over the age of 51, but the rate of heterologous antibody decline was more rapid than that observed for homologous antibody.", "PMID": 604107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8392", "title": "Serological responses to whole and split A/New Jersey vaccines in humans and mice following priming infection with influenza A viruses.", "content": "Experiments were performed in mice to investigate the role of previous infection on responses to A/NJ/76 vaccines. Results from human studies have demonstrated that the serological responses to A/NJ/76 vaccines varied according to the age of the vaccinee and appeared to be related to their previous exposure to the different strains of influenza A virus. Mice were infected with influenza A viruses representative of the major strains (Hsw1N1, HON1, H2N2, H3N2) and later inoculated with varying doses of whole or subunit A/NJ/ML virus vaccines. Results from these experiments demonstrated a low antigenicity in non-primed mice of the subunit vaccine compared to whole-virus vaccine, but that the antigenicity of both vaccines was enhanced in mice primed by previous infection with earlier H0 and H1 viruses. The responses of heterotypically primed mice were qualitatively similar to those of primed humans following A/New Jersey vaccination.", "contents": "Serological responses to whole and split A/New Jersey vaccines in humans and mice following priming infection with influenza A viruses. Experiments were performed in mice to investigate the role of previous infection on responses to A/NJ/76 vaccines. Results from human studies have demonstrated that the serological responses to A/NJ/76 vaccines varied according to the age of the vaccinee and appeared to be related to their previous exposure to the different strains of influenza A virus. Mice were infected with influenza A viruses representative of the major strains (Hsw1N1, HON1, H2N2, H3N2) and later inoculated with varying doses of whole or subunit A/NJ/ML virus vaccines. Results from these experiments demonstrated a low antigenicity in non-primed mice of the subunit vaccine compared to whole-virus vaccine, but that the antigenicity of both vaccines was enhanced in mice primed by previous infection with earlier H0 and H1 viruses. The responses of heterotypically primed mice were qualitatively similar to those of primed humans following A/New Jersey vaccination.", "PMID": 604108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8393", "title": "Reactogenicity to primary and repeated vaccination with influenza split virus vaccine.", "content": "Influenza vaccines (split, adsorbed, low nitrogen) of two different antigen concentrations (commercial production) were administered to 1,111 adult persons of both sexes. Up to five previous vaccinations had been given to the population under observation. Their reactions both local and general were not different in primo-vaccinees or boostered persons. Increasing numbers of previous vaccinations were not reflected by increasing rates of complaints. Disregarding immunization history, the group given the higher concentrated vaccine showed a lower rate of side effects while the lower antigen concentration produced a higher rate. The relevance of the observation that no sensitizing effect occurred in persons with up to five vaccinations may be a characteristic of split adsorbed influenza vaccines of high purity.", "contents": "Reactogenicity to primary and repeated vaccination with influenza split virus vaccine. Influenza vaccines (split, adsorbed, low nitrogen) of two different antigen concentrations (commercial production) were administered to 1,111 adult persons of both sexes. Up to five previous vaccinations had been given to the population under observation. Their reactions both local and general were not different in primo-vaccinees or boostered persons. Increasing numbers of previous vaccinations were not reflected by increasing rates of complaints. Disregarding immunization history, the group given the higher concentrated vaccine showed a lower rate of side effects while the lower antigen concentration produced a higher rate. The relevance of the observation that no sensitizing effect occurred in persons with up to five vaccinations may be a characteristic of split adsorbed influenza vaccines of high purity.", "PMID": 604110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8394", "title": "Strain-specificity of antibody to haemagglutinin following inactivated A/port chalmers/1/73 vaccine in man: evidence for a paradoxical strain-specific antibody response.", "content": "An analysis was carried out of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody responses in adult human recipients of inactivated whole virus A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) vaccine using single radial diffusion combined with antibody adsorption techniques to determine antibody specificity. Antibody was characterised as cross-reactive (i.e. directed against antigenic determinants of haemagglutinin which are common for viruses within the H3 subtype) or strain-specific. Strain-specific antibodies for the vaccine strain and also for A/Hong Kong/68(H3N2) virus were assayed. A high proportion of vaccinees developed antibody of the cross-reactive specificity. The titre and frequency of such antibody increased with vaccine dose (100 iu to 1600 iu per dose). Many individuals developed strain-specific in addition to cross-reactive antibodies. A notable finding was that in 70% of vaccinees who developed strain-specific antibody, this was a paradoxical response directed against the strain specific determinant of A/Hong Kong/68 virus (the first number of the H3 subtype). Only 30% developed strain-specific antibody to the haemagglutinin of the vaccine strain. The percentage of vaccinees developing strain-specific antibodies to the vaccine strain was not significantly increased by increasing the dose of vaccine to 1600 iu. A second dose of A/Port Chalmers/73 vaccine administered approximately one year after the first dose only slightly increased the percentage with A/Port Chalmers strain-specific antibody.", "contents": "Strain-specificity of antibody to haemagglutinin following inactivated A/port chalmers/1/73 vaccine in man: evidence for a paradoxical strain-specific antibody response. An analysis was carried out of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody responses in adult human recipients of inactivated whole virus A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) vaccine using single radial diffusion combined with antibody adsorption techniques to determine antibody specificity. Antibody was characterised as cross-reactive (i.e. directed against antigenic determinants of haemagglutinin which are common for viruses within the H3 subtype) or strain-specific. Strain-specific antibodies for the vaccine strain and also for A/Hong Kong/68(H3N2) virus were assayed. A high proportion of vaccinees developed antibody of the cross-reactive specificity. The titre and frequency of such antibody increased with vaccine dose (100 iu to 1600 iu per dose). Many individuals developed strain-specific in addition to cross-reactive antibodies. A notable finding was that in 70% of vaccinees who developed strain-specific antibody, this was a paradoxical response directed against the strain specific determinant of A/Hong Kong/68 virus (the first number of the H3 subtype). Only 30% developed strain-specific antibody to the haemagglutinin of the vaccine strain. The percentage of vaccinees developing strain-specific antibodies to the vaccine strain was not significantly increased by increasing the dose of vaccine to 1600 iu. A second dose of A/Port Chalmers/73 vaccine administered approximately one year after the first dose only slightly increased the percentage with A/Port Chalmers strain-specific antibody.", "PMID": 604109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8395", "title": "Effects of vaccination on an influenza epidemic in a geriatric hospital.", "content": "During winter 75/76 (from February 1 to March 31) we got the opportunity to follow the incidence of an influenza epidemic that occurred in the geriatric hospital of Ivry. Its population was, on the average, 83 years old. 958 persons were involved in this study: 523 out of them had been vaccinated with Pasteur bivalent Mutagrip A + B vaccine. The epidemic had a double origin: it was due to a virus A/Victoria and to a virus B/Hong Kong. A significant difference was noted between the vaccinated group and the nonvaccinated one. Serological (CF and HI) and virological investigations (virus isolation) were performed on 110 subjects. The clinical course followed by the disease was mild for the vaccinated and severe for the nonvaccinated. Mortality rate was 0.19% in the former against 3.90% in the latter. It has been thus possible to observe an \"immunological fence\" since it appears that when 79% of a given unit has been vaccinated, influenza incidence has been as much as three times reduced.", "contents": "Effects of vaccination on an influenza epidemic in a geriatric hospital. During winter 75/76 (from February 1 to March 31) we got the opportunity to follow the incidence of an influenza epidemic that occurred in the geriatric hospital of Ivry. Its population was, on the average, 83 years old. 958 persons were involved in this study: 523 out of them had been vaccinated with Pasteur bivalent Mutagrip A + B vaccine. The epidemic had a double origin: it was due to a virus A/Victoria and to a virus B/Hong Kong. A significant difference was noted between the vaccinated group and the nonvaccinated one. Serological (CF and HI) and virological investigations (virus isolation) were performed on 110 subjects. The clinical course followed by the disease was mild for the vaccinated and severe for the nonvaccinated. Mortality rate was 0.19% in the former against 3.90% in the latter. It has been thus possible to observe an \"immunological fence\" since it appears that when 79% of a given unit has been vaccinated, influenza incidence has been as much as three times reduced.", "PMID": 604114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8396", "title": "Use of influenza vaccine in non-high risk populations.", "content": "The aim of most strategies for vaccination against influenza is the prevention of mortality. Since individuals in the high risk group are mainly elderly, and the elderly have a low frequency of influenza infection, this strategy can have no significant controlling effect on morbidity. It has been shown in the longitudinal community study in Tecumseh, Michigan that highest frequency of infection with influenza is seen in the school-age population; this pattern is quite marked for type B influenza and less so for type A. In addition, it was possible in 1968-69 to show that vaccination of schoolchildren with an inactivated H3N2 vaccine resulted in a three-fold reduction in the attack rate for the entire community. Because of a number of problems in use of inactive vaccines, including the need for parenteral administration, it is unlikely that such preparations could be used regularly on this large a scale. However, it would be entirely feasible for live virus vaccines to be employed in such a manner. The use of more extensive vaccination would have an additional beneficial effect, since it has recently been shown in Tecumseh that a relationship may well exist between frequent respiratory infections and the development of chronic bronchitis in apparently healthy individuals.", "contents": "Use of influenza vaccine in non-high risk populations. The aim of most strategies for vaccination against influenza is the prevention of mortality. Since individuals in the high risk group are mainly elderly, and the elderly have a low frequency of influenza infection, this strategy can have no significant controlling effect on morbidity. It has been shown in the longitudinal community study in Tecumseh, Michigan that highest frequency of infection with influenza is seen in the school-age population; this pattern is quite marked for type B influenza and less so for type A. In addition, it was possible in 1968-69 to show that vaccination of schoolchildren with an inactivated H3N2 vaccine resulted in a three-fold reduction in the attack rate for the entire community. Because of a number of problems in use of inactive vaccines, including the need for parenteral administration, it is unlikely that such preparations could be used regularly on this large a scale. However, it would be entirely feasible for live virus vaccines to be employed in such a manner. The use of more extensive vaccination would have an additional beneficial effect, since it has recently been shown in Tecumseh that a relationship may well exist between frequent respiratory infections and the development of chronic bronchitis in apparently healthy individuals.", "PMID": 604116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8397", "title": "In vitro markers for measuring residual virulence for men of live attenuated influenza viruses.", "content": "Human and equine influenza strains attenuated by consecutive passages in the presence of normal horse serum (NHS) on allantois-on-shell system (AOS) and administered to human volunteers or horses as possible live virus vaccine candidates were tested in organ cultures of ferret and hamster trachea. Temperature sensitivity, virus replication, interferon induction and neuraminidase activity were also investigated. Observation of the ciliary activity of each ring was made daily. Influenza strains which were incompletely attenuated following two to five passages on AOS + NHS system and caused severe to mild symptoms of influenza in volunteers or horses also caused a 50% inhibition of the activity of the ciliated epithelium earlier than did completely attenuated strains following ten passages on the same system. The A/Hong Kong/68 strain attenuated by Beare and Bynoe was used as a reference strain in every test. This technique appears to be valuable for screening live influenza vaccine candidates and may prevent risking severe illness in volunteers. No significant results could be ascertained with other markers investigated.", "contents": "In vitro markers for measuring residual virulence for men of live attenuated influenza viruses. Human and equine influenza strains attenuated by consecutive passages in the presence of normal horse serum (NHS) on allantois-on-shell system (AOS) and administered to human volunteers or horses as possible live virus vaccine candidates were tested in organ cultures of ferret and hamster trachea. Temperature sensitivity, virus replication, interferon induction and neuraminidase activity were also investigated. Observation of the ciliary activity of each ring was made daily. Influenza strains which were incompletely attenuated following two to five passages on AOS + NHS system and caused severe to mild symptoms of influenza in volunteers or horses also caused a 50% inhibition of the activity of the ciliated epithelium earlier than did completely attenuated strains following ten passages on the same system. The A/Hong Kong/68 strain attenuated by Beare and Bynoe was used as a reference strain in every test. This technique appears to be valuable for screening live influenza vaccine candidates and may prevent risking severe illness in volunteers. No significant results could be ascertained with other markers investigated.", "PMID": 604117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8398", "title": "Segregation of an internal biochemical marker during influenza virus recombination and its possible correlation with biological properties.", "content": "The internal matrix proteins of A/Okuda/57, A/Finland/4/74 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses and several recombinant strains have been examined by radioiodination of the purified proteins followed by peptide mapping. The method is rapid and requires only small amounts of material. Reproducible differences were detected between the matrix proteins of the above parents and allowed the origin of the matrix proteins of the recombinant viruses to be determined. The use of matrix protein identity as a marker in recombination work and its possible correlation with biological properties of the virus is discussed.", "contents": "Segregation of an internal biochemical marker during influenza virus recombination and its possible correlation with biological properties. The internal matrix proteins of A/Okuda/57, A/Finland/4/74 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses and several recombinant strains have been examined by radioiodination of the purified proteins followed by peptide mapping. The method is rapid and requires only small amounts of material. Reproducible differences were detected between the matrix proteins of the above parents and allowed the origin of the matrix proteins of the recombinant viruses to be determined. The use of matrix protein identity as a marker in recombination work and its possible correlation with biological properties of the virus is discussed.", "PMID": 604112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8399", "title": "IgM and IgG antibody responses following immunization of children and adults with influenza A/NJ/76 vaccines.", "content": "The character of the immune response to inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 (A/NJ/76) and bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 (A/NJ/76-A/Vic/75) vaccines was studied in children 6 months to 18 years of age. Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels were measured in post-vaccination serums before and after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. IgG antibody predominated in responses to the influenza A/Vic/75 component of bivalent vaccines. In contrast, specific IgM antibody against influenza A/NJ/76 developed after both monovalent and bivalent vaccines, and appears to characterize the immune response to this antigenic \"shift\" strain in children. Prevalences of IgM antibody against influenza A/NJ/76 did not differ significantly by age, implying that type rather than extent of previous influenza experience determines the IgM antibody response to an antigenic \"shift\". Slit-product vaccines produced significantly fewer IgM antibody responses to influenza A/NJ/76 than did whole-virus vaccines, a phenomenon which may correlate with their diminished reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children.", "contents": "IgM and IgG antibody responses following immunization of children and adults with influenza A/NJ/76 vaccines. The character of the immune response to inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 (A/NJ/76) and bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 (A/NJ/76-A/Vic/75) vaccines was studied in children 6 months to 18 years of age. Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels were measured in post-vaccination serums before and after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. IgG antibody predominated in responses to the influenza A/Vic/75 component of bivalent vaccines. In contrast, specific IgM antibody against influenza A/NJ/76 developed after both monovalent and bivalent vaccines, and appears to characterize the immune response to this antigenic \"shift\" strain in children. Prevalences of IgM antibody against influenza A/NJ/76 did not differ significantly by age, implying that type rather than extent of previous influenza experience determines the IgM antibody response to an antigenic \"shift\". Slit-product vaccines produced significantly fewer IgM antibody responses to influenza A/NJ/76 than did whole-virus vaccines, a phenomenon which may correlate with their diminished reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children.", "PMID": 604113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8400", "title": "Field observations on influenza vaccination among horses in Britain, 1971-1976.", "content": "The observations reported in this paper were obtained as part of a long term surveillance programme designed to monitor the efficacy of influenza vaccines and study the prevalence of influenza and other respiratory viruses among horses in Britain. Inactivated influenza vaccines were found to be effective in protecting horses from disease caused by influenza A/equine-1 but were less successful in protecting horses against influenza A/equine-2. The paper presents the clinical, epidemiological virological and serological findings obtained between 1971 and 1976.", "contents": "Field observations on influenza vaccination among horses in Britain, 1971-1976. The observations reported in this paper were obtained as part of a long term surveillance programme designed to monitor the efficacy of influenza vaccines and study the prevalence of influenza and other respiratory viruses among horses in Britain. Inactivated influenza vaccines were found to be effective in protecting horses from disease caused by influenza A/equine-1 but were less successful in protecting horses against influenza A/equine-2. The paper presents the clinical, epidemiological virological and serological findings obtained between 1971 and 1976.", "PMID": 604119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8401", "title": "Host factors and susceptibility to influenza A infection: the effect of ABO blood groups and HL-A antigens.", "content": "The effect of two host genetic factors on the outcome of influenza A infections has been examined, ABO blood groups and HL-A antigens. A significantly higher proportion of blood group B subjects was found to have serological evidence of infection with epidemic influenza despite a high incidence of residual antibody among the volunteers. No difference was observed in the ability of subjects of different blood groups to seroconvert after receiving two doses of live attenuated influenza A vaccine, but a significantly higher proportion of blood group A vaccines seroconverted after receiving their first dose of vaccine. The association between HL-A type BW16 and resistance to infection with influenza could not be confirmed. The results are discussed in terms of an indirect association between susceptibility to influenza infection and the two host genetic factors.", "contents": "Host factors and susceptibility to influenza A infection: the effect of ABO blood groups and HL-A antigens. The effect of two host genetic factors on the outcome of influenza A infections has been examined, ABO blood groups and HL-A antigens. A significantly higher proportion of blood group B subjects was found to have serological evidence of infection with epidemic influenza despite a high incidence of residual antibody among the volunteers. No difference was observed in the ability of subjects of different blood groups to seroconvert after receiving two doses of live attenuated influenza A vaccine, but a significantly higher proportion of blood group A vaccines seroconverted after receiving their first dose of vaccine. The association between HL-A type BW16 and resistance to infection with influenza could not be confirmed. The results are discussed in terms of an indirect association between susceptibility to influenza infection and the two host genetic factors.", "PMID": 604120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8402", "title": "A three-year evaluation of four commercial equine influenza vaccines in ponies maintained in isolation.", "content": "Ponies held in isolation for 40 months were vaccinated and revaccinated with four commercial equine influenza vaccines. Little or no HI antibody was detected after the first inoculation; second and subsequent annual revaccinations produced peak HI antibody titres between 7 and 14 days. Titres fell quickly between 14 and 28 days and less quickly thereafter. The decline of HI antibody appeared to be related more to the initial titre attained and to the period after vaccination than to the composition of the vaccine. The response to a first annual revaccination was superior to that produced by a second annual revaccination. Ether-treated antigens were required to identify primary and secondary responses to the equine-2-component of vaccines.", "contents": "A three-year evaluation of four commercial equine influenza vaccines in ponies maintained in isolation. Ponies held in isolation for 40 months were vaccinated and revaccinated with four commercial equine influenza vaccines. Little or no HI antibody was detected after the first inoculation; second and subsequent annual revaccinations produced peak HI antibody titres between 7 and 14 days. Titres fell quickly between 14 and 28 days and less quickly thereafter. The decline of HI antibody appeared to be related more to the initial titre attained and to the period after vaccination than to the composition of the vaccine. The response to a first annual revaccination was superior to that produced by a second annual revaccination. Ether-treated antigens were required to identify primary and secondary responses to the equine-2-component of vaccines.", "PMID": 604118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8403", "title": "Antibody formation in laboratory animals after parenteral application of A/swine influenza virus.", "content": "Antigenicity of swine influenza viruses, Ann Arbor/31 and recombinant X-53, was compared on the different animal species. The serological investigations of animals infected with live or immunized with the inactivated virus, demonstrated a close antigenic relationship between the H and N antigens of both viruses. For inactivated vaccine preparation it was recommended, on the basis of our results, to use Ann Arbor virus instead of virus X-53.", "contents": "Antibody formation in laboratory animals after parenteral application of A/swine influenza virus. Antigenicity of swine influenza viruses, Ann Arbor/31 and recombinant X-53, was compared on the different animal species. The serological investigations of animals infected with live or immunized with the inactivated virus, demonstrated a close antigenic relationship between the H and N antigens of both viruses. For inactivated vaccine preparation it was recommended, on the basis of our results, to use Ann Arbor virus instead of virus X-53.", "PMID": 604122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8404", "title": "A mouse model of influenza protection.", "content": "A mouse model has been developed in order to examine the parts played by humoral and cellular mechanisms in influenza immunity. Protection is assessed in terms of the amount of virus detectable in the lungs within 48 h of challenge. This system has two major advantages over the more common mouse lethality models. It is no longer necessary to use a mouse-lethal strain of virus; and protection is measured within days rather than weeks of challenge. Thus it is possible to determine the ability of the immune system to limit infection at an early stage, as distinct from curing a pre-existing infection and so preventing death. Transfer of spleen cells from an immune donor to a normal recipient will significantly reduce the amount of virus found in the lungs 24 h after challenge. The transferred cells are, however, capable of producing significant serum levels of anti-influenza antibody. Administration of serum from immune mice to normal recipients also results in a significant degree of protection within 24 h of challenge. These results give additional evidence that in the mouse significant protection is provided by serum antibody very soon after infection, but do not exclude the possibility that a part may be played by other mechanisms.", "contents": "A mouse model of influenza protection. A mouse model has been developed in order to examine the parts played by humoral and cellular mechanisms in influenza immunity. Protection is assessed in terms of the amount of virus detectable in the lungs within 48 h of challenge. This system has two major advantages over the more common mouse lethality models. It is no longer necessary to use a mouse-lethal strain of virus; and protection is measured within days rather than weeks of challenge. Thus it is possible to determine the ability of the immune system to limit infection at an early stage, as distinct from curing a pre-existing infection and so preventing death. Transfer of spleen cells from an immune donor to a normal recipient will significantly reduce the amount of virus found in the lungs 24 h after challenge. The transferred cells are, however, capable of producing significant serum levels of anti-influenza antibody. Administration of serum from immune mice to normal recipients also results in a significant degree of protection within 24 h of challenge. These results give additional evidence that in the mouse significant protection is provided by serum antibody very soon after infection, but do not exclude the possibility that a part may be played by other mechanisms.", "PMID": 604121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8405", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNAs of new influenza virus strains: an epidemiological tool.", "content": "Recently, we have shown by separating the RNAs and proteins of different influenza A viruses on polyacrylamide gels, that influenza A viruses contain 8 genes corresponding to 8 virus specific proteins. By analyzing the RNA patterns and the protein patterns of different recombinant viruses we, subsequently, succeeded in establishing a complete genetic map for influenza A viruses. These techniques were extended to characterize the genome of new influenza virus isolates. Thus it was found that the human isolate A/Wi/263/76 and the two swine virus isolates, A/swine/Wi/49/76 and A/swine/Wi/50/76 possess identical RNA patterns, which differ from the RNA patterns of other recent swine virus isolates. The human (Wi/263) and the two animal isolates (Wi/49 and Wi/50) were obtained on the same farm suggesting that the animal virus was transmitted from swine to man. This proves that swine viruses may occasionally infect humans without causing a pandemic. A comparative analysis of the different RNA patterns of other swine influenza viruses isolated around the same time at different locations and of those of recent human isolates showed that our polyacrylamide gel technique is a valuable epidemiological tool to identify and and characterize different influenza virus isolates.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNAs of new influenza virus strains: an epidemiological tool. Recently, we have shown by separating the RNAs and proteins of different influenza A viruses on polyacrylamide gels, that influenza A viruses contain 8 genes corresponding to 8 virus specific proteins. By analyzing the RNA patterns and the protein patterns of different recombinant viruses we, subsequently, succeeded in establishing a complete genetic map for influenza A viruses. These techniques were extended to characterize the genome of new influenza virus isolates. Thus it was found that the human isolate A/Wi/263/76 and the two swine virus isolates, A/swine/Wi/49/76 and A/swine/Wi/50/76 possess identical RNA patterns, which differ from the RNA patterns of other recent swine virus isolates. The human (Wi/263) and the two animal isolates (Wi/49 and Wi/50) were obtained on the same farm suggesting that the animal virus was transmitted from swine to man. This proves that swine viruses may occasionally infect humans without causing a pandemic. A comparative analysis of the different RNA patterns of other swine influenza viruses isolated around the same time at different locations and of those of recent human isolates showed that our polyacrylamide gel technique is a valuable epidemiological tool to identify and and characterize different influenza virus isolates.", "PMID": 604123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8406", "title": "Antigenic variation of influenza viruses isolated from the recent epidemics.", "content": "In the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77 there were fairly heavy epidemics of influenza in Japan, and on those occasions considerable discussions were held on the efficacy of influenza vaccine in connection with the variability of antigenic structure of the influenza virus. The type of the virus which prevailed in the winter of 1975-76 belonged to type A, but detailed antigenic analysis revealed that there had been two main antigenic types somewhat but definitely distinguishable from each other, the one is the well-known A/Victoria/75 type while the other is A/Tokyo/75 type. This epidemic seems to have started with the latter type, but soon the two types of virus prevailed hand in hand until the late part of the epidemic when the type A/Victoria/75 became overwhelming. The virus for the vaccine was however A/Tokyo/6/73 for that season, which is antigenically considerably different from both of these two strains. In the beginning of 1976, namely at the end of the epidemic season of type A, a few scattered epidemics due to type B influenza were reported from some parts of Japan. The result of antigenic analysis found that the virus belonged to B/Hong Kong/72 type, though showing some degree of antigenic schift. The same type of virus caused the epidemic of the winter 1976-77, which was considerably wide-spread and developed unexpectedly large number of cases. There were active discussion on the effectiveness of vaccine, of which B type was B/Gifu/1/73, recovered from the fairly large epidemic in 1973, and belonging to B/Hong Kong/72.", "contents": "Antigenic variation of influenza viruses isolated from the recent epidemics. In the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77 there were fairly heavy epidemics of influenza in Japan, and on those occasions considerable discussions were held on the efficacy of influenza vaccine in connection with the variability of antigenic structure of the influenza virus. The type of the virus which prevailed in the winter of 1975-76 belonged to type A, but detailed antigenic analysis revealed that there had been two main antigenic types somewhat but definitely distinguishable from each other, the one is the well-known A/Victoria/75 type while the other is A/Tokyo/75 type. This epidemic seems to have started with the latter type, but soon the two types of virus prevailed hand in hand until the late part of the epidemic when the type A/Victoria/75 became overwhelming. The virus for the vaccine was however A/Tokyo/6/73 for that season, which is antigenically considerably different from both of these two strains. In the beginning of 1976, namely at the end of the epidemic season of type A, a few scattered epidemics due to type B influenza were reported from some parts of Japan. The result of antigenic analysis found that the virus belonged to B/Hong Kong/72 type, though showing some degree of antigenic schift. The same type of virus caused the epidemic of the winter 1976-77, which was considerably wide-spread and developed unexpectedly large number of cases. There were active discussion on the effectiveness of vaccine, of which B type was B/Gifu/1/73, recovered from the fairly large epidemic in 1973, and belonging to B/Hong Kong/72.", "PMID": 604124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8407", "title": "Serological surveillance of influenza in Hamburg and Munich (1976/1977).", "content": "A monthly serological survey (HI-test) of influenza infections was done in Hamburg (1083 sera) and Munich (955 sera) between June 1976-February 1977 in order to find out if environment influences the host's response to infection. A higher frequency of seropositive reactions and percentage of protective antibodies (titer 1:40 and over) was found in the population of Hamburg versus Munich. The frequency was greater in individuals over 60 years (group IV) followed by persons 25-29 years (group III) than group II (15-24 years) and group I (0-14 years). There was no difference in the percentage of seropositive reactions within the 4 age groups from Munich. The GMT values of influenza antibodies in both populations studied followed the same pattern. Antibody titers against influenza antigens were found in decreasing order: A/Victoria 3/75, A/England 23/76, A/Port Chalmers 1/73, A/New Jersey 8/76, B/Hong Kong 8/73. The possible influence of climate on the host's response is discussed.", "contents": "Serological surveillance of influenza in Hamburg and Munich (1976/1977). A monthly serological survey (HI-test) of influenza infections was done in Hamburg (1083 sera) and Munich (955 sera) between June 1976-February 1977 in order to find out if environment influences the host's response to infection. A higher frequency of seropositive reactions and percentage of protective antibodies (titer 1:40 and over) was found in the population of Hamburg versus Munich. The frequency was greater in individuals over 60 years (group IV) followed by persons 25-29 years (group III) than group II (15-24 years) and group I (0-14 years). There was no difference in the percentage of seropositive reactions within the 4 age groups from Munich. The GMT values of influenza antibodies in both populations studied followed the same pattern. Antibody titers against influenza antigens were found in decreasing order: A/Victoria 3/75, A/England 23/76, A/Port Chalmers 1/73, A/New Jersey 8/76, B/Hong Kong 8/73. The possible influence of climate on the host's response is discussed.", "PMID": 604125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8408", "title": "Influenza activity in metropolitan Rome, Italy, during the cold-weather months of 1976-1977.", "content": "Several prospective methods for surveillance of influenza are systematically carried out among the population of this city: (a) monitoring of excess deaths from respiratory and other causes; (b) monitoring of excess absenteeism from work; (c) attempts to cultivate influenza virus from throat swabs obtained from patients with respiratory diseases attending outpatient services; (d) checking of increased antibody reactivity for prevailing influenza virus strains in serum samples obtained from healthy adults of the open population. The results of these studies will be reported with respect to influenza activity in the metropolitan area in the winter of 1976-1977. Comparison of the speed and effectiveness with which the influenza epidemic was identified in the urban population by the various surveillance methods will also be given.", "contents": "Influenza activity in metropolitan Rome, Italy, during the cold-weather months of 1976-1977. Several prospective methods for surveillance of influenza are systematically carried out among the population of this city: (a) monitoring of excess deaths from respiratory and other causes; (b) monitoring of excess absenteeism from work; (c) attempts to cultivate influenza virus from throat swabs obtained from patients with respiratory diseases attending outpatient services; (d) checking of increased antibody reactivity for prevailing influenza virus strains in serum samples obtained from healthy adults of the open population. The results of these studies will be reported with respect to influenza activity in the metropolitan area in the winter of 1976-1977. Comparison of the speed and effectiveness with which the influenza epidemic was identified in the urban population by the various surveillance methods will also be given.", "PMID": 604126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8409", "title": "Monitoring of influenza in Israel 1976/77.", "content": "The main objectives of the monitoring were: (1) to define the prevalent virus involved in influenza activity: (2) to determine the time of its occurrence; and (3) to evaluate its extent and impact. A sudden rise in the frequency of visits associated with acute respiratory conditions in the age group 0-14 to the emergency rooms of 14 hospitals throughout the country, correlated well with the start of influenza B/Hong Kong activity; this was simultaneously attested by two different laboratories. The later and sporadic occurrence of influenza A/Victoria activity did not affect the usual trend observed in the frequency of visits to emergency rooms. An age group stratified serologic follow-up pointed to a progressively increasing rate of influenza B infection up to the age group 15-24. A crude morbidity rate of 13-18% was recorded during influenza B outbreaks in several agricultural settlements. The percentage distribution of cases was about 15,21, 26 and 37 in the age groups 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15+, respectively. The mortality associated with influenza B and influenza A activity did not exceed the expected rate.", "contents": "Monitoring of influenza in Israel 1976/77. The main objectives of the monitoring were: (1) to define the prevalent virus involved in influenza activity: (2) to determine the time of its occurrence; and (3) to evaluate its extent and impact. A sudden rise in the frequency of visits associated with acute respiratory conditions in the age group 0-14 to the emergency rooms of 14 hospitals throughout the country, correlated well with the start of influenza B/Hong Kong activity; this was simultaneously attested by two different laboratories. The later and sporadic occurrence of influenza A/Victoria activity did not affect the usual trend observed in the frequency of visits to emergency rooms. An age group stratified serologic follow-up pointed to a progressively increasing rate of influenza B infection up to the age group 15-24. A crude morbidity rate of 13-18% was recorded during influenza B outbreaks in several agricultural settlements. The percentage distribution of cases was about 15,21, 26 and 37 in the age groups 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15+, respectively. The mortality associated with influenza B and influenza A activity did not exceed the expected rate.", "PMID": 604128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8410", "title": "Properties of A/Victoria/3/75 recombinants: development of an attenuated strain RIT 4050.", "content": "An attenuated Influenza A strain, RIT 4050, has been selected among the inhibitor resistant variants of a range of H3N2 recombinants of A/PR/8/34 and A/Victoria/3/75. The criterion used for the selection of the vaccine strain was the homology rate of the viral RNA of the recombinant with the complementary RNA of A/PR/8/34 as determined by an RNA-RNA hybridization technique. Safety has been assessed by administering the vaccine by the nasal route to double seronegative volunteers. Incidence and nature of post-vaccinal symptoms was low and mild as in healthy seropositive volunteers. The excretion pattern of the strain was investigated. Volunteers shed virus for one day after vaccination and the titre of the virus was low. Eight reisolates of RIT 4050 were characterized and found similar to the original vaccine strain offered to the volunteers.", "contents": "Properties of A/Victoria/3/75 recombinants: development of an attenuated strain RIT 4050. An attenuated Influenza A strain, RIT 4050, has been selected among the inhibitor resistant variants of a range of H3N2 recombinants of A/PR/8/34 and A/Victoria/3/75. The criterion used for the selection of the vaccine strain was the homology rate of the viral RNA of the recombinant with the complementary RNA of A/PR/8/34 as determined by an RNA-RNA hybridization technique. Safety has been assessed by administering the vaccine by the nasal route to double seronegative volunteers. Incidence and nature of post-vaccinal symptoms was low and mild as in healthy seropositive volunteers. The excretion pattern of the strain was investigated. Volunteers shed virus for one day after vaccination and the titre of the virus was low. Eight reisolates of RIT 4050 were characterized and found similar to the original vaccine strain offered to the volunteers.", "PMID": 604127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8411", "title": "Influenza viruses from avian and porcine sources and their possible role in the origin of human pandemic strains.", "content": "Studies on influenza viruses from feral ducks trapped in Canada in August 1976, gave a 26% isolation rate from cloacal samples of juvenile birds. Several different influenza A viruses were isolated, some of which possessed novel hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase antigens. Influenza A viruses isolated from the rectum of feral ducks replicate in the upper respiratory tract and also in the intestinal tract of feral and domestic ducks. Representative human influenza viruses of the H0N1, H3N2 and Hsw1 N1 subtypes replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ducks but not in the intestinal tract. The A/Hong Kong/68 [H3N2] influenza virus that has not been isolated from man for several years was recently isolated from pigs originating from The People's Republic of China. A/Victoria/3/75-like influenza viruses that are currently circulating in man were also isolated from pigs. Both the A/Hong Kong/68 and the A/Victoria/75-like viruses transmitted readily from pig to pig in experimental studies. The susceptibility of ducks and pigs to infection with human influenza viruses suggests that these animals may play an important role in the ecology of influenza A viruses.", "contents": "Influenza viruses from avian and porcine sources and their possible role in the origin of human pandemic strains. Studies on influenza viruses from feral ducks trapped in Canada in August 1976, gave a 26% isolation rate from cloacal samples of juvenile birds. Several different influenza A viruses were isolated, some of which possessed novel hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase antigens. Influenza A viruses isolated from the rectum of feral ducks replicate in the upper respiratory tract and also in the intestinal tract of feral and domestic ducks. Representative human influenza viruses of the H0N1, H3N2 and Hsw1 N1 subtypes replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ducks but not in the intestinal tract. The A/Hong Kong/68 [H3N2] influenza virus that has not been isolated from man for several years was recently isolated from pigs originating from The People's Republic of China. A/Victoria/3/75-like influenza viruses that are currently circulating in man were also isolated from pigs. Both the A/Hong Kong/68 and the A/Victoria/75-like viruses transmitted readily from pig to pig in experimental studies. The susceptibility of ducks and pigs to infection with human influenza viruses suggests that these animals may play an important role in the ecology of influenza A viruses.", "PMID": 604130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8412", "title": "Antigenic subgroups of influenza A (Hsw1 N1) virus differentiated by hemagglutination inhibition.", "content": "Eleven influenza A/swine virus strains could be arranged in three subgroups by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titrations. The antisera used include post-infection ferret sera (native as well as after adsorption with heterologous Hsw1 N1 virus) and paired human sera from recent influenza A patients, showing antibody titre rises against A/swine virus. For serological detection of infections with an unknown A/swine virus, virus strains of the subgroup with the broadest reactivity are more suitable than other strains. This subgroup comprises A/swine/1976/31, A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/X-53. The same will hold for vaccine strains.", "contents": "Antigenic subgroups of influenza A (Hsw1 N1) virus differentiated by hemagglutination inhibition. Eleven influenza A/swine virus strains could be arranged in three subgroups by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titrations. The antisera used include post-infection ferret sera (native as well as after adsorption with heterologous Hsw1 N1 virus) and paired human sera from recent influenza A patients, showing antibody titre rises against A/swine virus. For serological detection of infections with an unknown A/swine virus, virus strains of the subgroup with the broadest reactivity are more suitable than other strains. This subgroup comprises A/swine/1976/31, A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/X-53. The same will hold for vaccine strains.", "PMID": 604129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8413", "title": "Isolation from birds of influenza viruses with human neuraminidase.", "content": "Attempts at virus isolation from cloacal swabs resulted in the recovery of 10 strains of hemagglutinating viruses from a total of 349 ducks, mainly shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) captured in the north of France. Four of these isolates were identified as influenza strains corresponding to the following antigenic composition: Hav6-N2, Hav6-Nav4 and Hav1-N2 (2 strains). Shelduck is known to be a partially migratory species, wintering in western Europe, some of them migrating northward to Scandinavia during the summer. The captures were made between November 1976 and February 1977: one of the birds was caught four times and was found to be negative for virus in November, positive in December (isolation of a strain Hav6-Nav4), negative again in January and February. Blood taken in February did not show the presence of HI antibodies to the homologous virus.", "contents": "Isolation from birds of influenza viruses with human neuraminidase. Attempts at virus isolation from cloacal swabs resulted in the recovery of 10 strains of hemagglutinating viruses from a total of 349 ducks, mainly shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) captured in the north of France. Four of these isolates were identified as influenza strains corresponding to the following antigenic composition: Hav6-N2, Hav6-Nav4 and Hav1-N2 (2 strains). Shelduck is known to be a partially migratory species, wintering in western Europe, some of them migrating northward to Scandinavia during the summer. The captures were made between November 1976 and February 1977: one of the birds was caught four times and was found to be negative for virus in November, positive in December (isolation of a strain Hav6-Nav4), negative again in January and February. Blood taken in February did not show the presence of HI antibodies to the homologous virus.", "PMID": 604131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8414", "title": "Rapid enzymologic anti-neuraminidase antibody microtest.", "content": "A micro-neuraminidase-inhibition-technique (the Essen NIT) using a glycoprotein as substrate and employing the method of Aminoff for the determination of free N-acetyl neuraminic acid has been developed by our group. The main difference between the micro NI-test and the WHO-method is the mathematical evaluation of AB titer (TI 50) from the investigation of a single dilution only. This procedure is possible, because it could be proved that this reaction follows enzyme-antienzyme kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten type. On the basis of the microliter system and the Michaelis-Menten reaction, the Essen-NI-test has the following economical and technical advantages over the WHO-method: (a) use of only 1/25th volume of the expensive substrate (glycoprotein) per serum in comparison to the WHO-test, (b) investigation of up to 90 sera per technician and day instead of a few sera per technecian and 2 days and (c) testing of nasal washings without further dilution. Regression analysis of test results of antibody determination evaluated with both methods showed a linear correlation with a regression coefficient of about 1. Titers with the WHO-method were 5-10 times higher than with micro NI test, most possibly due to the shorter reaction times. Nevertheless, positive sera were found positive with either test. Strain specificity of neuraminidase could be equally well evaluated with the WHO-method and the Essen-NIT when 5 influenza virus A isolates from Berlin of 1968-1975 were tested against influenza virus X/15 HK immune serum.", "contents": "Rapid enzymologic anti-neuraminidase antibody microtest. A micro-neuraminidase-inhibition-technique (the Essen NIT) using a glycoprotein as substrate and employing the method of Aminoff for the determination of free N-acetyl neuraminic acid has been developed by our group. The main difference between the micro NI-test and the WHO-method is the mathematical evaluation of AB titer (TI 50) from the investigation of a single dilution only. This procedure is possible, because it could be proved that this reaction follows enzyme-antienzyme kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten type. On the basis of the microliter system and the Michaelis-Menten reaction, the Essen-NI-test has the following economical and technical advantages over the WHO-method: (a) use of only 1/25th volume of the expensive substrate (glycoprotein) per serum in comparison to the WHO-test, (b) investigation of up to 90 sera per technician and day instead of a few sera per technecian and 2 days and (c) testing of nasal washings without further dilution. Regression analysis of test results of antibody determination evaluated with both methods showed a linear correlation with a regression coefficient of about 1. Titers with the WHO-method were 5-10 times higher than with micro NI test, most possibly due to the shorter reaction times. Nevertheless, positive sera were found positive with either test. Strain specificity of neuraminidase could be equally well evaluated with the WHO-method and the Essen-NIT when 5 influenza virus A isolates from Berlin of 1968-1975 were tested against influenza virus X/15 HK immune serum.", "PMID": 604134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8415", "title": "Serological and virological investigations fo orthomyxovirus in birds in South-East Asian area.", "content": "We have previously reported that some species of migrating ducks (pintail, mallard, widgeon and falcated teal) possess in their sera antibodies against H antigens of human or avian influenza viruses. Such findings have also been reported from other workers, and the appearance of new types of influenza viruses accompanied by outbreaks of new influenza pandemics, or circulation of influenza virus antigens in animals, birds and humans have been discussed on the basis of such findings. Recently a number of orthomyxoviruses have been isolated from wild birds such as myna, banded parakeets, etc. imported from India and some areas of South-East Asia. Some of them have H antigens not recognized previously, and some are found to have more or less common reactions with human H3 antigen, and consequently antigens Hav 7 and Heq 2, which are known to show cross-reaction with H3. The significance of such a fact in connection with the appearance of a new influenza pandemic is discussed.", "contents": "Serological and virological investigations fo orthomyxovirus in birds in South-East Asian area. We have previously reported that some species of migrating ducks (pintail, mallard, widgeon and falcated teal) possess in their sera antibodies against H antigens of human or avian influenza viruses. Such findings have also been reported from other workers, and the appearance of new types of influenza viruses accompanied by outbreaks of new influenza pandemics, or circulation of influenza virus antigens in animals, birds and humans have been discussed on the basis of such findings. Recently a number of orthomyxoviruses have been isolated from wild birds such as myna, banded parakeets, etc. imported from India and some areas of South-East Asia. Some of them have H antigens not recognized previously, and some are found to have more or less common reactions with human H3 antigen, and consequently antigens Hav 7 and Heq 2, which are known to show cross-reaction with H3. The significance of such a fact in connection with the appearance of a new influenza pandemic is discussed.", "PMID": 604133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8416", "title": "Neuraminidase antibodies in serum and nasal washings after immunization by means of live and killed whole virion, split virion and subunit (HA and N) influenza vaccines.", "content": "Anti-neuraminidase antibody (ANAB) formation was determined in serum and nasal washing fluids pre- and post-vaccination in 278 adult healthy volunteers vaccinated with different types of current experimental and conventional influenza vaccines. The best systemic ANAB formation expressed as conversion rate (CR) was observed with the subunit vaccine \"Sandovac\" (CR = 90%) followed by the split virion vaccine \"Begrivac S\" (CR = 66%), the whole virion vaccine \"Alorbat\" (CR = 65%) and the live attenuated vaccine \"Alice\" (CR = 58%). The best local ANAB formation was obtained with live attenuated vaccines (CR = 47-50%) followed by \"Begrivac S\" (CR = 34%) and \"Alorbat\" (CR = 17%). The subunit vaccine, unfortunately, could not be tested for ANAB formation. On the basis of this data the optimal method of immunization against influenza would consist of simultaneous topical and parenteral application of live attenuated and inactivated subunit or split vaccine.", "contents": "Neuraminidase antibodies in serum and nasal washings after immunization by means of live and killed whole virion, split virion and subunit (HA and N) influenza vaccines. Anti-neuraminidase antibody (ANAB) formation was determined in serum and nasal washing fluids pre- and post-vaccination in 278 adult healthy volunteers vaccinated with different types of current experimental and conventional influenza vaccines. The best systemic ANAB formation expressed as conversion rate (CR) was observed with the subunit vaccine \"Sandovac\" (CR = 90%) followed by the split virion vaccine \"Begrivac S\" (CR = 66%), the whole virion vaccine \"Alorbat\" (CR = 65%) and the live attenuated vaccine \"Alice\" (CR = 58%). The best local ANAB formation was obtained with live attenuated vaccines (CR = 47-50%) followed by \"Begrivac S\" (CR = 34%) and \"Alorbat\" (CR = 17%). The subunit vaccine, unfortunately, could not be tested for ANAB formation. On the basis of this data the optimal method of immunization against influenza would consist of simultaneous topical and parenteral application of live attenuated and inactivated subunit or split vaccine.", "PMID": 604137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8417", "title": "Field study with a live influenza vaccine (RIT 4050) in children.", "content": "In autumn of 1976 a study was performed with Gripovax (RIT 4050) in 126 schoolchildren in Vienna. Sixty-one of the children were 10 to 14 years old and 65 were 7 to 10 years old. The study was initiated in the older group (10-14 years old) by transnasal administration of a single dose of vaccine; 23 children received a second dose 7 days later. Symptoms were recorded daily up to the 7th postvaccinal day. 53 out of 61 vaccines did not report any symptoms during the 7 day postvaccinal period. 8 complained of mild and transient nasal stuffiness and only 1 child had a rise in temperature (37.8 degrees C). In a second group (7 to 10 years of age), 65 children received 2 doses of the vaccine at a 7 day interval. No symptoms were recorded in 57 subjects and only 8 reported mild and transient nasal stuffiness. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined before and after vaccination. In the older age group (10-14 years), after one dose of vaccine (vaccinees with prevaccinal titers less than 1:20), seroconversion occurred in 20 out of 28 (71.4%) and after two doses, in 18 out of 21 (85.7%). Children aged 7 to 10 years received both doses of the vaccine. In subjects with prevaccinal titers less than 1:20, seroconversion occurred in 40 out of 43 (93%). Geometric mean of titers (GMT) before and after one dose was 24.3 and 97.4, respectively. The GMT of those children who received two doses (both age groups) was 30 preceding and 185 after vaccination.", "contents": "Field study with a live influenza vaccine (RIT 4050) in children. In autumn of 1976 a study was performed with Gripovax (RIT 4050) in 126 schoolchildren in Vienna. Sixty-one of the children were 10 to 14 years old and 65 were 7 to 10 years old. The study was initiated in the older group (10-14 years old) by transnasal administration of a single dose of vaccine; 23 children received a second dose 7 days later. Symptoms were recorded daily up to the 7th postvaccinal day. 53 out of 61 vaccines did not report any symptoms during the 7 day postvaccinal period. 8 complained of mild and transient nasal stuffiness and only 1 child had a rise in temperature (37.8 degrees C). In a second group (7 to 10 years of age), 65 children received 2 doses of the vaccine at a 7 day interval. No symptoms were recorded in 57 subjects and only 8 reported mild and transient nasal stuffiness. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined before and after vaccination. In the older age group (10-14 years), after one dose of vaccine (vaccinees with prevaccinal titers less than 1:20), seroconversion occurred in 20 out of 28 (71.4%) and after two doses, in 18 out of 21 (85.7%). Children aged 7 to 10 years received both doses of the vaccine. In subjects with prevaccinal titers less than 1:20, seroconversion occurred in 40 out of 43 (93%). Geometric mean of titers (GMT) before and after one dose was 24.3 and 97.4, respectively. The GMT of those children who received two doses (both age groups) was 30 preceding and 185 after vaccination.", "PMID": 604139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8418", "title": "Experiments in the preparation of live influenza B vaccines.", "content": "A study is described of the selection of influenza B virus recombinants. Three virulent viruses isolated in 1970, 1970 and 1973, were crossed with host-range mutants of low virulence for man, which had originally been isolated in 1940, 1959 and 1956, respectively. Nine presumptive recombinants were inoculated into volunteers with low initial HI antibody titres. Although a number proved attenuated and there was evidence of high frequency of recombination, antigenic characterization of neuraminidases proved difficult. There was always some crossing between parental surface antigens, and appropriate antigenic hybrids for preparation of reference antisera were not available. Comparative virus titres at 33 degrees C and 38 degrees C were of limited value as a genetic marker. It is suggested that biological methods are unsatisfactory for the study of influenza B virus recombinants, and should be replaced by biochemical techniques designed to trace the parental origins of individual RNA segments.", "contents": "Experiments in the preparation of live influenza B vaccines. A study is described of the selection of influenza B virus recombinants. Three virulent viruses isolated in 1970, 1970 and 1973, were crossed with host-range mutants of low virulence for man, which had originally been isolated in 1940, 1959 and 1956, respectively. Nine presumptive recombinants were inoculated into volunteers with low initial HI antibody titres. Although a number proved attenuated and there was evidence of high frequency of recombination, antigenic characterization of neuraminidases proved difficult. There was always some crossing between parental surface antigens, and appropriate antigenic hybrids for preparation of reference antisera were not available. Comparative virus titres at 33 degrees C and 38 degrees C were of limited value as a genetic marker. It is suggested that biological methods are unsatisfactory for the study of influenza B virus recombinants, and should be replaced by biochemical techniques designed to trace the parental origins of individual RNA segments.", "PMID": 604138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8419", "title": "Influenza A virus and its influence on the outcome of pregnancy in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of sub-lethal doses of influenza A strains WSN (H0N1), MEL (H0N1) and MRC-7 (H3N2) administered intranasally during pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred and Prince Henry outbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the last third of the gestational period. Infection with influenza strain WSN in the last part of the first third of the gestational period significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed. Invasion of alveolar spaces by mononuclear phagocytes and erythrocytes was more pronounced in pregnant mice infected in the last third of the gestational period than in non-pregnant mice, and paralleled an ablation of cell-mediated immune responsiveness.", "contents": "Influenza A virus and its influence on the outcome of pregnancy in the mouse. The effect of sub-lethal doses of influenza A strains WSN (H0N1), MEL (H0N1) and MRC-7 (H3N2) administered intranasally during pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred and Prince Henry outbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the last third of the gestational period. Infection with influenza strain WSN in the last part of the first third of the gestational period significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed. Invasion of alveolar spaces by mononuclear phagocytes and erythrocytes was more pronounced in pregnant mice infected in the last third of the gestational period than in non-pregnant mice, and paralleled an ablation of cell-mediated immune responsiveness.", "PMID": 604135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8420", "title": "Live attenuated influenza vaccines in young seronegative children.", "content": "Seronegative children undergoing primary infection sensitively reflect the residual virulence of an experimental attenuated respiratory vitral vaccine. Two temperature sensitive (ts) A/Hong Kong influenza vaccines derived following chemical mutagenesis of a cloned stock of A/Great Lakes/65 have been evaluated in vaccine trials in seronegative children. The two vaccines, ts-1[A] and ts 1[E], differ in their laboratory characteristics. Ts-1[A] has a lower shut-off temperature, 37 degrees C vs 38 degrees C, and more limited replication in the Syrian hamster model system than ts-1[E]. In A/HK seronegative adults ts-1[A] is noninfectious whereas ts-1[E] will replicate and induce an antibody response. The genetic lesion of ts-1[A] was stable in the young child; in contrast, late in the course of virus shedding, ts-1[E] exhibited genetic instability with 4 individuals shedding virus which had lost the ts marker. Transmission to controls was rare with both vaccines being observed in only 1 of 5 controls with ts-1[A] and none of six controls with ts-1[E]. There were no respiratory symptoms associated with ts-1[A] vaccine virus shedding. Ts-1[E] virus shedding had a suggestive association with fever and cough in the seronegative child. The trials in seronegative children extent and confirm the inherent differences between ts-1[A] and ts-1[E] vaccine strains and support the concept that laboratory markers of attenuation are predictive of vaccine behavior in the seronegative child.", "contents": "Live attenuated influenza vaccines in young seronegative children. Seronegative children undergoing primary infection sensitively reflect the residual virulence of an experimental attenuated respiratory vitral vaccine. Two temperature sensitive (ts) A/Hong Kong influenza vaccines derived following chemical mutagenesis of a cloned stock of A/Great Lakes/65 have been evaluated in vaccine trials in seronegative children. The two vaccines, ts-1[A] and ts 1[E], differ in their laboratory characteristics. Ts-1[A] has a lower shut-off temperature, 37 degrees C vs 38 degrees C, and more limited replication in the Syrian hamster model system than ts-1[E]. In A/HK seronegative adults ts-1[A] is noninfectious whereas ts-1[E] will replicate and induce an antibody response. The genetic lesion of ts-1[A] was stable in the young child; in contrast, late in the course of virus shedding, ts-1[E] exhibited genetic instability with 4 individuals shedding virus which had lost the ts marker. Transmission to controls was rare with both vaccines being observed in only 1 of 5 controls with ts-1[A] and none of six controls with ts-1[E]. There were no respiratory symptoms associated with ts-1[A] vaccine virus shedding. Ts-1[E] virus shedding had a suggestive association with fever and cough in the seronegative child. The trials in seronegative children extent and confirm the inherent differences between ts-1[A] and ts-1[E] vaccine strains and support the concept that laboratory markers of attenuation are predictive of vaccine behavior in the seronegative child.", "PMID": 604140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8421", "title": "Further researches on live influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "A/Port Chalmers 1/73 and A/Victoria 3/75 live vaccines were well tolerated after oral administration and showed good immunogenic properties in subjects devoid of immune-defence or having low antibody titer. A/Victoria 3/75 vaccine was prepared before the epidemiological appearance of the corresponding virus which demonstrates that the preparation of a vaccine with new strains can be made in a comparatively short time. Our experiments and controls allow us to establish that the oral administration of influenza virus, grown on chicken kidney embryo, elicits the appearance of HI antibodies in a high number of susceptible subjects. A 60% seroconversion rate obtained after administration of two doses represents a favourable result, the more so as the vaccine can be considered absolutely safe in very young subjects.", "contents": "Further researches on live influenza virus vaccines. A/Port Chalmers 1/73 and A/Victoria 3/75 live vaccines were well tolerated after oral administration and showed good immunogenic properties in subjects devoid of immune-defence or having low antibody titer. A/Victoria 3/75 vaccine was prepared before the epidemiological appearance of the corresponding virus which demonstrates that the preparation of a vaccine with new strains can be made in a comparatively short time. Our experiments and controls allow us to establish that the oral administration of influenza virus, grown on chicken kidney embryo, elicits the appearance of HI antibodies in a high number of susceptible subjects. A 60% seroconversion rate obtained after administration of two doses represents a favourable result, the more so as the vaccine can be considered absolutely safe in very young subjects.", "PMID": 604136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8422", "title": "[Benign cutaneous lymphadenosis (B\u00e4fverstedt's disease) of the nipple (author's transl)].", "content": "Benign circumscribed cutaneous lymphadenosis of the areola of the nipple (B\u00e4fverstedt's disease) occurs in children and adults. We observed 11 cases: 3 men, 3 children and 6 women. The areola undergoes rapid swelling and becomes red. At times the nipple itself is included. Unilateral enlargment and distortion of the nipple area becomes apparent. Sometimes this is associated with a tumor-like infiltration of the retro-mammillary tissue. In Contradistinction to Pagets disease of the nipple and to a mammillary adenoma there is no eczema and no ulceration. The clinical features and the typical pruritic course establish the diagnosis. Healing is spontaneous, but protracted. The aetiology is probably of an inflammatory nature. Treatment with short courses of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents resulted in a faster reduction of the cutaneous signs and corroborated the clinical diagnosis. We consider surgical treatment as unnecessary because circumscript benign lymphadenosis of the nipple area has a harmless course.", "contents": "[Benign cutaneous lymphadenosis (B\u00e4fverstedt's disease) of the nipple (author's transl)]. Benign circumscribed cutaneous lymphadenosis of the areola of the nipple (B\u00e4fverstedt's disease) occurs in children and adults. We observed 11 cases: 3 men, 3 children and 6 women. The areola undergoes rapid swelling and becomes red. At times the nipple itself is included. Unilateral enlargment and distortion of the nipple area becomes apparent. Sometimes this is associated with a tumor-like infiltration of the retro-mammillary tissue. In Contradistinction to Pagets disease of the nipple and to a mammillary adenoma there is no eczema and no ulceration. The clinical features and the typical pruritic course establish the diagnosis. Healing is spontaneous, but protracted. The aetiology is probably of an inflammatory nature. Treatment with short courses of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents resulted in a faster reduction of the cutaneous signs and corroborated the clinical diagnosis. We consider surgical treatment as unnecessary because circumscript benign lymphadenosis of the nipple area has a harmless course.", "PMID": 604149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8423", "title": "[First results with a new prostaglandin E2-derivate (author's transl)].", "content": "A new tissue-selective prostaglandin E2-derivate, 16-Phenoxy-prostaglandin E2-methansulfonamide (SH B 286) developed by Pfizer, USA, and Schering, Germany, has been investigated as abortifacient using the intrauterine as well as intravenous route of application. Vital signs, intrauterine pressure, serum levels of steroid hormones, hPL and hCG were recorded before, during and after administration of Pg SH B 286. By using 100--250 microgram Pg SH 286 extraamniotically abortion rates reached 80%. Severe systemic effects did not occur. Uterine cramps (40% of the women), nausea (23%) and vomitus (15%) were tolerable and needed rarely medication. The intravenous administration of Pg SH B 286 has been investigated for the first time with three dosis regimens. 33 of 38 women had complete abortion with dose-dependant side effects and without severe complications. The low dosage schedule (0,5--1,5 microgram/ml, total approx. 1000 microgram) had the same efficacy rate as the higher ones and was associated with the lowest systemic side effects. Premedication with analgetics was not necessary. Pg SH B 286 caused a marked increase of intrauterine pressure inducing abortion. If the measured decline of steroid hormones--mainly progesterone--contributes to the abortifacient efficacy of this prostaglandin is yet unsolved. The clinical usefulness of Pg SH B 286 has been demonstrated by our study.", "contents": "[First results with a new prostaglandin E2-derivate (author's transl)]. A new tissue-selective prostaglandin E2-derivate, 16-Phenoxy-prostaglandin E2-methansulfonamide (SH B 286) developed by Pfizer, USA, and Schering, Germany, has been investigated as abortifacient using the intrauterine as well as intravenous route of application. Vital signs, intrauterine pressure, serum levels of steroid hormones, hPL and hCG were recorded before, during and after administration of Pg SH B 286. By using 100--250 microgram Pg SH 286 extraamniotically abortion rates reached 80%. Severe systemic effects did not occur. Uterine cramps (40% of the women), nausea (23%) and vomitus (15%) were tolerable and needed rarely medication. The intravenous administration of Pg SH B 286 has been investigated for the first time with three dosis regimens. 33 of 38 women had complete abortion with dose-dependant side effects and without severe complications. The low dosage schedule (0,5--1,5 microgram/ml, total approx. 1000 microgram) had the same efficacy rate as the higher ones and was associated with the lowest systemic side effects. Premedication with analgetics was not necessary. Pg SH B 286 caused a marked increase of intrauterine pressure inducing abortion. If the measured decline of steroid hormones--mainly progesterone--contributes to the abortifacient efficacy of this prostaglandin is yet unsolved. The clinical usefulness of Pg SH B 286 has been demonstrated by our study.", "PMID": 604150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8424", "title": "[Communicating uteri; a rather uncommon but important malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare genital double malformation is dealt with in short. Including the four cases, which are reported, the number of the known cases in the literature amounts to only 31. The characteristic feature of the malformation is a communication of embryological origin between two uterine cavities. Diagnostic difficulties and clinical peculiarities can arise. Very often the genital malformation is accompanied by unilateral agenesis of kidney and ureter. Some clinical symptoms cannot be recognized and treated without knowledge about the existence of communication uteri, but the knowledge that malformations of the urinary tract may coexist is not less important. Indeed, it may be crucial for the patient's destiny.", "contents": "[Communicating uteri; a rather uncommon but important malformation (author's transl)]. A rare genital double malformation is dealt with in short. Including the four cases, which are reported, the number of the known cases in the literature amounts to only 31. The characteristic feature of the malformation is a communication of embryological origin between two uterine cavities. Diagnostic difficulties and clinical peculiarities can arise. Very often the genital malformation is accompanied by unilateral agenesis of kidney and ureter. Some clinical symptoms cannot be recognized and treated without knowledge about the existence of communication uteri, but the knowledge that malformations of the urinary tract may coexist is not less important. Indeed, it may be crucial for the patient's destiny.", "PMID": 604151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8425", "title": "[Clinical problems, therapy and prophylaxis of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube (author's transl)].", "content": "31 cases of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube from 1960 to 1976 are reported. All these patients underwent operative treatment at the 1st University Clinic of obstetrics and gynaecology of Vienna. 8 out of 23 patients survived for more than 5 years. The evident advantage of a complete operation with post operative telecobalt radiotherapy for the results of 5-years-survival is shown. The possibility and necessity of prophylaxis of carcinoma of the fallopian tube by extirpation of both fallopian tubes in any case of hysterectomy are emphasized.", "contents": "[Clinical problems, therapy and prophylaxis of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube (author's transl)]. 31 cases of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube from 1960 to 1976 are reported. All these patients underwent operative treatment at the 1st University Clinic of obstetrics and gynaecology of Vienna. 8 out of 23 patients survived for more than 5 years. The evident advantage of a complete operation with post operative telecobalt radiotherapy for the results of 5-years-survival is shown. The possibility and necessity of prophylaxis of carcinoma of the fallopian tube by extirpation of both fallopian tubes in any case of hysterectomy are emphasized.", "PMID": 604152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8426", "title": "[The advantages of the extra-amniotic transcervical instillation of rivanol in therapeutic abortions (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with the transcervical extra-amniotic instillation of 70 ml 0.1% Rivanol solution in 154 cases of first trimestre, second trimestre abortions and intra-uterine fetal deaths is reported. This simple and safe method has several advantages which render it suitable for out-patient usage should the rate of therapeutic abortions increase even more. The gentle dilatatory effect on the cervix is remarkable and is noticeable after 24 hours. Dilatation with the Hegar-dilators becomes unnecessary. There were no major complications. The stress on the patient is minimized.", "contents": "[The advantages of the extra-amniotic transcervical instillation of rivanol in therapeutic abortions (author's transl)]. Our experience with the transcervical extra-amniotic instillation of 70 ml 0.1% Rivanol solution in 154 cases of first trimestre, second trimestre abortions and intra-uterine fetal deaths is reported. This simple and safe method has several advantages which render it suitable for out-patient usage should the rate of therapeutic abortions increase even more. The gentle dilatatory effect on the cervix is remarkable and is noticeable after 24 hours. Dilatation with the Hegar-dilators becomes unnecessary. There were no major complications. The stress on the patient is minimized.", "PMID": 604153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8427", "title": "X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse dictyate oocytes. II. Fractionation and dose rate effects.", "content": "Slit-dose experiments were done on maturing dictyate oocytes to determine if the magnitude of the first dose influenced the \"rejoining time\" of radiation-induced chromosomal lesions. A total dose of 400r was split into various combinations with varying fractionation intervals. The data derived from analyzing interchanges indicate that there is no difference in the rejoining time whether the first dose was 100, 200, or 300r. It thus appears that the radiation dose in the ranges studied does not significantly alter the rate of repair of the chromosomal lesions. This conclusion is contrary to that which has been propounded to explain the nonlinear dose curves obtained for specific locus mutations. Chronic 60Co gamma-ray exposures were given to female mice over an 8-day period. The exposures were delivered during the period of peak sensitivity, i.e., 8-16 days prior to ovulation. The doses given were 117, 240, 348, and 483r. The aberration yields observed were dramatically lower than for comparable doses of acute X rays even when the RBE of gamma rays compared with X rays is taken into account. The large drop in yields at the low dose rates is interpreted as resulting from a large two-track component in the acute curve, and as being independent of effects on repair systems.", "contents": "X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse dictyate oocytes. II. Fractionation and dose rate effects. Slit-dose experiments were done on maturing dictyate oocytes to determine if the magnitude of the first dose influenced the \"rejoining time\" of radiation-induced chromosomal lesions. A total dose of 400r was split into various combinations with varying fractionation intervals. The data derived from analyzing interchanges indicate that there is no difference in the rejoining time whether the first dose was 100, 200, or 300r. It thus appears that the radiation dose in the ranges studied does not significantly alter the rate of repair of the chromosomal lesions. This conclusion is contrary to that which has been propounded to explain the nonlinear dose curves obtained for specific locus mutations. Chronic 60Co gamma-ray exposures were given to female mice over an 8-day period. The exposures were delivered during the period of peak sensitivity, i.e., 8-16 days prior to ovulation. The doses given were 117, 240, 348, and 483r. The aberration yields observed were dramatically lower than for comparable doses of acute X rays even when the RBE of gamma rays compared with X rays is taken into account. The large drop in yields at the low dose rates is interpreted as resulting from a large two-track component in the acute curve, and as being independent of effects on repair systems.", "PMID": 604163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8428", "title": "The genetics of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase in the mouse: evidence for multiple gene loci and linkage between Hao-2 and Adh-3.", "content": "Electrophoretic polymorphisms for stomach alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-C2) and kidney L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase (HAOX-B4) have been identified in an Asian subspecies of mouse, Musmusculus castaneous. These variants are inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion with two alleles in each case showing codominant expression. The structural gene loci for those enzymes (Adh-3 and Hao-2, respectively) are apparently linked (17.6% recombinants) in this organism, whereas the multiple gene loci for HAOX, Hao-1 (encoding the A4 liver isozyme) and Hao-2, exhibited independent segregation and are unlinked (50% recombinants). Evidence is presented for 3 ADH loci: ADH-1, encoding liver ADH-A2 which exhibits high activity with ethanol (SELANDER, HUNT and YANG 1969; ADH-2, liver and stomach ADH-B2 using 2-hexene-1-ol as substrate; and Adh-3, stomach ADH-C2 using both benzyl alcohol and 2-hexene-1-ol as substrate.", "contents": "The genetics of alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase in the mouse: evidence for multiple gene loci and linkage between Hao-2 and Adh-3. Electrophoretic polymorphisms for stomach alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-C2) and kidney L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase (HAOX-B4) have been identified in an Asian subspecies of mouse, Musmusculus castaneous. These variants are inherited in a normal Mendelian fashion with two alleles in each case showing codominant expression. The structural gene loci for those enzymes (Adh-3 and Hao-2, respectively) are apparently linked (17.6% recombinants) in this organism, whereas the multiple gene loci for HAOX, Hao-1 (encoding the A4 liver isozyme) and Hao-2, exhibited independent segregation and are unlinked (50% recombinants). Evidence is presented for 3 ADH loci: ADH-1, encoding liver ADH-A2 which exhibits high activity with ethanol (SELANDER, HUNT and YANG 1969; ADH-2, liver and stomach ADH-B2 using 2-hexene-1-ol as substrate; and Adh-3, stomach ADH-C2 using both benzyl alcohol and 2-hexene-1-ol as substrate.", "PMID": 604164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8429", "title": "Fitness effects of EMS-induced mutations on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Hemizygous fitness effects.", "content": "X chromosomes mutagenized with EMS were tested for their effects on the fitness of hemizygous carriers. The tests were carried out in populations in which treated and untreated X chromosomes segregated from matings between males and attached-X females; the populations were maintained for several generations, during which time changes in the frequencies of the treated and untreated chromosomes were observed. From the rates at which the frequencies changed, the fitness effects of the treated chromosomes were determined. It was found that flies hemizygous for a mutagenized chromosome were 1.7% less fit per mM EMS treatment than those hemizygous for an untreated chromosome. Since the same flies were only 0.5% per mM less viable than their untreated counterparts, the total fitness effect of an X chromosome carrying EMS-induced mutants is three to four times greater than its viability effect. By comparing the heterozygous effect of a mutagenized X chromosome on fitness with the corresponding hemizygous effect, the dominance value for the chromosome is estimated to be about 0.25.", "contents": "Fitness effects of EMS-induced mutations on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Hemizygous fitness effects. X chromosomes mutagenized with EMS were tested for their effects on the fitness of hemizygous carriers. The tests were carried out in populations in which treated and untreated X chromosomes segregated from matings between males and attached-X females; the populations were maintained for several generations, during which time changes in the frequencies of the treated and untreated chromosomes were observed. From the rates at which the frequencies changed, the fitness effects of the treated chromosomes were determined. It was found that flies hemizygous for a mutagenized chromosome were 1.7% less fit per mM EMS treatment than those hemizygous for an untreated chromosome. Since the same flies were only 0.5% per mM less viable than their untreated counterparts, the total fitness effect of an X chromosome carrying EMS-induced mutants is three to four times greater than its viability effect. By comparing the heterozygous effect of a mutagenized X chromosome on fitness with the corresponding hemizygous effect, the dominance value for the chromosome is estimated to be about 0.25.", "PMID": 604165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8430", "title": "Properties of equilibria in multi-locus genetic systems.", "content": "The classical mathematical theory of population genetics considered, for simplicity, almost exclusively one-locus systems. In the last two decades much work has been done on two-locus and, less frequently, multi-locus systems. This research has usually involved investigating properties of systems with given, and usually rather special, fitness parameters. Real genetic fitness systems are undoubtedly multi-locus and seldom will possess simplifying characteristics. One aim of this paper is to study generalized systems where no special assumptions are made about fitness structure, the number of alleles at each locus, the number of loci involved or the recombination structure between loci. A second aim is to consider marginal properties (often one-locus properties) of complex systems: the fact that many observations involve data from only on locus makes this second aim relevant.", "contents": "Properties of equilibria in multi-locus genetic systems. The classical mathematical theory of population genetics considered, for simplicity, almost exclusively one-locus systems. In the last two decades much work has been done on two-locus and, less frequently, multi-locus systems. This research has usually involved investigating properties of systems with given, and usually rather special, fitness parameters. Real genetic fitness systems are undoubtedly multi-locus and seldom will possess simplifying characteristics. One aim of this paper is to study generalized systems where no special assumptions are made about fitness structure, the number of alleles at each locus, the number of loci involved or the recombination structure between loci. A second aim is to consider marginal properties (often one-locus properties) of complex systems: the fact that many observations involve data from only on locus makes this second aim relevant.", "PMID": 604166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8431", "title": "Effects of life-long dietary protein restriction on mortality, growth, organ weights, blood counts, liver aldolase and kidney catalase in Balb/C mice.", "content": "Certain types of nutritional restriction can prolong life in mammals. This investigation documents life long effects of five protein diets in 1,000 Balb/c male mice. Balb mice subjected to 4% protein (lowest) diet had life expectancy that was marginally significantly prolonged when compared with control mice fed 24% protein (highest) diet. Body and organ weights of protein restricted mice generally were less than control mice. No significant differences among diets were found with blood counts, protein concentrations of liver and kidneys, or kidney catalase activity. Kidney catalase activity fell with age. Liver aldolase was induced by dietary sucrose, and aldolase fell with age in protein restricted mice, but not in controls.", "contents": "Effects of life-long dietary protein restriction on mortality, growth, organ weights, blood counts, liver aldolase and kidney catalase in Balb/C mice. Certain types of nutritional restriction can prolong life in mammals. This investigation documents life long effects of five protein diets in 1,000 Balb/c male mice. Balb mice subjected to 4% protein (lowest) diet had life expectancy that was marginally significantly prolonged when compared with control mice fed 24% protein (highest) diet. Body and organ weights of protein restricted mice generally were less than control mice. No significant differences among diets were found with blood counts, protein concentrations of liver and kidneys, or kidney catalase activity. Kidney catalase activity fell with age. Liver aldolase was induced by dietary sucrose, and aldolase fell with age in protein restricted mice, but not in controls.", "PMID": 604178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8432", "title": "Changes in growth hormone status related to body weight of growing cattle.", "content": "The growth hormone (GH) status of 24 castrated male cattle was studied over a range of body weights by measuring GH in the blood plasma and anterior pituitary and by calculating metabolic clearance (MCR) and secretion rates after injection of GH. As the cattle increased in size, pituitary weight and GH content, MCR of GH and secretion of GH decreased relative to body weight. Plasma concentrations of GH did not decrease as markedly as secretion because MCR/body weight was also lower in the larger animals. At all sizes, more than 99% of the total GH in the body was located in the anterior pituitary. It was calculated that the pituitary releases 0.58% of its GH content per hour. This rate of release did not significantly change with body weight. It is suggested that basal secretion of GH by the anterior pituitary is related to GH content and that, as animals grow, there is gradually less GH available per unit of body mass.", "contents": "Changes in growth hormone status related to body weight of growing cattle. The growth hormone (GH) status of 24 castrated male cattle was studied over a range of body weights by measuring GH in the blood plasma and anterior pituitary and by calculating metabolic clearance (MCR) and secretion rates after injection of GH. As the cattle increased in size, pituitary weight and GH content, MCR of GH and secretion of GH decreased relative to body weight. Plasma concentrations of GH did not decrease as markedly as secretion because MCR/body weight was also lower in the larger animals. At all sizes, more than 99% of the total GH in the body was located in the anterior pituitary. It was calculated that the pituitary releases 0.58% of its GH content per hour. This rate of release did not significantly change with body weight. It is suggested that basal secretion of GH by the anterior pituitary is related to GH content and that, as animals grow, there is gradually less GH available per unit of body mass.", "PMID": 604180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8433", "title": "Changes in RNA, DNA and protein content and the rates of protein synthesis and degradation during hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl was induced by attaching a weight to one wing and after 2, 6 and 14 days the muscle wet weight, as well as protein, RNA and DNA contents were measured. After 6 days of hypertrophy the wet weight of the muscle had increased by 74%, the protein content by 44%, RNA by 203% and DNA by 83% compared with the contralateral control. Average rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured over the 14 days of hypertrophy from the rate of loss of radioactivity in the muscle protein after pulse labelling using 3H-leucine. Results were compatible with a 50% increase in the protein synthesis rate with no detectable change in the degradation rate. The increase in synthesis rate was paralleled by a similar rise in the RNA concentration. The DNA content indicated that this increase in RNA resulted from an increased RNA production per nucleus as well as from an increased number of nuclei. The kinetics of the loss of total radioactivity from the muscle protein and the amount of free 3H-leucine remaining in the muscle free amino acid pool during hypertrophy indicated that reutilization of 3H-leucine was extensive. This was in spite of attempts aimed at minimizing reutilization by feeding fowls a high protein diet plus a daily supplement of unlabelled leucine.", "contents": "Changes in RNA, DNA and protein content and the rates of protein synthesis and degradation during hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl (Gallus domesticus). Hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl was induced by attaching a weight to one wing and after 2, 6 and 14 days the muscle wet weight, as well as protein, RNA and DNA contents were measured. After 6 days of hypertrophy the wet weight of the muscle had increased by 74%, the protein content by 44%, RNA by 203% and DNA by 83% compared with the contralateral control. Average rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured over the 14 days of hypertrophy from the rate of loss of radioactivity in the muscle protein after pulse labelling using 3H-leucine. Results were compatible with a 50% increase in the protein synthesis rate with no detectable change in the degradation rate. The increase in synthesis rate was paralleled by a similar rise in the RNA concentration. The DNA content indicated that this increase in RNA resulted from an increased RNA production per nucleus as well as from an increased number of nuclei. The kinetics of the loss of total radioactivity from the muscle protein and the amount of free 3H-leucine remaining in the muscle free amino acid pool during hypertrophy indicated that reutilization of 3H-leucine was extensive. This was in spite of attempts aimed at minimizing reutilization by feeding fowls a high protein diet plus a daily supplement of unlabelled leucine.", "PMID": 604181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8434", "title": "Serum hormones in the perinatal pig and the effect of exogenous insulin on blood sugars.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH), insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined in serum of fetal pigs at 90, 100, 110 and 114 days of gestation and of newborn pigs at 1 and 24 hours of age. Fetal GH, T3 and cortisol increased between 90 and 110 days. GH concentration decreased between 110 and 114 days, while T3 and cortisol were unchanged. T4 was variable in fetal pigs and no relationship with T3 levels was apparent. Fetal insulin was constant at approximately 10 muU/ml. In newborn pigs there was a 3-fold and 2-fold increase in T3 and T4, respectively, during the first 24 hours of life. Cortisol in serum more than doubled during the first hour. Between 1 and 24 hours, there was a simultaneous decrease in cortisol and a 6-fold increase in insulin. No significant change in GH was noted during this time. Intraperitoneal insulin injected one hour before sacrifice induced a hypoglycemic response in newborn pigs, but not in fetal pigs.", "contents": "Serum hormones in the perinatal pig and the effect of exogenous insulin on blood sugars. Growth hormone (GH), insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined in serum of fetal pigs at 90, 100, 110 and 114 days of gestation and of newborn pigs at 1 and 24 hours of age. Fetal GH, T3 and cortisol increased between 90 and 110 days. GH concentration decreased between 110 and 114 days, while T3 and cortisol were unchanged. T4 was variable in fetal pigs and no relationship with T3 levels was apparent. Fetal insulin was constant at approximately 10 muU/ml. In newborn pigs there was a 3-fold and 2-fold increase in T3 and T4, respectively, during the first 24 hours of life. Cortisol in serum more than doubled during the first hour. Between 1 and 24 hours, there was a simultaneous decrease in cortisol and a 6-fold increase in insulin. No significant change in GH was noted during this time. Intraperitoneal insulin injected one hour before sacrifice induced a hypoglycemic response in newborn pigs, but not in fetal pigs.", "PMID": 604183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8435", "title": "Stages in the emergence of the dentition: an improved classification and its application to Israeli children.", "content": "An improved classification of dental development according to the eruption sequence of morphological dental classes is presented. The definitions ensure that the stages are mutually exclusive and permit a clear estimate of all developmental sequences. The age distribution for each dental stage, investigated for a sample of 2116 Israeli children, was found to be normal with a small but systematic skewness; this could reflect the greater variability in age at which children leave a dental stage than at which they enter it. All dental stages initiate and terminate earlier in girls. The sequence of emergence of permanent teeth is virtually identical in both sexes except for the canines. Maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines erupt somewhat later than those in other populations.", "contents": "Stages in the emergence of the dentition: an improved classification and its application to Israeli children. An improved classification of dental development according to the eruption sequence of morphological dental classes is presented. The definitions ensure that the stages are mutually exclusive and permit a clear estimate of all developmental sequences. The age distribution for each dental stage, investigated for a sample of 2116 Israeli children, was found to be normal with a small but systematic skewness; this could reflect the greater variability in age at which children leave a dental stage than at which they enter it. All dental stages initiate and terminate earlier in girls. The sequence of emergence of permanent teeth is virtually identical in both sexes except for the canines. Maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines erupt somewhat later than those in other populations.", "PMID": 604184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8436", "title": "Applicability of some of the assumptions used to estimate the weight of the skeleton in the growing pig and beagle.", "content": "Assumptions used in indirectly estimating skeletal weight were tested on 55 pigs (ages day 0-week 12) and 42 beagles (ages day 0-1 year). One of the assumptions was that skeletal weight constitutes a constant proportion of lean body mass (fat-free wet weight). In the beagle the skeletal weight was not constant, but a decreasing proportion of LBM during growth. In the pig there were no significant changes comparable to those in the beagle, probably because only a small part of the growth period was studied. Also, the assumption that bone mineral was 65% of fat-free dry weight of the skeleton was not applicable to the beagle, where it increased from 55% (day 0-week 12) to 70% (mouth 4-1 year). In both species skeletal growth was a function of total fat-free dry weight (FFDWt), but in the beagle the ratio Kt/FFDWt increased from 130 (day 0-week) 12) to 160 (month 4-1 year) and reflected changes in the contribution of body cell mass and skeletal to FFDWt.", "contents": "Applicability of some of the assumptions used to estimate the weight of the skeleton in the growing pig and beagle. Assumptions used in indirectly estimating skeletal weight were tested on 55 pigs (ages day 0-week 12) and 42 beagles (ages day 0-1 year). One of the assumptions was that skeletal weight constitutes a constant proportion of lean body mass (fat-free wet weight). In the beagle the skeletal weight was not constant, but a decreasing proportion of LBM during growth. In the pig there were no significant changes comparable to those in the beagle, probably because only a small part of the growth period was studied. Also, the assumption that bone mineral was 65% of fat-free dry weight of the skeleton was not applicable to the beagle, where it increased from 55% (day 0-week 12) to 70% (mouth 4-1 year). In both species skeletal growth was a function of total fat-free dry weight (FFDWt), but in the beagle the ratio Kt/FFDWt increased from 130 (day 0-week) 12) to 160 (month 4-1 year) and reflected changes in the contribution of body cell mass and skeletal to FFDWt.", "PMID": 604185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8437", "title": "Estimation and testing of parameters in Richards growth model for western grebes.", "content": "Growth rate coefficients for dark- and light-phase western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) are compared with the Richards' growth model. The statistical assumptions necessary to estimate and test parameters are carefully scrutinized. Autocorrelations of the residuals are removed with an autoregressive model, and heterogeneity of variance of the residuals is corrected with weighted least squares. A model allowing random variation in the process of growth is also suggested as being a more realistic representation of the process. No differences were detected between dark- and light-phase growth rate coefficients.", "contents": "Estimation and testing of parameters in Richards growth model for western grebes. Growth rate coefficients for dark- and light-phase western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) are compared with the Richards' growth model. The statistical assumptions necessary to estimate and test parameters are carefully scrutinized. Autocorrelations of the residuals are removed with an autoregressive model, and heterogeneity of variance of the residuals is corrected with weighted least squares. A model allowing random variation in the process of growth is also suggested as being a more realistic representation of the process. No differences were detected between dark- and light-phase growth rate coefficients.", "PMID": 604186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8438", "title": "The perinatal rat: body weight, hematocrit and regional changes in heart weight and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme composition and activity.", "content": "Body weight (BW), hematocrit (Hct), heart weight (HW) and cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isozyme pattern were studied in the perinatal rat. BW increased linearly, from 5 days before birth till 10 days after birth, while Hct increased from 30 to 34% within 1 day of birth. HW increased in step with BW. However, the relative contribution to total HW of right ventricle (RV), interventricular septum (S) and atria declined relative to the left ventricle free wall (LVW) beginning 2 to 3 days before birth. RV/LVW declined steadily throughout the study period. LDH specific activity in LVW, RV, S and atria increased greatly prior to birth and less so afterwards, with atria showing the lowest values throughout the study. Total LDH activity in each portion of the heart paralleled the respective regional weight changes. LDH isozyme composition (percent M subunit) declined at the time of birth in LVW, RV and S from 63 to 43%; change in atrial M subunit was smaller. The change in LDH isozyme composition could be accounted for in LVW, RV and S by increasing H subunit activity alone. In atria, both M and H subunit activity increased.", "contents": "The perinatal rat: body weight, hematocrit and regional changes in heart weight and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme composition and activity. Body weight (BW), hematocrit (Hct), heart weight (HW) and cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isozyme pattern were studied in the perinatal rat. BW increased linearly, from 5 days before birth till 10 days after birth, while Hct increased from 30 to 34% within 1 day of birth. HW increased in step with BW. However, the relative contribution to total HW of right ventricle (RV), interventricular septum (S) and atria declined relative to the left ventricle free wall (LVW) beginning 2 to 3 days before birth. RV/LVW declined steadily throughout the study period. LDH specific activity in LVW, RV, S and atria increased greatly prior to birth and less so afterwards, with atria showing the lowest values throughout the study. Total LDH activity in each portion of the heart paralleled the respective regional weight changes. LDH isozyme composition (percent M subunit) declined at the time of birth in LVW, RV and S from 63 to 43%; change in atrial M subunit was smaller. The change in LDH isozyme composition could be accounted for in LVW, RV and S by increasing H subunit activity alone. In atria, both M and H subunit activity increased.", "PMID": 604187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8439", "title": "Potassium and magnesium depletion in patients with cirrhosis on maintenance diuretic regimens.", "content": "Total body potassium (40K) and leucocyte potassium measurements were carried out on 19 patients with stable but decompensated cirrhosis maintained on diuretics for previous ascites. Of 13 patients receiving spironolactone alone none had a total body potassium below the expected lower limit of normal, whereas, of six receiving additional frusemide, two had low values. The results for leucocyte potassium were in agreement and simultaneous measurements of leucocyte magnesium showed a close correlation, those with intracellular potassium depletion also having magnesium depletion. One such patient was treated with magnesium supplements without effect on the potassium, although intracellular magnesium was improved. It is concluded that spironolactone alone is the treatment of choice in the maintenance management of such patients; that additional potassium would be unnecessary; and that additional frusemide should be avoided if possible.", "contents": "Potassium and magnesium depletion in patients with cirrhosis on maintenance diuretic regimens. Total body potassium (40K) and leucocyte potassium measurements were carried out on 19 patients with stable but decompensated cirrhosis maintained on diuretics for previous ascites. Of 13 patients receiving spironolactone alone none had a total body potassium below the expected lower limit of normal, whereas, of six receiving additional frusemide, two had low values. The results for leucocyte potassium were in agreement and simultaneous measurements of leucocyte magnesium showed a close correlation, those with intracellular potassium depletion also having magnesium depletion. One such patient was treated with magnesium supplements without effect on the potassium, although intracellular magnesium was improved. It is concluded that spironolactone alone is the treatment of choice in the maintenance management of such patients; that additional potassium would be unnecessary; and that additional frusemide should be avoided if possible.", "PMID": 604188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8440", "title": "Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain levels of bile acids in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Bile acid levels were measured in the sera, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue of 10 patients immediately after death from fulminant hepatic (FHF). Serum bile acids in FHF were predominantly conjugated, and total bile acid levels were higher in all 10 patients than in normal controls (85.9 +/- SE 8.4 compared with 5.7 +/- 0.4 nmol/ml, P less than 0.001). Small but significant amounts could be detected in CSF (range 1.2-5.3 nmol total bile acid/ml) and brain biopsies (1.0-18.8 nmol/g wet weight) of FHF patients, whereas none could be detected in CSF and brain biopsies of patients dying without evidence of liver disease. There was no relationship between serum, CSF, or brain levels and duration of coma, or presence of cerebral oedema found in five FHF patients at necropsy. However, serum bile acid levels were similar in FHF to those found in chronic liver disease without encephalopathy and lower than those found to inhibit brain respiration in vitro. A primary role for these compounds in the pathogenesis of coma in FHF therefore seems unlikely.", "contents": "Serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain levels of bile acids in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Bile acid levels were measured in the sera, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue of 10 patients immediately after death from fulminant hepatic (FHF). Serum bile acids in FHF were predominantly conjugated, and total bile acid levels were higher in all 10 patients than in normal controls (85.9 +/- SE 8.4 compared with 5.7 +/- 0.4 nmol/ml, P less than 0.001). Small but significant amounts could be detected in CSF (range 1.2-5.3 nmol total bile acid/ml) and brain biopsies (1.0-18.8 nmol/g wet weight) of FHF patients, whereas none could be detected in CSF and brain biopsies of patients dying without evidence of liver disease. There was no relationship between serum, CSF, or brain levels and duration of coma, or presence of cerebral oedema found in five FHF patients at necropsy. However, serum bile acid levels were similar in FHF to those found in chronic liver disease without encephalopathy and lower than those found to inhibit brain respiration in vitro. A primary role for these compounds in the pathogenesis of coma in FHF therefore seems unlikely.", "PMID": 604189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8441", "title": "Mechanism and specificity of increased amylase/creatinine clearance ratio in pancreatitis.", "content": "The amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr ratio) was determined in 239 subjects. In 87 hospitalised patients without pancreatic disease (controls) the Cam/Ccr ratio was 3.02 +/- 0.69 (mean +/- ISD). The ratio was above the normal range in all patients with acute pancreatitis but was normal in those with chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. In 18 patients with choledocholithiasis a raised ratio distinguished those with pancreatitis as assessed independently by the surgeon at laparotomy from those with a macroscopically normal pancreas. Raised Cam/Ccr ratios were also found in diabetics with ketoacidosis and in three patients with fulminant alcoholic liver disease. Though a positive correlation was found between the Cam/Ccr ratio and serum creatinine concentration, abnormally high ratios did not occur in 30 patients with chronic renal failure. A significant increase in Cam/Ccr ratios was produced in six healthy volunteers by intravenous injection of glucagon. However, it is unlikely that hyperglucagonaemia alone accounts for the increased Cam/Ccr ratio seen in acute pancreatitis, as no correlation was found between the clearance ratio and the plasma glucagon concentration in a series of patients. In two other patients in whom excess circulating pancreatic polypeptide was detected the Cam/Ccr ratio was normal. It is concluded that, in view of the sensitivity and relative specificity of finding an increased Cam/Ccr ratio in acute pancreatitis, its determination should be valuable clinically, especially in those cases of hyperamylasaemia where the cause is in doubt. The mechanism whereby the ratio is increased is unknown, and it is unlikely that either glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide is a major factor in its production.", "contents": "Mechanism and specificity of increased amylase/creatinine clearance ratio in pancreatitis. The amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr ratio) was determined in 239 subjects. In 87 hospitalised patients without pancreatic disease (controls) the Cam/Ccr ratio was 3.02 +/- 0.69 (mean +/- ISD). The ratio was above the normal range in all patients with acute pancreatitis but was normal in those with chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. In 18 patients with choledocholithiasis a raised ratio distinguished those with pancreatitis as assessed independently by the surgeon at laparotomy from those with a macroscopically normal pancreas. Raised Cam/Ccr ratios were also found in diabetics with ketoacidosis and in three patients with fulminant alcoholic liver disease. Though a positive correlation was found between the Cam/Ccr ratio and serum creatinine concentration, abnormally high ratios did not occur in 30 patients with chronic renal failure. A significant increase in Cam/Ccr ratios was produced in six healthy volunteers by intravenous injection of glucagon. However, it is unlikely that hyperglucagonaemia alone accounts for the increased Cam/Ccr ratio seen in acute pancreatitis, as no correlation was found between the clearance ratio and the plasma glucagon concentration in a series of patients. In two other patients in whom excess circulating pancreatic polypeptide was detected the Cam/Ccr ratio was normal. It is concluded that, in view of the sensitivity and relative specificity of finding an increased Cam/Ccr ratio in acute pancreatitis, its determination should be valuable clinically, especially in those cases of hyperamylasaemia where the cause is in doubt. The mechanism whereby the ratio is increased is unknown, and it is unlikely that either glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide is a major factor in its production.", "PMID": 604190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8442", "title": "Somatostatin therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis.", "content": "Because somatostatin (SRIF) reduces exocrine pancreatic secretion, its effect on acute pancreatitis was investigated in rats. Linear SRIF reduced serum amylase and lipase but had no effect on pancreatic necrosis, oedema, leucocyte infiltration, and enzyme content. The mortality rate was not reduced. These results do not recommend the use of SRIF in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Somatostatin therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis. Because somatostatin (SRIF) reduces exocrine pancreatic secretion, its effect on acute pancreatitis was investigated in rats. Linear SRIF reduced serum amylase and lipase but had no effect on pancreatic necrosis, oedema, leucocyte infiltration, and enzyme content. The mortality rate was not reduced. These results do not recommend the use of SRIF in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 604191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8443", "title": "Effect of carbenoxolone sodium on human gastric acid secretion.", "content": "Neither basal nor peak acid output changed significantly after treatment for four weeks with carbenoxolone sodium as Biogastrone tablets in patients with gastric ulcer or Duogastrone capsules in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Effect of carbenoxolone sodium on human gastric acid secretion. Neither basal nor peak acid output changed significantly after treatment for four weeks with carbenoxolone sodium as Biogastrone tablets in patients with gastric ulcer or Duogastrone capsules in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 604192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8444", "title": "Gastric emptying of wholemeal and white bread.", "content": "We studied the rates at which solid and liquid leave the stomach after meals of wholemeal and white bread by using a double isotope technique. There was no difference in the rates at which the solid phases of the gastric contents left the stomach but liquid left the stomach significantly more rapidly with white bread than with wholemeal bread. Furthermore, the amount of liquid leaving the stomach unaccompanied and therefore unbuffered by solid was significantly greater after while bread than wholemeal bread. These findings may be of significance in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer and they provide a rational basis for a possible form of dietary treatment.", "contents": "Gastric emptying of wholemeal and white bread. We studied the rates at which solid and liquid leave the stomach after meals of wholemeal and white bread by using a double isotope technique. There was no difference in the rates at which the solid phases of the gastric contents left the stomach but liquid left the stomach significantly more rapidly with white bread than with wholemeal bread. Furthermore, the amount of liquid leaving the stomach unaccompanied and therefore unbuffered by solid was significantly greater after while bread than wholemeal bread. These findings may be of significance in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer and they provide a rational basis for a possible form of dietary treatment.", "PMID": 604193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8445", "title": "Bile acid studies in uncomplicated Crohn's disease.", "content": "The pool size and composition of bile acids were studied in 13 unoperated patients with uncomplicated Crohn's disease; 10 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 10 normal subjects. Many patients with Crohn's disease had in their bile a significantly increased amount of ursodeoxycholic acid. The bile acid pool size was significantly decreased and the ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates was significantly increased in the Crohn's disease patients. The reduction in bile acid pool size was related to the activity of the disease. The disorders of bile acid metabolism suggest that the intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease is much more extensive than can be demonstrated by careful radiological examinations.", "contents": "Bile acid studies in uncomplicated Crohn's disease. The pool size and composition of bile acids were studied in 13 unoperated patients with uncomplicated Crohn's disease; 10 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 10 normal subjects. Many patients with Crohn's disease had in their bile a significantly increased amount of ursodeoxycholic acid. The bile acid pool size was significantly decreased and the ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates was significantly increased in the Crohn's disease patients. The reduction in bile acid pool size was related to the activity of the disease. The disorders of bile acid metabolism suggest that the intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease is much more extensive than can be demonstrated by careful radiological examinations.", "PMID": 604194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8446", "title": "14C-Glycocholate test in Crohn's disease--its value in assessment and treatment.", "content": "The (14)C-glycocholic acid test ((14)C-GCA) has been assessed in 27 patients who have had resection of the ileum and colon for Crohn's disease and in 19 patients with unoperated stable Crohn's disease. The incidence of increased breath output of (14)CO(2) and faecal output of (14)C was significantly greater in operated patients. Half the unoperated patients had normal results and, of the others, a modest increase in faecal (14)C was the usual finding. There was no correlation between the (14)C-GCA test, the Schilling test, and the extent and severity of the radiological signs in the unoperated patients. Metronidazole therapy was poorly tolerated and had little or no influence on symptoms but did decrease the excretion of (14)CO(2) in the breath when the (14)C-GCA test was repeated. Cholestyramine therapy was beneficial in the majority of resected patients with diarrhoea and an increased faecal (14)C excretion and, on repeat testing, there was a significant increase in the output of breath (14)CO(2). The beneficial effect was less marked in the unoperated patients and the breath (14)CO(2) output remained normal in those retested. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids did not seem to make an important contribution to the symptoms of patients with stable unoperated (and uncomplicated) Crohn's disease, even when the ileum was extensively involved.", "contents": "14C-Glycocholate test in Crohn's disease--its value in assessment and treatment. The (14)C-glycocholic acid test ((14)C-GCA) has been assessed in 27 patients who have had resection of the ileum and colon for Crohn's disease and in 19 patients with unoperated stable Crohn's disease. The incidence of increased breath output of (14)CO(2) and faecal output of (14)C was significantly greater in operated patients. Half the unoperated patients had normal results and, of the others, a modest increase in faecal (14)C was the usual finding. There was no correlation between the (14)C-GCA test, the Schilling test, and the extent and severity of the radiological signs in the unoperated patients. Metronidazole therapy was poorly tolerated and had little or no influence on symptoms but did decrease the excretion of (14)CO(2) in the breath when the (14)C-GCA test was repeated. Cholestyramine therapy was beneficial in the majority of resected patients with diarrhoea and an increased faecal (14)C excretion and, on repeat testing, there was a significant increase in the output of breath (14)CO(2). The beneficial effect was less marked in the unoperated patients and the breath (14)CO(2) output remained normal in those retested. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids did not seem to make an important contribution to the symptoms of patients with stable unoperated (and uncomplicated) Crohn's disease, even when the ileum was extensively involved.", "PMID": 604195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8447", "title": "Humoral immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: I. Complement levels.", "content": "Serum levels of complement components Clq, C4, C3, and Properdin factor B, from the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, have been estimated in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. C3, factor B, and to some extent C4 concentrations all increased when the disease was active. In remission the levels of these components did not differ from hospital control patients. There was no evidence for the preferential consumption of the proteins of either pathway of activation, even in those patients with evidence of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Humoral immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: I. Complement levels. Serum levels of complement components Clq, C4, C3, and Properdin factor B, from the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, have been estimated in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. C3, factor B, and to some extent C4 concentrations all increased when the disease was active. In remission the levels of these components did not differ from hospital control patients. There was no evidence for the preferential consumption of the proteins of either pathway of activation, even in those patients with evidence of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 604196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8448", "title": "Adynamic bowel syndrome. Report of a case with disturbance of the cholinergic innervation.", "content": "A case of adynamic bowel syndrome is described. Full thickness biopsies of the large bowel showed the presence of ganglion cells, no acetylcholinesterase positive nerves in the lamina propria, submucosa or among the smooth muscle cells of the circular and longitudinal muscle coats, and absence of the argyrophil plexus. Electron microscopic examination showed replacement of the normal axon bundle by vacuolated tracts with small round bodies in one area--probably viral. Neuronal cytoplasm also showed similar vacuolation. It is suggested that the damage to the cholinergic innervation may be caused by a neurotoxic agent.", "contents": "Adynamic bowel syndrome. Report of a case with disturbance of the cholinergic innervation. A case of adynamic bowel syndrome is described. Full thickness biopsies of the large bowel showed the presence of ganglion cells, no acetylcholinesterase positive nerves in the lamina propria, submucosa or among the smooth muscle cells of the circular and longitudinal muscle coats, and absence of the argyrophil plexus. Electron microscopic examination showed replacement of the normal axon bundle by vacuolated tracts with small round bodies in one area--probably viral. Neuronal cytoplasm also showed similar vacuolation. It is suggested that the damage to the cholinergic innervation may be caused by a neurotoxic agent.", "PMID": 604197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8449", "title": "Detection of antibody against limax amoebae by means of the indirect haemagglutination test.", "content": "A detailed description is given of the procuedure of the indirect haemagglutination test employed in the detection of specific antibodies against pathogenic amoebae of the genera Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. The preservation of all ingredients obtained by lyophilisation provide for a standard pattern of the test. The results of the test with experimentally prepared immune rabbit sera demonstrate an antigenic uniformity of the various isolates of Naegleria fowleri, and their marked difference from Acanthamoeba.", "contents": "Detection of antibody against limax amoebae by means of the indirect haemagglutination test. A detailed description is given of the procuedure of the indirect haemagglutination test employed in the detection of specific antibodies against pathogenic amoebae of the genera Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. The preservation of all ingredients obtained by lyophilisation provide for a standard pattern of the test. The results of the test with experimentally prepared immune rabbit sera demonstrate an antigenic uniformity of the various isolates of Naegleria fowleri, and their marked difference from Acanthamoeba.", "PMID": 604214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8450", "title": "Influence of breeding technology of helminth fauna of geese (Anser anser f. domestica).", "content": "Two hundred goose broilers originating from farms with different housing facilities were examined for helminth parasites. The farm of the first technological type consisted of halls with deep liter without a run and that of the second type had grass runs neighbouring with a sheet of water. The geese from the first farm harboured A. galli, H. gallinarum and C. obsignata; those from the second farm, D. lanceolata, H. dispar, A. anseris and C. obsignata. In the first case, the geese were infected by helminths from chickens. The incidence and intensity of infection, frequency of single and mixed infections and relation between the incidence and intensity of infection and the age of broilers were evaluated. The influence of breeding technology on the formation of helminth fauna and the significance of individual helminth species in goose breeding are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of breeding technology of helminth fauna of geese (Anser anser f. domestica). Two hundred goose broilers originating from farms with different housing facilities were examined for helminth parasites. The farm of the first technological type consisted of halls with deep liter without a run and that of the second type had grass runs neighbouring with a sheet of water. The geese from the first farm harboured A. galli, H. gallinarum and C. obsignata; those from the second farm, D. lanceolata, H. dispar, A. anseris and C. obsignata. In the first case, the geese were infected by helminths from chickens. The incidence and intensity of infection, frequency of single and mixed infections and relation between the incidence and intensity of infection and the age of broilers were evaluated. The influence of breeding technology on the formation of helminth fauna and the significance of individual helminth species in goose breeding are discussed.", "PMID": 604215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8451", "title": "Studies on digenetic trematodes of the genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 from some Egyptian bats. 2. Trematodes of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911.", "content": "A review of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911 is presented. Prosthodendrium (Paralecithodendrium) glandulosum (Looss, 1896) is redescribed from some Egyptian bats. The present study indicated that this species is a very variable one. Moreover, a new species P. (Paralecithodendrium) aegyptiacum is described from two species of bats.", "contents": "Studies on digenetic trematodes of the genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 from some Egyptian bats. 2. Trematodes of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911. A review of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911 is presented. Prosthodendrium (Paralecithodendrium) glandulosum (Looss, 1896) is redescribed from some Egyptian bats. The present study indicated that this species is a very variable one. Moreover, a new species P. (Paralecithodendrium) aegyptiacum is described from two species of bats.", "PMID": 604216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8452", "title": "Records of Cucullanus truttae (Fabricius, 1794) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) from Swedish brook lampreys, Lampetra planeri (Bloch).", "content": "Adult nematodes of the family Cucullanidae, parasitic in the abdominal cavity of the brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch) from the River Stens\u00e5n, south Sweden are described and illustrated. According to the morphometry, these nematodes belong to the species Cucullanus truttae (Fabricius, 1794)--a common intestinal parasite of salmonid fishes. The name Dacnitis stelmioides Vessichelli, 1910 is considered to be a synonym of the latter. The role of lampreys in the life-cycle of C. truttae is discussed: although lampreys are either intermediate hosts or serve only as transport hosts for larvae of this parasite, the nematode larvae can attain maturity in this host.", "contents": "Records of Cucullanus truttae (Fabricius, 1794) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) from Swedish brook lampreys, Lampetra planeri (Bloch). Adult nematodes of the family Cucullanidae, parasitic in the abdominal cavity of the brook lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch) from the River Stens\u00e5n, south Sweden are described and illustrated. According to the morphometry, these nematodes belong to the species Cucullanus truttae (Fabricius, 1794)--a common intestinal parasite of salmonid fishes. The name Dacnitis stelmioides Vessichelli, 1910 is considered to be a synonym of the latter. The role of lampreys in the life-cycle of C. truttae is discussed: although lampreys are either intermediate hosts or serve only as transport hosts for larvae of this parasite, the nematode larvae can attain maturity in this host.", "PMID": 604217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8453", "title": "Experimental infection of foxes with Tahyna virus.", "content": "Three foxes about 18 weeks old were each subcutaneously inoculated with approximately 200 LD50 dose of extraneurally passaged strain of the Tahyna virus \"236\". Viremia was demonstrated in all animals during the 48-96 hours interval after infection. The maximum value was 1.31 dex LD50/0.02 ml. Three weeks after infection a seroconversion was revealed by means of hemagglutination-inhibition test (from titre less than 1 : 10 to 1 : 320) and plaque-reduction neutralization test (from titre less than 1 : 4 to titre 1 : 4096 or 1 : 8192).", "contents": "Experimental infection of foxes with Tahyna virus. Three foxes about 18 weeks old were each subcutaneously inoculated with approximately 200 LD50 dose of extraneurally passaged strain of the Tahyna virus \"236\". Viremia was demonstrated in all animals during the 48-96 hours interval after infection. The maximum value was 1.31 dex LD50/0.02 ml. Three weeks after infection a seroconversion was revealed by means of hemagglutination-inhibition test (from titre less than 1 : 10 to 1 : 320) and plaque-reduction neutralization test (from titre less than 1 : 4 to titre 1 : 4096 or 1 : 8192).", "PMID": 604220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8454", "title": "Fifty-day observation of a free-ranging adult male chimpanzee.", "content": "An adult male chimpanzee living in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was observed for 50 consecutive days during the 1974 dry season, for a total of 563 h. This individual, Figan, was the alpha male of a community of 42 chimpanzees. The composition and size of temporary associations within the community was influenced largely by the presence of one estrus female and by characteristics of the food resources. Figan's daily time budget varied little for travel and grooming, but there were major changes in time spent feeding tha inactive over the 50 days. Predatory behavior occurred periodically and meat was eaten on five occasions. Agonistic and sexual behaviors are discussed relative to Figan's high social status. A cooperative relationship was maintained between Figan and his older brother.", "contents": "Fifty-day observation of a free-ranging adult male chimpanzee. An adult male chimpanzee living in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was observed for 50 consecutive days during the 1974 dry season, for a total of 563 h. This individual, Figan, was the alpha male of a community of 42 chimpanzees. The composition and size of temporary associations within the community was influenced largely by the presence of one estrus female and by characteristics of the food resources. Figan's daily time budget varied little for travel and grooming, but there were major changes in time spent feeding tha inactive over the 50 days. Predatory behavior occurred periodically and meat was eaten on five occasions. Agonistic and sexual behaviors are discussed relative to Figan's high social status. A cooperative relationship was maintained between Figan and his older brother.", "PMID": 604223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8455", "title": "Intra-group variations in the dental eruption sequence of Macaca fuscata fuscata.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to establish general trends of intra-group variations in the dental eruption sequence of a semi-wild troop of Maca fuscata fuscata. Dental impressions were taken on 128 animals of varying ages. The analysis of the dental casts revealed sexual dimorphism in sequence and timing of eruption.", "contents": "Intra-group variations in the dental eruption sequence of Macaca fuscata fuscata. The purpose of this investigation was to establish general trends of intra-group variations in the dental eruption sequence of a semi-wild troop of Maca fuscata fuscata. Dental impressions were taken on 128 animals of varying ages. The analysis of the dental casts revealed sexual dimorphism in sequence and timing of eruption.", "PMID": 604224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8456", "title": "Origin of acrocentric trisomies in spontaneous abortuses.", "content": "A total of 33 spontaneous abortuses with various acrocentric trisomies were studied for the origin of the extra chromosomes using Q- and R-band polymorphisms as markers. Eleven trisomic abortuses were informative: nine trisomic abortuses (one with trisomy 13, three with trisomy 21, and five with trisomy 22 including one with a 46,XX/47,XX,+22 mosaicism) originated at maternal first meiosis; a 21-trisomic abortus resulted from an error at maternal second meiosis (or first mitosis); and a 13-trisomic abortus was of maternal first or second meiotic origin. The abortus with mosaic trisomy 22 started as a 22-trisomic zygote resulting from an error at maternal first meiosis, followed by a mitotic (in vivo or in vitro) loss of the paternally derived chromosome 22.", "contents": "Origin of acrocentric trisomies in spontaneous abortuses. A total of 33 spontaneous abortuses with various acrocentric trisomies were studied for the origin of the extra chromosomes using Q- and R-band polymorphisms as markers. Eleven trisomic abortuses were informative: nine trisomic abortuses (one with trisomy 13, three with trisomy 21, and five with trisomy 22 including one with a 46,XX/47,XX,+22 mosaicism) originated at maternal first meiosis; a 21-trisomic abortus resulted from an error at maternal second meiosis (or first mitosis); and a 13-trisomic abortus was of maternal first or second meiotic origin. The abortus with mosaic trisomy 22 started as a 22-trisomic zygote resulting from an error at maternal first meiosis, followed by a mitotic (in vivo or in vitro) loss of the paternally derived chromosome 22.", "PMID": 604246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8457", "title": "Investigations on the polymorphism of sperm diaphorase in man. Evidence for a third common allele, SD.", "content": "The polymorphism of sperm diaphorase (SD) was investigated in 141 unrelated persons from Hessen, Germany, by high voltage thin-layer agarose gel electrophoresis (Age) and thin-layer isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel (Pagif). In addition to the three known common phenotypes SD 1, 2-1, and 2, two further phenotypes with the preliminary designation SD 3-1 and SD 3-2 were discovered. This polymorphism can thus be explained in terms of three alleles, SD1, SD2, and SD3 segregating at an autosomal locus. The allele frequencies calculated from the five different phenotypes SD 1, 2, 2-1, 3-1, and 3-2 are: SD1 = 0.7553, SD2 = 0.2234, and SD3 = 0.0213. As we also found SD activity in female reproductive tract tissues (ovaries, oviducts, uterus), the term 'gonadal diaphorase' (GD) appears to be applicable.", "contents": "Investigations on the polymorphism of sperm diaphorase in man. Evidence for a third common allele, SD. The polymorphism of sperm diaphorase (SD) was investigated in 141 unrelated persons from Hessen, Germany, by high voltage thin-layer agarose gel electrophoresis (Age) and thin-layer isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel (Pagif). In addition to the three known common phenotypes SD 1, 2-1, and 2, two further phenotypes with the preliminary designation SD 3-1 and SD 3-2 were discovered. This polymorphism can thus be explained in terms of three alleles, SD1, SD2, and SD3 segregating at an autosomal locus. The allele frequencies calculated from the five different phenotypes SD 1, 2, 2-1, 3-1, and 3-2 are: SD1 = 0.7553, SD2 = 0.2234, and SD3 = 0.0213. As we also found SD activity in female reproductive tract tissues (ovaries, oviducts, uterus), the term 'gonadal diaphorase' (GD) appears to be applicable.", "PMID": 604247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8458", "title": "Comparative investigations with trypaflavin in metaphase-II oocytes and in dominant lethal assay.", "content": "Pregnant C3H mice were orally treated with 50 mg Trypaflavin/kg on day 7, 11, 14, or 15 post conception. The embryos were thus treated in utero with the test compound. At the age of 10 weeks, the dominant lethal assay was performed with F1 females. Dominant lethal mutations were induced only in those mice treated in utero on day 7 of the prenatal stage. Female C3H mice were chronically treated with Trypaflavin (50 X 2 mg/kg/day; dissolved in drinking water). These mice were caged with untreated males. The percentage of preimplantation egg loss and the yield of dead implants per female was increased. Female NMRI mice were chronically treated with Trypaflavin (50 X 2 mg/kg/day by stomach tube). In metaphases II of unfertilized oocytes, the yield of all observed aberration types (aneuploidies, gaps, satellite associations, breaks and fragments, deletions, and interchanges) was increased weakly.", "contents": "Comparative investigations with trypaflavin in metaphase-II oocytes and in dominant lethal assay. Pregnant C3H mice were orally treated with 50 mg Trypaflavin/kg on day 7, 11, 14, or 15 post conception. The embryos were thus treated in utero with the test compound. At the age of 10 weeks, the dominant lethal assay was performed with F1 females. Dominant lethal mutations were induced only in those mice treated in utero on day 7 of the prenatal stage. Female C3H mice were chronically treated with Trypaflavin (50 X 2 mg/kg/day; dissolved in drinking water). These mice were caged with untreated males. The percentage of preimplantation egg loss and the yield of dead implants per female was increased. Female NMRI mice were chronically treated with Trypaflavin (50 X 2 mg/kg/day by stomach tube). In metaphases II of unfertilized oocytes, the yield of all observed aberration types (aneuploidies, gaps, satellite associations, breaks and fragments, deletions, and interchanges) was increased weakly.", "PMID": 604248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8459", "title": "Improved technique for electrophoresis of human galactose-1-p uridyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.12).", "content": "A newly developed electrophoretic technique for human galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase confirms the multiple band patterns for the Duarte and Los Angeles variants. This represents the first confirmation for the Los Angeles variant. The observed frequencies of N, D, and LA types are similar to earlier reports for these variants.", "contents": "Improved technique for electrophoresis of human galactose-1-p uridyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.12). A newly developed electrophoretic technique for human galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase confirms the multiple band patterns for the Duarte and Los Angeles variants. This represents the first confirmation for the Los Angeles variant. The observed frequencies of N, D, and LA types are similar to earlier reports for these variants.", "PMID": 604249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8460", "title": "Gene diversity in Indian populations.", "content": "Gene frequency data of ten protein and enzyme loci in seven populations of India were collected from the literature. The gene differentiation among seven populations relative to total population was only 0.6%, indicating that the genic variation between populations was small compared to that within them. Using 29 common protein loci, the genetic distances between Indians and three major races of man, Caucasoids, Mongoloids, and Negroids were also determined. Indians are closer to Mongoloids than to Caucasoids or Negroids as indicated by the phylogenetic tree.", "contents": "Gene diversity in Indian populations. Gene frequency data of ten protein and enzyme loci in seven populations of India were collected from the literature. The gene differentiation among seven populations relative to total population was only 0.6%, indicating that the genic variation between populations was small compared to that within them. Using 29 common protein loci, the genetic distances between Indians and three major races of man, Caucasoids, Mongoloids, and Negroids were also determined. Indians are closer to Mongoloids than to Caucasoids or Negroids as indicated by the phylogenetic tree.", "PMID": 604250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8461", "title": "Ion binding properties in acetonitrile of cyclopeptides built up from proline and glycine residues.", "content": "Ion binding properties of antamanide-like cyclopeptides cyclo-(Pro2-Glyn-Pro2-Gly m) (n,m=1-3) have been studies by CD spectroscopy and by conductivity measurements. Cyclo-(Pro2-Gly-Pro2-Gly) forming complexes of different stoichiometry can be characterized by a strong preference of selectivity for Mg++ and Ca++ ions over alkali ions whereas the other members of the series bind selectively alkali and alkaline earth cations with ion radius of about 1 A. Three main types of CD spectra of cyclic peptides and their complexes can be differentiated. Type I showing two negative Cotton effects at around 220 nm and 200 nm (Ib, Fig. 3), type II showing a positive band around 220 nm and a strong negative one below 190 nm (e.g. Ic in acetonitrile, Fig. 4), and type III showing a strong negative band in the 205 nm region (e.g. mental complexes of Id, Fig. 6).", "contents": "Ion binding properties in acetonitrile of cyclopeptides built up from proline and glycine residues. Ion binding properties of antamanide-like cyclopeptides cyclo-(Pro2-Glyn-Pro2-Gly m) (n,m=1-3) have been studies by CD spectroscopy and by conductivity measurements. Cyclo-(Pro2-Gly-Pro2-Gly) forming complexes of different stoichiometry can be characterized by a strong preference of selectivity for Mg++ and Ca++ ions over alkali ions whereas the other members of the series bind selectively alkali and alkaline earth cations with ion radius of about 1 A. Three main types of CD spectra of cyclic peptides and their complexes can be differentiated. Type I showing two negative Cotton effects at around 220 nm and 200 nm (Ib, Fig. 3), type II showing a positive band around 220 nm and a strong negative one below 190 nm (e.g. Ic in acetonitrile, Fig. 4), and type III showing a strong negative band in the 205 nm region (e.g. mental complexes of Id, Fig. 6).", "PMID": 604283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8462", "title": "Comparative conformational analysis of human choriomammotropin and somatotropin from several species.", "content": "The conformations of porcine somatotropin and human choriomammotropin have been studied using circular dichroism (CD) and the results compared with spectra of human, murine, ovine, and bovine somatotropin. The far ultraviolet CD spectra of the six proteins were similar, and each spectrum was analyzed using constrained linear least squares. The following average percentages of alpha-helicity, beta-structure, and aperiodic (nonhelical) conformation were obtained: 57, 6, and 37, respectively, based on a standard protein reference set, and 42, 22, and 36, respectively, based on poly-L-lysine as reference. Thus, the estimated secondary structure is strongly dependent upon the reference data used. Interestingly for these similar proteins, it appears that over 60% of the residues are part of ordered secondary structure and less that 40% are in an aperiodic conformation. The near ultraviolet CD spectra of these hormones were similar in many respects, although certain significant differences were observed, particularly in the sign of various extrema. These spectral differences probably reflect non-identical microenvironments of the aromatics and disulfides, arising from differences both in amino acid sequence and local conformation.", "contents": "Comparative conformational analysis of human choriomammotropin and somatotropin from several species. The conformations of porcine somatotropin and human choriomammotropin have been studied using circular dichroism (CD) and the results compared with spectra of human, murine, ovine, and bovine somatotropin. The far ultraviolet CD spectra of the six proteins were similar, and each spectrum was analyzed using constrained linear least squares. The following average percentages of alpha-helicity, beta-structure, and aperiodic (nonhelical) conformation were obtained: 57, 6, and 37, respectively, based on a standard protein reference set, and 42, 22, and 36, respectively, based on poly-L-lysine as reference. Thus, the estimated secondary structure is strongly dependent upon the reference data used. Interestingly for these similar proteins, it appears that over 60% of the residues are part of ordered secondary structure and less that 40% are in an aperiodic conformation. The near ultraviolet CD spectra of these hormones were similar in many respects, although certain significant differences were observed, particularly in the sign of various extrema. These spectral differences probably reflect non-identical microenvironments of the aromatics and disulfides, arising from differences both in amino acid sequence and local conformation.", "PMID": 604285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8463", "title": "Active esters in the formation of ester bonds between amino acids and polymeric supports.", "content": "The imidazole catalyzed transesterification of active esters was used for the formation of the ester bond between the carboxyl group of protected amino acids and the hydroxyl group of a polymeric support applied in solid phase peptide synthesis. Anchoring of the C-terminal residue to the hydroxymethyl polymer proceeded smoothyl and provided a high degree of incorporation. No racemization was observed in the imidazole-catalyzed alcholysis. The procedure could be carried out with various active esters such as esters of o-and p-nitrophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and N-hydroxysuccinimide.", "contents": "Active esters in the formation of ester bonds between amino acids and polymeric supports. The imidazole catalyzed transesterification of active esters was used for the formation of the ester bond between the carboxyl group of protected amino acids and the hydroxyl group of a polymeric support applied in solid phase peptide synthesis. Anchoring of the C-terminal residue to the hydroxymethyl polymer proceeded smoothyl and provided a high degree of incorporation. No racemization was observed in the imidazole-catalyzed alcholysis. The procedure could be carried out with various active esters such as esters of o-and p-nitrophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and N-hydroxysuccinimide.", "PMID": 604286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8464", "title": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. V.A reexamination of the mixed anhydride method.", "content": "Acylation of amino acid beta-naphthylamides with protected (Boc) amino acidisobutylcarbonic acid mixed anhydrides resulted in each case in the formation of some undesired by-product: an isobutyloxycarbonylamino acid beta-naphthylamide. The amount of this second acylation product was particularly high, with the hindered amino acids valine and isoleucine as carboxyl-components. The nature of the amino component had no major influence on the extent of this side reaction.", "contents": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. V.A reexamination of the mixed anhydride method. Acylation of amino acid beta-naphthylamides with protected (Boc) amino acidisobutylcarbonic acid mixed anhydrides resulted in each case in the formation of some undesired by-product: an isobutyloxycarbonylamino acid beta-naphthylamide. The amount of this second acylation product was particularly high, with the hindered amino acids valine and isoleucine as carboxyl-components. The nature of the amino component had no major influence on the extent of this side reaction.", "PMID": 604287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8465", "title": "Human somatotropin 53. Synthesis and biological activity of the amino terminal fifty-four residue fragment.", "content": "The amino terminal 54 residue peptide fragment of human somatotropin [Cys(Gam)53]-HGH-(1-54), has been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The symmetrical anhydride and active ester coupling methods were used exclusively. The synthetic product was purified by gel fitration isoelectric focusing, and partition chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by six additional criteria. In complement fixation experiments the synthetic product was immunologically active with antisera to HGH and [cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(134). Antiserum raised against the synthetic product was immunologically active in the homologous assay and with HGH,[Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(1-134), and [Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(15-125). The synthetic fragment exhibited 53% of the activity of [Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(1-134) in the rat tibia assay.", "contents": "Human somatotropin 53. Synthesis and biological activity of the amino terminal fifty-four residue fragment. The amino terminal 54 residue peptide fragment of human somatotropin [Cys(Gam)53]-HGH-(1-54), has been synthesized by the solid-phase method. The symmetrical anhydride and active ester coupling methods were used exclusively. The synthetic product was purified by gel fitration isoelectric focusing, and partition chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by six additional criteria. In complement fixation experiments the synthetic product was immunologically active with antisera to HGH and [cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(134). Antiserum raised against the synthetic product was immunologically active in the homologous assay and with HGH,[Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(1-134), and [Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(15-125). The synthetic fragment exhibited 53% of the activity of [Cys(Cam)53]-HGH-(1-134) in the rat tibia assay.", "PMID": 604288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8466", "title": "Hemoglobin Tak in a newborn Malay.", "content": "The trait condition for hemoglobin Tak, was found in a 4-day old newborn Malay who suffered from severe neonatal jaundice. The beta chain of the abnormal hemoglobin was elongated by 11 residues at the C-terminus and had the same structure as reported for Hb Tak. The mother was heterozygous for this abnormal hemoglobin, the father was normal. The mother and child, 4 years later, did not show clinical or hematological symptoms except definitely increased resistance of their erythrocytes to hypotonic saline solutions and slight anisopoikilocytosis. The abnormal gene in the two reported Thai families and in our Malay family may have the same origin.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Tak in a newborn Malay. The trait condition for hemoglobin Tak, was found in a 4-day old newborn Malay who suffered from severe neonatal jaundice. The beta chain of the abnormal hemoglobin was elongated by 11 residues at the C-terminus and had the same structure as reported for Hb Tak. The mother was heterozygous for this abnormal hemoglobin, the father was normal. The mother and child, 4 years later, did not show clinical or hematological symptoms except definitely increased resistance of their erythrocytes to hypotonic saline solutions and slight anisopoikilocytosis. The abnormal gene in the two reported Thai families and in our Malay family may have the same origin.", "PMID": 604313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8467", "title": "Hb M Milwaukee in a German family.", "content": "The second occurrence of Hb M Milwaukee is reported in two members of a German family who had cyanosis since early childhood. Contrary to earlier reports, Hb M Milwaukee exhibits a distinct heat instability. It is suggested, that in this family the variant resulted from a new mutation.", "contents": "Hb M Milwaukee in a German family. The second occurrence of Hb M Milwaukee is reported in two members of a German family who had cyanosis since early childhood. Contrary to earlier reports, Hb M Milwaukee exhibits a distinct heat instability. It is suggested, that in this family the variant resulted from a new mutation.", "PMID": 604314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8468", "title": "Hemoglobin Gavello - alpha 2 beta 2 47 (CD6) Asp replaced by Gly. A new hemoglobin variant from Polesine (Italy).", "content": "During a survey for abnormal hemoglobins in Polesine (a region north of the Po river, where beta-thalassemia is very frequent) a slow moving variant was noted in a 79-yr-old woman living in Gavello, a small town in the province of Rovigo. Structural studies demonstrated a previously undescribed amino acid substitution, beta47 Asp replaced by Gly. This new variant has been named Hb Gavello.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Gavello - alpha 2 beta 2 47 (CD6) Asp replaced by Gly. A new hemoglobin variant from Polesine (Italy). During a survey for abnormal hemoglobins in Polesine (a region north of the Po river, where beta-thalassemia is very frequent) a slow moving variant was noted in a 79-yr-old woman living in Gavello, a small town in the province of Rovigo. Structural studies demonstrated a previously undescribed amino acid substitution, beta47 Asp replaced by Gly. This new variant has been named Hb Gavello.", "PMID": 604315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8469", "title": "Hemoglobin Thailand [alpha 56 (E 5) Lys leads to Thr]: a new abnormal human hemoglobin.", "content": "A healthy Thai male was found to have an abnormal hemoglobin moving faster than Hb A in starch-gel electrophoresis, in addition to the normal hemoglobin constituents. The abnormal hemoglobin constituted 28% of the whole hemoglobin. The subject was asymptomatic and had normal hematologic findings. Structural characterization revealed that the amino acid substitution was alpha 56 Lys leads to Thr. This variant has never been described previously and it is named Hb Thailand.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Thailand [alpha 56 (E 5) Lys leads to Thr]: a new abnormal human hemoglobin. A healthy Thai male was found to have an abnormal hemoglobin moving faster than Hb A in starch-gel electrophoresis, in addition to the normal hemoglobin constituents. The abnormal hemoglobin constituted 28% of the whole hemoglobin. The subject was asymptomatic and had normal hematologic findings. Structural characterization revealed that the amino acid substitution was alpha 56 Lys leads to Thr. This variant has never been described previously and it is named Hb Thailand.", "PMID": 604316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8470", "title": "An evaluation of the methods for quantitation of hemoglobin A2: results from a survey of 10,663 cases.", "content": "Microcolumn chromatography and a new test tube method for quantitation of hemoglobin A2 were compared with column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, starch block and cellulose acetate electrophoresis to ascertain their relative accuracy, precision, reproducibility and speed. One hundred seventy-four blood specimens, including 90 samples from genetically proven beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were examined. The mean Hb A2 values in normal and beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were: 2.3% and 4.7%, respectively, determined by microcolumn chromatography; 2.3% and 4.9%, respectively, determined by a new test tube method; 2.5 and 4.6%, respectively, determined by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex; 2.6% and 4.8%, respectively, determined by starch block electrophoresis; and 2.4% and 4.8%, respectively, determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Although all five methods were found to be reliable and reproducible, the microcolumn chromatographic method and the newly developed test tube method using DE-52 cellulose are the most rapid, reproducible, economical, and well suited for large scale surveys. By microcolumn chromatography, 7,953 school children and 2,710 other cases were screened for the quantity of Hb A2. In these samples, 578 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were detected.", "contents": "An evaluation of the methods for quantitation of hemoglobin A2: results from a survey of 10,663 cases. Microcolumn chromatography and a new test tube method for quantitation of hemoglobin A2 were compared with column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, starch block and cellulose acetate electrophoresis to ascertain their relative accuracy, precision, reproducibility and speed. One hundred seventy-four blood specimens, including 90 samples from genetically proven beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were examined. The mean Hb A2 values in normal and beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were: 2.3% and 4.7%, respectively, determined by microcolumn chromatography; 2.3% and 4.9%, respectively, determined by a new test tube method; 2.5 and 4.6%, respectively, determined by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex; 2.6% and 4.8%, respectively, determined by starch block electrophoresis; and 2.4% and 4.8%, respectively, determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Although all five methods were found to be reliable and reproducible, the microcolumn chromatographic method and the newly developed test tube method using DE-52 cellulose are the most rapid, reproducible, economical, and well suited for large scale surveys. By microcolumn chromatography, 7,953 school children and 2,710 other cases were screened for the quantity of Hb A2. In these samples, 578 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes were detected.", "PMID": 604318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8471", "title": "Differences in affinity of variant beta chains for alpha chains: a possible explanation for the variation in the percentages of beta chain variants in heterozygotes.", "content": "The alpha and beta chains of the hemoglobins A, S, Leslie and N-Baltimore have been isolated as PMB derivates by CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The relative affinities of the betaA, betaS, betaLeslie and betaN-Baltimore chains for alpha chains were measured through quantitation by chromatography of the hemoglobins A and Leslie, A and S, and A and N-Baltimore that were formed when variable amounts of alpha chains were added to a mixture of equal amounts of the appropriate beta chains. The data indicate a greatly decreased affinity of betaLeslie chains for alpha chains; a similar preference of alpha chains for betaA chains was observed for mixtures involving alpha, betaA, and betaS chains, but the affinity of betaS chains for alpha chains was higher than that of betaLeslie chains. The betaN-Baltimore chains assembled with alpha chains at a similar rate as betaA chains. The data as interpreted indicate that the affinity of certain beta chains for alpha chains can be a major post-translational control mechanism which regulates the level of a beta chain variant in heterozygotes.", "contents": "Differences in affinity of variant beta chains for alpha chains: a possible explanation for the variation in the percentages of beta chain variants in heterozygotes. The alpha and beta chains of the hemoglobins A, S, Leslie and N-Baltimore have been isolated as PMB derivates by CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The relative affinities of the betaA, betaS, betaLeslie and betaN-Baltimore chains for alpha chains were measured through quantitation by chromatography of the hemoglobins A and Leslie, A and S, and A and N-Baltimore that were formed when variable amounts of alpha chains were added to a mixture of equal amounts of the appropriate beta chains. The data indicate a greatly decreased affinity of betaLeslie chains for alpha chains; a similar preference of alpha chains for betaA chains was observed for mixtures involving alpha, betaA, and betaS chains, but the affinity of betaS chains for alpha chains was higher than that of betaLeslie chains. The betaN-Baltimore chains assembled with alpha chains at a similar rate as betaA chains. The data as interpreted indicate that the affinity of certain beta chains for alpha chains can be a major post-translational control mechanism which regulates the level of a beta chain variant in heterozygotes.", "PMID": 604319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8472", "title": "Fluorescence of Trypan blue in frozen-dried embryos of the rat.", "content": "Freeze-drying and fluorescence microscopy techniques were combined to create a sensitive method for the visualization of the teratogenic dye, Trypan blue, in both protein-bound and free forms. In the development and initial application of this method, visceral yolk sacs of several gestational ages as well as normal appearing, 12-day embryos obtained from dye-injected rats were utilized. Observations on paraffinized sections of the yolk sac placentae demonstrated that only the protein-bound form of the dye exists in the yolk sac cavity whereas both forms of the dye exist in supranuclear regions of cells of the visceral endoderm. Paraffin sections of the normal appearing, 12-day embryos displayed the protein-bound form of dye within lumina of mid- and hind-gut, and both forms of dye in the primitive mucosa of mid- and hind-gut. The advantages of the method are derived not only from the use of fluorescence microscopy but also from the avoidance of solvents that are employed in more routine microtechniques.", "contents": "Fluorescence of Trypan blue in frozen-dried embryos of the rat. Freeze-drying and fluorescence microscopy techniques were combined to create a sensitive method for the visualization of the teratogenic dye, Trypan blue, in both protein-bound and free forms. In the development and initial application of this method, visceral yolk sacs of several gestational ages as well as normal appearing, 12-day embryos obtained from dye-injected rats were utilized. Observations on paraffinized sections of the yolk sac placentae demonstrated that only the protein-bound form of the dye exists in the yolk sac cavity whereas both forms of the dye exist in supranuclear regions of cells of the visceral endoderm. Paraffin sections of the normal appearing, 12-day embryos displayed the protein-bound form of dye within lumina of mid- and hind-gut, and both forms of dye in the primitive mucosa of mid- and hind-gut. The advantages of the method are derived not only from the use of fluorescence microscopy but also from the avoidance of solvents that are employed in more routine microtechniques.", "PMID": 604320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8473", "title": "Dehorning the mature goat.", "content": "Surgical techniques for dehorning the mature goat utilized combinations of sedation and local anesthesia. Numerous factors were considered before surgery was performed. Use of Barne's calf dehorners, tube-type calf dehorners, and elastrator bands are contraindicated in the goat due to the anatomic structure of the frontal sinus. Dehorning female goats late in gestation can induce aboriton; male goats used for breeding should be dehorned well in advance of the breeding season. Owners should be advised that dehorning can be temporatily debilitating to the goat and can alter a goat's social status within a herd.", "contents": "Dehorning the mature goat. Surgical techniques for dehorning the mature goat utilized combinations of sedation and local anesthesia. Numerous factors were considered before surgery was performed. Use of Barne's calf dehorners, tube-type calf dehorners, and elastrator bands are contraindicated in the goat due to the anatomic structure of the frontal sinus. Dehorning female goats late in gestation can induce aboriton; male goats used for breeding should be dehorned well in advance of the breeding season. Owners should be advised that dehorning can be temporatily debilitating to the goat and can alter a goat's social status within a herd.", "PMID": 604323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8474", "title": "Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from ewe to lamb and its influence on neonatal lamb mortality.", "content": "The transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) from ewe to lamb was quantitated to determine the occurrence of failure in passive transfer. Concentrations of IgG and IgM in ewe serum did not correlate with those in the colostrum. Colostrum from all ewes contained abundant amounts of immunoglobulins when compared with serum values, with IgG being selectively concentrated over IgM. Absorption through the intestinal tract of the lamb appeared to be a nonselective process, lacking predilection for IgG and IgM. All lambs tested 24 hours after birth absorbed colostral immunoglobulins to some extent; however, 13 (14%) of 91 clinically normal lambs demonstrated some failure of passive transfer. In contrast, failure of passive transfer was found in 27 (46%) of 59 lambs dying of natural causes between 24 hours and 5 weeks of age. Evidence presented emphasizes the importance of absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins to enable the newborn lamb to survive the first few weeks of life.", "contents": "Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from ewe to lamb and its influence on neonatal lamb mortality. The transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) from ewe to lamb was quantitated to determine the occurrence of failure in passive transfer. Concentrations of IgG and IgM in ewe serum did not correlate with those in the colostrum. Colostrum from all ewes contained abundant amounts of immunoglobulins when compared with serum values, with IgG being selectively concentrated over IgM. Absorption through the intestinal tract of the lamb appeared to be a nonselective process, lacking predilection for IgG and IgM. All lambs tested 24 hours after birth absorbed colostral immunoglobulins to some extent; however, 13 (14%) of 91 clinically normal lambs demonstrated some failure of passive transfer. In contrast, failure of passive transfer was found in 27 (46%) of 59 lambs dying of natural causes between 24 hours and 5 weeks of age. Evidence presented emphasizes the importance of absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins to enable the newborn lamb to survive the first few weeks of life.", "PMID": 604324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8475", "title": "Survey of Toxoplasma antibodies among sheep in western United States.", "content": "A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies among breeding ewes and among lambs slaughtered for food in western United States. Each serum was tested by the indirect hemaglutination method, using microtiter technique. Agglutination (greater than or equal to 2 +) at the 1:64 dilution was considered to be a positive reaction. Of 2,164 ewes from 18 flocks tested in California, 523 (24%) were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, with prevalence rates among flocks ranging from 4 to 51%. In 9 of those flocks, 1,495 ewes were stratified by whether ewes had lambed or were barren. On an overall basis, the antibody prevalence was similar (about 25%) in both groups, but there was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in 1 flock in which 30% of the nursing ewes were seropositive, compared with 21% of the barren ewes. Of 1,056 market lambs from 19 lots tested, 85 (8%) were seropositive. The antibody prevalence in lambs tested at slaughter in California, by state of origin, were: Oregon, 11/51 (22%); Nevada, 32/159 (20%); Idaho, 12/147 (5%), and California, 30/699 (4%).", "contents": "Survey of Toxoplasma antibodies among sheep in western United States. A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies among breeding ewes and among lambs slaughtered for food in western United States. Each serum was tested by the indirect hemaglutination method, using microtiter technique. Agglutination (greater than or equal to 2 +) at the 1:64 dilution was considered to be a positive reaction. Of 2,164 ewes from 18 flocks tested in California, 523 (24%) were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, with prevalence rates among flocks ranging from 4 to 51%. In 9 of those flocks, 1,495 ewes were stratified by whether ewes had lambed or were barren. On an overall basis, the antibody prevalence was similar (about 25%) in both groups, but there was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in 1 flock in which 30% of the nursing ewes were seropositive, compared with 21% of the barren ewes. Of 1,056 market lambs from 19 lots tested, 85 (8%) were seropositive. The antibody prevalence in lambs tested at slaughter in California, by state of origin, were: Oregon, 11/51 (22%); Nevada, 32/159 (20%); Idaho, 12/147 (5%), and California, 30/699 (4%).", "PMID": 604325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8476", "title": "Effects of thin ewe syndrome on reproductive efficiency.", "content": "A debilitating condition affecting mature ewes was found to be associated with the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis, chronic progressive pneumonia, and Corynebacterium pyogenes infections. The condition was termed thin ewe syndrome. Affected and normal ewes were compared for reproductive efficiency by breed and age; differences in reproductive efficiency between affected and normal Rambouillet and Columbia ewes were highly significant (P less than 0.01). Although not statistically significant, the trend in Targh ee ewes was similar. There was a direct correlation between occurence of the syndrome and increasing age for all breeds.", "contents": "Effects of thin ewe syndrome on reproductive efficiency. A debilitating condition affecting mature ewes was found to be associated with the visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis, chronic progressive pneumonia, and Corynebacterium pyogenes infections. The condition was termed thin ewe syndrome. Affected and normal ewes were compared for reproductive efficiency by breed and age; differences in reproductive efficiency between affected and normal Rambouillet and Columbia ewes were highly significant (P less than 0.01). Although not statistically significant, the trend in Targh ee ewes was similar. There was a direct correlation between occurence of the syndrome and increasing age for all breeds.", "PMID": 604327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8477", "title": "Facial and visceral arch development in the mouse embryo: a study by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The morphogenesis of the face and visceral arch region were studied by scanning electron microscopy in 63 mouse embryos between 8 and 13 days post coitum. The developmental stages were determined by reference to Theiler's (1971) scheme for the categorization of the normal stages of development. After the cervical fold is formed (stage 12) the mandibular primordium appears (stage 13) followed by the primordia of arches II and III (stage 14 with arch IV forming last (stage 15). Arches II, III and IV regress in reverse order, with no evidence that a cervical sinus pouch is formed. Placodes of the sensory ganglia from cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10 are formed in the first, second and third visceral grooves respectively. Formation of the external auditory meatus and its surrounding tubercles were also observed. Morphogenesis of the upper face is dominated by the midsagittal grove, which extends into the stomatodeum; and by the medial nasal, lateral nasal and maxillary processes. The temporal changes in shape and the interrelationships of the structures mentioned are described in detail.", "contents": "Facial and visceral arch development in the mouse embryo: a study by scanning electron microscopy. The morphogenesis of the face and visceral arch region were studied by scanning electron microscopy in 63 mouse embryos between 8 and 13 days post coitum. The developmental stages were determined by reference to Theiler's (1971) scheme for the categorization of the normal stages of development. After the cervical fold is formed (stage 12) the mandibular primordium appears (stage 13) followed by the primordia of arches II and III (stage 14 with arch IV forming last (stage 15). Arches II, III and IV regress in reverse order, with no evidence that a cervical sinus pouch is formed. Placodes of the sensory ganglia from cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10 are formed in the first, second and third visceral grooves respectively. Formation of the external auditory meatus and its surrounding tubercles were also observed. Morphogenesis of the upper face is dominated by the midsagittal grove, which extends into the stomatodeum; and by the medial nasal, lateral nasal and maxillary processes. The temporal changes in shape and the interrelationships of the structures mentioned are described in detail.", "PMID": 604328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8478", "title": "The relationship between sarcomere length in the soleus and tibialis anterior and the articular angle of the tibia-calcaneum in cats during growth.", "content": "Sarcomere number and sarcomere length were studied in six groups of kittens ranging in age from 10 minutes to 5 months and compared with those of adult cats. Although the soleus muscle is a slow contracting muscle and the tibialis anterior a fast contracting muscle, both have previously been shown to have the same range relative to ankle movement. For a given angle of articulation the sarcomere length was found to be the same at all ages except perhaps for the newly born. In contrast, the sarcomere number differed considerably, being much higher in the older animals. The relationship between active tension and muscle length was also measured, and again no difference was found between the muscles at any age, although the shape of the curves for the soleus and tibialis anterior was different.", "contents": "The relationship between sarcomere length in the soleus and tibialis anterior and the articular angle of the tibia-calcaneum in cats during growth. Sarcomere number and sarcomere length were studied in six groups of kittens ranging in age from 10 minutes to 5 months and compared with those of adult cats. Although the soleus muscle is a slow contracting muscle and the tibialis anterior a fast contracting muscle, both have previously been shown to have the same range relative to ankle movement. For a given angle of articulation the sarcomere length was found to be the same at all ages except perhaps for the newly born. In contrast, the sarcomere number differed considerably, being much higher in the older animals. The relationship between active tension and muscle length was also measured, and again no difference was found between the muscles at any age, although the shape of the curves for the soleus and tibialis anterior was different.", "PMID": 604329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8479", "title": "The penile bone and anterior process of the rat in scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The penile bone and anterior process were made anorganic for scanning electron microscopy. The mature bone has a basal bulb and a long, cylindrical shaft bevelled at its tip to fit under a matching surface on the anterior process, giving rise to a bevelled 'suture'. A rough, resting, Sharpey-fibre bone surface covers the base and tip of the bone, the dorsal crest along the shaft, and parts of the lateral and ventral surfaces. The penile bone grows by endochondrial ossification at its basal end, but the cartilage cells are randomly disposed and not arranged in columns as in most 'long' bones. The growing bone, at 8 weeks, shows evidence of resorption externally where the base 'waists in' to the shaft: the corresponding endosteal surface within the basal bulb is formative, in accordance with the 'V-principle' of remodelling. It is concluded that the anterior process, penile bone and proximal erectile body (corpus cavernosum) form a firm, tightly fastened, articulating chain, perhaps serving to aid penetration.", "contents": "The penile bone and anterior process of the rat in scanning electron microscopy. The penile bone and anterior process were made anorganic for scanning electron microscopy. The mature bone has a basal bulb and a long, cylindrical shaft bevelled at its tip to fit under a matching surface on the anterior process, giving rise to a bevelled 'suture'. A rough, resting, Sharpey-fibre bone surface covers the base and tip of the bone, the dorsal crest along the shaft, and parts of the lateral and ventral surfaces. The penile bone grows by endochondrial ossification at its basal end, but the cartilage cells are randomly disposed and not arranged in columns as in most 'long' bones. The growing bone, at 8 weeks, shows evidence of resorption externally where the base 'waists in' to the shaft: the corresponding endosteal surface within the basal bulb is formative, in accordance with the 'V-principle' of remodelling. It is concluded that the anterior process, penile bone and proximal erectile body (corpus cavernosum) form a firm, tightly fastened, articulating chain, perhaps serving to aid penetration.", "PMID": 604330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8480", "title": "The anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the lower cervical spine.", "content": "The anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligaments (ALL and PLL) of the cervical spine were examined. The ALL and the deep layer of the PLL are continuous, and surround the vertebral body. The superficisl layer of the PLL surrounds the dura mater, nerve roots and the vertebral artery, suggesting that this membrane may serve as a protective membrane for the soft tissues inside the vertebral canal rather than as a conventional ligament.", "contents": "The anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the lower cervical spine. The anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligaments (ALL and PLL) of the cervical spine were examined. The ALL and the deep layer of the PLL are continuous, and surround the vertebral body. The superficisl layer of the PLL surrounds the dura mater, nerve roots and the vertebral artery, suggesting that this membrane may serve as a protective membrane for the soft tissues inside the vertebral canal rather than as a conventional ligament.", "PMID": 604332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8481", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the intrinsic innervation of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle following selective axotomy.", "content": "Selected peripheral autonomic nerves have been surgically divided or removed and the seminal vesicles subsequently examined using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Following bilateral hypogastric anf pelvic nerve transection, the arrangement and distribution of intramural axons 14 days after operation were similar to those in control specimens. In contrast, removal of the pelvic plexus was accompanied by a gradual reduction of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase so that by the seventh post-operative day nerves were not observed light microscopically in the muscle coat or the submucosa. These observations have been endorsed using electron microscopy, and the fine structure of intramural autonomic nerves in response to axotomy has been monitored during the post-operative period. It has been concluded that the cell bodies of axons which supply the wall of the seminal vesicles are located within the pelvic plexus and do not extend proximal to the sites of division of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies on the intrinsic innervation of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle following selective axotomy. Selected peripheral autonomic nerves have been surgically divided or removed and the seminal vesicles subsequently examined using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Following bilateral hypogastric anf pelvic nerve transection, the arrangement and distribution of intramural axons 14 days after operation were similar to those in control specimens. In contrast, removal of the pelvic plexus was accompanied by a gradual reduction of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase so that by the seventh post-operative day nerves were not observed light microscopically in the muscle coat or the submucosa. These observations have been endorsed using electron microscopy, and the fine structure of intramural autonomic nerves in response to axotomy has been monitored during the post-operative period. It has been concluded that the cell bodies of axons which supply the wall of the seminal vesicles are located within the pelvic plexus and do not extend proximal to the sites of division of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves.", "PMID": 604331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8482", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of adrenergic nerve terminals in the circular muscle layer and muscularis mucosae of the rat duodenum after acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle coat and muscularis mucosae of rat duodenum has been studied following acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were found among intramuscular nerve bundles. They were most numerous in the outer layer of the circular coat, where close neuromuscular contacts were commonly encountered. Adrenergic terminals also innervated the inner layer of the circular coat and the muscularis mucosae, where only wide neuromuscular contacts have been found. The evidence suggests that smooth muscle cells in the rat duodenum may be directly influenced by adrenergic nerves.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of adrenergic nerve terminals in the circular muscle layer and muscularis mucosae of the rat duodenum after acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. The ultrastructure of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the circular muscle coat and muscularis mucosae of rat duodenum has been studied following acute treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were found among intramuscular nerve bundles. They were most numerous in the outer layer of the circular coat, where close neuromuscular contacts were commonly encountered. Adrenergic terminals also innervated the inner layer of the circular coat and the muscularis mucosae, where only wide neuromuscular contacts have been found. The evidence suggests that smooth muscle cells in the rat duodenum may be directly influenced by adrenergic nerves.", "PMID": 604333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8483", "title": "Development of ossification centres in the squamous portion of the occipital bone in man.", "content": "The development of ossification centres in the squamous portion of the human occipital bone is described on the basis of anomalies observed in a large series of skulls. The interparietal part develops from three pairs of centres in membrane--one pair for the lateral plates, one pair for the central piece, and the third pair representing the pre-interparietals. The supraoccipital part develops from five centres in cartilage--two centres for each lateral segment and a single centre for the central segment. The supraoccipital part extends from the posterior margin of the posterior condylar fossae to about 2 cm above the external occipital protuberance and about 0.4 cm above the superior nuchal line near the lambdoid suture.", "contents": "Development of ossification centres in the squamous portion of the occipital bone in man. The development of ossification centres in the squamous portion of the human occipital bone is described on the basis of anomalies observed in a large series of skulls. The interparietal part develops from three pairs of centres in membrane--one pair for the lateral plates, one pair for the central piece, and the third pair representing the pre-interparietals. The supraoccipital part develops from five centres in cartilage--two centres for each lateral segment and a single centre for the central segment. The supraoccipital part extends from the posterior margin of the posterior condylar fossae to about 2 cm above the external occipital protuberance and about 0.4 cm above the superior nuchal line near the lambdoid suture.", "PMID": 604334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8484", "title": "Pattern of talar articular facets in Indian calcanei.", "content": "The variations in the talar articular facets on 401 normal Indian calcanei have been observed and classified. Type 1 calcanei have one continuous facet on the sustentaculum tali extending on the antero-medial corner of the distal part of the calcaneus (268 cases--67%). Type 2 calcanei have two articular facets, one on the sustentaculum tali, and another on the distal part of the calcaneus (104 cases--26%). Type 3 calcanei have a single well defined facet on the sustentaculum tali (21 cases--5%). Type 4 calcanei have a single facet on the sustenaculum tali extending on to the antero-medial corner of the distal part of the calcaneus, but this facet is continuous with the posterior talar facet of the calcaneus (8 cases--2%).", "contents": "Pattern of talar articular facets in Indian calcanei. The variations in the talar articular facets on 401 normal Indian calcanei have been observed and classified. Type 1 calcanei have one continuous facet on the sustentaculum tali extending on the antero-medial corner of the distal part of the calcaneus (268 cases--67%). Type 2 calcanei have two articular facets, one on the sustentaculum tali, and another on the distal part of the calcaneus (104 cases--26%). Type 3 calcanei have a single well defined facet on the sustentaculum tali (21 cases--5%). Type 4 calcanei have a single facet on the sustenaculum tali extending on to the antero-medial corner of the distal part of the calcaneus, but this facet is continuous with the posterior talar facet of the calcaneus (8 cases--2%).", "PMID": 604335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8485", "title": "Proliferation and differentiation of trophoblast in the establishment of the rat chorio-allantoic placenta.", "content": "The morphological differentiation of the elements contributing to the chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was studied between days 6 and 16 of gestation, and DNA synthetic activity was investigated in animals killed 1 hour after injection of tritiated thymidine. The chorionic lamina is formed from the epithelial cells lining the ectoplacental cavity, though it is possible that a contribution is made by ectoplacental cone cells at the mesometrial pole of the cavity. From day 8 onwards a high proportion of cells was labelled in both cone and lamina, with the labeliing index reaching a peak of about 80% at 10-11 days. There was no corresponding peak in mitotic activity, which remained at a high level in all regions up to day 12. The amount of thymidine incorporation, as judged by grain count per nucleus, varied. At 9 days a significantly higher grain count was obtained in a central core of cells in the ectoplacental cone, and at day 10 the grain density of labelling in the cone was very much heavier than in the lamina. This difference in labelling intensity was maintained until day 12, and there was no evidence of any influx of heavily labelled cells from the cone into the developing labyrinth.", "contents": "Proliferation and differentiation of trophoblast in the establishment of the rat chorio-allantoic placenta. The morphological differentiation of the elements contributing to the chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was studied between days 6 and 16 of gestation, and DNA synthetic activity was investigated in animals killed 1 hour after injection of tritiated thymidine. The chorionic lamina is formed from the epithelial cells lining the ectoplacental cavity, though it is possible that a contribution is made by ectoplacental cone cells at the mesometrial pole of the cavity. From day 8 onwards a high proportion of cells was labelled in both cone and lamina, with the labeliing index reaching a peak of about 80% at 10-11 days. There was no corresponding peak in mitotic activity, which remained at a high level in all regions up to day 12. The amount of thymidine incorporation, as judged by grain count per nucleus, varied. At 9 days a significantly higher grain count was obtained in a central core of cells in the ectoplacental cone, and at day 10 the grain density of labelling in the cone was very much heavier than in the lamina. This difference in labelling intensity was maintained until day 12, and there was no evidence of any influx of heavily labelled cells from the cone into the developing labyrinth.", "PMID": 604337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8486", "title": "Observations on the intracranial carotid rete and the hypophysis in the mature female pig and sheep.", "content": "It is accepted that in the pig the intracranial carotid retia are connected across the midline by numerous arteries lying within the intercavernous sinus. The present study has demonstrated that these vascular elements fill the greater part of the very deep sella turcica, the cranial hypophysis occupying an almost suprasellar position. In the sheep the anastomosis between the carotid retia is limited to a few arteries crossing the midline posterior to the hypophysis, and the gland lies wholly within the sella turcica. It is suggested that the position of the cranial hypophysis in the mature female pig results from the inward and upward pressures exerted on the hypophysis by the carotid retia and their extensive interconnexions in this species.", "contents": "Observations on the intracranial carotid rete and the hypophysis in the mature female pig and sheep. It is accepted that in the pig the intracranial carotid retia are connected across the midline by numerous arteries lying within the intercavernous sinus. The present study has demonstrated that these vascular elements fill the greater part of the very deep sella turcica, the cranial hypophysis occupying an almost suprasellar position. In the sheep the anastomosis between the carotid retia is limited to a few arteries crossing the midline posterior to the hypophysis, and the gland lies wholly within the sella turcica. It is suggested that the position of the cranial hypophysis in the mature female pig results from the inward and upward pressures exerted on the hypophysis by the carotid retia and their extensive interconnexions in this species.", "PMID": 604338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8487", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sensory nerve endings in the articular capsule of the knee joint of the domestic cat (Ruffini corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles).", "content": "Two types of mechanoreceptor have been found in the articular capsule of the  knee joint of the domestic cat--Ruffini corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles are situated in the stratum fibrosum and consist of 2 to 6 cylinders. Each cylinder is made up of an afferent axon (diameter 3-4 micrometer), its swellings and terminal processes, Schwann cells enveloping the nerve swellings and terminal processes, endoneural connective tissue and a perineural capsule. The perineural capsule is incomplete in Ruffini corpuscles. The Pacinian corpuscles are 20 to 40 micrometer wide and 150-250 micrometer long. They are situated in groups of up to five at the boundary between the stratum synoviale and the stratum fibrosum. The afferent axon is myelinated (diameter 3-5 micrometer). Its terminal portion is inside the inner bulb which is formed of modified Schwann cells. Each corpuscle is enveloped by a perineural capsule (4-8 layers). The ultrastructure of the Pacinian corpuscles is compared with the ultrastructure of the skin receptors in the cat.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sensory nerve endings in the articular capsule of the knee joint of the domestic cat (Ruffini corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles). Two types of mechanoreceptor have been found in the articular capsule of the  knee joint of the domestic cat--Ruffini corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles are situated in the stratum fibrosum and consist of 2 to 6 cylinders. Each cylinder is made up of an afferent axon (diameter 3-4 micrometer), its swellings and terminal processes, Schwann cells enveloping the nerve swellings and terminal processes, endoneural connective tissue and a perineural capsule. The perineural capsule is incomplete in Ruffini corpuscles. The Pacinian corpuscles are 20 to 40 micrometer wide and 150-250 micrometer long. They are situated in groups of up to five at the boundary between the stratum synoviale and the stratum fibrosum. The afferent axon is myelinated (diameter 3-5 micrometer). Its terminal portion is inside the inner bulb which is formed of modified Schwann cells. Each corpuscle is enveloped by a perineural capsule (4-8 layers). The ultrastructure of the Pacinian corpuscles is compared with the ultrastructure of the skin receptors in the cat.", "PMID": 604339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8488", "title": "The mitotic response of the stratified squamous epithelium at the edge of large perforations of the tympanic membrane in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Large perforations of the tympanic membrane were made in groups of guinea-pigs. The mitotic response in the stratified squamous epithelium at the edge of the wound was examined in perforations between 1 and 28 days after injury. Peaks of activity were discovered at 2, 15-16 and 24 days after wounding. It was also found that the maximal proliferative response was not at the immediate wound edge, as is usually maintained, but as some 2 mm from the wound edge. The results correspond remarkably well with work previously done by the present author on wounded rectal mucous membrane. The results are examined in the light of the chalone hypothesis of mitotic control.", "contents": "The mitotic response of the stratified squamous epithelium at the edge of large perforations of the tympanic membrane in guinea-pigs. Large perforations of the tympanic membrane were made in groups of guinea-pigs. The mitotic response in the stratified squamous epithelium at the edge of the wound was examined in perforations between 1 and 28 days after injury. Peaks of activity were discovered at 2, 15-16 and 24 days after wounding. It was also found that the maximal proliferative response was not at the immediate wound edge, as is usually maintained, but as some 2 mm from the wound edge. The results correspond remarkably well with work previously done by the present author on wounded rectal mucous membrane. The results are examined in the light of the chalone hypothesis of mitotic control.", "PMID": 604340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8489", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the differentiation of spermatids in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Four phases of spermatid maturation are recognized on the basis of nuclear morphology. The formation of the acrosome, perforatorium and axial filament complex are described in relation to these phases. The functional significance of the microtubular systems in nuclear elongation and spermatid curvature are discussed. A membranous structure, hitherto unidentified, and referred to in this study as the 'membrane body' is compared with the chromatoid body. Morphological evidence suggests that this structure, together with the annulate lamellae, removes excessive nuclear material.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the differentiation of spermatids in the domestic fowl. Four phases of spermatid maturation are recognized on the basis of nuclear morphology. The formation of the acrosome, perforatorium and axial filament complex are described in relation to these phases. The functional significance of the microtubular systems in nuclear elongation and spermatid curvature are discussed. A membranous structure, hitherto unidentified, and referred to in this study as the 'membrane body' is compared with the chromatoid body. Morphological evidence suggests that this structure, together with the annulate lamellae, removes excessive nuclear material.", "PMID": 604341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8490", "title": "Insulin deficiency and cell proliferation in oral mucosal epithelium of the rat.", "content": "The duration of the cell cycle (C) and its component phases (G1, S, G2 and M), the rate of cell proliferation, and the renewal time, in the epithelium of the hard palate of alloxan-diabetic rats have been determined and compared with values of the same variables obtained previously from normal rats. The data have been derived by means of autoradiography with [3H]thymidine and the method of labelled mitoses. The values for the normal animals were found to be: G1 = 38 hours, S = 8 hours, G2 = 1 hour, M = 1 hour, C = 48 hours (or 2.1%/hour); and for the diabetic animals were: G1 = 42.5 hours, S = 8.5 hours, G2 = 1 hour, M = 1 hour, C = 53 hours (or 1.9%/hour); and for the renewal time for the epithelium, 6.5-8 days. In the diabetic animals the duration of S was increased by 6%, G1 by 12% and the cell cycle by about 10%. The reduced rate of cell proliferation that is associated with insulin deficiency may contribute to the slower rate of wound healing in subjects with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Insulin deficiency and cell proliferation in oral mucosal epithelium of the rat. The duration of the cell cycle (C) and its component phases (G1, S, G2 and M), the rate of cell proliferation, and the renewal time, in the epithelium of the hard palate of alloxan-diabetic rats have been determined and compared with values of the same variables obtained previously from normal rats. The data have been derived by means of autoradiography with [3H]thymidine and the method of labelled mitoses. The values for the normal animals were found to be: G1 = 38 hours, S = 8 hours, G2 = 1 hour, M = 1 hour, C = 48 hours (or 2.1%/hour); and for the diabetic animals were: G1 = 42.5 hours, S = 8.5 hours, G2 = 1 hour, M = 1 hour, C = 53 hours (or 1.9%/hour); and for the renewal time for the epithelium, 6.5-8 days. In the diabetic animals the duration of S was increased by 6%, G1 by 12% and the cell cycle by about 10%. The reduced rate of cell proliferation that is associated with insulin deficiency may contribute to the slower rate of wound healing in subjects with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 604342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8491", "title": "Postnatal growth of Brunner's glands in the mouse.", "content": "In the newborn mouse the glands of Brunner consist of a few tubular downgrowths from the proximal duodenal crypts. Within three weeks the characteristic 'comma' shape of the gland is established by later downgrowths from more distal growths. The gland cells, although specialized from birth, show a high mitotic index, and a high labelling index with 3H-T, during the first three weeks, and particularly during the first two weeks. Nevertheless, the daily mitotic rate during this period is insufficient to account for the daily addition of glandular cells, suggesting that there is a continuing contribution of cells from the crypts. After this time, however, the mitotic activity of the mature gland cells is sufficient to account for the continuing increase in cell population. After the fourth postnatal week the mitotic and labelling indices decline markedly, and although mitoses are rarely seen in individual sections from older animals, cellular addition at a very slow rate is sufficient to account for the gradual expansion in size of the gland, and the process continues long after the adult body weight has been established.", "contents": "Postnatal growth of Brunner's glands in the mouse. In the newborn mouse the glands of Brunner consist of a few tubular downgrowths from the proximal duodenal crypts. Within three weeks the characteristic 'comma' shape of the gland is established by later downgrowths from more distal growths. The gland cells, although specialized from birth, show a high mitotic index, and a high labelling index with 3H-T, during the first three weeks, and particularly during the first two weeks. Nevertheless, the daily mitotic rate during this period is insufficient to account for the daily addition of glandular cells, suggesting that there is a continuing contribution of cells from the crypts. After this time, however, the mitotic activity of the mature gland cells is sufficient to account for the continuing increase in cell population. After the fourth postnatal week the mitotic and labelling indices decline markedly, and although mitoses are rarely seen in individual sections from older animals, cellular addition at a very slow rate is sufficient to account for the gradual expansion in size of the gland, and the process continues long after the adult body weight has been established.", "PMID": 604344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8492", "title": "The course and relations of the left phrenic nerve in the neck.", "content": "In the neck, the left phrenic nerve is in a position that corresponds exactly to that of the right phrenic nerve. Both cross and second part of the subclavian arteries. On the left side there is an additional relationship of the nerve to the subclavian artery in the thorax, where it descends in front of the first part of the artery.", "contents": "The course and relations of the left phrenic nerve in the neck. In the neck, the left phrenic nerve is in a position that corresponds exactly to that of the right phrenic nerve. Both cross and second part of the subclavian arteries. On the left side there is an additional relationship of the nerve to the subclavian artery in the thorax, where it descends in front of the first part of the artery.", "PMID": 604346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8493", "title": "National Health Service laboratories in England, 1966-74.", "content": "Laboratory workloads increased substantially between 1966 and 1974, the total number of laboratories was reduced, and productivity improved. The trends are likely to continue, but in the present economic situation the availability of accommodation will be an important constraint in determining the pattern of future development.", "contents": "National Health Service laboratories in England, 1966-74. Laboratory workloads increased substantially between 1966 and 1974, the total number of laboratories was reduced, and productivity improved. The trends are likely to continue, but in the present economic situation the availability of accommodation will be an important constraint in determining the pattern of future development.", "PMID": 604356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8494", "title": "The Birmingham Histopathology Data Pool: a co-operative project among 10 laboratories.", "content": "In 1970 the Birmingham Histopathology Data Pool was established to collect information on biopsies of surgical specimens from three hospitals. The scheme has gradually expanded and 10 hospitals now participate.  The pathologist gives each specimen a numerical code based on the Systematised Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP). The information is processed by computer and stored on cumulative magnetic tape file. At regular intervals (at three, six, and nine months) 'printouts' listing all the information recorded within the interval are produced and a cumulative print-out is issued when the information for a whole year is complete. The data pool system has provided accurate alphabetical and SNOP diagnostic files and has simplified retrieval of data for both follow-up and research purposes. The pathologist may use the computer to retrieve and analyse information from the data pool for this own use or on behalf of clinicians, but he may use information from laboratories other than his own for research purposes and publication only with the permission of the pathologists who submitted the data.", "contents": "The Birmingham Histopathology Data Pool: a co-operative project among 10 laboratories. In 1970 the Birmingham Histopathology Data Pool was established to collect information on biopsies of surgical specimens from three hospitals. The scheme has gradually expanded and 10 hospitals now participate.  The pathologist gives each specimen a numerical code based on the Systematised Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP). The information is processed by computer and stored on cumulative magnetic tape file. At regular intervals (at three, six, and nine months) 'printouts' listing all the information recorded within the interval are produced and a cumulative print-out is issued when the information for a whole year is complete. The data pool system has provided accurate alphabetical and SNOP diagnostic files and has simplified retrieval of data for both follow-up and research purposes. The pathologist may use the computer to retrieve and analyse information from the data pool for this own use or on behalf of clinicians, but he may use information from laboratories other than his own for research purposes and publication only with the permission of the pathologists who submitted the data.", "PMID": 604357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8495", "title": "An on-line computer system for histopathology reporting.", "content": "An on-line computer system was developed for issuing histopathology reports as part of an integrated hospital information system. Input is through a Cossor visual display unit with a typewriter keyboard to a Univac 418 III computer. Stored information is available to authorised hospital staff via similar visual display units located in the wards and laboratories. Existing programs and computer staff were used to provide the new service. It has resulted in better method, speedier communication, and saving of laboratory staff time. The system has yet to be fully tested but initial reactions are favourable and indicate that the investment in computer staff time and extra laboratory equipment will be cost effective.", "contents": "An on-line computer system for histopathology reporting. An on-line computer system was developed for issuing histopathology reports as part of an integrated hospital information system. Input is through a Cossor visual display unit with a typewriter keyboard to a Univac 418 III computer. Stored information is available to authorised hospital staff via similar visual display units located in the wards and laboratories. Existing programs and computer staff were used to provide the new service. It has resulted in better method, speedier communication, and saving of laboratory staff time. The system has yet to be fully tested but initial reactions are favourable and indicate that the investment in computer staff time and extra laboratory equipment will be cost effective.", "PMID": 604358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8496", "title": "Immune complexes and abnormal liver function in haemophilia.", "content": "Abnormal 125I-Clq-binding activity was found in the sera of 94% of 55 haemophiliacs. Sera from 66% of these patients inhibited macrophage uptake of labelled aggregated human IgG in a competitive radiobioassay. These results suggest that large molecular weight immune complexes are present in these sera. Analysis of the precipitates obtained directly from the sera by addition of 4% polyethylene glycol showed either a mixture of IgG and IgM or IgM alone. There was poor correlation between the radiobioassay results and the Clq-binding activities in the whole group of 55 patients, suggesting a heterogeneous population of complexes. Nevertheless, a significant correlation was found between Clq-binding activities and the radiobioassay results in seven patients with antibodies to factor VIII, suggesting a homogeneous population of complexes. There was poor correlation between the level of immune complexes and the amount of replacement therapy the patient had received in the previous six months. Abnormal liver function tests were found in 55% of the patients studied but there was poor correlation between these abnormal levels and the Clq binding activities and radiobioassay results. Only two patients had clinical evidence of liver disease.", "contents": "Immune complexes and abnormal liver function in haemophilia. Abnormal 125I-Clq-binding activity was found in the sera of 94% of 55 haemophiliacs. Sera from 66% of these patients inhibited macrophage uptake of labelled aggregated human IgG in a competitive radiobioassay. These results suggest that large molecular weight immune complexes are present in these sera. Analysis of the precipitates obtained directly from the sera by addition of 4% polyethylene glycol showed either a mixture of IgG and IgM or IgM alone. There was poor correlation between the radiobioassay results and the Clq-binding activities in the whole group of 55 patients, suggesting a heterogeneous population of complexes. Nevertheless, a significant correlation was found between Clq-binding activities and the radiobioassay results in seven patients with antibodies to factor VIII, suggesting a homogeneous population of complexes. There was poor correlation between the level of immune complexes and the amount of replacement therapy the patient had received in the previous six months. Abnormal liver function tests were found in 55% of the patients studied but there was poor correlation between these abnormal levels and the Clq binding activities and radiobioassay results. Only two patients had clinical evidence of liver disease.", "PMID": 604359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8497", "title": "Severe coagulation defect due to a dietary deficiency of vitamin K.", "content": "A patient with multiple injuries developed a severe coagulation defect due to a deficiency of vitamin K. None of the usual predisposing factors was present and the patient's diet was very poor. Dietary deficiency of vitamin K and the importance of antibiotic therapy in its production are discussed.", "contents": "Severe coagulation defect due to a dietary deficiency of vitamin K. A patient with multiple injuries developed a severe coagulation defect due to a deficiency of vitamin K. None of the usual predisposing factors was present and the patient's diet was very poor. Dietary deficiency of vitamin K and the importance of antibiotic therapy in its production are discussed.", "PMID": 604360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8498", "title": "Granuloma formation in patients after injection of methanol extraction residue (MER-GCG).", "content": "Nine patients with advanced cancer who were receiving the methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER-BCG) intradermally or intratumorally underwent biopsies from the injected sites or from locally enlarged lymph nodes. Most preparations showed a chronic granulomatous reaction consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and epithelioid cells as well as either Langhans's or foreignbody type giant cells, or both. The degree of granuloma formation and giant cell infiltration varied. In only one case did the reactions consist merely of chronic lymphocytic and histiocytic inflammation with no granuloma formation. Examination of melanoma nodules injected with MER showed, in addition to granulomas, large numbers of giant cells penetrating the tumour.", "contents": "Granuloma formation in patients after injection of methanol extraction residue (MER-GCG). Nine patients with advanced cancer who were receiving the methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER-BCG) intradermally or intratumorally underwent biopsies from the injected sites or from locally enlarged lymph nodes. Most preparations showed a chronic granulomatous reaction consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and epithelioid cells as well as either Langhans's or foreignbody type giant cells, or both. The degree of granuloma formation and giant cell infiltration varied. In only one case did the reactions consist merely of chronic lymphocytic and histiocytic inflammation with no granuloma formation. Examination of melanoma nodules injected with MER showed, in addition to granulomas, large numbers of giant cells penetrating the tumour.", "PMID": 604361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8499", "title": "An enzyme inhibition assay for 2,4-diamino-5-(3'4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP,NSC 19494).", "content": "An enzyme inhibiton method for the determination of serum levels of DDMP is described. This has proved to be a simple, practical, and reliable method for the clinical monitoring of patients.", "contents": "An enzyme inhibition assay for 2,4-diamino-5-(3'4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DDMP,NSC 19494). An enzyme inhibiton method for the determination of serum levels of DDMP is described. This has proved to be a simple, practical, and reliable method for the clinical monitoring of patients.", "PMID": 604362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8500", "title": "Gas liquid chromatography in the rapid diagnosis of meningitis.", "content": "Gas liquid chromatography was employed to detect lactic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suspected of having bacterial meningitis. The technique was found to be both rapid and reliable. Differentiation between aseptic, purulent, and partially treated bacterial meningitis was readily achieved. The effectiveness of therapy in bacterial meningitis was indicated by a rapid fall in the concentration of lactic acid.", "contents": "Gas liquid chromatography in the rapid diagnosis of meningitis. Gas liquid chromatography was employed to detect lactic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suspected of having bacterial meningitis. The technique was found to be both rapid and reliable. Differentiation between aseptic, purulent, and partially treated bacterial meningitis was readily achieved. The effectiveness of therapy in bacterial meningitis was indicated by a rapid fall in the concentration of lactic acid.", "PMID": 604363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8501", "title": "Cytologic features of hyperplastic epidermis.", "content": "The cytologic features of hyperplastic epidermis in common lesions such as verruca, seborrheic keratosis, condyloma accuminatum, fibroepithelial polyp, corn, radiodermatitis, prurigo nodularis, epidermal nevus, dermatofibroma, tricholemmona, inverted follicular keratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia were studied. Common, as well as distinguishing cytologic points are recognized.", "contents": "Cytologic features of hyperplastic epidermis. The cytologic features of hyperplastic epidermis in common lesions such as verruca, seborrheic keratosis, condyloma accuminatum, fibroepithelial polyp, corn, radiodermatitis, prurigo nodularis, epidermal nevus, dermatofibroma, tricholemmona, inverted follicular keratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia were studied. Common, as well as distinguishing cytologic points are recognized.", "PMID": 604366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8502", "title": "Bowen's disease of genital areas. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in specimens removed from Bowen's diseased genital areas of five patients are described, and a comparison is made with the tissue from the surrounding normal skin. Electron microscopic findings in Bowen's disease include an advanced dyskeratosis, acantholysis due to dissolution of desmosomal-tonofilament complexes, enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, increased polysome populations, mitochondrial alterations and nuclear inclusions. The basement membrane remains intact. Occasionally, atypical cells are undergoing cytolysis and are engulfed and phagocytized by the neighboring keratinocytes (apoptosis). The normal epithelium at the periphery of the lesion exhibits only a minimal degree of ultrastructural change.", "contents": "Bowen's disease of genital areas. An ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural changes in specimens removed from Bowen's diseased genital areas of five patients are described, and a comparison is made with the tissue from the surrounding normal skin. Electron microscopic findings in Bowen's disease include an advanced dyskeratosis, acantholysis due to dissolution of desmosomal-tonofilament complexes, enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, increased polysome populations, mitochondrial alterations and nuclear inclusions. The basement membrane remains intact. Occasionally, atypical cells are undergoing cytolysis and are engulfed and phagocytized by the neighboring keratinocytes (apoptosis). The normal epithelium at the periphery of the lesion exhibits only a minimal degree of ultrastructural change.", "PMID": 604367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8503", "title": "Winchester syndrome: report of a case from Iran.", "content": "A child with Winchester syndrome, studied in Iran, is the sixth reported case in the literature. The cutaneous manifestations of this syndrome include leathery thickening of the skin, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. The lips and gingiva are hypertrophic. There are also arthritic changes involving the small joints.", "contents": "Winchester syndrome: report of a case from Iran. A child with Winchester syndrome, studied in Iran, is the sixth reported case in the literature. The cutaneous manifestations of this syndrome include leathery thickening of the skin, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. The lips and gingiva are hypertrophic. There are also arthritic changes involving the small joints.", "PMID": 604368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8504", "title": "Accelerating stimuli for two classes of coercive behaviors.", "content": "The analyses focused on a means by which classes of events may be derived from sequential data. A prior analyses of family interaction has derived two classes labeled Hostile and Social Aggression. Events in a class were initiated by a common network of antecedent behaviors. The current analyses showed that class members also shared a common set of maintaining consequences. These events correlated with altered probabilities for the immediate recurrence of a target event.", "contents": "Accelerating stimuli for two classes of coercive behaviors. The analyses focused on a means by which classes of events may be derived from sequential data. A prior analyses of family interaction has derived two classes labeled Hostile and Social Aggression. Events in a class were initiated by a common network of antecedent behaviors. The current analyses showed that class members also shared a common set of maintaining consequences. These events correlated with altered probabilities for the immediate recurrence of a target event.", "PMID": 604376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8505", "title": "The effects of methylphenidate on various types of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children.", "content": "The effects of methylphenidate on a number of objective measures of activity level and attention were assessed on three repeated occasions in four types of settings: free play, movie viewing, testing, and restricted play periods. Subjects were 36 boys between 5 and 12 years of age and of average intelligence. Of these, 18 were diagnosed as hyperkinetic and participated in a double-blind drug-placebo crossover design. The remaining 18 boys, matched in age and IQ with the hyperkinetic children, served as a control group and received no drugs. Results indicated that compared to placebo, methylphenidate significantly reduced wrist, ankle, locomotor, and seat movement activity in the hyperkinetic children regardless of the type of setting in which the measures were taken. Relatively fewer significant drug effects were noted on the measures of concentration or attention. While concentration to reaction time, maze performance, and a movie viewing task improved during drug treatment, the length of attention to toys in free play was not significantly improved. Parental ratings of activity level were also improved by the drug. The hyperkinetic children were also observed to increase their level of task-irrelevant activity over time while control children remained relatively stable in activity over repeated assessment. Despite the positive drug effects, clinical observations suggested that methylphenidate may have reduced the interest of some children in their environment.", "contents": "The effects of methylphenidate on various types of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children. The effects of methylphenidate on a number of objective measures of activity level and attention were assessed on three repeated occasions in four types of settings: free play, movie viewing, testing, and restricted play periods. Subjects were 36 boys between 5 and 12 years of age and of average intelligence. Of these, 18 were diagnosed as hyperkinetic and participated in a double-blind drug-placebo crossover design. The remaining 18 boys, matched in age and IQ with the hyperkinetic children, served as a control group and received no drugs. Results indicated that compared to placebo, methylphenidate significantly reduced wrist, ankle, locomotor, and seat movement activity in the hyperkinetic children regardless of the type of setting in which the measures were taken. Relatively fewer significant drug effects were noted on the measures of concentration or attention. While concentration to reaction time, maze performance, and a movie viewing task improved during drug treatment, the length of attention to toys in free play was not significantly improved. Parental ratings of activity level were also improved by the drug. The hyperkinetic children were also observed to increase their level of task-irrelevant activity over time while control children remained relatively stable in activity over repeated assessment. Despite the positive drug effects, clinical observations suggested that methylphenidate may have reduced the interest of some children in their environment.", "PMID": 604377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8506", "title": "The functional independence of response latency and accuracy: implications for the concept of conceptual tempo.", "content": "Kagan (1965a) developed the concepts of impulsive and reflective cognitive styles (conceptual tempo) to add a new dimension to the understanding and assessment of human intelligence. Although latency (the principal component of conceptual tempo) is negatively correlated with academic performance, it may not be necessary to modify latency in order to modify accuracy.. With 40 disadvantaged preschool children, it was found that reinforcing long latencies in choice tasks did not increase accuracy and vice versa, and that reinforcing both long latencies and accuracy was no more effective than reinforcing accuracy alone. These data were used to question the usefulness of the construct of conceptual tempo.", "contents": "The functional independence of response latency and accuracy: implications for the concept of conceptual tempo. Kagan (1965a) developed the concepts of impulsive and reflective cognitive styles (conceptual tempo) to add a new dimension to the understanding and assessment of human intelligence. Although latency (the principal component of conceptual tempo) is negatively correlated with academic performance, it may not be necessary to modify latency in order to modify accuracy.. With 40 disadvantaged preschool children, it was found that reinforcing long latencies in choice tasks did not increase accuracy and vice versa, and that reinforcing both long latencies and accuracy was no more effective than reinforcing accuracy alone. These data were used to question the usefulness of the construct of conceptual tempo.", "PMID": 604378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8507", "title": "Overt and fantasized aggression toward parents by enuretic and nonenuretic children.", "content": "This study compared the amount and direction of overt and fantasized aggression of enuretic and nonenuretic children. Following the dynamic approach, it was hypothesized that enuretic children would differ from nonenuretics in having more difficulty in expressing overt aggression toward their mothers than toward a neutral figure. In fantasy, enuretic children were expected to express more aggression feelings toward their parents than control subjects. Twenty-eight enuretic subjects and a matched group of control subjects were induced to aggress toward their mothers and toward a neutral figure. The experimental situation was a variation of the Buss (1961) technique for eliciting and measuring aggression. Aggressive fantasies were assessed, using Bene and Anthony's Family Relation Test (1957). A significant interaction was obtained between enuresis/nonenuresis and target figures. Enuretic subjects expressed more aggression toward a neutral figure than toward the mother (p = .05) and differed from the control group in expressing less aggression toward the mother (p = .10). On the fantasy level, a significantly opposite trend to the predicted one emerged: Enuretic subjects showed less aggression toward both parents. The results were discussed with respect to the dynamic and the behavioristic approach to enuresis, and further research directions were suggested.", "contents": "Overt and fantasized aggression toward parents by enuretic and nonenuretic children. This study compared the amount and direction of overt and fantasized aggression of enuretic and nonenuretic children. Following the dynamic approach, it was hypothesized that enuretic children would differ from nonenuretics in having more difficulty in expressing overt aggression toward their mothers than toward a neutral figure. In fantasy, enuretic children were expected to express more aggression feelings toward their parents than control subjects. Twenty-eight enuretic subjects and a matched group of control subjects were induced to aggress toward their mothers and toward a neutral figure. The experimental situation was a variation of the Buss (1961) technique for eliciting and measuring aggression. Aggressive fantasies were assessed, using Bene and Anthony's Family Relation Test (1957). A significant interaction was obtained between enuresis/nonenuresis and target figures. Enuretic subjects expressed more aggression toward a neutral figure than toward the mother (p = .05) and differed from the control group in expressing less aggression toward the mother (p = .10). On the fantasy level, a significantly opposite trend to the predicted one emerged: Enuretic subjects showed less aggression toward both parents. The results were discussed with respect to the dynamic and the behavioristic approach to enuresis, and further research directions were suggested.", "PMID": 604379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8508", "title": "Effects of a verbal warning and overcorrection on stereotyped and appropriate behaviors.", "content": "In Experiment I, the effects of a verbal warning, such as is used in Overcorrection, delivered contingently on the stereotyped mouthing behavior of two autistic/retarded children were examined. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. The results indicated that the mouthing of one child was reduced to a near-zero level and mouthing of the second child was moderately reduced. Appropriate toy play and inappropriate object manipulation failed to show systematic changes in occurrence when mouthing was decelerated. In Experiment II, the same subjects and experimental design were used to assess the effects of a positive practice Overcorrection procedure delivered contingent on mouthing behavior. Overcorrection reduced the mouthing of both subjects. There were no systematic changes in inappropriate object manipulation but one subject did demonstrate an increased occurrence of appropriate toy play. In addition, this subject often engaged in aggressive/escape behaviors during Overcorrection, suggesting that the procedure was aversive to him.", "contents": "Effects of a verbal warning and overcorrection on stereotyped and appropriate behaviors. In Experiment I, the effects of a verbal warning, such as is used in Overcorrection, delivered contingently on the stereotyped mouthing behavior of two autistic/retarded children were examined. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. The results indicated that the mouthing of one child was reduced to a near-zero level and mouthing of the second child was moderately reduced. Appropriate toy play and inappropriate object manipulation failed to show systematic changes in occurrence when mouthing was decelerated. In Experiment II, the same subjects and experimental design were used to assess the effects of a positive practice Overcorrection procedure delivered contingent on mouthing behavior. Overcorrection reduced the mouthing of both subjects. There were no systematic changes in inappropriate object manipulation but one subject did demonstrate an increased occurrence of appropriate toy play. In addition, this subject often engaged in aggressive/escape behaviors during Overcorrection, suggesting that the procedure was aversive to him.", "PMID": 604380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8509", "title": "Lead and hyperactivity: lead levels among hyperactive children.", "content": "Previous work has demonstrated an association between hyperactivity and increased body lead burdens in school-age children. In the present study it is shown that within a group of hyperactive children those for whom an organic etiology is present have lead burdens lower than in those for whom no apparent cause could be found. These data lead us to reject the notion that hyperactivity per se is responsible for the acquisition of elevated lead levels, and further strengthen the suspicion that for some children lower lead level absorption may be implicated in the development of the hyperkinetic disorder.", "contents": "Lead and hyperactivity: lead levels among hyperactive children. Previous work has demonstrated an association between hyperactivity and increased body lead burdens in school-age children. In the present study it is shown that within a group of hyperactive children those for whom an organic etiology is present have lead burdens lower than in those for whom no apparent cause could be found. These data lead us to reject the notion that hyperactivity per se is responsible for the acquisition of elevated lead levels, and further strengthen the suspicion that for some children lower lead level absorption may be implicated in the development of the hyperkinetic disorder.", "PMID": 604381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8510", "title": "Reducing stimulus overselectivity in autistic children.", "content": "It has been repeatedly reported that when presented with a discrimination task involving multiple cues, autistic children, as compared to normal children, tend to respond on the basis of only a restricted portion of the component cues. This phenomenon has been called \"stimulus overselectivity\" and has been implicated as a possible basis for some of the pronounced behavioral deficits charactertistic of autism. Examination of the results of several previous studies suggests that the overselectivity effect might be reduced with repeated exposure to testing. However, since the previous studies were not designed to test this hypothesis, no conclusions were drawn regarding variables influencing the reduction of the overselectivity phenomenon. The present investigation was therefore conducted to determine if stimulus overselectivity in autistic children is changed as a function of repeated exposure to testing. Nineteen autistic children were trained on a discrimination task with a cue complex composed of two visual cues. After the children reached criterion on the task, they were exposed to a testing phase with probe trials where the cue components were presented singly. The results indicated that 16 of the children initially showed overselectivity and 3 responded to both cues. Of the 16 children who showed overselectivity, 13 decreased their level of overselectivity with continued testing. These results are discussed in relation to variables in the testing procedure itself and to the literature on selective attention.", "contents": "Reducing stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. It has been repeatedly reported that when presented with a discrimination task involving multiple cues, autistic children, as compared to normal children, tend to respond on the basis of only a restricted portion of the component cues. This phenomenon has been called \"stimulus overselectivity\" and has been implicated as a possible basis for some of the pronounced behavioral deficits charactertistic of autism. Examination of the results of several previous studies suggests that the overselectivity effect might be reduced with repeated exposure to testing. However, since the previous studies were not designed to test this hypothesis, no conclusions were drawn regarding variables influencing the reduction of the overselectivity phenomenon. The present investigation was therefore conducted to determine if stimulus overselectivity in autistic children is changed as a function of repeated exposure to testing. Nineteen autistic children were trained on a discrimination task with a cue complex composed of two visual cues. After the children reached criterion on the task, they were exposed to a testing phase with probe trials where the cue components were presented singly. The results indicated that 16 of the children initially showed overselectivity and 3 responded to both cues. Of the 16 children who showed overselectivity, 13 decreased their level of overselectivity with continued testing. These results are discussed in relation to variables in the testing procedure itself and to the literature on selective attention.", "PMID": 604382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8511", "title": "An experimental analysis of peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn preschool children: some training and generalization effects.", "content": "In this study, positive social initiations by an age-peer was evaluated as an intervention for isolate preschool children in training and generalization sessions. During baseline, the confederate made few social approaches to the target subjects. The confederate greatly increased his rate of positive social initiations during the first intervention, decreased social approaches during a second baseline, and increased social approaches again in a second intervention phase. Increases in confederate initiations resulted in an immediate acceleration in the frequency of subjects' positive social behavior during training sessions. Additionally, for two of the three subjects, positive social behaviors were also observed to increase during generalization sessions. The results suggest that (a) peers may be trained successfully to set the occasion for positive social behaviors by withdrawn classmates, (b) increased social responding by withdrawn children in the presence of frequent peer social initiations may also generalize beyond the training setting, and (c) the magnitude of direct and generalization effects appears to be related to the entry-level repertoire of target children.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn preschool children: some training and generalization effects. In this study, positive social initiations by an age-peer was evaluated as an intervention for isolate preschool children in training and generalization sessions. During baseline, the confederate made few social approaches to the target subjects. The confederate greatly increased his rate of positive social initiations during the first intervention, decreased social approaches during a second baseline, and increased social approaches again in a second intervention phase. Increases in confederate initiations resulted in an immediate acceleration in the frequency of subjects' positive social behavior during training sessions. Additionally, for two of the three subjects, positive social behaviors were also observed to increase during generalization sessions. The results suggest that (a) peers may be trained successfully to set the occasion for positive social behaviors by withdrawn classmates, (b) increased social responding by withdrawn children in the presence of frequent peer social initiations may also generalize beyond the training setting, and (c) the magnitude of direct and generalization effects appears to be related to the entry-level repertoire of target children.", "PMID": 604383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8512", "title": "Recurrent meningitis due to congenital fistula of stapedial footplate.", "content": "A case of recurrent meningitis due to a stapes footplate fistula in a child with Klippel-Fiel syndrome is reported. The relationship of deafness to this latter syndrome is noted and theories for the aetiology of the fistula discussed. A stapedectomy was performed and the oval window was obliterated using a Schuknecht fat-wire prosthesis with further packing of the middle ear with muscle.", "contents": "Recurrent meningitis due to congenital fistula of stapedial footplate. A case of recurrent meningitis due to a stapes footplate fistula in a child with Klippel-Fiel syndrome is reported. The relationship of deafness to this latter syndrome is noted and theories for the aetiology of the fistula discussed. A stapedectomy was performed and the oval window was obliterated using a Schuknecht fat-wire prosthesis with further packing of the middle ear with muscle.", "PMID": 604397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8513", "title": "Bell's palsy--Varicella Zoster and meningitis.", "content": "Two cases with Bell's palsy due to Varicella Zoster virus in children are reported. It is suggested that pyogenic meningitis resulting in lowered body resistance reactivated the latent V.Z. virus.", "contents": "Bell's palsy--Varicella Zoster and meningitis. Two cases with Bell's palsy due to Varicella Zoster virus in children are reported. It is suggested that pyogenic meningitis resulting in lowered body resistance reactivated the latent V.Z. virus.", "PMID": 604398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8514", "title": "Transverse trachero-oesophagoplasty a new one-stage operation for construction of a 'Neo-Larynx'.", "content": "A new one-stage operation of constructing a 'Neo-Larynx' after total laryngectomy, transverse tracheo-oesophagoplasty, for a good alaryngeal ('Tracheo-Oesophageal') speech is described. A 'Neo-Epiglottis' is constructed from the posterior tracheal wall and a 'Pseudo-Glottis' in the tracheo-oesophagenal partition wall with a valvular mechanism for preventing aspiration into the trachea during deglutition. No extraneous tissue is used for the construction of the 'Neo-Larynx' and no practice is necessary on the part of the patient for developing alaryngeal 'Tracheo-Oesophageal' speech. The patient can phonate immediately after removal of the feeding tube and the silastic sheet and is ready for discharge five weeks after operation. Adequate surgical ablation is ensured and at the same time good functional rehabilitation is offered without jeopardizing the principles of cancer surgery, i.e. to be on the overdoing side rather than on the underdoing one in a futile attempt at retaining the function.", "contents": "Transverse trachero-oesophagoplasty a new one-stage operation for construction of a 'Neo-Larynx'. A new one-stage operation of constructing a 'Neo-Larynx' after total laryngectomy, transverse tracheo-oesophagoplasty, for a good alaryngeal ('Tracheo-Oesophageal') speech is described. A 'Neo-Epiglottis' is constructed from the posterior tracheal wall and a 'Pseudo-Glottis' in the tracheo-oesophagenal partition wall with a valvular mechanism for preventing aspiration into the trachea during deglutition. No extraneous tissue is used for the construction of the 'Neo-Larynx' and no practice is necessary on the part of the patient for developing alaryngeal 'Tracheo-Oesophageal' speech. The patient can phonate immediately after removal of the feeding tube and the silastic sheet and is ready for discharge five weeks after operation. Adequate surgical ablation is ensured and at the same time good functional rehabilitation is offered without jeopardizing the principles of cancer surgery, i.e. to be on the overdoing side rather than on the underdoing one in a futile attempt at retaining the function.", "PMID": 604399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8515", "title": "Hypoplasia of the nasal bones.", "content": "A case of nasal bone hypoplasia is presented. It resulted in mild respiratory obstruction due to collapse of overlying soft tissue on inspiration. A brief note on the growth of the nasal bones is made. All previously reported cases, which could be found in the literature, on absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones have been reviewed. A number of possible conditions which could result in loss of the nasal bone is discussed.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the nasal bones. A case of nasal bone hypoplasia is presented. It resulted in mild respiratory obstruction due to collapse of overlying soft tissue on inspiration. A brief note on the growth of the nasal bones is made. All previously reported cases, which could be found in the literature, on absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones have been reviewed. A number of possible conditions which could result in loss of the nasal bone is discussed.", "PMID": 604400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8516", "title": "Goldenhar syndrome: a case report with review of literature.", "content": "A case of Goldenhar Syndrome, in an adult male, with the typical triad of auricular appendages, epibulbar dermoid and vertebral anomalies is presented. The relevent literature is review. The differential diagnosis of this Syndrome from a few similar syndromes is stressed.", "contents": "Goldenhar syndrome: a case report with review of literature. A case of Goldenhar Syndrome, in an adult male, with the typical triad of auricular appendages, epibulbar dermoid and vertebral anomalies is presented. The relevent literature is review. The differential diagnosis of this Syndrome from a few similar syndromes is stressed.", "PMID": 604401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8517", "title": "Effect of penicillamine on the sensori-neural deafness of retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Four confirmed patients with retinitis pigmentosa and varying degrees of sensori-neural deafness were treated with penicillamine. The results indicated that the deafness improves with the therapy.", "contents": "Effect of penicillamine on the sensori-neural deafness of retinitis pigmentosa. Four confirmed patients with retinitis pigmentosa and varying degrees of sensori-neural deafness were treated with penicillamine. The results indicated that the deafness improves with the therapy.", "PMID": 604402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8518", "title": "[Quantitative determination of aromatic carboxylic acids with glass-capillary-columns (author's transl)].", "content": "With a glass-capillary column 20 aromatic acids, probably present in urine, were analysed quantitatively. In comparison with a packed column the capillary column offers several advantages: a higher resolution; a greatly reduced analysis time, an increased sensitivity. Though a split system is used, repeatability and linearity are suitable for quantitative analysis. The advantages are best recognized by the analysis of urine specimens of patients with a metabolic disorder (phenylketonuria).", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of aromatic carboxylic acids with glass-capillary-columns (author's transl)]. With a glass-capillary column 20 aromatic acids, probably present in urine, were analysed quantitatively. In comparison with a packed column the capillary column offers several advantages: a higher resolution; a greatly reduced analysis time, an increased sensitivity. Though a split system is used, repeatability and linearity are suitable for quantitative analysis. The advantages are best recognized by the analysis of urine specimens of patients with a metabolic disorder (phenylketonuria).", "PMID": 604417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8519", "title": "[A new method for the determination of sugars in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose, using a newly developed liquid chromatography sugar analyzer is reported. High sensitivity (detection limit: 0.05 to 0.23 microgram per compound), resolution and specifity of the method permits the routine detection of carbohydrates in biological fluids without prior extraction and enrichment. The procedure opens new possibilities in medicinal diagnosis.", "contents": "[A new method for the determination of sugars in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. The determination of fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose, using a newly developed liquid chromatography sugar analyzer is reported. High sensitivity (detection limit: 0.05 to 0.23 microgram per compound), resolution and specifity of the method permits the routine detection of carbohydrates in biological fluids without prior extraction and enrichment. The procedure opens new possibilities in medicinal diagnosis.", "PMID": 604418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8520", "title": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of clofedanol from human urine (author's transl].", "content": "10 excretory products of Clofedanol (1-(o-chlorphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-dimethylaminopropanol) were identified in human urine. The following five products were extracted with chloroform at pH 1--2: o-(chlorphenyl)-phenylmethane (I), benzophenone (II), o-chlorbenzophenone (III), benzhydrol (IV), and o-(chlorphenyl)-beta-phenylacrolein (V). Two compounds were extracted with chloroform at pH 13--14: unchanged Clofedanol and 1-(o-chlorphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-dimethylaminopropene-1 (VI). N,N-dimethylamino-acetic acid (VII) was also identified in urine. Clofedanol and metabolite IV were present as free compounds, and they were also found after hydrolysis of metabolites VIII and IX with beta-glucuronidase.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of clofedanol from human urine (author's transl]. 10 excretory products of Clofedanol (1-(o-chlorphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-dimethylaminopropanol) were identified in human urine. The following five products were extracted with chloroform at pH 1--2: o-(chlorphenyl)-phenylmethane (I), benzophenone (II), o-chlorbenzophenone (III), benzhydrol (IV), and o-(chlorphenyl)-beta-phenylacrolein (V). Two compounds were extracted with chloroform at pH 13--14: unchanged Clofedanol and 1-(o-chlorphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-dimethylaminopropene-1 (VI). N,N-dimethylamino-acetic acid (VII) was also identified in urine. Clofedanol and metabolite IV were present as free compounds, and they were also found after hydrolysis of metabolites VIII and IX with beta-glucuronidase.", "PMID": 604421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8521", "title": "[Mathematical analysis of the error distributions in flow-systems and consequences for the determination of new method-specific control limits (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with the determination of method adapted control limits for the Technicon Autoanalyzer SMA 12/60 (Na+, K+, C1-, Total Protein, Albumin, P, Cholesterol, Urea Nitrogen, Calcium, Creatinine, Bilirubin, Uric Acid) we have investigated the representation of the control variable error distributions by mathematical formulae. The application of orthogonal functions (Gram-Charlier's series type A) proved to be not practicable because of the oscillations occuring at the ends of the distributions. Considerably improved results were obtained by a modified expression of a Gram-Charlier's series of type C, although the tails of the distributions (which are particularly important for the calculation of the fractiles) could not be optimally approximated. However, a very satisfactory approximation of the empirical density functions was obtained when we interpreted the control variables as non-additive superposition of two or three normally distributed quantities with different variances. This enables us to calculate channel specific alarm and control limits, thereby replacing the conventional quality control parameters previously checked and based on the assumption of normal distributions. Thus, an adequate monitoring of the reliability of flow-systems can be achieved.", "contents": "[Mathematical analysis of the error distributions in flow-systems and consequences for the determination of new method-specific control limits (author's transl)]. In connection with the determination of method adapted control limits for the Technicon Autoanalyzer SMA 12/60 (Na+, K+, C1-, Total Protein, Albumin, P, Cholesterol, Urea Nitrogen, Calcium, Creatinine, Bilirubin, Uric Acid) we have investigated the representation of the control variable error distributions by mathematical formulae. The application of orthogonal functions (Gram-Charlier's series type A) proved to be not practicable because of the oscillations occuring at the ends of the distributions. Considerably improved results were obtained by a modified expression of a Gram-Charlier's series of type C, although the tails of the distributions (which are particularly important for the calculation of the fractiles) could not be optimally approximated. However, a very satisfactory approximation of the empirical density functions was obtained when we interpreted the control variables as non-additive superposition of two or three normally distributed quantities with different variances. This enables us to calculate channel specific alarm and control limits, thereby replacing the conventional quality control parameters previously checked and based on the assumption of normal distributions. Thus, an adequate monitoring of the reliability of flow-systems can be achieved.", "PMID": 604422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8522", "title": "[A flow-through method for the O2-sensitive, enzymatic analysis of glucose (author's transl)].", "content": "A flow-through glucose-analyser is described based on an oxygen-sensitive enzymatic system. Leak-current-proof welded PTFE-membranes contribute considerably to an easy maintenance of the O2-sensors. Soluble or immobilized glucose oxidase may be used in automatic analysers. As a primary instrument of analysis, the oxygen pO2-electrode lends itself to the measurement of other enzymatic reactions that involve oxygen.", "contents": "[A flow-through method for the O2-sensitive, enzymatic analysis of glucose (author's transl)]. A flow-through glucose-analyser is described based on an oxygen-sensitive enzymatic system. Leak-current-proof welded PTFE-membranes contribute considerably to an easy maintenance of the O2-sensors. Soluble or immobilized glucose oxidase may be used in automatic analysers. As a primary instrument of analysis, the oxygen pO2-electrode lends itself to the measurement of other enzymatic reactions that involve oxygen.", "PMID": 604423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8523", "title": "A new method for determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum without deproteinization.", "content": "A simple method was developed for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum without deproteinization. The method is based on the use of formic acid as protein solubilizer and glycerol as stabilizer for the assay system. The optimal conditions for colour development were determined. The results obtained with the new method correlate well with those obtained after deproteinization of serum with trichloroacetic acid. The present method could be fully mechanized, and its application to the determination of serum phosphatases is discussed.", "contents": "A new method for determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum without deproteinization. A simple method was developed for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum without deproteinization. The method is based on the use of formic acid as protein solubilizer and glycerol as stabilizer for the assay system. The optimal conditions for colour development were determined. The results obtained with the new method correlate well with those obtained after deproteinization of serum with trichloroacetic acid. The present method could be fully mechanized, and its application to the determination of serum phosphatases is discussed.", "PMID": 604424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8524", "title": "Ultrastructure of platelets of the vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "The platelets of vitamin E-deficient rats show a remarkable structural destruction of the mitochondria, mainly in the membrane, and a considerable decrease in the number of mitochondria. In addition, significant decreases are manifested in the numbers of microtubules, alpha-granulomers, dense bodies and glycogen particles, accompanied by remarkable vacuole formation. The longer the vitamin E-deficient period, the more remarkable the changes are. Rats deficient in vitamin E for 58 weeks showed the highest degenerative changes in the platelets.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of platelets of the vitamin E-deficient rats. The platelets of vitamin E-deficient rats show a remarkable structural destruction of the mitochondria, mainly in the membrane, and a considerable decrease in the number of mitochondria. In addition, significant decreases are manifested in the numbers of microtubules, alpha-granulomers, dense bodies and glycogen particles, accompanied by remarkable vacuole formation. The longer the vitamin E-deficient period, the more remarkable the changes are. Rats deficient in vitamin E for 58 weeks showed the highest degenerative changes in the platelets.", "PMID": 604429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8525", "title": "Effect of thiamine deficiency, pyrithiamine and oxythiamine on pyruvate metabolism in rat liver and brain in vivo.", "content": "Rats were fed either a thiamine-deficient diet of diets containing pyrithiamine or oxythiamine. When symptoms of thiamine deficiency appeared, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with [2-14C] pyruvate six to twelve minutes prior to sacrifice. Free glutamic and aspartic acids were isolated from liver and brain and degraded. The results indicate that, in thiamine-deficient or oxythiamine-treated rats, pyruvate metabolism in liver and brain is similar to that in normal animals. In contrast, pyrithiamine drastically decreases the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver.", "contents": "Effect of thiamine deficiency, pyrithiamine and oxythiamine on pyruvate metabolism in rat liver and brain in vivo. Rats were fed either a thiamine-deficient diet of diets containing pyrithiamine or oxythiamine. When symptoms of thiamine deficiency appeared, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with [2-14C] pyruvate six to twelve minutes prior to sacrifice. Free glutamic and aspartic acids were isolated from liver and brain and degraded. The results indicate that, in thiamine-deficient or oxythiamine-treated rats, pyruvate metabolism in liver and brain is similar to that in normal animals. In contrast, pyrithiamine drastically decreases the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver.", "PMID": 604430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8526", "title": "Increase in cytochrome contents of liver mitochondria on feeding rats a low casein diet.", "content": "Williams et al. (1) investigated the changes in amounts of total mitochondrial protein and cytochromes in the liver of rats fed a protein-free diet for a long period, and found that there was a marked similarity between changes in amount of total mitochondrial protein and that of cytochromes. Present experiments were performed to clarify whether under a more mild protein-deficient state the relationships found by Williams are applicable or not by investigating the changes in contents of cytochromes per unit amount of mitochondrial protein when rats were fed a low case diet. A 4% casein diet was used as a low casein diet, and a 25% casein diet was used as a control diet. Rats were fed the test diets for 70 to 90 days. The results show that the contents of all cytochromes a, b, and c1 + c assayed and expressed as nmoles per mg of mitochondrial protein were significantly higher in rats fed a low casein diet than those in rats fed a control diet. These suggest that relationships found by Williams in a severe protein-deficient state would not be applicable in a more mild protein-deficient state.", "contents": "Increase in cytochrome contents of liver mitochondria on feeding rats a low casein diet. Williams et al. (1) investigated the changes in amounts of total mitochondrial protein and cytochromes in the liver of rats fed a protein-free diet for a long period, and found that there was a marked similarity between changes in amount of total mitochondrial protein and that of cytochromes. Present experiments were performed to clarify whether under a more mild protein-deficient state the relationships found by Williams are applicable or not by investigating the changes in contents of cytochromes per unit amount of mitochondrial protein when rats were fed a low case diet. A 4% casein diet was used as a low casein diet, and a 25% casein diet was used as a control diet. Rats were fed the test diets for 70 to 90 days. The results show that the contents of all cytochromes a, b, and c1 + c assayed and expressed as nmoles per mg of mitochondrial protein were significantly higher in rats fed a low casein diet than those in rats fed a control diet. These suggest that relationships found by Williams in a severe protein-deficient state would not be applicable in a more mild protein-deficient state.", "PMID": 604431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8527", "title": "Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on lipid of skin surface of rat.", "content": "A study on how EFA deficiency affects lipid metabolism of rat skin, especially lipid on skin surface, was made. The total amount of lipid on skin surface of rat increased due to EFA deficiency, but not significantly. The sterol ester in skin surface lipid was maintained at a normal level in a EFA deficient rat, but the free sterol level was higher than that of the control rat. The glycerides decreased markedly due to EFA deficiency. It was recognized that branched fatty acids increased in each lipid fraction on skin surface. It was considered that such changes in skin surface lipid were characteristic to skin. It was not predictable whether these changes resulted directly from EFA deficiency or secondary from the occurrence of dermal symptoms.", "contents": "Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on lipid of skin surface of rat. A study on how EFA deficiency affects lipid metabolism of rat skin, especially lipid on skin surface, was made. The total amount of lipid on skin surface of rat increased due to EFA deficiency, but not significantly. The sterol ester in skin surface lipid was maintained at a normal level in a EFA deficient rat, but the free sterol level was higher than that of the control rat. The glycerides decreased markedly due to EFA deficiency. It was recognized that branched fatty acids increased in each lipid fraction on skin surface. It was considered that such changes in skin surface lipid were characteristic to skin. It was not predictable whether these changes resulted directly from EFA deficiency or secondary from the occurrence of dermal symptoms.", "PMID": 604432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8528", "title": "Correlation between lability and relative turnover rate of soluble protein of the rat liver.", "content": "A study was made on whether or not the lability of protein generally correlates with its metabolic turnover rate. Two fractions of soluble protein were prepared from rat liver. Using the double isotope method, it was revealed that fraction precipitated with half-saturated ammonium sulfate had a larger turnover rate than the supernatant one. Both dietary protein depletion and starvation, though they significantly decreased total protein content, did not affect the ratio of the amount of protein in the precipitate to that of the supernatant fraction. These results suggested that both fractions, though they had a different turnover rates, were equally influenced by dietary protein depletion or fasting. In consequence, the results imply that the lability of protein does not necessarily in parallel with the metabolic turnover rate.", "contents": "Correlation between lability and relative turnover rate of soluble protein of the rat liver. A study was made on whether or not the lability of protein generally correlates with its metabolic turnover rate. Two fractions of soluble protein were prepared from rat liver. Using the double isotope method, it was revealed that fraction precipitated with half-saturated ammonium sulfate had a larger turnover rate than the supernatant one. Both dietary protein depletion and starvation, though they significantly decreased total protein content, did not affect the ratio of the amount of protein in the precipitate to that of the supernatant fraction. These results suggested that both fractions, though they had a different turnover rates, were equally influenced by dietary protein depletion or fasting. In consequence, the results imply that the lability of protein does not necessarily in parallel with the metabolic turnover rate.", "PMID": 604433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8529", "title": "Nutritive efficiencies of lactalbumin and wheat gluten at very low levels of intake in adult rats.", "content": "The nutritive values of proteins in relation to their intake levels were evaluated by feeding adult male rats weighing 250 g diets containing 0%, 0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56%, 2.34%, 3.90%, 7.79% and 15.58% lactalbumin or wheat gluten for three weeks. The biological values (BV) of both proteins were high at low levels of protein intake but decreased with increase in protein intake. The BV of wheat gluten was estimated to be about 100 at a level of intake of 1.56% but only 25 at a level of 15.58%. Similarly, the BV of lactalbumin decreased with increase in the protein level, being 67 at a level of 7.79%. The BVs of both proteins at low levels of dietary protein (below 2.34% of lactalbumin or 0.78% of wheat gluten) were apparently more than 100 because urinary N excretion was less than endogenous N. The BVs also decreased with time during the three-week test period. It is concluded that BV of a protein is not a fixed value but varies with the experimental conditions especially with changes in the amount of intake, and that differences in the qualities of various proteins cannot be compared quantitatively at a single level of protein. The results were briefly discussed in relation to protein requirements.", "contents": "Nutritive efficiencies of lactalbumin and wheat gluten at very low levels of intake in adult rats. The nutritive values of proteins in relation to their intake levels were evaluated by feeding adult male rats weighing 250 g diets containing 0%, 0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56%, 2.34%, 3.90%, 7.79% and 15.58% lactalbumin or wheat gluten for three weeks. The biological values (BV) of both proteins were high at low levels of protein intake but decreased with increase in protein intake. The BV of wheat gluten was estimated to be about 100 at a level of intake of 1.56% but only 25 at a level of 15.58%. Similarly, the BV of lactalbumin decreased with increase in the protein level, being 67 at a level of 7.79%. The BVs of both proteins at low levels of dietary protein (below 2.34% of lactalbumin or 0.78% of wheat gluten) were apparently more than 100 because urinary N excretion was less than endogenous N. The BVs also decreased with time during the three-week test period. It is concluded that BV of a protein is not a fixed value but varies with the experimental conditions especially with changes in the amount of intake, and that differences in the qualities of various proteins cannot be compared quantitatively at a single level of protein. The results were briefly discussed in relation to protein requirements.", "PMID": 604435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8530", "title": "Amblyopia: a long-term follow-up.", "content": "This report concerns the late results of therapy in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Of the patients who achieved a visual acuity of 20/40 or better (56%), 40 percent maintained this on prolonged follow-up. Those whose visual acuity deteriorated, the majority lost two lines or less in their acuity. Close follow-up and repeated patching of such patients is indicated. Eccentric fixation at the onset of amblyopia treatment is a poor prognostic sign. Two-thirds of those who were eccentric at the onset were eccentric at the final follow-up examination.", "contents": "Amblyopia: a long-term follow-up. This report concerns the late results of therapy in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Of the patients who achieved a visual acuity of 20/40 or better (56%), 40 percent maintained this on prolonged follow-up. Those whose visual acuity deteriorated, the majority lost two lines or less in their acuity. Close follow-up and repeated patching of such patients is indicated. Eccentric fixation at the onset of amblyopia treatment is a poor prognostic sign. Two-thirds of those who were eccentric at the onset were eccentric at the final follow-up examination.", "PMID": 604437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8531", "title": "Surgical correction of dissociated vertical deviations.", "content": "The surgical treatment and results of 17 patients with DVD is presented. Supermaximum recessions of the superior rectus muscle were performed on the deviating eye. No lid changes or any limitation of elevation were noted following the surgery. The manifest deviation was converted to less than ten prism diopters in all except one case. Four over-corrections of two to six prism diopters of hypotropia resulted. There was no change in eye preference to the operated eye. Saccadic velocities showed no change in the acceleration or velocity of the operated superior rectus. Discussion of this technique compared to other modalities is made.", "contents": "Surgical correction of dissociated vertical deviations. The surgical treatment and results of 17 patients with DVD is presented. Supermaximum recessions of the superior rectus muscle were performed on the deviating eye. No lid changes or any limitation of elevation were noted following the surgery. The manifest deviation was converted to less than ten prism diopters in all except one case. Four over-corrections of two to six prism diopters of hypotropia resulted. There was no change in eye preference to the operated eye. Saccadic velocities showed no change in the acceleration or velocity of the operated superior rectus. Discussion of this technique compared to other modalities is made.", "PMID": 604438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8532", "title": "Isolated unilateral gaze palsy.", "content": "A case of an isolated unilateral horizontal gaze paralysis is presented. The abnormality has remained static and in isolation for more than three years. A review of the benign causes of pontine gaze palsies is presented. The unique features of this case is the fact that the gaze paralysis is unilateral and unassociated with any other neurologic or systemic abnormality.", "contents": "Isolated unilateral gaze palsy. A case of an isolated unilateral horizontal gaze paralysis is presented. The abnormality has remained static and in isolation for more than three years. A review of the benign causes of pontine gaze palsies is presented. The unique features of this case is the fact that the gaze paralysis is unilateral and unassociated with any other neurologic or systemic abnormality.", "PMID": 604439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8533", "title": "Uveitis and ophthalmoplegia complicating chickenpox.", "content": "Two cases of unilateral uveitis which appeared in association with chickenpox are presented. In one of them internal ophthalmoplegia was seen. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed. The unusual cycloplegia which was present in one case can be caused by viral lesion to the ciliary nerves.", "contents": "Uveitis and ophthalmoplegia complicating chickenpox. Two cases of unilateral uveitis which appeared in association with chickenpox are presented. In one of them internal ophthalmoplegia was seen. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed. The unusual cycloplegia which was present in one case can be caused by viral lesion to the ciliary nerves.", "PMID": 604440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8534", "title": "Atypical ocular toxocariasis.", "content": "The case presented emphasizes that Toxocara Canis can involve the anterior segment of the eye as an isolated disease process. Most cases of ocular Toxocara Canis are not associated with the other features of the visceral larva migrans syndrome but certainly represents a spectrum of the same parasitic disease. At present, an eosinophil count and isohemagglutinin titers against A and B blood groups appear the easiest hematologic studies to perform and are fairly reliable indicators of active Toxocara infestation. The VLM syndrome is usually a benign, self-limited disease but occasionally severe ocular, pulmonary or CNS involvement may result. The diagnosis should be considered in any child with a unilateral ocular inflammatory disease, especially if there is a history of geophagia or exposure to dogs. Treatment must take into account the severity of the disease, the organ involved, and the tendency to produce an inflammatory process upon the death of the organism. Elimination of the disease requires surveillance of dogs, especially puppies, and avoidance of geophagia.", "contents": "Atypical ocular toxocariasis. The case presented emphasizes that Toxocara Canis can involve the anterior segment of the eye as an isolated disease process. Most cases of ocular Toxocara Canis are not associated with the other features of the visceral larva migrans syndrome but certainly represents a spectrum of the same parasitic disease. At present, an eosinophil count and isohemagglutinin titers against A and B blood groups appear the easiest hematologic studies to perform and are fairly reliable indicators of active Toxocara infestation. The VLM syndrome is usually a benign, self-limited disease but occasionally severe ocular, pulmonary or CNS involvement may result. The diagnosis should be considered in any child with a unilateral ocular inflammatory disease, especially if there is a history of geophagia or exposure to dogs. Treatment must take into account the severity of the disease, the organ involved, and the tendency to produce an inflammatory process upon the death of the organism. Elimination of the disease requires surveillance of dogs, especially puppies, and avoidance of geophagia.", "PMID": 604441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8535", "title": "Periorbital cellulitis.", "content": "Sixty-seven cases of orbital cellulitis from BGSM are reported and 247 cases from the literature reviewed. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen except in the age group from three months to three years where a significant number of cases yielded Hemophilus influenzae and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The frequent association of paranasal sinus involvement and orbital cellulitis has been confirmed. Orbital cellulitis is a multifaceted disease which, for proper management, requires close cooperation among pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and nursing service as a multidisciplinary approach for optimal therapy and decreased frequency of complications and sequelae.", "contents": "Periorbital cellulitis. Sixty-seven cases of orbital cellulitis from BGSM are reported and 247 cases from the literature reviewed. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen except in the age group from three months to three years where a significant number of cases yielded Hemophilus influenzae and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The frequent association of paranasal sinus involvement and orbital cellulitis has been confirmed. Orbital cellulitis is a multifaceted disease which, for proper management, requires close cooperation among pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and nursing service as a multidisciplinary approach for optimal therapy and decreased frequency of complications and sequelae.", "PMID": 604442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8536", "title": "Selective Activation of peripheral nerve fibre groups of different diameter by triangular shaped stimulus pulses.", "content": "1. The differential block of cutaneous nerve fibres has been achieved with a simple method of electrical stimulation, employing a single pair of active electrodes. 2. The method allows the selective activation of 95% of small myelinated (delta) axons, without activation of the larger (beta) ones; and activation of unmyelinated (C) fibres, without A fibre activation. Asynchronous firing of myelinated axons was absent in the majority of the experiments. 3. The method employs triangularly shaped electrical pulses, with a steep rise front and a slow exponential decay. The outward flow of current at the cathode fires conducted impulses in both larger and smaller axons, and the inward flow inactivates differentially the conduction in the smaller ones. 4. The differential effect of anodal currents rests upon the greater internal conductance and greater conduction velocity of larger fibres. 5. The method has the advantage over the conventional polarization block of simpler surgical preparation, longer nerve survival and minimal latency distortion. However, it cannot be applied in experiments requiring physiological stimulation of peripheral receptors.", "contents": "Selective Activation of peripheral nerve fibre groups of different diameter by triangular shaped stimulus pulses. 1. The differential block of cutaneous nerve fibres has been achieved with a simple method of electrical stimulation, employing a single pair of active electrodes. 2. The method allows the selective activation of 95% of small myelinated (delta) axons, without activation of the larger (beta) ones; and activation of unmyelinated (C) fibres, without A fibre activation. Asynchronous firing of myelinated axons was absent in the majority of the experiments. 3. The method employs triangularly shaped electrical pulses, with a steep rise front and a slow exponential decay. The outward flow of current at the cathode fires conducted impulses in both larger and smaller axons, and the inward flow inactivates differentially the conduction in the smaller ones. 4. The differential effect of anodal currents rests upon the greater internal conductance and greater conduction velocity of larger fibres. 5. The method has the advantage over the conventional polarization block of simpler surgical preparation, longer nerve survival and minimal latency distortion. However, it cannot be applied in experiments requiring physiological stimulation of peripheral receptors.", "PMID": 604448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8537", "title": "Epibulbar rhabdomyosarcoma without proptosis.", "content": "Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a localized, epibulbar mass is unusual, but common enough for the clinician to be aware of it. Although there has been a recent trend toward simple biopsy followed by irradiation and chemotherapy, cases presenting in this manner may sometimes be managed by total excision with preservation of the globe, follwed by irradiation and chemotherapy. A case of such an epibulbar rhabdomyosarcoma is presented as an illustrative example.", "contents": "Epibulbar rhabdomyosarcoma without proptosis. Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a localized, epibulbar mass is unusual, but common enough for the clinician to be aware of it. Although there has been a recent trend toward simple biopsy followed by irradiation and chemotherapy, cases presenting in this manner may sometimes be managed by total excision with preservation of the globe, follwed by irradiation and chemotherapy. A case of such an epibulbar rhabdomyosarcoma is presented as an illustrative example.", "PMID": 604443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8538", "title": "A possible origin of circulating gastrin component IV in cats.", "content": "1. Blood circulating in the cat is known to contain relatively large concentrations of gastrin components corresponding to Rehfeld's Components III and IV, whereas human blood has mostly Components II and III. 2. Synthetic cat gastrin 17NS was continuously injected into chloralose anaesthetized cats and at 1, 10 and 40 min after the start of injection there were significantly greater concentrations of immunoreactive gastrin Component IV than Component III in arterial blood (P less than 0.025 in each case). These concentrations were also greater than the total arterial gastrin concentration in the basal state. 3. Cat blood with EDTA incubated at 37 degrees C with synthetic cat and natural porcine gastrins 17NS produced Component IV. Hunan blood with EDTA incubated in a similar way with natural and synthetic human gastrins 17NS did not produce any detectable Component IV. Cat blood incubated with natural porcine and synthetic cat gastrin 17NS at 0 degrees C did not produce any Component IV. 4. We conclude that there may be an enzyme or enzymes in cat blood which cause the conversion of gastrin 17NS to Component IV.", "contents": "A possible origin of circulating gastrin component IV in cats. 1. Blood circulating in the cat is known to contain relatively large concentrations of gastrin components corresponding to Rehfeld's Components III and IV, whereas human blood has mostly Components II and III. 2. Synthetic cat gastrin 17NS was continuously injected into chloralose anaesthetized cats and at 1, 10 and 40 min after the start of injection there were significantly greater concentrations of immunoreactive gastrin Component IV than Component III in arterial blood (P less than 0.025 in each case). These concentrations were also greater than the total arterial gastrin concentration in the basal state. 3. Cat blood with EDTA incubated at 37 degrees C with synthetic cat and natural porcine gastrins 17NS produced Component IV. Hunan blood with EDTA incubated in a similar way with natural and synthetic human gastrins 17NS did not produce any detectable Component IV. Cat blood incubated with natural porcine and synthetic cat gastrin 17NS at 0 degrees C did not produce any Component IV. 4. We conclude that there may be an enzyme or enzymes in cat blood which cause the conversion of gastrin 17NS to Component IV.", "PMID": 604449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8539", "title": "Mesoectodermal dysgenesis: familial iris anomaly.", "content": "A family is described with hypoplasia of the anterior iris stroma, no angle anomalies, and no glaucoma. The pedigree is suggestive of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This is compared to the main peripheral malformations of the anterior chamber cleavage syndrome and other disease entities with similar iris changes. The pedigree represents a point on the continuum of mesoectodermal dysgenesis or anterior chamber cleavage syndrome.", "contents": "Mesoectodermal dysgenesis: familial iris anomaly. A family is described with hypoplasia of the anterior iris stroma, no angle anomalies, and no glaucoma. The pedigree is suggestive of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This is compared to the main peripheral malformations of the anterior chamber cleavage syndrome and other disease entities with similar iris changes. The pedigree represents a point on the continuum of mesoectodermal dysgenesis or anterior chamber cleavage syndrome.", "PMID": 604444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8540", "title": "The effect of an increase in aortic pressure upon the inotropic state of cat and dog left ventricles.", "content": "1. The effect of increased aortic pressure on the inotropic state of the left ventricle was studied in isolated cat hearts, perfused with bovine red cells in Tyrode solution, ejecting into a hydraulic model with the same input impedance as that of the cat aorta.2. Inotropic state was assessed at a controlled left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by interpolating single isovolumic beats by means of an occluder in the aortic cannula.3. When such isovolumic beats during periods of raised aortic pressure were compared with those during control periods, the difference in peak isovolumic pressure ranged from -0.3 to +0.5 kPa indicating differences in inotropic state which were small and inconsistent in direction.4. The maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt(max).) of ejecting beats was little affected by a rise of aortic pressure and the direction of changes was inconsistent.5. The effect of increased aortic pressure was studied in intact dogs after cardiac denervation; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was uncontrolled and therefore rose to a higher steady level.6. No consistent change of dP/dt(max). was found during the period of increased aortic pressure.7. All flow and pressure variables remained steady during the period of increased aortic pressure after the higher level of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure had been established.8. These results demonstrate that neither the positive inotropic effect nor the negative inotropic effect of increased load dominates in these preparations. This may be the result of a balance between the two effects, or they may be of unimportant magnitude under physiological conditions.", "contents": "The effect of an increase in aortic pressure upon the inotropic state of cat and dog left ventricles. 1. The effect of increased aortic pressure on the inotropic state of the left ventricle was studied in isolated cat hearts, perfused with bovine red cells in Tyrode solution, ejecting into a hydraulic model with the same input impedance as that of the cat aorta.2. Inotropic state was assessed at a controlled left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by interpolating single isovolumic beats by means of an occluder in the aortic cannula.3. When such isovolumic beats during periods of raised aortic pressure were compared with those during control periods, the difference in peak isovolumic pressure ranged from -0.3 to +0.5 kPa indicating differences in inotropic state which were small and inconsistent in direction.4. The maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt(max).) of ejecting beats was little affected by a rise of aortic pressure and the direction of changes was inconsistent.5. The effect of increased aortic pressure was studied in intact dogs after cardiac denervation; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was uncontrolled and therefore rose to a higher steady level.6. No consistent change of dP/dt(max). was found during the period of increased aortic pressure.7. All flow and pressure variables remained steady during the period of increased aortic pressure after the higher level of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure had been established.8. These results demonstrate that neither the positive inotropic effect nor the negative inotropic effect of increased load dominates in these preparations. This may be the result of a balance between the two effects, or they may be of unimportant magnitude under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 604450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8541", "title": "The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin.", "content": "1. Oxygen dissociation curves for concentrated human haemoglobin solutions (1.6 mmol dm-3 in haem) have been measured by mixing known quantities of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin solutions and measuring the resulting partial pressure of oxygen with an oxygen electrode. 2. Observations in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate support previous conclusions derived from experiments at low haemoglobin concentrations, the validity of which has been questioned. 3. The two affinity state model of Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) does not fully describe the actions of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and a model in which this allosteric effector not only binds preferentially to the T state but also lowers the oxygen affinity of this state gives an improved fit to the data.", "contents": "The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin. 1. Oxygen dissociation curves for concentrated human haemoglobin solutions (1.6 mmol dm-3 in haem) have been measured by mixing known quantities of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin solutions and measuring the resulting partial pressure of oxygen with an oxygen electrode. 2. Observations in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate support previous conclusions derived from experiments at low haemoglobin concentrations, the validity of which has been questioned. 3. The two affinity state model of Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) does not fully describe the actions of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and a model in which this allosteric effector not only binds preferentially to the T state but also lowers the oxygen affinity of this state gives an improved fit to the data.", "PMID": 604451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8542", "title": "Vagal control of lower oesophageal sphincter motility in the cat.", "content": "1. The effects of vagal efferent fibre stimulation on the smooth muscle of the lower oesophageal sphincter have been studied on the anaesthetized animal and on the isolated and perfused organ.2. In both muscle layers (longitudinal and circular) vagal stimulation elicits two types of electromyographic (e.m.g.) potentials: (a) excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) where there is a depolarization of the smooth muscle fibres. E.j.p.s can give rise to spike potentials inducing a contraction of the sphincter; (b) inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) where there is hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle fibres, often followed by a transient depolarization which may initiate spikes (post-inhibitory rebound).3. Pure i.j.p.s are observed after atropine treatment which suppresses e.j.p.s. Under these conditions, a long lasting vagal stimulation induces a long duration hyperpolarization concomitant with an opening of the lower oesophageal sphincter followed after the cessation of stimulation by a powerful rebound leading to a strong contraction which closes the sphincter.4. Several arguments, pharmacological (action of acetylcholine (ACh), atropine and hexamethonium) and physiological (threshold and latency of responses) lead to the following conclusions. Preganglionic vagal fibres are cholinergic and they activate (a) intramural excitatory cholinergic neurones; (b) intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones (purinergic neurones). Preganglionic fibres leading to inhibition have a higher threshold than those leading to excitation. Both excitatory and inhibitory pathways are interconnected inside the intramural network. In particular, activation of intramural inhibitory neurones, by relaxing the oesophagus orally to the lower oesophageal sphincter, inhibits intramural excitatory neurones and subsequently blocks vagal excitatory responses.5. Two functions may be attributed to the vagal extrinsic innervation: (a) closure of the lower oesophageal sphincter by maintaining the basal tone of the sphincter; this would imply that at rest the inhibitory control is supplanted by the excitatory one; (b) sphincter opening during swallowing by suppressing the excitatory stimulus and reinforcing the inhibitory one (it may be recalled that after bilateral vagotomy, swallowing is no longer followed by a relaxation of the sphincter).", "contents": "Vagal control of lower oesophageal sphincter motility in the cat. 1. The effects of vagal efferent fibre stimulation on the smooth muscle of the lower oesophageal sphincter have been studied on the anaesthetized animal and on the isolated and perfused organ.2. In both muscle layers (longitudinal and circular) vagal stimulation elicits two types of electromyographic (e.m.g.) potentials: (a) excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) where there is a depolarization of the smooth muscle fibres. E.j.p.s can give rise to spike potentials inducing a contraction of the sphincter; (b) inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s) where there is hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle fibres, often followed by a transient depolarization which may initiate spikes (post-inhibitory rebound).3. Pure i.j.p.s are observed after atropine treatment which suppresses e.j.p.s. Under these conditions, a long lasting vagal stimulation induces a long duration hyperpolarization concomitant with an opening of the lower oesophageal sphincter followed after the cessation of stimulation by a powerful rebound leading to a strong contraction which closes the sphincter.4. Several arguments, pharmacological (action of acetylcholine (ACh), atropine and hexamethonium) and physiological (threshold and latency of responses) lead to the following conclusions. Preganglionic vagal fibres are cholinergic and they activate (a) intramural excitatory cholinergic neurones; (b) intramural non-adrenergic inhibitory neurones (purinergic neurones). Preganglionic fibres leading to inhibition have a higher threshold than those leading to excitation. Both excitatory and inhibitory pathways are interconnected inside the intramural network. In particular, activation of intramural inhibitory neurones, by relaxing the oesophagus orally to the lower oesophageal sphincter, inhibits intramural excitatory neurones and subsequently blocks vagal excitatory responses.5. Two functions may be attributed to the vagal extrinsic innervation: (a) closure of the lower oesophageal sphincter by maintaining the basal tone of the sphincter; this would imply that at rest the inhibitory control is supplanted by the excitatory one; (b) sphincter opening during swallowing by suppressing the excitatory stimulus and reinforcing the inhibitory one (it may be recalled that after bilateral vagotomy, swallowing is no longer followed by a relaxation of the sphincter).", "PMID": 604452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8543", "title": "A modified Schirmer test: the fine-thread method for measuring lacrimation.", "content": "Fine cotton thread is used instead of the filter paper of the Schirmer test. One end stained with fluorescein is inserted into the lateral upper conjunctival sac for 5-30 seconds. The length of the soaked portion is measured in millimeters and the two eyes are compared with each other. One test consists of several consecutive measurements. This new method has many advantages over the conventional Schirmer test: (1) It takes less time (5-30 seconds, compared to Schirmer's method which takes five minutes); (2) It is less injurious to the eye than the stiff and rather large absorbing paper; (3) A diagnosis of lacrimal deficiency must be based on several consecutive measurements and the comparison between two eyes in each measurement (the lacrimation normally is very irregular in the same person). It is difficult to measure consecutively with filter paper; (4) The fine thread itself acts as a potent mechanical trigeminal stimulator and as absorbing agent; (5) The thread maintains a stable position in the eye, while the filter paper which hangs on the lower lid sometimes shifts out of place; (6) The fluorescein dye disappearance and dilution tests can be performed simultaneously; (7) This method can be applied to children.", "contents": "A modified Schirmer test: the fine-thread method for measuring lacrimation. Fine cotton thread is used instead of the filter paper of the Schirmer test. One end stained with fluorescein is inserted into the lateral upper conjunctival sac for 5-30 seconds. The length of the soaked portion is measured in millimeters and the two eyes are compared with each other. One test consists of several consecutive measurements. This new method has many advantages over the conventional Schirmer test: (1) It takes less time (5-30 seconds, compared to Schirmer's method which takes five minutes); (2) It is less injurious to the eye than the stiff and rather large absorbing paper; (3) A diagnosis of lacrimal deficiency must be based on several consecutive measurements and the comparison between two eyes in each measurement (the lacrimation normally is very irregular in the same person). It is difficult to measure consecutively with filter paper; (4) The fine thread itself acts as a potent mechanical trigeminal stimulator and as absorbing agent; (5) The thread maintains a stable position in the eye, while the filter paper which hangs on the lower lid sometimes shifts out of place; (6) The fluorescein dye disappearance and dilution tests can be performed simultaneously; (7) This method can be applied to children.", "PMID": 604447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8544", "title": "Interaction between longitudinal and circular muscle in intestine of cat.", "content": "1. Slow waves recorded from isolated longitudinal muscle averaged 13 mV and had slow rate of rise (0.04 V/sec) whereas when recorded from intact segments the amplitude averaged 27 mV and the rate of rise was more rapid (0.09 V/sec), often with a notch between the initial peak and the plateau. Membrane potentials of longitudinal muscle were similar in isolated and intact preparations (- 66 mV). Resting potentials of circular muscle averaged - 67 mV.2. Small bundles of circular muscle tested in the double sucrose gap produced activity, either spontaneously or in response to stimulation, which fell into three categories: fast spikes (50-200 msec duration), slow spikes (1-5 sec duration), and small graded responses. The duration of fast spikes could be increased severalfold by the addition of TEA; the graded responses were converted to full-sized spikes by TEA.3. Treatment of circular muscle with Ca-free Krebs solution eliminated spikes, and in intact preparations reduced the amplitude and rate of rise of slow waves and eliminated the notch on slow waves.4. Current-voltage curves of longitudinal muscle show delayed rectification in the depolarizing quadrant; similar curves of circular muscle show anomalous rectification, i.e. a region where a very small current causes a large voltage change.5. Non-polarized electrotonic coupling between longitudinal and circular layers indicates low-resistance pathways. Apparent space constants of longitudinal muscle are greater when attached to circular muscle than when isolated.6. It is concluded that small slow potentials originate rhythmically in longitudinal muscle, that these spread passively to circular muscle where a regenerative amplification occurs which depends on Ca conductance and the amplified slow waves spread back to the longitudinal layer. In the intact intestine pacemaking is, therefore, separate from propagation and the circular muscle provides the bulk of depolarizing current for propagation.", "contents": "Interaction between longitudinal and circular muscle in intestine of cat. 1. Slow waves recorded from isolated longitudinal muscle averaged 13 mV and had slow rate of rise (0.04 V/sec) whereas when recorded from intact segments the amplitude averaged 27 mV and the rate of rise was more rapid (0.09 V/sec), often with a notch between the initial peak and the plateau. Membrane potentials of longitudinal muscle were similar in isolated and intact preparations (- 66 mV). Resting potentials of circular muscle averaged - 67 mV.2. Small bundles of circular muscle tested in the double sucrose gap produced activity, either spontaneously or in response to stimulation, which fell into three categories: fast spikes (50-200 msec duration), slow spikes (1-5 sec duration), and small graded responses. The duration of fast spikes could be increased severalfold by the addition of TEA; the graded responses were converted to full-sized spikes by TEA.3. Treatment of circular muscle with Ca-free Krebs solution eliminated spikes, and in intact preparations reduced the amplitude and rate of rise of slow waves and eliminated the notch on slow waves.4. Current-voltage curves of longitudinal muscle show delayed rectification in the depolarizing quadrant; similar curves of circular muscle show anomalous rectification, i.e. a region where a very small current causes a large voltage change.5. Non-polarized electrotonic coupling between longitudinal and circular layers indicates low-resistance pathways. Apparent space constants of longitudinal muscle are greater when attached to circular muscle than when isolated.6. It is concluded that small slow potentials originate rhythmically in longitudinal muscle, that these spread passively to circular muscle where a regenerative amplification occurs which depends on Ca conductance and the amplified slow waves spread back to the longitudinal layer. In the intact intestine pacemaking is, therefore, separate from propagation and the circular muscle provides the bulk of depolarizing current for propagation.", "PMID": 604453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8545", "title": "Non-equivalence of impulse blockade and denervation in the production of membrane changes in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. A complete and long lasting blockade of nerve impulses was established in the sciatic nerve of rats, by implanting silastic cuffs of critical internal diameters. Either marcaine-impregnated or plain cuffs were used. The contralateral sciatic nerve was sectioned. 2. At various days after the initial procedures, the extensor digitorum longus muscles of the two sides were examined with intracellular electrodes. 3. Decrease in resting membrane potential, fibrillatory activity and resistance of the action potential to tetrodotoxin developed not only in the denervated but also in the impulse-blocked muscles. In the latter, the fibres were normally innervated since they displayed miniature end-plate potentials and were excitable by nerve stimulation distal to the blocking cuff. 4. However, all of the above mentioned denervation-like changes were significantly less pronounced in the blocked muscles than in the denervated ones. 5. It is concluded that in addition to loss of nerve impulses, some other neural factor must be taken into account to explain the origin of muscle changes induced by denervation. The possible relation of this additional factor with nerve degeneration is discussed.", "contents": "Non-equivalence of impulse blockade and denervation in the production of membrane changes in rat skeletal muscle. 1. A complete and long lasting blockade of nerve impulses was established in the sciatic nerve of rats, by implanting silastic cuffs of critical internal diameters. Either marcaine-impregnated or plain cuffs were used. The contralateral sciatic nerve was sectioned. 2. At various days after the initial procedures, the extensor digitorum longus muscles of the two sides were examined with intracellular electrodes. 3. Decrease in resting membrane potential, fibrillatory activity and resistance of the action potential to tetrodotoxin developed not only in the denervated but also in the impulse-blocked muscles. In the latter, the fibres were normally innervated since they displayed miniature end-plate potentials and were excitable by nerve stimulation distal to the blocking cuff. 4. However, all of the above mentioned denervation-like changes were significantly less pronounced in the blocked muscles than in the denervated ones. 5. It is concluded that in addition to loss of nerve impulses, some other neural factor must be taken into account to explain the origin of muscle changes induced by denervation. The possible relation of this additional factor with nerve degeneration is discussed.", "PMID": 604454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8546", "title": "Hallermann-Streiff-Francois syndrome.", "content": "This is a typical case of Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome in which the glaucomatous complication may be caused by developmental malformations in the anterior segment of the eye. Bilateral trabeculectomy succeeded in controlling the tension after a follow-up of two years. Glaucomatous complication seems to be frequent and as important as the other described cardinal symptoms. The histologic examination of the skin confirmed the atrophic changes that were observed clinically.", "contents": "Hallermann-Streiff-Francois syndrome. This is a typical case of Hallermann-Streiff-Francois Syndrome in which the glaucomatous complication may be caused by developmental malformations in the anterior segment of the eye. Bilateral trabeculectomy succeeded in controlling the tension after a follow-up of two years. Glaucomatous complication seems to be frequent and as important as the other described cardinal symptoms. The histologic examination of the skin confirmed the atrophic changes that were observed clinically.", "PMID": 604445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8547", "title": "Cell replacement and changing transport function in the neonatal pig colon.", "content": "1. Measurements of intracellular methionine concentration in pig colon, following in vitro incubation in methionine containine medium, have been carried out during the first 10 days of post-natal life. 2. The new-born pig colon concentrates methionine within its mucosa. Autoradiography of 3H-labelled phenylalanine shows it to be accumulated to greatest extent in cells located in the surface epithelium. 3. The ability of the colonic mucosa to concentrate methionine disappears during the first few days of post-natal life. 4. Radioactive thymidine, injected at birth, shows cell mitosis to be confined to the lower third of each colonic crypt. Labelled cells later migrate out of the crypts on to the surface epithelium. The cell replacement time is 105 h. 5. The time course for the fall in the ability of the pig colon to actively accumulate methionine corresponds to that predicted if cells synthesized from birth were unable to transport this amino acid. 6. The ability of the new-born pig colon to transport amino acids, though transient, may be physiologically important. The nature of the signal which changes the physiological function of cells synthesized post-natally remains to be determined.", "contents": "Cell replacement and changing transport function in the neonatal pig colon. 1. Measurements of intracellular methionine concentration in pig colon, following in vitro incubation in methionine containine medium, have been carried out during the first 10 days of post-natal life. 2. The new-born pig colon concentrates methionine within its mucosa. Autoradiography of 3H-labelled phenylalanine shows it to be accumulated to greatest extent in cells located in the surface epithelium. 3. The ability of the colonic mucosa to concentrate methionine disappears during the first few days of post-natal life. 4. Radioactive thymidine, injected at birth, shows cell mitosis to be confined to the lower third of each colonic crypt. Labelled cells later migrate out of the crypts on to the surface epithelium. The cell replacement time is 105 h. 5. The time course for the fall in the ability of the pig colon to actively accumulate methionine corresponds to that predicted if cells synthesized from birth were unable to transport this amino acid. 6. The ability of the new-born pig colon to transport amino acids, though transient, may be physiologically important. The nature of the signal which changes the physiological function of cells synthesized post-natally remains to be determined.", "PMID": 604455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8548", "title": "Retinal involvement in tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "In two infants hospitalized at the ages of three and one-half months and 11 months because of epileptic seizures, the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis was reached upon the basis of retinal astrocytomas found in the fundus examination. It is recommended that indirect ophthalmoscopy be performed in all infants and young children referred with signs possibly related to this disease.", "contents": "Retinal involvement in tuberous sclerosis. In two infants hospitalized at the ages of three and one-half months and 11 months because of epileptic seizures, the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis was reached upon the basis of retinal astrocytomas found in the fundus examination. It is recommended that indirect ophthalmoscopy be performed in all infants and young children referred with signs possibly related to this disease.", "PMID": 604446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8549", "title": "Site of intestinal dipeptide hydrolysis.", "content": "1. Sacs of everted small intestine of the hamster have been used to study the site of final hydrolysis of twelve dipeptides. 2. The results suggest that L-alanyl-glycine, glycyl-glycine, L-valyl-L-valine, L-alanyl-L-valine, L-valyl-L-alanine and L-prolyl-glycine are hydrolysed beyond the locus of the active transport mechanism for D-glucose, perhaps even within the cell. These may be designated class 1 (deep) dipeptides. 3. In contrast, superficial (perhaps even surface) hydrolysis seems to occur with L-alanyl-L-alanine, L-leucly-L-leucine, glycyl-L-alanine, L-alanyl-L-leucine, L-leucyl-L-alanine and glycyl-L-proline. These may be designated class 2 (superficial) dipeptides. 4. All the dipeptides were able to partially inhibit D-glucose active transport, the findings supporting the view that more than one mechanism may exist for the active absorption of the sugar.", "contents": "Site of intestinal dipeptide hydrolysis. 1. Sacs of everted small intestine of the hamster have been used to study the site of final hydrolysis of twelve dipeptides. 2. The results suggest that L-alanyl-glycine, glycyl-glycine, L-valyl-L-valine, L-alanyl-L-valine, L-valyl-L-alanine and L-prolyl-glycine are hydrolysed beyond the locus of the active transport mechanism for D-glucose, perhaps even within the cell. These may be designated class 1 (deep) dipeptides. 3. In contrast, superficial (perhaps even surface) hydrolysis seems to occur with L-alanyl-L-alanine, L-leucly-L-leucine, glycyl-L-alanine, L-alanyl-L-leucine, L-leucyl-L-alanine and glycyl-L-proline. These may be designated class 2 (superficial) dipeptides. 4. All the dipeptides were able to partially inhibit D-glucose active transport, the findings supporting the view that more than one mechanism may exist for the active absorption of the sugar.", "PMID": 604456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8550", "title": "Comparison of chloride concentration and osmolality in proximal tubular fluid, peritubular capillary plasma and systemic plasma in the rat.", "content": "1. Chloride concentration and osmolalities were compared in consecutively collected samples of proximal tubular fluid, peritubular capillary plasma and systemic plasma. 2. Mean chloride concentrations (m-mole/l) were 141.3+/-2.6 in tubular fluid, 114.8+/-1.7 in peritubular capillary plasma and 119.4+/-1.8 in systemic plasma. 3. Mean osmolalities (m-osmole/kg H2O) were 297+/-2.2 in tubular fluid, 293+/-2.4 in peritubular capillary plasma and 299+/-1.8 in systemic plasma. 4. These differences are discussed in relation to the anatomical and functional organization of the peritubular capillaries and renal tubules.", "contents": "Comparison of chloride concentration and osmolality in proximal tubular fluid, peritubular capillary plasma and systemic plasma in the rat. 1. Chloride concentration and osmolalities were compared in consecutively collected samples of proximal tubular fluid, peritubular capillary plasma and systemic plasma. 2. Mean chloride concentrations (m-mole/l) were 141.3+/-2.6 in tubular fluid, 114.8+/-1.7 in peritubular capillary plasma and 119.4+/-1.8 in systemic plasma. 3. Mean osmolalities (m-osmole/kg H2O) were 297+/-2.2 in tubular fluid, 293+/-2.4 in peritubular capillary plasma and 299+/-1.8 in systemic plasma. 4. These differences are discussed in relation to the anatomical and functional organization of the peritubular capillaries and renal tubules.", "PMID": 604457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8551", "title": "The contribution of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the length preference of hypercomplex cells in layers II and III of the cat's striate cortex.", "content": "1. The GABA antagonist bicuculline has been applied to hypercomplex cells in layers II and III of the cat's striate cortex in an attempt to test the hypothesis that their length preference derives from the action of a GABA mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input.2. Iontophoretic application of bicuculline to these cells resulted in a reduction but not an elimination of the length preference. The reduction in length preference was only observed in the case of slits extended to one side of the receptive field or to slits only partially covering what appeared to be inhibitory flanking regions either side of the field centre. In cells normally showing a clear and stable length preference it was never possible to produce by the application of bicuculline a significant response to a slit fully extended to cover both flanking regions.3. The orientation tuning was basically eliminated by the application of bicuculline. In contrast the directional specificity was relatively unaffected.4. The action of bicuculline on hypercomplex cell orientation tuning supports the view that GABA mediated inhibitory inputs were effectively blocked and suggests that the partial effect on length preference and lack of effect on directional specificity reflect the varying degree of involvement of a GABA mediated inhibitory input to these receptive field properties.5. These observations introduce the possibility that the excitatory input to the superficial layer hypercomplex cells exhibits directional specificity, length preference with respect to a slit extended to both sides of the field and a low degree of orientation selectivity. Evidence is presented indicating that certain layer V cells with hypercomplex type receptive field properties exhibit some of the characteristics required of this input.", "contents": "The contribution of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the length preference of hypercomplex cells in layers II and III of the cat's striate cortex. 1. The GABA antagonist bicuculline has been applied to hypercomplex cells in layers II and III of the cat's striate cortex in an attempt to test the hypothesis that their length preference derives from the action of a GABA mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input.2. Iontophoretic application of bicuculline to these cells resulted in a reduction but not an elimination of the length preference. The reduction in length preference was only observed in the case of slits extended to one side of the receptive field or to slits only partially covering what appeared to be inhibitory flanking regions either side of the field centre. In cells normally showing a clear and stable length preference it was never possible to produce by the application of bicuculline a significant response to a slit fully extended to cover both flanking regions.3. The orientation tuning was basically eliminated by the application of bicuculline. In contrast the directional specificity was relatively unaffected.4. The action of bicuculline on hypercomplex cell orientation tuning supports the view that GABA mediated inhibitory inputs were effectively blocked and suggests that the partial effect on length preference and lack of effect on directional specificity reflect the varying degree of involvement of a GABA mediated inhibitory input to these receptive field properties.5. These observations introduce the possibility that the excitatory input to the superficial layer hypercomplex cells exhibits directional specificity, length preference with respect to a slit extended to both sides of the field and a low degree of orientation selectivity. Evidence is presented indicating that certain layer V cells with hypercomplex type receptive field properties exhibit some of the characteristics required of this input.", "PMID": 604458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8552", "title": "The spatial extent of excitatory and inhibitory zones in the receptive field of superficial layer hypercomplex cells.", "content": "1. An investigation has been made of the extent of inhibitory and excitatory components in the receptive field of superficial layer hypercomplex cells in the cat's striate cortex and the relation of the components to the length preference exhibited by these cells.2. Maximal responses were produced by an optimal length stimulus moving through a restricted region of the receptive field. The length of this receptive field region was less than the total length of the excitatory zone as mapped with a very short slit. Slits of similar length to the excitatory zone produced a smaller response than an optimal length slit.3. An increase of slit length so that it passed over receptive field regions either side of the excitatory zone resulted in an elimination of the response. When background discharge levels were increased by the iontophoretic application of D, L-homocysteic acid slits of this length were observed to produce a suppression of the resting discharge as they passed over the receptive field. They did not modify the resting discharge level when it was induced by the iontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline. This data is taken to indicate that long slits activate a powerful post-synaptic inhibitory input to the cell.4. Maximal inhibitory effects were only observed if the testing slit passed over the receptive field centre. That is slits with a gap positioned midway along their length so as to exclude the optimal excitatory response region surprisingly tended to produce excitatory effects rather than the expected inhibitory effects. It appears that simultaneous stimulation of the receptive field centre is a precondition for the inhibitory effect of stimulation of regions either side of the excitatory zone to be activated.5. It is suggested that the interneurones mediating the inhibitory input to the superficial layer hypercomplex cells are driven both by cells in adjacent hypercolumns with receptive fields spatially displaced to either side of the excitatory zone and by cells in the same column, optimal inhibitory effects only being achieved when both sets of input to the interneurone are activated.", "contents": "The spatial extent of excitatory and inhibitory zones in the receptive field of superficial layer hypercomplex cells. 1. An investigation has been made of the extent of inhibitory and excitatory components in the receptive field of superficial layer hypercomplex cells in the cat's striate cortex and the relation of the components to the length preference exhibited by these cells.2. Maximal responses were produced by an optimal length stimulus moving through a restricted region of the receptive field. The length of this receptive field region was less than the total length of the excitatory zone as mapped with a very short slit. Slits of similar length to the excitatory zone produced a smaller response than an optimal length slit.3. An increase of slit length so that it passed over receptive field regions either side of the excitatory zone resulted in an elimination of the response. When background discharge levels were increased by the iontophoretic application of D, L-homocysteic acid slits of this length were observed to produce a suppression of the resting discharge as they passed over the receptive field. They did not modify the resting discharge level when it was induced by the iontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline. This data is taken to indicate that long slits activate a powerful post-synaptic inhibitory input to the cell.4. Maximal inhibitory effects were only observed if the testing slit passed over the receptive field centre. That is slits with a gap positioned midway along their length so as to exclude the optimal excitatory response region surprisingly tended to produce excitatory effects rather than the expected inhibitory effects. It appears that simultaneous stimulation of the receptive field centre is a precondition for the inhibitory effect of stimulation of regions either side of the excitatory zone to be activated.5. It is suggested that the interneurones mediating the inhibitory input to the superficial layer hypercomplex cells are driven both by cells in adjacent hypercolumns with receptive fields spatially displaced to either side of the excitatory zone and by cells in the same column, optimal inhibitory effects only being achieved when both sets of input to the interneurone are activated.", "PMID": 604459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8553", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in articular cartilage.", "content": "Articular cartilage explants were incubated at various oxygen tensions and the results of 35SO4 and 3H-thymidine incorporation indicate that proteoglycan and DNA synthesis is depressed at low oxygen tensions. The studies of oxygen consumption and glucose/lactate metabolism in the cartilage suggest a shift in energy pathways as the oxygen environment is altered. In low O2 tensions chondrocytes follow anaerobic glycolysis while at physiologic oxygen tensions chondrocytes follow a combination of both aerobic and glycolytic metabolism. The data suggest that hypoxia, frequently found in inflammatory arthritides, would have deleterious effects on chondrocyte metabolism and would significantly impair any reparative potential of the injured chondrocytes.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in articular cartilage. Articular cartilage explants were incubated at various oxygen tensions and the results of 35SO4 and 3H-thymidine incorporation indicate that proteoglycan and DNA synthesis is depressed at low oxygen tensions. The studies of oxygen consumption and glucose/lactate metabolism in the cartilage suggest a shift in energy pathways as the oxygen environment is altered. In low O2 tensions chondrocytes follow anaerobic glycolysis while at physiologic oxygen tensions chondrocytes follow a combination of both aerobic and glycolytic metabolism. The data suggest that hypoxia, frequently found in inflammatory arthritides, would have deleterious effects on chondrocyte metabolism and would significantly impair any reparative potential of the injured chondrocytes.", "PMID": 604473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8554", "title": "The effect of age on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in rabbit articular and costal cartilages.", "content": "The rates of synthesis of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate were compared for articular and costal cartilage from rabbits of three different ages. Cartilages were labeled in vitro with 3H glucosamine and 35SO4. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated and separated and assayed for radioactivity and uronic acid content. The data obtained showed that in immature articular cartilage the rate of synthesis of chondroitin 4-sulfate is considerably greater than for chondroitin 6-sulfate and that this condition is reversed as the animal ages. These results are concordant with the known variation in distribution of the glycosaminoglycans with age and suggest that the chondrocyte alters its synthetic activity with advancing age.", "contents": "The effect of age on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in rabbit articular and costal cartilages. The rates of synthesis of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate were compared for articular and costal cartilage from rabbits of three different ages. Cartilages were labeled in vitro with 3H glucosamine and 35SO4. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated and separated and assayed for radioactivity and uronic acid content. The data obtained showed that in immature articular cartilage the rate of synthesis of chondroitin 4-sulfate is considerably greater than for chondroitin 6-sulfate and that this condition is reversed as the animal ages. These results are concordant with the known variation in distribution of the glycosaminoglycans with age and suggest that the chondrocyte alters its synthetic activity with advancing age.", "PMID": 604474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8555", "title": "Glomerular deposition of renal tubular epithelial antigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: its possible role in lupus nephritis.", "content": "Fifty-three renal specimens from 48 patients with SLE were examined for the presence of RTE in the glomeruli. Glomerular RTE, presumably in immune complex form was detected in 60% of the tissues. The deposition of these complexes was related to the severity of histologic changes and activity of SLE. In addition, glomerular localization of RTE was associated with decreased renal function and increased proteinuria. The association between the presence of glomerular RTE antigen, the severity of renal histologic changes and the decreased renal function suggested a possible role for this antigen in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Glomerular deposition of renal tubular epithelial antigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: its possible role in lupus nephritis. Fifty-three renal specimens from 48 patients with SLE were examined for the presence of RTE in the glomeruli. Glomerular RTE, presumably in immune complex form was detected in 60% of the tissues. The deposition of these complexes was related to the severity of histologic changes and activity of SLE. In addition, glomerular localization of RTE was associated with decreased renal function and increased proteinuria. The association between the presence of glomerular RTE antigen, the severity of renal histologic changes and the decreased renal function suggested a possible role for this antigen in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.", "PMID": 604475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8556", "title": "Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis in the rat by an oxonate diet: sequential studies.", "content": "To study the mechanism by which oxonate-induced hyperuricemia inhibits the development of adjuvant arthritis in the rat, we initiated blocking or releasing experiments by changing the oxonate diet of rats at selected times. We were able to define oxonate dietary effects on four specific periods in the development of this experimental arthritis. The inhibition of the primary inflammation at the site of the injection was weak. The inhibition of the secondary reaction was greater than the decrease of the primary inflammation and was more effective when the first two periods (sensitization to antigen and production of immunocompetent cells) were blocked. The reduction in the disease was more marked in the non-injected paw than in the injected paw. Thus, the effect of the oxonate diet is more immunosuppressive than anti-inflammatory. Release of the first period, which provoked an unexpected increase in the severity of the disease, suggests a possible influence of oxonate on pyrimidine metabolism.", "contents": "Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis in the rat by an oxonate diet: sequential studies. To study the mechanism by which oxonate-induced hyperuricemia inhibits the development of adjuvant arthritis in the rat, we initiated blocking or releasing experiments by changing the oxonate diet of rats at selected times. We were able to define oxonate dietary effects on four specific periods in the development of this experimental arthritis. The inhibition of the primary inflammation at the site of the injection was weak. The inhibition of the secondary reaction was greater than the decrease of the primary inflammation and was more effective when the first two periods (sensitization to antigen and production of immunocompetent cells) were blocked. The reduction in the disease was more marked in the non-injected paw than in the injected paw. Thus, the effect of the oxonate diet is more immunosuppressive than anti-inflammatory. Release of the first period, which provoked an unexpected increase in the severity of the disease, suggests a possible influence of oxonate on pyrimidine metabolism.", "PMID": 604476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8557", "title": "Cellular immune reactivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and effects of levamisole.", "content": "Cellular immune reactivity was examined in control subjects and in 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and after administration of levamisole. Prior to levamisole treatment, this population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis had diminished cellular immunity as measured by skin test reactivity, lymphocyte stimulation by antigen and by PHA, lymphocyte count and percentage and absolute numbers of long-incubation rosette-forming cells (RFC). Administration of levamisole caused enhancement of skin test reactivity and flares at dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) test sites which were not paralleled by an increase in lymphocyte stimulation by the same antigens in vitro or enhancement in the PHA response. The increase in lymphocyte count and RFC was borderline (p = .06). Of the 16 patients who received levamisole for three months, nine patients showed at least one physical sign of improvement, five patients remained unchanged, and two patients experienced progression of their disease.", "contents": "Cellular immune reactivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and effects of levamisole. Cellular immune reactivity was examined in control subjects and in 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and after administration of levamisole. Prior to levamisole treatment, this population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis had diminished cellular immunity as measured by skin test reactivity, lymphocyte stimulation by antigen and by PHA, lymphocyte count and percentage and absolute numbers of long-incubation rosette-forming cells (RFC). Administration of levamisole caused enhancement of skin test reactivity and flares at dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) test sites which were not paralleled by an increase in lymphocyte stimulation by the same antigens in vitro or enhancement in the PHA response. The increase in lymphocyte count and RFC was borderline (p = .06). Of the 16 patients who received levamisole for three months, nine patients showed at least one physical sign of improvement, five patients remained unchanged, and two patients experienced progression of their disease.", "PMID": 604477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8558", "title": "Serum ferritin levels in anemia of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Thirty-five anemic patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied to determine the relationship between serum ferritin levels and body iron status, as assessed by the grading of bone marrow iron stores. The incidence of greatly reduced or absent marrow iron stores was 60%. Peripheral blood smear, RBC indices, serum iron, and iron binding capacity correlated poorly with stainable marrow iron. Serum ferritin levels only correlated approximately with iron stores, and in iron deficient rheumatoid patients the levels were higher than would be expected in patients with uncomplicated iron deficiency. The study shows that reduced marrow iron stores is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and that the serum ferritin concentration may provide a useful indication of reduced body iron stores in these subjects, but only if a range of normal values can be established for this disease.", "contents": "Serum ferritin levels in anemia of rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-five anemic patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied to determine the relationship between serum ferritin levels and body iron status, as assessed by the grading of bone marrow iron stores. The incidence of greatly reduced or absent marrow iron stores was 60%. Peripheral blood smear, RBC indices, serum iron, and iron binding capacity correlated poorly with stainable marrow iron. Serum ferritin levels only correlated approximately with iron stores, and in iron deficient rheumatoid patients the levels were higher than would be expected in patients with uncomplicated iron deficiency. The study shows that reduced marrow iron stores is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and that the serum ferritin concentration may provide a useful indication of reduced body iron stores in these subjects, but only if a range of normal values can be established for this disease.", "PMID": 604478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8559", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the distribution of major histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) (scleroderma). A total of 106 patients with PSS and 208 normal controls were tested for the presence of 18 different HLA antigens by the microcytotoxicity technique. These patients were equally divided between patients with classical diffuse scleroderma (53 patients) and those with the CREST syndrome variant of the disease (53 patients). When the P values were multiplied by 18, to correct for the number of antigens studied, no significant alteration in the frequency of any HLA antigen was found for the entire group of scleroderma patients or for either of the two subpopulations.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A study was undertaken to determine the distribution of major histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) (scleroderma). A total of 106 patients with PSS and 208 normal controls were tested for the presence of 18 different HLA antigens by the microcytotoxicity technique. These patients were equally divided between patients with classical diffuse scleroderma (53 patients) and those with the CREST syndrome variant of the disease (53 patients). When the P values were multiplied by 18, to correct for the number of antigens studied, no significant alteration in the frequency of any HLA antigen was found for the entire group of scleroderma patients or for either of the two subpopulations.", "PMID": 604479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8560", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis.", "content": "All known A, B, and C HLA antigens were determined in 50 white patients with vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. A statistically significant decrease was found for the A9 and A11 specificities. Only three (6%) of the patients possessed the B27 antigen, a frequency which is not different from that of a control population. B27 therefore does not seem to be linked to abundant new bone formation.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. All known A, B, and C HLA antigens were determined in 50 white patients with vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. A statistically significant decrease was found for the A9 and A11 specificities. Only three (6%) of the patients possessed the B27 antigen, a frequency which is not different from that of a control population. B27 therefore does not seem to be linked to abundant new bone formation.", "PMID": 604480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8561", "title": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks--clinical features and HLA typing.", "content": "Reports of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks are rare. We analyzed five cases of polymyalgia rheumatica and one case of temporal arteritis appearing in blacks. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks have the same presentation, course, and response to treatment as in Caucasians. A previously unrecorded case of polymyalgia rheumatica and biopsy-proven temporal arteritis in a black had a similar presentation and course as cases in whites. HLA typing of five cases of polymyalgia rheumatica in blacks revealed an increased incidence of AW30 and BW16 in comparison to whites and polymyalgia.", "contents": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks--clinical features and HLA typing. Reports of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks are rare. We analyzed five cases of polymyalgia rheumatica and one case of temporal arteritis appearing in blacks. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in blacks have the same presentation, course, and response to treatment as in Caucasians. A previously unrecorded case of polymyalgia rheumatica and biopsy-proven temporal arteritis in a black had a similar presentation and course as cases in whites. HLA typing of five cases of polymyalgia rheumatica in blacks revealed an increased incidence of AW30 and BW16 in comparison to whites and polymyalgia.", "PMID": 604481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8562", "title": "Artificial insemination with the husband's semen after the husband's death.", "content": "Artificial insemination using the husband's semen (AIH) has always seemed more acceptable than the same procedure using donor semen. However, the layman may not even have thought of the legal problems or the moral dilemma if in fact a woman is inseminated using her husband's frozen semen after his death. In the USA there are already sperm banks set up by private individuals, generally for the use of those marriage partners when the husband has had a vasectomy and afterwards a child is desired. If such private sperm banks were set up in Britain complex legal problems would follow, quite apart from the moral issue as to whether it was desirable to bring a child into the world deliberately having deprived him of a father from the start. These are the issues which Mr Cusine thinks should be carefully considered before doctors, lawyers and the women potentially concerned are confronted with a new dilemma.", "contents": "Artificial insemination with the husband's semen after the husband's death. Artificial insemination using the husband's semen (AIH) has always seemed more acceptable than the same procedure using donor semen. However, the layman may not even have thought of the legal problems or the moral dilemma if in fact a woman is inseminated using her husband's frozen semen after his death. In the USA there are already sperm banks set up by private individuals, generally for the use of those marriage partners when the husband has had a vasectomy and afterwards a child is desired. If such private sperm banks were set up in Britain complex legal problems would follow, quite apart from the moral issue as to whether it was desirable to bring a child into the world deliberately having deprived him of a father from the start. These are the issues which Mr Cusine thinks should be carefully considered before doctors, lawyers and the women potentially concerned are confronted with a new dilemma.", "PMID": 604484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8563", "title": "Gifts, exchanges and the political economy of health care. Part I: should blood be bought and sold?", "content": "Should blood be bought and sold is in crude terms the question asked and answered by Richard Titmuss in his recent book The Gift Relationship. Dr Raymond Plant, a lecturer in philosophy at Manchester University, analyses Titmuss' arguments in a paper which we are printing in two parts. Titmuss has taken the provision of blood as his example of the gift relationship--and by extension that of health care generally. Dr Plant considers in turn each of Titmuss' arguments that blood should not be a marketable commodity, the moral objections to which seem to be the erosion of freedom and of truth telling, the separation of society through the cash nexus, and its converse that the provision of health care is a means for the integration of society. Dr Plant also examines the views of other commentators on the Titmuss' theory of the value of a 'free' blood transfusion service and other medical care as a means of integration in society, and ends with his promise that in the second part of his paper he will examine Titmuss' principles not in terms of the market but rather as related to the principle of social justice.", "contents": "Gifts, exchanges and the political economy of health care. Part I: should blood be bought and sold? Should blood be bought and sold is in crude terms the question asked and answered by Richard Titmuss in his recent book The Gift Relationship. Dr Raymond Plant, a lecturer in philosophy at Manchester University, analyses Titmuss' arguments in a paper which we are printing in two parts. Titmuss has taken the provision of blood as his example of the gift relationship--and by extension that of health care generally. Dr Plant considers in turn each of Titmuss' arguments that blood should not be a marketable commodity, the moral objections to which seem to be the erosion of freedom and of truth telling, the separation of society through the cash nexus, and its converse that the provision of health care is a means for the integration of society. Dr Plant also examines the views of other commentators on the Titmuss' theory of the value of a 'free' blood transfusion service and other medical care as a means of integration in society, and ends with his promise that in the second part of his paper he will examine Titmuss' principles not in terms of the market but rather as related to the principle of social justice.", "PMID": 604485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8564", "title": "Privacy, confidentiality and automated health information systems.", "content": "Professor Vuori's paper, first presented at the fourth Medico-legal Conference in Prague in the spring of this year, deals with the problem of the maintenance of confidentiality in computerized health records. Although more and more information is required, the hardware of the computer systems is so sophisticated that it would be very expensive indeed to 'break in' and steal from a modern data bank. Those concerned with programming computers are becoming more aware of their responsibilities concerning confidentiality and privacy, to the extent that a legal code of ethics for programmers is being formulated. They are also aware that the most sensitive of all relationships--the doctor-patient relationship--could be in danger if they failed to maintain high standards of integrity. An area of danger is where administrative boundaries between systems must be crossed--say between those of health and employment. Protection of privacy must be ensured by releasing full information about the type of data being stored, and by maintaining democratic control over the establishment of information systems.", "contents": "Privacy, confidentiality and automated health information systems. Professor Vuori's paper, first presented at the fourth Medico-legal Conference in Prague in the spring of this year, deals with the problem of the maintenance of confidentiality in computerized health records. Although more and more information is required, the hardware of the computer systems is so sophisticated that it would be very expensive indeed to 'break in' and steal from a modern data bank. Those concerned with programming computers are becoming more aware of their responsibilities concerning confidentiality and privacy, to the extent that a legal code of ethics for programmers is being formulated. They are also aware that the most sensitive of all relationships--the doctor-patient relationship--could be in danger if they failed to maintain high standards of integrity. An area of danger is where administrative boundaries between systems must be crossed--say between those of health and employment. Protection of privacy must be ensured by releasing full information about the type of data being stored, and by maintaining democratic control over the establishment of information systems.", "PMID": 604486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8565", "title": "The teaching of medical ethics at Southampton University Medical School.", "content": "For centuries medical schools in Britain and elsewhere had a fairly static curriculum based on what might be called the 'three Rs' of medicine, and consequently had to make room for new subjects as the need arose in a fashion which was sometimes makeshift. However, Southampton University has only had a medical school for six years, and therefore their course on medical ethics and legal medicine was carefully integrated into the curriculum after some preliminary experiments carried out by a subcommittee which is continually reviewing the situation. Medical ethics has now a definite place in the fourth year, preceded by an introduction to ethical problems encountered in medicine in the first year. Not only do members of the medical faculty participate in this teaching but also members of the faculties of law and the arts.", "contents": "The teaching of medical ethics at Southampton University Medical School. For centuries medical schools in Britain and elsewhere had a fairly static curriculum based on what might be called the 'three Rs' of medicine, and consequently had to make room for new subjects as the need arose in a fashion which was sometimes makeshift. However, Southampton University has only had a medical school for six years, and therefore their course on medical ethics and legal medicine was carefully integrated into the curriculum after some preliminary experiments carried out by a subcommittee which is continually reviewing the situation. Medical ethics has now a definite place in the fourth year, preceded by an introduction to ethical problems encountered in medicine in the first year. Not only do members of the medical faculty participate in this teaching but also members of the faculties of law and the arts.", "PMID": 604487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8566", "title": "Recurrence risks in complex inheritance with special regard to pyloric stenosis.", "content": "A large body of data on segregating families is used to generate specific recurrence risks conditional on sex and birth order for the best-fitting model of polygenes plus maternal effect. The method is general for diseases of complex inheritance, and lies within the competence of any serious genetic clinic. The question of whether consultees demand as much specificity should be subordinate to the question of whether counsellors are justified in providing less.", "contents": "Recurrence risks in complex inheritance with special regard to pyloric stenosis. A large body of data on segregating families is used to generate specific recurrence risks conditional on sex and birth order for the best-fitting model of polygenes plus maternal effect. The method is general for diseases of complex inheritance, and lies within the competence of any serious genetic clinic. The question of whether consultees demand as much specificity should be subordinate to the question of whether counsellors are justified in providing less.", "PMID": 604490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8567", "title": "Genetics of M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "content": "A study of the sibs and parents of 15 children diagnosed as having the M\u00f6bius syndrome suggests that the inclusion of primary skeletal defects as obligatory in the diagnosis of the syndrome helps to exclude the high risk monogenic disorders of muscle and anterior horn cell, which present with a M\u00f6bius-like facies in infancy.", "contents": "Genetics of M\u00f6bius syndrome. A study of the sibs and parents of 15 children diagnosed as having the M\u00f6bius syndrome suggests that the inclusion of primary skeletal defects as obligatory in the diagnosis of the syndrome helps to exclude the high risk monogenic disorders of muscle and anterior horn cell, which present with a M\u00f6bius-like facies in infancy.", "PMID": 604491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8568", "title": "Endocrine abnormalities and myopathy in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "Abnormal endocrine indices and myopathy have been variably present in two brothers with Bloom's syndrome (congenital teleangiectatic erythema, hypersensitivity to light, and growth retardation). These consisted of: (1) growth retardation with height and weight below the third centiles; in the younger one at age 14, hypoglycaemia failed to elicit a rise in growth hormone but did so in the older one at age 17; (2) serum TSH was raised in the older one in whom serum FSH and LH were also above the normal range; and (3) myopathy characterised by pronounced dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was present in the younger one; distinct reduction of muscle strength was shown in his older brother with ultrastructural alteration of skeletal muscle of unknown significance.", "contents": "Endocrine abnormalities and myopathy in Bloom's syndrome. Abnormal endocrine indices and myopathy have been variably present in two brothers with Bloom's syndrome (congenital teleangiectatic erythema, hypersensitivity to light, and growth retardation). These consisted of: (1) growth retardation with height and weight below the third centiles; in the younger one at age 14, hypoglycaemia failed to elicit a rise in growth hormone but did so in the older one at age 17; (2) serum TSH was raised in the older one in whom serum FSH and LH were also above the normal range; and (3) myopathy characterised by pronounced dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was present in the younger one; distinct reduction of muscle strength was shown in his older brother with ultrastructural alteration of skeletal muscle of unknown significance.", "PMID": 604492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8569", "title": "Haemoglobin Porto Alegre in a Cuban family.", "content": "During a screening programme for abnormal haemoglobins in Habana, one case of Hb Porto Alegre was found in 23 000 cases analysed. The ability of this variant to polymerise in vitro and the absence of clinical features in the carriers have been confirmed. These observations are now explained by the findings of high levels of glutathione in the red cells of subjects heterozygous for Hb Porto Alegre: it is suggested that the increase of glutathione is responsible for the absence of in vivo polymerisation and accounts for the lack of clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Porto Alegre in a Cuban family. During a screening programme for abnormal haemoglobins in Habana, one case of Hb Porto Alegre was found in 23 000 cases analysed. The ability of this variant to polymerise in vitro and the absence of clinical features in the carriers have been confirmed. These observations are now explained by the findings of high levels of glutathione in the red cells of subjects heterozygous for Hb Porto Alegre: it is suggested that the increase of glutathione is responsible for the absence of in vivo polymerisation and accounts for the lack of clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 604493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8570", "title": "Congenital, hypotonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Four cases of congenital, hypotonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy are presented. The patients showed clinically prominent features described by Ullrich, i.e. congenital muscle weakness, hypotonia, and hyperextensibility of distal joints, contractures of proximal joints, high-arched palate, hyperhidrosis, posterior protrusion of calcaneus, and no progression. Muscle biopsies revealed dystrophic changes. Ullrich suggested that this condition was a new entity, but the disease has received little attention. In the present cases superior intelligence and tendency to recurrent upper respiratory tract infections were stressed as characteristics of this disorder. Insufficient cellular immunity was suspected and this may contribute to the recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia often observed. This disease is considered a distinct entity of multisystemic involvement inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.", "contents": "Congenital, hypotonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy. Four cases of congenital, hypotonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy are presented. The patients showed clinically prominent features described by Ullrich, i.e. congenital muscle weakness, hypotonia, and hyperextensibility of distal joints, contractures of proximal joints, high-arched palate, hyperhidrosis, posterior protrusion of calcaneus, and no progression. Muscle biopsies revealed dystrophic changes. Ullrich suggested that this condition was a new entity, but the disease has received little attention. In the present cases superior intelligence and tendency to recurrent upper respiratory tract infections were stressed as characteristics of this disorder. Insufficient cellular immunity was suspected and this may contribute to the recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia often observed. This disease is considered a distinct entity of multisystemic involvement inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.", "PMID": 604494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8571", "title": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 11[del(11)(q23)]: Jacobsen syndrome. Two new cases and review of the clinical findings.", "content": "Two cases, a boy and a girl, with the 11q-(Jacobsen) syndrome are reported. Findings common to both and typical for this chromosome aberration include a narrow protruding forehead, hypertelorism, non-horizontal position of the eyes, ptosis, strabismus, broad root, and short upturned tip of thenose, carp mouth, receding chin, misshapen ears, simian creases, and severe mental retardation. In addition, one patient had pyloric stenosis and an inguinal hernia. Growth retardation and microcephaly were not found in either of them. The karyotypes revealed de novo-deletions of the long arm of one chromosome 11,del(11)(q23).", "contents": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 11[del(11)(q23)]: Jacobsen syndrome. Two new cases and review of the clinical findings. Two cases, a boy and a girl, with the 11q-(Jacobsen) syndrome are reported. Findings common to both and typical for this chromosome aberration include a narrow protruding forehead, hypertelorism, non-horizontal position of the eyes, ptosis, strabismus, broad root, and short upturned tip of thenose, carp mouth, receding chin, misshapen ears, simian creases, and severe mental retardation. In addition, one patient had pyloric stenosis and an inguinal hernia. Growth retardation and microcephaly were not found in either of them. The karyotypes revealed de novo-deletions of the long arm of one chromosome 11,del(11)(q23).", "PMID": 604495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8572", "title": "Supernumerary small ring chromosome.", "content": "A supernumerary small ring chromosome was found in 30% of cultured peripheral leucocytes and 50% of skin fibroblasts in a 6-year-old boy with mild mental retardation and midline cleft palate. The extra chromosome appeared to carry a densely staining region on Giemsa banding. The banding patterns of the remaining 46 chromosomes were normal. C banding indicated that the ring chromosome contained mainly centromeric constitutive heterochromatin. Chromosome analysis of both parents showed normal karyotypes by both conventional and banding techniques; thus the origin of the ring chromosome could not be determined.", "contents": "Supernumerary small ring chromosome. A supernumerary small ring chromosome was found in 30% of cultured peripheral leucocytes and 50% of skin fibroblasts in a 6-year-old boy with mild mental retardation and midline cleft palate. The extra chromosome appeared to carry a densely staining region on Giemsa banding. The banding patterns of the remaining 46 chromosomes were normal. C banding indicated that the ring chromosome contained mainly centromeric constitutive heterochromatin. Chromosome analysis of both parents showed normal karyotypes by both conventional and banding techniques; thus the origin of the ring chromosome could not be determined.", "PMID": 604496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8573", "title": "Ring chromosome 8 in a boy with multiple congenital abnormalities and mental retardation.", "content": "A ring chromosome 8 was found in peripheral blood cells in a boy, whose chromosomes were studied because of multiple congenital anomalies. Examination of skin cells revealed a 46,XY/46,XY,8r pattern. Application of several banding techniques suggested a duplication of the most distal bands of both arms in the ring. The terminal end of 8q appeared to have been retained as could be shown by R-banding. The anaesthesia and surgery the mother underwent in the first month of her pregnancy is considered as a possible cause  of the chromosome abnormality.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 8 in a boy with multiple congenital abnormalities and mental retardation. A ring chromosome 8 was found in peripheral blood cells in a boy, whose chromosomes were studied because of multiple congenital anomalies. Examination of skin cells revealed a 46,XY/46,XY,8r pattern. Application of several banding techniques suggested a duplication of the most distal bands of both arms in the ring. The terminal end of 8q appeared to have been retained as could be shown by R-banding. The anaesthesia and surgery the mother underwent in the first month of her pregnancy is considered as a possible cause  of the chromosome abnormality.", "PMID": 604497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8574", "title": "An interstitial deletion of chromosome 9 in a girl with multiple congenital anomalies.", "content": "An infant with peculiar facies, coloboma of both eyes, and developmental retardation was found to have d de novo interstitial deletion of the secondary constriction and some adjacent euchromatin on one of her No. 9 chromosomes, del(9)(q11q21). Since studies on duplications, variants, and the molecular composition of the secondary constriction suggest that it contributes little if any information necessary to normal development, deletion of the euchromatin alone is most probably responsible for the clinical findings.", "contents": "An interstitial deletion of chromosome 9 in a girl with multiple congenital anomalies. An infant with peculiar facies, coloboma of both eyes, and developmental retardation was found to have d de novo interstitial deletion of the secondary constriction and some adjacent euchromatin on one of her No. 9 chromosomes, del(9)(q11q21). Since studies on duplications, variants, and the molecular composition of the secondary constriction suggest that it contributes little if any information necessary to normal development, deletion of the euchromatin alone is most probably responsible for the clinical findings.", "PMID": 604498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8575", "title": "Partial trisomy 8 (trisomy 8q2106 leads to 8qter).", "content": "A case of trisomy for part of the long arm of chromosome 8, confirmed by G-banding analysis, in a white male infant is described. The mother carried a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 8 and chromosome 13 (46,XX,t(8;13),(q21:q34). The patient had inherited the translocated chromosome 13 and was thus trisomic for the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 8. He had many of the clinical features of the full trisomy 8 syndrome. As compared with previously reported cases with trisomy of the distal end of chromosome 8, he was more dysmorphic and showed greater developmental retardation.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 8 (trisomy 8q2106 leads to 8qter). A case of trisomy for part of the long arm of chromosome 8, confirmed by G-banding analysis, in a white male infant is described. The mother carried a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 8 and chromosome 13 (46,XX,t(8;13),(q21:q34). The patient had inherited the translocated chromosome 13 and was thus trisomic for the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 8. He had many of the clinical features of the full trisomy 8 syndrome. As compared with previously reported cases with trisomy of the distal end of chromosome 8, he was more dysmorphic and showed greater developmental retardation.", "PMID": 604499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8576", "title": "Absence of distal interphalangeal fold causing difficulty in extending fingers.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl sought medical advice, saying that for two years it had been increasingly difficult for her to extend her little finger. An examination revealed that all her fingers, with the exception of her thumbs, had no interphalangeal fold. Her mother had less pronounced signs of the same type. This abnormality seemed to be the result of an autosomal gene with dominant transmission.", "contents": "Absence of distal interphalangeal fold causing difficulty in extending fingers. A 13-year-old girl sought medical advice, saying that for two years it had been increasingly difficult for her to extend her little finger. An examination revealed that all her fingers, with the exception of her thumbs, had no interphalangeal fold. Her mother had less pronounced signs of the same type. This abnormality seemed to be the result of an autosomal gene with dominant transmission.", "PMID": 604500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8577", "title": "Case report: an attendant-administered contingency management programme for the treatment of a toileting phobia.", "content": "A fifteen-year-old mentally retarded child, institutionalised for eleven years, displayed an intense fear of urinating in a toilet. As a result, he wet his pants at a frequent rate. In an attempt to eliminate this fear a variety of response-contingent consequences were programed (token reinforcement, social reinforcement, time-out). The effects of introducing structured contingencies resulted in a steady reduction in the frequency of pants wettings. During a follow-up phase of evaluation, when programmed contingencies were discontinued, the problem behaviour had been completely eliminated. At that time the child was initiating his own bathroom visits and toileting himself in an appropriate manner.", "contents": "Case report: an attendant-administered contingency management programme for the treatment of a toileting phobia. A fifteen-year-old mentally retarded child, institutionalised for eleven years, displayed an intense fear of urinating in a toilet. As a result, he wet his pants at a frequent rate. In an attempt to eliminate this fear a variety of response-contingent consequences were programed (token reinforcement, social reinforcement, time-out). The effects of introducing structured contingencies resulted in a steady reduction in the frequency of pants wettings. During a follow-up phase of evaluation, when programmed contingencies were discontinued, the problem behaviour had been completely eliminated. At that time the child was initiating his own bathroom visits and toileting himself in an appropriate manner.", "PMID": 604502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8578", "title": "A comparison of three intelligence tests for the assessment of mental retardation.", "content": "Thirty-six mentally retarded adolescents were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) to determine reliability and comparable performance among the three intelligence tests. Correlations as a function of IQ and MA, by sex, were computed among the three tests. All were significant (p less than .01), but the WISC and SIT had consistently higher relationships than any other comparisons on both IQ and MA. Analyses also indicated that the PPVT produced higher IQ scores than the WISC or SIT and that MA in the PPVT was influenced by the previous administration of the SIT. It was concluded that, as a screening device, the SIT is more reliable and approximates WISC scores more consistently than the PPVT.", "contents": "A comparison of three intelligence tests for the assessment of mental retardation. Thirty-six mentally retarded adolescents were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) to determine reliability and comparable performance among the three intelligence tests. Correlations as a function of IQ and MA, by sex, were computed among the three tests. All were significant (p less than .01), but the WISC and SIT had consistently higher relationships than any other comparisons on both IQ and MA. Analyses also indicated that the PPVT produced higher IQ scores than the WISC or SIT and that MA in the PPVT was influenced by the previous administration of the SIT. It was concluded that, as a screening device, the SIT is more reliable and approximates WISC scores more consistently than the PPVT.", "PMID": 604503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8579", "title": "Interchromosomal duplication for the short arm of chromosome no. 9: report of three cases due to a familial translocation t(9; 11) and one case with a de novo 47, XX, +9p karyotype.", "content": "Four cases of the 9p duplication syndrome are described. Three affected sibs resulted from a maternal t(9;11) translocation and have a duplication of the segment 9p13 leads to 9pter. They have the typical facies, hands and other features of the syndrome but are relatively mildly retarded. The fourth case has a de novo duplication of the short arm of chromosome 9. Her features are also typical although she is more retarded, particularly in expressive speech, than the other three individuals and had club feet. These observations further confirm the distinctive clinical features of this type of duplication, and support previous suggestions that the severity is roughly correlated with the length of the duplicated segment.", "contents": "Interchromosomal duplication for the short arm of chromosome no. 9: report of three cases due to a familial translocation t(9; 11) and one case with a de novo 47, XX, +9p karyotype. Four cases of the 9p duplication syndrome are described. Three affected sibs resulted from a maternal t(9;11) translocation and have a duplication of the segment 9p13 leads to 9pter. They have the typical facies, hands and other features of the syndrome but are relatively mildly retarded. The fourth case has a de novo duplication of the short arm of chromosome 9. Her features are also typical although she is more retarded, particularly in expressive speech, than the other three individuals and had club feet. These observations further confirm the distinctive clinical features of this type of duplication, and support previous suggestions that the severity is roughly correlated with the length of the duplicated segment.", "PMID": 604504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8580", "title": "Acute epiglottitis - 25 years' experience in management, The Montreal Children's Hospital.", "content": "Acute epiglottitis is the most treacherous inflammatory process that can affect the respiratory tract. It can be a cause of sudden death in children. The clinical features of this entity are reviewed and our experience with its management at The Montreal Children's Hospital during the past 25 years is presented. The establishment of a \"secure\" airway by tracheostomy and in recent years, by nasotracheal intubation has decreased to practically nil the mortality of children who arrive alive at this hospital with acute epiglottitis.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis - 25 years' experience in management, The Montreal Children's Hospital. Acute epiglottitis is the most treacherous inflammatory process that can affect the respiratory tract. It can be a cause of sudden death in children. The clinical features of this entity are reviewed and our experience with its management at The Montreal Children's Hospital during the past 25 years is presented. The establishment of a \"secure\" airway by tracheostomy and in recent years, by nasotracheal intubation has decreased to practically nil the mortality of children who arrive alive at this hospital with acute epiglottitis.", "PMID": 604513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8581", "title": "Newborn infant hearing screening - a five year pilot project.", "content": "The criteria for screening infants' hearing in the newborn nursery are reviewed. The problems encountered are discussed and a screening program outlined. Over 12,000 newborn infants were screened for hearing over a five year period and a total of eight were confirmed deaf - an incidence of one in 1,500 live births.", "contents": "Newborn infant hearing screening - a five year pilot project. The criteria for screening infants' hearing in the newborn nursery are reviewed. The problems encountered are discussed and a screening program outlined. Over 12,000 newborn infants were screened for hearing over a five year period and a total of eight were confirmed deaf - an incidence of one in 1,500 live births.", "PMID": 604514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8582", "title": "Acute epiglottitis in children - the morbidity of management by elective tracheostomy.", "content": "Acute epiglottitis is a pediatric airway emergency. No deaths occurred in 61 cases treated by elective tracheostomy at The Montreal Children's Hospital between 1966 and 1974. Seven patients (11.5%) showed evidence of aspiration pneumonia prior to tracheostomy and seven others developed pulmonary atelectasis in the first 24 hours following tracheostomy but only 9.8% of the total had a complication which continued in evidence 24 hours following surgery. A further 19.5% developed further complications unrelated to this earlier morbidity prior to discharge from hospital. The mean cannulation time was seven days and the mean hospital stay was nine days. Of these patients, 32 (52.4%) were seen between a year and seven-and-a-half years later. Twenty were completely asymptomatic with a small, neat scar. Twelve patients had experienced some upper respiratory problem or minor problems related to the tracheostomy incision.", "contents": "Acute epiglottitis in children - the morbidity of management by elective tracheostomy. Acute epiglottitis is a pediatric airway emergency. No deaths occurred in 61 cases treated by elective tracheostomy at The Montreal Children's Hospital between 1966 and 1974. Seven patients (11.5%) showed evidence of aspiration pneumonia prior to tracheostomy and seven others developed pulmonary atelectasis in the first 24 hours following tracheostomy but only 9.8% of the total had a complication which continued in evidence 24 hours following surgery. A further 19.5% developed further complications unrelated to this earlier morbidity prior to discharge from hospital. The mean cannulation time was seven days and the mean hospital stay was nine days. Of these patients, 32 (52.4%) were seen between a year and seven-and-a-half years later. Twenty were completely asymptomatic with a small, neat scar. Twelve patients had experienced some upper respiratory problem or minor problems related to the tracheostomy incision.", "PMID": 604515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8583", "title": "Facial palsy and regional trauma.", "content": "A 28 year old female with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome developed an acute, peripheral facial paralysis following mucosal biopsy of the ipsilateral upper lip. The sole, previous facial palsy had occurred 24 years earlier. Immunological and virological studies were non-contributory. The occurrence of facial palsy secondary to regional trauma is briefly reviewed, and the possible influence of autonomic dysfunction discussed.", "contents": "Facial palsy and regional trauma. A 28 year old female with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome developed an acute, peripheral facial paralysis following mucosal biopsy of the ipsilateral upper lip. The sole, previous facial palsy had occurred 24 years earlier. Immunological and virological studies were non-contributory. The occurrence of facial palsy secondary to regional trauma is briefly reviewed, and the possible influence of autonomic dysfunction discussed.", "PMID": 604516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8584", "title": "A method of percutaneous laryngeal electromyography.", "content": "A method of percutaneous laryngeal electromyography is described. The technique is simple, safe and it allows a sampling of muscles within the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal territories. The procedure can be performed on an out-patient basis in a conventional electromyography laboratory, and complications have not been encountered.", "contents": "A method of percutaneous laryngeal electromyography. A method of percutaneous laryngeal electromyography is described. The technique is simple, safe and it allows a sampling of muscles within the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal territories. The procedure can be performed on an out-patient basis in a conventional electromyography laboratory, and complications have not been encountered.", "PMID": 604517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8585", "title": "Laryngeal electromyography - techniques, applications, and a review of personal experience.", "content": "The techniques and observations of earlier authors on laryngeal electromyography are briefly reviewed. Our personal experience with the use of a percutaneous method in a series of 27 patients is described and discussed. The percutaneous technique is a simple, safe method and permits the examination to be performed on a routine out-patient basis. The presence of denervation, the degree of paralysis, evidence of recovery, can be readily obtained and this permits a more accurate assessment and prognosis to be made.", "contents": "Laryngeal electromyography - techniques, applications, and a review of personal experience. The techniques and observations of earlier authors on laryngeal electromyography are briefly reviewed. Our personal experience with the use of a percutaneous method in a series of 27 patients is described and discussed. The percutaneous technique is a simple, safe method and permits the examination to be performed on a routine out-patient basis. The presence of denervation, the degree of paralysis, evidence of recovery, can be readily obtained and this permits a more accurate assessment and prognosis to be made.", "PMID": 604518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8586", "title": "[Comparison between two current methods of surgical treatment for otosclerosis].", "content": "Statistical comparison is established between two methods of stapedectomy, the first one being the \"Teflon-interposition\", the second being Schuknecht's method (gelfoam and preformed wire). There is statistical evidence that the Teflon-interposition method is better. The results are also compared with those of other workers.", "contents": "[Comparison between two current methods of surgical treatment for otosclerosis]. Statistical comparison is established between two methods of stapedectomy, the first one being the \"Teflon-interposition\", the second being Schuknecht's method (gelfoam and preformed wire). There is statistical evidence that the Teflon-interposition method is better. The results are also compared with those of other workers.", "PMID": 604519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8587", "title": "Correlations between ultrastructural findings and electrocochleographic recordings in experimental aminoside intoxication.", "content": "Correlations are made between the electrocochleographic aspects and the ultrastructural findings in 60 guinea pigs intoxicated with either Gentamycin or Tobramycin. Small cochlear lesions are studied in order to identify the electrical aspect corresponding to the earliest anatomical cell alterations. The wave shape seems to be more important than the classical input-output functions as first signs of the inability of the organ of Corti to clear the aminoside antibiotics. The reversal of N1 and N2 and later the accentuation of P1, frequently correspond to early signs of cell intoxication such as disruption of the regular arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum and proliferation of lysosomes. A similar situation may obtain in humans intoxicated with aminosides.", "contents": "Correlations between ultrastructural findings and electrocochleographic recordings in experimental aminoside intoxication. Correlations are made between the electrocochleographic aspects and the ultrastructural findings in 60 guinea pigs intoxicated with either Gentamycin or Tobramycin. Small cochlear lesions are studied in order to identify the electrical aspect corresponding to the earliest anatomical cell alterations. The wave shape seems to be more important than the classical input-output functions as first signs of the inability of the organ of Corti to clear the aminoside antibiotics. The reversal of N1 and N2 and later the accentuation of P1, frequently correspond to early signs of cell intoxication such as disruption of the regular arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum and proliferation of lysosomes. A similar situation may obtain in humans intoxicated with aminosides.", "PMID": 604520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8588", "title": "Basic medical implications of scuba diving.", "content": "The rapid growth of scuba diving as a sport and the vast expansion of underwater exploration for energy has made it necessary for all physicians to become familiar with diving emergencies. The basic principles of scuba diving and related clinical implications are outlined to provide a more meaningful understanding of problems which may affect a diver.", "contents": "Basic medical implications of scuba diving. The rapid growth of scuba diving as a sport and the vast expansion of underwater exploration for energy has made it necessary for all physicians to become familiar with diving emergencies. The basic principles of scuba diving and related clinical implications are outlined to provide a more meaningful understanding of problems which may affect a diver.", "PMID": 604521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8589", "title": "Suppressing effects of purified eosinophils derived from guinea pigs sensitized with Ascaris antigen on lymphocyte-blastformation.", "content": "Highly purified eosinophil (EOS) fractions were obtained from peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs immunized with with Ascaris lumbricoides suum antigen (Asc). These Eos suppressed the in vitro DNA synthesis of the lymph node cells (LNC) sensitized with Asc and then activated by this antigen or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Although addition of Eos did not effect the viability of LNC in vitro, the blastformation of LNC was suppressed remarkably when 5-10 X 10(5) purified Eos were added to 10(6) LNC within 48 hr after the start of stimulation by Asc. The suppressive effects of Eos on the blastformation of LNC immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant with or without ovalbumin were observed when stimulated with purified protein derivates or ovalbumin. Such suppression were observed beyond the barrier of animal strain specificity; Eos from Hartley guinea pigs suppressed proliferation of LNC from either strain 13 or strain 2, and Eos from strain 13 suppressed that from strain 2. Such suppressing activity of Eos was reduced by heating them at 56 C for 1 hr or by sonication.", "contents": "Suppressing effects of purified eosinophils derived from guinea pigs sensitized with Ascaris antigen on lymphocyte-blastformation. Highly purified eosinophil (EOS) fractions were obtained from peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs immunized with with Ascaris lumbricoides suum antigen (Asc). These Eos suppressed the in vitro DNA synthesis of the lymph node cells (LNC) sensitized with Asc and then activated by this antigen or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Although addition of Eos did not effect the viability of LNC in vitro, the blastformation of LNC was suppressed remarkably when 5-10 X 10(5) purified Eos were added to 10(6) LNC within 48 hr after the start of stimulation by Asc. The suppressive effects of Eos on the blastformation of LNC immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant with or without ovalbumin were observed when stimulated with purified protein derivates or ovalbumin. Such suppression were observed beyond the barrier of animal strain specificity; Eos from Hartley guinea pigs suppressed proliferation of LNC from either strain 13 or strain 2, and Eos from strain 13 suppressed that from strain 2. Such suppressing activity of Eos was reduced by heating them at 56 C for 1 hr or by sonication.", "PMID": 604575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8590", "title": "Comparison of physical characteristics, body temperature and basal metabolism between Thai and Japanese in a neutral temperature zone.", "content": "The aim of this research is to compare the physical status, basal metabolism and some other physiological characteristics between native Thai in Bangkok, Thailand, and native Japanese in Japan, and discuss the results regarding acclimatization to tropical climate. Measurements of the Thai were made in September in Bangkok, while those of native Japanese were done in August at Nishinomiya (Japan). The subjects were adult males (20-22 years old) in both cases. Physically the Thai are generally a little shorter and more slender than Japanese in the mean value. The mean skinfold thickness for Thai was 8.4 mm, which is significantly less than that of Japanese (11.0 mm). The mean oral temperature measured under basal conditions was the same between both subject groups. The Thai showed a slightly lower basal metabolism per unit body surface, and mean skin temperature measured in a similar environmental condition was lower for Thai than for Japanese. The results of anthropometric measurements and physiological characteristics measured were discussed in view of physiology of acclimatization ot tropical climate.", "contents": "Comparison of physical characteristics, body temperature and basal metabolism between Thai and Japanese in a neutral temperature zone. The aim of this research is to compare the physical status, basal metabolism and some other physiological characteristics between native Thai in Bangkok, Thailand, and native Japanese in Japan, and discuss the results regarding acclimatization to tropical climate. Measurements of the Thai were made in September in Bangkok, while those of native Japanese were done in August at Nishinomiya (Japan). The subjects were adult males (20-22 years old) in both cases. Physically the Thai are generally a little shorter and more slender than Japanese in the mean value. The mean skinfold thickness for Thai was 8.4 mm, which is significantly less than that of Japanese (11.0 mm). The mean oral temperature measured under basal conditions was the same between both subject groups. The Thai showed a slightly lower basal metabolism per unit body surface, and mean skin temperature measured in a similar environmental condition was lower for Thai than for Japanese. The results of anthropometric measurements and physiological characteristics measured were discussed in view of physiology of acclimatization ot tropical climate.", "PMID": 604583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8591", "title": "Electrical potentials of the subtectorial space in the guinea pig cochlea.", "content": "Precipitation of cobalt ions and iontophoretic marking by Alcian Blue were utilized in examination of physiological properties of the subtectorial space in the guinea pig cochlea. Cobalt ions injected into the scala media were sulfurated and observed as a black precipitation in cross sections. Precipitation was seen on the upper and the lower surface of the tectorial membrane, and on the reticular membrane. Alcian Blue was the most suitable dye for marking in the organ of Corti. Recording sites of potentials in the subtectorial space were identified by Alcian Blue marking. The potentials were similar to those measured in the scala media. These facts verify that the subtectorial space communicates with the scala media through the outermost margin of the tectorial membrane. Thus the sensory hairs of hair cells are bathed in the endolymph of high potassium concentration, and the condition for optimum sensitivity of their receptor function is maintained.", "contents": "Electrical potentials of the subtectorial space in the guinea pig cochlea. Precipitation of cobalt ions and iontophoretic marking by Alcian Blue were utilized in examination of physiological properties of the subtectorial space in the guinea pig cochlea. Cobalt ions injected into the scala media were sulfurated and observed as a black precipitation in cross sections. Precipitation was seen on the upper and the lower surface of the tectorial membrane, and on the reticular membrane. Alcian Blue was the most suitable dye for marking in the organ of Corti. Recording sites of potentials in the subtectorial space were identified by Alcian Blue marking. The potentials were similar to those measured in the scala media. These facts verify that the subtectorial space communicates with the scala media through the outermost margin of the tectorial membrane. Thus the sensory hairs of hair cells are bathed in the endolymph of high potassium concentration, and the condition for optimum sensitivity of their receptor function is maintained.", "PMID": 604584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8592", "title": "Mobilization of cellular calcium and contraction-relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "In order to clarify the Ca2+ mediated regulatory mechanism of vascular smooth muscle, the correlation between Ca2+ movements in the cell and mechanical response was investigated using isolated rat aorta and bovine basilar artery. K+ induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle required Ca2+ in the medium, and the contraction was always associated with a large increase in Ca2+ influx. In the absence of external Ca2+, norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5HT) induced rapid contraction of the aorta and basilar artery, respectively. Caffeine (20 mM) also induced tension in the absence of Ca2+. The results obtained in these experiments suggest that at least four kinds of calcium exist in bound from in the cell, i. e., (1) loosely and (2) tightly bound calcium on the external surface of the cell membrane, (3) calcium localized in the internal surface of the cell membrane and (4) calcium stored in the intracellular store site, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The intracellulary stored calcium, both (3) and (4), which can be mobilized by the action of certain drugs (NE, 5HT or caffeine), probably plays an important role for the regulation of the mechanical activity of vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Mobilization of cellular calcium and contraction-relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. In order to clarify the Ca2+ mediated regulatory mechanism of vascular smooth muscle, the correlation between Ca2+ movements in the cell and mechanical response was investigated using isolated rat aorta and bovine basilar artery. K+ induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle required Ca2+ in the medium, and the contraction was always associated with a large increase in Ca2+ influx. In the absence of external Ca2+, norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5HT) induced rapid contraction of the aorta and basilar artery, respectively. Caffeine (20 mM) also induced tension in the absence of Ca2+. The results obtained in these experiments suggest that at least four kinds of calcium exist in bound from in the cell, i. e., (1) loosely and (2) tightly bound calcium on the external surface of the cell membrane, (3) calcium localized in the internal surface of the cell membrane and (4) calcium stored in the intracellular store site, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The intracellulary stored calcium, both (3) and (4), which can be mobilized by the action of certain drugs (NE, 5HT or caffeine), probably plays an important role for the regulation of the mechanical activity of vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 604585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8593", "title": "Cardiac arrhythmia induced by electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in cats.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus produced a pressor response with cardiac arrhythmia in cats. The arrhythmic response was abolished by tetrodotoxin (3 microgram/kg, i.v.), atropine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or vagotomy, and suppressed slightly by propranolol or verapamil (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.). It was not abolished by the carotid sinus nerve section. The effects of the drug suggest that arrhythmia seems to be due to an interplay of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences with the latter effect predominating. The pressor and arrhythmic response to stimulation of the fastigial nucleus was increased by stimulation, and decreased by lesion of the posterior hypothalamus, indicating that some connection between the two structures exists.", "contents": "Cardiac arrhythmia induced by electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in cats. Electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus produced a pressor response with cardiac arrhythmia in cats. The arrhythmic response was abolished by tetrodotoxin (3 microgram/kg, i.v.), atropine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or vagotomy, and suppressed slightly by propranolol or verapamil (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.). It was not abolished by the carotid sinus nerve section. The effects of the drug suggest that arrhythmia seems to be due to an interplay of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences with the latter effect predominating. The pressor and arrhythmic response to stimulation of the fastigial nucleus was increased by stimulation, and decreased by lesion of the posterior hypothalamus, indicating that some connection between the two structures exists.", "PMID": 604586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8594", "title": "The effect of Na, K and Cl ions on the resting membrane potential of sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit.", "content": "The resting membrane potential of S-A node cell was investigated by observing the response of the membrane potential to change in [K+]O or [Cl-]O under the presence or absence of Na ion. The slope of the change in membrane potential per decade change in [K+]O increased from 12.3 to 44 mV by removal of Na ion from the external medium, suggesting an extensive contribution of Na ion to the resting membrane potential. To determine the relative conductance between Na and K ions, Cl ion in Tyrode solution was substituted with SCN ion, which is 2.1 times more permeable than Cl ion, in order to eliminate the contribution of Cl concentration cell to the resting membrane potential. The contribution of the Cl ion to the resting membrane potential could be examined only in Na-free medium. Acetate ion has been reported to be 0.5 times less permeable than Cl ion. The replacement of Cl ion by acetate ion in various proportions caused a transient depolarization. The slope of this transient depolarization per decade change of [Cl-]O between 10 to 100 mM was determined to be -6.8mV. Under the assumption that the resting membrane potential could be determined by the parallel concnetration cells for Na, K and Cl, relative conductance ratio between K, Na and Cl was calculated to be 1:0.58:0.15.", "contents": "The effect of Na, K and Cl ions on the resting membrane potential of sino-atrial node cell of the rabbit. The resting membrane potential of S-A node cell was investigated by observing the response of the membrane potential to change in [K+]O or [Cl-]O under the presence or absence of Na ion. The slope of the change in membrane potential per decade change in [K+]O increased from 12.3 to 44 mV by removal of Na ion from the external medium, suggesting an extensive contribution of Na ion to the resting membrane potential. To determine the relative conductance between Na and K ions, Cl ion in Tyrode solution was substituted with SCN ion, which is 2.1 times more permeable than Cl ion, in order to eliminate the contribution of Cl concentration cell to the resting membrane potential. The contribution of the Cl ion to the resting membrane potential could be examined only in Na-free medium. Acetate ion has been reported to be 0.5 times less permeable than Cl ion. The replacement of Cl ion by acetate ion in various proportions caused a transient depolarization. The slope of this transient depolarization per decade change of [Cl-]O between 10 to 100 mM was determined to be -6.8mV. Under the assumption that the resting membrane potential could be determined by the parallel concnetration cells for Na, K and Cl, relative conductance ratio between K, Na and Cl was calculated to be 1:0.58:0.15.", "PMID": 604587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8595", "title": "Effects of norepinephrine on uptake and oxidation of plasma free fatty acids in cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "In order to know the mode of action of norepinephrine in enhanced utilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in cold acclimation, albumin-bound 14C-palmitate was infused intravenously at a constant rate into cold- and warm-acclimated rats under pentobarbital anesthesia with and without norepinephrine infusion. Rectal temperature, CO2 output and plasma FFA, from which the rates of FFA uptake and oxidation were calculated, were determined simultaneously. Similar fractions, that is, 7 and 5% of the total uptake of plasma FFA by the tissue were immediately oxidized in both cold- and warm-acclimated rats, respectively. Norepinephrine infusion caused a significant increase in all the parameters examined. In addition, during hormone infusion the percentage of FFA uptake oxidized was elevated from 22% in control to 50% in cold-acclimated rats. This increment was accompanied with greater increases in rectal temperature and CO2 output. Similarly, in functionally eviscerated cold-acclimated rats, norepinephrine induced a greater increase in the percentage of FFA uptake oxidized than in eviscerated controls. These results indicate that although the FFA uptake was increased simultaneously norepinephrine infusion casued a more marked acceleration of the oxidation of plasma FFA in the cold-acclimated rats than in control rats.", "contents": "Effects of norepinephrine on uptake and oxidation of plasma free fatty acids in cold-acclimated rats. In order to know the mode of action of norepinephrine in enhanced utilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in cold acclimation, albumin-bound 14C-palmitate was infused intravenously at a constant rate into cold- and warm-acclimated rats under pentobarbital anesthesia with and without norepinephrine infusion. Rectal temperature, CO2 output and plasma FFA, from which the rates of FFA uptake and oxidation were calculated, were determined simultaneously. Similar fractions, that is, 7 and 5% of the total uptake of plasma FFA by the tissue were immediately oxidized in both cold- and warm-acclimated rats, respectively. Norepinephrine infusion caused a significant increase in all the parameters examined. In addition, during hormone infusion the percentage of FFA uptake oxidized was elevated from 22% in control to 50% in cold-acclimated rats. This increment was accompanied with greater increases in rectal temperature and CO2 output. Similarly, in functionally eviscerated cold-acclimated rats, norepinephrine induced a greater increase in the percentage of FFA uptake oxidized than in eviscerated controls. These results indicate that although the FFA uptake was increased simultaneously norepinephrine infusion casued a more marked acceleration of the oxidation of plasma FFA in the cold-acclimated rats than in control rats.", "PMID": 604588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8596", "title": "Properties of excitable sites in the squid axon membrane as revealed by use of chemical stimulants and a spectrum analyzer.", "content": "Properties of the excitable sites in the squid axon membrane were studied by using various chemical stimulants and a real-time spectrum analyzer. Intact squid axons immersed in media with a reduced divalent cation concentration develop very small electric responses (1-30 micronV in amplitude) which repeat at more-or-less regular intervals. The frequency of repetition of these miniature responses falls when the temperature of the axon is lowered. Replacement of a small fraction of the external Na-ion with K-ion is a powerful means of generating miniature responses. Passage of an outwardly directed current through the axonal membrane also evokes miniature responses. This effect of an electric current is attributed to a transport of intracellular K-ion into the axonal membrane. The results of the effects of external application of the salts of Li-, Rb- and Cs-ion indicate that the ability of alkali metal ions to induce miniature response falls in the following order: K, Rb is greater than Cs is greater than Na is greater than Li.", "contents": "Properties of excitable sites in the squid axon membrane as revealed by use of chemical stimulants and a spectrum analyzer. Properties of the excitable sites in the squid axon membrane were studied by using various chemical stimulants and a real-time spectrum analyzer. Intact squid axons immersed in media with a reduced divalent cation concentration develop very small electric responses (1-30 micronV in amplitude) which repeat at more-or-less regular intervals. The frequency of repetition of these miniature responses falls when the temperature of the axon is lowered. Replacement of a small fraction of the external Na-ion with K-ion is a powerful means of generating miniature responses. Passage of an outwardly directed current through the axonal membrane also evokes miniature responses. This effect of an electric current is attributed to a transport of intracellular K-ion into the axonal membrane. The results of the effects of external application of the salts of Li-, Rb- and Cs-ion indicate that the ability of alkali metal ions to induce miniature response falls in the following order: K, Rb is greater than Cs is greater than Na is greater than Li.", "PMID": 604590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8597", "title": "[Acute and chronic influences of transection of extrinsic nerves on extension of the strip of dog's stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "25 adult dogs for acute experiments and 15 for chronic experiments in 3 months after transection of extrinsic nerves were employed under Nembutal anesthesia. The strip preparation which had been made on gastric corpus and had maintained innervation and blood supply was stretched by means of a poise load of 10 g, 20 g and 30g every 1 minute. The length of extension of strip was measured at an interval of 10 seconds till 1 minute at every load. On the rate of extension, the load/length of extension and the length of extension/time were investigated. The length of extension had a tendency to become shorter and its slope descended slowly after vagotomy or splanchnicotomy compared to the intact one. These facts were obtained on both acute and chronic experiments. It may be concluded that the transection of both extrinsic nerves supplied to the stomach produced the elevation of intragastric pressure.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic influences of transection of extrinsic nerves on extension of the strip of dog's stomach (author's transl)]. 25 adult dogs for acute experiments and 15 for chronic experiments in 3 months after transection of extrinsic nerves were employed under Nembutal anesthesia. The strip preparation which had been made on gastric corpus and had maintained innervation and blood supply was stretched by means of a poise load of 10 g, 20 g and 30g every 1 minute. The length of extension of strip was measured at an interval of 10 seconds till 1 minute at every load. On the rate of extension, the load/length of extension and the length of extension/time were investigated. The length of extension had a tendency to become shorter and its slope descended slowly after vagotomy or splanchnicotomy compared to the intact one. These facts were obtained on both acute and chronic experiments. It may be concluded that the transection of both extrinsic nerves supplied to the stomach produced the elevation of intragastric pressure.", "PMID": 604591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8598", "title": "[The motility of the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) motility have been mainly studied by intraluminal manometry. However, it is not suitable for continuous measurement of LES pressure. With extraluminal force transducers developed and constracted in our laboratory, we measured changes in contractile activity of the LES. Three anesthetized mongrel dogs were used for preliminary experiment. A transducer was sutured on the serosal surface of the LES immediately inferior to the phrenoesophageal membrane. A catheter with a side hole was simultaneously passed into the stomach through a mouth so that the side hole was anchored at the highest pressure zone of the gastroesophageal junction. It was found that dose-related changes in motor activity of the LES to pentagastrin were obtained by both methods. This result indicate changes obtained by transducers represent those in intraluminal pressure measured manometory. Transducers were chronically implanted on the LES and the gastric body and antrum to record changes in contractile activity in conscious state. It was found that a group of contractions lasting for 25 +/- 2.5 min occurred at regular intervals of quiescence until next meal. Furthermore, these motor increase precisely coincided with the interdigestive contractions of the stomach.", "contents": "[The motility of the lower esophageal sphincter (author's transl)]. Changes in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) motility have been mainly studied by intraluminal manometry. However, it is not suitable for continuous measurement of LES pressure. With extraluminal force transducers developed and constracted in our laboratory, we measured changes in contractile activity of the LES. Three anesthetized mongrel dogs were used for preliminary experiment. A transducer was sutured on the serosal surface of the LES immediately inferior to the phrenoesophageal membrane. A catheter with a side hole was simultaneously passed into the stomach through a mouth so that the side hole was anchored at the highest pressure zone of the gastroesophageal junction. It was found that dose-related changes in motor activity of the LES to pentagastrin were obtained by both methods. This result indicate changes obtained by transducers represent those in intraluminal pressure measured manometory. Transducers were chronically implanted on the LES and the gastric body and antrum to record changes in contractile activity in conscious state. It was found that a group of contractions lasting for 25 +/- 2.5 min occurred at regular intervals of quiescence until next meal. Furthermore, these motor increase precisely coincided with the interdigestive contractions of the stomach.", "PMID": 604593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8599", "title": "Quantitative analysis of renal medullary anatomy in rats and rabbits.", "content": "The mean renal tubular diameters, number of tubules per unit of cross-sectional area, and fraction of the total volume occupied by each medullary structure were determined at various levels of the renal medulla of the rat and rabbit. Statistical estimates of anatomic variables were made using spatial sampling techniques on histologic sections. Osmotic diuresis and renal venous occlusion were used to allow fixation of renal tubules and blood vessels in an open state. The distribution of volume fractions of medullary structures are similar in rats and rabbits. Diameters of outer medullary tubular segments and inner medullary thin limbs of Henle are also similar in rats and rabbits. Marked differences between rats and rabbits, however, are seen in the size and number of collecting ducts in the inner medulla. Rabbit inner medullary collecting ducts increase in diameter and decrease in number in the papillary direction relatively closer to the cortex than do those of the rat. Luminal diameters of papillary collecting ducts are more than twice as great in the rabbit as in the rat. An additional finding was that short loops of Henle in the rabbit have their bends relatively closer to the cortex than those of the rat. The quantitative anatomic data derived in this study, when combined through mathematical modeling with knowledge of transport properties of renal tubular membranes, should lead to a clearer understanding of renal function.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of renal medullary anatomy in rats and rabbits. The mean renal tubular diameters, number of tubules per unit of cross-sectional area, and fraction of the total volume occupied by each medullary structure were determined at various levels of the renal medulla of the rat and rabbit. Statistical estimates of anatomic variables were made using spatial sampling techniques on histologic sections. Osmotic diuresis and renal venous occlusion were used to allow fixation of renal tubules and blood vessels in an open state. The distribution of volume fractions of medullary structures are similar in rats and rabbits. Diameters of outer medullary tubular segments and inner medullary thin limbs of Henle are also similar in rats and rabbits. Marked differences between rats and rabbits, however, are seen in the size and number of collecting ducts in the inner medulla. Rabbit inner medullary collecting ducts increase in diameter and decrease in number in the papillary direction relatively closer to the cortex than do those of the rat. Luminal diameters of papillary collecting ducts are more than twice as great in the rabbit as in the rat. An additional finding was that short loops of Henle in the rabbit have their bends relatively closer to the cortex than those of the rat. The quantitative anatomic data derived in this study, when combined through mathematical modeling with knowledge of transport properties of renal tubular membranes, should lead to a clearer understanding of renal function.", "PMID": 604620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8600", "title": "Electrical characteristics of the mammalian distal tubule: Comparison of Ling-Gerard and macroelectrodes.", "content": "Studies were performed to 1) systematically compare Ling-Gerard microelectrodes and electrodes with large tips (3 to 5 mu O.D.) in the measurement of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) in the mammalian distal tubule and 2) to examine the sign and magnitude of the transepithelial PD along the length of the distal tubule. Recordings made with the tips of both types of electrodes placed together in the same tubule segment demonstrated no difference in transepithelial PD. Rapid influx of tubular fluid into the macroelectrode, however, was found to depolarize the tubular membrane, as recorded by both types of electrodes simultaneously. Technical critera were therefore established to prevent rapid influx of fluid and efflux of potassium chloride, filling the electrode, in the use of exploring electrodes with large tips. The sign of the transepithelial PD in early distal tubule was found to be negative and averaged -17.7 +/- 9.4 (mean +/- SEM) in Sprague-Dawley rats and approximately -12 mV in Wistar-Munich rats. The site of puncture was identified by dye transit time rate, microdissection, and cell morphology. The transepithelial PD increased along the length of the distal tubule and averaged -41.9 +/- 8.5 in the last portion accessible to examination.", "contents": "Electrical characteristics of the mammalian distal tubule: Comparison of Ling-Gerard and macroelectrodes. Studies were performed to 1) systematically compare Ling-Gerard microelectrodes and electrodes with large tips (3 to 5 mu O.D.) in the measurement of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) in the mammalian distal tubule and 2) to examine the sign and magnitude of the transepithelial PD along the length of the distal tubule. Recordings made with the tips of both types of electrodes placed together in the same tubule segment demonstrated no difference in transepithelial PD. Rapid influx of tubular fluid into the macroelectrode, however, was found to depolarize the tubular membrane, as recorded by both types of electrodes simultaneously. Technical critera were therefore established to prevent rapid influx of fluid and efflux of potassium chloride, filling the electrode, in the use of exploring electrodes with large tips. The sign of the transepithelial PD in early distal tubule was found to be negative and averaged -17.7 +/- 9.4 (mean +/- SEM) in Sprague-Dawley rats and approximately -12 mV in Wistar-Munich rats. The site of puncture was identified by dye transit time rate, microdissection, and cell morphology. The transepithelial PD increased along the length of the distal tubule and averaged -41.9 +/- 8.5 in the last portion accessible to examination.", "PMID": 604621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8601", "title": "Mechanisms of the defect in glomerular ultrafiltration associated with gentamicin administration.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were performed in three groups of Munich-Wistar rats: eight normal hydropenic controls (group I) and two groups (eight rats each) which were treated with gentamicin in doses of either 4 or 40 mg/kg/day for ten days (groups II and III, respectively). Following gentamicin administration, values for single nephron (SN) GFR were reduced markedly, from the control mean of 31 +/- 0.7 (SEM) nl/min to 22.4 +/- 1.5 and 20.5 +/- 0.9 for groups II and III, respectively. Declines in whole kidney GFR paralleled these falls in SNGFR. The primary cause of the reduction in SNGFR was a marked decline in glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, in both gentamicin treatment groups. None of the other determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration were significantly affected in the low dose group (group II). In the high dose group (group III), however, mean values for initial glomerular plasma flow rate and mean transglomerular hydraulic pressure difference were significantly lower than in the control group, accounting for the somewhat greater decline in SNGFR observed in group III. Electron microscopic examination of kidney tissue from rats treated with both doses of gentamicin revealed no obvious abnormalities of the glomerular capillary wall, whereas the previously described morphologic aberrations of proximal convoluted tubule cells were readily demonstrable.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the defect in glomerular ultrafiltration associated with gentamicin administration. Micropuncture studies were performed in three groups of Munich-Wistar rats: eight normal hydropenic controls (group I) and two groups (eight rats each) which were treated with gentamicin in doses of either 4 or 40 mg/kg/day for ten days (groups II and III, respectively). Following gentamicin administration, values for single nephron (SN) GFR were reduced markedly, from the control mean of 31 +/- 0.7 (SEM) nl/min to 22.4 +/- 1.5 and 20.5 +/- 0.9 for groups II and III, respectively. Declines in whole kidney GFR paralleled these falls in SNGFR. The primary cause of the reduction in SNGFR was a marked decline in glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, in both gentamicin treatment groups. None of the other determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration were significantly affected in the low dose group (group II). In the high dose group (group III), however, mean values for initial glomerular plasma flow rate and mean transglomerular hydraulic pressure difference were significantly lower than in the control group, accounting for the somewhat greater decline in SNGFR observed in group III. Electron microscopic examination of kidney tissue from rats treated with both doses of gentamicin revealed no obvious abnormalities of the glomerular capillary wall, whereas the previously described morphologic aberrations of proximal convoluted tubule cells were readily demonstrable.", "PMID": 604623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8602", "title": "Tetracycline fluorescence in uremic and primary hyperparathyroid bone.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with end-stage renal disease, nine of whom were receiving pharmacologic doses of vitamin D, and seventeen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent bone biopsy following a three-day course of tetracycline administration. The mean width of the fluorescent tetracycline bands were significantly greater in the bones of patients with uremia than in those with primary hyperparathyroidism. This difference was due to wide labels present in the patients with uremia who had not been treated with vitamin D, as no differences existed in mean label widths of patients with uremia who had received this compound and the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Comparison of the maximum label widths distinguished not only primary hyperparathyroid patients from those with uremia, but uremic patients who had recieved vitamin D from those who had not been so treated. Quantitative microscopy of standard, nonfluorescent histologic features failed to make this latter distinction. These data are consistent with the presence of a wide zone of instantaneously fluorescing material in uremic bone following tetracycline administration, which does not relate to bone apposition occurring during antibiotic administration. This phenomenon probably represents a delay in mineral maturation which is normalized by vitamin D. Furthermore, it is apparent that the use of a continuously administered (single) tetracycline label will result in an overestimation of bone formation rates, particularly in osteomalacic states.", "contents": "Tetracycline fluorescence in uremic and primary hyperparathyroid bone. Twenty-five patients with end-stage renal disease, nine of whom were receiving pharmacologic doses of vitamin D, and seventeen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent bone biopsy following a three-day course of tetracycline administration. The mean width of the fluorescent tetracycline bands were significantly greater in the bones of patients with uremia than in those with primary hyperparathyroidism. This difference was due to wide labels present in the patients with uremia who had not been treated with vitamin D, as no differences existed in mean label widths of patients with uremia who had received this compound and the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Comparison of the maximum label widths distinguished not only primary hyperparathyroid patients from those with uremia, but uremic patients who had recieved vitamin D from those who had not been so treated. Quantitative microscopy of standard, nonfluorescent histologic features failed to make this latter distinction. These data are consistent with the presence of a wide zone of instantaneously fluorescing material in uremic bone following tetracycline administration, which does not relate to bone apposition occurring during antibiotic administration. This phenomenon probably represents a delay in mineral maturation which is normalized by vitamin D. Furthermore, it is apparent that the use of a continuously administered (single) tetracycline label will result in an overestimation of bone formation rates, particularly in osteomalacic states.", "PMID": 604625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8603", "title": "Electromicroscopic study of histoid leprosy with special reference to its histogenesis.", "content": "Biopsies from 2 patients clinically diagnosed and confirmed by histopathological studies as histoid leprosy were examined using and electronmicroscope. The cells that form the nodule are found to contain far more solid bacilli and much less electron transparent substance than those in lepromatous lesions. They have the characteristics of both macrophages and fibroblasts. It is reasonable to conclude that they are histiocytes produced by local multiplication in response to stimulation by rapidly proliferating M. leprae rather than from accumulation of blood monocytes at the site of inflammation as lepromatous lesions.", "contents": "Electromicroscopic study of histoid leprosy with special reference to its histogenesis. Biopsies from 2 patients clinically diagnosed and confirmed by histopathological studies as histoid leprosy were examined using and electronmicroscope. The cells that form the nodule are found to contain far more solid bacilli and much less electron transparent substance than those in lepromatous lesions. They have the characteristics of both macrophages and fibroblasts. It is reasonable to conclude that they are histiocytes produced by local multiplication in response to stimulation by rapidly proliferating M. leprae rather than from accumulation of blood monocytes at the site of inflammation as lepromatous lesions.", "PMID": 604655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8604", "title": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. I. Thyroid function tests.", "content": "Twenty six patients of different types of leprosy were studied for radio active iodine uptake (I131) and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). None of the patients had clinical evidence of thyroid involvement. No significant difference was found between the values obtained in patients and normals and in different varieties of leprosy.", "contents": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. I. Thyroid function tests. Twenty six patients of different types of leprosy were studied for radio active iodine uptake (I131) and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). None of the patients had clinical evidence of thyroid involvement. No significant difference was found between the values obtained in patients and normals and in different varieties of leprosy.", "PMID": 604656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8605", "title": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. II. Histopathology of the thyroid.", "content": "Open thyroid biopsies from seven patients of bacilliferous leprosy were studied for leprous granuloma or amyloid deposition. None of the patients had clinical evidence of thyroid involvement. Histopathology did not reveal any specific abnormality.", "contents": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in leprosy. II. Histopathology of the thyroid. Open thyroid biopsies from seven patients of bacilliferous leprosy were studied for leprous granuloma or amyloid deposition. None of the patients had clinical evidence of thyroid involvement. Histopathology did not reveal any specific abnormality.", "PMID": 604657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8606", "title": "Fatal proliferative glomerulonephritis in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "A patient of lepromatous leprosy with recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum developing acute renal failure proving fatal within 8 weeks is reported. The renal lesion demonstrated acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Its pathogenesis in relation to ENL is discussed.", "contents": "Fatal proliferative glomerulonephritis in lepromatous leprosy. A patient of lepromatous leprosy with recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum developing acute renal failure proving fatal within 8 weeks is reported. The renal lesion demonstrated acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. Its pathogenesis in relation to ENL is discussed.", "PMID": 604658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8607", "title": "Polambakkam splint for treatment of plantar ulcer in leprosy.", "content": "An open type of short leg splint is described and illustrated for the treatment of plantar ulcer in leprosy. Its fabrication, method of application, advantages and disadvantages are discussed as compared to the other methods of immobilisation. In our short experience we have found that with the use of this splint, ulcers heal in a period of about 6 weeks and in many cases even earlier than this period.", "contents": "Polambakkam splint for treatment of plantar ulcer in leprosy. An open type of short leg splint is described and illustrated for the treatment of plantar ulcer in leprosy. Its fabrication, method of application, advantages and disadvantages are discussed as compared to the other methods of immobilisation. In our short experience we have found that with the use of this splint, ulcers heal in a period of about 6 weeks and in many cases even earlier than this period.", "PMID": 604660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8608", "title": "Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units during speech production.", "content": "Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units (MUs) in the anterior belly of digastric were studied during speech in three subjects, using electrodes facilitating selective recording at high force levels. Fixed recruitment order was observed in over 99% of all comparisons. Later recruited units invariably possessed muscle action potentials of higher amplitude, suggesting that units were activated in accordance with the \"size principle.\" Additional evidence for this was that later recruited units, of a set of three studied during speech, motor unit training, and isometric force ramps, showed greater sensitivity to input, and greater dynamic range than earlier recruited units. Units in this set were much more sensitive to rapid changes in input associated with speech gestures than to static activation even at high force levels. Several significant relations between discharge characteristics and aspects of movement dynamics were observed, including relations between (1) recruitment interval (MU1 to MU3) and latency of mandibular lowering, (2) onset of initial discharge of MU1 and relative mechanical advantage of the mandible, (3) number of MUs active and velocity and displacement of the mandible, and (4) discharge rate of MU3 and velocity and displacement of the mandible.", "contents": "Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units during speech production. Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units (MUs) in the anterior belly of digastric were studied during speech in three subjects, using electrodes facilitating selective recording at high force levels. Fixed recruitment order was observed in over 99% of all comparisons. Later recruited units invariably possessed muscle action potentials of higher amplitude, suggesting that units were activated in accordance with the \"size principle.\" Additional evidence for this was that later recruited units, of a set of three studied during speech, motor unit training, and isometric force ramps, showed greater sensitivity to input, and greater dynamic range than earlier recruited units. Units in this set were much more sensitive to rapid changes in input associated with speech gestures than to static activation even at high force levels. Several significant relations between discharge characteristics and aspects of movement dynamics were observed, including relations between (1) recruitment interval (MU1 to MU3) and latency of mandibular lowering, (2) onset of initial discharge of MU1 and relative mechanical advantage of the mandible, (3) number of MUs active and velocity and displacement of the mandible, and (4) discharge rate of MU3 and velocity and displacement of the mandible.", "PMID": 604676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8609", "title": "Contextual-coarticulatory inconsistency of /r/ misarticulation.", "content": "Ten children who misarticulated /r/ participated in a task designed to survey inconsistent misarticulatory behavior. Children repeated 51 sentences during each of three trials. All sentences contained a single occurrence of an allophone of /r/ in systematically permuted, lexically constrained (LC) or nonlexically constrained (NLC) CrV contexts or nonlexically constrained (NLC) contexts. Results suggested that reliable judgment procedures were employed and that a high degree of internal consistency was present for the sentence repetition task. All children demonstrated inconsistent misarticulation of the target phonemes. Target allophones, in order of least to more often correctly produced, were (NCL) [r], (LC) [r], and (NLC). Correct production of [r] within NLC contexts occurred more frequently when preceded by /k/ and when followed by the vowels /i/, /ae/, and /u/. The target allophone [r] in LC clusters was produced correctly more often within /k/ and /t/ contexts than in /p/ contexts. Vocalic was produced correctly more often within and contexts than when in others in which /k/, /n/, /t/, and /p/ were permuted. Data suggest that certain anticipatory and carry-over coarticulatory variables result in positive influences during inconsistent misarticulatory behavior.", "contents": "Contextual-coarticulatory inconsistency of /r/ misarticulation. Ten children who misarticulated /r/ participated in a task designed to survey inconsistent misarticulatory behavior. Children repeated 51 sentences during each of three trials. All sentences contained a single occurrence of an allophone of /r/ in systematically permuted, lexically constrained (LC) or nonlexically constrained (NLC) CrV contexts or nonlexically constrained (NLC) contexts. Results suggested that reliable judgment procedures were employed and that a high degree of internal consistency was present for the sentence repetition task. All children demonstrated inconsistent misarticulation of the target phonemes. Target allophones, in order of least to more often correctly produced, were (NCL) [r], (LC) [r], and (NLC). Correct production of [r] within NLC contexts occurred more frequently when preceded by /k/ and when followed by the vowels /i/, /ae/, and /u/. The target allophone [r] in LC clusters was produced correctly more often within /k/ and /t/ contexts than in /p/ contexts. Vocalic was produced correctly more often within and contexts than when in others in which /k/, /n/, /t/, and /p/ were permuted. Data suggest that certain anticipatory and carry-over coarticulatory variables result in positive influences during inconsistent misarticulatory behavior.", "PMID": 604677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8610", "title": "Subjective evaluation of articulatory effort.", "content": "Thirty-two adult speakers repeated pairs of CV syllables, each embedded in a carrier phrase, and designated the consonant member of the pair they believed required more articulatory effort. The task was performed under three speaking conditions (1) normal conversational speech, (2) whispered speech, and (3) pantomimed speech. Voicing and fricative manner of production appeared to be related to judgments of greater articulatory effort. Highly consistent responses across the three speaking conditions suggest other psychological factors to which subjects respond during conditions of normal as well as subvocal modes of speaking. Analyses yielded significant correlations between articulatory effort responses and current data concerning children's phonological acquisition, children's phoneme substitution patterns, and frequency of occurrence of consonants in conversational English.", "contents": "Subjective evaluation of articulatory effort. Thirty-two adult speakers repeated pairs of CV syllables, each embedded in a carrier phrase, and designated the consonant member of the pair they believed required more articulatory effort. The task was performed under three speaking conditions (1) normal conversational speech, (2) whispered speech, and (3) pantomimed speech. Voicing and fricative manner of production appeared to be related to judgments of greater articulatory effort. Highly consistent responses across the three speaking conditions suggest other psychological factors to which subjects respond during conditions of normal as well as subvocal modes of speaking. Analyses yielded significant correlations between articulatory effort responses and current data concerning children's phonological acquisition, children's phoneme substitution patterns, and frequency of occurrence of consonants in conversational English.", "PMID": 604678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8611", "title": "Calibration force levels for bone conduction vibrators.", "content": "Two bone conduction vibrators (Radioear B71 and B72) and a headband (Radioear P-3333) have been developed to meet specifications of both the International Electrotechnical Commission and the American National Standard Institute. Pure-tone thresholds for air conduction and bone conduction were obtained from 24 normal-hearing young adults at audiometric frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz. Results of this study are in good agreement with the standard air conduction threshold sound pressure levels (ANSI) and with bone conduction threshold force levels reported in the literature.", "contents": "Calibration force levels for bone conduction vibrators. Two bone conduction vibrators (Radioear B71 and B72) and a headband (Radioear P-3333) have been developed to meet specifications of both the International Electrotechnical Commission and the American National Standard Institute. Pure-tone thresholds for air conduction and bone conduction were obtained from 24 normal-hearing young adults at audiometric frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz. Results of this study are in good agreement with the standard air conduction threshold sound pressure levels (ANSI) and with bone conduction threshold force levels reported in the literature.", "PMID": 604679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8612", "title": "Laryngeal behavior during stuttering.", "content": "Laryngeal behavior associated with 101 stutterings (part-work repetitions, sound prolongations, and broken words) produced by a group of 10 stutterers was observed by means of a flexible fiberoptic naso-laryngoscope. Results indicated that 60% of part-word repetitions were different from fluent productions of the same speech segment in terms of laryngeal behavior, and 72% of sound prolongations were similar to fluent productions of the same speech segment. Findings indicate that there are differences in laryngeal behavior among the various types of stutterings.", "contents": "Laryngeal behavior during stuttering. Laryngeal behavior associated with 101 stutterings (part-work repetitions, sound prolongations, and broken words) produced by a group of 10 stutterers was observed by means of a flexible fiberoptic naso-laryngoscope. Results indicated that 60% of part-word repetitions were different from fluent productions of the same speech segment in terms of laryngeal behavior, and 72% of sound prolongations were similar to fluent productions of the same speech segment. Findings indicate that there are differences in laryngeal behavior among the various types of stutterings.", "PMID": 604680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8613", "title": "Loudness perception for short-duration tones in masking noise.", "content": "The effect of masking noise on the temporal summation of loudness is investigated here by performing loudness balances between a standard 500-msec tone burst (1000 Hz at either 20-, 50-, or 80-dB SPL) and either masked or unmasked comparison tone bursts (1000 Hz with durations between 10 and 640 msec). In all but two instances, the obtained functions relating SPL for equal loudness to stimulus duration could be plotted as two line segments that met to form a knee. The slopes of the line segments at durations less than the kneepoints are altered by the masking noise, becoming less steep with increased masking. The rate of the slope decrease is related to the standard sound pressure level (SPL) and is greatest using the 80-dB SPL standard and least with the 20-dB SPL standard. Temporal summation of loudness continues at durations above the kneepoints. However, the obtained slopes are less than those found below the knee, and are independent of the test conditions. The slope changes are found to be related to the noise producing a power transformation on the operating characteristics of the auditory system. These latter findings are discussed in relation to Zwislocki's quantitative theory of the temporal summation of loudness.", "contents": "Loudness perception for short-duration tones in masking noise. The effect of masking noise on the temporal summation of loudness is investigated here by performing loudness balances between a standard 500-msec tone burst (1000 Hz at either 20-, 50-, or 80-dB SPL) and either masked or unmasked comparison tone bursts (1000 Hz with durations between 10 and 640 msec). In all but two instances, the obtained functions relating SPL for equal loudness to stimulus duration could be plotted as two line segments that met to form a knee. The slopes of the line segments at durations less than the kneepoints are altered by the masking noise, becoming less steep with increased masking. The rate of the slope decrease is related to the standard sound pressure level (SPL) and is greatest using the 80-dB SPL standard and least with the 20-dB SPL standard. Temporal summation of loudness continues at durations above the kneepoints. However, the obtained slopes are less than those found below the knee, and are independent of the test conditions. The slope changes are found to be related to the noise producing a power transformation on the operating characteristics of the auditory system. These latter findings are discussed in relation to Zwislocki's quantitative theory of the temporal summation of loudness.", "PMID": 604682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8614", "title": "Effect of auditory prestimulation on naming in aphasia.", "content": "In five aphasic subjects, picture naming alone was compared with picture naming in the presence of four different auditory cues. Eighty words represented by pictures were associated with the following auditory cues: the first phoneme of the target word; an open-ended sentence designed to elicit the target word; three words, one of which was the target word; three words, all semantically related to the target word. Three conditions--the phonetic cue, the open-ended sentence, and the set of three words containing the target word--facilitated naming significantly. The condition making use of semantically related words resulted in a significant decrease in naming performance. Implications of these findings for theories of verbal recall, impairment of verbal recall in aphasia, and language therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of auditory prestimulation on naming in aphasia. In five aphasic subjects, picture naming alone was compared with picture naming in the presence of four different auditory cues. Eighty words represented by pictures were associated with the following auditory cues: the first phoneme of the target word; an open-ended sentence designed to elicit the target word; three words, one of which was the target word; three words, all semantically related to the target word. Three conditions--the phonetic cue, the open-ended sentence, and the set of three words containing the target word--facilitated naming significantly. The condition making use of semantically related words resulted in a significant decrease in naming performance. Implications of these findings for theories of verbal recall, impairment of verbal recall in aphasia, and language therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 604681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8615", "title": "Oral sensory and motor behaviors of children with /s/ or /r/ misarticulations.", "content": "Measurements of lingual two-point discrimination, oral form discrimination, and alternate motion rate of the tongue were made in 15 children who had normal articulation, 15 children who misarticulated /s/, and 15 children who misarticulated /r/. The two groups of children with misarticulations were found to differ from each other as well as from normal children on various aspects of oral sensation and motor abilities. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the existence of different bases for the misarticulations of the two disordered groups.", "contents": "Oral sensory and motor behaviors of children with /s/ or /r/ misarticulations. Measurements of lingual two-point discrimination, oral form discrimination, and alternate motion rate of the tongue were made in 15 children who had normal articulation, 15 children who misarticulated /s/, and 15 children who misarticulated /r/. The two groups of children with misarticulations were found to differ from each other as well as from normal children on various aspects of oral sensation and motor abilities. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the existence of different bases for the misarticulations of the two disordered groups.", "PMID": 604683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8616", "title": "Delayed judgment speech-sound discrimination and /r/ or /s/ articulation status and improvement.", "content": "A delayed judgment test of speech-sound discrimination was correlated with measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training in two groups of subjects, an /r/ group and an /s/ group. While the discrimination measures were reliable and internally consistent, discrimination-articulation correlations were low. Several possible psychometric explanations for the nonsignificant results are ruled out, and subject and task variables that might interfere with children's performance on discrimination measures are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed judgment speech-sound discrimination and /r/ or /s/ articulation status and improvement. A delayed judgment test of speech-sound discrimination was correlated with measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training in two groups of subjects, an /r/ group and an /s/ group. While the discrimination measures were reliable and internally consistent, discrimination-articulation correlations were low. Several possible psychometric explanations for the nonsignificant results are ruled out, and subject and task variables that might interfere with children's performance on discrimination measures are discussed.", "PMID": 604684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8617", "title": "A comparison of four hearing aid measurement systems.", "content": "Measurements of hearing aid performance were made using four different electroacoustic systems. Nine hearing aids were evaluated three times in each of the four systems: a standard Bruel and Kjaer apparatus, a Fonix 5000, and both a Phonic Ear HC 1000 and HC 2000. Tests included frequency response and, when possible, total harmonic distortion, second harmonic distortion, and third harmonic distortion. Results were equivalent for frequency response and second harmonic distortion, whereas significant differences occurred for total harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion at both the low and high frequencies. The degree to which the sum of second harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion fails to equal the total harmonic distortion was also examined. In the low frequency region, second harmonic distortion plus third harmonic distortion yielded values considerably less than the total harmonic distortion, although good agreement was found in the midfrequencies.", "contents": "A comparison of four hearing aid measurement systems. Measurements of hearing aid performance were made using four different electroacoustic systems. Nine hearing aids were evaluated three times in each of the four systems: a standard Bruel and Kjaer apparatus, a Fonix 5000, and both a Phonic Ear HC 1000 and HC 2000. Tests included frequency response and, when possible, total harmonic distortion, second harmonic distortion, and third harmonic distortion. Results were equivalent for frequency response and second harmonic distortion, whereas significant differences occurred for total harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion at both the low and high frequencies. The degree to which the sum of second harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion fails to equal the total harmonic distortion was also examined. In the low frequency region, second harmonic distortion plus third harmonic distortion yielded values considerably less than the total harmonic distortion, although good agreement was found in the midfrequencies.", "PMID": 604685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8618", "title": "Perception of temporal order of vowels and consonant-vowel syllables.", "content": "Recent findings indicate that the presence of formant transitions aids the perception of the order of stimuli in repeating sequences of vowels or consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. In this study, 12 listeners reported the perceived order of four vowels or CVs in repeating sequences. Stimuli ranged in duration from 75 to 300 msec in 25-msec steps. Four stimulus sequences were used (1) varying vowels (Vv), (2) CVs with varying consonants but a constant vowel (CvVc), (3) CVs with a constant consonant but varying vowels (CcVv), (4) CVs with consonants and vowels varying (CvVv). Percentage of correct identification of order was significantly higher and mean threshold duration significantly lower for the CvVv and CvVc conditions than for the Vv condition. Mean number of sequences per response was significantly smaller for the CvVv condition than for the other conditions. Threshold durations ranged from 100 msec for the CvVv sequences to 135 msec for the Vv sequences. Ordering performance was nearly perfect for stimulus durations of about 225 to 250 msec. The results support the hypothesis that as stimuli in repeating sequences more closely resemble connected speech, listeners can more easily correctly identify the order of the stimuli.", "contents": "Perception of temporal order of vowels and consonant-vowel syllables. Recent findings indicate that the presence of formant transitions aids the perception of the order of stimuli in repeating sequences of vowels or consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. In this study, 12 listeners reported the perceived order of four vowels or CVs in repeating sequences. Stimuli ranged in duration from 75 to 300 msec in 25-msec steps. Four stimulus sequences were used (1) varying vowels (Vv), (2) CVs with varying consonants but a constant vowel (CvVc), (3) CVs with a constant consonant but varying vowels (CcVv), (4) CVs with consonants and vowels varying (CvVv). Percentage of correct identification of order was significantly higher and mean threshold duration significantly lower for the CvVv and CvVc conditions than for the Vv condition. Mean number of sequences per response was significantly smaller for the CvVv condition than for the other conditions. Threshold durations ranged from 100 msec for the CvVv sequences to 135 msec for the Vv sequences. Ordering performance was nearly perfect for stimulus durations of about 225 to 250 msec. The results support the hypothesis that as stimuli in repeating sequences more closely resemble connected speech, listeners can more easily correctly identify the order of the stimuli.", "PMID": 604687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8619", "title": "Effects of auditory masking on lip movements during speech.", "content": "This study describes the effects of unpredictably presented masking noise on selected parameters of lip movement during speech. Four normal subjects produced a simple speech utterance while vertical displacements of the upper and lower lips were transduced and recorded. During selected productions a masking noise was presented dichotically at one of two distinct phases of lip movement. Analysis of the resulting data revealed the following for all subjects: (1) significant changes in the duration, displacement, and velocity of lip movement caused by masking and (2) significant reductions in the velocity of lip movement occurring approximately 50 msec after the onset of the masker. Possible explanations of these and certain speaker-dependent effects are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of auditory masking on lip movements during speech. This study describes the effects of unpredictably presented masking noise on selected parameters of lip movement during speech. Four normal subjects produced a simple speech utterance while vertical displacements of the upper and lower lips were transduced and recorded. During selected productions a masking noise was presented dichotically at one of two distinct phases of lip movement. Analysis of the resulting data revealed the following for all subjects: (1) significant changes in the duration, displacement, and velocity of lip movement caused by masking and (2) significant reductions in the velocity of lip movement occurring approximately 50 msec after the onset of the masker. Possible explanations of these and certain speaker-dependent effects are discussed.", "PMID": 604686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8620", "title": "Visual-neural correlate of speechreading ability in normal-hearing adults.", "content": "Significant product-moment correlations ranging from -0.90 to -0.91 were computed between a selected peak-latency in average visual electroencephalic responses and speechreading scores. Subjects were 20 adults with normal hearing and assumed normal vision who had had no formal training in the speechreading process. The negative peak selected as this study's measure of visual-neural firing time occurs at an average of 130 msec from stimulus-onset in average visual electronencephalic responses evoked from either the right or left side of the head of normal adults. Speechreading measures included word and sentence scores obtained using a videotape of a female speaker presenting the 31 sentences that appear in the Utley Sentence Test of Lipreading Ability, Form B.", "contents": "Visual-neural correlate of speechreading ability in normal-hearing adults. Significant product-moment correlations ranging from -0.90 to -0.91 were computed between a selected peak-latency in average visual electroencephalic responses and speechreading scores. Subjects were 20 adults with normal hearing and assumed normal vision who had had no formal training in the speechreading process. The negative peak selected as this study's measure of visual-neural firing time occurs at an average of 130 msec from stimulus-onset in average visual electronencephalic responses evoked from either the right or left side of the head of normal adults. Speechreading measures included word and sentence scores obtained using a videotape of a female speaker presenting the 31 sentences that appear in the Utley Sentence Test of Lipreading Ability, Form B.", "PMID": 604688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8621", "title": "Developmental changes in speech discrimination in infants.", "content": "A visually reinforced infant speech discrimination (VRISD) paradigm is described and evaluated. Infants at two ages were tested with the new paradigm on the following speech contrasts: [sa] vs [va], [sa] vs [fa], [sa] VS [za], [as] vs [a:s], vs [a:z], [at] vs [a:d], [a:t] vs [a:d], [at] vs [a:t], [fa] vs [thetaa]and [fi] vs [thetai]. The data reported are compared with data on the same speech contrasts obtained from three month olds in a high-amplitude sucking paradigm. Evidence suggesting developmental changes in speech-sound discriminatory ability is reported. Results are interpreted in light of salience of available acoustic cues and in terms of new methodological advances.", "contents": "Developmental changes in speech discrimination in infants. A visually reinforced infant speech discrimination (VRISD) paradigm is described and evaluated. Infants at two ages were tested with the new paradigm on the following speech contrasts: [sa] vs [va], [sa] vs [fa], [sa] VS [za], [as] vs [a:s], vs [a:z], [at] vs [a:d], [a:t] vs [a:d], [at] vs [a:t], [fa] vs [thetaa]and [fi] vs [thetai]. The data reported are compared with data on the same speech contrasts obtained from three month olds in a high-amplitude sucking paradigm. Evidence suggesting developmental changes in speech-sound discriminatory ability is reported. Results are interpreted in light of salience of available acoustic cues and in terms of new methodological advances.", "PMID": 604689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8622", "title": "Middle components of the AER to tone-pips in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects.", "content": "Tone-pips of 500, 1000, and 3000 Hz were presented at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB HL to 10 normal-hearing subjects and at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB SL to 10 subjects with conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing losses. Middle component (latencies 8-90 msec) averaged electroencephalic responses to the tone-pips were analyzed in terms of peak latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes. Properties of the responses were generally the same for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects except that the hearing-impaired subjects showed slightly greater amplitudes overall. The small reduction in latencies with increasing stimulus frequency seen in the normal-hearing subjects was not observed in the hearing-impaired subjects.", "contents": "Middle components of the AER to tone-pips in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Tone-pips of 500, 1000, and 3000 Hz were presented at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB HL to 10 normal-hearing subjects and at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB SL to 10 subjects with conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing losses. Middle component (latencies 8-90 msec) averaged electroencephalic responses to the tone-pips were analyzed in terms of peak latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes. Properties of the responses were generally the same for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects except that the hearing-impaired subjects showed slightly greater amplitudes overall. The small reduction in latencies with increasing stimulus frequency seen in the normal-hearing subjects was not observed in the hearing-impaired subjects.", "PMID": 604690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8623", "title": "Sound pressure in insert earphone couplers and real ears.", "content": "It is known that sound pressure, measured in couplers via a probe-tube microphone, often shows a pressure vs frequency response that drops sharply at a single frequency. In this study sound pressure was theoretically determined at various locations within a hard-walled cylindrical cavity, driven by a constant-volume velocity source with circular symmetry. At each location in the volume, a transfer impedance was defined as the ratio of pressure to inlet-volume velocity. In the region around the inlet, the transfer impedance passes through zero as it changes from negative to positive reactance with increasing frequency. Two hard-walled cavity examples were examined in detail (1) the main cavity of a 2-cm3 HA-2 coupler, and (2) a cavity having dimensions approximately equal to the occluded ear canal between an ear-mold tip and the eardrum. Contours of constant minimum sound pressure vs frequency are given for these two cylindrical volumes with experimental verification. Implications for probe microphone calibration and measurement of sound pressure in ears are discussed.", "contents": "Sound pressure in insert earphone couplers and real ears. It is known that sound pressure, measured in couplers via a probe-tube microphone, often shows a pressure vs frequency response that drops sharply at a single frequency. In this study sound pressure was theoretically determined at various locations within a hard-walled cylindrical cavity, driven by a constant-volume velocity source with circular symmetry. At each location in the volume, a transfer impedance was defined as the ratio of pressure to inlet-volume velocity. In the region around the inlet, the transfer impedance passes through zero as it changes from negative to positive reactance with increasing frequency. Two hard-walled cavity examples were examined in detail (1) the main cavity of a 2-cm3 HA-2 coupler, and (2) a cavity having dimensions approximately equal to the occluded ear canal between an ear-mold tip and the eardrum. Contours of constant minimum sound pressure vs frequency are given for these two cylindrical volumes with experimental verification. Implications for probe microphone calibration and measurement of sound pressure in ears are discussed.", "PMID": 604691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8624", "title": "Estimation of lung volume change from torso hemicircumferences.", "content": "A technique for estimating lung volume change is described. Voltages proportional to rib cage and abdominal hemicircumferences are produced by Whitney-gage transducers in a standard bridge circuit. The weighted sum of these voltages can be adjusted to produce a good estimate of lung volume change. The instrumentation does not obstruct articulatory movements, load the chest wall, or require restraint of the subject. In addition, it is easy and inexpensive to construct.", "contents": "Estimation of lung volume change from torso hemicircumferences. A technique for estimating lung volume change is described. Voltages proportional to rib cage and abdominal hemicircumferences are produced by Whitney-gage transducers in a standard bridge circuit. The weighted sum of these voltages can be adjusted to produce a good estimate of lung volume change. The instrumentation does not obstruct articulatory movements, load the chest wall, or require restraint of the subject. In addition, it is easy and inexpensive to construct.", "PMID": 604692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8625", "title": "Kinetics of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport.", "content": "The kinetic parameters of the Na+-dependent glucose transport system have been determined in isolated membrane vesicles for D-glucose, Na+, and phlorhizin. The D-glucose flux measurements were carried out by the equilibrium exchange procedure at constant external and internal Na+ concentrations and zero potential. Equations were developed to extract information about Km and Vmax from uptake measurements into a vesicle population that is heterogeneous with respect to size (surface to volume ratio). The Km for D-glucose was 14 mM and independent of the Na+-concentration, while the Vmax was strongly Na+-dependent and increased 15-fold between 1 and 100 mM Na+. The Km of Na+ for activation of the Vmax was 18 mM. The calculated KI values for phlorhizin were 2.7 and 1.9 micrometer when determined under active and equilibrating D-glucose flux conditions, respectively.", "contents": "Kinetics of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport. The kinetic parameters of the Na+-dependent glucose transport system have been determined in isolated membrane vesicles for D-glucose, Na+, and phlorhizin. The D-glucose flux measurements were carried out by the equilibrium exchange procedure at constant external and internal Na+ concentrations and zero potential. Equations were developed to extract information about Km and Vmax from uptake measurements into a vesicle population that is heterogeneous with respect to size (surface to volume ratio). The Km for D-glucose was 14 mM and independent of the Na+-concentration, while the Vmax was strongly Na+-dependent and increased 15-fold between 1 and 100 mM Na+. The Km of Na+ for activation of the Vmax was 18 mM. The calculated KI values for phlorhizin were 2.7 and 1.9 micrometer when determined under active and equilibrating D-glucose flux conditions, respectively.", "PMID": 604695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8626", "title": "Structural analysis of a membrane glycoprotein: glycophorin A.", "content": "Glycophorin A is the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Structural studies indicate that this molecule is made up of 3 domains composed of 2 hydrophilic segments which are separated by a region of 22 nonpolar amino acids. The N-terminal half of the molecule contains all the carbohydrate associated with this protein. Glycophorin A forms high-molecular-weight complexes which can be dissociated only under certain conditions. The site of subunit interaction is located within the hydrophobic segment, which serves both to mediate protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions within the bilayer membrane. Glycophorin A spans the membrane presumably as a dimeric complex with the carboxyterminal ends extending into the cytoplasm of the red cell. The transmembrane nature of the polypeptide chains finds strong support from the use of specific antibody-ferritin conjugates applied to thin sections of fixed and frozen intact cells. Preliminary information on the analysis of human red cell variants which may lack some or all of the sialoglycopeptides are consistent with the presence in normal cells of a second sialoglycoprotein, provisionally labeled glycophorin B.", "contents": "Structural analysis of a membrane glycoprotein: glycophorin A. Glycophorin A is the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Structural studies indicate that this molecule is made up of 3 domains composed of 2 hydrophilic segments which are separated by a region of 22 nonpolar amino acids. The N-terminal half of the molecule contains all the carbohydrate associated with this protein. Glycophorin A forms high-molecular-weight complexes which can be dissociated only under certain conditions. The site of subunit interaction is located within the hydrophobic segment, which serves both to mediate protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions within the bilayer membrane. Glycophorin A spans the membrane presumably as a dimeric complex with the carboxyterminal ends extending into the cytoplasm of the red cell. The transmembrane nature of the polypeptide chains finds strong support from the use of specific antibody-ferritin conjugates applied to thin sections of fixed and frozen intact cells. Preliminary information on the analysis of human red cell variants which may lack some or all of the sialoglycopeptides are consistent with the presence in normal cells of a second sialoglycoprotein, provisionally labeled glycophorin B.", "PMID": 604696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8627", "title": "Distribution of glycoconjugates in mouse fibroblasts with varying degrees of tumorigenicity.", "content": "Analysis of glucosamine labeled glycoconjugates in cultured cells has been made comparing 2 clones and the parent embryonic mouse cell line. Hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, and chondrotin sulphate as well as a complex mixture of glycopeptides were found in the medium, the trypsinate, and the trypsinized cells, although the distribution was not uniform. The 3 cell lines had very similar in vitro growth properties, including their plating efficiency in viscous medium. However, the tumorigenicity of the cells, determined syngeneic mice, was found to differ. All 3 cell lines were found to have similar glycoconjugate distributions, although a slight relative increase in labeled hyaluronic acid was found in the more tumorigenic mass cell line than either of the clones. The possible significance of this increase is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of glycoconjugates in mouse fibroblasts with varying degrees of tumorigenicity. Analysis of glucosamine labeled glycoconjugates in cultured cells has been made comparing 2 clones and the parent embryonic mouse cell line. Hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, and chondrotin sulphate as well as a complex mixture of glycopeptides were found in the medium, the trypsinate, and the trypsinized cells, although the distribution was not uniform. The 3 cell lines had very similar in vitro growth properties, including their plating efficiency in viscous medium. However, the tumorigenicity of the cells, determined syngeneic mice, was found to differ. All 3 cell lines were found to have similar glycoconjugate distributions, although a slight relative increase in labeled hyaluronic acid was found in the more tumorigenic mass cell line than either of the clones. The possible significance of this increase is discussed.", "PMID": 604697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8628", "title": "Prediction accuracy of body density, lean body weight, and total body volume equations.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of percent fat estimates derived from regression equations with functions of predicting body density (BD), lean body weight (LBW), and total body volume (TBV) from anthropometric variables. BD, LBW, and TBV equations were derived from the data of 95 young, adult men (percent fat X = 13.4%). The multiple correlations for these equations were: BD, 0.86-0.83; LBW, 0.96-0.95; and TBV, 0.99. The zero order correlations between laboratory determined percent fat and percent fat derived by the BD, LBW, and TBV equations ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 with standard errors from 3.1% to 3.7%. This shows that BD, LBW, and TBV equations have similar accuracy when transformed to percent fat. The derived equations were cross validated with three additional, but diverse, samples (percent fat X = 5.1%; 16.7%; 27.1%). The cross validations results revealed that all equations exhibited similar accuracy. With samples differing in percent fat, systematic prediction errors occurred. The results further confirm population specificity of prediction equations.", "contents": "Prediction accuracy of body density, lean body weight, and total body volume equations. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of percent fat estimates derived from regression equations with functions of predicting body density (BD), lean body weight (LBW), and total body volume (TBV) from anthropometric variables. BD, LBW, and TBV equations were derived from the data of 95 young, adult men (percent fat X = 13.4%). The multiple correlations for these equations were: BD, 0.86-0.83; LBW, 0.96-0.95; and TBV, 0.99. The zero order correlations between laboratory determined percent fat and percent fat derived by the BD, LBW, and TBV equations ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 with standard errors from 3.1% to 3.7%. This shows that BD, LBW, and TBV equations have similar accuracy when transformed to percent fat. The derived equations were cross validated with three additional, but diverse, samples (percent fat X = 5.1%; 16.7%; 27.1%). The cross validations results revealed that all equations exhibited similar accuracy. With samples differing in percent fat, systematic prediction errors occurred. The results further confirm population specificity of prediction equations.", "PMID": 604713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8629", "title": "The reliability and internal consistency of the motivation rating scale and the general trait rating scale.", "content": "The Motivation Rating Scale (MRS) and General Trait Rating (GTRS) Scales have been proposed as methods for assessing personality traits of athletes. The scales are easily accessible and are proposed for use as coaching tools. A coach's form and athlete's form of each test was administered to 149 male and female varsity high school basketball players and their coaches in eight different states. Means and standard deviations for all variables as well as test-retest reliability coefficients, trait inter-correlations, correlations between test forms, and Alpha coefficients were calculated. Results suggest that each of the four scales was independent of the others, with the coach's form of the MRS showing reasonable reliability and reasonable internal consistency for selected traits. There is some indication that \"trait generalization\" among coaches may inflate the test-retest reliability of the coach's form of the MRS. No convincing evidence is presented to support the notion that any of the four scales measure the traits the scales are purported to measure.", "contents": "The reliability and internal consistency of the motivation rating scale and the general trait rating scale. The Motivation Rating Scale (MRS) and General Trait Rating (GTRS) Scales have been proposed as methods for assessing personality traits of athletes. The scales are easily accessible and are proposed for use as coaching tools. A coach's form and athlete's form of each test was administered to 149 male and female varsity high school basketball players and their coaches in eight different states. Means and standard deviations for all variables as well as test-retest reliability coefficients, trait inter-correlations, correlations between test forms, and Alpha coefficients were calculated. Results suggest that each of the four scales was independent of the others, with the coach's form of the MRS showing reasonable reliability and reasonable internal consistency for selected traits. There is some indication that \"trait generalization\" among coaches may inflate the test-retest reliability of the coach's form of the MRS. No convincing evidence is presented to support the notion that any of the four scales measure the traits the scales are purported to measure.", "PMID": 604715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8630", "title": "Computer generated track and field scoring tables: III. Model evaluation and analysis.", "content": "An investigation is made into the subject of scoring tables for track and field with emphasis on the application of computers to calculate and output the tables. The resulting scoring tables represent an attempt to describe the effective quality of performance for track and field events. This paper is published in three parts. The first part reviewed the historical development of scoring tables. The second part presented a theoretical foundation and the development of a model which could be utilized for all scoring tables. In this final part, the model is evaluated and an analysis of the model validity is made. Sample computer generated scoring tables are included.", "contents": "Computer generated track and field scoring tables: III. Model evaluation and analysis. An investigation is made into the subject of scoring tables for track and field with emphasis on the application of computers to calculate and output the tables. The resulting scoring tables represent an attempt to describe the effective quality of performance for track and field events. This paper is published in three parts. The first part reviewed the historical development of scoring tables. The second part presented a theoretical foundation and the development of a model which could be utilized for all scoring tables. In this final part, the model is evaluated and an analysis of the model validity is made. Sample computer generated scoring tables are included.", "PMID": 604716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8631", "title": "Experimental preparations to understand the cardiovascular effect of training: in situ preparation.", "content": "Although exercise training is generally thought to exert a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, additional experimental work is required to determine the mechanism(s) by which training influences cardiovascular function. The utilization of an in situ preparation for cardiovascular studies should provide valuable information since both peripheral circulatory and myocardial performances can be evaluated. However, this paper specifically considers functional evaluation of the intact, in situ heart. The underlying physiological basis for ventricular pump performance evaluation in the intact heart is presented. Isolated muscle mechanics (force-velocity) principles are discussed and their application to the intact heart is illustrated. Proposed biochemical correlates of total tension development, the maximal rate of tension development, and maximal velocity of shortening are presented. The methods and procedures currently available for functional evaluation are described. Finally, the results of previous exercise studies where in situ cardiac functional evaluation has been utilized are reviewed.", "contents": "Experimental preparations to understand the cardiovascular effect of training: in situ preparation. Although exercise training is generally thought to exert a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, additional experimental work is required to determine the mechanism(s) by which training influences cardiovascular function. The utilization of an in situ preparation for cardiovascular studies should provide valuable information since both peripheral circulatory and myocardial performances can be evaluated. However, this paper specifically considers functional evaluation of the intact, in situ heart. The underlying physiological basis for ventricular pump performance evaluation in the intact heart is presented. Isolated muscle mechanics (force-velocity) principles are discussed and their application to the intact heart is illustrated. Proposed biochemical correlates of total tension development, the maximal rate of tension development, and maximal velocity of shortening are presented. The methods and procedures currently available for functional evaluation are described. Finally, the results of previous exercise studies where in situ cardiac functional evaluation has been utilized are reviewed.", "PMID": 604720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8632", "title": "The unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation.", "content": "The use of the unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation in exercise training studies is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of this preparation are given. Several examples of the type of data that can be collected using this preparation are cited and a scheme is proposed to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardiac adaptation to exercise training. One example given was the response to the infusion of isoproterenol before and during training. The results clearly demonstrate an increased responsiveness to the beta-receptor agonist. Another example was the change in coronary flow with atrial pacing and the use of this relationship as an index of a changed coronary vascular bed. Some future direction for research efforts are discussed with the main thrust being the role of the autonomic nervous system in the mechanism of training.", "contents": "The unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation. The use of the unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation in exercise training studies is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of this preparation are given. Several examples of the type of data that can be collected using this preparation are cited and a scheme is proposed to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardiac adaptation to exercise training. One example given was the response to the infusion of isoproterenol before and during training. The results clearly demonstrate an increased responsiveness to the beta-receptor agonist. Another example was the change in coronary flow with atrial pacing and the use of this relationship as an index of a changed coronary vascular bed. Some future direction for research efforts are discussed with the main thrust being the role of the autonomic nervous system in the mechanism of training.", "PMID": 604721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8633", "title": "Demonstration of specific antibodies in the central nervous system of horses naturally infected with Borna disease virus.", "content": "From 18 horses with clinical symptoms of an affection of the central nervous system and with histopathologic alterations in the brain, four were demonstrated to have Bornavirus-specific antibodies. The antibodies are monospecific, recognizing identical antigens from infected brains of different animal species as well as from persistently infected tissue culture cells. Discrete immunoglobulin species (oligoclonal IgG) can be demonstrated in concentrated horse cerebrospinal fluid; they carry Bornavirus antibody specificity. Their presence, together with the higher antibody titers in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to those in the serum, indicate that in these natural Bornavirus infections local antibody production occurred in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Demonstration of specific antibodies in the central nervous system of horses naturally infected with Borna disease virus. From 18 horses with clinical symptoms of an affection of the central nervous system and with histopathologic alterations in the brain, four were demonstrated to have Bornavirus-specific antibodies. The antibodies are monospecific, recognizing identical antigens from infected brains of different animal species as well as from persistently infected tissue culture cells. Discrete immunoglobulin species (oligoclonal IgG) can be demonstrated in concentrated horse cerebrospinal fluid; they carry Bornavirus antibody specificity. Their presence, together with the higher antibody titers in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to those in the serum, indicate that in these natural Bornavirus infections local antibody production occurred in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 604728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8634", "title": "Salt-starch xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. A single medium for the isolation of sodium and non-sodium dependent enteric gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "Salt dependent gram-negative bacilli responsible for gastroenteritis and tissue infections are often not recovered because proper media for isolation are not used. A salt-starch XLD agar with 1.5% NaC1 and 0.5% starch medium has been found to permit the isolation of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative bacilli, and salt-dependent gram-negative bacilli, among which is Vibrio parahemolyticus. As far as the Enterobacteriaceae are concerned, the selectivity and sensitivity of the medium are the same as with standard media with the added advantage of isolating salt-dependent organisms, thereby saving time and money. It can be used for routine blood cultures, investigation of sea water, seafood and tissue infections related to marine activities.", "contents": "Salt-starch xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. A single medium for the isolation of sodium and non-sodium dependent enteric gram-negative bacilli. Salt dependent gram-negative bacilli responsible for gastroenteritis and tissue infections are often not recovered because proper media for isolation are not used. A salt-starch XLD agar with 1.5% NaC1 and 0.5% starch medium has been found to permit the isolation of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative bacilli, and salt-dependent gram-negative bacilli, among which is Vibrio parahemolyticus. As far as the Enterobacteriaceae are concerned, the selectivity and sensitivity of the medium are the same as with standard media with the added advantage of isolating salt-dependent organisms, thereby saving time and money. It can be used for routine blood cultures, investigation of sea water, seafood and tissue infections related to marine activities.", "PMID": 604729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8635", "title": "Polypeptide composition of mumps virus.", "content": "The Enders strain of mumps virus grown in ovo was purified by differential and equilibrium sucrose gradient sedimentation. Purified virus contained seven polypeptides of mol. wts 68,000, 66,000, 61,000, 54,000, 52,000, 49,000, 47,000. Nucleocapsids isolated from DOC-treated virus contained two polypeptides of mol. wts 66,000 and 61,000.", "contents": "Polypeptide composition of mumps virus. The Enders strain of mumps virus grown in ovo was purified by differential and equilibrium sucrose gradient sedimentation. Purified virus contained seven polypeptides of mol. wts 68,000, 66,000, 61,000, 54,000, 52,000, 49,000, 47,000. Nucleocapsids isolated from DOC-treated virus contained two polypeptides of mol. wts 66,000 and 61,000.", "PMID": 604730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8636", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for tetanus antibodies using protein A - containing Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "To measure tetanus antibodies a trace amount of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin is mixed with appropriate dilutions of human serum or blood. The labeled antigen-antibody complexes are adsorbed to heat-killed staphylococci (Cowan I) via their surface protein A. The radioactivity of the washed solid phase is a function of the initial antibody concentration. The test allows the measurement of 6 X 10(-0) U of tetanus antitoxin in a volume of 0.03 ml. In order to avoid possible interferences, serum has to be diluted 20-fold before use. Taking that into account, the real border limit of sensitivity is 4 X 10(-3) U/ml serum. Antibodies may be measured in serum, in plasma, and even in heparinized blood. As to its sensitivity, the test compares well with the toxin neutralization procedure. It is superior to the previous radioimmunologic, enzymoimmunologic, and hemagglutination techniques with respect to sensitivity and reproducibility. It reflects the values obtained in the toxin neutralization test better than the other in vitro procedures, as shown by parallel assays of 17 sera.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for tetanus antibodies using protein A - containing Staphylococcus aureus. To measure tetanus antibodies a trace amount of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin is mixed with appropriate dilutions of human serum or blood. The labeled antigen-antibody complexes are adsorbed to heat-killed staphylococci (Cowan I) via their surface protein A. The radioactivity of the washed solid phase is a function of the initial antibody concentration. The test allows the measurement of 6 X 10(-0) U of tetanus antitoxin in a volume of 0.03 ml. In order to avoid possible interferences, serum has to be diluted 20-fold before use. Taking that into account, the real border limit of sensitivity is 4 X 10(-3) U/ml serum. Antibodies may be measured in serum, in plasma, and even in heparinized blood. As to its sensitivity, the test compares well with the toxin neutralization procedure. It is superior to the previous radioimmunologic, enzymoimmunologic, and hemagglutination techniques with respect to sensitivity and reproducibility. It reflects the values obtained in the toxin neutralization test better than the other in vitro procedures, as shown by parallel assays of 17 sera.", "PMID": 604731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8637", "title": "Influence of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole on the secondary structure and template activities of DNA and polydeoxynucleotides.", "content": "The interaction between 4'-6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole-hydrochloride (DAPI) and a variety of DNAs and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides was investigated in order to delineate the nucleic acid structural features necessary for binding. The spectra of DAPI-DNA complexes, measured at various DAPI:DNA molar ratios (r), are hypochromic relative to DNA in the region of its maximum absorption. All the curves pass through an isosbestic point at 268 nm. A new maxima appears in the region of 380-392 nm for DAPI-DNA COMplexes. The magnitude of the peaks in the region are directly proportional to the amount of drug present in the complex. Studies with various DNA types and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides indicate that the drug preferentially binds to dAT-rich regions of DNA. This was also confirmed by enzymatic studies. The inhibition of template action by DAPI in a purified DNA-polymerase reaction was dependent on the dAT-content of the template. The implication of these data to explain a selective binding of DAPI to mitochondrial DNA have been discussed.", "contents": "Influence of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole on the secondary structure and template activities of DNA and polydeoxynucleotides. The interaction between 4'-6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole-hydrochloride (DAPI) and a variety of DNAs and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides was investigated in order to delineate the nucleic acid structural features necessary for binding. The spectra of DAPI-DNA complexes, measured at various DAPI:DNA molar ratios (r), are hypochromic relative to DNA in the region of its maximum absorption. All the curves pass through an isosbestic point at 268 nm. A new maxima appears in the region of 380-392 nm for DAPI-DNA COMplexes. The magnitude of the peaks in the region are directly proportional to the amount of drug present in the complex. Studies with various DNA types and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides indicate that the drug preferentially binds to dAT-rich regions of DNA. This was also confirmed by enzymatic studies. The inhibition of template action by DAPI in a purified DNA-polymerase reaction was dependent on the dAT-content of the template. The implication of these data to explain a selective binding of DAPI to mitochondrial DNA have been discussed.", "PMID": 604784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8638", "title": "Electrocardiographic observation on goats with urea-ammonia poisoning and a consideration on the main cause of death.", "content": "Changes in electrocardiograms, blood pressure, pH, and partial pressure of gases (Po2 and Pco2) in arterial blood were studied in goats poisoned by urea or ammonium compounds under spontaneous and artificial respiration and in nonconvulsive state. Abnormal electrocardiogram patterns, such as ventricular flutter, ventricular premature beat, atrioventricular dissociation, depression of ST-segment and sinus tachycardia, were all observed after the occurrence of tetanic convulsion. The electrocardiogram pattern seen at the respiratory arrest showed sinus or supraventricular tachycardia; respiratory arrest preceded cardiac arrest in all the goats, but one. Blood pressure was markedly elevated, accompanied with tetanic convulsion. Po2 decreased gradually and the level was below 30 mm Hg (37.0 degrees C) at respiratory arrest and the final opisthotonus. Artificial respiration starting at the final opisthotonus could delay the cardiac arrest. Under nonconvulsive urea-poisoning with gallamine triethiodide and with artificial respiration of air or a mixture of air and oxygen to elevate the Po2 level, changes of electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and Po2 were similar to those seen under convulsive urea-poisoning. The main cause of death was discussed and presumed to be respiratory and cardiovascular failure.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic observation on goats with urea-ammonia poisoning and a consideration on the main cause of death. Changes in electrocardiograms, blood pressure, pH, and partial pressure of gases (Po2 and Pco2) in arterial blood were studied in goats poisoned by urea or ammonium compounds under spontaneous and artificial respiration and in nonconvulsive state. Abnormal electrocardiogram patterns, such as ventricular flutter, ventricular premature beat, atrioventricular dissociation, depression of ST-segment and sinus tachycardia, were all observed after the occurrence of tetanic convulsion. The electrocardiogram pattern seen at the respiratory arrest showed sinus or supraventricular tachycardia; respiratory arrest preceded cardiac arrest in all the goats, but one. Blood pressure was markedly elevated, accompanied with tetanic convulsion. Po2 decreased gradually and the level was below 30 mm Hg (37.0 degrees C) at respiratory arrest and the final opisthotonus. Artificial respiration starting at the final opisthotonus could delay the cardiac arrest. Under nonconvulsive urea-poisoning with gallamine triethiodide and with artificial respiration of air or a mixture of air and oxygen to elevate the Po2 level, changes of electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and Po2 were similar to those seen under convulsive urea-poisoning. The main cause of death was discussed and presumed to be respiratory and cardiovascular failure.", "PMID": 604786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8639", "title": "Prototype of simulation models for epizootics in domestic animals.", "content": "Based on the Reed-Frost model (Model I), the authors conducted computer simulation of an epizootic model (Model II) constructed on the assumption that any infected animal in a group, after a given time-period of infectivity, would be removed from the group at the beginning of the next time-period. Models I and II were simulated 100 times for each of the different conditions, viz. the initial size of group, 100 and 1,000, the five steps of contact rate or contact size, and the five more steps of contact rate for the group of 1,000 animals in Model I. From the results obtained, it is believed that as a constant parameter, contact size may be preferably used instead of contact rate in these models. Model II mostly gave higher morbidities than Model I, and earlier termination of epizootics, except the simulation with the smallest contact size. This fact may be due to the effect of herd immunity involved only in Model I. The long duration of epizootic was demonstrated in two of the 100 simulations of Model II with 1,000 individuals and contact size 1. This is characteristic of probabilistic models which are really instructive to studying the flow of epizootic.", "contents": "Prototype of simulation models for epizootics in domestic animals. Based on the Reed-Frost model (Model I), the authors conducted computer simulation of an epizootic model (Model II) constructed on the assumption that any infected animal in a group, after a given time-period of infectivity, would be removed from the group at the beginning of the next time-period. Models I and II were simulated 100 times for each of the different conditions, viz. the initial size of group, 100 and 1,000, the five steps of contact rate or contact size, and the five more steps of contact rate for the group of 1,000 animals in Model I. From the results obtained, it is believed that as a constant parameter, contact size may be preferably used instead of contact rate in these models. Model II mostly gave higher morbidities than Model I, and earlier termination of epizootics, except the simulation with the smallest contact size. This fact may be due to the effect of herd immunity involved only in Model I. The long duration of epizootic was demonstrated in two of the 100 simulations of Model II with 1,000 individuals and contact size 1. This is characteristic of probabilistic models which are really instructive to studying the flow of epizootic.", "PMID": 604788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8640", "title": "Secular trends of annual morbidities of animal infectious diseases.", "content": "Supposing two mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, the authors estimated the secular trends of annual morbidities (1949 approximately 1975) of twelve infectious diseases of domestic animals. For each diseases ten different trend curves were fitted. It was found that five regression equations, namely, those for bovine trichomoniasis, bovine tuberculosis, equine infectious anemia, pullorum disease in chickens, and foulbrood, gave the coefficient of determination of 97.9, 92.7, 91.0, 93.5, and 85.2%, respectively. Four of them were multiplicative, and the remaining one for equine infectious anemia was additive. From the viewpoint of practical utility, there was little doubt that even these secular trends might be used for predicting the relevant morbidities with fairly good preciseness.", "contents": "Secular trends of annual morbidities of animal infectious diseases. Supposing two mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, the authors estimated the secular trends of annual morbidities (1949 approximately 1975) of twelve infectious diseases of domestic animals. For each diseases ten different trend curves were fitted. It was found that five regression equations, namely, those for bovine trichomoniasis, bovine tuberculosis, equine infectious anemia, pullorum disease in chickens, and foulbrood, gave the coefficient of determination of 97.9, 92.7, 91.0, 93.5, and 85.2%, respectively. Four of them were multiplicative, and the remaining one for equine infectious anemia was additive. From the viewpoint of practical utility, there was little doubt that even these secular trends might be used for predicting the relevant morbidities with fairly good preciseness.", "PMID": 604789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8641", "title": "A comparative analysis of various developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni with respect to their protein composition.", "content": "The protein composition of Schistosoma mansoni was analysed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A high degree of identity existed between protein patterns obtain from immature and adult parasites of the two sexes. Some stage-and sex-specific components were indentified and their possible origin discussed.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of various developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni with respect to their protein composition. The protein composition of Schistosoma mansoni was analysed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A high degree of identity existed between protein patterns obtain from immature and adult parasites of the two sexes. Some stage-and sex-specific components were indentified and their possible origin discussed.", "PMID": 604820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8642", "title": "Perception of the figure-ground continuum.", "content": "Confirmation was obtained that the phenomena of figure obscured by random noise and embedded figures form a triangular, planar continuum. 80 preschoolers, third- and sixth-graders, and college students searched for and recognized a nonrepresentational figure obscured to different degrees by noise that varied form random and unrelated to the contours of the figure to highly embedding contexts. Response time varied directly with the amount of noise and with embeddedness, and inversely with age, producing analogous response planes along the age dimension.", "contents": "Perception of the figure-ground continuum. Confirmation was obtained that the phenomena of figure obscured by random noise and embedded figures form a triangular, planar continuum. 80 preschoolers, third- and sixth-graders, and college students searched for and recognized a nonrepresentational figure obscured to different degrees by noise that varied form random and unrelated to the contours of the figure to highly embedding contexts. Response time varied directly with the amount of noise and with embeddedness, and inversely with age, producing analogous response planes along the age dimension.", "PMID": 604873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8643", "title": "Decline in oral perception from 20 to 70 years.", "content": "120 adults were given a task to determine whether performance on an oral perception task declines with increasing chronological age. Subjects in their 70's performed significantly worse than those in their 60's and younger. This loss of oral perceptual skills is considered relevant to the remediation and training of older individuals with difficulties in speech articulation.", "contents": "Decline in oral perception from 20 to 70 years. 120 adults were given a task to determine whether performance on an oral perception task declines with increasing chronological age. Subjects in their 70's performed significantly worse than those in their 60's and younger. This loss of oral perceptual skills is considered relevant to the remediation and training of older individuals with difficulties in speech articulation.", "PMID": 604874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8644", "title": "Age at onset of blindness in visual imagery development.", "content": "Eleven college students who were born blind, 16 blinded at approximately 15 years of age (range 6 to 30 years), and 16 with normal vision were asked to visualize the letters of the uppercase, typeset, English alphabet. If the shape of a letter had one or more curves, like B, subjects were to classify it as curved. If the shape of the letter had no curves, like A, they were to classify it as straight. Letters were presented one at a time in random order. Reaction time and errors were recorded. Controlling for knowledge of the alphabet, the early blind took longer and made more errors than did the late blind and sighted, who did not differ from each other. The results suggest that age of onset of blindness influences the development of visual imagery.", "contents": "Age at onset of blindness in visual imagery development. Eleven college students who were born blind, 16 blinded at approximately 15 years of age (range 6 to 30 years), and 16 with normal vision were asked to visualize the letters of the uppercase, typeset, English alphabet. If the shape of a letter had one or more curves, like B, subjects were to classify it as curved. If the shape of the letter had no curves, like A, they were to classify it as straight. Letters were presented one at a time in random order. Reaction time and errors were recorded. Controlling for knowledge of the alphabet, the early blind took longer and made more errors than did the late blind and sighted, who did not differ from each other. The results suggest that age of onset of blindness influences the development of visual imagery.", "PMID": 604875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8645", "title": "Social aspects of body image: perception of normalcy of weight and affect of college undergraduates.", "content": "Two aspects of body image, perception of normalcy of weight and affect, were studied by means of a paper-and-pencil test with 62 male and 117 female undergraduates. The relationship of the social characteristics of sex, age, race, and actual body weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight) to body-image distortion was investigated. Individuals who were underweight or overweight were more likely to perceptually distort their weight-related appearance than were normal weight respondents. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, both underweight and overweight persons tended to normalize their appearance. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, sex was also related to the type of perceptual distortion experienced. Females tended to perceive themselves as appearing heavier, whereas males tended to perveive themselves as appearing lighter, than they actually were. There was no relationship between perceptual distortion of body weight and body affect. Age, race, and actual body weight were related to affect. Affect was more negative among young respondents than older respondents. White individuals had poorer affect scores than non-whites. Overweight respondents also had more negative affect scores than other respondents.", "contents": "Social aspects of body image: perception of normalcy of weight and affect of college undergraduates. Two aspects of body image, perception of normalcy of weight and affect, were studied by means of a paper-and-pencil test with 62 male and 117 female undergraduates. The relationship of the social characteristics of sex, age, race, and actual body weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight) to body-image distortion was investigated. Individuals who were underweight or overweight were more likely to perceptually distort their weight-related appearance than were normal weight respondents. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, both underweight and overweight persons tended to normalize their appearance. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, sex was also related to the type of perceptual distortion experienced. Females tended to perceive themselves as appearing heavier, whereas males tended to perveive themselves as appearing lighter, than they actually were. There was no relationship between perceptual distortion of body weight and body affect. Age, race, and actual body weight were related to affect. Affect was more negative among young respondents than older respondents. White individuals had poorer affect scores than non-whites. Overweight respondents also had more negative affect scores than other respondents.", "PMID": 604876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8646", "title": "Handedness classification: preference versus proficiency.", "content": "Relative hand preferences as indicated by questionnaire were compared with asymmetries in manual proficiency at three levels of task difficulty (N equal to 63 adults). Correlations between odd/even trial relative hand proficiency scores were .887 and .879 attesting to their stability. Test-retest (6-wk. interval) reliabilities for relative hand proficiency ranged from .831 to .893. Spearman rbos between the questionnaire responses and relative hand proficiency were .733, .689, and .619. These relatively low relationships, especially at the highest level of task difficulty (r2 = 38%), indicate that hand preference does not reflect relative hand proficiency at moderate to high levels of task difficulty.", "contents": "Handedness classification: preference versus proficiency. Relative hand preferences as indicated by questionnaire were compared with asymmetries in manual proficiency at three levels of task difficulty (N equal to 63 adults). Correlations between odd/even trial relative hand proficiency scores were .887 and .879 attesting to their stability. Test-retest (6-wk. interval) reliabilities for relative hand proficiency ranged from .831 to .893. Spearman rbos between the questionnaire responses and relative hand proficiency were .733, .689, and .619. These relatively low relationships, especially at the highest level of task difficulty (r2 = 38%), indicate that hand preference does not reflect relative hand proficiency at moderate to high levels of task difficulty.", "PMID": 604877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8647", "title": "Visual and phonetic memory in preschool children: evidence for coding flexibility.", "content": "This study examined visual and verbal (phonetic) memory coding in 22 preschool children 4 to 5 yr. of age. A major goal was to determine whether these children would code visual items phonetically during input in a short-term memory task as older children and adults often appear to do. Items to be remembered were visually presented letters that varied in visual as well as phonetic similarity. Subjects labeled each letter during presentation, and serial recall was probed either visually or verbally. Recall scores were analyzed according to planned individual comparisons and a 4-factor analysis of variance: probe modality (visual, verbal) X visual similarity (low, high) X phonetic similarity (low, high) x serial position (1, 2, 3, 4). Data indicated (1) a significant detrimental effect of high phonetic similarity for subjects whose recall was probed verbally, (2) a significant facilitating effect of high visual similarity, and (3) significant interactions indicating differential effects of phonetic similarity and probe modality on the serial position curve. These findings suggest flexibility of coding in children of the age range tested.", "contents": "Visual and phonetic memory in preschool children: evidence for coding flexibility. This study examined visual and verbal (phonetic) memory coding in 22 preschool children 4 to 5 yr. of age. A major goal was to determine whether these children would code visual items phonetically during input in a short-term memory task as older children and adults often appear to do. Items to be remembered were visually presented letters that varied in visual as well as phonetic similarity. Subjects labeled each letter during presentation, and serial recall was probed either visually or verbally. Recall scores were analyzed according to planned individual comparisons and a 4-factor analysis of variance: probe modality (visual, verbal) X visual similarity (low, high) X phonetic similarity (low, high) x serial position (1, 2, 3, 4). Data indicated (1) a significant detrimental effect of high phonetic similarity for subjects whose recall was probed verbally, (2) a significant facilitating effect of high visual similarity, and (3) significant interactions indicating differential effects of phonetic similarity and probe modality on the serial position curve. These findings suggest flexibility of coding in children of the age range tested.", "PMID": 604878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8648", "title": "Color associations to mood stories in first grade boys.", "content": "Choices of color crayons to portray mood stories were studied in a sample of first grade boys. The total sample (180) was divided into three treatment groups (60 subjects in each) who were told either the \"Angry Boy\" story, the \"Happy Boy\" story, or the \"Sad Boy\" story. Each subject selected one of six color crayons (red, yellow, green, blue, brown, or purple) to color the boy \"to look\" angry, happy, or sad. Racial, socioeconomic, and within-group differences were not significant, but significant differences were found between groups given angry and sad stories (x2 equal to 22.23, df equal to 5, p is less than .01). red was significantly associated with the angry boy when compared with the sad boy, while brown was significantly more often preferred for the sad boy than for the happy boy. By the age of first grade consequently the general preference for red by children is already significantly altered.", "contents": "Color associations to mood stories in first grade boys. Choices of color crayons to portray mood stories were studied in a sample of first grade boys. The total sample (180) was divided into three treatment groups (60 subjects in each) who were told either the \"Angry Boy\" story, the \"Happy Boy\" story, or the \"Sad Boy\" story. Each subject selected one of six color crayons (red, yellow, green, blue, brown, or purple) to color the boy \"to look\" angry, happy, or sad. Racial, socioeconomic, and within-group differences were not significant, but significant differences were found between groups given angry and sad stories (x2 equal to 22.23, df equal to 5, p is less than .01). red was significantly associated with the angry boy when compared with the sad boy, while brown was significantly more often preferred for the sad boy than for the happy boy. By the age of first grade consequently the general preference for red by children is already significantly altered.", "PMID": 604879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8649", "title": "Effects of age, sex, and brightness of rield on open-field behaviors of rats.", "content": "48 male and 48 female Holtzman rats, ages 50, 100, and 150 days, were tested in a black or white open field to determine the effect of varying brightness of the field upon ambulation and defecation scores. There were significant negative correlations between all ambulation and defecation scores, except for the 50-day-old animals. Ambulation scores decreased over trials for all animals; defecation scores remained the same. Trials did not interact with age, sex, or brightness on either measure. In both fields females crossed more squares than males at ages 100 and 150 days, but there were no sex differences in ambulation at age 50 days. Most notable was a sex difference as a function of brightness of field; whereas male scores did not differ, females ambulated significantly more and tended to defecate less in the white field. Results are described in terms of the need for standardization of the open field.", "contents": "Effects of age, sex, and brightness of rield on open-field behaviors of rats. 48 male and 48 female Holtzman rats, ages 50, 100, and 150 days, were tested in a black or white open field to determine the effect of varying brightness of the field upon ambulation and defecation scores. There were significant negative correlations between all ambulation and defecation scores, except for the 50-day-old animals. Ambulation scores decreased over trials for all animals; defecation scores remained the same. Trials did not interact with age, sex, or brightness on either measure. In both fields females crossed more squares than males at ages 100 and 150 days, but there were no sex differences in ambulation at age 50 days. Most notable was a sex difference as a function of brightness of field; whereas male scores did not differ, females ambulated significantly more and tended to defecate less in the white field. Results are described in terms of the need for standardization of the open field.", "PMID": 604880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8650", "title": "Black teachers' perceptions of the ideal pupil.", "content": "Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist was administered to 76 black teachers. A comparison of their 10 most and least valued traits with those of the expert panel on the creative personality showed that the two groups agreed only once on the 10 most valued traits and three times on the 10 least valued traits.", "contents": "Black teachers' perceptions of the ideal pupil. Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist was administered to 76 black teachers. A comparison of their 10 most and least valued traits with those of the expert panel on the creative personality showed that the two groups agreed only once on the 10 most valued traits and three times on the 10 least valued traits.", "PMID": 604881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8651", "title": "Birth order and perceptual motor performance.", "content": "To examine the relationship between performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and birth order, 578 first-graders were tested. Later-born children performed significantly better than did firstborns on specific subtests of the Frostig (Visual-motor Coordination and Figure-ground Perception). There was a significant interaction on Perceptual Constancy which indicated that later-born males performed significantly better than did firstborn males. A secondary finding was a r of .547, a stronger relationship between intelligence level and global perceptual performance than previously reported.", "contents": "Birth order and perceptual motor performance. To examine the relationship between performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and birth order, 578 first-graders were tested. Later-born children performed significantly better than did firstborns on specific subtests of the Frostig (Visual-motor Coordination and Figure-ground Perception). There was a significant interaction on Perceptual Constancy which indicated that later-born males performed significantly better than did firstborn males. A secondary finding was a r of .547, a stronger relationship between intelligence level and global perceptual performance than previously reported.", "PMID": 604882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8652", "title": "Memory load, critical features and retrieval processes in facial recognition.", "content": "A Sternberg-type varied set procedure was used in which the set of stimuli associated with the \"different\" response was, in some cases, large and unspecified. A 3-factor design was used with repeated measures on list length (1, 2, or 4 faces), decision (\"same\" or \"different\"), and number of critical features varied between memory and target faces (0, 2, 4, or 7). Reaction times of college students for recognition of faces were analyzed to determine the nature of the retrieval processes employed. Reaction times were faster as the number of feature changes increased, and both parallel and serial processes were indicated for both \"same\" and \"different\" responses.", "contents": "Memory load, critical features and retrieval processes in facial recognition. A Sternberg-type varied set procedure was used in which the set of stimuli associated with the \"different\" response was, in some cases, large and unspecified. A 3-factor design was used with repeated measures on list length (1, 2, or 4 faces), decision (\"same\" or \"different\"), and number of critical features varied between memory and target faces (0, 2, 4, or 7). Reaction times of college students for recognition of faces were analyzed to determine the nature of the retrieval processes employed. Reaction times were faster as the number of feature changes increased, and both parallel and serial processes were indicated for both \"same\" and \"different\" responses.", "PMID": 604883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8653", "title": "An electronic apparatus to measure the retinal-neural fading phenomena.", "content": "Fading and regeneration of visual stimuli is a phenomenon which occurs under the condition of redundant visual stimulation in the human eye. By totally encompassing a subject's visual field with large sheets of colored cardboard, which provided an undifferentiated ground, it was found that the color spontaneously disappeared and reappeared. This evidence suggested that the cycle is a fundamental aspect of the visual process. The Retinal-Neural Fading Phenomena Device was developed using light-emitting diodes (LED) as the stimulus source. This allowed the quantitative measurement of the rate of fade and degree of satiation the eye undergoes under a redundant presentation equivalent to stabilized images. The rate and degree of satiation to redundant stimulation appears to correlate highly with a subject's reading efficiency. The data suggested that rapid and deep satiation was the favored outcome if one is to be free from reading or perceptual disorders. This leads to the speculation that rapid fade of afterimages of previously read symbols is required to prepare the visual system for new material. Conversely, the inability to suppress afterimages may be a physiological factor in the \"dyslexic syndrome.\"", "contents": "An electronic apparatus to measure the retinal-neural fading phenomena. Fading and regeneration of visual stimuli is a phenomenon which occurs under the condition of redundant visual stimulation in the human eye. By totally encompassing a subject's visual field with large sheets of colored cardboard, which provided an undifferentiated ground, it was found that the color spontaneously disappeared and reappeared. This evidence suggested that the cycle is a fundamental aspect of the visual process. The Retinal-Neural Fading Phenomena Device was developed using light-emitting diodes (LED) as the stimulus source. This allowed the quantitative measurement of the rate of fade and degree of satiation the eye undergoes under a redundant presentation equivalent to stabilized images. The rate and degree of satiation to redundant stimulation appears to correlate highly with a subject's reading efficiency. The data suggested that rapid and deep satiation was the favored outcome if one is to be free from reading or perceptual disorders. This leads to the speculation that rapid fade of afterimages of previously read symbols is required to prepare the visual system for new material. Conversely, the inability to suppress afterimages may be a physiological factor in the \"dyslexic syndrome.\"", "PMID": 604884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8654", "title": "Body boundary and field-dependence.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between body boundary articulation, as measured by Fisher and Cleveland, and Witkin's field dependence-independence dimensions of perception. While these two concepts seem to be logically connected, no significant relationships (rs of .15 to .35) were obtained for 20 undergraduates. There is a need for further clarification and refinement in the concepts of Penetration and Barrier scores for body image.", "contents": "Body boundary and field-dependence. This study investigated the relationship between body boundary articulation, as measured by Fisher and Cleveland, and Witkin's field dependence-independence dimensions of perception. While these two concepts seem to be logically connected, no significant relationships (rs of .15 to .35) were obtained for 20 undergraduates. There is a need for further clarification and refinement in the concepts of Penetration and Barrier scores for body image.", "PMID": 604885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8655", "title": "Personality correlates of successful biofeedback training.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the role of personality in effectiveness of biofeedback training. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 37 subjects assigned to Accurate Information and Misinformation groups in a heart-rate conditioning experiment. The treatment effect was not significant, but personality variables of exhibition, succorance, deference, and aggression were reliable predictors of success in biofeedback training. Post boc analyses for treatment x high-low score classification on the Edwards variables indicated that accurately informed subjects high in succorance or exhibition demonstrated significantly greater heart-rate reduction than subjects given other treatment.", "contents": "Personality correlates of successful biofeedback training. This study was designed to examine the role of personality in effectiveness of biofeedback training. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 37 subjects assigned to Accurate Information and Misinformation groups in a heart-rate conditioning experiment. The treatment effect was not significant, but personality variables of exhibition, succorance, deference, and aggression were reliable predictors of success in biofeedback training. Post boc analyses for treatment x high-low score classification on the Edwards variables indicated that accurately informed subjects high in succorance or exhibition demonstrated significantly greater heart-rate reduction than subjects given other treatment.", "PMID": 604886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8656", "title": "Intra-cultural differences in the perception of visual illusions: an urban/rural comparison.", "content": "Urban and rural college students, men and women (n equal to 6 each, N equal to 24), were compared (2 x 2) on six geometric illusions using materials and procedures of Herskovits, Campbell, and Segall (1969). As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility were found for the M\u00fcller-Lyer, Sander parallelogram, or Poggendorf illusions. Rural subjects proved more susceptible to the perspective illusion; however, the urban group was more susceptible to the L-form of the horizontal-vertical illusion, but not to the T-form.", "contents": "Intra-cultural differences in the perception of visual illusions: an urban/rural comparison. Urban and rural college students, men and women (n equal to 6 each, N equal to 24), were compared (2 x 2) on six geometric illusions using materials and procedures of Herskovits, Campbell, and Segall (1969). As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility were found for the M\u00fcller-Lyer, Sander parallelogram, or Poggendorf illusions. Rural subjects proved more susceptible to the perspective illusion; however, the urban group was more susceptible to the L-form of the horizontal-vertical illusion, but not to the T-form.", "PMID": 604887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8657", "title": "Relation of birth order, family size and social class to psychological functions.", "content": "Findings are reported on birth-order and family-size effects for five psychological functions measured by the military preinduction test battery which was administered to a total population of 19-yr.-old Dutch men. These men were born between 1944 and 1946, were members of 1- to 6-child families and were from the two major social classes. A clear birth-order gradient was present on all test measures for both social classes. Family-size effects, however, differed by social class. The results extend to a range of psychological functions the findings previously reported for a single test of non-verbal intelligence, suggesting that family-structure variables play a role in understanding intellectual development.", "contents": "Relation of birth order, family size and social class to psychological functions. Findings are reported on birth-order and family-size effects for five psychological functions measured by the military preinduction test battery which was administered to a total population of 19-yr.-old Dutch men. These men were born between 1944 and 1946, were members of 1- to 6-child families and were from the two major social classes. A clear birth-order gradient was present on all test measures for both social classes. Family-size effects, however, differed by social class. The results extend to a range of psychological functions the findings previously reported for a single test of non-verbal intelligence, suggesting that family-structure variables play a role in understanding intellectual development.", "PMID": 604888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8658", "title": "Relationships between area-specific measures of self-concept, self-esteem and academic achievement for junior high school students.", "content": "Physical maturity, peer relations, academic success and school adaptiveness self-concept and self-esteem measures were correlated with reading, language, mathematics, and composite achievement scores for 26 male and 48 female junior high school students. Academic success self-concept was significantly correlated with each of the achievement measures. Peer relations self-concept and self-esteem correlated with language, math, and composite achievement. Academic success self-esteem measures did not correlate with any of the measures of achievement.", "contents": "Relationships between area-specific measures of self-concept, self-esteem and academic achievement for junior high school students. Physical maturity, peer relations, academic success and school adaptiveness self-concept and self-esteem measures were correlated with reading, language, mathematics, and composite achievement scores for 26 male and 48 female junior high school students. Academic success self-concept was significantly correlated with each of the achievement measures. Peer relations self-concept and self-esteem correlated with language, math, and composite achievement. Academic success self-esteem measures did not correlate with any of the measures of achievement.", "PMID": 604889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8659", "title": "Individual differences in self-conception: a multivariate approach.", "content": "The present study investigated the determinants of the affective and denotative semantic structures in the process of self-conception. Three-mode data of semantic differential ratings of 11 ego-related concepts on a representative set of scales were obtained from a homogeneous group of 29 male college sophomores. Results for the scale mode indicated that after Osgood's three affective components were recaptured, three other orthogonal dimensions were interpretable denotative features. The concept mode consisted of five distinctive factors representing the multidimensional nature of self concepts. Differences among four types of subjects in their interactions between meaning systems and concept factors were highlighted by the rotated core matrix. Characteristics of subject-type homogeneities were further identified by regressions of their factor coefficients on a set of variables representing personality development, social behaviors, and attitudes.", "contents": "Individual differences in self-conception: a multivariate approach. The present study investigated the determinants of the affective and denotative semantic structures in the process of self-conception. Three-mode data of semantic differential ratings of 11 ego-related concepts on a representative set of scales were obtained from a homogeneous group of 29 male college sophomores. Results for the scale mode indicated that after Osgood's three affective components were recaptured, three other orthogonal dimensions were interpretable denotative features. The concept mode consisted of five distinctive factors representing the multidimensional nature of self concepts. Differences among four types of subjects in their interactions between meaning systems and concept factors were highlighted by the rotated core matrix. Characteristics of subject-type homogeneities were further identified by regressions of their factor coefficients on a set of variables representing personality development, social behaviors, and attitudes.", "PMID": 604890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8660", "title": "Correlations between Gesell scores in infancy and performance on verbal and non-verbal tests in early childhood.", "content": "Since infant developmental tests are heavily loaded with perceptual-motor items and are relatively free of auditory-verbal items, it was hypothesized that performance on infant tests would correlate higher with those later tests which measure non-verbal skills and lower with those tests that measure mostly verbal skills. The Gesell performance of 26 normal, male white infants at 7, 9 and 15 mo. correlated significantly and consistently with performance on the Merrill-Palmer Scale at 27 mo. and the visual-motor channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr. and showed consistently non-significant correlations with the Stanford Binet at 3 yr., the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at 5 yr., and the auditory-vocal channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr.", "contents": "Correlations between Gesell scores in infancy and performance on verbal and non-verbal tests in early childhood. Since infant developmental tests are heavily loaded with perceptual-motor items and are relatively free of auditory-verbal items, it was hypothesized that performance on infant tests would correlate higher with those later tests which measure non-verbal skills and lower with those tests that measure mostly verbal skills. The Gesell performance of 26 normal, male white infants at 7, 9 and 15 mo. correlated significantly and consistently with performance on the Merrill-Palmer Scale at 27 mo. and the visual-motor channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr. and showed consistently non-significant correlations with the Stanford Binet at 3 yr., the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at 5 yr., and the auditory-vocal channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr.", "PMID": 604891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8661", "title": "Methylphenidate effect on attentional and cognitive behavior in six- through twelve-year-old males.", "content": "Attentional and cognitive behavior was studied in 84 learning disabled boys aged 6 through 12 yr., before and during treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin). The WISC Digit Span and Coding, identified as measures of primarily attentional behavior, showed significant improvement with methylphenidate treatment. Block Design, Picture Arrangement, Mazes, and Non-verbal IQ showed significant improvement as a result of general increase in attentional behavior but the WISC Verbal IQ showed no improvement. Covariates were pretest and posttest age, parental occupational group, and length of treatment. A multivariate analysis of covariance supported the concept that methylphenidate (Ritalin) did improve performance on tests with high attentional component. Implications for the treatment of learning disabled children are discussed.", "contents": "Methylphenidate effect on attentional and cognitive behavior in six- through twelve-year-old males. Attentional and cognitive behavior was studied in 84 learning disabled boys aged 6 through 12 yr., before and during treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin). The WISC Digit Span and Coding, identified as measures of primarily attentional behavior, showed significant improvement with methylphenidate treatment. Block Design, Picture Arrangement, Mazes, and Non-verbal IQ showed significant improvement as a result of general increase in attentional behavior but the WISC Verbal IQ showed no improvement. Covariates were pretest and posttest age, parental occupational group, and length of treatment. A multivariate analysis of covariance supported the concept that methylphenidate (Ritalin) did improve performance on tests with high attentional component. Implications for the treatment of learning disabled children are discussed.", "PMID": 604892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8662", "title": "Hemispheric asymmetry in reaction time to color stimuli.", "content": "The simple detection of colored stimuli in the right, center, and left visual fields was examined. 10 male subjects were used in a reaction time paradigm with color (red, green, or blue), field, and hand as independent variables. A significantly faster RT to stimuli presented in the left visual field was observed, and further the left visual field-left hand combination was the fastest of all the combinations of visual-field x hand. A significant interaction of color x field suggested that red may be processed on a higher order level even in a simple detection task.", "contents": "Hemispheric asymmetry in reaction time to color stimuli. The simple detection of colored stimuli in the right, center, and left visual fields was examined. 10 male subjects were used in a reaction time paradigm with color (red, green, or blue), field, and hand as independent variables. A significantly faster RT to stimuli presented in the left visual field was observed, and further the left visual field-left hand combination was the fastest of all the combinations of visual-field x hand. A significant interaction of color x field suggested that red may be processed on a higher order level even in a simple detection task.", "PMID": 604893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8663", "title": "Matching of normally oriented and mirrored words by good and poor readers.", "content": "10 good and 10 poor Grade 6 readers judged tachistoscopically presented word pairs to be \"same\" or \"different\" when the words making up the pairs were both normally oriented, both mirrored, or one was oriented and the other was mirrored. Good readers made fewer errors than poor readers on normally oriented \"same\" pairs but showed no advantage on other configurations. Poor readers were more accurate in detecting mismatches than good readers. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism that may have been implicated.", "contents": "Matching of normally oriented and mirrored words by good and poor readers. 10 good and 10 poor Grade 6 readers judged tachistoscopically presented word pairs to be \"same\" or \"different\" when the words making up the pairs were both normally oriented, both mirrored, or one was oriented and the other was mirrored. Good readers made fewer errors than poor readers on normally oriented \"same\" pairs but showed no advantage on other configurations. Poor readers were more accurate in detecting mismatches than good readers. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism that may have been implicated.", "PMID": 604895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8664", "title": "Visual masking of targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds.", "content": "Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.", "contents": "Visual masking of targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds. Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.", "PMID": 604896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8665", "title": "Typewriting rate as a function of reaction time.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the relationship between reaction time and typewriting rate. Subjects were 24 typists ranging in age from 19 to 39 yr. Reaction times (.001 sec) to a light were recorded for each finger and to each alphabetic character and three punctuation marks. Analysis of variance yielded significant differences in reaction time among subjects and fingers. Correlation between typewriting rate and average reaction time to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks was --.75. Correlation between typewriting rate and the difference between the reaction time of the hands was --.42. Factors influencing typewriting rate may include reaction time of the fingers, difference between the reaction time of the hands, and reaction time to individual keys on the typewriter. Implications exist for instructional methodology and further research.", "contents": "Typewriting rate as a function of reaction time. This study was designed to determine the relationship between reaction time and typewriting rate. Subjects were 24 typists ranging in age from 19 to 39 yr. Reaction times (.001 sec) to a light were recorded for each finger and to each alphabetic character and three punctuation marks. Analysis of variance yielded significant differences in reaction time among subjects and fingers. Correlation between typewriting rate and average reaction time to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks was --.75. Correlation between typewriting rate and the difference between the reaction time of the hands was --.42. Factors influencing typewriting rate may include reaction time of the fingers, difference between the reaction time of the hands, and reaction time to individual keys on the typewriter. Implications exist for instructional methodology and further research.", "PMID": 604897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8666", "title": "Sound, affect, and visual autokinesis.", "content": "Sound and the absence of sound were used during the adaptation period of a conventional experiment on autokinetic effect conducted in anechoic and reverberation rooms of equal size. Only the room condition led to significantly different results: more visual autokinesis in the reverberation room. The data are discussed in light of the results of an earlier, similar experiment where the reverberation room yielded less visual autokinesis. It is suggested that affect rather than sound influenced the autokinetic phenomenon.", "contents": "Sound, affect, and visual autokinesis. Sound and the absence of sound were used during the adaptation period of a conventional experiment on autokinetic effect conducted in anechoic and reverberation rooms of equal size. Only the room condition led to significantly different results: more visual autokinesis in the reverberation room. The data are discussed in light of the results of an earlier, similar experiment where the reverberation room yielded less visual autokinesis. It is suggested that affect rather than sound influenced the autokinetic phenomenon.", "PMID": 604898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8667", "title": "Effects of modality of presentation on delayed recognition.", "content": "Auditorily and visually presented lists were either tested or not tested immediately after input and were later tested on a delayed recognition test. For those lists given the immediate free-recall test, auditory presentation was superior on this immediate test. On the delayed recognition test the tested lists led to higher performance than non-tested lists. For tested lists auditory presentation led to superior recognition for the terminal serial positions, while for non-tested lists visual presentation led to higher performance on the last few positions. The fact that modality of presentation had opposite effects on delayed recognition of the lists was discussed in terms of current models of modality effects.", "contents": "Effects of modality of presentation on delayed recognition. Auditorily and visually presented lists were either tested or not tested immediately after input and were later tested on a delayed recognition test. For those lists given the immediate free-recall test, auditory presentation was superior on this immediate test. On the delayed recognition test the tested lists led to higher performance than non-tested lists. For tested lists auditory presentation led to superior recognition for the terminal serial positions, while for non-tested lists visual presentation led to higher performance on the last few positions. The fact that modality of presentation had opposite effects on delayed recognition of the lists was discussed in terms of current models of modality effects.", "PMID": 604899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8668", "title": "Incidental cues and picture/word differences in recall.", "content": "80 university undergraduates attempted free recall of 20 objects presented as either (a) normally printed words, (b) words enriched with iconic sign characteristics, (c) normal line drawings, or (d) schematic line drawings constructed from a limited set of elements. Enriched words were better recalled than normal words, whereas differences in recall between the two types of line drawings just failed to reach significance. The results were discussed in reference to the dual coding- and incidental-cue hypothesis.", "contents": "Incidental cues and picture/word differences in recall. 80 university undergraduates attempted free recall of 20 objects presented as either (a) normally printed words, (b) words enriched with iconic sign characteristics, (c) normal line drawings, or (d) schematic line drawings constructed from a limited set of elements. Enriched words were better recalled than normal words, whereas differences in recall between the two types of line drawings just failed to reach significance. The results were discussed in reference to the dual coding- and incidental-cue hypothesis.", "PMID": 604900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8669", "title": "Left-handedness among architects: partial replication and some new data.", "content": "As predicted, over a 6-yr. period, more left-handed proportionately than right-handed architecture students successfully completed their 6-yr. program. Contrary to expectation, the entering class in 1976 had 21% left-handed males, 12 of 57. Lastly these left-handed men had high factor scores in a group of academic predictors, design scores, and grade point averages during the first quarter. The 45 right-handed men in the entering class had almost zero mean scores on the predictors and negative mean scores on performance. The 19 right-handed women in the class had negative scores on the academic predictors and positive ones on performance.", "contents": "Left-handedness among architects: partial replication and some new data. As predicted, over a 6-yr. period, more left-handed proportionately than right-handed architecture students successfully completed their 6-yr. program. Contrary to expectation, the entering class in 1976 had 21% left-handed males, 12 of 57. Lastly these left-handed men had high factor scores in a group of academic predictors, design scores, and grade point averages during the first quarter. The 45 right-handed men in the entering class had almost zero mean scores on the predictors and negative mean scores on performance. The 19 right-handed women in the class had negative scores on the academic predictors and positive ones on performance.", "PMID": 604901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8670", "title": "Inter- vs intra-modal performance of college men and women.", "content": "Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes within the temporal dimension was investigated with 19 male and 18 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 32 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: Auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for three main effects: sex, modality, and sensory mode. Women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performances on intramodal and intermodal functioning tasks. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that modal functioning reaches asymptote prior to adulthood. Results indicating a difference in modal functioning between the sexes were unexpected.", "contents": "Inter- vs intra-modal performance of college men and women. Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes within the temporal dimension was investigated with 19 male and 18 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 32 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: Auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for three main effects: sex, modality, and sensory mode. Women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performances on intramodal and intermodal functioning tasks. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that modal functioning reaches asymptote prior to adulthood. Results indicating a difference in modal functioning between the sexes were unexpected.", "PMID": 604902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8671", "title": "Abstraction and use of categorical and physical information: a developmental study.", "content": "Children in nursery school and Grades 1, 3, and 5 (total N equal to 75) were asked to match one of two picture choices to a previously presented stimulus. Two types of matches were based upon the physical information in the stimuli and two types of matches were based upon categorical information. A comparison of mean reaction time for the two physical matches indicated a large change between nursery school and Grade 1 in the ability to use specific visual information in the matching of pictures of familiar objects. The efficiency of matches based upon category information showed a steady increase across the ages tested. Category matches based upon pictorial information were as efficient as category matches based upon verbal information  for all groups.", "contents": "Abstraction and use of categorical and physical information: a developmental study. Children in nursery school and Grades 1, 3, and 5 (total N equal to 75) were asked to match one of two picture choices to a previously presented stimulus. Two types of matches were based upon the physical information in the stimuli and two types of matches were based upon categorical information. A comparison of mean reaction time for the two physical matches indicated a large change between nursery school and Grade 1 in the ability to use specific visual information in the matching of pictures of familiar objects. The efficiency of matches based upon category information showed a steady increase across the ages tested. Category matches based upon pictorial information were as efficient as category matches based upon verbal information  for all groups.", "PMID": 604903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8672", "title": "Baseline variability as a predictor of EMG biofeedback performance.", "content": "Data from two studies are presented which indicate a consistent negative correlation between EMG-baseline variability and subsequent biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction. The implications and utility of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Baseline variability as a predictor of EMG biofeedback performance. Data from two studies are presented which indicate a consistent negative correlation between EMG-baseline variability and subsequent biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction. The implications and utility of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 604905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8673", "title": "Temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed drugs.", "content": "Licit and illicit non-prescribed drugs, regardless of their classification, are used in a common temporal pattern with the possible exceptions of caffeine and cocaine. The temporal patterns of drug use are highly correlated with the nationwide temporal pattern of TV watching, suggesting a pleasure-oriented, recreational use. The peak times for substance use and abuse may have implications for the delivery of professional or paraprofessional services.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed drugs. Licit and illicit non-prescribed drugs, regardless of their classification, are used in a common temporal pattern with the possible exceptions of caffeine and cocaine. The temporal patterns of drug use are highly correlated with the nationwide temporal pattern of TV watching, suggesting a pleasure-oriented, recreational use. The peak times for substance use and abuse may have implications for the delivery of professional or paraprofessional services.", "PMID": 604906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8674", "title": "Children's comprehension of time-compressed speech: effect of speaker's familiarity.", "content": "An experiment was conducted with 42 third grade children from a parochial school system in a large metropolitan area. 21 classmates whose teacher served as the speaker for this experiment comprised the experimental group. A matched group of 21 classmates from another third grade classroom formed the control group. Each subject individually listened to a 940-word narrative passage that had been compressed at a rate of 45% or 275 words per minute. 10 questions about the material presented in the final three-fourths of the passage were asked of the subjects. The difference between the mean number of correct responses produced by the experimental group (5.5) and the control group (4.9) was not statistically significant. The results indicate that familiarity with the speaker does not facilitate 8-yr.-olds' comprehension of time-compressed speech.", "contents": "Children's comprehension of time-compressed speech: effect of speaker's familiarity. An experiment was conducted with 42 third grade children from a parochial school system in a large metropolitan area. 21 classmates whose teacher served as the speaker for this experiment comprised the experimental group. A matched group of 21 classmates from another third grade classroom formed the control group. Each subject individually listened to a 940-word narrative passage that had been compressed at a rate of 45% or 275 words per minute. 10 questions about the material presented in the final three-fourths of the passage were asked of the subjects. The difference between the mean number of correct responses produced by the experimental group (5.5) and the control group (4.9) was not statistically significant. The results indicate that familiarity with the speaker does not facilitate 8-yr.-olds' comprehension of time-compressed speech.", "PMID": 604908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8675", "title": "Brunswik ratios: a ratio scale for comparative analyses of size constancy data from different experiments.", "content": "The literature on visual size constancy implicitly assumes that the perceived size of any dimension of a thing is evidence of how well (a) any other dimension of the thing will be perceived and (b) any visible dimension of any other thing will be perceived under comparable conditions of perception. For tests of these assumptions Brunswik ratios (1956) are described as a common conceptual and numerical basis, a ratio scale, for testing statistically for differences among or the equivalence of two or more sets of data from different experiments on visual size constancy.", "contents": "Brunswik ratios: a ratio scale for comparative analyses of size constancy data from different experiments. The literature on visual size constancy implicitly assumes that the perceived size of any dimension of a thing is evidence of how well (a) any other dimension of the thing will be perceived and (b) any visible dimension of any other thing will be perceived under comparable conditions of perception. For tests of these assumptions Brunswik ratios (1956) are described as a common conceptual and numerical basis, a ratio scale, for testing statistically for differences among or the equivalence of two or more sets of data from different experiments on visual size constancy.", "PMID": 604909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8676", "title": "Correlations of sighting-eye dominance tests and comparison of combined scores in classroom, clinic, and ophthalmological populations.", "content": "Contingency coefficients for near- and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests determined from data of 240 classroom children in Grades 4, 8, and 12 were significant. Also significant differences were noted for distributions of sighting tests combined two at a time (correlated) when compared with distributions of responses on a single test. Comparison of combined test distributions for classroom and clinic populations yielded significant differences in near-point sighting and between near- and far-point tests. Comparison with the ophthalmological data of Fink confirmed the validity of the findings. All simple and combined score distributions deviated from normalcy. Near-point binocular sighting exerts a strong influence on combined score distributions because more mixed-eyedness is is indicated by that test.", "contents": "Correlations of sighting-eye dominance tests and comparison of combined scores in classroom, clinic, and ophthalmological populations. Contingency coefficients for near- and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests determined from data of 240 classroom children in Grades 4, 8, and 12 were significant. Also significant differences were noted for distributions of sighting tests combined two at a time (correlated) when compared with distributions of responses on a single test. Comparison of combined test distributions for classroom and clinic populations yielded significant differences in near-point sighting and between near- and far-point tests. Comparison with the ophthalmological data of Fink confirmed the validity of the findings. All simple and combined score distributions deviated from normalcy. Near-point binocular sighting exerts a strong influence on combined score distributions because more mixed-eyedness is is indicated by that test.", "PMID": 604910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8677", "title": "An automated procedure for correlation of q-sorts.", "content": "A set of computer programs which calculates correlations between Q-sort decks is described. These programs automatically process Q-sort decks in which the items are printed directly on IBM cards, thus enabling the rapid analysis of large volumes of Q-sort data. An application of this method to the assessment of family interaction is described.", "contents": "An automated procedure for correlation of q-sorts. A set of computer programs which calculates correlations between Q-sort decks is described. These programs automatically process Q-sort decks in which the items are printed directly on IBM cards, thus enabling the rapid analysis of large volumes of Q-sort data. An application of this method to the assessment of family interaction is described.", "PMID": 604911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8678", "title": "Global detection of symmetry.", "content": "Two experimental approaches examined observers' ability to characterize shape symmetry based upon the information obtained within a single fixation. Exp. I tested observers' ability to discriminate among three levels of symmetry on the basis of a 25-msec. presentation. Results indicated that identification accuracy was higher for symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes than for mixed shapes, which contained both symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Exp. II tested observers' ability to detect a given level of symmetry by means of a signal-detection approach. Symmetrical shapes were detected better than asymmetrical shapes. Detectability of mixed shapes was lower than that for both symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. The results of Exps. I and II demonstrate that observers can characterize shape symmetry on the basis of information available within a single fixation. The data are supportive of the hypothesis that a global response to the over-all configuration of the shape serves to facilitate form perception.", "contents": "Global detection of symmetry. Two experimental approaches examined observers' ability to characterize shape symmetry based upon the information obtained within a single fixation. Exp. I tested observers' ability to discriminate among three levels of symmetry on the basis of a 25-msec. presentation. Results indicated that identification accuracy was higher for symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes than for mixed shapes, which contained both symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Exp. II tested observers' ability to detect a given level of symmetry by means of a signal-detection approach. Symmetrical shapes were detected better than asymmetrical shapes. Detectability of mixed shapes was lower than that for both symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. The results of Exps. I and II demonstrate that observers can characterize shape symmetry on the basis of information available within a single fixation. The data are supportive of the hypothesis that a global response to the over-all configuration of the shape serves to facilitate form perception.", "PMID": 604912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8679", "title": "A film technique for assessing children's self-estimation of body size under static and dynamic conditions.", "content": "A film technique was developed to obtain children's self-estimates of selected aspects of their own body dimensions under static and dynamic conditions. Subjects were 40 children, ranging in age from 6.10 to 10.10 yr. They estimated their own heights and shoulder widths while viewing projected images of themselves in two conditions, static and dynamic. The condition films displayed the projected image of the subject from 6 in. below to 6 in. above his or her actual height. The subject responded by stopping a remote-controlled projector when the projected image was perceived by the subject to be his or her own body dimension. A nested factorial design was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, condition, and mode (direction of trials). A paired difference test indicated whether the subjects' estimates were in fact significantly different from the actual body dimensions. Analysis showed no significant differences in main effects of age or sex. Self-estimates of selected body dimensions were significantly different from actual, measured, body dimensions. The motion-picture technique was considered successful in obviating several difficulties encountered in the past by workers using other techniques and was effective in introducing dynamics as a condition under which subjects could make self-estimates of their own body dimensions.", "contents": "A film technique for assessing children's self-estimation of body size under static and dynamic conditions. A film technique was developed to obtain children's self-estimates of selected aspects of their own body dimensions under static and dynamic conditions. Subjects were 40 children, ranging in age from 6.10 to 10.10 yr. They estimated their own heights and shoulder widths while viewing projected images of themselves in two conditions, static and dynamic. The condition films displayed the projected image of the subject from 6 in. below to 6 in. above his or her actual height. The subject responded by stopping a remote-controlled projector when the projected image was perceived by the subject to be his or her own body dimension. A nested factorial design was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, condition, and mode (direction of trials). A paired difference test indicated whether the subjects' estimates were in fact significantly different from the actual body dimensions. Analysis showed no significant differences in main effects of age or sex. Self-estimates of selected body dimensions were significantly different from actual, measured, body dimensions. The motion-picture technique was considered successful in obviating several difficulties encountered in the past by workers using other techniques and was effective in introducing dynamics as a condition under which subjects could make self-estimates of their own body dimensions.", "PMID": 604914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8680", "title": "Sex differences in clerical speed: perceptual speed versus comparison and decision speed.", "content": "The hypothesis that sex differences in clerical speed are based on differences in perceptual speed was tested in an experiment using tachistoscopic presentation of pairs of items requiring same-different judgments. This procedure eliminated the attentional shifts from item to item as well as the repetitive nature of the task. 10 females still were significantly faster than 10 males. Also no significant sex differences were found in an additional visual search task requiring rapid recognition and shifts in attention. Results were interpreted in terms of sex differences in comparison and decision time as opposed to perceptual speed.", "contents": "Sex differences in clerical speed: perceptual speed versus comparison and decision speed. The hypothesis that sex differences in clerical speed are based on differences in perceptual speed was tested in an experiment using tachistoscopic presentation of pairs of items requiring same-different judgments. This procedure eliminated the attentional shifts from item to item as well as the repetitive nature of the task. 10 females still were significantly faster than 10 males. Also no significant sex differences were found in an additional visual search task requiring rapid recognition and shifts in attention. Results were interpreted in terms of sex differences in comparison and decision time as opposed to perceptual speed.", "PMID": 604915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8681", "title": "Comparison of self-report and performance measures of attention: a second look.", "content": "The present study examined the failure of earlier researchers to find relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and behavioral measures of attentional processes. Data are presented which illustrate the attenuation in correlations as a result of improper selection of subjects. When this problem is addressed, the predicted relationships between subjective and behavioral measures of attention are obtained. Results provide additional evidence of construct validity for the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style.", "contents": "Comparison of self-report and performance measures of attention: a second look. The present study examined the failure of earlier researchers to find relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and behavioral measures of attentional processes. Data are presented which illustrate the attenuation in correlations as a result of improper selection of subjects. When this problem is addressed, the predicted relationships between subjective and behavioral measures of attention are obtained. Results provide additional evidence of construct validity for the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style.", "PMID": 604916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8682", "title": "Visual masking by translation equivalents in bilinguals.", "content": "Masking thresholds for common words as a function of the relationship between target and mask were assessed using French-English bilingual subjects. Five target-mask combinations were employed. Two control conditions involved unrelated pairs presented in either the same or both languages. The experimental conditions employed masks that were subordinate to the target, e.g., animal-horse, masks that were thr translation equivalents of the targets, and masks which were homophones of the target. Homophones were superior masks compared to same-language, unrelated masks which were in turn superior to subordinately related masks. Translation equivalents were less effective masks than different-language, unrelated masks but were similar to subordinate same-language masks. The results suggest that the relationship between the representations of translation equivalents is similar to that between same-language superordinate and subordinate words.", "contents": "Visual masking by translation equivalents in bilinguals. Masking thresholds for common words as a function of the relationship between target and mask were assessed using French-English bilingual subjects. Five target-mask combinations were employed. Two control conditions involved unrelated pairs presented in either the same or both languages. The experimental conditions employed masks that were subordinate to the target, e.g., animal-horse, masks that were thr translation equivalents of the targets, and masks which were homophones of the target. Homophones were superior masks compared to same-language, unrelated masks which were in turn superior to subordinately related masks. Translation equivalents were less effective masks than different-language, unrelated masks but were similar to subordinate same-language masks. The results suggest that the relationship between the representations of translation equivalents is similar to that between same-language superordinate and subordinate words.", "PMID": 604918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8683", "title": "Maximum duration of phonation: objective tool for assessment of voice.", "content": "30 male and 30 female adults sustained the vowel /a/ under specified conditions. Analysis of the data for 10 trials suggests that four trials produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness level and interrupted by a 60-sec. rest would reliably evaluate prolonged vocalization. Males' superior performance was noted. Clinical applications and research implications are discussed.", "contents": "Maximum duration of phonation: objective tool for assessment of voice. 30 male and 30 female adults sustained the vowel /a/ under specified conditions. Analysis of the data for 10 trials suggests that four trials produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness level and interrupted by a 60-sec. rest would reliably evaluate prolonged vocalization. Males' superior performance was noted. Clinical applications and research implications are discussed.", "PMID": 604919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8684", "title": "Laboratory apparatus for studying visual space perception of the pilot in simulated night approaches to landing.", "content": "The device provides a relatively inexpensive means of assessing a number of perceptual and human factors parameters in the night approach to landing situation. A technique for modeling airport runway lighting is described along with electromechanical and optical systems for precise control of simulated approach speed, model slant, and direction in the visual field of the simulated radial approach axis. The realism of this display is enhanced by preservation of the natural relations of size and brightness of simulated runway lights to distance.", "contents": "Laboratory apparatus for studying visual space perception of the pilot in simulated night approaches to landing. The device provides a relatively inexpensive means of assessing a number of perceptual and human factors parameters in the night approach to landing situation. A technique for modeling airport runway lighting is described along with electromechanical and optical systems for precise control of simulated approach speed, model slant, and direction in the visual field of the simulated radial approach axis. The realism of this display is enhanced by preservation of the natural relations of size and brightness of simulated runway lights to distance.", "PMID": 604920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8685", "title": "A color image hierarchy.", "content": "There is renewed interest by psychologists in mental imagery. While practical uses of imagery are being rapidly developed, there still remains a great deal to learn about imaging itself. One aspect of imaging is color. A review of the literature provided no research data as to which colors were easiest or hardest to image. Using the method of pair comparisons, an interval scale was devised, indicating the relative ease with which various colors could be imaged. The final scale, from easiest to most difficult to image, was black, red, yellow, blue, green, white, orange and finally purple. Implications for image training are suggested.", "contents": "A color image hierarchy. There is renewed interest by psychologists in mental imagery. While practical uses of imagery are being rapidly developed, there still remains a great deal to learn about imaging itself. One aspect of imaging is color. A review of the literature provided no research data as to which colors were easiest or hardest to image. Using the method of pair comparisons, an interval scale was devised, indicating the relative ease with which various colors could be imaged. The final scale, from easiest to most difficult to image, was black, red, yellow, blue, green, white, orange and finally purple. Implications for image training are suggested.", "PMID": 604921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8686", "title": "Effects of social reinforcement for visual attention on classroom learning by disadvantaged preschoolers.", "content": "To investigate the relationship between visual attention and classroom learning in a disadvantaged preschool population students' attending was experimentally maintained at high levels, using a social reinforcement procedure, and recall of visual and auditory educational materials was examined. Subjects were 16 white children of low income whose mean age was 5.1 yr. and who were students at a Head Start center. A two-group, randomized-blocks design was employed. Reinforcement of attending resulted in greater recall of auditory stimuli by experimental subjects, while a decline was found in recall performance by control subjects. Recall of visual material was not significantly affected by the treatment. Correlations between attending and both auditory and visual recall were statistically significant.", "contents": "Effects of social reinforcement for visual attention on classroom learning by disadvantaged preschoolers. To investigate the relationship between visual attention and classroom learning in a disadvantaged preschool population students' attending was experimentally maintained at high levels, using a social reinforcement procedure, and recall of visual and auditory educational materials was examined. Subjects were 16 white children of low income whose mean age was 5.1 yr. and who were students at a Head Start center. A two-group, randomized-blocks design was employed. Reinforcement of attending resulted in greater recall of auditory stimuli by experimental subjects, while a decline was found in recall performance by control subjects. Recall of visual material was not significantly affected by the treatment. Correlations between attending and both auditory and visual recall were statistically significant.", "PMID": 604922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8687", "title": "[The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by retro-gasserian differential electro-diathermy. One hundred cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Controlled thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion has been used in 100 patients presenting trigeminal neuralgia. Facial pain disappeared immediately in all cases, except four where it persisted at a minor degree during few days. Post-operative deficits are quite minimal and consist of hypoalgesia more or less marked; numbness to touch has never been observed except in a limited area in 12 patients. There have been no corneal problems. Paresthesias were noted immediately in 10 patients; they disappeared gradually and were troublesome only in four. The rate of recurrence (with a mean post-operative survey of 11 months is 13%). This technique of controlled thermocoagulation re presents the safest way of treating trigeminal neuralgia when it is uncontrollable with drugs.", "contents": "[The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by retro-gasserian differential electro-diathermy. One hundred cases (author's transl)]. Controlled thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion has been used in 100 patients presenting trigeminal neuralgia. Facial pain disappeared immediately in all cases, except four where it persisted at a minor degree during few days. Post-operative deficits are quite minimal and consist of hypoalgesia more or less marked; numbness to touch has never been observed except in a limited area in 12 patients. There have been no corneal problems. Paresthesias were noted immediately in 10 patients; they disappeared gradually and were troublesome only in four. The rate of recurrence (with a mean post-operative survey of 11 months is 13%). This technique of controlled thermocoagulation re presents the safest way of treating trigeminal neuralgia when it is uncontrollable with drugs.", "PMID": 604923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8688", "title": "[The radioimmunological assay of fibrinogen breakdown products with E antigen during postoperative venous thromboses. Study in 46 cases of arthroplasty for osteoarthrosis of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty six patients (without thrombosis) had a normal 125I-fibrinogen test, among whom 15 had a normal phlebography; 18 patients (with thrombosis) had a positive 125I-fibrinogen test among whom 11 had a positive phlebography. There was a discrepancy between phlebography and 125I-fibrinogen test in 2 patients. In patients with thrombosis, there is a significantly increase of FgE levels for several days after the intervention. However the measurement of FgE is not a reliable test (4% of false positive and 38% of false negative); but it is always elevated in femoral and popliteal thrombosis.", "contents": "[The radioimmunological assay of fibrinogen breakdown products with E antigen during postoperative venous thromboses. Study in 46 cases of arthroplasty for osteoarthrosis of the hip (author's transl)]. Twenty six patients (without thrombosis) had a normal 125I-fibrinogen test, among whom 15 had a normal phlebography; 18 patients (with thrombosis) had a positive 125I-fibrinogen test among whom 11 had a positive phlebography. There was a discrepancy between phlebography and 125I-fibrinogen test in 2 patients. In patients with thrombosis, there is a significantly increase of FgE levels for several days after the intervention. However the measurement of FgE is not a reliable test (4% of false positive and 38% of false negative); but it is always elevated in femoral and popliteal thrombosis.", "PMID": 604924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8689", "title": "[Initial assessment of a behavioural therapy anti-tobacco programme (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of behavioural therapy was used in anti-tobacco treatment. An assessment of the first 100 patients is given here. From the beginning of treatment, which was individual and lasted for one week, the subjects, with three exceptions, stopped smoking between the treatment sessions. After treatment was completed, 93 subjects maintained this abstinence for at least 15 days; 74 patients have not started to smoke again, with a follow-up period ranging from 2 to 18 months. The degree of motivation of the patients would seem to be the only parameter related to relapse.", "contents": "[Initial assessment of a behavioural therapy anti-tobacco programme (author's transl)]. The principle of behavioural therapy was used in anti-tobacco treatment. An assessment of the first 100 patients is given here. From the beginning of treatment, which was individual and lasted for one week, the subjects, with three exceptions, stopped smoking between the treatment sessions. After treatment was completed, 93 subjects maintained this abstinence for at least 15 days; 74 patients have not started to smoke again, with a follow-up period ranging from 2 to 18 months. The degree of motivation of the patients would seem to be the only parameter related to relapse.", "PMID": 604925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8690", "title": "[Drug-induced thyrotosic crisis or the dangers of an allegedly homeopathic preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute thyrotoxicosis following the ingestion of massive doses of thyroid hormone may pose diagnostic problems when the intoxication is clandestine, and may endanger life. The authors report here the case of a previously euthyroid young woman. The outcome was favourable, though assisted ventilation was required for a number of days. The particular features of this case (relatively low blood thyroxinelevels, anaemia and thrombocytopaenia following regression of the thyrotoxicosis, presence of parotid swelling) are discussed in the context of data from the literature.", "contents": "[Drug-induced thyrotosic crisis or the dangers of an allegedly homeopathic preparation (author's transl)]. Acute thyrotoxicosis following the ingestion of massive doses of thyroid hormone may pose diagnostic problems when the intoxication is clandestine, and may endanger life. The authors report here the case of a previously euthyroid young woman. The outcome was favourable, though assisted ventilation was required for a number of days. The particular features of this case (relatively low blood thyroxinelevels, anaemia and thrombocytopaenia following regression of the thyrotoxicosis, presence of parotid swelling) are discussed in the context of data from the literature.", "PMID": 604926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8691", "title": "[Extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance of the intestinal bacterial flora. I. Prevalence. Role of the ingestion of exogenous bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on the antibiotic resistance of bacterial flora isolated from stool, over these last ten years, have shown an increase of resistant strains to antibiotics. This resistance may depend on genes localized on the chromosome, or more frequently on extra-chromosomic DNA (R plasmid) which carries resistance to several antibiotic groups and which is spreading. The origin of multiple resistant bacteria could be twofold. The only one, which is considered in this paper, is the intake of exogenous bacteria already resistant and carried in food: beef, pork, chicken, having had some form of antibiotics--either supplementation to feeding to improve growth-or for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[Extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance of the intestinal bacterial flora. I. Prevalence. Role of the ingestion of exogenous bacteria (author's transl)]. Studies on the antibiotic resistance of bacterial flora isolated from stool, over these last ten years, have shown an increase of resistant strains to antibiotics. This resistance may depend on genes localized on the chromosome, or more frequently on extra-chromosomic DNA (R plasmid) which carries resistance to several antibiotic groups and which is spreading. The origin of multiple resistant bacteria could be twofold. The only one, which is considered in this paper, is the intake of exogenous bacteria already resistant and carried in food: beef, pork, chicken, having had some form of antibiotics--either supplementation to feeding to improve growth-or for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 604927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8692", "title": "[The use of a new type of haemostatic forceps in trauma of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Clamping of the hepatic pedicle is an emergency act, limited in time and ineffective in cases of vena cava-hepatic vein reflux. The single forceps suggested are particularly well suited to the morphology of the right lobe, affected in 70% of cases of liver trauma, providing equipotential parenchymatous stereocompression. They have the advantage of being selective, complete, and reversible, and may be applied for an indefinite period. They provide rapid biliostasis and haemostasis and provide time for thorough exploration of the abdominal cavity without any risk of total hepatic ischaemia.", "contents": "[The use of a new type of haemostatic forceps in trauma of the liver (author's transl)]. Clamping of the hepatic pedicle is an emergency act, limited in time and ineffective in cases of vena cava-hepatic vein reflux. The single forceps suggested are particularly well suited to the morphology of the right lobe, affected in 70% of cases of liver trauma, providing equipotential parenchymatous stereocompression. They have the advantage of being selective, complete, and reversible, and may be applied for an indefinite period. They provide rapid biliostasis and haemostasis and provide time for thorough exploration of the abdominal cavity without any risk of total hepatic ischaemia.", "PMID": 604928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8693", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ultrasonic measurement of the transverse diameter and its prognostic significance in the light of pathological observations.", "content": "The risk of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is related to size. Pathological observations suggest that there is usually an asymmetric formation of mural thrombus in the aneurysm sac and that rupture occurs more commonly through the lateral walls where there would be less. Ultrasonic estimation of the transverse diameter of an aneurysm offers a useful clinical method of monitoring size and likelihood of rupture.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ultrasonic measurement of the transverse diameter and its prognostic significance in the light of pathological observations. The risk of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is related to size. Pathological observations suggest that there is usually an asymmetric formation of mural thrombus in the aneurysm sac and that rupture occurs more commonly through the lateral walls where there would be less. Ultrasonic estimation of the transverse diameter of an aneurysm offers a useful clinical method of monitoring size and likelihood of rupture.", "PMID": 604987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8694", "title": "Ultrasound in the diagnosis and measurement of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "One hundred cases clinically diagnosed as aneurysm of the abdominal aorta were examined by ultrasound. The findings are described and the value and limitations of the method assessed.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the diagnosis and measurement of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. One hundred cases clinically diagnosed as aneurysm of the abdominal aorta were examined by ultrasound. The findings are described and the value and limitations of the method assessed.", "PMID": 604988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8695", "title": "Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "content": "Hypothalamic/pituitary and adrenal (HPA) function was assessed in ten patients who received intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy for 5-40 months. Standard insulin hypoglycaemia (IHT), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and tetracosactrin tests were performed 36 hr after the last dose of prednisolone and subsequently 10 days--52 weeks after completion of all chemotherapy. In the first tests there was evidence of impaired hypothalamic-pituitary function judged by peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) responses, and corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses were sub-normal in five patients. In the final IHTs, seven patients had persistently subnormal ACTH responses but all the corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses returned to normal. Mean peak corticosteroid responses to insulin and tetracosactrin and peak GH responses were significantly greater than in the first tests. Such chemotherapy regimens may have prolonged effects on hypothalamic/pituitary function but the demonstration of normal corticosteroid responses to hypoglycaemia and tetracosactrin indicates that these patients' stress responses will be normal as early as 10 days after treatment is stopped.", "contents": "Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Hypothalamic/pituitary and adrenal (HPA) function was assessed in ten patients who received intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy for 5-40 months. Standard insulin hypoglycaemia (IHT), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and tetracosactrin tests were performed 36 hr after the last dose of prednisolone and subsequently 10 days--52 weeks after completion of all chemotherapy. In the first tests there was evidence of impaired hypothalamic-pituitary function judged by peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) responses, and corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses were sub-normal in five patients. In the final IHTs, seven patients had persistently subnormal ACTH responses but all the corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses returned to normal. Mean peak corticosteroid responses to insulin and tetracosactrin and peak GH responses were significantly greater than in the first tests. Such chemotherapy regimens may have prolonged effects on hypothalamic/pituitary function but the demonstration of normal corticosteroid responses to hypoglycaemia and tetracosactrin indicates that these patients' stress responses will be normal as early as 10 days after treatment is stopped.", "PMID": 604989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8696", "title": "Cimetidine in the management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "The first case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated from the outset continuously for more than a year with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine is reported. Symptomatic response has been dramatic and sustained, marked endoscopic improvement has been observed with healing of oesophageal, gastric and stomal ulcers.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The first case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated from the outset continuously for more than a year with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine is reported. Symptomatic response has been dramatic and sustained, marked endoscopic improvement has been observed with healing of oesophageal, gastric and stomal ulcers.", "PMID": 604990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8697", "title": "Malignant lymphoma and extensive viral wart formation in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia and lymphocyte depletion.", "content": "A patient is described, the subject of a previous report (Ross et al., 1971), who subsequently developed gross peripheral mosaic warts and a malignant small bowel lymphoma in association with marked lymphocyte depletion.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma and extensive viral wart formation in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia and lymphocyte depletion. A patient is described, the subject of a previous report (Ross et al., 1971), who subsequently developed gross peripheral mosaic warts and a malignant small bowel lymphoma in association with marked lymphocyte depletion.", "PMID": 604991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8698", "title": "Quadriceps myositis: an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria of quadriceps myopathy.", "content": "A patient with the clinical picture of quadriceps myopathy was shown to have an underlying myositis. Review of the literature showed myositis to be a rare cause of the 'quadriceps syndrome' but it is important to identify this group because they are potentially treatable with corticosteroids.", "contents": "Quadriceps myositis: an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria of quadriceps myopathy. A patient with the clinical picture of quadriceps myopathy was shown to have an underlying myositis. Review of the literature showed myositis to be a rare cause of the 'quadriceps syndrome' but it is important to identify this group because they are potentially treatable with corticosteroids.", "PMID": 604992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8699", "title": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 72-year-old man developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after sustaining an acute myocardial infarction. Other documented causes of this syndrome were excluded, and this case is therefore reported as a new association.", "contents": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with acute myocardial infarction. A 72-year-old man developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after sustaining an acute myocardial infarction. Other documented causes of this syndrome were excluded, and this case is therefore reported as a new association.", "PMID": 604993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8700", "title": "Thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A case of thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis in a Maltese housewife is reported. The association of thrombo-embolic disease and ulcerative colitis is reviewed.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis. A case of thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis in a Maltese housewife is reported. The association of thrombo-embolic disease and ulcerative colitis is reviewed.", "PMID": 604994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8701", "title": "Pseudomonas pneumonia in status asthmaticus.", "content": "A case of Pseudomonas pneumonia developing in a patient on treatment for status asthmaticus is described. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics, high dose steroids and humidifiers or nebulizers may be of aetiological importance. Pseudomonas pneumonia is increasing in prevalence although it has not previously been described in association with status asthmaticus. It carries a high mortality and its prevention is, therefore, clearly important.", "contents": "Pseudomonas pneumonia in status asthmaticus. A case of Pseudomonas pneumonia developing in a patient on treatment for status asthmaticus is described. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics, high dose steroids and humidifiers or nebulizers may be of aetiological importance. Pseudomonas pneumonia is increasing in prevalence although it has not previously been described in association with status asthmaticus. It carries a high mortality and its prevention is, therefore, clearly important.", "PMID": 604995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8702", "title": "Leukaemoid reaction in a case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder.", "content": "The first case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder associated with leukaemoid reaction is herein presented. There was no secondary involvement of bone marrow to explain the leukaemoid reaction. It may have been due either to tumour necrosis or to an unknown humoral substance elaborated by the tumour.", "contents": "Leukaemoid reaction in a case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. The first case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder associated with leukaemoid reaction is herein presented. There was no secondary involvement of bone marrow to explain the leukaemoid reaction. It may have been due either to tumour necrosis or to an unknown humoral substance elaborated by the tumour.", "PMID": 604996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8703", "title": "Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Parameters in awake and anesthetized chickens.", "content": "Steady state cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in adult male chickens while they were awake and after anesthetization with a mixture of chloral hydrate, magnesium sulfate, and pentobarbital were compared. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), peripheral resistance (TPR), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (V), end-experatory carbon dioxide partial pressure (PACO2), and arterial blood gases and pH were measured simultaneously on birds spontaneously breathing air. Anesthetization resulted in increased HR and RR and decreased BP, CO, TPR, VT, PACO2, and blood gas tension. The data indicate a depression of cardiovascular function but no change in total ventilation although the relative contributions of VT and RR were changed. Anesthetization increased variability in SV although the other parameters were maintained in a steady-state condition over a 2-h period.", "contents": "Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Parameters in awake and anesthetized chickens. Steady state cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in adult male chickens while they were awake and after anesthetization with a mixture of chloral hydrate, magnesium sulfate, and pentobarbital were compared. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), peripheral resistance (TPR), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (V), end-experatory carbon dioxide partial pressure (PACO2), and arterial blood gases and pH were measured simultaneously on birds spontaneously breathing air. Anesthetization resulted in increased HR and RR and decreased BP, CO, TPR, VT, PACO2, and blood gas tension. The data indicate a depression of cardiovascular function but no change in total ventilation although the relative contributions of VT and RR were changed. Anesthetization increased variability in SV although the other parameters were maintained in a steady-state condition over a 2-h period.", "PMID": 604998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8704", "title": "The relative efficiency of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative efficiency of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. A corn-soybean diet containing 25% protein and 2583 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram was utilized. Five experimental diets were fed: basal, 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental DL-methionine and 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental MHAC. In both experiments eight pens of seven poults were fed each experimental diet. This resulted in a total of 16 replicate pens receiving each diet. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured at four weeks of age. The MHAC, on a weight basis, was found to have 82.4 and 82.8% activity of DL-methionine based on body weight and feed efficiency, respectively.", "contents": "The relative efficiency of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative efficiency of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. A corn-soybean diet containing 25% protein and 2583 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram was utilized. Five experimental diets were fed: basal, 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental DL-methionine and 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental MHAC. In both experiments eight pens of seven poults were fed each experimental diet. This resulted in a total of 16 replicate pens receiving each diet. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured at four weeks of age. The MHAC, on a weight basis, was found to have 82.4 and 82.8% activity of DL-methionine based on body weight and feed efficiency, respectively.", "PMID": 605000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8705", "title": "Comparison of the efficacy and transmissibility of conventional NDV vaccines and vaccines prepared after back-passage through chickens.", "content": "In laboratory trials B1 and Lasota stains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) back-passaged in chickens were found to have a greater spreading potential than presently available B1 and Lasota vaccines. Although the regular B1 and Lasota strains of NDV gave a routine serologic response when administered to 4-week-old chickens via the water, both vaccines had a low spreading potential since the geometric mean titer of the birds in contact with the B1 vaccinated birds did exceed 3.4 and the HI response of the nonvaccinated birds placed with the Lasota vaccinated birds did not exceed 4.1. The results from this study also indicate that these back-passaged vaccines elicit higher HI titers and are possibly more invasive than the regular B1 and Lasota vaccines. The data also suggest that the Lasota strain possesses a slightly greater spreading potential than the B1 strain of NDV.", "contents": "Comparison of the efficacy and transmissibility of conventional NDV vaccines and vaccines prepared after back-passage through chickens. In laboratory trials B1 and Lasota stains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) back-passaged in chickens were found to have a greater spreading potential than presently available B1 and Lasota vaccines. Although the regular B1 and Lasota strains of NDV gave a routine serologic response when administered to 4-week-old chickens via the water, both vaccines had a low spreading potential since the geometric mean titer of the birds in contact with the B1 vaccinated birds did exceed 3.4 and the HI response of the nonvaccinated birds placed with the Lasota vaccinated birds did not exceed 4.1. The results from this study also indicate that these back-passaged vaccines elicit higher HI titers and are possibly more invasive than the regular B1 and Lasota vaccines. The data also suggest that the Lasota strain possesses a slightly greater spreading potential than the B1 strain of NDV.", "PMID": 605001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8706", "title": "Riboflavin requirement of starting chickens in a tropical environment.", "content": "Growth rate of broiler chicks tends to be lower in the tropics than in the temperate zone. Results show that up to 17% of dietary riboflavin is destroyed within 24 hours of exposure of the feed to light hence the level of 3.6 mg. of vitamin B2 recommended does not meet the requirement for growth of broilers. Growth study as well as accumulation of riboflavin in meat and organs of the birds showed that increasing levels of dietary riboflavin increases its deposition in meat and organs of the birds. Optimum growth of birds and storage of riboflavin in the body is attained in the tropical environment when 5.1 mg. of the vitamin is added per kg. of practical ration.", "contents": "Riboflavin requirement of starting chickens in a tropical environment. Growth rate of broiler chicks tends to be lower in the tropics than in the temperate zone. Results show that up to 17% of dietary riboflavin is destroyed within 24 hours of exposure of the feed to light hence the level of 3.6 mg. of vitamin B2 recommended does not meet the requirement for growth of broilers. Growth study as well as accumulation of riboflavin in meat and organs of the birds showed that increasing levels of dietary riboflavin increases its deposition in meat and organs of the birds. Optimum growth of birds and storage of riboflavin in the body is attained in the tropical environment when 5.1 mg. of the vitamin is added per kg. of practical ration.", "PMID": 605003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8707", "title": "The effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys.", "content": "The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys. In the first experiment, addition of pokeberries to a control diet at levels of 2.5% or 5.0% had no significant effect on feed consumption or production or sheep's red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies. In the second experiment, drenching with a pokeberry suspension had no significant effect on production of SRBC antibodies.", "contents": "The effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys. In the first experiment, addition of pokeberries to a control diet at levels of 2.5% or 5.0% had no significant effect on feed consumption or production or sheep's red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies. In the second experiment, drenching with a pokeberry suspension had no significant effect on production of SRBC antibodies.", "PMID": 605004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8708", "title": "Effect of thyroxine and thiouracil additions to diets containing rapeseed meal, on chick growth and carcass composition.", "content": "Experiments have been conducted to study the hypothyrotic status of chicks fed rapeseed meal. Protamone supplementation did not correct growth depression due to feeding rapeseed meal although inclusion levels up to 0.1% may have induced a hyperthyrotic condition which in itself leads to a growth depressing effect. Changes in liver and carcass composition were observed when diets containing rapeseed and soybean meal were supplemented with protamone and thiouracil. It is concluded that although birds fed rapeseed meal are abnormal with respect to thyroid metabolism, it is likely that factors other than a simple reduction in serum thyroxine concentration are responsible for the growth depression observed for such birds.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine and thiouracil additions to diets containing rapeseed meal, on chick growth and carcass composition. Experiments have been conducted to study the hypothyrotic status of chicks fed rapeseed meal. Protamone supplementation did not correct growth depression due to feeding rapeseed meal although inclusion levels up to 0.1% may have induced a hyperthyrotic condition which in itself leads to a growth depressing effect. Changes in liver and carcass composition were observed when diets containing rapeseed and soybean meal were supplemented with protamone and thiouracil. It is concluded that although birds fed rapeseed meal are abnormal with respect to thyroid metabolism, it is likely that factors other than a simple reduction in serum thyroxine concentration are responsible for the growth depression observed for such birds.", "PMID": 605005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8709", "title": "The response of turkeys to varying doses of live oral Pasteurella multocida vaccine.", "content": "Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella mulocida. One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 x 103 bacteria per ml. of drinking water. Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group. No deaths resulted in the other groups. Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256. Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys  were challenged with a large dose of virulent P. multocida (P-1059). Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls.", "contents": "The response of turkeys to varying doses of live oral Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella mulocida. One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 x 103 bacteria per ml. of drinking water. Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group. No deaths resulted in the other groups. Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256. Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys  were challenged with a large dose of virulent P. multocida (P-1059). Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls.", "PMID": 605007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8710", "title": "Susceptibility of a dwarf strain of chickens to rickets.", "content": "A sex-linked dwarf strain of chickens fed a practical chick starter had a high incidence of rickets while other strains, including the Cornell K strain reared under the same conditions, had no evidence of this disease. In studies of the calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirements of the dwarf and K strains, no strain differences in requirement for phosphorus or vitamin D for maximal bone mineralization were apparent. The vitamin D requirement for growth was less for dwarfs than for the K strain; the reverse was observed for phosphorus. A marginal level of calcium (0.6%) did not depress growth or bone ash in either strain. Dwarfs had significantly lower bone ash than chicks of the K strain when dietary levels of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D were adequate (1.0%, 0.73% and 400 I.U./kg., respectively). When the diet contained a low level of one nutrient (0.6% calcium, 0.33% of phosphorus or 100 I.U./kg. vitamin D), neither strain was affected. Low levels of two nutrients significantly decreased bone ash in dwarfs but not in the K strain. Low levels of all three nutrients depressed bone ash in both strains, but most markedly in the dwarfs. These studies indicate that chicks of the Cornell dwarf strain have a low bone mineral content and are unusually susceptible to rickets.", "contents": "Susceptibility of a dwarf strain of chickens to rickets. A sex-linked dwarf strain of chickens fed a practical chick starter had a high incidence of rickets while other strains, including the Cornell K strain reared under the same conditions, had no evidence of this disease. In studies of the calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirements of the dwarf and K strains, no strain differences in requirement for phosphorus or vitamin D for maximal bone mineralization were apparent. The vitamin D requirement for growth was less for dwarfs than for the K strain; the reverse was observed for phosphorus. A marginal level of calcium (0.6%) did not depress growth or bone ash in either strain. Dwarfs had significantly lower bone ash than chicks of the K strain when dietary levels of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D were adequate (1.0%, 0.73% and 400 I.U./kg., respectively). When the diet contained a low level of one nutrient (0.6% calcium, 0.33% of phosphorus or 100 I.U./kg. vitamin D), neither strain was affected. Low levels of two nutrients significantly decreased bone ash in dwarfs but not in the K strain. Low levels of all three nutrients depressed bone ash in both strains, but most markedly in the dwarfs. These studies indicate that chicks of the Cornell dwarf strain have a low bone mineral content and are unusually susceptible to rickets.", "PMID": 605008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8711", "title": "Effect of wet litter and supplemental biotin and/or whey on the production of foot pad dermatitis in broilers.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine whether increasing the moisture content of the litter would increase foot pad dermatitis in broilers, and to determine whether supplemental biotin or dried whey would affect this condition. Broilers grown on wet litter had significantly increased incidence of foot pad dermatitis. The addition of 3% of partially delactosed whey to the diet resulted in increasing the foot pad dermatis. The addition of biotin decreased foot pad dermatis. Examination of foot pad tissue indicated that the birds receiving the control diet were deficient in biotin.", "contents": "Effect of wet litter and supplemental biotin and/or whey on the production of foot pad dermatitis in broilers. An experiment was conducted to determine whether increasing the moisture content of the litter would increase foot pad dermatitis in broilers, and to determine whether supplemental biotin or dried whey would affect this condition. Broilers grown on wet litter had significantly increased incidence of foot pad dermatitis. The addition of 3% of partially delactosed whey to the diet resulted in increasing the foot pad dermatis. The addition of biotin decreased foot pad dermatis. Examination of foot pad tissue indicated that the birds receiving the control diet were deficient in biotin.", "PMID": 605009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8712", "title": "Evidence for mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken.", "content": "Single-fiber, vagal recordings were made from mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken. These receptors increased discharge frequency (i) during gentle compression of the wall of this organ and (ii) when coordinated contractions of the organ were induced pharmacologically.", "contents": "Evidence for mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken. Single-fiber, vagal recordings were made from mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken. These receptors increased discharge frequency (i) during gentle compression of the wall of this organ and (ii) when coordinated contractions of the organ were induced pharmacologically.", "PMID": 605010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8713", "title": "A mutual protective effect of mercury and selenium in Japanese quail.", "content": "Dietary interactions between methylmercury (Ch3Hg) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were studied in Japanese quail. Addition of 0.35-6 p.p.m. Se to diets containing toxic levels of Hg (5-30 p.p.m. Hg) reduced the toxicity of methylmercury and increased the survival of Japanese quail. The survival increased with increasing levels of Se in the diet. Selenium as 6 p.p.m. did not cause any mortality in males and caused only relatively low mortality in females. However, 12 p.p.m. Se depressed the survival of quail, especially females. No consistent effect of Hg, Se or both was observed on body weight or feed consumption. High levels of Hg reduced egg production, fertility and hatchability, and the addition of Se lessened these effects of Hg. Selenium in the diet alone (6 or 12 p.p.m.) generally produced lower hatchability and a high percentage of deformed embryos, and 12 p.p.m. Se also depressed egg production. Addition of 5-15 p.p.m. Hg to such Se diets overcame these effects and reduced the percentage of abnormal embryos more than 50%. Analysis of tissues for total Hg showed that Hg was distributed in a pattern typical for alkyl mercurials. Hg levels in Se-protected birds equaled or exceeded the levels in those fed Hg without Se. Se levels in tissues were generally elevated by feeding Hg, especially in brain. Extremely high brain Hg levels, up to 58 p.p.m., were observed in birds fed 15 p.p.m. Hg plus 6 p.p.m. Se for 20 weeks prior to sacrifice. The levels of Se in the brain of these birds was elevated (4 p.p.m.), but not equimolar to Hg.", "contents": "A mutual protective effect of mercury and selenium in Japanese quail. Dietary interactions between methylmercury (Ch3Hg) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were studied in Japanese quail. Addition of 0.35-6 p.p.m. Se to diets containing toxic levels of Hg (5-30 p.p.m. Hg) reduced the toxicity of methylmercury and increased the survival of Japanese quail. The survival increased with increasing levels of Se in the diet. Selenium as 6 p.p.m. did not cause any mortality in males and caused only relatively low mortality in females. However, 12 p.p.m. Se depressed the survival of quail, especially females. No consistent effect of Hg, Se or both was observed on body weight or feed consumption. High levels of Hg reduced egg production, fertility and hatchability, and the addition of Se lessened these effects of Hg. Selenium in the diet alone (6 or 12 p.p.m.) generally produced lower hatchability and a high percentage of deformed embryos, and 12 p.p.m. Se also depressed egg production. Addition of 5-15 p.p.m. Hg to such Se diets overcame these effects and reduced the percentage of abnormal embryos more than 50%. Analysis of tissues for total Hg showed that Hg was distributed in a pattern typical for alkyl mercurials. Hg levels in Se-protected birds equaled or exceeded the levels in those fed Hg without Se. Se levels in tissues were generally elevated by feeding Hg, especially in brain. Extremely high brain Hg levels, up to 58 p.p.m., were observed in birds fed 15 p.p.m. Hg plus 6 p.p.m. Se for 20 weeks prior to sacrifice. The levels of Se in the brain of these birds was elevated (4 p.p.m.), but not equimolar to Hg.", "PMID": 605012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8714", "title": "Accidental suppression of the accumulation of radioiodide by the thyroids of Japanese quail exposed to an iodinated disinfectant.", "content": "The walls and floor of a room housing a Japanese quail colony were treated with a commercial disinfectant containing iodine complexed to organic molecules. The room was washed vigorously with hot water using a pressure hose, a procedure discouraged by instructions on the shipping container. A condensate, tinged yellow-brown presumably by elemental iodine, settled on the walls, ceiling and quail pens. Accumulations of tracer doses of iodide-125 or iodide-131 by the thyroid glands of these birds were approximately one-seventh (6-hour uptake) to one-thirtieth (18-hour uptake) as great as for control birds from non-disinfected areas.", "contents": "Accidental suppression of the accumulation of radioiodide by the thyroids of Japanese quail exposed to an iodinated disinfectant. The walls and floor of a room housing a Japanese quail colony were treated with a commercial disinfectant containing iodine complexed to organic molecules. The room was washed vigorously with hot water using a pressure hose, a procedure discouraged by instructions on the shipping container. A condensate, tinged yellow-brown presumably by elemental iodine, settled on the walls, ceiling and quail pens. Accumulations of tracer doses of iodide-125 or iodide-131 by the thyroid glands of these birds were approximately one-seventh (6-hour uptake) to one-thirtieth (18-hour uptake) as great as for control birds from non-disinfected areas.", "PMID": 605014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8715", "title": "Protein requirements of Coturniz coturnix japonica for reproduction using purified diets.", "content": "Not more than 20% protein is needed in purified diets based on isolated soybean protein, starch supplemented with vitamins and minerals containing about 2700 kcal./kg. metabolizable energy for optimum egg production, fertility and hatchability. A protein level as low as 16% gave slightly inferior egg production, but the data were statistically insignificant. Levels of 24 and 28% protein were not superior to the 20% protein level for the reproductive performance.", "contents": "Protein requirements of Coturniz coturnix japonica for reproduction using purified diets. Not more than 20% protein is needed in purified diets based on isolated soybean protein, starch supplemented with vitamins and minerals containing about 2700 kcal./kg. metabolizable energy for optimum egg production, fertility and hatchability. A protein level as low as 16% gave slightly inferior egg production, but the data were statistically insignificant. Levels of 24 and 28% protein were not superior to the 20% protein level for the reproductive performance.", "PMID": 605015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8716", "title": "The significance of adipost tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the significance of adipose tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey. Seven-week-old turkey males were injected intravenously with either acetate-U-14C or glucose-U-14C. Ten, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after injection, adipose tissue, liver and plasma samples were taken. Total lipids were extracted from these samples and 14C incorporation into the lipids was determined. Acetate-U-14C incorporation into liver lipid was 516.2, 493.2, 382.7 and 364.7 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid as compared to 2.7, 2.9, 3.1 and 1.3 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid for adipose tissue after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. The incorporation of glucose-U-14C into liver lipid was 27.4, 63.4, 157.8 and 243.6 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; whereas glucose-U14C incorporation into adipose tissur was 1.1, 1.3, 3.1 and 5.9 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after the same time intervals. The results of this study showed the liver is the primary site of lipid biosynthesis and acetate was converted into lipid more rapidly than glucose.", "contents": "The significance of adipost tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey. A study was conducted to determine the significance of adipose tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey. Seven-week-old turkey males were injected intravenously with either acetate-U-14C or glucose-U-14C. Ten, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after injection, adipose tissue, liver and plasma samples were taken. Total lipids were extracted from these samples and 14C incorporation into the lipids was determined. Acetate-U-14C incorporation into liver lipid was 516.2, 493.2, 382.7 and 364.7 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid as compared to 2.7, 2.9, 3.1 and 1.3 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid for adipose tissue after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. The incorporation of glucose-U-14C into liver lipid was 27.4, 63.4, 157.8 and 243.6 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; whereas glucose-U14C incorporation into adipose tissur was 1.1, 1.3, 3.1 and 5.9 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after the same time intervals. The results of this study showed the liver is the primary site of lipid biosynthesis and acetate was converted into lipid more rapidly than glucose.", "PMID": 605016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8717", "title": "Relationship of dietary protein, iron, niacin or thiamin to intestinal mineral metabolism.", "content": "Young chicks were fed diets deficient in proteins, iron, niacin or thiamin to study the effects on various parameters of mineral metabolism in the duodenal mucosa. None of the treatments affected mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity; however, a five-day deprivation of protein reduced the inorganic phosphate content of mucosal cell nuclei. Iron deficiency reduced mucosal Ca, Zn, Fe and phosphate content, while niacin deficiency decreased mucosal Ca and phosphate. Thiamin deficiency reduced only the phosphate centent of intestinal mucosa. Duodenal phosphatase activity was positively correlated with tissue Ca and Fe and negatively with Zn.", "contents": "Relationship of dietary protein, iron, niacin or thiamin to intestinal mineral metabolism. Young chicks were fed diets deficient in proteins, iron, niacin or thiamin to study the effects on various parameters of mineral metabolism in the duodenal mucosa. None of the treatments affected mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity; however, a five-day deprivation of protein reduced the inorganic phosphate content of mucosal cell nuclei. Iron deficiency reduced mucosal Ca, Zn, Fe and phosphate content, while niacin deficiency decreased mucosal Ca and phosphate. Thiamin deficiency reduced only the phosphate centent of intestinal mucosa. Duodenal phosphatase activity was positively correlated with tissue Ca and Fe and negatively with Zn.", "PMID": 605017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8718", "title": "Dietary sodium for laying hens.", "content": "Dietary sodium requirements of laying hens in open type and evaporatively cooled housing were determined to be 0.126 and 0.145% of the diet, respectively. The lowest level of 0.04% sodium supported average rates of production of 49.1 and 60.3% in the two houses for the 28 weeks of the study.", "contents": "Dietary sodium for laying hens. Dietary sodium requirements of laying hens in open type and evaporatively cooled housing were determined to be 0.126 and 0.145% of the diet, respectively. The lowest level of 0.04% sodium supported average rates of production of 49.1 and 60.3% in the two houses for the 28 weeks of the study.", "PMID": 605018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8719", "title": "The effect of dietary phosphorus level and strain of bird on the apparent metabolizable energy content of a laying hen diet.", "content": "An experiment was made in which laying hen diets containing four different levels of dicalcium were each fed to two replicate groups of 10 strains of S.C.W.L. hens. The apparent metabolizable energy (A.M.E.) values of the diets were measured. There was a small but significant (P less than 0.01) linear increase in the dietary A.M.E. value associated with decreasing levels of phosphorus. The A.M.E. values did not differ between strains of birds (P greater than 0.05) and there was no phosphorus level x strain interaction (P greater than 0.05).", "contents": "The effect of dietary phosphorus level and strain of bird on the apparent metabolizable energy content of a laying hen diet. An experiment was made in which laying hen diets containing four different levels of dicalcium were each fed to two replicate groups of 10 strains of S.C.W.L. hens. The apparent metabolizable energy (A.M.E.) values of the diets were measured. There was a small but significant (P less than 0.01) linear increase in the dietary A.M.E. value associated with decreasing levels of phosphorus. The A.M.E. values did not differ between strains of birds (P greater than 0.05) and there was no phosphorus level x strain interaction (P greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 605019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8720", "title": "The effect of methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue supplementation on chick response to total sulfur amino acid intake.", "content": "The results of four battery trials were used to compare the relative effectiveness of DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog) as supplements to soybean meal diets fed to broiler strain chicks. A total of 108 observations of 28-day body weight and corresponding total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) consumption were divided equally to form regression models based on TSAA intake containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amount of M-analog. At maximum effective TSAA intake, the predicted chick body weight resulting from DLM supplementation was 695 grams as compared to 693 from M-analog supplementation. At mean TSAA intake, predicted chick weights were 651 and 650 grams resulting from DLM, and M-analog supplementation, respectively. The pooled mean weight of unsupplemented controls was 584 grams. At low levels of supplementation, the linear change in weight per gram TSAA consumed was predicted to be 77.2 grams with DLM and 76.6 grams with M-analog.", "contents": "The effect of methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue supplementation on chick response to total sulfur amino acid intake. The results of four battery trials were used to compare the relative effectiveness of DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog) as supplements to soybean meal diets fed to broiler strain chicks. A total of 108 observations of 28-day body weight and corresponding total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) consumption were divided equally to form regression models based on TSAA intake containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amount of M-analog. At maximum effective TSAA intake, the predicted chick body weight resulting from DLM supplementation was 695 grams as compared to 693 from M-analog supplementation. At mean TSAA intake, predicted chick weights were 651 and 650 grams resulting from DLM, and M-analog supplementation, respectively. The pooled mean weight of unsupplemented controls was 584 grams. At low levels of supplementation, the linear change in weight per gram TSAA consumed was predicted to be 77.2 grams with DLM and 76.6 grams with M-analog.", "PMID": 605020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8721", "title": "\"Palatal pits\"--a new trait in chickens?", "content": "During a genetics study of the cleft palate trait in the chicken, another traint, names \"Palatal pits\" was observed. In the S.C.W. Leghorn inbred line used in the cleft palate study the incidence of palatal pits was 0.79%. Preliminary analysis indicated that the trait was recessive and followed the segregation of a simple Mendelian gene. The symbol pt was suggested to identify this gene.", "contents": "\"Palatal pits\"--a new trait in chickens? During a genetics study of the cleft palate trait in the chicken, another traint, names \"Palatal pits\" was observed. In the S.C.W. Leghorn inbred line used in the cleft palate study the incidence of palatal pits was 0.79%. Preliminary analysis indicated that the trait was recessive and followed the segregation of a simple Mendelian gene. The symbol pt was suggested to identify this gene.", "PMID": 605021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8722", "title": "Social rank, mating and egg fertilization in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus).", "content": "When captive ptarmigan were allowed to choose their mates freely, the social rank of the male and female correlated significantly. When mates were allocated by the experimenter, without regard to similarity in social rank, fertility was low. When birds of similar social rank were paired, the fertility was high. It is suggested that fertility in captive ptarmigan may be increased if the relative social rank of mating birds is considered.", "contents": "Social rank, mating and egg fertilization in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). When captive ptarmigan were allowed to choose their mates freely, the social rank of the male and female correlated significantly. When mates were allocated by the experimenter, without regard to similarity in social rank, fertility was low. When birds of similar social rank were paired, the fertility was high. It is suggested that fertility in captive ptarmigan may be increased if the relative social rank of mating birds is considered.", "PMID": 605022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8723", "title": "The available lysine requirements of 7-9 week old sexed broiler chicks.", "content": "The experiments were conducted to determine the available lysine requirement of broiler chicks during the 7-9 week growing period. The chicks were sexed at day old, and the sexes were reared in separate pens in the same facility. Commercial-type broiler rations were fed from day old to 7 weeks of age. At 7 weeks the sexing errors were removed and the pens equalized to 50 birds per pen. The eight dietary treatments were replicated three times per sex. Graded levels of L-lysine-HCL were added to the basal ration to give a stepwise increase of 0.07% lysine per level. The available lysine requirement for female during the 7-9 week period was 0.64% for both growth and feed conversion. When this was expressed as a function of energy, 0.187% available lysine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E) per kg. of diet was required. The available lysine requirement for males during this period was 0.69 and 0.66% for gain and feed conversion, respectively. Expressed as available lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet, the values would be 0.202 and 0.193%, respectively.", "contents": "The available lysine requirements of 7-9 week old sexed broiler chicks. The experiments were conducted to determine the available lysine requirement of broiler chicks during the 7-9 week growing period. The chicks were sexed at day old, and the sexes were reared in separate pens in the same facility. Commercial-type broiler rations were fed from day old to 7 weeks of age. At 7 weeks the sexing errors were removed and the pens equalized to 50 birds per pen. The eight dietary treatments were replicated three times per sex. Graded levels of L-lysine-HCL were added to the basal ration to give a stepwise increase of 0.07% lysine per level. The available lysine requirement for female during the 7-9 week period was 0.64% for both growth and feed conversion. When this was expressed as a function of energy, 0.187% available lysine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E) per kg. of diet was required. The available lysine requirement for males during this period was 0.69 and 0.66% for gain and feed conversion, respectively. Expressed as available lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet, the values would be 0.202 and 0.193%, respectively.", "PMID": 605024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8724", "title": "Effects of monensin-feeding regimens on flock immunity to coccidiosis.", "content": "Feed medication with monensin caused delays in development of immunity in two floor-pen experiments which simulated commercial broiler production. Development of immunity was retarded with the higher level of monensin (120 p.p.m.) but was progressively less delayed as the monensin level was decreased (100, 60 or 0 p.p.m.). Delay was greatest with Eimeria tenella, but also occured with intestinal species including E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. necatrix. Drug withdrawal permitted earlier development of immunity. Plans involving use of monensin on layer replacements which later will be maintained on the floor without medication should consider: 1) prevalence of infective oocyst exposure in the area, 2) the lowest possible level of drug required for protection, and 3) its use for the shortest possible period of time.", "contents": "Effects of monensin-feeding regimens on flock immunity to coccidiosis. Feed medication with monensin caused delays in development of immunity in two floor-pen experiments which simulated commercial broiler production. Development of immunity was retarded with the higher level of monensin (120 p.p.m.) but was progressively less delayed as the monensin level was decreased (100, 60 or 0 p.p.m.). Delay was greatest with Eimeria tenella, but also occured with intestinal species including E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. necatrix. Drug withdrawal permitted earlier development of immunity. Plans involving use of monensin on layer replacements which later will be maintained on the floor without medication should consider: 1) prevalence of infective oocyst exposure in the area, 2) the lowest possible level of drug required for protection, and 3) its use for the shortest possible period of time.", "PMID": 605025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8725", "title": "The efficacy of chlordimeform for the control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylvarium (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acarina, Dermanyssidae).", "content": "Chlordimeform applied as a 0.06% low pressure spray controlled the northern fowl mite (NFM) for at least 90 days. Tetrachlorvinphos applied as a 0.5% low pressure spray was equally effective. Chi square analysis of NFM population estimates indicated that NFM populations on the untreated control birds stayed essentially the same throughout the test, whereas, the NFM populations on both acaricide-treated groups were significantly lowered by the seventh day of the test (P less than .01). Chlordimeform seemed to work more slowly than tetrachlorvinphos in controlling NFM.", "contents": "The efficacy of chlordimeform for the control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylvarium (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acarina, Dermanyssidae). Chlordimeform applied as a 0.06% low pressure spray controlled the northern fowl mite (NFM) for at least 90 days. Tetrachlorvinphos applied as a 0.5% low pressure spray was equally effective. Chi square analysis of NFM population estimates indicated that NFM populations on the untreated control birds stayed essentially the same throughout the test, whereas, the NFM populations on both acaricide-treated groups were significantly lowered by the seventh day of the test (P less than .01). Chlordimeform seemed to work more slowly than tetrachlorvinphos in controlling NFM.", "PMID": 605027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8726", "title": "Effects on laying hens of feeding corn invaded by two species of Fusarium and pure T-2 mycotoxin.", "content": "Balanced rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by Fusarium tricinctum, (with 8 and 16 p.p.m. of T-2 toxin) were fed to White Leghorm laying hens. The ration containing 5% of the fungus-invaded corn resulted in reduced feed intake and reduction in weight gain and in egg production. Rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by F. roseum 'Gibbosum' (with 25 and 50 p.p.m., respectively, of monoacetoxyscirpenol) resulted in an abrupt decrease in feed intake to 10-20% of normal, subsequent loss in weight, and cessation of egg production. Purified T-2 toxin consumed at the rate of 16 p.p.m. in the ration resulted in loss of body weight and decreased egg production; lesser amounts of T-2 toxin resulted in lessened but still detectable injurious effects. Mouth lesions developed in the birds fed these rations, their severity being proportional to the amount of toxin present.", "contents": "Effects on laying hens of feeding corn invaded by two species of Fusarium and pure T-2 mycotoxin. Balanced rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by Fusarium tricinctum, (with 8 and 16 p.p.m. of T-2 toxin) were fed to White Leghorm laying hens. The ration containing 5% of the fungus-invaded corn resulted in reduced feed intake and reduction in weight gain and in egg production. Rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by F. roseum 'Gibbosum' (with 25 and 50 p.p.m., respectively, of monoacetoxyscirpenol) resulted in an abrupt decrease in feed intake to 10-20% of normal, subsequent loss in weight, and cessation of egg production. Purified T-2 toxin consumed at the rate of 16 p.p.m. in the ration resulted in loss of body weight and decreased egg production; lesser amounts of T-2 toxin resulted in lessened but still detectable injurious effects. Mouth lesions developed in the birds fed these rations, their severity being proportional to the amount of toxin present.", "PMID": 605028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8727", "title": "Relationships between number of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid and fertility in turkeys.", "content": "Three trials were conducted in which a series of different quantities of semen was used for inseminations. Relationships between total number of sperm inseminated (TNS) and fertility and number of viable sperm inseminated (NOV) and fertility were examined. Interrelationships between numbers of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid, and fertility were also examined. It was found that TNS and NOV were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of eggs laid was considered (sperm to egg ratios), correlations were highly significant (P less than .01). Multiple correlation using number of sperm inseminated and number of eggs laid as the independent variables showed that TNS and the number of eggs laid were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of sperm inseminated was corrected so that only live, normal, and motile sperm were considered, the correlation became highly significant (P less than .01). It was concluded that the number of sperm required for optimum fertility was dependent on the number of eggs laid.", "contents": "Relationships between number of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid and fertility in turkeys. Three trials were conducted in which a series of different quantities of semen was used for inseminations. Relationships between total number of sperm inseminated (TNS) and fertility and number of viable sperm inseminated (NOV) and fertility were examined. Interrelationships between numbers of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid, and fertility were also examined. It was found that TNS and NOV were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of eggs laid was considered (sperm to egg ratios), correlations were highly significant (P less than .01). Multiple correlation using number of sperm inseminated and number of eggs laid as the independent variables showed that TNS and the number of eggs laid were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of sperm inseminated was corrected so that only live, normal, and motile sperm were considered, the correlation became highly significant (P less than .01). It was concluded that the number of sperm required for optimum fertility was dependent on the number of eggs laid.", "PMID": 605029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8728", "title": "The influence of a genetic change in egg production, body weight, fertility or response to cold stress on semen yield in the turkey.", "content": "Egg production and semen yield, sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate were positively associated in a line (E) selected for increased egg production. Semen yield was decreased in a line (F) selected for increased 16-week body weight in comparison to a randombred control population (RBC). The effect may be attributable to decreased egg production in this line, as another line (I), developed from the same RBC, which exhibited genetic increases in body weight but no reduction in egg production, did not differ significantly in semen yield from the RBC. Genetic increases in body weight reduced sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate. Genetic changes in average clutch length, total days lost from broodiness, fertility, and response to cold stress did not have a major influence on semen production in the turkey.", "contents": "The influence of a genetic change in egg production, body weight, fertility or response to cold stress on semen yield in the turkey. Egg production and semen yield, sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate were positively associated in a line (E) selected for increased egg production. Semen yield was decreased in a line (F) selected for increased 16-week body weight in comparison to a randombred control population (RBC). The effect may be attributable to decreased egg production in this line, as another line (I), developed from the same RBC, which exhibited genetic increases in body weight but no reduction in egg production, did not differ significantly in semen yield from the RBC. Genetic increases in body weight reduced sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate. Genetic changes in average clutch length, total days lost from broodiness, fertility, and response to cold stress did not have a major influence on semen production in the turkey.", "PMID": 605030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8729", "title": "Adaptation of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, to continuous feeding of albumin amylase inhibitors from wheat flour as gastro-resistant microgranules.", "content": "Albumin amylase inhibitors were extracted from wheat flour, precipitated by salting out the extract with ammonium sulphate, and enclosed in cellulose-coated microgranules resistant to the peptic action in the chicken gizzard. Continuous intake of gastro-resistant wheat albumins significantly (P less than 0.01) depressed chicken growth rate, whereas native wheat albumins did not show such an effect. After 4 weeks of treatment, treated chickens showed a growth rate identical to that of control chickens thus showing that an adaptation to the presence of wheat albumins in the diet had occurred. Treated chickens also showed pancreas hypertrophy and a number of histological changes in the pancreas indicating degenerative processes in progress. Moreover, in treated chickens the production of pancreatic amylase was markedly increased (P less than 0.02), whereas pancreatic protease activity was less affected. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of pancreatic amylase in chicken is under some homeostatic control of alpha-amylase in the intestine.", "contents": "Adaptation of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, to continuous feeding of albumin amylase inhibitors from wheat flour as gastro-resistant microgranules. Albumin amylase inhibitors were extracted from wheat flour, precipitated by salting out the extract with ammonium sulphate, and enclosed in cellulose-coated microgranules resistant to the peptic action in the chicken gizzard. Continuous intake of gastro-resistant wheat albumins significantly (P less than 0.01) depressed chicken growth rate, whereas native wheat albumins did not show such an effect. After 4 weeks of treatment, treated chickens showed a growth rate identical to that of control chickens thus showing that an adaptation to the presence of wheat albumins in the diet had occurred. Treated chickens also showed pancreas hypertrophy and a number of histological changes in the pancreas indicating degenerative processes in progress. Moreover, in treated chickens the production of pancreatic amylase was markedly increased (P less than 0.02), whereas pancreatic protease activity was less affected. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of pancreatic amylase in chicken is under some homeostatic control of alpha-amylase in the intestine.", "PMID": 605031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8730", "title": "The effect of non-protein energy source and age on hexokinase concentration in chick muscle.", "content": "Muscle hexokinase was ascertained in the gastrocnemius muscles of 160 male chicks. Observations were made in four age groups and two diets. No differences in enzyme activity were observed which could be attributed to the feeding of either the high-carbohydrate or high-fat diet. Hexokinase activity declined significantly between 6 and 12 days of age in the chicks fed the respective diets.", "contents": "The effect of non-protein energy source and age on hexokinase concentration in chick muscle. Muscle hexokinase was ascertained in the gastrocnemius muscles of 160 male chicks. Observations were made in four age groups and two diets. No differences in enzyme activity were observed which could be attributed to the feeding of either the high-carbohydrate or high-fat diet. Hexokinase activity declined significantly between 6 and 12 days of age in the chicks fed the respective diets.", "PMID": 605032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8731", "title": "Effect of time of day of insemination and the position of the egg in the oviduct on the fertility of turkeys.", "content": "Turkeys were inseminated at six different times of the day (1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., 9:00 p.m., and 12:00 a.m.) to determine the effect of time of day of insemination and the stage of egg formation on fertility. Significantly (P less than .01) lower fertility resulted from insemination at 1:00 p.m. than from inseminations thereafter. Significantly higher fertility resulted from 9:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m. insemination than from preceding times. Highest fertility resulted when inseminations were performed 8 to 18 hours prior to oviposition whereas lowest fertility resulted from hens inseminated both in the last seven hours of shell deposition and during the approximate time of ovulation.", "contents": "Effect of time of day of insemination and the position of the egg in the oviduct on the fertility of turkeys. Turkeys were inseminated at six different times of the day (1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., 9:00 p.m., and 12:00 a.m.) to determine the effect of time of day of insemination and the stage of egg formation on fertility. Significantly (P less than .01) lower fertility resulted from insemination at 1:00 p.m. than from inseminations thereafter. Significantly higher fertility resulted from 9:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m. insemination than from preceding times. Highest fertility resulted when inseminations were performed 8 to 18 hours prior to oviposition whereas lowest fertility resulted from hens inseminated both in the last seven hours of shell deposition and during the approximate time of ovulation.", "PMID": 605033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8732", "title": "Experimentally induced \"fatty liver syndrome\" condition in laying hens.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with aged laying hens to determine the influence of feeding 5,000 p.p.m. of iodine as potassium iodine (KI) and/or injecting 12 mg. of estradiol upon fat accumulation in the liver and serum cholesterol levels. The KI was fed for 8 days before making liver and blood determinations, and the estradiol was injected 3 days prior to making the determinations. The feeding of KI or injection of estradiol resulted in significantly increased liver weight. When the two treatments were combined a further significant increase in liver weights was obtained. The percent of fat in the liver was significantly increased by the injection of estradiol. However, the feeding of KI in the presence or absence of estradiol did not affect the percentage of fat in the liver. Neither of the treatments significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the liver fat. Feeding of KI or injection of estradiol significantly increased total serum cholesterol levels. When the two treatments were combined a further increase in serum cholesterol level was observed. Histological changes of the livers of hens treated with KI and estradiol were similar to those previously described for the \"fatty liver syndrome.\"", "contents": "Experimentally induced \"fatty liver syndrome\" condition in laying hens. Two experiments were conducted with aged laying hens to determine the influence of feeding 5,000 p.p.m. of iodine as potassium iodine (KI) and/or injecting 12 mg. of estradiol upon fat accumulation in the liver and serum cholesterol levels. The KI was fed for 8 days before making liver and blood determinations, and the estradiol was injected 3 days prior to making the determinations. The feeding of KI or injection of estradiol resulted in significantly increased liver weight. When the two treatments were combined a further significant increase in liver weights was obtained. The percent of fat in the liver was significantly increased by the injection of estradiol. However, the feeding of KI in the presence or absence of estradiol did not affect the percentage of fat in the liver. Neither of the treatments significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the liver fat. Feeding of KI or injection of estradiol significantly increased total serum cholesterol levels. When the two treatments were combined a further increase in serum cholesterol level was observed. Histological changes of the livers of hens treated with KI and estradiol were similar to those previously described for the \"fatty liver syndrome.\"", "PMID": 605034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8733", "title": "Effect of force-feeding diets containing varying amounts of lysine on plasma free amino acids in laying hens.", "content": "Effects of force-feeding in contrast to ad libitum-feeding diets containing 0.35, 0.50, 0.65 and 0.80% lysine on plasma free amino acids were investigated in laying hens. The feed intake and body weight gain of hens fed ad libitum were less than those in hens force-fed: this was more prominent in hens fed low-lysine diets. The concentrations of plasma arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine were greater in hens fed ad libitum while plasma threonine, asparagine plus glutamine, ammonia and uric acid were greater in hens force-fed. Plasma lysine was increased slowly by increases of dietary lysine from 0.35 to 0.65%, but rapidly from 0.65 to 0.80%. The concentrations of plasma leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, half-cystine, taurine and uric acid were greater in hens fed a low-lysine diet (0.35%) than in hens fed a high-lysine diet (0.80%). The plasma ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was decreased when dietary lysine was increased from 0.35 to 0.50% and 0.50 to 0.65%. These results indicated that force-feeding apparently increased the catabolic rate of dietary protein. Plasma free lysine changed in response to the dietary lysine level in laying hens.", "contents": "Effect of force-feeding diets containing varying amounts of lysine on plasma free amino acids in laying hens. Effects of force-feeding in contrast to ad libitum-feeding diets containing 0.35, 0.50, 0.65 and 0.80% lysine on plasma free amino acids were investigated in laying hens. The feed intake and body weight gain of hens fed ad libitum were less than those in hens force-fed: this was more prominent in hens fed low-lysine diets. The concentrations of plasma arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine were greater in hens fed ad libitum while plasma threonine, asparagine plus glutamine, ammonia and uric acid were greater in hens force-fed. Plasma lysine was increased slowly by increases of dietary lysine from 0.35 to 0.65%, but rapidly from 0.65 to 0.80%. The concentrations of plasma leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, half-cystine, taurine and uric acid were greater in hens fed a low-lysine diet (0.35%) than in hens fed a high-lysine diet (0.80%). The plasma ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was decreased when dietary lysine was increased from 0.35 to 0.50% and 0.50 to 0.65%. These results indicated that force-feeding apparently increased the catabolic rate of dietary protein. Plasma free lysine changed in response to the dietary lysine level in laying hens.", "PMID": 605035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8734", "title": "Cyclic changes in serum phosphorus of laying hens.", "content": "Three trials were conducted to measure changes in the serum phosphorus level of laying hens over a 24-hour period. Sixty-three-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Blood samples were obtained via heart puncture. Serum was collected by centrifugation, deproteinized and analyzed colorimetrically for phosphorus content. Sampling times were as follows: Trial 1--6 p.m., 12 midnight, 6 a.m. and 12 noon; Trial 2--6 a.m., 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m., 4 p.m. and 6 p.m.; Trial 3--12 midnight, 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. Hens used in this study received natural and/or artifical light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus reached a peak of 6.08 mg.% at 7 a.m. At 8 a.m., the phosphorus level dropped to 4.88 mg.% and remained within 0.08 mg.% of this value until 12 noon. From 2 p.m. to 6 a.m. it gradually increased from 5.29 mg9% to 5.80 mg.%. Observed changes in serum phosphorus over time are related to changes in shell calcification, bone resorption and remineralization, and renal clearance.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in serum phosphorus of laying hens. Three trials were conducted to measure changes in the serum phosphorus level of laying hens over a 24-hour period. Sixty-three-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Blood samples were obtained via heart puncture. Serum was collected by centrifugation, deproteinized and analyzed colorimetrically for phosphorus content. Sampling times were as follows: Trial 1--6 p.m., 12 midnight, 6 a.m. and 12 noon; Trial 2--6 a.m., 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m., 4 p.m. and 6 p.m.; Trial 3--12 midnight, 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. Hens used in this study received natural and/or artifical light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus reached a peak of 6.08 mg.% at 7 a.m. At 8 a.m., the phosphorus level dropped to 4.88 mg.% and remained within 0.08 mg.% of this value until 12 noon. From 2 p.m. to 6 a.m. it gradually increased from 5.29 mg9% to 5.80 mg.%. Observed changes in serum phosphorus over time are related to changes in shell calcification, bone resorption and remineralization, and renal clearance.", "PMID": 605038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8735", "title": "Basal metabolic rate in growing chicks Gallus domesticus.", "content": "Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) of broilers and Leghorns was measured to assess whether a fundamental change in B.M.R. has occurred in the two types of fowl. A Haldane respirometer was used to quantitate gaseous exchange over variable periods of time. Data were converted to kcal., and covariance analysis was used as a statistical control of the influence of body weight on B.M.R. Measurements were obtained from hatch to 8 weeks of age in both types of poultry. Broilers were found to have a significantly lower B.M.R. from hatch to 500 g. body weight. Above 500 g. body weight, the B.M.R. of the broilers was not found different from Leghorns. After logarithmic transformation, B.M.R. data were regressed on body weight to compute the exponent b for metabolic equations of the form M = aWb where M = metabolic rate, Wb = metabolically effective body weight, a = a constant of proportionality. The b exponent for growing chicks, 40 to 500 g. body weight, was found to be unity (r = 0.98) for both broilers and Leghorns. For growing chicks up to 500 g., it is recommended that a b of 1.0 be used in place of 0.75 for estimating the metabolic rate of chicks.", "contents": "Basal metabolic rate in growing chicks Gallus domesticus. Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) of broilers and Leghorns was measured to assess whether a fundamental change in B.M.R. has occurred in the two types of fowl. A Haldane respirometer was used to quantitate gaseous exchange over variable periods of time. Data were converted to kcal., and covariance analysis was used as a statistical control of the influence of body weight on B.M.R. Measurements were obtained from hatch to 8 weeks of age in both types of poultry. Broilers were found to have a significantly lower B.M.R. from hatch to 500 g. body weight. Above 500 g. body weight, the B.M.R. of the broilers was not found different from Leghorns. After logarithmic transformation, B.M.R. data were regressed on body weight to compute the exponent b for metabolic equations of the form M = aWb where M = metabolic rate, Wb = metabolically effective body weight, a = a constant of proportionality. The b exponent for growing chicks, 40 to 500 g. body weight, was found to be unity (r = 0.98) for both broilers and Leghorns. For growing chicks up to 500 g., it is recommended that a b of 1.0 be used in place of 0.75 for estimating the metabolic rate of chicks.", "PMID": 605039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8736", "title": "Effects of T-2 toxin on reproductive performance and health of laying hens.", "content": "Purified T-2 toxin was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 p.p.m. of an otherwise balanced diet. Feed consumption, egg production and shell thickness were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in hens fed 8 p.p.m. as compared with control hens. The fertility and progeny performance were not depressed by feeding T-2 toxin, but the hatchability of fertile eggs of hens fed 2 and 8 p.p.m. was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than that of hens fed the control diet. The weights of liver, heart, gizzard and spleen were not influenced by T-2 toxin. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and uric acid of hens fed high concentrations of T-2 toxin were greater than those of control hens. SGPT in hens fed 8.0 p.p.m. was lower when compared with control hens. No outward changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts were noted with feeding T-2 toxin. Most hens fed T-2 toxin developed oral lesions: circumscribed proliferative yellow caseous plaques at the margin of the beak, mucosa of the hard palate and angle of the mouth, and tongue. The incidence and severity of lesions were proportional to the dietary level of T-2 toxin. The only other lesion observed in necropsy examination at the end of the experiment was the small mucosal ulcer in the anterior portion of the gizzard in hens fed high levels of T-2 toxin. Microscostrointestinal tract, etc.) revealed no significant pathological change except the necrotic lesions in the gizzard and crop.", "contents": "Effects of T-2 toxin on reproductive performance and health of laying hens. Purified T-2 toxin was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 p.p.m. of an otherwise balanced diet. Feed consumption, egg production and shell thickness were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in hens fed 8 p.p.m. as compared with control hens. The fertility and progeny performance were not depressed by feeding T-2 toxin, but the hatchability of fertile eggs of hens fed 2 and 8 p.p.m. was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than that of hens fed the control diet. The weights of liver, heart, gizzard and spleen were not influenced by T-2 toxin. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and uric acid of hens fed high concentrations of T-2 toxin were greater than those of control hens. SGPT in hens fed 8.0 p.p.m. was lower when compared with control hens. No outward changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts were noted with feeding T-2 toxin. Most hens fed T-2 toxin developed oral lesions: circumscribed proliferative yellow caseous plaques at the margin of the beak, mucosa of the hard palate and angle of the mouth, and tongue. The incidence and severity of lesions were proportional to the dietary level of T-2 toxin. The only other lesion observed in necropsy examination at the end of the experiment was the small mucosal ulcer in the anterior portion of the gizzard in hens fed high levels of T-2 toxin. Microscostrointestinal tract, etc.) revealed no significant pathological change except the necrotic lesions in the gizzard and crop.", "PMID": 605040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8737", "title": "Growth of fungi in broiler houses.", "content": "The growth of fungi in broiler houses with and without histories of problems of unknown etiology or of mycotoxicoses was studied. Fungal growth data were obtained by the strip bait method and results expressed as frequency and relative density. The frequency and relative density of fungal growth of several species were higher in problem houses than in those without problems. In problem houses many known toxic fungi and several fungi of unknown toxicity were found growing, increasing in density and frequency during the rearing period. Houses without problems (control houses) were dominated throughout the rearing period by the growth of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. This fungus grew infrequently and in low relative density in problem houses. There was no correlation between species composition and litter removal, pH, and moisture in problem and control houses. Fungi did not grow in inside feed hoppers or in dust on rafters in the broiler houses. One thermotolerant and two thermophilic species of fungi were found growing in outside feed bins. Three generalized fungal growth patterns in litter are described and theoretical consideration of environmental factors on these patterns are discussed.", "contents": "Growth of fungi in broiler houses. The growth of fungi in broiler houses with and without histories of problems of unknown etiology or of mycotoxicoses was studied. Fungal growth data were obtained by the strip bait method and results expressed as frequency and relative density. The frequency and relative density of fungal growth of several species were higher in problem houses than in those without problems. In problem houses many known toxic fungi and several fungi of unknown toxicity were found growing, increasing in density and frequency during the rearing period. Houses without problems (control houses) were dominated throughout the rearing period by the growth of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. This fungus grew infrequently and in low relative density in problem houses. There was no correlation between species composition and litter removal, pH, and moisture in problem and control houses. Fungi did not grow in inside feed hoppers or in dust on rafters in the broiler houses. One thermotolerant and two thermophilic species of fungi were found growing in outside feed bins. Three generalized fungal growth patterns in litter are described and theoretical consideration of environmental factors on these patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 605041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8738", "title": "Growth and mineral content of cultured chick embryos.", "content": "In order to assess mineral uptake by chick embryos cultured outside of the shell, growth and mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) composition of control and cultured embryos and total egg contents (embryo plus residual egg contents) were measured from 8 through 21 days of incubation. At day nine and thereafter, cultured embryos contained significantly less Ca and Mg than did control embryos. At day 11 and thereafter, ash weight of cultured embryos was significantly less than that of controls. At 13 days and thereafter, wet weight, dry weight, toe length, K and Na content of cultured embryos were significantly less than in controls. To assess relative mineral uptake of cultured embryos, mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) content per gram embryo dry weight was plotted against incubation age. Values for the ratio of Mg, K and Na per gram dry weight were similar for control and cultured embryos. Control values for Ca per dry weight were consistently higher than those for cultured embryos during the period from 9 to 21 days. The data suggest that Ca may not be present in sufficient quantity, even on a relative growth basis, to perform its normal physiological functions in cultured embryos.", "contents": "Growth and mineral content of cultured chick embryos. In order to assess mineral uptake by chick embryos cultured outside of the shell, growth and mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) composition of control and cultured embryos and total egg contents (embryo plus residual egg contents) were measured from 8 through 21 days of incubation. At day nine and thereafter, cultured embryos contained significantly less Ca and Mg than did control embryos. At day 11 and thereafter, ash weight of cultured embryos was significantly less than that of controls. At 13 days and thereafter, wet weight, dry weight, toe length, K and Na content of cultured embryos were significantly less than in controls. To assess relative mineral uptake of cultured embryos, mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) content per gram embryo dry weight was plotted against incubation age. Values for the ratio of Mg, K and Na per gram dry weight were similar for control and cultured embryos. Control values for Ca per dry weight were consistently higher than those for cultured embryos during the period from 9 to 21 days. The data suggest that Ca may not be present in sufficient quantity, even on a relative growth basis, to perform its normal physiological functions in cultured embryos.", "PMID": 605042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8739", "title": "Spontaneous spondylolisthesis in embryonic and adult chick.", "content": "The incidence of spontaneous avian spondylopathy was maintained between 58 and 66% in the progeny of one flock (Flock A) and less than 40% in the progeny of another (Flock B), by proper selection and breeding for 4 generations. Spondylolisthesis, the major type of spondylopathy present, was observed at the first and sixth vertebral levels. Spondylolisthesis was progressive in nature and consisted of a ventrodorsal rotation of the 1st and/or 6th thoracic vertebrae leading to spinal cord injury and paraplegia or partial crippling in some birds. There was occasionally extensive muscle degeneration and connective tissue proliferation around the distorted vertebrae and the spinous ligaments bridging the defect were stretched and appeared heavier than normal. Spondylopathy was also observed in 20-day chick embryos. Spondylolisthesis was observed in 33% of the embryos examined from Flock A-G2 and the other conditions present consisted of scoliosis and abnormal lordosis and kyphosis. Using a grading scale of +1 (mild) to +3 (severe), all cases of embryonic spondylopathy were graded as +1. The back defects present in Flock B-G2 embryos were entirely due to abnormal kyphosis.", "contents": "Spontaneous spondylolisthesis in embryonic and adult chick. The incidence of spontaneous avian spondylopathy was maintained between 58 and 66% in the progeny of one flock (Flock A) and less than 40% in the progeny of another (Flock B), by proper selection and breeding for 4 generations. Spondylolisthesis, the major type of spondylopathy present, was observed at the first and sixth vertebral levels. Spondylolisthesis was progressive in nature and consisted of a ventrodorsal rotation of the 1st and/or 6th thoracic vertebrae leading to spinal cord injury and paraplegia or partial crippling in some birds. There was occasionally extensive muscle degeneration and connective tissue proliferation around the distorted vertebrae and the spinous ligaments bridging the defect were stretched and appeared heavier than normal. Spondylopathy was also observed in 20-day chick embryos. Spondylolisthesis was observed in 33% of the embryos examined from Flock A-G2 and the other conditions present consisted of scoliosis and abnormal lordosis and kyphosis. Using a grading scale of +1 (mild) to +3 (severe), all cases of embryonic spondylopathy were graded as +1. The back defects present in Flock B-G2 embryos were entirely due to abnormal kyphosis.", "PMID": 605043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8740", "title": "Adult mortality rates in Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses at three North Central stations.", "content": "Adult mortality rates among progeny of Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses were observed concurrently at three North Central Region experiment stations. Female mortality rates were significantly (P less than or equal to .05) higher at all locations among progeny of the Leghorn male parent. Male mortality rates (observed at two locations) between crosses were not different and thus suggested a sex chromosome involvement with mortality rates in these crosses.", "contents": "Adult mortality rates in Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses at three North Central stations. Adult mortality rates among progeny of Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses were observed concurrently at three North Central Region experiment stations. Female mortality rates were significantly (P less than or equal to .05) higher at all locations among progeny of the Leghorn male parent. Male mortality rates (observed at two locations) between crosses were not different and thus suggested a sex chromosome involvement with mortality rates in these crosses.", "PMID": 605044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8741", "title": "Reproductivity of Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride in the absence of vitamin D.", "content": "Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was tested at 16 p.p.m. Hg for vitamin D sparing activity by presenting it dietarily in the presence and absence of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) to Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) for 25 days. No gross signs characteristic of mercury poisoning were observed, but some predictable effects of vitamin D deficiency on avian reproduction were manifested within 10 days. Rate of lay, egg shell thickness, and hatchability of fertile eggs decreased markedly for birds on vitamin D-deficient diets. Shell-less eggs were laid by these birds after 20 days and laying stopped entirely on the 23rd day. Laying resumed within 5 days after diets were refortified with 25-HCC. There was no detectable interaction between HgCl2 and vitamin D.", "contents": "Reproductivity of Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride in the absence of vitamin D. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was tested at 16 p.p.m. Hg for vitamin D sparing activity by presenting it dietarily in the presence and absence of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) to Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) for 25 days. No gross signs characteristic of mercury poisoning were observed, but some predictable effects of vitamin D deficiency on avian reproduction were manifested within 10 days. Rate of lay, egg shell thickness, and hatchability of fertile eggs decreased markedly for birds on vitamin D-deficient diets. Shell-less eggs were laid by these birds after 20 days and laying stopped entirely on the 23rd day. Laying resumed within 5 days after diets were refortified with 25-HCC. There was no detectable interaction between HgCl2 and vitamin D.", "PMID": 605045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8742", "title": "In vivo inhibition of grey partridge (Perdrix Perdrix) creatine-kinase by methoxy ethyl mercury silicate.", "content": "In grey partridge, methoxy-ethyl-mercury is a potent reversible inhibitor of muscular creatine-kinase. This effect is probably the result of a fixation of mercury by the thiol groups of the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "In vivo inhibition of grey partridge (Perdrix Perdrix) creatine-kinase by methoxy ethyl mercury silicate. In grey partridge, methoxy-ethyl-mercury is a potent reversible inhibitor of muscular creatine-kinase. This effect is probably the result of a fixation of mercury by the thiol groups of the enzyme molecule.", "PMID": 605046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8743", "title": "Uptake of iodide into growing chicken oocytes.", "content": "Sodium 125iodide was injected intraperitoneally into laying hens and two modes of experimentation utilized to determine the nature of its distribution into plasma and yolk compartments.", "contents": "Uptake of iodide into growing chicken oocytes. Sodium 125iodide was injected intraperitoneally into laying hens and two modes of experimentation utilized to determine the nature of its distribution into plasma and yolk compartments.", "PMID": 605047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8744", "title": "The effects of ahemeral light and dark cycles on growth and sexual maturity in chickens.", "content": "Replacement pullets were reared in environmentally controlled chambers in which the lighting schedule was 14L:7D, 14L:10D or 14L:14D. Both temperature and humidity were constant throughout the experiment. Neither body weight nor age at sexual maturity were altered by these lighting schedules. It was concluded that a unifying hypothesis to explain the various effects of photoperiods on growth and sexual maturity would probably not involve circadian rhythms.", "contents": "The effects of ahemeral light and dark cycles on growth and sexual maturity in chickens. Replacement pullets were reared in environmentally controlled chambers in which the lighting schedule was 14L:7D, 14L:10D or 14L:14D. Both temperature and humidity were constant throughout the experiment. Neither body weight nor age at sexual maturity were altered by these lighting schedules. It was concluded that a unifying hypothesis to explain the various effects of photoperiods on growth and sexual maturity would probably not involve circadian rhythms.", "PMID": 605048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8745", "title": "The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the hexosamine content of cartilage from turkey embryos.", "content": "The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the composition of embryonic turkey cartilage was studied. Cartilage from embryos homozygous for the mutant gene contained less than one-half the normal amount of galactosamine containing mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination also showed that there was a substantial decrease in extracellular matrix content of the chondrodystrophic cartilage.", "contents": "The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the hexosamine content of cartilage from turkey embryos. The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the composition of embryonic turkey cartilage was studied. Cartilage from embryos homozygous for the mutant gene contained less than one-half the normal amount of galactosamine containing mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination also showed that there was a substantial decrease in extracellular matrix content of the chondrodystrophic cartilage.", "PMID": 605049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8746", "title": "Response of chicken intestine to calcium omission on electrical potential and short-circuit.", "content": "A comparison of the endogenous PD and ISC, galactose transfer PD and ISC, and leucine transfer PD and ISC by rat and chicken intestine in a buffer with and without calcium, was made. The electrical activity in presence or absence of actively transported substrates was altered in the chicken intestine when a calcium-free buffer was used. No significant differences were observed with rat intestine.", "contents": "Response of chicken intestine to calcium omission on electrical potential and short-circuit. A comparison of the endogenous PD and ISC, galactose transfer PD and ISC, and leucine transfer PD and ISC by rat and chicken intestine in a buffer with and without calcium, was made. The electrical activity in presence or absence of actively transported substrates was altered in the chicken intestine when a calcium-free buffer was used. No significant differences were observed with rat intestine.", "PMID": 605050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8747", "title": "Effects of glycerol on turkey sperm cell viability and fertilizing capacity.", "content": "To test the cryoprotective action of glycerol, intravaginal (I.V.A.I.) and intramagnal (I.M.A.I.) artificial inseminations were performed on 100 turkey hens using semen treated with glycerol; treated with glycerol then diluted and centrifuged; treated with glycerol and frozen-thawed; treated with glycerol, frozen-thawed then diluted and centrifuged; and untreated control. With I.V.A.I. no progeny were obtained from any turkeys within the treated group. I.V.A.I. subsequent to semen dilution and centrifugation to lower the glycerol level yielded only two poults from one of the 36 hens inseminated. When I.M.A.I. was used, many poults were hatched from eggs produced by hens in the four treated groups. To study the cause of glycerol's antifertility action, histological sections of uterovaginal junction (UVJ) and infundibular (INF) tissues were observed. Following I.V.A.I., no sperm cells were found in either the UVJ or INF regions except in the controls where they were readily seen in the UVJ region. Conversely with I.M.A.I., sperm cells were seen in the INF region in all treatment groups while in the controls, sperm cells were also found in the UVJ region.", "contents": "Effects of glycerol on turkey sperm cell viability and fertilizing capacity. To test the cryoprotective action of glycerol, intravaginal (I.V.A.I.) and intramagnal (I.M.A.I.) artificial inseminations were performed on 100 turkey hens using semen treated with glycerol; treated with glycerol then diluted and centrifuged; treated with glycerol and frozen-thawed; treated with glycerol, frozen-thawed then diluted and centrifuged; and untreated control. With I.V.A.I. no progeny were obtained from any turkeys within the treated group. I.V.A.I. subsequent to semen dilution and centrifugation to lower the glycerol level yielded only two poults from one of the 36 hens inseminated. When I.M.A.I. was used, many poults were hatched from eggs produced by hens in the four treated groups. To study the cause of glycerol's antifertility action, histological sections of uterovaginal junction (UVJ) and infundibular (INF) tissues were observed. Following I.V.A.I., no sperm cells were found in either the UVJ or INF regions except in the controls where they were readily seen in the UVJ region. Conversely with I.M.A.I., sperm cells were seen in the INF region in all treatment groups while in the controls, sperm cells were also found in the UVJ region.", "PMID": 605051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8748", "title": "The effect of Marek's disease vaccination and day-old debeaking on the performance of growing pullets and laying hens.", "content": "In a 2 X 2 completely randomized factorial design, four hundred day-old Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were randomly assigned to four treatment combinations of vaccinated, non-vaccinated, debeaked and non-debeaked groups. Vaccination and debeaking were performed at day-old by administering 2,000 P.F.U. of HVT vaccine/chick and by removing approximately 2/3 of the upper beak, respectively. All the data were analyzed at 5% level of probability. Vaccination reduced feed consumption significantly only during the early growing period of the first 12 weeks, whereas debeaking caused a significant reduction in feed consumption throughout the experimental period of 80 weeks. Mortality during the 20-week growing period was not affected by either vaccination or debeaking. During the laying period (20-80 weeks of age), vaccination reduced the mortality numerically, while debeaking reduced the mortality significantly. Final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg weight, albumen height and egg shell thickness were not influenced by either vaccination, debeaking or a combination of the two. Debeaking had no effect on the incidence of blood-spotting in the eggs. Vaccination, however, significantly reduced percent blood spots in the eggs. Day-old debeaking effectively prevented the occurrence of cannibalism.", "contents": "The effect of Marek's disease vaccination and day-old debeaking on the performance of growing pullets and laying hens. In a 2 X 2 completely randomized factorial design, four hundred day-old Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were randomly assigned to four treatment combinations of vaccinated, non-vaccinated, debeaked and non-debeaked groups. Vaccination and debeaking were performed at day-old by administering 2,000 P.F.U. of HVT vaccine/chick and by removing approximately 2/3 of the upper beak, respectively. All the data were analyzed at 5% level of probability. Vaccination reduced feed consumption significantly only during the early growing period of the first 12 weeks, whereas debeaking caused a significant reduction in feed consumption throughout the experimental period of 80 weeks. Mortality during the 20-week growing period was not affected by either vaccination or debeaking. During the laying period (20-80 weeks of age), vaccination reduced the mortality numerically, while debeaking reduced the mortality significantly. Final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg weight, albumen height and egg shell thickness were not influenced by either vaccination, debeaking or a combination of the two. Debeaking had no effect on the incidence of blood-spotting in the eggs. Vaccination, however, significantly reduced percent blood spots in the eggs. Day-old debeaking effectively prevented the occurrence of cannibalism.", "PMID": 605052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8749", "title": "Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) effects on serum and liver lipid levels in Gallus domesticus.", "content": "The food antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) were fed to chickens to determine their effect on lipid metabolism. BHA and BHT did not affect chicken growth, blood lipid levels or liver lipid levels when the birds were fed a normal ration. When a high fat, high cholesterol ration was fed, chickens developed increased levels of blood and liver lipids and experienced decreased growth rates. The addition of either antioxidant in the presence of a high fat high cholesterol diet maintained higher serum lipid levels and caused decreases in liver lipid levels.", "contents": "Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) effects on serum and liver lipid levels in Gallus domesticus. The food antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) were fed to chickens to determine their effect on lipid metabolism. BHA and BHT did not affect chicken growth, blood lipid levels or liver lipid levels when the birds were fed a normal ration. When a high fat, high cholesterol ration was fed, chickens developed increased levels of blood and liver lipids and experienced decreased growth rates. The addition of either antioxidant in the presence of a high fat high cholesterol diet maintained higher serum lipid levels and caused decreases in liver lipid levels.", "PMID": 605053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8750", "title": "Social status and sex ration effects on mating frequency of cockerels.", "content": "Cockerels of 3 early- and 3 late-maturing strains of White Leghorns were observed for agonistic and mating behavior while housed with pullets in floor pens. All male strains were equally represented in each of 6 flocks; replicated flocks contained 6, 12, or 18 males with male:female rations of 1:24, 1:12, or 1:8, respectively. Differences associated with selection for early or late sexual maturity were not detected for either social status or mating frequency. Contrary to expectation, social status of cockerels had little effect on frequency of mating. Flocks with fewer males had lower fertility, but sex ratios (in the range used) had no effect on frequency of mating of individual males. Implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Social status and sex ration effects on mating frequency of cockerels. Cockerels of 3 early- and 3 late-maturing strains of White Leghorns were observed for agonistic and mating behavior while housed with pullets in floor pens. All male strains were equally represented in each of 6 flocks; replicated flocks contained 6, 12, or 18 males with male:female rations of 1:24, 1:12, or 1:8, respectively. Differences associated with selection for early or late sexual maturity were not detected for either social status or mating frequency. Contrary to expectation, social status of cockerels had little effect on frequency of mating. Flocks with fewer males had lower fertility, but sex ratios (in the range used) had no effect on frequency of mating of individual males. Implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 605054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8751", "title": "Sodium dependence and counterflow of some amino acids in chick intestine.", "content": "By incubating chicken intestinal rings in buffer containing either sodium or mannitol, it was demonstrated that uptake of L-lysine and L-histidine is sodium dependent. Double reciprocal plots of the data indicated that Vmax was independent of sodium concentration. KM values, however, were increased considerably in the absence of the metal, indicating a decreased affinity of the amino acid for a hypothetical carrier. A failure to demonstrate mobile carriers for L-lysine and L-arginine in chick intestine is reported. Counterflow results are briefly discussed in terms of fixed binding sites.", "contents": "Sodium dependence and counterflow of some amino acids in chick intestine. By incubating chicken intestinal rings in buffer containing either sodium or mannitol, it was demonstrated that uptake of L-lysine and L-histidine is sodium dependent. Double reciprocal plots of the data indicated that Vmax was independent of sodium concentration. KM values, however, were increased considerably in the absence of the metal, indicating a decreased affinity of the amino acid for a hypothetical carrier. A failure to demonstrate mobile carriers for L-lysine and L-arginine in chick intestine is reported. Counterflow results are briefly discussed in terms of fixed binding sites.", "PMID": 605055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8752", "title": "Clearance of sulfamethoxazole in eggs and tissues of chickens.", "content": "Clearance of sulfamethoxazole (SMX, or sulfisomezole) in eggs and tissues of chicken after withdrawal of the drug which was medicated feed additively (at 0.2 or 0.4%) or administered intramuscularly (100 mg./kg., twice daily) for 5 successive days was determined using a fluorescamine reagent. Clearance patterns of SMX were found to be different between albumen and yolk. SMX level in albumen diminished linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. (sensitivity level) by 5 days after the cessation of medication. On the other hand, SMX level in yolk remained at a plateau until 4 days, and thereafter decreased linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. by 10 days. SMX levels in most tissues diminished below 0.1 p.p.m. by 3 days and those in kidney and skin by 4 days. Clearance patterns in tissue were quite similar to those in egg albumen. Proportion of acetylated-SMX to total-one in both albumen and yolk tended to increase up to 10% with the lapse of time after drug withdrawal. Acetylation was high in liver (36.5-43.6%), spleen skin and fat, but low in breast muscle and kidney (3.7-11%) in the groups of feed addition; while acetylation was low in liver of the group of intramuscular injection.", "contents": "Clearance of sulfamethoxazole in eggs and tissues of chickens. Clearance of sulfamethoxazole (SMX, or sulfisomezole) in eggs and tissues of chicken after withdrawal of the drug which was medicated feed additively (at 0.2 or 0.4%) or administered intramuscularly (100 mg./kg., twice daily) for 5 successive days was determined using a fluorescamine reagent. Clearance patterns of SMX were found to be different between albumen and yolk. SMX level in albumen diminished linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. (sensitivity level) by 5 days after the cessation of medication. On the other hand, SMX level in yolk remained at a plateau until 4 days, and thereafter decreased linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. by 10 days. SMX levels in most tissues diminished below 0.1 p.p.m. by 3 days and those in kidney and skin by 4 days. Clearance patterns in tissue were quite similar to those in egg albumen. Proportion of acetylated-SMX to total-one in both albumen and yolk tended to increase up to 10% with the lapse of time after drug withdrawal. Acetylation was high in liver (36.5-43.6%), spleen skin and fat, but low in breast muscle and kidney (3.7-11%) in the groups of feed addition; while acetylation was low in liver of the group of intramuscular injection.", "PMID": 605057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8753", "title": "The application of an electronic particle counter with a mean cell volume computer and an hematocrit accessory to avian hematology.", "content": "The accuracy and precision of an electronic cell counter equipped with a mean cell volume and packed cell volume accessory were evaluated for avian blood, and the results were compared with those of \"standard\" avian hematological techniques. Precision on replicate determinations with the electronic instruments was excellent and the mean results compared well with those of standard methods when the instrument was carefully standardized and calibrated.", "contents": "The application of an electronic particle counter with a mean cell volume computer and an hematocrit accessory to avian hematology. The accuracy and precision of an electronic cell counter equipped with a mean cell volume and packed cell volume accessory were evaluated for avian blood, and the results were compared with those of \"standard\" avian hematological techniques. Precision on replicate determinations with the electronic instruments was excellent and the mean results compared well with those of standard methods when the instrument was carefully standardized and calibrated.", "PMID": 605058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8754", "title": "Residues in broiler chickens fed low levels of hexachlorobenzene.", "content": "Male broiler chicks (Hubbard-Hubbard) were fed graded levels (0, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.03, and 0.120 p.p.m.) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 8 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography was used to prepare tissue samples from fat, heart, gizzard, leg muscle, breast muscle, kidney, and liver for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography employing electron capture detection. No treatment related trends could be determined for body or organ weights. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, testes, pancreas, small intestine, ventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. A linear relationship was found between HCB accumulation in tissues and the dietary HCB level. HCB accumulation was greatest in adipose tissue followed by the heart, gizzard, leg, kidney, liver, and breast. The biomagnification of HCB in adipose tissue of broiler chickens was 11 to 18 times the concentration in the diet. For example, a concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. of HCB in the diet resulted in the accumulation of HCB in adipose tissue in excess of 0.5 p.p.m. After 7 weeks, birds were taken off rations containing HCB. After a withdrawal period of five weeks, 0.5 p.p.m. of HCB remained in adipose tissue of birds that had been fed 0.12 p.p.m. of HCB.", "contents": "Residues in broiler chickens fed low levels of hexachlorobenzene. Male broiler chicks (Hubbard-Hubbard) were fed graded levels (0, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.03, and 0.120 p.p.m.) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 8 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography was used to prepare tissue samples from fat, heart, gizzard, leg muscle, breast muscle, kidney, and liver for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography employing electron capture detection. No treatment related trends could be determined for body or organ weights. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, testes, pancreas, small intestine, ventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. A linear relationship was found between HCB accumulation in tissues and the dietary HCB level. HCB accumulation was greatest in adipose tissue followed by the heart, gizzard, leg, kidney, liver, and breast. The biomagnification of HCB in adipose tissue of broiler chickens was 11 to 18 times the concentration in the diet. For example, a concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. of HCB in the diet resulted in the accumulation of HCB in adipose tissue in excess of 0.5 p.p.m. After 7 weeks, birds were taken off rations containing HCB. After a withdrawal period of five weeks, 0.5 p.p.m. of HCB remained in adipose tissue of birds that had been fed 0.12 p.p.m. of HCB.", "PMID": 605063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8755", "title": "Duration of the antifertility effect on glycerol in the chicken vagina.", "content": "To determine the duration of the antifertility effect of glycerol in the chicken's vagina, groups of 15 Leghorn-type hens were each given 0.1 ml. of a 2.076 M glycerol solution at time intervals from 0 to 10 minutes before and after insemination with 0.1 ml. of pooled semen. Eggs were set weekly and candled at 7 days of incubation to determine fertility. Fertility of eggs collected during days 5--7 was significantly (P less than .01) reduced by the glycerol solution when it was administered between 5 minutes before and 10 minutes after insemination. The antifertility effect disappeared within 10 minutes after glycerol deposition.", "contents": "Duration of the antifertility effect on glycerol in the chicken vagina. To determine the duration of the antifertility effect of glycerol in the chicken's vagina, groups of 15 Leghorn-type hens were each given 0.1 ml. of a 2.076 M glycerol solution at time intervals from 0 to 10 minutes before and after insemination with 0.1 ml. of pooled semen. Eggs were set weekly and candled at 7 days of incubation to determine fertility. Fertility of eggs collected during days 5--7 was significantly (P less than .01) reduced by the glycerol solution when it was administered between 5 minutes before and 10 minutes after insemination. The antifertility effect disappeared within 10 minutes after glycerol deposition.", "PMID": 605064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8756", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in battery raised broiler chickens.", "content": "Infections with single species of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti, and the six species mixed, were utilized in three separate battery experiments to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of various levels of salinomycin (AHR-3096), a fermentation product of a strain of Streptomyces albus. At the 60 to 100 p.p.m. treatment levels, this compound showed significant anticoccidial activity for all parameters studied (mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, dropping scores, and lesion scores). The mortality due to coccidiosis was reduced to 0.1% in the medicated infected birds. Some activity, as measured by weight gain, was seen in the lower levels of salinomycin medication (12.5 to 50 p.p.m.), but other parameters, including mortality and lesion scores, indicated less activity than that seen with the higher treatment levels. At 100 p.p.m., there was no apparent effect on the compound on bird performance in uninfected control birds. Salinomycin at the 100 p.p.m. treatment level was statistically as effective as 121 p.p.m. monensin (reference anticoccidial) in controlling coccidiosis.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in battery raised broiler chickens. Infections with single species of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti, and the six species mixed, were utilized in three separate battery experiments to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of various levels of salinomycin (AHR-3096), a fermentation product of a strain of Streptomyces albus. At the 60 to 100 p.p.m. treatment levels, this compound showed significant anticoccidial activity for all parameters studied (mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, dropping scores, and lesion scores). The mortality due to coccidiosis was reduced to 0.1% in the medicated infected birds. Some activity, as measured by weight gain, was seen in the lower levels of salinomycin medication (12.5 to 50 p.p.m.), but other parameters, including mortality and lesion scores, indicated less activity than that seen with the higher treatment levels. At 100 p.p.m., there was no apparent effect on the compound on bird performance in uninfected control birds. Salinomycin at the 100 p.p.m. treatment level was statistically as effective as 121 p.p.m. monensin (reference anticoccidial) in controlling coccidiosis.", "PMID": 605065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8757", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in floor-pen experiments with broilers.", "content": "The anticoccidial agent salinomycin (AHR-3096) was compared at various treatment levels (60 to 100 p.p.m.) in two experiments against unmedicated and either 100 or 121 p.p.m. monensin-medicated groups to evaluate its performance under floor-pen conditions. Various methods for the initial rearing of birds and coccidial exposure were employed to test the efficacy of salinomycin against severe, moderate, and mild coccidiosis. Salinomycin at all treatment levels showed definite anticoccidial activity resulting in improved weights, feed conversion ratios, lesion scores, and mortality compared with unmedicated controls. In pens with severe coccidiosis, this compound demonstrated a significant improvement in all parameters when compared with the corresponding unmedicated controls. Salinomycin-treated pens exposed to light coccidiosis usually had a numerical increase in the parameters over the unmedicated control groups. Statistical analysis of overall main effects on mortality, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio showed no significant differences between the activity of any level of salinomycin and monensin.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in floor-pen experiments with broilers. The anticoccidial agent salinomycin (AHR-3096) was compared at various treatment levels (60 to 100 p.p.m.) in two experiments against unmedicated and either 100 or 121 p.p.m. monensin-medicated groups to evaluate its performance under floor-pen conditions. Various methods for the initial rearing of birds and coccidial exposure were employed to test the efficacy of salinomycin against severe, moderate, and mild coccidiosis. Salinomycin at all treatment levels showed definite anticoccidial activity resulting in improved weights, feed conversion ratios, lesion scores, and mortality compared with unmedicated controls. In pens with severe coccidiosis, this compound demonstrated a significant improvement in all parameters when compared with the corresponding unmedicated controls. Salinomycin-treated pens exposed to light coccidiosis usually had a numerical increase in the parameters over the unmedicated control groups. Statistical analysis of overall main effects on mortality, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio showed no significant differences between the activity of any level of salinomycin and monensin.", "PMID": 605066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8758", "title": "A technique for the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols in poultry.", "content": "The respiratory activity of poultry is highly susceptible to changes in respiratory dead space volume, airstream pressure, ambient temperature, and body position. A technique has been developed which will minimize these variables; yet permit the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols. Monodispersed latex spheres of a known size are radioactively labeled following polymerization of iodine-127 onto the surface of the spheres. The bird is anesthetized and placed in a whole-body plethysmography. The liquid dispersed latex spheres are aerosolized from a nebulizer attached to a 10 p.s.i.g. compressed air line. The particles are electrostatically neutralized and routed to a plenum at near ambient pressure. The bird breathes at will through a unidirectional mask attached to the plenum. Following exposure the bird is euthanatized, the plethysmograph calibrated and the deposition in the respiratory tract measured at each of seven sections by a collimated, scintillation detector.", "contents": "A technique for the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols in poultry. The respiratory activity of poultry is highly susceptible to changes in respiratory dead space volume, airstream pressure, ambient temperature, and body position. A technique has been developed which will minimize these variables; yet permit the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols. Monodispersed latex spheres of a known size are radioactively labeled following polymerization of iodine-127 onto the surface of the spheres. The bird is anesthetized and placed in a whole-body plethysmography. The liquid dispersed latex spheres are aerosolized from a nebulizer attached to a 10 p.s.i.g. compressed air line. The particles are electrostatically neutralized and routed to a plenum at near ambient pressure. The bird breathes at will through a unidirectional mask attached to the plenum. Following exposure the bird is euthanatized, the plethysmograph calibrated and the deposition in the respiratory tract measured at each of seven sections by a collimated, scintillation detector.", "PMID": 605068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8759", "title": "Effects of lasalocid and monensin in combination with roxarsone on lesion reduction and oocyst suppression in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella field isolates.", "content": "The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid, monensin, and roxarsone, alone and in combination, was evaluated against eleven Eimeria tenella recent field isolates. Lasalocid was used at 0.0075. 0.01, and 0.0125% activity drug in feed; monensin at 0.0099 and 0.0121%; and roxarsone at 0.005%. Further studies with lasalocid 0.0075%, monensin 0.0099% and roxarsone 0.005 and 0.0025% combinations were carried out against three E. tenella field isolates selected from the aforementioned strains. Lasalocid and monensin each exhibited a high degree of anticoccidial activity at all concentrations tested. Lasalocid and monensin fed in combination with roxarsone showed, in addition to high anticoccidial activity a further reduction in gross lesions and oocysts production, more pronounced at 0.005% level of roxarsone than at 0.0025%, compared to either medication alone or the roxarsone combinations. These positive effects were noted with all strains tested. The practical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of lasalocid and monensin in combination with roxarsone on lesion reduction and oocyst suppression in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella field isolates. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid, monensin, and roxarsone, alone and in combination, was evaluated against eleven Eimeria tenella recent field isolates. Lasalocid was used at 0.0075. 0.01, and 0.0125% activity drug in feed; monensin at 0.0099 and 0.0121%; and roxarsone at 0.005%. Further studies with lasalocid 0.0075%, monensin 0.0099% and roxarsone 0.005 and 0.0025% combinations were carried out against three E. tenella field isolates selected from the aforementioned strains. Lasalocid and monensin each exhibited a high degree of anticoccidial activity at all concentrations tested. Lasalocid and monensin fed in combination with roxarsone showed, in addition to high anticoccidial activity a further reduction in gross lesions and oocysts production, more pronounced at 0.005% level of roxarsone than at 0.0025%, compared to either medication alone or the roxarsone combinations. These positive effects were noted with all strains tested. The practical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 605069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8760", "title": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase--a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in Japanese quail.", "content": "Red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity has proven to be a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in humans. The depressed enzyme activity and its negative correlation to blood lead concentrations are well-known effects of lead exposure in man. The sensitivity of RBC-ALAD activity in young Japanese quail exposed to low levels of lead as lead acetate was investigated. Two groups of nine birds each were fed purified diets containing either no added lead or 25 micrograms of lead per g. of diet. After 2 weeks, blood samples for hematocrit, hemoglobin, and enzyme determinations and renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial tissues were collected. There were no significant differences between controls and lead-fed birds in body, kidney, duodenal, and tibial weights, or in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. However, the renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial lead concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in the lead-treated birds. The activity of RBC-ALAD in the group fed lead was 45% of that in the control group; these values were significantly different (P less than 0.001). RBC-ALAD activity expressed as the log. base 10 showed significant (P less than 0.02) negative correlation with both hepatic and tibial lead. The study demonstrates that the activity of RBC-ALAD in the Japanese quail is a very sensitive indicator of lead exposure.", "contents": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase--a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in Japanese quail. Red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity has proven to be a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in humans. The depressed enzyme activity and its negative correlation to blood lead concentrations are well-known effects of lead exposure in man. The sensitivity of RBC-ALAD activity in young Japanese quail exposed to low levels of lead as lead acetate was investigated. Two groups of nine birds each were fed purified diets containing either no added lead or 25 micrograms of lead per g. of diet. After 2 weeks, blood samples for hematocrit, hemoglobin, and enzyme determinations and renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial tissues were collected. There were no significant differences between controls and lead-fed birds in body, kidney, duodenal, and tibial weights, or in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. However, the renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial lead concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in the lead-treated birds. The activity of RBC-ALAD in the group fed lead was 45% of that in the control group; these values were significantly different (P less than 0.001). RBC-ALAD activity expressed as the log. base 10 showed significant (P less than 0.02) negative correlation with both hepatic and tibial lead. The study demonstrates that the activity of RBC-ALAD in the Japanese quail is a very sensitive indicator of lead exposure.", "PMID": 605070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8761", "title": "Connective tissue constituents of the fowl. Effects of exogenous estrogen.", "content": "The levels of connective tissue constituents (hexosamine, hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline) and the composition of isolated mucopolysaccharide-peptide complexes were determined in some organs and tissue of male and female fowl treated and not treated with estradiol-17beta. Most of the changes occurred in the male. Estrogen administration brought statistically significant increases in the contents of hexosamine and hexuronic acid in the cartilage of the male and of hexose in the spleen of both males and females. It also increased the hydroxyproline in the testis and in the cartilage of the male. Estrogen decreased the content of hexosamine in the combs of both males and females, and in the wattle of the female, of hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline in the liver of the male, and hydroxyproline in the breast muscle of the male. Hexosamine, sialic acid, lipid and protein contents of blood sera of estrogenized birds were substantially higher than that of the controls. Gas liquid chromatography of the lipids of the tissues indicated that estrogen administration brought about an increase in the proportion of the unsaturated fraction to the total fatty acid content.", "contents": "Connective tissue constituents of the fowl. Effects of exogenous estrogen. The levels of connective tissue constituents (hexosamine, hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline) and the composition of isolated mucopolysaccharide-peptide complexes were determined in some organs and tissue of male and female fowl treated and not treated with estradiol-17beta. Most of the changes occurred in the male. Estrogen administration brought statistically significant increases in the contents of hexosamine and hexuronic acid in the cartilage of the male and of hexose in the spleen of both males and females. It also increased the hydroxyproline in the testis and in the cartilage of the male. Estrogen decreased the content of hexosamine in the combs of both males and females, and in the wattle of the female, of hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline in the liver of the male, and hydroxyproline in the breast muscle of the male. Hexosamine, sialic acid, lipid and protein contents of blood sera of estrogenized birds were substantially higher than that of the controls. Gas liquid chromatography of the lipids of the tissues indicated that estrogen administration brought about an increase in the proportion of the unsaturated fraction to the total fatty acid content.", "PMID": 605071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8762", "title": "Evaluation of Rofenaid and a commercial bacterin for prevention of cranial form of fowl cholera in turkeys.", "content": "Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine at drug concentrations of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01% in feed, a combination of vaccination with a commercial bacterin and 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine (Rofenaid), and vaccination separately, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability of turkeys experimentally induced with the cranial form of fowl cholera as compared to that of the nonmedicated nonvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by the administration of Pasteurella multocida (isolate 8579) in the drinking water.", "contents": "Evaluation of Rofenaid and a commercial bacterin for prevention of cranial form of fowl cholera in turkeys. Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine at drug concentrations of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01% in feed, a combination of vaccination with a commercial bacterin and 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine (Rofenaid), and vaccination separately, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability of turkeys experimentally induced with the cranial form of fowl cholera as compared to that of the nonmedicated nonvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by the administration of Pasteurella multocida (isolate 8579) in the drinking water.", "PMID": 605073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8763", "title": "Evaluation of Aureomycin for prevention of arthritic, pulmonary and cranial forms of fowl cholera in turkeys.", "content": "Aureomycin fed at concentrations of 55, 110, and 220 mg./kg. of feed significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability as compared to that of the nonmedicated exposed and increased average body wieght gained per turkey as compared to that of both the nonmedicated exposed and nonmedicated nonexposed turkeys. The increase in survival was proportional to the increase in concentration of Aureomycin in the feed. Turkeys were exposed, in the drinking water, to three isolates of Pasteurella multocida which had inclinations for localizing in the joints, lungs, and air spaces of the head. There were no carriers of P. multocida in either the medicated or nonmedicated turkeys three weeks after exposure.", "contents": "Evaluation of Aureomycin for prevention of arthritic, pulmonary and cranial forms of fowl cholera in turkeys. Aureomycin fed at concentrations of 55, 110, and 220 mg./kg. of feed significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability as compared to that of the nonmedicated exposed and increased average body wieght gained per turkey as compared to that of both the nonmedicated exposed and nonmedicated nonexposed turkeys. The increase in survival was proportional to the increase in concentration of Aureomycin in the feed. Turkeys were exposed, in the drinking water, to three isolates of Pasteurella multocida which had inclinations for localizing in the joints, lungs, and air spaces of the head. There were no carriers of P. multocida in either the medicated or nonmedicated turkeys three weeks after exposure.", "PMID": 605074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8764", "title": "Feed consumption and protein efficiency by Bobwhite quail in response to dietary energy levels.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine if Bobwhite quail chicks would adjust feed consumption according to energy intake from hatching to five weeks of age. Three starter diets, which were calculated to contain 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg., were fed throughout the five-week experiments. As energy was increased, the protein level was increased proportionally. Each treatment group consisted of four replicate pens containing 125 chicks each. Body weight at two and five weeks of age was not affected by treatment, except for a reduction at two weeks for birds on the 3170 Kcal./Kg. diet. There were no significant treatment effects on mortality. The feed consumed/bird/day decreased as dietary energy was increased. The calculated energy consumption/bird/day was 15.44, 15.31 and 14.79 Kcal., respectively, for the 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg diets during the five-week period. The energy and protein consumption per gram of body weight was slightly reduced at the high energy level indicating a more efficient use of energy and protein of the high energy diet. These data indicate that the Bobwhite quail adjusts feed intake according to the energy content of the diet.", "contents": "Feed consumption and protein efficiency by Bobwhite quail in response to dietary energy levels. Two experiments were conducted to determine if Bobwhite quail chicks would adjust feed consumption according to energy intake from hatching to five weeks of age. Three starter diets, which were calculated to contain 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg., were fed throughout the five-week experiments. As energy was increased, the protein level was increased proportionally. Each treatment group consisted of four replicate pens containing 125 chicks each. Body weight at two and five weeks of age was not affected by treatment, except for a reduction at two weeks for birds on the 3170 Kcal./Kg. diet. There were no significant treatment effects on mortality. The feed consumed/bird/day decreased as dietary energy was increased. The calculated energy consumption/bird/day was 15.44, 15.31 and 14.79 Kcal., respectively, for the 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg diets during the five-week period. The energy and protein consumption per gram of body weight was slightly reduced at the high energy level indicating a more efficient use of energy and protein of the high energy diet. These data indicate that the Bobwhite quail adjusts feed intake according to the energy content of the diet.", "PMID": 605075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8765", "title": "The effect of prolactin on reproductive function in female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "The anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic actions of prolactin in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were re-investigated. Treatment of mature regularly laying quail with 16 I.U. of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S11) per day for 7 or 14 days caused significant (P less than .05) decreases in ovarian and oviductal weight and a reduction in egg production by the third day of treatment. The most frequent response to prolactin was complete cessation of ovulation for the duration of the experiment, but some birds showed no effects from the hormone treatment. Prolactin caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in body weight of the quail. Serum LH, measured during the expected time of the preovulatory LH surge, was significantly lower in birds treated with prolactin the day before sampling than in control birds. It was concluded that prolactin has a distinct anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic action in this species.", "contents": "The effect of prolactin on reproductive function in female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic actions of prolactin in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were re-investigated. Treatment of mature regularly laying quail with 16 I.U. of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S11) per day for 7 or 14 days caused significant (P less than .05) decreases in ovarian and oviductal weight and a reduction in egg production by the third day of treatment. The most frequent response to prolactin was complete cessation of ovulation for the duration of the experiment, but some birds showed no effects from the hormone treatment. Prolactin caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in body weight of the quail. Serum LH, measured during the expected time of the preovulatory LH surge, was significantly lower in birds treated with prolactin the day before sampling than in control birds. It was concluded that prolactin has a distinct anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic action in this species.", "PMID": 605076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8766", "title": "Inhibition by atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol of the autonomic nervous system of the domestic fowl.", "content": "Because of the paucity and inconsistency of information on blockage of the chicken autonomic nervous system for extended periods, the effects of atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol in the anesthetized hen were examined. It was found that cholinergic blockade by atropine was very short lived. For effective (80%) parasympathetic blockage a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg;, followed by an infusion at the rate of 17.5 microgram/kg./min., was required. Similarly, inhibition of the beta-sympathetic system required propranolol in a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg. and an infusion of 5 microgram/kg./min. The alpha-sympathetic inhibitor, phenoxybenzamine, was effective when given as a single dose of 5 mg./kg. Using these levels of inhibitor it was possible to ensure blockade in all cases for periods of two hours or more.", "contents": "Inhibition by atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol of the autonomic nervous system of the domestic fowl. Because of the paucity and inconsistency of information on blockage of the chicken autonomic nervous system for extended periods, the effects of atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol in the anesthetized hen were examined. It was found that cholinergic blockade by atropine was very short lived. For effective (80%) parasympathetic blockage a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg;, followed by an infusion at the rate of 17.5 microgram/kg./min., was required. Similarly, inhibition of the beta-sympathetic system required propranolol in a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg. and an infusion of 5 microgram/kg./min. The alpha-sympathetic inhibitor, phenoxybenzamine, was effective when given as a single dose of 5 mg./kg. Using these levels of inhibitor it was possible to ensure blockade in all cases for periods of two hours or more.", "PMID": 605077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8767", "title": "Prophylactical and therapeutical efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys.", "content": "To evaluate efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys under controlled field conditions 2 prophylactical and 3 therapeutical trials were conducted. The compound was administered via drinking water for 3 days in comparison to Tylosin tartrate. In both prophylactical and therapeutical tests, Tiamuline showed a superior efficiacy, as measured by clinical symptoms, pathological lesions and microbiological findings. Therefore, Tiamuline can be recommended for treatment of mycoplasmosis in chickens and turkeys in a dosage of 0.025% and in a dosage of 0.0125% for prophylaxis in flocks at risk.", "contents": "Prophylactical and therapeutical efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys. To evaluate efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys under controlled field conditions 2 prophylactical and 3 therapeutical trials were conducted. The compound was administered via drinking water for 3 days in comparison to Tylosin tartrate. In both prophylactical and therapeutical tests, Tiamuline showed a superior efficiacy, as measured by clinical symptoms, pathological lesions and microbiological findings. Therefore, Tiamuline can be recommended for treatment of mycoplasmosis in chickens and turkeys in a dosage of 0.025% and in a dosage of 0.0125% for prophylaxis in flocks at risk.", "PMID": 605078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8768", "title": "The effect of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid and iron on broiler skin collagen.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to determine if variation of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron had any effect on collagen metabolism in broilers. In the first experiment day-old broiler type chicks were fed diets which contained 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet, 0 or 15% meat and bone meal and 0 or 1 g./kg. ascorbic acid. In the second experiment the day-old broiler chicks were fed diets which had 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet and 60 or 260 p.p.m. of iron. At 56 days of age the broilers were weighed, a representative number of birds killed from each group and skin samples collected. The skin samples were analyzed for the degree of collagen cross-linking and the total and insoluble collagen contents. An alteration of energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron in the diet had no effect on collagen formation in the skin of broilers reared in cool environmental temperatures. Female broilers had a significantly higher percentage of insoluble collagen in the skin tissue but the level of total collagen and insoluble collagen was higher in the male birds.", "contents": "The effect of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid and iron on broiler skin collagen. Two studies were conducted to determine if variation of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron had any effect on collagen metabolism in broilers. In the first experiment day-old broiler type chicks were fed diets which contained 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet, 0 or 15% meat and bone meal and 0 or 1 g./kg. ascorbic acid. In the second experiment the day-old broiler chicks were fed diets which had 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet and 60 or 260 p.p.m. of iron. At 56 days of age the broilers were weighed, a representative number of birds killed from each group and skin samples collected. The skin samples were analyzed for the degree of collagen cross-linking and the total and insoluble collagen contents. An alteration of energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron in the diet had no effect on collagen formation in the skin of broilers reared in cool environmental temperatures. Female broilers had a significantly higher percentage of insoluble collagen in the skin tissue but the level of total collagen and insoluble collagen was higher in the male birds.", "PMID": 605079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8769", "title": "The control and prevention of necrotic enteritis in broilers with zinc bacitracin.", "content": "The effectiveness of zinc bacitracin in controlling andpreventing necrotic enteritis was tested by growing broilers in a facility where necrotic enteritis outbreaks had previously occurred. Broiler-crossed chicks were fed a commercial-type broiler diet containing 0 mg./kg., 33 mg./kg., or 55 mg./kg. of zinc bacitracin in the diet. Each treatment was replicated six times. Mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation were measured. The control group had 7.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis as determined by necropsy of each bird upon death. Zinc bacitracin at 10 grams per ton had two mortalities, or 0.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis. No mortality due to necrotic enteritis occurred with the higher levels of zinc bacitracin. The addition of zinc bacitracin significantly improved (P less than 0.01) the parameters of weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation.", "contents": "The control and prevention of necrotic enteritis in broilers with zinc bacitracin. The effectiveness of zinc bacitracin in controlling andpreventing necrotic enteritis was tested by growing broilers in a facility where necrotic enteritis outbreaks had previously occurred. Broiler-crossed chicks were fed a commercial-type broiler diet containing 0 mg./kg., 33 mg./kg., or 55 mg./kg. of zinc bacitracin in the diet. Each treatment was replicated six times. Mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation were measured. The control group had 7.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis as determined by necropsy of each bird upon death. Zinc bacitracin at 10 grams per ton had two mortalities, or 0.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis. No mortality due to necrotic enteritis occurred with the higher levels of zinc bacitracin. The addition of zinc bacitracin significantly improved (P less than 0.01) the parameters of weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation.", "PMID": 605080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8770", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs from growth selected lines of chickens.", "content": "The ultrastructure of adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs (GT-cells) from pullets of lines selected for high (HWS) and low (LWS) body weight was studied at various physiological ages. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 14 hours in a 24-hour cycle did not have a significant effect on the ultrastructure of GT-cells in either line. A qualitative analysis, based on the extent and complexity of the protein synthetic apparatus, suggested that the synthetic activity of gonadotrophs from HWS pullets was greater than that of LWS pullets at each of the ages studied. Although no significant differences were found in the frequency of pullets showing evidence of intracellular digestion of secretory products, the condition was more severe in the HWS than in the LWS females. Crinophagy tended to be positively correlated with cell activity in both lines. These observations suggest that selection for growth rate had a correlated effect on hypophyseal proteinaceous secretions. They also indicate that interactions between fluctuations in gonadotrophic cell activity, secreting mechanisms and neural thresholds for hormone action may be implicated in the manifestation of the erratic ovulation patterns.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs from growth selected lines of chickens. The ultrastructure of adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs (GT-cells) from pullets of lines selected for high (HWS) and low (LWS) body weight was studied at various physiological ages. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 14 hours in a 24-hour cycle did not have a significant effect on the ultrastructure of GT-cells in either line. A qualitative analysis, based on the extent and complexity of the protein synthetic apparatus, suggested that the synthetic activity of gonadotrophs from HWS pullets was greater than that of LWS pullets at each of the ages studied. Although no significant differences were found in the frequency of pullets showing evidence of intracellular digestion of secretory products, the condition was more severe in the HWS than in the LWS females. Crinophagy tended to be positively correlated with cell activity in both lines. These observations suggest that selection for growth rate had a correlated effect on hypophyseal proteinaceous secretions. They also indicate that interactions between fluctuations in gonadotrophic cell activity, secreting mechanisms and neural thresholds for hormone action may be implicated in the manifestation of the erratic ovulation patterns.", "PMID": 605081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8771", "title": "Lithium-induced inhibition of 125I accumulation by thyroids and growing oocytes of Japanese quail.", "content": "A single dose of 975 mumol. Li Cl suppressed thyroidal accumulation of iodide in laying Japanese quail as measured at 1, 6, and 18 hr. after injecting 125 I and in mature male quail at 1 hr. Thyroidal accumulation was above control values in males by 18 hr. Levels of 125 I were unchanged in growing oocytes but in testes were 3 to 60 times the control levels. When accumulations were expressed relative to the concentration of 125I in the plasma, in lithium-treated quail levels in thyroids were 0.02 to 0.5 times, in oocytes 0.2 to 0.9 and in testes 0.7 to 0.8 times control values. Results indicate that a single large dose of LiCl caused retention of 125I in the extracellular fluid of Japanese quail and thereby in the testes but inhibited transport of the tracer into the thyroid and growing oocytes.", "contents": "Lithium-induced inhibition of 125I accumulation by thyroids and growing oocytes of Japanese quail. A single dose of 975 mumol. Li Cl suppressed thyroidal accumulation of iodide in laying Japanese quail as measured at 1, 6, and 18 hr. after injecting 125 I and in mature male quail at 1 hr. Thyroidal accumulation was above control values in males by 18 hr. Levels of 125 I were unchanged in growing oocytes but in testes were 3 to 60 times the control levels. When accumulations were expressed relative to the concentration of 125I in the plasma, in lithium-treated quail levels in thyroids were 0.02 to 0.5 times, in oocytes 0.2 to 0.9 and in testes 0.7 to 0.8 times control values. Results indicate that a single large dose of LiCl caused retention of 125I in the extracellular fluid of Japanese quail and thereby in the testes but inhibited transport of the tracer into the thyroid and growing oocytes.", "PMID": 605082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8772", "title": "The phospholipid content of ejaculated fowl and turkey spermatozoa.", "content": "Chicken and turkey spermatozoal lipids were separated into acidic and non-acidic fractions by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The phospholipid composition of each fraction was examined by thin-layer chromatography, followed by phosphorus analysis. Chicken sperm phospholipid comprised 38.21% phosphatidyl choline, 9.04% phosphatidal choline, 12.62% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 8.04% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 8.28% sphingomyelin, 9.76% phosphatidyl serine, 6.5% phosphatidyl inositol, and 7.49% cardiolipin. Turkey sperm phospholipid comprised 34.15% phosphatidyl choline, 7.14% phosphatidal choline, 15.61% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.34% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 9.91% sphingomyelin, 8.83% phosphatidyl serine, 4.80% phosphatidyl inositol, and 8.22% cardiolipin.", "contents": "The phospholipid content of ejaculated fowl and turkey spermatozoa. Chicken and turkey spermatozoal lipids were separated into acidic and non-acidic fractions by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The phospholipid composition of each fraction was examined by thin-layer chromatography, followed by phosphorus analysis. Chicken sperm phospholipid comprised 38.21% phosphatidyl choline, 9.04% phosphatidal choline, 12.62% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 8.04% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 8.28% sphingomyelin, 9.76% phosphatidyl serine, 6.5% phosphatidyl inositol, and 7.49% cardiolipin. Turkey sperm phospholipid comprised 34.15% phosphatidyl choline, 7.14% phosphatidal choline, 15.61% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.34% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 9.91% sphingomyelin, 8.83% phosphatidyl serine, 4.80% phosphatidyl inositol, and 8.22% cardiolipin.", "PMID": 605083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8773", "title": "Immunological comparisons of the sera of chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids.", "content": "Sera from chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids were compared by their reactions in two-dimensional immunoelectrophorsis with homologous and heterologous antisera. As many as 44 antigenically distinguishable components were resolved in these sera by use of this technique. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids, when allowed to react with rabbit anti-White Leghorn antiserum, gave more precipitin peaks than did any of the parental sera in reaction with this same antiserum. Thus it appeared that intergeneric hybridization induced a propagation of avian serum antigens recognized by rabbit antiserum to a single parental serum. For example, all parental sera, in reaction with homologous or heterologous antisera, appeared to contain only one precipitin peak which migrated in the albumin area. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids of chicken X turkey, chicken X pheasant, and chicken X quail had two antigenetically distinguishable peaks in the albumin area. Sera from turkey X pheasant and pheasant X quail had only one peak in this region. These results agree with the observations obtained from polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the plasma proteins.", "contents": "Immunological comparisons of the sera of chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids. Sera from chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids were compared by their reactions in two-dimensional immunoelectrophorsis with homologous and heterologous antisera. As many as 44 antigenically distinguishable components were resolved in these sera by use of this technique. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids, when allowed to react with rabbit anti-White Leghorn antiserum, gave more precipitin peaks than did any of the parental sera in reaction with this same antiserum. Thus it appeared that intergeneric hybridization induced a propagation of avian serum antigens recognized by rabbit antiserum to a single parental serum. For example, all parental sera, in reaction with homologous or heterologous antisera, appeared to contain only one precipitin peak which migrated in the albumin area. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids of chicken X turkey, chicken X pheasant, and chicken X quail had two antigenetically distinguishable peaks in the albumin area. Sera from turkey X pheasant and pheasant X quail had only one peak in this region. These results agree with the observations obtained from polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the plasma proteins.", "PMID": 605084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8774", "title": "Hypercalcemic effect of potassium iodide on serum calcium in domestic fowl.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted to determine the influence of potassium iodide (KI) on serum calcium in the laying hen. Serum calcium was significantly increased when hens were fed a diet containing 5000 p.p.m. I as KI. This occurred even though feed consumption, egg production and size of ovary and oviduct were significantly decreased. In some hens fed KI, serum calcium was increased to as high as 70 mg. %, a 163% increase. Most of the increase was in the form of non-diffusible calcium. Hens fed a diet containing 0.05% calcium had significantly reduced serum calcium values. When these calcium-deficient hens were fed 5000 p.p.m. I as KI, a significant increase in serum calcium occurred within 3 days and within 7 days their average serum calcium value was significantly greater than that of hens fed a diet containing 3.00% calcium. A combination of KI plus estradiol was significantly more effective in increasing serum calcium than was either compound alone. Although these data gave no indication as to the mechanism of action of KI on serum calcium they do offer a new model in which to study calcium metabolism in the laying hen.", "contents": "Hypercalcemic effect of potassium iodide on serum calcium in domestic fowl. Five experiments were conducted to determine the influence of potassium iodide (KI) on serum calcium in the laying hen. Serum calcium was significantly increased when hens were fed a diet containing 5000 p.p.m. I as KI. This occurred even though feed consumption, egg production and size of ovary and oviduct were significantly decreased. In some hens fed KI, serum calcium was increased to as high as 70 mg. %, a 163% increase. Most of the increase was in the form of non-diffusible calcium. Hens fed a diet containing 0.05% calcium had significantly reduced serum calcium values. When these calcium-deficient hens were fed 5000 p.p.m. I as KI, a significant increase in serum calcium occurred within 3 days and within 7 days their average serum calcium value was significantly greater than that of hens fed a diet containing 3.00% calcium. A combination of KI plus estradiol was significantly more effective in increasing serum calcium than was either compound alone. Although these data gave no indication as to the mechanism of action of KI on serum calcium they do offer a new model in which to study calcium metabolism in the laying hen.", "PMID": 605086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8775", "title": "A limited restraint harness for use in long-term infusion of chickens.", "content": "A limited restraint harness was developed which permits long-term infusion of chickens under near normal conditions. The harness allows the birds to stand, sit, move forward and backward, and turn 180 degrees in either direction without twisting the cannula.", "contents": "A limited restraint harness for use in long-term infusion of chickens. A limited restraint harness was developed which permits long-term infusion of chickens under near normal conditions. The harness allows the birds to stand, sit, move forward and backward, and turn 180 degrees in either direction without twisting the cannula.", "PMID": 605088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8776", "title": "The effect of caproic acid, handling technique and storage times on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa.", "content": "The effects of three levels of caproic acid in glycine-citrate extender on preservation of fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa were tested. Extended semen stored for 6 and 28 hours was used for insemination in diluted or reconcentrated forms. The results indicated that semen stored in the extender with the highest concentration of caproic acid provided superior fertility and showed the importance of proper handling of hens during insemination.", "contents": "The effect of caproic acid, handling technique and storage times on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa. The effects of three levels of caproic acid in glycine-citrate extender on preservation of fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa were tested. Extended semen stored for 6 and 28 hours was used for insemination in diluted or reconcentrated forms. The results indicated that semen stored in the extender with the highest concentration of caproic acid provided superior fertility and showed the importance of proper handling of hens during insemination.", "PMID": 605089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8777", "title": "Production of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum in different liquid media.", "content": "Citrinin production by Penicillium citrinum NRRL 5907 and NRRL 1842 on liquid media was investigated. Maximum yields of pure citrinin (1.7 g./1.) were produced by P. citrinum NRRL 5907 growing on 2% yeast extract and 5% sucrose.", "contents": "Production of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum in different liquid media. Citrinin production by Penicillium citrinum NRRL 5907 and NRRL 1842 on liquid media was investigated. Maximum yields of pure citrinin (1.7 g./1.) were produced by P. citrinum NRRL 5907 growing on 2% yeast extract and 5% sucrose.", "PMID": 605090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8778", "title": "A study in the pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline in the chicken.", "content": "Oxytetracycline HCL was administered to 24 hr. old and 1 week old chicks at a dosage of 5 mg./kg. The routes of administration were oral and intramuscular and in addition the week old chicks received the drug subcutaneously. The birds were killed in groups of 5, representing each of the routes of administration of the experiment, at the following intervals, 1 hr., 2 hr., 4 hr., 6 hr. and 24 hr. after administration. Oral administration of oxytetracycline results in very low levels of drugs in the tissues of both age groups, but the levels appeared lower and absorption less complete in the 1 week old birds. Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration resulted in higher levels in all the tissues of the birds in both age groups. Kidney and liver samples contained the highest tissue levels of oxytetracycline in all experiments, whereas lung and serum levels were in all cases very low and at some intervals entirely absent.", "contents": "A study in the pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline in the chicken. Oxytetracycline HCL was administered to 24 hr. old and 1 week old chicks at a dosage of 5 mg./kg. The routes of administration were oral and intramuscular and in addition the week old chicks received the drug subcutaneously. The birds were killed in groups of 5, representing each of the routes of administration of the experiment, at the following intervals, 1 hr., 2 hr., 4 hr., 6 hr. and 24 hr. after administration. Oral administration of oxytetracycline results in very low levels of drugs in the tissues of both age groups, but the levels appeared lower and absorption less complete in the 1 week old birds. Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration resulted in higher levels in all the tissues of the birds in both age groups. Kidney and liver samples contained the highest tissue levels of oxytetracycline in all experiments, whereas lung and serum levels were in all cases very low and at some intervals entirely absent.", "PMID": 605092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8779", "title": "Electroretinograms from broilers fed aflatoxin and T-2 toxin.", "content": "Thirty chicks were fed a commercial broiler grower ration from hatching to 26 days of age. Ten birds received aflatoxin (5 microgram/g. of ration) and 10 received T-2 toxin (5 microgram/g. of ration). The remaining 10 birds served as controls. After the 26 days, electroretinograms were recorded on a graphic recorder from the anesthetized birds. On the basis of wave amplitudes and durations from electroretinograms recorded in light and darkness and from different colored stimuli, no differences were detectable between treated birds and controls. Thus, the photochemistries of the retina were not sufficiently altered in this study to permit early detection of mycotoxicoses by electroretinograms.", "contents": "Electroretinograms from broilers fed aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Thirty chicks were fed a commercial broiler grower ration from hatching to 26 days of age. Ten birds received aflatoxin (5 microgram/g. of ration) and 10 received T-2 toxin (5 microgram/g. of ration). The remaining 10 birds served as controls. After the 26 days, electroretinograms were recorded on a graphic recorder from the anesthetized birds. On the basis of wave amplitudes and durations from electroretinograms recorded in light and darkness and from different colored stimuli, no differences were detectable between treated birds and controls. Thus, the photochemistries of the retina were not sufficiently altered in this study to permit early detection of mycotoxicoses by electroretinograms.", "PMID": 605093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8780", "title": "A new poultry semen extender. 1. Effects of extension on the fertility of chicken semen.", "content": "Maximum extension of chicken semen in the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender was determined by varying the dilution rate and the number of sperm per insemination. Levels of fertility were high (greater than 88%) in White Leghorn hens inseminated weekly with diluted (1:4) semen containing as few as 20 million sperm. The results also showed that (a) insemination intervals greater than 7 days resulted in a significant decline in fertility, (b) fewer sperm were needed in the insemination dose when diluted semen is held at 5 degrees C. than at 25 degrees C. and (c) high fertility levels (greater than 90%) can be achieved with semen diluted 1:10 provided the insemination dose contains at least 100 million sperm.", "contents": "A new poultry semen extender. 1. Effects of extension on the fertility of chicken semen. Maximum extension of chicken semen in the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender was determined by varying the dilution rate and the number of sperm per insemination. Levels of fertility were high (greater than 88%) in White Leghorn hens inseminated weekly with diluted (1:4) semen containing as few as 20 million sperm. The results also showed that (a) insemination intervals greater than 7 days resulted in a significant decline in fertility, (b) fewer sperm were needed in the insemination dose when diluted semen is held at 5 degrees C. than at 25 degrees C. and (c) high fertility levels (greater than 90%) can be achieved with semen diluted 1:10 provided the insemination dose contains at least 100 million sperm.", "PMID": 605094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8781", "title": "The effects of glycerol removal on cation concentration and morphology of chicken spermatozoa.", "content": "Cation concentrations and ultrastructural morphology were used to determine the effects of glycerol removal on chicken spermatozoa. The addition of 15% glycerol decreased magnesium and potassium concentrations of the spermatozoa. Glycerol removal by either centrifugation and resuspension or dialysis did not restore cation levels to the values obtained with untreated spermatozoa. The glycerol-treated spermatozoa appeared normal after glycerol addition but were bent or coiled after both glycerol removal procedures.", "contents": "The effects of glycerol removal on cation concentration and morphology of chicken spermatozoa. Cation concentrations and ultrastructural morphology were used to determine the effects of glycerol removal on chicken spermatozoa. The addition of 15% glycerol decreased magnesium and potassium concentrations of the spermatozoa. Glycerol removal by either centrifugation and resuspension or dialysis did not restore cation levels to the values obtained with untreated spermatozoa. The glycerol-treated spermatozoa appeared normal after glycerol addition but were bent or coiled after both glycerol removal procedures.", "PMID": 605095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8782", "title": "Serum calcium and phosphorus levels in hens relative to the time of oviposition.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to examine the serum calcium and phosphorus level of hens in relation to time of oviposition. Sixty-eight-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection, and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Samples were taken at hourly intervals, from five hours before through two hours after, and again at four hours after oviposition and were analyzed for serum calcium and phosphorus. All birds received natural and/or artificial light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus increased from 6.46 to 6.82 mg.% during the period from five to three hours prior to oviposition. Between three and two hours before time of lay, it dropped to a level of 4.75 mg.%, where it remained (+/- 0.35 mg.%) for the remainder of the test period. Serum calcium did not change appreciably during the 10-hour test period. It was hypothesized that the serum phosphorus cycle of the hens is composed of two segments of approximately six and 18 hours duration. The segments were delineated on the basis of activities of bone resoprtion and remineralization and egg shell formation.", "contents": "Serum calcium and phosphorus levels in hens relative to the time of oviposition. An experiment was conducted to examine the serum calcium and phosphorus level of hens in relation to time of oviposition. Sixty-eight-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection, and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Samples were taken at hourly intervals, from five hours before through two hours after, and again at four hours after oviposition and were analyzed for serum calcium and phosphorus. All birds received natural and/or artificial light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus increased from 6.46 to 6.82 mg.% during the period from five to three hours prior to oviposition. Between three and two hours before time of lay, it dropped to a level of 4.75 mg.%, where it remained (+/- 0.35 mg.%) for the remainder of the test period. Serum calcium did not change appreciably during the 10-hour test period. It was hypothesized that the serum phosphorus cycle of the hens is composed of two segments of approximately six and 18 hours duration. The segments were delineated on the basis of activities of bone resoprtion and remineralization and egg shell formation.", "PMID": 605097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8783", "title": "Comparison of anticoccidial efficacy, resistance and tolerance of narasin, monensin and lasalocid in chicken battery trials.", "content": "The anticoccidial efficacy, host tolerance, and projected resistance development of the three polyether antibiotics, monensin, narasin, and lasalocid were compared. The efficacy of narasin against different coccidial strains was found to parallel that of monensin in as much as strains which were refractory to monensin were also refractory to narasin. In contrast, lasalocid easily controlled some strains which were not well controlled by either narasin or monensin and failed to control one strain readily controlled by these two antibiotics. In growing chicks, lasalocid at the projected use level of 75 p.p.m. and narasin at an efficacious level of 100 p.p.m. were both better tolerated than monensin at the recommended use level of 121 p.p.m. The frequency of mutants resistant to each of these polyether compounds was found to be less than 8.6 X 10(-9) per drug sensitive oocyst for one strain of Eimeria tenella. This corresponds to less than 0.036 and 0.148 as frequent as mutants of this strain resistant to glycarbylamide or to amquinate, respectively.", "contents": "Comparison of anticoccidial efficacy, resistance and tolerance of narasin, monensin and lasalocid in chicken battery trials. The anticoccidial efficacy, host tolerance, and projected resistance development of the three polyether antibiotics, monensin, narasin, and lasalocid were compared. The efficacy of narasin against different coccidial strains was found to parallel that of monensin in as much as strains which were refractory to monensin were also refractory to narasin. In contrast, lasalocid easily controlled some strains which were not well controlled by either narasin or monensin and failed to control one strain readily controlled by these two antibiotics. In growing chicks, lasalocid at the projected use level of 75 p.p.m. and narasin at an efficacious level of 100 p.p.m. were both better tolerated than monensin at the recommended use level of 121 p.p.m. The frequency of mutants resistant to each of these polyether compounds was found to be less than 8.6 X 10(-9) per drug sensitive oocyst for one strain of Eimeria tenella. This corresponds to less than 0.036 and 0.148 as frequent as mutants of this strain resistant to glycarbylamide or to amquinate, respectively.", "PMID": 605098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8784", "title": "Availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids for the growing chick.", "content": "In four trials, experimental diets were fed to one week old broiler cockerels for a period of 14 days to compare the availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids to DL-methionine on an equimolar basis. The data were analyzed by the slope-ratio technique. Chick weight gain per unit feed consumed was the dependent variable and dietary level of supplemental amino acid was the independent variable. There was no significant (P=.05) differences in availability of DL-, L-, and D-methionine. D-, DL-, and L-methionine sulfoxide were 52, 59 and 77%, respectively, as available as DL-methionine. The differences in availability between the three sulfoxides and DL-methionine were significant. Both DL- and D-methionine sulfoxide were significantly less available than L-methionine sulfoxide. No response was obtained from L-cysteic acid or DL-methionine sulfone.", "contents": "Availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids for the growing chick. In four trials, experimental diets were fed to one week old broiler cockerels for a period of 14 days to compare the availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids to DL-methionine on an equimolar basis. The data were analyzed by the slope-ratio technique. Chick weight gain per unit feed consumed was the dependent variable and dietary level of supplemental amino acid was the independent variable. There was no significant (P=.05) differences in availability of DL-, L-, and D-methionine. D-, DL-, and L-methionine sulfoxide were 52, 59 and 77%, respectively, as available as DL-methionine. The differences in availability between the three sulfoxides and DL-methionine were significant. Both DL- and D-methionine sulfoxide were significantly less available than L-methionine sulfoxide. No response was obtained from L-cysteic acid or DL-methionine sulfone.", "PMID": 605099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8785", "title": "Studies of methods for in situ observation of gastric motility in domestic turkeys.", "content": "The normal gastroduodenal contraction cycle of turkeys is believed to be controlled and coordinated by the myenteric plexus which lies just under the serosa of the muscular stomach. Methods which would permit direct application of chemical and physical stimuli to these gastric nerves were studied in intact and decerebrate turkeys using both radiographic and direct observations to monitor contraction cycles. In intact turkeys, general anesthetics (sodium pentobarbital, halothane; and ketamine hydrochloride) inhibited gastric motility. A local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) injected into the skin and abdominal muscles caused a depression of motility. In both intact and chronically decerebrate turkeys laparatomy (after local anesthetic in intact birds) and a neuromuscular blocking agent (gallamine triethiodide) also depressed gastric motility. Motility was slightly reduced by artificial respiration and exposure of the serosal surface of the stomach and intestines to air via an abdominal fistula.", "contents": "Studies of methods for in situ observation of gastric motility in domestic turkeys. The normal gastroduodenal contraction cycle of turkeys is believed to be controlled and coordinated by the myenteric plexus which lies just under the serosa of the muscular stomach. Methods which would permit direct application of chemical and physical stimuli to these gastric nerves were studied in intact and decerebrate turkeys using both radiographic and direct observations to monitor contraction cycles. In intact turkeys, general anesthetics (sodium pentobarbital, halothane; and ketamine hydrochloride) inhibited gastric motility. A local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) injected into the skin and abdominal muscles caused a depression of motility. In both intact and chronically decerebrate turkeys laparatomy (after local anesthetic in intact birds) and a neuromuscular blocking agent (gallamine triethiodide) also depressed gastric motility. Motility was slightly reduced by artificial respiration and exposure of the serosal surface of the stomach and intestines to air via an abdominal fistula.", "PMID": 605100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8786", "title": "Effects of ascorbic acid and vitamin E on serum lipids of cockerels fed Wesson oil-cholesterol diets.", "content": "The major lipid changes caused by adding 5% Wesson Oil and 1% cholesterol to cockerel diets were large increases in serum cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. Lecithin and cephalin were not affected. Ascorbic acid significantly increased serum triglycerides; vitamin E significantly lowered serum cholesterol. Percentages of the saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic) of cockerels on the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet decreased significantly; unsaturated linolenic and linolenic acids increased, and oleic acid remained the same. Dietary ascorbic acid seemed not to affect fatty acid distribution significantly, but when vitamin E was added to the diet, the stearic acid percentage rose and oleic acid percentage was lower. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that changes the vitamin E caused in the lipid and protein constituents of cockerel serum differed from changes the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet caused.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbic acid and vitamin E on serum lipids of cockerels fed Wesson oil-cholesterol diets. The major lipid changes caused by adding 5% Wesson Oil and 1% cholesterol to cockerel diets were large increases in serum cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. Lecithin and cephalin were not affected. Ascorbic acid significantly increased serum triglycerides; vitamin E significantly lowered serum cholesterol. Percentages of the saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic) of cockerels on the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet decreased significantly; unsaturated linolenic and linolenic acids increased, and oleic acid remained the same. Dietary ascorbic acid seemed not to affect fatty acid distribution significantly, but when vitamin E was added to the diet, the stearic acid percentage rose and oleic acid percentage was lower. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that changes the vitamin E caused in the lipid and protein constituents of cockerel serum differed from changes the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet caused.", "PMID": 605102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8787", "title": "Application of the cell-free turkey herpesvirus vaccine by the aerosol route for the prevention of Marek's disease in chickens.", "content": "In field trials approximately 300,000 birds were vaccinated against Marek's disease (MD) by aerosol spray with 1,000 to 5,000 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine per chick. Chicks were sprayed in the trays of the hatchers which still contained dust and down after hatching. Prior to spraying, the incoming and outgoing air ducts were closed. The chicks were sprayed for 12--15 min. with HVT in 250 to 300 ml. of diluent, and after completion of spraying the chicks remained in contact with the aerosol for approximately 10 minutes. In birds vaccinated by aerosol spray the incidence of MD ranged from 0.0% to 24.4%; while the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation varied from 0.02 to 23.9%. In trial 1 the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by aerosol spray was essentially the same as those vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation; whereas, the incidence of MD (Trial 2 and 3) was higher in birds vaccinated by aerosol as compared to chickens vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation.", "contents": "Application of the cell-free turkey herpesvirus vaccine by the aerosol route for the prevention of Marek's disease in chickens. In field trials approximately 300,000 birds were vaccinated against Marek's disease (MD) by aerosol spray with 1,000 to 5,000 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine per chick. Chicks were sprayed in the trays of the hatchers which still contained dust and down after hatching. Prior to spraying, the incoming and outgoing air ducts were closed. The chicks were sprayed for 12--15 min. with HVT in 250 to 300 ml. of diluent, and after completion of spraying the chicks remained in contact with the aerosol for approximately 10 minutes. In birds vaccinated by aerosol spray the incidence of MD ranged from 0.0% to 24.4%; while the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation varied from 0.02 to 23.9%. In trial 1 the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by aerosol spray was essentially the same as those vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation; whereas, the incidence of MD (Trial 2 and 3) was higher in birds vaccinated by aerosol as compared to chickens vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation.", "PMID": 605103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8788", "title": "DDT and metabolite accumulation in adrenal, liver, and brain of broiler chickens.", "content": "Four-week old broiler chickens were fed rations with varying levels of technical grade DDT for a 4-week period. DDT and metabolite concentrations were measured in adrenal, liver, and brain. Accumulations per gram of tissue were greatest in the adrenals, followed by those in the liver, then in the brain. All birds fed 2700 p.p.m. of DDT died with 12 days after beginning feeding, and moderate signs of toxicity, such as ataxia and trembling, appeared in those fed 900 p.p.m. Although both DDT metabolites, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, were found in the tissues, the higher levels of the former indicated that the aerobic conversion of DDE occurs more readily than the anaerobic conversion. Significant quantities of o,p'-DDT appear only in tissues of birds fed high levels of the technical grade DDT.", "contents": "DDT and metabolite accumulation in adrenal, liver, and brain of broiler chickens. Four-week old broiler chickens were fed rations with varying levels of technical grade DDT for a 4-week period. DDT and metabolite concentrations were measured in adrenal, liver, and brain. Accumulations per gram of tissue were greatest in the adrenals, followed by those in the liver, then in the brain. All birds fed 2700 p.p.m. of DDT died with 12 days after beginning feeding, and moderate signs of toxicity, such as ataxia and trembling, appeared in those fed 900 p.p.m. Although both DDT metabolites, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, were found in the tissues, the higher levels of the former indicated that the aerobic conversion of DDE occurs more readily than the anaerobic conversion. Significant quantities of o,p'-DDT appear only in tissues of birds fed high levels of the technical grade DDT.", "PMID": 605104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8789", "title": "Increased resistance of chickens to acute aflatoxicosis by acclimation to low environmental temperatures.", "content": "Young broiler chickens were acclimated to environmental temperatures of 8, 19 and 30 degrees C for five weeks. After acclimation, the birds were administered a single oral dose of aflatoxin (8 mg./kg. body weight) by crop intubation and subsequent mortality were noted. Birds acclimated to the 8 degrees C. environment were more resistant to acute aflatoxicosis than birds acclimated to the other environments. Transferring birds from one environment to another at the time of aflatoxin administration had no effect on their resistance to aflatoxin.", "contents": "Increased resistance of chickens to acute aflatoxicosis by acclimation to low environmental temperatures. Young broiler chickens were acclimated to environmental temperatures of 8, 19 and 30 degrees C for five weeks. After acclimation, the birds were administered a single oral dose of aflatoxin (8 mg./kg. body weight) by crop intubation and subsequent mortality were noted. Birds acclimated to the 8 degrees C. environment were more resistant to acute aflatoxicosis than birds acclimated to the other environments. Transferring birds from one environment to another at the time of aflatoxin administration had no effect on their resistance to aflatoxin.", "PMID": 605105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8790", "title": "Calcium binding protein in the turkey and in the Japanese quail.", "content": "Detection of immunologically similar calcium binding proteins (CaBP) in the duodenum and the uterus of both laying turkey hens and laying Japanese quail by a 45 Ca binding assay yielded results highly correlated with the actual concentration of CaBP measured by radial immunodiffusion. Levels of duodenal CaBP in laying turkeys maintained on normal laying hen rations are lower than those found in hens just starting egg production and than laying hens fed a Ca-restricted diet for one month.", "contents": "Calcium binding protein in the turkey and in the Japanese quail. Detection of immunologically similar calcium binding proteins (CaBP) in the duodenum and the uterus of both laying turkey hens and laying Japanese quail by a 45 Ca binding assay yielded results highly correlated with the actual concentration of CaBP measured by radial immunodiffusion. Levels of duodenal CaBP in laying turkeys maintained on normal laying hen rations are lower than those found in hens just starting egg production and than laying hens fed a Ca-restricted diet for one month.", "PMID": 605106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8791", "title": "A new technique in avian semen evaluation.", "content": "Modification of a technique used in human fertility is presented and shown to be a simple, inexpensive and quantitative method for estimating the subsequent fertility of a semen sample.", "contents": "A new technique in avian semen evaluation. Modification of a technique used in human fertility is presented and shown to be a simple, inexpensive and quantitative method for estimating the subsequent fertility of a semen sample.", "PMID": 605107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8792", "title": "Purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "A method using sucrose density gradient centrifugation is described for the purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Assays for composition and for marker enzyme activities have been modified for use with the small amounts of subcellular macrophage material. The plasma membrane was obtained in 57% yield and contained 7% of the protein. The purified plasma membrane fraction is five-fold enriched in phospholipid to protein ratio and contains no contaminating DNA, none of the cytoplasmic marker lactate dehydrogenase, no detectable mitochondrial contamination and a low contamination with lysosomal enzymes (7%). Purified plasma membrane containing 4 mg of protein can be prepared from 1 ml of pelleted macrophages in a one-day operation.", "contents": "Purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. A method using sucrose density gradient centrifugation is described for the purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Assays for composition and for marker enzyme activities have been modified for use with the small amounts of subcellular macrophage material. The plasma membrane was obtained in 57% yield and contained 7% of the protein. The purified plasma membrane fraction is five-fold enriched in phospholipid to protein ratio and contains no contaminating DNA, none of the cytoplasmic marker lactate dehydrogenase, no detectable mitochondrial contamination and a low contamination with lysosomal enzymes (7%). Purified plasma membrane containing 4 mg of protein can be prepared from 1 ml of pelleted macrophages in a one-day operation.", "PMID": 605109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8793", "title": "Zinc metabolism in infection.", "content": "1. Multiple sequential changes in zinc metabolism occur during infectious illnesses. These are characterized by early redistribution and by the late occurrence of direct zinc losses. Redistribution is accompanied in many infections by a decline in plasma concentrations before or with onset of illness. Although late losses of zinc have not been confirmed by metabolic balances during infection, losses may be inferred because: a) they accompany the catabolic phase of other illnesses, b) urinary losses have been observed during infections in which they were measured, and c) infections may exaggerate losses via sweat or diarrhea. 2. Leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM), appears to stimulate the initial changes in zinc redistribution. Although LEM has not been isolated in pure form, it can now be separated by physiocochemical means from endogenous pyrogen and other mediator substances released by activated phagocytic cells. 3. Early zinc redistribution may be a purposeful physiological event which serves as a host defense mechanism. Redistribution may influence the stability of cellular membranes, augment the functional ability of phagocytic cells and certain classes of lymphocytes, aid in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, and contribute to the production of various zinc metalloenzymes. 4. Zinc therapy has not been shown experimentally to produce a beneficial effect in any infectious disease studied in animal models.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in infection. 1. Multiple sequential changes in zinc metabolism occur during infectious illnesses. These are characterized by early redistribution and by the late occurrence of direct zinc losses. Redistribution is accompanied in many infections by a decline in plasma concentrations before or with onset of illness. Although late losses of zinc have not been confirmed by metabolic balances during infection, losses may be inferred because: a) they accompany the catabolic phase of other illnesses, b) urinary losses have been observed during infections in which they were measured, and c) infections may exaggerate losses via sweat or diarrhea. 2. Leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM), appears to stimulate the initial changes in zinc redistribution. Although LEM has not been isolated in pure form, it can now be separated by physiocochemical means from endogenous pyrogen and other mediator substances released by activated phagocytic cells. 3. Early zinc redistribution may be a purposeful physiological event which serves as a host defense mechanism. Redistribution may influence the stability of cellular membranes, augment the functional ability of phagocytic cells and certain classes of lymphocytes, aid in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, and contribute to the production of various zinc metalloenzymes. 4. Zinc therapy has not been shown experimentally to produce a beneficial effect in any infectious disease studied in animal models.", "PMID": 605136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8794", "title": "Zinc metabolism in renal disease and renal control of zinc excretion.", "content": "Serum zinc concentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste, and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy, and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc binding proteins. The low serum zinc concentrations and high urinary zinc excretions in patients with nephrotic syndrome do not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary proteins. Studies in dogs indicate increased serum and urine concentrations of certain amino acids(cysteine, histidine) greatly increase urinary zinc excretions. Studies are now underway to determine if the hyperzincuria and hypozincemia of cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and hyperalimentation can be explained by an increase in these urinary amino acids.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in renal disease and renal control of zinc excretion. Serum zinc concentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste, and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy, and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc binding proteins. The low serum zinc concentrations and high urinary zinc excretions in patients with nephrotic syndrome do not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary proteins. Studies in dogs indicate increased serum and urine concentrations of certain amino acids(cysteine, histidine) greatly increase urinary zinc excretions. Studies are now underway to determine if the hyperzincuria and hypozincemia of cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and hyperalimentation can be explained by an increase in these urinary amino acids.", "PMID": 605138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8795", "title": "The binding of zinc to human deoxyhemoglobin and its possible relevance to the anti-sickling effect of zinc.", "content": "We find only one major zinc binding site in crystals of deoxyhemoglobin A. It is located at an interface between adjacent tetramers where residues histidine 116, histidine 117, and glutamate 26 on the beta 1 chain of one tetramer are in close proximity to lysine 16 and glutamate 116 on the alpha 2 chain of a neighboring tetramer. If this intertetramer contact does not exist in the rigid fibers of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S, then low levels of zinc may promote its formation at random points along the fiber and thereby inhibit the formation of long fibers.", "contents": "The binding of zinc to human deoxyhemoglobin and its possible relevance to the anti-sickling effect of zinc. We find only one major zinc binding site in crystals of deoxyhemoglobin A. It is located at an interface between adjacent tetramers where residues histidine 116, histidine 117, and glutamate 26 on the beta 1 chain of one tetramer are in close proximity to lysine 16 and glutamate 116 on the alpha 2 chain of a neighboring tetramer. If this intertetramer contact does not exist in the rigid fibers of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S, then low levels of zinc may promote its formation at random points along the fiber and thereby inhibit the formation of long fibers.", "PMID": 605144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8796", "title": "Zinc deficiency and alterations of free amino acid levels in plasma, urine and skin extract.", "content": "The effects of zinc deficiency, in rats, on the levels of free amino acid in urine, plasma and skin extract were studied. In urine, significantly higher concentrations of taurine, urea, threonine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine were observed in zinc-deficient rats. In plasma, however, the levels of most individual amino acids in zinc-deficient rats were about the same as those in zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls with the exception of threonine, leucine and isoleucine. These three were significantly higher in rats receiving zinc-deficient diet. On the other hand, the zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed rats had a significantly increased concentration of taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and arginine than either the pair-fed zinc-supplemented rats or zinc-deficient rats. In skin extracts, threonine, valine, leucine tyrosine, lysine, methionine, cystine, aspartic acid and alanine levels were significantly lower in zinc-deficient rats as compared to zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed controls. However, the zinc-deficient rats had the same amount of methionine, cystine and glycine as the zinc-supplemented pair-fed rats. This observation suggests that the impairment of skin protein synthesis from injected labeled amino acids in zinc-deficient rats as opposed to zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls is not related to the availability or pool size of the precursors.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency and alterations of free amino acid levels in plasma, urine and skin extract. The effects of zinc deficiency, in rats, on the levels of free amino acid in urine, plasma and skin extract were studied. In urine, significantly higher concentrations of taurine, urea, threonine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine were observed in zinc-deficient rats. In plasma, however, the levels of most individual amino acids in zinc-deficient rats were about the same as those in zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls with the exception of threonine, leucine and isoleucine. These three were significantly higher in rats receiving zinc-deficient diet. On the other hand, the zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed rats had a significantly increased concentration of taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and arginine than either the pair-fed zinc-supplemented rats or zinc-deficient rats. In skin extracts, threonine, valine, leucine tyrosine, lysine, methionine, cystine, aspartic acid and alanine levels were significantly lower in zinc-deficient rats as compared to zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed controls. However, the zinc-deficient rats had the same amount of methionine, cystine and glycine as the zinc-supplemented pair-fed rats. This observation suggests that the impairment of skin protein synthesis from injected labeled amino acids in zinc-deficient rats as opposed to zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls is not related to the availability or pool size of the precursors.", "PMID": 605146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8797", "title": "Bodyweight following lateral hypothalamic lesions: set point upset by glucose infusions.", "content": "Rats which had recovered to Stage 3 or 4 following lateral hypothalamic lesions maintained their bodyweight at a chronically lowered level when eating dry food. Continuous, long term intravenous and intragastric water infusions increased food intake and promoted a slow weight gain. Infusions of a similar volume of 30% glucose led to a small reduction in food intake and a rapid weight gain. Four rats doubled their weight during infusion; when the infusions were stopped all lost weight back to their starting level. These results are discussed in terms of the problems they present for lowered set point interpretations in such animals.", "contents": "Bodyweight following lateral hypothalamic lesions: set point upset by glucose infusions. Rats which had recovered to Stage 3 or 4 following lateral hypothalamic lesions maintained their bodyweight at a chronically lowered level when eating dry food. Continuous, long term intravenous and intragastric water infusions increased food intake and promoted a slow weight gain. Infusions of a similar volume of 30% glucose led to a small reduction in food intake and a rapid weight gain. Four rats doubled their weight during infusion; when the infusions were stopped all lost weight back to their starting level. These results are discussed in terms of the problems they present for lowered set point interpretations in such animals.", "PMID": 605157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8798", "title": "Pain modulation in the adrenergically stimulated area postrema in the alert guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of chemical stimulation of the area postrema (AP) with noradrenalin (NOR) and its blocking agents was studied in alert guinea pigs submitted to noxious peripheral stimuli (electric shock). The animal's motor defense and vocalizing responses during and after nociceptive stimulation were studied. Topical administration of NOR in the AP at a concentration of 150 microgram/microliter decreased the vocalizing and movement responses with both threshold and overthreshold stimulation. Phentolamine (5 microgram/microliter) elicited the opposite response, i.e. increase in vocalization and movements. Propranolol elicited a brief reduction of the threshold response. These results suggest an involvement of the AP in the mechanism of nociceptive stimulation through alpha-adrenergic mediation. The inhibition of the response to the noxious stimulus may be the consequence of a vagal activation triggered by the AP.", "contents": "Pain modulation in the adrenergically stimulated area postrema in the alert guinea pig. The effect of chemical stimulation of the area postrema (AP) with noradrenalin (NOR) and its blocking agents was studied in alert guinea pigs submitted to noxious peripheral stimuli (electric shock). The animal's motor defense and vocalizing responses during and after nociceptive stimulation were studied. Topical administration of NOR in the AP at a concentration of 150 microgram/microliter decreased the vocalizing and movement responses with both threshold and overthreshold stimulation. Phentolamine (5 microgram/microliter) elicited the opposite response, i.e. increase in vocalization and movements. Propranolol elicited a brief reduction of the threshold response. These results suggest an involvement of the AP in the mechanism of nociceptive stimulation through alpha-adrenergic mediation. The inhibition of the response to the noxious stimulus may be the consequence of a vagal activation triggered by the AP.", "PMID": 605158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8799", "title": "Impairment in a T-maze task following unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Rats with unilateral LH lesions showed great difficulty performing a contraversive turn to escape shock in a T-maze. Rats that were required to turn to the side ipsilateral to the side of their lesion did not show this performance deficit. The impairment in contraversive responding was shown to dissipate over time. It is proposed that animals with LH lesions do not suffer learning disabilities in escape-avoidance tasks, but can not activate motor behavior directed toward the side contralateral to their lesion.", "contents": "Impairment in a T-maze task following unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions. Rats with unilateral LH lesions showed great difficulty performing a contraversive turn to escape shock in a T-maze. Rats that were required to turn to the side ipsilateral to the side of their lesion did not show this performance deficit. The impairment in contraversive responding was shown to dissipate over time. It is proposed that animals with LH lesions do not suffer learning disabilities in escape-avoidance tasks, but can not activate motor behavior directed toward the side contralateral to their lesion.", "PMID": 605159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8800", "title": "Castration and reproductive behavior in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (L.) (Osteichthyes: Belontiidae).", "content": "The effects of castration on male spawning behavior, nestbuilding and fertility were measured in a five day spawning trial with an intact female. Spawning and fertility decreased one week following castration while nestbuilding was unaffected. Sham operated males showed normal spawning and fertility. Two weeks postoperatively, fertility and spawning were increased paralleling partial regeneration of the testes. The antigonadotropin methallibure blocked testes regeneration and recovery of spawning in castrated males but it had no effect on reproductive functions of intact males. Spawning did not decrease in one-week castrated males which were administered testosterone enathanate. The results suggest that gonadal androgen facilitates sexual behavior in Macropodus.", "contents": "Castration and reproductive behavior in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (L.) (Osteichthyes: Belontiidae). The effects of castration on male spawning behavior, nestbuilding and fertility were measured in a five day spawning trial with an intact female. Spawning and fertility decreased one week following castration while nestbuilding was unaffected. Sham operated males showed normal spawning and fertility. Two weeks postoperatively, fertility and spawning were increased paralleling partial regeneration of the testes. The antigonadotropin methallibure blocked testes regeneration and recovery of spawning in castrated males but it had no effect on reproductive functions of intact males. Spawning did not decrease in one-week castrated males which were administered testosterone enathanate. The results suggest that gonadal androgen facilitates sexual behavior in Macropodus.", "PMID": 605160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8801", "title": "Computer assisted determination of brain-behaviour correlates.", "content": "A computer method allowing determination of correlations between EEG signals and behaviour and the statistical assessment of their validity is described. The basic features of this method are: (1) Determination of averages of EEG spectral parameters and behavioural parameters within a set of time periods. Statistical assessment of the degree to which these averages differ. (2) Event related averages of EEG- or behavioural parameters in real time. Statistical assessment of the significance of the fluctuations in these averages. By way of illustration some examples of correlations between hippocampal EEG and behaviour are given.", "contents": "Computer assisted determination of brain-behaviour correlates. A computer method allowing determination of correlations between EEG signals and behaviour and the statistical assessment of their validity is described. The basic features of this method are: (1) Determination of averages of EEG spectral parameters and behavioural parameters within a set of time periods. Statistical assessment of the degree to which these averages differ. (2) Event related averages of EEG- or behavioural parameters in real time. Statistical assessment of the significance of the fluctuations in these averages. By way of illustration some examples of correlations between hippocampal EEG and behaviour are given.", "PMID": 605161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8802", "title": "[Control of the rat olfactory bulb activity induced by biologically significant odors (author's transl)].", "content": "In acute experiments, unitary activity was recorded from mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. The animals were stimulated with odors that have been shown in previous experiments to give a distinct emotional behavior. In curarized rats an odor giving alarm behavior evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses was elicited by a neutral odor. In rats under Nembutal anesthesia an alarming odor evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses; a reassuring odor evoked a greater number of excitatory than inhibititory responses; and equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses; a reassuring or a neutral odor evoked an equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses. After sectioning the olfactory peduncles, the difference in ratio between excitatory and inhibitory responses for alarming or reassuring odors was no longer present. The results are discussed in terms of a modulation of mitral cell activity by higher nervous centers in relation to the biological significance of the stimulating odors.", "contents": "[Control of the rat olfactory bulb activity induced by biologically significant odors (author's transl)]. In acute experiments, unitary activity was recorded from mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. The animals were stimulated with odors that have been shown in previous experiments to give a distinct emotional behavior. In curarized rats an odor giving alarm behavior evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses was elicited by a neutral odor. In rats under Nembutal anesthesia an alarming odor evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses; a reassuring odor evoked a greater number of excitatory than inhibititory responses; and equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses; a reassuring or a neutral odor evoked an equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses. After sectioning the olfactory peduncles, the difference in ratio between excitatory and inhibitory responses for alarming or reassuring odors was no longer present. The results are discussed in terms of a modulation of mitral cell activity by higher nervous centers in relation to the biological significance of the stimulating odors.", "PMID": 605162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8803", "title": "Light-dark patterns in running-wheel activity in rats during chronic administration of theophylline.", "content": "Running-wheel activity for 24 hr and activity patterns were studied during chronic theophylline administration. Theophylline altered the normal relations between activity level and illumination. Dark-time activity was decreased to approximately 50% and 24 hr activity was unaffected. These observations were consistent with previous results showing that theophylline suppressed dark-time feeding but had no effect on 24 hr food intake. A possible mechanism to account for these results may be dependent on levels and turnover of brain norepinephrine.", "contents": "Light-dark patterns in running-wheel activity in rats during chronic administration of theophylline. Running-wheel activity for 24 hr and activity patterns were studied during chronic theophylline administration. Theophylline altered the normal relations between activity level and illumination. Dark-time activity was decreased to approximately 50% and 24 hr activity was unaffected. These observations were consistent with previous results showing that theophylline suppressed dark-time feeding but had no effect on 24 hr food intake. A possible mechanism to account for these results may be dependent on levels and turnover of brain norepinephrine.", "PMID": 605163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8804", "title": "Epileptiform lesions in rat hippocampus and acquisition of two-way avoidance.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance of implantation into the hippocampus of rats of two substances (aluminum hydroxide, penicillin) known to produce epileptogenic electrical discharges. In Experiment 1 bilateral deposits of aluminum hydroxide (ALOH) were placed in the hippocampus and the effects of this manipulation were compared to the effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration. Sufficient postoperative time (130 days) was allowed such that epileptogenic discharges developed in the ALOH-implanted rats. Both bilateral hippocampal-ALOH deposits and bilateral hippocampal aspiration resulted in facilitated acquisition of the two-way avoidance. The results of Experiment 2 replicated this observation, but also indicated that bilateral hippocampal deposits of penicillin did not cause detectable effects on acquisition of the avoidance. Epileptiform activity produced by the penicillin was observed to disappear by postoperative Day 4. In Experiment 3 unilateral hippocampal aspiration was combined with contralateral implants of either ALOH or penicillin and avoidance training was begun 13 days postoperatively. Epileptiform activity was not observed in the ALOH-implanted rats and disappeared by postoperative Day 4 in the penicillin implanted rats. No significant changes were observed in the rate of acquisition of two-way active avoidance as a result of the manipulations done in Experiment 3. It is concluded that epileptiform discharge initiated focally within the hippocampus produces effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance which are similar to the effects produced by bilateral ablation.", "contents": "Epileptiform lesions in rat hippocampus and acquisition of two-way avoidance. Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance of implantation into the hippocampus of rats of two substances (aluminum hydroxide, penicillin) known to produce epileptogenic electrical discharges. In Experiment 1 bilateral deposits of aluminum hydroxide (ALOH) were placed in the hippocampus and the effects of this manipulation were compared to the effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration. Sufficient postoperative time (130 days) was allowed such that epileptogenic discharges developed in the ALOH-implanted rats. Both bilateral hippocampal-ALOH deposits and bilateral hippocampal aspiration resulted in facilitated acquisition of the two-way avoidance. The results of Experiment 2 replicated this observation, but also indicated that bilateral hippocampal deposits of penicillin did not cause detectable effects on acquisition of the avoidance. Epileptiform activity produced by the penicillin was observed to disappear by postoperative Day 4. In Experiment 3 unilateral hippocampal aspiration was combined with contralateral implants of either ALOH or penicillin and avoidance training was begun 13 days postoperatively. Epileptiform activity was not observed in the ALOH-implanted rats and disappeared by postoperative Day 4 in the penicillin implanted rats. No significant changes were observed in the rate of acquisition of two-way active avoidance as a result of the manipulations done in Experiment 3. It is concluded that epileptiform discharge initiated focally within the hippocampus produces effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance which are similar to the effects produced by bilateral ablation.", "PMID": 605164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8805", "title": "Social-olfactory experience and initiation of copulation in the virgin male rat.", "content": "Two experiments examined the role of olfactory sensation for initiation of normal copulatory behavior of mature male rats. Experiment 1 compared copulatory performance of peripherally anosmic social isolates with that of intact isolate controls. The results revealed significantly lower mounting, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies of the anosmic group and suggested that nonolfactory cues attain significance via an associative-learning process. Experiment 2 compared three social isolate groups of mature males with varying sexual experience prior to anosmia. Four 1-hr tests were conducted at 5-day intervals. The results indicated comparable copulatory performance of the experienced groups and absence of copulation by the majority of the nonexperienced group. With a 12-day continuous exposure to intact females, all noncopulators eventually impregnated. The results are discussed with reference to the requirement of social experience for initiation of normal sexual performance in the male rat.", "contents": "Social-olfactory experience and initiation of copulation in the virgin male rat. Two experiments examined the role of olfactory sensation for initiation of normal copulatory behavior of mature male rats. Experiment 1 compared copulatory performance of peripherally anosmic social isolates with that of intact isolate controls. The results revealed significantly lower mounting, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies of the anosmic group and suggested that nonolfactory cues attain significance via an associative-learning process. Experiment 2 compared three social isolate groups of mature males with varying sexual experience prior to anosmia. Four 1-hr tests were conducted at 5-day intervals. The results indicated comparable copulatory performance of the experienced groups and absence of copulation by the majority of the nonexperienced group. With a 12-day continuous exposure to intact females, all noncopulators eventually impregnated. The results are discussed with reference to the requirement of social experience for initiation of normal sexual performance in the male rat.", "PMID": 605165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8806", "title": "Simple probe for localized cryogenic blockade in the brain.", "content": "The construction of a simple probe utilizing an air-space thermal insulation and circulating coolant for localized cooling of brain tissue is described. Results of isotherm studies in the cerebellum and electrophysiological observations in the motor cortex are presented indicating the effectiveness of localized cooling by the probe.", "contents": "Simple probe for localized cryogenic blockade in the brain. The construction of a simple probe utilizing an air-space thermal insulation and circulating coolant for localized cooling of brain tissue is described. Results of isotherm studies in the cerebellum and electrophysiological observations in the motor cortex are presented indicating the effectiveness of localized cooling by the probe.", "PMID": 605166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8807", "title": "Some effects of a split litter cross foster design applied to 15 day old rat pups.", "content": "Rat litters were divided and cross fostered on a postnatal Day 15 so that each mother had 4 of her own pups and 4 pups of a second litter, until weaning at 21 days. Daily weight and body temperature measurements made between Day 15 and 21 showed no differences between foster pups and pups who stayed with their biological mothers. However, by the age of 30 days, foster pups weighed less than pups reared by their own (biological) mothers; and foster pups at that age did not survive food deprivation as well as the pups reared by their biological mothers. In their Day 30 weights and the capacity to survive food deprivation, foster pups resembled pups that had been permanently separated from their mothers on postnatal Day 15. We conclude that the split cross foster design may introduce variability rather than reduce it. Nonetheless, this design may be useful in the experimental investigation of maternal behavior and mother-pup interactions in the rat.", "contents": "Some effects of a split litter cross foster design applied to 15 day old rat pups. Rat litters were divided and cross fostered on a postnatal Day 15 so that each mother had 4 of her own pups and 4 pups of a second litter, until weaning at 21 days. Daily weight and body temperature measurements made between Day 15 and 21 showed no differences between foster pups and pups who stayed with their biological mothers. However, by the age of 30 days, foster pups weighed less than pups reared by their own (biological) mothers; and foster pups at that age did not survive food deprivation as well as the pups reared by their biological mothers. In their Day 30 weights and the capacity to survive food deprivation, foster pups resembled pups that had been permanently separated from their mothers on postnatal Day 15. We conclude that the split cross foster design may introduce variability rather than reduce it. Nonetheless, this design may be useful in the experimental investigation of maternal behavior and mother-pup interactions in the rat.", "PMID": 605167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8808", "title": "Facilitation of tonic immobility by stimulation of the vaginal cervix in the rat.", "content": "Stimulation of the vaginal cervix with a plunger from a 1 cc syringe induced tonic immobility (i.e., blocked gross movement including the righting reflex) in response to inversion combined with brief manual restraint, in otherwise insusceptible female rats. In a second experiment, estradiol benzoate administration potentiated this effect somewhat, as measured by the latency to immobilization, although the duration of immobility was not significantly affected. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between tonic immobility and lordosis, the immobile mating posture of the female rat, which is also potentiated by cervical stimulation.", "contents": "Facilitation of tonic immobility by stimulation of the vaginal cervix in the rat. Stimulation of the vaginal cervix with a plunger from a 1 cc syringe induced tonic immobility (i.e., blocked gross movement including the righting reflex) in response to inversion combined with brief manual restraint, in otherwise insusceptible female rats. In a second experiment, estradiol benzoate administration potentiated this effect somewhat, as measured by the latency to immobilization, although the duration of immobility was not significantly affected. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between tonic immobility and lordosis, the immobile mating posture of the female rat, which is also potentiated by cervical stimulation.", "PMID": 605168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8809", "title": "Simple device for the tape recording of complex behavioral situation on one track.", "content": "A low cost electronic device is described to record on one a.m. tape track the occurrence of any combination of four signals. The fast read out of recorded signals makes the apparatus reliable and helpful for coding behavioral situation and automatic averaging of event related phenomena. A detailed circuitry is included and discussed.", "contents": "Simple device for the tape recording of complex behavioral situation on one track. A low cost electronic device is described to record on one a.m. tape track the occurrence of any combination of four signals. The fast read out of recorded signals makes the apparatus reliable and helpful for coding behavioral situation and automatic averaging of event related phenomena. A detailed circuitry is included and discussed.", "PMID": 605169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8810", "title": "Microdrive and method for single unit recording in the active rat.", "content": "A technique for recording single unit activity in the active rat with microelectrodes is described. The microdrive used is small and light enough to be carried in a well that is chronically implanted on the head of the rat. The device permits standard microelectrodes to be lowered without rotation, a feature which reduces chance of damage to the fine tips and to the brain tissue. The microdrive itself may be rotated in the well and several penetrations in a single preparation are possible. The electrodes used are capable of recording unit activity of high amplitude and stability. Units may be held for minutes or hours depending on the intensity of the rat's behavior.", "contents": "Microdrive and method for single unit recording in the active rat. A technique for recording single unit activity in the active rat with microelectrodes is described. The microdrive used is small and light enough to be carried in a well that is chronically implanted on the head of the rat. The device permits standard microelectrodes to be lowered without rotation, a feature which reduces chance of damage to the fine tips and to the brain tissue. The microdrive itself may be rotated in the well and several penetrations in a single preparation are possible. The electrodes used are capable of recording unit activity of high amplitude and stability. Units may be held for minutes or hours depending on the intensity of the rat's behavior.", "PMID": 605170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8811", "title": "Effect of preoptic administration of angiotensin on lateral hypothalamic unit activity.", "content": "The effect of administering angiotensin II to the preoptic region on lateral hypothalamic single unit activity was studied in unanesthetized, freely-moving rats. Angiotensin (100 ng) reliably initiated drinking behavior and caused an increase in the discharge frequency of single neurons located in the perifornical area but had no effect on units in the zona incerta, ventromedial hypothalamus or farlateral hypothalamus. These results suggest that efferent pathways from preoptic receptors for angiotensin pass through the midlateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of preoptic administration of angiotensin on lateral hypothalamic unit activity. The effect of administering angiotensin II to the preoptic region on lateral hypothalamic single unit activity was studied in unanesthetized, freely-moving rats. Angiotensin (100 ng) reliably initiated drinking behavior and caused an increase in the discharge frequency of single neurons located in the perifornical area but had no effect on units in the zona incerta, ventromedial hypothalamus or farlateral hypothalamus. These results suggest that efferent pathways from preoptic receptors for angiotensin pass through the midlateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 605171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8812", "title": "Relationships of hippocampal theta cycles with bar pressing during self-stimulation.", "content": "Previous reports have demonstrated a relationship between hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta) and movement, and have suggested that rhythmical movements tend to occur during certain phase of theta. Therefore, the relationships between theta cycles and voluntary motor activity were investigated. Bar pressing for electrical brain stimulation provided the reference to relate hippocampal activity. Ongoing theta increased in amplitude and frequency before and after pressing. Periodic waves preceding and following pressing. These waves only appear if the presses occur at particular phases of the theta cycles. They gradually disappeared during sessions lasting 4 to 8 hr. Light weights ( less than 90 g) added to the lever did not alter theta, but heavier weights (greater than 90 g) produced averages without periodic waves and with movement-related potentials. Introduction of a delay between pressing and electrical stimulation delayed evoked potentials, while averaging indicated that periodical waves persisted before and after bar pressing. Total lesions of the septum or superior fornix abolished theta and increased the frequency of self stimulation. In animals with partial lesions, theta reappeared during pressing. The above results indicating that the rats tended to lever press during particular phases of theta, suggest that phase-locked theta may be a corollary of motor mechanisms, and perhaps of the timing of motor responses.", "contents": "Relationships of hippocampal theta cycles with bar pressing during self-stimulation. Previous reports have demonstrated a relationship between hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta) and movement, and have suggested that rhythmical movements tend to occur during certain phase of theta. Therefore, the relationships between theta cycles and voluntary motor activity were investigated. Bar pressing for electrical brain stimulation provided the reference to relate hippocampal activity. Ongoing theta increased in amplitude and frequency before and after pressing. Periodic waves preceding and following pressing. These waves only appear if the presses occur at particular phases of the theta cycles. They gradually disappeared during sessions lasting 4 to 8 hr. Light weights ( less than 90 g) added to the lever did not alter theta, but heavier weights (greater than 90 g) produced averages without periodic waves and with movement-related potentials. Introduction of a delay between pressing and electrical stimulation delayed evoked potentials, while averaging indicated that periodical waves persisted before and after bar pressing. Total lesions of the septum or superior fornix abolished theta and increased the frequency of self stimulation. In animals with partial lesions, theta reappeared during pressing. The above results indicating that the rats tended to lever press during particular phases of theta, suggest that phase-locked theta may be a corollary of motor mechanisms, and perhaps of the timing of motor responses.", "PMID": 605172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8813", "title": "Effects of monosodium glutamate on eating and drinking behavior in rats.", "content": "The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on eating and drinking behavior of rats was studied by means of preference tests in free choice situations. Low or high protein casein diets containing up to 3% MSG were selected indifferently compared to plain casein diet in 7 day trials. The acceptability of diets containing 7% MSG, particularly those of low protein level, was significantly reduced. Except for Day 1, the proportional intake (MSG flavored diet intake/total diet intake) of 9% protein--7% MSG diet was consistently lower than 18% protein--7% MSG diet. In brief exposure tests (10 min) solutions of MSG (0.02-8%) were preferred over deionized water. The acceptance of solutions containing higher concentrations of MSG was significantly reduced. The total volume intake of both choices (MSG flavored water and water) was significantly increased in tests using solutions containing 3-8% MSG. In long-term tests (1-14 days), solutions containing 0.05-1% MSG were preferred over water. The acceptance of a solution containing 5% MSG was significantly reduced. For maximum intake of moles of MSG, rats selected solutions which offered 3-5 x 10(-1) M MSG whether the experimental period was 10 min or up to 2 weeks. In a series of two choice preference tests using solutions where Na+ content and pH were kept equal, MSG was preferred over sodium acetate and over sodium glutamate but was less preferred than monosodium aspartate. The results of this study can be explained in terms of sensory quality.", "contents": "Effects of monosodium glutamate on eating and drinking behavior in rats. The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on eating and drinking behavior of rats was studied by means of preference tests in free choice situations. Low or high protein casein diets containing up to 3% MSG were selected indifferently compared to plain casein diet in 7 day trials. The acceptability of diets containing 7% MSG, particularly those of low protein level, was significantly reduced. Except for Day 1, the proportional intake (MSG flavored diet intake/total diet intake) of 9% protein--7% MSG diet was consistently lower than 18% protein--7% MSG diet. In brief exposure tests (10 min) solutions of MSG (0.02-8%) were preferred over deionized water. The acceptance of solutions containing higher concentrations of MSG was significantly reduced. The total volume intake of both choices (MSG flavored water and water) was significantly increased in tests using solutions containing 3-8% MSG. In long-term tests (1-14 days), solutions containing 0.05-1% MSG were preferred over water. The acceptance of a solution containing 5% MSG was significantly reduced. For maximum intake of moles of MSG, rats selected solutions which offered 3-5 x 10(-1) M MSG whether the experimental period was 10 min or up to 2 weeks. In a series of two choice preference tests using solutions where Na+ content and pH were kept equal, MSG was preferred over sodium acetate and over sodium glutamate but was less preferred than monosodium aspartate. The results of this study can be explained in terms of sensory quality.", "PMID": 605173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8814", "title": "Effects of subcortical lesions on visual intensity discriminations in rats.", "content": "The role of several subcortical structures in visual intensity discrimination was examined by comparing the effects of localized lesions on a variety of intensity discriminations. In Experiment 1 light avoidance was unimpaired after lesions of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv), nucleus lateralis posterior (TLP), nucleus posterior of Gurdijian (NPG), dorsal pretectum (PTd), and ventral pretectum (PTv). The LGNv, TLP, NPG and PTv, but not the PTd, groups were impaired on a simultaneous black versus white (BW) discrimination in Experiment 2. None of these groups was impaired on a horizontal versus vertical discrimination (HV). The TLP group showed a transient impairment on a successive light versus dark discrimination, not present with the LGNv and NPG groups (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4 all three groups were impaired on a successive BW discrimination. In Experiment 5 rats with LGNv lesions but not with TLP lesions had elevated relative brightness thresholds. Both groups had normal absolute thresholds. The results are related to the possibility that information about intensity and pattern is coded in separate visual pathways.", "contents": "Effects of subcortical lesions on visual intensity discriminations in rats. The role of several subcortical structures in visual intensity discrimination was examined by comparing the effects of localized lesions on a variety of intensity discriminations. In Experiment 1 light avoidance was unimpaired after lesions of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv), nucleus lateralis posterior (TLP), nucleus posterior of Gurdijian (NPG), dorsal pretectum (PTd), and ventral pretectum (PTv). The LGNv, TLP, NPG and PTv, but not the PTd, groups were impaired on a simultaneous black versus white (BW) discrimination in Experiment 2. None of these groups was impaired on a horizontal versus vertical discrimination (HV). The TLP group showed a transient impairment on a successive light versus dark discrimination, not present with the LGNv and NPG groups (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4 all three groups were impaired on a successive BW discrimination. In Experiment 5 rats with LGNv lesions but not with TLP lesions had elevated relative brightness thresholds. Both groups had normal absolute thresholds. The results are related to the possibility that information about intensity and pattern is coded in separate visual pathways.", "PMID": 605174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8815", "title": "Deficits in visual learning by cats with lesions of the visual cortex.", "content": "Cats were trained for food reward in a divided straight maze or in a V-maze on a light-dark discrimination and on a series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations. Errors were scored by both door-push and alley-entrance criteria. After lesions of the visual cortex, cats could relearn or initially learn the light-dark discrimination but were not successfully trained to shift from brightness to pattern cues when learning the series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations, using a modified method of limits procedure. Both unoperated cats and cats with lesions of the visual cortex committed alley-entrance errors when learning the light-dark discrimination.", "contents": "Deficits in visual learning by cats with lesions of the visual cortex. Cats were trained for food reward in a divided straight maze or in a V-maze on a light-dark discrimination and on a series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations. Errors were scored by both door-push and alley-entrance criteria. After lesions of the visual cortex, cats could relearn or initially learn the light-dark discrimination but were not successfully trained to shift from brightness to pattern cues when learning the series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations, using a modified method of limits procedure. Both unoperated cats and cats with lesions of the visual cortex committed alley-entrance errors when learning the light-dark discrimination.", "PMID": 605175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8816", "title": "Circling and consumatory behavior induced by striatal and neocortical spreading depression.", "content": "Single waves of spreading depression (SD) were induced in freely moving Sprague Dawley rats by microinjection of KCl solution into either neocortex or caudate nucleus. DC recordings of slow potential changes (SPC) revealed that a wave of SD propagates from the neocortex to the caudate nucleus in only a very few cases (12.5% of trials, involving 4.3% of the SPC waves). This result contrasts with earlier reported higher incidences of neocortical-striatal transmission of SD, and suggests that such transmission may vary across rat strains. Invasion of the caudate nucleus by a wave of neocortical SD was accompanied by contralateral circling in 50% of the cases. Similarly, SD induced by injection of KCl into the striatum was accompanied by circling in 43% of trials. It was also found that neocortical SD-induced feeding generally occurred only upon recovery of neocortex from the slow potential negativity, and that invasion of the caudate nucleus by SD is not involved in the elicited feeding phenomenon.", "contents": "Circling and consumatory behavior induced by striatal and neocortical spreading depression. Single waves of spreading depression (SD) were induced in freely moving Sprague Dawley rats by microinjection of KCl solution into either neocortex or caudate nucleus. DC recordings of slow potential changes (SPC) revealed that a wave of SD propagates from the neocortex to the caudate nucleus in only a very few cases (12.5% of trials, involving 4.3% of the SPC waves). This result contrasts with earlier reported higher incidences of neocortical-striatal transmission of SD, and suggests that such transmission may vary across rat strains. Invasion of the caudate nucleus by a wave of neocortical SD was accompanied by contralateral circling in 50% of the cases. Similarly, SD induced by injection of KCl into the striatum was accompanied by circling in 43% of trials. It was also found that neocortical SD-induced feeding generally occurred only upon recovery of neocortex from the slow potential negativity, and that invasion of the caudate nucleus by SD is not involved in the elicited feeding phenomenon.", "PMID": 605176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8817", "title": "Sex and hormone dependent alterations in responsiveness to caloric dilution.", "content": "Potential sex differences in the long-term control of feeding behavior in rats was tested by comparing male and female rats in terms of their responsiveness to a 20 and 40 percent diet dilution challenge. During three-day test periods with both levels of diet dilution, female rats increased their daily food intake (FI) significantly more than did male rats. As a further index of greater precision in the long-term control of feeding behavior by female than by male rats, body weight (BWt) was less affected in female than in male rats during the caloric dilution challenges. In a second experiment, gonadectomy was found to attenuate this sexually dimorphic response to a 40% diet dilution test, whereas daily injections of gonadal hormones reestablished the sex difference in FI and BWt changes produced by the dilution challenge. Since responsiveness to the dilution challenge of female rats, but not males, was altered by gonadectomy and steroid treatment, it appears that estrogen shifts the control of feeding behavior in female rats towards more long-term factors.", "contents": "Sex and hormone dependent alterations in responsiveness to caloric dilution. Potential sex differences in the long-term control of feeding behavior in rats was tested by comparing male and female rats in terms of their responsiveness to a 20 and 40 percent diet dilution challenge. During three-day test periods with both levels of diet dilution, female rats increased their daily food intake (FI) significantly more than did male rats. As a further index of greater precision in the long-term control of feeding behavior by female than by male rats, body weight (BWt) was less affected in female than in male rats during the caloric dilution challenges. In a second experiment, gonadectomy was found to attenuate this sexually dimorphic response to a 40% diet dilution test, whereas daily injections of gonadal hormones reestablished the sex difference in FI and BWt changes produced by the dilution challenge. Since responsiveness to the dilution challenge of female rats, but not males, was altered by gonadectomy and steroid treatment, it appears that estrogen shifts the control of feeding behavior in female rats towards more long-term factors.", "PMID": 605177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8818", "title": "Development of odor-guided behavior in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rat pups.", "content": "The odor of home-cage shavings attracts Sprague-Dawley and Wistar pups 3-4 days old. Attraction increases during postnatal week one in both strains. Lemon odor repels Sprague-Dawley pups 3 and 8 days old equally, while Wistar aversion to lemon increases during the first postnatal week. Shavings from the nests of strange litters 4 or 8 days old attract Sprague-Dawley pups 4 but not 8 days old equally. Sensory changes appear to underlie Sprague-Dawley response development, while locomotor and sensory changes may mediate Wistar response ontogeny.", "contents": "Development of odor-guided behavior in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rat pups. The odor of home-cage shavings attracts Sprague-Dawley and Wistar pups 3-4 days old. Attraction increases during postnatal week one in both strains. Lemon odor repels Sprague-Dawley pups 3 and 8 days old equally, while Wistar aversion to lemon increases during the first postnatal week. Shavings from the nests of strange litters 4 or 8 days old attract Sprague-Dawley pups 4 but not 8 days old equally. Sensory changes appear to underlie Sprague-Dawley response development, while locomotor and sensory changes may mediate Wistar response ontogeny.", "PMID": 605178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8819", "title": "Techniques for acute single neuron recording in newborn rats.", "content": "Techniques are described for artifically respiring, anesthetizing, head-holding, operating on and recording from single neurons in the VIII nerve of newborn rats weighting as little as 4.9 g.", "contents": "Techniques for acute single neuron recording in newborn rats. Techniques are described for artifically respiring, anesthetizing, head-holding, operating on and recording from single neurons in the VIII nerve of newborn rats weighting as little as 4.9 g.", "PMID": 605179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8820", "title": "Effects of septal lesions on shock thresholds in weanling male and female rats.", "content": "Twenty-four-day old weanling male and female rats were either lesioned in the septal area, gonadectomized, lesioned and gonadectomized, or untreated. Tests for reactivity to electric shock were conducted at 26 and at 40 days of age. Neither males nor females showed any effect of the lesions are measured by flinch and jump thresholds to electric shock immediately following surgery; both male and female lesioned groups showed a significant lowering of thresholds when tested at 40 days of age. The effects of septal lesions on response to electric shock were dissociated from the effects on hyperemotionality measured over the same period of time after the lesions, and appeared to have their effect independent of the sex or hormonal condition of the animals.", "contents": "Effects of septal lesions on shock thresholds in weanling male and female rats. Twenty-four-day old weanling male and female rats were either lesioned in the septal area, gonadectomized, lesioned and gonadectomized, or untreated. Tests for reactivity to electric shock were conducted at 26 and at 40 days of age. Neither males nor females showed any effect of the lesions are measured by flinch and jump thresholds to electric shock immediately following surgery; both male and female lesioned groups showed a significant lowering of thresholds when tested at 40 days of age. The effects of septal lesions on response to electric shock were dissociated from the effects on hyperemotionality measured over the same period of time after the lesions, and appeared to have their effect independent of the sex or hormonal condition of the animals.", "PMID": 605180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8821", "title": "[Group therapy of schizophrenia in the inital phase of the disease].", "content": "The initial (prepsychotic) period of schizophrenia is characterized by different degrees of involvement of various levels of personality organization depending upon the basic tendencies of the disease process, and the going forward of unimpaired personality reactions, which are not related to processes of alteration (including inadequate forms of psychological defense), allows the states of patients and the characteristics of their adaptation to be determined. There is a need to differentiate the functions of group psychotherapy and its methods at the level of emotional stimulation, social activation and stimulation of communication, development of certain behavioral stereotypes and increasing the degree of social security, optimizing associations, partial changes of attitude and behavior, discussion of conflicts, finding adequate forms of psychological compensation, and development of a behavioral pattern. It is in this way that it is possible to work out a certain \"hierarchy\" of methods that may be used successively.", "contents": "[Group therapy of schizophrenia in the inital phase of the disease]. The initial (prepsychotic) period of schizophrenia is characterized by different degrees of involvement of various levels of personality organization depending upon the basic tendencies of the disease process, and the going forward of unimpaired personality reactions, which are not related to processes of alteration (including inadequate forms of psychological defense), allows the states of patients and the characteristics of their adaptation to be determined. There is a need to differentiate the functions of group psychotherapy and its methods at the level of emotional stimulation, social activation and stimulation of communication, development of certain behavioral stereotypes and increasing the degree of social security, optimizing associations, partial changes of attitude and behavior, discussion of conflicts, finding adequate forms of psychological compensation, and development of a behavioral pattern. It is in this way that it is possible to work out a certain \"hierarchy\" of methods that may be used successively.", "PMID": 605181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8822", "title": "[Definition of psychotherapy from a methodologic viewpoint].", "content": "Psychotherapy is the psychological treatment of disturbed person-environment relationships, associations or connections which are learned in a lifelong process of socialization. Accordingly, psychotherapy is a process of learning for the patient and a process of educating for the therapeutist, a process which is controlled by specialists in the case of children as well as adults with serious psychic disorders and which is usually a means of self-education in the case of subjects with slight psychic disorders. The primary objective of psychotherapy is to modify both the attitude and behavior in the sense of improving a subject's ability to fulfill his duties in society.", "contents": "[Definition of psychotherapy from a methodologic viewpoint]. Psychotherapy is the psychological treatment of disturbed person-environment relationships, associations or connections which are learned in a lifelong process of socialization. Accordingly, psychotherapy is a process of learning for the patient and a process of educating for the therapeutist, a process which is controlled by specialists in the case of children as well as adults with serious psychic disorders and which is usually a means of self-education in the case of subjects with slight psychic disorders. The primary objective of psychotherapy is to modify both the attitude and behavior in the sense of improving a subject's ability to fulfill his duties in society.", "PMID": 605182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8823", "title": "[Use of a mechanical variant of the Pauli test and the influence of several subjective and situational testing conditions].", "content": "Comparative examinations of the paper and pencil form and a mechanical variation (using a performance testing unit) of Pauli's performance test, in which a total of 100 students were included, showed differences in the specific requirements of the two variants and in the performance rating of the test subjects. Consequently, their mutual substitution appears unjustifiable. It was not possible for effects of a number of situational test conditions upon performance results to be demonstrated for this test sample. Hypothesized relationships between the Pauli test performance, on the one hand, and proficiency motivation, attainments, and variational motivation, on the other, could be verified in part of the cases only.", "contents": "[Use of a mechanical variant of the Pauli test and the influence of several subjective and situational testing conditions]. Comparative examinations of the paper and pencil form and a mechanical variation (using a performance testing unit) of Pauli's performance test, in which a total of 100 students were included, showed differences in the specific requirements of the two variants and in the performance rating of the test subjects. Consequently, their mutual substitution appears unjustifiable. It was not possible for effects of a number of situational test conditions upon performance results to be demonstrated for this test sample. Hypothesized relationships between the Pauli test performance, on the one hand, and proficiency motivation, attainments, and variational motivation, on the other, could be verified in part of the cases only.", "PMID": 605183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8824", "title": "[Conflict play and its modification in the course of treating children].", "content": "The authors report their experience with a special form of psychodrama for the treatment in small groups of neurotic children aged five to fifteen. The acting out of ambivalent, partly unconscious and restrained tendencies and inclinations by playing, i.e., by taking roles in spontaneous performances, is followed by alternation of identification in the group and, possibly, careful indirect verbalization by the therapeutist and/or group, of which the purpose is to arrive at a reorientation of the attitudes of patients and a consolidation of the newly won attitude.", "contents": "[Conflict play and its modification in the course of treating children]. The authors report their experience with a special form of psychodrama for the treatment in small groups of neurotic children aged five to fifteen. The acting out of ambivalent, partly unconscious and restrained tendencies and inclinations by playing, i.e., by taking roles in spontaneous performances, is followed by alternation of identification in the group and, possibly, careful indirect verbalization by the therapeutist and/or group, of which the purpose is to arrive at a reorientation of the attitudes of patients and a consolidation of the newly won attitude.", "PMID": 605184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8825", "title": "[Research with a complaint questionnaire for healthy persons and neurotic patients].", "content": "This is a report of experience obtained with the use of complaint questionnaires introduced by Kasielke, M\u00f6bius, and Scholze. The persons available to us in this study included 460 normal subjects and 180 patients diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis. Results to date indicate that a complaint questionnaire may be of use to a clinical psychologist in the individual determination of the nature of disease, if the data contained in the questionnaire is evaluated and analyzed critically. This is true especially for its use as a screening test for the recognition of neurosis within the framework of preventive examinations.", "contents": "[Research with a complaint questionnaire for healthy persons and neurotic patients]. This is a report of experience obtained with the use of complaint questionnaires introduced by Kasielke, M\u00f6bius, and Scholze. The persons available to us in this study included 460 normal subjects and 180 patients diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis. Results to date indicate that a complaint questionnaire may be of use to a clinical psychologist in the individual determination of the nature of disease, if the data contained in the questionnaire is evaluated and analyzed critically. This is true especially for its use as a screening test for the recognition of neurosis within the framework of preventive examinations.", "PMID": 605185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8826", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the so-called brain stem function tests].", "content": "The results of so-called midbrain function tests of 563 neuropsychiatric patients were examined for their relative diagnostic importance. It was not possible to find any differences in the relations of normal and anomalous curves between individual groups of diseases. Also, there were not found any significant differences from the results obtained for nonneuropsychiatric subjects. Therefore, the authors recommend against a further use of these methods. Newly developed biocybernetic and rhythmological test methods may be used as alternative methods for the analysis of most neurovegetative disorders.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the so-called brain stem function tests]. The results of so-called midbrain function tests of 563 neuropsychiatric patients were examined for their relative diagnostic importance. It was not possible to find any differences in the relations of normal and anomalous curves between individual groups of diseases. Also, there were not found any significant differences from the results obtained for nonneuropsychiatric subjects. Therefore, the authors recommend against a further use of these methods. Newly developed biocybernetic and rhythmological test methods may be used as alternative methods for the analysis of most neurovegetative disorders.", "PMID": 605186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8827", "title": "[Pathomechanisms of cervical headaches].", "content": "Various types of disorders of the cervical region may produce headache. In many of these increased tension of the neck musculature plays an important role. The following mechanisms underlying headache are described and differentiated: 1. Headache due to faulty muscle pattern (stereotype) resulting in overstrain of the upper fixators of the shoulder girdle (upper part of the m.trapezius and levator scapulae); faulty respiration with the aid of the upper auxillary muscles even at rest is pointed out. 2. A forward drawn head position producing static overstrain in the posterior neck muscles and compensatory retroflexion of the cranio-cervical junction resulting in blockage in this region. 3. Anteflexion and ligament pain mainly due to faulty position at work and jolting. 4. Static disturbance in the frontal plain due to obliquity producing asymmetrical strain in the neck musculature. 5. Increased muscular tension due to psychological stress. 6. Blockage in the regions of the cervical spine, shoulder girdle and upper ribs with reflex muscular spasm. 7. Reflex spasm of the neck musculature in visceral disorders causing in addition blockage of the cervico-thoracic junction (heart, gall bladder). 8. Pain arising from the posterior arch of the atlas (here described for the first time). 9. Headache due to vertebral artery involvement. The type of headache seems to be determined rather by the individual mode of reaction than by the mechanism underlying it. As a rule a combination of mechanisms is actually found.", "contents": "[Pathomechanisms of cervical headaches]. Various types of disorders of the cervical region may produce headache. In many of these increased tension of the neck musculature plays an important role. The following mechanisms underlying headache are described and differentiated: 1. Headache due to faulty muscle pattern (stereotype) resulting in overstrain of the upper fixators of the shoulder girdle (upper part of the m.trapezius and levator scapulae); faulty respiration with the aid of the upper auxillary muscles even at rest is pointed out. 2. A forward drawn head position producing static overstrain in the posterior neck muscles and compensatory retroflexion of the cranio-cervical junction resulting in blockage in this region. 3. Anteflexion and ligament pain mainly due to faulty position at work and jolting. 4. Static disturbance in the frontal plain due to obliquity producing asymmetrical strain in the neck musculature. 5. Increased muscular tension due to psychological stress. 6. Blockage in the regions of the cervical spine, shoulder girdle and upper ribs with reflex muscular spasm. 7. Reflex spasm of the neck musculature in visceral disorders causing in addition blockage of the cervico-thoracic junction (heart, gall bladder). 8. Pain arising from the posterior arch of the atlas (here described for the first time). 9. Headache due to vertebral artery involvement. The type of headache seems to be determined rather by the individual mode of reaction than by the mechanism underlying it. As a rule a combination of mechanisms is actually found.", "PMID": 605187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8828", "title": "[Spinal manifestations of sarcoidosis].", "content": "This is a report on the spinal manifestation of sarcoidosis, which has heretofore been infrequently dealt with in the specialized literature. In addition to diffuse manifestation, there has become known circumscribed and solitary manifestation with tumorous symptomatology as a result of spinal compression. Transverse syndromes, pareses, manifestations of sensibility, and disorders of the bladder and rectum are of major clinical importance in this connection. Pathomorphologically, it is possible to distinguish granulomatous leptomeningitis, myelitis, and (poly-) radiculitis, combined simultaneous involvement being frequently observed. So far as differential diagnosis is concerned, considerable difficulties are encountered especially in the case of isolated spinal monosymptomatology. Prognosis, because of special topographic conditions, is less favorable than for other organic manifestations. Secondary phenomena and complications are often responsible for the consequences of spinal sarcoidosis. In addition to spontaneous healing, treatment with corticosteroids (of acute disease processes which, however, are a relatively rare occurrence) and surgical operation (in the case of solitary spinal sarcoid granulomata with compression syndromes) have proven to be most successful.", "contents": "[Spinal manifestations of sarcoidosis]. This is a report on the spinal manifestation of sarcoidosis, which has heretofore been infrequently dealt with in the specialized literature. In addition to diffuse manifestation, there has become known circumscribed and solitary manifestation with tumorous symptomatology as a result of spinal compression. Transverse syndromes, pareses, manifestations of sensibility, and disorders of the bladder and rectum are of major clinical importance in this connection. Pathomorphologically, it is possible to distinguish granulomatous leptomeningitis, myelitis, and (poly-) radiculitis, combined simultaneous involvement being frequently observed. So far as differential diagnosis is concerned, considerable difficulties are encountered especially in the case of isolated spinal monosymptomatology. Prognosis, because of special topographic conditions, is less favorable than for other organic manifestations. Secondary phenomena and complications are often responsible for the consequences of spinal sarcoidosis. In addition to spontaneous healing, treatment with corticosteroids (of acute disease processes which, however, are a relatively rare occurrence) and surgical operation (in the case of solitary spinal sarcoid granulomata with compression syndromes) have proven to be most successful.", "PMID": 605188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8829", "title": "[Electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic studies of cerebral meningovascular tumors].", "content": "For forty-one meningovascular tumors, which were verified pathologically and anatomically, the authors tried to find electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic criteria of the recognition of the location and particular kind of tumor. Electroencephalographic results obtained for meningovascular tumors are characterized by insignificant to moderate general and focal alterations. The results of rheoencephalographic examinations were found to add to the possibilities of topical diagnosis. Angioarchitectural characteristics of the rheoencephalographic curve, together with bioelectric phenomena, enabled a specific diagnosis to be established for twenty-four of the meningovascular tumors.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic studies of cerebral meningovascular tumors]. For forty-one meningovascular tumors, which were verified pathologically and anatomically, the authors tried to find electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic criteria of the recognition of the location and particular kind of tumor. Electroencephalographic results obtained for meningovascular tumors are characterized by insignificant to moderate general and focal alterations. The results of rheoencephalographic examinations were found to add to the possibilities of topical diagnosis. Angioarchitectural characteristics of the rheoencephalographic curve, together with bioelectric phenomena, enabled a specific diagnosis to be established for twenty-four of the meningovascular tumors.", "PMID": 605190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8830", "title": "[Observations of the course of patients with hyperkinesis].", "content": "This article reports observations made on thirty-six patients suffering from oral dyskinesia (tardive dyskinesia). In thirty cases, dyskinesia was observed to occur in the course of neuroleptic therapy. Occurrence of dyskinesia was dependent upon the use of a higher dosage rather than upon the duration of medication. Persons showing dyskinesia were not always subjects with previous cerebral lesions or patients of advanced age. Of patients with schizoform diseases, those were usually affected with oral hyperkinesia who had either partly or completely lost the process symptomatology, but who were unable to live a life satisfying them in every respect.", "contents": "[Observations of the course of patients with hyperkinesis]. This article reports observations made on thirty-six patients suffering from oral dyskinesia (tardive dyskinesia). In thirty cases, dyskinesia was observed to occur in the course of neuroleptic therapy. Occurrence of dyskinesia was dependent upon the use of a higher dosage rather than upon the duration of medication. Persons showing dyskinesia were not always subjects with previous cerebral lesions or patients of advanced age. Of patients with schizoform diseases, those were usually affected with oral hyperkinesia who had either partly or completely lost the process symptomatology, but who were unable to live a life satisfying them in every respect.", "PMID": 605191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8831", "title": "The teaching of clinical administration: opportunities and problems of role ambiguity.", "content": "The challenge of teaching clinical administration can felicitously be met by the ward director of the psychiatric inpatient ward. The theory of patient management centers around formation of an administrative alliance such that the patient becomes \"coadministrator\" of his treatment. The ward director must convey this and other basic principles; must deal with a variety of resistances to learning and practice of clinical administration; must function as supervisor while simultaneously administrating; and, finally, must orchestrate power and influence in relation to his role to achieve the most effective functioning of the ward team.", "contents": "The teaching of clinical administration: opportunities and problems of role ambiguity. The challenge of teaching clinical administration can felicitously be met by the ward director of the psychiatric inpatient ward. The theory of patient management centers around formation of an administrative alliance such that the patient becomes \"coadministrator\" of his treatment. The ward director must convey this and other basic principles; must deal with a variety of resistances to learning and practice of clinical administration; must function as supervisor while simultaneously administrating; and, finally, must orchestrate power and influence in relation to his role to achieve the most effective functioning of the ward team.", "PMID": 605192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8832", "title": "The elements of community consultation.", "content": "Psychiatrists are involved in both clinical and institutional consultations. Although the tradition of psychiatric consultation for medical patients is well established and adequately described, there are few contributions concerning the conceptual framework for community consultations and few case examples. In order to provide a framework for conceptualizing consultation work this communication presents an example of a consultation to a community agency and discusses some of the specific elements in community consultation. Thus it may help professionals to practice the science and art of consultation to community agencies.", "contents": "The elements of community consultation. Psychiatrists are involved in both clinical and institutional consultations. Although the tradition of psychiatric consultation for medical patients is well established and adequately described, there are few contributions concerning the conceptual framework for community consultations and few case examples. In order to provide a framework for conceptualizing consultation work this communication presents an example of a consultation to a community agency and discusses some of the specific elements in community consultation. Thus it may help professionals to practice the science and art of consultation to community agencies.", "PMID": 605193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8833", "title": "A systems approach to management training for mental health professionals.", "content": "As an example of progress, a program is described, undertaken, by the New York School of Psychiatry, to train and educate psychiatrists and related professional groups in management and administration.", "contents": "A systems approach to management training for mental health professionals. As an example of progress, a program is described, undertaken, by the New York School of Psychiatry, to train and educate psychiatrists and related professional groups in management and administration.", "PMID": 605194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8834", "title": "A preventative approach to emotional illness in psychiatric residents.", "content": "Emotional illness in psychiatric residents and its relationship to psychiatric postgraduate training is examined. First, the pertinent literature is reviewed. Psychological and social factors which predispose, precipitate, and perpetuate these emotional disturbances are discussed. The significance of emotional illness in psychiatric residents to the teaching and learning of psychiatry and to the psychiatric profession is clarified. Second, the currently unresolved dilemma of the psychiatric resident \"Teach or Treat?\" is presented. It is the author's contention that by redefining \"treatment\" in terms of the goals and philosophy of public health this dilemma can be resolved to the satisfaction of resident, faculty, and the psychiatric profession.", "contents": "A preventative approach to emotional illness in psychiatric residents. Emotional illness in psychiatric residents and its relationship to psychiatric postgraduate training is examined. First, the pertinent literature is reviewed. Psychological and social factors which predispose, precipitate, and perpetuate these emotional disturbances are discussed. The significance of emotional illness in psychiatric residents to the teaching and learning of psychiatry and to the psychiatric profession is clarified. Second, the currently unresolved dilemma of the psychiatric resident \"Teach or Treat?\" is presented. It is the author's contention that by redefining \"treatment\" in terms of the goals and philosophy of public health this dilemma can be resolved to the satisfaction of resident, faculty, and the psychiatric profession.", "PMID": 605195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8835", "title": "Interaction patterns between psychiatric aides and patients.", "content": "The present study investigated the manner in which psychiatric aides used their time when not involved in staff meetings or off-ward activities. Aides' behaviors on two shifts were observed during times they had the greatest likelihood of interacting with patients. It was found that aides were most likely to be observed in the Nursing Station on both shifts. Aides typically had a specific purpose for interacting with patients when they were on the wards. It was concluded that increased structuring of patient-aide interactions was necessary along with more stringent guidelines regarding the use of the Nursing Station.", "contents": "Interaction patterns between psychiatric aides and patients. The present study investigated the manner in which psychiatric aides used their time when not involved in staff meetings or off-ward activities. Aides' behaviors on two shifts were observed during times they had the greatest likelihood of interacting with patients. It was found that aides were most likely to be observed in the Nursing Station on both shifts. Aides typically had a specific purpose for interacting with patients when they were on the wards. It was concluded that increased structuring of patient-aide interactions was necessary along with more stringent guidelines regarding the use of the Nursing Station.", "PMID": 605196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8836", "title": "Assessing the potential of change in institutions.", "content": "The present article discusses the importance of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of key institutional personnel prior to attempting program innovations. The importance of such individuals in \"making\" or \"breaking\" effective programs is emphasized, and various key hospital staff members are described. A simple evaluation process is discussed with the purpose of better anticipating problem areas in program development. It was concluded that in some cases, project implementations should not be attempted when assessed personnel problems appear capable of seriously limiting the effectiveness of a program.", "contents": "Assessing the potential of change in institutions. The present article discusses the importance of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of key institutional personnel prior to attempting program innovations. The importance of such individuals in \"making\" or \"breaking\" effective programs is emphasized, and various key hospital staff members are described. A simple evaluation process is discussed with the purpose of better anticipating problem areas in program development. It was concluded that in some cases, project implementations should not be attempted when assessed personnel problems appear capable of seriously limiting the effectiveness of a program.", "PMID": 605197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8837", "title": "[Simplification of gamma-ray spectral data by using Fourier transform].", "content": "A method is proposed to represent gamma-ray response spectra by Fourier series for the purpose of compressing spectral data. The usefulness of the method was confirmed by applying it to a spectral library of a NaI detector. In the method, a response spectrum as a wave is described by superposition of sine (cosine) waves with low frequencies, whose coefficient parameters can be obtained by a Fast Fourier Transform program. The relation between the number of parameters and the fitting error is discussed, and as the result, it is shown that the number of parameters can be reduced to about a half. The merits and features are presented in practical application of the method to the analysis of gamma-ray spectra.", "contents": "[Simplification of gamma-ray spectral data by using Fourier transform]. A method is proposed to represent gamma-ray response spectra by Fourier series for the purpose of compressing spectral data. The usefulness of the method was confirmed by applying it to a spectral library of a NaI detector. In the method, a response spectrum as a wave is described by superposition of sine (cosine) waves with low frequencies, whose coefficient parameters can be obtained by a Fast Fourier Transform program. The relation between the number of parameters and the fitting error is discussed, and as the result, it is shown that the number of parameters can be reduced to about a half. The merits and features are presented in practical application of the method to the analysis of gamma-ray spectra.", "PMID": 605219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8838", "title": "[Effects of several compounds on the chromium uptake from surrounding medium by HeLa cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiochromium uptake from surrounding by HeLa cells was examined, the results were as follows: 1) The chromium uptake by the cells after a certain period of incubation in Ca-Mg free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) with radiosodiumchromate (Na251CrO4) was higher than that in serum free Eagle's minimum essential medium with the same concentration of the radiochromate. 2) When the various amount of L-ascorbic acid was added to the above rabiochromate containing PBS, the chromium uptake by the cells decreased with dependence on the concentration of the acid in the surrounding medium. However, when sodiumthiosulfate was added to the medium, no remarkable effect was found. 3) When cells were incubated in the radiochromic chloride(51CrCl3)containing medium with 6.5 microgram/ml of sodium oxalate, sodium acetate or sodium nitrate, the chromium uptake by the cells increased in comparison with the control. Above results suggested that the chromium uptake by the HeLa cells from surrounding medium was affected by several chemicals and the uptake or binding capacity of chromium was closely related to the reported cytotoxicity of the chromium compounds.", "contents": "[Effects of several compounds on the chromium uptake from surrounding medium by HeLa cells (author's transl)]. Radiochromium uptake from surrounding by HeLa cells was examined, the results were as follows: 1) The chromium uptake by the cells after a certain period of incubation in Ca-Mg free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) with radiosodiumchromate (Na251CrO4) was higher than that in serum free Eagle's minimum essential medium with the same concentration of the radiochromate. 2) When the various amount of L-ascorbic acid was added to the above rabiochromate containing PBS, the chromium uptake by the cells decreased with dependence on the concentration of the acid in the surrounding medium. However, when sodiumthiosulfate was added to the medium, no remarkable effect was found. 3) When cells were incubated in the radiochromic chloride(51CrCl3)containing medium with 6.5 microgram/ml of sodium oxalate, sodium acetate or sodium nitrate, the chromium uptake by the cells increased in comparison with the control. Above results suggested that the chromium uptake by the HeLa cells from surrounding medium was affected by several chemicals and the uptake or binding capacity of chromium was closely related to the reported cytotoxicity of the chromium compounds.", "PMID": 605220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8839", "title": "[In vivo X-ray fluorescent analysis of iodine concentration in the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple apparatus was made for the X-ray fluorescent analysis of iodine concentration of the thyroid. The apparatus consists of 241Am gamma-ray source of 300mCi and pure Ge detector of 50mm2X5mm. Diverging collimator was designed to achieve a full view of the thyroid. The detectable concentration was 0.2mg iodine/g tissue assuming the coefficient of variance of 30% and the counting time of 5 minutes. Measurement was performed for autopsied 10 thyroids and the results were in good correlation with those by neutron activation analysis (r=0.93). Iodine concentration ranged 0.3-1.2mg/g (mean 0.6mg/g) and compared well with the data in literatures. This technique is useful for the in vivo measurement of thyroidal iodine content in patients.", "contents": "[In vivo X-ray fluorescent analysis of iodine concentration in the thyroid (author's transl)]. A simple apparatus was made for the X-ray fluorescent analysis of iodine concentration of the thyroid. The apparatus consists of 241Am gamma-ray source of 300mCi and pure Ge detector of 50mm2X5mm. Diverging collimator was designed to achieve a full view of the thyroid. The detectable concentration was 0.2mg iodine/g tissue assuming the coefficient of variance of 30% and the counting time of 5 minutes. Measurement was performed for autopsied 10 thyroids and the results were in good correlation with those by neutron activation analysis (r=0.93). Iodine concentration ranged 0.3-1.2mg/g (mean 0.6mg/g) and compared well with the data in literatures. This technique is useful for the in vivo measurement of thyroidal iodine content in patients.", "PMID": 605222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8840", "title": "Increased survival from acute Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks given diets with high levels of some forms of iron.", "content": "Amounts exceeding 100 ppm of extra dietary iron as the ferric salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (FeE) or nitrilotri-acetic acid (FeN) produced highly significant increases in survival among chicks infected with 10(6.4) living Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. Additional dietary iron (400 ppm) as the sulphate or chloride salts (or as ferric fructose) lacked activity comparable with FeE or FeN except when 0.2 per cent of NaE was also present in the diet. FeE iron (600 ppm) also diminished the severity of several of the pathological reactions which occur in chicks during the acute stage of experimental fowl typhoid. The enhanced survival and decreased severity of the pathological changes in infected chicks were associated with large reductions in the numbers of viable salmonellae in the spleen at the height of the acute infection.", "contents": "Increased survival from acute Salmonella gallinarum infection in chicks given diets with high levels of some forms of iron. Amounts exceeding 100 ppm of extra dietary iron as the ferric salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (FeE) or nitrilotri-acetic acid (FeN) produced highly significant increases in survival among chicks infected with 10(6.4) living Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. Additional dietary iron (400 ppm) as the sulphate or chloride salts (or as ferric fructose) lacked activity comparable with FeE or FeN except when 0.2 per cent of NaE was also present in the diet. FeE iron (600 ppm) also diminished the severity of several of the pathological reactions which occur in chicks during the acute stage of experimental fowl typhoid. The enhanced survival and decreased severity of the pathological changes in infected chicks were associated with large reductions in the numbers of viable salmonellae in the spleen at the height of the acute infection.", "PMID": 605293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8841", "title": "Changes in plasma lipid and glucose levels during the onset of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chics.", "content": "Plasma glucose, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels were measured during the onset of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. Intial studies indicated that behavioural and clinical changes characteristically associated with the syndrome were observed only during the 24 h preceding death. A more detailed examination of the blood changes was made on fasted birds. Typically, affected birds could be distinguished from healthy fasted birds by a hypoglycaemia which developed within 2.5 h of the removal of food, and a slightly higher and more sustained elevation of free fatty acid levels. Triglyceride values were not generally different from those found in normal birds. Although moderate to large amounts of lipid were occasionally observed in the kidneys of healthy fasted birds, only in affected birds was significant lipid infiltration of the kidneys associated with a similar level of lipid infiltration of the liver. In extreme cases death from fatty liver and kidney syndrome could occur within 4 h of the removal of food.", "contents": "Changes in plasma lipid and glucose levels during the onset of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chics. Plasma glucose, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels were measured during the onset of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. Intial studies indicated that behavioural and clinical changes characteristically associated with the syndrome were observed only during the 24 h preceding death. A more detailed examination of the blood changes was made on fasted birds. Typically, affected birds could be distinguished from healthy fasted birds by a hypoglycaemia which developed within 2.5 h of the removal of food, and a slightly higher and more sustained elevation of free fatty acid levels. Triglyceride values were not generally different from those found in normal birds. Although moderate to large amounts of lipid were occasionally observed in the kidneys of healthy fasted birds, only in affected birds was significant lipid infiltration of the kidneys associated with a similar level of lipid infiltration of the liver. In extreme cases death from fatty liver and kidney syndrome could occur within 4 h of the removal of food.", "PMID": 605294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8842", "title": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: clinical pathological observations.", "content": "Twenty-eight Friesian calves were infected between seven and 11 months of age with 5000 to 45,000 cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei. They developed anaemia, lymphopaenia and hypoalbuminaemia during the period of acute clinical illness after the infection became patent, and lymphocyte counts remained depressed after clinical recovery. Neutrophil counts rose and later fell before returning to normal. Eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia were marked during the period of recovery. The changes in haemoglobin, neutrophils and serum proteins were proportional to the level of infection. The eosinophil response was reduced in animals subjected to nutritional stress. The aetiology of the changes is discussed.", "contents": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: clinical pathological observations. Twenty-eight Friesian calves were infected between seven and 11 months of age with 5000 to 45,000 cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei. They developed anaemia, lymphopaenia and hypoalbuminaemia during the period of acute clinical illness after the infection became patent, and lymphocyte counts remained depressed after clinical recovery. Neutrophil counts rose and later fell before returning to normal. Eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinaemia were marked during the period of recovery. The changes in haemoglobin, neutrophils and serum proteins were proportional to the level of infection. The eosinophil response was reduced in animals subjected to nutritional stress. The aetiology of the changes is discussed.", "PMID": 605295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8843", "title": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: the serological response.", "content": "Thirty Friesian steers were infected with Schistosoma mattheei and the antibody response was followed for up to 76 weeks by the complement fixation (CF), indirect haemagglutination (IH) and indirect immunofluorescent (IF) tests. CF and IF antibodies rose to a peak at about 25 weeks and then fell, while IH antibodies rose more slowly and remained high. Peak IH and IF titres were proportional to the level of infection. Peak CF titres were reduced in animals on a low plane of nutrition. There was a strong cross-reaction to Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum microbothrium in the CF test while the IH and IF tests were specific. The IF test proved of value in the diagnosis of naturally occurring clinical schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: the serological response. Thirty Friesian steers were infected with Schistosoma mattheei and the antibody response was followed for up to 76 weeks by the complement fixation (CF), indirect haemagglutination (IH) and indirect immunofluorescent (IF) tests. CF and IF antibodies rose to a peak at about 25 weeks and then fell, while IH antibodies rose more slowly and remained high. Peak IH and IF titres were proportional to the level of infection. Peak CF titres were reduced in animals on a low plane of nutrition. There was a strong cross-reaction to Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum microbothrium in the CF test while the IH and IF tests were specific. The IF test proved of value in the diagnosis of naturally occurring clinical schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 605296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8844", "title": "The efficiency of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole against naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle.", "content": "In two experiments, conducted in cattle with naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi, comparative assessments were made of the anthelmintic efficiency of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole, each at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the recommended dose rate. Variable efficiencies of 81 and 49 per cent for levamisole, 86 and 56 per cent for thiabendazole were obtained against adult O ostertagi. Neither drug showed substantial activity against early fourth stage larvae. Efficiency of fenbendazole against adult O ostertagi was consistently high; 85 and 89 per cent in the two experiments respectively. In the first experiment in which cattle were slaughtered two to three days after treatment, only 22 per cent of inhibited early fourth stage larvae were removed whereas in the second experiment when slaughter took place 10--11 days after treatment, this efficiency was 89 per cent. There was no increased effect of increased dose rates on treatments with thiabendazole or fenbendazole. The activity of levamisole against adult worms and inhibited larvae was increased at twice the recommended dose rate.", "contents": "The efficiency of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole against naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. In two experiments, conducted in cattle with naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi, comparative assessments were made of the anthelmintic efficiency of levamisole, thiabendazole and fenbendazole, each at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the recommended dose rate. Variable efficiencies of 81 and 49 per cent for levamisole, 86 and 56 per cent for thiabendazole were obtained against adult O ostertagi. Neither drug showed substantial activity against early fourth stage larvae. Efficiency of fenbendazole against adult O ostertagi was consistently high; 85 and 89 per cent in the two experiments respectively. In the first experiment in which cattle were slaughtered two to three days after treatment, only 22 per cent of inhibited early fourth stage larvae were removed whereas in the second experiment when slaughter took place 10--11 days after treatment, this efficiency was 89 per cent. There was no increased effect of increased dose rates on treatments with thiabendazole or fenbendazole. The activity of levamisole against adult worms and inhibited larvae was increased at twice the recommended dose rate.", "PMID": 605297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8845", "title": "Biochemical and biological studies on the lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides nodosus.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from three Bacteroides nodosus isolates by the aqueous phenol method and purified by ultracentrifugation. The structure of B nodosus LPS appears to be similar to enterobacterial LPS, with the polysaccharide component joined to the lipid A moiety through an acid-labile 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) linkage. B nodosus LPS contained glucose, galactose, hexosamine, KDO and heptose and no sugars apart from ribose, which was possibly a nucleic acid contaminant, were unique to any of the isolates. Electron microscopic examination indicated a similar morphology to LPS derived from other Gram-negative bacteria. B nodosus LPS was found to exhibit biological properties characteristic of endotoxins, such as pyrogenicity, leucopenic and leucocytotic activity, production of the primary inflammatory response in rabbit skin and Shwartzman reactivity. However, the toxicity of B nodosus LPS was low.", "contents": "Biochemical and biological studies on the lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides nodosus. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from three Bacteroides nodosus isolates by the aqueous phenol method and purified by ultracentrifugation. The structure of B nodosus LPS appears to be similar to enterobacterial LPS, with the polysaccharide component joined to the lipid A moiety through an acid-labile 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) linkage. B nodosus LPS contained glucose, galactose, hexosamine, KDO and heptose and no sugars apart from ribose, which was possibly a nucleic acid contaminant, were unique to any of the isolates. Electron microscopic examination indicated a similar morphology to LPS derived from other Gram-negative bacteria. B nodosus LPS was found to exhibit biological properties characteristic of endotoxins, such as pyrogenicity, leucopenic and leucocytotic activity, production of the primary inflammatory response in rabbit skin and Shwartzman reactivity. However, the toxicity of B nodosus LPS was low.", "PMID": 605298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8846", "title": "Enzyme activities in tissues of clinically normal Large White pigs. Variations with age and sex.", "content": "The activities of eight enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbital dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase) were determined in tissue homogenates of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, small intestine, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, from 15 Large White pigs of three different ages (1.5 weeks, 18--22 weeks and 113 weeks). The results showed that variation in tissue enzyme concentration due to differences in sex is minimal. Variation due to differences in age, however, appears to be of greater importance, particularly when considering young animals. These age differences may affect the interpretation of plasma enzyme changes due to tissue damage, and the use of additional enzyme assays as an aid to interpretation in these cases is advisable.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in tissues of clinically normal Large White pigs. Variations with age and sex. The activities of eight enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbital dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase) were determined in tissue homogenates of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, small intestine, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, from 15 Large White pigs of three different ages (1.5 weeks, 18--22 weeks and 113 weeks). The results showed that variation in tissue enzyme concentration due to differences in sex is minimal. Variation due to differences in age, however, appears to be of greater importance, particularly when considering young animals. These age differences may affect the interpretation of plasma enzyme changes due to tissue damage, and the use of additional enzyme assays as an aid to interpretation in these cases is advisable.", "PMID": 605299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8847", "title": "The blood composition of different breeds of bulls undergoing beef performance tests.", "content": "Blood samples taken on three occasions from each of 66 bulls undergoing beef performance tests were analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose, haemoglobin, serum albumin, urea nitrogen, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe and total iron binding capacity. The bulls were individually fed and situated at two centres, one accommodating Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds and the other, Hereford. Significant differences between the Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds were observed in concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, total iron binding capacity (P less than 0.001), Ca (P less than 0.01), Na and Cu (P less than 0.05). There were no significant correlations between the growth rates of individual bulls and their blood composition.", "contents": "The blood composition of different breeds of bulls undergoing beef performance tests. Blood samples taken on three occasions from each of 66 bulls undergoing beef performance tests were analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose, haemoglobin, serum albumin, urea nitrogen, total protein, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe and total iron binding capacity. The bulls were individually fed and situated at two centres, one accommodating Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds and the other, Hereford. Significant differences between the Lincoln-Red, Devon and Sussex breeds were observed in concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, total iron binding capacity (P less than 0.001), Ca (P less than 0.01), Na and Cu (P less than 0.05). There were no significant correlations between the growth rates of individual bulls and their blood composition.", "PMID": 605300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8848", "title": "Staining of glycosaminoglycans in intervertebral disc cells.", "content": "Disc material from horse, ox, sheep, pig, dog and cat was stained by the Alcian-blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique and with the standard and two-step periodic acid Schiff methods. The effects of pretreatment with hyaluronidase and with chondroitinase was also evaluated. There appears to be a small increase in total cellular glycosaminoglycan content with age in all species: cellular material of high molecular weight however only increases in aged animals. The degree of sulphation of cellular glycosaminoglycans does not vary with age or with position in the disc.", "contents": "Staining of glycosaminoglycans in intervertebral disc cells. Disc material from horse, ox, sheep, pig, dog and cat was stained by the Alcian-blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique and with the standard and two-step periodic acid Schiff methods. The effects of pretreatment with hyaluronidase and with chondroitinase was also evaluated. There appears to be a small increase in total cellular glycosaminoglycan content with age in all species: cellular material of high molecular weight however only increases in aged animals. The degree of sulphation of cellular glycosaminoglycans does not vary with age or with position in the disc.", "PMID": 605301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8849", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase reaction of canine mammary mixed tumours: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P) reactions at the light and electron microscopic levels were performed on eight canine mammary mixed tumours. In the morphologically normal gland next to the tumours, the myoepithelial cells and the stromal tissues near the acinar basement membranes both showed a positive ALK-P reaction by light microscopy. At the electron microscopic level, those parts of the myoepithelial cell membrane that were in contact with other cells--myoepithelial or lumenal epithelial--showed an ALK-P-positive reaction, as did the adjacent stromal tissue. The characteristic tumour cells, at sites of early proliferation, were ALK-P-positive, while in the mucoid and chondroid areas of the mixed tumours they were largely ALK-P-negative by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, those neoplastic cells which were in contact with other cells typically showed a positive ALK-P reaction, while those cells which were in contact with mucoid or chondroid matrix were largely negative. Although the cytoplasmic filaments of the neoplastic cells were 10 nm thick, and those of normal myoepithelial cells were 6 to 8 nm thick, the observations reported provide further evidence for the view that the essential cells of the canine mammary mixed tumour are derived from myoepithelial cells.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase reaction of canine mammary mixed tumours: a light and electron microscopic study. Alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P) reactions at the light and electron microscopic levels were performed on eight canine mammary mixed tumours. In the morphologically normal gland next to the tumours, the myoepithelial cells and the stromal tissues near the acinar basement membranes both showed a positive ALK-P reaction by light microscopy. At the electron microscopic level, those parts of the myoepithelial cell membrane that were in contact with other cells--myoepithelial or lumenal epithelial--showed an ALK-P-positive reaction, as did the adjacent stromal tissue. The characteristic tumour cells, at sites of early proliferation, were ALK-P-positive, while in the mucoid and chondroid areas of the mixed tumours they were largely ALK-P-negative by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, those neoplastic cells which were in contact with other cells typically showed a positive ALK-P reaction, while those cells which were in contact with mucoid or chondroid matrix were largely negative. Although the cytoplasmic filaments of the neoplastic cells were 10 nm thick, and those of normal myoepithelial cells were 6 to 8 nm thick, the observations reported provide further evidence for the view that the essential cells of the canine mammary mixed tumour are derived from myoepithelial cells.", "PMID": 605302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8850", "title": "Vaccination of lambs against Taenia ovis infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated ewes and the duration of immunity from a single vaccination.", "content": "Fifty Merino-cross ewes were vaccinated approximately four weeks before parturition with antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of Taenia ovis larvae. A further 50 pregnant ewes were sham-vaccinated at the same time. When the first 20 lambs from each group of ewes were one to two weeks old they were placed, with the ewes, on an experimental paddock heavily contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and their total carcase musculature and hearts examined for cysticerci. The results showed that the ewes vaccinated in late pregnancy had conferred a very high degree of transcolostral immunity upon their lambs against the T ovis challenge infection. Eighty T ovis-free Merino-cross weaner lambs, four months old, were divided into two groups of 40. One group was vaccinated with T ovis culture antigens and the other group was sham-vaccinated. At intervals of one, four, eight and 12 months after vaccination 10 lambs from each group were allowed to graze on the plot contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and examined for cysticerci of T ovis. The results indicated that the single vaccination had stimulated a high level of immunity which persisted for at least 12 months.", "contents": "Vaccination of lambs against Taenia ovis infection using antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of larvae: passive protection via colostrum from vaccinated ewes and the duration of immunity from a single vaccination. Fifty Merino-cross ewes were vaccinated approximately four weeks before parturition with antigens collected during in vitro cultivation of Taenia ovis larvae. A further 50 pregnant ewes were sham-vaccinated at the same time. When the first 20 lambs from each group of ewes were one to two weeks old they were placed, with the ewes, on an experimental paddock heavily contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and their total carcase musculature and hearts examined for cysticerci. The results showed that the ewes vaccinated in late pregnancy had conferred a very high degree of transcolostral immunity upon their lambs against the T ovis challenge infection. Eighty T ovis-free Merino-cross weaner lambs, four months old, were divided into two groups of 40. One group was vaccinated with T ovis culture antigens and the other group was sham-vaccinated. At intervals of one, four, eight and 12 months after vaccination 10 lambs from each group were allowed to graze on the plot contaminated with T ovis eggs. After six weeks the lambs were killed and examined for cysticerci of T ovis. The results indicated that the single vaccination had stimulated a high level of immunity which persisted for at least 12 months.", "PMID": 605303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8851", "title": "Anaesthetic and surgical technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in stress sensitive pigs.", "content": "A technique for anaesthesia of Pietrain pigs using thiopentone or ketamine, ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen and muscle relaxation with pancuronium, is described. Bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out by a mid line laparotomy and details of the surgical technique are illustrated. Four of the 10 animals died 7--13 hours after surgery with a hyperthermic response.", "contents": "Anaesthetic and surgical technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in stress sensitive pigs. A technique for anaesthesia of Pietrain pigs using thiopentone or ketamine, ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen and muscle relaxation with pancuronium, is described. Bilateral adrenalectomy was carried out by a mid line laparotomy and details of the surgical technique are illustrated. Four of the 10 animals died 7--13 hours after surgery with a hyperthermic response.", "PMID": 605304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8852", "title": "The surface antigens of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis.", "content": "Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis is the vibrio associated with a group of porcine enteropathies in which it is believed the primary lesion is that of adenomatosis. The surface antigens of mucosalis were investigated and individual factor sera were produced; these were used to examine a range of field strains from adenomatosis, necrotic enteritis, regional ileitis and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy. Neither these not sequential isolants from the same farm showed any distinctive antigenic pattern and it is suggested that changes in the surface antigens take place during the intracellular existence of the organism.", "contents": "The surface antigens of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis. Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis is the vibrio associated with a group of porcine enteropathies in which it is believed the primary lesion is that of adenomatosis. The surface antigens of mucosalis were investigated and individual factor sera were produced; these were used to examine a range of field strains from adenomatosis, necrotic enteritis, regional ileitis and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy. Neither these not sequential isolants from the same farm showed any distinctive antigenic pattern and it is suggested that changes in the surface antigens take place during the intracellular existence of the organism.", "PMID": 605305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8853", "title": "The anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole in the control of Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis in sheep.", "content": "The anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenyl-thio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) against Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis was tested. At dose rates of 5 mg per kg and above, efficacies were found to be greater than 91 percent against M expansa and greater than 92 per cent against T ovis. At these dose rates efficacy on egg suppression was 100 per cent for Moniezia and greater than 97 per cent for Trichuris.", "contents": "The anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole in the control of Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis in sheep. The anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenyl-thio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) against Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis was tested. At dose rates of 5 mg per kg and above, efficacies were found to be greater than 91 percent against M expansa and greater than 92 per cent against T ovis. At these dose rates efficacy on egg suppression was 100 per cent for Moniezia and greater than 97 per cent for Trichuris.", "PMID": 605306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8854", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in tropical theileriasis (Theileria annulata infection).", "content": "Migration of peripheral leucocytes collected from Theileria annulata carrier cattle was inhibited in the presence of piroplasmal antigen. The degree of inhibition was antigen density dependent. The same antigen did not inhibit migration of leucocytes obtained from clean animals, raised under tick-free conditions. The carrier animals exhibited typical skin sensitivity reaction on intradermal inocluation of the piroplasmal antigen. The known negative animals failed to evince a similar reaction.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in tropical theileriasis (Theileria annulata infection). Migration of peripheral leucocytes collected from Theileria annulata carrier cattle was inhibited in the presence of piroplasmal antigen. The degree of inhibition was antigen density dependent. The same antigen did not inhibit migration of leucocytes obtained from clean animals, raised under tick-free conditions. The carrier animals exhibited typical skin sensitivity reaction on intradermal inocluation of the piroplasmal antigen. The known negative animals failed to evince a similar reaction.", "PMID": 605307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8855", "title": "Variation in the phosphorus content of bone samples obtained from the last three ribs of cattle.", "content": "Variation in the phosphorus content and specific gravity of bone samples taken from the 11th, 12th and 13th ribs of cattle was examined in relation to the selection of a site for the acquisition of such samples by biopsy, in experiments where changes in skeletal phosphorus storage required to be monitored. The degree of mineralisation of the 11th rib was significantly higher than that of the 12th, which in turn was greater than that of the 13th. It was concluded that valid comparisons may be made between bone samples obtained during an experimental regime, provided they are taken from the same numbered rib; it is recommended that the 13th rib be avoided in such studies.", "contents": "Variation in the phosphorus content of bone samples obtained from the last three ribs of cattle. Variation in the phosphorus content and specific gravity of bone samples taken from the 11th, 12th and 13th ribs of cattle was examined in relation to the selection of a site for the acquisition of such samples by biopsy, in experiments where changes in skeletal phosphorus storage required to be monitored. The degree of mineralisation of the 11th rib was significantly higher than that of the 12th, which in turn was greater than that of the 13th. It was concluded that valid comparisons may be made between bone samples obtained during an experimental regime, provided they are taken from the same numbered rib; it is recommended that the 13th rib be avoided in such studies.", "PMID": 605308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8856", "title": "HLA antigens in different age groups.", "content": "HLA typing was performed for 17 antigens on cells from 189 unrelated, normal white Caucasians. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in distributions of different markers were found among the age groups. There does not seem to be a relation between heterozygosity at HLA-A and HLA-B loci and survival until old age.", "contents": "HLA antigens in different age groups. HLA typing was performed for 17 antigens on cells from 189 unrelated, normal white Caucasians. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in distributions of different markers were found among the age groups. There does not seem to be a relation between heterozygosity at HLA-A and HLA-B loci and survival until old age.", "PMID": 605338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8857", "title": "Partial trisomy 3q in a newborn female.", "content": "Partial trisomy 3q was observed in a newborn female with multiple malformations, who died in the first month of life. A balanced translocation t(3q--;15p+) was present in the mother and in other family members. The correlation between the cytogenetical and the clinical aspects is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 3q in a newborn female. Partial trisomy 3q was observed in a newborn female with multiple malformations, who died in the first month of life. A balanced translocation t(3q--;15p+) was present in the mother and in other family members. The correlation between the cytogenetical and the clinical aspects is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 605339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8858", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of podocytes of the renal glomerulus of rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis.", "content": "Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was produced in rats by intraperitoneal injections of rabbit nephrotoxic serum. Heterologous and autologous phases of nephritis were demonstrated by immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the surface of the podocytes, swelling of the arm-like cytoplasmic processes, and disappearance of the pedicles. The podocyte alterations are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of podocytes of the renal glomerulus of rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was produced in rats by intraperitoneal injections of rabbit nephrotoxic serum. Heterologous and autologous phases of nephritis were demonstrated by immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the surface of the podocytes, swelling of the arm-like cytoplasmic processes, and disappearance of the pedicles. The podocyte alterations are discussed.", "PMID": 605340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8859", "title": "133Xe regional lung perfusion and ventilation study with the computer-assisted gamma-camera.", "content": "A new method of studying regional lung functions using 133Xe and the computer-assisted scintillation camera is described. The method and the computer processing give details of the distribution of 133Xe during perfusion and ventilation and also measures of lung function. Some cases are described in detail, and the clinical significance of the method was confirmed in 45 cases.", "contents": "133Xe regional lung perfusion and ventilation study with the computer-assisted gamma-camera. A new method of studying regional lung functions using 133Xe and the computer-assisted scintillation camera is described. The method and the computer processing give details of the distribution of 133Xe during perfusion and ventilation and also measures of lung function. Some cases are described in detail, and the clinical significance of the method was confirmed in 45 cases.", "PMID": 605341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8860", "title": "201Tl for the differential diagnosis of cold thyroid nodules.", "content": "We used 201Tl-chloride for studying and differentiating thyroid areas shown to be 'cold' in previous 131I or 99mTc scanning. We investigated sixteen thyroid neoplasms that were removed surgically shortly afterwards. We found an intense intranodular accumulation of 301T1 in five scintigraphs shown to be of histologically malignant neoplasms, and an intense accumulation also in one of those shown to be histologically benign. We did not detect any 201Tl-chloride accumulation in two cases of thyroiditis; one of these had shown an intense accumulation in a previous 131Cs scintigram.", "contents": "201Tl for the differential diagnosis of cold thyroid nodules. We used 201Tl-chloride for studying and differentiating thyroid areas shown to be 'cold' in previous 131I or 99mTc scanning. We investigated sixteen thyroid neoplasms that were removed surgically shortly afterwards. We found an intense intranodular accumulation of 301T1 in five scintigraphs shown to be of histologically malignant neoplasms, and an intense accumulation also in one of those shown to be histologically benign. We did not detect any 201Tl-chloride accumulation in two cases of thyroiditis; one of these had shown an intense accumulation in a previous 131Cs scintigram.", "PMID": 605342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8861", "title": "Excretion of metroindazole in human bile. Investigations of hepatic bile, common duct bile, and gallbladder bile.", "content": "Excretion of metronidazole (MNZ) in the normal and in the diseased biliary tract was investigated in 58 patients after oral or intravenous administration of MNZ. After oral administration MNZ appeared rapidly in hepatic bile, and throughout the period of absorption and elimination almost identical concentrations of MNZ were found in serum and hepatic bile. After intravenous administration no significant differences were found between concentrations of MNZ in common duct bile and serum in the non-obstructed common duct; in common duct obstruction, concentrations of MNZ in common duct bile were 56--99 per cent of corresponding concentrations in serum. MNZ was concentrated in normal gallbladders. In patients with gallbladder stones and preserved function of the gallbladder and in patients with no function of the gallbladder but a patent cystic duct, no significant differences were found between concentrations of MNZ in gallbladder bile, common duct bile, and serum. In most gallbladders with the cystic duct blocked by a stone, no MNZ was found in gallbladder bile.", "contents": "Excretion of metroindazole in human bile. Investigations of hepatic bile, common duct bile, and gallbladder bile. Excretion of metronidazole (MNZ) in the normal and in the diseased biliary tract was investigated in 58 patients after oral or intravenous administration of MNZ. After oral administration MNZ appeared rapidly in hepatic bile, and throughout the period of absorption and elimination almost identical concentrations of MNZ were found in serum and hepatic bile. After intravenous administration no significant differences were found between concentrations of MNZ in common duct bile and serum in the non-obstructed common duct; in common duct obstruction, concentrations of MNZ in common duct bile were 56--99 per cent of corresponding concentrations in serum. MNZ was concentrated in normal gallbladders. In patients with gallbladder stones and preserved function of the gallbladder and in patients with no function of the gallbladder but a patent cystic duct, no significant differences were found between concentrations of MNZ in gallbladder bile, common duct bile, and serum. In most gallbladders with the cystic duct blocked by a stone, no MNZ was found in gallbladder bile.", "PMID": 605347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8862", "title": "Paracortical activity of the regional lymph nodes as a prognostic determinant in gastric carcinoma.", "content": "One hundred and thirty eight gastric carcinomas were assessed histologically with special attention focused on the nuclear grade of the tumor, the stromal lymphocyte reaction, and the morphology of the paracortical areas of the regional lymph nodes. Nuclear grade of the carcinoma was closely correlated with the 5-year survival rate of the patient, but no favorable prognostic influence could be attributed to the stromal lymphocyte reaction. The activity of the regional lymph node paracortex was directly positively correlated with the survival and inversely related to the appearance of the nodal metastases which were ominous prognostic signs. The value of the morphology of the regional lymph node paracortex in assessing the criteria of host resistance in association with gastric carcinoma is emphasized.", "contents": "Paracortical activity of the regional lymph nodes as a prognostic determinant in gastric carcinoma. One hundred and thirty eight gastric carcinomas were assessed histologically with special attention focused on the nuclear grade of the tumor, the stromal lymphocyte reaction, and the morphology of the paracortical areas of the regional lymph nodes. Nuclear grade of the carcinoma was closely correlated with the 5-year survival rate of the patient, but no favorable prognostic influence could be attributed to the stromal lymphocyte reaction. The activity of the regional lymph node paracortex was directly positively correlated with the survival and inversely related to the appearance of the nodal metastases which were ominous prognostic signs. The value of the morphology of the regional lymph node paracortex in assessing the criteria of host resistance in association with gastric carcinoma is emphasized.", "PMID": 605348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8863", "title": "Morphology of the regional lymph nodes of gastric carcinoma and ulcer of the stomach in relation to immunological function.", "content": "One hundred regional lymph nodes from 55 patients with gastric carcinoma and the same number of regional nodes from 51 patients with ulcer of the stomach were evaluated histologically by using the standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. (9). A special attention was focused on the immunological response in these nodes. The cellular elements of the antibody-response were found to be active more often in the ulcer-series than in the cancer-series. On the other hand, the elements of the cell-mediated immune system were depressed more often in the nodes of the carcinoma-patients. The significance of the different immune response evoked by these two diseases is discussed, and the applicability of the standardized reporting system used is emphasized.", "contents": "Morphology of the regional lymph nodes of gastric carcinoma and ulcer of the stomach in relation to immunological function. One hundred regional lymph nodes from 55 patients with gastric carcinoma and the same number of regional nodes from 51 patients with ulcer of the stomach were evaluated histologically by using the standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. (9). A special attention was focused on the immunological response in these nodes. The cellular elements of the antibody-response were found to be active more often in the ulcer-series than in the cancer-series. On the other hand, the elements of the cell-mediated immune system were depressed more often in the nodes of the carcinoma-patients. The significance of the different immune response evoked by these two diseases is discussed, and the applicability of the standardized reporting system used is emphasized.", "PMID": 605349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8864", "title": "Coeliac disease diagnosed by means of duodenoscopy and endoscopic duodenal biopsy.", "content": "Nineteen patients with suspected coeliac disease were examined by duodenoscopy and biopsy. In all patients a histopathology consistent with coeliac disease was demonstrated in endoscopic biopsies of the duodenal mucosa. On close-up view villous atrophy was seen in vivo. Fourteen patients were re-examined on a gluten-free diet. In 13 patients a restitution of the duodenal mucosa was shown. Duodenoscopy combined with biopsy seems to be a reliable method for the assessment of the mucosal change in coeliac disease.", "contents": "Coeliac disease diagnosed by means of duodenoscopy and endoscopic duodenal biopsy. Nineteen patients with suspected coeliac disease were examined by duodenoscopy and biopsy. In all patients a histopathology consistent with coeliac disease was demonstrated in endoscopic biopsies of the duodenal mucosa. On close-up view villous atrophy was seen in vivo. Fourteen patients were re-examined on a gluten-free diet. In 13 patients a restitution of the duodenal mucosa was shown. Duodenoscopy combined with biopsy seems to be a reliable method for the assessment of the mucosal change in coeliac disease.", "PMID": 605350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8865", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B virus antigens in acute and chronic liver disease.", "content": "The humoral immune response to hepatitis B virus antigens and the cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were investigated in 12 healthy persons and 56 patients with various liver diseases. In patients with acute viral hepatitis type B, anti-hepatitis B core antigen was present constantly in serum in all phases, and after clinical recovery simultaneously with anti-HBs. A transitory cellular immune response to HBsAg was demonstrated at the time the antigen was cleared, while a patient with persisting HBs antigenaemia and another with transient hepatitis Bc antigen showed no response during the course of the disease. Cellular immune response to HBsAg was present only infrequently in patients with chronic liver disease type B and non-B, thus suggesting that a cellular immunity to HBsAg is not a prerequisite for the development of these conditions.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B virus antigens in acute and chronic liver disease. The humoral immune response to hepatitis B virus antigens and the cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were investigated in 12 healthy persons and 56 patients with various liver diseases. In patients with acute viral hepatitis type B, anti-hepatitis B core antigen was present constantly in serum in all phases, and after clinical recovery simultaneously with anti-HBs. A transitory cellular immune response to HBsAg was demonstrated at the time the antigen was cleared, while a patient with persisting HBs antigenaemia and another with transient hepatitis Bc antigen showed no response during the course of the disease. Cellular immune response to HBsAg was present only infrequently in patients with chronic liver disease type B and non-B, thus suggesting that a cellular immunity to HBsAg is not a prerequisite for the development of these conditions.", "PMID": 605351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8866", "title": "Crohn's disease. A long-term study of the clinical course in 186 patients.", "content": "A series of 186 patients with Crohn's disease treated during the period 1956--1968 was followed up. During the follow-up period about 95% of the patients had undergone resection or by-pass surgery. The patients operated on between 1956--1968 were followed up with reference to recurrence rate. The mean observation time was 10.5 years. The recurrence rate after resection was 51%. \"Radical\" resection gave 29% recurrences. \"Non-radical\" resection gave 84% recurrences. Patients who had undergone a primary \"radical\" resection needed fewer re-operations, had fewer recurrences and a better \"quality of life\" than patients with a \"non-radical\" first operation. The total mortality in operations or due to complications of Crohn's disease in the series was 5.4%. The mortality in connection with operations was 3.4%. The general health of the patients examined in 1975 (165 patients) was estimated; 87% were in very good general health, 9.1% had moderate subjective symptoms, and 3.6% had pronounced subjective symptoms.", "contents": "Crohn's disease. A long-term study of the clinical course in 186 patients. A series of 186 patients with Crohn's disease treated during the period 1956--1968 was followed up. During the follow-up period about 95% of the patients had undergone resection or by-pass surgery. The patients operated on between 1956--1968 were followed up with reference to recurrence rate. The mean observation time was 10.5 years. The recurrence rate after resection was 51%. \"Radical\" resection gave 29% recurrences. \"Non-radical\" resection gave 84% recurrences. Patients who had undergone a primary \"radical\" resection needed fewer re-operations, had fewer recurrences and a better \"quality of life\" than patients with a \"non-radical\" first operation. The total mortality in operations or due to complications of Crohn's disease in the series was 5.4%. The mortality in connection with operations was 3.4%. The general health of the patients examined in 1975 (165 patients) was estimated; 87% were in very good general health, 9.1% had moderate subjective symptoms, and 3.6% had pronounced subjective symptoms.", "PMID": 605353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8867", "title": "Leucocyte migration test with autologous colonic mucosa as antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) was applied in a study of the migration of peripheral leucocytes in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis using three different autologous types of tissue as antigen: rectal mucosa, skin and buccal mucosa. In all cases the migration indices were within normal limits, and they did not differ from a group of control patients suffering from peptic ulcer, irritable colon or haemorrhoidal tumours. The present study does not support the theory of cellular hypersensitivity against colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration test with autologous colonic mucosa as antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis. The leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) was applied in a study of the migration of peripheral leucocytes in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis using three different autologous types of tissue as antigen: rectal mucosa, skin and buccal mucosa. In all cases the migration indices were within normal limits, and they did not differ from a group of control patients suffering from peptic ulcer, irritable colon or haemorrhoidal tumours. The present study does not support the theory of cellular hypersensitivity against colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 605354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8868", "title": "Maximum acid output in duodenal ulcer patients with different length of history and controls without dyspepsia.", "content": "Recent studies suggest a normal maximum acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients with a history of less than three years, but an increase of secretion in those with longer history. The validity of this hypothesis was investigated in groups of patients with operatively verified duodenal ulcer and history for less than 3, 3--6, and 7--10 years. Each group, including 21 men and nine women, was compared to two male and one female group of age-matched controls without dyspepsia. In smaller groups of 16 men it was possible to compare age-matched groups from a population of 376 men with histories for up to 22 years. Finally, 11 men with an ulcer history of less than one year were compared to 11 controls. All subjects had measurements of MAO by the augmented histamine test. MAO was significantly higher in patients with a history less than one year and less than three years, respectively, compared to controls. After correction of MAO for weight or lean body mass the difference remained significant in men, but not in the smaller groups of women. MAO in men with a history of from less than three up to 22 years did not show any maximum. Thus, the study did not support the assumption that gastric hypersecretion is a result of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Maximum acid output in duodenal ulcer patients with different length of history and controls without dyspepsia. Recent studies suggest a normal maximum acid secretion in duodenal ulcer patients with a history of less than three years, but an increase of secretion in those with longer history. The validity of this hypothesis was investigated in groups of patients with operatively verified duodenal ulcer and history for less than 3, 3--6, and 7--10 years. Each group, including 21 men and nine women, was compared to two male and one female group of age-matched controls without dyspepsia. In smaller groups of 16 men it was possible to compare age-matched groups from a population of 376 men with histories for up to 22 years. Finally, 11 men with an ulcer history of less than one year were compared to 11 controls. All subjects had measurements of MAO by the augmented histamine test. MAO was significantly higher in patients with a history less than one year and less than three years, respectively, compared to controls. After correction of MAO for weight or lean body mass the difference remained significant in men, but not in the smaller groups of women. MAO in men with a history of from less than three up to 22 years did not show any maximum. Thus, the study did not support the assumption that gastric hypersecretion is a result of duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 605355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8869", "title": "Influence of food on the effect of propantheline and L-hyoscyamine on salivation.", "content": "The absorption of a quartenary (propantheline, 30 mg) and a tetiary (1-hyoscyamine, 0.8 mg) anticholinergic compound was studied in 8 healthy volunteers by measuring the effects on salivation. Both compounds were administered as rapidly disintegrating tablets, 1-hyoscyamine also in a slow-release formulation (Egazil Durules). The three preparations and placebo were administered under fasting conditions and with a standardized light meal using a randomized cross-over design. Salivation measurement were performed with a citric acid stimulation method every hour for 10 hours. In the fasting patient, all three anticholinergic test preparations decreased the salivation significantly. When taken with food, the effect of propantheline was almost abolished, while the effects of the 1-hyoscyamine preparations were uninfluenced. It was concluded that the clinical effects of proprantheline might be extremely varying depending how the drug is taken in relation to meals. In contrast the clinical effects of 1-hyoscyamine seem to be independent of food intake.", "contents": "Influence of food on the effect of propantheline and L-hyoscyamine on salivation. The absorption of a quartenary (propantheline, 30 mg) and a tetiary (1-hyoscyamine, 0.8 mg) anticholinergic compound was studied in 8 healthy volunteers by measuring the effects on salivation. Both compounds were administered as rapidly disintegrating tablets, 1-hyoscyamine also in a slow-release formulation (Egazil Durules). The three preparations and placebo were administered under fasting conditions and with a standardized light meal using a randomized cross-over design. Salivation measurement were performed with a citric acid stimulation method every hour for 10 hours. In the fasting patient, all three anticholinergic test preparations decreased the salivation significantly. When taken with food, the effect of propantheline was almost abolished, while the effects of the 1-hyoscyamine preparations were uninfluenced. It was concluded that the clinical effects of proprantheline might be extremely varying depending how the drug is taken in relation to meals. In contrast the clinical effects of 1-hyoscyamine seem to be independent of food intake.", "PMID": 605356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8870", "title": "Bacterial flora of the small intestine and bile acid metabolism in patients with hepatico-jejunostomy Roux-en-Y.", "content": "Duodenal and jejunal bacterial flora and bile acid metabolism were investigated in 14 patients with hepatico-jejunostomy Roux-en-Y. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a glove-box with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on evacuation of atmospheric air from transport-tubes and transport-time less than 30 minutes. Bile acid metabolism was evaluated from concentrations of toal bile acids and deconjugated bile acids, glycine/taurine ratio and breath test. In 92 per cent of the patients an abnormal flora-containing anaerobic and/or aerobic bacteria was found in the most proximal part of the jejunum at the site of the entero-entero anastomosis (cf. Fig. 1 and Table 1). Total bile acid concentrations were low in half of the patients, whereas deconjugated bile acids or elevated glycine/taurine ratio was found in one patient only (cf. Table II). An abnormal breath test was found in 5 patients, but without any clear correlation between the breath test and the bacterial flora.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the small intestine and bile acid metabolism in patients with hepatico-jejunostomy Roux-en-Y. Duodenal and jejunal bacterial flora and bile acid metabolism were investigated in 14 patients with hepatico-jejunostomy Roux-en-Y. Anaerobic culture procedures were based on the use of a glove-box with an oxygen-free atmosphere and pre-reduced, anaerobically sterilized media. Anaerobic transport was based on evacuation of atmospheric air from transport-tubes and transport-time less than 30 minutes. Bile acid metabolism was evaluated from concentrations of toal bile acids and deconjugated bile acids, glycine/taurine ratio and breath test. In 92 per cent of the patients an abnormal flora-containing anaerobic and/or aerobic bacteria was found in the most proximal part of the jejunum at the site of the entero-entero anastomosis (cf. Fig. 1 and Table 1). Total bile acid concentrations were low in half of the patients, whereas deconjugated bile acids or elevated glycine/taurine ratio was found in one patient only (cf. Table II). An abnormal breath test was found in 5 patients, but without any clear correlation between the breath test and the bacterial flora.", "PMID": 605357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8871", "title": "Gastric emptying after different surgical procedures for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastric emptying has been studied in patients operated upon for duodenal ulcer by either 1) parietal cell vagotomy without or 2) with pyloroplasty, 3) truncal vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty or 4) antral resection, 5) gastric resection a.m. Billroth I or 6) Billroth II. Isotonic saline and 10% glucose solution have been used as test meals. Volumes of meal remaining 10 and 30 minutes after the instillations of the saline and the glucose meal respectively have been estimated. After parietal cell vagotomy without pylorplasty (PCV) the gastric emptying rate of 10% glucose solution was significantly faster than in unoperated duodenal ulcer patients. After all the other surgical procedures the gastric emptying rate of saline as well as of glucose solution was in turns significantly faster than after PCV. These results indicate the importance of the antrum-pyloric region for the control of gastric emptying rate of isotonic saline and hyperosmolar glucose solution.", "contents": "Gastric emptying after different surgical procedures for duodenal ulcer. Gastric emptying has been studied in patients operated upon for duodenal ulcer by either 1) parietal cell vagotomy without or 2) with pyloroplasty, 3) truncal vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty or 4) antral resection, 5) gastric resection a.m. Billroth I or 6) Billroth II. Isotonic saline and 10% glucose solution have been used as test meals. Volumes of meal remaining 10 and 30 minutes after the instillations of the saline and the glucose meal respectively have been estimated. After parietal cell vagotomy without pylorplasty (PCV) the gastric emptying rate of 10% glucose solution was significantly faster than in unoperated duodenal ulcer patients. After all the other surgical procedures the gastric emptying rate of saline as well as of glucose solution was in turns significantly faster than after PCV. These results indicate the importance of the antrum-pyloric region for the control of gastric emptying rate of isotonic saline and hyperosmolar glucose solution.", "PMID": 605358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8872", "title": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide on small bowel propulsion in the rat.", "content": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the newly discovered pancreatic polypeptide (PP), both having been proposed as pathogenetic factors in the watery diarrhea syndrome (WDRA), were intravenously infused into rats in order to study the effect on small bowel propulsion. Simultaneously with the infusion of hormone, radioactive test substance was continuously infused into the duodenum of the conscious animal through a permanent catheter. By recording the distribution of radioactivity along the excised gastrointestinal tract, analyses of small bowel propulsion were possible. After infusion of VIP small bowel transit time was significantly prolonged, and the local propagation velocity was retarded both in the proximal and the distal part of the small bowel. PP did not alter small bowel populations. The heavily retarded transport rate after VIP is a propulsive dysfunction and not inconsistent with the clinical sign of diarrhea.", "contents": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide on small bowel propulsion in the rat. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the newly discovered pancreatic polypeptide (PP), both having been proposed as pathogenetic factors in the watery diarrhea syndrome (WDRA), were intravenously infused into rats in order to study the effect on small bowel propulsion. Simultaneously with the infusion of hormone, radioactive test substance was continuously infused into the duodenum of the conscious animal through a permanent catheter. By recording the distribution of radioactivity along the excised gastrointestinal tract, analyses of small bowel propulsion were possible. After infusion of VIP small bowel transit time was significantly prolonged, and the local propagation velocity was retarded both in the proximal and the distal part of the small bowel. PP did not alter small bowel populations. The heavily retarded transport rate after VIP is a propulsive dysfunction and not inconsistent with the clinical sign of diarrhea.", "PMID": 605359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8873", "title": "In vitro effects of gastrin on the movement of electrolytes across the human colon.", "content": "Using an in vitro system, the effect of gastrin on the colonic handling of water and electrolytes has been investigated. Gastrin converted the normal mucosal absorption of water and sodium into a net secretion. The colonic response to gastrin was done-related with respect to sodium, and the effects were greater when it was added to the serosal side. The potassium handling of the isolated colonic mucosa was not altered by gastrin. At a concentration of 800pg/ml, gastrin signficantly reduced the normal movement of sodium from mucosa to serosa (absorption) but  significantly increased serosal to mucosal movement (secretion). This alteration in the bidirectional flux of ions under the influence of gastrin may be clinically important and could account in partt for the diarrhoea associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "In vitro effects of gastrin on the movement of electrolytes across the human colon. Using an in vitro system, the effect of gastrin on the colonic handling of water and electrolytes has been investigated. Gastrin converted the normal mucosal absorption of water and sodium into a net secretion. The colonic response to gastrin was done-related with respect to sodium, and the effects were greater when it was added to the serosal side. The potassium handling of the isolated colonic mucosa was not altered by gastrin. At a concentration of 800pg/ml, gastrin signficantly reduced the normal movement of sodium from mucosa to serosa (absorption) but  significantly increased serosal to mucosal movement (secretion). This alteration in the bidirectional flux of ions under the influence of gastrin may be clinically important and could account in partt for the diarrhoea associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 605360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8874", "title": "Increased sensitivity of lymphocytes from atopic individuals to histamine-induced suppression.", "content": "Histamine depressed lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin and, to a lesser degree, concanavalin A, when administered simultaneously with mitogen to lymphocyte cultures. Addition of histamine at later times to the cultures appeared to have a slightly enhancing effect on the lymphocyte response. Stimulation of lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen was in some cases enhanced, even by high concentrations of histamine. Lymphocytes from atopic individuals were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of histamine than lymphocytes from nonatopic individuals. The sensitivity appeared age-dependent, but within each age group histamine evoked significantly more suppression on lymphocytes from atopic than from nonatopic individuals. The possibility that the altered reactivity of lymphocytes to histamine, which appears to be associated with atopic allergy, is of pathogenic importance, is discussed, and a hypothesis for the development of atopic disease is proposed.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of lymphocytes from atopic individuals to histamine-induced suppression. Histamine depressed lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin and, to a lesser degree, concanavalin A, when administered simultaneously with mitogen to lymphocyte cultures. Addition of histamine at later times to the cultures appeared to have a slightly enhancing effect on the lymphocyte response. Stimulation of lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen was in some cases enhanced, even by high concentrations of histamine. Lymphocytes from atopic individuals were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of histamine than lymphocytes from nonatopic individuals. The sensitivity appeared age-dependent, but within each age group histamine evoked significantly more suppression on lymphocytes from atopic than from nonatopic individuals. The possibility that the altered reactivity of lymphocytes to histamine, which appears to be associated with atopic allergy, is of pathogenic importance, is discussed, and a hypothesis for the development of atopic disease is proposed.", "PMID": 605361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8875", "title": "A survey for circulating immune complexes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Use of a C1q-binding assay with soluble protein A as indicator.", "content": "A new assay for the detection of circulating C1q-binding immune complexes (IC) is described. The assay makes use of solid-phase C1q and iodinated soluble protein A, extracted from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. In a model system the assay could detect heat-aggregated IgG down to a concentration of about 50 ng/ml. This method and three other assays, previously described, were used to survey the appearance of IC activity in sera from hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. Depending on the assay system used, from 56% to 66% of the patients investigated were found to develop circulating IC. The earliest appearance of circulating IC was noted 5 days after infarction. The highest incidence of positive reactions and the strongest reactions occurred 2 to 3 weeks after hospitalization; thereafter the IC positiveness tapered off, and all patients were negative 6 weeks after infarction.", "contents": "A survey for circulating immune complexes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Use of a C1q-binding assay with soluble protein A as indicator. A new assay for the detection of circulating C1q-binding immune complexes (IC) is described. The assay makes use of solid-phase C1q and iodinated soluble protein A, extracted from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. In a model system the assay could detect heat-aggregated IgG down to a concentration of about 50 ng/ml. This method and three other assays, previously described, were used to survey the appearance of IC activity in sera from hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. Depending on the assay system used, from 56% to 66% of the patients investigated were found to develop circulating IC. The earliest appearance of circulating IC was noted 5 days after infarction. The highest incidence of positive reactions and the strongest reactions occurred 2 to 3 weeks after hospitalization; thereafter the IC positiveness tapered off, and all patients were negative 6 weeks after infarction.", "PMID": 605362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8876", "title": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by cells eluted from synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Cell suspensions containing an average of 78% lymphocytes were obtained from synovial tissues of 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 10 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. These cells were shown to mediate cytotoxicity against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes sensitized with a rabbit anti-chicken erythrocyte antiserum. Nylon column filtration of the cells increased the proportion of lymphocytes and usually also the cytotoxicity, which suggested that at least some of the effector cells were lymphocytes. The cytotoxic activity of the cells obtained from rheumatoid synovial tissue was always lower than that obtained with the patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes. No significant change in cytotoxicity of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed after these cells had been treated in the same manner as the rheumatoid synovial tissues.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by cells eluted from synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Cell suspensions containing an average of 78% lymphocytes were obtained from synovial tissues of 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 10 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. These cells were shown to mediate cytotoxicity against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes sensitized with a rabbit anti-chicken erythrocyte antiserum. Nylon column filtration of the cells increased the proportion of lymphocytes and usually also the cytotoxicity, which suggested that at least some of the effector cells were lymphocytes. The cytotoxic activity of the cells obtained from rheumatoid synovial tissue was always lower than that obtained with the patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes. No significant change in cytotoxicity of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed after these cells had been treated in the same manner as the rheumatoid synovial tissues.", "PMID": 605363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8877", "title": "A rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay method applied to quantitating C-reactive protein in pediatric sera.", "content": "A simple, rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) technique is compared with the rocket electroimmunoassay and a latex agglutination method for determination of C-reactive protein (CRP) in pediatric sera. The SIA reaction conditions are special, since the antigen is made passively available in a gel for reaction with an abundance of antibody. In the present study the antigen-antibody interaction occurs in the presence of alternating electric current. The reaction is visualized by protein staining and quantitated by comparison with simultaneously run standards. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) Spearman's coefficients of correlation between SIA and rocket results were found along with evidence of discrepancies between the methods which could be related to the heterogeneity in electric charge of the CRP molecules. In this respect some sera with negative (greater than or equal to 10 mg CRP/l) rocket results had two- to ten-fold higher SIA ratings. In contrast to the rocket method, SIA could differentiate sera that were negative and low positive in agglutination. Some discrepancies between an agglutination technique and SIA estimates were noted in low-positive sera differing in electromobility from the cathodic traveling CRP standard. Reproducibility of photometrically registered SIA was +/-16.2%; visually evaluated it was +/-9.7%. As little as 0.5 ng CRP was demonstrable in a human serum pool dilution at 0.17 mg/ml.", "contents": "A rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay method applied to quantitating C-reactive protein in pediatric sera. A simple, rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) technique is compared with the rocket electroimmunoassay and a latex agglutination method for determination of C-reactive protein (CRP) in pediatric sera. The SIA reaction conditions are special, since the antigen is made passively available in a gel for reaction with an abundance of antibody. In the present study the antigen-antibody interaction occurs in the presence of alternating electric current. The reaction is visualized by protein staining and quantitated by comparison with simultaneously run standards. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) Spearman's coefficients of correlation between SIA and rocket results were found along with evidence of discrepancies between the methods which could be related to the heterogeneity in electric charge of the CRP molecules. In this respect some sera with negative (greater than or equal to 10 mg CRP/l) rocket results had two- to ten-fold higher SIA ratings. In contrast to the rocket method, SIA could differentiate sera that were negative and low positive in agglutination. Some discrepancies between an agglutination technique and SIA estimates were noted in low-positive sera differing in electromobility from the cathodic traveling CRP standard. Reproducibility of photometrically registered SIA was +/-16.2%; visually evaluated it was +/-9.7%. As little as 0.5 ng CRP was demonstrable in a human serum pool dilution at 0.17 mg/ml.", "PMID": 605364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8878", "title": "Interaction between a synthetic polypeptide, TIGAL, and Fc receptors on non-bursa-derived chicken lymphoid cells.", "content": "Autoradiographic studies have shown that radioiodinated TIGAL binds in vitro to a small but varying fraction of lymphoid cells from bursectomized, agammaglobulinemic chickens, whereas no binding of radioiodinated TGAL or a variety of other radioiodinated antigens can be observed. The binding of [125I]TIGAL is inhibited by antigen-antibody complexes. Radioiodinated antigen-antibody complexes are bound to a similar proportion of the lymphoid cells from bursectomized chickens, and this binding is inhibited by preincubation of the cells with unlabeled TIGAL but not with TGAL. These results indicate a cross-reaction at the level of Fc receptors between determinants on TIGAL and on IgG.", "contents": "Interaction between a synthetic polypeptide, TIGAL, and Fc receptors on non-bursa-derived chicken lymphoid cells. Autoradiographic studies have shown that radioiodinated TIGAL binds in vitro to a small but varying fraction of lymphoid cells from bursectomized, agammaglobulinemic chickens, whereas no binding of radioiodinated TGAL or a variety of other radioiodinated antigens can be observed. The binding of [125I]TIGAL is inhibited by antigen-antibody complexes. Radioiodinated antigen-antibody complexes are bound to a similar proportion of the lymphoid cells from bursectomized chickens, and this binding is inhibited by preincubation of the cells with unlabeled TIGAL but not with TGAL. These results indicate a cross-reaction at the level of Fc receptors between determinants on TIGAL and on IgG.", "PMID": 605365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8879", "title": "Boosting of secretory IgA antibody responses in man by parenteral cholera vaccination.", "content": "The occurrence of specific antibodies to Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide in serum, milk, and saliva of Pakistani women from a very low socioeconomic group was studied before and after a single subcutaneous cholera vaccination. Before immunization all women had low levels of specific antibodies in serum, primarily of IgM class, and in many cases cholera IgA angibodies were found in milk and saliva as well, indicating earlier natural exposure. The vaccination consistently induced a marked rise in serum antibody titer, and notably also produced significant titer increases in 70% of the milk and in 45% of the saliva samples. Whereas the serum antibodies induced were predominantly of the IgG class, secretory IgA was responsible for most of the titer increase in the secretions. The results indicate that parenteral cholera vaccination can boost local secretory IgA antibody responses in intestinally primed individuals.", "contents": "Boosting of secretory IgA antibody responses in man by parenteral cholera vaccination. The occurrence of specific antibodies to Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide in serum, milk, and saliva of Pakistani women from a very low socioeconomic group was studied before and after a single subcutaneous cholera vaccination. Before immunization all women had low levels of specific antibodies in serum, primarily of IgM class, and in many cases cholera IgA angibodies were found in milk and saliva as well, indicating earlier natural exposure. The vaccination consistently induced a marked rise in serum antibody titer, and notably also produced significant titer increases in 70% of the milk and in 45% of the saliva samples. Whereas the serum antibodies induced were predominantly of the IgG class, secretory IgA was responsible for most of the titer increase in the secretions. The results indicate that parenteral cholera vaccination can boost local secretory IgA antibody responses in intestinally primed individuals.", "PMID": 605366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8880", "title": "Mutagen-induced diploid human lymphoblast variants containing altered hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase.", "content": "The human lymphoblast line MGL8 was treated with HAT and subsequently \"mutagenized\" with EMS (200 microgram/ml) to give 15% survival, and 6-thioguanine-resistant cells were selected by cloning in soft agarose containing the drug (1 microgram/ml). Eighteen sublines of independently derived resistant clones were isolated and studied in detail. One subline had a low residual HGPRT activity of about 1% of the parental cells. The HGPRT of this subline had a higher Km for PRPP, was more sensitive to heat, and was degraded faster by trypsin than the enzyme in extracts of MGL8 cells. This resistant subline and three others contained CRM levels of 1--38%, compared to the wild-type, so they probably represent true structural mutants of the HGPRT gene. All the variants maintained the karyotype of the parental line (46, XY, 6p-).", "contents": "Mutagen-induced diploid human lymphoblast variants containing altered hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. The human lymphoblast line MGL8 was treated with HAT and subsequently \"mutagenized\" with EMS (200 microgram/ml) to give 15% survival, and 6-thioguanine-resistant cells were selected by cloning in soft agarose containing the drug (1 microgram/ml). Eighteen sublines of independently derived resistant clones were isolated and studied in detail. One subline had a low residual HGPRT activity of about 1% of the parental cells. The HGPRT of this subline had a higher Km for PRPP, was more sensitive to heat, and was degraded faster by trypsin than the enzyme in extracts of MGL8 cells. This resistant subline and three others contained CRM levels of 1--38%, compared to the wild-type, so they probably represent true structural mutants of the HGPRT gene. All the variants maintained the karyotype of the parental line (46, XY, 6p-).", "PMID": 605378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8881", "title": "Microcarrier cell culture: new methods for research-scale application.", "content": "A positive-charge-carrying, dextran microsphere has been developed which serves as an excellent surface for the attachment and growth of anchorage-dependent cells in microcarrier culture. With standard cell culture media, saturation cell concentrations in excess of 4 X 10(6) cells/ml are routinely obtained for secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts or normal diploid human fibroblasts. The use of microcarriers reduces the time, expense, and apparatus complexity required for the routine propagation of anchorage-dependent cells.", "contents": "Microcarrier cell culture: new methods for research-scale application. A positive-charge-carrying, dextran microsphere has been developed which serves as an excellent surface for the attachment and growth of anchorage-dependent cells in microcarrier culture. With standard cell culture media, saturation cell concentrations in excess of 4 X 10(6) cells/ml are routinely obtained for secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts or normal diploid human fibroblasts. The use of microcarriers reduces the time, expense, and apparatus complexity required for the routine propagation of anchorage-dependent cells.", "PMID": 605379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8882", "title": "Segregation studies in CHO hybrid cells: I. Spontaneous and mutagen-induced segregation events of two recessive drug-resistant loci.", "content": "The process of segreation or phenotypic expression of two recessive drug-resistant loci from heterozygous Chinese hamster ovary hybrid lines is examined. The spontaneous segregation rates of phytohaemagglutinin resistance (Phar) and a temperature-dependent 8-azaguanine-resistant locus (Azarts) from heterozygous quasitetraploid lines using Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis were 5 X 10(-5) and 10(-5) events/cell/generation, respectively. In quasihexaploid lines, the latter rates increased 40- and 200-fold, respectively, and were dependent on the number of presumptive drug-sensitive allelel. The mutagens EMS, MNNG, ICR-170, ICR-191, and gamma rays significantly increased the frequency of segregation events. The mutagen-induced frequency of dominant mutations to ouabain (Ouar) and alpha-amanitin (Amar) rsistance in the same hybrid line was much lower in comparison to segregation events and was mutagen specific. The chromosome number per metaphase cell was more variable than DNA content in quasitetraploid lines. These properties of marker segregation are consistent with mechanisms of either restricted chromosome loss, rearrangement, or mutation.", "contents": "Segregation studies in CHO hybrid cells: I. Spontaneous and mutagen-induced segregation events of two recessive drug-resistant loci. The process of segreation or phenotypic expression of two recessive drug-resistant loci from heterozygous Chinese hamster ovary hybrid lines is examined. The spontaneous segregation rates of phytohaemagglutinin resistance (Phar) and a temperature-dependent 8-azaguanine-resistant locus (Azarts) from heterozygous quasitetraploid lines using Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis were 5 X 10(-5) and 10(-5) events/cell/generation, respectively. In quasihexaploid lines, the latter rates increased 40- and 200-fold, respectively, and were dependent on the number of presumptive drug-sensitive allelel. The mutagens EMS, MNNG, ICR-170, ICR-191, and gamma rays significantly increased the frequency of segregation events. The mutagen-induced frequency of dominant mutations to ouabain (Ouar) and alpha-amanitin (Amar) rsistance in the same hybrid line was much lower in comparison to segregation events and was mutagen specific. The chromosome number per metaphase cell was more variable than DNA content in quasitetraploid lines. These properties of marker segregation are consistent with mechanisms of either restricted chromosome loss, rearrangement, or mutation.", "PMID": 605380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8883", "title": "Enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase in hybrids between neuroblastoma and embryonal carcinoma.", "content": "Three independent hybrid cell lines were isolated from the fusion of clonal lines of embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma. A series of subclones was subsequently derived from the original hybrid clones. In early hybrid generations all hybrid lines showed enhancement of alkaline phosphatase activity, expressing 2--8 times the activity of the teratoma parental line. The overexpression of APase appears to take place in the stationary phase of the growth cycle. Segregation for very high levels of APase activity was observed among subclones of one hybrid line. Specific activities of the segregants ranged from 0.1 to 133. Results of heat denaturation studies are consistent with the hypothesis that it is the embryonal carcinoma APase that is being expressed in the hybrids.", "contents": "Enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase in hybrids between neuroblastoma and embryonal carcinoma. Three independent hybrid cell lines were isolated from the fusion of clonal lines of embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma. A series of subclones was subsequently derived from the original hybrid clones. In early hybrid generations all hybrid lines showed enhancement of alkaline phosphatase activity, expressing 2--8 times the activity of the teratoma parental line. The overexpression of APase appears to take place in the stationary phase of the growth cycle. Segregation for very high levels of APase activity was observed among subclones of one hybrid line. Specific activities of the segregants ranged from 0.1 to 133. Results of heat denaturation studies are consistent with the hypothesis that it is the embryonal carcinoma APase that is being expressed in the hybrids.", "PMID": 605381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8884", "title": "A procedure for the fusion of cells in suspension by means of polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The nuclei of chick and human fibroblasts are readily distinguishable in Leishman stained heterokaryons. The use of these two types of cell has allowed development of a method for fusion in suspension based on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) of MW 1000 in Dulbecco's medium containing 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).", "contents": "A procedure for the fusion of cells in suspension by means of polyethylene glycol. The nuclei of chick and human fibroblasts are readily distinguishable in Leishman stained heterokaryons. The use of these two types of cell has allowed development of a method for fusion in suspension based on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) of MW 1000 in Dulbecco's medium containing 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).", "PMID": 605382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8885", "title": "A simple method for polyethylene glycol-promoted hybridization of mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "A simple method is described for promoting the fusion of mouse myeloma cells in suspension with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000). By carefully controlling the concentraion of PEG and the time of exposure of the cells, it was possible to obtain hybridization frequencies several-hundred-fold higher than those obtained with Sendai virus.", "contents": "A simple method for polyethylene glycol-promoted hybridization of mouse myeloma cells. A simple method is described for promoting the fusion of mouse myeloma cells in suspension with polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000). By carefully controlling the concentraion of PEG and the time of exposure of the cells, it was possible to obtain hybridization frequencies several-hundred-fold higher than those obtained with Sendai virus.", "PMID": 605383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8886", "title": "Human mitochondrial thymidine kinase is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus.", "content": "The expression of human mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt TK) was investigated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 19 independent human-mouse somatic cell hybrids which allowed all human chromosomes to be analyzed. In 8 hybrid clones the presence of this enzymatic activity could be demonstrated. Human mt TK segregated concordantly with human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and human chromosome 16. Discordant segregation with all other human chromosomes was demonstrated by karyotype and isozyme analyses. These results suggest that human mt TK is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus. Thus human mt TK is genetically different from human cytosol thymidine kinase which is coded for by a gene on chromosome 17. The appearance of one heteropolymer band after electrophoretic separation of human and murine mt TK supports the notion that both enzymes have dimeric structures.", "contents": "Human mitochondrial thymidine kinase is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus. The expression of human mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt TK) was investigated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 19 independent human-mouse somatic cell hybrids which allowed all human chromosomes to be analyzed. In 8 hybrid clones the presence of this enzymatic activity could be demonstrated. Human mt TK segregated concordantly with human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and human chromosome 16. Discordant segregation with all other human chromosomes was demonstrated by karyotype and isozyme analyses. These results suggest that human mt TK is coded for by a gene on chromosome 16 of the nucleus. Thus human mt TK is genetically different from human cytosol thymidine kinase which is coded for by a gene on chromosome 17. The appearance of one heteropolymer band after electrophoretic separation of human and murine mt TK supports the notion that both enzymes have dimeric structures.", "PMID": 605384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8887", "title": "Properties of teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A series of teratocarcinoma-thymus hybrid cells (PCT hybrids), which had been shown previously to give rise to multidifferentiated tumors and hence to be pluripotent, was tested to see whether these cells resembled their embryonal carcinoma parent in other ways as well. PCT hybrid cells looked like embryonal carcinoma parent in other ways as well. PCT hybrid cells looked like embryonal carcinoma cells by phase contrast and electron microscopy, have high levels of alkaline phosphatase, and fail to express Thy 1 alloantigen (which is present on thymocyte parental cells, but not on embryonal carcinoma cells). PCT hybrids do, however, exhibit H2 antigens, which are present only at very low levels, if at all, on embryonal carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Properties of teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. A series of teratocarcinoma-thymus hybrid cells (PCT hybrids), which had been shown previously to give rise to multidifferentiated tumors and hence to be pluripotent, was tested to see whether these cells resembled their embryonal carcinoma parent in other ways as well. PCT hybrid cells looked like embryonal carcinoma parent in other ways as well. PCT hybrid cells looked like embryonal carcinoma cells by phase contrast and electron microscopy, have high levels of alkaline phosphatase, and fail to express Thy 1 alloantigen (which is present on thymocyte parental cells, but not on embryonal carcinoma cells). PCT hybrids do, however, exhibit H2 antigens, which are present only at very low levels, if at all, on embryonal carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 605385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8888", "title": "Variant Chinese hamster cells resistant to the proline analog L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid.", "content": "Variants resistant to the toxic effects of the proline analog L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid (AZCA) have been isolated from the Chinese hamster tissue culture line G3 by a three-step selection procedure using increasing concentrations of AZCA. Cells surviving each of the three selective steps have been examined for AZCA resistance and for proline uptake, biosynthesis, and degradation. The largest increment in AZCA resistance is acquired in the third step and is due to overproduction of proline as a result of increased activity of the enzyme system responsible for the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamic gamma-semialdehyde. It is not accompanied by an increase in the rate of formation of proline from ornithine or in the rate of proline uptake or degradation.", "contents": "Variant Chinese hamster cells resistant to the proline analog L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid. Variants resistant to the toxic effects of the proline analog L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid (AZCA) have been isolated from the Chinese hamster tissue culture line G3 by a three-step selection procedure using increasing concentrations of AZCA. Cells surviving each of the three selective steps have been examined for AZCA resistance and for proline uptake, biosynthesis, and degradation. The largest increment in AZCA resistance is acquired in the third step and is due to overproduction of proline as a result of increased activity of the enzyme system responsible for the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamic gamma-semialdehyde. It is not accompanied by an increase in the rate of formation of proline from ornithine or in the rate of proline uptake or degradation.", "PMID": 605386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8889", "title": "Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.", "content": "Two mutant clones of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity have been characterized. In each case, there is evidence that a structural gene mutation has taken place. The first mutant produces 11% specific enzyme activity compared to wild-type parental cells, but this residual activity is much more heat sensitive than that of the wild type. The second mutant contains no residual activity, but a revertant was isolated that exhibits a partial restoration of G6PD activity with, again, an increased heat sensitivity. The selection of G6PD+ cells from G6PD- populations can be effected by exploiting the increased sensitivity of the latter to diamide, a compound that depletes the cell of reduced glutathione.", "contents": "Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Two mutant clones of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity have been characterized. In each case, there is evidence that a structural gene mutation has taken place. The first mutant produces 11% specific enzyme activity compared to wild-type parental cells, but this residual activity is much more heat sensitive than that of the wild type. The second mutant contains no residual activity, but a revertant was isolated that exhibits a partial restoration of G6PD activity with, again, an increased heat sensitivity. The selection of G6PD+ cells from G6PD- populations can be effected by exploiting the increased sensitivity of the latter to diamide, a compound that depletes the cell of reduced glutathione.", "PMID": 605387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8890", "title": "Cybrid formation in mouse L cells: the influence of cytoplast-to-cell ratio.", "content": "The frequency of cybrid colony formation was measured in fusions between enucleated chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistant mouse cells and CAP-sensitive mouse cells in varying ratios. By labeling the CAP-resistant cytoplasts with polystyrene beads and then performing the same fusions with CAP-sensitive cells, the frequency of cybrid fusions could be measured. Comparison of the frequency of viable cybrids (cybrid colonies) with the frequency of cybrid fusions showed that, with increasing fusion ratios of cytoplasts to cells, the proportion of cells fused to cytoplasts increased. Further, the viability of cybrid fusions increased from about 1 in 500 to nearly 1 in 60 over the range of cytoplast-to-cell ratios studied.", "contents": "Cybrid formation in mouse L cells: the influence of cytoplast-to-cell ratio. The frequency of cybrid colony formation was measured in fusions between enucleated chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistant mouse cells and CAP-sensitive mouse cells in varying ratios. By labeling the CAP-resistant cytoplasts with polystyrene beads and then performing the same fusions with CAP-sensitive cells, the frequency of cybrid fusions could be measured. Comparison of the frequency of viable cybrids (cybrid colonies) with the frequency of cybrid fusions showed that, with increasing fusion ratios of cytoplasts to cells, the proportion of cells fused to cytoplasts increased. Further, the viability of cybrid fusions increased from about 1 in 500 to nearly 1 in 60 over the range of cytoplast-to-cell ratios studied.", "PMID": 605388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8891", "title": "Complementation between two temperature-sensitive mammalian cell mutants, each defective in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "content": "Two mammalian temperature-sensitive (ts) G1 cell cycle mutants of different species origin (Syrian hamster and mouse) have been tested for complementation using somatic cell hybrid analysis. All hamster-mouse hybrid clones tested were found to exhibit normal growth properties at the restrictive temperature, while neither mutant alone was capable of normal growth at this temperature. The two mutant lines therefore complement for growth in a somatic cell hybrid and most likely represent ts lesions in different cellular functions specific to the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Complementation between two temperature-sensitive mammalian cell mutants, each defective in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Two mammalian temperature-sensitive (ts) G1 cell cycle mutants of different species origin (Syrian hamster and mouse) have been tested for complementation using somatic cell hybrid analysis. All hamster-mouse hybrid clones tested were found to exhibit normal growth properties at the restrictive temperature, while neither mutant alone was capable of normal growth at this temperature. The two mutant lines therefore complement for growth in a somatic cell hybrid and most likely represent ts lesions in different cellular functions specific to the G1 phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 605389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8892", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and myocardial infarction.", "content": "HLA typing was carried out in 50 Edinburgh men aged 45 years or under who had experienced a myocardial infarction and in 96 healthy 40-year-old men radomly selected from the same community. No significant differences in antigen frequencies were found, and our results therefore fail to support the hypothesis suggesting an association between HLA-B8 and haplotype A1-B8 with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and myocardial infarction. HLA typing was carried out in 50 Edinburgh men aged 45 years or under who had experienced a myocardial infarction and in 96 healthy 40-year-old men radomly selected from the same community. No significant differences in antigen frequencies were found, and our results therefore fail to support the hypothesis suggesting an association between HLA-B8 and haplotype A1-B8 with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 605435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8893", "title": "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in spina bifida. Population and family studies.", "content": "The search for HLA association in spina bifida is particularly interesting since this condition can be associated with the effects of the T locus in mice. Gene and haplotype frequencies in 32 unrelated patients suffering from spina bifida were studied. Gene frequency of HLA-B5 and haplotype frequency of A2, B5 were increased without reaching signification levels. Fourteen families were examined clinically and radiologically. A high frequency of spina bifida occulta and other vertebral abnormalities was found without evidence of linkage with HLA haplotypes.", "contents": "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in spina bifida. Population and family studies. The search for HLA association in spina bifida is particularly interesting since this condition can be associated with the effects of the T locus in mice. Gene and haplotype frequencies in 32 unrelated patients suffering from spina bifida were studied. Gene frequency of HLA-B5 and haplotype frequency of A2, B5 were increased without reaching signification levels. Fourteen families were examined clinically and radiologically. A high frequency of spina bifida occulta and other vertebral abnormalities was found without evidence of linkage with HLA haplotypes.", "PMID": 605436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8894", "title": "Difference of hepatic circulation between alcoholic and non-alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "Comparisons were made of hepatic circulation between alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The wedged hepatic venous pressure and per cent intrahepatic shunt measured by the method of continuous infusion of D-galactose-1-14C were similarly markedly increased. On the other hand, the wedged hepatic venography showed the main portal trunk and extrahepatic collaterals, namely, the tendency of reverse or stagnant portal flow, more frequently in alcoholic cirrhosis than in non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The nodules shown by slow low-pressure hepatic sinusoidography were larger in non-alcoholic cirrhosis than in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Difference of hepatic circulation between alcoholic and non-alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis. Comparisons were made of hepatic circulation between alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The wedged hepatic venous pressure and per cent intrahepatic shunt measured by the method of continuous infusion of D-galactose-1-14C were similarly markedly increased. On the other hand, the wedged hepatic venography showed the main portal trunk and extrahepatic collaterals, namely, the tendency of reverse or stagnant portal flow, more frequently in alcoholic cirrhosis than in non-alcoholic cirrhosis. The nodules shown by slow low-pressure hepatic sinusoidography were larger in non-alcoholic cirrhosis than in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 605439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8895", "title": "Measurement of digital arterial blood pressure and its recording on usual electrocardiograph paper.", "content": "A simple method for measuring digital arterial pressure and its recording on usual EKG heat-writing paper was devised. The method enabled us to measure exactly the digital systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure without providing the calibrating scale of pressure, since the pressure scale is recorded on the paper automatically as pulse signals at the interval of 10mmHg. The pulse waves are also registered on the same paper by means of the finger plethysmograph. By use of a right-angled triangle transparent rule, we could estimate the value of digital systolic pressure at which the pulse wave began to appear when the cuff pressure for compressing the artery was gradually lowered. Estimated values of the digital arterial pressures were compared with those obtained by another method of Mendlowitz and his coworkers.", "contents": "Measurement of digital arterial blood pressure and its recording on usual electrocardiograph paper. A simple method for measuring digital arterial pressure and its recording on usual EKG heat-writing paper was devised. The method enabled us to measure exactly the digital systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure without providing the calibrating scale of pressure, since the pressure scale is recorded on the paper automatically as pulse signals at the interval of 10mmHg. The pulse waves are also registered on the same paper by means of the finger plethysmograph. By use of a right-angled triangle transparent rule, we could estimate the value of digital systolic pressure at which the pulse wave began to appear when the cuff pressure for compressing the artery was gradually lowered. Estimated values of the digital arterial pressures were compared with those obtained by another method of Mendlowitz and his coworkers.", "PMID": 605440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8896", "title": "Scintigraphic evaluation of cold thyroid nodules.", "content": "Scintagraphic patterns of cold thyroid nodules taken by the scintillation camera with radioactive iodine-131 were reported. Previous reports published by others on this subject were based on the scintillation scanner which gave us less sharp resolution than the scintillation camera. Our data indicate that the defect pattern is largely dependent upon the existence of the capsule as well as the size of the nodule. In general, a benign nodule shows defect having a rather smooth margin with somewhat distended normal thyroid tissue, whereas malignant one, if it has no capsule, shows an irregular or straight margin. However, the defect pattern of malignant nodule covered with a capsule is similar to that of benign nodule. A defect of the entire unilateral lobe and highly irregular-shaped defect spread over bilateral lobes are suggestive of malignancy. These findings seem to be generally similar to those reported by others. However, pull-up phenomenon of lower pole coexisting with the defect in the upper half is highly suggestive of malignancy, especially of papillary type. As long as defect (negative) pattern is investigated, the diagnosis of cold nodule inevitably meets certain limitations. To avoid this problem, the radiopharmaceutical which exclusively concnetrates in malignant nodule should be searched. Then, the scintigraphic diagnosis of thyroid nodule will become more reliable.", "contents": "Scintigraphic evaluation of cold thyroid nodules. Scintagraphic patterns of cold thyroid nodules taken by the scintillation camera with radioactive iodine-131 were reported. Previous reports published by others on this subject were based on the scintillation scanner which gave us less sharp resolution than the scintillation camera. Our data indicate that the defect pattern is largely dependent upon the existence of the capsule as well as the size of the nodule. In general, a benign nodule shows defect having a rather smooth margin with somewhat distended normal thyroid tissue, whereas malignant one, if it has no capsule, shows an irregular or straight margin. However, the defect pattern of malignant nodule covered with a capsule is similar to that of benign nodule. A defect of the entire unilateral lobe and highly irregular-shaped defect spread over bilateral lobes are suggestive of malignancy. These findings seem to be generally similar to those reported by others. However, pull-up phenomenon of lower pole coexisting with the defect in the upper half is highly suggestive of malignancy, especially of papillary type. As long as defect (negative) pattern is investigated, the diagnosis of cold nodule inevitably meets certain limitations. To avoid this problem, the radiopharmaceutical which exclusively concnetrates in malignant nodule should be searched. Then, the scintigraphic diagnosis of thyroid nodule will become more reliable.", "PMID": 605441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8897", "title": "Plasma cortisol concentration in newborn infants.", "content": "Plasma cortisol was measured in cord and neonatal blood. Cortisol concentration in neonates decreased rapidly during the first three days after delivery and thereafter remained at an almost constant level. The more the delivery was stressful, the higher the cortisol in the 1-day-old infant, but the concentration came down to the same level as in the less stressful delivery on the 3rd day of the infants' life. The cortisol level in vaginal delivery after spontaneous labor was not different from that in vaginal delivery after oxytocin induced labor. Cortisol in small-for-date infants or infants with hyperbilirubinemia was lower than in average-for-date infants or infants without hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol concentration in newborn infants. Plasma cortisol was measured in cord and neonatal blood. Cortisol concentration in neonates decreased rapidly during the first three days after delivery and thereafter remained at an almost constant level. The more the delivery was stressful, the higher the cortisol in the 1-day-old infant, but the concentration came down to the same level as in the less stressful delivery on the 3rd day of the infants' life. The cortisol level in vaginal delivery after spontaneous labor was not different from that in vaginal delivery after oxytocin induced labor. Cortisol in small-for-date infants or infants with hyperbilirubinemia was lower than in average-for-date infants or infants without hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 605442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8898", "title": "Ultrasonic studies on endocardial fibroelastosis.", "content": "Four patients with endocardial fibroelastosis were studied by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. The two-dimensional echocardiography showed the characteristic echo from the abnormally thickened endocardium of the left ventricle in every case. Of the 4 cases, 2 were still suffering from congestive heart failure at the time of the study and the other 2 had been already free from clinical symptoms. In the former group, the ultrasonic findings revealed an enlargement of the left ventricle (large left ventricular dimension index) and poor movement of the anterior mitral leaflet which was indicated by a decrease in the diastolic descent rate. The latter group presented almost normal findings concerning the above points. The ultrasonic method is thus proved to be very useful for the diagnosis and evaluation of clinical conditions in cases of endocardial fibroelastosis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic studies on endocardial fibroelastosis. Four patients with endocardial fibroelastosis were studied by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. The two-dimensional echocardiography showed the characteristic echo from the abnormally thickened endocardium of the left ventricle in every case. Of the 4 cases, 2 were still suffering from congestive heart failure at the time of the study and the other 2 had been already free from clinical symptoms. In the former group, the ultrasonic findings revealed an enlargement of the left ventricle (large left ventricular dimension index) and poor movement of the anterior mitral leaflet which was indicated by a decrease in the diastolic descent rate. The latter group presented almost normal findings concerning the above points. The ultrasonic method is thus proved to be very useful for the diagnosis and evaluation of clinical conditions in cases of endocardial fibroelastosis.", "PMID": 605443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8899", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of intrascrotal contents.", "content": "Our brief experience of the use of ultrasonography and ultrasonic Doppler method for the diagnosis of intrascrotal contents were described. Five cases of testicular tumor, two cases of hydrocele and one case of epididymal tuberculosis were successfully diagnosed by ultrasonography. Only one case of chronic inflammation was misdiagnosed as a testicular tumor. Two cases of testicular torsion and two cases of acute epididymitis were easily differentiated by the ultrasonic Doppler method. We suggest that this is the most reliable technique for differentiation between these two diseases.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of intrascrotal contents. Our brief experience of the use of ultrasonography and ultrasonic Doppler method for the diagnosis of intrascrotal contents were described. Five cases of testicular tumor, two cases of hydrocele and one case of epididymal tuberculosis were successfully diagnosed by ultrasonography. Only one case of chronic inflammation was misdiagnosed as a testicular tumor. Two cases of testicular torsion and two cases of acute epididymitis were easily differentiated by the ultrasonic Doppler method. We suggest that this is the most reliable technique for differentiation between these two diseases.", "PMID": 605444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8900", "title": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion stimulated by intravenous administration of arginine in the low insulin responders (prediabetes?).", "content": "Twelve apparently healthy subjects who showed a low insulin response to glucose were selected from two different age groups, 6 from youngers aged 19 to 22 and 6 from olders above 65 years old, and responses of insulin and growth hormone secretion to an intravenous administration of arginine were investigated. Incidence of low insulin responders, who showed the peak value of plasma insulin during GTT below 45 muU/ml, was 9% among the young subjects and 24% among the old ones. Insulin secretion stimulated by arginine in 6 young low responders was not different from that in the control group matched with regard to age and body weight, and the values of growth hormone during arginine infusion were higher than those of the control group. In the old low insulin responders, insulin secretion stimulated by arginine was significantly lower than that in the control group, but the growth hormone secretion was not different from that in control. The present study showed that insulin and growth hormone secretion stimulated by arginine in young low-insulin-responders were different from those in the old ones. The low insulin responders are discussed in regard to prediabetes.", "contents": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion stimulated by intravenous administration of arginine in the low insulin responders (prediabetes?). Twelve apparently healthy subjects who showed a low insulin response to glucose were selected from two different age groups, 6 from youngers aged 19 to 22 and 6 from olders above 65 years old, and responses of insulin and growth hormone secretion to an intravenous administration of arginine were investigated. Incidence of low insulin responders, who showed the peak value of plasma insulin during GTT below 45 muU/ml, was 9% among the young subjects and 24% among the old ones. Insulin secretion stimulated by arginine in 6 young low responders was not different from that in the control group matched with regard to age and body weight, and the values of growth hormone during arginine infusion were higher than those of the control group. In the old low insulin responders, insulin secretion stimulated by arginine was significantly lower than that in the control group, but the growth hormone secretion was not different from that in control. The present study showed that insulin and growth hormone secretion stimulated by arginine in young low-insulin-responders were different from those in the old ones. The low insulin responders are discussed in regard to prediabetes.", "PMID": 605445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8901", "title": "Lipid-chemical features of human gastric cancerous, polypous and ulcerative tissues.", "content": "Fourteen cases of gastric cancer, 9 cases of gastric polyp and 4 cases of gastric ulcer were studied on their tissues lipid-chemically with the aim to clarify the biochemical differences between malignant and benign growth of the human gastric tissue. Tissues were collected by surgical operation or a biopsy together with the normal tissues surrounding the lesions. One part of each tissue was subjected to histologic examination and the other part to lipid analyses by means of TLC and GLC. The total lipid content was dcreased in 71% of gastric cancerous cases and in 75% of both cases of gastric polyp and gastric ulcer as compared with the respective control tissues. The phospholipid fatty acid content of the lesions was decreased in 83% of cancerous cases but in 50% of polypous cases as compared with the respective control tissues. As for the phospholipid fatty acid composition, the percentage value of C20:4 was increased and the percentage value of C18:2 was decreased in gastric cancerous tissues when compared with those of gastric polypous tissues. Such a change of the phospholipid fatty acid composition may produce the change of the fluidity of the cell membrane and may provoke a malignant growth of human gastric cancer cells.", "contents": "Lipid-chemical features of human gastric cancerous, polypous and ulcerative tissues. Fourteen cases of gastric cancer, 9 cases of gastric polyp and 4 cases of gastric ulcer were studied on their tissues lipid-chemically with the aim to clarify the biochemical differences between malignant and benign growth of the human gastric tissue. Tissues were collected by surgical operation or a biopsy together with the normal tissues surrounding the lesions. One part of each tissue was subjected to histologic examination and the other part to lipid analyses by means of TLC and GLC. The total lipid content was dcreased in 71% of gastric cancerous cases and in 75% of both cases of gastric polyp and gastric ulcer as compared with the respective control tissues. The phospholipid fatty acid content of the lesions was decreased in 83% of cancerous cases but in 50% of polypous cases as compared with the respective control tissues. As for the phospholipid fatty acid composition, the percentage value of C20:4 was increased and the percentage value of C18:2 was decreased in gastric cancerous tissues when compared with those of gastric polypous tissues. Such a change of the phospholipid fatty acid composition may produce the change of the fluidity of the cell membrane and may provoke a malignant growth of human gastric cancer cells.", "PMID": 605446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8902", "title": "Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis by rat peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The DNA synthesis in syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cells was inhibited by peritoneal macrophages of normal WKA rats. This inhibitory effect of macrophages was found to be mediated by a soluble factor (MfID) released into a culture medium from macrophages which was heat-stable and non-dialyzable. The MfID was also responsible for the inhibtion of lymphocyte DNA synthesis by MLC reaction. The action of MfID was indicated to suppress rather than to kill cell growth. It was interpreted that the inhibitory effect of macrophages on cellular DNA synthesis is their inherent property and macrophages may play the role of regulating the proliferation of lymphocytes and other cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis by rat peritoneal macrophages. The DNA synthesis in syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cells was inhibited by peritoneal macrophages of normal WKA rats. This inhibitory effect of macrophages was found to be mediated by a soluble factor (MfID) released into a culture medium from macrophages which was heat-stable and non-dialyzable. The MfID was also responsible for the inhibtion of lymphocyte DNA synthesis by MLC reaction. The action of MfID was indicated to suppress rather than to kill cell growth. It was interpreted that the inhibitory effect of macrophages on cellular DNA synthesis is their inherent property and macrophages may play the role of regulating the proliferation of lymphocytes and other cells.", "PMID": 605447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8903", "title": "The effect of iodoacetamide-induced fundic ulcers on gastric carcinogenesis produced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the effect of ulcer induced by iodoacetamide on the development of gastric carcinoma by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in male Wistar rats. Fifty-six of the 62 ulcers induced by IAM were located in the fundic gland area along the limiting ridge. The incidence of fundic carcinoma was 16% in the groups treated with IAM and MNNG, while no fundic carcinoma was found in the group treated with MNNG alone. This difference was statistically significant. All the carcinomas in the fundic gland area were confined within the ulcer itself or its scar tissue, produced by IAM. These findings indicate that if an ulcer is present, carcinoma develops even in the fundic mucosa which is, if intact, resistant to the carcinogenic stimulation of MNNG. It was concluded that gastric ulcer predisposes the development of gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "The effect of iodoacetamide-induced fundic ulcers on gastric carcinogenesis produced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of ulcer induced by iodoacetamide on the development of gastric carcinoma by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in male Wistar rats. Fifty-six of the 62 ulcers induced by IAM were located in the fundic gland area along the limiting ridge. The incidence of fundic carcinoma was 16% in the groups treated with IAM and MNNG, while no fundic carcinoma was found in the group treated with MNNG alone. This difference was statistically significant. All the carcinomas in the fundic gland area were confined within the ulcer itself or its scar tissue, produced by IAM. These findings indicate that if an ulcer is present, carcinoma develops even in the fundic mucosa which is, if intact, resistant to the carcinogenic stimulation of MNNG. It was concluded that gastric ulcer predisposes the development of gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 605448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8904", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced cytotoxic action of normal lymphocytes on cells in tissue culture using 14C-leucine incorporation.", "content": "Stimulation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and production of PHA-induced cytotoxicity were investigated. PBL transformation stimulated by PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by measuring the reduction of 14C-leucine incorporation in to target cells after interaction with PHA-treated PBL. The cytotoxicity of PHA-treated PBL showed dose response curves which corresponded with that of PBL transformation. Reduced 14C-leucine incorporation of target cells caused by cytotoxic PBL would be a reliable measure of immune reactions.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced cytotoxic action of normal lymphocytes on cells in tissue culture using 14C-leucine incorporation. Stimulation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and production of PHA-induced cytotoxicity were investigated. PBL transformation stimulated by PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by measuring the reduction of 14C-leucine incorporation in to target cells after interaction with PHA-treated PBL. The cytotoxicity of PHA-treated PBL showed dose response curves which corresponded with that of PBL transformation. Reduced 14C-leucine incorporation of target cells caused by cytotoxic PBL would be a reliable measure of immune reactions.", "PMID": 605449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8905", "title": "A secular trend in age at menarche in Sendai city and its surroundings.", "content": "A secular trend in age at menarche was examined for 1,333 women living in Sendai city and its surroundings by applying the birth-year cohort analysis and the cross-sectional probit analysis. The trend toward younger menarcheal ages was consistently observed by both analyses, and it started off soon after the second World War. The speed was 0.11 year/year for the observation period of 1946 to 1966.", "contents": "A secular trend in age at menarche in Sendai city and its surroundings. A secular trend in age at menarche was examined for 1,333 women living in Sendai city and its surroundings by applying the birth-year cohort analysis and the cross-sectional probit analysis. The trend toward younger menarcheal ages was consistently observed by both analyses, and it started off soon after the second World War. The speed was 0.11 year/year for the observation period of 1946 to 1966.", "PMID": 605450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8906", "title": "Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled 21-fluoroprogesterone.", "content": "21-Fluoroprogesterone has been synthesized by the nucleophilic displacement of the mesyl group of the 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 21-methanesulfonate by fluoride ion, as formed from the solvolysis of potassium fluoride in acetonitrile, using 18-Crown-6 as the catalyst. In a similar manner, the synthesis of 21-fluoroprogesterone labeled with fluorine-18 has been accomplished, producing approximately 800 muCi of product from 6 mCi of K18F in one hour. This demonstrates that 18F labeled molecules of potential values as readiopharmaceuticals can be prepared rapidly in sufficient yield to allow animal investigation.", "contents": "Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled 21-fluoroprogesterone. 21-Fluoroprogesterone has been synthesized by the nucleophilic displacement of the mesyl group of the 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 21-methanesulfonate by fluoride ion, as formed from the solvolysis of potassium fluoride in acetonitrile, using 18-Crown-6 as the catalyst. In a similar manner, the synthesis of 21-fluoroprogesterone labeled with fluorine-18 has been accomplished, producing approximately 800 muCi of product from 6 mCi of K18F in one hour. This demonstrates that 18F labeled molecules of potential values as readiopharmaceuticals can be prepared rapidly in sufficient yield to allow animal investigation.", "PMID": 605454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8907", "title": "Specificity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system of adrenal cortex.", "content": "Incubation of lanosta-8, 24-dien-3beta-o1-1,2-3H and lanost-8-en-3beta-o1-1,2-3H with an adrenocortical bovine mitochondrial acetone-dried preparation did not yield any significant (less than 0.01%) 3beta-hydroxy-4, 4, 14-trimethyl-5alpha-pregn-8-en-20-one. Under the same conditions cholesterol-1,2-3H yielded 8.3% pregnenolone. Incubation of (20S)-17alpha, 20-di-hydroxycholesterol-7-3H yielded 0.6 to 1.6% (20S,22R)-17alpha, 20, 22-trihydroxycholesterol, 1.0 to 3.2% of 17alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone, but no significant (less than 0.02%) (20S,22S)-17alpha,20,22-trihydroxycholesterol. In another experiment incubation of cholesterol-1,2-3H yielded 5% pregnenolone, 0.5% 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 0.2% (20R,22R)-20,22-dihydroxy-cholesterol, but no significant ( less than 0.01%) 17alpha-hydroxy-cholesterol, (20S)-17alpha, 20-dihydroxycholesterol or (20S,22R)-17alpha, 20,22-trihydroxycholesterol.", "contents": "Specificity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system of adrenal cortex. Incubation of lanosta-8, 24-dien-3beta-o1-1,2-3H and lanost-8-en-3beta-o1-1,2-3H with an adrenocortical bovine mitochondrial acetone-dried preparation did not yield any significant (less than 0.01%) 3beta-hydroxy-4, 4, 14-trimethyl-5alpha-pregn-8-en-20-one. Under the same conditions cholesterol-1,2-3H yielded 8.3% pregnenolone. Incubation of (20S)-17alpha, 20-di-hydroxycholesterol-7-3H yielded 0.6 to 1.6% (20S,22R)-17alpha, 20, 22-trihydroxycholesterol, 1.0 to 3.2% of 17alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone, but no significant (less than 0.02%) (20S,22S)-17alpha,20,22-trihydroxycholesterol. In another experiment incubation of cholesterol-1,2-3H yielded 5% pregnenolone, 0.5% 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 0.2% (20R,22R)-20,22-dihydroxy-cholesterol, but no significant ( less than 0.01%) 17alpha-hydroxy-cholesterol, (20S)-17alpha, 20-dihydroxycholesterol or (20S,22R)-17alpha, 20,22-trihydroxycholesterol.", "PMID": 605455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8908", "title": "Steroid structure and function:I. Conformational transmission in 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone.", "content": "The molecular conformation of 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone has been determined crystallographically and is compared with that of progesterone. The 17alpha-acetate substituent restricts the flexibility of the progesterone side chain, strains bond lengths in the C- and D-rings, and has long range effects on the A-ring conformation. The A-ring adopts a perfect sofa conformation similar to that observed in one conformational isomer of progesterone. Consequently this progesterone isomer is proposed to be that best suited to binding in the rabbit and human uterus.", "contents": "Steroid structure and function:I. Conformational transmission in 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone. The molecular conformation of 17alpha-acetoxy progesterone has been determined crystallographically and is compared with that of progesterone. The 17alpha-acetate substituent restricts the flexibility of the progesterone side chain, strains bond lengths in the C- and D-rings, and has long range effects on the A-ring conformation. The A-ring adopts a perfect sofa conformation similar to that observed in one conformational isomer of progesterone. Consequently this progesterone isomer is proposed to be that best suited to binding in the rabbit and human uterus.", "PMID": 605456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8909", "title": "Strategy in drug research. Synthesis and study of the progestational and ovulation inhibitory activity of a series of 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-4-estren-17beta-ols.", "content": "Using the strategy based on the Hansch method which analyses effects of substituents on biological activity in terms of their hydrophobic, electronic and steric effects we selectively synthesised a series of 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-4-estren-17beta-ols that combine ease of synthesis with good discrimination between these factors aiming at finding the compounds with optimum biological activity in that series. The compounds were tested quantitatively in the Clauberg test (rabbit) and the ovulation inhibition test (rat). The differences in biological activity could reasonably be correlated with two steric effects introduced by the 11beta-substituent. These were a change in the overall shape of the 11beta-substituent and the angular methyl group, and direct steric hindrance of the steroid-receptor protein binding. Some exceptions were found possibly due to metabolic conversion of these compounds to the corresponding 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estra-triene-3,17beta-diols.", "contents": "Strategy in drug research. Synthesis and study of the progestational and ovulation inhibitory activity of a series of 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-4-estren-17beta-ols. Using the strategy based on the Hansch method which analyses effects of substituents on biological activity in terms of their hydrophobic, electronic and steric effects we selectively synthesised a series of 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-4-estren-17beta-ols that combine ease of synthesis with good discrimination between these factors aiming at finding the compounds with optimum biological activity in that series. The compounds were tested quantitatively in the Clauberg test (rabbit) and the ovulation inhibition test (rat). The differences in biological activity could reasonably be correlated with two steric effects introduced by the 11beta-substituent. These were a change in the overall shape of the 11beta-substituent and the angular methyl group, and direct steric hindrance of the steroid-receptor protein binding. Some exceptions were found possibly due to metabolic conversion of these compounds to the corresponding 11beta-substituted-17alpha-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estra-triene-3,17beta-diols.", "PMID": 605457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8910", "title": "Chemical and radiochemical stability of the adrenal-scanning agents, 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10-en-3beta-ol and 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol.", "content": "The chemical stabilities of the adrenal-scanning agents, 6beta-iodo-methyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (6-iodomethylnorcholesterol) and 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (19-iodocholesterol), and several of their derivatives were examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Neat 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol, sealed in glass under nitrogen and stored at 0 degrees C, remains 98 mole% chemically pure for 3 months. Neat 19-iodocholesterol, stored in the dark at 25 degrees C, remains 98 mole% chemically pure for 3 months. Either 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol-125I or-131I, informulation and stored at 5 degrees C, will remain greater than 97% radiochemically pure for at least 15 days. Labelled 19-iodocholesterol, formulated and stored under the same conditions, shows 20% decomposition after 3 weeks and 40% after 6 weeks.", "contents": "Chemical and radiochemical stability of the adrenal-scanning agents, 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10-en-3beta-ol and 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol. The chemical stabilities of the adrenal-scanning agents, 6beta-iodo-methyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol (6-iodomethylnorcholesterol) and 19-iodocholest-5-en-3beta-ol (19-iodocholesterol), and several of their derivatives were examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Neat 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol, sealed in glass under nitrogen and stored at 0 degrees C, remains 98 mole% chemically pure for 3 months. Neat 19-iodocholesterol, stored in the dark at 25 degrees C, remains 98 mole% chemically pure for 3 months. Either 6-iodomethylnorcholesterol-125I or-131I, informulation and stored at 5 degrees C, will remain greater than 97% radiochemically pure for at least 15 days. Labelled 19-iodocholesterol, formulated and stored under the same conditions, shows 20% decomposition after 3 weeks and 40% after 6 weeks.", "PMID": 605458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8911", "title": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. Metabolic conversion of 3H 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, in vitro.", "content": "The epididymis of adult rats metabolizes 3H 5alpha-androstane-3alpah,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) by experiments in vitro. After incubation of tissue slices at 37 degrees C for 2 hours, 2% of the radioactivity was found in the water-soluble fraction whereas 98% was found to be ether soluble (free steroids). Further investigation of the free steroids showed the following to be present: 3alpha-diol 39.9%, DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) 33.7%, androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one) 9.2%, 3beta-diol (5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol) 2.6%, 5alpha-A-dione (5alpha-androstan-3,17-dione) 1.1%, delta 16-3alpha-ol (5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol) 1.0%, delta16-3beta-ol (5alpha-androst-16-en-3beta-ol) 2.6%, delta 16-3-one (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) 2.9%, and polar compounds 3.3%. When segments of the epididymis (caput and cauda) were incubated in the same way, qualitatively similar metabolites were formed but a greater amount of 3alpha-diol was metabolized by the cauda epididymis. This increase was mainly accounted for by an increased formation of delta 16 compounds (14.3% in cauda, 4.3% in caput). This is most probably due to the presence of larger numbers of mature spermatozoa, which, as we have previously shown, form delta16 steroids from 3alpha-diol and DHT (5).", "contents": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. Metabolic conversion of 3H 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, in vitro. The epididymis of adult rats metabolizes 3H 5alpha-androstane-3alpah,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) by experiments in vitro. After incubation of tissue slices at 37 degrees C for 2 hours, 2% of the radioactivity was found in the water-soluble fraction whereas 98% was found to be ether soluble (free steroids). Further investigation of the free steroids showed the following to be present: 3alpha-diol 39.9%, DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) 33.7%, androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one) 9.2%, 3beta-diol (5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol) 2.6%, 5alpha-A-dione (5alpha-androstan-3,17-dione) 1.1%, delta 16-3alpha-ol (5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol) 1.0%, delta16-3beta-ol (5alpha-androst-16-en-3beta-ol) 2.6%, delta 16-3-one (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) 2.9%, and polar compounds 3.3%. When segments of the epididymis (caput and cauda) were incubated in the same way, qualitatively similar metabolites were formed but a greater amount of 3alpha-diol was metabolized by the cauda epididymis. This increase was mainly accounted for by an increased formation of delta 16 compounds (14.3% in cauda, 4.3% in caput). This is most probably due to the presence of larger numbers of mature spermatozoa, which, as we have previously shown, form delta16 steroids from 3alpha-diol and DHT (5).", "PMID": 605459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8912", "title": "Metabolism of bile alcohols in the perfused rabbit liver - C26 bile alcohols.", "content": "The metabolism of a C26 bile alcohol (I, 24-nor-5beta-cho-lestane-3alpha, 7alpha,25-triol) was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit liver. The new bile alcohol and bile acid metabolites secreted into the bile were isolated and identified by a combination of TLC, GLC and GLC-MS. The following bile alcohols were found: II, 24-nor-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol, III, 24-nor-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25,26-pentol; IV, 24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol; and V, 24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol. In the bile acid fraction, 24-nor-cholic acid and 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid were present. The perfused nor-triol was not resistant to 12alpha-hydroxylation.", "contents": "Metabolism of bile alcohols in the perfused rabbit liver - C26 bile alcohols. The metabolism of a C26 bile alcohol (I, 24-nor-5beta-cho-lestane-3alpha, 7alpha,25-triol) was studied in the isolated perfused rabbit liver. The new bile alcohol and bile acid metabolites secreted into the bile were isolated and identified by a combination of TLC, GLC and GLC-MS. The following bile alcohols were found: II, 24-nor-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol, III, 24-nor-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25,26-pentol; IV, 24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol; and V, 24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol. In the bile acid fraction, 24-nor-cholic acid and 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid were present. The perfused nor-triol was not resistant to 12alpha-hydroxylation.", "PMID": 605460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8913", "title": "Short term culture of human midterm and term placenta: parameters of hormonogenesis.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of human midterm and term placentae have been established following trypsin dispersion of placental minces. Maintenance of endocrine function was monitored by the concentrations of specific hormones in the culture media. At either gestational age the cultures 1) secret estradiol-17beta(1) and estrone (in a ratio of about 1:20) and aromatize 3H- or 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 14C-androstenedione, estrogen production being markedly enhanced by addition of dehydroepiandrosterone (10(-6)7) to the culture medium; 2) metabolize 3H-pregnenolone to progesterone and 14C-cortisol to cortisone; and 3) produce increasing amounts of chorionic gonadotropin and decreasing amounts of placental lactogen during the first week in culture. It is proposed that the model is highly suited to the study of factors affecting hormonogenesis by the human placenta whether they be of maternal or of fetal origin.", "contents": "Short term culture of human midterm and term placenta: parameters of hormonogenesis. Monolayer cultures of human midterm and term placentae have been established following trypsin dispersion of placental minces. Maintenance of endocrine function was monitored by the concentrations of specific hormones in the culture media. At either gestational age the cultures 1) secret estradiol-17beta(1) and estrone (in a ratio of about 1:20) and aromatize 3H- or 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 14C-androstenedione, estrogen production being markedly enhanced by addition of dehydroepiandrosterone (10(-6)7) to the culture medium; 2) metabolize 3H-pregnenolone to progesterone and 14C-cortisol to cortisone; and 3) produce increasing amounts of chorionic gonadotropin and decreasing amounts of placental lactogen during the first week in culture. It is proposed that the model is highly suited to the study of factors affecting hormonogenesis by the human placenta whether they be of maternal or of fetal origin.", "PMID": 605461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8914", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium egg counts in a Nile delta community.", "content": "A study of Schistosoma haematobium egg counts was made in a community near Alexandria. This showed that the intensity of infection was similar to that which has been reported in some of the comparable surveys which have been made in sub-Saharan Africa. This finding highlights the need for further studies in defined communities of the pathogenicity of the infection. The egg counts of subjects who recalled treatment with tartar emetic within the last two years were similar to those who said they had never been treated. This suggests that the cost effectiveness of chemotherapeutic methods needs further evaluation.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium egg counts in a Nile delta community. A study of Schistosoma haematobium egg counts was made in a community near Alexandria. This showed that the intensity of infection was similar to that which has been reported in some of the comparable surveys which have been made in sub-Saharan Africa. This finding highlights the need for further studies in defined communities of the pathogenicity of the infection. The egg counts of subjects who recalled treatment with tartar emetic within the last two years were similar to those who said they had never been treated. This suggests that the cost effectiveness of chemotherapeutic methods needs further evaluation.", "PMID": 605463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8915", "title": "Recovery of infective Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from liquid nitrogen: a step towards storage of a live schistosomiasis vaccine.", "content": "Successful recovery of infective schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni following storage at -196 degrees C is reported. The technique involves a two-step cooling procedure--slow cooling (0.65 degrees C min-1) to an intermediate temperature of -28 degrees C, followed by rapid cooling into liquid nitrogen (10,000 degrees C min-1). Rewarming (10,000 degrees C min-1) and rapid dilution to remove the cryoprotectant (17.5% methanol) yielded motile organisms some of which developed to adult worms in mice after intramuscular injection. The percentage of schistosomula developing to adult worms was small (0.44%), but is a significant step towards storage of trematode larvae and of a live attenuated vaccine for schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Recovery of infective Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from liquid nitrogen: a step towards storage of a live schistosomiasis vaccine. Successful recovery of infective schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni following storage at -196 degrees C is reported. The technique involves a two-step cooling procedure--slow cooling (0.65 degrees C min-1) to an intermediate temperature of -28 degrees C, followed by rapid cooling into liquid nitrogen (10,000 degrees C min-1). Rewarming (10,000 degrees C min-1) and rapid dilution to remove the cryoprotectant (17.5% methanol) yielded motile organisms some of which developed to adult worms in mice after intramuscular injection. The percentage of schistosomula developing to adult worms was small (0.44%), but is a significant step towards storage of trematode larvae and of a live attenuated vaccine for schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 605464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8916", "title": "Arbovirus isolations from, and serological studies on, wild and domestic vertebrates from Kano Plain, Kenya.", "content": "Arbovirus infection and presence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in small mammals, birds and livestock were examined over a period of five years on the Kano Plain in western Kenya. Eleven isolations were made from mammals and birds. The viruses were identified as Arumowot and Germiston while three different agents could not be shown to be related to 188 African arboviruses. Prevalence of antibodies against arboviruses suspected of occurring in the area was generally low.", "contents": "Arbovirus isolations from, and serological studies on, wild and domestic vertebrates from Kano Plain, Kenya. Arbovirus infection and presence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in small mammals, birds and livestock were examined over a period of five years on the Kano Plain in western Kenya. Eleven isolations were made from mammals and birds. The viruses were identified as Arumowot and Germiston while three different agents could not be shown to be related to 188 African arboviruses. Prevalence of antibodies against arboviruses suspected of occurring in the area was generally low.", "PMID": 605465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8917", "title": "Efficacy of albendazole against inhibited early fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi.", "content": "Twelve untreated controls and 12 treated beef yearling steers were used in trials of albendazole (Smith Kline Animal Health Products) at 7.5 mg per kg (oral drench) against natural infections of inhibited fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. Albendazole had an efficacy of 83.8 per cent in removal of inhibited larvae. The mean number of inhibited larvae in untreated controls was 48.9 per cent. Efficacy against developing stages and adults of O ostertagi was 92.8 and 99.7 per cent, respectively. Efficacy against other worm genera in the abomasum, primarily thaemonchus and Cooperia adults, was 99.4 per cent. No signs of toxicity were observed following administration of albendazole. Some aspects of inhibition of O ostertagi in cattle in the USA are reviewed.", "contents": "Efficacy of albendazole against inhibited early fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. Twelve untreated controls and 12 treated beef yearling steers were used in trials of albendazole (Smith Kline Animal Health Products) at 7.5 mg per kg (oral drench) against natural infections of inhibited fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. Albendazole had an efficacy of 83.8 per cent in removal of inhibited larvae. The mean number of inhibited larvae in untreated controls was 48.9 per cent. Efficacy against developing stages and adults of O ostertagi was 92.8 and 99.7 per cent, respectively. Efficacy against other worm genera in the abomasum, primarily thaemonchus and Cooperia adults, was 99.4 per cent. No signs of toxicity were observed following administration of albendazole. Some aspects of inhibition of O ostertagi in cattle in the USA are reviewed.", "PMID": 605476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8918", "title": "Dynamic pulmonary compliance as a measurement of lung function in dogs.", "content": "Measurement of the dynamic pulmonary compliance was carried out on 27 normal dogs weighing 11-8 to 26-4 kg Variations in the results of repeated observations and difficulties in allowing for differences in lung size between dogs limited the usefulness of the measurement as a test of lung function. Pulmonary compliance was found to correlate better with trunk length than with bodyweight or chest circumference. The mean value for dynamic pulmonary compliance measured during inspiration in 27 normal dogs was 0-117 litre/cmH20 with a standard deviation of 0-046 litre/cmH2O. Measurements were made on six dogs with clinical respiratory disease.", "contents": "Dynamic pulmonary compliance as a measurement of lung function in dogs. Measurement of the dynamic pulmonary compliance was carried out on 27 normal dogs weighing 11-8 to 26-4 kg Variations in the results of repeated observations and difficulties in allowing for differences in lung size between dogs limited the usefulness of the measurement as a test of lung function. Pulmonary compliance was found to correlate better with trunk length than with bodyweight or chest circumference. The mean value for dynamic pulmonary compliance measured during inspiration in 27 normal dogs was 0-117 litre/cmH20 with a standard deviation of 0-046 litre/cmH2O. Measurements were made on six dogs with clinical respiratory disease.", "PMID": 605484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8919", "title": "Changes in serum B hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cows kept under commercial farm conditions.", "content": "beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) serum concentrations were measured at regular intervals throughout a lactation in groups of animals from three commercial dairy herds. The period of study covered all the major seasonal management changes. BHB levels changed significantly only when the dietary intake of the cows was altered either in quantity of quality. The changes in concentrations of serum BHB were of particular interest during the two grazing seasons when the deteriorating quality of the pasture was reflected in significantly higher concentrations. It is considered that serum BHB concentrations are worthy of further investigation as a parameter for inclusion in preventive medicine monitoring schemes for commercial dairy herds.", "contents": "Changes in serum B hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cows kept under commercial farm conditions. beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) serum concentrations were measured at regular intervals throughout a lactation in groups of animals from three commercial dairy herds. The period of study covered all the major seasonal management changes. BHB levels changed significantly only when the dietary intake of the cows was altered either in quantity of quality. The changes in concentrations of serum BHB were of particular interest during the two grazing seasons when the deteriorating quality of the pasture was reflected in significantly higher concentrations. It is considered that serum BHB concentrations are worthy of further investigation as a parameter for inclusion in preventive medicine monitoring schemes for commercial dairy herds.", "PMID": 605485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8920", "title": "The effect on egg-shell thickness of the inclusion of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon in the diet of laying hens.", "content": "The leaves of the plant Solanum malacoxylon contain 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D. The effect on egg-shell thickness of supplementing the diet of laying hens with a dry powdered preparation of the leaves (DLSM) has been studied. A significnat increase in shell thickness was evident for eggs laid on the second and subsequent days of the DLSM-regimen but nor for those laid during the first 24 hours. It is suggested that the provision of high doses of the vitamin D metabolite in the form of a DLSM supplement may restore calcium binding protein levels in birds approaching the end of the first laying year and hence improve dietary calcium absorption and consequently egg-shell quality.", "contents": "The effect on egg-shell thickness of the inclusion of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon in the diet of laying hens. The leaves of the plant Solanum malacoxylon contain 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D. The effect on egg-shell thickness of supplementing the diet of laying hens with a dry powdered preparation of the leaves (DLSM) has been studied. A significnat increase in shell thickness was evident for eggs laid on the second and subsequent days of the DLSM-regimen but nor for those laid during the first 24 hours. It is suggested that the provision of high doses of the vitamin D metabolite in the form of a DLSM supplement may restore calcium binding protein levels in birds approaching the end of the first laying year and hence improve dietary calcium absorption and consequently egg-shell quality.", "PMID": 605486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8921", "title": "[Effect of the lighting intensity on the raising of broiler turkey poults].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with turkey poults of the Ten 30 breed with the purpose to establish the changes in some hematologic and biochemical indices that had taken place under the influence of illumination intensity. It was found that the light regime influenced hemopoiesis as well as the intensity of metabolism. Both the hemoglobin content and the erythrocyte count were higher at illumination of higher intensity. The amount of the blood serum total protein and the vitamin A content of the liver under lower light intensity proved higher by the end of the experiments than in the controls. The weight of poults at lower intensity of light was 5--6 per cent higher, and the intake of forage per kilogram of weight gain was 150 g lower than with poults raiseatd higher intensity of illumination.", "contents": "[Effect of the lighting intensity on the raising of broiler turkey poults]. Experiments were carried out with turkey poults of the Ten 30 breed with the purpose to establish the changes in some hematologic and biochemical indices that had taken place under the influence of illumination intensity. It was found that the light regime influenced hemopoiesis as well as the intensity of metabolism. Both the hemoglobin content and the erythrocyte count were higher at illumination of higher intensity. The amount of the blood serum total protein and the vitamin A content of the liver under lower light intensity proved higher by the end of the experiments than in the controls. The weight of poults at lower intensity of light was 5--6 per cent higher, and the intake of forage per kilogram of weight gain was 150 g lower than with poults raiseatd higher intensity of illumination.", "PMID": 605493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8922", "title": "[Epizootiology of foot rot in sheep].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the outbreak and spread of foot rot in sheep as well as on the ways of its restriction and eradication. It was found that the disease had been introduced with the import of breeding animals, its further spread being associated with the activity of the Breeding Centers for pedigree animals. The diseased animals have been 25 per cent, on an average, for the whole country, and the economic losses, as expressed in production parameters, have amounted to: produce of animal origin--20 per cent; culling of animals--15 per cent; mortality--1 per cent. Best in the group treatment of the affected animals prove: the dipping in a 5--10 per cent solution of formalin or a 20 per cent solution of copper sulfate, combined with the respective surgical and orthopedic handling and the disinfection of premises. The individual parenteral treatment and the local application of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have proved suitable and successful in the cases of moderate spread of the disease. The eradication of foot rot can be achieved only via the planned and complex application of pertinent measures.", "contents": "[Epizootiology of foot rot in sheep]. Investigations were carried out on the outbreak and spread of foot rot in sheep as well as on the ways of its restriction and eradication. It was found that the disease had been introduced with the import of breeding animals, its further spread being associated with the activity of the Breeding Centers for pedigree animals. The diseased animals have been 25 per cent, on an average, for the whole country, and the economic losses, as expressed in production parameters, have amounted to: produce of animal origin--20 per cent; culling of animals--15 per cent; mortality--1 per cent. Best in the group treatment of the affected animals prove: the dipping in a 5--10 per cent solution of formalin or a 20 per cent solution of copper sulfate, combined with the respective surgical and orthopedic handling and the disinfection of premises. The individual parenteral treatment and the local application of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have proved suitable and successful in the cases of moderate spread of the disease. The eradication of foot rot can be achieved only via the planned and complex application of pertinent measures.", "PMID": 605494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8923", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages].", "content": "Studied was the morphology of four Pasteurella multocida phages, Nos. 115, 32, 967, and 1075, with the use of an electron microscope. The bacterial phages had hexagonal heads of a 55 x 55 nm diameter, and were of an isometric polygonal form themselves. The tail of the phages was 120 nm long and was non-contractile. By these characters the P. multocida phages are to be referred to the morphologic group of phages of noncontractile tails--group B after Bradley and group IV after Tihonenko.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies of Pasteurella multocida bacteriophages]. Studied was the morphology of four Pasteurella multocida phages, Nos. 115, 32, 967, and 1075, with the use of an electron microscope. The bacterial phages had hexagonal heads of a 55 x 55 nm diameter, and were of an isometric polygonal form themselves. The tail of the phages was 120 nm long and was non-contractile. By these characters the P. multocida phages are to be referred to the morphologic group of phages of noncontractile tails--group B after Bradley and group IV after Tihonenko.", "PMID": 605495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8924", "title": "Synchronisation of oestrus and fertility in buffaloes using a prostaglandin analogue.", "content": "Cloprostenol, a prostaglandin analogue, was administered intramuscularly to a total of 35 cycling buffalo cows and heifers in two doses, each of 0.5 mg, given 11 days apart. Out of five cows and 12 heifers subjected to observations after the second injection of cloprostenol (day 0), all except one heifer responded. Signs of oestrus were most marked on days 3 or 4. Eighteen treated heifers were kept with buffalo bulls for four days after the second injection while a control group of nine heifers was kept with bulls for 21 days. The first-service conception rate, diagnosed by rectal palpation at 60 days, was 33 1/3 per cent in both groups. Twelve treated heifers were artificially inseminated at 72 and 96 hours after the second injection of cloprostenol, using fresh semen diluted in egg yolk--citrate extender. The first service conception rate at 60 days was 30 per cent.", "contents": "Synchronisation of oestrus and fertility in buffaloes using a prostaglandin analogue. Cloprostenol, a prostaglandin analogue, was administered intramuscularly to a total of 35 cycling buffalo cows and heifers in two doses, each of 0.5 mg, given 11 days apart. Out of five cows and 12 heifers subjected to observations after the second injection of cloprostenol (day 0), all except one heifer responded. Signs of oestrus were most marked on days 3 or 4. Eighteen treated heifers were kept with buffalo bulls for four days after the second injection while a control group of nine heifers was kept with bulls for 21 days. The first-service conception rate, diagnosed by rectal palpation at 60 days, was 33 1/3 per cent in both groups. Twelve treated heifers were artificially inseminated at 72 and 96 hours after the second injection of cloprostenol, using fresh semen diluted in egg yolk--citrate extender. The first service conception rate at 60 days was 30 per cent.", "PMID": 605489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8925", "title": "[Sensitivity testing of chick embryo subcultures to the Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "A total of five passages of subcultures were produced from chick embryos with the use of a medium enriched with a 10 per cent solution the previous passages of the cells. The form, number, and size of the plaques obtained at the cultivation of the Newcastle disease virus in the cells of the various passages of the subcultures did not differ. The virus production per cell did not also change substantially with the increase in the number of subculture passages.", "contents": "[Sensitivity testing of chick embryo subcultures to the Newcastle disease virus]. A total of five passages of subcultures were produced from chick embryos with the use of a medium enriched with a 10 per cent solution the previous passages of the cells. The form, number, and size of the plaques obtained at the cultivation of the Newcastle disease virus in the cells of the various passages of the subcultures did not differ. The virus production per cell did not also change substantially with the increase in the number of subculture passages.", "PMID": 605496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8926", "title": "Rabies in the dog.", "content": "The presenting signs are described of 19 dogs that were observed from the time of presentation until death. Rabies was confirmed by laboratory tests in each case. Vicious behaviour was seen in only six dogs. Paralytic signs and/or abnormal behaviour--the so-called \"dumb\" rabies--were more frequent. Six of the dogs had received Flury strain LEP vaccination. Intense conjunctival congestion was an important diagnostic feature.", "contents": "Rabies in the dog. The presenting signs are described of 19 dogs that were observed from the time of presentation until death. Rabies was confirmed by laboratory tests in each case. Vicious behaviour was seen in only six dogs. Paralytic signs and/or abnormal behaviour--the so-called \"dumb\" rabies--were more frequent. Six of the dogs had received Flury strain LEP vaccination. Intense conjunctival congestion was an important diagnostic feature.", "PMID": 605488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8927", "title": "[Vibration of the uterine arteries during pregnancy in cows].", "content": "A clinical examination was carred out via the rectum to follow up the initial moment of vibration as established on the medium and rear uterine arteries in a total of 410 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed by groups of first to eighth pregnancy. The vibration of the uterine arteries may serve as a good clinical sign to determine the age of the fetus. The following more important conclusions were drawn: 1. The uterine arteries start vibrating as pointed below: a. uterina media--in the pregnant horn from the 93rd to the 142nd day (on the 122.2 +/- 0.57 day); in the unpregnant horn from the 167th to the 210th day (on the 188.2 +/- 0.54 day, on an average); a. uterina caudalis--in the pregnant horn from the 200th to the 248th day (222.6 +/- 0.54 day, on an average); in the opposite horn from the 235th to the 279th day (256.7 +/- 0.55, on an average). 2. The initial moment of vibration of the uterine arteries is dependent on the number of previous births. 3. Closest to the average values are those established at the fourth and fifth pregnancy. At the previous pregnancy periods vibration starts earlier, and at the following ones--later.", "contents": "[Vibration of the uterine arteries during pregnancy in cows]. A clinical examination was carred out via the rectum to follow up the initial moment of vibration as established on the medium and rear uterine arteries in a total of 410 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed by groups of first to eighth pregnancy. The vibration of the uterine arteries may serve as a good clinical sign to determine the age of the fetus. The following more important conclusions were drawn: 1. The uterine arteries start vibrating as pointed below: a. uterina media--in the pregnant horn from the 93rd to the 142nd day (on the 122.2 +/- 0.57 day); in the unpregnant horn from the 167th to the 210th day (on the 188.2 +/- 0.54 day, on an average); a. uterina caudalis--in the pregnant horn from the 200th to the 248th day (222.6 +/- 0.54 day, on an average); in the opposite horn from the 235th to the 279th day (256.7 +/- 0.55, on an average). 2. The initial moment of vibration of the uterine arteries is dependent on the number of previous births. 3. Closest to the average values are those established at the fourth and fifth pregnancy. At the previous pregnancy periods vibration starts earlier, and at the following ones--later.", "PMID": 605498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8928", "title": "[Pathomorphological studies of trichocephaliasis in sheep].", "content": "The morphologic study of 22 sucking and weaned lambs (8 experimentally and 14 spontaneously infected with Trichocephalus) revealed that in its biologic development in the host Trichocephalus fixes itself firmly and penetrates deeply at its head and into the mucous membrane of the caecum and the large intestine. Besides, at these sites morphologic lesions in cases of strong infection have been established in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lung. The desquamated epithelial cells and the erythrocytes found in the digestive canal of the parasite showed that sheep Trichocephalus sp. are hematophages. The indented chitin cover and its morphologic peculiarities is a structural anatomic and biologic adaptation enabling the fixing and dependable adherence to the intestinal mucous membrane of the host.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological studies of trichocephaliasis in sheep]. The morphologic study of 22 sucking and weaned lambs (8 experimentally and 14 spontaneously infected with Trichocephalus) revealed that in its biologic development in the host Trichocephalus fixes itself firmly and penetrates deeply at its head and into the mucous membrane of the caecum and the large intestine. Besides, at these sites morphologic lesions in cases of strong infection have been established in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lung. The desquamated epithelial cells and the erythrocytes found in the digestive canal of the parasite showed that sheep Trichocephalus sp. are hematophages. The indented chitin cover and its morphologic peculiarities is a structural anatomic and biologic adaptation enabling the fixing and dependable adherence to the intestinal mucous membrane of the host.", "PMID": 605499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8929", "title": "Biochemical changes under the effect of carbon tetrachloride intoxication.", "content": "The present study deals with investigations on the general features of protein and iron metabolism under several conditions of chronic and acute liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. Data revealed a drop in the levels of serum total protein and albumin. The levels of alpha1, alpha2 and beta globulins were found to be increased. Gamma fraction was found to be proportionate with dosage accumulation and to varying extent. There were changes in haematocrit and haemoglobin values in all groups of chronic and acute carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Also, there were no changes in reticulocyte count, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity levels in chronic intoxicated animals. However, in acute carbon tetrachloride plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity were significantly elevated.", "contents": "Biochemical changes under the effect of carbon tetrachloride intoxication. The present study deals with investigations on the general features of protein and iron metabolism under several conditions of chronic and acute liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. Data revealed a drop in the levels of serum total protein and albumin. The levels of alpha1, alpha2 and beta globulins were found to be increased. Gamma fraction was found to be proportionate with dosage accumulation and to varying extent. There were changes in haematocrit and haemoglobin values in all groups of chronic and acute carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Also, there were no changes in reticulocyte count, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity levels in chronic intoxicated animals. However, in acute carbon tetrachloride plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity were significantly elevated.", "PMID": 605625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8930", "title": "Blood glucose, glutathione, and total keto-acids levels in alloxan-diabetic rats.", "content": "This study deals with investigations in diabetic disorders. Experiments were carried out on alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats. Blood glucose, keto acids, and glutathione were determined before and after induction of alloxan diabetes. Blood glucose and keto acids showed an increase after administration of alloxan. Glutathione showed a drop after 1/2 hour, then began to increase till it reached its normal level after 48 hours from the beginning of the diabetic state. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Blood glucose, glutathione, and total keto-acids levels in alloxan-diabetic rats. This study deals with investigations in diabetic disorders. Experiments were carried out on alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats. Blood glucose, keto acids, and glutathione were determined before and after induction of alloxan diabetes. Blood glucose and keto acids showed an increase after administration of alloxan. Glutathione showed a drop after 1/2 hour, then began to increase till it reached its normal level after 48 hours from the beginning of the diabetic state. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 605626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8931", "title": "[Coffee and health].", "content": "Coffee as a rule develops stimulating effects on the central nervous system, heart and circulation which are mainly caused by caffeine. In certain cases coffee may also have a sedative effect and sometimes even it is useful to fall asleep quickly. Furthermore coffee may be advantageous in the treatment of some functional disorders caused by lacking of dopamine, because coffee is able to increase the dopamine formation in brain. Concerning the effects of coffee in the gastrointestinal-tract and liver-bile system caffeine is only of secondary importance. Hereby certain roasting substances, possibly also chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid should be responsible for the stimulating effects observed in these organs. These stimulating effects could be caused whether directly or indirect e.g. by liberating gastrin or other gastrointestinal hormones. Vitamin niacin, which is formed in greater amounts from trigonelline during the roasting process, may also be important from the nutritional standpoint. Therefore coffee may be prescribed as a true drug in cases of deficiency in vitamin niacin or also in the pellagra disease. By extensive epidemiological studies performed lately it could be demonstrated that there exists no correlation between coffee consumption and certain risk factors as hypertension, heart infarction, diabetes, gout or cancer diseases. Furthermore there was no evidence that coffee or its caffeine content are able to induce genetic alterations or even malformations.", "contents": "[Coffee and health]. Coffee as a rule develops stimulating effects on the central nervous system, heart and circulation which are mainly caused by caffeine. In certain cases coffee may also have a sedative effect and sometimes even it is useful to fall asleep quickly. Furthermore coffee may be advantageous in the treatment of some functional disorders caused by lacking of dopamine, because coffee is able to increase the dopamine formation in brain. Concerning the effects of coffee in the gastrointestinal-tract and liver-bile system caffeine is only of secondary importance. Hereby certain roasting substances, possibly also chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid should be responsible for the stimulating effects observed in these organs. These stimulating effects could be caused whether directly or indirect e.g. by liberating gastrin or other gastrointestinal hormones. Vitamin niacin, which is formed in greater amounts from trigonelline during the roasting process, may also be important from the nutritional standpoint. Therefore coffee may be prescribed as a true drug in cases of deficiency in vitamin niacin or also in the pellagra disease. By extensive epidemiological studies performed lately it could be demonstrated that there exists no correlation between coffee consumption and certain risk factors as hypertension, heart infarction, diabetes, gout or cancer diseases. Furthermore there was no evidence that coffee or its caffeine content are able to induce genetic alterations or even malformations.", "PMID": 605627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8932", "title": "Serum enzyme changes associated with carbon disulfide hepatotoxicity in experimental animals.", "content": "Investigations were performed to evaluate the activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate-dehydrogenase enzymes in rats intoxicated by different doses of carbon disulfide. Serum GOT and GPT activities were elevated which may be due to CS2 effect on cell membrane permeability. Serum-alkaline-phosphatase activity showed also increment, which was again attributed to the liver affection. A significant rise in serum-lactate-dehydrogenase activity which was referred to be as a result of muscle-lactate dehydrogenase release into the blood circulation.", "contents": "Serum enzyme changes associated with carbon disulfide hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Investigations were performed to evaluate the activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate-dehydrogenase enzymes in rats intoxicated by different doses of carbon disulfide. Serum GOT and GPT activities were elevated which may be due to CS2 effect on cell membrane permeability. Serum-alkaline-phosphatase activity showed also increment, which was again attributed to the liver affection. A significant rise in serum-lactate-dehydrogenase activity which was referred to be as a result of muscle-lactate dehydrogenase release into the blood circulation.", "PMID": 605628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8933", "title": "[Incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Neubrandenburg district].", "content": "As result of the examination of the movement of diabetes mellitus in the Neubrandenburg district in 1958 to 1975 it is stated that the increase of the number of patients is to be traced back to diagnosis and treatment. In this connection there is not only a structural change of the age of the diabetics, but the relation between unrecognized and recognized patients is displaced, too. The total number of the carriers of a pathogenic hereditary disposition within the population is increasing. Very probably the portion of the diabetics within the population will settle down on a higher balance value. The most important prophylactic measure to avoid complications above all is the early recognition of the sick persons.", "contents": "[Incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Neubrandenburg district]. As result of the examination of the movement of diabetes mellitus in the Neubrandenburg district in 1958 to 1975 it is stated that the increase of the number of patients is to be traced back to diagnosis and treatment. In this connection there is not only a structural change of the age of the diabetics, but the relation between unrecognized and recognized patients is displaced, too. The total number of the carriers of a pathogenic hereditary disposition within the population is increasing. Very probably the portion of the diabetics within the population will settle down on a higher balance value. The most important prophylactic measure to avoid complications above all is the early recognition of the sick persons.", "PMID": 605629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8934", "title": "[Value of antibiotic combination therapy in chronic pyelonephritis--study on a large number of patients over a period of 15 years].", "content": "1. 448 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were treated over periods ranging from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 15 years with our special form of intermittent long-term therapy with chemoprophylaxis in the intervals, the antibiotics - mostly in the form of combinations - and chemotherapeutics in the treatment-phases were always used only on the base of several antibiograms. During the last 11 years synergistic bactericidic combinations of antibiotics were used to an increasing degree. 2. A comparison of the efficacy of our form of therapy used now (since 1965/1966) with the results already published: 1966 (therapy span 1960-1965), 1970 (therapy span 1960-1969), and 1972 (therapy span 1960-1971) showed the following quotes of a transmission into a standstill (questionable healing) of the disease: 1966 (without periodic change of the urinary pH) 36,1% 1966 (with periodic change of the urinary pH) 69,4% 1970 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 68,3% 1972 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 78,7% 1976 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 82,1%. 3. On the basis of our results we consider the combinations of synergistic bactericidic antibiotics as a real enrichment of the therapy of chronic pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Value of antibiotic combination therapy in chronic pyelonephritis--study on a large number of patients over a period of 15 years]. 1. 448 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were treated over periods ranging from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 15 years with our special form of intermittent long-term therapy with chemoprophylaxis in the intervals, the antibiotics - mostly in the form of combinations - and chemotherapeutics in the treatment-phases were always used only on the base of several antibiograms. During the last 11 years synergistic bactericidic combinations of antibiotics were used to an increasing degree. 2. A comparison of the efficacy of our form of therapy used now (since 1965/1966) with the results already published: 1966 (therapy span 1960-1965), 1970 (therapy span 1960-1969), and 1972 (therapy span 1960-1971) showed the following quotes of a transmission into a standstill (questionable healing) of the disease: 1966 (without periodic change of the urinary pH) 36,1% 1966 (with periodic change of the urinary pH) 69,4% 1970 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 68,3% 1972 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 78,7% 1976 (synergistic combinations of antibiotics) 82,1%. 3. On the basis of our results we consider the combinations of synergistic bactericidic antibiotics as a real enrichment of the therapy of chronic pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 605630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8935", "title": "[Case of nodular non-suppurative paniculitis (Weber-Christian syndrome)].", "content": "It is reported on a 42-year-old female patient with panniculitis nodularis non suppurativa (Weber-Christian's syndrome). Anamnesis and histological findings are discussed and the therapy is explained. In the discussion the finally still unknown etiology (allergic, autoimmunological) as well as the differential diagnosis (focal panniculitis, lipomatosis subcutanea, erythema nodosum and others) are explained.", "contents": "[Case of nodular non-suppurative paniculitis (Weber-Christian syndrome)]. It is reported on a 42-year-old female patient with panniculitis nodularis non suppurativa (Weber-Christian's syndrome). Anamnesis and histological findings are discussed and the therapy is explained. In the discussion the finally still unknown etiology (allergic, autoimmunological) as well as the differential diagnosis (focal panniculitis, lipomatosis subcutanea, erythema nodosum and others) are explained.", "PMID": 605631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8936", "title": "[Complication-free labor in operated-on Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "By the casuistical report on a successfully carried out gravidity of a 21 years old female patient without suprarenal glands which have been removed totally because of a hyperplasia of the suprarenal cortex on both sides, the problems of gravidities and their successful carrying to the term of operated femal patients with Cushing's disease are dealt with. Under experienced substitution therapy and an intensive care a gravidity without complications is to be expected. The apprehension is unfounded that overdosage of corticoid during gravidity could induce malformations of new-born children. The substitution dosis during gravidity is discussed by literature.", "contents": "[Complication-free labor in operated-on Cushing's syndrome]. By the casuistical report on a successfully carried out gravidity of a 21 years old female patient without suprarenal glands which have been removed totally because of a hyperplasia of the suprarenal cortex on both sides, the problems of gravidities and their successful carrying to the term of operated femal patients with Cushing's disease are dealt with. Under experienced substitution therapy and an intensive care a gravidity without complications is to be expected. The apprehension is unfounded that overdosage of corticoid during gravidity could induce malformations of new-born children. The substitution dosis during gravidity is discussed by literature.", "PMID": 605632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8937", "title": "[Significance of suprapubic puncture of the bladder in routine diagnosis].", "content": "516 urines of 258 persons urologically ill with and without infection of the urinary tract collected in routine work were comparatively examined. Only such patients were taken into consideration who did not undergo an antibiotic therapy or who had made a pause of at least 3 days in the antibiotic therapy. The collection of the urine was carried out by means of puncture of the bladder as well as according to the mid-stream principle or by means of catheterisation. The qualitative and quantitative diagnostics of germs did not result in a significantly increased exactness of the examined urines collected by puncture of the bladder compared with the catheter or mid-stream urines.  Therefore, the collection of urine by means of puncture of the bladder should be reserved for aimed indications and should not be taken into routine work. The catheter and mid-stream method is further entitled as screening method. Above all the falsely positive results condition the inexactness of this method. But also the urines collected by puncture of the bladder showed contaminations which account for our critical estimation.", "contents": "[Significance of suprapubic puncture of the bladder in routine diagnosis]. 516 urines of 258 persons urologically ill with and without infection of the urinary tract collected in routine work were comparatively examined. Only such patients were taken into consideration who did not undergo an antibiotic therapy or who had made a pause of at least 3 days in the antibiotic therapy. The collection of the urine was carried out by means of puncture of the bladder as well as according to the mid-stream principle or by means of catheterisation. The qualitative and quantitative diagnostics of germs did not result in a significantly increased exactness of the examined urines collected by puncture of the bladder compared with the catheter or mid-stream urines.  Therefore, the collection of urine by means of puncture of the bladder should be reserved for aimed indications and should not be taken into routine work. The catheter and mid-stream method is further entitled as screening method. Above all the falsely positive results condition the inexactness of this method. But also the urines collected by puncture of the bladder showed contaminations which account for our critical estimation.", "PMID": 605633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8938", "title": "[Significance of test results in drug hypersensitivity].", "content": "For the diagnostics of allergic drug reactions in 2,246 patients tests of the skin and in vitro tests were carried out. As causes of the drug rashes analgetics/antipyretics, antibiotics, sulfonamides, local anaesthetics, oral anticonceptive drugs, remedies for the circulation, psychopharmaca and many others have been established. In these cases by means of skin test in 81.5%, by means of the lymphocyte transformation test in 42.9% and by means of the migration inhibition test in 35.9% of the patients a concordant result could be achieved concerning the clinical course of the disease. Relevant to practice from the results must be derived that in sensibilisation proved the avoidance of the pharmacon and of immunochemical related substances is necessary as well as principally in every anamnesis the question for drug tolerances must be asked. The possibility of the development of side effects of pharmaca when these facts are not taken into consideration is emphasized with the help of examples.", "contents": "[Significance of test results in drug hypersensitivity]. For the diagnostics of allergic drug reactions in 2,246 patients tests of the skin and in vitro tests were carried out. As causes of the drug rashes analgetics/antipyretics, antibiotics, sulfonamides, local anaesthetics, oral anticonceptive drugs, remedies for the circulation, psychopharmaca and many others have been established. In these cases by means of skin test in 81.5%, by means of the lymphocyte transformation test in 42.9% and by means of the migration inhibition test in 35.9% of the patients a concordant result could be achieved concerning the clinical course of the disease. Relevant to practice from the results must be derived that in sensibilisation proved the avoidance of the pharmacon and of immunochemical related substances is necessary as well as principally in every anamnesis the question for drug tolerances must be asked. The possibility of the development of side effects of pharmaca when these facts are not taken into consideration is emphasized with the help of examples.", "PMID": 605634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8939", "title": "[Indication for alloplastic heart valve prosthesis].", "content": "The indication for the alloplastic substitution of the cardiac valve results from the expectation of life with natural course of the disease on the one hand and with the operative risk and late results on the other. For the diagnosis of heart diseases intracardial methods are necessary in much cases. Contraindications result from heavy myocardial and coronary changes which increase the operative risk considerably and no postoperative improvement is to be expected. In the low-pressure system the implantation of artificial cardiac valves is used cautiously and plastic methods are preferred.", "contents": "[Indication for alloplastic heart valve prosthesis]. The indication for the alloplastic substitution of the cardiac valve results from the expectation of life with natural course of the disease on the one hand and with the operative risk and late results on the other. For the diagnosis of heart diseases intracardial methods are necessary in much cases. Contraindications result from heavy myocardial and coronary changes which increase the operative risk considerably and no postoperative improvement is to be expected. In the low-pressure system the implantation of artificial cardiac valves is used cautiously and plastic methods are preferred.", "PMID": 605635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8940", "title": "[Comparative studies on the firmness of the tracheal wall in goiter and chronic bronchitis].", "content": "The changes of the lumen of the trachea according to the tests of Valsalva and M\u00fcller in 231 test persons (71 normal persons, 129 struma patients and 31 patients with chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema) are analyzed in radiologic way. The comparison of the average of the tracheal widths shows significant decreases in the struma patients in relation to the normal collective. On the contrary the tracheal diameters in chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema shows no statistically evident deviations in comparison with the normal persons. According to calculations of the lumen changes (Valsalva minus M\u00fcller) the average in the normal collective is 2.1 mm, in the struma patients 3.4 mm an in chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema 1.6 mm. The comparison of the statistical average after calculation of these differences results in significant differences only between normal collective and struma patients, too.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the firmness of the tracheal wall in goiter and chronic bronchitis]. The changes of the lumen of the trachea according to the tests of Valsalva and M\u00fcller in 231 test persons (71 normal persons, 129 struma patients and 31 patients with chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema) are analyzed in radiologic way. The comparison of the average of the tracheal widths shows significant decreases in the struma patients in relation to the normal collective. On the contrary the tracheal diameters in chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema shows no statistically evident deviations in comparison with the normal persons. According to calculations of the lumen changes (Valsalva minus M\u00fcller) the average in the normal collective is 2.1 mm, in the struma patients 3.4 mm an in chronic bronchitis caused by an emphysema 1.6 mm. The comparison of the statistical average after calculation of these differences results in significant differences only between normal collective and struma patients, too.", "PMID": 605636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8941", "title": "[Influence of the mode of collection on the result of blood cultures].", "content": "In a prospective study of 133 patients with suspicion of a septic process the influence of the withdrawal modus on the bacteriologic result was examined using an open blood culture system. For patients without pretreatment with antibiotics or without high temperature the \"one time\" withdrawal of the blood culture should be preferred to the \"multi-time\" method. A multi-time withdrawal showed similar and better evidence quotas with patients without fever and under influence of antibiotics. The result depends on the number of blood cultures for each patient. If there is presupposed a minimum of 2 positive blood cultures for each patient as indication of a septic process, a 83 per cent indication quota is attained with 12 one-time blood cultures, a 70 per cent indication quota with 8 blood cultures, and a 53 per cent indication quota with 4 blood cultures. In multi-time withdrawal the comparable indication quotas are 55, 45 resp. 32 per cent.", "contents": "[Influence of the mode of collection on the result of blood cultures]. In a prospective study of 133 patients with suspicion of a septic process the influence of the withdrawal modus on the bacteriologic result was examined using an open blood culture system. For patients without pretreatment with antibiotics or without high temperature the \"one time\" withdrawal of the blood culture should be preferred to the \"multi-time\" method. A multi-time withdrawal showed similar and better evidence quotas with patients without fever and under influence of antibiotics. The result depends on the number of blood cultures for each patient. If there is presupposed a minimum of 2 positive blood cultures for each patient as indication of a septic process, a 83 per cent indication quota is attained with 12 one-time blood cultures, a 70 per cent indication quota with 8 blood cultures, and a 53 per cent indication quota with 4 blood cultures. In multi-time withdrawal the comparable indication quotas are 55, 45 resp. 32 per cent.", "PMID": 605637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8942", "title": "[Tolbutamide as a stimulator of somatotropin secretion from the hypophysis].", "content": "Our clinical experiments should point at the potential quality of tolbutamide as a stimulator of the secretion of the growth hormone. This could not be ascribed to the hypoglycaemic action of tolbutamide, because during the 240 minutes' time of the duration of the test, the glycaemic levels in the blood have been kept stabilised at the same levels as in fasting conditions before the application of tolbutamide, by a continuous intravenous drop of a 10% solution of glucose. The values of the growth hormone after application of tolbutamide raised two to fourfold in comparison to the initial value.", "contents": "[Tolbutamide as a stimulator of somatotropin secretion from the hypophysis]. Our clinical experiments should point at the potential quality of tolbutamide as a stimulator of the secretion of the growth hormone. This could not be ascribed to the hypoglycaemic action of tolbutamide, because during the 240 minutes' time of the duration of the test, the glycaemic levels in the blood have been kept stabilised at the same levels as in fasting conditions before the application of tolbutamide, by a continuous intravenous drop of a 10% solution of glucose. The values of the growth hormone after application of tolbutamide raised two to fourfold in comparison to the initial value.", "PMID": 605639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8943", "title": "[Coumarin necrosis in Klinefelter's syndrome].", "content": "A coumarin necrosis of the buttocks skin occurred in a patient with a Klinefelter's syndrome. In the acute stage of the complication the oestrogen activity was increased which is decreased in other persons with this arrangement of chromosomes. It is proposed to analyze the oestrogenes in urine of male patients or of females in the postclimacteric period with coumarine necroses before a treatment with sexual hormones.", "contents": "[Coumarin necrosis in Klinefelter's syndrome]. A coumarin necrosis of the buttocks skin occurred in a patient with a Klinefelter's syndrome. In the acute stage of the complication the oestrogen activity was increased which is decreased in other persons with this arrangement of chromosomes. It is proposed to analyze the oestrogenes in urine of male patients or of females in the postclimacteric period with coumarine necroses before a treatment with sexual hormones.", "PMID": 605640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8944", "title": "[A critical review of abdominal version in the terminal phase in breech presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention is drawn to the possible risks of abdominal version in the terminal phase (prolapse of the cord, fetomaternal transfusion, premature liberation) on the basis of a prospective study. The author's experience points to restricted indication. In this connection, it is particularly important to pay attention to the seat of the placenta.", "contents": "[A critical review of abdominal version in the terminal phase in breech presentation (author's transl)]. Attention is drawn to the possible risks of abdominal version in the terminal phase (prolapse of the cord, fetomaternal transfusion, premature liberation) on the basis of a prospective study. The author's experience points to restricted indication. In this connection, it is particularly important to pay attention to the seat of the placenta.", "PMID": 605641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8945", "title": "[Treatment of premature labour and antagonization of the side effects of tocolytic therapy with verapamil (author's transl)].", "content": "167 cases of threatened premature birth were treated with Fenoterol, Fenoterol + Verapamil and Ritodrine. In 70-79% of cases a newborn of over 2500 g was achieved. In 70-76% it was possible to prolong the pregnancy for over 7 days and in 61-64% a gestation age of 37 weeks and more was reached. Special attention was paid to the facts as to whether the general side effects of Fenoterol can be antagonized with Verapamil.", "contents": "[Treatment of premature labour and antagonization of the side effects of tocolytic therapy with verapamil (author's transl)]. 167 cases of threatened premature birth were treated with Fenoterol, Fenoterol + Verapamil and Ritodrine. In 70-79% of cases a newborn of over 2500 g was achieved. In 70-76% it was possible to prolong the pregnancy for over 7 days and in 61-64% a gestation age of 37 weeks and more was reached. Special attention was paid to the facts as to whether the general side effects of Fenoterol can be antagonized with Verapamil.", "PMID": 605642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8946", "title": "[Dilatation of the os uteri in various types of amniotic rupture and in induction of labor (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on the \"partial dilatation\" (\"Teiler\u00f6ffnungszeiten\" (W. Wolf), ie the time in which the os uteri opens from a certain size to its full potential, the process of openning of the os uteri was compared between various types of rupture of the amnion and in programmed induction of labor. Both in the case of primiparas and pluriparas, opening is fastest after early rupture of the amnion, followed by premature amniotic opening and opening at induction of labor. Opening is slowest in the case of timely rupture of the amnion. However, the differences in the opening process between induction of labor and premature amniotic rupture on the one hand, and between induction of labor and timely amniotic rupture on the other, are not significant. The differences in opening following spontaneous onset of labor are attributed to the individual varying circumstances relating to the mechanism of birth. In regard to the temporal course of birth, neither the mother nor the child is subjected to an increased stress of labor resulting from induction of labor.", "contents": "[Dilatation of the os uteri in various types of amniotic rupture and in induction of labor (author's transl)]. Basing on the \"partial dilatation\" (\"Teiler\u00f6ffnungszeiten\" (W. Wolf), ie the time in which the os uteri opens from a certain size to its full potential, the process of openning of the os uteri was compared between various types of rupture of the amnion and in programmed induction of labor. Both in the case of primiparas and pluriparas, opening is fastest after early rupture of the amnion, followed by premature amniotic opening and opening at induction of labor. Opening is slowest in the case of timely rupture of the amnion. However, the differences in the opening process between induction of labor and premature amniotic rupture on the one hand, and between induction of labor and timely amniotic rupture on the other, are not significant. The differences in opening following spontaneous onset of labor are attributed to the individual varying circumstances relating to the mechanism of birth. In regard to the temporal course of birth, neither the mother nor the child is subjected to an increased stress of labor resulting from induction of labor.", "PMID": 605643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8947", "title": "Induction and augmentation of labor in hypertensive patients with intravenous prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Labor was successfully induced or stimulated with intravenous Prostaglandin E2 (0.1-2.0 microgram/min) in a group of twenty-nine hypertensive gravidae at 36-41 weeks' gestation. No adverse maternal or perinatal effects of the drug were recorded.", "contents": "Induction and augmentation of labor in hypertensive patients with intravenous prostaglandin E2. Labor was successfully induced or stimulated with intravenous Prostaglandin E2 (0.1-2.0 microgram/min) in a group of twenty-nine hypertensive gravidae at 36-41 weeks' gestation. No adverse maternal or perinatal effects of the drug were recorded.", "PMID": 605644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8948", "title": "[Performance of uteroplacental perfusion in contrast to hormone-analytic investigations in intrauterine retardation and under the influence of intravenous long-term application of heparin (author's transl)].", "content": "The digital estimation of utero-placental circulation by means of nuclear-medical examinations with help of 113 m In-Cl and regarding to the \"region of interest\" gives no depositions in cases with an intrauterine retardation. This concerns the activity as well in the placenta as in the uterus too. Exceptions represents intrauterine retardations on the base of heaviness EPH-gestosis and placenta previa. Herewith the rise of activity corresponds with the thickness in the III. trimester of pregnancy. A treatment about several weeks with Hepain under bed conditions leads to no proofed influence of the uteroplacental circulation, on the contrary to a rise of estriol and HPL-values, meaning a improvement of placental performance. The estimation of the utero-placental circulation by means of nuclear-medical examinations is situated to the problem of fetal condition by EPH-gestosis, placenta previa and other.", "contents": "[Performance of uteroplacental perfusion in contrast to hormone-analytic investigations in intrauterine retardation and under the influence of intravenous long-term application of heparin (author's transl)]. The digital estimation of utero-placental circulation by means of nuclear-medical examinations with help of 113 m In-Cl and regarding to the \"region of interest\" gives no depositions in cases with an intrauterine retardation. This concerns the activity as well in the placenta as in the uterus too. Exceptions represents intrauterine retardations on the base of heaviness EPH-gestosis and placenta previa. Herewith the rise of activity corresponds with the thickness in the III. trimester of pregnancy. A treatment about several weeks with Hepain under bed conditions leads to no proofed influence of the uteroplacental circulation, on the contrary to a rise of estriol and HPL-values, meaning a improvement of placental performance. The estimation of the utero-placental circulation by means of nuclear-medical examinations is situated to the problem of fetal condition by EPH-gestosis, placenta previa and other.", "PMID": 605645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8949", "title": "[Iron therapy and hemoglobin regeneration in pregnancy anemias and postpartum anemias (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of oral doses of iron on the hemoglobin regeneration of pregnancy anemias and postpartum anemias was examined. The examinations were carried out in 45 pregnant women and in 70 puerperae. Other hematologic parameters besides hemoglobin were determined before, and 4 and 6 weeks during treatment with 110 mg iron sulfate daily. In pregnancy anemias, hemoglobin regeneration took place at a much slower rate under the iron therapy than was the case in postpartum anemias. Postpartum anemias of medium severity require for elevating the hemoglobin values to 12.0 g% at iron absorption rate of 22%, a treatment period of 35 days with a total amount of 3.8 g ferrous sulfate. In milder forms of anemia iron absorption diminished to 15% as hemoglobin conditions improved. An iron treatment course of 6 weeks will not be sufficient to cover the maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy and lyingin. To achieve optimum iron compensation, the daily supply of 100 mg iron will be necessary during pregnancy from the 16th week until delivery. In mild to medium anemias, postpartum iron treatment of 10 to 18 weeks' duration will be necessary until the exhausted iron deposits have been replenished.", "contents": "[Iron therapy and hemoglobin regeneration in pregnancy anemias and postpartum anemias (author's transl)]. The influence of oral doses of iron on the hemoglobin regeneration of pregnancy anemias and postpartum anemias was examined. The examinations were carried out in 45 pregnant women and in 70 puerperae. Other hematologic parameters besides hemoglobin were determined before, and 4 and 6 weeks during treatment with 110 mg iron sulfate daily. In pregnancy anemias, hemoglobin regeneration took place at a much slower rate under the iron therapy than was the case in postpartum anemias. Postpartum anemias of medium severity require for elevating the hemoglobin values to 12.0 g% at iron absorption rate of 22%, a treatment period of 35 days with a total amount of 3.8 g ferrous sulfate. In milder forms of anemia iron absorption diminished to 15% as hemoglobin conditions improved. An iron treatment course of 6 weeks will not be sufficient to cover the maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy and lyingin. To achieve optimum iron compensation, the daily supply of 100 mg iron will be necessary during pregnancy from the 16th week until delivery. In mild to medium anemias, postpartum iron treatment of 10 to 18 weeks' duration will be necessary until the exhausted iron deposits have been replenished.", "PMID": 605646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8950", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: localization of calcium-detecting reagents in electron-lucent areas of specific preacetabular gland granules.", "content": "In an attempt to establish the exact location of calcium within the preacetabular glands of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, these larvae were exposed to reagents (potassium oxalate, potassium pyroantimonate, chloranilic acid, and silver nitrate) useful in the detection of calcium, and were subsequently observed with the aid of light and electron microscopes. Cercariae incubated in potassium oxalate and viewed in polarized light showed birefringence only in the preacetabular gland funduses. At the ultrastructural level, the preacetabular glands of potassium oxalate-treated cercariae had no electron-dense precipitate, but instead had translucent, irregularly shaped inclusions, similar to spaces left by volatilized calcium oxalate as described by others. Pyroantimonate treatment, on the other hand, localized the reaction in the electron-lucent areas of the light-spotted granules. The von Kossa silver nitrate procedure destroyed the secretory granules; therefore, an electron-dense precipitate was distributed throughout the gland. However, pretreatment with chloranilic acid before fixation preserved the granules, and subsequent exposure to the von Kossa silver nitrate gave a reaction identical to that obtained with the pyroantimonate alone. When viewed in polarized light, chloranilic acid-incubated cercariae showed birefringence in the fundus and duct areas.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: localization of calcium-detecting reagents in electron-lucent areas of specific preacetabular gland granules. In an attempt to establish the exact location of calcium within the preacetabular glands of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, these larvae were exposed to reagents (potassium oxalate, potassium pyroantimonate, chloranilic acid, and silver nitrate) useful in the detection of calcium, and were subsequently observed with the aid of light and electron microscopes. Cercariae incubated in potassium oxalate and viewed in polarized light showed birefringence only in the preacetabular gland funduses. At the ultrastructural level, the preacetabular glands of potassium oxalate-treated cercariae had no electron-dense precipitate, but instead had translucent, irregularly shaped inclusions, similar to spaces left by volatilized calcium oxalate as described by others. Pyroantimonate treatment, on the other hand, localized the reaction in the electron-lucent areas of the light-spotted granules. The von Kossa silver nitrate procedure destroyed the secretory granules; therefore, an electron-dense precipitate was distributed throughout the gland. However, pretreatment with chloranilic acid before fixation preserved the granules, and subsequent exposure to the von Kossa silver nitrate gave a reaction identical to that obtained with the pyroantimonate alone. When viewed in polarized light, chloranilic acid-incubated cercariae showed birefringence in the fundus and duct areas.", "PMID": 605648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8951", "title": "The fine structure of spermatogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) with a description of the mature spermatozoon.", "content": "The processes of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta were studied by electron microscopy using improved preparative techniques. Spermatogonia (Type A) are characterized by nuclei 3.79 (+/- 0.17) micrometer in diameter, dense cytoplasm packed with free ribosomes and aggregates of mitochondria. After mitoses, certain spermatogonia (Type B) assume syncytial rosettes containing eight nuclei. Primary spermatocytes maintain the rosette syncytium and have large nuclei (4.28 +/- 0.24 micrometer in diameter), smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and polysomes. The secondary spermatocyte is short-lived and is characterized by nuclei (2.0 +/- 0.11 micrometer in diai (2.0 +/- 0.11 micrometer in diameter) and perinuclear membranous lamellae. The syncytial spermatid cluster contains avoid nuclei which condense and elongate to a final diameter of 0.22 +/- 0.04 micrometer. Once elongated, these nuclei become delimited from the syncytium by invaginations of the plasma membrane. During delimitation, cortical peripheral microtubules arise beneath the spermatozoon plasmalemma and a 9 + 1 axoneme extends the length of the mature lance-shaped spermatozoon.", "contents": "The fine structure of spermatogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) with a description of the mature spermatozoon. The processes of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta were studied by electron microscopy using improved preparative techniques. Spermatogonia (Type A) are characterized by nuclei 3.79 (+/- 0.17) micrometer in diameter, dense cytoplasm packed with free ribosomes and aggregates of mitochondria. After mitoses, certain spermatogonia (Type B) assume syncytial rosettes containing eight nuclei. Primary spermatocytes maintain the rosette syncytium and have large nuclei (4.28 +/- 0.24 micrometer in diameter), smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and polysomes. The secondary spermatocyte is short-lived and is characterized by nuclei (2.0 +/- 0.11 micrometer in diai (2.0 +/- 0.11 micrometer in diameter) and perinuclear membranous lamellae. The syncytial spermatid cluster contains avoid nuclei which condense and elongate to a final diameter of 0.22 +/- 0.04 micrometer. Once elongated, these nuclei become delimited from the syncytium by invaginations of the plasma membrane. During delimitation, cortical peripheral microtubules arise beneath the spermatozoon plasmalemma and a 9 + 1 axoneme extends the length of the mature lance-shaped spermatozoon.", "PMID": 605649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8952", "title": "Immunization of NMRI mice against virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Differing efficacy of eleven cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains.", "content": "Mice were infected with eleven cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains of varying virulence and challenged 1 month later with highly virulent BK strain parasites. The early cellular reaction in vivo was estimated by collecting the peritoneal exudates 24 h after challenge. This consisted of 54.34--77.61% lymphocytes and 0-8.88% infected macrophages in the eleven immunized groups in contrast to 27.17% lymphocytes and 18.64% infected macrophages in the control group. The peritoneal exudate 72 h after challenge comprised of 55.88-73.86% lymphocytes and 0-6.97% infected macrophages compared to 25.88% lymphocytes and 92% infected macrophages in the control group. Following the virulent challenge, deaths occurred in seven of the eleven groups immunized with live strains and ranged 5-42% at the end of a 6-week observation period. The most virulent of the Toxoplasma strains used - Alt and Gail - gave higher mortality while the least virulent ones - 558, 1070, K8 and KSU - were solidly resistant. The significantly different mortality obtained with strains Alt, Gail and Witting in a similar experiment performed at an interval of 7 months is discussed.", "contents": "Immunization of NMRI mice against virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Differing efficacy of eleven cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains. Mice were infected with eleven cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains of varying virulence and challenged 1 month later with highly virulent BK strain parasites. The early cellular reaction in vivo was estimated by collecting the peritoneal exudates 24 h after challenge. This consisted of 54.34--77.61% lymphocytes and 0-8.88% infected macrophages in the eleven immunized groups in contrast to 27.17% lymphocytes and 18.64% infected macrophages in the control group. The peritoneal exudate 72 h after challenge comprised of 55.88-73.86% lymphocytes and 0-6.97% infected macrophages compared to 25.88% lymphocytes and 92% infected macrophages in the control group. Following the virulent challenge, deaths occurred in seven of the eleven groups immunized with live strains and ranged 5-42% at the end of a 6-week observation period. The most virulent of the Toxoplasma strains used - Alt and Gail - gave higher mortality while the least virulent ones - 558, 1070, K8 and KSU - were solidly resistant. The significantly different mortality obtained with strains Alt, Gail and Witting in a similar experiment performed at an interval of 7 months is discussed.", "PMID": 605650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8953", "title": "The penetration of Fasciola hepatica miracidia into the snail host Fossaria bulimoides. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Snails of the species Fossaria bullimoides were exposed to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica for given periods of time. The course of penetration was followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Topographical features of miracidial morphology were studied with emphasis on epidermal plates and body shape. Comparisons are made on the rate of penetration into this snail host.", "contents": "The penetration of Fasciola hepatica miracidia into the snail host Fossaria bulimoides. A scanning electron microscope study. Snails of the species Fossaria bullimoides were exposed to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica for given periods of time. The course of penetration was followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Topographical features of miracidial morphology were studied with emphasis on epidermal plates and body shape. Comparisons are made on the rate of penetration into this snail host.", "PMID": 605651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8954", "title": "On Schistosoma margrebowiei Le Roux, 1933: the morphology of the egg, miracidium and cercaria, the compatibility with species of Bulinus, and development in Mesocricetus auratus.", "content": "The morphology of the egg, miracidium, and cercaria of Schistosoma margrebowiei are described. The compatibility of S. margrebowiei with species of Bulinus has been examined. The parasite develops well in the diploid, tetraploid and octoploid snails of the truncatus/tropicus complex with overall infection rates of 38.1%, 30.1% and 29.1% respectively, and in reticulatus group snails (Bulinus wrighti) with an infection rate of 45.8% of those snails surviving the prepatent period. Only two species of the forskali complex (Bulinus bavayi, Aldabra; Bulinus beccarii, South Arabia) are slightly compatible, and snails of the africanus group are incompatible. The overall worm return from 24 hamsters exposed individually to 100 cercariae was 39.8%; 82.1% of the worms were paired, the remainder unpaired. The growth of the paired worms was recorded from 28-60 days. The prepatent period in hamsters in 33 days, in sheep 38 days. The mean egg production was 837 eggs/day in infections ranging from 33 to 60 days. Most eggs (80.9%) were deposited in the intestine, and only 18.2% were deposited in the liver. The parasite is pathogenic in hamsters, and peak death rate occurred in the 50-60 day group infections which coincided with the period of peak egg production.", "contents": "On Schistosoma margrebowiei Le Roux, 1933: the morphology of the egg, miracidium and cercaria, the compatibility with species of Bulinus, and development in Mesocricetus auratus. The morphology of the egg, miracidium, and cercaria of Schistosoma margrebowiei are described. The compatibility of S. margrebowiei with species of Bulinus has been examined. The parasite develops well in the diploid, tetraploid and octoploid snails of the truncatus/tropicus complex with overall infection rates of 38.1%, 30.1% and 29.1% respectively, and in reticulatus group snails (Bulinus wrighti) with an infection rate of 45.8% of those snails surviving the prepatent period. Only two species of the forskali complex (Bulinus bavayi, Aldabra; Bulinus beccarii, South Arabia) are slightly compatible, and snails of the africanus group are incompatible. The overall worm return from 24 hamsters exposed individually to 100 cercariae was 39.8%; 82.1% of the worms were paired, the remainder unpaired. The growth of the paired worms was recorded from 28-60 days. The prepatent period in hamsters in 33 days, in sheep 38 days. The mean egg production was 837 eggs/day in infections ranging from 33 to 60 days. Most eggs (80.9%) were deposited in the intestine, and only 18.2% were deposited in the liver. The parasite is pathogenic in hamsters, and peak death rate occurred in the 50-60 day group infections which coincided with the period of peak egg production.", "PMID": 605652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8955", "title": "[Contributions to the micromorphology of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. I. Fine structure of the tegument and its \"associated structures\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The body wall of the miracidium of S. mansoni has been studied by light and electron microscope. It has been found that the tegument layer contains so-called membrane-bound bodies. The tegument layer will be separated from muscle layer by means of a basal membrane. Special attention was focused on the associated structures of the tegument; these are cilia, microvilli-like appendices amounting to six in number at our test-organisms and finally two types of sensory papillae on the so-called terebratorium. After treatment of the miracidium in antiserum, fine granulated precipitate was formed around the cilia.", "contents": "[Contributions to the micromorphology of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. I. Fine structure of the tegument and its \"associated structures\" (author's transl)]. The body wall of the miracidium of S. mansoni has been studied by light and electron microscope. It has been found that the tegument layer contains so-called membrane-bound bodies. The tegument layer will be separated from muscle layer by means of a basal membrane. Special attention was focused on the associated structures of the tegument; these are cilia, microvilli-like appendices amounting to six in number at our test-organisms and finally two types of sensory papillae on the so-called terebratorium. After treatment of the miracidium in antiserum, fine granulated precipitate was formed around the cilia.", "PMID": 605653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8956", "title": "Experimental double infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Two groups of Biomphalaria glabrata snails primarily infected with Angiostrongylus contonensis were secondarily exposed to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. To investigate any anatagonistic effect of the first infection on a superimposed one and to compare to singly and non-infected snails, a series of experiments was undertaken in which snails were individually exposed, variously, to 1,000 and 2,000 first-stage larvae of A. cantonensis and then to 5 and 10 miracidia of S. mansoni 1 day and 3 weeks later. Snails became infected with S. mansoni in both groups of snails with double infections and shed cercariae after the same incubation period as in the singly infected groups. The number of snails shedding cercariae simultaneously was similar in single and double infection groups during the first two weeks of shedding, after which this number decreased somewhat in doubly infected groups. Snails with double infection showed higher cumulative mortality rates than in snail groups with single infection with either A. cantonensis or S. mansoni. Therefore, initial infection of B. glabrata with A. cantonensis produced no inhibitory or retarding effect on subsequent infection of snails with S. mansoni.", "contents": "Experimental double infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Schistosoma mansoni. Two groups of Biomphalaria glabrata snails primarily infected with Angiostrongylus contonensis were secondarily exposed to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. To investigate any anatagonistic effect of the first infection on a superimposed one and to compare to singly and non-infected snails, a series of experiments was undertaken in which snails were individually exposed, variously, to 1,000 and 2,000 first-stage larvae of A. cantonensis and then to 5 and 10 miracidia of S. mansoni 1 day and 3 weeks later. Snails became infected with S. mansoni in both groups of snails with double infections and shed cercariae after the same incubation period as in the singly infected groups. The number of snails shedding cercariae simultaneously was similar in single and double infection groups during the first two weeks of shedding, after which this number decreased somewhat in doubly infected groups. Snails with double infection showed higher cumulative mortality rates than in snail groups with single infection with either A. cantonensis or S. mansoni. Therefore, initial infection of B. glabrata with A. cantonensis produced no inhibitory or retarding effect on subsequent infection of snails with S. mansoni.", "PMID": 605654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8957", "title": "Stereoscan studies of rediae, cercariae, cysts, excysted metacercariae and migratory stages of Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "The external surface of the redial body of Fasciola hepatica is provided with microvillus-like projections or short lamellae, and short cilium-like structures are common anteriorly. The anterior part of the cercarial body possesses a pattern of regularly arranged small depressions each containing a spine. Both long and short cilium-like structures occur anteriorly. The tail is spineless and provided with dorsolateral folds. The outer cyst wall is formed by granules secreted from the tegument all over the body apart from the ventral sucker. Most granules transform into fibrillae which form the thick outer spongy layer. The precursor of the inner cyst wall is at the beginning closely attached to the metacercarial surface, but later the membrane-like cyst wall extends, and when fully formed the metacercaria lies free in the flattened circular inner cyst. The ventral plug is formed by the ventral sucker. The tegument of newly excysted metacercariae is provided with simple pointed spines, but later during migration in the mouse the spines become flattened and multipointed. Very young migratory stages may be attached with host cells.", "contents": "Stereoscan studies of rediae, cercariae, cysts, excysted metacercariae and migratory stages of Fasciola hepatica. The external surface of the redial body of Fasciola hepatica is provided with microvillus-like projections or short lamellae, and short cilium-like structures are common anteriorly. The anterior part of the cercarial body possesses a pattern of regularly arranged small depressions each containing a spine. Both long and short cilium-like structures occur anteriorly. The tail is spineless and provided with dorsolateral folds. The outer cyst wall is formed by granules secreted from the tegument all over the body apart from the ventral sucker. Most granules transform into fibrillae which form the thick outer spongy layer. The precursor of the inner cyst wall is at the beginning closely attached to the metacercarial surface, but later the membrane-like cyst wall extends, and when fully formed the metacercaria lies free in the flattened circular inner cyst. The ventral plug is formed by the ventral sucker. The tegument of newly excysted metacercariae is provided with simple pointed spines, but later during migration in the mouse the spines become flattened and multipointed. Very young migratory stages may be attached with host cells.", "PMID": 605656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8958", "title": "[Draft and course of a Basel Kindergarten study].", "content": "Programme and course of the Basle Kindergarten Study are presented. This study has to describe and analyse the somatic and psychosocial development of children of foreign workers, of people from other swiss cantons and of locals to get ideas referred to prevention.", "contents": "[Draft and course of a Basel Kindergarten study]. Programme and course of the Basle Kindergarten Study are presented. This study has to describe and analyse the somatic and psychosocial development of children of foreign workers, of people from other swiss cantons and of locals to get ideas referred to prevention.", "PMID": 605668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8959", "title": "[National Research Program on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: plan of study].", "content": "The main objectives of the Swiss National Research Program on primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases are: 1) the reduction of known cardiovascular risk factors among the local populations of two intervention Communities compared to two \"regular care\" communities and 2) the provision of tested cost-effective methods for nation-wide use in the future control of CVD. The main focus during both the screening and the three years intervention phase will be on the total mobilization of community resources to induce behavior change (active participation of the population as well as the local health and social services system both in planning and implementation). A program such as this has to meet the challenge of developing a design that combines the needs for rigorous evaluation with a maximal amount of flexibility regarding the results of local initiative and involvement.", "contents": "[National Research Program on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: plan of study]. The main objectives of the Swiss National Research Program on primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases are: 1) the reduction of known cardiovascular risk factors among the local populations of two intervention Communities compared to two \"regular care\" communities and 2) the provision of tested cost-effective methods for nation-wide use in the future control of CVD. The main focus during both the screening and the three years intervention phase will be on the total mobilization of community resources to induce behavior change (active participation of the population as well as the local health and social services system both in planning and implementation). A program such as this has to meet the challenge of developing a design that combines the needs for rigorous evaluation with a maximal amount of flexibility regarding the results of local initiative and involvement.", "PMID": 605669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8960", "title": "[Morbidity of alcoholic employees. Examples from 2 public facilities in Switzerland].", "content": "Morbidity of of alcoholic employees. Results of a case/control study on 2 samples of civil servants. The data of this retrospective study were obtained mainly from files kept at the centralized medical service. The observation period was 10 years. The alcoholics (n = 64) lost in the average 19.3 or 16.1 days more per year through sickness absence and they spent considerably more days in hospitals than their control groups. Significant differences occurred also concerning frequences of medical diagnoses.", "contents": "[Morbidity of alcoholic employees. Examples from 2 public facilities in Switzerland]. Morbidity of of alcoholic employees. Results of a case/control study on 2 samples of civil servants. The data of this retrospective study were obtained mainly from files kept at the centralized medical service. The observation period was 10 years. The alcoholics (n = 64) lost in the average 19.3 or 16.1 days more per year through sickness absence and they spent considerably more days in hospitals than their control groups. Significant differences occurred also concerning frequences of medical diagnoses.", "PMID": 605672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8961", "title": "[Mortality of a group of psychiatric patients under ambulatory care in Geneva].", "content": "It is known from former studies that psychiatric patients have a mortality rate higher than that of the general population. This cannot be explained by causes of death that may be specific of psychiatric illness (as suicide for example). The objective of our project is to find if there is such an over mortality in our population, to evaluate to what factors it is related and specially what are the causes of death.", "contents": "[Mortality of a group of psychiatric patients under ambulatory care in Geneva]. It is known from former studies that psychiatric patients have a mortality rate higher than that of the general population. This cannot be explained by causes of death that may be specific of psychiatric illness (as suicide for example). The objective of our project is to find if there is such an over mortality in our population, to evaluate to what factors it is related and specially what are the causes of death.", "PMID": 605671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8962", "title": "[Incidence of cancer in the canton of Vaud. Etiologic hypotheses].", "content": "1,600 deaths are attributed to cancer in the Canton of Vaud, representing 23% of the total mortality. The incidence rates by sex for 12 cancer sites are compared, the data being taken from 3 cancer registries : Vaud, Geneva and the Saar (West Germany). The most important risk factors are mentioned for those sites with the highest rates. For men, cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract rank second, when the expectation of life associated with the age of onset of tumours of this site is taken into account. The sex ratio of males to females is particularly high. Some hypotheses, based on epidemiological observations, are formulated as to the causes of cancer of the upper digestive and respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Incidence of cancer in the canton of Vaud. Etiologic hypotheses]. 1,600 deaths are attributed to cancer in the Canton of Vaud, representing 23% of the total mortality. The incidence rates by sex for 12 cancer sites are compared, the data being taken from 3 cancer registries : Vaud, Geneva and the Saar (West Germany). The most important risk factors are mentioned for those sites with the highest rates. For men, cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract rank second, when the expectation of life associated with the age of onset of tumours of this site is taken into account. The sex ratio of males to females is particularly high. Some hypotheses, based on epidemiological observations, are formulated as to the causes of cancer of the upper digestive and respiratory tract.", "PMID": 605674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8963", "title": "[Risk groups in travel to tropical countries within the frame of mass tourism].", "content": "More than 10,000 tourists returning from tropical countries have been asked about health problems during their stay abroad. Preliminary results from the first 5,550 questionnaires indicate that 74,8% had complaints of any kind concerning their health and 13,6% can be considered as having been ill. The frequency of complaints and illness in relation to different variables is shown and the possibility of definition of high risk groups is being discussed.", "contents": "[Risk groups in travel to tropical countries within the frame of mass tourism]. More than 10,000 tourists returning from tropical countries have been asked about health problems during their stay abroad. Preliminary results from the first 5,550 questionnaires indicate that 74,8% had complaints of any kind concerning their health and 13,6% can be considered as having been ill. The frequency of complaints and illness in relation to different variables is shown and the possibility of definition of high risk groups is being discussed.", "PMID": 605670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8964", "title": "[Length of stay of hernia patients: an international comparison].", "content": "A comparison of four community hospitals in four countries (U.S.A., Sweden, U.K., Switzerland) shows important differences regarding the average length of stay in these four countries. The mean stay for the diagnosis of inguinal hernia in Switzerland is about twice as high as in the other countries. Explanations for such variations lie with the shape of the system of care rather than with the medical needs of different populations.", "contents": "[Length of stay of hernia patients: an international comparison]. A comparison of four community hospitals in four countries (U.S.A., Sweden, U.K., Switzerland) shows important differences regarding the average length of stay in these four countries. The mean stay for the diagnosis of inguinal hernia in Switzerland is about twice as high as in the other countries. Explanations for such variations lie with the shape of the system of care rather than with the medical needs of different populations.", "PMID": 605675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8965", "title": "[Problem of early registration of hypertension: combination of x-ray and blood-pressure determination].", "content": "In a program aiming at 30,000 blood pressure measurements per year 12,401 persons have been examined in the canton of Berne (population of approx. 1 million) from first of January 1976 to the end of April 1977. This group belongs to the active working part of the inhabitants (age 30 years and more). The introduction of this method was without any problems. 97 to 100 percent of the people participated on a voluntary base. A short personal history of hypertension and smoking habits were requested by a questionnaire. Some results obtained by the use of a general computerprogram are presented: 15.1 % of the screened population had a hypertension greater than or equal to 160/95 mmHg. 55.5 % were unknown to the examined persons. Connections with other findings than hypertension, such as pathologic images of the heart in the x-ray and smoking have been determined. 66.5 % showed one, two or three of the above mentioned findings. The advantages of this method are stressed.", "contents": "[Problem of early registration of hypertension: combination of x-ray and blood-pressure determination]. In a program aiming at 30,000 blood pressure measurements per year 12,401 persons have been examined in the canton of Berne (population of approx. 1 million) from first of January 1976 to the end of April 1977. This group belongs to the active working part of the inhabitants (age 30 years and more). The introduction of this method was without any problems. 97 to 100 percent of the people participated on a voluntary base. A short personal history of hypertension and smoking habits were requested by a questionnaire. Some results obtained by the use of a general computerprogram are presented: 15.1 % of the screened population had a hypertension greater than or equal to 160/95 mmHg. 55.5 % were unknown to the examined persons. Connections with other findings than hypertension, such as pathologic images of the heart in the x-ray and smoking have been determined. 66.5 % showed one, two or three of the above mentioned findings. The advantages of this method are stressed.", "PMID": 605678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8966", "title": "[Discrimination and classification based on characteristics of bucco-dental data].", "content": "Discriminant analysis and its corresponding classification procedures are illustrated by means of two practical applications pertaining to a dental health survey. The discriminating variables refer to dental caries, oral hygiene, periodontal diseases and fracture of anterior teeth. Their relative discriminating power is discussed.", "contents": "[Discrimination and classification based on characteristics of bucco-dental data]. Discriminant analysis and its corresponding classification procedures are illustrated by means of two practical applications pertaining to a dental health survey. The discriminating variables refer to dental caries, oral hygiene, periodontal diseases and fracture of anterior teeth. Their relative discriminating power is discussed.", "PMID": 605673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8967", "title": "[Treatment of pharyngeal disease in general and pediatric practice].", "content": "Based on 1351 reports by 180 physicians, it was found that pediatricians and younger physicians conducted more diagnostic tests and judged a tonsillectomy as necessary less frequently than GP's, especially those without board certification, and older physicians.", "contents": "[Treatment of pharyngeal disease in general and pediatric practice]. Based on 1351 reports by 180 physicians, it was found that pediatricians and younger physicians conducted more diagnostic tests and judged a tonsillectomy as necessary less frequently than GP's, especially those without board certification, and older physicians.", "PMID": 605676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8968", "title": "[Influence of social learning on alcohol consumption].", "content": "The history of social learning in relation to the alcohol consumption of 50 heavy and 50 average drinkers, matched according to socio- demographic factors, was compared. The main differences concerned the situation at home and relations with young colleagues. Drinking on festive occasions, together with the parents, seems to favour normal consumption in later years, even if the drinking starts at a young age. If, however, the parents used alcohol as a means to relieve tensions, or if the subject was in near contact with heavy drinking young colleagues that rather despised people who did not drink much, an association with high consumption could be noted. No significant differences have appeared in the behavior of adult acquaintances.", "contents": "[Influence of social learning on alcohol consumption]. The history of social learning in relation to the alcohol consumption of 50 heavy and 50 average drinkers, matched according to socio- demographic factors, was compared. The main differences concerned the situation at home and relations with young colleagues. Drinking on festive occasions, together with the parents, seems to favour normal consumption in later years, even if the drinking starts at a young age. If, however, the parents used alcohol as a means to relieve tensions, or if the subject was in near contact with heavy drinking young colleagues that rather despised people who did not drink much, an association with high consumption could be noted. No significant differences have appeared in the behavior of adult acquaintances.", "PMID": 605680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8969", "title": "[Educational and nutritional study on the reduction of myocardial-infarct risk].", "content": "The study aims to establish whether recovery from myocardial infarction is the strongest or, alternatively, the only motivation toward changing unhealthy habits of living and eating and to what extent such patients and overtly healthy persons are prepared to receive advice to take measures to prevent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Educational and nutritional study on the reduction of myocardial-infarct risk]. The study aims to establish whether recovery from myocardial infarction is the strongest or, alternatively, the only motivation toward changing unhealthy habits of living and eating and to what extent such patients and overtly healthy persons are prepared to receive advice to take measures to prevent myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 605681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8970", "title": "[Modification of smoking behavior using long-distance methods].", "content": "906 persons willing to quit smoking were allocated at random to several groups. The results show that (1) an extract of avena sativa has no effect on quantity smoked; (2) distribution of the various parts of a smoking cessation program over several days was no more effective than distribution at once; (3) stopping at once was more effective than progressive reduction of cigarettes smoked.", "contents": "[Modification of smoking behavior using long-distance methods]. 906 persons willing to quit smoking were allocated at random to several groups. The results show that (1) an extract of avena sativa has no effect on quantity smoked; (2) distribution of the various parts of a smoking cessation program over several days was no more effective than distribution at once; (3) stopping at once was more effective than progressive reduction of cigarettes smoked.", "PMID": 605682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8971", "title": "[Level of SO2 pollution and the prevalence of bronchitis].", "content": "The prevalence of chronic bronchitis (according to the BMRC questionnaire on respiratory symptoms) for 1182 male smokers, as well as their peak flow rate, are related to age (18-65 years), cagarette consumption (1-55 cig./day) and exposure to atmospheric SO2 pollution (20-65 microgram/m3).", "contents": "[Level of SO2 pollution and the prevalence of bronchitis]. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis (according to the BMRC questionnaire on respiratory symptoms) for 1182 male smokers, as well as their peak flow rate, are related to age (18-65 years), cagarette consumption (1-55 cig./day) and exposure to atmospheric SO2 pollution (20-65 microgram/m3).", "PMID": 605685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8972", "title": "[Effect of nicotine and amphetamine on body-weight regulation].", "content": "Twice daily c.c. injections of nicotine or amphetamine, for 6 weeks, produced a stabilization of the body weight at a level below that of the controls. This is attained by a transient hypophagia in normal animals and by a brief hyperphagia in animals emaciated prior to the treatment period. These effects confirm the hypothesis of Powley and Keesey (2) that the set-point for body weight is regulated, and not food intake.", "contents": "[Effect of nicotine and amphetamine on body-weight regulation]. Twice daily c.c. injections of nicotine or amphetamine, for 6 weeks, produced a stabilization of the body weight at a level below that of the controls. This is attained by a transient hypophagia in normal animals and by a brief hyperphagia in animals emaciated prior to the treatment period. These effects confirm the hypothesis of Powley and Keesey (2) that the set-point for body weight is regulated, and not food intake.", "PMID": 605689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8973", "title": "[Living in modern apartments].", "content": "800 new flats were investigated. The comparison between the behavior or the judgements of the inhabitants with various physical parameters revealed many insufficient elements in the flats. Some recommendations can be deduced from this study.", "contents": "[Living in modern apartments]. 800 new flats were investigated. The comparison between the behavior or the judgements of the inhabitants with various physical parameters revealed many insufficient elements in the flats. Some recommendations can be deduced from this study.", "PMID": 605688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8974", "title": "[Illness behaviour: the influence of age, sex and socio-economic status (author's transl)].", "content": "Some results of a study done in 1975/76 in Basle are presented (N=422 people working in administrative and industrial firms). Generally medicine takers are to be found in a high percentage already in the group with little symptoms. On the other side many of those reporting a high number of symptoms do not consult a physician. The number of symptoms reported is higher with progressive age, women and lower socio-economic status. Nevertheless we do not find an increase of consultations with a physician in the same direction.", "contents": "[Illness behaviour: the influence of age, sex and socio-economic status (author's transl)]. Some results of a study done in 1975/76 in Basle are presented (N=422 people working in administrative and industrial firms). Generally medicine takers are to be found in a high percentage already in the group with little symptoms. On the other side many of those reporting a high number of symptoms do not consult a physician. The number of symptoms reported is higher with progressive age, women and lower socio-economic status. Nevertheless we do not find an increase of consultations with a physician in the same direction.", "PMID": 605683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8975", "title": "[The applied time interval as a learnable dimension].", "content": "The possibility of learning time intervals was examined. 7 male BDE-rats (70 days old at the beginning of the experiments) were trained (shock avoidance learning) in a modified test chamber to learn bar-pressing only in distinguished time periods (LD 12 : 12). In a second part of the experiment it was examined with 5 rats what effect an extension of the light phase has. The results show that there is a possibility of learning time intervals and of maintaining this behaviour under these specific conditions of training.", "contents": "[The applied time interval as a learnable dimension]. The possibility of learning time intervals was examined. 7 male BDE-rats (70 days old at the beginning of the experiments) were trained (shock avoidance learning) in a modified test chamber to learn bar-pressing only in distinguished time periods (LD 12 : 12). In a second part of the experiment it was examined with 5 rats what effect an extension of the light phase has. The results show that there is a possibility of learning time intervals and of maintaining this behaviour under these specific conditions of training.", "PMID": 605697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8976", "title": "[The working place and psychovegetative disorders].", "content": "Concept of a questionnaire for industrial workers to investigate the characteristics of their job demands, their individual claims, psychovegetativ disorders and job dissatisfaction. First results of a preliminary test on 54 selected shift workers.", "contents": "[The working place and psychovegetative disorders]. Concept of a questionnaire for industrial workers to investigate the characteristics of their job demands, their individual claims, psychovegetativ disorders and job dissatisfaction. First results of a preliminary test on 54 selected shift workers.", "PMID": 605691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8977", "title": "[Survival time and life quality after operative treatment of colonic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In regard to other intestinal malignomas colon cancer shows the chance of a long survival time. In cases of stage Dukes A and B the patient has a 5 year survival time of 100 to 82% depending on his age. In carcinoma of the rectum preoperative biopsy is necessary. In cases with grade III we prefer the exstirpation. The Erlangen magnetic closure of the colostomy gives continence in 70%.", "contents": "[Survival time and life quality after operative treatment of colonic cancer (author's transl)]. In regard to other intestinal malignomas colon cancer shows the chance of a long survival time. In cases of stage Dukes A and B the patient has a 5 year survival time of 100 to 82% depending on his age. In carcinoma of the rectum preoperative biopsy is necessary. In cases with grade III we prefer the exstirpation. The Erlangen magnetic closure of the colostomy gives continence in 70%.", "PMID": 605698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8978", "title": "[Problems caused by asbestos].", "content": "Asbestos has become a pollutant of ambiant air and there is a lack of informations allowing a reliable evaluation of the health risk related to the levels of concentrations found in the community. Biological significance of short fibres, analytical methodology and permissible levels are discussed under the view of the future needs for research.", "contents": "[Problems caused by asbestos]. Asbestos has become a pollutant of ambiant air and there is a lack of informations allowing a reliable evaluation of the health risk related to the levels of concentrations found in the community. Biological significance of short fibres, analytical methodology and permissible levels are discussed under the view of the future needs for research.", "PMID": 605687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8979", "title": "[Volvulus of the stomach in combination with hiatal hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of acute or chronic abdominal complaints in adults can be accounted for as conditions resulting from volvulus of the stomach with oesophagial hernia. In a total of 73 cases of hiatus hernias the author has observed 6 patients with a simultaneous volvulus of the stomach (8,1%) from 1967 to 1976. Pathogenesis, symptoms, surgical indication and the operative technique are discussed. By means of gastropexy, fundiplication and narrowing of the oesphageal hiatus the patients could be freed of complaints and recurrences.", "contents": "[Volvulus of the stomach in combination with hiatal hernia (author's transl)]. Cases of acute or chronic abdominal complaints in adults can be accounted for as conditions resulting from volvulus of the stomach with oesophagial hernia. In a total of 73 cases of hiatus hernias the author has observed 6 patients with a simultaneous volvulus of the stomach (8,1%) from 1967 to 1976. Pathogenesis, symptoms, surgical indication and the operative technique are discussed. By means of gastropexy, fundiplication and narrowing of the oesphageal hiatus the patients could be freed of complaints and recurrences.", "PMID": 605699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8980", "title": "[Time of disablement after partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1966 to 1975 1169 patients underwent a partial gastrectomy (Billroth-II). 944 patients (80%) were followed up by their surgeons in a so call \"gastric after-care\". On the average these patients were pstoperatively out of work for 58 days. This time depends on postoperative complications, disturbed gastric function but finally on the patient himself.", "contents": "[Time of disablement after partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer (author's transl)]. From 1966 to 1975 1169 patients underwent a partial gastrectomy (Billroth-II). 944 patients (80%) were followed up by their surgeons in a so call \"gastric after-care\". On the average these patients were pstoperatively out of work for 58 days. This time depends on postoperative complications, disturbed gastric function but finally on the patient himself.", "PMID": 605700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8981", "title": "[Evaluation of occupational chromium exposure through the determination of urinary chromium].", "content": "Determinations of urinary chromium on 26 workers from 6 chromium electroplating workshops are presented and discussed in relation with results of airborne chromium. Rapid apparition of chromium in urine after the beginning of exposure tends to show that urinary analysis are a convenient test for the biological monitoring of chromium exposure.", "contents": "[Evaluation of occupational chromium exposure through the determination of urinary chromium]. Determinations of urinary chromium on 26 workers from 6 chromium electroplating workshops are presented and discussed in relation with results of airborne chromium. Rapid apparition of chromium in urine after the beginning of exposure tends to show that urinary analysis are a convenient test for the biological monitoring of chromium exposure.", "PMID": 605690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8982", "title": "[Intussusception of the vermiform appendix (author's transl)].", "content": "Intussusception of the vermiform appendix is reported in a frequency of 0.01%. Different aetiologic factors are implicated, a directed hyperperistalsis against intraluminal obstruction is thought to be the pathogenetic mechanism. There is a lack of typical symptoms, very often appendicitis or caecal tumor is diagnosed. Concomitant inflammation renders recognition more difficult. The caecum must be resected if a malignant tumour cannot be ruled out. Appendectomy is performed in definite findings. Our case report may remind of this uncommon occurrence.", "contents": "[Intussusception of the vermiform appendix (author's transl)]. Intussusception of the vermiform appendix is reported in a frequency of 0.01%. Different aetiologic factors are implicated, a directed hyperperistalsis against intraluminal obstruction is thought to be the pathogenetic mechanism. There is a lack of typical symptoms, very often appendicitis or caecal tumor is diagnosed. Concomitant inflammation renders recognition more difficult. The caecum must be resected if a malignant tumour cannot be ruled out. Appendectomy is performed in definite findings. Our case report may remind of this uncommon occurrence.", "PMID": 605701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8983", "title": "[Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD'S) (author's transl)].", "content": "The IUD is an excellent and very effective contraceptive method. As contraception and coitus are separated, this technique is acceptable to many couples. It provides prolonged protection and cannot be \"forgotten\" like the Pill, the diaphragm, or the condom. Its pregnancy rate is 2 per 100 women per year. The greatest clinical experience exists with the Lippes loop. The loop should be the method of choice for parous women, the Copper-T for the nullipara and nulligravida. Regularly menstruating women should be advised to use additional contraceptive protection (condom, diaphragm, coitus interruptus, foam) during the week of highest fertility. This will make the IUD as effective as the Pill. Physicians prescribing this method should be available 24 hours per day for their patients, as emergency situations such as P.I.D., ectopic pregnancy, septic abortion--rare as they are--would need prompt attention.", "contents": "[Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD'S) (author's transl)]. The IUD is an excellent and very effective contraceptive method. As contraception and coitus are separated, this technique is acceptable to many couples. It provides prolonged protection and cannot be \"forgotten\" like the Pill, the diaphragm, or the condom. Its pregnancy rate is 2 per 100 women per year. The greatest clinical experience exists with the Lippes loop. The loop should be the method of choice for parous women, the Copper-T for the nullipara and nulligravida. Regularly menstruating women should be advised to use additional contraceptive protection (condom, diaphragm, coitus interruptus, foam) during the week of highest fertility. This will make the IUD as effective as the Pill. Physicians prescribing this method should be available 24 hours per day for their patients, as emergency situations such as P.I.D., ectopic pregnancy, septic abortion--rare as they are--would need prompt attention.", "PMID": 605703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8984", "title": "[Infection hazards and complications following the use of IUDs].", "content": "Own experiences on IUD-complications especially irregular bleedings and infections underline that modern plastic intrauterine devices are second-rate contraceptives. Compared to hormonal contraceptive drugs intrauterine devices have a higher pregnancy risk and increased rates of infections. Therefore the IUD is in our opinion not suited primary contraceptive method used without indication. Because of the relatively often occurring ascendant genital infections the application of intrauterine devices should not be carried out in nulliparae.", "contents": "[Infection hazards and complications following the use of IUDs]. Own experiences on IUD-complications especially irregular bleedings and infections underline that modern plastic intrauterine devices are second-rate contraceptives. Compared to hormonal contraceptive drugs intrauterine devices have a higher pregnancy risk and increased rates of infections. Therefore the IUD is in our opinion not suited primary contraceptive method used without indication. Because of the relatively often occurring ascendant genital infections the application of intrauterine devices should not be carried out in nulliparae.", "PMID": 605704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8985", "title": "[Management of functional sterility using clomiphene and cyclophenyl at the Karl-Marx-Stadt District Hospital Gynecologic Clinic].", "content": "We report on 39 barren patients suffering from anovulatory cycle disturbances or corpus luteum inadequacies. Them were given treatment in the Gynecological Hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt County at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the past few years and were administered Clomiphendihydrogencitrate or Cyclophenyl to provoke ovulation. Before and during therapy, the total of estrogenes and pregnanediol were determined in the 24h-urine every two days. The clinical data and the results of the hormone investigations were analysed, and an attempt was made to derive a forecast from the estrogene and pregnanediol secretion so as to be able to form an opinion on the positive or negative result of the treatment.", "contents": "[Management of functional sterility using clomiphene and cyclophenyl at the Karl-Marx-Stadt District Hospital Gynecologic Clinic]. We report on 39 barren patients suffering from anovulatory cycle disturbances or corpus luteum inadequacies. Them were given treatment in the Gynecological Hospital of Karl-Marx-Stadt County at Karl-Marx-Stadt in the past few years and were administered Clomiphendihydrogencitrate or Cyclophenyl to provoke ovulation. Before and during therapy, the total of estrogenes and pregnanediol were determined in the 24h-urine every two days. The clinical data and the results of the hormone investigations were analysed, and an attempt was made to derive a forecast from the estrogene and pregnanediol secretion so as to be able to form an opinion on the positive or negative result of the treatment.", "PMID": 605705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8986", "title": "[Endocervicoscopy].", "content": "The endocervicoscopy is particularly interesting with regard to the way of endoscopic observations and to the successful identification of praecarcinosis intercervicalis. The findings are of clinical importance in the early detection of praecarcinomatic dysplastic processes and of neoplastic disease of the uterine endocervix. It is a valuable source of information in early treatment, surgery and rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Endocervicoscopy]. The endocervicoscopy is particularly interesting with regard to the way of endoscopic observations and to the successful identification of praecarcinosis intercervicalis. The findings are of clinical importance in the early detection of praecarcinomatic dysplastic processes and of neoplastic disease of the uterine endocervix. It is a valuable source of information in early treatment, surgery and rehabilitation.", "PMID": 605706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8987", "title": "[Clinical peculiarities in a female patient with the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser syndrome].", "content": "Described is a case with the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser syndrome with normal pubescent female development, moderate hair virilismus, double rudimentary uterus, incomplete development of the vagina, ovarian dystrophy and abnormalities in the sex chromatin and the gonosomal complement. Discussion on the clinical variety and the ethiopathogenesis of the disease is performed.", "contents": "[Clinical peculiarities in a female patient with the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser syndrome]. Described is a case with the Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser syndrome with normal pubescent female development, moderate hair virilismus, double rudimentary uterus, incomplete development of the vagina, ovarian dystrophy and abnormalities in the sex chromatin and the gonosomal complement. Discussion on the clinical variety and the ethiopathogenesis of the disease is performed.", "PMID": 605707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8988", "title": "Monoamine level and periodic activity in 6-hydroxydopamine treated mussels Anodonta cygnea L.", "content": "In the central nervous system of the mussel (Anodonta cygnea) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) causes a significant and prolonged decrease in the dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) concentration. The decrease of serotonin (5HT) level did not exceed 25 per cent and was observed only on the 2nd and 3rd day after the treatment. Parallel with the alteration of the monoamine level, there is a marked change in the activity of the animals. Two phases of the effect of 6-OHDA can be distinguished. During the first phase, not only the catecholaminergic but, presumably, also the serotoninergic system is injured. The long-lasting effect of the 6-OHDA administration is reflected in the predominance of the active periods and in the absence of rest periods of the animal.", "contents": "Monoamine level and periodic activity in 6-hydroxydopamine treated mussels Anodonta cygnea L. In the central nervous system of the mussel (Anodonta cygnea) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) causes a significant and prolonged decrease in the dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) concentration. The decrease of serotonin (5HT) level did not exceed 25 per cent and was observed only on the 2nd and 3rd day after the treatment. Parallel with the alteration of the monoamine level, there is a marked change in the activity of the animals. Two phases of the effect of 6-OHDA can be distinguished. During the first phase, not only the catecholaminergic but, presumably, also the serotoninergic system is injured. The long-lasting effect of the 6-OHDA administration is reflected in the predominance of the active periods and in the absence of rest periods of the animal.", "PMID": 605709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8989", "title": "Changes in chromosome complement in long-term pea callus cultures.", "content": "A prolonged callus culture from pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Kiir) cotyledons subcultured for 7.5 years on Torrey's solid medium was examined cytologically. The initially (and up to 3.5-year cultivation) predominantly diploid pea callus strain changed into triploid. The frequency of aberrant ana- and telophases increased during 5 year cultivation from 9 to 40 per cent and thereafter returned to the initial rate maintaining it at least for one year of subculturing. Some possible mechanisms of chromosomal variation tendencies in vitro are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in chromosome complement in long-term pea callus cultures. A prolonged callus culture from pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Kiir) cotyledons subcultured for 7.5 years on Torrey's solid medium was examined cytologically. The initially (and up to 3.5-year cultivation) predominantly diploid pea callus strain changed into triploid. The frequency of aberrant ana- and telophases increased during 5 year cultivation from 9 to 40 per cent and thereafter returned to the initial rate maintaining it at least for one year of subculturing. Some possible mechanisms of chromosomal variation tendencies in vitro are discussed.", "PMID": 605710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8990", "title": "Inhibitory effect of adrenaline and hydrocortisone on the growth of Allium cepa roots.", "content": "The roots of Allium cepa were allowed to grow in distilled water containing 10(-4) M adrenaline hydrochloride or 2 X 10(-3) M hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Adrenaline inhibited the growth of roots; they decreased in length, number and total dry weight. The total amount of DNA in the roots was reduced much less than that of extracellular root components after adrenaline. Also hydrocortisone treatment resulted in a considerable decrease of the length and dry weight of Allium cepa roots. Both DNA and extracellular root components were influenced.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of adrenaline and hydrocortisone on the growth of Allium cepa roots. The roots of Allium cepa were allowed to grow in distilled water containing 10(-4) M adrenaline hydrochloride or 2 X 10(-3) M hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Adrenaline inhibited the growth of roots; they decreased in length, number and total dry weight. The total amount of DNA in the roots was reduced much less than that of extracellular root components after adrenaline. Also hydrocortisone treatment resulted in a considerable decrease of the length and dry weight of Allium cepa roots. Both DNA and extracellular root components were influenced.", "PMID": 605711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8991", "title": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions. I. Changes in muscle weight, protein and contractile properties.", "content": "In New Zealand white rabbits the right hind limb was immobilized in full extension with a plaster cast. The free left hind limb served as control. The masses of both the tetanic m. gastrocnemius and the tonic m. soleus considerably decreased as a consequence of immobilization for 5, 10, 14, 25 or 42 days. The decrease was more marked for the m. soleus. The water content of the muscle did not change substantially in the course of the atrophy. The total protein and myofibrillar protein contents of the immobilized muscles fell significantly. The tonic m. soleus atrophised sooner and was more extensive than the m. gastrocnemius. Superprecipitation of the myofibrillar proteins of the immobilized muscles decreased by 20-25% compared to the controls. The experimental model is considered suitable for further biochemical and ultrastructural investigations relating to the development of atrophy and to regeneration.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions. I. Changes in muscle weight, protein and contractile properties. In New Zealand white rabbits the right hind limb was immobilized in full extension with a plaster cast. The free left hind limb served as control. The masses of both the tetanic m. gastrocnemius and the tonic m. soleus considerably decreased as a consequence of immobilization for 5, 10, 14, 25 or 42 days. The decrease was more marked for the m. soleus. The water content of the muscle did not change substantially in the course of the atrophy. The total protein and myofibrillar protein contents of the immobilized muscles fell significantly. The tonic m. soleus atrophised sooner and was more extensive than the m. gastrocnemius. Superprecipitation of the myofibrillar proteins of the immobilized muscles decreased by 20-25% compared to the controls. The experimental model is considered suitable for further biochemical and ultrastructural investigations relating to the development of atrophy and to regeneration.", "PMID": 605712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8992", "title": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions, II. Quantitative changes in the nucleic acids.", "content": "The effect of hypokinesis on the quantitative changes in the nucleic acids was studied in functionally different muscles of rabbits on the 5th, 10th, 14th and 28th days following plaster cast immobilization of the limbs. As a consequence of the immobilization, the total amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) decreased in both the tonic and the tetanic nuscles. The decrease was more marked in the tonic muscles. As a result of the hypokinesis, the RNA/DNA ratio increased in the m. gastrocnemius, and decreased in the m. soleus. The plaster cast immobilization has a greater effect on the homoeostasis of the nucleic acids of the tonic muscles than in the case of the tetanic muscles.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions, II. Quantitative changes in the nucleic acids. The effect of hypokinesis on the quantitative changes in the nucleic acids was studied in functionally different muscles of rabbits on the 5th, 10th, 14th and 28th days following plaster cast immobilization of the limbs. As a consequence of the immobilization, the total amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) decreased in both the tonic and the tetanic nuscles. The decrease was more marked in the tonic muscles. As a result of the hypokinesis, the RNA/DNA ratio increased in the m. gastrocnemius, and decreased in the m. soleus. The plaster cast immobilization has a greater effect on the homoeostasis of the nucleic acids of the tonic muscles than in the case of the tetanic muscles.", "PMID": 605713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8993", "title": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions, III. Changes in protein fractions of subcellular components.", "content": "Changes occurring in the protein fractions of rabbits' immobilized skeletal muscles with different functions were studied. Disuse of the muscles resulted in a gradual reduction in the contractile proteins. The specific proteins of the tonic muscle (m. soleus) were degraded to a greater extent than those of the tetanic (white) muscles (m. gastrocnemius). Parallel with the decrease in the structural proteins the sarcoplasmic protein exhibited a relative increase. The tonic muscles underwent greater damage than the tetanic muscles, indicating that the dedifferentiation was more marked in the tonic muscle. The results are explained by the biological importance of the function and activity of the cell: disuse leads to changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the muscle, and to dedifferentiation of the cells.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different functions, III. Changes in protein fractions of subcellular components. Changes occurring in the protein fractions of rabbits' immobilized skeletal muscles with different functions were studied. Disuse of the muscles resulted in a gradual reduction in the contractile proteins. The specific proteins of the tonic muscle (m. soleus) were degraded to a greater extent than those of the tetanic (white) muscles (m. gastrocnemius). Parallel with the decrease in the structural proteins the sarcoplasmic protein exhibited a relative increase. The tonic muscles underwent greater damage than the tetanic muscles, indicating that the dedifferentiation was more marked in the tonic muscle. The results are explained by the biological importance of the function and activity of the cell: disuse leads to changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the muscle, and to dedifferentiation of the cells.", "PMID": 605714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8994", "title": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different function. IV. Changes in the sarcoplasmic proteins.", "content": "The changes in the sarcoplasmic proteins of the m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus were examined by biochemical methods on the 5th, 7th, 14th and 28th days after plaster cast immobilization of the right hind limbs of adult rabbits. During 4 weeks the soluble/myofibrillar protein ratio increased from 0.47 to 0.75 in the m. gastrocnemius, and to 0.85 in the m. soleus. Evaluation of the relative quantities of the components identified after gel-electrophoresis separation led to the following results: (1) There was no, or no appreciable change in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and enolase activities. (2) The enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase and the glycogenolytic enzymes showed a relative decrease in both muscles. (3) Phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase increased in both muscles. (4) Changes of opposite directions were exhibited by myoglobin, myokinase and F-protein. These results provide new data on the biochemical characterization of these functionally different muscles, and on the mechanism of disuse atrophy.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on hypokinesis of skeletal muscles with different function. IV. Changes in the sarcoplasmic proteins. The changes in the sarcoplasmic proteins of the m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus were examined by biochemical methods on the 5th, 7th, 14th and 28th days after plaster cast immobilization of the right hind limbs of adult rabbits. During 4 weeks the soluble/myofibrillar protein ratio increased from 0.47 to 0.75 in the m. gastrocnemius, and to 0.85 in the m. soleus. Evaluation of the relative quantities of the components identified after gel-electrophoresis separation led to the following results: (1) There was no, or no appreciable change in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and enolase activities. (2) The enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase and the glycogenolytic enzymes showed a relative decrease in both muscles. (3) Phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglucose isomerase and pyruvate kinase increased in both muscles. (4) Changes of opposite directions were exhibited by myoglobin, myokinase and F-protein. These results provide new data on the biochemical characterization of these functionally different muscles, and on the mechanism of disuse atrophy.", "PMID": 605715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8995", "title": "[Ileal loop ureter substitute in a patient with a single kidney].", "content": "Substitution of the ureter by means of an isolated ileal loop was performed in a young, repeatedly operated patient. The operation was successful, 3 years later the patient was free from complaints and able to work.", "contents": "[Ileal loop ureter substitute in a patient with a single kidney]. Substitution of the ureter by means of an isolated ileal loop was performed in a young, repeatedly operated patient. The operation was successful, 3 years later the patient was free from complaints and able to work.", "PMID": 605718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8996", "title": "[New findings on the mechanism of micturation].", "content": "The nervous and muscular events in the start and process of micturation are analyzed. The experiments have shown that in the start of voluntary micturation the close anatomical link between the perineal cross-striated musculature and the neck of the bladder plays an important role. The fact that the straining of the vesicular musculature leads to the contraction of the detrusor is attributed a major importance in the maintenance of the process of urination. The thrusting force of the vesicular musculature transports the urine into the neck of the bladder where the pressure rises and the muscles of the bladder wall become stressed. The arising stimulation enhances the contraction of the detrusor and this process prevails up to the end of micturation. The experiments support the clinical findings, since they explain the different behaviour of central and partial cystoparalysis, thus the almost normal functioning of the reflex bladder and the atony of the \"non-reflex\" bladder.", "contents": "[New findings on the mechanism of micturation]. The nervous and muscular events in the start and process of micturation are analyzed. The experiments have shown that in the start of voluntary micturation the close anatomical link between the perineal cross-striated musculature and the neck of the bladder plays an important role. The fact that the straining of the vesicular musculature leads to the contraction of the detrusor is attributed a major importance in the maintenance of the process of urination. The thrusting force of the vesicular musculature transports the urine into the neck of the bladder where the pressure rises and the muscles of the bladder wall become stressed. The arising stimulation enhances the contraction of the detrusor and this process prevails up to the end of micturation. The experiments support the clinical findings, since they explain the different behaviour of central and partial cystoparalysis, thus the almost normal functioning of the reflex bladder and the atony of the \"non-reflex\" bladder.", "PMID": 605719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8997", "title": "Rehabilitation renal failure due to poisoning.", "content": "The cases of acute renal failures due to poisoning treated at the artificial kidney department of the University, Department of Urology in Budapest are received. The patients were readmitted later to check their renal function. Prognosis was best in the group with mercury poisoning where renal function of the survivors was completely restored. Similarly promising are the results in other types of poisoning if the patients can be made to survive the acute period. It is emphasized that if poisoning results in symptoms indicating acute renal failure, the patient must be transferred to an artificial kidney department as soon as possible.", "contents": "Rehabilitation renal failure due to poisoning. The cases of acute renal failures due to poisoning treated at the artificial kidney department of the University, Department of Urology in Budapest are received. The patients were readmitted later to check their renal function. Prognosis was best in the group with mercury poisoning where renal function of the survivors was completely restored. Similarly promising are the results in other types of poisoning if the patients can be made to survive the acute period. It is emphasized that if poisoning results in symptoms indicating acute renal failure, the patient must be transferred to an artificial kidney department as soon as possible.", "PMID": 605720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8998", "title": "[Diseases associated with double ureters].", "content": "Seventy-four children with double ureters were observed in the past three and a half years, out of whom 12 were operated because of vesico-ureteral reflux, 2 for lithiasis, 6 for hydronephrosis and 15 because of ureterocele, while in 10 cases operation was indicated by ectopic ureters opening into the area of the vulva. In these diseases intercurrent infection represents the greatest danger which might cause in children a toxic, septic and dystrophic state.", "contents": "[Diseases associated with double ureters]. Seventy-four children with double ureters were observed in the past three and a half years, out of whom 12 were operated because of vesico-ureteral reflux, 2 for lithiasis, 6 for hydronephrosis and 15 because of ureterocele, while in 10 cases operation was indicated by ectopic ureters opening into the area of the vulva. In these diseases intercurrent infection represents the greatest danger which might cause in children a toxic, septic and dystrophic state.", "PMID": 605721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_8999", "title": "[Subtotal resection of ureterocele].", "content": "After a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of ureterocele, the authors' own experience with transvesical subtotal resection is presented. After the resection of the ureterocele, two-third of the patients were free of complaints and symptoms, their pyuria ceased and subsequent intravenous pyelography showed normal conditions.", "contents": "[Subtotal resection of ureterocele]. After a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of ureterocele, the authors' own experience with transvesical subtotal resection is presented. After the resection of the ureterocele, two-third of the patients were free of complaints and symptoms, their pyuria ceased and subsequent intravenous pyelography showed normal conditions.", "PMID": 605722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9000", "title": "[Treatment of bladder tumors].", "content": "Experience with surgical and combined treatment of bladder tumours are reported. 587 patients were subjected to operation only, 71 received complex therapy. The patients were classified according to the TNM system, assessment of the results was based on five-year survival. In the group in which the tumour involved only the mucous membrane and did not infiltrate the bladder wall, the results were favourable (85%), while in the group when the bladder wall was deeply infiltrated, there was no five-year survival irrespective of the treatment having been purely surgical or surgical combined with cytostatic or X-ray therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of bladder tumors]. Experience with surgical and combined treatment of bladder tumours are reported. 587 patients were subjected to operation only, 71 received complex therapy. The patients were classified according to the TNM system, assessment of the results was based on five-year survival. In the group in which the tumour involved only the mucous membrane and did not infiltrate the bladder wall, the results were favourable (85%), while in the group when the bladder wall was deeply infiltrated, there was no five-year survival irrespective of the treatment having been purely surgical or surgical combined with cytostatic or X-ray therapy.", "PMID": 605723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9001", "title": "[Incidence of pyelectases and their surgical correction].", "content": "Among 1611 urological patients 90 (5.4%) displayed pyelectasis. In almost one-third of the cases dilatation was caused by the presence of a calculus In 33 cases plastic surgery mainly of the Anderson-type was applied. 78% of the operations was successful. The incidence of nephrectomy was higher in the group in which complaints were of more than two years standing (10 out of 33) than in the group where treatment was started less than two years after the appearance of complaints (7 out of 41). In 26 cases dilatation was caused by occlusion by a calculus; in one half of these cases, nephrectomy was the only operation which could be performed.", "contents": "[Incidence of pyelectases and their surgical correction]. Among 1611 urological patients 90 (5.4%) displayed pyelectasis. In almost one-third of the cases dilatation was caused by the presence of a calculus In 33 cases plastic surgery mainly of the Anderson-type was applied. 78% of the operations was successful. The incidence of nephrectomy was higher in the group in which complaints were of more than two years standing (10 out of 33) than in the group where treatment was started less than two years after the appearance of complaints (7 out of 41). In 26 cases dilatation was caused by occlusion by a calculus; in one half of these cases, nephrectomy was the only operation which could be performed.", "PMID": 605724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9002", "title": "Non diffusible toxic polypeptides in uraemic sera: a new group of uraemic toxins.", "content": "The composition and toxicity of polypeptides prepared from normal and uraemic sera by the combination of Dowex and Sephadex column chromatography have been studied. Significant changes in composition associated with an increased toxicity and decreased diffusibility of peptides (Mwt, 1800--2500 D) isolated from uraemic sera were detected. Due to their moderate of high toxicity as well as their poor or non-diffusibility, these uraemic polypeptides are proposed to be regarded as a new group of uraemic toxins.", "contents": "Non diffusible toxic polypeptides in uraemic sera: a new group of uraemic toxins. The composition and toxicity of polypeptides prepared from normal and uraemic sera by the combination of Dowex and Sephadex column chromatography have been studied. Significant changes in composition associated with an increased toxicity and decreased diffusibility of peptides (Mwt, 1800--2500 D) isolated from uraemic sera were detected. Due to their moderate of high toxicity as well as their poor or non-diffusibility, these uraemic polypeptides are proposed to be regarded as a new group of uraemic toxins.", "PMID": 605725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9003", "title": "[Primary ureteral tumors].", "content": "The primary tumours of the ureter are reviewed, including the authors' ten-year experience in the field. Of the surgical solutions a radical intervention is advocated in the case of malignant tumours; postoperative irradiation is recommended.", "contents": "[Primary ureteral tumors]. The primary tumours of the ureter are reviewed, including the authors' ten-year experience in the field. Of the surgical solutions a radical intervention is advocated in the case of malignant tumours; postoperative irradiation is recommended.", "PMID": 605726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9004", "title": "[Bilateral testicular tumors].", "content": "Five patients with bilateral testicular tumours were treated in the ten year period 1966 to 1975. In two patients the tumour appeared on both sides at the same time, while in three cases it developed 3/4, 6 and 7 years apart, respectively. The tumour was detected in one case in a retained testicle; in 4 cases the testicles were in the scrotum. Factors promoting development of the tumour and the diagnostic possibilities are discussed. It is recommended to remove the testicle by high division of the funiculus and to apply postoperative radiotherapy. In the presence of metastases administration of cytostatics is necessary. The possibilities of hormone substitution are discussed.", "contents": "[Bilateral testicular tumors]. Five patients with bilateral testicular tumours were treated in the ten year period 1966 to 1975. In two patients the tumour appeared on both sides at the same time, while in three cases it developed 3/4, 6 and 7 years apart, respectively. The tumour was detected in one case in a retained testicle; in 4 cases the testicles were in the scrotum. Factors promoting development of the tumour and the diagnostic possibilities are discussed. It is recommended to remove the testicle by high division of the funiculus and to apply postoperative radiotherapy. In the presence of metastases administration of cytostatics is necessary. The possibilities of hormone substitution are discussed.", "PMID": 605727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9005", "title": "[Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis].", "content": "After a brief review of the pertaining literature, the case of a 63 year old male patient with a histologically confirmed mesothelioma starting from the tunica vaginalis of the testis is described. The rare tumour developed after an injury of the testis suffered 15 years earlier.", "contents": "[Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis]. After a brief review of the pertaining literature, the case of a 63 year old male patient with a histologically confirmed mesothelioma starting from the tunica vaginalis of the testis is described. The rare tumour developed after an injury of the testis suffered 15 years earlier.", "PMID": 605728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9006", "title": "[Analysis of uric acid stone formation through the marking of layers].", "content": "Administration at predetermined intervals of a dye which becomes incorporated into uric acid calculi offers information concerning the formation and growth of the calculi, as well as about the effect or failure of the therapy applied.", "contents": "[Analysis of uric acid stone formation through the marking of layers]. Administration at predetermined intervals of a dye which becomes incorporated into uric acid calculi offers information concerning the formation and growth of the calculi, as well as about the effect or failure of the therapy applied.", "PMID": 605729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9007", "title": "[Acute post-traumatic renal insufficiency with chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "The course of acute renal failure induced by an injury of the chronically pyelonephritic kidney, the tests ensuring the diagnosis of subcapsular haematoma and the surgical correction of the lesion until its recovery, are described.", "contents": "[Acute post-traumatic renal insufficiency with chronic pyelonephritis]. The course of acute renal failure induced by an injury of the chronically pyelonephritic kidney, the tests ensuring the diagnosis of subcapsular haematoma and the surgical correction of the lesion until its recovery, are described.", "PMID": 605730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9008", "title": "Platelet function during reconstructive peripheral arterial surgery.", "content": "During reconstructive arterial surgery on nine patients suffering from obliterating femoral arteriosclerosis, the number of platelets, the percentage of reversible platelet aggregates, and the plasma concentration of a platelet release marker (platelet factor 4, PF-4) were determined. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the popliteal vein of the leg operated upon, and from the superior caval vein and radial artery at various stages of the operative procedure. Only slight changes in platelet number were observed. Platelet aggregates increased in blood from all sampling sites during ischaemia, but corresponding values were in general lower in arterial than in venous blood. The percentage of reversible platelet aggregates in the popliteal vein rose considerably during ischaemia, and the rise correlated well with the arterial occlusion time (Rs = 0.96). PF-4 concentration rose throughout the procedure. Although the clinical implications of these findings are not clear, they seem to underline the importance of a swift but careful surgical technique and a short period of main vessel occlusion.", "contents": "Platelet function during reconstructive peripheral arterial surgery. During reconstructive arterial surgery on nine patients suffering from obliterating femoral arteriosclerosis, the number of platelets, the percentage of reversible platelet aggregates, and the plasma concentration of a platelet release marker (platelet factor 4, PF-4) were determined. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the popliteal vein of the leg operated upon, and from the superior caval vein and radial artery at various stages of the operative procedure. Only slight changes in platelet number were observed. Platelet aggregates increased in blood from all sampling sites during ischaemia, but corresponding values were in general lower in arterial than in venous blood. The percentage of reversible platelet aggregates in the popliteal vein rose considerably during ischaemia, and the rise correlated well with the arterial occlusion time (Rs = 0.96). PF-4 concentration rose throughout the procedure. Although the clinical implications of these findings are not clear, they seem to underline the importance of a swift but careful surgical technique and a short period of main vessel occlusion.", "PMID": 605731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9009", "title": "Blood flow in the calves during surgery.", "content": "The volume flow in the calves was measured by means of plethysmography in 14 patients who had a cholecystectomy and in 3 patients who had a wedge biopsy of the breast. The blood flow increased 100% during abdominal surgery, while no change was observed during the extraabdominal operation. When the legs were placed horizontally during cholecystectomy clear signs of venous pooling were observed. Venous pooling in the calves increased when pillows were placed in the popliteal fossae to prevent over-stretching of the knees. Elevation of the legs 20 degrees in the hip joints decreased the venous stasis considerably. Except for intermittent effects on the circulation caused by strong retraction of the intestines, no clear-cut change in the degree of venous stasis was observed during the course of a cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Blood flow in the calves during surgery. The volume flow in the calves was measured by means of plethysmography in 14 patients who had a cholecystectomy and in 3 patients who had a wedge biopsy of the breast. The blood flow increased 100% during abdominal surgery, while no change was observed during the extraabdominal operation. When the legs were placed horizontally during cholecystectomy clear signs of venous pooling were observed. Venous pooling in the calves increased when pillows were placed in the popliteal fossae to prevent over-stretching of the knees. Elevation of the legs 20 degrees in the hip joints decreased the venous stasis considerably. Except for intermittent effects on the circulation caused by strong retraction of the intestines, no clear-cut change in the degree of venous stasis was observed during the course of a cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 605732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9010", "title": "An approach to the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia.", "content": "No method of surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia is universally accepted. An approach to the problems of the choice of the side for thoracotomy, the organ for reconstruction of the continuity of the oesophagus and the combination of the abdominal and thoracic stages of the surgical procedure is presented. It is based on the following principles: (1) Selecting the side for the thoracotomy on the basis of the distance from the upper incisors to the upper margin of the tumour, determined by oesophagoscopy. (2) Separation of the laparotomy and the thoracotomy. (3) Starting the operative procedure with the laparotomy. The operative mortality in a series of 44 patients operated upon according to these principles is compared with that in a previous series of 77 patients and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.", "contents": "An approach to the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. No method of surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia is universally accepted. An approach to the problems of the choice of the side for thoracotomy, the organ for reconstruction of the continuity of the oesophagus and the combination of the abdominal and thoracic stages of the surgical procedure is presented. It is based on the following principles: (1) Selecting the side for the thoracotomy on the basis of the distance from the upper incisors to the upper margin of the tumour, determined by oesophagoscopy. (2) Separation of the laparotomy and the thoracotomy. (3) Starting the operative procedure with the laparotomy. The operative mortality in a series of 44 patients operated upon according to these principles is compared with that in a previous series of 77 patients and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.", "PMID": 605733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9011", "title": "Staging laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The series includes 91 patients with Hodgkin's disease who underwent a staging laparotomy with splenectomy during the years 1971-1976, in 82% of them as part of the initial evaluation before therapy. Positive abdominal lymph nodes were found in 29% of the patients, a positive spleen in 37%, and a positive liver in 10%. Follow-up of patients who lacked abdominal involvement at laparotomy indicate that sampling error was only of marginal importance. Evaluation of the therapeutic implications of the operation indicated that 41% of the patients benefited from the procedure; 31% by changing stage and 10% by changing radiation therapy port. Five patients had minor surgical complications. The mortality rate was nil.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy with splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease. The series includes 91 patients with Hodgkin's disease who underwent a staging laparotomy with splenectomy during the years 1971-1976, in 82% of them as part of the initial evaluation before therapy. Positive abdominal lymph nodes were found in 29% of the patients, a positive spleen in 37%, and a positive liver in 10%. Follow-up of patients who lacked abdominal involvement at laparotomy indicate that sampling error was only of marginal importance. Evaluation of the therapeutic implications of the operation indicated that 41% of the patients benefited from the procedure; 31% by changing stage and 10% by changing radiation therapy port. Five patients had minor surgical complications. The mortality rate was nil.", "PMID": 605734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9012", "title": "An evaluation of angiography, 75Se-methionine scintigraphy and the Lundh test in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "In order to asses accuracy and consistency of diagnostic opinion in suspected pancreatic disease, using available diagnostic procedures 74 patients, subjected to selective angiography, pancreatic function test (Lundh test), and scintigraphy, were studied retrospectively. The patients were divided into four diagnostic subgroups, three of which represented defined pancreatic disease, the fourth serving as a control group since such disease could be excluded. The primary diagnostic results were compared. After a stipulated minimum of six months the angiographic films and scintigraphic recordings were re-appraised in a randomized manner without access to clinical data. The evaluations thus achieved were compared to those delivered primarily. The results of the present study seem to indicate that the Lundh test and pancreatic scintigraphy are screening tests with a high level of diagnostic reliability and consistency; when normal, practically ruling out pancreatic disease. Angiography is recommendable only if one or both of the above mentioned screening methods yield pathologic results, supported by clinical evidence. The principal aims of selective angiography in suscepted pancreatic disease, are to map vascular anatomy, to differentiate non-neoplastic disease from cancer and to assist estimation of operability. The results of the reappraisal indicate that the diagnostic accuracy of angiography, more than that of scintigraphy, is dependent on the experience of the examiner.", "contents": "An evaluation of angiography, 75Se-methionine scintigraphy and the Lundh test in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. In order to asses accuracy and consistency of diagnostic opinion in suspected pancreatic disease, using available diagnostic procedures 74 patients, subjected to selective angiography, pancreatic function test (Lundh test), and scintigraphy, were studied retrospectively. The patients were divided into four diagnostic subgroups, three of which represented defined pancreatic disease, the fourth serving as a control group since such disease could be excluded. The primary diagnostic results were compared. After a stipulated minimum of six months the angiographic films and scintigraphic recordings were re-appraised in a randomized manner without access to clinical data. The evaluations thus achieved were compared to those delivered primarily. The results of the present study seem to indicate that the Lundh test and pancreatic scintigraphy are screening tests with a high level of diagnostic reliability and consistency; when normal, practically ruling out pancreatic disease. Angiography is recommendable only if one or both of the above mentioned screening methods yield pathologic results, supported by clinical evidence. The principal aims of selective angiography in suscepted pancreatic disease, are to map vascular anatomy, to differentiate non-neoplastic disease from cancer and to assist estimation of operability. The results of the reappraisal indicate that the diagnostic accuracy of angiography, more than that of scintigraphy, is dependent on the experience of the examiner.", "PMID": 605735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9013", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of the propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in the rat.", "content": "A method is presented for the simultaneous measurement of propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in conscious rats. Through a permanent duodenal catheter two differently labeled test substances (125I-PVP and 131I-PVP) were infused continuously one after the other. The radioactive label was changed once during the total infusion period of 5 hours. Studies were performed in six groups of animals which differed with respect to time for interchange of test substance. At the end of the total infusion period the border zone had travelled to six different locations in the small bowel. The animals were then killed and the two radioactivities were recorded from the excised bowel specimen. The resulting activity densities along the small bowel were peaky and the overlap between the two labels in the border zone was minute, indicating that the intestinal contents were transported in isolated portions with only minor exchange of luminal contents between adjacent regions. The transport apparently proceeded steadily in a mainly aboral direction with no indications of abrupt changes in transport velocity.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of the propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in the rat. A method is presented for the simultaneous measurement of propulsion and mixing of small bowel contents in conscious rats. Through a permanent duodenal catheter two differently labeled test substances (125I-PVP and 131I-PVP) were infused continuously one after the other. The radioactive label was changed once during the total infusion period of 5 hours. Studies were performed in six groups of animals which differed with respect to time for interchange of test substance. At the end of the total infusion period the border zone had travelled to six different locations in the small bowel. The animals were then killed and the two radioactivities were recorded from the excised bowel specimen. The resulting activity densities along the small bowel were peaky and the overlap between the two labels in the border zone was minute, indicating that the intestinal contents were transported in isolated portions with only minor exchange of luminal contents between adjacent regions. The transport apparently proceeded steadily in a mainly aboral direction with no indications of abrupt changes in transport velocity.", "PMID": 605736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9014", "title": "Non-occlusive intestinal infarction.", "content": "In a retrospective study of all post-mortem examinations and all celiotomies carried out at Glostrup Hospital in the period 1959-76, 81 patients with non-mechanical intestinal infarction were identified. Of these patients, 23 had suffered non-occlusive intestinal infarction. In 15 of the 23 patients the infarction was associated with cardiac disease and its treatment, in 2 patients it was associated with septic and haemorrhagic shock, and in 4 patients with still other diseases. Two patients were completely healthy, when struck by intestinal infarction. The course was fatal in 20 patients. It is concluded that non-occlusive intestinal infarction occurs often enough to be taken into consideration, whenever non-mechanical intestinal infarction is suspected. The treatment should be directed towards the conditions causing intestinal ischaemia.", "contents": "Non-occlusive intestinal infarction. In a retrospective study of all post-mortem examinations and all celiotomies carried out at Glostrup Hospital in the period 1959-76, 81 patients with non-mechanical intestinal infarction were identified. Of these patients, 23 had suffered non-occlusive intestinal infarction. In 15 of the 23 patients the infarction was associated with cardiac disease and its treatment, in 2 patients it was associated with septic and haemorrhagic shock, and in 4 patients with still other diseases. Two patients were completely healthy, when struck by intestinal infarction. The course was fatal in 20 patients. It is concluded that non-occlusive intestinal infarction occurs often enough to be taken into consideration, whenever non-mechanical intestinal infarction is suspected. The treatment should be directed towards the conditions causing intestinal ischaemia.", "PMID": 605737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9015", "title": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma. Report of a case.", "content": "In 1967 an 18-year-old woman was operated on because of a tumour in her right thigh, of which she had been aware for one year. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of alveolar soft part sarcoma. Re-excision of the area was performed but not amputation of the extremity. Ten years later the woman is in good health. She is married and has two children. The patient must be kept under observation for years and should local recurrence arise, amputation will probably be necessary.", "contents": "Alveolar soft part sarcoma. Report of a case. In 1967 an 18-year-old woman was operated on because of a tumour in her right thigh, of which she had been aware for one year. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of alveolar soft part sarcoma. Re-excision of the area was performed but not amputation of the extremity. Ten years later the woman is in good health. She is married and has two children. The patient must be kept under observation for years and should local recurrence arise, amputation will probably be necessary.", "PMID": 605739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9016", "title": "A new operation for the dumping syndrome associated with a small gastric pouch. A report of a case.", "content": "A case of a 72-year-old man with a long-standing disabling dumping syndrome and close to 90% gastric resection is described. A combined iso- and antiperistaltic jejunal transfer which is described step by step with drawings resulted in complete relief of the syndrome. The operation is believed to produce a longer delay in gastric emptying than an isoperistaltic jejunal loop alone, yet avoiding the complications of a single antiperistaltic jejunal segment. The follow-up is now 3 years.", "contents": "A new operation for the dumping syndrome associated with a small gastric pouch. A report of a case. A case of a 72-year-old man with a long-standing disabling dumping syndrome and close to 90% gastric resection is described. A combined iso- and antiperistaltic jejunal transfer which is described step by step with drawings resulted in complete relief of the syndrome. The operation is believed to produce a longer delay in gastric emptying than an isoperistaltic jejunal loop alone, yet avoiding the complications of a single antiperistaltic jejunal segment. The follow-up is now 3 years.", "PMID": 605741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9017", "title": "The effects of phenformin and metformin on fat and carbohydrate metabolism.", "content": "In order to investigate the effects of two biguanide drugs, phenformin and metformin, on metabolic and hormonal changes with exercise, 6 healthy volunteers have been studied during and after 30 min of controlled moderate exercise on a bicycle ergometer on three occasions, two being for the drugs taken separately and the other without any drug, as a control study. Blood samples were taken for estimation of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, growth hormone (HGH) and insulin (IRI). Both drugs caused a greater rise in blood pyruvate and lactate concentrations during exercise compared with the changes in the control investigation. They also caused a delay in the disposal of pyruvate after exercise. In all investigations, the concentrations of FFA and glycerol rose to similar values at the end of exercise. In the control study, however, the pre-exercise value was achieved by the end of the investigation, whereas with the drugs the concentrations remained elevated. After exercise the rise of ketone-body concentrations was greater with the drugs. These observations indicate that the drugs interfere with aerobic utilization of metabolic fuels, reducing the utilization of pyruvate and glycerol and decreasing the rate of fat re-esterification: these metabolic effects are potentiated by exercise.", "contents": "The effects of phenformin and metformin on fat and carbohydrate metabolism. In order to investigate the effects of two biguanide drugs, phenformin and metformin, on metabolic and hormonal changes with exercise, 6 healthy volunteers have been studied during and after 30 min of controlled moderate exercise on a bicycle ergometer on three occasions, two being for the drugs taken separately and the other without any drug, as a control study. Blood samples were taken for estimation of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, growth hormone (HGH) and insulin (IRI). Both drugs caused a greater rise in blood pyruvate and lactate concentrations during exercise compared with the changes in the control investigation. They also caused a delay in the disposal of pyruvate after exercise. In all investigations, the concentrations of FFA and glycerol rose to similar values at the end of exercise. In the control study, however, the pre-exercise value was achieved by the end of the investigation, whereas with the drugs the concentrations remained elevated. After exercise the rise of ketone-body concentrations was greater with the drugs. These observations indicate that the drugs interfere with aerobic utilization of metabolic fuels, reducing the utilization of pyruvate and glycerol and decreasing the rate of fat re-esterification: these metabolic effects are potentiated by exercise.", "PMID": 605743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9018", "title": "Dopaminergic stimulation of HGH in diabetes mellitus and in obesity.", "content": "The behavior of HGH in basal conditions and after L-Dopa infusion was studied in a group of patients with diabetic retinopathy, in 9 obese and 8 control subjects. In both diabetics and obese subjects, increases found in HGH plasma levels after administration of the drug were slighter than in the controls. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that in diabetics the availability of energetic substrates may modify the HGH response to the L-Dopa stimulus. In obesity, the possibility is considered of a reversible response to the L-Dopa stimulus. In obesity, the possibility is considered of a reversible defect in the sensitivity of the dopaminergic receptors, induced by metabolic and endocrine factors.", "contents": "Dopaminergic stimulation of HGH in diabetes mellitus and in obesity. The behavior of HGH in basal conditions and after L-Dopa infusion was studied in a group of patients with diabetic retinopathy, in 9 obese and 8 control subjects. In both diabetics and obese subjects, increases found in HGH plasma levels after administration of the drug were slighter than in the controls. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that in diabetics the availability of energetic substrates may modify the HGH response to the L-Dopa stimulus. In obesity, the possibility is considered of a reversible response to the L-Dopa stimulus. In obesity, the possibility is considered of a reversible defect in the sensitivity of the dopaminergic receptors, induced by metabolic and endocrine factors.", "PMID": 605744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9019", "title": "Pancreatitis and altered glucose tolerance in mice infected with coxsackie B4 virus.", "content": "CD1 mice infected with Coxsackie B4 virus showed an early polymorph infiltration of the pancreas, which later changed to a mononuclear exudate. A state of glucose tolerance developed concurrently and both events coincided with the inhibition of migration of spleen cells in the presence of the virus. The relevance of these findings to human juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus is discussed.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and altered glucose tolerance in mice infected with coxsackie B4 virus. CD1 mice infected with Coxsackie B4 virus showed an early polymorph infiltration of the pancreas, which later changed to a mononuclear exudate. A state of glucose tolerance developed concurrently and both events coincided with the inhibition of migration of spleen cells in the presence of the virus. The relevance of these findings to human juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus is discussed.", "PMID": 605742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9020", "title": "Insulin receptors in adipocytes of non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Preliminary report.", "content": "We have measured insulin binding to human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue removed during surgery in normal and insulin-independent diabetics. Collagenase digestion, 125I-monoiodoinsulin and Scatchard's plot were employed to analyze the results. Different kinetic patterns emerged together with differences in the dissociation constant and receptor numbers: in normal subjects K1 was 4 X 10(-9) moles/1 and K20.5 X 10(-8) moles/1, and in diabetic subjects K1 was 2.24 X 10(-9) moles/1 and K2 0.52 X 10 10(-8) moles/1; the two classes of receptors were 100,000 and 300,000 per cell in normals and 50,000 and 180,000 in diabetics. It was clear that even slight diabetes leads to receptor deficiency in adipocytes, though it could not be determined whether this a primary, perhaps genetic, defect or secondary to antibody damage, as suggested by some workers. Feed-back between circulating insulin and specific receptor availability in cells is another possibility.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in adipocytes of non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Preliminary report. We have measured insulin binding to human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue removed during surgery in normal and insulin-independent diabetics. Collagenase digestion, 125I-monoiodoinsulin and Scatchard's plot were employed to analyze the results. Different kinetic patterns emerged together with differences in the dissociation constant and receptor numbers: in normal subjects K1 was 4 X 10(-9) moles/1 and K20.5 X 10(-8) moles/1, and in diabetic subjects K1 was 2.24 X 10(-9) moles/1 and K2 0.52 X 10 10(-8) moles/1; the two classes of receptors were 100,000 and 300,000 per cell in normals and 50,000 and 180,000 in diabetics. It was clear that even slight diabetes leads to receptor deficiency in adipocytes, though it could not be determined whether this a primary, perhaps genetic, defect or secondary to antibody damage, as suggested by some workers. Feed-back between circulating insulin and specific receptor availability in cells is another possibility.", "PMID": 605746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9021", "title": "Advantage in management of diabetic coma by intensive care.", "content": "A brief review of some therapy results in 763 episodes of diabetic coma from 1960 to 1973 reveals a significant decrease in lethality after institution of an intensive care unit. Present aspects of management are: intensification of shock therapy, potassium substitution and treatment of cerebral edema. The possibly dangerous role of hypotonic solutions is discussed. The lowering of the as yet high lethality of diabetic coma is an urgent necessity.", "contents": "Advantage in management of diabetic coma by intensive care. A brief review of some therapy results in 763 episodes of diabetic coma from 1960 to 1973 reveals a significant decrease in lethality after institution of an intensive care unit. Present aspects of management are: intensification of shock therapy, potassium substitution and treatment of cerebral edema. The possibly dangerous role of hypotonic solutions is discussed. The lowering of the as yet high lethality of diabetic coma is an urgent necessity.", "PMID": 605745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9022", "title": "Dupuytren's disease in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Dupuytren's disease (DD) was demonstrated in 169 of 959 diabetics (17.6%) and in 9 of 1,396 non-diabetic patients (0.64%). One hundred and seventy-nine of the 185 patients with DD had overt or latent diabetes mellitus (96.7%). The relative frequency of DD increased with age, the conditions was seldom found under the age of 40. DD should be regarded as a non-hyperglycemic manifestation of diabetes mellitus and its presence in a patient should prompt the investigation of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Dupuytren's disease in diabetes mellitus. Dupuytren's disease (DD) was demonstrated in 169 of 959 diabetics (17.6%) and in 9 of 1,396 non-diabetic patients (0.64%). One hundred and seventy-nine of the 185 patients with DD had overt or latent diabetes mellitus (96.7%). The relative frequency of DD increased with age, the conditions was seldom found under the age of 40. DD should be regarded as a non-hyperglycemic manifestation of diabetes mellitus and its presence in a patient should prompt the investigation of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 605747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9023", "title": "The different responses of the hepatic arterial bed to hypovolaemia and to halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "Ten dogs were subjected to a period of hypovolaemia (bleeding volume: 2% of body weight) and to a period of halothane anaesthesia (end-tidal halothane concentration: 1%). Mean arterial blood pressure decreased to 79% of control value during hypovolaemia and to 58% of control value during halothane anaesthesia. Mean total peripheral and preportal vascular resistances increased during hypovolaemia and were unchanged during halothane. Mean hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows decreased to 82% and 55% of control values, respectively, during hypovolaemia, and to 41% and 56% of control value, respectively, during exposure to halothane. Mean hepatic arterial resistance was unchanged during hypovolaemia, but increased during halothane. Mean hepatic oxygen consumption did not change significantly during hypovolaemia, but decreased during halothane anaesthesia, in spite of an increased extraction of oxygen from both the hepatic arterial and the portal venous blood. Possible mechanisms which may maintain oxygen supply to the liver by increasing the hepatic arterial fraction of total liver blood flow when portal venous blood flow is reduced are discussed. It is concluded that this mechanism is upset or inhibited during halothane anaesthesia.", "contents": "The different responses of the hepatic arterial bed to hypovolaemia and to halothane anaesthesia. Ten dogs were subjected to a period of hypovolaemia (bleeding volume: 2% of body weight) and to a period of halothane anaesthesia (end-tidal halothane concentration: 1%). Mean arterial blood pressure decreased to 79% of control value during hypovolaemia and to 58% of control value during halothane anaesthesia. Mean total peripheral and preportal vascular resistances increased during hypovolaemia and were unchanged during halothane. Mean hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows decreased to 82% and 55% of control values, respectively, during hypovolaemia, and to 41% and 56% of control value, respectively, during exposure to halothane. Mean hepatic arterial resistance was unchanged during hypovolaemia, but increased during halothane. Mean hepatic oxygen consumption did not change significantly during hypovolaemia, but decreased during halothane anaesthesia, in spite of an increased extraction of oxygen from both the hepatic arterial and the portal venous blood. Possible mechanisms which may maintain oxygen supply to the liver by increasing the hepatic arterial fraction of total liver blood flow when portal venous blood flow is reduced are discussed. It is concluded that this mechanism is upset or inhibited during halothane anaesthesia.", "PMID": 605760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9024", "title": "[Analysis of 300 cases of secondary pancytopenia].", "content": "Clinical analysis of 300 cases of secondary pancytopenia treated in a period of 10 years is reported. The disease was more frequent in women than in men. The most frequent single cause were drugs, among them chloramphenicol. Most patients had pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow. The mortality was 37%. Death occurred most frequently in the first 6 months of the disease due to infection or thrombocytopenic heamorrhagic diathesis. The results of treatment with corticosteroids and androgenic steroids were unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Analysis of 300 cases of secondary pancytopenia]. Clinical analysis of 300 cases of secondary pancytopenia treated in a period of 10 years is reported. The disease was more frequent in women than in men. The most frequent single cause were drugs, among them chloramphenicol. Most patients had pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow. The mortality was 37%. Death occurred most frequently in the first 6 months of the disease due to infection or thrombocytopenic heamorrhagic diathesis. The results of treatment with corticosteroids and androgenic steroids were unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 605755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9025", "title": "[Disorders of various links in heme synthesis in subjects with occupational exposure to nitrogen oxides].", "content": "In 35 male subjects with long-standing exposure to low concentrations of nitrogen oxides the morphotic elements of peripheral blood, the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase(ALA-D) in erythrocytes and urinary elimination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin (CP) and porphobilinogen (PBG) were determined. The control group comprised 29 healthy men not exposed to toxic substances. Statistically significant methaemoglobinaemia, decreased heamoglobin concentration and reduced mean heamoglobin weight in erythrocytes were found in the exposed subjects. At the same time the activity of ALA-D in erythrocytes was increased and urinary elimination of coproporphyrin was increased while that of ALA was decreased. Decreased haemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood in cases of chronic exposure to  nitrogen oxides may depend on their effect on the enzymes participating in haeme synthesis. However, increased ALA-D activity in erythrocytes found in these cases may be of some importance in evaluation of exposure to nitrogen oxides.", "contents": "[Disorders of various links in heme synthesis in subjects with occupational exposure to nitrogen oxides]. In 35 male subjects with long-standing exposure to low concentrations of nitrogen oxides the morphotic elements of peripheral blood, the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase(ALA-D) in erythrocytes and urinary elimination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin (CP) and porphobilinogen (PBG) were determined. The control group comprised 29 healthy men not exposed to toxic substances. Statistically significant methaemoglobinaemia, decreased heamoglobin concentration and reduced mean heamoglobin weight in erythrocytes were found in the exposed subjects. At the same time the activity of ALA-D in erythrocytes was increased and urinary elimination of coproporphyrin was increased while that of ALA was decreased. Decreased haemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood in cases of chronic exposure to  nitrogen oxides may depend on their effect on the enzymes participating in haeme synthesis. However, increased ALA-D activity in erythrocytes found in these cases may be of some importance in evaluation of exposure to nitrogen oxides.", "PMID": 605756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9026", "title": "Antagonism of fentanyl with naloxone during N2O+O2+ halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "To investigate the antagonistic effect of naloxone on fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, 55 patients (randomly divided into various study and control groups were studied during nitrous-oxide-oxygen-halothane anaesthesia. Respiratory depression after 0.1 mg of fentanyl was totally reversed by 10 microgram/kg of naloxone, measured as 100% restoration of spontaneous respiration, normal minute volume and end-tidal CO2, while 15 microgram/kg of naloxone was needed to antagonize 0.2 mg of fentanyl. The respective control groups remained apnoeic. If no fentanyl had previously been administered, there was no difference in the respiratory behaviour of naloxone-treated and control patients, which indicates that no unspecific analeptic effect of naloxone could be demonstrated. The circulatory changes after fentanyl were nearly reversed by naloxone, as has been found earlier with other narcotics. Recovery from anaesthesia was scored from 0 to 10 (using a modification of Apgar scores for newborns), and somewhat higher mean scores were obtained with the naloxone-treated patients than with their controls. However, higher postoperative pain scores were recorded in these patients as well as a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting. The study demonstrates the dose-relationships of fetanyl and naloxone for estimation of total antagonism; however, the use of naloxone for partial antagonism at the termination of anaesthesia cannot be based on these findings.", "contents": "Antagonism of fentanyl with naloxone during N2O+O2+ halothane anaesthesia. To investigate the antagonistic effect of naloxone on fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, 55 patients (randomly divided into various study and control groups were studied during nitrous-oxide-oxygen-halothane anaesthesia. Respiratory depression after 0.1 mg of fentanyl was totally reversed by 10 microgram/kg of naloxone, measured as 100% restoration of spontaneous respiration, normal minute volume and end-tidal CO2, while 15 microgram/kg of naloxone was needed to antagonize 0.2 mg of fentanyl. The respective control groups remained apnoeic. If no fentanyl had previously been administered, there was no difference in the respiratory behaviour of naloxone-treated and control patients, which indicates that no unspecific analeptic effect of naloxone could be demonstrated. The circulatory changes after fentanyl were nearly reversed by naloxone, as has been found earlier with other narcotics. Recovery from anaesthesia was scored from 0 to 10 (using a modification of Apgar scores for newborns), and somewhat higher mean scores were obtained with the naloxone-treated patients than with their controls. However, higher postoperative pain scores were recorded in these patients as well as a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting. The study demonstrates the dose-relationships of fetanyl and naloxone for estimation of total antagonism; however, the use of naloxone for partial antagonism at the termination of anaesthesia cannot be based on these findings.", "PMID": 605761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9027", "title": "Naloxone as narcotic antagonist after balanced anaesthesia.", "content": "Different modes of naloxone administration were studied in 100 patients following N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia, where fentanyl was administered for analgesia according to a standardized dose schedule (mean 4.3 microgram/kg/h). After reversal of muscular relaxation, the patients were randomly given naloxone--either 1.0 or 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. or 2.5 or 5.0 microgram/kg i.m., or none (control). Each group consisted of 20 patients. Awakening was fastest after 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. of naloxone (1.8 +/- 0.1 min), the time being significantly shorter (P less than 0.025) than in the control group (2.7 +/- 0.4 min). After 15 min, the minute volume and frequency of respiration were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in all naloxone groups than in the control group. However, the arterialized venous PCO2 did not show significant differences during the recovery. It is therefore suggested that naloxone reversal may cause an increase in CO2 production. The immediate postoperative pain (score 0-3) was mildest in the control group (1.0 mean) and severest after 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. of naloxone (1.8 mean); the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The groups receiving 1.0 microgram/kg i.v. and 2.5 microgram/kg i.m. did not differ from each other (1.2 mean). Nausea and vomiting were reported more often after 5.0 microgram/kg im. of naloxone than in other groups. After moderate doses of fentanyl during balanced anaesthesia, routine use of naloxone does not seem to be necessary, but if rapid recovery is essential, 1.0 microgram/kg i.v. or 2.5 microgram/kg i.m. of naloxone may be recommended and these doses do not cause a higher incidence of side effects.", "contents": "Naloxone as narcotic antagonist after balanced anaesthesia. Different modes of naloxone administration were studied in 100 patients following N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia, where fentanyl was administered for analgesia according to a standardized dose schedule (mean 4.3 microgram/kg/h). After reversal of muscular relaxation, the patients were randomly given naloxone--either 1.0 or 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. or 2.5 or 5.0 microgram/kg i.m., or none (control). Each group consisted of 20 patients. Awakening was fastest after 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. of naloxone (1.8 +/- 0.1 min), the time being significantly shorter (P less than 0.025) than in the control group (2.7 +/- 0.4 min). After 15 min, the minute volume and frequency of respiration were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in all naloxone groups than in the control group. However, the arterialized venous PCO2 did not show significant differences during the recovery. It is therefore suggested that naloxone reversal may cause an increase in CO2 production. The immediate postoperative pain (score 0-3) was mildest in the control group (1.0 mean) and severest after 2.5 microgram/kg i.v. of naloxone (1.8 mean); the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The groups receiving 1.0 microgram/kg i.v. and 2.5 microgram/kg i.m. did not differ from each other (1.2 mean). Nausea and vomiting were reported more often after 5.0 microgram/kg im. of naloxone than in other groups. After moderate doses of fentanyl during balanced anaesthesia, routine use of naloxone does not seem to be necessary, but if rapid recovery is essential, 1.0 microgram/kg i.v. or 2.5 microgram/kg i.m. of naloxone may be recommended and these doses do not cause a higher incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 605762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9028", "title": "Effects of intercostal nerve blocks (bupivacaine 0.25% and etidocaine 0.5%) on chest wall mechanics in healthy men.", "content": "Bilateral blockade of the 5th to 11th intercostal nerves, inclusive, was produced in 14 healthy subjects. In seven, bupivacaine 0.25% was used, and in the other seven, etidocaine 0.5%. The latter has been found to have a stronger motor-blocking action than the former. Before and after the blockade, the vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), tidal volumes, respiratory variations in rib cage and abdominal circumferences and in oesophageal and intragastric pressures were recorded. By transthoracic electrical impedance pneumography, measures indicating changes in the functional residual capacity (FRC) were obtained. Although it was considered that changes in the parameters investigated mainly demonstrated changes in motor function, no differences were found between the drugs. With this form of blockade they seem to have equivalent effects in this respect. Thus, VC decreased by an average of 7% and PEF by 6%. Signs of a reduction of FRC after the blockade were also observed. The blockade had no effect on the partitioning of costal and abdominal breathing at rest. Analysis of the relations between the fractions of costal and abdominal breathing and the corresponding variations in intragastric pressure gave support to the view that in normal individuals both intercostal and abdominal muscles remain passive during respiration at rest. This is thus achieved by the diaphragm alone.", "contents": "Effects of intercostal nerve blocks (bupivacaine 0.25% and etidocaine 0.5%) on chest wall mechanics in healthy men. Bilateral blockade of the 5th to 11th intercostal nerves, inclusive, was produced in 14 healthy subjects. In seven, bupivacaine 0.25% was used, and in the other seven, etidocaine 0.5%. The latter has been found to have a stronger motor-blocking action than the former. Before and after the blockade, the vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), tidal volumes, respiratory variations in rib cage and abdominal circumferences and in oesophageal and intragastric pressures were recorded. By transthoracic electrical impedance pneumography, measures indicating changes in the functional residual capacity (FRC) were obtained. Although it was considered that changes in the parameters investigated mainly demonstrated changes in motor function, no differences were found between the drugs. With this form of blockade they seem to have equivalent effects in this respect. Thus, VC decreased by an average of 7% and PEF by 6%. Signs of a reduction of FRC after the blockade were also observed. The blockade had no effect on the partitioning of costal and abdominal breathing at rest. Analysis of the relations between the fractions of costal and abdominal breathing and the corresponding variations in intragastric pressure gave support to the view that in normal individuals both intercostal and abdominal muscles remain passive during respiration at rest. This is thus achieved by the diaphragm alone.", "PMID": 605763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9029", "title": "[Immunochemical and biological properties of rapid monoclonal proteins of the IgG class].", "content": "Four proteins M class IgG were analysed in detail in view of their more rapid electrophoretic migration in starch gel among most proteins in this class. On the basis of these investigations two protein (from sera 212 and 244) corresponded to subclass IgG-4, one (serum 119) probably to IgG-4 with polyclonal impurities from other subclasses, and the fourth protein (from serum 210) to subclass 3 or 1. Since subclass IgG-4 contains the greatest amount of sialic acid residues of the remaining IgG subclasses finding of more rapid migration of the observed proteins seems to be due to this. A hypothesis has been put forward that if rapidly moving IgG do not belong to subclass 4 then they have, probably, atypically arranged carbohydrate groups, e.g. in Fab fragment. It was found also that the studied proteins M were carried during chromatography with DEAE cellulose only when a buffer with higher concentration of NaCl was used.", "contents": "[Immunochemical and biological properties of rapid monoclonal proteins of the IgG class]. Four proteins M class IgG were analysed in detail in view of their more rapid electrophoretic migration in starch gel among most proteins in this class. On the basis of these investigations two protein (from sera 212 and 244) corresponded to subclass IgG-4, one (serum 119) probably to IgG-4 with polyclonal impurities from other subclasses, and the fourth protein (from serum 210) to subclass 3 or 1. Since subclass IgG-4 contains the greatest amount of sialic acid residues of the remaining IgG subclasses finding of more rapid migration of the observed proteins seems to be due to this. A hypothesis has been put forward that if rapidly moving IgG do not belong to subclass 4 then they have, probably, atypically arranged carbohydrate groups, e.g. in Fab fragment. It was found also that the studied proteins M were carried during chromatography with DEAE cellulose only when a buffer with higher concentration of NaCl was used.", "PMID": 605757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9030", "title": "[Storage of platete concentrates at +4 degrees C and +22 degrees C].", "content": "The relationship between the conditions of platelet preservation and their ultrastructure, metabolic activity, and the ability to carry out physiological functions was studied. It was found that storage of platelet concentrates at +4 degrees C for 72 hours reduced the number of platelets, changed their shape decreased the ATP level and the ability of release of adenine nucleotides in response to thrombin. The platelet at +22 degrees C for 72 hours preserved the initial number, normal ultrastructure, intact metabolic activity and the ability of participation in heamostasis processes.", "contents": "[Storage of platete concentrates at +4 degrees C and +22 degrees C]. The relationship between the conditions of platelet preservation and their ultrastructure, metabolic activity, and the ability to carry out physiological functions was studied. It was found that storage of platelet concentrates at +4 degrees C for 72 hours reduced the number of platelets, changed their shape decreased the ATP level and the ability of release of adenine nucleotides in response to thrombin. The platelet at +22 degrees C for 72 hours preserved the initial number, normal ultrastructure, intact metabolic activity and the ability of participation in heamostasis processes.", "PMID": 605758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9031", "title": "Mobilities of complex glycosphingolipids in SDS gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Poly/glycosyl/ceramides, highly complex and blood-group active glycosphingolipids of human erythrocyte membranes were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substances exhibited similar electrophoretic mobilities as membrane sialoglycoproteins.", "contents": "Mobilities of complex glycosphingolipids in SDS gel electrophoresis. Poly/glycosyl/ceramides, highly complex and blood-group active glycosphingolipids of human erythrocyte membranes were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substances exhibited similar electrophoretic mobilities as membrane sialoglycoproteins.", "PMID": 605759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9032", "title": "Epidural block in twin labour and delivery.", "content": "In a clinical study, 28 twin mothers were provided with epidural block during labour and delivery. This group was compared to 24 twin mothers who received conventional analgesics throughout labour. General anaesthesia was administered when operative delivery was indicated in the control group. In the epidural group, duration of labour was significantly prolonged. A delayed second stage of labour caused an increased number of operative vaginal deliveries. Intra-uterine asphyxia was not more frequent in the epidural group. Judged by the Apgar score and the neonatal course, there was no difference between the newborn in the two groups. Neither clinical evaluation, nor acid-base investigations showed any difference between the condition of Twin I and Twin II in the epidural group.", "contents": "Epidural block in twin labour and delivery. In a clinical study, 28 twin mothers were provided with epidural block during labour and delivery. This group was compared to 24 twin mothers who received conventional analgesics throughout labour. General anaesthesia was administered when operative delivery was indicated in the control group. In the epidural group, duration of labour was significantly prolonged. A delayed second stage of labour caused an increased number of operative vaginal deliveries. Intra-uterine asphyxia was not more frequent in the epidural group. Judged by the Apgar score and the neonatal course, there was no difference between the newborn in the two groups. Neither clinical evaluation, nor acid-base investigations showed any difference between the condition of Twin I and Twin II in the epidural group.", "PMID": 605765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9033", "title": "Effect of atropine-pethidine premedication on peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Phenothiazines, which are also employed for premedication, are known to have an inhibitory effect on the cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, the effect was studied in nine patients of the most commonly used atropine-pethidine premedication on the leucocyte and differential count, the number of T-and B-lymphocytes and the lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (ConA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in cultures of separated lymphocytes and of whole blood. The premedication increased the proportion and absolute number of surface immunoglobulin-positive (B) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and reduced the PHA and PPD responses in whole blood cultures. These vague changes in the immune response after premedication are of no importance in clinical work.", "contents": "Effect of atropine-pethidine premedication on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Phenothiazines, which are also employed for premedication, are known to have an inhibitory effect on the cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, the effect was studied in nine patients of the most commonly used atropine-pethidine premedication on the leucocyte and differential count, the number of T-and B-lymphocytes and the lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (ConA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in cultures of separated lymphocytes and of whole blood. The premedication increased the proportion and absolute number of surface immunoglobulin-positive (B) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and reduced the PHA and PPD responses in whole blood cultures. These vague changes in the immune response after premedication are of no importance in clinical work.", "PMID": 605766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9034", "title": "Splanchnic elimination and systemic toxicity of bupivacaine and etidocaine in man.", "content": "Fifteen healthy young volunteers were studied in connection with an intravenous infusion of a local anaesthetic agent. Seven received bupivacaine and eight etidocaine in a dose rate of 2 mg.min-1 over a period of 150 min. The hepatic blood flow and arterial-hepatic venous differences of the two drugs were measured. The estimated hepatic blood flow increased during the infusion of both drugs. While the splanchnic extraction ratio decreased during infusion of bupivacaine to 0.41 +/- 0.13, the same variable did not change (0.76 +/- 0.07) when etidocaine was infused. After 150 min infusion, the splanchnic clearance of bupivacaine and etidocaine was 0.76 +/- 0.27 and 1.32 +/- 0.21 1.min-1, respectively. Slight symptoms of central nervous toxicity were noted towards the end of the bupivacaine infusion, while no such symptoms appeared with etidocaine. A comparison between earlier published data on the blocking properties and the disposition pharmacokinetics of the two drugs shows that etidocaine is likely to confer a clinical advantage over bupivacaine as regards toxicity.", "contents": "Splanchnic elimination and systemic toxicity of bupivacaine and etidocaine in man. Fifteen healthy young volunteers were studied in connection with an intravenous infusion of a local anaesthetic agent. Seven received bupivacaine and eight etidocaine in a dose rate of 2 mg.min-1 over a period of 150 min. The hepatic blood flow and arterial-hepatic venous differences of the two drugs were measured. The estimated hepatic blood flow increased during the infusion of both drugs. While the splanchnic extraction ratio decreased during infusion of bupivacaine to 0.41 +/- 0.13, the same variable did not change (0.76 +/- 0.07) when etidocaine was infused. After 150 min infusion, the splanchnic clearance of bupivacaine and etidocaine was 0.76 +/- 0.27 and 1.32 +/- 0.21 1.min-1, respectively. Slight symptoms of central nervous toxicity were noted towards the end of the bupivacaine infusion, while no such symptoms appeared with etidocaine. A comparison between earlier published data on the blocking properties and the disposition pharmacokinetics of the two drugs shows that etidocaine is likely to confer a clinical advantage over bupivacaine as regards toxicity.", "PMID": 605767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9035", "title": "Postoperative ventilatory response to carbon dioxide following neurolept anaesthesia.", "content": "In order to investigate the duration of respiratory depression following neurolept anaesthesia, 21 patients who had hemilaminectomia performed were subjected to ventilation-carbon dioxide response tests by a rebreathing method in the post-operative period. Up to 3 1/2 h after start of anaesthesia all patients had a decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. After this period some patients showed a normal respiratory response, while others remained depressed for up to 6 h, the period for which the investigation lasted. Most patients in the depressed group were premedicated with pethidine. We conclude that additional narcotics are contraindicated for a period of 3 1/2 h following the start of neurolept anaesthesia for surgical procedures lasting 1-2 h, while clinical control is still necessary before administration of additional narcotics within 6 h, especially if narcotics have been used as premedication.", "contents": "Postoperative ventilatory response to carbon dioxide following neurolept anaesthesia. In order to investigate the duration of respiratory depression following neurolept anaesthesia, 21 patients who had hemilaminectomia performed were subjected to ventilation-carbon dioxide response tests by a rebreathing method in the post-operative period. Up to 3 1/2 h after start of anaesthesia all patients had a decreased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. After this period some patients showed a normal respiratory response, while others remained depressed for up to 6 h, the period for which the investigation lasted. Most patients in the depressed group were premedicated with pethidine. We conclude that additional narcotics are contraindicated for a period of 3 1/2 h following the start of neurolept anaesthesia for surgical procedures lasting 1-2 h, while clinical control is still necessary before administration of additional narcotics within 6 h, especially if narcotics have been used as premedication.", "PMID": 605768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9036", "title": "Intubation of newborns and infants: a solution to the problem of water condensation.", "content": "Treatment with humidified air in intubated newborns and infants its often complicated by the embarrassing problem of water condensation. This problem is solved by the humidification system described below, in which the tube delivering humidified air is surrounded by an Armaflex-insulated spiral-wire tube. Through the space between the two tubes, an adjustable air warmer delivers dry air at a temperature and flow rate such that the temperature of the humidified air in the delivery tube is maintained above its dew-point temperature.", "contents": "Intubation of newborns and infants: a solution to the problem of water condensation. Treatment with humidified air in intubated newborns and infants its often complicated by the embarrassing problem of water condensation. This problem is solved by the humidification system described below, in which the tube delivering humidified air is surrounded by an Armaflex-insulated spiral-wire tube. Through the space between the two tubes, an adjustable air warmer delivers dry air at a temperature and flow rate such that the temperature of the humidified air in the delivery tube is maintained above its dew-point temperature.", "PMID": 605769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9037", "title": "Psychological changes in children after anaesthesia: a comparison between halothane and ketamine.", "content": "The psychological reactions to hospitalization, anaesthesia, and operation in a group of 107 children from 1 to 12 years old, anaesthetized with ketamine or halothane after randomization were investigated through questionnaires, which the parents answered 1 month postoperatively. The percentage of replies was 96.3%. Fifty-three children were anaesthetized with ketamine and 50 with halothane. Thirteen children in the ketamine group and nine in the halothane group reacted with negative personality changes; the reactions were of less than 1 month's duration and were most frequent in the youngest children. The parents' preparation of the children had no influence on the results. The number of personality changes caused by the two anaesthetic agents did not differ significantly. Furthermore, the investigation showed the nine children reacted for the better. Thirty-six per cent of the parents felt insufficiently informed of what the hospitalization implied for their child.", "contents": "Psychological changes in children after anaesthesia: a comparison between halothane and ketamine. The psychological reactions to hospitalization, anaesthesia, and operation in a group of 107 children from 1 to 12 years old, anaesthetized with ketamine or halothane after randomization were investigated through questionnaires, which the parents answered 1 month postoperatively. The percentage of replies was 96.3%. Fifty-three children were anaesthetized with ketamine and 50 with halothane. Thirteen children in the ketamine group and nine in the halothane group reacted with negative personality changes; the reactions were of less than 1 month's duration and were most frequent in the youngest children. The parents' preparation of the children had no influence on the results. The number of personality changes caused by the two anaesthetic agents did not differ significantly. Furthermore, the investigation showed the nine children reacted for the better. Thirty-six per cent of the parents felt insufficiently informed of what the hospitalization implied for their child.", "PMID": 605770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9038", "title": "Lymphocyte stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients untreated and treated with transfer factor. Long-term studies on the effect of different stimulants on myo-(2-3H)inositol incorporation into phosphatidylinositol of lymphocytes.", "content": "The lymphocytes from controls, untreated MS and MS patients treated with transfer factor were stimulated with PHA, PWM, PPD, LPS and MA and the increased incorporation of myoinositol into phosphatidylinositides was determined. As compared with controls, the untreated MS patients revealed significantly lower index of stimulation with PHA, LPS, PPD and MA. The response of lymphocytes from MS patients treated with transfer factor was intermediate. No correlation between disease progression and stimulation of inositol incorporation was observed. Analysis of variance showed that the myoinositol test is not applicable in long-term studies to distinguished single subjects, however it is useful to determine differences between MS patients and controls.", "contents": "Lymphocyte stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients untreated and treated with transfer factor. Long-term studies on the effect of different stimulants on myo-(2-3H)inositol incorporation into phosphatidylinositol of lymphocytes. The lymphocytes from controls, untreated MS and MS patients treated with transfer factor were stimulated with PHA, PWM, PPD, LPS and MA and the increased incorporation of myoinositol into phosphatidylinositides was determined. As compared with controls, the untreated MS patients revealed significantly lower index of stimulation with PHA, LPS, PPD and MA. The response of lymphocytes from MS patients treated with transfer factor was intermediate. No correlation between disease progression and stimulation of inositol incorporation was observed. Analysis of variance showed that the myoinositol test is not applicable in long-term studies to distinguished single subjects, however it is useful to determine differences between MS patients and controls.", "PMID": 605771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9039", "title": "Discrimination of elevated immunoglobulin concentrations in CSF due to inflammatory reaction of the central nervous system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction.", "content": "Inflammatory reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) are diagnosed by the determination of elevated immunoglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to local production of immunoglobulins. However, unspecific disturbances of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) can also cause an increase of CSF immunoglobulin concentration as a result of filtration from blood serum. The methods described here attempt a more precise characterization of immunoglobulins in CSF and to define that portion of CSF immunoglobulin derived from the CNS. Albumin and the immunoglobulin fractions IgG, IgA and IgM are determined in serum and CSF. The ratio of albumin in serum and CSF is taken as an indicator of BBB function. By the determination of quotients an overproportional immunoglobulin elevation in CSF as expression of an inflammatory reaction of the CNS can be detected. Methodological problems and the definition of normal ranges are discussed.", "contents": "Discrimination of elevated immunoglobulin concentrations in CSF due to inflammatory reaction of the central nervous system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction. Inflammatory reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) are diagnosed by the determination of elevated immunoglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to local production of immunoglobulins. However, unspecific disturbances of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) can also cause an increase of CSF immunoglobulin concentration as a result of filtration from blood serum. The methods described here attempt a more precise characterization of immunoglobulins in CSF and to define that portion of CSF immunoglobulin derived from the CNS. Albumin and the immunoglobulin fractions IgG, IgA and IgM are determined in serum and CSF. The ratio of albumin in serum and CSF is taken as an indicator of BBB function. By the determination of quotients an overproportional immunoglobulin elevation in CSF as expression of an inflammatory reaction of the CNS can be detected. Methodological problems and the definition of normal ranges are discussed.", "PMID": 605772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9040", "title": "Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia in a heredo-ataxia: neurogenic or myogenic? A clinical, neuropathological and submicroscopic study.", "content": "A patient with Friedreich's disease and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is descirbed. An investigation was performed into the nature of the ocular motor disorders, which appeared clinically to be supranuclear. The EMG of the ocular muscles suggested myopathy. A specimen of ocular muscle was obtained by biopsy and examined with the light microscope and-for the first time-under the electron microscope. Signs of mitochondrial myopathy were found alongside neurogenic features. Postmortem examination of the central nervous system confirmed the diagnosis of Friedreich's disease with lesions of the motor cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. No evidence was found for a supranuclear or inernuclear origin of the ocular palsies, but 20-30 per cent of the neutrons in the nuclei III and IV were atrophic. Lesions of the non-medullated motor nerve fibres were also visible under the electron microscope. That the origin of the c. p. e. o. in this heredo-ataxia is neurogenic-nuclear is postulated on the grounds of the neuropathological and electronmicroscopic findings. Resemblances to the microscopic and submicroscopic and submicroscopic appearance of many types of \"ocular myopathy\" and \"ophthalmoplegia-plus\" throw doubt upon the myogenic character of these conditions. Possibly chronic, slowly progressive atrophy in the nuclear areas of the ocular motor nerves must in these cases also be held responsible for the c. p. e. o. Perhaps Moebius's Kern-Schwund theory may be revived after 85 years.", "contents": "Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia in a heredo-ataxia: neurogenic or myogenic? A clinical, neuropathological and submicroscopic study. A patient with Friedreich's disease and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is descirbed. An investigation was performed into the nature of the ocular motor disorders, which appeared clinically to be supranuclear. The EMG of the ocular muscles suggested myopathy. A specimen of ocular muscle was obtained by biopsy and examined with the light microscope and-for the first time-under the electron microscope. Signs of mitochondrial myopathy were found alongside neurogenic features. Postmortem examination of the central nervous system confirmed the diagnosis of Friedreich's disease with lesions of the motor cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. No evidence was found for a supranuclear or inernuclear origin of the ocular palsies, but 20-30 per cent of the neutrons in the nuclei III and IV were atrophic. Lesions of the non-medullated motor nerve fibres were also visible under the electron microscope. That the origin of the c. p. e. o. in this heredo-ataxia is neurogenic-nuclear is postulated on the grounds of the neuropathological and electronmicroscopic findings. Resemblances to the microscopic and submicroscopic and submicroscopic appearance of many types of \"ocular myopathy\" and \"ophthalmoplegia-plus\" throw doubt upon the myogenic character of these conditions. Possibly chronic, slowly progressive atrophy in the nuclear areas of the ocular motor nerves must in these cases also be held responsible for the c. p. e. o. Perhaps Moebius's Kern-Schwund theory may be revived after 85 years.", "PMID": 605773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9041", "title": "Plasma O-methyldopa in levodopa-induced dyskinesias. A bioclinical investigation.", "content": "The peripheral metabolism of Dopa has been studied in correlation with the clinical occurrence of Leyodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson patients. Within the group of patients treated with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), the combination of all the plasma levels of O-Methyldopa from patients with dyskinesias shows significantly higher values than those from patients without dyskinesias. For Dopa itself, no significant differnece can be detected. Such high O-Methyldopa levels seem to be due to a progressive accumulation of this compound and not to a higher degree of formation. In contrast, no significantly different Dopa or O-Methyldopa levels are found within the group of patients treated with L-Dopa alone. These results are discussed in relation to some of the suspected mechanisms involved in Levodopa-induced dyskinesias.", "contents": "Plasma O-methyldopa in levodopa-induced dyskinesias. A bioclinical investigation. The peripheral metabolism of Dopa has been studied in correlation with the clinical occurrence of Leyodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson patients. Within the group of patients treated with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), the combination of all the plasma levels of O-Methyldopa from patients with dyskinesias shows significantly higher values than those from patients without dyskinesias. For Dopa itself, no significant differnece can be detected. Such high O-Methyldopa levels seem to be due to a progressive accumulation of this compound and not to a higher degree of formation. In contrast, no significantly different Dopa or O-Methyldopa levels are found within the group of patients treated with L-Dopa alone. These results are discussed in relation to some of the suspected mechanisms involved in Levodopa-induced dyskinesias.", "PMID": 605774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9042", "title": "Effect upon serum insulin, glucose and potassium concentrations of acetazolamide during attacks of familial periodic hypokalemic paralysis.", "content": "In four patients with periodic hypokalemic paralysis paralytic attacks were induced in the untreated state and later, after the patients had been treated with acetazolamide. There was a distinct, clinically favourable effect of acetazolamide upon the length as well as the severity of paralysis. The maximum fall in serum potassium was less marked during acetazolamide therapy. After treatment all four patients showed significantly reduced serum levels of glucose and insulin during induced attacks of paralysis as compared with the levels obtained during paretic attacks in the untreated state. These findings indicate that the prophylactic effect of this drug does not relate merely to metabolic acidosis. The hypothesis is advanced that the lower serum insulin and glucose levels might represent reduced absorption which would amount to an indirect prophylactic action.", "contents": "Effect upon serum insulin, glucose and potassium concentrations of acetazolamide during attacks of familial periodic hypokalemic paralysis. In four patients with periodic hypokalemic paralysis paralytic attacks were induced in the untreated state and later, after the patients had been treated with acetazolamide. There was a distinct, clinically favourable effect of acetazolamide upon the length as well as the severity of paralysis. The maximum fall in serum potassium was less marked during acetazolamide therapy. After treatment all four patients showed significantly reduced serum levels of glucose and insulin during induced attacks of paralysis as compared with the levels obtained during paretic attacks in the untreated state. These findings indicate that the prophylactic effect of this drug does not relate merely to metabolic acidosis. The hypothesis is advanced that the lower serum insulin and glucose levels might represent reduced absorption which would amount to an indirect prophylactic action.", "PMID": 605775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9043", "title": "Erythrocyte glutathione perioxidase deficiency in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The present study demonstrates a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes of 24 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) when the data are expressed as enzymic units per mg hemoglobin and compared to data from normal controls without known family history of demyclinating diseases. Since selenium is an essential part of glutathione peroxidase, this study also compares the topographic differences in selenium availability (expressed as selenium content of forage) withage) iwth the prevalence and death rates of MS in the USA. The comparison cannot exclude the possibility of a relationship between low selenium content and high prevalence as MS. The data are discussed in relationship to current theories on the pathogenesis of MS.", "contents": "Erythrocyte glutathione perioxidase deficiency in multiple sclerosis. The present study demonstrates a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes of 24 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) when the data are expressed as enzymic units per mg hemoglobin and compared to data from normal controls without known family history of demyclinating diseases. Since selenium is an essential part of glutathione peroxidase, this study also compares the topographic differences in selenium availability (expressed as selenium content of forage) withage) iwth the prevalence and death rates of MS in the USA. The comparison cannot exclude the possibility of a relationship between low selenium content and high prevalence as MS. The data are discussed in relationship to current theories on the pathogenesis of MS.", "PMID": 605776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9044", "title": "Stimulation frequency and visually evoked scalp potentials with brief flashes of light.", "content": "Recording of the visually evoked scalp potential (VESP) elicited with flash stimulation was completed in six subjects presenting with normal vision. From the four separate signals recorded over the visual cortex, it was concluded that stimulation frequency affects some of the components of the VESP. Accordingly, in studies of the VESP character, the influence of stimulation frequency is a critical factor which must be taken into account when analyzing the resultant activity.", "contents": "Stimulation frequency and visually evoked scalp potentials with brief flashes of light. Recording of the visually evoked scalp potential (VESP) elicited with flash stimulation was completed in six subjects presenting with normal vision. From the four separate signals recorded over the visual cortex, it was concluded that stimulation frequency affects some of the components of the VESP. Accordingly, in studies of the VESP character, the influence of stimulation frequency is a critical factor which must be taken into account when analyzing the resultant activity.", "PMID": 605778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9045", "title": "The effects of toxic and non-toxic serum phenytoin levels on carbohydrate tolerance and insulin levels.", "content": "The effect of toxic and non-toxic phenytoin levels on carobhydrate tolerance and insulin levels was studied in 18 patients with epilepsy and 17 control subjects. Toxic levels were defined as a serum level greater than 20 microgram/ml. Toxic levels occurred in 11 patients and nontoxic levels in seven patients. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured at 30-min intervals for a period of 3 h following the ingestion of 50 g glucose. Blood glucose levels were measured by the ferricyanide method, and serum insulin levels by immunoassay of insulin with insulin antibody precipitate. Serum phenytoin levels were measured by gas liquid chromatography. The insulin profiles were the same for all three groups, but there was a significant delay  in reaching peak glucose concentrations in patients with toxic levels of phenytoin. It was therefore confirmed that non-toxic levels of phenytoin do not affect carbohydrate tolerance or insulin levels when phenytoin is used in the routine treatement of epilepsy, and it has also been shown that toxic levels of phenytoin do not affect carbohydrate tolerance when the high levels are detected at an early stage.", "contents": "The effects of toxic and non-toxic serum phenytoin levels on carbohydrate tolerance and insulin levels. The effect of toxic and non-toxic phenytoin levels on carobhydrate tolerance and insulin levels was studied in 18 patients with epilepsy and 17 control subjects. Toxic levels were defined as a serum level greater than 20 microgram/ml. Toxic levels occurred in 11 patients and nontoxic levels in seven patients. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured at 30-min intervals for a period of 3 h following the ingestion of 50 g glucose. Blood glucose levels were measured by the ferricyanide method, and serum insulin levels by immunoassay of insulin with insulin antibody precipitate. Serum phenytoin levels were measured by gas liquid chromatography. The insulin profiles were the same for all three groups, but there was a significant delay  in reaching peak glucose concentrations in patients with toxic levels of phenytoin. It was therefore confirmed that non-toxic levels of phenytoin do not affect carbohydrate tolerance or insulin levels when phenytoin is used in the routine treatement of epilepsy, and it has also been shown that toxic levels of phenytoin do not affect carbohydrate tolerance when the high levels are detected at an early stage.", "PMID": 605777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9046", "title": "The development of the extensor digitorium brevis muscle in progressive proximal muscular antrophies.", "content": "The development of the extensor digitorium brevis (EDB) muscle was studied in 39 healthy subjects, 27 patients with progressive proximal spinal muscular atrophy, 20 patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and three with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. The EDB muscle is spared and usually hypertrophic in patients with muscular dystrophy, whereas it is often atrophic and weak in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. It is proposed that the degree of development of the EDB muscle can be used as a clinical sign in the differential diagnosis of progressive muscular atrophies.", "contents": "The development of the extensor digitorium brevis muscle in progressive proximal muscular antrophies. The development of the extensor digitorium brevis (EDB) muscle was studied in 39 healthy subjects, 27 patients with progressive proximal spinal muscular atrophy, 20 patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and three with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. The EDB muscle is spared and usually hypertrophic in patients with muscular dystrophy, whereas it is often atrophic and weak in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. It is proposed that the degree of development of the EDB muscle can be used as a clinical sign in the differential diagnosis of progressive muscular atrophies.", "PMID": 605779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9047", "title": "Juvenile neurolipidosis of Bernheimer-Seitelberger's type. Histopathological and biochemical findings.", "content": "Two children are reported, who became diseased at the age of 4 and 2 years, respectively, with progressive upper motor neuron symptoms leading to severe disability within a few years. The boy died at age 10 and autopsy disclosed a severe gangliolipidosis throughout the central nervous system, maximal in the brain stem and cerebrellum, corresponding with his early and dominantly bublar symptoms. The girl is still living, although severly disabled. The etiology was confirmed through biochemical studies which showed lower activity of galactosaminidase and galactosidase in frontal lobe tissue from the boy, in liver tissue from the girl. The activity of galactosaminidase A isoenzyme was more than 50 per cent lower in serum from the girl and in serum from healthy relatives of the boy, the father, mother and one of two brothers. Furthermore, the galactosidease activity was within or below the lower normal range limit in leucocytes from relatives of the boy with exception of the father. This abnormality was also encountered in serum from our girl patient.", "contents": "Juvenile neurolipidosis of Bernheimer-Seitelberger's type. Histopathological and biochemical findings. Two children are reported, who became diseased at the age of 4 and 2 years, respectively, with progressive upper motor neuron symptoms leading to severe disability within a few years. The boy died at age 10 and autopsy disclosed a severe gangliolipidosis throughout the central nervous system, maximal in the brain stem and cerebrellum, corresponding with his early and dominantly bublar symptoms. The girl is still living, although severly disabled. The etiology was confirmed through biochemical studies which showed lower activity of galactosaminidase and galactosidase in frontal lobe tissue from the boy, in liver tissue from the girl. The activity of galactosaminidase A isoenzyme was more than 50 per cent lower in serum from the girl and in serum from healthy relatives of the boy, the father, mother and one of two brothers. Furthermore, the galactosidease activity was within or below the lower normal range limit in leucocytes from relatives of the boy with exception of the father. This abnormality was also encountered in serum from our girl patient.", "PMID": 605780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9048", "title": "Interaction between carbamazepine and propoxyphene in man.", "content": "This investigation was carried out because of a clinical suspicion of drug interaction between Propoxyphene (PRX) hydrochloride and Carbamazepine (CBZ). Seven out-patients, six suffering from epilepsy and one from trigeminal neuralgia, treated with CBZ alone or in combination with phenobarbitone, received PRX hydrochloride capsules, 65 mg three times a day. Two patients stopped the PRX intake after 2 days due to severe side effects. Three of the remaining patients had symptoms and signs of drug intoxication. Blood samples were examined by thin-layer chromatography. A marked increase (45-77 per cent) in CBZ plasma level was found in all patients on combined treatment of CBZ and PRX. There were no significant changes in CBZ-10,11-epoxide level. The results suggest an inhibition of CBZ metabolism when CBZ and PRX are administered simultaneously.", "contents": "Interaction between carbamazepine and propoxyphene in man. This investigation was carried out because of a clinical suspicion of drug interaction between Propoxyphene (PRX) hydrochloride and Carbamazepine (CBZ). Seven out-patients, six suffering from epilepsy and one from trigeminal neuralgia, treated with CBZ alone or in combination with phenobarbitone, received PRX hydrochloride capsules, 65 mg three times a day. Two patients stopped the PRX intake after 2 days due to severe side effects. Three of the remaining patients had symptoms and signs of drug intoxication. Blood samples were examined by thin-layer chromatography. A marked increase (45-77 per cent) in CBZ plasma level was found in all patients on combined treatment of CBZ and PRX. There were no significant changes in CBZ-10,11-epoxide level. The results suggest an inhibition of CBZ metabolism when CBZ and PRX are administered simultaneously.", "PMID": 605781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9049", "title": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in first-degree relatives of epileptic patients with drug-induced IgA deficiency.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins A, G and M were studied in parents and siblings of 16 patients being treated for epilepsy. Five healthy families served as controls. Seven of the patients were low IgA-responders and the rest of the patients had shown normal IgA-levels during treatment. None of the parents and siblings studied showed a serum-IgA deficiency, with the exception of one mother who was being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with naproxen. Low serum concentrations of IgG and IgM were not found. A significantly increased IgM-level was found in first-degree relatives of the low IgA-responders, and the siblings of low 2gA-responders had significantly raised IgA in their sera.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin concentrations in first-degree relatives of epileptic patients with drug-induced IgA deficiency. Serum immunoglobulins A, G and M were studied in parents and siblings of 16 patients being treated for epilepsy. Five healthy families served as controls. Seven of the patients were low IgA-responders and the rest of the patients had shown normal IgA-levels during treatment. None of the parents and siblings studied showed a serum-IgA deficiency, with the exception of one mother who was being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with naproxen. Low serum concentrations of IgG and IgM were not found. A significantly increased IgM-level was found in first-degree relatives of the low IgA-responders, and the siblings of low 2gA-responders had significantly raised IgA in their sera.", "PMID": 605782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9050", "title": "Treatment of familial periodic hypokalemia with propranolol (Inderal).", "content": "Four patients suffering form familial periodic paralysis with hypokalaemia (FPP) were subjected untreated to standardized induction of paralysis. The induction was repeated after pre-treatment with the beta receptor blocker propranolol (Inderal). In three of the patients propranolol had no or even a negative effect upon the development of paralysis or upon the fall in serum potassium. In one patient a slight prophylactic gain was achieved. It was not possible to demonstrate any difference in the serum level of glucose or insulin during the induction of paralysis according to whether the patients were untreated or treated with propranolol. Short-lasting out-patient treatment of the patient who had apparently had some slight prophylactic benefit from propranolol had to be discontinued after 11 days because of an unusually severe and long-lasting attack. It is concluded that propranolol has no major effect in the treatment of FPP-unlike its favourable effect in thyrotoxic familial periodic paralysis (TFPP).", "contents": "Treatment of familial periodic hypokalemia with propranolol (Inderal). Four patients suffering form familial periodic paralysis with hypokalaemia (FPP) were subjected untreated to standardized induction of paralysis. The induction was repeated after pre-treatment with the beta receptor blocker propranolol (Inderal). In three of the patients propranolol had no or even a negative effect upon the development of paralysis or upon the fall in serum potassium. In one patient a slight prophylactic gain was achieved. It was not possible to demonstrate any difference in the serum level of glucose or insulin during the induction of paralysis according to whether the patients were untreated or treated with propranolol. Short-lasting out-patient treatment of the patient who had apparently had some slight prophylactic benefit from propranolol had to be discontinued after 11 days because of an unusually severe and long-lasting attack. It is concluded that propranolol has no major effect in the treatment of FPP-unlike its favourable effect in thyrotoxic familial periodic paralysis (TFPP).", "PMID": 605783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9051", "title": "Pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher-like cells in acquired lipidosis occurring in leukemia.", "content": "Smears of bone marrow aspiration from 82 patients with leukemia and major hematopoietic organs, such as bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes, obtained from 97 autopsy cases of the disease, were light-microscopically examined. As the results, occurrence of either sea-blue histiocytes or Gaucher-like cells, or of both, was observed in bone marrow smears of 23 patients and in the hematopoietic tissues of 44 out of the examined cases, particularly marked in those of chronic myelogenous leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia, these lipid storage cells were also confirmed though less in frequency or degree. Histochemically, the sea-blue histiocytes were substantiated to contain ceroid-like pigments in their cytoplasm uhile the lipid materials stored in the Gaucher-like cells were presumed to be glycolipids. Ultrastructural morphology of the inclusions in the sea-blue histiocytes uas almost consistent with that of ceroid previously reported, but showed more marked variegated and heterogeneous features. Intracytoplasmic inclusions of the Gaucher-like cells differed from those of Gaucher cells seen in Gaucher's disease and were dominated by fibrillar or linear deposits. Transitions from phagocytized leukemic cells to the inclusions characteristic of each type of the cells were traced.", "contents": "Pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher-like cells in acquired lipidosis occurring in leukemia. Smears of bone marrow aspiration from 82 patients with leukemia and major hematopoietic organs, such as bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes, obtained from 97 autopsy cases of the disease, were light-microscopically examined. As the results, occurrence of either sea-blue histiocytes or Gaucher-like cells, or of both, was observed in bone marrow smears of 23 patients and in the hematopoietic tissues of 44 out of the examined cases, particularly marked in those of chronic myelogenous leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia, these lipid storage cells were also confirmed though less in frequency or degree. Histochemically, the sea-blue histiocytes were substantiated to contain ceroid-like pigments in their cytoplasm uhile the lipid materials stored in the Gaucher-like cells were presumed to be glycolipids. Ultrastructural morphology of the inclusions in the sea-blue histiocytes uas almost consistent with that of ceroid previously reported, but showed more marked variegated and heterogeneous features. Intracytoplasmic inclusions of the Gaucher-like cells differed from those of Gaucher cells seen in Gaucher's disease and were dominated by fibrillar or linear deposits. Transitions from phagocytized leukemic cells to the inclusions characteristic of each type of the cells were traced.", "PMID": 605794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9052", "title": "Induction of atrophic gastritis in ICR mice by the administration of an allogenic antigen.", "content": "In an attempt to produce experimental autoimmunity in small animals the experiment was sought to induce atrophic gastritis in ICR/JCL mice. The stomach antigen of ICR mice was extracted and emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. This was subcutaneously injected in 5-week-old ICR/JCL mice at 1 week intervals for a total of 1 to 4 administrations. The stomach antibody in the serum gradually increased up to 2(6) until four weeks after the last injection of the stomach antigen. At the same time pyknosis and a decrease in number of the gastric mucosal cells, which ultimately led to the atrophying of gastric mucosa, developed. Thereafter, concomitant with the decrease in serum antibody against mucous cells, regeneration of mucous cells was especially remarkable, but atrophy of the fundic gland continued.", "contents": "Induction of atrophic gastritis in ICR mice by the administration of an allogenic antigen. In an attempt to produce experimental autoimmunity in small animals the experiment was sought to induce atrophic gastritis in ICR/JCL mice. The stomach antigen of ICR mice was extracted and emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. This was subcutaneously injected in 5-week-old ICR/JCL mice at 1 week intervals for a total of 1 to 4 administrations. The stomach antibody in the serum gradually increased up to 2(6) until four weeks after the last injection of the stomach antigen. At the same time pyknosis and a decrease in number of the gastric mucosal cells, which ultimately led to the atrophying of gastric mucosa, developed. Thereafter, concomitant with the decrease in serum antibody against mucous cells, regeneration of mucous cells was especially remarkable, but atrophy of the fundic gland continued.", "PMID": 605795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9053", "title": "Pathological study on amyloidosis--scanning electron microscopic observation of amyloid-laden mouse liver.", "content": "Amyloidosis of liver in mice induced by casein injection was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the fractured-surfaces of the central portion of amyloid nodules, they appeared as chestnut-bur-like structures and were composed of numerous thread-like structures of fasciculated amyloid fibrils and of stick-like structures of amyloid bundles in three dimensional figure. In the cytoplasm of the Kupffer cell, amyloid bundles were revealed as band-like bulges. These bulges were projected from the Kupffer cell into the Disse's space and continued with thread-like structures outside the cytoplasm of Kupffer cells.", "contents": "Pathological study on amyloidosis--scanning electron microscopic observation of amyloid-laden mouse liver. Amyloidosis of liver in mice induced by casein injection was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the fractured-surfaces of the central portion of amyloid nodules, they appeared as chestnut-bur-like structures and were composed of numerous thread-like structures of fasciculated amyloid fibrils and of stick-like structures of amyloid bundles in three dimensional figure. In the cytoplasm of the Kupffer cell, amyloid bundles were revealed as band-like bulges. These bulges were projected from the Kupffer cell into the Disse's space and continued with thread-like structures outside the cytoplasm of Kupffer cells.", "PMID": 605796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9054", "title": "Arhinencephaly (holoprosencephaly) associated with external hydrocephaly.", "content": "A female infant, weighing 2,263 g had been spontaneously delivered at the 33rd week of gestation. The only noticeable abnormality was a cleft palate, but within the next few days, she developed low temperature, spastic movements in the extremities, and depressed respiration. These abnormalities soon became worse and she died on the 12th day. Clinically, she was not suspected of having malformations of the brain, but on autopsy, an external hydrocephaly (400 ml) and small arhinencephalic brain (75 g) were noted. In the brain, the growth of the diencephalon was exceedingly poor but the growth of the rhombencephalon was relatively favorable. The olfactory bulbi and tracts in the telencephalon were absent. These findings were similar to those seen in cases of arhinencephaly (or holoprosencephaly). In the cerebral ventricles, the lateral ventricles and the IVth ventricle were enlarged, but the IIIrd ventricle could not be identified. Communication could only be found between the lateral apertures of the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoidal spaces.", "contents": "Arhinencephaly (holoprosencephaly) associated with external hydrocephaly. A female infant, weighing 2,263 g had been spontaneously delivered at the 33rd week of gestation. The only noticeable abnormality was a cleft palate, but within the next few days, she developed low temperature, spastic movements in the extremities, and depressed respiration. These abnormalities soon became worse and she died on the 12th day. Clinically, she was not suspected of having malformations of the brain, but on autopsy, an external hydrocephaly (400 ml) and small arhinencephalic brain (75 g) were noted. In the brain, the growth of the diencephalon was exceedingly poor but the growth of the rhombencephalon was relatively favorable. The olfactory bulbi and tracts in the telencephalon were absent. These findings were similar to those seen in cases of arhinencephaly (or holoprosencephaly). In the cerebral ventricles, the lateral ventricles and the IVth ventricle were enlarged, but the IIIrd ventricle could not be identified. Communication could only be found between the lateral apertures of the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoidal spaces.", "PMID": 605799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9055", "title": "Morphological and biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa of A/HEJ mice injected with a xenogeneic stomach antigen.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of W/Fu rat stomach antigen emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant at 1 week interval for a total of 2 administrations induced atrophic gastritis in A/HeJ mice. From the second week after the last injection the parietal cell mass decreased. At the same time, Alcian blue-PAS positive cells and Paneth-like cells appeared. Furthermore, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase of the small intestinal mucosa was biochemically demonstrated in the atrophic glandular stomach.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa of A/HEJ mice injected with a xenogeneic stomach antigen. Subcutaneous injection of W/Fu rat stomach antigen emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant at 1 week interval for a total of 2 administrations induced atrophic gastritis in A/HeJ mice. From the second week after the last injection the parietal cell mass decreased. At the same time, Alcian blue-PAS positive cells and Paneth-like cells appeared. Furthermore, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase of the small intestinal mucosa was biochemically demonstrated in the atrophic glandular stomach.", "PMID": 605798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9056", "title": "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus--ultrastructural and hormonal study.", "content": "A clear of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus combined with early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was reported. The adenocarcinoma was found to be in histologic continuity with the squamous cell carcinoma as well as with the cervical glandular epithelium. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells of the adenocarcinoma showed junctional complexes, well developed microvilli, parallel stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulums and twisted rope-like nucleoli, all of which were in accord with the cytologic characteristics of endometrial carcinoma. Hormonal study of the tumor suggested the presence of estrogen receptor and a lack of endocrine productibility. These findings provide an additional support for the M\u00fcllerian duct origin of uterine clear cell adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus--ultrastructural and hormonal study. A clear of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterus combined with early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was reported. The adenocarcinoma was found to be in histologic continuity with the squamous cell carcinoma as well as with the cervical glandular epithelium. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells of the adenocarcinoma showed junctional complexes, well developed microvilli, parallel stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulums and twisted rope-like nucleoli, all of which were in accord with the cytologic characteristics of endometrial carcinoma. Hormonal study of the tumor suggested the presence of estrogen receptor and a lack of endocrine productibility. These findings provide an additional support for the M\u00fcllerian duct origin of uterine clear cell adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 605800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9057", "title": "Sclerema neonatorum associated with systemic fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis.", "content": "A female newborn infant whose illness was diagnosed as sclerema edematosum on the basis of diffuse edematous skin induration having rapidly occurred until her death on the third day of life, was pathologically investigated. Autopsy revealed notable interstitial fibrosis of the subcuteneous adipose tissue, variable increases of fibrous connective tissue in various visceral organs, particularly prominent in the alimentary tract, as well as endocardial fibroelastosis of the heart. Although the skin lesion is similar to that of sclerema neonatorum presented by HUGHES et al., systemic fibrosis in the visceral organs has not been reported in the literature with respect of this disease. Furthermore, this case presented striking histopathological differences from scleroderma neonatorum and infantile subcutaneous fat necrosis in many respects. It is conceivable that this case is a peculiar disorder at least pathologically different from the previously known cutaneous indurative disorders of newborn infants. Possible pathogenesis of this case was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Sclerema neonatorum associated with systemic fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis. A female newborn infant whose illness was diagnosed as sclerema edematosum on the basis of diffuse edematous skin induration having rapidly occurred until her death on the third day of life, was pathologically investigated. Autopsy revealed notable interstitial fibrosis of the subcuteneous adipose tissue, variable increases of fibrous connective tissue in various visceral organs, particularly prominent in the alimentary tract, as well as endocardial fibroelastosis of the heart. Although the skin lesion is similar to that of sclerema neonatorum presented by HUGHES et al., systemic fibrosis in the visceral organs has not been reported in the literature with respect of this disease. Furthermore, this case presented striking histopathological differences from scleroderma neonatorum and infantile subcutaneous fat necrosis in many respects. It is conceivable that this case is a peculiar disorder at least pathologically different from the previously known cutaneous indurative disorders of newborn infants. Possible pathogenesis of this case was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 605801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9058", "title": "The ultrastructure and distribution of micropores in the various developmental forms of Eimeria brunetti.", "content": "The structure and distribution of micropores in the various developmental stages of Eimeria brunetti was examined. Micropores were observed in all the endogenous forms with the exception of the microgamete. Oocysts from chicken faeces were also examined at various stages of sporulation and micropores were demonstrated in zygotes, sporoblasts, sporozoites, and the residual cytoplasmic masses. The number of micropores per organism appeared to be correlated with the surface area of the organisms irrespective of whether these were endogenous or sporulating forms. The increase in the number of micropores did not appear to be related to micropore activity because semmingly active micropores were observed only in the trophozoites, in the early multinucleate forms (early shizonts and microgamonts), and in the early macrogamonts. All these forms, however, possessed relatively few micropores. No active micropores were ever observed within the sporulating oocysts.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and distribution of micropores in the various developmental forms of Eimeria brunetti. The structure and distribution of micropores in the various developmental stages of Eimeria brunetti was examined. Micropores were observed in all the endogenous forms with the exception of the microgamete. Oocysts from chicken faeces were also examined at various stages of sporulation and micropores were demonstrated in zygotes, sporoblasts, sporozoites, and the residual cytoplasmic masses. The number of micropores per organism appeared to be correlated with the surface area of the organisms irrespective of whether these were endogenous or sporulating forms. The increase in the number of micropores did not appear to be related to micropore activity because semmingly active micropores were observed only in the trophozoites, in the early multinucleate forms (early shizonts and microgamonts), and in the early macrogamonts. All these forms, however, possessed relatively few micropores. No active micropores were ever observed within the sporulating oocysts.", "PMID": 605802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9059", "title": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella.", "content": "Puriified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella incubated with guinea pig serum, were tested for chemotatic activity against rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in modified Boyden chambers. Comparisons were made to a Salmonella LPS (S. enteriditis S-795). Submicrogram amounts of LPS induced positive chemotaxis, and a typical dose-response relationship up to certain dose levels was observed. The difference in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS-S-795 was not statistically significant. The Fusobacterium LPS showed either a non-significant or a highly significantly lower chemotatic capacity than LPS-S-795. The Bacteroides LPS were also clearly chemotactic, but considerable less when compared to the Salmonella LPS. When serum was not added, the LPS preparation showed no chemotactic activity.", "contents": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vitro in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. Puriified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella incubated with guinea pig serum, were tested for chemotatic activity against rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in modified Boyden chambers. Comparisons were made to a Salmonella LPS (S. enteriditis S-795). Submicrogram amounts of LPS induced positive chemotaxis, and a typical dose-response relationship up to certain dose levels was observed. The difference in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS-S-795 was not statistically significant. The Fusobacterium LPS showed either a non-significant or a highly significantly lower chemotatic capacity than LPS-S-795. The Bacteroides LPS were also clearly chemotactic, but considerable less when compared to the Salmonella LPS. When serum was not added, the LPS preparation showed no chemotactic activity.", "PMID": 605803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9060", "title": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vivo in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella.", "content": "Subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits were used for testing the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to injected LPS isolated from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. A salmonella LPS was used as reference endotoxin. No differnece in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS from Salmoneila was found. Fusobacterium LPS whoed insignificantly lower chemotactic capacity than the Salmonella LPS. The Bacteroides LPS were all significantly less chemotactic than the reference endotoxin. An insignificant correlation between the amount of exudate aspirated from the chambers 5 h after injection of the different LPS preparations and the number of leukocytes per microliter of exudate was found.", "contents": "Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vivo in response to lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. Subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits were used for testing the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to injected LPS isolated from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. A salmonella LPS was used as reference endotoxin. No differnece in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS from Salmoneila was found. Fusobacterium LPS whoed insignificantly lower chemotactic capacity than the Salmonella LPS. The Bacteroides LPS were all significantly less chemotactic than the reference endotoxin. An insignificant correlation between the amount of exudate aspirated from the chambers 5 h after injection of the different LPS preparations and the number of leukocytes per microliter of exudate was found.", "PMID": 605804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9061", "title": "Erythropoietic activity and interferon production in LCM virus-infected nude mice.", "content": "The distinct haemopoietic lesions induced in ordinary mice during acut LCM virus infection are not mediated either by immunopathological mechanisms or by a direct cytopathogenetic effect of the virus. Medication has recently been artibuted to the high interferon activity found in mice with acute LCM virus infection. In this work, erythropoietic activity and interferon production have been studied in LCM virus-infected nude mice. Compared with ordinary mice, nude mice displayed a more moderate suppression of erythropoiesis and a very poor interferon response. Erythropoietic activity of thymus-transplanted nude mice was not significantly suppressed during the infection, and interferon responsiveness was not restored either by thymus-transplantation or by transfer of large numbers of spleen lymphocytes. The observations support the hypothesis that interferon plays a decisive role in the induction of haemopoietic diorders of mice with acute LCM virus infection. The puzzling question as to why nude mice and reconstituted nude mice are incapable of mounting a normal interferon response is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Erythropoietic activity and interferon production in LCM virus-infected nude mice. The distinct haemopoietic lesions induced in ordinary mice during acut LCM virus infection are not mediated either by immunopathological mechanisms or by a direct cytopathogenetic effect of the virus. Medication has recently been artibuted to the high interferon activity found in mice with acute LCM virus infection. In this work, erythropoietic activity and interferon production have been studied in LCM virus-infected nude mice. Compared with ordinary mice, nude mice displayed a more moderate suppression of erythropoiesis and a very poor interferon response. Erythropoietic activity of thymus-transplanted nude mice was not significantly suppressed during the infection, and interferon responsiveness was not restored either by thymus-transplantation or by transfer of large numbers of spleen lymphocytes. The observations support the hypothesis that interferon plays a decisive role in the induction of haemopoietic diorders of mice with acute LCM virus infection. The puzzling question as to why nude mice and reconstituted nude mice are incapable of mounting a normal interferon response is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 605805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9062", "title": "Experimental mycoplasmal pneumonia in dogs: electron microscopy of infected tissue.", "content": "Thin sections of lung tissue from dogs with pneumonia induced by endobronchial inoculation of Mycoplasma cynos were examined by electron microscopy. Mycoplasmas were observed extracellularly in lumen of bronchus and in alveoli in the earlier stages of the infection. The infection also resulted in degenerative changes in the bronchial epithelial cells, including in particular destruction and loss of cilia.", "contents": "Experimental mycoplasmal pneumonia in dogs: electron microscopy of infected tissue. Thin sections of lung tissue from dogs with pneumonia induced by endobronchial inoculation of Mycoplasma cynos were examined by electron microscopy. Mycoplasmas were observed extracellularly in lumen of bronchus and in alveoli in the earlier stages of the infection. The infection also resulted in degenerative changes in the bronchial epithelial cells, including in particular destruction and loss of cilia.", "PMID": 605806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9063", "title": "Surface markers in non-phagocytic hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy hairy cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Immunofluorescent tests revealed IgD on the surface of 92 per cent, IgG, on 76 per cent, IgM on 12 per cent and albumin on 95 per cent of the cells from the spleen. After overnight culture, IgG and albumin were detected on 4 and 6 per cent of the cells respectively, while the number of IgD and IgM positive cells persisted. Fifty-two per cent of the hairy cells formed rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies (EA), whereas 70 per cent formed rosettes after trypsin and protease treatment. The hairy cells did not form rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC), or with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. Cryostat sections of spleen strongly adsorbed EA, whereas no adsorption occurred with EAC or sheep erythrocytes. The hairy cells did not phagocytize latex particles or ingest a strain on yellow staphylococci. The results suggest that hairy cells from this patient probably were of B-lymphocyte origin.", "contents": "Surface markers in non-phagocytic hairy cell leukemia. By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy hairy cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Immunofluorescent tests revealed IgD on the surface of 92 per cent, IgG, on 76 per cent, IgM on 12 per cent and albumin on 95 per cent of the cells from the spleen. After overnight culture, IgG and albumin were detected on 4 and 6 per cent of the cells respectively, while the number of IgD and IgM positive cells persisted. Fifty-two per cent of the hairy cells formed rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies (EA), whereas 70 per cent formed rosettes after trypsin and protease treatment. The hairy cells did not form rosettes with erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC), or with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. Cryostat sections of spleen strongly adsorbed EA, whereas no adsorption occurred with EAC or sheep erythrocytes. The hairy cells did not phagocytize latex particles or ingest a strain on yellow staphylococci. The results suggest that hairy cells from this patient probably were of B-lymphocyte origin.", "PMID": 605807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9064", "title": "Elimination of protein A-IgG complexes from the blood circulation in rabbits: role of spleen and liver.", "content": "We studied the elimination from rabbit circulation of soluble immune complexes made with staphylococcal protein A and rabbit IgG. In in vivo experiments the complexes were cleared from the circulation by the liver and spleen. In the saline perfused isolated liver there was rapid uptake of protein A-IgG complexes which indicated that the elimination of these complexes by fixed tissue macrophages may occur independent of complement components.", "contents": "Elimination of protein A-IgG complexes from the blood circulation in rabbits: role of spleen and liver. We studied the elimination from rabbit circulation of soluble immune complexes made with staphylococcal protein A and rabbit IgG. In in vivo experiments the complexes were cleared from the circulation by the liver and spleen. In the saline perfused isolated liver there was rapid uptake of protein A-IgG complexes which indicated that the elimination of these complexes by fixed tissue macrophages may occur independent of complement components.", "PMID": 605808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9065", "title": "Relative rates of the non-covalent and covalent binding of secretory component to an IgA dimer.", "content": "The rate of binding of free secretory component to an IgA dimer in vitro was studied by high-voltage gel electrophoresis at different times after mixing. The rate of the formation of the covalent component of the interaction (i.e. the disulphide interchange reaction) was monitored separately by denaturing the proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at different times after mixing and subsequently estimating the amount of covalently bound secretory componenet by gel chromatography in the denaturing solvent. The rates of the two reactions could not be distinguished in experiments at 37 degrees or 20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, however, secretory component bound to the IgA dimer almost as rapidly as at higher temperatures, while the rate of the disulphide interchange was considerably lower. This indicates that the noncovalent interactions are the primary type of bonds formed between secretory component and IgA, and that the formation of these bonds initiate the disulphide interchange reaction, the rate of which is highly dependent on temperature.", "contents": "Relative rates of the non-covalent and covalent binding of secretory component to an IgA dimer. The rate of binding of free secretory component to an IgA dimer in vitro was studied by high-voltage gel electrophoresis at different times after mixing. The rate of the formation of the covalent component of the interaction (i.e. the disulphide interchange reaction) was monitored separately by denaturing the proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at different times after mixing and subsequently estimating the amount of covalently bound secretory componenet by gel chromatography in the denaturing solvent. The rates of the two reactions could not be distinguished in experiments at 37 degrees or 20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, however, secretory component bound to the IgA dimer almost as rapidly as at higher temperatures, while the rate of the disulphide interchange was considerably lower. This indicates that the noncovalent interactions are the primary type of bonds formed between secretory component and IgA, and that the formation of these bonds initiate the disulphide interchange reaction, the rate of which is highly dependent on temperature.", "PMID": 605809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9066", "title": "Effect of respiration on cardiac motion determined by cineangiography. Implications concerning three-dimensional heart reconstruction using computer tomography.", "content": "Based on 39 cineangiographies in 23 patients performed during respiration with tracing of the cardiac chambers and the diaphragm, it has been found that the heart moves significantly with respiration, approximately half as much as the diaphragm during shallow or normal respiration. The cardiac respiratory motion indicates that gating of the respiratory cycle as well as the cardiac cycle is necessary in three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart using a large number of heart beats for recording.", "contents": "Effect of respiration on cardiac motion determined by cineangiography. Implications concerning three-dimensional heart reconstruction using computer tomography. Based on 39 cineangiographies in 23 patients performed during respiration with tracing of the cardiac chambers and the diaphragm, it has been found that the heart moves significantly with respiration, approximately half as much as the diaphragm during shallow or normal respiration. The cardiac respiratory motion indicates that gating of the respiratory cycle as well as the cardiac cycle is necessary in three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart using a large number of heart beats for recording.", "PMID": 605810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9067", "title": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography. I. Clinical experiences.", "content": "Following nephroangiography with an ionic contrast medium (metrizoate) proteinuria occurred in 25 of 28 patients, reaching its maximum with 1/2 to 24 hours. It fell to preangiographic values within 6 days. The degree of proteinuria varied but was massive, i.e. more than 10 g albumin/g creatinine, in 9 patients. The underlying mechanism is a marked, reversible increase in glomerular permeability.", "contents": "Proteinuria following nephroangiography. I. Clinical experiences. Following nephroangiography with an ionic contrast medium (metrizoate) proteinuria occurred in 25 of 28 patients, reaching its maximum with 1/2 to 24 hours. It fell to preangiographic values within 6 days. The degree of proteinuria varied but was massive, i.e. more than 10 g albumin/g creatinine, in 9 patients. The underlying mechanism is a marked, reversible increase in glomerular permeability.", "PMID": 605812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9068", "title": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of normal livers and experimental hepatic tumours in the rat.", "content": "Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization with Spongostan (99.3% gelatin) was performed in a group of normal rats. By repeat angiography could be demonstrated that arterial occlusions lasted for at least 1 to 8 days in most rats. Microscopy of these normal livers gave no evidence of parenchymatous liver injury. At postembolization angiography in a group of rats with experimental liver tumours it could be demonstrated that arterial supply of these tumours was temporarily completely arrested. Microscopy of some of these neoplasms revealed extensive necroses. The eventual future clinical applications of this procedure as an alternative to hepatic artery ligation is discussed.", "contents": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of normal livers and experimental hepatic tumours in the rat. Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization with Spongostan (99.3% gelatin) was performed in a group of normal rats. By repeat angiography could be demonstrated that arterial occlusions lasted for at least 1 to 8 days in most rats. Microscopy of these normal livers gave no evidence of parenchymatous liver injury. At postembolization angiography in a group of rats with experimental liver tumours it could be demonstrated that arterial supply of these tumours was temporarily completely arrested. Microscopy of some of these neoplasms revealed extensive necroses. The eventual future clinical applications of this procedure as an alternative to hepatic artery ligation is discussed.", "PMID": 605813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9069", "title": "Superselective arterial embolization for the control of postsurgical bleeding.", "content": "Superselective catheterization and Gelfoam embolization of a muscular branch of the deep femoral artery was successfully performed; a profuse postsurgical bleeding requiring repeated transfusion of blood was stopped. The time of persistence, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used embolic materials are discussed. It is concluded that embolization is an effective method to stop bleeding in selected patients.", "contents": "Superselective arterial embolization for the control of postsurgical bleeding. Superselective catheterization and Gelfoam embolization of a muscular branch of the deep femoral artery was successfully performed; a profuse postsurgical bleeding requiring repeated transfusion of blood was stopped. The time of persistence, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used embolic materials are discussed. It is concluded that embolization is an effective method to stop bleeding in selected patients.", "PMID": 605818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9070", "title": "The spherical index. A measure of the roundness of the femoral head.", "content": "The sperical index is introduced as a new, simple method of measuring the roundness of the femoral head and capital epiphysis. The index may be applied both in children and adults. Means and standard deviations are presented for both sexes in different age groups. The index increases with age until maturation. In adults the index is constant.", "contents": "The spherical index. A measure of the roundness of the femoral head. The sperical index is introduced as a new, simple method of measuring the roundness of the femoral head and capital epiphysis. The index may be applied both in children and adults. Means and standard deviations are presented for both sexes in different age groups. The index increases with age until maturation. In adults the index is constant.", "PMID": 605819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9071", "title": "Determination of sagittal instability of the knee joint.", "content": "For measuring sagittal instability in the knee joint a radiologic method has been developed which requires no complicated equipment, is easy to apply, and is relatively insensitive to the sources of error commonly associated with determination of sagittal instability, such as difference of flexion angle and changes in the projection. Measurements are made between reference points located in the femur and the tibia. The reproducibility of the method is high enough to make it suitable for testing instability before and after reconstructive surgery. By the use of constructed reference points sagittal instability can be distinguished from rotational instability.", "contents": "Determination of sagittal instability of the knee joint. For measuring sagittal instability in the knee joint a radiologic method has been developed which requires no complicated equipment, is easy to apply, and is relatively insensitive to the sources of error commonly associated with determination of sagittal instability, such as difference of flexion angle and changes in the projection. Measurements are made between reference points located in the femur and the tibia. The reproducibility of the method is high enough to make it suitable for testing instability before and after reconstructive surgery. By the use of constructed reference points sagittal instability can be distinguished from rotational instability.", "PMID": 605820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9072", "title": "Blurring and layer thickness in narrow beam rotation radiography.", "content": "The definition of the blurring of narrow beam rotation radiography is revived. The relative value of the blurring is considered to be the most reliable measurement. Calculations of the layer thickness should be based on the definition of the relative blurring. Experimental tests were performed, which confirm the mathematically presented hypothesis and also confirm the validity of the mathematical model of narrow beam rotation radiography presented by WELANDER (1974).", "contents": "Blurring and layer thickness in narrow beam rotation radiography. The definition of the blurring of narrow beam rotation radiography is revived. The relative value of the blurring is considered to be the most reliable measurement. Calculations of the layer thickness should be based on the definition of the relative blurring. Experimental tests were performed, which confirm the mathematically presented hypothesis and also confirm the validity of the mathematical model of narrow beam rotation radiography presented by WELANDER (1974).", "PMID": 605822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9073", "title": "Tooth pulp stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus in defensive instrumental conditioning.", "content": "In an experiment performed on five cats, stable escape and avoidance reflexes in a bar-pressing situation were established using tooth pulp electric stimulation as the unconditioned stimulus. The influence of changes in parameters of the unconditioned stimulus (current intensity, single pulse and train durations, frequency of pulses and rate of train presentations) on unconditioned and instrumental responses was analysed in three additional subjects. Among other relationships the dependence of the threshold of bar press responses on the amount of charge in a single pulse was determined.", "contents": "Tooth pulp stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus in defensive instrumental conditioning. In an experiment performed on five cats, stable escape and avoidance reflexes in a bar-pressing situation were established using tooth pulp electric stimulation as the unconditioned stimulus. The influence of changes in parameters of the unconditioned stimulus (current intensity, single pulse and train durations, frequency of pulses and rate of train presentations) on unconditioned and instrumental responses was analysed in three additional subjects. Among other relationships the dependence of the threshold of bar press responses on the amount of charge in a single pulse was determined.", "PMID": 605823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9074", "title": "Cytoarchitecture and acetylcholinesterase activity of the amygdaloid nuclei in the dog.", "content": "The cellular structure and distribution of histochemically demonstrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were studied in the amygdaloid body of 9 dogs. Cytoarchitectonic observations were made in series of paraffin and celloidin sections stained with cresyl violet. For the demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase activity, modifications of Koelle method were used. The general pattern of morphological structure of the dog's amygdaloid body is similar to that in other mammalian species. The corticomedial group of the nuclei was characterized generally by cytoarchitectonic uniformity of small, lightly stained cells and low intensity of the AChE reaction, except for the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and the lateral part of the central nucleus. The latter showed further differentiation in both cellular arrangement and distribution of AChE activity and may be divided into three subdivisions. The basolateral group of nuclei was characterized by higher differentiation of the cellular arrangement and distribution of the AChE activity. The highest enzyme activity was observed in the basal magnocellular nucleus. These findings support the homology of particular amygdaloid nuclei in various mammalian species.", "contents": "Cytoarchitecture and acetylcholinesterase activity of the amygdaloid nuclei in the dog. The cellular structure and distribution of histochemically demonstrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were studied in the amygdaloid body of 9 dogs. Cytoarchitectonic observations were made in series of paraffin and celloidin sections stained with cresyl violet. For the demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase activity, modifications of Koelle method were used. The general pattern of morphological structure of the dog's amygdaloid body is similar to that in other mammalian species. The corticomedial group of the nuclei was characterized generally by cytoarchitectonic uniformity of small, lightly stained cells and low intensity of the AChE reaction, except for the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and the lateral part of the central nucleus. The latter showed further differentiation in both cellular arrangement and distribution of AChE activity and may be divided into three subdivisions. The basolateral group of nuclei was characterized by higher differentiation of the cellular arrangement and distribution of the AChE activity. The highest enzyme activity was observed in the basal magnocellular nucleus. These findings support the homology of particular amygdaloid nuclei in various mammalian species.", "PMID": 605824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9075", "title": "Interaction of converging peripheral and cerebellar cortical inputs on interpositus neurons of the cat.", "content": "Anesthetized and immobilized cats were used. The interval between the peripheral (conditioning) and the cortical (testing) stimulation equalled the latency of the response to effective peripheral input. Efferent nuclear neurons were identified by antidromic stimulations from contralateral brainstem nuclei. Various sequences of excitation and inhibition of different duration were induced by peripheral inputs. Initial excitation was observed in efferent neurons in cases of selective reactions to one of the peripheral stimulations. In some neurons both initial excitation and inhibition were observed. Besides selective reactions, in neurons with background activity a convergence of different peripheral inputs was seen. Responses to converging peripheral influences had usually a similar pattern of PSTH, with the shortest latent period to the dominant afferent input. Effects of cerebellar cortical stimulation were observed in nuclear neurons, both efferent and intranuclear. Effects of cortical stimulation were evoked from a limited area of the stimulated cortical surface; convergence and divergence of influences were observed. Peripheral and cortical stimulations induced various patterns of impulse activity of nuclear neurons. Interaction of converging peripheral and cortical inputs on a nuclear neuron was determined by the level of excitation or inhibition evoked by the peripheral stimulus and the phase of the cortical action (inhibition or \"disinhibition\"). Besides its participation in integrative processes at the nuclear level, the cerebellar cortex determines the duration and frequency of successive onsets of excitatory bursts at the \"output\" of the cerebellum, thus playing a decisive role in the coding of information to other structures of the brain.", "contents": "Interaction of converging peripheral and cerebellar cortical inputs on interpositus neurons of the cat. Anesthetized and immobilized cats were used. The interval between the peripheral (conditioning) and the cortical (testing) stimulation equalled the latency of the response to effective peripheral input. Efferent nuclear neurons were identified by antidromic stimulations from contralateral brainstem nuclei. Various sequences of excitation and inhibition of different duration were induced by peripheral inputs. Initial excitation was observed in efferent neurons in cases of selective reactions to one of the peripheral stimulations. In some neurons both initial excitation and inhibition were observed. Besides selective reactions, in neurons with background activity a convergence of different peripheral inputs was seen. Responses to converging peripheral influences had usually a similar pattern of PSTH, with the shortest latent period to the dominant afferent input. Effects of cerebellar cortical stimulation were observed in nuclear neurons, both efferent and intranuclear. Effects of cortical stimulation were evoked from a limited area of the stimulated cortical surface; convergence and divergence of influences were observed. Peripheral and cortical stimulations induced various patterns of impulse activity of nuclear neurons. Interaction of converging peripheral and cortical inputs on a nuclear neuron was determined by the level of excitation or inhibition evoked by the peripheral stimulus and the phase of the cortical action (inhibition or \"disinhibition\"). Besides its participation in integrative processes at the nuclear level, the cerebellar cortex determines the duration and frequency of successive onsets of excitatory bursts at the \"output\" of the cerebellum, thus playing a decisive role in the coding of information to other structures of the brain.", "PMID": 605825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9076", "title": "Implications of the inhibition of animal tumors by dietary zinc deficiency.", "content": "Because zinc is an essential nutrient for tissue growth, cellular division, protein synthesis, and DNA and RNA replication, it also ought to play a critical role in the growth of tumors. To test this thesis, a series of experiments were performed to test the effect of zinc deficiency on the lethality of a variety of solid and ascites tumors in mice and rats. Specifically, the following models were tested: Walker 256 carcinosarcomas, solid and ascites forms in rats; three mouse leukemias (L5178yf, L1210, and P388) in CDF, male mice; and Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BI/6 male mice. Rats receiving a zinc-deficient diet showed marked reduction of tumor growth, both of solid or ascites models, and this was accompanied by striking increase in survival. Survival of mice with transplanted leukemia was also significantly prolonged by zinc deficiency. In addition, growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma was inhibited, but the survival through increased, was probably limited by the adverse effects of zinc deficiency. The results suggest that tumor inhibition is a general effect of zinc deficiency, irrespective of cell type, cell growth rate, species, or site of growth. There are numerous potential applications of zinc metabolism to the diagnosis, therapy, and understanding of cancer.", "contents": "Implications of the inhibition of animal tumors by dietary zinc deficiency. Because zinc is an essential nutrient for tissue growth, cellular division, protein synthesis, and DNA and RNA replication, it also ought to play a critical role in the growth of tumors. To test this thesis, a series of experiments were performed to test the effect of zinc deficiency on the lethality of a variety of solid and ascites tumors in mice and rats. Specifically, the following models were tested: Walker 256 carcinosarcomas, solid and ascites forms in rats; three mouse leukemias (L5178yf, L1210, and P388) in CDF, male mice; and Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BI/6 male mice. Rats receiving a zinc-deficient diet showed marked reduction of tumor growth, both of solid or ascites models, and this was accompanied by striking increase in survival. Survival of mice with transplanted leukemia was also significantly prolonged by zinc deficiency. In addition, growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma was inhibited, but the survival through increased, was probably limited by the adverse effects of zinc deficiency. The results suggest that tumor inhibition is a general effect of zinc deficiency, irrespective of cell type, cell growth rate, species, or site of growth. There are numerous potential applications of zinc metabolism to the diagnosis, therapy, and understanding of cancer.", "PMID": 605851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9077", "title": "Carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide in Fischer rats and Syrian hamsters after administration by various routes.", "content": "In an endeavor to expand the variety of experimental models for study of nickel carcinogenesis, nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) was administered to rodents by five previously untested routes. In two groups of Syrian hamsters, Ni3S2 induced multiple sarcomas at the sites of single im injections (5 or 10 mg of Ni3S2). In contrast, Ni3S2 did not induce any malignant tumors of the cheek pouches, oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract, despite multiple local applications to the cheek pouches of several groups of hamsters in total dosages as large as 1.1 g of Ni3S2. In a group of Fischer rats, single intratesticular injections of Ni3S2 (10 mg) induced many testicular sarcomas. In contrast, no malignant tumors developed in two groups of rats that received single injections into the submaxillary gland (2.5 mg of Ni3S2) or into the liver (5 mg of Ni3S2 via the portal venous system).", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of nickel subsulfide in Fischer rats and Syrian hamsters after administration by various routes. In an endeavor to expand the variety of experimental models for study of nickel carcinogenesis, nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) was administered to rodents by five previously untested routes. In two groups of Syrian hamsters, Ni3S2 induced multiple sarcomas at the sites of single im injections (5 or 10 mg of Ni3S2). In contrast, Ni3S2 did not induce any malignant tumors of the cheek pouches, oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract, despite multiple local applications to the cheek pouches of several groups of hamsters in total dosages as large as 1.1 g of Ni3S2. In a group of Fischer rats, single intratesticular injections of Ni3S2 (10 mg) induced many testicular sarcomas. In contrast, no malignant tumors developed in two groups of rats that received single injections into the submaxillary gland (2.5 mg of Ni3S2) or into the liver (5 mg of Ni3S2 via the portal venous system).", "PMID": 605854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9078", "title": "Removal of plasma bilirubin by hemoperfusion in dogs.", "content": "The removal of plasma bilirubin by hemoperfusion in dogs with hepatic insufficiency was investigated. The quantity of bilirubin adsorbed from the plasma and from tissue flux during hemoperfusion was measured. The relationships of the mass of removed bilirubin, its initial concentration in the blood and the time of perfusion showed a good correlation. These studies have shown that the anion-exchange resin MCTI-2A used for removal of plasma bilirubin did not alter the electrolyte composition, acid-base balance and the concentration of other measured metabolites.", "contents": "Removal of plasma bilirubin by hemoperfusion in dogs. The removal of plasma bilirubin by hemoperfusion in dogs with hepatic insufficiency was investigated. The quantity of bilirubin adsorbed from the plasma and from tissue flux during hemoperfusion was measured. The relationships of the mass of removed bilirubin, its initial concentration in the blood and the time of perfusion showed a good correlation. These studies have shown that the anion-exchange resin MCTI-2A used for removal of plasma bilirubin did not alter the electrolyte composition, acid-base balance and the concentration of other measured metabolites.", "PMID": 605889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9079", "title": "Rapid development of micronodular cirrhosis following small bowel by-pass for obesity. A form of iatrogenic nutritional cirrhosis?", "content": "Two cases of rapidly progressive fatal liver disease in females after by-pass surgery for obesity are reported. Histologically the livers are similar to the florid cirrhosis of the alcoholic described by Popper and Szanto. It is postulated that the nutritional disturbance, including protein deficiency, and large amounts of fatty acids delivered to the liver from the fat depots, results in fatty metamorphosis, the Mallory bodies and finally cirrhosis. Bacterial toxins from the excluded loop of intestine may contribute to this process.", "contents": "Rapid development of micronodular cirrhosis following small bowel by-pass for obesity. A form of iatrogenic nutritional cirrhosis? Two cases of rapidly progressive fatal liver disease in females after by-pass surgery for obesity are reported. Histologically the livers are similar to the florid cirrhosis of the alcoholic described by Popper and Szanto. It is postulated that the nutritional disturbance, including protein deficiency, and large amounts of fatty acids delivered to the liver from the fat depots, results in fatty metamorphosis, the Mallory bodies and finally cirrhosis. Bacterial toxins from the excluded loop of intestine may contribute to this process.", "PMID": 605890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9080", "title": "Chronic calcific pancreatitis in association with celiac disease.", "content": "Painless pancreatitis with extensive calcification and villous atrophy of the small intestine was observed in a nonalcoholic female patient. The etiology of villous atrophy could not be established. The pathophysiological significance of this association is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic calcific pancreatitis in association with celiac disease. Painless pancreatitis with extensive calcification and villous atrophy of the small intestine was observed in a nonalcoholic female patient. The etiology of villous atrophy could not be established. The pathophysiological significance of this association is discussed.", "PMID": 605891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9081", "title": "Fiberoptic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children. I. Upper endoscopy in 53 children.", "content": "Fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed on 53 patients without incident, ranging in age between two months and 18 years, of whom 35 were out patients at the time of examination. Of 27 patients with recurrent abdominal pain and normal upper gastrointestinal series, eight had abnormal findings at endoscopy: a duodenal ulcer in four, a gastric ulcer in two and duodenitis in two. Of 18 patients with hematemesis and/or melena, esophageal varices were demonstrated both by endoscopy and x-ray in two, gastric ulcer by endoscopy in three and x-ray in one, duodenal ulcer by endoscopy in three and by x-ray in two, esophagitis by endoscopy only in one patient, erosive gastritis by endoscopy in five and by x-ray in two and duodenitis by endoscopy in three and by x-ray in two. Of the remaining eight patients with abnormal x-rays findings and other symptomatology, endoscopy demonstrated foreign bodies in two (coins, esophagus and stomach), duodenitis in two, a gastric ulcer in one, a duodenal ulcer in one and normal examination in two. The data indicate that fiberoptic endoscopy significantly improves diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract in children and is a safe and effective procedure in ambulatory pediatric patients.", "contents": "Fiberoptic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children. I. Upper endoscopy in 53 children. Fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed on 53 patients without incident, ranging in age between two months and 18 years, of whom 35 were out patients at the time of examination. Of 27 patients with recurrent abdominal pain and normal upper gastrointestinal series, eight had abnormal findings at endoscopy: a duodenal ulcer in four, a gastric ulcer in two and duodenitis in two. Of 18 patients with hematemesis and/or melena, esophageal varices were demonstrated both by endoscopy and x-ray in two, gastric ulcer by endoscopy in three and x-ray in one, duodenal ulcer by endoscopy in three and by x-ray in two, esophagitis by endoscopy only in one patient, erosive gastritis by endoscopy in five and by x-ray in two and duodenitis by endoscopy in three and by x-ray in two. Of the remaining eight patients with abnormal x-rays findings and other symptomatology, endoscopy demonstrated foreign bodies in two (coins, esophagus and stomach), duodenitis in two, a gastric ulcer in one, a duodenal ulcer in one and normal examination in two. The data indicate that fiberoptic endoscopy significantly improves diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract in children and is a safe and effective procedure in ambulatory pediatric patients.", "PMID": 605892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9082", "title": "Carcinoids of the stomach. Report of two cases.", "content": "Endoscopic, histologic and clinical findings of two cases with disseminated carcinoids restricted to the stomach are described. Endoscopically different forms of polypoid lesions were observed: 1. polypoid type of Yamada III, usually seen in epithelial tumors; 2. small lesions elevated with bridging folds and 3. slightly elevated types with necrotic surface similar to an early stage of cancer. An exact diagnosis is possible  with sections obtained by polypectomy, button-hole-biopsy or by hot-biopsy. There are some problems in interpreting the histology, especially the differentiation from carcinomas. Carcinoids limited to the stomach do not produce typical clinical symptoms. 5-HIA and serotonin levels in the thrombocytes are in the normal range. Since surgical procedures depend upon the exact localization and the invasive or noninvasive morphological character, endoscopy with polypectomy is of great help in assessing the pathology as well as the necessity for surgery.", "contents": "Carcinoids of the stomach. Report of two cases. Endoscopic, histologic and clinical findings of two cases with disseminated carcinoids restricted to the stomach are described. Endoscopically different forms of polypoid lesions were observed: 1. polypoid type of Yamada III, usually seen in epithelial tumors; 2. small lesions elevated with bridging folds and 3. slightly elevated types with necrotic surface similar to an early stage of cancer. An exact diagnosis is possible  with sections obtained by polypectomy, button-hole-biopsy or by hot-biopsy. There are some problems in interpreting the histology, especially the differentiation from carcinomas. Carcinoids limited to the stomach do not produce typical clinical symptoms. 5-HIA and serotonin levels in the thrombocytes are in the normal range. Since surgical procedures depend upon the exact localization and the invasive or noninvasive morphological character, endoscopy with polypectomy is of great help in assessing the pathology as well as the necessity for surgery.", "PMID": 605893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9083", "title": "Herpes simplex ulcerative esophagitis in a healthy subject.", "content": "A 20-year old white male developed a self-limited ulcerative esophagitis followed by a transient vesicular skin eruption due to infection by herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-I). While herpetic esophagitis has been described previously, this case appears to be unique in that there was no concomitant serious delibitating illness or pharmacological immunosuppression. Herpes simplex Type I should be included in the differential diagnosis of unusual esophageal ulceration in otherwise healthy patients.", "contents": "Herpes simplex ulcerative esophagitis in a healthy subject. A 20-year old white male developed a self-limited ulcerative esophagitis followed by a transient vesicular skin eruption due to infection by herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-I). While herpetic esophagitis has been described previously, this case appears to be unique in that there was no concomitant serious delibitating illness or pharmacological immunosuppression. Herpes simplex Type I should be included in the differential diagnosis of unusual esophageal ulceration in otherwise healthy patients.", "PMID": 605895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9084", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A 26-year old man with documented HBs antigenemia of five years' duration developed the nephrotic syndrome. Histologic patterns of chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis were found. The glomeruli stained positively for Ig-G, complement and HBs Ag. The relationship of HBs Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis. A 26-year old man with documented HBs antigenemia of five years' duration developed the nephrotic syndrome. Histologic patterns of chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis were found. The glomeruli stained positively for Ig-G, complement and HBs Ag. The relationship of HBs Ag-positive chronic active hepatitis and membraneous glomerulonephritis is discussed.", "PMID": 605896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9085", "title": "Granulomatous hepatitis in a healthy adult following BCG injection into a plantar wart.", "content": "This is the first reported case of granulomatous hepatitis in a healthy adult following intralesional injection of BCG into a plantar wart. Previous reports of disseminated disease following intralesional injections have all been in patients with malignancies. The clinical course in this patient was characterized by fever, chills and drainage from the injection site. Diagnosis was made by demonstration of noncaseating granulomas on liver biopsy. No acid-fast organisms were identified by stain or culture. The patient responded to antituberculous therapy.", "contents": "Granulomatous hepatitis in a healthy adult following BCG injection into a plantar wart. This is the first reported case of granulomatous hepatitis in a healthy adult following intralesional injection of BCG into a plantar wart. Previous reports of disseminated disease following intralesional injections have all been in patients with malignancies. The clinical course in this patient was characterized by fever, chills and drainage from the injection site. Diagnosis was made by demonstration of noncaseating granulomas on liver biopsy. No acid-fast organisms were identified by stain or culture. The patient responded to antituberculous therapy.", "PMID": 605897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9086", "title": "I131-rose bengal scanning in the detection of cholecystocolic fistula. New use of an established procedure.", "content": "A case of cholecystocolic fistula diagnosed by I131-Rose bengal scanning and later confirmed at the time of laparotomy is reported. The fistula was not seen by conventional contrast radiographic studies. It is suggested that I131-Rose bengal studies be considered in the study of patients suspected of having cholecystenteric fistulas.", "contents": "I131-rose bengal scanning in the detection of cholecystocolic fistula. New use of an established procedure. A case of cholecystocolic fistula diagnosed by I131-Rose bengal scanning and later confirmed at the time of laparotomy is reported. The fistula was not seen by conventional contrast radiographic studies. It is suggested that I131-Rose bengal studies be considered in the study of patients suspected of having cholecystenteric fistulas.", "PMID": 605898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9087", "title": "The radiology corner. Bouveret's syndrome.", "content": "A case of gallstone obturation of the duodenal bulb is presented. The general topic of gallstone ileus is briefly discussed and a review of the reported cases of Bouveret's syndrome is presented. The radiographic criteria for diagnosis of these entities are emphasized.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Bouveret's syndrome. A case of gallstone obturation of the duodenal bulb is presented. The general topic of gallstone ileus is briefly discussed and a review of the reported cases of Bouveret's syndrome is presented. The radiographic criteria for diagnosis of these entities are emphasized.", "PMID": 605899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9088", "title": "Bad law, bad medicine.", "content": "In this Comment, Dr. Altschule contends that in a variety of ways the American legal system currently is endangering the existence of positive physician-patient relationships, which are essential to the effective practice of medicine. First, he contends, physicians are exposed to an excessively high risk of liability for malpractice, and as a result must substitute the use of \"defensive,\" often unnecessary laboratory tests for reliance on their own sound medical judgment. Second, the confidentiality of communications between physicians and patients is receiving inadequate legal protection; therefore, patients often are hesitant to reveal aspects of their medical history that may be critical to their case. Third, the federal government, by its medically inappropriate attempts to ban drugs that do not meet certain federal \"safe and effective\" standards, and to ban food additives that fail to pass certain federally controlled tests aimed at determining whether the additive causes cancer, is making it increasingly difficult for physicians to prescribe substances that may be of great value to their patients. The author warns that our society's failure to substantially alleviate such problems is likely to lead to an inferior brand of medical practice.", "contents": "Bad law, bad medicine. In this Comment, Dr. Altschule contends that in a variety of ways the American legal system currently is endangering the existence of positive physician-patient relationships, which are essential to the effective practice of medicine. First, he contends, physicians are exposed to an excessively high risk of liability for malpractice, and as a result must substitute the use of \"defensive,\" often unnecessary laboratory tests for reliance on their own sound medical judgment. Second, the confidentiality of communications between physicians and patients is receiving inadequate legal protection; therefore, patients often are hesitant to reveal aspects of their medical history that may be critical to their case. Third, the federal government, by its medically inappropriate attempts to ban drugs that do not meet certain federal \"safe and effective\" standards, and to ban food additives that fail to pass certain federally controlled tests aimed at determining whether the additive causes cancer, is making it increasingly difficult for physicians to prescribe substances that may be of great value to their patients. The author warns that our society's failure to substantially alleviate such problems is likely to lead to an inferior brand of medical practice.", "PMID": 605901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9089", "title": "Medicolegal causation: a source of professional misunderstanding.", "content": "The authors of this Comment--a lawyer and a physician--suggest that most physicians who are called upon to testify concerning medical issues in personal injury litigation do not understand that judges and attorneys view \"causation\" quite differently than do members of the medical community. For example, medical practitioners tend to be concerned with all possible causes of the patient's current medical condition, whereas legal practitioners in personal injury cases generally focus on a particular event as possibly precipitating, hastening, or aggravating a particular aspect of the patient's condition to the extent that the event in question is, in legal language, the \"proximate cause\" of an injurious result. The authors summarize and analyze the differences--and the occasional similarities--between the medical and the legal approaches to causation, in the hope that they will thereby (1) contribute to greater understanding by the two professions of each other's theory and practice, and (2) help the expert medical witness to be more comfortable and more effective in his courtroom role.", "contents": "Medicolegal causation: a source of professional misunderstanding. The authors of this Comment--a lawyer and a physician--suggest that most physicians who are called upon to testify concerning medical issues in personal injury litigation do not understand that judges and attorneys view \"causation\" quite differently than do members of the medical community. For example, medical practitioners tend to be concerned with all possible causes of the patient's current medical condition, whereas legal practitioners in personal injury cases generally focus on a particular event as possibly precipitating, hastening, or aggravating a particular aspect of the patient's condition to the extent that the event in question is, in legal language, the \"proximate cause\" of an injurious result. The authors summarize and analyze the differences--and the occasional similarities--between the medical and the legal approaches to causation, in the hope that they will thereby (1) contribute to greater understanding by the two professions of each other's theory and practice, and (2) help the expert medical witness to be more comfortable and more effective in his courtroom role.", "PMID": 605902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9090", "title": "Genetically defective children: emerging legal considerations.", "content": "Despite modern medical advances, births of genetically defective children still occur. The author outlines the problem of genetic disease, and describes the medical and legal advances that now make possible a reduction in its incidence. Then she cites--and briefly comments upon--some court cases brought by parents of genetically defective children against their physicians for allegedly failing to predict or to diagnose genetic defects in those children in time for the parents to exercise any procreative options such as sterilization, contraception, or abortion. In addition, the author speculates on various questions that may arise in future litigation in this area--among them, the question of whether or not courts someday will endow genetically defective children with a cause of action against their parents for bringing them into the world.", "contents": "Genetically defective children: emerging legal considerations. Despite modern medical advances, births of genetically defective children still occur. The author outlines the problem of genetic disease, and describes the medical and legal advances that now make possible a reduction in its incidence. Then she cites--and briefly comments upon--some court cases brought by parents of genetically defective children against their physicians for allegedly failing to predict or to diagnose genetic defects in those children in time for the parents to exercise any procreative options such as sterilization, contraception, or abortion. In addition, the author speculates on various questions that may arise in future litigation in this area--among them, the question of whether or not courts someday will endow genetically defective children with a cause of action against their parents for bringing them into the world.", "PMID": 605903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9091", "title": "Nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Immunohistologic and ultrastructural observations on two patients.", "content": "Two well documented examples of nonsecretory multiple myeloma were studied by electron microscopic and immunohistologic methods. In one case, repeat studies revealed no intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins, and the cells displayed a \"plasmacytoid\" appearance with poor development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi regions. In the other case, most cells contained intracytoplasmic immmunoglobulins of a monoclonal type and the ultrastructural appearance was that of cells actively engaged in protein synthesis. These findings and others in the literature suggest that myelomas without an M component can be separated into nonproducers and true nonsecretors of immunoglobulins. In one case, immunofluorescence of bone marrow smears with double labels demonstrated three different plasma cell populations: those producing either monoclonal immunoglobulins M (IgM) or A (IgA) and those synthesizing simultaneously IgM and IgM. Dual immunoglobulin production, although known to occur in myelomas with paraproteinemia, has not been previously documented in the nonsecretory variety.", "contents": "Nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Immunohistologic and ultrastructural observations on two patients. Two well documented examples of nonsecretory multiple myeloma were studied by electron microscopic and immunohistologic methods. In one case, repeat studies revealed no intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins, and the cells displayed a \"plasmacytoid\" appearance with poor development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi regions. In the other case, most cells contained intracytoplasmic immmunoglobulins of a monoclonal type and the ultrastructural appearance was that of cells actively engaged in protein synthesis. These findings and others in the literature suggest that myelomas without an M component can be separated into nonproducers and true nonsecretors of immunoglobulins. In one case, immunofluorescence of bone marrow smears with double labels demonstrated three different plasma cell populations: those producing either monoclonal immunoglobulins M (IgM) or A (IgA) and those synthesizing simultaneously IgM and IgM. Dual immunoglobulin production, although known to occur in myelomas with paraproteinemia, has not been previously documented in the nonsecretory variety.", "PMID": 605904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9092", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary infiltrates, hypocomplementemia and vasculitis. A hyperimmune syndrome.", "content": "A detailed description of the clinical and morphologic characteristics of four patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, hypocomplementemia and vasculitis is presented. Noteworthy in the patients described here is the clinical similarity to patients with collagen-vascular diseases and systemic drug reactions. The frequent occurrence of pulmonary symptoms, bilateral interstitial infiltrates and pleural effusions is emphasized. The morphology suggests stimulation of the immune system by antigenic agents, and the low complement levels and the presence of vasculitis suggest that circulating immune complexes may be present. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy may represent a syndrome in which the adenopathy is but a nonspecific part of a systemic hyperimmune response to unknown antigens. The clinical course of the patients reviewed suggests that supportive treatment and corticosteroids constitute the safest therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary infiltrates, hypocomplementemia and vasculitis. A hyperimmune syndrome. A detailed description of the clinical and morphologic characteristics of four patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, hypocomplementemia and vasculitis is presented. Noteworthy in the patients described here is the clinical similarity to patients with collagen-vascular diseases and systemic drug reactions. The frequent occurrence of pulmonary symptoms, bilateral interstitial infiltrates and pleural effusions is emphasized. The morphology suggests stimulation of the immune system by antigenic agents, and the low complement levels and the presence of vasculitis suggest that circulating immune complexes may be present. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy may represent a syndrome in which the adenopathy is but a nonspecific part of a systemic hyperimmune response to unknown antigens. The clinical course of the patients reviewed suggests that supportive treatment and corticosteroids constitute the safest therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 605905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9093", "title": "Intestinal absorptive and digestive function in pernicious anemia.", "content": "We examined the digestive and absorptive function of the small intestinal mucosa in three patients with pernicious anemia to determine the functional correlates of the morphologic changes previously described. Digestive brush border enzymes (disaccharidases and leucyl-naphthylamidase) in jejunal biopsy specimens from the patients followed a normal distribution compared with those in the control group. With the exception of one patient with mild steatorrhea, the rest of the absorption test results were within the normal range. Jejunal perfusion studies, however, with glucose, sodium and water showed intestinal secretion of sodium and water, i.e., net movement of sodium and water from plasma to lumen, in the presence of normal glucose absorption. Follow-up studies in two patients after treatment with vitamin B12 did not reveal any significant improvement in the absorption rates from the pretreatment period. This abnormality of sodium and water transport in pernicious anemia represents another intestinal defect of a systemic disease which is not corrected by vitamin B12 replacement therapy.", "contents": "Intestinal absorptive and digestive function in pernicious anemia. We examined the digestive and absorptive function of the small intestinal mucosa in three patients with pernicious anemia to determine the functional correlates of the morphologic changes previously described. Digestive brush border enzymes (disaccharidases and leucyl-naphthylamidase) in jejunal biopsy specimens from the patients followed a normal distribution compared with those in the control group. With the exception of one patient with mild steatorrhea, the rest of the absorption test results were within the normal range. Jejunal perfusion studies, however, with glucose, sodium and water showed intestinal secretion of sodium and water, i.e., net movement of sodium and water from plasma to lumen, in the presence of normal glucose absorption. Follow-up studies in two patients after treatment with vitamin B12 did not reveal any significant improvement in the absorption rates from the pretreatment period. This abnormality of sodium and water transport in pernicious anemia represents another intestinal defect of a systemic disease which is not corrected by vitamin B12 replacement therapy.", "PMID": 605906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9094", "title": "Effect of carbon monoxide on exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "We evaluated the effect of breathing 100 ppm of carbon monoxide versus compressed, purified air for 1 hour on exercise performance in 10 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin was 1.48 per cent in the carbon monoxide control period and increased from 1.43 to 4.08 per cent after breathing carbon monoxide (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin level was 1.52 percent in the air control period and decreased from 1.47 to 1.34 per cent after purified air (P less than 0.001). The mean exercise time until marked dyspnea decreased from 218.5 seconds in the carbon monoxide control period to 146.6 seconds after breathing carbon monoxide (P less than 0.001). The mean exercise time was 219.9 seconds in the air control period and 221.3 seconds after purified air (P not significant). Breathing 100 ppm of carbon monoxide for 1 hour caused a significant reduction in exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Effect of carbon monoxide on exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We evaluated the effect of breathing 100 ppm of carbon monoxide versus compressed, purified air for 1 hour on exercise performance in 10 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin was 1.48 per cent in the carbon monoxide control period and increased from 1.43 to 4.08 per cent after breathing carbon monoxide (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial carboxyhemoglobin level was 1.52 percent in the air control period and decreased from 1.47 to 1.34 per cent after purified air (P less than 0.001). The mean exercise time until marked dyspnea decreased from 218.5 seconds in the carbon monoxide control period to 146.6 seconds after breathing carbon monoxide (P less than 0.001). The mean exercise time was 219.9 seconds in the air control period and 221.3 seconds after purified air (P not significant). Breathing 100 ppm of carbon monoxide for 1 hour caused a significant reduction in exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 605912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9095", "title": "Apomorphine-stimulated growth hormone release.", "content": "Apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor stimulant, was tested and compared in subemetic doses (0.76 mg subcutaneously) to levodopa (500 mg orally) as a stimulant of growth hormone release in 10 normal volunteer subjects (five male, five female). The administration of levodopa failed to cause a normal increment in serum growth hormone levels (greater than 5 ng/ml from base line) in four patients, produced a borderline normal response in two patients with a normal response in four patients. Apomorphine stimulation produced a borderline normal response in one patient and a normal response in the remaining nine patients. The peak response to apomorphine administration was 26.94 +/- 6.60 ng/ml and to levodopa 9.76 +/- 2.67 ng/ml (p less than 0.025). There was no statistical difference between men and women in whom apomorphine testing was utilized. Side effects (nausea, vomiting) were seen in three patients tested with levodopa and in four patients tested with apomorphine. Such symptoms began within 20 minutes of apomorphine administration, persisted from 30 to 40 minutes and disappeared abruptly. All patients treated with apomorphine noted transient drowsiness.", "contents": "Apomorphine-stimulated growth hormone release. Apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor stimulant, was tested and compared in subemetic doses (0.76 mg subcutaneously) to levodopa (500 mg orally) as a stimulant of growth hormone release in 10 normal volunteer subjects (five male, five female). The administration of levodopa failed to cause a normal increment in serum growth hormone levels (greater than 5 ng/ml from base line) in four patients, produced a borderline normal response in two patients with a normal response in four patients. Apomorphine stimulation produced a borderline normal response in one patient and a normal response in the remaining nine patients. The peak response to apomorphine administration was 26.94 +/- 6.60 ng/ml and to levodopa 9.76 +/- 2.67 ng/ml (p less than 0.025). There was no statistical difference between men and women in whom apomorphine testing was utilized. Side effects (nausea, vomiting) were seen in three patients tested with levodopa and in four patients tested with apomorphine. Such symptoms began within 20 minutes of apomorphine administration, persisted from 30 to 40 minutes and disappeared abruptly. All patients treated with apomorphine noted transient drowsiness.", "PMID": 605913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9096", "title": "Diaphragm function and lung involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Lung involvement was assessed in 30 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), not selected by respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function tests revealed a higher rate of abnormality than either clinical history or radiography. The single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was below 80 per cent of the predicted value in 24 patients (80 per cent), and a reduced total lung capacity was present in 13 (43 per cent). There was a weak correlation between the severity of the functional defect and disease activity, assessed antinuclear factor and DNA binding. No correlation was found with serum complement of Clq precipitation. Since pulmonary fibrosis in SLE is uncommon it cannot account for the high frequency of abnormal findings, and the pathogenesis of the functional changes is probably multifactorial. In seven of the patients with the smallest lung volumes, measurements of static pressure volume curves and of maximum respiratory pressures indicated extrapulmonary volume restriction. In five of these patients, diaphragm function was specifically assessed and found to be grossly abnormal in four. The inability of the diaphragm to generate normal pressure may be due to either severe weakness or immobility following extensive pleural adhesions. The well recognized syndrome of \"shrinking lungs\" and high \"sluggish\" diaphragms with clear lung fields on radiography is probably due to dysfunction of the diaphragm rather than to primary intrapulmonary pathology.", "contents": "Diaphragm function and lung involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lung involvement was assessed in 30 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), not selected by respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary function tests revealed a higher rate of abnormality than either clinical history or radiography. The single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was below 80 per cent of the predicted value in 24 patients (80 per cent), and a reduced total lung capacity was present in 13 (43 per cent). There was a weak correlation between the severity of the functional defect and disease activity, assessed antinuclear factor and DNA binding. No correlation was found with serum complement of Clq precipitation. Since pulmonary fibrosis in SLE is uncommon it cannot account for the high frequency of abnormal findings, and the pathogenesis of the functional changes is probably multifactorial. In seven of the patients with the smallest lung volumes, measurements of static pressure volume curves and of maximum respiratory pressures indicated extrapulmonary volume restriction. In five of these patients, diaphragm function was specifically assessed and found to be grossly abnormal in four. The inability of the diaphragm to generate normal pressure may be due to either severe weakness or immobility following extensive pleural adhesions. The well recognized syndrome of \"shrinking lungs\" and high \"sluggish\" diaphragms with clear lung fields on radiography is probably due to dysfunction of the diaphragm rather than to primary intrapulmonary pathology.", "PMID": 605914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9097", "title": "Activation of protein mediators of inflammation and evidence for endotoxemia in Borrelia recurrentis infection.", "content": "Fifteen patients with Borrelia recurrentis infection were studied to evaluate the role of certain plasma proteins and endotoxin in the pathophysiology of both the acute illness and the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction. The causative spirochetes disappeared from the blood during the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction, which occurred about 2 hours after antibiotic therapy. The mean titers of Hageman factor, plasma prekallikrein and serum hemolytic complement activity were decreased at the time of admission and 2 hours after treatment, and rose to normal values during convalescence. Serum properdin titers were decreased in 14 patients at the time of admission, in 12 patients 2 hours after treatment, and in none during convalescence. The frequency of elevated levels of fibrinogen-related antigens increased from three patients at the time of admission to 12 patients 2 hours after treatment. Results of plasma limulus tests for endotoxin-like material were positive in 11 patients at the time of admission and in 13 patients 2 hours after treatment. These findings demonstrated that Hageman factor, prekallikrein and proteins of the complement system are activated in B. recurrentis infection and that endotoxin may play a role in both the acute illness and in the development of the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction after treatment.", "contents": "Activation of protein mediators of inflammation and evidence for endotoxemia in Borrelia recurrentis infection. Fifteen patients with Borrelia recurrentis infection were studied to evaluate the role of certain plasma proteins and endotoxin in the pathophysiology of both the acute illness and the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction. The causative spirochetes disappeared from the blood during the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction, which occurred about 2 hours after antibiotic therapy. The mean titers of Hageman factor, plasma prekallikrein and serum hemolytic complement activity were decreased at the time of admission and 2 hours after treatment, and rose to normal values during convalescence. Serum properdin titers were decreased in 14 patients at the time of admission, in 12 patients 2 hours after treatment, and in none during convalescence. The frequency of elevated levels of fibrinogen-related antigens increased from three patients at the time of admission to 12 patients 2 hours after treatment. Results of plasma limulus tests for endotoxin-like material were positive in 11 patients at the time of admission and in 13 patients 2 hours after treatment. These findings demonstrated that Hageman factor, prekallikrein and proteins of the complement system are activated in B. recurrentis infection and that endotoxin may play a role in both the acute illness and in the development of the Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction after treatment.", "PMID": 605915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9098", "title": "Exacerbation of diabetic renal failure following intravenous pyelography.", "content": "Twenty-two of 29 (76 per cent) diabetic patients with a creatinine level of more than 2 mg/100 ml had exacerbation of renal failure following intravenous pyelography. In nine patients this was irreversible. Particularly at risk seem to be patients with early onset diabetes (less than 40 years), and those patients with severe renal failure (creatine over 5 mg/100 ml). No less that 15 of 16 (93 per cent) such patients had problems after intravenous pyelography; of these, nine (56 per cent) had irreversible deterioration. This report, in context with the increasing number of case reports of similar findin.gs, indicates that intravenous pyelography is dangerous in patients with juvenile onset diabetes who have a creatinine level of more than 5 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "Exacerbation of diabetic renal failure following intravenous pyelography. Twenty-two of 29 (76 per cent) diabetic patients with a creatinine level of more than 2 mg/100 ml had exacerbation of renal failure following intravenous pyelography. In nine patients this was irreversible. Particularly at risk seem to be patients with early onset diabetes (less than 40 years), and those patients with severe renal failure (creatine over 5 mg/100 ml). No less that 15 of 16 (93 per cent) such patients had problems after intravenous pyelography; of these, nine (56 per cent) had irreversible deterioration. This report, in context with the increasing number of case reports of similar findin.gs, indicates that intravenous pyelography is dangerous in patients with juvenile onset diabetes who have a creatinine level of more than 5 mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 605916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9099", "title": "Treatment of iron overload in adults with continuous parenteral desferrioxamine.", "content": "Adult patients with transfusional hemosiderosis were given ascorbic acid and treated with the iron chelator, desferrioxamine B. The drug was administered by continuous subcutaneous or intravenous infusions using a light weight portable constant infusion device. On this regimen, four of the five patients studied were able to excrete significant amounts of iron (greater than 35 mg/da) when receiving a daily desferrioxamine dose of 1.5 to 2.2 g. Continuous subcutaneous infusion was well tolerated and about 80 per cent as effective as intravenous therapy in chelating iron. The number of prior transfusions, the hepatic iron content and the serum ferritin levels appear to be useful in predicting which patients will respond to iron chelation therapy, especially if there is little bone marrow erythropoietic activity. One patient with ineffective erythropoiesis did not have significantly increased hepatic iron stores but responded to the administration of desferrioxamine. Continuous subcutaneously administered desferrioxamine may prove to be adaptable for long-term outpatient therapy, allowing patients with ongoing transfusion requirements to go into negative iron balance. Long-term studies will be needed to demonstrate reversal of endocrine, hepatic and cardiac dysfunction secondary to iron deposition in these patients.", "contents": "Treatment of iron overload in adults with continuous parenteral desferrioxamine. Adult patients with transfusional hemosiderosis were given ascorbic acid and treated with the iron chelator, desferrioxamine B. The drug was administered by continuous subcutaneous or intravenous infusions using a light weight portable constant infusion device. On this regimen, four of the five patients studied were able to excrete significant amounts of iron (greater than 35 mg/da) when receiving a daily desferrioxamine dose of 1.5 to 2.2 g. Continuous subcutaneous infusion was well tolerated and about 80 per cent as effective as intravenous therapy in chelating iron. The number of prior transfusions, the hepatic iron content and the serum ferritin levels appear to be useful in predicting which patients will respond to iron chelation therapy, especially if there is little bone marrow erythropoietic activity. One patient with ineffective erythropoiesis did not have significantly increased hepatic iron stores but responded to the administration of desferrioxamine. Continuous subcutaneously administered desferrioxamine may prove to be adaptable for long-term outpatient therapy, allowing patients with ongoing transfusion requirements to go into negative iron balance. Long-term studies will be needed to demonstrate reversal of endocrine, hepatic and cardiac dysfunction secondary to iron deposition in these patients.", "PMID": 605917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9100", "title": "Generalized microsporum audoninii infection and depressed cellular immunity associated with a missing plasma factor required for lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "Described herein is a 15 year old girl with a generalized, possibly systemic Microsporum audouinni infectin associated with anergy and defective lymphocyte transformation as a consequence of a deficiency of an uncharacterized plasma factor. Intravenous administration of plasma, obtained from normal donors, has produced consistent although incomplete clinical improvement. Defective lymphocyte transformation to M. audiouinii antigen cultured in autologous plasma became normal after infusions of normal plasma were instituted. Systemic administrations of griseofulvin, clotrimazole and miconazole produced transient and incomplete clinical improvement. Clearing of the cutaneous infection and stabillization of the neurologic status was finally achieved with plasma infusions combined with parenterally administered amphotericin B.", "contents": "Generalized microsporum audoninii infection and depressed cellular immunity associated with a missing plasma factor required for lymphocyte blastogenesis. Described herein is a 15 year old girl with a generalized, possibly systemic Microsporum audouinni infectin associated with anergy and defective lymphocyte transformation as a consequence of a deficiency of an uncharacterized plasma factor. Intravenous administration of plasma, obtained from normal donors, has produced consistent although incomplete clinical improvement. Defective lymphocyte transformation to M. audiouinii antigen cultured in autologous plasma became normal after infusions of normal plasma were instituted. Systemic administrations of griseofulvin, clotrimazole and miconazole produced transient and incomplete clinical improvement. Clearing of the cutaneous infection and stabillization of the neurologic status was finally achieved with plasma infusions combined with parenterally administered amphotericin B.", "PMID": 605919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9101", "title": "The Humphrey Vision Analyzer tm: reliability and validity of refractive-error measures.", "content": "Four subjective measures of the refractive error of 42 eyes (21 patients) were obtained by 2 examiners, one using a Humphrey Vision Analyzer TM and the other using a conventional refractor. Each examiner made 2 separate measures of each subject's refractive error, one without and one with an added cylindrical lens chosen at random from a predetermined set of powers and axes. The order of using the instruments and the added lenses was mixed. Measures of the refractive errors differed with the 2 instruments by approximately the same amount on average as did duplicate measures with either instrument. Refractive-error measures obtained with the 2 instruments are about as valid as they are repeatable.", "contents": "The Humphrey Vision Analyzer tm: reliability and validity of refractive-error measures. Four subjective measures of the refractive error of 42 eyes (21 patients) were obtained by 2 examiners, one using a Humphrey Vision Analyzer TM and the other using a conventional refractor. Each examiner made 2 separate measures of each subject's refractive error, one without and one with an added cylindrical lens chosen at random from a predetermined set of powers and axes. The order of using the instruments and the added lenses was mixed. Measures of the refractive errors differed with the 2 instruments by approximately the same amount on average as did duplicate measures with either instrument. Refractive-error measures obtained with the 2 instruments are about as valid as they are repeatable.", "PMID": 605920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9102", "title": "Soft and hard contact lenses worn in combination.", "content": "Each of 5 subjects with normal corneas was fitted with a Bausch & Lomb F3-series Soflens contact lens and with an experimental F3-series ultrathin Soflens. A best-fit PMMA lens was worn in combination with each of the soft lenses. In addition, a best-fit CAB lens and a tight PMMA lens were separately worn in combination with the ultrathin soft lens. Each of 3 subjects with keratoconus was fitted with an ultrathin soft lens combined with a PMMA lens. For the normal corneas, the combination that produced the least corneal edema after 5 hr was an ultrathin soft lens with either a PPM or CAB lens of best fit. Two of the 3 keratoconic subjects were able to wear their contact lens combination for the 5-hr test period; corneal swelling was 1.7% and 5.3% For all subjects, acuity with a combination co ntact lens system was better than with a soft or hard lens alone.", "contents": "Soft and hard contact lenses worn in combination. Each of 5 subjects with normal corneas was fitted with a Bausch & Lomb F3-series Soflens contact lens and with an experimental F3-series ultrathin Soflens. A best-fit PMMA lens was worn in combination with each of the soft lenses. In addition, a best-fit CAB lens and a tight PMMA lens were separately worn in combination with the ultrathin soft lens. Each of 3 subjects with keratoconus was fitted with an ultrathin soft lens combined with a PMMA lens. For the normal corneas, the combination that produced the least corneal edema after 5 hr was an ultrathin soft lens with either a PPM or CAB lens of best fit. Two of the 3 keratoconic subjects were able to wear their contact lens combination for the 5-hr test period; corneal swelling was 1.7% and 5.3% For all subjects, acuity with a combination co ntact lens system was better than with a soft or hard lens alone.", "PMID": 605921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9103", "title": "Oxygen-transmissibility considerations for a hard-soft contact-lens combination.", "content": "A combination formed by covering a soft contact lens on the cornea with either an oxygen-permeable or an impermeable hard lens offers some advantages over a soft lens or a hard lens alone. Several procedures can be used to fit such combinations to the eye. The amount of oxygen that is delivered to the cornea will depend strongly on the fit on the soft lens to the cornea and the fit of the hard lens to the soft lens; the amount of oxygen delivered by 4 different combinations is described here. The results show that the proper choice of lenses and fit will permit an adequate supply of oxygen to reach the cornea in daily wear.", "contents": "Oxygen-transmissibility considerations for a hard-soft contact-lens combination. A combination formed by covering a soft contact lens on the cornea with either an oxygen-permeable or an impermeable hard lens offers some advantages over a soft lens or a hard lens alone. Several procedures can be used to fit such combinations to the eye. The amount of oxygen that is delivered to the cornea will depend strongly on the fit on the soft lens to the cornea and the fit of the hard lens to the soft lens; the amount of oxygen delivered by 4 different combinations is described here. The results show that the proper choice of lenses and fit will permit an adequate supply of oxygen to reach the cornea in daily wear.", "PMID": 605922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9104", "title": "Brightness changes during book retinoscopy.", "content": "Book retinoscopy involves the observation of fundus reflex changes that are said to be related to the reading levels or interpretive levels at which persons are functioning. Recent investigations have shown that increasing the cognitive demand on a person can result in accomodative changes in his eye that increase the luminance of the fundus reflex. Since the ability of observers to distinguish such changes is not known, this experiment was designed to determine the minimum detectable increase in luminance. The experiment involved a 2-alternative forced-choice procedure in which observers were required to indicate during which of 2 designated intervals the reflex from a schematic eye became brighter. The luminance of the reflex had to increase by at least 11% beforeit could be detected. A reduction in the lag of accommodation and dilation of the pupil probably account for the changes observed during book retinoscopy.", "contents": "Brightness changes during book retinoscopy. Book retinoscopy involves the observation of fundus reflex changes that are said to be related to the reading levels or interpretive levels at which persons are functioning. Recent investigations have shown that increasing the cognitive demand on a person can result in accomodative changes in his eye that increase the luminance of the fundus reflex. Since the ability of observers to distinguish such changes is not known, this experiment was designed to determine the minimum detectable increase in luminance. The experiment involved a 2-alternative forced-choice procedure in which observers were required to indicate during which of 2 designated intervals the reflex from a schematic eye became brighter. The luminance of the reflex had to increase by at least 11% beforeit could be detected. A reduction in the lag of accommodation and dilation of the pupil probably account for the changes observed during book retinoscopy.", "PMID": 605923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9105", "title": "Dynamics of the human eyeblink.", "content": "High-speed photography of eyeblinks in 4 subjects provided displacement and velocity time functions. The results from dynamic measurements made with a mechanical transducer connected physically to the upper eyelid gave estimates of the passive spring constant (Kp = 1.5 gmf/mm) and the passive viscosity (Bp = 0.09 gmf - sec/mm) of the eyelid. Noting the similarity between the reciprocal-innervation mechanisms in the eyelid and the eye-movement systems, a mathematical eyelid model was derived based on the well-known eye-movement model and using similar ideal mechanical-element representations. The model-simulation time course shows the essential characteristics of an eyeblink and suggests that the force program consists of reciprocally acting pulse forces during the downblink, and pulse-step forces during the upblink. When 1 mm of lid displacement is equated with 5 deg of eyeball rotation and when the main sequences for lid movements and for time-optimal saccadic eye movements are compared, the eyeblinks are not found to be time optimal for their various amplitudes.", "contents": "Dynamics of the human eyeblink. High-speed photography of eyeblinks in 4 subjects provided displacement and velocity time functions. The results from dynamic measurements made with a mechanical transducer connected physically to the upper eyelid gave estimates of the passive spring constant (Kp = 1.5 gmf/mm) and the passive viscosity (Bp = 0.09 gmf - sec/mm) of the eyelid. Noting the similarity between the reciprocal-innervation mechanisms in the eyelid and the eye-movement systems, a mathematical eyelid model was derived based on the well-known eye-movement model and using similar ideal mechanical-element representations. The model-simulation time course shows the essential characteristics of an eyeblink and suggests that the force program consists of reciprocally acting pulse forces during the downblink, and pulse-step forces during the upblink. When 1 mm of lid displacement is equated with 5 deg of eyeball rotation and when the main sequences for lid movements and for time-optimal saccadic eye movements are compared, the eyeblinks are not found to be time optimal for their various amplitudes.", "PMID": 605924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9106", "title": "Perimetry: a need for standardization.", "content": "Luminance measurements of targets and backgrounds revealed differences for various types of perimetric instruments. A lack of uniform testing conditions for instruments of the same design was also noted. Of the instruments measured, hemispheric-projection perimeters seemed to provide the most repeatable test conditions.", "contents": "Perimetry: a need for standardization. Luminance measurements of targets and backgrounds revealed differences for various types of perimetric instruments. A lack of uniform testing conditions for instruments of the same design was also noted. Of the instruments measured, hemispheric-projection perimeters seemed to provide the most repeatable test conditions.", "PMID": 605925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9107", "title": "Patient responses to 13.6-mm diameter Bausch & Lomb thin Soflens contact lenses.", "content": "Responses were obtained from 12 subjects (24 eyes) who wore 2 types of 13.6-mm diameter Bausch & Lomb Soflens contact lenses-thin F 3 lenses and conventional-thickness F3 lenses. These responses were also compared with those of patients who had worn thin F lenses that were 12.5 mm in diameter. Fewer patients experienced discomfort or corneal changes with the thin F3 lenses than with the conventional ones. Lens diameter was also an important factor in improving the patients' responses. Only 35% of a different sample of 23 patients who had been fitted with 12.5-mm diameter thin F lenses had been able to wear them successfully, compared with 75% of those wearing the 13.6-mm diameter thin F3  lenses, even though the mean corneal thickening caused by the smaller lenses did not differ significantly from that caused by the smaller lenses did not differ significantly from that caused by the thin F3 lenses. Thin hydrogel lenses with diameters larger than 13.6 mm thus might produce an even better overall patient response while still causing minimal corneal edema.", "contents": "Patient responses to 13.6-mm diameter Bausch & Lomb thin Soflens contact lenses. Responses were obtained from 12 subjects (24 eyes) who wore 2 types of 13.6-mm diameter Bausch & Lomb Soflens contact lenses-thin F 3 lenses and conventional-thickness F3 lenses. These responses were also compared with those of patients who had worn thin F lenses that were 12.5 mm in diameter. Fewer patients experienced discomfort or corneal changes with the thin F3 lenses than with the conventional ones. Lens diameter was also an important factor in improving the patients' responses. Only 35% of a different sample of 23 patients who had been fitted with 12.5-mm diameter thin F lenses had been able to wear them successfully, compared with 75% of those wearing the 13.6-mm diameter thin F3  lenses, even though the mean corneal thickening caused by the smaller lenses did not differ significantly from that caused by the smaller lenses did not differ significantly from that caused by the thin F3 lenses. Thin hydrogel lenses with diameters larger than 13.6 mm thus might produce an even better overall patient response while still causing minimal corneal edema.", "PMID": 605926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9108", "title": "Evaluating and improving clinical instruction.", "content": "An empirical method for developing a form to describe and evaluate clinical teaching is presented. The form consists of descriptive statements that characterize teachers nominated by students and faculty as the BEST teachers and that do not characterize those nominated as the WORST teachers. Each instructor receives a profile summarizing the students' ratings of him and compares his teaching effectiveness with that of his colleagues. It is emphasized that teaching evaluations do not in themselves improve teaching but that they can inspire improvement when they are used as a framework for introducing specific new teaching behaviors to instructors during consultations with an independent person such as a psychologist.", "contents": "Evaluating and improving clinical instruction. An empirical method for developing a form to describe and evaluate clinical teaching is presented. The form consists of descriptive statements that characterize teachers nominated by students and faculty as the BEST teachers and that do not characterize those nominated as the WORST teachers. Each instructor receives a profile summarizing the students' ratings of him and compares his teaching effectiveness with that of his colleagues. It is emphasized that teaching evaluations do not in themselves improve teaching but that they can inspire improvement when they are used as a framework for introducing specific new teaching behaviors to instructors during consultations with an independent person such as a psychologist.", "PMID": 605927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9109", "title": "Review of diseases of the optic nerve, optic tract, and visual cortex: 1975-76.", "content": "The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, the optic tracts, and the visual cortex was reviewed for the period November 1975 through November 1976. Twenty-nine papers on topics of interest to optometrists were abstracted. The main areas of interest include: papilledema and optic atrophy (with ophthalmoscopic signs of both optic atrophy and papilledema); giant-cell arteritis; papillitis; interesting malformations of the face, palate, and orbital position that occur in conjunction with microphthalmus, situs inversus, and hypoplasia and aplasia of the optic nerve; the proposed association of myopia with unusual eyebrows; myelinated nerve fibers at the nerve head; pigment anomalies; the continuing discussion of nerve-head blood supply; an unexpected cause for nerve-head neovascularization; the importance of the swinging-flashlight test in the diagnosis of glaucoma; an unusual type of glaucomatous cupping; doubts about the peripapillary \"halo\" as a sign of glaucoma; new uses for old field tests; and new methods of ocular photography.", "contents": "Review of diseases of the optic nerve, optic tract, and visual cortex: 1975-76. The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, the optic tracts, and the visual cortex was reviewed for the period November 1975 through November 1976. Twenty-nine papers on topics of interest to optometrists were abstracted. The main areas of interest include: papilledema and optic atrophy (with ophthalmoscopic signs of both optic atrophy and papilledema); giant-cell arteritis; papillitis; interesting malformations of the face, palate, and orbital position that occur in conjunction with microphthalmus, situs inversus, and hypoplasia and aplasia of the optic nerve; the proposed association of myopia with unusual eyebrows; myelinated nerve fibers at the nerve head; pigment anomalies; the continuing discussion of nerve-head blood supply; an unexpected cause for nerve-head neovascularization; the importance of the swinging-flashlight test in the diagnosis of glaucoma; an unusual type of glaucomatous cupping; doubts about the peripapillary \"halo\" as a sign of glaucoma; new uses for old field tests; and new methods of ocular photography.", "PMID": 605928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9110", "title": "Wound healing in the early chick embryo studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A simple incision was made in the early chich embryo (stages 3-5) are pellucida endoderm and its subsequent healing studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initially the wounded edges of the endoderm layer curl towards the ectoderm creating a gaping slit. The endoderm cells adjacent to the slit from large mounds probably in response to a loss of substrate and the trauma of the incision. Healing begins as the endoderm cells direct processes across the underlying cell layers and the two cut edges move towards one another. Many intervening mesoderm cells have cup-shaped processes. As the two endoderm edges meet in the corners of the wound, the wound outline changes to an oval shape. After 2 hours the wound outline is changed to a slit with the cut edges contracting in one or two areas. The cup-shaped mesoderm processes remain in the slit until the wound is healed primarily by endoderm cell movement.", "contents": "Wound healing in the early chick embryo studied by scanning electron microscopy. A simple incision was made in the early chich embryo (stages 3-5) are pellucida endoderm and its subsequent healing studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initially the wounded edges of the endoderm layer curl towards the ectoderm creating a gaping slit. The endoderm cells adjacent to the slit from large mounds probably in response to a loss of substrate and the trauma of the incision. Healing begins as the endoderm cells direct processes across the underlying cell layers and the two cut edges move towards one another. Many intervening mesoderm cells have cup-shaped processes. As the two endoderm edges meet in the corners of the wound, the wound outline changes to an oval shape. After 2 hours the wound outline is changed to a slit with the cut edges contracting in one or two areas. The cup-shaped mesoderm processes remain in the slit until the wound is healed primarily by endoderm cell movement.", "PMID": 605993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9111", "title": "Ultastructural analysis on acetylcholinesterase localization in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts.", "content": "The histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied by electron microscopy in the cerebellar cortex of the goldfish and the catfish. The patterns of enzyme distribution show noticeable differences in the two teleost species at the level of the corresponding cerebellar structures. Among the most distinctive features is the prevailing intracellular localization of enzyme activity in the goldfish and the prevailing extracellular localization in the catfish in the molecular layer and, to a lesser extent, the granular layer. Only quantitative differences in the ability to synthesize AChE can be recorded among the different cerebellar neurons in the two species, since all these neurons exhibit different amounts of enzyme activity linked to their cytoplasmic structures. Comparing the results obtained with those of previous histochemical, experimental and developmental researches, the hypothesis seems well founded that the embryonic pool of cerebellar neurons is made up of AChE-synthesizing nruroblasts which, during development, loss or maintain to a different the mechanisms for AChE synthesis. In addition the light and electron microscope histochemistry reveals at different levels of resolution that the final pattern of AChE distribution in the cerebellar cortex is the sum of different degress of AChE synthesis by cerebellar neurons and different degrees of enzyme release in extracellular spaces.", "contents": "Ultastructural analysis on acetylcholinesterase localization in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts. The histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied by electron microscopy in the cerebellar cortex of the goldfish and the catfish. The patterns of enzyme distribution show noticeable differences in the two teleost species at the level of the corresponding cerebellar structures. Among the most distinctive features is the prevailing intracellular localization of enzyme activity in the goldfish and the prevailing extracellular localization in the catfish in the molecular layer and, to a lesser extent, the granular layer. Only quantitative differences in the ability to synthesize AChE can be recorded among the different cerebellar neurons in the two species, since all these neurons exhibit different amounts of enzyme activity linked to their cytoplasmic structures. Comparing the results obtained with those of previous histochemical, experimental and developmental researches, the hypothesis seems well founded that the embryonic pool of cerebellar neurons is made up of AChE-synthesizing nruroblasts which, during development, loss or maintain to a different the mechanisms for AChE synthesis. In addition the light and electron microscope histochemistry reveals at different levels of resolution that the final pattern of AChE distribution in the cerebellar cortex is the sum of different degress of AChE synthesis by cerebellar neurons and different degrees of enzyme release in extracellular spaces.", "PMID": 605994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9112", "title": "Ultrastructural pattern of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the cerebellar cortex of the quail.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in the cerebellar cortex of the quail by means of histochemical method. The greater amount of AChE was detected at leve of the molecular layer in the intracellular spaces between parallel fibers and between parallel fibers and dendritic terminals. Many neurons showed intracellular localization of enzyme activity: the AChE positive neurons were all Golgi cells, most stellate the basket cells and different aliquots of Purkinje and granule cells. The enzymatic activity was usually localized in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelope (but this last localization was not present in Purkinje cells- and sometimes in the Golgi apparatus; reaction granules were usually scarce in the different dendritic branches ramifying in the molecular layer. On the basis of the ultrastructural pattern of AChE distribution, some considerations are developed on the methodological aspects concerning the reliability of histochemical methods, the differences recorded at light and electron microscope level, the problems related to extracellular localization of enzyme, the difficulty of establishing a precise correlation between AChE localization in a cerebellar neuron and its possible cholinergic and/or cholinoceptive nature.", "contents": "Ultrastructural pattern of acetylcholinesterase distribution in the cerebellar cortex of the quail. The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied in the cerebellar cortex of the quail by means of histochemical method. The greater amount of AChE was detected at leve of the molecular layer in the intracellular spaces between parallel fibers and between parallel fibers and dendritic terminals. Many neurons showed intracellular localization of enzyme activity: the AChE positive neurons were all Golgi cells, most stellate the basket cells and different aliquots of Purkinje and granule cells. The enzymatic activity was usually localized in the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelope (but this last localization was not present in Purkinje cells- and sometimes in the Golgi apparatus; reaction granules were usually scarce in the different dendritic branches ramifying in the molecular layer. On the basis of the ultrastructural pattern of AChE distribution, some considerations are developed on the methodological aspects concerning the reliability of histochemical methods, the differences recorded at light and electron microscope level, the problems related to extracellular localization of enzyme, the difficulty of establishing a precise correlation between AChE localization in a cerebellar neuron and its possible cholinergic and/or cholinoceptive nature.", "PMID": 605995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9113", "title": "Relationships between shape and size of the osteoblasts and the accretion rate of trabecular bone surfaces.", "content": "The structure of the osteoblastic layer on trabecular bone surfaces showing different accretion rates was examined. Volume and secretory surface of the cells and thickness of the underlying osteoid border were measured within serial sections. Shape, size and arrangement of osteoblasts varied greatly on the different trabeculae examined, but were relatively homogeneous over each surface. A correlation was found between the volume-secretory surface ration (i.e. the relative amount of protoplasmatic volume involved in osteoid production) and the thickness of the underlying osteoid seam measured separately for each osteoblast.", "contents": "Relationships between shape and size of the osteoblasts and the accretion rate of trabecular bone surfaces. The structure of the osteoblastic layer on trabecular bone surfaces showing different accretion rates was examined. Volume and secretory surface of the cells and thickness of the underlying osteoid border were measured within serial sections. Shape, size and arrangement of osteoblasts varied greatly on the different trabeculae examined, but were relatively homogeneous over each surface. A correlation was found between the volume-secretory surface ration (i.e. the relative amount of protoplasmatic volume involved in osteoid production) and the thickness of the underlying osteoid seam measured separately for each osteoblast.", "PMID": 605997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9114", "title": "The cerebellar projection from the raphe nuclei in the cat as studied with the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the raphe nuclei was mapped. The findings confirm those made previously in studies of retrograde cell degeneration following cerebellar ablations (Brodal et al., 1960a), and in addition reveal new details in the projection of the raphe nuclei onto the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. All the raphe nuclei except nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis project onto the cerebellar cortex. The nuclei raphe obscurus and pontis contribute the greatest number of afferents to the cerebellum. With the exception of lobule VI which probably is the recipient of a weak projection, all parts of the cerebellar cortex receive afferents from the raphe nuclei. The heaviest projection is to the vermis of lobules VIIA and X, and to crus II. The afferents to the cerebellar nuclei are few in number (Tables 2-6). The observations indicate that each raphe neuron probably projects to more than one terminal site in the cerebellum. The findings are discussed with reference to other efferent and afferent studies of the raphe nuclei. All these studies indicate that the raphe nuclei have widespread efferent and afferent connections, making them capable to participate in a variety of regulatory functions.", "contents": "The cerebellar projection from the raphe nuclei in the cat as studied with the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the raphe nuclei was mapped. The findings confirm those made previously in studies of retrograde cell degeneration following cerebellar ablations (Brodal et al., 1960a), and in addition reveal new details in the projection of the raphe nuclei onto the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. All the raphe nuclei except nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis project onto the cerebellar cortex. The nuclei raphe obscurus and pontis contribute the greatest number of afferents to the cerebellum. With the exception of lobule VI which probably is the recipient of a weak projection, all parts of the cerebellar cortex receive afferents from the raphe nuclei. The heaviest projection is to the vermis of lobules VIIA and X, and to crus II. The afferents to the cerebellar nuclei are few in number (Tables 2-6). The observations indicate that each raphe neuron probably projects to more than one terminal site in the cerebellum. The findings are discussed with reference to other efferent and afferent studies of the raphe nuclei. All these studies indicate that the raphe nuclei have widespread efferent and afferent connections, making them capable to participate in a variety of regulatory functions.", "PMID": 605998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9115", "title": "An electron microscope study of the differentiating capillaries of the mouse neurohypophysis.", "content": "The developing capillaries of the mouse neurohypophysis were studied in the electron microscope to elucidate the fine structural differentiation of the vascular component of the neuro-hemal contact zones in the external median eminence and the neural lobe. In the embryo the growth  of the superficial net of the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system is largely manifested by the presence of proliferation areas located within the capillary plexus covering the surface of the median eminence. Presumptive shallow capillary loops diverge from these ares in the first postnatal week. Differentiation of the capillary wall follows the pattern outlined for continuous capillaries. A few fenestrae appear in the endothelium of immature, superficial vessels at the 17th gestational day, increase in frequency during the following embryonic days, and occur regularly in the postnatal animal. In the neural lobe the internal capillaries proliferative by vascular sprouts emanating from the vessels on the surface of the gland. At the end of embryonic time an extensive net has developed, composed of capillaries with immature characteristics. Proliferation is largely finished by the end of the third postnatal week, when mature capillaries dominate the picture. Formation of attenuated, porous areas is a postnatal process, apart from single fenestrae appearing in the walls of a few immature capillaries in late fetal life. The structural possibilities for an onset of neurohypophysial function in the mouse is discussed.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the differentiating capillaries of the mouse neurohypophysis. The developing capillaries of the mouse neurohypophysis were studied in the electron microscope to elucidate the fine structural differentiation of the vascular component of the neuro-hemal contact zones in the external median eminence and the neural lobe. In the embryo the growth  of the superficial net of the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system is largely manifested by the presence of proliferation areas located within the capillary plexus covering the surface of the median eminence. Presumptive shallow capillary loops diverge from these ares in the first postnatal week. Differentiation of the capillary wall follows the pattern outlined for continuous capillaries. A few fenestrae appear in the endothelium of immature, superficial vessels at the 17th gestational day, increase in frequency during the following embryonic days, and occur regularly in the postnatal animal. In the neural lobe the internal capillaries proliferative by vascular sprouts emanating from the vessels on the surface of the gland. At the end of embryonic time an extensive net has developed, composed of capillaries with immature characteristics. Proliferation is largely finished by the end of the third postnatal week, when mature capillaries dominate the picture. Formation of attenuated, porous areas is a postnatal process, apart from single fenestrae appearing in the walls of a few immature capillaries in late fetal life. The structural possibilities for an onset of neurohypophysial function in the mouse is discussed.", "PMID": 605999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9116", "title": "Genetic markers in Herdwick sheep: no correlation with succeptibility or resistance to experimental scrapie.", "content": "Genetic markers were studied in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, with special reference to genetically selected lines which differ in susceptibility or resistance to experimentally produced scrapie. There were no correlations between susceptibility to the disease and albumin, pre-albumin, esterase and haemoglobin phenotypes, and between reduced glutathione levels and alpha-mannosidase isoenzymes, the latter possibly representing a previously undescribed genetic marker in sheep.", "contents": "Genetic markers in Herdwick sheep: no correlation with succeptibility or resistance to experimental scrapie. Genetic markers were studied in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, with special reference to genetically selected lines which differ in susceptibility or resistance to experimentally produced scrapie. There were no correlations between susceptibility to the disease and albumin, pre-albumin, esterase and haemoglobin phenotypes, and between reduced glutathione levels and alpha-mannosidase isoenzymes, the latter possibly representing a previously undescribed genetic marker in sheep.", "PMID": 606000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9117", "title": "Characterization of tumour virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein P30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NRK cells.", "content": "The structural protein of murine tumour virus P30 has been measured by radioimmunoassay. The titer of each serum was determined by using as antigen the purified Rauscher viral protein labeled with 125iodine. Standard competition curve was constructed in order to determine the equivalent of protein to inhibit the precipitation reaction under limited antibody concentration. Competition by purifed Kirsten virus suspension, normal rat kidney cells, transformed-productive and transformed non-productive cells were measured in homologous and heterologous system. Type, group and interspecies determinants were characterized using the proper antigen-antibody system. Once the proteins have interspecie determinants, it is possible that we might be able to use some mammalian virus protein as tool to determine the presence of viral protein in human processes.", "contents": "Characterization of tumour virus proteins. II. Expression of the protein P30 in transformed productive and non-productive Ki/NRK cells. The structural protein of murine tumour virus P30 has been measured by radioimmunoassay. The titer of each serum was determined by using as antigen the purified Rauscher viral protein labeled with 125iodine. Standard competition curve was constructed in order to determine the equivalent of protein to inhibit the precipitation reaction under limited antibody concentration. Competition by purifed Kirsten virus suspension, normal rat kidney cells, transformed-productive and transformed non-productive cells were measured in homologous and heterologous system. Type, group and interspecies determinants were characterized using the proper antigen-antibody system. Once the proteins have interspecie determinants, it is possible that we might be able to use some mammalian virus protein as tool to determine the presence of viral protein in human processes.", "PMID": 606017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9118", "title": "Cryotherapy of trichiasis with use of the retinal cryoprobe.", "content": "A new method for the treatment of trichiasis is presented. A retinal cryoprobe is used in a freeze-thaw-freeze (double freeze) of the lid. The method is highly successful with no major complications occurring thus far when used on nonpalsied lids.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of trichiasis with use of the retinal cryoprobe. A new method for the treatment of trichiasis is presented. A retinal cryoprobe is used in a freeze-thaw-freeze (double freeze) of the lid. The method is highly successful with no major complications occurring thus far when used on nonpalsied lids.", "PMID": 606031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9119", "title": "Overactive inferior oblique muscle.", "content": "The most common type of overactive inferior oblique muscle is secondary to a delay in the development of superior oblique muscle function. Operative intervention is not indicated because as a child matures the overactivity of the inferior oblique muscle will gradually disappear. In those cases where surgery is performed, the desired effect of elimination of excess elevation is achieved indirectly. The theory that the inferior oblique muscle is not primarily an elevator is supported by this explanation involving an indirect surgical effect. An explanation of a common postoperative finding after unilateral recession of an inferior oblique muscle is presented.", "contents": "Overactive inferior oblique muscle. The most common type of overactive inferior oblique muscle is secondary to a delay in the development of superior oblique muscle function. Operative intervention is not indicated because as a child matures the overactivity of the inferior oblique muscle will gradually disappear. In those cases where surgery is performed, the desired effect of elimination of excess elevation is achieved indirectly. The theory that the inferior oblique muscle is not primarily an elevator is supported by this explanation involving an indirect surgical effect. An explanation of a common postoperative finding after unilateral recession of an inferior oblique muscle is presented.", "PMID": 606032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9120", "title": "Alport's syndrome: case report and review of ocular manifestations.", "content": "A 66-year-old man with the classic signs of Alport's syndrome--progressive hemorrhagic nephropathy and sensorineural deafness--plus bilateral anterior lenticonus, anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts, and scattered lens opacities is presented. Bilateral anterior leniconus is rarely seen in patients without the syndrome. The syndrome is usually fatal in males by the second or third decade of life. This patient is of interest because of his advanced age. We believe this patient is the oldest living man with the classical lesions known as Alport's syndrome.", "contents": "Alport's syndrome: case report and review of ocular manifestations. A 66-year-old man with the classic signs of Alport's syndrome--progressive hemorrhagic nephropathy and sensorineural deafness--plus bilateral anterior lenticonus, anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts, and scattered lens opacities is presented. Bilateral anterior leniconus is rarely seen in patients without the syndrome. The syndrome is usually fatal in males by the second or third decade of life. This patient is of interest because of his advanced age. We believe this patient is the oldest living man with the classical lesions known as Alport's syndrome.", "PMID": 606033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9121", "title": "Light-deprivation and light-adaptation: a preliminary study.", "content": "Preliminary data are presented on the effect of light-deprivation on the b-wave evoked in an eye exposed to and during recovery from a 500 msec duration conditioning pulse. The data indicate that the greatest differences between the amplitude of the b-wave evoked in the normal and light-deprived eyes are found for the dark-adapted retina. If the normal and light-deprived eyes are exposed to a conditioning pulse, the differences in b-wave amplitude between them are reduced. There is an increase in the difference between the b-waves evoked in the normal and light-deprived eyes as a function of time after the offset of a conditioning pulse. Latency of the b-wave evoked in the light-deprived eyes is not longer than b-wave latency in the normal eyes.", "contents": "Light-deprivation and light-adaptation: a preliminary study. Preliminary data are presented on the effect of light-deprivation on the b-wave evoked in an eye exposed to and during recovery from a 500 msec duration conditioning pulse. The data indicate that the greatest differences between the amplitude of the b-wave evoked in the normal and light-deprived eyes are found for the dark-adapted retina. If the normal and light-deprived eyes are exposed to a conditioning pulse, the differences in b-wave amplitude between them are reduced. There is an increase in the difference between the b-waves evoked in the normal and light-deprived eyes as a function of time after the offset of a conditioning pulse. Latency of the b-wave evoked in the light-deprived eyes is not longer than b-wave latency in the normal eyes.", "PMID": 606034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9122", "title": "The effect of systemic hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass on intraocular pressure and visual function in humans.", "content": "The effect of controlled systemic hypotension on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual function was measured in a group of 12 patients undergoing extracorporeal perfusion during cardiovascular surgery. When venous pressure was controlled, intraocular pressure was noted to fall following a fall in the systemic blood pressure. There was a return of IOP toward normal levels with recovery of the systemic blood pressure. Systemic hypotension of 25 to 100 mm Hg for up to 201 minutes in the presence of hemodilution and hypothermia was not associated with any functional or morphologic change in ocular function.", "contents": "The effect of systemic hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass on intraocular pressure and visual function in humans. The effect of controlled systemic hypotension on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual function was measured in a group of 12 patients undergoing extracorporeal perfusion during cardiovascular surgery. When venous pressure was controlled, intraocular pressure was noted to fall following a fall in the systemic blood pressure. There was a return of IOP toward normal levels with recovery of the systemic blood pressure. Systemic hypotension of 25 to 100 mm Hg for up to 201 minutes in the presence of hemodilution and hypothermia was not associated with any functional or morphologic change in ocular function.", "PMID": 606035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9123", "title": "Nasolacrimal duct reconstruction with the nasolacrimal duct prosthesis: an alternative to standard dacryocystorhinostomy.", "content": "For many years the standard surgical treatment for chronic dacryocystitis has been the edge-to-edge anastomosis of the lacrimal sac mucosa to nasal mucosa over the margins of a hole made through the lacrimal bone. Failures of this standard procedure have been attributed to many factors and complications frequently require reoperation. The procedure described in this paper was developed as a means of overcoming some of these difficulties. It provides a normal, gravity draining, nasolacrimal duct system without pooling and not requiring destruction of the lacrimal bone or alteration of normal anatomy. It consists of the implantation of a permanent indwelling nasolacrimal duct prosthesis (available from Concept, Inc., Clearwater, FL) from the base of the sac through the interosseous canal into the vault of the inferior nasal meatus. Because it does not involve bypassing the normal lacrimal drainage system, the technique is more simple and less traumatic. This method of reconstruction of the nasolacrimal duct has converted a major hour and a half procedure into a 15 minute operation. Because normal anatomic relationships are retained, the nasolacrimal duct prostheis gives reasonable assurance of permanent drainage and is recommended as a primary procedure of choice.", "contents": "Nasolacrimal duct reconstruction with the nasolacrimal duct prosthesis: an alternative to standard dacryocystorhinostomy. For many years the standard surgical treatment for chronic dacryocystitis has been the edge-to-edge anastomosis of the lacrimal sac mucosa to nasal mucosa over the margins of a hole made through the lacrimal bone. Failures of this standard procedure have been attributed to many factors and complications frequently require reoperation. The procedure described in this paper was developed as a means of overcoming some of these difficulties. It provides a normal, gravity draining, nasolacrimal duct system without pooling and not requiring destruction of the lacrimal bone or alteration of normal anatomy. It consists of the implantation of a permanent indwelling nasolacrimal duct prosthesis (available from Concept, Inc., Clearwater, FL) from the base of the sac through the interosseous canal into the vault of the inferior nasal meatus. Because it does not involve bypassing the normal lacrimal drainage system, the technique is more simple and less traumatic. This method of reconstruction of the nasolacrimal duct has converted a major hour and a half procedure into a 15 minute operation. Because normal anatomic relationships are retained, the nasolacrimal duct prostheis gives reasonable assurance of permanent drainage and is recommended as a primary procedure of choice.", "PMID": 606036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9124", "title": "[Initial results of a simple immunological study of E.N.T. carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "45 patients suffering from carcinomas of the upper airway and digestive tract were studied from an immunological standpoint, by estimation of serum immunoglobulins and by a series of skin tests. This latter technique gave the most interesting results. It showed that immunodepression is statistically more frequent in extensive forms and that the prognosis in immunodepressed patients is much more severe than in those who have retained normal immune reactions.", "contents": "[Initial results of a simple immunological study of E.N.T. carcinomas (author's transl)]. 45 patients suffering from carcinomas of the upper airway and digestive tract were studied from an immunological standpoint, by estimation of serum immunoglobulins and by a series of skin tests. This latter technique gave the most interesting results. It showed that immunodepression is statistically more frequent in extensive forms and that the prognosis in immunodepressed patients is much more severe than in those who have retained normal immune reactions.", "PMID": 606037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9125", "title": "[The embryology of cysts and fistulae of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The term \"branchial\" should not lead to errors of interpretation and of classification. The essential points of normal embryology and comparative anatomy are reviewed: the special nature of the first entobranchial or spiracular pouch, the important role played in correlation by the second pouch, the general course of the two parts, external and internal, of the branchial apparatus and, finally, with regard to the latter, the problems posed by the development of lymphoid tissue in this region. The thyroglossal duct, although distinct from the branchial apparatus, remains in close relationship with it, in particular in the region of the hyoid where median cysts do not have an exclusively, thyroid origin. Amongst the lateral fistulae and cysts, the different types of which are described in relation to the tissue of their origin, the distinction must be drawn between two main types: those derived from the second pair of branchial pouches and those derived from the third entobranchial pouch only. It should be possible to recognise them on the basis of the characteristics described before operation, the latter being different in the two cases.", "contents": "[The embryology of cysts and fistulae of the neck (author's transl)]. The term \"branchial\" should not lead to errors of interpretation and of classification. The essential points of normal embryology and comparative anatomy are reviewed: the special nature of the first entobranchial or spiracular pouch, the important role played in correlation by the second pouch, the general course of the two parts, external and internal, of the branchial apparatus and, finally, with regard to the latter, the problems posed by the development of lymphoid tissue in this region. The thyroglossal duct, although distinct from the branchial apparatus, remains in close relationship with it, in particular in the region of the hyoid where median cysts do not have an exclusively, thyroid origin. Amongst the lateral fistulae and cysts, the different types of which are described in relation to the tissue of their origin, the distinction must be drawn between two main types: those derived from the second pair of branchial pouches and those derived from the third entobranchial pouch only. It should be possible to recognise them on the basis of the characteristics described before operation, the latter being different in the two cases.", "PMID": 606038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9126", "title": "[Fluctuating deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of fluctuating deafness merits a separate place in otological pathology. On the basis of 52 cases of recurrent fluctuations in hearing in patients observed over a sufficiently long period, the authors provide evidence to the effect that, in addition to pressure disturbances accepted up to now, other mechanisms may be responsible. An aetiological study emphasises the role of local factors, but examination for general causes is also necessary. Clinical study of fluctuating deafness also reveals interesting data which, taken in combination with pathogenic hypotheses, are of therapeutic significance.", "contents": "[Fluctuating deafness (author's transl)]. The problem of fluctuating deafness merits a separate place in otological pathology. On the basis of 52 cases of recurrent fluctuations in hearing in patients observed over a sufficiently long period, the authors provide evidence to the effect that, in addition to pressure disturbances accepted up to now, other mechanisms may be responsible. An aetiological study emphasises the role of local factors, but examination for general causes is also necessary. Clinical study of fluctuating deafness also reveals interesting data which, taken in combination with pathogenic hypotheses, are of therapeutic significance.", "PMID": 606039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9127", "title": "[Electrogustometric threshold in diabete and chronic ethylism. Survey on 230 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This study completes a previous one in which the authors tested the electrogustometric threshold in 300 normal subjects used as controls. The collected datas has been computerized on a programable calculator according to a lognormal model. Comparison between the electrogustometric threshold in diabetic patients, ethylic ones and controls demonstrate that they are statistically different. More than a half of the diabetics and ethylics have abnormaly high electrogustometric thresholds. The responses have been studied as a function of the evolution of the disease, of the clinical form and of gravity. Diabete and chronic ethylism do not disturb the gustatic function at the same speed and with the same intensity: one year evolution is at least necessary for diabetics, and ten years for ethylics in order to detect abnormal electrogustometric thresholds. But if the action of ethylic intoxication is slower, it determines the most important gustometric deteriorations.", "contents": "[Electrogustometric threshold in diabete and chronic ethylism. Survey on 230 patients (author's transl)]. This study completes a previous one in which the authors tested the electrogustometric threshold in 300 normal subjects used as controls. The collected datas has been computerized on a programable calculator according to a lognormal model. Comparison between the electrogustometric threshold in diabetic patients, ethylic ones and controls demonstrate that they are statistically different. More than a half of the diabetics and ethylics have abnormaly high electrogustometric thresholds. The responses have been studied as a function of the evolution of the disease, of the clinical form and of gravity. Diabete and chronic ethylism do not disturb the gustatic function at the same speed and with the same intensity: one year evolution is at least necessary for diabetics, and ten years for ethylics in order to detect abnormal electrogustometric thresholds. But if the action of ethylic intoxication is slower, it determines the most important gustometric deteriorations.", "PMID": 606040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9128", "title": "[Intra-thyroid metastasis of a colonic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 58-year-old woman suffering from an intra-thyroid metastasis of a carcinoma of the colon for which she had undergone surgery two and a half years previously. This adenocarcinoma was, furthermore, clinically and radiologically \"cured\". The metastasis was accompanied by a cervical swelling and paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, the reason for the consultation. Subsequent examinations revealed multiple lung metastases. Despite combined treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there was later development of further multiple metastases, in particular cerebral. The authors review the literature concerning this type of tumour. Particular emphasis is placed upon tumours with a high malignant potential, such as the naevo-carcinoma, together with tumours of neighbouring structures, in particular the upper airway and digestive tract, all of which may spread to the thyroid. There have nevertheless been other cases of thyroid metastasis of a carcinoma of the colon. One of the very first was that of Rankin and Fortune, published in 1936.", "contents": "[Intra-thyroid metastasis of a colonic carcinoma (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 58-year-old woman suffering from an intra-thyroid metastasis of a carcinoma of the colon for which she had undergone surgery two and a half years previously. This adenocarcinoma was, furthermore, clinically and radiologically \"cured\". The metastasis was accompanied by a cervical swelling and paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, the reason for the consultation. Subsequent examinations revealed multiple lung metastases. Despite combined treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there was later development of further multiple metastases, in particular cerebral. The authors review the literature concerning this type of tumour. Particular emphasis is placed upon tumours with a high malignant potential, such as the naevo-carcinoma, together with tumours of neighbouring structures, in particular the upper airway and digestive tract, all of which may spread to the thyroid. There have nevertheless been other cases of thyroid metastasis of a carcinoma of the colon. One of the very first was that of Rankin and Fortune, published in 1936.", "PMID": 606041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9129", "title": "[The problem of malignant branchioma. A description of three cases of degeneration or epitheliomatous metastasis within amygdaloid cervical cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe three cases of malignant degeneration observed within amygdaloid cysts in two male and one female patient aged sixty. In one of the cases in which the cyst had been present for more than two years, there was apparently some primary degeneration, the theory favoured was that of Veau's malignant branchioma; two other cases showed metastasis of a homolateral tonsillar epithelioma within an hitherto sub-clinical amygdaloid cyst.", "contents": "[The problem of malignant branchioma. A description of three cases of degeneration or epitheliomatous metastasis within amygdaloid cervical cysts (author's transl)]. The authors describe three cases of malignant degeneration observed within amygdaloid cysts in two male and one female patient aged sixty. In one of the cases in which the cyst had been present for more than two years, there was apparently some primary degeneration, the theory favoured was that of Veau's malignant branchioma; two other cases showed metastasis of a homolateral tonsillar epithelioma within an hitherto sub-clinical amygdaloid cyst.", "PMID": 606042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9130", "title": "[Surgically implanted electronic apparatus for the rehabilitation of total deafness and deaf-mutism].", "content": "An electronic device for multichannel cochlear implant is now available in case of total deafness and deaf-muteness. Any surgical technic of electrodes implantation may use this prosthesis. It consists in two parts, an outside package and an implanted receptor. The external device cut the sound in eight channels, whose frequencies correspond to those of the telephon bands. These eight sinusoidal waves are changed in pulses whose frequency and duration depend on the intensity of the initial signal. All these informations are multiplexed and injected in a high frequency wave to an antenna. Electromagnetic induction supplies through the skin the implanted receptor with power and informations. This receptor is preoperatively connected to the electrodes. With this device and with phoniatric training some speech recognition, and in case of deaf-mute patients voice improvement, may be obtained in some months.", "contents": "[Surgically implanted electronic apparatus for the rehabilitation of total deafness and deaf-mutism]. An electronic device for multichannel cochlear implant is now available in case of total deafness and deaf-muteness. Any surgical technic of electrodes implantation may use this prosthesis. It consists in two parts, an outside package and an implanted receptor. The external device cut the sound in eight channels, whose frequencies correspond to those of the telephon bands. These eight sinusoidal waves are changed in pulses whose frequency and duration depend on the intensity of the initial signal. All these informations are multiplexed and injected in a high frequency wave to an antenna. Electromagnetic induction supplies through the skin the implanted receptor with power and informations. This receptor is preoperatively connected to the electrodes. With this device and with phoniatric training some speech recognition, and in case of deaf-mute patients voice improvement, may be obtained in some months.", "PMID": 606046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9131", "title": "[Research concerning the spontaneous course of 135 cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease. Critical study of operative indications (author's transl)].", "content": "135 cases of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease were observed for five and a half years. Out of 1120 Ent patients, one suffered from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Out of 1 000 audiogram, 8 involved cases of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Of 9 cases of non-traumatic vertigo where a vetsibular origin was suspected, I was M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The morbidity was 75 per million. Hearing was stable in 62% of cases, worsened in 15%, improved in 15% whilst in 8% there was total deafness before the onset of vertigo. Vertigo disappeared in 94% of cases. Bilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is associated with a particularly unfavourable course with regard to general condition, since the disease would appear to be the consequence of a more deep-seated organic disorder. These figures are exactly the same as those found after vestibular neurectomy. In 98% of cases surgery is useless and hence dangerous.", "contents": "[Research concerning the spontaneous course of 135 cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease. Critical study of operative indications (author's transl)]. 135 cases of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease were observed for five and a half years. Out of 1120 Ent patients, one suffered from M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Out of 1 000 audiogram, 8 involved cases of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Of 9 cases of non-traumatic vertigo where a vetsibular origin was suspected, I was M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. The morbidity was 75 per million. Hearing was stable in 62% of cases, worsened in 15%, improved in 15% whilst in 8% there was total deafness before the onset of vertigo. Vertigo disappeared in 94% of cases. Bilateral M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease is associated with a particularly unfavourable course with regard to general condition, since the disease would appear to be the consequence of a more deep-seated organic disorder. These figures are exactly the same as those found after vestibular neurectomy. In 98% of cases surgery is useless and hence dangerous.", "PMID": 606047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9132", "title": "[Vascular problems involving the inner ear (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work we deal with so called \"sudden deafness\" of unknown etiology. By careful study of previous work done by different authors the disease seems to be due to vascular disorders. On this basis we tried a polyvalent therapeutic scheme for the treatment of \"sudden deafness\" the results of which are given in this paper. Emphasis is given to the fact that the earlier the commencement of treatment the better the result.", "contents": "[Vascular problems involving the inner ear (author's transl)]. In this work we deal with so called \"sudden deafness\" of unknown etiology. By careful study of previous work done by different authors the disease seems to be due to vascular disorders. On this basis we tried a polyvalent therapeutic scheme for the treatment of \"sudden deafness\" the results of which are given in this paper. Emphasis is given to the fact that the earlier the commencement of treatment the better the result.", "PMID": 606048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9133", "title": "A comparison of the difficulty, reliability and validity of complex multiple choice, multiple response and multiple true-false items.", "content": "Complex multiple choice (CMC) items, a type of multiple choice item used extensively in the health sciences, were compared with multiple response (MR) and multiple true-false (MTF) items. The results indicated MTF to be easier, more reliable and more valid than CMC items; therefore, test-makers such as the National Board of Medical Examiners who use CMC items are urged to explore alternatives item formats.", "contents": "A comparison of the difficulty, reliability and validity of complex multiple choice, multiple response and multiple true-false items. Complex multiple choice (CMC) items, a type of multiple choice item used extensively in the health sciences, were compared with multiple response (MR) and multiple true-false (MTF) items. The results indicated MTF to be easier, more reliable and more valid than CMC items; therefore, test-makers such as the National Board of Medical Examiners who use CMC items are urged to explore alternatives item formats.", "PMID": 606061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9134", "title": "An investigation of three types of multiple choice questions.", "content": "The present paper reports of the results of a preliminary evaluation of the A, and K, and E type multiple choice question.", "contents": "An investigation of three types of multiple choice questions. The present paper reports of the results of a preliminary evaluation of the A, and K, and E type multiple choice question.", "PMID": 606062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9135", "title": "The effect of open vs closed-book testing conditions upon performance on a multiple-choice examination in pediatrics.", "content": "This study compared the performance of medical students and practicing pediatricians taking a graduate-level examination in pediatrics under open-book vs closed-book conditions. Students performed significantly better under open-book conditions, but there was no significant difference for the practitioner group.", "contents": "The effect of open vs closed-book testing conditions upon performance on a multiple-choice examination in pediatrics. This study compared the performance of medical students and practicing pediatricians taking a graduate-level examination in pediatrics under open-book vs closed-book conditions. Students performed significantly better under open-book conditions, but there was no significant difference for the practitioner group.", "PMID": 606063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9136", "title": "Toward a comprehensive methodology for resident evaluation.", "content": "The development of a useful system of medical resident evaluation over a two year period demonstrated that traditional measures used successfully in undergraduate medical education were less appropriate and acceptable than more complex measures designed to assess actual clinical performance. The greater cost, time involvement and personnel required by the more complex measures were shown to be partially offset by the greater utility and acceptability of the evaluative data provides. The feasibility of using skilled, non-medically trained personnel to minimize faculty-physician time was demonstrated.", "contents": "Toward a comprehensive methodology for resident evaluation. The development of a useful system of medical resident evaluation over a two year period demonstrated that traditional measures used successfully in undergraduate medical education were less appropriate and acceptable than more complex measures designed to assess actual clinical performance. The greater cost, time involvement and personnel required by the more complex measures were shown to be partially offset by the greater utility and acceptability of the evaluative data provides. The feasibility of using skilled, non-medically trained personnel to minimize faculty-physician time was demonstrated.", "PMID": 606064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9137", "title": "A study of the applicability of a truly objective measurement model in medical education.", "content": "The main purpose of this study is to examine a new measurement model, to explore the range of situations to which it can be applied, and to establish its value in the improvement of the decision-making process in medical education. The objective of this set of investigations is thus to help fill the gap between theory and practice, particularly in the light of a strong movement toward criterion-referenced testing.", "contents": "A study of the applicability of a truly objective measurement model in medical education. The main purpose of this study is to examine a new measurement model, to explore the range of situations to which it can be applied, and to establish its value in the improvement of the decision-making process in medical education. The objective of this set of investigations is thus to help fill the gap between theory and practice, particularly in the light of a strong movement toward criterion-referenced testing.", "PMID": 606065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9138", "title": "Assessment of cognitive and interpersonal skills in clinical problem-solving--a comparison between certification examination and formative evaluation.", "content": "The study describes an analysis of the relationship between formative evaluation of performance in the residency program in Family Medicine and performance in the oral components of the Certification Examination. Implications for the process of certification of clinical competence are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of cognitive and interpersonal skills in clinical problem-solving--a comparison between certification examination and formative evaluation. The study describes an analysis of the relationship between formative evaluation of performance in the residency program in Family Medicine and performance in the oral components of the Certification Examination. Implications for the process of certification of clinical competence are discussed.", "PMID": 606066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9139", "title": "Validation of a cardiology subspecialty examination by faculty ratings of competencies: a multivariate approach.", "content": "This study investigated the relationships between assessments of competence as supplied by clinical faculty and examination performance on the 1975 Cardiovascular Disease subspecialty examination. Canonical correlation analysis showed the existence of two factors, which accounted for 36% of the variance in common.", "contents": "Validation of a cardiology subspecialty examination by faculty ratings of competencies: a multivariate approach. This study investigated the relationships between assessments of competence as supplied by clinical faculty and examination performance on the 1975 Cardiovascular Disease subspecialty examination. Canonical correlation analysis showed the existence of two factors, which accounted for 36% of the variance in common.", "PMID": 606067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9140", "title": "Use of an oral exam in an internal medicine clerkship.", "content": "Scores from an oral exam used to evaluate student performance at the end of an Internal Medicine clerkship are analyzed to assess inter-examiner consistency. Design aspects of the oral exam procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Use of an oral exam in an internal medicine clerkship. Scores from an oral exam used to evaluate student performance at the end of an Internal Medicine clerkship are analyzed to assess inter-examiner consistency. Design aspects of the oral exam procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 606068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9141", "title": "Consistency in ratings of clinical performance of the same students throughout medical school and internship.", "content": "Ratings of student clinical performance were analyzed to determine consistency of supervisor and coordinator judgements of the same students as they progressed through medical school and on into the internship. The results suggested that students were consistently and progressively rated higher.", "contents": "Consistency in ratings of clinical performance of the same students throughout medical school and internship. Ratings of student clinical performance were analyzed to determine consistency of supervisor and coordinator judgements of the same students as they progressed through medical school and on into the internship. The results suggested that students were consistently and progressively rated higher.", "PMID": 606069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9142", "title": "The evaluation of teaching effectiveness: the myths about student ratings.", "content": "This study presented to a conceptual framework for gathering and using student ratings to evaluate teaching effectiveness. Within the framework student evaluations of all courses of a second year pathophysiology curriculum were analyzed. Data analyses indicated student evaluations of courses and teaching activities were not related to the grades students received, nor did they varyin relation to the time they were obtained.", "contents": "The evaluation of teaching effectiveness: the myths about student ratings. This study presented to a conceptual framework for gathering and using student ratings to evaluate teaching effectiveness. Within the framework student evaluations of all courses of a second year pathophysiology curriculum were analyzed. Data analyses indicated student evaluations of courses and teaching activities were not related to the grades students received, nor did they varyin relation to the time they were obtained.", "PMID": 606070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9143", "title": "Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine.", "content": "Characteristics of best and worst clinical teachers in medicine were described by a random sample of faculty, residents and third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of Washington. The responses were factor analyzed and examined to determine whether the ratings were influenced by professional role (faculty, resident, student), faculty department (surgical, medical, basic science) and teaching method (formal in-patient, formal ambulatory, formal didactic, and informal teaching.)", "contents": "Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine. Characteristics of best and worst clinical teachers in medicine were described by a random sample of faculty, residents and third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of Washington. The responses were factor analyzed and examined to determine whether the ratings were influenced by professional role (faculty, resident, student), faculty department (surgical, medical, basic science) and teaching method (formal in-patient, formal ambulatory, formal didactic, and informal teaching.)", "PMID": 606071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9144", "title": "The diffusion of self-instructional units among medical school faculty members.", "content": "This paper examines traits of individual faculty members which may be associated with instructional \"innovativeness.\" A model of instructional innovation is tested by examining patterns of adoption of self-instructional units at sixteen medical schools.", "contents": "The diffusion of self-instructional units among medical school faculty members. This paper examines traits of individual faculty members which may be associated with instructional \"innovativeness.\" A model of instructional innovation is tested by examining patterns of adoption of self-instructional units at sixteen medical schools.", "PMID": 606072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9145", "title": "Factors affecting time allocations of teaching physicians.", "content": "Regression analysis was used to determine the relative influence of amounts of compensation from patient care and research, as well as teaching hospital characteristics, specialty, and compensation arrangements (strict full time versus geographic full time), on teaching physicians' time allocation between patient care and teaching/research activities. The results show that the amounts of compensation and the compensation arrangements have some effects, but physician specialty, hospital size and ownership, and whether the hospital's patients are private or non-private are more important determinants of their time allocations.", "contents": "Factors affecting time allocations of teaching physicians. Regression analysis was used to determine the relative influence of amounts of compensation from patient care and research, as well as teaching hospital characteristics, specialty, and compensation arrangements (strict full time versus geographic full time), on teaching physicians' time allocation between patient care and teaching/research activities. The results show that the amounts of compensation and the compensation arrangements have some effects, but physician specialty, hospital size and ownership, and whether the hospital's patients are private or non-private are more important determinants of their time allocations.", "PMID": 606073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9146", "title": "Academic and personal characteristics as predictors of clinical success in medical school.", "content": "Interviewer ratings of personal characteristics such as maturity correlated with clinical success, and were more important in determining clinical success than were conventional cognitive variables of grade point average or MCAT scores for five classes of University of Missouri-Columbia medical students.", "contents": "Academic and personal characteristics as predictors of clinical success in medical school. Interviewer ratings of personal characteristics such as maturity correlated with clinical success, and were more important in determining clinical success than were conventional cognitive variables of grade point average or MCAT scores for five classes of University of Missouri-Columbia medical students.", "PMID": 606074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9147", "title": "The measurement of affective sensitivity: the development of an instrument.", "content": "The Affective Sensitivity Scale, Form D is a media-based, multiple-choice test of one facet of human empathy. It is machine scorable, has norms based on over three thousand people and is likely to be useful in research on medical education.", "contents": "The measurement of affective sensitivity: the development of an instrument. The Affective Sensitivity Scale, Form D is a media-based, multiple-choice test of one facet of human empathy. It is machine scorable, has norms based on over three thousand people and is likely to be useful in research on medical education.", "PMID": 606075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9148", "title": "Learning style and instructional preformances of family physicians.", "content": "The learning styles and instructional preferences of two groups of family physicians were compared. One group of physicians attended a refresher course sponsored by a medical school; the other group did not attend the course.", "contents": "Learning style and instructional preformances of family physicians. The learning styles and instructional preferences of two groups of family physicians were compared. One group of physicians attended a refresher course sponsored by a medical school; the other group did not attend the course.", "PMID": 606076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9149", "title": "A theoretical and practical approach to evaluating clinical skills.", "content": "Using two taxonomies as a conceptual framework, a methodology for evaluating students clinical skills in vitro was developed. The simulation methodology offers the advantage of standardized assessment of a variety of discrete clinical tasks.", "contents": "A theoretical and practical approach to evaluating clinical skills. Using two taxonomies as a conceptual framework, a methodology for evaluating students clinical skills in vitro was developed. The simulation methodology offers the advantage of standardized assessment of a variety of discrete clinical tasks.", "PMID": 606077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9150", "title": "Recruitment strategies in the health professions.", "content": "This paper first explores some of the strategies suggested in the literature for increasing black representation in the medical profession. Second, the study investigates methods schools of nursing have used to recruit and retain black student nurses, and evaluates how successful these methods have been.", "contents": "Recruitment strategies in the health professions. This paper first explores some of the strategies suggested in the literature for increasing black representation in the medical profession. Second, the study investigates methods schools of nursing have used to recruit and retain black student nurses, and evaluates how successful these methods have been.", "PMID": 606078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9151", "title": "Medical specialty choice: replications and extensions.", "content": "A large longitudinal data base is used to provide information about 1) stability of specific specialty choice, 2) stability between specialty choice groupings, and 3) distributions and patterns of specialty choice.", "contents": "Medical specialty choice: replications and extensions. A large longitudinal data base is used to provide information about 1) stability of specific specialty choice, 2) stability between specialty choice groupings, and 3) distributions and patterns of specialty choice.", "PMID": 606079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9152", "title": "Factors influencing internship/residency and practice locations: implications for public policy.", "content": "This study analyzed the location attachment characteristics of graduates of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School to test three hypotheses describing the relationship of these characteristics to the graduates' choice of internship and practice location. Data analyses revealed no significant relationships between graduates' place of birth and academic performance and their decisions to intern and/or practice in Wisconsin.", "contents": "Factors influencing internship/residency and practice locations: implications for public policy. This study analyzed the location attachment characteristics of graduates of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School to test three hypotheses describing the relationship of these characteristics to the graduates' choice of internship and practice location. Data analyses revealed no significant relationships between graduates' place of birth and academic performance and their decisions to intern and/or practice in Wisconsin.", "PMID": 606080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9153", "title": "Styles of practice of female physicians.", "content": "This study reports findings on a study of styles of practice of female physicians from the revised program in medical education at Case Western Reserve. It contrasts some of the results with practice sytles of male physicians from the same period.", "contents": "Styles of practice of female physicians. This study reports findings on a study of styles of practice of female physicians from the revised program in medical education at Case Western Reserve. It contrasts some of the results with practice sytles of male physicians from the same period.", "PMID": 606081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9154", "title": "Problem solvers or medical dictionaries: what are we teaching for?", "content": "This paper describes an analysis of videotaped segments of a medical school clerkship. The purpose was to quantify variables critical to clinical teaching such as the ratio of instructor to student talk and the nature of their verbal interactions.", "contents": "Problem solvers or medical dictionaries: what are we teaching for? This paper describes an analysis of videotaped segments of a medical school clerkship. The purpose was to quantify variables critical to clinical teaching such as the ratio of instructor to student talk and the nature of their verbal interactions.", "PMID": 606082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9155", "title": "A comparison of primary care educational experiences in two urban pediatric settings.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to initiate the evaluation of the ambulatory care training programs of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and affiliated programs as resources for primary care education, and to provide input into the development of a primary care educational curriculum. It was determined that these settings fell short of fulfilling an a priori set of educational objectives designed to emphasize primary as opposed to secondary care. Foresight must be exercised in the selection of sites and the design of the clinical practice of an acceptable training program in primary care is desired.", "contents": "A comparison of primary care educational experiences in two urban pediatric settings. The purpose of this study was to initiate the evaluation of the ambulatory care training programs of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and affiliated programs as resources for primary care education, and to provide input into the development of a primary care educational curriculum. It was determined that these settings fell short of fulfilling an a priori set of educational objectives designed to emphasize primary as opposed to secondary care. Foresight must be exercised in the selection of sites and the design of the clinical practice of an acceptable training program in primary care is desired.", "PMID": 606083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9156", "title": "An internal review of a residency training program.", "content": "Six residency units at the University of Minnesota Affiliated Hospitals Residency Training Program in Family Practice and Community Health participated in an internal evaluation which resulted in changes both in the program and in the program's standards. The evaluation model used, a modified Provus approach, is suggested for other programs along with a discussion of the difficulties and positive affects found in the Minnesota study.", "contents": "An internal review of a residency training program. Six residency units at the University of Minnesota Affiliated Hospitals Residency Training Program in Family Practice and Community Health participated in an internal evaluation which resulted in changes both in the program and in the program's standards. The evaluation model used, a modified Provus approach, is suggested for other programs along with a discussion of the difficulties and positive affects found in the Minnesota study.", "PMID": 606084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9157", "title": "Student/patient contact--do the patients mind?", "content": "This paper reports the results of a survey of patients in both a community clinic and a large HMO hospital to assess: 1) Attitudes toward the presence of students during patient care, and 2) The effects of student training on patient attitudes and satisfaction. It was found that the overwhelming majority of patients in both settings reported high satisfaction and favorable attitudes, and that previous student contact was associated with more favorable attitudes toward the presence of medical students.", "contents": "Student/patient contact--do the patients mind? This paper reports the results of a survey of patients in both a community clinic and a large HMO hospital to assess: 1) Attitudes toward the presence of students during patient care, and 2) The effects of student training on patient attitudes and satisfaction. It was found that the overwhelming majority of patients in both settings reported high satisfaction and favorable attitudes, and that previous student contact was associated with more favorable attitudes toward the presence of medical students.", "PMID": 606085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9158", "title": "Experiment in an early admissions program at the University of Utah College of Medicine.", "content": "Thirty-one selected high school graduates were accepted into the College of Medicine prior to any college course work. The program was established to provide greater educational opportunity to the gifted student.", "contents": "Experiment in an early admissions program at the University of Utah College of Medicine. Thirty-one selected high school graduates were accepted into the College of Medicine prior to any college course work. The program was established to provide greater educational opportunity to the gifted student.", "PMID": 606086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9159", "title": "Do admission decisions predict performance during medical school? A comparison of one medical school's rejected and accepted applicants who attended other schools.", "content": "The relation of one school's admission decisions to performance in medical school was examined by comparing accepted applicants who chose to attend other institutions with rejected applicants who went to those same institutions. When differences among schools were controlled, no effect of admission decisions was observed.", "contents": "Do admission decisions predict performance during medical school? A comparison of one medical school's rejected and accepted applicants who attended other schools. The relation of one school's admission decisions to performance in medical school was examined by comparing accepted applicants who chose to attend other institutions with rejected applicants who went to those same institutions. When differences among schools were controlled, no effect of admission decisions was observed.", "PMID": 606087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9160", "title": "The choice of rural practice: a longitudinal view.", "content": "The geographic maldistribution of physicians in the United States is an issue which more and more medical schools are being forced to address, however changing admissions policies to give preference to rural-oriented students may do little to alleviate the problem. This study analyzes the effectiveness of such a policy and concludes that training at a tertiary medical facility fosters an urbanizing, specializing influence which intervenes in the relationship between hometown background and choice of rural practice location.", "contents": "The choice of rural practice: a longitudinal view. The geographic maldistribution of physicians in the United States is an issue which more and more medical schools are being forced to address, however changing admissions policies to give preference to rural-oriented students may do little to alleviate the problem. This study analyzes the effectiveness of such a policy and concludes that training at a tertiary medical facility fosters an urbanizing, specializing influence which intervenes in the relationship between hometown background and choice of rural practice location.", "PMID": 606088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9161", "title": "A statistical procedure for predicting medical school graduates' specialty choices.", "content": "A statistical procedure was devised for selecting, from a group of contenders, a relatively small set of variables which most efficiently predict medical specialty choice. While it is possible to predict medical specialty choice with fair accuracy using subsets of variables, predictions are not conclusive enough to be useful in actual decision-making concerning individuals.", "contents": "A statistical procedure for predicting medical school graduates' specialty choices. A statistical procedure was devised for selecting, from a group of contenders, a relatively small set of variables which most efficiently predict medical specialty choice. While it is possible to predict medical specialty choice with fair accuracy using subsets of variables, predictions are not conclusive enough to be useful in actual decision-making concerning individuals.", "PMID": 606089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9162", "title": "A monitor for the medical curriculum.", "content": "A set of standardized questionnaires that provides a monitor for the operation of the medical curriculum has been developed at Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine.", "contents": "A monitor for the medical curriculum. A set of standardized questionnaires that provides a monitor for the operation of the medical curriculum has been developed at Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine.", "PMID": 606090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9163", "title": "Predictors of impact of a minority program upon a medical school.", "content": "The race of the respondents, and the racial orientation of the white respondents, were found to be predictors of how the individuals perceived the impact of the minority program at the University of Michigan Medical School.", "contents": "Predictors of impact of a minority program upon a medical school. The race of the respondents, and the racial orientation of the white respondents, were found to be predictors of how the individuals perceived the impact of the minority program at the University of Michigan Medical School.", "PMID": 606091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9164", "title": "The development and use of a comprehensive test for evaluating decentralized medical education--the WAMI experience.", "content": "The development of a comprehensive examination at the end of the first year of medical school is discussed. The implications of the results for the evaluation of the WAMI Program in decentralized medical education are presented.", "contents": "The development and use of a comprehensive test for evaluating decentralized medical education--the WAMI experience. The development of a comprehensive examination at the end of the first year of medical school is discussed. The implications of the results for the evaluation of the WAMI Program in decentralized medical education are presented.", "PMID": 606092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9165", "title": "Interpersonal problem solving: a theoretical perspective and methodology for the evaluation of residency education and its' relationship to health care processes and outcomes.", "content": "The study conceptualizes and implements an interaction model of interpersonal problem solving in the clinical milieu. This method of representing the interpersonal problem solving process and its relation to patient adherence is shown as an important tool for the evaluation of residency programs.", "contents": "Interpersonal problem solving: a theoretical perspective and methodology for the evaluation of residency education and its' relationship to health care processes and outcomes. The study conceptualizes and implements an interaction model of interpersonal problem solving in the clinical milieu. This method of representing the interpersonal problem solving process and its relation to patient adherence is shown as an important tool for the evaluation of residency programs.", "PMID": 606093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9166", "title": "Reliability and validity of simulated problems as measures of change in problem-solving skills.", "content": "Two contruct validity studies and two reliability studies for Diagnostic Management Problems are reported. Construct validity was confirmed, internal consistency was partially demonstrated, and two test packages were found to differ substantially on all five subscores.", "contents": "Reliability and validity of simulated problems as measures of change in problem-solving skills. Two contruct validity studies and two reliability studies for Diagnostic Management Problems are reported. Construct validity was confirmed, internal consistency was partially demonstrated, and two test packages were found to differ substantially on all five subscores.", "PMID": 606094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9167", "title": "Death education in selected medical schools as related to physicians' attitudes and reactions toward dying patients.", "content": "These data obtained from 1093 recent graduates of five selected medical schools suggest that the physician who chose to take a medical school course on relating to dying patients tends to actually relate better to the dying patient than does the physician who did not take such a course.", "contents": "Death education in selected medical schools as related to physicians' attitudes and reactions toward dying patients. These data obtained from 1093 recent graduates of five selected medical schools suggest that the physician who chose to take a medical school course on relating to dying patients tends to actually relate better to the dying patient than does the physician who did not take such a course.", "PMID": 606095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9168", "title": "Measuring the outcome of clinical problem-solving.", "content": "The authors describe a new technique for measuring the outcomes of a clinical encounter using objective criteria derived from the performance of a criterion group.", "contents": "Measuring the outcome of clinical problem-solving. The authors describe a new technique for measuring the outcomes of a clinical encounter using objective criteria derived from the performance of a criterion group.", "PMID": 606096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9169", "title": "Clinical problem solving: the relationship of cognitive abilities to PMP performance.", "content": "The relationship between patterns of individual differences on PMP performance and selected Gulford's Structure of Intellect test of cognitive abilities is shown. The groups were interpretable using the Guilford tests and confirm the use of the individual differences model.", "contents": "Clinical problem solving: the relationship of cognitive abilities to PMP performance. The relationship between patterns of individual differences on PMP performance and selected Gulford's Structure of Intellect test of cognitive abilities is shown. The groups were interpretable using the Guilford tests and confirm the use of the individual differences model.", "PMID": 606097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9170", "title": "Teaching the psychiatric aspects of medicine: report of a successful pilot experience.", "content": "Teaching the Psychiatric Aspects of Medicine during a required medicine clerkship was evaluated by before and after cognitive tests and attitudinal measurements. The students who took this course demonstrated a marked improvement in mastering didactic material and their attitudes toward the teaching of psychosocial concepts changed appreciably in a favorable direction.", "contents": "Teaching the psychiatric aspects of medicine: report of a successful pilot experience. Teaching the Psychiatric Aspects of Medicine during a required medicine clerkship was evaluated by before and after cognitive tests and attitudinal measurements. The students who took this course demonstrated a marked improvement in mastering didactic material and their attitudes toward the teaching of psychosocial concepts changed appreciably in a favorable direction.", "PMID": 606112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9171", "title": "Evaluation of the community phase of a regionalized medical education program.", "content": "Evaluation of the community phase of a regionalized medical education in the states of Washington, Alsska, Montana and Idaho (WAMI) is producing data to suggest that peripheralization of medical education, including remote site clinical training, offers a viable alternative to traditional methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of the community phase of a regionalized medical education program. Evaluation of the community phase of a regionalized medical education in the states of Washington, Alsska, Montana and Idaho (WAMI) is producing data to suggest that peripheralization of medical education, including remote site clinical training, offers a viable alternative to traditional methods.", "PMID": 606126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9172", "title": "Senior medical students as patient-preceptors to introduce basic history and physical examination skills to second year medical students.", "content": "Senior medical students are used as the patient and the preceptor to introduce the fundamentals of history taking and physical examination to sophomore medical students and this technique compared to the established method for teaching basic skills at the University of Iowa. Senior medical students were equally as effective as staff (residents, fellows, and faculty) in teaching the techniques of history and physical examination and statistically better than staff in providing the sophomore with a) suggestions as to how to improve their technique, and b) how their approach might affect the patient's attitude and behavior.", "contents": "Senior medical students as patient-preceptors to introduce basic history and physical examination skills to second year medical students. Senior medical students are used as the patient and the preceptor to introduce the fundamentals of history taking and physical examination to sophomore medical students and this technique compared to the established method for teaching basic skills at the University of Iowa. Senior medical students were equally as effective as staff (residents, fellows, and faculty) in teaching the techniques of history and physical examination and statistically better than staff in providing the sophomore with a) suggestions as to how to improve their technique, and b) how their approach might affect the patient's attitude and behavior.", "PMID": 606127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9173", "title": "The nurse practitioner as a teacher of physical examination skills.", "content": "The service role of Nurse Practitioners has been widely recognized. (1) However, their potential as clinical instructors of physical examination skills has not been previously documented. This communication details a new first-year medical school course in physical examination in which Nurse Practitioners are key members of the instructional team.", "contents": "The nurse practitioner as a teacher of physical examination skills. The service role of Nurse Practitioners has been widely recognized. (1) However, their potential as clinical instructors of physical examination skills has not been previously documented. This communication details a new first-year medical school course in physical examination in which Nurse Practitioners are key members of the instructional team.", "PMID": 606128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9174", "title": "The effectiveness of pediatric nurse associates as teachers of medical students in ambulatory setting.", "content": "Pediatric Nurse Associates (PNA) can be effective teachers of medical students. This was measured by a greater gain in score on a post-test over a pre-test for those students with PNA interaction as compared to those who had no PNA contact.", "contents": "The effectiveness of pediatric nurse associates as teachers of medical students in ambulatory setting. Pediatric Nurse Associates (PNA) can be effective teachers of medical students. This was measured by a greater gain in score on a post-test over a pre-test for those students with PNA interaction as compared to those who had no PNA contact.", "PMID": 606129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9175", "title": "A modified, personalized system of education for junior internal medicine clerkship at a multi-campused school.", "content": "A personalized system of education is outlined for the junior clerkship in internal medicine at a multi-campus institution. Data are included of student response to the program in general and upon specifics, short-term retention of the cognitive knowledge, and National Board scores. Contrasts are drawn between this program and the former program of instruction.", "contents": "A modified, personalized system of education for junior internal medicine clerkship at a multi-campused school. A personalized system of education is outlined for the junior clerkship in internal medicine at a multi-campus institution. Data are included of student response to the program in general and upon specifics, short-term retention of the cognitive knowledge, and National Board scores. Contrasts are drawn between this program and the former program of instruction.", "PMID": 606130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9176", "title": "Perceived ability versus actual ability: a problem for continuing medical education.", "content": "Physicians attempting to rationally select appropriate Continuing Medical Education programs or conferences to attend are faced with an unending barrage of brochures, letters and other advertisements regarding available CME experiences. If they make their choice on the basis of felt needs rather than convenience, then the accuracy of this perception is of considerable importance.", "contents": "Perceived ability versus actual ability: a problem for continuing medical education. Physicians attempting to rationally select appropriate Continuing Medical Education programs or conferences to attend are faced with an unending barrage of brochures, letters and other advertisements regarding available CME experiences. If they make their choice on the basis of felt needs rather than convenience, then the accuracy of this perception is of considerable importance.", "PMID": 606131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9177", "title": "Development of a medical record audit for continuing medical education.", "content": "A self-instructional audit package for the identification and management of hypertensive patients was developed. The materials were field tested in the clinics of seven institutions to assess their clarity and collect data to illustrate the usefulness of an audit as an educational tool.", "contents": "Development of a medical record audit for continuing medical education. A self-instructional audit package for the identification and management of hypertensive patients was developed. The materials were field tested in the clinics of seven institutions to assess their clarity and collect data to illustrate the usefulness of an audit as an educational tool.", "PMID": 606132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9178", "title": "Assessing student response to participation in a simulated malpractice trial in a program of law in medicine.", "content": "Results of evaluations for 49 students were examined to determine the effect of a simulated trial on both attitudinal change and cognitive growth in medical students. Plans for further data collection and analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Assessing student response to participation in a simulated malpractice trial in a program of law in medicine. Results of evaluations for 49 students were examined to determine the effect of a simulated trial on both attitudinal change and cognitive growth in medical students. Plans for further data collection and analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 606133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9179", "title": "Changes in physician referral patterns as a result of continuing education.", "content": "The evaluation of physician behavior as an outcome of continuing education has been an ellusive quantity of measure. This paper demonstrates one measure that can be used to evaluate the effect of continuing education in terms of physician behavior.", "contents": "Changes in physician referral patterns as a result of continuing education. The evaluation of physician behavior as an outcome of continuing education has been an ellusive quantity of measure. This paper demonstrates one measure that can be used to evaluate the effect of continuing education in terms of physician behavior.", "PMID": 606134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9180", "title": "The effects of a geographic continuing education program on physician referral behavior: an unobtrusive study.", "content": "This study reports on an unobtrusive study of changes in physician referral behavior after a need-oriented continuing medical education program.", "contents": "The effects of a geographic continuing education program on physician referral behavior: an unobtrusive study. This study reports on an unobtrusive study of changes in physician referral behavior after a need-oriented continuing medical education program.", "PMID": 606135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9181", "title": "Composition of blood plasma (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, proteins) during the neonatal period in the calf. Influence of the state of health.", "content": "The changes in plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and several protein fractions, were studied from birth to the age of twenty days in 68 calves. 32 animals remained healthy while 36 animals suffered from diarrhea but survived. The day of birth the two groups differed biochemically. During the whole period studied, calcemia, phosphatemia and albuminemia of diarrheic calves were systematically lower than those of animals showing no pathologic symptoms. In addition, after intake of colostrum, the increase in total proteins and globulins was much smaller in sick calves than in those which remained healthy. The possible causes of these anomalies and their roles in the appearance of pathology are discussed.", "contents": "Composition of blood plasma (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, proteins) during the neonatal period in the calf. Influence of the state of health. The changes in plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and several protein fractions, were studied from birth to the age of twenty days in 68 calves. 32 animals remained healthy while 36 animals suffered from diarrhea but survived. The day of birth the two groups differed biochemically. During the whole period studied, calcemia, phosphatemia and albuminemia of diarrheic calves were systematically lower than those of animals showing no pathologic symptoms. In addition, after intake of colostrum, the increase in total proteins and globulins was much smaller in sick calves than in those which remained healthy. The possible causes of these anomalies and their roles in the appearance of pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 606136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9182", "title": "[Allergic diagnosis of abortive chlamydial infection in the goat (author's transl)].", "content": "A delayed hypersensitivity test was used for chlamydiosis diagnosis in four goat flocks. The skin-test was performed in the neck by inoculating 100 microgram of purified Chlamydia from yolk sac or McCoy cells. The reactions were read 72 h after inoculation. The two antigens gave the same results. The number of doubtful reactions observed was significantly smaller in hypersensitivity than in the complement fixation test.", "contents": "[Allergic diagnosis of abortive chlamydial infection in the goat (author's transl)]. A delayed hypersensitivity test was used for chlamydiosis diagnosis in four goat flocks. The skin-test was performed in the neck by inoculating 100 microgram of purified Chlamydia from yolk sac or McCoy cells. The reactions were read 72 h after inoculation. The two antigens gave the same results. The number of doubtful reactions observed was significantly smaller in hypersensitivity than in the complement fixation test.", "PMID": 606137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9183", "title": "[Hog cholera virus: influence of colostral passive antibody on immune response of pig following vaccination with the rabbit adapted Chinese strain (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the rabbit adapted chinese strain of Hog cholera, active immunization of piglets having passive colostral antibodies was studied. 65 piglets born from 11 sows were used. Concerning sows, vaccination was performed 5-6 months and 1 month before service (3 sows), 30 days (2 sows) and 60 days (3 sows) after service. Divided in 5 lots, piglets were vaccinated at 4 different periods after birth (15, 30, 60 and 90 days). Hog cholera immunity was determined for each animal by means of kinetic of serum neutralizing antibodies and resistance to virulent challenge performed 5 months after birth. High levels of neutralizing antibodies were observed in serum of each vaccinated sow at the time of farrowing. In piglets having ingested low quantities of colostrum, vaccination induces a good antigenic stimulation characterized by a normal humoral immune response and challenge resistance. But in piglets having ingested a normal quantities of colostrum, colostral passive antibodies have a partial or complete suppressive effect on primary immune response which is characterized by a delay in serum antibodies formation and by a low level at the time of challenge. According the conditions of sows vaccination, differences were observed in the properties of colostral passive antibodies (intensity of suppressive effect on active immune response, in vitro \"avidity\" for Hog cholera virus, mean value of half-life) present in piglets serum. On practical aspect, vaccination with the chinese strain becomes fully effective in piglets having passive immunity when they are 30-60 days old.", "contents": "[Hog cholera virus: influence of colostral passive antibody on immune response of pig following vaccination with the rabbit adapted Chinese strain (author's transl)]. Using the rabbit adapted chinese strain of Hog cholera, active immunization of piglets having passive colostral antibodies was studied. 65 piglets born from 11 sows were used. Concerning sows, vaccination was performed 5-6 months and 1 month before service (3 sows), 30 days (2 sows) and 60 days (3 sows) after service. Divided in 5 lots, piglets were vaccinated at 4 different periods after birth (15, 30, 60 and 90 days). Hog cholera immunity was determined for each animal by means of kinetic of serum neutralizing antibodies and resistance to virulent challenge performed 5 months after birth. High levels of neutralizing antibodies were observed in serum of each vaccinated sow at the time of farrowing. In piglets having ingested low quantities of colostrum, vaccination induces a good antigenic stimulation characterized by a normal humoral immune response and challenge resistance. But in piglets having ingested a normal quantities of colostrum, colostral passive antibodies have a partial or complete suppressive effect on primary immune response which is characterized by a delay in serum antibodies formation and by a low level at the time of challenge. According the conditions of sows vaccination, differences were observed in the properties of colostral passive antibodies (intensity of suppressive effect on active immune response, in vitro \"avidity\" for Hog cholera virus, mean value of half-life) present in piglets serum. On practical aspect, vaccination with the chinese strain becomes fully effective in piglets having passive immunity when they are 30-60 days old.", "PMID": 606138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9184", "title": "Variations in the digestibility of trace elements (Cu, Zn and Mn) during the first cycle of cocksfoot growth.", "content": "The variations of trace element availability was examined with 6 adult male sheep (Texel) maintained in metabolic crates. They received cocksfoot cut each morning during the first vegetation cycle and offered ad libitum (10 % refused food), for 6 day periods. It appears from the resulting data that: -- The stage of cocksfoot development has a strong influence upon the digestibility and the retention of copper, zinc and manganese. --There is an almost perfect parallelism between the variations of manganese digestibility and retention and those of cocksfoot manganese content. -- For copper, the beginning of the first vegetation cycle (young grass highly digestible) is as poorly digestible as the flowering (strawy hay of poor quality). This last result would indicate that the low copper digestibility generally observed with young grass depends on specific factors related to the characteristics of forage at the early vegetation stage. Zinc behaves similarly.", "contents": "Variations in the digestibility of trace elements (Cu, Zn and Mn) during the first cycle of cocksfoot growth. The variations of trace element availability was examined with 6 adult male sheep (Texel) maintained in metabolic crates. They received cocksfoot cut each morning during the first vegetation cycle and offered ad libitum (10 % refused food), for 6 day periods. It appears from the resulting data that: -- The stage of cocksfoot development has a strong influence upon the digestibility and the retention of copper, zinc and manganese. --There is an almost perfect parallelism between the variations of manganese digestibility and retention and those of cocksfoot manganese content. -- For copper, the beginning of the first vegetation cycle (young grass highly digestible) is as poorly digestible as the flowering (strawy hay of poor quality). This last result would indicate that the low copper digestibility generally observed with young grass depends on specific factors related to the characteristics of forage at the early vegetation stage. Zinc behaves similarly.", "PMID": 606139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9185", "title": "[Biometry, hematology, plasma biochemistry and plasma and tissues enzymology of the red partridge (Alectoris rufa) (author's transl].", "content": "The following parameters have been estimated in 15 red partridges (young adults of both sexes): 1. Biometry: relative weight of 10 organs (liver, kidneys, heart, brain, spleen, lungs, small gut, coecum, stomach, gizzard). 2. Hematology (mean +/- S.D.): Erythrocytes, 3.4 X 10(6) +/- 0.3 X 10(6) cells/mm3; packed cell volume 0.46 +/- 0.17; haemoglobin 103 +/- 27 g/l; mean red blood cell volume, 135.6 +/- 10.4 micrometer3; haemoglobin per red blood cell, 32.2 +/- 5,2 pg; haemoglobin concentration in red blood cells, 24.0 +/- 2.9 %; leukocytes, 36.9 X 10(3) +/- 7.8 X 10(3) cells/mm3; heterophilic, 32.3 +/- 8.3 %; basophilic, 5.3 +/- 1.5 %; eosinophilic, 1.4 +/- 1.5 %; lymphocytes, 56.1 +/- 7.3 %; monocytes, 4.6 +/- 1.4 %. 3. Blood biochemistry: Na +, 155 +/- 6 mEq/l; K +, 6.5 +/- 1.2 MEq/l; Cl--, 107 +/- 4 mEq/l; Pi, 53.3 +/- 14.4 mg/l; urea, 0.19 +/- 0.05 g/l; uric acid, 33.2 +/- mg/l; creatinin, 14.7 +/- 0.9 mg/l; glucose, 2.77 +/- 0.35 g/l; cholesterol, 1.38 +/- 0.36 g/l; total proteins, 44.1 +/- 5.9 g/l; albumin, 50.0 +/- 8.7 %; alpha globulins, 3.9 +/- 1.5 %; beta globulins, 7.5 +/- 2.2 %; gamma1 globulins, 31.5 +/- 5.6 %; gamma2 globulins 8.0 +/- 3.5 %. 4. Serum enzymology: Alkaline phosphatase, 8177 +/- 5078 u/l; SGOT, 356 +/- 138 u/l; SGTP 28.3 +/- 12.5 m/l; LDH, 955 +/- 570 m/l; GLD 12.6 +/- 12.4 u/l; CPD, 136 +/- 77 u/l; choline esterase, 2181 +/- 506 u/l. 5. Tissue enzymology: the 7 preceding enzymes have been estimated in 10 tissues listed in 1.", "contents": "[Biometry, hematology, plasma biochemistry and plasma and tissues enzymology of the red partridge (Alectoris rufa) (author's transl]. The following parameters have been estimated in 15 red partridges (young adults of both sexes): 1. Biometry: relative weight of 10 organs (liver, kidneys, heart, brain, spleen, lungs, small gut, coecum, stomach, gizzard). 2. Hematology (mean +/- S.D.): Erythrocytes, 3.4 X 10(6) +/- 0.3 X 10(6) cells/mm3; packed cell volume 0.46 +/- 0.17; haemoglobin 103 +/- 27 g/l; mean red blood cell volume, 135.6 +/- 10.4 micrometer3; haemoglobin per red blood cell, 32.2 +/- 5,2 pg; haemoglobin concentration in red blood cells, 24.0 +/- 2.9 %; leukocytes, 36.9 X 10(3) +/- 7.8 X 10(3) cells/mm3; heterophilic, 32.3 +/- 8.3 %; basophilic, 5.3 +/- 1.5 %; eosinophilic, 1.4 +/- 1.5 %; lymphocytes, 56.1 +/- 7.3 %; monocytes, 4.6 +/- 1.4 %. 3. Blood biochemistry: Na +, 155 +/- 6 mEq/l; K +, 6.5 +/- 1.2 MEq/l; Cl--, 107 +/- 4 mEq/l; Pi, 53.3 +/- 14.4 mg/l; urea, 0.19 +/- 0.05 g/l; uric acid, 33.2 +/- mg/l; creatinin, 14.7 +/- 0.9 mg/l; glucose, 2.77 +/- 0.35 g/l; cholesterol, 1.38 +/- 0.36 g/l; total proteins, 44.1 +/- 5.9 g/l; albumin, 50.0 +/- 8.7 %; alpha globulins, 3.9 +/- 1.5 %; beta globulins, 7.5 +/- 2.2 %; gamma1 globulins, 31.5 +/- 5.6 %; gamma2 globulins 8.0 +/- 3.5 %. 4. Serum enzymology: Alkaline phosphatase, 8177 +/- 5078 u/l; SGOT, 356 +/- 138 u/l; SGTP 28.3 +/- 12.5 m/l; LDH, 955 +/- 570 m/l; GLD 12.6 +/- 12.4 u/l; CPD, 136 +/- 77 u/l; choline esterase, 2181 +/- 506 u/l. 5. Tissue enzymology: the 7 preceding enzymes have been estimated in 10 tissues listed in 1.", "PMID": 606140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9186", "title": "Changes in pepsinogen, proteins and lipids in the serum during experimental haemoncosis in sheep.", "content": "To determine the relationship between the course of infection by parasites of the genus Haemoncus and variations in the level of serum pepsinogen, an experiment was done with three groups of five lambs. The first was a non-infested control group. The lambs of the second group were given one dose of 10,000 H. contortus infective larvae. The animals of the third group were given one dose of 50,000 larvae. Fluctuations of the level of serum pepsinogen were determined throughout the experimental period (88 days). Observations also included variations of protein and lipid levels. Our experimental results showed that the development of H. contortus larvae, even when in small numbers, can cause lesions comparable to ostertagiosis in abomasum and produce the same rise in the level of serum pepsinogen. This increase in serum pepsinogen appeared to be related to the amount of larvae which were given. The high level of serum pepsinogen persisted over a long period. Variations of the serum, total protein and albumin levels were the same as described by other authors. There was no decrease in serum lipids.", "contents": "Changes in pepsinogen, proteins and lipids in the serum during experimental haemoncosis in sheep. To determine the relationship between the course of infection by parasites of the genus Haemoncus and variations in the level of serum pepsinogen, an experiment was done with three groups of five lambs. The first was a non-infested control group. The lambs of the second group were given one dose of 10,000 H. contortus infective larvae. The animals of the third group were given one dose of 50,000 larvae. Fluctuations of the level of serum pepsinogen were determined throughout the experimental period (88 days). Observations also included variations of protein and lipid levels. Our experimental results showed that the development of H. contortus larvae, even when in small numbers, can cause lesions comparable to ostertagiosis in abomasum and produce the same rise in the level of serum pepsinogen. This increase in serum pepsinogen appeared to be related to the amount of larvae which were given. The high level of serum pepsinogen persisted over a long period. Variations of the serum, total protein and albumin levels were the same as described by other authors. There was no decrease in serum lipids.", "PMID": 606141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9187", "title": "Mechanisms of propulsion in the small intestine.", "content": "In sheep like in rats 2 hr after feeding and in fasting dogs, the rate of passage of digesta along the small intestine is related to the migration of the myo-electric complexes (MMCs). The modifications of this basic common pattern and that of its two consecutive irregular and regular phases were related to changes in the flow of digesta in both the proximal and distal parts of the small intestine. A high flow rate in the jejunum is associated to an increase in duration of the phases of ISA and by supernumerary MMCs at this level. Normally at the ileal level, the flow of digesta was lower than in upper parts with an increase in retention time associated both with a slow migration of the complexes and the disappearance of about one third of them after traversing 60% of the length of the small bowel. These experiments suggest that the origin, propagation and frequency of the basic MMC pattern as well as the ratio of ISA to quiescence are operative factors involved in small intestine propulsive activity. The continuous spiking activity seen immediately after feeding in rats and dogs and the autonomous pattern of activity of the ileum during prolonged fasting in sheep represent extreme changes of the basic MMC pattern.", "contents": "Mechanisms of propulsion in the small intestine. In sheep like in rats 2 hr after feeding and in fasting dogs, the rate of passage of digesta along the small intestine is related to the migration of the myo-electric complexes (MMCs). The modifications of this basic common pattern and that of its two consecutive irregular and regular phases were related to changes in the flow of digesta in both the proximal and distal parts of the small intestine. A high flow rate in the jejunum is associated to an increase in duration of the phases of ISA and by supernumerary MMCs at this level. Normally at the ileal level, the flow of digesta was lower than in upper parts with an increase in retention time associated both with a slow migration of the complexes and the disappearance of about one third of them after traversing 60% of the length of the small bowel. These experiments suggest that the origin, propagation and frequency of the basic MMC pattern as well as the ratio of ISA to quiescence are operative factors involved in small intestine propulsive activity. The continuous spiking activity seen immediately after feeding in rats and dogs and the autonomous pattern of activity of the ileum during prolonged fasting in sheep represent extreme changes of the basic MMC pattern.", "PMID": 606143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9188", "title": "Application of various chemotherapeutic agents in experimental bovine anaplasmosis.", "content": "A trial was conducted with several chemotherapeutic agents against clinical and carrier cases of experimental bovine anaplasmosis. Dithiosemicarbazone (in combination with oxytetracycline). Chloramphenicol and Rolitetracycline proved to be very efficacious in bringing about the clinical recovery and the elimination of the carrier status. Treatment with Imidocarb caused a clinical recovery but could not completely eliminate the organisms.", "contents": "Application of various chemotherapeutic agents in experimental bovine anaplasmosis. A trial was conducted with several chemotherapeutic agents against clinical and carrier cases of experimental bovine anaplasmosis. Dithiosemicarbazone (in combination with oxytetracycline). Chloramphenicol and Rolitetracycline proved to be very efficacious in bringing about the clinical recovery and the elimination of the carrier status. Treatment with Imidocarb caused a clinical recovery but could not completely eliminate the organisms.", "PMID": 606144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9189", "title": "The role of the thoracic compression reflex in the Heimlich Maneuver.", "content": "Using the dog as an experimental model, the relationship of the Thoracic Compression Reflex (TCR) to the Heimlich Maneuver (HM) was examined. TCR was equally effective as lateral chest compression in relieving artificially induced choke. Destruction of the TCR by vagotomy rendered relief of choke by HM ineffectual in 5 of 8 dogs. It was concluded TCR may be a factor in HM, but that mechanical compression of the lungs is also involved.", "contents": "The role of the thoracic compression reflex in the Heimlich Maneuver. Using the dog as an experimental model, the relationship of the Thoracic Compression Reflex (TCR) to the Heimlich Maneuver (HM) was examined. TCR was equally effective as lateral chest compression in relieving artificially induced choke. Destruction of the TCR by vagotomy rendered relief of choke by HM ineffectual in 5 of 8 dogs. It was concluded TCR may be a factor in HM, but that mechanical compression of the lungs is also involved.", "PMID": 606145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9190", "title": "[Treatment of mastitis in dry cows: treatment of all cows vs treatment of infected cows only (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a herd, three groups have been randomly constituted. -- No dry cow therapy. -- Total Treatment group: all cows were submitted to dry cow therapy, in their four quarters. -- Limited Treatment group: cows were submitted to dry cow therapy in their four quarters, only if at least one quarter had given a CMT larger than or equal to +++, in the month before drying-off. --The cows were treated either with cloxacillin or with penicillin-streptomycin in 3% monostearate. The number of cows and quarters examinated and treated are given in table 1; the results of treatments are indicated in table 2. No significant differences can be found between Total and Limited Treatment groups; a slight improvement was observed when compared to CONTROL GROUP. Cloxacillin and penicillin-steptomycin gave similar results. The pathogenic and practical signification of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of mastitis in dry cows: treatment of all cows vs treatment of infected cows only (author's transl)]. Within a herd, three groups have been randomly constituted. -- No dry cow therapy. -- Total Treatment group: all cows were submitted to dry cow therapy, in their four quarters. -- Limited Treatment group: cows were submitted to dry cow therapy in their four quarters, only if at least one quarter had given a CMT larger than or equal to +++, in the month before drying-off. --The cows were treated either with cloxacillin or with penicillin-streptomycin in 3% monostearate. The number of cows and quarters examinated and treated are given in table 1; the results of treatments are indicated in table 2. No significant differences can be found between Total and Limited Treatment groups; a slight improvement was observed when compared to CONTROL GROUP. Cloxacillin and penicillin-steptomycin gave similar results. The pathogenic and practical signification of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 606146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9191", "title": "Level of linoleic acid in pericardial lipids of Charollais cows with and without ovarian cysts.", "content": "The content of linoleic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins, in pericardial lipid store is higher in cows with normal ovaries than in cows with cystic ovaries.", "contents": "Level of linoleic acid in pericardial lipids of Charollais cows with and without ovarian cysts. The content of linoleic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins, in pericardial lipid store is higher in cows with normal ovaries than in cows with cystic ovaries.", "PMID": 606147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9192", "title": "Diagnosis of classical galactosaemia.", "content": "We report a child with classical galactosaemia whose diagnosis was missed until 12 weeks of age. The limitations of urine screening tests are discussed and the wider use of a qualitative enzyme assay for screening is recommended. Reference ranges for a quantitative enzyme assay using 14galacoste-1-phosphate as substrate are presented.", "contents": "Diagnosis of classical galactosaemia. We report a child with classical galactosaemia whose diagnosis was missed until 12 weeks of age. The limitations of urine screening tests are discussed and the wider use of a qualitative enzyme assay for screening is recommended. Reference ranges for a quantitative enzyme assay using 14galacoste-1-phosphate as substrate are presented.", "PMID": 606167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9193", "title": "Pressure and volume changes during the first breath of human neonates.", "content": "The pressure and volume changes associated with the first breath were measured in 17 healthy term babies, using oesophageal balloons and a reverse plethysmograph. 5 babies expanded their lungs with less than --20 cmH2O (--2 kPa). The characteristic opening pressure pattern previously described was seen in only one baby, whose initial volume change was an expiratory one. It is concluded that opening pressures greater than 10 cmH2O (0.96 kPa) are rarely seen in term healthy infants.", "contents": "Pressure and volume changes during the first breath of human neonates. The pressure and volume changes associated with the first breath were measured in 17 healthy term babies, using oesophageal balloons and a reverse plethysmograph. 5 babies expanded their lungs with less than --20 cmH2O (--2 kPa). The characteristic opening pressure pattern previously described was seen in only one baby, whose initial volume change was an expiratory one. It is concluded that opening pressures greater than 10 cmH2O (0.96 kPa) are rarely seen in term healthy infants.", "PMID": 606168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9194", "title": "Hyperlipidaemia in children on regular haemodialysis.", "content": "Fasting plasma concentrations of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and blood glucose were raised in 16 children with chronic renal failure on regular haemodialysis compared with 18 healthy children. In the patients plasma IRI correlated positively with plasma TG, while blood glucose did not correlate with IRI or lipid concentrations. Dietary intake, expressed as percentage of recommended intake for height-age, did not correlate with plasma lipids, but there was a positive correlation between plasma TG and the proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate. The children were not malnourished as evidenced by normal plasma albumin and transferrin concentrations. The mechanism of the hyperlipidaemia is unclear but it may be related to the glucose intolerance with hyperinsulinaemia which is found in uraemia. In view of the risk of premature atherosclerosis, plasma lipid concentrations should be monitored in children with chronic renal failure and attempts made to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia with appropriate dietary manipulations.", "contents": "Hyperlipidaemia in children on regular haemodialysis. Fasting plasma concentrations of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and blood glucose were raised in 16 children with chronic renal failure on regular haemodialysis compared with 18 healthy children. In the patients plasma IRI correlated positively with plasma TG, while blood glucose did not correlate with IRI or lipid concentrations. Dietary intake, expressed as percentage of recommended intake for height-age, did not correlate with plasma lipids, but there was a positive correlation between plasma TG and the proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate. The children were not malnourished as evidenced by normal plasma albumin and transferrin concentrations. The mechanism of the hyperlipidaemia is unclear but it may be related to the glucose intolerance with hyperinsulinaemia which is found in uraemia. In view of the risk of premature atherosclerosis, plasma lipid concentrations should be monitored in children with chronic renal failure and attempts made to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia with appropriate dietary manipulations.", "PMID": 606169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9195", "title": "Mannosidosis. Clinical and biochemical study.", "content": "The clinical, radiological, and biochemical features of 2 male children with mannosidosis are described. Superficially they appeared to suffer from Hurler's syndrome, but the facies, eye signs, radiological and cytological features were atypical. Excess urinary oligosaccharides were found by thin-layer chromatography. The diagnosis was confirmed by determining the acidic alpha-mannosidase activity of leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Prenatal diagnosis is possible from cultured amniotic cells.", "contents": "Mannosidosis. Clinical and biochemical study. The clinical, radiological, and biochemical features of 2 male children with mannosidosis are described. Superficially they appeared to suffer from Hurler's syndrome, but the facies, eye signs, radiological and cytological features were atypical. Excess urinary oligosaccharides were found by thin-layer chromatography. The diagnosis was confirmed by determining the acidic alpha-mannosidase activity of leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Prenatal diagnosis is possible from cultured amniotic cells.", "PMID": 606170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9196", "title": "Increased protoporphyrin in erythrocytes in a child with acute intermittent porphyria.", "content": "A child is described with acute intermittent porphyria but having an erythropoietic component, with disordered metabolism of porphyrins in bone marrow.", "contents": "Increased protoporphyrin in erythrocytes in a child with acute intermittent porphyria. A child is described with acute intermittent porphyria but having an erythropoietic component, with disordered metabolism of porphyrins in bone marrow.", "PMID": 606171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9197", "title": "Organ mercury levels in infants with omphaloceles treated with organic mercurial antiseptic.", "content": "Samples of fresh and fixed tissues from infants with exomphalos treated by thiomersal application were analysed for mercury content. The results showed that thiomersal can induce blood and organ levels of organic mercury which are well in excess of the minimum toxic level in adults and fetuses. The analysis of fresh and fixed tissues must be carefully controlled against normal tissues in order to interpret mercury levels accurately.", "contents": "Organ mercury levels in infants with omphaloceles treated with organic mercurial antiseptic. Samples of fresh and fixed tissues from infants with exomphalos treated by thiomersal application were analysed for mercury content. The results showed that thiomersal can induce blood and organ levels of organic mercury which are well in excess of the minimum toxic level in adults and fetuses. The analysis of fresh and fixed tissues must be carefully controlled against normal tissues in order to interpret mercury levels accurately.", "PMID": 606172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9198", "title": "Influence of the central nervous system on fetal lung development. Experimental study.", "content": "Upper cervical cord injury was produced in fetal rabbits at 22-26 days' gestation. In 11 setuses with severe cord injury delivered at 28-29 days' gestation there was a median reduction in lung weight (expressed as a proportion of body weight) of 43% and a median reduction in estimated total lung DNA of 16% in comparison with paired operated littermates with intact cords. The hypoplastic lungs showed collapse on histology; if cord damage had been inflicted before 24 days' gestation there was retarded maturation. We conclude that the central nervous system plays a vital role in fetal lung growth and maturation, probably by maintenance of fetal respiratory movements.", "contents": "Influence of the central nervous system on fetal lung development. Experimental study. Upper cervical cord injury was produced in fetal rabbits at 22-26 days' gestation. In 11 setuses with severe cord injury delivered at 28-29 days' gestation there was a median reduction in lung weight (expressed as a proportion of body weight) of 43% and a median reduction in estimated total lung DNA of 16% in comparison with paired operated littermates with intact cords. The hypoplastic lungs showed collapse on histology; if cord damage had been inflicted before 24 days' gestation there was retarded maturation. We conclude that the central nervous system plays a vital role in fetal lung growth and maturation, probably by maintenance of fetal respiratory movements.", "PMID": 606173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9199", "title": "Congenital renal abnormalities in the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome.", "content": "Two children with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome had radiographic evidence of cysts in the renal medulla, and one had impaired renal function and infection. The frequency of cystic disease in this syndrome implies that intravenous urography should be carried out on all patients with this syndrome. Children with renal abnormalities should be followed to avoid further damage from urinary infection, or from dehydration in those with a concentrating defect. Regular renal function tests should be carried out on other children. and full investigation should follow if abnormalities are found in order that the natural history of the often fatal renal lesion can be clarified.", "contents": "Congenital renal abnormalities in the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. Two children with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome had radiographic evidence of cysts in the renal medulla, and one had impaired renal function and infection. The frequency of cystic disease in this syndrome implies that intravenous urography should be carried out on all patients with this syndrome. Children with renal abnormalities should be followed to avoid further damage from urinary infection, or from dehydration in those with a concentrating defect. Regular renal function tests should be carried out on other children. and full investigation should follow if abnormalities are found in order that the natural history of the often fatal renal lesion can be clarified.", "PMID": 606174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9200", "title": "Acute pancreatitis as a complication of anaphylactoid (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein) purpura.", "content": "A case of acute pancreatitis complicating anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome) is reported. In cases of this syndrome with abdominal pain, serum amylase levels should be estimated.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis as a complication of anaphylactoid (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein) purpura. A case of acute pancreatitis complicating anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome) is reported. In cases of this syndrome with abdominal pain, serum amylase levels should be estimated.", "PMID": 606175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9201", "title": "13q- syndrome. Family study.", "content": "A patient is described who had a deletion involving the long arm of chromosome number 13. The mother and 4 of 7 living sibs showed a balanced translocation from the long arm of a number 13 chromosome to the long arm of a number 3 chromosome. We stress the importance of investigating the families of children with chromosomal defects.", "contents": "13q- syndrome. Family study. A patient is described who had a deletion involving the long arm of chromosome number 13. The mother and 4 of 7 living sibs showed a balanced translocation from the long arm of a number 13 chromosome to the long arm of a number 3 chromosome. We stress the importance of investigating the families of children with chromosomal defects.", "PMID": 606176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9202", "title": "Failure to thrive at the breast: an old problem revisited.", "content": "Four apparently normal breast-fed infants failed to thrive when fed on demand. They all shared a tendency to accept long intervals between feeds from birth. Infant welfare clinics should be alerted to this problem. If infants who attend these clinics are accurately weighed and their progress carefully recorded on weight charts this insidiously developing complaint could be detected earlier and with appropriate advice, a potentially serious condition averted.", "contents": "Failure to thrive at the breast: an old problem revisited. Four apparently normal breast-fed infants failed to thrive when fed on demand. They all shared a tendency to accept long intervals between feeds from birth. Infant welfare clinics should be alerted to this problem. If infants who attend these clinics are accurately weighed and their progress carefully recorded on weight charts this insidiously developing complaint could be detected earlier and with appropriate advice, a potentially serious condition averted.", "PMID": 606177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9203", "title": "Retention of urine in the neonate possibly due to anticonvulsant drugs.", "content": "Three cases of neonatal acute retention were associated with convulsions and heavy sedation. Inhibition of micturition may be due to diazepam-induced depression of the nervous system, in association with other anticonvulsants drugs.", "contents": "Retention of urine in the neonate possibly due to anticonvulsant drugs. Three cases of neonatal acute retention were associated with convulsions and heavy sedation. Inhibition of micturition may be due to diazepam-induced depression of the nervous system, in association with other anticonvulsants drugs.", "PMID": 606178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9204", "title": "Neurological complications of beta-thalassaemia major.", "content": "Neurological complications in beta-thalassaemia major are uncommon, with cerebral ischaemic episodes related to severe anaemia or convulsions as the most usual manifestations. Two such cases of children of 6 and 8 years are reported. Cerebral venous infarction is advanced as the probable cause of the symptoms. Caution should be exercised in giving rapid, large blood transfusions to thalassaemic patients adapted to long-standing severe anaemia.", "contents": "Neurological complications of beta-thalassaemia major. Neurological complications in beta-thalassaemia major are uncommon, with cerebral ischaemic episodes related to severe anaemia or convulsions as the most usual manifestations. Two such cases of children of 6 and 8 years are reported. Cerebral venous infarction is advanced as the probable cause of the symptoms. Caution should be exercised in giving rapid, large blood transfusions to thalassaemic patients adapted to long-standing severe anaemia.", "PMID": 606179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9205", "title": "[Cor triatriatum in infants. Four cases with two surgical successes].", "content": "Four cases of cor triatriatum are reported in 6 weeks to 23 months old infants. Two were associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and one with a mild aortic stenosis. Two were successfully operated on and are now normal children: one of these underwent surgery at 3 months with an hemodynamic control one year later. The two others died: the youngest because of an inadequate overloading transfusion, the other soon after pulmonary angiography. Problems in diagnosis and treatment of this rare but very tractable condition are discussed.", "contents": "[Cor triatriatum in infants. Four cases with two surgical successes]. Four cases of cor triatriatum are reported in 6 weeks to 23 months old infants. Two were associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and one with a mild aortic stenosis. Two were successfully operated on and are now normal children: one of these underwent surgery at 3 months with an hemodynamic control one year later. The two others died: the youngest because of an inadequate overloading transfusion, the other soon after pulmonary angiography. Problems in diagnosis and treatment of this rare but very tractable condition are discussed.", "PMID": 606187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9206", "title": "[Monosomy 4 p-- (Wolf-Hirschorn's syndrome)].", "content": "The phenotype of the 4 p-- syndrome may be clinically distinguished from the one of the 5 p-- syndrome by the presence of fusion abnormalities of the median line. In the case reported, these abnormalities concerned a cleft palate, an iris coloboma and a fistula of the sacrum, in addition to an important hypotrophy and a severe mental retardation associated with epilepsy.", "contents": "[Monosomy 4 p-- (Wolf-Hirschorn's syndrome)]. The phenotype of the 4 p-- syndrome may be clinically distinguished from the one of the 5 p-- syndrome by the presence of fusion abnormalities of the median line. In the case reported, these abnormalities concerned a cleft palate, an iris coloboma and a fistula of the sacrum, in addition to an important hypotrophy and a severe mental retardation associated with epilepsy.", "PMID": 606188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9207", "title": "[Carpenter's syndrome].", "content": "A newborn boy presented with an acrocephaly characterized by a coronal craniosynostoses, open sagittal sutures and abnormally high and straight forehead. He was the only child of young, unrelated, healthy parents; there was no familial history of dysmorphy. Facial asymmetry was important and associated with posterior cleft palate, syndactylia of the tips and polydactylia of feet, due to a splitting of the first metatarsus. The child also had a congenital heart disease, like in half of the 15 published cases. In older children, mental retardation is usually observed, often associated with obesity and hypogonadism. Polydactylia permitted to exclude Apert's acrocephalosyndactylia in which there is a normal number of finger arms and which seems to be a dominant mutation, while the transmission of Carpenter's syndrome appears autosomal recessive, thus requiring restrictive genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Carpenter's syndrome]. A newborn boy presented with an acrocephaly characterized by a coronal craniosynostoses, open sagittal sutures and abnormally high and straight forehead. He was the only child of young, unrelated, healthy parents; there was no familial history of dysmorphy. Facial asymmetry was important and associated with posterior cleft palate, syndactylia of the tips and polydactylia of feet, due to a splitting of the first metatarsus. The child also had a congenital heart disease, like in half of the 15 published cases. In older children, mental retardation is usually observed, often associated with obesity and hypogonadism. Polydactylia permitted to exclude Apert's acrocephalosyndactylia in which there is a normal number of finger arms and which seems to be a dominant mutation, while the transmission of Carpenter's syndrome appears autosomal recessive, thus requiring restrictive genetic counselling.", "PMID": 606189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9208", "title": "[Precocious puberty associated with Silver's syndrome].", "content": "Precocious puberty has been reported as an important feature of the Silver-Russell syndrome. The present case refers to a boy entered puberty at the chronological age of 11 years and the bone age of 6 years 6/12. Criteria for precocious puberty in this syndrome are discussed by comparison with previously published cases, and it is concluded that abnormalities in clinical pubertal development are quite unusual in this syndrome.", "contents": "[Precocious puberty associated with Silver's syndrome]. Precocious puberty has been reported as an important feature of the Silver-Russell syndrome. The present case refers to a boy entered puberty at the chronological age of 11 years and the bone age of 6 years 6/12. Criteria for precocious puberty in this syndrome are discussed by comparison with previously published cases, and it is concluded that abnormalities in clinical pubertal development are quite unusual in this syndrome.", "PMID": 606190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9209", "title": "[Tuberculous mediastinal adenopathy in a child].", "content": "One case of mediastinal tuberculous lymph node with fistulae into the esophagus is reported in a 9 years old girl. The first symptom was the appearance of epigastric abdominal pain, with secondary dysphagia. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology after thoracotomy and surgical excision. Esophageal tuberculosis is rare and seems to be secondary to contamination from mediastinal lymph nodes. Treatment is always medical and often requires surgery.", "contents": "[Tuberculous mediastinal adenopathy in a child]. One case of mediastinal tuberculous lymph node with fistulae into the esophagus is reported in a 9 years old girl. The first symptom was the appearance of epigastric abdominal pain, with secondary dysphagia. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology after thoracotomy and surgical excision. Esophageal tuberculosis is rare and seems to be secondary to contamination from mediastinal lymph nodes. Treatment is always medical and often requires surgery.", "PMID": 606191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9210", "title": "[Mammary diagnostics: mammography--punction cytology, completion and comparison (author's transl)].", "content": "The best unbloody method for diagnosis of breast diseases is mammography, possibly with additional galactography or pneumocystography. The best tool in mammary diagnostics is thin-needle punction following palpatoric examination. Thus, the best results are obtained with the socalled triplediagnosis. An additional histological verification is required for every dubious or positive smear, for every mammogram and in negative smears which are conspicuous roentgenologically. Between 1972 and 1975 correct diagnoses were established in 87% using mammography in combination with palpatoric examination. Due to additional cytological examinations the percentage of correct diagnoses could be raised to 92.5% during the last 9 months. The risklessness of aspiration cytology and its advantages over primary specimen excision is pointed out. Typical positive roentgenological findings and the relating cytological results and histological diagnoses are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Mammary diagnostics: mammography--punction cytology, completion and comparison (author's transl)]. The best unbloody method for diagnosis of breast diseases is mammography, possibly with additional galactography or pneumocystography. The best tool in mammary diagnostics is thin-needle punction following palpatoric examination. Thus, the best results are obtained with the socalled triplediagnosis. An additional histological verification is required for every dubious or positive smear, for every mammogram and in negative smears which are conspicuous roentgenologically. Between 1972 and 1975 correct diagnoses were established in 87% using mammography in combination with palpatoric examination. Due to additional cytological examinations the percentage of correct diagnoses could be raised to 92.5% during the last 9 months. The risklessness of aspiration cytology and its advantages over primary specimen excision is pointed out. Typical positive roentgenological findings and the relating cytological results and histological diagnoses are demonstrated.", "PMID": 606195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9211", "title": "[The importance of fine needle biopsy in modern breast diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "860 mammary tumours were clinically, mammographically and cytologically examined. Only thereafter, the histological diagnosis was established following surgical biopsy. There were found 356 malignant and 504 benign processes. The limited reliability of the individual methods is pointed to. As is proved, the diagnostics can be improved by combining the application of all three methods. On the one hand, a larger number of malignoma or malignoma-suspect processes are discovered, on the other hand, the preoperative diagnostics becomes more reliable. If the 3 methods yield similar findings, the diagnostic probability of error is below 1 per cent. Before, the range of indication was clearly outlined, the technique of punction, obtaining and processing of material was discussed, and the complications and limits of the methods were pointed to.", "contents": "[The importance of fine needle biopsy in modern breast diagnosis (author's transl)]. 860 mammary tumours were clinically, mammographically and cytologically examined. Only thereafter, the histological diagnosis was established following surgical biopsy. There were found 356 malignant and 504 benign processes. The limited reliability of the individual methods is pointed to. As is proved, the diagnostics can be improved by combining the application of all three methods. On the one hand, a larger number of malignoma or malignoma-suspect processes are discovered, on the other hand, the preoperative diagnostics becomes more reliable. If the 3 methods yield similar findings, the diagnostic probability of error is below 1 per cent. Before, the range of indication was clearly outlined, the technique of punction, obtaining and processing of material was discussed, and the complications and limits of the methods were pointed to.", "PMID": 606196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9212", "title": "Diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast by aspiration biopsy cytology.", "content": "The authors performed fine needle aspiration biopsy in 174 patients with mammary lesions. In 124 cases the cytologic examination was followed by surgery combined with histologic examination. The cytologic findings can be considered to be satisfactory in regard to literary data. In principles, however, it cannot substitute the histologic examination. In combination with the other diagnostic methods aspiration cytology may yield useful diagnostic information. In case of recurrences, inoperable tumors and contralateral metastases the fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology is of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast by aspiration biopsy cytology. The authors performed fine needle aspiration biopsy in 174 patients with mammary lesions. In 124 cases the cytologic examination was followed by surgery combined with histologic examination. The cytologic findings can be considered to be satisfactory in regard to literary data. In principles, however, it cannot substitute the histologic examination. In combination with the other diagnostic methods aspiration cytology may yield useful diagnostic information. In case of recurrences, inoperable tumors and contralateral metastases the fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology is of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 606197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9213", "title": "[Cytologic evaluation of the hormonal state in female with breast tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Physiologic changes, growth, differentiation, and involution of the female breast are closely connected to the endocrine activity of the ovary. We examined the relationship of progesteron and oestrogen in 69 women with tumours of the breast. Histology revealed benign tumours in 18 and malignant tumours in 51 patients. Both groups showed distinct alterations in hormonal cytology of the vaginal smear. Statistical evaluation of the findings gives hints of a hormonal imbalance. There is a relative increase of oestrogenic activity and a lack or a decrease of gestagenic activity in women before menopausis. In postmenopausal and old women, neoplasms of the breast are accompanied by signs of proliferative activity as shown by the laboratory data.", "contents": "[Cytologic evaluation of the hormonal state in female with breast tumours (author's transl)]. Physiologic changes, growth, differentiation, and involution of the female breast are closely connected to the endocrine activity of the ovary. We examined the relationship of progesteron and oestrogen in 69 women with tumours of the breast. Histology revealed benign tumours in 18 and malignant tumours in 51 patients. Both groups showed distinct alterations in hormonal cytology of the vaginal smear. Statistical evaluation of the findings gives hints of a hormonal imbalance. There is a relative increase of oestrogenic activity and a lack or a decrease of gestagenic activity in women before menopausis. In postmenopausal and old women, neoplasms of the breast are accompanied by signs of proliferative activity as shown by the laboratory data.", "PMID": 606199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9214", "title": "[Hormonal cytology used in the therapy of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 150 women have been under a long-time control provided by the Radium therapy Dpt. and by the Cytological Center. In all above mentioned cases the primary diagnosis was the breast cancer and in the majority the patients obtained radical surgery. The results of Co 60 castration and of hormonal therapy were evaluated by means of the hormonal cytology. In each case the cytological smears were taken several times during the therapy and after end of the therapy. The cytologist was not influenced by knowledge of the therapy. The optimal therapy was determined by the cytological results. The first results of selected method, which represents the effectivity of a hormonal-cytologically chosen therapy, were promising.", "contents": "[Hormonal cytology used in the therapy of breast cancer (author's transl)]. More than 150 women have been under a long-time control provided by the Radium therapy Dpt. and by the Cytological Center. In all above mentioned cases the primary diagnosis was the breast cancer and in the majority the patients obtained radical surgery. The results of Co 60 castration and of hormonal therapy were evaluated by means of the hormonal cytology. In each case the cytological smears were taken several times during the therapy and after end of the therapy. The cytologist was not influenced by knowledge of the therapy. The optimal therapy was determined by the cytological results. The first results of selected method, which represents the effectivity of a hormonal-cytologically chosen therapy, were promising.", "PMID": 606200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9215", "title": "Cystic cholangiofibrosis of the liver.", "content": "We have studied with electron microscope the cysts formed in the liver of rats fed acetylaminofluorene in order to further characterize the lesion and its histogenesis. The cysts were lined by cuboidal and flattened epithelium or both and resembled bile ductular cells. Most of the flattened cells showed adaptive and degenerative changes indicative of pressure atrophy. The cuboidal cells lining the smaller ducts showed ultrastructural signs of activity. Similar \"active\" cells were seen in the outpouchings of the larger cysts. Our data indicate that the cysts are of cholangiocellular origin. Ultrastructurally the cells forming the cysts showed no signs of anaplasia and represent more likely the end point of bile ductular proliferation than a stage in development of biliary neoplasia.", "contents": "Cystic cholangiofibrosis of the liver. We have studied with electron microscope the cysts formed in the liver of rats fed acetylaminofluorene in order to further characterize the lesion and its histogenesis. The cysts were lined by cuboidal and flattened epithelium or both and resembled bile ductular cells. Most of the flattened cells showed adaptive and degenerative changes indicative of pressure atrophy. The cuboidal cells lining the smaller ducts showed ultrastructural signs of activity. Similar \"active\" cells were seen in the outpouchings of the larger cysts. Our data indicate that the cysts are of cholangiocellular origin. Ultrastructurally the cells forming the cysts showed no signs of anaplasia and represent more likely the end point of bile ductular proliferation than a stage in development of biliary neoplasia.", "PMID": 606202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9216", "title": "Plasma renin activity in primary and secondary depression.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA), both in supine and standing position, was investigated in primary and secondary depressed patients. After orthostatic stimulation (standing position) primary depressed patients showed PRA values significantly lower than did those with secondary depression. The authors stress the importance of the peripheral sympathetic system in the control of renin release and discuss the data obtained in the light of some evidence in the literature indicating a possible impairment of transmitter turnover in central and peripheral noradrenergic synapses in the pathogenesis of primary depression.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in primary and secondary depression. Plasma renin activity (PRA), both in supine and standing position, was investigated in primary and secondary depressed patients. After orthostatic stimulation (standing position) primary depressed patients showed PRA values significantly lower than did those with secondary depression. The authors stress the importance of the peripheral sympathetic system in the control of renin release and discuss the data obtained in the light of some evidence in the literature indicating a possible impairment of transmitter turnover in central and peripheral noradrenergic synapses in the pathogenesis of primary depression.", "PMID": 606204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9217", "title": "Substrate-typic changes of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in sub-types of schizophrenia.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been measured in the platelets of controls (n = 42) and schizophrenic patients (n = 49) of three subtypes, using beta-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine, and tryptamine as substrates. Characteristic differences of MAO activity were observed between platelets of patients and controls; the differences were substrate-typic: decreased enzyme activity was found with all three substrates in platelets of the parnaoid subtype. With tryptamine, MAO activity was decreased in the platelets of all three sub-types of schizophrenia. With p-tyramine, MAO was low in patients with affective psychoses and paranoid schizophrenia. The value of MAO activity measurements as a means for distinguishing sub-types of schizophrenic disorders is improved by using two substrates; tryptamine and p-tyramine. Possible mechanisms of the substrate-typic changes of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia are discussed.", "contents": "Substrate-typic changes of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in sub-types of schizophrenia. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been measured in the platelets of controls (n = 42) and schizophrenic patients (n = 49) of three subtypes, using beta-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine, and tryptamine as substrates. Characteristic differences of MAO activity were observed between platelets of patients and controls; the differences were substrate-typic: decreased enzyme activity was found with all three substrates in platelets of the parnaoid subtype. With tryptamine, MAO activity was decreased in the platelets of all three sub-types of schizophrenia. With p-tyramine, MAO was low in patients with affective psychoses and paranoid schizophrenia. The value of MAO activity measurements as a means for distinguishing sub-types of schizophrenic disorders is improved by using two substrates; tryptamine and p-tyramine. Possible mechanisms of the substrate-typic changes of platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia are discussed.", "PMID": 606205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9218", "title": "Effects of a new diuretic on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial tumors.", "content": "The effect of a new, powerful diuretic on biochemical parameters, urine output, central venous pressure, blood pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial intracerebral tumors who showed signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure was tested. When compared to an untreated control group and to the steady-state data of each patient, CSF pressure was significantly reduced using a dose of 240 mg of the diuretic. The 120 mg dosage did not produce significant results. Normalization of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure was not completely obtained using either dose. Used alone, this substance is not suitable for treatment of increased intracranial pressure due to brain edema in patients with intra-cerebral tumors. It might, however, be useful in combination with other medications.", "contents": "Effects of a new diuretic on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial tumors. The effect of a new, powerful diuretic on biochemical parameters, urine output, central venous pressure, blood pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial intracerebral tumors who showed signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure was tested. When compared to an untreated control group and to the steady-state data of each patient, CSF pressure was significantly reduced using a dose of 240 mg of the diuretic. The 120 mg dosage did not produce significant results. Normalization of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure was not completely obtained using either dose. Used alone, this substance is not suitable for treatment of increased intracranial pressure due to brain edema in patients with intra-cerebral tumors. It might, however, be useful in combination with other medications.", "PMID": 606206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9219", "title": "[Contribution to differential-diagnostic validity of MMPI to prognosis of efficiency of autogeneous training (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the fact, that a group of patients were not able to achieve success in the autogeneous training in spite of usual selection after diagnostic criteria, we submitted them as well as a control group to the MMPI. We found significant differences in the Hd-, D-, Hy-, and Si-scales. Then we calculated the discriminance function and the cut-off score and found after MMPI-profile an 80% probability of predicting if a patient will succeed in autogeneous training or not.", "contents": "[Contribution to differential-diagnostic validity of MMPI to prognosis of efficiency of autogeneous training (author's transl)]. Due to the fact, that a group of patients were not able to achieve success in the autogeneous training in spite of usual selection after diagnostic criteria, we submitted them as well as a control group to the MMPI. We found significant differences in the Hd-, D-, Hy-, and Si-scales. Then we calculated the discriminance function and the cut-off score and found after MMPI-profile an 80% probability of predicting if a patient will succeed in autogeneous training or not.", "PMID": 606209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9220", "title": "[Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy manifested as schizophrenic psychosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An autopsy case of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) manifested clinically as schizophrenic psychosis is reported. A 50-year-old man developed progressive mental changes 10 years before his death, and later manifested a schizophrenic syndrome without neurologic deficits or EEG changes. After his death from uremia neuropathology disclosed MLD with demyelination accentuated in the frontal lobes and abundant metachromatic deposits in the preserved areas of cerebral white matter. Neurochemical examination of the demyelinated frontal area showed reduced concentration of cerebrosides and sulfatides, decreased amounts of total lipids in the tissue, and an increase of sulfatides, and particularly of their cerebron fractions in lipid extract. The problems of adult forms of MLD with prolonged course are discussed with special reference to cases showing mainly psychiatric syndromes.", "contents": "[Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy manifested as schizophrenic psychosis (author's transl)]. An autopsy case of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) manifested clinically as schizophrenic psychosis is reported. A 50-year-old man developed progressive mental changes 10 years before his death, and later manifested a schizophrenic syndrome without neurologic deficits or EEG changes. After his death from uremia neuropathology disclosed MLD with demyelination accentuated in the frontal lobes and abundant metachromatic deposits in the preserved areas of cerebral white matter. Neurochemical examination of the demyelinated frontal area showed reduced concentration of cerebrosides and sulfatides, decreased amounts of total lipids in the tissue, and an increase of sulfatides, and particularly of their cerebron fractions in lipid extract. The problems of adult forms of MLD with prolonged course are discussed with special reference to cases showing mainly psychiatric syndromes.", "PMID": 606208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9221", "title": "Histologic features of transplantable lymphoid tumor (Olson) during growth and regression induced by serum therapy.", "content": "Susceptible 3-week-old chicks were inoculated with cells of an avian transplantable lymphoid tumor (TLT) and then treated with serum from immune chickens, serum from control chickens, or balanced salt solution. Progressive tumor growth was observed in chickens of all 3 treatment groups. Tumor growth was followed by regression only in chicks treated with immune serum. Regression was characterized by necrosis of tumor cells, muscle regeneration, and lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration.", "contents": "Histologic features of transplantable lymphoid tumor (Olson) during growth and regression induced by serum therapy. Susceptible 3-week-old chicks were inoculated with cells of an avian transplantable lymphoid tumor (TLT) and then treated with serum from immune chickens, serum from control chickens, or balanced salt solution. Progressive tumor growth was observed in chickens of all 3 treatment groups. Tumor growth was followed by regression only in chicks treated with immune serum. Regression was characterized by necrosis of tumor cells, muscle regeneration, and lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration.", "PMID": 606215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9222", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in gizzard smooth muscle of selenium-vitamin-E-deficient ducklings.", "content": "Lesions of gizzard smooth muscle were studied by light and electron microscopy in newly hatched ducklings fed a selenium-vitamin-E-deficient diet for 13-21 days. Histopathologic alterations included initial hyaline change in damaged smooth-muscle cells, subsequent mineralization of sarcoplasmic debris in necrotic smooth-muscle cells, macrophagic invasion and phagocytosis of sarcoplasmic debris, and eventual fibroblastic proliferation and scarring of damaged areas in the gizzard wall. Ultrastructurally, mild damage in smooth-muscle cells was manifested by altered mitochondria with matrical densities and disrupted membranes and dilated elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum. In smooth-muscle cells with severe injury, the alterations of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum were accompanied by myofibrillar lysis and disruption of plasma membranes and external laminae. Expanding zones of mineralization of sarcoplasmic debris in necrotic smooth muscle cells were present at dense masses of lysed myofilaments that surrounded mineralized and disrupted mitochondria. Numerous macrophages infiltrated the areas of necrosis of smooth muscle and phagocytosed sarcoplasmic debris.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in gizzard smooth muscle of selenium-vitamin-E-deficient ducklings. Lesions of gizzard smooth muscle were studied by light and electron microscopy in newly hatched ducklings fed a selenium-vitamin-E-deficient diet for 13-21 days. Histopathologic alterations included initial hyaline change in damaged smooth-muscle cells, subsequent mineralization of sarcoplasmic debris in necrotic smooth-muscle cells, macrophagic invasion and phagocytosis of sarcoplasmic debris, and eventual fibroblastic proliferation and scarring of damaged areas in the gizzard wall. Ultrastructurally, mild damage in smooth-muscle cells was manifested by altered mitochondria with matrical densities and disrupted membranes and dilated elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum. In smooth-muscle cells with severe injury, the alterations of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum were accompanied by myofibrillar lysis and disruption of plasma membranes and external laminae. Expanding zones of mineralization of sarcoplasmic debris in necrotic smooth muscle cells were present at dense masses of lysed myofilaments that surrounded mineralized and disrupted mitochondria. Numerous macrophages infiltrated the areas of necrosis of smooth muscle and phagocytosed sarcoplasmic debris.", "PMID": 606216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9223", "title": "Fowl cholera: immunization of chickens with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3.", "content": "Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3, was found to be immunogenic against a challenge infection of homologous as well as one heterologous strain tested (serotype 1). Ouchterlony's gel-diffusion analysis revealed the presence of two components in the KSCN-extracts of both serotypes 3 and 1, which were antigenically identical.", "contents": "Fowl cholera: immunization of chickens with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3. Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3, was found to be immunogenic against a challenge infection of homologous as well as one heterologous strain tested (serotype 1). Ouchterlony's gel-diffusion analysis revealed the presence of two components in the KSCN-extracts of both serotypes 3 and 1, which were antigenically identical.", "PMID": 606217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9224", "title": "Photosensitizing effects of Cymopterus watsonii and Cymopterus longipes in chickens and turkey poults.", "content": "Two-week-old straight-run white broiler chicks and 2-week-old straight-run white turkey poults were fed seed or whole plants Cymopterus watsonii or seed of Cymopterus longipes at 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6% of body weight, and then placed in sunlight for 5 hours each day for 7 days. All plant material produced moderate to severe photosensitivity in chicks. Toxic signs included photophobia; red discoloration of beak, comb, and feet; loss of feathers in the periorbital area; dried serous fluid on comb and edge of beak; keratoconjunctivitis; and multiple lesions on feet and legs. Turkey poults showed a syndrome similar to that of chicks. Mortality was particularly high in turkeys fed C. longipes seed. Toxic signs in turkeys 6 weeks after treatment included tremors in the legs; upturning and shortening of the upper beak; and shortening disfigurement, and gangrene of the toes. Two phototoxic furocoumarins, oxypeucedanin and isoimperitorin, were isolated from C. longipes seed. Either compound, administered orally, produced photosensitivity in 2-week-old chicks.", "contents": "Photosensitizing effects of Cymopterus watsonii and Cymopterus longipes in chickens and turkey poults. Two-week-old straight-run white broiler chicks and 2-week-old straight-run white turkey poults were fed seed or whole plants Cymopterus watsonii or seed of Cymopterus longipes at 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6% of body weight, and then placed in sunlight for 5 hours each day for 7 days. All plant material produced moderate to severe photosensitivity in chicks. Toxic signs included photophobia; red discoloration of beak, comb, and feet; loss of feathers in the periorbital area; dried serous fluid on comb and edge of beak; keratoconjunctivitis; and multiple lesions on feet and legs. Turkey poults showed a syndrome similar to that of chicks. Mortality was particularly high in turkeys fed C. longipes seed. Toxic signs in turkeys 6 weeks after treatment included tremors in the legs; upturning and shortening of the upper beak; and shortening disfigurement, and gangrene of the toes. Two phototoxic furocoumarins, oxypeucedanin and isoimperitorin, were isolated from C. longipes seed. Either compound, administered orally, produced photosensitivity in 2-week-old chicks.", "PMID": 606218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9225", "title": "Antibody response to strain combinations of Newcastle disease virus as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition.", "content": "Differences in antibody response to three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains--B-1, LaSota, and Ulster--were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) micro-titer test in chickens hatched from ND-immune and unimmune flocks. When used singly as primary vaccines, the Ulster strain stimulated the lowest antibody response of the three in both immune and unimmune (susceptible) chickens. Subgroups of each of the primary-vaccinated groups were revaccinated with each of the three strains. Ulster-vaccinated chicks, revaccinated with Ulster, gave the poorest booster response. All other revaccination combinations gave a significant titer increase, though some were better than others. It is suggested that the Ulster strain as primary vaccine followed by booster does of B-1 or LaSota will induce a higher antibody response (i.e., immunity) in susceptible chicken populations with less risk of a post-vaccination reaction.", "contents": "Antibody response to strain combinations of Newcastle disease virus as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition. Differences in antibody response to three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains--B-1, LaSota, and Ulster--were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) micro-titer test in chickens hatched from ND-immune and unimmune flocks. When used singly as primary vaccines, the Ulster strain stimulated the lowest antibody response of the three in both immune and unimmune (susceptible) chickens. Subgroups of each of the primary-vaccinated groups were revaccinated with each of the three strains. Ulster-vaccinated chicks, revaccinated with Ulster, gave the poorest booster response. All other revaccination combinations gave a significant titer increase, though some were better than others. It is suggested that the Ulster strain as primary vaccine followed by booster does of B-1 or LaSota will induce a higher antibody response (i.e., immunity) in susceptible chicken populations with less risk of a post-vaccination reaction.", "PMID": 606219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9226", "title": "Preincubation dipping of turkey hatching eggs. I. Effect of shell treatment on amount and variability of fluid intake.", "content": "Two techniques for egg-shell treatment were evaluated for their effects on the quantity and variability of the fluid absorbed by turkey hatching eggs subjected to the temperature-differential method of egg dipping. The use of pin or drill to pierce a uniform hole through the shell and membrane(s) on the large end of each egg caused a significant increase in the quantity of dip solution absorbed. Variability in fluid uptake by the eggs also was reduced significantly. Utilization of dilute acid to remove cuticle completely from the whole egg surface or partially from either end also had similar effects. The techniques described also permit and effective dipping procedure that does not require the preheating step.", "contents": "Preincubation dipping of turkey hatching eggs. I. Effect of shell treatment on amount and variability of fluid intake. Two techniques for egg-shell treatment were evaluated for their effects on the quantity and variability of the fluid absorbed by turkey hatching eggs subjected to the temperature-differential method of egg dipping. The use of pin or drill to pierce a uniform hole through the shell and membrane(s) on the large end of each egg caused a significant increase in the quantity of dip solution absorbed. Variability in fluid uptake by the eggs also was reduced significantly. Utilization of dilute acid to remove cuticle completely from the whole egg surface or partially from either end also had similar effects. The techniques described also permit and effective dipping procedure that does not require the preheating step.", "PMID": 606220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9227", "title": "Use of the Nobuto blood-sampling paper strip for Newcastle disease serology.", "content": "Dried whole blood collected by the paper-strip method of Dr. Kenzo Nobuto was evaluated for use in the Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. When dried blood on the Nobuto strip was eluted in 1.0 ml of diluent, the resulting HI titers were similar to titers obtained with sera diluted 1:10. Both storage time and temperature influenced the stability of HI activity in dried blood, though the influence was minimal and is considered to have little significance in diagnostic serology, The advantages of this method of blood collection for Newcastle disease HI tests are discussed.", "contents": "Use of the Nobuto blood-sampling paper strip for Newcastle disease serology. Dried whole blood collected by the paper-strip method of Dr. Kenzo Nobuto was evaluated for use in the Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. When dried blood on the Nobuto strip was eluted in 1.0 ml of diluent, the resulting HI titers were similar to titers obtained with sera diluted 1:10. Both storage time and temperature influenced the stability of HI activity in dried blood, though the influence was minimal and is considered to have little significance in diagnostic serology, The advantages of this method of blood collection for Newcastle disease HI tests are discussed.", "PMID": 606221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9228", "title": "Interactions between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle diseases virus and pet birds of six species. I. Clinical and serologic responses, and viral excretion.", "content": "Clinical and serologic responses to a psittacine isolate of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) were evaluated in pet birds of six species: budgerigar, yellow-headed Amazon parrot, halfmoon conure, lesser hill mynah, black-headed nun, canary. The clinical response was most marked in the budgerigars, parrots, and conures, and only minimal in the nuns. Between post-exposure days (PED) 3 and 5 some birds developed ruffled plumage, conjunctivitis, and central nervous system dysfunction: ataxia, wing tremors, paralysis of the extremities, and tremors of the head accompanied by nodding and jerking. Mortality by PED 203 was 55% (29/52) in the halfmoon conures, 22% (23/105) in budgerigars, 29% (12/42) in parrots, and 21% (15/71) in nuns. The only clinical signs in canaries and mynahs were progressive death losses, respectively 25% (33/132) and 21% (10/48). The visceral lesions common in chickens with VVNDV were not observed in these six species. Canaries rapidly eliminated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), whereas it was detected for protracted periods in the oral and cloacal secretions of the other five species (for more than a year in parrots). Serologic evaluation by the hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests also indicated prolonged NDV infections in 5 of the 6 species. The seroconversion rate observed in canaries was minimal (13%).", "contents": "Interactions between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle diseases virus and pet birds of six species. I. Clinical and serologic responses, and viral excretion. Clinical and serologic responses to a psittacine isolate of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) were evaluated in pet birds of six species: budgerigar, yellow-headed Amazon parrot, halfmoon conure, lesser hill mynah, black-headed nun, canary. The clinical response was most marked in the budgerigars, parrots, and conures, and only minimal in the nuns. Between post-exposure days (PED) 3 and 5 some birds developed ruffled plumage, conjunctivitis, and central nervous system dysfunction: ataxia, wing tremors, paralysis of the extremities, and tremors of the head accompanied by nodding and jerking. Mortality by PED 203 was 55% (29/52) in the halfmoon conures, 22% (23/105) in budgerigars, 29% (12/42) in parrots, and 21% (15/71) in nuns. The only clinical signs in canaries and mynahs were progressive death losses, respectively 25% (33/132) and 21% (10/48). The visceral lesions common in chickens with VVNDV were not observed in these six species. Canaries rapidly eliminated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), whereas it was detected for protracted periods in the oral and cloacal secretions of the other five species (for more than a year in parrots). Serologic evaluation by the hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests also indicated prolonged NDV infections in 5 of the 6 species. The seroconversion rate observed in canaries was minimal (13%).", "PMID": 606222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9229", "title": "Interactions between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and pet birds of six species. II. Viral evolution through bird passage.", "content": "Following in vivo studies in pet birds of 6 species, 279 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) reisolates were selected for characterization by the embryonated-chicken-egg mean-death-time, plaque-assay, hemagglutination-elution, and hemagglutinin-thermostability techniques. Initially, the 279 isolates were screened by the mean-death-time and plaque-assay techniques, and 5 sequential isolates were chosen for each of 3 budgerigars and 2 parrots for characterization by the other 2 in vitro assays to determine whether the Colorado Psittacine Isolate of viscerotropic velogenic (VV) NDV (COPI-VVNDV) had evolved during passage through pet birds. Nineteen isolates were then selected for chicken back-passage studies. Fifteen of the 19 isolates were chosen for potential avirulence for 8-week-old domestic chickens. The 4 remaining isolates produced large red plaques when assayed and were therefore used as virulent virus controls likely to be VVNDV. Subsequent in vitro characterization of selected back-passage chicken NDV isolates demonstrated little change in the 4 parameters originally evaluated for the pet-bird isolates used for the back-passage studies. Although the psittacine isolate slowly evolved to relatively avirulent strains of NDV by passage in pet birds, reversion did not occur during the chicken back-passage studies.", "contents": "Interactions between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and pet birds of six species. II. Viral evolution through bird passage. Following in vivo studies in pet birds of 6 species, 279 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) reisolates were selected for characterization by the embryonated-chicken-egg mean-death-time, plaque-assay, hemagglutination-elution, and hemagglutinin-thermostability techniques. Initially, the 279 isolates were screened by the mean-death-time and plaque-assay techniques, and 5 sequential isolates were chosen for each of 3 budgerigars and 2 parrots for characterization by the other 2 in vitro assays to determine whether the Colorado Psittacine Isolate of viscerotropic velogenic (VV) NDV (COPI-VVNDV) had evolved during passage through pet birds. Nineteen isolates were then selected for chicken back-passage studies. Fifteen of the 19 isolates were chosen for potential avirulence for 8-week-old domestic chickens. The 4 remaining isolates produced large red plaques when assayed and were therefore used as virulent virus controls likely to be VVNDV. Subsequent in vitro characterization of selected back-passage chicken NDV isolates demonstrated little change in the 4 parameters originally evaluated for the pet-bird isolates used for the back-passage studies. Although the psittacine isolate slowly evolved to relatively avirulent strains of NDV by passage in pet birds, reversion did not occur during the chicken back-passage studies.", "PMID": 606223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9230", "title": "Turkey sinusitis: synergism between Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis.", "content": "Sinusitis was produced experimentally in turkeys after intrasinus inoculation with broth cultures of both Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis. No evidence of sinusitis was observed in other turkeys exposed to each of these organisms separately- indicating pathogenic synergism with these mycoplasmas.", "contents": "Turkey sinusitis: synergism between Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis. Sinusitis was produced experimentally in turkeys after intrasinus inoculation with broth cultures of both Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis. No evidence of sinusitis was observed in other turkeys exposed to each of these organisms separately- indicating pathogenic synergism with these mycoplasmas.", "PMID": 606224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9231", "title": "Purification and identification of turkey immunoglobulin-A.", "content": "Turkey immunoglobulin-A (IgA) was isolated from bile, intestinal secretions, and serum by affinity chromatography using monospecific anti-turkey IgA coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The isolated immunoglobulin was antigenically distinct from IgM and IgG. The purity of IgA was demonstrated by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The predominant forms of polymeric IgA in bile and intestinal secretions had respective So20w values of 16.1 and 15.2. Larger polymers (25-26S) were also present. Two molecular forms (8.5S and 17S) were found in serum. The 8.5S peak was higher than the 17S, indicating a greater concentration of 8.5 S.", "contents": "Purification and identification of turkey immunoglobulin-A. Turkey immunoglobulin-A (IgA) was isolated from bile, intestinal secretions, and serum by affinity chromatography using monospecific anti-turkey IgA coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The isolated immunoglobulin was antigenically distinct from IgM and IgG. The purity of IgA was demonstrated by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The predominant forms of polymeric IgA in bile and intestinal secretions had respective So20w values of 16.1 and 15.2. Larger polymers (25-26S) were also present. Two molecular forms (8.5S and 17S) were found in serum. The 8.5S peak was higher than the 17S, indicating a greater concentration of 8.5 S.", "PMID": 606225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9232", "title": "[Preleukemia].", "content": "The six cases of Preleukemia (or Preleukemic States) are described. The peripheral blood was characterised with Pancythopoenia in 5 and bicytopoenia in 1 patient. Morphological alterations of Erythrocytes were present in all cases. The Bone Marrow was hypercellular in 3 and hypocellular in 3 patients. Erythropoiesis was megaloblastic or partly megaloblastic in 5 cases, with \"ring\" sideroblasts present in all cases. The percentage of Leukemic blast cells was as follow: 0, 5, 6, 10, 30 and 33. The duration of the preleukemic phase varied from 3-53 months. With the manifestations of overt Acute Nonlymphatic Leukemia the agressive therapy was applied. The results were poor in 5 patients (the survival 1, 5-4 m.). Only one survived more than 60 months and is still in full remission.", "contents": "[Preleukemia]. The six cases of Preleukemia (or Preleukemic States) are described. The peripheral blood was characterised with Pancythopoenia in 5 and bicytopoenia in 1 patient. Morphological alterations of Erythrocytes were present in all cases. The Bone Marrow was hypercellular in 3 and hypocellular in 3 patients. Erythropoiesis was megaloblastic or partly megaloblastic in 5 cases, with \"ring\" sideroblasts present in all cases. The percentage of Leukemic blast cells was as follow: 0, 5, 6, 10, 30 and 33. The duration of the preleukemic phase varied from 3-53 months. With the manifestations of overt Acute Nonlymphatic Leukemia the agressive therapy was applied. The results were poor in 5 patients (the survival 1, 5-4 m.). Only one survived more than 60 months and is still in full remission.", "PMID": 606231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9233", "title": "An outbreak of erysipelas in Coturnix quails.", "content": "A severe outbreak of erysipelas causing high mortality was observed in Coturnix breeder quails. Possible source(s) of erysipelothrix infection in the flock and subsequent infections due to Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus are discussed.", "contents": "An outbreak of erysipelas in Coturnix quails. A severe outbreak of erysipelas causing high mortality was observed in Coturnix breeder quails. Possible source(s) of erysipelothrix infection in the flock and subsequent infections due to Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus are discussed.", "PMID": 606226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9234", "title": "[Substitution therapy of coagulopathies].", "content": "In this work are presented current experiences and attitudes in the substitutional therapy of acquired and congenital coagulopathies. There is accentuated general accepted attitude at present that for an adequate supstitution is necessary decided knowledge of the clinical and laboratory diagnostic of these diseases, as much as the possibility of arrangements of the specific chemo-preparations and their doses, and the frequency of application and all complications that might result in the frame of this view of therapy.", "contents": "[Substitution therapy of coagulopathies]. In this work are presented current experiences and attitudes in the substitutional therapy of acquired and congenital coagulopathies. There is accentuated general accepted attitude at present that for an adequate supstitution is necessary decided knowledge of the clinical and laboratory diagnostic of these diseases, as much as the possibility of arrangements of the specific chemo-preparations and their doses, and the frequency of application and all complications that might result in the frame of this view of therapy.", "PMID": 606233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9235", "title": "Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys.", "content": "In a case of excessive mortality in seven-week-old turkeys, the primary lesion at necropsy was severe fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis. After 48 hours of incubation at 37 C, Pasteurella anatipestifer was isolated. The infection responded to antibiotic therapy with a combination of neomycin and oxytetracycline in the drinking water. The lesions suggested chlamydial infection, but cultural procedures for chlamydia were negative.", "contents": "Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys. In a case of excessive mortality in seven-week-old turkeys, the primary lesion at necropsy was severe fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis. After 48 hours of incubation at 37 C, Pasteurella anatipestifer was isolated. The infection responded to antibiotic therapy with a combination of neomycin and oxytetracycline in the drinking water. The lesions suggested chlamydial infection, but cultural procedures for chlamydia were negative.", "PMID": 606228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9236", "title": "A fowl typhoid outbreak in a chicken breeder flock.", "content": "Fowl typhoid was diagnosed in a 1-year-old light-breed brown-egg-laying chicken breeder flock and in a 16-week-old progeny pullet flock on the same farm. Salmonella gallinarum was cultured from chickens in both flocks. Signs and lesions were typical. The disease was confined to the one farm. The source was suspected to have been a grossly contaminated well.", "contents": "A fowl typhoid outbreak in a chicken breeder flock. Fowl typhoid was diagnosed in a 1-year-old light-breed brown-egg-laying chicken breeder flock and in a 16-week-old progeny pullet flock on the same farm. Salmonella gallinarum was cultured from chickens in both flocks. Signs and lesions were typical. The disease was confined to the one farm. The source was suspected to have been a grossly contaminated well.", "PMID": 606229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9237", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic method for the determination of factor VIII-related antigens].", "content": "Immunological examination of F VIII related antigen gave some new information on the nature of congenital defects of F VIII, in haemophilia A and von Willenrand's disease. Besides classic method in diagnostics of von Willebrand's disease, the determination of F VIII related antigen can be used as a diagnostic criterium in distinguishing von Willebrand's disease from some mild forms of haemophilis, as well as in detection of haemophilia carrier. In addition, the study on the relationship of immunological value of F VIII related antigen and biological activity of F VIII offers more data on the possibility of detection of so-called \"hypercoagulability\" and states proceeding thrombosis. The method for determination of F VIII related antigen (Rocket electrophoresis--Laurel) as well as the values of F VIII in health persons of our population is described in this paper.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic method for the determination of factor VIII-related antigens]. Immunological examination of F VIII related antigen gave some new information on the nature of congenital defects of F VIII, in haemophilia A and von Willenrand's disease. Besides classic method in diagnostics of von Willebrand's disease, the determination of F VIII related antigen can be used as a diagnostic criterium in distinguishing von Willebrand's disease from some mild forms of haemophilis, as well as in detection of haemophilia carrier. In addition, the study on the relationship of immunological value of F VIII related antigen and biological activity of F VIII offers more data on the possibility of detection of so-called \"hypercoagulability\" and states proceeding thrombosis. The method for determination of F VIII related antigen (Rocket electrophoresis--Laurel) as well as the values of F VIII in health persons of our population is described in this paper.", "PMID": 606234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9238", "title": "[ABO blood-group system in the fossil remains at the mesolithic cemetary in Vlasac (6,300-5,400 B.C.)].", "content": "By the several generally accepted methods, the authors tested the ABO blood group system of human fossil remains of the mezolit cementery of Vlasac (lower flow of the River Danube). The results of these examinations showed a biological similarity of the population in all of the three cementery layers and a difference in blood groups in these people and the present inhabitants of that region. These examinations are of great interest for the study of the structure of the prehistorical population and its migrations.", "contents": "[ABO blood-group system in the fossil remains at the mesolithic cemetary in Vlasac (6,300-5,400 B.C.)]. By the several generally accepted methods, the authors tested the ABO blood group system of human fossil remains of the mezolit cementery of Vlasac (lower flow of the River Danube). The results of these examinations showed a biological similarity of the population in all of the three cementery layers and a difference in blood groups in these people and the present inhabitants of that region. These examinations are of great interest for the study of the structure of the prehistorical population and its migrations.", "PMID": 606235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9239", "title": "Metoserpate Hydrochloride for the treatment of hysteria in replacement pullets.", "content": "Fifteen flocks of replacement pullets affected with hysteria were treated with metoserpate hydrochloride via the drinking water after water was withheld for an adequate period. The dose was 4 mg/kg body weight (BW) on day 1, and 2 mg/kg BW on days 5 and 9. Metoserpate hydrochloride proved effective and safe for treating clinical cases of hysteria in replacement pullets.", "contents": "Metoserpate Hydrochloride for the treatment of hysteria in replacement pullets. Fifteen flocks of replacement pullets affected with hysteria were treated with metoserpate hydrochloride via the drinking water after water was withheld for an adequate period. The dose was 4 mg/kg body weight (BW) on day 1, and 2 mg/kg BW on days 5 and 9. Metoserpate hydrochloride proved effective and safe for treating clinical cases of hysteria in replacement pullets.", "PMID": 606230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9240", "title": "Distribution of the Lewis blood-group system in 331 members of JNA.", "content": "The aim of this paper is to describe the phenotype distribution in Yugoslavians, members of JNA. The results are systematised into two groups: a. phenotype distribution of the blood-group system in tested persons; b. the relationship of phenotypes and ABO blood-group system.", "contents": "Distribution of the Lewis blood-group system in 331 members of JNA. The aim of this paper is to describe the phenotype distribution in Yugoslavians, members of JNA. The results are systematised into two groups: a. phenotype distribution of the blood-group system in tested persons; b. the relationship of phenotypes and ABO blood-group system.", "PMID": 606236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9241", "title": "The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Separation of membranes with different ratios of ganglioside sialylating activity to gangliosides.", "content": "Brain subcellular fractions were analysed for ganglioside-sialylating activity by measuring the incorporation of N-[3H]acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-[3H]acetylneuraminic acid into endogenous ganglioside acceptors (endogenous incorporation) and into exogenous lactosyceramide (haematoside synthetase activity). The ratios of endogenous incorporation to gangliosides and of haematoside synthetase to gangliosides for the synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions from a washed crude mitochondrial fraction were lower than those obtained for other membrane fractions. The differences appear to reflect intrinsic characteristics of each membrane fraction. The results of labelling in vitro and the time course of labelling of gangliosides of the different subcellular fractions in vivo after injection of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine are consistent with the possibility of a subcellular site for synthesis of gangliosides different from that of ganglioside deposition.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Separation of membranes with different ratios of ganglioside sialylating activity to gangliosides. Brain subcellular fractions were analysed for ganglioside-sialylating activity by measuring the incorporation of N-[3H]acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-[3H]acetylneuraminic acid into endogenous ganglioside acceptors (endogenous incorporation) and into exogenous lactosyceramide (haematoside synthetase activity). The ratios of endogenous incorporation to gangliosides and of haematoside synthetase to gangliosides for the synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions from a washed crude mitochondrial fraction were lower than those obtained for other membrane fractions. The differences appear to reflect intrinsic characteristics of each membrane fraction. The results of labelling in vitro and the time course of labelling of gangliosides of the different subcellular fractions in vivo after injection of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine are consistent with the possibility of a subcellular site for synthesis of gangliosides different from that of ganglioside deposition.", "PMID": 606237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9242", "title": "Modifications of major aspects of myocardial ribonucleic acid metabolism as a response to noradrenaline. Action of the hormone on cytoplasmic processing of ribonucleic acid after reserpine treatment.", "content": "Treatment of perfused rabbit heart with reserpine causes a decrease of incorporation of labelled precursors into RNA species of subcellular fractions and polyamines. Ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and cytoplasmic Mn2+-stimulated polyadenylate polymerase activities are not modified. Addition of noradrenaline to reserpine-treated perfused hearts enhances, compared with the control, the incorporation of precursor into RNA in all subcellular fractions other than the nuclear one, restores incorporation of labelled putrescine into polyamines, enhances ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities and causes a 12-fold increase in cytoplasmic Mn2+-dependent polyadenylate polymerase activity. After treatment with noradrenaline the increase in radioactivity was found solely in AMP after hydrolysis of microsomal RNA to nucleoside monophosphates.", "contents": "Modifications of major aspects of myocardial ribonucleic acid metabolism as a response to noradrenaline. Action of the hormone on cytoplasmic processing of ribonucleic acid after reserpine treatment. Treatment of perfused rabbit heart with reserpine causes a decrease of incorporation of labelled precursors into RNA species of subcellular fractions and polyamines. Ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and cytoplasmic Mn2+-stimulated polyadenylate polymerase activities are not modified. Addition of noradrenaline to reserpine-treated perfused hearts enhances, compared with the control, the incorporation of precursor into RNA in all subcellular fractions other than the nuclear one, restores incorporation of labelled putrescine into polyamines, enhances ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities and causes a 12-fold increase in cytoplasmic Mn2+-dependent polyadenylate polymerase activity. After treatment with noradrenaline the increase in radioactivity was found solely in AMP after hydrolysis of microsomal RNA to nucleoside monophosphates.", "PMID": 606238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9243", "title": "Effects of hormones on the synthesis of alpha 1 (acute-phase) glycoprotein in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Hormone effects on the synthesis of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein and of albumin by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension were examined. Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, somatotropin (bovine growth hormone) and tri-iodothyronine were added to achieve physiological concentrations in the medium [Jeejeebhoy, Ho, Greenberg, Phillips, Bruce-Robertson & Sodtke (1975) Biochem. J.146, 141-155]. After periodic additions, there were increases (compared with values for non-hormone-treated suspensions) in the concurrent absolute syntheses of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein and of albumin. Trends were detectable after 24h, and significant increases were demonstrated after 48h of incubation (219 and 119% respectively of control values). Manipulation of hormones, by omission from the mixture or by addition of only one or two hormones in various combinations, indicated that for alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein (which may be representative of some other acute-phase proteins), cortisol was one of the most important hormones involved in the stimulation of synthesis, with glucagon enhancing the effect of cortisol but not being stimulatory by itself. Addition of actinomycin D inhibited this stimulation, suggesting that cortisol might have acted through promotion of RNA synthesis. For albumin, cortisol alone did not stimulate synthesis, but its absence from a hormone mixture significantly decreased synthesis compared with that observed with the complete hormone mixture. Our findings support the possibility that following tissue injury, synthesis of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein may be stimulated by the hormonal response to this injury (which response includes elevated blood concentrations of cortisol and glucagon).", "contents": "Effects of hormones on the synthesis of alpha 1 (acute-phase) glycoprotein in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hormone effects on the synthesis of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein and of albumin by isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension were examined. Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, somatotropin (bovine growth hormone) and tri-iodothyronine were added to achieve physiological concentrations in the medium [Jeejeebhoy, Ho, Greenberg, Phillips, Bruce-Robertson & Sodtke (1975) Biochem. J.146, 141-155]. After periodic additions, there were increases (compared with values for non-hormone-treated suspensions) in the concurrent absolute syntheses of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein and of albumin. Trends were detectable after 24h, and significant increases were demonstrated after 48h of incubation (219 and 119% respectively of control values). Manipulation of hormones, by omission from the mixture or by addition of only one or two hormones in various combinations, indicated that for alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein (which may be representative of some other acute-phase proteins), cortisol was one of the most important hormones involved in the stimulation of synthesis, with glucagon enhancing the effect of cortisol but not being stimulatory by itself. Addition of actinomycin D inhibited this stimulation, suggesting that cortisol might have acted through promotion of RNA synthesis. For albumin, cortisol alone did not stimulate synthesis, but its absence from a hormone mixture significantly decreased synthesis compared with that observed with the complete hormone mixture. Our findings support the possibility that following tissue injury, synthesis of alpha(1) (acute-phase) glycoprotein may be stimulated by the hormonal response to this injury (which response includes elevated blood concentrations of cortisol and glucagon).", "PMID": 606239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9244", "title": "Biliary excretion of some anionic derivatives of diethylstilboestrol and phenolphthalein in the guinea pig.", "content": "The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate and diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate were studied in the guinea pig. Comparative studies were also made with [G-3H]diethylstilboestrol and phenolphthalein di[35S]sulphate. Diethylstiboesterol di[35S]sulphate was extensively eliminated in the bile unchanged. After administration of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate, extensive biliary elimination of radioactivity was also recorded. Radioactive components were identified as diethylstilboestrol disulphate, diethylstilboestrol monosulphate monoglucuronide and unchanged diethylstilboestrol monosulphate. When [G-3H]diethylstilboestrol was administered, 3H-labelled diethylstilboestrol monoglucuronide, diethylstilboestrol monosulphate monoglucuronide and diethylstilboestrol disulphate appeared in the bile. Phenolphthalein di[35S]sulphate was excreted unchanged in bile. These findings are discussed in relation to studies carried out in the rat [Barford, Olavesen, Curtis & Powell (1977) Biochem. J. 164, 423--430] and species differences are related to differences in enzyme activities in rat and guinea-pig liver.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of some anionic derivatives of diethylstilboestrol and phenolphthalein in the guinea pig. The metabolic fates and modes of excretion of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate and diethylstilboestrol di[35S]sulphate were studied in the guinea pig. Comparative studies were also made with [G-3H]diethylstilboestrol and phenolphthalein di[35S]sulphate. Diethylstiboesterol di[35S]sulphate was extensively eliminated in the bile unchanged. After administration of diethylstilboestrol mono[35S]sulphate, extensive biliary elimination of radioactivity was also recorded. Radioactive components were identified as diethylstilboestrol disulphate, diethylstilboestrol monosulphate monoglucuronide and unchanged diethylstilboestrol monosulphate. When [G-3H]diethylstilboestrol was administered, 3H-labelled diethylstilboestrol monoglucuronide, diethylstilboestrol monosulphate monoglucuronide and diethylstilboestrol disulphate appeared in the bile. Phenolphthalein di[35S]sulphate was excreted unchanged in bile. These findings are discussed in relation to studies carried out in the rat [Barford, Olavesen, Curtis & Powell (1977) Biochem. J. 164, 423--430] and species differences are related to differences in enzyme activities in rat and guinea-pig liver.", "PMID": 606240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9245", "title": "Regulation of L-ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicle.", "content": "1. The activities of l-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) were dramatically enhanced in both the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicle of castrated rats in response to androgenic stimulation. The time course of the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase together with the quantitatively different response of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase to testosterone treatment in the prostate gland and seminal vesicle indicated that the enhancement in polyamine synthesis in the ventral prostate may reflect both cellular proliferation and the restoration of the secretory functions of the organ. In the seminal vesicle, however, the stimulation of the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway more closely resembled the pattern found in other rat tissues, such as regenerating liver, undergoing compensatory growth. 2. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the ventral prostate and especially in the seminal vesicle of sexually mature rat was diminished in vivo by various short-chain diamines such as 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane and putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane). These diamines had no direct effect on the enzyme activity in vitro. 3. In contrast with the marginal decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity produced by diaminoethane in the ventral prostate of non-castrated animals, repeated injections of the latter amine completely prevented the intense stimulation of the enzyme activity in the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle of castrated rats at 24h after the commencement of testosterone treatment. 4. The decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity observed after injections of diamines (putrescine) in the ventral prostate was apparently associated with a similar decrease in the amount of immunoreactive protein as revealed by immunotitration of the enzyme with antiserum to rat ornithine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Regulation of L-ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase in rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicle. 1. The activities of l-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) were dramatically enhanced in both the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicle of castrated rats in response to androgenic stimulation. The time course of the stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase together with the quantitatively different response of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase to testosterone treatment in the prostate gland and seminal vesicle indicated that the enhancement in polyamine synthesis in the ventral prostate may reflect both cellular proliferation and the restoration of the secretory functions of the organ. In the seminal vesicle, however, the stimulation of the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway more closely resembled the pattern found in other rat tissues, such as regenerating liver, undergoing compensatory growth. 2. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the ventral prostate and especially in the seminal vesicle of sexually mature rat was diminished in vivo by various short-chain diamines such as 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane and putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane). These diamines had no direct effect on the enzyme activity in vitro. 3. In contrast with the marginal decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity produced by diaminoethane in the ventral prostate of non-castrated animals, repeated injections of the latter amine completely prevented the intense stimulation of the enzyme activity in the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle of castrated rats at 24h after the commencement of testosterone treatment. 4. The decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity observed after injections of diamines (putrescine) in the ventral prostate was apparently associated with a similar decrease in the amount of immunoreactive protein as revealed by immunotitration of the enzyme with antiserum to rat ornithine decarboxylase.", "PMID": 606241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9246", "title": "Role of a specific choline pool in sphingomyelin synthesis in rat heart.", "content": "Sphingomyelin synthesis was studied in slices of rat heart by using [Me-14C]choline, [1,2-14C]ethanolamine, S-adenosyl-L-[14C]methionine and [32P]Pi as as precursors. In the presence of both [Me-14C]choline and [32P]Pi the ratio of the specific radioactivities of 14C and 32P in phosphatidylcholine was greater than in sphingomyelin at all the times studied. This suggested that synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin de novo did not involve the utilization of a common pool of cytidine diphosphate choline. In addition, studies with [1,2-14C]ethanolamine and S-adenosyl-L-[14C]methionine indicated that a quantitatively significant pool of choline, derived from these precursors, was selectively utilized for sphingomyelin formation. This pool was not represented by phosphatidylcholine formed by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine or by other pathways.", "contents": "Role of a specific choline pool in sphingomyelin synthesis in rat heart. Sphingomyelin synthesis was studied in slices of rat heart by using [Me-14C]choline, [1,2-14C]ethanolamine, S-adenosyl-L-[14C]methionine and [32P]Pi as as precursors. In the presence of both [Me-14C]choline and [32P]Pi the ratio of the specific radioactivities of 14C and 32P in phosphatidylcholine was greater than in sphingomyelin at all the times studied. This suggested that synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin de novo did not involve the utilization of a common pool of cytidine diphosphate choline. In addition, studies with [1,2-14C]ethanolamine and S-adenosyl-L-[14C]methionine indicated that a quantitatively significant pool of choline, derived from these precursors, was selectively utilized for sphingomyelin formation. This pool was not represented by phosphatidylcholine formed by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine or by other pathways.", "PMID": 606242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9247", "title": "Porphyrins and porphyrinogen carboxy-lase in hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria.", "content": "1. Qualitative and quantitative studies of the porphyrins and the porphyrinogen carboxylyase of the liver, spleen, kidney, harderian gland and erythrocytes from normal rats and from those hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria were carried out. 2. Hexachlorobenzene has no effect on erythrocyte porphyrin content, but produces a decrease in that of Harderian gland and an increase in the porphyrin content of the kidney and spleen, and a marked increase in the liver (1 mumol/g of tissue). Octacarboxylic (isomer III) and heptacarboxylic porphyrins accumulated in kidney, spleen and liver, the former porphyrin being predominant. 3. Hexachlorobenzene has no effect on the activity of porphyrinogen carboxy-lase in erythrocytes; there is a slight decrease in enzyme activity in the Harderian gland, and a marked decrease in the liver and kidney enzyme activities. In the liver the removal of each carboxyl group from uroporphyrinogen III appears to be affected by this treatment. 4. The liver is the principal site of action of hexachlorobenzene, with the kidney next in decreasing order of effect, and erythropoietic tissue is unaffected. The marked decrease in porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase activities observed in liver and kidney could explain the high accumulation of octacarboxylic and heptacarboxylic porphyrins found in these tissues. 5. The results are discussed in relation to changes promoted by hexachlorobenzene in other enzymes of the haem pathway.", "contents": "Porphyrins and porphyrinogen carboxy-lase in hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria. 1. Qualitative and quantitative studies of the porphyrins and the porphyrinogen carboxylyase of the liver, spleen, kidney, harderian gland and erythrocytes from normal rats and from those hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria were carried out. 2. Hexachlorobenzene has no effect on erythrocyte porphyrin content, but produces a decrease in that of Harderian gland and an increase in the porphyrin content of the kidney and spleen, and a marked increase in the liver (1 mumol/g of tissue). Octacarboxylic (isomer III) and heptacarboxylic porphyrins accumulated in kidney, spleen and liver, the former porphyrin being predominant. 3. Hexachlorobenzene has no effect on the activity of porphyrinogen carboxy-lase in erythrocytes; there is a slight decrease in enzyme activity in the Harderian gland, and a marked decrease in the liver and kidney enzyme activities. In the liver the removal of each carboxyl group from uroporphyrinogen III appears to be affected by this treatment. 4. The liver is the principal site of action of hexachlorobenzene, with the kidney next in decreasing order of effect, and erythropoietic tissue is unaffected. The marked decrease in porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase activities observed in liver and kidney could explain the high accumulation of octacarboxylic and heptacarboxylic porphyrins found in these tissues. 5. The results are discussed in relation to changes promoted by hexachlorobenzene in other enzymes of the haem pathway.", "PMID": 606243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9248", "title": "Effects of analogles of ethanolamine and choline on phospholipid metabolism in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Analogues of ethanolamine and choline were incubated with different labelled precursors of phospholipids and isolated hepatocytes and the effects on phospholipid synthesis were studied. 2. 2-Aminopropan-1-ol and 2-aminobutan-1-ol were the most efficient inhibitors of [(14)C]ethanolamine incorporation into phospholipids, whereas the incorporation of [(3)H]choline was inhibited most extensively by NN-diethylethanolamine and NN-dimethylethanolamine. 3. When the analogues were incubated with [(3)H]glycerol and hepatocytes, the appearance of (3)H in unnatural phospholipids indicated that they were incorporated, at least in part, via CDP-derivatives. The distribution of [(3)H]glycerol among molecular species of phospholipids containing 2-aminopropan-1-ol and 1-aminopropan-2-ol was the same as in phosphatidylethanolamine. In other phospholipid analogues the distribution of (3)H was more similar to that in phosphatidylcholine. 4. NN-Diethylethanolamine stimulated both the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine and the incorporation of [Me-(14)C]methionine into phospholipids. Other N-alkyl- or NN-dialkyl-ethanolamines also stimulated [(14)C]methionine incorporation, but inhibited the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine. This indicates that phosphatidyl-NN-diethylethanolamine is a poor methyl acceptor, in contrast with other N-alkylated phosphatidylethanolamines. 5. These results on the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in intact cells are discussed with respect to the possible control points. They also provide guidelines for future experiments on the manipulation of phospholipid polar-headgroup composition in primary cultures of hepatocytes.", "contents": "Effects of analogles of ethanolamine and choline on phospholipid metabolism in rat hepatocytes. 1. Analogues of ethanolamine and choline were incubated with different labelled precursors of phospholipids and isolated hepatocytes and the effects on phospholipid synthesis were studied. 2. 2-Aminopropan-1-ol and 2-aminobutan-1-ol were the most efficient inhibitors of [(14)C]ethanolamine incorporation into phospholipids, whereas the incorporation of [(3)H]choline was inhibited most extensively by NN-diethylethanolamine and NN-dimethylethanolamine. 3. When the analogues were incubated with [(3)H]glycerol and hepatocytes, the appearance of (3)H in unnatural phospholipids indicated that they were incorporated, at least in part, via CDP-derivatives. The distribution of [(3)H]glycerol among molecular species of phospholipids containing 2-aminopropan-1-ol and 1-aminopropan-2-ol was the same as in phosphatidylethanolamine. In other phospholipid analogues the distribution of (3)H was more similar to that in phosphatidylcholine. 4. NN-Diethylethanolamine stimulated both the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine and the incorporation of [Me-(14)C]methionine into phospholipids. Other N-alkyl- or NN-dialkyl-ethanolamines also stimulated [(14)C]methionine incorporation, but inhibited the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine. This indicates that phosphatidyl-NN-diethylethanolamine is a poor methyl acceptor, in contrast with other N-alkylated phosphatidylethanolamines. 5. These results on the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in intact cells are discussed with respect to the possible control points. They also provide guidelines for future experiments on the manipulation of phospholipid polar-headgroup composition in primary cultures of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 606244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9249", "title": "Loss of haem from cytochrome P-450 caused by lipid peroxidation and 2-allyl-2-isoprophylacetamide. An abnormal pathway not involving production of carbon monoxide.", "content": "1. Microsomal preparations undergoing lipid peroxidation produce CO and lose haem from cytochrome P-450. 2. The amount of CO produced does not correlate with the amount of haem lost and, after pre-labelling of microsomal haem in its bridges with 5-amino[5-14C]laevulinate, the radioactivity lost from haem is not recorved as CO. 3. Similarly, when pre-labelled microsomal haem is destroyed by the action of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, no radioactivity is recovered as CO. In clear contrast, on degradation of haem by the haem oxygenase system, CO is produced in an amount equimolar to the haem lost. 4. It is concluded that (a) the CO produced during lipid peroxidation originates from a source different from haem and (b) the degradations of haem caused by lipid peroxidation and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide do not involve to any significant extent evolution of the methene-bridge carbon of haem as CO.", "contents": "Loss of haem from cytochrome P-450 caused by lipid peroxidation and 2-allyl-2-isoprophylacetamide. An abnormal pathway not involving production of carbon monoxide. 1. Microsomal preparations undergoing lipid peroxidation produce CO and lose haem from cytochrome P-450. 2. The amount of CO produced does not correlate with the amount of haem lost and, after pre-labelling of microsomal haem in its bridges with 5-amino[5-14C]laevulinate, the radioactivity lost from haem is not recorved as CO. 3. Similarly, when pre-labelled microsomal haem is destroyed by the action of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, no radioactivity is recovered as CO. In clear contrast, on degradation of haem by the haem oxygenase system, CO is produced in an amount equimolar to the haem lost. 4. It is concluded that (a) the CO produced during lipid peroxidation originates from a source different from haem and (b) the degradations of haem caused by lipid peroxidation and 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide do not involve to any significant extent evolution of the methene-bridge carbon of haem as CO.", "PMID": 606245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9250", "title": "Clearance of human N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases from rat circulation.", "content": "Human N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases As and P are probably sialylated since they are susceptible to neuraminidase attack. twhen infused into the circulation of a rat they are removed more slowly than the non-sialylated forms of the enzyme from tissue and urine.", "contents": "Clearance of human N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases from rat circulation. Human N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases As and P are probably sialylated since they are susceptible to neuraminidase attack. twhen infused into the circulation of a rat they are removed more slowly than the non-sialylated forms of the enzyme from tissue and urine.", "PMID": 606246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9251", "title": "Activity of covalently cross-linked cholera toxin with the adenylate cyclase of intact and lysed pigeon erythrocytes.", "content": "Reaction of cholera toxin with NN'-bis(carboximidomethyl)tartaramide dimethyl ester produced several cross-linked species that had subunit B (which binds to the cell surface) and peptides A1 (which activates adenylate cyclase) and A2 all covalently joined together. This cross-linded material had activity with pigeon erythrocytes that was comparable in all respects with that of native toxin. It activated the adenylate cyclase of whole cells, showing a characteristic lag phase, and this activation was increased if the cells had been preincubated with ganglioside GM1, but abolished if the protein had been preincubated with the ganglioside. It activated the enzyme in lysed cells more strongly and without the lag phase. These results show that the toxin is active even when peptide A1 cannot be released from the rest of the molecule.", "contents": "Activity of covalently cross-linked cholera toxin with the adenylate cyclase of intact and lysed pigeon erythrocytes. Reaction of cholera toxin with NN'-bis(carboximidomethyl)tartaramide dimethyl ester produced several cross-linked species that had subunit B (which binds to the cell surface) and peptides A1 (which activates adenylate cyclase) and A2 all covalently joined together. This cross-linded material had activity with pigeon erythrocytes that was comparable in all respects with that of native toxin. It activated the adenylate cyclase of whole cells, showing a characteristic lag phase, and this activation was increased if the cells had been preincubated with ganglioside GM1, but abolished if the protein had been preincubated with the ganglioside. It activated the enzyme in lysed cells more strongly and without the lag phase. These results show that the toxin is active even when peptide A1 cannot be released from the rest of the molecule.", "PMID": 606247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9252", "title": "Control of glucose metabolism in isolated acini of the lactating mammary gland of the rat. The ability of glycerol to mimic some of the effects of insulin.", "content": "Inhibition of glucose uptake by acetoacetate and relief of this inhibition by insulin found previously in slices of rat mammary gland [Williamson, McKeown & Ilic (1975) Biochem. J. 150. 145-152] was confirmed in acini, which represent a more homogeneous population of cells. Glycerol (1mM) behaved like insulin (50 minuits/ml) in its ability to relieve the inhibition of glucose (5 mM) utilization caused by acetoacetate (2 mM) in acini. Both glycerol and insulin reversed the increase in [citrate] and the decrease in [glycerol 3-phosphate] and the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in the presence of acetoacetate. Lipogenesis from 3H2O, [3-14C] acetoacetate, [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose was stimulated, whereas 14CO2 formation from [3-14C]acetoacetate was decreased. Neither insulin nor glycerol relieved the acetoacetate inhibition of glucose uptake when lipogenesis was inhibited by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid. From measurements of [3-14C]acetoacetate incorporation into lipid in the various situations it is suggested that a cytosolic pathway for acetoacetate utilization may exist in rat mammary gland. In the absence of acetoacetate, glycerol inhibited glucose utilization by 60% and increased both [glycerol 3-phosphate] and the [lactate/[pyruvate] ratio. Possible ways in which glycerol may mimic the effects of insulin are discussed.", "contents": "Control of glucose metabolism in isolated acini of the lactating mammary gland of the rat. The ability of glycerol to mimic some of the effects of insulin. Inhibition of glucose uptake by acetoacetate and relief of this inhibition by insulin found previously in slices of rat mammary gland [Williamson, McKeown & Ilic (1975) Biochem. J. 150. 145-152] was confirmed in acini, which represent a more homogeneous population of cells. Glycerol (1mM) behaved like insulin (50 minuits/ml) in its ability to relieve the inhibition of glucose (5 mM) utilization caused by acetoacetate (2 mM) in acini. Both glycerol and insulin reversed the increase in [citrate] and the decrease in [glycerol 3-phosphate] and the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in the presence of acetoacetate. Lipogenesis from 3H2O, [3-14C] acetoacetate, [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose was stimulated, whereas 14CO2 formation from [3-14C]acetoacetate was decreased. Neither insulin nor glycerol relieved the acetoacetate inhibition of glucose uptake when lipogenesis was inhibited by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid. From measurements of [3-14C]acetoacetate incorporation into lipid in the various situations it is suggested that a cytosolic pathway for acetoacetate utilization may exist in rat mammary gland. In the absence of acetoacetate, glycerol inhibited glucose utilization by 60% and increased both [glycerol 3-phosphate] and the [lactate/[pyruvate] ratio. Possible ways in which glycerol may mimic the effects of insulin are discussed.", "PMID": 606248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9253", "title": "The mechanism of C-20 hydroxylation of alpha-ecdysone in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria.", "content": "1. The C-20 hydroxylation of alpha-ecdysone to produce beta-ecdysone was investigated in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 2. alpha-Ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase activity was located primarily in the fat-body and Malpighian tubules. The properties of the hydroxylation system from Malpighian tubules investigated further. 3. The enzyme system was mitochondrial, had a pH optimum of 6.5, an apparent Km of 12.5 micron and required O2 and NADPH. 4. The activity of the hydroxylation system showed developmental variation within the fifth instar, the maximum activity corresponding to the maximum tire of endogenous moulting hormone. The significance of these results is assessed in relation to the control of the endogenous titre of beta-ecdysone. 5. The mechanism of the hydroxylation system was investigated by using known inhibitors of hydroxylation reactions such as CO, metyrapone and cyanide. 6. The CO difference spectrum of the reduced mitochondrial preparation indicated the presence of cytochrome P-450 in the preparation. 7. It concluded that the alpha-ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase system is a cytochrome P-450-deendent mono-oxygenase.", "contents": "The mechanism of C-20 hydroxylation of alpha-ecdysone in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 1. The C-20 hydroxylation of alpha-ecdysone to produce beta-ecdysone was investigated in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 2. alpha-Ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase activity was located primarily in the fat-body and Malpighian tubules. The properties of the hydroxylation system from Malpighian tubules investigated further. 3. The enzyme system was mitochondrial, had a pH optimum of 6.5, an apparent Km of 12.5 micron and required O2 and NADPH. 4. The activity of the hydroxylation system showed developmental variation within the fifth instar, the maximum activity corresponding to the maximum tire of endogenous moulting hormone. The significance of these results is assessed in relation to the control of the endogenous titre of beta-ecdysone. 5. The mechanism of the hydroxylation system was investigated by using known inhibitors of hydroxylation reactions such as CO, metyrapone and cyanide. 6. The CO difference spectrum of the reduced mitochondrial preparation indicated the presence of cytochrome P-450 in the preparation. 7. It concluded that the alpha-ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase system is a cytochrome P-450-deendent mono-oxygenase.", "PMID": 606249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9254", "title": "The pathway of glutamate metabolism in rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "1. The pathway of glutamate metabolism in non-synaptic rat brain mitochondria was investigated by measuring glutamate, aspartate and ammonia concentrations and oxygen uptakes in mitochondria metabolizing glutamate or glutamine under various conditions. 2. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamate in the absence of malate produce aspartate at 15nmol/min per mg of protein, but no detectable ammonia. If amino-oxyacetate is added, the aspartate production is decreased by 80% and ammonia production is now observed at a rate of 6.3nmol/min per mg of protein. 3. Brain mitochondria metabolizing glutamate at various concentrations (0-10mm) in the presence of 2.5mm-malate produce aspartate at rates that are almost stoicheiometric with glutamate disappearance, with no detectable ammonia production. In the presence of amino-oxyacetate, although the rate of aspartate production is decreased by 75%, ammonia production is only just detectable (0.3nmol/min per mg of protein). 4. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamine and 2.5mm-malate in States 3 and 4 were studied by using glutamine as a source of intramitochondrial glutamate without the involvement of mitochondrial translocases. The ammonia production due to the oxidative deamination of glutamate produced from the glutamine was estimated as 1nmol/min per mg of protein in State 3 and 3nmol/min per mg of protein in State 4. 5. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamine in the presence of 1mm-amino-oxyacetate under State-3 conditions in the presence or absence of 2.5mm-malate showed no detectable aspartate production. In both cases, however, over the first 5min, ammonia production from the oxidative deamination of glutamate was 21-27nmol/min per mg of protein, but then decreased to approx. 1-1.5nmol/min per mg. 6. It is concluded that the oxidative deamination of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase is not a major route of metabolism of glutamate from either exogenous or endogenous (glutamine) sources in rat brain mitochondria.", "contents": "The pathway of glutamate metabolism in rat brain mitochondria. 1. The pathway of glutamate metabolism in non-synaptic rat brain mitochondria was investigated by measuring glutamate, aspartate and ammonia concentrations and oxygen uptakes in mitochondria metabolizing glutamate or glutamine under various conditions. 2. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamate in the absence of malate produce aspartate at 15nmol/min per mg of protein, but no detectable ammonia. If amino-oxyacetate is added, the aspartate production is decreased by 80% and ammonia production is now observed at a rate of 6.3nmol/min per mg of protein. 3. Brain mitochondria metabolizing glutamate at various concentrations (0-10mm) in the presence of 2.5mm-malate produce aspartate at rates that are almost stoicheiometric with glutamate disappearance, with no detectable ammonia production. In the presence of amino-oxyacetate, although the rate of aspartate production is decreased by 75%, ammonia production is only just detectable (0.3nmol/min per mg of protein). 4. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamine and 2.5mm-malate in States 3 and 4 were studied by using glutamine as a source of intramitochondrial glutamate without the involvement of mitochondrial translocases. The ammonia production due to the oxidative deamination of glutamate produced from the glutamine was estimated as 1nmol/min per mg of protein in State 3 and 3nmol/min per mg of protein in State 4. 5. Brain mitochondria metabolizing 10mm-glutamine in the presence of 1mm-amino-oxyacetate under State-3 conditions in the presence or absence of 2.5mm-malate showed no detectable aspartate production. In both cases, however, over the first 5min, ammonia production from the oxidative deamination of glutamate was 21-27nmol/min per mg of protein, but then decreased to approx. 1-1.5nmol/min per mg. 6. It is concluded that the oxidative deamination of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase is not a major route of metabolism of glutamate from either exogenous or endogenous (glutamine) sources in rat brain mitochondria.", "PMID": 606250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9255", "title": "Amino acid transport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine.", "content": "Uptake of L-alanine and L-phenylalanine by purified bursh-border-membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. L-Alanine entered the same osmotically reactive space as D-glucose, indicating that transport into the vesicle rather than binding to the membranes was being observed. The uptake rate for L-alanine was higher in the presence of a Na+ gradient than in the presence of a K+ gradient. In the presence of a Na+ gradient, the lipophilic anion SCN- caused an increase in L-alanine transport, whereas the nearly impermeant SO42- anion decreased the uptake of L-alanine compared with its uptake in the presence of Cl-. The uptake of L-phenylalanine into the brush-border-membrane vesicle was also stimulated by Na+. The results indicate co-transport of Na+ and neutral amino acids inthe human intestinal brush-border membrane.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine. Uptake of L-alanine and L-phenylalanine by purified bursh-border-membrane vesicles isolated from human small intestine was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. L-Alanine entered the same osmotically reactive space as D-glucose, indicating that transport into the vesicle rather than binding to the membranes was being observed. The uptake rate for L-alanine was higher in the presence of a Na+ gradient than in the presence of a K+ gradient. In the presence of a Na+ gradient, the lipophilic anion SCN- caused an increase in L-alanine transport, whereas the nearly impermeant SO42- anion decreased the uptake of L-alanine compared with its uptake in the presence of Cl-. The uptake of L-phenylalanine into the brush-border-membrane vesicle was also stimulated by Na+. The results indicate co-transport of Na+ and neutral amino acids inthe human intestinal brush-border membrane.", "PMID": 606251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9256", "title": "A study of the kinetics of the muscarinic effect on phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "The uptake of [32P]phosphate into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate was measured in synaptosomes incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH7.4. The apparent dissociation constants for acetylcholine and carbamoylcholine was estimated from the increase in 32P uptake caused by these agents. These apparent constants were similar for both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate and were 2.7 +/- 0.5 MICROmeter for acetylcholine and 12 +/- 2 micrometer for carbamoylcholine when Ca2+ concentration was 0.75 mM. Under the same conditions the inhibition of the carbamoylcholine-induced increase in 32P uptake, caused by atropine, is consistent with atropine being a competitive inhibitor, with an apparent inhibition constant of 0.35 +/- 0.05 micrometer. The apparent constants were dependent on the Ca2+ concentration, and were greater in 2.54 mM-Ca2+. The former values for the kinetic constants are similar to the muscarinic-receptor dissociation constant, which indicates that the binding of the agonist to the receptor may be rate-limiting in this series of reactions when the Ca2+ concentration is 0.75 mM.", "contents": "A study of the kinetics of the muscarinic effect on phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes. The uptake of [32P]phosphate into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate was measured in synaptosomes incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH7.4. The apparent dissociation constants for acetylcholine and carbamoylcholine was estimated from the increase in 32P uptake caused by these agents. These apparent constants were similar for both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate and were 2.7 +/- 0.5 MICROmeter for acetylcholine and 12 +/- 2 micrometer for carbamoylcholine when Ca2+ concentration was 0.75 mM. Under the same conditions the inhibition of the carbamoylcholine-induced increase in 32P uptake, caused by atropine, is consistent with atropine being a competitive inhibitor, with an apparent inhibition constant of 0.35 +/- 0.05 micrometer. The apparent constants were dependent on the Ca2+ concentration, and were greater in 2.54 mM-Ca2+. The former values for the kinetic constants are similar to the muscarinic-receptor dissociation constant, which indicates that the binding of the agonist to the receptor may be rate-limiting in this series of reactions when the Ca2+ concentration is 0.75 mM.", "PMID": 606252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9257", "title": "Occurrence of 3-hydroxyretinol in the freshwater fish Bagarius bagarius and Wallago attu. Isolation and synthesis.", "content": "A new chromogen that absorbs maximally at 329 nm was frequently found in the liver oils of the freshwater fish Bagarius bagarius and Wallago attu. It was shown to be a diester of 3-hydroxyretinol. 3-Hydroxyretinol was found to be a metabolite of lutein during the biosynthesis of 3-dehydroretinol in a freshwater fish. A new method for the chemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyretinol from methyl 3-dehydroretinoate is described. The possible pathway for the conversion of lutein into 3-dehydroretinol in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of 3-hydroxyretinol in the freshwater fish Bagarius bagarius and Wallago attu. Isolation and synthesis. A new chromogen that absorbs maximally at 329 nm was frequently found in the liver oils of the freshwater fish Bagarius bagarius and Wallago attu. It was shown to be a diester of 3-hydroxyretinol. 3-Hydroxyretinol was found to be a metabolite of lutein during the biosynthesis of 3-dehydroretinol in a freshwater fish. A new method for the chemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyretinol from methyl 3-dehydroretinoate is described. The possible pathway for the conversion of lutein into 3-dehydroretinol in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 606253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9258", "title": "Phospholipid requirement for 2-acetamidofluorene N-and ring-hydroxylation by hamster liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system.", "content": "A phospholipid requirement of 2-acetamidofluorene N- and ring-hydroxylation was investigated with partially delipidated microsomal fraction from livers of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated hamsters. Butan-1-ol extraction of microsomal fraction removed 90% of the total lipid content without any appreciable effect on microsomal proteins. Such extracted microsomal fractions had much lower capacity to N- and ring-hydroxylate 2-acetamidofluorene: 25 and 44% of control respectively. Addition of butan-1-ol-extracted total lipid restored both oxidations to some extent, whereas addition of phosphatidylcholine fraction restored both oxidations almost completely. Addition of synthetic phospholipid, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine, restored both oxidations to a large extent, whereas synthetic dipalmitoyl or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine was ineffective in restoring these oxidations.", "contents": "Phospholipid requirement for 2-acetamidofluorene N-and ring-hydroxylation by hamster liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. A phospholipid requirement of 2-acetamidofluorene N- and ring-hydroxylation was investigated with partially delipidated microsomal fraction from livers of 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated hamsters. Butan-1-ol extraction of microsomal fraction removed 90% of the total lipid content without any appreciable effect on microsomal proteins. Such extracted microsomal fractions had much lower capacity to N- and ring-hydroxylate 2-acetamidofluorene: 25 and 44% of control respectively. Addition of butan-1-ol-extracted total lipid restored both oxidations to some extent, whereas addition of phosphatidylcholine fraction restored both oxidations almost completely. Addition of synthetic phospholipid, dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine, restored both oxidations to a large extent, whereas synthetic dipalmitoyl or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine was ineffective in restoring these oxidations.", "PMID": 606254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9259", "title": "Transmembrane migration ('flip-flop') of cholesterol in erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "After exchange with [14C]cholesterol-labelled plasma lipoproteins for 0.5-4h, erythrocytes were extracted with bile-salt solutions. The extracted cholesterol (mainly from the outside of the erythrocyte membrane) had the same specific radioactivity as the residual sterol. Thus cholesterol equilibrates rapidly (half-time less than 1 h) between the two sides of the membrane.", "contents": "Transmembrane migration ('flip-flop') of cholesterol in erythrocyte membranes. After exchange with [14C]cholesterol-labelled plasma lipoproteins for 0.5-4h, erythrocytes were extracted with bile-salt solutions. The extracted cholesterol (mainly from the outside of the erythrocyte membrane) had the same specific radioactivity as the residual sterol. Thus cholesterol equilibrates rapidly (half-time less than 1 h) between the two sides of the membrane.", "PMID": 606255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9260", "title": "Stability of rat skin collagen during recovery from under-nutrition.", "content": "The growth of young rats was arrested for 6 weeks from 48 h after receiving an injection of L-[5-3H]proline. The 3H in the hydroxyproline of the newly synthesized skin collagen remained steady during under-nutrition and did not decrease during the subsequent recovery period. It was concluded that in this animal model the renewed growth did not induce degradation of the pre-existing collagen fibres.", "contents": "Stability of rat skin collagen during recovery from under-nutrition. The growth of young rats was arrested for 6 weeks from 48 h after receiving an injection of L-[5-3H]proline. The 3H in the hydroxyproline of the newly synthesized skin collagen remained steady during under-nutrition and did not decrease during the subsequent recovery period. It was concluded that in this animal model the renewed growth did not induce degradation of the pre-existing collagen fibres.", "PMID": 606256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9261", "title": "Effect of Methylene Blue on glutamate and reduced glutathione of rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "Methylene Blue injected into rabbits resulted in increased glutamate, reduced glutathione and pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylate in erythrocytes. The increase in reduced glutathione was probably due to increased glutamate changing the feedback control of glutathione on gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.", "contents": "Effect of Methylene Blue on glutamate and reduced glutathione of rabbit erythrocytes. Methylene Blue injected into rabbits resulted in increased glutamate, reduced glutathione and pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylate in erythrocytes. The increase in reduced glutathione was probably due to increased glutamate changing the feedback control of glutathione on gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.", "PMID": 606257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9262", "title": "Affinity chromatography of thiol-containing purines and ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the specific interaction of 6-mercaptopurine with mercurated cellulose. Following from this, a new method is described for the affinity chromatography of thiol-containing molecules and of RNA containing incorporated 6-thioguanosine on columns of mercurated cellulose. This technique may find application in the study of RNA metabolism and gene expression.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of thiol-containing purines and ribonucleic acid. Evidence is presented for the specific interaction of 6-mercaptopurine with mercurated cellulose. Following from this, a new method is described for the affinity chromatography of thiol-containing molecules and of RNA containing incorporated 6-thioguanosine on columns of mercurated cellulose. This technique may find application in the study of RNA metabolism and gene expression.", "PMID": 606258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9263", "title": "Lysosomes and membrane recycling. A hypothesis.", "content": "A mechanism for intralysosomal membrane recycling is proposed. After invagination of the lysosomal membrane during autophagy, intralysosomal vesicles are formed. It is suggested that membrane can bleb out from these internal vesicles, probably in the form of very small vesicles, and return to the external lysosomal membrane by membrane fusion. This mechanism would conserve lysosomal membrane during autophay, and is analogous to current models of plasma-membrane recycling. Its relationship to turnover of lysosomal-membrane proteins and other proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomes and membrane recycling. A hypothesis. A mechanism for intralysosomal membrane recycling is proposed. After invagination of the lysosomal membrane during autophagy, intralysosomal vesicles are formed. It is suggested that membrane can bleb out from these internal vesicles, probably in the form of very small vesicles, and return to the external lysosomal membrane by membrane fusion. This mechanism would conserve lysosomal membrane during autophay, and is analogous to current models of plasma-membrane recycling. Its relationship to turnover of lysosomal-membrane proteins and other proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 606259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9264", "title": "[Uterine adenomyosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Uterine adenomyosis is a common, almost banal, lesion, since it is found in one uterus out of three by careful histological examination. In a continuous series of 926 hysterectomies for various indications, 246 adenomyosis lesions were demonstrated. In only 65 cases, adenomyosis was the sole histological lesion explaining bleeding or pain, symptoms refractory to routine conservative treatment (haemostatic curettage and/or hormone treatment) and therefore justifying surgical removal of the uterus. The role of adenomyosis in the failure of conservative treatment for diffuse fibromatosis at around the age of the menopause must be remembered. Almost 50% of specimens of hysterectomy for fibroma show evidence of associated histological lesions of internal uterine endometriosis. Whilst the hysterographic diagnosis may be suspected in almost 2/3 of cases, direct appearances of adenomyosis are found in only one case in four.", "contents": "[Uterine adenomyosis (author's transl)]. Uterine adenomyosis is a common, almost banal, lesion, since it is found in one uterus out of three by careful histological examination. In a continuous series of 926 hysterectomies for various indications, 246 adenomyosis lesions were demonstrated. In only 65 cases, adenomyosis was the sole histological lesion explaining bleeding or pain, symptoms refractory to routine conservative treatment (haemostatic curettage and/or hormone treatment) and therefore justifying surgical removal of the uterus. The role of adenomyosis in the failure of conservative treatment for diffuse fibromatosis at around the age of the menopause must be remembered. Almost 50% of specimens of hysterectomy for fibroma show evidence of associated histological lesions of internal uterine endometriosis. Whilst the hysterographic diagnosis may be suspected in almost 2/3 of cases, direct appearances of adenomyosis are found in only one case in four.", "PMID": 606261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9265", "title": "Blood filter evaluation.", "content": "Massive blood transfusion and extracorporeal circulation result in bombardment of the small pulmonary arterioles with micro-aggregates which are mainly composed of cellular degradation products, damaged platelets and leukocytes, fibrin strands, portions of cellular membrane and protein precipitates. Such amorphous material can cause patients to die of respiratory insufficiency without underlying chest trauma. Increasing amounts of stored blood are transfused to patients and extracorporeal circulation has become one of the most useful techniques for surgeons. Unfortunately, these procedures are often accompanied by disturbing post-operative consequences. This is because micro-aggregates invade the capillary network of several organs, especially lungs, kidneys, brain and retina. It is why blood filtration has recently gained added interest because of widespread efforts to minimise the number or emboli which are either transfused or reinfused to the patient through the blood return line.", "contents": "Blood filter evaluation. Massive blood transfusion and extracorporeal circulation result in bombardment of the small pulmonary arterioles with micro-aggregates which are mainly composed of cellular degradation products, damaged platelets and leukocytes, fibrin strands, portions of cellular membrane and protein precipitates. Such amorphous material can cause patients to die of respiratory insufficiency without underlying chest trauma. Increasing amounts of stored blood are transfused to patients and extracorporeal circulation has become one of the most useful techniques for surgeons. Unfortunately, these procedures are often accompanied by disturbing post-operative consequences. This is because micro-aggregates invade the capillary network of several organs, especially lungs, kidneys, brain and retina. It is why blood filtration has recently gained added interest because of widespread efforts to minimise the number or emboli which are either transfused or reinfused to the patient through the blood return line.", "PMID": 606296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9266", "title": "Recent experience with the Baylor left ventricular bypass pump.", "content": "The current Baylor left ventricular bypass pump is a pneumatically actuated diaphragm pump lined with segmented polyurethane. It is a swirl design in which blood moves in a circular motion within the pump. It has tilting disc inflow and outflow valves and the stroke volume is 60 ml. It is intended for periods of use up to fourteen days. Eighteen devices have been implanted in normal calves. The mean duration of pump operation was eleven days. The pump-canula junctions and regions of the valve seats have been sites of thrombus formation and are being redesigned to eliminate areas of flow separation and stasis.", "contents": "Recent experience with the Baylor left ventricular bypass pump. The current Baylor left ventricular bypass pump is a pneumatically actuated diaphragm pump lined with segmented polyurethane. It is a swirl design in which blood moves in a circular motion within the pump. It has tilting disc inflow and outflow valves and the stroke volume is 60 ml. It is intended for periods of use up to fourteen days. Eighteen devices have been implanted in normal calves. The mean duration of pump operation was eleven days. The pump-canula junctions and regions of the valve seats have been sites of thrombus formation and are being redesigned to eliminate areas of flow separation and stasis.", "PMID": 606298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9267", "title": "Left ventricular failure in calves produced by supravalvular aortic stenosis.", "content": "A stable model of left ventricular failure is required to test left ventricular assist devices. Supravalvular aortic constriction will cause left atrial pressure to rise to new levels which are stable for several days. When left atrial pressure becomes unstable, an automatically actuated left ventricular assist device will increase its output and prevent pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Left ventricular failure in calves produced by supravalvular aortic stenosis. A stable model of left ventricular failure is required to test left ventricular assist devices. Supravalvular aortic constriction will cause left atrial pressure to rise to new levels which are stable for several days. When left atrial pressure becomes unstable, an automatically actuated left ventricular assist device will increase its output and prevent pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 606299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9268", "title": "No-reflow phenomenon and acute myocardial ischemia. The need for further investigation.", "content": "It has been shown that localized myocardial ischemia is accompanied by microvascular changes which produce capillary obstruction when blood flow is restored. This so-called no-reflow phenomenon has been noted in the brain, kidney, dermis and, more recently, in the myocardium. Ultrastructural studies have pointed out the role of myocardial and endothelial cells swelling. It seems likely that such damage of the vascular bed may constitute the first irreversible change during ischemia and result in failure to obtain successful reperfusion of involved myocardium. It can be suggested on the basis of recent clinical and experimental observations, that this phenomenon may play a role in subendocardial necrosis associated with cardiac surgery, and in myocytolytic necrosis. In both of these conditions, the most salient features are the microcirculatory defect and the reperfusion injury following transient ischemia. Further investigations are needed to determine the basic alterations induced by no-reflow phenomenon and the value of various prophylactic and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "No-reflow phenomenon and acute myocardial ischemia. The need for further investigation. It has been shown that localized myocardial ischemia is accompanied by microvascular changes which produce capillary obstruction when blood flow is restored. This so-called no-reflow phenomenon has been noted in the brain, kidney, dermis and, more recently, in the myocardium. Ultrastructural studies have pointed out the role of myocardial and endothelial cells swelling. It seems likely that such damage of the vascular bed may constitute the first irreversible change during ischemia and result in failure to obtain successful reperfusion of involved myocardium. It can be suggested on the basis of recent clinical and experimental observations, that this phenomenon may play a role in subendocardial necrosis associated with cardiac surgery, and in myocytolytic necrosis. In both of these conditions, the most salient features are the microcirculatory defect and the reperfusion injury following transient ischemia. Further investigations are needed to determine the basic alterations induced by no-reflow phenomenon and the value of various prophylactic and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 606301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9269", "title": "Dose-response relationship in the migration inhibition test using peritoneal exudate cells and blood leucocytes of tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs.", "content": "A comparison of the direct migration inhibition using peritoneal exudate cells and peripheral blood leucocytes from the same tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs was performed. Three antigen concentrations: 3, 15, and 75 microgram of PPD per ml were used. Both type of cells provided similar results except at early incubation intervals when leucocytes, in the presence of lower doses of the antigen, displayed stronger inhibition than peritoneal cells. Thus, in our study, peripheral blood leucocytes are at least equivalent to peritoneal exudate cells in the migration inhibition test.", "contents": "Dose-response relationship in the migration inhibition test using peritoneal exudate cells and blood leucocytes of tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs. A comparison of the direct migration inhibition using peritoneal exudate cells and peripheral blood leucocytes from the same tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs was performed. Three antigen concentrations: 3, 15, and 75 microgram of PPD per ml were used. Both type of cells provided similar results except at early incubation intervals when leucocytes, in the presence of lower doses of the antigen, displayed stronger inhibition than peritoneal cells. Thus, in our study, peripheral blood leucocytes are at least equivalent to peritoneal exudate cells in the migration inhibition test.", "PMID": 606302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9270", "title": "Effects of busulfan (BU) on hemopoiesis and immune reactivity in dogs.", "content": "Hematologic and immunosuppressive effects of BU were evaluated in 21 dogs. Twenty to 30 mg BU/kg produced severe but in most cases reversible myelotoxicity. All animals given 40 mg BU/kg died of marrow failure which was consistently reversed by the infusion of autologous marrow. Granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in the bone marrow of BU-treated dogs were severely depressed by day 7 after drug administration and in surviving animals showed only slow recovery to normal values. Cell-mediated immunity as determined by the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes was normal after stimulation with T-cell mitogens (PHA, ConA), but impaired after stimulation with B-cell mitogens (PWM, SpA). Antibody formation against sheep red blood cells was not suppressed by BU-treatment.", "contents": "Effects of busulfan (BU) on hemopoiesis and immune reactivity in dogs. Hematologic and immunosuppressive effects of BU were evaluated in 21 dogs. Twenty to 30 mg BU/kg produced severe but in most cases reversible myelotoxicity. All animals given 40 mg BU/kg died of marrow failure which was consistently reversed by the infusion of autologous marrow. Granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) in the bone marrow of BU-treated dogs were severely depressed by day 7 after drug administration and in surviving animals showed only slow recovery to normal values. Cell-mediated immunity as determined by the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes was normal after stimulation with T-cell mitogens (PHA, ConA), but impaired after stimulation with B-cell mitogens (PWM, SpA). Antibody formation against sheep red blood cells was not suppressed by BU-treatment.", "PMID": 606303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9271", "title": "Changes of P50 in hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and polycythaemia: multivariate analysis.", "content": "Multivariate analysis of P50 changes in hypoxia, hypercapnia and polycythaemia was performed in an heterogeneous group of forty three patients: hypoxic subjects with or without hypercapnia, with or without polycythaemia and polycythaemic subjects without hypoxia. A statistical analysis was undertaken using comparison of the means, study of the correlations, principal component analysis, multiple regression and correspondence analysis. In the patients studied, P50 changes were not wholly explained by those of 2-3 DPG and pH; PaCO2, per se, did not play an important part. Haemoglobin concentration and P50 value would represent an adaptative mechanism to hypoxia: when hypoxia is moderate (80 greater than PaO2 greater than or equal to 65 torr) and isolated, oxygen haemoglobin affinity decreases (P50 increases); when hypoxia is severe (PaO2 less than 65 torr) and combined with hypercapnia and disturbed acid-base equilibrium, P50 comes back to normal range but haemoglobin increases, restoring thus, the normal blood oxygen content.", "contents": "Changes of P50 in hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and polycythaemia: multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis of P50 changes in hypoxia, hypercapnia and polycythaemia was performed in an heterogeneous group of forty three patients: hypoxic subjects with or without hypercapnia, with or without polycythaemia and polycythaemic subjects without hypoxia. A statistical analysis was undertaken using comparison of the means, study of the correlations, principal component analysis, multiple regression and correspondence analysis. In the patients studied, P50 changes were not wholly explained by those of 2-3 DPG and pH; PaCO2, per se, did not play an important part. Haemoglobin concentration and P50 value would represent an adaptative mechanism to hypoxia: when hypoxia is moderate (80 greater than PaO2 greater than or equal to 65 torr) and isolated, oxygen haemoglobin affinity decreases (P50 increases); when hypoxia is severe (PaO2 less than 65 torr) and combined with hypercapnia and disturbed acid-base equilibrium, P50 comes back to normal range but haemoglobin increases, restoring thus, the normal blood oxygen content.", "PMID": 606304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9272", "title": "Possible high dosage gentamycin therapy in infected neutropenic patients.", "content": "Serum gentamycin levels have been studied in 23 neutropenic infected patients after high doses (62 mg/m2 and 72 mg/m2) of the drug, we observed: a higher gentamicin level than with an usual dosage, levels under the ototoxic 10/ml level, no renal failure, and, no patient ototoxicity.", "contents": "Possible high dosage gentamycin therapy in infected neutropenic patients. Serum gentamycin levels have been studied in 23 neutropenic infected patients after high doses (62 mg/m2 and 72 mg/m2) of the drug, we observed: a higher gentamicin level than with an usual dosage, levels under the ototoxic 10/ml level, no renal failure, and, no patient ototoxicity.", "PMID": 606305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9273", "title": "Normal active rosette-forming-cells in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The percentage of E-rosettes and active E-rosettes was determined in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease. All patients had numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes within the normal range (1,200-5,000 lymphocytes/cu mm). The mean percentage of E-rosettes was significantly lower in the patients (55 +/- 15.7) as compared to normal controls (63 +/- 6.7). No difference in the percentage of active E-rosettes was found (36.6 +/- 8.6 in controls versus 40.3 +/- 10.8 in patients).", "contents": "Normal active rosette-forming-cells in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease. The percentage of E-rosettes and active E-rosettes was determined in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease. All patients had numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes within the normal range (1,200-5,000 lymphocytes/cu mm). The mean percentage of E-rosettes was significantly lower in the patients (55 +/- 15.7) as compared to normal controls (63 +/- 6.7). No difference in the percentage of active E-rosettes was found (36.6 +/- 8.6 in controls versus 40.3 +/- 10.8 in patients).", "PMID": 606306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9274", "title": "Nabilone: a potent antiemetic cannabinol with minimal euphoria.", "content": "Nabilone is a cannabinol derivative which has potent central antiemetic effects in animals. We observed that the drug significantly reduced the nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy in 10 of 13 patients who were refractory to conventional antiemetics. A dose-response effect was apparent. The drug was generally well-tolerated, although it also had sedative effects. Additionally, dizziness, decreased coordination and postural hypotension were observed in some patients. Euphoric effects of the agent were minimal at antiemetic dosage levels.", "contents": "Nabilone: a potent antiemetic cannabinol with minimal euphoria. Nabilone is a cannabinol derivative which has potent central antiemetic effects in animals. We observed that the drug significantly reduced the nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy in 10 of 13 patients who were refractory to conventional antiemetics. A dose-response effect was apparent. The drug was generally well-tolerated, although it also had sedative effects. Additionally, dizziness, decreased coordination and postural hypotension were observed in some patients. Euphoric effects of the agent were minimal at antiemetic dosage levels.", "PMID": 606307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9275", "title": "Effect of a sulfhydryl inhibitor on in vitro bone marrow colonies (CFU-c).", "content": "A dose-related increase in the number of in vitro colony-forming units. CFU-c, was observed in mouse bone marrow cell suspensions following the administration of the sulfhydryl inhibitor, sodium iodoacetate. No effect on CFU-s was observed at the dosages and the periods selected for examination. Direct exposure of marrow cells in vitro to various concentrations of iodoacetate did not influence colony formation.", "contents": "Effect of a sulfhydryl inhibitor on in vitro bone marrow colonies (CFU-c). A dose-related increase in the number of in vitro colony-forming units. CFU-c, was observed in mouse bone marrow cell suspensions following the administration of the sulfhydryl inhibitor, sodium iodoacetate. No effect on CFU-s was observed at the dosages and the periods selected for examination. Direct exposure of marrow cells in vitro to various concentrations of iodoacetate did not influence colony formation.", "PMID": 606308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9276", "title": "Studies on erythroid-committed precursor cells in the polycythaemic mouse.", "content": "The erythropoietin responsiveness of mice maintained in a polycythaemic condition for 42 days by transfusion of syngeneic red blood cells (but otherwise untreated) remained unchanged throughout the whole of that time. Furthermore the cycling rate, as measured by 3H-thymidine killing, also remained unchanged. These results indicate that continuous production and amplification of erythropoietin-responsive cells continues for long periods in the absence of demand for mature erythrocytes. It has also been shown that the erythropoietin response in the experimentally-induced polycythaemic mouse can be transiently increased as a result of \"priming\" injections of EPO. This suggests that the size of the erythropoietin-responsive cell (ERC) population has been increased, presumably by inducing extra division in the pre-ERC during maturation. This has previously been shown to occur only under conditions of drug induced depletion of both CFU-S and of ERC.", "contents": "Studies on erythroid-committed precursor cells in the polycythaemic mouse. The erythropoietin responsiveness of mice maintained in a polycythaemic condition for 42 days by transfusion of syngeneic red blood cells (but otherwise untreated) remained unchanged throughout the whole of that time. Furthermore the cycling rate, as measured by 3H-thymidine killing, also remained unchanged. These results indicate that continuous production and amplification of erythropoietin-responsive cells continues for long periods in the absence of demand for mature erythrocytes. It has also been shown that the erythropoietin response in the experimentally-induced polycythaemic mouse can be transiently increased as a result of \"priming\" injections of EPO. This suggests that the size of the erythropoietin-responsive cell (ERC) population has been increased, presumably by inducing extra division in the pre-ERC during maturation. This has previously been shown to occur only under conditions of drug induced depletion of both CFU-S and of ERC.", "PMID": 606309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9277", "title": "Regulation of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation in long term bone marrow cultures.", "content": "The development of a suitable bone marrow derived adherent cell population appears to be essential for the prolonged maintenance of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. When established adherent layers are inoculated with freshly isolated bone marrow cells, proliferation of stem cells (CFU-S) regularly occurs both in the adherent layer and amongst the non-adherent cells. Furthermore, CFU-S present within the adherent layer are able to regenerate both themselves and the \"non-adherent\" CFU-S. One day after re-feeding the cultures (by removal of half the growth medium and addition of fresh medium) both the \"non-adherent\" and the \"adherent\" CFU-S are in a high cycling state (greater than 40% kill with 3HTdR). This proportion decreases with time of re-feeding and 5-7 days later the majority of \"adherent\" and \"non-adherent\" CFU-S are in a low cycling state ( less than 10% 3HTdR kill). Following a further re-feeding, CFU-S again enter a high cycling state.", "contents": "Regulation of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation in long term bone marrow cultures. The development of a suitable bone marrow derived adherent cell population appears to be essential for the prolonged maintenance of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. When established adherent layers are inoculated with freshly isolated bone marrow cells, proliferation of stem cells (CFU-S) regularly occurs both in the adherent layer and amongst the non-adherent cells. Furthermore, CFU-S present within the adherent layer are able to regenerate both themselves and the \"non-adherent\" CFU-S. One day after re-feeding the cultures (by removal of half the growth medium and addition of fresh medium) both the \"non-adherent\" and the \"adherent\" CFU-S are in a high cycling state (greater than 40% kill with 3HTdR). This proportion decreases with time of re-feeding and 5-7 days later the majority of \"adherent\" and \"non-adherent\" CFU-S are in a low cycling state ( less than 10% 3HTdR kill). Following a further re-feeding, CFU-S again enter a high cycling state.", "PMID": 606310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9278", "title": "Description of a suicide technique in vitro for granulocytic stem cells (CFUc) by hydroxyurea on normal human bone marrow.", "content": "It has been possible, by studying 15 normal human bone marrow samples, to develop a technique for the suicide effect in vitro by hydroxyurea (H.U.), applied to human granulocytic stem cells (CFUc). This study suggests a contact time of medullary cells from 60 to 80 minutes in the presence of a hydroxyurea concentration 6 mM per 10(6) cells per ml in vitro. Preliminary results concerning the clusters are discussed.", "contents": "Description of a suicide technique in vitro for granulocytic stem cells (CFUc) by hydroxyurea on normal human bone marrow. It has been possible, by studying 15 normal human bone marrow samples, to develop a technique for the suicide effect in vitro by hydroxyurea (H.U.), applied to human granulocytic stem cells (CFUc). This study suggests a contact time of medullary cells from 60 to 80 minutes in the presence of a hydroxyurea concentration 6 mM per 10(6) cells per ml in vitro. Preliminary results concerning the clusters are discussed.", "PMID": 606311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9279", "title": "A microanalytic study of particles transport across the alveoli: role of blood platelets.", "content": "Following intratracheal injection of particles of colloidal gold (30 nm) in the rat, particles in the blood platelets of the alveolar capillaries can rapidly be observed. The presence of the gold is confirmed by microanalysis. The role of this phenomenon in pulmonary clearance is discussed.", "contents": "A microanalytic study of particles transport across the alveoli: role of blood platelets. Following intratracheal injection of particles of colloidal gold (30 nm) in the rat, particles in the blood platelets of the alveolar capillaries can rapidly be observed. The presence of the gold is confirmed by microanalysis. The role of this phenomenon in pulmonary clearance is discussed.", "PMID": 606312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9280", "title": "Postulated mode of action of metals on purified human ALA-dehydratase (EC 4-2-1-24).", "content": "The effects of twelve metals at various concentrations ranging from 10(-41 to 10(-7) M have been studied on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase 9000 fold (ALA-D), isolated and purified from human red cells. The results obtained are in very good agreement with those of many authors: zinc, a constitutive element of the enzyme, behaves as an activator at low concentration, and an inhibitor at higher concentrations. The same effect is noted with aluminium, cadmium, mercury and tin. The manganese has a poor inhibitory action, copper and lead are powerful inhibitors of the enzyme. The other metals studies have no noticiable effect on ALA-D. These results agree with the following hypothesis: according to their structure, metals would bind the enzyme in one or several allosteric sites, and induce an allosteric transposition to the active or inactive form of enzyme.", "contents": "Postulated mode of action of metals on purified human ALA-dehydratase (EC 4-2-1-24). The effects of twelve metals at various concentrations ranging from 10(-41 to 10(-7) M have been studied on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase 9000 fold (ALA-D), isolated and purified from human red cells. The results obtained are in very good agreement with those of many authors: zinc, a constitutive element of the enzyme, behaves as an activator at low concentration, and an inhibitor at higher concentrations. The same effect is noted with aluminium, cadmium, mercury and tin. The manganese has a poor inhibitory action, copper and lead are powerful inhibitors of the enzyme. The other metals studies have no noticiable effect on ALA-D. These results agree with the following hypothesis: according to their structure, metals would bind the enzyme in one or several allosteric sites, and induce an allosteric transposition to the active or inactive form of enzyme.", "PMID": 606313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9281", "title": "Phenotypic variation in red cell G-6PD deficiency in heterozygotes.", "content": "Erythrocyte G-6PD activity in 69 heterozygotes has a log-normal distribution, a fact which cannot be solely attributed to random X chromosome inactivation. Others factors - genetic and individual - are suggested by intrafamilial clusting and post-natal variability of phenotype.", "contents": "Phenotypic variation in red cell G-6PD deficiency in heterozygotes. Erythrocyte G-6PD activity in 69 heterozygotes has a log-normal distribution, a fact which cannot be solely attributed to random X chromosome inactivation. Others factors - genetic and individual - are suggested by intrafamilial clusting and post-natal variability of phenotype.", "PMID": 606314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9282", "title": "Restoration of the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells in AKR mice after arabinosylcytosine treatment.", "content": "The hypothesis of repression of multipotent stem cells (CFU) by leukemic cells to explain their depletion, previously demonstrated in AKR leukemic mice, was tested. Using arabinosylcytosine to destroy leukemic cells, it was shown that the bone marrow CFU pool was acutely depressed between 2 h and 12 h after treatment. However, 5 to 7 days later, this pool was restored, surpassing the value of the bone marrow pool in normal mice. This seems to indicate that the CFU pool in leukemic mice is potentially capable of proliferating but is repressed by leukemic cells.", "contents": "Restoration of the bone marrow pluripotent stem cells in AKR mice after arabinosylcytosine treatment. The hypothesis of repression of multipotent stem cells (CFU) by leukemic cells to explain their depletion, previously demonstrated in AKR leukemic mice, was tested. Using arabinosylcytosine to destroy leukemic cells, it was shown that the bone marrow CFU pool was acutely depressed between 2 h and 12 h after treatment. However, 5 to 7 days later, this pool was restored, surpassing the value of the bone marrow pool in normal mice. This seems to indicate that the CFU pool in leukemic mice is potentially capable of proliferating but is repressed by leukemic cells.", "PMID": 606315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9283", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of anabolic steroids: an evaluation of three antisera for the detection of anabolic steroids in biological fluids.", "content": "Recently developed radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the analysis of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids were tested for cross-reactivity with other types of steroids. Results show that the degree of desirable cross-reactivity within the two classes or orally active anabolic steroids vary widely and that the antiserum for 19-Nortestosterone (the active principle of intramuscular preparations) has a very high degree of undesirable cross-reactivity with components of oral contraceptives. Single and multiple dose studies in human volunteers demonstrate that the detection level and degree of retrospectivity are likewise variable but that the test easily detects most anabolic steroids during treatment. At the present time, the combination of the three antisera for the assay of a sample appears to be a relatively rapid and economic method for screening large numbers of samples in situations where doping control of anabolic steroids is required. The importance of utilizing physico-chemical means for identification of RIA potential positives is emphasized.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of anabolic steroids: an evaluation of three antisera for the detection of anabolic steroids in biological fluids. Recently developed radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the analysis of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids were tested for cross-reactivity with other types of steroids. Results show that the degree of desirable cross-reactivity within the two classes or orally active anabolic steroids vary widely and that the antiserum for 19-Nortestosterone (the active principle of intramuscular preparations) has a very high degree of undesirable cross-reactivity with components of oral contraceptives. Single and multiple dose studies in human volunteers demonstrate that the detection level and degree of retrospectivity are likewise variable but that the test easily detects most anabolic steroids during treatment. At the present time, the combination of the three antisera for the assay of a sample appears to be a relatively rapid and economic method for screening large numbers of samples in situations where doping control of anabolic steroids is required. The importance of utilizing physico-chemical means for identification of RIA potential positives is emphasized.", "PMID": 606317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9284", "title": "Responses to sustained use of anabolic steroid.", "content": "Description is given of six body-builders who had been taking Methandrostenolone (up to 20 mg/day in intermittent courses for a year or more). At the time of examination there was no subjective disturbance of sexual function, but testosterone levels were low relative to laboratory standards and luteinizing hormone levels were also reduced - particularly in relation to testosterone concentrations. Abnormal liver function tests were seen in three of the six subjects, and one had mild diabetes with high serum cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid. The weight gain of the group was not outstanding, and the only possible finding was a high haemoglobin and haematocrit in one of the six subjects.", "contents": "Responses to sustained use of anabolic steroid. Description is given of six body-builders who had been taking Methandrostenolone (up to 20 mg/day in intermittent courses for a year or more). At the time of examination there was no subjective disturbance of sexual function, but testosterone levels were low relative to laboratory standards and luteinizing hormone levels were also reduced - particularly in relation to testosterone concentrations. Abnormal liver function tests were seen in three of the six subjects, and one had mild diabetes with high serum cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid. The weight gain of the group was not outstanding, and the only possible finding was a high haemoglobin and haematocrit in one of the six subjects.", "PMID": 606318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9285", "title": "Screening tests for syphilis. A comparison of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay with two automated serological tests.", "content": "Two Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests (Wellcome and Fuzizoki) were compared with the automated reagin test and the automated Reiter protein complement-fixation test in a routine screening system. The Wellcome TPHA was shown to lack sensitivity, and it is recommended that it should be used at a lower screening dilution. The Fuzizoki TPHA recorded a significant number of false positive and false negative results, and was therefore inferior to the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test as a definitive test for syphilis. It is suggested that the TPHA be used in conjunction with a reagin test to replace some of the more inadequate screening tests currently in use. The automated screening tests were shown to have a similar sensitivity to the TPHA as well as several other advantages; they are recommended for testing large numbers of specimens.", "contents": "Screening tests for syphilis. A comparison of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay with two automated serological tests. Two Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) tests (Wellcome and Fuzizoki) were compared with the automated reagin test and the automated Reiter protein complement-fixation test in a routine screening system. The Wellcome TPHA was shown to lack sensitivity, and it is recommended that it should be used at a lower screening dilution. The Fuzizoki TPHA recorded a significant number of false positive and false negative results, and was therefore inferior to the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test as a definitive test for syphilis. It is suggested that the TPHA be used in conjunction with a reagin test to replace some of the more inadequate screening tests currently in use. The automated screening tests were shown to have a similar sensitivity to the TPHA as well as several other advantages; they are recommended for testing large numbers of specimens.", "PMID": 606331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9286", "title": "The impact of urban community hospital surveillance for gonorrhoea on the infection rate and complications in the female. A progress report.", "content": "This study substantiates a previous report concerning the importance of the urban community hospital, particularly its emergency room, in the detection of gonorrhoea in women. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a major complication of gonorrhoea in women, significantly declined during a nine-year surveillance and control programme in the Memphis-Shelby County area. This suggests that the programme may have prevented PID developing in women through the early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infections.", "contents": "The impact of urban community hospital surveillance for gonorrhoea on the infection rate and complications in the female. A progress report. This study substantiates a previous report concerning the importance of the urban community hospital, particularly its emergency room, in the detection of gonorrhoea in women. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a major complication of gonorrhoea in women, significantly declined during a nine-year surveillance and control programme in the Memphis-Shelby County area. This suggests that the programme may have prevented PID developing in women through the early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infections.", "PMID": 606332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9287", "title": "The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in the aetiology of non-gonococcal urethritis in men.", "content": "Men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) were divided into two groups and treated with either lymecycline or tinidazole; anaerobic cultures were performed before and after treatment. Neither treatment affected the anaerobic flora. However, the men treated with lymecycline were relieved of symptoms and signs, while those treated with tinidazole were not. The anaerobic bacteria found are considered normal inhabitants of the urethral tract and without significance in the aetiology of NGU.", "contents": "The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in the aetiology of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. Men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) were divided into two groups and treated with either lymecycline or tinidazole; anaerobic cultures were performed before and after treatment. Neither treatment affected the anaerobic flora. However, the men treated with lymecycline were relieved of symptoms and signs, while those treated with tinidazole were not. The anaerobic bacteria found are considered normal inhabitants of the urethral tract and without significance in the aetiology of NGU.", "PMID": 606333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9288", "title": "Benign transient lymphangiectasis (sclerosing lymphangitis) of the penis.", "content": "The literature on benign transient lymphangiectasis of the penis (BTLP) was reviewed; reports of 45 cases were collected and a further series, comprising 21 cases, is presented. Both the published and present series support the view that BTLP is associated with recent sexual activity; little support is given for an infective cause and it is confirmed that BTLP is a benign, self-limiting condition presenting in the sexually active man between 20 and 40 years old. There can be recurrences, and susceptibility to them may be encouraged by circumcision in which disturbances of lymphatic drainage may play a part. As so few cases have been reported and few were diagnosed in the present series these comments can only be pointers to further studies. The descriptions in six histological examinations, the reports as `phlebitis' of apparently similar lesions, the report of `sclerosing lymphangitis' in other sites, and the known histological similarity between veins and lymphatics suggest that `sclerosing lymphangitis' is too specific a term. Until further knowledge is available, we suggest that this condition is best regarded as simple dilatation of a lymphatic vessel-namely, lymphangiectasis. As the condition is both benign and transient we propose the term benign transient lymphangiectasis of the penis for the condition formerly known as sclerosing lymphangitis.", "contents": "Benign transient lymphangiectasis (sclerosing lymphangitis) of the penis. The literature on benign transient lymphangiectasis of the penis (BTLP) was reviewed; reports of 45 cases were collected and a further series, comprising 21 cases, is presented. Both the published and present series support the view that BTLP is associated with recent sexual activity; little support is given for an infective cause and it is confirmed that BTLP is a benign, self-limiting condition presenting in the sexually active man between 20 and 40 years old. There can be recurrences, and susceptibility to them may be encouraged by circumcision in which disturbances of lymphatic drainage may play a part. As so few cases have been reported and few were diagnosed in the present series these comments can only be pointers to further studies. The descriptions in six histological examinations, the reports as `phlebitis' of apparently similar lesions, the report of `sclerosing lymphangitis' in other sites, and the known histological similarity between veins and lymphatics suggest that `sclerosing lymphangitis' is too specific a term. Until further knowledge is available, we suggest that this condition is best regarded as simple dilatation of a lymphatic vessel-namely, lymphangiectasis. As the condition is both benign and transient we propose the term benign transient lymphangiectasis of the penis for the condition formerly known as sclerosing lymphangitis.", "PMID": 606334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9289", "title": "A patient with primary syphilis of the hand.", "content": "The case history of a man with primary syphilis of the right hand is described. This type of luetic condition nowadays is rare. The incidence of genital, anorectal, and extragenital primary syphilis in both men and women and in sailors presenting at the Venereological Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Dermatology of the University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt during a period of seven years was studied. In sailors and women only genital primary lesions were found, whereas in male civilians 6.3% of cases of primary syphilis had anorectal lesions. The primary lesions in this study were different from those reported in earlier literature.", "contents": "A patient with primary syphilis of the hand. The case history of a man with primary syphilis of the right hand is described. This type of luetic condition nowadays is rare. The incidence of genital, anorectal, and extragenital primary syphilis in both men and women and in sailors presenting at the Venereological Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Dermatology of the University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt during a period of seven years was studied. In sailors and women only genital primary lesions were found, whereas in male civilians 6.3% of cases of primary syphilis had anorectal lesions. The primary lesions in this study were different from those reported in earlier literature.", "PMID": 606335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9290", "title": "Unusual location of condyloma lata. A case report.", "content": "The case of a woman with secondary syphilis is described. The outstanding features were the presence of condylomata lata of the axilla and vulva as well as of the anal region.", "contents": "Unusual location of condyloma lata. A case report. The case of a woman with secondary syphilis is described. The outstanding features were the presence of condylomata lata of the axilla and vulva as well as of the anal region.", "PMID": 606337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9291", "title": "The interrelationship between the olfactory bulbs and the basomedical hypothalamus in controlling food intake, obesity and endocrine functions in the chicken.", "content": "Surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs (OB) in the chicken indicated an increase in thyrotropic activity followed by a compensatory increase in food intake, as shown earlier. Basomedial hypothalamic (BMH) lesions in these birds caused changes in certain parameters which strongly infer hypoactivity of the thyrotropic axis. The lesions also caused development of typical hypothalamic obesity demonstrating both dynamic and static phases. Removal of the OB in BMH lesioned birds in their static phase of obesity, caused no demonstrable physiological changes. While removal of the OB caused an increase in somatotropic activity, the opposite was found in BMH lesioned birds. Those animals in which OB were removed and BMH was destroyed, demonstrated a decrease in somatotropic activity. It is suggested that the syndrome caused by BMH lesions dominates that caused by removal of the OB. The possibility of involvement of the OB in the control of thyrotropic and somatotropic activities mediated by the basomedial hypothalamus, is discussed.", "contents": "The interrelationship between the olfactory bulbs and the basomedical hypothalamus in controlling food intake, obesity and endocrine functions in the chicken. Surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs (OB) in the chicken indicated an increase in thyrotropic activity followed by a compensatory increase in food intake, as shown earlier. Basomedial hypothalamic (BMH) lesions in these birds caused changes in certain parameters which strongly infer hypoactivity of the thyrotropic axis. The lesions also caused development of typical hypothalamic obesity demonstrating both dynamic and static phases. Removal of the OB in BMH lesioned birds in their static phase of obesity, caused no demonstrable physiological changes. While removal of the OB caused an increase in somatotropic activity, the opposite was found in BMH lesioned birds. Those animals in which OB were removed and BMH was destroyed, demonstrated a decrease in somatotropic activity. It is suggested that the syndrome caused by BMH lesions dominates that caused by removal of the OB. The possibility of involvement of the OB in the control of thyrotropic and somatotropic activities mediated by the basomedial hypothalamus, is discussed.", "PMID": 606342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9292", "title": "Lightweight, multi-contact, slip-ring commutator for recording and stimulation with small animals.", "content": "A slip-ring commutator which can be used to electrically stimulate and/or record from the brains of small, unrestrained animals is described. In addition to providing 4 to 10 independent electrical contacts, featues of this model include its small size, low torque characteristics, low rate of contact oxidation, and minimal noise generated at the brush-ring surface. The compactness and light weight of this unit permit it to be suspended from a counterweighted boom assembly, thus providing additional freedom for vertical movement.", "contents": "Lightweight, multi-contact, slip-ring commutator for recording and stimulation with small animals. A slip-ring commutator which can be used to electrically stimulate and/or record from the brains of small, unrestrained animals is described. In addition to providing 4 to 10 independent electrical contacts, featues of this model include its small size, low torque characteristics, low rate of contact oxidation, and minimal noise generated at the brush-ring surface. The compactness and light weight of this unit permit it to be suspended from a counterweighted boom assembly, thus providing additional freedom for vertical movement.", "PMID": 606345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9293", "title": "Infant rats: sensorimotor ontogeny and effects of substantia nigra destruction.", "content": "The ontogeny of sensorimotor behaviors of albino rats were evaluated from birth through adulthood (Experiment 1). Sensorimotor behaviors (e.g., visual and tactile orientation, forelimb and hindlimb hopping, righting reflexes) achieved mature (adultlike) characteristics at various ages during ontogeny and a rostral-caudal developmental pattern was revealed. In Experiment 2, the substantia nigra was bilaterally or unilaterally destroyed in rats at 10 or 25 days of age and the ontogeny of sensorimotor and regulatory (feeding, drinking, body weight regulation) behaviors were evaluated. Bilateral destruction of the substantia nigra, zona compacta, at 10 and 25 days of age resulted in transient cessation of suckling and/or feeding and drinking followed by recovery. Male brain-damaged rats had reduced body weight through 150-170 days of age. Specific feeding and drinking tests revealed the presence of residual regulatory deficits which seemed permanent. Sensorimotor testing revealed transient dysfunction for a variety of sensorimotor behaviors, with eventual recovery of normal sensorimotor capacity. The results are related to sensorimotor ontogeny and recovery from infant brain damage.", "contents": "Infant rats: sensorimotor ontogeny and effects of substantia nigra destruction. The ontogeny of sensorimotor behaviors of albino rats were evaluated from birth through adulthood (Experiment 1). Sensorimotor behaviors (e.g., visual and tactile orientation, forelimb and hindlimb hopping, righting reflexes) achieved mature (adultlike) characteristics at various ages during ontogeny and a rostral-caudal developmental pattern was revealed. In Experiment 2, the substantia nigra was bilaterally or unilaterally destroyed in rats at 10 or 25 days of age and the ontogeny of sensorimotor and regulatory (feeding, drinking, body weight regulation) behaviors were evaluated. Bilateral destruction of the substantia nigra, zona compacta, at 10 and 25 days of age resulted in transient cessation of suckling and/or feeding and drinking followed by recovery. Male brain-damaged rats had reduced body weight through 150-170 days of age. Specific feeding and drinking tests revealed the presence of residual regulatory deficits which seemed permanent. Sensorimotor testing revealed transient dysfunction for a variety of sensorimotor behaviors, with eventual recovery of normal sensorimotor capacity. The results are related to sensorimotor ontogeny and recovery from infant brain damage.", "PMID": 606340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9294", "title": "Ultrastructure of juvenile hormone-induced degenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus.", "content": "Topical application of 5 microgram of a juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), ZR-615, to female callow adults of Ips paraconfusus induced degeneration of the dorsoventral flight muscles. Within 24 h after JHA-treatment the diameter of the myofibrils was reduced to almost half due to the lysis of the peripheral myofilaments. Mitochondria showed conspicuous degenerative changes like swelling, dissolution of the matrix or presence in the matrix of dense filamentous material or myelin-like figures. Degeneration of the mitochondria seemed to take place inside isolation membranes derived from sarcoplasmic reticulum. A number of granular osmiophilic bodies appeared in the sarcoplasm. Three days after JHA-treatment the muscles were very thin and sheath-like. Most of the mitochondria had already degenerated. The dense sarcoplasm contained numerous crystalline bodies. The granular dense bodies were also more frequent. The myofibrils were comprised of only occasional small bundles of myofilaments. The tubules of the T system enclosed an amorphous material. The nuclei and the tracheal system remained intact but they were crowded due to the decreased volume of the muscle. In some specimens degeneration of the myofibrils and mitochondria was completed by the third day. No sign of degeneration was observed in the flight muscles of acetone treated control insects.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of juvenile hormone-induced degenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus. Topical application of 5 microgram of a juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), ZR-615, to female callow adults of Ips paraconfusus induced degeneration of the dorsoventral flight muscles. Within 24 h after JHA-treatment the diameter of the myofibrils was reduced to almost half due to the lysis of the peripheral myofilaments. Mitochondria showed conspicuous degenerative changes like swelling, dissolution of the matrix or presence in the matrix of dense filamentous material or myelin-like figures. Degeneration of the mitochondria seemed to take place inside isolation membranes derived from sarcoplasmic reticulum. A number of granular osmiophilic bodies appeared in the sarcoplasm. Three days after JHA-treatment the muscles were very thin and sheath-like. Most of the mitochondria had already degenerated. The dense sarcoplasm contained numerous crystalline bodies. The granular dense bodies were also more frequent. The myofibrils were comprised of only occasional small bundles of myofilaments. The tubules of the T system enclosed an amorphous material. The nuclei and the tracheal system remained intact but they were crowded due to the decreased volume of the muscle. In some specimens degeneration of the myofibrils and mitochondria was completed by the third day. No sign of degeneration was observed in the flight muscles of acetone treated control insects.", "PMID": 606363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9295", "title": "Neuronal and synaptic organization in the gravity receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris.", "content": "The neuronal and synaptic organization of the sensory epithelium (macula) of the gravity receptor system of Octopus vulgaris was investigated by serial electron microscopic reconstruction. Three different types of afferent neurons, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar, are described. Afferent synapses exist between the secondary sensory cells (hair cells) and the afferent neurons. Consequently, the neurons are first-order neurons. Two morphologically distinct types of afferent synapses could be identified: the most common type, present on every hair cell, has a finger-like postsynaptic process; the second type, which does not occur on every hair cell, has a flat or somewhat curved postsynaptic process. As a rule, the hair cells each form synapses with more than one afferent neuron. The neurons, in turn, form synapses with more than one hair cell. A complicated arrangement of efferent synapses was found at the level of both the hair cells and the neurons. The results are discussed with reference to their physiological consequences.", "contents": "Neuronal and synaptic organization in the gravity receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris. The neuronal and synaptic organization of the sensory epithelium (macula) of the gravity receptor system of Octopus vulgaris was investigated by serial electron microscopic reconstruction. Three different types of afferent neurons, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar, are described. Afferent synapses exist between the secondary sensory cells (hair cells) and the afferent neurons. Consequently, the neurons are first-order neurons. Two morphologically distinct types of afferent synapses could be identified: the most common type, present on every hair cell, has a finger-like postsynaptic process; the second type, which does not occur on every hair cell, has a flat or somewhat curved postsynaptic process. As a rule, the hair cells each form synapses with more than one afferent neuron. The neurons, in turn, form synapses with more than one hair cell. A complicated arrangement of efferent synapses was found at the level of both the hair cells and the neurons. The results are discussed with reference to their physiological consequences.", "PMID": 606364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9296", "title": "The retina-lamina projection in the crab Leptograpsus variegatus.", "content": "In the crab, Leptograpsus variegatus, the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi-thin sections. Forty-four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina. The eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge. Therefore, because the crab has a fused rhabdom, angular information is conserved in vision, and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina, just as it is in the standard non-dipteran pattern of insects. The belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons, and on degeneration experiments. This evidence is reviewed, shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for Leptograpsus.", "contents": "The retina-lamina projection in the crab Leptograpsus variegatus. In the crab, Leptograpsus variegatus, the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi-thin sections. Forty-four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina. The eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge. Therefore, because the crab has a fused rhabdom, angular information is conserved in vision, and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina, just as it is in the standard non-dipteran pattern of insects. The belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons, and on degeneration experiments. This evidence is reviewed, shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for Leptograpsus.", "PMID": 606365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9297", "title": "Freeze fracture studies on the annelid septate junction.", "content": "Freeze-fractured preparations of septate junctions between epidermal cells of annelids (Lumbricus terrestris and Tubifex spec.) have been investigated. In Lumbricus the protoplasmic face (PF) of the plasma membrane is characterized by variously arranged rows of particles. Apically the rows take an undulating course and often are separated by wide distances. In the basal part of the junction the rows run closely together and more or less in parallel. The diameter of the particles measures 80--120 A, the distance between two particles (centre to centre) is 150--250 A. Additionally striking rows of large particles (long diameter 150--200 A). Are to be observed mainly near the basal part of the junction. In Tubifex both faces of the plasma membrane could be studied in detail. The protoplasmic face (PF) contains rows of distinct individual particles (mean diameter 100--150 A, centre to centre distance approx. 250 A) whereas the particles of the extracellular face (EF, mean diameter 200-250 A) usually form continuous strands in which the individual particles seem to fuse. The density of arrangement of the strands varies considerably. Additionally ladder-shaped membrane structures have been observed in plasma membranes of this species.", "contents": "Freeze fracture studies on the annelid septate junction. Freeze-fractured preparations of septate junctions between epidermal cells of annelids (Lumbricus terrestris and Tubifex spec.) have been investigated. In Lumbricus the protoplasmic face (PF) of the plasma membrane is characterized by variously arranged rows of particles. Apically the rows take an undulating course and often are separated by wide distances. In the basal part of the junction the rows run closely together and more or less in parallel. The diameter of the particles measures 80--120 A, the distance between two particles (centre to centre) is 150--250 A. Additionally striking rows of large particles (long diameter 150--200 A). Are to be observed mainly near the basal part of the junction. In Tubifex both faces of the plasma membrane could be studied in detail. The protoplasmic face (PF) contains rows of distinct individual particles (mean diameter 100--150 A, centre to centre distance approx. 250 A) whereas the particles of the extracellular face (EF, mean diameter 200-250 A) usually form continuous strands in which the individual particles seem to fuse. The density of arrangement of the strands varies considerably. Additionally ladder-shaped membrane structures have been observed in plasma membranes of this species.", "PMID": 606366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9298", "title": "\"Sunbursts\" and \"christiesomes\": cellular fragments in normal cow and goat milk.", "content": "Goats' milk includes numerous cell fragments (\"christiesomes\") which originate from the mammary secretory cells, contain well preserved endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, and are responsible for the considerable triglyceride synthesising capacity of fresh goat milk. Cows' milk shows a few such particles only after repeated oxytocin-aided milkings. Cows' milk does contain quite different particles which have a dense content with a few small vesicles and numerous microvillus-like protrusions on one side (\"sunbursts\"). These have not been found in goats milk. Cytoplasmic particles similar to sunbursts have been found on the surface of the mammary secretory epithelium. It is suggested that they are residues of dead cells.", "contents": "\"Sunbursts\" and \"christiesomes\": cellular fragments in normal cow and goat milk. Goats' milk includes numerous cell fragments (\"christiesomes\") which originate from the mammary secretory cells, contain well preserved endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets, and are responsible for the considerable triglyceride synthesising capacity of fresh goat milk. Cows' milk shows a few such particles only after repeated oxytocin-aided milkings. Cows' milk does contain quite different particles which have a dense content with a few small vesicles and numerous microvillus-like protrusions on one side (\"sunbursts\"). These have not been found in goats milk. Cytoplasmic particles similar to sunbursts have been found on the surface of the mammary secretory epithelium. It is suggested that they are residues of dead cells.", "PMID": 606367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9299", "title": "Fine structure of the drum muscles of the piranha (serrasalminae, characidae).", "content": "The anterior and the posterior drum muscles of the piranha resemble each other in all essential fine structural aspects: myofibrils are slender; sarcomeres are short compared with those of other drum muscles; mitochondria, located in the periphery of the fibers, are numerous and show an irregular internal structure; and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant. Triads appear at the level of the Z lines. The drum muscles have many motor endplates, which, however, lack the characteristic junctional-fold apparatus. No lipid substances could be demonstrated in these muscles. In the posterior drum muscle the fibers depart from their orderly longitudinal arrangement at irregular intervals.", "contents": "Fine structure of the drum muscles of the piranha (serrasalminae, characidae). The anterior and the posterior drum muscles of the piranha resemble each other in all essential fine structural aspects: myofibrils are slender; sarcomeres are short compared with those of other drum muscles; mitochondria, located in the periphery of the fibers, are numerous and show an irregular internal structure; and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant. Triads appear at the level of the Z lines. The drum muscles have many motor endplates, which, however, lack the characteristic junctional-fold apparatus. No lipid substances could be demonstrated in these muscles. In the posterior drum muscle the fibers depart from their orderly longitudinal arrangement at irregular intervals.", "PMID": 606368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9300", "title": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pre-dialysis renal bone disease.", "content": "Assessment of 18 azotaemic patients treated with long-term 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) confirms the generally favourable effect of this analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in azotaemic osteodystrophy. Growing children with radiological rickets respond very well as do adults showing mild hyperparathyroidism with or without osteomalacia. However, patients with severe 'pure' hyperparathyroidism and features of autonomy do not respond well and in such patients 1alpha-OHD3 alone should be avoided. Phosphate restriction and occasionally a sub-total parathyroidectomy may be indicated in these patients.", "contents": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pre-dialysis renal bone disease. Assessment of 18 azotaemic patients treated with long-term 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) confirms the generally favourable effect of this analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in azotaemic osteodystrophy. Growing children with radiological rickets respond very well as do adults showing mild hyperparathyroidism with or without osteomalacia. However, patients with severe 'pure' hyperparathyroidism and features of autonomy do not respond well and in such patients 1alpha-OHD3 alone should be avoided. Phosphate restriction and occasionally a sub-total parathyroidectomy may be indicated in these patients.", "PMID": 606409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9301", "title": "Prophylactic 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients starting regular haemodialysis were treated with a 1 microgram daily dose of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and concurrent aluminium hydroxide therapy to prevent hyperphosphataemia. There was an increase in plasma calcium, but no significant improvement in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity or parathyroid hormone levels. Metastatic calcification progressed but was never a severe clinical problem. Quantitative bone histology showed a significant decrease in resorptive surfaces confirmed radiologically, but there was no significant decrease in forming surfaces. The expected increase in forming surfaces with length of dialysis was however prevented.", "contents": "Prophylactic 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in haemodialysis patients. Twenty-seven patients starting regular haemodialysis were treated with a 1 microgram daily dose of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and concurrent aluminium hydroxide therapy to prevent hyperphosphataemia. There was an increase in plasma calcium, but no significant improvement in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity or parathyroid hormone levels. Metastatic calcification progressed but was never a severe clinical problem. Quantitative bone histology showed a significant decrease in resorptive surfaces confirmed radiologically, but there was no significant decrease in forming surfaces. The expected increase in forming surfaces with length of dialysis was however prevented.", "PMID": 606410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9302", "title": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and mineral content of bone in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Ten patients with renal osteodystrophy were treated with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 18 months. The effect of treatment was measured by a number of different methods and bone mass assessed by mineral and neutron activation analysis. In the majority of patients, raised serum levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, histological features and radiological changes returned to normal. These effects were inconsistent in patients with a raised serum calcium level before starting treatment. In general, in patients without evidence of severe hyperparathyroidism there was a reduction in the rate of fall or an increase in the mineral and calcium content of the bone.", "contents": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and mineral content of bone in renal osteodystrophy. Ten patients with renal osteodystrophy were treated with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 18 months. The effect of treatment was measured by a number of different methods and bone mass assessed by mineral and neutron activation analysis. In the majority of patients, raised serum levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, histological features and radiological changes returned to normal. These effects were inconsistent in patients with a raised serum calcium level before starting treatment. In general, in patients without evidence of severe hyperparathyroidism there was a reduction in the rate of fall or an increase in the mineral and calcium content of the bone.", "PMID": 606411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9303", "title": "Spinal calcium changes with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "During treatment of renal osteodystrophy with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in eleven patients, regional changes in the skeleton have been compared with long-term calcium balance as assessed by whole-body calcium. Radial bone changes did not correlated well with calcium balance, but spinal calcium changes were of a similar magnitude when changes were large. Bone alkaline phosphatase changes correlated well with changes in spinal calcium, but less well with changes in radial bone density.", "contents": "Spinal calcium changes with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. During treatment of renal osteodystrophy with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in eleven patients, regional changes in the skeleton have been compared with long-term calcium balance as assessed by whole-body calcium. Radial bone changes did not correlated well with calcium balance, but spinal calcium changes were of a similar magnitude when changes were large. Bone alkaline phosphatase changes correlated well with changes in spinal calcium, but less well with changes in radial bone density.", "PMID": 606412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9304", "title": "The effect of dialysate calcium concentration on 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on skeletal calcium loss and hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "The response of hyperparathyroidism and skeletal calcium loss in haemodialysis patients to treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 mmol/l was compared with the response to treatment with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone over a 6 month period. In patients treated with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 there was a significant rise in plasma calcium associated with a significant fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma parathyroid hormone as well as resolution of sub-periosteal erosions. In these patients there was a significant rise in the calcium content of the forearm assessed by neutron activation analysis in comparison to patients treated with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.75 or 1.375 mmol/l alone. In patients treated with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone there was no significant change in the plasma calcium, alkaline phosphatase or parathyroid hormone after 6 months and in these patients subperiosteal erosions either did not change or became worse. No significant difference in the response in these two groups was observed. This study indicates that treatment of haemodialysis patients with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is significantly more effective than treatment with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone in preventing progression of hyperparathyroidism and skeletal calcium loss.", "contents": "The effect of dialysate calcium concentration on 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on skeletal calcium loss and hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients. The response of hyperparathyroidism and skeletal calcium loss in haemodialysis patients to treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 mmol/l was compared with the response to treatment with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone over a 6 month period. In patients treated with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 there was a significant rise in plasma calcium associated with a significant fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma parathyroid hormone as well as resolution of sub-periosteal erosions. In these patients there was a significant rise in the calcium content of the forearm assessed by neutron activation analysis in comparison to patients treated with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.75 or 1.375 mmol/l alone. In patients treated with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone there was no significant change in the plasma calcium, alkaline phosphatase or parathyroid hormone after 6 months and in these patients subperiosteal erosions either did not change or became worse. No significant difference in the response in these two groups was observed. This study indicates that treatment of haemodialysis patients with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is significantly more effective than treatment with a dialysate calcium concentration of 1.375 or 1.75 mmol/l alone in preventing progression of hyperparathyroidism and skeletal calcium loss.", "PMID": 606413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9305", "title": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 with and without oestrogens on calcium balance in post-menopausal women.", "content": "Balance studies were performed in thirty-three post-menopausal women (all but five having vertebral crush fractures or femoral neck fractures) in the basal state and on treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and/or oestrogenic hormones. The results suggest that the effectiveness of oestrogen therapy is limited by calcium malabsorption and the effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is limited by oestrogen deficiency. The best results were obtained with combined therapy to remedy what appears to be two distinct deficiencies. To minimize the risks of hypercalcaemia and the possible risks of hormone therapy, we suggest that the treatment of choice in post-menopausal osteoporosis may be 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 1microgram daily and ethinyloestrodiol 25 microgram daily for 3 weeks in every 4. Patients on a low dietary intake of calcium should probably be given calcium supplements. With this regimen, it should not be necessary to screen patients initially for calcium malabsorption or oestrogen deficiency because the majority of patients present with a combination of the two factors.", "contents": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 with and without oestrogens on calcium balance in post-menopausal women. Balance studies were performed in thirty-three post-menopausal women (all but five having vertebral crush fractures or femoral neck fractures) in the basal state and on treatment with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and/or oestrogenic hormones. The results suggest that the effectiveness of oestrogen therapy is limited by calcium malabsorption and the effectiveness of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is limited by oestrogen deficiency. The best results were obtained with combined therapy to remedy what appears to be two distinct deficiencies. To minimize the risks of hypercalcaemia and the possible risks of hormone therapy, we suggest that the treatment of choice in post-menopausal osteoporosis may be 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 1microgram daily and ethinyloestrodiol 25 microgram daily for 3 weeks in every 4. Patients on a low dietary intake of calcium should probably be given calcium supplements. With this regimen, it should not be necessary to screen patients initially for calcium malabsorption or oestrogen deficiency because the majority of patients present with a combination of the two factors.", "PMID": 606414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9306", "title": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestine and bone in glucocorticoid-treated patients.", "content": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on the intestinal calcium absorption was studied in twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone at daily doses of 5--15 mg for 1/2--20 years. The fractional calcium absorption, measured before and after the treatment with the vitamin D compounds, increased in nineteen of the twenty patients. This was, however, accompanied by marked rises in the urinary calcium excretion. There was no correlation between the fractional calcium absorption and the duration of the prednisone treatment or the doses given.", "contents": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestine and bone in glucocorticoid-treated patients. The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on the intestinal calcium absorption was studied in twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone at daily doses of 5--15 mg for 1/2--20 years. The fractional calcium absorption, measured before and after the treatment with the vitamin D compounds, increased in nineteen of the twenty patients. This was, however, accompanied by marked rises in the urinary calcium excretion. There was no correlation between the fractional calcium absorption and the duration of the prednisone treatment or the doses given.", "PMID": 606415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9307", "title": "1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the long-term management of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Normocalcaemia was restored and maintained in eleven hypoparathyroid and two pseudohypoparathyroid patients treated for up to 36 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. It was found to be a potent compound, maintenance doses ranging from 4 microgram weekly to 2 microgram daily. Supplementary oral calcium was used in acutely and profoundly hypocalcaemic patients but was given to only two patients as part of long-term therapy. Hypercalcaemic episodes occurring during treatment were of short duration and could be controlled by withdrawal of medication alone.", "contents": "1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the long-term management of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Normocalcaemia was restored and maintained in eleven hypoparathyroid and two pseudohypoparathyroid patients treated for up to 36 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. It was found to be a potent compound, maintenance doses ranging from 4 microgram weekly to 2 microgram daily. Supplementary oral calcium was used in acutely and profoundly hypocalcaemic patients but was given to only two patients as part of long-term therapy. Hypercalcaemic episodes occurring during treatment were of short duration and could be controlled by withdrawal of medication alone.", "PMID": 606417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9308", "title": "The management of hypoparathyroidism with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "A retrospective study of the comparative effects of vitamin D, dihydrotachysterol and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 was undertaken in twenty-eight patients with hypoparathyroidism. The vitamin D compounds restored plasma calcium to the normal range in most patients with comparable actions on the gut, bone and kidney. Although the vitamin D compounds had a direct action on kidney and bone in the absence of PTH, the major action in maintaining plasma calcium was on the gut. Plasma phosphate fell due to a reduction in renal tubular reabsorption. Dihydrotachysterol and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 had significant practical advantages over vitamin D in their rapid onset of action and their relatively short biological half-life.", "contents": "The management of hypoparathyroidism with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. A retrospective study of the comparative effects of vitamin D, dihydrotachysterol and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 was undertaken in twenty-eight patients with hypoparathyroidism. The vitamin D compounds restored plasma calcium to the normal range in most patients with comparable actions on the gut, bone and kidney. Although the vitamin D compounds had a direct action on kidney and bone in the absence of PTH, the major action in maintaining plasma calcium was on the gut. Plasma phosphate fell due to a reduction in renal tubular reabsorption. Dihydrotachysterol and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 had significant practical advantages over vitamin D in their rapid onset of action and their relatively short biological half-life.", "PMID": 606418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9309", "title": "1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism with severe bone disease (and tertiary hyperparathyroidism) has frequently been complicated by severe and prolonged post-operative hypocalcaemia. In seven such cases a short-pre-operative course of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been found to abolish these adverse features virtually completely and even to diminish pre-operative symptoms where present. Exacerbation of hypercalcaemia has not occurred and this regimen is thus recommended as a routine measure.", "contents": "1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary hyperparathyroidism. The surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism with severe bone disease (and tertiary hyperparathyroidism) has frequently been complicated by severe and prolonged post-operative hypocalcaemia. In seven such cases a short-pre-operative course of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been found to abolish these adverse features virtually completely and even to diminish pre-operative symptoms where present. Exacerbation of hypercalcaemia has not occurred and this regimen is thus recommended as a routine measure.", "PMID": 606419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9310", "title": "Histopathology of renal osteodystrophy with particular reference to the effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients treated by long-term haemodialysis.", "content": "(1) The bone histology of 233 non-dialysed and 276 haemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure is reviewed. In non-dialysed patients osteitis fibrosa occurred in 83.7% and osteomalacia in 23.6% of patients. Osteomalacia was not found in the absence of osteitis fibrosa. In haemodialysed patients there was a more variable bone histology, sometimes resembling non-dialysed bone disease, but in general with a greater incidence of osteomalacia, especially with increasing time on dialysis. In some patients there was a predominance of osteomalacia accompanied by no or only mild osteitis fibrosa and the serum alkaline phosphatase was normal. (2) The results of treating twenty-six haemodialysed patients with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) are described. Patients with osteomalacia and minimal or no osteitis fibrosa and a normal serum alkaline phosphatase (Group I) in general failed to respond and it is suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 deficiency is not the sole factor responsible for the osteomalacia in these patients. In contrast, 1alpha-OHD3 therapy was effective in improving osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia in some patients with moderate to severe degrees of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia (Group IIa) and in improving osteitis fibrosa where this occurred alone (Group IIb).", "contents": "Histopathology of renal osteodystrophy with particular reference to the effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients treated by long-term haemodialysis. (1) The bone histology of 233 non-dialysed and 276 haemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure is reviewed. In non-dialysed patients osteitis fibrosa occurred in 83.7% and osteomalacia in 23.6% of patients. Osteomalacia was not found in the absence of osteitis fibrosa. In haemodialysed patients there was a more variable bone histology, sometimes resembling non-dialysed bone disease, but in general with a greater incidence of osteomalacia, especially with increasing time on dialysis. In some patients there was a predominance of osteomalacia accompanied by no or only mild osteitis fibrosa and the serum alkaline phosphatase was normal. (2) The results of treating twenty-six haemodialysed patients with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) are described. Patients with osteomalacia and minimal or no osteitis fibrosa and a normal serum alkaline phosphatase (Group I) in general failed to respond and it is suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 deficiency is not the sole factor responsible for the osteomalacia in these patients. In contrast, 1alpha-OHD3 therapy was effective in improving osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia in some patients with moderate to severe degrees of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia (Group IIa) and in improving osteitis fibrosa where this occurred alone (Group IIb).", "PMID": 606422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9311", "title": "Bone histomorphometry in patients with chronic renal failure: effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Morphometric and dynamic studies of iliac crest bone biopsies were carried out in twelve patients with chronic renal failure (six on chronic haemodialysis and six with renal insufficiency) before and after 6 months of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Pre-treatment biopsies showed signs of osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Biopsies taken during treatment showed changes towards normality, indicating a beneficial effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Bone histomorphometry in patients with chronic renal failure: effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Morphometric and dynamic studies of iliac crest bone biopsies were carried out in twelve patients with chronic renal failure (six on chronic haemodialysis and six with renal insufficiency) before and after 6 months of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Pre-treatment biopsies showed signs of osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Biopsies taken during treatment showed changes towards normality, indicating a beneficial effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 606423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9312", "title": "Factors influencing the response to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with renal bone disease.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure were treated for periods of 4--28 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3). Improvements in bone histology were consistently seen in patients with features both of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia but were not invariably observed in patients with osteitis fibrosa or osteomalacia alone (37 and 50% improved respectively). Several factors influencing the outcome of treatment were assessed on the basis of histological responses in bone. A low level of plasma calcium before treatment, rather than the dose of 1alpha-OHD3 tolerated, was the major detectable factor which favourably affected the histological outcome. Other factors examined, including initial plasma concentrations of phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, and treatment with haemodialysis or dietary supplements of calcium did not apparently influence the response.", "contents": "Factors influencing the response to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with renal bone disease. Twenty-three patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure were treated for periods of 4--28 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3). Improvements in bone histology were consistently seen in patients with features both of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia but were not invariably observed in patients with osteitis fibrosa or osteomalacia alone (37 and 50% improved respectively). Several factors influencing the outcome of treatment were assessed on the basis of histological responses in bone. A low level of plasma calcium before treatment, rather than the dose of 1alpha-OHD3 tolerated, was the major detectable factor which favourably affected the histological outcome. Other factors examined, including initial plasma concentrations of phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, and treatment with haemodialysis or dietary supplements of calcium did not apparently influence the response.", "PMID": 606425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9313", "title": "Correlation of clinical, biochemical and skeletal responses to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in renal bone disease.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure (twenty-four on maintenance haemodialysis) were treated for 7--39 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 2--2.5 microgram daily by mouth. Symptoms (bone pain and muscle weakness) and radiographic appearances improved and plasma alkaline phosphatase returned to normal in the majority of patients (87, 76 and 75% respectively). In contrast, histological appearances in bone improved in only 46% twenty-three patients from whom paired biopsies were available, and this change was not greatly different from that seen in a comparable group of untreated patients. Significant correlations were noted in individual patients between the changes in symptoms, X-rays, plasma alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and these, in turn, were related to histological changes in bone, although these latter changes were often small. It is concluded that 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is a useful new drug in the treatment of renal bone disease, but that the evaluation of the response depends critically on the method of assessment used.", "contents": "Correlation of clinical, biochemical and skeletal responses to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in renal bone disease. Thirty-five patients with bone disease and chronic renal failure (twenty-four on maintenance haemodialysis) were treated for 7--39 months with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 2--2.5 microgram daily by mouth. Symptoms (bone pain and muscle weakness) and radiographic appearances improved and plasma alkaline phosphatase returned to normal in the majority of patients (87, 76 and 75% respectively). In contrast, histological appearances in bone improved in only 46% twenty-three patients from whom paired biopsies were available, and this change was not greatly different from that seen in a comparable group of untreated patients. Significant correlations were noted in individual patients between the changes in symptoms, X-rays, plasma alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and these, in turn, were related to histological changes in bone, although these latter changes were often small. It is concluded that 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is a useful new drug in the treatment of renal bone disease, but that the evaluation of the response depends critically on the method of assessment used.", "PMID": 606424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9314", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The high circulating concentrations of immunoassayable parathyroid hormone observed in chronic renal failure are due to a number of factors. These include altered metabolism of the hormone and also end-organ unresponsiveness which may, indirectly, cause increased secretion of parathyroid hormone. The response of the overactive parathyroid glands to changes in plasma calcium and magnesium is variable and caution is needed in evaluating the suppressibility of parathyroid hormone secretion in acute studies. 1alpha-Hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D can effectively suppress parathyroid gland overactivity. This effect may not necessarily be medicated through hypercalcaemia and vitamin D metabolites may act directly on the parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. The high circulating concentrations of immunoassayable parathyroid hormone observed in chronic renal failure are due to a number of factors. These include altered metabolism of the hormone and also end-organ unresponsiveness which may, indirectly, cause increased secretion of parathyroid hormone. The response of the overactive parathyroid glands to changes in plasma calcium and magnesium is variable and caution is needed in evaluating the suppressibility of parathyroid hormone secretion in acute studies. 1alpha-Hydroxylated derivatives of vitamin D can effectively suppress parathyroid gland overactivity. This effect may not necessarily be medicated through hypercalcaemia and vitamin D metabolites may act directly on the parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 606426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9315", "title": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on parathyroid function in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) on parathyroid function was studied in sixteen patients (ten on haemodialysis, six with chronic renal insufficiency) during treatment for 6--8 months. During treatment, a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH) and an increase in serum calcium were seen. An inverse linear correlation was found between serum calcium and logarithmic values of s-PTH in fifteen of sixteen patients, but the slopes of the regression lines varied considerably. This indicates that the suppression of parathyroid function seen during treatment with 1alpha-OHD3 is mediated by a rise in the serum concentration of calcium. For normalization of s-PTH, the serum concentration of calcium had to be above normal range in several patients, indicating a defect in calcium-mediated regulation of the secretion of parathyroid hormone. This abnormality was seen especially in long-term haemodialysed patients.", "contents": "Effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on parathyroid function in patients with chronic renal failure. The effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OHD3) on parathyroid function was studied in sixteen patients (ten on haemodialysis, six with chronic renal insufficiency) during treatment for 6--8 months. During treatment, a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH) and an increase in serum calcium were seen. An inverse linear correlation was found between serum calcium and logarithmic values of s-PTH in fifteen of sixteen patients, but the slopes of the regression lines varied considerably. This indicates that the suppression of parathyroid function seen during treatment with 1alpha-OHD3 is mediated by a rise in the serum concentration of calcium. For normalization of s-PTH, the serum concentration of calcium had to be above normal range in several patients, indicating a defect in calcium-mediated regulation of the secretion of parathyroid hormone. This abnormality was seen especially in long-term haemodialysed patients.", "PMID": 606427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9316", "title": "Transfer factor in the attempted treatment of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease.", "content": "Six patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HBsAg-pos) chronic liver disease have been treated with transfer factor (TF) prepared from leucocytes of normal blood donors with no history of hepatitis, and with TF from subjects recently recovered from type B hepatitis. In three patients there were transient elevations of aspartate transaminase (AsT) after 'specific' TF, representing damage or destruction of hepatocytes, and in two of these patients there was coincidental complement consumption, suggesting that TF had stimulated production of antibody. In one other patient there was an increase in E-rosetting lymphocyte (ERL) concentration representing a change in T-lymphocyte reactivity. One of the two patients who had no measured response to TF had a primary liver cell carcinoma and was receiving prednisolone therapy. TF prepared from subjects who have recently recovered from type B hepatitis may have temporarily altered the immunological status of patients with HBsAg-pos chronic liver disease, but it did not have a beneficial therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Transfer factor in the attempted treatment of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease. Six patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HBsAg-pos) chronic liver disease have been treated with transfer factor (TF) prepared from leucocytes of normal blood donors with no history of hepatitis, and with TF from subjects recently recovered from type B hepatitis. In three patients there were transient elevations of aspartate transaminase (AsT) after 'specific' TF, representing damage or destruction of hepatocytes, and in two of these patients there was coincidental complement consumption, suggesting that TF had stimulated production of antibody. In one other patient there was an increase in E-rosetting lymphocyte (ERL) concentration representing a change in T-lymphocyte reactivity. One of the two patients who had no measured response to TF had a primary liver cell carcinoma and was receiving prednisolone therapy. TF prepared from subjects who have recently recovered from type B hepatitis may have temporarily altered the immunological status of patients with HBsAg-pos chronic liver disease, but it did not have a beneficial therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 606432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9317", "title": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. I. the variable course of Leishmania donovani infections in mice.", "content": "The course of infection with Leishmania donovani was followed in seven strains of laboratory mice with measurement of the liver parasite burdens over 20 weeks. The acute parasite population growth rate varied greatly between, but not within, strains. Four strains were relatively resistant with less than an eight-fold increase while the three acutely susceptible strains showed over an eight-fold increase in the first month. Thereafter, one initially susceptible strain showed a dramatic fall in parasite numbers with histological liver damage while another strain maintained an immense parasite load for up to 2 years involving mononuclear phagocytes throughout the body. The system provides a model for studying genetic control of resistance to intracellular infection and the range of responses is compared with human leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "contents": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. I. the variable course of Leishmania donovani infections in mice. The course of infection with Leishmania donovani was followed in seven strains of laboratory mice with measurement of the liver parasite burdens over 20 weeks. The acute parasite population growth rate varied greatly between, but not within, strains. Four strains were relatively resistant with less than an eight-fold increase while the three acutely susceptible strains showed over an eight-fold increase in the first month. Thereafter, one initially susceptible strain showed a dramatic fall in parasite numbers with histological liver damage while another strain maintained an immense parasite load for up to 2 years involving mononuclear phagocytes throughout the body. The system provides a model for studying genetic control of resistance to intracellular infection and the range of responses is compared with human leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 606433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9318", "title": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. II. genetic control of acute susceptibility of mice to Leishmania donovani infection.", "content": "The acute growth rates of Leishmania donovani populations in twenty-five inbred mouse strains fall into two distinct groups: the susceptible (S) and the resistant (R). Hybrids within either category resemble their parents in susceptibility. Hybrids between categories are moderately resistant. Back-crossing of F1 hybrids to R and S parents, and interbreeding the F1 generation, give susceptibility ratios consistent with single gene control of acute susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. The distribution of this character among inbred mouse strains does not correspond to any well-studied gene nor does it appear to be linked to the H2 histocompatibility locus.", "contents": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. II. genetic control of acute susceptibility of mice to Leishmania donovani infection. The acute growth rates of Leishmania donovani populations in twenty-five inbred mouse strains fall into two distinct groups: the susceptible (S) and the resistant (R). Hybrids within either category resemble their parents in susceptibility. Hybrids between categories are moderately resistant. Back-crossing of F1 hybrids to R and S parents, and interbreeding the F1 generation, give susceptibility ratios consistent with single gene control of acute susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. The distribution of this character among inbred mouse strains does not correspond to any well-studied gene nor does it appear to be linked to the H2 histocompatibility locus.", "PMID": 606434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9319", "title": "Agarose microdroplet leucocyte migration technique for detection of cell-mediated hypersensitivity to PPD and renal carcinoma antigen.", "content": "The agarose microdroplet leucocyte migration technique is an in vitro technique for detection of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in man, using only 10-15% of the volume of blood required for other leucocyte migration techniques. The technique is described in detail and results are presented from migrations with leucocytes from hypernephroma patients and controls tested with hypernephroma extract and normal kidney extract, and from tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative persons tested with PPD.", "contents": "Agarose microdroplet leucocyte migration technique for detection of cell-mediated hypersensitivity to PPD and renal carcinoma antigen. The agarose microdroplet leucocyte migration technique is an in vitro technique for detection of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in man, using only 10-15% of the volume of blood required for other leucocyte migration techniques. The technique is described in detail and results are presented from migrations with leucocytes from hypernephroma patients and controls tested with hypernephroma extract and normal kidney extract, and from tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative persons tested with PPD.", "PMID": 606436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9320", "title": "A study of the efficacy of typhoid vaccine in inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in human volunteers.", "content": "The nature of protective immunity against typhoid fever in man is not at present well understood. Work on animal models and earlier studies from this laboratory indicate an important protective role for cellular immunity. The present work attempts to study the efficacy of the conventional typhoid vaccine in inducing specific cellular and humoral immune responses. The study on fifty-eight new army recruits and thirty-one civilian volunteers showed adequate humoral responses after vaccination. However, vaccination failed to induce a significant cellular immune response. In addition, a transient suppression of cellular immunity was observed in the immediate post-vaccination period in ten subjects who possessed natural cellular immunity before vaccination. These findings indicate the need for improving the typhoid vaccine so that it will induce cellular immunity as well as a humoral response. It also points to the necessity for obtaining detailed knowledge of the post-vaccination anergy as it could be important in timing public health programmes.", "contents": "A study of the efficacy of typhoid vaccine in inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in human volunteers. The nature of protective immunity against typhoid fever in man is not at present well understood. Work on animal models and earlier studies from this laboratory indicate an important protective role for cellular immunity. The present work attempts to study the efficacy of the conventional typhoid vaccine in inducing specific cellular and humoral immune responses. The study on fifty-eight new army recruits and thirty-one civilian volunteers showed adequate humoral responses after vaccination. However, vaccination failed to induce a significant cellular immune response. In addition, a transient suppression of cellular immunity was observed in the immediate post-vaccination period in ten subjects who possessed natural cellular immunity before vaccination. These findings indicate the need for improving the typhoid vaccine so that it will induce cellular immunity as well as a humoral response. It also points to the necessity for obtaining detailed knowledge of the post-vaccination anergy as it could be important in timing public health programmes.", "PMID": 606437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9321", "title": "Acute energy deprivation in man: effect on serum immunoglobulins antibody response, complement factors 3 and 4, acute phase reactants and interferon-producing capacity of blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The effects of 10 days of total energy deprivation on serum levels of immunoglobulins, antibodies acute phase reactants and on interferon production were evaluated in fourteen healthy, normal-weight males. A significant depression was noted of the serum levels of complement factor 3, haptoglobin and orosomucoid. The titres of mercaptoethanol-sensitive specific antibodies to flagellin were higher in the subjects inoculated at the end of the starvation period than in controls and those inoculated at the start of the period. The serum levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, alpha-1-antitrypsin and complement factor 4, and the interferon-producing capacity of blood lymphocytes, were not changed. Thus, 10 days of total energy deprivation depresses the serum levels of several acute phase reactants and re-feeding may enhance antibody production.", "contents": "Acute energy deprivation in man: effect on serum immunoglobulins antibody response, complement factors 3 and 4, acute phase reactants and interferon-producing capacity of blood lymphocytes. The effects of 10 days of total energy deprivation on serum levels of immunoglobulins, antibodies acute phase reactants and on interferon production were evaluated in fourteen healthy, normal-weight males. A significant depression was noted of the serum levels of complement factor 3, haptoglobin and orosomucoid. The titres of mercaptoethanol-sensitive specific antibodies to flagellin were higher in the subjects inoculated at the end of the starvation period than in controls and those inoculated at the start of the period. The serum levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, alpha-1-antitrypsin and complement factor 4, and the interferon-producing capacity of blood lymphocytes, were not changed. Thus, 10 days of total energy deprivation depresses the serum levels of several acute phase reactants and re-feeding may enhance antibody production.", "PMID": 606438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9322", "title": "Antibody-mediated adherence of rat eosinophils to schistosomula of Schistoma mansoni in vitro.", "content": "Eosinophils from the peritoneal washings of normal rats adhered to live or formalin-fixed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro, in the presence of heat-inactivated serum from infected rats. Eosinophil adherence caused permeability changes in the schistosomula as revealed by 51Cr release and methylene blue uptake. The serum factor which mediated adherence resided in the 7S fraction after Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus which binds specifically to the Fc piece of IgG inhibited adherence, thereby demonstrating that IgG was the antibody responsible for this reaction and that the Fc portion was the site of interaction between eosinophil and antibody; rat eosinophils were shown to possess Fc receptors. The antibody mediating adherence reached high titres in the sera of rats 5-8 weeks after exposure to 500 cercariae, but thereafter there was a gradual decline in titre. Surface membrane from adult S. mansoni inhibited adherence, indicating the presence of cross-reacting antigens in adult worms and schistosomula.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated adherence of rat eosinophils to schistosomula of Schistoma mansoni in vitro. Eosinophils from the peritoneal washings of normal rats adhered to live or formalin-fixed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro, in the presence of heat-inactivated serum from infected rats. Eosinophil adherence caused permeability changes in the schistosomula as revealed by 51Cr release and methylene blue uptake. The serum factor which mediated adherence resided in the 7S fraction after Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus which binds specifically to the Fc piece of IgG inhibited adherence, thereby demonstrating that IgG was the antibody responsible for this reaction and that the Fc portion was the site of interaction between eosinophil and antibody; rat eosinophils were shown to possess Fc receptors. The antibody mediating adherence reached high titres in the sera of rats 5-8 weeks after exposure to 500 cercariae, but thereafter there was a gradual decline in titre. Surface membrane from adult S. mansoni inhibited adherence, indicating the presence of cross-reacting antigens in adult worms and schistosomula.", "PMID": 606440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9323", "title": "The activation of the C3b feedback cycle with human complement components. I. Through the classical pathway.", "content": "Reaction between the fourth, the oxidized second and the activated first components of human complement generated the stable enzyme C4oxy2 capable of cleaving the third component and depleting total complement in human serum. This enzyme was shown further to activate the C3b feedback cycle as shown by its ability to consume factor B in serum and the reduction in the extent of complement consumption in the presence of EDTA. OxyC2 on its own gave rise to C3 cleavage in normal human serum by a pathway needing classical pathway components. This unexpected finding suggests that there may be a 'C-1 tickover' in serum analogous to the 'C3b tickover'; the presence of oxyC2 allowing the 'capture' of the trivial amounts of C42 normally formed. In preliminary experiments in the rat, C4oxy2 was successfully formed in vivo, where it gave rise to cleavage of C3, consumption of C5, depletion of cobra venom factor cofactors and a biphasic change in the neutrophil count.", "contents": "The activation of the C3b feedback cycle with human complement components. I. Through the classical pathway. Reaction between the fourth, the oxidized second and the activated first components of human complement generated the stable enzyme C4oxy2 capable of cleaving the third component and depleting total complement in human serum. This enzyme was shown further to activate the C3b feedback cycle as shown by its ability to consume factor B in serum and the reduction in the extent of complement consumption in the presence of EDTA. OxyC2 on its own gave rise to C3 cleavage in normal human serum by a pathway needing classical pathway components. This unexpected finding suggests that there may be a 'C-1 tickover' in serum analogous to the 'C3b tickover'; the presence of oxyC2 allowing the 'capture' of the trivial amounts of C42 normally formed. In preliminary experiments in the rat, C4oxy2 was successfully formed in vivo, where it gave rise to cleavage of C3, consumption of C5, depletion of cobra venom factor cofactors and a biphasic change in the neutrophil count.", "PMID": 606442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9324", "title": "The activation of the C3b feedback cycle with human complement components. II. Using components of the alternative pathway.", "content": "The C3 convertase of the C3b feedback cycle was generated in the fluid phase from C3b and factors B and D. It was shown to be an effective decomplementing agent when reacted with human serum. Many of the effects observed were dependent on the operation of the feedback during the ongoing reaction. Oxidization of factor B with iodine did not significantly increase the potency or the stability of the enzyme. Treatment of C3b with antrypol inhibited the formation of the enzyme. In preliminary experiments in the rat, the convertase was successfully formed in vivo, accompanied by cleavage of C3, consumption of C5, C6 and C7, and a biphasic change in the circulating neutrophils.", "contents": "The activation of the C3b feedback cycle with human complement components. II. Using components of the alternative pathway. The C3 convertase of the C3b feedback cycle was generated in the fluid phase from C3b and factors B and D. It was shown to be an effective decomplementing agent when reacted with human serum. Many of the effects observed were dependent on the operation of the feedback during the ongoing reaction. Oxidization of factor B with iodine did not significantly increase the potency or the stability of the enzyme. Treatment of C3b with antrypol inhibited the formation of the enzyme. In preliminary experiments in the rat, the convertase was successfully formed in vivo, accompanied by cleavage of C3, consumption of C5, C6 and C7, and a biphasic change in the circulating neutrophils.", "PMID": 606443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9325", "title": "The complications of intravenous Corynebacterium parvum infusion.", "content": "100 intravenous infusions of Corynebacterium parvum were given to thirty-six patients at a dose of 5 mg/m2. Fever and rigors occurred in all patients but these acute side effects were acceptable to all but two patients. Seventeen patients suffered a delayed fall in blood pressure, which was marked in eight of them but was generally well tolerated. One patient died 18 hr after infusion from extensive myocardial infarction. Herpes labialis complicated the first infusion in nine instances, which may reflect transient immunosuppression following immunotherapy.", "contents": "The complications of intravenous Corynebacterium parvum infusion. 100 intravenous infusions of Corynebacterium parvum were given to thirty-six patients at a dose of 5 mg/m2. Fever and rigors occurred in all patients but these acute side effects were acceptable to all but two patients. Seventeen patients suffered a delayed fall in blood pressure, which was marked in eight of them but was generally well tolerated. One patient died 18 hr after infusion from extensive myocardial infarction. Herpes labialis complicated the first infusion in nine instances, which may reflect transient immunosuppression following immunotherapy.", "PMID": 606444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9326", "title": "Interdependence of in vitro responsiveness of cord and maternal blood lymphocytes to antigens from oral bacteria.", "content": "A group of thirty-five mothers and their babies at parturition were examined by the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test to determine sensitization by oral bacterial antigens, B-cell mitogens and dental plaque. Lymphocytes from babies of sensitized mothers with gingival or periodontal disease gave the highest frequency (70 and 63%) and magnitude (mean stimulation index of 3.4 and 3.3) of response in cultures stimulated by Actinomyces viscosus and Veillonella alcalescens. However, IgM antibodies to V. alcalescens antigen were absent from cord sera. With one exception, stimulation of lymphocytes from babies of unsensitized mothers with clinically healthy gingiva was not found with these antigens. The response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with gingival or periodontal disease to antigens from oral bacteria, as compared with the response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with clinically healthy gingiva, seemed specific, since a corresponding difference in response to unrelated antigen PPD was not found. The response of cord and maternal lymphocytes to B-cell mitogens was also  determined. Maternal lymphocytes responded in the following decreasing order of effectiveness: dextran sulphate, levan, lipopolysaccharide and dextran B1355; whereas cord lymphocytes were stimulated in the reverse order of effectiveness.", "contents": "Interdependence of in vitro responsiveness of cord and maternal blood lymphocytes to antigens from oral bacteria. A group of thirty-five mothers and their babies at parturition were examined by the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test to determine sensitization by oral bacterial antigens, B-cell mitogens and dental plaque. Lymphocytes from babies of sensitized mothers with gingival or periodontal disease gave the highest frequency (70 and 63%) and magnitude (mean stimulation index of 3.4 and 3.3) of response in cultures stimulated by Actinomyces viscosus and Veillonella alcalescens. However, IgM antibodies to V. alcalescens antigen were absent from cord sera. With one exception, stimulation of lymphocytes from babies of unsensitized mothers with clinically healthy gingiva was not found with these antigens. The response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with gingival or periodontal disease to antigens from oral bacteria, as compared with the response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with clinically healthy gingiva, seemed specific, since a corresponding difference in response to unrelated antigen PPD was not found. The response of cord and maternal lymphocytes to B-cell mitogens was also  determined. Maternal lymphocytes responded in the following decreasing order of effectiveness: dextran sulphate, levan, lipopolysaccharide and dextran B1355; whereas cord lymphocytes were stimulated in the reverse order of effectiveness.", "PMID": 606445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9327", "title": "The high prevalence of HLA-B5 in Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Sixteen of the nineteen (84%) patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey had HLA-B5; the prevalence of HLA-B5 among 150 controls was 27%.", "contents": "The high prevalence of HLA-B5 in Beh\u00e7et's disease. Sixteen of the nineteen (84%) patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey had HLA-B5; the prevalence of HLA-B5 among 150 controls was 27%.", "PMID": 606446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9328", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in N. brasiliensis infection.", "content": "We have measured the levels of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c, IgA and IgM in the serum of normal rats, and at various times after infection or re-infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, in order to compare these responses with previously measured IgE levels. The results we have to report are that while the levels of the various immunoglobulin classes or subclasses are elevated to a greater or lesser extent, the increments are modest by comparison with the great elevation of total IgE.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in N. brasiliensis infection. We have measured the levels of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c, IgA and IgM in the serum of normal rats, and at various times after infection or re-infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, in order to compare these responses with previously measured IgE levels. The results we have to report are that while the levels of the various immunoglobulin classes or subclasses are elevated to a greater or lesser extent, the increments are modest by comparison with the great elevation of total IgE.", "PMID": 606448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9329", "title": "Brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without cerebral involvement.", "content": "A prospective clinical study of cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus has been completed. A highly significant association between serum lymphocytotoxicity and the development of cerebral manifestations was observed. While lymphocytotoxic antibodies from patients with cerebral lupus were absorbed by homogenates of human brain, those from patients who at no time had evidence of cerebral disease failed to cross-react with brain. It is suggested that subpopulations of lymphocytotoxic antibodies differ in their brain reactivity, and that one population may be causally related to the development of some of the features of cerebral lupus.", "contents": "Brain reactivity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without cerebral involvement. A prospective clinical study of cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus has been completed. A highly significant association between serum lymphocytotoxicity and the development of cerebral manifestations was observed. While lymphocytotoxic antibodies from patients with cerebral lupus were absorbed by homogenates of human brain, those from patients who at no time had evidence of cerebral disease failed to cross-react with brain. It is suggested that subpopulations of lymphocytotoxic antibodies differ in their brain reactivity, and that one population may be causally related to the development of some of the features of cerebral lupus.", "PMID": 606449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9330", "title": "A study of the material inhibiting EAC-rosette formation in the sera of patients with nephropathies.", "content": "Significant levels of EAC-rosette inhibition compared to control subjects were found in the sera of patients with focal and segmental hyalinosis (FSH), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and extra-membranous glomerulonephritis (EGN). In patients with IgA disease, although some sera produced high levels of inhibition, the group as a whole did not differ significantly from the controls. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the rosette inhibitory activity was due to immune complexes (IC) bearing C3 rather than C3 fragments. Firstly, the inhibitory activity was precipitable by 4% PEG, a concentration which does not precipitate the C3 fragments. Secondly, the inhibitory activity was selectively removed from the PEG precipitates by an anti-human immunoglobulin G immunoabsorbent. Finally, since it had been suggested that in some instances an unknown serum factor could inhibit EAC-rosette formation and activation of the alternative pathway of complement, the latter was studied and found to be normal in all the sera studied. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of EAC-rosette formation obtained with the sera of the patients studied was due to the presence in these sera of some material behaving as IC. No clear-cut association was, however, seen between rosette inhibition and the presence or absence of Ig or C3 deposits in the kidney.", "contents": "A study of the material inhibiting EAC-rosette formation in the sera of patients with nephropathies. Significant levels of EAC-rosette inhibition compared to control subjects were found in the sera of patients with focal and segmental hyalinosis (FSH), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and extra-membranous glomerulonephritis (EGN). In patients with IgA disease, although some sera produced high levels of inhibition, the group as a whole did not differ significantly from the controls. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the rosette inhibitory activity was due to immune complexes (IC) bearing C3 rather than C3 fragments. Firstly, the inhibitory activity was precipitable by 4% PEG, a concentration which does not precipitate the C3 fragments. Secondly, the inhibitory activity was selectively removed from the PEG precipitates by an anti-human immunoglobulin G immunoabsorbent. Finally, since it had been suggested that in some instances an unknown serum factor could inhibit EAC-rosette formation and activation of the alternative pathway of complement, the latter was studied and found to be normal in all the sera studied. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of EAC-rosette formation obtained with the sera of the patients studied was due to the presence in these sera of some material behaving as IC. No clear-cut association was, however, seen between rosette inhibition and the presence or absence of Ig or C3 deposits in the kidney.", "PMID": 606450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9331", "title": "Failure to detect circulating DNA--anti-DNA complexes by four radioimmunological methods in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The presence of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated by two new radioimmunoassays (RIA) developed for this purpose and by measuring the C1q and DNA binding activity of serum before and after treatment with DNAse. Two direct RIA developed in this study were based on the reactivity of [3H]actinomycin D ([3H]ACT-D) or solid-phase methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) with DNA-anti-DNA complexes. DNA-anti-DNA complexes prepared in vitro could be efficiently detected at various antigen--antibody ratios by these two RIA. Increased levels of circulating immune complexes as indicated by the C1q binding test were found in 52% of SLE sera. However, the frequency of specific DNA-anti-DNA complexes detected in SLE sera was very low. Only 6% of sera exhibited an increased value deviating by more than three s.d. from the normal mean when tested with the [3H]ACT-D binding RIA or the solidphase mBSA RIA. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the serum C1q or DNA binding activity after treatment with DNAse. These results suggest that DNA-anti-DNA complexes do not occur frequently in circulating blood and represent only a very small portion of the immune complexes detected in serum from patients with SLE.", "contents": "Failure to detect circulating DNA--anti-DNA complexes by four radioimmunological methods in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The presence of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated by two new radioimmunoassays (RIA) developed for this purpose and by measuring the C1q and DNA binding activity of serum before and after treatment with DNAse. Two direct RIA developed in this study were based on the reactivity of [3H]actinomycin D ([3H]ACT-D) or solid-phase methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) with DNA-anti-DNA complexes. DNA-anti-DNA complexes prepared in vitro could be efficiently detected at various antigen--antibody ratios by these two RIA. Increased levels of circulating immune complexes as indicated by the C1q binding test were found in 52% of SLE sera. However, the frequency of specific DNA-anti-DNA complexes detected in SLE sera was very low. Only 6% of sera exhibited an increased value deviating by more than three s.d. from the normal mean when tested with the [3H]ACT-D binding RIA or the solidphase mBSA RIA. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the serum C1q or DNA binding activity after treatment with DNAse. These results suggest that DNA-anti-DNA complexes do not occur frequently in circulating blood and represent only a very small portion of the immune complexes detected in serum from patients with SLE.", "PMID": 606451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9332", "title": "Sex steroid hormones and circulating IgE levels.", "content": "The possible influence of sex steroid hormones on circulating IgE levels in general and IgE anti-Candida antibodies in particular was studied by quantification of plasma levels of progesterone, estradiol and IgE (total and anti-Candida-specific) in females during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and during pregnancy. IgE levels during the follicular and luteal phases were not significantly different, although the mean values for the luteal phase were slightly lower. This trend was apparent in daily samples from two normal females during one menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, when the levels of circulating sex steroids were high, IgE levels were only slightly higher than in the follicular and luteal phases. In men and in gonadal dysgenetics, circulating progesterone levels were similar to those of women during the follicular phase (i.e., lower than in the luteal phase or in pregnancy), but the IgE levels were not different. The apparently low levels of IgE during the luteal phase may therefore be due to physiological factors other than fluctuations in the sex steroid hormones. From the present studies, it is apparent that sex steroid hormones have little or no effect on humoral IgE levels, in marked contrast to previously described correlations for other immunoglobulins, especially anti-Candida antibodies.", "contents": "Sex steroid hormones and circulating IgE levels. The possible influence of sex steroid hormones on circulating IgE levels in general and IgE anti-Candida antibodies in particular was studied by quantification of plasma levels of progesterone, estradiol and IgE (total and anti-Candida-specific) in females during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and during pregnancy. IgE levels during the follicular and luteal phases were not significantly different, although the mean values for the luteal phase were slightly lower. This trend was apparent in daily samples from two normal females during one menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, when the levels of circulating sex steroids were high, IgE levels were only slightly higher than in the follicular and luteal phases. In men and in gonadal dysgenetics, circulating progesterone levels were similar to those of women during the follicular phase (i.e., lower than in the luteal phase or in pregnancy), but the IgE levels were not different. The apparently low levels of IgE during the luteal phase may therefore be due to physiological factors other than fluctuations in the sex steroid hormones. From the present studies, it is apparent that sex steroid hormones have little or no effect on humoral IgE levels, in marked contrast to previously described correlations for other immunoglobulins, especially anti-Candida antibodies.", "PMID": 606452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9333", "title": "Sperm agglutinins in seminal plasma and serum after vasectomy: correlation between immunological and clinical findings.", "content": "The development of sperm agglutinins in serum and seminal plasma in relation to vasectomy was studied in forty-seven men by testing samples taken before vasectomy and on five occasions during the first year after vasectomy. Thirty additional patients were tested only 1 year after vasectomy. One year after vasectomy, sperm agglutinins in the serum in titres from 4 to about 4000 had developed in 62% of the entire group, while antibodies in the seminal fluid detectable by the gelatin agglutination test were present in only 4% of the group, and apart from on unusual case the titres were low here (either 4 or 8). Analysis of the modes of agglutination revealed changing patterns in several patients during the observation period, with a predominance of tail agglutinins after 1 year. In some cases, mixed agglutination was seen with serum but pure tail-to-tail  agglutination with seminal plasma. The total number of spermatozoa in a pre-vasectomy ejaculate was found to be correlated with an early immune response and with the titre values after 1 year. The group of patients in whom agglutinins had developed 1 year after vasectomy were found to have significantly larger nodules at the sites of operation than those without sperm agglutinins.", "contents": "Sperm agglutinins in seminal plasma and serum after vasectomy: correlation between immunological and clinical findings. The development of sperm agglutinins in serum and seminal plasma in relation to vasectomy was studied in forty-seven men by testing samples taken before vasectomy and on five occasions during the first year after vasectomy. Thirty additional patients were tested only 1 year after vasectomy. One year after vasectomy, sperm agglutinins in the serum in titres from 4 to about 4000 had developed in 62% of the entire group, while antibodies in the seminal fluid detectable by the gelatin agglutination test were present in only 4% of the group, and apart from on unusual case the titres were low here (either 4 or 8). Analysis of the modes of agglutination revealed changing patterns in several patients during the observation period, with a predominance of tail agglutinins after 1 year. In some cases, mixed agglutination was seen with serum but pure tail-to-tail  agglutination with seminal plasma. The total number of spermatozoa in a pre-vasectomy ejaculate was found to be correlated with an early immune response and with the titre values after 1 year. The group of patients in whom agglutinins had developed 1 year after vasectomy were found to have significantly larger nodules at the sites of operation than those without sperm agglutinins.", "PMID": 606453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9334", "title": "Suppression of DNA synthesis by Con A-activated human lymphocytes: Stimulation by con A bound to non-T cells unless removed after activation.", "content": "The capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to suppress DNA synthesis of other lymphocytes was studied in an assay consisting of two steps: firstly, activation by Con A during 24 hr followed by alpha-methylglucoside and mitomycin treatment; secondly, incubation of these Con A-activated 'suppressor' cells with autologous responder cells and stimulants, or incubation with allogeneic responder cells. The results were compared with cells similarly treated but not incubated with Con A. If alpha-methylglucoside treatment is omitted, stimulation of T and non-T cells occurs by Con A bound to the Con A-activated cells. Con A is especially bound to non-T lymphocytes and even gives a T cell-independent proliferation of non-T cells without differentiation to plasma cells. With alpha-methylglucoside treatment, 'suppressor' cells, activated by high Con A concentrations, are able to suppress DNA synthesis of autologous lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic cells or soluble antigens to about 50%. In a one-way MLC, in which the cell suspension containing the suppressor cells is also used as a stimulator cell suspension, a similar suppression was observed. Suppression of DNA synthesis was correlated with suppression of proliferation without evidence of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Suppression of DNA synthesis by Con A-activated human lymphocytes: Stimulation by con A bound to non-T cells unless removed after activation. The capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to suppress DNA synthesis of other lymphocytes was studied in an assay consisting of two steps: firstly, activation by Con A during 24 hr followed by alpha-methylglucoside and mitomycin treatment; secondly, incubation of these Con A-activated 'suppressor' cells with autologous responder cells and stimulants, or incubation with allogeneic responder cells. The results were compared with cells similarly treated but not incubated with Con A. If alpha-methylglucoside treatment is omitted, stimulation of T and non-T cells occurs by Con A bound to the Con A-activated cells. Con A is especially bound to non-T lymphocytes and even gives a T cell-independent proliferation of non-T cells without differentiation to plasma cells. With alpha-methylglucoside treatment, 'suppressor' cells, activated by high Con A concentrations, are able to suppress DNA synthesis of autologous lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic cells or soluble antigens to about 50%. In a one-way MLC, in which the cell suspension containing the suppressor cells is also used as a stimulator cell suspension, a similar suppression was observed. Suppression of DNA synthesis was correlated with suppression of proliferation without evidence of cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 606454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9335", "title": "Selection of medical or surgical treatment of endometriosis.", "content": "The use of the culdoscope and now the laparoscope has made the accurate diagnosis of endometriosis possible so that each case can be clinically staged. A suggested staging of endometriosis similar to that used for carcinoma of the cervix, i.e., consisting of four stages, is proposed. Surgical or hormonal treatment, or a combination of both, can be chosen on the basis of the stage of the disease. Success of therapy can be determined and compared to results of other investigators using the same staging or classification. The choice and extent of surgical treatment, stage for stage, is discussed. The several hormonal regimens, progestins alone, progestins plus estrogen or danazol, are outlined. Previously reported results in the treatment of endometriosis demonstrated a close correlation between stage of disease and percentage of patients who conceive.", "contents": "Selection of medical or surgical treatment of endometriosis. The use of the culdoscope and now the laparoscope has made the accurate diagnosis of endometriosis possible so that each case can be clinically staged. A suggested staging of endometriosis similar to that used for carcinoma of the cervix, i.e., consisting of four stages, is proposed. Surgical or hormonal treatment, or a combination of both, can be chosen on the basis of the stage of the disease. Success of therapy can be determined and compared to results of other investigators using the same staging or classification. The choice and extent of surgical treatment, stage for stage, is discussed. The several hormonal regimens, progestins alone, progestins plus estrogen or danazol, are outlined. Previously reported results in the treatment of endometriosis demonstrated a close correlation between stage of disease and percentage of patients who conceive.", "PMID": 606455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9336", "title": "Release by vasopression of E-type prostaglandins from the rate kidney.", "content": "1. In order to test whether the release of E-type prostaglandins from the kidney by various vasoconstrictor stimuli is related specifically to adrenoreceptor activation, we have compared release of prostaglandin E-like material from perfused rat kidneys during infusion of noradrenaline or vasopressin. 2. Concentrations of noradrenaline or vasopressin that produced comparable rises in renal perfusion pressure also released comparable amounts of prostaglandin E-like material. This effect was abolished by infusion of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis into the kidney. 3. We conclude that liberation of E-type prostaglandins during renal vasoconstriction is probably related to the activation of intrarenal smooth muscle and odes not involve any specific hormonal receptor. Stimulation of release of prostaglandin E may explain certain reported renal actions of vasopressin.", "contents": "Release by vasopression of E-type prostaglandins from the rate kidney. 1. In order to test whether the release of E-type prostaglandins from the kidney by various vasoconstrictor stimuli is related specifically to adrenoreceptor activation, we have compared release of prostaglandin E-like material from perfused rat kidneys during infusion of noradrenaline or vasopressin. 2. Concentrations of noradrenaline or vasopressin that produced comparable rises in renal perfusion pressure also released comparable amounts of prostaglandin E-like material. This effect was abolished by infusion of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis into the kidney. 3. We conclude that liberation of E-type prostaglandins during renal vasoconstriction is probably related to the activation of intrarenal smooth muscle and odes not involve any specific hormonal receptor. Stimulation of release of prostaglandin E may explain certain reported renal actions of vasopressin.", "PMID": 606458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9337", "title": "Effect of propranolol on blood pressure and renin in renal hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. Propranolol was administered to groups of mature rats before and during the development of renal hypertension induced by ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries. 2. At a dose 10 mumol (3 mg) of propranolol/kg, administered by intraperitoneal injection, the onset and severity of hypertension were not affected, although plasma renin concentration was significantly lower than in the untreated hypertensive rats in the first 5 days after the operation. 3. With 200 mumol (60 mg) of propranolol/kg, administered in the drinking water, peak blood pressure 5 days after aortic ligation was lower than in the untreated control rats, but plasma renin concentration was no lower than with the smaller dose. 4. The development of severe hypertension despite reduction in plasma renin concentration on the low dose of propranolol suggests the participation of renal vasopressor factors other than renin in this model. 5. A higher dose of propranolol reduced the rise in plasma concentration to an equal extent but the rise of blood pressure at 5 days was also reduced, which supports this concept.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on blood pressure and renin in renal hypertension in the rat. 1. Propranolol was administered to groups of mature rats before and during the development of renal hypertension induced by ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries. 2. At a dose 10 mumol (3 mg) of propranolol/kg, administered by intraperitoneal injection, the onset and severity of hypertension were not affected, although plasma renin concentration was significantly lower than in the untreated hypertensive rats in the first 5 days after the operation. 3. With 200 mumol (60 mg) of propranolol/kg, administered in the drinking water, peak blood pressure 5 days after aortic ligation was lower than in the untreated control rats, but plasma renin concentration was no lower than with the smaller dose. 4. The development of severe hypertension despite reduction in plasma renin concentration on the low dose of propranolol suggests the participation of renal vasopressor factors other than renin in this model. 5. A higher dose of propranolol reduced the rise in plasma concentration to an equal extent but the rise of blood pressure at 5 days was also reduced, which supports this concept.", "PMID": 606459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9338", "title": "Blood pressure control in end-stage renal disease in man: indirect evidence of a complex pathogenic mechanism besides renin or blood volume.", "content": "1. In twenty-three uraemic patients on regular dialysis, plasma renin activity and blood volume were measured before and after a single dialysis. Three groups were identified; the first had a low or normal plasma renin activity and a high or normal blood volume, the second had a high plasma renin activity and a low blood volume and the third had both variables above normal. 2. In spite of these differences, diastolic blood pressure before and after dialysis was the same in the three groups and multiple regression analyses failed to demonstrate any dependence of blood pressure on plasma renin activity, blood volume or body weight taken separately or together. 3. We conclude that other factors besides plasma renin activity and blood volume are important in maintaining arterial hypertension in terminal renal failure.", "contents": "Blood pressure control in end-stage renal disease in man: indirect evidence of a complex pathogenic mechanism besides renin or blood volume. 1. In twenty-three uraemic patients on regular dialysis, plasma renin activity and blood volume were measured before and after a single dialysis. Three groups were identified; the first had a low or normal plasma renin activity and a high or normal blood volume, the second had a high plasma renin activity and a low blood volume and the third had both variables above normal. 2. In spite of these differences, diastolic blood pressure before and after dialysis was the same in the three groups and multiple regression analyses failed to demonstrate any dependence of blood pressure on plasma renin activity, blood volume or body weight taken separately or together. 3. We conclude that other factors besides plasma renin activity and blood volume are important in maintaining arterial hypertension in terminal renal failure.", "PMID": 606460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9339", "title": "Natriuresis in rats acutely depleted of chloride.", "content": "1. Acute chloride depletion, without sodium depletion, was produced in rats by a single exchange peritoneal dialysis against sodium bicarbonate solution. Blood volume was restored after dialysis by infusion of salt-free albumin, and exogenous deoxycorticosterone and antidiuretic hormone were given. 2. Clearance studies in the period (3 h) after dialysis revealed no difference in the glomerular filtration rate or in the filtered sodium load between experimental and control rats but urinary sodium concentrations and absolute and fractional sodium excretion were significantly higher in the chloride-depleted group. 3. There was also a significant kaliuresis, increased urinary flow rate and diminished free water reabsorption. Urinary bicarbonate excretion increased to a variable degree but the major rise in anion excretion was 'unmeasured' (Na+ + K+ - [Cl- + HCO3- + PO4(3-)]). 4. It is postulated that chloride depletion imposes limitations on sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.", "contents": "Natriuresis in rats acutely depleted of chloride. 1. Acute chloride depletion, without sodium depletion, was produced in rats by a single exchange peritoneal dialysis against sodium bicarbonate solution. Blood volume was restored after dialysis by infusion of salt-free albumin, and exogenous deoxycorticosterone and antidiuretic hormone were given. 2. Clearance studies in the period (3 h) after dialysis revealed no difference in the glomerular filtration rate or in the filtered sodium load between experimental and control rats but urinary sodium concentrations and absolute and fractional sodium excretion were significantly higher in the chloride-depleted group. 3. There was also a significant kaliuresis, increased urinary flow rate and diminished free water reabsorption. Urinary bicarbonate excretion increased to a variable degree but the major rise in anion excretion was 'unmeasured' (Na+ + K+ - [Cl- + HCO3- + PO4(3-)]). 4. It is postulated that chloride depletion imposes limitations on sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.", "PMID": 606461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9340", "title": "Oestrogen-associated disease of the renal microcirculation.", "content": "The effect of oestrogen-containing compounds on platelet factor 3, platelet life span, renal platelet localization and the fibrinolytic activity of forearm venous blood has been studied in eleven women with the renal vascular abnormalities of the loin pain and haematuria syndrome. The results were compared with those obtained in twenty-nine healthy female volunteer subjects. 2. Platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability was found to be increased in patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome during normal menstrual cycles. Oestrogens produced an increase in PF3 availability in both patients and control subjects. 3. Platelet life span was shortened and the index of renal platelet localization increased when patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome received oestrogens. No change in platelet kinetics was found in the healthy control subjects receiving oestrogens. 4. The fibrinolytic activity of forearm venous blood, both at rest and after venous occlusion, was increased in the healthy control subjects in response to oestrogens. No such response was seen in the patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome. 5. It is suggested that the change in platelet function may be causally related to the intrarenal vascular abnormalities. 6. The possible role of oestrogens in causing these disturbances or unmasking pre-existing abnormalities of platelet function or fibrinolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Oestrogen-associated disease of the renal microcirculation. The effect of oestrogen-containing compounds on platelet factor 3, platelet life span, renal platelet localization and the fibrinolytic activity of forearm venous blood has been studied in eleven women with the renal vascular abnormalities of the loin pain and haematuria syndrome. The results were compared with those obtained in twenty-nine healthy female volunteer subjects. 2. Platelet factor 3 (PF3) availability was found to be increased in patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome during normal menstrual cycles. Oestrogens produced an increase in PF3 availability in both patients and control subjects. 3. Platelet life span was shortened and the index of renal platelet localization increased when patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome received oestrogens. No change in platelet kinetics was found in the healthy control subjects receiving oestrogens. 4. The fibrinolytic activity of forearm venous blood, both at rest and after venous occlusion, was increased in the healthy control subjects in response to oestrogens. No such response was seen in the patients with the loin pain and haematuria syndrome. 5. It is suggested that the change in platelet function may be causally related to the intrarenal vascular abnormalities. 6. The possible role of oestrogens in causing these disturbances or unmasking pre-existing abnormalities of platelet function or fibrinolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 606462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9341", "title": "Evidence for renal control of urinary excretion of bile acids and bile acid sulphates in the cholestatic syndrome.", "content": "1. The bile acids and bile acid sulphates in the urine, serum and bile of eight cholestatic patients were studied quantitatively by gasliquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromoatography/mass spectrometry. 2. The primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) comprised on average 94% of the total bile acids in bile, 70% in the serum and 64% in urine. 3. The percentage composition of bile acids in bile was relatively constant and was not influenced by the degree of cholestasis. In contrast, in the serum only the primary bile acids were increased, the concentrations of the secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) and the minor bile acids remaining constant. 4. The data do not support the hypothesis that monohydroxy bile acids accumulate in cholestasis and are related to the pathogenesis of this syndrome. 5. The pattern of bile acid urinary excretion was similar to that in the serum. But in one patient, 3alpha, 7beta, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid was a principal urinary bile acid, although very low concentrations of the compound were found in that patient's serum, suggesting that some of the minor bile acids in urine may originate by epimerization in the kidney. 6. In bile only a small proportion of the bile acids was sulphated (range 2.1-4.6%) and in serum the degree of sulphation was very variable (9-50%). However, in urine, sulphate esters accounted for a large proportion of the total bile acids (33-72%). 7. The output of bile acid sulphate in the urine was related to the urine total bile acid output but the serum concentration of bile acid sulphate remained relatively constant. Consequently, in contrast to the non-sulphated bile acids, whose renal clearance was relatively constant, the renal clearance of sulphated bile acids was directly related to the urine total bile acid output. This finding is inconsistent with the earlier hypothesis that their predominance in urine was due to a high renal clearance. It may indicate renal synthesis of some of the bile acid sulphates in the urine and/or inhibition of active renal tubular reabsorption of sulphated bile acids by non-sulphated bile acids.", "contents": "Evidence for renal control of urinary excretion of bile acids and bile acid sulphates in the cholestatic syndrome. 1. The bile acids and bile acid sulphates in the urine, serum and bile of eight cholestatic patients were studied quantitatively by gasliquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromoatography/mass spectrometry. 2. The primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) comprised on average 94% of the total bile acids in bile, 70% in the serum and 64% in urine. 3. The percentage composition of bile acids in bile was relatively constant and was not influenced by the degree of cholestasis. In contrast, in the serum only the primary bile acids were increased, the concentrations of the secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) and the minor bile acids remaining constant. 4. The data do not support the hypothesis that monohydroxy bile acids accumulate in cholestasis and are related to the pathogenesis of this syndrome. 5. The pattern of bile acid urinary excretion was similar to that in the serum. But in one patient, 3alpha, 7beta, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid was a principal urinary bile acid, although very low concentrations of the compound were found in that patient's serum, suggesting that some of the minor bile acids in urine may originate by epimerization in the kidney. 6. In bile only a small proportion of the bile acids was sulphated (range 2.1-4.6%) and in serum the degree of sulphation was very variable (9-50%). However, in urine, sulphate esters accounted for a large proportion of the total bile acids (33-72%). 7. The output of bile acid sulphate in the urine was related to the urine total bile acid output but the serum concentration of bile acid sulphate remained relatively constant. Consequently, in contrast to the non-sulphated bile acids, whose renal clearance was relatively constant, the renal clearance of sulphated bile acids was directly related to the urine total bile acid output. This finding is inconsistent with the earlier hypothesis that their predominance in urine was due to a high renal clearance. It may indicate renal synthesis of some of the bile acid sulphates in the urine and/or inhibition of active renal tubular reabsorption of sulphated bile acids by non-sulphated bile acids.", "PMID": 606464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9342", "title": "Biosynthesis of folate polyglutamate in the rat with different tracers.", "content": "1. The recent suggestions that folate polyglutamate biosynthesis demonstrated in vivo with [3'5'9(n)-3H]folic acid is due to exchange and cannot be achieved with [2(-14)C]folic acid has been demonstrated to be untrue. 2. The compounds formed with both types of radioactive tracer have been shown to be folate polyglutamates from their elution position from precalibrated ion-exchange columns and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by a gamma-carboxypeptidase (conjugase) from human sera. 3. By the use of the methods involving [2(-14)C]folic acid, reported by others to give only folate monoglutamates, we have been able to demonstrate clearly the presence of folate polyglutamates.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of folate polyglutamate in the rat with different tracers. 1. The recent suggestions that folate polyglutamate biosynthesis demonstrated in vivo with [3'5'9(n)-3H]folic acid is due to exchange and cannot be achieved with [2(-14)C]folic acid has been demonstrated to be untrue. 2. The compounds formed with both types of radioactive tracer have been shown to be folate polyglutamates from their elution position from precalibrated ion-exchange columns and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by a gamma-carboxypeptidase (conjugase) from human sera. 3. By the use of the methods involving [2(-14)C]folic acid, reported by others to give only folate monoglutamates, we have been able to demonstrate clearly the presence of folate polyglutamates.", "PMID": 606466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9343", "title": "The analysis of decay curves.", "content": "1. The limitations inherent in the conventional treatment of glucose decay curves as first-order rate systems are described. 2. The conventionally derived K value is a rate constant and should not be confused with a rate. 3. First-order systems are described by this rate constant and the initial concentration of substance studied. They cannot be described by either factor alone. 4. Two parallel curves cannot both result from first-order systems. 5. If K is conventionally calculated for two parallel curves, then the value obtained for the upper curve must be smaller than the value for the lower.", "contents": "The analysis of decay curves. 1. The limitations inherent in the conventional treatment of glucose decay curves as first-order rate systems are described. 2. The conventionally derived K value is a rate constant and should not be confused with a rate. 3. First-order systems are described by this rate constant and the initial concentration of substance studied. They cannot be described by either factor alone. 4. Two parallel curves cannot both result from first-order systems. 5. If K is conventionally calculated for two parallel curves, then the value obtained for the upper curve must be smaller than the value for the lower.", "PMID": 606468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9344", "title": "Routine patch testing with cadmium chloride.", "content": "During a 22-month period, 2.0% cadmium chloride in distilled water was included in our routine patch test series. Twenty-five of 1502 eczema patients showed reactions (1.7%), but none had any relevant history. At serial dilution test only one patient reacted to 1.0% cadmium; all the other dilutions applied gave negative reactions. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of the cadmium chloride used for patch testing showed that it contained less than 1 microgram/g of chromium, copper, cobalt and nickel. The conclusion is that no certain case of contact allergy to cadmium chloride has been revealed. An experimental study using the guinea pig maximization test is in progress.", "contents": "Routine patch testing with cadmium chloride. During a 22-month period, 2.0% cadmium chloride in distilled water was included in our routine patch test series. Twenty-five of 1502 eczema patients showed reactions (1.7%), but none had any relevant history. At serial dilution test only one patient reacted to 1.0% cadmium; all the other dilutions applied gave negative reactions. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of the cadmium chloride used for patch testing showed that it contained less than 1 microgram/g of chromium, copper, cobalt and nickel. The conclusion is that no certain case of contact allergy to cadmium chloride has been revealed. An experimental study using the guinea pig maximization test is in progress.", "PMID": 606483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9345", "title": "Sensitivity to a flame retardant, Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Firemaster LVT 23 P).", "content": "Tris(2,3-dibromoprophyl) phosphate (TDB P) is marketed under many different trade names as a flame retardant, used in clothing and home furnishings. DTB P is chemically related to tricresylphosphate (TCP) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) used as plasticizers in plastics and lacquers. The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) in 1976 examined the incidence of sensitization to TDB P and found two positives among 1103 patients. One of these two cases is reported here in detail. It concerns a woman, aged 56, with spectacle frame dermatitis. The spectacle frame did not contain TDB P and sensitization with another phosphate ester is assumed.", "contents": "Sensitivity to a flame retardant, Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Firemaster LVT 23 P). Tris(2,3-dibromoprophyl) phosphate (TDB P) is marketed under many different trade names as a flame retardant, used in clothing and home furnishings. DTB P is chemically related to tricresylphosphate (TCP) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) used as plasticizers in plastics and lacquers. The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) in 1976 examined the incidence of sensitization to TDB P and found two positives among 1103 patients. One of these two cases is reported here in detail. It concerns a woman, aged 56, with spectacle frame dermatitis. The spectacle frame did not contain TDB P and sensitization with another phosphate ester is assumed.", "PMID": 606484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9346", "title": "Turpentine-induced hypersensitivity to peppermint oil.", "content": "After a dental operation a former laboratory technician was referred to our clinic because of swelling of his tongue, lips, and gingival mucosa. Patch testing with the ICDRG standard test battery gave positive reactions to colophony, balsam of Peru, and turpentine peroxides. Further patch testing revealed hypersensitivity to peppermint oil (an ingredient of several dental preparations) due to the sensitizing properties of three ingredients: alpha-pinene, limonene, and phellandrene. These compounds also occur in turpentine oil, a substance used in the patient's laboratory.", "contents": "Turpentine-induced hypersensitivity to peppermint oil. After a dental operation a former laboratory technician was referred to our clinic because of swelling of his tongue, lips, and gingival mucosa. Patch testing with the ICDRG standard test battery gave positive reactions to colophony, balsam of Peru, and turpentine peroxides. Further patch testing revealed hypersensitivity to peppermint oil (an ingredient of several dental preparations) due to the sensitizing properties of three ingredients: alpha-pinene, limonene, and phellandrene. These compounds also occur in turpentine oil, a substance used in the patient's laboratory.", "PMID": 606485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9347", "title": "Multiple concomitant positive patch test reactions.", "content": "Thirty-five patients who showed 90 one plus (+) patch test reactions to 28 patch test chemicals at Day 2 (D2) were retested to the chemicals at D7. On retesting, 60% (54/90) reactions were positive but 42% (38/90) were negative at D9, suggesting that false positive patch test reactions were common when more than one positive reaction was obtained by concomitant patch testing. On retesting, the total % positivity was reduced from 344 to 241 suggesting that the true index of sensitivity was falsely exaggerated by concomitant testing.", "contents": "Multiple concomitant positive patch test reactions. Thirty-five patients who showed 90 one plus (+) patch test reactions to 28 patch test chemicals at Day 2 (D2) were retested to the chemicals at D7. On retesting, 60% (54/90) reactions were positive but 42% (38/90) were negative at D9, suggesting that false positive patch test reactions were common when more than one positive reaction was obtained by concomitant patch testing. On retesting, the total % positivity was reduced from 344 to 241 suggesting that the true index of sensitivity was falsely exaggerated by concomitant testing.", "PMID": 606486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9348", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis: Sex differences.", "content": "Using the repeated insult test, Jordan & King (1977) observed that contact sensitization was more readily induced in females than in males. We reviewed data obtained by maximization testing of 185 test substances of which 73 were allergenic. The overall male-female sensitization rates were respectively 9.9 and 9.2%. Only with the weakest allergens (sensitizing one or two subjects of a 25-member panel) was there a possibility of female predominance in that there were twice as many panels having only female reactors as males exclusively. In these instances, the test agents were mainly fragrances. We have concluded that sex differences, in the prevalence of sensitization to particular substances, reflect past exposure and are not due to sex differences.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis: Sex differences. Using the repeated insult test, Jordan & King (1977) observed that contact sensitization was more readily induced in females than in males. We reviewed data obtained by maximization testing of 185 test substances of which 73 were allergenic. The overall male-female sensitization rates were respectively 9.9 and 9.2%. Only with the weakest allergens (sensitizing one or two subjects of a 25-member panel) was there a possibility of female predominance in that there were twice as many panels having only female reactors as males exclusively. In these instances, the test agents were mainly fragrances. We have concluded that sex differences, in the prevalence of sensitization to particular substances, reflect past exposure and are not due to sex differences.", "PMID": 606487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9349", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from fluocortolone, flucocortolone pivalate and fluocortolone caproate.", "content": "Two patients with contact allergy to Ultralan preparations are reported. Each Ultralan preparation contains two of three related fluocortolone derivatives. The first patient reacted to all three derivatives. The second patient reacted to flucortolone and when retested 4 months later also to fluocortolone pivalate but ot to flucortolone caproate. The negative reaction to fluocortolone pivalate at the first examination was probably false negative due to a low test concentration. In order to avoid false negative patch test reactions the fluorinated steroids should possibly be applied in concentrations higher than 1%. No cross sensitivity to the other steroids for topical use was found.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from fluocortolone, flucocortolone pivalate and fluocortolone caproate. Two patients with contact allergy to Ultralan preparations are reported. Each Ultralan preparation contains two of three related fluocortolone derivatives. The first patient reacted to all three derivatives. The second patient reacted to flucortolone and when retested 4 months later also to fluocortolone pivalate but ot to flucortolone caproate. The negative reaction to fluocortolone pivalate at the first examination was probably false negative due to a low test concentration. In order to avoid false negative patch test reactions the fluorinated steroids should possibly be applied in concentrations higher than 1%. No cross sensitivity to the other steroids for topical use was found.", "PMID": 606488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9350", "title": "Chromosomes of Peromyscus (rodentia, cricetidae). VI. The genomic size.", "content": "In the genus Peromyscus cells of all species contain 48 chromosomes; however, the fundamental number varies from 56 (P. Crinitus, P. boylei) to 96 (P. eremicus). In some cases biarmed chromosomes are the result of pericentric inversions, while in others they are the result of addition of large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Flow microfluorometric DNA-per-cell determinations demonstrated that in some species (P. eremicus) the genome is increased by 36% over the amount of DNA found in most mammalian species. Studies of unique karyotypes with increased amounts of DNA added as constitutive heterochromatin may ultimately help in the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in karyotype evolution and speciation.", "contents": "Chromosomes of Peromyscus (rodentia, cricetidae). VI. The genomic size. In the genus Peromyscus cells of all species contain 48 chromosomes; however, the fundamental number varies from 56 (P. Crinitus, P. boylei) to 96 (P. eremicus). In some cases biarmed chromosomes are the result of pericentric inversions, while in others they are the result of addition of large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Flow microfluorometric DNA-per-cell determinations demonstrated that in some species (P. eremicus) the genome is increased by 36% over the amount of DNA found in most mammalian species. Studies of unique karyotypes with increased amounts of DNA added as constitutive heterochromatin may ultimately help in the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in karyotype evolution and speciation.", "PMID": 606503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9351", "title": "Karyologic studies on hybrids between Asian, Ceylonese, and Oceanian type black rats, with a note on an XO female occuring in the F2 generation.", "content": "F1 hybrids between the Asian type (2n=42) and Ceylonese type black rats (2n=40) invariably showed 41 chromosomes, while those between the Oceanian type (2n=38) and the Ceylonese type usually showed 39 chromosomes. Twelve F2 hybrids (three litters) were obtained only from the latter combination. Among them, the karyotypes of nine rats were successfully analyzed. They were segregated into the Oceanian type (three rats) and the F1 type (six rats). No Ceylonese type was obtained. From the results of fertility testing in F1 hybrids between these three variants, the Oceanian type is assumed to be more closely related to the Ceylonese type than the Asian type. This coincided well with the results of karyotypic evolution of these geographic variants. Among the nine F2 hybrids examined, one female consistently showed 37 chromosomes with one X chromosome. This XO female appeared to be a normal female and to have been a sporadic natural occurrence.", "contents": "Karyologic studies on hybrids between Asian, Ceylonese, and Oceanian type black rats, with a note on an XO female occuring in the F2 generation. F1 hybrids between the Asian type (2n=42) and Ceylonese type black rats (2n=40) invariably showed 41 chromosomes, while those between the Oceanian type (2n=38) and the Ceylonese type usually showed 39 chromosomes. Twelve F2 hybrids (three litters) were obtained only from the latter combination. Among them, the karyotypes of nine rats were successfully analyzed. They were segregated into the Oceanian type (three rats) and the F1 type (six rats). No Ceylonese type was obtained. From the results of fertility testing in F1 hybrids between these three variants, the Oceanian type is assumed to be more closely related to the Ceylonese type than the Asian type. This coincided well with the results of karyotypic evolution of these geographic variants. Among the nine F2 hybrids examined, one female consistently showed 37 chromosomes with one X chromosome. This XO female appeared to be a normal female and to have been a sporadic natural occurrence.", "PMID": 606505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9352", "title": "Assignment of the genes for human beta-glucuronidase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase to the region pter leads to q22 of chromosome 7.", "content": "In human fibroblast cultures derived from adults, clones of cells with a common chromosome rearrangement have been widely reported. Cells derived from one of these clones have been used in hybridization experiments using mouse cells to localize the genes for beta-glucuronidase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase on human chromosome 7. The results of this study indicate that the genes for these isozymes are located on the region pter leads to q22 of human chromosome 7.", "contents": "Assignment of the genes for human beta-glucuronidase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase to the region pter leads to q22 of chromosome 7. In human fibroblast cultures derived from adults, clones of cells with a common chromosome rearrangement have been widely reported. Cells derived from one of these clones have been used in hybridization experiments using mouse cells to localize the genes for beta-glucuronidase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase on human chromosome 7. The results of this study indicate that the genes for these isozymes are located on the region pter leads to q22 of human chromosome 7.", "PMID": 606506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9353", "title": "Chromosome replication patterns in an established cell line (CHO).", "content": "The chromosome replication patterns of the established cell line CHO have been examined and compared with those of normal primary Chinese hamster cells, using the BudR-Hoechst fluorescence technique developed by LATT (1973). The results of this study indicate that the majority of CHO chromosomes replicate normally. There are four clear-cut exceptions to this rule, three of which are most easily explained as undetected or misinterpreted structural rearrangements ot the CHO genome. Several other regions may also replicate differently in CHO and normal primary Chinese hamster cells, but uncertainties in the technique do not allow us to confirm this.", "contents": "Chromosome replication patterns in an established cell line (CHO). The chromosome replication patterns of the established cell line CHO have been examined and compared with those of normal primary Chinese hamster cells, using the BudR-Hoechst fluorescence technique developed by LATT (1973). The results of this study indicate that the majority of CHO chromosomes replicate normally. There are four clear-cut exceptions to this rule, three of which are most easily explained as undetected or misinterpreted structural rearrangements ot the CHO genome. Several other regions may also replicate differently in CHO and normal primary Chinese hamster cells, but uncertainties in the technique do not allow us to confirm this.", "PMID": 606507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9354", "title": "The abstract and the concrete, the disciplinary and the interdisciplinary approach in the teaching of physiological sciences.", "content": "It is the author's thesis that the knowledge imparted in universities is being increasingly fragmented into a multitude of disciplines, which results in graduates who are trained to perform very limited functions and hence are impeded from developing their full potential. He refers to the position of the physiological sciences in the medical school curriculum and emphasizes the importance of moving from the concrete to the abstract and then back to the concrete in the study of these sciences. He discusses the need to change the institutional structure of the university in order to move away from this \"disciplinary\" approach to the imparting of knowledge. He feels that a change of this kind should be based on analysis, from a historical and interdisciplinary standpoint, of the concrete problems that arise in every part of society.", "contents": "The abstract and the concrete, the disciplinary and the interdisciplinary approach in the teaching of physiological sciences. It is the author's thesis that the knowledge imparted in universities is being increasingly fragmented into a multitude of disciplines, which results in graduates who are trained to perform very limited functions and hence are impeded from developing their full potential. He refers to the position of the physiological sciences in the medical school curriculum and emphasizes the importance of moving from the concrete to the abstract and then back to the concrete in the study of these sciences. He discusses the need to change the institutional structure of the university in order to move away from this \"disciplinary\" approach to the imparting of knowledge. He feels that a change of this kind should be based on analysis, from a historical and interdisciplinary standpoint, of the concrete problems that arise in every part of society.", "PMID": 606540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9355", "title": "[The teaching of internal medicine in the forming of the physician].", "content": "This paper was presented as a working document to the Second Meeting of the PAHO/WHO Program of Textbooks for the Integrated Teaching of Internal Medicine and its Specialties (Washington, D.C., 13-18 December 1976). The need to place the medical student in his environment from the first as an active member of the health team is stressed, and several considerations about the usual obstacles to this proposal are advanced. Reference is made to the subject of curricular integration as related to the length of medical studies and to the traditional use of the hospital in the teaching of internal medicine. The second part of the document reports on the results of the PAHO survey on how internal medicine is taught in Latin America, in which 84 faculties and schools in 15 countries of the Region participated.", "contents": "[The teaching of internal medicine in the forming of the physician]. This paper was presented as a working document to the Second Meeting of the PAHO/WHO Program of Textbooks for the Integrated Teaching of Internal Medicine and its Specialties (Washington, D.C., 13-18 December 1976). The need to place the medical student in his environment from the first as an active member of the health team is stressed, and several considerations about the usual obstacles to this proposal are advanced. Reference is made to the subject of curricular integration as related to the length of medical studies and to the traditional use of the hospital in the teaching of internal medicine. The second part of the document reports on the results of the PAHO survey on how internal medicine is taught in Latin America, in which 84 faculties and schools in 15 countries of the Region participated.", "PMID": 606541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9356", "title": "Progesterone receptor in human endometrium of leiomyoma uteri.", "content": "This study was designed to examine whether 8S protein as progesterone receptor exists in the human endometrium which has been primed with estrogen. The kinetic study showed that 8S-progesterone binding was specific with Kd of 2.0 X 10(-9) M. 5S-progesterone binding was inhibited competitively by cortisol. The study of ligand specificity also showed that progesterone and its related steroids had much stronger affinity for 8S component than for 5S component. Therefore, 5S protein may be CBG. Progesterone-8S protein binding was easily dissociated during the 5-20% sucrose gradient centrifugation, but such a protein from which progesterone had been dissociated could be sedimented at 8S region. Glycerol could stabilize progesterone-8S protein binding. These results indicate the existence of 8S protein as a progesterone receptor under the low salt medium in the estrogen primed human endometrium.", "contents": "Progesterone receptor in human endometrium of leiomyoma uteri. This study was designed to examine whether 8S protein as progesterone receptor exists in the human endometrium which has been primed with estrogen. The kinetic study showed that 8S-progesterone binding was specific with Kd of 2.0 X 10(-9) M. 5S-progesterone binding was inhibited competitively by cortisol. The study of ligand specificity also showed that progesterone and its related steroids had much stronger affinity for 8S component than for 5S component. Therefore, 5S protein may be CBG. Progesterone-8S protein binding was easily dissociated during the 5-20% sucrose gradient centrifugation, but such a protein from which progesterone had been dissociated could be sedimented at 8S region. Glycerol could stabilize progesterone-8S protein binding. These results indicate the existence of 8S protein as a progesterone receptor under the low salt medium in the estrogen primed human endometrium.", "PMID": 606543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9357", "title": "Further studies on gonadotropin-inhibiting substances excreted in human urine.", "content": "Partial separtion of human urinary substances which have properties to suppress the ovulation induced by PMS and HCG in mice was attempted by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ultrafiltration using the Amicon Diaflo membranes UM-2 and UM-10. In addition to a thermostable inhibitor which has a molecular weight more than 10,000, the presence of heat-labile inhibitor with a molecular weight less than 1,000 was newly demonstrated.", "contents": "Further studies on gonadotropin-inhibiting substances excreted in human urine. Partial separtion of human urinary substances which have properties to suppress the ovulation induced by PMS and HCG in mice was attempted by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ultrafiltration using the Amicon Diaflo membranes UM-2 and UM-10. In addition to a thermostable inhibitor which has a molecular weight more than 10,000, the presence of heat-labile inhibitor with a molecular weight less than 1,000 was newly demonstrated.", "PMID": 606545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9358", "title": "Insulin releasing activity of gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive materials in perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "Insulin-releasing activity of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive materials purified by affinity chromatography was examined in the perfused rat pancreas. When glucose concentration of the perfusate was raised from 60 to 100 mg/dl, augmented insulin release was observed. The mean incremental area of immunoreactive insulin (sigma delta IRI) during the first 10 min thus observed was 19.07 +/- 3.76 ng/10 min. Pancreatic glucagon and the extract from the gastric fundus showed the enhancement of insulin release in this system when they were added to the perfusate at the rate of 100 ng/min for 5 min; delta IRI were 41.92 +/- 8.47 and 71.70 +/- 18.09 ng/10 min, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of 100 mg/dl of glucose alone. However, no significant difference in the insulinogenic activity was noticed between the extracts from the small intestine and the control. These results suggest that the extract from the gastric fundus has insulinogenic activity similar to that of pancreatic glucagon.", "contents": "Insulin releasing activity of gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive materials in perfused rat pancreas. Insulin-releasing activity of porcine gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive materials purified by affinity chromatography was examined in the perfused rat pancreas. When glucose concentration of the perfusate was raised from 60 to 100 mg/dl, augmented insulin release was observed. The mean incremental area of immunoreactive insulin (sigma delta IRI) during the first 10 min thus observed was 19.07 +/- 3.76 ng/10 min. Pancreatic glucagon and the extract from the gastric fundus showed the enhancement of insulin release in this system when they were added to the perfusate at the rate of 100 ng/min for 5 min; delta IRI were 41.92 +/- 8.47 and 71.70 +/- 18.09 ng/10 min, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of 100 mg/dl of glucose alone. However, no significant difference in the insulinogenic activity was noticed between the extracts from the small intestine and the control. These results suggest that the extract from the gastric fundus has insulinogenic activity similar to that of pancreatic glucagon.", "PMID": 606546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9359", "title": "A screening test to detect HGH-antibodies in pituitary dwarfs treated with HGH preparation by the radio-immunoassay with double antibody technique.", "content": "Sixty-four blood samples, obtained from 25 pituitary dwarfs treated with KABIHGH preparation, were checked for serum HGH concentration by a double antibody radioimmunoassay and for antibodies against HGH by the method of propylethyleneglycol separation. Antibodies to HGH were detected in the samples whose HGH concentration was falsely estimated to be more than 5 ng/ml, but not in those whose HGH concentration was 5 ng/ml or less. The measurement of HGH concentration by a double antibody technique in the serum obtained from pituitary dwarfs 3-4 days after the last injection can be used to screen the presence of antibodies to HGH peparation used.", "contents": "A screening test to detect HGH-antibodies in pituitary dwarfs treated with HGH preparation by the radio-immunoassay with double antibody technique. Sixty-four blood samples, obtained from 25 pituitary dwarfs treated with KABIHGH preparation, were checked for serum HGH concentration by a double antibody radioimmunoassay and for antibodies against HGH by the method of propylethyleneglycol separation. Antibodies to HGH were detected in the samples whose HGH concentration was falsely estimated to be more than 5 ng/ml, but not in those whose HGH concentration was 5 ng/ml or less. The measurement of HGH concentration by a double antibody technique in the serum obtained from pituitary dwarfs 3-4 days after the last injection can be used to screen the presence of antibodies to HGH peparation used.", "PMID": 606547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9360", "title": "Intraphypothalamic implants of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone in neonatal female rats with reference to induction of sterility.", "content": "Implants of paraffin micropellets containing about 5 microgram 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the hypothalamus of 5-day-old female rats were without effect on the sexual differentiation of the brain. By contrast, approximately the same amount of testosterone propionate (TP) given as subcutaneous or intrahypothalamic micropellets masculinized the female brain. In the light of these results as well as the author's previous findings that an antiestrogen implanted into the hypothalamus of neonatal female rats failed to block masculinization by subcutaneous injection of TP, the possibility cannot be excluded that testosterone is capable of masculinizing the brain of neonatal females without being converted into estrogens.", "contents": "Intraphypothalamic implants of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone in neonatal female rats with reference to induction of sterility. Implants of paraffin micropellets containing about 5 microgram 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the hypothalamus of 5-day-old female rats were without effect on the sexual differentiation of the brain. By contrast, approximately the same amount of testosterone propionate (TP) given as subcutaneous or intrahypothalamic micropellets masculinized the female brain. In the light of these results as well as the author's previous findings that an antiestrogen implanted into the hypothalamus of neonatal female rats failed to block masculinization by subcutaneous injection of TP, the possibility cannot be excluded that testosterone is capable of masculinizing the brain of neonatal females without being converted into estrogens.", "PMID": 606548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9361", "title": "Stimulation of immunoreactive somatostatin release from hypothalamic synaptosomes by high (K+) and dopamine.", "content": "Effects of high (K+) and dopamine on the release of immunoreactive somatostatin from isolated hypothalamic synaptosomes were studied in rats. High (K+) (60 mM) and dopamine (10(-6) M) in the incubation media stimulated the release of immunoreactive somatostatin and the former effect was completely abolished by the removal of Ca++ from the media. These suggest that hypothalamic somatostatinergic synaptosomes preserved at least one of the important basic properties of secretory cells. Although it is of interest to note that dopamine stimulated the release of somatostatin. Its physiological significance awaits further studies.", "contents": "Stimulation of immunoreactive somatostatin release from hypothalamic synaptosomes by high (K+) and dopamine. Effects of high (K+) and dopamine on the release of immunoreactive somatostatin from isolated hypothalamic synaptosomes were studied in rats. High (K+) (60 mM) and dopamine (10(-6) M) in the incubation media stimulated the release of immunoreactive somatostatin and the former effect was completely abolished by the removal of Ca++ from the media. These suggest that hypothalamic somatostatinergic synaptosomes preserved at least one of the important basic properties of secretory cells. Although it is of interest to note that dopamine stimulated the release of somatostatin. Its physiological significance awaits further studies.", "PMID": 606549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9362", "title": "The effect of nacom (L-dopa and L-carbidopa) on growth hormone secretion in 75 patients with short stature.", "content": "The stimulatory effect of Nacom (250 mg L-Dopa and 25 mg L-Carbidopa) on the HGH secretion was evaluated in 75 short stature patients. The number of blood samples was restricted to only three (0, 45 and 90 min). 63 patients reached adequate HGH concentrations after the ingestion of 1 tablet Nacom (84%). Somatotropin levels increased from 2.08 (Sx 0.28) to a maximal HGH value of 14.22 (Sx 0.87) ng/ml. When the stimulatory effect of Nacom was compared with the standard method of arginine infusion in children with normal stature the arginine test was not superior to the Nacom-test. The Nacom-test appears to be a simple and reliable screening method for HGH deficiency, particularly in outpatients.", "contents": "The effect of nacom (L-dopa and L-carbidopa) on growth hormone secretion in 75 patients with short stature. The stimulatory effect of Nacom (250 mg L-Dopa and 25 mg L-Carbidopa) on the HGH secretion was evaluated in 75 short stature patients. The number of blood samples was restricted to only three (0, 45 and 90 min). 63 patients reached adequate HGH concentrations after the ingestion of 1 tablet Nacom (84%). Somatotropin levels increased from 2.08 (Sx 0.28) to a maximal HGH value of 14.22 (Sx 0.87) ng/ml. When the stimulatory effect of Nacom was compared with the standard method of arginine infusion in children with normal stature the arginine test was not superior to the Nacom-test. The Nacom-test appears to be a simple and reliable screening method for HGH deficiency, particularly in outpatients.", "PMID": 606555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9363", "title": "Thrombocyte functions, thrombelastograms and fibrinogen of healthy children in different age groups.", "content": "Platelet counts, adhesiveness, aggregation and spreading capacity, as well as the thrombopoiesis index, thrombelastogram and fibrinogen were examined in 74 healthy children aged from 2 to 14 years. Sex-linked differences were only found in the thrombopoiesis index. Age-linked differences showed in practically all the parameters, especially in the platelet counts, fibrinogen and thrombelastograms.", "contents": "Thrombocyte functions, thrombelastograms and fibrinogen of healthy children in different age groups. Platelet counts, adhesiveness, aggregation and spreading capacity, as well as the thrombopoiesis index, thrombelastogram and fibrinogen were examined in 74 healthy children aged from 2 to 14 years. Sex-linked differences were only found in the thrombopoiesis index. Age-linked differences showed in practically all the parameters, especially in the platelet counts, fibrinogen and thrombelastograms.", "PMID": 606557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9364", "title": "Insulin secretion in children with growth retardation.", "content": "The effect of tolbutamide administration on insulin secretion was studied in 69 children with growth retardation. Diminished insulin secretion was found in all the patients, compared to the control group. This insulin deficit was most evident in patients with isolated, total GH deficiency and least evident in children with idiopathic short stature. Intermediate values were found in dwarfism due to isolated, partial GH deficiency. These results favour the hypothesis that hypoinsulinism contributes to the somatotropin deficiency in causing growth retardation.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in children with growth retardation. The effect of tolbutamide administration on insulin secretion was studied in 69 children with growth retardation. Diminished insulin secretion was found in all the patients, compared to the control group. This insulin deficit was most evident in patients with isolated, total GH deficiency and least evident in children with idiopathic short stature. Intermediate values were found in dwarfism due to isolated, partial GH deficiency. These results favour the hypothesis that hypoinsulinism contributes to the somatotropin deficiency in causing growth retardation.", "PMID": 606556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9365", "title": "Organic aciduria in hypoxic premature newborns simulating an inborn error of metabolism.", "content": "A very unusual pattern of organic acid excretion was established in the urine of two premature newborns with severe respiratory distress and cerebral haemorrhages. By combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry the following acids were identified: lactic acid, alpha-hydroxy-butyric acid, beta-hydroxy-butyric acid, alpha-hydroxy-isovaleric acid, and p-hydroxy-phenyllactic acid. Calculation of the concentration revealed an excessive excretion of lactic acid and also very high excretion of the other acids. A postmortem blood sample from one of the patients revealed a comparable pattern. The abnormal urinary organic acid excretion pattern was most probably caused by severe tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "Organic aciduria in hypoxic premature newborns simulating an inborn error of metabolism. A very unusual pattern of organic acid excretion was established in the urine of two premature newborns with severe respiratory distress and cerebral haemorrhages. By combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry the following acids were identified: lactic acid, alpha-hydroxy-butyric acid, beta-hydroxy-butyric acid, alpha-hydroxy-isovaleric acid, and p-hydroxy-phenyllactic acid. Calculation of the concentration revealed an excessive excretion of lactic acid and also very high excretion of the other acids. A postmortem blood sample from one of the patients revealed a comparable pattern. The abnormal urinary organic acid excretion pattern was most probably caused by severe tissue hypoxia.", "PMID": 606558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9366", "title": "The activities of alanine aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, proline dipeptidase and prolyl dipeptidase in the mucosa of the small intestine. Investigations on normal children and patients with the malabsorption syndrome.", "content": "Alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), proline dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.9), and prolyl dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.8) have been investigated in small intestinal mucosa homogenates of normal children and children suffering from different degrees of villous damage. The activities of proline dipeptidase and prolyl dipeptidase could be shown to be significantly decreased in cases of subtotal and total villous atrophy, whereas the activities of alanine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were not influenced. The results are discussed in view of the subcellular distribution of these enzymes.", "contents": "The activities of alanine aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, proline dipeptidase and prolyl dipeptidase in the mucosa of the small intestine. Investigations on normal children and patients with the malabsorption syndrome. Alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1), proline dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.9), and prolyl dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.8) have been investigated in small intestinal mucosa homogenates of normal children and children suffering from different degrees of villous damage. The activities of proline dipeptidase and prolyl dipeptidase could be shown to be significantly decreased in cases of subtotal and total villous atrophy, whereas the activities of alanine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were not influenced. The results are discussed in view of the subcellular distribution of these enzymes.", "PMID": 606559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9367", "title": "Haemorrhagic diathesis as a possible early sign of hereditary fructose intolerance.", "content": "An infant girl three weeks of age with the leading symptom of skin haemorrhages is presented. On further investigation, the signs of severe hepatic damage with hypofibrinogenaemia and prothrombin complex impairment, and renal tubular dysfunction were disclosed. All these pathological symptoms, which were reversed on fructose free diet, were caused by hereditary fructose intolerance.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic diathesis as a possible early sign of hereditary fructose intolerance. An infant girl three weeks of age with the leading symptom of skin haemorrhages is presented. On further investigation, the signs of severe hepatic damage with hypofibrinogenaemia and prothrombin complex impairment, and renal tubular dysfunction were disclosed. All these pathological symptoms, which were reversed on fructose free diet, were caused by hereditary fructose intolerance.", "PMID": 606560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9368", "title": "Capillary-venous hematocrit differences in newborn infants. I. Relationship to blood volume, peripheral blood flow, and acid base parameters.", "content": "Venous and capillary hematocrit, acid base values, and circulatory parameters were measured simultaneously in 92 newborn infants within six hours of birth. Gestational age ranged from 26 to 41 weeks. The capillary/venous hematocrit ratio (Hctc/Hctv) was greater than 1.00 in 89 infants. We found significant inverse correlations between Hctc/Hctv and several parameters, such as pH (r = -0.82), standard bicarbonate (r = -0.73), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.51), and peripheral blood flow (r = -0.70). Most of the infants with a Hctc/Hctv of 1.20 and above had red cell mass values of less than 35 ml/kg. However, blood volume apparently did not influence the Hctc/Hctv. Gestational age appeared to affect Hctc/Hctv only before 30 weeks, when compared with the Hctc/Hctv of term infants. Our results indicate that disturbed circulation, and in particular, disturbed microcirculation is involved in the development of high Hctc/Hctv ratios. We strongly advise that hematocrits obtained by skin prick from a sick newborn infant should not be relied on as they may give misleading information on oxygen carrying capacity to vital organs.", "contents": "Capillary-venous hematocrit differences in newborn infants. I. Relationship to blood volume, peripheral blood flow, and acid base parameters. Venous and capillary hematocrit, acid base values, and circulatory parameters were measured simultaneously in 92 newborn infants within six hours of birth. Gestational age ranged from 26 to 41 weeks. The capillary/venous hematocrit ratio (Hctc/Hctv) was greater than 1.00 in 89 infants. We found significant inverse correlations between Hctc/Hctv and several parameters, such as pH (r = -0.82), standard bicarbonate (r = -0.73), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.51), and peripheral blood flow (r = -0.70). Most of the infants with a Hctc/Hctv of 1.20 and above had red cell mass values of less than 35 ml/kg. However, blood volume apparently did not influence the Hctc/Hctv. Gestational age appeared to affect Hctc/Hctv only before 30 weeks, when compared with the Hctc/Hctv of term infants. Our results indicate that disturbed circulation, and in particular, disturbed microcirculation is involved in the development of high Hctc/Hctv ratios. We strongly advise that hematocrits obtained by skin prick from a sick newborn infant should not be relied on as they may give misleading information on oxygen carrying capacity to vital organs.", "PMID": 606561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9369", "title": "Effect of partial devascularization on the blood flow distribution in the cat stomach.", "content": "Partial devascularization of the stomach was performed in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Gastric blood flow distribution and cardiac output were determined by means of the microsphere distribution technique. Blood flow was determined before and 30 min after the partial devascularization. Devascularization of the lesser curvature caused a significant decrease in the mucosal and muscularis blood flow at the lesser curvature. After devascularization of the greater curvature, localized reduction in mucosal and muscularis blood flow occurred at the greater curvature. In the sham-operated animals the muscularis blood flow was significantly higher than in the nonoperated animals.", "contents": "Effect of partial devascularization on the blood flow distribution in the cat stomach. Partial devascularization of the stomach was performed in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Gastric blood flow distribution and cardiac output were determined by means of the microsphere distribution technique. Blood flow was determined before and 30 min after the partial devascularization. Devascularization of the lesser curvature caused a significant decrease in the mucosal and muscularis blood flow at the lesser curvature. After devascularization of the greater curvature, localized reduction in mucosal and muscularis blood flow occurred at the greater curvature. In the sham-operated animals the muscularis blood flow was significantly higher than in the nonoperated animals.", "PMID": 606562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9370", "title": "Pressure-induced ischemia. I. An experimental model for intravital microscopic studies in hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "A model to study pressure-induced ischemia by intravital microscopy is presented. A hamster cheek pouch is prepared to get a single layer of epithelium, together with vessels and connective tissue. Pressure, which can be varied, is transmitted to the tissue by a pressure chamber with a rubber membrane. Microcirculatory reactions may be studied while the pressure is applied, when the pressure is released and as the tissue is regaining circulation. The local environment is controlled by irrigating the test tissue with a solution approximating the composition of interstitial fluid. Local oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions are controlled. There is a marked difference in restoration of blood flow to the tissue after 2- and 4-hour ischemia. After 2-hour ischemia the tissue regained circulation rapidly. Microbleedings developed during the postpressure observation time. After 4-hour ischemia, on the other hand, the tissue regained circulation slowly and only in one third of the microvessels. Extensive white blood cells sticking to the vessel walls were seen indicating endothelial damage. In the 4-hour experiments there were very few microbleedings compared to the 2-hour experiments.", "contents": "Pressure-induced ischemia. I. An experimental model for intravital microscopic studies in hamster cheek pouch. A model to study pressure-induced ischemia by intravital microscopy is presented. A hamster cheek pouch is prepared to get a single layer of epithelium, together with vessels and connective tissue. Pressure, which can be varied, is transmitted to the tissue by a pressure chamber with a rubber membrane. Microcirculatory reactions may be studied while the pressure is applied, when the pressure is released and as the tissue is regaining circulation. The local environment is controlled by irrigating the test tissue with a solution approximating the composition of interstitial fluid. Local oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions are controlled. There is a marked difference in restoration of blood flow to the tissue after 2- and 4-hour ischemia. After 2-hour ischemia the tissue regained circulation rapidly. Microbleedings developed during the postpressure observation time. After 4-hour ischemia, on the other hand, the tissue regained circulation slowly and only in one third of the microvessels. Extensive white blood cells sticking to the vessel walls were seen indicating endothelial damage. In the 4-hour experiments there were very few microbleedings compared to the 2-hour experiments.", "PMID": 606563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9371", "title": "Mortality and fertility control.", "content": "The authors present a continuation of the thesis suggesting that the most rational procedure for regulating fertility is a perfectly safe, even though not completely effective, contraceptive method combined with safe methods for terminating pregnancy when the contraceptive fails. This analysis demonstrates that, compared with the risk of death from pregnancy and childbirth, major reversible methods of fertility control--the pill, IUDs, condoms, and diaphragms--and abortion are associated with very low levels of mortality. The exception to this statement is pill use after age 40 by women who smoke. This analysis also confirms the very low mortality associated with using the condom and diaphragm with early induced abortion as a backup to terminate pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failures.", "contents": "Mortality and fertility control. The authors present a continuation of the thesis suggesting that the most rational procedure for regulating fertility is a perfectly safe, even though not completely effective, contraceptive method combined with safe methods for terminating pregnancy when the contraceptive fails. This analysis demonstrates that, compared with the risk of death from pregnancy and childbirth, major reversible methods of fertility control--the pill, IUDs, condoms, and diaphragms--and abortion are associated with very low levels of mortality. The exception to this statement is pill use after age 40 by women who smoke. This analysis also confirms the very low mortality associated with using the condom and diaphragm with early induced abortion as a backup to terminate pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failures.", "PMID": 606579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9372", "title": "Medical supervision for contraception: too little or too much?", "content": "The need to provide medical supervision in contraceptive services is reviewed in the context of the situation existing in developing nations. The author contends that less rather than more medical supervision can be justified if one compares the relatively low incidence of complications from modern contraception with the inordinately high maternal death rates from pregnancy and its complications in these same countries.", "contents": "Medical supervision for contraception: too little or too much? The need to provide medical supervision in contraceptive services is reviewed in the context of the situation existing in developing nations. The author contends that less rather than more medical supervision can be justified if one compares the relatively low incidence of complications from modern contraception with the inordinately high maternal death rates from pregnancy and its complications in these same countries.", "PMID": 606580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9373", "title": "The risk of post-pill amenorrhea: a preliminary report from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Research Program.", "content": "Menstrual cycle lengths prior to and after oral contraceptive use were prospectively recorded for 245 women. In this preliminary study, a difference in the distributions in the pre- and post-pill cycle lengths was observed. An increase of 5 days in the medial cycle length occurred after oral contraceptive use had been discontinued. Although there was an approximately twofold relative risk of amenorrhea of 90 days' duration or more after discontinuing pill use, the differences in the rates of amenorrhea between the pre-pill and post-pill cycles were not statistically significant.", "contents": "The risk of post-pill amenorrhea: a preliminary report from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Research Program. Menstrual cycle lengths prior to and after oral contraceptive use were prospectively recorded for 245 women. In this preliminary study, a difference in the distributions in the pre- and post-pill cycle lengths was observed. An increase of 5 days in the medial cycle length occurred after oral contraceptive use had been discontinued. Although there was an approximately twofold relative risk of amenorrhea of 90 days' duration or more after discontinuing pill use, the differences in the rates of amenorrhea between the pre-pill and post-pill cycles were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 606581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9374", "title": "Live tumors and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Data on 78 cases of benign hepatic neoplasia among women with a history of oral contraceptive (OC) use are analyzed. Data for the study were collected by the Liver Tumor Registry of the University of California Irvine Medical Center. Factors considered in the analyses include the patient's age and duration of OC therapy, histopathology of the tumors, and their symptoms, findings, and prognosis. The pathogenesis and treatment of the tumors are also discussed.", "contents": "Live tumors and oral contraceptives. Data on 78 cases of benign hepatic neoplasia among women with a history of oral contraceptive (OC) use are analyzed. Data for the study were collected by the Liver Tumor Registry of the University of California Irvine Medical Center. Factors considered in the analyses include the patient's age and duration of OC therapy, histopathology of the tumors, and their symptoms, findings, and prognosis. The pathogenesis and treatment of the tumors are also discussed.", "PMID": 606583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9375", "title": "Experience with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) as an injectable contraceptive.", "content": "Depo-Provera injections appear to be a safe and effective alternative for women who cannot tolerate the estrogenic side effects associated with oral contraceptives or the pain and bleeding associated with IUDs. However, women considering the method should be fully aware of the possible risks: (a) inability to withdraw the drug promptly in the event of a serious reaction, (b) disruption of menstrual patterns, and (c) delayed return of fertility after discontinuing therapy. Some women may consider the required trip to the doctor every 3 months an additional disadvantage. For women in developing countries where anemia and nutritional problems are prevalent, Depo-Provera has additional advantages in relation to IUDs and OCs: it causes less bleeding than IUDs or OCs and, unlike oral contraceptives, it does not suppress vitamin levels (4-8). Since it requires a trip to the doctor every 3 months, it also provides a better opportunity for medical supervision and care. For postpartum women who which to breastfeed their babies, Depo-Provera has the additional advantage of causing no adverse effect on lactation (1, 2, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 32, 36).", "contents": "Experience with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) as an injectable contraceptive. Depo-Provera injections appear to be a safe and effective alternative for women who cannot tolerate the estrogenic side effects associated with oral contraceptives or the pain and bleeding associated with IUDs. However, women considering the method should be fully aware of the possible risks: (a) inability to withdraw the drug promptly in the event of a serious reaction, (b) disruption of menstrual patterns, and (c) delayed return of fertility after discontinuing therapy. Some women may consider the required trip to the doctor every 3 months an additional disadvantage. For women in developing countries where anemia and nutritional problems are prevalent, Depo-Provera has additional advantages in relation to IUDs and OCs: it causes less bleeding than IUDs or OCs and, unlike oral contraceptives, it does not suppress vitamin levels (4-8). Since it requires a trip to the doctor every 3 months, it also provides a better opportunity for medical supervision and care. For postpartum women who which to breastfeed their babies, Depo-Provera has the additional advantage of causing no adverse effect on lactation (1, 2, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 32, 36).", "PMID": 606584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9376", "title": "The benefits and risks of IUD use.", "content": "Next to combination oral contraceptives (OCs), intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are the most effect form of contraception available. IUDs require only one-time motivation, cause no systemic metabolic effects, and do not depend on continued action of the user for effectiveness. Risks, side effects and complications of this method, including expulsion, perforation pain, bleeding and infection, are reviewed.", "contents": "The benefits and risks of IUD use. Next to combination oral contraceptives (OCs), intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are the most effect form of contraception available. IUDs require only one-time motivation, cause no systemic metabolic effects, and do not depend on continued action of the user for effectiveness. Risks, side effects and complications of this method, including expulsion, perforation pain, bleeding and infection, are reviewed.", "PMID": 606585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9377", "title": "Side effects of intrauterine devices.", "content": "Problems in determining and quantifying side effects of intrauterine device (IUD) use are reviewed. The types and incidences of major side effects are discussed, as well as methods of treatment. The author concludes that IUD use remains a safe and effective method of family planning.", "contents": "Side effects of intrauterine devices. Problems in determining and quantifying side effects of intrauterine device (IUD) use are reviewed. The types and incidences of major side effects are discussed, as well as methods of treatment. The author concludes that IUD use remains a safe and effective method of family planning.", "PMID": 606586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9378", "title": "Vasectomy: benefits versus risks.", "content": "The benefits and risks of modern vasectomy are presented, including a discussion of precautions and contraindications, the incidence of specific complications and suggestions for minimizing them, and the incidence of and reasons for procedure failures. Long-term side effects, including psychological sequelae, are also discussed.", "contents": "Vasectomy: benefits versus risks. The benefits and risks of modern vasectomy are presented, including a discussion of precautions and contraindications, the incidence of specific complications and suggestions for minimizing them, and the incidence of and reasons for procedure failures. Long-term side effects, including psychological sequelae, are also discussed.", "PMID": 606587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9379", "title": "An evaluation of studies concerning reproduction after first trimester induced abortion.", "content": "This report gives an estimate of the United States population at risk of fertility complications after legally induced abortion. It also includes a review of the published literature concerning long-term effects of abortion, such as secondary infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy complications.", "contents": "An evaluation of studies concerning reproduction after first trimester induced abortion. This report gives an estimate of the United States population at risk of fertility complications after legally induced abortion. It also includes a review of the published literature concerning long-term effects of abortion, such as secondary infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy complications.", "PMID": 606588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9380", "title": "The risk of dying from legal abortion in the United States, 1972-1975.", "content": "Data gathered by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) through epidemiologic surveillance of deaths associated with legal abortions performed from 1972 through 1975 are analyzed by the type of procedure and the gestational age of the patients. Analysis shows that deaths increase at higher gestational ages and that the risk of death from abortion is highest with hysterotomy and hysterectomy and lowest with suction curettage. Second trimester instillation procedures are associated with higher rates of mortality than first trimester curettage procedures, even when dilatation and evacuation at 13-15 weeks' gestation is included as a curettage procedure. A case history of a patient who died as a result of legal abortion demonstrates that while legal abortion is a safe surgical procedure, some of the deaths that still occur can be prevented.", "contents": "The risk of dying from legal abortion in the United States, 1972-1975. Data gathered by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) through epidemiologic surveillance of deaths associated with legal abortions performed from 1972 through 1975 are analyzed by the type of procedure and the gestational age of the patients. Analysis shows that deaths increase at higher gestational ages and that the risk of death from abortion is highest with hysterotomy and hysterectomy and lowest with suction curettage. Second trimester instillation procedures are associated with higher rates of mortality than first trimester curettage procedures, even when dilatation and evacuation at 13-15 weeks' gestation is included as a curettage procedure. A case history of a patient who died as a result of legal abortion demonstrates that while legal abortion is a safe surgical procedure, some of the deaths that still occur can be prevented.", "PMID": 606589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9381", "title": "Menstrual regulation: risks and \"abuses\".", "content": "The definitions, methods, and techniques of menstrual regulation (MR) are presented. The risks and abuses of performing MR by vacuum aspiration to terminate pregnancies of less than 7 menstrual weeks are reviewed.", "contents": "Menstrual regulation: risks and \"abuses\". The definitions, methods, and techniques of menstrual regulation (MR) are presented. The risks and abuses of performing MR by vacuum aspiration to terminate pregnancies of less than 7 menstrual weeks are reviewed.", "PMID": 606590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9382", "title": "Methods of midtrimester abortion: which is safest?", "content": "In the United States, the three principal methods of abortion for patients at 13 or more menstrual weeks' gestation are intraamniotic instillation of saline or prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and dilatation and evacuation (D&E). The relative safety of these methods, however, has not been established. This report compares the three methods using data on 17467 abortions collected by the Joint Program for the Study of Abortion under the auspices of the Center for Disease Control (JPSA/CDC). Abortion by D&E was found to be significantly safer than abortion by saline instillatin (p less than 0.001), and abortion by saline instillation was significantly safer than by PGF2alpha (p less than 0.01). Moreover, midtrimester D&E is both safe and practical; it is a direct and rapid procedure which can be performed on an outpatient basis. Although PGF2alpha accelerated the time required for abortion, it also significantly increased serious morbidity.", "contents": "Methods of midtrimester abortion: which is safest? In the United States, the three principal methods of abortion for patients at 13 or more menstrual weeks' gestation are intraamniotic instillation of saline or prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and dilatation and evacuation (D&E). The relative safety of these methods, however, has not been established. This report compares the three methods using data on 17467 abortions collected by the Joint Program for the Study of Abortion under the auspices of the Center for Disease Control (JPSA/CDC). Abortion by D&E was found to be significantly safer than abortion by saline instillatin (p less than 0.001), and abortion by saline instillation was significantly safer than by PGF2alpha (p less than 0.01). Moreover, midtrimester D&E is both safe and practical; it is a direct and rapid procedure which can be performed on an outpatient basis. Although PGF2alpha accelerated the time required for abortion, it also significantly increased serious morbidity.", "PMID": 606591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9383", "title": "Risks and benefits of postmenopausal exogenous estrogen.", "content": "Cyclically administered estrogen helps prevent and treat vasomotor symptoms and atrophic changes in the genitourinary tracts of postmenopausal women. Administering exogenous estrogen may also help prevent postmenopausal bone loss and help treat severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Although recent studies have indicated an association between estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma, a true cause-and-effect relationship has not been established. Thus, estrogen replacement therapy should be administered carefully, considering the risk/benefit ration for each individual, and should use the smallest dose necessary to achieve the desired effect. If irregular bleeding occurs before or during estrogen administration, a complete gynecologic examination (including a histologic examination of the endometrium) is mandatory.", "contents": "Risks and benefits of postmenopausal exogenous estrogen. Cyclically administered estrogen helps prevent and treat vasomotor symptoms and atrophic changes in the genitourinary tracts of postmenopausal women. Administering exogenous estrogen may also help prevent postmenopausal bone loss and help treat severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Although recent studies have indicated an association between estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma, a true cause-and-effect relationship has not been established. Thus, estrogen replacement therapy should be administered carefully, considering the risk/benefit ration for each individual, and should use the smallest dose necessary to achieve the desired effect. If irregular bleeding occurs before or during estrogen administration, a complete gynecologic examination (including a histologic examination of the endometrium) is mandatory.", "PMID": 606592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9384", "title": "Pathophysiology of hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Studies on the incidence and pathophysiology of hypotension in fulminant hepatic failure showed that 82 out of 94 patients developed arterial hypotension with a systolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg. Such episodes accounted for 16% of the total time spent in grade IV coma. Factors such as haemorrhage, cardiac or respiratory abnormalities, extracorporeal perfusion, or hypotension which occurred during the terminal stages of the illness, could be implicated for only 40% of this time, leaving 60% as unexplained. Further investigation of these unexplained factors showed that peripheral vasodilatation rather than primary heart failure was responsible, and in all but three patients construction of ventricular function curves showed a normal ventricular response to volume expansion with a corresponding increase in blood pressure. A small, but significant, slowing of the heart rate occurred during these periods of unexplained hypotension. This, together with the association that was found between the occurrence of hypotension and cerebral oedema with coning, suggests that central vasomotor depression may be important in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Studies on the incidence and pathophysiology of hypotension in fulminant hepatic failure showed that 82 out of 94 patients developed arterial hypotension with a systolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg. Such episodes accounted for 16% of the total time spent in grade IV coma. Factors such as haemorrhage, cardiac or respiratory abnormalities, extracorporeal perfusion, or hypotension which occurred during the terminal stages of the illness, could be implicated for only 40% of this time, leaving 60% as unexplained. Further investigation of these unexplained factors showed that peripheral vasodilatation rather than primary heart failure was responsible, and in all but three patients construction of ventricular function curves showed a normal ventricular response to volume expansion with a corresponding increase in blood pressure. A small, but significant, slowing of the heart rate occurred during these periods of unexplained hypotension. This, together with the association that was found between the occurrence of hypotension and cerebral oedema with coning, suggests that central vasomotor depression may be important in its pathogenesis.", "PMID": 606628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9385", "title": "Clinical study of liver blood flow in man measured by 133Xe clearance after portal vein injection.", "content": "During the course of a clinical trial to assess the value of adjuvant liver perfusion of 5-fluorouracil after surgery for colorectal cancer, liver blood flow was measured in 14 patients. Access to the portal circulation was achieved by dilatation and cannulation of the obliterated umbilical vein. The clearance from the liver of a bolus of 133Xe was monitored using a gamma-ray camera so that blood flow from different areas of the liver could be calculated. The clearance curve of 133Xe was a double exponential of which the initial fast component accounted for a consistently high proportion of the total clearance. The perfusion studies have shown wide differences in blood flow to the various areas of the liver in the same patient, in addition to a wide variation in perfusion rate between the 14 patients. This technique of quantitative estimations of liver blood flow to different areas of the liver may have importance in planning operative procedures and understanding the haemodynamic mechanisms involved in liver disease.", "contents": "Clinical study of liver blood flow in man measured by 133Xe clearance after portal vein injection. During the course of a clinical trial to assess the value of adjuvant liver perfusion of 5-fluorouracil after surgery for colorectal cancer, liver blood flow was measured in 14 patients. Access to the portal circulation was achieved by dilatation and cannulation of the obliterated umbilical vein. The clearance from the liver of a bolus of 133Xe was monitored using a gamma-ray camera so that blood flow from different areas of the liver could be calculated. The clearance curve of 133Xe was a double exponential of which the initial fast component accounted for a consistently high proportion of the total clearance. The perfusion studies have shown wide differences in blood flow to the various areas of the liver in the same patient, in addition to a wide variation in perfusion rate between the 14 patients. This technique of quantitative estimations of liver blood flow to different areas of the liver may have importance in planning operative procedures and understanding the haemodynamic mechanisms involved in liver disease.", "PMID": 606629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9386", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of internal anal sphincter function in the newborn.", "content": "One-hundred-and-one normal neonates were examined manometrically in the first day of life to assess anorectal function. In order to overcome some of the difficulties in subjective interpretation of results, the stimuli used and the response pattern seen in the anal canal were measured. In the unstimulated state, all subjects demonstrated rhythmical changes in anal canal tone. Mean maximal intraluminal pressure in the anal canal decreased significantly after 10 hours of age and after the first meconium stool. Only five out of the 101 examined on the first day of life had an abnormal manometric response. It is significant that none of these had passed meconium at the time of examination, and that all had a normal response pattern at the age of 28 hours. In 20 of these babies the sensitivity of the rectoanal reflex was measured and found to be significantly increased on the third day of life compared with the first. The quantitative changes in anorectal reflex function in the newborn, are thought to be related to the state of physiological ;constipation' which exists in utero and in the early neonatal period. The results indicate that a normal response pattern can be obtained in healthy babies after the first day of life. Consequently, anorectal manometry will be meaningful as a diagnostic method thereafter in the neonatal period. Further, it is suggested that measurement of the stimulus and the response will add useful information and reduce subjective error in interpretation of results.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of internal anal sphincter function in the newborn. One-hundred-and-one normal neonates were examined manometrically in the first day of life to assess anorectal function. In order to overcome some of the difficulties in subjective interpretation of results, the stimuli used and the response pattern seen in the anal canal were measured. In the unstimulated state, all subjects demonstrated rhythmical changes in anal canal tone. Mean maximal intraluminal pressure in the anal canal decreased significantly after 10 hours of age and after the first meconium stool. Only five out of the 101 examined on the first day of life had an abnormal manometric response. It is significant that none of these had passed meconium at the time of examination, and that all had a normal response pattern at the age of 28 hours. In 20 of these babies the sensitivity of the rectoanal reflex was measured and found to be significantly increased on the third day of life compared with the first. The quantitative changes in anorectal reflex function in the newborn, are thought to be related to the state of physiological ;constipation' which exists in utero and in the early neonatal period. The results indicate that a normal response pattern can be obtained in healthy babies after the first day of life. Consequently, anorectal manometry will be meaningful as a diagnostic method thereafter in the neonatal period. Further, it is suggested that measurement of the stimulus and the response will add useful information and reduce subjective error in interpretation of results.", "PMID": 606630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9387", "title": "Policy of local excision for early cancer of the colorectum.", "content": "A policy of local excision or total biopsy for early cancer of the colorectum, when this is technically possible, has been described. This is based on thorough histological examination of the excised specimen with special reference to the completeness of surgical excision, the depth of spread of the cancer into the bowel wall, and the histological grade of malignancy. The results of this policy in 119 patients treated by local excision only have been studied. There have been 10 recurrences but only five of these are regarded as policy failures. Because of these good results it is suggested that the policy as described should be regarded as an established alternative to partial colectomy, anterior resection, and abdominoperineal excision in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Policy of local excision for early cancer of the colorectum. A policy of local excision or total biopsy for early cancer of the colorectum, when this is technically possible, has been described. This is based on thorough histological examination of the excised specimen with special reference to the completeness of surgical excision, the depth of spread of the cancer into the bowel wall, and the histological grade of malignancy. The results of this policy in 119 patients treated by local excision only have been studied. There have been 10 recurrences but only five of these are regarded as policy failures. Because of these good results it is suggested that the policy as described should be regarded as an established alternative to partial colectomy, anterior resection, and abdominoperineal excision in carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 606631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9388", "title": "Giant sigmoid diverticulum: clinical and radiological features.", "content": "Two case reports of giant sigmoid diverticulum associated with diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon are presented. The clinical and radiological features of 30 similar cases found in the literature are reviewed. Our two cases represent the largest recorded diverticulum and the oldest recorded patient with this condition.", "contents": "Giant sigmoid diverticulum: clinical and radiological features. Two case reports of giant sigmoid diverticulum associated with diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon are presented. The clinical and radiological features of 30 similar cases found in the literature are reviewed. Our two cases represent the largest recorded diverticulum and the oldest recorded patient with this condition.", "PMID": 606632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9389", "title": "Changes in the plasma clearance and protein binding of carbenoxolone with age, and their possible relationship with adverse drug effects.", "content": "Comparison by equilibrium dialysis of plasma protein binding sites for carbenoxolone in people under 40 years of age and in people over 65 years of age showed that the number of binding sites was reduced in the elderly and that this fall was associated with a reduction in plasma albumin levels. Although carbenoxolone has some aldosterone-like effects, these properties could not be shown to be due to displacement of aldosterone from its protein binding sites by competitive protein binding of carbenoxolone. Single doses of carbenoxolone were found to be removed considerably more slowly from the plasma of elderly individuals than from the young. The results of these three series of experiments suggest that the side-effects of carbenoxolone in the elderly may in part be caused by reduced protein binding, leaving more free drug in the active unbound form, and in part by reduced hepatic clearance mechanisms.", "contents": "Changes in the plasma clearance and protein binding of carbenoxolone with age, and their possible relationship with adverse drug effects. Comparison by equilibrium dialysis of plasma protein binding sites for carbenoxolone in people under 40 years of age and in people over 65 years of age showed that the number of binding sites was reduced in the elderly and that this fall was associated with a reduction in plasma albumin levels. Although carbenoxolone has some aldosterone-like effects, these properties could not be shown to be due to displacement of aldosterone from its protein binding sites by competitive protein binding of carbenoxolone. Single doses of carbenoxolone were found to be removed considerably more slowly from the plasma of elderly individuals than from the young. The results of these three series of experiments suggest that the side-effects of carbenoxolone in the elderly may in part be caused by reduced protein binding, leaving more free drug in the active unbound form, and in part by reduced hepatic clearance mechanisms.", "PMID": 606633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9390", "title": "Failure of glucagon to influence ion transport across human jejunal and ileal mucosa in vitro.", "content": "Glucagon (90 to 880 pg.ml-1) failed to influence electrical activity or fluxes of sodium and chloride across human jejunal and ileal mucosa in vitro. These results suggest that the intestinal secretion and diarrhoea produced in vivo in man during intravenous infusion of glucagon may be produced by changes in motility and blood flow and not directly by activating an ion secretory mechanism as is the case in cholera.", "contents": "Failure of glucagon to influence ion transport across human jejunal and ileal mucosa in vitro. Glucagon (90 to 880 pg.ml-1) failed to influence electrical activity or fluxes of sodium and chloride across human jejunal and ileal mucosa in vitro. These results suggest that the intestinal secretion and diarrhoea produced in vivo in man during intravenous infusion of glucagon may be produced by changes in motility and blood flow and not directly by activating an ion secretory mechanism as is the case in cholera.", "PMID": 606634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9391", "title": "A comparison of the binding specificities of lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus.", "content": "The L-fucose-binding lectins present in the seeds of Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus have been isolated by affinity chromatography. The binding specificities of the lectins were compared by hemagglutination inhibition analysis. The lectins behaved similarly with respect to a variety of synthetic saccharides. D-Fucose derivatives were inactive as inhibitors. In general, the alpha -L-fucopyranosyl derivatives were better inhibitors than the beta-L-fucopyranosyl derivatives. Aromatic aglycones increased the inhibitory activity of the saccharides with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside being one of the best inhibitors. The major difference between the two lectins was the observation that the Ulex lectin required higher concentrations of saccharides to bring about complete inhibition of hemagglutination than did the Lotus lectin.", "contents": "A comparison of the binding specificities of lectins from Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus. The L-fucose-binding lectins present in the seeds of Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus have been isolated by affinity chromatography. The binding specificities of the lectins were compared by hemagglutination inhibition analysis. The lectins behaved similarly with respect to a variety of synthetic saccharides. D-Fucose derivatives were inactive as inhibitors. In general, the alpha -L-fucopyranosyl derivatives were better inhibitors than the beta-L-fucopyranosyl derivatives. Aromatic aglycones increased the inhibitory activity of the saccharides with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside being one of the best inhibitors. The major difference between the two lectins was the observation that the Ulex lectin required higher concentrations of saccharides to bring about complete inhibition of hemagglutination than did the Lotus lectin.", "PMID": 606643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9392", "title": "Selective transport of an oligomeric IgA into canine saliva.", "content": "Evidence is presented which shows that an oligomeric IgA myeloma protein possessing J-chain but lacking secretory component, is selectively transferred from serum into canine saliva. The data also demonstrate that 125I-label remains with the IgA during the transfer process. These data interpreted in the light of findings in humans support the concept that the oligomeric form of IgA, devoid of secretory component, is required to achieve selective transport.", "contents": "Selective transport of an oligomeric IgA into canine saliva. Evidence is presented which shows that an oligomeric IgA myeloma protein possessing J-chain but lacking secretory component, is selectively transferred from serum into canine saliva. The data also demonstrate that 125I-label remains with the IgA during the transfer process. These data interpreted in the light of findings in humans support the concept that the oligomeric form of IgA, devoid of secretory component, is required to achieve selective transport.", "PMID": 606644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9393", "title": "Lipolysis in brown adipose tissue of cold- and heat-acclimated hamsters.", "content": "Rates of release of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol to the incubation medium by brown adipose tissue (BAT) slices isolated from heat-acclimated (H), cold-acclimated (C), and control (N) hamsters in the absence or presence of epinephrine (E) were studied. Rates of FFA and glycerol release by tissue slices isolated from H and N animals were similar. In tissue slices isolated from C animals rate of release of FFA and glycerol was three times as high. Addition of E to the incubation medium (200 microgram/ml) had no effect on the rate of FFA and glycerol release of slices from C animals, but tripled the rates of slices from N, resulting in similar values for the two groups. In slices from H animals the rate of release was lower than in the other two groups, increasing only 1.5-fold. Pretreatment of N animals with triiodothyronine (T3; 0.8 microgram/100 g daily for 7 days) doubled the rates of FFA and glycerol release. Addition of E to the medium affected both pretreated and nontreated slices similarly. Two possible mechanisms by which temperature acclimation controls the lipolytic rate of BAT are suggested by 1) the concentration of specific enzymes and 2) cellular metabolites and hormones which activate existing systems. It seems that both operate in temperature-acclimated hamsters.", "contents": "Lipolysis in brown adipose tissue of cold- and heat-acclimated hamsters. Rates of release of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol to the incubation medium by brown adipose tissue (BAT) slices isolated from heat-acclimated (H), cold-acclimated (C), and control (N) hamsters in the absence or presence of epinephrine (E) were studied. Rates of FFA and glycerol release by tissue slices isolated from H and N animals were similar. In tissue slices isolated from C animals rate of release of FFA and glycerol was three times as high. Addition of E to the incubation medium (200 microgram/ml) had no effect on the rate of FFA and glycerol release of slices from C animals, but tripled the rates of slices from N, resulting in similar values for the two groups. In slices from H animals the rate of release was lower than in the other two groups, increasing only 1.5-fold. Pretreatment of N animals with triiodothyronine (T3; 0.8 microgram/100 g daily for 7 days) doubled the rates of FFA and glycerol release. Addition of E to the medium affected both pretreated and nontreated slices similarly. Two possible mechanisms by which temperature acclimation controls the lipolytic rate of BAT are suggested by 1) the concentration of specific enzymes and 2) cellular metabolites and hormones which activate existing systems. It seems that both operate in temperature-acclimated hamsters.", "PMID": 606684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9394", "title": "Influence of arterial hypoxia on cardiac and coronary dynamics in the conscious sinoaortic-denervated dog.", "content": "Arterial hypoxia was produced in 10 conscious, chronically instrumented, tracheostomized dogs by allowing them to breathe 7.5% O2 in N2 for 10 min. Hypoxia (Pao2 = 28 +/- 0.7 (SE) Torr) caused significant increases in coronary blood flow (+196%), left ventricular dP/dt max (+60%), aortic blood flow (+48%), heart rate (+50%), and left ventricular systolic (+12%) and aortic (+10%) pressures. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume were unchanged, while systemic (-30%) and coronary diastolic (-66%) vascular resistances declined significantly. When equivalent levels of arterial hypoxia were produced in four of these dogs after chronic sinoaortic denervation, the coronary, cardiac, and systemic hemodynamic responses were not significantly different, with the exception that the small arterial pressure response was abolished. Thus the peripheral chemoreflexes are not essential for the normal coronary vasodilator and cardiac adjustments to occur during hypoxia in the conscious dog. The data support the hypothesis that a large part of the cardiac adjustments to hypoxia is initiated outside the sinoaortic reflexogenic zones, probably within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Influence of arterial hypoxia on cardiac and coronary dynamics in the conscious sinoaortic-denervated dog. Arterial hypoxia was produced in 10 conscious, chronically instrumented, tracheostomized dogs by allowing them to breathe 7.5% O2 in N2 for 10 min. Hypoxia (Pao2 = 28 +/- 0.7 (SE) Torr) caused significant increases in coronary blood flow (+196%), left ventricular dP/dt max (+60%), aortic blood flow (+48%), heart rate (+50%), and left ventricular systolic (+12%) and aortic (+10%) pressures. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke volume were unchanged, while systemic (-30%) and coronary diastolic (-66%) vascular resistances declined significantly. When equivalent levels of arterial hypoxia were produced in four of these dogs after chronic sinoaortic denervation, the coronary, cardiac, and systemic hemodynamic responses were not significantly different, with the exception that the small arterial pressure response was abolished. Thus the peripheral chemoreflexes are not essential for the normal coronary vasodilator and cardiac adjustments to occur during hypoxia in the conscious dog. The data support the hypothesis that a large part of the cardiac adjustments to hypoxia is initiated outside the sinoaortic reflexogenic zones, probably within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 606685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9395", "title": "Insulin and glucose responses during bed rest with isotonic and isometric exercise.", "content": "The effects of daily intensive isotonic (68% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)) and isometric (21% maximum extension force) leg exercise on plasma insulin and glucose responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during 14-day bed-rest (BR) periods were investigated in seven young healthy men. The OGTT was given during ambulatory control and on day 10 of the no-exercise, isotonic, and isometric exercise BR periods during the 15-wk study. The subjects were placed on a controlled diet (mean +/- SD = 344 +/- 34 g CHO/day and 3,073 +/- 155 (SD) kcal/day) starting 10 days before each BR period. During BR, basal plasma glucose concentration remained unchanged with no exercise, but increased (P less than 0.05) to 87-89 mg/100 ml with both exercise regimens on day 2, and then fell slightly below control levels on day 13. The fall of glucose content (-11 to -15%) during BR was independent of the exercise regimen and was an adjustment for the loss of plasma vol. The intensity of the response of insulin and glucose to the OGTT (integrated area under the curves) was inversely proportional to the total daily energy expenditure during BR; i.e., the largest response with no exercise, then isometric, isotonic, and ambulatory exercise. It was estimated that at least 1,020 kcal/day must be provided by supplemental exercise to restore the hyperinsulinemia to control levels.", "contents": "Insulin and glucose responses during bed rest with isotonic and isometric exercise. The effects of daily intensive isotonic (68% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)) and isometric (21% maximum extension force) leg exercise on plasma insulin and glucose responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during 14-day bed-rest (BR) periods were investigated in seven young healthy men. The OGTT was given during ambulatory control and on day 10 of the no-exercise, isotonic, and isometric exercise BR periods during the 15-wk study. The subjects were placed on a controlled diet (mean +/- SD = 344 +/- 34 g CHO/day and 3,073 +/- 155 (SD) kcal/day) starting 10 days before each BR period. During BR, basal plasma glucose concentration remained unchanged with no exercise, but increased (P less than 0.05) to 87-89 mg/100 ml with both exercise regimens on day 2, and then fell slightly below control levels on day 13. The fall of glucose content (-11 to -15%) during BR was independent of the exercise regimen and was an adjustment for the loss of plasma vol. The intensity of the response of insulin and glucose to the OGTT (integrated area under the curves) was inversely proportional to the total daily energy expenditure during BR; i.e., the largest response with no exercise, then isometric, isotonic, and ambulatory exercise. It was estimated that at least 1,020 kcal/day must be provided by supplemental exercise to restore the hyperinsulinemia to control levels.", "PMID": 606688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9396", "title": "Response of prepubertal girls and college women to work in the heat.", "content": "Five prepubertal females and five college women, matched for aerobic power, walked on a treadmill at approximately 30% VO2 max for two 50-min periods in three environments: 1) 28 degrees C, 45% rh, 2) 35 degrees C, 65% rh, and 3) 48 degrees C, 10% rh. In the mild heat (28 degrees C) both groups were able to work 100 min with no discomfort. At 35 and 48 degrees C tolerance time for the prepubertal subjects averaged 84.4 and 37.0 min, respectively; for adults, 100 and 75.0 min. At all temperatures the girls had higher heart rates and a lower stroke index, and finished the walks with a higher rectal temperature. There were no differences between groups in cardiac index, mean skin temperature, forearm blood flow, or percent loss in body weight. The proportion of the thermal load dissipated by the two groups was similar but the route for heat transfer was related to the BSA/wt ratio and environmental conditions. Marked circulatory instability was a primary factor in the lower tolerance of the prepubertal girls to work in the heat probably due to a shift in blood volume from the central to the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Response of prepubertal girls and college women to work in the heat. Five prepubertal females and five college women, matched for aerobic power, walked on a treadmill at approximately 30% VO2 max for two 50-min periods in three environments: 1) 28 degrees C, 45% rh, 2) 35 degrees C, 65% rh, and 3) 48 degrees C, 10% rh. In the mild heat (28 degrees C) both groups were able to work 100 min with no discomfort. At 35 and 48 degrees C tolerance time for the prepubertal subjects averaged 84.4 and 37.0 min, respectively; for adults, 100 and 75.0 min. At all temperatures the girls had higher heart rates and a lower stroke index, and finished the walks with a higher rectal temperature. There were no differences between groups in cardiac index, mean skin temperature, forearm blood flow, or percent loss in body weight. The proportion of the thermal load dissipated by the two groups was similar but the route for heat transfer was related to the BSA/wt ratio and environmental conditions. Marked circulatory instability was a primary factor in the lower tolerance of the prepubertal girls to work in the heat probably due to a shift in blood volume from the central to the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 606689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9397", "title": "Effect of aging alone on mechanical properties of the normal adult human lung.", "content": "For plethysmographic studies of respiratory mechanics, we selected, from a general population, 51 subjects, aged 25-75 yr, who had never smoked, had no present or past cardiorespiratory symptoms or disease, were alpha1-antitrypsin MM phenotypes, and were normal by physical examination, vectorcardiography, and chest roentgenography. Approximately equal numbers of men and women were represented in each of three age groups; 25-35, 36-64, and 65-75. Both sexes demonstrated loss of lung elastic recoil with age, most significant at high lung volumes, but the rate of loss was less than previously reported. Males had higher lung recoil than females of comparable age, but if lung size was taken into account, there were no sex differences in bulk elastic properties. Maximum expiratory flow diminished with age only at low volumes, suggesting that equal pressure points are more centrally located at low lung volumes in the elderly.", "contents": "Effect of aging alone on mechanical properties of the normal adult human lung. For plethysmographic studies of respiratory mechanics, we selected, from a general population, 51 subjects, aged 25-75 yr, who had never smoked, had no present or past cardiorespiratory symptoms or disease, were alpha1-antitrypsin MM phenotypes, and were normal by physical examination, vectorcardiography, and chest roentgenography. Approximately equal numbers of men and women were represented in each of three age groups; 25-35, 36-64, and 65-75. Both sexes demonstrated loss of lung elastic recoil with age, most significant at high lung volumes, but the rate of loss was less than previously reported. Males had higher lung recoil than females of comparable age, but if lung size was taken into account, there were no sex differences in bulk elastic properties. Maximum expiratory flow diminished with age only at low volumes, suggesting that equal pressure points are more centrally located at low lung volumes in the elderly.", "PMID": 606690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9398", "title": "Mechanism of respiratory responses to intravenous NaHCO3, HCl, and KCN.", "content": "We studied the mechanism by which respiratory responses are produced by rapid injection of NaHCO3, HCl, or KCN into the superior vena cava of lightly anesthetized dogs. To estimate independently circulatory transit time to receptor sites, the solutions were injected at 0 degrees C and their arrival time at the ascending aorta and carotid sinus was detected by thermocouples. All of the ventilatory responses were observed to begin after the substances had reached the ascending aorta and 94% began after the carotid sinus had been reached. The injections were repeated following bilateral vagotomy and/or carotid body resection. Vagotomy produced no significant changes in ventilatory responses, but carotid body resection considerably reduced them. Following both procedures, few ventilatory responses were observed, and the time lag to the onset of the response increased greatly. We conclude that all of the observed ventilatory responses can be accounted for by the known arterial and central chemoreceptors, and that no evidence for pulmonary chemoreceptors was obtained.", "contents": "Mechanism of respiratory responses to intravenous NaHCO3, HCl, and KCN. We studied the mechanism by which respiratory responses are produced by rapid injection of NaHCO3, HCl, or KCN into the superior vena cava of lightly anesthetized dogs. To estimate independently circulatory transit time to receptor sites, the solutions were injected at 0 degrees C and their arrival time at the ascending aorta and carotid sinus was detected by thermocouples. All of the ventilatory responses were observed to begin after the substances had reached the ascending aorta and 94% began after the carotid sinus had been reached. The injections were repeated following bilateral vagotomy and/or carotid body resection. Vagotomy produced no significant changes in ventilatory responses, but carotid body resection considerably reduced them. Following both procedures, few ventilatory responses were observed, and the time lag to the onset of the response increased greatly. We conclude that all of the observed ventilatory responses can be accounted for by the known arterial and central chemoreceptors, and that no evidence for pulmonary chemoreceptors was obtained.", "PMID": 606692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9399", "title": "Fetal cerebral oxygen consumption at different levels of oxygenation.", "content": "Cerebral oxygen consumption (VCO2) was measured in 10 unanesthetized, chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 130-140 days of gestation. The VCO2 was calculated using cerebral blood flow (QC) measured with radioactive microspheres and the cerebral arteriovenous difference of O2 content (C(a-V)O2) calculated from preductal arterial and sagittal sinus venous blood. The ewe was exposed to varying concentrations of oxygen, resulting in fetal arterial oxygen contents (CaO2) of 0.89-5.58 mM, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) values of 14-36 Torr, and cerebral venous oxygen tension (PVO2) values of 9-25 Torr. Although there was a clear relationship between the fetal CaO2 and C(a-V)O2, this was shown to be the result of changes in Qc rather than changes in VCO2. There was not a statistically significant correlation between either CaO2 or PVO2 and VCO2 over this range of oxygenation. On the other hand, C(a-V)O2 was highly correlated with Qc. There is no evidence that VCO2 is a function of oxygen tension (PO2) in the unanesthetized fetal sheep as long as the sagittal sinus PO2 is greater than or equal to 9 Torr.", "contents": "Fetal cerebral oxygen consumption at different levels of oxygenation. Cerebral oxygen consumption (VCO2) was measured in 10 unanesthetized, chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 130-140 days of gestation. The VCO2 was calculated using cerebral blood flow (QC) measured with radioactive microspheres and the cerebral arteriovenous difference of O2 content (C(a-V)O2) calculated from preductal arterial and sagittal sinus venous blood. The ewe was exposed to varying concentrations of oxygen, resulting in fetal arterial oxygen contents (CaO2) of 0.89-5.58 mM, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) values of 14-36 Torr, and cerebral venous oxygen tension (PVO2) values of 9-25 Torr. Although there was a clear relationship between the fetal CaO2 and C(a-V)O2, this was shown to be the result of changes in Qc rather than changes in VCO2. There was not a statistically significant correlation between either CaO2 or PVO2 and VCO2 over this range of oxygenation. On the other hand, C(a-V)O2 was highly correlated with Qc. There is no evidence that VCO2 is a function of oxygen tension (PO2) in the unanesthetized fetal sheep as long as the sagittal sinus PO2 is greater than or equal to 9 Torr.", "PMID": 606693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9400", "title": "Effects of lung inflation on longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance.", "content": "A low-viscosity bolus technique was employed to determine the influence of lung inflation on the distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance in isolated cat lungs. When the lungs were collapsed, the longitudinal distribution of resistance was concentrated near the proximal (arterial) part of the vascular bed. As the lungs were inflated, the resistance became more evenly distributed with the maximum located close to the midpoint of the total blood volume. The fraction of total pressure drop across the lung which occurred proximal to the midpoint of the total lung blood volume decreased from 0.69 in the collapsed lung to 0.43 at a transpulmonary pressure of 16 cmH2O.", "contents": "Effects of lung inflation on longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. A low-viscosity bolus technique was employed to determine the influence of lung inflation on the distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance in isolated cat lungs. When the lungs were collapsed, the longitudinal distribution of resistance was concentrated near the proximal (arterial) part of the vascular bed. As the lungs were inflated, the resistance became more evenly distributed with the maximum located close to the midpoint of the total blood volume. The fraction of total pressure drop across the lung which occurred proximal to the midpoint of the total lung blood volume decreased from 0.69 in the collapsed lung to 0.43 at a transpulmonary pressure of 16 cmH2O.", "PMID": 606694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9401", "title": "Longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in the lung.", "content": "We have modified the low-viscosity bolus technique for determining the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. A bolus of saline was introduced into the pulmonary artery of an isolated cat lung. As this low-viscosity bolus passed through the lung, a fall in inflow pressure was recorded which had a characteristic shape depending on the changing shape and position of the low-viscosity bolus and the longitudinal distribution of resistance. The shape and position of the bolus within the lung at a given time were calculated using the change in viscosity of the blood measured as the bolus entered the pulmonary artery and as it emerged from the left atrium. Assuming that the hemodynamic resistance of a small segment of the vasculature is proportional to the product of the viscosity and its geometric factor, we employed a sequential-pattern search technique to calculate the \"best\" longitudinal distribution of the geometric factor, compatible with the position and dispersion of the bolus at any time and the arterial pressure curve.", "contents": "Longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance in the lung. We have modified the low-viscosity bolus technique for determining the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. A bolus of saline was introduced into the pulmonary artery of an isolated cat lung. As this low-viscosity bolus passed through the lung, a fall in inflow pressure was recorded which had a characteristic shape depending on the changing shape and position of the low-viscosity bolus and the longitudinal distribution of resistance. The shape and position of the bolus within the lung at a given time were calculated using the change in viscosity of the blood measured as the bolus entered the pulmonary artery and as it emerged from the left atrium. Assuming that the hemodynamic resistance of a small segment of the vasculature is proportional to the product of the viscosity and its geometric factor, we employed a sequential-pattern search technique to calculate the \"best\" longitudinal distribution of the geometric factor, compatible with the position and dispersion of the bolus at any time and the arterial pressure curve.", "PMID": 606695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9402", "title": "Measurement of body temperature in neonatal mice.", "content": "A simple method is described for obtaining repeated measurements of body temperature in young mice with minimal error introduced through stress. Temperatures are measured by an external thermocouple attached to the thorax in the region of the heart. A sling around the animal's thorax provides insulation for the thermocouple from surrounding air and mild restraint of the animal during measurement. Comparison with temperatures obtained in other locations indicates that external thoracic temperature as described gives a reliable estimate of true body temperature in mice up to 21 days old. Typical results with normal mice aged 1 day to 6 wk postpartum are included, together with a brief discussion of the technique's applicability.", "contents": "Measurement of body temperature in neonatal mice. A simple method is described for obtaining repeated measurements of body temperature in young mice with minimal error introduced through stress. Temperatures are measured by an external thermocouple attached to the thorax in the region of the heart. A sling around the animal's thorax provides insulation for the thermocouple from surrounding air and mild restraint of the animal during measurement. Comparison with temperatures obtained in other locations indicates that external thoracic temperature as described gives a reliable estimate of true body temperature in mice up to 21 days old. Typical results with normal mice aged 1 day to 6 wk postpartum are included, together with a brief discussion of the technique's applicability.", "PMID": 606696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9403", "title": "Determinants of transmembrane bicarbonate flux during acid-base changes.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine the contribution of increased extracellular HCO3- concentration, [HCO-3e], to the net extracellular-to-intracellular HCO3- flux observed in hearts during hypercapnia. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused by recirculating for 15-min periods a small volume of Ringer solution in which [HCO-3e] and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) could be independently altered. A net HCO-3 flux was evidenced by a decrease in [HCO-3e] during recirculation. [HCO-3e] was randomly increased from 19 mM over a range of 19-42 mM at a constant PCO2 of 38.7 Torr. The resulting flux increased linearly with the [HCO-3e] existing at the start of recirculation. The same relationship was observed at 95.8 Torr PCO2. The disappearance of HCO-3 from the perfusate could not be explained by dilution in the interstitium or by lactate accumulation. When PCO2 was increased from 40 Torr over a range of 40-160 Torr at a constant [HCO-3e] of 20 or 30 mM, a small flux was observed only at the highest PCO2 levels. Essentially the same results were obtained when recirculation time was prolonged to 30 min. These results suggest that the major determinant of the HCO-3 flux is a change in extracellular HCO-3 concentration.", "contents": "Determinants of transmembrane bicarbonate flux during acid-base changes. Experiments were designed to determine the contribution of increased extracellular HCO3- concentration, [HCO-3e], to the net extracellular-to-intracellular HCO3- flux observed in hearts during hypercapnia. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused by recirculating for 15-min periods a small volume of Ringer solution in which [HCO-3e] and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) could be independently altered. A net HCO-3 flux was evidenced by a decrease in [HCO-3e] during recirculation. [HCO-3e] was randomly increased from 19 mM over a range of 19-42 mM at a constant PCO2 of 38.7 Torr. The resulting flux increased linearly with the [HCO-3e] existing at the start of recirculation. The same relationship was observed at 95.8 Torr PCO2. The disappearance of HCO-3 from the perfusate could not be explained by dilution in the interstitium or by lactate accumulation. When PCO2 was increased from 40 Torr over a range of 40-160 Torr at a constant [HCO-3e] of 20 or 30 mM, a small flux was observed only at the highest PCO2 levels. Essentially the same results were obtained when recirculation time was prolonged to 30 min. These results suggest that the major determinant of the HCO-3 flux is a change in extracellular HCO-3 concentration.", "PMID": 606697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9404", "title": "Pulmonary mechanics in normal rats.", "content": "A versatile, whole-body pressure, or volume plethysmographic system for the study of pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized, tracheotomized rats has been described. Lung volumes and lung compliance values were in good agreement with those previously reported. Pulmonary resistance and chest wall compliance values were lower than those previously reported. Total dynamic compliance remained independent of respiratory frequency between 40 and 320 breaths/min. Flow-limiting behavior was demonstrated from a series of imposed forced expiratory maneuvers of graded effort. With a deflation pressure of 30 cmH2O, the effort-independent range of maximum flow extended to 40-50% of vital capacity. Maximal flow-static recoil pressure relationships were essentially linear over the effort independent portion of the flow-volume curve. Substitution of a low-density gas mixture (80% He-20% O2) for air resulted in increased forced expiratory flow rates but the magnitude of the response was considerably less than that which has been reported in man.", "contents": "Pulmonary mechanics in normal rats. A versatile, whole-body pressure, or volume plethysmographic system for the study of pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized, tracheotomized rats has been described. Lung volumes and lung compliance values were in good agreement with those previously reported. Pulmonary resistance and chest wall compliance values were lower than those previously reported. Total dynamic compliance remained independent of respiratory frequency between 40 and 320 breaths/min. Flow-limiting behavior was demonstrated from a series of imposed forced expiratory maneuvers of graded effort. With a deflation pressure of 30 cmH2O, the effort-independent range of maximum flow extended to 40-50% of vital capacity. Maximal flow-static recoil pressure relationships were essentially linear over the effort independent portion of the flow-volume curve. Substitution of a low-density gas mixture (80% He-20% O2) for air resulted in increased forced expiratory flow rates but the magnitude of the response was considerably less than that which has been reported in man.", "PMID": 606698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9405", "title": "Diminished hormonal responses to exercise in trained rats.", "content": "Male rats (120 g) either were subjected to a 12-wk physical training program (T rats) or were sedentary controls (C rats). Subsequently the rats were killed at rest or after a 45- or 90-min forced swim. At rest, T rats had higher liver and muscle glycogen concentrations but lower plasma insulin. During exercise, blood glucose increased 60% in T rats but decreased 20% in C rats. Plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations did not change in T rats but plasma glucagon increased and insulin decreased markedly in C rats. Plasma epinephrine (90 min: range, 0.78-2.96 ng-ml-1, (T) vs. 4.42-15.67 (C)) and norepinephrine (90 min: 0.70-2.22 (T) vs. 2.50-6.10 (C)) were lower in T than in C rats. Hepatic glycogen decreased substantially and, as with muscle glycogen, the decrease was parallel in T and C rats. The plasma concentrations of free fatty acids were higher but lactate and alanine lower in T than in C rats. In trained rats the hormonal response to exercise is blunted partly due to higher glucose concentrations. In these rats adipose tissue sensitivity to catecholamines is increased, and changes in glucagon and insulin concentrations are not necessary for increased lipolysis and hepatic glycogen depletion during exercise.", "contents": "Diminished hormonal responses to exercise in trained rats. Male rats (120 g) either were subjected to a 12-wk physical training program (T rats) or were sedentary controls (C rats). Subsequently the rats were killed at rest or after a 45- or 90-min forced swim. At rest, T rats had higher liver and muscle glycogen concentrations but lower plasma insulin. During exercise, blood glucose increased 60% in T rats but decreased 20% in C rats. Plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations did not change in T rats but plasma glucagon increased and insulin decreased markedly in C rats. Plasma epinephrine (90 min: range, 0.78-2.96 ng-ml-1, (T) vs. 4.42-15.67 (C)) and norepinephrine (90 min: 0.70-2.22 (T) vs. 2.50-6.10 (C)) were lower in T than in C rats. Hepatic glycogen decreased substantially and, as with muscle glycogen, the decrease was parallel in T and C rats. The plasma concentrations of free fatty acids were higher but lactate and alanine lower in T than in C rats. In trained rats the hormonal response to exercise is blunted partly due to higher glucose concentrations. In these rats adipose tissue sensitivity to catecholamines is increased, and changes in glucagon and insulin concentrations are not necessary for increased lipolysis and hepatic glycogen depletion during exercise.", "PMID": 606699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9406", "title": "Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia during continuous aspirin ingestion.", "content": "Hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses were serially measured in nine normal subjects given 3.9 g aspirin (ASA) per day for 9 days. Minute ventilation (VE), end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2), venous bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-], oxygen consumption (VO2), hypercapnic ventilatory response (deltaVE/deltaPCO2), and isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (A) were determined before, 2 h after the first dose, and at 72-h intervals during the next 14 days. Serum salicylate levels averaged 18.6 +/- 2.0 mg/dl. VE increased (P less than 0.05, PETCO2 decreased (P less than 0.05), and [HCO3-] did not change significantly during drug ingestion. deltaVE/deltaPCO2 increased gradually to a value 37% greater than control by day 3 and remained constant (P less 0.01). A increased by 251% and VO2 by 18% within 2 h and remained constant for the remainder of the ASA period (P less than 0.01). All values returned to base line within 24 h following cessation of ASA. We conclude that during continuous ASA ingestion there is a gradual increase of hypercapnic ventilatory response. This may reflect slow entrance of ASA into the central nervous system. In contrast, there is a rapid rise in hypoxic ventilatory response which may be mechanically linked to changes in metabolic rate.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia during continuous aspirin ingestion. Hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses were serially measured in nine normal subjects given 3.9 g aspirin (ASA) per day for 9 days. Minute ventilation (VE), end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2), venous bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-], oxygen consumption (VO2), hypercapnic ventilatory response (deltaVE/deltaPCO2), and isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (A) were determined before, 2 h after the first dose, and at 72-h intervals during the next 14 days. Serum salicylate levels averaged 18.6 +/- 2.0 mg/dl. VE increased (P less than 0.05, PETCO2 decreased (P less than 0.05), and [HCO3-] did not change significantly during drug ingestion. deltaVE/deltaPCO2 increased gradually to a value 37% greater than control by day 3 and remained constant (P less 0.01). A increased by 251% and VO2 by 18% within 2 h and remained constant for the remainder of the ASA period (P less than 0.01). All values returned to base line within 24 h following cessation of ASA. We conclude that during continuous ASA ingestion there is a gradual increase of hypercapnic ventilatory response. This may reflect slow entrance of ASA into the central nervous system. In contrast, there is a rapid rise in hypoxic ventilatory response which may be mechanically linked to changes in metabolic rate.", "PMID": 606701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9407", "title": "The radionuclide ejection fraction: a comparison of three radionuclide techniques with contrast angiography.", "content": "Left-ventricular ejection fraction (EF) can be measured by several radionuclide methods. The EFs determined by three such methods (first-transit time-activity, equilibrium blood-pool time-activity, and equilibrium blood-pool area-length) were compared in 30 patients with EFs measured by area-length analysis of x-ray contrast angiograms. Both time-activity methods (first-transit and blood-pool) yielded EFs that correlated well with x-ray contrast EFs (r=0.86 and 0.84, respectively). Area-length analysis of blood-pool images yielded EFs that agreed less well with x-ray contrast EFs (r=0.73 in the RAO view, 0.70 in the LAO view). We conclude that first-transit and blood-pool techniques are equally accurate methods for determining EF when the time-activity method of analysis is employed.", "contents": "The radionuclide ejection fraction: a comparison of three radionuclide techniques with contrast angiography. Left-ventricular ejection fraction (EF) can be measured by several radionuclide methods. The EFs determined by three such methods (first-transit time-activity, equilibrium blood-pool time-activity, and equilibrium blood-pool area-length) were compared in 30 patients with EFs measured by area-length analysis of x-ray contrast angiograms. Both time-activity methods (first-transit and blood-pool) yielded EFs that correlated well with x-ray contrast EFs (r=0.86 and 0.84, respectively). Area-length analysis of blood-pool images yielded EFs that agreed less well with x-ray contrast EFs (r=0.73 in the RAO view, 0.70 in the LAO view). We conclude that first-transit and blood-pool techniques are equally accurate methods for determining EF when the time-activity method of analysis is employed.", "PMID": 606737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9408", "title": "Thallium-201: non-invasive determination of the regional distribution of cardiac output.", "content": "Sapirstein (1) employed cationic radiopotassium to determine the fractional distribution of cardiac output to several organs. Thallium-201 can substitute for radiopotassium in myocardial imaging, and was evaluated in the present studies to determine the distribution of cardiac output in the anesthetized dog in comparison with tracer microspheres, both under control circumstances and following the infusion of norepinephrine in a dose sufficient to raise the blood pressure 20 mm Hg above control levels. The concentrations of thallium-201 and microspheres were similar in the heart, kidney, thyroid, and skeletal muscle in both control and norepinephrine-treated animals (r=0.93). Thallium concentration in the liver and lung exceeded that of microspheres, however, and probably is not related solely to the regional distribution of arterial perfusion. These data suggest that in the heart, kidney, thyroid, and skeletal muscle, thallium-201 distribution reflects the fractional distribution of cardiac output.", "contents": "Thallium-201: non-invasive determination of the regional distribution of cardiac output. Sapirstein (1) employed cationic radiopotassium to determine the fractional distribution of cardiac output to several organs. Thallium-201 can substitute for radiopotassium in myocardial imaging, and was evaluated in the present studies to determine the distribution of cardiac output in the anesthetized dog in comparison with tracer microspheres, both under control circumstances and following the infusion of norepinephrine in a dose sufficient to raise the blood pressure 20 mm Hg above control levels. The concentrations of thallium-201 and microspheres were similar in the heart, kidney, thyroid, and skeletal muscle in both control and norepinephrine-treated animals (r=0.93). Thallium concentration in the liver and lung exceeded that of microspheres, however, and probably is not related solely to the regional distribution of arterial perfusion. These data suggest that in the heart, kidney, thyroid, and skeletal muscle, thallium-201 distribution reflects the fractional distribution of cardiac output.", "PMID": 606738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9409", "title": "Accumulation of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in contused myocardium.", "content": "The uptake of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in contused myocardium was measured as a function of time from the insult. The free wall of the dog's left ventricle was surgically exposed and struck with a spring-loaded paddle. Pyrophosphate was injected intravenously from 1 1/2 to 47 1/2 hr after the injury. After 1/2 hr of incubation the hearts were removed and the Tc-99m content of contused and noncontused myocardium was measured. Pyrophosphate was concentrated in contused myocardium at all of the time periods tested. Contused-to-normal ratios for pyrophosphate uptake ranged from 8.1 (8 hr) to 41.9 (48 hr).", "contents": "Accumulation of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in contused myocardium. The uptake of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate in contused myocardium was measured as a function of time from the insult. The free wall of the dog's left ventricle was surgically exposed and struck with a spring-loaded paddle. Pyrophosphate was injected intravenously from 1 1/2 to 47 1/2 hr after the injury. After 1/2 hr of incubation the hearts were removed and the Tc-99m content of contused and noncontused myocardium was measured. Pyrophosphate was concentrated in contused myocardium at all of the time periods tested. Contused-to-normal ratios for pyrophosphate uptake ranged from 8.1 (8 hr) to 41.9 (48 hr).", "PMID": 606739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9410", "title": "ECG-gated scintillation probe measurement of left ventricular function.", "content": "A nonimaging, ECG-gated scintillation-probe system is described that permits real-time quantification, at high temporal resolution, of the time variation of left ventricular (LV) volume over a complete, average cardiac cycle. Linearity between counting rate and volume, probe positioning, and background correction were investigated for both cylindrically collimated (CC) and parallel-hole-collimated (PC) detectors. In 53 patient studies, results obtained with these probes were compared with results obtained from an ECG-gated gamma camera system (CS) with high temporal resolution. Time-activity curves obtained by all three devices were essentially identical in shape (for CC against CS, r=0.93; for PC against CS, r=0.98) and in intracycle timing. Left-ventricular ejection fractions obtained with the probes showed workable agreement with the camera; for CC against CS, r=0.85 (N=31; for PC against CS, r=0.90 (N=21). When LV background is removed as a source of error, the correlation between (PC) probe and camera is improved (r=0.95, N=21). This suggests that the portable probe system be used in circumstances where exact knowledge of LV background is minimally important--e.g., continuous bedside monitoring of changes in LV function.", "contents": "ECG-gated scintillation probe measurement of left ventricular function. A nonimaging, ECG-gated scintillation-probe system is described that permits real-time quantification, at high temporal resolution, of the time variation of left ventricular (LV) volume over a complete, average cardiac cycle. Linearity between counting rate and volume, probe positioning, and background correction were investigated for both cylindrically collimated (CC) and parallel-hole-collimated (PC) detectors. In 53 patient studies, results obtained with these probes were compared with results obtained from an ECG-gated gamma camera system (CS) with high temporal resolution. Time-activity curves obtained by all three devices were essentially identical in shape (for CC against CS, r=0.93; for PC against CS, r=0.98) and in intracycle timing. Left-ventricular ejection fractions obtained with the probes showed workable agreement with the camera; for CC against CS, r=0.85 (N=31; for PC against CS, r=0.90 (N=21). When LV background is removed as a source of error, the correlation between (PC) probe and camera is improved (r=0.95, N=21). This suggests that the portable probe system be used in circumstances where exact knowledge of LV background is minimally important--e.g., continuous bedside monitoring of changes in LV function.", "PMID": 606740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9411", "title": "Facial bone scanning by emission tomography.", "content": "A single-photon emission tomographic system was used to study the normal anatomy of the facial bones and the usefulness of emission computed tomography in evaluating diseases of the bones of the face. The examination was performed following routine bone scintigraphy and took an additional 20-30 min. The anatomy of the facial bones was well defined, with clear separation of deep and superficial structures. Early experience with tumor, infection, bone grafts, and postirradiation osteonecrosis indicates that useful added diagnositc information can be obtained by this method.", "contents": "Facial bone scanning by emission tomography. A single-photon emission tomographic system was used to study the normal anatomy of the facial bones and the usefulness of emission computed tomography in evaluating diseases of the bones of the face. The examination was performed following routine bone scintigraphy and took an additional 20-30 min. The anatomy of the facial bones was well defined, with clear separation of deep and superficial structures. Early experience with tumor, infection, bone grafts, and postirradiation osteonecrosis indicates that useful added diagnositc information can be obtained by this method.", "PMID": 606741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9412", "title": "Evaluation of Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a hepatobiliary imaging agent. Part 1. Experimental studies.", "content": "In this experimental study, the usefulness of a new radiotracer, Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine (\"Tc-PPh\"), is evaluated as a hepatobiliary imaging agent, and results are compared with those of conventional cholangiography. In the presence of a normal biliary tree or in cholelithiasis, information derived from conventional cholangiography is of better quality. The radiotracer technique, however, is very useful for the demonstration of cholopeptic bypass procedures, even in the presence of jaundice, and also in cases of intraperitoneal bile leakage.", "contents": "Evaluation of Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a hepatobiliary imaging agent. Part 1. Experimental studies. In this experimental study, the usefulness of a new radiotracer, Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine (\"Tc-PPh\"), is evaluated as a hepatobiliary imaging agent, and results are compared with those of conventional cholangiography. In the presence of a normal biliary tree or in cholelithiasis, information derived from conventional cholangiography is of better quality. The radiotracer technique, however, is very useful for the demonstration of cholopeptic bypass procedures, even in the presence of jaundice, and also in cases of intraperitoneal bile leakage.", "PMID": 606742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9413", "title": "Evaluation of Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a hepatobiliary agent. Part 2. Clinical tests.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with normal or diseased hepatobiliary systems were subjected to a clinical trial in order to evaluate Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a biliary imaging agent. The investigation was combined with i.v. cholecysto-cholangiography in most cases, and the results were compared. It is concluded that qualitative information derived from conventional i.v. cholangiography is better in demonstrating the normal biliary tree or gallstones. The radiotracer techniques, however, are valuable in dynamic studies of Oddi's sphincter, in showing patency of biliary by-pass procedures, and in differentiating hepatocellular from obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Evaluation of Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a hepatobiliary agent. Part 2. Clinical tests. Twenty-four patients with normal or diseased hepatobiliary systems were subjected to a clinical trial in order to evaluate Tc-99m pyridoxal-phenylalanine as a biliary imaging agent. The investigation was combined with i.v. cholecysto-cholangiography in most cases, and the results were compared. It is concluded that qualitative information derived from conventional i.v. cholangiography is better in demonstrating the normal biliary tree or gallstones. The radiotracer techniques, however, are valuable in dynamic studies of Oddi's sphincter, in showing patency of biliary by-pass procedures, and in differentiating hepatocellular from obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 606743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9414", "title": "Marked thyroid uptake of thallium-201 in patients with goiter: case report.", "content": "Marked thyroid uptake of thallium-201 was observed in four patients with goiter, namely one case each of hyperthyroidism, primary hypothyroidism due to chronic thyroiditis, chronic thyroiditis in the mild hypothyroid state, and nontoxic nodular goiter.", "contents": "Marked thyroid uptake of thallium-201 in patients with goiter: case report. Marked thyroid uptake of thallium-201 was observed in four patients with goiter, namely one case each of hyperthyroidism, primary hypothyroidism due to chronic thyroiditis, chronic thyroiditis in the mild hypothyroid state, and nontoxic nodular goiter.", "PMID": 606744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9415", "title": "Radioactivity in gastric juice-a simple adjunct to the Yb-169 DTPA cisternographic diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea: concise communication.", "content": "A new method is offered as an adjunct to radionuclide cisternography and the measuring of radioactivity in nasal pledgets. The activity in gastric juice following the intrathecal injection of Yb-169-DTPA is measured and the ratio of gastric juice to blood is calculated. In patients suffering from CSF rhinorrhea the ratios significantly exceed the normal range. This method can be used to detect CSF leakage at the back of the nasopharynx, and in patients with head injuries too severe to permit the use of nasal pledgets.", "contents": "Radioactivity in gastric juice-a simple adjunct to the Yb-169 DTPA cisternographic diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea: concise communication. A new method is offered as an adjunct to radionuclide cisternography and the measuring of radioactivity in nasal pledgets. The activity in gastric juice following the intrathecal injection of Yb-169-DTPA is measured and the ratio of gastric juice to blood is calculated. In patients suffering from CSF rhinorrhea the ratios significantly exceed the normal range. This method can be used to detect CSF leakage at the back of the nasopharynx, and in patients with head injuries too severe to permit the use of nasal pledgets.", "PMID": 606745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9416", "title": "Bone scan findings in hypervitaminosis D: case report.", "content": "Bone scans in three patients showed generalized symmetrical increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton and absent or faint kidney images. It is thought that these appearances may be attributable to excess vitamin D, but other possible contributing factors, including the presence of renal osteodystrophy, are discussed.", "contents": "Bone scan findings in hypervitaminosis D: case report. Bone scans in three patients showed generalized symmetrical increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton and absent or faint kidney images. It is thought that these appearances may be attributable to excess vitamin D, but other possible contributing factors, including the presence of renal osteodystrophy, are discussed.", "PMID": 606746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9417", "title": "Torsion of the spleen with incomplete infarction: case report.", "content": "Torsion and infarction of a \"wandering spleen\" is a rare disease which is often confused with other acute abdominal crises. A correct preoperative diagnosis, when made, has usually been determined by arteriographic studies. A child is described in whom changes in the TcSC scan made a correct diagnosis possible by non-invasive methods.", "contents": "Torsion of the spleen with incomplete infarction: case report. Torsion and infarction of a \"wandering spleen\" is a rare disease which is often confused with other acute abdominal crises. A correct preoperative diagnosis, when made, has usually been determined by arteriographic studies. A child is described in whom changes in the TcSC scan made a correct diagnosis possible by non-invasive methods.", "PMID": 606747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9418", "title": "Tumor location with 1-aminocyclopentane [11C] carboxylic acid: preliminary clinical trials with single-photon detection.", "content": "High specific activity [11C] Carboxyl-labeled 1-aminocyclopentane-carboxylic acid ([11C] ACPC) was tested as a tumor-scanning agent in thirty-eight patients. This artificial amino acid clears the blood to a level of less than 12% within 45 min; thus, imaging is possible within the useful life of C-11. [11C] ACPC can be produced in amounts adequate for clinical scanning. Doses between 12 and 45 mCi were given by i.v. injection, and scans obtained only in the single-photon mode gave clinical information on the sites of tumors. There was no evidence of any toxic effects from [11C] ACPC, and the radiation doses as extrapolated from animal data are approximately 0.01 rad per mCi for the whole body and less than 0.06 rad per mCi for the pancreas. In all but five of the 38 patients [11C] ACPC scans were compared with those obtained with Ga-67 citrate. There were 19 positive [11C] ACPC scans and 24 positive Ga-67 scans. The results indicate that [11C] ACPC is likely to be of diagnostic value for cancer patients if used in conjunction with positron tomography instrumentation.", "contents": "Tumor location with 1-aminocyclopentane [11C] carboxylic acid: preliminary clinical trials with single-photon detection. High specific activity [11C] Carboxyl-labeled 1-aminocyclopentane-carboxylic acid ([11C] ACPC) was tested as a tumor-scanning agent in thirty-eight patients. This artificial amino acid clears the blood to a level of less than 12% within 45 min; thus, imaging is possible within the useful life of C-11. [11C] ACPC can be produced in amounts adequate for clinical scanning. Doses between 12 and 45 mCi were given by i.v. injection, and scans obtained only in the single-photon mode gave clinical information on the sites of tumors. There was no evidence of any toxic effects from [11C] ACPC, and the radiation doses as extrapolated from animal data are approximately 0.01 rad per mCi for the whole body and less than 0.06 rad per mCi for the pancreas. In all but five of the 38 patients [11C] ACPC scans were compared with those obtained with Ga-67 citrate. There were 19 positive [11C] ACPC scans and 24 positive Ga-67 scans. The results indicate that [11C] ACPC is likely to be of diagnostic value for cancer patients if used in conjunction with positron tomography instrumentation.", "PMID": 606748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9419", "title": "Preparation of various Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinate complexes and their evaluation as radiotracers.", "content": "The organ distributions of four different Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinate complexes (\"Tc-DMS\", Complexes 1 to 4) were determined using mice and were evaluated as renal imaging agents. The highest kidney uptake was observed with Complex 2:21.7% of dose, 3 hr after injection. The biologic distributions and gel chromatographic analyses using carrier Tc-99 and Sn-113 indicate that there is little possibility of mixed metal complexes of the type Tc-Sn-DMS: rather they contain only Tc + DMS. The labeling procedure for Tc-99m DMS as a renal agent proceeds in two steps: a rapid formation of Complex 1, and a slower, rate-determining step from Complex 1 to Complex 2. A reproducible lyophilized kit has been prepared. The yield of complex 2 greatly depends on the reconstitution volume of 99mTcO4-; yield averages 89% using 2 ml of 99mTcO4-eluate.", "contents": "Preparation of various Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinate complexes and their evaluation as radiotracers. The organ distributions of four different Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinate complexes (\"Tc-DMS\", Complexes 1 to 4) were determined using mice and were evaluated as renal imaging agents. The highest kidney uptake was observed with Complex 2:21.7% of dose, 3 hr after injection. The biologic distributions and gel chromatographic analyses using carrier Tc-99 and Sn-113 indicate that there is little possibility of mixed metal complexes of the type Tc-Sn-DMS: rather they contain only Tc + DMS. The labeling procedure for Tc-99m DMS as a renal agent proceeds in two steps: a rapid formation of Complex 1, and a slower, rate-determining step from Complex 1 to Complex 2. A reproducible lyophilized kit has been prepared. The yield of complex 2 greatly depends on the reconstitution volume of 99mTcO4-; yield averages 89% using 2 ml of 99mTcO4-eluate.", "PMID": 606749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9420", "title": "Rapid miniaturized chromatographic quality-control procedures for Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "Our laboratory has adopted a complete miniaturized charomatography system for Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals in order to improve upon the commercial systems currently available. Three distinct, separate, chromatographic procedures are used to determine the labeling efficiencies of Tc-99m-labeled sulfur colloid, MAA, stannous chloride, phytate, DMSA, DTPA, pyrophosphate, diphosphonate, methylene diphosphonate, polyphosphate, and glucoheptonate. The chromatographic systems include Whatman 31 ET paper and acetone, Gelman ITLC-SG and 0.9% sodium chloride, and Gelman ITLC-SA and acetone. The chromatographic strips are miniaturized (1 X 6 cm), colored-coded, marked, and numbered. All the chromatographic quality-control procedures are simple, rapid, and can easily be incorporated into the routine quality-control program of any nuclear medicine facility.", "contents": "Rapid miniaturized chromatographic quality-control procedures for Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals. Our laboratory has adopted a complete miniaturized charomatography system for Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals in order to improve upon the commercial systems currently available. Three distinct, separate, chromatographic procedures are used to determine the labeling efficiencies of Tc-99m-labeled sulfur colloid, MAA, stannous chloride, phytate, DMSA, DTPA, pyrophosphate, diphosphonate, methylene diphosphonate, polyphosphate, and glucoheptonate. The chromatographic systems include Whatman 31 ET paper and acetone, Gelman ITLC-SG and 0.9% sodium chloride, and Gelman ITLC-SA and acetone. The chromatographic strips are miniaturized (1 X 6 cm), colored-coded, marked, and numbered. All the chromatographic quality-control procedures are simple, rapid, and can easily be incorporated into the routine quality-control program of any nuclear medicine facility.", "PMID": 606750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9421", "title": "Influenza in New Jersey in 1976: isolations of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus at Fort Dix.", "content": "An outbreak of febrile respiratory disease at Fort Dix, New Jersey, beginning in January 1976, yielded five isolates of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus and 42 isolates of strains resembling influenza A/Victoria/75 virus. Despite extraordinary efforts and the study of 305 verified cases of infection with type A influenza virus throughout the region, no additional instances of infections with influenza A/New Jersey virus were detected in humans.", "contents": "Influenza in New Jersey in 1976: isolations of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus at Fort Dix. An outbreak of febrile respiratory disease at Fort Dix, New Jersey, beginning in January 1976, yielded five isolates of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus and 42 isolates of strains resembling influenza A/Victoria/75 virus. Despite extraordinary efforts and the study of 305 verified cases of infection with type A influenza virus throughout the region, no additional instances of infections with influenza A/New Jersey virus were detected in humans.", "PMID": 606758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9422", "title": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). I. Case finding and clinical study of cases.", "content": "After the isolation of A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza virus from five soldiers at Fort Dix, New Jersey, case finding was initiated by obtaining specimens for viral isolation from 95 patients with acute respiratory disease and determining antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/103/74 (Hsw1N1) antigen in paired sera from 74 soldiers who had been hospitalized with acute respiratory disease. Influenza A/New Jersey virus was not isolated, but serologic studies identified eight additional soldiers as A/New Jersey influenza patients. Development of heterotypic antibody to A/Mayo Clinic antigen following infection and/or immunization with influenza A (H3N2) strains was studied and was found to occur infrequently. One of the 13 identified patients had died, and postmortem findings were consistent with viral pneumonia. Four of the 12 surviving patients had radiologic evidence of pneumonia, but clinical syndromes in all 12 were similar to those described for other influenza A infections.", "contents": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). I. Case finding and clinical study of cases. After the isolation of A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza virus from five soldiers at Fort Dix, New Jersey, case finding was initiated by obtaining specimens for viral isolation from 95 patients with acute respiratory disease and determining antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/103/74 (Hsw1N1) antigen in paired sera from 74 soldiers who had been hospitalized with acute respiratory disease. Influenza A/New Jersey virus was not isolated, but serologic studies identified eight additional soldiers as A/New Jersey influenza patients. Development of heterotypic antibody to A/Mayo Clinic antigen following infection and/or immunization with influenza A (H3N2) strains was studied and was found to occur infrequently. One of the 13 identified patients had died, and postmortem findings were consistent with viral pneumonia. Four of the 12 surviving patients had radiologic evidence of pneumonia, but clinical syndromes in all 12 were similar to those described for other influenza A infections.", "PMID": 606759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9423", "title": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). II. Transmission and morbidity in units with cases.", "content": "Epidemiologic study of 13 influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) patients indicated that person-to-person transmission had occurred in several distinct military units. Soldiers in eight of these units (companies) were studied to determine whether they had experienced influenza A/New Jersey infections and associated acute respiratory disease. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/103/74 (Hsw1n1) antigen were determined. In seven of these eight companies, individuals with titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 were found. In these seven companies, members of platoons with cases (contact platoons) had antibody prevalences of 7%-56%, and members of platoons without cases had prevalences of 0-40%. Hospital admissions for acute respiratory disease were proportionately greater in trainees with A/Mayo Clinic antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 than in trainees without antibody in five of six contact platoons studied.", "contents": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). II. Transmission and morbidity in units with cases. Epidemiologic study of 13 influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) patients indicated that person-to-person transmission had occurred in several distinct military units. Soldiers in eight of these units (companies) were studied to determine whether they had experienced influenza A/New Jersey infections and associated acute respiratory disease. Titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/103/74 (Hsw1n1) antigen were determined. In seven of these eight companies, individuals with titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 were found. In these seven companies, members of platoons with cases (contact platoons) had antibody prevalences of 7%-56%, and members of platoons without cases had prevalences of 0-40%. Hospital admissions for acute respiratory disease were proportionately greater in trainees with A/Mayo Clinic antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 than in trainees without antibody in five of six contact platoons studied.", "PMID": 606760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9424", "title": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). III. Extent of spread and duration of the outbreak.", "content": "The extent and duration of transmission of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus at Fort Dix, New Jersey, was examined with use of titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/74 (HswN1) antigen as an index of infection. Five hundred ninety-three soldiers (a 9.3% sample) in basic combat training (BCT) were grouped in weekly cohorts by the date on which BCT was started. Cohorts with 11 of the 12 BCT cases of A/swine influenza began training on January 12, 19, and 26, 1976, respectively; 9%-19% of the trainees in these cohorts had titers of antibody to A/Mayo Clinic antigen of greater than or equal to 1:20. In five other cohorts without cases, which began training before January 12 or after January 26, 0-5% of trainees had titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. Titers observed in persons from military units not in BCT and in the civilian population of the post were not consistent with widespread transmission of the virus. Transmission of influenza A/New Jersey virus at Fort Dix probably occurred between mid-January and mid-February with little involvement of people outside of BCT units.", "contents": "Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). III. Extent of spread and duration of the outbreak. The extent and duration of transmission of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus at Fort Dix, New Jersey, was examined with use of titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/74 (HswN1) antigen as an index of infection. Five hundred ninety-three soldiers (a 9.3% sample) in basic combat training (BCT) were grouped in weekly cohorts by the date on which BCT was started. Cohorts with 11 of the 12 BCT cases of A/swine influenza began training on January 12, 19, and 26, 1976, respectively; 9%-19% of the trainees in these cohorts had titers of antibody to A/Mayo Clinic antigen of greater than or equal to 1:20. In five other cohorts without cases, which began training before January 12 or after January 26, 0-5% of trainees had titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. Titers observed in persons from military units not in BCT and in the civilian population of the post were not consistent with widespread transmission of the virus. Transmission of influenza A/New Jersey virus at Fort Dix probably occurred between mid-January and mid-February with little involvement of people outside of BCT units.", "PMID": 606761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9425", "title": "Identification and preliminary antigenic analysis of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey.", "content": "The sequence of events and the laboratory procedures that resulted in the identification of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey in January and February of 1976 are described. Preliminary antigenic analysis suggested that the isolates from Fort Dix are closely related to a 1975 isolate of swine influenza virus and distinguishable from earlier swine influenza strains.", "contents": "Identification and preliminary antigenic analysis of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey. The sequence of events and the laboratory procedures that resulted in the identification of swine influenza-like viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey in January and February of 1976 are described. Preliminary antigenic analysis suggested that the isolates from Fort Dix are closely related to a 1975 isolate of swine influenza virus and distinguishable from earlier swine influenza strains.", "PMID": 606762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9426", "title": "Correlation of laboratory studies with clinical responses to A/New Jersey influenza vaccines.", "content": "The large, uniformly performed clinical investigations with influenza A/New Jersey vaccines provided an opportunity to correlate results of laboratory tests of vaccine with human reactivity and antibody responses. These vaccines were given to large numbers of subjects under code, and significant differences in immunogenicity and reactivity were observed in unprimed individuals. A single, relatively large dose of intact virus was more immunogenic and reactive than split-virus vaccines in unprimed subjects. Differences in immunogenicity and reactivity in unprimed subjects correlated with the amount of intact virus in the vaccines (measured by column chromatography or electron microscopy) and with the amount of viral hemagglutinin in the vaccine (measured by immunodiffusion), but not with the number of chick cell-agglutinating units.", "contents": "Correlation of laboratory studies with clinical responses to A/New Jersey influenza vaccines. The large, uniformly performed clinical investigations with influenza A/New Jersey vaccines provided an opportunity to correlate results of laboratory tests of vaccine with human reactivity and antibody responses. These vaccines were given to large numbers of subjects under code, and significant differences in immunogenicity and reactivity were observed in unprimed individuals. A single, relatively large dose of intact virus was more immunogenic and reactive than split-virus vaccines in unprimed subjects. Differences in immunogenicity and reactivity in unprimed subjects correlated with the amount of intact virus in the vaccines (measured by column chromatography or electron microscopy) and with the amount of viral hemagglutinin in the vaccine (measured by immunodiffusion), but not with the number of chick cell-agglutinating units.", "PMID": 606763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9427", "title": "Evaluation and control of vaccines for the National Influenza Immunization Program.", "content": "The National Influenza Immunization Program of 1976 offered an ideal opportunity to test the capability of the system in the United States for production and distribution of maximal amounts of inactivated influenza virus vaccine of carefully regulated quality. The four licensed manufacturers were able to produce and distribute greater than 10 million doses of vaccine per week over a 14-week period. Assays showed that the quality of these vaccines was comparable to or exceeded that of vaccines produced in recent years under less stressful circumstances. Because of the extensive clinical trials conducted as part of the program, it was possible to make an unprecedented evaluation of the significance of various laboratory tests of vaccines in relation to their pertinence in prediction of immunogenicity and reactivity for humans. This experience demonstrated the superiority of immunodiffusion methods as compared with the standard chick cell-agglutination method for assay of vaccine potency. Qualitative differences in immunogenicity between whole-virus and disrupted-virus vaccines were recognized that are not measured by in vitro potency tests. The results also indicated that influenza viral components are responsible for most febrile reactions to the vaccine.", "contents": "Evaluation and control of vaccines for the National Influenza Immunization Program. The National Influenza Immunization Program of 1976 offered an ideal opportunity to test the capability of the system in the United States for production and distribution of maximal amounts of inactivated influenza virus vaccine of carefully regulated quality. The four licensed manufacturers were able to produce and distribute greater than 10 million doses of vaccine per week over a 14-week period. Assays showed that the quality of these vaccines was comparable to or exceeded that of vaccines produced in recent years under less stressful circumstances. Because of the extensive clinical trials conducted as part of the program, it was possible to make an unprecedented evaluation of the significance of various laboratory tests of vaccines in relation to their pertinence in prediction of immunogenicity and reactivity for humans. This experience demonstrated the superiority of immunodiffusion methods as compared with the standard chick cell-agglutination method for assay of vaccine potency. Qualitative differences in immunogenicity between whole-virus and disrupted-virus vaccines were recognized that are not measured by in vitro potency tests. The results also indicated that influenza viral components are responsible for most febrile reactions to the vaccine.", "PMID": 606764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9428", "title": "Neuraminidase content of influenza vaccines and neuraminidase antibody responses after vaccination of immunologically primed and unprimed populations.", "content": "Vaccines prepared with influenza A/swine/1976/37-like virus contained neuraminidase activity comparable to that of H3N2 vaccines, whereas little neuraminidase activity could be detected in influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccines. In single-dose vaccine studies, A/swine/1976/37-like split-virus vaccine induced antibody to neuraminidase (NAAb) in about 20% of children younger than 18 years and this NAAb response was better than or equal to the antibody response to the vaccine's hemagglutinin (HAAb). In immunologically primed adults, the NAAb response to a single dose of Hsw1N1 or H3N2 vaccine was 38%-54%, but this value was about 1.7-fold lower than that for HAAb response. Children six to 17 years old given two doses of A/swine/1976/37-like vaccine had an overall 70% NAAb response, whereas children of similar age had an overall 30%-48% NAAb response to two doses of A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus. The findings support a hypothesis that the NAAb response to influenza vaccines can be suppressed if subjects receiving the vaccine are immunologically primed to its hemagglutinin component. NAAb responses in the absence of HAAb responses occur in only about 5% of vaccinated persons who are immunologically primed to both the hemagllutinin and neuraminidase of the vaccine.", "contents": "Neuraminidase content of influenza vaccines and neuraminidase antibody responses after vaccination of immunologically primed and unprimed populations. Vaccines prepared with influenza A/swine/1976/37-like virus contained neuraminidase activity comparable to that of H3N2 vaccines, whereas little neuraminidase activity could be detected in influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccines. In single-dose vaccine studies, A/swine/1976/37-like split-virus vaccine induced antibody to neuraminidase (NAAb) in about 20% of children younger than 18 years and this NAAb response was better than or equal to the antibody response to the vaccine's hemagglutinin (HAAb). In immunologically primed adults, the NAAb response to a single dose of Hsw1N1 or H3N2 vaccine was 38%-54%, but this value was about 1.7-fold lower than that for HAAb response. Children six to 17 years old given two doses of A/swine/1976/37-like vaccine had an overall 70% NAAb response, whereas children of similar age had an overall 30%-48% NAAb response to two doses of A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus. The findings support a hypothesis that the NAAb response to influenza vaccines can be suppressed if subjects receiving the vaccine are immunologically primed to its hemagglutinin component. NAAb responses in the absence of HAAb responses occur in only about 5% of vaccinated persons who are immunologically primed to both the hemagllutinin and neuraminidase of the vaccine.", "PMID": 606765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9429", "title": "Antibody response of young adults to experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines.", "content": "In military personnel aged 17-25 years, only one of four experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines produced a satisfactory hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response when a dose of 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units was used. A second injection of 400 CCA units of vaccine caused seroconversion in all persons. Although an early comparison of experimental split-product and whole-virus vaccines suggested that the former were relatively ineffective, a later comparison with different lots of the vaccines showed no difference between vaccines of these two types. The influenza A/NJ/76 virus vaccine evoked a high HAI antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) virus but not to H1N1 or H3N2 strains.", "contents": "Antibody response of young adults to experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines. In military personnel aged 17-25 years, only one of four experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines produced a satisfactory hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response when a dose of 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units was used. A second injection of 400 CCA units of vaccine caused seroconversion in all persons. Although an early comparison of experimental split-product and whole-virus vaccines suggested that the former were relatively ineffective, a later comparison with different lots of the vaccines showed no difference between vaccines of these two types. The influenza A/NJ/76 virus vaccine evoked a high HAI antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) virus but not to H1N1 or H3N2 strains.", "PMID": 606766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9430", "title": "The immunizing effect of influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccine administered intradermally and intramuscularly to adults.", "content": "2The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) whole-virus vaccine administered intradermally (40 chick cell-agglutinating units/0.1-ml dose) and intramuscularly (im; 200 chick cell-agglutinating units/0.5-ml dose) to human adults were evaluated. Among 18-24-year-old persons initially free of detectable antibody, intradermal vaccination induced lower titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies than did im vaccination, and a sequence of intradermal and im vaccinations did not offer any serologic advantage over one im dose. In contrast, persons over the age of 24 who initially lacked detectable antibody had as good a serologic response to intradermal vaccination as to im vaccination. Among individuals who had antibody before vaccination, immunization by either route induced greater increases in titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody than occurred in initially antibody-negative persons, even when the latter were given two doses of vaccine. Somewhat fewer systemic reactions occurred after intradermal than after im vaccination, but the intradermal route was associated with local reactions in almost all vaccinees and with some residual pigmentary changes. These results suggest that intradermal vaccination should be used only in very selected circumstances.", "contents": "The immunizing effect of influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccine administered intradermally and intramuscularly to adults. 2The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) whole-virus vaccine administered intradermally (40 chick cell-agglutinating units/0.1-ml dose) and intramuscularly (im; 200 chick cell-agglutinating units/0.5-ml dose) to human adults were evaluated. Among 18-24-year-old persons initially free of detectable antibody, intradermal vaccination induced lower titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies than did im vaccination, and a sequence of intradermal and im vaccinations did not offer any serologic advantage over one im dose. In contrast, persons over the age of 24 who initially lacked detectable antibody had as good a serologic response to intradermal vaccination as to im vaccination. Among individuals who had antibody before vaccination, immunization by either route induced greater increases in titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody than occurred in initially antibody-negative persons, even when the latter were given two doses of vaccine. Somewhat fewer systemic reactions occurred after intradermal than after im vaccination, but the intradermal route was associated with local reactions in almost all vaccinees and with some residual pigmentary changes. These results suggest that intradermal vaccination should be used only in very selected circumstances.", "PMID": 606768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9431", "title": "Comparison of the hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody responses of volunteers given 400 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-virus vaccine.", "content": "Thirty-two volunteers 25 years of age or older who were employees of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.) were given 400 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.) intramuscularly. Sera were assayed for hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neutralizing antibody before and after inoculation. All 32 subjects had a fourfold rise in titer of HAI antibody, and 25 of 32 had a similar rise in titer of neutralizing antibody. The average log2 rise was 4.5 for HAI antibody and 4.1 for neutralizing antibody. Therefore, this vaccine is believed to be capable of stimulating HAI and neutralizing antibodies to an equal extent.", "contents": "Comparison of the hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibody responses of volunteers given 400 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-virus vaccine. Thirty-two volunteers 25 years of age or older who were employees of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.) were given 400 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.) intramuscularly. Sera were assayed for hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) and neutralizing antibody before and after inoculation. All 32 subjects had a fourfold rise in titer of HAI antibody, and 25 of 32 had a similar rise in titer of neutralizing antibody. The average log2 rise was 4.5 for HAI antibody and 4.1 for neutralizing antibody. Therefore, this vaccine is believed to be capable of stimulating HAI and neutralizing antibodies to an equal extent.", "PMID": 606769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9432", "title": "Acceptibility and antigenicity of influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines in adults of different ages.", "content": "Influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines were tested for acceptability and antigenicity in adults of different ages. Whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and subunit vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) were given intramuscularly in concentrations of 800, 400, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose. Systemic and local side effects of all vaccine preparations were negligible. In volunteers with low or absent (less than or equal to 10) titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before vaccination, titers of greater than or equal to 40 were attained after vaccination in 43%-67%, 40%-58%, and 20%-38% of volunteers receiving the 800, 400, and 200 chick cell-agglutinating unit preparations, respectively.", "contents": "Acceptibility and antigenicity of influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines in adults of different ages. Influenza A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines were tested for acceptability and antigenicity in adults of different ages. Whole-virus vaccines prepared by Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) and subunit vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) were given intramuscularly in concentrations of 800, 400, or 200 chick cell-agglutinating units per dose. Systemic and local side effects of all vaccine preparations were negligible. In volunteers with low or absent (less than or equal to 10) titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before vaccination, titers of greater than or equal to 40 were attained after vaccination in 43%-67%, 40%-58%, and 20%-38% of volunteers receiving the 800, 400, and 200 chick cell-agglutinating unit preparations, respectively.", "PMID": 606770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9433", "title": "Serologic responses after two sequential doses of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in normal young adults.", "content": "The serologic responses after two sequential nonreactive doses of either chemically disrupted or whole-virus influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine were evaluated in 112 normal young adults. In general, levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody were low after the first dose of vaccine and increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in response to a second dose. Whereas one dose of the preparation from Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) effectively vaccinated this population, two doses of the vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) were required to produce a similar serologic response. The preparation from Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) produced low levels of HAI antibodies even after two doses. These different serologic responses correlated with the viral hemagglutinin content of each vaccine.", "contents": "Serologic responses after two sequential doses of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in normal young adults. The serologic responses after two sequential nonreactive doses of either chemically disrupted or whole-virus influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine were evaluated in 112 normal young adults. In general, levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody were low after the first dose of vaccine and increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in response to a second dose. Whereas one dose of the preparation from Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.) effectively vaccinated this population, two doses of the vaccines prepared by Parke, Davis and Company (Detroit, Mich.) and Merrell-National Laboratories (Cincinnati, Ohio) were required to produce a similar serologic response. The preparation from Wyeth Laboratories (Philadelphia, Pa.) produced low levels of HAI antibodies even after two doses. These different serologic responses correlated with the viral hemagglutinin content of each vaccine.", "PMID": 606771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9434", "title": "Sequential immunization of laboratory personnel with influenza A/New Jersey/76 split- and whole-virus vaccines.", "content": "One hundred thirty-three healthy, at-risk Fort Detrick laboratory workers were inoculated with 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-virus vaccine (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.). Systemic and local reactions were infrequent, mild, and comparable to those of a sham-vaccinated group of volunteers. Only 28% of subjects 19-24 years old developed titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20, whereas titers of 91%-100% of subjects 25-62 years old reached this level. Thirty-one vaccinated subjects with no or low titers of antibody were given a booster dose (400 CCA units) of Wyeth vaccine six weeks after the first inoculation. Only 58%-67% of these vaccinees achieved HAI titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 after the booster. Fourteen persons required a second booster dose for protection; after vaccination with 400 CCA units of whole-virus vaccine from Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.), 89%-100% of the 14 vaccinees finally achieved HAI titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. The split-virus vaccine was safe, but it was poorly antigenic as a primary vaccine in persons 19-24 years old and as a booster in persons of all ages who have poor antibody responses in general.", "contents": "Sequential immunization of laboratory personnel with influenza A/New Jersey/76 split- and whole-virus vaccines. One hundred thirty-three healthy, at-risk Fort Detrick laboratory workers were inoculated with 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-virus vaccine (Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.). Systemic and local reactions were infrequent, mild, and comparable to those of a sham-vaccinated group of volunteers. Only 28% of subjects 19-24 years old developed titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20, whereas titers of 91%-100% of subjects 25-62 years old reached this level. Thirty-one vaccinated subjects with no or low titers of antibody were given a booster dose (400 CCA units) of Wyeth vaccine six weeks after the first inoculation. Only 58%-67% of these vaccinees achieved HAI titers of greater than or equal to 1:20 after the booster. Fourteen persons required a second booster dose for protection; after vaccination with 400 CCA units of whole-virus vaccine from Merck Sharp and Dohme (West Point, Pa.), 89%-100% of the 14 vaccinees finally achieved HAI titers of greater than or equal to 1:20. The split-virus vaccine was safe, but it was poorly antigenic as a primary vaccine in persons 19-24 years old and as a booster in persons of all ages who have poor antibody responses in general.", "PMID": 606772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9435", "title": "Ether-treated, subunit Hsw1N1 influenza vaccines: response of immunologically primed subjects to two antigenic variants.", "content": "Two bivalent, ether-treated, subunit influenza vaccines were compared in adults greater than or equal to 45 years old. Both vaccines contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75 antigen/dose. The Hsw1N1 components, also at a level of 200 CCA units/dose and designated A/Shope and A/X-53, were antigenically representative of the A/swine/1976/31 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses, respectively. A/Shope virus possessed about 100 times more neuraminidase activity than A/X-53 virus. The two vaccine groups had equivalent geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody to A/NJ virus, with about 95% of each group having titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 after vaccination. Group GMTs of antibody to A/Vic virus were also equivalent. Failure of the A/X-53 vaccinees to respond according to the dogma of original antigenic sin and a highly significant between-group difference in response to A/PR/8/34 antigen are interpreted as due to a difference in vaccine neuraminidase levels. It is suggested that, although A/Shope was as serologically effective against A/NJ virus as A/X-53 in this age group, under similar conditions a recombinant with the A/NJ hemagglutinin and the stable A/swine neuraminidase antigens might be more effective against A/NJ than either of the present vaccines.", "contents": "Ether-treated, subunit Hsw1N1 influenza vaccines: response of immunologically primed subjects to two antigenic variants. Two bivalent, ether-treated, subunit influenza vaccines were compared in adults greater than or equal to 45 years old. Both vaccines contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75 antigen/dose. The Hsw1N1 components, also at a level of 200 CCA units/dose and designated A/Shope and A/X-53, were antigenically representative of the A/swine/1976/31 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses, respectively. A/Shope virus possessed about 100 times more neuraminidase activity than A/X-53 virus. The two vaccine groups had equivalent geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody to A/NJ virus, with about 95% of each group having titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 after vaccination. Group GMTs of antibody to A/Vic virus were also equivalent. Failure of the A/X-53 vaccinees to respond according to the dogma of original antigenic sin and a highly significant between-group difference in response to A/PR/8/34 antigen are interpreted as due to a difference in vaccine neuraminidase levels. It is suggested that, although A/Shope was as serologically effective against A/NJ virus as A/X-53 in this age group, under similar conditions a recombinant with the A/NJ hemagglutinin and the stable A/swine neuraminidase antigens might be more effective against A/NJ than either of the present vaccines.", "PMID": 606773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9436", "title": "Single-dose trials of monovalent A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza virus vaccine in children in Durham, North Carolina.", "content": "Ninety-two children received single doses of one of 13 monovalent vaccines derived from influenza virus strain A/New Jersey/8/76 (A/NJ), and 18 children received placebo. Five influenza virus vaccines were whole-virus vaccines, and eight were split-product vaccines. Samples of sera were taken once three weeks after vaccination. All of the 29 children receiving whole-virus vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ virus of greater than or equal to 1:20, and the geometric mean titers were 1:14-1:45. One of the 60 children who received split-product vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ of greater than or equal to 1:20, and geometric mean titers were all less than 1:10. There was a trend toward correlation between titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody to A/NJ and titers of HAI antibody to A/Victoria/3/75 viruses, with a correlation coefficient of 0.40 for children who received whole-virus vaccines. Three of 60 recipients of split-product vaccines and two of 20 recipients of whole virus developed a fever of greater than or equal to 38 C. One of the two febrile children who had received whole-virus vaccine had otitis media. Therefore, reactogenicity of whole-virus vaccines and split-product vaccines appeared to be similar in these children.", "contents": "Single-dose trials of monovalent A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza virus vaccine in children in Durham, North Carolina. Ninety-two children received single doses of one of 13 monovalent vaccines derived from influenza virus strain A/New Jersey/8/76 (A/NJ), and 18 children received placebo. Five influenza virus vaccines were whole-virus vaccines, and eight were split-product vaccines. Samples of sera were taken once three weeks after vaccination. All of the 29 children receiving whole-virus vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ virus of greater than or equal to 1:20, and the geometric mean titers were 1:14-1:45. One of the 60 children who received split-product vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ of greater than or equal to 1:20, and geometric mean titers were all less than 1:10. There was a trend toward correlation between titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody to A/NJ and titers of HAI antibody to A/Victoria/3/75 viruses, with a correlation coefficient of 0.40 for children who received whole-virus vaccines. Three of 60 recipients of split-product vaccines and two of 20 recipients of whole virus developed a fever of greater than or equal to 38 C. One of the two febrile children who had received whole-virus vaccine had otitis media. Therefore, reactogenicity of whole-virus vaccines and split-product vaccines appeared to be similar in these children.", "PMID": 606774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9437", "title": "Response of normal children to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine administered by jet injector.", "content": "Ninety-seven children six to 10 years old received monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine by jet injector. Comparison with groups receiving vaccine intramuscularly revealed that local reactions (tenderness and erythema) were more frequent and more severe in the group vaccinated by jet injector. Antibody response, however, was similar for all groups.", "contents": "Response of normal children to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine administered by jet injector. Ninety-seven children six to 10 years old received monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine by jet injector. Comparison with groups receiving vaccine intramuscularly revealed that local reactions (tenderness and erythema) were more frequent and more severe in the group vaccinated by jet injector. Antibody response, however, was similar for all groups.", "PMID": 606775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9438", "title": "Safety and antigenicity of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in children: trials with monovalent and bivalent A/New Jersey/76 (HswN1) and A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines in Washington, D.C..", "content": "Safety and antigenicity of monovalent and bivalent A/New Jersey/NJ)/76 (HssN1) and A/Victoria/75 inactivated influenza virus vaccines were studied in 125 children aged three to 18 years. In recruitment, families who knew the study team, who were professionally involved, and/or who were under close continuing care were more likely to volunteer for such studies than those who were unfamiliar with the team or institution. Antibody responses and systemic reactions occurred more often after administration of inactivated whole-virus vaccine than after split-virus vaccine. Significant titers (greater than or equal to 1:40) of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to A/NJ/76 virus occurred in 95% of normal children three to 18 years of age who received two doses of the same vaccine (whole or split). However, insufficient numbers of children achieved a reasonable antibody titer (greater than or equal to 1:40) after one dose of vaccine.", "contents": "Safety and antigenicity of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in children: trials with monovalent and bivalent A/New Jersey/76 (HswN1) and A/Victoria/75 virus vaccines in Washington, D.C.. Safety and antigenicity of monovalent and bivalent A/New Jersey/NJ)/76 (HssN1) and A/Victoria/75 inactivated influenza virus vaccines were studied in 125 children aged three to 18 years. In recruitment, families who knew the study team, who were professionally involved, and/or who were under close continuing care were more likely to volunteer for such studies than those who were unfamiliar with the team or institution. Antibody responses and systemic reactions occurred more often after administration of inactivated whole-virus vaccine than after split-virus vaccine. Significant titers (greater than or equal to 1:40) of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to A/NJ/76 virus occurred in 95% of normal children three to 18 years of age who received two doses of the same vaccine (whole or split). However, insufficient numbers of children achieved a reasonable antibody titer (greater than or equal to 1:40) after one dose of vaccine.", "PMID": 606776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9439", "title": "Evaluation of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-product virus vaccine in a summer camp.", "content": "An evaluation of two doses of split-product A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines was conducted at a boys' summer camp. Two doses of either 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) or 400 CCA units of vaccine were administered four weeks apart. There were no significant side effects. Of 60 subjects, 59 developed a significant titer of serum antibody after two doses. There was no correlation between titer of antibody and total dose of vaccine. Younger subjects developed a higher titer than older subjects. A single dose of vaccine was insufficient to achieve a protective level of antibody.", "contents": "Evaluation of influenza A/New Jersey/76 split-product virus vaccine in a summer camp. An evaluation of two doses of split-product A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines was conducted at a boys' summer camp. Two doses of either 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) or 400 CCA units of vaccine were administered four weeks apart. There were no significant side effects. Of 60 subjects, 59 developed a significant titer of serum antibody after two doses. There was no correlation between titer of antibody and total dose of vaccine. Younger subjects developed a higher titer than older subjects. A single dose of vaccine was insufficient to achieve a protective level of antibody.", "PMID": 606777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9440", "title": "A clinical trial with monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in preschool and school-age children.", "content": "One hundred thirty-three children in San Antonio, Texas, received intramuscular injections of split-virus or whole-virus preparations of killed, monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine or placebo. Thirty-three children were in the three- to five-year-old age group, and 100 were in the six- to 11-year-old group. A minimal antibody response occurred following injection of the first dose of vaccine. A second or booster dose that was administered approximately four months after the first dose resulted in a significant antibody response, even in children who developed a minimal or no detectable immune response to the initial dose. This improved immune response was observed following administration of two doses of either split-virus or whole-virus vaccines. Reactions by the vaccine recipients on the whole were minimal. Reaction indices determined in both age groups after administration of the booster dose were usually less than those after the first dose. The high prevalence, 78% overall, of antibodies to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus demonstrated that this virus was previously prevalent in our area.", "contents": "A clinical trial with monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in preschool and school-age children. One hundred thirty-three children in San Antonio, Texas, received intramuscular injections of split-virus or whole-virus preparations of killed, monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine or placebo. Thirty-three children were in the three- to five-year-old age group, and 100 were in the six- to 11-year-old group. A minimal antibody response occurred following injection of the first dose of vaccine. A second or booster dose that was administered approximately four months after the first dose resulted in a significant antibody response, even in children who developed a minimal or no detectable immune response to the initial dose. This improved immune response was observed following administration of two doses of either split-virus or whole-virus vaccines. Reactions by the vaccine recipients on the whole were minimal. Reaction indices determined in both age groups after administration of the booster dose were usually less than those after the first dose. The high prevalence, 78% overall, of antibodies to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus demonstrated that this virus was previously prevalent in our area.", "PMID": 606778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9441", "title": "Evaluation of a two-dose regimen of influenza A/New Jersey/76 subunit virus vaccine in three- to 10-year-old children.", "content": "Fifty-one Caucasian, middle-class children (aged three to 10 years) from the suburbs of Hartford, Connecticut, were immunized with two subcutaneous doses each of 200 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 subunit virus vaccine/0.5 ml. The reactivity of the vaccine was negligible, and there was no increase in reactivity with a second dose. Administration of a single dose resulted in seroconversion in one-third of the subjects. Two weeks following the second dose, 84% of the children had reciprocal titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 10, and the geometric mean titer was 51. There was no significant difference in antibody response according to age. We concluded that inoculation of two doses of subunit virus vaccine is a safe and effective means of inducing a significant antibody response. The levels of antibody required for protection and for duration of antibody response are not known.", "contents": "Evaluation of a two-dose regimen of influenza A/New Jersey/76 subunit virus vaccine in three- to 10-year-old children. Fifty-one Caucasian, middle-class children (aged three to 10 years) from the suburbs of Hartford, Connecticut, were immunized with two subcutaneous doses each of 200 chick cell-agglutinating units of influenza A/New Jersey/76 subunit virus vaccine/0.5 ml. The reactivity of the vaccine was negligible, and there was no increase in reactivity with a second dose. Administration of a single dose resulted in seroconversion in one-third of the subjects. Two weeks following the second dose, 84% of the children had reciprocal titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 10, and the geometric mean titer was 51. There was no significant difference in antibody response according to age. We concluded that inoculation of two doses of subunit virus vaccine is a safe and effective means of inducing a significant antibody response. The levels of antibody required for protection and for duration of antibody response are not known.", "PMID": 606779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9442", "title": "Reactions and serologic responses after administration of inactivated monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines. I. Immunization of children and adults with influenza A/Shope virus vaccines.", "content": "Reactivity and immunogenicity of three inactivated, zonally purified, monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines were studied in children and adults. Each dose of vaccine contained either 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units/0.5 ml or 200 CCA units/0.25 ml. The vaccines contained either whole virus or ether-extracted, subunit virus with or without 1.5 mg of A1PO4/0.5 ml. Children younger than 10 years of age received a half dose. Substantial system reactions, including temperature increases of 2.2 F-4.9 F, were observed in all children who received whole-virus vaccines. In contrast, ether-extracted, subunit vaccines (with or without A1PO4) were minimally pyrogenic in 185 subjects. Two doses of subunit vaccine in subjects younger than 25 years of age were immunologically equivalent to a single dose in older subjects. We concluded that two doses of ether-extracted, subunit virus vaccine with Hsw1N1 antigen, administered at least four weeks apart, are serologically effective for immunization of seronegative subjects of any age and that this dosage regimen should be used in young children in whom whole-virus vaccines are unacceptably reactive.", "contents": "Reactions and serologic responses after administration of inactivated monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines. I. Immunization of children and adults with influenza A/Shope virus vaccines. Reactivity and immunogenicity of three inactivated, zonally purified, monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines were studied in children and adults. Each dose of vaccine contained either 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units/0.5 ml or 200 CCA units/0.25 ml. The vaccines contained either whole virus or ether-extracted, subunit virus with or without 1.5 mg of A1PO4/0.5 ml. Children younger than 10 years of age received a half dose. Substantial system reactions, including temperature increases of 2.2 F-4.9 F, were observed in all children who received whole-virus vaccines. In contrast, ether-extracted, subunit vaccines (with or without A1PO4) were minimally pyrogenic in 185 subjects. Two doses of subunit vaccine in subjects younger than 25 years of age were immunologically equivalent to a single dose in older subjects. We concluded that two doses of ether-extracted, subunit virus vaccine with Hsw1N1 antigen, administered at least four weeks apart, are serologically effective for immunization of seronegative subjects of any age and that this dosage regimen should be used in young children in whom whole-virus vaccines are unacceptably reactive.", "PMID": 606780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9443", "title": "Reactions and serologic responses after administration of inactivated monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines. II. Immunization of children with influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 virus vaccines.", "content": "Reactivity and immunogenicity of two inactivated, zonally purified, ether-extracted, influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 subunit virus vaccines were studied in 103 children three to 18 years of age. Children aged nine years of younger received doses of 100 or 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units, and those older than nine years received doses of 200 or 400 CCA units. Vaccines were given intramuscularly. Two doses were given at intervals of four weeks. The vaccines were minimally pyrogenic, causing only two instances of temperatures of greater than 100.0 F. Other systemic reactions were observed infrequently. Tenderness at the site of injection occurred relatively frequently but was of no medical consequence. The geometric mean titers of homologous antibody, which ranged from 1:52 to 1:75 after administration of two doses, were statistically equivalent in all treatment groups. Titers of antibody of greater than or equal to 1:40 to the influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus strain were achieved by 88% of the vaccinees. We concluded that two doses of ether-extracted, subunit influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 virus vaccine were well tolerated and, when given at least four weeks apart, were serologically effective for immunization of children aged three to 18 years.", "contents": "Reactions and serologic responses after administration of inactivated monovalent influenza A/swine virus vaccines. II. Immunization of children with influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 virus vaccines. Reactivity and immunogenicity of two inactivated, zonally purified, ether-extracted, influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 subunit virus vaccines were studied in 103 children three to 18 years of age. Children aged nine years of younger received doses of 100 or 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units, and those older than nine years received doses of 200 or 400 CCA units. Vaccines were given intramuscularly. Two doses were given at intervals of four weeks. The vaccines were minimally pyrogenic, causing only two instances of temperatures of greater than 100.0 F. Other systemic reactions were observed infrequently. Tenderness at the site of injection occurred relatively frequently but was of no medical consequence. The geometric mean titers of homologous antibody, which ranged from 1:52 to 1:75 after administration of two doses, were statistically equivalent in all treatment groups. Titers of antibody of greater than or equal to 1:40 to the influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus strain were achieved by 88% of the vaccinees. We concluded that two doses of ether-extracted, subunit influenza A/New Jersey/X-53 virus vaccine were well tolerated and, when given at least four weeks apart, were serologically effective for immunization of children aged three to 18 years.", "PMID": 606781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9444", "title": "Monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in asthmatic children: pulmonary function and skin tests for allergy.", "content": "Eighty-eight asthmatic children aged six to 16 years received monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines. Forty-one of these children were given skin tests for allergy to eggs and vaccines, and 57 were given pulmonary function tests before and after immunization. Only four children reacted to the vaccines in the skin tests, with three of these children reacting to only one of four test preparations. Only two of the four children showed a correlation between reactivity to vaccine and allergy to egg antigens. No significant changes in pulmonary function were demonstrated.", "contents": "Monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines in asthmatic children: pulmonary function and skin tests for allergy. Eighty-eight asthmatic children aged six to 16 years received monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines. Forty-one of these children were given skin tests for allergy to eggs and vaccines, and 57 were given pulmonary function tests before and after immunization. Only four children reacted to the vaccines in the skin tests, with three of these children reacting to only one of four test preparations. Only two of the four children showed a correlation between reactivity to vaccine and allergy to egg antigens. No significant changes in pulmonary function were demonstrated.", "PMID": 606782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9445", "title": "Clinical trials of bivalent A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 influenza vaccines in high-risk children.", "content": "Various doses of two whole-virus and one split-product bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines were administered to 253 children aged six to 18 years. There were no statistically significant differences in either reactivity or humoral antibody response among the 167 children in seven chronic disease categories and 86 healthy children. The whole-virus vaccines were associated with unacceptably high rates of reaction when given in sufficiently antigenic initial doses but were relatively nonreactive when used for booster immunization. Split-product vaccines were no more reactive than placebo. All vaccine preparations induced adequate seroconversion rates and protective titers of antibody to A/Victoria virus after one dose and to A/New Jersey virus after two doses.", "contents": "Clinical trials of bivalent A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 influenza vaccines in high-risk children. Various doses of two whole-virus and one split-product bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccines were administered to 253 children aged six to 18 years. There were no statistically significant differences in either reactivity or humoral antibody response among the 167 children in seven chronic disease categories and 86 healthy children. The whole-virus vaccines were associated with unacceptably high rates of reaction when given in sufficiently antigenic initial doses but were relatively nonreactive when used for booster immunization. Split-product vaccines were no more reactive than placebo. All vaccine preparations induced adequate seroconversion rates and protective titers of antibody to A/Victoria virus after one dose and to A/New Jersey virus after two doses.", "PMID": 606784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9446", "title": "Response of children with cardiac disease to the bivalent influenza A vaccines.", "content": "During the recent nationwide trials of influenza vaccine, 121 children with cardiac disease, aged three to 18 years, were evaluated with respect to their immune response and reaction rate after administration of a whole-virus or split-virus bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccine given as a single dose or two divided doses. The serologic response of the cardiac children did not differ significantly from that of the total group of high-risk children or normal children who recived the same vaccine. The major reaction to the vaccines was fever, which occurred in one-fourth to one-half of children receiving the whole-virus vaccines. The split-virus vaccines were generally well tolerated. The reaction index of the cardiac children was slightly lower than that of the normal children receiving the same vaccine during the single-dose trial but higher during the two-dose trial. The second dose was generally better tolerated than the first dose. Reactions in the children with cardiac disease could not be adequately evaluated according to specific diagnoses or functional disabilities.", "contents": "Response of children with cardiac disease to the bivalent influenza A vaccines. During the recent nationwide trials of influenza vaccine, 121 children with cardiac disease, aged three to 18 years, were evaluated with respect to their immune response and reaction rate after administration of a whole-virus or split-virus bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccine given as a single dose or two divided doses. The serologic response of the cardiac children did not differ significantly from that of the total group of high-risk children or normal children who recived the same vaccine. The major reaction to the vaccines was fever, which occurred in one-fourth to one-half of children receiving the whole-virus vaccines. The split-virus vaccines were generally well tolerated. The reaction index of the cardiac children was slightly lower than that of the normal children receiving the same vaccine during the single-dose trial but higher during the two-dose trial. The second dose was generally better tolerated than the first dose. Reactions in the children with cardiac disease could not be adequately evaluated according to specific diagnoses or functional disabilities.", "PMID": 606785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9447", "title": "Reactivity and antibody response to vaccination with bivalent influenza A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 vaccines in children with chronic pulmonary diseases.", "content": "Reactogenicity and antibody responses of high-risk children and adolescents (aged three to 18 years) to bivalent influenza A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine from nine participating centers were compared to the response of the total population of vaccinees in the multicenter study of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Split-product vaccines given in two doses four weeks apart offered protection without a significant risk of side effects. Patients with chronic pulmonary disease did not differ from the total study population to antibody response or reactivity to vaccination with A/New Jersey strains.", "contents": "Reactivity and antibody response to vaccination with bivalent influenza A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 vaccines in children with chronic pulmonary diseases. Reactogenicity and antibody responses of high-risk children and adolescents (aged three to 18 years) to bivalent influenza A/Victoria/75-A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine from nine participating centers were compared to the response of the total population of vaccinees in the multicenter study of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Split-product vaccines given in two doses four weeks apart offered protection without a significant risk of side effects. Patients with chronic pulmonary disease did not differ from the total study population to antibody response or reactivity to vaccination with A/New Jersey strains.", "PMID": 606786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9448", "title": "Multicenter two-dose trials of bivalent influenza A vaccines in asthmatic children aged six to 18 years.", "content": "Data from all of the vaccination centers that immunized asthmatic children six to 18 years old with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 vaccines were analyzed. Systemic reaction indexes were somewhat higher in asthmatic children receiving the first dose of whole-virus vaccines than in similar vaccinees without asthma. Antibody levels after immunization, while different in some instances, did not show any significant trends toward either hypo- or hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic children.", "contents": "Multicenter two-dose trials of bivalent influenza A vaccines in asthmatic children aged six to 18 years. Data from all of the vaccination centers that immunized asthmatic children six to 18 years old with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 vaccines were analyzed. Systemic reaction indexes were somewhat higher in asthmatic children receiving the first dose of whole-virus vaccines than in similar vaccinees without asthma. Antibody levels after immunization, while different in some instances, did not show any significant trends toward either hypo- or hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic children.", "PMID": 606787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9449", "title": "Trial of bivalent influenza A vaccine in high-risk infants.", "content": "A vaccine trial involving 50 high-risk infants, aged six to 36 months, was performed for evaluation of the safety of a split-virus bivalent influenza A vaccine. After immunization, 18% of the infants developed a fever of greater than or equal to 100 F and 7% had fever of greater than or equal to 102 F. Other reactions to the vaccine were few. However, the reaction index of these high-risk infants to the bivalent vaccine was higher than those of older children receiving the same vaccine and normal infants receiving the monovalent vaccine. Forty-one percent of the infants responded with a titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20 to the A/Victoria/75 component of the bivalent vaccine, and 35% responded to the A/New Jersey/8/76 component. This result suggested that this vaccine used in two doses would be an effective vaccine for infants. The infants generally tolerated the vaccine well. Nevertheless, the rapid development of fever would be of concern in the infant whose underlying disease was marginally compensated.", "contents": "Trial of bivalent influenza A vaccine in high-risk infants. A vaccine trial involving 50 high-risk infants, aged six to 36 months, was performed for evaluation of the safety of a split-virus bivalent influenza A vaccine. After immunization, 18% of the infants developed a fever of greater than or equal to 100 F and 7% had fever of greater than or equal to 102 F. Other reactions to the vaccine were few. However, the reaction index of these high-risk infants to the bivalent vaccine was higher than those of older children receiving the same vaccine and normal infants receiving the monovalent vaccine. Forty-one percent of the infants responded with a titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of greater than or equal to 1:20 to the A/Victoria/75 component of the bivalent vaccine, and 35% responded to the A/New Jersey/8/76 component. This result suggested that this vaccine used in two doses would be an effective vaccine for infants. The infants generally tolerated the vaccine well. Nevertheless, the rapid development of fever would be of concern in the infant whose underlying disease was marginally compensated.", "PMID": 606788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9450", "title": "Bivalent influenza vaccine in children with cancer.", "content": "Although it had been recommended that children with malignant diseases be immunized against influenza, few data were available to indicate the immune response or reactions that might be expected from this group. Forty-six children with malignant diseases received various dosages of killed split or whole bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza vaccine or a placebo by the intramuscular route. Two doses were administered four weeks apart. The children were receiving various regiments of cancer chemotherapy. The response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen in the children with malignant diseases was similar to that found in normal children who were immunized with bivalent or monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) vaccine in the National Influenza Immunization Trials. Fourteen of 26 children had antibodies to A/Victoria/75 before immunization; nine of the 12 children without these antibodies developed them after the first dose of vaccine. Adverse reactions after vaccination were minimal.", "contents": "Bivalent influenza vaccine in children with cancer. Although it had been recommended that children with malignant diseases be immunized against influenza, few data were available to indicate the immune response or reactions that might be expected from this group. Forty-six children with malignant diseases received various dosages of killed split or whole bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza vaccine or a placebo by the intramuscular route. Two doses were administered four weeks apart. The children were receiving various regiments of cancer chemotherapy. The response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen in the children with malignant diseases was similar to that found in normal children who were immunized with bivalent or monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) vaccine in the National Influenza Immunization Trials. Fourteen of 26 children had antibodies to A/Victoria/75 before immunization; nine of the 12 children without these antibodies developed them after the first dose of vaccine. Adverse reactions after vaccination were minimal.", "PMID": 606789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9451", "title": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of bivalent influenza A and monovalent influenza B virus vaccines in high-risk children.", "content": "Seventy-nine high-risk children were immunized with either commercial, bivalent, split-product influenza A vaccine or purified hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bivalent influenza A vaccine, and 78 of these subjects were immunized with commercial, monovalent, influenza B split-product vaccine. The reactogenicity of all three vaccines was low, and there were no severe reactions. Twenty-nine subjects who received hemagglutinin-neuraminidase vaccine as their initial dose and commercial split-product  vaccine as a booster dose had significantly lower antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus than subjects who received two doses of commercial split-product vaccine. The responses of the two groups to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus were comparable. Twenty-four subjects with malignancy who were receiving chemotherapy were compared with a group of subjects matched for age and vaccine preparation. Patients with cancer had significantly lower antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 virus than patients without cancer. The ultimate responses of patients with cancer to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were comparable to those of other patients, but early responses were lower.", "contents": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of bivalent influenza A and monovalent influenza B virus vaccines in high-risk children. Seventy-nine high-risk children were immunized with either commercial, bivalent, split-product influenza A vaccine or purified hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bivalent influenza A vaccine, and 78 of these subjects were immunized with commercial, monovalent, influenza B split-product vaccine. The reactogenicity of all three vaccines was low, and there were no severe reactions. Twenty-nine subjects who received hemagglutinin-neuraminidase vaccine as their initial dose and commercial split-product  vaccine as a booster dose had significantly lower antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus than subjects who received two doses of commercial split-product vaccine. The responses of the two groups to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus were comparable. Twenty-four subjects with malignancy who were receiving chemotherapy were compared with a group of subjects matched for age and vaccine preparation. Patients with cancer had significantly lower antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 virus than patients without cancer. The ultimate responses of patients with cancer to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were comparable to those of other patients, but early responses were lower.", "PMID": 606790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9452", "title": "Age-related heterologous antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination.", "content": "Heterologous hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccine were examined in individuals receiving doses of 200, 400, or 800 chick cell-agglutinating units of whole-virus or split-virus products during the 1976 National Influenza Vaccine Test Program. Vaccination with influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus produced a high rate of heterologous antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) viruses in persons whose original antigenic experience according to their age was with H0N1 or H1N1 strains, respectively. Vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 virus produced only low levels of HAI antibody to influenza A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) viruses, and these responses were less clearly related to primary infections. Thus the greatest heterologous HAI antibody responses occurred when there were shared antigenic determinants between the hemagglutinins of the vaccine virus and the viruses that had caused the initial priming infection. However, when vaccinations or infections with H3N2 and Hsw1N1 strains may both be occurring in the population, even infrequent formation of heterologous antibody may make it difficult to interpret serologic data precisely.", "contents": "Age-related heterologous antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination. Heterologous hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) virus vaccine were examined in individuals receiving doses of 200, 400, or 800 chick cell-agglutinating units of whole-virus or split-virus products during the 1976 National Influenza Vaccine Test Program. Vaccination with influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus produced a high rate of heterologous antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) viruses in persons whose original antigenic experience according to their age was with H0N1 or H1N1 strains, respectively. Vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 virus produced only low levels of HAI antibody to influenza A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) viruses, and these responses were less clearly related to primary infections. Thus the greatest heterologous HAI antibody responses occurred when there were shared antigenic determinants between the hemagglutinins of the vaccine virus and the viruses that had caused the initial priming infection. However, when vaccinations or infections with H3N2 and Hsw1N1 strains may both be occurring in the population, even infrequent formation of heterologous antibody may make it difficult to interpret serologic data precisely.", "PMID": 606792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9453", "title": "Utilization and acceptability of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in Oakland County, Michigan.", "content": "The program of mass inoculation of adults in Oakland County, Michigan, with monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine was monitored. A stratified random sample of participants was selected, and telephone interviews were conducted two days after inoculation. The group of vaccines differed from the overall county population in that it had a higher percentage of females and more of the vaccinees were older, better educated, and of higher income. Minor complaints following vaccination were relatively frequent, particularly sore arm. All complaints were significantly more frequent in females than in males, and among females, the group younger than 40 years reported these complaints most often. Since neither utilization of the vaccine nor complaints following vaccination were uniformly distributed, it was concluded that population-based studies are needed for proper assessment of vaccine-related effects.", "contents": "Utilization and acceptability of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in Oakland County, Michigan. The program of mass inoculation of adults in Oakland County, Michigan, with monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine was monitored. A stratified random sample of participants was selected, and telephone interviews were conducted two days after inoculation. The group of vaccines differed from the overall county population in that it had a higher percentage of females and more of the vaccinees were older, better educated, and of higher income. Minor complaints following vaccination were relatively frequent, particularly sore arm. All complaints were significantly more frequent in females than in males, and among females, the group younger than 40 years reported these complaints most often. Since neither utilization of the vaccine nor complaints following vaccination were uniformly distributed, it was concluded that population-based studies are needed for proper assessment of vaccine-related effects.", "PMID": 606793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9454", "title": "Infection and vaccination of pigs with influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus.", "content": "Pigs were infected and had mild signs of illness when exposed to influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus. Virus was recovered for up to eight days after exposure. The virus was readily transmitted to susceptible pen mates. Vaccination with inactivated whole-virus vaccine did not provide protection against infection or disease. There was some protection against challenge when the pigs were vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive strain of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus.", "contents": "Infection and vaccination of pigs with influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus. Pigs were infected and had mild signs of illness when exposed to influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus. Virus was recovered for up to eight days after exposure. The virus was readily transmitted to susceptible pen mates. Vaccination with inactivated whole-virus vaccine did not provide protection against infection or disease. There was some protection against challenge when the pigs were vaccinated with a temperature-sensitive strain of influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 virus.", "PMID": 606794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9455", "title": "Evaluation of A/New Jersey/76 influenza whole-virus vaccine in hysterectomy-derived pigs.", "content": "Twenty-one pigs delivered by hysterectomy from three sows were used to evaluate influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in neonatal pigs. Pigs were vaccinated on the day of birth or at three days of age with either 200 or 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of vaccine, and pigs were bled two and four weeks after vaccination. The 21 vaccinated pigs and two unvaccinated control pigs were challenged intranasally at five weeks of age, and nasal swabs were obtained for six consecutive days after challenge. Two weeks after vaccination, only three pigs had reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody titers of greater than or equal to 20. Four weeks after vaccination, 11 pigs had HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20, and titers of virus-neutralizing antibody ranged from less than 10 to 1,000 among these same sera. On day 7 after challenge, 12 pigs had HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20. Swine-like influenza virus was isolated from nasal swabs from the controls and from four of the 21 vaccinated pigs. The results indicated that 80% of the vaccinated pigs were protected.", "contents": "Evaluation of A/New Jersey/76 influenza whole-virus vaccine in hysterectomy-derived pigs. Twenty-one pigs delivered by hysterectomy from three sows were used to evaluate influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in neonatal pigs. Pigs were vaccinated on the day of birth or at three days of age with either 200 or 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of vaccine, and pigs were bled two and four weeks after vaccination. The 21 vaccinated pigs and two unvaccinated control pigs were challenged intranasally at five weeks of age, and nasal swabs were obtained for six consecutive days after challenge. Two weeks after vaccination, only three pigs had reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody titers of greater than or equal to 20. Four weeks after vaccination, 11 pigs had HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20, and titers of virus-neutralizing antibody ranged from less than 10 to 1,000 among these same sera. On day 7 after challenge, 12 pigs had HAI titers of greater than or equal to 20. Swine-like influenza virus was isolated from nasal swabs from the controls and from four of the 21 vaccinated pigs. The results indicated that 80% of the vaccinated pigs were protected.", "PMID": 606795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9456", "title": "Effect of priming infection on serologic response to whole and subunit influenza virus vaccines in animals.", "content": "Results from studies in humans demonstrated that the serologic responses to A/New Jersey (NJ)/76 virus vaccines varied according to the age of the vaccine and appeared to be related to previous exposure of vaccinees to the different strains and influenza A virus. Experiments in animals were therefore performed to investigate the role of previous infection on responses to A/NJ/76 virus vaccines. Mice were infected with influenza A viruses representative of the major strains (Hsw1N1, H0N1, H2N2, H3N2) and later inoculated with various doses of whole or subunit A/NJ/76 virus vaccines. Results from experiments in mice demonstrated a low antigenicity of the subunit vaccine in unprimed animals compared with that of whole-virus vaccine; however, the antigenicity of both vaccines was enhanced in mice primed by previous infection with H0 and H1 viruses. In hamsters previously infected with an H3N2 virus, however, the response to only the whole-virus vaccine was enhanced by the priming infection. The responses of the mice were qualitatively more similar to those of humans than were the responses of hamsters.", "contents": "Effect of priming infection on serologic response to whole and subunit influenza virus vaccines in animals. Results from studies in humans demonstrated that the serologic responses to A/New Jersey (NJ)/76 virus vaccines varied according to the age of the vaccine and appeared to be related to previous exposure of vaccinees to the different strains and influenza A virus. Experiments in animals were therefore performed to investigate the role of previous infection on responses to A/NJ/76 virus vaccines. Mice were infected with influenza A viruses representative of the major strains (Hsw1N1, H0N1, H2N2, H3N2) and later inoculated with various doses of whole or subunit A/NJ/76 virus vaccines. Results from experiments in mice demonstrated a low antigenicity of the subunit vaccine in unprimed animals compared with that of whole-virus vaccine; however, the antigenicity of both vaccines was enhanced in mice primed by previous infection with H0 and H1 viruses. In hamsters previously infected with an H3N2 virus, however, the response to only the whole-virus vaccine was enhanced by the priming infection. The responses of the mice were qualitatively more similar to those of humans than were the responses of hamsters.", "PMID": 606796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9457", "title": "Summary of clinical trials of influenza virus vaccines in adults.", "content": "Trials in approximately 3,900 adults were conducted with influenza A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/72 virus vaccines. Subjects were observed following a standard protocol, and serologic testing was performed in a single laboratory. The data indicate that prior experience of the population with earlier influenza viruses (\"priming\") is a determinant in response to vaccination. Thus, participants older than 25 years showed good serologic response following a single inoculation of A/New Jersey/76 virus, while younger persons responded poorly. Serological responses to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were, in contrast, equally good in the younger and older adults. Whole-virus vaccines were measurably more reactive than split-virus vaccines, a finding more easily discernined in unprimed populations. In the unprimed persons, a single dose of split-virus vaccine was less immunogenic than a single dose of whole-virus vaccine. The presence of preexisting antibodies appeared to reduce systemic reactivity. For adequate immunization of a totally unprimed population, a single relatively large and reactive dose of whole-virus vaccine or two, properly spaced, smaller nonreactive doses of either whole-virus vaccine or split-virus vaccine would be required.", "contents": "Summary of clinical trials of influenza virus vaccines in adults. Trials in approximately 3,900 adults were conducted with influenza A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/72 virus vaccines. Subjects were observed following a standard protocol, and serologic testing was performed in a single laboratory. The data indicate that prior experience of the population with earlier influenza viruses (\"priming\") is a determinant in response to vaccination. Thus, participants older than 25 years showed good serologic response following a single inoculation of A/New Jersey/76 virus, while younger persons responded poorly. Serological responses to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were, in contrast, equally good in the younger and older adults. Whole-virus vaccines were measurably more reactive than split-virus vaccines, a finding more easily discernined in unprimed populations. In the unprimed persons, a single dose of split-virus vaccine was less immunogenic than a single dose of whole-virus vaccine. The presence of preexisting antibodies appeared to reduce systemic reactivity. For adequate immunization of a totally unprimed population, a single relatively large and reactive dose of whole-virus vaccine or two, properly spaced, smaller nonreactive doses of either whole-virus vaccine or split-virus vaccine would be required.", "PMID": 606797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9458", "title": "Trials of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in normal children: an overview of age-related antigenicity and reactogenicity.", "content": "The total multicenter data from trials with inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in 2,326 normal children were collected and summarized at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tenn.). These combined data provided the best measure of the relative antigenicity and reactogenicity of each manufacturer's vaccine. Children younger than 10 years of age were shown to have vaccine-associated reactions to doses of whole-virus vaccine containing as little as 50 chick cell-agglutinating units. Split-virus vaccines were well tolerated in doses eight times as high. No vaccine was satisfactorily antigenic in a single dose. A two-dose regimen of split-virus vaccine was antigenic, and this regimen was not associated with acute reactions.", "contents": "Trials of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in normal children: an overview of age-related antigenicity and reactogenicity. The total multicenter data from trials with inactivated monovalent influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in 2,326 normal children were collected and summarized at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tenn.). These combined data provided the best measure of the relative antigenicity and reactogenicity of each manufacturer's vaccine. Children younger than 10 years of age were shown to have vaccine-associated reactions to doses of whole-virus vaccine containing as little as 50 chick cell-agglutinating units. Split-virus vaccines were well tolerated in doses eight times as high. No vaccine was satisfactorily antigenic in a single dose. A two-dose regimen of split-virus vaccine was antigenic, and this regimen was not associated with acute reactions.", "PMID": 606798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9459", "title": "Evaluation of membrane structure facts and artefacts produced during freeze-fracturing.", "content": "The freeze-fracture technique is now widely used in the study of membranes, but it should be stressed that it shows internal hydrophobic planes of membranes, prepared under physical conditions far removed from those prevailing in vivo. Hence there is considerable potential for artefact. Work on the membrane lipid component, the intramembrane particles, and their aggregation under certain conditions, is reviewed in the context of fact versus artefact. Particular attention is paid to the results of complementary replica experiments, performed in the author's laboratory and elsewhere, which indicate that lipid collapse and protein particle deformation contribute to the appearance of the membrane fracture face seen in the final replica. A model, showing the effects of freeze-fracturing on membranes, is presented.", "contents": "Evaluation of membrane structure facts and artefacts produced during freeze-fracturing. The freeze-fracture technique is now widely used in the study of membranes, but it should be stressed that it shows internal hydrophobic planes of membranes, prepared under physical conditions far removed from those prevailing in vivo. Hence there is considerable potential for artefact. Work on the membrane lipid component, the intramembrane particles, and their aggregation under certain conditions, is reviewed in the context of fact versus artefact. Particular attention is paid to the results of complementary replica experiments, performed in the author's laboratory and elsewhere, which indicate that lipid collapse and protein particle deformation contribute to the appearance of the membrane fracture face seen in the final replica. A model, showing the effects of freeze-fracturing on membranes, is presented.", "PMID": 606830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9460", "title": "Interpreting the results of freeze-etching.", "content": "Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be interpreted in terms of molecular organization and function. Interpretation is aided by physical and biochemical approaches. Physical approaches such as rotary replication and ultralow temperature fracturing can improve resolution and preserve molecular arrangements which are difficult or impossible to observe with standard freeze-etching techniques. Biochemical approaches such as dissociation-reconstitution experiments can establish the molecular parameters underlying electron-microscopically visible forms. Both approaches are illustrated by investigations of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Interpreting the results of freeze-etching. Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be interpreted in terms of molecular organization and function. Interpretation is aided by physical and biochemical approaches. Physical approaches such as rotary replication and ultralow temperature fracturing can improve resolution and preserve molecular arrangements which are difficult or impossible to observe with standard freeze-etching techniques. Biochemical approaches such as dissociation-reconstitution experiments can establish the molecular parameters underlying electron-microscopically visible forms. Both approaches are illustrated by investigations of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 606831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9461", "title": "Frozen-surface replicas of rat bladder luminal membrane.", "content": "A method for preparing replicas of the luminal surface of frozen, unfractured but deep-etched whole bladder tissue using a Bullivant type II device is described. A small piece of glutaraldehyde-fixed (uncryoprotected) rat bladder is rinsed in distilled water, mounted luminal side uppermost on a specimen holder and rapidly frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen (cooled below its boiling point in a vacuum) or by contact with a copper block at liquid nitrogen temperature. The specimen is processed in the type II device without fracturing and 'deep-etched' by allowing a longer period than usual to elapse before shadowing. The results are assessed with reference to the appearance of the luminal membrane in standard freeze-fracture replicas, and some preliminary observations on the structure of the normal luminal membrane and its counterpart in bladder tumours are presented.", "contents": "Frozen-surface replicas of rat bladder luminal membrane. A method for preparing replicas of the luminal surface of frozen, unfractured but deep-etched whole bladder tissue using a Bullivant type II device is described. A small piece of glutaraldehyde-fixed (uncryoprotected) rat bladder is rinsed in distilled water, mounted luminal side uppermost on a specimen holder and rapidly frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen (cooled below its boiling point in a vacuum) or by contact with a copper block at liquid nitrogen temperature. The specimen is processed in the type II device without fracturing and 'deep-etched' by allowing a longer period than usual to elapse before shadowing. The results are assessed with reference to the appearance of the luminal membrane in standard freeze-fracture replicas, and some preliminary observations on the structure of the normal luminal membrane and its counterpart in bladder tumours are presented.", "PMID": 606832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9462", "title": "Cutting work in thick section cryomicrotomy.", "content": "The forces during cryosectioning were measured using miniature strain gauges attached to a load cell fitted to the drive arm of the Porter-Blum MT-2 cryomicrotome. Work was calculated and the data normalized to a standard (1 mm X 1 mm X 0.5 micrometer) section. Thermal energy generated was also calculated. Five parameters were studied: cutting angle, thickness, temperature, hardness, and block shape. Force patterns could be divided into three major groups thought to represent cutting (Type I), large fracture planes greater than 10 micrometer in length (Type II), and small fracture planes less than 10 micrometer in length (Type III). Type I and Type II produced satisfactory sections. Work in cutting ranged from an average of 78.4 muJ to 568.8 muJ. Cutting angle and temperature had the greatest effect on sectioning. Heat generated would be sufficient to cause through-section melting for 0.5 micrometer thick sections assuming the worst possible case, namely that all heat went into the section without loss. Presence of a Type II pattern (large fracture pattern) is thought to be presumptive evidence against thawing.", "contents": "Cutting work in thick section cryomicrotomy. The forces during cryosectioning were measured using miniature strain gauges attached to a load cell fitted to the drive arm of the Porter-Blum MT-2 cryomicrotome. Work was calculated and the data normalized to a standard (1 mm X 1 mm X 0.5 micrometer) section. Thermal energy generated was also calculated. Five parameters were studied: cutting angle, thickness, temperature, hardness, and block shape. Force patterns could be divided into three major groups thought to represent cutting (Type I), large fracture planes greater than 10 micrometer in length (Type II), and small fracture planes less than 10 micrometer in length (Type III). Type I and Type II produced satisfactory sections. Work in cutting ranged from an average of 78.4 muJ to 568.8 muJ. Cutting angle and temperature had the greatest effect on sectioning. Heat generated would be sufficient to cause through-section melting for 0.5 micrometer thick sections assuming the worst possible case, namely that all heat went into the section without loss. Presence of a Type II pattern (large fracture pattern) is thought to be presumptive evidence against thawing.", "PMID": 606833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9463", "title": "Preparation of thin cryo-sections for electron probe analysis of calcifying cartilage.", "content": "Conventional methods of fixation, dehydration, embedding and wet-sectioning can produce artefacts in the chemical composition of mineralizing tissues. Cryoultramicrotomy was adopted for a more reliable approach to electron probe analysis of initial apatite formation in calcifying cartilage. Fresh rabbit epiphyseal cartilage was mounted on silver pins, frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned with the specimen temperature at 133 K and the knife temperature at 273 K. Dry cryo-sections (30-70 nm in thickness) were manipulated on to coated grids and examined the same day. These cryo-sections showed good morphological and cytoplasmic detail, with large areas relatively free of ice-crystal damage. Sections stained either with osmium vapour or negatively stained with silicotungstic acid showed areas with well-preserved mitochondria with granules and endoplasmic reticulum. Unstained sections also showed dense granules (50-120 nm in diameter) in the mitochondria of chondrocytes and preliminary electron probe analysis of these has indicated a Ca/P mass ratio of approximately 1.14. In the longitudinal septa, about 2 micrometer away from the chondrocytes, matrix-vesicle-like particles could be seen with crystal needles inside them. Micro-analysis of two of these gave a Ca/P mass ratio of 1.73 and 2.68. Cryo-ultramicrotomy appears to confirm a number of conclusions derived from conventional ultrastructural study of growth cartilage and suggests for the first time how amorphous calcium phosphate and crystalline apatite can be shown to exist in different organelles in the same cryo-section of the tissue.", "contents": "Preparation of thin cryo-sections for electron probe analysis of calcifying cartilage. Conventional methods of fixation, dehydration, embedding and wet-sectioning can produce artefacts in the chemical composition of mineralizing tissues. Cryoultramicrotomy was adopted for a more reliable approach to electron probe analysis of initial apatite formation in calcifying cartilage. Fresh rabbit epiphyseal cartilage was mounted on silver pins, frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned with the specimen temperature at 133 K and the knife temperature at 273 K. Dry cryo-sections (30-70 nm in thickness) were manipulated on to coated grids and examined the same day. These cryo-sections showed good morphological and cytoplasmic detail, with large areas relatively free of ice-crystal damage. Sections stained either with osmium vapour or negatively stained with silicotungstic acid showed areas with well-preserved mitochondria with granules and endoplasmic reticulum. Unstained sections also showed dense granules (50-120 nm in diameter) in the mitochondria of chondrocytes and preliminary electron probe analysis of these has indicated a Ca/P mass ratio of approximately 1.14. In the longitudinal septa, about 2 micrometer away from the chondrocytes, matrix-vesicle-like particles could be seen with crystal needles inside them. Micro-analysis of two of these gave a Ca/P mass ratio of 1.73 and 2.68. Cryo-ultramicrotomy appears to confirm a number of conclusions derived from conventional ultrastructural study of growth cartilage and suggests for the first time how amorphous calcium phosphate and crystalline apatite can be shown to exist in different organelles in the same cryo-section of the tissue.", "PMID": 606834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9464", "title": "Post-operative wound sepsis following obstetrical and gynaecological laparotomies in Nigeria.", "content": "The results of a prospective survey of post-operative wound sepsis following obstetrical and gynaecological laparotomies at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria are presented. The overall wound sepsis rate was 20.2 per cent, but the corresponding rates in the gynaecological, primary obstetrical and repeat obstetrical cases were 14.9 per cent, 7.0 per cent and 29.9 per cent respectively. Statistical tests indicate that these rates differ significantly. The rate among the gynaecological cases did not differ significantly from the primary obstetrical cases, but that of the repeat obstetrical cases was significantly higher than those of the other two groups. The poorer wound healing in the repeat obstetrical laparotomies is thought to be due to poor blood supply. The variables that correlated significantly with wound sepsis rate were: pre-operative anaemia, number of medical students in theatre, antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and excision of previous scar in repeat laparotomies. The commonest organism involved in the wound sepsis was staph pyogenes. The wound sepsis rate obtained in this survey was high and various preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Post-operative wound sepsis following obstetrical and gynaecological laparotomies in Nigeria. The results of a prospective survey of post-operative wound sepsis following obstetrical and gynaecological laparotomies at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria are presented. The overall wound sepsis rate was 20.2 per cent, but the corresponding rates in the gynaecological, primary obstetrical and repeat obstetrical cases were 14.9 per cent, 7.0 per cent and 29.9 per cent respectively. Statistical tests indicate that these rates differ significantly. The rate among the gynaecological cases did not differ significantly from the primary obstetrical cases, but that of the repeat obstetrical cases was significantly higher than those of the other two groups. The poorer wound healing in the repeat obstetrical laparotomies is thought to be due to poor blood supply. The variables that correlated significantly with wound sepsis rate were: pre-operative anaemia, number of medical students in theatre, antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and excision of previous scar in repeat laparotomies. The commonest organism involved in the wound sepsis was staph pyogenes. The wound sepsis rate obtained in this survey was high and various preventive measures are discussed.", "PMID": 606842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9465", "title": "Some metal ion changes in plasma and erythrocytes following ether anaesthesia and surgery in bilharzial patients.", "content": "Eight bilharzial patients with hepatosplenomegaly who underwent splenectomy under ether anaesthesia were studied. The levels of iron, zinc, titanium, aluminium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were determined in the plasmas and RBCs both preoperatively and up to four days postoperatively. Preoperatively the bilharzial patients were found to have subnormal levels of the studied elements except aluminium in plasma. The effect of ether anaesthesia and surgery (splenectomy) was marked on the second postoperative day. All the elements displayed a tendency towards reaching preoperative levels by the fourth day except titanium which was still elevated. Metal ions particularly zinc and magnesium should be monitored in bilharzial patients in general and in the advanced cases in particular, who are undergoing major surgery. This should be done as a precautionary measure especially since these patients have subnormal metal ion levels.", "contents": "Some metal ion changes in plasma and erythrocytes following ether anaesthesia and surgery in bilharzial patients. Eight bilharzial patients with hepatosplenomegaly who underwent splenectomy under ether anaesthesia were studied. The levels of iron, zinc, titanium, aluminium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were determined in the plasmas and RBCs both preoperatively and up to four days postoperatively. Preoperatively the bilharzial patients were found to have subnormal levels of the studied elements except aluminium in plasma. The effect of ether anaesthesia and surgery (splenectomy) was marked on the second postoperative day. All the elements displayed a tendency towards reaching preoperative levels by the fourth day except titanium which was still elevated. Metal ions particularly zinc and magnesium should be monitored in bilharzial patients in general and in the advanced cases in particular, who are undergoing major surgery. This should be done as a precautionary measure especially since these patients have subnormal metal ion levels.", "PMID": 606843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9466", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in various liver diseases in Iraq.", "content": "In a series of 221 patients with various liver diseases studied in Iraq using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and passive haemagglutination techniques, HBsAg was detected in 40.8 per cent of cases with acute viral hepatitis, in 40 per cent in cryptogenic cirrhosis, in 50 per cent in chronic hepatitis, in 100 per cent in active cirrhosis and 71.4 per cent in hepatoma. In acute hepatitis the antigenaemia was highest early in the course of the disease. The duration of antigenaemia ranged from three to 16 weeks. In 3.4 per cent of cases the antigenaemia persisted for more than 35 weeks. In 31.3 per cent of acute hepatitis there was no evidence of parenteral infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in various liver diseases in Iraq. In a series of 221 patients with various liver diseases studied in Iraq using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and passive haemagglutination techniques, HBsAg was detected in 40.8 per cent of cases with acute viral hepatitis, in 40 per cent in cryptogenic cirrhosis, in 50 per cent in chronic hepatitis, in 100 per cent in active cirrhosis and 71.4 per cent in hepatoma. In acute hepatitis the antigenaemia was highest early in the course of the disease. The duration of antigenaemia ranged from three to 16 weeks. In 3.4 per cent of cases the antigenaemia persisted for more than 35 weeks. In 31.3 per cent of acute hepatitis there was no evidence of parenteral infection.", "PMID": 606844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9467", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the myofibrils in the epithelial cells of the Bowman's capsule and of proximal tubules in rat renal cortex (first report).", "content": "Two kinds of filaments in parallel arrangement have been observed in the basal part of the cytoplasm in the epithelial cells of a Bowman's capsule and in the epithelial cells of a proximal tubule of a glycerinated rat kidney. The first was thin and linear in shape, 55-70 A in diameter and exhibited arrow-head structures upon treatment with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The other was rod shaped, with thick filaments, 110-130 A in diameter, 0.14-0.16 micrometer in length, few in number scattered among the thin filaments. From the non-glycerinated kidney, bundles of fibers were attached to some electron-dense regions inside the cell membrane. In highly magnified pictures, two kinds of filaments could be observed. One kind was thin, attached to dense regions, and the other thick, and not attached to dense regions. It is conceivable that these filaments correspond to myofibrils from their characteristic electron microscopical features. An electron microscopical analogy detected in both smooth muscle cells and renal cells leads us to speculate that these thin and thick filaments consisted of actin and myosin respectively.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the myofibrils in the epithelial cells of the Bowman's capsule and of proximal tubules in rat renal cortex (first report). Two kinds of filaments in parallel arrangement have been observed in the basal part of the cytoplasm in the epithelial cells of a Bowman's capsule and in the epithelial cells of a proximal tubule of a glycerinated rat kidney. The first was thin and linear in shape, 55-70 A in diameter and exhibited arrow-head structures upon treatment with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The other was rod shaped, with thick filaments, 110-130 A in diameter, 0.14-0.16 micrometer in length, few in number scattered among the thin filaments. From the non-glycerinated kidney, bundles of fibers were attached to some electron-dense regions inside the cell membrane. In highly magnified pictures, two kinds of filaments could be observed. One kind was thin, attached to dense regions, and the other thick, and not attached to dense regions. It is conceivable that these filaments correspond to myofibrils from their characteristic electron microscopical features. An electron microscopical analogy detected in both smooth muscle cells and renal cells leads us to speculate that these thin and thick filaments consisted of actin and myosin respectively.", "PMID": 606846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9468", "title": "Experimental ischemic heart disease induced by thromboxane A2 in rabbits.", "content": "How an acute ischemic attack is induced in a patient with coronary atherosclerosis is unknown and we carried out studies using thromboxane A2 (TXA2) to determine if acute myocardial ischemia and necrosis could be induced in rabbits. TXA2 was perfused through the coronary artery for 5 seconds by means of a Swan-Ganz catheter through the right common carotid artery. Significant serial changes of ST-T on ECG and hypotension were observed from 1 minute to more than 1 day after the perfusion in all 22 rabbits. The TXA2 that was composed of both aggregated platelets and prostaglandin H2 induced the same response, and such was dose dependent. The inactivated TXA2 was without effect. Seventeen of the experimental rabbits were autopsied. Histological studies of the hearts showed focal myocardial ischemia and necrosis in all rabbits except one autopsided 10 minutes after the perfusion. TXA2 is apparently capable of inducing acute myocardial ischemia and necrosis.", "contents": "Experimental ischemic heart disease induced by thromboxane A2 in rabbits. How an acute ischemic attack is induced in a patient with coronary atherosclerosis is unknown and we carried out studies using thromboxane A2 (TXA2) to determine if acute myocardial ischemia and necrosis could be induced in rabbits. TXA2 was perfused through the coronary artery for 5 seconds by means of a Swan-Ganz catheter through the right common carotid artery. Significant serial changes of ST-T on ECG and hypotension were observed from 1 minute to more than 1 day after the perfusion in all 22 rabbits. The TXA2 that was composed of both aggregated platelets and prostaglandin H2 induced the same response, and such was dose dependent. The inactivated TXA2 was without effect. Seventeen of the experimental rabbits were autopsied. Histological studies of the hearts showed focal myocardial ischemia and necrosis in all rabbits except one autopsided 10 minutes after the perfusion. TXA2 is apparently capable of inducing acute myocardial ischemia and necrosis.", "PMID": 606849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9469", "title": "Echocardiographic features, left heart events and the spatial ventricular gradient in a case with intermittent type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with intermittent type A Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, the echocardiogram revealed late \"double peaked\" anterior motions (the former in the late systole, the latter in the early diastole) of left ventricular posterior wall during WPW conduction. In the same condition, phonocardiographic and mechanocardiographic observations indicated a prolonged electromechanical interval, but the external isovolumic contraction time (EICT) and left ventricular ejection time/EICT ratio remained unaltered. In addition, definite but slight alteration in the spatial ventricular gradient was observed. These observations by non-invasive methods present additional informations supporting the concept that conduction abnormalities per se are not responsible for abnormalities of ventricular function unless there is severe underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features, left heart events and the spatial ventricular gradient in a case with intermittent type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In a patient with intermittent type A Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, the echocardiogram revealed late \"double peaked\" anterior motions (the former in the late systole, the latter in the early diastole) of left ventricular posterior wall during WPW conduction. In the same condition, phonocardiographic and mechanocardiographic observations indicated a prolonged electromechanical interval, but the external isovolumic contraction time (EICT) and left ventricular ejection time/EICT ratio remained unaltered. In addition, definite but slight alteration in the spatial ventricular gradient was observed. These observations by non-invasive methods present additional informations supporting the concept that conduction abnormalities per se are not responsible for abnormalities of ventricular function unless there is severe underlying heart disease.", "PMID": 606850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9470", "title": "\"Hypertrophy of the column of Bertin\" in a could-be case of adolescent idiopathic hematuria.", "content": "A typical case of hypertrophy of the column of Bertin is first documented in Japan, which is characterized with the adolescence (13-year-old), intermittent gross hematuria, and the confirmation and recovery by the segmental resection. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of its concealment in so-called idiopathic hematuria, and the necessity of the recognition earlier among children with unknown hematuria. The term \"hypertrophy of the column of Bertin\" was proposed to be used unifyingly henceforce, because it most well describes the pathoanatomy.", "contents": "\"Hypertrophy of the column of Bertin\" in a could-be case of adolescent idiopathic hematuria. A typical case of hypertrophy of the column of Bertin is first documented in Japan, which is characterized with the adolescence (13-year-old), intermittent gross hematuria, and the confirmation and recovery by the segmental resection. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of its concealment in so-called idiopathic hematuria, and the necessity of the recognition earlier among children with unknown hematuria. The term \"hypertrophy of the column of Bertin\" was proposed to be used unifyingly henceforce, because it most well describes the pathoanatomy.", "PMID": 606851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9471", "title": "Significance of echocardiographic evaluation on surgery to mitral stenosis.", "content": "1) Diastolic descent rate (DDR) of the anterior mitral leaflet improved after the surgery. However, this improvement was not modified with a) atrial fibrillation b) damages of the subvalvular supporting tissue c) valvular calcification d) the method of the operation, namely the open or closed commissurotomy. 2) DDR was fairly well correlated with the mitral orifice area, the cardiac output and the pressure gradient across the mitral valve. Therefore, the echocardiographic diagnosis and the follow up evaluation of the mitral stenosis after the surgery were thought to be very reliable, considering the accuracy of this diagnosis as disclosed in this study. The contributory effect to DDR was discussed.", "contents": "Significance of echocardiographic evaluation on surgery to mitral stenosis. 1) Diastolic descent rate (DDR) of the anterior mitral leaflet improved after the surgery. However, this improvement was not modified with a) atrial fibrillation b) damages of the subvalvular supporting tissue c) valvular calcification d) the method of the operation, namely the open or closed commissurotomy. 2) DDR was fairly well correlated with the mitral orifice area, the cardiac output and the pressure gradient across the mitral valve. Therefore, the echocardiographic diagnosis and the follow up evaluation of the mitral stenosis after the surgery were thought to be very reliable, considering the accuracy of this diagnosis as disclosed in this study. The contributory effect to DDR was discussed.", "PMID": 606855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9472", "title": "Clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological evaluation of pulmonary hypertension in patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with dominant rheumatic mitral stenosis were studied by clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological criteria for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Predicted pulmonary artery pressure from these criteria were then compared with the pulmonary artery pressure measured during cardiac catheterization. In the first 31 patients, the assessment of pulmonary hypertension using combined clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological methods gave better results than any one single method alone. On the basis of these observations, a composite criterion was arrived at. This new criterion was then prospectively applied to the next 20 consecutive patients with dominant mitral stenosis. In 14 of the 20 patients, the predicted pulmonary artery mean pressures were in the same range as the measured mean pulmonary artery pressures when the new composite criterion was used.", "contents": "Clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological evaluation of pulmonary hypertension in patients with mitral stenosis. Fifty-one patients with dominant rheumatic mitral stenosis were studied by clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological criteria for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Predicted pulmonary artery pressure from these criteria were then compared with the pulmonary artery pressure measured during cardiac catheterization. In the first 31 patients, the assessment of pulmonary hypertension using combined clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological methods gave better results than any one single method alone. On the basis of these observations, a composite criterion was arrived at. This new criterion was then prospectively applied to the next 20 consecutive patients with dominant mitral stenosis. In 14 of the 20 patients, the predicted pulmonary artery mean pressures were in the same range as the measured mean pulmonary artery pressures when the new composite criterion was used.", "PMID": 606856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9473", "title": "An analysis of Wenkebach periodicity during atrial pacing.", "content": "Seventy-six atrial pacing induced Wenckebach periods in 20 patients were analyzed. They were divided into 5 types according to the manner of increment change of P'V prolongation. Fifty-four % of the periods were atypical (Types II-V). There was a significant increase in the incidence of atypical periods as the length of the periods increased. The recovery curve of the A-V node was obtained by plotting P'V against preceding VP'. The curve was convex and the slope became greater than 45 degrees near the absolute refractory period in the majority of the cases, although there was 1 case in which the slope was less than 45 degrees throughout the curve. The P'V interval was found to be determined mainly by the preceding VP' interval. The mechanism by which these different types of Wenckebach periods develop can be explained by the relationship between the shape of the recovery curve and the pacing rate. The types II, III, and IV periods which have been dealt with as atypical periods were understood to develop by the same mechanism as type I (typical) periods.", "contents": "An analysis of Wenkebach periodicity during atrial pacing. Seventy-six atrial pacing induced Wenckebach periods in 20 patients were analyzed. They were divided into 5 types according to the manner of increment change of P'V prolongation. Fifty-four % of the periods were atypical (Types II-V). There was a significant increase in the incidence of atypical periods as the length of the periods increased. The recovery curve of the A-V node was obtained by plotting P'V against preceding VP'. The curve was convex and the slope became greater than 45 degrees near the absolute refractory period in the majority of the cases, although there was 1 case in which the slope was less than 45 degrees throughout the curve. The P'V interval was found to be determined mainly by the preceding VP' interval. The mechanism by which these different types of Wenckebach periods develop can be explained by the relationship between the shape of the recovery curve and the pacing rate. The types II, III, and IV periods which have been dealt with as atypical periods were understood to develop by the same mechanism as type I (typical) periods.", "PMID": 606857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9474", "title": "Clinical and electrophysiologic studies on the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in aged cases.", "content": "Clinical and electrophysiologic studies were performed in 10 aged cases (50-82 years of age) with WPW syndrome and following results were obtained: 1) Episodes of paroxysm of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were observed in 7 and complication of sinus node dysfunction was noted in 3. 2) P-delta intervals on electrocardiogram exceeding 0.12 sec were observed in 4 cases. 3) Patterns of normalization of QRS complex in 4 cases were characterized by tachycardia-dependent in 2 and bradycardia-dependent in 2. 4) Effective refractory period of the accessory pathway (AP) in antegrade direction exceeded that of A-V node in 5 cases and the former exceeding 500 msec was observed in 2 cases. The relations between the changes of the electrophysiologic properties of the AP and altered clinical manifestations of the WPW syndrome in aged cases were discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and electrophysiologic studies on the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in aged cases. Clinical and electrophysiologic studies were performed in 10 aged cases (50-82 years of age) with WPW syndrome and following results were obtained: 1) Episodes of paroxysm of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were observed in 7 and complication of sinus node dysfunction was noted in 3. 2) P-delta intervals on electrocardiogram exceeding 0.12 sec were observed in 4 cases. 3) Patterns of normalization of QRS complex in 4 cases were characterized by tachycardia-dependent in 2 and bradycardia-dependent in 2. 4) Effective refractory period of the accessory pathway (AP) in antegrade direction exceeded that of A-V node in 5 cases and the former exceeding 500 msec was observed in 2 cases. The relations between the changes of the electrophysiologic properties of the AP and altered clinical manifestations of the WPW syndrome in aged cases were discussed.", "PMID": 606858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9475", "title": "Small cardiac lesions. Fibrosis of papillary muscles and focal cardiac myocytolysis.", "content": "Three types of small cardiac lesions were described and illustrated: (1) focal type of papillary muscle fibrosis, evidently a healed infarct of the papillary muscle present in 13% of autopsies, is a histologically characteristic lesion associated with coronary artery disease and healed myocardial infarction, (2) diffuse type of papillary muscle fibrosis, probably an aging change present in almost half of the autopsies, is associated with sclerosis of the arteries in the papillary muscle, is identifiable histologically, and apparently is not associated with any cardiac abnormality, and (3) focal cardiac myocytolysis, a unique histologic lesion, usually multifocal without predilection for any area of the heart, is associated with ischemic heard disease, death due to cancer complicated by nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and microthrombi in small cardiac arteries as well as with other diseases. Differentiation of the 2 types of papillary muscle fibrosis is important in the study of papillary muscle and mitral valve dysfunction. Focal cardiac myocytolysis may contribute to the fatal extension of myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Small cardiac lesions. Fibrosis of papillary muscles and focal cardiac myocytolysis. Three types of small cardiac lesions were described and illustrated: (1) focal type of papillary muscle fibrosis, evidently a healed infarct of the papillary muscle present in 13% of autopsies, is a histologically characteristic lesion associated with coronary artery disease and healed myocardial infarction, (2) diffuse type of papillary muscle fibrosis, probably an aging change present in almost half of the autopsies, is associated with sclerosis of the arteries in the papillary muscle, is identifiable histologically, and apparently is not associated with any cardiac abnormality, and (3) focal cardiac myocytolysis, a unique histologic lesion, usually multifocal without predilection for any area of the heart, is associated with ischemic heard disease, death due to cancer complicated by nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and microthrombi in small cardiac arteries as well as with other diseases. Differentiation of the 2 types of papillary muscle fibrosis is important in the study of papillary muscle and mitral valve dysfunction. Focal cardiac myocytolysis may contribute to the fatal extension of myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 606859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9476", "title": "Membrane current changes induced by acetylstrophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were carried out with short Purkinje fibers exposed to acetylstrophanthidin. A consistent change in membrane current was an appearance of a transient inward current on repolarization to the resting potential from the preceding depolarization, when preparations were treated with sufficient concentration of acetylstrophanthidin to cause the transient depolarization. This transient inward current displayed voltage- and time-dependence on the preceding depolarization, of which kinetics were different from the pacemaker K+ current. The transient inward current was easily blocked by manganese ions. The results indicated that acetylstrophanthidin induced the transient inward current which was the basis of the transient depolarization and the current might represent an abnormal state of the slow inward current possibly related to the altered internal Na+ and Ca++ concentrations.", "contents": "Membrane current changes induced by acetylstrophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Voltage clamp experiments were carried out with short Purkinje fibers exposed to acetylstrophanthidin. A consistent change in membrane current was an appearance of a transient inward current on repolarization to the resting potential from the preceding depolarization, when preparations were treated with sufficient concentration of acetylstrophanthidin to cause the transient depolarization. This transient inward current displayed voltage- and time-dependence on the preceding depolarization, of which kinetics were different from the pacemaker K+ current. The transient inward current was easily blocked by manganese ions. The results indicated that acetylstrophanthidin induced the transient inward current which was the basis of the transient depolarization and the current might represent an abnormal state of the slow inward current possibly related to the altered internal Na+ and Ca++ concentrations.", "PMID": 606862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9477", "title": "Echocardiogram in pulsus paradoxus. Respiration dependent cyclic changes in mitral and aortic valve motion: a case report.", "content": "The mechanism of production of pulsus paradoxus was echocardiographically studied in a 74-year-old male with subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis which developed to constrictive pericarditis under the observation. Echocardiography disclosed the following phenomena during inspiration: 1) mitral valve did not open until the atrial systole, probably because of the lack of antegrade mitral flow during rapid filling phase (the E wave was not observed), 2) concomitantly, aortic valve opening decreased markedly in its grade, and 3) left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased and pre-ejection period (PEP) increased, resulting in a higher PEP/LVET ratio (up to 1.32). The opposite was true during expiration (PEP/LVET ratio was 0.40). This is probably the first case, in which the mechanism of pulsus paradoxus was investigated by aortic and mitral valve echograms.", "contents": "Echocardiogram in pulsus paradoxus. Respiration dependent cyclic changes in mitral and aortic valve motion: a case report. The mechanism of production of pulsus paradoxus was echocardiographically studied in a 74-year-old male with subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis which developed to constrictive pericarditis under the observation. Echocardiography disclosed the following phenomena during inspiration: 1) mitral valve did not open until the atrial systole, probably because of the lack of antegrade mitral flow during rapid filling phase (the E wave was not observed), 2) concomitantly, aortic valve opening decreased markedly in its grade, and 3) left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased and pre-ejection period (PEP) increased, resulting in a higher PEP/LVET ratio (up to 1.32). The opposite was true during expiration (PEP/LVET ratio was 0.40). This is probably the first case, in which the mechanism of pulsus paradoxus was investigated by aortic and mitral valve echograms.", "PMID": 606864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9478", "title": "Myocardial protection during open-heart surgery: intermittent aortic crossclamping versus coronary perfusion.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients undergoing open-heart surgery were divided into three groups, i.e., control, intermittent aortic crossclamping and coronary perfusion groups. Myocardial oxygen extraction, lactate extraction, arterial-coronary sinus hydrogen ion difference, potassium difference and glucose difference were determined during the operation, as well as, postoperative stroke and cardiac indices and comparisons were made. When the ascending aorta was not crossclamped, myocardial metabolism was well preserved during and after the perfusion at a flow rate of 2.0 L./min/m2. Intermittent aortic crossclamping for 15 minutes alternating with a period of perfusion for five minutes at 30 degrees C was sufficient to protect the myocardium from ischemia. Perfusion of the left coronary artery alone at a flow rate of six per cent of total body perfusion (150 to 200 ml per minute) at 30 degrees C was sufficient to protect the myocardium when the aorta was opened. Since intermittent perfusion of the left coronary artery may produce myocardial derangement, coronary perfusion should be continuous. Otherwise topical cardiac cooling or other means of myocardial protection should be used.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during open-heart surgery: intermittent aortic crossclamping versus coronary perfusion. Twenty-seven patients undergoing open-heart surgery were divided into three groups, i.e., control, intermittent aortic crossclamping and coronary perfusion groups. Myocardial oxygen extraction, lactate extraction, arterial-coronary sinus hydrogen ion difference, potassium difference and glucose difference were determined during the operation, as well as, postoperative stroke and cardiac indices and comparisons were made. When the ascending aorta was not crossclamped, myocardial metabolism was well preserved during and after the perfusion at a flow rate of 2.0 L./min/m2. Intermittent aortic crossclamping for 15 minutes alternating with a period of perfusion for five minutes at 30 degrees C was sufficient to protect the myocardium from ischemia. Perfusion of the left coronary artery alone at a flow rate of six per cent of total body perfusion (150 to 200 ml per minute) at 30 degrees C was sufficient to protect the myocardium when the aorta was opened. Since intermittent perfusion of the left coronary artery may produce myocardial derangement, coronary perfusion should be continuous. Otherwise topical cardiac cooling or other means of myocardial protection should be used.", "PMID": 606890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9479", "title": "Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism during surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest for open-heart surgery.", "content": "Plasma lipids, blood glucose, plasma insulin (IRI) and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were measured in 30 subjects undergoing surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest for open-heart surgery. Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the plasma rapidly increased at the lowest temperature (23 degrees C) reached and other lipids in the plasma decreased during the cooling period. An increase of NEFA and a decrease of triglyceride have been attributed to the action of lipoprotein lipase activity stimulated by heparin. It is also likely that the decrease of other lipids and beta-lipoprotein in the plasma results from the transient hypofunction of the liver due to hypothermia. Blood glucose increased during the cooling period, while plasma insulin showed no significant change. Serum DBH reflecting catecholamine also showed no significant change during the cooling or rewarming periods. Therefore, hyperglycemia in hypothermic open-heart surgery may result from the decrease of peripheral utilization of glucose and from the inhibition of insulin secretion due to the transient pancreatic hypofunction.", "contents": "Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism during surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest for open-heart surgery. Plasma lipids, blood glucose, plasma insulin (IRI) and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were measured in 30 subjects undergoing surface-induced deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest for open-heart surgery. Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the plasma rapidly increased at the lowest temperature (23 degrees C) reached and other lipids in the plasma decreased during the cooling period. An increase of NEFA and a decrease of triglyceride have been attributed to the action of lipoprotein lipase activity stimulated by heparin. It is also likely that the decrease of other lipids and beta-lipoprotein in the plasma results from the transient hypofunction of the liver due to hypothermia. Blood glucose increased during the cooling period, while plasma insulin showed no significant change. Serum DBH reflecting catecholamine also showed no significant change during the cooling or rewarming periods. Therefore, hyperglycemia in hypothermic open-heart surgery may result from the decrease of peripheral utilization of glucose and from the inhibition of insulin secretion due to the transient pancreatic hypofunction.", "PMID": 606891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9480", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome: 1. Clinical study.", "content": "The correlation between disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and pulmonary insufficiency following trauma and shock was studied in patients. Serial coagulation tests were performed on nine patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and six of nine showed the evidence of consumption coagulopathy. Heparin infusion was effective in two patients with the improvement of platelet counts, other coagulation factors and the concomitant improvement of lung function.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome: 1. Clinical study. The correlation between disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and pulmonary insufficiency following trauma and shock was studied in patients. Serial coagulation tests were performed on nine patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and six of nine showed the evidence of consumption coagulopathy. Heparin infusion was effective in two patients with the improvement of platelet counts, other coagulation factors and the concomitant improvement of lung function.", "PMID": 606892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9481", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome: 2. Experimental study.", "content": "The role of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was studied in the experimental animals. ARDS was simulated in dogs by the administration of various doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin (Difco). The alveolar surface activity in the group which received lethal dose of endotoxin (3 mg/kg) exhibited no significant alterations with mild pulmonary insufficiency and little pathologic change five hours after the induction of shock. On the other hand, a significant decrease in alveolar surface activity was found to develop in the group which received sublethal dose of endotoxin (1 mg/kg) accompanying enlarged alveolar-arterial oxygen tension differences (A-aDO2) and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance after 24 hours. These changes occurred concomitantly with pathologic findings of DIC, interstitial edema and atelectasis. The disturbance in ventilatory function observed in prolonged shock appeared to be related to the impairment of pulmonary microcirculation caused by DIC and subsequent hypoxia of lung tissue which led to a loss of alveolar surfactant.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome: 2. Experimental study. The role of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was studied in the experimental animals. ARDS was simulated in dogs by the administration of various doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin (Difco). The alveolar surface activity in the group which received lethal dose of endotoxin (3 mg/kg) exhibited no significant alterations with mild pulmonary insufficiency and little pathologic change five hours after the induction of shock. On the other hand, a significant decrease in alveolar surface activity was found to develop in the group which received sublethal dose of endotoxin (1 mg/kg) accompanying enlarged alveolar-arterial oxygen tension differences (A-aDO2) and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance after 24 hours. These changes occurred concomitantly with pathologic findings of DIC, interstitial edema and atelectasis. The disturbance in ventilatory function observed in prolonged shock appeared to be related to the impairment of pulmonary microcirculation caused by DIC and subsequent hypoxia of lung tissue which led to a loss of alveolar surfactant.", "PMID": 606893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9482", "title": "Epithelial cell kinetics in the crypts of familial polyposis of colon.", "content": "Epithelial cell kinetics were examined in the uninvolved part of the rectal mucosa in nine cases of familial polyposis of colon, six cases of their first degree relatives, and six control cases. The biopsied specimen were incubated for two hours in the culture medium containing H3-thymidine. In the control cases, the proliferating zone was confined to the lower two thirds of the crypt in all except one case. Six of the nine cases of familial polyposis of colon had crypts with altered proliferating zone, i.e., incorporation of H3-thymidine was observed in the upper one third of the crypt as in the case of adenomatous polyps. Three of the six cases of the first degree relatives showed such change. There were significant differences in the incidence of such change between controls and familial polyposis of colon or their first degree relatives, whereas no significant differences between familial polyposis of colon and their first degree relatives.", "contents": "Epithelial cell kinetics in the crypts of familial polyposis of colon. Epithelial cell kinetics were examined in the uninvolved part of the rectal mucosa in nine cases of familial polyposis of colon, six cases of their first degree relatives, and six control cases. The biopsied specimen were incubated for two hours in the culture medium containing H3-thymidine. In the control cases, the proliferating zone was confined to the lower two thirds of the crypt in all except one case. Six of the nine cases of familial polyposis of colon had crypts with altered proliferating zone, i.e., incorporation of H3-thymidine was observed in the upper one third of the crypt as in the case of adenomatous polyps. Three of the six cases of the first degree relatives showed such change. There were significant differences in the incidence of such change between controls and familial polyposis of colon or their first degree relatives, whereas no significant differences between familial polyposis of colon and their first degree relatives.", "PMID": 606894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9483", "title": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma accompanied with nodular hyperplasia in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.", "content": "Three patients with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 underwent total adrenalectomy and subsequently near-total or total thyroidectomy. The overt pheochromocytomas were present bilaterally in two patients and unilaterally in another patient. In addition, multiple nodules measuring a few mm in diameter were demonstrated in all adrenal medullas examined. All patients exhibited bilateral medullary thyroid carcinomas which varied in size from a few minute nodules accompanied by the microscopic C-cell hyperplasia to distinct large tumors. The thyroid C-cell hyperplasia appeared to be confined to the upper and middle thirds of the lateral lobe, and micronodules of the C-cell hyperplasia enlarged to coalesce, forming one large carcinoma mass. On the other hand, nodular hyperplasia of the chromaffin cells was distributed diffusely throughout the adrenal medulla and each nodule appeared to develop individually into a large pheochromocytoma. These findings suggested that, at least in the family members at a high risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, the development of both medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma was always preceded by a multicentric nodular hyperplasia. On the basis of the pathogenesis of these tumors, the most rational surgical approach was presented.", "contents": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma accompanied with nodular hyperplasia in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Three patients with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 underwent total adrenalectomy and subsequently near-total or total thyroidectomy. The overt pheochromocytomas were present bilaterally in two patients and unilaterally in another patient. In addition, multiple nodules measuring a few mm in diameter were demonstrated in all adrenal medullas examined. All patients exhibited bilateral medullary thyroid carcinomas which varied in size from a few minute nodules accompanied by the microscopic C-cell hyperplasia to distinct large tumors. The thyroid C-cell hyperplasia appeared to be confined to the upper and middle thirds of the lateral lobe, and micronodules of the C-cell hyperplasia enlarged to coalesce, forming one large carcinoma mass. On the other hand, nodular hyperplasia of the chromaffin cells was distributed diffusely throughout the adrenal medulla and each nodule appeared to develop individually into a large pheochromocytoma. These findings suggested that, at least in the family members at a high risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, the development of both medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma was always preceded by a multicentric nodular hyperplasia. On the basis of the pathogenesis of these tumors, the most rational surgical approach was presented.", "PMID": 606895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9484", "title": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy and/or laparotomy on the growth of ascitic tumor in rats.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of operative stress on a tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hours after the intraperitoneal inoculation of Sato lung cancer cells in Donryu rats. The survival time and the spread of the tumor were examined. Thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy reduced significantly the survival time of the inoculated rats as compared with the control but no significant difference was observed between the two test groups subjected to operative stress. No difference was observed in the spread of the tumor between the test groups and the control. These results indicated that the operative stress increased only the number of metastatic foci and did not change the characteristics of the tumor cells.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy and/or laparotomy on the growth of ascitic tumor in rats. To evaluate the effect of operative stress on a tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hours after the intraperitoneal inoculation of Sato lung cancer cells in Donryu rats. The survival time and the spread of the tumor were examined. Thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy reduced significantly the survival time of the inoculated rats as compared with the control but no significant difference was observed between the two test groups subjected to operative stress. No difference was observed in the spread of the tumor between the test groups and the control. These results indicated that the operative stress increased only the number of metastatic foci and did not change the characteristics of the tumor cells.", "PMID": 606896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9485", "title": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy and/or laparotomy on the development of the lung metastases in rats after intravenous inoculation of tumor cells.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of operative stress on the tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hours after the inoculation of Sato lung cancer cells in Donryu rats. The survival time, the number of metastatic foci on the surface of the lung and the per cent-area of metastatic foci in the frontal section through the pulmonary hilus were observed. Thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy reduced significantly the survival time as compared with the control but no significant difference was found between the two test groups subjected to operative stress. The number of percent-area of metastatic foci found were inversely related to the length of the survival time.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy and/or laparotomy on the development of the lung metastases in rats after intravenous inoculation of tumor cells. To evaluate the effect of operative stress on the tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hours after the inoculation of Sato lung cancer cells in Donryu rats. The survival time, the number of metastatic foci on the surface of the lung and the per cent-area of metastatic foci in the frontal section through the pulmonary hilus were observed. Thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy reduced significantly the survival time as compared with the control but no significant difference was found between the two test groups subjected to operative stress. The number of percent-area of metastatic foci found were inversely related to the length of the survival time.", "PMID": 606897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9486", "title": "Experimental studies on etiology of portal hypertension in allergic aspect.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanism of portal hypertension seen as a symptom of so-called Banti's syndrome (idiopathic portal hypertension), observation was made of rising of the portal pressure experimentally induced in sensitized rabbits. Intraintestinal injection of the same antigen as used for the sensitization resulted in elevation of the portal pressure. This phenomenon appears to be attributable to antigen-antibody reaction caused by the injected antigen absorbed from the intestine and entered thereby into the portal system while maintaining its antigenicity. From the phenomenon also, the site of the antigen-antibody reaction is estimated to be limited at least to the hepatic level. The portal pressure-rising phenomenon observed following intraintestinal introduction of antigen may suggest the possibility of entrance of the orally introduced antigen to the portal system, emphasizes importance of alimentary factors in the genesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental studies on etiology of portal hypertension in allergic aspect. To elucidate the mechanism of portal hypertension seen as a symptom of so-called Banti's syndrome (idiopathic portal hypertension), observation was made of rising of the portal pressure experimentally induced in sensitized rabbits. Intraintestinal injection of the same antigen as used for the sensitization resulted in elevation of the portal pressure. This phenomenon appears to be attributable to antigen-antibody reaction caused by the injected antigen absorbed from the intestine and entered thereby into the portal system while maintaining its antigenicity. From the phenomenon also, the site of the antigen-antibody reaction is estimated to be limited at least to the hepatic level. The portal pressure-rising phenomenon observed following intraintestinal introduction of antigen may suggest the possibility of entrance of the orally introduced antigen to the portal system, emphasizes importance of alimentary factors in the genesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 606898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9487", "title": "[The combined operation for cataract and chronic glaucoma in adults in special cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of combined operation in cases where chronical glaucoma and cataract coexist needs no more demonstration. The best combined operation is trabeculectomy extraction. There are particular cases. Somes are easy like high degree myopia, transparent lens and ocular hypertony needing a trabeculectomy where the combined operation betters the refraction at the same time. Others are difficult like cataract extraction on an eye already having a filtring operation. We perform in these cases the combined operation through the lower way and it gives us very good results.", "contents": "[The combined operation for cataract and chronic glaucoma in adults in special cases (author's transl)]. The value of combined operation in cases where chronical glaucoma and cataract coexist needs no more demonstration. The best combined operation is trabeculectomy extraction. There are particular cases. Somes are easy like high degree myopia, transparent lens and ocular hypertony needing a trabeculectomy where the combined operation betters the refraction at the same time. Others are difficult like cataract extraction on an eye already having a filtring operation. We perform in these cases the combined operation through the lower way and it gives us very good results.", "PMID": 606947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9488", "title": "[Surgical therapy for glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The various of primary glaucoma are described in the form of an atlas with regard to their anatomy and treatment after a basic treatment of the gonioscopic conditions. The single illustrations show the chamber angle in the various possibilities of the course of narrow-angle glaucoma (interval or pre-glaucoma, acute congestive glaucoma and chronic congestive glaucoma) and the appropriate medical and surgical suggestions for therapy. In the same way the special anatomical points of the anterior segment in wide-angle glaucoma and its therapy are described pictorially.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy for glaucoma (author's transl)]. The various of primary glaucoma are described in the form of an atlas with regard to their anatomy and treatment after a basic treatment of the gonioscopic conditions. The single illustrations show the chamber angle in the various possibilities of the course of narrow-angle glaucoma (interval or pre-glaucoma, acute congestive glaucoma and chronic congestive glaucoma) and the appropriate medical and surgical suggestions for therapy. In the same way the special anatomical points of the anterior segment in wide-angle glaucoma and its therapy are described pictorially.", "PMID": 606948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9489", "title": "[Preferential screening to prevent glaucoma blindness (author's transl)].", "content": "The chief barrier to formulating an effective program of preventing glaucoma blindness is the difficulty of identifying those individuals in the population who have glaucoma but do not know it and those who are likely to develop the disease. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common tupe of glaucomatous disease, is an inherited disease. Fifty percent of all patients who have POAG also have a family history of glaucoma. Further, it is estimated that six to seven percent of the first degree relatives of POAG patients will develop POAG. This information suggests that for ophthalmologists who are likely to have limited time available for glaucoma screening, the most practical glaucoma screening program is that which is directed at those individuals who are first degree relatives of patients known to have glaucoma. For these people, the minimal screening tests should include tonometry, perimetry, and a meticulous examination of the optic discs. If tonometric testing reveals an intraocular pressure of 21-23 mmHg, tonometry should be repeated at different hours of the day. If results of these tests are negative, the patient then should be tested for increased sensitivity to corticosteroids and epinephrine. If all tests are negative, the patient still should be tested periodically. A relationship between HLA antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma has not been confirmed.", "contents": "[Preferential screening to prevent glaucoma blindness (author's transl)]. The chief barrier to formulating an effective program of preventing glaucoma blindness is the difficulty of identifying those individuals in the population who have glaucoma but do not know it and those who are likely to develop the disease. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common tupe of glaucomatous disease, is an inherited disease. Fifty percent of all patients who have POAG also have a family history of glaucoma. Further, it is estimated that six to seven percent of the first degree relatives of POAG patients will develop POAG. This information suggests that for ophthalmologists who are likely to have limited time available for glaucoma screening, the most practical glaucoma screening program is that which is directed at those individuals who are first degree relatives of patients known to have glaucoma. For these people, the minimal screening tests should include tonometry, perimetry, and a meticulous examination of the optic discs. If tonometric testing reveals an intraocular pressure of 21-23 mmHg, tonometry should be repeated at different hours of the day. If results of these tests are negative, the patient then should be tested for increased sensitivity to corticosteroids and epinephrine. If all tests are negative, the patient still should be tested periodically. A relationship between HLA antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma has not been confirmed.", "PMID": 606949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9490", "title": "[Considerations on surgery of the iris (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the iris is of essential importance in anterior segment surgery. In angle closure glaucoma a peripheral iridectomy performed early enough, when the trabeculum is not yet altered, is curative. In simple glaucoma if a filtering operation is performed, the iridectomy is fundamental in order to have a good communication between the posterior chamber and the filtering bleb and to avoid iris incarceration into the filtering wound. In cataract surgery iridectomy is mandatory, especially in intracapsular extraction. In penetrating corneal grafts a patent iridotomy or iridectomy, or several, is a safety factor avoiding the consequences of pupillary block, anterior synechiae and irreducible mydriasis. Another important problem is the surgery of the iris for optical purposes. Other indications which are not discussed in this paper are trauma of the anterior segment of the eye, the removal of benign or malignant tumors, epithelial cysts etc.", "contents": "[Considerations on surgery of the iris (author's transl)]. Surgery of the iris is of essential importance in anterior segment surgery. In angle closure glaucoma a peripheral iridectomy performed early enough, when the trabeculum is not yet altered, is curative. In simple glaucoma if a filtering operation is performed, the iridectomy is fundamental in order to have a good communication between the posterior chamber and the filtering bleb and to avoid iris incarceration into the filtering wound. In cataract surgery iridectomy is mandatory, especially in intracapsular extraction. In penetrating corneal grafts a patent iridotomy or iridectomy, or several, is a safety factor avoiding the consequences of pupillary block, anterior synechiae and irreducible mydriasis. Another important problem is the surgery of the iris for optical purposes. Other indications which are not discussed in this paper are trauma of the anterior segment of the eye, the removal of benign or malignant tumors, epithelial cysts etc.", "PMID": 606950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9491", "title": "[A new syndrome: lachrymal hyposecretion, ocular hypotony, hypo-convergence (author's transl)].", "content": "A new syndrome is described, observed in patients with lachrymal hyposecretion without rheumatoid manifestations. It consists in the association of ocular hypotony, decrease of convergence, and in some cases vitreous retraction, to lachrymal hyposecretion. There is a predominance of this syndrome in females.", "contents": "[A new syndrome: lachrymal hyposecretion, ocular hypotony, hypo-convergence (author's transl)]. A new syndrome is described, observed in patients with lachrymal hyposecretion without rheumatoid manifestations. It consists in the association of ocular hypotony, decrease of convergence, and in some cases vitreous retraction, to lachrymal hyposecretion. There is a predominance of this syndrome in females.", "PMID": 606951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9492", "title": "[Topographic study of angiographic lesions in central serous retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The 595 angiographic lesions observed in 233 eyes of 169 patients affected with central serous retinopathy have been classified upon their localization. 498 angiographic lesions (83.7 percent) are located within a three optic disc diameter area centered by the foveola. Among them 20 are located right behind the foveola, 113 are located in the upper temporal quadrant, 166 in the upper nasal quadrant and 85 in the lower temporal quadrant. The relative density of the angiographic lesions decreases from the center of the macula to the periphery. 97 angiographic lesions (16.3 percent) are located beyond the three optic disc diameter central area. 41.1 percent of the lesions are situated behind the macula or/and behind the papillo-macular bundle. Therefore only 58.9 percent of the angiographic lesions observed in central serous retinopathy can be treated without any risk by means of photocoagulation.", "contents": "[Topographic study of angiographic lesions in central serous retinopathy (author's transl)]. The 595 angiographic lesions observed in 233 eyes of 169 patients affected with central serous retinopathy have been classified upon their localization. 498 angiographic lesions (83.7 percent) are located within a three optic disc diameter area centered by the foveola. Among them 20 are located right behind the foveola, 113 are located in the upper temporal quadrant, 166 in the upper nasal quadrant and 85 in the lower temporal quadrant. The relative density of the angiographic lesions decreases from the center of the macula to the periphery. 97 angiographic lesions (16.3 percent) are located beyond the three optic disc diameter central area. 41.1 percent of the lesions are situated behind the macula or/and behind the papillo-macular bundle. Therefore only 58.9 percent of the angiographic lesions observed in central serous retinopathy can be treated without any risk by means of photocoagulation.", "PMID": 606952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9493", "title": "[Reoperation for esotropia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 89 cases of esotropia which have been reoperated upon because of failure of the first operation; 57 cases consist in residual esotropia, 32 cases in secondary exotropia. Rules for reoperation are proposed, the general and particular rules according to the type of the first surgery.", "contents": "[Reoperation for esotropia (author's transl)]. The authors describe 89 cases of esotropia which have been reoperated upon because of failure of the first operation; 57 cases consist in residual esotropia, 32 cases in secondary exotropia. Rules for reoperation are proposed, the general and particular rules according to the type of the first surgery.", "PMID": 606953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9494", "title": "[What does it mean to see? (author's transl)].", "content": "A short discussion is given of the phylogenesis of visual organ and what the word: \"to see\" can mean. The author concludes that we still have a long way to understand fully the very complicated mechanism of the vision.", "contents": "[What does it mean to see? (author's transl)]. A short discussion is given of the phylogenesis of visual organ and what the word: \"to see\" can mean. The author concludes that we still have a long way to understand fully the very complicated mechanism of the vision.", "PMID": 606954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9495", "title": "[Congenital cataract in two families: Heredity and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the inheritance of congenital cataract in two families. While in one family the males were mainly affected, in the second faimily the females were mainly affected with congenital cataract. In our experience an operation is only indicated if the visual acuity is no longer sufficient for day-to day living (less than 0.25).", "contents": "[Congenital cataract in two families: Heredity and treatment (author's transl)]. A report is given on the inheritance of congenital cataract in two families. While in one family the males were mainly affected, in the second faimily the females were mainly affected with congenital cataract. In our experience an operation is only indicated if the visual acuity is no longer sufficient for day-to day living (less than 0.25).", "PMID": 606955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9496", "title": "[Toxaemia of pregnancy and the optic fundus (author's transl)].", "content": "Toxaemia of pregnancy in its various forms is the most dangerous complication of pregnancy. It threatens the life of the mother in up to 30 percent of cases, and of the infant in up to 50 percent of cases. The task of systematic medical examination and advice during pregnancy is the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment of symptoms of toxaemia. Generalised vascular spasms are at least in part responsible for the precipitation of toxaemia. Measurement of the vascular diameter in the retina which shows narrow vessels and tendency to spasms is a large advance in the ophthalmological diagnosis of a developing toxaemia of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Toxaemia of pregnancy and the optic fundus (author's transl)]. Toxaemia of pregnancy in its various forms is the most dangerous complication of pregnancy. It threatens the life of the mother in up to 30 percent of cases, and of the infant in up to 50 percent of cases. The task of systematic medical examination and advice during pregnancy is the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment of symptoms of toxaemia. Generalised vascular spasms are at least in part responsible for the precipitation of toxaemia. Measurement of the vascular diameter in the retina which shows narrow vessels and tendency to spasms is a large advance in the ophthalmological diagnosis of a developing toxaemia of pregnancy.", "PMID": 606956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9497", "title": "[Simultaneous bilateral intraocular operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the results in 98 eyes of 49 patients with simultaneous bilateral intraocular operation. The special indications and the positive and negative arguments concerning this kind of intraocular operation are discussed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous bilateral intraocular operations (author's transl)]. A report is given on the results in 98 eyes of 49 patients with simultaneous bilateral intraocular operation. The special indications and the positive and negative arguments concerning this kind of intraocular operation are discussed.", "PMID": 606958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9498", "title": "[On the clinical picture and therapy of arachnitis optico-chiasmatica (author's transl)].", "content": "From 20 cases of arachnitis optico-chiasmatica (a. o.) the symptoms of this relatively rare but pathologico-anatomically proved disuse of the brain base involving the optic nerves are described. In this description newer methods of investigation are mentioned which allow a differentiation of the clinical picture of o.a. from that of tumors of the middle cranial fossa. A single case is described in especial detail because a remarkable corneal cloudiness occured in it. The anatomical connection between this corneal cloudiness and vegetative nerve fibers in the region of the Gasserian ganglion is mentioned in honour of the theory of Speransky on nerve-directed tissue changes.", "contents": "[On the clinical picture and therapy of arachnitis optico-chiasmatica (author's transl)]. From 20 cases of arachnitis optico-chiasmatica (a. o.) the symptoms of this relatively rare but pathologico-anatomically proved disuse of the brain base involving the optic nerves are described. In this description newer methods of investigation are mentioned which allow a differentiation of the clinical picture of o.a. from that of tumors of the middle cranial fossa. A single case is described in especial detail because a remarkable corneal cloudiness occured in it. The anatomical connection between this corneal cloudiness and vegetative nerve fibers in the region of the Gasserian ganglion is mentioned in honour of the theory of Speransky on nerve-directed tissue changes.", "PMID": 606960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9499", "title": "[To some aspects of iris morphology in vertebrates (author's transl)].", "content": "The multiplicity of colorations and patterns in the irides as well as the pupillary polymorphism in vertebrates are impressing. They show the iris as an ocular part especially inclined to evolutional modifications. Species from different classes of vertebrates not uncommonly show very similar characteristics of iris morphology provided their mode of life is comparable with regard to relevant factors. On the other hand there exist many examples of very differing iris characteristics in spite of seemingly well corresponding habits of life. These cases often enough pose problems concerning the biological value of a specific variant form. They point however to a multifactorial conditioning of these phenotypic characteristics indicating simultaneously possibilities to create identical effectivities by differing means.", "contents": "[To some aspects of iris morphology in vertebrates (author's transl)]. The multiplicity of colorations and patterns in the irides as well as the pupillary polymorphism in vertebrates are impressing. They show the iris as an ocular part especially inclined to evolutional modifications. Species from different classes of vertebrates not uncommonly show very similar characteristics of iris morphology provided their mode of life is comparable with regard to relevant factors. On the other hand there exist many examples of very differing iris characteristics in spite of seemingly well corresponding habits of life. These cases often enough pose problems concerning the biological value of a specific variant form. They point however to a multifactorial conditioning of these phenotypic characteristics indicating simultaneously possibilities to create identical effectivities by differing means.", "PMID": 606961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9500", "title": "[Experiences with the lengthening of the inferior oblique muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "After an introductory survey of the methods used up to now for lengthening the muscle the technique, dosage and indication of the method described by Gonin and Hollwich is described and the results obtained with it on 137 patients with hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle on adduction with associated and paralytic squint are communicated.", "contents": "[Experiences with the lengthening of the inferior oblique muscle (author's transl)]. After an introductory survey of the methods used up to now for lengthening the muscle the technique, dosage and indication of the method described by Gonin and Hollwich is described and the results obtained with it on 137 patients with hyperfunction of the inferior oblique muscle on adduction with associated and paralytic squint are communicated.", "PMID": 606962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9501", "title": "[Five years experience with lid magnet implantation for paretic lagophthalmos (author's transl)].", "content": "Five years' experience with the implantation of permanent magnets in the eye lids for reconstruction of dynamic lid closure for paretic lagophthalmos is presented. The patients followed up were 114 in number with unilateral and three with bilateral lagophthalmos due to complete facial palsy. In the majority of cases satisfactory to good eyelid function with complete protection for the eye could be obtained. In 15 cases rejection occurred usually because of deficient implantation technique. On the basis of these experiences we conclude that a good indication for lid magnet implantation is present for reversible facialis paralysis for a continuous solution, and also as a complement to other operative procedures which alone do not result in complete eyelid closure. Facial paralysis of long duration with atrophy of the lid structures and retraction or spasticity of the levator musculature is a relative contraindication.", "contents": "[Five years experience with lid magnet implantation for paretic lagophthalmos (author's transl)]. Five years' experience with the implantation of permanent magnets in the eye lids for reconstruction of dynamic lid closure for paretic lagophthalmos is presented. The patients followed up were 114 in number with unilateral and three with bilateral lagophthalmos due to complete facial palsy. In the majority of cases satisfactory to good eyelid function with complete protection for the eye could be obtained. In 15 cases rejection occurred usually because of deficient implantation technique. On the basis of these experiences we conclude that a good indication for lid magnet implantation is present for reversible facialis paralysis for a continuous solution, and also as a complement to other operative procedures which alone do not result in complete eyelid closure. Facial paralysis of long duration with atrophy of the lid structures and retraction or spasticity of the levator musculature is a relative contraindication.", "PMID": 606963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9502", "title": "[New spectacle lenses with variable progressive refractive power (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectacle lenses with variable optic power are indeed no replacement but are an interesting addition to the group of visual aids for correcting presbyopic patients. Since the first commericial lenses of this kind appeared in the year 1959, further sorts of glass with variable properties have been developed. These were evaluated and compared with each other.", "contents": "[New spectacle lenses with variable progressive refractive power (author's transl)]. Spectacle lenses with variable optic power are indeed no replacement but are an interesting addition to the group of visual aids for correcting presbyopic patients. Since the first commericial lenses of this kind appeared in the year 1959, further sorts of glass with variable properties have been developed. These were evaluated and compared with each other.", "PMID": 606964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9503", "title": "[Unilateral exophthalmos and temporary ipsilateral oculomotor paresis and the only symptoms of an extensive chordoma of the base of the skull (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of histologically proved chordoma of the region of the base of the skull in an 18-year-old girl is described. In spite of great extension of the tumor from the clivus into the nasopharynx only a unilateral protrusio bulbi was apparent. The patient was treated with high-dose radiotherapy. Continual half-yearly follow-ups showed during 3 1/2 years no progression of the process.", "contents": "[Unilateral exophthalmos and temporary ipsilateral oculomotor paresis and the only symptoms of an extensive chordoma of the base of the skull (author's transl)]. A case of histologically proved chordoma of the region of the base of the skull in an 18-year-old girl is described. In spite of great extension of the tumor from the clivus into the nasopharynx only a unilateral protrusio bulbi was apparent. The patient was treated with high-dose radiotherapy. Continual half-yearly follow-ups showed during 3 1/2 years no progression of the process.", "PMID": 606965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9504", "title": "[Further fields of application of the infrared false colour film in ophthalmological photography (author's transl)].", "content": "Aside from the distinction between old hemorrhages and pigmented changes of the ocular fundus, the use of metaspectrophotography of the eye with the Kodak Ektrachrome Infrared Film IE 135-20 can be extended successfully to other fields of ophthalmological photography. By shifting the spectral range used for photography towards near infrared and cutting off the short wavelenght part by a yellow filter, spoiling scattering is avoided up to 98 percent. Thus clear goniophotography is rendered possible even with higher magnification. Better pictures are achieved in photography of the periphery of the ocular fundus, of the fundus of eyes with moderate opacity of the cristalline lens, of juvenile macular degeneration, and of pigmented areas of the iris suspected to be tumorous.", "contents": "[Further fields of application of the infrared false colour film in ophthalmological photography (author's transl)]. Aside from the distinction between old hemorrhages and pigmented changes of the ocular fundus, the use of metaspectrophotography of the eye with the Kodak Ektrachrome Infrared Film IE 135-20 can be extended successfully to other fields of ophthalmological photography. By shifting the spectral range used for photography towards near infrared and cutting off the short wavelenght part by a yellow filter, spoiling scattering is avoided up to 98 percent. Thus clear goniophotography is rendered possible even with higher magnification. Better pictures are achieved in photography of the periphery of the ocular fundus, of the fundus of eyes with moderate opacity of the cristalline lens, of juvenile macular degeneration, and of pigmented areas of the iris suspected to be tumorous.", "PMID": 606966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9505", "title": "[Changes in the subjective perception of daylight (author's transl)].", "content": "It is pointed out that the basic model of \"artificial daylight\" in the open is not appropriate for reading and writing. Man has become accustomed to reading with daylight coming from the side through a window. Daylight indoors differs from daylight outfoord through a yellowish tendency, to which the human eye is accustomed in the presence of the usual light intensity indoors. Fluorescent \"daylight\" or \"neutral white\" lights are therefore experienced by the human eye as too blue and should only be used for special purposes with very high luminous intensities. Daylight unfortunately cannot yet be completely imitated. Hence genuine daylight should still be used as long as possible and artificial light should even today be regarded only as a replacement. Practical advice is given on mixed light with incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and also on general illumination with additional illumination for the place of work.", "contents": "[Changes in the subjective perception of daylight (author's transl)]. It is pointed out that the basic model of \"artificial daylight\" in the open is not appropriate for reading and writing. Man has become accustomed to reading with daylight coming from the side through a window. Daylight indoors differs from daylight outfoord through a yellowish tendency, to which the human eye is accustomed in the presence of the usual light intensity indoors. Fluorescent \"daylight\" or \"neutral white\" lights are therefore experienced by the human eye as too blue and should only be used for special purposes with very high luminous intensities. Daylight unfortunately cannot yet be completely imitated. Hence genuine daylight should still be used as long as possible and artificial light should even today be regarded only as a replacement. Practical advice is given on mixed light with incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and also on general illumination with additional illumination for the place of work.", "PMID": 606967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9506", "title": "[The modified performance of the goniotrepanation with scleral flap after J. Fronimopoulos (author's transl)].", "content": "In a small group of patients goinotrepanation was performed with the scleral flap shaped to include a scleral tag. This operation method has no disadvantages when compared to the classical methods. In addition, in some cases the diameter of the trepanation can be reduced by the use of a scleral tag because of the favourable flowing relationships for the filter fluid.", "contents": "[The modified performance of the goniotrepanation with scleral flap after J. Fronimopoulos (author's transl)]. In a small group of patients goinotrepanation was performed with the scleral flap shaped to include a scleral tag. This operation method has no disadvantages when compared to the classical methods. In addition, in some cases the diameter of the trepanation can be reduced by the use of a scleral tag because of the favourable flowing relationships for the filter fluid.", "PMID": 606968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9507", "title": "[The value of glaucoma screening (author's transl)].", "content": "During screening procedures in Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1976 more than 100,000 persons had their, i.o. pressure measured for the first time. The results are now available from 66,957 subjects. From these 59,037 had a normal i.o. pressure, 6.941 had raised i.o. pressure, and in 979 subjects the i.o. pressure was very high. This was the first time that screening procedures on a large scale were carried out exclusively with the applanation tonometer. This procedure was carried out as part of a campaign to make the illness of glaucoma better known to the public.", "contents": "[The value of glaucoma screening (author's transl)]. During screening procedures in Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1976 more than 100,000 persons had their, i.o. pressure measured for the first time. The results are now available from 66,957 subjects. From these 59,037 had a normal i.o. pressure, 6.941 had raised i.o. pressure, and in 979 subjects the i.o. pressure was very high. This was the first time that screening procedures on a large scale were carried out exclusively with the applanation tonometer. This procedure was carried out as part of a campaign to make the illness of glaucoma better known to the public.", "PMID": 606969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9508", "title": "[The effect of the corneal epithelium on the biosynthesis of keratin sulphate in the stroma with regard to curvature variations important for wearing contact lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "Intact or denuded bovine corneas were incubated in the presence of 14lC GlcN and parts of the proteoglycan-glycoprotein complexes of the stroma were extracted by 0.15M NaCl and successively by 1.0M CaCl2. The specific activities of total GAG and KS were determined. In the presence of the epithelial layer the biosynthesis of total GAG and KS was found to be significant higher compared to denuded corneas when light influence was excluded during the incubation. The GAG and especially KS play a role in the regulation of the dehydratation of the corneal stroma. In the young myope dehydratation and flattening of corneas after contact lens wear is reported by several authors. It may be suggested that suppression of the activating effect of the epithelium on the KS biosynthesis in the central part of the cornea is involved in the changes of corneal curvature after prolonged wearing of hard contact lenses. Since visible light decreases the activating effect of the epithelium in our experiments it may be suggested that the wearing of dark coloured glasses my be contraindicated in the young myope who wears hard contact lenses.", "contents": "[The effect of the corneal epithelium on the biosynthesis of keratin sulphate in the stroma with regard to curvature variations important for wearing contact lenses (author's transl)]. Intact or denuded bovine corneas were incubated in the presence of 14lC GlcN and parts of the proteoglycan-glycoprotein complexes of the stroma were extracted by 0.15M NaCl and successively by 1.0M CaCl2. The specific activities of total GAG and KS were determined. In the presence of the epithelial layer the biosynthesis of total GAG and KS was found to be significant higher compared to denuded corneas when light influence was excluded during the incubation. The GAG and especially KS play a role in the regulation of the dehydratation of the corneal stroma. In the young myope dehydratation and flattening of corneas after contact lens wear is reported by several authors. It may be suggested that suppression of the activating effect of the epithelium on the KS biosynthesis in the central part of the cornea is involved in the changes of corneal curvature after prolonged wearing of hard contact lenses. Since visible light decreases the activating effect of the epithelium in our experiments it may be suggested that the wearing of dark coloured glasses my be contraindicated in the young myope who wears hard contact lenses.", "PMID": 606970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9509", "title": "[Short and long-term results after external Dacryocystorhinostomy by Kaleff-Hollwich's method (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of a short and long-term study the recanalising effect of Kaleff-Hollwich's (1977) Dacryocystorhinostomy was determined and compared with Ohm's (1921) and Dupuy-Dutemps (1921) methods. With both procedures a high percentage (75-85) of permanent patency of the tear ducts is obtained. With Kaleff-Hollwich's method a practically continuous mucosa anastomosis can be formed. Stenosis by insufficiency of the canaliculi can be avoided in the opinion of the authors by exact refixing of the medial palpebral ligament. Information in the literature of patency in over 90 percent of cases is revealed after critical evaluation in the great majority of such reports as post-operative ability to rinse the tear ducts in one direction and give no indication of the end result.", "contents": "[Short and long-term results after external Dacryocystorhinostomy by Kaleff-Hollwich's method (author's transl)]. By means of a short and long-term study the recanalising effect of Kaleff-Hollwich's (1977) Dacryocystorhinostomy was determined and compared with Ohm's (1921) and Dupuy-Dutemps (1921) methods. With both procedures a high percentage (75-85) of permanent patency of the tear ducts is obtained. With Kaleff-Hollwich's method a practically continuous mucosa anastomosis can be formed. Stenosis by insufficiency of the canaliculi can be avoided in the opinion of the authors by exact refixing of the medial palpebral ligament. Information in the literature of patency in over 90 percent of cases is revealed after critical evaluation in the great majority of such reports as post-operative ability to rinse the tear ducts in one direction and give no indication of the end result.", "PMID": 606971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9510", "title": "[The possible connection between the occurrence of embolism and thrombosis in the retinal vessels and the weather (author's transl)].", "content": "While in the comparatively short period of three months (middle Febraury to end of May 1976) embolisms and thromboses of the retinal vessels were suddenly observed much more commonly in the University Eye clinic in M\u00fcnster we tried to discover a possible connection with the weather. All patients had conditions which predisposed to thrombo-embolic occlusive vascular disease. We use the decimal classification of weather, and on the basis of this we could prove a connection between the intensity of the start of the thromboembolic process and cyclonic and anticyclonic weather situations and situations which favour allergic-hyperergic reactions to inflammatory processes. In venous occlusion an increase in the impulse number in the area (0,02 V/m) and hence increased thrombocyte adhesion at the beginning of the thrombotic process seemed to be the deciding factor. We made comparisons with the literature. It seems to be ophthalmologically important that also increase in the light intensity can be associated with thrombo-embolic occlusions in the retinal vessels.", "contents": "[The possible connection between the occurrence of embolism and thrombosis in the retinal vessels and the weather (author's transl)]. While in the comparatively short period of three months (middle Febraury to end of May 1976) embolisms and thromboses of the retinal vessels were suddenly observed much more commonly in the University Eye clinic in M\u00fcnster we tried to discover a possible connection with the weather. All patients had conditions which predisposed to thrombo-embolic occlusive vascular disease. We use the decimal classification of weather, and on the basis of this we could prove a connection between the intensity of the start of the thromboembolic process and cyclonic and anticyclonic weather situations and situations which favour allergic-hyperergic reactions to inflammatory processes. In venous occlusion an increase in the impulse number in the area (0,02 V/m) and hence increased thrombocyte adhesion at the beginning of the thrombotic process seemed to be the deciding factor. We made comparisons with the literature. It seems to be ophthalmologically important that also increase in the light intensity can be associated with thrombo-embolic occlusions in the retinal vessels.", "PMID": 606972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9511", "title": "[On the photography of larger areas of the optic fundus-trials with the wide angle camera Clinitex CA-2 (author's transl)].", "content": "The wide angle fundus camera Clinitex CA-2 was tried out on patients and normal volunteers on evaluating the numerous photographs we found the three optic heads to deliver good results. The quality of the 60 degrees- and 100 degrees-pictures improved with the increasing dilatation of the pupil. Even retinal detachments and other changes with a different level were recoreded very well. In black-and-white- photography, uneven illumination of the fundus was successfully compensated by using a two-step developer with increased utilization of film speed. This procedure allowed good wide angle documentation of the fundus at comparatively low costs.", "contents": "[On the photography of larger areas of the optic fundus-trials with the wide angle camera Clinitex CA-2 (author's transl)]. The wide angle fundus camera Clinitex CA-2 was tried out on patients and normal volunteers on evaluating the numerous photographs we found the three optic heads to deliver good results. The quality of the 60 degrees- and 100 degrees-pictures improved with the increasing dilatation of the pupil. Even retinal detachments and other changes with a different level were recoreded very well. In black-and-white- photography, uneven illumination of the fundus was successfully compensated by using a two-step developer with increased utilization of film speed. This procedure allowed good wide angle documentation of the fundus at comparatively low costs.", "PMID": 606973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9512", "title": "[Epidemiological examinations for peptic ulcer in miners of pit-coal mines. I. Effect of socioeconomic factors].", "content": "In 3-pit coal mines, all workers were examined by means of an inquiry. Apart from personal data the inquiry included information on the category of work performed, length of employment, family state and socio-living conditions as well as diseases of digestive tract. The diagnosis of peptic ulcer and data on its course were based on medical documentation of Plant Outpatient Departments. Collected material comprised 9361 persons, i.e. 95% of the whole population examined. After having excluded women, employed only on surface, results were worked out concerning the population of 8302 men employed both underground and on surface. In this mining population one found 7.92% persons suffering from peptic ulcer; thus the occurrence of the disease resembled that of general population. The rate of duodenal and gastric ulcer was identical. The studies indicated that the percentage of peptic ulcer was increased proportionally to age and number of children and was greater in married than in bachelors. No greater percentage was found in widowers and divorcees, or in those eating in canteens, partaking cold meals during work or drinking alcohol. Instead in smokers a greater percentage of peptic ulcer was found. The rate of the occurrence of peptic ulcer is greater with higher salaries, additional paid, or social, work, and in case of daily travelling on a motorcycle or bicycle. Finally it was indicated that those suffering from peptic ulcer limited smoking and drinking habits and endeavoured to be fed properly.", "contents": "[Epidemiological examinations for peptic ulcer in miners of pit-coal mines. I. Effect of socioeconomic factors]. In 3-pit coal mines, all workers were examined by means of an inquiry. Apart from personal data the inquiry included information on the category of work performed, length of employment, family state and socio-living conditions as well as diseases of digestive tract. The diagnosis of peptic ulcer and data on its course were based on medical documentation of Plant Outpatient Departments. Collected material comprised 9361 persons, i.e. 95% of the whole population examined. After having excluded women, employed only on surface, results were worked out concerning the population of 8302 men employed both underground and on surface. In this mining population one found 7.92% persons suffering from peptic ulcer; thus the occurrence of the disease resembled that of general population. The rate of duodenal and gastric ulcer was identical. The studies indicated that the percentage of peptic ulcer was increased proportionally to age and number of children and was greater in married than in bachelors. No greater percentage was found in widowers and divorcees, or in those eating in canteens, partaking cold meals during work or drinking alcohol. Instead in smokers a greater percentage of peptic ulcer was found. The rate of the occurrence of peptic ulcer is greater with higher salaries, additional paid, or social, work, and in case of daily travelling on a motorcycle or bicycle. Finally it was indicated that those suffering from peptic ulcer limited smoking and drinking habits and endeavoured to be fed properly.", "PMID": 607082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9513", "title": "[Secretory function of the stomach in workers employed at petroleum prospecting].", "content": "A group of 100 petroleum miners exposed to noise and vibration at intensities surpassing admissible standards, were subjected to a study. In the subjects basic and maximum posthistamine gastric secretion was evaluated, then  stomach and duodenum were examined radiologically. Peptic ulcer was diagnosed in 10% examined, i.e., a percentage resembling the highest home data. It was found that mean values of maximum posthistamine secretion decreased with age. No influence of length of employment or accompanying chronic effect of noise, vibration and bad living conditions upon gastric secretion values (BAO and MAO), was found. Neither found one differences in the rate of occurrence of peptic ulcer and gastric secretion disturbances between the group of persons with diagnosed occupational diseases (vibration disease and occupational hearing impairment) and the group of the remaining subjects. Instead a significantly negative correlation between the age of workers with occupational hearing impairment and BAO and MAO values was observed.", "contents": "[Secretory function of the stomach in workers employed at petroleum prospecting]. A group of 100 petroleum miners exposed to noise and vibration at intensities surpassing admissible standards, were subjected to a study. In the subjects basic and maximum posthistamine gastric secretion was evaluated, then  stomach and duodenum were examined radiologically. Peptic ulcer was diagnosed in 10% examined, i.e., a percentage resembling the highest home data. It was found that mean values of maximum posthistamine secretion decreased with age. No influence of length of employment or accompanying chronic effect of noise, vibration and bad living conditions upon gastric secretion values (BAO and MAO), was found. Neither found one differences in the rate of occurrence of peptic ulcer and gastric secretion disturbances between the group of persons with diagnosed occupational diseases (vibration disease and occupational hearing impairment) and the group of the remaining subjects. Instead a significantly negative correlation between the age of workers with occupational hearing impairment and BAO and MAO values was observed.", "PMID": 607083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9514", "title": "[New method of determination of carboxyhemoglobin by the conductometric method of extraction of carbon monoxide from the blood].", "content": "The newly elaborated method consists in the gasometric CO determination in the blood. The extraction of CO from the blood sample (0,1-1,0 ml) is performed by means of a simple device designed by the authors. The extracted CO is determined by gas analyser ANKO-3 or Ultragas 5. The comparison between the new method and iodometric method showed very high correlation (r greater than 0,9). A discussion follows on the advantages of the new method (quick, easy, high-sensitive and precise), its use can be suggested to laboratories which are equipped with a gas analyser ANKO-3 for other purposes. The new method can be used for numerous routine analyses as well as for scientific studies.", "contents": "[New method of determination of carboxyhemoglobin by the conductometric method of extraction of carbon monoxide from the blood]. The newly elaborated method consists in the gasometric CO determination in the blood. The extraction of CO from the blood sample (0,1-1,0 ml) is performed by means of a simple device designed by the authors. The extracted CO is determined by gas analyser ANKO-3 or Ultragas 5. The comparison between the new method and iodometric method showed very high correlation (r greater than 0,9). A discussion follows on the advantages of the new method (quick, easy, high-sensitive and precise), its use can be suggested to laboratories which are equipped with a gas analyser ANKO-3 for other purposes. The new method can be used for numerous routine analyses as well as for scientific studies.", "PMID": 607085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9515", "title": "[Gas chromatographic method for the determination of P-chlorphenol in the air].", "content": "The gas chromatographic method for determination of p-chlorophenol in the air in presence of phenol has been elaborated. A good separation of investigated compounds was achieved using 10% FFAP on Chromosorb W as a stationary phase. Air was sampled to water solution of sodium carbonate. The method enables determination of 0.25 mg/m3 of p-chlorophenol, and 2.5 mg/m3 of phenol at the air sample volume 10 dm3.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic method for the determination of P-chlorphenol in the air]. The gas chromatographic method for determination of p-chlorophenol in the air in presence of phenol has been elaborated. A good separation of investigated compounds was achieved using 10% FFAP on Chromosorb W as a stationary phase. Air was sampled to water solution of sodium carbonate. The method enables determination of 0.25 mg/m3 of p-chlorophenol, and 2.5 mg/m3 of phenol at the air sample volume 10 dm3.", "PMID": 607086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9516", "title": "[Method of determination of ammonia in the air].", "content": "The method for determination of ammonia in the air that has been used so far, based on the reaction with Nessler reagent, is outdated. In this method the final colour solutions are not non-ideal solution (there occurs turbidity), which may result in smaller accuracy of determination. Besides this method is not sufficiently specific. A newly-worked out method for determining ammonia in the air is based on spectrophotometric measurement of the green product of ammonium ions reaction with sodium hypochlorite and sodium salicylate. This method is more sensitive, precise and specific than the method for determination with Nessler reagent.", "contents": "[Method of determination of ammonia in the air]. The method for determination of ammonia in the air that has been used so far, based on the reaction with Nessler reagent, is outdated. In this method the final colour solutions are not non-ideal solution (there occurs turbidity), which may result in smaller accuracy of determination. Besides this method is not sufficiently specific. A newly-worked out method for determining ammonia in the air is based on spectrophotometric measurement of the green product of ammonium ions reaction with sodium hypochlorite and sodium salicylate. This method is more sensitive, precise and specific than the method for determination with Nessler reagent.", "PMID": 607087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9517", "title": "[Analysis of lung function in workers exposed to irritants and gases].", "content": "Interview spirometric, and antrhopometric studies were carried out in 694 men exposed and non-exposed to the effect irritating gases and dusts at their work place, in some subjects symptoms of respiratory system disturbances were found. Results of FEV1 measurement were subjected to an analysis. Average values of FEV1 were considerably lower in persons suffering from dyspnoea and chronic bronchitis with complications. Occupational exposure, particularly to the action of dusts, ammonia, and nitric oxide, and, to a lesser degree, ammonia, only was connected with lowering of FEV1 value. No correlation was found between the exposure to phthalic acid and decreased ventilation efficiency of lungs. Smoking by itself was connected with decreased FeV1 value to the least degree. In the examined group there was joint action of smoking, occupational exposure, and the occurrence of symptoms in respiratory system, inducing a greater decrease in ventilation efficiency of lungs.", "contents": "[Analysis of lung function in workers exposed to irritants and gases]. Interview spirometric, and antrhopometric studies were carried out in 694 men exposed and non-exposed to the effect irritating gases and dusts at their work place, in some subjects symptoms of respiratory system disturbances were found. Results of FEV1 measurement were subjected to an analysis. Average values of FEV1 were considerably lower in persons suffering from dyspnoea and chronic bronchitis with complications. Occupational exposure, particularly to the action of dusts, ammonia, and nitric oxide, and, to a lesser degree, ammonia, only was connected with lowering of FEV1 value. No correlation was found between the exposure to phthalic acid and decreased ventilation efficiency of lungs. Smoking by itself was connected with decreased FeV1 value to the least degree. In the examined group there was joint action of smoking, occupational exposure, and the occurrence of symptoms in respiratory system, inducing a greater decrease in ventilation efficiency of lungs.", "PMID": 607090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9518", "title": "[Effects of small nitrogen compound concentrations on the upper respiratory tract].", "content": "The authors examined a group of 160 persons employed at an exposure to small concentration (below HAC) of nitrogen and ammonia oxides, and a group of 130 controls. It was found that in the group of subjects exposed to toxic compounds the percentage of persons suffering from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was much higher (37.5%) than in the control group (13.1%). Olfactometric examinations indicated a disadvantageous effect of the mentioned compounds upon the acuity of the sense of smell, whereas rhinospirometric examination did not reveal any differences between the control group and the group of persons exposed to nitrogen and ammonia oxides.", "contents": "[Effects of small nitrogen compound concentrations on the upper respiratory tract]. The authors examined a group of 160 persons employed at an exposure to small concentration (below HAC) of nitrogen and ammonia oxides, and a group of 130 controls. It was found that in the group of subjects exposed to toxic compounds the percentage of persons suffering from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was much higher (37.5%) than in the control group (13.1%). Olfactometric examinations indicated a disadvantageous effect of the mentioned compounds upon the acuity of the sense of smell, whereas rhinospirometric examination did not reveal any differences between the control group and the group of persons exposed to nitrogen and ammonia oxides.", "PMID": 607091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9519", "title": "[Correlation between work conditions and the occurrence of vibration disease in forestry workers II].", "content": "The frequency of occurrence of vibration disease in 460 randomly chosen sawworkers, from 20 to 65 years of age, working with motor-saws of the KBK-3a and Partner R-11 types was determined. The control group consisted of 136 forestry workers non-exposed to vibration. Vibration disease was observed in 22.6% of motor-sawers, and it was suspected in 6.7%. The occurrence of vibration disease is significantly dependent on the age, daily exposure to vibration, working period in years and--especially strongly--(p less than 0.001) on the amount of timber produced and fuel used for the saw. It was discovered that daily exposure to motor-saw vibration with the type BK-3a considered, should not exceed 2 hours a day. The amount of timber produced by the saw-worker as m3 of timber felled, should not exceed 5.000 m3 in a year and 40.000 m3 in the whole employment period.", "contents": "[Correlation between work conditions and the occurrence of vibration disease in forestry workers II]. The frequency of occurrence of vibration disease in 460 randomly chosen sawworkers, from 20 to 65 years of age, working with motor-saws of the KBK-3a and Partner R-11 types was determined. The control group consisted of 136 forestry workers non-exposed to vibration. Vibration disease was observed in 22.6% of motor-sawers, and it was suspected in 6.7%. The occurrence of vibration disease is significantly dependent on the age, daily exposure to vibration, working period in years and--especially strongly--(p less than 0.001) on the amount of timber produced and fuel used for the saw. It was discovered that daily exposure to motor-saw vibration with the type BK-3a considered, should not exceed 2 hours a day. The amount of timber produced by the saw-worker as m3 of timber felled, should not exceed 5.000 m3 in a year and 40.000 m3 in the whole employment period.", "PMID": 607092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9520", "title": "[Effect of acoustic microclimate prevailing in shipyards on the health of workers].", "content": "Yearly measurements of external noise (Noise--Pollution--Level) in the shipyard in Stettin, indicated noise levels above 85 dBA, expressed in LqM. On the ground of documentation of periodic medical examinations of the staff, one compared the rate of occurrence of disturbances in health state, such as: hearing impairment, gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer, hypertension and psychic disturbances in two groups of employees: \"A\"--exposed during work to noise 85 dBA and \"B\"--employed at the area of LqM smaller by 20 dBA. Statistically significant differences in the rates of occurrence of disturbances in the health state were found, to the disadvantage of those exposed to noise effect. In these groups also the rate of sickness absenteeism was disadvantageous: in the last 14 years its average values for the shipyard surpassed the average rate for Stettin district and the whole country.", "contents": "[Effect of acoustic microclimate prevailing in shipyards on the health of workers]. Yearly measurements of external noise (Noise--Pollution--Level) in the shipyard in Stettin, indicated noise levels above 85 dBA, expressed in LqM. On the ground of documentation of periodic medical examinations of the staff, one compared the rate of occurrence of disturbances in health state, such as: hearing impairment, gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer, hypertension and psychic disturbances in two groups of employees: \"A\"--exposed during work to noise 85 dBA and \"B\"--employed at the area of LqM smaller by 20 dBA. Statistically significant differences in the rates of occurrence of disturbances in the health state were found, to the disadvantage of those exposed to noise effect. In these groups also the rate of sickness absenteeism was disadvantageous: in the last 14 years its average values for the shipyard surpassed the average rate for Stettin district and the whole country.", "PMID": 607093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9521", "title": "The effect of the DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) on host DNA synthesis in synchronized cell cultures.", "content": "Purified host DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) produced into culture fluid of HeLa C-9 cells infected with measles virus inhibited cellular DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. When purified DSF was added into cultures of synchronous HeLa cells at the early G1-phase, cellular DNA synthesis was irreversibly inhibited. However, DSF did not affect the stability of native double-stranded DNA nor the chain-elongation of single-stranded DNA in cells of the S-phase.", "contents": "The effect of the DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) on host DNA synthesis in synchronized cell cultures. Purified host DNA-suppressing factor (DSF) produced into culture fluid of HeLa C-9 cells infected with measles virus inhibited cellular DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. When purified DSF was added into cultures of synchronous HeLa cells at the early G1-phase, cellular DNA synthesis was irreversibly inhibited. However, DSF did not affect the stability of native double-stranded DNA nor the chain-elongation of single-stranded DNA in cells of the S-phase.", "PMID": 607094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9522", "title": "Non-accidental childhood injury presenting at a hospital casualty department.", "content": "One hundred children who attended a Sydney Paediatric Casualty Department with injuries, burns or ingestions of harmful substances were divided into two groups. One group (30 children) consisted of cases which were considered to be those of child abuse or neglect (CAN). In the other group (70 children) there was no suspicion of child abuse or neglect. This was regarded as the \"simple accident\" (SA) group. The 100 families were visited at home and interviewed about their child's health, child rearing practices, parental expectations for the child, and socioeconomic status. Factors which had a significant association with suspected child abuse and neglect were obstetric complications, prolonged stay in hospital in the first two years of life, low maternal regard for the child, unwed mother of Australian nationality, maternal social isolation, and family disruption during the parents' own childhood. These risk factors may enable the earlier identification of abused children.", "contents": "Non-accidental childhood injury presenting at a hospital casualty department. One hundred children who attended a Sydney Paediatric Casualty Department with injuries, burns or ingestions of harmful substances were divided into two groups. One group (30 children) consisted of cases which were considered to be those of child abuse or neglect (CAN). In the other group (70 children) there was no suspicion of child abuse or neglect. This was regarded as the \"simple accident\" (SA) group. The 100 families were visited at home and interviewed about their child's health, child rearing practices, parental expectations for the child, and socioeconomic status. Factors which had a significant association with suspected child abuse and neglect were obstetric complications, prolonged stay in hospital in the first two years of life, low maternal regard for the child, unwed mother of Australian nationality, maternal social isolation, and family disruption during the parents' own childhood. These risk factors may enable the earlier identification of abused children.", "PMID": 607097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9523", "title": "An intensive support unit for parent-infant distress.", "content": "Integration of the young infant with his parent(s), in the days and weeks after birth, should be as stress free as possible. In many families considerable distress is experienced in the parent-infant relationship. There is increasing evidence that distress of significant degree may have complex sequelae, particularly for the infant, and may affect growth and development in many areas. Child abuse is another expression of this distress. A unit aimed at providing intensive support for such distressed situations is described and evaluated on a short-term basis. The evaluation suggests that this unit is successful in alleviating many of the outcomes of such situations.", "contents": "An intensive support unit for parent-infant distress. Integration of the young infant with his parent(s), in the days and weeks after birth, should be as stress free as possible. In many families considerable distress is experienced in the parent-infant relationship. There is increasing evidence that distress of significant degree may have complex sequelae, particularly for the infant, and may affect growth and development in many areas. Child abuse is another expression of this distress. A unit aimed at providing intensive support for such distressed situations is described and evaluated on a short-term basis. The evaluation suggests that this unit is successful in alleviating many of the outcomes of such situations.", "PMID": 607098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9524", "title": "Death in a country area and its effect on the health of relatives.", "content": "The histories of the persons dying in a country district during 1973 were examined. The number of visits to the doctors, and also the days spent in hospital by their close relatives in the two years before 1973 were compared with those in the two years that followed. A control group was also examined. There were significant differences in these figures. Analysis suggests that ill health in those aged 50 and over increases after the death of a close relative. A group which is \"at risk\" after bereavement appears to have been identified.", "contents": "Death in a country area and its effect on the health of relatives. The histories of the persons dying in a country district during 1973 were examined. The number of visits to the doctors, and also the days spent in hospital by their close relatives in the two years before 1973 were compared with those in the two years that followed. A control group was also examined. There were significant differences in these figures. Analysis suggests that ill health in those aged 50 and over increases after the death of a close relative. A group which is \"at risk\" after bereavement appears to have been identified.", "PMID": 607099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9525", "title": "Ephedrine abuse psychosis.", "content": "Three patients who abused ephedrine are presented. The clinical picture resembled that of schizophrenia and amphetamine psychosis. Its relevance to current theories on the aetiology and understanding of schizophrenia is discussed.", "contents": "Ephedrine abuse psychosis. Three patients who abused ephedrine are presented. The clinical picture resembled that of schizophrenia and amphetamine psychosis. Its relevance to current theories on the aetiology and understanding of schizophrenia is discussed.", "PMID": 607100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9526", "title": "The systemic involvement in scleroderma.", "content": "A survey was made of the systemic involvement in 38 patients with scleroderma: 33 with the acrosclerotic form (Type 1, 18, Type 2, 15) and five with the diffuse form. The study comprised inquiry about symptoms, physical examination, and the laboratory tests, such as radiological examination of chest and hands, barium swallow and meal X-ray examination, electrocardiography, pulmonary function tests, haematology tests, examination for autoantibodies, and a battery of biochemical tests. Evidence of some systemic involvement (that is, in addition to skin) was almost universal. Similar disturbances occurred both in the acrosclerotic and in diffuse forms. The most common clinical involvement was that of the joints and gastrointestinal tract. The most common confirmatory signs were a positive \"neck test\" (tethering of the skin of the root of the neck and upper part of the chest on extending the head) and telangiectasia. The most common abnormalities in test results were those found in X-ray films of the hands (about 80%), and in pulmonary function, and barium swallow and meal X-ray studies (each about 70%). The most frequent abnormalities in the biochemical scan were increased levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), and decreased creatine clearance.", "contents": "The systemic involvement in scleroderma. A survey was made of the systemic involvement in 38 patients with scleroderma: 33 with the acrosclerotic form (Type 1, 18, Type 2, 15) and five with the diffuse form. The study comprised inquiry about symptoms, physical examination, and the laboratory tests, such as radiological examination of chest and hands, barium swallow and meal X-ray examination, electrocardiography, pulmonary function tests, haematology tests, examination for autoantibodies, and a battery of biochemical tests. Evidence of some systemic involvement (that is, in addition to skin) was almost universal. Similar disturbances occurred both in the acrosclerotic and in diffuse forms. The most common clinical involvement was that of the joints and gastrointestinal tract. The most common confirmatory signs were a positive \"neck test\" (tethering of the skin of the root of the neck and upper part of the chest on extending the head) and telangiectasia. The most common abnormalities in test results were those found in X-ray films of the hands (about 80%), and in pulmonary function, and barium swallow and meal X-ray studies (each about 70%). The most frequent abnormalities in the biochemical scan were increased levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), and decreased creatine clearance.", "PMID": 607110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9527", "title": "Carcinoma of the lung: a two-year experience at the Austin Hospital, Victoria.", "content": "All patients attending the Austin Hospital, Melbourne, with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung in the two year period 1974 to 1975 were reviewed. There 211 patients in the series, comprising 1.2% of all patients admitted to hospital, and the methods of diagnosis and management were reviewed. Squamous and anaplastic carcinomata were equally frequent, comprising 75% of all cases, and there was a significantly lower incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in females (6.3%) compared with other cell types (20% to 30%). Sputum cytology was the most rewarding single source of tissue diagnosis, and bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy next most helpful. Only 25% of the patients were fit for surgical treatment, and only 20% of the carcinomata were able to be resected.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the lung: a two-year experience at the Austin Hospital, Victoria. All patients attending the Austin Hospital, Melbourne, with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung in the two year period 1974 to 1975 were reviewed. There 211 patients in the series, comprising 1.2% of all patients admitted to hospital, and the methods of diagnosis and management were reviewed. Squamous and anaplastic carcinomata were equally frequent, comprising 75% of all cases, and there was a significantly lower incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in females (6.3%) compared with other cell types (20% to 30%). Sputum cytology was the most rewarding single source of tissue diagnosis, and bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy next most helpful. Only 25% of the patients were fit for surgical treatment, and only 20% of the carcinomata were able to be resected.", "PMID": 607111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9528", "title": "Respiratory obstruction due to relapsing polychondritis in a Chinese male.", "content": "A case of relapsing polychondritis in a 30-year-old Chinese male is reported. The patient showed the following features: dyspnoea; hoarseness of voice; cauliflower deformity of the right ear; upper tracheal stenosis; swelling of the lower part of the sternum; pain in the costal cartilages. Airway obstruction as a presenting feature (as in this case) is unusual. The aetiology, clinical features and management of relapsing polychondritis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory obstruction due to relapsing polychondritis in a Chinese male. A case of relapsing polychondritis in a 30-year-old Chinese male is reported. The patient showed the following features: dyspnoea; hoarseness of voice; cauliflower deformity of the right ear; upper tracheal stenosis; swelling of the lower part of the sternum; pain in the costal cartilages. Airway obstruction as a presenting feature (as in this case) is unusual. The aetiology, clinical features and management of relapsing polychondritis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 607112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9529", "title": "An evaluation of tinidazole as single-dose therapy for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis.", "content": "Fifty patients suffering from Trichomonas vaginalis infection were treated with a single dose of four 500 mg tablets of tinidazole; 41 patients returned for follow-up, and 39 of these were judged to be cured by the results of microscopic examination and culture of vaginal secretion.", "contents": "An evaluation of tinidazole as single-dose therapy for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis. Fifty patients suffering from Trichomonas vaginalis infection were treated with a single dose of four 500 mg tablets of tinidazole; 41 patients returned for follow-up, and 39 of these were judged to be cured by the results of microscopic examination and culture of vaginal secretion.", "PMID": 607115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9530", "title": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Nine patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis were treated by repeated plasmapheresis which was combined with immunosuppression, and anticoagulant therapy. Improvement in renal function occurred in the seven patients in whom there had been rapid deterioration in renal function. Two patients with gradually deteriorating renal function failed to respond. Plasmapheresis may exert its beneficial effects both by depletion of circulating immune complexes or autoantibodies, and by depletion of important mediators of injury such as fibrinogen and complement.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of glomerulonephritis. Nine patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis were treated by repeated plasmapheresis which was combined with immunosuppression, and anticoagulant therapy. Improvement in renal function occurred in the seven patients in whom there had been rapid deterioration in renal function. Two patients with gradually deteriorating renal function failed to respond. Plasmapheresis may exert its beneficial effects both by depletion of circulating immune complexes or autoantibodies, and by depletion of important mediators of injury such as fibrinogen and complement.", "PMID": 607123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9531", "title": "A comparison of the accuracies of clinical and radiological assessment of gestational age.", "content": "The accuracy of radiological and clinical assessment of gestational age was compared in a retrospective survey. The radiological assessment was found to be only marginally more accurate than clinical assessment.", "contents": "A comparison of the accuracies of clinical and radiological assessment of gestational age. The accuracy of radiological and clinical assessment of gestational age was compared in a retrospective survey. The radiological assessment was found to be only marginally more accurate than clinical assessment.", "PMID": 607124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9532", "title": "Are swimming pools becoming more dangerous?", "content": "The rate of childhood drowning and near-drowning accidents in home swimming pools has doubled over the last five years. A study has been undertaken to determine whether this is due simply to an absolute increase in the number of home swimming pools, or whether pools themselves are becoming intrinsically more dangerous, or both. Direct measurement of pool-house ratios has been undertaken by means of aerial photography. Supportive data have been obtained from municipal records. Pool-home ratios for the cities of Canberra and Brisbane are compared (estimated 1: 10.7, and 1:13.3 respectively). It is suggested that swimming pools are not becoming intrinsically more dangerous to children; the data suggest that effective pool legislation will prevent childhood drownings in spite of increasing trends in home pool ownership.", "contents": "Are swimming pools becoming more dangerous? The rate of childhood drowning and near-drowning accidents in home swimming pools has doubled over the last five years. A study has been undertaken to determine whether this is due simply to an absolute increase in the number of home swimming pools, or whether pools themselves are becoming intrinsically more dangerous, or both. Direct measurement of pool-house ratios has been undertaken by means of aerial photography. Supportive data have been obtained from municipal records. Pool-home ratios for the cities of Canberra and Brisbane are compared (estimated 1: 10.7, and 1:13.3 respectively). It is suggested that swimming pools are not becoming intrinsically more dangerous to children; the data suggest that effective pool legislation will prevent childhood drownings in spite of increasing trends in home pool ownership.", "PMID": 607125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9533", "title": "Meiosis in Schizophyllum commune: the effect of hydroxyurea on basidiospore sporulation, germination, and nuclear number.", "content": "In a search for an experimental procedure to synchronize meiosis in fruit bodies of Schizophyllum commune, the effect of hydroxyurea on sporulation was tested. Results indicate that hydroxyurea has an immediate and reversible effect on basidiospore sporulation, germination, and nuclear number. A tentative time schedule for meiosis is presented.", "contents": "Meiosis in Schizophyllum commune: the effect of hydroxyurea on basidiospore sporulation, germination, and nuclear number. In a search for an experimental procedure to synchronize meiosis in fruit bodies of Schizophyllum commune, the effect of hydroxyurea on sporulation was tested. Results indicate that hydroxyurea has an immediate and reversible effect on basidiospore sporulation, germination, and nuclear number. A tentative time schedule for meiosis is presented.", "PMID": 607150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9534", "title": "[Nitrous oxide analgesia in myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhalation of the equimolecular mixture N2O - O2 rapidly achieves good analgesia in cases of coronary occlusion. This mixture was used with 51 patients (37 to 85 years old) with beneficial results on pain in 4 cases out of 5. This effect can be improved by giving a small amount of pethidine with the inhalation. In this way the respiratory depression of the full dose of narcotic analgesics is avoided. In halation of the mixture does not produce undesirable cardio-circulatory or respiratory changes. The oxygen content of the mixture increases patients' PaO2 without the risk of hyperoxia.", "contents": "[Nitrous oxide analgesia in myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Inhalation of the equimolecular mixture N2O - O2 rapidly achieves good analgesia in cases of coronary occlusion. This mixture was used with 51 patients (37 to 85 years old) with beneficial results on pain in 4 cases out of 5. This effect can be improved by giving a small amount of pethidine with the inhalation. In this way the respiratory depression of the full dose of narcotic analgesics is avoided. In halation of the mixture does not produce undesirable cardio-circulatory or respiratory changes. The oxygen content of the mixture increases patients' PaO2 without the risk of hyperoxia.", "PMID": 607176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9535", "title": "Synthesis of some quinones of potential antitubercular activity.", "content": "Certain phthiocol derivatives of expected bactericidal action have been synthesized. These include the phthiocol moiety condensed with p-hydrazino-salicylic and -benzoic acids and their ethyl esters; phthiocol thiosemicarbazone and isonicotinyl hydrazidehydrazone. In another similar series the methyl group of phthiocol was replaced by carbethoxy, ethyl, butyl and isobutyl groups. Allyl and 1.2-epoxypropyl ethers of phthiocol being of high lipid dispersion were also synthesized.", "contents": "Synthesis of some quinones of potential antitubercular activity. Certain phthiocol derivatives of expected bactericidal action have been synthesized. These include the phthiocol moiety condensed with p-hydrazino-salicylic and -benzoic acids and their ethyl esters; phthiocol thiosemicarbazone and isonicotinyl hydrazidehydrazone. In another similar series the methyl group of phthiocol was replaced by carbethoxy, ethyl, butyl and isobutyl groups. Allyl and 1.2-epoxypropyl ethers of phthiocol being of high lipid dispersion were also synthesized.", "PMID": 607210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9536", "title": "Synthesis of tenuazonic acid analogues.", "content": "The synthesis of two 1.5-diaryltetramic acids, aryl analogues of tenuazonic acid, is described. The reactivity of position 4 of these tetramic acids towards primary and secondary amines, and o-methylation led to the synthesis of 4-substituted-delta3-pyrroline-2-one. Further, reactivity of position 3 has been indicated by the formation of 3-arylidenepyrrolidine-2.4-diones and by diazo-coupling. The structures assigned to the new compounds are substantiated by IR and NMR data.", "contents": "Synthesis of tenuazonic acid analogues. The synthesis of two 1.5-diaryltetramic acids, aryl analogues of tenuazonic acid, is described. The reactivity of position 4 of these tetramic acids towards primary and secondary amines, and o-methylation led to the synthesis of 4-substituted-delta3-pyrroline-2-one. Further, reactivity of position 3 has been indicated by the formation of 3-arylidenepyrrolidine-2.4-diones and by diazo-coupling. The structures assigned to the new compounds are substantiated by IR and NMR data.", "PMID": 607213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9537", "title": "Synthesis, pharmacologic and toxicologic study of carbonic and carbamic acid esters.", "content": "The results of the pharmacologic study of some synthesized derivatives of carbamic and carbonic acids show that the compounds are biologically active. They are less toxic than imipramine, and exert a marked excitation effect on the central nervous system. Some of the compounds (including PS-1, P-8-Y and PS-4) possess greater antidepressive action than imipramine.", "contents": "Synthesis, pharmacologic and toxicologic study of carbonic and carbamic acid esters. The results of the pharmacologic study of some synthesized derivatives of carbamic and carbonic acids show that the compounds are biologically active. They are less toxic than imipramine, and exert a marked excitation effect on the central nervous system. Some of the compounds (including PS-1, P-8-Y and PS-4) possess greater antidepressive action than imipramine.", "PMID": 607214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9538", "title": "Integrated excitatory response to microinjections of L-glutamic acid into the reticular system of the toad.", "content": "Microinjections of L-glutamic acid into the mesencephalic tegmentum and diencephalon of anesthetized toads evoked an excitatory response consisting of electrocephalographic and electromyographic activation, and a rise in arterial blood pressure. Electromyographic responses were reduced or absent in diencephalically injected toads. Except for this case, all other components of the response always appeared together and presented the same time course. L-glutamic acid was able to activate a group of neurons at different levels of the reticular system involved in an integrated response of ergotropic nature.", "contents": "Integrated excitatory response to microinjections of L-glutamic acid into the reticular system of the toad. Microinjections of L-glutamic acid into the mesencephalic tegmentum and diencephalon of anesthetized toads evoked an excitatory response consisting of electrocephalographic and electromyographic activation, and a rise in arterial blood pressure. Electromyographic responses were reduced or absent in diencephalically injected toads. Except for this case, all other components of the response always appeared together and presented the same time course. L-glutamic acid was able to activate a group of neurons at different levels of the reticular system involved in an integrated response of ergotropic nature.", "PMID": 607228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9539", "title": "Intragastric cannulation procedures and rats' food intake and body weight maintenance.", "content": "Effects upon food and water intakes and body weight maintenance of two procedures for preparing rats with chronic intragastric cannulae were examined. A transient aphagia and rapid weight loss followed installation of the classic nasopharyngeal cannula. Growth was resumed after about a week, but subsequent food and water intakes were chronically depressed in comparison to sham operated animals of the same age. Body weight was also chronically subnormal. The response of these animals to caloric dilution of the diet was, however, normal. In contrast to the nasopharyngeal procedure, a method involving direct cannulation of the stomach wall did not lead to either behavioral or weight regulatory deficits and is therefore recommended.", "contents": "Intragastric cannulation procedures and rats' food intake and body weight maintenance. Effects upon food and water intakes and body weight maintenance of two procedures for preparing rats with chronic intragastric cannulae were examined. A transient aphagia and rapid weight loss followed installation of the classic nasopharyngeal cannula. Growth was resumed after about a week, but subsequent food and water intakes were chronically depressed in comparison to sham operated animals of the same age. Body weight was also chronically subnormal. The response of these animals to caloric dilution of the diet was, however, normal. In contrast to the nasopharyngeal procedure, a method involving direct cannulation of the stomach wall did not lead to either behavioral or weight regulatory deficits and is therefore recommended.", "PMID": 607229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9540", "title": "Effect of diet consistency, taste and calories on food intake of weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL rats) primarily destroying the dorosomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN) showed significant hypophagia on lab chow chunks compared to sham-operated controls. When given a choice between lab chow in the form of chunks or powder, both controls and DMNL rats ate similar amounts of lab chow powder while DMNL rats ate less lab chow chunks. Total caloric consumption was the same as on chunks alone. When returned to lab chow chunks as the only source of calories, the pattern and magnitude of intake was again depressed for the DMNL rats. When offered a choice between Ginger Snaps cookies in chunk form versus powder, DMNL rats remained hypophagic in terms of chunk consumption while the intake from powder was similar in both controls and DMNL rats. When offered a choice between chunks of lab chow and Ginger Snaps, DMNL rats were again hypophagic on lab chow chunks, ate the same as the controls of the cookies, and the total caloric intake was of the same magnitude and pattern as observed in previous tests. The data suggest, but do not conclusively show, that DMNL rats are not hypophagic because they have an aversion to chewing hard food and that, when offered a diet similar in hardness to lab chow chunks i.e., hard cookies, will prefer the less tasty but nutritionally complete lab chow. They are apparently capable of choosing a diet for complete nutrition and, as previously reported, can meter calories competently.", "contents": "Effect of diet consistency, taste and calories on food intake of weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL rats) primarily destroying the dorosomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN) showed significant hypophagia on lab chow chunks compared to sham-operated controls. When given a choice between lab chow in the form of chunks or powder, both controls and DMNL rats ate similar amounts of lab chow powder while DMNL rats ate less lab chow chunks. Total caloric consumption was the same as on chunks alone. When returned to lab chow chunks as the only source of calories, the pattern and magnitude of intake was again depressed for the DMNL rats. When offered a choice between Ginger Snaps cookies in chunk form versus powder, DMNL rats remained hypophagic in terms of chunk consumption while the intake from powder was similar in both controls and DMNL rats. When offered a choice between chunks of lab chow and Ginger Snaps, DMNL rats were again hypophagic on lab chow chunks, ate the same as the controls of the cookies, and the total caloric intake was of the same magnitude and pattern as observed in previous tests. The data suggest, but do not conclusively show, that DMNL rats are not hypophagic because they have an aversion to chewing hard food and that, when offered a diet similar in hardness to lab chow chunks i.e., hard cookies, will prefer the less tasty but nutritionally complete lab chow. They are apparently capable of choosing a diet for complete nutrition and, as previously reported, can meter calories competently.", "PMID": 607230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9541", "title": "Changes in volemia and natremia and onset of sodium appetite in sodium depleted rats.", "content": "Rats depleted of sodium by the IP injection of 10% b.w. of isotonic glucose for 30 min, developed a specific sodium appetite. The blood volume decreased 16% of the control value immediately after the treatment, returning to normal levels 2 to 4 hr later. The plasma sodium concentration showed a sudden and significant decrease, returning to control value 10-12 hr after the dialysis. In contrast, the sodium appetite became evident 10-12 hr after dialysis and reached the highest volume of ingestion at the sixteenth hr when both volemia and natremia had returned to normal. Since the appearance of the sodium appetite was not initiated during the state of hypovolemia and hyponatremia, the results show that the decrease in plasma volume and sodium concentration of the intravascular fluid that occurs after acute sodium depletion by IPD does not initiate an immediate onset of the sodium appetite.", "contents": "Changes in volemia and natremia and onset of sodium appetite in sodium depleted rats. Rats depleted of sodium by the IP injection of 10% b.w. of isotonic glucose for 30 min, developed a specific sodium appetite. The blood volume decreased 16% of the control value immediately after the treatment, returning to normal levels 2 to 4 hr later. The plasma sodium concentration showed a sudden and significant decrease, returning to control value 10-12 hr after the dialysis. In contrast, the sodium appetite became evident 10-12 hr after dialysis and reached the highest volume of ingestion at the sixteenth hr when both volemia and natremia had returned to normal. Since the appearance of the sodium appetite was not initiated during the state of hypovolemia and hyponatremia, the results show that the decrease in plasma volume and sodium concentration of the intravascular fluid that occurs after acute sodium depletion by IPD does not initiate an immediate onset of the sodium appetite.", "PMID": 607231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9542", "title": "Ejaculatory and postejaculatory behavior of male and female rats: effects of sex hormones and electric shock.", "content": "Ejaculatory patterns were observed in normally reared, postpuberally castrated male and female rats treated with sex hormones and electrical shock in adulthood. In a preliminary experiment, 3 females treated with 50 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB) and 500 microgram progesterone (P) showed intromission and ejaculatory behavior when subjected to shock. Refractory periods were abnormally short and there was almost no postejaculatory vocalization. In Experiment 1, males and females were tested with electrical shock following daily treatment with 32 microgram EB with and without 500 microgram P on the test day. There was no difference between males and females in preejaculatory behavior, but females displayed abbreviated refractory periods and no postejaculatory vocalization. Progesterone had no observed effect. In Experiment 2 castrated males and females were subjected to shock after treatment with 8 microgram EB per day for 3 weeks. No P was given. Again females showed drastically reduced refractory periods and little vocalization. In Experiment 3, males and females treated with TP and shock displayed ejaculatory patterns, normal refractory periods and vocalization. Results show that female rats are capable of exhibiting the ejaculatory response without sex hormone treatment in perinatal life or androgen treatment in adulthood. It was also demonstrated that there is a sex difference in the postejaculatory behavior shown by estrogen-treated male and female rats.", "contents": "Ejaculatory and postejaculatory behavior of male and female rats: effects of sex hormones and electric shock. Ejaculatory patterns were observed in normally reared, postpuberally castrated male and female rats treated with sex hormones and electrical shock in adulthood. In a preliminary experiment, 3 females treated with 50 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB) and 500 microgram progesterone (P) showed intromission and ejaculatory behavior when subjected to shock. Refractory periods were abnormally short and there was almost no postejaculatory vocalization. In Experiment 1, males and females were tested with electrical shock following daily treatment with 32 microgram EB with and without 500 microgram P on the test day. There was no difference between males and females in preejaculatory behavior, but females displayed abbreviated refractory periods and no postejaculatory vocalization. Progesterone had no observed effect. In Experiment 2 castrated males and females were subjected to shock after treatment with 8 microgram EB per day for 3 weeks. No P was given. Again females showed drastically reduced refractory periods and little vocalization. In Experiment 3, males and females treated with TP and shock displayed ejaculatory patterns, normal refractory periods and vocalization. Results show that female rats are capable of exhibiting the ejaculatory response without sex hormone treatment in perinatal life or androgen treatment in adulthood. It was also demonstrated that there is a sex difference in the postejaculatory behavior shown by estrogen-treated male and female rats.", "PMID": 607232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9543", "title": "Active avoidance in rats with unilateral hypothalamic and optic nerve lesions.", "content": "During the height of the contralateral sensorimotor deficit that follows unilateral hypothalamic lesions, rats demonstrate severe performance deficits when tested on a two-way active avoidance task which utilizes a visual conditioned stimulus. This deficit is observed whether or not the ipsilateral or contralateral optic nerve is sectioned in conjunction with the unilateral hypothalamic lesion. With the return of sensorimotor function contralateral to the lesion, animals that had been unable to avoid shock during their debillitated phase demonstrated significant savings when tested on the original task.", "contents": "Active avoidance in rats with unilateral hypothalamic and optic nerve lesions. During the height of the contralateral sensorimotor deficit that follows unilateral hypothalamic lesions, rats demonstrate severe performance deficits when tested on a two-way active avoidance task which utilizes a visual conditioned stimulus. This deficit is observed whether or not the ipsilateral or contralateral optic nerve is sectioned in conjunction with the unilateral hypothalamic lesion. With the return of sensorimotor function contralateral to the lesion, animals that had been unable to avoid shock during their debillitated phase demonstrated significant savings when tested on the original task.", "PMID": 607233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9544", "title": "Saccharin aversion in the rat following adrenalectomy.", "content": "Changes in saccharin preference as a function of concentration were studied in rats after either adrenalectomy of sham surgery. A 48 hr two-bottle preference test was used. Under two different sets of testing conditions, adrenalectomized animals rejected saccharin solutions at concentrations that were highly acceptible to controls and did not show an appetitive behavior towards andy of the concentrations tested. This aversion pattern persisted even when preference tests were conducted for as long as 10 days. However, it was abolished when the adrenalectomized rats wre exposed to saccharin for 6 days prior to surgery, or when they were administered the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Results are discussed with respect to the effects of adrenal hormones on sensory systems and to taste-aversion learning.", "contents": "Saccharin aversion in the rat following adrenalectomy. Changes in saccharin preference as a function of concentration were studied in rats after either adrenalectomy of sham surgery. A 48 hr two-bottle preference test was used. Under two different sets of testing conditions, adrenalectomized animals rejected saccharin solutions at concentrations that were highly acceptible to controls and did not show an appetitive behavior towards andy of the concentrations tested. This aversion pattern persisted even when preference tests were conducted for as long as 10 days. However, it was abolished when the adrenalectomized rats wre exposed to saccharin for 6 days prior to surgery, or when they were administered the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Results are discussed with respect to the effects of adrenal hormones on sensory systems and to taste-aversion learning.", "PMID": 607235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9545", "title": "Effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on food and water intakes and on the acquisition and performance of maze tasks in the rat.", "content": "A potent inhibitor of D-glucose transport across the membrane, 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TDG) was examined with respect to its effect on runway and maze performance as well as on food and water intakes and body weight. In an initial experiemnt, three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were matched in terms of their performance to learn a runway taks with Noyes pellets serving as the reinforcement. After extinction, two groups of rats were given 5-TDG in their food for 14 days, in doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg/day, which exerts potent effects on other functions. Retesting in the runway task showed no significant differences in the time required for the controls and for the 5-TDG treated rats to reach the goal box. Nonfed controls and the same two groups were again fed 500 ant 100 mg/kg/day 5-TDG and were tested on the 12 problems of the Hebb-Williams maze. Again, no significant differences were found in the number of erros made on the 12 problems by the 5-TDG treated animals or by the controls. Thus, this sugar analogue, administered in doses that affect spermatogenesis and other processes, has no effect on the ability of the rats to perform these tasks. Similarly, the intakes of food and water were unaffected by the systemic administration of 5-TDG.", "contents": "Effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on food and water intakes and on the acquisition and performance of maze tasks in the rat. A potent inhibitor of D-glucose transport across the membrane, 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TDG) was examined with respect to its effect on runway and maze performance as well as on food and water intakes and body weight. In an initial experiemnt, three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were matched in terms of their performance to learn a runway taks with Noyes pellets serving as the reinforcement. After extinction, two groups of rats were given 5-TDG in their food for 14 days, in doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg/day, which exerts potent effects on other functions. Retesting in the runway task showed no significant differences in the time required for the controls and for the 5-TDG treated rats to reach the goal box. Nonfed controls and the same two groups were again fed 500 ant 100 mg/kg/day 5-TDG and were tested on the 12 problems of the Hebb-Williams maze. Again, no significant differences were found in the number of erros made on the 12 problems by the 5-TDG treated animals or by the controls. Thus, this sugar analogue, administered in doses that affect spermatogenesis and other processes, has no effect on the ability of the rats to perform these tasks. Similarly, the intakes of food and water were unaffected by the systemic administration of 5-TDG.", "PMID": 607236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9546", "title": "Effects of constant illumination on vision in the albino rat.", "content": "The characteristics of photically-induced blinding in the albino rat were investigated with physiological (the electroretinogram--ERG) and behavioral (luminance discrimination) techniques. These indices were obtained both before and during exposure to constant illumination (2600 lux). In trast to previous results, the findings of this study indicate that both the amplitude of the ERG and the ability to discriminate test lights decline rapidly and at approximately the same rate following the onset of constant illumination. These results, in conjunction with others already in the literature, lead to the suggestion that the degree of correspondence between behavioral and other measures of photically-induced blinding is dependent on the rate of retinal degeneration.", "contents": "Effects of constant illumination on vision in the albino rat. The characteristics of photically-induced blinding in the albino rat were investigated with physiological (the electroretinogram--ERG) and behavioral (luminance discrimination) techniques. These indices were obtained both before and during exposure to constant illumination (2600 lux). In trast to previous results, the findings of this study indicate that both the amplitude of the ERG and the ability to discriminate test lights decline rapidly and at approximately the same rate following the onset of constant illumination. These results, in conjunction with others already in the literature, lead to the suggestion that the degree of correspondence between behavioral and other measures of photically-induced blinding is dependent on the rate of retinal degeneration.", "PMID": 607237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9547", "title": "Effects of actinomycin D on brain RNA synthesis and discrimination learning in the goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Intracranial injection of actinomycin D 2 microgram inhibited about 70% of the brain RNA synthesis from 3 hr to 4 days after injection in the goldfish. Under these conditions, fish were given 4-day-training of visual discrimination between a card with vertical stripes and one with horizontal stripes. Fish injected intracranially with actinomycin D showed deficits in between-day retention (long-term memory) but not interruption of within-day acquisition (short-term memory). It is suggested that brain RNA synthesis is necessary only for the formation of long-term memory but not short-term memory.", "contents": "Effects of actinomycin D on brain RNA synthesis and discrimination learning in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Intracranial injection of actinomycin D 2 microgram inhibited about 70% of the brain RNA synthesis from 3 hr to 4 days after injection in the goldfish. Under these conditions, fish were given 4-day-training of visual discrimination between a card with vertical stripes and one with horizontal stripes. Fish injected intracranially with actinomycin D showed deficits in between-day retention (long-term memory) but not interruption of within-day acquisition (short-term memory). It is suggested that brain RNA synthesis is necessary only for the formation of long-term memory but not short-term memory.", "PMID": 607238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9548", "title": "Neural pathway mediating somatic evoked responses in the caudate nucleus of cats.", "content": "The course of somatic afferents to caudate nucleus (CN) was investigated. In curaized cats discrete lesions in intralaminar nuclei, n. centralis medialis (NCM) affect evoked response (ER) in CN to radial nerve stimulation. NCM lesions totally abolish these somatic responses, while after subthalamic lesions ER appear only when a high stimulus intensity is used. Lesions in the specific relay nuclei, ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL) have no effect on somatic ER in CN. Barbiturates (10 mg/kg) abolish somatic ER in CN. Stimulation of the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation (RF) in a region where visual and somatic responses are recorded shows lowest threshold values for eliciting evoked responses in NCM and CN. The potentials in CN to RF stimulation are restricted to this nucleus and disappear in the internal capsule.", "contents": "Neural pathway mediating somatic evoked responses in the caudate nucleus of cats. The course of somatic afferents to caudate nucleus (CN) was investigated. In curaized cats discrete lesions in intralaminar nuclei, n. centralis medialis (NCM) affect evoked response (ER) in CN to radial nerve stimulation. NCM lesions totally abolish these somatic responses, while after subthalamic lesions ER appear only when a high stimulus intensity is used. Lesions in the specific relay nuclei, ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL) have no effect on somatic ER in CN. Barbiturates (10 mg/kg) abolish somatic ER in CN. Stimulation of the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation (RF) in a region where visual and somatic responses are recorded shows lowest threshold values for eliciting evoked responses in NCM and CN. The potentials in CN to RF stimulation are restricted to this nucleus and disappear in the internal capsule.", "PMID": 607239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9549", "title": "Blood glucose levels in portal and peripheral circulation and their relation to food intake in the rat.", "content": "Rats weighing about 450 g were provided with permanent catheters in the portal vein and the right auricle. This method allows blood sampling from the portal and peripheral circulation at the same moment in the nondisturbed unanesthetized rat. In the ad lib condition the portal glucose level was higher than that in the general circulation before, during, and after the meal. After a fast of 22 hr premeal portal vein levels were equal to those of the general circulation. During the meal the portal glucose levels rose to about 150 mg per 100 ml whereas those of the general circulation did not exceed 130 mg/100 ml. Experiments with glucose infusions systemically and intraportally show that, under conditions of mild deprivation, the level of glucose in the portal vein plays no or only a very minor role in the termination of feeding.", "contents": "Blood glucose levels in portal and peripheral circulation and their relation to food intake in the rat. Rats weighing about 450 g were provided with permanent catheters in the portal vein and the right auricle. This method allows blood sampling from the portal and peripheral circulation at the same moment in the nondisturbed unanesthetized rat. In the ad lib condition the portal glucose level was higher than that in the general circulation before, during, and after the meal. After a fast of 22 hr premeal portal vein levels were equal to those of the general circulation. During the meal the portal glucose levels rose to about 150 mg per 100 ml whereas those of the general circulation did not exceed 130 mg/100 ml. Experiments with glucose infusions systemically and intraportally show that, under conditions of mild deprivation, the level of glucose in the portal vein plays no or only a very minor role in the termination of feeding.", "PMID": 607240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9550", "title": "Increased feeding in response to bilateral injection of insulin antibodies in the VMH.", "content": "In order to investigate the role of insulin in the VMH in regulation of food intake in the rat, a specific antibody against rat insulin was injected in the VMH. The insulin antibody caused transient hyperphagia, when administered in the nighttime. This result is discussed in view of the glucostatic theory of the regulation of food intake.", "contents": "Increased feeding in response to bilateral injection of insulin antibodies in the VMH. In order to investigate the role of insulin in the VMH in regulation of food intake in the rat, a specific antibody against rat insulin was injected in the VMH. The insulin antibody caused transient hyperphagia, when administered in the nighttime. This result is discussed in view of the glucostatic theory of the regulation of food intake.", "PMID": 607241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9551", "title": "Vendor differences in starvation-induced gastric ulceration.", "content": "The incidence of starvation-induced gastric lesions was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from four different vendors (ARS/Sprague-Dawley, Hilltop, Holtzman, and Charles River). Food was withheld for 5 days from rats weighing 150, 200, 260 or 330 g. Glandular lesions occurred in 150 g rats; rumenal lesions occurred in 200+ rats. ARS/Sprague-Dawley rats developed more glandular lesions, whereas Hilltop rats developed more rumenal lesions.", "contents": "Vendor differences in starvation-induced gastric ulceration. The incidence of starvation-induced gastric lesions was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from four different vendors (ARS/Sprague-Dawley, Hilltop, Holtzman, and Charles River). Food was withheld for 5 days from rats weighing 150, 200, 260 or 330 g. Glandular lesions occurred in 150 g rats; rumenal lesions occurred in 200+ rats. ARS/Sprague-Dawley rats developed more glandular lesions, whereas Hilltop rats developed more rumenal lesions.", "PMID": 607242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9552", "title": "Involvement of the ventromedial and anterior hypothalamic nuclei in the hormonal induction of receptivity in the female rat.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic area virtually eliminated the estrogen-induced display of sexual receptiveness in the female rat. Such lesions usually diminished sexual responsiveness to combined estrogen-progresterone stimulation, although not all lesions were equally effective in this regard. Damage to the anterior hypothalamic area was without apparent effect on the hormonally-induced display of receptivity, suggesting that previous observations to this effect are probably related to incicental damage to the ventromedial hypothalamic area incurred during placement of the lesions. This study complements other work indicating that the ventromedial hypothalamic area is relatively rich in estradiol concentrating cells and that estrogen implants to this area induce sexual receptivity in spayed female rats. Together, these studies affirm that the ventromedial hypothalamic area plays a critical role in the hormonal induction of receptivity in female rats.", "contents": "Involvement of the ventromedial and anterior hypothalamic nuclei in the hormonal induction of receptivity in the female rat. Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic area virtually eliminated the estrogen-induced display of sexual receptiveness in the female rat. Such lesions usually diminished sexual responsiveness to combined estrogen-progresterone stimulation, although not all lesions were equally effective in this regard. Damage to the anterior hypothalamic area was without apparent effect on the hormonally-induced display of receptivity, suggesting that previous observations to this effect are probably related to incicental damage to the ventromedial hypothalamic area incurred during placement of the lesions. This study complements other work indicating that the ventromedial hypothalamic area is relatively rich in estradiol concentrating cells and that estrogen implants to this area induce sexual receptivity in spayed female rats. Together, these studies affirm that the ventromedial hypothalamic area plays a critical role in the hormonal induction of receptivity in female rats.", "PMID": 607243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9553", "title": "Measurement of blood pressure in unrestrained rats.", "content": "A method that allows continuous recroding of blood pressure in rats and other small animals is described. Surgical, recording, calibration, and catheter construction techniques are explained. The techniques allow blood pressure recording from free-roving rats for relatively long periods of time but do not require complicated maintenance procedures to insure catheter patency.", "contents": "Measurement of blood pressure in unrestrained rats. A method that allows continuous recroding of blood pressure in rats and other small animals is described. Surgical, recording, calibration, and catheter construction techniques are explained. The techniques allow blood pressure recording from free-roving rats for relatively long periods of time but do not require complicated maintenance procedures to insure catheter patency.", "PMID": 607244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9554", "title": "Simple, reliable and inexpensive telemetry system for continuous monitoring of small animal core temperature.", "content": "A core temperature telemetry system is described which includes a transmitter and circuitry for signal reception, noise elimination and computer interfacing. The system is inexpensive (less than $50), easily constructed, reliable, portable, and has proven to be sensitive to rapid fluctuations in core temperature.", "contents": "Simple, reliable and inexpensive telemetry system for continuous monitoring of small animal core temperature. A core temperature telemetry system is described which includes a transmitter and circuitry for signal reception, noise elimination and computer interfacing. The system is inexpensive (less than $50), easily constructed, reliable, portable, and has proven to be sensitive to rapid fluctuations in core temperature.", "PMID": 607245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9555", "title": "Taste and olfaction in human obesity.", "content": "Earlier studies have shown differences between normal weight and obese humans in responsivity to external and internal stimuli. This study shows that normal weight and obese subjects do not differ in hedonic response to sucrose (taste) and benzaldehyde (odor). However, a perceptual typing of individuals based upon hedonic response is possible for both gustatory and olfactory processes. Ratings of pleasantness for the sweet taste of sucrose appear to generalize to the food-related odor of bitter almonds. The method of magnitude estimation as applied to the study of taste and olfaction in man may reveal relationship between changes in internal state and hedonic behavior.", "contents": "Taste and olfaction in human obesity. Earlier studies have shown differences between normal weight and obese humans in responsivity to external and internal stimuli. This study shows that normal weight and obese subjects do not differ in hedonic response to sucrose (taste) and benzaldehyde (odor). However, a perceptual typing of individuals based upon hedonic response is possible for both gustatory and olfactory processes. Ratings of pleasantness for the sweet taste of sucrose appear to generalize to the food-related odor of bitter almonds. The method of magnitude estimation as applied to the study of taste and olfaction in man may reveal relationship between changes in internal state and hedonic behavior.", "PMID": 607246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9556", "title": "A solid state sine-wave stimulator.", "content": "A line-frequency sine-wave stimulator of solid-state construction is described. Switching transients are avoided by starting and stopping the stimulating trains at exactly zero volts. Train repetition frequency and duration are controllable, the latter down to one-half cycle. External control of both frequency and duration is possible.", "contents": "A solid state sine-wave stimulator. A line-frequency sine-wave stimulator of solid-state construction is described. Switching transients are avoided by starting and stopping the stimulating trains at exactly zero volts. Train repetition frequency and duration are controllable, the latter down to one-half cycle. External control of both frequency and duration is possible.", "PMID": 607247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9557", "title": "Effects of electroconvulsive shock on food and water intake in the rat.", "content": "Forty-two male rats were habituated to laboratory conditions for four weeks under constant light conditions. Food and water intakes were recorded daily. Following the habituation period half of the animals were given electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and half Sham-ECS (SECS). ECS treatments produced significant decrements in both food and eater intakes which returned to baseline levels after three days.", "contents": "Effects of electroconvulsive shock on food and water intake in the rat. Forty-two male rats were habituated to laboratory conditions for four weeks under constant light conditions. Food and water intakes were recorded daily. Following the habituation period half of the animals were given electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and half Sham-ECS (SECS). ECS treatments produced significant decrements in both food and eater intakes which returned to baseline levels after three days.", "PMID": 607248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9558", "title": "Long-term follow-up of 90Yttrium-treated knee-joint arthritis.", "content": "The results are reported of the treatment of 33 patients with long-standing, therapy-resistant synovitis and effusion of the knee by intra-articular injection of 90Yttrium. In 25 patients with bilateral gonitis the effect of the treatment was compared with the effect of local corticosteroid therapy to the contralateral knee. The irradiated group showed statistically significantly better therapeutic results at 3, 6, and 12 months and the effect weakened in proportion to the length of the follow-up period. At the final check-up at 3.5 years, 52% of this group showed improvement, as against 26% of the controls. The difference in radiological deterioration at the end of the observation period between the two groups was not significant. Local remission in the treated joint in spite of high general activity was recorded in 7 patients. In 4 patients, in whom the results were unsatisfactory, severe articular destruction and instability were noted prior to therapy. Assessment of the correlation between clinical diagnosis and therapeutic results shows that the treatment seems to be most successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and unsatisfactory in patients with psoriatic arthritis. General reactions were observed in 1, and local reactions in 2 patients. Irradiation therapy seems to be the treatment of choice in patients over 40, with long-standing knee arthritis of rheumatic origin.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of 90Yttrium-treated knee-joint arthritis. The results are reported of the treatment of 33 patients with long-standing, therapy-resistant synovitis and effusion of the knee by intra-articular injection of 90Yttrium. In 25 patients with bilateral gonitis the effect of the treatment was compared with the effect of local corticosteroid therapy to the contralateral knee. The irradiated group showed statistically significantly better therapeutic results at 3, 6, and 12 months and the effect weakened in proportion to the length of the follow-up period. At the final check-up at 3.5 years, 52% of this group showed improvement, as against 26% of the controls. The difference in radiological deterioration at the end of the observation period between the two groups was not significant. Local remission in the treated joint in spite of high general activity was recorded in 7 patients. In 4 patients, in whom the results were unsatisfactory, severe articular destruction and instability were noted prior to therapy. Assessment of the correlation between clinical diagnosis and therapeutic results shows that the treatment seems to be most successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and unsatisfactory in patients with psoriatic arthritis. General reactions were observed in 1, and local reactions in 2 patients. Irradiation therapy seems to be the treatment of choice in patients over 40, with long-standing knee arthritis of rheumatic origin.", "PMID": 607387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9559", "title": "Hereditary diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis. Dominant manifestation without close linkage with the HLA system in a large pedigree.", "content": "Thirty-nine members of one family, covering three generations, were HLA-typed. Twenty-five suffered from primary diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis, and all had the same dominantly transmitted autosomally controlled disease. This was characterized by acute articular attacks, which always started before the age of 35, and radiologically by typical cartilaginous and fibrocartilaginous deposits associated with para-articular calcifications. The lesions were both peripherally and axially generalized. None of the 28 HLA antigens tested seemed related to the disease, nor did the disease segregate with an HLA haplotype.", "contents": "Hereditary diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis. Dominant manifestation without close linkage with the HLA system in a large pedigree. Thirty-nine members of one family, covering three generations, were HLA-typed. Twenty-five suffered from primary diffuse articular chondrocalcinosis, and all had the same dominantly transmitted autosomally controlled disease. This was characterized by acute articular attacks, which always started before the age of 35, and radiologically by typical cartilaginous and fibrocartilaginous deposits associated with para-articular calcifications. The lesions were both peripherally and axially generalized. None of the 28 HLA antigens tested seemed related to the disease, nor did the disease segregate with an HLA haplotype.", "PMID": 607388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9560", "title": "Effects of cortisol on glycosaminoglycans synthesized by normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Cultivated rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts synthesize hyaluronic acid which has a changed molecular weight distribution in Sepharose 2B gel chromatography, when compared with normal synovial fibroblasts. Cortisol has no effect on the molecular weight distribution of either normal or rheumatoid hyaluronate. However, it does reduce the hyaluronic acid synthesis, by more than 50% in both cell types at low, near physiological plasma concentrations of the steroid.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol on glycosaminoglycans synthesized by normal and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts in vitro. Cultivated rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts synthesize hyaluronic acid which has a changed molecular weight distribution in Sepharose 2B gel chromatography, when compared with normal synovial fibroblasts. Cortisol has no effect on the molecular weight distribution of either normal or rheumatoid hyaluronate. However, it does reduce the hyaluronic acid synthesis, by more than 50% in both cell types at low, near physiological plasma concentrations of the steroid.", "PMID": 607389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9561", "title": "Gold compounds in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a symposium.", "content": "A vast accumulation of clinical experience and controlled studies justifies the use of gold compounds in selected cases of rheumatoid arthritis. The striking therapeutical efficacy observed in some patients has stimulated active research to clarify the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of gold compounds. Based on this knowledge, the possibility of selecting gold-responsive patients may be enhanced, and the frequency of adverse reactions decreased. Liberal indications and inexperience in administration and control have given gold therapy mixed reputation. A symposium in Ume\u00e5, Sweden, summarized present knowledge and current concepts among Scandinavian rheumatologists on the rational use of gold compounds.", "contents": "Gold compounds in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a symposium. A vast accumulation of clinical experience and controlled studies justifies the use of gold compounds in selected cases of rheumatoid arthritis. The striking therapeutical efficacy observed in some patients has stimulated active research to clarify the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of gold compounds. Based on this knowledge, the possibility of selecting gold-responsive patients may be enhanced, and the frequency of adverse reactions decreased. Liberal indications and inexperience in administration and control have given gold therapy mixed reputation. A symposium in Ume\u00e5, Sweden, summarized present knowledge and current concepts among Scandinavian rheumatologists on the rational use of gold compounds.", "PMID": 607390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9562", "title": "Morphological findings in joint cartilage after osmic acid treatment.", "content": "Punch biopsy specimens from the cartilage of the lateral condyle of the femur in 29 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis were taken during surgical synovectomy of knee joints and investigated by light or electron microscopy. Eleven patients had never received osmic acid injections in this particular joint, whereas 18 had had such injections 1-24 months prior to surgery. By light microscopy only minor differences could be seen between controls and cartilage treated with osmic acid, whereas with electron microscopy, increased amounts of dark-staining cell debris were visible in samples taken after osmic acid treatment. The perilacunar matrix appeared normal. There was no irregularity of collagen fibres at the surface of the cartilage. It is concluded that osmic acid causes limited superficial damage to the cartilage. The question whether this is of any clinical consequence in the form of subsequent degenerative joint disease, must be solved by clinical follow-up studies.", "contents": "Morphological findings in joint cartilage after osmic acid treatment. Punch biopsy specimens from the cartilage of the lateral condyle of the femur in 29 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis were taken during surgical synovectomy of knee joints and investigated by light or electron microscopy. Eleven patients had never received osmic acid injections in this particular joint, whereas 18 had had such injections 1-24 months prior to surgery. By light microscopy only minor differences could be seen between controls and cartilage treated with osmic acid, whereas with electron microscopy, increased amounts of dark-staining cell debris were visible in samples taken after osmic acid treatment. The perilacunar matrix appeared normal. There was no irregularity of collagen fibres at the surface of the cartilage. It is concluded that osmic acid causes limited superficial damage to the cartilage. The question whether this is of any clinical consequence in the form of subsequent degenerative joint disease, must be solved by clinical follow-up studies.", "PMID": 607391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9563", "title": "Platelet count and disease activity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Blood samples from 41 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied. The platelet count was tested for possible relationship and correlation with a number of clinical and laboratory parameters. High platelet count was associated with active disease, presence of secondary amyloidosis, and poor functional capacity. The platelet count was positively correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, and granulocytosis. The platelet count thus seems to provide an additional parameter of disease activity in patients with JRA.", "contents": "Platelet count and disease activity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Blood samples from 41 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were studied. The platelet count was tested for possible relationship and correlation with a number of clinical and laboratory parameters. High platelet count was associated with active disease, presence of secondary amyloidosis, and poor functional capacity. The platelet count was positively correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, and granulocytosis. The platelet count thus seems to provide an additional parameter of disease activity in patients with JRA.", "PMID": 607392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9564", "title": "Death rate and causes of death in RA patients during a period of five years.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years or over, together with an age and sex matched control population, were observed over a 5-year period. During the follow-up 176 RA patients and 107 controls died. The most common causes of death in RA patients were cardiovascular diseases (86 patients), renal failure (33 patients), infections (23 patients), and malignant neoplasms (21 patients); in the controls, the corresponding data are cardiovascular diseases (53), malignant neoplasms (30), infections (9), and accidents (8).", "contents": "Death rate and causes of death in RA patients during a period of five years. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years or over, together with an age and sex matched control population, were observed over a 5-year period. During the follow-up 176 RA patients and 107 controls died. The most common causes of death in RA patients were cardiovascular diseases (86 patients), renal failure (33 patients), infections (23 patients), and malignant neoplasms (21 patients); in the controls, the corresponding data are cardiovascular diseases (53), malignant neoplasms (30), infections (9), and accidents (8).", "PMID": 607393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9565", "title": "Spondylosis in the whale--an anatomicoradiological study of an osteophyte.", "content": "This report describes a macroscopic and radiological study (on a dry specimen) of a whale vertebra having an osteophyte of spondylosis similar to those present in man and other mammalians. This osteophyte has a remodelled and dense structure different from that of the normal neighbouring bone of the vertebral body (which has the particular bone structure of a cetacean). The study of the osteophytes and the bridges of sponylosis in the marine mammalians offers particularly favourable conditions for a better dissociation of the pre-existing vertebral body and the extrinsic bone which was newly developed under the influence of mechanical factors.", "contents": "Spondylosis in the whale--an anatomicoradiological study of an osteophyte. This report describes a macroscopic and radiological study (on a dry specimen) of a whale vertebra having an osteophyte of spondylosis similar to those present in man and other mammalians. This osteophyte has a remodelled and dense structure different from that of the normal neighbouring bone of the vertebral body (which has the particular bone structure of a cetacean). The study of the osteophytes and the bridges of sponylosis in the marine mammalians offers particularly favourable conditions for a better dissociation of the pre-existing vertebral body and the extrinsic bone which was newly developed under the influence of mechanical factors.", "PMID": 607394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9566", "title": "Cephalexin levels in serum, synovial fluid and joint tissues after oral administration.", "content": "Cephalexin (1 g) was administered orally every 6 hours to 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic knee effusions without bacterial arthritis. Samples were taken from blood, synovial fluid, synovium, cartilage and bone. The concentrations found in these samples after one oral dose were high enough to have a possible therapeutic effect in bacterial arthritis sensitive to cephalexin.", "contents": "Cephalexin levels in serum, synovial fluid and joint tissues after oral administration. Cephalexin (1 g) was administered orally every 6 hours to 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic knee effusions without bacterial arthritis. Samples were taken from blood, synovial fluid, synovium, cartilage and bone. The concentrations found in these samples after one oral dose were high enough to have a possible therapeutic effect in bacterial arthritis sensitive to cephalexin.", "PMID": 607395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9567", "title": "Ventilatory lung function following two years of tobacco abstinence.", "content": "Spirometry, maximal expiratory flows and the nitrogen closing volume test were studied in 59 subjects following their attempt to give up smoking. Seventeen subjects were tobacco abstinent for at least 5 months. This group showed significant improvement of vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and the slope of phase III. Nine of these subjects remained ex-smokers for at least 24 months. However, no significant improvement of any of the measured variables could be established in this group. This may be due to the small number in the group and the circumstance that they were older and had worse lung function before smoking cessation compared with those who resumed smoking.", "contents": "Ventilatory lung function following two years of tobacco abstinence. Spirometry, maximal expiratory flows and the nitrogen closing volume test were studied in 59 subjects following their attempt to give up smoking. Seventeen subjects were tobacco abstinent for at least 5 months. This group showed significant improvement of vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and the slope of phase III. Nine of these subjects remained ex-smokers for at least 24 months. However, no significant improvement of any of the measured variables could be established in this group. This may be due to the small number in the group and the circumstance that they were older and had worse lung function before smoking cessation compared with those who resumed smoking.", "PMID": 607396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9568", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of insulin action. IV. The isolation and determination of a low insulin receptor activity.", "content": "After passing the membrane protein dissolved in 1% DOC over a Sepharose 4B column, a peak with insulin receptor binding activity has been shown in the void volumn. After treating this single peak fraction with 6M guanidine HCl and again passing over a Sepharose 4B column preequilibrated with guanidine HCl, four absorbing peaks at 280 nM have been observed. In addition to the first peak representing the void volume, the 4th absorbing peak has been found to display an obvious binding activity as well. This low molecular biologically active unit has also been demonstrated by means of gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight has been determined with Sepharose 6B to be about 50,000 daltons.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of insulin action. IV. The isolation and determination of a low insulin receptor activity. After passing the membrane protein dissolved in 1% DOC over a Sepharose 4B column, a peak with insulin receptor binding activity has been shown in the void volumn. After treating this single peak fraction with 6M guanidine HCl and again passing over a Sepharose 4B column preequilibrated with guanidine HCl, four absorbing peaks at 280 nM have been observed. In addition to the first peak representing the void volume, the 4th absorbing peak has been found to display an obvious binding activity as well. This low molecular biologically active unit has also been demonstrated by means of gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight has been determined with Sepharose 6B to be about 50,000 daltons.", "PMID": 607397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9569", "title": "Epidemiology of acute viral hepatitis in Singapore.", "content": "A total of 194 cases of acute viral hepatitis were notified between June and December 1976. Thirty-five (22.6%) out of 155 patients were positive for HBs Ag by counter-immuno-electrophoresis. The ethnic-specific morbidity rates per 100,000 were Chinese, 9.51; Malays, 3.20; Indians, 8.30 and others, 1.13; and the age specific attack rates were high in the 15 -- 24 and 25 -- 34 age groups, being 15.05 and 15.77 per 100,000 respectively. The male to female ratio was 3.04:1. Cases were not confined to areas with poor environmental sanitation. There were very few secondary cases. Unrecognized anicteric or subclinical cases probably play an important role in the transmission of viral hepatitis in the community. The possibility of transmission of hepatitis A by contaminated food was discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology of acute viral hepatitis in Singapore. A total of 194 cases of acute viral hepatitis were notified between June and December 1976. Thirty-five (22.6%) out of 155 patients were positive for HBs Ag by counter-immuno-electrophoresis. The ethnic-specific morbidity rates per 100,000 were Chinese, 9.51; Malays, 3.20; Indians, 8.30 and others, 1.13; and the age specific attack rates were high in the 15 -- 24 and 25 -- 34 age groups, being 15.05 and 15.77 per 100,000 respectively. The male to female ratio was 3.04:1. Cases were not confined to areas with poor environmental sanitation. There were very few secondary cases. Unrecognized anicteric or subclinical cases probably play an important role in the transmission of viral hepatitis in the community. The possibility of transmission of hepatitis A by contaminated food was discussed.", "PMID": 607418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9570", "title": "A comparative study of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in Filipino women.", "content": "A comparative study of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence among Filipino women is presented herein. A total of 288 women randomly drawn from various sources, including Social Hygiene clinics, Health Centers, and Family Planning Centers in the Metropolitan Manila Area were examined for T. vaginalis. Nineteen or (6.8%) were found positive either by wet mount or stained smear methods. Prevalence was significantly higher among the group of single than married women and five times higher among the waitress/hostess group than in the housewife/other group. Infection was related to parity and is significantly higher among nulliparous women. Likewise, a significant relationship was observed between prevalence of infection and gravidity. Prevalence decreases with increasing gravidity. No relationship in prevalence was observed between the use and non-use of contraceptives, and the method of contraceptive used. There was no significant association between the presence of the parasite and symptoms.", "contents": "A comparative study of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in Filipino women. A comparative study of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence among Filipino women is presented herein. A total of 288 women randomly drawn from various sources, including Social Hygiene clinics, Health Centers, and Family Planning Centers in the Metropolitan Manila Area were examined for T. vaginalis. Nineteen or (6.8%) were found positive either by wet mount or stained smear methods. Prevalence was significantly higher among the group of single than married women and five times higher among the waitress/hostess group than in the housewife/other group. Infection was related to parity and is significantly higher among nulliparous women. Likewise, a significant relationship was observed between prevalence of infection and gravidity. Prevalence decreases with increasing gravidity. No relationship in prevalence was observed between the use and non-use of contraceptives, and the method of contraceptive used. There was no significant association between the presence of the parasite and symptoms.", "PMID": 607419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9571", "title": "Observations on the application of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the seroepidemiology of human cysticercosis.", "content": "An immunoepidemiological survey for cysticercosis was carried out in an endemic focus of Irian Jaya by use of a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) technique. All individuals with palpable subcutaneous cysticerci were serologically positive by this technique as were 77.3% of the individuals giving a history of epileptiform seizures and 22.5% with no clinical complaints. The possible application of CIEP for epidemiological surveillance is discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the application of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the seroepidemiology of human cysticercosis. An immunoepidemiological survey for cysticercosis was carried out in an endemic focus of Irian Jaya by use of a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) technique. All individuals with palpable subcutaneous cysticerci were serologically positive by this technique as were 77.3% of the individuals giving a history of epileptiform seizures and 22.5% with no clinical complaints. The possible application of CIEP for epidemiological surveillance is discussed.", "PMID": 607420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9572", "title": "Urinary excretion of thiamine in pre-school children in Northeast Thailand.", "content": "Urine samples of 85 Thai pre-school children ages below 5 years were taken for thiamine determination related to creatinine. The thiamine status of these children investigated was found to be normal. No difference in the urinary thiamine levels was observed between male and female subjects.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of thiamine in pre-school children in Northeast Thailand. Urine samples of 85 Thai pre-school children ages below 5 years were taken for thiamine determination related to creatinine. The thiamine status of these children investigated was found to be normal. No difference in the urinary thiamine levels was observed between male and female subjects.", "PMID": 607421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9573", "title": "Pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient receiving immunosuppressive agent.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman receiving corticosteroid treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus developed pulmonary nocardiosis with hydrophneumothorax. The organism identified as Nocardia asteroides resisted to sulfonamide and cotrimoxazole but sensitive to chloramphenicaol and streptomycin in vitro. She seemed to respond to chloramphenicol but subsequently had peritonitis and succumbed later.", "contents": "Pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient receiving immunosuppressive agent. A 20-year-old woman receiving corticosteroid treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus developed pulmonary nocardiosis with hydrophneumothorax. The organism identified as Nocardia asteroides resisted to sulfonamide and cotrimoxazole but sensitive to chloramphenicaol and streptomycin in vitro. She seemed to respond to chloramphenicol but subsequently had peritonitis and succumbed later.", "PMID": 607422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9574", "title": "Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins in liver diseases.", "content": "Serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins (transcobalamins, TCS) were determined in patients with malaria, amoebic liver abscess, carcinoma of the liver, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) as well as in 60 blood donor subjects. Serum vitamin B12 in patients with infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis and CML were higher than that of the normal subjects. The values of unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) in patients with carcinoma of the liver, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis were lower while that of patients with CML were higher than that of the normal subjects. A markedly increased TCI and decreased TCII was observed in patients with CML while these changes was much less in patients with other liver diseases. The difference was possibly due to a flooding of vitamin B12 from damaged liver cells into the circulation and the decreased synthesis of transcobalamins in patients with liver diseases while the increased granulocytes, the source of TCI, was much increased in patients with CML.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins in liver diseases. Serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins (transcobalamins, TCS) were determined in patients with malaria, amoebic liver abscess, carcinoma of the liver, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) as well as in 60 blood donor subjects. Serum vitamin B12 in patients with infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis and CML were higher than that of the normal subjects. The values of unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) in patients with carcinoma of the liver, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis were lower while that of patients with CML were higher than that of the normal subjects. A markedly increased TCI and decreased TCII was observed in patients with CML while these changes was much less in patients with other liver diseases. The difference was possibly due to a flooding of vitamin B12 from damaged liver cells into the circulation and the decreased synthesis of transcobalamins in patients with liver diseases while the increased granulocytes, the source of TCI, was much increased in patients with CML.", "PMID": 607423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9575", "title": "Control trial of soil-transmitted helminthic infections with pyrantel pamoate.", "content": "Pyrantel pamoate at dosage of 10 mg per kilogramme body weight was given to each villager at 4-6 weeks intervals for three times. The infection rates of hookworms among those who received and did not received the drug decreased from 60.5% pre-treatment to 19.6% after the third treatment and then increased to 32.4% one year after the third treatment. Infection rates of A. lumbricoides and Strongyloides spp. among the villagers who received and did not received the drug decreased from 27.5% pre-treatment to 2.2% after the third treatment and then increased to 20.1% one year later for the former, while the latter decreased from 6.5% pre-treatment to 2.3% after the third treatment and 0.4% one year later. The infection rate of T. trichiura was found to increase as pyrantel pamoate had no effect on this nematode. The authors suggested that to obtain more satisfactory results the anthelmintic drug used must likewise be effective against T. trichiura particularly in areas where this nematode is a public health problem. It was also suggested that the duration of treatment should be prolonged.", "contents": "Control trial of soil-transmitted helminthic infections with pyrantel pamoate. Pyrantel pamoate at dosage of 10 mg per kilogramme body weight was given to each villager at 4-6 weeks intervals for three times. The infection rates of hookworms among those who received and did not received the drug decreased from 60.5% pre-treatment to 19.6% after the third treatment and then increased to 32.4% one year after the third treatment. Infection rates of A. lumbricoides and Strongyloides spp. among the villagers who received and did not received the drug decreased from 27.5% pre-treatment to 2.2% after the third treatment and then increased to 20.1% one year later for the former, while the latter decreased from 6.5% pre-treatment to 2.3% after the third treatment and 0.4% one year later. The infection rate of T. trichiura was found to increase as pyrantel pamoate had no effect on this nematode. The authors suggested that to obtain more satisfactory results the anthelmintic drug used must likewise be effective against T. trichiura particularly in areas where this nematode is a public health problem. It was also suggested that the duration of treatment should be prolonged.", "PMID": 607424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9576", "title": "Capillaria hepatica infection of wild rodents in Peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Capillaria hepatica infection in wild rodents collected from the States of Kelantan, Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia since 1973 is reported. A total of 1,258 rodents consisting of 20 species of house, field and forest rats, and 7 species of squirrels were examined for the parasite and 17 species consisting of 111 murids and 1 flying squirrel were found infected. The house rat, Rattus norvegicus had the highest prevalence rate, followed by 3 species of field rats, R. tiomanicus, R. argentiventer and Bandicota indica. The prevalence of infection was low among forest rats with the exception of Lenothrix canus. Only 1 flying squirrel, Hylopetes spadiceus was found with the parasite. The prevalence of infection in relation to the host behaviour and habitats was discussed. C. hepatica appears to be widespread throughout Malaysia with a wide range of hosts among rodent species. Some new host records are presented herein.", "contents": "Capillaria hepatica infection of wild rodents in Peninsular Malaysia. Capillaria hepatica infection in wild rodents collected from the States of Kelantan, Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia since 1973 is reported. A total of 1,258 rodents consisting of 20 species of house, field and forest rats, and 7 species of squirrels were examined for the parasite and 17 species consisting of 111 murids and 1 flying squirrel were found infected. The house rat, Rattus norvegicus had the highest prevalence rate, followed by 3 species of field rats, R. tiomanicus, R. argentiventer and Bandicota indica. The prevalence of infection was low among forest rats with the exception of Lenothrix canus. Only 1 flying squirrel, Hylopetes spadiceus was found with the parasite. The prevalence of infection in relation to the host behaviour and habitats was discussed. C. hepatica appears to be widespread throughout Malaysia with a wide range of hosts among rodent species. Some new host records are presented herein.", "PMID": 607425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9577", "title": "Failure of irradiated Echinostoma audyi and Hypoderaeum dingeri to sensitize Lymnaea rubiginosa snails.", "content": "Attempts to induce acquired resistance in Lymnaea rubiginosa snails against the echinostomes Echinostoma audyi and Hypoderaeum dingeri by means of irradiated miracidia were unsuccessful, although Lie and coworkers using similar methods had recently sensitized Biomphalaria glabrata against Echinostoma lindoense (1975a). In contrast to the B. glabrata-E. lindoense system, in Lymnaea rubiginosa the amebocytic response to irradiated parasites was slow: irradiated E. audyi sporocysts were encapsulated 15 to 28 days and H. dingeri sporocysts 20 to 27 days postexposure. No obvious enlargement of the amebocyte-producing organ was seen. No resistance was demonstrable to subsequent homologous challenge. Development of acquired resistance to a trematode infection in snails may be related to the speed with which the snails destroy the irradiated sporocysts.", "contents": "Failure of irradiated Echinostoma audyi and Hypoderaeum dingeri to sensitize Lymnaea rubiginosa snails. Attempts to induce acquired resistance in Lymnaea rubiginosa snails against the echinostomes Echinostoma audyi and Hypoderaeum dingeri by means of irradiated miracidia were unsuccessful, although Lie and coworkers using similar methods had recently sensitized Biomphalaria glabrata against Echinostoma lindoense (1975a). In contrast to the B. glabrata-E. lindoense system, in Lymnaea rubiginosa the amebocytic response to irradiated parasites was slow: irradiated E. audyi sporocysts were encapsulated 15 to 28 days and H. dingeri sporocysts 20 to 27 days postexposure. No obvious enlargement of the amebocyte-producing organ was seen. No resistance was demonstrable to subsequent homologous challenge. Development of acquired resistance to a trematode infection in snails may be related to the speed with which the snails destroy the irradiated sporocysts.", "PMID": 607426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9578", "title": "Intestinal and blood parasites in the Banggai Kabupaten, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the Banggai Kabupaten Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 336, stool specimens were obtained from 182 males and 154 females ranging in age from 2 to 90 years. Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most common helminths encountered. Schistosoma japonicum was noticeably absent in the population sampled. The following intestingl protozoa were detected: Entamoeba coli, E.histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomostix mesnili and Endolimax nana. A total of 650 blood smears were examined and both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax were found in 5 % of the populations sampled. In addition, Brugia malayi microfilariae were detected in 3% of the blood smears examined.", "contents": "Intestinal and blood parasites in the Banggai Kabupaten, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the Banggai Kabupaten Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 336, stool specimens were obtained from 182 males and 154 females ranging in age from 2 to 90 years. Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most common helminths encountered. Schistosoma japonicum was noticeably absent in the population sampled. The following intestingl protozoa were detected: Entamoeba coli, E.histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomostix mesnili and Endolimax nana. A total of 650 blood smears were examined and both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax were found in 5 % of the populations sampled. In addition, Brugia malayi microfilariae were detected in 3% of the blood smears examined.", "PMID": 607427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9579", "title": "Parasites of man in remote areas of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "A biomedical survey was conducted in 10 villages in remote, high mountain valleys of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia to learn whether Oriental schistosomiasis was endemic and to determine the prevalences of other intestinal parasites, malaria and filariasis in those areas. Although persons with Oriental schistosomiasis were found in three villages of South Sulawesi, follow-up inquiries revealed that these had recently migrated from a known schistosomiasis area in Central Sulawesi. Other intestinal parasites diagnosed were Ascaris lumbricoides (14%), Trichuris trichiura (7%), hookworm (68%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%), Entamoeba coli (17%), and Giardia lamblia (5%). Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichostrongylus sp., Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp. heterophyid, echinostome and dicrocoelid-like termatodes, Endolimax nana and Chilomastix mesnili were detected infrequently. Malaria parasitemias due to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were detected in 4% of the sampled populations, Malayan filariasis was diagnosed in 21% of the subjects examined.", "contents": "Parasites of man in remote areas of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A biomedical survey was conducted in 10 villages in remote, high mountain valleys of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia to learn whether Oriental schistosomiasis was endemic and to determine the prevalences of other intestinal parasites, malaria and filariasis in those areas. Although persons with Oriental schistosomiasis were found in three villages of South Sulawesi, follow-up inquiries revealed that these had recently migrated from a known schistosomiasis area in Central Sulawesi. Other intestinal parasites diagnosed were Ascaris lumbricoides (14%), Trichuris trichiura (7%), hookworm (68%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%), Entamoeba coli (17%), and Giardia lamblia (5%). Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichostrongylus sp., Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp. heterophyid, echinostome and dicrocoelid-like termatodes, Endolimax nana and Chilomastix mesnili were detected infrequently. Malaria parasitemias due to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were detected in 4% of the sampled populations, Malayan filariasis was diagnosed in 21% of the subjects examined.", "PMID": 607428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9580", "title": "Brugia malayi in seven villages in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.", "content": "Seven villages in South Kalimantan were visited in 1971 and night peripheral blood smears from 2,764 people examined for microfilariae. Brugia malayi was found endemic in all villages with microfilarial rates of 12--46% (average 25%) and the median microfilarial density (MfD50) of 6 to 15 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. The microfilariae showed a typical subperiodic pattern. The disease was more common in males than females and the prevalence increased with age. Clinical manifestations of filariasis were found in 20% of 1,099 persons examined. Mansonia species are considered important vectors and cats important reservoir hosts. In addition to B. malayi, Dirofilaria repens and an unknown microfilaria were found in cats in the area and strains of the B. malayi and D. repens have been established in the laboratory.", "contents": "Brugia malayi in seven villages in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Seven villages in South Kalimantan were visited in 1971 and night peripheral blood smears from 2,764 people examined for microfilariae. Brugia malayi was found endemic in all villages with microfilarial rates of 12--46% (average 25%) and the median microfilarial density (MfD50) of 6 to 15 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. The microfilariae showed a typical subperiodic pattern. The disease was more common in males than females and the prevalence increased with age. Clinical manifestations of filariasis were found in 20% of 1,099 persons examined. Mansonia species are considered important vectors and cats important reservoir hosts. In addition to B. malayi, Dirofilaria repens and an unknown microfilaria were found in cats in the area and strains of the B. malayi and D. repens have been established in the laboratory.", "PMID": 607430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9581", "title": "The changing pattern of heart disease in South African Blacks.", "content": "All autopsies on Black patients who died of heart disease at Baragwanath Hospital were examined for the years 1959, 1960 and 1976. The commonest form of heart disease encountered in South African Blacks is undoubtedly hypertensive heart disease and by far the majority of these cases are of essential hypertension. There appears to have been a slight rise in the incidence of hypertension. Rheumatic heart disease is extremely common, and affects young people, who often have advanced valvular lesions by puberty. The incidence of idiopathic cardiomyopathy does not seem to have altered materially, although there has perhaps been a slight drop, which may be accounted for by the tendency of clinicians to place cases of congestive cardiac failure with mild hypertension in the hypertensive group rather than in the idiopathic cardiomyopathy group. There was a significant alteration in the incidence of myocardial infarction; in 1959 and 1960 these cases comprised less than 1% of all cardiac deaths but in 1976 they comprised nearly 12%. There has also been a dramatic fall in the incidence of cardiovascular syphilis.", "contents": "The changing pattern of heart disease in South African Blacks. All autopsies on Black patients who died of heart disease at Baragwanath Hospital were examined for the years 1959, 1960 and 1976. The commonest form of heart disease encountered in South African Blacks is undoubtedly hypertensive heart disease and by far the majority of these cases are of essential hypertension. There appears to have been a slight rise in the incidence of hypertension. Rheumatic heart disease is extremely common, and affects young people, who often have advanced valvular lesions by puberty. The incidence of idiopathic cardiomyopathy does not seem to have altered materially, although there has perhaps been a slight drop, which may be accounted for by the tendency of clinicians to place cases of congestive cardiac failure with mild hypertension in the hypertensive group rather than in the idiopathic cardiomyopathy group. There was a significant alteration in the incidence of myocardial infarction; in 1959 and 1960 these cases comprised less than 1% of all cardiac deaths but in 1976 they comprised nearly 12%. There has also been a dramatic fall in the incidence of cardiovascular syphilis.", "PMID": 607491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9582", "title": "[Professional freedom and Act 101 of 1965].", "content": "Act 101 of 1965 replaced Act 13 of 1928 because the latter had become obsolete. Act 101 makes many new demands on and restricts certain privileges of the medical profession. New ideas, particularly if they restrict previous privileges, are resented. Also, new ideas do not necessarily denote progress. I am of the opinion that these curtailments are detrimental to public benefit. However, to provide positive suggestions to ease the situation is extremely difficult. All those concerned with public welfare should once again review public requirements. Ultimately, Act 101 prescribes for the whole population--is it then unreasonable to curtail medical professional freedom? Under the present circumstances this does not seem to be the case. However, sections of the Act may hamper doctors in the performance of their duties.", "contents": "[Professional freedom and Act 101 of 1965]. Act 101 of 1965 replaced Act 13 of 1928 because the latter had become obsolete. Act 101 makes many new demands on and restricts certain privileges of the medical profession. New ideas, particularly if they restrict previous privileges, are resented. Also, new ideas do not necessarily denote progress. I am of the opinion that these curtailments are detrimental to public benefit. However, to provide positive suggestions to ease the situation is extremely difficult. All those concerned with public welfare should once again review public requirements. Ultimately, Act 101 prescribes for the whole population--is it then unreasonable to curtail medical professional freedom? Under the present circumstances this does not seem to be the case. However, sections of the Act may hamper doctors in the performance of their duties.", "PMID": 607492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9583", "title": "An XXYY male presenting with aggression: a case report.", "content": "An abnormally tall 21-year-old Caucasoid male was referred for psychiatric assessment for pathological aggression and mental subnormality. He showed many of the phenotypic features of Klinefelter's syndrome. Cytogenetic studies revealed a 48,XXYY karyotype. The significance of the association of this karyotype with aggressive behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "An XXYY male presenting with aggression: a case report. An abnormally tall 21-year-old Caucasoid male was referred for psychiatric assessment for pathological aggression and mental subnormality. He showed many of the phenotypic features of Klinefelter's syndrome. Cytogenetic studies revealed a 48,XXYY karyotype. The significance of the association of this karyotype with aggressive behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 607493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9584", "title": "Billowing mitral valve syndrome in association with absent left pericardium: a case report.", "content": "A patient with congenital complete absence of the left pericardium had a late systolic murmur and an intermittent non-ejection systolic click. A post-exercise ECG showed ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion, compatible with that described in the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. Left ventricular cine-angiography confirmed prolapse of the mitral valve. It is suggested that an associated billowing mitral leaflet syndrome may be responsible for chest pain, variable auscultatory features and abnormal ECGs in some patients with absent left pericardium.", "contents": "Billowing mitral valve syndrome in association with absent left pericardium: a case report. A patient with congenital complete absence of the left pericardium had a late systolic murmur and an intermittent non-ejection systolic click. A post-exercise ECG showed ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion, compatible with that described in the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. Left ventricular cine-angiography confirmed prolapse of the mitral valve. It is suggested that an associated billowing mitral leaflet syndrome may be responsible for chest pain, variable auscultatory features and abnormal ECGs in some patients with absent left pericardium.", "PMID": 607494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9585", "title": "Keratolytic winter erythema or 'oudtshoorn skin': a newly recognized inherited dermatosis prevalent in South Africa.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed inherited dermatosis, traceable to certain 19th-century inhabitants of Oudtshoorn, CP, has been transmitted as an autosomal dominant to a large number of their present-day descendants. The disease consists of intermittent and recurrent centrifugal peeling, with redness, of the palms and soles in particular. In more severe cases similar patches are found extending up the limbs to the buttocks and the trunk generally. The inconvenience is usually moderate, but it may be incapacitating. Some temporary relief, but so far nothing permanent, can be offered through treatment.", "contents": "Keratolytic winter erythema or 'oudtshoorn skin': a newly recognized inherited dermatosis prevalent in South Africa. A hitherto undescribed inherited dermatosis, traceable to certain 19th-century inhabitants of Oudtshoorn, CP, has been transmitted as an autosomal dominant to a large number of their present-day descendants. The disease consists of intermittent and recurrent centrifugal peeling, with redness, of the palms and soles in particular. In more severe cases similar patches are found extending up the limbs to the buttocks and the trunk generally. The inconvenience is usually moderate, but it may be incapacitating. Some temporary relief, but so far nothing permanent, can be offered through treatment.", "PMID": 607500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9586", "title": "Gastric volvulus unassociated with hiatal hernia.", "content": "Although para-oesophageal hiatal hernia is the commonest cause of gastric volvulus, other causes of gastric volvulus require emphasis and 16 cases of gastric volvulus unassociated with hiatal hernia are reported. Delayed presentation following diaphragmatic injury was common. It is recommended that a thoracolaparotomy be performed in these patients to facilitate reduction of the volvulus, and division of intrathoracic adhesions under direct vision. In the secondary type of gastric volvulus accurate diagnosis is mandatory. Failure to recognize and treat associated disease will result in recurrence of the volvulus. A rational approach to the management of gastric volvulus is proposed.", "contents": "Gastric volvulus unassociated with hiatal hernia. Although para-oesophageal hiatal hernia is the commonest cause of gastric volvulus, other causes of gastric volvulus require emphasis and 16 cases of gastric volvulus unassociated with hiatal hernia are reported. Delayed presentation following diaphragmatic injury was common. It is recommended that a thoracolaparotomy be performed in these patients to facilitate reduction of the volvulus, and division of intrathoracic adhesions under direct vision. In the secondary type of gastric volvulus accurate diagnosis is mandatory. Failure to recognize and treat associated disease will result in recurrence of the volvulus. A rational approach to the management of gastric volvulus is proposed.", "PMID": 607501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9587", "title": "Fetal wastage and 'bad obstetric history' in a developing country.", "content": "An analysis of a prospective study of 82 patients with 'bad obstetric history' is presented. Sixty-four babies were born alive, 11 did not survive, and 7 mothers were lost to the study. The patients had had a total of 402 pregnancies (including the pregnancy under study). The study revealed the difficulty of pin-pointing the causes of or factors involved in the previous fetal loss. Organic and socio-economic factors combine to cause abortion, premature labour or stillbirth. It is pointed out that enough emphasis has been placed on bad obstetric history as an important cause of fetal wastage. Even in simple maternity wings lacking modern sophisticated equipment for monitoring patients during the antenatal period or in labour commendable results can be obtained, at the cost of a long stay in hospital to improve the general state of health.", "contents": "Fetal wastage and 'bad obstetric history' in a developing country. An analysis of a prospective study of 82 patients with 'bad obstetric history' is presented. Sixty-four babies were born alive, 11 did not survive, and 7 mothers were lost to the study. The patients had had a total of 402 pregnancies (including the pregnancy under study). The study revealed the difficulty of pin-pointing the causes of or factors involved in the previous fetal loss. Organic and socio-economic factors combine to cause abortion, premature labour or stillbirth. It is pointed out that enough emphasis has been placed on bad obstetric history as an important cause of fetal wastage. Even in simple maternity wings lacking modern sophisticated equipment for monitoring patients during the antenatal period or in labour commendable results can be obtained, at the cost of a long stay in hospital to improve the general state of health.", "PMID": 607502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9588", "title": "Myxoedema presenting with ascites: a case report.", "content": "A 61-year-old woman who presented with gross ascites is described. She had many of the clinical features of hypothyroidism, including a pericardial effusion and a normocytic normochromic anaemia. The ascitic fluid was exudative in type. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism was confirmed by the finding of low serum thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine levels, low 131I uptake, and high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The patient responded well to carefully graded thyroxine therapy.", "contents": "Myxoedema presenting with ascites: a case report. A 61-year-old woman who presented with gross ascites is described. She had many of the clinical features of hypothyroidism, including a pericardial effusion and a normocytic normochromic anaemia. The ascitic fluid was exudative in type. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism was confirmed by the finding of low serum thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine levels, low 131I uptake, and high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The patient responded well to carefully graded thyroxine therapy.", "PMID": 607503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9589", "title": "Amyloidosis of the conjunctiva--an unusual complication of trachoma: a case report.", "content": "A 25-year-old Shona woman with chronic bilateral trachoma developed bilateral, painless, massive conjunctival tumefactions over a period of 2 years. Subtotal removal of the masses yielded tissue which showed the typical staining characteristics of amyloid and contained a heavy plasmacytic infiltration. Systemic examination revealed no other abnormality. The trachoma provided the setting in which the amyloid reaction developed.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the conjunctiva--an unusual complication of trachoma: a case report. A 25-year-old Shona woman with chronic bilateral trachoma developed bilateral, painless, massive conjunctival tumefactions over a period of 2 years. Subtotal removal of the masses yielded tissue which showed the typical staining characteristics of amyloid and contained a heavy plasmacytic infiltration. Systemic examination revealed no other abnormality. The trachoma provided the setting in which the amyloid reaction developed.", "PMID": 607504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9590", "title": "Appendiceal injuries: a report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three patients with traumatic injuries of the appendix are reported. Penetrating injuries produce clinical signs early and allow prompt diagnosis and treatment, as opposed to blunt injuries. The clinical details of the 3 patients are presented to illustrate this.", "contents": "Appendiceal injuries: a report of 3 cases. Three patients with traumatic injuries of the appendix are reported. Penetrating injuries produce clinical signs early and allow prompt diagnosis and treatment, as opposed to blunt injuries. The clinical details of the 3 patients are presented to illustrate this.", "PMID": 607505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9591", "title": "Radiation exposure in xeroradiography of the breast.", "content": "A survey of the radiation exposure during xeroradiography of the breast for normal clinical exposures is presented. Average values obtained from the measurements made on a number of patients are presented and compared with measurements made by other workers. An estimate of the radiation dose received by the breast during the clinical exposures is also made and the parameters affecting the doses are discussed.", "contents": "Radiation exposure in xeroradiography of the breast. A survey of the radiation exposure during xeroradiography of the breast for normal clinical exposures is presented. Average values obtained from the measurements made on a number of patients are presented and compared with measurements made by other workers. An estimate of the radiation dose received by the breast during the clinical exposures is also made and the parameters affecting the doses are discussed.", "PMID": 607506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9592", "title": "Fungal infections in the cancer patient.", "content": "Fungal infections are increasing in frequency, especially among patients with haematological malignancies. The fungi which cause most of the infections in cancer patients are Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. These fungi seldom infect individuals with normal host defence mechanisms. Many factors predispose patients to fungal infection, including neutropenia, lymphopenia, gastro-intestinal ulceration, intravenous catheters and adrenal corticosteroid therapy. Candida spp. cause 5 major types of infection: dermatitis, thrush, gastro-intestinal, primary organ and disseminated infection. Aspergillus spp. and Phycomycetes cause pulmonary, disseminated or rhino-cerebral infection. Cryptococcus neoformans usually causes meningitis but may cause pneumonia or disseminated infection. The diagnosis of fungal infection is often made only at postmortem examination, because it is difficult to isolate the aetiological agent from sites of infection. Amphotericin B remains the mainstay of antifungal therapy, but is seldom effective in the patient with compromised host defences. Successful management of these infections in the future will depend upon improvement in diagnostic capabilities as well as the introduction of more effective and less toxic antifungal agents.", "contents": "Fungal infections in the cancer patient. Fungal infections are increasing in frequency, especially among patients with haematological malignancies. The fungi which cause most of the infections in cancer patients are Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. These fungi seldom infect individuals with normal host defence mechanisms. Many factors predispose patients to fungal infection, including neutropenia, lymphopenia, gastro-intestinal ulceration, intravenous catheters and adrenal corticosteroid therapy. Candida spp. cause 5 major types of infection: dermatitis, thrush, gastro-intestinal, primary organ and disseminated infection. Aspergillus spp. and Phycomycetes cause pulmonary, disseminated or rhino-cerebral infection. Cryptococcus neoformans usually causes meningitis but may cause pneumonia or disseminated infection. The diagnosis of fungal infection is often made only at postmortem examination, because it is difficult to isolate the aetiological agent from sites of infection. Amphotericin B remains the mainstay of antifungal therapy, but is seldom effective in the patient with compromised host defences. Successful management of these infections in the future will depend upon improvement in diagnostic capabilities as well as the introduction of more effective and less toxic antifungal agents.", "PMID": 607507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9593", "title": "An inexpensive apparatus (airflometer) to assess lung function.", "content": "The Airflometer is presented as an inexpensive instrument suitable for lung function testing in general clinical practice. Utilizing the close correlation between the Airflometer (AFM) reading and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), we have produced a nomogram from which the AFM reading for normal males and females can be predicted.", "contents": "An inexpensive apparatus (airflometer) to assess lung function. The Airflometer is presented as an inexpensive instrument suitable for lung function testing in general clinical practice. Utilizing the close correlation between the Airflometer (AFM) reading and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), we have produced a nomogram from which the AFM reading for normal males and females can be predicted.", "PMID": 607510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9594", "title": "The effect of somatostatin on epinephrine-induced free fatty acid release in normal man.", "content": "Epinephrine and saline or cyclic somatostatin were infused into normal persons to study the effect of somatostatin on free fatty acid (FFA) release. Somatostatin had no effect on epinephrine-induced hyperglycaemia. It enhanced basal and epinephrine-induced FFA release, while the release of both immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was inhibited. We suggest that the rise in FFA levels may be due to either inhibition of IRI or another effect of somatostatin on fatty acid metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of somatostatin on epinephrine-induced free fatty acid release in normal man. Epinephrine and saline or cyclic somatostatin were infused into normal persons to study the effect of somatostatin on free fatty acid (FFA) release. Somatostatin had no effect on epinephrine-induced hyperglycaemia. It enhanced basal and epinephrine-induced FFA release, while the release of both immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was inhibited. We suggest that the rise in FFA levels may be due to either inhibition of IRI or another effect of somatostatin on fatty acid metabolism.", "PMID": 607511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9595", "title": "[Indices of energy metabolism in burned patients during septicotoxemia and their dynamics in the course of blood transfusion].", "content": "Spirography of oxygenabsorption at external respiration was performed. Free oxygen tension (PO2) in muscular tissue, its dynamics at the O2 inhalation, capillary blood flow through the speed of the elimination of inhaled hydrogen from the tissue were studied by means of polarography. The investigations were performed on 33 burned cases during the septicotoxemia stage before 30 minutes and 24 hours after the hemotransfusion of 120 ml and 250 ml of the whole blood. The statistical but reliable rise of the previously decreased blood oxygen consumption occurred at the transfusion of 120 ml of blood. There are no reliable changes in the other indices i. g. PO2 and capillary blood flow. At the hemotransfusion of 250 ml of blood the rise of all the indices takes place. Hence at the selection of blood transfusion dose it is necessary to take into account the condition of the energy processes and of the capillary blood flow in the tissues of the burned.", "contents": "[Indices of energy metabolism in burned patients during septicotoxemia and their dynamics in the course of blood transfusion]. Spirography of oxygenabsorption at external respiration was performed. Free oxygen tension (PO2) in muscular tissue, its dynamics at the O2 inhalation, capillary blood flow through the speed of the elimination of inhaled hydrogen from the tissue were studied by means of polarography. The investigations were performed on 33 burned cases during the septicotoxemia stage before 30 minutes and 24 hours after the hemotransfusion of 120 ml and 250 ml of the whole blood. The statistical but reliable rise of the previously decreased blood oxygen consumption occurred at the transfusion of 120 ml of blood. There are no reliable changes in the other indices i. g. PO2 and capillary blood flow. At the hemotransfusion of 250 ml of blood the rise of all the indices takes place. Hence at the selection of blood transfusion dose it is necessary to take into account the condition of the energy processes and of the capillary blood flow in the tissues of the burned.", "PMID": 607524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9596", "title": "[Surgery of pancreatic adenomas].", "content": "Twenty four patients were operated upon for pancreatic adenoma (9 males and 15 females), in one of them malignant adenoma being noted. As evidenced by the authors' findings resection of the gland with adenoma is the method of choice. In single cases enucleation is felt to be permissible if adenoma is localized superficially in the head and body of the gland. The immediate issues of the operation are as follows: 22 patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition, 2 patients died. Complications were noted in 6 patients. Late results in 18 patients for the period from 8 to 22 years are good.", "contents": "[Surgery of pancreatic adenomas]. Twenty four patients were operated upon for pancreatic adenoma (9 males and 15 females), in one of them malignant adenoma being noted. As evidenced by the authors' findings resection of the gland with adenoma is the method of choice. In single cases enucleation is felt to be permissible if adenoma is localized superficially in the head and body of the gland. The immediate issues of the operation are as follows: 22 patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition, 2 patients died. Complications were noted in 6 patients. Late results in 18 patients for the period from 8 to 22 years are good.", "PMID": 607526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9597", "title": "[Detection of latent forms of hepatic and renal functional disorders in chronic cholecystitis and pancreatitis].", "content": "149 cases of chronic cholecystitis (65), cholecysto-pancreatitis (40), and pancreatitis (44) were examined by means of biochemical and radiioisotope methods. The acute stage of the disease was observed in 76 patients, 73 patients were in the intermission period. It was found that in chronic cholecystitis and pancreatitis renal and hepatic functional disorders do occur but their latent clinical course is detectable only by means of renography and hepatography, which should be taken into account at the establishment of the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the given diseases.", "contents": "[Detection of latent forms of hepatic and renal functional disorders in chronic cholecystitis and pancreatitis]. 149 cases of chronic cholecystitis (65), cholecysto-pancreatitis (40), and pancreatitis (44) were examined by means of biochemical and radiioisotope methods. The acute stage of the disease was observed in 76 patients, 73 patients were in the intermission period. It was found that in chronic cholecystitis and pancreatitis renal and hepatic functional disorders do occur but their latent clinical course is detectable only by means of renography and hepatography, which should be taken into account at the establishment of the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the given diseases.", "PMID": 607527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9598", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of internal biliary fistulas].", "content": "In the paper the diagnostic and therapeutic policy employed in 11 patients with internal biliary fistulas, most frequently caused by cholelithiasis, is analysed. Some aspects of the preoperative diagnosis are eluciadated, and it is concluded that patients with internal biliary fistulas are to be treated surgically: cholecystectomy, suturing of defects in the gastric and intestinal wall, the drainage of bile tracts.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of internal biliary fistulas]. In the paper the diagnostic and therapeutic policy employed in 11 patients with internal biliary fistulas, most frequently caused by cholelithiasis, is analysed. Some aspects of the preoperative diagnosis are eluciadated, and it is concluded that patients with internal biliary fistulas are to be treated surgically: cholecystectomy, suturing of defects in the gastric and intestinal wall, the drainage of bile tracts.", "PMID": 607528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9599", "title": "[2 variants of angular enterostomy].", "content": "To accelerate the self-healing of an intestinal fistula the author developed 2 variants of enterostomy based on the principle of valvular closure of the serous canal after the removal of the tube. The serous canal around  the tube forms from the lateral walls of both bends of intestinal loop a fold in the shape of an angle. In the first variant the tube enters the intestinal lumen along the intestinal loop curvature line; in the second - through the lateral wall of one of the intestinal loop bends. The angular jejunostomy was applied as feeding fistula in 49 cases. The angular ileostomy was carried out on 24 cases to obtain the decompression of the small intestine. There were no cases of complications or fatal outcome resulting from the application of the angular enterostomy method.", "contents": "[2 variants of angular enterostomy]. To accelerate the self-healing of an intestinal fistula the author developed 2 variants of enterostomy based on the principle of valvular closure of the serous canal after the removal of the tube. The serous canal around  the tube forms from the lateral walls of both bends of intestinal loop a fold in the shape of an angle. In the first variant the tube enters the intestinal lumen along the intestinal loop curvature line; in the second - through the lateral wall of one of the intestinal loop bends. The angular jejunostomy was applied as feeding fistula in 49 cases. The angular ileostomy was carried out on 24 cases to obtain the decompression of the small intestine. There were no cases of complications or fatal outcome resulting from the application of the angular enterostomy method.", "PMID": 607529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9600", "title": "[Late results of the resection of the ileocecal angle].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 40 cases operated upon for various ileocecal angle pathology are stated. The immediate and late results have been traced. The clinical observation and experimental data have shown the direct correlation between gastrointestinal functional shifts following the ileocecal angle resection and the length of resected segment.", "contents": "[Late results of the resection of the ileocecal angle]. The results of the treatment of 40 cases operated upon for various ileocecal angle pathology are stated. The immediate and late results have been traced. The clinical observation and experimental data have shown the direct correlation between gastrointestinal functional shifts following the ileocecal angle resection and the length of resected segment.", "PMID": 607531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9601", "title": "[Methods of coloplasty following rectal and sigmoid resection using Gartmann's technic].", "content": "According to the authors' data, a repeated surgical intervention, aimed at the restoration of normal passage of the intestinal contents, is possible after the Gartmann's operation. 10 to 12 months should be considered as an optimal interval between the first and second operations. The authors believe that coloplasty associated with end-to-end anastomosis (when the rectal stump is long enough) - a modification of Soav\u00e9 and Duhamel coloplasty (in case of a short rectal stump) - is a method of choice. The results of Bondar's operation are not so good.", "contents": "[Methods of coloplasty following rectal and sigmoid resection using Gartmann's technic]. According to the authors' data, a repeated surgical intervention, aimed at the restoration of normal passage of the intestinal contents, is possible after the Gartmann's operation. 10 to 12 months should be considered as an optimal interval between the first and second operations. The authors believe that coloplasty associated with end-to-end anastomosis (when the rectal stump is long enough) - a modification of Soav\u00e9 and Duhamel coloplasty (in case of a short rectal stump) - is a method of choice. The results of Bondar's operation are not so good.", "PMID": 607532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9602", "title": "[Phleboarchitectonics of hemorrhoids].", "content": "Complex histological and injection methods, including roentgenovasography and morphometry, in different age group persons in intraoperative and autopsy materials, total of 333 observations (225 cases with hemorroid and 108 control cases) have demonstrated direct relations of rectal arteries and veins with cavernous bodies of the rectum at sites of the selected localization of internal hemorrhoidal nodes (predominantly at the 2d--4th and 8--10th hour divisions on a clock-face). It was shown that insufficiency of locking mechanisms of portacaval and arteriolar-venular anastomoses of rectal cavernous bodies resulting from impeded blood outflow and hypervolemia underlie the structural basis of hemorrhoid pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Phleboarchitectonics of hemorrhoids]. Complex histological and injection methods, including roentgenovasography and morphometry, in different age group persons in intraoperative and autopsy materials, total of 333 observations (225 cases with hemorroid and 108 control cases) have demonstrated direct relations of rectal arteries and veins with cavernous bodies of the rectum at sites of the selected localization of internal hemorrhoidal nodes (predominantly at the 2d--4th and 8--10th hour divisions on a clock-face). It was shown that insufficiency of locking mechanisms of portacaval and arteriolar-venular anastomoses of rectal cavernous bodies resulting from impeded blood outflow and hypervolemia underlie the structural basis of hemorrhoid pathogenesis.", "PMID": 607533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9603", "title": "[Variations of venous lesions of lower extremities associated with varicose veins].", "content": "374 varicose extremities in 238 patients were examined. In 344 (92%) out of 374 extremities valvular incompetence and dilatation of the basal trunk of the great saphenous vein over its length were found. In 212 (56.7%) extremities dilatation of the first median anastomosis between the great and small saphenous veins was found. The upper medial inflow in the leg gets injuried in 36.1% of cases, and the superficial tibial vein in 28%. Lateral varicosity occurred in 0.5% of cases. Injuries to the lateral branches without dilatation of basal trunk constituted 5.6%. There were no cases of dilatation of femoro-popliteal vein.", "contents": "[Variations of venous lesions of lower extremities associated with varicose veins]. 374 varicose extremities in 238 patients were examined. In 344 (92%) out of 374 extremities valvular incompetence and dilatation of the basal trunk of the great saphenous vein over its length were found. In 212 (56.7%) extremities dilatation of the first median anastomosis between the great and small saphenous veins was found. The upper medial inflow in the leg gets injuried in 36.1% of cases, and the superficial tibial vein in 28%. Lateral varicosity occurred in 0.5% of cases. Injuries to the lateral branches without dilatation of basal trunk constituted 5.6%. There were no cases of dilatation of femoro-popliteal vein.", "PMID": 607534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9604", "title": "[Use of oxyglucocycline in surgical practice].", "content": "A new antibiotic -- oxyglycocycline was applied in 107 cases of different surgical diseases. In 52 patients the antibiotic concentration in the blood and tissues was studied, and it was shown that the therapeutic concentration of the drug remains in the blood and tissues for 12 hours. Good tolerance to the drug was proved. There were no unfavourable effects upon the organism related to the use of the antibiotic. Oxyglycocycline is recommended for broad use in surgical practice being a good therapeutic and prophylactic preparation in case of surgical infection.", "contents": "[Use of oxyglucocycline in surgical practice]. A new antibiotic -- oxyglycocycline was applied in 107 cases of different surgical diseases. In 52 patients the antibiotic concentration in the blood and tissues was studied, and it was shown that the therapeutic concentration of the drug remains in the blood and tissues for 12 hours. Good tolerance to the drug was proved. There were no unfavourable effects upon the organism related to the use of the antibiotic. Oxyglycocycline is recommended for broad use in surgical practice being a good therapeutic and prophylactic preparation in case of surgical infection.", "PMID": 607535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9605", "title": "[Use of laser impulses in the treatment of melanoblastoma of the skin].", "content": "Favourable results of the treatment of skin melanoblastoma by means of pulse laser radiation are reported in 34 patients and of melanoblastoma skin metastasis in 13 patients. The follow-up lasted up to 5 years. There were no cases of local relapse. Metastasis in the regional lymph nodes were found in 5 patients (17%). Before the start of the treatment the latters had not shown any metastasis.", "contents": "[Use of laser impulses in the treatment of melanoblastoma of the skin]. Favourable results of the treatment of skin melanoblastoma by means of pulse laser radiation are reported in 34 patients and of melanoblastoma skin metastasis in 13 patients. The follow-up lasted up to 5 years. There were no cases of local relapse. Metastasis in the regional lymph nodes were found in 5 patients (17%). Before the start of the treatment the latters had not shown any metastasis.", "PMID": 607536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9606", "title": "[Follow-up of patients with malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region].", "content": "The results of postoperative treatment of 102 cases operated upon for malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region are set forth. In 58 among them some concommitant diseases were observed involving mostly the cardiovascular system. During the operation, however, no complications in all the patients were noted except for the development of hypotension in time of anesthetizing in one case. Prophylaxis and treatment were performed depending on the phase of the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Follow-up of patients with malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region]. The results of postoperative treatment of 102 cases operated upon for malignant neoplasms of the maxillofacial region are set forth. In 58 among them some concommitant diseases were observed involving mostly the cardiovascular system. During the operation, however, no complications in all the patients were noted except for the development of hypotension in time of anesthetizing in one case. Prophylaxis and treatment were performed depending on the phase of the postoperative period.", "PMID": 607537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9607", "title": "[Repeated surgery in congenital hydronephrosis in children].", "content": "During the period from 1963 to 1976 28 patients among the congenital hydronephrosis cases underwent a repeated operation, which was performed within the terms from 13 days to 8 years after the first intervention. Most often the repeated nephrectomy became necessary due to the occurrence of marked changes in the tissues and renal functional loss. The failure of the first surgical correction resulted from tactical errors and gave rise to the development of severe pyelonephritis.", "contents": "[Repeated surgery in congenital hydronephrosis in children]. During the period from 1963 to 1976 28 patients among the congenital hydronephrosis cases underwent a repeated operation, which was performed within the terms from 13 days to 8 years after the first intervention. Most often the repeated nephrectomy became necessary due to the occurrence of marked changes in the tissues and renal functional loss. The failure of the first surgical correction resulted from tactical errors and gave rise to the development of severe pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 607538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9608", "title": "[Modern principles in the inhibitor therapy of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors' experience with antienzymic treatment of 214 patients having acute pancreatitis is summarized. A method for calculating a dose of antienzymic substances by general activity of trypsin in blood and peritoneal exudate is suggested. By means of radioindication it was found that the maximum accumulation of the inhibitors in the pancreatic gland was dependent on the methods of their injection. It has been shown that the basic therapeutic effect of the inhibitors is to inactivate proteolytic enzymes. The injection of the inhibitors, depending on the form of pancreatitis, intravenously, intraperitoneally and in the celiac artery would eliminate enzymic toxemia in early stages of the disease, prevent the transition of edematous acute pancreatitis into hemorrhagic or necrotic one and avert autolysis of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Modern principles in the inhibitor therapy of acute pancreatitis]. The authors' experience with antienzymic treatment of 214 patients having acute pancreatitis is summarized. A method for calculating a dose of antienzymic substances by general activity of trypsin in blood and peritoneal exudate is suggested. By means of radioindication it was found that the maximum accumulation of the inhibitors in the pancreatic gland was dependent on the methods of their injection. It has been shown that the basic therapeutic effect of the inhibitors is to inactivate proteolytic enzymes. The injection of the inhibitors, depending on the form of pancreatitis, intravenously, intraperitoneally and in the celiac artery would eliminate enzymic toxemia in early stages of the disease, prevent the transition of edematous acute pancreatitis into hemorrhagic or necrotic one and avert autolysis of the pancreas.", "PMID": 607539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9609", "title": "[Associated maxillofacial and cerebrocranial injuries].", "content": "By analyzing the experience with the treatment of 192 cases of jaw fractures the authors show that in 23.9% of cases these fractures are associated with a cerebrocranial trauma. In such cases the spinal puncture is of great diagnostic and therapeutic value. The treatment of such cases should be complex, depending on the severity of the patient's condition, spinal fluid analysis findings and intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Associated maxillofacial and cerebrocranial injuries]. By analyzing the experience with the treatment of 192 cases of jaw fractures the authors show that in 23.9% of cases these fractures are associated with a cerebrocranial trauma. In such cases the spinal puncture is of great diagnostic and therapeutic value. The treatment of such cases should be complex, depending on the severity of the patient's condition, spinal fluid analysis findings and intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 607543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9610", "title": "[Unsolved problems of acute injury of major blood vessels of the extremities].", "content": "The experience with the treatment of 312 acute blood vessels trauma consecutive cases is generalized in this article. The problems dealing with differential estimation of reconstructive surgery, indications for reconstructive operations on patients with traumatic shock, blood loss and severe ischemia of the injured extremity are considered. Experimental studies on 35 dogs and clinical observations over 95 (30.4%) cases of traumatic shock and blood vessels injury permitted to reveal some peculiarities of homeostasis alterations when the ischemized extremity gets involved into the blood flow, and to show the grounds for using the differential tactics under such conditions.", "contents": "[Unsolved problems of acute injury of major blood vessels of the extremities]. The experience with the treatment of 312 acute blood vessels trauma consecutive cases is generalized in this article. The problems dealing with differential estimation of reconstructive surgery, indications for reconstructive operations on patients with traumatic shock, blood loss and severe ischemia of the injured extremity are considered. Experimental studies on 35 dogs and clinical observations over 95 (30.4%) cases of traumatic shock and blood vessels injury permitted to reveal some peculiarities of homeostasis alterations when the ischemized extremity gets involved into the blood flow, and to show the grounds for using the differential tactics under such conditions.", "PMID": 607544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9611", "title": "[Single dynamic compression during osteosynthesis using plates].", "content": "Special plates for the osteosynthesis and instantaneous compression of bone fragments with a contractor are described. The construction of the plates makes it possible to perform the compression on the operating table. The longitudinal grooves aid in approaching the fragments during the treatment process and do not interfere with the physiological compression due to both -- the reflectory tonic muscular contraction and the effect of the dynamic compression upon the extremity under loading. The combination of the instantaneous and dynamic compression while using the immersion osteosynthesis was carried out on 45 cases of bone fractures and 38 cases of long tubular bones pseudoarthrosis.", "contents": "[Single dynamic compression during osteosynthesis using plates]. Special plates for the osteosynthesis and instantaneous compression of bone fragments with a contractor are described. The construction of the plates makes it possible to perform the compression on the operating table. The longitudinal grooves aid in approaching the fragments during the treatment process and do not interfere with the physiological compression due to both -- the reflectory tonic muscular contraction and the effect of the dynamic compression upon the extremity under loading. The combination of the instantaneous and dynamic compression while using the immersion osteosynthesis was carried out on 45 cases of bone fractures and 38 cases of long tubular bones pseudoarthrosis.", "PMID": 607545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9612", "title": "[Postoperative analgesia in children operated upon under conditions of neuroleptoanalgesia].", "content": "The carried out study proved great possibilities and prospects of sensography for an objective estimation of the pain sensation alteration in the postoperative period. In children, operated upon under the conditions of neuroleptic analgesia (NLA), a prolonged and effective postoperative analgesia was noted. Its duration depends on the localisation and character of the operation and on the combination of NLA preparations with narcotics as well. The combination of NLA with sodium hydroxybutyrate provides the deepest and longest postoperative analgesia and increases its incidence, which is no less important.", "contents": "[Postoperative analgesia in children operated upon under conditions of neuroleptoanalgesia]. The carried out study proved great possibilities and prospects of sensography for an objective estimation of the pain sensation alteration in the postoperative period. In children, operated upon under the conditions of neuroleptic analgesia (NLA), a prolonged and effective postoperative analgesia was noted. Its duration depends on the localisation and character of the operation and on the combination of NLA preparations with narcotics as well. The combination of NLA with sodium hydroxybutyrate provides the deepest and longest postoperative analgesia and increases its incidence, which is no less important.", "PMID": 607547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9613", "title": "[Anesthesia and distant results of surgical treatment in patients with stomach cancer].", "content": "Based on the study of  the late results of surgical treatment in 373 patients with gastric cancer, subjected to radical subtotal gastrectomy, it was found that a group of patients operated under fluothane anesthesia shows the highest survival rate. As evidenced by the authors' findings the use of ether narcosis results in 16--27% reduction of yearly survival during the first five years. The most poor results were noted in a group of patients operated under neuroleptanalgesia.", "contents": "[Anesthesia and distant results of surgical treatment in patients with stomach cancer]. Based on the study of  the late results of surgical treatment in 373 patients with gastric cancer, subjected to radical subtotal gastrectomy, it was found that a group of patients operated under fluothane anesthesia shows the highest survival rate. As evidenced by the authors' findings the use of ether narcosis results in 16--27% reduction of yearly survival during the first five years. The most poor results were noted in a group of patients operated under neuroleptanalgesia.", "PMID": 607548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9614", "title": "[Immunoprophylaxis and serodiagnostic studies of abortion in cows caused by bacteria of the Mimeae group and the genus Yersinia].", "content": "Tested was the prophylactic effect of a vaccine against abortions in cows caused by bacteria immunologically related to R Brucella organisms. Results pointed to the substantial drop in the number of abortions in the vaccinated animals. Reported are also results of serologic investigations by the complement-fixation test with cows showing abortions and sterility.", "contents": "[Immunoprophylaxis and serodiagnostic studies of abortion in cows caused by bacteria of the Mimeae group and the genus Yersinia]. Tested was the prophylactic effect of a vaccine against abortions in cows caused by bacteria immunologically related to R Brucella organisms. Results pointed to the substantial drop in the number of abortions in the vaccinated animals. Reported are also results of serologic investigations by the complement-fixation test with cows showing abortions and sterility.", "PMID": 607552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9615", "title": "[Mercury content in fish].", "content": "Studied was the content of mercury in certain fish species from ocean and the Black Sea catch (mackerel, scad, and merluccius), sold on the home markets. The study of samples of merluccius revealed that the average level of mercury was 0.088 ppm, the deviations being from 0.036 ppm up to 0.16 ppm. In mackerel samples mercury averaged 0.075 ppm, with deviations of 0.04 ppm to 0.013 ppm. And in scad mercury was shown to vary from 0.03 ppm to 0.085, an average of 0.059 ppm. Mercury in the investigated species of fishes was considerably lower than the standards of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization and the maximum admissible tolerance in USA, Canada, and France.", "contents": "[Mercury content in fish]. Studied was the content of mercury in certain fish species from ocean and the Black Sea catch (mackerel, scad, and merluccius), sold on the home markets. The study of samples of merluccius revealed that the average level of mercury was 0.088 ppm, the deviations being from 0.036 ppm up to 0.16 ppm. In mackerel samples mercury averaged 0.075 ppm, with deviations of 0.04 ppm to 0.013 ppm. And in scad mercury was shown to vary from 0.03 ppm to 0.085, an average of 0.059 ppm. Mercury in the investigated species of fishes was considerably lower than the standards of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization and the maximum admissible tolerance in USA, Canada, and France.", "PMID": 607553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9616", "title": "[Histopathology of Q rickettsiosis in sheep].", "content": "Examined was material taken from five sheep (ewes) and two weaned lambs having naturally contracted Qu rickettsiosis. Described are the clinical symptoms of the disease and the morphologic changes. The diseased animals showed rise in temperature (39.5--40.5 degrees C), loss of appetite, and depression. Some of the weaned lambs manifested slight cough and digestive troubles. Part of the animals showed nervous symptoms--tic movements of the head and limbs. Morphologically, the liver was edematired, of lower compactness, and the spleen was enlarged, the meninges being hyperemic and peppered with pinpointed hemorrhages. Histologically, a strong diffuse activation and proliferation of the liver capillary endothelium was established along with necrobiosis of the liver epithelial cells and a diffuse leukocyte infiltration. Established was also hyperplasia of the reticular cells and the lymph follicles of the spleen and the bronchial lymph nodes. The epithelial cells of the kidney tubules were involved in vacuolar dystrophy, and in the medular section there were fibroblastic proliferations with hyperemia. Inflammatory changes in the brain were also found.", "contents": "[Histopathology of Q rickettsiosis in sheep]. Examined was material taken from five sheep (ewes) and two weaned lambs having naturally contracted Qu rickettsiosis. Described are the clinical symptoms of the disease and the morphologic changes. The diseased animals showed rise in temperature (39.5--40.5 degrees C), loss of appetite, and depression. Some of the weaned lambs manifested slight cough and digestive troubles. Part of the animals showed nervous symptoms--tic movements of the head and limbs. Morphologically, the liver was edematired, of lower compactness, and the spleen was enlarged, the meninges being hyperemic and peppered with pinpointed hemorrhages. Histologically, a strong diffuse activation and proliferation of the liver capillary endothelium was established along with necrobiosis of the liver epithelial cells and a diffuse leukocyte infiltration. Established was also hyperplasia of the reticular cells and the lymph follicles of the spleen and the bronchial lymph nodes. The epithelial cells of the kidney tubules were involved in vacuolar dystrophy, and in the medular section there were fibroblastic proliferations with hyperemia. Inflammatory changes in the brain were also found.", "PMID": 607554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9617", "title": "[Estrogenic activity of some lucerne varieties].", "content": "Studies was the estrogenic activity of lucerne--the local population Dounavka, the zonated French variety Du Puits, the promising Bulgarian variety. Pleven 1, the population Boinitsa, and the French variety Du Poitou. The estrogenic activity was determined by the biologic method based on the increase in the uterus weight of infantile mice after treatment with estrogens. Paper chromatography tests were also carried out to establish the presence of genestein and cumestrol. The study comprised three consecutive years, the extent of estrogenic activity being dependent on the amount of annual precipitations and the yields of green mass and dry matter. The study revealed that there were variations in the estrogenic activity of the investigated varieties and populations of lucerne within a wide range depending on the year of use and the green mass and dry matter obtained. High was it in the local population Dounavka, the French variety Du Poitou, and the Bulgarian variety Pleven 1. Comparatively lower was the estrogenic activity in Du Puits, and the local population Boinitsa. In all varieties and populations studied genestein was found in the first swath, and cumestrol--in the second swath. The remaining swaths showed differences in the content of genestein and cumestrol in the individual varieties and populations.", "contents": "[Estrogenic activity of some lucerne varieties]. Studies was the estrogenic activity of lucerne--the local population Dounavka, the zonated French variety Du Puits, the promising Bulgarian variety. Pleven 1, the population Boinitsa, and the French variety Du Poitou. The estrogenic activity was determined by the biologic method based on the increase in the uterus weight of infantile mice after treatment with estrogens. Paper chromatography tests were also carried out to establish the presence of genestein and cumestrol. The study comprised three consecutive years, the extent of estrogenic activity being dependent on the amount of annual precipitations and the yields of green mass and dry matter. The study revealed that there were variations in the estrogenic activity of the investigated varieties and populations of lucerne within a wide range depending on the year of use and the green mass and dry matter obtained. High was it in the local population Dounavka, the French variety Du Poitou, and the Bulgarian variety Pleven 1. Comparatively lower was the estrogenic activity in Du Puits, and the local population Boinitsa. In all varieties and populations studied genestein was found in the first swath, and cumestrol--in the second swath. The remaining swaths showed differences in the content of genestein and cumestrol in the individual varieties and populations.", "PMID": 607555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9618", "title": "[Relationship between placental weight and the weight of sheep and of lambs at birth].", "content": "In 1972--1973 a study was carried out on the sheep flock at the Barley at Institute, Karnobat, to establish the correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of ewes at impregnation and at giving birth, on the one hand, and the correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of lambs at birth, on the other hand. The influence of the age of ewes on the weight of placenta was also followed up. Studies were organized with two breed groups of sheep--the newly developed ewe for Southeast Bulgaria, and the Karnobat ewe. It was found that weight of placenta correlated with the weight of lambs at birth in both groups. The dependence was evaluated as well as expressed in twin lambs and as average in single lambs. Both at impregnation and at lambing there was a very good correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of ewes, which, in the second case, though demonstrated too, was more slightly expressed. The age of ewes was shown to have a statistically significant effect on the weight of placenta in the new fine-wooled sheep breed, which is being developed for the region of Southeast Bulgaria.", "contents": "[Relationship between placental weight and the weight of sheep and of lambs at birth]. In 1972--1973 a study was carried out on the sheep flock at the Barley at Institute, Karnobat, to establish the correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of ewes at impregnation and at giving birth, on the one hand, and the correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of lambs at birth, on the other hand. The influence of the age of ewes on the weight of placenta was also followed up. Studies were organized with two breed groups of sheep--the newly developed ewe for Southeast Bulgaria, and the Karnobat ewe. It was found that weight of placenta correlated with the weight of lambs at birth in both groups. The dependence was evaluated as well as expressed in twin lambs and as average in single lambs. Both at impregnation and at lambing there was a very good correlation between the weight of placenta and the weight of ewes, which, in the second case, though demonstrated too, was more slightly expressed. The age of ewes was shown to have a statistically significant effect on the weight of placenta in the new fine-wooled sheep breed, which is being developed for the region of Southeast Bulgaria.", "PMID": 607556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9619", "title": "[Diagnostic value of serological methods and of the allergy method in studying pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in poultry].", "content": "It was established that the positive allergy reaction was best expressed at the forty-eighth hour following the introduction of the allergen. The diagnostic value of the allergy reaction was not shown to surpass that of the serum agglutination reaction. It proved to be close to the value of the other serologic methods of examination (the whole-serum and whole-blood agglutination tests). The allergy method of investigation could be used as a tentative method, resp., reaction test for the detection of infected foci, however, the complete recovery of the infected poultry farms could be achieved with the use of the serologic methods of investigation. The latter could be applied at intervals of 10 to 20 days to detect the carriers of infection.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of serological methods and of the allergy method in studying pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in poultry]. It was established that the positive allergy reaction was best expressed at the forty-eighth hour following the introduction of the allergen. The diagnostic value of the allergy reaction was not shown to surpass that of the serum agglutination reaction. It proved to be close to the value of the other serologic methods of examination (the whole-serum and whole-blood agglutination tests). The allergy method of investigation could be used as a tentative method, resp., reaction test for the detection of infected foci, however, the complete recovery of the infected poultry farms could be achieved with the use of the serologic methods of investigation. The latter could be applied at intervals of 10 to 20 days to detect the carriers of infection.", "PMID": 607558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9620", "title": "Diagnostic routes in cases with single involvement in eyes suspected of sarcoidosis.", "content": "The ocular involvement of sarcoidosis is particularly important in Japan, because 1. the frequency of the eye involvement is as high as 20 to 40%, higher than in other countries- 2. the presence of this involvement proved to be an influential factor relating to the whole sarcoidosis lesions of a patient, and 3. the patients with this involvement will become blind unless adequately treated. In diagnostic routines of ocular sarcoidosis, chest X-rays will give the most useful information of the disease. If the chest X-ray findings are normal, it is not easy to make a diagnosis of a case whose ocular findings are very suspicious of sarcoidosis. This paper will give several case experiences in which we could successfully make a diagnosis, using mediastinoscopical biopsies though the X-rays had no findings.", "contents": "Diagnostic routes in cases with single involvement in eyes suspected of sarcoidosis. The ocular involvement of sarcoidosis is particularly important in Japan, because 1. the frequency of the eye involvement is as high as 20 to 40%, higher than in other countries- 2. the presence of this involvement proved to be an influential factor relating to the whole sarcoidosis lesions of a patient, and 3. the patients with this involvement will become blind unless adequately treated. In diagnostic routines of ocular sarcoidosis, chest X-rays will give the most useful information of the disease. If the chest X-ray findings are normal, it is not easy to make a diagnosis of a case whose ocular findings are very suspicious of sarcoidosis. This paper will give several case experiences in which we could successfully make a diagnosis, using mediastinoscopical biopsies though the X-rays had no findings.", "PMID": 607609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9621", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "content": "To determine the frequency of splenic involvement in sarcoidosis fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the spleen were performed in 77 patients with verified sarcoidosis. Splenic sarcoidosis was documented in 53% of the patients; in 67% of those with and in 47% of those without known extrathoracic manifestations. The majority of the patients had a normal spleen size. The results indicate that splenic involvement is common in sarcoidosis and even in the early stage of the disease. The splenic aspiration biopsy is a simple, safe, rapid and reliable diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. To determine the frequency of splenic involvement in sarcoidosis fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the spleen were performed in 77 patients with verified sarcoidosis. Splenic sarcoidosis was documented in 53% of the patients; in 67% of those with and in 47% of those without known extrathoracic manifestations. The majority of the patients had a normal spleen size. The results indicate that splenic involvement is common in sarcoidosis and even in the early stage of the disease. The splenic aspiration biopsy is a simple, safe, rapid and reliable diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 607611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9622", "title": "[Our experiences with the gallium-scintigraphy in case of sarcoidosis of the lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparing examinations of patients suffering from a sarcoidosis of the lungs by the help of roentgenograms, scintigraphies of lung perfusion of 67-gallium and bioptic examinations admit to conclude as follows: In the stages I and II the activity-accumulation of radioactive gallium corresponds nearly to the alterations becoming visible in the X-ray-graph. Consequently, increases of lymph nodes and active granulomatous interstitial or centriform infiltrations may be presented. In case of a successful treatment the activity-incorporation is not to be proved anymore. As to time the alterations also coincide with the radiogram. In single cases the epithelioid nodule may be proved bioptically and microscopically when the active process already has stabilized spontaneously or by a treatment. In these cases the radioactive gallium is incorporated no more. The proof of 67-Ga-activity has a special signification in case fibrotic alterations have already appeared. The examinations prove that a granulomatosis may continue to exist when already distinct X-ray-symptoms of a fibrosis are present. Consequently, the granulomas may appositionally develop and cause an additional fibrosis. Therefore, in case of an existing infiltration of the lungs the combination of a definite lesion in the form of a fibrosis and a persisting formation of granulomas rather means a rule than an exception. A perfusion scintigram may be altered pathologically by a granuloma as well as by a fibrosis. Disorders in perfusion caused by granulomas are reversible.", "contents": "[Our experiences with the gallium-scintigraphy in case of sarcoidosis of the lungs (author's transl)]. The comparing examinations of patients suffering from a sarcoidosis of the lungs by the help of roentgenograms, scintigraphies of lung perfusion of 67-gallium and bioptic examinations admit to conclude as follows: In the stages I and II the activity-accumulation of radioactive gallium corresponds nearly to the alterations becoming visible in the X-ray-graph. Consequently, increases of lymph nodes and active granulomatous interstitial or centriform infiltrations may be presented. In case of a successful treatment the activity-incorporation is not to be proved anymore. As to time the alterations also coincide with the radiogram. In single cases the epithelioid nodule may be proved bioptically and microscopically when the active process already has stabilized spontaneously or by a treatment. In these cases the radioactive gallium is incorporated no more. The proof of 67-Ga-activity has a special signification in case fibrotic alterations have already appeared. The examinations prove that a granulomatosis may continue to exist when already distinct X-ray-symptoms of a fibrosis are present. Consequently, the granulomas may appositionally develop and cause an additional fibrosis. Therefore, in case of an existing infiltration of the lungs the combination of a definite lesion in the form of a fibrosis and a persisting formation of granulomas rather means a rule than an exception. A perfusion scintigram may be altered pathologically by a granuloma as well as by a fibrosis. Disorders in perfusion caused by granulomas are reversible.", "PMID": 607612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9623", "title": "[Comparative study on x-ray and scintigraphie pictures and blood gases in sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphic examination of the lungs in sarcoidosis has been used as a supplement method of the functional examination. Perfusion scintigraphy enables to locate places with lowered regional perfusion in the form of spotted fall outs. In some cases of hilar lymphonodular forms of sarcoidosis we can already find some diffuse spotted fall outs of perfusion even if parenchymatous changes are still not visible. Up to now we have not seen any lobar or alar fall outs of radioactivity, as they can be found in central types of bronchogenic carcinoma. In sarcoidosis with micro- or macronodular X-ray shadows the scintigraphic defect in its extent sometimes does not correspond to these changes. On the basis of our material the mutual relation between scintigraphic pictures on one hand and blood gases on the other hand could not been neither confirmed nor eliminated.", "contents": "[Comparative study on x-ray and scintigraphie pictures and blood gases in sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Scintigraphic examination of the lungs in sarcoidosis has been used as a supplement method of the functional examination. Perfusion scintigraphy enables to locate places with lowered regional perfusion in the form of spotted fall outs. In some cases of hilar lymphonodular forms of sarcoidosis we can already find some diffuse spotted fall outs of perfusion even if parenchymatous changes are still not visible. Up to now we have not seen any lobar or alar fall outs of radioactivity, as they can be found in central types of bronchogenic carcinoma. In sarcoidosis with micro- or macronodular X-ray shadows the scintigraphic defect in its extent sometimes does not correspond to these changes. On the basis of our material the mutual relation between scintigraphic pictures on one hand and blood gases on the other hand could not been neither confirmed nor eliminated.", "PMID": 607614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9624", "title": "Bone lesions in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Roentgenographs from hands and feet have been made from 97 out of 162 patients suffering from a gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis. In 34 patients bone alterations have been stated. In cases of an advanced gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis the bone alterations were more frequent. In 23 cases the findings showed osteolytic characteristics. In 4 of the cases they consisted in circumscribed foci of condensation. In 7 cases osteolyses and condensations appeared in combination with one another. Up to now there are no data in literature about bone condensations in case of a sarcoidosis. Their classification into the aspect of this disease is recommended with due reserve.", "contents": "Bone lesions in sarcoidosis. Roentgenographs from hands and feet have been made from 97 out of 162 patients suffering from a gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis. In 34 patients bone alterations have been stated. In cases of an advanced gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis the bone alterations were more frequent. In 23 cases the findings showed osteolytic characteristics. In 4 of the cases they consisted in circumscribed foci of condensation. In 7 cases osteolyses and condensations appeared in combination with one another. Up to now there are no data in literature about bone condensations in case of a sarcoidosis. Their classification into the aspect of this disease is recommended with due reserve.", "PMID": 607615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9625", "title": "Gastric sarcoidosis in Japan.", "content": "Seventeen cases of gastric sarcoidosis have been reported in Japanese literature. Age distribution was from the 3rd decade (6 cases) to the 6th decade (3 cases) and the sex ratio was 2 females to 1 male. Preoperative diagnosis included 10 cases of gastric carcinoma and 6 cases of gastric ulcer. Sites of the granulomas were limited to the mucous membrane in 4 cases, from serosa to the mucous membrane in 9 cases and from the muscle layer to the mucous membrane in 1 case. As there are granulomas in the mucous membrane in all cases, it appears that granulomas may spread from the mucous membrane to outside and they can possibly be detected by biopsy. There were no BHL in any chest X-ray. Kveim test was positive in only 2 out of 11 cases. Prognosis is very good. There has been a question whether the gastric granuloma is a local or a generalized manifestation. From our findings, we will report in detail, it may not be a local reaction, but a gastric manifestation of generalized sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Gastric sarcoidosis in Japan. Seventeen cases of gastric sarcoidosis have been reported in Japanese literature. Age distribution was from the 3rd decade (6 cases) to the 6th decade (3 cases) and the sex ratio was 2 females to 1 male. Preoperative diagnosis included 10 cases of gastric carcinoma and 6 cases of gastric ulcer. Sites of the granulomas were limited to the mucous membrane in 4 cases, from serosa to the mucous membrane in 9 cases and from the muscle layer to the mucous membrane in 1 case. As there are granulomas in the mucous membrane in all cases, it appears that granulomas may spread from the mucous membrane to outside and they can possibly be detected by biopsy. There were no BHL in any chest X-ray. Kveim test was positive in only 2 out of 11 cases. Prognosis is very good. There has been a question whether the gastric granuloma is a local or a generalized manifestation. From our findings, we will report in detail, it may not be a local reaction, but a gastric manifestation of generalized sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 607616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9626", "title": "[A longterm rational control of the course of sarcoidosis in ambulatory practice (author's transl)].", "content": "In longterm rational controls of clinically significant disseminated sarcoidosis of the lungs 1. standardized X-ray-graphs record the change-over of the granulomatous sarcoidosis stage to a fibrotic one, discrete X-ray-alterations put up to optimistic interpretation, 2. standardized function parameters verify the frequently resting decrease in pulmonary function. In controls over 3-5 years the curve of forced exspiration already signalizes dangerous delayed effects of sarcoidosis (deficient load-arterialization?) in spite of an apparently roentgenological improvement. This statement becomes decisive for individual and industrial-medical prognoses. Herefore 3 examples: A picture of structure and function of disseminated sarcoidoses of the lungs before and after a treatment lasting for years (corticosteroids) with standardized controls. A standard X-ray-graph is to be evaluated only in combination with standard function parameters. Pay attention to the signal restriction in --2 sigma.", "contents": "[A longterm rational control of the course of sarcoidosis in ambulatory practice (author's transl)]. In longterm rational controls of clinically significant disseminated sarcoidosis of the lungs 1. standardized X-ray-graphs record the change-over of the granulomatous sarcoidosis stage to a fibrotic one, discrete X-ray-alterations put up to optimistic interpretation, 2. standardized function parameters verify the frequently resting decrease in pulmonary function. In controls over 3-5 years the curve of forced exspiration already signalizes dangerous delayed effects of sarcoidosis (deficient load-arterialization?) in spite of an apparently roentgenological improvement. This statement becomes decisive for individual and industrial-medical prognoses. Herefore 3 examples: A picture of structure and function of disseminated sarcoidoses of the lungs before and after a treatment lasting for years (corticosteroids) with standardized controls. A standard X-ray-graph is to be evaluated only in combination with standard function parameters. Pay attention to the signal restriction in --2 sigma.", "PMID": 607617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9627", "title": "[2nd European Symposium on Sarcoidosis. Various methods of corticosteroid therapy].", "content": "In order to achieve good results with the corticosteroid-therapy in not spontaneously regredient sarcoidoses a longterm treatment (12-24 months) by considerable corticosteroid-doses proves to be necessary; thereby the problem of side-effects by steroids will arise, especially in young women frequently developing a Cushing-syndrome. By our endeavour to prevent this unpleasant phaenomenon we carried through an alternating attempt with two variant kinds of intermittent treatment. The first method relates to 4 successive days in the week (as it is proposed by P. Krakowka) and the second procedure relates to each 2nd day. The second treatment has proved to be the better one. Side-effects appeared in 31. 9 per cent in case of a daily treatment by steroids, in 27.3 per cent after the application of the method of 4 days a week, and in no one case after an application each second day. The results of the treatment by corticosteroids are equal in all the three groups.", "contents": "[2nd European Symposium on Sarcoidosis. Various methods of corticosteroid therapy]. In order to achieve good results with the corticosteroid-therapy in not spontaneously regredient sarcoidoses a longterm treatment (12-24 months) by considerable corticosteroid-doses proves to be necessary; thereby the problem of side-effects by steroids will arise, especially in young women frequently developing a Cushing-syndrome. By our endeavour to prevent this unpleasant phaenomenon we carried through an alternating attempt with two variant kinds of intermittent treatment. The first method relates to 4 successive days in the week (as it is proposed by P. Krakowka) and the second procedure relates to each 2nd day. The second treatment has proved to be the better one. Side-effects appeared in 31. 9 per cent in case of a daily treatment by steroids, in 27.3 per cent after the application of the method of 4 days a week, and in no one case after an application each second day. The results of the treatment by corticosteroids are equal in all the three groups.", "PMID": 607618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9628", "title": "Indication and duration of the prednisolone therapy of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis--a prognostic-therapeutic screening as a result of a controlled trial.", "content": "Report on a controlled therapeutic trial with prednisolone of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis. The patients comprised three groups differing from the dose of prednisolone and the duration of the treatment. 194 clinically and histologically proven cases were completely treated. Two years after ending the treatment the relapse rates were about 20 to 30% in each group. This corresponds well with the rate of spontaneous regression. These results are an indicator that in most cases the underlying pathogenic process of immune deficiency is calming down during treatment and this leads to a possible change in therapeutic indication:--treating all patients for only one year, --taking into account that a relapse will occur in about one third of all cases,--avoiding supertreatment of the other two thirds with a not harmless and costly drug.", "contents": "Indication and duration of the prednisolone therapy of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis--a prognostic-therapeutic screening as a result of a controlled trial. Report on a controlled therapeutic trial with prednisolone of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis. The patients comprised three groups differing from the dose of prednisolone and the duration of the treatment. 194 clinically and histologically proven cases were completely treated. Two years after ending the treatment the relapse rates were about 20 to 30% in each group. This corresponds well with the rate of spontaneous regression. These results are an indicator that in most cases the underlying pathogenic process of immune deficiency is calming down during treatment and this leads to a possible change in therapeutic indication:--treating all patients for only one year, --taking into account that a relapse will occur in about one third of all cases,--avoiding supertreatment of the other two thirds with a not harmless and costly drug.", "PMID": 607619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9629", "title": "[Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Poland (author's transl)].", "content": "The numbers of patients registered in chest clinics and of those treated in hospitals or sanatoria enable to calculate the index of sarcoidosis: 7.1/100000 inhabitants in 1973 and 7.7/100000 in 1974. The comparison with the data of the years 1963, 1967, 1968 and 1969 shows an increase of sarcoidosis. Highest frequency has been observed among the age group 30--40 years. Women are slightly predominating (56 p.c.).", "contents": "[Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Poland (author's transl)]. The numbers of patients registered in chest clinics and of those treated in hospitals or sanatoria enable to calculate the index of sarcoidosis: 7.1/100000 inhabitants in 1973 and 7.7/100000 in 1974. The comparison with the data of the years 1963, 1967, 1968 and 1969 shows an increase of sarcoidosis. Highest frequency has been observed among the age group 30--40 years. Women are slightly predominating (56 p.c.).", "PMID": 607620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9630", "title": "[Aldactone in the treatment of sarcoidosis of the lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "Earlier experimental findings and isolately clinical experiences too made to suppose spironolacton and their derivatives to have an immunosuppressive effect. Under this point of view and in connection with it the conception to apply cortisone in a combination as low as possible or even to avoid it al all, aldactone has been applied by way of trial in the therapy of the sarcoidosis of the lungs. After an experience over three years the therapeutical results are compared with the earlier treatment methods only basing on cortisone and the possible effective mechanism is discussed. Merely spontaneous regressions are not supposed to be in all cases showing a good therapeutical effect; the successful application of aldactone in the treatment of lung fibrosis is also speaking in favour of it.", "contents": "[Aldactone in the treatment of sarcoidosis of the lungs (author's transl)]. Earlier experimental findings and isolately clinical experiences too made to suppose spironolacton and their derivatives to have an immunosuppressive effect. Under this point of view and in connection with it the conception to apply cortisone in a combination as low as possible or even to avoid it al all, aldactone has been applied by way of trial in the therapy of the sarcoidosis of the lungs. After an experience over three years the therapeutical results are compared with the earlier treatment methods only basing on cortisone and the possible effective mechanism is discussed. Merely spontaneous regressions are not supposed to be in all cases showing a good therapeutical effect; the successful application of aldactone in the treatment of lung fibrosis is also speaking in favour of it.", "PMID": 607621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9631", "title": "The incidence of sarcoidosis in Czechoslovakia in the years 1971-1975.", "content": "In Czechoslovakia the yearly incidence of sarcoidosis has been followed-up from the year 1971 on the whole territory, in each of 112 districts separately. All together it makes no difference what diagnostic procedure has corroborated the diagnosis or whether the patient at the time when sarcoidosis was ascertained did or did not have any disturbances. The number relative to 100000 inhavitants of each district varied greatly up to the end of 1975, from 0 to 32 per 100000 people. In 10 districts it was higher than 6:100000. As the very districts with the highest incidence in 7 out of 10 districts adjoined the districts with the zero incidence it seems to be logical to resume that the zero incidence in none of the 21 districts was a real one. The sex and age distribution, the number of persons with histologically verified diagnosis, the intrathoracic and extrathoracic localisation of sarcoidosis and the distribution of the stages of intrathoracic sarcoidosis have been followed-up in 1442, respectively in 1839 patients observed in the last five years period. The necessity of a new prospective cooporative controlled study of the incidence of sarcoidosis in some European countries seems to be evident.", "contents": "The incidence of sarcoidosis in Czechoslovakia in the years 1971-1975. In Czechoslovakia the yearly incidence of sarcoidosis has been followed-up from the year 1971 on the whole territory, in each of 112 districts separately. All together it makes no difference what diagnostic procedure has corroborated the diagnosis or whether the patient at the time when sarcoidosis was ascertained did or did not have any disturbances. The number relative to 100000 inhavitants of each district varied greatly up to the end of 1975, from 0 to 32 per 100000 people. In 10 districts it was higher than 6:100000. As the very districts with the highest incidence in 7 out of 10 districts adjoined the districts with the zero incidence it seems to be logical to resume that the zero incidence in none of the 21 districts was a real one. The sex and age distribution, the number of persons with histologically verified diagnosis, the intrathoracic and extrathoracic localisation of sarcoidosis and the distribution of the stages of intrathoracic sarcoidosis have been followed-up in 1442, respectively in 1839 patients observed in the last five years period. The necessity of a new prospective cooporative controlled study of the incidence of sarcoidosis in some European countries seems to be evident.", "PMID": 607623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9632", "title": "[On case finding of sarcoidosis by mass-x-ray examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the district of middle-Slovakia with 1.400.000 inhabitants preventive mass-X-ray examinations of the population over 15 years were made to find tuberculosis patients. Suspicious cases got a solid investigation in the hospital departments for tuberculosis and respiratory diseases or in special lung clinics. Every year nearly 500000 radiophotographs are produced for mass-X-ray, before start in profession, for people with higher risk of disease, for boys liable to military service and persons with tuberculosis contacts. As we could confirm in the investigation of suspicious cases the diagnosis \"Sarcoidosis\" in some departments we follow up its incidence and prevalence since 1971. In our district we detect about 50 new cases every year. That corresponds to an incidence of 3.5 per 100000 inhabitants. There are great differences between the single departments from 0.65 to 15.2 per 100000 inhabitants. This counts for a regional distribution. Since five years we similar follow the prevalence, which had an average of 14.9 per 100000 in 1971 in our district and of 27.7 per 100.000 in 1975. The prevalence of sarcoidosis differs between 12 and 51 per 100000 inhabitants in the single department of our districts.", "contents": "[On case finding of sarcoidosis by mass-x-ray examinations (author's transl)]. In the district of middle-Slovakia with 1.400.000 inhabitants preventive mass-X-ray examinations of the population over 15 years were made to find tuberculosis patients. Suspicious cases got a solid investigation in the hospital departments for tuberculosis and respiratory diseases or in special lung clinics. Every year nearly 500000 radiophotographs are produced for mass-X-ray, before start in profession, for people with higher risk of disease, for boys liable to military service and persons with tuberculosis contacts. As we could confirm in the investigation of suspicious cases the diagnosis \"Sarcoidosis\" in some departments we follow up its incidence and prevalence since 1971. In our district we detect about 50 new cases every year. That corresponds to an incidence of 3.5 per 100000 inhabitants. There are great differences between the single departments from 0.65 to 15.2 per 100000 inhabitants. This counts for a regional distribution. Since five years we similar follow the prevalence, which had an average of 14.9 per 100000 in 1971 in our district and of 27.7 per 100.000 in 1975. The prevalence of sarcoidosis differs between 12 and 51 per 100000 inhabitants in the single department of our districts.", "PMID": 607625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9633", "title": "A local outbreak of sarcoidosis in Northern Japan.", "content": "The annual chest X-ray surveys conducted in Hokkaido during a 5 year period from 1972 to 1976 disclosed that the Furano basin located in a central mountainous district had an extremely high discovery rate of the cases with sarcoidosis. Miniature films sized 70 x 70 mm were ready by two or more sarcoidologists. The cases suspicious of sarcoidosis were requested to attent nearby general hospitals for histological examinations. The number of the cases diagnoses as sarcoidosis were 16 out of about 30000 examinees in the Furano basin, 2 out of about 37000 in Sapporo City, the capital of Hokkaido, and one out of about 100000 in other 7 areas. The Furano basin had a significantly higher rate of discovery than Sapporo City or the other 7 areas. Due to the rural localisation, 6 of the 16 Furano cases were confirmed by biopsies, but the remaining 10 were carefully diagnosed with clinical and laboratory findings as they could not come up to general hospitals. Three of the Furano cases belonged to 3 generations in a family. Even if only the 6 histologically confirmed cases were observed, the rate in Furano is still higher than in the other two districts. Thus an intensive epidemiological investigation has been conducted in this district.", "contents": "A local outbreak of sarcoidosis in Northern Japan. The annual chest X-ray surveys conducted in Hokkaido during a 5 year period from 1972 to 1976 disclosed that the Furano basin located in a central mountainous district had an extremely high discovery rate of the cases with sarcoidosis. Miniature films sized 70 x 70 mm were ready by two or more sarcoidologists. The cases suspicious of sarcoidosis were requested to attent nearby general hospitals for histological examinations. The number of the cases diagnoses as sarcoidosis were 16 out of about 30000 examinees in the Furano basin, 2 out of about 37000 in Sapporo City, the capital of Hokkaido, and one out of about 100000 in other 7 areas. The Furano basin had a significantly higher rate of discovery than Sapporo City or the other 7 areas. Due to the rural localisation, 6 of the 16 Furano cases were confirmed by biopsies, but the remaining 10 were carefully diagnosed with clinical and laboratory findings as they could not come up to general hospitals. Three of the Furano cases belonged to 3 generations in a family. Even if only the 6 histologically confirmed cases were observed, the rate in Furano is still higher than in the other two districts. Thus an intensive epidemiological investigation has been conducted in this district.", "PMID": 607626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9634", "title": "[Considerations about the incidence of sarcoidosis in the Lettish SSR (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Lettish SSR sarcoidosis was discovered in 292 women and 192 men in the period from 1958 to 1975. The average annual incidence rate per 10000 inhabitants was 3.09 in females and 2.04 in males. Contrary to this general predominance of females over males the incidence rate for boys was 4 to 5 times higher than for girls in the youngest age group ranging from 10 to 19 years. In the age group from 20 to 29 years there was also still noted a distinctly higher relative incidence in males but it was smaller in comparison with the younger group. The reasons for these age depending sex differences are unknown. The possible importance of endocrine processes for the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Considerations about the incidence of sarcoidosis in the Lettish SSR (author's transl)]. In the Lettish SSR sarcoidosis was discovered in 292 women and 192 men in the period from 1958 to 1975. The average annual incidence rate per 10000 inhabitants was 3.09 in females and 2.04 in males. Contrary to this general predominance of females over males the incidence rate for boys was 4 to 5 times higher than for girls in the youngest age group ranging from 10 to 19 years. In the age group from 20 to 29 years there was also still noted a distinctly higher relative incidence in males but it was smaller in comparison with the younger group. The reasons for these age depending sex differences are unknown. The possible importance of endocrine processes for the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is discussed.", "PMID": 607627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9635", "title": "Epidemiological data on sarcoidosis in Italy.", "content": "Due to reports on histologically confirmed cases of sarcoidosis coming from diagnosis centres in various Italian regions there are appreciable differences in the frequency of this disease. Sarcoidosis occurs most frequently in north Italy, less frequently in the southern part of the country, and very rarely on the Italian islands. Most of the cases were diagnosed in stage I (70%), involving a small number of L\u00f6fgren syndrom cases. 20% of the cases concerned stage II and 5% stage III. Extrapulmonary localizations were reported rarely.", "contents": "Epidemiological data on sarcoidosis in Italy. Due to reports on histologically confirmed cases of sarcoidosis coming from diagnosis centres in various Italian regions there are appreciable differences in the frequency of this disease. Sarcoidosis occurs most frequently in north Italy, less frequently in the southern part of the country, and very rarely on the Italian islands. Most of the cases were diagnosed in stage I (70%), involving a small number of L\u00f6fgren syndrom cases. 20% of the cases concerned stage II and 5% stage III. Extrapulmonary localizations were reported rarely.", "PMID": 607628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9636", "title": "[Sarcoidosis and profession (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is basing on hitherto not published results of a dynamic community-related epidemiologic study, passed by data processing on sarcoidosis within the territory of the district of Cottbus (860000 inhabitants). The completely registered new cases of sarciodosis during the years 1961-1975 (1647 cases) have been recorded using the following epidemiologic parameters: profession, age, sex, education, residential district, personal status and so on. The classification according to professional groups was carried out correspondingly to an appropriate modification of the professional catalogue of the WHO. Under consideration of the hitherto very contradictory data in literature--the result of our investigation points to the importance of this epidemiologic parameter. Conclusions could be drawn also as to morbidity, pathogenesis and prophylaxis results. The correlation between profession, education and residential district allows interpretations on the causes of regional differences in the incidence of sardoidosis in rural districts. In the district of Cottbus there is an accumulation of sarcoidosis in rural districts respectively in professional branches prevailing there.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis and profession (author's transl)]. This paper is basing on hitherto not published results of a dynamic community-related epidemiologic study, passed by data processing on sarcoidosis within the territory of the district of Cottbus (860000 inhabitants). The completely registered new cases of sarciodosis during the years 1961-1975 (1647 cases) have been recorded using the following epidemiologic parameters: profession, age, sex, education, residential district, personal status and so on. The classification according to professional groups was carried out correspondingly to an appropriate modification of the professional catalogue of the WHO. Under consideration of the hitherto very contradictory data in literature--the result of our investigation points to the importance of this epidemiologic parameter. Conclusions could be drawn also as to morbidity, pathogenesis and prophylaxis results. The correlation between profession, education and residential district allows interpretations on the causes of regional differences in the incidence of sardoidosis in rural districts. In the district of Cottbus there is an accumulation of sarcoidosis in rural districts respectively in professional branches prevailing there.", "PMID": 607629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9637", "title": "Notification of Sarcoidosis in Denmark--the \"true\" incidence?", "content": "Although the central nation-wide registration of sarcoidosis in Denmark has provided valuable informations, the estimation of incidence is too low because a) far from all cases are detected owing to the often silent and transient nature of the disease and b) there has been a significant deficiency in the notification of known cases.", "contents": "Notification of Sarcoidosis in Denmark--the \"true\" incidence? Although the central nation-wide registration of sarcoidosis in Denmark has provided valuable informations, the estimation of incidence is too low because a) far from all cases are detected owing to the often silent and transient nature of the disease and b) there has been a significant deficiency in the notification of known cases.", "PMID": 607630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9638", "title": "[Is there sarcoidosis in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis? (author's transl)].", "content": "A review is given of the literature concerned with the relatively rare occurence of sarcoidosis in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and informations on clinical status, diagnostic, stage distribution and evaluation of 28 personally observed patients presented. The possible reasons of the only recently more frequent detection of sarcoidosis are discussed. Easily realisable measures as screening (test of tuberculine) for earlier detection are recommended.", "contents": "[Is there sarcoidosis in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis? (author's transl)]. A review is given of the literature concerned with the relatively rare occurence of sarcoidosis in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and informations on clinical status, diagnostic, stage distribution and evaluation of 28 personally observed patients presented. The possible reasons of the only recently more frequent detection of sarcoidosis are discussed. Easily realisable measures as screening (test of tuberculine) for earlier detection are recommended.", "PMID": 607631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9639", "title": "[Frequency and distribution of sarcoidosis in GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiological development of sarcoidosis in GDR is discussed in consideration of age, sex, case-finding, and various forms of disease. In several districts of GDR incidence of sarcoidosis is different. Till now no proof exists for the assumption, that these differences are based on objective causes. The curves of incidence and prevalence in relation to age and sex are discussed and interpreted.", "contents": "[Frequency and distribution of sarcoidosis in GDR (author's transl)]. The epidemiological development of sarcoidosis in GDR is discussed in consideration of age, sex, case-finding, and various forms of disease. In several districts of GDR incidence of sarcoidosis is different. Till now no proof exists for the assumption, that these differences are based on objective causes. The curves of incidence and prevalence in relation to age and sex are discussed and interpreted.", "PMID": 607632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9640", "title": "[Statement of the bioptic diagnostic in intrathoracic sarcoidosis--team work of 6 lung hospitals of the GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "A nearly nation-wide team-work of six chest hospitals was made with 4284 patients to analyse all performed diagnostic procedures up to the present. Its frequency and diagnostic importance in relation to the radiographic stages of the disease were examined. Especially the procedure of bronchologic examination, having been partly underrated with the morphological ascertainment of sarcoidosis, are now purposefully analysed. This showed that also with perbronchic punction-biopsy and bronchoscopic excision morphologically confirming of the diagnosis was possible at a high percentage. On the other side the right diagnosis was made clinically before bioptic procedures in the majority of the patients. The overall conclusion is that, according to the experiences made in our hospitals, the relatively harmless bronchologic procedures are in general sufficient to obtain bioptic verfication of the diagnosis \"sarcoidosis\". Other bioptic operations like mediastinoscopy or lung biopsy can be restricted to cases with reasonable doube of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Statement of the bioptic diagnostic in intrathoracic sarcoidosis--team work of 6 lung hospitals of the GDR (author's transl)]. A nearly nation-wide team-work of six chest hospitals was made with 4284 patients to analyse all performed diagnostic procedures up to the present. Its frequency and diagnostic importance in relation to the radiographic stages of the disease were examined. Especially the procedure of bronchologic examination, having been partly underrated with the morphological ascertainment of sarcoidosis, are now purposefully analysed. This showed that also with perbronchic punction-biopsy and bronchoscopic excision morphologically confirming of the diagnosis was possible at a high percentage. On the other side the right diagnosis was made clinically before bioptic procedures in the majority of the patients. The overall conclusion is that, according to the experiences made in our hospitals, the relatively harmless bronchologic procedures are in general sufficient to obtain bioptic verfication of the diagnosis \"sarcoidosis\". Other bioptic operations like mediastinoscopy or lung biopsy can be restricted to cases with reasonable doube of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 607633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9641", "title": "Diagnostic value of biopsy in gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "In order to be well determined the diagnosis of sarcoidosis needs multiple evidence of clinical, radiological, immunobiological and humoral order, and a histopathological confirmation too. Our casuistry covered 173 observations: Stage I with 94 (54.33%) cases, stage II with 68 (39.3%) cases, and stage III with 11 (6.4%) cases. In 136 patients one or several biopsies were performed  with a histopathological result for sarcoidosis in 107 cases (61.8%). According to their character, biopsies could be divided into three groups: Group I comprised 39  biopsies of some easily accessible lesions (skin lesion, peripheral adenopathy, tonsils a.s.o.). 25 of them were concludent for sarcoidosis (64.1%). Group II was made up of 118 biopsies of some hardly accessible lesions (hepatic biopsy puncture, bronchoscopy, pre-scalene node biopsy). Of these biopsies, 22 pleaded for sarcoidosis (18.6%). In group III entered 67 deep biopsies (mediastinoscopy, hiloscopy, thoracotomy with pulmonary biopsy). All of them confirmed sarcoidosis. If to the concludent histopathological result for sarcoidosis (61.8%) we add the one given by the Kveim test (15.1%) (in cases without biopsy or with a non-concludent biopsy) the percentage of biopsy confirmation rises to 76.9%).", "contents": "Diagnostic value of biopsy in gangliopulmonary sarcoidosis. In order to be well determined the diagnosis of sarcoidosis needs multiple evidence of clinical, radiological, immunobiological and humoral order, and a histopathological confirmation too. Our casuistry covered 173 observations: Stage I with 94 (54.33%) cases, stage II with 68 (39.3%) cases, and stage III with 11 (6.4%) cases. In 136 patients one or several biopsies were performed  with a histopathological result for sarcoidosis in 107 cases (61.8%). According to their character, biopsies could be divided into three groups: Group I comprised 39  biopsies of some easily accessible lesions (skin lesion, peripheral adenopathy, tonsils a.s.o.). 25 of them were concludent for sarcoidosis (64.1%). Group II was made up of 118 biopsies of some hardly accessible lesions (hepatic biopsy puncture, bronchoscopy, pre-scalene node biopsy). Of these biopsies, 22 pleaded for sarcoidosis (18.6%). In group III entered 67 deep biopsies (mediastinoscopy, hiloscopy, thoracotomy with pulmonary biopsy). All of them confirmed sarcoidosis. If to the concludent histopathological result for sarcoidosis (61.8%) we add the one given by the Kveim test (15.1%) (in cases without biopsy or with a non-concludent biopsy) the percentage of biopsy confirmation rises to 76.9%).", "PMID": 607634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9642", "title": "[Bronchoscopic biopsies of sarcoidoses in the stage I and II (author's transl)].", "content": "The material of the present study includes 96 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, phase I and II. Diagnosis was established bronchoscopically in 63.5% of patients examined. The best results were obtained by trans-bronchial needle-biopsy at bronchoscopy. In phase I, this method established the diagnosis in 76.5% of cases, in phase II in 48%, and in the whole material (phase I and II together) in 64.4%. Biopsy of the bronchial mucous membrane gave a lower percentage of diagnosis: in phase I--32.5%, in phase II 48.7%, and in the whole material--40.2%. Needle-biopsy of the lymph nodes and two or three bronchial biopsies simultaneously proved to be the method of choice: Sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 80% of cases in which these two methods were used. Bronchoscopic methods are effective, well tolerated and do not entail any serious complications.", "contents": "[Bronchoscopic biopsies of sarcoidoses in the stage I and II (author's transl)]. The material of the present study includes 96 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, phase I and II. Diagnosis was established bronchoscopically in 63.5% of patients examined. The best results were obtained by trans-bronchial needle-biopsy at bronchoscopy. In phase I, this method established the diagnosis in 76.5% of cases, in phase II in 48%, and in the whole material (phase I and II together) in 64.4%. Biopsy of the bronchial mucous membrane gave a lower percentage of diagnosis: in phase I--32.5%, in phase II 48.7%, and in the whole material--40.2%. Needle-biopsy of the lymph nodes and two or three bronchial biopsies simultaneously proved to be the method of choice: Sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 80% of cases in which these two methods were used. Bronchoscopic methods are effective, well tolerated and do not entail any serious complications.", "PMID": 607635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9643", "title": "Cytological investigation of biopsy performed in sarcoidosis.", "content": "One of the most frequent appearance of sarcoidosis is the enlargement of mediastinal lymph-nodes. The clinical picture first of all must be distinguished from the malignant processes and seldom from lymph-node tuberculosis. At our clinic material was obtained for cytological examination in two ways: through mediastinoscopy in the course of which we had opportunity of histological evaluation too and by means of transbronchial thin-needle puncture respectively and only cytological examination was performed with this material. We carried out investigations in 155 patients sent to our clinic on account of the suspicion of sarcoidosis. According to the course of disease or rather other examinations 123 out of 155 patients suffered from sarcoidosis and in 112 of these cases that is in 91% the diagnosis was verified by the help of cytological examination. In the smears epithelioid cell groups were generally found in large number but Langhans' giant cells could be produced only in 21 cases. In 70 of 123 patients mediastinoscopy and in 53 transbronchial thin-needle biopsy was accomplished. Through cytological investigation of material obtained mediastinoscopically we attained nearly 100% positivity rate and 80% by the help of thin-needle biopsy. Although forasmuch as the transbronchial puncture does not need special intervention because it can be carried out in the course of routine bronchoscopy we think the application of the procedure reasonable not only in finding metastasis if it involves the hypertrophy of mediastinal lymph-nodes. In this way we spare the patient from further examinations. The cytological finding, of course, must be always fitted in clinical picture but on the basis of our experience the close cooperation between the clinician and cytologist assures the avoidance of wrong diagnosis.", "contents": "Cytological investigation of biopsy performed in sarcoidosis. One of the most frequent appearance of sarcoidosis is the enlargement of mediastinal lymph-nodes. The clinical picture first of all must be distinguished from the malignant processes and seldom from lymph-node tuberculosis. At our clinic material was obtained for cytological examination in two ways: through mediastinoscopy in the course of which we had opportunity of histological evaluation too and by means of transbronchial thin-needle puncture respectively and only cytological examination was performed with this material. We carried out investigations in 155 patients sent to our clinic on account of the suspicion of sarcoidosis. According to the course of disease or rather other examinations 123 out of 155 patients suffered from sarcoidosis and in 112 of these cases that is in 91% the diagnosis was verified by the help of cytological examination. In the smears epithelioid cell groups were generally found in large number but Langhans' giant cells could be produced only in 21 cases. In 70 of 123 patients mediastinoscopy and in 53 transbronchial thin-needle biopsy was accomplished. Through cytological investigation of material obtained mediastinoscopically we attained nearly 100% positivity rate and 80% by the help of thin-needle biopsy. Although forasmuch as the transbronchial puncture does not need special intervention because it can be carried out in the course of routine bronchoscopy we think the application of the procedure reasonable not only in finding metastasis if it involves the hypertrophy of mediastinal lymph-nodes. In this way we spare the patient from further examinations. The cytological finding, of course, must be always fitted in clinical picture but on the basis of our experience the close cooperation between the clinician and cytologist assures the avoidance of wrong diagnosis.", "PMID": 607636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9644", "title": "The value of modern morphological methods (histochemistry, immunopathology) in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Correlative studies concerning the value of modern of morphological methods in correlation to the clinical picture were undertaken in patients with sarcoidosis. The investigations comprised immunopathological and histochemical studies of mediastinal lymph nodes, normal lymph nodes and lymphnodes by inflammatory lung diseases. The metabolic state of the granulomas in sarcoidosis is expressed by enzymehistochemical investigations and shows a strong activity of enzymes of the pentose cycle, cancer cycle, anaerobic glycolysis, respiratory chain and of hydrolytic enzymes. Of special interest is the activity of aminopeptidase in the granulomas, found only positive in progressive stage of the disease. With the aid of some hydrolases (acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase) information is given about phagocytotic activity in granulomas. Antibody formation (anti-human-IgG, -IgA and -IgM) is visible in fresh cases around granulomas in the cytoplasms of large lymphoid cells, in some cases also in the walls of vessels. With longer duration of the disease immunoglobulins were found extracellulary first in little focal areas and later as a dense homogen material around the granulomas. In long existing cases only a weak or negative fluorescence was observed in this material, expressed by light microscopy as hyaline transformation. The value of this methods is given in additional information concerning the metabolic activity (especially phagozytosis) and immunological state (antibody formation) of the disease as an important factor for a well-timed and effective therapy.", "contents": "The value of modern morphological methods (histochemistry, immunopathology) in sarcoidosis. Correlative studies concerning the value of modern of morphological methods in correlation to the clinical picture were undertaken in patients with sarcoidosis. The investigations comprised immunopathological and histochemical studies of mediastinal lymph nodes, normal lymph nodes and lymphnodes by inflammatory lung diseases. The metabolic state of the granulomas in sarcoidosis is expressed by enzymehistochemical investigations and shows a strong activity of enzymes of the pentose cycle, cancer cycle, anaerobic glycolysis, respiratory chain and of hydrolytic enzymes. Of special interest is the activity of aminopeptidase in the granulomas, found only positive in progressive stage of the disease. With the aid of some hydrolases (acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase) information is given about phagocytotic activity in granulomas. Antibody formation (anti-human-IgG, -IgA and -IgM) is visible in fresh cases around granulomas in the cytoplasms of large lymphoid cells, in some cases also in the walls of vessels. With longer duration of the disease immunoglobulins were found extracellulary first in little focal areas and later as a dense homogen material around the granulomas. In long existing cases only a weak or negative fluorescence was observed in this material, expressed by light microscopy as hyaline transformation. The value of this methods is given in additional information concerning the metabolic activity (especially phagozytosis) and immunological state (antibody formation) of the disease as an important factor for a well-timed and effective therapy.", "PMID": 607637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9645", "title": "[Bioptic investigations of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in occupationally injured persons (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostics of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in people with an occupational injury or an annoyance of respiratory organs are frequently connected with additional difficulties. The first roentgenological manifestations of a silicosis caused during the period of dry drilling especially in ore metal mining, are frequently bilaterally increased shadows of the hilum without any worth mentioning findings in the parenchyma. The radiograph of diffuse restiform and speckled shadows in people exposed to dust without a sufficient load or in younger age always demands a search for sarcoidosis. Granulomatoses of the lungs caused by organic dusts, berillium and other things may develop difficulties not only in the interpretation of clinical data but also in the bioptic findings for instance after an endoscopic antalgic biopsy of the bronchomucosa. The authors summarize their experiences with the application of bioptic methods (skin biopsy, according to the Kveim-test, scalenobiopsy, explorative thoracotomy) in workers suspected to suffer from a sarcoidosis, who--as to their profession--had been influenced by noxious substances in respect to their lungs. Two typical cases are briefly discussed. The signification of the synopsis of clinico roentgenological, industriohygienical and bioptical data is stressed especially in case of a suspicion on the combination of pneumoconiosis and sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Bioptic investigations of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in occupationally injured persons (author's transl)]. Diagnostics of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in people with an occupational injury or an annoyance of respiratory organs are frequently connected with additional difficulties. The first roentgenological manifestations of a silicosis caused during the period of dry drilling especially in ore metal mining, are frequently bilaterally increased shadows of the hilum without any worth mentioning findings in the parenchyma. The radiograph of diffuse restiform and speckled shadows in people exposed to dust without a sufficient load or in younger age always demands a search for sarcoidosis. Granulomatoses of the lungs caused by organic dusts, berillium and other things may develop difficulties not only in the interpretation of clinical data but also in the bioptic findings for instance after an endoscopic antalgic biopsy of the bronchomucosa. The authors summarize their experiences with the application of bioptic methods (skin biopsy, according to the Kveim-test, scalenobiopsy, explorative thoracotomy) in workers suspected to suffer from a sarcoidosis, who--as to their profession--had been influenced by noxious substances in respect to their lungs. Two typical cases are briefly discussed. The signification of the synopsis of clinico roentgenological, industriohygienical and bioptical data is stressed especially in case of a suspicion on the combination of pneumoconiosis and sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 607638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9646", "title": "[Clinical, biochemical and morphological characteristics of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic types of chronic glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The results of our study confirm that an early and certain diagnosis of the asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic forms of the chronic glomerulonephritis is possible only using comprehensive clinical and biochemical investigation methods and partly the renal biopsy. Only with regard to the clinical manifestation the disease has an asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic course. Some laboratory findings have been changed from the beginning of the disease. The degree of these changes as well as the further existence of the asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic form depend on the pathomorphological type of the disease. But even in the cases with a favourable development a gradual reduction of the renal function was observed. The pathologically decreased values of haploglobin and sialic acid reveal the clear activity of the pathological process. These facts emphasize the necessity to perform systematically prophylactic and therapeutic measures in all cases with asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic chronic glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[Clinical, biochemical and morphological characteristics of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic types of chronic glomerulonephritis]. The results of our study confirm that an early and certain diagnosis of the asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic forms of the chronic glomerulonephritis is possible only using comprehensive clinical and biochemical investigation methods and partly the renal biopsy. Only with regard to the clinical manifestation the disease has an asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic course. Some laboratory findings have been changed from the beginning of the disease. The degree of these changes as well as the further existence of the asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic form depend on the pathomorphological type of the disease. But even in the cases with a favourable development a gradual reduction of the renal function was observed. The pathologically decreased values of haploglobin and sialic acid reveal the clear activity of the pathological process. These facts emphasize the necessity to perform systematically prophylactic and therapeutic measures in all cases with asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic chronic glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 607690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9647", "title": "[Determination of homeostatic kidney function in the diagnosis of chronic glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The latent and hypertonic forms of the course of compensated nephritides more frequently make difficulties concerning the differential diagnosis between a chronic glomerulonephritis and a chronic pyelonephritis. According to the results achieved the determination of the renal processes furthering homoeostasis gives the possibility to demarcate the two diseases. A certain reduction of the creatinine clearance (to less than 90 ml/min) and of the maximum water diuresis (to less than 10.0 per 100 ml glomerular filtrate) is suitable for the latent form of the chronic glomerulonephritis. On the other hand, a reduction of the ammonia secretion (to less than 35 per 100 ml glomerular (filtrate) and of the total H+-ion secretion (to less than 50 per 100 ml glomerular filtrate) in the determination after Alkinton is characteristic for the chronic pyelonephritis. In the hypertensive form of the course of the chronic glomerulonephritis in contrast to the same form in chronic pyelonephritis a reduction of the maximum water diuresis to less than 7.5, of the clearance of the \"osmotically free\" water to less than 6.0, of the titrable acidity to less than 25 is the result. Here the ammonia quotient transgresses 45%. In chronic pyelonephritis the titrable acidity in considerably increased and the ammonia genesis relatively decreased (to less than 45%).", "contents": "[Determination of homeostatic kidney function in the diagnosis of chronic glomerulonephritis]. The latent and hypertonic forms of the course of compensated nephritides more frequently make difficulties concerning the differential diagnosis between a chronic glomerulonephritis and a chronic pyelonephritis. According to the results achieved the determination of the renal processes furthering homoeostasis gives the possibility to demarcate the two diseases. A certain reduction of the creatinine clearance (to less than 90 ml/min) and of the maximum water diuresis (to less than 10.0 per 100 ml glomerular filtrate) is suitable for the latent form of the chronic glomerulonephritis. On the other hand, a reduction of the ammonia secretion (to less than 35 per 100 ml glomerular (filtrate) and of the total H+-ion secretion (to less than 50 per 100 ml glomerular filtrate) in the determination after Alkinton is characteristic for the chronic pyelonephritis. In the hypertensive form of the course of the chronic glomerulonephritis in contrast to the same form in chronic pyelonephritis a reduction of the maximum water diuresis to less than 7.5, of the clearance of the \"osmotically free\" water to less than 6.0, of the titrable acidity to less than 25 is the result. Here the ammonia quotient transgresses 45%. In chronic pyelonephritis the titrable acidity in considerably increased and the ammonia genesis relatively decreased (to less than 45%).", "PMID": 607691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9648", "title": "[Uremic tendencies for hemorrhage and hemodialysis].", "content": "By means of a simple heparin test which reflects the actual processes in the contact of the blood with heterogeneous surfaces we can securely regulate the heparinisation in each phase of the dialysis, which, as I tried to explain, brings considerable consequences for the clinic.", "contents": "[Uremic tendencies for hemorrhage and hemodialysis]. By means of a simple heparin test which reflects the actual processes in the contact of the blood with heterogeneous surfaces we can securely regulate the heparinisation in each phase of the dialysis, which, as I tried to explain, brings considerable consequences for the clinic.", "PMID": 607692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9649", "title": "[Short-term hemodialyses using large surface dialysers].", "content": "Twice a wekk the dialysis was carried out for four hours, since a lack of personnel and institutions excluded a therapy repeated three times a week. The patients should optimally be treated for three hours three times a week. Patients dialysed by this means show favourable values of blood pressure under a minimum antihypertensive medication. They are less anaemic and in most cases more active than those patients who are dialysed twice a week. The use of the short time dialysis with capillary kidneys of a large surface increased the number of the patients treated and improved the functional capacity of the chronic dialysis programme.", "contents": "[Short-term hemodialyses using large surface dialysers]. Twice a wekk the dialysis was carried out for four hours, since a lack of personnel and institutions excluded a therapy repeated three times a week. The patients should optimally be treated for three hours three times a week. Patients dialysed by this means show favourable values of blood pressure under a minimum antihypertensive medication. They are less anaemic and in most cases more active than those patients who are dialysed twice a week. The use of the short time dialysis with capillary kidneys of a large surface increased the number of the patients treated and improved the functional capacity of the chronic dialysis programme.", "PMID": 607693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9650", "title": "[Information value of the compartimental analysis of potassium metabolism for clinical medicine].", "content": "1. The special information value of the dynamic compartment analysis consists in functional evidence concerning the potassium metabolism. 2. Basis of the dynamic compartment analysis is an open central 3 compartment model. 3. The rate of metabolism which is determined by size of the pool and constant of speed is the most important parameter. 4. The mathematical modelling of the tracer course renders visible the compartmental effects of inflow and outflow of the speed constant. 5. Disturbances of the very quickly and quickly exchanging constituents of the potassium metabolism reflect themselves perhaps directly as a functional loss of the permanent and latent functional capacity of the organism.", "contents": "[Information value of the compartimental analysis of potassium metabolism for clinical medicine]. 1. The special information value of the dynamic compartment analysis consists in functional evidence concerning the potassium metabolism. 2. Basis of the dynamic compartment analysis is an open central 3 compartment model. 3. The rate of metabolism which is determined by size of the pool and constant of speed is the most important parameter. 4. The mathematical modelling of the tracer course renders visible the compartmental effects of inflow and outflow of the speed constant. 5. Disturbances of the very quickly and quickly exchanging constituents of the potassium metabolism reflect themselves perhaps directly as a functional loss of the permanent and latent functional capacity of the organism.", "PMID": 607694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9651", "title": "[Electron-microscopy studies of capillaries of the dialyser C-DAK 4 with reference to multiple use].", "content": "The results of the examinations show that the integrity of the wall of the capillary is not impaired by the process of purification, but, on the other hand, functional changes by thrombotic occlusion as well as disseminated deposits of protein may be expected. The temporary regime of dialysis mus consider this fact in order to achieve a constant effect. But on principle from the clinical experience and on the basis of these results of examinations a manifold use of the dialysator of the capillary in carrying out the purification measures mentioned may be recommended.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopy studies of capillaries of the dialyser C-DAK 4 with reference to multiple use]. The results of the examinations show that the integrity of the wall of the capillary is not impaired by the process of purification, but, on the other hand, functional changes by thrombotic occlusion as well as disseminated deposits of protein may be expected. The temporary regime of dialysis mus consider this fact in order to achieve a constant effect. But on principle from the clinical experience and on the basis of these results of examinations a manifold use of the dialysator of the capillary in carrying out the purification measures mentioned may be recommended.", "PMID": 607695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9652", "title": "[Multiple nodular hyperplasia of liver associated with oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of multiple nodular hyperplasia of liver in patients with intake or oral contraceptives for several years are described. In one case the tumours appeared simultaneously, in the other case succesively. Macroscopically the nodular hyperplasia was misdiagnosed as metastasis. Microscopially the nodes presented an intense inflammatory infiltration of the septa, in one case with tuberculoid granulomas. The lesions showed a marked vascularity. Extremely dilated sinusoids could be seen in the needle biopsy of the macroscopically unchanged liver, a phenomenon occasionally seen in cases treated with oral contraceptives.", "contents": "[Multiple nodular hyperplasia of liver associated with oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Two cases of multiple nodular hyperplasia of liver in patients with intake or oral contraceptives for several years are described. In one case the tumours appeared simultaneously, in the other case succesively. Macroscopically the nodular hyperplasia was misdiagnosed as metastasis. Microscopially the nodes presented an intense inflammatory infiltration of the septa, in one case with tuberculoid granulomas. The lesions showed a marked vascularity. Extremely dilated sinusoids could be seen in the needle biopsy of the macroscopically unchanged liver, a phenomenon occasionally seen in cases treated with oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 607696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9653", "title": "[Extraneural metastases of anaplastic gliomas (author's transl)].", "content": "8 cases are reported of anaplastic cerebral gliomas with metastases outside the neuraxis, which were seen among about 1600 gliomas. The series included 4 males and 4 females ranging in age from 5 to 58 years at the time of death. There were 2 children with anaplastic ependymomas, one adult with oligodendroglioma, and 5 young or middle-aged adults with astrocytomas grade III or IV. All patients had one or more craniotomies, and 5 had radiotherapy before the appearance of remote tumor deposits. The survival times ranged from 7 to 31 months in cases with gliomas grade II, and from 8 to 18 months in high-grade astrocytomas. All tumors showed invasion of the meninges and/or ventricle walls, and in 4 cases they transgressed the dura and surrounding bone or soft tissues. In 6 autopsy cases there was widespread dissemination of gliomas through the CSF pathways. Remote metastases involved regional or distant lymph nodes in 7, the lungs in 2, the vertebrae, lungs, pleura, parotis and mediastinum in one patient each. The possible pathways for distant spread of intracranial gliomas and the factors which are considered responsible for their rare occurrence are discussed.", "contents": "[Extraneural metastases of anaplastic gliomas (author's transl)]. 8 cases are reported of anaplastic cerebral gliomas with metastases outside the neuraxis, which were seen among about 1600 gliomas. The series included 4 males and 4 females ranging in age from 5 to 58 years at the time of death. There were 2 children with anaplastic ependymomas, one adult with oligodendroglioma, and 5 young or middle-aged adults with astrocytomas grade III or IV. All patients had one or more craniotomies, and 5 had radiotherapy before the appearance of remote tumor deposits. The survival times ranged from 7 to 31 months in cases with gliomas grade II, and from 8 to 18 months in high-grade astrocytomas. All tumors showed invasion of the meninges and/or ventricle walls, and in 4 cases they transgressed the dura and surrounding bone or soft tissues. In 6 autopsy cases there was widespread dissemination of gliomas through the CSF pathways. Remote metastases involved regional or distant lymph nodes in 7, the lungs in 2, the vertebrae, lungs, pleura, parotis and mediastinum in one patient each. The possible pathways for distant spread of intracranial gliomas and the factors which are considered responsible for their rare occurrence are discussed.", "PMID": 607698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9654", "title": "[Is surgical-tocolytic prevention and therapy of cervical insufficiency justified without prenatal diagnostic care?].", "content": "We report on our results of the combined operative-tocolytical prophylaxis and therapy of cervical insufficiency from the department for gynecology and obstetrics of our hospital to decrease the mortality of newborn. The possibility of such treatment without optimal antenatal apparatus-control will be discussed.", "contents": "[Is surgical-tocolytic prevention and therapy of cervical insufficiency justified without prenatal diagnostic care?]. We report on our results of the combined operative-tocolytical prophylaxis and therapy of cervical insufficiency from the department for gynecology and obstetrics of our hospital to decrease the mortality of newborn. The possibility of such treatment without optimal antenatal apparatus-control will be discussed.", "PMID": 607700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9655", "title": "[Activity of various serum enzymes during normal and complicated early pregnancy].", "content": "It was concluded, that the enzymatic control of the development of early pregnancy [equal to of normal course] by the estimation of the activity of GOT, GPT, Ald, ChE, alpha-HBDH and CPK in plasma has no clinical significance. However the different activity of some enzymes in abortion and early gestosis confirm the practical value of these estimations. The obtained results were discussed.", "contents": "[Activity of various serum enzymes during normal and complicated early pregnancy]. It was concluded, that the enzymatic control of the development of early pregnancy [equal to of normal course] by the estimation of the activity of GOT, GPT, Ald, ChE, alpha-HBDH and CPK in plasma has no clinical significance. However the different activity of some enzymes in abortion and early gestosis confirm the practical value of these estimations. The obtained results were discussed.", "PMID": 607699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9656", "title": "[Determination of pregnancy duration following terminated hormonal contraception].", "content": "The duration of pregnancy as assessed by the rule of Naegele was significant different between patients who became pregnant following termination of oral contraception and patients, who had not taken oral contraceptives. The intervall between stopping the pill and pregnancy was two month. We found a relatively high pregnancy rate in the first three month. The clinical significance is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of pregnancy duration following terminated hormonal contraception]. The duration of pregnancy as assessed by the rule of Naegele was significant different between patients who became pregnant following termination of oral contraception and patients, who had not taken oral contraceptives. The intervall between stopping the pill and pregnancy was two month. We found a relatively high pregnancy rate in the first three month. The clinical significance is discussed.", "PMID": 607701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9657", "title": "[Optimal labor induction using PG F2alpha in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "By means of the COMPLEX-Method an optimisation problem based on biological data was solved. The optimal PG F2a-velocity of infusion in starting labour of diabetic patients was determined under the condition of the shortest possible duration of birth.", "contents": "[Optimal labor induction using PG F2alpha in diabetes mellitus]. By means of the COMPLEX-Method an optimisation problem based on biological data was solved. The optimal PG F2a-velocity of infusion in starting labour of diabetic patients was determined under the condition of the shortest possible duration of birth.", "PMID": 607702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9658", "title": "[Surgery of concussion foci in the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "On the basis of observations in 144 patients operated on because of severe cerebral concussions, the importance of primary and secondary removal of the concussion focus is stressed. The diagnosis is made by means of EEG, angiography, and echo encephalography. Examinations of the concussion region with clearance etc. showed that the immediate vicinity of the cerebral lesion exhibits a considerably reduced blood flow which, due to the stimulus of the concussion, will further decrease within the following days. After six days, the blood supply stabilises in the zone of the oscillating reaction. The enlargement of the zone of necrosis intensifies the intracranial increase in pressure and can only be avoided by the removal of the concussion. Resection is carried out subpial in order to isolate the cerebral tissue from the dura mater. Lethality: With solitary concussion foci 22%, in case of combination with intracranial haematoma 60%, with multiple foci 67%, total 46%.", "contents": "[Surgery of concussion foci in the cerebral hemispheres]. On the basis of observations in 144 patients operated on because of severe cerebral concussions, the importance of primary and secondary removal of the concussion focus is stressed. The diagnosis is made by means of EEG, angiography, and echo encephalography. Examinations of the concussion region with clearance etc. showed that the immediate vicinity of the cerebral lesion exhibits a considerably reduced blood flow which, due to the stimulus of the concussion, will further decrease within the following days. After six days, the blood supply stabilises in the zone of the oscillating reaction. The enlargement of the zone of necrosis intensifies the intracranial increase in pressure and can only be avoided by the removal of the concussion. Resection is carried out subpial in order to isolate the cerebral tissue from the dura mater. Lethality: With solitary concussion foci 22%, in case of combination with intracranial haematoma 60%, with multiple foci 67%, total 46%.", "PMID": 607703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9659", "title": "[7-year experience in endovascular surgery].", "content": "A total of 800 operations were carried out by employing Serbinenko's method. Access route via carotid or via femoralis. Sinus carvenosus fistulae (40 patients) respond very well. Arterio-venous angiomas (47 patients) are treated in stages. Bag-shaped aneurysms (14 patients) can only in exceptional cases be treated reconstructively, i.e. by keeping the main vessel open. In eight patients, a profuse epistaxis was well controlled, in 3 cases reconstructively. The method permits the true separate examination of various cerebral vascular regions (chemical, physical, angiographic, flow examinations, vital staining of cerebral tumours). A controlled supply of cytostatics is also possible.", "contents": "[7-year experience in endovascular surgery]. A total of 800 operations were carried out by employing Serbinenko's method. Access route via carotid or via femoralis. Sinus carvenosus fistulae (40 patients) respond very well. Arterio-venous angiomas (47 patients) are treated in stages. Bag-shaped aneurysms (14 patients) can only in exceptional cases be treated reconstructively, i.e. by keeping the main vessel open. In eight patients, a profuse epistaxis was well controlled, in 3 cases reconstructively. The method permits the true separate examination of various cerebral vascular regions (chemical, physical, angiographic, flow examinations, vital staining of cerebral tumours). A controlled supply of cytostatics is also possible.", "PMID": 607704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9660", "title": "[Experiences with hypophyseal adenoma patients].", "content": "The treatment of 126 patients presenting surgically treated and histologically determined suprasellar hypophyseal adenomas is described and the catamnesis followed up in some cases over a period of ten years after the transfrontal operation. Particular value is attached to a comparison of pre- and post-operative disturbances of acuity and field of vision. Moreover, the experience gained in the treatment of the first decade is compared with that of the second decade. I. The results of the treatment of a hypophyseal adenoma will be the better, the earlier it is detected. Disturbances of the gonadal function in particular can be traced back over many years. When primary or secondary amenorrhoea is present, gynaecologists should more often think of the existence of a hypophyseal adenoma. --2. The restoration of the working capacity of the patients operated on largely depends upon the restitution of the vision and an optimum hormonal substitution according to requirements. Thus, an early recognition of the lesion and the surgical method which must be further improved by employing modern techniques, are decisive.", "contents": "[Experiences with hypophyseal adenoma patients]. The treatment of 126 patients presenting surgically treated and histologically determined suprasellar hypophyseal adenomas is described and the catamnesis followed up in some cases over a period of ten years after the transfrontal operation. Particular value is attached to a comparison of pre- and post-operative disturbances of acuity and field of vision. Moreover, the experience gained in the treatment of the first decade is compared with that of the second decade. I. The results of the treatment of a hypophyseal adenoma will be the better, the earlier it is detected. Disturbances of the gonadal function in particular can be traced back over many years. When primary or secondary amenorrhoea is present, gynaecologists should more often think of the existence of a hypophyseal adenoma. --2. The restoration of the working capacity of the patients operated on largely depends upon the restitution of the vision and an optimum hormonal substitution according to requirements. Thus, an early recognition of the lesion and the surgical method which must be further improved by employing modern techniques, are decisive.", "PMID": 607705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9661", "title": "[Value of Dimer-X myelography in the diagnosis of lumbar intravertebral disk lesions].", "content": "On the basis of 500 myelogramms carried out with hexaiodated, water soluble, and rapidly absorbable Dimer X, the experiences gained in the diagnoses of damages of the lumbar intervertebral disks are presented. It can be stated that Dimer-X myelography has proved to be very useful for the recognition of space-narrowing processes in the lumbar region. No serious complications were observed. Most of the troubles, including, for example, transitory headache and the like, correspond to those sometimes found after simple lumbar punctures.", "contents": "[Value of Dimer-X myelography in the diagnosis of lumbar intravertebral disk lesions]. On the basis of 500 myelogramms carried out with hexaiodated, water soluble, and rapidly absorbable Dimer X, the experiences gained in the diagnoses of damages of the lumbar intervertebral disks are presented. It can be stated that Dimer-X myelography has proved to be very useful for the recognition of space-narrowing processes in the lumbar region. No serious complications were observed. Most of the troubles, including, for example, transitory headache and the like, correspond to those sometimes found after simple lumbar punctures.", "PMID": 607706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9662", "title": "[Intravital microscopic studies of the pial vessels in the animal experiment].", "content": "In cats, a direct observation of the brain surface was made possible by fenestration. The pial vessels were observed by means of intravital incident-light microscopy. Particular attention was paid to blood pressure, blood pH, pCO2 and pO2. Mainly with diffuse vasodilation (hypotension) the capillaries stood out as a close network. Normally, interarterial anastomoses were rarer than intravenous ones. Arteriovenous anastomoses were not found. The interarterial blood column rarely came to a standstill, the intervenously this was observed frequently. Two kinds of intervenous anastomoses were found: short connections between veins running close to each other and long venules between vessels of different outflow systems.", "contents": "[Intravital microscopic studies of the pial vessels in the animal experiment]. In cats, a direct observation of the brain surface was made possible by fenestration. The pial vessels were observed by means of intravital incident-light microscopy. Particular attention was paid to blood pressure, blood pH, pCO2 and pO2. Mainly with diffuse vasodilation (hypotension) the capillaries stood out as a close network. Normally, interarterial anastomoses were rarer than intravenous ones. Arteriovenous anastomoses were not found. The interarterial blood column rarely came to a standstill, the intervenously this was observed frequently. Two kinds of intervenous anastomoses were found: short connections between veins running close to each other and long venules between vessels of different outflow systems.", "PMID": 607707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9663", "title": "Microsurgical treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.", "content": "In the period from 1972 to 1976, 536 patients with injuries of the peripheral nerves were treated at the Neurosurgical University Clinic Lyublyana. The treatment was performed according to the principles of microsurgery. Preoperative and postoperative supervision included EMG, electroneurography and nerve conduction speed. Subdivision: N. facialis 6, plexus brachialis 78, n. radialis 58, n. medianus 189, n. ulnaris 212, n. ischiadicus 17, n. femoralis 3, n. tibialis 12, n. fibularis 37. On the plexus brachialis 50 funiculolyses and 28 raphies were carried out. Immobilisation for 10 days. The length of the transplants showed no negative influence. After-observation was necessary for three and more years, especially in case of plexus injuries. Complete restoration was only found in children. Sensitivity in 80% more than Seddon III, 17% III and 3% less than III. Motor function in 60% IV, 20% III, 12% II and 8% less than II.", "contents": "Microsurgical treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. In the period from 1972 to 1976, 536 patients with injuries of the peripheral nerves were treated at the Neurosurgical University Clinic Lyublyana. The treatment was performed according to the principles of microsurgery. Preoperative and postoperative supervision included EMG, electroneurography and nerve conduction speed. Subdivision: N. facialis 6, plexus brachialis 78, n. radialis 58, n. medianus 189, n. ulnaris 212, n. ischiadicus 17, n. femoralis 3, n. tibialis 12, n. fibularis 37. On the plexus brachialis 50 funiculolyses and 28 raphies were carried out. Immobilisation for 10 days. The length of the transplants showed no negative influence. After-observation was necessary for three and more years, especially in case of plexus injuries. Complete restoration was only found in children. Sensitivity in 80% more than Seddon III, 17% III and 3% less than III. Motor function in 60% IV, 20% III, 12% II and 8% less than II.", "PMID": 607708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9664", "title": "[Comparison of myeloscintigraphy and myelography with positive contrast media (Dimer-X) in the diagnosis of intervertebral disk prolapse].", "content": "When comparing myeloscintigraphy with positive myelography (Dimer X) in the diagnosis of the lumbar prolapse of intervertebral disks, identical findings were obtained in 17 out of 24 cases. Of these, both methods showed pathological findings in 12 cases and normal conditions in 5 cases. Only in 5 pathological myeloscintigrams normal Dimer X myelograms were obtained and in 2 myeloscintigrams judged as normal the positive myelograms were pathologic. With a good correlation of the two methods in typical cases the Dimer X myelogram, however, offers the advantage of the possibility of examining in several planes under constant reference to the vertebral column. Owing to the good tolerance, myeloscintigraphy should be used in screening diagnoses and in cases where also thoracic parts have to be included in the examination.", "contents": "[Comparison of myeloscintigraphy and myelography with positive contrast media (Dimer-X) in the diagnosis of intervertebral disk prolapse]. When comparing myeloscintigraphy with positive myelography (Dimer X) in the diagnosis of the lumbar prolapse of intervertebral disks, identical findings were obtained in 17 out of 24 cases. Of these, both methods showed pathological findings in 12 cases and normal conditions in 5 cases. Only in 5 pathological myeloscintigrams normal Dimer X myelograms were obtained and in 2 myeloscintigrams judged as normal the positive myelograms were pathologic. With a good correlation of the two methods in typical cases the Dimer X myelogram, however, offers the advantage of the possibility of examining in several planes under constant reference to the vertebral column. Owing to the good tolerance, myeloscintigraphy should be used in screening diagnoses and in cases where also thoracic parts have to be included in the examination.", "PMID": 607709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9665", "title": "Human central nervous system lesions following radiation therapy.", "content": "With the increasing number of high-energy irradiation sources, the cases of radiolesions of the CNS are also increasing. The irradiation effects on nerve and tumour tissue and the various kinds of irradiation damage are discussed. They become manifest as (a) acute radionecrosis (rare) and (b) late reactions which are subdivided into delayed lesions and the more frequently occurring late necrosis proper. In early and early-delayed lesions, morphologically local spongy demyelination with loss of the oligodendroglia and astrocytic reaction are seen while vascular damage is characteristic of late irradiation damage. The author's observations include clinic, pathology, and time/dose dependence of the irradiation damage of brain and spinal marrow. The tolerance values of the spinal cord and the relative biological effects of the irradiation are dealt with. In spite of a good knowledge of clinic and pathology of the radiolesions and the improvement of irradiation techniques, the widely differing individual reactions of the CNS to ionising rays remain partly unclear.", "contents": "Human central nervous system lesions following radiation therapy. With the increasing number of high-energy irradiation sources, the cases of radiolesions of the CNS are also increasing. The irradiation effects on nerve and tumour tissue and the various kinds of irradiation damage are discussed. They become manifest as (a) acute radionecrosis (rare) and (b) late reactions which are subdivided into delayed lesions and the more frequently occurring late necrosis proper. In early and early-delayed lesions, morphologically local spongy demyelination with loss of the oligodendroglia and astrocytic reaction are seen while vascular damage is characteristic of late irradiation damage. The author's observations include clinic, pathology, and time/dose dependence of the irradiation damage of brain and spinal marrow. The tolerance values of the spinal cord and the relative biological effects of the irradiation are dealt with. In spite of a good knowledge of clinic and pathology of the radiolesions and the improvement of irradiation techniques, the widely differing individual reactions of the CNS to ionising rays remain partly unclear.", "PMID": 607710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9666", "title": "[Anastomosis of the facial and hypoglassal nerve using coagulated plasma. Our first experiences].", "content": "The authors present their first experience in the construction of an anastomosis between the facial and hypoglassal nerves. This anastomosis was made in 3 patients; in one of them who had a lesion of n. facialis, the anastomosis was made 8 months following the time of the lesion, and the result was very good. In the other 2 patients the results were satisfactory, even though the procedure was carried out 9-10 years following the injury to this nerve. The authors stress the importance of the promptness of the operation, and the postoperative rehabilitation course.", "contents": "[Anastomosis of the facial and hypoglassal nerve using coagulated plasma. Our first experiences]. The authors present their first experience in the construction of an anastomosis between the facial and hypoglassal nerves. This anastomosis was made in 3 patients; in one of them who had a lesion of n. facialis, the anastomosis was made 8 months following the time of the lesion, and the result was very good. In the other 2 patients the results were satisfactory, even though the procedure was carried out 9-10 years following the injury to this nerve. The authors stress the importance of the promptness of the operation, and the postoperative rehabilitation course.", "PMID": 607725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9667", "title": "[Partial pancreatectomy in modern surgical practice].", "content": "In modern surgery, the pancrectomy is an operation indicated in a wide number of cases. Indications for such a procedure that were once limited to malignant lesions of the papilla of vater and the head of the pancreas now include chronic pancreatitis, some benign lesions of the duodenopancreatic area, and serious cases of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Thanks to Modern surgical technique especially in anesthesia, reanimation, and postoperative care, the mortality rate in the partial pancrectomy is Recured to a rational number. Nonetheless, postoperative exiturs cannot be neglected. As a result it is necessary to consider strict indications for a pancrectomy. Only under such conditions can satisfactory therapeutic results be achieved.", "contents": "[Partial pancreatectomy in modern surgical practice]. In modern surgery, the pancrectomy is an operation indicated in a wide number of cases. Indications for such a procedure that were once limited to malignant lesions of the papilla of vater and the head of the pancreas now include chronic pancreatitis, some benign lesions of the duodenopancreatic area, and serious cases of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Thanks to Modern surgical technique especially in anesthesia, reanimation, and postoperative care, the mortality rate in the partial pancrectomy is Recured to a rational number. Nonetheless, postoperative exiturs cannot be neglected. As a result it is necessary to consider strict indications for a pancrectomy. Only under such conditions can satisfactory therapeutic results be achieved.", "PMID": 607726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9668", "title": "[Benign tumors of the stomach].", "content": "The authors discuss seven cases of benign tumors of the stomach. The diagnosis was based mainly on x-ray findings. Even though in suspicious cases, a fiber gastroduodenoscopy was indicated. During surgery, three adenomat--ous polyps were found; three Leionas and one Neurnoma. The tumors were excized by gastrotomy. In two of the patients a Billroth I resection was performed. One of these two patients was operated on urgently due to serious bleeding without the aid of X-rays. This patient, a woman, withstood the operation well as did all of the remaining patient.", "contents": "[Benign tumors of the stomach]. The authors discuss seven cases of benign tumors of the stomach. The diagnosis was based mainly on x-ray findings. Even though in suspicious cases, a fiber gastroduodenoscopy was indicated. During surgery, three adenomat--ous polyps were found; three Leionas and one Neurnoma. The tumors were excized by gastrotomy. In two of the patients a Billroth I resection was performed. One of these two patients was operated on urgently due to serious bleeding without the aid of X-rays. This patient, a woman, withstood the operation well as did all of the remaining patient.", "PMID": 607727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9669", "title": "[Elements in the objective evaluation of the carotid arteriogram].", "content": "The carotid angiography is widely used in our country, and has great importance even in those medical, neurosurgical, and neurotraumatic centers which employ the most advanced methods such as computerized tomography of the brain. To asure correct interpretation of a carotid arteriogram (thus making maximal use of such a tool) the interpreneur must have a more detailed knowledge of cephalic angiography. In the A--P picture the main elements are the infra and supraclinoid parts of the carotid, as well as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and their branches. The authors describe these arteries and their anatomic peculiarities and changes to be expected in certain pathologic processes as illustrated by a new pictures. Of particular importance is the lateral carotid arteriogram whose changes allow diagnosis of expansive intracranial processes such as tumors and trauma.", "contents": "[Elements in the objective evaluation of the carotid arteriogram]. The carotid angiography is widely used in our country, and has great importance even in those medical, neurosurgical, and neurotraumatic centers which employ the most advanced methods such as computerized tomography of the brain. To asure correct interpretation of a carotid arteriogram (thus making maximal use of such a tool) the interpreneur must have a more detailed knowledge of cephalic angiography. In the A--P picture the main elements are the infra and supraclinoid parts of the carotid, as well as the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and their branches. The authors describe these arteries and their anatomic peculiarities and changes to be expected in certain pathologic processes as illustrated by a new pictures. Of particular importance is the lateral carotid arteriogram whose changes allow diagnosis of expansive intracranial processes such as tumors and trauma.", "PMID": 607730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9670", "title": "Osteoclast counting in crista biopsies.", "content": "A description is given of a modified method of counting osteoclasts both per section area and also relative to the remaining trabeculae surface area in crista biopsies. The material consisted of normal individuals, patients with clinical osteoporosis, and patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis. The number of osteoclasts in the biopsies from normal and osteoporotic individuals showed a normal distribution with the same mean. In the haemodialysis patients there was a marked skew distribution. In normal individuals, there was a significant decrease in the number of osteoclasts per section area with age, but this was not significant when calculated relative to the bone surface area.", "contents": "Osteoclast counting in crista biopsies. A description is given of a modified method of counting osteoclasts both per section area and also relative to the remaining trabeculae surface area in crista biopsies. The material consisted of normal individuals, patients with clinical osteoporosis, and patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis. The number of osteoclasts in the biopsies from normal and osteoporotic individuals showed a normal distribution with the same mean. In the haemodialysis patients there was a marked skew distribution. In normal individuals, there was a significant decrease in the number of osteoclasts per section area with age, but this was not significant when calculated relative to the bone surface area.", "PMID": 607744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9671", "title": "Compression fixation of Bennett's fracture.", "content": "A procedure that ensures exact reduction and internal fixation of Bennett's fracture is presented. In cases with a large tubercular fragment, the internal fixation is performed with a lag-screw technique. If the fragment is small, a Kirschner wire is used as an implant. A special set of instruments that keeps the reduced fragment in position and guides the implant during the internal fixation process is also described.", "contents": "Compression fixation of Bennett's fracture. A procedure that ensures exact reduction and internal fixation of Bennett's fracture is presented. In cases with a large tubercular fragment, the internal fixation is performed with a lag-screw technique. If the fragment is small, a Kirschner wire is used as an implant. A special set of instruments that keeps the reduced fragment in position and guides the implant during the internal fixation process is also described.", "PMID": 607745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9672", "title": "The range of motion following fracture of the shaft of the forearm in children.", "content": "Eighteen children with fracture of the shafts of the forearm were reexamined in adulthood. All fractures had primarily been displaced but reduced to a good position without residual axial or ad latem displacement. At follow-up there was no sign of deformity in the radiograms of the two bones. However, the range of motion for supination and pronation was significantly decreased. This implies that factors other than residual deformity are responsible for this dysfunction.", "contents": "The range of motion following fracture of the shaft of the forearm in children. Eighteen children with fracture of the shafts of the forearm were reexamined in adulthood. All fractures had primarily been displaced but reduced to a good position without residual axial or ad latem displacement. At follow-up there was no sign of deformity in the radiograms of the two bones. However, the range of motion for supination and pronation was significantly decreased. This implies that factors other than residual deformity are responsible for this dysfunction.", "PMID": 607746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9673", "title": "Surgical management of fracture of the captulum humeri.", "content": "A follow-up study of 20 patients operated upon for fracture of the capitulum humeri is reported. In 8 cases the fracture fragment was removed while in 12 others open reduction was performed. Open reduction gave the best results and is therefore recommended as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Surgical management of fracture of the captulum humeri. A follow-up study of 20 patients operated upon for fracture of the capitulum humeri is reported. In 8 cases the fracture fragment was removed while in 12 others open reduction was performed. Open reduction gave the best results and is therefore recommended as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 607747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9674", "title": "Resection of the acromion in the treatment of persistent rotator cuff syndrome of the shoulder.", "content": "Partial or complete excision of the acromion was performed in 25 patients (29 shoulders) with long-standing pain in the shoulder typical of rotator cuff syndrome. There was no verified history of trauma in nine cases (13 shoulders), while injury was the cause of pain in 16 patients (16 shoulders). In nine shoulders there was a small and in two a large rupture of the rotator cuff. Twelve of the 13 non-traumatic shoulders became painless postoperatively and the pain was relieved in one. In the 16 traumatic shoulders the relief of pain was complete in six, partial in nine, and one remained unchanged. The condition was not aggravated in any of the cases. Mobility increased postoperatively in four cases and was in no case decreased by the operation. In this series the results were as favourable after partial as after complete excision of the acromion alone or excision in combination with other procedures appears to be a promising method of treatment of patients with long-standing rotator cuff syndrome.", "contents": "Resection of the acromion in the treatment of persistent rotator cuff syndrome of the shoulder. Partial or complete excision of the acromion was performed in 25 patients (29 shoulders) with long-standing pain in the shoulder typical of rotator cuff syndrome. There was no verified history of trauma in nine cases (13 shoulders), while injury was the cause of pain in 16 patients (16 shoulders). In nine shoulders there was a small and in two a large rupture of the rotator cuff. Twelve of the 13 non-traumatic shoulders became painless postoperatively and the pain was relieved in one. In the 16 traumatic shoulders the relief of pain was complete in six, partial in nine, and one remained unchanged. The condition was not aggravated in any of the cases. Mobility increased postoperatively in four cases and was in no case decreased by the operation. In this series the results were as favourable after partial as after complete excision of the acromion alone or excision in combination with other procedures appears to be a promising method of treatment of patients with long-standing rotator cuff syndrome.", "PMID": 607748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9675", "title": "Extirpation of tumors located near the thoracic cage. A method for increasing the margin of healthy tissue on the deep side of the tumor.", "content": "When an aggressive tumor develops in a flat muscle near the thoracic cage the question may arise as to how achieve an adequate margin on the deep side of the tumor. This is especially the case if the tumor has recurred after a previous non-radical operation. A method is described by which the external thoracic fascia, the external intercostal musculature, and the periosteum on the external surface of the ribs can be included in the specimen as a continuous wall of healthy tissue on the deep side of the tumor. This technique has been used in 11 patients, 9 of whom had undergone one or more inadequate operations earlier. Eight patients had a malignant tumor, three an extra-abdominal desmoid. In one of the latter patients, in whom a recurrent tumor was adherent to rib periosteum, the method was unsuitable. In the other patients the method appears to have been adequate for local control of the tumor.", "contents": "Extirpation of tumors located near the thoracic cage. A method for increasing the margin of healthy tissue on the deep side of the tumor. When an aggressive tumor develops in a flat muscle near the thoracic cage the question may arise as to how achieve an adequate margin on the deep side of the tumor. This is especially the case if the tumor has recurred after a previous non-radical operation. A method is described by which the external thoracic fascia, the external intercostal musculature, and the periosteum on the external surface of the ribs can be included in the specimen as a continuous wall of healthy tissue on the deep side of the tumor. This technique has been used in 11 patients, 9 of whom had undergone one or more inadequate operations earlier. Eight patients had a malignant tumor, three an extra-abdominal desmoid. In one of the latter patients, in whom a recurrent tumor was adherent to rib periosteum, the method was unsuitable. In the other patients the method appears to have been adequate for local control of the tumor.", "PMID": 607749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9676", "title": "Results of operative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. A survey of 886 patients.", "content": "Over a period of 6 years (1960-65), 886 patients were operated on for herniated lumbar disc. In 1971, 695 of these patients (78.5 per cent) answered a questionnaire. The material was analysed with the aid of a computer. Persons in the age groups 30-39 (38 per cent) and 40-49 (34 per cent) were most prone to develop sciatica. At operation the distribution of positive findings was found to be 5.7 per cent at level L3-4, 58.3 per cent at L4-5 and 36 per cent at L5-S1. Myelography with a water-soluble medium was performed preoperatively in all cases and gave a correct diagnosis of level in 90.2 per cent. The late results were good in 56 per cent of patients and 63 per cent returned to their former occupation.", "contents": "Results of operative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. A survey of 886 patients. Over a period of 6 years (1960-65), 886 patients were operated on for herniated lumbar disc. In 1971, 695 of these patients (78.5 per cent) answered a questionnaire. The material was analysed with the aid of a computer. Persons in the age groups 30-39 (38 per cent) and 40-49 (34 per cent) were most prone to develop sciatica. At operation the distribution of positive findings was found to be 5.7 per cent at level L3-4, 58.3 per cent at L4-5 and 36 per cent at L5-S1. Myelography with a water-soluble medium was performed preoperatively in all cases and gave a correct diagnosis of level in 90.2 per cent. The late results were good in 56 per cent of patients and 63 per cent returned to their former occupation.", "PMID": 607751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9677", "title": "Fracture of the femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement according to Charnley.", "content": "An analysis of 14 fractures of the stem of the early design of low friction arthroplasty showed a predominance of heavy, bilaterally operated males. The total incidence was 0.67 per cent. The fractures occurred between 14 months and 5 years postoperatively. Every fracture was preceded by radiological signs of loosening caused by varus positioning of the femoral head prosthesis and defective cement support medially at the femoral calcar.", "contents": "Fracture of the femoral prosthesis in total hip replacement according to Charnley. An analysis of 14 fractures of the stem of the early design of low friction arthroplasty showed a predominance of heavy, bilaterally operated males. The total incidence was 0.67 per cent. The fractures occurred between 14 months and 5 years postoperatively. Every fracture was preceded by radiological signs of loosening caused by varus positioning of the femoral head prosthesis and defective cement support medially at the femoral calcar.", "PMID": 607753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9678", "title": "Penetration of a long stem prosthesis into the knee joint: a complication of total hip replacement.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of penetration of the stem of a femoral prosthesis into the knee joint during total hip replacement and the method used to deal with this complecation successfully, without replacing the prosthesis, is described.", "contents": "Penetration of a long stem prosthesis into the knee joint: a complication of total hip replacement. The unusual occurrence of penetration of the stem of a femoral prosthesis into the knee joint during total hip replacement and the method used to deal with this complecation successfully, without replacing the prosthesis, is described.", "PMID": 607754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9679", "title": "Immediate weight-bearing after internal fixation of the femoral neck fractures using von Bahr screws. Preliminary report of a prospective clinical trial.", "content": "Osteosynthesis of displaced femoral neck fractures using von Bahr screws was performed in 50 patients. Immediate postoperative weight-bearing was allowed. After a follow-up period of 1 year a high incidence (20 per cent) of early failure (dislocation of the fractures with or withour screw movement) was found. Analysis of the material showed that the failure rate was influenced by the peroperative reposition of the fracture, especially the valgus/varus position of the caput fragment, and the position of the screws.", "contents": "Immediate weight-bearing after internal fixation of the femoral neck fractures using von Bahr screws. Preliminary report of a prospective clinical trial. Osteosynthesis of displaced femoral neck fractures using von Bahr screws was performed in 50 patients. Immediate postoperative weight-bearing was allowed. After a follow-up period of 1 year a high incidence (20 per cent) of early failure (dislocation of the fractures with or withour screw movement) was found. Analysis of the material showed that the failure rate was influenced by the peroperative reposition of the fracture, especially the valgus/varus position of the caput fragment, and the position of the screws.", "PMID": 607755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9680", "title": "Unsatisfactory results of early treatment of infants with unstable hips at birth.", "content": "Among 19,864 infants born in Trondheim between 1 May 1969 and 31 December 1974 instability of the hip joint was diagnosed in 378 (19.03 per thousand live-born). All infants were treated with Frejka cushion splint, usually for 3 months. In spite of this early treatment, 31 infants (8.2 per cent) developed subsequent signs of CDH. In 20 children the diagnosis of CDH was based solely on radiological criteria, while 11 children also displayed clinical abnormalities, most often restricted abduction of the hip joint. The prenatal and perinatal condition of the 31 children, with persistent signs of CDH in spite of early treatment, was compared with that of the 347 children who showed no obvious signs of CDH. The former group of patients had a relatively high frequency of hip abnormalities in their families, and an increased frequency of breech presentation at birth, concomitant foot deformities and instability of the hip joint also on the eight day after birth. It is suggested that infants with unsatisfactory results from the early treatment of unstable hips constitute a separate clinical entity and an especially severe form of CDH.", "contents": "Unsatisfactory results of early treatment of infants with unstable hips at birth. Among 19,864 infants born in Trondheim between 1 May 1969 and 31 December 1974 instability of the hip joint was diagnosed in 378 (19.03 per thousand live-born). All infants were treated with Frejka cushion splint, usually for 3 months. In spite of this early treatment, 31 infants (8.2 per cent) developed subsequent signs of CDH. In 20 children the diagnosis of CDH was based solely on radiological criteria, while 11 children also displayed clinical abnormalities, most often restricted abduction of the hip joint. The prenatal and perinatal condition of the 31 children, with persistent signs of CDH in spite of early treatment, was compared with that of the 347 children who showed no obvious signs of CDH. The former group of patients had a relatively high frequency of hip abnormalities in their families, and an increased frequency of breech presentation at birth, concomitant foot deformities and instability of the hip joint also on the eight day after birth. It is suggested that infants with unsatisfactory results from the early treatment of unstable hips constitute a separate clinical entity and an especially severe form of CDH.", "PMID": 607756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9681", "title": "Trabecular architecture of the knee joint.", "content": "The trabecular architecture of the human knee joint was studied three dimensionally by microradiography. The trabecular arrangement of the two condylar wheels of the femur was divided into five types. The trabeculae are so arranged that both condyles are able to adjust to mechanical compression and rotary movement. In the tibia, each trabecular arrangement has a different mechanical function. The epiphyseal line can be considered a laminated structure interposed between the compressive forces acting from the articular surface and the forces supporting the architecture of the metaphysis. The mechanics and kinematics of the traecular architecture are discussed.", "contents": "Trabecular architecture of the knee joint. The trabecular architecture of the human knee joint was studied three dimensionally by microradiography. The trabecular arrangement of the two condylar wheels of the femur was divided into five types. The trabeculae are so arranged that both condyles are able to adjust to mechanical compression and rotary movement. In the tibia, each trabecular arrangement has a different mechanical function. The epiphyseal line can be considered a laminated structure interposed between the compressive forces acting from the articular surface and the forces supporting the architecture of the metaphysis. The mechanics and kinematics of the traecular architecture are discussed.", "PMID": 607757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9682", "title": "The radiolucent zone in arthroplasty of the knee.", "content": "Roentgenograms of 138 knee joint arthroplasties were examined for the presence and extent of a radiolucent zone at the bone-cement interface. Such a zone was significantly more common around the plastic tibial part than around the metallic femoral part of non-hinged prostheses. This observation argues for the theory that the development of heat plays a part in the causation of the zone. In some cases a zone was demonstrable within 1 month of the operation. The frequency and the sizes of such zones increased during the first 6 months after the operation. There was no definite correlation between the development of a radiolucent zone and the clinical symptoms.", "contents": "The radiolucent zone in arthroplasty of the knee. Roentgenograms of 138 knee joint arthroplasties were examined for the presence and extent of a radiolucent zone at the bone-cement interface. Such a zone was significantly more common around the plastic tibial part than around the metallic femoral part of non-hinged prostheses. This observation argues for the theory that the development of heat plays a part in the causation of the zone. In some cases a zone was demonstrable within 1 month of the operation. The frequency and the sizes of such zones increased during the first 6 months after the operation. There was no definite correlation between the development of a radiolucent zone and the clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 607758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9683", "title": "Performance evaluation of BK amputees through graded load carrying tests.", "content": "The ergonomic approach to performance evaluation in orthopaedic rehabilitation presents problems because of the cumbersome and time-consuming measurement and test procedures involved. This paper describes a method of performance evaluation through graded load carrying tests which makes it possible to set up regression equations which can be used in routine clinical practice for prediction of the performance of below-knee amputees.", "contents": "Performance evaluation of BK amputees through graded load carrying tests. The ergonomic approach to performance evaluation in orthopaedic rehabilitation presents problems because of the cumbersome and time-consuming measurement and test procedures involved. This paper describes a method of performance evaluation through graded load carrying tests which makes it possible to set up regression equations which can be used in routine clinical practice for prediction of the performance of below-knee amputees.", "PMID": 607759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9684", "title": "Fracture of the neck of the talus. A clinical study.", "content": "A clinical evaluation of 46 patients treated for fractures of the neck of the talus has been made after a mean follow-up period of 6 years. The cause of injury was most frequently motor vehicle accidents (26) and falls from heights (11). In non-displaced fractures plaster with immobilization was used and displaced fractures were treated by closed or open reduction. At follow-up most of the patients complained of symptoms hampering daily activities. Objectively, excellent to good results were obtained in 75 per cent of the non-displaced fractures and in 42 per cent of the displaced. Delayed union occurred in 15 per cent. Avascular necrosis was found in 15 per cent and degenerative changes in 97 per cent. A decreased density of bone under the articular cartilage, called subchondral atrophy, was seen in 50 per cent.", "contents": "Fracture of the neck of the talus. A clinical study. A clinical evaluation of 46 patients treated for fractures of the neck of the talus has been made after a mean follow-up period of 6 years. The cause of injury was most frequently motor vehicle accidents (26) and falls from heights (11). In non-displaced fractures plaster with immobilization was used and displaced fractures were treated by closed or open reduction. At follow-up most of the patients complained of symptoms hampering daily activities. Objectively, excellent to good results were obtained in 75 per cent of the non-displaced fractures and in 42 per cent of the displaced. Delayed union occurred in 15 per cent. Avascular necrosis was found in 15 per cent and degenerative changes in 97 per cent. A decreased density of bone under the articular cartilage, called subchondral atrophy, was seen in 50 per cent.", "PMID": 607760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9685", "title": "Subtalar dislocation.", "content": "During the period from 1945 to 1972, 30 cases of subtalar dislocation were reported to the Directorate of Industrial Injuries Insurance in Denmark. The lesions were classified according to type of dislocation showing that the medial inward type predominated by far. According to the findings of the present investigation, the long-term prognosis seems to be more serious than has hitherto been assumed. X-ray and clinical examination disclosed that arthrosis of the subtalar joints was demonstrable in 19 patients. Six of these patients had pantalar arthrosis, the causative factor in two cases being avascular necrosis of the talus. Clinical examination showed that walking was associated with some degree of pain in 21 patients and 15 patients had a more or less pronounced limp.", "contents": "Subtalar dislocation. During the period from 1945 to 1972, 30 cases of subtalar dislocation were reported to the Directorate of Industrial Injuries Insurance in Denmark. The lesions were classified according to type of dislocation showing that the medial inward type predominated by far. According to the findings of the present investigation, the long-term prognosis seems to be more serious than has hitherto been assumed. X-ray and clinical examination disclosed that arthrosis of the subtalar joints was demonstrable in 19 patients. Six of these patients had pantalar arthrosis, the causative factor in two cases being avascular necrosis of the talus. Clinical examination showed that walking was associated with some degree of pain in 21 patients and 15 patients had a more or less pronounced limp.", "PMID": 607761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9686", "title": "Treatment of chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis of the os calcis.", "content": "Twenty-five patients suffering from chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis of the os calcis were studied. The disease often presents in a subacute or chronic form, and the pathological process is well established in the majority of the cases by the time treatment is begun. For this reason, conservative treatment was found to be ineffective. Similarly, limited surgical procedures, such as curettage, sequestrectomy or partial excision, were also inadequate because of the wide-spread nature of the infection. Complete excision of the os calcis and stitching of the Achilles tendon to the plantar fascia was followed by a high rate of success, provided the other tarsal bones were not involved in the infective process. The infection was cured and reasonably normal function was obtained in 14 out of 19 patients (73.7 per cent). A \"new heel\" is often formed after the operation by the laying down of plaques of calcification within the toughened scar tissue of the heel pad.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis of the os calcis. Twenty-five patients suffering from chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis of the os calcis were studied. The disease often presents in a subacute or chronic form, and the pathological process is well established in the majority of the cases by the time treatment is begun. For this reason, conservative treatment was found to be ineffective. Similarly, limited surgical procedures, such as curettage, sequestrectomy or partial excision, were also inadequate because of the wide-spread nature of the infection. Complete excision of the os calcis and stitching of the Achilles tendon to the plantar fascia was followed by a high rate of success, provided the other tarsal bones were not involved in the infective process. The infection was cured and reasonably normal function was obtained in 14 out of 19 patients (73.7 per cent). A \"new heel\" is often formed after the operation by the laying down of plaques of calcification within the toughened scar tissue of the heel pad.", "PMID": 607762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9687", "title": "99Tcm-DP accumulation in rabbit skull bones after 60Co gamma irradiation.", "content": "Histology demonstrated new bone formation and bone destruction in rabbit mandibles irradiated with 20 Gy in a single exposure, but no abnormality following 10 Gy in a single exposure. Gamma camera examination of the 99Tcm-DP distribution could not demonstrate any abnormalities, and is concluded not to be effective in demonstrating early radiation injury to bone tissue. Radiation therapy is considered a negligible source of false positive findings in scintigraphy of the facial skeleton.", "contents": "99Tcm-DP accumulation in rabbit skull bones after 60Co gamma irradiation. Histology demonstrated new bone formation and bone destruction in rabbit mandibles irradiated with 20 Gy in a single exposure, but no abnormality following 10 Gy in a single exposure. Gamma camera examination of the 99Tcm-DP distribution could not demonstrate any abnormalities, and is concluded not to be effective in demonstrating early radiation injury to bone tissue. Radiation therapy is considered a negligible source of false positive findings in scintigraphy of the facial skeleton.", "PMID": 607777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9688", "title": "Size and blood flow of the liver estimated by 99Tcm scanning.", "content": "In 14 healthy volunteers a method has been evaluated for simultaneous estimation of liver size and blood flow by dynamic gamma camera recording of Tc-sulfur colloid uptake in R--E cells of the liver. The reproducibility and convenience of the method was found to be such as to make it suitable for both scientific and routine clinical work.", "contents": "Size and blood flow of the liver estimated by 99Tcm scanning. In 14 healthy volunteers a method has been evaluated for simultaneous estimation of liver size and blood flow by dynamic gamma camera recording of Tc-sulfur colloid uptake in R--E cells of the liver. The reproducibility and convenience of the method was found to be such as to make it suitable for both scientific and routine clinical work.", "PMID": 607778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9689", "title": "Lymph transport before and after regional lymphadenectomy as demonstrated with 99Tcm. Preliminary experiences.", "content": "The lymphatic transport of a radioactive tracer injected intralymphatically on the dorsum of the foot was determined before and after surgery in 3 patients with vulvar carcinoma. The centrally recorded activity curves showed different time courses before and after inguinal lymphadenectomy, suggesting that the lymphatic transport is short-circuited via lymphovenous anastomoses after lymphadenectomy. Thus, non-radical surgery for primary carcinoma combined with lymphadenectomy will increase the risk of haematogenous spread.", "contents": "Lymph transport before and after regional lymphadenectomy as demonstrated with 99Tcm. Preliminary experiences. The lymphatic transport of a radioactive tracer injected intralymphatically on the dorsum of the foot was determined before and after surgery in 3 patients with vulvar carcinoma. The centrally recorded activity curves showed different time courses before and after inguinal lymphadenectomy, suggesting that the lymphatic transport is short-circuited via lymphovenous anastomoses after lymphadenectomy. Thus, non-radical surgery for primary carcinoma combined with lymphadenectomy will increase the risk of haematogenous spread.", "PMID": 607779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9690", "title": "Distribution of 99Tcm-labelled phosphorus compounds, 45Ca and 85Sr in diphosphonate-treated rats.", "content": "A similar distribution of 99Tcm, 45Ca and 85Sr was obtained when injected in rats as 99Tcm-labelled pyrophosphate or ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), 45Ca-chloride and 85Sr-choloride respectively. The highest concentrations occurred in bone and teeth. In EHDP-treated rats, isotopes were accumulated at sites of ectopic calcifications in the lung, kidney and stomach wall as well as in mineralized tissues. These results indicate that 99Tcm, when administered as 99Tcm-labelled EHDP accumulates predominatly in the inorganic rather than organic tissue components.", "contents": "Distribution of 99Tcm-labelled phosphorus compounds, 45Ca and 85Sr in diphosphonate-treated rats. A similar distribution of 99Tcm, 45Ca and 85Sr was obtained when injected in rats as 99Tcm-labelled pyrophosphate or ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), 45Ca-chloride and 85Sr-choloride respectively. The highest concentrations occurred in bone and teeth. In EHDP-treated rats, isotopes were accumulated at sites of ectopic calcifications in the lung, kidney and stomach wall as well as in mineralized tissues. These results indicate that 99Tcm, when administered as 99Tcm-labelled EHDP accumulates predominatly in the inorganic rather than organic tissue components.", "PMID": 607780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9691", "title": "Effect of roentgen, cyclotron neutron, or mixed neutron-photon fractionated irradiation of mice. LD50/4 day values.", "content": "Mice were whole-body-irradiated with 5 fractions of roentgen rays in 5 days, 5 fractions of cyclotron neutrons in 5 days, or with mixed neutron-photon fractionated radiation, in the sequence n-n-x-x-x or n-x-x-x-n. The LD50/4 day values were determined. Roentgen rays and neutrons interact in the additive manner in the mixed fractionation schemes: effective dose per fraction is as predicted from the roentgen ray-only and neutron-only experiments. This essentially agrees with HENDRY et coll. (1976). However, no trend was found towards a less-than -additive effect which was observed by those authors and has also been suggested in skin response to mixed schemes (NELSON et coll. 1975).", "contents": "Effect of roentgen, cyclotron neutron, or mixed neutron-photon fractionated irradiation of mice. LD50/4 day values. Mice were whole-body-irradiated with 5 fractions of roentgen rays in 5 days, 5 fractions of cyclotron neutrons in 5 days, or with mixed neutron-photon fractionated radiation, in the sequence n-n-x-x-x or n-x-x-x-n. The LD50/4 day values were determined. Roentgen rays and neutrons interact in the additive manner in the mixed fractionation schemes: effective dose per fraction is as predicted from the roentgen ray-only and neutron-only experiments. This essentially agrees with HENDRY et coll. (1976). However, no trend was found towards a less-than -additive effect which was observed by those authors and has also been suggested in skin response to mixed schemes (NELSON et coll. 1975).", "PMID": 607781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9692", "title": "Roentgen ray fluorescence method for determination of iodine in tissue.", "content": "A roentgen ray fluorescence method was developed for the quantitative determination of iodine concentration in tissue. The method is based on the use of two beams, of which one excites the K roentgen rays of iodine, while the other does not. The concentration of iodine was determined from the difference between the counting rates of the fluorescent and the scattered radiation. The measurements were carried out with standard equipment consisting of a generator, a NaI)Tl)-detector and a scaler. An accuracy of 0.1 mg I per g was obtained with the radiation exposure of about 1 R.", "contents": "Roentgen ray fluorescence method for determination of iodine in tissue. A roentgen ray fluorescence method was developed for the quantitative determination of iodine concentration in tissue. The method is based on the use of two beams, of which one excites the K roentgen rays of iodine, while the other does not. The concentration of iodine was determined from the difference between the counting rates of the fluorescent and the scattered radiation. The measurements were carried out with standard equipment consisting of a generator, a NaI)Tl)-detector and a scaler. An accuracy of 0.1 mg I per g was obtained with the radiation exposure of about 1 R.", "PMID": 607782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9693", "title": "Fiberoptic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children. II. Fiberoptic colonoscopy and polypectomy in 15 children.", "content": "Fiberoptic colonoscopy was performed on 15 patients between the ages of 1 1/2 years and 16 years. Ten patients were hospitalized and five were outpatients. Of 12 with frank or microscopic blood in stools, fiberoptic colonoscopy revealed single polyps in six patients, ulcerative colitis in two and negative results in four with prior nondiagnostic radiographic studies, colonoscopy revealed ulcerative colitis in one, granulomatous colitis in one and negative findings in one. Polypectomy through the colonoscope was accomplished in all six patients with polyps. Perforation of the sigmoid colon during polypectomy with the snare loop was the single complication encountered. Lower intestinal endoscopy should be selectively considered for diagnosis and therapy of unexplained bleeding or recurrent lower abdominal pain in children in whom proctosigmoidoscopic laboratory and radiographic examinations do not achieve a diagnosis.", "contents": "Fiberoptic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children. II. Fiberoptic colonoscopy and polypectomy in 15 children. Fiberoptic colonoscopy was performed on 15 patients between the ages of 1 1/2 years and 16 years. Ten patients were hospitalized and five were outpatients. Of 12 with frank or microscopic blood in stools, fiberoptic colonoscopy revealed single polyps in six patients, ulcerative colitis in two and negative results in four with prior nondiagnostic radiographic studies, colonoscopy revealed ulcerative colitis in one, granulomatous colitis in one and negative findings in one. Polypectomy through the colonoscope was accomplished in all six patients with polyps. Perforation of the sigmoid colon during polypectomy with the snare loop was the single complication encountered. Lower intestinal endoscopy should be selectively considered for diagnosis and therapy of unexplained bleeding or recurrent lower abdominal pain in children in whom proctosigmoidoscopic laboratory and radiographic examinations do not achieve a diagnosis.", "PMID": 607794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9694", "title": "Significance of angiography of the pancreas in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "The author made angiographic studies of pancreas in 94 patients with chronic pancreatitis. In all patients there were alterations in angiographic architecture of the pancreas. Ten angiographic signs were described which in combinations of three or more, were deemed sufficient for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Wide use of angiography of pancreas is recommended for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis as well as for morphological assessment of the pancreas.", "contents": "Significance of angiography of the pancreas in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. The author made angiographic studies of pancreas in 94 patients with chronic pancreatitis. In all patients there were alterations in angiographic architecture of the pancreas. Ten angiographic signs were described which in combinations of three or more, were deemed sufficient for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Wide use of angiography of pancreas is recommended for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis as well as for morphological assessment of the pancreas.", "PMID": 607796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9695", "title": "Evaluation of a magnetic method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time.", "content": "A new method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time is described. An externally applied magnetic transducer senses the presence of an ingested ferromagnetic material--50 gm. of magnesium ferrite dispersed in a test meal--upon its arrival at the cecal area. The mouth-to-cecum transit time is thus determined. The method is noninvasive and is not associated with any radiation. The method was compared to the commonly used x-ray method and good correlation was found in 24 of 28 studies. The mean transit time in a group of 20 normal subjects was 157.5 +/- 63.9 min.", "contents": "Evaluation of a magnetic method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time. A new method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time is described. An externally applied magnetic transducer senses the presence of an ingested ferromagnetic material--50 gm. of magnesium ferrite dispersed in a test meal--upon its arrival at the cecal area. The mouth-to-cecum transit time is thus determined. The method is noninvasive and is not associated with any radiation. The method was compared to the commonly used x-ray method and good correlation was found in 24 of 28 studies. The mean transit time in a group of 20 normal subjects was 157.5 +/- 63.9 min.", "PMID": 607797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9696", "title": "Fat embolism syndrome in delirium tremens.", "content": "Delirium tremens in a common feature in the alcoholic population. The Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is characterized by fever, encephalopathy, respiratory failure and skin petechiae. Fat embolism has been associated with alcoholics but the diagnosis was apparent only at autopsy. We present an alcoholic male who developed delirium tremens unresponsive to therapy, followed by features of the FES. Asterixis and Korsakoff's psychosis are newly described features of this syndrome. Corticosteroids were a definitive therapy in this case.", "contents": "Fat embolism syndrome in delirium tremens. Delirium tremens in a common feature in the alcoholic population. The Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is characterized by fever, encephalopathy, respiratory failure and skin petechiae. Fat embolism has been associated with alcoholics but the diagnosis was apparent only at autopsy. We present an alcoholic male who developed delirium tremens unresponsive to therapy, followed by features of the FES. Asterixis and Korsakoff's psychosis are newly described features of this syndrome. Corticosteroids were a definitive therapy in this case.", "PMID": 607798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9697", "title": "Pasteurella multocida bacteremia associated with peritonitis and cirrhosis.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida has been the etiologic agent in at least three cases of \"spontaneous\" bacterial peritonitis (SBP). We report another patient with P. multocida bacteremia and SBP and suggest that there may be more than a chance association between cirrhotic liver disease and this unusual organism which rarely causes sepsis in man.", "contents": "Pasteurella multocida bacteremia associated with peritonitis and cirrhosis. Pasteurella multocida has been the etiologic agent in at least three cases of \"spontaneous\" bacterial peritonitis (SBP). We report another patient with P. multocida bacteremia and SBP and suggest that there may be more than a chance association between cirrhotic liver disease and this unusual organism which rarely causes sepsis in man.", "PMID": 607799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9698", "title": "The endoscopy corner. Primary sclerosing cholangitis.", "content": "Retrograde endoscopic cholangiography is an effective means of evaluating the biliary ductal system. It can provide a nonoperative modality for diagnosing PSC and for assessing the effects of therapeutic interventions on the diameter of the bile ducts.", "contents": "The endoscopy corner. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Retrograde endoscopic cholangiography is an effective means of evaluating the biliary ductal system. It can provide a nonoperative modality for diagnosing PSC and for assessing the effects of therapeutic interventions on the diameter of the bile ducts.", "PMID": 607801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9699", "title": "The obstetrician-gynecologist and reproductive health. Presidential address.", "content": "The sources of nutrition and energy on this planet are limited and already in short supply. Improvement in the health and welfare of individuals and of nations will not be possible unless man promptly and effectively decreases the numbers of children being born to numbers that can be adequately fed and provided a chance of individual development. Currently available knowledge and methodologies do provide effective means of limiting human reproduction to the number of children for whom a family unit can adequately care. Gynecologists and obstetricians might well assume a more significant role in helping to limit the numbers of children being born so that populations can be adequately fed and more individuals will have opportunity to realize health and a hope of individual achievement. Man's current needs, as well as the gynecologist-obstetrician's capabilities, suggest designation of \"reproductive health\" as a specialty within gynecology and obstetrics, because the management of fertility should be recognized as a major responsibility of the gynecologist and obstetrician.", "contents": "The obstetrician-gynecologist and reproductive health. Presidential address. The sources of nutrition and energy on this planet are limited and already in short supply. Improvement in the health and welfare of individuals and of nations will not be possible unless man promptly and effectively decreases the numbers of children being born to numbers that can be adequately fed and provided a chance of individual development. Currently available knowledge and methodologies do provide effective means of limiting human reproduction to the number of children for whom a family unit can adequately care. Gynecologists and obstetricians might well assume a more significant role in helping to limit the numbers of children being born so that populations can be adequately fed and more individuals will have opportunity to realize health and a hope of individual achievement. Man's current needs, as well as the gynecologist-obstetrician's capabilities, suggest designation of \"reproductive health\" as a specialty within gynecology and obstetrics, because the management of fertility should be recognized as a major responsibility of the gynecologist and obstetrician.", "PMID": 607803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9700", "title": "Management and outcome of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus, classes B to R.", "content": "During the period 1971 to 1975, 260 women with diabetes mellitus, Classes B through R, were delivered of their infants at Los Angeles County Women's Hospital. The plan of patient management included frequent clinic visits and hospitalization to assure good control. A program of intensive antepartum fetal surveillance was begun at 34 weeks' gestation, with the use of daily 24 hour urinary estriol determinations and a weekly contraction stress test (CST). A lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was evaluated for all patients before elective delivery. The perinatal mortality rate in these diabetic pregnant women was 46 per 1,000 as compared to 24 per 1,000 in the general population. Only three stillbirths occurred in the diabetic group, none within one week of a negative CST. Congenital malformations were responsible for almost half of the neonatal deaths. There were no deaths due to iatrogenic prematurity or trauma. Mean gestational age at delivery was 37.9 weeks and vaginal delivery was the mode for approximately half of the women. Two thirds of the infants did experience some morbidity.", "contents": "Management and outcome of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus, classes B to R. During the period 1971 to 1975, 260 women with diabetes mellitus, Classes B through R, were delivered of their infants at Los Angeles County Women's Hospital. The plan of patient management included frequent clinic visits and hospitalization to assure good control. A program of intensive antepartum fetal surveillance was begun at 34 weeks' gestation, with the use of daily 24 hour urinary estriol determinations and a weekly contraction stress test (CST). A lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was evaluated for all patients before elective delivery. The perinatal mortality rate in these diabetic pregnant women was 46 per 1,000 as compared to 24 per 1,000 in the general population. Only three stillbirths occurred in the diabetic group, none within one week of a negative CST. Congenital malformations were responsible for almost half of the neonatal deaths. There were no deaths due to iatrogenic prematurity or trauma. Mean gestational age at delivery was 37.9 weeks and vaginal delivery was the mode for approximately half of the women. Two thirds of the infants did experience some morbidity.", "PMID": 607804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9701", "title": "Pelvic endometriosis: infertility and pelvic pain.", "content": "A multifactorial approach was used by the authors to analyze data from 119 women with endometriosis and infertility. Conservative surgical procedures afforded a mean pregnancy rate of 37.7 per cent for those women with significant disease. Only 6.7 per cent became pregnant when the proposed surgery was declined. There was an inverse relationship in severity of endometriotic involvement and pregnancy rate. The mean pregnancy rate among 17 patients with minimal disease for whom surgery was discouraged was 64.7 per cent; all pregnancies occurred within the first 2 years of follow-up. Relief of pelvic pain was dramatic, especially following presacral neurectomy. Laparoscopic selection of cases further reinforces the importance of grading severity of endometriosis prior to embarking on restorative surgery. Presacral neurectomy, despite reinforcement of pain relief, did not appear to contribute significantly to the occurrence of pregnancy.", "contents": "Pelvic endometriosis: infertility and pelvic pain. A multifactorial approach was used by the authors to analyze data from 119 women with endometriosis and infertility. Conservative surgical procedures afforded a mean pregnancy rate of 37.7 per cent for those women with significant disease. Only 6.7 per cent became pregnant when the proposed surgery was declined. There was an inverse relationship in severity of endometriotic involvement and pregnancy rate. The mean pregnancy rate among 17 patients with minimal disease for whom surgery was discouraged was 64.7 per cent; all pregnancies occurred within the first 2 years of follow-up. Relief of pelvic pain was dramatic, especially following presacral neurectomy. Laparoscopic selection of cases further reinforces the importance of grading severity of endometriosis prior to embarking on restorative surgery. Presacral neurectomy, despite reinforcement of pain relief, did not appear to contribute significantly to the occurrence of pregnancy.", "PMID": 607806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9702", "title": "Maternal and fetal serum levels of total cortisol and cortisone, unbound cortisol, and corticosteroid-binding globulin in vaginal delivery and cesarean section.", "content": "The levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin), total cortisol, and unbound cortisol were measured in maternal and fetal serum at the time of cesarean section or vaginal delivery. While the total cortisol levels in maternal serum do not differ significantly in vaginal delivery as compared to cesarean section, cord serum cortisol levels are significantly higher after vaginal delivery. There are no differences associated with the route of delivery between the mean levels of CBG in cord and maternal blood. However, after the vaginal delivery the unbound cortisol level in maternal serum is more than twice as high as that at cesarean section and in cord serum it is seven times as high. These changes reflect changes in total cortisol and may represent a prelabor surge of fetal cortisol production, or a stress response associated with labor, or a combination of both.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal serum levels of total cortisol and cortisone, unbound cortisol, and corticosteroid-binding globulin in vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin), total cortisol, and unbound cortisol were measured in maternal and fetal serum at the time of cesarean section or vaginal delivery. While the total cortisol levels in maternal serum do not differ significantly in vaginal delivery as compared to cesarean section, cord serum cortisol levels are significantly higher after vaginal delivery. There are no differences associated with the route of delivery between the mean levels of CBG in cord and maternal blood. However, after the vaginal delivery the unbound cortisol level in maternal serum is more than twice as high as that at cesarean section and in cord serum it is seven times as high. These changes reflect changes in total cortisol and may represent a prelabor surge of fetal cortisol production, or a stress response associated with labor, or a combination of both.", "PMID": 607807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9703", "title": "Structure of the steroid-binding site of human placental estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase.", "content": "We recently demonstrated that human placental estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase possesses a histidyl residue in the catalytic region of the active site by affinity-labeling studies with 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol-3-methyl ether. We now report the synthesis of 12beta-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione and its use in affinity labeling of the enzyme. The steroid was synthesized by incubation of 4-estrene-3,17-dione with Colletotrichum gloesporioides. The product was recrystallized from ethanol and structure assured by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The steroid is a substrate, which indicates that it binds at the active site. When the enzyme is incubated with a 150-fold molar excess of 12beta-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, the enzyme is inactivated in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. Inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half life of 18 hours. Analysis of a hydrolysate of the enzyme after inactivation with 12beta-bromo[2'-3H]acetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione reveals tritiated 1-, 3-, and 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine. The affinity labeling of a histidyl enzyme residue by both 16alpha- and 12beta-bromoacetoxy steroids localizes that residue near the point of catalysis and suggests that it may participate in the catalytic event.", "contents": "Structure of the steroid-binding site of human placental estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase. We recently demonstrated that human placental estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase possesses a histidyl residue in the catalytic region of the active site by affinity-labeling studies with 16alpha-bromoacetoxyestradiol-3-methyl ether. We now report the synthesis of 12beta-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione and its use in affinity labeling of the enzyme. The steroid was synthesized by incubation of 4-estrene-3,17-dione with Colletotrichum gloesporioides. The product was recrystallized from ethanol and structure assured by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The steroid is a substrate, which indicates that it binds at the active site. When the enzyme is incubated with a 150-fold molar excess of 12beta-bromoacetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, the enzyme is inactivated in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. Inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a half life of 18 hours. Analysis of a hydrolysate of the enzyme after inactivation with 12beta-bromo[2'-3H]acetoxy-4-estrene-3,17-dione reveals tritiated 1-, 3-, and 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine. The affinity labeling of a histidyl enzyme residue by both 16alpha- and 12beta-bromoacetoxy steroids localizes that residue near the point of catalysis and suggests that it may participate in the catalytic event.", "PMID": 607808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9704", "title": "Estrogen metabolism in normal and neoplastic endometrium.", "content": "Studies on normal endometrium at different phases of the menstrual cycle have shown that progesterone and synthetic progestins reduce the levels of estradiol receptors in the tissue and increase the activity of estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase, an enzyme that converts estradiol to estrone. These effects may account for the antiestrogenic characteristics of the progestins. Similar effects were obtained in some postmenopausal patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma treated for two to 10 days with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate. These results point to the potential usefulness of a short-term, in vivo biochemical test which, combined with histologic observations, may identify patients who are likely to respond to treatment with progestins.", "contents": "Estrogen metabolism in normal and neoplastic endometrium. Studies on normal endometrium at different phases of the menstrual cycle have shown that progesterone and synthetic progestins reduce the levels of estradiol receptors in the tissue and increase the activity of estradiol-17beta-dehydrogenase, an enzyme that converts estradiol to estrone. These effects may account for the antiestrogenic characteristics of the progestins. Similar effects were obtained in some postmenopausal patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma treated for two to 10 days with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate. These results point to the potential usefulness of a short-term, in vivo biochemical test which, combined with histologic observations, may identify patients who are likely to respond to treatment with progestins.", "PMID": 607809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9705", "title": "[Aplasia of the sinus maxillares and frontales under the special regard of the pneumatisation of cleft patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on 2820 x-rayfilms of the sinus maxillaris from adults, on 120 x-rayfilms from child-like and youthful patients as a control group and from 301 x-rayfilms from patients with cleft formations to show the aplasia of the sinus maxillaris and frontalis is being given. A aplasia of the sinus maxillaris wasn't found. For the sinus frontalis a aplasia in 11% was found by adults. The one side aplasia was observed by 7.4% and the double-sided by 3.4%, the right-sided aplasia by 4.2% and the left-sided by 3.2%. Patients with cleft formations: The aplasia of the sinus frontalis was found by 55.8%, by the control group in 46.7%. In the age groups 1 to 5 years and 6 to 10 years more double-sided aplasia was found. This result is agree with the results by the control group. The right-sided aplasia is dominant in comparison to the left-sided aplasia in the control group.", "contents": "[Aplasia of the sinus maxillares and frontales under the special regard of the pneumatisation of cleft patients (author's transl)]. A report on 2820 x-rayfilms of the sinus maxillaris from adults, on 120 x-rayfilms from child-like and youthful patients as a control group and from 301 x-rayfilms from patients with cleft formations to show the aplasia of the sinus maxillaris and frontalis is being given. A aplasia of the sinus maxillaris wasn't found. For the sinus frontalis a aplasia in 11% was found by adults. The one side aplasia was observed by 7.4% and the double-sided by 3.4%, the right-sided aplasia by 4.2% and the left-sided by 3.2%. Patients with cleft formations: The aplasia of the sinus frontalis was found by 55.8%, by the control group in 46.7%. In the age groups 1 to 5 years and 6 to 10 years more double-sided aplasia was found. This result is agree with the results by the control group. The right-sided aplasia is dominant in comparison to the left-sided aplasia in the control group.", "PMID": 607810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9706", "title": "[X-rayfilm analysis of the sinus paranasales from cleft patients (in comparison with a healthy group) (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on 301 x-rayfilms from cleft patients and 120 x-rayfilms of a control group to show the behaviour of the pneumatisation of the maxillar sinus is being given. The sinus maxillares of the left side by the male and female patients are greater than of the right side. The sinus maxillares are greater by female patients than by male patients. Patients with cleft formation: The sinus maxillares by female patients are significant smaller than the sinus maxillares by the control group. No different are the sinus maxillares by the control group and male with cleft formation patients with the right-sided clefts and female patients with right-sided clefts and on bilateral clefts. The sinus maxillares are of the side of localisation smaller than of the opposite side. By clefts of the primary and secondary palate (L-A-P-clefts) are the sinuses maxillares statistically larger than by clefts of the primary palate (L-A-clefts) and by subtotally and totally clefts of the secondary palate (P-clefts).", "contents": "[X-rayfilm analysis of the sinus paranasales from cleft patients (in comparison with a healthy group) (author's transl)]. A report on 301 x-rayfilms from cleft patients and 120 x-rayfilms of a control group to show the behaviour of the pneumatisation of the maxillar sinus is being given. The sinus maxillares of the left side by the male and female patients are greater than of the right side. The sinus maxillares are greater by female patients than by male patients. Patients with cleft formation: The sinus maxillares by female patients are significant smaller than the sinus maxillares by the control group. No different are the sinus maxillares by the control group and male with cleft formation patients with the right-sided clefts and female patients with right-sided clefts and on bilateral clefts. The sinus maxillares are of the side of localisation smaller than of the opposite side. By clefts of the primary and secondary palate (L-A-P-clefts) are the sinuses maxillares statistically larger than by clefts of the primary palate (L-A-clefts) and by subtotally and totally clefts of the secondary palate (P-clefts).", "PMID": 607811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9707", "title": "Forebrain in human anencephaly.", "content": "Gross and microscopic study of twelve human anencephalics revealed existence of the forebrain with variable growth in all specimens, meaning thereby closure of the neural tube at its cephalic extremity. This is supported by the findings of choroid plexus, pineal tissue and rudimentary pallium within the anterosuperior margin of a median dorsal opening situated behind the forebrain mass. The opening bears an intimate relation to the undue dorsal convexity of the sphenooccipital junction, and leads cranially to a cavity representing the third and lateral ventricles. This opening is situated in the posterior part of the roof of diencephalon, and seems to be the primary site of disturbance causing anencephaly. Weakness of the diencephalic roof is indicated by its epithelial nature and its ballooning in cyclopia and cebocephaly. A corresponding potential weakness in the overlying tissues is evidenced by the sagittal fontanelle of early fetal life and by congenital scalp and skull defects of the parietooccipital region.", "contents": "Forebrain in human anencephaly. Gross and microscopic study of twelve human anencephalics revealed existence of the forebrain with variable growth in all specimens, meaning thereby closure of the neural tube at its cephalic extremity. This is supported by the findings of choroid plexus, pineal tissue and rudimentary pallium within the anterosuperior margin of a median dorsal opening situated behind the forebrain mass. The opening bears an intimate relation to the undue dorsal convexity of the sphenooccipital junction, and leads cranially to a cavity representing the third and lateral ventricles. This opening is situated in the posterior part of the roof of diencephalon, and seems to be the primary site of disturbance causing anencephaly. Weakness of the diencephalic roof is indicated by its epithelial nature and its ballooning in cyclopia and cebocephaly. A corresponding potential weakness in the overlying tissues is evidenced by the sagittal fontanelle of early fetal life and by congenital scalp and skull defects of the parietooccipital region.", "PMID": 607812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9708", "title": "Histocytological studies on the pituitary gland of Puntius sophorein correlation to its gonadal cycle.", "content": "Correlation between the pituitary and the gonadal cycle of Puntius sophore has been described. The cyanophils of proximal pars distalis region of pituitary undergo quantitative and qualitative changes which have been correlated to the reproductive cycle. The percentage of cyanophils remains pretty high during spawning phase, which also marks the period of their marked secretory activity.", "contents": "Histocytological studies on the pituitary gland of Puntius sophorein correlation to its gonadal cycle. Correlation between the pituitary and the gonadal cycle of Puntius sophore has been described. The cyanophils of proximal pars distalis region of pituitary undergo quantitative and qualitative changes which have been correlated to the reproductive cycle. The percentage of cyanophils remains pretty high during spawning phase, which also marks the period of their marked secretory activity.", "PMID": 607813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9709", "title": "[Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the surface of mesothelial cells of different peritoneal areas of rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed numerous microvilli on the surface of mesothelial cells of different peritoneal areas. In addition a number of saccular invaginations provided with microvilli or small intercellular clefts have been observed between the cells. These superficial invaginations may correspond to the \"stomata\" of the light microscopy. Because of the number of microvilli projecting inside the clefts it was not possible to determine whether they open directly on the base of the cells. As the light of the Scanning electron microscopy observations and considering the transmission electron microscopy results on the intercellular boundaries in mesothelial cells it is possible to assume that the actual clefts (\"stomata\") are continuous and open in the main intercellular channels. Then it is not possible to exclude that these intercellular channels with their labyrinthine and tortuous course may open into the subjacent connective tissue.", "contents": "[Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the surface of mesothelial cells of different peritoneal areas of rat (author's transl)]. Observations by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed numerous microvilli on the surface of mesothelial cells of different peritoneal areas. In addition a number of saccular invaginations provided with microvilli or small intercellular clefts have been observed between the cells. These superficial invaginations may correspond to the \"stomata\" of the light microscopy. Because of the number of microvilli projecting inside the clefts it was not possible to determine whether they open directly on the base of the cells. As the light of the Scanning electron microscopy observations and considering the transmission electron microscopy results on the intercellular boundaries in mesothelial cells it is possible to assume that the actual clefts (\"stomata\") are continuous and open in the main intercellular channels. Then it is not possible to exclude that these intercellular channels with their labyrinthine and tortuous course may open into the subjacent connective tissue.", "PMID": 607814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9710", "title": "[The nodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis (Schaefer) (author's transl)].", "content": "A casus of so-called nodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis (Schaefer) was investigated by a 73 years old woman. This special findings in the mesenteric lymphnodes were interpreted as changes after inflammatory or infectious diseases in the alimentary tract. For the exact designation was proposed the term lymphonodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis.", "contents": "[The nodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis (Schaefer) (author's transl)]. A casus of so-called nodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis (Schaefer) was investigated by a 73 years old woman. This special findings in the mesenteric lymphnodes were interpreted as changes after inflammatory or infectious diseases in the alimentary tract. For the exact designation was proposed the term lymphonodular mesenteric pseudoxanthomatosis.", "PMID": 607815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9711", "title": "[Considerations about the branching of the aorta abdominalis in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the disposition of the abdominal aorta branching in Mesocricetus auratus, stablishing variation groups with relation to the celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, genital and caudal mesenteric arteries. Sixty animals (30 males and 30 females) of different ages and weights, from the Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu, were anesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in abdominal aorta (50 animals with Neoprene latex and 10 with radio-opac mass) and dissected through stereoscopic microscope. The animals with radio-opac mass were radiographed in order to compare with other preparations. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with other mammalian arterial dispositions.", "contents": "[Considerations about the branching of the aorta abdominalis in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the disposition of the abdominal aorta branching in Mesocricetus auratus, stablishing variation groups with relation to the celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, genital and caudal mesenteric arteries. Sixty animals (30 males and 30 females) of different ages and weights, from the Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu, were anesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in abdominal aorta (50 animals with Neoprene latex and 10 with radio-opac mass) and dissected through stereoscopic microscope. The animals with radio-opac mass were radiographed in order to compare with other preparations. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with other mammalian arterial dispositions.", "PMID": 607817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9712", "title": "[The influence of inhomogenity on strength of bones (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors experiments (n = 50) and calculation (n = 1000) with human hollow bone revealed physical and chemical data which were compared. It was shown that the physical and chemical properties are different in the diaphysis and epiphysis. These regularities are the consequence of the physical and chemical inhomogenities. These findings can be explained as a mechanism of protection.", "contents": "[The influence of inhomogenity on strength of bones (author's transl)]. The authors experiments (n = 50) and calculation (n = 1000) with human hollow bone revealed physical and chemical data which were compared. It was shown that the physical and chemical properties are different in the diaphysis and epiphysis. These regularities are the consequence of the physical and chemical inhomogenities. These findings can be explained as a mechanism of protection.", "PMID": 607818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9713", "title": "Human serum monoamine oxidase.", "content": "A study on serum monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels in fibrotic disease processes led us to investigate patients with moderate to severe burns. Strikingly low serum MAO activity was found in patients with relatively recent, severe injuries. So far, we have no explanation to offer for the phenomena observed.", "contents": "Human serum monoamine oxidase. A study on serum monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels in fibrotic disease processes led us to investigate patients with moderate to severe burns. Strikingly low serum MAO activity was found in patients with relatively recent, severe injuries. So far, we have no explanation to offer for the phenomena observed.", "PMID": 607828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9714", "title": "[GM2 gangliosidosis diagnosis and carriers detection by fractionation of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the fractionation of GM2 gangliosidosis diagnosis and carriers detection by fractionation of N-acetyl-beta-D-Hexosaminidase by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel. The hexosaminidase activity is resolved into three bands that are quantified by a densitometric procedure. The methods is applied to normal controls, normal pregnant women, patients of Tay-Sachs disease, heterozigous carriers of Tay-Sachs disease, amniotic fluid, uncultured amniotic cells. The results are compared with those obtained by the \"heat inactivation method\".", "contents": "[GM2 gangliosidosis diagnosis and carriers detection by fractionation of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel (author's transl)]. A method is described for the fractionation of GM2 gangliosidosis diagnosis and carriers detection by fractionation of N-acetyl-beta-D-Hexosaminidase by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel. The hexosaminidase activity is resolved into three bands that are quantified by a densitometric procedure. The methods is applied to normal controls, normal pregnant women, patients of Tay-Sachs disease, heterozigous carriers of Tay-Sachs disease, amniotic fluid, uncultured amniotic cells. The results are compared with those obtained by the \"heat inactivation method\".", "PMID": 607830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9715", "title": "[Idiopathic hematuria in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic hematuria is a clinical condition of unknown etiology; it is defined as persistent or recurrent, macro or microscopic hematuria in the absence of systemic or local disease and with normal renal function. Six patients who had these criterions were studied. There were all girls. The age of the first episode was between one and four years. There was no other family or personal history of renal disease or deafness. Only two patients had their episodes of macroscopic hematuria within flu-like illness or exercise. All had normal renal function and no proteinuria was found. Serum C'3 and C'4 were normal. Microscopic and immunofluorescence studies were negative. We remark the convenience of a triple criteria clinical, histopathologic and evolutive to select a patient into the \"idiopathic hematuria\" group. We comment the usefullness of renal biopsy in the investigation of unexplained hematuria.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hematuria in childhood (author's transl)]. Idiopathic hematuria is a clinical condition of unknown etiology; it is defined as persistent or recurrent, macro or microscopic hematuria in the absence of systemic or local disease and with normal renal function. Six patients who had these criterions were studied. There were all girls. The age of the first episode was between one and four years. There was no other family or personal history of renal disease or deafness. Only two patients had their episodes of macroscopic hematuria within flu-like illness or exercise. All had normal renal function and no proteinuria was found. Serum C'3 and C'4 were normal. Microscopic and immunofluorescence studies were negative. We remark the convenience of a triple criteria clinical, histopathologic and evolutive to select a patient into the \"idiopathic hematuria\" group. We comment the usefullness of renal biopsy in the investigation of unexplained hematuria.", "PMID": 607831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9716", "title": "[Gallstones in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report their experience in pediatric gallstones and their methods of radiological and blood lipid chemistry studies. Bile was also cultured and its chemistry compared with that of blood. Calculi were studied by infra-red spectrography. The results are compared with other reported in the literature. Biliary lithiasis etiology, incidence and diagnosis are briefly studied. Pathology and management of three cases are described and illustrated.", "contents": "[Gallstones in children (author's transl)]. Authors report their experience in pediatric gallstones and their methods of radiological and blood lipid chemistry studies. Bile was also cultured and its chemistry compared with that of blood. Calculi were studied by infra-red spectrography. The results are compared with other reported in the literature. Biliary lithiasis etiology, incidence and diagnosis are briefly studied. Pathology and management of three cases are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 607832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9717", "title": "[Effect on agar on neonatal bilirubin seric levels (author's transl)].", "content": "An study on the effect of p.o. agar in neonatal bilirubin seric levels is reported. Two groups of healthy newborns, 33 terms and 22 pre-terms were studied after ingestion of agar and the results compared to those in a similar set of non-agar control groups. Agar ingestion decreased bilirubin levels in term newborns and increased fecal elimination of the pigment (p less than 0.001). p.o. agar had no effect on the levels of serum bilirubin in preterm newborns (p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "[Effect on agar on neonatal bilirubin seric levels (author's transl)]. An study on the effect of p.o. agar in neonatal bilirubin seric levels is reported. Two groups of healthy newborns, 33 terms and 22 pre-terms were studied after ingestion of agar and the results compared to those in a similar set of non-agar control groups. Agar ingestion decreased bilirubin levels in term newborns and increased fecal elimination of the pigment (p less than 0.001). p.o. agar had no effect on the levels of serum bilirubin in preterm newborns (p greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 607833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9718", "title": "[Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa. A coincidence? (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of the rare malformation pyloric atresia are presented, two of which are associated with epidermolysis bullosa, a rare malformation by itself. First two cases had a great pneumoperitoneum which suggested perforation of digestive tract. All three cases belonged to type I of pyloric atresia.", "contents": "[Pyloric atresia and epidermolysis bullosa. A coincidence? (author's transl)]. Three cases of the rare malformation pyloric atresia are presented, two of which are associated with epidermolysis bullosa, a rare malformation by itself. First two cases had a great pneumoperitoneum which suggested perforation of digestive tract. All three cases belonged to type I of pyloric atresia.", "PMID": 607834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9719", "title": "[Kniest's syndrome. Two cases with psychomotor retardation (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are presented, a female and a male, with a clinical and radiological picture which can be included in Kniest's syndrome. Both patients showed significant psychomotor retardation. The boy presented bilateral glaucoma. The osseous biopsy of the girl showed many large sized chondrocytes in the cartilagenous tissue surrounded by clear lacunae and immersed in a loose matrix giving them the appearance of Swiss cheese.", "contents": "[Kniest's syndrome. Two cases with psychomotor retardation (author's transl)]. Two cases are presented, a female and a male, with a clinical and radiological picture which can be included in Kniest's syndrome. Both patients showed significant psychomotor retardation. The boy presented bilateral glaucoma. The osseous biopsy of the girl showed many large sized chondrocytes in the cartilagenous tissue surrounded by clear lacunae and immersed in a loose matrix giving them the appearance of Swiss cheese.", "PMID": 607835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9720", "title": "[Coarctation of the aorta. In infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "We review our experience in 38 patients with coarctation of the aorta during infancy. Cardiac failure was present in 30 patients, being the maximal incidence during the first and second weeks of the life. Sixteen infants died, 43% of them during the first week. Cardiac catherization and angiocardiography were performed in 22 infants. The coarctation of the aorta was isolated in 38 infants (36%). The most frequently associated malformations were: patent ductus arteriosus (6 cases), ventricular septal defect (5 cases) and the pathology of the left heart. The post mortem examination was performed in 11 infants; in all of them the CoAo was preductal with patent ductus arteriosus; the most frequently associated malformation was ventricular septal defect (6 cases). 5 infants were operated upon with succes during the first year of the life.", "contents": "[Coarctation of the aorta. In infancy (author's transl)]. We review our experience in 38 patients with coarctation of the aorta during infancy. Cardiac failure was present in 30 patients, being the maximal incidence during the first and second weeks of the life. Sixteen infants died, 43% of them during the first week. Cardiac catherization and angiocardiography were performed in 22 infants. The coarctation of the aorta was isolated in 38 infants (36%). The most frequently associated malformations were: patent ductus arteriosus (6 cases), ventricular septal defect (5 cases) and the pathology of the left heart. The post mortem examination was performed in 11 infants; in all of them the CoAo was preductal with patent ductus arteriosus; the most frequently associated malformation was ventricular septal defect (6 cases). 5 infants were operated upon with succes during the first year of the life.", "PMID": 607836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9721", "title": "[Pulmonary arterial bnading hemodinamic and clinical evaluation in 23 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a study of 23 cases with pulmonary plethora and cardiac failure. A \"banding\" of pulmonary artery was performed, to diminish the pulmonary bloodflow in order to avoid the development of pulmonary hypertensive changes and to improve the heart failure. The mean age of the cases operated upon was 16,9 months. The complications post-banding were: stenosis of the pulmonary outflow tract and necrosis or calcification of the pulmonary artery wall. There was a direct relationship between these complications and the time of persistence of the \"banding\". The pulmonary artery pressure, distal to the \"banding\", was reduced as much as 2/3 of the previous pressure in all patients below 6 months and in 63,64% of those patients above 1 year old. A patent ductus arteriosus, complicating the ventricular septal defectis closed prior to perform the \"banding\" in order to see its role in the pulmonary hyperkinetic hypertension. This is carried out only if pulmonary hypertension remains unaffected.", "contents": "[Pulmonary arterial bnading hemodinamic and clinical evaluation in 23 cases (author's transl)]. This is a study of 23 cases with pulmonary plethora and cardiac failure. A \"banding\" of pulmonary artery was performed, to diminish the pulmonary bloodflow in order to avoid the development of pulmonary hypertensive changes and to improve the heart failure. The mean age of the cases operated upon was 16,9 months. The complications post-banding were: stenosis of the pulmonary outflow tract and necrosis or calcification of the pulmonary artery wall. There was a direct relationship between these complications and the time of persistence of the \"banding\". The pulmonary artery pressure, distal to the \"banding\", was reduced as much as 2/3 of the previous pressure in all patients below 6 months and in 63,64% of those patients above 1 year old. A patent ductus arteriosus, complicating the ventricular septal defectis closed prior to perform the \"banding\" in order to see its role in the pulmonary hyperkinetic hypertension. This is carried out only if pulmonary hypertension remains unaffected.", "PMID": 607837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9722", "title": "[Serum insulin concentration, basal and during an standardized oral glucose tolerance test in healthy children (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum insulin concentration was measured, basal and during an standardized oral glucose tolerance test in 110 healthy children. The patients are divided in four groups according to their pediatric ages. The method used to measure serum insulin was a radioimmunoassay and the glucose by oxidative enzymatic procedures. The calculations of the results has been made with log-conversion in order to follow a normal log distribution of the data. Glucose, insuline areas and some insulinogenic index (ratio) are made as well. And relations of multiple correlations. With our results we can conclude: There is a general tendency in all our cases to low values of insulin most marcate in the fasting levels. We defined like hiposecretor the 4.1% of all our patients. The existence of a positive correlation between insuline-age in fasting determinations as well as in overload test.", "contents": "[Serum insulin concentration, basal and during an standardized oral glucose tolerance test in healthy children (author's transl)]. Serum insulin concentration was measured, basal and during an standardized oral glucose tolerance test in 110 healthy children. The patients are divided in four groups according to their pediatric ages. The method used to measure serum insulin was a radioimmunoassay and the glucose by oxidative enzymatic procedures. The calculations of the results has been made with log-conversion in order to follow a normal log distribution of the data. Glucose, insuline areas and some insulinogenic index (ratio) are made as well. And relations of multiple correlations. With our results we can conclude: There is a general tendency in all our cases to low values of insulin most marcate in the fasting levels. We defined like hiposecretor the 4.1% of all our patients. The existence of a positive correlation between insuline-age in fasting determinations as well as in overload test.", "PMID": 607838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9723", "title": "[Fucosidosis type 2. A new case (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied a child 10 years old with a defficit of alpha-fucosidase demonstrated in the urine, serum, tears and fibroblasts culture. The clinical evolution and the presence of a \"angiokeratom corporis diffusum\" permits one to diagnose the patient in the type 2 fucosidosis. We have revised the clinical features, the exigible criteria for biochemical diagnosis, the histopathological findings, ultrastructural alterations and the genetic aspects; specially the behaviour of the H substance and Lewis in the red cell and saliva.", "contents": "[Fucosidosis type 2. A new case (author's transl)]. We have studied a child 10 years old with a defficit of alpha-fucosidase demonstrated in the urine, serum, tears and fibroblasts culture. The clinical evolution and the presence of a \"angiokeratom corporis diffusum\" permits one to diagnose the patient in the type 2 fucosidosis. We have revised the clinical features, the exigible criteria for biochemical diagnosis, the histopathological findings, ultrastructural alterations and the genetic aspects; specially the behaviour of the H substance and Lewis in the red cell and saliva.", "PMID": 607839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9724", "title": "[Dehydration in the infant. Revision of 100 cases. Epidemiologic, clinical and biochemical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study of 100 dehydrated children with ages between 0 and 18 months is presented. Ecologic, epidemiologic, clinical and biochemical aspects are revised, as the first part of a series. Relating facts to distribution according with ages and etiology in cases of bacterial diarrhea are similar to other authors. Hypertonic dehydration caused by concentrated nutrition of feeding is prominent, in tight relation with children in low socioeconomically groups. 31% of children had natremia between 150 and 160 mEq/I; and 16% over to 160 mEq/I. Hypocalcemia during rehydration was rarely observed.", "contents": "[Dehydration in the infant. Revision of 100 cases. Epidemiologic, clinical and biochemical aspects (author's transl)]. A retrospective study of 100 dehydrated children with ages between 0 and 18 months is presented. Ecologic, epidemiologic, clinical and biochemical aspects are revised, as the first part of a series. Relating facts to distribution according with ages and etiology in cases of bacterial diarrhea are similar to other authors. Hypertonic dehydration caused by concentrated nutrition of feeding is prominent, in tight relation with children in low socioeconomically groups. 31% of children had natremia between 150 and 160 mEq/I; and 16% over to 160 mEq/I. Hypocalcemia during rehydration was rarely observed.", "PMID": 607840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9725", "title": "[Atrial septal defect symptomatic in infancy. Report of 11 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven cases of atrial septal defect, ostium secundum, with important symptomatology, under the age of one year are reported. The clinical picture does not differ essentially from what is found in older patients. Extracardiac associated anomalies are frequent. Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio varied between 1.3 and 3.5. The E.C.G. showed typical findings is most of the cases, but unexpected left ventricular enlargement was found in one case, and in another one with a Noonan syndrome, a left anterior hemiblock was present. Surgery was performed in six patients, between one and six years. In all, direct vision of the defect showed the large size of it. Pulmonary vascular resistances were normal. It is postulated that early vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed could be the origin of the early onset of a left to right shunt in this patients without an increase in pulmonary vascular resistances.", "contents": "[Atrial septal defect symptomatic in infancy. Report of 11 cases (author's transl)]. Eleven cases of atrial septal defect, ostium secundum, with important symptomatology, under the age of one year are reported. The clinical picture does not differ essentially from what is found in older patients. Extracardiac associated anomalies are frequent. Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio varied between 1.3 and 3.5. The E.C.G. showed typical findings is most of the cases, but unexpected left ventricular enlargement was found in one case, and in another one with a Noonan syndrome, a left anterior hemiblock was present. Surgery was performed in six patients, between one and six years. In all, direct vision of the defect showed the large size of it. Pulmonary vascular resistances were normal. It is postulated that early vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed could be the origin of the early onset of a left to right shunt in this patients without an increase in pulmonary vascular resistances.", "PMID": 607841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9726", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease and glomerulonefritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of infradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease (mixed pattern) associated with glomerulonephritis in the childhood is reported. The pathogenic relationship between Hodking's disease and the renal lesion is discussed.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease and glomerulonefritis (author's transl)]. A case of infradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease (mixed pattern) associated with glomerulonephritis in the childhood is reported. The pathogenic relationship between Hodking's disease and the renal lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 607842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9727", "title": "[Mediastinal gonadotrophin secreting tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with precoucious puberty, caused by the secretion of ecthopic gonadotrophin, due to a teratoma of mediastinal localization accompanied by cellular immunodeficiency is described. A review of literature several cases have been from different hospitals, showing a low frequency of the intrathoratic localization of these teratomas and it is exceptional functional characteristics is made.", "contents": "[Mediastinal gonadotrophin secreting tumor (author's transl)]. A patient with precoucious puberty, caused by the secretion of ecthopic gonadotrophin, due to a teratoma of mediastinal localization accompanied by cellular immunodeficiency is described. A review of literature several cases have been from different hospitals, showing a low frequency of the intrathoratic localization of these teratomas and it is exceptional functional characteristics is made.", "PMID": 607843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9728", "title": "[Translocation t (13:21) (q22:q22) in mother and monosomia 21 and partial trisomy 13 on her son (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and cytogenetical findings in a case of 21pter leads to 21q22.1 monosomy associated to a partial trisomy 13 are presented. The patient's mother carries a translocation t(13;21) (q22;q22). R-banding has shown that q22 band of an apparently absent chromosome 21 is distally translocated in an extra-chromosome 13 (13q-)+. Therefore the proband's monosomy 21 is not complete, but partial.", "contents": "[Translocation t (13:21) (q22:q22) in mother and monosomia 21 and partial trisomy 13 on her son (author's transl)]. Clinical and cytogenetical findings in a case of 21pter leads to 21q22.1 monosomy associated to a partial trisomy 13 are presented. The patient's mother carries a translocation t(13;21) (q22;q22). R-banding has shown that q22 band of an apparently absent chromosome 21 is distally translocated in an extra-chromosome 13 (13q-)+. Therefore the proband's monosomy 21 is not complete, but partial.", "PMID": 607844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9729", "title": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present the case of a two year old spanish girls with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome such as described by Kawasaki.", "contents": "[Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (author's transl)]. Authors present the case of a two year old spanish girls with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome such as described by Kawasaki.", "PMID": 607845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9730", "title": "[Vagrancy: psychological and psychopathological aspects].", "content": "The authors, after defining the words \"vagrancy\" and \"vagrant\", explore their semantical field and try to specify differences in respect of neighbouring words, often confused with them. An historical sketch of vagrancy, from antiquity to the present era, is depicted. There after, the authors state the evolution of theories of vagrancy, from the biological, psychological, psychiatrical and sociological points of view. The last part of the paper considers psychopathology of vagrancy, specially in psychoanalytical and phenomenological approaches, and problems of rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Vagrancy: psychological and psychopathological aspects]. The authors, after defining the words \"vagrancy\" and \"vagrant\", explore their semantical field and try to specify differences in respect of neighbouring words, often confused with them. An historical sketch of vagrancy, from antiquity to the present era, is depicted. There after, the authors state the evolution of theories of vagrancy, from the biological, psychological, psychiatrical and sociological points of view. The last part of the paper considers psychopathology of vagrancy, specially in psychoanalytical and phenomenological approaches, and problems of rehabilitation.", "PMID": 607846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9731", "title": "[Contribution to the pathogenesis and treatment of post-partum schizophrenic episodes. A collective and family therapy in a day care unit].", "content": "We tried to summarise our personal experience showing that a high percentage of psychotic post-partum breaks may be treated in a day unit using tritherapy. We described the advantages for a collective institutional therapy, the tritherapy, especially regarding to the treatment of schizophrenic crises. The treatment we propose for the post-partum psychotic crises in a day unit would ease: 1) The preservation of part of the patient's autonomy which would valorise her. 2) The facility for supervising the institutional work, especially for nursing care so import in the institutional casing of the mother-baby pair. 3. Possibility to integrate the husband in the treatment. We did notice in post-partum schizophrenic breaks the influence of the husband's attitude on the mother's illness at least in a certain amount of cases he puts on the mother's back his own ambivalency regarding to the child. This attitude in the natural dependency of mother hood has the same destructurating effect as a double blind.", "contents": "[Contribution to the pathogenesis and treatment of post-partum schizophrenic episodes. A collective and family therapy in a day care unit]. We tried to summarise our personal experience showing that a high percentage of psychotic post-partum breaks may be treated in a day unit using tritherapy. We described the advantages for a collective institutional therapy, the tritherapy, especially regarding to the treatment of schizophrenic crises. The treatment we propose for the post-partum psychotic crises in a day unit would ease: 1) The preservation of part of the patient's autonomy which would valorise her. 2) The facility for supervising the institutional work, especially for nursing care so import in the institutional casing of the mother-baby pair. 3. Possibility to integrate the husband in the treatment. We did notice in post-partum schizophrenic breaks the influence of the husband's attitude on the mother's illness at least in a certain amount of cases he puts on the mother's back his own ambivalency regarding to the child. This attitude in the natural dependency of mother hood has the same destructurating effect as a double blind.", "PMID": 607848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9732", "title": "[A few viral infections in the recent epidemiological evolution (author's transl)].", "content": "In the study we presented a few infections of viral etiology that showed evident epidemiological evolutions during the last ten years. We refered of a disease nearly eradicated, of one that can be eradicated, and of a group of infections that at present cannot be eradicated. The first is poliomyelitis, the second is measles, the third is represented by viral infections connected with the respiratory tract. As for the first disease, the sistematic immunoprophilaxis applyed in different countries of the world on one hand stopped the transmission of wild polioviruses and on the other created an immunological barrier in those countries where polio vaccination is maintained, as demonstrated by statistics revealing the absence or low incidence of this disease. As for the epidemiological evolution of measles, after considering the incidence due to age, environment, social-hygienic conditions, mortality etc..., we refered in particular of a vaccination that took place in USA where the disease decreased with 1968 then rised next year a pause of the vaccination program. A second cycle of vaccinations against measles revealed in 1972 a decrease of the disease this signifying the importance of the vaccination in stopping, reducing or modifying the epidemiology of measles. The epidemiological conditions of respiratory infections are completely different due to the variety of the etiological factors, the difficulty in preparing aspecific vaccines, and the impossibility in recognising clinical forms caused by these viruses. All these factors, impede, actually, a complete eradication.", "contents": "[A few viral infections in the recent epidemiological evolution (author's transl)]. In the study we presented a few infections of viral etiology that showed evident epidemiological evolutions during the last ten years. We refered of a disease nearly eradicated, of one that can be eradicated, and of a group of infections that at present cannot be eradicated. The first is poliomyelitis, the second is measles, the third is represented by viral infections connected with the respiratory tract. As for the first disease, the sistematic immunoprophilaxis applyed in different countries of the world on one hand stopped the transmission of wild polioviruses and on the other created an immunological barrier in those countries where polio vaccination is maintained, as demonstrated by statistics revealing the absence or low incidence of this disease. As for the epidemiological evolution of measles, after considering the incidence due to age, environment, social-hygienic conditions, mortality etc..., we refered in particular of a vaccination that took place in USA where the disease decreased with 1968 then rised next year a pause of the vaccination program. A second cycle of vaccinations against measles revealed in 1972 a decrease of the disease this signifying the importance of the vaccination in stopping, reducing or modifying the epidemiology of measles. The epidemiological conditions of respiratory infections are completely different due to the variety of the etiological factors, the difficulty in preparing aspecific vaccines, and the impossibility in recognising clinical forms caused by these viruses. All these factors, impede, actually, a complete eradication.", "PMID": 607877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9733", "title": "[An electron microscopic study of liver cells in a case of chronic hepatitis HBsAg positive (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic examination on liver tissues from one patient with chronic active hepatitis HBsAg positive is described. Spherical, virus-like particles of 220-230 A size were observed in the nucleus; in the cytoplasm only nonspecific changes were present.", "contents": "[An electron microscopic study of liver cells in a case of chronic hepatitis HBsAg positive (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic examination on liver tissues from one patient with chronic active hepatitis HBsAg positive is described. Spherical, virus-like particles of 220-230 A size were observed in the nucleus; in the cytoplasm only nonspecific changes were present.", "PMID": 607880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9734", "title": "[Incidence of the Australia antigen in the blood donors of Siena (transfusion centre) (author's transl)].", "content": "10363 sera from healthy adults, volunteer blood donors (18-65 year aged) have been tested for detection of HBsAg. The frequency of Australia antigen was found to be 0,88% in all sera; 1,01% in male and 0,24% in female donors. The frequency in volunteer blood donors of both sexes has been in the first half of the life (18-40) of 1,07% and in the second half (41-65) of 0,58%. Possible epidemiological significances were discussed.", "contents": "[Incidence of the Australia antigen in the blood donors of Siena (transfusion centre) (author's transl)]. 10363 sera from healthy adults, volunteer blood donors (18-65 year aged) have been tested for detection of HBsAg. The frequency of Australia antigen was found to be 0,88% in all sera; 1,01% in male and 0,24% in female donors. The frequency in volunteer blood donors of both sexes has been in the first half of the life (18-40) of 1,07% and in the second half (41-65) of 0,58%. Possible epidemiological significances were discussed.", "PMID": 607879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9735", "title": "[On the presence of anti-rubella immunity in a population of Florence province (author's transl)].", "content": "EAI test were performed on both adult and infantile population of the Hospital area of Fucecchio. The results confirmed well known data. The most used vaccines were examinated: the conclusion was drown that a larger diffusion of vaccination with RA-27/3 vaccine, followed by a recall after some years, is recommended.", "contents": "[On the presence of anti-rubella immunity in a population of Florence province (author's transl)]. EAI test were performed on both adult and infantile population of the Hospital area of Fucecchio. The results confirmed well known data. The most used vaccines were examinated: the conclusion was drown that a larger diffusion of vaccination with RA-27/3 vaccine, followed by a recall after some years, is recommended.", "PMID": 607878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9736", "title": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized cattle production].", "content": "Reference is made to the authors' own experience and to evaluated literature in an account of possibilities which so far have been explored for planned control of reproduction processes in industrialised cattle production. Synchronisation of oestrus in heifer has been found to be suitable for reproduction control even under conditions of industrialised production. The method has been in use on several farms. Synchronisation of oestrus in cow is an approach which still is in the process of translation into practice. Obtainable advantages, like those in the context of heifer, will include better job conditions. Systematic puerperal monitoring, too, will yield positive effects in controlling post-partum readiness of cow for reproduction. Results so far achieved include progress towards the introduction of a complex reproduction technology in cattle production. Before such complete system of reproduction control can be used, further studies are required into some fundamental aspects of the problem, including calving control, pregnancy examination, and gravidity hagiene.", "contents": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized cattle production]. Reference is made to the authors' own experience and to evaluated literature in an account of possibilities which so far have been explored for planned control of reproduction processes in industrialised cattle production. Synchronisation of oestrus in heifer has been found to be suitable for reproduction control even under conditions of industrialised production. The method has been in use on several farms. Synchronisation of oestrus in cow is an approach which still is in the process of translation into practice. Obtainable advantages, like those in the context of heifer, will include better job conditions. Systematic puerperal monitoring, too, will yield positive effects in controlling post-partum readiness of cow for reproduction. Results so far achieved include progress towards the introduction of a complex reproduction technology in cattle production. Before such complete system of reproduction control can be used, further studies are required into some fundamental aspects of the problem, including calving control, pregnancy examination, and gravidity hagiene.", "PMID": 607889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9737", "title": "[Studies on the use of megestrol acetate for estrus synchronization in heifers].", "content": "Megestrol acetate has been tested for its applicability to synchronisation of oestrus in 463 mature heifers in the framework of preclinical and clinical experiments. Clinical tests and studies in the context of laboratory diagnostics have shown that 40 mg/die megestrol acetate, administered in two applications with twelve hours in-between and over 15 days, are necessary for maximum synchronisation effect. The resulting oestrus was found to be prolonged, with ovulations taking place within two or three days. Technological requirements in this context are discussed. Megestrol acetate is found to be suitable for oestrus synchronisation in heifer. Tests conducted under industrialised conditions have shown conception rates to be identical with those obtained by administration of chloromadinone acetate.", "contents": "[Studies on the use of megestrol acetate for estrus synchronization in heifers]. Megestrol acetate has been tested for its applicability to synchronisation of oestrus in 463 mature heifers in the framework of preclinical and clinical experiments. Clinical tests and studies in the context of laboratory diagnostics have shown that 40 mg/die megestrol acetate, administered in two applications with twelve hours in-between and over 15 days, are necessary for maximum synchronisation effect. The resulting oestrus was found to be prolonged, with ovulations taking place within two or three days. Technological requirements in this context are discussed. Megestrol acetate is found to be suitable for oestrus synchronisation in heifer. Tests conducted under industrialised conditions have shown conception rates to be identical with those obtained by administration of chloromadinone acetate.", "PMID": 607890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9738", "title": "[Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of serums of mice bearer of S. 180 (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. start fully verified that neoplastic cells produce and pour out abnormal products, operating in favour of taking root of proliferation and penetration before, and with an action of mass in generalized phase of the illness. They have employed adequate immunologic techniques and antiserums prepared against plasmaproteins of the mouse bearer of tumour, succeeding in making evident with electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis the S. 180 of Cobs mouse.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of serums of mice bearer of S. 180 (author's transl)]. The AA. start fully verified that neoplastic cells produce and pour out abnormal products, operating in favour of taking root of proliferation and penetration before, and with an action of mass in generalized phase of the illness. They have employed adequate immunologic techniques and antiserums prepared against plasmaproteins of the mouse bearer of tumour, succeeding in making evident with electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis the S. 180 of Cobs mouse.", "PMID": 607881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9739", "title": "[Use of norgestagens for estrus synchronization if farm animals].", "content": "The action of norsteroid type preparations and their capability of synchronising oestrus in heifer and sheep were studied at laboratory and clinical levels. The effectiveness of norethysterone acetate in heifer was tested by subcutaneous injections of 5 mg and 10 mg and did not exceed the order of 50 per cent. Combination of norsteroids with serum of pregnant mares increased slightly the number of animals with synchronised oestrus and improved the rate of fertilisation. Studies conducted into sheep revealed that no complete inhibition of the sexual function was ensured by injection of norgestrol acetate with prolongator in intervals of four days. Implantation of norgestrol acetate was not effective either. Further studies are required, before the above preparations can be applied to farm animals on a large scale.", "contents": "[Use of norgestagens for estrus synchronization if farm animals]. The action of norsteroid type preparations and their capability of synchronising oestrus in heifer and sheep were studied at laboratory and clinical levels. The effectiveness of norethysterone acetate in heifer was tested by subcutaneous injections of 5 mg and 10 mg and did not exceed the order of 50 per cent. Combination of norsteroids with serum of pregnant mares increased slightly the number of animals with synchronised oestrus and improved the rate of fertilisation. Studies conducted into sheep revealed that no complete inhibition of the sexual function was ensured by injection of norgestrol acetate with prolongator in intervals of four days. Implantation of norgestrol acetate was not effective either. Further studies are required, before the above preparations can be applied to farm animals on a large scale.", "PMID": 607891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9740", "title": "[Morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus (author's transl)].", "content": "Through the use of the Piekarski-Robinow's technique, the Authors have studied the morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus and their changes brough about by lithium chloride, tripflavin and penicillin.", "contents": "[Morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus (author's transl)]. Through the use of the Piekarski-Robinow's technique, the Authors have studied the morphology of the nucleus in bacteria of the Salmonella genus and their changes brough about by lithium chloride, tripflavin and penicillin.", "PMID": 607882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9741", "title": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized pig production].", "content": "A planned process of concentration and specialisation in pig production has been introduced in the USSR, GDR, and other socialist countries in recent years and is likely to open up wider opportunities for the use of up-to-date technologies and latest findings of the biological sciences. Large-scale use of bio-engineering and methods of reproduction control is quite logical, in this context. This will provide a real chance for cyclogram control of all events important to management, planning, and follow-up of reproduction processes and for a planful implementation of industrialised production methods. Processes of cycle control are being increasingly applied to industrialised sow breeding units against the background of artificial insemination of pigs which is gaining widespread popularity after its emphasised introduction in the USSR. Research and field results regarding biological engineering in sow of oestrus, ovulation, pregnancy, and birth are reported in this paper and will, hopefully, help in determining mating and farrowing deadlines for breeding on the basis of artificial insemination and, consequently, contribute to widest possible programming of life cycles for the breeding animals concerned.", "contents": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized pig production]. A planned process of concentration and specialisation in pig production has been introduced in the USSR, GDR, and other socialist countries in recent years and is likely to open up wider opportunities for the use of up-to-date technologies and latest findings of the biological sciences. Large-scale use of bio-engineering and methods of reproduction control is quite logical, in this context. This will provide a real chance for cyclogram control of all events important to management, planning, and follow-up of reproduction processes and for a planful implementation of industrialised production methods. Processes of cycle control are being increasingly applied to industrialised sow breeding units against the background of artificial insemination of pigs which is gaining widespread popularity after its emphasised introduction in the USSR. Research and field results regarding biological engineering in sow of oestrus, ovulation, pregnancy, and birth are reported in this paper and will, hopefully, help in determining mating and farrowing deadlines for breeding on the basis of artificial insemination and, consequently, contribute to widest possible programming of life cycles for the breeding animals concerned.", "PMID": 607892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9742", "title": "[Infections of Salmonella in Sassari (Sardinia, Italy). Epidemiology from 1973 to 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiology of Salmonella infections in Sassari in the last four years was reported. The remarkable increase of gastroenteritis caused by uncommon Salmonella and by S. wien in 1975 and 1976 was point out: about all cases were related with 3 epidemic episodes in hospitalized patients that were notified as paratyphoid cases in 91% and as infancy's gastroenteritis in 9%. The 201 strains of Salmonella isolated from June 1975 to May 1976 belong for 91% to group B (for 80,5% to S. wien), for 2% to group C1, for 1,5% to group C2, for 5% to group D1 and for 0,5% to group E4. The hypothesis on introduction of S. wien in Sardinia were examined; the rules for limitation of Salmonella diffusion and for prevention of the endemicity of new imported strains, were examined.", "contents": "[Infections of Salmonella in Sassari (Sardinia, Italy). Epidemiology from 1973 to 1976 (author's transl)]. The epidemiology of Salmonella infections in Sassari in the last four years was reported. The remarkable increase of gastroenteritis caused by uncommon Salmonella and by S. wien in 1975 and 1976 was point out: about all cases were related with 3 epidemic episodes in hospitalized patients that were notified as paratyphoid cases in 91% and as infancy's gastroenteritis in 9%. The 201 strains of Salmonella isolated from June 1975 to May 1976 belong for 91% to group B (for 80,5% to S. wien), for 2% to group C1, for 1,5% to group C2, for 5% to group D1 and for 0,5% to group E4. The hypothesis on introduction of S. wien in Sardinia were examined; the rules for limitation of Salmonella diffusion and for prevention of the endemicity of new imported strains, were examined.", "PMID": 607883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9743", "title": "[Studies on the effect of the HCG injection date on the fertility of ovulation-synchronized gilts].", "content": "The time gap between pregnant mare serum gonadotropine injection (PMSG) and subsequent human chorionic gonadotropine injection (HCG) had major effects, within 72 to 80 hours, on the number of animals with recorded toleration reflex to deadline-oriented insemination as well as on actual fertility. Delay of injections within the above limits always led to higher farrowing and piglet rates. HCG injection was round to be optimally timed when 78-80 hours were allowed to elapse from the preceding PMSG injection.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of the HCG injection date on the fertility of ovulation-synchronized gilts]. The time gap between pregnant mare serum gonadotropine injection (PMSG) and subsequent human chorionic gonadotropine injection (HCG) had major effects, within 72 to 80 hours, on the number of animals with recorded toleration reflex to deadline-oriented insemination as well as on actual fertility. Delay of injections within the above limits always led to higher farrowing and piglet rates. HCG injection was round to be optimally timed when 78-80 hours were allowed to elapse from the preceding PMSG injection.", "PMID": 607893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9744", "title": "[Polyresistant \"Salmonella bredeney\" in a general surgical ward (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of cases of postoperative gastroenteritis by Salmonella bredeney in a general surgical ward has been described. The particular serotype of Salmonella in question, the widerange of drug-resistance of the strains, the epidemiological stages of the outbreak and the kind of the ward interested have been considered of uncommon occurrence.", "contents": "[Polyresistant \"Salmonella bredeney\" in a general surgical ward (author's transl)]. A series of cases of postoperative gastroenteritis by Salmonella bredeney in a general surgical ward has been described. The particular serotype of Salmonella in question, the widerange of drug-resistance of the strains, the epidemiological stages of the outbreak and the kind of the ward interested have been considered of uncommon occurrence.", "PMID": 607888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9745", "title": "[Studies on the modification of sexual and breeding maturity in swine using gonadotrophic hormone preparations].", "content": "Injection of low doses of PMSG-HCG gonadotrophin mixes to intensively raised prepuberal gilts, aged six months, stimulated sexual juvenile development prior to breeding use, the average being 255 days. First insemination of the test animals, following synchronisation of oestrus or ovulation, increased live births by 0.5 piglets per litter over the untreated controls. More controlled production experiments to test the new bioengineering approach are in preparation.", "contents": "[Studies on the modification of sexual and breeding maturity in swine using gonadotrophic hormone preparations]. Injection of low doses of PMSG-HCG gonadotrophin mixes to intensively raised prepuberal gilts, aged six months, stimulated sexual juvenile development prior to breeding use, the average being 255 days. First insemination of the test animals, following synchronisation of oestrus or ovulation, increased live births by 0.5 piglets per litter over the untreated controls. More controlled production experiments to test the new bioengineering approach are in preparation.", "PMID": 607894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9746", "title": "[Teratogenicity of zinc-metallibur].", "content": "Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix, 5 g/100 mg active principle, was administered daily to pregnant brood sows over 20 days, beginning from the 15th, 25th, 35th, 45th, and 55th days of pregnancy. The effects of Suisynchron on pregnancy were assessed by slaughter results immediately after administration as well as by farrowing results and slaughter of the newborn piglets. Suisynchron administration between the 15th and 55th day of pregnancy killed the embryos, while teratogenic effects were primarily recorded from administration in more advanced phases, say, between the 45th and 75th days of pregnancy. Teratogenicity was attributable to damage to metabolism which, in turn, had been caused by deviations in the activity of endocrine glands.", "contents": "[Teratogenicity of zinc-metallibur]. Suisynchron-Pr\u00e4mix, 5 g/100 mg active principle, was administered daily to pregnant brood sows over 20 days, beginning from the 15th, 25th, 35th, 45th, and 55th days of pregnancy. The effects of Suisynchron on pregnancy were assessed by slaughter results immediately after administration as well as by farrowing results and slaughter of the newborn piglets. Suisynchron administration between the 15th and 55th day of pregnancy killed the embryos, while teratogenic effects were primarily recorded from administration in more advanced phases, say, between the 45th and 75th days of pregnancy. Teratogenicity was attributable to damage to metabolism which, in turn, had been caused by deviations in the activity of endocrine glands.", "PMID": 607895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9747", "title": "[Vaccination against experimental peritoneal hydatid disease of BALB/C mice with hydatid fluids and their fractions (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors studied the protective action of some vaccine (pool of hydatid fluids from bovine and ovine origin and their fractions) on the experimental peritoneal hydatid disease of BALB/C mice. It has been demonstrated that some pool of concentrated ovine hydatid fluids and the chromatographic \"heavy\" fraction of one of them, had some protective action. The results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Vaccination against experimental peritoneal hydatid disease of BALB/C mice with hydatid fluids and their fractions (author's transl)]. The Authors studied the protective action of some vaccine (pool of hydatid fluids from bovine and ovine origin and their fractions) on the experimental peritoneal hydatid disease of BALB/C mice. It has been demonstrated that some pool of concentrated ovine hydatid fluids and the chromatographic \"heavy\" fraction of one of them, had some protective action. The results are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 607887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9748", "title": "[Isolation of halophilic vibrios as possible agents of food poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-six halophilic vibrio strains were isolated from different marine sources such as coastal waters, fishes and mussels. Twenty strains were identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 44 as Vibrio alginolyticus and 12 other strains could not be classified because of their atypical biochemical activities. Further investigations are necessary in order to assess if the present strains of V. parahaemolyticus can have a role in food poisoning outbreaks or human sporadic enteritis in our geographic area.", "contents": "[Isolation of halophilic vibrios as possible agents of food poisoning (author's transl)]. Seventy-six halophilic vibrio strains were isolated from different marine sources such as coastal waters, fishes and mussels. Twenty strains were identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 44 as Vibrio alginolyticus and 12 other strains could not be classified because of their atypical biochemical activities. Further investigations are necessary in order to assess if the present strains of V. parahaemolyticus can have a role in food poisoning outbreaks or human sporadic enteritis in our geographic area.", "PMID": 607885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9749", "title": "[Effects of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 3. Lipids].", "content": "Suisynchron treatment was applied to platform-kept gilts over 20 days. The dosage was 100 mg per animal and die. This was followed by 1,000 I.U. PMS and 250 I.U. HCG. Artificial insemination was applied five days after the first hormone administration and followed by one Gravigonan injection after another twelve to 15 days. Blood samples were drawn from those animals as well as from 20 gilts synchronised in the above way and another 20 untreated gilts from a production unit during the various phases of treatment and cycle. Those samples were used for assessment of cholesterol, lipoid-P, free fatty acids, triglyceride, and beta-lipoproteids. The levels of free and total cholesterol went up along with Suisynchron feeding, whereas lipoid-P and beta-lipoproteids declined. Free fatty acid levels went down with significance (P less than 0.01), and triglycerides increased (P less than 0.05). Cholesterol levels were not altered by PMS/HCG administration. The levels of lipoid-P, free fatty acids, and beta-lipoproteids rose to their magnitudes prior to Suisynchron treatment. Tirglycerides rose by 50 per cent. At the time of full oestrus triglyceride levels doubled (P less than 0.01). Unimportant rises were recorded also for cholesterol, beta-lipoproteids, free fatty acids, and lipoid-P. In animals with spontaneous oestrus all lipid parameters were ligher than in sows with full oestrus after synchronisation.", "contents": "[Effects of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 3. Lipids]. Suisynchron treatment was applied to platform-kept gilts over 20 days. The dosage was 100 mg per animal and die. This was followed by 1,000 I.U. PMS and 250 I.U. HCG. Artificial insemination was applied five days after the first hormone administration and followed by one Gravigonan injection after another twelve to 15 days. Blood samples were drawn from those animals as well as from 20 gilts synchronised in the above way and another 20 untreated gilts from a production unit during the various phases of treatment and cycle. Those samples were used for assessment of cholesterol, lipoid-P, free fatty acids, triglyceride, and beta-lipoproteids. The levels of free and total cholesterol went up along with Suisynchron feeding, whereas lipoid-P and beta-lipoproteids declined. Free fatty acid levels went down with significance (P less than 0.01), and triglycerides increased (P less than 0.05). Cholesterol levels were not altered by PMS/HCG administration. The levels of lipoid-P, free fatty acids, and beta-lipoproteids rose to their magnitudes prior to Suisynchron treatment. Tirglycerides rose by 50 per cent. At the time of full oestrus triglyceride levels doubled (P less than 0.01). Unimportant rises were recorded also for cholesterol, beta-lipoproteids, free fatty acids, and lipoid-P. In animals with spontaneous oestrus all lipid parameters were ligher than in sows with full oestrus after synchronisation.", "PMID": 607896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9750", "title": "[Significance of the correlation between follicle-stimulating and luteinizing components in the pregnant mare serum--relevance to results of biotechnical regulation of reproduction].", "content": "Full assessment of the correlation between follicle-stimulating and luteinising components in PMS is of greatest importance to progress in bio-engineering action to regulate reproduction processes. Biological tests ought to be developed that are of high specificity and convenient applicability to practice conditions. Studies into the components of \"raw\" PMS will enable high-economy and specific use of such serum in animal husbandry.", "contents": "[Significance of the correlation between follicle-stimulating and luteinizing components in the pregnant mare serum--relevance to results of biotechnical regulation of reproduction]. Full assessment of the correlation between follicle-stimulating and luteinising components in PMS is of greatest importance to progress in bio-engineering action to regulate reproduction processes. Biological tests ought to be developed that are of high specificity and convenient applicability to practice conditions. Studies into the components of \"raw\" PMS will enable high-economy and specific use of such serum in animal husbandry.", "PMID": 607897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9751", "title": "[The presence of a hypothetical extracellular fraction in integral typhoid vaccines prepared on a semi-synthetic medium (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have carried out a research on the purpose of explain the action of a typhoid vaccines prepared on a semi-synthetic medium, which in preliminary tests on mice and men evinced good immunizing power. The tests now performed demonstrate that an acellular filtrate of the vaccine (obtained from 24 h old culture) showed have the characteristics of an exotoxin and developes a strong immunizing power.", "contents": "[The presence of a hypothetical extracellular fraction in integral typhoid vaccines prepared on a semi-synthetic medium (author's transl)]. The Authors have carried out a research on the purpose of explain the action of a typhoid vaccines prepared on a semi-synthetic medium, which in preliminary tests on mice and men evinced good immunizing power. The tests now performed demonstrate that an acellular filtrate of the vaccine (obtained from 24 h old culture) showed have the characteristics of an exotoxin and developes a strong immunizing power.", "PMID": 607886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9752", "title": "[Results of experimental studies to control birth in swine].", "content": "An experiment was applied to ovulation-synchronised gilts and old sows. Mean values of pregnancy time were almost one and the same. Variations between the 111th and 117th days were exhibited within the control group. The test animals, however, farrowed on the 109th, 110th, and 111th days within spans of three days (113th to 115th day of pregnancy), following intramuscular injection of 75 mg DXMS. Intramuscular injection of 5 mg prostaglandin F2alpha on the 112th day of pregnancy triggered parturition within 25-36 hours in ten of 13 treated sows, whereas 19 of 20 sows gave birth within 27.7 +/- 5.1 hours in response to injection of 7.5 mg PGF2alpha.", "contents": "[Results of experimental studies to control birth in swine]. An experiment was applied to ovulation-synchronised gilts and old sows. Mean values of pregnancy time were almost one and the same. Variations between the 111th and 117th days were exhibited within the control group. The test animals, however, farrowed on the 109th, 110th, and 111th days within spans of three days (113th to 115th day of pregnancy), following intramuscular injection of 75 mg DXMS. Intramuscular injection of 5 mg prostaglandin F2alpha on the 112th day of pregnancy triggered parturition within 25-36 hours in ten of 13 treated sows, whereas 19 of 20 sows gave birth within 27.7 +/- 5.1 hours in response to injection of 7.5 mg PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 607898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9753", "title": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized sheep breeding].", "content": "Discussed in this paper are possibilities at present available for bio-engineering action to control reproduction  processes in ewes under the aspect of their applicability to industrialised lamb production. Reference, in this context, is make to the requirements of industrialised sheed breeding in establishing groups of young animals on the basis of cyclograms. Described is the most appropriate method at present to use feed pellets with megestrol acetate for oestrus synchronisation. The conclusion is that for the time being there is no method with sufficient economy by which to stimulate oestrus in sheep during the season and the non-oestral lactation period by which to bring forward the onset of sexual maturity.", "contents": "[Planned control of reproduction processes in industrialized sheep breeding]. Discussed in this paper are possibilities at present available for bio-engineering action to control reproduction  processes in ewes under the aspect of their applicability to industrialised lamb production. Reference, in this context, is make to the requirements of industrialised sheed breeding in establishing groups of young animals on the basis of cyclograms. Described is the most appropriate method at present to use feed pellets with megestrol acetate for oestrus synchronisation. The conclusion is that for the time being there is no method with sufficient economy by which to stimulate oestrus in sheep during the season and the non-oestral lactation period by which to bring forward the onset of sexual maturity.", "PMID": 607899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9754", "title": "[Experience from a 3-year administration of megestrol acetate of karakul sheep].", "content": "Five milligram of megestrol acetate were orally used over ten days during mating periods to synchronise oestrus in caracool sheep. Eighteen days were allowed to elapse from the last administration of progestagen before 1,000 I.U. PMSG were injected to boost fertility. The test reported in this paper had been applied to a large sheep herd over three years. The following conclusions were drawn: Synchronised occurrence of heat in the mating period was not reduced by oral administration of 5 mg megestrol acetate over ten days for a period of three years (87.1 to 95.5 per cent). The fertilisation rate in response to first insemination was between 68.8 and 73.1 per cent. Birth to lambs was given by 85-92 per cent of the ewes after two inseminations. No fertility occurred in 1.5-3.1 per cent of all animals.", "contents": "[Experience from a 3-year administration of megestrol acetate of karakul sheep]. Five milligram of megestrol acetate were orally used over ten days during mating periods to synchronise oestrus in caracool sheep. Eighteen days were allowed to elapse from the last administration of progestagen before 1,000 I.U. PMSG were injected to boost fertility. The test reported in this paper had been applied to a large sheep herd over three years. The following conclusions were drawn: Synchronised occurrence of heat in the mating period was not reduced by oral administration of 5 mg megestrol acetate over ten days for a period of three years (87.1 to 95.5 per cent). The fertilisation rate in response to first insemination was between 68.8 and 73.1 per cent. Birth to lambs was given by 85-92 per cent of the ewes after two inseminations. No fertility occurred in 1.5-3.1 per cent of all animals.", "PMID": 607900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9755", "title": "[Comparative studies on the effects of hormone preparations on meat building in farm animals].", "content": "Many hormone preparations of non-stilbene nature are known for their weight-gain stimulating properties in the context of cattle, smaller horn animals, and swine, with gain rates between five and 20 per cent being achievable. Savings on feedstuff may reach orders between five and 15 per cent, and the yield of high-quality meat products is improved as well. Oestrogenic activity may be substantively reduced by discontinuation of diethylstilboestrol tablts five days before slaughter. It is suggested to remove tablet residues when other stimulators are to be implanted. The following preparations and doses are recommended for approbation in the context of breeding and fattening.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the effects of hormone preparations on meat building in farm animals]. Many hormone preparations of non-stilbene nature are known for their weight-gain stimulating properties in the context of cattle, smaller horn animals, and swine, with gain rates between five and 20 per cent being achievable. Savings on feedstuff may reach orders between five and 15 per cent, and the yield of high-quality meat products is improved as well. Oestrogenic activity may be substantively reduced by discontinuation of diethylstilboestrol tablts five days before slaughter. It is suggested to remove tablet residues when other stimulators are to be implanted. The following preparations and doses are recommended for approbation in the context of breeding and fattening.", "PMID": 607901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9756", "title": "[Results of clinical tests on the fattening-stimulating action of the steroid estrogen mestranol in bulls].", "content": "Three experiments were conducted with 5 mg Mestranol per animal and die over 70 to 80 days and resulted in daily surplus gains of twelve, 14, and 18 per cent in terminal fattening of Frisian bulls. Also achieved were fodder savings by 1 kg dry matter and energy savings by 0.7 kEFr for each kilogram of gain as well as increase in slaughter weight by 8-9 kg per animal. Those favourable effects were attributed to anabolic and sexual-inhibiting action. A sedative effect on the nervous system is assumed. Combination with CAP failed to give any advantage regarding sexual inhibition and fattening result, but it rather entailed certain shortcomings, such as lower slaughter weight and stronger fat development. The development of an anabolic medicament for veterinary bio-engineering in terms of growth stimulation is suggested.", "contents": "[Results of clinical tests on the fattening-stimulating action of the steroid estrogen mestranol in bulls]. Three experiments were conducted with 5 mg Mestranol per animal and die over 70 to 80 days and resulted in daily surplus gains of twelve, 14, and 18 per cent in terminal fattening of Frisian bulls. Also achieved were fodder savings by 1 kg dry matter and energy savings by 0.7 kEFr for each kilogram of gain as well as increase in slaughter weight by 8-9 kg per animal. Those favourable effects were attributed to anabolic and sexual-inhibiting action. A sedative effect on the nervous system is assumed. Combination with CAP failed to give any advantage regarding sexual inhibition and fattening result, but it rather entailed certain shortcomings, such as lower slaughter weight and stronger fat development. The development of an anabolic medicament for veterinary bio-engineering in terms of growth stimulation is suggested.", "PMID": 607902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9757", "title": "[Assesment of RBE of fast neutrons in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by analysis of mitotic depression (author's transl)].", "content": "The depression of mitosis 1 hr following various doses of fast neutrons (6.2 Mev) and gamma rays was studied in an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of mouse. Doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 rad of either radiation yielded in the semilogarithmic plot a linear dose dependence of mitosis inhibition. From the regression straight line obtained the Relative Biological Effectiveness was determined, which declined from 2.8 at 50 rad to 1.8 at 300 rad neutron dose. The RBE is given analytically for the dose range investigated in dependence on neutron dose.", "contents": "[Assesment of RBE of fast neutrons in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by analysis of mitotic depression (author's transl)]. The depression of mitosis 1 hr following various doses of fast neutrons (6.2 Mev) and gamma rays was studied in an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of mouse. Doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 rad of either radiation yielded in the semilogarithmic plot a linear dose dependence of mitosis inhibition. From the regression straight line obtained the Relative Biological Effectiveness was determined, which declined from 2.8 at 50 rad to 1.8 at 300 rad neutron dose. The RBE is given analytically for the dose range investigated in dependence on neutron dose.", "PMID": 607903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9758", "title": "[Epidemiology of gastric cancer. 2nd communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 257 patients with gastric cancer and of 766 persons with different stages of chronic gastritis or normal gastric mucosa, 35 items from epidemiologic studies were used for this analysis. The comparison of epidemiology of chronic gastritis with epidemiology of stomach cancer by univariate and multivariate variance analysis shows numerous common variables (social group; digestive diseases). Furthermore gastric cancer is characterized by variables which give hints to cancerogenous noxes. Gastric cancer patients are distinguished from persons with atrophic gastritis by the following variables: cancerogenes; social class; genetic factors, and digestive diseases. It is suggested that these factors are relevant for stomach cancerogenesis in atrophic gastritis.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of gastric cancer. 2nd communication (author's transl)]. Of 257 patients with gastric cancer and of 766 persons with different stages of chronic gastritis or normal gastric mucosa, 35 items from epidemiologic studies were used for this analysis. The comparison of epidemiology of chronic gastritis with epidemiology of stomach cancer by univariate and multivariate variance analysis shows numerous common variables (social group; digestive diseases). Furthermore gastric cancer is characterized by variables which give hints to cancerogenous noxes. Gastric cancer patients are distinguished from persons with atrophic gastritis by the following variables: cancerogenes; social class; genetic factors, and digestive diseases. It is suggested that these factors are relevant for stomach cancerogenesis in atrophic gastritis.", "PMID": 607904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9759", "title": "Comparative morphological and cytogenetical investigations on human ovarian granulosa cell tumors.", "content": "Comparative morphological and cytogenetical investigations of three granulosa cell tumors revealed the existence of two distinct categories which represent two morphocytogenetical stages of tumor progression. The following peculiarities characterized them: 1) In the premalignant stage the microfollicular and macrofollicular patterns with Call-Exner body like structures are prevailing and besides normal diploid metaphases some neardiploid are found. 2) In the malignant stage following the occurence and gradual selection of a neartriploid neoplastic cell type undifferentiated sarcomatous aspects are dominant.", "contents": "Comparative morphological and cytogenetical investigations on human ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Comparative morphological and cytogenetical investigations of three granulosa cell tumors revealed the existence of two distinct categories which represent two morphocytogenetical stages of tumor progression. The following peculiarities characterized them: 1) In the premalignant stage the microfollicular and macrofollicular patterns with Call-Exner body like structures are prevailing and besides normal diploid metaphases some neardiploid are found. 2) In the malignant stage following the occurence and gradual selection of a neartriploid neoplastic cell type undifferentiated sarcomatous aspects are dominant.", "PMID": 607905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9760", "title": "Stages of development of immunologic response in the regional lymph nodes in invasive cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "In a review of histologic sections of regional lymph nodes removed during surgery in the course of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix from 84 patients there have been distinguished four basic stages of immunologic response. Active immune response (I and II stage) was detected in all patients with non-metastatic cancer and minimal stromal invasion and 41% of patients with advanced invasion. The regional lymph nodes, in these cases, exhibited increased number of small primary or secondary lymph follicles, proliferative sinus histiocytosis and expanded thymus--dependent inner cortex. In 59% of the patients with invasive cancer but without metastases the regional lymph nodes showed weak reactive capacities (III stage). In cases with minimal metastases the immune response was dissociated (IV stage). One group of lymph nodes showed an unstimulated pattern and others a high stimulated pattern.", "contents": "Stages of development of immunologic response in the regional lymph nodes in invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. In a review of histologic sections of regional lymph nodes removed during surgery in the course of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix from 84 patients there have been distinguished four basic stages of immunologic response. Active immune response (I and II stage) was detected in all patients with non-metastatic cancer and minimal stromal invasion and 41% of patients with advanced invasion. The regional lymph nodes, in these cases, exhibited increased number of small primary or secondary lymph follicles, proliferative sinus histiocytosis and expanded thymus--dependent inner cortex. In 59% of the patients with invasive cancer but without metastases the regional lymph nodes showed weak reactive capacities (III stage). In cases with minimal metastases the immune response was dissociated (IV stage). One group of lymph nodes showed an unstimulated pattern and others a high stimulated pattern.", "PMID": 607906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9761", "title": "[Comparative studies on the contamination of foods by cancerogenic hydrocarbons in the Soviet Union and in the GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on the relationship of the environmental contamination with cancer are shown to be necessary. Epidemiologic investigations point to a connection of the increased occurence of cancer in the gastro-intestinal tract with dietetic factors. The high cancer rate in the gastro-intestinal tract (amongst other factors) is discussed as a result of the uptake of exogenic foreign matterns with the food. The possibilities of the contamination by cancerogenic compounds are summarized. The necessity of international co-operation in the field of finding out, as far as possible, sources and degree of food contamination by cancerogenic compounds is motivated beginning with polycyclic aromatic compounds, whereby at present benzo-(a)-pyrene comes into question as a reference substance. The laying down of controllable hygienic norms as preliminarily tolerable limits in the proper sense of an unavoidable dose are discussed. They could be a basis of oncological preventive measures (minimization or elimination of cancerogenic compounds in foods).", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the contamination of foods by cancerogenic hydrocarbons in the Soviet Union and in the GDR (author's transl)]. Investigations on the relationship of the environmental contamination with cancer are shown to be necessary. Epidemiologic investigations point to a connection of the increased occurence of cancer in the gastro-intestinal tract with dietetic factors. The high cancer rate in the gastro-intestinal tract (amongst other factors) is discussed as a result of the uptake of exogenic foreign matterns with the food. The possibilities of the contamination by cancerogenic compounds are summarized. The necessity of international co-operation in the field of finding out, as far as possible, sources and degree of food contamination by cancerogenic compounds is motivated beginning with polycyclic aromatic compounds, whereby at present benzo-(a)-pyrene comes into question as a reference substance. The laying down of controllable hygienic norms as preliminarily tolerable limits in the proper sense of an unavoidable dose are discussed. They could be a basis of oncological preventive measures (minimization or elimination of cancerogenic compounds in foods).", "PMID": 607907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9762", "title": "[Species of cooperia ranson, 1907, (nematoda: trichostrongylidae), parasite of bovines in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors verified for the first time in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, the presence of Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), parasitizing the small intestine of cattle at the Region of Alta Araraquarense.", "contents": "[Species of cooperia ranson, 1907, (nematoda: trichostrongylidae), parasite of bovines in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil (author's transl)]. The authors verified for the first time in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, the presence of Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), parasitizing the small intestine of cattle at the Region of Alta Araraquarense.", "PMID": 607908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9763", "title": "[Occurence of Ornithoros talaje Gu\u00e9rin et M\u00e9neville, in the township of Santo In\u00e1cio, Bahia (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported in the paper, the ocurrence of Ornithodoros talaje in the township of Santo In\u00e1cio, near Xique-Xique, situated in a special region called \"Caatinga Nordestina\", in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Some informations about the geological composition of the region and of the tick's ecologycal behaviour, are also presented.", "contents": "[Occurence of Ornithoros talaje Gu\u00e9rin et M\u00e9neville, in the township of Santo In\u00e1cio, Bahia (author's transl)]. It is reported in the paper, the ocurrence of Ornithodoros talaje in the township of Santo In\u00e1cio, near Xique-Xique, situated in a special region called \"Caatinga Nordestina\", in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Some informations about the geological composition of the region and of the tick's ecologycal behaviour, are also presented.", "PMID": 607909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9764", "title": "[Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) parasite of goats (capra hircus) in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (author's transl)].", "content": "Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) is reported, for the first time, parasitizing the small intestine of goats (Capra hircus) in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The animals came from the Region of the Alta Araraquarense. The spicules of the worms were well chitinized and measured, on the average, 153,68 micrometer with a standard error of 0,91 micrometer.", "contents": "[Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) parasite of goats (capra hircus) in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (author's transl)]. Cooperia curticei Giles, 1892 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) is reported, for the first time, parasitizing the small intestine of goats (Capra hircus) in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The animals came from the Region of the Alta Araraquarense. The spicules of the worms were well chitinized and measured, on the average, 153,68 micrometer with a standard error of 0,91 micrometer.", "PMID": 607911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9765", "title": "[Mycoplasma sp. isolation in sick and normal cats (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the presence of mycoplasmosis in sick and normal cats lodged by U.I.P.A. (Uni\u00e3o Internacional de Prote\u00e7\u00e4o aos Animais) S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. In a group of 78 cats, 10.41% of mycoplasma was found in sick cats and 0% in normal cats, in a total of 6,41% of positive cases.", "contents": "[Mycoplasma sp. isolation in sick and normal cats (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the presence of mycoplasmosis in sick and normal cats lodged by U.I.P.A. (Uni\u00e3o Internacional de Prote\u00e7\u00e4o aos Animais) S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. In a group of 78 cats, 10.41% of mycoplasma was found in sick cats and 0% in normal cats, in a total of 6,41% of positive cases.", "PMID": 607912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9766", "title": "[Intraoperative temperature measurements at the acrylic bone/cement interface in total hip endoprosthetic (TEP) implantations (author's transl)].", "content": "Temperature measurements are reported effected by aid of thermocouples enclosed in tubules in TEP-implantations of the hip. Two techniques were employed: the first using as acrylic bone cement Palacos or Sulfix-6 without concomitant cooling, the second Palacos after precooling of the femur with crushed ice/water mixtures. The first method yielded, at the acrylic bone cement/bone interface, temperatures above the coagulation point of the protein (56 degrees C). The novel technique of implantation is described, i.e. the cooling of the bone with ice-water prior to the cement implantation. This technique provides a means of restricting the average temperature at the aforesaid interface to 45 degrees C.", "contents": "[Intraoperative temperature measurements at the acrylic bone/cement interface in total hip endoprosthetic (TEP) implantations (author's transl)]. Temperature measurements are reported effected by aid of thermocouples enclosed in tubules in TEP-implantations of the hip. Two techniques were employed: the first using as acrylic bone cement Palacos or Sulfix-6 without concomitant cooling, the second Palacos after precooling of the femur with crushed ice/water mixtures. The first method yielded, at the acrylic bone cement/bone interface, temperatures above the coagulation point of the protein (56 degrees C). The novel technique of implantation is described, i.e. the cooling of the bone with ice-water prior to the cement implantation. This technique provides a means of restricting the average temperature at the aforesaid interface to 45 degrees C.", "PMID": 607918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9767", "title": "Food and water intake microinjection of fenitrothion into the hypothalamus.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to observe the effect of the application of an anticholinesterasic agent on water and food intake in rats. The first studied the effect of fenitrothion injected into the L.H.A. on water and food intake. An increase in water intake was observed in the 6th hour, while food intake decreased in the first and 24th hours. The same study was performed in the V.M.N. In this case, only an alteration in food intake occurred, with a decrease in the first hour, followed by an increase in the other two periods. These results suggest a cholinergic interaction between these two structures in the regulation of water and food intake, and also a central action of cholinesterasic agents when applied systemically.", "contents": "Food and water intake microinjection of fenitrothion into the hypothalamus. Two experiments were carried out to observe the effect of the application of an anticholinesterasic agent on water and food intake in rats. The first studied the effect of fenitrothion injected into the L.H.A. on water and food intake. An increase in water intake was observed in the 6th hour, while food intake decreased in the first and 24th hours. The same study was performed in the V.M.N. In this case, only an alteration in food intake occurred, with a decrease in the first hour, followed by an increase in the other two periods. These results suggest a cholinergic interaction between these two structures in the regulation of water and food intake, and also a central action of cholinesterasic agents when applied systemically.", "PMID": 607910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9768", "title": "[Therapeutic measures in osteogenesis imperfecta (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta with magnesium is theoreticaly sound, but usually works in a few individuals. There are greater expectations with calcitonin, which reduces the overall osteolysis. The treatment of fractures should, whenever possible, be concervative. Internal fixation by plates is not indicated, because the plate should span from metaphysis to metyphysis, which leads to a softeming of the underlying cortex. Because of the weak bone, srews do not hold well. For operative treatment of the lower limb, the K\u00fcntscher nail is the fixation of choice, as well as for treatment of deformity by multiple fragmentation. Rapidly progressive scoliosis should be treated operatively from 9 years of age on.", "contents": "[Therapeutic measures in osteogenesis imperfecta (author's transl)]. The treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta with magnesium is theoreticaly sound, but usually works in a few individuals. There are greater expectations with calcitonin, which reduces the overall osteolysis. The treatment of fractures should, whenever possible, be concervative. Internal fixation by plates is not indicated, because the plate should span from metaphysis to metyphysis, which leads to a softeming of the underlying cortex. Because of the weak bone, srews do not hold well. For operative treatment of the lower limb, the K\u00fcntscher nail is the fixation of choice, as well as for treatment of deformity by multiple fragmentation. Rapidly progressive scoliosis should be treated operatively from 9 years of age on.", "PMID": 607919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9769", "title": "[Study of catecholamines in the thoracic ganglia and sixth ganglion by gas liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The gas liquid chromatographic method was used in the investigation of catecholamines in the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana. There is evidence of existence of noradrenaline in the thoracic ganglia and in the sixth abdominal glanglion. Noradrenaline might be the neurotransmitter substance in the nervous system of this insect. Besides noradrenaline, some compounds are present in the nervous system, with different retention times from 1-adrenaline, dopamine and homovanillic acid.", "contents": "[Study of catecholamines in the thoracic ganglia and sixth ganglion by gas liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. The gas liquid chromatographic method was used in the investigation of catecholamines in the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana. There is evidence of existence of noradrenaline in the thoracic ganglia and in the sixth abdominal glanglion. Noradrenaline might be the neurotransmitter substance in the nervous system of this insect. Besides noradrenaline, some compounds are present in the nervous system, with different retention times from 1-adrenaline, dopamine and homovanillic acid.", "PMID": 607914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9770", "title": "[Distribution of the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) along the digestive tube of the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The A. A. studied the distribution of nematodes of the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) along the digestive tube of 45 dogs. For the collection of the worms they used the method developed by Mello and Campos. The distribution found was: 97,5% in the jejunum, 1,2% in the ileon, 0,7% in the duodenum, 0,3% in the colon, 0,2% in the cecum and 0,1% in the stomach.", "contents": "[Distribution of the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) along the digestive tube of the dog (author's transl)]. The A. A. studied the distribution of nematodes of the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) along the digestive tube of 45 dogs. For the collection of the worms they used the method developed by Mello and Campos. The distribution found was: 97,5% in the jejunum, 1,2% in the ileon, 0,7% in the duodenum, 0,3% in the colon, 0,2% in the cecum and 0,1% in the stomach.", "PMID": 607915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9771", "title": "[Osteosynthesis for infected femoral pseudarthroses using the interlocking nail. 31 case reports (author's transl)].", "content": "31 cases of infected pseudarthrosis of the femur were re-osteosynthesized with the interlocking nail. Bony consolidation was obtained in 26 patients, in all cases the chronic osteomyelitic infection subsided with removal of the nail. Pseudarthrosis persisted in 3 cases, after removal of the nail the patients could walk with a walking splint. In one of this group bony consolidation was obtained after repeated interlocking nailing. Persisting pseudarthrosis and infection was the indication for amputation in 2 cases.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis for infected femoral pseudarthroses using the interlocking nail. 31 case reports (author's transl)]. 31 cases of infected pseudarthrosis of the femur were re-osteosynthesized with the interlocking nail. Bony consolidation was obtained in 26 patients, in all cases the chronic osteomyelitic infection subsided with removal of the nail. Pseudarthrosis persisted in 3 cases, after removal of the nail the patients could walk with a walking splint. In one of this group bony consolidation was obtained after repeated interlocking nailing. Persisting pseudarthrosis and infection was the indication for amputation in 2 cases.", "PMID": 607920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9772", "title": "[Experimental tear fractures of the tendinous insertion of the os calcis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tear fractures of the os calcis are rare. If they do occur, the cause may be osteoporosis. This could be proved in an experimental study rupturing the achilles tendon. Usually, the tendon is the weakest link in the muscle-tendon-bone-chain. In case of osteoporosis, the insertion of the tendon is more vulnerable.", "contents": "[Experimental tear fractures of the tendinous insertion of the os calcis (author's transl)]. Tear fractures of the os calcis are rare. If they do occur, the cause may be osteoporosis. This could be proved in an experimental study rupturing the achilles tendon. Usually, the tendon is the weakest link in the muscle-tendon-bone-chain. In case of osteoporosis, the insertion of the tendon is more vulnerable.", "PMID": 607921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9773", "title": "[The occurrence of Chorioptes bovis in bovines in the region of S\u00e3o Carlos, State of S\u00e3o Paulo (author's transl)].", "content": "The finding of Chorioptes bovis, the agent of corioptic mange in bovines in the region of S\u00e3o Carlos, State of S\u00e3o Paulo. A description of clinical aspects and treatments is given.", "contents": "[The occurrence of Chorioptes bovis in bovines in the region of S\u00e3o Carlos, State of S\u00e3o Paulo (author's transl)]. The finding of Chorioptes bovis, the agent of corioptic mange in bovines in the region of S\u00e3o Carlos, State of S\u00e3o Paulo. A description of clinical aspects and treatments is given.", "PMID": 607916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9774", "title": "[GLC method for microdetermination of catecholamines (author's transl)].", "content": "A gas liquid chromatographic method for determination of catecholamines in small sample is described. The method involves homogenization of biological material into 0,1 M formic acid 5 mM ascorbic acid and subsequent conversion in their trimethylsilyl derivatives with BSA reagent and determined on 3% OV-1 column in a isothermal condition at 220 degrees C with the cromatograph equipped with hydrogen flame ionization. With respect to specificity, reproducibility and recovery, the results were satisfactory.", "contents": "[GLC method for microdetermination of catecholamines (author's transl)]. A gas liquid chromatographic method for determination of catecholamines in small sample is described. The method involves homogenization of biological material into 0,1 M formic acid 5 mM ascorbic acid and subsequent conversion in their trimethylsilyl derivatives with BSA reagent and determined on 3% OV-1 column in a isothermal condition at 220 degrees C with the cromatograph equipped with hydrogen flame ionization. With respect to specificity, reproducibility and recovery, the results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 607913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9775", "title": "[Genu valgum after proximal tibial fracture in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Residual valgus deformity and overgrowth was found in 4 children out of 6 with proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures. Primary reduction of this minimally displaced fracture under general anaesthesia is advised. In case of an irreducable fracture open revision is suggested. In case of an established valgus of more then 20 degrees a tibial wedge osteotomy is necessary. Recurrence of the deformity is very common especially in young children.", "contents": "[Genu valgum after proximal tibial fracture in children (author's transl)]. Residual valgus deformity and overgrowth was found in 4 children out of 6 with proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures. Primary reduction of this minimally displaced fracture under general anaesthesia is advised. In case of an irreducable fracture open revision is suggested. In case of an established valgus of more then 20 degrees a tibial wedge osteotomy is necessary. Recurrence of the deformity is very common especially in young children.", "PMID": 607922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9776", "title": "[Muscles of the leg during immobilisation. An electromyographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of electromyographic evaluation we investigated the function of the rectus femoris, the vastus medialis, the tibialis anterior and the triceps muscle. The effects of immobilisation in above or below knee PoP were investigated with view to the muscular activity in walking and the effect of the immobilization in isometric exercises. The results are discussed. The vastus medialis can only be activated very poorly in a PoP and is not inervated at all during gait. The functional activity of the triceps is reduced markedly in either above or below knee PoP. In knee movement this muscle starts to be activated only over 90 degrees of flexion. The results suggest that an above knee PoP is sufficient to immobilise defects of the quadriceps and its tendon. Defects of the triceps and its tendon seem not necessarily to request an above knee PoP for immobilization. This case has however the advantage to decrease the danger of unexpected knee movements followed by a reflectoric muscle contraction. Its force could be greater than the stability of the repaired tendon.", "contents": "[Muscles of the leg during immobilisation. An electromyographic study (author's transl)]. By means of electromyographic evaluation we investigated the function of the rectus femoris, the vastus medialis, the tibialis anterior and the triceps muscle. The effects of immobilisation in above or below knee PoP were investigated with view to the muscular activity in walking and the effect of the immobilization in isometric exercises. The results are discussed. The vastus medialis can only be activated very poorly in a PoP and is not inervated at all during gait. The functional activity of the triceps is reduced markedly in either above or below knee PoP. In knee movement this muscle starts to be activated only over 90 degrees of flexion. The results suggest that an above knee PoP is sufficient to immobilise defects of the quadriceps and its tendon. Defects of the triceps and its tendon seem not necessarily to request an above knee PoP for immobilization. This case has however the advantage to decrease the danger of unexpected knee movements followed by a reflectoric muscle contraction. Its force could be greater than the stability of the repaired tendon.", "PMID": 607923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9777", "title": "[Observations of the surface of the articular cartilage after treatment with hyaluronidase (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The articular surfaces of the femoral head of rats have been studied by scanning electron microscopy after in vitro treatment with hyaluronidase. 2. The cartilage surface has been digested mildly by the buffer medium (control). 3. The matrix of the cartilage has selectively been removed by the hyaluronidase. 4. Chondrocytes have been seen on the surface after treatment with hyaluronidase for a longer period. 5. We discuss the result of enzymatic digestion.", "contents": "[Observations of the surface of the articular cartilage after treatment with hyaluronidase (author's transl)]. 1. The articular surfaces of the femoral head of rats have been studied by scanning electron microscopy after in vitro treatment with hyaluronidase. 2. The cartilage surface has been digested mildly by the buffer medium (control). 3. The matrix of the cartilage has selectively been removed by the hyaluronidase. 4. Chondrocytes have been seen on the surface after treatment with hyaluronidase for a longer period. 5. We discuss the result of enzymatic digestion.", "PMID": 607924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9778", "title": "[Criteria for determining whether to offer compensation in cases of whiplash injury to the spine (neck area). A study of cases in which compensation or cash settlement has been granted (author's transl)].", "content": "We compared two groups of patients with whplash injury. The first group of 17 patients received a life annuity or a cash settlement, whereas the second group, comprised of 84 people, received no compensation at all. This comparison revealed some considerable differences. However, with regard to statistically significant factors, the 2 groups differ only in neurological symptoms, giddiness, and degenerative changes revealed by X-ray. In the first group, 11 patients who received compensation showed two of the statistically significant factors; 5 patients showed one factor; and 1 showed none. The criteria which govern the granting of compensation are being discussed in detail on the basis of our own cases and the literature. It is an exception when permanent damage due to whiplash is accepted. In individual cases, however, continuous complaints and objective findings years after the trauma are justification for a moderate compensation.", "contents": "[Criteria for determining whether to offer compensation in cases of whiplash injury to the spine (neck area). A study of cases in which compensation or cash settlement has been granted (author's transl)]. We compared two groups of patients with whplash injury. The first group of 17 patients received a life annuity or a cash settlement, whereas the second group, comprised of 84 people, received no compensation at all. This comparison revealed some considerable differences. However, with regard to statistically significant factors, the 2 groups differ only in neurological symptoms, giddiness, and degenerative changes revealed by X-ray. In the first group, 11 patients who received compensation showed two of the statistically significant factors; 5 patients showed one factor; and 1 showed none. The criteria which govern the granting of compensation are being discussed in detail on the basis of our own cases and the literature. It is an exception when permanent damage due to whiplash is accepted. In individual cases, however, continuous complaints and objective findings years after the trauma are justification for a moderate compensation.", "PMID": 607925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9779", "title": "[Development of a knee joint simulator (author's transl)].", "content": "This Knee Joint Simulator serves to investigate the tribological behaviour of total knee prostheses. In order to register the most important influences upon it, it is necessary to derive first of all the requirements upon the simulation of the various movements and loads from the physiological knee joint. These and some other requirements which are of a common sort, serve as the basis of the construction, the function of which is to be described in the following passage.", "contents": "[Development of a knee joint simulator (author's transl)]. This Knee Joint Simulator serves to investigate the tribological behaviour of total knee prostheses. In order to register the most important influences upon it, it is necessary to derive first of all the requirements upon the simulation of the various movements and loads from the physiological knee joint. These and some other requirements which are of a common sort, serve as the basis of the construction, the function of which is to be described in the following passage.", "PMID": 607926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9780", "title": "[Vector analysis of the repolarization phase in the exercise-ecg with Frank leads (author's transl)].", "content": "The bioelectrical activity of the heart during repolarization is analysed with Frank leads in a spatial vector model. After physical work most of the test persons showed an amplification of the repolarization vector. It is discussed whether the amplification of the T-vector after physical work should be interpreted as an indication of subendocardial ischemia.", "contents": "[Vector analysis of the repolarization phase in the exercise-ecg with Frank leads (author's transl)]. The bioelectrical activity of the heart during repolarization is analysed with Frank leads in a spatial vector model. After physical work most of the test persons showed an amplification of the repolarization vector. It is discussed whether the amplification of the T-vector after physical work should be interpreted as an indication of subendocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 607929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9781", "title": "[Principles of the genesis of pressure and flow pulse contours of the human carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to clarify the genesis of the characteristic pressure and flow pulse contours of the common carotid artery of man, at first transcutaneous pulse recordings were carried out on healthy resting subjects during breathing of room air and of a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (Carbogen). The latter was used to cause vasodilation of the cerebral resistance vessels and thus reducing the peripheral reflection coefficient. Secondly pulse constructions were performed by means of a theoretical inhomogeneous tube model using a digital computer. A side branch of this model represented the carotid artery. The pressure pulse of the aortic arch of the model was used as generating pulse for the carotid system. A satisfactory simulation of the carotid pressure and flow pulse contours under normal conditions and during peripheral vasodilation requires an intermediate reflection (positive for antegrade waves) at a site near the middle of the total transmission time of the carotid model system. The adequacy of the model is demonstrated by comparison of the recorded and constructed pulses.", "contents": "[Principles of the genesis of pressure and flow pulse contours of the human carotid artery (author's transl)]. In order to clarify the genesis of the characteristic pressure and flow pulse contours of the common carotid artery of man, at first transcutaneous pulse recordings were carried out on healthy resting subjects during breathing of room air and of a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (Carbogen). The latter was used to cause vasodilation of the cerebral resistance vessels and thus reducing the peripheral reflection coefficient. Secondly pulse constructions were performed by means of a theoretical inhomogeneous tube model using a digital computer. A side branch of this model represented the carotid artery. The pressure pulse of the aortic arch of the model was used as generating pulse for the carotid system. A satisfactory simulation of the carotid pressure and flow pulse contours under normal conditions and during peripheral vasodilation requires an intermediate reflection (positive for antegrade waves) at a site near the middle of the total transmission time of the carotid model system. The adequacy of the model is demonstrated by comparison of the recorded and constructed pulses.", "PMID": 607930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9782", "title": "[Length-force relation of rat-carotid artery at different transmural pression. Experiments and models (author's transl)].", "content": "The relation between force and extension in longitudinal direction as a function of the internal pressure was examined in isolated carotid arteries of rats using a device for testing the stress-strain relation of fibers (Vibrodyn). In the region of small longitudinal extensions the longitudinal force is decreased by raising the internal pressure. The longitudinal force is increased as a function of the internal pressure in the region of high longitudinal extensions. This behaviour can be explained by a model of the arterial wall which takes into account the spiral structure of the fibers. We could find a good qualitative agreement between this model and our experiments. It can be concluded that the histological structure plays an important role in determining the elastic behaviour of the arterial wall.", "contents": "[Length-force relation of rat-carotid artery at different transmural pression. Experiments and models (author's transl)]. The relation between force and extension in longitudinal direction as a function of the internal pressure was examined in isolated carotid arteries of rats using a device for testing the stress-strain relation of fibers (Vibrodyn). In the region of small longitudinal extensions the longitudinal force is decreased by raising the internal pressure. The longitudinal force is increased as a function of the internal pressure in the region of high longitudinal extensions. This behaviour can be explained by a model of the arterial wall which takes into account the spiral structure of the fibers. We could find a good qualitative agreement between this model and our experiments. It can be concluded that the histological structure plays an important role in determining the elastic behaviour of the arterial wall.", "PMID": 607931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9783", "title": "[The influence of experimental traffic noise on autonomous functions of normotensives and hypertensives after stress (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of experiments on 12 normotensives and 12 essential hypertensives the influence  of traffic noise (81 dB) on autonomous functions after stress exposure was examined. The process of the stress reaction was started by visually presented arithmetic tasks under affecting noise. With normotensives and hypertensives this combination of stressors led to a significant increase of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tone. The influence of traffic noise directly following the combination of stressors was examined in an intraindividual comparison with a resting-time period. During the period of noise, significantly higher values with blood pressure data only were found with normotensives and hypertensives as well. The comparison between the normotensive and the hypertensive group during the combination of stressors and during the following resting period showed no significant differences in reaction whereas during the second stressor hypertensives compared to normotensives showed strong, partly significant adaptation reactions of blood pressure with regard to the preceding experimental phase.", "contents": "[The influence of experimental traffic noise on autonomous functions of normotensives and hypertensives after stress (author's transl)]. In a series of experiments on 12 normotensives and 12 essential hypertensives the influence  of traffic noise (81 dB) on autonomous functions after stress exposure was examined. The process of the stress reaction was started by visually presented arithmetic tasks under affecting noise. With normotensives and hypertensives this combination of stressors led to a significant increase of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tone. The influence of traffic noise directly following the combination of stressors was examined in an intraindividual comparison with a resting-time period. During the period of noise, significantly higher values with blood pressure data only were found with normotensives and hypertensives as well. The comparison between the normotensive and the hypertensive group during the combination of stressors and during the following resting period showed no significant differences in reaction whereas during the second stressor hypertensives compared to normotensives showed strong, partly significant adaptation reactions of blood pressure with regard to the preceding experimental phase.", "PMID": 607927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9784", "title": "Allometric analysis of the atrioventricular heart-valve weights in beagle dogs.", "content": "A statistical analysis of atrioventricular heart valve weights of 218 beagle dogs was performed. Applying the allometric function, the correlation between body or heart weight and the weights of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve-angular/parietal leaflet and tricuspid valve-septal leaflet could be described statistically. In the age range between 2 and 81 weeks a significant linear, positive correlation was found for all three parts. The mitral valve and the angular and parietal leaflet of the tricuspid valve show a negative allometry or slower growth rate than body or heart, whereas the septal leaflet grows isometrically. Sex differences were not found. The relevance of such data for the evaluation of certain pathological findings is discussed.", "contents": "Allometric analysis of the atrioventricular heart-valve weights in beagle dogs. A statistical analysis of atrioventricular heart valve weights of 218 beagle dogs was performed. Applying the allometric function, the correlation between body or heart weight and the weights of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve-angular/parietal leaflet and tricuspid valve-septal leaflet could be described statistically. In the age range between 2 and 81 weeks a significant linear, positive correlation was found for all three parts. The mitral valve and the angular and parietal leaflet of the tricuspid valve show a negative allometry or slower growth rate than body or heart, whereas the septal leaflet grows isometrically. Sex differences were not found. The relevance of such data for the evaluation of certain pathological findings is discussed.", "PMID": 607932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9785", "title": "[Results of physiological and psychological studies of different body types. A study of 210 patients with cardiovascular diseases and 100 students (author's transl)].", "content": "210 male patients with myocardial infarction, functional cardiovascular diseases, and angina pectoris hospitalized in the course of a cardiac rehabilitation program had been studied. Missing data in some anthropometric variables reduced the sample to 199 patients. The body of data included various anthropometric variables and indices, parameters of the circulatory and respiratory systems, biochemical measures, personality questionnaires, and information about the psychosocial background. In order to replicate the findings a sample of 100 students was studied, too. The measures and indices of body type are influenced by age, which leads to age-dependent spurious correlations between body type and other variables if this dependency is not corrected. Different statistical approaches proved the superiority of a factor-analytic typisation based on a \"body-breadth\" and \"body-size\" factor. There is a low correlation between body type and disposition for certain diseases showing that patients with \"athletic\" or \"pycnic\" body build suffer preferably from coronary infarction. Significant differences between body types exist for blood pressure, physical fitness, several psychosocial data, and the number of previous courses of treatment. Correlations of body type with personality dimensions and bodily complaints did not occur.", "contents": "[Results of physiological and psychological studies of different body types. A study of 210 patients with cardiovascular diseases and 100 students (author's transl)]. 210 male patients with myocardial infarction, functional cardiovascular diseases, and angina pectoris hospitalized in the course of a cardiac rehabilitation program had been studied. Missing data in some anthropometric variables reduced the sample to 199 patients. The body of data included various anthropometric variables and indices, parameters of the circulatory and respiratory systems, biochemical measures, personality questionnaires, and information about the psychosocial background. In order to replicate the findings a sample of 100 students was studied, too. The measures and indices of body type are influenced by age, which leads to age-dependent spurious correlations between body type and other variables if this dependency is not corrected. Different statistical approaches proved the superiority of a factor-analytic typisation based on a \"body-breadth\" and \"body-size\" factor. There is a low correlation between body type and disposition for certain diseases showing that patients with \"athletic\" or \"pycnic\" body build suffer preferably from coronary infarction. Significant differences between body types exist for blood pressure, physical fitness, several psychosocial data, and the number of previous courses of treatment. Correlations of body type with personality dimensions and bodily complaints did not occur.", "PMID": 607928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9786", "title": "Technique for precise, graded arterial stenosis and occlusion.", "content": "A variable mechanical occluder has been designed which, by means of a micrometer, permits graded stenosis of an artery in precise, reproducible increments. The design also allows transient, complete occlusion of the artery to establish zero flow without alteration of the level of stenosis established prior to the zeroing procedure. The device has been used to partially block the reactive hyperemic response following coronary and femoral artery occlusion, but is readily adaptable to vessels of other size by means of an interchangeable occluder subassembly.", "contents": "Technique for precise, graded arterial stenosis and occlusion. A variable mechanical occluder has been designed which, by means of a micrometer, permits graded stenosis of an artery in precise, reproducible increments. The design also allows transient, complete occlusion of the artery to establish zero flow without alteration of the level of stenosis established prior to the zeroing procedure. The device has been used to partially block the reactive hyperemic response following coronary and femoral artery occlusion, but is readily adaptable to vessels of other size by means of an interchangeable occluder subassembly.", "PMID": 607934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9787", "title": "Dilatory capacity of the coronary circulation and its correlation to the arterial vasculature in the canine left ventricle.", "content": "The functional capacity of flow limiting myocardial conductance vessels was evaluated in canine hearts. In an isolated heart preparation transmural coronary flow distribution during maximal vasodilation was measured in the unloaded diastolic arrested left ventricle with tracer microspheres. The ratio of subendocardial versus subepicardial (ENDO/EPI) flow in the left ventricular free wall was 1.6. Measurements in 8 different wall layers showed a successive increase in maximal coronary flow from the subepicardium towards the deeper layers. A decreased subendocardial vascular resistance due to a better vascularization is forwarded as a mechanism to compensate for the extravascular compression during cardiac contraction. This statement contradicts the commonly accepted hypothesis that a diminished vascular tone with a reduction of the dilatory reserve in the subendocardium accounts for a homogeneous flow distribution in the normal beating heart. An augmentation of subendocardial supplying vessel capacity could be established from the angiographic determination of the coronary arterial volume of intramural small arteries and arterioles. From a strict parallelity in maximal coronary flow and coronary arterial volume within the wall, it becomes probable that these vascular structures are the flow-limiting factors which determine regional coronary flow reserve in the absence of extravascular compressive forces.", "contents": "Dilatory capacity of the coronary circulation and its correlation to the arterial vasculature in the canine left ventricle. The functional capacity of flow limiting myocardial conductance vessels was evaluated in canine hearts. In an isolated heart preparation transmural coronary flow distribution during maximal vasodilation was measured in the unloaded diastolic arrested left ventricle with tracer microspheres. The ratio of subendocardial versus subepicardial (ENDO/EPI) flow in the left ventricular free wall was 1.6. Measurements in 8 different wall layers showed a successive increase in maximal coronary flow from the subepicardium towards the deeper layers. A decreased subendocardial vascular resistance due to a better vascularization is forwarded as a mechanism to compensate for the extravascular compression during cardiac contraction. This statement contradicts the commonly accepted hypothesis that a diminished vascular tone with a reduction of the dilatory reserve in the subendocardium accounts for a homogeneous flow distribution in the normal beating heart. An augmentation of subendocardial supplying vessel capacity could be established from the angiographic determination of the coronary arterial volume of intramural small arteries and arterioles. From a strict parallelity in maximal coronary flow and coronary arterial volume within the wall, it becomes probable that these vascular structures are the flow-limiting factors which determine regional coronary flow reserve in the absence of extravascular compressive forces.", "PMID": 607933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9788", "title": "Localised concentrations of elements in hamster cardiomyopathy. Electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis of normal and sick myocardia.", "content": "Localized elemental concentrations of Ca, P, Cl, S, and Zn were detected by X-ray microanalysis during viewing of ultrathin myocardial sections. Cardiomyopathic hamsters were compared with a healthy strain of the same age. Significant increases in calcium and chlorine concentrations were found in sick animals. These were highest in the hypertrophic stage of the disease. Phosphorus and zinc were more variable. Ratios between elements (especially P/Ca) in the same cells and of the same elements in different cell types were found to offer numerical criteria for estimating the degree of pathological change.", "contents": "Localised concentrations of elements in hamster cardiomyopathy. Electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis of normal and sick myocardia. Localized elemental concentrations of Ca, P, Cl, S, and Zn were detected by X-ray microanalysis during viewing of ultrathin myocardial sections. Cardiomyopathic hamsters were compared with a healthy strain of the same age. Significant increases in calcium and chlorine concentrations were found in sick animals. These were highest in the hypertrophic stage of the disease. Phosphorus and zinc were more variable. Ratios between elements (especially P/Ca) in the same cells and of the same elements in different cell types were found to offer numerical criteria for estimating the degree of pathological change.", "PMID": 607935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9789", "title": "A light microscopical study of healing incised dermal wounds in rats, with special reference to eosinophil leucocytes and to the collagenous fibres of the periwound areas.", "content": "Incised wounding of rat skin had a significant effect on the number of eosinophils both within the scar and in the adjacent areas. The numbers increased, after the inflammatory phase, to a peak between the 7th and 12th-14th days after wounding and remained elevated for the rest of the 30-day experimental period. In the areas contiguous to wounds, the dense bundles of collagenous fibres characteristic of normal dermis became progressively more dispersed from the 3rd to the 14th day, and then gradually re-aggregated into bundles. The fact that eosinophils, which are known to be collagenolytic, increase in numbers and change in morphology at the same time as newly formed scar collagen is remodelled and fibres around wounds are aggregated indicates a role for these cells in connective tissue metabolism. It is suggested that the dispersion of the collagenous fibres in the areas around wounds which occurs before the rise in eosinophil numbers could be related to the known increase in sulphated glycosaminoglycans around incised wounds.", "contents": "A light microscopical study of healing incised dermal wounds in rats, with special reference to eosinophil leucocytes and to the collagenous fibres of the periwound areas. Incised wounding of rat skin had a significant effect on the number of eosinophils both within the scar and in the adjacent areas. The numbers increased, after the inflammatory phase, to a peak between the 7th and 12th-14th days after wounding and remained elevated for the rest of the 30-day experimental period. In the areas contiguous to wounds, the dense bundles of collagenous fibres characteristic of normal dermis became progressively more dispersed from the 3rd to the 14th day, and then gradually re-aggregated into bundles. The fact that eosinophils, which are known to be collagenolytic, increase in numbers and change in morphology at the same time as newly formed scar collagen is remodelled and fibres around wounds are aggregated indicates a role for these cells in connective tissue metabolism. It is suggested that the dispersion of the collagenous fibres in the areas around wounds which occurs before the rise in eosinophil numbers could be related to the known increase in sulphated glycosaminoglycans around incised wounds.", "PMID": 607982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9790", "title": "Investigations of reasons for the avirulence of the A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus in adult mice.", "content": "A strain of Semliki Forest virus (A7) which is avirulent in adult mice killed baby mice in a similar manner to strain V13 which was also virulent for adult mice. In the muscle and brains of baby mice A7 and V13 replicated and produced haemagglutinating activity similarly. Our previous suggestion that defective interfering particles were present in the brains of A7-infected adult mice appears not to be so. The interference formerly detected was due to an inhibitor present in brain tissue of adult and baby mice both normal and infected. Homogenates of A7-infected adult brain produced normal RNA species in BHK cells and not those characteristic of defective interfering particles. Organ culture experiments indicated that avirulence of A7 was not due to lack of release of virus from infected adult brain cells. Also, A7 as well as V13 was detected and was probably replicating in all parts of the brain and spinal cord that were sectioned and examined. Evidence is presented that suggests that the reason for the avirulence of A7 for adult mice compared with its virulence for baby mice may relate to a lower ability to replicate in brain tissue per se rather than to interaction with host defence mechanisms.", "contents": "Investigations of reasons for the avirulence of the A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus in adult mice. A strain of Semliki Forest virus (A7) which is avirulent in adult mice killed baby mice in a similar manner to strain V13 which was also virulent for adult mice. In the muscle and brains of baby mice A7 and V13 replicated and produced haemagglutinating activity similarly. Our previous suggestion that defective interfering particles were present in the brains of A7-infected adult mice appears not to be so. The interference formerly detected was due to an inhibitor present in brain tissue of adult and baby mice both normal and infected. Homogenates of A7-infected adult brain produced normal RNA species in BHK cells and not those characteristic of defective interfering particles. Organ culture experiments indicated that avirulence of A7 was not due to lack of release of virus from infected adult brain cells. Also, A7 as well as V13 was detected and was probably replicating in all parts of the brain and spinal cord that were sectioned and examined. Evidence is presented that suggests that the reason for the avirulence of A7 for adult mice compared with its virulence for baby mice may relate to a lower ability to replicate in brain tissue per se rather than to interaction with host defence mechanisms.", "PMID": 607983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9791", "title": "Intestinal lesions induced experimentally by methotrexate.", "content": "Mice were given up to 9 doses of methotrexate intermittently over a 3-week period. Inhibition of mitosis occurred in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum after the first injection, and after 2 doses the crypt epithelium showed megalocytosis and occasional abnormal mitotic figures. Further treatment produced degeneration of the epithelium of the villi, which became irregular and atrophic, and the amount of crypt tissue was greatly reduced. Focal ulceration and haemorrhage occurred in some animals. Changes in the caecum and colon developed later and were much milder. After withdrawal of methotrexate the intestinal mucosa rapidly recovered and was normal 1 week later.", "contents": "Intestinal lesions induced experimentally by methotrexate. Mice were given up to 9 doses of methotrexate intermittently over a 3-week period. Inhibition of mitosis occurred in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum after the first injection, and after 2 doses the crypt epithelium showed megalocytosis and occasional abnormal mitotic figures. Further treatment produced degeneration of the epithelium of the villi, which became irregular and atrophic, and the amount of crypt tissue was greatly reduced. Focal ulceration and haemorrhage occurred in some animals. Changes in the caecum and colon developed later and were much milder. After withdrawal of methotrexate the intestinal mucosa rapidly recovered and was normal 1 week later.", "PMID": 607986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9792", "title": "Thrombosis induced in vivo in the mesenteric artery of normal and thrombocytopenic rats, an electron-microscopic study of the early arterial wall reaction.", "content": "Arteries taken from 1 to 3 days after local thrombosis had been induced by the passage of a weak electric current followed by the topical administration of ADP were studied by electronmicroscopy. The characteristic changes observed during this period included total disappearance of pre-existing thrombi, rapid reconstitution of the endothelium and important hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells in the media. Thrombocytopenia induced by the administration of antiplatelet serum produced no alterations in untreated arteries. When it was coupled to thrombus induction, healing of injured endothelial and smooth muscle cells was grossly impaired, hypertrophy of the media was absent and fibrin infiltrated the arterial wall at the site of thrombus induction. These results bring support to the view that blood platelets play an important role in the induction of the regeneration response of injured arterial cells.", "contents": "Thrombosis induced in vivo in the mesenteric artery of normal and thrombocytopenic rats, an electron-microscopic study of the early arterial wall reaction. Arteries taken from 1 to 3 days after local thrombosis had been induced by the passage of a weak electric current followed by the topical administration of ADP were studied by electronmicroscopy. The characteristic changes observed during this period included total disappearance of pre-existing thrombi, rapid reconstitution of the endothelium and important hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells in the media. Thrombocytopenia induced by the administration of antiplatelet serum produced no alterations in untreated arteries. When it was coupled to thrombus induction, healing of injured endothelial and smooth muscle cells was grossly impaired, hypertrophy of the media was absent and fibrin infiltrated the arterial wall at the site of thrombus induction. These results bring support to the view that blood platelets play an important role in the induction of the regeneration response of injured arterial cells.", "PMID": 607987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9793", "title": "In vitro anti-kidney effect of lymphocytes in experimental immunization to placental antigens.", "content": "The lymph node and spleen lymphocytes of placenta-sensitized guinea pigs were tested for their ability to destroy kidney monolayer. It was shown by microcytotoxicity assay that these sensitized lymphoid cells killed target monolayer at different effector/target cell ratios. About 35% of kidney cells were destroyed when sensitized lymph node cells were added at a ratio of 500: 1, and 50% at a ratio of 1000:1. Immunized spleen cells produced approximately the same results. No significant cytotoxicity was measured when placenta-sensitized lymphocytes were added to nonrelated mouse skin fibroblasts. In order to exclude the possibility of participation of species-specific antigens in this experimental model, placenta-sensitized lymphocytes were added to L-cell monolayer in the presence of kidney antigens or mouse normal serum (a carrier of species-specific determinants). An extensive cytotoxic effect was observed in the presence of kidney antigens, while addition of mouse normal serum did not induce significant target cell lysis. The cross-reactivity of the cytotoxic ability of placenta-sensitized lymphocytes may indicate that cell-mediated immunity can be involved in the pathogenesis of nephropathy in toxaemic pregnancies, accompanying sensitization by placental antigens.", "contents": "In vitro anti-kidney effect of lymphocytes in experimental immunization to placental antigens. The lymph node and spleen lymphocytes of placenta-sensitized guinea pigs were tested for their ability to destroy kidney monolayer. It was shown by microcytotoxicity assay that these sensitized lymphoid cells killed target monolayer at different effector/target cell ratios. About 35% of kidney cells were destroyed when sensitized lymph node cells were added at a ratio of 500: 1, and 50% at a ratio of 1000:1. Immunized spleen cells produced approximately the same results. No significant cytotoxicity was measured when placenta-sensitized lymphocytes were added to nonrelated mouse skin fibroblasts. In order to exclude the possibility of participation of species-specific antigens in this experimental model, placenta-sensitized lymphocytes were added to L-cell monolayer in the presence of kidney antigens or mouse normal serum (a carrier of species-specific determinants). An extensive cytotoxic effect was observed in the presence of kidney antigens, while addition of mouse normal serum did not induce significant target cell lysis. The cross-reactivity of the cytotoxic ability of placenta-sensitized lymphocytes may indicate that cell-mediated immunity can be involved in the pathogenesis of nephropathy in toxaemic pregnancies, accompanying sensitization by placental antigens.", "PMID": 607988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9794", "title": "The proinflammatory function of lymphocytes in non-immune inflammation: effect of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Leucopenia rendered rats unresponsive to various inflammatory stimuli. The intensity of the inflammatory response in such animals was restored by i.v. administration of suspensions of lymphocytes, but not of granulocytes. This restorative effect was blocked by both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Utilizing carrageenin to induce inflammatory responses in the rat's paw, the effect of these drugs on lymphocytes was observed in two circumstances. First, following incubation of the cells with the drugs in concentrations not exceeding the peak plasma levels estimated for these substances in man or laboratory animals; the effect of the drugs seemed selective, since anti-histamine and anti-serotonin agents, as well as amethopterin, were devoid of action. Second, when lymphocytes were collected from rats previously treated with the various anti-inflammatory agents, injected 6-hourly during periods of 18 and 36 h, respectively, for steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances. The total amounts given were lower than those required to produce consistent anti-inflammatory effects in normal animals, when the drug was given as a single dose before injection of the irritant. It is concluded that the pro-inflammatory function of lymphocytes in non-immune inflammation can be blocked by steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "The proinflammatory function of lymphocytes in non-immune inflammation: effect of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Leucopenia rendered rats unresponsive to various inflammatory stimuli. The intensity of the inflammatory response in such animals was restored by i.v. administration of suspensions of lymphocytes, but not of granulocytes. This restorative effect was blocked by both steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Utilizing carrageenin to induce inflammatory responses in the rat's paw, the effect of these drugs on lymphocytes was observed in two circumstances. First, following incubation of the cells with the drugs in concentrations not exceeding the peak plasma levels estimated for these substances in man or laboratory animals; the effect of the drugs seemed selective, since anti-histamine and anti-serotonin agents, as well as amethopterin, were devoid of action. Second, when lymphocytes were collected from rats previously treated with the various anti-inflammatory agents, injected 6-hourly during periods of 18 and 36 h, respectively, for steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances. The total amounts given were lower than those required to produce consistent anti-inflammatory effects in normal animals, when the drug was given as a single dose before injection of the irritant. It is concluded that the pro-inflammatory function of lymphocytes in non-immune inflammation can be blocked by steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 607989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9795", "title": "Experimental intrarenal reflux and blood pressure.", "content": "The effect on the blood pressure of experimental vesico-ureteric reflux was investigated in adult female Wistar rats. In 6 rats, reflux with isotonic saline produced a transient rise in systemic blood pressure followed by a fall, with return to normal within 2 min (mean BP readings: 121-130-93 mmHg). In 6 rats during water diuresis, reflux with distilled water produced similar changes (114-120-79 mmHg). In 6 rats in which the ureters were divided before reflux, no rise in blood pressure occurred although in 2 of these the pressure showed a marked fall. The pattern of blood pressure changes which occurred as a result of reflux was similar to that produced by a rapid i.v. injection of a corresponding volume of saline and it was concluded that the changes accompanying reflux are due to pyelovenous backflow. This was confirmed by producing reflux with 5% lissamine green which appeared in the peripheral capillaries within 4 s of the reflux in 3 rats. Slow dilatation of the pelvis with saline in 9 rats showed that rupture of the pelvic epithelium occurred at a mean pressure of 99 mmHg.", "contents": "Experimental intrarenal reflux and blood pressure. The effect on the blood pressure of experimental vesico-ureteric reflux was investigated in adult female Wistar rats. In 6 rats, reflux with isotonic saline produced a transient rise in systemic blood pressure followed by a fall, with return to normal within 2 min (mean BP readings: 121-130-93 mmHg). In 6 rats during water diuresis, reflux with distilled water produced similar changes (114-120-79 mmHg). In 6 rats in which the ureters were divided before reflux, no rise in blood pressure occurred although in 2 of these the pressure showed a marked fall. The pattern of blood pressure changes which occurred as a result of reflux was similar to that produced by a rapid i.v. injection of a corresponding volume of saline and it was concluded that the changes accompanying reflux are due to pyelovenous backflow. This was confirmed by producing reflux with 5% lissamine green which appeared in the peripheral capillaries within 4 s of the reflux in 3 rats. Slow dilatation of the pelvis with saline in 9 rats showed that rupture of the pelvic epithelium occurred at a mean pressure of 99 mmHg.", "PMID": 607990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9796", "title": "The evolution of gonadotropins: some molecular data concerning a non-mammalian pituitary gonadotropin, the hormone from a teleost fish (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "The amino acid and sugar compositions as well as long N-terminal sequences and the C-terminal amino acids of the two subunits of carp gonadotropin, SU I and SU II, were determined. An important homology was demonstrated between SU I and alpha-subunits and between SU II and beta-subunits of mammalian gonadotropins. Moreover SU II was more closely related to the beta-subunit of LH than to the beta-subunit of FSH.", "contents": "The evolution of gonadotropins: some molecular data concerning a non-mammalian pituitary gonadotropin, the hormone from a teleost fish (Cyprinus carpio L.). The amino acid and sugar compositions as well as long N-terminal sequences and the C-terminal amino acids of the two subunits of carp gonadotropin, SU I and SU II, were determined. An important homology was demonstrated between SU I and alpha-subunits and between SU II and beta-subunits of mammalian gonadotropins. Moreover SU II was more closely related to the beta-subunit of LH than to the beta-subunit of FSH.", "PMID": 607993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9797", "title": "Characterisation of an associate 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and affinity labelling of the 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni.", "content": "The 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni were purified to homogeneity by polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis using the following stages: DEAE cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on oestrone-aminocaproate sepharose and Sephadex gel filtration. The pure 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was completely devoid of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity but could oxidize estradiol 17-beta at an appreciable rate. This activity accounts for about 40 per cent of the total 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase of the crude bacterial extract. Affinity labelling of pure 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was carried out using 5-beta-pregnane 3,20-dione-12-alpha-iodoacetate and 5-alpha-androstane 3-one-17-beta-bromoacetate. With both reagents, inactivation was obtained only in the presence of coenzyme, the substrate protected against inactivation and the enzyme was fully inhibited with covalent binding of 1 mole of reagent per mole of subunit suggesting an active site directed inhibition. Histidine and methionine were identified as the labelled aminoacid residues.", "contents": "Characterisation of an associate 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and affinity labelling of the 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni. The 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni were purified to homogeneity by polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis using the following stages: DEAE cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on oestrone-aminocaproate sepharose and Sephadex gel filtration. The pure 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was completely devoid of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity but could oxidize estradiol 17-beta at an appreciable rate. This activity accounts for about 40 per cent of the total 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase of the crude bacterial extract. Affinity labelling of pure 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was carried out using 5-beta-pregnane 3,20-dione-12-alpha-iodoacetate and 5-alpha-androstane 3-one-17-beta-bromoacetate. With both reagents, inactivation was obtained only in the presence of coenzyme, the substrate protected against inactivation and the enzyme was fully inhibited with covalent binding of 1 mole of reagent per mole of subunit suggesting an active site directed inhibition. Histidine and methionine were identified as the labelled aminoacid residues.", "PMID": 607995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9798", "title": "Characterization of Triton X 100 extracted colipase from porcine pancreas.", "content": "Colipase was isolated from porcine pancreas homogenate prepared in the presence of detergent (Triton X 100). After precipitation by ammonium sulfate and ethanol, the cofactor was purified by chromatography on SP-Sephadex in the presence of Triton X 100 and on DEAE-cellulose in the absence of detergent. Two molecular forms of porcine colipase were obtained. They represent 80 per cent (colipase A) and 20 per cent (colipase B), respectively, of the total colipase. Valine is the N-terminal residue of both proteins. Their aminoacid composition is similar to that found by Borgstrom for the two forms of porcine colipase. Determination of the sequence of the first sixteen residues at the N-terminal end of colipase A indicates that the cofactor undergoes no proteolytic degradation in this region of the molecule when extraction is carried out in the presence of detergent. The recovery of colipase is about 30 per cent.", "contents": "Characterization of Triton X 100 extracted colipase from porcine pancreas. Colipase was isolated from porcine pancreas homogenate prepared in the presence of detergent (Triton X 100). After precipitation by ammonium sulfate and ethanol, the cofactor was purified by chromatography on SP-Sephadex in the presence of Triton X 100 and on DEAE-cellulose in the absence of detergent. Two molecular forms of porcine colipase were obtained. They represent 80 per cent (colipase A) and 20 per cent (colipase B), respectively, of the total colipase. Valine is the N-terminal residue of both proteins. Their aminoacid composition is similar to that found by Borgstrom for the two forms of porcine colipase. Determination of the sequence of the first sixteen residues at the N-terminal end of colipase A indicates that the cofactor undergoes no proteolytic degradation in this region of the molecule when extraction is carried out in the presence of detergent. The recovery of colipase is about 30 per cent.", "PMID": 607996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9799", "title": "[Partial synthesis of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. I. An enzymatic reactor model using cofactors].", "content": "In order to produce specifically N-monoalkylated derivatives of aminoglycoside antibiotics of potential therapeutic values, we have developed an enzymatic reactor. This system uses the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase as catalyst and acetylcoenzyme A as acetyl donor. The immobilization of one aminoglycoside acetyltransferase on different resins has been studied. The coreticulation of this enzyme on DEAE cellulose in the presence of glutaraldehyde gives rise to an enzymatic resin of high efficiency. On the other hand, we have also studied the acetylation of coenzyme A in a simple manner. Acetylation occurs in a quantitative yield when the reaction is performed in the presence of polyvinyl-4 pyridine/divinylbenzene 2 per cent. These conclusions enabled to develop two types of acetylating reactors which give rise without purification to 3-acetyl gentamicin.", "contents": "[Partial synthesis of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. I. An enzymatic reactor model using cofactors]. In order to produce specifically N-monoalkylated derivatives of aminoglycoside antibiotics of potential therapeutic values, we have developed an enzymatic reactor. This system uses the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase as catalyst and acetylcoenzyme A as acetyl donor. The immobilization of one aminoglycoside acetyltransferase on different resins has been studied. The coreticulation of this enzyme on DEAE cellulose in the presence of glutaraldehyde gives rise to an enzymatic resin of high efficiency. On the other hand, we have also studied the acetylation of coenzyme A in a simple manner. Acetylation occurs in a quantitative yield when the reaction is performed in the presence of polyvinyl-4 pyridine/divinylbenzene 2 per cent. These conclusions enabled to develop two types of acetylating reactors which give rise without purification to 3-acetyl gentamicin.", "PMID": 607997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9800", "title": "[Clinical prognostic factors in breast cancer].", "content": "Five year survival of 683 mammary carcinomas would confirm the prognostic value of T.N.M. classification (UICC), of tumor particular characteristics (size, fixation to neighbouring structures) and presence or absence of clinical nodes. A clinical-histological relationship was studied for axillary nodes: in our experience, clinical determination is more reliable for estimation of N0 and N2 than N1. Three groups of age were considered; the age, T and N corrected five year survival show a higher mortality for patients older than 60 years with T3-T4, N greater than 0 carcinomas. The study of this prospective computerised register confirms the prognostic value of developping growth tumors (PEV) described by P. Denoix. In fact, inflammatory carcinomas (PEV 2-PEV 3) show a poor 5 year survival and PEV 1 is an intermediate pronostic group between stable and inflammatory carcinomas. PEV 1 was showed to be an independant clinical factor from T and N characteristics.", "contents": "[Clinical prognostic factors in breast cancer]. Five year survival of 683 mammary carcinomas would confirm the prognostic value of T.N.M. classification (UICC), of tumor particular characteristics (size, fixation to neighbouring structures) and presence or absence of clinical nodes. A clinical-histological relationship was studied for axillary nodes: in our experience, clinical determination is more reliable for estimation of N0 and N2 than N1. Three groups of age were considered; the age, T and N corrected five year survival show a higher mortality for patients older than 60 years with T3-T4, N greater than 0 carcinomas. The study of this prospective computerised register confirms the prognostic value of developping growth tumors (PEV) described by P. Denoix. In fact, inflammatory carcinomas (PEV 2-PEV 3) show a poor 5 year survival and PEV 1 is an intermediate pronostic group between stable and inflammatory carcinomas. PEV 1 was showed to be an independant clinical factor from T and N characteristics.", "PMID": 607998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9801", "title": "[Prognostic factors in epitheliomas of the breast].", "content": "Prognostic factors in breast carcinoma were studied on material which consisted of 733 patients with a follow-up of over 5 years and on 361 with a follow-up of over 10 years. In the first part of the study the prognostic factors are related to the physical characteristics of the primary tumour such as its situation and size and its relationship to skin and deep tissues. Clinical examination of the axilla, studied in detail, has proved a reliable guide to prognosis. The second part deals with such factors as age, hormonal status, age at first pregnancy and parity. A critical analysis of the T.N.M. classification ends the study, with special reference to the prognostic factors which relate to the primary tumour.", "contents": "[Prognostic factors in epitheliomas of the breast]. Prognostic factors in breast carcinoma were studied on material which consisted of 733 patients with a follow-up of over 5 years and on 361 with a follow-up of over 10 years. In the first part of the study the prognostic factors are related to the physical characteristics of the primary tumour such as its situation and size and its relationship to skin and deep tissues. Clinical examination of the axilla, studied in detail, has proved a reliable guide to prognosis. The second part deals with such factors as age, hormonal status, age at first pregnancy and parity. A critical analysis of the T.N.M. classification ends the study, with special reference to the prognostic factors which relate to the primary tumour.", "PMID": 607999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9802", "title": "[Prognostical factors of breast neoplasms without metastasis. Synthesis by a multifactoral analysis].", "content": "Multifactorial analysis by dichotomous split was applied to a consecutive series of 541 female breast cancer patients without detectable metastasis at onset of treatment. These patients were entirely treated in the same institution (Fondation Bergoni\u00e9), in the years 1960-1974. This multifactorial analysis sets a hierarchical order among the different prognostic factors and defines groups of patients homogeneous for metastatic risks. The significant prognostic factors in these series are : number of malignant axillary nodes; location and size of tumour; state of adjacent skin; relations with thoracic wall; pre or post-menopausal status; inflammatory signs; thermographic and mammographic data.", "contents": "[Prognostical factors of breast neoplasms without metastasis. Synthesis by a multifactoral analysis]. Multifactorial analysis by dichotomous split was applied to a consecutive series of 541 female breast cancer patients without detectable metastasis at onset of treatment. These patients were entirely treated in the same institution (Fondation Bergoni\u00e9), in the years 1960-1974. This multifactorial analysis sets a hierarchical order among the different prognostic factors and defines groups of patients homogeneous for metastatic risks. The significant prognostic factors in these series are : number of malignant axillary nodes; location and size of tumour; state of adjacent skin; relations with thoracic wall; pre or post-menopausal status; inflammatory signs; thermographic and mammographic data.", "PMID": 608000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9803", "title": "[The anatomopathological factors of prognostic value in breast cancer].", "content": "A prospective study on the progress of 356 women with unilateral carcinoma of the breast treated throughout at the Institut Gustave-Roussy, by a Halsted or Patey type radical mastectomy. Between 1-1-68 and 31-12-71 293 patients without any previous treatment were operated on, and 63 after irradiation according to the dosage-schedule then in force. In the first group no prognostic importance could be attached to the character of the tumour margin nor to its stroma. Two features thought to be bound up with survival on first analysis were not found to have significance when the other prognostic factors were kept constant and these are microscopic spread of tumour outside the nipple and transcapsular spread of tumour in the axillary nodes. Only four parameters were found to have a real prognostic value and these were the size of the tumour, its Bloom grading, microscopic spread to the nipple and the number of nodes invaded, with a threshold at three involved nodes. With regard to irradiated carcinomas, whose number were really too small for such an intense analysis, only two parameters were related to survival: Bloom grading and the number of axillary nodes invaded.", "contents": "[The anatomopathological factors of prognostic value in breast cancer]. A prospective study on the progress of 356 women with unilateral carcinoma of the breast treated throughout at the Institut Gustave-Roussy, by a Halsted or Patey type radical mastectomy. Between 1-1-68 and 31-12-71 293 patients without any previous treatment were operated on, and 63 after irradiation according to the dosage-schedule then in force. In the first group no prognostic importance could be attached to the character of the tumour margin nor to its stroma. Two features thought to be bound up with survival on first analysis were not found to have significance when the other prognostic factors were kept constant and these are microscopic spread of tumour outside the nipple and transcapsular spread of tumour in the axillary nodes. Only four parameters were found to have a real prognostic value and these were the size of the tumour, its Bloom grading, microscopic spread to the nipple and the number of nodes invaded, with a threshold at three involved nodes. With regard to irradiated carcinomas, whose number were really too small for such an intense analysis, only two parameters were related to survival: Bloom grading and the number of axillary nodes invaded.", "PMID": 608001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9804", "title": "[Breast cancer: histological prognosis from biopsy material].", "content": "Two histological factors to be taken into consideration for prognosis in pretreatment schedules of breast cancer have been studied on a group of 352 cases treated by non-mutilating therapeutics at the Fondation Curie between 1960 and 1970. The tumour material the slides of which we have reexamined \"blindly\", i.e. ignoring the evolution of the case had been obtained mostly by drill-biopsy. Histological groups and types have been determined following an analytical classification for computer purpose. The degree of malignancy was calculated with the method of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson. The analyzed data have been memorized on computer and then confronted with the elements of the T.N.M. classification and the survival of the patients involved. It appeared that if drill-biopsie have been performed correctly the histological type may be defined in eighty percent of cases. And it is likewise possible to calculate the histological grade of malignancy for each mammary cancer. With such a material the value for prognosis by means of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson method still remains if applied only to adenocarcinoma of the \"common infiltrating type\".", "contents": "[Breast cancer: histological prognosis from biopsy material]. Two histological factors to be taken into consideration for prognosis in pretreatment schedules of breast cancer have been studied on a group of 352 cases treated by non-mutilating therapeutics at the Fondation Curie between 1960 and 1970. The tumour material the slides of which we have reexamined \"blindly\", i.e. ignoring the evolution of the case had been obtained mostly by drill-biopsy. Histological groups and types have been determined following an analytical classification for computer purpose. The degree of malignancy was calculated with the method of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson. The analyzed data have been memorized on computer and then confronted with the elements of the T.N.M. classification and the survival of the patients involved. It appeared that if drill-biopsie have been performed correctly the histological type may be defined in eighty percent of cases. And it is likewise possible to calculate the histological grade of malignancy for each mammary cancer. With such a material the value for prognosis by means of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson method still remains if applied only to adenocarcinoma of the \"common infiltrating type\".", "PMID": 608002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9805", "title": "[Xeroradiographic and thermographic contributions to the diagnosis and prognosis of operable breast cancer].", "content": "The methods of paraclinical investigation of breast cancer, advantageously assisted by cytology, do not compete with the biopsy. A clinico-pathologic examination is necessary, prior to any treatment, to ascertain the presence of a cancer and to determine its degree of malignancy. These methods mainly aim at:--discovering the tumor as early as possible,--determining its various morphologic and dynamic aspects, especially its growth rate,--guiding the biopsy and combining this surgical act with coherent therapeutic tactics. The xeroradiographic plate has all the qualities of an excellent detecting device, but in order to replace the mammography on film in daily practice the technical aspects need to be improved. Thermography gives an original and valuable point of view concerning breast tumors. We feel it is one of the most reliable prognostic elements.", "contents": "[Xeroradiographic and thermographic contributions to the diagnosis and prognosis of operable breast cancer]. The methods of paraclinical investigation of breast cancer, advantageously assisted by cytology, do not compete with the biopsy. A clinico-pathologic examination is necessary, prior to any treatment, to ascertain the presence of a cancer and to determine its degree of malignancy. These methods mainly aim at:--discovering the tumor as early as possible,--determining its various morphologic and dynamic aspects, especially its growth rate,--guiding the biopsy and combining this surgical act with coherent therapeutic tactics. The xeroradiographic plate has all the qualities of an excellent detecting device, but in order to replace the mammography on film in daily practice the technical aspects need to be improved. Thermography gives an original and valuable point of view concerning breast tumors. We feel it is one of the most reliable prognostic elements.", "PMID": 608003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9806", "title": "[Isotopic bone examination in operable breast cancer].", "content": "In the pre-treatment work-up in breast carcinoma cases the bone scan findings could be of major interest. If the presence of occult metastases is discovered management may be modified accordingly. In a group involving 78 cases of breast carcinoma, classified as primary, operable, in three cases only scintigraphy revealed bone metastases before they produced clinical and radiological signs. In two of them there was agreement, in one disagreement over the findings. Moreover, in 5 cases a bone metastasis was revealed and immediately confirmed on a complete bone assessment.", "contents": "[Isotopic bone examination in operable breast cancer]. In the pre-treatment work-up in breast carcinoma cases the bone scan findings could be of major interest. If the presence of occult metastases is discovered management may be modified accordingly. In a group involving 78 cases of breast carcinoma, classified as primary, operable, in three cases only scintigraphy revealed bone metastases before they produced clinical and radiological signs. In two of them there was agreement, in one disagreement over the findings. Moreover, in 5 cases a bone metastasis was revealed and immediately confirmed on a complete bone assessment.", "PMID": 608004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9807", "title": "Curability of breast cancer.", "content": "Long term follow-up suggests 30-40 per cent of \"early\" cases are \"cured\" by treatment. The proportion cured is probably related to the biological characteristics of the tumour rather than to the primary treatment. Careful staging is the best prognostic indicator available at present. Efforts should be made to learn more about the behaviour of tumours and to continue long term follow up.", "contents": "Curability of breast cancer. Long term follow-up suggests 30-40 per cent of \"early\" cases are \"cured\" by treatment. The proportion cured is probably related to the biological characteristics of the tumour rather than to the primary treatment. Careful staging is the best prognostic indicator available at present. Efforts should be made to learn more about the behaviour of tumours and to continue long term follow up.", "PMID": 608005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9808", "title": "[Radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy in the treatment of breast cancer. Indications and results].", "content": "We studied first the long term results in a series of 1 139 immediately operable breast cancers, treated by a protocol which gave an important role to extended radical mastectomy (radical mastectomy with internal mammary node dissection). No difference in survival was noted according to the surgical procedure used, and the extended mastectomy does not seem to have demonstrated its superiority. Its value could be judged in a more rigorous manner thanks to the results of an international therapeutic trial, comparing radical mastectomy with extended radical mastectomy. Results were improved by the extended procedure in only one sub-group of patients, whose tumours was located in central or inner quadrants, T1 or T2, with positive axillary nodes: these patients represents 13 per cent of patients with immediately operable tumors. Taking these results into account a new protocol has been adopted at the Institut Gustave-Roussy: T1 cancers will be the object of a therapeutic trial between conservative treatment and modified radical mastectomy. T2 (internal or central) cancers, with axillary nodal involvement will be treated by extended radical mastectomy. T2 tumors (external) and all T3 tumors will be treated by a modified radical mastectomy.", "contents": "[Radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy in the treatment of breast cancer. Indications and results]. We studied first the long term results in a series of 1 139 immediately operable breast cancers, treated by a protocol which gave an important role to extended radical mastectomy (radical mastectomy with internal mammary node dissection). No difference in survival was noted according to the surgical procedure used, and the extended mastectomy does not seem to have demonstrated its superiority. Its value could be judged in a more rigorous manner thanks to the results of an international therapeutic trial, comparing radical mastectomy with extended radical mastectomy. Results were improved by the extended procedure in only one sub-group of patients, whose tumours was located in central or inner quadrants, T1 or T2, with positive axillary nodes: these patients represents 13 per cent of patients with immediately operable tumors. Taking these results into account a new protocol has been adopted at the Institut Gustave-Roussy: T1 cancers will be the object of a therapeutic trial between conservative treatment and modified radical mastectomy. T2 (internal or central) cancers, with axillary nodal involvement will be treated by extended radical mastectomy. T2 tumors (external) and all T3 tumors will be treated by a modified radical mastectomy.", "PMID": 608006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9809", "title": "[Breast cancer: limited excision followed by irradiation. Results and therapeutic indications in 150 cases treated at the Curie Foundation in 1960-1970].", "content": "The authors studies 150 cases of mammary cancer treated at La Fondation Curie between 1960 and 1970 by lumpectomy followed by irradiation. At the 5th year the survival rate without recurrence is 85 p. 100 (128 out of 150 cases) and is 72 p. 100 (56 out of 78) at the 10th year. There were 17 local/regional recurrences in the first 5 years, say 11 p. 100, of which one was supraclavicular and one \"acute\". Of the 15 cases operated on 7 are alive without sign of recurrence at more than 5 years. Satisfactory conservation of the breast has been achieved since in the 128 cured patients the breast was preserved 123 times (96%). In the 78 cases followed for 10 years there were 13 local/regional recurrences, say 17 p. 100, of which one was \"acute\". In the 56 cured cases the breast was preserved in 49 (87%). The combination of lumpectomy/irradiation seems to be a viable therapeutic modality but with these limitations: 1. That the diagnosis of carcinoma should be pre- or per-operative and the lumpectomy generous. 2. That the radiotherapy dosage should be relatively moderate. 3. That the indications be strictly adhered to--only treat tumours less than 3 cm, taking due note of the respective volumes of tumour and breast without apparent involvement of axillary nodes. If these conditions are adhered to the results are good both aesthetically and curatively.", "contents": "[Breast cancer: limited excision followed by irradiation. Results and therapeutic indications in 150 cases treated at the Curie Foundation in 1960-1970]. The authors studies 150 cases of mammary cancer treated at La Fondation Curie between 1960 and 1970 by lumpectomy followed by irradiation. At the 5th year the survival rate without recurrence is 85 p. 100 (128 out of 150 cases) and is 72 p. 100 (56 out of 78) at the 10th year. There were 17 local/regional recurrences in the first 5 years, say 11 p. 100, of which one was supraclavicular and one \"acute\". Of the 15 cases operated on 7 are alive without sign of recurrence at more than 5 years. Satisfactory conservation of the breast has been achieved since in the 128 cured patients the breast was preserved 123 times (96%). In the 78 cases followed for 10 years there were 13 local/regional recurrences, say 17 p. 100, of which one was \"acute\". In the 56 cured cases the breast was preserved in 49 (87%). The combination of lumpectomy/irradiation seems to be a viable therapeutic modality but with these limitations: 1. That the diagnosis of carcinoma should be pre- or per-operative and the lumpectomy generous. 2. That the radiotherapy dosage should be relatively moderate. 3. That the indications be strictly adhered to--only treat tumours less than 3 cm, taking due note of the respective volumes of tumour and breast without apparent involvement of axillary nodes. If these conditions are adhered to the results are good both aesthetically and curatively.", "PMID": 608008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9810", "title": "[Conservative treatment of breast cancer. A therapeutic trial in progress at the Cancer Institute of Milan].", "content": "The report describes a clinical trial on conservative surgery in progress at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy. The randomized clinical trial compares radical mastectomy with a more conservative procedure consisting of mammary resection plus axillary dissection plus radiotherapy. The resection comprises an entire quadrant of the breast together with the overlying skin. After surgery the patients receive 6 000 rads to the residual breast tissue over five to six weeks, starting 15 days after operation. The cosmetic results are satisfactory in the majority of cases. The trial is limited to cases with tumors less than 2 cm (T1N0M0). Patients with histologically positive lymph nodes (N+) are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF for one year. From September 1973 to October 1976, 331 cases entered the trial. One hundred sixty seven were treated with radical mastectomy and 164 with conservative procedure. Axillary metastases were found in 23 per cent of the radical and in 29 per cent of the conservative surgery group. Four local-regional recurrences have occurred till now, two in each group. Five cases in the radical mastectomy group and one in the conservative group had distant metastases. The clinical trial will collect some 500 cases by the end of 1977 and significant preliminary results are expected to be available from the beginning of 1979.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of breast cancer. A therapeutic trial in progress at the Cancer Institute of Milan]. The report describes a clinical trial on conservative surgery in progress at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy. The randomized clinical trial compares radical mastectomy with a more conservative procedure consisting of mammary resection plus axillary dissection plus radiotherapy. The resection comprises an entire quadrant of the breast together with the overlying skin. After surgery the patients receive 6 000 rads to the residual breast tissue over five to six weeks, starting 15 days after operation. The cosmetic results are satisfactory in the majority of cases. The trial is limited to cases with tumors less than 2 cm (T1N0M0). Patients with histologically positive lymph nodes (N+) are submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF for one year. From September 1973 to October 1976, 331 cases entered the trial. One hundred sixty seven were treated with radical mastectomy and 164 with conservative procedure. Axillary metastases were found in 23 per cent of the radical and in 29 per cent of the conservative surgery group. Four local-regional recurrences have occurred till now, two in each group. Five cases in the radical mastectomy group and one in the conservative group had distant metastases. The clinical trial will collect some 500 cases by the end of 1977 and significant preliminary results are expected to be available from the beginning of 1979.", "PMID": 608009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9811", "title": "[The Stockholm preoperative radiotherapy of operable breast cancer. Preliminary report].", "content": "The 4 year results of a prospective clinical trial on the treatment of operable breast cancer, comparing the effects of preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery with those of surgery followed or not by postoperative radiotherapy are presented for patient groups of approximately 100 each. At 4 years 85 per cent survive after preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery, as against 77 per cent after surgery only and 81 per cent after surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy. These differences are not statistically significant. The incidence of local recurrence after radiotherapy was reduced to 1/4 of that seen after surgery only. The radiation could be shown to induce temporary damage in a number of immunological parameters. No correlation could be demonstrated between these findings and the clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "[The Stockholm preoperative radiotherapy of operable breast cancer. Preliminary report]. The 4 year results of a prospective clinical trial on the treatment of operable breast cancer, comparing the effects of preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgery with those of surgery followed or not by postoperative radiotherapy are presented for patient groups of approximately 100 each. At 4 years 85 per cent survive after preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery, as against 77 per cent after surgery only and 81 per cent after surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy. These differences are not statistically significant. The incidence of local recurrence after radiotherapy was reduced to 1/4 of that seen after surgery only. The radiation could be shown to induce temporary damage in a number of immunological parameters. No correlation could be demonstrated between these findings and the clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 608010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9812", "title": "[The place and limitations of therapeutic regimens in the management of breast epitheliomas. 10 year results].", "content": "Between 1960 and 1966, 258 carcinomas of the breast with a follow up of 10 years or more formed a group which had been treated conservatively. Two conservative approaches were used, either lumpectomy followed by irradiation, or irradiation, alone, surgery being reserved for failures. At 10 years the survival rate of 51 p. 100 with no sign of recurrence is comparable with the results of radical or modified mastectomy. Among those living with no sign of recurrence 61 p. 100 had retained their breast almost always with a satisfactory aesthetic result. The place of lumpectomy followed by irradiation is reserved for single lumps of small volume and unaccompanied by axillary lymph node enlargement.", "contents": "[The place and limitations of therapeutic regimens in the management of breast epitheliomas. 10 year results]. Between 1960 and 1966, 258 carcinomas of the breast with a follow up of 10 years or more formed a group which had been treated conservatively. Two conservative approaches were used, either lumpectomy followed by irradiation, or irradiation, alone, surgery being reserved for failures. At 10 years the survival rate of 51 p. 100 with no sign of recurrence is comparable with the results of radical or modified mastectomy. Among those living with no sign of recurrence 61 p. 100 had retained their breast almost always with a satisfactory aesthetic result. The place of lumpectomy followed by irradiation is reserved for single lumps of small volume and unaccompanied by axillary lymph node enlargement.", "PMID": 608011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9813", "title": "[Radical radiotherapy of breast cancer. Experience of Cr\u00e9teil].", "content": "Since 1961, we have treated 400 cases of breast cancers by radical radiotherapy (December 1976). The TNM classification of cases is: 25 per cent T1, 55 per cent T2, 20 per cent T3. 80 per cent of patients are N0 or N1a, 20 per cent are N1b. The therapeutic protocal is: for T1 lesions, lumpectomy plus radical radiotherapy, then boost dose with electrons to the axilla (24 Gy) and to the internal mammaryzone (15 Gy), and finally boost dose to the zone of the breast tumor by Iridium 192 implant therapy (25 Gy);--for T2 and T3 lesions, radiotherapy alone with a higher boost dose to the breast tumoral zone (37 Gy). The mammary tumor (or the tumoral zone) receives a total dose between 70 Gy (T1) and 90 Gy (T2 and T3). The five year results for 328 patients with at least one year follow up (actuarial calculations) yield a survival of 89 per cent T1, 84 per cent T2, and 66 per cent T3. The local recurrences are 8 per cent T1, 10 per cent T2, and 26 per cent T3; they can be rectified, under the condition of regular surveillance, by radical surgery. As to the cosmetic results, they are in one half of the cases quite good, in most others satisfactory, in a few poor. We add a prophylactic chemotherapy in the cases with high metastatic risk, i.e. T3 or N1b cases. This therapeutic protocol seems to be highly recommendable for T1 tumors, acceptable for T2, disputable for T3.", "contents": "[Radical radiotherapy of breast cancer. Experience of Cr\u00e9teil]. Since 1961, we have treated 400 cases of breast cancers by radical radiotherapy (December 1976). The TNM classification of cases is: 25 per cent T1, 55 per cent T2, 20 per cent T3. 80 per cent of patients are N0 or N1a, 20 per cent are N1b. The therapeutic protocal is: for T1 lesions, lumpectomy plus radical radiotherapy, then boost dose with electrons to the axilla (24 Gy) and to the internal mammaryzone (15 Gy), and finally boost dose to the zone of the breast tumor by Iridium 192 implant therapy (25 Gy);--for T2 and T3 lesions, radiotherapy alone with a higher boost dose to the breast tumoral zone (37 Gy). The mammary tumor (or the tumoral zone) receives a total dose between 70 Gy (T1) and 90 Gy (T2 and T3). The five year results for 328 patients with at least one year follow up (actuarial calculations) yield a survival of 89 per cent T1, 84 per cent T2, and 66 per cent T3. The local recurrences are 8 per cent T1, 10 per cent T2, and 26 per cent T3; they can be rectified, under the condition of regular surveillance, by radical surgery. As to the cosmetic results, they are in one half of the cases quite good, in most others satisfactory, in a few poor. We add a prophylactic chemotherapy in the cases with high metastatic risk, i.e. T3 or N1b cases. This therapeutic protocol seems to be highly recommendable for T1 tumors, acceptable for T2, disputable for T3.", "PMID": 608012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9814", "title": "[Use of omental flap in the course of evolution of treated breast cancer. Apropos of 20 omental flaps done at the Gustave-Roussy Institute].", "content": "Some of the complications which occur after classical treatment of breast cancer can best be treated by use of the omental flap described by Kiricuta. These include radionecrosis of the chest wall, skin defects occuring after radical mastectomy combined with maximal irradiation, and local recurrence taking place after classical treatment. The results from the Gustave-Roussy Institute, which include experience with twenty omental flaps performed in breast cancer patients, confirm the exceptional qualities of this flap, especially reconstructing defects in irradiated tissue.", "contents": "[Use of omental flap in the course of evolution of treated breast cancer. Apropos of 20 omental flaps done at the Gustave-Roussy Institute]. Some of the complications which occur after classical treatment of breast cancer can best be treated by use of the omental flap described by Kiricuta. These include radionecrosis of the chest wall, skin defects occuring after radical mastectomy combined with maximal irradiation, and local recurrence taking place after classical treatment. The results from the Gustave-Roussy Institute, which include experience with twenty omental flaps performed in breast cancer patients, confirm the exceptional qualities of this flap, especially reconstructing defects in irradiated tissue.", "PMID": 608013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9815", "title": "Extension of health service coverage in Costa Rica.", "content": "Costa Rica's National Health Plan for 1971-1980 has given top priority to extension of health coverage--focusing especially on marginal rural and periurban areas. By June 1977 implementation of this plan had provided coverage for over 80 per cent of Costa Rica's scattered rural population. Community participation was being encouraged, together with an integrated approach to the problems of these marginal regions.", "contents": "Extension of health service coverage in Costa Rica. Costa Rica's National Health Plan for 1971-1980 has given top priority to extension of health coverage--focusing especially on marginal rural and periurban areas. By June 1977 implementation of this plan had provided coverage for over 80 per cent of Costa Rica's scattered rural population. Community participation was being encouraged, together with an integrated approach to the problems of these marginal regions.", "PMID": 608045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9816", "title": "The nutrition problem in Latin America: definition, causes, and remedial actions.", "content": "Clinical, dietary, and biochemical surveys have shown that on the whole Latin America faces a serious nutrition problem. This article reviews the nature and extent of that problem, especially its effects on maternal and child health, and suggests various approaches for researchers, health professionals, and political authorities that would contribute to its resolution.", "contents": "The nutrition problem in Latin America: definition, causes, and remedial actions. Clinical, dietary, and biochemical surveys have shown that on the whole Latin America faces a serious nutrition problem. This article reviews the nature and extent of that problem, especially its effects on maternal and child health, and suggests various approaches for researchers, health professionals, and political authorities that would contribute to its resolution.", "PMID": 608047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9817", "title": "Nurse-midwifery in the caribbean.", "content": "Nurse-midwives provide the bulk of maternal and child health care in the Caribbean Area. Their contribution over the years has been a major one, and as national health programs have become more comprehensive, so too have nurse-midwives' roles and functions.", "contents": "Nurse-midwifery in the caribbean. Nurse-midwives provide the bulk of maternal and child health care in the Caribbean Area. Their contribution over the years has been a major one, and as national health programs have become more comprehensive, so too have nurse-midwives' roles and functions.", "PMID": 608048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9818", "title": "Analysis, interpretation, use, and dissemination of surveillance information.", "content": "Surveillance data lay the groundwork for effective large-scale health actions. Sometimes, however, it is hard to obtain surveillance data, to determine the reliability of collected data, or to ensure that the data will be used to maximum advantage. This article provides a basic review of these three problems and ways to approach them, drawing illustrative examples from various sources, including the author's own experience.", "contents": "Analysis, interpretation, use, and dissemination of surveillance information. Surveillance data lay the groundwork for effective large-scale health actions. Sometimes, however, it is hard to obtain surveillance data, to determine the reliability of collected data, or to ensure that the data will be used to maximum advantage. This article provides a basic review of these three problems and ways to approach them, drawing illustrative examples from various sources, including the author's own experience.", "PMID": 608049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9819", "title": "Extension of health service coverage using primary care and community participation strategies.", "content": "PAHO's Directing Council recently requested a special Health Ministers' meeting to examine the subject of extended health coverage and to look into adjustments needed to achieve goals established in this field with all possible speed. The present document, which was prepared for that meeting, outlines the basic concepts involved in extending health coverage through adapted and expanded primary care and community participation. Its principal purpose is to serve as a reference source for subsequent analyses that PAHO's member countries will wish to carry out.", "contents": "Extension of health service coverage using primary care and community participation strategies. PAHO's Directing Council recently requested a special Health Ministers' meeting to examine the subject of extended health coverage and to look into adjustments needed to achieve goals established in this field with all possible speed. The present document, which was prepared for that meeting, outlines the basic concepts involved in extending health coverage through adapted and expanded primary care and community participation. Its principal purpose is to serve as a reference source for subsequent analyses that PAHO's member countries will wish to carry out.", "PMID": 608050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9820", "title": "Survival rate after resection for bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Among factors influencing long-term survival of patients how had undergone resection for carcinoma of the lung, the most important seems to be the extent of the cancer at the time of resection, determined by histopathological studies of the resected specimen.", "contents": "Survival rate after resection for bronchial carcinoma. Among factors influencing long-term survival of patients how had undergone resection for carcinoma of the lung, the most important seems to be the extent of the cancer at the time of resection, determined by histopathological studies of the resected specimen.", "PMID": 608131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9821", "title": "Cortical thickness measurements and photon absorptiometry for determination of bone quantity.", "content": "Reproducibility of estimates of cortical bone quantity in the appendicular skeleton by two methods was studied in healthy individuals and patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Repeated measurements of cortical thickness (CT) at the midpoint of the second metacarpal were taken from single radiographs of both hands by two independent observers. Repeated measurements by the same observer were more reproducible and the degree of reproducibility was far greater in healthy subjects than in dialysis patients. Repeated measurements were made of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (W) of the distal radius by photon absorptiometry. Repeated BMC/W determinations were highly reproducible in both healthy subjects and dialysis patients. High correlation was found between BMC and cross-sectional cortical area and between both simple cortical thickness and cortical area/width. Thus the photon absorptiometric technique is superior for the serial monitoring of bone quantity, particularly in patients with uremic osteodystrophy, but results obtained by the two methods in group studies should be comparable.", "contents": "Cortical thickness measurements and photon absorptiometry for determination of bone quantity. Reproducibility of estimates of cortical bone quantity in the appendicular skeleton by two methods was studied in healthy individuals and patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Repeated measurements of cortical thickness (CT) at the midpoint of the second metacarpal were taken from single radiographs of both hands by two independent observers. Repeated measurements by the same observer were more reproducible and the degree of reproducibility was far greater in healthy subjects than in dialysis patients. Repeated measurements were made of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (W) of the distal radius by photon absorptiometry. Repeated BMC/W determinations were highly reproducible in both healthy subjects and dialysis patients. High correlation was found between BMC and cross-sectional cortical area and between both simple cortical thickness and cortical area/width. Thus the photon absorptiometric technique is superior for the serial monitoring of bone quantity, particularly in patients with uremic osteodystrophy, but results obtained by the two methods in group studies should be comparable.", "PMID": 608143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9822", "title": "Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 in a North American Indian population: a pilot study.", "content": "The value of an epidemiologic approach to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis was assessed in a pilot study of an Amerind population. In 103 adult volunteers aged 20 to 42 years on a Cree reservation lumbar flexion and chest expansion were measured and HLA typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Of the 14 subjects with HLA-B27, 2 had radiologic evidence of sacroiliitis but none could be said to have definite ankylosing spondylitis on clinical grounds.", "contents": "Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 in a North American Indian population: a pilot study. The value of an epidemiologic approach to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis was assessed in a pilot study of an Amerind population. In 103 adult volunteers aged 20 to 42 years on a Cree reservation lumbar flexion and chest expansion were measured and HLA typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Of the 14 subjects with HLA-B27, 2 had radiologic evidence of sacroiliitis but none could be said to have definite ankylosing spondylitis on clinical grounds.", "PMID": 608144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9823", "title": "Case-control study of recidivist drivers involved in fatal highway accidents in Alberta in 1970-72.", "content": "A 3-year enpidemiologic study of fatal motor vehicle accidents was carried out by the Alberta Task Force on Highway Accidents. It was found that 11.1% of culpable drivers had been driving while impaired by alcohol on at least one occasion prior to the fatal accident, while only 3.3% of exonerated drivers had previous records. This significant difference led to a case-control study that demonstrated that the recidivist drivers (case group) differed significantly in a number of aspects from the innocent drivers (control group)--notably, age distribution, sex, whether drinking before the accident, blood alcohol concentration, ethnic distribution, class of accident and type of collision. Thus the recidivist driver is a greater threat to highway safety than the innocent driver and needs special attention by legislators and law enforcement agencies.", "contents": "Case-control study of recidivist drivers involved in fatal highway accidents in Alberta in 1970-72. A 3-year enpidemiologic study of fatal motor vehicle accidents was carried out by the Alberta Task Force on Highway Accidents. It was found that 11.1% of culpable drivers had been driving while impaired by alcohol on at least one occasion prior to the fatal accident, while only 3.3% of exonerated drivers had previous records. This significant difference led to a case-control study that demonstrated that the recidivist drivers (case group) differed significantly in a number of aspects from the innocent drivers (control group)--notably, age distribution, sex, whether drinking before the accident, blood alcohol concentration, ethnic distribution, class of accident and type of collision. Thus the recidivist driver is a greater threat to highway safety than the innocent driver and needs special attention by legislators and law enforcement agencies.", "PMID": 608145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9824", "title": "Lung density: clinical method for quantitation of pulmonary congestion and edema.", "content": "The density of a defined volume of the human lung can be measured in vivo by a new noninvasive technique. A beam of gamma-rays is directed at the lung and, by measuring the scattered gamma-rays, lung density is calculated. The density in the lower lobe of the right lung in normal man during quiet breathing in the sitting position ranged from 0.25 to 0.37 g.cm-3. Subnormal values were found in patients with emphsema. In patients with pulmonary congestion and edema, lung density values ranged from 0.33 to 0.93 g.cm-3. The lung density measurement correlated well with the findings in chest radiographs but the lung density values were more sensitive indices. This was particularly evident in serial observations of individual patients.", "contents": "Lung density: clinical method for quantitation of pulmonary congestion and edema. The density of a defined volume of the human lung can be measured in vivo by a new noninvasive technique. A beam of gamma-rays is directed at the lung and, by measuring the scattered gamma-rays, lung density is calculated. The density in the lower lobe of the right lung in normal man during quiet breathing in the sitting position ranged from 0.25 to 0.37 g.cm-3. Subnormal values were found in patients with emphsema. In patients with pulmonary congestion and edema, lung density values ranged from 0.33 to 0.93 g.cm-3. The lung density measurement correlated well with the findings in chest radiographs but the lung density values were more sensitive indices. This was particularly evident in serial observations of individual patients.", "PMID": 608146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9825", "title": "Eczemas due to mites and microorganisms.", "content": "Eczema is a specific clinical, morphologic and microscopic reaction pattern of the skin. It has many causes, including external and internal chemicals and the action of various microorganisms--bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses and mites--and their products. Peripheral vesicles with undermined borders are a feature of all eczemas caused by fungi, yeasts and bacteria and are thus a useful diagnostic finding.", "contents": "Eczemas due to mites and microorganisms. Eczema is a specific clinical, morphologic and microscopic reaction pattern of the skin. It has many causes, including external and internal chemicals and the action of various microorganisms--bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses and mites--and their products. Peripheral vesicles with undermined borders are a feature of all eczemas caused by fungi, yeasts and bacteria and are thus a useful diagnostic finding.", "PMID": 608147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9826", "title": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Two cases of pseudomembranous colitis, one associated with administration of ampicillin and the other associated with administration of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, are reported. Both patients presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and an elevated leukocyte count. Pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by sigmoidoscopy and biopsy. Both patients recovered with conservative management.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Two cases of pseudomembranous colitis, one associated with administration of ampicillin and the other associated with administration of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, are reported. Both patients presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and an elevated leukocyte count. Pseudomembranous colitis was diagnosed by sigmoidoscopy and biopsy. Both patients recovered with conservative management.", "PMID": 608148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9827", "title": "Endoscopic removal of a foreign body perforating the duodenum.", "content": "Perforation of the intestine by an ingested foreign body usually results in peritonitis or abscess formation and the treatment is surgical. In one case the duodenum was perforated by a toothpick, and hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract occurred 3 months later. Diagnosis and management were accomplished by operative endoscopy.", "contents": "Endoscopic removal of a foreign body perforating the duodenum. Perforation of the intestine by an ingested foreign body usually results in peritonitis or abscess formation and the treatment is surgical. In one case the duodenum was perforated by a toothpick, and hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract occurred 3 months later. Diagnosis and management were accomplished by operative endoscopy.", "PMID": 608149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9828", "title": "Intraocular lens providing good vision 23 years after placement.", "content": "A Ridley Perspex lens was placed in the posterior chamber of a man's eye 23 years ago; 20/25 vision has been maintained since. This technique, first carried out in 1949, has been abandoned because of the high incidence of lens dislocation and glaucoma, but many modified versions of the lens have been produced. Implantation of intraocular lenses is still considered experimental, though careful selection of cases and meticulous surgical procedure can yield good results.", "contents": "Intraocular lens providing good vision 23 years after placement. A Ridley Perspex lens was placed in the posterior chamber of a man's eye 23 years ago; 20/25 vision has been maintained since. This technique, first carried out in 1949, has been abandoned because of the high incidence of lens dislocation and glaucoma, but many modified versions of the lens have been produced. Implantation of intraocular lenses is still considered experimental, though careful selection of cases and meticulous surgical procedure can yield good results.", "PMID": 608150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9829", "title": "3. Current approaches to popliteal artery repair.", "content": "Trauma to the popliteal artery is potentially dangerous, and limb loss may result, especially with delayed diagnosis. Three anatomic factors contribute to the seriousness of the outcome: proximity of the artery to bone, superficial position of the artery and consequent lack of protection, and frequent associated injury to associated collateral blood vessels. Diagnosis of injury to the popliteal artery rests on suspicion and vigilance; the Doppler transcutaneous flow detector and angiography are often useful aids to diagnosis. Methods of treatment that have been used include arterial repair, grafting and fasciotomy, together with management of associated injuries. The bypass principle of vascular reconstruction may improve overall results.", "contents": "3. Current approaches to popliteal artery repair. Trauma to the popliteal artery is potentially dangerous, and limb loss may result, especially with delayed diagnosis. Three anatomic factors contribute to the seriousness of the outcome: proximity of the artery to bone, superficial position of the artery and consequent lack of protection, and frequent associated injury to associated collateral blood vessels. Diagnosis of injury to the popliteal artery rests on suspicion and vigilance; the Doppler transcutaneous flow detector and angiography are often useful aids to diagnosis. Methods of treatment that have been used include arterial repair, grafting and fasciotomy, together with management of associated injuries. The bypass principle of vascular reconstruction may improve overall results.", "PMID": 608159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9830", "title": "2. Newer aids in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "The assessment of a case of blunt abdominal trauma can be complicated by many factors, and the resultant inaccurate or delayed diagnoses have contributed to the unacceptable mortality for this type of injury. Recently several useful diagnostic techniques have been developed that, if applied intelligently, may be instrumental in decreasing the high mortality among patients who present with ambiguous abdominal signs after sustaining blunt trauma. Although hematologic investigation and routine radiography have facilitated detection of intraperitoneal injury, peritoneal lavage has become the single most helpful aid. Scanning procedures are sometimes useful in recognizing splenic and hepatic defects especially; these may be confirmed or clarified by angiography. Although ultrasonography may be no more valuable than scintigraphy in outlining splenic and hepatic abnormalities, it is an important technique, especially in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses of traumatic origin. Laparoscopy also may be helpful in investigation if surgeons become more familiar with the procedure.", "contents": "2. Newer aids in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. The assessment of a case of blunt abdominal trauma can be complicated by many factors, and the resultant inaccurate or delayed diagnoses have contributed to the unacceptable mortality for this type of injury. Recently several useful diagnostic techniques have been developed that, if applied intelligently, may be instrumental in decreasing the high mortality among patients who present with ambiguous abdominal signs after sustaining blunt trauma. Although hematologic investigation and routine radiography have facilitated detection of intraperitoneal injury, peritoneal lavage has become the single most helpful aid. Scanning procedures are sometimes useful in recognizing splenic and hepatic defects especially; these may be confirmed or clarified by angiography. Although ultrasonography may be no more valuable than scintigraphy in outlining splenic and hepatic abnormalities, it is an important technique, especially in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses of traumatic origin. Laparoscopy also may be helpful in investigation if surgeons become more familiar with the procedure.", "PMID": 608158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9831", "title": "4. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow monitoring in head injuries.", "content": "Increased intracranial pressure is a frequent complication of head injuries. Direct measurement of intracranial pressure is now possible; it is a useful guide to therapy and allows detection of pressure under circumstances where clinical examination is unreliable or when increased intracranial pressure is unexpected. It is also useful in monitoring the efficacy of treatment by such agents as mannitol. Measurements of cerebral blood flow are still at an investigative stage but the accumulating valuable data have influenced the treatment of head injuries.", "contents": "4. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow monitoring in head injuries. Increased intracranial pressure is a frequent complication of head injuries. Direct measurement of intracranial pressure is now possible; it is a useful guide to therapy and allows detection of pressure under circumstances where clinical examination is unreliable or when increased intracranial pressure is unexpected. It is also useful in monitoring the efficacy of treatment by such agents as mannitol. Measurements of cerebral blood flow are still at an investigative stage but the accumulating valuable data have influenced the treatment of head injuries.", "PMID": 608160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9832", "title": "6. Changing concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of closed renal injuries.", "content": "Direct force is responsible for all closed kidney injuries except those involving the pedicle. Underlying parenchymal disease strongly predisposes the kidney to injury. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to rational treatment, and this is accomplished by infusion pyelography, angiography, retrograde pyelography and scanning. Treatment of kidney injuries has classically been conservatives, except when the clinical course or the nature of pre-existing diseases make an operation essential, but the current trend is towards more aggressive surgical treatment. This applies not only to pedicle injuries but also to major parenchymal trauma, and it is rendered feasible by precise diagnosis and improved surgical technique.", "contents": "6. Changing concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of closed renal injuries. Direct force is responsible for all closed kidney injuries except those involving the pedicle. Underlying parenchymal disease strongly predisposes the kidney to injury. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to rational treatment, and this is accomplished by infusion pyelography, angiography, retrograde pyelography and scanning. Treatment of kidney injuries has classically been conservatives, except when the clinical course or the nature of pre-existing diseases make an operation essential, but the current trend is towards more aggressive surgical treatment. This applies not only to pedicle injuries but also to major parenchymal trauma, and it is rendered feasible by precise diagnosis and improved surgical technique.", "PMID": 608161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9833", "title": "8. Self-compressing implants in the management of fractures.", "content": "Internal fixation of fractures has become increasingly important since the introduction of self-compressing implants. Rigidity of fixation thus ensured permits primary bone healing. Two types of self-compressing implants are available--screws and plates. The former produces compression between fracture fragments, the latter, along the long axis of the bone. Two common types of plates are the dynamic compression plate and the Osteo self-compressing plate. Use of self-compressing implants requires familiarity with the technique, a definite plan of operation, and strict asepsis and lack of infection in the patient. Indications for the technique include failure or unsuitability of closed reduction of fractures, care of associated serious soft-tissue injuries, and displaced intra-articular fractures. Use of self-compressing plates hastens rehabilitation, lessens joint stiffness and reduces the duration of hospitalization. The incidence of nonunion with self-compression techniques is lower than with traditional methods of fracture management.", "contents": "8. Self-compressing implants in the management of fractures. Internal fixation of fractures has become increasingly important since the introduction of self-compressing implants. Rigidity of fixation thus ensured permits primary bone healing. Two types of self-compressing implants are available--screws and plates. The former produces compression between fracture fragments, the latter, along the long axis of the bone. Two common types of plates are the dynamic compression plate and the Osteo self-compressing plate. Use of self-compressing implants requires familiarity with the technique, a definite plan of operation, and strict asepsis and lack of infection in the patient. Indications for the technique include failure or unsuitability of closed reduction of fractures, care of associated serious soft-tissue injuries, and displaced intra-articular fractures. Use of self-compressing plates hastens rehabilitation, lessens joint stiffness and reduces the duration of hospitalization. The incidence of nonunion with self-compression techniques is lower than with traditional methods of fracture management.", "PMID": 608162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9834", "title": "DiGeorge syndrome presenting as severe congenital heart disease in the newborn.", "content": "In seven infants with DiGeorge syndrome the major clinical manifestation was cardiac failure in the 1st week of life. All had severe congenital heart disease: five had interruption of the aortic arch and associated lesions, one had a ventricular septal defect and a cervical aorta, and one had truncus arteriosus. All but one died by 2 weeks of age. Necropsy data lent support to the hypothesis of a relation between the cardiovascular anomalies and defective development of structures derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches.", "contents": "DiGeorge syndrome presenting as severe congenital heart disease in the newborn. In seven infants with DiGeorge syndrome the major clinical manifestation was cardiac failure in the 1st week of life. All had severe congenital heart disease: five had interruption of the aortic arch and associated lesions, one had a ventricular septal defect and a cervical aorta, and one had truncus arteriosus. All but one died by 2 weeks of age. Necropsy data lent support to the hypothesis of a relation between the cardiovascular anomalies and defective development of structures derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches.", "PMID": 608163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9835", "title": "Conservative management of intraepithelial cervical neoplasia.", "content": "In a prospective trial cryotherapy was performed in 164 patients with preinvasive cervical neoplasia, most of whom desired future childbearing. Their disease had been evaluated by repeat cytology, colposcopy and colposcopically directed punch biopsies, with endocervical curettage when necessary. This conservative treatment eradicated the disease in 147 (89.6%) of the patients. The remaining 17 underwent complete reinvestigation. The focal residual disease in 12 was successfully treated by conservative means--repeat cryotherapy, focal electrocautery or punch biopsy. The other five required either cone biopsy or hysterectomy because of more extensive lesions.", "contents": "Conservative management of intraepithelial cervical neoplasia. In a prospective trial cryotherapy was performed in 164 patients with preinvasive cervical neoplasia, most of whom desired future childbearing. Their disease had been evaluated by repeat cytology, colposcopy and colposcopically directed punch biopsies, with endocervical curettage when necessary. This conservative treatment eradicated the disease in 147 (89.6%) of the patients. The remaining 17 underwent complete reinvestigation. The focal residual disease in 12 was successfully treated by conservative means--repeat cryotherapy, focal electrocautery or punch biopsy. The other five required either cone biopsy or hysterectomy because of more extensive lesions.", "PMID": 608164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9836", "title": "Hemodynamic and therapeutic effects of intravenous dopamine.", "content": "The effects of intravenous dopamine were evaluated in 10 patients with severe but stable coronary artery disease, 17 consecutive patients with primary cardiogenic shock and 3 with severe congestive heart failure and oliguria. Dopamine infusion at 10 mug/kg.min in the 10 patients increased cardiac output by 35%, left ventricular peak dP/dt by 38%, left ventricular minute work index by 44% and mean systolic ejection rate by 7% (P < 0.01); heart rate, aortic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and tension-time index were unchanged. For oxygen, potassium and lactate, arterial and coronary sinus values, coronary arteriovenous oxygen differences and myocardial extraction were unchanged. Hemodynamically 13 of the 17 patients in shock responded favourably to dopamine infusion (0.5 to 15 mug/kg.min), with decrease in heart rate, increase in systolic arterial pressure from 75 to 100 mm Hg (P <0.001), decrease in ventricular filling pressure from 20 to 16 mm Hg (P < 0.01) and increase in urine output from 10 to 100 ml/h (P < 0.01). Eleven of those patients survived the shock episode. A close relation was observed between the hemodynamic response to dopamine, survival from the shock episode and the time between onset of shock and initiation of therapy. Low rates of dopamine infusion induced diuresis in the three patients with severe cardiac failure.Dopamine thus seems to improve the mechanical efficiency of the heart in coronary artery disease. Cardiac output is selectively increased and myocardial ischemia does not appear to be induced; those beneficial effects as well as presumably specific action on renal flow and natriuresis, improve immediate survival from cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and therapeutic effects of intravenous dopamine. The effects of intravenous dopamine were evaluated in 10 patients with severe but stable coronary artery disease, 17 consecutive patients with primary cardiogenic shock and 3 with severe congestive heart failure and oliguria. Dopamine infusion at 10 mug/kg.min in the 10 patients increased cardiac output by 35%, left ventricular peak dP/dt by 38%, left ventricular minute work index by 44% and mean systolic ejection rate by 7% (P < 0.01); heart rate, aortic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and tension-time index were unchanged. For oxygen, potassium and lactate, arterial and coronary sinus values, coronary arteriovenous oxygen differences and myocardial extraction were unchanged. Hemodynamically 13 of the 17 patients in shock responded favourably to dopamine infusion (0.5 to 15 mug/kg.min), with decrease in heart rate, increase in systolic arterial pressure from 75 to 100 mm Hg (P <0.001), decrease in ventricular filling pressure from 20 to 16 mm Hg (P < 0.01) and increase in urine output from 10 to 100 ml/h (P < 0.01). Eleven of those patients survived the shock episode. A close relation was observed between the hemodynamic response to dopamine, survival from the shock episode and the time between onset of shock and initiation of therapy. Low rates of dopamine infusion induced diuresis in the three patients with severe cardiac failure.Dopamine thus seems to improve the mechanical efficiency of the heart in coronary artery disease. Cardiac output is selectively increased and myocardial ischemia does not appear to be induced; those beneficial effects as well as presumably specific action on renal flow and natriuresis, improve immediate survival from cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure.", "PMID": 608165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9837", "title": "'Morphology of immune lymphocytes in homograft lymph'.", "content": "Uropod-bearing lymphocytes (UBLs) resembling cytotoxic cells found in vitro were identified in lymph collected from rabbit hind-limbs bearing homografts. UBLs were found in lymph leaving the regional lymph node (efferent), both before and after rejection, but not in that draining the homograft (afferent) even though they were present in the graft tissue itself. UBLs may represent the sub-class of immune lymphocytes which induce necrosis of the grafted cells. Mitotic lymphocytes and cells resembling lymphocytes transformed by phytohaemagglutinin were also found in efferent homograft lymph.", "contents": "'Morphology of immune lymphocytes in homograft lymph'. Uropod-bearing lymphocytes (UBLs) resembling cytotoxic cells found in vitro were identified in lymph collected from rabbit hind-limbs bearing homografts. UBLs were found in lymph leaving the regional lymph node (efferent), both before and after rejection, but not in that draining the homograft (afferent) even though they were present in the graft tissue itself. UBLs may represent the sub-class of immune lymphocytes which induce necrosis of the grafted cells. Mitotic lymphocytes and cells resembling lymphocytes transformed by phytohaemagglutinin were also found in efferent homograft lymph.", "PMID": 608175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9838", "title": "Variation in the volume of coated vesicles isoalted from human placenta.", "content": "Electron microscopic analysis of 500 negatively stained coated vesicles isolated from human placenta showed that they exist within limits in a continuous range of volumes with an unimodal distribution. Some vesicles were larger than the frequently quoted maximum size of these organelles (diameter 100nm). The ratio of hexagonal to pentagonal facets in the clathrin lattice of the vesicle wall appears to be variable. This feature may be important in morphogenesis since the mean volume of prolate vesicles is larger than that of spherical vesicles. Empty lattices had a mean volume smaller than that of lattices containing phospholipid bilayers.", "contents": "Variation in the volume of coated vesicles isoalted from human placenta. Electron microscopic analysis of 500 negatively stained coated vesicles isolated from human placenta showed that they exist within limits in a continuous range of volumes with an unimodal distribution. Some vesicles were larger than the frequently quoted maximum size of these organelles (diameter 100nm). The ratio of hexagonal to pentagonal facets in the clathrin lattice of the vesicle wall appears to be variable. This feature may be important in morphogenesis since the mean volume of prolate vesicles is larger than that of spherical vesicles. Empty lattices had a mean volume smaller than that of lattices containing phospholipid bilayers.", "PMID": 608176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9839", "title": "Hydrocortisone effects on cell proliferation: specificity of response among various cell types.", "content": "The effect of 14 micrometer hydrocortisone (HC) on the proliferative activity of various vertebrate cell lines has been measured. Such activity in human deploid cell line WI-38 was enhanced by HC addition whereas in a number of other vertebrate cell lines under identical conditions HC was inhibitory to growth. We examined the effects of HC on normal human diploid cells other than WI-38; some were stimulated, some inhibited and some were unresponsive. The results suggest that cells derived from different human tissues retain in vitro some aspects of their cell-specific hormonal responses.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone effects on cell proliferation: specificity of response among various cell types. The effect of 14 micrometer hydrocortisone (HC) on the proliferative activity of various vertebrate cell lines has been measured. Such activity in human deploid cell line WI-38 was enhanced by HC addition whereas in a number of other vertebrate cell lines under identical conditions HC was inhibitory to growth. We examined the effects of HC on normal human diploid cells other than WI-38; some were stimulated, some inhibited and some were unresponsive. The results suggest that cells derived from different human tissues retain in vitro some aspects of their cell-specific hormonal responses.", "PMID": 608177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9840", "title": "The surface structure of the tegument of Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "The surface structure of the tegument of adult S. haematobium (Egyptian strain) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Most of the dorsal surface of the male is studded by prominent, spine-covered tubercles, or bosses, not found in the female. Structural details of the oral and ventral suckers and sensory organelles, and local variations in the tegument are described.", "contents": "The surface structure of the tegument of Schistosoma haematobium. The surface structure of the tegument of adult S. haematobium (Egyptian strain) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Most of the dorsal surface of the male is studded by prominent, spine-covered tubercles, or bosses, not found in the female. Structural details of the oral and ventral suckers and sensory organelles, and local variations in the tegument are described.", "PMID": 608178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9841", "title": "Regulation of cycle progression in plant cells.", "content": "Induction of polynucleate cells in onion root meristems by inhibition of two sequential cytokineses is used to study controls operating in cell cycle progression. Triggering of both replication and metaphase occurs synchronously in nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm, independent of their ploidy or intracellular position. The replication rate appears to be activated by the simultaneous intracytoplasm presence of other replicating nuclei. On the other hand, central position of a nucleus in the cell as well as increase in ploidy leads to slowing down of replication rate. The relative advance and lag of S period in the different nuclei in a common cytoplasm is partially counter-balanced by differential times of G2. Moreover prophase lengthening in the fast interphase nuclei points ot a negative control exerted by the lagging nuclei mediated by cytoplasm. Finally, it could be worth emphasizing similarities in the control mechanism operating in cycle progression both in animal and plant cells.", "contents": "Regulation of cycle progression in plant cells. Induction of polynucleate cells in onion root meristems by inhibition of two sequential cytokineses is used to study controls operating in cell cycle progression. Triggering of both replication and metaphase occurs synchronously in nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm, independent of their ploidy or intracellular position. The replication rate appears to be activated by the simultaneous intracytoplasm presence of other replicating nuclei. On the other hand, central position of a nucleus in the cell as well as increase in ploidy leads to slowing down of replication rate. The relative advance and lag of S period in the different nuclei in a common cytoplasm is partially counter-balanced by differential times of G2. Moreover prophase lengthening in the fast interphase nuclei points ot a negative control exerted by the lagging nuclei mediated by cytoplasm. Finally, it could be worth emphasizing similarities in the control mechanism operating in cycle progression both in animal and plant cells.", "PMID": 608179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9842", "title": "Unusual degenerated forms of human sperms.", "content": "Many spheric bodies with radiating, needle-like filaments are present in semen of patients with fertility problems. These bodies are most likely degenerated sperm. The intermediate forms and a sequential series of degeneration are discussed.", "contents": "Unusual degenerated forms of human sperms. Many spheric bodies with radiating, needle-like filaments are present in semen of patients with fertility problems. These bodies are most likely degenerated sperm. The intermediate forms and a sequential series of degeneration are discussed.", "PMID": 608180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9843", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase phenotypes in tumour and non-tumour cell lines: not an invariable marker for neoplastic transformation.", "content": "The cytochemical localisation and presumed isoenzyme type (based on selective inhibition experiments) of alkaline phosphatase in 5 cell lines derived frrom normal human, rat, mouse and hamster tissues, 6 human lymphoblastoid lines and 6 human and mouse tumour-derived cell lines are described. Enzyme activity varied between the cell lines. An isoenzyme inhibited by L-phenylalanine was present in 3 normal lines, 3 lymphoblastoid lines and 2 tumour lines. The presence of this isoenzyme cannot be used as a marker of neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase phenotypes in tumour and non-tumour cell lines: not an invariable marker for neoplastic transformation. The cytochemical localisation and presumed isoenzyme type (based on selective inhibition experiments) of alkaline phosphatase in 5 cell lines derived frrom normal human, rat, mouse and hamster tissues, 6 human lymphoblastoid lines and 6 human and mouse tumour-derived cell lines are described. Enzyme activity varied between the cell lines. An isoenzyme inhibited by L-phenylalanine was present in 3 normal lines, 3 lymphoblastoid lines and 2 tumour lines. The presence of this isoenzyme cannot be used as a marker of neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 608181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9844", "title": "Rapid tubulin synthesis during ciliated cell differentiation.", "content": "Using pulse-chase conditions in culture we have investigated the incorporation of 3H-leucine into tubulin of isolated oviducts from 5 day-old mice. Label appears in soluble, particulate and axonemal fractions minutes after incubation. In the latter two fractions, but not in the soluble fraction, this label is rapidly diluted under chase conditions. The data do not fit a simple model of sequential transfer of radioactively labeled, newly synthesized tubulin from a soluble fraction through centriole precursors to assembled ciliary axonemes.", "contents": "Rapid tubulin synthesis during ciliated cell differentiation. Using pulse-chase conditions in culture we have investigated the incorporation of 3H-leucine into tubulin of isolated oviducts from 5 day-old mice. Label appears in soluble, particulate and axonemal fractions minutes after incubation. In the latter two fractions, but not in the soluble fraction, this label is rapidly diluted under chase conditions. The data do not fit a simple model of sequential transfer of radioactively labeled, newly synthesized tubulin from a soluble fraction through centriole precursors to assembled ciliary axonemes.", "PMID": 608182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9845", "title": "Application of the theory of transition probability in \"ageing\" WI 38 cells; similar behaviour of clonogenic cells from early and late passage cultures.", "content": "Analysis of genealogies of WI 38 clones reveals: 1. The proliferation behaviour of the cells can be adequately described in terms of the transition probability model, despite non-steady state kinetics. 2. Early and late clones show nearly identical behaviour.", "contents": "Application of the theory of transition probability in \"ageing\" WI 38 cells; similar behaviour of clonogenic cells from early and late passage cultures. Analysis of genealogies of WI 38 clones reveals: 1. The proliferation behaviour of the cells can be adequately described in terms of the transition probability model, despite non-steady state kinetics. 2. Early and late clones show nearly identical behaviour.", "PMID": 608183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9846", "title": "Surface proteins of young and senescent cultured avian fibroblasts.", "content": "Proliferation of senescent cultured chick fibroblasts is arrested at densities that are 3-4 fold lower than densities inhibiting growth of young cells. The effects of density and growth rate of young and aged cultures on the accessibility of their surface proteins to external iodination were studied. LETS glycoprotein and a protein of 110,000 daltons are the major iodinated proteins of resting, highly dense and of sparse young cells, respectively. By contrast, LETS is minimally exposed on undividing, relatively disperse old cells. Therefore, exposure of LETS is correlated with cell density rather than with growth rate.", "contents": "Surface proteins of young and senescent cultured avian fibroblasts. Proliferation of senescent cultured chick fibroblasts is arrested at densities that are 3-4 fold lower than densities inhibiting growth of young cells. The effects of density and growth rate of young and aged cultures on the accessibility of their surface proteins to external iodination were studied. LETS glycoprotein and a protein of 110,000 daltons are the major iodinated proteins of resting, highly dense and of sparse young cells, respectively. By contrast, LETS is minimally exposed on undividing, relatively disperse old cells. Therefore, exposure of LETS is correlated with cell density rather than with growth rate.", "PMID": 608185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9847", "title": "Electron microscopical identification of the committed precursor cell of the megakaryocyte compartment of rat bone marrow.", "content": "In the rat bone marrow, cells of the megakaryocyte line of differentiation are the only hemopoietic cells which show cytochemically demonstrable Acetylcholineesterase activity (AchE; EC 3.1.1.7). A small number of morphologically unrecognizable cells exhibit AchE activity in their Golgi complexes. These cells are identified as committed precursor cells of the MK compartment.", "contents": "Electron microscopical identification of the committed precursor cell of the megakaryocyte compartment of rat bone marrow. In the rat bone marrow, cells of the megakaryocyte line of differentiation are the only hemopoietic cells which show cytochemically demonstrable Acetylcholineesterase activity (AchE; EC 3.1.1.7). A small number of morphologically unrecognizable cells exhibit AchE activity in their Golgi complexes. These cells are identified as committed precursor cells of the MK compartment.", "PMID": 608186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9848", "title": "Repair of the sublethal and mutational damage induced by x-rays in Chinese hamster HAI cells in vitro.", "content": "The ability of Chinese hamster hai cells to repair damage related to cell death and mutational change induced by X-rays were examined by using a sensitive forward mutation system from prototrophic CH-hai Cl 23 cells to auxotrophs. The results obtained from the split dose experiments seem to suggest that Chinese hamster hai cells have the repair mechanisms for the sublethal and mutational damage induced by X-rays and that the repair mechanisms act in common for the repair of both cases of damage.", "contents": "Repair of the sublethal and mutational damage induced by x-rays in Chinese hamster HAI cells in vitro. The ability of Chinese hamster hai cells to repair damage related to cell death and mutational change induced by X-rays were examined by using a sensitive forward mutation system from prototrophic CH-hai Cl 23 cells to auxotrophs. The results obtained from the split dose experiments seem to suggest that Chinese hamster hai cells have the repair mechanisms for the sublethal and mutational damage induced by X-rays and that the repair mechanisms act in common for the repair of both cases of damage.", "PMID": 608187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9849", "title": "Fibronectin matrix: antibody-induced reorganization in human fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Fibronectin, a major pericellular glycoprotein of adherent cells, was predominantly present in fibrillar structures in human fibroblast cultures as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. In conventional \"patching experiments\" where one day old cells were exposed to anti-fibronectin IgG in the cold, washed, and reincubated at 37 degrees no redistribution was seen. However, continuous exposure of the cultures to IgG at 37 degrees resulted in redistribution. The fibrillar structures were lost and fibronectin aggregates (patches) were found. Fab-fragments had no such effect. These results support the findings that fibronectin is predominantly a matrix protein and show that matrix components may be redistributed in cell culture conditions.", "contents": "Fibronectin matrix: antibody-induced reorganization in human fibroblast cultures. Fibronectin, a major pericellular glycoprotein of adherent cells, was predominantly present in fibrillar structures in human fibroblast cultures as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. In conventional \"patching experiments\" where one day old cells were exposed to anti-fibronectin IgG in the cold, washed, and reincubated at 37 degrees no redistribution was seen. However, continuous exposure of the cultures to IgG at 37 degrees resulted in redistribution. The fibrillar structures were lost and fibronectin aggregates (patches) were found. Fab-fragments had no such effect. These results support the findings that fibronectin is predominantly a matrix protein and show that matrix components may be redistributed in cell culture conditions.", "PMID": 608188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9850", "title": "[Intrahepatic calculosis].", "content": "After a short synthesis of the elements characterising intrahepatic calculosis, and evaluation of the five cases considered, the value of cholangiography (both intravenous and instrumental) and of radio-scintiscanning with Bengal Rose marked with I131 in pre-operative diagnosis is stressed. The intra-operative use of choledochoscopy in conjunction with cholangiography is recommended. With regard to treatment, it must ensure removal of the calculi and create an ample biliodigestive communication (papillectomy or, even better, hepaticojejunostomy on excluded Roux loop) in order to prevent recurrences. In order to visualise the intrahepatic branches of the bile ducts, the removal of the hilar plaque is advised, possibly combined with sagittal scissurectomy or mobilisation of the 4th segment. In conclusion it is asserted that correctly performed surgical treatment is the only means of offering permanent cure.", "contents": "[Intrahepatic calculosis]. After a short synthesis of the elements characterising intrahepatic calculosis, and evaluation of the five cases considered, the value of cholangiography (both intravenous and instrumental) and of radio-scintiscanning with Bengal Rose marked with I131 in pre-operative diagnosis is stressed. The intra-operative use of choledochoscopy in conjunction with cholangiography is recommended. With regard to treatment, it must ensure removal of the calculi and create an ample biliodigestive communication (papillectomy or, even better, hepaticojejunostomy on excluded Roux loop) in order to prevent recurrences. In order to visualise the intrahepatic branches of the bile ducts, the removal of the hilar plaque is advised, possibly combined with sagittal scissurectomy or mobilisation of the 4th segment. In conclusion it is asserted that correctly performed surgical treatment is the only means of offering permanent cure.", "PMID": 608231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9851", "title": "[Intraoperative cholangiography. Considerations on a special method].", "content": "The Authors report their experience in the field of transcistic peroperating colangiography performed by the use of polythene cannulae and discuss the advantages of this procedure based on the results of more than 350 cases. The simplicity of the procedure, its quick employment and-most of all-its harmlessness in comparison to other techniques is underlined.", "contents": "[Intraoperative cholangiography. Considerations on a special method]. The Authors report their experience in the field of transcistic peroperating colangiography performed by the use of polythene cannulae and discuss the advantages of this procedure based on the results of more than 350 cases. The simplicity of the procedure, its quick employment and-most of all-its harmlessness in comparison to other techniques is underlined.", "PMID": 608232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9852", "title": "[Myocardial protection during open heart operations].", "content": "The need for adequate protection of the myocardial tissue during open heart operations has proved to be of considerable importance in view of the conditioning value of the functional anatomical state of the myocardial fibre on the outcome of the surgery itself. After a review and description of the most widely used methods of protection, the Authors draw on the data in literature in order to trace a critical profile of each method, outlining its merits and defects in the light of present experience.", "contents": "[Myocardial protection during open heart operations]. The need for adequate protection of the myocardial tissue during open heart operations has proved to be of considerable importance in view of the conditioning value of the functional anatomical state of the myocardial fibre on the outcome of the surgery itself. After a review and description of the most widely used methods of protection, the Authors draw on the data in literature in order to trace a critical profile of each method, outlining its merits and defects in the light of present experience.", "PMID": 608233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9853", "title": "[Traumatic and foreign body lesions of the colon and rectum. Clinical and therapeutic considerations].", "content": "On the basis of observations made in 69 patients with traumatic lesions and those caused by foreign bodies in the colon and rectum, supplemented by the data emerging from literature, some clinical and therapeutic considerations are expressed on the subject. A tactic of treatment based on the material examined and, in the present state, advisable as a possible plan of treatment for the said lesions is also proposed.", "contents": "[Traumatic and foreign body lesions of the colon and rectum. Clinical and therapeutic considerations]. On the basis of observations made in 69 patients with traumatic lesions and those caused by foreign bodies in the colon and rectum, supplemented by the data emerging from literature, some clinical and therapeutic considerations are expressed on the subject. A tactic of treatment based on the material examined and, in the present state, advisable as a possible plan of treatment for the said lesions is also proposed.", "PMID": 608234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9854", "title": "[Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (description of a case)].", "content": "The Authors report a new case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in a 3 and a half month old boy. Its clinical and angiographic findings are described. A new method of surgical repair (end-to-end anastomosis between left coronary artery and a collateral of subclavian artery) is presented.", "contents": "[Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (description of a case)]. The Authors report a new case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in a 3 and a half month old boy. Its clinical and angiographic findings are described. A new method of surgical repair (end-to-end anastomosis between left coronary artery and a collateral of subclavian artery) is presented.", "PMID": 608235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9855", "title": "[Scintigraphic diagnosis of pancreatic diseases: random analysis of 100 patients].", "content": "After a brief statement on the procedure of selection of the patients, the article describes how the cases were studied, since some difficulties arose through the lack of homogeneity of the subjects. The cases are then commented and an effort is made to evidence the outstanding data which can be deduced, and in particular a study is made of the percentage of overall unreliability of scintillographic examination, the \"false positives\" and the \"false negatives\", which are rather low. The Authors conclude with the consideration that scintiscanning of the pancreas now constitutes a valid method of investigation of pancreatic pathology.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic diagnosis of pancreatic diseases: random analysis of 100 patients]. After a brief statement on the procedure of selection of the patients, the article describes how the cases were studied, since some difficulties arose through the lack of homogeneity of the subjects. The cases are then commented and an effort is made to evidence the outstanding data which can be deduced, and in particular a study is made of the percentage of overall unreliability of scintillographic examination, the \"false positives\" and the \"false negatives\", which are rather low. The Authors conclude with the consideration that scintiscanning of the pancreas now constitutes a valid method of investigation of pancreatic pathology.", "PMID": 608236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9856", "title": "[Experimental arterialization of the portal vein in the rat].", "content": "The article reports an original technique of arterialisation of the portal vein in the rat, after porto-cava shunt, with termino-latreal anastomosis between the proximal stump of the portal vein and the aorta; compared with other techniques, this method has the advantage of avoiding right nephrectomy.", "contents": "[Experimental arterialization of the portal vein in the rat]. The article reports an original technique of arterialisation of the portal vein in the rat, after porto-cava shunt, with termino-latreal anastomosis between the proximal stump of the portal vein and the aorta; compared with other techniques, this method has the advantage of avoiding right nephrectomy.", "PMID": 608238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9857", "title": "Hilar irradiation in early stage Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We conclude that inclusion of the hilar region adds little morbidity, while failure to treat is associated with a finite risk of hilar recurrence. It therefore would seem advisable to include the lung roots in \"mantle\" field techniques in patients with good pulmonary reserve. Our experience with this group of patients, and with others not included here, suggests that the risk of hilar involvement may be particularly pronounced in patients who present with intradiaphragmatic disease. On the other hand, the relapse rate in the hila is sufficiently small that straight-edged mediastinal fields can be used with relative safety in patients with emphysema or other pre-existing dysfunction for whom inclusion of the additional volume might lead to pulmonary insufficiency.", "contents": "Hilar irradiation in early stage Hodgkin's disease. We conclude that inclusion of the hilar region adds little morbidity, while failure to treat is associated with a finite risk of hilar recurrence. It therefore would seem advisable to include the lung roots in \"mantle\" field techniques in patients with good pulmonary reserve. Our experience with this group of patients, and with others not included here, suggests that the risk of hilar involvement may be particularly pronounced in patients who present with intradiaphragmatic disease. On the other hand, the relapse rate in the hila is sufficiently small that straight-edged mediastinal fields can be used with relative safety in patients with emphysema or other pre-existing dysfunction for whom inclusion of the additional volume might lead to pulmonary insufficiency.", "PMID": 608266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9858", "title": "Nutrition of the intervertebral disk. An in vivo study of solute transport.", "content": "The main mechanism for solute transport within the intervertebral disk is passive diffusion. The 2 routes for the exchange of solutes with the blood vessels outside the disk are via the periphery of the annulus, and through the end-plates. While the periphery of the annulus is completely permeable, the bone--disk interface is only partially so. In the region of the nucleus the effective area through which solute transport is taking place constitutes some 85% of the actual bone/disk interface; in the region of the inner annulus it is reduced to only 35% while the bone--disk interface at the outer annulus is almost completely impermeable. These figures, calculated from tracer diffusion experiments correlate very well with the qualitative observations of blood vessel contact. Apart from its dependence on the permeability of the endplate, solute diffusion is also determined by the nature of the solute. For example, a negatively charged solute such as the sulphate ion is considerably excluded from the nucleus, which limits its rate of penetration via the endplates. The sulphate uptake by the disk cells to produce glycosaminoglycans is low and comparable to that in articular cartilage.", "contents": "Nutrition of the intervertebral disk. An in vivo study of solute transport. The main mechanism for solute transport within the intervertebral disk is passive diffusion. The 2 routes for the exchange of solutes with the blood vessels outside the disk are via the periphery of the annulus, and through the end-plates. While the periphery of the annulus is completely permeable, the bone--disk interface is only partially so. In the region of the nucleus the effective area through which solute transport is taking place constitutes some 85% of the actual bone/disk interface; in the region of the inner annulus it is reduced to only 35% while the bone--disk interface at the outer annulus is almost completely impermeable. These figures, calculated from tracer diffusion experiments correlate very well with the qualitative observations of blood vessel contact. Apart from its dependence on the permeability of the endplate, solute diffusion is also determined by the nature of the solute. For example, a negatively charged solute such as the sulphate ion is considerably excluded from the nucleus, which limits its rate of penetration via the endplates. The sulphate uptake by the disk cells to produce glycosaminoglycans is low and comparable to that in articular cartilage.", "PMID": 608268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9859", "title": "Intradiskal pressure, intra-abdominal pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity related to posture and loading.", "content": "Intradiskal pressures, intra-abdominal pressures and myoelectric activities of posterior back muscles have been measured simultaneously in vivo in 4 subjects. Five different angles of forward flexion were studied while externally loading the trunk with 200N. At 30 degrees of forward flexion studies were made when the load was increased from 0 to 300N. Asymmetric loading was studied with the trunk erect, in lateral flexion and in rotation. The measurement parameter values all increased when the angle of flexion increased and when the external load was increased at a fixed angle of flexion. Linear relationships were established. During asymmetric loading pressure values and the myoelectric activity increased. The increase in myoelectric activity was comparatively greater on the contralateral side of the lumbar region and on the ipsilateral side of the thoracic region. The disk pressure, the intra-abdominal pressure, and the FRA-values were higher throughout when the trunk was loaded in rotation, than in lateral flexion.", "contents": "Intradiskal pressure, intra-abdominal pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity related to posture and loading. Intradiskal pressures, intra-abdominal pressures and myoelectric activities of posterior back muscles have been measured simultaneously in vivo in 4 subjects. Five different angles of forward flexion were studied while externally loading the trunk with 200N. At 30 degrees of forward flexion studies were made when the load was increased from 0 to 300N. Asymmetric loading was studied with the trunk erect, in lateral flexion and in rotation. The measurement parameter values all increased when the angle of flexion increased and when the external load was increased at a fixed angle of flexion. Linear relationships were established. During asymmetric loading pressure values and the myoelectric activity increased. The increase in myoelectric activity was comparatively greater on the contralateral side of the lumbar region and on the ipsilateral side of the thoracic region. The disk pressure, the intra-abdominal pressure, and the FRA-values were higher throughout when the trunk was loaded in rotation, than in lateral flexion.", "PMID": 608269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9860", "title": "Moir\u00e9 topography in scoliosis screening.", "content": "Moir\u00e9 topography, a simple technique for three-dimensional quantitation, was used to provide interference fringe photographs of the human back with sufficient accuracy to be used for detecting children with asymmetry due to scoliosis. Experimental equipment, built and tested at the National Research Council of Canada, was used in a pilot screening program, involving 1100 children from the 10 to 12 year age group. Each child was examined clinically by the bending test and photographed by the moir\u00e9 method. All subjects with positive bending tests, asymmetrical fringe patterns or both were submitted to radiographic examination and the results correlated. The moir\u00e9 technique disclosed 94% of the cases which were found to be positive by X-ray examination, while the bending test disclosed only 46%. The percentages of false positive results were approximately the same for the 2 screening methods.", "contents": "Moir\u00e9 topography in scoliosis screening. Moir\u00e9 topography, a simple technique for three-dimensional quantitation, was used to provide interference fringe photographs of the human back with sufficient accuracy to be used for detecting children with asymmetry due to scoliosis. Experimental equipment, built and tested at the National Research Council of Canada, was used in a pilot screening program, involving 1100 children from the 10 to 12 year age group. Each child was examined clinically by the bending test and photographed by the moir\u00e9 method. All subjects with positive bending tests, asymmetrical fringe patterns or both were submitted to radiographic examination and the results correlated. The moir\u00e9 technique disclosed 94% of the cases which were found to be positive by X-ray examination, while the bending test disclosed only 46%. The percentages of false positive results were approximately the same for the 2 screening methods.", "PMID": 608270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9861", "title": "Clinical review of cervical spine injuries in children.", "content": "Clinical presentation is made of 18 cervical fractures occurring in children age 15 and under. Seven of 18 patients sustained neurological complications. The incidence of childhood cervical spine injury increases with age. Sixteen of 18 lesions were found in the C1 through C4 area in contrast to a greater involvement in adults in levels of C4 through C7. Although normal variations and anomalies are frequent in cervical spines in children, over treatment, at least initially, is recommended in all cases in which the diagnosis is in doubt.", "contents": "Clinical review of cervical spine injuries in children. Clinical presentation is made of 18 cervical fractures occurring in children age 15 and under. Seven of 18 patients sustained neurological complications. The incidence of childhood cervical spine injury increases with age. Sixteen of 18 lesions were found in the C1 through C4 area in contrast to a greater involvement in adults in levels of C4 through C7. Although normal variations and anomalies are frequent in cervical spines in children, over treatment, at least initially, is recommended in all cases in which the diagnosis is in doubt.", "PMID": 608271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9862", "title": "The effect of radiation on the shear strength of acrylic bone cement.", "content": "Bone loss due to secondary neoplastic disease of bone has frequently presented the orthopedic surgeon with difficult or insoluble problems of surgical management. Local radiation is the most effective, and widely used form of therapy for this type of metastatic disease. Levels of radiation in vitro comparable to therapeutic doses, as well as levels 6 times that commonly used in vivo on patients, demonstrate no significant effect on the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement.", "contents": "The effect of radiation on the shear strength of acrylic bone cement. Bone loss due to secondary neoplastic disease of bone has frequently presented the orthopedic surgeon with difficult or insoluble problems of surgical management. Local radiation is the most effective, and widely used form of therapy for this type of metastatic disease. Levels of radiation in vitro comparable to therapeutic doses, as well as levels 6 times that commonly used in vivo on patients, demonstrate no significant effect on the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement.", "PMID": 608275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9863", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis and its variants. A review of recent developments for orthopedic surgeons.", "content": "Recent developments in genetic tissue typing have altered concepts of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or variants of this spondylitic arthritis. It is now apparent that AS is separate and distinct from rheumatoid arthritis; and the term \"rheumatoid\" should be avoided except as it applies to the latter, usually characterized by rheumatoid factor or nodules and symmetrical arthritis of peripheral joints. Classical definitions of AS require X-ray evidence of sacroiliitis and/or restriction of chest expansion. Recent studies suggest that many patients, especially women, may have symptoms of AS without typical roentgenographic or clinical findings. Use of the HL-A B27 genetic test is useful for identifying AS patients. Radioisotope bone or joint scanning techniques further augment present diagnostic capabilities. Atypical AS may be a very common form of morbidity among patients with back pain in the United States. Since patients have a tendency to form osseous reankylosis after total hip replacement, it is especially important for orthopedic surgeons to identify incipient AS and related disorders. Inappropriate treatment or procedures may be avoided by use of these newer clinical tools in the evaluation of patients with chronic back or skeletal pain.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis and its variants. A review of recent developments for orthopedic surgeons. Recent developments in genetic tissue typing have altered concepts of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or variants of this spondylitic arthritis. It is now apparent that AS is separate and distinct from rheumatoid arthritis; and the term \"rheumatoid\" should be avoided except as it applies to the latter, usually characterized by rheumatoid factor or nodules and symmetrical arthritis of peripheral joints. Classical definitions of AS require X-ray evidence of sacroiliitis and/or restriction of chest expansion. Recent studies suggest that many patients, especially women, may have symptoms of AS without typical roentgenographic or clinical findings. Use of the HL-A B27 genetic test is useful for identifying AS patients. Radioisotope bone or joint scanning techniques further augment present diagnostic capabilities. Atypical AS may be a very common form of morbidity among patients with back pain in the United States. Since patients have a tendency to form osseous reankylosis after total hip replacement, it is especially important for orthopedic surgeons to identify incipient AS and related disorders. Inappropriate treatment or procedures may be avoided by use of these newer clinical tools in the evaluation of patients with chronic back or skeletal pain.", "PMID": 608274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9864", "title": "Mobility in the lumbosacral spine after fusion studied with the aid of roentgen stereophotogrammetry.", "content": "Twelve cases operated upon with fusion in the lumbosacral spine were studied with a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. With this method the movements in the area supposed to be fused can be studied with high accuracy in 3 dimensions. The precision is 0.3 degrees for the rotation about the x-axis (transversal axis), 0.2 degrees for the rotation about the y-axis (longitudinal axis), and 0.1 degrees for that about the z-axis (sagittal axis) and of the magnitude of 0.1 mm for the translations. It was found that the possible stabilization of a fusion takes place within 180 days. The supposed gain of internal fixation with a sacral bar device was not verified. It was recommended that the supine and erect standing positions should be investigated and compared with this method and that standing with flexion should be added as soon as the healing process is supposed not to be injured by flexion movements.", "contents": "Mobility in the lumbosacral spine after fusion studied with the aid of roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Twelve cases operated upon with fusion in the lumbosacral spine were studied with a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. With this method the movements in the area supposed to be fused can be studied with high accuracy in 3 dimensions. The precision is 0.3 degrees for the rotation about the x-axis (transversal axis), 0.2 degrees for the rotation about the y-axis (longitudinal axis), and 0.1 degrees for that about the z-axis (sagittal axis) and of the magnitude of 0.1 mm for the translations. It was found that the possible stabilization of a fusion takes place within 180 days. The supposed gain of internal fixation with a sacral bar device was not verified. It was recommended that the supine and erect standing positions should be investigated and compared with this method and that standing with flexion should be added as soon as the healing process is supposed not to be injured by flexion movements.", "PMID": 608272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9865", "title": "Comparison of horizontal and vertical unidirectional (laminar) air-flow systems in orthopedic surgery.", "content": "The microbiological evaluation of a horizontal walled unit, a horizontal wall-less unit and a vertical wall-less unidirectional airflow unit revealed a statistical reduction in the wound and back table air settle plate counts for the 2 horizontal systems as compared to the vertical system.", "contents": "Comparison of horizontal and vertical unidirectional (laminar) air-flow systems in orthopedic surgery. The microbiological evaluation of a horizontal walled unit, a horizontal wall-less unit and a vertical wall-less unidirectional airflow unit revealed a statistical reduction in the wound and back table air settle plate counts for the 2 horizontal systems as compared to the vertical system.", "PMID": 608276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9866", "title": "An evaluation of narrowing following intradiskal injection of chymopapain.", "content": "Lateral X-rays of lumbosacral spines of 76 patients who received chymopapain injection for lumbar disk lesions after a positive myelogram and diskogram were examined and measured to determine the degree of narrowing which occurred after injection of the enzyme. There were 2 groups of patients, those with clinically good results after injection, and those with poor results. Measurements were made of the injected and adjacent noninjected disk spaces. The validity of the method used with established by a correlation of 0.95 over a period of time for the uninjected disks. The narrowing after injection was significant at the p less than 0.01 level for both clinical successes and failures, but the degree of narrowing was significantly greater for the clinically good results.", "contents": "An evaluation of narrowing following intradiskal injection of chymopapain. Lateral X-rays of lumbosacral spines of 76 patients who received chymopapain injection for lumbar disk lesions after a positive myelogram and diskogram were examined and measured to determine the degree of narrowing which occurred after injection of the enzyme. There were 2 groups of patients, those with clinically good results after injection, and those with poor results. Measurements were made of the injected and adjacent noninjected disk spaces. The validity of the method used with established by a correlation of 0.95 over a period of time for the uninjected disks. The narrowing after injection was significant at the p less than 0.01 level for both clinical successes and failures, but the degree of narrowing was significantly greater for the clinically good results.", "PMID": 608273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9867", "title": "Fracture of the femoral neck. II. Relative importance of primary vascular damage and surgical procedure for the development of necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "The opinion is widely held that interruption of the arterial flow through the retinacular arteries to the femoral head is the main cause of avascular necrosis after fracture of the neck. In this study the state of the vascular supply to the femoral head was assessed--prior to osteosynthesis--by means of intramedullary pressure measurements in the femoral head and neck in 72 patients with medial neck fractures. The patients were followed 2 or 3 years or until avascular necrosis became evident. The relative importance of primary avascularity and surgical technique for the development of necrosis suggests that damage to the retinacular arteries may not be the single decisive factor in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis. Proper fracture reduction with extensive contact between the cancellous bone surfaces and stable fixation seemed to be more important, probably because they offer the best possibilities for re-establishment of transosseous blood flow across the fracture site.", "contents": "Fracture of the femoral neck. II. Relative importance of primary vascular damage and surgical procedure for the development of necrosis of the femoral head. The opinion is widely held that interruption of the arterial flow through the retinacular arteries to the femoral head is the main cause of avascular necrosis after fracture of the neck. In this study the state of the vascular supply to the femoral head was assessed--prior to osteosynthesis--by means of intramedullary pressure measurements in the femoral head and neck in 72 patients with medial neck fractures. The patients were followed 2 or 3 years or until avascular necrosis became evident. The relative importance of primary avascularity and surgical technique for the development of necrosis suggests that damage to the retinacular arteries may not be the single decisive factor in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis. Proper fracture reduction with extensive contact between the cancellous bone surfaces and stable fixation seemed to be more important, probably because they offer the best possibilities for re-establishment of transosseous blood flow across the fracture site.", "PMID": 608278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9868", "title": "Surgery for intervertebral disk disease of the lumbar spine.", "content": "There is little doubt that surgical treatment of lumbar spine pain is often unsatisfactory. It is likely that we are using a cannon when a peashooter properly aimed would do a better job. Various injection techniques, especially injection of the disk itself would seem to be a rational approach. Scarring around the spinal nerves and dura is an unsolved problem. The search for an interposition membrane goes on. Fat grafts are being advocated, but it is too early to evaluate their efficacy. The problem of how to adequately decompress the nerves in spinal stenosis without jeopardizing spinal stability is still unsolved. Interbody fusion still carries a high failure rate as far as fusion is concerned, but what is worse, failure to relieve the pain for which it was done remains frequent. Spine pain programs concentrating upon training in exercises, training in the proper way to perform the activities of daily living and especially psychological counseling and operant conditioning probably represent the greatest single recent advance in the rehabilitation of the low back sufferer. Finally, there is an unfulfilled need for more accurate reporting of our subjective clinical results if advances are to be made in this area, where pain is the principal problem.", "contents": "Surgery for intervertebral disk disease of the lumbar spine. There is little doubt that surgical treatment of lumbar spine pain is often unsatisfactory. It is likely that we are using a cannon when a peashooter properly aimed would do a better job. Various injection techniques, especially injection of the disk itself would seem to be a rational approach. Scarring around the spinal nerves and dura is an unsolved problem. The search for an interposition membrane goes on. Fat grafts are being advocated, but it is too early to evaluate their efficacy. The problem of how to adequately decompress the nerves in spinal stenosis without jeopardizing spinal stability is still unsolved. Interbody fusion still carries a high failure rate as far as fusion is concerned, but what is worse, failure to relieve the pain for which it was done remains frequent. Spine pain programs concentrating upon training in exercises, training in the proper way to perform the activities of daily living and especially psychological counseling and operant conditioning probably represent the greatest single recent advance in the rehabilitation of the low back sufferer. Finally, there is an unfulfilled need for more accurate reporting of our subjective clinical results if advances are to be made in this area, where pain is the principal problem.", "PMID": 608279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9869", "title": "Femoral anteversion and physical performance in adolescent and adult life.", "content": "The relationship between excessive idiopathic femoral anteversion and physical performance in adolescent and adult subjects is explored in 9 adults with excessive anteversion and in 10 age-matched controls subjected to extensive physical performance testing. Two hundred and forty-nine high school students were studied by assessing running speed and measuring hip rotation. Those with greatest internal rotation were isolated and compared with the total group. In both studies no relationship could be found between excessive anterversion and physical performance.", "contents": "Femoral anteversion and physical performance in adolescent and adult life. The relationship between excessive idiopathic femoral anteversion and physical performance in adolescent and adult subjects is explored in 9 adults with excessive anteversion and in 10 age-matched controls subjected to extensive physical performance testing. Two hundred and forty-nine high school students were studied by assessing running speed and measuring hip rotation. Those with greatest internal rotation were isolated and compared with the total group. In both studies no relationship could be found between excessive anterversion and physical performance.", "PMID": 608277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9870", "title": "Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee presenting as a loose body. A case report.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with a history of internal derangement of the knee and a palpable loose body was found to have localized villonodular synovitis at surgical exploration.", "contents": "Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee presenting as a loose body. A case report. A 21-year-old woman with a history of internal derangement of the knee and a palpable loose body was found to have localized villonodular synovitis at surgical exploration.", "PMID": 608282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9871", "title": "Septic arthritis of the hip in a hemophiliac. Report of a case.", "content": "Septic arthritis of the hip occurred in a 32-year-old hemophiliac with circulating Factor VIII antibodies. The clinical presentation suggested a soft tissue hematoma, but failure of early resolution with immobilization and Factor VIII replacement led to a correct diagnosis. A non-invasive method of management is essential if antibodies to Factor VIII are present. Compression and Plaster of Paris immobilization of the joint with adequate antibiotic therapy allows resolution of the infection and return to normal function. To avoid the serious complication of septic arthritis in hemophilia, expeditious treatment of all foci of infection is a necessity.", "contents": "Septic arthritis of the hip in a hemophiliac. Report of a case. Septic arthritis of the hip occurred in a 32-year-old hemophiliac with circulating Factor VIII antibodies. The clinical presentation suggested a soft tissue hematoma, but failure of early resolution with immobilization and Factor VIII replacement led to a correct diagnosis. A non-invasive method of management is essential if antibodies to Factor VIII are present. Compression and Plaster of Paris immobilization of the joint with adequate antibiotic therapy allows resolution of the infection and return to normal function. To avoid the serious complication of septic arthritis in hemophilia, expeditious treatment of all foci of infection is a necessity.", "PMID": 608280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9872", "title": "Bilateral traumatic dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, ulna dorsal: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Bilateral dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint seems not to have been reported in the literature. This is a report of a 22-year-old man successfully treated with closed reduction and immobilization in long arm casts. Limited forearm rotation and wrist pain after a twisting injury are typical findings. In ulna dorsal dislocation the patient's forearm is locked in pronation. In ulna volar dislocation the wrist appears narrow and the forearm is locked in supination. The mechanism of injury for dorsal dislocations is hyperpronation; for volar dislocations it is hypersupination. Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint injures the triangular disk and/or fractures the ulnar styloid. Suspicion is important in making the diagnosis. Fifty per cent of unilateral cases reported in the literature were missed initially or were diagnosed late. The acute case is easily treated by closed reduction under local anesthesia and immobilization in a long arm cast. Treatment of the chronic dislocation includes various soft tissue reconstructions or resection of the distal ulna depending on the degree of arthrosis.", "contents": "Bilateral traumatic dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, ulna dorsal: case report and review of the literature. Bilateral dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint seems not to have been reported in the literature. This is a report of a 22-year-old man successfully treated with closed reduction and immobilization in long arm casts. Limited forearm rotation and wrist pain after a twisting injury are typical findings. In ulna dorsal dislocation the patient's forearm is locked in pronation. In ulna volar dislocation the wrist appears narrow and the forearm is locked in supination. The mechanism of injury for dorsal dislocations is hyperpronation; for volar dislocations it is hypersupination. Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint injures the triangular disk and/or fractures the ulnar styloid. Suspicion is important in making the diagnosis. Fifty per cent of unilateral cases reported in the literature were missed initially or were diagnosed late. The acute case is easily treated by closed reduction under local anesthesia and immobilization in a long arm cast. Treatment of the chronic dislocation includes various soft tissue reconstructions or resection of the distal ulna depending on the degree of arthrosis.", "PMID": 608284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9873", "title": "Strain gauge analysis of knee ligaments.", "content": "Mercury strain gauges were sutured onto the tibial collateral anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments to quantitatively determine the relative strain or deformation of each of these ligaments as a function of joint position. The results were obtained on 5 amputation specimens by subjecting them to flexion, extension, rotation, valgus--varus and anteroposterior forces. The tibial collateral ligament is most lax in full flexion and stretches with extension, valgus and external rotation. The cruciate ligaments are most lax at 35 degrees flexion and stretch with both flexion and extension. Internal rotation and varus stretch and anterior cruciate ligament. These principles allow us a better understanding of injury patterns. The most advantageous position for immobilization following acute injuries or reconstructions is better understood knowing that minimal tension on ligamentous fibers occurs as follows: Anterior cruciate, 35 degrees; Posterior cruciate, 35 degrees; Tibial collateral ligament, 45--90 degrees (or as much flexion as the patient will tolerate).", "contents": "Strain gauge analysis of knee ligaments. Mercury strain gauges were sutured onto the tibial collateral anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments to quantitatively determine the relative strain or deformation of each of these ligaments as a function of joint position. The results were obtained on 5 amputation specimens by subjecting them to flexion, extension, rotation, valgus--varus and anteroposterior forces. The tibial collateral ligament is most lax in full flexion and stretches with extension, valgus and external rotation. The cruciate ligaments are most lax at 35 degrees flexion and stretch with both flexion and extension. Internal rotation and varus stretch and anterior cruciate ligament. These principles allow us a better understanding of injury patterns. The most advantageous position for immobilization following acute injuries or reconstructions is better understood knowing that minimal tension on ligamentous fibers occurs as follows: Anterior cruciate, 35 degrees; Posterior cruciate, 35 degrees; Tibial collateral ligament, 45--90 degrees (or as much flexion as the patient will tolerate).", "PMID": 608281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9874", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis of the extensor tenosynovium of the wrist. A case report.", "content": "A 59-year-old man had isolated coccidioidomycosis infestation of the tenosynovium of the wrist extensor tendons resistent to surgical and amphotericin chemotherapy. Some improvement has been noted on Miconazole chemothearapy, but neither the long term side effects nor clinical results are known.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis of the extensor tenosynovium of the wrist. A case report. A 59-year-old man had isolated coccidioidomycosis infestation of the tenosynovium of the wrist extensor tendons resistent to surgical and amphotericin chemotherapy. Some improvement has been noted on Miconazole chemothearapy, but neither the long term side effects nor clinical results are known.", "PMID": 608285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9875", "title": "Osteosclerotic lesions in sarcoidosis. Report of a case.", "content": "In a 36-year-old black American male, sarcoidosis produced multiple osteoblastic lesions instead of the lytic lesion characteristic of the disease.", "contents": "Osteosclerotic lesions in sarcoidosis. Report of a case. In a 36-year-old black American male, sarcoidosis produced multiple osteoblastic lesions instead of the lytic lesion characteristic of the disease.", "PMID": 608286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9876", "title": "Total claviculectomy for pathological fractures.", "content": "Two patients with pathological fractures of the clavicle were treated by total claviculectomy with relief of symptoms. Subsequent drooping of the shoulder with mild weakness of the affected upper extremity seems related to the loss of normal arcuate shoulder motion that is dependent upon the yardarm function of the clavicle.", "contents": "Total claviculectomy for pathological fractures. Two patients with pathological fractures of the clavicle were treated by total claviculectomy with relief of symptoms. Subsequent drooping of the shoulder with mild weakness of the affected upper extremity seems related to the loss of normal arcuate shoulder motion that is dependent upon the yardarm function of the clavicle.", "PMID": 608283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9877", "title": "The nature of bone carbonate.", "content": "Models of the bone salt and its synthetic analogues have been strenuously, and sometimes emotionally debated since the late nineteenth century. The main protagonist in the drama is the ubiquitous CO3=ion whose role has never been clearly understood. Initially regarded as an essential part of the calcium phosphate crystal complex, it came to be dubiously designated as a separate phase CaCO3, as an adsorbed ion, or even as a mere contaminant. More recent studies provide evidence that the original impression may be more nearly correct. Of particular interest in defining the role of CO3= in bone are the reactions involved in the formation of CO3-apatite under conditions approximating the physiological. These observations suggest that the synthesis of bone mineral involves hydrolysis of an initial acidic calcium phosphate precipitate to octacalcium phosphate, which is then converted to octacalcium phosphate carbonate (OCPC) by virtue of the replacement of PO4 identical to (HPO4=) by CO3=. OCPC satisfies many criteria for a satisfactory definition of the nature of the bone mineral. It can explain its solubility behavior and the intrinsic relationship between PO4 identical to (HPO4=) and CO3=, the normal variations in bone composition, the sequence of events in bone mineral maturation, and the loss of CO3= under normal and pathological conditions.", "contents": "The nature of bone carbonate. Models of the bone salt and its synthetic analogues have been strenuously, and sometimes emotionally debated since the late nineteenth century. The main protagonist in the drama is the ubiquitous CO3=ion whose role has never been clearly understood. Initially regarded as an essential part of the calcium phosphate crystal complex, it came to be dubiously designated as a separate phase CaCO3, as an adsorbed ion, or even as a mere contaminant. More recent studies provide evidence that the original impression may be more nearly correct. Of particular interest in defining the role of CO3= in bone are the reactions involved in the formation of CO3-apatite under conditions approximating the physiological. These observations suggest that the synthesis of bone mineral involves hydrolysis of an initial acidic calcium phosphate precipitate to octacalcium phosphate, which is then converted to octacalcium phosphate carbonate (OCPC) by virtue of the replacement of PO4 identical to (HPO4=) by CO3=. OCPC satisfies many criteria for a satisfactory definition of the nature of the bone mineral. It can explain its solubility behavior and the intrinsic relationship between PO4 identical to (HPO4=) and CO3=, the normal variations in bone composition, the sequence of events in bone mineral maturation, and the loss of CO3= under normal and pathological conditions.", "PMID": 608288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9878", "title": "Vitamin D prophylaxis and the lowered incidence of fractures in anticonvulsant rickets and osteomalacia.", "content": "Small doses of vitamin D can probably prevent catastrophic skeletal demineralization in patients taking antiseizure medication. Moderate doses of vitamin D can reverse this degree of demineralization once it has occurred. Prophylactic vitamin D therapy was associated with a lowered incidence of seizure patients in the overall fracture census and a decrease in the number of in-hospital days for treatment of seizure patients with fractures. Vitamin D therapy should probably be used as a routine dietary supplement in all seizure patients at dosage levels of approximately 400 units daily. Much larger doses (50,000 units once or twice weekly) should be as necessary when these patients sustain fractures or other injuries.", "contents": "Vitamin D prophylaxis and the lowered incidence of fractures in anticonvulsant rickets and osteomalacia. Small doses of vitamin D can probably prevent catastrophic skeletal demineralization in patients taking antiseizure medication. Moderate doses of vitamin D can reverse this degree of demineralization once it has occurred. Prophylactic vitamin D therapy was associated with a lowered incidence of seizure patients in the overall fracture census and a decrease in the number of in-hospital days for treatment of seizure patients with fractures. Vitamin D therapy should probably be used as a routine dietary supplement in all seizure patients at dosage levels of approximately 400 units daily. Much larger doses (50,000 units once or twice weekly) should be as necessary when these patients sustain fractures or other injuries.", "PMID": 608287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9879", "title": "Chondrocyte-to-osteocyte transformation in grafts of perichondrium-free epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "When perichondrium-free pieces of embryonic quail epiphyseal cartilage are incubated on the chorioallantoic membranes of chick embryos, 2 developmental changes are observed. First, most grafts develop a periosteum in which the osteoblasts and osteocytes are of donor, i.e., chondrocytic origin. No such periosteum is observed around explants of demineralized, inductive bone matrix. Second, the matrix surrounding some chondrocytes within the original graft became more bone-like with respect to staining pattern, birefringence and collagen morphology. We conclude that, under some conditions, the avian chondrocyte may in situ or subsequent to release from the cartilage lacuna synthesize a bone-like matrix and, in this sense, be thought to have undergone a \"transformation\" into an osteocytic or osteoblastic type of cell.", "contents": "Chondrocyte-to-osteocyte transformation in grafts of perichondrium-free epiphyseal cartilage. When perichondrium-free pieces of embryonic quail epiphyseal cartilage are incubated on the chorioallantoic membranes of chick embryos, 2 developmental changes are observed. First, most grafts develop a periosteum in which the osteoblasts and osteocytes are of donor, i.e., chondrocytic origin. No such periosteum is observed around explants of demineralized, inductive bone matrix. Second, the matrix surrounding some chondrocytes within the original graft became more bone-like with respect to staining pattern, birefringence and collagen morphology. We conclude that, under some conditions, the avian chondrocyte may in situ or subsequent to release from the cartilage lacuna synthesize a bone-like matrix and, in this sense, be thought to have undergone a \"transformation\" into an osteocytic or osteoblastic type of cell.", "PMID": 608290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9880", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced enhanced mineralization in neonatal condylar cartilage.", "content": "Neonatal mice were treated with triamcinolone hexacetonide and the cartilage of their mandibular condyle was studied biochemically and histochemically. Three days following the hormonal treatment the condylar protein content decreased significantly but a marked increase was noted in the tissue's calcium and phosphate. The condylar mineralization front extended up to the chondroblastic and proliferative zones. Triamcinolone arrest cartilage cell proliferation and enhanced an atypical hypertrophy of chondroblasts. One week following the hormonal treatment the condyle revealed clear signs of weight loss and changes in its size and form. Glucocorticoids enhance the mineralization of neonatal cartilage via: a direct effect upon chondrocytic metabolic and control systems (genom) and possibly also through an indirect adverse effect upon other organ systems.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced enhanced mineralization in neonatal condylar cartilage. Neonatal mice were treated with triamcinolone hexacetonide and the cartilage of their mandibular condyle was studied biochemically and histochemically. Three days following the hormonal treatment the condylar protein content decreased significantly but a marked increase was noted in the tissue's calcium and phosphate. The condylar mineralization front extended up to the chondroblastic and proliferative zones. Triamcinolone arrest cartilage cell proliferation and enhanced an atypical hypertrophy of chondroblasts. One week following the hormonal treatment the condyle revealed clear signs of weight loss and changes in its size and form. Glucocorticoids enhance the mineralization of neonatal cartilage via: a direct effect upon chondrocytic metabolic and control systems (genom) and possibly also through an indirect adverse effect upon other organ systems.", "PMID": 608289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9881", "title": "Activation of the resting periosteum.", "content": "A single para osteal injection of an aqueous extract of immature bovine bone doubles the diameter of the rat radius and ulna, within 7 days. Bone is formed by activation and prolifeation of cells in the cambium layer of the periosteum. The fibrous periosteum remains intact and appears to adapt by stretching. New trabeculae are oriented radailly about the diphyses. The organic matrix, mainly new bone collagen is elaborated primarly during the first 72 hours and mineralized, in the last 4 days of study. The response is interpreted as an example of cell activation, rather than osteogenic induction and demonstrates tha rapid and massive osteogensis can be trigegered by an appropriate exogenous stimulus.", "contents": "Activation of the resting periosteum. A single para osteal injection of an aqueous extract of immature bovine bone doubles the diameter of the rat radius and ulna, within 7 days. Bone is formed by activation and prolifeation of cells in the cambium layer of the periosteum. The fibrous periosteum remains intact and appears to adapt by stretching. New trabeculae are oriented radailly about the diphyses. The organic matrix, mainly new bone collagen is elaborated primarly during the first 72 hours and mineralized, in the last 4 days of study. The response is interpreted as an example of cell activation, rather than osteogenic induction and demonstrates tha rapid and massive osteogensis can be trigegered by an appropriate exogenous stimulus.", "PMID": 608291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9882", "title": "The effect of varus stress on the moving rabbit knee joint.", "content": "Unicompartmental osteoarthritis was produced by applying varus stress to moving rabbit knee joints. Degenerative changes were confined to the medial tibial and the medial femoral articular surfaces. Within the range of varus stress used, duration appears to be more important than magnitude of varus stress in determining the severity of cartilage damage. The calcified zone remained histologically unchanged despite advanced changes in the noncalcified zone superficial to the tidemark. Intrachondral degenerative cysts were frequently found in the basilar layers of the noncalcified cartilage adjacent to the tidemark where shear stresses were likely to be highest and diffusible nutrients least available. Highly cellular cartilaginous tissue was noted in the subchondral marrow spaces in the specimens with advanced cartilage degeneration. These areas appeared to be continuous with the overlying degenerated cartilage through gaps in the calcified cartilage. Subchondral bone did not show remarkable trabecular thickening despite advanced degenerative changes in the articular cartilage.", "contents": "The effect of varus stress on the moving rabbit knee joint. Unicompartmental osteoarthritis was produced by applying varus stress to moving rabbit knee joints. Degenerative changes were confined to the medial tibial and the medial femoral articular surfaces. Within the range of varus stress used, duration appears to be more important than magnitude of varus stress in determining the severity of cartilage damage. The calcified zone remained histologically unchanged despite advanced changes in the noncalcified zone superficial to the tidemark. Intrachondral degenerative cysts were frequently found in the basilar layers of the noncalcified cartilage adjacent to the tidemark where shear stresses were likely to be highest and diffusible nutrients least available. Highly cellular cartilaginous tissue was noted in the subchondral marrow spaces in the specimens with advanced cartilage degeneration. These areas appeared to be continuous with the overlying degenerated cartilage through gaps in the calcified cartilage. Subchondral bone did not show remarkable trabecular thickening despite advanced degenerative changes in the articular cartilage.", "PMID": 608292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9883", "title": "Nerve roots and spinal nerves in degenerative disk disease.", "content": "After 43 years of investigating the intervertebral disk, the long term results of the management of patients from the standpoint of pain are not significantly different than they were prior to the identification of the herniated disk nor do they seem to be significantly different than no treatment at all. This should at least suggest that the phenomena of low back pain is far more complex than can be accounted for on the basis of a simple mechanical-pressure theory of disk derangement. There is a significant volume of literature that would point to the neural tissues themselves as the most logical structures for future research that attempts to interfere with the natural history of this disease from the standpoint of pain. It seems most appropriate to attack lumbar disk disease from this standpoint because except in uncommon cases, the pathological process is benign and self limiting. It also seems logical that major advancements in the management of \"diskogenic\" back pain will depend upon an appreciation of the importance of controlling neural inflammation in the early phases of the disease rather than developing new techniques of managing irreversible neural lesions and their iatrogenetic or psychiatric sequelae.", "contents": "Nerve roots and spinal nerves in degenerative disk disease. After 43 years of investigating the intervertebral disk, the long term results of the management of patients from the standpoint of pain are not significantly different than they were prior to the identification of the herniated disk nor do they seem to be significantly different than no treatment at all. This should at least suggest that the phenomena of low back pain is far more complex than can be accounted for on the basis of a simple mechanical-pressure theory of disk derangement. There is a significant volume of literature that would point to the neural tissues themselves as the most logical structures for future research that attempts to interfere with the natural history of this disease from the standpoint of pain. It seems most appropriate to attack lumbar disk disease from this standpoint because except in uncommon cases, the pathological process is benign and self limiting. It also seems logical that major advancements in the management of \"diskogenic\" back pain will depend upon an appreciation of the importance of controlling neural inflammation in the early phases of the disease rather than developing new techniques of managing irreversible neural lesions and their iatrogenetic or psychiatric sequelae.", "PMID": 608296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9884", "title": "Chemical radiculitis. A clinical, physiological and immunological study.", "content": "Chemical radiculitis is an inflammatory condition of the nerve root due to the rupture of the annulus fibrosus and dissemination of disk fluid along the nerve root sheath. The inflammatory component of disk fluid is glycoprotein. The inflammation is a reaction to repeated injuries of the spinal column, as for example, in occupational lifting of heavy loads. Rupture of the annulus fibrosus and liberation of disk fluid into the tissues also evokes circulating antibody response and auto immune reaction. A high titer to glycoprotein at 3 weeks after an acute attack of back pain is evidence of the presence of a significant disk lesion. In selected cases immediate relief from pain occurs after administration of cortisone or a suitable cortisone-derivative. Prolonged rest may be contraindicated because of the risk of formation of radicular adhesions.", "contents": "Chemical radiculitis. A clinical, physiological and immunological study. Chemical radiculitis is an inflammatory condition of the nerve root due to the rupture of the annulus fibrosus and dissemination of disk fluid along the nerve root sheath. The inflammatory component of disk fluid is glycoprotein. The inflammation is a reaction to repeated injuries of the spinal column, as for example, in occupational lifting of heavy loads. Rupture of the annulus fibrosus and liberation of disk fluid into the tissues also evokes circulating antibody response and auto immune reaction. A high titer to glycoprotein at 3 weeks after an acute attack of back pain is evidence of the presence of a significant disk lesion. In selected cases immediate relief from pain occurs after administration of cortisone or a suitable cortisone-derivative. Prolonged rest may be contraindicated because of the risk of formation of radicular adhesions.", "PMID": 608297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9885", "title": "Present status of chymopapain and chemonucleolysis.", "content": "An analysis of recent events and newly published data on Chymopapain and the technique of Chemonucleolysis including an objective analysis of clinical and basic research as well as the circumstances leading to the FDA curtailment of the use of Chymopapain in the United States, indicate that the drug should be reapproved for investigational use.", "contents": "Present status of chymopapain and chemonucleolysis. An analysis of recent events and newly published data on Chymopapain and the technique of Chemonucleolysis including an objective analysis of clinical and basic research as well as the circumstances leading to the FDA curtailment of the use of Chymopapain in the United States, indicate that the drug should be reapproved for investigational use.", "PMID": 608299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9886", "title": "Degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine: immunological implications.", "content": "The evidence for an autoimmune mechanism in degenerative disk disease is derived from the presence of a cellular reaction using both the leukocyte-migration inhibition test as well as the lymphocyte transformation test. The associated inflammatory reaction is the basis of the clinical syndrome and the chronicity of sign and symptoms.", "contents": "Degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine: immunological implications. The evidence for an autoimmune mechanism in degenerative disk disease is derived from the presence of a cellular reaction using both the leukocyte-migration inhibition test as well as the lymphocyte transformation test. The associated inflammatory reaction is the basis of the clinical syndrome and the chronicity of sign and symptoms.", "PMID": 608298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9887", "title": "Behavior modification of chronic pain: a treatment program by a multidisciplinary team.", "content": "A treatment program for chronic pain is reported which focuses on modification of patient pain behavior. After an outpatient pain clinic screening by a multidisciplinary team, the patient with chronic pain (duration of 6 months or longer) is admitted for a 7--8 week inpatient program followed by a 4-week outpatient period. The first week of the inpatient program is used for evaluation of pain behaviors, recording use of pain medications, activity levels, and tolerance for special conditioning exercises. The program is aimed at extinguishing pain behaviors and use of pain medications, increasing activity level, reinforcing well behaviors, and returning patients to full active lives, normal for their sex and age. Of the 34 patients completing the program and returning to full active normal lives, 74% (25) have maintained this attained goal at the time of follow-up from 6 months to 7 years later.", "contents": "Behavior modification of chronic pain: a treatment program by a multidisciplinary team. A treatment program for chronic pain is reported which focuses on modification of patient pain behavior. After an outpatient pain clinic screening by a multidisciplinary team, the patient with chronic pain (duration of 6 months or longer) is admitted for a 7--8 week inpatient program followed by a 4-week outpatient period. The first week of the inpatient program is used for evaluation of pain behaviors, recording use of pain medications, activity levels, and tolerance for special conditioning exercises. The program is aimed at extinguishing pain behaviors and use of pain medications, increasing activity level, reinforcing well behaviors, and returning patients to full active lives, normal for their sex and age. Of the 34 patients completing the program and returning to full active normal lives, 74% (25) have maintained this attained goal at the time of follow-up from 6 months to 7 years later.", "PMID": 608300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9888", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of a patient intoxicated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid.", "content": "A simultaneous pharmacokinetic study of two chemicals has been conducted on a clinically stabilized human who had intentionally ingested a mixture of 2,4-D and Dicamba. The information developed can be useful to the clinical toxicilogist in the management of similar cases.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of a patient intoxicated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid. A simultaneous pharmacokinetic study of two chemicals has been conducted on a clinically stabilized human who had intentionally ingested a mixture of 2,4-D and Dicamba. The information developed can be useful to the clinical toxicilogist in the management of similar cases.", "PMID": 608315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9889", "title": "Meprobamate overdosage: a continuing problem.", "content": "Meprobamate was implicated in 50 (6.5%) of 773 admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital due to psychotropic drug overdosage between 1962 and 1975. Estimated doses ingested reached as high as 40 gm. Serious intoxication was common. In 25 cases deep coma (grade 3 or 4) was reached; 23 patients became hypotensive, and 16 required assisted ventilation. Two patients died, one of whom ingested an estimated 12 to 20 gm of meprobamate apparently with no other drugs. The findings indicate that overdosage with meprobamate, even when taken alone, produces intoxication that is often serious and sometimes fatal. Although meprobamate is a relatively inexpensive anti-anxiety agent, its questionable efficacy and the potential for life-threatening intoxication are important drawbacks to the clinical use of this drug.", "contents": "Meprobamate overdosage: a continuing problem. Meprobamate was implicated in 50 (6.5%) of 773 admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital due to psychotropic drug overdosage between 1962 and 1975. Estimated doses ingested reached as high as 40 gm. Serious intoxication was common. In 25 cases deep coma (grade 3 or 4) was reached; 23 patients became hypotensive, and 16 required assisted ventilation. Two patients died, one of whom ingested an estimated 12 to 20 gm of meprobamate apparently with no other drugs. The findings indicate that overdosage with meprobamate, even when taken alone, produces intoxication that is often serious and sometimes fatal. Although meprobamate is a relatively inexpensive anti-anxiety agent, its questionable efficacy and the potential for life-threatening intoxication are important drawbacks to the clinical use of this drug.", "PMID": 608316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9890", "title": "Actions and metabolism of codeine (methylmorphine) administration by continuous intravenous infusion to humans.", "content": "Miosis produced by codeine is not antagonized by nalorphine until large oral doses are administered for several days. The present experiment was conducted in order to further study this characteristic of the codeine effect. Eight healthy male volunteers, who were former drug users, were divided into two groups. Subjects in the first group were given a continuous infusion of codeine, 30 mg/hr for 11-16 hr. No subjective effects were reported by the volunteers. In three of the individuals definite miosis antagonized by nalorphine was observed at 9.5 hr. The dose of codeine for the second group was 60 mg/hr for 11 hr. Mild but definite subjective effects were experienced by each of the participants in this group. Miosis appeared between 2 and 6 hr. Challenges at 4 and 6 hr were positive in two subjects and negative or equivocal in the other two. Codeine was excreted in the urine as free and conjugated codeine, morphine, and norcodeine. Maximum rates of excretion were similar for both groups, suggesting that the maximum amount of codeine that can be metabolized is equal or less than 30 mg/hr. Also codeine clearance, being greater than creatinine clearance, suggests that codeine might be excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Blood levels of codeine in the 60 mg/hr group were about 10 times those reported as therapeutic. However, morphine or norcodeine were not detectable by the methods used.", "contents": "Actions and metabolism of codeine (methylmorphine) administration by continuous intravenous infusion to humans. Miosis produced by codeine is not antagonized by nalorphine until large oral doses are administered for several days. The present experiment was conducted in order to further study this characteristic of the codeine effect. Eight healthy male volunteers, who were former drug users, were divided into two groups. Subjects in the first group were given a continuous infusion of codeine, 30 mg/hr for 11-16 hr. No subjective effects were reported by the volunteers. In three of the individuals definite miosis antagonized by nalorphine was observed at 9.5 hr. The dose of codeine for the second group was 60 mg/hr for 11 hr. Mild but definite subjective effects were experienced by each of the participants in this group. Miosis appeared between 2 and 6 hr. Challenges at 4 and 6 hr were positive in two subjects and negative or equivocal in the other two. Codeine was excreted in the urine as free and conjugated codeine, morphine, and norcodeine. Maximum rates of excretion were similar for both groups, suggesting that the maximum amount of codeine that can be metabolized is equal or less than 30 mg/hr. Also codeine clearance, being greater than creatinine clearance, suggests that codeine might be excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Blood levels of codeine in the 60 mg/hr group were about 10 times those reported as therapeutic. However, morphine or norcodeine were not detectable by the methods used.", "PMID": 608317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9891", "title": "Evaluation of a charcoal-sorbitol mixture as an antidote for oral aspirin overdose.", "content": "The preparation of charcoal in a 70% sorbitol solution results in a suspension that is more palatable and less gritty than an aqueous slurry of charcoal. Although the charcoal-sorbitol mixture may be slightly less effective in reducing the extent of aspirin absorption compared with a charcoal slurry, it may prove to be of particular value in those cases where acceptance of a charcoal slurry presents a problem.", "contents": "Evaluation of a charcoal-sorbitol mixture as an antidote for oral aspirin overdose. The preparation of charcoal in a 70% sorbitol solution results in a suspension that is more palatable and less gritty than an aqueous slurry of charcoal. Although the charcoal-sorbitol mixture may be slightly less effective in reducing the extent of aspirin absorption compared with a charcoal slurry, it may prove to be of particular value in those cases where acceptance of a charcoal slurry presents a problem.", "PMID": 608318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9892", "title": "Heparin adsorption on activated charcoal.", "content": "By vitro studies have shown that sodium heparin adsorbs significantly at pH 7.4 conditions onto a typical activated charcoal. These results imply that enhanced heparin removal from blood should be anticipated in hemoperfusion systems that utilize uncoated charcoals.", "contents": "Heparin adsorption on activated charcoal. By vitro studies have shown that sodium heparin adsorbs significantly at pH 7.4 conditions onto a typical activated charcoal. These results imply that enhanced heparin removal from blood should be anticipated in hemoperfusion systems that utilize uncoated charcoals.", "PMID": 608319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9893", "title": "Application of the programmable calculator in reporting emergency toxicology data.", "content": "The use of a programmable calculator in reporting the results of emergency toxicology analyses by personnel who do not routinely perform such analyses has eliminated the problems previously encountered due to unfamiliarity with a particular test or tests. The program that is used alerts the physician to those drugs that could possibly interfere in the screening tests used for emergency toxicology analyses and, in addition, provides him or her with an updated listing of popular street and recreational drugs and drugs of abuse in this area in the event that one of these is not detectable in the screening procedure.", "contents": "Application of the programmable calculator in reporting emergency toxicology data. The use of a programmable calculator in reporting the results of emergency toxicology analyses by personnel who do not routinely perform such analyses has eliminated the problems previously encountered due to unfamiliarity with a particular test or tests. The program that is used alerts the physician to those drugs that could possibly interfere in the screening tests used for emergency toxicology analyses and, in addition, provides him or her with an updated listing of popular street and recreational drugs and drugs of abuse in this area in the event that one of these is not detectable in the screening procedure.", "PMID": 608320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9894", "title": "The chemical constituents of ginseng plants.", "content": "The dried roots and rhizomes of ginseng (P. ginseng C. A. Meyer) contain many physiologically important constituents. These include ginseng saponins, ginseng oils and phytosterol, carbohydrates and sugars, organic acids, nitrogenous substances, amino acids and peptides, vitamins and minerals, and certain enzymes that have been isolated and characterized. Among these, ginseng saponins are proven to be the principal and most active constituents. Chemical research, therefore, has been focused on these saponins--their extraction, purification, identification, isolation of aglycones (genins), and biosynthesis. So far 13 saponins have been isolated and identified and these, which have been called ginsenosides or panaxosides, are triterpenes of dammarane and oleanane structures. Although American, Japanese, San-ch'i, Himalayan, and Siberian ginseng roots contain many saponins similar to those found in ginseng, the overall components in these ginseng species are quite different. The above-ground parts, particularly the leaves, of these ginseng plants contain many of the saponins normally present in the roots. The search for economical sources of ginseng saponins from nature and even chemical synthesis may likely become the active ginseng research of the future. Continued, meticulous studies are undoubtedly needed to develop these natural panacea into useful, efficacious modern remedies.", "contents": "The chemical constituents of ginseng plants. The dried roots and rhizomes of ginseng (P. ginseng C. A. Meyer) contain many physiologically important constituents. These include ginseng saponins, ginseng oils and phytosterol, carbohydrates and sugars, organic acids, nitrogenous substances, amino acids and peptides, vitamins and minerals, and certain enzymes that have been isolated and characterized. Among these, ginseng saponins are proven to be the principal and most active constituents. Chemical research, therefore, has been focused on these saponins--their extraction, purification, identification, isolation of aglycones (genins), and biosynthesis. So far 13 saponins have been isolated and identified and these, which have been called ginsenosides or panaxosides, are triterpenes of dammarane and oleanane structures. Although American, Japanese, San-ch'i, Himalayan, and Siberian ginseng roots contain many saponins similar to those found in ginseng, the overall components in these ginseng species are quite different. The above-ground parts, particularly the leaves, of these ginseng plants contain many of the saponins normally present in the roots. The search for economical sources of ginseng saponins from nature and even chemical synthesis may likely become the active ginseng research of the future. Continued, meticulous studies are undoubtedly needed to develop these natural panacea into useful, efficacious modern remedies.", "PMID": 608333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9895", "title": "Effects of acupuncture on tissue-oxygenation of the rat brain.", "content": "Acupuncture has been claimed to be effective in restoring consciousness in some comatose patients. Possible mechanisms to explain alleged acupuncture-induced arousal may include vasodilatory effects caused by sympathetic stimulation which leads to an augmentation of cerebral microcirculation and thereby improves oxygen supply to the brain tissue. Experiments were performed in ten albino rats (Wistar) employing PO2 microelectrodes which were inserted into the cortex of the animals through small burholes. Brain tissue PO2 was continuously recorded before, during, and after acupuncture. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci (Go-26) resulted in immediate increase of PO2 in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. This effect was reproducible. The effect was comparable to that obtained with increase of inspiratory CO2 known to induce arterial vasodilatation and thus capillary perfusion pressure. The effect was more significant as compared to tissue PO2 increases obtained after increase of inspiratory oxygen concentration from 21% to 100%. It appears that acupuncture causes an increase of brain tissue perfusion which may be, at least in part, responsible for arousal of unconscious patients. Dilatation of cerebral vascular vessels and improvement of autoregulation in the brain by acupuncture stimulation may also explain the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine headache.", "contents": "Effects of acupuncture on tissue-oxygenation of the rat brain. Acupuncture has been claimed to be effective in restoring consciousness in some comatose patients. Possible mechanisms to explain alleged acupuncture-induced arousal may include vasodilatory effects caused by sympathetic stimulation which leads to an augmentation of cerebral microcirculation and thereby improves oxygen supply to the brain tissue. Experiments were performed in ten albino rats (Wistar) employing PO2 microelectrodes which were inserted into the cortex of the animals through small burholes. Brain tissue PO2 was continuously recorded before, during, and after acupuncture. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci (Go-26) resulted in immediate increase of PO2 in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. This effect was reproducible. The effect was comparable to that obtained with increase of inspiratory CO2 known to induce arterial vasodilatation and thus capillary perfusion pressure. The effect was more significant as compared to tissue PO2 increases obtained after increase of inspiratory oxygen concentration from 21% to 100%. It appears that acupuncture causes an increase of brain tissue perfusion which may be, at least in part, responsible for arousal of unconscious patients. Dilatation of cerebral vascular vessels and improvement of autoregulation in the brain by acupuncture stimulation may also explain the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine headache.", "PMID": 608334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9896", "title": "The hemostatic effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao in rats and rabbits.", "content": "The effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao were studied on the bleeding time in rats and the blood clotting time in rabbits. Significant decreases were seen in both the bleeding and clotting times, observed over a 4 h period following administration. These effects were seen as early as 1/2 h and were still present at 4 h. Graded doses of Yunnan Bai Yao produced dose-related decreases in blood clotting times in the rabbits. The findings suggest that some active principle, able to affect the hemostatic mechanism, is absorbed after oral administration of the herbal preparation.", "contents": "The hemostatic effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao in rats and rabbits. The effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao were studied on the bleeding time in rats and the blood clotting time in rabbits. Significant decreases were seen in both the bleeding and clotting times, observed over a 4 h period following administration. These effects were seen as early as 1/2 h and were still present at 4 h. Graded doses of Yunnan Bai Yao produced dose-related decreases in blood clotting times in the rabbits. The findings suggest that some active principle, able to affect the hemostatic mechanism, is absorbed after oral administration of the herbal preparation.", "PMID": 608335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9897", "title": "On the possible specific role of acupuncture loci in therapeutics.", "content": "The case history of a patient with thoracic vertebra fracture and following pain syndrome of the inferior limbs is reported. As a result of acupuncture treatment the pain was significantly reduced, but it could be reinduced by stimulation of the B1-31-33 loci during treatment. On needling the connecting locus of the related meridian of the bladder (Ki-6) the pain disappeared; otherwise stimulation of other loci showed a failure to stop the pain induced by the stimulation of B1-31-33 loci. It is remarkable that both the bladder's and the Ki-6 loci belong to the lumbal 4 spinal segment. The problem of the specific role of the acupuncture loci also is discussed.", "contents": "On the possible specific role of acupuncture loci in therapeutics. The case history of a patient with thoracic vertebra fracture and following pain syndrome of the inferior limbs is reported. As a result of acupuncture treatment the pain was significantly reduced, but it could be reinduced by stimulation of the B1-31-33 loci during treatment. On needling the connecting locus of the related meridian of the bladder (Ki-6) the pain disappeared; otherwise stimulation of other loci showed a failure to stop the pain induced by the stimulation of B1-31-33 loci. It is remarkable that both the bladder's and the Ki-6 loci belong to the lumbal 4 spinal segment. The problem of the specific role of the acupuncture loci also is discussed.", "PMID": 608336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9898", "title": "Dural arteriovenous malformation associated with subdural and intracerebral hematoma: a CT scan and angiographic correlation.", "content": "Computed tomography of a case of hemorrhage from a dural arteriovenous malformation depicts an occipital varix with dilated venous channels, an intracerebral hematoma, a subdural hematoma and a subfacial hernation. The angiographic and surgical findings are described.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous malformation associated with subdural and intracerebral hematoma: a CT scan and angiographic correlation. Computed tomography of a case of hemorrhage from a dural arteriovenous malformation depicts an occipital varix with dilated venous channels, an intracerebral hematoma, a subdural hematoma and a subfacial hernation. The angiographic and surgical findings are described.", "PMID": 608341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9899", "title": "[The use of computerized tomography in the detection of intra-orbital foreign bodies].", "content": "Use of the CT scanner as an instrument for foreign body detection and localization was explored under experimental  conditions. The results show that a sufficiently dense radiopaque foreign body as small as 0.7mm3 can be detected and localized by presently available scanners.", "contents": "[The use of computerized tomography in the detection of intra-orbital foreign bodies]. Use of the CT scanner as an instrument for foreign body detection and localization was explored under experimental  conditions. The results show that a sufficiently dense radiopaque foreign body as small as 0.7mm3 can be detected and localized by presently available scanners.", "PMID": 608342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9900", "title": "Direct coronal computerized tomography.", "content": "The computerized tomographic examination is routinely performed in the axial plane. However, with several available CT units images in the coronal plane are easily obtained. These images are especially useful in the diagnosis of diseases of the facial bones, sinuses, orbits and parasellar area. This paper describes one year's clinical experience with direct coronal computerized tomography.", "contents": "Direct coronal computerized tomography. The computerized tomographic examination is routinely performed in the axial plane. However, with several available CT units images in the coronal plane are easily obtained. These images are especially useful in the diagnosis of diseases of the facial bones, sinuses, orbits and parasellar area. This paper describes one year's clinical experience with direct coronal computerized tomography.", "PMID": 608343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9901", "title": "A graphic display system for use with a computerized tomographic scanner.", "content": "A system for the display and analysis of computerized axial tomography scans has been developed. Selected regions of scans can be outlined using a joystick, allowing rapid statistical analysis. The difference between two scans can be displayed, and coronal and sagittal sections as well as projected displays, can be produced from a series of transverse sections. A special purpose software system has been developed to allow programming on a logical level. The system is used both for the analysis of current scans and the retrospective accumulation of data from past scans.", "contents": "A graphic display system for use with a computerized tomographic scanner. A system for the display and analysis of computerized axial tomography scans has been developed. Selected regions of scans can be outlined using a joystick, allowing rapid statistical analysis. The difference between two scans can be displayed, and coronal and sagittal sections as well as projected displays, can be produced from a series of transverse sections. A special purpose software system has been developed to allow programming on a logical level. The system is used both for the analysis of current scans and the retrospective accumulation of data from past scans.", "PMID": 608344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9902", "title": "The effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language.", "content": "The hypothesis that psilocybin induced primary process thinking was assessed. On four separate occasions, a subject was asked to write before, during, and after the hallucinogenic experience induced by doses ranging between 80 and 200 microgram/kg of psilocybin. Texts produced at the drug peak contained significantly more primary process content and were significantly more stereotyped on several measures than those written before or after the drug peak.", "contents": "The effects of psilocybin on primary process content in language. The hypothesis that psilocybin induced primary process thinking was assessed. On four separate occasions, a subject was asked to write before, during, and after the hallucinogenic experience induced by doses ranging between 80 and 200 microgram/kg of psilocybin. Texts produced at the drug peak contained significantly more primary process content and were significantly more stereotyped on several measures than those written before or after the drug peak.", "PMID": 608346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9903", "title": "The relevance of ideas and beliefs to immigration as it is seen from a theory of personality point of view.", "content": "In the realm of human culture, ideas and beliefs are studied in the disciplines of sociology, philosophy, not psychology. Although human spiritual abilities, that is, the ability to speak, think, yield thoughts, ideas, beliefs are maybe that which best characterize the human being as such, they are not considered part of the study of human personality. The levels-of-organization model of personality, which is presented here, considers human spiritual powers as part and parcel of human personality, and ascribes to it a very important specialized role. According to it, the highest stage of human growth are his spiritual abilities. Consequently, whatever a person does depends a great deal on what he thinks and believes. The importance of human spiritual powers is best manifested in crisis situations. This presentation will consider immigration as an example to stress, and examine the contribution of human ideas and beliefs to human ability to overcome this kind of stress.", "contents": "The relevance of ideas and beliefs to immigration as it is seen from a theory of personality point of view. In the realm of human culture, ideas and beliefs are studied in the disciplines of sociology, philosophy, not psychology. Although human spiritual abilities, that is, the ability to speak, think, yield thoughts, ideas, beliefs are maybe that which best characterize the human being as such, they are not considered part of the study of human personality. The levels-of-organization model of personality, which is presented here, considers human spiritual powers as part and parcel of human personality, and ascribes to it a very important specialized role. According to it, the highest stage of human growth are his spiritual abilities. Consequently, whatever a person does depends a great deal on what he thinks and believes. The importance of human spiritual powers is best manifested in crisis situations. This presentation will consider immigration as an example to stress, and examine the contribution of human ideas and beliefs to human ability to overcome this kind of stress.", "PMID": 608347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9904", "title": "[The correct relationship to time].", "content": "Time, in a human life, has been defined in modern philosophy, psychology and psychopathology as a well-organized structure. The question concerning the right relation to time has not been treated so often. Hereby, different aspects have to be considered. (1) Inasfar as time can be seen as a perpetually flowing stream, the duty arises to fit in (one-self), in the right way, without haste and without tarrying, in the course of time. This demands the virtue of imperturbability. (2) From the experience of continuous wane results the desire for steadiness in eternity. The penetration into temporality is successful in two ways: in the absolute determination of existence, and in the experience of the great, overwhelming happiness. But these moments are rare. (3) In the relation to the future, again two interrelated possibilities have to be distinguished. On one side, it has to be planned responsibly but, on the other side, all plans are limited by fate and accident. Opposite to the deeply experienced threat lies the true hope as a last structure of time by man, which must be seized resolutely against all temptations.", "contents": "[The correct relationship to time]. Time, in a human life, has been defined in modern philosophy, psychology and psychopathology as a well-organized structure. The question concerning the right relation to time has not been treated so often. Hereby, different aspects have to be considered. (1) Inasfar as time can be seen as a perpetually flowing stream, the duty arises to fit in (one-self), in the right way, without haste and without tarrying, in the course of time. This demands the virtue of imperturbability. (2) From the experience of continuous wane results the desire for steadiness in eternity. The penetration into temporality is successful in two ways: in the absolute determination of existence, and in the experience of the great, overwhelming happiness. But these moments are rare. (3) In the relation to the future, again two interrelated possibilities have to be distinguished. On one side, it has to be planned responsibly but, on the other side, all plans are limited by fate and accident. Opposite to the deeply experienced threat lies the true hope as a last structure of time by man, which must be seized resolutely against all temptations.", "PMID": 608348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9905", "title": "Plasmalemmasome development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown at suboptimal temperature.", "content": "When the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes is cultivated at the suboptimal temperature of 19 degrees C, the plasmalemma of the youngest cells appears to be associated with a variety of membranous bodies, the number of which is much greater than at the optimum temperature of 28 degrees C. These structures can be indicated as plasmalemmasomes both for morphological characteristics and cytochemical reactivity. A possible correlation between the suboptimal condition and plasmalemmasome ontogeny and function is proposed.", "contents": "Plasmalemmasome development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown at suboptimal temperature. When the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes is cultivated at the suboptimal temperature of 19 degrees C, the plasmalemma of the youngest cells appears to be associated with a variety of membranous bodies, the number of which is much greater than at the optimum temperature of 28 degrees C. These structures can be indicated as plasmalemmasomes both for morphological characteristics and cytochemical reactivity. A possible correlation between the suboptimal condition and plasmalemmasome ontogeny and function is proposed.", "PMID": 608349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9906", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of IAA-induced tumors in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) embryos.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced tumour in the hypocotyl region of bean embryos shows a distinct morphological, structural and topographical change from the non-treated bean embryos. The IAA-induced tumour surface, in the hypocotyl region, shows distinct cell enlargement, some cellular proliferation in the parenchymatous tissue, total destruction of the epidermis and stomata and some variation in trichome structures. In dole-3-acetic acid inhibits the normal growth of the epicotyl, and, as age progresses, adventitious roots appear all over the surface. When IAA-depletion occurs, epicotyl growth resumes, which indicates that this tumour formation in bean embryos is an IAA-dependent tumour.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of IAA-induced tumors in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) embryos. A scanning electron microscopic study of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced tumour in the hypocotyl region of bean embryos shows a distinct morphological, structural and topographical change from the non-treated bean embryos. The IAA-induced tumour surface, in the hypocotyl region, shows distinct cell enlargement, some cellular proliferation in the parenchymatous tissue, total destruction of the epidermis and stomata and some variation in trichome structures. In dole-3-acetic acid inhibits the normal growth of the epicotyl, and, as age progresses, adventitious roots appear all over the surface. When IAA-depletion occurs, epicotyl growth resumes, which indicates that this tumour formation in bean embryos is an IAA-dependent tumour.", "PMID": 608350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9907", "title": "Temperature and the progression of HeLa S-3 cells from G2 into mitosis in the presence and absence of the amino acid analogue, para-fluorophenylalanine.", "content": "HeLa cells grown in suspension at 37.5 degrees C show an immediate reduction in the rate of progression from G2 into mitosis at suboptimal temperatures. The rate of progression becomes slower the longer the cells reside at the lower temperatures. Shifting cells back to 37.5 degrees C from 33.5 degrees C results in an immediate increase in the flow of cells from G2 into mitosis but not to the optimal (37.5 degrees C) rate of traverse found in unshifted controls. The longer cells reside at 33.5 degrees C before being shifted to 37.5 degrees C, the slower the rate of G2 traverse. G2 cells allowed to incorporate p-fluorophenylalanine (in the absence of phenylalanine) are inhibited from entering mitosis at 37.5 and 39.5 degrees C, partially inhibited at 33.5 and 35.5 degrees C, but remain uninhibited at 32 degrees C. Greater incorporation of 3H-p-fluorophenylalanine and of 3H-leucine in the presence of 0.2 mM p-fluorophenylalanine seen at the lower temperatures than at 37.5 and 39.5 degrees C. Although protein synthetic rates and progression of cells to mitosis at different temperatures show a close correlation, they do not appear to be casually related.", "contents": "Temperature and the progression of HeLa S-3 cells from G2 into mitosis in the presence and absence of the amino acid analogue, para-fluorophenylalanine. HeLa cells grown in suspension at 37.5 degrees C show an immediate reduction in the rate of progression from G2 into mitosis at suboptimal temperatures. The rate of progression becomes slower the longer the cells reside at the lower temperatures. Shifting cells back to 37.5 degrees C from 33.5 degrees C results in an immediate increase in the flow of cells from G2 into mitosis but not to the optimal (37.5 degrees C) rate of traverse found in unshifted controls. The longer cells reside at 33.5 degrees C before being shifted to 37.5 degrees C, the slower the rate of G2 traverse. G2 cells allowed to incorporate p-fluorophenylalanine (in the absence of phenylalanine) are inhibited from entering mitosis at 37.5 and 39.5 degrees C, partially inhibited at 33.5 and 35.5 degrees C, but remain uninhibited at 32 degrees C. Greater incorporation of 3H-p-fluorophenylalanine and of 3H-leucine in the presence of 0.2 mM p-fluorophenylalanine seen at the lower temperatures than at 37.5 and 39.5 degrees C. Although protein synthetic rates and progression of cells to mitosis at different temperatures show a close correlation, they do not appear to be casually related.", "PMID": 608351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9908", "title": "Informational molecules in amoebae: an attempt to follow injected fractions using autoradiography.", "content": "Cytoplasmic fractions from Amoeba discoides contain informational molecules which, when injected into A. proteus, may influence the characters of resulting clones. An attempt was made to follow and locate these molecules by autoradiography. Using either 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine, radioactive fractions of A. discoides were microinjected into A. proteus and cells examined at varying times after injection. A. discoides were injected with the same preparations to serve as controls. Grain counts were compared for equivalent areas of nucleus and cytoplasm, and results expressed in terms of the ratio between nucleus and cytoplasm. When the light microsomal or the supernatant fractions were injected, the level of labelled molecules was higher in the nucleus than the cytoplasm in over 50% of the cells examined after 6 h, except for those cells injected with 3H-leucine-labelled supernatant material when only 15% cells showed a nuclear/cytoplasmic grain count greater than 1.1. After some purification by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, 'information-containing' peaks '13' from the light microsomal fraction, and '16' from the supernatant fraction were injected. A different pattern of results was obtained. The problems of interpreting these results in the light of known migratory molecules and strain incompatibility are discussed.", "contents": "Informational molecules in amoebae: an attempt to follow injected fractions using autoradiography. Cytoplasmic fractions from Amoeba discoides contain informational molecules which, when injected into A. proteus, may influence the characters of resulting clones. An attempt was made to follow and locate these molecules by autoradiography. Using either 3H-uridine or 3H-leucine, radioactive fractions of A. discoides were microinjected into A. proteus and cells examined at varying times after injection. A. discoides were injected with the same preparations to serve as controls. Grain counts were compared for equivalent areas of nucleus and cytoplasm, and results expressed in terms of the ratio between nucleus and cytoplasm. When the light microsomal or the supernatant fractions were injected, the level of labelled molecules was higher in the nucleus than the cytoplasm in over 50% of the cells examined after 6 h, except for those cells injected with 3H-leucine-labelled supernatant material when only 15% cells showed a nuclear/cytoplasmic grain count greater than 1.1. After some purification by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, 'information-containing' peaks '13' from the light microsomal fraction, and '16' from the supernatant fraction were injected. A different pattern of results was obtained. The problems of interpreting these results in the light of known migratory molecules and strain incompatibility are discussed.", "PMID": 608352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9909", "title": "On the distinction between fear and wariness.", "content": "The study seeks to illuminate the mechanisms that mediate avoidant reactions in young humans. 40 babies repeatedly were observed throughout their second year in a variety of mildly challenging situations, and then again in a series of follow-up assessments at age 3 1/2. Analysis of the covariance patterns among the repeated measurements supports positing 2 distinct types of avoidant mechanism--an inclination to be \"wary\" of the unfamilar, and a proclivity to be \"fearful\" after exposure to a mildly difficult situation. Each type of phenomena constituted an independent source of individual differences. Behaviors that differed as a result of prior experience proved fairly predictive of future social orientations; variations in initial wariness did not.", "contents": "On the distinction between fear and wariness. The study seeks to illuminate the mechanisms that mediate avoidant reactions in young humans. 40 babies repeatedly were observed throughout their second year in a variety of mildly challenging situations, and then again in a series of follow-up assessments at age 3 1/2. Analysis of the covariance patterns among the repeated measurements supports positing 2 distinct types of avoidant mechanism--an inclination to be \"wary\" of the unfamilar, and a proclivity to be \"fearful\" after exposure to a mildly difficult situation. Each type of phenomena constituted an independent source of individual differences. Behaviors that differed as a result of prior experience proved fairly predictive of future social orientations; variations in initial wariness did not.", "PMID": 608353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9910", "title": "Infant crying and maternal responsiveness: a rejoinder to Gewirtz and Boyd.", "content": "The criticisms leveled by Gewirtz and Boyd focus on 1 of 6 analyses upon which Bell and Ainsworth based their interpretation of findings--namely, cross-quarter correlations of measures of infant crying and maternal response. It is maintained that these measures were approximate, and that they were independent of each other in cross-quarter correlations. It is also maintained that the statistical procedures were appropriate to a small sample of subjects in naturalistic, longitudinal research. The three \"illustrative\" cases offered by Gewirtz and Boyd as ways of testing a contrary hypothesis are considered. These cases assumed maternal behavior patterns which, it is argued, do not occur. Finally, other evidence is cited, both from other studies and from within the Bell-Ainsworth paper itself, that supports the interpretation that Gewirtz and Boyd claim to have been unjustified.", "contents": "Infant crying and maternal responsiveness: a rejoinder to Gewirtz and Boyd. The criticisms leveled by Gewirtz and Boyd focus on 1 of 6 analyses upon which Bell and Ainsworth based their interpretation of findings--namely, cross-quarter correlations of measures of infant crying and maternal response. It is maintained that these measures were approximate, and that they were independent of each other in cross-quarter correlations. It is also maintained that the statistical procedures were appropriate to a small sample of subjects in naturalistic, longitudinal research. The three \"illustrative\" cases offered by Gewirtz and Boyd as ways of testing a contrary hypothesis are considered. These cases assumed maternal behavior patterns which, it is argued, do not occur. Finally, other evidence is cited, both from other studies and from within the Bell-Ainsworth paper itself, that supports the interpretation that Gewirtz and Boyd claim to have been unjustified.", "PMID": 608355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9911", "title": "Attachment of kibbutz infants to mother and metapelet.", "content": "122 children, born and reared on Israel kibbutzim, were observed in a cross-sectional study of infant attachment behaviors. Their reaction to either mother or metapelet (caretaker) separation and reunion was recorded over a 13-sequence experimental paradigm. Results indicated that children protested equally to either mother or metapelet separation when left with a stranger. Reunion behaviors seemed to be sensitive to the different attachment relationships the infant had with each caretaker, while separation behaviors were not. The  quality of the infant-mother interactions as it is related to the infant's ordinal position had a significant effect on infant attachment behavior in the experimental situation. Firstborn (only) children were more anxious than later-borns during the session. Speculation as to the origin of these significant ordinal differences is discussed.", "contents": "Attachment of kibbutz infants to mother and metapelet. 122 children, born and reared on Israel kibbutzim, were observed in a cross-sectional study of infant attachment behaviors. Their reaction to either mother or metapelet (caretaker) separation and reunion was recorded over a 13-sequence experimental paradigm. Results indicated that children protested equally to either mother or metapelet separation when left with a stranger. Reunion behaviors seemed to be sensitive to the different attachment relationships the infant had with each caretaker, while separation behaviors were not. The  quality of the infant-mother interactions as it is related to the infant's ordinal position had a significant effect on infant attachment behavior in the experimental situation. Firstborn (only) children were more anxious than later-borns during the session. Speculation as to the origin of these significant ordinal differences is discussed.", "PMID": 608356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9912", "title": "Sex differences in parent-infant interaction during free play, departure, and separation.", "content": "20 18-month-olds were observed with their mothers and 20 with their fathers in laboratory free-play, departure, and separation situations. Parent and infant behaviors were allowed to vary naturally. Although there were no parent sex or infant sex differences in infants' free-play behavior, there were parent sex X infant sex differences in parental free-play behaviors. Parents talked to, sat on the floor more with, and tended to share play more with same-sexed than opposite-sexed infants, and the patterning of free-play behaviors was different for mothers and fathers. During departure, fathers talked to the infants more than mothers. Infants were more distressed in the absence of same-sexed than opposite-sexed parents. There were infant sex X parent sex differences in the relationships between separation distress and parental free-play and departure behaviors. The implications of these findings for understanding differential roles of mothers and fathers, the development of sex differences, and the determinants of separation distress are discussed.", "contents": "Sex differences in parent-infant interaction during free play, departure, and separation. 20 18-month-olds were observed with their mothers and 20 with their fathers in laboratory free-play, departure, and separation situations. Parent and infant behaviors were allowed to vary naturally. Although there were no parent sex or infant sex differences in infants' free-play behavior, there were parent sex X infant sex differences in parental free-play behaviors. Parents talked to, sat on the floor more with, and tended to share play more with same-sexed than opposite-sexed infants, and the patterning of free-play behaviors was different for mothers and fathers. During departure, fathers talked to the infants more than mothers. Infants were more distressed in the absence of same-sexed than opposite-sexed parents. There were infant sex X parent sex differences in the relationships between separation distress and parental free-play and departure behaviors. The implications of these findings for understanding differential roles of mothers and fathers, the development of sex differences, and the determinants of separation distress are discussed.", "PMID": 608357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9913", "title": "Sex differences in parent and infant behavior in the home.", "content": "Observations were made in the homes of 32 families, each with a child aged around 12 or 24 months. 16 of the children were boys and 16 girls. Boys showed more active play, play with transportation toys, and play generally forbidden by parents. Girls played more with soft toys and dolls. On questionnaire responses many parents rated these and other behaviors as sex appropriate. However, actual sex differences in immediate parental response to children were few or undetected. Sex differences in children's behavior did not appreciably increase from 12 to 24 months. Also, there was no correlation with how stereotyped parents' questionnaire responses were and the degree to which their children exhibited sex-typed behavior.", "contents": "Sex differences in parent and infant behavior in the home. Observations were made in the homes of 32 families, each with a child aged around 12 or 24 months. 16 of the children were boys and 16 girls. Boys showed more active play, play with transportation toys, and play generally forbidden by parents. Girls played more with soft toys and dolls. On questionnaire responses many parents rated these and other behaviors as sex appropriate. However, actual sex differences in immediate parental response to children were few or undetected. Sex differences in children's behavior did not appreciably increase from 12 to 24 months. Also, there was no correlation with how stereotyped parents' questionnaire responses were and the degree to which their children exhibited sex-typed behavior.", "PMID": 608358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9914", "title": "Initiating day care at three years of age: effects on attachment.", "content": "Using the Ainsworth-Wittig strange situation, 12 42-month-old children with approximately 6-months of day-care experience were compared with individually matched children who had not had group child-rearing experience; 8 members of each experience group were female, and 4 members were male. While the day-care children showed less distress than the home-care children in the latter parts of the laboratory situation, the 2 groups were not different with respect to most other behaviors, including those toward the mother. However, day-care experience appeared to have differential effects as a function of sex; large differences were often found between the scores of the male subgroups, whereas the differences between the female subgroups were usually small. The day-care males exhibited the most exploratory manipulation, and the home-care males showed the most approach and proximity seeking toward the mother and the strongest approach toward and avoidance of the stranger. These results did not support the idea that day-care experience impair attachment to the mother.", "contents": "Initiating day care at three years of age: effects on attachment. Using the Ainsworth-Wittig strange situation, 12 42-month-old children with approximately 6-months of day-care experience were compared with individually matched children who had not had group child-rearing experience; 8 members of each experience group were female, and 4 members were male. While the day-care children showed less distress than the home-care children in the latter parts of the laboratory situation, the 2 groups were not different with respect to most other behaviors, including those toward the mother. However, day-care experience appeared to have differential effects as a function of sex; large differences were often found between the scores of the male subgroups, whereas the differences between the female subgroups were usually small. The day-care males exhibited the most exploratory manipulation, and the home-care males showed the most approach and proximity seeking toward the mother and the strongest approach toward and avoidance of the stranger. These results did not support the idea that day-care experience impair attachment to the mother.", "PMID": 608359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9915", "title": "Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings.", "content": "2 longitudinal studies covering a 1-year and a 3-year interval, respectively were conducted on 2 samples of boys aged 13 years (N1=85, N2=201). On the basis of an adaptation of multimethod-multivariable analysis and other analyses it was found that information contained in the 4 rating dimensions under study to an overwhelming degree reflected characteristics of the boys, not rater biases. The results indicated very high or high degrees of stability over time in the dimensions studied concerning aggression and peer acceptance. The results for the aggressive area were construed as strong evidence for assuming relatively stable, individual-differentiating reaction tendencies or motive systems within the boys. The findings also provided strong evidence that certain aspects of each boy's interpersonal environment were stably different for different boys.", "contents": "Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings. 2 longitudinal studies covering a 1-year and a 3-year interval, respectively were conducted on 2 samples of boys aged 13 years (N1=85, N2=201). On the basis of an adaptation of multimethod-multivariable analysis and other analyses it was found that information contained in the 4 rating dimensions under study to an overwhelming degree reflected characteristics of the boys, not rater biases. The results indicated very high or high degrees of stability over time in the dimensions studied concerning aggression and peer acceptance. The results for the aggressive area were construed as strong evidence for assuming relatively stable, individual-differentiating reaction tendencies or motive systems within the boys. The findings also provided strong evidence that certain aspects of each boy's interpersonal environment were stably different for different boys.", "PMID": 608360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9916", "title": "Development of sex-trait stereotypes among young children in the United Staes, England, and Ireland.", "content": "The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted.", "contents": "Development of sex-trait stereotypes among young children in the United Staes, England, and Ireland. The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted.", "PMID": 608361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9917", "title": "Behavioral and fantasy measures of fear of success in children.", "content": "Fear of success was assessed for 61 fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade children using Horner's and Baruch's \"fantasy\" measures and a behavioral measure developed by the authors. Males and females did not differ significantly on fear of success as measured by the fantasy technique. Developmentally, male fear of success remained unchanged in the three grades tested, while female fear of success decreased from grade 5 to grade 7. The behavioral measure of fear of success tapped a drop in achievement striving in grade 7 for the female subjects. Results are discussed in light of a \"situational\" versus personality theory of the development of fear of success.", "contents": "Behavioral and fantasy measures of fear of success in children. Fear of success was assessed for 61 fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade children using Horner's and Baruch's \"fantasy\" measures and a behavioral measure developed by the authors. Males and females did not differ significantly on fear of success as measured by the fantasy technique. Developmentally, male fear of success remained unchanged in the three grades tested, while female fear of success decreased from grade 5 to grade 7. The behavioral measure of fear of success tapped a drop in achievement striving in grade 7 for the female subjects. Results are discussed in light of a \"situational\" versus personality theory of the development of fear of success.", "PMID": 608362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9918", "title": "Facial expressions used by children in a conflict situation.", "content": "72 pairs of kindergarten children were each given a brief play session involving an object with which only 1 child could play at a time. Facial expressions used by children defending their possession of the object were studied. Results showed a relationship between the facial expressions a child used and both his own subsequent behavior and that of his partner. \"Agressive\" facial expressions were associated with persistent attempts by the expressers to maintain access to the disputed object. Percipients of aggressive expressions were relatively hesitant about making a new attempt to take the object from the expresser. 1 nonaggressive expression was also followed by percipient hesitancy. The relationship of the aggressive expressions to both primate threat displays and human facial expressions of emotion is discussed.", "contents": "Facial expressions used by children in a conflict situation. 72 pairs of kindergarten children were each given a brief play session involving an object with which only 1 child could play at a time. Facial expressions used by children defending their possession of the object were studied. Results showed a relationship between the facial expressions a child used and both his own subsequent behavior and that of his partner. \"Agressive\" facial expressions were associated with persistent attempts by the expressers to maintain access to the disputed object. Percipients of aggressive expressions were relatively hesitant about making a new attempt to take the object from the expresser. 1 nonaggressive expression was also followed by percipient hesitancy. The relationship of the aggressive expressions to both primate threat displays and human facial expressions of emotion is discussed.", "PMID": 608363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9919", "title": "Effect of perceptual processing strategies on problem solving of reflective and impulsive children.", "content": "Several studies employing the \"20 questions\" test reported that reflective children asked proportionally more constraint-seeking (CS) questions than did impulsive children. The finding was interpreted as supporting the generally accepted view that reflective children are more mature and more efficient problem solvers than impulsive children. Inexplicably, the reflectives' higher proportion of CS questions was not associated with fewer questions to solution, that is, with greater efficiency. The present study examined an alternative hypothesis that differences in performance of impulsive and reflective children on the \"20 questions\" test are due to individual differences in preferred perceptual processing strategy rather than in cognitive maturity of problem-solving strategy. Efficiency of performance of reflective and impulsive children was shown to be related to type of stimuli and experimental conditions employed, supporting a perceptual rather than cognitive-maturational  interpretation.", "contents": "Effect of perceptual processing strategies on problem solving of reflective and impulsive children. Several studies employing the \"20 questions\" test reported that reflective children asked proportionally more constraint-seeking (CS) questions than did impulsive children. The finding was interpreted as supporting the generally accepted view that reflective children are more mature and more efficient problem solvers than impulsive children. Inexplicably, the reflectives' higher proportion of CS questions was not associated with fewer questions to solution, that is, with greater efficiency. The present study examined an alternative hypothesis that differences in performance of impulsive and reflective children on the \"20 questions\" test are due to individual differences in preferred perceptual processing strategy rather than in cognitive maturity of problem-solving strategy. Efficiency of performance of reflective and impulsive children was shown to be related to type of stimuli and experimental conditions employed, supporting a perceptual rather than cognitive-maturational  interpretation.", "PMID": 608364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9920", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity as a predictor of children's academic achievement.", "content": "To examine the implications of differences in reflection-impulsivity for later academic achievement, 70 children were administered the Matching Familiar Figures test (MFF) in grade 4 and the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS) in grades 4, 5, and 6. Children identified as reflective based on grade 4 MFF performance scored significantly higher on the CTBS achievement battery at all grade levels than those classified as impulsive. However, the 2 groups did not differ on the grade 5 or grade 6 achievement measures when scores were adjusted for initial differences in grade 4 CTBS. Similarly, while each of the continuous variables MFF error score and MFF response latency was significantly predictive of grade 5 and grade 6 achievement test scores, neither of the MFF variables significantly improved the prediction of academic performance when current level of achievement was statistically accounted for. Sex differences in the relations between the MFF variables and the achievement measures were identified; MFF error score was more strongly related to later academic achievement for boys than for girls, while MFF response latency was a better predictor of academic achievement for girls than for boys.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity as a predictor of children's academic achievement. To examine the implications of differences in reflection-impulsivity for later academic achievement, 70 children were administered the Matching Familiar Figures test (MFF) in grade 4 and the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS) in grades 4, 5, and 6. Children identified as reflective based on grade 4 MFF performance scored significantly higher on the CTBS achievement battery at all grade levels than those classified as impulsive. However, the 2 groups did not differ on the grade 5 or grade 6 achievement measures when scores were adjusted for initial differences in grade 4 CTBS. Similarly, while each of the continuous variables MFF error score and MFF response latency was significantly predictive of grade 5 and grade 6 achievement test scores, neither of the MFF variables significantly improved the prediction of academic performance when current level of achievement was statistically accounted for. Sex differences in the relations between the MFF variables and the achievement measures were identified; MFF error score was more strongly related to later academic achievement for boys than for girls, while MFF response latency was a better predictor of academic achievement for girls than for boys.", "PMID": 608365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9921", "title": "Hyperactive children's underuse of learning time: correction by stimulant treatment.", "content": "This study investigates the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on hyperactive children's performance on a paired-associate learning task under 3 presentation rates  (4, 8, and 12 sec per item). The total-time hypothesis states that a fixed amount of time is necessary to learn a fixed amount of material, regardless of the number of trials into which that time is divided. In a double-blind crossover design, the total-time hypothesis was supported by performance in a drug state, but not by performance in a placebo state, where slower presentation rates were not utilized effectively. These results are discussed in terms of inattention in the placebo state and improved attention and use of learning time in the drug state. The methodology presented is suggested as a means of assessing attentional deficits as well as providing a diagnostic procedure for objectively evaluating the appropriateness of stimulant treatment for children referred for symptoms of hyperactivity.", "contents": "Hyperactive children's underuse of learning time: correction by stimulant treatment. This study investigates the effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on hyperactive children's performance on a paired-associate learning task under 3 presentation rates  (4, 8, and 12 sec per item). The total-time hypothesis states that a fixed amount of time is necessary to learn a fixed amount of material, regardless of the number of trials into which that time is divided. In a double-blind crossover design, the total-time hypothesis was supported by performance in a drug state, but not by performance in a placebo state, where slower presentation rates were not utilized effectively. These results are discussed in terms of inattention in the placebo state and improved attention and use of learning time in the drug state. The methodology presented is suggested as a means of assessing attentional deficits as well as providing a diagnostic procedure for objectively evaluating the appropriateness of stimulant treatment for children referred for symptoms of hyperactivity.", "PMID": 608366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9922", "title": "Seeing, hearing, and doing: a developmental study of memory for actions.", "content": "The ability to recall and organize actions was studied in children from 5 to 11 years in age. 8 different auditory or visual commands were successively presented for 10 trials in each modality in a free-recall task. Younger children performed fewer commands but recalled relatively more recent ones, and they showed the same degree of subjective organization and the same degree and structure of hierarchical clustering as the older children. The hierarchical structure was independent of recall, age, and modality, with the motor actions being organized by the locus of the object or instrument of the verb in the command. The difficulty of the commands was highly correlated with uncertainty of the locus of the action, that is, the number of possible arguments (objects or instruments) a verb could assume, as measured by a subsidiary experiment on 8-year-olds who were asked to name as many parts of the body upon or with which one could perform each action. Developmental differences in recall appear to rise because of primary organization (retrieval) and rehearsal strategies rather than secondary organization.", "contents": "Seeing, hearing, and doing: a developmental study of memory for actions. The ability to recall and organize actions was studied in children from 5 to 11 years in age. 8 different auditory or visual commands were successively presented for 10 trials in each modality in a free-recall task. Younger children performed fewer commands but recalled relatively more recent ones, and they showed the same degree of subjective organization and the same degree and structure of hierarchical clustering as the older children. The hierarchical structure was independent of recall, age, and modality, with the motor actions being organized by the locus of the object or instrument of the verb in the command. The difficulty of the commands was highly correlated with uncertainty of the locus of the action, that is, the number of possible arguments (objects or instruments) a verb could assume, as measured by a subsidiary experiment on 8-year-olds who were asked to name as many parts of the body upon or with which one could perform each action. Developmental differences in recall appear to rise because of primary organization (retrieval) and rehearsal strategies rather than secondary organization.", "PMID": 608367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9923", "title": "The development of recognition memory for the left-right orientation of pictures.", "content": "3 studies examined the development of recognition memory for the left-right orientation of pictures of common objects. In study 1, 5-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and college students were shown 20 pictures of objects. Subsequently, they were tested on their ability to discriminate between 10 of these pictures and their left-right mirror images and between the other 10 pictures and completely new ones. There were large developmental differences in memory for orientation, although all age groups could discriminate accurately between familiar pictures and completely new ones. In studies 2a and 2b, training concerning the relevance of orientation improved second and fourth graders' long-term memory for this characteristic, but training effects were minimal for kindergartners. However, even kindergarten children showed accurate short-term memory for orientation on the task used for training. In contrast to study 2, study 3 produced accurate long-term memory for orientation in kindergarten children by using a verbal training procedure. Results are discussed in terms of the range of memory factors involved in children's mirror-image confusions and in terms of general implications for the development of recognition memory.", "contents": "The development of recognition memory for the left-right orientation of pictures. 3 studies examined the development of recognition memory for the left-right orientation of pictures of common objects. In study 1, 5-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and college students were shown 20 pictures of objects. Subsequently, they were tested on their ability to discriminate between 10 of these pictures and their left-right mirror images and between the other 10 pictures and completely new ones. There were large developmental differences in memory for orientation, although all age groups could discriminate accurately between familiar pictures and completely new ones. In studies 2a and 2b, training concerning the relevance of orientation improved second and fourth graders' long-term memory for this characteristic, but training effects were minimal for kindergartners. However, even kindergarten children showed accurate short-term memory for orientation on the task used for training. In contrast to study 2, study 3 produced accurate long-term memory for orientation in kindergarten children by using a verbal training procedure. Results are discussed in terms of the range of memory factors involved in children's mirror-image confusions and in terms of general implications for the development of recognition memory.", "PMID": 608368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9924", "title": "The effects of different modes of verbalization on the recognition of object detail in pictures.", "content": "The effects of different modes of verbalization on recognition memory of object detail were examined in first- and third-grade children and adults. The results indicated that both age of the subject and the type of verbalization used during initial picture viewing influenced recognition accuracy for object detail. When compared to nonverbal viewing groups, only specific types of verbalization increased recognition accuracy for third-grade and adult subjects. None of the modes of verbalization was effective in increasing first-grade recognition scores. The results indicate that general statements concerning the facilitating or inhibiting influence of verbalization on recognition memory must be qualified. In addition, the results showed that developmental differences in recognition accuracy are contingent upon the type of strategy used during the encoding process.", "contents": "The effects of different modes of verbalization on the recognition of object detail in pictures. The effects of different modes of verbalization on recognition memory of object detail were examined in first- and third-grade children and adults. The results indicated that both age of the subject and the type of verbalization used during initial picture viewing influenced recognition accuracy for object detail. When compared to nonverbal viewing groups, only specific types of verbalization increased recognition accuracy for third-grade and adult subjects. None of the modes of verbalization was effective in increasing first-grade recognition scores. The results indicate that general statements concerning the facilitating or inhibiting influence of verbalization on recognition memory must be qualified. In addition, the results showed that developmental differences in recognition accuracy are contingent upon the type of strategy used during the encoding process.", "PMID": 608369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9925", "title": "The development of children's understanding of cyclic aspects of time.", "content": "Developmental psychological approaches to the study of time have fallen into 3 categories: studies of time perception; studies of logical, reconstructive abilities; and studies of the understanding of conventional time systems. The present work examines problems spanning the latter 2 categories--the development of children's understanding of temporal cycles and the relationship between cyclic concepts and cognitive development. 62 children, ranging in age from 4 to 10 years, were administered Piagetian tests of classification and seriation and a variety of specially designed cyclic tasks. Results show major progress in the representation of cyclic order and recurrence during the age period examined. For a variety of particular cycles, order responses were shown before continuity responses. The ability to produce a correct order is related to seriation performance but not classification performance when the variance attributable to age is partialed out. Continuity responses appear to be unrelated to performance on either of the Piagetian tasks tested when age is controlled.", "contents": "The development of children's understanding of cyclic aspects of time. Developmental psychological approaches to the study of time have fallen into 3 categories: studies of time perception; studies of logical, reconstructive abilities; and studies of the understanding of conventional time systems. The present work examines problems spanning the latter 2 categories--the development of children's understanding of temporal cycles and the relationship between cyclic concepts and cognitive development. 62 children, ranging in age from 4 to 10 years, were administered Piagetian tests of classification and seriation and a variety of specially designed cyclic tasks. Results show major progress in the representation of cyclic order and recurrence during the age period examined. For a variety of particular cycles, order responses were shown before continuity responses. The ability to produce a correct order is related to seriation performance but not classification performance when the variance attributable to age is partialed out. Continuity responses appear to be unrelated to performance on either of the Piagetian tasks tested when age is controlled.", "PMID": 608370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9926", "title": "Following their companions as a form of exploration for human infants.", "content": "Infants' following of other persons, often considered a measure of attachment, qualified as a form of exploration. The results of the first experiment indicated that following can be a means of investigating novel leaders: 16 9--12-month-old infants were as likely to follow an unfamiliar woman as they were the parent and were reliably more likely to follow a moving toy. The second and third experiments assessed the extent to which the experience of following familiar persons promotes learning about the environment. Infants who followed their mothers to 1 place were more likely later to investigate a similar place than those who initially either locomoted independently (experiment 2) or were transported by their mothers (experiment 3). The findings suggested that infants' transactions with the environment need not be considered antithetical to their social behavior.", "contents": "Following their companions as a form of exploration for human infants. Infants' following of other persons, often considered a measure of attachment, qualified as a form of exploration. The results of the first experiment indicated that following can be a means of investigating novel leaders: 16 9--12-month-old infants were as likely to follow an unfamiliar woman as they were the parent and were reliably more likely to follow a moving toy. The second and third experiments assessed the extent to which the experience of following familiar persons promotes learning about the environment. Infants who followed their mothers to 1 place were more likely later to investigate a similar place than those who initially either locomoted independently (experiment 2) or were transported by their mothers (experiment 3). The findings suggested that infants' transactions with the environment need not be considered antithetical to their social behavior.", "PMID": 608371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9927", "title": "Environmental characteristics of a neonatal intensive-care unit.", "content": "An increasing number of intervention programs are designed to ameliorate the \"sensory deprivation\" of hospitalized premature infants. However, observation of the premature infant's hospital environment every 15 min for 5 24-hour periods indicated that acoustic stimuli were clearly audible in over 95% of the observations, infants were handled during more than 10% of the times they were observed, and illumination levels were always sufficiently high to permit easy visibility. Analysis of the nature of this stimulation suggests that premature infants may suffer from an inappropriate pattern rather than an inadequate amount of stimulation.", "contents": "Environmental characteristics of a neonatal intensive-care unit. An increasing number of intervention programs are designed to ameliorate the \"sensory deprivation\" of hospitalized premature infants. However, observation of the premature infant's hospital environment every 15 min for 5 24-hour periods indicated that acoustic stimuli were clearly audible in over 95% of the observations, infants were handled during more than 10% of the times they were observed, and illumination levels were always sufficiently high to permit easy visibility. Analysis of the nature of this stimulation suggests that premature infants may suffer from an inappropriate pattern rather than an inadequate amount of stimulation.", "PMID": 608372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9928", "title": "Infant visual scanning of two- and three-dimensional forms.", "content": "2- and 3-dimensional forms affected 4- and 8-week-old infant visual behavior differently, 4-week-old infants fixated a recessed 3-dimensional form more than a 2-dimensional form but did not scan it differently. 8-week-old infants did not look more at 1 stimulus than another but scanned a raised 3-dimensional form differently than a 2-dimensional equivalent. For all stimuli and both age groups, there was a relation between attractiveness of stimuli and how they were scanned; babies who were most attracted to stimuli inspected them with the smallest eye movements.", "contents": "Infant visual scanning of two- and three-dimensional forms. 2- and 3-dimensional forms affected 4- and 8-week-old infant visual behavior differently, 4-week-old infants fixated a recessed 3-dimensional form more than a 2-dimensional form but did not scan it differently. 8-week-old infants did not look more at 1 stimulus than another but scanned a raised 3-dimensional form differently than a 2-dimensional equivalent. For all stimuli and both age groups, there was a relation between attractiveness of stimuli and how they were scanned; babies who were most attracted to stimuli inspected them with the smallest eye movements.", "PMID": 608373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9929", "title": "Toys and social interaction between infant peers.", "content": "Claims that young infants fail to react in a social manner to one another and that toys preempt attention to peers were assessed by comparing the interactions observed between infant peers when they met in the presence of toys versus in their absence. 44 pairs of unacquainted infants (either 10--12 or 22--24 months of age) came with their mothers to an unfamiliar room. Without toys available in the room, infants of both ages more often contacted one another, smiled at and gestured to one another, and duplicated each other's actions. With toys, they showed and exchanged toys and spent more time synchronously manipulating similar play material. The results document that infants as young as 10 months of age are responsive to the person and behavior of an unfamiliar peer and that they are no less responsive than older infants to the social versus nonsocial aspects of a novel setting.", "contents": "Toys and social interaction between infant peers. Claims that young infants fail to react in a social manner to one another and that toys preempt attention to peers were assessed by comparing the interactions observed between infant peers when they met in the presence of toys versus in their absence. 44 pairs of unacquainted infants (either 10--12 or 22--24 months of age) came with their mothers to an unfamiliar room. Without toys available in the room, infants of both ages more often contacted one another, smiled at and gestured to one another, and duplicated each other's actions. With toys, they showed and exchanged toys and spent more time synchronously manipulating similar play material. The results document that infants as young as 10 months of age are responsive to the person and behavior of an unfamiliar peer and that they are no less responsive than older infants to the social versus nonsocial aspects of a novel setting.", "PMID": 608374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9930", "title": "Stranger responses: effects of familiarity, stranger's approach, and sex of infant.", "content": "Most investigators examining contextual influences on infant responses to a stranger have limited their study to the initial responses of the infant. Few have considered infant reactions beyond the first minutes of the encounter or the enduring effects of contextual variables once mothers have left. The present study examines the effects of stranger's style of approach, familiarity with the stranger, and infant sex on infant response before and after maternal separation. Familiarity was operationalized in 2 ways: the length of time mothers stayed before leaving infants with the stranger and meeting the stranger a second time. Findings suggest that all these factors influence infant behavior. Ifants looked and smiled at the stranger significantly more when approached slowly. Contrary to expectations, infants (particularly girls) who met the familiar stranger after 1 week protested significantly more when left with her at that time. Trends indicate the length of time mothers stayed was least influential since most infants became extremely distressed once mothers departed.", "contents": "Stranger responses: effects of familiarity, stranger's approach, and sex of infant. Most investigators examining contextual influences on infant responses to a stranger have limited their study to the initial responses of the infant. Few have considered infant reactions beyond the first minutes of the encounter or the enduring effects of contextual variables once mothers have left. The present study examines the effects of stranger's style of approach, familiarity with the stranger, and infant sex on infant response before and after maternal separation. Familiarity was operationalized in 2 ways: the length of time mothers stayed before leaving infants with the stranger and meeting the stranger a second time. Findings suggest that all these factors influence infant behavior. Ifants looked and smiled at the stranger significantly more when approached slowly. Contrary to expectations, infants (particularly girls) who met the familiar stranger after 1 week protested significantly more when left with her at that time. Trends indicate the length of time mothers stayed was least influential since most infants became extremely distressed once mothers departed.", "PMID": 608375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9931", "title": "Maternal language to prelinguistic infants: syntactic aspects.", "content": "Maternal speech to children has been shown to vary by age and language ability of the children. Previous studies have usually involved children over 1 year of age. In this study maternal speech to male and female 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants was recorded in the laboratory. Mothers used shorter utterances to 8-month-olds than to 4- or 6-month-olds, presumably in response to the infant's changing level of comprehension. Mothers used more sentences with subjects, verbs, or objects deleted to 8-month-olds and more complex sentences to 4-month-olds.", "contents": "Maternal language to prelinguistic infants: syntactic aspects. Maternal speech to children has been shown to vary by age and language ability of the children. Previous studies have usually involved children over 1 year of age. In this study maternal speech to male and female 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants was recorded in the laboratory. Mothers used shorter utterances to 8-month-olds than to 4- or 6-month-olds, presumably in response to the infant's changing level of comprehension. Mothers used more sentences with subjects, verbs, or objects deleted to 8-month-olds and more complex sentences to 4-month-olds.", "PMID": 608376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9932", "title": "Infants' perception of temporal grouping in auditory patterns.", "content": "Infants' processing of temporal parameters of auditory patterns was investigated by assessing the ability of 5-month-old infants to discriminate between multitone patterns with identical component tones but contrasting temporal arrangements of these tones. Following habituation of the cardiac response to a 6-tone stimulus with 2,4 grouping infants were presented with the same tonal sequence with 4,2 grouping. Significant dishabituation was evident, indicating discrimination of different temporal groupings of auditory stimuli.", "contents": "Infants' perception of temporal grouping in auditory patterns. Infants' processing of temporal parameters of auditory patterns was investigated by assessing the ability of 5-month-old infants to discriminate between multitone patterns with identical component tones but contrasting temporal arrangements of these tones. Following habituation of the cardiac response to a 6-tone stimulus with 2,4 grouping infants were presented with the same tonal sequence with 4,2 grouping. Significant dishabituation was evident, indicating discrimination of different temporal groupings of auditory stimuli.", "PMID": 608377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9933", "title": "Sex stereotypes in adult-infant play.", "content": "24 14-month-old infants played with adult strangers in a laboratory playroom. To examine the effects of sex-role labeling on adult behavior, each infant was introduced as a boy and as a girl in 2 different sessions. After controlling for the adult's scores on the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes toward Women Scale, the adults were found to engage in more Encouragement for Activity and more Male Role Toy Choice when playing with children designated as boys. They showed more Interpersonal Stimulation and more Nurturance Play when playing with children designated as girls. No significant differences were observed between the behavior of the real girls and boys. Men and women showed some differences in their style of play.", "contents": "Sex stereotypes in adult-infant play. 24 14-month-old infants played with adult strangers in a laboratory playroom. To examine the effects of sex-role labeling on adult behavior, each infant was introduced as a boy and as a girl in 2 different sessions. After controlling for the adult's scores on the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes toward Women Scale, the adults were found to engage in more Encouragement for Activity and more Male Role Toy Choice when playing with children designated as boys. They showed more Interpersonal Stimulation and more Nurturance Play when playing with children designated as girls. No significant differences were observed between the behavior of the real girls and boys. Men and women showed some differences in their style of play.", "PMID": 608378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9934", "title": "Reciprocity in vocal interactions of mothers and infants.", "content": "Social responses of 24 mothers and 3-month-old infants were continuously observed and coded in the home to examine reciprocal influences in early vocal interactions. One of 4 dyadic vocal states (simultaneous vocalization, mother vocalizing alone, infant vocalizing alone, mutual silence) was assigned to each consecutive 1-sec interval of the 90-min observational records. The sequence of dyadic vocal states was represented by a first-order transition probability matrix. Transitions between states involving maternal and infant vocal onsets and offsets were analyzed. Results indicated that vocal onsets for both mother and infant were more likely when the other dyad member was vocalizing. There was no evidence of reciprocal influences for vocal offsets. It is suggested that differentiating response onset and offset is necessary for understanding vocal reciprocity in mother-infant interaction.", "contents": "Reciprocity in vocal interactions of mothers and infants. Social responses of 24 mothers and 3-month-old infants were continuously observed and coded in the home to examine reciprocal influences in early vocal interactions. One of 4 dyadic vocal states (simultaneous vocalization, mother vocalizing alone, infant vocalizing alone, mutual silence) was assigned to each consecutive 1-sec interval of the 90-min observational records. The sequence of dyadic vocal states was represented by a first-order transition probability matrix. Transitions between states involving maternal and infant vocal onsets and offsets were analyzed. Results indicated that vocal onsets for both mother and infant were more likely when the other dyad member was vocalizing. There was no evidence of reciprocal influences for vocal offsets. It is suggested that differentiating response onset and offset is necessary for understanding vocal reciprocity in mother-infant interaction.", "PMID": 608379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9935", "title": "Social class, birth order, and newborn experience.", "content": "Early home experiences of a group of 32 2-week old infants, equally divided according to social class, birth order, and sex, were studied. Naturalistic observations were taken on 2 consecutive days for a total of 6 hours. Compared with later-borns, firstborns received significantly more caretaker interaction on all variables studied. Compared with lower-SES infants, those from higher-SES homes received significantly more direct verbal interaction although the 2 groups did not differ on total periods of other types of caretaking interaction. The findings are consistent with birth order and social class differences reported in home environments of older infants and children.", "contents": "Social class, birth order, and newborn experience. Early home experiences of a group of 32 2-week old infants, equally divided according to social class, birth order, and sex, were studied. Naturalistic observations were taken on 2 consecutive days for a total of 6 hours. Compared with later-borns, firstborns received significantly more caretaker interaction on all variables studied. Compared with lower-SES infants, those from higher-SES homes received significantly more direct verbal interaction although the 2 groups did not differ on total periods of other types of caretaking interaction. The findings are consistent with birth order and social class differences reported in home environments of older infants and children.", "PMID": 608380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9936", "title": "Intellectual development in family constellations with adopted and natural children: a test of the Zajonc and Markus model.", "content": "A confluence model was developed by Zajonc and Markus to account for the effects of birth order, child spacing, and family size on intellectual development. the fit of the model was tested on a sample of families with biological and adopted children. Although the model fits population data very well, it fails to account for intellectual patterns within families for whom both parent and child IQ data are available. The discrepancy is discussed in terms of sources of variance within and between families that are undetected in average values for a population.", "contents": "Intellectual development in family constellations with adopted and natural children: a test of the Zajonc and Markus model. A confluence model was developed by Zajonc and Markus to account for the effects of birth order, child spacing, and family size on intellectual development. the fit of the model was tested on a sample of families with biological and adopted children. Although the model fits population data very well, it fails to account for intellectual patterns within families for whom both parent and child IQ data are available. The discrepancy is discussed in terms of sources of variance within and between families that are undetected in average values for a population.", "PMID": 608381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9937", "title": "Distance distortions in memory for spatial locations.", "content": "The present study examined developmental differences in the effect of route extensity on the memory for the locations of objects in a spatial array. Kindergarten and adult subjects were trained to remember the locations of 4 objects. During this training, objects were either connected by a combination of indirect, looped train tracks and direct train tracks (experimental subjects) or connected by entirely direct train-track routes (control subjects). Analyses of actual interobject distances, from subjects' reproductions of object locations on a response board (without train tracks), revealed that children, but not adults, distort distance in terms of the nature of travel observed between objects. Further testing revealed that differences in the amount of time taken for travel could not account for the results obtained with children.", "contents": "Distance distortions in memory for spatial locations. The present study examined developmental differences in the effect of route extensity on the memory for the locations of objects in a spatial array. Kindergarten and adult subjects were trained to remember the locations of 4 objects. During this training, objects were either connected by a combination of indirect, looped train tracks and direct train tracks (experimental subjects) or connected by entirely direct train-track routes (control subjects). Analyses of actual interobject distances, from subjects' reproductions of object locations on a response board (without train tracks), revealed that children, but not adults, distort distance in terms of the nature of travel observed between objects. Further testing revealed that differences in the amount of time taken for travel could not account for the results obtained with children.", "PMID": 608382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9938", "title": "An evaluation of the use of spelling error analysis in the diagnosis of reading disabilities.", "content": "This study examined whether significant differences could be observed in types of errors made by normal versus retarded readers (fifth graders) on the WRAT spelling test. Although researchers have reported high numbers of certain types of errors, such as reversals, this study revealed that the proportion of errors attributed to any particular error type is virtually identical for both normal and retarded readers. Retarded readers were thus shown to be unlike normal readers in the number of errors committed but like normal readers in the types of errors committed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the use of spelling error analysis in the diagnosis of reading disabilities. This study examined whether significant differences could be observed in types of errors made by normal versus retarded readers (fifth graders) on the WRAT spelling test. Although researchers have reported high numbers of certain types of errors, such as reversals, this study revealed that the proportion of errors attributed to any particular error type is virtually identical for both normal and retarded readers. Retarded readers were thus shown to be unlike normal readers in the number of errors committed but like normal readers in the types of errors committed.", "PMID": 608383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9939", "title": "Caregiver-child interactions and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.", "content": "Type A behavior, 1 of the risk factors for heart disease, is characterized by impatience and competitive achievement striving. An opposing type B pattern is characterized by patience and a lack of competitive achievement striving. Previous observations of mother-child interactions revealed that mothers gave type A and type B children different frequencies of pushing and positive task evaluation. To isolate the effects of type A and B children on caregivers, the present study examined the caregiver behavior of female strangers elicited by boys' type A and B behavior. In addition, it examined whether the child effects differed according to the caregivers' behavior pattern. Results indicated that, relative to type B children, type A children elicited more pushing and positive task evaluation from type B caregivers. However, type A caregivers did not respond to the differences in the children's behavior pattern. The caregiver behavior of type A's and type B's is discussed in light of previous experimental findings of their general responsiveness to variations in their environment.", "contents": "Caregiver-child interactions and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Type A behavior, 1 of the risk factors for heart disease, is characterized by impatience and competitive achievement striving. An opposing type B pattern is characterized by patience and a lack of competitive achievement striving. Previous observations of mother-child interactions revealed that mothers gave type A and type B children different frequencies of pushing and positive task evaluation. To isolate the effects of type A and B children on caregivers, the present study examined the caregiver behavior of female strangers elicited by boys' type A and B behavior. In addition, it examined whether the child effects differed according to the caregivers' behavior pattern. Results indicated that, relative to type B children, type A children elicited more pushing and positive task evaluation from type B caregivers. However, type A caregivers did not respond to the differences in the children's behavior pattern. The caregiver behavior of type A's and type B's is discussed in light of previous experimental findings of their general responsiveness to variations in their environment.", "PMID": 608384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9940", "title": "The modes of the anterior hypothalamic area as the regulatory center for the gonadotropin release.", "content": "The effects of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) implants of gonadal steroid estrogen and progesterone as well as the effects of electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesion confined in this area on the gonadotropin secretion were investigated in ovariectomized estradiol (20 microgram sc)-primed adult Wistar rats housed in light and temperature controlled room. Progesterone implants evoked the rise of serum LH by 6 hr whereas estradiol implants suppressed serum FSH by 24 hr after implantation. Electrical stimulation effectively depleted both gonadotropins with a latency not shorter than 6 hr. The lesion significantly prevented FSH elevation investigated at 72 hr post ovariectomy and potentiated FSH secretion in response to estradiol treatment at 3 week post ovariectomy. The result revealed the involvment of the AHA in LH release mechanism which required progesterone activation while its involvement in FSH regulatory mechanism depended upon estrogen. The area was elucidated as the inhibitory as well as the stimulatory loci for the feedback action of estrogen on FSH release.", "contents": "The modes of the anterior hypothalamic area as the regulatory center for the gonadotropin release. The effects of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) implants of gonadal steroid estrogen and progesterone as well as the effects of electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesion confined in this area on the gonadotropin secretion were investigated in ovariectomized estradiol (20 microgram sc)-primed adult Wistar rats housed in light and temperature controlled room. Progesterone implants evoked the rise of serum LH by 6 hr whereas estradiol implants suppressed serum FSH by 24 hr after implantation. Electrical stimulation effectively depleted both gonadotropins with a latency not shorter than 6 hr. The lesion significantly prevented FSH elevation investigated at 72 hr post ovariectomy and potentiated FSH secretion in response to estradiol treatment at 3 week post ovariectomy. The result revealed the involvment of the AHA in LH release mechanism which required progesterone activation while its involvement in FSH regulatory mechanism depended upon estrogen. The area was elucidated as the inhibitory as well as the stimulatory loci for the feedback action of estrogen on FSH release.", "PMID": 608454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9941", "title": "Mammary gland differentiation in adult male rat--effect of prenatal exposure to cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Breast tissue of adult male Holtzman rats exposed to cyproterone acetate during embryonic differentiation showed presence of specific estradiol receptor proteins and C-19 steroid aromatase. We reported similar findings in gynecomastia in man. It is therefore proposed that gynecomastia probably results from failure of adequate testosterone action on the breast primordia during embryonic differentiation.", "contents": "Mammary gland differentiation in adult male rat--effect of prenatal exposure to cyproterone acetate. Breast tissue of adult male Holtzman rats exposed to cyproterone acetate during embryonic differentiation showed presence of specific estradiol receptor proteins and C-19 steroid aromatase. We reported similar findings in gynecomastia in man. It is therefore proposed that gynecomastia probably results from failure of adequate testosterone action on the breast primordia during embryonic differentiation.", "PMID": 608453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9942", "title": "Plasma basal levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in homosexual men.", "content": "Plasma basal levels of FSH, LH and total as well as apparent free testosterone were determined in homosexual and heterosexual males. Significantly higher FSH concentrations (mean +/- SD = 6,89+/-5.00 mlU/ml; P less than 0.01) and LH concentrations (28.2+/-30.7 mlU/ml; P less than 0.002) were found in plasma of 50 homosexual males compared with those of 24 or 40 heterosexual males 4.17 +/- 2.34 mlU/ml and 12.6 +/- 7.6 mlU/ml, respectively). Significantly lower free plasma testosterone was observed in 35 homosexual males (10.7 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml; P less than 0.01) than in 38 heterosexual males (13.3 +/- 4.5 ng/100 ml), whereas total testosterone in plasma of homosexual males (590 +/- 148 ng/100 ml) showed no significant difference in comparison with the heterosexual control group (562 +/- 126 ng/100 ml). The tendency to higher FSH and LH values as well as to lower free testosterone concentrations in plasma compared with the heterosexual control group was more evident for effeminized than for non-effeminized homosexual males. FSH and LH concentrations in plasma of 5 transsexual males were also significantly higher (11.74 +/- 5.06 and 18.3 +/- 3.4 mlU/ml, respectively; P less than 0.02) than those of the heterosexual control group. Our findings may be explained by the possible existence of a prenatal testicular androgen deficiency in homosexual males that is widely compensated by increased gonadotrophin secretion in adult life.", "contents": "Plasma basal levels of FSH, LH and testosterone in homosexual men. Plasma basal levels of FSH, LH and total as well as apparent free testosterone were determined in homosexual and heterosexual males. Significantly higher FSH concentrations (mean +/- SD = 6,89+/-5.00 mlU/ml; P less than 0.01) and LH concentrations (28.2+/-30.7 mlU/ml; P less than 0.002) were found in plasma of 50 homosexual males compared with those of 24 or 40 heterosexual males 4.17 +/- 2.34 mlU/ml and 12.6 +/- 7.6 mlU/ml, respectively). Significantly lower free plasma testosterone was observed in 35 homosexual males (10.7 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml; P less than 0.01) than in 38 heterosexual males (13.3 +/- 4.5 ng/100 ml), whereas total testosterone in plasma of homosexual males (590 +/- 148 ng/100 ml) showed no significant difference in comparison with the heterosexual control group (562 +/- 126 ng/100 ml). The tendency to higher FSH and LH values as well as to lower free testosterone concentrations in plasma compared with the heterosexual control group was more evident for effeminized than for non-effeminized homosexual males. FSH and LH concentrations in plasma of 5 transsexual males were also significantly higher (11.74 +/- 5.06 and 18.3 +/- 3.4 mlU/ml, respectively; P less than 0.02) than those of the heterosexual control group. Our findings may be explained by the possible existence of a prenatal testicular androgen deficiency in homosexual males that is widely compensated by increased gonadotrophin secretion in adult life.", "PMID": 608455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9943", "title": "Effect of long-term administration of estrogens on the subcellular distribution of cholesterol and the activity of rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis and degradation in pigeon liver.", "content": "To determine the mechanism of the hypocholesteremic effect of estrogens noted in pigeon, studies were done on the subcellular distribution of cholesterol and the activity of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) and and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in pigeon liver after long-term (6 months) estrogen administration. Estrogens significantly reduced free cholesterol concentration in microsomes and mitochondrial fraction. The concentration of cholesteryl ester was reduced in the supernatant fraction. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was significantly reduced in the estrogen-treated birds, while cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity showed no changes. Thus, the hypocholesteremic effect of estrogen noted in pigeons could be mainly due to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver.", "contents": "Effect of long-term administration of estrogens on the subcellular distribution of cholesterol and the activity of rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis and degradation in pigeon liver. To determine the mechanism of the hypocholesteremic effect of estrogens noted in pigeon, studies were done on the subcellular distribution of cholesterol and the activity of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) and and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in pigeon liver after long-term (6 months) estrogen administration. Estrogens significantly reduced free cholesterol concentration in microsomes and mitochondrial fraction. The concentration of cholesteryl ester was reduced in the supernatant fraction. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was significantly reduced in the estrogen-treated birds, while cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity showed no changes. Thus, the hypocholesteremic effect of estrogen noted in pigeons could be mainly due to the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver.", "PMID": 608456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9944", "title": "Lipid metabolism in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus.", "content": "Based on determinations of the serum total cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, free fatty acids and obesity Lee index, performed in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus--VMH included--which had either free food access, or after 24 hours of starvation, or maintained on limited food intake, it has been concluded that the VMH nucleus is involved in the control of lipid metabolism especially through its inhibitory action on the lateral hypothalamic parasympathetic area.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus. Based on determinations of the serum total cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, free fatty acids and obesity Lee index, performed in rats with isolated medial hypothalamus--VMH included--which had either free food access, or after 24 hours of starvation, or maintained on limited food intake, it has been concluded that the VMH nucleus is involved in the control of lipid metabolism especially through its inhibitory action on the lateral hypothalamic parasympathetic area.", "PMID": 608457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9945", "title": "The problem of diabetic angiolopathy in sand rats (Psammomys obesus).", "content": "No diabetic angiolopathy was found in the retinas, kidneys and skeletal muscles of protodiabetic and overtly diabetic sand rats. The terminal blood vessels were investigated using histological, enzyme histochemical, immunofluorescence microscopic, autoradiographic and electron microscopic methods. There seems to be little or no connection in sand rats between the diabetic metabolism syndrome and the metabolic process leading to angiolopathy.", "contents": "The problem of diabetic angiolopathy in sand rats (Psammomys obesus). No diabetic angiolopathy was found in the retinas, kidneys and skeletal muscles of protodiabetic and overtly diabetic sand rats. The terminal blood vessels were investigated using histological, enzyme histochemical, immunofluorescence microscopic, autoradiographic and electron microscopic methods. There seems to be little or no connection in sand rats between the diabetic metabolism syndrome and the metabolic process leading to angiolopathy.", "PMID": 608458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9946", "title": "Variations of glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) during adaptation to laboratory holding.", "content": "Sand rats, captured in Egypt and fed with a low caloric vegetable diet during adaptation, were investigated before and after 2.5 and 8 weeks diet treatment (30 and 40 kcal/100 g body weight daily). In hexobarbital anaesthesia the sand rats were loaded with 1 g glucose/kg body weight in a single dose intravenously. After a rapid increase the content of glucose in blood remained at a level of about 600 mg glucose/100 ml blood. The insulin immunoreactivity in blood did not change uniformly after application of glucose and remained in a physiologic range. In the islets of Langerhans a degranulation was found during diet treatment. The sensitivity of the epididymal adipose tissue towards insulin in vitro decreased to a nearly complete resistance in the course of diet treatment. A diminution of insulin sensitivity was also found in the m. soleus in vitro. The content of glucose-6-phosphate in the m. semimembranosus was found enhanced after the preparation of the animal. It was found progressively increased up to the five-fold at the end of diet treatment. In the corresponding muscle the glucose distribution volume was increased to about double the extracellular volume. An accumulation of free glucose within the muscle cell must be taken into account. In conclusion the treatment of sand rats with a diabetogenic diet results very quickly in a loss of insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue. The progressively increased stress-mediated accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose refers to an inhibition of glucose utilization in the phosphorylation step of glucose in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Variations of glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) during adaptation to laboratory holding. Sand rats, captured in Egypt and fed with a low caloric vegetable diet during adaptation, were investigated before and after 2.5 and 8 weeks diet treatment (30 and 40 kcal/100 g body weight daily). In hexobarbital anaesthesia the sand rats were loaded with 1 g glucose/kg body weight in a single dose intravenously. After a rapid increase the content of glucose in blood remained at a level of about 600 mg glucose/100 ml blood. The insulin immunoreactivity in blood did not change uniformly after application of glucose and remained in a physiologic range. In the islets of Langerhans a degranulation was found during diet treatment. The sensitivity of the epididymal adipose tissue towards insulin in vitro decreased to a nearly complete resistance in the course of diet treatment. A diminution of insulin sensitivity was also found in the m. soleus in vitro. The content of glucose-6-phosphate in the m. semimembranosus was found enhanced after the preparation of the animal. It was found progressively increased up to the five-fold at the end of diet treatment. In the corresponding muscle the glucose distribution volume was increased to about double the extracellular volume. An accumulation of free glucose within the muscle cell must be taken into account. In conclusion the treatment of sand rats with a diabetogenic diet results very quickly in a loss of insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue. The progressively increased stress-mediated accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose refers to an inhibition of glucose utilization in the phosphorylation step of glucose in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 608459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9947", "title": "The effect of serotonin given into the lateral ventricle of the brain on serum TSH level in normal and thyroxine-blocked rats.", "content": "The effect of serotonin given into the lateral ventricle of the brain in rats was investigated. Serotonin was solved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and administered in three doses: 250 microgram, 50 microgram, 10 microgram. Only the highest dose of serotonin caused a statistically significant increase in serum TSH level 0.5 h after the injection. The possible role of serotonin in the blocking mechanism of thyroid hormones on TSH secretion was also taken into consideration. 50 microgram of serotonin significantly strengthened the lowering effect of 1-thyroxine given 0.5 h before on serum TSH level.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin given into the lateral ventricle of the brain on serum TSH level in normal and thyroxine-blocked rats. The effect of serotonin given into the lateral ventricle of the brain in rats was investigated. Serotonin was solved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and administered in three doses: 250 microgram, 50 microgram, 10 microgram. Only the highest dose of serotonin caused a statistically significant increase in serum TSH level 0.5 h after the injection. The possible role of serotonin in the blocking mechanism of thyroid hormones on TSH secretion was also taken into consideration. 50 microgram of serotonin significantly strengthened the lowering effect of 1-thyroxine given 0.5 h before on serum TSH level.", "PMID": 608460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9948", "title": "Experience of prolonged treatment of hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease with prednisolone.", "content": "An account is presented of the experience acquired in the prolonged prednisolone treatment, at 2-day intervals, of 6 patients with Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. A substantial improvement was observed in the basic process, with scarcely any side-effects. On the basis of the literature data and the present findings, glucocorticoid administration every second day is recommended for the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Experience of prolonged treatment of hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease with prednisolone. An account is presented of the experience acquired in the prolonged prednisolone treatment, at 2-day intervals, of 6 patients with Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. A substantial improvement was observed in the basic process, with scarcely any side-effects. On the basis of the literature data and the present findings, glucocorticoid administration every second day is recommended for the treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 608461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9949", "title": "Effects of oxytocin and estradiol on volumes of the cell nuclei of the pituitary pars intermedia in male rat.", "content": "After administration of estradiol, oxytocin and both together to a male rat, investigations of the pituitary pars intermedia were performed. Diminution of the cell nuclei volumes after simultaneous administration of oxytocin and estradiol was observed. The experiment has stressed the role of both hormones in melanotropin release control.", "contents": "Effects of oxytocin and estradiol on volumes of the cell nuclei of the pituitary pars intermedia in male rat. After administration of estradiol, oxytocin and both together to a male rat, investigations of the pituitary pars intermedia were performed. Diminution of the cell nuclei volumes after simultaneous administration of oxytocin and estradiol was observed. The experiment has stressed the role of both hormones in melanotropin release control.", "PMID": 608462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9950", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion lung scans for pulmonary emboli. Accuracy of reporting.", "content": "Reports were made on combined ventilation-perfusion lung scans by three observers on three occasions and by another observer once. Reproducibility for each observer varied between 80 and 88%. There was complete agreement about the areas of scans reported as abnormal. Agreement between observes on whether or not the abnormality represented a pulmonary embolus averaged 77%. There was 86% agreement with the final clinical diagnosis. Our results show that reporting of ventilation perfusion lung scans by eye is reproducible. They support the claims that, under routine clinical conditions, the technique is 91% to 95% accurate for pulmonary emboli.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion lung scans for pulmonary emboli. Accuracy of reporting. Reports were made on combined ventilation-perfusion lung scans by three observers on three occasions and by another observer once. Reproducibility for each observer varied between 80 and 88%. There was complete agreement about the areas of scans reported as abnormal. Agreement between observes on whether or not the abnormality represented a pulmonary embolus averaged 77%. There was 86% agreement with the final clinical diagnosis. Our results show that reporting of ventilation perfusion lung scans by eye is reproducible. They support the claims that, under routine clinical conditions, the technique is 91% to 95% accurate for pulmonary emboli.", "PMID": 608463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9951", "title": "Value of radioisotope axial tomography in the diagnosis of a cystic malignant glioma.", "content": "A case is presented in which the patient had a deep tumour in the posterior aspect of the temporal lobe close to midline. The brain scan including a transverse section view at 8 cm from the vertex was negative and the other neuroradiological examinations inconclusive. One month later a follow up brain scan was performed and the conventional views were negative whereas the transverse section scan done at 10 cm from the vertex showed a lesion in the left temporo-parietal region and near midline. Three months later a repeat brain scan was done, and the lesion was visualized in the conventional views and confirmed by angiogram.", "contents": "Value of radioisotope axial tomography in the diagnosis of a cystic malignant glioma. A case is presented in which the patient had a deep tumour in the posterior aspect of the temporal lobe close to midline. The brain scan including a transverse section view at 8 cm from the vertex was negative and the other neuroradiological examinations inconclusive. One month later a follow up brain scan was performed and the conventional views were negative whereas the transverse section scan done at 10 cm from the vertex showed a lesion in the left temporo-parietal region and near midline. Three months later a repeat brain scan was done, and the lesion was visualized in the conventional views and confirmed by angiogram.", "PMID": 608464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9952", "title": "The measurement of spleen perfusion in man: a non-invasive method using the ratio between Rubidium-81 and its decay product Krypton-81m.", "content": "A non-invasive method has been developed for measuring spleen perfusion in man. This involves recording the gamma-ray energy spectra over the spleen following the localisation of Rubidium-81 within the organ by injecting intravenously labelled heat denatured red cells. The spectra are analysed to provide the ratio of Rubidium-81 to its radioactive decay product Krypton-81 m. This ratio is dependent on the rate of perfusion through the organ.  The difficulties encountered in applying this steady state method for monitoring tissue perfusion are illustrated and practical means for their solution presented. The results of applying this method to patients with various splenic disorders are presented and compared with those obtained by other workers using different monitoring techniques.", "contents": "The measurement of spleen perfusion in man: a non-invasive method using the ratio between Rubidium-81 and its decay product Krypton-81m. A non-invasive method has been developed for measuring spleen perfusion in man. This involves recording the gamma-ray energy spectra over the spleen following the localisation of Rubidium-81 within the organ by injecting intravenously labelled heat denatured red cells. The spectra are analysed to provide the ratio of Rubidium-81 to its radioactive decay product Krypton-81 m. This ratio is dependent on the rate of perfusion through the organ.  The difficulties encountered in applying this steady state method for monitoring tissue perfusion are illustrated and practical means for their solution presented. The results of applying this method to patients with various splenic disorders are presented and compared with those obtained by other workers using different monitoring techniques.", "PMID": 608465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9953", "title": "A computer algorithm for triple radionuclide subtraction studies applied for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands.", "content": "This paper presents a computer algorithm for triple radionuclide subtraction studies and its application to preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. In the clinical examination procedure, 131I-toluidine blue was used as the principal radionuclide, 99mTcO4 and 113mIn were used to obtain additional images of the thyroid and the blood distribution respectively. A scintillation camera with a pinhole collimator and connected to a digital data aquisition system was used to record the images. Subtraction of uniform background, thyroid and blood contributions to the principal image is done automatically in the computer program. The results from a clinical study is used to illustrate the method.", "contents": "A computer algorithm for triple radionuclide subtraction studies applied for preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. This paper presents a computer algorithm for triple radionuclide subtraction studies and its application to preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. In the clinical examination procedure, 131I-toluidine blue was used as the principal radionuclide, 99mTcO4 and 113mIn were used to obtain additional images of the thyroid and the blood distribution respectively. A scintillation camera with a pinhole collimator and connected to a digital data aquisition system was used to record the images. Subtraction of uniform background, thyroid and blood contributions to the principal image is done automatically in the computer program. The results from a clinical study is used to illustrate the method.", "PMID": 608466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9954", "title": "Use of 131I-19-cholesterol in functional dynamic studies of the adrenals in vivo. II. Clinical application.", "content": "Functional dynamic studies of the adrenal in vivo employing 131I-19-cholesterol were carried out as a further screening test, according to the method previously described (Pavonia and Magrini, 1977), on seven patients in whom hyperadrenocorticism was suspected on the basis of clinical symptoms. The data obtained in basal conditions, under ACTH stimulation, and under dexamethasone suppression, compared with each other and supported by the results of conventional examinations, demonstrate that the quantitative information provided by this radioisotope test is correlated with the functional state of each adrenal, thus confirming the potential value of the method for diagnostic purposes. The functional dynamic test proposed does not require a higher dose of tracer than morphologic studies and the radiation risk (approximately 2.5 rad to the ovaries or gonads) seems acceptable in adult subjects.", "contents": "Use of 131I-19-cholesterol in functional dynamic studies of the adrenals in vivo. II. Clinical application. Functional dynamic studies of the adrenal in vivo employing 131I-19-cholesterol were carried out as a further screening test, according to the method previously described (Pavonia and Magrini, 1977), on seven patients in whom hyperadrenocorticism was suspected on the basis of clinical symptoms. The data obtained in basal conditions, under ACTH stimulation, and under dexamethasone suppression, compared with each other and supported by the results of conventional examinations, demonstrate that the quantitative information provided by this radioisotope test is correlated with the functional state of each adrenal, thus confirming the potential value of the method for diagnostic purposes. The functional dynamic test proposed does not require a higher dose of tracer than morphologic studies and the radiation risk (approximately 2.5 rad to the ovaries or gonads) seems acceptable in adult subjects.", "PMID": 608467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9955", "title": "Comparison of technetium uptake in small joints with other indices of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The uptake of 99mTc in the small joints of the hand has been compared to various other mesures of inflammation in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The 99mTc uptake in the finger joints can reflect both disease activity at a given time and change in activity over a period of time. The place of Tc uptake amongst other measures of inflammation, from the point of view of the 'relative efficiency' of the assessment method, is rather inferior. In evaluating the effect of antiphlogistic drugs on local inflammation, techneticum uptake may, however, prove more discriminating than grip-strength or the number of painful joints, since the latter measures depend largely on the degree of destruction.", "contents": "Comparison of technetium uptake in small joints with other indices of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. The uptake of 99mTc in the small joints of the hand has been compared to various other mesures of inflammation in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The 99mTc uptake in the finger joints can reflect both disease activity at a given time and change in activity over a period of time. The place of Tc uptake amongst other measures of inflammation, from the point of view of the 'relative efficiency' of the assessment method, is rather inferior. In evaluating the effect of antiphlogistic drugs on local inflammation, techneticum uptake may, however, prove more discriminating than grip-strength or the number of painful joints, since the latter measures depend largely on the degree of destruction.", "PMID": 608468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9956", "title": "Fully automatic computer-assisted pancreas imaging.", "content": "Good pancreas imaging is difficult to achieve even if a computer is applied. The special computer program proposed here was developed to optimize the results and to minimize the operator interaction with the data processing system.", "contents": "Fully automatic computer-assisted pancreas imaging. Good pancreas imaging is difficult to achieve even if a computer is applied. The special computer program proposed here was developed to optimize the results and to minimize the operator interaction with the data processing system.", "PMID": 608469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9957", "title": "Determination of trace elements in whole blood by photon-induced X-ray fluorescence.", "content": "Photon-induced X-ray fluorescence is used to determine elements in human whole blood samples. The method is reliable and has a good sensitivity for a wide range of elements. The simplicity of the technique and the associated instruments makes the method suitable for use in hospitals.", "contents": "Determination of trace elements in whole blood by photon-induced X-ray fluorescence. Photon-induced X-ray fluorescence is used to determine elements in human whole blood samples. The method is reliable and has a good sensitivity for a wide range of elements. The simplicity of the technique and the associated instruments makes the method suitable for use in hospitals.", "PMID": 608470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9958", "title": "A comparison of a new whole body scanner with a large crystal scanning camera in whole body imaging.", "content": "Physical parameters and the clinical experience obtained in one year with a new whole body scanning system are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of this system are described in comparison with a large crystal scanning camera. The whole body scanner has two detectors each an array of ten crystals with a large area (700 cm2 per head) able to scan a surface of 60 X 193 cm. The information is formed in a 160 by 512 point matrix and stored on a floppy disc. X-ray or polaroid film output is available. Whole body bone scans (both A.P. and P.A.) with excellent resolution are obtained in less than 25 min. The relative sensitivity and resolution of both imaging systems was studied using line and plane source phantoms and clinical material. Taking into account the different physical parameters of the systems an attempt at a practical comparison of scans is made in terms of time, sensitivity, resolution and image quality.", "contents": "A comparison of a new whole body scanner with a large crystal scanning camera in whole body imaging. Physical parameters and the clinical experience obtained in one year with a new whole body scanning system are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of this system are described in comparison with a large crystal scanning camera. The whole body scanner has two detectors each an array of ten crystals with a large area (700 cm2 per head) able to scan a surface of 60 X 193 cm. The information is formed in a 160 by 512 point matrix and stored on a floppy disc. X-ray or polaroid film output is available. Whole body bone scans (both A.P. and P.A.) with excellent resolution are obtained in less than 25 min. The relative sensitivity and resolution of both imaging systems was studied using line and plane source phantoms and clinical material. Taking into account the different physical parameters of the systems an attempt at a practical comparison of scans is made in terms of time, sensitivity, resolution and image quality.", "PMID": 608471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9959", "title": "Evaluation and improvement of different methods for the enrichment of antigen-binding cells of chickens.", "content": "Antigen-binding cells were enriched using bovine serum albumin immunized chickens as an experimental model. A comparison of density centrifugation, adherence to derivatized surfaces (polystyrol and gelatin) and affinity chromatography revealed that optimal enrichment was obtained using the latter procedure. Polyacrylamide was superior to agarose.", "contents": "Evaluation and improvement of different methods for the enrichment of antigen-binding cells of chickens. Antigen-binding cells were enriched using bovine serum albumin immunized chickens as an experimental model. A comparison of density centrifugation, adherence to derivatized surfaces (polystyrol and gelatin) and affinity chromatography revealed that optimal enrichment was obtained using the latter procedure. Polyacrylamide was superior to agarose.", "PMID": 608487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9960", "title": "Studies using labelled C. parvum preparations in mice.", "content": "The in vivo distribution of 125I and fluorescein labelled C. parvum, after local and systemic injection mice has been studied. After i.v. injection large amounts were found in the liver, spleen and lungs, with less in the lymph nodes. The distribution after s. c. injection was more restricted; the bulk of inoculum was retained at the injection site and draining lymph node, and only small amounts were found in the liver and spleen. C. parvum was found in bone marrow, but not peritoneal cells after i. v. injection. It was, however, possible to recruit C. parvum-containing cells into the peritoneal cavity by i. p. injection of thioglycollate, and to a lesser extent, i. p. injection of syngeneic tumour cells.", "contents": "Studies using labelled C. parvum preparations in mice. The in vivo distribution of 125I and fluorescein labelled C. parvum, after local and systemic injection mice has been studied. After i.v. injection large amounts were found in the liver, spleen and lungs, with less in the lymph nodes. The distribution after s. c. injection was more restricted; the bulk of inoculum was retained at the injection site and draining lymph node, and only small amounts were found in the liver and spleen. C. parvum was found in bone marrow, but not peritoneal cells after i. v. injection. It was, however, possible to recruit C. parvum-containing cells into the peritoneal cavity by i. p. injection of thioglycollate, and to a lesser extent, i. p. injection of syngeneic tumour cells.", "PMID": 608498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9961", "title": "Comparative studies on the cell wall composition of some anaerobic coryneforms of varying lympho-reticular stimulatory activity.", "content": "Anaerobic diphtheroids possessing lympho-reticular stimulatory properties may differ considerably in their peptidoglycan composition. Spleen weight-increasing activity of strains directly parallels their antitumour properties. P. granulosum strains, inactive in assays for lympho-reticular stimulation, appear to have a higher cell wall alanine content than most of the P. acnes and P. avidum strains tested. Two P. acnes strains, however, had equivalently high alanine ratios and were stimulatory. The presence of galactose does not appear to be required for activity since P. acnes II strains which lack this sugar can be fully stimulatory. The existence of the species P. lymphophilum (Torrey) is further supported by the finding of two more serologically identical strains which do not cross react serologically with the other species in the group. These organisms are fully stimulatory but have lysine rather than DAP as their cell wall diamino acid.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the cell wall composition of some anaerobic coryneforms of varying lympho-reticular stimulatory activity. Anaerobic diphtheroids possessing lympho-reticular stimulatory properties may differ considerably in their peptidoglycan composition. Spleen weight-increasing activity of strains directly parallels their antitumour properties. P. granulosum strains, inactive in assays for lympho-reticular stimulation, appear to have a higher cell wall alanine content than most of the P. acnes and P. avidum strains tested. Two P. acnes strains, however, had equivalently high alanine ratios and were stimulatory. The presence of galactose does not appear to be required for activity since P. acnes II strains which lack this sugar can be fully stimulatory. The existence of the species P. lymphophilum (Torrey) is further supported by the finding of two more serologically identical strains which do not cross react serologically with the other species in the group. These organisms are fully stimulatory but have lysine rather than DAP as their cell wall diamino acid.", "PMID": 608497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9962", "title": "Further studies on the enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by C. parvum.", "content": "We have shown previously that spleen cells from mice pre-treated with C. parvum give enhanced antibody response when cultured in the presence of thymus-dependent antigens. In order to establish if C. parvum has a similar effect when added in vitro, spleen cells from untreated mice were cultured with C. parvum in Marbrook chambers with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as antigen. At concentrations of 35-140 microgram/ml/20 x 10(6) spleen cells C. parvum enhanced, but at higher concentrations suppressed the in vitro response. Cultures containing lymphocytes from C. parvum treated mice and adherent cells from untreated animals, which do not show in vitro the enhancement in the absence of C. parvum, gave higher responses to SRBC when a critical dose of the vaccine was added. Supernatants from cultures of normal spleen cells with added C. parvum could enhance the in vitro response of normal spleen cells. In double Marbrook cultures, cells from mice pre-treated with C. parvum and cultured with this organism failed, however, to enhance the response of untreated cells in the outer vessel. Under these conditions the response was enhanced only when SRBC were also present in the inner vessel.", "contents": "Further studies on the enhancement of the antibody response in vitro by C. parvum. We have shown previously that spleen cells from mice pre-treated with C. parvum give enhanced antibody response when cultured in the presence of thymus-dependent antigens. In order to establish if C. parvum has a similar effect when added in vitro, spleen cells from untreated mice were cultured with C. parvum in Marbrook chambers with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as antigen. At concentrations of 35-140 microgram/ml/20 x 10(6) spleen cells C. parvum enhanced, but at higher concentrations suppressed the in vitro response. Cultures containing lymphocytes from C. parvum treated mice and adherent cells from untreated animals, which do not show in vitro the enhancement in the absence of C. parvum, gave higher responses to SRBC when a critical dose of the vaccine was added. Supernatants from cultures of normal spleen cells with added C. parvum could enhance the in vitro response of normal spleen cells. In double Marbrook cultures, cells from mice pre-treated with C. parvum and cultured with this organism failed, however, to enhance the response of untreated cells in the outer vessel. Under these conditions the response was enhanced only when SRBC were also present in the inner vessel.", "PMID": 608502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9963", "title": "Antibody responses, antitumour antibodies and Ig class and subclass levels in C. parvum treated mice.", "content": "This paper summarises the results of extensive studies performed in our laboratory during the past three years aimed at establishing the effect of C. parvum administration on humoral immunity in normal mice and mice previously challenged with viable MC fibrosarcoma cells. This treatment was found to (a) increase the response to thymus dependent and independent antigens, (b) result in the production of circulating immunoglobulins which bound to tumour cells and syngeneic tissues in vitro, and (c) marked increases in the levels of certain immunoglobulins, especially IgG2a and IgG2b. The latter effects were dependent upon the dose and route of injection and were inhibited by the administration of gold salts. Similar though less marked effects were also observed in T cell deprived and nude mice and in normal mice injected with other bacterial adjuvants. The mechanisms by which C. parvum exerts the above serological effects and their relevance to antitumour immunity, will be discussed.", "contents": "Antibody responses, antitumour antibodies and Ig class and subclass levels in C. parvum treated mice. This paper summarises the results of extensive studies performed in our laboratory during the past three years aimed at establishing the effect of C. parvum administration on humoral immunity in normal mice and mice previously challenged with viable MC fibrosarcoma cells. This treatment was found to (a) increase the response to thymus dependent and independent antigens, (b) result in the production of circulating immunoglobulins which bound to tumour cells and syngeneic tissues in vitro, and (c) marked increases in the levels of certain immunoglobulins, especially IgG2a and IgG2b. The latter effects were dependent upon the dose and route of injection and were inhibited by the administration of gold salts. Similar though less marked effects were also observed in T cell deprived and nude mice and in normal mice injected with other bacterial adjuvants. The mechanisms by which C. parvum exerts the above serological effects and their relevance to antitumour immunity, will be discussed.", "PMID": 608503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9964", "title": "Comparative studies on the significance of in vitro data of BCG vaccines.", "content": "In vitro parameters of BCG vaccine, such as colony-forming units or bacterial weight, are significant with respect to efficacy and occurrence of side effects only for vaccines which are made by one manufacturer according to one method and tested in one laboratory. With respect to colony-forming units from different products, widely varying doses must be applied to gain comparable effects. Similar effects can be expected from the human dose, recommended for each particular product. These conclusions, derived from experiences in vaccination against tuberculosis can also be considered essential for comparative immunotherapy with BCG vaccines.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the significance of in vitro data of BCG vaccines. In vitro parameters of BCG vaccine, such as colony-forming units or bacterial weight, are significant with respect to efficacy and occurrence of side effects only for vaccines which are made by one manufacturer according to one method and tested in one laboratory. With respect to colony-forming units from different products, widely varying doses must be applied to gain comparable effects. Similar effects can be expected from the human dose, recommended for each particular product. These conclusions, derived from experiences in vaccination against tuberculosis can also be considered essential for comparative immunotherapy with BCG vaccines.", "PMID": 608500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9965", "title": "Distribution of 3H-thymidine-labelled C. parvum in mice.", "content": "Little is known of the localisation of injected Corynebacterium parvum. We therefore developed a method of radiolabelling this vaccine and determined its distribution in the mouse. Live C. parvum (Wellcome, strain CN 6134) was grown in the presence of 3H-thymidine and subsequently killed by formalin. A high activity, 1-6 x 10(5) cpm/0.1 ml of a 7 mg dry weight/ml concentrated suspension, was obtained. Its biological properties (hepatosplenomegaly and antitumour effects) were similar to those of commercially available vaccine. After intravenous or intraperitoneal injection into normal mice, high activity was recovered in liver and moderate activity in spleen, lungs and small gut. In contrast, after subcutaneous injection, most activity was recorded at the injection site, and little in other tissues. A similar distribution of labelled C. parvum was found in tumour-bearing mice. Only moderate counts were detected in tumour.", "contents": "Distribution of 3H-thymidine-labelled C. parvum in mice. Little is known of the localisation of injected Corynebacterium parvum. We therefore developed a method of radiolabelling this vaccine and determined its distribution in the mouse. Live C. parvum (Wellcome, strain CN 6134) was grown in the presence of 3H-thymidine and subsequently killed by formalin. A high activity, 1-6 x 10(5) cpm/0.1 ml of a 7 mg dry weight/ml concentrated suspension, was obtained. Its biological properties (hepatosplenomegaly and antitumour effects) were similar to those of commercially available vaccine. After intravenous or intraperitoneal injection into normal mice, high activity was recovered in liver and moderate activity in spleen, lungs and small gut. In contrast, after subcutaneous injection, most activity was recorded at the injection site, and little in other tissues. A similar distribution of labelled C. parvum was found in tumour-bearing mice. Only moderate counts were detected in tumour.", "PMID": 608501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9966", "title": "Monocytosis-inducing activity (MIA) of serum in Corynebacterium parvum treated mice.", "content": "Intravenous injection of 548 microgram of C. parvum (Lot 0407, M\u00e9rieux Laboratories, France) into C57Bl mice produced rapidly appearing monocytopenia which was followed by marked and prolonged monocytosis after the third day. The serum of these animals, collected during the monocytopenic but not the monocytosis phase, showed monocytosis inducing activity (MIA) as was demonstrated by the intravenous injection of the serum into normal test mice. Serum from normal untreated mice or from mice given an intravenous injection of sterile pyrogen-free saline did not cause monocytosis in the test mice. Monocytosis induced in the test animals presented two interesting peaks. The first was observed 2 h after the injection of serum and the second 5 days later. The former was accompanied by a decrease and the latter by an increase in the number of bone marrow monocytes, suggesting that MIA probably represents a releasing activity. The late increase in marrow monocytes is considered as a phenomenon secondary to the initial reduction.", "contents": "Monocytosis-inducing activity (MIA) of serum in Corynebacterium parvum treated mice. Intravenous injection of 548 microgram of C. parvum (Lot 0407, M\u00e9rieux Laboratories, France) into C57Bl mice produced rapidly appearing monocytopenia which was followed by marked and prolonged monocytosis after the third day. The serum of these animals, collected during the monocytopenic but not the monocytosis phase, showed monocytosis inducing activity (MIA) as was demonstrated by the intravenous injection of the serum into normal test mice. Serum from normal untreated mice or from mice given an intravenous injection of sterile pyrogen-free saline did not cause monocytosis in the test mice. Monocytosis induced in the test animals presented two interesting peaks. The first was observed 2 h after the injection of serum and the second 5 days later. The former was accompanied by a decrease and the latter by an increase in the number of bone marrow monocytes, suggesting that MIA probably represents a releasing activity. The late increase in marrow monocytes is considered as a phenomenon secondary to the initial reduction.", "PMID": 608504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9967", "title": "In vitro anti-tumour properties of peritoneal exudate cells of conventional germ-free and stimulated mice.", "content": "Adherent cells of peritoneal exudates were obtained from conventional, or from germ-free mice or from mice having received in intraperitoneal infection of a variety of phlogogenic substances such as Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) (M\u00e9rieux) 500 microgram, thioglycolate (Difco) 3 ml, Bayol (Esso) 0.50 ml + 0.50 ml culture medium, glycogene 1.2 ml. The cytotoxic properties adherent cells were studied in vitro by the chromium release technique (CRT) and their cytostatic properties by the inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by YC8 lymphoma cells. C. parvum was found to be the most active agent in enhancing the cytotoxic properties of adherent cells, followed by BCG and Bayol. Glycogen peptone and other substrates were without effect. The unstimulated peritoneal macrophages of conventional mice were found to inhibit thymidine incorporation by tumour cells, whereas those of germ-free mice could not do so. C. parvum markedly increased the cytostatic property adhered cells from both germ-free and conventional mice.", "contents": "In vitro anti-tumour properties of peritoneal exudate cells of conventional germ-free and stimulated mice. Adherent cells of peritoneal exudates were obtained from conventional, or from germ-free mice or from mice having received in intraperitoneal infection of a variety of phlogogenic substances such as Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) (M\u00e9rieux) 500 microgram, thioglycolate (Difco) 3 ml, Bayol (Esso) 0.50 ml + 0.50 ml culture medium, glycogene 1.2 ml. The cytotoxic properties adherent cells were studied in vitro by the chromium release technique (CRT) and their cytostatic properties by the inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by YC8 lymphoma cells. C. parvum was found to be the most active agent in enhancing the cytotoxic properties of adherent cells, followed by BCG and Bayol. Glycogen peptone and other substrates were without effect. The unstimulated peritoneal macrophages of conventional mice were found to inhibit thymidine incorporation by tumour cells, whereas those of germ-free mice could not do so. C. parvum markedly increased the cytostatic property adhered cells from both germ-free and conventional mice.", "PMID": 608509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9968", "title": "Cell mediated immunity to Corynebacterium parvum and its role in tumor control.", "content": "The injection of C. parvum provokes a transient cell-mediated immune response to its own bacterial antigens. During this period a subcutaneous challenge dose results in the appearance of a characteristic delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction. If a suspension of syngeneic tumor cells is included in this challenge, they are destroyed in immune but not control animals. Similarly, solid tumors of limited size can be made to regress under these conditions. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that, in keeping with other DTH reactions, this effect was mediated by a population of rapidly dividing, theta-bearing lymphocytes. The ramifications of this response with respect to antitumor therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Cell mediated immunity to Corynebacterium parvum and its role in tumor control. The injection of C. parvum provokes a transient cell-mediated immune response to its own bacterial antigens. During this period a subcutaneous challenge dose results in the appearance of a characteristic delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction. If a suspension of syngeneic tumor cells is included in this challenge, they are destroyed in immune but not control animals. Similarly, solid tumors of limited size can be made to regress under these conditions. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that, in keeping with other DTH reactions, this effect was mediated by a population of rapidly dividing, theta-bearing lymphocytes. The ramifications of this response with respect to antitumor therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 608505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9969", "title": "Comparison of freeze-dried vaccines prepared from four different strains of BCG.", "content": "Cancer patients in many centers throughout the world are being treated with a variety of immunological procedures and one of the most widely used requires the administration of BCG vaccine. BCG vaccines made under the same conditions from four different strains of BCG were investigated as to their viable counts and residual virulence. The highest number of culturable particles (CP) was obtained from the vaccines prepared with the Japanese and Connaught strains, whereas the lowest number was obtained from the vaccines prepared from the French and Danish strains. The virulence of the vaccines in Syrian golden hamsters was independent of the number of CP present in each vaccine. The most virulent vaccines were the French and Danish vaccines, the least virulent was the Japanese vaccine and the Connaught vaccine was of intermediate virulence. Although the hamster can be used as a good model to determine the level of residual virulence of BCG, it should be said that, thus far, there is no evidence to show that a BCG vaccine with a high level of virulence for the hamster will necessarily be a better adjuvant or immunostimulant in the treatment of malignancies in man than a vaccine with low virulence.", "contents": "Comparison of freeze-dried vaccines prepared from four different strains of BCG. Cancer patients in many centers throughout the world are being treated with a variety of immunological procedures and one of the most widely used requires the administration of BCG vaccine. BCG vaccines made under the same conditions from four different strains of BCG were investigated as to their viable counts and residual virulence. The highest number of culturable particles (CP) was obtained from the vaccines prepared with the Japanese and Connaught strains, whereas the lowest number was obtained from the vaccines prepared from the French and Danish strains. The virulence of the vaccines in Syrian golden hamsters was independent of the number of CP present in each vaccine. The most virulent vaccines were the French and Danish vaccines, the least virulent was the Japanese vaccine and the Connaught vaccine was of intermediate virulence. Although the hamster can be used as a good model to determine the level of residual virulence of BCG, it should be said that, thus far, there is no evidence to show that a BCG vaccine with a high level of virulence for the hamster will necessarily be a better adjuvant or immunostimulant in the treatment of malignancies in man than a vaccine with low virulence.", "PMID": 608506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9970", "title": "Effects of surgery and C. parvum on tumour metastases in mice.", "content": "Surgical operations depress immune responses. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of operation (amputation) on the growth of the Lewis lung tumour and its metastases and to see if C. parvum counteracted them. Anaesthesia alone, or with amputation, did not affect the growth of the primary tumour but C. parvum depressed it. Anaesthesia did not affect the number of pulmonary metastases but amputation caused significant increase. C. parvum inhibited metastases and completely counteracted the effects of operation. Large amounts of cortisone significantly increased metastases but small doses did not. Experiments in adrenalectomized mice suggested the effects of operation were due to non specific stress.", "contents": "Effects of surgery and C. parvum on tumour metastases in mice. Surgical operations depress immune responses. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of operation (amputation) on the growth of the Lewis lung tumour and its metastases and to see if C. parvum counteracted them. Anaesthesia alone, or with amputation, did not affect the growth of the primary tumour but C. parvum depressed it. Anaesthesia did not affect the number of pulmonary metastases but amputation caused significant increase. C. parvum inhibited metastases and completely counteracted the effects of operation. Large amounts of cortisone significantly increased metastases but small doses did not. Experiments in adrenalectomized mice suggested the effects of operation were due to non specific stress.", "PMID": 608511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9971", "title": "Effects and mode of action of Corynebacterium parvum on murine tumour metastases.", "content": "The effects of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) on Lewis lung tumour metastases have been studied. I.v. and i.p., but not s.c. C. parvum significantly reduced pulmonary metastases. When combined with excision of the primary tumour, C. parvum given not more than 2 days before caused slight reduction of metastases, but when given earlier, it caused significant reduction and some mice were cured. Metastases were increased by silica or cortisone acetate but were unaffected by trypan blue. The antimetastatic action of C. parvum was not altered by these treatments. Thymectomy and irradiation did not affect tumour metastases, or the antimetastatic action of C. parvum, whereas ALS depressed metastasis and abrogated the protective effects of C. parvum. It appears that the inhibitory effects of C. parvum on tumour metastases are mediated through macrophages in concert with a subpopulation of T2 lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effects and mode of action of Corynebacterium parvum on murine tumour metastases. The effects of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) on Lewis lung tumour metastases have been studied. I.v. and i.p., but not s.c. C. parvum significantly reduced pulmonary metastases. When combined with excision of the primary tumour, C. parvum given not more than 2 days before caused slight reduction of metastases, but when given earlier, it caused significant reduction and some mice were cured. Metastases were increased by silica or cortisone acetate but were unaffected by trypan blue. The antimetastatic action of C. parvum was not altered by these treatments. Thymectomy and irradiation did not affect tumour metastases, or the antimetastatic action of C. parvum, whereas ALS depressed metastasis and abrogated the protective effects of C. parvum. It appears that the inhibitory effects of C. parvum on tumour metastases are mediated through macrophages in concert with a subpopulation of T2 lymphocytes.", "PMID": 608510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9972", "title": "Immuno BCG Pasteur F vaccine.", "content": "Immuno BCG Pasteur-F (fresh) vaccine is prepared from young cultures, 7-8 days old. Suspended in Dubos' modified medium it may be preserved for 3 months at 4 degrees C or for many years at--70 degrees C. Tests with the vaccine for colony-forming units during storage, biological controls in animals and allergy in children have demonstrated its good stability.", "contents": "Immuno BCG Pasteur F vaccine. Immuno BCG Pasteur-F (fresh) vaccine is prepared from young cultures, 7-8 days old. Suspended in Dubos' modified medium it may be preserved for 3 months at 4 degrees C or for many years at--70 degrees C. Tests with the vaccine for colony-forming units during storage, biological controls in animals and allergy in children have demonstrated its good stability.", "PMID": 608512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9973", "title": "A comparison of the antitumour activities of glucans and C. parvum.", "content": "After i.v. injection of glucans (yeast cell walls, lentinan and pseudonigeran) into CBA mice, the peritoneal macrophages became cytostatic to R1 leukemia cells in vitro, and the mice showed resistance to lung nodule formation by i.v. injected T3 fibrosarcoma cells. The glucans were less active than C. parvum. None of the glucans reproducibly acted as an adjuvant when mixed with irradiated tumour cells; nor did they inhibit the growth of a subcutaneous tumour when injected i.v. or directly into the tumour.", "contents": "A comparison of the antitumour activities of glucans and C. parvum. After i.v. injection of glucans (yeast cell walls, lentinan and pseudonigeran) into CBA mice, the peritoneal macrophages became cytostatic to R1 leukemia cells in vitro, and the mice showed resistance to lung nodule formation by i.v. injected T3 fibrosarcoma cells. The glucans were less active than C. parvum. None of the glucans reproducibly acted as an adjuvant when mixed with irradiated tumour cells; nor did they inhibit the growth of a subcutaneous tumour when injected i.v. or directly into the tumour.", "PMID": 608513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9974", "title": "Chemo-immunotherapy of mouse tumours using cyclophosphamide and C. parvum.", "content": "Treatment of a chemically induced mouse solid fibrosarcoma using either non-specific (C. parvum 350 mu i.v.), or specific active (s.c. C. parvum mixed with 5.10(5) irradiated tumour cells) immunotherapy, 4 days after a single dose of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) was synergistically more effective than either C. parvum or drug treatment alone. A contributory factor may be that cyclophosphamide pretreatment has been shown to potentiate the specific antitumour immunity that arises from C. parvum interaction with tumour antigen. Systemic C. parvum before cyclophosphamide will potentiate the antitumour effects of the drug--previously ineffective low doses becoming effective. No similar potentiation of the effects of another alkylating agent, Melphalan, was evident.", "contents": "Chemo-immunotherapy of mouse tumours using cyclophosphamide and C. parvum. Treatment of a chemically induced mouse solid fibrosarcoma using either non-specific (C. parvum 350 mu i.v.), or specific active (s.c. C. parvum mixed with 5.10(5) irradiated tumour cells) immunotherapy, 4 days after a single dose of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) was synergistically more effective than either C. parvum or drug treatment alone. A contributory factor may be that cyclophosphamide pretreatment has been shown to potentiate the specific antitumour immunity that arises from C. parvum interaction with tumour antigen. Systemic C. parvum before cyclophosphamide will potentiate the antitumour effects of the drug--previously ineffective low doses becoming effective. No similar potentiation of the effects of another alkylating agent, Melphalan, was evident.", "PMID": 608516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9975", "title": "Increased sensitivity of C. parvum treated mice to ionizing whole body irradiation.", "content": "We have investigated whether C. parvum (CP)-induced stimulation of hematopoiesis affects the survival of mice exposed to the whole body irradiation (WBI). C3Hf/Bu mice treated with CP exhibit an increased hematopoietic colony forming activity in their spleens and blood, but not in their bone marrow, as determined by the exogenous spleen colony assay. Also, CP-treated C3Hf/Bu as well as CBA mice show an increase in their endogenous colonies. This increased hematopoietic activity caused by CP treatment did not protect mice from the consequences of the WBI ranging from 650 to 950 rads. In fact, more mice died if they had been treated with CP. A decrease in the number of erythrocytes was more pronounced in mice treated with CP and irradiation than in those given irradiation alone.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of C. parvum treated mice to ionizing whole body irradiation. We have investigated whether C. parvum (CP)-induced stimulation of hematopoiesis affects the survival of mice exposed to the whole body irradiation (WBI). C3Hf/Bu mice treated with CP exhibit an increased hematopoietic colony forming activity in their spleens and blood, but not in their bone marrow, as determined by the exogenous spleen colony assay. Also, CP-treated C3Hf/Bu as well as CBA mice show an increase in their endogenous colonies. This increased hematopoietic activity caused by CP treatment did not protect mice from the consequences of the WBI ranging from 650 to 950 rads. In fact, more mice died if they had been treated with CP. A decrease in the number of erythrocytes was more pronounced in mice treated with CP and irradiation than in those given irradiation alone.", "PMID": 608517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9976", "title": "In vivo transfer of antitumor activity by peritoneal exudate cells from mice treated with C. parvum.", "content": "We have investigated whether peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from C. parvum (CP) treated (C3Hf/Bu mice could transfer in vivo the resistance against a syngeneic fibrosarcoma (FSa). Inhibition of tumour development and prolongation of survival of recipients were observed when CP-activated PEC were admixed with FSa cells before their intraperitoneal (ip) or subcutaneous (sc) injections into normal mice. The antitumour activity increased with the increase of the ratio of effector to target cells. Heat killed CP-PEC were unable to transfer the resistance. Also, pretreatment of recipients with 600 rads whole body irradiation (WBI) substantially reduced the efficacy of CP-PEC. Reconstitution of WBI mice with mixed normal spleen and lymph node cells, or spleen cells alone, or bone marrow cells did not restore the antitumor activity of transferred CP-PEC. In fact, reconstituted mice showed a further reduction of transferred antitumor resistance. CP-PEC activity was also inhibited in sc transfer experiments when normal PEC, spleen cells, T-cells or even fetal fibroblasts were admixed with tumor cells and CP-PEC. Possible reasons for the failure of WBI recipients to be fully protected by transferred CP-PEC are discussed.", "contents": "In vivo transfer of antitumor activity by peritoneal exudate cells from mice treated with C. parvum. We have investigated whether peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from C. parvum (CP) treated (C3Hf/Bu mice could transfer in vivo the resistance against a syngeneic fibrosarcoma (FSa). Inhibition of tumour development and prolongation of survival of recipients were observed when CP-activated PEC were admixed with FSa cells before their intraperitoneal (ip) or subcutaneous (sc) injections into normal mice. The antitumour activity increased with the increase of the ratio of effector to target cells. Heat killed CP-PEC were unable to transfer the resistance. Also, pretreatment of recipients with 600 rads whole body irradiation (WBI) substantially reduced the efficacy of CP-PEC. Reconstitution of WBI mice with mixed normal spleen and lymph node cells, or spleen cells alone, or bone marrow cells did not restore the antitumor activity of transferred CP-PEC. In fact, reconstituted mice showed a further reduction of transferred antitumor resistance. CP-PEC activity was also inhibited in sc transfer experiments when normal PEC, spleen cells, T-cells or even fetal fibroblasts were admixed with tumor cells and CP-PEC. Possible reasons for the failure of WBI recipients to be fully protected by transferred CP-PEC are discussed.", "PMID": 608514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9977", "title": "Neuroblastoma and transfer factor.", "content": "Some authors have demonstrated the cytotoxic capacity of the mother's lymphocytes against the neuroblastoma cells of the son. It is not known if that is the reason for the better prognosis of these tumors in early infancy, and it was decided to treat some similar patients with transfer factor from the mother. The conditions for the patients were: more than 2 years old, poor response to chemotherapy and/or part of the tumor not resected. 3 to 5 doses of transfer factor were administered to 3 patients 2 1/2, 4 and 6 years old. One dose was taken from 400 ml of blood and prepared as described in the literature. The patients remained without metastasis more than 1 year after the treatment.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma and transfer factor. Some authors have demonstrated the cytotoxic capacity of the mother's lymphocytes against the neuroblastoma cells of the son. It is not known if that is the reason for the better prognosis of these tumors in early infancy, and it was decided to treat some similar patients with transfer factor from the mother. The conditions for the patients were: more than 2 years old, poor response to chemotherapy and/or part of the tumor not resected. 3 to 5 doses of transfer factor were administered to 3 patients 2 1/2, 4 and 6 years old. One dose was taken from 400 ml of blood and prepared as described in the literature. The patients remained without metastasis more than 1 year after the treatment.", "PMID": 608520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9978", "title": "Effects of C. parvum on radiation response of murine tumors.", "content": "The effects of intravenous C. parvum (CP) on the efficacy of fractionated gamma-irradiation in treating a fairly immunogenic fibrosarcoma (FSa) and a weakly immunogenic mammary carcinoma (MDAH-MCa-4) were studied in C3Hf/Bu mice. Tumors were 8 mm in diameter at the start of irradiation. The FSa was exposed to 500 and the MDAH-MCa-4 to 750 rads daily for 3.6 or 10 days. The administration of 0.25 mg CP varied from 4 days before to 14 days after the start of irradiation. CP greatly augmented radiocurability of FSa, especially when applied before irradiation. The effect was evidenced by the increase in the cure rate, and, in mice not cured, by the tumor growth retardation, reduction of pulmonary metastasis incidence and prolongation in survival of mice. This effect of i.v. CP on FSa radiocurability was not further increased by intralesional CP, or by systemic injections of vitamin A or the hypoxic tumor cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582. CP was less effective in augmenting radiation response of the MDAH-MCa-4. Here, CP slowed the growth of irradiated tumors and prolonged the survival of mice.", "contents": "Effects of C. parvum on radiation response of murine tumors. The effects of intravenous C. parvum (CP) on the efficacy of fractionated gamma-irradiation in treating a fairly immunogenic fibrosarcoma (FSa) and a weakly immunogenic mammary carcinoma (MDAH-MCa-4) were studied in C3Hf/Bu mice. Tumors were 8 mm in diameter at the start of irradiation. The FSa was exposed to 500 and the MDAH-MCa-4 to 750 rads daily for 3.6 or 10 days. The administration of 0.25 mg CP varied from 4 days before to 14 days after the start of irradiation. CP greatly augmented radiocurability of FSa, especially when applied before irradiation. The effect was evidenced by the increase in the cure rate, and, in mice not cured, by the tumor growth retardation, reduction of pulmonary metastasis incidence and prolongation in survival of mice. This effect of i.v. CP on FSa radiocurability was not further increased by intralesional CP, or by systemic injections of vitamin A or the hypoxic tumor cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582. CP was less effective in augmenting radiation response of the MDAH-MCa-4. Here, CP slowed the growth of irradiated tumors and prolonged the survival of mice.", "PMID": 608515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9979", "title": "Experimental evaluation of nonspecific immunostimulation and chemotherapy in the intracranial tumor-bearing Fisher rat.", "content": "One hundred sixty rats bearing intracranial tumors were divided into groups of 10 to evaluate C-I interval +, effect of chemotherapy alone (BCNU), chemotherapy and C. parvum, and C. parvum alone in the rat tumor model. All therapy was administered intraperitoneally: BCNU -5.2 mg/kg (40% of LD10) on the 9th and 16th post tumor implant day, and C. parvum-1.4 mg regardless of the body weight and the 6th or 23rd day and 6th and 23rd post tumor implant day. An additional group received BCNU on the 9th and 16th day and C. parvum every 3rd day beginning with the 11th post implant day. It is concluded that C. parvum given before BCNU yields the greatest increase in survival in this animal system. Two or more injections were detrimental and injections after BCNU were of less value. C. parvum alone was minimally effective. If nonspecific immunostimulation is contemplated in this animal tumor system, it would appear to be best given before chemotherapy. This may relate to the brain as a \"privileged immune site\", or a peculiarity of the blood brain barrier in an intracranial lesion as it related to combined therapy.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of nonspecific immunostimulation and chemotherapy in the intracranial tumor-bearing Fisher rat. One hundred sixty rats bearing intracranial tumors were divided into groups of 10 to evaluate C-I interval +, effect of chemotherapy alone (BCNU), chemotherapy and C. parvum, and C. parvum alone in the rat tumor model. All therapy was administered intraperitoneally: BCNU -5.2 mg/kg (40% of LD10) on the 9th and 16th post tumor implant day, and C. parvum-1.4 mg regardless of the body weight and the 6th or 23rd day and 6th and 23rd post tumor implant day. An additional group received BCNU on the 9th and 16th day and C. parvum every 3rd day beginning with the 11th post implant day. It is concluded that C. parvum given before BCNU yields the greatest increase in survival in this animal system. Two or more injections were detrimental and injections after BCNU were of less value. C. parvum alone was minimally effective. If nonspecific immunostimulation is contemplated in this animal tumor system, it would appear to be best given before chemotherapy. This may relate to the brain as a \"privileged immune site\", or a peculiarity of the blood brain barrier in an intracranial lesion as it related to combined therapy.", "PMID": 608518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9980", "title": "BCG-immunotherapy of L2C guinea pig leukemia.", "content": "In different experiments 46 guinea pigs of inbred strain 2 were inoculated intradermally with a lethal dose of about 10(5) gelatine purified L2C leukocytes per animal in mixture with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of BCG Copenhagen 1331. From these animals 58% showed a significant (p = 0.05) delay of death from leukemia in comparison to 38 animals not treated with BCG all perishing of leukemia with an average life time of 22.7 days (+/- 4.1 S.D.) after tumor cell inoculation. In 15% of the animals BCG caused long term survivors, still alive more than three months after L2C application. Twelve of them were challenged with nearly 10(5) L2C leukocytes; nine animals remained healthy demonstrating strong acquired resistance against L2C leukemia. Fresh submers cultured and lyophilized pellicle grown preparations of BCG Copenhagen 1331 were equally effective in antitumor activity. Using the same CFU dosage the lyophilized Copenhagen 1331 preparation was compared with two other commercial BCG vaccines and was found equivalent or better in efficacy against L2C leukemia.", "contents": "BCG-immunotherapy of L2C guinea pig leukemia. In different experiments 46 guinea pigs of inbred strain 2 were inoculated intradermally with a lethal dose of about 10(5) gelatine purified L2C leukocytes per animal in mixture with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of BCG Copenhagen 1331. From these animals 58% showed a significant (p = 0.05) delay of death from leukemia in comparison to 38 animals not treated with BCG all perishing of leukemia with an average life time of 22.7 days (+/- 4.1 S.D.) after tumor cell inoculation. In 15% of the animals BCG caused long term survivors, still alive more than three months after L2C application. Twelve of them were challenged with nearly 10(5) L2C leukocytes; nine animals remained healthy demonstrating strong acquired resistance against L2C leukemia. Fresh submers cultured and lyophilized pellicle grown preparations of BCG Copenhagen 1331 were equally effective in antitumor activity. Using the same CFU dosage the lyophilized Copenhagen 1331 preparation was compared with two other commercial BCG vaccines and was found equivalent or better in efficacy against L2C leukemia.", "PMID": 608523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9981", "title": "The effect of pretreatment with Corynebacterium parvum on the growth of a chemical induced transplanted murine tumor.", "content": "Unspecific immunostimulation with or without specific tumor immunotherapy may well contribute to the control of minimal residual cancer. Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.) has been shown to raise the level of immunocompetence in tumor bearing animals. Experiments are reported, which aim at an evaluation of optimal conditions for an immunostimulation with C.p. prior to the transplantation of BALB/c Meth A ascitis. Using different dosages, routes of injection and schedules of vaccination it was found, that the highest non-toxic dose of C.p. per mouse yielded the optimal inhibition of tumor growth, the longest survival of tumor bearing hosts and the highest number of tumor rejections as compared to untreated controls. If the vaccine was distributed to at least 4 sites of injection, the s.c. route appeared superior to i.p. application. The intravenous route appeared to be most effective. The oral route seemed to inhibit tumor growth, if not less than 4 mg/mouse were fed daily for five days. The mechanism of action of C.p. in the model system used is discussed and correlated with an appropriate timing of both C.p. sensitization and tumor challenge.", "contents": "The effect of pretreatment with Corynebacterium parvum on the growth of a chemical induced transplanted murine tumor. Unspecific immunostimulation with or without specific tumor immunotherapy may well contribute to the control of minimal residual cancer. Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.) has been shown to raise the level of immunocompetence in tumor bearing animals. Experiments are reported, which aim at an evaluation of optimal conditions for an immunostimulation with C.p. prior to the transplantation of BALB/c Meth A ascitis. Using different dosages, routes of injection and schedules of vaccination it was found, that the highest non-toxic dose of C.p. per mouse yielded the optimal inhibition of tumor growth, the longest survival of tumor bearing hosts and the highest number of tumor rejections as compared to untreated controls. If the vaccine was distributed to at least 4 sites of injection, the s.c. route appeared superior to i.p. application. The intravenous route appeared to be most effective. The oral route seemed to inhibit tumor growth, if not less than 4 mg/mouse were fed daily for five days. The mechanism of action of C.p. in the model system used is discussed and correlated with an appropriate timing of both C.p. sensitization and tumor challenge.", "PMID": 608519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9982", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid cells as a source of interferon.", "content": "Interferons have considerable antitumour effects in animals, and have been used with encouraging results in patients with osteocarcomas and certain other tumours. So far only relatively small amounts of material suitable for use in man have been prepared, and almost all of this has come from human white blood cells [buffy coats]. Human fibroblast cell lines are now increasingly being used as an alternative source, but the resultant interferon differs in its chemical and biological properties from leucocyte interferon. Lymphoblastoid cells can also be induced to form an interferon which appears identical to buffy coat interferon. These cells can be grown in suspension in large tanks, and could provide large amounts of relatively inexpensive interferon. The advantages of this type of production system and the problems associated with it will be discussed.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid cells as a source of interferon. Interferons have considerable antitumour effects in animals, and have been used with encouraging results in patients with osteocarcomas and certain other tumours. So far only relatively small amounts of material suitable for use in man have been prepared, and almost all of this has come from human white blood cells [buffy coats]. Human fibroblast cell lines are now increasingly being used as an alternative source, but the resultant interferon differs in its chemical and biological properties from leucocyte interferon. Lymphoblastoid cells can also be induced to form an interferon which appears identical to buffy coat interferon. These cells can be grown in suspension in large tanks, and could provide large amounts of relatively inexpensive interferon. The advantages of this type of production system and the problems associated with it will be discussed.", "PMID": 608522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9983", "title": "Interference of preceding BCG vaccination with BCG immunotherapy in L2C-guinea pig leukemia.", "content": "Guinea pigs of inbred strain 2 were vaccinated with BCG 1331 Copenhagen (K-Nr. 240-1) six to seven weeks before intradermal application of about 10(5) leukocytes from a highly leukemic animal in mixture with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of BCG. This presensitization with BCG totally abolished or strongly reduced the antitumor activity of L2C-cells adjoining BCG. Increase of bacterial mass applied from 1 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(8) CFU did not restore the antileukemic effect of BCG as observed in unvaccinated guinea pigs by a significant delay of death in a portion of animals and by the occurrence of long-term survivors. Since local reaction to BCG occurred much earlier in presensitized than in unvaccinated animals, we speculate that the destruction of tumor cells and hence the antigenic stimulus was too premature in presensitized animals to build up a BCG-mediated antitumor immunity.", "contents": "Interference of preceding BCG vaccination with BCG immunotherapy in L2C-guinea pig leukemia. Guinea pigs of inbred strain 2 were vaccinated with BCG 1331 Copenhagen (K-Nr. 240-1) six to seven weeks before intradermal application of about 10(5) leukocytes from a highly leukemic animal in mixture with 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) of BCG. This presensitization with BCG totally abolished or strongly reduced the antitumor activity of L2C-cells adjoining BCG. Increase of bacterial mass applied from 1 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(8) CFU did not restore the antileukemic effect of BCG as observed in unvaccinated guinea pigs by a significant delay of death in a portion of animals and by the occurrence of long-term survivors. Since local reaction to BCG occurred much earlier in presensitized than in unvaccinated animals, we speculate that the destruction of tumor cells and hence the antigenic stimulus was too premature in presensitized animals to build up a BCG-mediated antitumor immunity.", "PMID": 608524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9984", "title": "The local effect of intravesical Corynebacterium parvum in the dog. A preliminary study.", "content": "High doses of C. parvum introduced in the bladder of the dog provoke changes in the submucosa. The significance and importance of these modifications should be investigated.", "contents": "The local effect of intravesical Corynebacterium parvum in the dog. A preliminary study. High doses of C. parvum introduced in the bladder of the dog provoke changes in the submucosa. The significance and importance of these modifications should be investigated.", "PMID": 608526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9985", "title": "A vaccine and immune serum for ascites tumor of mice and therapy of skin tumors.", "content": "Of the 16 dyes studied, methylene blue med (MBM) was found to be the least and the most immunogenic either the dye-prepared vaccine or the dye solution injected simultaneously with ascites tumor (AT) cell suspension. The effective dosages of MBM ranged from 0.2 ml of 0.1% to 0.1 ml of 1%, i.e., 0.2-1.0 mg per mouse, weighed at 15-20 gm. Rabbits immunized with MBM-prepared vaccine produced specific antibody to AT in 2-3 weeks. Antisera produced by intraperitoneal injection were more effective than those produced by subcutaneous injection. Both rabbit immune serum and MBM dye solution were found to have therapeutic value in treatment of skin tumors induced by AT cell suspensions.", "contents": "A vaccine and immune serum for ascites tumor of mice and therapy of skin tumors. Of the 16 dyes studied, methylene blue med (MBM) was found to be the least and the most immunogenic either the dye-prepared vaccine or the dye solution injected simultaneously with ascites tumor (AT) cell suspension. The effective dosages of MBM ranged from 0.2 ml of 0.1% to 0.1 ml of 1%, i.e., 0.2-1.0 mg per mouse, weighed at 15-20 gm. Rabbits immunized with MBM-prepared vaccine produced specific antibody to AT in 2-3 weeks. Antisera produced by intraperitoneal injection were more effective than those produced by subcutaneous injection. Both rabbit immune serum and MBM dye solution were found to have therapeutic value in treatment of skin tumors induced by AT cell suspensions.", "PMID": 608527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9986", "title": "Effects of BCG and C. parvum treatment on human melanoma xenografts.", "content": "CBA mice rendered immunodeficient by thymectomy, potentially lethal gamma-irradiation and reconstitution with bone marrow cells were used to grow a wide variety of human tumours as subcutaneous implants. Samples of human melanoma obtained at surgery were successfully passaged by transplantation and produced rapidly growing tumours, some of which metastasized to lung, lymph nodes and the para-aortic node; this system was used as a model for the study of immunotherapy of melanoma. Preliminary results show that intratumour injections of C. parvum retard or inhibit the growth of melanoma transplants and, therefore, do not require the involvement of T lymphocytes, whilst BCG has no effect on growth rate.", "contents": "Effects of BCG and C. parvum treatment on human melanoma xenografts. CBA mice rendered immunodeficient by thymectomy, potentially lethal gamma-irradiation and reconstitution with bone marrow cells were used to grow a wide variety of human tumours as subcutaneous implants. Samples of human melanoma obtained at surgery were successfully passaged by transplantation and produced rapidly growing tumours, some of which metastasized to lung, lymph nodes and the para-aortic node; this system was used as a model for the study of immunotherapy of melanoma. Preliminary results show that intratumour injections of C. parvum retard or inhibit the growth of melanoma transplants and, therefore, do not require the involvement of T lymphocytes, whilst BCG has no effect on growth rate.", "PMID": 608525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9987", "title": "Toxicological studies with therapeutically-applicable Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.", "content": "Neuraminidase was submitted to a preclinical toxicological investigation in short--and long--term experiments. The acute toxicity in mice, rats, and guinea pigs is low (LD 50 i.v.: mouse 30,000 units/kg, rat 44,000 units/kg, guinea pig 7,700 units/kg; s.c.: mouse, rat, guinea pig more than 30,000 u/kg). After i.v. injection into dogs, respiration is not at all and blood pressure only slightly altered. Neuraminidase is pyrogenfree in the rabbit test. Assays of antigenicity in guinea pigs and tests on local i.v., i.m., s.c. toxicity in rabbits and guinea pigs showed only moderate toxic signs. Chronicity studies were performed in dogs and rats over 90 days with repeated administration of various amounts of Neuraminidase (dogs 50-2,000 u/kg, rats 500-2,000 u/kg i.v., 26 or 65 injections). Only in very high dose levels (more than 500 u/kg) Neuraminidase was toxic in dogs (damage of liver, kidney and erythrocytes). In lower doses in dogs and in rats the clinical, biochemical, and hematological data as well as urinalysis and anatomopathological results give no evidence of systemic or important alterations which would preclude the clinical investigation of the drug.", "contents": "Toxicological studies with therapeutically-applicable Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Neuraminidase was submitted to a preclinical toxicological investigation in short--and long--term experiments. The acute toxicity in mice, rats, and guinea pigs is low (LD 50 i.v.: mouse 30,000 units/kg, rat 44,000 units/kg, guinea pig 7,700 units/kg; s.c.: mouse, rat, guinea pig more than 30,000 u/kg). After i.v. injection into dogs, respiration is not at all and blood pressure only slightly altered. Neuraminidase is pyrogenfree in the rabbit test. Assays of antigenicity in guinea pigs and tests on local i.v., i.m., s.c. toxicity in rabbits and guinea pigs showed only moderate toxic signs. Chronicity studies were performed in dogs and rats over 90 days with repeated administration of various amounts of Neuraminidase (dogs 50-2,000 u/kg, rats 500-2,000 u/kg i.v., 26 or 65 injections). Only in very high dose levels (more than 500 u/kg) Neuraminidase was toxic in dogs (damage of liver, kidney and erythrocytes). In lower doses in dogs and in rats the clinical, biochemical, and hematological data as well as urinalysis and anatomopathological results give no evidence of systemic or important alterations which would preclude the clinical investigation of the drug.", "PMID": 608531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9988", "title": "Histological changes of intravascular coagulation in mice resulting from intravenous injection of C. parvum.", "content": "A histological study was made of liver and other tissues of mice at intervals after injection of C. parvum. As early as 20 min after injection occasional thrombi surrounded by polymorphs were seen in the alveolar capillaries. A general thrombosis rapidly developed in the hepatic vessels with consequent hepatic necrosis. Thrombi also developed in splenic vessels. This intravascular coagulation was prolonged, lasting at least 7 days. There was evidence that fresh thrombi were being formed throughout this time. The thrombosis was mirrored by a fall in platelet counts. The kidney was uninvolved in the reaction. The mechanism of this reaction and its possible relevance to the antitumour action of C. parvum is discussed.", "contents": "Histological changes of intravascular coagulation in mice resulting from intravenous injection of C. parvum. A histological study was made of liver and other tissues of mice at intervals after injection of C. parvum. As early as 20 min after injection occasional thrombi surrounded by polymorphs were seen in the alveolar capillaries. A general thrombosis rapidly developed in the hepatic vessels with consequent hepatic necrosis. Thrombi also developed in splenic vessels. This intravascular coagulation was prolonged, lasting at least 7 days. There was evidence that fresh thrombi were being formed throughout this time. The thrombosis was mirrored by a fall in platelet counts. The kidney was uninvolved in the reaction. The mechanism of this reaction and its possible relevance to the antitumour action of C. parvum is discussed.", "PMID": 608532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9989", "title": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum vaccine on drug metabolism in the mouse.", "content": "Mice of the CBA strain were given a single intraperitoneal injection of C. parvum vaccine at 50 mg/m2. There followed a progressive increase in liver weight and in the duration of hexobarbitone sleeping time, accompanied by a marked decrease in liver microsomal protein and in cytochrome P-450/mg microsomal protein. That is to say, content of cytochrome P-450 was reduced out of proportion to the apparent loss of endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were paralleled by decreases in microsomal O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole and glucuronide formation with o-aminophenol measured in vitro; they were most marked at 13-14 days after dosing; they then slowly returned to control levels which they reached 20-30 days later. Changes in the dose of vaccine showed that the increase in liver weight and in hexobarbitone sleeping time were significant at 3.5 mg/m2, but that the decrease in the activities measured in vitro were not significant below 35 mg/m2.", "contents": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum vaccine on drug metabolism in the mouse. Mice of the CBA strain were given a single intraperitoneal injection of C. parvum vaccine at 50 mg/m2. There followed a progressive increase in liver weight and in the duration of hexobarbitone sleeping time, accompanied by a marked decrease in liver microsomal protein and in cytochrome P-450/mg microsomal protein. That is to say, content of cytochrome P-450 was reduced out of proportion to the apparent loss of endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were paralleled by decreases in microsomal O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole and glucuronide formation with o-aminophenol measured in vitro; they were most marked at 13-14 days after dosing; they then slowly returned to control levels which they reached 20-30 days later. Changes in the dose of vaccine showed that the increase in liver weight and in hexobarbitone sleeping time were significant at 3.5 mg/m2, but that the decrease in the activities measured in vitro were not significant below 35 mg/m2.", "PMID": 608533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9990", "title": "Control of viability, thermostability and residual virulene of BCG vaccines. Multiple comparison of laboratory data to select products for immunostimulation in the treatment of cancer.", "content": "The aid of the work was to apply the multiple comparison method to select BCG products for immunostimulation. In the IABS-BCG Collaborative Study 1973 program coded BCG products (code) and reference preparation were investigated with 3 laboratory tests to compare differences concerning: (1) viability = viable units E6/ml (VU) of vaccines stored at 4C, (2) 37C thermostability (TS) slope = daily VU decrease of vaccines stored at 37C/0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days, (3) relative persistence capacity (RPC),--residual virulence--of the BCG strains in the mice spleen; regression followed up to 360 days. Culturable particles and recoverable VU were determined on BOAA medium. Means and regression coefficients of VU, TS and RPC were ranked after analysis of variance and evaluated by multiple-comparison-Gabriel method. Figures summarize the results. As to VU the products form 3 subsets; as to TS the products are in two subsets (ie potency of several products could be included in the same subset). Thus, the ranks of VU and TS are not the same. Also there are differences among overall rank of RPC (coefficient concordance of ranks of 2 VU doses, log and sqrt transformation of exp. data) and the VU as well as the TS. parallel VU, TS and RPC investigations and multiple comparison method could ensure the validity and reliability of the estimations in the quality control of products for immunostimulation and could explain the correlations and contradictions between the laboratory data and the results of the clinical trial in neoplasia.", "contents": "Control of viability, thermostability and residual virulene of BCG vaccines. Multiple comparison of laboratory data to select products for immunostimulation in the treatment of cancer. The aid of the work was to apply the multiple comparison method to select BCG products for immunostimulation. In the IABS-BCG Collaborative Study 1973 program coded BCG products (code) and reference preparation were investigated with 3 laboratory tests to compare differences concerning: (1) viability = viable units E6/ml (VU) of vaccines stored at 4C, (2) 37C thermostability (TS) slope = daily VU decrease of vaccines stored at 37C/0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days, (3) relative persistence capacity (RPC),--residual virulence--of the BCG strains in the mice spleen; regression followed up to 360 days. Culturable particles and recoverable VU were determined on BOAA medium. Means and regression coefficients of VU, TS and RPC were ranked after analysis of variance and evaluated by multiple-comparison-Gabriel method. Figures summarize the results. As to VU the products form 3 subsets; as to TS the products are in two subsets (ie potency of several products could be included in the same subset). Thus, the ranks of VU and TS are not the same. Also there are differences among overall rank of RPC (coefficient concordance of ranks of 2 VU doses, log and sqrt transformation of exp. data) and the VU as well as the TS. parallel VU, TS and RPC investigations and multiple comparison method could ensure the validity and reliability of the estimations in the quality control of products for immunostimulation and could explain the correlations and contradictions between the laboratory data and the results of the clinical trial in neoplasia.", "PMID": 608537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9991", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effects of Corynebacterium parvum on lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Using a range of doses the effect of C. parvum on the in vitro response of lymphocytes to PHA was studied. C. parvum was not found to be mitogenic itself when added to unfractioned lymphocyte cultures from normal donors and patients with breast cancer, nor did it effect the response to PHA in these cultures except at the highest dose (20 microgram/100,000 cells) when it was inhibitory. 21 patients with breast cancer treated with C. parvum were assessed by their in vitro response to PHA prior to, during and on completion of treatment. We were unable to show consistent changes in PHA response following treatment with C. parvum; 9 patients having shown a fall, 4 having shown an increase and 8 remaining unchanged in their PHA response.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effects of Corynebacterium parvum on lymphocyte transformation. Using a range of doses the effect of C. parvum on the in vitro response of lymphocytes to PHA was studied. C. parvum was not found to be mitogenic itself when added to unfractioned lymphocyte cultures from normal donors and patients with breast cancer, nor did it effect the response to PHA in these cultures except at the highest dose (20 microgram/100,000 cells) when it was inhibitory. 21 patients with breast cancer treated with C. parvum were assessed by their in vitro response to PHA prior to, during and on completion of treatment. We were unable to show consistent changes in PHA response following treatment with C. parvum; 9 patients having shown a fall, 4 having shown an increase and 8 remaining unchanged in their PHA response.", "PMID": 608539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9992", "title": "Immunological changes in cancer patients receiving BCG.", "content": "We employed immunological tests to assess patients with cancer, mainly melanoma, receiving BCG alone or combined with chemotherapy. A comparison of BCG recipients with similar cancer patients not receiving BCG showed differences in the frequency of Mantoux reactivity positivity in the leucocyte migration assay against tumour antigens and positivity in membrane immunofluorescence. Short term sequential studies showed conversion from negativity to positivity or strengthening of reaction to occur during initiation of BCG therapy. Extended sequential studies employing the leucocyte migration assay against tumour antigens and modifications to assess serum effects indicate that the changes are more related to the changing clinical status than to BCG. It may be possible to devise quantitative in vitro techniques to assay sensitivity to tuberculoproteins which may allow assessment of BCG effects in vitro. Current technology permits monitoring for varying clinical stage rather than the effects of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunological changes in cancer patients receiving BCG. We employed immunological tests to assess patients with cancer, mainly melanoma, receiving BCG alone or combined with chemotherapy. A comparison of BCG recipients with similar cancer patients not receiving BCG showed differences in the frequency of Mantoux reactivity positivity in the leucocyte migration assay against tumour antigens and positivity in membrane immunofluorescence. Short term sequential studies showed conversion from negativity to positivity or strengthening of reaction to occur during initiation of BCG therapy. Extended sequential studies employing the leucocyte migration assay against tumour antigens and modifications to assess serum effects indicate that the changes are more related to the changing clinical status than to BCG. It may be possible to devise quantitative in vitro techniques to assay sensitivity to tuberculoproteins which may allow assessment of BCG effects in vitro. Current technology permits monitoring for varying clinical stage rather than the effects of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 608535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9993", "title": "The effect of intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum on an immune profile of women with breast cancer.", "content": "An immunological profile has been measured in 21 patients with advanced breast cancer who were treated with C. parvum (Wellcome strain CN6134). Thirteen patients received a single i.v. dose of 15 mg of C. parvum and 8 received 4 mg i.v. on 5 successive days. The \"profile\" was recorded before and 7-10 days after treatment and included measurement of total white count, absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts, PHA response, B and T cell percentages. DNCB and Mantoux skin tests, immunoglobulin classes G, A, M and E and spleen size. Most patients showed a rise in white count, due largely to a polymorph leucocytosis, but there was no consistent change in any of the immunological variables recorded. IgG levels increased significantly following the single injection but not after the 5-day course; suggesting the possibility of acquired immunological tolerance. These results fail to demonstrate a consistent effect of C. parvum on either T-lymphocyte dependent function or on the spleen size, properties well documented in the experimental animal.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum on an immune profile of women with breast cancer. An immunological profile has been measured in 21 patients with advanced breast cancer who were treated with C. parvum (Wellcome strain CN6134). Thirteen patients received a single i.v. dose of 15 mg of C. parvum and 8 received 4 mg i.v. on 5 successive days. The \"profile\" was recorded before and 7-10 days after treatment and included measurement of total white count, absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts, PHA response, B and T cell percentages. DNCB and Mantoux skin tests, immunoglobulin classes G, A, M and E and spleen size. Most patients showed a rise in white count, due largely to a polymorph leucocytosis, but there was no consistent change in any of the immunological variables recorded. IgG levels increased significantly following the single injection but not after the 5-day course; suggesting the possibility of acquired immunological tolerance. These results fail to demonstrate a consistent effect of C. parvum on either T-lymphocyte dependent function or on the spleen size, properties well documented in the experimental animal.", "PMID": 608540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9994", "title": "Effects of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum on immune reactivity in melanoma patients.", "content": "Sixteen patients with disseminated melanoma were immunised with either BCG (8 cases) or C. parvum (8 cases) on three occasions at 21 day intervals. Blood for assay was taken immediately before the first immunisation and weekly for eight weeks thereafter. Total white count tended to increase but little change was seen in lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Serum IgG increased after BCG BUT NOT WITH C. parvum, serum IgA and IgM did not alter. The 'E' rosette % did show some increase mainly after C. parvum, and 'B' lymphoid cells (sIg staining) increased slightly after BCG; the 'EA' rosette % fell following C. parvum but not after BCG. Lymphocyte PHA blastogenesis increased after immunisation, particularly with BCG. Non-specific lymphocytotoxicity (51 Cr Chang target) demonstrated dramatic increases for 'non T' and 'K' cell function and a smaller increase in 'T' cell cytotoxicity following immunisation. These increases in cytotoxicity were maintained by the 21 day immunisation schedule.", "contents": "Effects of BCG and Corynebacterium parvum on immune reactivity in melanoma patients. Sixteen patients with disseminated melanoma were immunised with either BCG (8 cases) or C. parvum (8 cases) on three occasions at 21 day intervals. Blood for assay was taken immediately before the first immunisation and weekly for eight weeks thereafter. Total white count tended to increase but little change was seen in lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Serum IgG increased after BCG BUT NOT WITH C. parvum, serum IgA and IgM did not alter. The 'E' rosette % did show some increase mainly after C. parvum, and 'B' lymphoid cells (sIg staining) increased slightly after BCG; the 'EA' rosette % fell following C. parvum but not after BCG. Lymphocyte PHA blastogenesis increased after immunisation, particularly with BCG. Non-specific lymphocytotoxicity (51 Cr Chang target) demonstrated dramatic increases for 'non T' and 'K' cell function and a smaller increase in 'T' cell cytotoxicity following immunisation. These increases in cytotoxicity were maintained by the 21 day immunisation schedule.", "PMID": 608536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9995", "title": "Further studies on the serological effects of C. parvum immunotherapy in cancer patients.", "content": "Previous serological studies undertaken in our laboratory have shown that the repeated administration of small doses of C. parvum to a small group of cancer patients resulted in a consistant increase in the levels of IgG (especially the IgG2b subclass), the development of antibodies to C. parvum and the transient appearance of 'rheumatoid factor like' substances in the serum (Br. J. Cancer, 32, 310, 1975). In the present paper we report the results of similar studies in small numbers of (a) inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma patients receiving combined C. parvum and cyclophosphamide therapy, and (b) brain glioma patients receiving intracerebral injection of C. parvum. As might be expected some of the serological changes observed in these patients were not as marked as previously noted. Nevertheless a number of the patients developed autoantibodies which were detectable by the latex and Ripley procedures but not by the Rose-Waaler test. There was no evidence of antinuclear factors by the fluorescence procedure.", "contents": "Further studies on the serological effects of C. parvum immunotherapy in cancer patients. Previous serological studies undertaken in our laboratory have shown that the repeated administration of small doses of C. parvum to a small group of cancer patients resulted in a consistant increase in the levels of IgG (especially the IgG2b subclass), the development of antibodies to C. parvum and the transient appearance of 'rheumatoid factor like' substances in the serum (Br. J. Cancer, 32, 310, 1975). In the present paper we report the results of similar studies in small numbers of (a) inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma patients receiving combined C. parvum and cyclophosphamide therapy, and (b) brain glioma patients receiving intracerebral injection of C. parvum. As might be expected some of the serological changes observed in these patients were not as marked as previously noted. Nevertheless a number of the patients developed autoantibodies which were detectable by the latex and Ripley procedures but not by the Rose-Waaler test. There was no evidence of antinuclear factors by the fluorescence procedure.", "PMID": 608542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9996", "title": "First impressions of I.V. C. parvum in patients with solid tumours.", "content": "6 patients with solid tumours (4 malignant melanomas, one fibrosarcoma, one osteogenic sarcoma) received i.v. C. parvum alone or in combination therapy (radiotherapy, Levamisole and/or vitamin A). The single doses of C. parvum ranged from 5.0-7.5 mg/m2; No. of doses ranged from 1-8; interval between doses ranged from 2-140 days. 2 patients with malignant melanoma had no measurable disease, one of them (stage I) still has no evidence of disease. The patient with fibrosarcoma appeared to have a minor decrease in size of some of the lung metastases for a short time (ca 4 weeks), but soon progressed as well as the other 4 patients. Except for the one patients still having no evidence of disease the other 5 are dead of disease. Survival time did not appear to correlate either with systemic reaction to C. parvum or with No. of doses of C. parvum. The one minor response was observed in a patient receiving a total of 8 doses; but response was seen already after 3 doses, and progression occurred after 6 doses. So this change of lung metastases might have been unrelated to this therapy. Summarizing, there was no evident anti-tumour effect observed after i.v. C. parvum in these patients with solid tumours.", "contents": "First impressions of I.V. C. parvum in patients with solid tumours. 6 patients with solid tumours (4 malignant melanomas, one fibrosarcoma, one osteogenic sarcoma) received i.v. C. parvum alone or in combination therapy (radiotherapy, Levamisole and/or vitamin A). The single doses of C. parvum ranged from 5.0-7.5 mg/m2; No. of doses ranged from 1-8; interval between doses ranged from 2-140 days. 2 patients with malignant melanoma had no measurable disease, one of them (stage I) still has no evidence of disease. The patient with fibrosarcoma appeared to have a minor decrease in size of some of the lung metastases for a short time (ca 4 weeks), but soon progressed as well as the other 4 patients. Except for the one patients still having no evidence of disease the other 5 are dead of disease. Survival time did not appear to correlate either with systemic reaction to C. parvum or with No. of doses of C. parvum. The one minor response was observed in a patient receiving a total of 8 doses; but response was seen already after 3 doses, and progression occurred after 6 doses. So this change of lung metastases might have been unrelated to this therapy. Summarizing, there was no evident anti-tumour effect observed after i.v. C. parvum in these patients with solid tumours.", "PMID": 608543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9997", "title": "Experience with the quality control testing of C. parvum suspension for clinical trial.", "content": "The control of C. parvum suspension presents special problems. The intended application of this preparation is in a therapeutic area where clinicians are accustomed to using defined chemical entities the biological activity of which are usually predictable according to weight of active principle administered, the route and number of doses. But the essential character of C. parvum is that of a vaccine in which the character of the active principle or principles is not clearly identified and can vary according to certain conditions. The control of the preparation therefore depends on the nature and relevance of tests for biological activity. These problems are exacerbated by uncertainty as to which of several possible mechanisms of antitumour activity might prove relevant in clinical practice. Experience with these problems as they have affected the quality control of large numbers of batches of C. parvum suspension prepared for clinical trial, will be discussed.", "contents": "Experience with the quality control testing of C. parvum suspension for clinical trial. The control of C. parvum suspension presents special problems. The intended application of this preparation is in a therapeutic area where clinicians are accustomed to using defined chemical entities the biological activity of which are usually predictable according to weight of active principle administered, the route and number of doses. But the essential character of C. parvum is that of a vaccine in which the character of the active principle or principles is not clearly identified and can vary according to certain conditions. The control of the preparation therefore depends on the nature and relevance of tests for biological activity. These problems are exacerbated by uncertainty as to which of several possible mechanisms of antitumour activity might prove relevant in clinical practice. Experience with these problems as they have affected the quality control of large numbers of batches of C. parvum suspension prepared for clinical trial, will be discussed.", "PMID": 608544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9998", "title": "Complications of BCG treatment in patients bearing solid tumors.", "content": "We treated one hundred patients who had various high risk solid tumors (malignant melanomas, osteosarcomas and lung cancers) by immunostimulation alone or with a sequential and synchronized chemotherapy as a complement treatment. Institut Pasteur BCG (150 mg) was administered either by scarifications (10 X 10 of 5 cm each) or multiple puncture technique (Gun), or in the case of 12 patients, by intra-tumor injections. The following complications were observed: chills and high fever during 1 to 30 days after scarifications or gun technique. In some cases an allergic loco-regional cutaneous reaction was noted after the gun technique. Nevertheless these complications were well tolerated. However, severe reactions were observed after the intra-tumor injections: malaise, chills, sweating, hyperthermia, nausea, vomiting and changes in blood pressure. In 1 case a prolonged high fever (3 weeks) was offset only by the use of corticosteroids. In another case the patient developed hepatitis. A percutaneous liver biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas and the presence of acid fast organisms in the liver (by means of staining by auramine and observation by fluorescence). In this patient BCG has been replaced by Corynebacterium parvum (2 X 2 mg a week). This type of adjuvant was used in 2 patients and produced the same complications as the BCG. We believe that caution must be exercised in the use of such intra-tumoral treatments. BCG must be given in the hospital and patients must receive antihistaminic preparation before and after immunostimulation.", "contents": "Complications of BCG treatment in patients bearing solid tumors. We treated one hundred patients who had various high risk solid tumors (malignant melanomas, osteosarcomas and lung cancers) by immunostimulation alone or with a sequential and synchronized chemotherapy as a complement treatment. Institut Pasteur BCG (150 mg) was administered either by scarifications (10 X 10 of 5 cm each) or multiple puncture technique (Gun), or in the case of 12 patients, by intra-tumor injections. The following complications were observed: chills and high fever during 1 to 30 days after scarifications or gun technique. In some cases an allergic loco-regional cutaneous reaction was noted after the gun technique. Nevertheless these complications were well tolerated. However, severe reactions were observed after the intra-tumor injections: malaise, chills, sweating, hyperthermia, nausea, vomiting and changes in blood pressure. In 1 case a prolonged high fever (3 weeks) was offset only by the use of corticosteroids. In another case the patient developed hepatitis. A percutaneous liver biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas and the presence of acid fast organisms in the liver (by means of staining by auramine and observation by fluorescence). In this patient BCG has been replaced by Corynebacterium parvum (2 X 2 mg a week). This type of adjuvant was used in 2 patients and produced the same complications as the BCG. We believe that caution must be exercised in the use of such intra-tumoral treatments. BCG must be given in the hospital and patients must receive antihistaminic preparation before and after immunostimulation.", "PMID": 608545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_9999", "title": "Toxic and immunologic side effects of daily C. parvum-infusion in treatment-resistant cancer patients.", "content": "Daily increasing intravenous doses of Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.) up to 5 mg/m2 i.v. X 10-14 days were given to 6 patients with widespread metastatic neoplastic diseases resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. The immunotherapy treatment-cycles were evaluated for toxic and immunologic side effects and also for possible clinical benefit to the patients. Immunotherapy with i.v.-C.p. was moderately well tolerated. Subjective discomfort for the patients (headache, chills, nausea) was not better tolerated with ongoing treatment-doses. After the 3rd day the body temperature rose nearly regularly to 40 degrees and more within 3-4 h after i.v.-C.p. and returned to normal levels about 6-10 h after the infusion was stopped. Hematological values were monitored on day 1, 4, 8, 15. WBC counts rose after an initial moderate decrease to normal levels. Monocyte counts rose also after an initial transient fall to pre-treatment levels. The monocytic activity index of Naphthol-AS-D-Chloro-Acetate-Esterase, correlating with the monocyte turnover, did not show a significant change. Granulocyte counts, especially stabs, increased slightly. Lymphocyte counts, the number and relations of B, T and O-cells, did not change in a uniform typical way. Hemoglobin values fell in all patients, reticulocyte counts increased, and the blood sedimentation rate did not change.", "contents": "Toxic and immunologic side effects of daily C. parvum-infusion in treatment-resistant cancer patients. Daily increasing intravenous doses of Corynebacterium parvum (C.p.) up to 5 mg/m2 i.v. X 10-14 days were given to 6 patients with widespread metastatic neoplastic diseases resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. The immunotherapy treatment-cycles were evaluated for toxic and immunologic side effects and also for possible clinical benefit to the patients. Immunotherapy with i.v.-C.p. was moderately well tolerated. Subjective discomfort for the patients (headache, chills, nausea) was not better tolerated with ongoing treatment-doses. After the 3rd day the body temperature rose nearly regularly to 40 degrees and more within 3-4 h after i.v.-C.p. and returned to normal levels about 6-10 h after the infusion was stopped. Hematological values were monitored on day 1, 4, 8, 15. WBC counts rose after an initial moderate decrease to normal levels. Monocyte counts rose also after an initial transient fall to pre-treatment levels. The monocytic activity index of Naphthol-AS-D-Chloro-Acetate-Esterase, correlating with the monocyte turnover, did not show a significant change. Granulocyte counts, especially stabs, increased slightly. Lymphocyte counts, the number and relations of B, T and O-cells, did not change in a uniform typical way. Hemoglobin values fell in all patients, reticulocyte counts increased, and the blood sedimentation rate did not change.", "PMID": 608546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10000", "title": "Mouse tumour tests for quality control of C. parvum preparations.", "content": "Description of two mouse tumor tests selected to control the quality of C. parvum pilot productions: transplanted Ehrlich's ascitic tumor in inbred Swiss mice and transplanted YC8 ascitic tumor in isogenic Balb/c mice. The results obtained during three years of control are analyzed, particularly accuracy, long range adequacy and reproducibility of tumor challenges and C, parvum stimulations. The effects of some parameters of the tumor tests, e.g. dose-responses, treatment schedules, tumor-host relationships and standard preparations are discussed.", "contents": "Mouse tumour tests for quality control of C. parvum preparations. Description of two mouse tumor tests selected to control the quality of C. parvum pilot productions: transplanted Ehrlich's ascitic tumor in inbred Swiss mice and transplanted YC8 ascitic tumor in isogenic Balb/c mice. The results obtained during three years of control are analyzed, particularly accuracy, long range adequacy and reproducibility of tumor challenges and C, parvum stimulations. The effects of some parameters of the tumor tests, e.g. dose-responses, treatment schedules, tumor-host relationships and standard preparations are discussed.", "PMID": 608550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10001", "title": "Prospects for immunotherapy.", "content": "The limitations of conventional methods of treating cancer are such that it is worth devoting considerable resources to the search for new methods. The immunotherapeutic approach is based on theoretical grounds which, despite recent criticism, still appear compelling, and on much sound experimental work. Clinical benefits have so far been meagre but this is not surprising in view of the poor design of many of the trials and the large tumour burden in many of the patients. It is suggested that properly controlled trials, designed in the light of existing knowledge to answer a specific question, are much more likely to be rewarding than empirical attempts to win a therapeutic jackpot.", "contents": "Prospects for immunotherapy. The limitations of conventional methods of treating cancer are such that it is worth devoting considerable resources to the search for new methods. The immunotherapeutic approach is based on theoretical grounds which, despite recent criticism, still appear compelling, and on much sound experimental work. Clinical benefits have so far been meagre but this is not surprising in view of the poor design of many of the trials and the large tumour burden in many of the patients. It is suggested that properly controlled trials, designed in the light of existing knowledge to answer a specific question, are much more likely to be rewarding than empirical attempts to win a therapeutic jackpot.", "PMID": 608549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10002", "title": "C. parvum skin testing antigen: study on guinea pig model.", "content": "A skin-testing antigen produced from C. parvum has been developed for exploring cell-mediated immunity and specially C. parvum specific cell-mediated immunity by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) reaction. The DCH antigen and the techniques of intradermal injection and multiple puncture are described. DCH reactions are carried out in C. parvum specifically sensitized guinea pigs: sensitization procedure and adjuvant (IFA and CFA) effects are reported. Measures of DCH reactions for different antigen doses at various times (5-24-48 h) are reported; classical Mantoux and multiple puncture reactions are compared. The specificity of these DCH reactions are explored by comparing C. parvum antigen and tuberculin reactions in corynebacterium and mycobacterium sensitized guinea pigs.", "contents": "C. parvum skin testing antigen: study on guinea pig model. A skin-testing antigen produced from C. parvum has been developed for exploring cell-mediated immunity and specially C. parvum specific cell-mediated immunity by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) reaction. The DCH antigen and the techniques of intradermal injection and multiple puncture are described. DCH reactions are carried out in C. parvum specifically sensitized guinea pigs: sensitization procedure and adjuvant (IFA and CFA) effects are reported. Measures of DCH reactions for different antigen doses at various times (5-24-48 h) are reported; classical Mantoux and multiple puncture reactions are compared. The specificity of these DCH reactions are explored by comparing C. parvum antigen and tuberculin reactions in corynebacterium and mycobacterium sensitized guinea pigs.", "PMID": 608551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10003", "title": "A survey of patients' reactions to intravenous Corynebacterium parvum therapy.", "content": "A survey was made of patients' reactions to high dose (21 mg) Corynebacterium parvum therapy given intravenously over four hours. The patients completed a pro forma. Rigors were the commonest side effect complained of being present in nearly all patients (24/25) and being very severe in one-third (10/25). Other problems were nausea (15/25), vomiting (17/25), bone pain (12/25) and headaches (12/25). One-third also usffered with other less common side effects. Overall, patients felt the side effects were as disagreeable as those experienced with outpatient chemotherapy.", "contents": "A survey of patients' reactions to intravenous Corynebacterium parvum therapy. A survey was made of patients' reactions to high dose (21 mg) Corynebacterium parvum therapy given intravenously over four hours. The patients completed a pro forma. Rigors were the commonest side effect complained of being present in nearly all patients (24/25) and being very severe in one-third (10/25). Other problems were nausea (15/25), vomiting (17/25), bone pain (12/25) and headaches (12/25). One-third also usffered with other less common side effects. Overall, patients felt the side effects were as disagreeable as those experienced with outpatient chemotherapy.", "PMID": 608547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10004", "title": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. I. General considerations.", "content": "Control methods for this type of vaccines include tests on identity, absence of contaminating microorganisms and safety which are required for any vaccine. In addition, for the control of vaccines for immunostimulation in cancer therapy some special methods for safety and potency testing are required. Some assays are proposed, such as stimulation of lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, stimulation of macrophages (listeria clearance) in mice and the prophylactic and therapeutic tumor model in mice. Details of these tests are given in the companion papers II and III. The influence of the method of preparation of BCG vaccines on its mode of action in some of these models will be emphasized.", "contents": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. I. General considerations. Control methods for this type of vaccines include tests on identity, absence of contaminating microorganisms and safety which are required for any vaccine. In addition, for the control of vaccines for immunostimulation in cancer therapy some special methods for safety and potency testing are required. Some assays are proposed, such as stimulation of lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, stimulation of macrophages (listeria clearance) in mice and the prophylactic and therapeutic tumor model in mice. Details of these tests are given in the companion papers II and III. The influence of the method of preparation of BCG vaccines on its mode of action in some of these models will be emphasized.", "PMID": 608552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10005", "title": "Intra-tumour C. parvum therapy in gastric carcinoma; a pilot study.", "content": "In a preliminary and toxicological study, eight patients with carcinoma of the stomach were treated by Corynebacterium parvum immunotherapy prior to surgical excision. Killed C. parvum suspension was injected at multiple sites directly into the tumour mass with the aid of fibre-optic gastroscope at doses of 1.5 mg, 4 mg or 8 mg. Each patient received two injections of the same dose with an interval of 14 days. The second injections were made 14 to 18 days prior to surgery. No chemotherapy was administered during this treatment. Patients were monitored clinically for signs of toxicity. Immunological parameters were assessed on peripheral blood samples taken immediately before each injection and prior to surgery. Antibody titre to C. parvum was estimated by direct agglutination, while cell-mediated responses to C. parvum and 3M KCl tumour extract and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were assessed by lymphocyte transformation. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured by radio-immune assay. Tumours removed at surgery were examined histologically for the presence of invading immunocytes. These preliminary data will be discussed with respect to the dose of C. parvum administered.", "contents": "Intra-tumour C. parvum therapy in gastric carcinoma; a pilot study. In a preliminary and toxicological study, eight patients with carcinoma of the stomach were treated by Corynebacterium parvum immunotherapy prior to surgical excision. Killed C. parvum suspension was injected at multiple sites directly into the tumour mass with the aid of fibre-optic gastroscope at doses of 1.5 mg, 4 mg or 8 mg. Each patient received two injections of the same dose with an interval of 14 days. The second injections were made 14 to 18 days prior to surgery. No chemotherapy was administered during this treatment. Patients were monitored clinically for signs of toxicity. Immunological parameters were assessed on peripheral blood samples taken immediately before each injection and prior to surgery. Antibody titre to C. parvum was estimated by direct agglutination, while cell-mediated responses to C. parvum and 3M KCl tumour extract and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were assessed by lymphocyte transformation. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured by radio-immune assay. Tumours removed at surgery were examined histologically for the presence of invading immunocytes. These preliminary data will be discussed with respect to the dose of C. parvum administered.", "PMID": 608548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10006", "title": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. II. In vivo and in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes by BCG.", "content": "An in vitro test for measuring the reaction of the draining lymph node after BCG vaccination and an in vitro test based on the stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A were used to demonstrate immunostimulating properties of different BCG vaccines. A marked difference was seen between vaccines grown as a surface pellicle and ground in a ball mill, and those which were prepared from dispersed homogeneous cultures. In both systems the ball mill preparations were the less active.", "contents": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. II. In vivo and in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes by BCG. An in vitro test for measuring the reaction of the draining lymph node after BCG vaccination and an in vitro test based on the stimulation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A were used to demonstrate immunostimulating properties of different BCG vaccines. A marked difference was seen between vaccines grown as a surface pellicle and ground in a ball mill, and those which were prepared from dispersed homogeneous cultures. In both systems the ball mill preparations were the less active.", "PMID": 608553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10007", "title": "Rapid turnover serum proteins in fulminant hepatitis.", "content": "An attempt was made to find reliable indices for early diagnosis of fatal cases of acute viral hepatitis, using the values of serum proteins with rapid turnover. Of the subfractions of serum protein, prealbumin, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein and Normotest were measured simultaneously before the appearance of hepatic coma/or gastrointestinal bleeding in 78 cases of acute viral hepatitis, verified by biopsy or necropsy. The mean value of prealbumin with a very short half-life of one or two days, was 6.0 mg/dl in fatal cases, 7.4 mg/dl in surviving ones of subacute form of fulminant hepatitis. The difference between fatal and surviving cases was not statistically significant. In contrast to this, the values alpha2-HS-glycoprotein with a comparatively short halflife of four to six days, showed statistically significant difference between fatal (21.9 mg/dl) and surviving cases (37.4 mg/dl). Normotest was also depressed in fatal (10.7%) and surviving cases (45.3%). The difference was statistically significant. The present results indicate the possibility of differentiating fatal cases from surviving ones at an early stage, using the reduction of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein and the value of Normotest.", "contents": "Rapid turnover serum proteins in fulminant hepatitis. An attempt was made to find reliable indices for early diagnosis of fatal cases of acute viral hepatitis, using the values of serum proteins with rapid turnover. Of the subfractions of serum protein, prealbumin, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein and Normotest were measured simultaneously before the appearance of hepatic coma/or gastrointestinal bleeding in 78 cases of acute viral hepatitis, verified by biopsy or necropsy. The mean value of prealbumin with a very short half-life of one or two days, was 6.0 mg/dl in fatal cases, 7.4 mg/dl in surviving ones of subacute form of fulminant hepatitis. The difference between fatal and surviving cases was not statistically significant. In contrast to this, the values alpha2-HS-glycoprotein with a comparatively short halflife of four to six days, showed statistically significant difference between fatal (21.9 mg/dl) and surviving cases (37.4 mg/dl). Normotest was also depressed in fatal (10.7%) and surviving cases (45.3%). The difference was statistically significant. The present results indicate the possibility of differentiating fatal cases from surviving ones at an early stage, using the reduction of alpha2-HS-glycoprotein and the value of Normotest.", "PMID": 608567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10008", "title": "Clinical significance of e-antigen/anti-e, with special reference to HBc-antigen in the liver.", "content": "e-antigen and anti-e were assayed in sera of asymptomatic HBs-Ag carriers and of patients with liver diseases. Thirteen out of 34 (38.2%) asymptomatic carriers were positive for e-antigen, which was in sharp contrast to the reports from USA and Europe. e-antigen was detected to a greater extent in patients with chronic active hepatitis, reversely anti-e in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. However, e-antigen was found rarely in patients with cirrhosis and never in 23 cases with hepatoma positive for HBs-Ag. HBc-Ag in the liver was detected in 4 out of 8 e-antigen positive asymptomatic carriers and in 4 out of 5 patients with chronic liver diseases with e-antigen respectively, and moreover in 3 out of 14 anti-e positive cases, so that the presence of anti-e did not necessarily mean the negativity of HBc-Ag in the liver. Anti-HBc titer, however, was lower in anti-e positive sera than in e-antigen positive ones. This may implicate the decreased replication of HBV in cases with anti-e. These results emphasize that the investigation of e-antigen/anti-e is mandatory for the evaluation of the prognosis of asymptomatic carriers and of patients with chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Clinical significance of e-antigen/anti-e, with special reference to HBc-antigen in the liver. e-antigen and anti-e were assayed in sera of asymptomatic HBs-Ag carriers and of patients with liver diseases. Thirteen out of 34 (38.2%) asymptomatic carriers were positive for e-antigen, which was in sharp contrast to the reports from USA and Europe. e-antigen was detected to a greater extent in patients with chronic active hepatitis, reversely anti-e in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. However, e-antigen was found rarely in patients with cirrhosis and never in 23 cases with hepatoma positive for HBs-Ag. HBc-Ag in the liver was detected in 4 out of 8 e-antigen positive asymptomatic carriers and in 4 out of 5 patients with chronic liver diseases with e-antigen respectively, and moreover in 3 out of 14 anti-e positive cases, so that the presence of anti-e did not necessarily mean the negativity of HBc-Ag in the liver. Anti-HBc titer, however, was lower in anti-e positive sera than in e-antigen positive ones. This may implicate the decreased replication of HBV in cases with anti-e. These results emphasize that the investigation of e-antigen/anti-e is mandatory for the evaluation of the prognosis of asymptomatic carriers and of patients with chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 608568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10009", "title": "Sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green binding by the hepatic cytoplasmic proteins.", "content": "The elution patterns of human and rat liver supernate mixed with BSP or ICG have been demonstrated using G-100 Sephadex gel filtration. The elution pattern in the rat liver remained the same as that shown by Levi et al. In the human liver BSP localized to Y protein could hardly be demonstrated, whereas ICG was detected. This pattern was quite similar in Rotor's hyperbilirubinemia and in Crigler-Najjar syndrome Type II. These observations suggest that the impaired hepatic transportation of organic anions in congenital hyperbilirubinemias may not be related to cytoplasmic organic anion-binding proteins.", "contents": "Sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green binding by the hepatic cytoplasmic proteins. The elution patterns of human and rat liver supernate mixed with BSP or ICG have been demonstrated using G-100 Sephadex gel filtration. The elution pattern in the rat liver remained the same as that shown by Levi et al. In the human liver BSP localized to Y protein could hardly be demonstrated, whereas ICG was detected. This pattern was quite similar in Rotor's hyperbilirubinemia and in Crigler-Najjar syndrome Type II. These observations suggest that the impaired hepatic transportation of organic anions in congenital hyperbilirubinemias may not be related to cytoplasmic organic anion-binding proteins.", "PMID": 608569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10010", "title": "Clinical studies on dissolution of gallstones using ursodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 7beta hydroxy epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), has been used as a choleretica for 20 years in Japan. Recent report showing increased excretion of UDCA in bile after CDCA administration may suggest the possibility that UDCA has similar effects to CDCA on bile cholesterol unsaturation and on gallstone dissolution. The present paper describes the clinical usefulness of UDCA for gallstone patients during the past two years. Seventy-four gallstone patients with functioning gall-bladders, 19 men and 55 women with a mean age of 48 years, have been treated for 6 months or more. UDCA, supplied in tablets (Ursosan), was given 450 mg per day. The disappearance or the reduction of stone size or number, or both (dissolution effect) was recognized in 32 out of 74 patients (43%). In case of radiolucent stones, the overall effective rate was estimated for 24 of 46 patients (52%). There may be no significant difference in dissolution effect between CDCA and UDCA treatment, however, the merit of UDCA treatment seems to have its few side effects.", "contents": "Clinical studies on dissolution of gallstones using ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 7beta hydroxy epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), has been used as a choleretica for 20 years in Japan. Recent report showing increased excretion of UDCA in bile after CDCA administration may suggest the possibility that UDCA has similar effects to CDCA on bile cholesterol unsaturation and on gallstone dissolution. The present paper describes the clinical usefulness of UDCA for gallstone patients during the past two years. Seventy-four gallstone patients with functioning gall-bladders, 19 men and 55 women with a mean age of 48 years, have been treated for 6 months or more. UDCA, supplied in tablets (Ursosan), was given 450 mg per day. The disappearance or the reduction of stone size or number, or both (dissolution effect) was recognized in 32 out of 74 patients (43%). In case of radiolucent stones, the overall effective rate was estimated for 24 of 46 patients (52%). There may be no significant difference in dissolution effect between CDCA and UDCA treatment, however, the merit of UDCA treatment seems to have its few side effects.", "PMID": 608570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10011", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the bile ductule.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of a liver biopsy specimen from a patient 6 months after the onset of acute hepatitis revealed a normal appearing bile ductule. The bile ductule was 13 micron in outer diameter and 1.5-2.7 micron in inner diameter. The ductular lumen was surrounded by two ductular cells and ampullary dilated at the canalicular side. In the lumen, intracytoplasmic diverticles were observed with an orifice diameter of 0.9 micron. About 15 microvilli 0.4-0.6 micron in length and 0.1 micron in thickness were observed on 1 micron2 of luminal surface. The number of microvilli was calculated to be approximately 1,500 per ductular cell. A single cilium 0.15 micron in diameter at the base and 0.10 micron at the trunk, and 7-15 micron in length was found on each ductular cell. The cilium arose from a recess at the canalicular side of the ductular cell, and the free-end was on the bile-duct side. The cilia seemed to play an important role in bile flow to the duct. Sometimes between the ductular cells at the edge of the basal portion a cell was intercalated with thin processes. Such thin processes were not observed on ductular cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the bile ductule. Scanning electron microscopy of a liver biopsy specimen from a patient 6 months after the onset of acute hepatitis revealed a normal appearing bile ductule. The bile ductule was 13 micron in outer diameter and 1.5-2.7 micron in inner diameter. The ductular lumen was surrounded by two ductular cells and ampullary dilated at the canalicular side. In the lumen, intracytoplasmic diverticles were observed with an orifice diameter of 0.9 micron. About 15 microvilli 0.4-0.6 micron in length and 0.1 micron in thickness were observed on 1 micron2 of luminal surface. The number of microvilli was calculated to be approximately 1,500 per ductular cell. A single cilium 0.15 micron in diameter at the base and 0.10 micron at the trunk, and 7-15 micron in length was found on each ductular cell. The cilium arose from a recess at the canalicular side of the ductular cell, and the free-end was on the bile-duct side. The cilia seemed to play an important role in bile flow to the duct. Sometimes between the ductular cells at the edge of the basal portion a cell was intercalated with thin processes. Such thin processes were not observed on ductular cells.", "PMID": 608571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10012", "title": "Pathogenesis and treatment of pancreatitis due to essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "Pathogenesis of pancreatitis was studied in experimental animals and essential fatty acid deficiency was condemned as an etiological factor, since it caused pathological changes in permeability of cell membrane of the pancreatic acinar cells. Favorable effects of intravenous fat emulsion was clearly demonstrated in treatment for acute and chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and treatment of pancreatitis due to essential fatty acid deficiency. Pathogenesis of pancreatitis was studied in experimental animals and essential fatty acid deficiency was condemned as an etiological factor, since it caused pathological changes in permeability of cell membrane of the pancreatic acinar cells. Favorable effects of intravenous fat emulsion was clearly demonstrated in treatment for acute and chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 608572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10013", "title": "A case of carcinoma of the common bile duct, diagnosed at the non-icteric stage of the disease.", "content": "It is rather seldom to detect a cancer of the common bile duct at the non-icteric stage of the disease. This report presents a non-icteric case of carcinoma of the choledochus. A 70-year-old woman complained of r-hypochondralgia with occasional fever. Laboratory examination revealed an increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity without any elevation of serum bilirubin content. The oral cholecystography failed to visualize the gallbladder. By endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a bilateral filling defect was demonstrated at the common bile duct. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed and the resected specimen showed a 1 X 2 cm tumor (adenocarcinoma) at the choledochus. She is now in good health over 13 months after operation.", "contents": "A case of carcinoma of the common bile duct, diagnosed at the non-icteric stage of the disease. It is rather seldom to detect a cancer of the common bile duct at the non-icteric stage of the disease. This report presents a non-icteric case of carcinoma of the choledochus. A 70-year-old woman complained of r-hypochondralgia with occasional fever. Laboratory examination revealed an increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity without any elevation of serum bilirubin content. The oral cholecystography failed to visualize the gallbladder. By endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a bilateral filling defect was demonstrated at the common bile duct. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed and the resected specimen showed a 1 X 2 cm tumor (adenocarcinoma) at the choledochus. She is now in good health over 13 months after operation.", "PMID": 608573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10014", "title": "[Phenomenologic-mathematical modeling of the human-body-length growth through the analysis of growth periods and their quantitative-analytical registration].", "content": "The body height growth (of masculine beings) was modelled in a phenomenologic-mathematical manner by partitioning the time course of measured growth curve in parts every of which corresponds to a separated growth period. This partitioning was reached in a natural way so that a superposition of the single spurts yields the whole measured course. Every growth batch will be described in its time course by one term of inverse tangent function. The biological meaning and an explanation of the succession of the growth spurt as an effect of control circuits need further exploratory work. For detailed statements on acceleration phenomena concerning the body height growth this analysis gives possibilities for comparing the single growth spurts of the mean growth process of two populations in question. For measured values given by BROCK (1954) and SALZLER (1967) there are five growth periods in the time intervall reaching from time of conception until the end of the first year. Comparing the mathematical functions of the corresponding growth spurts for these two groups one can conclude that the second spurt (fetal spurt) is responsible for an increase of birth body height and the fourth for an increase of body height in the suckling age of the latter group against the former one.", "contents": "[Phenomenologic-mathematical modeling of the human-body-length growth through the analysis of growth periods and their quantitative-analytical registration]. The body height growth (of masculine beings) was modelled in a phenomenologic-mathematical manner by partitioning the time course of measured growth curve in parts every of which corresponds to a separated growth period. This partitioning was reached in a natural way so that a superposition of the single spurts yields the whole measured course. Every growth batch will be described in its time course by one term of inverse tangent function. The biological meaning and an explanation of the succession of the growth spurt as an effect of control circuits need further exploratory work. For detailed statements on acceleration phenomena concerning the body height growth this analysis gives possibilities for comparing the single growth spurts of the mean growth process of two populations in question. For measured values given by BROCK (1954) and SALZLER (1967) there are five growth periods in the time intervall reaching from time of conception until the end of the first year. Comparing the mathematical functions of the corresponding growth spurts for these two groups one can conclude that the second spurt (fetal spurt) is responsible for an increase of birth body height and the fourth for an increase of body height in the suckling age of the latter group against the former one.", "PMID": 608574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10015", "title": "Coupling thermodynamics applied in chemical morphogenesis; influence of environmentally organized space-time structures upon nonequilibrium entropy functions of multivariate biosystems.", "content": "In this paper is proposed the so-called coupling thermodynamics which deals with coupled variables or elementary units which are influenced by input-output relations. In contrast to the usual definition of nonequilibrium entropy, external influences are considered directly in the entropy function dependent on space and time. The employment in morphology leads to a model of organized growth.", "contents": "Coupling thermodynamics applied in chemical morphogenesis; influence of environmentally organized space-time structures upon nonequilibrium entropy functions of multivariate biosystems. In this paper is proposed the so-called coupling thermodynamics which deals with coupled variables or elementary units which are influenced by input-output relations. In contrast to the usual definition of nonequilibrium entropy, external influences are considered directly in the entropy function dependent on space and time. The employment in morphology leads to a model of organized growth.", "PMID": 608575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10016", "title": "[Architecture of the human skullcap in the region of the pars bregmatica suturae sagittalis. I. Age dependence].", "content": "For scientific investigations of human skeletal remains--e.g. material from cremations--there are often only rather small bone fragments available. The analysis of their inner structure presents itself as one of the few possibilities of finding evidence to characterize the former individual. The article presented here demonstrates structure findings (calvarial thickness; relation between tabula externa, tabula interna, and diploe [in terms of the percentage of the whole section examined], porosity of the diploe [including the mean width of its cavities]; degree of obliteration of the sagittal suture) of a strictly defined skeletal segment in special regard to the expected variability. With the help of the results, change tendencies--not \"age changes\"--of the investigated components will be discussed.", "contents": "[Architecture of the human skullcap in the region of the pars bregmatica suturae sagittalis. I. Age dependence]. For scientific investigations of human skeletal remains--e.g. material from cremations--there are often only rather small bone fragments available. The analysis of their inner structure presents itself as one of the few possibilities of finding evidence to characterize the former individual. The article presented here demonstrates structure findings (calvarial thickness; relation between tabula externa, tabula interna, and diploe [in terms of the percentage of the whole section examined], porosity of the diploe [including the mean width of its cavities]; degree of obliteration of the sagittal suture) of a strictly defined skeletal segment in special regard to the expected variability. With the help of the results, change tendencies--not \"age changes\"--of the investigated components will be discussed.", "PMID": 608576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10017", "title": "[Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) (corrision-anatomical and x-ray studies)].", "content": "By means of about fifty skulls of dominating female animals of all age groups the formation and topgraphy of the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasales at the roe-deer are investigated and described by pouring out the Sinus paranasales about their physiological entrances with Technovit 7143. Amongst numerous findings the main results are in the following: 1. the total absence of a Sinus frontalis, 2. the characteristic formation of the Sinus ethmoidales. The results are compared with the well-known findings at the sheep and goat and the differences are put out. Furthermore a critical discussion with the hitherto existing opinions about the pneumatisation of the skulls at the roe-deer is given.", "contents": "[Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) (corrision-anatomical and x-ray studies)]. By means of about fifty skulls of dominating female animals of all age groups the formation and topgraphy of the Cavum nasi and its Sinus paranasales at the roe-deer are investigated and described by pouring out the Sinus paranasales about their physiological entrances with Technovit 7143. Amongst numerous findings the main results are in the following: 1. the total absence of a Sinus frontalis, 2. the characteristic formation of the Sinus ethmoidales. The results are compared with the well-known findings at the sheep and goat and the differences are put out. Furthermore a critical discussion with the hitherto existing opinions about the pneumatisation of the skulls at the roe-deer is given.", "PMID": 608578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10018", "title": "[Form, size and variations of the plexus chorioideus ventriculi IV].", "content": "The form, size and variations of the Plexus chorioideus ventr. IV were investigated on 55 brain stem specimens. Because up until now there has been no definitive standard nomenclature, the plexus has been divided into a medial part (Pars medialis)--with its Processus fastigii, Processus inferior and Processus paramedianus--and into a lateral part (Pars lateralis). The plexus parts which stickout of the apertures are accordingly termed Partes aperturae lateralis et mediana. The greatest transverse expansion (= span of the plexus) varies between 27 and 52 mm. The greatest longitudinal values measured along the arc are between 10 and 40 mm. The variability of the Processus fastigii--if present--varies between 3 and 9 mm in length and has been schematically presented along with the position of the Processus paramedianus and the length of the Processus inferior. The size of the plexus-free middle area, its form and form-varitions, likewise has been studied and has been presented in schematic drawings and evidenced with photographs, along with those of the Apertura lateralis and the diverse lengths of the Pars aperturae mediana.", "contents": "[Form, size and variations of the plexus chorioideus ventriculi IV]. The form, size and variations of the Plexus chorioideus ventr. IV were investigated on 55 brain stem specimens. Because up until now there has been no definitive standard nomenclature, the plexus has been divided into a medial part (Pars medialis)--with its Processus fastigii, Processus inferior and Processus paramedianus--and into a lateral part (Pars lateralis). The plexus parts which stickout of the apertures are accordingly termed Partes aperturae lateralis et mediana. The greatest transverse expansion (= span of the plexus) varies between 27 and 52 mm. The greatest longitudinal values measured along the arc are between 10 and 40 mm. The variability of the Processus fastigii--if present--varies between 3 and 9 mm in length and has been schematically presented along with the position of the Processus paramedianus and the length of the Processus inferior. The size of the plexus-free middle area, its form and form-varitions, likewise has been studied and has been presented in schematic drawings and evidenced with photographs, along with those of the Apertura lateralis and the diverse lengths of the Pars aperturae mediana.", "PMID": 608579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10019", "title": "[Classification of the abnormality concept].", "content": "This paper deals with congenital malformations in man and presents a classificatory system for them. It first distinguishes abnormalities from normal variation and then further separates between primary and secondary structural disorders. Secondary disorders are those which are due to disturbances in primary normal tissues. Every maldevelopment which originates in prenatal life, is a congenital malformation. The level at which the malformation occurs must be considered, i. e. whether it is at the organism level, organ level, tissue, cell or subcellular level. A standardized system is absolutely necessary if the incidence of malformations is to be compared throughout the world.", "contents": "[Classification of the abnormality concept]. This paper deals with congenital malformations in man and presents a classificatory system for them. It first distinguishes abnormalities from normal variation and then further separates between primary and secondary structural disorders. Secondary disorders are those which are due to disturbances in primary normal tissues. Every maldevelopment which originates in prenatal life, is a congenital malformation. The level at which the malformation occurs must be considered, i. e. whether it is at the organism level, organ level, tissue, cell or subcellular level. A standardized system is absolutely necessary if the incidence of malformations is to be compared throughout the world.", "PMID": 608580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10020", "title": "Adrenal dehydrogenases in alloxan diabetic rats following continuous exposure to light.", "content": "The enzymes delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta5-3beta-HSD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were demonstrated histochemically in the adrenal cortex of female rat. The activities of these enzymes were increased significantly in the alloxan-treated rats kept in LD (light: darkness) cycles of 10:14 h. Continuous light exposure to diabetic animals appeared to decrease delta5-3beta-HSD and g-6-PDH in comparison to the diabetic rats kept in 10 h illumination. The evidence indicates that suppression of adrenal steroidogenesis in diabetic rats after exposure to continuous light is due to the alteration of pentose phosphate pathway.", "contents": "Adrenal dehydrogenases in alloxan diabetic rats following continuous exposure to light. The enzymes delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta5-3beta-HSD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were demonstrated histochemically in the adrenal cortex of female rat. The activities of these enzymes were increased significantly in the alloxan-treated rats kept in LD (light: darkness) cycles of 10:14 h. Continuous light exposure to diabetic animals appeared to decrease delta5-3beta-HSD and g-6-PDH in comparison to the diabetic rats kept in 10 h illumination. The evidence indicates that suppression of adrenal steroidogenesis in diabetic rats after exposure to continuous light is due to the alteration of pentose phosphate pathway.", "PMID": 608581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10021", "title": "[Demonstration of the surface values of spheroid cell nuclei, determined in natural size order, in relation to the large and small diameters of the nuclear incision surface, as a measurement value; a further contribution to the statistics of nuclear variation].", "content": "The paper explains how the formulas for calculating the surface area of the prolate spheroid, which a nucleus resembles, can be changed by suitable substitutions into formulas based on measured diameters l and k [mm] of the nucleus approach side surface, magnified 3.000 times, and on a mixed cyclometric function dependent on the axial ratio. Their values established for distinct axial ratios are compiled in a table. The values of the mixed cyclometric function are to be calculated for any other axial ratio according to a formula based on linear interpolation. The nucleus surface Omu is obtained in the natural order of magnitude [micron2]. In case of constant axial ratio, the surface area values form a second-order arithmetic progression, and a recursion formula has been developed to check the values of its terms. In case of nuclei of spherical shape or constant small diameter k, the surface area formulas may be simplified. Numeral examples serve for explanation. For all measured-value combinations involved, a second part, which is being prepared, will contain a complete table of function values, which is referred to in the Appendix and from which the values of the natural surface areas of spheroid nuclei can be gathered.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the surface values of spheroid cell nuclei, determined in natural size order, in relation to the large and small diameters of the nuclear incision surface, as a measurement value; a further contribution to the statistics of nuclear variation]. The paper explains how the formulas for calculating the surface area of the prolate spheroid, which a nucleus resembles, can be changed by suitable substitutions into formulas based on measured diameters l and k [mm] of the nucleus approach side surface, magnified 3.000 times, and on a mixed cyclometric function dependent on the axial ratio. Their values established for distinct axial ratios are compiled in a table. The values of the mixed cyclometric function are to be calculated for any other axial ratio according to a formula based on linear interpolation. The nucleus surface Omu is obtained in the natural order of magnitude [micron2]. In case of constant axial ratio, the surface area values form a second-order arithmetic progression, and a recursion formula has been developed to check the values of its terms. In case of nuclei of spherical shape or constant small diameter k, the surface area formulas may be simplified. Numeral examples serve for explanation. For all measured-value combinations involved, a second part, which is being prepared, will contain a complete table of function values, which is referred to in the Appendix and from which the values of the natural surface areas of spheroid nuclei can be gathered.", "PMID": 608582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10022", "title": "[Architecture of the human skull cap in the region of the pars bregmatica suturae sagittalis. II. Sex characteristics].", "content": "There has previously been no treatise on the inner architecture of the human cranial vault other than those dealing with common \"age changes\". Such a treatise ought to refer to a particular segment of the vault demonstrate the peculiar structure according to age in both sexes, and also take into consideration their normal variability as presupposition for using the results in estimating the age of prehistoric skeletal material. With the help of thin sections across the sagittal suture and the adjoining cranial vault 10 mm behind the bregma findings about the specific structure as to age and sex and their expected variability are demonstrated by more than 200 cases taken from the recent population. According to the results in hand there exists a contradiction to the opinions hitherto existing about a distinct age dependence in the bone structure and distinct sex differences in the findings of the structures of the Ist order. Though data about changes in the anatomical construction of the human cranial vault during the ontogenesis are to be correctly obtained only with the help of longitudinal investigation, the crosssectional investigation produced only differences between the age classes. Real differences were not to be found, but there are to be derived possible tendencies of development for the calvarial thickness, for the relation between the compact bone (tabula externa, tabula interna) and the porous bone (diplo\u00eb), of the porosity in the diplo\u00eb and the obliteration of the suture in the course of increasing age. No significant sex differences were found but there are sex peculiarities or at least inclinations to it. The use of the findings taken from the cross-sectional aspect of the cranial vault in order to estimate the age at death and the sex as well as indications of possible individual peculiarities, at present ead to a sufficiently reliable diagnosis only within a polysymptomatical practice.", "contents": "[Architecture of the human skull cap in the region of the pars bregmatica suturae sagittalis. II. Sex characteristics]. There has previously been no treatise on the inner architecture of the human cranial vault other than those dealing with common \"age changes\". Such a treatise ought to refer to a particular segment of the vault demonstrate the peculiar structure according to age in both sexes, and also take into consideration their normal variability as presupposition for using the results in estimating the age of prehistoric skeletal material. With the help of thin sections across the sagittal suture and the adjoining cranial vault 10 mm behind the bregma findings about the specific structure as to age and sex and their expected variability are demonstrated by more than 200 cases taken from the recent population. According to the results in hand there exists a contradiction to the opinions hitherto existing about a distinct age dependence in the bone structure and distinct sex differences in the findings of the structures of the Ist order. Though data about changes in the anatomical construction of the human cranial vault during the ontogenesis are to be correctly obtained only with the help of longitudinal investigation, the crosssectional investigation produced only differences between the age classes. Real differences were not to be found, but there are to be derived possible tendencies of development for the calvarial thickness, for the relation between the compact bone (tabula externa, tabula interna) and the porous bone (diplo\u00eb), of the porosity in the diplo\u00eb and the obliteration of the suture in the course of increasing age. No significant sex differences were found but there are sex peculiarities or at least inclinations to it. The use of the findings taken from the cross-sectional aspect of the cranial vault in order to estimate the age at death and the sex as well as indications of possible individual peculiarities, at present ead to a sufficiently reliable diagnosis only within a polysymptomatical practice.", "PMID": 608583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10023", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations in the use of the biomathematic procedure in variability studies on man].", "content": "In an anthropomorphical variability analysis the quantitative description of deterministric changes of (morphological) growth characteristics plays an important role. Working out this component of general variability and its discrimination from the random component in the measureed values underlying the quantitative analysis can be performed by biomathematical procedures. Three groups of such procedures are presented here in a survey manner. They may be employed at different levels of data processing and for quantitative description resp. mathematical modelling of the biological process in question. There are: Empirical regression, so-called internal regression, and nonlinear regression or approximation. The advantages fo employment biomathematical procedures for evaluating and interpretation of measured values of dynamical processes are sketched for the body height growth of human beings as example. But there are also mentioned limitations of application mathematical methods and procedures in the biological area.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations in the use of the biomathematic procedure in variability studies on man]. In an anthropomorphical variability analysis the quantitative description of deterministric changes of (morphological) growth characteristics plays an important role. Working out this component of general variability and its discrimination from the random component in the measureed values underlying the quantitative analysis can be performed by biomathematical procedures. Three groups of such procedures are presented here in a survey manner. They may be employed at different levels of data processing and for quantitative description resp. mathematical modelling of the biological process in question. There are: Empirical regression, so-called internal regression, and nonlinear regression or approximation. The advantages fo employment biomathematical procedures for evaluating and interpretation of measured values of dynamical processes are sketched for the body height growth of human beings as example. But there are also mentioned limitations of application mathematical methods and procedures in the biological area.", "PMID": 608584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10024", "title": "[Tissue mechanical behavior of tendinous fibers under statistical and dynamic requirements].", "content": "With a device for dynamical processes tension tests were performed on bundles of collagen fibres of human and bovin origin. Part of the studies were performed under statical condition with an universal materials testing machine, equipped with a closed loop feed back control system. If the force is to be kept constant subsequently to a strain process on a collagen fiber bundle (isotonic condition), the fiber length must increase (creep phenomenon, retardation). The force decreases under constant length after a preceding strain process (relaxation). In analogy to the statical relaxation, statical isorheological line, and statical force recovery curve the dynamical (cyclic) relaxation, dynamical (cyclic) isorheological curve, and dynamical (cyclic) force recovery curve are described. The mechanical-rheological properties collagen fiber bundles are discussed in relation to functional anatomy.", "contents": "[Tissue mechanical behavior of tendinous fibers under statistical and dynamic requirements]. With a device for dynamical processes tension tests were performed on bundles of collagen fibres of human and bovin origin. Part of the studies were performed under statical condition with an universal materials testing machine, equipped with a closed loop feed back control system. If the force is to be kept constant subsequently to a strain process on a collagen fiber bundle (isotonic condition), the fiber length must increase (creep phenomenon, retardation). The force decreases under constant length after a preceding strain process (relaxation). In analogy to the statical relaxation, statical isorheological line, and statical force recovery curve the dynamical (cyclic) relaxation, dynamical (cyclic) isorheological curve, and dynamical (cyclic) force recovery curve are described. The mechanical-rheological properties collagen fiber bundles are discussed in relation to functional anatomy.", "PMID": 608585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10025", "title": "[Reverberation of the hindlimb rudimentation on its innervation in squamate reptiles].", "content": "When the dimensional reduction of the hind limb begins, a first caudal displacement of the lombar part of the lombo-sacral plexus - which involves the loss of the first root of the sacral part -- appears with a threshold in the increase in the number of presacral vertebrae. This a first indication of the serpentiform tendancy. Others thresholds can conduct to produce the disappearance of the sacral vertebrae and sacral root. The qualitative reduction only concerns the terminal branches of the plexus and does not seem to be associated with the vertebral elongation. If a caudo-proximal reduction of the brachial plexus occurs early in the lepidosaurian line and exists in all the Squamata, even in the Iguana which have well developed limbs, it is not the same for the reduction of the lombo-sacral plexus which does not appear in these Iguana. At last, if the reduction modalities of the both plexus are often differents, their supposed displacements facilitate the extension of the intermediate vertebral region.", "contents": "[Reverberation of the hindlimb rudimentation on its innervation in squamate reptiles]. When the dimensional reduction of the hind limb begins, a first caudal displacement of the lombar part of the lombo-sacral plexus - which involves the loss of the first root of the sacral part -- appears with a threshold in the increase in the number of presacral vertebrae. This a first indication of the serpentiform tendancy. Others thresholds can conduct to produce the disappearance of the sacral vertebrae and sacral root. The qualitative reduction only concerns the terminal branches of the plexus and does not seem to be associated with the vertebral elongation. If a caudo-proximal reduction of the brachial plexus occurs early in the lepidosaurian line and exists in all the Squamata, even in the Iguana which have well developed limbs, it is not the same for the reduction of the lombo-sacral plexus which does not appear in these Iguana. At last, if the reduction modalities of the both plexus are often differents, their supposed displacements facilitate the extension of the intermediate vertebral region.", "PMID": 608587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10026", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical observation of calcium ion localization in the black-beetle pleural muscles.", "content": "The authors examined the infrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the plexural muscles of a black-beetle (Blatta orientalis L.) after being fixed in a solution of osmiumtetroxide buffered with a cacodylate buffer (pH = 7.4) and according to the method of Carasso-Favard (1966). The infrastructure of these muscles differs from the muscles of other insects, first of all, in the amount and distribution of the sarcoplasmic net (SR) and mitochondria and also in the amount and topography of the location of lead precipitations which mark the calcium ions. The authors ascertained an intensive and permanent positive reaction to the presence of calcium in the mitochondria and sarcotubular systems of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and in the intrafibrillar spaces and in the Z and M lines of the sarcomeres calcium concentrations are not detectable. The authors checked the results by using the method of Carasso-Favard (1966).", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical observation of calcium ion localization in the black-beetle pleural muscles. The authors examined the infrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the plexural muscles of a black-beetle (Blatta orientalis L.) after being fixed in a solution of osmiumtetroxide buffered with a cacodylate buffer (pH = 7.4) and according to the method of Carasso-Favard (1966). The infrastructure of these muscles differs from the muscles of other insects, first of all, in the amount and distribution of the sarcoplasmic net (SR) and mitochondria and also in the amount and topography of the location of lead precipitations which mark the calcium ions. The authors ascertained an intensive and permanent positive reaction to the presence of calcium in the mitochondria and sarcotubular systems of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and in the intrafibrillar spaces and in the Z and M lines of the sarcomeres calcium concentrations are not detectable. The authors checked the results by using the method of Carasso-Favard (1966).", "PMID": 608588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10027", "title": "[Topographic anatomical data on the a.testicularis, a.ductus deferentis and a.cremasterica in ram].", "content": "130 Ram testes have been used in the study, and the following methods were applied to fill and study the testical arteries: r\u00f6ntgenography, stereor\u00f6ntgenography, corosive method, Indian ink and gel injections. Variabilities occur as to the site where the a.testicularis arises in rams. Individual differences can also be observed in the arrangement of the epididymal arteries, in most cases, however, they arise from the first loops of the convolution. Both epididymal arteries are considerably thinner than the testicular artery, forming 2 independent vessel convolutions, located at both sides of the convolution of the a.testicularis, and not interfering with the loops of the latter. A.accessoria testis has been found in one ram only. 2 to 3 large waved loops can be observed in the pars marginalis and the a.testicularis of the ram. Bifurcation mostly occurs in the second third of the margo epididymidis. Individual variations have been found at further ramification of the rr.testiculares. The shape of the lobulus testis is indicated by the centripetal branch with its centrifugal twigs. In rams the a.ductus deferentis forms anastomoses both with the branches running from the a.epididymidis caudalis and the a.cremasterica.", "contents": "[Topographic anatomical data on the a.testicularis, a.ductus deferentis and a.cremasterica in ram]. 130 Ram testes have been used in the study, and the following methods were applied to fill and study the testical arteries: r\u00f6ntgenography, stereor\u00f6ntgenography, corosive method, Indian ink and gel injections. Variabilities occur as to the site where the a.testicularis arises in rams. Individual differences can also be observed in the arrangement of the epididymal arteries, in most cases, however, they arise from the first loops of the convolution. Both epididymal arteries are considerably thinner than the testicular artery, forming 2 independent vessel convolutions, located at both sides of the convolution of the a.testicularis, and not interfering with the loops of the latter. A.accessoria testis has been found in one ram only. 2 to 3 large waved loops can be observed in the pars marginalis and the a.testicularis of the ram. Bifurcation mostly occurs in the second third of the margo epididymidis. Individual variations have been found at further ramification of the rr.testiculares. The shape of the lobulus testis is indicated by the centripetal branch with its centrifugal twigs. In rams the a.ductus deferentis forms anastomoses both with the branches running from the a.epididymidis caudalis and the a.cremasterica.", "PMID": 608589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10028", "title": "Transformation with specific fragments of adenovirus DNAs. II. Analysis of the viral DNA sequences present in cells transformed with a 7% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA.", "content": "Five clones of rat kidney cells transformed by a small restriction endonuclease fragment of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) DNA (fragment HsuI G, which represents the left terminal 7% of the adenovirus genome) were analyzed with respect to the viral DNA sequences present in the cellular DNAs. In these analyses, the kinetics of renaturation of 32P-labeled specific fragments of Ad5 DNA was measured in the presence of a large amount of DNA extracted either from each of the transformed cell lines or from untransformed cells. The fragments were produced by digestion of 32P-labeled adenovirus 5 DNA with endo R.HsuI, or by digestion of 32P-labeled fragment HsuI G of adeno 5 DNA with endo R.HpaI. All five transformed lines were found to contain DNA sequences homologous to 75--80% of Ad5 fragment HsuI G only. Clones II and V contained approximately 48 copies per quantity of diploid cell DNA, clone VI about 35 copies, clone IV 22 copies and clone III 5--10 copies. These results indicate that a viral DNA segment as small as 5.5% of the Ad5 genome, contains sufficient information for the maintenance of transformation.", "contents": "Transformation with specific fragments of adenovirus DNAs. II. Analysis of the viral DNA sequences present in cells transformed with a 7% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA. Five clones of rat kidney cells transformed by a small restriction endonuclease fragment of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) DNA (fragment HsuI G, which represents the left terminal 7% of the adenovirus genome) were analyzed with respect to the viral DNA sequences present in the cellular DNAs. In these analyses, the kinetics of renaturation of 32P-labeled specific fragments of Ad5 DNA was measured in the presence of a large amount of DNA extracted either from each of the transformed cell lines or from untransformed cells. The fragments were produced by digestion of 32P-labeled adenovirus 5 DNA with endo R.HsuI, or by digestion of 32P-labeled fragment HsuI G of adeno 5 DNA with endo R.HpaI. All five transformed lines were found to contain DNA sequences homologous to 75--80% of Ad5 fragment HsuI G only. Clones II and V contained approximately 48 copies per quantity of diploid cell DNA, clone VI about 35 copies, clone IV 22 copies and clone III 5--10 copies. These results indicate that a viral DNA segment as small as 5.5% of the Ad5 genome, contains sufficient information for the maintenance of transformation.", "PMID": 608591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10029", "title": "Purification and cloning of a mouse ribosomal gene fragment in coliphage lambda.", "content": "We have found and characterized a recombinant between the EK2 vector lambdagtWES.lambdaC and a portion of the mouse ribosomal genes. A 6.6 kb endoR.Eco RI fragment was purified from total mouse DNA using RPC-5 ion exchange chromatography and then cloned and detected twice among 183 hybrid phage screened. In situ hybridization of restriction fragments of the hybrid phage DNA revealed that the inserted fragment contained both 18S and 25S RNA sequences. Electron microscopic analysis further suggested that most, if not all, of the 28S RNA sequence was present in the insert. The orientation of the 28S sequences in the hybrid phage was such that the \"sense\" of the inserted fragment should be under the control of the leftward promoter of lambda.", "contents": "Purification and cloning of a mouse ribosomal gene fragment in coliphage lambda. We have found and characterized a recombinant between the EK2 vector lambdagtWES.lambdaC and a portion of the mouse ribosomal genes. A 6.6 kb endoR.Eco RI fragment was purified from total mouse DNA using RPC-5 ion exchange chromatography and then cloned and detected twice among 183 hybrid phage screened. In situ hybridization of restriction fragments of the hybrid phage DNA revealed that the inserted fragment contained both 18S and 25S RNA sequences. Electron microscopic analysis further suggested that most, if not all, of the 28S RNA sequence was present in the insert. The orientation of the 28S sequences in the hybrid phage was such that the \"sense\" of the inserted fragment should be under the control of the leftward promoter of lambda.", "PMID": 608592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10030", "title": "The Moberg deltoid-triceps replacement and key-pinch operations in quadriplegia: preliminary experiences.", "content": "The use of the tendons of the lateral four extensors of the toes in order to transfer the pull of the posterior deltoid to extend the elbow is successful in the OCu:2 quadriplegic patient. The Moberg operation for key pinch in its various modifications also improves the function of these patients and is well received by them. The necessity for prolonged protecton (three months) and for simplicity in surgical procedures in these patients is illustrated in seven patients.", "contents": "The Moberg deltoid-triceps replacement and key-pinch operations in quadriplegia: preliminary experiences. The use of the tendons of the lateral four extensors of the toes in order to transfer the pull of the posterior deltoid to extend the elbow is successful in the OCu:2 quadriplegic patient. The Moberg operation for key pinch in its various modifications also improves the function of these patients and is well received by them. The necessity for prolonged protecton (three months) and for simplicity in surgical procedures in these patients is illustrated in seven patients.", "PMID": 608617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10031", "title": "The use of the key grip procedure for improving hand function in quadriplegia.", "content": "Reconstruction of the quadriplegic hand can give marked functional improvement. In 1975 the key grip procedure was introduced on the Spinal Injuries Unit at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. Twenty of the first twenty-four cases operated on have obtained a useful improvement, and the reasons for the four failures are readily seen. In correctly cases the key grip procedure is of benefit to the patient and complications are relatively minor.", "contents": "The use of the key grip procedure for improving hand function in quadriplegia. Reconstruction of the quadriplegic hand can give marked functional improvement. In 1975 the key grip procedure was introduced on the Spinal Injuries Unit at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. Twenty of the first twenty-four cases operated on have obtained a useful improvement, and the reasons for the four failures are readily seen. In correctly cases the key grip procedure is of benefit to the patient and complications are relatively minor.", "PMID": 608618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10032", "title": "A review of 100 flexor tendon reconstructions with prosthesis.", "content": "A series of one hundred cases where silicone rods were used to prepare a bed for flexor tendon grafting is examined, the main indication for this technique being circumstances where one stage tendon grafting was likely to have a poor result. The main complications noted were a synovitis around the silastic rods, infection, and loss of the distal attachment of the silastic rod. The overall results were satisfactory.", "contents": "A review of 100 flexor tendon reconstructions with prosthesis. A series of one hundred cases where silicone rods were used to prepare a bed for flexor tendon grafting is examined, the main indication for this technique being circumstances where one stage tendon grafting was likely to have a poor result. The main complications noted were a synovitis around the silastic rods, infection, and loss of the distal attachment of the silastic rod. The overall results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 608619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10033", "title": "Functional disability in the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "The investigation of sixty-one rheumatoid patients relates their hand function to measured hand deformity. Certain deformities are related to a reduction in function; others are not. The dominant hand, used more frequently, deteriorates more quickly than the non-dominant. The benefit on hand function of synovectomy is limited in duration and should be accompanied by some procedure to defer or correct deformity. Study of the metacarphophalangeal joints by radiography and at operation shows that degeneration starts where the metacarpal head first loses articulation with the base of the phalanx, and spreads out from there across the metacarpal head as deformity increases.", "contents": "Functional disability in the rheumatoid hand. The investigation of sixty-one rheumatoid patients relates their hand function to measured hand deformity. Certain deformities are related to a reduction in function; others are not. The dominant hand, used more frequently, deteriorates more quickly than the non-dominant. The benefit on hand function of synovectomy is limited in duration and should be accompanied by some procedure to defer or correct deformity. Study of the metacarphophalangeal joints by radiography and at operation shows that degeneration starts where the metacarpal head first loses articulation with the base of the phalanx, and spreads out from there across the metacarpal head as deformity increases.", "PMID": 608621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10034", "title": "Use of intramedullary polypropylene peg for joint stabilization in leprosy.", "content": "Joint arthrodesis is indicated when motion in a joint cannot be restored, and that joint requires stabilization in an optimal functional position. The Harrision Intramedullary peg has been used to advantage for this purpose in hand reconstruction in leprosy in a renal developing area. It is a method to be considered for selected cases requiring joint stabilization to improve total hand function.", "contents": "Use of intramedullary polypropylene peg for joint stabilization in leprosy. Joint arthrodesis is indicated when motion in a joint cannot be restored, and that joint requires stabilization in an optimal functional position. The Harrision Intramedullary peg has been used to advantage for this purpose in hand reconstruction in leprosy in a renal developing area. It is a method to be considered for selected cases requiring joint stabilization to improve total hand function.", "PMID": 608623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10035", "title": "Dynamic profundus splint for flexor profundus repair.", "content": "Flexor profundus is a mass action muscle so that when we fully extend one finger including full extension of the distal joint the entire muscle is pulled distally. By fully flexing the injured or operated finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and fully extending the adjacent fingers, flexor digitorum profundus of the operated finger is made so redundant as to abolish all tension at the suture line. The position of the operated finger: metacarpophalangeal joint flexion with interphalangeal joint extension is ideal for the preservation of joint mobility and therefore ideal for the restoration of movement when the repaired flexor tendon is mobilized. It is permissible to splint a healthy finger in full extension for three weeks.", "contents": "Dynamic profundus splint for flexor profundus repair. Flexor profundus is a mass action muscle so that when we fully extend one finger including full extension of the distal joint the entire muscle is pulled distally. By fully flexing the injured or operated finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and fully extending the adjacent fingers, flexor digitorum profundus of the operated finger is made so redundant as to abolish all tension at the suture line. The position of the operated finger: metacarpophalangeal joint flexion with interphalangeal joint extension is ideal for the preservation of joint mobility and therefore ideal for the restoration of movement when the repaired flexor tendon is mobilized. It is permissible to splint a healthy finger in full extension for three weeks.", "PMID": 608625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10036", "title": "Acquired club hand--a case report.", "content": "An exceptional case of acquired radial club hand is recorded. Although clinically similar to the congenital club hand, it has developed in a normal hand, as a result of osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Acquired club hand--a case report. An exceptional case of acquired radial club hand is recorded. Although clinically similar to the congenital club hand, it has developed in a normal hand, as a result of osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 608626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10037", "title": "Congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus--a case report.", "content": "Congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus, associated with hypoplasia of the thumb, is an unusual anomaly. A case of congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus without hypoplasia or aplasia of the thumb and thenar muscles, which is described, is very rare. Surgical treatment for the transfer of the ring finger flexor superficialis tendon to provide the thumb interphalangeal joint with flexion resulted in a significant improvement in pinch.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus--a case report. Congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus, associated with hypoplasia of the thumb, is an unusual anomaly. A case of congenital absence of the flexor pollicis longus without hypoplasia or aplasia of the thumb and thenar muscles, which is described, is very rare. Surgical treatment for the transfer of the ring finger flexor superficialis tendon to provide the thumb interphalangeal joint with flexion resulted in a significant improvement in pinch.", "PMID": 608627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10038", "title": "Congenital metacarpal malformation.", "content": "The findings in two brothers are described in whom there are similar isolated defects of development of their fifth metacarpal bones with normal fingers. There is no evidence of further skeletal, or biochemical abnormality. A mutational genetic basis is postulated.", "contents": "Congenital metacarpal malformation. The findings in two brothers are described in whom there are similar isolated defects of development of their fifth metacarpal bones with normal fingers. There is no evidence of further skeletal, or biochemical abnormality. A mutational genetic basis is postulated.", "PMID": 608628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10039", "title": "Dermatitis artefacta.", "content": "An unusual case of dermatitis artefacta is presented. The patient lost the whole of the index finger of his dominant hand before the diagnosis was established. The motive was financial gain. The literature on self-inflicted disease is reviewed.", "contents": "Dermatitis artefacta. An unusual case of dermatitis artefacta is presented. The patient lost the whole of the index finger of his dominant hand before the diagnosis was established. The motive was financial gain. The literature on self-inflicted disease is reviewed.", "PMID": 608630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10040", "title": "Complications of radial artery catheterization.", "content": "Sixty patients, representing a ten per cent incidence of complications, developed ischaemic or necrotic changes in the involved hand following radial artery cannulation. The loss of digits or hands could have been avoided by adequate evaluation of the vascular status of the hand both before and after cannulation.", "contents": "Complications of radial artery catheterization. Sixty patients, representing a ten per cent incidence of complications, developed ischaemic or necrotic changes in the involved hand following radial artery cannulation. The loss of digits or hands could have been avoided by adequate evaluation of the vascular status of the hand both before and after cannulation.", "PMID": 608631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10041", "title": "Cystic tuberculosis of a metacarpal. An unusual presentation of primary lung disease.", "content": "A white woman of thirty-two years presented with tuberculous osteitis of the third metacarpal head, secondary to previously undetected active pulmonary disease. The problems of diagnosis are illustrated by review of her history, and the literature is discussed.", "contents": "Cystic tuberculosis of a metacarpal. An unusual presentation of primary lung disease. A white woman of thirty-two years presented with tuberculous osteitis of the third metacarpal head, secondary to previously undetected active pulmonary disease. The problems of diagnosis are illustrated by review of her history, and the literature is discussed.", "PMID": 608632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10042", "title": "Osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanges.", "content": "Four cases of osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanx--a very rare location--are presented. The clinical picture of cell cases is essentially the same, gradual swelling of the terminal phalanx with enlargement of the nail and pain, particularly at night and relievable by aspirin. The treatment was operative and of double value. 1. The osteoid osteoma is removed; 2. Cosmetic result is obtained by reduction of the size of the terminal phalanx.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanges. Four cases of osteoid osteoma of the terminal phalanx--a very rare location--are presented. The clinical picture of cell cases is essentially the same, gradual swelling of the terminal phalanx with enlargement of the nail and pain, particularly at night and relievable by aspirin. The treatment was operative and of double value. 1. The osteoid osteoma is removed; 2. Cosmetic result is obtained by reduction of the size of the terminal phalanx.", "PMID": 608633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10043", "title": "Knuckle pads in Dupuytren's disease.", "content": "Knuckle pads are not exclusively found in persons with Dupuytren's disease, but they occur four times more often in these patients than in the general population (in Norway). Occurrence of knuckle pads in persons with Duputyren's disease does not seem to imply a higher predisposition or a more aggressive disease.", "contents": "Knuckle pads in Dupuytren's disease. Knuckle pads are not exclusively found in persons with Dupuytren's disease, but they occur four times more often in these patients than in the general population (in Norway). Occurrence of knuckle pads in persons with Duputyren's disease does not seem to imply a higher predisposition or a more aggressive disease.", "PMID": 608634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10044", "title": "Synovium as a nutritional medium in tendon grafting.", "content": "The mechanism of tendon healing and the role played by the synovial sheath are still obscure and controversial. In the present experimental study free tendon grafts were nourished by synovial fluid only. By morphological and cytochemical techniques viable cells were found in the superficial zones of the tendon, capable of both proliferation and production and production of new collagen. This repair process affected predominantly the ends of the grafts. At the centre of the specimens degenerative changes appeared to an increasing extent throughout the observation period of 12 weeks. Adhesions to the surrounding tissues did not form. It is concluded that fibroblasts, most probably originated from the superficial cell layers of the tendon are capable of regeneration and synthesis of new collagen and that synovial fluid plays an important role in the metabolic exchange of the superficial scantily vascularized areas of the tendon. The observations are discussed in relation to the present concepts of tendon surgery.", "contents": "Synovium as a nutritional medium in tendon grafting. The mechanism of tendon healing and the role played by the synovial sheath are still obscure and controversial. In the present experimental study free tendon grafts were nourished by synovial fluid only. By morphological and cytochemical techniques viable cells were found in the superficial zones of the tendon, capable of both proliferation and production and production of new collagen. This repair process affected predominantly the ends of the grafts. At the centre of the specimens degenerative changes appeared to an increasing extent throughout the observation period of 12 weeks. Adhesions to the surrounding tissues did not form. It is concluded that fibroblasts, most probably originated from the superficial cell layers of the tendon are capable of regeneration and synthesis of new collagen and that synovial fluid plays an important role in the metabolic exchange of the superficial scantily vascularized areas of the tendon. The observations are discussed in relation to the present concepts of tendon surgery.", "PMID": 608635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10045", "title": "[Myxochondrosarcoma of the hand].", "content": "First description of repeated recurrence of a myxochondrosarcoma of the second metacarpal, most probably beginning as a central chondrosarcoma and within few months, after destroying the cortex, spreading into the soft tissues as a myxosarcoma. As it consisted mainly of chondroid material it is to be classified as a chondrosarcoma while histologically it showed small spindle cell and angiomatous areas. The rarity, pathological anatomy and clinical therapeutic experience with chondrosarcoma oft the hand with its greater tendency to metastasize from there than from other locations are discussed. The morphological differences between the common secondary myxoid degeneration of chondrosarcoma and the rare primary myxosarcoma are accentuated.", "contents": "[Myxochondrosarcoma of the hand]. First description of repeated recurrence of a myxochondrosarcoma of the second metacarpal, most probably beginning as a central chondrosarcoma and within few months, after destroying the cortex, spreading into the soft tissues as a myxosarcoma. As it consisted mainly of chondroid material it is to be classified as a chondrosarcoma while histologically it showed small spindle cell and angiomatous areas. The rarity, pathological anatomy and clinical therapeutic experience with chondrosarcoma oft the hand with its greater tendency to metastasize from there than from other locations are discussed. The morphological differences between the common secondary myxoid degeneration of chondrosarcoma and the rare primary myxosarcoma are accentuated.", "PMID": 608636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10046", "title": "[An accessory muscle and additional variants of the forearm].", "content": "A report is given on an accessory muscle of the forearm. The muscle originates from the medial epicondyle and the fascia of the forearm and inserts into the pisiform bone and retinaculum. The accessory muscle has a great similarity with the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.", "contents": "[An accessory muscle and additional variants of the forearm]. A report is given on an accessory muscle of the forearm. The muscle originates from the medial epicondyle and the fascia of the forearm and inserts into the pisiform bone and retinaculum. The accessory muscle has a great similarity with the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.", "PMID": 608638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10047", "title": "[The carpal tunnel syndrome. Indication, technic and results following epineural and interfascicular neurolysis].", "content": "In the advanced stage of the carpal tunnel syndrome with apparently \"irreversible\" loss of motor function and sensibility, epineural and interfascicular neurolysis has been recommended as an idjunct to the conventional decompression of the median nerve. Nevertheless the literature is lacking in data concerning recovery of motor function after operation. In addition to clinical examination, histological and electromyographic data are proveded to demonstrate the histo-pathological changes and the late results after neurolysis. Indications for the technique of this more radical operative procedure as well as late results are described.", "contents": "[The carpal tunnel syndrome. Indication, technic and results following epineural and interfascicular neurolysis]. In the advanced stage of the carpal tunnel syndrome with apparently \"irreversible\" loss of motor function and sensibility, epineural and interfascicular neurolysis has been recommended as an idjunct to the conventional decompression of the median nerve. Nevertheless the literature is lacking in data concerning recovery of motor function after operation. In addition to clinical examination, histological and electromyographic data are proveded to demonstrate the histo-pathological changes and the late results after neurolysis. Indications for the technique of this more radical operative procedure as well as late results are described.", "PMID": 608639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10048", "title": "[Rupture of the distal biceps tendon and its treatment].", "content": "Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle is an uncommon injury. It mostly happens to strong men whose biceps muscle are contracted and overstretched unexpectedly. Contrary to the good results after conservative treatment of the numerous ruptures of the proximal tendons the distal tendon must always be surgically reconstructed. Three cases of rupture of the distal biceps tendon are reported and their good results are shown following an modified operation originally described by PLATT.", "contents": "[Rupture of the distal biceps tendon and its treatment]. Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle is an uncommon injury. It mostly happens to strong men whose biceps muscle are contracted and overstretched unexpectedly. Contrary to the good results after conservative treatment of the numerous ruptures of the proximal tendons the distal tendon must always be surgically reconstructed. Three cases of rupture of the distal biceps tendon are reported and their good results are shown following an modified operation originally described by PLATT.", "PMID": 608640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10049", "title": "Malignant neuroleptic syndrome--its present status in Japan and clinical problems.", "content": "Fourteen cases in which hyperpyrexia, akinesia, mutism, extrapyramidal symptoms and severe, diverse autonomic symptoms developed in the course of neuroleptic drug therapy are reported as the malignant neuroleptic syndrome, with analysis and discussion of the clinical features and pathogenic factors. Possible factors contributing to the danger of evoking this syndrome are: 1. Physical exhaustion associated with dehydration, and 2. Parenteral administration of neuroleptic agents, especially of the incisive type. Symptomatologic similarity of the syndrome to the condition known as malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia is also discussed.", "contents": "Malignant neuroleptic syndrome--its present status in Japan and clinical problems. Fourteen cases in which hyperpyrexia, akinesia, mutism, extrapyramidal symptoms and severe, diverse autonomic symptoms developed in the course of neuroleptic drug therapy are reported as the malignant neuroleptic syndrome, with analysis and discussion of the clinical features and pathogenic factors. Possible factors contributing to the danger of evoking this syndrome are: 1. Physical exhaustion associated with dehydration, and 2. Parenteral administration of neuroleptic agents, especially of the incisive type. Symptomatologic similarity of the syndrome to the condition known as malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia is also discussed.", "PMID": 608659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10050", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from autistic children.", "content": "In order to evaluate the possible abnormality in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in early infantile autism, blood platelet samples were obtained from 20 autistic children, aged 2--12 years. MAO activity, measured fluorometrically using serotonin as substrate, was 5.24 +/- 1.65 (Mean +/- Standard Deviation) nM/MG protein/hour in these autistic children. This value was not significantly different from either that in 30 age-matched normal children or that in 39 nonautistic children with various psychiatric and neurological disorders, although autistic children had higher platelet serotonin concentration than these nonautistic individuals.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from autistic children. In order to evaluate the possible abnormality in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in early infantile autism, blood platelet samples were obtained from 20 autistic children, aged 2--12 years. MAO activity, measured fluorometrically using serotonin as substrate, was 5.24 +/- 1.65 (Mean +/- Standard Deviation) nM/MG protein/hour in these autistic children. This value was not significantly different from either that in 30 age-matched normal children or that in 39 nonautistic children with various psychiatric and neurological disorders, although autistic children had higher platelet serotonin concentration than these nonautistic individuals.", "PMID": 608661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10051", "title": "Capgras phenomenon in a case of temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "The present report regarda a patient of temporal lobe epilepsy, who developed the classical features of Capgras phenomenon. The whole clinical picture responded to treatment. The possible roles of organic and psycho-social factors in the psychopathology of this peculiar delusion in this patient are discussed.", "contents": "Capgras phenomenon in a case of temporal lobe epilepsy. The present report regarda a patient of temporal lobe epilepsy, who developed the classical features of Capgras phenomenon. The whole clinical picture responded to treatment. The possible roles of organic and psycho-social factors in the psychopathology of this peculiar delusion in this patient are discussed.", "PMID": 608663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10052", "title": "Delta component variations in human sleep electroencephalogram.", "content": "All night sleep was recorded polygraphically on 14 healthy adults, once for each person, and EEG was analyzed with bandpass filters. The integrated values during successive 10 second epochs were recorded consecutively at 1 mm intervals, separately for each frequency band. The variations of integrated values for long time span were clearly observed. The findings on 1-2 Hz component are reported exclusively in this report. (1) Four variation patterns were classified on the variations of integrated values of 1-2 Hz band component; long undulation, short undulation, irregular undulation and slight fluctuation. Short undulation was superimposed on long undulation. Long undulation had a gradually increasing slope, a plateau and steeply decreasing slope. Irregular undulation showed generally irregular fluctuations, without any definite variation patterns. During slight fluctuation the variations were small. Long undulation and irregular undulation corresponded to slow-wave sleep and slight fluctuation corresponded to REM sleep. The mean duration of each long undulation and irregular undulation was 31.2 and 11.9 minutes, respectively. In long undulations, 62.8% of the time was occupied by Stage 2 and the lesser ratio by Stages 3 and 4. In irregular undulation 89.1% of the time corresponded to Stage 2. (2) One sleep cycle was composed of the three sleep states which were accompanied with variation patterns, long undulation, irregular undulation and slight fluctuation. The sequence of the appearance of the former two patterns in one sleep cycle was classified into four types. About half of the sleep cycles in all records exhibited Type 1; the pattern started with long undulation, after one or several long undulations followed by irregular undulation and proceeded to slight fluctuation. The average number of long indulation in one sleep cycle was 1.58. (3) On all records, the highest long undulations appeared in the first cycle of all night sleep, in both frontal and central areas. In the occipital area, some of the highest crests appeared in the second cycle. When the highest of long undulations appeared, the height tended to decrease prior to wakening. The crest line of long undulation in frontal and central areas crossed in the latter period of all night sleep, in five controls. The mean voltage of long undulation in frontal, central and occipital areas was 52.4, 42.5 and 23.5 microvolts, respectively. The underlying physiological mechanism of delta waves in human sleep EEG and possible brain structures essential for long undulation and irregular undulation were discussed from both the clinical and experimental aspects.", "contents": "Delta component variations in human sleep electroencephalogram. All night sleep was recorded polygraphically on 14 healthy adults, once for each person, and EEG was analyzed with bandpass filters. The integrated values during successive 10 second epochs were recorded consecutively at 1 mm intervals, separately for each frequency band. The variations of integrated values for long time span were clearly observed. The findings on 1-2 Hz component are reported exclusively in this report. (1) Four variation patterns were classified on the variations of integrated values of 1-2 Hz band component; long undulation, short undulation, irregular undulation and slight fluctuation. Short undulation was superimposed on long undulation. Long undulation had a gradually increasing slope, a plateau and steeply decreasing slope. Irregular undulation showed generally irregular fluctuations, without any definite variation patterns. During slight fluctuation the variations were small. Long undulation and irregular undulation corresponded to slow-wave sleep and slight fluctuation corresponded to REM sleep. The mean duration of each long undulation and irregular undulation was 31.2 and 11.9 minutes, respectively. In long undulations, 62.8% of the time was occupied by Stage 2 and the lesser ratio by Stages 3 and 4. In irregular undulation 89.1% of the time corresponded to Stage 2. (2) One sleep cycle was composed of the three sleep states which were accompanied with variation patterns, long undulation, irregular undulation and slight fluctuation. The sequence of the appearance of the former two patterns in one sleep cycle was classified into four types. About half of the sleep cycles in all records exhibited Type 1; the pattern started with long undulation, after one or several long undulations followed by irregular undulation and proceeded to slight fluctuation. The average number of long indulation in one sleep cycle was 1.58. (3) On all records, the highest long undulations appeared in the first cycle of all night sleep, in both frontal and central areas. In the occipital area, some of the highest crests appeared in the second cycle. When the highest of long undulations appeared, the height tended to decrease prior to wakening. The crest line of long undulation in frontal and central areas crossed in the latter period of all night sleep, in five controls. The mean voltage of long undulation in frontal, central and occipital areas was 52.4, 42.5 and 23.5 microvolts, respectively. The underlying physiological mechanism of delta waves in human sleep EEG and possible brain structures essential for long undulation and irregular undulation were discussed from both the clinical and experimental aspects.", "PMID": 608665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10053", "title": "Effects of manganese, calcium, magnesium and lithium on the ouabain-induced seizure.", "content": "The effects of the intraventricularly administered cations (Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Li+) against the seizure induced by ouabain (3 microgram) were investigated. Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused definite sedation and decreased locomotor activity. But Li+ was without significant behavioral effect at the doses applied. Among the cations used, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ showed significant anticonvulsive effect on the ouabain-induced seizure. In comparison, on the dose and molar-to-molar basis, the potency of anticonvulsive action was in the following order: Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. On the contrary, the higher dose of Li+ potentiated the ouabain-induced seizure. The importance of the increased Ca2+ level in the extracellular space or the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake as the anticonvulsive effect of Ca2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of manganese, calcium, magnesium and lithium on the ouabain-induced seizure. The effects of the intraventricularly administered cations (Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Li+) against the seizure induced by ouabain (3 microgram) were investigated. Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused definite sedation and decreased locomotor activity. But Li+ was without significant behavioral effect at the doses applied. Among the cations used, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ showed significant anticonvulsive effect on the ouabain-induced seizure. In comparison, on the dose and molar-to-molar basis, the potency of anticonvulsive action was in the following order: Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. On the contrary, the higher dose of Li+ potentiated the ouabain-induced seizure. The importance of the increased Ca2+ level in the extracellular space or the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake as the anticonvulsive effect of Ca2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ was discussed.", "PMID": 608666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10054", "title": "Biological properties of goat immunoglobulins G.", "content": "Ther serum concentration of normal adult goat total IgG was established to be 19.97 +/- 1.55 mg/ml, the IgG1 10.92 +/- 0.84 mg/ml and IgG2 9.07 +/- 0.78 mg/ml. No significant variations were found to be associated with the seasons of the year but changes in concentration, especially in serum IgG1 occur ante- and post-partum. In goat colostrum, the IgG concentration is about 2.4-2.8 times greater than in serum and the IgG1 subclass accounts for 95-98 per cent. During the immune response the IgG1 rises sharply whereas variations in IgG2 concentration are less evident. Both IgG subclasses are active in haemagglutination, although the IgG1 is 22-52 times more efficient. As in all ruminants, only IgG1 fixes complement in the classical test. Differences exist between IgG subclasses in their ability to induce PCA reactions. IgG2 subclass is active only in homologous species whereas the IgGl in heterologous species. Cytophilic activity is associated with IgG2 subclass.", "contents": "Biological properties of goat immunoglobulins G. Ther serum concentration of normal adult goat total IgG was established to be 19.97 +/- 1.55 mg/ml, the IgG1 10.92 +/- 0.84 mg/ml and IgG2 9.07 +/- 0.78 mg/ml. No significant variations were found to be associated with the seasons of the year but changes in concentration, especially in serum IgG1 occur ante- and post-partum. In goat colostrum, the IgG concentration is about 2.4-2.8 times greater than in serum and the IgG1 subclass accounts for 95-98 per cent. During the immune response the IgG1 rises sharply whereas variations in IgG2 concentration are less evident. Both IgG subclasses are active in haemagglutination, although the IgG1 is 22-52 times more efficient. As in all ruminants, only IgG1 fixes complement in the classical test. Differences exist between IgG subclasses in their ability to induce PCA reactions. IgG2 subclass is active only in homologous species whereas the IgGl in heterologous species. Cytophilic activity is associated with IgG2 subclass.", "PMID": 608675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10055", "title": "Immune mechanisms to Ascaris suum in inbred guinea-pigs. I. Passive transfer of immunity by cells or serum.", "content": "Syngeneic Strain 2 guinea-pigs which received seven s.c. injections of infective eggs of Ascaris suum were shown to harbour less larvae in their lungs than control animals after mesenteric vein challenge with 10,000 infective larvae of A. suum. Serum and cell preparations harvested from these animals were able to transfer protective immunity to normal recipients to varying degrees. Significant protection with serum preparations was obtained with immune IgG2, IgE + IgG1 and whole immune serum. Best protection with cell preparations was obtained with a pool of cells from the mesenteric, hepatic (retropancreatic), and mediastinal nodes of immune animals. Cells from the hepatic nodes of immune animals were more effective than cells from the mediastinal and mesenteric nodes. Immune spleen cells enhanced, rather than reduced, the degree of the infection. Cells or serum preparations from normal animals were not capable of transferring portective immunity to normal recipients.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms to Ascaris suum in inbred guinea-pigs. I. Passive transfer of immunity by cells or serum. Syngeneic Strain 2 guinea-pigs which received seven s.c. injections of infective eggs of Ascaris suum were shown to harbour less larvae in their lungs than control animals after mesenteric vein challenge with 10,000 infective larvae of A. suum. Serum and cell preparations harvested from these animals were able to transfer protective immunity to normal recipients to varying degrees. Significant protection with serum preparations was obtained with immune IgG2, IgE + IgG1 and whole immune serum. Best protection with cell preparations was obtained with a pool of cells from the mesenteric, hepatic (retropancreatic), and mediastinal nodes of immune animals. Cells from the hepatic nodes of immune animals were more effective than cells from the mediastinal and mesenteric nodes. Immune spleen cells enhanced, rather than reduced, the degree of the infection. Cells or serum preparations from normal animals were not capable of transferring portective immunity to normal recipients.", "PMID": 608676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10056", "title": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in different lymphoid organs of the CBA mouse during its life-span.", "content": "The number of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C-Ig cells) was determined in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow and Peyer's patches of CBA mice of different ages. A rapid increase in the number of C-Ig cells at between 2 and 6 weeks of age was observed in spleen and gut-associated lymphoid organs. The absolute number of C-Ig cells in these organs decreases with advancing age. In the bone marrow, the number of C-Ig cells increases steadily with age up to one year. From one year on, the number remains approximately constant in the males. In female mice, the number of C-Ig cells, mainly of the IgA class, increases sharply around 1 year of age. The spleen is the major site of Ig synthesis up to about 6 months of age. In older animals, the relative contribution of the bone marrow increases with age, possibly due to a gradual shift in the individual animal from primary type responses to a pattern of secondary type responses. No indication of a decreased overall immunological activity in senescence was obtained.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in different lymphoid organs of the CBA mouse during its life-span. The number of cells containing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C-Ig cells) was determined in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow and Peyer's patches of CBA mice of different ages. A rapid increase in the number of C-Ig cells at between 2 and 6 weeks of age was observed in spleen and gut-associated lymphoid organs. The absolute number of C-Ig cells in these organs decreases with advancing age. In the bone marrow, the number of C-Ig cells increases steadily with age up to one year. From one year on, the number remains approximately constant in the males. In female mice, the number of C-Ig cells, mainly of the IgA class, increases sharply around 1 year of age. The spleen is the major site of Ig synthesis up to about 6 months of age. In older animals, the relative contribution of the bone marrow increases with age, possibly due to a gradual shift in the individual animal from primary type responses to a pattern of secondary type responses. No indication of a decreased overall immunological activity in senescence was obtained.", "PMID": 608677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10057", "title": "The properties of immune complex-forming systems. A new theoretical approach.", "content": "A new mathematical model for antigen-antibody interactions has been developed. The new model is based on the assumption that the formation of complexes between a bivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen is determined thermodynamically by the concentrations and valences of antigen as well as antibody, together with one association constant which is common to all mutual interactions. Formulae have been derived for calculation of the distributions of compositionally different antigen-antibody complexes either from knowledge of equilibrium concentrations of free antigen and antibody, or from knowledge of total amounts of antigen and antibody in the system. A computer program for these calculation is described. The model is found to yield precise predictions of the formation of soluble immune complexes, as studied by zonal centrifugation. It is found through use of the model that 'complex formation' as such differs in binding characteristics from adsorption, especially for high concentrations of antigens and antibodies. 'Complex formation' implies that association constants estimated through a Sips plot method will vary with antibody concentration, and that certain curvatures of the lines in a Sips plot reflect inherent properties of complex-forming systems.", "contents": "The properties of immune complex-forming systems. A new theoretical approach. A new mathematical model for antigen-antibody interactions has been developed. The new model is based on the assumption that the formation of complexes between a bivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen is determined thermodynamically by the concentrations and valences of antigen as well as antibody, together with one association constant which is common to all mutual interactions. Formulae have been derived for calculation of the distributions of compositionally different antigen-antibody complexes either from knowledge of equilibrium concentrations of free antigen and antibody, or from knowledge of total amounts of antigen and antibody in the system. A computer program for these calculation is described. The model is found to yield precise predictions of the formation of soluble immune complexes, as studied by zonal centrifugation. It is found through use of the model that 'complex formation' as such differs in binding characteristics from adsorption, especially for high concentrations of antigens and antibodies. 'Complex formation' implies that association constants estimated through a Sips plot method will vary with antibody concentration, and that certain curvatures of the lines in a Sips plot reflect inherent properties of complex-forming systems.", "PMID": 608678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10058", "title": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in rats. The cellular requirement for worm expulsion.", "content": "The expulsion of antibody-damaged Nippostrongylus brasiliensis nematodes from the intestine of rats irradiated with 750 rad 60Co was induced by thoracic duct lymph (TDL) or mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells apparently without the help of bone marrow-derived cells. The effector cells were present in the TDL or MLN of rats by the 8th day after infection and could be recovered from the peritoneal cavity. The ability of TDL cells to transfer immunity to irradiated recipients was undiminished when the cells with immunoglobulin on their surface were removed. These results suggest that, following antibody damage, this nematode is expelled by nonimmunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes which are effective in the absence of newly formed cells derived from the cell recipients.", "contents": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in rats. The cellular requirement for worm expulsion. The expulsion of antibody-damaged Nippostrongylus brasiliensis nematodes from the intestine of rats irradiated with 750 rad 60Co was induced by thoracic duct lymph (TDL) or mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells apparently without the help of bone marrow-derived cells. The effector cells were present in the TDL or MLN of rats by the 8th day after infection and could be recovered from the peritoneal cavity. The ability of TDL cells to transfer immunity to irradiated recipients was undiminished when the cells with immunoglobulin on their surface were removed. These results suggest that, following antibody damage, this nematode is expelled by nonimmunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes which are effective in the absence of newly formed cells derived from the cell recipients.", "PMID": 608681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10059", "title": "Immunoglobulin expression and synthesis by human haemic cell lines.", "content": "Twenty-six human cell lines derived from a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid malignancies, were investigated for their immunological markers, with special reference to the class of immunoglobulin expressed. Twenty-five of the lines stained positively for surface immunoglobulin and IgD together with IgM proved to be the major immunoglobulin classes on these cells. Six of the lines were chosen for a study of their immunoglobulin synthesis patterns over an 18-h period and the immunoglobulin produced was analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patterns obtained from the cell lines were similar to that from normal lymph node lymphocytes and differed markedly to plasma cells. Two of the cell lines had abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis patterns characterized as free light chains in one case. The cell lines are evaluated for their usefulness as models of immunoglobulin synthesis and analogues of normal and neoplastic states.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin expression and synthesis by human haemic cell lines. Twenty-six human cell lines derived from a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid malignancies, were investigated for their immunological markers, with special reference to the class of immunoglobulin expressed. Twenty-five of the lines stained positively for surface immunoglobulin and IgD together with IgM proved to be the major immunoglobulin classes on these cells. Six of the lines were chosen for a study of their immunoglobulin synthesis patterns over an 18-h period and the immunoglobulin produced was analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patterns obtained from the cell lines were similar to that from normal lymph node lymphocytes and differed markedly to plasma cells. Two of the cell lines had abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis patterns characterized as free light chains in one case. The cell lines are evaluated for their usefulness as models of immunoglobulin synthesis and analogues of normal and neoplastic states.", "PMID": 608682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10060", "title": "Antigenic competition in the induction of contact sensitivity in mice.", "content": "Antigenic competition in contact sensitivity was found to occur between DNFB and PCl and also between some other pairs of non-cross reacting sensitizers. When mice were painted with DNFB 0-7 days before the sensitization with PCl, the responsiveness to PCl was suppressed completely, whereas when DNFB was painted after sensitization with PCl, the responsiveness to PCl was affected. The prior application of DNFB resulted in the reduction of DNA synthesis in the draining lymph nodes of PCl-sensitization. This indicated that the suppression by painting with DNFB was not attributable to the inactivation of PCl-specific effector T cells which had already been generated by the sensitization with PCl, but to the inhibition of the generation of PCl-specific effector T cells. The antigenic competition occurred even when two contact sensitizing agents were applied to different lymphoid regions of mice. The suppressive effect of DNFB on the PCl-sensitization was observed also in the mice which had been made tolerant to DNFB. These results seem to imply that the antigenic competition in the present experimental system is the phenomenon which may not be mediated by effector T cells but rather by other cells, possibly suppressor cells.", "contents": "Antigenic competition in the induction of contact sensitivity in mice. Antigenic competition in contact sensitivity was found to occur between DNFB and PCl and also between some other pairs of non-cross reacting sensitizers. When mice were painted with DNFB 0-7 days before the sensitization with PCl, the responsiveness to PCl was suppressed completely, whereas when DNFB was painted after sensitization with PCl, the responsiveness to PCl was affected. The prior application of DNFB resulted in the reduction of DNA synthesis in the draining lymph nodes of PCl-sensitization. This indicated that the suppression by painting with DNFB was not attributable to the inactivation of PCl-specific effector T cells which had already been generated by the sensitization with PCl, but to the inhibition of the generation of PCl-specific effector T cells. The antigenic competition occurred even when two contact sensitizing agents were applied to different lymphoid regions of mice. The suppressive effect of DNFB on the PCl-sensitization was observed also in the mice which had been made tolerant to DNFB. These results seem to imply that the antigenic competition in the present experimental system is the phenomenon which may not be mediated by effector T cells but rather by other cells, possibly suppressor cells.", "PMID": 608683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10061", "title": "Suppression and potentiation of expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by dextran sulphate.", "content": "Dextran sulphate delays the onset, or even completely suppresses the expression in mice of DTH or SRBC when administered via a route different from that of eliciting antigen. However, DS injected together with the eliciting antigen potential the expression of DTH. Dextran showed no effect on DTH. Cell transfer experiments suggest that the targets for the action of DS are the accessory cells (monocytes) and not the T-effector cells. As shown, using polystyrene latex particles and lipopolysaccharide from E. coli, trapping and perhaps activation of the trapped accessory cells rather than toxic effects of DS are responsible for these phenomena.", "contents": "Suppression and potentiation of expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by dextran sulphate. Dextran sulphate delays the onset, or even completely suppresses the expression in mice of DTH or SRBC when administered via a route different from that of eliciting antigen. However, DS injected together with the eliciting antigen potential the expression of DTH. Dextran showed no effect on DTH. Cell transfer experiments suggest that the targets for the action of DS are the accessory cells (monocytes) and not the T-effector cells. As shown, using polystyrene latex particles and lipopolysaccharide from E. coli, trapping and perhaps activation of the trapped accessory cells rather than toxic effects of DS are responsible for these phenomena.", "PMID": 608684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10062", "title": "The influence of IgE-mediated reactions on the expression of delayed hypersensitivity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of IgE-mediated reactions on the expression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions was examined in the rat. It was found that the elicitation of an IgE-mediated reaction at the time of skin test could either potentiate or inhibit the development of delayed reactions. At a fixed level of IgE sensitivity, large delayed reactions were potentiated and small delayed reactions suppressed. These interactions were not dependent on the two types of sensitivity being direct against the same antigen but were dependent on the reaction of IgE with its appropriate antigen.", "contents": "The influence of IgE-mediated reactions on the expression of delayed hypersensitivity in the rat. The effect of IgE-mediated reactions on the expression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions was examined in the rat. It was found that the elicitation of an IgE-mediated reaction at the time of skin test could either potentiate or inhibit the development of delayed reactions. At a fixed level of IgE sensitivity, large delayed reactions were potentiated and small delayed reactions suppressed. These interactions were not dependent on the two types of sensitivity being direct against the same antigen but were dependent on the reaction of IgE with its appropriate antigen.", "PMID": 608685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10063", "title": "In vitro inhibition of human peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation by an extract of Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "An extract prepared from a psychrophilic strain of Pseudomonas putida was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of [H3]TdR incorporation into human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, ConA, PWM, or in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibition was found not to be the result of cytotoxicity, culture medium depletion of a component necessary for lymphocyte transformation, or interference with label uptake by blast lymphocytes. The extract was most effective when added prior to 48 h of mitogen stimulation. The inhibitory material was photeolytic enzyme degradable, heat-stable and non-dialyzable.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of human peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation by an extract of Pseudomonas putida. An extract prepared from a psychrophilic strain of Pseudomonas putida was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of [H3]TdR incorporation into human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, ConA, PWM, or in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibition was found not to be the result of cytotoxicity, culture medium depletion of a component necessary for lymphocyte transformation, or interference with label uptake by blast lymphocytes. The extract was most effective when added prior to 48 h of mitogen stimulation. The inhibitory material was photeolytic enzyme degradable, heat-stable and non-dialyzable.", "PMID": 608686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10064", "title": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. II. The primary response to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The primary antibody response to alumadsorbed bovine serum albumin was depressed in CBA mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Responses initiated within approximately 3 weeks of this malaria infection were reduced in quantity, but not in avidity. Responses initated later were normal. A depressed primary response was also seen in infected compared to control splenectomized mice; this was accompanied by impaired  priming for a secondary response.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. II. The primary response to bovine serum albumin. The primary antibody response to alumadsorbed bovine serum albumin was depressed in CBA mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Responses initiated within approximately 3 weeks of this malaria infection were reduced in quantity, but not in avidity. Responses initated later were normal. A depressed primary response was also seen in infected compared to control splenectomized mice; this was accompanied by impaired  priming for a secondary response.", "PMID": 608688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10065", "title": "The United States drug problem and international trafficking. Part II. Denial of safe-havens to illicit drug traffickers.", "content": "Excessive reliance on extradition as a means of acquiring prosecutional control over illicit drug traffickers is short-sighted. Informal arrangements, like expulsion, should be given more consideration. A method for developing a unified antitrafficker policy and for implementing that policy through existing diplomatic channels is demonstrated through the use of the safe-haven deprivation/deterrence model. This paper focuses on drug traffickers. Trafficking is a function of the availability of both suppliers and consumers. Other available forms of cooperation within the United States government to induce foreign states to assure that opium crops are either destroyed or controlled within licit user channels should not be overlooked.", "contents": "The United States drug problem and international trafficking. Part II. Denial of safe-havens to illicit drug traffickers. Excessive reliance on extradition as a means of acquiring prosecutional control over illicit drug traffickers is short-sighted. Informal arrangements, like expulsion, should be given more consideration. A method for developing a unified antitrafficker policy and for implementing that policy through existing diplomatic channels is demonstrated through the use of the safe-haven deprivation/deterrence model. This paper focuses on drug traffickers. Trafficking is a function of the availability of both suppliers and consumers. Other available forms of cooperation within the United States government to induce foreign states to assure that opium crops are either destroyed or controlled within licit user channels should not be overlooked.", "PMID": 608782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10066", "title": "Life stress as a precursor to adolescent drug dependence.", "content": "Though drug dependence is often characterized as a stress-produced disorder, there seems to be little or no quantitative data relating stress and drug dependence. In this study a recognized instrument for the measurement of stress, Coddington's Life Event Record, was administered to 31 drug-dependent adolescents by estimating levels of life stress during the year preceding their first illicit drug use. The drug-dependent subjects showed significantly higher life stress scores than did a standard normal population of adolescents. The null hypothesis of no difference was rejected at the .005 level. A stress-reduction theory of drug dependence gains support from these results.", "contents": "Life stress as a precursor to adolescent drug dependence. Though drug dependence is often characterized as a stress-produced disorder, there seems to be little or no quantitative data relating stress and drug dependence. In this study a recognized instrument for the measurement of stress, Coddington's Life Event Record, was administered to 31 drug-dependent adolescents by estimating levels of life stress during the year preceding their first illicit drug use. The drug-dependent subjects showed significantly higher life stress scores than did a standard normal population of adolescents. The null hypothesis of no difference was rejected at the .005 level. A stress-reduction theory of drug dependence gains support from these results.", "PMID": 608783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10067", "title": "Medical students and drugs: further neuropsychological and use pattern considerations.", "content": "Drug use patterns of 134 freshman medical students were surveyed. Ninety-four percent reported experience with alcohol, 72% with marijuana, 24% with hallucinogens or stimulants, and 7% with opiates. Persons who reported use of the least socially sanctioned substances (hallucinogens, stimulants, opiates) were a subgroup of marijuana users, whereas marijuana experienced students were a subgroup of alcohol users. Increasing marijuana use appears to be associated with increased alcohol consumption. Twenty-five students who had never used marijuana and 26 students who had used it on 50 or more occasions were compared on three neuropsychological tests: Tactual Performance Test, Minnesota Perceptuo-Diagnostic Test, and the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender Gestalt Test. There were no neuropsychological differences between marijuana experienced and marijuana naive subjects. The methodological difficulties in studying the long-term cerebral effects of marijuana are discussed.", "contents": "Medical students and drugs: further neuropsychological and use pattern considerations. Drug use patterns of 134 freshman medical students were surveyed. Ninety-four percent reported experience with alcohol, 72% with marijuana, 24% with hallucinogens or stimulants, and 7% with opiates. Persons who reported use of the least socially sanctioned substances (hallucinogens, stimulants, opiates) were a subgroup of marijuana users, whereas marijuana experienced students were a subgroup of alcohol users. Increasing marijuana use appears to be associated with increased alcohol consumption. Twenty-five students who had never used marijuana and 26 students who had used it on 50 or more occasions were compared on three neuropsychological tests: Tactual Performance Test, Minnesota Perceptuo-Diagnostic Test, and the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender Gestalt Test. There were no neuropsychological differences between marijuana experienced and marijuana naive subjects. The methodological difficulties in studying the long-term cerebral effects of marijuana are discussed.", "PMID": 608784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10068", "title": "Factors related to successful retention in methadone maintenance: a review.", "content": "This paper discusses patient demographic and psychological characteristics as predisposing factors, and dose size and availability of alternative treatment systems as treatment variables in determining length of stay at MMTPs. In general, there is considerable evidence that predisposing factors and treatment variables interact in affecting retention rates. The implications of this interaction for research in MMTP effectiveness are discussed.", "contents": "Factors related to successful retention in methadone maintenance: a review. This paper discusses patient demographic and psychological characteristics as predisposing factors, and dose size and availability of alternative treatment systems as treatment variables in determining length of stay at MMTPs. In general, there is considerable evidence that predisposing factors and treatment variables interact in affecting retention rates. The implications of this interaction for research in MMTP effectiveness are discussed.", "PMID": 608785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10069", "title": "Professional thieves and drugs.", "content": "The \"professional thief\" is a highly specialized predatory offender with a history that dates back to Elizabethan England. Although this type of criminal is generally associated with narcotic addiction, his drug-taking typically involved the use of heroin, morphine, and cocaine on an intermittent basis. However, trafficking in drugs was common to the \"professional\" underworld, and as a result this deviant fraternity had a notable impact on the impressment of a criminal model of drug use on twentieth century conceptions of the addict. The concept of \"professional\" theft is reviewed, the use of drugs by professional thieves is discussed, and the interaction between this underworld group and the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics is examined.", "contents": "Professional thieves and drugs. The \"professional thief\" is a highly specialized predatory offender with a history that dates back to Elizabethan England. Although this type of criminal is generally associated with narcotic addiction, his drug-taking typically involved the use of heroin, morphine, and cocaine on an intermittent basis. However, trafficking in drugs was common to the \"professional\" underworld, and as a result this deviant fraternity had a notable impact on the impressment of a criminal model of drug use on twentieth century conceptions of the addict. The concept of \"professional\" theft is reviewed, the use of drugs by professional thieves is discussed, and the interaction between this underworld group and the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics is examined.", "PMID": 608786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10070", "title": "Heroin use among soldiers in the United States and Vietnam: a comparison in retrospect.", "content": "A \"unique\" heroin epidemic was claimed to exist among American soldiers in Vietnam in the early 1970s. To assess this claim, in 1972 we simultaneously evaluated heroin use in two similar military populations in the United States and Vietnam and compared findings with previous Vietnam studies. The total percentage ever reporting use of heroin was comparable in both locations. Recent use, however, was significantly higher in Vietnam. Heroin users, regardless of location, were demographically and psychosocially more similar than different. Any conclusion that the heroin epidemic in Vietnam was grossly \"unique\" seems unwarranted.", "contents": "Heroin use among soldiers in the United States and Vietnam: a comparison in retrospect. A \"unique\" heroin epidemic was claimed to exist among American soldiers in Vietnam in the early 1970s. To assess this claim, in 1972 we simultaneously evaluated heroin use in two similar military populations in the United States and Vietnam and compared findings with previous Vietnam studies. The total percentage ever reporting use of heroin was comparable in both locations. Recent use, however, was significantly higher in Vietnam. Heroin users, regardless of location, were demographically and psychosocially more similar than different. Any conclusion that the heroin epidemic in Vietnam was grossly \"unique\" seems unwarranted.", "PMID": 608787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10071", "title": "Drug abuse in South Carolina: comparison with three studies.", "content": "This report discusses results of a state study on drug abuse in South Carolina and compares them with those of a similar state study conducted the previous year, as well as with three national studies. Since the latter did not deal with all the specific aspects of the state study, only the relevant portions are compared. The first of the national studies is on assessment of the diffusion of heroin abuse to medium-sized American cities. The second is on teenage drug abusers admitted to treatment. The third is on students and drugs in colleges and high schools.", "contents": "Drug abuse in South Carolina: comparison with three studies. This report discusses results of a state study on drug abuse in South Carolina and compares them with those of a similar state study conducted the previous year, as well as with three national studies. Since the latter did not deal with all the specific aspects of the state study, only the relevant portions are compared. The first of the national studies is on assessment of the diffusion of heroin abuse to medium-sized American cities. The second is on teenage drug abusers admitted to treatment. The third is on students and drugs in colleges and high schools.", "PMID": 608788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10072", "title": "English schoolchildren and illegal drugs. I. Levels of familiarity with drugs.", "content": "Questionnaires were given to groups of fifteen and sixteen-year-old students in 29 schools in various parts of England, and their reported familiarity with illegal drugs is presented here: those students who have no drug-using acquaintances, those who have such acquaintances but have never been offered an illegal drug, those who have had offers and rejected them all, and those who have ever accepted an offer are distinguished. Levels of acceptance of illegal drugs, which averaged 10.5% across the schools sampled, are compared with levels found in other English surveys. It is concluded that levels of familiarity with illegal drugs varies so much from school to school that attempts to establish a national average figure would not be useful for predicting levels of familiarity in any particular school. Part II of this paper, forthcoming, will discuss changes over the 1-year period 1973-1974.", "contents": "English schoolchildren and illegal drugs. I. Levels of familiarity with drugs. Questionnaires were given to groups of fifteen and sixteen-year-old students in 29 schools in various parts of England, and their reported familiarity with illegal drugs is presented here: those students who have no drug-using acquaintances, those who have such acquaintances but have never been offered an illegal drug, those who have had offers and rejected them all, and those who have ever accepted an offer are distinguished. Levels of acceptance of illegal drugs, which averaged 10.5% across the schools sampled, are compared with levels found in other English surveys. It is concluded that levels of familiarity with illegal drugs varies so much from school to school that attempts to establish a national average figure would not be useful for predicting levels of familiarity in any particular school. Part II of this paper, forthcoming, will discuss changes over the 1-year period 1973-1974.", "PMID": 608789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10073", "title": "Comparison of the effect of high and low doses of methadone on treatment outcome.", "content": "The results of a 2-year-study of the relationship between methadone dosage and treatment outcome are reported. For discharged patients, higher doses of methadone were significantly related to successful treatment and lower doses to treatment failure. Based on these findings and the review of literature as well as the senior author's clinical experience, a theoretical formulation is offered to provide a rationale for methadone maintenance treatment. The tenability of the formulation is readily testable by clinical research.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of high and low doses of methadone on treatment outcome. The results of a 2-year-study of the relationship between methadone dosage and treatment outcome are reported. For discharged patients, higher doses of methadone were significantly related to successful treatment and lower doses to treatment failure. Based on these findings and the review of literature as well as the senior author's clinical experience, a theoretical formulation is offered to provide a rationale for methadone maintenance treatment. The tenability of the formulation is readily testable by clinical research.", "PMID": 608790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10074", "title": "Sampling survey on brucellosis among farmers and their families in Ille-et-Vilaine (Brittany).", "content": "A three-stage sampling survey among farmers and their families living on farms in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine gave the following results: Among 490 persons examined 313 (64 per cent) showed a positive skin test and 105 (21 per cent) a positive serological reaction; 88 of the 105 patients ignored their health status, although 45 of these presented clinical symptoms (nine per cent). This survey is continuing in order to study the non-respondents and to better analyse the epidemiological situation at a farm level.", "contents": "Sampling survey on brucellosis among farmers and their families in Ille-et-Vilaine (Brittany). A three-stage sampling survey among farmers and their families living on farms in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine gave the following results: Among 490 persons examined 313 (64 per cent) showed a positive skin test and 105 (21 per cent) a positive serological reaction; 88 of the 105 patients ignored their health status, although 45 of these presented clinical symptoms (nine per cent). This survey is continuing in order to study the non-respondents and to better analyse the epidemiological situation at a farm level.", "PMID": 608796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10075", "title": "Alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver in the Scandinavian countries 1961-1974.", "content": "The increase in mortality from alcohol induced cirrhosis of the liver in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark from 1961 to 1974 is compared. Mortality from alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver increased in Finland and Denmark tenfold and fivefold respectively from 1961 to 1974. The increase has been particularly marked since 1968. In Sweden a threefold increase and in Norway a doubling of mortality in males was ascribed to alcohol induced liver cirrhosis. Mortality from non-alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver remained practically unchanged during the period. Increases in mortality from liver cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse run parallel with increases in alcohol consumption; the countries with the highest mortality have the highest consumption. The distribution of consumption of beer, wine and spirit is compared in the four countries: consumption of spirits predominates in Sweden, in Finland spirits and beer, in Denmark beer and wine and in Norway spirits and beer. Doubling of alcohol consumption in a country is followed by a fourfold increase in the number of addicts, and fourfold increase in alcohol induced diseases.", "contents": "Alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver in the Scandinavian countries 1961-1974. The increase in mortality from alcohol induced cirrhosis of the liver in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark from 1961 to 1974 is compared. Mortality from alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver increased in Finland and Denmark tenfold and fivefold respectively from 1961 to 1974. The increase has been particularly marked since 1968. In Sweden a threefold increase and in Norway a doubling of mortality in males was ascribed to alcohol induced liver cirrhosis. Mortality from non-alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver remained practically unchanged during the period. Increases in mortality from liver cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse run parallel with increases in alcohol consumption; the countries with the highest mortality have the highest consumption. The distribution of consumption of beer, wine and spirit is compared in the four countries: consumption of spirits predominates in Sweden, in Finland spirits and beer, in Denmark beer and wine and in Norway spirits and beer. Doubling of alcohol consumption in a country is followed by a fourfold increase in the number of addicts, and fourfold increase in alcohol induced diseases.", "PMID": 608797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10076", "title": "A controlled trial of multiphasic screening in middle-age: results of the South-East London Screening Study. The South-East London Screening Study Group.", "content": "The results of a controlled trial of multiphasic screening in general practice are presented. In 1967, 7,229 individuals aged between 40 and 64 years were randomly allocated into either a Screening or Control group. The Screening group were invited to attend two screening sessions held about two years apart, while the Control group continued to receive conventional medical care. Both groups were then invited to undergo a health survey in 1972-73 which revealed no significant differences in morbidity between the two groups. Careful follow-up permitted detailed Screening-Control comparisons of various outcome measures--consultation and hospital admission rates, certified sickness absence from work, and mortality. Nine years after the initial screening, no significant differences were found between the two groups in any of the outcome measures. It is estimated that a similar screening programme for the entire middle-aged UK population would cost 142 pounds million at 1976 prices.", "contents": "A controlled trial of multiphasic screening in middle-age: results of the South-East London Screening Study. The South-East London Screening Study Group. The results of a controlled trial of multiphasic screening in general practice are presented. In 1967, 7,229 individuals aged between 40 and 64 years were randomly allocated into either a Screening or Control group. The Screening group were invited to attend two screening sessions held about two years apart, while the Control group continued to receive conventional medical care. Both groups were then invited to undergo a health survey in 1972-73 which revealed no significant differences in morbidity between the two groups. Careful follow-up permitted detailed Screening-Control comparisons of various outcome measures--consultation and hospital admission rates, certified sickness absence from work, and mortality. Nine years after the initial screening, no significant differences were found between the two groups in any of the outcome measures. It is estimated that a similar screening programme for the entire middle-aged UK population would cost 142 pounds million at 1976 prices.", "PMID": 608798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10077", "title": "Risk factors of breast cancer in Finland.", "content": "The risk of breast cancer in Finland is low (40.1/100,000) compared with the other Nordic countries. A case-control study was carried out on 122 cases of breast cancer and 534 controls between the ages of 41 and 60. It was found that age at first marriage and birth of the first child as well as the number of abortions and parity adjusted for age at first birth were associated with the breast cancer risk, whereas lactation was not. The results did not confirm the hypothesis (de Waard) that overweight and/or the size of the woman influence the risk of breast cancer.", "contents": "Risk factors of breast cancer in Finland. The risk of breast cancer in Finland is low (40.1/100,000) compared with the other Nordic countries. A case-control study was carried out on 122 cases of breast cancer and 534 controls between the ages of 41 and 60. It was found that age at first marriage and birth of the first child as well as the number of abortions and parity adjusted for age at first birth were associated with the breast cancer risk, whereas lactation was not. The results did not confirm the hypothesis (de Waard) that overweight and/or the size of the woman influence the risk of breast cancer.", "PMID": 608799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10078", "title": "On allowing for diagnostic imperfections in assessing effectiveness of treatment for Schistosomiasis.", "content": "Some possible effects of misdiagnosis for Schistosomiasis in epidemiological measurements are investigated. With greater chances of misdiagnosis for lower prevalence levels, expectations of control programmes might be reassessed. As prevalence decreases, the fraction of missed positives over all apparent negatives need not uniformly decrease. In control situations even perfect treatment rates may produce very small changes in prevalence and other indices of infectivity level.", "contents": "On allowing for diagnostic imperfections in assessing effectiveness of treatment for Schistosomiasis. Some possible effects of misdiagnosis for Schistosomiasis in epidemiological measurements are investigated. With greater chances of misdiagnosis for lower prevalence levels, expectations of control programmes might be reassessed. As prevalence decreases, the fraction of missed positives over all apparent negatives need not uniformly decrease. In control situations even perfect treatment rates may produce very small changes in prevalence and other indices of infectivity level.", "PMID": 608801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10079", "title": "Paths of association in epidemiological analysis: application to health effects of environmental exposures.", "content": "Conventional regression analysis is based on assumptions of bidirectional associations between pairs of independent variables. In a number of circumstances these assumptions are not plausible. Structural representation in conventional regression is based on a set of parallel paths between independent and dependent variables; when the implausible assumptions are excluded, a different structrual relation between the independent and dependent variables is found. It permits a series associative path between independent variables. Two criteria for modification of conventional multivariate analysis are presented. They are when bilateral symmetry among independent variables is implausible on the basis of a priori information, and when there are significant differences between zero order and first order partial correlation coefficients. When these criteria are applied, there may result a series-parallel matrix of associations. For analysis of such a matrix, the procedures of path analysis are appropriate. The concepts are illustrated with environmental examples, and path analytical computations are worked out for a set of data on social and environmental factors which affected infant mortality in England and Wales between 1928-1938.", "contents": "Paths of association in epidemiological analysis: application to health effects of environmental exposures. Conventional regression analysis is based on assumptions of bidirectional associations between pairs of independent variables. In a number of circumstances these assumptions are not plausible. Structural representation in conventional regression is based on a set of parallel paths between independent and dependent variables; when the implausible assumptions are excluded, a different structrual relation between the independent and dependent variables is found. It permits a series associative path between independent variables. Two criteria for modification of conventional multivariate analysis are presented. They are when bilateral symmetry among independent variables is implausible on the basis of a priori information, and when there are significant differences between zero order and first order partial correlation coefficients. When these criteria are applied, there may result a series-parallel matrix of associations. For analysis of such a matrix, the procedures of path analysis are appropriate. The concepts are illustrated with environmental examples, and path analytical computations are worked out for a set of data on social and environmental factors which affected infant mortality in England and Wales between 1928-1938.", "PMID": 608802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10080", "title": "Running amok.", "content": "This study examines twenty-four cases of amok, believed the largest number of cases ever collected. They were observed in Sarawak, East Malaysia. They occurred in all indigenous groups in Sarawak, excluding the Chinese, such as Malay, Sea Dayak, Land Dayak, Kayan, Punan and Melanau at frequencies more or less following the proportion of these groups in the total population. No differences were found according to religion, the Malay being Muslim and the other groups either predominantly Christian like the Iban or animistic. Only slight diminution in the frequency was observed from 1954 to 1968. The education level of the amok runners was much lower than that of the average population. The weapons used were those immediately at hand be it parang (short sword), ax, sticks, knives, guns, bare hands or a lorry. The classical four stages were largely present: (a) brooding and withdrawal, (b) homicidal paroxysm, (c) continuation of homicidal behaviour until killed, restrained or falling into stupor of exhaustion, (d) complete or partial amnesia. While in 14 no motive could be ascertained, insult, jealousy and paranoid ideation was present in the others. Both family history of mental illness and personal psychiatric history were predominant. All cases fell into accepted diagnostic categories from organic and endogenous psychosis to neurosis and behaviour disorder.", "contents": "Running amok. This study examines twenty-four cases of amok, believed the largest number of cases ever collected. They were observed in Sarawak, East Malaysia. They occurred in all indigenous groups in Sarawak, excluding the Chinese, such as Malay, Sea Dayak, Land Dayak, Kayan, Punan and Melanau at frequencies more or less following the proportion of these groups in the total population. No differences were found according to religion, the Malay being Muslim and the other groups either predominantly Christian like the Iban or animistic. Only slight diminution in the frequency was observed from 1954 to 1968. The education level of the amok runners was much lower than that of the average population. The weapons used were those immediately at hand be it parang (short sword), ax, sticks, knives, guns, bare hands or a lorry. The classical four stages were largely present: (a) brooding and withdrawal, (b) homicidal paroxysm, (c) continuation of homicidal behaviour until killed, restrained or falling into stupor of exhaustion, (d) complete or partial amnesia. While in 14 no motive could be ascertained, insult, jealousy and paranoid ideation was present in the others. Both family history of mental illness and personal psychiatric history were predominant. All cases fell into accepted diagnostic categories from organic and endogenous psychosis to neurosis and behaviour disorder.", "PMID": 608813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10081", "title": "Community psyciatry in Nigeria--the current status.", "content": "Over a period of 50 months, 512 psychiatric patients were treated in the Aro Village therapeutic community. The majority of those admitted (94.1%) had symptoms of psychosis. By the end of three months 57.8% had been discharged, while 88.9% were discharged by the end of five months. Of these, 70.3% were judged fit to return to their work. The relatives of patients as well as the villagers were involved in the treatment programme. The advantages of this method, are discussed, as well as the implications for the future of the programme of the loosening of traditional family ties resulting from rapid urbanisation.", "contents": "Community psyciatry in Nigeria--the current status. Over a period of 50 months, 512 psychiatric patients were treated in the Aro Village therapeutic community. The majority of those admitted (94.1%) had symptoms of psychosis. By the end of three months 57.8% had been discharged, while 88.9% were discharged by the end of five months. Of these, 70.3% were judged fit to return to their work. The relatives of patients as well as the villagers were involved in the treatment programme. The advantages of this method, are discussed, as well as the implications for the future of the programme of the loosening of traditional family ties resulting from rapid urbanisation.", "PMID": 608814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10082", "title": "Teaching psychiatry to medical students on a consultation service.", "content": "Medical students experience psychiatric consultation as part of their undergraduate psychiatric clerkship experience. This allows further identification of the medical student with the psychiatrist in management of psychiatric problems in patient who are primarily non-psychiatric. Reaction has tended to be favourable from the medical students without a great loss of speed or efficiency in terms of the service committment.", "contents": "Teaching psychiatry to medical students on a consultation service. Medical students experience psychiatric consultation as part of their undergraduate psychiatric clerkship experience. This allows further identification of the medical student with the psychiatrist in management of psychiatric problems in patient who are primarily non-psychiatric. Reaction has tended to be favourable from the medical students without a great loss of speed or efficiency in terms of the service committment.", "PMID": 608815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10083", "title": "Urolithiasis associated with hypercalciuria.", "content": "Fifty male patients with urolithiasis (UL), associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH), were studied in comparison to a group of 18 male normocalcemic patients with inactive calcium stone disease of unknown etiology. In the group of IH-UL, in addition to hypercaliuria, statistically significant hyperphosphaturia with decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate and hyperuricemia were observed; there was a tendency to hypophosphatemia although non-significant. In 36% of the IH-UL patients the first episode of renal colic appeared at age 40 to 50. Thirty-eight per cent of the IH-UL patients had recurrent stone formation. Twenty per cent of the IH-UL patients had a family history of urolithiasis. Forty-six per cent of all stones contained oxalate in addition to calcium, and 25% of the stones contained oxalate and phosphate.", "contents": "Urolithiasis associated with hypercalciuria. Fifty male patients with urolithiasis (UL), associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH), were studied in comparison to a group of 18 male normocalcemic patients with inactive calcium stone disease of unknown etiology. In the group of IH-UL, in addition to hypercaliuria, statistically significant hyperphosphaturia with decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate and hyperuricemia were observed; there was a tendency to hypophosphatemia although non-significant. In 36% of the IH-UL patients the first episode of renal colic appeared at age 40 to 50. Thirty-eight per cent of the IH-UL patients had recurrent stone formation. Twenty per cent of the IH-UL patients had a family history of urolithiasis. Forty-six per cent of all stones contained oxalate in addition to calcium, and 25% of the stones contained oxalate and phosphate.", "PMID": 608817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10084", "title": "Vesico-ureteral reflux and uninhibited neurogenic bladder.", "content": "Ureteral reflux in female patients who also have latent uninhibited neurogenic bladder occurs synchronously with uninhibited contraction, is blocked by buscopan and is aggravated by besacholine. Intrinsic neuromuscular antireflux mechanism of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) appears to be affected by unknown ways with uninhibited contraction. Urethrovesical reflux observed synchronously with uninhibited contraction seems to play an additional role in the genesis of urinary infection. A different look is required in the management of these refluxes, in that concomitant use of the anticholinergic drugs is recommended in addition to the conventional approach for the control of infection, reflux and voiding symptoms.", "contents": "Vesico-ureteral reflux and uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Ureteral reflux in female patients who also have latent uninhibited neurogenic bladder occurs synchronously with uninhibited contraction, is blocked by buscopan and is aggravated by besacholine. Intrinsic neuromuscular antireflux mechanism of the vesicoureteral junction (VUJ) appears to be affected by unknown ways with uninhibited contraction. Urethrovesical reflux observed synchronously with uninhibited contraction seems to play an additional role in the genesis of urinary infection. A different look is required in the management of these refluxes, in that concomitant use of the anticholinergic drugs is recommended in addition to the conventional approach for the control of infection, reflux and voiding symptoms.", "PMID": 608818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10085", "title": "Cancer of the urinary bladder and pyelonephritis.", "content": "Successful treatment of cancer of the urinary bladder consists not only in elimination of the tumour process, but also in prophylaxis of various complications. Among complications caused by the tumour process as well as by the applied methods of its therapy a certain place belongs to pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis develops in consequence of the disturbance of the function of the urinary bladder after hemicystectomy resulting from the change of the bladder's form. With the view of preserving the anatomo-physiological function of the urinary bladder and preventing complications the author suggests a method of reconstruction of the bladder consisting in shaping it in a spherical form after hemicystectomy. Such shape of the urinary bladder ensures nearly normal conditions for both urination act and urinary flow from the upper urinary pathways, this being the prophylaxis of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Cancer of the urinary bladder and pyelonephritis. Successful treatment of cancer of the urinary bladder consists not only in elimination of the tumour process, but also in prophylaxis of various complications. Among complications caused by the tumour process as well as by the applied methods of its therapy a certain place belongs to pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis develops in consequence of the disturbance of the function of the urinary bladder after hemicystectomy resulting from the change of the bladder's form. With the view of preserving the anatomo-physiological function of the urinary bladder and preventing complications the author suggests a method of reconstruction of the bladder consisting in shaping it in a spherical form after hemicystectomy. Such shape of the urinary bladder ensures nearly normal conditions for both urination act and urinary flow from the upper urinary pathways, this being the prophylaxis of pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 608819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10086", "title": "Experiences in treating cancer of the bladder.", "content": "Experience in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer based upon observation of 306 cases has been presented. Two hundred and thirteen patients were treated surgically by performing in 151 cases partial cystectomy and in 62 cases total cystectomy. Conservative treatment was applied in 75 patients. In the authors' opinion the best method of treating bladder cancer is its radical excision. A simple and easy method of implantation of the ureters into the rectum is described.", "contents": "Experiences in treating cancer of the bladder. Experience in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer based upon observation of 306 cases has been presented. Two hundred and thirteen patients were treated surgically by performing in 151 cases partial cystectomy and in 62 cases total cystectomy. Conservative treatment was applied in 75 patients. In the authors' opinion the best method of treating bladder cancer is its radical excision. A simple and easy method of implantation of the ureters into the rectum is described.", "PMID": 608820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10087", "title": "Experimental studies on factors causing acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis of immune complex origin. I. The role of immune complexes and the immunological status of the host.", "content": "In acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis induced in rabbits by large doses of BSA, the relationship of the host's immunological status and the severity of renal histological changes was studied. It was found that good antibody producers developed more severe renal lesions. The higher avidity of antibodies enhances the inflammatory effect of immune complexes. Kidney is favoured for deposition of immune complexes especially in the case of chronic immune complex formation in the presence of antigen excess. Diminished phagocytic function of leukocytes (probably decreased immune complex saturating capacity) may also contribute to the severity of renal histological alterations.", "contents": "Experimental studies on factors causing acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis of immune complex origin. I. The role of immune complexes and the immunological status of the host. In acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis induced in rabbits by large doses of BSA, the relationship of the host's immunological status and the severity of renal histological changes was studied. It was found that good antibody producers developed more severe renal lesions. The higher avidity of antibodies enhances the inflammatory effect of immune complexes. Kidney is favoured for deposition of immune complexes especially in the case of chronic immune complex formation in the presence of antigen excess. Diminished phagocytic function of leukocytes (probably decreased immune complex saturating capacity) may also contribute to the severity of renal histological alterations.", "PMID": 608821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10088", "title": "Experimental studies on factors causing acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis of immune complex origin. II. Pathomorphological analysis.", "content": "Seventeen rabbits were given a single, large dose of bovine serum albumin (BSA) intravenously. Percutaneous kidney biopsy was carried out on the 14th and 31st days after BSA administration. Proteinuria was measured and the glomerular changes were analysed in order to find a correlation between the degree of proteinuria and glomerular alterations, i.e. number of electron-dense deposits (EDD), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), and mononuclear marcophages (MNM). The results speak in favour of the decisive role of mononuclear macrophages in enhancement of glomerular permeability.", "contents": "Experimental studies on factors causing acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis of immune complex origin. II. Pathomorphological analysis. Seventeen rabbits were given a single, large dose of bovine serum albumin (BSA) intravenously. Percutaneous kidney biopsy was carried out on the 14th and 31st days after BSA administration. Proteinuria was measured and the glomerular changes were analysed in order to find a correlation between the degree of proteinuria and glomerular alterations, i.e. number of electron-dense deposits (EDD), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), and mononuclear marcophages (MNM). The results speak in favour of the decisive role of mononuclear macrophages in enhancement of glomerular permeability.", "PMID": 608822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10089", "title": "Meta-echinococcal arthrosynovitis: a clinical, anatomical and pathological entity not previously recognised.", "content": "The authors describe a case of echinococcosis of the tibia which occurred twice in seven years, the first time with signs of active involvement of the knee joint. Certain special aspects of articular echinococcosis, not up to now reported in the literature, are dealt with. The conclusion reached is that in an articular site the parasite can give rise either to a veritable \"echinococcal\" arthritis or, as in the case presented, to a the synovial affection which cannot be defined as \"echinococcal\" because the synovium did not contain living larval forms of the parasite, but only microscopic chitinous inclusions, arising from the disintegration of sterile hydatids, which had escaped from the adjacent bony focus into the joint. The synovium reached to their presence with an intense inflammatory response of a predominantly histiocytic nature. The term \"meta-echinococcal arthrosynovitis\" is suggested as a more accurate designation of this syndrome.", "contents": "Meta-echinococcal arthrosynovitis: a clinical, anatomical and pathological entity not previously recognised. The authors describe a case of echinococcosis of the tibia which occurred twice in seven years, the first time with signs of active involvement of the knee joint. Certain special aspects of articular echinococcosis, not up to now reported in the literature, are dealt with. The conclusion reached is that in an articular site the parasite can give rise either to a veritable \"echinococcal\" arthritis or, as in the case presented, to a the synovial affection which cannot be defined as \"echinococcal\" because the synovium did not contain living larval forms of the parasite, but only microscopic chitinous inclusions, arising from the disintegration of sterile hydatids, which had escaped from the adjacent bony focus into the joint. The synovium reached to their presence with an intense inflammatory response of a predominantly histiocytic nature. The term \"meta-echinococcal arthrosynovitis\" is suggested as a more accurate designation of this syndrome.", "PMID": 608833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10090", "title": "The incidence and early detection of spinal deformities. A study based on the screening of 16,104 schoolchildren.", "content": "Screening for spinal curvature (scoliosis and kyphosis) was carried out on children aged six to fourteen at schools in the Lazio region from 1972 to 1976 and this revealed a significant incidence of deformities. Out of 16,104 children examined, 1,163 (7.2 per cent) were affected by scoliotic or kyphotic curves. Of these, 56.5 per cent were scoliotic and 43.4 per cent were kyphotic. The female/male ratio in cases requiring orthopaedic or surgical treatment was 3.7:1. Of the total number of cases examined (16,104) the percentage of slight deformities requiring only physiotherapy or exercise treatment was 6.3 per cent (1,016 cases). 0.85 per cent (137 cases) required conservative orthopaedic treatment (plaster and corset), while 0.06 per cent (ten cases) required operation. This investigation is the first step towards the early diagnosis and treatment of vertebral deformities in Italy.", "contents": "The incidence and early detection of spinal deformities. A study based on the screening of 16,104 schoolchildren. Screening for spinal curvature (scoliosis and kyphosis) was carried out on children aged six to fourteen at schools in the Lazio region from 1972 to 1976 and this revealed a significant incidence of deformities. Out of 16,104 children examined, 1,163 (7.2 per cent) were affected by scoliotic or kyphotic curves. Of these, 56.5 per cent were scoliotic and 43.4 per cent were kyphotic. The female/male ratio in cases requiring orthopaedic or surgical treatment was 3.7:1. Of the total number of cases examined (16,104) the percentage of slight deformities requiring only physiotherapy or exercise treatment was 6.3 per cent (1,016 cases). 0.85 per cent (137 cases) required conservative orthopaedic treatment (plaster and corset), while 0.06 per cent (ten cases) required operation. This investigation is the first step towards the early diagnosis and treatment of vertebral deformities in Italy.", "PMID": 608834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10091", "title": "Scaglietti's method for conservative treatment of simple bone cysts with local injections of methylprednisolone acetate.", "content": "The results of 30 consecutive cases of simple bone cysts treated conservatively by intracystic injections of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) according to the method of Scaglietti are reported. The injections were given under general or local anaesthesia in doses of 80-200 mgs repeated every 2 months up to a total of 2 or 3 injections, rarely more. The minimum period required for achieving a result is 6 months; but there is a continuation of radiographic improvement for 1 to 2 years. There is complete radiographic cure in about half the cases; in the others there is a substantial improvement which makes surgery unnecessary. We have used this method systematically for 3 years, and out of 42 cases only one required operation because of a displaced subtrochanteric fracture. There was a partial recurrence in one case after apparent radiographic cure. The patients' age does not seem to affect the result but we gained the impression that the effect of MPA is quicker and more reliable in younger patients. Although we do not understand the mechanism of cure in this method it has undoubted advantages over surgery.", "contents": "Scaglietti's method for conservative treatment of simple bone cysts with local injections of methylprednisolone acetate. The results of 30 consecutive cases of simple bone cysts treated conservatively by intracystic injections of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) according to the method of Scaglietti are reported. The injections were given under general or local anaesthesia in doses of 80-200 mgs repeated every 2 months up to a total of 2 or 3 injections, rarely more. The minimum period required for achieving a result is 6 months; but there is a continuation of radiographic improvement for 1 to 2 years. There is complete radiographic cure in about half the cases; in the others there is a substantial improvement which makes surgery unnecessary. We have used this method systematically for 3 years, and out of 42 cases only one required operation because of a displaced subtrochanteric fracture. There was a partial recurrence in one case after apparent radiographic cure. The patients' age does not seem to affect the result but we gained the impression that the effect of MPA is quicker and more reliable in younger patients. Although we do not understand the mechanism of cure in this method it has undoubted advantages over surgery.", "PMID": 608835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10092", "title": "D,L-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate breakdown in the presence of selenalysine.", "content": "Selenalysine is more effective than lysine both on glyceraldehyde 3-P transformation into methylglyoxal and on subsequent methylglyoxal polymerization.", "contents": "D,L-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate breakdown in the presence of selenalysine. Selenalysine is more effective than lysine both on glyceraldehyde 3-P transformation into methylglyoxal and on subsequent methylglyoxal polymerization.", "PMID": 608832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10093", "title": "Experimental arthrosis from intra-articular vitamin A injection in the rabbit. Morphological and biochemical study: considerations on the pathogenesis of human arthrosis in relation to the experimental model.", "content": "The key to the pathogenesis of arthrosis lies in the mechanism responsible for the initial lesions. In this experimental work the possibility of producing arthrosic changes is demonstrated by activating lysosomal chondrocytic enzymes by the intra-articular injection of Vitamin A in rabbits. On the basis of the experimental results the authors discuss the possible role that activation of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes might play in producing primary and secondary arthrosis in humans. They advance the hypothesis that this mechanism may be the common final step in the degradation of the articular cartilage, whatever the aetiological factor.", "contents": "Experimental arthrosis from intra-articular vitamin A injection in the rabbit. Morphological and biochemical study: considerations on the pathogenesis of human arthrosis in relation to the experimental model. The key to the pathogenesis of arthrosis lies in the mechanism responsible for the initial lesions. In this experimental work the possibility of producing arthrosic changes is demonstrated by activating lysosomal chondrocytic enzymes by the intra-articular injection of Vitamin A in rabbits. On the basis of the experimental results the authors discuss the possible role that activation of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes might play in producing primary and secondary arthrosis in humans. They advance the hypothesis that this mechanism may be the common final step in the degradation of the articular cartilage, whatever the aetiological factor.", "PMID": 608838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10094", "title": "Gluteal fibrosis.", "content": "The authors report a histological study of gluteal fibrosis, a disease which in the last few years has become a clinical entity in its own right. This condition is of more frequent occurance than the earlier reports seem to indicate. The salient point emerging from this investigationis that teno-fascial changes exist as well as changes in the striated muscle. These teno-fascial changes are clearly more striking and extensive and should be regarded as primary. They consist of fibrotic thickening of the whole teno-fascial component with regressive changes leading to pseudocystic cavities and eventually to substitution by fibroadipose or adipose connective tissue. The muscle changes, however, generally appear to be localised near the tendon and present the features of simple atrophy and patchy necrosis, also eventually leading to zones of fibrous or fibroadipose substitution. These findings, though not offering a complete explantation of the pathogenesis, justify the description of the syndrome as a primary teno-fascial fibrosis with secondary muscle changes.", "contents": "Gluteal fibrosis. The authors report a histological study of gluteal fibrosis, a disease which in the last few years has become a clinical entity in its own right. This condition is of more frequent occurance than the earlier reports seem to indicate. The salient point emerging from this investigationis that teno-fascial changes exist as well as changes in the striated muscle. These teno-fascial changes are clearly more striking and extensive and should be regarded as primary. They consist of fibrotic thickening of the whole teno-fascial component with regressive changes leading to pseudocystic cavities and eventually to substitution by fibroadipose or adipose connective tissue. The muscle changes, however, generally appear to be localised near the tendon and present the features of simple atrophy and patchy necrosis, also eventually leading to zones of fibrous or fibroadipose substitution. These findings, though not offering a complete explantation of the pathogenesis, justify the description of the syndrome as a primary teno-fascial fibrosis with secondary muscle changes.", "PMID": 608840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10095", "title": "Anatomical and radiographic study of arthrosis of the hip. Statistics.", "content": "The most important points in this study of 147 patients with arthrosis of the hip are the following: 1. Unilateral arthrosis has a distinctive behaviour pattern. 2. There are migratory and non-migratory and non-migratory types. The most common migration is supero-lateral. 3. Arthrosis of the hip is a biological process which can be divided into four stages. 4. Narrowing of the joint space is focal. 5. Cysts are seen frequently on both the acetabular side and in the head of the femur. They form after the overlying cartilage layer has disappeared. 6. Six types of osteophytes are identifiable, the most common being in relation to the inferior aspect of the calcar or femoral head. 7. Acetabular dysplasia, evaulated by using parameters of measurement (acetabular angle, depth, slope of roof and Wiberg's CE angle) was present in over half of our cases of arthrosis of the hip.", "contents": "Anatomical and radiographic study of arthrosis of the hip. Statistics. The most important points in this study of 147 patients with arthrosis of the hip are the following: 1. Unilateral arthrosis has a distinctive behaviour pattern. 2. There are migratory and non-migratory and non-migratory types. The most common migration is supero-lateral. 3. Arthrosis of the hip is a biological process which can be divided into four stages. 4. Narrowing of the joint space is focal. 5. Cysts are seen frequently on both the acetabular side and in the head of the femur. They form after the overlying cartilage layer has disappeared. 6. Six types of osteophytes are identifiable, the most common being in relation to the inferior aspect of the calcar or femoral head. 7. Acetabular dysplasia, evaulated by using parameters of measurement (acetabular angle, depth, slope of roof and Wiberg's CE angle) was present in over half of our cases of arthrosis of the hip.", "PMID": 608841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10096", "title": "[Aorto-ilio-femoral venous grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "A venous graft of the internal iliac-artery is necessary when endarterectomy is impossible, has failed or is contra-indicated owing to the poor state of the profunda femoris artery. However we prefer a dacron prosthesis to a saphenous autograft. A venous graft may be used alone or in association with another plastic procedure, in particular aortic thrombo-endarterectomy of the common iliac artery. The saphenous vein may be used as a by pass on the external iliac artery. The authors report 90 personal cases which illustrate their concept.", "contents": "[Aorto-ilio-femoral venous grafts (author's transl)]. A venous graft of the internal iliac-artery is necessary when endarterectomy is impossible, has failed or is contra-indicated owing to the poor state of the profunda femoris artery. However we prefer a dacron prosthesis to a saphenous autograft. A venous graft may be used alone or in association with another plastic procedure, in particular aortic thrombo-endarterectomy of the common iliac artery. The saphenous vein may be used as a by pass on the external iliac artery. The authors report 90 personal cases which illustrate their concept.", "PMID": 608847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10097", "title": "[Splenectomy for hematologic indications. Indications, early results (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of their personal experience of 1,036 splenectomies, the authors review the hematological diseases which still require surgery, viz. certain hemolytic anemias, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Hodgkin's disease under certain conditions, and sometimes the splenic lesions in certain malignant blood diseases; they analyse their results. Thanks to close collaboration between hematologists and intensive care specialists, the mortality has been reduced to 1.35 p. cent and the morbidity to 3.46 p. cent which leaves 95.19 p. cent without any immediate postoperative complications. The late results depend on the initial disease process.", "contents": "[Splenectomy for hematologic indications. Indications, early results (author's transl)]. In the light of their personal experience of 1,036 splenectomies, the authors review the hematological diseases which still require surgery, viz. certain hemolytic anemias, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Hodgkin's disease under certain conditions, and sometimes the splenic lesions in certain malignant blood diseases; they analyse their results. Thanks to close collaboration between hematologists and intensive care specialists, the mortality has been reduced to 1.35 p. cent and the morbidity to 3.46 p. cent which leaves 95.19 p. cent without any immediate postoperative complications. The late results depend on the initial disease process.", "PMID": 608848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10098", "title": "[Subacute cytosteatonecrosis of pancreatic origin. Surgical problem in 5 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 5 cases of subcutaneous cytosteatonecrosis (Weber-Christian syndrome of pancreatic origin) and review 68 cases in the world literature. The skin, bone joint and general manifestations may appear without any clinical or radiological sign of pancreatitis. The rise in blood and urinary amylase and lipase, the skin lesions, the joint pleural and peritoneal effusions, orient the diagnosis towards the pancreas and suggest a full radiological arteriographic and echotomographic investigation. The pancreatic disease was pancreatitis in 50 cases, cancer in 18 cases. Too long a delay between the initial signs and the diagnosis may lead to early operation even in the absence of pancreatic signs. The cancer may still be limited and removable. The pancreatitis was in 18 cases a false cyst of the head in 2/3rds, whether obvious clinically or not. Operation led to its discovery usually but may miss the lesion which is then only discovered on autopsy. Removal or early by pass operations transform the prognosis which is otherwise fatal. Analysis of these cases illustrates well the problems of indication operative management and efficacy of surgery in a disease still relatively unfamiliar both to physicians and surgeons.", "contents": "[Subacute cytosteatonecrosis of pancreatic origin. Surgical problem in 5 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 5 cases of subcutaneous cytosteatonecrosis (Weber-Christian syndrome of pancreatic origin) and review 68 cases in the world literature. The skin, bone joint and general manifestations may appear without any clinical or radiological sign of pancreatitis. The rise in blood and urinary amylase and lipase, the skin lesions, the joint pleural and peritoneal effusions, orient the diagnosis towards the pancreas and suggest a full radiological arteriographic and echotomographic investigation. The pancreatic disease was pancreatitis in 50 cases, cancer in 18 cases. Too long a delay between the initial signs and the diagnosis may lead to early operation even in the absence of pancreatic signs. The cancer may still be limited and removable. The pancreatitis was in 18 cases a false cyst of the head in 2/3rds, whether obvious clinically or not. Operation led to its discovery usually but may miss the lesion which is then only discovered on autopsy. Removal or early by pass operations transform the prognosis which is otherwise fatal. Analysis of these cases illustrates well the problems of indication operative management and efficacy of surgery in a disease still relatively unfamiliar both to physicians and surgeons.", "PMID": 608849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10099", "title": "[Value of conservative methods in the surgical treatment of peptic stenosis of the oesophagus in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of a series of 103 patients operated on for peptic stenosis of the oesphagus, we carried out 63 conservative operations, 29 by the thoracic route, 34 by the abdominal route. The operation consists of retrograde dilatation, by finger or by instrument, combined with an anti-reflux arrangement. Among the various technics of the latter, plicature of the fundus has proved the most effective. Gradually, the indications for the abdominal approach have become dominant, even if the cardia cannot be lowered. One may then use a sleeve on the gastric cone, which until now, in 23 cases has given excellent results. One may thus carry out by an extremely benign operation without any mortality, a surgical cure not only of supple stenoses, but also of certain tight fibrous stenoses, considered insuperable. Postoperative dilation was rarely necessary. The results of which some are 8 years old, seem stable in the vast majority of cases. The proportion of excellent results was 81 p. cent of the series. It was higher in the group of plicatures of the fundus where there were only two failures. No case of cancer was observed in the remaining oesphagus.", "contents": "[Value of conservative methods in the surgical treatment of peptic stenosis of the oesophagus in adults (author's transl)]. Out of a series of 103 patients operated on for peptic stenosis of the oesphagus, we carried out 63 conservative operations, 29 by the thoracic route, 34 by the abdominal route. The operation consists of retrograde dilatation, by finger or by instrument, combined with an anti-reflux arrangement. Among the various technics of the latter, plicature of the fundus has proved the most effective. Gradually, the indications for the abdominal approach have become dominant, even if the cardia cannot be lowered. One may then use a sleeve on the gastric cone, which until now, in 23 cases has given excellent results. One may thus carry out by an extremely benign operation without any mortality, a surgical cure not only of supple stenoses, but also of certain tight fibrous stenoses, considered insuperable. Postoperative dilation was rarely necessary. The results of which some are 8 years old, seem stable in the vast majority of cases. The proportion of excellent results was 81 p. cent of the series. It was higher in the group of plicatures of the fundus where there were only two failures. No case of cancer was observed in the remaining oesphagus.", "PMID": 608850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10100", "title": "[Surgical problems of the primary sclerosing cholangitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristics of the primary sclerosing cholangitis are a diffuse inflammation with fibrous thickening and narrowing of the biliar ducts. Two observations replying to strict characteristics are related. From attacks of angiocholitis, the disease generally progresses till a parmanent icterus and death occurs in a state of biliar cirrhosis. In the liver, the micro pathology consists in fibrous rings constricting the segmentary interlobular ducts. The diagnostic is mainly difficult and the prognostic is fatal in average time of 4 years of evolution althought we used corticoids that were administrated by local method as well as in the classical general way.", "contents": "[Surgical problems of the primary sclerosing cholangitis (author's transl)]. The characteristics of the primary sclerosing cholangitis are a diffuse inflammation with fibrous thickening and narrowing of the biliar ducts. Two observations replying to strict characteristics are related. From attacks of angiocholitis, the disease generally progresses till a parmanent icterus and death occurs in a state of biliar cirrhosis. In the liver, the micro pathology consists in fibrous rings constricting the segmentary interlobular ducts. The diagnostic is mainly difficult and the prognostic is fatal in average time of 4 years of evolution althought we used corticoids that were administrated by local method as well as in the classical general way.", "PMID": 608851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10101", "title": "[Villous tumor of the doudenum (author's transl)].", "content": "Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare, but treatment may be problematic because of their association with invasive adenocarcinoma. One case of villous tumor of the duodenum is described and 44 others reported cases are reviewed. Diagnosis may be made by radiographic barium contrast evaluation of the duodenum, especially with the addition of air contrast hypotonic studies and by fibro-optic endoscopy with biopsies. 32 p. cent of villous tumors of the duodenum are associated with adenocarcinoma. Local excision is the treatment of choice for benign lesions. Duodenectomy or pancreatico-duodenectomy are recommended for tumors which include invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "[Villous tumor of the doudenum (author's transl)]. Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare, but treatment may be problematic because of their association with invasive adenocarcinoma. One case of villous tumor of the duodenum is described and 44 others reported cases are reviewed. Diagnosis may be made by radiographic barium contrast evaluation of the duodenum, especially with the addition of air contrast hypotonic studies and by fibro-optic endoscopy with biopsies. 32 p. cent of villous tumors of the duodenum are associated with adenocarcinoma. Local excision is the treatment of choice for benign lesions. Duodenectomy or pancreatico-duodenectomy are recommended for tumors which include invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 608852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10102", "title": "[Primary tumours of the mesentery. Study of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report four cases of mesenteric tumour including one cavernous lymphangioma complicated by volvulus of of the small intestine and one angiofibroma, a benign solid tumour which is rarely encountered. They comment on the preoperative assessment, which is not always possible for these patients are often operated on as an emergency. Cysts are easy to remove, but solid tumours even when benign are much more difficult to remove.", "contents": "[Primary tumours of the mesentery. Study of four cases (author's transl)]. The authors report four cases of mesenteric tumour including one cavernous lymphangioma complicated by volvulus of of the small intestine and one angiofibroma, a benign solid tumour which is rarely encountered. They comment on the preoperative assessment, which is not always possible for these patients are often operated on as an emergency. Cysts are easy to remove, but solid tumours even when benign are much more difficult to remove.", "PMID": 608853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10103", "title": "Isoproterenol enhancement of peritoneal permeability.", "content": "As peritoneal dialysis is inefficient enouth to be time-consuming and sometimes clinically ineffective, we have evaluated pharmacologic enhancement of peritoneal permeability. Peritoneal dialyses were performed in New Zealand white rabbits by instillation of 50 ml/Kg of isotonic dialysis solution of standard composition. Mean peritoneal clearance of creatinine was 0.60 ml/Kg/min and urea was 0.80 ml/Kg/min, each decreasing as intraperitoneal dwell was prolonged (by .011 ml/Kg/min or less). With 0.04 micrometer/Kg of isoproterenol administered intraperitoneally, clearances increased to 0.91 and 1.30 ml/Kg/min (p less than 0.01). When isoproterenol was added to the dialysis solution one hour or more before instillation, the increment in clearances was less. Instillation of dialysis solution 24 hours after addition of a higher dose of isoproterenol (0.2 micrometer/Kg) did not increase clearances above control. No effect of isoproterenol on bulk flow of water, associated with the osmotic effect of dextrose, was demonstrated. As peritoneal clearances increased, the ratio creatinine clearance: urea clearance did not decrease, consistent with increased peritoneal permeability as well as blood flow.", "contents": "Isoproterenol enhancement of peritoneal permeability. As peritoneal dialysis is inefficient enouth to be time-consuming and sometimes clinically ineffective, we have evaluated pharmacologic enhancement of peritoneal permeability. Peritoneal dialyses were performed in New Zealand white rabbits by instillation of 50 ml/Kg of isotonic dialysis solution of standard composition. Mean peritoneal clearance of creatinine was 0.60 ml/Kg/min and urea was 0.80 ml/Kg/min, each decreasing as intraperitoneal dwell was prolonged (by .011 ml/Kg/min or less). With 0.04 micrometer/Kg of isoproterenol administered intraperitoneally, clearances increased to 0.91 and 1.30 ml/Kg/min (p less than 0.01). When isoproterenol was added to the dialysis solution one hour or more before instillation, the increment in clearances was less. Instillation of dialysis solution 24 hours after addition of a higher dose of isoproterenol (0.2 micrometer/Kg) did not increase clearances above control. No effect of isoproterenol on bulk flow of water, associated with the osmotic effect of dextrose, was demonstrated. As peritoneal clearances increased, the ratio creatinine clearance: urea clearance did not decrease, consistent with increased peritoneal permeability as well as blood flow.", "PMID": 608855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10104", "title": "Kinetics of intermittent and continuous peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Relations were developed for clearance under both intermittent and continuous flow peritoneal dialysis. The theoretical prediction was compared with data from other investigators. A mass transfer characteristic of 52 ml/min per 1.85 liters of dialysate was determined for urea from Boen's single batch experiment. This number was used to calculate the value of clearance for intermittent dialysis versus rate of dialysate exchange. The calculated clearances are in good agreement with Boen's experimental results. The calculated urea clearances for continuous flow dialysis were compared with Shinaberger's data. The predicted curve is in reasonable agreement with the data although there is a rather large scatter of the points. Some possible explanations for the scatter are provided as a caviat for future experimental research. A theoretical comparison between intermittent and continuous flow clearances shows that the latter is more efficient, particularly at higher flow rates.", "contents": "Kinetics of intermittent and continuous peritoneal dialysis. Relations were developed for clearance under both intermittent and continuous flow peritoneal dialysis. The theoretical prediction was compared with data from other investigators. A mass transfer characteristic of 52 ml/min per 1.85 liters of dialysate was determined for urea from Boen's single batch experiment. This number was used to calculate the value of clearance for intermittent dialysis versus rate of dialysate exchange. The calculated clearances are in good agreement with Boen's experimental results. The calculated urea clearances for continuous flow dialysis were compared with Shinaberger's data. The predicted curve is in reasonable agreement with the data although there is a rather large scatter of the points. Some possible explanations for the scatter are provided as a caviat for future experimental research. A theoretical comparison between intermittent and continuous flow clearances shows that the latter is more efficient, particularly at higher flow rates.", "PMID": 608856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10105", "title": "Scleroderma kidney disease: a therapeutic approach with nephrectomy and hemodialysis.", "content": "A 49 year old black female patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), multiple organ system involvement, uremia and malignant hypertension, was treated with maintenance hemodialysis and bilateral nephrectomy. Bilateral nephrectomy controlled refractory hypertension and appeared to alter the natural course of systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Scleroderma kidney disease: a therapeutic approach with nephrectomy and hemodialysis. A 49 year old black female patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), multiple organ system involvement, uremia and malignant hypertension, was treated with maintenance hemodialysis and bilateral nephrectomy. Bilateral nephrectomy controlled refractory hypertension and appeared to alter the natural course of systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 608857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10106", "title": "Fluoxymesterone therapy in anemia of patients on maintenance hemodialysis: comparison between patients with kidneys and anephric patients.", "content": "Nineteen patients with their kidneys and 11 anephric patients who were stable on maintenance hemodialysis received 20 mg a day of Fluoxymesterone. At the end of four months, there was a significant increase (p less than 0.005) in the mean hematocrit with a parallel increase in the hemoglobin level in both groups of patients. Concomitantly, we observed an increment of the red cell mass that was significant at the level of p less than 0.05. Blood transfusion requirements decreased significantly (p less than 0.1), independent of the presence or absence of kidneys. No changes in body weight, serum albumin, and serum cholesterol levels were observed. Secondary effects were hirsutism and hoarsening of the voice.", "contents": "Fluoxymesterone therapy in anemia of patients on maintenance hemodialysis: comparison between patients with kidneys and anephric patients. Nineteen patients with their kidneys and 11 anephric patients who were stable on maintenance hemodialysis received 20 mg a day of Fluoxymesterone. At the end of four months, there was a significant increase (p less than 0.005) in the mean hematocrit with a parallel increase in the hemoglobin level in both groups of patients. Concomitantly, we observed an increment of the red cell mass that was significant at the level of p less than 0.05. Blood transfusion requirements decreased significantly (p less than 0.1), independent of the presence or absence of kidneys. No changes in body weight, serum albumin, and serum cholesterol levels were observed. Secondary effects were hirsutism and hoarsening of the voice.", "PMID": 608858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10107", "title": "Microencapsulated charcoal hemoperfusion: a possible therapeutic adjunct in digoxin toxicity.", "content": "Attempts to remove substantial quantities of digoxin by either peritoneal or hemodialysis, have been unsuccessful due to their low clearance rate. The present study determined the in-vivo clearance rate for digoxin of a single microcapsule of 300 gm of activated charcoal. The clearance rate was 55 +/- 5 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the first hour and 48.4 +/- 4 ml/min in the second; these values are approximately five-fold higher than with other dialysis techniques. No evidence of a post-dialysis rebound increase in serum digoxin levels was found, implying that peripheral tissues can rapidly release digoxin to the diminishing serum pool. Preliminary data obtained suggest a beneficial effect on arrhythmias and lowering of the myocardial to serum rate of digoxin after hemoperfusion.", "contents": "Microencapsulated charcoal hemoperfusion: a possible therapeutic adjunct in digoxin toxicity. Attempts to remove substantial quantities of digoxin by either peritoneal or hemodialysis, have been unsuccessful due to their low clearance rate. The present study determined the in-vivo clearance rate for digoxin of a single microcapsule of 300 gm of activated charcoal. The clearance rate was 55 +/- 5 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) in the first hour and 48.4 +/- 4 ml/min in the second; these values are approximately five-fold higher than with other dialysis techniques. No evidence of a post-dialysis rebound increase in serum digoxin levels was found, implying that peripheral tissues can rapidly release digoxin to the diminishing serum pool. Preliminary data obtained suggest a beneficial effect on arrhythmias and lowering of the myocardial to serum rate of digoxin after hemoperfusion.", "PMID": 608859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10108", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Fifteen male hemodialysis patients developed 21 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia. Infections involving vascular access were responsible for 65% of initial bacteremias. The arteriovenous fistula was the most prevalent type of access used, and thus was responsible for the majority of these illnesses. Phage typing indicated that recurrent episodes were due to reinfection rather than relapse. Complications included endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic embolism, and pericarditis. One patient died of infectious complications. It is recommended that hemodialysis patients developing bacteremia due to S. aureus receive at least 6 weeks of beta lactamase-resistant antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. Fifteen male hemodialysis patients developed 21 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia. Infections involving vascular access were responsible for 65% of initial bacteremias. The arteriovenous fistula was the most prevalent type of access used, and thus was responsible for the majority of these illnesses. Phage typing indicated that recurrent episodes were due to reinfection rather than relapse. Complications included endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic embolism, and pericarditis. One patient died of infectious complications. It is recommended that hemodialysis patients developing bacteremia due to S. aureus receive at least 6 weeks of beta lactamase-resistant antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 608860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10109", "title": "An in vitro comparison of recirculation in \"Y\" flow and coaxial flow single needle dialysis systems.", "content": "A conventional \"Y\" type and a new coaxial dual-flow single needle dialysis blood access device have been compared with regard to blood recirculation in an in vitro model. The new coaxial flow design eliminates all sources of within needle recirculation, and effectively minimizes within fistula recirculation except at very low fistular flow rates. The striking recirculation resulting from countercurrent, placement of either needle in the fistula documents the critical importance of needle insertion concurrent with fistula flow. This in vitro study indicates significant advantage of the coaxial dual-flow single needle over the conventional \"Y\" type needle with respect to blood recirculation.", "contents": "An in vitro comparison of recirculation in \"Y\" flow and coaxial flow single needle dialysis systems. A conventional \"Y\" type and a new coaxial dual-flow single needle dialysis blood access device have been compared with regard to blood recirculation in an in vitro model. The new coaxial flow design eliminates all sources of within needle recirculation, and effectively minimizes within fistula recirculation except at very low fistular flow rates. The striking recirculation resulting from countercurrent, placement of either needle in the fistula documents the critical importance of needle insertion concurrent with fistula flow. This in vitro study indicates significant advantage of the coaxial dual-flow single needle over the conventional \"Y\" type needle with respect to blood recirculation.", "PMID": 608861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10110", "title": "Acute hemolysis due to profound hypo-osmolality. A complication of hemodialysis.", "content": "Acute hemolysis in maintenance hemodialysis patients is not a rare occurrence. Significant hemolysis is life-threatening and may be unrecognized because of nonspecific symptomatology. This paper reports observation of a severe hemolytic episode in a hemodialysis patient. The hemolysis was associated with a sudden drop in serum osmolality and profound hyponatremia, resulting from accidental dialysis against deionized water. Recognizing the condition and treating it promptly by dialysis with physiological dialysate are essential for patient survival.", "contents": "Acute hemolysis due to profound hypo-osmolality. A complication of hemodialysis. Acute hemolysis in maintenance hemodialysis patients is not a rare occurrence. Significant hemolysis is life-threatening and may be unrecognized because of nonspecific symptomatology. This paper reports observation of a severe hemolytic episode in a hemodialysis patient. The hemolysis was associated with a sudden drop in serum osmolality and profound hyponatremia, resulting from accidental dialysis against deionized water. Recognizing the condition and treating it promptly by dialysis with physiological dialysate are essential for patient survival.", "PMID": 608862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10111", "title": "Whatever happened to home hemodialysis?", "content": "Advantages of home hemodialysis over center include better patient survival and rehabilitation, more patient convenience, decreased risk of hepatitis, and cheaper costs. Home dialysis places stress on the family and requires a great time commitment of the helper. Ninety-three patients began home dialysis training at our institution. Seventy-eight successfully completed training and five patients are still in training. Of the seventy-eight who completed training, fifty (64%) are still performing home dialysis for periods of from one month to 6 1/2 years. 10% received a kidney transplant, 13% died, and 13% have returned to a center for dialysis. Family stress was the major reason for return to a center in the ten patients who chose to do so. Even though home dialysis is superior to center dialysis, the percentage of patients being treated in the home in this country is diminishing. Possible reasons for this decline are discussed.", "contents": "Whatever happened to home hemodialysis? Advantages of home hemodialysis over center include better patient survival and rehabilitation, more patient convenience, decreased risk of hepatitis, and cheaper costs. Home dialysis places stress on the family and requires a great time commitment of the helper. Ninety-three patients began home dialysis training at our institution. Seventy-eight successfully completed training and five patients are still in training. Of the seventy-eight who completed training, fifty (64%) are still performing home dialysis for periods of from one month to 6 1/2 years. 10% received a kidney transplant, 13% died, and 13% have returned to a center for dialysis. Family stress was the major reason for return to a center in the ten patients who chose to do so. Even though home dialysis is superior to center dialysis, the percentage of patients being treated in the home in this country is diminishing. Possible reasons for this decline are discussed.", "PMID": 608863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10112", "title": "Future of home hemodialysis.", "content": "An attempt to prophesy the future of home hemodialysis is based on anticipated near and long term technological improvements. Dialysis treatments will become shorter, due to pressure filtration, while extracting molecules in the 300 to 3000 dalton weight range through more permeable membranes. Portable and wearable dialysis systems will increase patient mobility. By the 21st century, implantable bionic kidneys and perfect host tolerance to renal allografts and xenografts will relegate home hemodialysis to history texts. A non-surgical definitive treatment for uremia is envisioned in the colonization of the human bowel with nitrogenn recycling bacteria.", "contents": "Future of home hemodialysis. An attempt to prophesy the future of home hemodialysis is based on anticipated near and long term technological improvements. Dialysis treatments will become shorter, due to pressure filtration, while extracting molecules in the 300 to 3000 dalton weight range through more permeable membranes. Portable and wearable dialysis systems will increase patient mobility. By the 21st century, implantable bionic kidneys and perfect host tolerance to renal allografts and xenografts will relegate home hemodialysis to history texts. A non-surgical definitive treatment for uremia is envisioned in the colonization of the human bowel with nitrogenn recycling bacteria.", "PMID": 608864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10113", "title": "Hemofiltration: treatment of renal failure by ultrafiltration and substitution.", "content": "Hemofiltration, in contrast to hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, eliminates toxic substances accumulated in uremia by a process that is independent of molecular weight. By means of a special device, the ultrafiltrate of blood is replaced, up to the desired amount, by a modified Ringer's lactate solution. The application of this new method results in better control of severe hypertension, and controls calcium phosphate and lipid metabolism in a more physiologic manner than dialysis does, without additional drug therapy being necessary. Smaller amounts of fluid and a simplification of devices improve hygienic conditions and patient mobility.", "contents": "Hemofiltration: treatment of renal failure by ultrafiltration and substitution. Hemofiltration, in contrast to hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, eliminates toxic substances accumulated in uremia by a process that is independent of molecular weight. By means of a special device, the ultrafiltrate of blood is replaced, up to the desired amount, by a modified Ringer's lactate solution. The application of this new method results in better control of severe hypertension, and controls calcium phosphate and lipid metabolism in a more physiologic manner than dialysis does, without additional drug therapy being necessary. Smaller amounts of fluid and a simplification of devices improve hygienic conditions and patient mobility.", "PMID": 608865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10114", "title": "Clinical aspects of hemofiltration.", "content": "We report on clinical experiences obtained in 7 uremic patients treated since January 1976 3 times weekly by chronic hemofiltration. The observations which we collected in more than 300 treatments suggest that hemofiltration might be superior to conventional hemodialysis. The main advantages of this treatment are characterized by its better control of hypertension, hyperhydration, and possibly of uremic bone disease. Furthermore, the applied acrylonitrile membrane allows the removal of substances with a molecular weight up to 60,000, similar to the glomerular basement membrane. Additionally, we report on methodological problems, on the compatibility of hemofiltration, and finally on its efficiency for removal of different uremic solutes.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of hemofiltration. We report on clinical experiences obtained in 7 uremic patients treated since January 1976 3 times weekly by chronic hemofiltration. The observations which we collected in more than 300 treatments suggest that hemofiltration might be superior to conventional hemodialysis. The main advantages of this treatment are characterized by its better control of hypertension, hyperhydration, and possibly of uremic bone disease. Furthermore, the applied acrylonitrile membrane allows the removal of substances with a molecular weight up to 60,000, similar to the glomerular basement membrane. Additionally, we report on methodological problems, on the compatibility of hemofiltration, and finally on its efficiency for removal of different uremic solutes.", "PMID": 608866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10115", "title": "Influences of the site of diluting fluid substitution on hemodiafiltration processing.", "content": "In hemodiafiltration, the diluting fluid can be substituted before or after the ultrafilter. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed below. To avoid hemoconcentration when passing through the ultrafilter, we prefer substitution of the diluting fluid to blood before the ultrafilter and accept the greater composition of diluting fluid.", "contents": "Influences of the site of diluting fluid substitution on hemodiafiltration processing. In hemodiafiltration, the diluting fluid can be substituted before or after the ultrafilter. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed below. To avoid hemoconcentration when passing through the ultrafilter, we prefer substitution of the diluting fluid to blood before the ultrafilter and accept the greater composition of diluting fluid.", "PMID": 608867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10116", "title": "The hemofiltration system: variations of the negative pressure.", "content": "The physical conditions of the hemofiltration process are briefly discussed to describe the applied system that is characterized by a negative pressure pump which is directly attached behing the filter. A schema is presented that shows the characteristics of a fully automatic hemofiltration apparatus that is presently in development.", "contents": "The hemofiltration system: variations of the negative pressure. The physical conditions of the hemofiltration process are briefly discussed to describe the applied system that is characterized by a negative pressure pump which is directly attached behing the filter. A schema is presented that shows the characteristics of a fully automatic hemofiltration apparatus that is presently in development.", "PMID": 608868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10117", "title": "Lipid metabolism in uremia: effect of regular hemofiltration and hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were measured in controls, non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal insufficiency and uremic patients receiving either regular hemodialysis or hemofiltration treatment. Normal and elevated cholesterol levels remained generally unaffected by chronic hemodialysis and hemofiltration as well. Whereas long-term hemodialysis even up to 59 months (home-dialysis) was unable to improve hypertriglyceridemia, patients undergoing regular hemofiltration showed a prolonged decrease in plasma triglycerides. In one case, excessive hypertriglyceridemia still existing after five years of chronic hemodialysis could be normalized by hemofiltration.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in uremia: effect of regular hemofiltration and hemodialysis treatment. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were measured in controls, non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal insufficiency and uremic patients receiving either regular hemodialysis or hemofiltration treatment. Normal and elevated cholesterol levels remained generally unaffected by chronic hemodialysis and hemofiltration as well. Whereas long-term hemodialysis even up to 59 months (home-dialysis) was unable to improve hypertriglyceridemia, patients undergoing regular hemofiltration showed a prolonged decrease in plasma triglycerides. In one case, excessive hypertriglyceridemia still existing after five years of chronic hemodialysis could be normalized by hemofiltration.", "PMID": 608870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10118", "title": "Parathyroid hormone-, 25-OH-vitamin D-, and digoxin levels in patients treated by chronic hemofiltration.", "content": "Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was measured in the serum and filtrate before, during and after hemofiltration. iPTH regularly declines during hemofiltration; one patient, investigated for a longer period, showed a normalization of iPTH serum level with this treatment. The iPTH values found in the hemofiltrate were remarkably high, a finding that could be explained by non-specific effects, by the occurrence of hormone fragments or by an increased secretion rate. At any rate, the results suggest a filtration of parathyroid hormone and/or hormone fragments. On the other hand, it was impossible to detect any 25-OH-vitamin D in the hemofiltrate. Finally, digoxin could be found in the filtrate, but only in very low concentrations.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone-, 25-OH-vitamin D-, and digoxin levels in patients treated by chronic hemofiltration. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was measured in the serum and filtrate before, during and after hemofiltration. iPTH regularly declines during hemofiltration; one patient, investigated for a longer period, showed a normalization of iPTH serum level with this treatment. The iPTH values found in the hemofiltrate were remarkably high, a finding that could be explained by non-specific effects, by the occurrence of hormone fragments or by an increased secretion rate. At any rate, the results suggest a filtration of parathyroid hormone and/or hormone fragments. On the other hand, it was impossible to detect any 25-OH-vitamin D in the hemofiltrate. Finally, digoxin could be found in the filtrate, but only in very low concentrations.", "PMID": 608871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10119", "title": "Parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphate balance in hemofiltration.", "content": "The acute changes in calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone have been examined in chronic renal failure patients under-going hemofiltration therapy and the results compared to a similar group treated by hemodialysis. In both groups there was a significant increase in Catot (0.32 mEq/1 for hemodialysis; 0.56 m Eq/1 for hemofiltration) with Ca++ remaining constant. Plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone decreased during hemofiltration. Calcium balances were slightly positive and phosphate balances distinctly negative in all cases. To date there is no indication of induced osteodystrophy during hemofiltration therapy, although long-term studies are needed. However, the present results indicate, that hemofiltration more closely approaches the physiological situation than conventional hemodialysis.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphate balance in hemofiltration. The acute changes in calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone have been examined in chronic renal failure patients under-going hemofiltration therapy and the results compared to a similar group treated by hemodialysis. In both groups there was a significant increase in Catot (0.32 mEq/1 for hemodialysis; 0.56 m Eq/1 for hemofiltration) with Ca++ remaining constant. Plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone decreased during hemofiltration. Calcium balances were slightly positive and phosphate balances distinctly negative in all cases. To date there is no indication of induced osteodystrophy during hemofiltration therapy, although long-term studies are needed. However, the present results indicate, that hemofiltration more closely approaches the physiological situation than conventional hemodialysis.", "PMID": 608872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10120", "title": "Elimination of hormones through hemofiltration.", "content": "The concentrations of testosterone, cortisone, gastrin, GIP, somatomedin B, insulin, HGH, and TSH have been determined in the plasma and the ultrafiltrate of five uremic patients undergoing intermittent hemofiltration treatment. There was a considerable loss of gastrin, GIP, somatomedin B, and insulin by hemofiltration treatment; the plasma concentrations, however, did not decrease. Cortisone, HGH, and TSH were not detectable in the ultrafiltrate. Our results therefore indicate that hemofiltration does not cause a hormone deficiency syndrome. On the contrary, the loss of degradation products of hormones with disturbing biological activity may be a favourable effect of the hemofiltration treatment.", "contents": "Elimination of hormones through hemofiltration. The concentrations of testosterone, cortisone, gastrin, GIP, somatomedin B, insulin, HGH, and TSH have been determined in the plasma and the ultrafiltrate of five uremic patients undergoing intermittent hemofiltration treatment. There was a considerable loss of gastrin, GIP, somatomedin B, and insulin by hemofiltration treatment; the plasma concentrations, however, did not decrease. Cortisone, HGH, and TSH were not detectable in the ultrafiltrate. Our results therefore indicate that hemofiltration does not cause a hormone deficiency syndrome. On the contrary, the loss of degradation products of hormones with disturbing biological activity may be a favourable effect of the hemofiltration treatment.", "PMID": 608873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10121", "title": "Evaluation of a new disposable plate dialyzer and the adverse effect of recirculation single pass dialysis on clearance.", "content": "A new disposable plate dialyzer (PF = Travenol Paraflo 1.0 m2 11.5 mu Cuprophan), is compared with an older device of similar design (GL = Gambro Lundia Nova 1.0 m2 13.5 mu Cuprophan). The ultrafiltration rate (UF) relative to dialyzer pressure (DP) was greater for GL (3.90 +/- .02 DP ml/min) than for this lot of PF (2.71 +/- .01 DP ml/min). In vivo clearance of urea and creatinine in single pass for PF was 132 +/- 5 ml/min and 106 +/- 5 ml/min, respectively, at mean blood rate of 200 ml/min. RSP produced significantly lower urea and creatinine clearance (p less than .005, less than .025). These values were not significantly different from those for GL. Decrease in patient BUN and plasma creatinine during dialysis corroborated the clearance data. SP operation of these plate dialyzers is recommended since the disadvantages of RSP outweigh its advantages.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new disposable plate dialyzer and the adverse effect of recirculation single pass dialysis on clearance. A new disposable plate dialyzer (PF = Travenol Paraflo 1.0 m2 11.5 mu Cuprophan), is compared with an older device of similar design (GL = Gambro Lundia Nova 1.0 m2 13.5 mu Cuprophan). The ultrafiltration rate (UF) relative to dialyzer pressure (DP) was greater for GL (3.90 +/- .02 DP ml/min) than for this lot of PF (2.71 +/- .01 DP ml/min). In vivo clearance of urea and creatinine in single pass for PF was 132 +/- 5 ml/min and 106 +/- 5 ml/min, respectively, at mean blood rate of 200 ml/min. RSP produced significantly lower urea and creatinine clearance (p less than .005, less than .025). These values were not significantly different from those for GL. Decrease in patient BUN and plasma creatinine during dialysis corroborated the clearance data. SP operation of these plate dialyzers is recommended since the disadvantages of RSP outweigh its advantages.", "PMID": 608874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10122", "title": "Physiologic response patterns to occlusion of clinically significant arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "Seven patients with hemodynamically significant arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis angioaccess were studied by multivarient computer analysis of physiologic data derived from cardiogreen dye dilution curves and A-VO2 before and after acute occlusion of their fistulas and prior to clinical therapy. Three patterns of response were characterized. These patterns seemed to be related to the innate ventricular contractility status, the type of medications, the presence of autonomic neuropathy, and their interplay with alterations in preload and afterload with fistula occlusion. In one patient, the response pattern precluded banding or occlusion of the fistula. In the remainder, the physiolobic responses permitted treatment by banding or occlusion. It seems advisable to adequately evaluate the physiologic response patterns of patients with hemodynamically significant arteriovenous fistulas prior to definitive treatment.", "contents": "Physiologic response patterns to occlusion of clinically significant arteriovenous fistulas. Seven patients with hemodynamically significant arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis angioaccess were studied by multivarient computer analysis of physiologic data derived from cardiogreen dye dilution curves and A-VO2 before and after acute occlusion of their fistulas and prior to clinical therapy. Three patterns of response were characterized. These patterns seemed to be related to the innate ventricular contractility status, the type of medications, the presence of autonomic neuropathy, and their interplay with alterations in preload and afterload with fistula occlusion. In one patient, the response pattern precluded banding or occlusion of the fistula. In the remainder, the physiolobic responses permitted treatment by banding or occlusion. It seems advisable to adequately evaluate the physiologic response patterns of patients with hemodynamically significant arteriovenous fistulas prior to definitive treatment.", "PMID": 608875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10123", "title": "Drug elimination by hemofiltration.", "content": "Elimination by hemofiltration of gentamicin, doxycylin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and clofibrate was measured in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Clearance values of ampicillin and clofibrate were roughly in the range that might be expected according to the reported protein binding values of these drugs, whereas doxycyclin and sulfamethoxazole were eliminated to a much higher degree. Gentamicin clearances during a 6-hour hemofiltration treatment were lower than should be expected from reported protein binding values. For gentamicin and doxycyclin the filtered fraction linearly increased with time, a phenomenon which may be explained by membrane polarization.", "contents": "Drug elimination by hemofiltration. Elimination by hemofiltration of gentamicin, doxycylin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and clofibrate was measured in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Clearance values of ampicillin and clofibrate were roughly in the range that might be expected according to the reported protein binding values of these drugs, whereas doxycyclin and sulfamethoxazole were eliminated to a much higher degree. Gentamicin clearances during a 6-hour hemofiltration treatment were lower than should be expected from reported protein binding values. For gentamicin and doxycyclin the filtered fraction linearly increased with time, a phenomenon which may be explained by membrane polarization.", "PMID": 608876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10124", "title": "Elimination of cardiac glycosides through hemofiltration.", "content": "Elimination of three different cardiac glycosides by hemofiltration was investigated using the flat bed RP-6 (Rh\u00f4ne-Poulenc, Paris). At a filtration rate of 59 +/- 9 ml/min the mean clearance of 3-H-g-strophanthin was 54.9 +/- 10.4, that of a 3-H-digoxin and unlabelled digoxin 36.7 +/- 6.6 and that of digitoxin 4.6 +/- 2.8 ml/min. It is concluded from these results that hemofiltration is able to eliminate more than 50% of the amount excreted during the same period of time by normal kidneys. Elimination of cardiac glycosides by continuous hemofiltration is high enough to justify its use in digitalis intoxication, particularly because of the excellent control of electrolyte balance with this new method of detoxification.", "contents": "Elimination of cardiac glycosides through hemofiltration. Elimination of three different cardiac glycosides by hemofiltration was investigated using the flat bed RP-6 (Rh\u00f4ne-Poulenc, Paris). At a filtration rate of 59 +/- 9 ml/min the mean clearance of 3-H-g-strophanthin was 54.9 +/- 10.4, that of a 3-H-digoxin and unlabelled digoxin 36.7 +/- 6.6 and that of digitoxin 4.6 +/- 2.8 ml/min. It is concluded from these results that hemofiltration is able to eliminate more than 50% of the amount excreted during the same period of time by normal kidneys. Elimination of cardiac glycosides by continuous hemofiltration is high enough to justify its use in digitalis intoxication, particularly because of the excellent control of electrolyte balance with this new method of detoxification.", "PMID": 608877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10125", "title": "Amino acid loss during hemofiltration.", "content": "Loss of free amino acids during hemodiafiltration therapy was investigated in 5 dogs. Hemodiafiltration was performed with a cellulose-acetate membrane with a limit of molecular separation at MW 19,000. The concentration of amino acids was investigated in ultrafiltrate and in blood at the beginning and at the end of diafiltration. Loss of amino acids in the ultrafiltrate was seven times as much as free amino acid content of plasma, whereas amino acid concentration in plasma decreased only slightly (20%). Applying these results to hemodiafiltration in man, it is concluded that loss of amino acids in hemodiafiltration is not greater than in conventional hemodialysis therapy.", "contents": "Amino acid loss during hemofiltration. Loss of free amino acids during hemodiafiltration therapy was investigated in 5 dogs. Hemodiafiltration was performed with a cellulose-acetate membrane with a limit of molecular separation at MW 19,000. The concentration of amino acids was investigated in ultrafiltrate and in blood at the beginning and at the end of diafiltration. Loss of amino acids in the ultrafiltrate was seven times as much as free amino acid content of plasma, whereas amino acid concentration in plasma decreased only slightly (20%). Applying these results to hemodiafiltration in man, it is concluded that loss of amino acids in hemodiafiltration is not greater than in conventional hemodialysis therapy.", "PMID": 608878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10126", "title": "Behavior of leucocytes and colony-forming units (CFU-C) in blood of chronic uremic patients during hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration.", "content": "In a comparison of the effects of hemodialysis and diafiltration, we found that the transient decrease of circulating granulocytes seen in hemodialysis did not occur during diafiltration. We assume that this is the consequence of effective removal of a humoral leucotoxin by hemofiltration. The CFU-C changes observed parallelled the alterations in the granulocyte count both in hemodialysis and in hemodiafiltration.", "contents": "Behavior of leucocytes and colony-forming units (CFU-C) in blood of chronic uremic patients during hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. In a comparison of the effects of hemodialysis and diafiltration, we found that the transient decrease of circulating granulocytes seen in hemodialysis did not occur during diafiltration. We assume that this is the consequence of effective removal of a humoral leucotoxin by hemofiltration. The CFU-C changes observed parallelled the alterations in the granulocyte count both in hemodialysis and in hemodiafiltration.", "PMID": 608879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10127", "title": "Capillary membranes for hemofiltration.", "content": "Membranes for hemofiltration were manufactured from blood-compatible polyamides in the form of capillaries. Hemofiltration units containing these capillaries were tested in vitro with aqueous solutions of salts and metabolites and with whole human blood. The results show that the capillary membranes fulfill the requirements for a membrane suitable for hemofiltration.", "contents": "Capillary membranes for hemofiltration. Membranes for hemofiltration were manufactured from blood-compatible polyamides in the form of capillaries. Hemofiltration units containing these capillaries were tested in vitro with aqueous solutions of salts and metabolites and with whole human blood. The results show that the capillary membranes fulfill the requirements for a membrane suitable for hemofiltration.", "PMID": 608880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10128", "title": "Asymmetric polyamide hollow-fiber filters in the hemofiltration system.", "content": "We tested the asymmetric polyamide hollow fiber as the filter in the hemofiltration unit. Effective membrane thickness was 1mu, the diameter of the hollow fiber was 600mu, and the total surface was 1 m2. Membrane cutoff was determined at 13,000 daltons molecular weight. A fully automated system was used to replace the volume of ultrafiltrate with a balanced electrolyte solution. Clearance rates for BUN, creatinine, uric acid, and inorganic phosphate were calculated at 70-75 ml/min when prediluting (i.e., when balanced electrolyte solution is admitted to the arterial line of the extracorporeal circuit). Clearance rate for inulin was determined at 23 ml/min. Sieving coefficients for small molecular weight solutes were determined at 1.0 and for inulin 0.4. This decrease is explained by the development of a secondary protein layer and by unflavorable streaming conditions inside the hollow fiber. The ultrafiltrate remained free of protein.", "contents": "Asymmetric polyamide hollow-fiber filters in the hemofiltration system. We tested the asymmetric polyamide hollow fiber as the filter in the hemofiltration unit. Effective membrane thickness was 1mu, the diameter of the hollow fiber was 600mu, and the total surface was 1 m2. Membrane cutoff was determined at 13,000 daltons molecular weight. A fully automated system was used to replace the volume of ultrafiltrate with a balanced electrolyte solution. Clearance rates for BUN, creatinine, uric acid, and inorganic phosphate were calculated at 70-75 ml/min when prediluting (i.e., when balanced electrolyte solution is admitted to the arterial line of the extracorporeal circuit). Clearance rate for inulin was determined at 23 ml/min. Sieving coefficients for small molecular weight solutes were determined at 1.0 and for inulin 0.4. This decrease is explained by the development of a secondary protein layer and by unflavorable streaming conditions inside the hollow fiber. The ultrafiltrate remained free of protein.", "PMID": 608881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10129", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula as a complication of percutaneous femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis.", "content": "Sudden onset of congestive heart failure due to development of a femoral arteriovenous fistula in a hemodialysis patient is reported as a complication of repeated femoral vein catheterization for access. Closure of the fistula led to disappearance of signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula as a complication of percutaneous femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis. Sudden onset of congestive heart failure due to development of a femoral arteriovenous fistula in a hemodialysis patient is reported as a complication of repeated femoral vein catheterization for access. Closure of the fistula led to disappearance of signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 608884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10130", "title": "Kinetics of infused acetate and effect on plasma pyruvate and lipid concentrations in uremic and non-uremic dogs.", "content": "During acetate infusion at a rate of 10 millimoles/kg/hr arterial blood acetate levels rose progressively to maximums of 7.9 +/- 1.7 mM in uremic dogs and 10.8 +/- 1.4 mM in non-uremic dogs. Following cessation of infusion, removal of acetate followed first order kinetics. Acute uremia had no significant effect on mean clearance rates of acetate (1.28 +/- 0.28 L/kg/hr uremics vs 0.92 +/- 0.22 in non-uremics) or upon blood half-life of acetate following infusion (9.7 min. vs 10.9 min.). Plasma pyruvate levels rose during infusion from 1.5 to 4.4 mg/dl in the uremic dogs and following infusion rose further to 6.5 mg/dl. In the non-uremic dogs pyruvate was not significantly elevated until 30 min. post-infusion. Plasma free fatty acids increased from 79 to 131 mumoles/dl during acetate infusion in the uremic dogs, but did not change significantly in the non-uremic group. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides increased after induction of uremia, but showed no significant changes as a result of acetate infusion in either group. These results suggest that the electrolyte and lipid abnormalities that occur in hemodialyzed uremic patients may be related to the acetate load these patients receive during dialysis.", "contents": "Kinetics of infused acetate and effect on plasma pyruvate and lipid concentrations in uremic and non-uremic dogs. During acetate infusion at a rate of 10 millimoles/kg/hr arterial blood acetate levels rose progressively to maximums of 7.9 +/- 1.7 mM in uremic dogs and 10.8 +/- 1.4 mM in non-uremic dogs. Following cessation of infusion, removal of acetate followed first order kinetics. Acute uremia had no significant effect on mean clearance rates of acetate (1.28 +/- 0.28 L/kg/hr uremics vs 0.92 +/- 0.22 in non-uremics) or upon blood half-life of acetate following infusion (9.7 min. vs 10.9 min.). Plasma pyruvate levels rose during infusion from 1.5 to 4.4 mg/dl in the uremic dogs and following infusion rose further to 6.5 mg/dl. In the non-uremic dogs pyruvate was not significantly elevated until 30 min. post-infusion. Plasma free fatty acids increased from 79 to 131 mumoles/dl during acetate infusion in the uremic dogs, but did not change significantly in the non-uremic group. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides increased after induction of uremia, but showed no significant changes as a result of acetate infusion in either group. These results suggest that the electrolyte and lipid abnormalities that occur in hemodialyzed uremic patients may be related to the acetate load these patients receive during dialysis.", "PMID": 608885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10131", "title": "Diminished vascular reactivity to a cold stress in azotemic patients.", "content": "The integrity of the neurovascular reflex arc to a cold stimulus was evaluated by the determination of the response of the limb blood flow in fifteen azotemic patients. Seven of these patients became hypotensive during the course of renal failure despite comparable hemodialysis therapy. They showed a constant low blood pressure (mean blood pressure below 90 mmHg). The reactivity index (defined as the relative change at the 15th second of stimulus) was 15.9 +/- 14.4% for these hypotensive patients, and 35.7 +/- 12.0% for the remaining eight normotensive ones, while that of healthy subjects was 48.7 +/- 8.7%. The greatly diminished reactivity of the hypotensive patients could not be explained by humoral or hormonal factors. The dysfunction of somatic nerves of the vascular geometry could not be responsible for the difference. A dysfunction of adrenergic control of blood pressure was, therefore, strongly suggested.", "contents": "Diminished vascular reactivity to a cold stress in azotemic patients. The integrity of the neurovascular reflex arc to a cold stimulus was evaluated by the determination of the response of the limb blood flow in fifteen azotemic patients. Seven of these patients became hypotensive during the course of renal failure despite comparable hemodialysis therapy. They showed a constant low blood pressure (mean blood pressure below 90 mmHg). The reactivity index (defined as the relative change at the 15th second of stimulus) was 15.9 +/- 14.4% for these hypotensive patients, and 35.7 +/- 12.0% for the remaining eight normotensive ones, while that of healthy subjects was 48.7 +/- 8.7%. The greatly diminished reactivity of the hypotensive patients could not be explained by humoral or hormonal factors. The dysfunction of somatic nerves of the vascular geometry could not be responsible for the difference. A dysfunction of adrenergic control of blood pressure was, therefore, strongly suggested.", "PMID": 608886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10132", "title": "Mobilizing hemodialysis.", "content": "In collaboration with Christopher R. Blagg at the University of Washington and John F. Sullivan at Cornell College of Medicine, we have conducted a trial of travel dialysis using the Friedman-Hutchisson suitcase system. A total of 122 location dialyses were performed by 18 patients on 22 trips in Europe, Canada and the United States. Evolutionary modifications in the system have resulted in a device with broad patient acceptance which is now being prepared for manufacture in quantities expected to meet a growing demand.", "contents": "Mobilizing hemodialysis. In collaboration with Christopher R. Blagg at the University of Washington and John F. Sullivan at Cornell College of Medicine, we have conducted a trial of travel dialysis using the Friedman-Hutchisson suitcase system. A total of 122 location dialyses were performed by 18 patients on 22 trips in Europe, Canada and the United States. Evolutionary modifications in the system have resulted in a device with broad patient acceptance which is now being prepared for manufacture in quantities expected to meet a growing demand.", "PMID": 608887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10133", "title": "In search of a 24 hours per day artificial kidney.", "content": "Wearable, 24 hrs per day, 7 days per week artificial kidneys are being developed. Patients will benefit from more even control of physiologic parameters than can be obtained with conventional intermittent dialysis. Improvement in economic and social circumstances will result. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques are being miniaturized. Small REDY cartridges containing urease, zirconium phosphate, hydrouse zirconium oxide and activated carbon are being utilized to regenerate dialysate. Hemodialyzers will be worn on the forearm and include long, wide, low resistance series blood flow paths to reduce the potential for thrombosis. Peritoneal effluent is regenerated and filtered by the sorbent cartridge and automatically cycled back into the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "In search of a 24 hours per day artificial kidney. Wearable, 24 hrs per day, 7 days per week artificial kidneys are being developed. Patients will benefit from more even control of physiologic parameters than can be obtained with conventional intermittent dialysis. Improvement in economic and social circumstances will result. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques are being miniaturized. Small REDY cartridges containing urease, zirconium phosphate, hydrouse zirconium oxide and activated carbon are being utilized to regenerate dialysate. Hemodialyzers will be worn on the forearm and include long, wide, low resistance series blood flow paths to reduce the potential for thrombosis. Peritoneal effluent is regenerated and filtered by the sorbent cartridge and automatically cycled back into the peritoneal cavity.", "PMID": 608888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10134", "title": "Shipboard dialysis.", "content": "With better understanding of the pathophysiology of uremia, the development of more efficient dialysis techniques and more portable machinery, a larger number of patients on maintenance dialysis are not stable enough to undertake travel to places where a regular hemodialysis center may not be availabel or to travel on a ship for a relatively long period of time. Ten stable patients were taken on a 7 day cruise utilizing the relatively lightweight and portable REDY Dialysis System. The medical team consisted of 2 nurses, 2 technicians and 1 physician. The ship's infirmary was converted to a 4 bed hemodialysis unit. Complications were minimal and easily handled by the medical staff.", "contents": "Shipboard dialysis. With better understanding of the pathophysiology of uremia, the development of more efficient dialysis techniques and more portable machinery, a larger number of patients on maintenance dialysis are not stable enough to undertake travel to places where a regular hemodialysis center may not be availabel or to travel on a ship for a relatively long period of time. Ten stable patients were taken on a 7 day cruise utilizing the relatively lightweight and portable REDY Dialysis System. The medical team consisted of 2 nurses, 2 technicians and 1 physician. The ship's infirmary was converted to a 4 bed hemodialysis unit. Complications were minimal and easily handled by the medical staff.", "PMID": 608889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10135", "title": "[Morphologic acrosomal changes in a man exposed to heat].", "content": "In view of a case of primary sterility with heat professional exposure and abuse of warm baths, we have studied the spermatozoa ultrastructural morphology. Same type of acrosomal malformations were observed in spermatozoa following experimental scrotal heating. These abnormalities appears to produce sterility in this case.", "contents": "[Morphologic acrosomal changes in a man exposed to heat]. In view of a case of primary sterility with heat professional exposure and abuse of warm baths, we have studied the spermatozoa ultrastructural morphology. Same type of acrosomal malformations were observed in spermatozoa following experimental scrotal heating. These abnormalities appears to produce sterility in this case.", "PMID": 608916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10136", "title": "[Intra-uterine growth retardation and prenatal nutrition. I. Review of the literature].", "content": "The authors have carried out a review of the literature about the consequences of alimentary deficiency in the mother on the growth of the fetus. The effects of under nutrition in the animal kingdom are well known. In the human species studies have been made in developing countries and also in countries that are developed in times of food rationing. These show that when the ration is deficient in calories there is a drop in the birthweight of the newborn. All the same, the effects of moderate malnutrition are not well established. A discussion therefore is started on the methods by which the diet is examined and the patients have been selected. Whenever there is suspicion of failure of intra-uterine growth during pregnancy, the place of enquiring into the mother's diet is emphasized, together with the other methods of investigation of the causes.", "contents": "[Intra-uterine growth retardation and prenatal nutrition. I. Review of the literature]. The authors have carried out a review of the literature about the consequences of alimentary deficiency in the mother on the growth of the fetus. The effects of under nutrition in the animal kingdom are well known. In the human species studies have been made in developing countries and also in countries that are developed in times of food rationing. These show that when the ration is deficient in calories there is a drop in the birthweight of the newborn. All the same, the effects of moderate malnutrition are not well established. A discussion therefore is started on the methods by which the diet is examined and the patients have been selected. Whenever there is suspicion of failure of intra-uterine growth during pregnancy, the place of enquiring into the mother's diet is emphasized, together with the other methods of investigation of the causes.", "PMID": 608917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10137", "title": "[Genital actinomycosis and the intrauterine device. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of actinomycosis are reported. In two of these three patients, both of whom had worn an intra-uterine device for several years, the actinomycosis probably followed secondary to previous appendicitis. In the third case, however, it was primary and directly linked to the presence of the I.U.D. From these observations and from studying the literature, this type of infection should be suspected in any women wearing an I.U.D. who has a tubo-ovarian abscess.", "contents": "[Genital actinomycosis and the intrauterine device. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of actinomycosis are reported. In two of these three patients, both of whom had worn an intra-uterine device for several years, the actinomycosis probably followed secondary to previous appendicitis. In the third case, however, it was primary and directly linked to the presence of the I.U.D. From these observations and from studying the literature, this type of infection should be suspected in any women wearing an I.U.D. who has a tubo-ovarian abscess.", "PMID": 608924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10138", "title": "[Prolonged pregnancy and perinatal distress].", "content": "212 out of 2806 women who delivered in the Haguenau Maternity had a period of amenorrhoea markedly longer than 42 weeks, when the menstrual cycle was 28 +/- 8 days. 39 of the 212 pregnancies, which means 18 per cent of the infants, showed signs of postmaturity and in these there was an excess of fetal distress. Those children who were born after pregnancies which were theoretically \"prolonged\" but did not show signs of postmaturity did not suffer neonatal distress any more than those children born at term. Having scans of uterine growth makes one come to the conclusion that these are not really prolonged pregnancies.", "contents": "[Prolonged pregnancy and perinatal distress]. 212 out of 2806 women who delivered in the Haguenau Maternity had a period of amenorrhoea markedly longer than 42 weeks, when the menstrual cycle was 28 +/- 8 days. 39 of the 212 pregnancies, which means 18 per cent of the infants, showed signs of postmaturity and in these there was an excess of fetal distress. Those children who were born after pregnancies which were theoretically \"prolonged\" but did not show signs of postmaturity did not suffer neonatal distress any more than those children born at term. Having scans of uterine growth makes one come to the conclusion that these are not really prolonged pregnancies.", "PMID": 608918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10139", "title": "[Hormone receptors in fibroadenomas of the breast].", "content": "This study is about hormone receptivity carried out on 84 fibroadenomata of the breast. In displaying the intracellular receptors for oestradiol and progesterone it shows that hormone receptivity was maximum in benign conditions as they were starting in young women with a short clinical history and with most marked cellular density on anatomo-pathological examination. We compare our results with those that were obtained in cases of cancer of the breast and show in parallel the plasma steroid levels that were obtained in women with benign pathological conditions of the breast.", "contents": "[Hormone receptors in fibroadenomas of the breast]. This study is about hormone receptivity carried out on 84 fibroadenomata of the breast. In displaying the intracellular receptors for oestradiol and progesterone it shows that hormone receptivity was maximum in benign conditions as they were starting in young women with a short clinical history and with most marked cellular density on anatomo-pathological examination. We compare our results with those that were obtained in cases of cancer of the breast and show in parallel the plasma steroid levels that were obtained in women with benign pathological conditions of the breast.", "PMID": 608925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10140", "title": "[Study of fetal respiration by ultrasound. Correlation with gestational age and diagnosis of fetal distress].", "content": "The authors, following the work of Boddy and Robinson, studied the value of recording fetal breathing activity in the antenatal diagnosis of fetal distress. Fetal respiratory movements are detected with unidimensional echography, thanks to an electronic grille which is able to isolate a thoracic echo which is then reproduced on a rapid recorder after amplification. In normal pregnancies there is a highly significant correlation between fetal respiratory activity and the length of amenorrhoea. In a series of twelve cases with fetal distress that were recorded during labour and were defined after delivery by an Apgar score of less than or equal to 6 and an umbilical arterial pH less than or equal to 7.17, prenatal recordings showed a pathological reduction in fetal breathing movement in 9 cases. In this series only 5 cardiotocograms were shown to be abnormal.", "contents": "[Study of fetal respiration by ultrasound. Correlation with gestational age and diagnosis of fetal distress]. The authors, following the work of Boddy and Robinson, studied the value of recording fetal breathing activity in the antenatal diagnosis of fetal distress. Fetal respiratory movements are detected with unidimensional echography, thanks to an electronic grille which is able to isolate a thoracic echo which is then reproduced on a rapid recorder after amplification. In normal pregnancies there is a highly significant correlation between fetal respiratory activity and the length of amenorrhoea. In a series of twelve cases with fetal distress that were recorded during labour and were defined after delivery by an Apgar score of less than or equal to 6 and an umbilical arterial pH less than or equal to 7.17, prenatal recordings showed a pathological reduction in fetal breathing movement in 9 cases. In this series only 5 cardiotocograms were shown to be abnormal.", "PMID": 608926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10141", "title": "[Turner's syndrome phenotype and spontaneous menstruation. Apropos of a case of 45 X syndrome].", "content": "The authors report a new case where a women of 28 years of age started periods spontaneously in spite of having the phenotype of Turner's syndrome and a 45 X karyotype in her lymphocytes and fibroblasts. When she had been stimulated with Clomiphene it was even possible to prove that she had ovulated and produced a functional corpus luteum. No Barr bodies were to be found in the cells from her ovaries and the karotype did not suggest a mosaic which would normally explain this sort of state. All the same, it is difficult to see how any part of the basic follicles can persist in cases of monosomy 45 X if there is no mosaicism.", "contents": "[Turner's syndrome phenotype and spontaneous menstruation. Apropos of a case of 45 X syndrome]. The authors report a new case where a women of 28 years of age started periods spontaneously in spite of having the phenotype of Turner's syndrome and a 45 X karyotype in her lymphocytes and fibroblasts. When she had been stimulated with Clomiphene it was even possible to prove that she had ovulated and produced a functional corpus luteum. No Barr bodies were to be found in the cells from her ovaries and the karotype did not suggest a mosaic which would normally explain this sort of state. All the same, it is difficult to see how any part of the basic follicles can persist in cases of monosomy 45 X if there is no mosaicism.", "PMID": 608927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10142", "title": "[Cerebral symptoms in the term newborn infant. Results of a prospective survey].", "content": "1785 newborns of 37 weeks GA or more, were studied during a 15 months period at the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital. This study suggests that cerebral abnormalities during the neonatal period in fullterm neonates are related to deleterious intra partum factors. In 57 newborns, clear cut signs of cerebral birth injury were observed, in 31 newborns only mild and transitory signs were observed. These 88 newborns were compared with 1655 having had a normal neurological examination within the first week of life. We focused particulary on dysfunctional labor patterns, specifically false labor, protracted active phase dilatation, protracted descent or a marked caput succedaneum. When these abnormal patterns are followed by oxytocin infusion and forceps extraction, primiparity appears linked with a high risk of cerebral birth injury. Within cephalic presentations, the occipito-posterior position is carrying the same high risk. The most severe degree of cerebral birth injury has nearly disappeared. However, the main problem of modern obstetrics is one of eradicating brain damage of moderate degree without reaching an excessive incidence of C. section.", "contents": "[Cerebral symptoms in the term newborn infant. Results of a prospective survey]. 1785 newborns of 37 weeks GA or more, were studied during a 15 months period at the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital. This study suggests that cerebral abnormalities during the neonatal period in fullterm neonates are related to deleterious intra partum factors. In 57 newborns, clear cut signs of cerebral birth injury were observed, in 31 newborns only mild and transitory signs were observed. These 88 newborns were compared with 1655 having had a normal neurological examination within the first week of life. We focused particulary on dysfunctional labor patterns, specifically false labor, protracted active phase dilatation, protracted descent or a marked caput succedaneum. When these abnormal patterns are followed by oxytocin infusion and forceps extraction, primiparity appears linked with a high risk of cerebral birth injury. Within cephalic presentations, the occipito-posterior position is carrying the same high risk. The most severe degree of cerebral birth injury has nearly disappeared. However, the main problem of modern obstetrics is one of eradicating brain damage of moderate degree without reaching an excessive incidence of C. section.", "PMID": 608921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10143", "title": "[A new technic of salpingoplasty].", "content": "We present here a new technique for carrying out mid-tubal, terminal or tubouterine implantation salpingoplasties. We carry out end-to-end suturing over a thread passed through as a guide and as a splint which traverses the site of anastomosis and comes out either through the tubal wall or the tubal ostium or the uterine wall, depending on where the anastomosis is performed. The thread is then passed through the abdominal wall. It stays in position for 10 to 15 days. We use Flexilene mounted on two needles. This technique has given us very good results in a series that was selected using previous tubal biopsies. We have had 7 pregnancies from which 4 children have already been delivered, out of 15 cases.", "contents": "[A new technic of salpingoplasty]. We present here a new technique for carrying out mid-tubal, terminal or tubouterine implantation salpingoplasties. We carry out end-to-end suturing over a thread passed through as a guide and as a splint which traverses the site of anastomosis and comes out either through the tubal wall or the tubal ostium or the uterine wall, depending on where the anastomosis is performed. The thread is then passed through the abdominal wall. It stays in position for 10 to 15 days. We use Flexilene mounted on two needles. This technique has given us very good results in a series that was selected using previous tubal biopsies. We have had 7 pregnancies from which 4 children have already been delivered, out of 15 cases.", "PMID": 608922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10144", "title": "[Intrauterine growth retardation and prenatal nutrition. II. Personal cases].", "content": "We have carried out an enquiry into feeding in mothers in whom failure of intra-uterine growth of the fetus has been suspected around the thirtieth week of amenorrhoea according to clinical criteria (23 cases with a mean birth weight of 2564 g). We used a special questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy. The special feature of these failures of intra-uterine growth were that they did not appear to have any known cause. The calory intake of the mother was compared at the same time with a control group (39 cases where the mean birth weight was 3333 g). A significant difference was found in the calory intake (2241 Kcal as against 2553 Kcal) and this was especially connected with a low carbohydrate intake. The consequences of this deficiency in maternal carbohydrates on the birth weights of the newborn is discussed taking into account other factors that could interfere with fetal growth.", "contents": "[Intrauterine growth retardation and prenatal nutrition. II. Personal cases]. We have carried out an enquiry into feeding in mothers in whom failure of intra-uterine growth of the fetus has been suspected around the thirtieth week of amenorrhoea according to clinical criteria (23 cases with a mean birth weight of 2564 g). We used a special questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy. The special feature of these failures of intra-uterine growth were that they did not appear to have any known cause. The calory intake of the mother was compared at the same time with a control group (39 cases where the mean birth weight was 3333 g). A significant difference was found in the calory intake (2241 Kcal as against 2553 Kcal) and this was especially connected with a low carbohydrate intake. The consequences of this deficiency in maternal carbohydrates on the birth weights of the newborn is discussed taking into account other factors that could interfere with fetal growth.", "PMID": 608929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10145", "title": "[Inhibition of lactation by bromocriptine. 470 cases over a 3-year period].", "content": "Three years of experimental work on 470 cases have given us the opportunity of confirming the usefulness of 2-Bromo-ergocryptine and the excellent way it is tolerated when used for inhibition of lactation. The dosage which is necessary to achieve an approximately 100 p. 100 success rate has been worked out in detail. Pharmacological study has shown that the substance is effective because it inhibits the secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland.", "contents": "[Inhibition of lactation by bromocriptine. 470 cases over a 3-year period]. Three years of experimental work on 470 cases have given us the opportunity of confirming the usefulness of 2-Bromo-ergocryptine and the excellent way it is tolerated when used for inhibition of lactation. The dosage which is necessary to achieve an approximately 100 p. 100 success rate has been worked out in detail. Pharmacological study has shown that the substance is effective because it inhibits the secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 608923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10146", "title": "[A previously unpublished indication for sulpiride: functional uterine hemorrhages].", "content": "Sulpiridin has been shown to be remarkably efficient in treating functional uterine haemorrhage (70 per cent success). It is especially so in the pre-menopause. Its mode of action takes place on three levels: the hypothalamus, where it works on the clonic centre for the release of gonadotrophins (the tonic centre not being affected); the ovaries, where it lessens the sensitivity of the reaction of the ovary to gonadotrophins; the uterus, where there is direct action on the thickness of the mucous lining of the uterus and on its blood supply.", "contents": "[A previously unpublished indication for sulpiride: functional uterine hemorrhages]. Sulpiridin has been shown to be remarkably efficient in treating functional uterine haemorrhage (70 per cent success). It is especially so in the pre-menopause. Its mode of action takes place on three levels: the hypothalamus, where it works on the clonic centre for the release of gonadotrophins (the tonic centre not being affected); the ovaries, where it lessens the sensitivity of the reaction of the ovary to gonadotrophins; the uterus, where there is direct action on the thickness of the mucous lining of the uterus and on its blood supply.", "PMID": 608930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10147", "title": "[Growth retardation and amino acids. Analysis of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid].", "content": "We have carried out an analysis of the amino acids in the mother's plasma and in the liquor amnii of 26 pregnant women who delivered either normal premature babies or those with intra-uterine growth failure. The levels found at delivery showed no difference in cases of prematurity in the composition of the substances in the plasma, but the liquor is poor in glycocol (GLY), Tyrosine (TYR), Phenylalanine (PHE). In the case of growth failure a significant drop in the concentration of Threonine (THR), Alanine (ALA), Valine (VAL), Methionine (MET) and Arginine (ARG) was found in the plasma. The liquor amnii however had shown no change in composition.", "contents": "[Growth retardation and amino acids. Analysis of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid]. We have carried out an analysis of the amino acids in the mother's plasma and in the liquor amnii of 26 pregnant women who delivered either normal premature babies or those with intra-uterine growth failure. The levels found at delivery showed no difference in cases of prematurity in the composition of the substances in the plasma, but the liquor is poor in glycocol (GLY), Tyrosine (TYR), Phenylalanine (PHE). In the case of growth failure a significant drop in the concentration of Threonine (THR), Alanine (ALA), Valine (VAL), Methionine (MET) and Arginine (ARG) was found in the plasma. The liquor amnii however had shown no change in composition.", "PMID": 608919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10148", "title": "[Effects of quingestanol acetate on the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the endometrium].", "content": "According to studies carried out using the optical microscope and the electron microscope quingestanol acetate, which is a powerful progestagen, modified significantly the histology and the histochemistry of the endometrium. The mechanisms of transport across the cellular membranes are not changed, but probably there is competition between the oestrogens at the binding sites as a result of which the synthesis of proteins and hydrocarbons is changed. This in turn provokes the formation of aggregations of platelets in the blood vessels and cellular degeneration starting from the onset of the cycle. The contraceptive efficiency of quingestanol acetate when it is administered by itself is due to alterations in cellular biology which it brings about at the level of the endometrium as well as due to its inhibitory effect on gonadotropins.", "contents": "[Effects of quingestanol acetate on the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the endometrium]. According to studies carried out using the optical microscope and the electron microscope quingestanol acetate, which is a powerful progestagen, modified significantly the histology and the histochemistry of the endometrium. The mechanisms of transport across the cellular membranes are not changed, but probably there is competition between the oestrogens at the binding sites as a result of which the synthesis of proteins and hydrocarbons is changed. This in turn provokes the formation of aggregations of platelets in the blood vessels and cellular degeneration starting from the onset of the cycle. The contraceptive efficiency of quingestanol acetate when it is administered by itself is due to alterations in cellular biology which it brings about at the level of the endometrium as well as due to its inhibitory effect on gonadotropins.", "PMID": 608931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10149", "title": "[Visualization of the guinea pig fetus in utero by x-ray densitometry].", "content": "The total body X-ray scanner (computer assisted axial tomography) was used to observe the guinea-pig fetus in utero. This new method of investigating obstetrical physiology provides a suitable animal model with quantitative facts about the density of the fetal organs and, using a non-invasive technique, allows precise intrauterine pictures of the anatomy of the fetus to be obtained.", "contents": "[Visualization of the guinea pig fetus in utero by x-ray densitometry]. The total body X-ray scanner (computer assisted axial tomography) was used to observe the guinea-pig fetus in utero. This new method of investigating obstetrical physiology provides a suitable animal model with quantitative facts about the density of the fetal organs and, using a non-invasive technique, allows precise intrauterine pictures of the anatomy of the fetus to be obtained.", "PMID": 608920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10150", "title": "[Histological changes observed in the treatment of endometrial glandular epithelioma with lynestrenol].", "content": "Lynestrenol, which is a progestogen with weak oestrogenic features, has numerous theorretical advantages in the hormonal treatment of endometrial carcinoma of the body of the uterus when associated with combined radiotherapy and surgery. Iinitial clinical impressions were confirmed by a study of the histological modifications brought about by lynestrenol in this kind of tumour in which are included some poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cases.", "contents": "[Histological changes observed in the treatment of endometrial glandular epithelioma with lynestrenol]. Lynestrenol, which is a progestogen with weak oestrogenic features, has numerous theorretical advantages in the hormonal treatment of endometrial carcinoma of the body of the uterus when associated with combined radiotherapy and surgery. Iinitial clinical impressions were confirmed by a study of the histological modifications brought about by lynestrenol in this kind of tumour in which are included some poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cases.", "PMID": 608932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10151", "title": "Myopathies caused by three mutations of the mouse.", "content": "Our studies indicate that comparison of the three hereditary myopathies in mice, dy and dy2J, and myd, may provide clues for the fact that \"muscular dystrophy\" of man defines a group of disorders having both similar and individual characteristics. We have previously suggested that multiple or pleiotropic gene effects as well as interaction of genes may occur not only in mice but also in man. In addition, more than one gene may control or influence pathways of muscle metabolism.", "contents": "Myopathies caused by three mutations of the mouse. Our studies indicate that comparison of the three hereditary myopathies in mice, dy and dy2J, and myd, may provide clues for the fact that \"muscular dystrophy\" of man defines a group of disorders having both similar and individual characteristics. We have previously suggested that multiple or pleiotropic gene effects as well as interaction of genes may occur not only in mice but also in man. In addition, more than one gene may control or influence pathways of muscle metabolism.", "PMID": 608943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10152", "title": "Hoof overgrowth in Holstein--Friesian dairy cattle.", "content": "The genetic etiology of hoof overgrowth, a widespread problem in Holstein-Friesian cattle, was examined. Although all four feet are affected, the hind feet usually have a greater degree of overgrowth. There is a distinct age tendency for the trait; the younger cows' hooves grow faster than those of the older cows, but the overgrowth in older cows reaches greater proportions. Analysis of variance of chi-square frequency tests showed that there is a component of heritability involved in the expression of the trait, but that it follows a more complex model than a simple autosomal recessive gene would show.", "contents": "Hoof overgrowth in Holstein--Friesian dairy cattle. The genetic etiology of hoof overgrowth, a widespread problem in Holstein-Friesian cattle, was examined. Although all four feet are affected, the hind feet usually have a greater degree of overgrowth. There is a distinct age tendency for the trait; the younger cows' hooves grow faster than those of the older cows, but the overgrowth in older cows reaches greater proportions. Analysis of variance of chi-square frequency tests showed that there is a component of heritability involved in the expression of the trait, but that it follows a more complex model than a simple autosomal recessive gene would show.", "PMID": 608944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10153", "title": "[Quantitative studies on the comparability of neurohistological results in rat cortical pyramids produced by different Golgi methods (author's transl)].", "content": "By the spine distribution and the spine density of layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex the following GOLGI methods are compared with together quantitatively: GOLGI-KOPSCH, GOLGI-BUBENAITE, GOLGI-Rapid by Virktorov and GOLGI-COX by Ram\u00f3n-Moliner. Whereas the Kopsch, Bubenaite and Ram\u00f3n-Moliner impregnations obtain the same results in all signs examined here (with the exception of a higher number of dendritic spines in the first 50 microgram of apical dendrites using the Ram\u00f3n-Moliner procedure), the GOLGI-Rapid method diverges considerably from the other GOLGI procedures. Using the GOLGI-Rapid method remarkable fewer spines are impregnated. So the results of GOLGI-Rapid cannot be compared with the other GOLGI procedures events.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies on the comparability of neurohistological results in rat cortical pyramids produced by different Golgi methods (author's transl)]. By the spine distribution and the spine density of layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex the following GOLGI methods are compared with together quantitatively: GOLGI-KOPSCH, GOLGI-BUBENAITE, GOLGI-Rapid by Virktorov and GOLGI-COX by Ram\u00f3n-Moliner. Whereas the Kopsch, Bubenaite and Ram\u00f3n-Moliner impregnations obtain the same results in all signs examined here (with the exception of a higher number of dendritic spines in the first 50 microgram of apical dendrites using the Ram\u00f3n-Moliner procedure), the GOLGI-Rapid method diverges considerably from the other GOLGI procedures. Using the GOLGI-Rapid method remarkable fewer spines are impregnated. So the results of GOLGI-Rapid cannot be compared with the other GOLGI procedures events.", "PMID": 608950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10154", "title": "Albinism in Icelandic sheep.", "content": "A description is given of complete albinism in Icelandic sheep. The albino animals, which have occurred both among white and nonwhite strains of sheep, are pure white in color with pink eyes and impaired vision in bright light. The condition is shown to be autosomal, recessive, and is assumed to be caused by a mutation of C to c, thereby being homologous to albinism in rodents. Data on mating results are tabulated. This is believed to be the first case of albinism reported in sheep.", "contents": "Albinism in Icelandic sheep. A description is given of complete albinism in Icelandic sheep. The albino animals, which have occurred both among white and nonwhite strains of sheep, are pure white in color with pink eyes and impaired vision in bright light. The condition is shown to be autosomal, recessive, and is assumed to be caused by a mutation of C to c, thereby being homologous to albinism in rodents. Data on mating results are tabulated. This is believed to be the first case of albinism reported in sheep.", "PMID": 608941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10155", "title": "[Determination of the width of the synaptic cleft in PWS-contrasted rat brain material].", "content": "Based on a simple model of the synaptic cleft, some of those procedures that render possible an appraisal of the cleft width starting from cuttings as seen in micrographs are described in this paper. The results of the investigation prove that contrary to figures published previously by other authors, the width of the synaptic cleft is not constant, but exhibits a frequency distribution with a maximum - to - minimum ratio of about ten. Relative frequency in per cent can be approximately expressed as follows: p = 7.7 + 4.1 n with n = 1, 2, 5 ordinal class numbers of cleft width and the according class mid-points 7.62n nm Typflying of synapses according to physiological points of view has turned out to be out of reach.", "contents": "[Determination of the width of the synaptic cleft in PWS-contrasted rat brain material]. Based on a simple model of the synaptic cleft, some of those procedures that render possible an appraisal of the cleft width starting from cuttings as seen in micrographs are described in this paper. The results of the investigation prove that contrary to figures published previously by other authors, the width of the synaptic cleft is not constant, but exhibits a frequency distribution with a maximum - to - minimum ratio of about ten. Relative frequency in per cent can be approximately expressed as follows: p = 7.7 + 4.1 n with n = 1, 2, 5 ordinal class numbers of cleft width and the according class mid-points 7.62n nm Typflying of synapses according to physiological points of view has turned out to be out of reach.", "PMID": 608951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10156", "title": "Meander tail: a recessive mutant located in chromosome 4 of the mouse.", "content": "A variable kinked-tail mutant was found in 1974 in a moderately inbred stock of mice at Iowa State University, Ames. It was named meander tail and was shown to be completely recessive. Study 8 alizarin-stained skeletons showed all degrees of ankylosis or fusions of tail vertebrae and occasionally other vertebrae. Extreme examples had great reduction in number of tail vertebrae. Affected mice over 2 weeks old commonly also show some unsteadiness, presumably a pleiotropic effect of the mutant. Less commonly, one or both hind legs showed some paralysis. Linkage tests of the mutant, symbolized mea, place it fairly close to brown, b, in chromosome 4, and apparently in the small segment between Ps and Pt.", "contents": "Meander tail: a recessive mutant located in chromosome 4 of the mouse. A variable kinked-tail mutant was found in 1974 in a moderately inbred stock of mice at Iowa State University, Ames. It was named meander tail and was shown to be completely recessive. Study 8 alizarin-stained skeletons showed all degrees of ankylosis or fusions of tail vertebrae and occasionally other vertebrae. Extreme examples had great reduction in number of tail vertebrae. Affected mice over 2 weeks old commonly also show some unsteadiness, presumably a pleiotropic effect of the mutant. Less commonly, one or both hind legs showed some paralysis. Linkage tests of the mutant, symbolized mea, place it fairly close to brown, b, in chromosome 4, and apparently in the small segment between Ps and Pt.", "PMID": 608946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10157", "title": "Longevity and causes of death of athletes.", "content": "Since Morgan, many research workers have attempted to answer the question whether intensive training and athletic competition can alter life span. A review of the literature yields few clear conclusions. The difficulty seems that the human life span is affected by a multiplicity of factors including physical characteristics (sex, age and body type), lifestyle (factors such as habitual activity, smoking and drinking habits and diet), environmental variables (air and water quality, exposure to sunlight, noise etc.), physiological factors, personality and inheritance. Relative to these confounding factors, athletic competition usually occupies too short a portion of the life span to have a significant effect on longevity. The important question may well be not the kind of sport pursued or the intensity of the required training, but whether the activity is continued to an advanced age.", "contents": "Longevity and causes of death of athletes. Since Morgan, many research workers have attempted to answer the question whether intensive training and athletic competition can alter life span. A review of the literature yields few clear conclusions. The difficulty seems that the human life span is affected by a multiplicity of factors including physical characteristics (sex, age and body type), lifestyle (factors such as habitual activity, smoking and drinking habits and diet), environmental variables (air and water quality, exposure to sunlight, noise etc.), physiological factors, personality and inheritance. Relative to these confounding factors, athletic competition usually occupies too short a portion of the life span to have a significant effect on longevity. The important question may well be not the kind of sport pursued or the intensity of the required training, but whether the activity is continued to an advanced age.", "PMID": 608953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10158", "title": "A lethal mutant gene in the Mexican axolotl.", "content": "Gene ph was discovered in a wild-type axolotl male received from Mexico City. Larvae homozygous for this gene become recognizable by their lighter color at hatching or shortly after. The development of their forelimbs is retarded, and all limbs are of subnormal length because of the reduction in length of their long bones. Many affected larvae die without feeding, and very few survive beyond their third month. At death, older larvae usually show abnormalities of the renal system, edema, ascites, or adhesions of the viscera. The gene is apparently a simple recessive with full penetrance.", "contents": "A lethal mutant gene in the Mexican axolotl. Gene ph was discovered in a wild-type axolotl male received from Mexico City. Larvae homozygous for this gene become recognizable by their lighter color at hatching or shortly after. The development of their forelimbs is retarded, and all limbs are of subnormal length because of the reduction in length of their long bones. Many affected larvae die without feeding, and very few survive beyond their third month. At death, older larvae usually show abnormalities of the renal system, edema, ascites, or adhesions of the viscera. The gene is apparently a simple recessive with full penetrance.", "PMID": 608947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10159", "title": "Stature and body weight growth patterns from longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II.", "content": "Stature and body weight data of 100 boys and 100 girls from 7 to 17 years of age in Shimodate City who were born during World War II were longitudinally analyzed. The children were significantly smaller and lighter throughout their growth period than those born 11 years after the end of the war. The correlation coefficient between statures at each age and at age 17 showed a gradual increase with increasing age, while that between statures at each age and at age 7 decreased with age. However, a drop in the correlation coefficient was found during puberty, at age 11 for girls and at age 13 for boys. Comparing the normalized distance from mean values of stature and body weight at age 7, at puberty, and at age 17, only 51% of the children continued to be in the same relative position for both height and weight, 6% of boys and 4% of girls showing a decreasing pattern for both and 4% of boys and 7% of girls showing an increasing pattern for both. Thus, about 60% of the children of either sex presented parallel stature and body weight growth patterns for ages from 7 to 17.", "contents": "Stature and body weight growth patterns from longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II. Stature and body weight data of 100 boys and 100 girls from 7 to 17 years of age in Shimodate City who were born during World War II were longitudinally analyzed. The children were significantly smaller and lighter throughout their growth period than those born 11 years after the end of the war. The correlation coefficient between statures at each age and at age 17 showed a gradual increase with increasing age, while that between statures at each age and at age 7 decreased with age. However, a drop in the correlation coefficient was found during puberty, at age 11 for girls and at age 13 for boys. Comparing the normalized distance from mean values of stature and body weight at age 7, at puberty, and at age 17, only 51% of the children continued to be in the same relative position for both height and weight, 6% of boys and 4% of girls showing a decreasing pattern for both and 4% of boys and 7% of girls showing an increasing pattern for both. Thus, about 60% of the children of either sex presented parallel stature and body weight growth patterns for ages from 7 to 17.", "PMID": 608954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10160", "title": "Emigration and remigration of Okinawans settled in the lowlands of eastern Bolivia in relation to background characteristics of their place of origin.", "content": "Post-war Okinawans emigrated to the lowlands of Bolivia in an attempt of pioneer agricultural colonization were studied with regard to behavioral patterns of the adjustment process in terms of permanency in the newly created colony. The uniqueness of the post-war emigration to Bolivia by Okinawans is discussed in comparison with pre-war emigration and the inter-regional migratory flow. The permanency of Okinawan emigrants in Bolivia is analyzed in relation to background characteristics of their regional origin in Okinawa using Spearman's rank correlations between each pair of selected variables; the number of emigrants by municipality in Okinawa Prefecture, rate of persons who settled in the colony, rate of population engaged in the primary sector of economy in 1965 in Okinawa Prefecture, and rate of area for U.S. military use. The permanency of the migrants in colonization is related to the background characteristics in the place of their origin before emigration. The likelihood of emigrants settling in the colony is thus greater for those from less urbanized municipalities, the size of migrants from one municipality of the rural area signifying the permanency in the pioneer colonization project.", "contents": "Emigration and remigration of Okinawans settled in the lowlands of eastern Bolivia in relation to background characteristics of their place of origin. Post-war Okinawans emigrated to the lowlands of Bolivia in an attempt of pioneer agricultural colonization were studied with regard to behavioral patterns of the adjustment process in terms of permanency in the newly created colony. The uniqueness of the post-war emigration to Bolivia by Okinawans is discussed in comparison with pre-war emigration and the inter-regional migratory flow. The permanency of Okinawan emigrants in Bolivia is analyzed in relation to background characteristics of their regional origin in Okinawa using Spearman's rank correlations between each pair of selected variables; the number of emigrants by municipality in Okinawa Prefecture, rate of persons who settled in the colony, rate of population engaged in the primary sector of economy in 1965 in Okinawa Prefecture, and rate of area for U.S. military use. The permanency of the migrants in colonization is related to the background characteristics in the place of their origin before emigration. The likelihood of emigrants settling in the colony is thus greater for those from less urbanized municipalities, the size of migrants from one municipality of the rural area signifying the permanency in the pioneer colonization project.", "PMID": 608955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10161", "title": "Physical fitness of children aged 5 and 6 years.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) of 85 healthy kindergarten children, 46 boys and 39 girls, aged 5 and 6 years, was determined by means of track running. Their physique, skinfold thickness, grip and back muscle strength, and performances of 25 m-run, 50 m-run, standing broad jump, and 5 min-endurance run were also measured. Skinfold thickness of girls was significantly larger than that of boys. Boys were significantly superior to girls in all the motor performances. The Vo2 max per unit of body weight was 49.46 ml/kg/min for boys and 46.30 ml/kg/min for girls, the sex difference being significant at the 0.001 level. The correlation coefficient between Vo2 max per kg body weight and 5 min-endurance run performance was 0.417 for boys and 0.049 for girls, while that between absolute Vo2 max and body weight was 0.899 for boys and 0.563 for girls. The regression equation of the absolute value of Vo2 max (liter/min) on body weight (kg) was: Y=0.051X-0.025 for boys and Y=0.024 + 0.408 for girls, the regression coefficient of boys being twice as large as that of girls. It appears that at ages 5-6 sex differences are exhibited ont only in muscle strength and agility but also in endurance run and aerobic work capacity.", "contents": "Physical fitness of children aged 5 and 6 years. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) of 85 healthy kindergarten children, 46 boys and 39 girls, aged 5 and 6 years, was determined by means of track running. Their physique, skinfold thickness, grip and back muscle strength, and performances of 25 m-run, 50 m-run, standing broad jump, and 5 min-endurance run were also measured. Skinfold thickness of girls was significantly larger than that of boys. Boys were significantly superior to girls in all the motor performances. The Vo2 max per unit of body weight was 49.46 ml/kg/min for boys and 46.30 ml/kg/min for girls, the sex difference being significant at the 0.001 level. The correlation coefficient between Vo2 max per kg body weight and 5 min-endurance run performance was 0.417 for boys and 0.049 for girls, while that between absolute Vo2 max and body weight was 0.899 for boys and 0.563 for girls. The regression equation of the absolute value of Vo2 max (liter/min) on body weight (kg) was: Y=0.051X-0.025 for boys and Y=0.024 + 0.408 for girls, the regression coefficient of boys being twice as large as that of girls. It appears that at ages 5-6 sex differences are exhibited ont only in muscle strength and agility but also in endurance run and aerobic work capacity.", "PMID": 608956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10162", "title": "Physiological and morphological factors associated with successful fencing performance.", "content": "The relation between fencing success during a season of intercollegiate competition and various physiological and morphological variables were determined in 14 fencers. Bivariate and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which the independent variables, individually and collectively, accounted for the variance in two measures of fencing success. The fencing scores correlated significantly with VE max, Vo2 max, the 2 km run, and weight, while there was no significant correlation between the fencing scores and submaximal heart rate at 6 mph, and 1 min steptest score, or other morphological measurements. Cardiorespiratory fitness variables of Vo2 max and VE max accounted for the greatest variance in each of the two fencing scores (57.7 and 58.1%, respectively). Although morphological factors play a role in fencing success, their influence is small when physiological factors are accounted for. Future energy-cost studies are suggested to determine the physiological basis for the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and fencing success.", "contents": "Physiological and morphological factors associated with successful fencing performance. The relation between fencing success during a season of intercollegiate competition and various physiological and morphological variables were determined in 14 fencers. Bivariate and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which the independent variables, individually and collectively, accounted for the variance in two measures of fencing success. The fencing scores correlated significantly with VE max, Vo2 max, the 2 km run, and weight, while there was no significant correlation between the fencing scores and submaximal heart rate at 6 mph, and 1 min steptest score, or other morphological measurements. Cardiorespiratory fitness variables of Vo2 max and VE max accounted for the greatest variance in each of the two fencing scores (57.7 and 58.1%, respectively). Although morphological factors play a role in fencing success, their influence is small when physiological factors are accounted for. Future energy-cost studies are suggested to determine the physiological basis for the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and fencing success.", "PMID": 608957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10163", "title": "Pinto--a new coat patterning factor in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "A new patterning factor is described for the Syrian golden hamster. It is called pinto (symbol pi), and it causes large random white areas to be present on the sides and dorsum, interrupting the ground color of the animal. Belly fur is white instead of grayish and there is an overall color lightening effect on self-colored areas. Pinto acts as an autosomal recessive factor. The relationship of pinto to other white patterning factors in hamsters is discussed. It is concluded that pinto is non-allelic with and not linked to any of the other autosomal white patterning factors: piebald (s), white band (Ba), anophthalmic white (Wh), and dominant spot (Ds). The remaining white patterning factor, mottled white (Mo), is sex linked and is assumed to be genetically unrelated to pinto.", "contents": "Pinto--a new coat patterning factor in Syrian hamsters. A new patterning factor is described for the Syrian golden hamster. It is called pinto (symbol pi), and it causes large random white areas to be present on the sides and dorsum, interrupting the ground color of the animal. Belly fur is white instead of grayish and there is an overall color lightening effect on self-colored areas. Pinto acts as an autosomal recessive factor. The relationship of pinto to other white patterning factors in hamsters is discussed. It is concluded that pinto is non-allelic with and not linked to any of the other autosomal white patterning factors: piebald (s), white band (Ba), anophthalmic white (Wh), and dominant spot (Ds). The remaining white patterning factor, mottled white (Mo), is sex linked and is assumed to be genetically unrelated to pinto.", "PMID": 608945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10164", "title": "Effects of varied durations of training on improvement in cardiorespiratory endurance.", "content": "Twenty-nine subjects trained for 6 weeks for the purpose of comparing the effects of various durations of exercise. All subjects trained three days per week at 75% of maximum heart rate. Training durations were 5 min (N = 10), 15 min (N = 10) and 25 min (N = 9) with over 80% of the training sessions consisting of monitored treadmill walking on a grade. Pre and post-testing consisted of a maximal treadmill walk and a submaximal bicycle ride for the three training groups and a control group (N = 10). The improvements in treadmill time were 7.7%, 14.7% and 20.2% for the three training groups, all significant. The improvement for the 5 min group was not different than that of the control or 15 min groups. Improvement in the 25 min group was significantly greater than the control and 5 min groups, but not the 15 min group. The same differences were noted when estimated maximal oxygen uptake changes were analyzed. The results indicate that at least 15 and preferably 25 min of exercise is necessary to produce optimal endurance improvement with the training intensity and frequency used in this study.", "contents": "Effects of varied durations of training on improvement in cardiorespiratory endurance. Twenty-nine subjects trained for 6 weeks for the purpose of comparing the effects of various durations of exercise. All subjects trained three days per week at 75% of maximum heart rate. Training durations were 5 min (N = 10), 15 min (N = 10) and 25 min (N = 9) with over 80% of the training sessions consisting of monitored treadmill walking on a grade. Pre and post-testing consisted of a maximal treadmill walk and a submaximal bicycle ride for the three training groups and a control group (N = 10). The improvements in treadmill time were 7.7%, 14.7% and 20.2% for the three training groups, all significant. The improvement for the 5 min group was not different than that of the control or 15 min groups. Improvement in the 25 min group was significantly greater than the control and 5 min groups, but not the 15 min group. The same differences were noted when estimated maximal oxygen uptake changes were analyzed. The results indicate that at least 15 and preferably 25 min of exercise is necessary to produce optimal endurance improvement with the training intensity and frequency used in this study.", "PMID": 608958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10165", "title": "Reaction time in bimanual simultaneous motions.", "content": "Electromyographically determined reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the finger flexor and extensor of both forearms were measured for four different motions: inward (task 1), flexion of both wrists; outward (task 2), extension of both wrists; to the left (task 3), extension of the left wrist and flexion of the right; and to the right (task 4), flexion of the left and extension of the right. The EMG-RTs were shorter and synchronization errors in terms of left to right differences of EMG-RTs were smaller in tasks 1 and 2 than in tasks 3 and 4. Comparing the flexors and the extensors, the extent of prolongation of EMG-RTs in tasks 3 and 4 differed significantly on the left side, being larger in the flexor than in the extensor, but there was no difference in the extent of prolongation between the flexor and the extensor on the right. It was suggested that the timing of initiation of movements in simultaneous motions was primarily determined by the pattern of muscle coupling in both limbs, and not by the direction of movements. The steadiness of motor function and of the right hand in right-handed subjects was also discussed in regard to hand preference.", "contents": "Reaction time in bimanual simultaneous motions. Electromyographically determined reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the finger flexor and extensor of both forearms were measured for four different motions: inward (task 1), flexion of both wrists; outward (task 2), extension of both wrists; to the left (task 3), extension of the left wrist and flexion of the right; and to the right (task 4), flexion of the left and extension of the right. The EMG-RTs were shorter and synchronization errors in terms of left to right differences of EMG-RTs were smaller in tasks 1 and 2 than in tasks 3 and 4. Comparing the flexors and the extensors, the extent of prolongation of EMG-RTs in tasks 3 and 4 differed significantly on the left side, being larger in the flexor than in the extensor, but there was no difference in the extent of prolongation between the flexor and the extensor on the right. It was suggested that the timing of initiation of movements in simultaneous motions was primarily determined by the pattern of muscle coupling in both limbs, and not by the direction of movements. The steadiness of motor function and of the right hand in right-handed subjects was also discussed in regard to hand preference.", "PMID": 608959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10166", "title": "Studies on water vapor pressure gradient from external air through clothing to the skin in relation to external humidity and clothing conditions.", "content": "Using a hygrometric capsule method developed by the authors, water vapor pressure was measured at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin surface on a human subject under actual wearing conditions. The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin surface through clothing to the external air was examined in relation to the ambient vapor pressure and ths sort of textiles worn. The following findings were obtained. 1) Water vapor pressure gradient was greater between coat and external air than that between coat and underwear. The gradient became steeper again between underwear and the skin. 2) Under given clothing conditions, vapor pressure at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin varied according to the ambient humidity. However, the pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient through the clothing as a whole differed according to the kinds of textiles used for coat and underwear.", "contents": "Studies on water vapor pressure gradient from external air through clothing to the skin in relation to external humidity and clothing conditions. Using a hygrometric capsule method developed by the authors, water vapor pressure was measured at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin surface on a human subject under actual wearing conditions. The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin surface through clothing to the external air was examined in relation to the ambient vapor pressure and ths sort of textiles worn. The following findings were obtained. 1) Water vapor pressure gradient was greater between coat and external air than that between coat and underwear. The gradient became steeper again between underwear and the skin. 2) Under given clothing conditions, vapor pressure at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin varied according to the ambient humidity. However, the pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient through the clothing as a whole differed according to the kinds of textiles used for coat and underwear.", "PMID": 608960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10167", "title": "In vitro transcriptional probes of heterotic rat liver chromatin.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I from E. coli has been used as probe for determining the capacity of purified chromatin isolated from inbred and hybrid rats during the course of postweaning development to serve as template for RNA synthesis in vitro. An analysis of variance reveals both strain- and age-specific differences in the incorporation of [3H]UTP into RNA. The ability of inbred chromatin to support synthesis exceeds that of the hybrid at every age examined except 50 days, with values in the inbred line approaching those in the hybrid line with increasing age. These data suggest that template characteristics may vary substantially with regard to strain and age and may contribute to differences in heterotic development.", "contents": "In vitro transcriptional probes of heterotic rat liver chromatin. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I from E. coli has been used as probe for determining the capacity of purified chromatin isolated from inbred and hybrid rats during the course of postweaning development to serve as template for RNA synthesis in vitro. An analysis of variance reveals both strain- and age-specific differences in the incorporation of [3H]UTP into RNA. The ability of inbred chromatin to support synthesis exceeds that of the hybrid at every age examined except 50 days, with values in the inbred line approaching those in the hybrid line with increasing age. These data suggest that template characteristics may vary substantially with regard to strain and age and may contribute to differences in heterotic development.", "PMID": 608948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10168", "title": "Studies of an outbreak of acute hepatitis A: I. Complement level fluctuation.", "content": "An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in a rural elementary school in Colbert County, Alabama, in October and November 1972. The outbreak was caused by sewage-contaminated drinking water and involved 49 children and 1 adult. Acute and convalescent serum samples were obtained from the hepatitis patients, and from each of 24 unafflicted matched controls at the same time. Strinkingly, the levels of the third and fourth components of complement (C'3 and C'4) were markedly reduced in the acute samples from the sick children but returned to normal in the convalescent ones; the C'3 and C'4 levels in the healthy matched controls were not reduced. In addition, antigen-antibody complexes were found in convalescent sera from some of the sick children. These findings indicate that immune complexes are present in acture hepatitis A and suggest that the techniques for future virus isolation may have to be altered.", "contents": "Studies of an outbreak of acute hepatitis A: I. Complement level fluctuation. An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in a rural elementary school in Colbert County, Alabama, in October and November 1972. The outbreak was caused by sewage-contaminated drinking water and involved 49 children and 1 adult. Acute and convalescent serum samples were obtained from the hepatitis patients, and from each of 24 unafflicted matched controls at the same time. Strinkingly, the levels of the third and fourth components of complement (C'3 and C'4) were markedly reduced in the acute samples from the sick children but returned to normal in the convalescent ones; the C'3 and C'4 levels in the healthy matched controls were not reduced. In addition, antigen-antibody complexes were found in convalescent sera from some of the sick children. These findings indicate that immune complexes are present in acture hepatitis A and suggest that the techniques for future virus isolation may have to be altered.", "PMID": 609026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10169", "title": "The effect of intradermal administration of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response to hepatitis Bs antigen.", "content": "The immunopotentiating effect of the intradermal administration of a course of four doses (0.25 ml) of a standard suspension of killed C. parvum (2 mg/ml) was studied in a group of 10 asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, as well as in 11 persons with antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and six without HBsAg or anti-HBs. HBsAg, anti-HBs, and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) studies were performed in pre- and post-inoculation blood samples. C. parvum produced a substantial increase of anti-HBs titre in persons with preexisting anti-HBs. However, anti-HBs responses were not induced in carriers. HBsAg was not eliminated and its titre remained practically unchanged in carriers. These results support the hypothesis that in carriers the specific defect in the immune response to HBsAg possibly exists at the B cell level.", "contents": "The effect of intradermal administration of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response to hepatitis Bs antigen. The immunopotentiating effect of the intradermal administration of a course of four doses (0.25 ml) of a standard suspension of killed C. parvum (2 mg/ml) was studied in a group of 10 asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, as well as in 11 persons with antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and six without HBsAg or anti-HBs. HBsAg, anti-HBs, and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) studies were performed in pre- and post-inoculation blood samples. C. parvum produced a substantial increase of anti-HBs titre in persons with preexisting anti-HBs. However, anti-HBs responses were not induced in carriers. HBsAg was not eliminated and its titre remained practically unchanged in carriers. These results support the hypothesis that in carriers the specific defect in the immune response to HBsAg possibly exists at the B cell level.", "PMID": 609027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10170", "title": "Interaction of coxsackievirus B-3 and peritoneal exudate cells of adult mice treated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Interaction of coxsackievirus B-3 with peritoneal exudate cells (p.e.c.) of adult mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) and of normal untreated mice were examined. The measurement of virus concentration in the supernates and the infective center assay of the virus-treated p.e.c. showed no significant differences in viral uptake between the p.e.c. of mice treated with CP for 1 and 24 hours, and the cells of normal untreated mice. However, a significant decrease in viral uptake was found in p.e.c. of mice collected 72 hours after treatment with CP. This relationship in viral uptake between the CP-treated and normal p.e.c. was reversed when the cells were exposed to antimacrophage serum (AMS). The p.e.c. from normal mice exposed to AMS inactivated significantly less virus than similar cells treated with normal rabbit serum. The peritoneal cell-free fluid of mice treated with CP and coxsackievirus B-3 for 24 hours, contained less virus than the fluid from mice injected with virus alone. It is therefore concluded that the reduction in viral uptake by the p.e.c. derived from mice 72 hours after CP-treatment may contribute to the severity of infection in CP-treated mice.", "contents": "Interaction of coxsackievirus B-3 and peritoneal exudate cells of adult mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Interaction of coxsackievirus B-3 with peritoneal exudate cells (p.e.c.) of adult mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) and of normal untreated mice were examined. The measurement of virus concentration in the supernates and the infective center assay of the virus-treated p.e.c. showed no significant differences in viral uptake between the p.e.c. of mice treated with CP for 1 and 24 hours, and the cells of normal untreated mice. However, a significant decrease in viral uptake was found in p.e.c. of mice collected 72 hours after treatment with CP. This relationship in viral uptake between the CP-treated and normal p.e.c. was reversed when the cells were exposed to antimacrophage serum (AMS). The p.e.c. from normal mice exposed to AMS inactivated significantly less virus than similar cells treated with normal rabbit serum. The peritoneal cell-free fluid of mice treated with CP and coxsackievirus B-3 for 24 hours, contained less virus than the fluid from mice injected with virus alone. It is therefore concluded that the reduction in viral uptake by the p.e.c. derived from mice 72 hours after CP-treatment may contribute to the severity of infection in CP-treated mice.", "PMID": 609028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10171", "title": "[Study of erythroid colony formation of rabbits in vitro: the effect of spleen extract from irradiated rats on CFU-E (author's transl)].", "content": "The rabbit was bled to activate the erythropoiesis, and the serum was stocked for culture. After two days, non-adherent bone marrow cells of the same rabbit were havested, and cultured consequently with auto-plasma and auto-serum, which had been prepared, alpha-medium, erythropoietin (Ep) and spleen extract derived from rats sublethally irradiated 8 days before. The FB-16-24-TC (Limbro Co.) was used for culturing bessel by the addition of round cover-glass on the bottom of each well. The preparations were made by the routine Giemsa and hemoglobin stain methods on 3rd, 5th and 9th day of culture. The erythroid and non-erythroid colonies were calcurated under the microscope with x200 or higher magnifications. Small erythroid colonies consisted of 8 approximately 16 cells were scattered on the 3rd day, and undifferentiated or granulocytic colonies also frequently appeared on the specimen. On the 5th day, medium size colonies consisted of 32 approximately 64 cells were observed. The most effective irradiation for active extract was 700R. On the other hand, if the culture medium did not contain the spleen extract, the number of colonies decreased. Other results showed that this extract have hardly any enhancement on colony formation without Ep in the medium. Therefore, it is probable that the extract may have contained the potentiators for the erythroid, as well as for the myeloid progenitors. Whether these spleen factors are the same or not as that reported by Knospe et al. or Morley et al. is unknown. The study is in progress.", "contents": "[Study of erythroid colony formation of rabbits in vitro: the effect of spleen extract from irradiated rats on CFU-E (author's transl)]. The rabbit was bled to activate the erythropoiesis, and the serum was stocked for culture. After two days, non-adherent bone marrow cells of the same rabbit were havested, and cultured consequently with auto-plasma and auto-serum, which had been prepared, alpha-medium, erythropoietin (Ep) and spleen extract derived from rats sublethally irradiated 8 days before. The FB-16-24-TC (Limbro Co.) was used for culturing bessel by the addition of round cover-glass on the bottom of each well. The preparations were made by the routine Giemsa and hemoglobin stain methods on 3rd, 5th and 9th day of culture. The erythroid and non-erythroid colonies were calcurated under the microscope with x200 or higher magnifications. Small erythroid colonies consisted of 8 approximately 16 cells were scattered on the 3rd day, and undifferentiated or granulocytic colonies also frequently appeared on the specimen. On the 5th day, medium size colonies consisted of 32 approximately 64 cells were observed. The most effective irradiation for active extract was 700R. On the other hand, if the culture medium did not contain the spleen extract, the number of colonies decreased. Other results showed that this extract have hardly any enhancement on colony formation without Ep in the medium. Therefore, it is probable that the extract may have contained the potentiators for the erythroid, as well as for the myeloid progenitors. Whether these spleen factors are the same or not as that reported by Knospe et al. or Morley et al. is unknown. The study is in progress.", "PMID": 609055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10172", "title": "Shoulder replacement in the chimpanzee: surgical and post-operative management.", "content": "A modified \"Floating-Socket\" total shoulder replacement was implanted in an adult male chimpanzee using an anterior surgical approach. The surgical technique and the post-operative course are described. Clinical and X-ray follow-up for 17 months reveals satisfactory function of the implant with no apparent loosening of either glenoid or humeral components.", "contents": "Shoulder replacement in the chimpanzee: surgical and post-operative management. A modified \"Floating-Socket\" total shoulder replacement was implanted in an adult male chimpanzee using an anterior surgical approach. The surgical technique and the post-operative course are described. Clinical and X-ray follow-up for 17 months reveals satisfactory function of the implant with no apparent loosening of either glenoid or humeral components.", "PMID": 609087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10173", "title": "Pregnancy diagnosis in an orangutan using two prepared test kits.", "content": "The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test (NPPT) kit and the Gravindex Slide Test (GST) were compared for the diagnosis of pregnancy in an orangutan. The NPPT was found to consistently detect chorionic gonadotropin earlier and longer than the GST. During approximately the last trimester of pregnancy, both tests registered negative results. It was concluded that the NPPT is a simple, effective pregnancy test for breeding age orangutans.", "contents": "Pregnancy diagnosis in an orangutan using two prepared test kits. The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test (NPPT) kit and the Gravindex Slide Test (GST) were compared for the diagnosis of pregnancy in an orangutan. The NPPT was found to consistently detect chorionic gonadotropin earlier and longer than the GST. During approximately the last trimester of pregnancy, both tests registered negative results. It was concluded that the NPPT is a simple, effective pregnancy test for breeding age orangutans.", "PMID": 609088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10174", "title": "Preservation of shock-frozen myocardial tissue as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy and freeze-fracture studies.", "content": "Myocardial tissue was quickly quench-frozen by letting the specimen fall either into liquid nitrogen (LN2) or into LN2-slush, or, by drill-propelling the specimen into LN2 at a speed of 1.5 m/s. The preservation of the tissues was studied in ultrathin, dry-cut and freeze-dried cryo-sections. Shock-freezing by propelling into LN2 yields extensive areas of well preserved tissue without hole damage. Quenching into LN2-slush shows variable results, while a maximum of hole damage is obtained by letting the specimen fall into LN2. Replicas of freeze-fractured tissue which had been quench-frozen by the same methods confirmed these observations. By the drill-propelling, areas 2000-5000 micrometer2 wide reveal good preservation without visible ice crystals. Such areas occur within a superficial band of tissue to a depth of c. 20 micrometer. Even at 35 micrometer and 50 micrometer depth good preservation may be registered at the periphery of the replicas. Description is given of modifications in accessories and methods in order to make the LKB CryoKit more suitable as a routine instrument. These modifications cover replacement of the knife coolant container by a coolant brass container in open connection with three copper tubes, replacement of one of the LKB Dewar flasks by a 25 litre Dewar equipped with a Balzers filling device, and replacement of the LKB plastic sleeve fixed to the back of the specimen coolant container, by two perspex-glass discs mounted in the slit between the Ultrotome base and the cryo-chamber. In addition, modified constructions are presented of the grid-carrier, the press-assembly as well as of the container for freeze-drying and warming up of the frozen sections.", "contents": "Preservation of shock-frozen myocardial tissue as shown by cryo-ultramicrotomy and freeze-fracture studies. Myocardial tissue was quickly quench-frozen by letting the specimen fall either into liquid nitrogen (LN2) or into LN2-slush, or, by drill-propelling the specimen into LN2 at a speed of 1.5 m/s. The preservation of the tissues was studied in ultrathin, dry-cut and freeze-dried cryo-sections. Shock-freezing by propelling into LN2 yields extensive areas of well preserved tissue without hole damage. Quenching into LN2-slush shows variable results, while a maximum of hole damage is obtained by letting the specimen fall into LN2. Replicas of freeze-fractured tissue which had been quench-frozen by the same methods confirmed these observations. By the drill-propelling, areas 2000-5000 micrometer2 wide reveal good preservation without visible ice crystals. Such areas occur within a superficial band of tissue to a depth of c. 20 micrometer. Even at 35 micrometer and 50 micrometer depth good preservation may be registered at the periphery of the replicas. Description is given of modifications in accessories and methods in order to make the LKB CryoKit more suitable as a routine instrument. These modifications cover replacement of the knife coolant container by a coolant brass container in open connection with three copper tubes, replacement of one of the LKB Dewar flasks by a 25 litre Dewar equipped with a Balzers filling device, and replacement of the LKB plastic sleeve fixed to the back of the specimen coolant container, by two perspex-glass discs mounted in the slit between the Ultrotome base and the cryo-chamber. In addition, modified constructions are presented of the grid-carrier, the press-assembly as well as of the container for freeze-drying and warming up of the frozen sections.", "PMID": 609090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10175", "title": "A resistance monitor with power cut-off for automatic regulation of shadow and support film thickness in freeze-etching and related techniques.", "content": "A resistance monitor with sensors and automatic power cut-off has been developed to control the thickness of Pt-C shadow and C replica films in freeze-etching and related techniques. The monitor and sensors, in conjunction with newly modified evaporators, should considerably reduce the amount of C and Pt required and should prove useful in other applications employing vacuum evaporation of thin films of Pt, C, or other conducting materials.", "contents": "A resistance monitor with power cut-off for automatic regulation of shadow and support film thickness in freeze-etching and related techniques. A resistance monitor with sensors and automatic power cut-off has been developed to control the thickness of Pt-C shadow and C replica films in freeze-etching and related techniques. The monitor and sensors, in conjunction with newly modified evaporators, should considerably reduce the amount of C and Pt required and should prove useful in other applications employing vacuum evaporation of thin films of Pt, C, or other conducting materials.", "PMID": 609091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10176", "title": "Freeze-etching of unglycerinated tissue dispersions by application of the oil emulsion technique.", "content": "The oil emulsion technique has been applied to rat brain and liver tissue for freeze-etching preparation without antifreeze pretreatment. It has been demonstrated that the dispersed tissue exhibits a high degree of vitrification throughout the mostly globular fragments up to at least 30 micrometer in diameter. Signs of insignificant ice crystal formation of 50 nm and less could only rarely be detected. Although the dispersion process seriously affects the tissue organization as a whole, most cellular organelles and the plasma membrane show satisfactory preservation of structure. In larger tissue drops, a local overall structural preservation of the original cellular organization is recognizable. The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of this method to various biological objects for realizing sufficient cryofixation in the absence of cryoprotectants.", "contents": "Freeze-etching of unglycerinated tissue dispersions by application of the oil emulsion technique. The oil emulsion technique has been applied to rat brain and liver tissue for freeze-etching preparation without antifreeze pretreatment. It has been demonstrated that the dispersed tissue exhibits a high degree of vitrification throughout the mostly globular fragments up to at least 30 micrometer in diameter. Signs of insignificant ice crystal formation of 50 nm and less could only rarely be detected. Although the dispersion process seriously affects the tissue organization as a whole, most cellular organelles and the plasma membrane show satisfactory preservation of structure. In larger tissue drops, a local overall structural preservation of the original cellular organization is recognizable. The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of this method to various biological objects for realizing sufficient cryofixation in the absence of cryoprotectants.", "PMID": 609092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10177", "title": "A simple low-cost critical point dryer with continuous flow dehydration attachment.", "content": "A simple low-cost critical point dryer with continuous flow dehydration attachment is described. By using the critical point pressure chamber for all fluid exchanges, loss of material and air-drying artefacts due to specimen handling are reduced. An operating schedule that allows the optimum path around the critical point process to be followed is proposed.", "contents": "A simple low-cost critical point dryer with continuous flow dehydration attachment. A simple low-cost critical point dryer with continuous flow dehydration attachment is described. By using the critical point pressure chamber for all fluid exchanges, loss of material and air-drying artefacts due to specimen handling are reduced. An operating schedule that allows the optimum path around the critical point process to be followed is proposed.", "PMID": 609093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10178", "title": "A light microscope attachment for isolating small specific areas from slide embedded monolayers: an aid in electron microscopy.", "content": "Based on the idea of a spring-loaded microscope objective, a boring attachment has been designed and constructed to fit a standard revolving multi-objective holder. It enables many small specific areas of a slide embedded specimen to be selected, ringed and bored out without removing the slide from the microscope stage.", "contents": "A light microscope attachment for isolating small specific areas from slide embedded monolayers: an aid in electron microscopy. Based on the idea of a spring-loaded microscope objective, a boring attachment has been designed and constructed to fit a standard revolving multi-objective holder. It enables many small specific areas of a slide embedded specimen to be selected, ringed and bored out without removing the slide from the microscope stage.", "PMID": 609094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10179", "title": "The site of lymphatic blockade in endemic (non-filarial) elephantiasis of the lower legs.", "content": "1. The femoral lymph nodes of 13 patients with endemic (non-filarial) elephantiasis of the lower legs are compared with those of 13 non-elephantiasic adults from the same area. 2. Features characteristic of the disease include reflux of darkly-staining lymphocytes into the afferent lymphatics, crowding of the small lymphocytes into the sinuses with sheets of similar cells in the periphery of the node. The phenomena occur in relation with endolymphangitis of afferent lymphatics in some cases. 3. The picture closely resembles that produced experimentally in animals by occlusion of the incoming lymphatics and is interpreted as indicating delay in, or absence of, transport of the lymphocytes through the node into the central circulation (Gowans cycle). In elephantiasis, the loss of lymph-flow results from endolymphangitis of the afferent lymphatics. 4. The presence of microgranulomata and of birefringent particles was also noted but is not discussed here. 5. The present study indicates that the lesion responsible for the irreversible elephantiasis of the lower legs is in the distal lymphatics.", "contents": "The site of lymphatic blockade in endemic (non-filarial) elephantiasis of the lower legs. 1. The femoral lymph nodes of 13 patients with endemic (non-filarial) elephantiasis of the lower legs are compared with those of 13 non-elephantiasic adults from the same area. 2. Features characteristic of the disease include reflux of darkly-staining lymphocytes into the afferent lymphatics, crowding of the small lymphocytes into the sinuses with sheets of similar cells in the periphery of the node. The phenomena occur in relation with endolymphangitis of afferent lymphatics in some cases. 3. The picture closely resembles that produced experimentally in animals by occlusion of the incoming lymphatics and is interpreted as indicating delay in, or absence of, transport of the lymphocytes through the node into the central circulation (Gowans cycle). In elephantiasis, the loss of lymph-flow results from endolymphangitis of the afferent lymphatics. 4. The presence of microgranulomata and of birefringent particles was also noted but is not discussed here. 5. The present study indicates that the lesion responsible for the irreversible elephantiasis of the lower legs is in the distal lymphatics.", "PMID": 609104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10180", "title": "Inequality in the distribution and differential utilization of health services: a Botswana case study.", "content": "The uneven provision of health care in a developing country, Botswana, is examined. Curative out-patient attendance and in-patient hospitalization rates were found to vary markedly for groups of the population living at different distances from health facilities. Those people living 10 miles or less from clinics and hospitals had far higher utilization rates than those living at further distances. If the disparity in service provision described is to be altered then the planning and development of health services should concentrate upon the provision of basic health care and adapt to the manpower and economic constraints within which such systems operate.", "contents": "Inequality in the distribution and differential utilization of health services: a Botswana case study. The uneven provision of health care in a developing country, Botswana, is examined. Curative out-patient attendance and in-patient hospitalization rates were found to vary markedly for groups of the population living at different distances from health facilities. Those people living 10 miles or less from clinics and hospitals had far higher utilization rates than those living at further distances. If the disparity in service provision described is to be altered then the planning and development of health services should concentrate upon the provision of basic health care and adapt to the manpower and economic constraints within which such systems operate.", "PMID": 609106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10181", "title": "[Dialysis-computer program. IV. Summary report. Epidemiology of complications].", "content": "The Diaphane-program instituted under the authority of the French Society of Nephrology has been steadily expanding since 1972. By December 1977, about 1500 patients treated in 30 public and private Dialysis Centres were followed up by this system. Full coverage of expenses is provided by the participating Centres. The statistical work presented in this report involves 1572 adult patients treated between June 1972 and December 1976 in 24 dialysis centres. The amount of collected data and the duration of the observation period permit to build up evolutive profiles of the population of patients treated in France by maintenance hemodialysis, of the various techniques and strategies used and of the main complications recorded in the patients. 1. Mean age of patients at start of dialysis is steadily increasing, from 40.1 years in 1972 to 48.2 years in 1976. 2. The predominance of male patients, constant over each year, may be explained by an increased proportion in man of chronic glomerulonephritis and renal vascular diseases. The sex-ratio in patients with chronic pyelonephritis is close to the one recorded in the French population. 3. The regular decrease of the mean plasma creatinine level at time of first dialysis recorded since 1972, is probably related to an earlier start of treatment. However, 10.6 per cent of the patients taken on treatment in 1975-1976 still had a plasma creatinine greater than or equal to 200 mg/100ml. 18.7 per cent had a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120 mmHg, and exsudative lesions at eye fundi examination were found in 33.5 per cent. The delay in initiating dialysis treatment may account for the frequency of early acute cardiopulmonary complications such as pulmonary oedema and pericarditis and also for the increase in the mortality rate recorded during the first year of treatment: 12.1 per cent instead of 6.2 per cent during the second year. This particularly relevant for the younger age group of patients. 4. There seems to be some social disparity concerning the detection of renal disease and the conditions under which dialysis treatment is started: chronic renal disease is detected at an earlier stage and dialysis treatment initiated for lower values of plasma creatinine and of diastolic blood pressure in patients belonging to the \"higher income\" group of population. 5. The percentage of patients dialysed twice a week is steadily increasing, whereas the average weekly dialysis time decreases, being about 15 hours in 1976. Day and evening dialysis replace overnight dialysis. Disposable flat-plate dialysers are used increasingly. 6. Episodes of hypotension and cramps are the incidents most frequently recorded during the dialysis sessions. Risk factors evidenced in the occurrence of hypotensive accidents are: the female sex, age greater than or equal to 55 years in males, orthostatic blood pressure drop at the end of previous dialysis, weight loss of more than 4 per cent of total body weight during dialysis...", "contents": "[Dialysis-computer program. IV. Summary report. Epidemiology of complications]. The Diaphane-program instituted under the authority of the French Society of Nephrology has been steadily expanding since 1972. By December 1977, about 1500 patients treated in 30 public and private Dialysis Centres were followed up by this system. Full coverage of expenses is provided by the participating Centres. The statistical work presented in this report involves 1572 adult patients treated between June 1972 and December 1976 in 24 dialysis centres. The amount of collected data and the duration of the observation period permit to build up evolutive profiles of the population of patients treated in France by maintenance hemodialysis, of the various techniques and strategies used and of the main complications recorded in the patients. 1. Mean age of patients at start of dialysis is steadily increasing, from 40.1 years in 1972 to 48.2 years in 1976. 2. The predominance of male patients, constant over each year, may be explained by an increased proportion in man of chronic glomerulonephritis and renal vascular diseases. The sex-ratio in patients with chronic pyelonephritis is close to the one recorded in the French population. 3. The regular decrease of the mean plasma creatinine level at time of first dialysis recorded since 1972, is probably related to an earlier start of treatment. However, 10.6 per cent of the patients taken on treatment in 1975-1976 still had a plasma creatinine greater than or equal to 200 mg/100ml. 18.7 per cent had a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120 mmHg, and exsudative lesions at eye fundi examination were found in 33.5 per cent. The delay in initiating dialysis treatment may account for the frequency of early acute cardiopulmonary complications such as pulmonary oedema and pericarditis and also for the increase in the mortality rate recorded during the first year of treatment: 12.1 per cent instead of 6.2 per cent during the second year. This particularly relevant for the younger age group of patients. 4. There seems to be some social disparity concerning the detection of renal disease and the conditions under which dialysis treatment is started: chronic renal disease is detected at an earlier stage and dialysis treatment initiated for lower values of plasma creatinine and of diastolic blood pressure in patients belonging to the \"higher income\" group of population. 5. The percentage of patients dialysed twice a week is steadily increasing, whereas the average weekly dialysis time decreases, being about 15 hours in 1976. Day and evening dialysis replace overnight dialysis. Disposable flat-plate dialysers are used increasingly. 6. Episodes of hypotension and cramps are the incidents most frequently recorded during the dialysis sessions. Risk factors evidenced in the occurrence of hypotensive accidents are: the female sex, age greater than or equal to 55 years in males, orthostatic blood pressure drop at the end of previous dialysis, weight loss of more than 4 per cent of total body weight during dialysis...", "PMID": 609111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10182", "title": "Comparison of the mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D. II. Effect on the methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis.", "content": "The effects of BCG and wax D on methylcholanthrene (MCA) carcinogenesis in mice were studied. BCG given 8 weeks after MCA administration conferred a significant protection against carcinogenesis. When given either on the same day as MCA injection or 4 weeks after MCA, BCG slightly increased tumor incidence. Wax D provided a marked protection against tumor development when given 4 weeks after MCA. An enhanced tumor development was obtained, when wax D was administered either on the day of MCA injection or 8 weeks after MCA. These results indicated that the effects of BCG and wax D on MCA carcinogenesis varied with the timing of administration. When BCG and wax D increased the level of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) at the initiating time of tumor development, a protection against carcinogenesis was obtained. On the other hand, BCG and wax D enhanced tumor development, when it increased antibody formation at the time of initiation of tumor development.", "contents": "Comparison of the mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D. II. Effect on the methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis. The effects of BCG and wax D on methylcholanthrene (MCA) carcinogenesis in mice were studied. BCG given 8 weeks after MCA administration conferred a significant protection against carcinogenesis. When given either on the same day as MCA injection or 4 weeks after MCA, BCG slightly increased tumor incidence. Wax D provided a marked protection against tumor development when given 4 weeks after MCA. An enhanced tumor development was obtained, when wax D was administered either on the day of MCA injection or 8 weeks after MCA. These results indicated that the effects of BCG and wax D on MCA carcinogenesis varied with the timing of administration. When BCG and wax D increased the level of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) at the initiating time of tumor development, a protection against carcinogenesis was obtained. On the other hand, BCG and wax D enhanced tumor development, when it increased antibody formation at the time of initiation of tumor development.", "PMID": 609113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10183", "title": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 5. Cercariae from Planorbidae.", "content": "In the previous papers of this series, the cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi (Part 2), from Thiaridae (Part 3), and from Viviparidae and Pilidae (Part 4) were reported continuously. The present paper deals with the cercariae from Planorbidae. These studies were all carried on during the period of 1975 and 1976 in Leyte Island, Philippines. The number of snails examined were, 2,214 Segmentina hemisphaerula, 837 Gyraulus convexiusculus, and 279 Indoplanorbis exustus. From the former two species of snails, eight species of cercariae were detected, but no cercaria was found from Indoplanorbis exustus. The eight species of cercariae comprise 3 furcocercous cercariae, 2 amphistome cercariae, one echinostome cercaria and 2 xiphidiocercariae. These are described and illustrated with a tentative name from Cercaria leyteensis no. 29 to Cercaria leyteensis no. 36, in addition with some remarks on their presumptive life histories.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte Island, Philippines. 5. Cercariae from Planorbidae. In the previous papers of this series, the cercariae from Oncomelania quadrasi (Part 2), from Thiaridae (Part 3), and from Viviparidae and Pilidae (Part 4) were reported continuously. The present paper deals with the cercariae from Planorbidae. These studies were all carried on during the period of 1975 and 1976 in Leyte Island, Philippines. The number of snails examined were, 2,214 Segmentina hemisphaerula, 837 Gyraulus convexiusculus, and 279 Indoplanorbis exustus. From the former two species of snails, eight species of cercariae were detected, but no cercaria was found from Indoplanorbis exustus. The eight species of cercariae comprise 3 furcocercous cercariae, 2 amphistome cercariae, one echinostome cercaria and 2 xiphidiocercariae. These are described and illustrated with a tentative name from Cercaria leyteensis no. 29 to Cercaria leyteensis no. 36, in addition with some remarks on their presumptive life histories.", "PMID": 609114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10184", "title": "Genetic resistance to Friend leukemia virus in mice: masking of Fv-2 phenotype by an epistatic gene, Fv-4.", "content": "Mice of strain G which have Fv-4rr genotype resemble those with Fv-2rr genotype in resisting the induction of spleen foci or splenomegaly by Friend leukemia virus. However, NB-tropic Friend virus replicates well in Fv-2rr mice, but not in G mice. To determine the Fv-2 genotype, G mice were crossed with Fv-2rr mice, and the hybrids were tested for the susceptibility to NB-tropic Friend virus. The (G X Fv-2rr) F1 hybrids were similar to G. In F1 X Fv-2rr backcross generation, three types of mice appeared; 1) G type, 2) Fv-2rr type and 3) Fv-2ss type. Mice of the last type supported virus replication and developed splenomegaly. Mice of types 1), 2) and 3) appeared with the expected ratio of 2:1:1. It will be concluded that in G mice Fv-4r gene suppresses the virus replication, and hence masks the expression of Fv-2s gene. Data of F2 generation support this conclusion.", "contents": "Genetic resistance to Friend leukemia virus in mice: masking of Fv-2 phenotype by an epistatic gene, Fv-4. Mice of strain G which have Fv-4rr genotype resemble those with Fv-2rr genotype in resisting the induction of spleen foci or splenomegaly by Friend leukemia virus. However, NB-tropic Friend virus replicates well in Fv-2rr mice, but not in G mice. To determine the Fv-2 genotype, G mice were crossed with Fv-2rr mice, and the hybrids were tested for the susceptibility to NB-tropic Friend virus. The (G X Fv-2rr) F1 hybrids were similar to G. In F1 X Fv-2rr backcross generation, three types of mice appeared; 1) G type, 2) Fv-2rr type and 3) Fv-2ss type. Mice of the last type supported virus replication and developed splenomegaly. Mice of types 1), 2) and 3) appeared with the expected ratio of 2:1:1. It will be concluded that in G mice Fv-4r gene suppresses the virus replication, and hence masks the expression of Fv-2s gene. Data of F2 generation support this conclusion.", "PMID": 609115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10185", "title": "Studies on a simple Limulus test, a slide method.", "content": "A simple micromethod of Limulus test was studied. Briefly, this method is as follows. A 20 microliter aliquot of Pregel lysate solution and the same amount of sample are dropped on the same place on the silicone coated slide glasg and mixed well. Then it is incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes in a moisture chamber. After the incubation, the vibration of the droplet surface is observed. When the vibration is no longer observed, it is judged as positive reaction, and when the vibration is still observed as before the incubation, it is judged as negative reaction. Compared with the conventional tube method, this method has advantages as below: 1) the judgement of the result is relatively objective, 2) shorter incubation period is enough for the reaction to take place and 3) smaller amount of Limulus lysate is enough for each sample. Besides these merits, the detection limit of this method is not inferior to that of the tube method.", "contents": "Studies on a simple Limulus test, a slide method. A simple micromethod of Limulus test was studied. Briefly, this method is as follows. A 20 microliter aliquot of Pregel lysate solution and the same amount of sample are dropped on the same place on the silicone coated slide glasg and mixed well. Then it is incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes in a moisture chamber. After the incubation, the vibration of the droplet surface is observed. When the vibration is no longer observed, it is judged as positive reaction, and when the vibration is still observed as before the incubation, it is judged as negative reaction. Compared with the conventional tube method, this method has advantages as below: 1) the judgement of the result is relatively objective, 2) shorter incubation period is enough for the reaction to take place and 3) smaller amount of Limulus lysate is enough for each sample. Besides these merits, the detection limit of this method is not inferior to that of the tube method.", "PMID": 609116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10186", "title": "Studies on the subsynaptosomal distribution of psychotropic drugs in rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "After administration of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine by the direct lateral intraventricular injection, synaptosomes-rich fraction (F-B) was isolated from rat cerebral cortex by differential and 3-stepwise density gradient centrifugation. The isolated F-B fraction was treated by hyposmotic-lysis followed by freezing and thawing once or 15 times and, furthermore, fractionated into the subsynaptosomal distribution of these drugs showed the same distribution patterns, i.e., the larger portion of radioactivity was recovered in the synaptic ghost membranes-rich fractions. On the other hand, synaptic vesicles-rich fractions contained less radioactivity. On the disrupting process of F-B fraction, when the F-B fraction was treated by hyposmotic-lysis followed by freezing and thawing 15 times, only pellet (FD-6) fraction was obtained as compared with freezing and thawing once (4 interphase layers were obtained). Morphological examination revealed that the synaptic ghost membranes were located in the FD-6 fraction, but morphological damages were not observed. Under these conditions, H3-imipramine showed a 74.1% of release from the synaptosomes, while release with H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine was 3.9 and 11.3%, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on the subsynaptosomal distribution of psychotropic drugs in rat cerebral cortex. After administration of H3-imipramine, H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine by the direct lateral intraventricular injection, synaptosomes-rich fraction (F-B) was isolated from rat cerebral cortex by differential and 3-stepwise density gradient centrifugation. The isolated F-B fraction was treated by hyposmotic-lysis followed by freezing and thawing once or 15 times and, furthermore, fractionated into the subsynaptosomal distribution of these drugs showed the same distribution patterns, i.e., the larger portion of radioactivity was recovered in the synaptic ghost membranes-rich fractions. On the other hand, synaptic vesicles-rich fractions contained less radioactivity. On the disrupting process of F-B fraction, when the F-B fraction was treated by hyposmotic-lysis followed by freezing and thawing 15 times, only pellet (FD-6) fraction was obtained as compared with freezing and thawing once (4 interphase layers were obtained). Morphological examination revealed that the synaptic ghost membranes were located in the FD-6 fraction, but morphological damages were not observed. Under these conditions, H3-imipramine showed a 74.1% of release from the synaptosomes, while release with H3-dimetacrine and S35-chlorpromazine was 3.9 and 11.3%, respectively.", "PMID": 609148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10187", "title": "Purification of histamine receptor (VI). An improved double labeling method with \"double protection\".", "content": "Studies were done on the specific labeling of the histaminergic H1-receptor of the longitudinal smooth muscle of cat small intestine. A procedure involving 'double protection' combined with the double labeling technique was developed. The first protection was the usual with a protective antihistamine, promethazine, and the second was cross protection of non-specific sites with non-hitaminergic drugs, thioriazine and atropine. Muscle tissue protected with promethazine against non-radioactive dibenamine was treated with 3H-dibenamine in the presence of these second protectors. The second protectors covered non-receptor sites which had been protected from non-radioactive dibenamine with promethazine. The dose-response curves were carefully checked in each experiment to confirm that the second protectors did not interfere with the specific coverage provided by the first protector. Finally 14C-dibenamine was applied to measure non-specific binding after which the labeled muscles were fractionated and the radioactivity was counted. The specificity of labeling achieved in the receptor-rich fraction by this method is discussed.", "contents": "Purification of histamine receptor (VI). An improved double labeling method with \"double protection\". Studies were done on the specific labeling of the histaminergic H1-receptor of the longitudinal smooth muscle of cat small intestine. A procedure involving 'double protection' combined with the double labeling technique was developed. The first protection was the usual with a protective antihistamine, promethazine, and the second was cross protection of non-specific sites with non-hitaminergic drugs, thioriazine and atropine. Muscle tissue protected with promethazine against non-radioactive dibenamine was treated with 3H-dibenamine in the presence of these second protectors. The second protectors covered non-receptor sites which had been protected from non-radioactive dibenamine with promethazine. The dose-response curves were carefully checked in each experiment to confirm that the second protectors did not interfere with the specific coverage provided by the first protector. Finally 14C-dibenamine was applied to measure non-specific binding after which the labeled muscles were fractionated and the radioactivity was counted. The specificity of labeling achieved in the receptor-rich fraction by this method is discussed.", "PMID": 609149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10188", "title": "The inhibitory effect of papaverine on respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium. III. The differential effect of papaverine and rotenone on DT diaphorase.", "content": "The differential effects of papaverine (Pap) and rotenone (Rot) were studied on the highly respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in 40 mM potassium (40-K) medium, on isolated DT diaphorase activity and on mitochondrial respiration. The inhibition of guinea pig taenia coli to the 40-K induced tension by Rot (5 x 10(-7)M) was fully reversed by the addition of a water soluble vitamin K3 (VK3) derivative or menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB). A low concentration (10(-7)--10(-6)M) of Pap which had no effect on the 40-K induced tension inhibited the VK3 restored tension from the Rot suppression, corresponding to a Pap inhibition of the isolated DT diaphorase. Inhibition of the effective concentration of Pap to the 40-K induced tension development was never reversed by addition of VK3 or MSB. In taenia coli, both MSB and VK3 established a bypass of the Rot sensitive site on the mitochondrial respiratory chain by means of the DT diaphorase system. The difference in washout-efficacy between Pap and Rot on the inhibition of 40-K induced tension was ascribed to a difference in their mitochondrial binding properties.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of papaverine on respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium. III. The differential effect of papaverine and rotenone on DT diaphorase. The differential effects of papaverine (Pap) and rotenone (Rot) were studied on the highly respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in 40 mM potassium (40-K) medium, on isolated DT diaphorase activity and on mitochondrial respiration. The inhibition of guinea pig taenia coli to the 40-K induced tension by Rot (5 x 10(-7)M) was fully reversed by the addition of a water soluble vitamin K3 (VK3) derivative or menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB). A low concentration (10(-7)--10(-6)M) of Pap which had no effect on the 40-K induced tension inhibited the VK3 restored tension from the Rot suppression, corresponding to a Pap inhibition of the isolated DT diaphorase. Inhibition of the effective concentration of Pap to the 40-K induced tension development was never reversed by addition of VK3 or MSB. In taenia coli, both MSB and VK3 established a bypass of the Rot sensitive site on the mitochondrial respiratory chain by means of the DT diaphorase system. The difference in washout-efficacy between Pap and Rot on the inhibition of 40-K induced tension was ascribed to a difference in their mitochondrial binding properties.", "PMID": 609151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10189", "title": "Microassay methods for taurine and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Microassay methods for taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD: EC 4.1.1.29) have been developed. Cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W x 8, 200--400 mesh) was used for the separation of taurine from other fluorescamine reactive substances. The \"taurine fraction\" in this column chromatographic procedure was collected and fluorescence development was carried out. The maximal sensitivity obtained for taurine was 25 pmoles. The specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity and recovery for taurine obtained by this method were satisfactory enough to be used for biological applications. The activity of CSD was determined by measuring the formation of 14CO2 from DL-[1-14C]-cysteine sulfinic acid using a specially designed micro-vessel. The activity in cerebral tissues containing 5 microgram of protein was accurately detected by this microradiometrical method. Using above microassay methods for taurine and CSD activity, it was found that in the rat spinal cord, taurine is distributed rather evenly, whereas the distribution of CSD activities is uneven and the highest activity is localized at the dorsal part of the dorsal horn.", "contents": "Microassay methods for taurine and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity. Microassay methods for taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD: EC 4.1.1.29) have been developed. Cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W x 8, 200--400 mesh) was used for the separation of taurine from other fluorescamine reactive substances. The \"taurine fraction\" in this column chromatographic procedure was collected and fluorescence development was carried out. The maximal sensitivity obtained for taurine was 25 pmoles. The specificity, reproducibility, sensitivity and recovery for taurine obtained by this method were satisfactory enough to be used for biological applications. The activity of CSD was determined by measuring the formation of 14CO2 from DL-[1-14C]-cysteine sulfinic acid using a specially designed micro-vessel. The activity in cerebral tissues containing 5 microgram of protein was accurately detected by this microradiometrical method. Using above microassay methods for taurine and CSD activity, it was found that in the rat spinal cord, taurine is distributed rather evenly, whereas the distribution of CSD activities is uneven and the highest activity is localized at the dorsal part of the dorsal horn.", "PMID": 609153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10190", "title": "[Visual imagery and eye movements: effects of projective size of image on eye movements (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of size of image on eye movements were explored. Eye movements of 18 subjects were recorded by the corneal reflection method. The subjects imagined various objects within an indicated circle of concentric circles presented externally. As the result, two types of the subjects were observed. They were as follows: (a) The majority moved their eyes within the projective angle under the 10 degrees condition and the 30 degrees condition whereas they scarcely showed eye movements under the 1 degrees condition. Asked whether a property of the stimulus belonged to the image, over 60% of the subjects, under the 30 degrees condition, showed a saccade to the proper projected part which might be considered as scanning. (b) Some subjects hardly moved their eyes under any of the conditions.", "contents": "[Visual imagery and eye movements: effects of projective size of image on eye movements (author's transl)]. The effects of size of image on eye movements were explored. Eye movements of 18 subjects were recorded by the corneal reflection method. The subjects imagined various objects within an indicated circle of concentric circles presented externally. As the result, two types of the subjects were observed. They were as follows: (a) The majority moved their eyes within the projective angle under the 10 degrees condition and the 30 degrees condition whereas they scarcely showed eye movements under the 1 degrees condition. Asked whether a property of the stimulus belonged to the image, over 60% of the subjects, under the 30 degrees condition, showed a saccade to the proper projected part which might be considered as scanning. (b) Some subjects hardly moved their eyes under any of the conditions.", "PMID": 609160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10191", "title": "[Concentration on a task and change in pulse rate and finger skin blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight subjects were given a pursuit tracking task (Exp. I), a continuous task involving the adding of digits (Exp. II), and the Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test (Exp. III). Experiments I and II employed distributed practice. Finger Skin Blood Flow (SBF) and Pulse Rate (PR) were measured during the experiments. It was found that SBF was smaller during trials than during intertrial rests, the latter being smaller than rests with eyes closed. SBF was smallest during the first trial (Exp. I & II) or the first minute (Exp. III). PR reversed direction with some differences being observed between the changes in PR and SBF. The results indicate that concentration on a task is reflected better by SBF than by PR.", "contents": "[Concentration on a task and change in pulse rate and finger skin blood flow (author's transl)]. Eight subjects were given a pursuit tracking task (Exp. I), a continuous task involving the adding of digits (Exp. II), and the Uchida-Kraepelin psychodiagnostic test (Exp. III). Experiments I and II employed distributed practice. Finger Skin Blood Flow (SBF) and Pulse Rate (PR) were measured during the experiments. It was found that SBF was smaller during trials than during intertrial rests, the latter being smaller than rests with eyes closed. SBF was smallest during the first trial (Exp. I & II) or the first minute (Exp. III). PR reversed direction with some differences being observed between the changes in PR and SBF. The results indicate that concentration on a task is reflected better by SBF than by PR.", "PMID": 609161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10192", "title": "Ligandinuria in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Ligandin (GSH-S-transferase B), an abundant intracellular soluble protein in rat proximal tubules, hepatocytes, and small intestinal mucosal cells, is believed to be a component of an organic anion transport system. Its presence in urine was determined immunologically and catalytically in adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats that were given mercuric chloride or potassium dichromate. These nephrotoxic agents produce severe renal failure, with epithelial necrosis in the proximal tubule. Mercuric chloride perferentially injures the terminal part of the proximal tubule, while potassium dichromate damages more proximal segments. Ligandinuria was consistently detected immunologically and catalytically from 6 to 24 hr following injection of mercuric chloride. Potassium dichromate administration did not result in immunologically detectable liganduria; however, GSH-S-transferase activity, which provides a more sensitive assay, was frequently detected. The findings are consistent with immunofluorescent localization of ligandin in the proximal tubule. Immunologic or enzymatic measurement of ligandin in urine may provide a sensitive index of acute injury to the proximal tubule.", "contents": "Ligandinuria in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis. Ligandin (GSH-S-transferase B), an abundant intracellular soluble protein in rat proximal tubules, hepatocytes, and small intestinal mucosal cells, is believed to be a component of an organic anion transport system. Its presence in urine was determined immunologically and catalytically in adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats that were given mercuric chloride or potassium dichromate. These nephrotoxic agents produce severe renal failure, with epithelial necrosis in the proximal tubule. Mercuric chloride perferentially injures the terminal part of the proximal tubule, while potassium dichromate damages more proximal segments. Ligandinuria was consistently detected immunologically and catalytically from 6 to 24 hr following injection of mercuric chloride. Potassium dichromate administration did not result in immunologically detectable liganduria; however, GSH-S-transferase activity, which provides a more sensitive assay, was frequently detected. The findings are consistent with immunofluorescent localization of ligandin in the proximal tubule. Immunologic or enzymatic measurement of ligandin in urine may provide a sensitive index of acute injury to the proximal tubule.", "PMID": 609188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10193", "title": "Effects of acute ureteral obstruction on glomerular hemodynamics in rat kidney.", "content": "In order to study the effects of acute ureteral obstruction on glomerular hemodynamics, glomerular hydrostatic capillary pressure (PG), pressure in the first-order peritubular capillaries (EAP), and intratubular pressure (PT) were directly measured in superficial nephrons on Munich-Wistar rats by micropuncture with a servo-nulling device, in control conditions and one to two hours after ureteral ligation. Single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF) was calculated from arterial and peritubular blood protein concentration. SNGFR was measured by conventional micropuncture techniques in control conditions and was calculated from efferent arteriole blood flow (EABF) and SNFF during ureteral obstruction. EABF was obtained by timed complete collection of blood from superficial efferent arterioles. Afferent arteriole blood flow (AABF) and resistance of afferent (Ra) and efferent arterioles (Re) were calculated from conventional equations. Ureteral obstruction markedly increased PT from 12.9 +/- 1.4 to 36.8 +/- 6.1 (SD) mm Hg. The fall in SNGFR (from 23.3 +/- 6.4 to 17.9 +/- 5.2 [SD] nl/min) was blunted by the rise in PG (from 45.5 +/- 3.6 to 59.3 +/- 4.0 [SD] mm Hg) and AABF (from 130.0 +/- 59.1 to 144.2 +/- 69.0 [SD] nl/min), secondary to a fall in Ra. These results demonstrate that SNGFR is maintained early after complete ureteral obstruction because of afferent arteriole dilatation.", "contents": "Effects of acute ureteral obstruction on glomerular hemodynamics in rat kidney. In order to study the effects of acute ureteral obstruction on glomerular hemodynamics, glomerular hydrostatic capillary pressure (PG), pressure in the first-order peritubular capillaries (EAP), and intratubular pressure (PT) were directly measured in superficial nephrons on Munich-Wistar rats by micropuncture with a servo-nulling device, in control conditions and one to two hours after ureteral ligation. Single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF) was calculated from arterial and peritubular blood protein concentration. SNGFR was measured by conventional micropuncture techniques in control conditions and was calculated from efferent arteriole blood flow (EABF) and SNFF during ureteral obstruction. EABF was obtained by timed complete collection of blood from superficial efferent arterioles. Afferent arteriole blood flow (AABF) and resistance of afferent (Ra) and efferent arterioles (Re) were calculated from conventional equations. Ureteral obstruction markedly increased PT from 12.9 +/- 1.4 to 36.8 +/- 6.1 (SD) mm Hg. The fall in SNGFR (from 23.3 +/- 6.4 to 17.9 +/- 5.2 [SD] nl/min) was blunted by the rise in PG (from 45.5 +/- 3.6 to 59.3 +/- 4.0 [SD] mm Hg) and AABF (from 130.0 +/- 59.1 to 144.2 +/- 69.0 [SD] nl/min), secondary to a fall in Ra. These results demonstrate that SNGFR is maintained early after complete ureteral obstruction because of afferent arteriole dilatation.", "PMID": 609190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10194", "title": "Sodium, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Interrelations among plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and cortisole levels, 0lood volume, exchangeable sodium, urinary catecholamines, and blood pressure were studied in 35 normal subjects and 60 age-matched non-azotemic patients with diabetes mellitus (60% with hypertension, 15% with orthostatic hypotension). Basal PRA, plasma aldosterone, cortisol, blood volume, plasma potassium, and urinary electrolytes were comparable in diabetic and normal subjects. Diabetic patients, however, had a 10% increase in body sodium (P less than 0.01), and 8% of them showed normal postural PRA responses and subnormal aldosterone responses; 22% had subnormal PRA and normal aldosterone responses, and 17% had subnormal responses of PRA and aldosterone. Non-PRA-related aldosterone responses could not be explained by ACTH or electrolytes. Orthostatic decreases in blood pressure correlated (P less than 0.01) with both catecholamine excretion and basal PRA. This suggests that in diabetes mellitus, body sodium is increased. Basal PRA and plasma aldosterone are usually normal, but their postural responses are frequently impaired. Absent aldosterone responses, despite normal PRA responsiveness, may reflect an adrenal abnormality or an ineffective form of renin. Marked postural aldosterone stimulation, unrelated to PRA, ACTH, or electrolytes, points to a potent unknown factor in aldosterone control. Low levels of free peripheral catecholamines and PRA may be complementary factors contributing to postural hypotension.", "contents": "Sodium, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Interrelations among plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and cortisole levels, 0lood volume, exchangeable sodium, urinary catecholamines, and blood pressure were studied in 35 normal subjects and 60 age-matched non-azotemic patients with diabetes mellitus (60% with hypertension, 15% with orthostatic hypotension). Basal PRA, plasma aldosterone, cortisol, blood volume, plasma potassium, and urinary electrolytes were comparable in diabetic and normal subjects. Diabetic patients, however, had a 10% increase in body sodium (P less than 0.01), and 8% of them showed normal postural PRA responses and subnormal aldosterone responses; 22% had subnormal PRA and normal aldosterone responses, and 17% had subnormal responses of PRA and aldosterone. Non-PRA-related aldosterone responses could not be explained by ACTH or electrolytes. Orthostatic decreases in blood pressure correlated (P less than 0.01) with both catecholamine excretion and basal PRA. This suggests that in diabetes mellitus, body sodium is increased. Basal PRA and plasma aldosterone are usually normal, but their postural responses are frequently impaired. Absent aldosterone responses, despite normal PRA responsiveness, may reflect an adrenal abnormality or an ineffective form of renin. Marked postural aldosterone stimulation, unrelated to PRA, ACTH, or electrolytes, points to a potent unknown factor in aldosterone control. Low levels of free peripheral catecholamines and PRA may be complementary factors contributing to postural hypotension.", "PMID": 609191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10195", "title": "Kinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in renal failure.", "content": "Four normal subjects and four functionally anephric patients were given 6.5 mg/kg of body wt of procainamide hydrochloride i.v., and plasma concentrations of procainamide (PA) and its major active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were measured. Two individuals in each group were fast isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and PA acetylators. The pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA were analyzed with a computer program (SAAM 23). Volume of distribution (Vdss) and renal clearance of PA were similar in normal subjects regardless of acetylator phenotype. Nonrenal clearance was faster (383 vs. 244 ml/min), and PA elimination half-life (t 1/2) was shorter (2.6 vs. 3.5 hr) in fast acetylators. In the functionally anephric patients, Vdss was similar to that of normal subjects. Nonrenal clearence was faster (117.5 vs. 93.5 ml/min) and PA t 1/2 shorter (10.8 vs. 17.0 hr) in fast than in slow acetylators. In these patients, acetylation accounted for 56% of PA elimination, and NAPA concentrations reached 0.8 microgram/ml or more. The t 1/2 of NAPA in renal failure was 41.5 hr, in accord with predictions from studies in normal subjects, assuming no impairment in nonrenal NAPA elimination. PA metabolism, however, is severely impaired by renal failure, so PA t 1/2 was prolonged to an unpredictably greater extent than would be expected from studies in normal subjects.", "contents": "Kinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in renal failure. Four normal subjects and four functionally anephric patients were given 6.5 mg/kg of body wt of procainamide hydrochloride i.v., and plasma concentrations of procainamide (PA) and its major active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were measured. Two individuals in each group were fast isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and PA acetylators. The pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA were analyzed with a computer program (SAAM 23). Volume of distribution (Vdss) and renal clearance of PA were similar in normal subjects regardless of acetylator phenotype. Nonrenal clearance was faster (383 vs. 244 ml/min), and PA elimination half-life (t 1/2) was shorter (2.6 vs. 3.5 hr) in fast acetylators. In the functionally anephric patients, Vdss was similar to that of normal subjects. Nonrenal clearence was faster (117.5 vs. 93.5 ml/min) and PA t 1/2 shorter (10.8 vs. 17.0 hr) in fast than in slow acetylators. In these patients, acetylation accounted for 56% of PA elimination, and NAPA concentrations reached 0.8 microgram/ml or more. The t 1/2 of NAPA in renal failure was 41.5 hr, in accord with predictions from studies in normal subjects, assuming no impairment in nonrenal NAPA elimination. PA metabolism, however, is severely impaired by renal failure, so PA t 1/2 was prolonged to an unpredictably greater extent than would be expected from studies in normal subjects.", "PMID": 609192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10196", "title": "A controlled trial of nondrolone decanoate in the treatment of uremic anemia.", "content": "Thirty-seven male dialysis patients, from three university hospital centers known to have adequate iron B12, and folate stores, were entered into a controlled trial to study the effects of nandrolone decanoate (200 mg i.m. weekly) on their anemia. An initial six-month stabilization period was followed by a randomized 12-month study, with crossover between treatment and control groups occurring at six months. Patients received parenteral iron therapy plus oral folate throughout the trial. All serious illnesses or major blood losses excluded the patients from analysis. The 24 patients with remnant kidneys showed an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit of 24% by the end of six months of treatment (P less than 0.005), with a corresponding decrement during the six months of control, but the five anephric patients showed no statistically significant change compared to those patients whose kidneys were in place during the study. Complications of treatment were minimal, with injection site hematoma the only significant local effect and a rise in triglyceride the only significant systemic disturbance. Despite the improvement in anemia, the disadvantages, including the high cost of treatment, the apparent plateauing of benefits by five months, the minimal subjective improvement in life style, the risk of i.m. injection, plus the long term effects of increased lipids, should limit this therapy to patients with remnant kidneys who have severe symptomatic anemia or frequent transfusion requirements.", "contents": "A controlled trial of nondrolone decanoate in the treatment of uremic anemia. Thirty-seven male dialysis patients, from three university hospital centers known to have adequate iron B12, and folate stores, were entered into a controlled trial to study the effects of nandrolone decanoate (200 mg i.m. weekly) on their anemia. An initial six-month stabilization period was followed by a randomized 12-month study, with crossover between treatment and control groups occurring at six months. Patients received parenteral iron therapy plus oral folate throughout the trial. All serious illnesses or major blood losses excluded the patients from analysis. The 24 patients with remnant kidneys showed an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit of 24% by the end of six months of treatment (P less than 0.005), with a corresponding decrement during the six months of control, but the five anephric patients showed no statistically significant change compared to those patients whose kidneys were in place during the study. Complications of treatment were minimal, with injection site hematoma the only significant local effect and a rise in triglyceride the only significant systemic disturbance. Despite the improvement in anemia, the disadvantages, including the high cost of treatment, the apparent plateauing of benefits by five months, the minimal subjective improvement in life style, the risk of i.m. injection, plus the long term effects of increased lipids, should limit this therapy to patients with remnant kidneys who have severe symptomatic anemia or frequent transfusion requirements.", "PMID": 609193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10197", "title": "The effect of steroids on the circulating lymphocyte population. I. Changes in the thoracic duct lymphocyte population of the rat after neonatal thymectomy and prednisolone treatment.", "content": "The influence of prednisolone on the thoracic duct cells of rats was measured by the cell count in lymph at different times after a single injection and correlated with lymphocytolysis in lymphoid tissues. In both control and neonatally thymectomized animals there was a marked fall in the cell count and flow at 3 hours and the percentage reduction was greater in thymectomized animals. Restitution was rapid in both groups and pretreatment levels were regained in 17 hours. The blood mononuclear cells followed the same pattern. In animals with an intact thymus adrenalectomy causes a significant increase in thoracic duct cell counts but in neonatally thymectomized animals thoracic duct lymph is unchanged after adrenalectomy. It can be concluded that in the rat lymphocyte level in the circulating pool is thymus dependent but restoration of the circulating cell count after steroid induced involution is independent of intact thymic function. Our data support the hypothesis of lymphocyte trapping and redistribution as a major mechanism after a single cortisone dose.", "contents": "The effect of steroids on the circulating lymphocyte population. I. Changes in the thoracic duct lymphocyte population of the rat after neonatal thymectomy and prednisolone treatment. The influence of prednisolone on the thoracic duct cells of rats was measured by the cell count in lymph at different times after a single injection and correlated with lymphocytolysis in lymphoid tissues. In both control and neonatally thymectomized animals there was a marked fall in the cell count and flow at 3 hours and the percentage reduction was greater in thymectomized animals. Restitution was rapid in both groups and pretreatment levels were regained in 17 hours. The blood mononuclear cells followed the same pattern. In animals with an intact thymus adrenalectomy causes a significant increase in thoracic duct cell counts but in neonatally thymectomized animals thoracic duct lymph is unchanged after adrenalectomy. It can be concluded that in the rat lymphocyte level in the circulating pool is thymus dependent but restoration of the circulating cell count after steroid induced involution is independent of intact thymic function. Our data support the hypothesis of lymphocyte trapping and redistribution as a major mechanism after a single cortisone dose.", "PMID": 609273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10198", "title": "The effect of steroids on the circulating lymphocyte population. II. Studies of the thoracic duct lymphocyte population of the guinea pig after neonatal thymectomy and prednisolone treatment.", "content": "The effect of corticosteroids on the lymphatic tissue and circulating lymphocyte pool in the guinea pig has been studied. No signs of increased lymphocytolysis was seen and only after 1--2 weeks treatment with a long acting corticosteroid was the thymic cortex reduced and thymic weight decreased. Three hours after injecting a short acting steroid a 30--40 per cent reduction in the thoracic duct cell count was seen in both control and thymectomized animals. Restitution to pretreatment cell level was completed in 17 hours. Mononuclear cells in the blood were markedly depressed up to 40 hours. The changes in the circulating lymphocyte pool in the resistant guinea pig seem to be in principle the same as in the sensitive rat but less pronounced. It can be concluded that the lymphocyte level in the circulating pool is thymus dependent but restoration of the cell count after steroid treatment is independent of intact thymic function. This data supports the hypothesis of lymphocyte trapping and redistribution after a single steroid treatment.", "contents": "The effect of steroids on the circulating lymphocyte population. II. Studies of the thoracic duct lymphocyte population of the guinea pig after neonatal thymectomy and prednisolone treatment. The effect of corticosteroids on the lymphatic tissue and circulating lymphocyte pool in the guinea pig has been studied. No signs of increased lymphocytolysis was seen and only after 1--2 weeks treatment with a long acting corticosteroid was the thymic cortex reduced and thymic weight decreased. Three hours after injecting a short acting steroid a 30--40 per cent reduction in the thoracic duct cell count was seen in both control and thymectomized animals. Restitution to pretreatment cell level was completed in 17 hours. Mononuclear cells in the blood were markedly depressed up to 40 hours. The changes in the circulating lymphocyte pool in the resistant guinea pig seem to be in principle the same as in the sensitive rat but less pronounced. It can be concluded that the lymphocyte level in the circulating pool is thymus dependent but restoration of the cell count after steroid treatment is independent of intact thymic function. This data supports the hypothesis of lymphocyte trapping and redistribution after a single steroid treatment.", "PMID": 609274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10199", "title": "Variation in output of leukocytes and erythrocytes in human peripheral lymph during rest and activity.", "content": "The output of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes in peripheral leg lymph from healthy volunteers has been followed during night and everyday activity, during and after venous stasis, ergometer cycling and warm foot bath and during immobilisation in horizontal position over two 24-hour periods. The output of lymphocytes exceeded the output of monocytes and erythrocytes. Granulocytes were not found except immediately after cannulation. The cell output was low during night rest and the horizontal position for 24 hours. After assumption of the upright position the output of lymphocytes increased about 80 times and the output of erythrocytes 40 times probably because of washout of cells accumulated in tissue during rest. During ergometer cycling and venous stasis the output of cells increased and even more in the one hour rest period following this experiment. During venous stasis the output dropped but increased after the stasis had been released. The pattern of variation in lymphocyte, erythrocyte and monocyte output was the same. This indicate that the fluctuation in output depends on variation in blood flow in the tissue. The output of cells during and after heating seems to be dependent also on increased capillary permeability for cells as the output of erythrocytes exceeded the output of lymphocytes. The high erythrocyte/lymphocyte ratio in blood versus a low ratio in lymph shows that these two cell types pass through the capillary wall by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Variation in output of leukocytes and erythrocytes in human peripheral lymph during rest and activity. The output of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes in peripheral leg lymph from healthy volunteers has been followed during night and everyday activity, during and after venous stasis, ergometer cycling and warm foot bath and during immobilisation in horizontal position over two 24-hour periods. The output of lymphocytes exceeded the output of monocytes and erythrocytes. Granulocytes were not found except immediately after cannulation. The cell output was low during night rest and the horizontal position for 24 hours. After assumption of the upright position the output of lymphocytes increased about 80 times and the output of erythrocytes 40 times probably because of washout of cells accumulated in tissue during rest. During ergometer cycling and venous stasis the output of cells increased and even more in the one hour rest period following this experiment. During venous stasis the output dropped but increased after the stasis had been released. The pattern of variation in lymphocyte, erythrocyte and monocyte output was the same. This indicate that the fluctuation in output depends on variation in blood flow in the tissue. The output of cells during and after heating seems to be dependent also on increased capillary permeability for cells as the output of erythrocytes exceeded the output of lymphocytes. The high erythrocyte/lymphocyte ratio in blood versus a low ratio in lymph shows that these two cell types pass through the capillary wall by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 609275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10200", "title": "Effect of hypotonic volume expansion with water diuresis on renal lymph.", "content": "Water diuresis was induced in dogs, under chloralose anesthesia, by hypotonic volume expansion of 5 to 10% body weight. The average diuretic response was 12.5 ml/hr/kg body weight with a urine osmolality of 175 mOsm/L. Renal hilar lymph flow and thoracic duct lymph flow increased significantly by an average of 125% and 150% respectively. The Na concentration in plasma and lymph fell by approximately 7.0 mEq/L whereas that for Cl was relatively unaffected. Control lymph to plasma ratios of approximately 1.050 for Na and 1.130 for Cl were not significantly altered even when plasma concentrations fell significantly. Urea, glucose and K concentrations were little affected. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that renal hilar lymph reflects in part the composition of the outer medullary interstitium which is directly influenced by the electrolyte pump in the ascending thick limb of Henle.", "contents": "Effect of hypotonic volume expansion with water diuresis on renal lymph. Water diuresis was induced in dogs, under chloralose anesthesia, by hypotonic volume expansion of 5 to 10% body weight. The average diuretic response was 12.5 ml/hr/kg body weight with a urine osmolality of 175 mOsm/L. Renal hilar lymph flow and thoracic duct lymph flow increased significantly by an average of 125% and 150% respectively. The Na concentration in plasma and lymph fell by approximately 7.0 mEq/L whereas that for Cl was relatively unaffected. Control lymph to plasma ratios of approximately 1.050 for Na and 1.130 for Cl were not significantly altered even when plasma concentrations fell significantly. Urea, glucose and K concentrations were little affected. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that renal hilar lymph reflects in part the composition of the outer medullary interstitium which is directly influenced by the electrolyte pump in the ascending thick limb of Henle.", "PMID": 609276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10201", "title": "Contrasting haemodynamic patterns of portal hypertension in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "content": "18 cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis taken at random were studied. The transumbilical portal pressure, the trans-splenic portal pressure, the occluded thoracic duct pressure, and thoracic duct lymph flow were measured simultaneously before and after splenectomy. The findings were correlated with the clinical data, liver pathology, and operative findings. The transumbilical portal pressure-trans-splenic portal pressure gradient was found of significant importance. It was considered positive when the transumbilical portal pressure was higher than the trans-splenic portal pressure, in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension is most probably of hepatic origin (post or presinusoidal obstruction; organic or functional). The gradient was considered negative when the transumbilical portal pressure was lower than the trans-splenic portal pressure; in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension is most probably of splenic origin (hyperdynamic spleen) or in the portal vein (thrombosis). A significant correlation was found between the type of this gradient, the thoracic duct lymph flow and the clinico-pathological state. The thoracic duct flow was highest in the non-bleeders. Definite contrasting haemodynamic patterns were found between bleeders and non-bleeders. The bearing of these contrasting patterns on the selection of the operative procedure in the treatment of portal hypertension is suggested.", "contents": "Contrasting haemodynamic patterns of portal hypertension in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. 18 cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis taken at random were studied. The transumbilical portal pressure, the trans-splenic portal pressure, the occluded thoracic duct pressure, and thoracic duct lymph flow were measured simultaneously before and after splenectomy. The findings were correlated with the clinical data, liver pathology, and operative findings. The transumbilical portal pressure-trans-splenic portal pressure gradient was found of significant importance. It was considered positive when the transumbilical portal pressure was higher than the trans-splenic portal pressure, in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension is most probably of hepatic origin (post or presinusoidal obstruction; organic or functional). The gradient was considered negative when the transumbilical portal pressure was lower than the trans-splenic portal pressure; in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension is most probably of splenic origin (hyperdynamic spleen) or in the portal vein (thrombosis). A significant correlation was found between the type of this gradient, the thoracic duct lymph flow and the clinico-pathological state. The thoracic duct flow was highest in the non-bleeders. Definite contrasting haemodynamic patterns were found between bleeders and non-bleeders. The bearing of these contrasting patterns on the selection of the operative procedure in the treatment of portal hypertension is suggested.", "PMID": 609277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10202", "title": "Lymphographic appearance of nodal extramedullary hematopoiesis simulating lymphoma.", "content": "A 63 year old man underwent lymphography because of anemia, splenomegaly, and fever. Nodes in the high para-aortic region had the appearance of involvement with malignant lymphoma. Subsequent biopsy showed that these changes were due to the partial replacement of nodal tissue with extramedullary hematopoiesis.", "contents": "Lymphographic appearance of nodal extramedullary hematopoiesis simulating lymphoma. A 63 year old man underwent lymphography because of anemia, splenomegaly, and fever. Nodes in the high para-aortic region had the appearance of involvement with malignant lymphoma. Subsequent biopsy showed that these changes were due to the partial replacement of nodal tissue with extramedullary hematopoiesis.", "PMID": 609278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10203", "title": "Lymphangiomas involving the ovary. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Lymphangioma involving the ovary is an extremely rare tumor. There are only 8 cases documented in the literature. This report describes a case of peritoneal lymphangiomatosis which presented as an apparent ovarian tumor and rapidly recurred and spread into adjacent and distant peritoneal organs following oophorectomy. We will comment on its complete response to irradiation treatment and review the literature.", "contents": "Lymphangiomas involving the ovary. Report of a case and review of the literature. Lymphangioma involving the ovary is an extremely rare tumor. There are only 8 cases documented in the literature. This report describes a case of peritoneal lymphangiomatosis which presented as an apparent ovarian tumor and rapidly recurred and spread into adjacent and distant peritoneal organs following oophorectomy. We will comment on its complete response to irradiation treatment and review the literature.", "PMID": 609279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10204", "title": "Analysis of trochlear nerve palsies. Diagnosis, etiology, and treatment.", "content": "At the McGill University neuro-ophthalmology unit, 52 patients with superior oblique palsy were seen during the 2-year period October 1973 to August 1975; these included patients with congenital, traumatic, vascular, and other more rare causes of trochlear paralysis. Half of the patients with congenital palsy had diplopia, requiring treatment, although surgery was rarely necessary. Patients with palsy due to trauma, the major cause in our series, included four with bilateral involvement. With the exception of recovery in a single muscle of one patient in this group with traumatic palsy, no spontaneous recoveries have been observed. Treatment modalities have been tried, including observation alone, occlusion for symptomatic relief of diplopia, use of prisms, and recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle. Four patients with palsy of presumed vascular cause recovered spontaneously within a 4-month period. All patients who were surgically treated improved.", "contents": "Analysis of trochlear nerve palsies. Diagnosis, etiology, and treatment. At the McGill University neuro-ophthalmology unit, 52 patients with superior oblique palsy were seen during the 2-year period October 1973 to August 1975; these included patients with congenital, traumatic, vascular, and other more rare causes of trochlear paralysis. Half of the patients with congenital palsy had diplopia, requiring treatment, although surgery was rarely necessary. Patients with palsy due to trauma, the major cause in our series, included four with bilateral involvement. With the exception of recovery in a single muscle of one patient in this group with traumatic palsy, no spontaneous recoveries have been observed. Treatment modalities have been tried, including observation alone, occlusion for symptomatic relief of diplopia, use of prisms, and recession of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle. Four patients with palsy of presumed vascular cause recovered spontaneously within a 4-month period. All patients who were surgically treated improved.", "PMID": 609280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10205", "title": "Esophageal carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1971.", "content": "In order to estimate the incidence rate of esophageal carcinoma in a defined populat;on, all cases in bona fide residents of Olmstead County, Minnesota, newly diagnosed from 1935 through 1971 were identified and reviewed. There were 33 confirmed cases. The mean annual incidence was 2.6/100,000 men and 0.8/100,000 women. The age-adjusted incidence rates in this population are lower than those reported recently from other populations. Of the 27 patients whose disease was diagnosed before death, only 1 survived more than 6 years after initial diagnosis of the esophageal carcinoma, and all had died before the end of the study.", "contents": "Esophageal carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1971. In order to estimate the incidence rate of esophageal carcinoma in a defined populat;on, all cases in bona fide residents of Olmstead County, Minnesota, newly diagnosed from 1935 through 1971 were identified and reviewed. There were 33 confirmed cases. The mean annual incidence was 2.6/100,000 men and 0.8/100,000 women. The age-adjusted incidence rates in this population are lower than those reported recently from other populations. Of the 27 patients whose disease was diagnosed before death, only 1 survived more than 6 years after initial diagnosis of the esophageal carcinoma, and all had died before the end of the study.", "PMID": 609282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10206", "title": "The human nasal cycle.", "content": "The physiologic phenomenon of alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal airways was studied by rhinomanometric techniques. This study included the largest reported normal population, 50 persons (32 females, ages 14 to 72 years, mean 25, and 18 males, ages 14 to 50 years, mean 23). The \"mask-flowmeter\" technique of active posterior rhinomanometry was used to collect data continuously (15-minute intervals) on each subject for about 7 hours. We defined the nasal cycle (in terms of rhinomanometry) as that alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal airways producing a resistance change (comparing one side to the other, right and left) so that after two consecutive calculations (covering a 30-minute period) the resistance between the sides was at least greater than 20%. By this criterion, we found that 72% of the subjects demonstrated a clearly defined nasal cycle. This resistance difference of 20% between the two sides (right and left) reversed or changed sides at least once for two consecutive calculations during the 7 hours of testing. Normal individuals are not usually aware of this phenomenon because the total nasal resistance usually remains fairly constant and is less than the resistance of either one of the individual nasal passages.", "contents": "The human nasal cycle. The physiologic phenomenon of alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal airways was studied by rhinomanometric techniques. This study included the largest reported normal population, 50 persons (32 females, ages 14 to 72 years, mean 25, and 18 males, ages 14 to 50 years, mean 23). The \"mask-flowmeter\" technique of active posterior rhinomanometry was used to collect data continuously (15-minute intervals) on each subject for about 7 hours. We defined the nasal cycle (in terms of rhinomanometry) as that alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal airways producing a resistance change (comparing one side to the other, right and left) so that after two consecutive calculations (covering a 30-minute period) the resistance between the sides was at least greater than 20%. By this criterion, we found that 72% of the subjects demonstrated a clearly defined nasal cycle. This resistance difference of 20% between the two sides (right and left) reversed or changed sides at least once for two consecutive calculations during the 7 hours of testing. Normal individuals are not usually aware of this phenomenon because the total nasal resistance usually remains fairly constant and is less than the resistance of either one of the individual nasal passages.", "PMID": 609283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10207", "title": "The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974.", "content": "A population-based study of mumps orchitis over a 40-year period in Rochester, Minnesota, is reported. All medical records for patients with orchitis, atrophic testis, parotitis, and diagnosed or suspected mumps for the population of Rochester were reviewed, and detailed abstracts were prepared for all those with mumps orchitis. Information abstracted included the relationship of testicular to parotid involvement, the presence of unilateral or bilateral testicular involvement and subsequent atrophy, the presence of other complications of mumps, the treatment of mumps orchitis, and the presence of other major diagnoses. Also investigated was the number of subsequent congenital malformations in male offspring of these patients. The age distribution of the patients with orchitis (median age, 29 years) differed appreciably from those with mumps (median age, 8 years). There was no apparent increase in genitourinary malformations in the male offspring conceived after the occurrence of mumps orchitis in the fathers. Of the 132 men who had orchitis, 2 subsequently had testicular neoplasms. Both of these patients were in the group of 47 who were noted to have an atrophic testis after the occurrence of orchitis.", "contents": "The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974. A population-based study of mumps orchitis over a 40-year period in Rochester, Minnesota, is reported. All medical records for patients with orchitis, atrophic testis, parotitis, and diagnosed or suspected mumps for the population of Rochester were reviewed, and detailed abstracts were prepared for all those with mumps orchitis. Information abstracted included the relationship of testicular to parotid involvement, the presence of unilateral or bilateral testicular involvement and subsequent atrophy, the presence of other complications of mumps, the treatment of mumps orchitis, and the presence of other major diagnoses. Also investigated was the number of subsequent congenital malformations in male offspring of these patients. The age distribution of the patients with orchitis (median age, 29 years) differed appreciably from those with mumps (median age, 8 years). There was no apparent increase in genitourinary malformations in the male offspring conceived after the occurrence of mumps orchitis in the fathers. Of the 132 men who had orchitis, 2 subsequently had testicular neoplasms. Both of these patients were in the group of 47 who were noted to have an atrophic testis after the occurrence of orchitis.", "PMID": 609284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10208", "title": "Independence of canine gastric and duodenal pacesetter potentials shown by electric pacing.", "content": "Our objective was to determine if the canine gastric pacesetter potential spreads across the pylorus to influence the duodenal pacesetter potential, and vice versa. Electric pacing of the gastric corpus increased the frequency of the gastric pacesetter potential and slowed the velocity of its aborad propagation, but gastric pacing did not change the frequency of the duodenal pacesetter potential or alter the velocity or aborad direction of its propagation. Electric pacing of the distal duodenum increased the frequency of the proximal duodenal pacesetter potential, reversed its direction of propagation from aborad to orad, and slowed its velocity of propagation. However, duodenal pacing did not alter the frequency, velocity, or direction of propagation of the gastric pacesetter potential. Our conclusion is that the gastric pacesetter potential and the duodenal pacesetter potential are each independent of the frequency, velocity, and direction of propagation of the other.", "contents": "Independence of canine gastric and duodenal pacesetter potentials shown by electric pacing. Our objective was to determine if the canine gastric pacesetter potential spreads across the pylorus to influence the duodenal pacesetter potential, and vice versa. Electric pacing of the gastric corpus increased the frequency of the gastric pacesetter potential and slowed the velocity of its aborad propagation, but gastric pacing did not change the frequency of the duodenal pacesetter potential or alter the velocity or aborad direction of its propagation. Electric pacing of the distal duodenum increased the frequency of the proximal duodenal pacesetter potential, reversed its direction of propagation from aborad to orad, and slowed its velocity of propagation. However, duodenal pacing did not alter the frequency, velocity, or direction of propagation of the gastric pacesetter potential. Our conclusion is that the gastric pacesetter potential and the duodenal pacesetter potential are each independent of the frequency, velocity, and direction of propagation of the other.", "PMID": 609287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10209", "title": "Incidence of malignant testicular tumors in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1974.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of testicular neoplasms detected in male Rochester residents over a 40-year period were identified using the Rochester-Olmsted County epidemiologic data base. This resource contains nearly complete medical information on residents of Rochester, Minnesota, and the surrounding community. An incidence rate of 3.7/100,000 males per year was calculated. This agrees well with other rates reported in the literature which range from 2.5 to 3.7/100,000 per year; there was no detectable trend over time.", "contents": "Incidence of malignant testicular tumors in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1974. Twenty-four cases of testicular neoplasms detected in male Rochester residents over a 40-year period were identified using the Rochester-Olmsted County epidemiologic data base. This resource contains nearly complete medical information on residents of Rochester, Minnesota, and the surrounding community. An incidence rate of 3.7/100,000 males per year was calculated. This agrees well with other rates reported in the literature which range from 2.5 to 3.7/100,000 per year; there was no detectable trend over time.", "PMID": 609288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10210", "title": "Diastolic opening of aortic valve: an echographic observation.", "content": "Echocardiography provided excellent insight into the altered hemodynamics in a patient with acute, severe aortic regurgitation due to bacterial endocarditis. The most notable echographic findings were premature closure of the mitral valve and diastolic opening of the aortic valve. At surgery, the patient proved to have a large perforation in the base of the noncoronary cusp.", "contents": "Diastolic opening of aortic valve: an echographic observation. Echocardiography provided excellent insight into the altered hemodynamics in a patient with acute, severe aortic regurgitation due to bacterial endocarditis. The most notable echographic findings were premature closure of the mitral valve and diastolic opening of the aortic valve. At surgery, the patient proved to have a large perforation in the base of the noncoronary cusp.", "PMID": 609289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10211", "title": "Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient cerebral ischemic attacks. A community study, Rochester, Minnesota.", "content": "THE purpose of this study was to determine the difference in prognosis among patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in the carotid arterial system and those with TIA in the vertebral-basilar arterial system. Nearly twice as many patients had TIA in the carotid system as had TIA in the vertebral-basilar system. The survival rates for patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA were similar. In both groups, the survival rate was lower than the expected survival rate, but only for the patients with carotid TIA was the difference significant. There was no significant difference in the probability of the occurrence of stroke between patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA. These data also indicate that the risk of stroke is much greater soon after the onset of TIA in either arterial system. Among all patients with TIA, the primary cause of death was cardiac disease. The causes of death had a similar distribution for patients with carotid TIA, for those with vertebral-basilar TIA, and for those with \"mixed\" or \"unknown\" types of TIA.", "contents": "Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient cerebral ischemic attacks. A community study, Rochester, Minnesota. THE purpose of this study was to determine the difference in prognosis among patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in the carotid arterial system and those with TIA in the vertebral-basilar arterial system. Nearly twice as many patients had TIA in the carotid system as had TIA in the vertebral-basilar system. The survival rates for patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA were similar. In both groups, the survival rate was lower than the expected survival rate, but only for the patients with carotid TIA was the difference significant. There was no significant difference in the probability of the occurrence of stroke between patients with carotid TIA and those with vertebral-basilar TIA. These data also indicate that the risk of stroke is much greater soon after the onset of TIA in either arterial system. Among all patients with TIA, the primary cause of death was cardiac disease. The causes of death had a similar distribution for patients with carotid TIA, for those with vertebral-basilar TIA, and for those with \"mixed\" or \"unknown\" types of TIA.", "PMID": 609290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10212", "title": "Menetrier's disease. Effect of medical and surgical vagotomy.", "content": "A 62-year-old woman with incapacitating atherosclerotic vascular occlusive disease was found to have severe hypoproteinemia as a result of Menetrier's disease. That diagnosis was suspected on roentgenographic and gastroscopic examinations and confirmed by examination of full-thickness surgical gastric biopsy specimens. The protein loss from the stomach was significantly decreased by treatment with trimethaphan and atropine and led us to perform proximal gastric vagotomy at the time of endarterectomy. Subsequent protein turnover studies suggest that there has been a significant  decrease in protein loss by the stomach. Further evaluation of the possible role of medical and surgical vagotomy in this disease seems warranted.", "contents": "Menetrier's disease. Effect of medical and surgical vagotomy. A 62-year-old woman with incapacitating atherosclerotic vascular occlusive disease was found to have severe hypoproteinemia as a result of Menetrier's disease. That diagnosis was suspected on roentgenographic and gastroscopic examinations and confirmed by examination of full-thickness surgical gastric biopsy specimens. The protein loss from the stomach was significantly decreased by treatment with trimethaphan and atropine and led us to perform proximal gastric vagotomy at the time of endarterectomy. Subsequent protein turnover studies suggest that there has been a significant  decrease in protein loss by the stomach. Further evaluation of the possible role of medical and surgical vagotomy in this disease seems warranted.", "PMID": 609291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10213", "title": "Achalasia in three siblings: a rare occurrence.", "content": "Three brothers from the iron range of northern Minnesota developed typical symptoms of achalasia in adult life. The diagnosis of classic achalasia was confirmed in each brother by roentgenologic examination and by esophageal motility studies and each patient was treated successfully by forceful dilation of the lower sphincter or by esophagomyotomy. Although the three brothers were raised in the same home and all worked in the iron mines, it appears unlikely that environmental factors were responsible for the development of this disease. The etiology of achalasia in siblings remains obscure but a genetic origin (autosomal recessive) seems most likely.", "contents": "Achalasia in three siblings: a rare occurrence. Three brothers from the iron range of northern Minnesota developed typical symptoms of achalasia in adult life. The diagnosis of classic achalasia was confirmed in each brother by roentgenologic examination and by esophageal motility studies and each patient was treated successfully by forceful dilation of the lower sphincter or by esophagomyotomy. Although the three brothers were raised in the same home and all worked in the iron mines, it appears unlikely that environmental factors were responsible for the development of this disease. The etiology of achalasia in siblings remains obscure but a genetic origin (autosomal recessive) seems most likely.", "PMID": 609292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10214", "title": "[Effect of selenium on peripheral blood in rats chronically exposed to benzene].", "content": "The studies have been performed on 32 adult male rats of Wistar strain, divided into three groups. Control rats have been exposed to benzene vapours, of 1200 mg/m3 concentration, 6 hours daily, for 12 weeks. In the remaining two groups, before the exposure to benzene vapours, the rats had been given, to their stomachs, sodium selenate at the dose of 1.0 and 5.0 microgram/kg (converting to selenium), for 10 consecutive days. In the blood from a tail, before the experiment and after 6 and 12 weeks of exposure to benzene, some hematological indices were determined. In control group and in rats which before the exposure had been administered selenium at the dose of 1.0 microgram/kg, lymphocytopenia, correlating with duration of exposure, and thrombocytopenia were found. In rats which before the exposure had been given selenium at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg, lymphocytopenia did not occur and thrombocytopenia occurred as late as after 12 months of exposure. The authors think that selenium at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg, indicates a protective effect on lymphocytic system, before benzene's toxic effects.", "contents": "[Effect of selenium on peripheral blood in rats chronically exposed to benzene]. The studies have been performed on 32 adult male rats of Wistar strain, divided into three groups. Control rats have been exposed to benzene vapours, of 1200 mg/m3 concentration, 6 hours daily, for 12 weeks. In the remaining two groups, before the exposure to benzene vapours, the rats had been given, to their stomachs, sodium selenate at the dose of 1.0 and 5.0 microgram/kg (converting to selenium), for 10 consecutive days. In the blood from a tail, before the experiment and after 6 and 12 weeks of exposure to benzene, some hematological indices were determined. In control group and in rats which before the exposure had been administered selenium at the dose of 1.0 microgram/kg, lymphocytopenia, correlating with duration of exposure, and thrombocytopenia were found. In rats which before the exposure had been given selenium at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg, lymphocytopenia did not occur and thrombocytopenia occurred as late as after 12 months of exposure. The authors think that selenium at the dose of 5.0 microgram/kg, indicates a protective effect on lymphocytic system, before benzene's toxic effects.", "PMID": 609322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10215", "title": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on peripheral blood leukocytes. I. Effect of carbon disulfide on in vitro chromosome structure and division capability of leukocytes in man].", "content": "The peripheral blood leukocytes in normal subjects were cultured according to Moorhead with addition of CS2 (0,75 microliter/ml of culture). It has been found that CS2 decreases the mitotic index, and in some cultures inhibits totally the cell division. Moreover, it causes structural disturbances of chromosomes being of pre- and postreplicative character as well as their viscous degeneration, lesser spiralization and sometimes pulverization. The presence of greater amount of erythrocytes of the donor's blood in the culture markedly diminished the intensity of these changes.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon disulfide on peripheral blood leukocytes. I. Effect of carbon disulfide on in vitro chromosome structure and division capability of leukocytes in man]. The peripheral blood leukocytes in normal subjects were cultured according to Moorhead with addition of CS2 (0,75 microliter/ml of culture). It has been found that CS2 decreases the mitotic index, and in some cultures inhibits totally the cell division. Moreover, it causes structural disturbances of chromosomes being of pre- and postreplicative character as well as their viscous degeneration, lesser spiralization and sometimes pulverization. The presence of greater amount of erythrocytes of the donor's blood in the culture markedly diminished the intensity of these changes.", "PMID": 609323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10216", "title": "[Effect of tobacco smoking on plasma sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations and some parameters of acid-base equilibrium during physical exertion and in the course of restitution].", "content": "In 30 healthy men, aged 20-24 years, the effect of physical exercise on the concentration of Na and K in serum erythrocyte and whole blood, on the serum chloride concentration and on capillary blood acid-base equilibrium was studied (Group A). In another group of 20 men the same studies were performed after smoking of 4 cigarettes (Group B). Taking into consideration blood condensation plasma Na, K and Cl concentrations were found to be decreased significantly (p less than 0.05). Sodium concentration in erythrocytes increased significantly after exericse in group B as compared with group A (p less than 0.01). Similarly, potassium concentration in erythrocyte increased significantly 30 minutes after exercise in group B as compared with group A (p less than 0.005). There were no differences in changes in acid-base equilibrium after exercise between both groups--they indicated the shift towards metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "[Effect of tobacco smoking on plasma sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations and some parameters of acid-base equilibrium during physical exertion and in the course of restitution]. In 30 healthy men, aged 20-24 years, the effect of physical exercise on the concentration of Na and K in serum erythrocyte and whole blood, on the serum chloride concentration and on capillary blood acid-base equilibrium was studied (Group A). In another group of 20 men the same studies were performed after smoking of 4 cigarettes (Group B). Taking into consideration blood condensation plasma Na, K and Cl concentrations were found to be decreased significantly (p less than 0.05). Sodium concentration in erythrocytes increased significantly after exericse in group B as compared with group A (p less than 0.01). Similarly, potassium concentration in erythrocyte increased significantly 30 minutes after exercise in group B as compared with group A (p less than 0.005). There were no differences in changes in acid-base equilibrium after exercise between both groups--they indicated the shift towards metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 609324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10217", "title": "[Methods of gas mixture preparation].", "content": "State methods for preparation of gas mixtures have many disadvantages. Losses of components due to adsorbtion on the container surface (glass of plastic) are the main problem. Flow--dilution dynamic systems are much more convenient, giving practically unlimited quantities of mixtures of chemical substances with air at fixed concentration. Dynamic methods enable rapid change in concentration of generated mixture and surface adsorbtion does not exist. To produce at stable rate the substance to be diluted with air, microdiffusion, motor driven syringes (or peristaltic pumps) saturated vapours, permeation tubes and pressure cylinders may be employed. Our experience showed that pressure cylinders are the best for preparation of mixtures of gases (i.e. vinyl chloride) with air and peristaltic pumps are the best as the source of vapours for further dilution. The latter method may be employed as well for mixtures of several compounds (i.e. acetic acid esters) with air.", "contents": "[Methods of gas mixture preparation]. State methods for preparation of gas mixtures have many disadvantages. Losses of components due to adsorbtion on the container surface (glass of plastic) are the main problem. Flow--dilution dynamic systems are much more convenient, giving practically unlimited quantities of mixtures of chemical substances with air at fixed concentration. Dynamic methods enable rapid change in concentration of generated mixture and surface adsorbtion does not exist. To produce at stable rate the substance to be diluted with air, microdiffusion, motor driven syringes (or peristaltic pumps) saturated vapours, permeation tubes and pressure cylinders may be employed. Our experience showed that pressure cylinders are the best for preparation of mixtures of gases (i.e. vinyl chloride) with air and peristaltic pumps are the best as the source of vapours for further dilution. The latter method may be employed as well for mixtures of several compounds (i.e. acetic acid esters) with air.", "PMID": 609326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10218", "title": "[Evaluation of the performance of regional industrial physicians according direct admission observations].", "content": "Results of the study of first-hand observations of district industrial physicians were presented. The study was based on specially designed observation inquiry sheets. 34.9% cases constituted prophylactic observation. Patients were found to be treated routinely. Patients complaining of an illness were usually given both a prescription and a disablement for work certificate or were sent to consult a specialist. Patients were sporadically sent for additional examinations or physiocotherapy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the performance of regional industrial physicians according direct admission observations]. Results of the study of first-hand observations of district industrial physicians were presented. The study was based on specially designed observation inquiry sheets. 34.9% cases constituted prophylactic observation. Patients were found to be treated routinely. Patients complaining of an illness were usually given both a prescription and a disablement for work certificate or were sent to consult a specialist. Patients were sporadically sent for additional examinations or physiocotherapy.", "PMID": 609327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10219", "title": "[Epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in various occupational groups of workers at the Polish State Railroads].", "content": "An epidemiological study on mycosis in 539 railway employees was carried out. The most frequent forms of the disease were: interdigital mycosis of feet and interdigital yeast infection of feet. Particularly frequent cases of mycosis and yeast infections were disclosed at workers of locomotive depots who were cleaning sewers. Frequent infections were also stated at workers whose work was being performed in a shift system and under various weather conditions. The infections with mycosis were more frequent among town inhabitants in comparison to those living in the countryside. Mycosis was mostly caused by antropophylic fungi.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in various occupational groups of workers at the Polish State Railroads]. An epidemiological study on mycosis in 539 railway employees was carried out. The most frequent forms of the disease were: interdigital mycosis of feet and interdigital yeast infection of feet. Particularly frequent cases of mycosis and yeast infections were disclosed at workers of locomotive depots who were cleaning sewers. Frequent infections were also stated at workers whose work was being performed in a shift system and under various weather conditions. The infections with mycosis were more frequent among town inhabitants in comparison to those living in the countryside. Mycosis was mostly caused by antropophylic fungi.", "PMID": 609328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10220", "title": "[Rheumatoid arthritis and morbidity among wet spinning factory women workers].", "content": "Two hundred ninety women employed in the wet spinning mill of the linen plants have been examined. Their average age and duration of employment were respectively 45 and 17,5 years. Examined women worked in specific microclimate including temperature from 24 degrees C to 25.3 degrees C and the moisture of air from 63,5 to 72,5%. Rheumatoid Arthritis in women working in wet spinning factory was the aim of this examination. It has been stated that these surroundings have no influence on that sort of disease.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid arthritis and morbidity among wet spinning factory women workers]. Two hundred ninety women employed in the wet spinning mill of the linen plants have been examined. Their average age and duration of employment were respectively 45 and 17,5 years. Examined women worked in specific microclimate including temperature from 24 degrees C to 25.3 degrees C and the moisture of air from 63,5 to 72,5%. Rheumatoid Arthritis in women working in wet spinning factory was the aim of this examination. It has been stated that these surroundings have no influence on that sort of disease.", "PMID": 609329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10221", "title": "[Health conditions of workers exposed to CS-2 in xanthate plants].", "content": "26 men, aged 22-57, with various length of employment in xanthate plant, where they have been exposed to CS2, were subjected to laboratory examinations aiming to find out the effects of this substance on their health state. These studies had been produced by measurements of CS2 concentration in the air of work-posts, lasting for 7 months. This allowed to evaluate the exposure of the subjects and to compare the concentrations with the MAC, actually valid. The obtained results, both in the subjects blood and urine, did not unequivocally indicate any noxious effects of CS2, despite the fact that MAC in the air of working rooms was twice surpassed.", "contents": "[Health conditions of workers exposed to CS-2 in xanthate plants]. 26 men, aged 22-57, with various length of employment in xanthate plant, where they have been exposed to CS2, were subjected to laboratory examinations aiming to find out the effects of this substance on their health state. These studies had been produced by measurements of CS2 concentration in the air of work-posts, lasting for 7 months. This allowed to evaluate the exposure of the subjects and to compare the concentrations with the MAC, actually valid. The obtained results, both in the subjects blood and urine, did not unequivocally indicate any noxious effects of CS2, despite the fact that MAC in the air of working rooms was twice surpassed.", "PMID": 609330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10222", "title": "Transformation in Naegleria gruberi: patterns of RNA synthesis examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Naegleria gruberi were grown on bacteria and methods were devised to free the cellular RNA from bacterial RNA contamination. Use of actinomycin D and cycloheximide showed that the transformation of Naegleria from amoeba to flagellate required RNA synthesis for 30 min and protein synthesis for 40 min after the initial stimulus of distilled water. Comparison of the patterns of RNA synthesized during transformation with those during growth indicated a considerable amount of new RNA produced during the phenotypic change. Most marked was the increase in RNA co-migrating on polyacrylamide gels with the small ribosomal sub-unit RNA, together with RNAs between the latter and transfer RNA. These results were compared with other published results using axenically-grown cells cells and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Cells placed in 80 mM NaCl instead of distilled water fail to transform but the pattern of newly-synthesized RNAs was not significantly different from that seen in transforming cells. This suggested that high salt concentrations inhibit transformation by inhibiting synthesis and/or assembly of certain proteins rather than RNA synthesis. Eluted material from various regions of polyacrylamide gels containing RNA extracted from transforming cells was used in a cell-free system. Incorporation of 3H-glutamic acid but not 3H-tryptophan was stimulated by material extracted from the 18S regions of the gels.", "contents": "Transformation in Naegleria gruberi: patterns of RNA synthesis examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Naegleria gruberi were grown on bacteria and methods were devised to free the cellular RNA from bacterial RNA contamination. Use of actinomycin D and cycloheximide showed that the transformation of Naegleria from amoeba to flagellate required RNA synthesis for 30 min and protein synthesis for 40 min after the initial stimulus of distilled water. Comparison of the patterns of RNA synthesized during transformation with those during growth indicated a considerable amount of new RNA produced during the phenotypic change. Most marked was the increase in RNA co-migrating on polyacrylamide gels with the small ribosomal sub-unit RNA, together with RNAs between the latter and transfer RNA. These results were compared with other published results using axenically-grown cells cells and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Cells placed in 80 mM NaCl instead of distilled water fail to transform but the pattern of newly-synthesized RNAs was not significantly different from that seen in transforming cells. This suggested that high salt concentrations inhibit transformation by inhibiting synthesis and/or assembly of certain proteins rather than RNA synthesis. Eluted material from various regions of polyacrylamide gels containing RNA extracted from transforming cells was used in a cell-free system. Incorporation of 3H-glutamic acid but not 3H-tryptophan was stimulated by material extracted from the 18S regions of the gels.", "PMID": 609334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10223", "title": "Degradation of bacterial cyclopropane acids with boron trihalide reagents.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid compositions of Pseudomonas diminuta UC 501 and Streptococcus mutans OMZ-61 were compared in samples processed by a saponification-methylation procedure (method S) and in samples processed by a transesterification procedure (method T). All samples were heated in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen. The major acids found in samples of P. diminuta treated by method S included 16:0 (palmitic), 18:1 (octadecenoic) and 19 cyc (19 carbon cyclopropane acid). Those found in samples of S. mutans treated by the same method included 16:0, 18:1. 18:0 (stearic), 20:1 (eicosenoic), 20:0 (eicosanoic), 19 cyc and 21 cyc. When method T was used to process samples of both cultures, the cyc acids were degraded and artifacts were produced. Transesterification with boron trihalide reagents is therefore not recommended for routine analysis of bacterial fatty acids.", "contents": "Degradation of bacterial cyclopropane acids with boron trihalide reagents. The cellular fatty acid compositions of Pseudomonas diminuta UC 501 and Streptococcus mutans OMZ-61 were compared in samples processed by a saponification-methylation procedure (method S) and in samples processed by a transesterification procedure (method T). All samples were heated in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen. The major acids found in samples of P. diminuta treated by method S included 16:0 (palmitic), 18:1 (octadecenoic) and 19 cyc (19 carbon cyclopropane acid). Those found in samples of S. mutans treated by the same method included 16:0, 18:1. 18:0 (stearic), 20:1 (eicosenoic), 20:0 (eicosanoic), 19 cyc and 21 cyc. When method T was used to process samples of both cultures, the cyc acids were degraded and artifacts were produced. Transesterification with boron trihalide reagents is therefore not recommended for routine analysis of bacterial fatty acids.", "PMID": 609335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10224", "title": "[The contamination of vegetable foods by lead containing street dust].", "content": "To assess the contamination of fruit and vegetables by lead-containing road dust, products displayed in the open air and in retail shops, respectively, were analysed for lead content. The lead exposure within the range of the retail shop was characterized by an aerosol with 0.2-2.5 microgram/m3 and a sedimentable lead dust of 2.13-6.55 mg/m2-30 d. The lead content of the products displayed in the open air was some 0.5 to 6-fold higher. This difference was statistically significant. 92-100% of the lead dust could be removed from the products by washing with water. Increased lead contents were also found on fruit stored in a cellar (0.66 and 0.42 p.p.m., respectively) near a parking place. In consideration of the proportion of these foods in the diet consumed, no health hazard to the population can be deduced from these data; but in single cases, a temporary rise of the blood-lead level may occur. Covering fruit and vegetables presented in the open air with thin-sheet plastics or selling such products in plastics bags will prevent contamination.", "contents": "[The contamination of vegetable foods by lead containing street dust]. To assess the contamination of fruit and vegetables by lead-containing road dust, products displayed in the open air and in retail shops, respectively, were analysed for lead content. The lead exposure within the range of the retail shop was characterized by an aerosol with 0.2-2.5 microgram/m3 and a sedimentable lead dust of 2.13-6.55 mg/m2-30 d. The lead content of the products displayed in the open air was some 0.5 to 6-fold higher. This difference was statistically significant. 92-100% of the lead dust could be removed from the products by washing with water. Increased lead contents were also found on fruit stored in a cellar (0.66 and 0.42 p.p.m., respectively) near a parking place. In consideration of the proportion of these foods in the diet consumed, no health hazard to the population can be deduced from these data; but in single cases, a temporary rise of the blood-lead level may occur. Covering fruit and vegetables presented in the open air with thin-sheet plastics or selling such products in plastics bags will prevent contamination.", "PMID": 609359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10225", "title": "[Evaluation of the arsenic content of the air].", "content": "Determinations of the arsenic contents in subjects, aged 10-11 years, from an arsenic-exposed region yielded the following arithmetic means: hair, 5.5 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 4.2); urine, 0.011 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.010). In children from a non-exposed region the authors found; hair, 0.5 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.4); urine, 0.004 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.005). The average arsenic concentrations in the exposed region were 19 mg/m2-30 d (sedimentation dust) and 0.9 microgram/m3 (aerosol); the corresponding values for the control region were 0.029 mg/m2-30 d and 0.0 microgram/m3, respectively. The two groups of subjects had general clinical examinations. There was a significant difference between the two groups in total morbidity, whereas the morbidity structure was similar. This result cannot be brought in causal relation to the differences in arsenic contents; it is possible that other influences play a r\u00f4le in the region under investigation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the arsenic content of the air]. Determinations of the arsenic contents in subjects, aged 10-11 years, from an arsenic-exposed region yielded the following arithmetic means: hair, 5.5 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 4.2); urine, 0.011 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.010). In children from a non-exposed region the authors found; hair, 0.5 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.4); urine, 0.004 p.p.m. (S.D. = +/- 0.005). The average arsenic concentrations in the exposed region were 19 mg/m2-30 d (sedimentation dust) and 0.9 microgram/m3 (aerosol); the corresponding values for the control region were 0.029 mg/m2-30 d and 0.0 microgram/m3, respectively. The two groups of subjects had general clinical examinations. There was a significant difference between the two groups in total morbidity, whereas the morbidity structure was similar. This result cannot be brought in causal relation to the differences in arsenic contents; it is possible that other influences play a r\u00f4le in the region under investigation.", "PMID": 609360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10226", "title": "Adrenocortical responses to olfactory stimulation in rats with partial hypothalamic deafferentations and lesions.", "content": "Previous experiments from this laboratory using complete hypothalamic deafferentation have demonstrated that the adrenocortical discharge following olfactory stimulation is essentially mediated by neural pathways. In order to identify the neural afferents and the hypothalamic areas involved, this response was studied in rats with anterior (AD) and posterior (PD) partial hypothalamic deafferentations as well as in animals with bilateral lesions in the ventrolateral medial forebrain bundle (VMFB) and the gemini region (GR) in the hypothalamus. While rats with PD had a normal adrenocortical response to odor stimulation, this was completely inhibited in animals with AD and partially reduced in VMFB and GR lesioned rats. These data would indicate that the adrenocortical response following olfactory stimulation is mediated by anterior afferents to the hypothalamus and involves the VMFB and GR.", "contents": "Adrenocortical responses to olfactory stimulation in rats with partial hypothalamic deafferentations and lesions. Previous experiments from this laboratory using complete hypothalamic deafferentation have demonstrated that the adrenocortical discharge following olfactory stimulation is essentially mediated by neural pathways. In order to identify the neural afferents and the hypothalamic areas involved, this response was studied in rats with anterior (AD) and posterior (PD) partial hypothalamic deafferentations as well as in animals with bilateral lesions in the ventrolateral medial forebrain bundle (VMFB) and the gemini region (GR) in the hypothalamus. While rats with PD had a normal adrenocortical response to odor stimulation, this was completely inhibited in animals with AD and partially reduced in VMFB and GR lesioned rats. These data would indicate that the adrenocortical response following olfactory stimulation is mediated by anterior afferents to the hypothalamus and involves the VMFB and GR.", "PMID": 609368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10227", "title": "Effects of chronic stress on pituitary hormone release induced by combined hemi-extirpation of the thyroid, adrenal and ovary in rats.", "content": "Morphologic and hormonal changes, induced by combined ablation of a thyroid lobe, one adrenal and one ovary, were studied over a 15-day period in rats, some of whom were subjected to 8 h of daily immobilization. The compensatory hypertrophy (CH) of the contralateral glands in non-stressed animals was associated with a significant increase in the plasma levels of LH (from the 1st to the 10th day), prolactin (PRL, from the 3rd to the 6th day), FSH (on the 3rd day) and corticosterone (from the 6th to the 15th day), whereas GH titers were not altered. Immobilization for 1, 3, 6, 10 or 15 days inhibited the b.w. gain, induced involution of the thymus, enhanced compensatory enlargement of the adrenal, and blocked the CH of the ovary and, to a lesser degree, of the thyroid. This chronic stressor produced a marked rise in plasma corticosterone, antagonized the surge of PRL, FSH and LH, and decreased the plasma levels of GH. On the basis of these morphological and hormonal variations, it appears that severe chronic stress in hemi-thyroidectomized-adrenalectomized-ovariectomized animals further increases the ACTH response but antagonizes the increased secretion of the other pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Effects of chronic stress on pituitary hormone release induced by combined hemi-extirpation of the thyroid, adrenal and ovary in rats. Morphologic and hormonal changes, induced by combined ablation of a thyroid lobe, one adrenal and one ovary, were studied over a 15-day period in rats, some of whom were subjected to 8 h of daily immobilization. The compensatory hypertrophy (CH) of the contralateral glands in non-stressed animals was associated with a significant increase in the plasma levels of LH (from the 1st to the 10th day), prolactin (PRL, from the 3rd to the 6th day), FSH (on the 3rd day) and corticosterone (from the 6th to the 15th day), whereas GH titers were not altered. Immobilization for 1, 3, 6, 10 or 15 days inhibited the b.w. gain, induced involution of the thymus, enhanced compensatory enlargement of the adrenal, and blocked the CH of the ovary and, to a lesser degree, of the thyroid. This chronic stressor produced a marked rise in plasma corticosterone, antagonized the surge of PRL, FSH and LH, and decreased the plasma levels of GH. On the basis of these morphological and hormonal variations, it appears that severe chronic stress in hemi-thyroidectomized-adrenalectomized-ovariectomized animals further increases the ACTH response but antagonizes the increased secretion of the other pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 609369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10228", "title": "Acute decrease of blood thyroid hormone by isovolemic exchange transfusion as a stimulus for pulse TSH release and its modifications by CNS Lesions.", "content": "The level of thyroid hormone in blood has been acutely decreased by about 20--30% within 20 min with the aid of isovolemic exchange transfusion (IET) of thyroid hormone free blood cell suspension (THFBCS) in three groups of rats: (1) intact control (C); (2) median eminence (ME)-lesioned; (3) thalamus (TH)-lesioned. The levels of thyroxine (T4) and TSH were measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) before the transfusion and for 180 min after that. The level of T4 increased to the initial value at about 120 min after IET in C and ME-lesioned rats, while in TH it remained decreased until 180 min. Furthermore, at the end of IET the level of TSH in C and ME-lesioned rats was about 2--3 time higher than the initial value and its continuous decrease was observed until 180 min. In contrast, in TH-lesioned rats the increase of TSH level was delayed, being significant at 60 min only. It was concluded that IET of THFBCS acts as a stimulus of acute TSH release which was remarkably inhibited in TH-lesioned animals. In addition, the destruction of most of the ME did not apparently influence this response, as shown by essentially similar data obtained in C and ME-lesioned rats.", "contents": "Acute decrease of blood thyroid hormone by isovolemic exchange transfusion as a stimulus for pulse TSH release and its modifications by CNS Lesions. The level of thyroid hormone in blood has been acutely decreased by about 20--30% within 20 min with the aid of isovolemic exchange transfusion (IET) of thyroid hormone free blood cell suspension (THFBCS) in three groups of rats: (1) intact control (C); (2) median eminence (ME)-lesioned; (3) thalamus (TH)-lesioned. The levels of thyroxine (T4) and TSH were measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) before the transfusion and for 180 min after that. The level of T4 increased to the initial value at about 120 min after IET in C and ME-lesioned rats, while in TH it remained decreased until 180 min. Furthermore, at the end of IET the level of TSH in C and ME-lesioned rats was about 2--3 time higher than the initial value and its continuous decrease was observed until 180 min. In contrast, in TH-lesioned rats the increase of TSH level was delayed, being significant at 60 min only. It was concluded that IET of THFBCS acts as a stimulus of acute TSH release which was remarkably inhibited in TH-lesioned animals. In addition, the destruction of most of the ME did not apparently influence this response, as shown by essentially similar data obtained in C and ME-lesioned rats.", "PMID": 609370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10229", "title": "A study of pesticide residues in Michigan's general population, 1968-70.", "content": "A study undertaken in Michigan from August 1968 to April 1970 showed that the county of residence was the most significant factor for determining pesticide residue levels in humans. Occupation, sex, and location of residence were also determined to be associated with blood residue levels. Residues of sigmaDDT and dieldrin were greater in persons 45 years or older. No relationships were detected between blood hemoglobin and blood residue values. In general, as the blood levels for glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, and creatinine increased, so did the levels of pesticide residues. However, when all variables were used, no equation could be developed which would reliably predict a blood residue level given these demographic characteristics.", "contents": "A study of pesticide residues in Michigan's general population, 1968-70. A study undertaken in Michigan from August 1968 to April 1970 showed that the county of residence was the most significant factor for determining pesticide residue levels in humans. Occupation, sex, and location of residence were also determined to be associated with blood residue levels. Residues of sigmaDDT and dieldrin were greater in persons 45 years or older. No relationships were detected between blood hemoglobin and blood residue values. In general, as the blood levels for glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, and creatinine increased, so did the levels of pesticide residues. However, when all variables were used, no equation could be developed which would reliably predict a blood residue level given these demographic characteristics.", "PMID": 609509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10230", "title": "Pesticide and other chemical residues in total diet samples (XI).", "content": "In the Total Diet study, the Food and Drug Administration has, since 1964, reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals ingested in the average diet of the Nation's largest eater, the young adult male. During the eleventh year of the study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. Twenty market baskets were collected in 20 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for August 1974 through July 1975 by food class. The individual items used in making up the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides and the results are included. Data for lead, cadmium, selenium, mercury, arsenic, and zinc are also included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "contents": "Pesticide and other chemical residues in total diet samples (XI). In the Total Diet study, the Food and Drug Administration has, since 1964, reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals ingested in the average diet of the Nation's largest eater, the young adult male. During the eleventh year of the study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. Twenty market baskets were collected in 20 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for August 1974 through July 1975 by food class. The individual items used in making up the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides and the results are included. Data for lead, cadmium, selenium, mercury, arsenic, and zinc are also included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "PMID": 609510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10231", "title": "Concentrations of total mercury in several fishes from Delaware Bay, 1975.", "content": "Mercury levels in eleven species of fishes collected from lower Delaware Bay in April 1975 ranged from 0.018 to 0.321 microgram/g and averaged 0.092 microgram/g. Raja eglanteria, the clearnose skate, had the highest mean mercury concentration (0.214 microgram/g). No correlation was found with feeding habits. These assays provide baseline data for future measurement of mercury accumulation by fishes in this region.", "contents": "Concentrations of total mercury in several fishes from Delaware Bay, 1975. Mercury levels in eleven species of fishes collected from lower Delaware Bay in April 1975 ranged from 0.018 to 0.321 microgram/g and averaged 0.092 microgram/g. Raja eglanteria, the clearnose skate, had the highest mean mercury concentration (0.214 microgram/g). No correlation was found with feeding habits. These assays provide baseline data for future measurement of mercury accumulation by fishes in this region.", "PMID": 609511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10232", "title": "Influence of environmental factors on pesticide levels in sport fish.", "content": "The extent of pesticide contamination of sport fish from lakes and reservoirs in Indiana is described. Environmental and water quality factors significantly influenced the concentration of pesticides in fish. The influence of these factors was different between natural lakes and humanmade reservoirs. Largmouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), sunfish (Lepomis sp), and bullheads (Ictalurus sp.) were collected and analyzed for dieldrin, aldrin, DDT, DDE, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide. The collections and concurrent lake surveys were made during 1972-73. Soil and decaying plant particles appeared to influence the levels of dieldrin and sigma DDT taken up by largemouth bass. Strong correlations were observed between lake turbidity and true color and residue levels in the fish. Residue concentrations were also observed to vary between fish species, the seasons of the year, and watershed land uses.", "contents": "Influence of environmental factors on pesticide levels in sport fish. The extent of pesticide contamination of sport fish from lakes and reservoirs in Indiana is described. Environmental and water quality factors significantly influenced the concentration of pesticides in fish. The influence of these factors was different between natural lakes and humanmade reservoirs. Largmouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), sunfish (Lepomis sp), and bullheads (Ictalurus sp.) were collected and analyzed for dieldrin, aldrin, DDT, DDE, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide. The collections and concurrent lake surveys were made during 1972-73. Soil and decaying plant particles appeared to influence the levels of dieldrin and sigma DDT taken up by largemouth bass. Strong correlations were observed between lake turbidity and true color and residue levels in the fish. Residue concentrations were also observed to vary between fish species, the seasons of the year, and watershed land uses.", "PMID": 609512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10233", "title": "Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of 10-5 bait for fire ant control, northeast Florida--1972-74.", "content": "The 10-5 bait formulation of mirex insecticide was applied to a 20,000-acre area of northeast Florida. For 24 months after application, samples of a wide variety of fauna were collected and analyzed for mirex content. Insects accumulated mirex to the greatest extent in the first 6 months after application; most residues had decreased greatly by 12 months. Other invertebrates showed low mirex levels during the first 9 months after application and none after 12 months. Fish possessed low levels of insecticides for 9 months; amphibians showed mirex residues for 12 months after application. In general, reptiles had low levels throughout the 24-month period and mammals had higher levels, particularly in fat tissues. Birds consistently had low to moderate mirex levels. After a single application of 10-5 mirex bait, only relatively low levels of insecticide were detected in exposed fauna. After 24-months, mirex was found infrequently and at low levels.", "contents": "Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of 10-5 bait for fire ant control, northeast Florida--1972-74. The 10-5 bait formulation of mirex insecticide was applied to a 20,000-acre area of northeast Florida. For 24 months after application, samples of a wide variety of fauna were collected and analyzed for mirex content. Insects accumulated mirex to the greatest extent in the first 6 months after application; most residues had decreased greatly by 12 months. Other invertebrates showed low mirex levels during the first 9 months after application and none after 12 months. Fish possessed low levels of insecticides for 9 months; amphibians showed mirex residues for 12 months after application. In general, reptiles had low levels throughout the 24-month period and mammals had higher levels, particularly in fat tissues. Birds consistently had low to moderate mirex levels. After a single application of 10-5 mirex bait, only relatively low levels of insecticide were detected in exposed fauna. After 24-months, mirex was found infrequently and at low levels.", "PMID": 609513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10234", "title": "[The relationship between parathormone and calcium blood levels in primary hyperparathyroidism. Diagnostic value (authors transl)].", "content": "The results of radio-immunoassay of parathormone in peripheral venous blood (using an anti-serum preferentially recognising fragments from the carboxyl-terminal pole) were compared with those of blood calcium measured on the same day in 33 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. In the 28 patients with hypercalcaemia, PTH was invariably high (27 cases) or at the upper limit of normal (1 case). In the 5 patients with normal blood calcium levels, it was normal in 3 cases. It is thus important to take blood calcium levels into account in the interpretation of PTH estimation, that latter being more valid during a hypercalcaemic phase.", "contents": "[The relationship between parathormone and calcium blood levels in primary hyperparathyroidism. Diagnostic value (authors transl)]. The results of radio-immunoassay of parathormone in peripheral venous blood (using an anti-serum preferentially recognising fragments from the carboxyl-terminal pole) were compared with those of blood calcium measured on the same day in 33 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. In the 28 patients with hypercalcaemia, PTH was invariably high (27 cases) or at the upper limit of normal (1 case). In the 5 patients with normal blood calcium levels, it was normal in 3 cases. It is thus important to take blood calcium levels into account in the interpretation of PTH estimation, that latter being more valid during a hypercalcaemic phase.", "PMID": 609536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10235", "title": "Penta-acetyl-gitoxin: the prototype of a prodrug in the cardiac glycoside series.", "content": "Penta-acetyl-gitoxin is a suitable prodrug of gitoxin since it shows--side-effect latentiation, due to its inactive application form;--bioavailability, due to its improved solubility and thus good enteral absorption and--bioactivation, due to rapid de-acetylation in the body after absorption.", "contents": "Penta-acetyl-gitoxin: the prototype of a prodrug in the cardiac glycoside series. Penta-acetyl-gitoxin is a suitable prodrug of gitoxin since it shows--side-effect latentiation, due to its inactive application form;--bioavailability, due to its improved solubility and thus good enteral absorption and--bioactivation, due to rapid de-acetylation in the body after absorption.", "PMID": 609583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10236", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological testing on some theophylline esters.", "content": "Esters of theophylline-7-acetic acid with different amino alcohols were prepared as possible atropine substitutes, together with esters of some hydroxy acids with beta-hydroxyethyl theophylline. Moreover, esters possessing both theophyllinyl and piperazinyl moieties were prepared with the hope that their spasmolytic activity might be increased. Some of the prepared compounds proved to possess atropine-like activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological testing on some theophylline esters. Esters of theophylline-7-acetic acid with different amino alcohols were prepared as possible atropine substitutes, together with esters of some hydroxy acids with beta-hydroxyethyl theophylline. Moreover, esters possessing both theophyllinyl and piperazinyl moieties were prepared with the hope that their spasmolytic activity might be increased. Some of the prepared compounds proved to possess atropine-like activity.", "PMID": 609584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10237", "title": "Polarographic determinations of nimetrazepam in serum and whole blood.", "content": "In the elaborated polarograhic technique, serum has been shown the best biological material for the direct determination of nimetazepam.]", "contents": "Polarographic determinations of nimetrazepam in serum and whole blood. In the elaborated polarograhic technique, serum has been shown the best biological material for the direct determination of nimetazepam.]", "PMID": 609588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10238", "title": "Kinetics of drug decomposition Part 51: Kinetics of indometacine photodegradation.", "content": "Indometacine aqueous solution degradation was studied under the influence of UV light. Spectrophotometric readings of absorbances at lambdamax = 270 nm were taken in order to follow changes of the indometacine solutions as a function of irradiation time. It was found that the degradation of indometacine under influence of UV light proceeds according a sequential reaction A k2 leads to B k2 leads to C k3 leads to D in which each individual step is a zero-order process Individual zero-order rate constants were calculated for indomatacine photodegradation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. They indicate the first step (A leads to B) to be oxygen independent and the other processes (B leads to C leads to D) to be oxygen catalyzed.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug decomposition Part 51: Kinetics of indometacine photodegradation. Indometacine aqueous solution degradation was studied under the influence of UV light. Spectrophotometric readings of absorbances at lambdamax = 270 nm were taken in order to follow changes of the indometacine solutions as a function of irradiation time. It was found that the degradation of indometacine under influence of UV light proceeds according a sequential reaction A k2 leads to B k2 leads to C k3 leads to D in which each individual step is a zero-order process Individual zero-order rate constants were calculated for indomatacine photodegradation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. They indicate the first step (A leads to B) to be oxygen independent and the other processes (B leads to C leads to D) to be oxygen catalyzed.", "PMID": 609590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10239", "title": "The use of aromatic carbonyl derivatives in pharmaceutical analysis. Part 1.", "content": "The pharmaceutical analytical utility of one the aromatic carbonyl derivatives, namely 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde isonicotinyl hydrazone, was investigated. It was prepared and utilized for the colorimetric determination of Fe2+ in the presence of other metals, and for the determination of Fe3+. It was also utilized in the determination of Fe2+ in the presence of Fe3+, vitamins hormones, and tablet ingredients likely to be present in combination with Fe2+ in geriatric mixtures. A proposed colorimetric assay for ferrous sulphate tablets is presented and compared with the Brit. Ph 1968 method. The reaction of the chelating agent with other metal ions is described, and its chelate-combining ratio with iron Fe2+ and Fe3+ was determined.", "contents": "The use of aromatic carbonyl derivatives in pharmaceutical analysis. Part 1. The pharmaceutical analytical utility of one the aromatic carbonyl derivatives, namely 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde isonicotinyl hydrazone, was investigated. It was prepared and utilized for the colorimetric determination of Fe2+ in the presence of other metals, and for the determination of Fe3+. It was also utilized in the determination of Fe2+ in the presence of Fe3+, vitamins hormones, and tablet ingredients likely to be present in combination with Fe2+ in geriatric mixtures. A proposed colorimetric assay for ferrous sulphate tablets is presented and compared with the Brit. Ph 1968 method. The reaction of the chelating agent with other metal ions is described, and its chelate-combining ratio with iron Fe2+ and Fe3+ was determined.", "PMID": 609591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10240", "title": "Correlation between the hydrolysis constants and spasmolytic activities of some isoquinolines.", "content": "Correlation was found between the hydrolysis constant and spasmolytic potency of some isoquinoline derivatives measured on isolated guinea-pig's ileum: the greater the hydrolysis constant the greater was the antispasmodic activity. On the basis of the results obrained the influence of pH on the pharmacologic activity of these compounds may be explained.", "contents": "Correlation between the hydrolysis constants and spasmolytic activities of some isoquinolines. Correlation was found between the hydrolysis constant and spasmolytic potency of some isoquinoline derivatives measured on isolated guinea-pig's ileum: the greater the hydrolysis constant the greater was the antispasmodic activity. On the basis of the results obrained the influence of pH on the pharmacologic activity of these compounds may be explained.", "PMID": 609595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0020_10241", "title": "Pharmacological study of the activity of a group of piperizine esters and changes in action relative to their chemical structure.", "content": "A group of original symmetrical and asymmetrical piperazine compounds containing ester function have been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. All compounds are pharmacologically active. Some relationships between their chemical structure and biological activity are discussed. Analgesic and coronary dilatory and especially spasmolytic effects are marked for all asymmetrical esters. A number of the compounds are interesting for further investigations relative to their possible application in medical practice.", "contents": "Pharmacological study of the activity of a group of piperizine esters and changes in action relative to their chemical structure. A group of original symmetrical and asymmetrical piperazine compounds containing ester function have been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. All compounds are pharmacologically active. Some relationships between their chemical structure and biological activity are discussed. Analgesic and coronary dilatory and especially spasmolytic effects are marked for all asymmetrical esters. A number of the compounds are interesting for further investigations relative to their possible application in medical practice.", "PMID": 609596}